{"id": "pubmed23n0025_0", "title": "Protein synthesis by synaptosomes from rat brain: the effect of centrifugal forces.", "content": "1. Synaptosomal protein synthesis has been found to differ depending on whether synaptosomes are recovered from the sucrose gradients by centrifuging at 20,000 g or at 150,000 g. 2. The fraction obtained at 20,000 g incorporated 60% more amino acid into proteins after 30 min of incubation than the one obtained in the same period of time at 150,000 g. 3. The respiratory capacity of synaptosomes obtained at 20,000 g in the presence or absence of glucose as substrate, is also better preserved than that of those obtained at 150,000 g. 4. It is shown that the yield, enzymic content, and nucleic acid composition is the same in both fractions. 5. These results cannot be explained by the presence of inhibitory factors in the 150,000 g fraction or by the presence of better preserved free mitochondria in the 20,000 g fraction. 6. Our findings are best explained by postulating that the synaptosomal metabolic activity is damaged when synaptosomes are pelleted at too high a speed.", "contents": "Protein synthesis by synaptosomes from rat brain: the effect of centrifugal forces. 1. Synaptosomal protein synthesis has been found to differ depending on whether synaptosomes are recovered from the sucrose gradients by centrifuging at 20,000 g or at 150,000 g. 2. The fraction obtained at 20,000 g incorporated 60% more amino acid into proteins after 30 min of incubation than the one obtained in the same period of time at 150,000 g. 3. The respiratory capacity of synaptosomes obtained at 20,000 g in the presence or absence of glucose as substrate, is also better preserved than that of those obtained at 150,000 g. 4. It is shown that the yield, enzymic content, and nucleic acid composition is the same in both fractions. 5. These results cannot be explained by the presence of inhibitory factors in the 150,000 g fraction or by the presence of better preserved free mitochondria in the 20,000 g fraction. 6. Our findings are best explained by postulating that the synaptosomal metabolic activity is damaged when synaptosomes are pelleted at too high a speed.", "PMID": 729658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1", "title": "Synaptic development in the rabbit superior colliculus and visual cortex.", "content": "The development of synapses in the visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of the rabbit has been examined with the electron microscope. In both areas, the number of synapses reaches adult levels by 20--25 days of postnatal age, but the development in the visual cortex is delayed in comparison to that in the superior colliculus. When S synapses (spheroidal vesicles, asymmetric thickening) are compared with F synapses (flattened vesicles, symmetric thickening), even greater differences are seen. In both the VC and SC, S synapses develop earlier than F synapses, though there is considerable overlap. Of interest is that fact that synapses in the visual cortex seem to overshoot their adult levels late in development, suggesting that an excess of synapses may be formed in this system. Multiple synapses, probably of retinal origin, increase in the first 3 weeks of synaptic development in the SC, but never are present in significant proportions in the VC. Synapse formation most often is characterized by formation of a junction and a postsynaptic thickening, followed by acquisition of synaptic vesicles. After 15 days, there is only a small number of such \"non-vesicle synapses\" in either the SC or VC.", "contents": "Synaptic development in the rabbit superior colliculus and visual cortex. The development of synapses in the visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of the rabbit has been examined with the electron microscope. In both areas, the number of synapses reaches adult levels by 20--25 days of postnatal age, but the development in the visual cortex is delayed in comparison to that in the superior colliculus. When S synapses (spheroidal vesicles, asymmetric thickening) are compared with F synapses (flattened vesicles, symmetric thickening), even greater differences are seen. In both the VC and SC, S synapses develop earlier than F synapses, though there is considerable overlap. Of interest is that fact that synapses in the visual cortex seem to overshoot their adult levels late in development, suggesting that an excess of synapses may be formed in this system. Multiple synapses, probably of retinal origin, increase in the first 3 weeks of synaptic development in the SC, but never are present in significant proportions in the VC. Synapse formation most often is characterized by formation of a junction and a postsynaptic thickening, followed by acquisition of synaptic vesicles. After 15 days, there is only a small number of such \"non-vesicle synapses\" in either the SC or VC.", "PMID": 729659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2", "title": "Further studies on the aberrant cross visual corticotectal pathway in rats.", "content": "An aberrant crossed corticotectal pathway can be generated by removal of one visual cortex and the contralateral superior colliculus from newborn rats. This aberrant crossed corticotectal projection arises from the pyramidal neurons located in layer V of the visual cortex and terminates in a spatially orderly manner in the appropriate laminae of the cortically deafferented contralateral colliculus. Comparable results cannot be reproduced by unilateral collicular lesions alone. The significance of these findings and the possible mechanisms involved in the formation of the aberrant pathway are discussed and compared with the retinotectal system.", "contents": "Further studies on the aberrant cross visual corticotectal pathway in rats. An aberrant crossed corticotectal pathway can be generated by removal of one visual cortex and the contralateral superior colliculus from newborn rats. This aberrant crossed corticotectal projection arises from the pyramidal neurons located in layer V of the visual cortex and terminates in a spatially orderly manner in the appropriate laminae of the cortically deafferented contralateral colliculus. Comparable results cannot be reproduced by unilateral collicular lesions alone. The significance of these findings and the possible mechanisms involved in the formation of the aberrant pathway are discussed and compared with the retinotectal system.", "PMID": 729660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3", "title": "The retinotopic distribution of visual callosal projections in the suprasylvian visual areas compared to the classical visual areas (17, 18, 19) in the cat.", "content": "The distribution of the interhemispheric projection from area 17 and 18 was studied using the anterograde degeneration technique. Besides the classical visual areas (17, 18, 19), area 21 and several visual areas in the middle suprasylvian sulcus also received visual callosal input. In the four terminal areas of the middle suprasylvian sulcus the projection was found to be focused on representations of the ventrical meridian including the area centralis, as in the classical visual areas. An increase of the width of visual field represented in the zone of callosal terminations can be seen from area 17 through area 18 to area 19 and possibly this trend continues in the suprasylvian visual areas.", "contents": "The retinotopic distribution of visual callosal projections in the suprasylvian visual areas compared to the classical visual areas (17, 18, 19) in the cat. The distribution of the interhemispheric projection from area 17 and 18 was studied using the anterograde degeneration technique. Besides the classical visual areas (17, 18, 19), area 21 and several visual areas in the middle suprasylvian sulcus also received visual callosal input. In the four terminal areas of the middle suprasylvian sulcus the projection was found to be focused on representations of the ventrical meridian including the area centralis, as in the classical visual areas. An increase of the width of visual field represented in the zone of callosal terminations can be seen from area 17 through area 18 to area 19 and possibly this trend continues in the suprasylvian visual areas.", "PMID": 729661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4", "title": "Correlation of subjective pain experience with cerebral evoked responses to noxious thermal stimulations.", "content": "The relationships between different parameters of the evoked cerebral response to noxious thermal stimulation, stimulus intensity, and subjective pain were investigated in seven normal human volunteers. The evoked response was characterized by late events: a small negative peak at 164--180 ms, followed by a high amplitude positive peak at 372--391 ms. The only correlation found in this study was between the amplitude of the positive component and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the verbal report of pain. This was manifested by a linear trend of association: an increase in the evoked response amplitude was accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of the subjective sensation. The findings suggest that the evoked response to noxious heat reflects not a mere transduction of the physical parameters of the stimulus, but rather a complex interpretative action at the cerebral level.", "contents": "Correlation of subjective pain experience with cerebral evoked responses to noxious thermal stimulations. The relationships between different parameters of the evoked cerebral response to noxious thermal stimulation, stimulus intensity, and subjective pain were investigated in seven normal human volunteers. The evoked response was characterized by late events: a small negative peak at 164--180 ms, followed by a high amplitude positive peak at 372--391 ms. The only correlation found in this study was between the amplitude of the positive component and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the verbal report of pain. This was manifested by a linear trend of association: an increase in the evoked response amplitude was accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of the subjective sensation. The findings suggest that the evoked response to noxious heat reflects not a mere transduction of the physical parameters of the stimulus, but rather a complex interpretative action at the cerebral level.", "PMID": 729662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5", "title": "Multiple spatial-frequency tuning of electrical responses from human visual cortex.", "content": "Human occipital potentials evoked by stimulation with a counterphase flickering grating were recorded by a digital narrowband filter technique. The data showed a surprising degree of narrow tuning to particular spatial frequencies in addition to the expected narrow temporal frequency tuning. At each temporal frequency, there could be two or more peaks of different spatial frequencies, each distinct from the whole field flicker response. Variations in this multiple spatial frequency tuning were investigated as a function of luminance, electrode location, and temporal frequency for several observers. The results are interpreted in terms of many stimulus-specific resonant neural circuits within the brain, and suggest that it is possible to make a highly detailed exploration of the responses of neural circuits to visual stimulation.", "contents": "Multiple spatial-frequency tuning of electrical responses from human visual cortex. Human occipital potentials evoked by stimulation with a counterphase flickering grating were recorded by a digital narrowband filter technique. The data showed a surprising degree of narrow tuning to particular spatial frequencies in addition to the expected narrow temporal frequency tuning. At each temporal frequency, there could be two or more peaks of different spatial frequencies, each distinct from the whole field flicker response. Variations in this multiple spatial frequency tuning were investigated as a function of luminance, electrode location, and temporal frequency for several observers. The results are interpreted in terms of many stimulus-specific resonant neural circuits within the brain, and suggest that it is possible to make a highly detailed exploration of the responses of neural circuits to visual stimulation.", "PMID": 729663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6", "title": "Prenatal toxicity of simultaneously administered ethanol and pentobarbital in the rat.", "content": "The use and abuse of drugs has reached epidemic proportions among individuals of child-bearing age. The frequency with which alcohol and pentobarbital are used in our society increases the probability that they will be taken simultaneously. Experiments were designed to investigate the prenatal toxicity of alcoho and pentobarbital interaction in the rat. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with one of three doses of ethanol (0.56 to 1.4 g/kg) in combination with 5, 15, or 25 mg/kg pentobarbital on days 9 through 12 of gestation. Maternal and fetal toxicities were evaluated and compared with the results of previous studies using the same doses of ethanol and pentobarbital. In pregnant rats treated with combinations of the two drugs, there was no consistent pattern of response. With respect to the offspring, there was no evidence that combinations of ethanol and pentobarbital, at the dose levels used here, had any more deleterious effect on fetal development than either drug acting independently.", "contents": "Prenatal toxicity of simultaneously administered ethanol and pentobarbital in the rat. The use and abuse of drugs has reached epidemic proportions among individuals of child-bearing age. The frequency with which alcohol and pentobarbital are used in our society increases the probability that they will be taken simultaneously. Experiments were designed to investigate the prenatal toxicity of alcoho and pentobarbital interaction in the rat. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with one of three doses of ethanol (0.56 to 1.4 g/kg) in combination with 5, 15, or 25 mg/kg pentobarbital on days 9 through 12 of gestation. Maternal and fetal toxicities were evaluated and compared with the results of previous studies using the same doses of ethanol and pentobarbital. In pregnant rats treated with combinations of the two drugs, there was no consistent pattern of response. With respect to the offspring, there was no evidence that combinations of ethanol and pentobarbital, at the dose levels used here, had any more deleterious effect on fetal development than either drug acting independently.", "PMID": 729705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7", "title": "Morphological and biochemical studies on the effect of agents with liver protecting properties.", "content": "The liver protective effect of Aicaphosphate in CC1(4)-induced acute, as well as CC1(4)-and thioacetamide-induced subacute and chronic liver damages is demonstrated. The effect of the protective drugs was studied in the forms of pre-, simultaneous and delayed treatment in acute and chronic liver damages induced by various toxic agents. The degree of liver damage was determined by morphological and biochemical methods, complementary to each other. For the completion of histological studies and morphometry used for the determination of the degree of fibrosis biochemical investigations are performed. In acute liver damage the determination of DNA, protein and lipid contents of the liver tissue and the radioactive aminoacid incorporation rate should be carried out with a simultaneous analysis of the serum enzymes. In chronic liver damage, the measurement of the hydroxyproline and DNA contents of the liver give useful data for the determination of the severity of the lesion and the effect of the protective drugs, respectively.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical studies on the effect of agents with liver protecting properties. The liver protective effect of Aicaphosphate in CC1(4)-induced acute, as well as CC1(4)-and thioacetamide-induced subacute and chronic liver damages is demonstrated. The effect of the protective drugs was studied in the forms of pre-, simultaneous and delayed treatment in acute and chronic liver damages induced by various toxic agents. The degree of liver damage was determined by morphological and biochemical methods, complementary to each other. For the completion of histological studies and morphometry used for the determination of the degree of fibrosis biochemical investigations are performed. In acute liver damage the determination of DNA, protein and lipid contents of the liver tissue and the radioactive aminoacid incorporation rate should be carried out with a simultaneous analysis of the serum enzymes. In chronic liver damage, the measurement of the hydroxyproline and DNA contents of the liver give useful data for the determination of the severity of the lesion and the effect of the protective drugs, respectively.", "PMID": 729706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8", "title": "Acid phosphatase activity in normal and denervated chick skeletal muscle.", "content": "Histochemical and biochemical changes in acid phosphatase activity were studied in the normal and denervated gastrocnemii of chick for a maximum period of 8 weeks. In the normal muscle, fibre heterogeneity with respect muscles exhibit greater susceptibility to degenerative changes on account of denervation. Quantitatively higher enzyme levels in the denervated muscles confirm the lytic role of acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase activity in normal and denervated chick skeletal muscle. Histochemical and biochemical changes in acid phosphatase activity were studied in the normal and denervated gastrocnemii of chick for a maximum period of 8 weeks. In the normal muscle, fibre heterogeneity with respect muscles exhibit greater susceptibility to degenerative changes on account of denervation. Quantitatively higher enzyme levels in the denervated muscles confirm the lytic role of acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 729707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9", "title": "Changes induced by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in hepatic fumarase and aconitase activities.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced significant changes in liver fumarase (activation) and aconitase (inhibition). A significant increase in hepatic fumarase specific activity was also observed in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites fluid after centrifugation of cells (EAF). Hepatic aconitase was not significantly influenced by EAF.", "contents": "Changes induced by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in hepatic fumarase and aconitase activities. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced significant changes in liver fumarase (activation) and aconitase (inhibition). A significant increase in hepatic fumarase specific activity was also observed in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites fluid after centrifugation of cells (EAF). Hepatic aconitase was not significantly influenced by EAF.", "PMID": 729708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10", "title": "Essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and liver mitochondria.", "content": "2 dietary fats, namely, hydrogenated coconut oil and safflower seed oil were fed at 20% levels to weanling male albino rats for a period of 2 months after which the animals were sacrificed and oxidative phosphorylation measured in liver mitochondria. This ratio was more in the unsaturated-fat-fed group of rats compared to the saturated-fed ones for glutamate and malate; in the case of succinate no such change was noticed.", "contents": "Essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and liver mitochondria. 2 dietary fats, namely, hydrogenated coconut oil and safflower seed oil were fed at 20% levels to weanling male albino rats for a period of 2 months after which the animals were sacrificed and oxidative phosphorylation measured in liver mitochondria. This ratio was more in the unsaturated-fat-fed group of rats compared to the saturated-fed ones for glutamate and malate; in the case of succinate no such change was noticed.", "PMID": 729709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11", "title": "Control of obesity in Avy/a mice by 5alpha-androstan-17-one.", "content": "Treating VY/WfL-Avy/a mice with 5 alpha-androston-17-one, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented the mice from becoming obese. The weight difference between treated and control Avy/a mice was mainly due to a decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol. The compound did not suppress appetite, had no detectable toxicity and did not affect the lipogenesis rates in the liver and carcass. The weight-controlling effect of 5alpha-androstan-17-one in Avy/a mice was reversible upon withdrawal of treatment.", "contents": "Control of obesity in Avy/a mice by 5alpha-androstan-17-one. Treating VY/WfL-Avy/a mice with 5 alpha-androston-17-one, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented the mice from becoming obese. The weight difference between treated and control Avy/a mice was mainly due to a decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol. The compound did not suppress appetite, had no detectable toxicity and did not affect the lipogenesis rates in the liver and carcass. The weight-controlling effect of 5alpha-androstan-17-one in Avy/a mice was reversible upon withdrawal of treatment.", "PMID": 729710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_12", "title": "The synovial fluid hyaluronic acid in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The intrinsic viscosity of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid decreases significatively in mild and severe arthritis (24% and 37% respectively). Variation in hyaluronic acid concentration parallels the above results. Chondroitin-6-sulfate can be detected in about 30% of the arthritic fluids.", "contents": "The synovial fluid hyaluronic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. The intrinsic viscosity of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid decreases significatively in mild and severe arthritis (24% and 37% respectively). Variation in hyaluronic acid concentration parallels the above results. Chondroitin-6-sulfate can be detected in about 30% of the arthritic fluids.", "PMID": 729712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_13", "title": "The validity of the estimates of the half-saturation concentration and maximum velocity for the efflux of glucose from human erythrocytes in infinite-cis conditions.", "content": "It is shown that, if the asymmetrical model for glucose transport is correct, the published estimates of this half-saturation concentration must be low. As a result, the model is even less able than before to satisfy the tests of its validity.", "contents": "The validity of the estimates of the half-saturation concentration and maximum velocity for the efflux of glucose from human erythrocytes in infinite-cis conditions. It is shown that, if the asymmetrical model for glucose transport is correct, the published estimates of this half-saturation concentration must be low. As a result, the model is even less able than before to satisfy the tests of its validity.", "PMID": 729713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_14", "title": "Inactivation of superoxide dismutase by several thiocarbamic acid derivatives.", "content": "4 thiocarbamic acid derivatives inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in vitro. Dimethyldithiocarbamate also inhibited tissue SOD in mice in vivo. These data extend previously published results on the inhibitory action of diethyldithiocarbamate on SOD activity.", "contents": "Inactivation of superoxide dismutase by several thiocarbamic acid derivatives. 4 thiocarbamic acid derivatives inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in vitro. Dimethyldithiocarbamate also inhibited tissue SOD in mice in vivo. These data extend previously published results on the inhibitory action of diethyldithiocarbamate on SOD activity.", "PMID": 729714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_15", "title": "A response to monoamines in Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora).", "content": "Preparations of longitudinal muscle respond to catecholamines if the ventral nerve cords are present, and also to 5-hydroxytryptamine. The response to 5HT is complex if the central nervous system is present, but muscle alone is probably inhibited.", "contents": "A response to monoamines in Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora). Preparations of longitudinal muscle respond to catecholamines if the ventral nerve cords are present, and also to 5-hydroxytryptamine. The response to 5HT is complex if the central nervous system is present, but muscle alone is probably inhibited.", "PMID": 729717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_16", "title": "Effects of disuse and nerve stump length on the development of fibrillation in denervated soleus muscle.", "content": "Both in normal (control) and in cordotomized (disused) rats, the soleus muscle was denervated either by cutting the sciatic nerve near the trochanter (proximal denervation) or by cutting the soleus nerve near the insertion into the muscle (distal denervation). In the control muscles, the development of fibrillation was not dependent on the level of nerve section. In disused muscles, the development of fibrillation was greater following distal denervation that following the proximal one.", "contents": "Effects of disuse and nerve stump length on the development of fibrillation in denervated soleus muscle. Both in normal (control) and in cordotomized (disused) rats, the soleus muscle was denervated either by cutting the sciatic nerve near the trochanter (proximal denervation) or by cutting the soleus nerve near the insertion into the muscle (distal denervation). In the control muscles, the development of fibrillation was not dependent on the level of nerve section. In disused muscles, the development of fibrillation was greater following distal denervation that following the proximal one.", "PMID": 729718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_17", "title": "Somesthetic cortex reactivity during sleeping and waking in the rat.", "content": "The cortical S1 responsiveness was studied by unique and coupled stimuli of non-maximal intensity applied to somesthetic radiations. The reactivity is highest during sleep with slow waves, lowest during active waking, intermediate during non-active waking and rapid sleep. The recovery of responsiveness presents an exactly opposite form and begins at a long interstimulus delay (greater than 150 msec).", "contents": "Somesthetic cortex reactivity during sleeping and waking in the rat. The cortical S1 responsiveness was studied by unique and coupled stimuli of non-maximal intensity applied to somesthetic radiations. The reactivity is highest during sleep with slow waves, lowest during active waking, intermediate during non-active waking and rapid sleep. The recovery of responsiveness presents an exactly opposite form and begins at a long interstimulus delay (greater than 150 msec).", "PMID": 729719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_18", "title": "Endothelial injury by nicotine and its prevention.", "content": "Nicotine administered i.v. or p.o. in doses above 0.0125 mg/kg to the rat caused a highly significant increase in circulating anuclear carcasses of endothelial cells estimated by an original method. This effect of nicotine was completely prevented by a prior oral administration of the flavonoids hydroxyethylrutosides (HR) or Mono-7-HR.", "contents": "Endothelial injury by nicotine and its prevention. Nicotine administered i.v. or p.o. in doses above 0.0125 mg/kg to the rat caused a highly significant increase in circulating anuclear carcasses of endothelial cells estimated by an original method. This effect of nicotine was completely prevented by a prior oral administration of the flavonoids hydroxyethylrutosides (HR) or Mono-7-HR.", "PMID": 729720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_19", "title": "The effects of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the visual cortex of the cat.", "content": "The predominant effect of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin on the photically-evoked urinary activity was a prolonged inhibition of firing. These amines were also able to block acetylcholine-induced excitations and for longer periods of time than GABA.", "contents": "The effects of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the visual cortex of the cat. The predominant effect of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin on the photically-evoked urinary activity was a prolonged inhibition of firing. These amines were also able to block acetylcholine-induced excitations and for longer periods of time than GABA.", "PMID": 729721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_20", "title": "Sodium-dependence of sustained force in potassium contracture of cat ventricle.", "content": "Following exposure to low-Na solutuion, the initial phase of K-contracture in cat ventricle is prominent while the second (sustained) phase is markedly attenuated. Monensin, a Na-specific ionophore, enhances the second phase of K-contracture following exposure to low-Na solution.", "contents": "Sodium-dependence of sustained force in potassium contracture of cat ventricle. Following exposure to low-Na solutuion, the initial phase of K-contracture in cat ventricle is prominent while the second (sustained) phase is markedly attenuated. Monensin, a Na-specific ionophore, enhances the second phase of K-contracture following exposure to low-Na solution.", "PMID": 729722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_21", "title": "The influence of hyperosmolality on heart function.", "content": "Hyperosmolality produces a reduction in myocardial water content, an increase in ventricular stiffness and coronary blood flow, and decrease in ventricular performance. The alterations of myocardial dehydration and ventricular stiffness are more pronounced in glucose-induced, and those of ventricular performance in urea-induced hyperosmolality.", "contents": "The influence of hyperosmolality on heart function. Hyperosmolality produces a reduction in myocardial water content, an increase in ventricular stiffness and coronary blood flow, and decrease in ventricular performance. The alterations of myocardial dehydration and ventricular stiffness are more pronounced in glucose-induced, and those of ventricular performance in urea-induced hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 729724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_22", "title": "A phase response curve for the locomotor activity rhythm of the rat.", "content": "A phase response curve was obtained for the locomotor activity rhythm of the rat. Mus norvegicus albicus, by interrupting a free-running rhythm with light signals of short duration. The response curve obtained was continuous and had the switch-over point at the position of 2 h before the acrophase, followed by the portion of advancing phase shift. The pattern of the curve was typical for the nocturnal rodent.", "contents": "A phase response curve for the locomotor activity rhythm of the rat. A phase response curve was obtained for the locomotor activity rhythm of the rat. Mus norvegicus albicus, by interrupting a free-running rhythm with light signals of short duration. The response curve obtained was continuous and had the switch-over point at the position of 2 h before the acrophase, followed by the portion of advancing phase shift. The pattern of the curve was typical for the nocturnal rodent.", "PMID": 729725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_23", "title": "Elapid alpha-toxins have no effect on the cholinergic responses of bivalve myocardia.", "content": "Elapid alpha-toxins (alpha-bungarotoxin, alpha-cobratoxin and crude Bungarus caeruleus venom) do not affect the myocardial nicotinic ACh receptors of the following bivalve molluscs: Mercenaria mercenaria, Chione cancellata, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Rangia cuneata and Crassostrea virginica.", "contents": "Elapid alpha-toxins have no effect on the cholinergic responses of bivalve myocardia. Elapid alpha-toxins (alpha-bungarotoxin, alpha-cobratoxin and crude Bungarus caeruleus venom) do not affect the myocardial nicotinic ACh receptors of the following bivalve molluscs: Mercenaria mercenaria, Chione cancellata, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Rangia cuneata and Crassostrea virginica.", "PMID": 729727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_24", "title": "Effect of gum Arabic on aminopyrine demethylation in rats.", "content": "Stimulation of aminopyrine demethylation induced in rats by oral or i.p. administration of phenobarbital was partially inhibited in animals receiving daily treatments of 2 x 200 mg/kg gum Arabic p.o.", "contents": "Effect of gum Arabic on aminopyrine demethylation in rats. Stimulation of aminopyrine demethylation induced in rats by oral or i.p. administration of phenobarbital was partially inhibited in animals receiving daily treatments of 2 x 200 mg/kg gum Arabic p.o.", "PMID": 729728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_25", "title": "Close relation between hypothalamic and cardiac norepinephrine during stress and its role in acute myocardial infarction disrhythmias.", "content": "The decrease of the norepinephrine levels in hypothalamus and heart caused by stress is prevented by pargyline and imipramine. Such a decrease in spleen and adrenals is not affected. Chlorpromazine and lithium only prevented the norepinephrine decrease in the spleen. The uptake of H3norepinephrine by isolated atria of guinea-pig increases during anoxia; the change to a normal oxygen situation decreases these norepinephrine levels by more than 50%.", "contents": "Close relation between hypothalamic and cardiac norepinephrine during stress and its role in acute myocardial infarction disrhythmias. The decrease of the norepinephrine levels in hypothalamus and heart caused by stress is prevented by pargyline and imipramine. Such a decrease in spleen and adrenals is not affected. Chlorpromazine and lithium only prevented the norepinephrine decrease in the spleen. The uptake of H3norepinephrine by isolated atria of guinea-pig increases during anoxia; the change to a normal oxygen situation decreases these norepinephrine levels by more than 50%.", "PMID": 729729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_26", "title": "Sodium excretion after bilateral adrenalectomy in rats with experimental cirrhosis.", "content": "Bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) or a sham procedure was performed in cirrhotic and control rats. After ADX, controls increased their sodium excretion with respect to the basal values but cirrhotics did not. When sodium-loaded, the ADX cirrhotic rats retained a significant amount of the load. These data do not support a primary role of aldosterone in the impaired sodium handling by cirrhotic rats.", "contents": "Sodium excretion after bilateral adrenalectomy in rats with experimental cirrhosis. Bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) or a sham procedure was performed in cirrhotic and control rats. After ADX, controls increased their sodium excretion with respect to the basal values but cirrhotics did not. When sodium-loaded, the ADX cirrhotic rats retained a significant amount of the load. These data do not support a primary role of aldosterone in the impaired sodium handling by cirrhotic rats.", "PMID": 729730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_27", "title": "Prolonged action of drugs in rats with flavonoid-deficiency.", "content": "In flavonoid-deficient Wistar-rats, the action of caffeine, harmine, hexobarbital, morphine and pentobarbital is enhanced. In contrast, the thiopental sleeping time is shortened. These observations may indicate impaired drug metabolism as a consequence of the flavonoid-deficiency state.", "contents": "Prolonged action of drugs in rats with flavonoid-deficiency. In flavonoid-deficient Wistar-rats, the action of caffeine, harmine, hexobarbital, morphine and pentobarbital is enhanced. In contrast, the thiopental sleeping time is shortened. These observations may indicate impaired drug metabolism as a consequence of the flavonoid-deficiency state.", "PMID": 729731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_28", "title": "Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of Moloney sarcoma virus inoculated mice.", "content": "Chronic administration of phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid and a new, potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ITF (3-methyl-5-benzoyl-amino-isothiazole-4-carboxy-p-ethoxyphenylamine) to BALB/c mice inoculated with a Moloney sarcoma virus resulted in a stimulation of tumor growth and increased severity of disease. This treatment, however, had no effect on the spontaneous regression of tumors. Indomethacin in a dose of 5.0 or 2.5 mg per kg suppressed the MSV-induced tumor growth, but this effect was apparently connected with the high toxicity of this drug for mice.", "contents": "Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of Moloney sarcoma virus inoculated mice. Chronic administration of phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid and a new, potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ITF (3-methyl-5-benzoyl-amino-isothiazole-4-carboxy-p-ethoxyphenylamine) to BALB/c mice inoculated with a Moloney sarcoma virus resulted in a stimulation of tumor growth and increased severity of disease. This treatment, however, had no effect on the spontaneous regression of tumors. Indomethacin in a dose of 5.0 or 2.5 mg per kg suppressed the MSV-induced tumor growth, but this effect was apparently connected with the high toxicity of this drug for mice.", "PMID": 729732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_29", "title": "Effects of d1-methadone and morphine on developing chick embryo.", "content": "Injections of methadone into the air space of fertile chicken eggs affected development of the embryo. Both methadone and morphine caused decreases in liver weight and brain protein, and morphine increased liver protein levels.", "contents": "Effects of d1-methadone and morphine on developing chick embryo. Injections of methadone into the air space of fertile chicken eggs affected development of the embryo. Both methadone and morphine caused decreases in liver weight and brain protein, and morphine increased liver protein levels.", "PMID": 729733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_30", "title": "Autophagy in mouse hepatocytes induced by lysine acetylsalicylate.", "content": "I.v. administration of lysine acetylsalicylate inces autophagy in mouse liver cells. Single and multiple membrane-bounded vacuoles were found. The latter seems to be an unusual morphological form of the sequestration process. These findings could express a transitory sublethal liver cell injury induced by the drug.", "contents": "Autophagy in mouse hepatocytes induced by lysine acetylsalicylate. I.v. administration of lysine acetylsalicylate inces autophagy in mouse liver cells. Single and multiple membrane-bounded vacuoles were found. The latter seems to be an unusual morphological form of the sequestration process. These findings could express a transitory sublethal liver cell injury induced by the drug.", "PMID": 729734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_31", "title": "Kinetics and inotropic action of probenecid in guinea-pig heart in vitro.", "content": "Probenecid (100-750 microgram . ml-1) was found to inhibit cardiac contraction force in untreated and digoxin-treated (100 microgram . ml-1) isolated right guinea-pig atrium in vitro by a reversible process, without influencing beating frequency. At low concentrations (1.5--60 microgram . ml-1), 14C-probenecid was accumulated into right atrium by an oxygen-dependent process. Correlation between uptake and negative inotropic action of probenecid could not be found.", "contents": "Kinetics and inotropic action of probenecid in guinea-pig heart in vitro. Probenecid (100-750 microgram . ml-1) was found to inhibit cardiac contraction force in untreated and digoxin-treated (100 microgram . ml-1) isolated right guinea-pig atrium in vitro by a reversible process, without influencing beating frequency. At low concentrations (1.5--60 microgram . ml-1), 14C-probenecid was accumulated into right atrium by an oxygen-dependent process. Correlation between uptake and negative inotropic action of probenecid could not be found.", "PMID": 729735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_32", "title": "Picrotoxin-diazepam interaction in a behavioural schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates.", "content": "In rats working in a behavioural schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates (6 or 10 sec), picrotoxin (1 mg kg-1) decreased the number of premature responses and increased (in DRL 10 sec only) the number of rewarded responses. The effect of picrotoxin was antagonized by diazepam (2 mg kg-1). In contrast to picrotoxin, strychnine (1.5 mg kg-1) increased the number of premature responses.", "contents": "Picrotoxin-diazepam interaction in a behavioural schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates. In rats working in a behavioural schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates (6 or 10 sec), picrotoxin (1 mg kg-1) decreased the number of premature responses and increased (in DRL 10 sec only) the number of rewarded responses. The effect of picrotoxin was antagonized by diazepam (2 mg kg-1). In contrast to picrotoxin, strychnine (1.5 mg kg-1) increased the number of premature responses.", "PMID": 729736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_33", "title": "The action of conformationally restricted analogues of GABA on Limulus and Helix central neurones.", "content": "Intracellular recordings have been made from GABA sensitive neurones in the central nervous system of Limulus and Helix. The following conformationally restricted analogues of GABA all possessed GABA-like activity on Limulus neurones and Helix excitatory GABA receptors: muscimol, thiomuscimol, THIP, isoguvacine and piperidine-4- carboxylic acid. It is suggested that GABA interacts with these receptors in a partially extended and almost planar conformation.", "contents": "The action of conformationally restricted analogues of GABA on Limulus and Helix central neurones. Intracellular recordings have been made from GABA sensitive neurones in the central nervous system of Limulus and Helix. The following conformationally restricted analogues of GABA all possessed GABA-like activity on Limulus neurones and Helix excitatory GABA receptors: muscimol, thiomuscimol, THIP, isoguvacine and piperidine-4- carboxylic acid. It is suggested that GABA interacts with these receptors in a partially extended and almost planar conformation.", "PMID": 729738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_34", "title": "Surface model of the collagen fibril as determined by two-stage plastic replica.", "content": "Two-stage plastic replicas of fresh and vacuum dried rat tail collagen were examined by electron microscopy. Microphotometer tracings made from the replica micrographs showed that the surface of the collagen has a periodic undulating topography which includes an approximately 20--40 A deep depression located within the major band distance.", "contents": "Surface model of the collagen fibril as determined by two-stage plastic replica. Two-stage plastic replicas of fresh and vacuum dried rat tail collagen were examined by electron microscopy. Microphotometer tracings made from the replica micrographs showed that the surface of the collagen has a periodic undulating topography which includes an approximately 20--40 A deep depression located within the major band distance.", "PMID": 729741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_35", "title": "The peritoneal leukocytes of the germ-free mouse.", "content": "The cytology of the lavage-recoverable peritoneal cell population of germ-free mice is similar to that of conventional controls. The microbial status has no effect on the total counts, differential counts or 3H-thymidine labelling index of peritoneal leukocytes.", "contents": "The peritoneal leukocytes of the germ-free mouse. The cytology of the lavage-recoverable peritoneal cell population of germ-free mice is similar to that of conventional controls. The microbial status has no effect on the total counts, differential counts or 3H-thymidine labelling index of peritoneal leukocytes.", "PMID": 729743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_36", "title": "Spermatocyte selection during meiosis following mitomycin C treatment in mice.", "content": "In mice treated with mitomycin C, elimination of spermatocytes is observed during meiotic division, whereby an increase in number of the eliminated cells is closely related to an increase in the frequency of spermatocytes with chromosome aberrations at M-I.", "contents": "Spermatocyte selection during meiosis following mitomycin C treatment in mice. In mice treated with mitomycin C, elimination of spermatocytes is observed during meiotic division, whereby an increase in number of the eliminated cells is closely related to an increase in the frequency of spermatocytes with chromosome aberrations at M-I.", "PMID": 729744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_37", "title": "Secretory cell in the medulla of the bursa of Fabricius.", "content": "Light microscopy has revealed a possible secretory cell in the medulla of the bursa of Fabricius. Cyclophosphamide increased the presence of the secretory cell.", "contents": "Secretory cell in the medulla of the bursa of Fabricius. Light microscopy has revealed a possible secretory cell in the medulla of the bursa of Fabricius. Cyclophosphamide increased the presence of the secretory cell.", "PMID": 729745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_38", "title": "Modulation of antibody synthesis by an anti-tumour alga.", "content": "An unicellular alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which had been reported to protect C3H mice against sarcoma BP8, is shown, when injected in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, to modulate the antibody synthesis induced by immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. C. pyrenoidosa appeared to be able to initiate an antigenic competition between hapten and carrier determinants of the antigen molecule during antibody synthesis, and thus it could be speculated that C. pyrenoidosa modulates the immune response at the macrophage level.", "contents": "Modulation of antibody synthesis by an anti-tumour alga. An unicellular alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which had been reported to protect C3H mice against sarcoma BP8, is shown, when injected in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, to modulate the antibody synthesis induced by immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. C. pyrenoidosa appeared to be able to initiate an antigenic competition between hapten and carrier determinants of the antigen molecule during antibody synthesis, and thus it could be speculated that C. pyrenoidosa modulates the immune response at the macrophage level.", "PMID": 729746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_39", "title": "Pineal N-acetyltransferase depression in rats exposed to heat.", "content": "Exposure of adult male rats to increased temperature of 33 +/- 1 degrees C for 3 and 10 days brought about decreases in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity. These and previous findings of pineal HIOMT inhibition under similar conditions support the postulation of a possible thermoregulatory role for the pineal gland.", "contents": "Pineal N-acetyltransferase depression in rats exposed to heat. Exposure of adult male rats to increased temperature of 33 +/- 1 degrees C for 3 and 10 days brought about decreases in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity. These and previous findings of pineal HIOMT inhibition under similar conditions support the postulation of a possible thermoregulatory role for the pineal gland.", "PMID": 729747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_40", "title": "Prolactin and growth hormone releasing activity of [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide in the rat after systemic administration.", "content": "The growth hormone (GH) and prolactin releasing (PRL) activity of [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide (EKNH2). an opioid peptide analog with higher opiate agonist activity that morphine, was compared in the unanesthetized male rat to those of equimolar doses of morphine upon systemic injection. EKNH2 proved to be a higher PRL, but not GH, releaser than the opiate alkaloid.", "contents": "Prolactin and growth hormone releasing activity of [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide in the rat after systemic administration. The growth hormone (GH) and prolactin releasing (PRL) activity of [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide (EKNH2). an opioid peptide analog with higher opiate agonist activity that morphine, was compared in the unanesthetized male rat to those of equimolar doses of morphine upon systemic injection. EKNH2 proved to be a higher PRL, but not GH, releaser than the opiate alkaloid.", "PMID": 729748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_41", "title": "Comments on the significance of the quasi-valence number for chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "A quasi-valence number of less than 3.20 was reported to be significant in correlating carcinogenicity. This criterion has no meaningful relationship since such a large proportion of organic compounds fall in this group that it provides no selectivity.", "contents": "Comments on the significance of the quasi-valence number for chemical carcinogenesis. A quasi-valence number of less than 3.20 was reported to be significant in correlating carcinogenicity. This criterion has no meaningful relationship since such a large proportion of organic compounds fall in this group that it provides no selectivity.", "PMID": 729749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_42", "title": "A rapid and simple method for the isolation of pure eosinophilic leukocytes from horse blood.", "content": "An improved and short method is described for the isolation of intact eosinophilic leukocytes from horse blood with high yield (1--1.5 g/20 l). Viability and purity of the preparations were verified by light and electron microscopy and by the trypan blue exclusion test. Isolated eosinophils were 98--100% pure, intact and viable, and they could be shown to phagocytise immune-complexes.", "contents": "A rapid and simple method for the isolation of pure eosinophilic leukocytes from horse blood. An improved and short method is described for the isolation of intact eosinophilic leukocytes from horse blood with high yield (1--1.5 g/20 l). Viability and purity of the preparations were verified by light and electron microscopy and by the trypan blue exclusion test. Isolated eosinophils were 98--100% pure, intact and viable, and they could be shown to phagocytise immune-complexes.", "PMID": 729750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_43", "title": "Monitoring of ovulation induction.", "content": "The plasma hormonal patterns of the normal menstrual cycle have been reviewed. A consistent cyclic pattern of plasma hormone levels is observed in LH, FSH, estrogens, and progestins in the menstrual cycle. Other plasma hormones, such as ACTH, growth hormone, TSH, and PRL, as well as androgens and corticosteroids, fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle without any consistent pattern during the ovulatory cycle. FSH, LH, E2, E1, P, T, and A levels during the induced ovulatory cycle are presneted for comparison. In the gonadotropin-induced ovulatory cycle most hormones behave in a manner similar to that in the normal ovulatory cycle, except for FSH levels, which rise continuously throughout the follicular phase of the cycle. Following ovulation in the gonadotropin-induced cycle, T rises above normal levels. Early in the clomiphene-induced ovulatory cycle, unlike the normal cycle, LH is distinctly elevated. Levels of both LH and FSH in the rest of the cycle simulate those in the normal cycle. However, T and A levels rise from the very beginning of clomiphene therapy and continue to rise throughout the clomiphene-induced ovulatory cycle. Levels of E and P are higher than in the normal ovulatory cycle, but a similar pattern is preserved. Because of the potential dangers of gonadotropin therapy, monitoring by frequent examination and laboratory tests is required. E monitoring is mandatory to evaluate follicular maturation, to time hCG administration, and to minimize hyperstimulation. Cervical mucus is an unreliable parameter for monitoring gonadotropin therapy alone. In addition to cervical mucus, plasma or urinary E should be monitored regularly. Clomiphene therapy is less dangerous than gonadotropin therapy. Because of its lesser risk, monitoring is rarely performed during clomiphene use. An active monitoring approach has been described. While this approach may not necessarily improve the outcome of clomiphene therapy, it may hasten the process of selecting the appropriate dose. Although other ovulation-inducing agents are available, their use is rarely associated with serious medical complications, and monitoring would seem unnecessary.", "contents": "Monitoring of ovulation induction. The plasma hormonal patterns of the normal menstrual cycle have been reviewed. A consistent cyclic pattern of plasma hormone levels is observed in LH, FSH, estrogens, and progestins in the menstrual cycle. Other plasma hormones, such as ACTH, growth hormone, TSH, and PRL, as well as androgens and corticosteroids, fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle without any consistent pattern during the ovulatory cycle. FSH, LH, E2, E1, P, T, and A levels during the induced ovulatory cycle are presneted for comparison. In the gonadotropin-induced ovulatory cycle most hormones behave in a manner similar to that in the normal ovulatory cycle, except for FSH levels, which rise continuously throughout the follicular phase of the cycle. Following ovulation in the gonadotropin-induced cycle, T rises above normal levels. Early in the clomiphene-induced ovulatory cycle, unlike the normal cycle, LH is distinctly elevated. Levels of both LH and FSH in the rest of the cycle simulate those in the normal cycle. However, T and A levels rise from the very beginning of clomiphene therapy and continue to rise throughout the clomiphene-induced ovulatory cycle. Levels of E and P are higher than in the normal ovulatory cycle, but a similar pattern is preserved. Because of the potential dangers of gonadotropin therapy, monitoring by frequent examination and laboratory tests is required. E monitoring is mandatory to evaluate follicular maturation, to time hCG administration, and to minimize hyperstimulation. Cervical mucus is an unreliable parameter for monitoring gonadotropin therapy alone. In addition to cervical mucus, plasma or urinary E should be monitored regularly. Clomiphene therapy is less dangerous than gonadotropin therapy. Because of its lesser risk, monitoring is rarely performed during clomiphene use. An active monitoring approach has been described. While this approach may not necessarily improve the outcome of clomiphene therapy, it may hasten the process of selecting the appropriate dose. Although other ovulation-inducing agents are available, their use is rarely associated with serious medical complications, and monitoring would seem unnecessary.", "PMID": 729822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_44", "title": "Vaginal progesterone for contraception.", "content": "Silastic vaginal rings impregnated with progesterone (P) or progesterone and estradiol (E) were used in nine women for thirty 21-day cycles to study the effect on ovarian function. The average daily rates of release of P and E from the rings were 2.2 mg/day and 220 microgram/day, respectively. In anovulatory treatment cycles the mean plasma level of P was 0.9 ng/ml. E levels fluctuated in the range seen in normally cycling women due to endogenous E production. In a menopausal woman the E levels increased to 50 to 100 pg/ml during treatment and FSH levels declined. Ovulation occurred in 18 (60%) of the treated cycles, and resulted in one pregnancy. Although the results rule out the use of these rings for contraceptive purposes, they indicate that at higher dosages the Silastic vaginal ring offers a mode of administration of natural steroids to be used in hormonal contraception.", "contents": "Vaginal progesterone for contraception. Silastic vaginal rings impregnated with progesterone (P) or progesterone and estradiol (E) were used in nine women for thirty 21-day cycles to study the effect on ovarian function. The average daily rates of release of P and E from the rings were 2.2 mg/day and 220 microgram/day, respectively. In anovulatory treatment cycles the mean plasma level of P was 0.9 ng/ml. E levels fluctuated in the range seen in normally cycling women due to endogenous E production. In a menopausal woman the E levels increased to 50 to 100 pg/ml during treatment and FSH levels declined. Ovulation occurred in 18 (60%) of the treated cycles, and resulted in one pregnancy. Although the results rule out the use of these rings for contraceptive purposes, they indicate that at higher dosages the Silastic vaginal ring offers a mode of administration of natural steroids to be used in hormonal contraception.", "PMID": 729823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_45", "title": "Hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of infertility: a six-year review.", "content": "A series of 505 consecutive hysterosalpingograms (HSG) for the evaluation of infertility is reviewed. Two hundred and seventy-five (54.3%) were interpreted as normal. A tubal abnormality was found in 188 (37.2%) and a uterine abnormality in 42 (8.5%). The literature is reviewed. Hysterosalpingographic abnormalities in the present series are compared with those reported in studies previously published. Complications and advantages of the procedure are outlined. Analysis of the results shows a low morbidity and high return (45.7% abnormal), making HSG one of the most valuable tools in the initial evaluation of the infertile couple.", "contents": "Hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of infertility: a six-year review. A series of 505 consecutive hysterosalpingograms (HSG) for the evaluation of infertility is reviewed. Two hundred and seventy-five (54.3%) were interpreted as normal. A tubal abnormality was found in 188 (37.2%) and a uterine abnormality in 42 (8.5%). The literature is reviewed. Hysterosalpingographic abnormalities in the present series are compared with those reported in studies previously published. Complications and advantages of the procedure are outlined. Analysis of the results shows a low morbidity and high return (45.7% abnormal), making HSG one of the most valuable tools in the initial evaluation of the infertile couple.", "PMID": 729824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_46", "title": "Pregnancy success following abdominal myomectomy for infertility.", "content": "There were 46 patients with primary infertility (34 patients) or secondary infertility (12 patients) with no other detectable cause except myomas. After myomectomy, 38% of the patients with primary infertility had full-term pregnancies and 50% of those with secondary infertility. Preoperative distortion of the endometrial cavity was not impressively correlated with the postoperative prognosis.", "contents": "Pregnancy success following abdominal myomectomy for infertility. There were 46 patients with primary infertility (34 patients) or secondary infertility (12 patients) with no other detectable cause except myomas. After myomectomy, 38% of the patients with primary infertility had full-term pregnancies and 50% of those with secondary infertility. Preoperative distortion of the endometrial cavity was not impressively correlated with the postoperative prognosis.", "PMID": 729825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_47", "title": "The use of a one-day luteinizing hormone assay for timing of artificial insemination in infertility patients.", "content": "A 1-day rapid assay for luteinizing hormone (RLH) was developed by combined alteration of incubation temperatures and immune-complex precipitation of a commercially available LH kit. The RLH assay, compared with the standard 3-day assay, had the following characteristics: standard curve slope values of --2.47 and --2.314; assay sensitivity of 5.5 and 3.8 mIU/ml of serum; average coefficients of variation for the standard curves of 13.6% and 14.1% and for serum controls of 10.6% and 13.1%, respectively. Two consecutive RLH assays of split samples were highly correlated (r = 0.9908; P less than 0.001), as were split aliquots measured by RLH or the 3-day assay (r = 0.993; P less than 0.001). When 52 samples from portions of 5 normal menstrual cycles were assayed in both systems, agreement was again high (r = 0.9871; P less than 0.001). Representative curves of both RLH and standard LH assays, together with other data, are presented to show the feasibility of applying this method for timing of artificial insemination.", "contents": "The use of a one-day luteinizing hormone assay for timing of artificial insemination in infertility patients. A 1-day rapid assay for luteinizing hormone (RLH) was developed by combined alteration of incubation temperatures and immune-complex precipitation of a commercially available LH kit. The RLH assay, compared with the standard 3-day assay, had the following characteristics: standard curve slope values of --2.47 and --2.314; assay sensitivity of 5.5 and 3.8 mIU/ml of serum; average coefficients of variation for the standard curves of 13.6% and 14.1% and for serum controls of 10.6% and 13.1%, respectively. Two consecutive RLH assays of split samples were highly correlated (r = 0.9908; P less than 0.001), as were split aliquots measured by RLH or the 3-day assay (r = 0.993; P less than 0.001). When 52 samples from portions of 5 normal menstrual cycles were assayed in both systems, agreement was again high (r = 0.9871; P less than 0.001). Representative curves of both RLH and standard LH assays, together with other data, are presented to show the feasibility of applying this method for timing of artificial insemination.", "PMID": 729826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_48", "title": "Classification of adnexal adhesions: a proposal and evaluation of its prognostic value.", "content": "A system of classification of adnexal disease is proposed. Hysterosalpingography is important to determine tubal patency (stage I) and to distinguish between the presence of rugae in early fillage of the ampullae (stage II) and their absence (stage III or IV). Diagnostic laparoscopy under general anesthesia with the double-puncture technique is recommended to inspect the ovaries thoroughly and to put adhesions on a stretch for evaluation of thin, avascular adhesions (A) and thick, vascularized adhesions (B). The extent of adnexal disease can be classified as stage I minimal if most or all of the ovarian surface is visible; stage II, over 50% of the ovary is visible; stage III, less than 50% of the ovary is visible; Stage IV, no ovarian surface is visible. Each adnexum should be described separately. The worst aspect of each adnexum should be described. The best adnexal classification should be used in describing the patient for purposes of comparing surgical treatments. Using this approach, the authors describe a gradient from stage I (best prognosis) to stage IV (poorest) in a personal series of 99 tuboplasties over a 10-year period.", "contents": "Classification of adnexal adhesions: a proposal and evaluation of its prognostic value. A system of classification of adnexal disease is proposed. Hysterosalpingography is important to determine tubal patency (stage I) and to distinguish between the presence of rugae in early fillage of the ampullae (stage II) and their absence (stage III or IV). Diagnostic laparoscopy under general anesthesia with the double-puncture technique is recommended to inspect the ovaries thoroughly and to put adhesions on a stretch for evaluation of thin, avascular adhesions (A) and thick, vascularized adhesions (B). The extent of adnexal disease can be classified as stage I minimal if most or all of the ovarian surface is visible; stage II, over 50% of the ovary is visible; stage III, less than 50% of the ovary is visible; Stage IV, no ovarian surface is visible. Each adnexum should be described separately. The worst aspect of each adnexum should be described. The best adnexal classification should be used in describing the patient for purposes of comparing surgical treatments. Using this approach, the authors describe a gradient from stage I (best prognosis) to stage IV (poorest) in a personal series of 99 tuboplasties over a 10-year period.", "PMID": 729827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_49", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on testicular biopsies from eighteen cases of hypospermatogenesis.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was conducted on biopsies from 18 young hypospermatogenic patients. No signs of \"tubular blockage\" or \"germinal disorganization\" were found. The relationships between the different components of the germinal epithelium were comparable to those found in normal testes. Germ cells were often connected by cytoplasmic bridges and Sertoli cells by typical narrow junctions, which, in the case of very depleted tubules, were very extensive and of irregular outline owing to the interdigitations of the cells. Sertoli cells had normal cytologic characteristics and, contrary to the findings of other investigators in similar material, had apparently a normal amount of lipid droplets and microfilaments. In six cases, a large number of thick, banded collagen fibers substituted for the microfibrils usually found between the myoid cells in the tunica propia. The possible significance of these changes as a cause or as a consequence of the tubular changes is not yet clear.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on testicular biopsies from eighteen cases of hypospermatogenesis. An electron microscopic study was conducted on biopsies from 18 young hypospermatogenic patients. No signs of \"tubular blockage\" or \"germinal disorganization\" were found. The relationships between the different components of the germinal epithelium were comparable to those found in normal testes. Germ cells were often connected by cytoplasmic bridges and Sertoli cells by typical narrow junctions, which, in the case of very depleted tubules, were very extensive and of irregular outline owing to the interdigitations of the cells. Sertoli cells had normal cytologic characteristics and, contrary to the findings of other investigators in similar material, had apparently a normal amount of lipid droplets and microfilaments. In six cases, a large number of thick, banded collagen fibers substituted for the microfibrils usually found between the myoid cells in the tunica propia. The possible significance of these changes as a cause or as a consequence of the tubular changes is not yet clear.", "PMID": 729828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_50", "title": "Penile blood pressure in the evaluation of erectile impotence.", "content": "Identification of specific etiologies of erectile impotence is hindered by a paucity of objective criteria needed to segregate organic from psychogenic varieties and to define specific organic causes. Simplified measurement of penile blood pressure was performed with a digital cuff and a portable ultrasound Doppler system for flow detection. An index relating penile-to-brachial systolic blood pressure was generated, and the results were compared in patients with impotence versus patients with normal erections. The mean indices for the two groups were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The penile-to-brachial index provides an additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of potency, allowing us to identify those patients with decreased penile blood flow, and may be helpful in selecting patients for revascularization procedures.", "contents": "Penile blood pressure in the evaluation of erectile impotence. Identification of specific etiologies of erectile impotence is hindered by a paucity of objective criteria needed to segregate organic from psychogenic varieties and to define specific organic causes. Simplified measurement of penile blood pressure was performed with a digital cuff and a portable ultrasound Doppler system for flow detection. An index relating penile-to-brachial systolic blood pressure was generated, and the results were compared in patients with impotence versus patients with normal erections. The mean indices for the two groups were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The penile-to-brachial index provides an additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of potency, allowing us to identify those patients with decreased penile blood flow, and may be helpful in selecting patients for revascularization procedures.", "PMID": 729829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_51", "title": "A microliter oxygen electrode system for sperm suspensions.", "content": "A new polarographic oxygen electrode system is described which can accept sperm suspensions with volumes as low as 50 microliters. In this configuration, the electrode tip forms the base of the suspension reaction chamber, and there is no stirring. Consequently, structured fluids such as cervical mucus can be applied. Measurements can be performed in as little time as 10 minutes. The system reliably measures oxygen consumption rates as low as 0.1 mm Hg/minute, so that mammalian sperm suspensions with concentrations of the order 1 X 10(6)viable cells/ml can be applied. Sample experiments, comparing the oxygen uptake of human spermatozoa in semen and in Tyrode's solution, are described.", "contents": "A microliter oxygen electrode system for sperm suspensions. A new polarographic oxygen electrode system is described which can accept sperm suspensions with volumes as low as 50 microliters. In this configuration, the electrode tip forms the base of the suspension reaction chamber, and there is no stirring. Consequently, structured fluids such as cervical mucus can be applied. Measurements can be performed in as little time as 10 minutes. The system reliably measures oxygen consumption rates as low as 0.1 mm Hg/minute, so that mammalian sperm suspensions with concentrations of the order 1 X 10(6)viable cells/ml can be applied. Sample experiments, comparing the oxygen uptake of human spermatozoa in semen and in Tyrode's solution, are described.", "PMID": 729830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_52", "title": "Vasovasostomy and vas occlusion: preliminary observations using artificial devices in guinea pigs.", "content": "Intravas devices designed to reverse a vasectomy or to occlude the vasa instead of transecting them were evaluated in guinea pigs. Absorbable intravas devices (AID) were inserted into the vasa at the time of vasovasostomy and produced a return of normal semen quality in 73% of the experimental animals as compared with only 40% in the control group. Seventy per cent of the AID group sired litters. In a second group of guinea pigs, vasectomy was replaced by the bilateral insertion of reversible intravas plugs (RIP) which occluded the lumina. After a period of azoospermia, the central, occlusive pins were removed from the devices. Sperm-positive animals were bred and three of five sired normal offspring. Histologic examination of the vasa revealed morphologic changes in some AID animals, these being attributed to the vasectomy procedure. A similar evaluation of the functional RIP insertion site revealed the desired occlusive tissue-device interfaces.", "contents": "Vasovasostomy and vas occlusion: preliminary observations using artificial devices in guinea pigs. Intravas devices designed to reverse a vasectomy or to occlude the vasa instead of transecting them were evaluated in guinea pigs. Absorbable intravas devices (AID) were inserted into the vasa at the time of vasovasostomy and produced a return of normal semen quality in 73% of the experimental animals as compared with only 40% in the control group. Seventy per cent of the AID group sired litters. In a second group of guinea pigs, vasectomy was replaced by the bilateral insertion of reversible intravas plugs (RIP) which occluded the lumina. After a period of azoospermia, the central, occlusive pins were removed from the devices. Sperm-positive animals were bred and three of five sired normal offspring. Histologic examination of the vasa revealed morphologic changes in some AID animals, these being attributed to the vasectomy procedure. A similar evaluation of the functional RIP insertion site revealed the desired occlusive tissue-device interfaces.", "PMID": 729831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_53", "title": "In vitro reversal of indomethacin-blocked ovulation by prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "An in vitro perfused ovary preparation was used to study the role of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in follicle rupture. The administration of PGF2alpha alone has been shown to restore indomethacin-blocked ovulation in rabbits and monkeys. In the model used, ovulation consistently occurred when human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was given to the intact rabbit prior to ovarian removal. hCG-induced ovulation was blocked in both perfused and in situ control ovaries by indomethacin (10 mg/kg intravenously 6 hours after hCG) given to the intact animal. The addition of PGF2alpha (1 mg/200 ml) to the perfusion fluid restored ovulation in the isolated ovary as compared with the in situ ovary (P less than 0.005) and with the perfused, untreated ovary (P less than 0.01). Following removal and perfusion of both ovaries from rabbits treated with indomethacin, ovulation occurred following the addition of PGF2alpha to the perfusate, but did not occur without PGF2alpha (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that indomethacin can block ovulation and that ovulation can be restored by the addition of PGF2alpha to the perfusion system, further supporting the significance of PGF2alpha in the process of follicular rupture.", "contents": "In vitro reversal of indomethacin-blocked ovulation by prostaglandin F2alpha. An in vitro perfused ovary preparation was used to study the role of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in follicle rupture. The administration of PGF2alpha alone has been shown to restore indomethacin-blocked ovulation in rabbits and monkeys. In the model used, ovulation consistently occurred when human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was given to the intact rabbit prior to ovarian removal. hCG-induced ovulation was blocked in both perfused and in situ control ovaries by indomethacin (10 mg/kg intravenously 6 hours after hCG) given to the intact animal. The addition of PGF2alpha (1 mg/200 ml) to the perfusion fluid restored ovulation in the isolated ovary as compared with the in situ ovary (P less than 0.005) and with the perfused, untreated ovary (P less than 0.01). Following removal and perfusion of both ovaries from rabbits treated with indomethacin, ovulation occurred following the addition of PGF2alpha to the perfusate, but did not occur without PGF2alpha (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that indomethacin can block ovulation and that ovulation can be restored by the addition of PGF2alpha to the perfusion system, further supporting the significance of PGF2alpha in the process of follicular rupture.", "PMID": 729832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_54", "title": "Combined tubal and multiple intrauterine pregnancies following ovulation induction.", "content": "An infertile woman who conceived after human menopasual gonadotropin-induced ovulation experienced ovarian hyperstimulation and a quintuplet gestation--an ectopic and a quadruplet intrauterine pregnancy. The intrauterine pregnancy was confirmed by B-scan ultrasonography about the time that the tubal pregnancy was ruptured. Salpingectomy did not interfere with the intrauterine pregnancy, but in spite of a cervical cerclage the patient developed premature labor after about 26 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Combined tubal and multiple intrauterine pregnancies following ovulation induction. An infertile woman who conceived after human menopasual gonadotropin-induced ovulation experienced ovarian hyperstimulation and a quintuplet gestation--an ectopic and a quadruplet intrauterine pregnancy. The intrauterine pregnancy was confirmed by B-scan ultrasonography about the time that the tubal pregnancy was ruptured. Salpingectomy did not interfere with the intrauterine pregnancy, but in spite of a cervical cerclage the patient developed premature labor after about 26 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 729833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_55", "title": "Regression of a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor during long-term treatment with bromocriptine.", "content": "A nulliparous woman with 12 years of amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia and radiologic evidence of a pituitary macroadenoma was treated with large doses of bromocriptine. During treatment the greatly increased prolactin levels normalized and ovulatory menstrual cycles were regained after 48 weeks of treatment. A transsphenoidal surgical exploration of the pituitary fossa was performed after 27 months of treatment. The findings at surgery suggested that regression of the pituitary adenoma had occurred during the prolonged treatment with bromocriptine. After discontinuation of the therapy, the patient continued to ovulate and subsequently conceived.", "contents": "Regression of a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor during long-term treatment with bromocriptine. A nulliparous woman with 12 years of amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia and radiologic evidence of a pituitary macroadenoma was treated with large doses of bromocriptine. During treatment the greatly increased prolactin levels normalized and ovulatory menstrual cycles were regained after 48 weeks of treatment. A transsphenoidal surgical exploration of the pituitary fossa was performed after 27 months of treatment. The findings at surgery suggested that regression of the pituitary adenoma had occurred during the prolonged treatment with bromocriptine. After discontinuation of the therapy, the patient continued to ovulate and subsequently conceived.", "PMID": 729834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_56", "title": "Right-sided varicocele associated with situs inversus.", "content": "In the overwhelming majority of cases, varicocele appears in the left scrotum, the reason being the anatomical dissimilarity of the two sides. In patients with right-sided or bilateral varicocele, further investigation to rule out a retroperitoneal pathology, especially neoplastic, is indicated. On rare occasions, however, a vascular anomaly as the underlying pathology must be considered. A patient is presented with a complete situs inversus accompanied by a right-sided varicocele. Intraoperative right internal spermatic phlebography revealed that this vein drained into the right renal vein, and valvular incompetence at their confluence was the etiology of the disease. Intraoperative internal spermatic phlebography in patients with right-sided or bilateral varicoceles is recommended as the simplest and safest means to demonstrate the etiology of this disease.", "contents": "Right-sided varicocele associated with situs inversus. In the overwhelming majority of cases, varicocele appears in the left scrotum, the reason being the anatomical dissimilarity of the two sides. In patients with right-sided or bilateral varicocele, further investigation to rule out a retroperitoneal pathology, especially neoplastic, is indicated. On rare occasions, however, a vascular anomaly as the underlying pathology must be considered. A patient is presented with a complete situs inversus accompanied by a right-sided varicocele. Intraoperative right internal spermatic phlebography revealed that this vein drained into the right renal vein, and valvular incompetence at their confluence was the etiology of the disease. Intraoperative internal spermatic phlebography in patients with right-sided or bilateral varicoceles is recommended as the simplest and safest means to demonstrate the etiology of this disease.", "PMID": 729836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_57", "title": "[Effect of the intensity of repeated splanchnic nerve stimulation on the development of habituation in the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Changes of amplitude of evoked potentials in the areas SI and SII of the cortex on repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The degree of habituation was inversely related to the intensity of stimulation. The application of maximal stimulus intensity produced sensitization which turned into habituation with increase of the frequency of stimulation from 1 to 5/sec. The effect of the intensity increment told in changes of the 2nd component of the EPs. The data obtained are considered from standpoints of the theory stimulus--model comparer and the dual-process theory.", "contents": "[Effect of the intensity of repeated splanchnic nerve stimulation on the development of habituation in the cat cerebral cortex]. Changes of amplitude of evoked potentials in the areas SI and SII of the cortex on repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The degree of habituation was inversely related to the intensity of stimulation. The application of maximal stimulus intensity produced sensitization which turned into habituation with increase of the frequency of stimulation from 1 to 5/sec. The effect of the intensity increment told in changes of the 2nd component of the EPs. The data obtained are considered from standpoints of the theory stimulus--model comparer and the dual-process theory.", "PMID": 729837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_58", "title": "[Effect of cholinergic substances on electrical processes in a ganglion of the enteric nervous system].", "content": "In the isolated in vitro segments of cat small intestine the sensitivity of myenteric neurons was studied by means of application of acetylcholine, nicotine, lobeline. The action of these drugs depended on their concentration: 10(-10)--10(-6)g/ml usually increased while larger concentrations (10(-5)g/ml) decreased the spontaneous activity. The preliminary application of d--tubocurarine (10(-6)g/ml), hexamethonium (10(-7)g/ml), and atropine (10(-6)g/ml) prevented the excitatory effects or suppressed neuronal discharges. The alteration of spontaneous activity seems to depend on the postsynaptic action of cholinergic drugs in M- and N-cholinoreceptors.", "contents": "[Effect of cholinergic substances on electrical processes in a ganglion of the enteric nervous system]. In the isolated in vitro segments of cat small intestine the sensitivity of myenteric neurons was studied by means of application of acetylcholine, nicotine, lobeline. The action of these drugs depended on their concentration: 10(-10)--10(-6)g/ml usually increased while larger concentrations (10(-5)g/ml) decreased the spontaneous activity. The preliminary application of d--tubocurarine (10(-6)g/ml), hexamethonium (10(-7)g/ml), and atropine (10(-6)g/ml) prevented the excitatory effects or suppressed neuronal discharges. The alteration of spontaneous activity seems to depend on the postsynaptic action of cholinergic drugs in M- and N-cholinoreceptors.", "PMID": 729838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_59", "title": "[Coding the rhythm of adequate stimulation of a crayfish mechanoreceptor neurons by slow oscillations in its firing rate].", "content": "Rhythmic (with periods from 0.5 to 29 sec) adequate stimulations of a single neuron in the crayfish isolated mechanoreceptor induced periodic slow oscillations in its firing rate of which the oscillations with period by 6--10 times exceeding that of stimulation, prevailed. This period was affected by neither stimulation intensity, nor by initial spontaneous firing rate but revealed regular variations on changes of the stimulation frequency. Latencies of the induced oscillations varied from several seconds (for high frequencies) to several minutes (for low frequencies), and on repeated trains of stimuli the latencies grew shorter. After cessation of stimulation these oscillations persisted for several minutes; they could be transformed by another stimulation frequency in 1--3 min. The data suggest that the coding of stimulation rhythm in the firing rate oscillations is related to rhythms of energy metabolism in the nervous cell.", "contents": "[Coding the rhythm of adequate stimulation of a crayfish mechanoreceptor neurons by slow oscillations in its firing rate]. Rhythmic (with periods from 0.5 to 29 sec) adequate stimulations of a single neuron in the crayfish isolated mechanoreceptor induced periodic slow oscillations in its firing rate of which the oscillations with period by 6--10 times exceeding that of stimulation, prevailed. This period was affected by neither stimulation intensity, nor by initial spontaneous firing rate but revealed regular variations on changes of the stimulation frequency. Latencies of the induced oscillations varied from several seconds (for high frequencies) to several minutes (for low frequencies), and on repeated trains of stimuli the latencies grew shorter. After cessation of stimulation these oscillations persisted for several minutes; they could be transformed by another stimulation frequency in 1--3 min. The data suggest that the coding of stimulation rhythm in the firing rate oscillations is related to rhythms of energy metabolism in the nervous cell.", "PMID": 729839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_60", "title": "[Microiontophoretic study of the effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline on the monosynaptic reflex activity of the spinal cord].", "content": "In anesthetized and spinal cats the influence of microionophoretic local injections of acetylcholine and noradrenaline into different layers of grey substance of lumbar segments of the spinal cord were studied with aid of monosynaptic EPSPs of motoneurons. Injections of ACH and NA in the surface layers of the grey substance of dorsal horn induced depression of monosynaptic reactions. In the area of 6--7 layers ACH induced a weak depression, while NA significantly increased the reflex responses. In the given arrangement of motoneurons NA depressed and ACH facilitated extensor and flexor monosynaptic reactions of motoneurons.", "contents": "[Microiontophoretic study of the effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline on the monosynaptic reflex activity of the spinal cord]. In anesthetized and spinal cats the influence of microionophoretic local injections of acetylcholine and noradrenaline into different layers of grey substance of lumbar segments of the spinal cord were studied with aid of monosynaptic EPSPs of motoneurons. Injections of ACH and NA in the surface layers of the grey substance of dorsal horn induced depression of monosynaptic reactions. In the area of 6--7 layers ACH induced a weak depression, while NA significantly increased the reflex responses. In the given arrangement of motoneurons NA depressed and ACH facilitated extensor and flexor monosynaptic reactions of motoneurons.", "PMID": 729840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_61", "title": "[Diurnal variations in the cellular composition of peripheral blood in mice of different genotypes].", "content": "Changes of the circadian rhythm of the general numbers of nucleus-containing cells and leucograms of peripheral blood in NZB mice with autoimmune spontaneous hemolytic anemia and in C57BL mice without visible disturbances in the system of immunostructural homeostasis were the most obvious in the white blood in NZB mice: a) disappearance of the circadian rhythm of the general number of nucleus-containing cells in peripheral blood owing to the inversion of circadian rhythm of the absolute number of neutrophiles; b) changes of circadian fluctuations of lymphocytes-neutrophiles ratio. The observed differences in circadian rhythms of hematological indices in NZB and C57BL mice seem to stem from insufficiency of adrenal cortex function and/or changes in functional state of hemopoietic tissue which can occur during the development of autoimmune processes.", "contents": "[Diurnal variations in the cellular composition of peripheral blood in mice of different genotypes]. Changes of the circadian rhythm of the general numbers of nucleus-containing cells and leucograms of peripheral blood in NZB mice with autoimmune spontaneous hemolytic anemia and in C57BL mice without visible disturbances in the system of immunostructural homeostasis were the most obvious in the white blood in NZB mice: a) disappearance of the circadian rhythm of the general number of nucleus-containing cells in peripheral blood owing to the inversion of circadian rhythm of the absolute number of neutrophiles; b) changes of circadian fluctuations of lymphocytes-neutrophiles ratio. The observed differences in circadian rhythms of hematological indices in NZB and C57BL mice seem to stem from insufficiency of adrenal cortex function and/or changes in functional state of hemopoietic tissue which can occur during the development of autoimmune processes.", "PMID": 729841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_62", "title": "[Basal metabolism of an isolated rat heart preparation].", "content": "Estimation of the basic metabolism in isolated preparation of the rat heart by means of extrapolation of partial regression of the total energy expenditure by the heart on cardiac effort index at constant oxygen supply of the preparation, revealed on the average 72% of the total energy expenditure by the working preparation. Estimation of the same parameter by means of measuring the heart oxygen consumption after heart arrest with potassium, at the same level of oxygen supply, revealed on the average 49% of the mean total energy expenditure by the working preparation. The level of oxygen supply appears to have a major significance for the estimation of the heart basic metabolism.", "contents": "[Basal metabolism of an isolated rat heart preparation]. Estimation of the basic metabolism in isolated preparation of the rat heart by means of extrapolation of partial regression of the total energy expenditure by the heart on cardiac effort index at constant oxygen supply of the preparation, revealed on the average 72% of the total energy expenditure by the working preparation. Estimation of the same parameter by means of measuring the heart oxygen consumption after heart arrest with potassium, at the same level of oxygen supply, revealed on the average 49% of the mean total energy expenditure by the working preparation. The level of oxygen supply appears to have a major significance for the estimation of the heart basic metabolism.", "PMID": 729843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_63", "title": "[Hering-Breuer inhibitory reflex in cats with hypoxia and following carotid sinus denervation].", "content": "In decerebrated and anesthetized vagotomized cats, the effects of hypoxia and carotid sinus denervation on the Breuer--Hering reflex, induced by inflation of the lungs or stimulation of the central end of vagus nerve were studied. Hypoxia was followed by shortening of reflex inhibition of inspiration elicited both by inflation of the lungs and afferent vagus fibers stimulation. After carotid sinus denervation the effect of hypoxia on the Breuer--Hering reflex was almost completely abolished, and a reduction of the overall ventilation response (VTXf) during hypoxia occurred.", "contents": "[Hering-Breuer inhibitory reflex in cats with hypoxia and following carotid sinus denervation]. In decerebrated and anesthetized vagotomized cats, the effects of hypoxia and carotid sinus denervation on the Breuer--Hering reflex, induced by inflation of the lungs or stimulation of the central end of vagus nerve were studied. Hypoxia was followed by shortening of reflex inhibition of inspiration elicited both by inflation of the lungs and afferent vagus fibers stimulation. After carotid sinus denervation the effect of hypoxia on the Breuer--Hering reflex was almost completely abolished, and a reduction of the overall ventilation response (VTXf) during hypoxia occurred.", "PMID": 729844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_64", "title": "[Regional blood filling in hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "Unanesthetized rats put in the hermetic chamber breathed with a gas mixture containing 10.5% of oxygen in nitrogen during 30 and 60 min (moderate hypoxia), and 3.5% of oxygen in nitrogen for 30 min (severe hypoxia). The circulating blood volume increased in moderate hypoxia but was rather reduced in severe hypoxia. Mobilization of blood from the liver occurred in moderate hypoxia after 30 min, becoming less obvious after 60 min or in severe hypoxia. Redistribution of blood in the myocardium, skeletal muscles of the head and neck occurred in moderate hypoxia. Severe hypoxia led to depression of the regional circulating blod redistribution and the signs of pathological accumulation of the blood in the liver, small intestine, colon and testicles.", "contents": "[Regional blood filling in hypoxic hypoxia]. Unanesthetized rats put in the hermetic chamber breathed with a gas mixture containing 10.5% of oxygen in nitrogen during 30 and 60 min (moderate hypoxia), and 3.5% of oxygen in nitrogen for 30 min (severe hypoxia). The circulating blood volume increased in moderate hypoxia but was rather reduced in severe hypoxia. Mobilization of blood from the liver occurred in moderate hypoxia after 30 min, becoming less obvious after 60 min or in severe hypoxia. Redistribution of blood in the myocardium, skeletal muscles of the head and neck occurred in moderate hypoxia. Severe hypoxia led to depression of the regional circulating blod redistribution and the signs of pathological accumulation of the blood in the liver, small intestine, colon and testicles.", "PMID": 729845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_65", "title": "[Temperature effect of muscle work in white rats during hypoxia].", "content": "During the hypoxia muscular work revealed an augmented electrical activity of the working muscles, a lesser increase in their and body's temperature. Rats adapted to hypoxia developed a higher level of muscular activity and a lesser increase of temperature indices. This suggests that hypoxia and adaptation to hypoxia decrease thermoregulatory effects of arbitrary activity of skeletal muscles. The additional thermogenesis formed during the muscular work seems to be depressed during hypoxia.", "contents": "[Temperature effect of muscle work in white rats during hypoxia]. During the hypoxia muscular work revealed an augmented electrical activity of the working muscles, a lesser increase in their and body's temperature. Rats adapted to hypoxia developed a higher level of muscular activity and a lesser increase of temperature indices. This suggests that hypoxia and adaptation to hypoxia decrease thermoregulatory effects of arbitrary activity of skeletal muscles. The additional thermogenesis formed during the muscular work seems to be depressed during hypoxia.", "PMID": 729847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_66", "title": "On the presence of micronucleoli in mature avian erythrocytes.", "content": "Chick, hen, duck and pigeon mature erythrocytes were investigated by means of a simple cytochemical procedure for the selective demonstration of the RNA-containing structures to provide more information on the presence or absence of nucleoli in these cells. The results clearly demonstrated that almost all mature erythrocytes of ducks, chickens and hens possessed micronucleoli. In \"not-flying\" pigeons micronucleoli were present in about two thirds of mature erythrocytes and in contrast, about two thirds of these cells in \"flying\" pigeons did not contain any nucleoli. Since the formation of micronucleoli reflects the cessation of the nucleolar and presumably ribosomal RNA synthesis, the mature erythrocytes of the investigated birds containing such nucleoli do not synthetize this nucleic acid. Similarly, mature pigeon erythrocytes without nucleoli also do not synthetize the ribosomal RNA since nucleoli are responsible for this process in the nucleus. Both these observations and conclusions are in perfect accordance with previous biochemical studies which demonstrated the cessation of the ribosomal RNA synthesis in these cells. The differences in the presence of micronucleoli between pigeon mature erythrocytes and these cells in other birds investigated in the present study, just as the difference in the presence of micronucleoli in mature erythrocytes between \"not-flying\" and \"flying\" pigeons, indicate that a certain maturation specificity may exist in the erythropoiesis of various species of birds and even in birds of the same species, depending on their living conditions.", "contents": "On the presence of micronucleoli in mature avian erythrocytes. Chick, hen, duck and pigeon mature erythrocytes were investigated by means of a simple cytochemical procedure for the selective demonstration of the RNA-containing structures to provide more information on the presence or absence of nucleoli in these cells. The results clearly demonstrated that almost all mature erythrocytes of ducks, chickens and hens possessed micronucleoli. In \"not-flying\" pigeons micronucleoli were present in about two thirds of mature erythrocytes and in contrast, about two thirds of these cells in \"flying\" pigeons did not contain any nucleoli. Since the formation of micronucleoli reflects the cessation of the nucleolar and presumably ribosomal RNA synthesis, the mature erythrocytes of the investigated birds containing such nucleoli do not synthetize this nucleic acid. Similarly, mature pigeon erythrocytes without nucleoli also do not synthetize the ribosomal RNA since nucleoli are responsible for this process in the nucleus. Both these observations and conclusions are in perfect accordance with previous biochemical studies which demonstrated the cessation of the ribosomal RNA synthesis in these cells. The differences in the presence of micronucleoli between pigeon mature erythrocytes and these cells in other birds investigated in the present study, just as the difference in the presence of micronucleoli in mature erythrocytes between \"not-flying\" and \"flying\" pigeons, indicate that a certain maturation specificity may exist in the erythropoiesis of various species of birds and even in birds of the same species, depending on their living conditions.", "PMID": 729852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_67", "title": "Demonstration of chicken B alloantigens by the Cytotoxicity test.", "content": "The activity of complements from various sources was compared in the complement-mediated cytotoxicity test, using chicken alloantisera. The highest cytotoxicity index was obtained with a pool of complements from fresh guinea pig serum and chicken serum. No difference in activity between complements from chickens of the different inbred lines was found. Using the above test, we demonstrated the B-F antigen on lymphoid cells, whereas the B-G antigen was not present.", "contents": "Demonstration of chicken B alloantigens by the Cytotoxicity test. The activity of complements from various sources was compared in the complement-mediated cytotoxicity test, using chicken alloantisera. The highest cytotoxicity index was obtained with a pool of complements from fresh guinea pig serum and chicken serum. No difference in activity between complements from chickens of the different inbred lines was found. Using the above test, we demonstrated the B-F antigen on lymphoid cells, whereas the B-G antigen was not present.", "PMID": 729853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_68", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of glutaraldehyde-resistant NADH-ferricyanide oxido-reductase activities in rat-liver plasma membranes and Golgi apparatus.", "content": "NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity was demonstrated in rat liver endomembranes by cytochemical procedures. The activity observed in plasma membrane and mature portions of the Golgi apparatus resisted fixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde, a characteristic which permitted differentiation of the NADH-ferricyanide reductase of plasma membranes and mature Golgi apparatus elements from those of mitochondria, microbodies, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. With the latter membranes, activity could be demonstrated only with unfixed material or following brief glutaraldehyde fixation and was greatest with broken cells or isolated fractions due to problems of penetration of reagents. Biochemical studies paralleled cytochemical findings with respect to glutaraldehyde fixation and sensitivity to other metabolic inhibitors. The findings provide evidence that a NADH-ferricyanide reductase may be among the membrane constituents conserved and/or modified during flow differentiation of membranes. The basis for a method to evaluate plasma membrane contamination of endoplasmic reticulum fractions and to differentiate among mature and immature secretory vesicles of the Golgi apparatus is also indicated.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of glutaraldehyde-resistant NADH-ferricyanide oxido-reductase activities in rat-liver plasma membranes and Golgi apparatus. NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity was demonstrated in rat liver endomembranes by cytochemical procedures. The activity observed in plasma membrane and mature portions of the Golgi apparatus resisted fixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde, a characteristic which permitted differentiation of the NADH-ferricyanide reductase of plasma membranes and mature Golgi apparatus elements from those of mitochondria, microbodies, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. With the latter membranes, activity could be demonstrated only with unfixed material or following brief glutaraldehyde fixation and was greatest with broken cells or isolated fractions due to problems of penetration of reagents. Biochemical studies paralleled cytochemical findings with respect to glutaraldehyde fixation and sensitivity to other metabolic inhibitors. The findings provide evidence that a NADH-ferricyanide reductase may be among the membrane constituents conserved and/or modified during flow differentiation of membranes. The basis for a method to evaluate plasma membrane contamination of endoplasmic reticulum fractions and to differentiate among mature and immature secretory vesicles of the Golgi apparatus is also indicated.", "PMID": 729883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_69", "title": "[Secretion and organization of the stratified wall of spermatophore in some copepods: ultrastructure and cytochemistry].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the wall of the spermatophore of some copepods is studied during its elaboration along the male genital tract. The secretion of this material appears in the form of a loose fibrillar network, sandwiched between a granular layer and a set of thin dense plates. At the level of segment III this layer, which has considerably thickened compared with segment II, shows a more compact aspect. Finally in the spermatophore its organization is similar to that of external cuticles. The typical architecture, the elaboration process as well as the ultrastructural cytochemical characteristics of this wall lead us to discuss the analogies with the peripheral cuticle.", "contents": "[Secretion and organization of the stratified wall of spermatophore in some copepods: ultrastructure and cytochemistry]. The ultrastructure of the wall of the spermatophore of some copepods is studied during its elaboration along the male genital tract. The secretion of this material appears in the form of a loose fibrillar network, sandwiched between a granular layer and a set of thin dense plates. At the level of segment III this layer, which has considerably thickened compared with segment II, shows a more compact aspect. Finally in the spermatophore its organization is similar to that of external cuticles. The typical architecture, the elaboration process as well as the ultrastructural cytochemical characteristics of this wall lead us to discuss the analogies with the peripheral cuticle.", "PMID": 729884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_70", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat liver during phalloidin poisoning.", "content": "Rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured during phalloidin poisoning of 17 day-old rats, adult rats, and adult rats protected against phalloidin toxicity by pretreatment with somatotropin. The results show: 1. In adult rats, after a short period of activation, ornithine decarboxylase activity decreases to basal levels after phalloidin administration and remains so until death. 2. In somatotropin-pretreated rats, the enzyme activity increases with a peak 4 hours after injection of somatotropin but then drops rapidly to control levels. All rats survive poisoning. In somatotropin-pretreated rats that has also been given the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, 1,3-diaminopropane, phalloidin poisoning causes a decrease in the enzyme activity to basal levels and death of all animals. 3. In 17 day-old rats, ornithine decarboxylase activity decreased initially after phalloidin poisoning but then returned to unpoisoned levels. All rats survived poisoning, even those pretreated with 1,3-diaminopropane.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat liver during phalloidin poisoning. Rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured during phalloidin poisoning of 17 day-old rats, adult rats, and adult rats protected against phalloidin toxicity by pretreatment with somatotropin. The results show: 1. In adult rats, after a short period of activation, ornithine decarboxylase activity decreases to basal levels after phalloidin administration and remains so until death. 2. In somatotropin-pretreated rats, the enzyme activity increases with a peak 4 hours after injection of somatotropin but then drops rapidly to control levels. All rats survive poisoning. In somatotropin-pretreated rats that has also been given the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, 1,3-diaminopropane, phalloidin poisoning causes a decrease in the enzyme activity to basal levels and death of all animals. 3. In 17 day-old rats, ornithine decarboxylase activity decreased initially after phalloidin poisoning but then returned to unpoisoned levels. All rats survived poisoning, even those pretreated with 1,3-diaminopropane.", "PMID": 729885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_71", "title": "[An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase activity localized in bud primordia of an organogenic culture of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. P. 19].", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity in particularly organogenic strain of tobacco has been localized in two kinds of tissue: the internal bud primordia and the adjacent tissues. Generally the reactions are weaker in the undifferentiated cells. In differentiating cells, the localization of precipitates from the reaction shows up the continuity of membrane systems such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear membrane and the vacuoles. The relative weakness of the reactions observed in the vacuoles is in agreement with the rareness of hydrolysis. Parenchymatous cells between the meristems and the surface of the tissue culture undergo autolysis, which seems to help the growth of buds produced by neoformation. Specific and often intense reactions occur in the cell walls.", "contents": "[An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase activity localized in bud primordia of an organogenic culture of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. P. 19]. Acid phosphatase activity in particularly organogenic strain of tobacco has been localized in two kinds of tissue: the internal bud primordia and the adjacent tissues. Generally the reactions are weaker in the undifferentiated cells. In differentiating cells, the localization of precipitates from the reaction shows up the continuity of membrane systems such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear membrane and the vacuoles. The relative weakness of the reactions observed in the vacuoles is in agreement with the rareness of hydrolysis. Parenchymatous cells between the meristems and the surface of the tissue culture undergo autolysis, which seems to help the growth of buds produced by neoformation. Specific and often intense reactions occur in the cell walls.", "PMID": 729886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_72", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations on cells grown in vitro. IV. HeLa cells do not have an upperside-underside polarity.", "content": "Small glass particles are added to HeLa monolayer cell cultures. Landing on top of a flattened cell fingerlike protrusions are surrounding the particles. Later on leading lamellae are formed on the upperside of the cell and the glass becomes more and more surrounded until it appears to be \"incorporated\" completely. The glass particles become attached so firmly that by detaching them the cell surface is destroyed. This speaks against the assumption that cells in monolayers are polarized.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations on cells grown in vitro. IV. HeLa cells do not have an upperside-underside polarity. Small glass particles are added to HeLa monolayer cell cultures. Landing on top of a flattened cell fingerlike protrusions are surrounding the particles. Later on leading lamellae are formed on the upperside of the cell and the glass becomes more and more surrounded until it appears to be \"incorporated\" completely. The glass particles become attached so firmly that by detaching them the cell surface is destroyed. This speaks against the assumption that cells in monolayers are polarized.", "PMID": 729887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_73", "title": "Alterations of cytoskeletal morphologies and growth patterns in human fibroblasts treated with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Non-transformed human fibroblasts, strain PA-2, were treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in monolayer culture to produce multinucleate fibroblast homokaryons. Antibodies to tubulin or actin were used to monitor cytoplasmic microtubule and actin filament patterns immediately after cytoplasmic fusion, as well as after the fused cells had been in culture for varying amounts of time. The cytoplasmic microtubule complex as increased for a short time after cell fusion and then decreased to resemble the complex seen in control cells. The actin stress fibers were similarly enhanced for a comparable period of time. However, this initial enhancement of the actin stress fibers gradually diminished for approximately one month in culture after which the fibers were greatly reduced in both size and number. Concurrent with the changes in cytoplasmic microtubule and actin fiber complexes, the PEG-treated cells began to show alterations in growth parameters which progressively resembled those characteristic of transformed cell populations. Fusion of normal cells may be an initial step in the transformation of such cells to malignancy.", "contents": "Alterations of cytoskeletal morphologies and growth patterns in human fibroblasts treated with polyethylene glycol. Non-transformed human fibroblasts, strain PA-2, were treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in monolayer culture to produce multinucleate fibroblast homokaryons. Antibodies to tubulin or actin were used to monitor cytoplasmic microtubule and actin filament patterns immediately after cytoplasmic fusion, as well as after the fused cells had been in culture for varying amounts of time. The cytoplasmic microtubule complex as increased for a short time after cell fusion and then decreased to resemble the complex seen in control cells. The actin stress fibers were similarly enhanced for a comparable period of time. However, this initial enhancement of the actin stress fibers gradually diminished for approximately one month in culture after which the fibers were greatly reduced in both size and number. Concurrent with the changes in cytoplasmic microtubule and actin fiber complexes, the PEG-treated cells began to show alterations in growth parameters which progressively resembled those characteristic of transformed cell populations. Fusion of normal cells may be an initial step in the transformation of such cells to malignancy.", "PMID": 729888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_74", "title": "Autonomic function tests in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Five tests of autonomic function were evaluated in a group of twenty-five diabetics. The Valsalva ratio proved to be the most valuable single indicator of generalised autonomic dysfunction, whilst the blood pressure response to sustained handgrip, the pupillary response to a dilute solution of methacholine and the fall in blood pressure on standing, all proved to be less valuable as indices of autonomic neuropathy either when considered individually or when taken together. The cold pressor test was shown to be of no value in the assessment of patients with autonomic neuropathy. It is suggested that of those examined the Valsalva procedure is the most valuable simple outpatient test for autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Autonomic function tests in diabetes mellitus. Five tests of autonomic function were evaluated in a group of twenty-five diabetics. The Valsalva ratio proved to be the most valuable single indicator of generalised autonomic dysfunction, whilst the blood pressure response to sustained handgrip, the pupillary response to a dilute solution of methacholine and the fall in blood pressure on standing, all proved to be less valuable as indices of autonomic neuropathy either when considered individually or when taken together. The cold pressor test was shown to be of no value in the assessment of patients with autonomic neuropathy. It is suggested that of those examined the Valsalva procedure is the most valuable simple outpatient test for autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 729889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_75", "title": "Study of enzyme defect in a case of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.", "content": "Activity of liver ornithine transcarbamylase was measured in a biopsy obtained from a seven years old girl, suffering from chronic hyperammonemia and orotic aciduria. The activity of the defective enzyme was only 17% of that of a control. pH optimum was 8.1 in the patient and the control. However, the pH curves were different between 7.0 and 8.1. Km (ornithine) of the patient's ornithine transcarbamylase was within the normal range (0.41 nM), but the Km (carbamyl phosphate) was low (0.18 mM). The girl seems to be a heterozygote carrier of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to an abnormal liver enzyme.", "contents": "Study of enzyme defect in a case of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Activity of liver ornithine transcarbamylase was measured in a biopsy obtained from a seven years old girl, suffering from chronic hyperammonemia and orotic aciduria. The activity of the defective enzyme was only 17% of that of a control. pH optimum was 8.1 in the patient and the control. However, the pH curves were different between 7.0 and 8.1. Km (ornithine) of the patient's ornithine transcarbamylase was within the normal range (0.41 nM), but the Km (carbamyl phosphate) was low (0.18 mM). The girl seems to be a heterozygote carrier of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to an abnormal liver enzyme.", "PMID": 729890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_76", "title": "The spontaneously diabetic Wistar rat (the \"BB\" rat): the significance of transient glycosuria.", "content": "A longitudinal study of thirteen rats with transient and intermittent episodes of glycosuria was undertaken, to further characterize the \"BB\" diabetic syndrome. \"Chemical diabetes\" (normal fasting glycemia, abnormal GTT) was observed in five rats, accompanied by the same dramatic insulitis previously reported in this syndrome, in two of the three pancreases examined. Progression from \"chemical\" to overt diabetes occurred in one of these rats. Two other patterns of presentation were observed. Periods of complete remission occurred in four rats with diabetes considered sufficiently severe to warrant previous treatment with insulin. Four additional rats with previous glycosuria (untreated) showed no abnormalities on followup. It is not known whether hyperglycemia accompanied the glycosuria in these rats, and renal glycosuria has not been excluded. Thus, the \"BB\" diabetic syndrome exists in not only the overt and \"chemical\" forms, but may also present with transient glycosuria, followed by a variety of subsequent progressions.", "contents": "The spontaneously diabetic Wistar rat (the \"BB\" rat): the significance of transient glycosuria. A longitudinal study of thirteen rats with transient and intermittent episodes of glycosuria was undertaken, to further characterize the \"BB\" diabetic syndrome. \"Chemical diabetes\" (normal fasting glycemia, abnormal GTT) was observed in five rats, accompanied by the same dramatic insulitis previously reported in this syndrome, in two of the three pancreases examined. Progression from \"chemical\" to overt diabetes occurred in one of these rats. Two other patterns of presentation were observed. Periods of complete remission occurred in four rats with diabetes considered sufficiently severe to warrant previous treatment with insulin. Four additional rats with previous glycosuria (untreated) showed no abnormalities on followup. It is not known whether hyperglycemia accompanied the glycosuria in these rats, and renal glycosuria has not been excluded. Thus, the \"BB\" diabetic syndrome exists in not only the overt and \"chemical\" forms, but may also present with transient glycosuria, followed by a variety of subsequent progressions.", "PMID": 729891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_77", "title": "Defective acute insulin secretion in diabetics. Differences between normal weight and obese subjects.", "content": "The acute insulin responses to intravenous glucose and tolbutamide were studied serially in middle aged subjects with a wide spectrum of glucose tolerance. Eighty were of normal weight, 102 frankly obese. In normal weight patients, insulin response to glucose, subnormal in chemical diabetes, was almost absent when fasting blood glucose was elevated. Tolbutamide evoked a normal response provided that the fasting blood glucose was lower than 125 mg/100 ml. The response decreased dramatically thereafter. In the obese the response decreased dramatically thereafter. In the obese the response to glucose was decreased in chemical diabetics compared to non-diabetics, but failed completely only when the fasting glycemia exceeded 200 mg/100 ml. The response to tolbutamide decreased only with fasting glycemia in excess of 200 mg/100 ml. When insulin responses were expressed relative to basal insulin values the differences between non diabetic obese and normal weight subjects disappeared but this was not true of the other categories. These findings demonstrate that the B-cell responses differ not only quantitatively but also in kind between normal weight and obese diabetics. Six cases of incipient juvenile diabetes (100 less than fasting blood glucose less than 125 mg/100 ml) showed no insulin response to glucose nor to tolbutamide in contrast to the comparable weight group of maturity onset diabetics.", "contents": "Defective acute insulin secretion in diabetics. Differences between normal weight and obese subjects. The acute insulin responses to intravenous glucose and tolbutamide were studied serially in middle aged subjects with a wide spectrum of glucose tolerance. Eighty were of normal weight, 102 frankly obese. In normal weight patients, insulin response to glucose, subnormal in chemical diabetes, was almost absent when fasting blood glucose was elevated. Tolbutamide evoked a normal response provided that the fasting blood glucose was lower than 125 mg/100 ml. The response decreased dramatically thereafter. In the obese the response decreased dramatically thereafter. In the obese the response to glucose was decreased in chemical diabetics compared to non-diabetics, but failed completely only when the fasting glycemia exceeded 200 mg/100 ml. The response to tolbutamide decreased only with fasting glycemia in excess of 200 mg/100 ml. When insulin responses were expressed relative to basal insulin values the differences between non diabetic obese and normal weight subjects disappeared but this was not true of the other categories. These findings demonstrate that the B-cell responses differ not only quantitatively but also in kind between normal weight and obese diabetics. Six cases of incipient juvenile diabetes (100 less than fasting blood glucose less than 125 mg/100 ml) showed no insulin response to glucose nor to tolbutamide in contrast to the comparable weight group of maturity onset diabetics.", "PMID": 729892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_78", "title": "Roles of growth hormone and testosterone in the synthesis of mouse kidney glucuronidase.", "content": "Mouse kidney beta-glucuronidase production is under multihormonal control. In normal mice, kidney glucuronidase is induced over 100-fold by testosterone. However, hypophysectomy reduces this induction to about 5% of normal. This loss in inducibility was in part restored by growth hormone. Simultaneous administration to hypophysectomized female mice of growth hormone and testosterone, but not of prolactin and testosterone, restored kidney glucuronidase concentration to half that found in testosterone-treated normal female mice. Growth hormone alone had no effect in hypophysectomized females nor did it enhance glucuronidase activity in testosterone-treated normal females. Radiolabeling experiments demonstrated that the enhancement by growth hormone of glucuronidase activity was accompanied by a corresponding increase in its rate of synthesis. Kidney hypertrophy and kidney glucuronidase production may be under common hormonal regulation. Testosterone or growth hormone treatment alone of hypophysectomized mice had little or no effect on either process, but combined treatment with the two hormones significantly enhanced both. The rate of synthesis of kidney glucuronidase is controlled by the Gur gene. Relative differences in kidney glucuronidase synthesis in mice of different Gur genotype were maintained in testosterone-treated hypophysectomized mice. This suggests that control of glucuronidase synthesis by the Gur locus is exerted by interaction with androgens rather than pituitary products.", "contents": "Roles of growth hormone and testosterone in the synthesis of mouse kidney glucuronidase. Mouse kidney beta-glucuronidase production is under multihormonal control. In normal mice, kidney glucuronidase is induced over 100-fold by testosterone. However, hypophysectomy reduces this induction to about 5% of normal. This loss in inducibility was in part restored by growth hormone. Simultaneous administration to hypophysectomized female mice of growth hormone and testosterone, but not of prolactin and testosterone, restored kidney glucuronidase concentration to half that found in testosterone-treated normal female mice. Growth hormone alone had no effect in hypophysectomized females nor did it enhance glucuronidase activity in testosterone-treated normal females. Radiolabeling experiments demonstrated that the enhancement by growth hormone of glucuronidase activity was accompanied by a corresponding increase in its rate of synthesis. Kidney hypertrophy and kidney glucuronidase production may be under common hormonal regulation. Testosterone or growth hormone treatment alone of hypophysectomized mice had little or no effect on either process, but combined treatment with the two hormones significantly enhanced both. The rate of synthesis of kidney glucuronidase is controlled by the Gur gene. Relative differences in kidney glucuronidase synthesis in mice of different Gur genotype were maintained in testosterone-treated hypophysectomized mice. This suggests that control of glucuronidase synthesis by the Gur locus is exerted by interaction with androgens rather than pituitary products.", "PMID": 729903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_79", "title": "Estradiol-induced accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA and secretion of vitellogenin in liver cultures of Xenopus.", "content": "Explants of male Xenopus liver maintained in a serum-free culture medium respond to stimulation by 2 X 10(-8) M 17beta-estradiol with an increasing rate of accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA, as revealed by hybridization of cDNA to the total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from the cultures. A similar response is observed for secretion of 32PO4-labeled vitellogenin into the culture medium. The in vitro response is improved in liver tissue of prestimulated animals, and by adaptation of liver explants to the culture medium prior to hormone treatment, but attains only about 10% of the in vivo response. Since essential features of the in vivo response are maintained in liver explants, organ culture appears suitable for investigating initial events of estradiol action leading to enhanced synthesis of vitellogenin.", "contents": "Estradiol-induced accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA and secretion of vitellogenin in liver cultures of Xenopus. Explants of male Xenopus liver maintained in a serum-free culture medium respond to stimulation by 2 X 10(-8) M 17beta-estradiol with an increasing rate of accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA, as revealed by hybridization of cDNA to the total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from the cultures. A similar response is observed for secretion of 32PO4-labeled vitellogenin into the culture medium. The in vitro response is improved in liver tissue of prestimulated animals, and by adaptation of liver explants to the culture medium prior to hormone treatment, but attains only about 10% of the in vivo response. Since essential features of the in vivo response are maintained in liver explants, organ culture appears suitable for investigating initial events of estradiol action leading to enhanced synthesis of vitellogenin.", "PMID": 729904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_80", "title": "Tactual exploration by normal infants.", "content": "The age of onset for tactual exploration of the fingers, body (torso), knee, foot and penis by the fingers was determined in 100 normal infants. Exploration of the mouth, face, head, ears, nose and eyes was also studied by daily observations in the first three days of life in a second sample of 12 normal newborns, and the age of onset was recorded. The data show that the ability of the normal infant to explore by touch the various parts of his body appears to have a definite age of onset and a definite sequence.", "contents": "Tactual exploration by normal infants. The age of onset for tactual exploration of the fingers, body (torso), knee, foot and penis by the fingers was determined in 100 normal infants. Exploration of the mouth, face, head, ears, nose and eyes was also studied by daily observations in the first three days of life in a second sample of 12 normal newborns, and the age of onset was recorded. The data show that the ability of the normal infant to explore by touch the various parts of his body appears to have a definite age of onset and a definite sequence.", "PMID": 729924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_81", "title": "Localisation of human speech by the newborn baby and the effects of pethidine ('meperidine').", "content": "Eight newborn babies were tested to see whether they could make discriminating headturn responses to the sound of a 9-second recording of a human voice coming from 15 degrees, 30 degrees and 80 degrees from the midline, from either the right or left side. The babies showed significant differences in response to sounds coming from the right and the left, and to sounds coming from 15 degrees and 80 degrees from the midline. Pethidine ('Meperidine') given to the mother during labour had a significant effect, both on degree of response and on the babies' apparent ability to localize sound.", "contents": "Localisation of human speech by the newborn baby and the effects of pethidine ('meperidine'). Eight newborn babies were tested to see whether they could make discriminating headturn responses to the sound of a 9-second recording of a human voice coming from 15 degrees, 30 degrees and 80 degrees from the midline, from either the right or left side. The babies showed significant differences in response to sounds coming from the right and the left, and to sounds coming from 15 degrees and 80 degrees from the midline. Pethidine ('Meperidine') given to the mother during labour had a significant effect, both on degree of response and on the babies' apparent ability to localize sound.", "PMID": 729925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_82", "title": "Routine analysis of dermatoglyphics and palmar creases in children with developmental disorders.", "content": "A dermatoglyphic and palmar crease analysis was carried out in 100 children aged six months to five years with psychomotor retardation (excluding Down's syndrome). When compared with 121 of the parents and a random group of 168 school-children, certain unusual features were found to be twice as common in the retarded children, demonstrating that these features may indicate an 'at risk' infant if found during routine examination of the newborn.", "contents": "Routine analysis of dermatoglyphics and palmar creases in children with developmental disorders. A dermatoglyphic and palmar crease analysis was carried out in 100 children aged six months to five years with psychomotor retardation (excluding Down's syndrome). When compared with 121 of the parents and a random group of 168 school-children, certain unusual features were found to be twice as common in the retarded children, demonstrating that these features may indicate an 'at risk' infant if found during routine examination of the newborn.", "PMID": 729926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_83", "title": "Re-evaluation of the approach to an enlarging head in infancy.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography is a safe, non-invasive technique for measurement of ventricular size. A review of 44 children without myelodysplasia who were evaluated for inappropriately enlarging heads, documented a group of 20 children presenting at five months to two years of age with megalencephaly or mild communicating hydrocephalus. Of these, only two required shunts. At their most recent examination, the great majority of these children are developmentally normal. Serial neurological examination, developmental evaluation and head-circumference measurements, in association with computerized axial tomography, have proved effective in the assessment and management of this particular group of children with large heads.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of the approach to an enlarging head in infancy. Computerized axial tomography is a safe, non-invasive technique for measurement of ventricular size. A review of 44 children without myelodysplasia who were evaluated for inappropriately enlarging heads, documented a group of 20 children presenting at five months to two years of age with megalencephaly or mild communicating hydrocephalus. Of these, only two required shunts. At their most recent examination, the great majority of these children are developmentally normal. Serial neurological examination, developmental evaluation and head-circumference measurements, in association with computerized axial tomography, have proved effective in the assessment and management of this particular group of children with large heads.", "PMID": 729927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_84", "title": "Spinal muscular atrophy in childhood: review of 50 cases.", "content": "The clinical findings in 50 children with intermediate or mild spinal muscular atrophy are reviewed. An early age of onset and the presence of tongue fasciculation carry a poor prognosis for disability. Scoliosis appears early in nearly all children with the more severe forms of spinal muscular atrophy and early energetic treatment is indicated. Contractures are also found in both the more severe and the milder forms and are the main cause of progressive disability, since continuous deterioration of muscle power was not evident in the present series. Respiratory failure is rare but potentially fatal, and may occur even in mild forms of the disease. Clinically evident weakness of the axial musculature may give warning of this complication.", "contents": "Spinal muscular atrophy in childhood: review of 50 cases. The clinical findings in 50 children with intermediate or mild spinal muscular atrophy are reviewed. An early age of onset and the presence of tongue fasciculation carry a poor prognosis for disability. Scoliosis appears early in nearly all children with the more severe forms of spinal muscular atrophy and early energetic treatment is indicated. Contractures are also found in both the more severe and the milder forms and are the main cause of progressive disability, since continuous deterioration of muscle power was not evident in the present series. Respiratory failure is rare but potentially fatal, and may occur even in mild forms of the disease. Clinically evident weakness of the axial musculature may give warning of this complication.", "PMID": 729928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_85", "title": "Uncommon syndromes of cerebellar vermis aplasia. I: Joubert syndrome.", "content": "Necropsy findings are reported for a case of Joubert syndrome (familiar aplasia of cerebellar vermis with episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye-movements, ataxia and retardation). The findings consisted of an almost total aplasia of the cerebellar vermis; dysplasias and numerous heterotopias of cerebellar nuclei; an almost total absence of pyramidal decussation; and anomalies in the structure of the inferior olivary nuclei, the descending trigeminal tract, solitary fascicle and of the dorsal column nuclei. The lesion resembled the Dandy-Walker malformation or simple aplasia of the cerebellar vermis in some of its aspects, but there were numerous others to set it apart--at least tentatively--as a distinct nosologic entity.", "contents": "Uncommon syndromes of cerebellar vermis aplasia. I: Joubert syndrome. Necropsy findings are reported for a case of Joubert syndrome (familiar aplasia of cerebellar vermis with episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye-movements, ataxia and retardation). The findings consisted of an almost total aplasia of the cerebellar vermis; dysplasias and numerous heterotopias of cerebellar nuclei; an almost total absence of pyramidal decussation; and anomalies in the structure of the inferior olivary nuclei, the descending trigeminal tract, solitary fascicle and of the dorsal column nuclei. The lesion resembled the Dandy-Walker malformation or simple aplasia of the cerebellar vermis in some of its aspects, but there were numerous others to set it apart--at least tentatively--as a distinct nosologic entity.", "PMID": 729929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_86", "title": "Uncommon syndromes of cerebellar vermis aplasia. II: Tecto-cerebellar dysraphia with occipital encephalocele.", "content": "Two new cases are reported of a rare syndrome of malformation consisting of occiptal encephalocele, aplasia of the vermis and deformity of the tectum. Less consistent components are aplasia of mammillary bodies, fusion of thalami, anomalies of cerebral gyral patterns, bifid atlas or bifid occipital squame, elevation of torcular, and cervical hydromyelia. One of the present cases had survived to the age of eight years with a ventricular shunt. This syndrome, of which five cases are known, is thought to be a tandem malformation in which either an occipital dysraphia or an encephalocele induces aplasia of the vermis. A classification of aplasias of the cerebellar vermis is proposed.", "contents": "Uncommon syndromes of cerebellar vermis aplasia. II: Tecto-cerebellar dysraphia with occipital encephalocele. Two new cases are reported of a rare syndrome of malformation consisting of occiptal encephalocele, aplasia of the vermis and deformity of the tectum. Less consistent components are aplasia of mammillary bodies, fusion of thalami, anomalies of cerebral gyral patterns, bifid atlas or bifid occipital squame, elevation of torcular, and cervical hydromyelia. One of the present cases had survived to the age of eight years with a ventricular shunt. This syndrome, of which five cases are known, is thought to be a tandem malformation in which either an occipital dysraphia or an encephalocele induces aplasia of the vermis. A classification of aplasias of the cerebellar vermis is proposed.", "PMID": 729930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_87", "title": "Infantile spasms associated with hemihypsarrhythmia and hemimegalencephaly.", "content": "A case of unilateral megalencephaly in a four-week-old child with infantile spasms and hemihypsarrhythmia is presented. The histological and histometrical investigations showed signs of immaturity in the cortex of the megalencephalic hemisphere.", "contents": "Infantile spasms associated with hemihypsarrhythmia and hemimegalencephaly. A case of unilateral megalencephaly in a four-week-old child with infantile spasms and hemihypsarrhythmia is presented. The histological and histometrical investigations showed signs of immaturity in the cortex of the megalencephalic hemisphere.", "PMID": 729931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_88", "title": "Fingerprint body myopathy: a report of twins.", "content": "Ultramicroscopic changes of subsarcolemmal fingerprints in the muscle of children with infantile hypotonia and weakness may represent a specific congenital entity. Four children have been reported so far. The two children reported in the present paper are the first full siblings to be described and, in addition, are identical twins. Four of these six children also had mental retardation, which suggests that this disorder may carry with it a significant risk of central nervous system abnormality.", "contents": "Fingerprint body myopathy: a report of twins. Ultramicroscopic changes of subsarcolemmal fingerprints in the muscle of children with infantile hypotonia and weakness may represent a specific congenital entity. Four children have been reported so far. The two children reported in the present paper are the first full siblings to be described and, in addition, are identical twins. Four of these six children also had mental retardation, which suggests that this disorder may carry with it a significant risk of central nervous system abnormality.", "PMID": 729932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_89", "title": "Gait analysis in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Electromyography is the most frequently used laboratory method of assessing gait of patients with cerebral palsy. This method has shown that slow stretch testing is non-specific and that electromyograms obtained during walking are of greater value in planning treatment. If surgical treatment is necessary, only those muscles with phase reversal should be considered for transfer; lengthening is appropriate for those with phase prolongation. The addition of movement measurements and force-plate recording increases the amount of information available for analysis. Distinctions can then be attempted between primary abnormalities and compensatory mechanisms, and gait patterns with common demominators can be identified. Only by precise pre- and post-operative studies can treatment for locomotor problems be reliably assessed. Progress in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy cannot be achieved without such objective assessment.", "contents": "Gait analysis in cerebral palsy. Electromyography is the most frequently used laboratory method of assessing gait of patients with cerebral palsy. This method has shown that slow stretch testing is non-specific and that electromyograms obtained during walking are of greater value in planning treatment. If surgical treatment is necessary, only those muscles with phase reversal should be considered for transfer; lengthening is appropriate for those with phase prolongation. The addition of movement measurements and force-plate recording increases the amount of information available for analysis. Distinctions can then be attempted between primary abnormalities and compensatory mechanisms, and gait patterns with common demominators can be identified. Only by precise pre- and post-operative studies can treatment for locomotor problems be reliably assessed. Progress in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy cannot be achieved without such objective assessment.", "PMID": 729935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_90", "title": "Early detection of deafness in young children.", "content": "It is generally accepted that early detection and intervention for children with hearing defects, either congenital or acquired, is both necessary and advantageous. Detection before the end of the first year of life seems to improve speech acquisition, lessen the likelihood of behaviour problems and decrease the cost of education. The methods for early detection are discussed and a procedure is recommended.", "contents": "Early detection of deafness in young children. It is generally accepted that early detection and intervention for children with hearing defects, either congenital or acquired, is both necessary and advantageous. Detection before the end of the first year of life seems to improve speech acquisition, lessen the likelihood of behaviour problems and decrease the cost of education. The methods for early detection are discussed and a procedure is recommended.", "PMID": 729936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_91", "title": "Gastric mucosal proteins in patients with chronic peptic ulcer.", "content": "As ulcerogenesis could be explained by a defect in the mucosal proteins, a study of soluble proteins extracted from human gastric mucosa was made. The proteins were fractionated by gel electrophoresis. 7--8 major bands and several minor bands were present on polyacrylamide tube gels and 30 bands were visible on isoelectric focusing gels. No reproducible differences were found between body and antral mucosa or between the mucosa of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastric carcinoma patients.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal proteins in patients with chronic peptic ulcer. As ulcerogenesis could be explained by a defect in the mucosal proteins, a study of soluble proteins extracted from human gastric mucosa was made. The proteins were fractionated by gel electrophoresis. 7--8 major bands and several minor bands were present on polyacrylamide tube gels and 30 bands were visible on isoelectric focusing gels. No reproducible differences were found between body and antral mucosa or between the mucosa of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastric carcinoma patients.", "PMID": 729937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_92", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in lymph and serum of bile duct-ligated rats.", "content": "To determine whether liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) reaches the circulation by crossing the space of Diss\u00e9 and traversing lymphatic channels to the thoracic duct, AP was measured in lymph and serum hourly for 12 h after bile duct ligation in thoracic duct cannulated rats. AP did not rise at any time point in lymph, was markedly increased in serum by 7 h when compared with controls (p less than 0.05), and continued to rise for the next 5 h. However, AP in the thoracic duct lymph was increased 5-fold by corn oil feeding. Molecular weight for serum AP from bile duct-ligated rats was determined by gel chromatography and found to be approximately 125,000. Thus, hepatic AP molecules probably pass freely through the large openings in the sinusoidal endothelial lining and are transported out of the liver chiefly in sinusoidal blood, which flows more rapidly than liver lymph.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in lymph and serum of bile duct-ligated rats. To determine whether liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) reaches the circulation by crossing the space of Diss\u00e9 and traversing lymphatic channels to the thoracic duct, AP was measured in lymph and serum hourly for 12 h after bile duct ligation in thoracic duct cannulated rats. AP did not rise at any time point in lymph, was markedly increased in serum by 7 h when compared with controls (p less than 0.05), and continued to rise for the next 5 h. However, AP in the thoracic duct lymph was increased 5-fold by corn oil feeding. Molecular weight for serum AP from bile duct-ligated rats was determined by gel chromatography and found to be approximately 125,000. Thus, hepatic AP molecules probably pass freely through the large openings in the sinusoidal endothelial lining and are transported out of the liver chiefly in sinusoidal blood, which flows more rapidly than liver lymph.", "PMID": 729938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_93", "title": "A questionnaire for assessment of the result of peptic ulcer surgery.", "content": "Details of a 22-item questionnaire used to assess the result of surgery for peptic ulcer are given. Tested in 47 patients the questionnaire correlates well with the Visick grading. The 100-mm line test and post-operative alkali consumption are less accurate measures of outcome. As an alternative to the Follow-Up Clinic, as a potential predictor of result, and as an indicator of the quality of life, the questionnaire has much to offer.", "contents": "A questionnaire for assessment of the result of peptic ulcer surgery. Details of a 22-item questionnaire used to assess the result of surgery for peptic ulcer are given. Tested in 47 patients the questionnaire correlates well with the Visick grading. The 100-mm line test and post-operative alkali consumption are less accurate measures of outcome. As an alternative to the Follow-Up Clinic, as a potential predictor of result, and as an indicator of the quality of life, the questionnaire has much to offer.", "PMID": 729941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_94", "title": "Action of norepinephrine on the serum gastrin level.", "content": "The authors have studied the influence of endogenous norepinephrine released during exercise on the level of serum gastrin. After a period of absolute rest, 10 volunteers in good health underwent a prolonged graded exercise corresponding to 60, then 80% of the maximum theoretical heart-beat frequency. Only norepinephrine was significantly high during the course of the second phase of muscular activity. No significant change in serum gastrin was observed during the entire test.", "contents": "Action of norepinephrine on the serum gastrin level. The authors have studied the influence of endogenous norepinephrine released during exercise on the level of serum gastrin. After a period of absolute rest, 10 volunteers in good health underwent a prolonged graded exercise corresponding to 60, then 80% of the maximum theoretical heart-beat frequency. Only norepinephrine was significantly high during the course of the second phase of muscular activity. No significant change in serum gastrin was observed during the entire test.", "PMID": 729942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_95", "title": "Radioimmunological quantitation of human group-II pepsinogens.", "content": "A solid-phase sandwich radioimmunoassay was developed to quantitate human group-II pepsinogens in plasma. The test detected pepsinogen II in a concentration range of 0.25--64.0 ng/ml using sample volumes of 125 microliter. Purified group I pepsinogens showed no response up to concentrations of 100 microgram/ml. In apparently healthy donors, we observed mean plasma concentrations of 20.3 ng/ml (males) and of 15.5 ng/ml (females).", "contents": "Radioimmunological quantitation of human group-II pepsinogens. A solid-phase sandwich radioimmunoassay was developed to quantitate human group-II pepsinogens in plasma. The test detected pepsinogen II in a concentration range of 0.25--64.0 ng/ml using sample volumes of 125 microliter. Purified group I pepsinogens showed no response up to concentrations of 100 microgram/ml. In apparently healthy donors, we observed mean plasma concentrations of 20.3 ng/ml (males) and of 15.5 ng/ml (females).", "PMID": 729943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_96", "title": "Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. IV. Influence of allograft rejection on small intestinal mucosal architecture: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study.", "content": "The effect of a local delayed hypersensitivity reaction (allograft rejection) on small intestinal architecture has been examined by using scanning electron microscopy of the mucosal surface. In isografts, regarded as a morphological basis for normality of the system, the villi appeared normal and finger like. In allografts the appearances ranged from fairly normal areas to others with stunted and ridged villi, and flat areas in which crypt mouths opened on to the flat mucosal surface. The fine structure of epithelial cells was studied further by transmission electron microscopy. There was an apparent reduction in the size of the microvillous border in allografts but no other consistent abnormality. The similarities between this model of allograft rejection, and untreated coeliac disease in man, are highlighted and contrasted with the effects of acute radiation injury on the intestine.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. IV. Influence of allograft rejection on small intestinal mucosal architecture: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study. The effect of a local delayed hypersensitivity reaction (allograft rejection) on small intestinal architecture has been examined by using scanning electron microscopy of the mucosal surface. In isografts, regarded as a morphological basis for normality of the system, the villi appeared normal and finger like. In allografts the appearances ranged from fairly normal areas to others with stunted and ridged villi, and flat areas in which crypt mouths opened on to the flat mucosal surface. The fine structure of epithelial cells was studied further by transmission electron microscopy. There was an apparent reduction in the size of the microvillous border in allografts but no other consistent abnormality. The similarities between this model of allograft rejection, and untreated coeliac disease in man, are highlighted and contrasted with the effects of acute radiation injury on the intestine.", "PMID": 729944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_97", "title": "A comparison between injection and infusion of pancreatic stimulants in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was studied by rapid intravenous injection and by prolonged intravenous infusion of a combination of secretin and caerulein in a group of patients with proven pancreatic disease and in controls. The aim was to compare the value of the two procedures of stimulation in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Results showed that the pancreatic response to infusion of the stimulants discriminates normal from abnormal pancreatic function better than responses to rapid injection.", "contents": "A comparison between injection and infusion of pancreatic stimulants in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Exocrine pancreatic function was studied by rapid intravenous injection and by prolonged intravenous infusion of a combination of secretin and caerulein in a group of patients with proven pancreatic disease and in controls. The aim was to compare the value of the two procedures of stimulation in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Results showed that the pancreatic response to infusion of the stimulants discriminates normal from abnormal pancreatic function better than responses to rapid injection.", "PMID": 729945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_98", "title": "Increase in amylase clearance in relation to creatinin clearance during acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Renal amylase clearance in relation to creatinin clearance (Cam/Ccr) was determined for 20 patients suffering from acute pancreatitis (AP). For each of them, the diagnosis rested upon operative or laparoscopic observation of characteristic anatomical or histological lesions. The average clearance relationship in these patients reached 16 +/- SEM 3.8%. These results were significantly higher than those obtained from 132 patients who had been hospitalized for other medical or surgical diseases, as well as from 51 test patients (p less than 0.001). The authors stressed the diagnostic importance of this test, in particular in the presence of a normal amylasemia level.", "contents": "Increase in amylase clearance in relation to creatinin clearance during acute pancreatitis. Renal amylase clearance in relation to creatinin clearance (Cam/Ccr) was determined for 20 patients suffering from acute pancreatitis (AP). For each of them, the diagnosis rested upon operative or laparoscopic observation of characteristic anatomical or histological lesions. The average clearance relationship in these patients reached 16 +/- SEM 3.8%. These results were significantly higher than those obtained from 132 patients who had been hospitalized for other medical or surgical diseases, as well as from 51 test patients (p less than 0.001). The authors stressed the diagnostic importance of this test, in particular in the presence of a normal amylasemia level.", "PMID": 729946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_99", "title": "Is the fat breath test effective in the diagnosis of fat malabsorption and pancreatic disease?", "content": "An attempt was made to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of the 14CO2-tripalmitin breath test in the screening or diagnosis of fat malabsorption. The differential absorption of 14C-tripalmitin and palmitic acid was evaluated in the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. 24 controls, 13 patients with steatorrhea and 6 with pancreatic disease (4 of them with sufficiency) were studied. 81 breath tests were performed using 75 ml sour cream as a carrier. In 11 cases the 14C-tripalmitin test was repeated using 27 g corn oil as carrier. Both the 14C-tripalmitin and 14C-palmitic acid breath tests failed to provide any discrimination between normals and patients with fat malabsorption. Variation in type and amount of the carrier fat did not alter these results. 14C-tripalmitin absorption was distinctly abnormal in the patients with pancreatic insufficiency. The differential absorption of 14C-tripalmitin and 14C-palmitic acid provided an even better separation between patients with and without pancreatic disease. In contrast to some other investigators we did not find the 14C-tripalmitin and/or palmitic acid breath tests useful in the diagnosis or screening of fat malabsorption. These tests appear promising in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Is the fat breath test effective in the diagnosis of fat malabsorption and pancreatic disease? An attempt was made to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of the 14CO2-tripalmitin breath test in the screening or diagnosis of fat malabsorption. The differential absorption of 14C-tripalmitin and palmitic acid was evaluated in the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. 24 controls, 13 patients with steatorrhea and 6 with pancreatic disease (4 of them with sufficiency) were studied. 81 breath tests were performed using 75 ml sour cream as a carrier. In 11 cases the 14C-tripalmitin test was repeated using 27 g corn oil as carrier. Both the 14C-tripalmitin and 14C-palmitic acid breath tests failed to provide any discrimination between normals and patients with fat malabsorption. Variation in type and amount of the carrier fat did not alter these results. 14C-tripalmitin absorption was distinctly abnormal in the patients with pancreatic insufficiency. The differential absorption of 14C-tripalmitin and 14C-palmitic acid provided an even better separation between patients with and without pancreatic disease. In contrast to some other investigators we did not find the 14C-tripalmitin and/or palmitic acid breath tests useful in the diagnosis or screening of fat malabsorption. These tests appear promising in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 729947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_100", "title": "Zinc and copper concentrations in serum, blood and liver in moderate experimental pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "Serum and liver concentrations of zinc and copper were studied in the rat after ligation of the pancreatic duct. Ligation of the bile duct was done close to the duodenum and high up in the hilum of the liver. The bile flow was by-passed into the intestine via a plastic catheter. The surgical method used was found suitable for a study of moderate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency since significant--although markedly reduced--concentrations of amylase and trypsin were estimated in intestinal contents at sacrifice 19 weeks after the operation. The serum zinc level was unaffected by duct ligation except for a slight decrease after 2 weeks. Similarly zinc in whole blood was unaffected. The copper concentration in serum was, however, significantly enhanced during in first 10 weeks. The copper zinc ration was markedly increased in duct ligated rats during the whole period. Zinc and copper concentrations in liver tissue were significantly decreased after 19 weeks. The findings suggest that a decrease function of exocrine pancreas might induce a disturbed balance of zinc and copper in the rat.", "contents": "Zinc and copper concentrations in serum, blood and liver in moderate experimental pancreatic insufficiency. Serum and liver concentrations of zinc and copper were studied in the rat after ligation of the pancreatic duct. Ligation of the bile duct was done close to the duodenum and high up in the hilum of the liver. The bile flow was by-passed into the intestine via a plastic catheter. The surgical method used was found suitable for a study of moderate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency since significant--although markedly reduced--concentrations of amylase and trypsin were estimated in intestinal contents at sacrifice 19 weeks after the operation. The serum zinc level was unaffected by duct ligation except for a slight decrease after 2 weeks. Similarly zinc in whole blood was unaffected. The copper concentration in serum was, however, significantly enhanced during in first 10 weeks. The copper zinc ration was markedly increased in duct ligated rats during the whole period. Zinc and copper concentrations in liver tissue were significantly decreased after 19 weeks. The findings suggest that a decrease function of exocrine pancreas might induce a disturbed balance of zinc and copper in the rat.", "PMID": 729948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_101", "title": "Delayed weaning and denial of solid food nibbling upon pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine in neonatal rats.", "content": "Pancreatic response to urecholine was studied in rats which were fed maternal milk only until they reached 27 days of age. A group of pups which remained all the time with their mother were weaned at 21 days; over that nursing period, their pancreatic amylase concentration increased gradually, lipase started to decrease from day 23 while chymotrypsin remained constant. In those who were denied solid food from day 12, the amylase concentration fell significantly from day 23 to 27 while lipase and chymotrypsin rose rapidly. Delayed weaning was associated with significant decreases in basal and urecholine-stimulated amylase secretion from day 23, whereas lipase and chymotrypsin releases were increased. If, however, secretion is expressed in percentages of the amount of enzyme released over the total tissue content, the output of the three enzymes in response to urecholine is significantly reduced from day 25 in pups kept on maternal milk only. These results suggest that dietary fat and carbohydrate modulate the enzyme content of the pancreas and that milk as the only source of energy and protein reduces the pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine.", "contents": "Delayed weaning and denial of solid food nibbling upon pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine in neonatal rats. Pancreatic response to urecholine was studied in rats which were fed maternal milk only until they reached 27 days of age. A group of pups which remained all the time with their mother were weaned at 21 days; over that nursing period, their pancreatic amylase concentration increased gradually, lipase started to decrease from day 23 while chymotrypsin remained constant. In those who were denied solid food from day 12, the amylase concentration fell significantly from day 23 to 27 while lipase and chymotrypsin rose rapidly. Delayed weaning was associated with significant decreases in basal and urecholine-stimulated amylase secretion from day 23, whereas lipase and chymotrypsin releases were increased. If, however, secretion is expressed in percentages of the amount of enzyme released over the total tissue content, the output of the three enzymes in response to urecholine is significantly reduced from day 25 in pups kept on maternal milk only. These results suggest that dietary fat and carbohydrate modulate the enzyme content of the pancreas and that milk as the only source of energy and protein reduces the pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine.", "PMID": 729949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_102", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Artemia salina: decreasing polymerase activities and number of polymerase II molecules in developing larvae.", "content": "Embryos and larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, provide a useful biological system for biochemical studies of animal development. Dormant encysted embryos can be cultured readily in the laboratory to provide large quantities of free-swimming nauplius larvae. The rate of synthesis of all classes of RNA in swimming larvae declines markedly between 24 and 72 h after immersion of dormant embryos in sea water. Nuclei were isolated from 24-72 h larvae and RNA polymerase activity was measured under conditions in which the nuclei remained intact. Total RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei decreased in parallel with RNA synthesis in vivo. RNA polymerases were solubilized from nuclei and fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The levels of both RNA polymerases I and II also decreased in parallel with RNA synthesis in vivo. The specific activity of highly purified RNA polymerase II was determined by comparison of enzyme activity with the mass of RNA polymerase II subunits displayed on SDS gels. The specific activities of RNA polymerase II preparations from 24 and 72 h larvae were identical. The number of polymerase II molecules was estimated from the mass of the subunits. The number of molecules per nucleus declined from 20,000 at 24 h to 3500 at 72 h.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Artemia salina: decreasing polymerase activities and number of polymerase II molecules in developing larvae. Embryos and larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, provide a useful biological system for biochemical studies of animal development. Dormant encysted embryos can be cultured readily in the laboratory to provide large quantities of free-swimming nauplius larvae. The rate of synthesis of all classes of RNA in swimming larvae declines markedly between 24 and 72 h after immersion of dormant embryos in sea water. Nuclei were isolated from 24-72 h larvae and RNA polymerase activity was measured under conditions in which the nuclei remained intact. Total RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei decreased in parallel with RNA synthesis in vivo. RNA polymerases were solubilized from nuclei and fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The levels of both RNA polymerases I and II also decreased in parallel with RNA synthesis in vivo. The specific activity of highly purified RNA polymerase II was determined by comparison of enzyme activity with the mass of RNA polymerase II subunits displayed on SDS gels. The specific activities of RNA polymerase II preparations from 24 and 72 h larvae were identical. The number of polymerase II molecules was estimated from the mass of the subunits. The number of molecules per nucleus declined from 20,000 at 24 h to 3500 at 72 h.", "PMID": 729950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_103", "title": "Spontaneous transformation of bovine lens epithelial cells: kinetic analysis and differentiation in monolayers and in nude mice.", "content": "Bovine lens epithelial cells, in vivo, are known to perform two determined functions. First, they synthesize the lens capsule and subsequently, in the germinal region, they differentiate in fiber cells with massive production of crystallin proteins, inactivation and pyknosis of the nucleus. Bovine lens epithelial cells from adult origin can be cultured but so far no massive crystallin production has been demonstrated in vitro. We have studied the growth and differentiation of these cells and shown that in long term culture they acquire spontaneously many characteristics of transformation: unlimited growth potential, abnormal karyotype, multilayering. Viral particles were scarcely detected. However, they retain their epithelioid character and the ability to synthesize lens capsule material. Kinetic characteristics of those cells have been determined. When injected into nude mice, they actively proliferate and form tumors in which synthesis of alpha-crystallin can be demonstrated. These results show that in vitro transformation of lens epithelial cells does not affect their potential for terminal differentiation.", "contents": "Spontaneous transformation of bovine lens epithelial cells: kinetic analysis and differentiation in monolayers and in nude mice. Bovine lens epithelial cells, in vivo, are known to perform two determined functions. First, they synthesize the lens capsule and subsequently, in the germinal region, they differentiate in fiber cells with massive production of crystallin proteins, inactivation and pyknosis of the nucleus. Bovine lens epithelial cells from adult origin can be cultured but so far no massive crystallin production has been demonstrated in vitro. We have studied the growth and differentiation of these cells and shown that in long term culture they acquire spontaneously many characteristics of transformation: unlimited growth potential, abnormal karyotype, multilayering. Viral particles were scarcely detected. However, they retain their epithelioid character and the ability to synthesize lens capsule material. Kinetic characteristics of those cells have been determined. When injected into nude mice, they actively proliferate and form tumors in which synthesis of alpha-crystallin can be demonstrated. These results show that in vitro transformation of lens epithelial cells does not affect their potential for terminal differentiation.", "PMID": 729951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_104", "title": "The evolution of nonrepetitive DNA in sea urchins.", "content": "Molecular hybridization of nuclear DNAs has been employed to study the evolution of nonrepetitive DNA sequences in four species of sea urchin. The data indicate that the extent of homology between the nonrepetitive DNA sequences of S. purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, S. franciscanus, and L. pictus confirms the phylogenetic relationship established through palaeontological evidence. The average rate of divergence of nonrepetitive DNA sequences was found to be approximately 0.22% per million years. In addition, a small fraction (approximately 14%) of the nonrepetitive DNA sequences is highly conserved between S. purpuratus and L. pictus after 120-200 million years divergence. This study may provide a basis for the use of interspecific hybrid embryos of these organisms to investigate the evolution and importance of certain DNA sequences in early developmental processes leading to cell differentiation.", "contents": "The evolution of nonrepetitive DNA in sea urchins. Molecular hybridization of nuclear DNAs has been employed to study the evolution of nonrepetitive DNA sequences in four species of sea urchin. The data indicate that the extent of homology between the nonrepetitive DNA sequences of S. purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, S. franciscanus, and L. pictus confirms the phylogenetic relationship established through palaeontological evidence. The average rate of divergence of nonrepetitive DNA sequences was found to be approximately 0.22% per million years. In addition, a small fraction (approximately 14%) of the nonrepetitive DNA sequences is highly conserved between S. purpuratus and L. pictus after 120-200 million years divergence. This study may provide a basis for the use of interspecific hybrid embryos of these organisms to investigate the evolution and importance of certain DNA sequences in early developmental processes leading to cell differentiation.", "PMID": 729954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_105", "title": "Transport of DNA from lymphocytes to fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "The exchange of radioactivity between lymphocytes, labelled with (3H) thymidine after stimulation with Concanavalin A, and recipient V79 fibroblasts in culture was studied. The radioactive material involved in this exchange was macromolecular deoxyribonucleic acid as well as its breakdown products. This deoxyribonucleic acid from lymphocytes localised in the nuclei of the host cells soon after contact between donor and recipients. This occurred even when the V79 fibroblasts were confluent at high cell density, and thus in a steady, non-growing state with respect to cell numbers. The fate of the radioactive donor lymphocyte deoxyribonucleic acid, substituted with bromodeoxyuridine, was followed in the recipient cells by analysing its buoyant density in caesium chloride gradients. This deoxyribonucleic acid was found to become associated with the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid of the host cells, involving both retention of relatively intact donor deoxyribonucleic acid as well as its breakdown and re-utilisation for host cell deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Non-growing recipient cells were found to retain the donor deoxyribonucleic acid in relatively intact form for much longer periods than when the same cells were in logarithmic growth phase.", "contents": "Transport of DNA from lymphocytes to fibroblasts in culture. The exchange of radioactivity between lymphocytes, labelled with (3H) thymidine after stimulation with Concanavalin A, and recipient V79 fibroblasts in culture was studied. The radioactive material involved in this exchange was macromolecular deoxyribonucleic acid as well as its breakdown products. This deoxyribonucleic acid from lymphocytes localised in the nuclei of the host cells soon after contact between donor and recipients. This occurred even when the V79 fibroblasts were confluent at high cell density, and thus in a steady, non-growing state with respect to cell numbers. The fate of the radioactive donor lymphocyte deoxyribonucleic acid, substituted with bromodeoxyuridine, was followed in the recipient cells by analysing its buoyant density in caesium chloride gradients. This deoxyribonucleic acid was found to become associated with the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid of the host cells, involving both retention of relatively intact donor deoxyribonucleic acid as well as its breakdown and re-utilisation for host cell deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Non-growing recipient cells were found to retain the donor deoxyribonucleic acid in relatively intact form for much longer periods than when the same cells were in logarithmic growth phase.", "PMID": 729955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_106", "title": "Transfilter lens induction in avian embryo.", "content": "The directive influence of the optic vesicle during lens induction of 2-day chick embryos was studied in vitro. Trunk ectoderm was chosen for the responding tissue. This uncommitted ectoderm formed distinct lentoid bodies when grown together with the optic vesicle. Crystallin synthesis was demonstrated in the lentoids with fluorescein labelled antiserum. By interposing filters of different thicknesses and pore sizes between the interacting tissues, three questions were put forward: (1) Whether the intimate contact between the interactants was essential for induction, (2) how far the inductive influence of the optic vesicle extended, and (3) what was the smallest pore through which the inductive influence could penetrate. The inductive influence reached across a Millipore filter with a thickness of 100 micrometer. It also penetrated a dialyzer membrane, allowing passage of molecules with molecular weights (MW) of less than 12,000 daltons. It was concluded that the directive, inductive signal(s) passing from the optic vesicle, diffused in the extracellular space as far as 100 micrometer and had a molecular weight of less than 12,000 daltons.", "contents": "Transfilter lens induction in avian embryo. The directive influence of the optic vesicle during lens induction of 2-day chick embryos was studied in vitro. Trunk ectoderm was chosen for the responding tissue. This uncommitted ectoderm formed distinct lentoid bodies when grown together with the optic vesicle. Crystallin synthesis was demonstrated in the lentoids with fluorescein labelled antiserum. By interposing filters of different thicknesses and pore sizes between the interacting tissues, three questions were put forward: (1) Whether the intimate contact between the interactants was essential for induction, (2) how far the inductive influence of the optic vesicle extended, and (3) what was the smallest pore through which the inductive influence could penetrate. The inductive influence reached across a Millipore filter with a thickness of 100 micrometer. It also penetrated a dialyzer membrane, allowing passage of molecules with molecular weights (MW) of less than 12,000 daltons. It was concluded that the directive, inductive signal(s) passing from the optic vesicle, diffused in the extracellular space as far as 100 micrometer and had a molecular weight of less than 12,000 daltons.", "PMID": 729958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_107", "title": "Induction of vitellogenin synthesis in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "Oestradiol induces vitellogenin synthesis in vitro in liver taken from Xenopus laevis tadpoles that are in late metamorphosis. Inducibility first appears at the end of prometamorphosis, and the response to oestradiol increases during the completion of metamorphosis. Oestradiol continuously present during development does not influence the stage at which tadpole liver becomes inducible. It seems that the acquisition of inducibility is part of the normal development of the liver, and independent of both the supply of oestrogen and the sex of the tadpole.", "contents": "Induction of vitellogenin synthesis in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Oestradiol induces vitellogenin synthesis in vitro in liver taken from Xenopus laevis tadpoles that are in late metamorphosis. Inducibility first appears at the end of prometamorphosis, and the response to oestradiol increases during the completion of metamorphosis. Oestradiol continuously present during development does not influence the stage at which tadpole liver becomes inducible. It seems that the acquisition of inducibility is part of the normal development of the liver, and independent of both the supply of oestrogen and the sex of the tadpole.", "PMID": 729959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_108", "title": "Revised radiologic concepts of the Barrett esophagus.", "content": "The radiologic findings in 39 cases of histologically proven Barrett esophagus are reviewed. Esophageal strictures were not found in 18% of the cases, and when present were more often distally located. Esophageal ulcers were found in only 46% of the patients. In 13% of the cases neither ulcer nor stricture was found. The majority (72%) of these cases did not fit the classic stereotype of high esophageal stricture and/or ulcer.", "contents": "Revised radiologic concepts of the Barrett esophagus. The radiologic findings in 39 cases of histologically proven Barrett esophagus are reviewed. Esophageal strictures were not found in 18% of the cases, and when present were more often distally located. Esophageal ulcers were found in only 46% of the patients. In 13% of the cases neither ulcer nor stricture was found. The majority (72%) of these cases did not fit the classic stereotype of high esophageal stricture and/or ulcer.", "PMID": 729985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_109", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the stomach in association with Menetrier's disease.", "content": "Menetrier's disease is an uncommon lesion which may have malignant potential. This report documents a case of gastric malignancy arising in a patient with long-standing Menetrier's disease and emphasizes that close follow-up of patients with this condition is necessary because of the possible development of gastric malignancy.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the stomach in association with Menetrier's disease. Menetrier's disease is an uncommon lesion which may have malignant potential. This report documents a case of gastric malignancy arising in a patient with long-standing Menetrier's disease and emphasizes that close follow-up of patients with this condition is necessary because of the possible development of gastric malignancy.", "PMID": 729986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_110", "title": "Heterotopic submucosal gastric cysts: Report of two cases, one in association with carcinoma.", "content": "Two cases of heterotopic submucosal gastric cysts, one with a coexisting superficial spreading carcinoma, are described. This is an uncommon entity with which radiologists should be familiar. An association between such cysts and carcinoma has been predicated previously. The induction of submucosal gastric cysts in monkeys fed polychlorinated biphenyls is cited, and the potential significance of this observation with regard to such lesions in humans is discussed.", "contents": "Heterotopic submucosal gastric cysts: Report of two cases, one in association with carcinoma. Two cases of heterotopic submucosal gastric cysts, one with a coexisting superficial spreading carcinoma, are described. This is an uncommon entity with which radiologists should be familiar. An association between such cysts and carcinoma has been predicated previously. The induction of submucosal gastric cysts in monkeys fed polychlorinated biphenyls is cited, and the potential significance of this observation with regard to such lesions in humans is discussed.", "PMID": 729987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_111", "title": "Angiographic and pathologic features of probable primary carcinoid-like hepatic tumors.", "content": "The angiographic and pathologic features of two cases of primary carcinoid-like hepatic tumors are described. Neither patient had the carcinoid syndrome.", "contents": "Angiographic and pathologic features of probable primary carcinoid-like hepatic tumors. The angiographic and pathologic features of two cases of primary carcinoid-like hepatic tumors are described. Neither patient had the carcinoid syndrome.", "PMID": 729988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_112", "title": "Pathologic effusions localized on the anterior pararenal space: an in vivo demonstration.", "content": "The retroperitoneum is divided into three spaces by four fascial planes. This case reports outlining of the anterior pararenal space with opaque medium in a patient who developed large abscess cavities secondary to hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The contour of the cavities, their cross-communication, and their effect on adjacent organs and landmarks are described .", "contents": "Pathologic effusions localized on the anterior pararenal space: an in vivo demonstration. The retroperitoneum is divided into three spaces by four fascial planes. This case reports outlining of the anterior pararenal space with opaque medium in a patient who developed large abscess cavities secondary to hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The contour of the cavities, their cross-communication, and their effect on adjacent organs and landmarks are described .", "PMID": 729989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_113", "title": "Ascariasis of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The radiographic findings and complications of Ascaris lumbricoides infection of the gastrointestinal tract are presented. Since the clinical symptoms of ascariasis are usually vague or nonspecific, the radiologist may be in a position to play a major role in the proper diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "Ascariasis of the gastrointestinal tract. The radiographic findings and complications of Ascaris lumbricoides infection of the gastrointestinal tract are presented. Since the clinical symptoms of ascariasis are usually vague or nonspecific, the radiologist may be in a position to play a major role in the proper diagnosis of this disease.", "PMID": 729990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_114", "title": "The spectrum of small bowel melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with documented secondary small bowel involvement by malignant melanoma are reviewed. Roentgen mainfestations are discussed and illustrated. A vigorous diagnostic approach emphasizing enteroclysis is described. Clinical awareness and aggressive radiologic investigation are providing these patients with earlier surgical and adjuvant therapy, which appears to be leading to increased length of survival.", "contents": "The spectrum of small bowel melanoma. Twenty-one patients with documented secondary small bowel involvement by malignant melanoma are reviewed. Roentgen mainfestations are discussed and illustrated. A vigorous diagnostic approach emphasizing enteroclysis is described. Clinical awareness and aggressive radiologic investigation are providing these patients with earlier surgical and adjuvant therapy, which appears to be leading to increased length of survival.", "PMID": 729991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_115", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the intestinal tract: roentgen manifestations.", "content": "Five cases of generalized Kaposi's sarcoma are reported with roentgen evidence of involvement of the intestinal tract. In three instances, there was extensive involvement of the small bowel with multiple intramural nodules. The fourth patient demonstrated multiple polypoid lesions of the colon, and in the fifth a constricting lesion of the ileum was present. Two patients with small bowel involvement had significant malabsorption. This latter complication of diffuse Kaposi's sarcoma of the small bowel has not been previously reported. The diagnosis of the nature of the roentgen intestinal abnormality can usually be made, because intestinal involvement generally occurs late in the disease, when both extensive cutaneous nodules and edema of the extremities are apparent.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the intestinal tract: roentgen manifestations. Five cases of generalized Kaposi's sarcoma are reported with roentgen evidence of involvement of the intestinal tract. In three instances, there was extensive involvement of the small bowel with multiple intramural nodules. The fourth patient demonstrated multiple polypoid lesions of the colon, and in the fifth a constricting lesion of the ileum was present. Two patients with small bowel involvement had significant malabsorption. This latter complication of diffuse Kaposi's sarcoma of the small bowel has not been previously reported. The diagnosis of the nature of the roentgen intestinal abnormality can usually be made, because intestinal involvement generally occurs late in the disease, when both extensive cutaneous nodules and edema of the extremities are apparent.", "PMID": 729992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_116", "title": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon in ulcerative and granulomatous colitis.", "content": "The occurrence of localized large clusters of colonic pseudopolyps in 4 patients is described. The underlying disease was chronic ulcerative colitis in 2 cases and granulomatous colitis in 2 others. Each lesion presented as a bulky polypoid mass causing partial or total occlusion of the transverse segment or splenic flexure of the colon. The radiographic and pathologic features of this rare entity are illustrated, and the previously reported 10 cases are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon in ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. The occurrence of localized large clusters of colonic pseudopolyps in 4 patients is described. The underlying disease was chronic ulcerative colitis in 2 cases and granulomatous colitis in 2 others. Each lesion presented as a bulky polypoid mass causing partial or total occlusion of the transverse segment or splenic flexure of the colon. The radiographic and pathologic features of this rare entity are illustrated, and the previously reported 10 cases are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 729993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_117", "title": "Obstructing giant pseudopolyps in granulomatous colitis.", "content": "Two cases of giant pseudopolyps occurring in Crohn's disease of the colon are presented. In both there was obstruction to retrograde flow of barium, and in one the patient presented with acute obstruction.", "contents": "Obstructing giant pseudopolyps in granulomatous colitis. Two cases of giant pseudopolyps occurring in Crohn's disease of the colon are presented. In both there was obstruction to retrograde flow of barium, and in one the patient presented with acute obstruction.", "PMID": 729994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_118", "title": "Study on the specificity of Shore's method for the determination of histamine in various tissues.", "content": "Specificity of Shore's method for the histamine determination was investigated by examining the fluorescence spectrum of the extract from rat gastric mucosa, biopsy specimen of human gastric mucosa, human gastric juice and human whole blood. An almost identical spectrum to that of pure histamine was obtained with the extract from rat gastric mucosa and human whole blood, whereas the spectrum with the extract of human gastric biopsy specimen and human gastric juice was different from that of histamine. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography, an approximately three times more concentrated extract from human gastric mucosa gave a distinct peak of histamine while a hundred times concentrated gastric juice gave no measurable peak of histamine. Fluorescence spectrum of the substances which might be extracted with histamine was examined. The ratio of the fluorescence of histidine to that of equimolar concentration of histamine at the wave length for histamine determination was 4.62%. From the above results, it has been concluded that Shore's method is useful for the determination of histamine contents in the gastric mucosa and whole blood if approximately 5% contamination with histidine is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Study on the specificity of Shore's method for the determination of histamine in various tissues. Specificity of Shore's method for the histamine determination was investigated by examining the fluorescence spectrum of the extract from rat gastric mucosa, biopsy specimen of human gastric mucosa, human gastric juice and human whole blood. An almost identical spectrum to that of pure histamine was obtained with the extract from rat gastric mucosa and human whole blood, whereas the spectrum with the extract of human gastric biopsy specimen and human gastric juice was different from that of histamine. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography, an approximately three times more concentrated extract from human gastric mucosa gave a distinct peak of histamine while a hundred times concentrated gastric juice gave no measurable peak of histamine. Fluorescence spectrum of the substances which might be extracted with histamine was examined. The ratio of the fluorescence of histidine to that of equimolar concentration of histamine at the wave length for histamine determination was 4.62%. From the above results, it has been concluded that Shore's method is useful for the determination of histamine contents in the gastric mucosa and whole blood if approximately 5% contamination with histidine is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 729995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_119", "title": "Studies on immunoreactive gastrin with special regard to its molecular form and G cell counts in gastrointestinal mucosa of fetal, neonatal and adult rats.", "content": "Changes of distribution of immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) and molecular forms of intra-tissue gastrin in the growth course of rats were examined. The results obtained were as follows; 1) IRG concentrations and G cell counts were extremely low in the fetal antral mucosa. However, a gradual increase of the above was observed during the neonatal suckling period, accompanied by a rapid increase at the commencement of feeding. 2) IRG concentrations in the duodenal mucosa of the fetal and neonatal period were markedly higher than that of adult rat. 3) Jejunal IRG concentration was negligible in the fetal period. The value obtained from the postnatal rats was equal to or higher than that of adult rat. 4) The major form of antral gastrin was G-17 throughout the fetal and adult age. No qualitative change of antral IRG in the growth course of rats was seen. 5) The major form of the duodeno-jejunal mucosa was G-17 in the fetal period and thereafter G-34 increased gradually in the growth course of rats. These results suggested that, (1) suckling and feeding appeared to be a trigger of the production and release of antral gastrin in the growth course of rats. (2) In the initial stage of the growth, G cells distributed in the duodeno-jejunal mucosa as well as in the antral mucosa may participated in the production and release mechanism of gastrin.", "contents": "Studies on immunoreactive gastrin with special regard to its molecular form and G cell counts in gastrointestinal mucosa of fetal, neonatal and adult rats. Changes of distribution of immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) and molecular forms of intra-tissue gastrin in the growth course of rats were examined. The results obtained were as follows; 1) IRG concentrations and G cell counts were extremely low in the fetal antral mucosa. However, a gradual increase of the above was observed during the neonatal suckling period, accompanied by a rapid increase at the commencement of feeding. 2) IRG concentrations in the duodenal mucosa of the fetal and neonatal period were markedly higher than that of adult rat. 3) Jejunal IRG concentration was negligible in the fetal period. The value obtained from the postnatal rats was equal to or higher than that of adult rat. 4) The major form of antral gastrin was G-17 throughout the fetal and adult age. No qualitative change of antral IRG in the growth course of rats was seen. 5) The major form of the duodeno-jejunal mucosa was G-17 in the fetal period and thereafter G-34 increased gradually in the growth course of rats. These results suggested that, (1) suckling and feeding appeared to be a trigger of the production and release of antral gastrin in the growth course of rats. (2) In the initial stage of the growth, G cells distributed in the duodeno-jejunal mucosa as well as in the antral mucosa may participated in the production and release mechanism of gastrin.", "PMID": 729996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_120", "title": "Gastric motility after selective proximal vagotomy.", "content": "Effects of vagotomy on gastric motor activity were studied on 39 patients after vagotomy for gastric or duodenal ulcer by fluoroscopic examination and by monitoring of intragastric pressure using a balloon introduced into the stomach. These patients were divided into three groups according to types of vagotomy; selective proximal vagotomy (SPV), selective vagotomy (SV) and atypical selective proximal vagotomy. In atypical SPV, dorsal antral branches of vagal gastric nerves were sacrificed in addition to conventional SPV because of local conditions around the ulcer. In patients after SPV or atypical SPV, no gastric stasis was observed on fluoroscopic examination. However, marked gastric stasis with delayed emptying was a constant finding in patients after SV, especially at the early postoperative period. In recording of intragastric pressure, basic peristaltic waves of a 20-second rhythm were observed following inflation of the balloon in all patients after any type of vagotomy. In addition, an alternation of active and resting periods of motor activity and confluence of large waves at the end of active period were observed as characteristoc findings in patients after both SPV and atypical SPV. The large waves were considered to coincide with active propulsive movements seen on fluoroscopy in these patients. The results in this study confirmed that good gastric motility could be preserved in patients after SPV and even after atypical SPV.", "contents": "Gastric motility after selective proximal vagotomy. Effects of vagotomy on gastric motor activity were studied on 39 patients after vagotomy for gastric or duodenal ulcer by fluoroscopic examination and by monitoring of intragastric pressure using a balloon introduced into the stomach. These patients were divided into three groups according to types of vagotomy; selective proximal vagotomy (SPV), selective vagotomy (SV) and atypical selective proximal vagotomy. In atypical SPV, dorsal antral branches of vagal gastric nerves were sacrificed in addition to conventional SPV because of local conditions around the ulcer. In patients after SPV or atypical SPV, no gastric stasis was observed on fluoroscopic examination. However, marked gastric stasis with delayed emptying was a constant finding in patients after SV, especially at the early postoperative period. In recording of intragastric pressure, basic peristaltic waves of a 20-second rhythm were observed following inflation of the balloon in all patients after any type of vagotomy. In addition, an alternation of active and resting periods of motor activity and confluence of large waves at the end of active period were observed as characteristoc findings in patients after both SPV and atypical SPV. The large waves were considered to coincide with active propulsive movements seen on fluoroscopy in these patients. The results in this study confirmed that good gastric motility could be preserved in patients after SPV and even after atypical SPV.", "PMID": 729997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_121", "title": "Studies on human pure pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla.", "content": "Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 8 subjects by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1u/kg) and for 10 to 15 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (1 U/kg). Three hydrolases (amylase, chymotrypsinogen and lipase) showed nonparallel secretory pattern. Lipase was proportionally more stimulated than chymotrypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was more stimulated than amylase by CCK-PZ stimulation. However, in one subject the secretion of three hydrolases was parallel and in another subject lipase and chymotrypsinogen showed parallelism. Samples  collected at \"wash out\" period showed quite high enzyme and protein concentration with specific activity and enzyme ratio not different from those of samples collected at peak period of CCK-PZ stimulation. Normal ranges were estimated in peak flow rate per minute, peak enzyme concentration, specific activity of enzymes, maximal enzyme output per minute and maximal bicarbonate concentration.", "contents": "Studies on human pure pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 8 subjects by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1u/kg) and for 10 to 15 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (1 U/kg). Three hydrolases (amylase, chymotrypsinogen and lipase) showed nonparallel secretory pattern. Lipase was proportionally more stimulated than chymotrypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was more stimulated than amylase by CCK-PZ stimulation. However, in one subject the secretion of three hydrolases was parallel and in another subject lipase and chymotrypsinogen showed parallelism. Samples  collected at \"wash out\" period showed quite high enzyme and protein concentration with specific activity and enzyme ratio not different from those of samples collected at peak period of CCK-PZ stimulation. Normal ranges were estimated in peak flow rate per minute, peak enzyme concentration, specific activity of enzymes, maximal enzyme output per minute and maximal bicarbonate concentration.", "PMID": 729999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_122", "title": "Substrate specificity for pancreatic amylase.", "content": "Substrates commonly used for the determination of amylase activity include potato starch, corn starch and dye-labeled starch. Determination of the amylase activity of serum using these different starches has shown that the measured value varies depending upon the ratio of isoamylases present, namely between pancreatic amylase (P-type) and salivary amylase (S-type), contained in the serum. With corn starch as substrate, the P-type dominant serum exhibited an apparently higher value than the S-type dominant serum. In the use of blue-starch which is employed as a chromogenic method, the P-type dominant serum gave a higher value than the S-type dominant serum. Red-starch which is also used as a chromogenic method, however, did not cause the P-type dominant serum to show such a high level of amylase activity as blue-starch. These differences in amylase activity can be also shown by determining the Km values of pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase using these substrates. Thus, corn starch and blue-starch showed smaller Km values to pancreatic amylase than to salivary amylase. They were thus proved to have a strong affinity for pancreatic amylase. In contrast, potato starch, red-starch and glycogen had good affinity for salivary amylase. In pancreatic disease in which pancreatic amylase is increased without much elevation in the total amylase level in the serum, it might be possible to detect the abnormality of pancreatic amylase activity if either corn starch or blue-starch is used as a substrate for measurement of the serum amylase activity.", "contents": "Substrate specificity for pancreatic amylase. Substrates commonly used for the determination of amylase activity include potato starch, corn starch and dye-labeled starch. Determination of the amylase activity of serum using these different starches has shown that the measured value varies depending upon the ratio of isoamylases present, namely between pancreatic amylase (P-type) and salivary amylase (S-type), contained in the serum. With corn starch as substrate, the P-type dominant serum exhibited an apparently higher value than the S-type dominant serum. In the use of blue-starch which is employed as a chromogenic method, the P-type dominant serum gave a higher value than the S-type dominant serum. Red-starch which is also used as a chromogenic method, however, did not cause the P-type dominant serum to show such a high level of amylase activity as blue-starch. These differences in amylase activity can be also shown by determining the Km values of pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase using these substrates. Thus, corn starch and blue-starch showed smaller Km values to pancreatic amylase than to salivary amylase. They were thus proved to have a strong affinity for pancreatic amylase. In contrast, potato starch, red-starch and glycogen had good affinity for salivary amylase. In pancreatic disease in which pancreatic amylase is increased without much elevation in the total amylase level in the serum, it might be possible to detect the abnormality of pancreatic amylase activity if either corn starch or blue-starch is used as a substrate for measurement of the serum amylase activity.", "PMID": 730000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_123", "title": "[The importance of hemorrhoids in gynecology and obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemorrhoids are of enough importance in gynecology and obstetrics that the gynecologist should be well versed in proctologic diagnosis and treatment. In the gynecological office practice about 19% of the patients and in the antenatal practice about 46% of the patients have hemorrhoids which require treatment. Prior to treatment an exact examination with the exclusion of carcinoma of the rectum is important. The indications for different modes of treatment are discussed. Minor hemorrhoids require only general and conservative measures. Recurrent and severe hemorrhoid problems require specific treatment. The specific treatment should be as tolerable for the patient as possible, have few recurrences and be economic regarding time and money. These requirements are best fulfilled by aspiration rubberband ligature or the combination of this ligature with cryotherapy.", "contents": "[The importance of hemorrhoids in gynecology and obstetrics (author's transl)]. Hemorrhoids are of enough importance in gynecology and obstetrics that the gynecologist should be well versed in proctologic diagnosis and treatment. In the gynecological office practice about 19% of the patients and in the antenatal practice about 46% of the patients have hemorrhoids which require treatment. Prior to treatment an exact examination with the exclusion of carcinoma of the rectum is important. The indications for different modes of treatment are discussed. Minor hemorrhoids require only general and conservative measures. Recurrent and severe hemorrhoid problems require specific treatment. The specific treatment should be as tolerable for the patient as possible, have few recurrences and be economic regarding time and money. These requirements are best fulfilled by aspiration rubberband ligature or the combination of this ligature with cryotherapy.", "PMID": 730015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_124", "title": "[An atraumatic instrument for the removal of the lost string intra-uterine device (author's transl)].", "content": "A less common complication of intra-uterine device contraception is the lost string. Since the intra-uterine devices are more used the problem of the search for lost string intra-uterine devices has increased. An intra-uterine device forceps with a diameter of 2.5 mm. is presented. The instrument can easily be used in office practice. Removal of the device under general anaesthesia after dilation of the cervix with a large instrument can best be avoided.", "contents": "[An atraumatic instrument for the removal of the lost string intra-uterine device (author's transl)]. A less common complication of intra-uterine device contraception is the lost string. Since the intra-uterine devices are more used the problem of the search for lost string intra-uterine devices has increased. An intra-uterine device forceps with a diameter of 2.5 mm. is presented. The instrument can easily be used in office practice. Removal of the device under general anaesthesia after dilation of the cervix with a large instrument can best be avoided.", "PMID": 730016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_125", "title": "[The effectiveness of cytology in the prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytodiagnosis has become the main stay of prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix. The accuracy was once judged to be very high and is not considered to be quite as high to date. In this paper the possibilities for the development of mistakes and the type of mistakes are described, which can arise in a method which has several steps.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of cytology in the prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. The cytodiagnosis has become the main stay of prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix. The accuracy was once judged to be very high and is not considered to be quite as high to date. In this paper the possibilities for the development of mistakes and the type of mistakes are described, which can arise in a method which has several steps.", "PMID": 730017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_126", "title": "[Can ectopic pregnancy be detected by ultra-sound tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past eight years ultra-sound scans were carried out on 281 patients with the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. Diagnostic criteria were established which were designed to minimize false negative results. In 52 cases the clinical suspicion was confirmed by operation. In 46 of these patients ultra-sound signs of ectopic pregnancy were present. Six ectopic pregnancies were not recognized by ultra-sonographies. 73 patients were suspicious of ectopic pregnancy but did not show ectopic pregnancy. The high rate of ultra-sound misinterpretation in ectopic pregnancy is due to the variability of ectopic pregnancy, abortions of intra-uterine pregnancies, abnormalities of the uterus, and adnexal tumours of other etiology. Negative ultra-sound findings do not rule out an ectopic pregnancy since a number of cases with the clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy show intact intra-uterine pregnancies. Ultrasonography is a valuable additional diagnostic method in suspected cases of ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "[Can ectopic pregnancy be detected by ultra-sound tomography (author's transl)]. During the past eight years ultra-sound scans were carried out on 281 patients with the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. Diagnostic criteria were established which were designed to minimize false negative results. In 52 cases the clinical suspicion was confirmed by operation. In 46 of these patients ultra-sound signs of ectopic pregnancy were present. Six ectopic pregnancies were not recognized by ultra-sonographies. 73 patients were suspicious of ectopic pregnancy but did not show ectopic pregnancy. The high rate of ultra-sound misinterpretation in ectopic pregnancy is due to the variability of ectopic pregnancy, abortions of intra-uterine pregnancies, abnormalities of the uterus, and adnexal tumours of other etiology. Negative ultra-sound findings do not rule out an ectopic pregnancy since a number of cases with the clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy show intact intra-uterine pregnancies. Ultrasonography is a valuable additional diagnostic method in suspected cases of ectopic pregnancy.", "PMID": 730018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_127", "title": "[The activity of L-cystine-aminopeptidase (oxytocinase) in the serum of pregnant women during intravenous application of oxytocin (author's transl)].", "content": "The oxytocinase levels have been tested prior to, during and after oxytocin challenge tests in 42 pregnant women. There was no relation between labour and the activity of the enzyme. There was no change in the activity during and after oxytocin infusion. Repeated challenge tests did not change these results. The use of the oxytocinase as a parameter of placental function is not influenced by oxytocin infusions.", "contents": "[The activity of L-cystine-aminopeptidase (oxytocinase) in the serum of pregnant women during intravenous application of oxytocin (author's transl)]. The oxytocinase levels have been tested prior to, during and after oxytocin challenge tests in 42 pregnant women. There was no relation between labour and the activity of the enzyme. There was no change in the activity during and after oxytocin infusion. Repeated challenge tests did not change these results. The use of the oxytocinase as a parameter of placental function is not influenced by oxytocin infusions.", "PMID": 730020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_128", "title": "[Collagen- and total-vitamin c-content of humanplacentae (author's transl)].", "content": "The contents of collagen and total-vitamin C in human placentae of varying periods of gestation, specially in the period from 27 to 40 weeks, have been chemically determined. During this period a linear increase of the mentioned placenta-contents has been found.", "contents": "[Collagen- and total-vitamin c-content of humanplacentae (author's transl)]. The contents of collagen and total-vitamin C in human placentae of varying periods of gestation, specially in the period from 27 to 40 weeks, have been chemically determined. During this period a linear increase of the mentioned placenta-contents has been found.", "PMID": 730021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_129", "title": "[Pregnancy-connected hypotension - the influence of mineralo-corticoids on fetal nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "A considerable number of nutritionally deficient newborns are to be expected when over an extended period of time during pregnancy, the mother's bloodpressure readings are 110/65 or below and when no therapy to increase this bloodpressure was administered. We therefore instituted blood pressure raising therapy on a total of 40 pregnant patients with bloodpressure values under 115/70 (25 mg Desoxycorticosteron-trimethylacetate i.m.) even though these patients did not voice any subjective complaints. This treatment resulted in an increased utero-placental perfusion which lead to a significant improvement of the placental perfusion values. Compared with the \"fetal outcome\" of untreated controls, the infants delivered by patients who had received therapy were considerably heavier at birth and showed almost no signs of prenatal malnutrition. Based on this study we feel that patients although completely free of pregnancy-connected hypotonic complaints (RR 110/65 or below) should be placed on a bloodpressure-raising VASODILATINg therapy for the improvement of fetal nutrition.", "contents": "[Pregnancy-connected hypotension - the influence of mineralo-corticoids on fetal nutrition (author's transl)]. A considerable number of nutritionally deficient newborns are to be expected when over an extended period of time during pregnancy, the mother's bloodpressure readings are 110/65 or below and when no therapy to increase this bloodpressure was administered. We therefore instituted blood pressure raising therapy on a total of 40 pregnant patients with bloodpressure values under 115/70 (25 mg Desoxycorticosteron-trimethylacetate i.m.) even though these patients did not voice any subjective complaints. This treatment resulted in an increased utero-placental perfusion which lead to a significant improvement of the placental perfusion values. Compared with the \"fetal outcome\" of untreated controls, the infants delivered by patients who had received therapy were considerably heavier at birth and showed almost no signs of prenatal malnutrition. Based on this study we feel that patients although completely free of pregnancy-connected hypotonic complaints (RR 110/65 or below) should be placed on a bloodpressure-raising VASODILATINg therapy for the improvement of fetal nutrition.", "PMID": 730022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_130", "title": "[Results of the intraperitoneal application of radioactive gold in cases of ovarian cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioactive gold was instilled once into the peritoneal cavity of 248 patients with ovarian carcinoma of varying stages. The criterium for the radioactive gold instillation was either for the post-operative treatment in stage 1A or for the treatment of ascites in more advanced stages. The treatment had no clear cut influence on the five year survival rate. The treatment with radioactive gold Au 198 was very effective in the treatment of ascites and had less side effects than other radioactive colloidal materials.", "contents": "[Results of the intraperitoneal application of radioactive gold in cases of ovarian cancer (author's transl)]. Radioactive gold was instilled once into the peritoneal cavity of 248 patients with ovarian carcinoma of varying stages. The criterium for the radioactive gold instillation was either for the post-operative treatment in stage 1A or for the treatment of ascites in more advanced stages. The treatment had no clear cut influence on the five year survival rate. The treatment with radioactive gold Au 198 was very effective in the treatment of ascites and had less side effects than other radioactive colloidal materials.", "PMID": 730023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_131", "title": "[The use of partusisten in the delivery of triplets with an incarcerated fetus (author's transl)].", "content": "A triplet delivery is reported. The multiple pregnancy was undiagnosed prior to labor. Twins were diagnosed on admission for delivery. The ultrasonic and abdominal EKG findings at term are discussed. The hitherto undiagnosed third triplet became incarcerated following the administration of two units of syntocinon after the delivery of the second triplet. The intrapartum tocolysis with partusisten became life saving for the third triplet on three counts. 1. The progressive acidosis was stopped. 2. Time was gained to prepared for delivery of the last triplet. 3. Internal podalic version and extraction was much easier.", "contents": "[The use of partusisten in the delivery of triplets with an incarcerated fetus (author's transl)]. A triplet delivery is reported. The multiple pregnancy was undiagnosed prior to labor. Twins were diagnosed on admission for delivery. The ultrasonic and abdominal EKG findings at term are discussed. The hitherto undiagnosed third triplet became incarcerated following the administration of two units of syntocinon after the delivery of the second triplet. The intrapartum tocolysis with partusisten became life saving for the third triplet on three counts. 1. The progressive acidosis was stopped. 2. Time was gained to prepared for delivery of the last triplet. 3. Internal podalic version and extraction was much easier.", "PMID": 730024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_132", "title": "[The desire to have children (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past fourtytwo years the birth statistics of Bavaria show that the percentage of intramarital first children increased from 1/3 to 1/2 of all children born within marriages. The percentage of the marital second born children increased relatively less from 25% in 1935 to around 30% in 1977. During the same time the percentage of third and fourth children decreased from 38,8% to 19,2% by approxiamately 1/2. For some time now close correlation exists between economic competition and achievement stress and social, sexual, and generative behaviour. Not the modern contraceptives are responsible for the random and sensitive characteristics of the desire for children in couples since contraceptives only increase the planning of children but the vagaries of the future expectations in a dubious economic and social system are responsible.", "contents": "[The desire to have children (author's transl)]. During the past fourtytwo years the birth statistics of Bavaria show that the percentage of intramarital first children increased from 1/3 to 1/2 of all children born within marriages. The percentage of the marital second born children increased relatively less from 25% in 1935 to around 30% in 1977. During the same time the percentage of third and fourth children decreased from 38,8% to 19,2% by approxiamately 1/2. For some time now close correlation exists between economic competition and achievement stress and social, sexual, and generative behaviour. Not the modern contraceptives are responsible for the random and sensitive characteristics of the desire for children in couples since contraceptives only increase the planning of children but the vagaries of the future expectations in a dubious economic and social system are responsible.", "PMID": 730025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_133", "title": "[The importance of regressive changes in the placenta during the so-called migration of the placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from the tenth to the sixteenth week of pregnancy ultrasonic placental localizations were performed in 22 pregnant women at four week intervals. In all cases the placenta was located in the anterior wall of the uterus and bordered or covered the internal os of the cervix. In 17 cases a cephalad migration of the placental localization was registered. In 5 cases the low implantation of the placenta did not change until delivery. In 14 of 19 cases marginal atrophic changes of the placenta were found. No morphologic abnormality was detected in five placentas from patients who showed migration of the placental localization. Since the placenta is tightly implanted in the endometrium a true migration of the placenta is unlikely. Our investigations show that areas of low implantation of the placenta are stretched with increasing growth of the uterus and then undergo regressive and pressure atrophy changes. It is likely that the cervical margin of the placenta cannot be detected by ultrasound in a large number of cases.", "contents": "[The importance of regressive changes in the placenta during the so-called migration of the placenta (author's transl)]. Starting from the tenth to the sixteenth week of pregnancy ultrasonic placental localizations were performed in 22 pregnant women at four week intervals. In all cases the placenta was located in the anterior wall of the uterus and bordered or covered the internal os of the cervix. In 17 cases a cephalad migration of the placental localization was registered. In 5 cases the low implantation of the placenta did not change until delivery. In 14 of 19 cases marginal atrophic changes of the placenta were found. No morphologic abnormality was detected in five placentas from patients who showed migration of the placental localization. Since the placenta is tightly implanted in the endometrium a true migration of the placenta is unlikely. Our investigations show that areas of low implantation of the placenta are stretched with increasing growth of the uterus and then undergo regressive and pressure atrophy changes. It is likely that the cervical margin of the placenta cannot be detected by ultrasound in a large number of cases.", "PMID": 730026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_134", "title": "Mutants of sexual maturity in Paramecium caudatum selected by erythromycin resistance.", "content": "Cells of Paramecium caudatum, syngen 3 usually become sexually mature about 50 fissions after conjugation. In order to study the genetic mechanisms that control fission-department expression of maturity, an attempt was made to obtain early mature mutants by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A new cytoplasmic marker, erythromycin resistance, was used to eliminate nonconjugant and macronuclear regeneration clones. Twenty early mature clones were obtained from five different mutagenized cultures. Three of them were genetically analyzed by crosses to wild-type stocks. The results show all three mutants to be controlled by incompletely dominant genes, i.e., the homozygotes became mature 20-25 fissions and the heterozygotes 15 fissions earlier than the wild-type clones. At least two different loci are suggested for the early maturity.", "contents": "Mutants of sexual maturity in Paramecium caudatum selected by erythromycin resistance. Cells of Paramecium caudatum, syngen 3 usually become sexually mature about 50 fissions after conjugation. In order to study the genetic mechanisms that control fission-department expression of maturity, an attempt was made to obtain early mature mutants by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A new cytoplasmic marker, erythromycin resistance, was used to eliminate nonconjugant and macronuclear regeneration clones. Twenty early mature clones were obtained from five different mutagenized cultures. Three of them were genetically analyzed by crosses to wild-type stocks. The results show all three mutants to be controlled by incompletely dominant genes, i.e., the homozygotes became mature 20-25 fissions and the heterozygotes 15 fissions earlier than the wild-type clones. At least two different loci are suggested for the early maturity.", "PMID": 730047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_135", "title": "Osmotic avoidance defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "A wild-type strain of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been shown to avoid high concentrations of a number of sugars and salts. Individual and population assays for this response were developed and mutants were selected for their inability to avoid high concentrations of fructose or NaCl, Seven nonavoiding mutants representing six complementation groups were isolated and characterized. Genetic studies indicate that the mutants each carry a single recessive mutation responsible for the defective osmotic avoidance behavior. The map locations of the six complementation groups identified by these mutations have been determined. Mutants isolated for their inability to avoid fructose are also unable to avoid NaCl and vice versa. The mutants move normally, exhibit normal touch sensitivity, and, like wild type, follow isotherms in a radial thermal gradient. All of the mutants are at least partially defective in the attraction to sodium chloride exhibited by wild type. None of the mutants is temperature sensitive, and all exhibit defective osmotic avoidance behavior as young L1 larvae. Preliminary anatomical studies indicate selective sensory neuron changes in at least one mutant.", "contents": "Osmotic avoidance defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A wild-type strain of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been shown to avoid high concentrations of a number of sugars and salts. Individual and population assays for this response were developed and mutants were selected for their inability to avoid high concentrations of fructose or NaCl, Seven nonavoiding mutants representing six complementation groups were isolated and characterized. Genetic studies indicate that the mutants each carry a single recessive mutation responsible for the defective osmotic avoidance behavior. The map locations of the six complementation groups identified by these mutations have been determined. Mutants isolated for their inability to avoid fructose are also unable to avoid NaCl and vice versa. The mutants move normally, exhibit normal touch sensitivity, and, like wild type, follow isotherms in a radial thermal gradient. All of the mutants are at least partially defective in the attraction to sodium chloride exhibited by wild type. None of the mutants is temperature sensitive, and all exhibit defective osmotic avoidance behavior as young L1 larvae. Preliminary anatomical studies indicate selective sensory neuron changes in at least one mutant.", "PMID": 730048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_136", "title": "Organization of the chorion genes of Bombyx mori, a multigene family. I. Evidence for linkage to chromosome 2.", "content": "The chorion genes of silkmoths comprise a multigene family that codes for 50 or more highly specialized structural proteins found in the eggshell. A detailed study of the chromosomal organization of these genes was initiated, using inbred stocks of Bombyx mori as a source of electrophoretic variants for genetic markers. Chorion protein patterns were screened on thin-slab polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gels. A wide range of polymorphism was observed between stocks. However, isoelectric focusing patterns obtained within a stock were nearly homogeneous, indicating that inbreeding has produced a high degree of homozygosis. Testcrosses were carried out to examine the linkage relationships between electrophoretic markers in four inbred stocks. One race (C108) was selected as a standard against which to compare the inheritance of the variants found in the other three stocks. Chorion markers behaved like codominant Mendelian traits in F, crosses. A total of 15 out of 16 C108 markers cosegregated in subsequent testcrosses, indicating that they are linked. These genes were mapped to the second chromosome, using markers Gr and Y.", "contents": "Organization of the chorion genes of Bombyx mori, a multigene family. I. Evidence for linkage to chromosome 2. The chorion genes of silkmoths comprise a multigene family that codes for 50 or more highly specialized structural proteins found in the eggshell. A detailed study of the chromosomal organization of these genes was initiated, using inbred stocks of Bombyx mori as a source of electrophoretic variants for genetic markers. Chorion protein patterns were screened on thin-slab polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gels. A wide range of polymorphism was observed between stocks. However, isoelectric focusing patterns obtained within a stock were nearly homogeneous, indicating that inbreeding has produced a high degree of homozygosis. Testcrosses were carried out to examine the linkage relationships between electrophoretic markers in four inbred stocks. One race (C108) was selected as a standard against which to compare the inheritance of the variants found in the other three stocks. Chorion markers behaved like codominant Mendelian traits in F, crosses. A total of 15 out of 16 C108 markers cosegregated in subsequent testcrosses, indicating that they are linked. These genes were mapped to the second chromosome, using markers Gr and Y.", "PMID": 730049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_137", "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine-induced mutations in synchronous Chinese hamster cells: temporal induction of 6-thioguanine and ouabain resistance during DNA replication.", "content": "Mutations were induced in synchronous Chinese hamster cells by bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporated into cells for one-hour periods in the cell cycle. There was a very pronounced temporal dependence during the first half of the DNA synthesis period for the induction of damage leading to 6-thioguanine (6TG) and ouabain resistance. No mutants above background were induced by exposure to BUdR in G1 and G2 cells, and very few mutants were induced in the latter part of the DNA synthesis period. The peak for the induction of 6TG resistance occurs at about two hr in the DNA synthesis period; one hour later there is a peak for the induction of ouabain resistance. Both peaks occur before the time of maximum incorporation of BUdR into DNA. These results suggest that the mutagenesis by BUdR is associated with at least two nuclear genes, which replicate at two hr and three hr in the DNA synthesis period.", "contents": "Bromodeoxyuridine-induced mutations in synchronous Chinese hamster cells: temporal induction of 6-thioguanine and ouabain resistance during DNA replication. Mutations were induced in synchronous Chinese hamster cells by bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporated into cells for one-hour periods in the cell cycle. There was a very pronounced temporal dependence during the first half of the DNA synthesis period for the induction of damage leading to 6-thioguanine (6TG) and ouabain resistance. No mutants above background were induced by exposure to BUdR in G1 and G2 cells, and very few mutants were induced in the latter part of the DNA synthesis period. The peak for the induction of 6TG resistance occurs at about two hr in the DNA synthesis period; one hour later there is a peak for the induction of ouabain resistance. Both peaks occur before the time of maximum incorporation of BUdR into DNA. These results suggest that the mutagenesis by BUdR is associated with at least two nuclear genes, which replicate at two hr and three hr in the DNA synthesis period.", "PMID": 730050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_138", "title": "Isolation and genetic characterization of a mutation affecting ribosomal resistance to cycloheximide in Tetrahymena.", "content": "A dominant mutation at a new locus affecting resistance to cycloheximide has been isolated by exploiting a synergistic relationship with a previously known mutation for cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena. The new mutation (ChxB) was induced in a line homozygous for ChxA and was recovered from that background by a new technique termed interrupted genomic exclusion. Segregation data from the interrupted genomic exclusion suggest that ChxA and ChxB are separate, linked loci showing 30% recombination. Minimal lethal doses of cycloheximide for the four possible combinations of the wild-type and mutant alleles of these two genes are: wild type 6 microgram/ml, ChxA 125 microgram/ml, ChxB 10 microgram/ml, ChxA-ChxB 175 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Isolation and genetic characterization of a mutation affecting ribosomal resistance to cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. A dominant mutation at a new locus affecting resistance to cycloheximide has been isolated by exploiting a synergistic relationship with a previously known mutation for cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena. The new mutation (ChxB) was induced in a line homozygous for ChxA and was recovered from that background by a new technique termed interrupted genomic exclusion. Segregation data from the interrupted genomic exclusion suggest that ChxA and ChxB are separate, linked loci showing 30% recombination. Minimal lethal doses of cycloheximide for the four possible combinations of the wild-type and mutant alleles of these two genes are: wild type 6 microgram/ml, ChxA 125 microgram/ml, ChxB 10 microgram/ml, ChxA-ChxB 175 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 730051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_139", "title": "Regulation of mouse major urinary protein production by the Mup-A gene.", "content": "A method was developed to quantitate the daily excretion of the three major urinary proteins (mups) to test which parameters of the mup phenotype are controlled by the the Mup-a gene. Electrophoretic separation of the mup proteins, followed by staining and spectrophotometric scanning was used to characterize the phenotypes of various inbred strains. The mup phenotype of a strain proved to have two components: the absolute levels and the relative proportions of the mups present in the urine. Testosterone treatment alters both components of the mup phenotype, increasing mup excretion and aftering their relative proportions. The induced proteins are the same as the basal proteins as judged by electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and reactivity with antibody. All strains excrete all three mups when induced. The Mup-a gene appears to be a single, codominantly expressed regulatory locus that controls the induced proportions of the three proteins. However, other genes in addition to Mup-a participate in controlling the basal mup proportions, as well as individual and total mup levels before and after testosterone treatment.", "contents": "Regulation of mouse major urinary protein production by the Mup-A gene. A method was developed to quantitate the daily excretion of the three major urinary proteins (mups) to test which parameters of the mup phenotype are controlled by the the Mup-a gene. Electrophoretic separation of the mup proteins, followed by staining and spectrophotometric scanning was used to characterize the phenotypes of various inbred strains. The mup phenotype of a strain proved to have two components: the absolute levels and the relative proportions of the mups present in the urine. Testosterone treatment alters both components of the mup phenotype, increasing mup excretion and aftering their relative proportions. The induced proteins are the same as the basal proteins as judged by electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and reactivity with antibody. All strains excrete all three mups when induced. The Mup-a gene appears to be a single, codominantly expressed regulatory locus that controls the induced proportions of the three proteins. However, other genes in addition to Mup-a participate in controlling the basal mup proportions, as well as individual and total mup levels before and after testosterone treatment.", "PMID": 730052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_140", "title": "Physical mapping of cleavage sites recognized by restriction endonucleases on the genome of bacteriophage T5.", "content": "The DNA of bacteriophage T5 has been treated with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamI, SmaI, PstI, SalI, KpnI and the electrophoretic pattern obtained in agarose gel has been analyzed in order to localize the specific cleavage sites on the T5 DNA. The localization of cleavage sites has been reduced from the electrophoretic pattern of double and partial digests, the digests of isolated restriction fragments and the digests of deletion mutant T5st(o) DNA. Four BamI cleavage sites have been found and localized on the physical map of T5 DNA at 0.21, 0.225, 0.685 and 0.725 fractional length. Endonuclease SmaI cleaves at 0.39, 0.59 and 0.69 fractional length. Endonuclease PstI cuts T5 DNA at 11 sites: 0.090, 0.210, 0.320, 0.510, 0.635, 0.670, 0.705, 0.770, 0.815, 0.840, 0.875 fractional length. Six KpnI cleavage sites have been mapped at 0.170, 0.215, 0.525, 0.755, 0.830, 0.850 fractional length. A complete cleavage map of the phage genome is presented for seven restriction enzymes.", "contents": "Physical mapping of cleavage sites recognized by restriction endonucleases on the genome of bacteriophage T5. The DNA of bacteriophage T5 has been treated with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamI, SmaI, PstI, SalI, KpnI and the electrophoretic pattern obtained in agarose gel has been analyzed in order to localize the specific cleavage sites on the T5 DNA. The localization of cleavage sites has been reduced from the electrophoretic pattern of double and partial digests, the digests of isolated restriction fragments and the digests of deletion mutant T5st(o) DNA. Four BamI cleavage sites have been found and localized on the physical map of T5 DNA at 0.21, 0.225, 0.685 and 0.725 fractional length. Endonuclease SmaI cleaves at 0.39, 0.59 and 0.69 fractional length. Endonuclease PstI cuts T5 DNA at 11 sites: 0.090, 0.210, 0.320, 0.510, 0.635, 0.670, 0.705, 0.770, 0.815, 0.840, 0.875 fractional length. Six KpnI cleavage sites have been mapped at 0.170, 0.215, 0.525, 0.755, 0.830, 0.850 fractional length. A complete cleavage map of the phage genome is presented for seven restriction enzymes.", "PMID": 730053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_141", "title": "Chromosomal rearrangements by an IS2 insertion in phage Mu-1.", "content": "We have isolated and characterized a mutant of temperate phage Mu-1 carrying an IS2 insertion in the middle of its beta region. This mutant gives rise spontaneously to secondary mutants which have deletions of different sizes adjacent to IS2. One particular derivative however, was found to have acquired an additional insertion sequence adjacent to IS2. This derivative gave rise to tertiary mutants carrying a deletion next to the tandem insertion. The tandem insertion was located at the same place in the Mu beta region as another 2.6 kb insertion independently isolated by Chow et al. (1977) and was found to be homologous to that insertion. The properties of this particular secondary mutant show that Mu phage particles lacking their S end are defective for growth and lysogenisation.", "contents": "Chromosomal rearrangements by an IS2 insertion in phage Mu-1. We have isolated and characterized a mutant of temperate phage Mu-1 carrying an IS2 insertion in the middle of its beta region. This mutant gives rise spontaneously to secondary mutants which have deletions of different sizes adjacent to IS2. One particular derivative however, was found to have acquired an additional insertion sequence adjacent to IS2. This derivative gave rise to tertiary mutants carrying a deletion next to the tandem insertion. The tandem insertion was located at the same place in the Mu beta region as another 2.6 kb insertion independently isolated by Chow et al. (1977) and was found to be homologous to that insertion. The properties of this particular secondary mutant show that Mu phage particles lacking their S end are defective for growth and lysogenisation.", "PMID": 730054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_142", "title": "Physical mapping of bacteriophage lambda DNA with restriction endonuclease HpaI.", "content": "The restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae, endoR.HpaI cleaves lambdacI857s7 DNA into 14 fragments. The sizes of these fragments were determined and a physical map was constructed. The ordering of the fragments was carried out using different deletion and substitution mutants of lambda phage, double cleavages with another restriction enzyme, endoR.BamHI, and partial protection of individual HpaI recognition sites by the antibiotics distamycin A and actinomycin D. HpaI produces fragments from the left arm of the lambda DNA genome, which may help in investigating the structure and function of this part of the phage.", "contents": "Physical mapping of bacteriophage lambda DNA with restriction endonuclease HpaI. The restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae, endoR.HpaI cleaves lambdacI857s7 DNA into 14 fragments. The sizes of these fragments were determined and a physical map was constructed. The ordering of the fragments was carried out using different deletion and substitution mutants of lambda phage, double cleavages with another restriction enzyme, endoR.BamHI, and partial protection of individual HpaI recognition sites by the antibiotics distamycin A and actinomycin D. HpaI produces fragments from the left arm of the lambda DNA genome, which may help in investigating the structure and function of this part of the phage.", "PMID": 730055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_143", "title": "Portal fibrosis in the livers of alcoholic patients.", "content": "Liver biopsies in nine of 70 male alcoholics seen during a 12 month period showed predominantly portal fibrosis with fatty change, but little or no alcoholic hepatitis. None of the 30 female alcoholics seen during the same period showed this appearance. The nine men were younger and of lower socioeconomic class than the other male alcoholics, but had similar alcoholic history. Seven of the nine had chronic pancreatitis, diagnosed in six patients on the results of the pancreatic scan, Lundh meal and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and in one because of pancreatic calcification and steatorrhoea. Serum tests for hepatitis B surface antigen were negative but five showed hepatitis B antibody. Four had serological evidence of previously treated or active syphilis compared with only one of the remaining 61 male alcoholics. Two had pulmonary tuberculosis and both had received isoniazid. Four of the other 61 alcoholics gave a history of tuberculosis similarly treated. At least one cause for the portal fibrosis other than primary alcoholic liver disease was found in all nine patients. Portal fibrosis in an alcoholic in the absence of severe alcoholic hepatitis should lead to a search for other causal factors. In particular, chronic pancreatitis should be excluded even if the patient is asymptomatic.", "contents": "Portal fibrosis in the livers of alcoholic patients. Liver biopsies in nine of 70 male alcoholics seen during a 12 month period showed predominantly portal fibrosis with fatty change, but little or no alcoholic hepatitis. None of the 30 female alcoholics seen during the same period showed this appearance. The nine men were younger and of lower socioeconomic class than the other male alcoholics, but had similar alcoholic history. Seven of the nine had chronic pancreatitis, diagnosed in six patients on the results of the pancreatic scan, Lundh meal and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and in one because of pancreatic calcification and steatorrhoea. Serum tests for hepatitis B surface antigen were negative but five showed hepatitis B antibody. Four had serological evidence of previously treated or active syphilis compared with only one of the remaining 61 male alcoholics. Two had pulmonary tuberculosis and both had received isoniazid. Four of the other 61 alcoholics gave a history of tuberculosis similarly treated. At least one cause for the portal fibrosis other than primary alcoholic liver disease was found in all nine patients. Portal fibrosis in an alcoholic in the absence of severe alcoholic hepatitis should lead to a search for other causal factors. In particular, chronic pancreatitis should be excluded even if the patient is asymptomatic.", "PMID": 730068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_144", "title": "Ultrasonic scanning in pancreatic disease.", "content": "We have analysed retrospectively the pancreatic ultrasound scans (using a bistable machine) in 138 consecutive patients, and have related the results to the clinical status and the final diagnosis in each case. The scans were read without knowledge of the patient's clinical state. When technically unsatisfactory scans were excluded from consideration, the overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography proved to be 82%, with a false positive rate of 8%. The scan was abnormal in all 10 patients with cancer of the pancreas: a positive diagnosis of cancer was made in six. All patients with chronic pancreatitis in relapse had abnormal scans, but in 53% the scans were normal in patients in whom the disease was in clinical remission. In seven patients with chronic pancreatitis who suffered relentless pain, the head of the pancreas was swollen and contained cystic areas or emitted abnormal echoes. In acute pancreatitis ultrasonic scanning proved useful in following the progression of the disease to final resolution, or to development of complicating pseudocyst, abscess, or ascites. Random echoes in the early stages of acute pancreatitis are features of haemorrhagic necrosis. In alcoholic relapsing pancreatitis the persistence of abnormal echoes, disposed linearly along the axis of major ducts, suggests the presence of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic scanning in pancreatic disease. We have analysed retrospectively the pancreatic ultrasound scans (using a bistable machine) in 138 consecutive patients, and have related the results to the clinical status and the final diagnosis in each case. The scans were read without knowledge of the patient's clinical state. When technically unsatisfactory scans were excluded from consideration, the overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography proved to be 82%, with a false positive rate of 8%. The scan was abnormal in all 10 patients with cancer of the pancreas: a positive diagnosis of cancer was made in six. All patients with chronic pancreatitis in relapse had abnormal scans, but in 53% the scans were normal in patients in whom the disease was in clinical remission. In seven patients with chronic pancreatitis who suffered relentless pain, the head of the pancreas was swollen and contained cystic areas or emitted abnormal echoes. In acute pancreatitis ultrasonic scanning proved useful in following the progression of the disease to final resolution, or to development of complicating pseudocyst, abscess, or ascites. Random echoes in the early stages of acute pancreatitis are features of haemorrhagic necrosis. In alcoholic relapsing pancreatitis the persistence of abnormal echoes, disposed linearly along the axis of major ducts, suggests the presence of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 730069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_145", "title": "Mucosal-associated bacterial flora of the intestine in patients with Crohn's disease and in a control group.", "content": "The bacterial flora intimately associated with the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease has been examined and compared with the mucosal flora of a control group. Specimens were obtained at operation from patients undergoing intestinal surgery. Whole thickness intestinal sections were taken from the diseased segment and from a portion of uninvolved intestine from patients with Crohn's disease as well as from a control group. A section of each specimen was examined histologically. Twenty-two specimens of Crohn's tissue (12 ileum, 10 colon) and 46 control samples from small and large bowel were examined using strictly anaerobic bacteriological techniques in an anaerobic chamber. Organisms were grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A mucosal flora was found to exist in all the large bowel samples and in three-quarters of the small bowel samples. It was qualitatively similar in all the samples, consisting mainly of Gram positive bacteria, aerobic Gram negative rods and bacteroides. Greater numbers of bacteria were associated with colonic tissue (10(7) - 10(8) per g) than with tissue from the jejunum (10(3) - 10(4) per g). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.03). Samples from the terminal ileum were quantitatively intermediate between jejunum and colon. There was no statistical difference in the numbers of bacteria associated with Crohn's tissue compared with histologically normal tissue from the same patients and from the control group of patients. Among the bacterial isolates, however, Enterobacteria were more commonly associated with Crohn's tissue.", "contents": "Mucosal-associated bacterial flora of the intestine in patients with Crohn's disease and in a control group. The bacterial flora intimately associated with the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease has been examined and compared with the mucosal flora of a control group. Specimens were obtained at operation from patients undergoing intestinal surgery. Whole thickness intestinal sections were taken from the diseased segment and from a portion of uninvolved intestine from patients with Crohn's disease as well as from a control group. A section of each specimen was examined histologically. Twenty-two specimens of Crohn's tissue (12 ileum, 10 colon) and 46 control samples from small and large bowel were examined using strictly anaerobic bacteriological techniques in an anaerobic chamber. Organisms were grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A mucosal flora was found to exist in all the large bowel samples and in three-quarters of the small bowel samples. It was qualitatively similar in all the samples, consisting mainly of Gram positive bacteria, aerobic Gram negative rods and bacteroides. Greater numbers of bacteria were associated with colonic tissue (10(7) - 10(8) per g) than with tissue from the jejunum (10(3) - 10(4) per g). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.03). Samples from the terminal ileum were quantitatively intermediate between jejunum and colon. There was no statistical difference in the numbers of bacteria associated with Crohn's tissue compared with histologically normal tissue from the same patients and from the control group of patients. Among the bacterial isolates, however, Enterobacteria were more commonly associated with Crohn's tissue.", "PMID": 730070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_146", "title": "Measurement of fasting and postprandial plasma VIP in man.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed capable of detecting 1.5 pmol VIP/l plasma with 95% confidence. The antisera employed reacted most avidly with whole VIP, partly with C terminal, but not with N terminal fragments. In 110 healthy fasting volunteers plasma VIP concentrations were estimated to lie between 0.5 and 21 pmol/l (median 1.7). No significant change was seen after ingestion of a standard test meal.", "contents": "Measurement of fasting and postprandial plasma VIP in man. A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed capable of detecting 1.5 pmol VIP/l plasma with 95% confidence. The antisera employed reacted most avidly with whole VIP, partly with C terminal, but not with N terminal fragments. In 110 healthy fasting volunteers plasma VIP concentrations were estimated to lie between 0.5 and 21 pmol/l (median 1.7). No significant change was seen after ingestion of a standard test meal.", "PMID": 730071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_147", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects.", "content": "Graded doses of 0.6, 1.3, and 3.3 pmol/kg/min of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were intravenously infused over 30 minute periods in four healthy volunteers and plasma VIP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Even with the smallest dose of VIP, plasma concentrations rose markedly above normal values. Infusion of higher VIP doses resulted in mean plateau levels of circulating VIP which were in the range of VIP values found in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. After cessation of the VIP infusions, plasma VIP levels fell strikingly by first order kinetics with an average disappearance half-time of one minute. The apparent metabolic clearance rate was about 9 ml/kg/min and the apparent volume of distribution for VIP was approximately 14 ml/kg. During infusion of the highest VIP dose, previously shown to induce one-fifth maximum pancreatic juice secretion, plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and calcium were slightly but significantly raised, the pulse rate and the amplitude of blood pressure were increased, and cutaneous flushing occurred. The spectrum of effects accords well with some abnormalities seen in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. The present data, however, do not support a role for VIP as a circulating hormone, at least under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects. Graded doses of 0.6, 1.3, and 3.3 pmol/kg/min of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were intravenously infused over 30 minute periods in four healthy volunteers and plasma VIP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Even with the smallest dose of VIP, plasma concentrations rose markedly above normal values. Infusion of higher VIP doses resulted in mean plateau levels of circulating VIP which were in the range of VIP values found in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. After cessation of the VIP infusions, plasma VIP levels fell strikingly by first order kinetics with an average disappearance half-time of one minute. The apparent metabolic clearance rate was about 9 ml/kg/min and the apparent volume of distribution for VIP was approximately 14 ml/kg. During infusion of the highest VIP dose, previously shown to induce one-fifth maximum pancreatic juice secretion, plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and calcium were slightly but significantly raised, the pulse rate and the amplitude of blood pressure were increased, and cutaneous flushing occurred. The spectrum of effects accords well with some abnormalities seen in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. The present data, however, do not support a role for VIP as a circulating hormone, at least under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 730072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_148", "title": "Prevalence of diverticular disease of the colon in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "In view of the similar patterns of incidence of diverticular disease of the colon (DD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in different communities, the prevalence of diverticular disease was investigated in male patients after recovery from acute myocardial infarction. A significantly higher prevalence of DD was found among infarct patients (57%) than among male control subjects (25%) matched for age and social class.", "contents": "Prevalence of diverticular disease of the colon in patients with ischaemic heart disease. In view of the similar patterns of incidence of diverticular disease of the colon (DD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in different communities, the prevalence of diverticular disease was investigated in male patients after recovery from acute myocardial infarction. A significantly higher prevalence of DD was found among infarct patients (57%) than among male control subjects (25%) matched for age and social class.", "PMID": 730073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_149", "title": "Venous prostaglandin-like activity in diarrhoeal states.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2-like activity was determined in peripheral venous blood of control subjects and in patients with acute gastroenteritis and active ulcerative colitis, using a bioassay method. No significant diurnal variations of prostaglandin levels were detected in the control group, while significantly raised venous plasma prostaglandin-like activity was detected in acute gastroenteritis and in active ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Venous prostaglandin-like activity in diarrhoeal states. Prostaglandin E2-like activity was determined in peripheral venous blood of control subjects and in patients with acute gastroenteritis and active ulcerative colitis, using a bioassay method. No significant diurnal variations of prostaglandin levels were detected in the control group, while significantly raised venous plasma prostaglandin-like activity was detected in acute gastroenteritis and in active ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 730074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_150", "title": "Is hypergastrinaemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis?", "content": "In an attempt to confirm the reported high incidence of raised serum gastrin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gastrin concentrations were estimated in 54 patients. Only three patients (6%) had basal hypergastrinaemia. The heptadecapeptide (G17) and total carboxyl-terminal immunoreactive gastrin responses to a standard protein meal were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in these three patients and in nine normogastrinaemic RA patients displaying the same age range. The three hypergastrinaemic patients showed significantly greater and more prolonged G17 and total carboxylterminal immunoreactive gastrin responses to the meal compared with the normogastrinaemic RA patients (P less than 0.02). Two of these three patients agreed to have an acid output study (pentagastrin 6 microg/kg subcutaneously) and gastric mucosal biopsies taken for histology. Both were found to be achlorhydric and to have atrophic gastritis. This study suggests that basal hypergastrinaemia in RA patients is considerably less common than previously reported and, when present, is associated with achlorhydria. In addition, the incidence of achlorhydria in rheumatoid arthritis is similar to that found in a normal age-matched population.", "contents": "Is hypergastrinaemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis? In an attempt to confirm the reported high incidence of raised serum gastrin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gastrin concentrations were estimated in 54 patients. Only three patients (6%) had basal hypergastrinaemia. The heptadecapeptide (G17) and total carboxyl-terminal immunoreactive gastrin responses to a standard protein meal were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in these three patients and in nine normogastrinaemic RA patients displaying the same age range. The three hypergastrinaemic patients showed significantly greater and more prolonged G17 and total carboxylterminal immunoreactive gastrin responses to the meal compared with the normogastrinaemic RA patients (P less than 0.02). Two of these three patients agreed to have an acid output study (pentagastrin 6 microg/kg subcutaneously) and gastric mucosal biopsies taken for histology. Both were found to be achlorhydric and to have atrophic gastritis. This study suggests that basal hypergastrinaemia in RA patients is considerably less common than previously reported and, when present, is associated with achlorhydria. In addition, the incidence of achlorhydria in rheumatoid arthritis is similar to that found in a normal age-matched population.", "PMID": 730075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_151", "title": "Plasma ratio of valine, leucine and isoleucine to phenylalanine and tyrosine in liver disease.", "content": "The molar ratio valine + leucine + isoleucine/phenylalanine + tyrosine was determined in the plasma of patients with liver disease of varying aetiology and severity and in an age and sex matched control group. In the control group of 58 subjects the mean ratio was 3.3 +/- 0.5 (ISD). The mean ratio was significantly lowered in groups of 25 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (P less than 0.001), 25 patients with chronic active hepatitis (P less than 0.001), 23 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (P less than 0.001), and 11 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (P less than 0.001). In a group of 50 patients with cirrhosis, the ratio was significantly lowered (P less than 0.001) irrespective of the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. A good correlation existed between the value of the ratio and the severity of the liver disease as judged histologically, with values of the ratio appearing to reflect histological change irrespective of the patient's clinical condition. There was no significant diurnal variation in the value of the ratio. Lowering of this plasma amino acid ratio appears to be secondary to liver disease and quite independent of the presence of hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Plasma ratio of valine, leucine and isoleucine to phenylalanine and tyrosine in liver disease. The molar ratio valine + leucine + isoleucine/phenylalanine + tyrosine was determined in the plasma of patients with liver disease of varying aetiology and severity and in an age and sex matched control group. In the control group of 58 subjects the mean ratio was 3.3 +/- 0.5 (ISD). The mean ratio was significantly lowered in groups of 25 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (P less than 0.001), 25 patients with chronic active hepatitis (P less than 0.001), 23 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (P less than 0.001), and 11 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (P less than 0.001). In a group of 50 patients with cirrhosis, the ratio was significantly lowered (P less than 0.001) irrespective of the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. A good correlation existed between the value of the ratio and the severity of the liver disease as judged histologically, with values of the ratio appearing to reflect histological change irrespective of the patient's clinical condition. There was no significant diurnal variation in the value of the ratio. Lowering of this plasma amino acid ratio appears to be secondary to liver disease and quite independent of the presence of hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 730076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_152", "title": "Effects of cerebral oedema and arterial hypotension on cerebral blood flow in an animal model of hepatic failure.", "content": "The effects of arterial hypotension and a raised intracranial pressure on cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been investigated in an animal model of hepatic failure. Arterial hypotension was associated with a fall in CBF in the animals with liver failure but not in the controls. Significant differences in mean CBF between the two groups of animals could be demonstrated when the systolic blood pressure was in the 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 mmHg range, but not in the 120-150 mmHg range. A raised intracranial pressure also resulted in a fall in CBF in the animals with liver failure, and a significant difference could be demonstrated between the two groups when the intracranial pressure was in the 20-40 mmHg range but not in the 0-20 mmHg range. Furthermore, in the animals with liver failure the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO(2)) fell as the CBF fell, there being a highly significant correlation between these two parameters. In the controls no such relation existed. Treatment with neither charcoal haemoperfusion nor high dose corticosteroids affected the fall in cerebral blood flow that occurred during arterial hypotension in the animals with liver failure. Corticosteroids, however, did reduce the fall in cerebral blood flow associated with a high intracranial pressure. These results suggest a disruption of the cerebral circulatory responses in hepatic failure. They also raise the possibility that CMRO(2) and cerebral blood flow may be maintained at normal levels in hepatic encephalopathy if cerebral oedema and arterial hypotension can be prevented.", "contents": "Effects of cerebral oedema and arterial hypotension on cerebral blood flow in an animal model of hepatic failure. The effects of arterial hypotension and a raised intracranial pressure on cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been investigated in an animal model of hepatic failure. Arterial hypotension was associated with a fall in CBF in the animals with liver failure but not in the controls. Significant differences in mean CBF between the two groups of animals could be demonstrated when the systolic blood pressure was in the 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 mmHg range, but not in the 120-150 mmHg range. A raised intracranial pressure also resulted in a fall in CBF in the animals with liver failure, and a significant difference could be demonstrated between the two groups when the intracranial pressure was in the 20-40 mmHg range but not in the 0-20 mmHg range. Furthermore, in the animals with liver failure the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO(2)) fell as the CBF fell, there being a highly significant correlation between these two parameters. In the controls no such relation existed. Treatment with neither charcoal haemoperfusion nor high dose corticosteroids affected the fall in cerebral blood flow that occurred during arterial hypotension in the animals with liver failure. Corticosteroids, however, did reduce the fall in cerebral blood flow associated with a high intracranial pressure. These results suggest a disruption of the cerebral circulatory responses in hepatic failure. They also raise the possibility that CMRO(2) and cerebral blood flow may be maintained at normal levels in hepatic encephalopathy if cerebral oedema and arterial hypotension can be prevented.", "PMID": 730077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_153", "title": "Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis. IV. Change in strength and evolution of rigor mortis in the case of physical exercise preceding death.", "content": "Evolution of rigor mortis in rats exercised before death shows the following characteristics with respect to controls: (1) Its intensity is increased in the initial phase. (2) It reaches its maximum development at the same time. (3) Higher maximum values are reached (in our experiments 1.39 times the maximum values for controls). (4) Higher values are maintained from 100 minutes to 16 hours with statistically significant differences. (5) It attains resolution at the same time.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis. IV. Change in strength and evolution of rigor mortis in the case of physical exercise preceding death. Evolution of rigor mortis in rats exercised before death shows the following characteristics with respect to controls: (1) Its intensity is increased in the initial phase. (2) It reaches its maximum development at the same time. (3) Higher maximum values are reached (in our experiments 1.39 times the maximum values for controls). (4) Higher values are maintained from 100 minutes to 16 hours with statistically significant differences. (5) It attains resolution at the same time.", "PMID": 730096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_154", "title": "Four deaths due to intravenous injection of cocaine.", "content": "Cocaine is a potent psychotropic drug that alters mood and behavior by stimulating the central nervous system. Deaths from abuse of cocaine are relatively rare. Most such deaths appear to be related to the intravenous injection of the drug. Acute fatal cocaine intoxication is characterized by headache, cold sweats, rapid pulse, tremors and nausea, followed by convulsions, unconsciousness and death. The prime mode of death appears to be respiratory paralysis, secondary to the effects of cocaine on the medullary portion of the brain. This paper presents four deaths due to acute cocaine intoxication following intravenous injection. Blood concentrations of cocaine were 0.11, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.75 mg/dl.", "contents": "Four deaths due to intravenous injection of cocaine. Cocaine is a potent psychotropic drug that alters mood and behavior by stimulating the central nervous system. Deaths from abuse of cocaine are relatively rare. Most such deaths appear to be related to the intravenous injection of the drug. Acute fatal cocaine intoxication is characterized by headache, cold sweats, rapid pulse, tremors and nausea, followed by convulsions, unconsciousness and death. The prime mode of death appears to be respiratory paralysis, secondary to the effects of cocaine on the medullary portion of the brain. This paper presents four deaths due to acute cocaine intoxication following intravenous injection. Blood concentrations of cocaine were 0.11, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.75 mg/dl.", "PMID": 730097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_155", "title": "[Electromyographic abnormality in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Using electromyographic techniques, we examined the possibility that idiopathic cardiomyopathy might be a cardiac manifestation of a general myopathy. The EMG studies were done on sixteen normal subjects and seventeen patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, including six with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), six with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and five with congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM). The action potential duration in the brachial biceps were determined exactly by a special recording technique. In the normal subjects, the mean action potential duration was 5.42 +/- 0.12 msec. In the patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, the mean action potential duration was 4.43 +/- 0.15 msec, which was significantly shorter than that of the normal subjects; 4.06 +/- 0.30 msec in HOCM, 4.45 +/- 0.20 msec in HCM, and 4.48 +/- 0.13 msec in CCM. These findings suggest that idiopathic cardiomyopathy is only one aspect of a larger disease spectrum, with abnormalities in both voluntary and cardiac muscles.", "contents": "[Electromyographic abnormality in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. Using electromyographic techniques, we examined the possibility that idiopathic cardiomyopathy might be a cardiac manifestation of a general myopathy. The EMG studies were done on sixteen normal subjects and seventeen patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, including six with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), six with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and five with congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM). The action potential duration in the brachial biceps were determined exactly by a special recording technique. In the normal subjects, the mean action potential duration was 5.42 +/- 0.12 msec. In the patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, the mean action potential duration was 4.43 +/- 0.15 msec, which was significantly shorter than that of the normal subjects; 4.06 +/- 0.30 msec in HOCM, 4.45 +/- 0.20 msec in HCM, and 4.48 +/- 0.13 msec in CCM. These findings suggest that idiopathic cardiomyopathy is only one aspect of a larger disease spectrum, with abnormalities in both voluntary and cardiac muscles.", "PMID": 730103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_156", "title": "Injuries caused by home-made explosives.", "content": "Eighty-six cases of injuries caused by home-made unconventional explosives were studied. The use of this type of explosive is common in India, Sri Lanka and other Eastern countries. Injuries are due to the blast effect, shrapnel and flash. The blast effect is seen only when the explosion occurs at close range. Accidental injuries to handlers and manufacturers conform to a particular pattern.", "contents": "Injuries caused by home-made explosives. Eighty-six cases of injuries caused by home-made unconventional explosives were studied. The use of this type of explosive is common in India, Sri Lanka and other Eastern countries. Injuries are due to the blast effect, shrapnel and flash. The blast effect is seen only when the explosion occurs at close range. Accidental injuries to handlers and manufacturers conform to a particular pattern.", "PMID": 730099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_157", "title": "[Statistical observation of urolithiasis at the Hokkaido University Hospital (1959-1975) (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent 17 years from 1959 to 1975, 32296 patients were visited to the Urological department of Hokkaido university hospital. 1192 patients (male 818, female 374) were diagnosed as urolithiasis in this period. The incidence was 3.7%. Among them, 1324 urinary calculi were seen. In detail, renal stone 509 (38.4%), ureteral stone 717 (54.2%), bladder stone 84 (6.4%), urethral stone 14 (1.1%). The tendency of upper urinary stone-wave was increasing gradually. Especially after 1965, it was increasing sharply. The tendency of lower's was stable. There was 15 urolithiasis in childhood in this duration. Most of them were upper urinary stone. 9 patients were under 5 years of age. The cause of urolithiasis was found in 9.5%. The upper urinary stone was found only 4.7% but, 57% was found in lower urinary stone. In this report, statistical studies of this work was compared and discussed with already published data in 1961 of our department.", "contents": "[Statistical observation of urolithiasis at the Hokkaido University Hospital (1959-1975) (author's transl)]. In recent 17 years from 1959 to 1975, 32296 patients were visited to the Urological department of Hokkaido university hospital. 1192 patients (male 818, female 374) were diagnosed as urolithiasis in this period. The incidence was 3.7%. Among them, 1324 urinary calculi were seen. In detail, renal stone 509 (38.4%), ureteral stone 717 (54.2%), bladder stone 84 (6.4%), urethral stone 14 (1.1%). The tendency of upper urinary stone-wave was increasing gradually. Especially after 1965, it was increasing sharply. The tendency of lower's was stable. There was 15 urolithiasis in childhood in this duration. Most of them were upper urinary stone. 9 patients were under 5 years of age. The cause of urolithiasis was found in 9.5%. The upper urinary stone was found only 4.7% but, 57% was found in lower urinary stone. In this report, statistical studies of this work was compared and discussed with already published data in 1961 of our department.", "PMID": 730105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_158", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoresis used for identification of blood stains in forensic medicine].", "content": "Conclusive evidence was obtained in this study that immunoelectrophoresis could be used in the identification of blood-stains in two particular cases: for diagnosis or approach to diagnosis of the age of a blood-stain, and for diagnosis of the human origin of a blood-stain that had been treated with petroleum products. Although many aspects should be investigated in more detail, it is certain that this method can be employed in combination with other methods.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoresis used for identification of blood stains in forensic medicine]. Conclusive evidence was obtained in this study that immunoelectrophoresis could be used in the identification of blood-stains in two particular cases: for diagnosis or approach to diagnosis of the age of a blood-stain, and for diagnosis of the human origin of a blood-stain that had been treated with petroleum products. Although many aspects should be investigated in more detail, it is certain that this method can be employed in combination with other methods.", "PMID": 730100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_159", "title": "[Experimental studies on extracorporeal liver perfusion.--Development and evaluation of an improved circuit (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical application of the extracorporeal liver perfusion has been rather limited mainly because of cumbersome procedure, not infrequent circulatory insufficiency due to large priming volume, and bleeding tendency due to hepatic insufficiency itself and heparinization, which are inherent with most of the currently available systems. A circuit was developed which employs siliconized tubings to eliminate heparinization. The liver is gravity perfused added with arterial pressure by utilizing A-V type blood access, thus eliminating the blood pump and oxygenator. A heat exchanger is eliminated by placing the liver in a moist liver chamber kept at 30 degrees C. Feasibility of the circuit was confirmed by 5 in vivo runs with healthy mongrel dogs who tolerated the procedure well. This circuit was further evaluated in dogs with acute hepatic failure induced by portacaval anastomosis and subsequent ligation of the proper hepatic artery 48 hours later. They were connected to the circuit when convulsion developed. Along with clinical observation, biochemical analysis were performed for samples obtained at the inlet (In-blood) and the outlet (Out-blood) of the liver chamber. Oxygen consumption with carbon dioxide production by the liver was confirmed in previous control experiment. Although temporarily, all animals showed recovery from convulsion. Ammonia level was invariably lower in Out-blood than in In-blood by approximately 70 gamma/dl. Blood sugar level was always higher in Out-blood by 40-70 mg/dl than in In-blood. Other parameters such as bilirubin, total protein, GOT and GPT levels were not significantly different. Technical feasibility and acceptable performance of the system were established in this study and its clinical evaluation is warranted.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on extracorporeal liver perfusion.--Development and evaluation of an improved circuit (author's transl)]. Clinical application of the extracorporeal liver perfusion has been rather limited mainly because of cumbersome procedure, not infrequent circulatory insufficiency due to large priming volume, and bleeding tendency due to hepatic insufficiency itself and heparinization, which are inherent with most of the currently available systems. A circuit was developed which employs siliconized tubings to eliminate heparinization. The liver is gravity perfused added with arterial pressure by utilizing A-V type blood access, thus eliminating the blood pump and oxygenator. A heat exchanger is eliminated by placing the liver in a moist liver chamber kept at 30 degrees C. Feasibility of the circuit was confirmed by 5 in vivo runs with healthy mongrel dogs who tolerated the procedure well. This circuit was further evaluated in dogs with acute hepatic failure induced by portacaval anastomosis and subsequent ligation of the proper hepatic artery 48 hours later. They were connected to the circuit when convulsion developed. Along with clinical observation, biochemical analysis were performed for samples obtained at the inlet (In-blood) and the outlet (Out-blood) of the liver chamber. Oxygen consumption with carbon dioxide production by the liver was confirmed in previous control experiment. Although temporarily, all animals showed recovery from convulsion. Ammonia level was invariably lower in Out-blood than in In-blood by approximately 70 gamma/dl. Blood sugar level was always higher in Out-blood by 40-70 mg/dl than in In-blood. Other parameters such as bilirubin, total protein, GOT and GPT levels were not significantly different. Technical feasibility and acceptable performance of the system were established in this study and its clinical evaluation is warranted.", "PMID": 730106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_160", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 6. The putrefaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated ten kinds of putrefactive findings on 368 cadavers which were subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory and have come to the following conclusions. 1) Concerning the occurrence of the putrefactive findings, seasonal variation was not seen on the cadavers which had remained indoors in the Hokkaido districts. No variation due to age and sex was seen. The occurrence of the findings was less frequent in death from exsanguination, traumatic shock and cardiac tamponade. 2) The putrefactive findings can be utilized as a criterion for estimating the postmortem interval; the interval is estimated to be over 6 hours when the pericardial fluid is turbid, over 12 hours when exudation of putrefactive fluid, gas formation, blood-stained peritoneal fluid or blood-stained pericardial fluid is present, over 18 hours when greenish discoloration of the skin, network of the skin or blood staining of the endocardium or the endothelium is seen, over 2 days when bullae is present on the skin, over 5 days when the pericardial cavity is dry, within 6 days when none of them are present.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 6. The putrefaction (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated ten kinds of putrefactive findings on 368 cadavers which were subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory and have come to the following conclusions. 1) Concerning the occurrence of the putrefactive findings, seasonal variation was not seen on the cadavers which had remained indoors in the Hokkaido districts. No variation due to age and sex was seen. The occurrence of the findings was less frequent in death from exsanguination, traumatic shock and cardiac tamponade. 2) The putrefactive findings can be utilized as a criterion for estimating the postmortem interval; the interval is estimated to be over 6 hours when the pericardial fluid is turbid, over 12 hours when exudation of putrefactive fluid, gas formation, blood-stained peritoneal fluid or blood-stained pericardial fluid is present, over 18 hours when greenish discoloration of the skin, network of the skin or blood staining of the endocardium or the endothelium is seen, over 2 days when bullae is present on the skin, over 5 days when the pericardial cavity is dry, within 6 days when none of them are present.", "PMID": 730107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_161", "title": "Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis. III. Comparative study of the evolution of rigor mortis in different sized muscle groups in rats.", "content": "The use of new methods and an appropriate apparatus has allowed us to make successive measurements of rigor mortis and a study of its evolution in the rat. By a comparative examination on the front and hind limbs, we have determined the following: (1) The muscular mass of the hind limbs is 2.89 times greater than that of the front limbs. (2) In the initial phase rigor mortis is more pronounced in the front limbs. (3) The front and hind limbs reach maximum rigor mortis at the same time and this state is maintained for 2 hours. (4) Resolution of rigor mortis is accelerated in the front limbs during the initial phase, but both front and hind limbs reach complete resolution at the same time.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis. III. Comparative study of the evolution of rigor mortis in different sized muscle groups in rats. The use of new methods and an appropriate apparatus has allowed us to make successive measurements of rigor mortis and a study of its evolution in the rat. By a comparative examination on the front and hind limbs, we have determined the following: (1) The muscular mass of the hind limbs is 2.89 times greater than that of the front limbs. (2) In the initial phase rigor mortis is more pronounced in the front limbs. (3) The front and hind limbs reach maximum rigor mortis at the same time and this state is maintained for 2 hours. (4) Resolution of rigor mortis is accelerated in the front limbs during the initial phase, but both front and hind limbs reach complete resolution at the same time.", "PMID": 730101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_162", "title": "Immunoreactive granulocyte elastase in human serum.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for determination of human granulocyte elastase in blood. THE granulocyte elastase employed as radioiodinated tracer in the assay was inactivated with diisopropylfluorophosphate in order to prevent binding of the tracer to the serum inhibitors alpha2-microglobulin and alpha1-anti-trypsin, while still retaining its immunoreactivity. The labelled tracer showed, however, a pronounced tendency to nonspecific binding to serum proteins such as albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin and also to the Sephadex particles. The binding of the labelled tracer to alpha2-macroglobulin caused a false increase in the immunoreactive granulocyte elastase in serum. But the binding of the labelled tracer and its consequences could be circumvented by increasing the NaCl concentration of the reaction mixtures and/or gel filtration buffers. Freshly drawn normal human serum contains about 135 microgram granulocyte elastase/l measured as diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated granulocyte elastase. The results of experiments in which serum was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration suggest that essentially all of the immunoreactive material in normal human serum is granulocyte elastase bound by alpha1-antitrypsin. This finding implies that granulocyte elastase is released from the cells in an active form and then rapidly bound by the inhibitors.", "contents": "Immunoreactive granulocyte elastase in human serum. A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for determination of human granulocyte elastase in blood. THE granulocyte elastase employed as radioiodinated tracer in the assay was inactivated with diisopropylfluorophosphate in order to prevent binding of the tracer to the serum inhibitors alpha2-microglobulin and alpha1-anti-trypsin, while still retaining its immunoreactivity. The labelled tracer showed, however, a pronounced tendency to nonspecific binding to serum proteins such as albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin and also to the Sephadex particles. The binding of the labelled tracer to alpha2-macroglobulin caused a false increase in the immunoreactive granulocyte elastase in serum. But the binding of the labelled tracer and its consequences could be circumvented by increasing the NaCl concentration of the reaction mixtures and/or gel filtration buffers. Freshly drawn normal human serum contains about 135 microgram granulocyte elastase/l measured as diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated granulocyte elastase. The results of experiments in which serum was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration suggest that essentially all of the immunoreactive material in normal human serum is granulocyte elastase bound by alpha1-antitrypsin. This finding implies that granulocyte elastase is released from the cells in an active form and then rapidly bound by the inhibitors.", "PMID": 730111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_163", "title": "[Asymmetric synthesis with unlimited stereoselectivity--the synthesis of isomer-free peptide derivatives by stereoselective four-component condensation (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of methods for the synthesis of peptides by stereoselective four-component condensations led to new ways to prepare pure chiral chemical compounds with high yield by asymmetric syntheses. A scheme of asymmetric syntheses is described, which begins with a productively stereoselective synthesis affording a high yield of the desired product, accompanied by a minor amount of a diastereomeric byproduct. This is converted into an easily removable non-isomeric compound by a subsequent reaction with unlimited destructive stereoselectivity which is due to non-linear effects. In general, only small losses of the main product occur during the latter step. The efficiency of such asymmetric syntheses is enhanced by the use of chiral templates which can be recycled. As an illustration we describe the synthesis of a stereoisomer-free tetravaline derivative by a productively stereoselective four-component condensation, followed by conversion of the contaminating diastereoisomer into an easy to remove non-isomeric compound by destructively stereoselective partial acidolysis which yields the main product in 73% and with a purity of greater than 99.98%.", "contents": "[Asymmetric synthesis with unlimited stereoselectivity--the synthesis of isomer-free peptide derivatives by stereoselective four-component condensation (author's transl)]. The development of methods for the synthesis of peptides by stereoselective four-component condensations led to new ways to prepare pure chiral chemical compounds with high yield by asymmetric syntheses. A scheme of asymmetric syntheses is described, which begins with a productively stereoselective synthesis affording a high yield of the desired product, accompanied by a minor amount of a diastereomeric byproduct. This is converted into an easily removable non-isomeric compound by a subsequent reaction with unlimited destructive stereoselectivity which is due to non-linear effects. In general, only small losses of the main product occur during the latter step. The efficiency of such asymmetric syntheses is enhanced by the use of chiral templates which can be recycled. As an illustration we describe the synthesis of a stereoisomer-free tetravaline derivative by a productively stereoselective four-component condensation, followed by conversion of the contaminating diastereoisomer into an easy to remove non-isomeric compound by destructively stereoselective partial acidolysis which yields the main product in 73% and with a purity of greater than 99.98%.", "PMID": 730112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_164", "title": "Disulfide-linked cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine fibrinogen. III. Isolation and identification by sequence analysis of the chain constituents in peptides F-CB2, F-CB4 and F-CB5.", "content": "Three disulfide-linked peptides with molecular weights of about 6000, 7000 and 45000, respectively, were isolated from bovine fibrinogen cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The chain constituents of these peptides were separated after reduction and alkylation and identified by partial amino acid sequence analysis. Of the five polypeptide chains of the largest fragment F-CB2, three are derived from the central region of Bbeta chain, one from the Aalpha chain and one from the gamma chain. The smaller peptides F-CB4 and F-CB5 consist of one and two polypeptide chains and originate from central regions of the Bbeta and gamma chains, respectively, indicating that they represent intrachain disulfide loops. These and previous data show that the disulfide-bonded regions of bovine fibrinogen are similar to those in human fibrinogen.", "contents": "Disulfide-linked cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine fibrinogen. III. Isolation and identification by sequence analysis of the chain constituents in peptides F-CB2, F-CB4 and F-CB5. Three disulfide-linked peptides with molecular weights of about 6000, 7000 and 45000, respectively, were isolated from bovine fibrinogen cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The chain constituents of these peptides were separated after reduction and alkylation and identified by partial amino acid sequence analysis. Of the five polypeptide chains of the largest fragment F-CB2, three are derived from the central region of Bbeta chain, one from the Aalpha chain and one from the gamma chain. The smaller peptides F-CB4 and F-CB5 consist of one and two polypeptide chains and originate from central regions of the Bbeta and gamma chains, respectively, indicating that they represent intrachain disulfide loops. These and previous data show that the disulfide-bonded regions of bovine fibrinogen are similar to those in human fibrinogen.", "PMID": 730113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_165", "title": "Behaviour of young and old desialylated rabbit erythrocytes in vivo.", "content": "Young and old rabbit erythrocytes, separated by density gradient centrifugation, were desialylated by neuraminidase treatment and reinjected into the animal after 51Cr labelling. Both red cell populations are quickly removed from the circulation and trapped by the liver; then a large percentage of the young cells reappear in the peripheral blood and behaves like untreated erythrocytes; old cells, on the contrary, do not return to the blood stream and are probably lysed in the liver. These results suggest that a sialic acid repair can occur on the membrane of young erythrocytes and confirm that the loss of this molecule is not by itself sufficient to determine the death of the cell.", "contents": "Behaviour of young and old desialylated rabbit erythrocytes in vivo. Young and old rabbit erythrocytes, separated by density gradient centrifugation, were desialylated by neuraminidase treatment and reinjected into the animal after 51Cr labelling. Both red cell populations are quickly removed from the circulation and trapped by the liver; then a large percentage of the young cells reappear in the peripheral blood and behaves like untreated erythrocytes; old cells, on the contrary, do not return to the blood stream and are probably lysed in the liver. These results suggest that a sialic acid repair can occur on the membrane of young erythrocytes and confirm that the loss of this molecule is not by itself sufficient to determine the death of the cell.", "PMID": 730114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_166", "title": "Well-defined insoluble primers for the enzymatic synthesis of oligo- and polynucleotides.", "content": "Two methods are described by which primer molecules like UpU and oligodeoxythymidylates can be coupled with high efficiency to an insoluble polymer, like hydroxypropylated Sephadex G-50, by one covalent linkage. In one procedure aliphatic dicarboxylic dichlorides (e.g. adipoyl dichloride) are used to serve as spacers of variable length and for anchoring the primer molecule UpU. The other method involves pU as an anchor for (pdT)3 and (pdT)6, which are coupled to the polymer using condensation reactions with 2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl chloride. In both cases the homogeneous primer molecules are bound specifically to the polymer. The insoluble primers are tested for their priming efficiency using polynucleotide nucleotidyltransferase from Micrococcus luteus and DNA nucleotidylexotransferase from calf thymus. The primers and synthesized polynucleotides can be cleaved from the polymer under conditions which are not damaging to ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides.", "contents": "Well-defined insoluble primers for the enzymatic synthesis of oligo- and polynucleotides. Two methods are described by which primer molecules like UpU and oligodeoxythymidylates can be coupled with high efficiency to an insoluble polymer, like hydroxypropylated Sephadex G-50, by one covalent linkage. In one procedure aliphatic dicarboxylic dichlorides (e.g. adipoyl dichloride) are used to serve as spacers of variable length and for anchoring the primer molecule UpU. The other method involves pU as an anchor for (pdT)3 and (pdT)6, which are coupled to the polymer using condensation reactions with 2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl chloride. In both cases the homogeneous primer molecules are bound specifically to the polymer. The insoluble primers are tested for their priming efficiency using polynucleotide nucleotidyltransferase from Micrococcus luteus and DNA nucleotidylexotransferase from calf thymus. The primers and synthesized polynucleotides can be cleaved from the polymer under conditions which are not damaging to ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides.", "PMID": 730115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_167", "title": "Capillary haemangiomatosis of the lungs.", "content": "A case of capillary haemangiomatosis affecting both lungs. The angiomatous growth involved particularly the intralobular fibrous septa and appeared locally aggressive as it had destroyed and obstructed the pulmonary veins and venules. Some pulmonary arteries and bronchi were affected to a lesser extent. Pulmonary venous obstruction, sometimes simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, caused severe haemosiderosis and interstitial fibrosis. The clinical features and the lung biopsy erroneously suggested a diagnosis of primary pulmonary haemosiderosis. No comparable case has been found in the literature.", "contents": "Capillary haemangiomatosis of the lungs. A case of capillary haemangiomatosis affecting both lungs. The angiomatous growth involved particularly the intralobular fibrous septa and appeared locally aggressive as it had destroyed and obstructed the pulmonary veins and venules. Some pulmonary arteries and bronchi were affected to a lesser extent. Pulmonary venous obstruction, sometimes simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, caused severe haemosiderosis and interstitial fibrosis. The clinical features and the lung biopsy erroneously suggested a diagnosis of primary pulmonary haemosiderosis. No comparable case has been found in the literature.", "PMID": 730121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_168", "title": "Ultrastructure of airways in children with asthma.", "content": "This study describes the histopathology and ultrastructure of bronchial mucosa in lung biopsies from two children with bronchial asthma in remission, and compares them with lung samples from two children who died in status asthmaticus. Light microscopy of all samples showed changes typical of bronchial asthma, e.g. mucus plugging, goblet cell hyperplasia, 'thickening of bronchial basement membrane', peribronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and eosinophilic infiltration. Electron microscopy revealed that the mucus plugs consisted of moderately electron-dense floccular material containing degenerate epithelial cells, macrophages and cell fragments. The luminal surfaces of ciliated cells showed cytoplasmic blebs and abnormal cilia. Mast cells in various stages of degranulation were scattered between bronchial epithelial cells. The subepithelial hyaline layer, commonly referred to as \"thickened basement membrane\", consisted of collagen fibrils in plexiform arrangement. The basement membrane proper appeared intact. These electron microscopic changes, particularly the presence of mast cells and subepithelial collagen deposits, were also found in autopsy samples. This combined light and electron microscopic study shows that marked, possibly irreversible changes may be present in the lungs of patients with severe bronchial asthma, even when they are asymptomatic. These pulmonary changes could be the direct consequence of mast cell activation and the release of various mediators. No evidence of immune complex deposition was found.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of airways in children with asthma. This study describes the histopathology and ultrastructure of bronchial mucosa in lung biopsies from two children with bronchial asthma in remission, and compares them with lung samples from two children who died in status asthmaticus. Light microscopy of all samples showed changes typical of bronchial asthma, e.g. mucus plugging, goblet cell hyperplasia, 'thickening of bronchial basement membrane', peribronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and eosinophilic infiltration. Electron microscopy revealed that the mucus plugs consisted of moderately electron-dense floccular material containing degenerate epithelial cells, macrophages and cell fragments. The luminal surfaces of ciliated cells showed cytoplasmic blebs and abnormal cilia. Mast cells in various stages of degranulation were scattered between bronchial epithelial cells. The subepithelial hyaline layer, commonly referred to as \"thickened basement membrane\", consisted of collagen fibrils in plexiform arrangement. The basement membrane proper appeared intact. These electron microscopic changes, particularly the presence of mast cells and subepithelial collagen deposits, were also found in autopsy samples. This combined light and electron microscopic study shows that marked, possibly irreversible changes may be present in the lungs of patients with severe bronchial asthma, even when they are asymptomatic. These pulmonary changes could be the direct consequence of mast cell activation and the release of various mediators. No evidence of immune complex deposition was found.", "PMID": 730122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_169", "title": "Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy.", "content": "Three fatal cases of idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy are reported. The infants' ages ranged from 9 days to 3 months. Death was due to cardiac failure; in two cases caused by myocardial ischaemia, and in one by pulmonary hypertension. The histological findings are described and aetiology of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy. Three fatal cases of idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy are reported. The infants' ages ranged from 9 days to 3 months. Death was due to cardiac failure; in two cases caused by myocardial ischaemia, and in one by pulmonary hypertension. The histological findings are described and aetiology of the condition is discussed.", "PMID": 730123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_170", "title": "Pure Sertoli cell tumour of the ovary: report of a case with ultrastructural observations.", "content": "A case of pure Sertoli cell tumour of the ovary is described. Unusual features were its great size, lack of clinical hormonal activity and the presence of granulomas in its interstitium. Mitochondria with tubular christae are described for the first time in such a tumour. These, together with lipid droplets and plentiful smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggest a potential for steroid hormone synthesis which was not expressed clinically. Dense membrane-bound granules of undetermined type were present in large numbers. The presence of cilia and microvilli, and the absence of annulate lamellae and Charcot-B\u00f6ttcher crystalloids, suggests that the tumour cells may not be truly of Sertoli type.", "contents": "Pure Sertoli cell tumour of the ovary: report of a case with ultrastructural observations. A case of pure Sertoli cell tumour of the ovary is described. Unusual features were its great size, lack of clinical hormonal activity and the presence of granulomas in its interstitium. Mitochondria with tubular christae are described for the first time in such a tumour. These, together with lipid droplets and plentiful smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggest a potential for steroid hormone synthesis which was not expressed clinically. Dense membrane-bound granules of undetermined type were present in large numbers. The presence of cilia and microvilli, and the absence of annulate lamellae and Charcot-B\u00f6ttcher crystalloids, suggests that the tumour cells may not be truly of Sertoli type.", "PMID": 730124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_171", "title": "The nephron in transport of sodium, amino acids, and glucose.", "content": "The ability of the kidney to maintain overall control of sodium and fluid balance appears greater than the sum of its parts, yet microperfusion and dissection studies that have assigned particular transport processes to individual segments of the nephron are helping to clarify a number of clinical states. Among those that can be so localized are certain congenital disorders accompanied by glycosuria and aminoaciduria.", "contents": "The nephron in transport of sodium, amino acids, and glucose. The ability of the kidney to maintain overall control of sodium and fluid balance appears greater than the sum of its parts, yet microperfusion and dissection studies that have assigned particular transport processes to individual segments of the nephron are helping to clarify a number of clinical states. Among those that can be so localized are certain congenital disorders accompanied by glycosuria and aminoaciduria.", "PMID": 730132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_172", "title": "Endoscopic management of biliary calculi.", "content": "In a logical extension of the diagnostic capability of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, a number of procedures have been developed to relieve biliary tract obstruction, with the indication for each depending mainly on stone size. Thus the smallest stones can be flushed or extracted through an intact papilla of Vater, larger ones after the papilla or sphincters are cut endoscopically. Clinical results are detailed.", "contents": "Endoscopic management of biliary calculi. In a logical extension of the diagnostic capability of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, a number of procedures have been developed to relieve biliary tract obstruction, with the indication for each depending mainly on stone size. Thus the smallest stones can be flushed or extracted through an intact papilla of Vater, larger ones after the papilla or sphincters are cut endoscopically. Clinical results are detailed.", "PMID": 730133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_173", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: a significant 'new' pathogen.", "content": "It thrives in the cold, defies conventional culture methods, does not respond to most antibiotics, and may mimic other disorders in its manifestations. Fortunately, most cases of yersinial enterocolitis are mild and self-limiting, but infection can be life-threatening, especially in neonates or when immunologic defenses are impaired. Clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria and epidemiologic clues are described.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: a significant 'new' pathogen. It thrives in the cold, defies conventional culture methods, does not respond to most antibiotics, and may mimic other disorders in its manifestations. Fortunately, most cases of yersinial enterocolitis are mild and self-limiting, but infection can be life-threatening, especially in neonates or when immunologic defenses are impaired. Clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria and epidemiologic clues are described.", "PMID": 730137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_174", "title": "Management of osteoporosis.", "content": "Accelerated bone loss and diminished new bone formation in primary involutional osteoporosis far outstrip the rates seen in \"normal aging.\" Their serious consequences can be mitigated with pharmacologic agents and adjunctive regimens.", "contents": "Management of osteoporosis. Accelerated bone loss and diminished new bone formation in primary involutional osteoporosis far outstrip the rates seen in \"normal aging.\" Their serious consequences can be mitigated with pharmacologic agents and adjunctive regimens.", "PMID": 730138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_175", "title": "Effective utilization of clinical laboratories.", "content": "Effective utilization of clinical laboratories requires that underutilization, overutilization, and malutilization be appreciated and eliminated or reduced. Optimal patient care service, although subjective to a major extent, is reflected in terms of outcome and cost. Increased per diem charges, reduced hospital stay, and increased laboratory workload over the past decade all require each laboratory to examine its internal operations to achieve economy and efficiency as well as maximal effectiveness. Increased research and development, an active managerial role on the part of pathologists, internal self-assessment, and an aggressive response to sophisticated scientific and clinical laboratory data base requirements are not only desirable but essential. The importance of undergraduate and graduate medical education in laboratory medicine to insure understanding as well as effective utilization is stressed. The costs and limitations as well as the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and pitfalls of measurements and examinations must also be fully appreciated. Medical malpractice and defensive medicine and the use of critical values, emergency and routine services, and an active clinical role by the pathologist are of the utmost value in assuring effective utilization of the laboratory. A model for the optimal use of the laboratory including economy and efficiency has been achieved in the blood bank in regard to optimal hemotherapy for elective surgery, assuring superior patient care in a cost effective and safe manner.", "contents": "Effective utilization of clinical laboratories. Effective utilization of clinical laboratories requires that underutilization, overutilization, and malutilization be appreciated and eliminated or reduced. Optimal patient care service, although subjective to a major extent, is reflected in terms of outcome and cost. Increased per diem charges, reduced hospital stay, and increased laboratory workload over the past decade all require each laboratory to examine its internal operations to achieve economy and efficiency as well as maximal effectiveness. Increased research and development, an active managerial role on the part of pathologists, internal self-assessment, and an aggressive response to sophisticated scientific and clinical laboratory data base requirements are not only desirable but essential. The importance of undergraduate and graduate medical education in laboratory medicine to insure understanding as well as effective utilization is stressed. The costs and limitations as well as the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and pitfalls of measurements and examinations must also be fully appreciated. Medical malpractice and defensive medicine and the use of critical values, emergency and routine services, and an active clinical role by the pathologist are of the utmost value in assuring effective utilization of the laboratory. A model for the optimal use of the laboratory including economy and efficiency has been achieved in the blood bank in regard to optimal hemotherapy for elective surgery, assuring superior patient care in a cost effective and safe manner.", "PMID": 730147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_176", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. Its relationship to malabsorption and ulcerative jejunitis.", "content": "The clinical and histopathologic features in seven patients with intestinal lymphoma are reported. Three of these presented with ulcerative jejunitis and four with overt lymphomas. A short history of abdominal pain with weight loss followed by intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, or perforation characterized all the patients except one in whom a nine year history of malabsorption preceded the acute phase of the disease. Malabsorption was demonstrated in four of the patients, and all showed villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia of the jejunum remote from areas of ulceration or frank lymphoma. The malignant lymphoma cells showed varying degrees of pleomorphism and exhibited phagocytosis of platelets, red cells, and cell debris. The accompanying infiltrate of inflammatory cells often overshadowed the neoplastic histiocytes, and in those cases showing little pleomorphism these cells could be easily overlooked. In the intestine the tumor cells were usually present as a diffuse infiltrate in the lamina propria or within the bases of ulcers and in five of seven cases did not give rise to macroscopic tumor masses. In all patients dissemination of tumor cells to the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow was evident, the infiltrate in all these organs resembling that seen in malignant histiocytosis. The morphology of the tumor cells, their phagocytic nature, the diffuse character of the tumor infiltrate, and the pattern of dissemination suggest that this lesion should be designated malignant histiocytosis of the intestine rather than histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma). It is suggested that the tumor may arise from cells of monocyte-histiocyte lineage normally present in the lamina propria of the gut and that a prolonged cryptic phase accompanied, and often overshadowed, by an inflammatory reaction may give rise to malabsorption and ulcerative jejunitis before overt lymphoma is manifest.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. Its relationship to malabsorption and ulcerative jejunitis. The clinical and histopathologic features in seven patients with intestinal lymphoma are reported. Three of these presented with ulcerative jejunitis and four with overt lymphomas. A short history of abdominal pain with weight loss followed by intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, or perforation characterized all the patients except one in whom a nine year history of malabsorption preceded the acute phase of the disease. Malabsorption was demonstrated in four of the patients, and all showed villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia of the jejunum remote from areas of ulceration or frank lymphoma. The malignant lymphoma cells showed varying degrees of pleomorphism and exhibited phagocytosis of platelets, red cells, and cell debris. The accompanying infiltrate of inflammatory cells often overshadowed the neoplastic histiocytes, and in those cases showing little pleomorphism these cells could be easily overlooked. In the intestine the tumor cells were usually present as a diffuse infiltrate in the lamina propria or within the bases of ulcers and in five of seven cases did not give rise to macroscopic tumor masses. In all patients dissemination of tumor cells to the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow was evident, the infiltrate in all these organs resembling that seen in malignant histiocytosis. The morphology of the tumor cells, their phagocytic nature, the diffuse character of the tumor infiltrate, and the pattern of dissemination suggest that this lesion should be designated malignant histiocytosis of the intestine rather than histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma). It is suggested that the tumor may arise from cells of monocyte-histiocyte lineage normally present in the lamina propria of the gut and that a prolonged cryptic phase accompanied, and often overshadowed, by an inflammatory reaction may give rise to malabsorption and ulcerative jejunitis before overt lymphoma is manifest.", "PMID": 730148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_177", "title": "Nuclear fragmentation in colon carcinoma cells.", "content": "The nuclei of the epithelial cells of well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the large intestine show characteristic appendages, the nucleotesimals, connected with the main nucleus by lamellar bridges. We interpret this phenomenon as being the result of a hitherto unknown type of amitosis that permits rapid cancer growth in spite of a low mitotic index.", "contents": "Nuclear fragmentation in colon carcinoma cells. The nuclei of the epithelial cells of well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the large intestine show characteristic appendages, the nucleotesimals, connected with the main nucleus by lamellar bridges. We interpret this phenomenon as being the result of a hitherto unknown type of amitosis that permits rapid cancer growth in spite of a low mitotic index.", "PMID": 730149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_178", "title": "Gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow.", "content": "A study of so-called gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow in 14 patients is presented. The condition is characterized by the presence of extracellular \"gelatinous\" material, fat atrophy, and associated focal marrow hypoplasia and is often mistaken as representing edema, necrosis, or amyloid. Histochemical studies indicate that the extracellular substance is hyaluronic acid. Though the lesion is usually associated with severe weight loss and cachexia, it appears that factors other than malnutrition must play a significant role in the pathogenesis of gelatinous transformation. Anemia, frequently seen in these patients, does not appear to be a consequence of gelatinous transformation.", "contents": "Gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow. A study of so-called gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow in 14 patients is presented. The condition is characterized by the presence of extracellular \"gelatinous\" material, fat atrophy, and associated focal marrow hypoplasia and is often mistaken as representing edema, necrosis, or amyloid. Histochemical studies indicate that the extracellular substance is hyaluronic acid. Though the lesion is usually associated with severe weight loss and cachexia, it appears that factors other than malnutrition must play a significant role in the pathogenesis of gelatinous transformation. Anemia, frequently seen in these patients, does not appear to be a consequence of gelatinous transformation.", "PMID": 730150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_179", "title": "Surface and transmission ultrastructural characteristics of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis.", "content": "A prospective study of eight patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis was performed, correlating surface ultrastructure as elucidated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, viral cultures of fresh sterile lung tissue obtained at thoracotomy, and immunomicroscopy. The hypothesis that environmental pollutants may act as sensitizing agents to induce macrophage migration was pursued using high resolution elemental analysis to obtain a profile of the inorganic content of phagolysosomes in the free alveolar cell population. Four surface ultrastructural changes were observed: mild alveolar septal thickening, an apparent decrease in the number of pores of Kohn, alteration of the predominant alveolar lining population from membranous to granular pneumonocytes, and prominent intra-alveolar collections of cells with broad based ruffled projections and pseudopodia representing a macrophage population. Transmission electron microscopy corroborated these observations. Individual pneumonocyte degeneration manifested as cytoplasmic dissolution, mitochondrial swelling, chromatin disruption, and loss of lamellar bodies and endoplasmic reticulum was identified; occasionally degenerating granular pneumonocytes were displaced into the alveolar space by a supraseptal bulla containing fibrin and extracellular fluid. Viruses were not identified by ultrastructural or tissue culture techniques. High resolution elemental analysis of individual phagolysosome contents failed to reveal the presence of heavy metals or other inorganic compounds. Immune complexes were not identified by immunofluorescence microscopy. However, alveolar transeptal macrophage migration was observed by transmission electron microscopy. These observations suggest that desquamative interstitial pneumonitis represents a disease in which cellular, rather than humoral, immune processes predominate. Other nonspecific cellular immune responses under the influence of various lymphokines may be responsible for the observed morphologic alterations.", "contents": "Surface and transmission ultrastructural characteristics of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. A prospective study of eight patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis was performed, correlating surface ultrastructure as elucidated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, viral cultures of fresh sterile lung tissue obtained at thoracotomy, and immunomicroscopy. The hypothesis that environmental pollutants may act as sensitizing agents to induce macrophage migration was pursued using high resolution elemental analysis to obtain a profile of the inorganic content of phagolysosomes in the free alveolar cell population. Four surface ultrastructural changes were observed: mild alveolar septal thickening, an apparent decrease in the number of pores of Kohn, alteration of the predominant alveolar lining population from membranous to granular pneumonocytes, and prominent intra-alveolar collections of cells with broad based ruffled projections and pseudopodia representing a macrophage population. Transmission electron microscopy corroborated these observations. Individual pneumonocyte degeneration manifested as cytoplasmic dissolution, mitochondrial swelling, chromatin disruption, and loss of lamellar bodies and endoplasmic reticulum was identified; occasionally degenerating granular pneumonocytes were displaced into the alveolar space by a supraseptal bulla containing fibrin and extracellular fluid. Viruses were not identified by ultrastructural or tissue culture techniques. High resolution elemental analysis of individual phagolysosome contents failed to reveal the presence of heavy metals or other inorganic compounds. Immune complexes were not identified by immunofluorescence microscopy. However, alveolar transeptal macrophage migration was observed by transmission electron microscopy. These observations suggest that desquamative interstitial pneumonitis represents a disease in which cellular, rather than humoral, immune processes predominate. Other nonspecific cellular immune responses under the influence of various lymphokines may be responsible for the observed morphologic alterations.", "PMID": 730151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_180", "title": "Aluminum induced pulmonary granulomatosis.", "content": "The association of aluminum dusts and pulmonary fibrosis with emphysema in workers in the aluminum processing and manufacturing industries is well established. The early and minimal reactions of the lungs to the aluminum dusts are not known. This report presents the first case of pulmonary granulomatosis associated with aluminum inhalation. The occupational history of this patient was thoroughly examined, and the aluminum was identified by electron probe microanalysis of the lung biopsy specimen. The granulomatous response in this patient was similar to that observed in rabbits following aluminum dust inhalation. Hypersensitivity or individual idiosyncrasy may play a role in the development of the pulmonary granulomas following exposure to aluminum.", "contents": "Aluminum induced pulmonary granulomatosis. The association of aluminum dusts and pulmonary fibrosis with emphysema in workers in the aluminum processing and manufacturing industries is well established. The early and minimal reactions of the lungs to the aluminum dusts are not known. This report presents the first case of pulmonary granulomatosis associated with aluminum inhalation. The occupational history of this patient was thoroughly examined, and the aluminum was identified by electron probe microanalysis of the lung biopsy specimen. The granulomatous response in this patient was similar to that observed in rabbits following aluminum dust inhalation. Hypersensitivity or individual idiosyncrasy may play a role in the development of the pulmonary granulomas following exposure to aluminum.", "PMID": 730152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_181", "title": "Hepatic leiomyosarcoma: ultrastructural study and review of the differential diagnosis.", "content": "A primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver in a 12 year old female is reported. It is the eleventh such tumor to be recorded, the first to be documented in an adolescent and the first to be studied electron microscopically. By light microscopy the well differentiated portions of the tumor were characteristic of leiomyosarcoma. Ultrastructurally a minority of tumor cells contained myofilaments along with cytoplasmic dense bodies and marginal dense plaques, the most distinctive subcellular markers of smooth muscle cells. A brief review of the differential diagnosis is provided.", "contents": "Hepatic leiomyosarcoma: ultrastructural study and review of the differential diagnosis. A primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver in a 12 year old female is reported. It is the eleventh such tumor to be recorded, the first to be documented in an adolescent and the first to be studied electron microscopically. By light microscopy the well differentiated portions of the tumor were characteristic of leiomyosarcoma. Ultrastructurally a minority of tumor cells contained myofilaments along with cytoplasmic dense bodies and marginal dense plaques, the most distinctive subcellular markers of smooth muscle cells. A brief review of the differential diagnosis is provided.", "PMID": 730153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_182", "title": "An \"abnormal\" lymphoid proliferation simulating Hodgkin's disease in a burn patient.", "content": "A particularly exuberant and unusual lymphoid proliferation in the spleen of a burn patient is presented. Many Reed-Sternberg cell variants and occasional diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells strongly suggested a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of distribution and cytology of this lymphoid infiltrate, however, are incompatible with Hodgkin's disease or a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Morphologic features in this case suggest that the Reed-Sternberg cell is a B lymphocyte. The most probable etiologies of this unusual lymphoid proliferation are reviewed.", "contents": "An \"abnormal\" lymphoid proliferation simulating Hodgkin's disease in a burn patient. A particularly exuberant and unusual lymphoid proliferation in the spleen of a burn patient is presented. Many Reed-Sternberg cell variants and occasional diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells strongly suggested a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of distribution and cytology of this lymphoid infiltrate, however, are incompatible with Hodgkin's disease or a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Morphologic features in this case suggest that the Reed-Sternberg cell is a B lymphocyte. The most probable etiologies of this unusual lymphoid proliferation are reviewed.", "PMID": 730154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_183", "title": "Ovarian myxoma.", "content": "A case of primary ovarian myxoma is reported. The tumor is rare as there are only two previously reported cases in the literature.", "contents": "Ovarian myxoma. A case of primary ovarian myxoma is reported. The tumor is rare as there are only two previously reported cases in the literature.", "PMID": 730155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_184", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the uterus: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of a case of primary chondrosarcoma of the uterus and 12 previously described similar cases are reviewed. Pathologically the tumors resemble chondrosarcoma of bone. The clinical features, including a high degree of malignancy, resemble those of other types of pure heterologous sarcomas and the typical m\u00fcllerian mixed tumors of the uterus.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the uterus: report of a case and review of the literature. The clinical and pathologic features of a case of primary chondrosarcoma of the uterus and 12 previously described similar cases are reviewed. Pathologically the tumors resemble chondrosarcoma of bone. The clinical features, including a high degree of malignancy, resemble those of other types of pure heterologous sarcomas and the typical m\u00fcllerian mixed tumors of the uterus.", "PMID": 730156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_185", "title": "Inversion of 'flourescent' segment in chromosome 3: a polymorphic trait.", "content": "The frequency of the 'inversion' of flourescent constitutive heterochromatin in chromosome 3 was the same in a sample of 370 retarded persons as in a sample of 222 mentally normal men. It can be concluded that this 'inversion' is not associated with mental retardation. This variant is more common (4%) in the Canadian population we studied than in samples reported by most other authors (0-1.7%). Possibly the founder effect could play a role in the differences. Two cases of homozygotes for this 'inversion' were identified.", "contents": "Inversion of 'flourescent' segment in chromosome 3: a polymorphic trait. The frequency of the 'inversion' of flourescent constitutive heterochromatin in chromosome 3 was the same in a sample of 370 retarded persons as in a sample of 222 mentally normal men. It can be concluded that this 'inversion' is not associated with mental retardation. This variant is more common (4%) in the Canadian population we studied than in samples reported by most other authors (0-1.7%). Possibly the founder effect could play a role in the differences. Two cases of homozygotes for this 'inversion' were identified.", "PMID": 730157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_186", "title": "Familial and sporadic porphyria cutanea: two different diseases.", "content": "Uroporphyrinogen (URO) decarboxylase was measured in hemoglobin-free erythrocytes from subjects with familial porphyria cutanea: the mean activity was about 50% of that found in erythrocytes from normal subjects. Asymptomatic carriers were always found in the family. No enzyme deficiency was found in erythrocytes from subjects with sporadic porphyria cutanea. The measurement of URO decarboxylase in erythrocytes seems to allow an easy distinction between these two groups of porphyria cutanea.", "contents": "Familial and sporadic porphyria cutanea: two different diseases. Uroporphyrinogen (URO) decarboxylase was measured in hemoglobin-free erythrocytes from subjects with familial porphyria cutanea: the mean activity was about 50% of that found in erythrocytes from normal subjects. Asymptomatic carriers were always found in the family. No enzyme deficiency was found in erythrocytes from subjects with sporadic porphyria cutanea. The measurement of URO decarboxylase in erythrocytes seems to allow an easy distinction between these two groups of porphyria cutanea.", "PMID": 730158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_187", "title": "Familial basal cell nevus syndrome.", "content": "The basal cell nevus syndrome is characterized by multiple basal cell nevi and basal cell carcinoma, cysts of the jaw, anomalies of ribs and spine, abnormal calcifications, and additional anomalies of the facial skull. A German family is described with manifestations of the syndrome in the mother and her three daughters. Expressivity was variable, in part due to age effects. The observation conforms to the assumed autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with high penetrance.", "contents": "Familial basal cell nevus syndrome. The basal cell nevus syndrome is characterized by multiple basal cell nevi and basal cell carcinoma, cysts of the jaw, anomalies of ribs and spine, abnormal calcifications, and additional anomalies of the facial skull. A German family is described with manifestations of the syndrome in the mother and her three daughters. Expressivity was variable, in part due to age effects. The observation conforms to the assumed autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with high penetrance.", "PMID": 730159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_188", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in the peripheral blood of cigarette smokers and in lung cancer patients; and the effect of chemotherapy.", "content": "Peripheral blood sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates in chronic cigarette smokers and in subjects with cancer do not differ from those in healthy nonsmokers. SCE patterns were normal in 69 chronic cigarette smokers, including 62 patients with untreated lung cancer. In three chronic smokers with lung cancer, high SCE levels were related to recent intravenous chemotherapy.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in the peripheral blood of cigarette smokers and in lung cancer patients; and the effect of chemotherapy. Peripheral blood sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates in chronic cigarette smokers and in subjects with cancer do not differ from those in healthy nonsmokers. SCE patterns were normal in 69 chronic cigarette smokers, including 62 patients with untreated lung cancer. In three chronic smokers with lung cancer, high SCE levels were related to recent intravenous chemotherapy.", "PMID": 730160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_189", "title": "Isozyme variations in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (e.c.1.2.1.3) in human tissues.", "content": "NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) of human tissues was investigated by electrophoresis and enzyme assay. ALDH is located mainly in the liver and kidney. The isozymes consist of at least six different components. Five different phenotypes were found in a total of 68 human liver and kidney specimens. It is likely that three isozyme sets are concerned in determining ALDH types. The distribution of various phenotypes of ALDH isozyme sets is presented.", "contents": "Isozyme variations in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (e.c.1.2.1.3) in human tissues. NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) of human tissues was investigated by electrophoresis and enzyme assay. ALDH is located mainly in the liver and kidney. The isozymes consist of at least six different components. Five different phenotypes were found in a total of 68 human liver and kidney specimens. It is likely that three isozyme sets are concerned in determining ALDH types. The distribution of various phenotypes of ALDH isozyme sets is presented.", "PMID": 730161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_190", "title": "Suppression of the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts by co-cultivation with Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The effect of co-cultivation of Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) on the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied. The results show that suppression of the frequency of SCEs in Bloom's syndrome cells occurs only if cell to cell contact is present with CHO cells, without any effect on the SCE frequency in the latter. It is suggested that possible genetic heterogeneity between different Bloom's syndrome patients can be studied using the method of co-cultivation.", "contents": "Suppression of the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts by co-cultivation with Chinese hamster cells. The effect of co-cultivation of Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) on the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied. The results show that suppression of the frequency of SCEs in Bloom's syndrome cells occurs only if cell to cell contact is present with CHO cells, without any effect on the SCE frequency in the latter. It is suggested that possible genetic heterogeneity between different Bloom's syndrome patients can be studied using the method of co-cultivation.", "PMID": 730162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_191", "title": "Partial monosomy of the short arm of chromosome 9: a distinct clinical entity.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9 is reported; karyotype: 46,XX,del(9)(p22). This syndrome results in a distinctive craniofacial dysmorphism with trigonocephaly and contrasting midfacial hypoplasia. Partial monosomy 9p was the result of a paternal de novo germinal deletion in this case.", "contents": "Partial monosomy of the short arm of chromosome 9: a distinct clinical entity. A 10-year-old girl with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9 is reported; karyotype: 46,XX,del(9)(p22). This syndrome results in a distinctive craniofacial dysmorphism with trigonocephaly and contrasting midfacial hypoplasia. Partial monosomy 9p was the result of a paternal de novo germinal deletion in this case.", "PMID": 730163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_192", "title": "Partial trisomy 18q in a newborn with typical 18 trisomy phenotype.", "content": "This paper describes a case of partial trisomy of almost the entire long arm of chromosome 18 in a newborn with classic trisomy-18 phenotype, resulting from a de novo unbalanced 181/21p translocation: karyotype: 46,XX,-21,t(18;21)(18qter leads to 18q11 ::21p12 leads to 21qter). A review of the other reported cases of partial trisomy 18 suggests that a critical segment in chromosome 18, corresponding to bands q11-q12, might be responsible for most of the signs of trisomy 18, including failure to thrive and early death.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 18q in a newborn with typical 18 trisomy phenotype. This paper describes a case of partial trisomy of almost the entire long arm of chromosome 18 in a newborn with classic trisomy-18 phenotype, resulting from a de novo unbalanced 181/21p translocation: karyotype: 46,XX,-21,t(18;21)(18qter leads to 18q11 ::21p12 leads to 21qter). A review of the other reported cases of partial trisomy 18 suggests that a critical segment in chromosome 18, corresponding to bands q11-q12, might be responsible for most of the signs of trisomy 18, including failure to thrive and early death.", "PMID": 730164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_193", "title": "Mosaicism for an additional partial chromosome 8: 46,XX/47,XX+der(8)(p21 leads to qter).", "content": "Report on mosaicism of an additional deleted chromosome 8 in a 12-year-old girl. She exhibits several typical but minor features of the trisomy-8 syndrome. Her IQ is 77 (Hawik).", "contents": "Mosaicism for an additional partial chromosome 8: 46,XX/47,XX+der(8)(p21 leads to qter). Report on mosaicism of an additional deleted chromosome 8 in a 12-year-old girl. She exhibits several typical but minor features of the trisomy-8 syndrome. Her IQ is 77 (Hawik).", "PMID": 730165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_194", "title": "18p-Mosaicism: case report and review.", "content": "The case of a 5-month-old male infant with 18p- mosaic, who has intractable seizures and severe ophthalmological abnormalities in addition to many clinical manifestations usually described in the 18p- syndrome, is reported. The proportions of abnormal cells are 7-8% in blood and 55% in skin. About 35% of the short arm of chromosome 18 is deleted. to our knowledge the present report is the fifth one of 18p-mosaic. The main interest of this case resides in the fact that it shows a serious clinical picture despite the low proportion of abnormal cells in blood and the small degree of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18.", "contents": "18p-Mosaicism: case report and review. The case of a 5-month-old male infant with 18p- mosaic, who has intractable seizures and severe ophthalmological abnormalities in addition to many clinical manifestations usually described in the 18p- syndrome, is reported. The proportions of abnormal cells are 7-8% in blood and 55% in skin. About 35% of the short arm of chromosome 18 is deleted. to our knowledge the present report is the fifth one of 18p-mosaic. The main interest of this case resides in the fact that it shows a serious clinical picture despite the low proportion of abnormal cells in blood and the small degree of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18.", "PMID": 730166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_195", "title": "[A case of bilateral retinoblastoma with monosomy 13 (q12 leads to 114) (author's transl)].", "content": "A partial monosomy 13 by interstitial deletion was found in the complement of a girl with mild mental retardation and bilateral retinoblastoma. Break points were at 13q12 and 13q14. After comparison with other known observations of retinoblastoma with deletion of chromosome 13, it is suggested that the deletion common to these patients may be band 13q14. The most likely pathogenic hypothesis seems to be the haplo-insufficiency.", "contents": "[A case of bilateral retinoblastoma with monosomy 13 (q12 leads to 114) (author's transl)]. A partial monosomy 13 by interstitial deletion was found in the complement of a girl with mild mental retardation and bilateral retinoblastoma. Break points were at 13q12 and 13q14. After comparison with other known observations of retinoblastoma with deletion of chromosome 13, it is suggested that the deletion common to these patients may be band 13q14. The most likely pathogenic hypothesis seems to be the haplo-insufficiency.", "PMID": 730167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_196", "title": "Partial trisomy of chromosome no. 1 in two adult brothers due to maternal translocation (1q--;6p+).", "content": "Extra chromosome material on the short arm of chromosome no. 6 (46,XY,6p+) was found in two  mentally retarded adult half-brothers with mildly dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal mother had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome no. 1 and the short arm of chromosome no. 6:46,XX,t(1;6)(q32;p25). Thus the two affected brothers were trisomic for the long arm segment of chromosome no. 1, distal to q 32. These patients, with mildly dysmorphic features and mental retardation, represent the first cases of partial trisomy 1q surviving to adult-hood. The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from eight individuals with partial trisomies for different long arm segments of chromosome no. 1 suggest that partial trisomy of the distal two-thirds of the long arm in characterized by severe malformations, growth retardation, and early death. Conversely, partial trisomy for the distal one-third of the long arm is associated with milder malformations and longer survival time as well as growth and mental retardation.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of chromosome no. 1 in two adult brothers due to maternal translocation (1q--;6p+). Extra chromosome material on the short arm of chromosome no. 6 (46,XY,6p+) was found in two  mentally retarded adult half-brothers with mildly dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal mother had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome no. 1 and the short arm of chromosome no. 6:46,XX,t(1;6)(q32;p25). Thus the two affected brothers were trisomic for the long arm segment of chromosome no. 1, distal to q 32. These patients, with mildly dysmorphic features and mental retardation, represent the first cases of partial trisomy 1q surviving to adult-hood. The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from eight individuals with partial trisomies for different long arm segments of chromosome no. 1 suggest that partial trisomy of the distal two-thirds of the long arm in characterized by severe malformations, growth retardation, and early death. Conversely, partial trisomy for the distal one-third of the long arm is associated with milder malformations and longer survival time as well as growth and mental retardation.", "PMID": 730168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_197", "title": "Mapping of the linkage group GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A--PGM3. 1. Recombination frequencies.", "content": "This study confirms close linkage for the GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A complex, and proves linkage between the MHC loci and PGM3. For GLO--PGM3 and Bf--PGM3, respectively, loose linkage seems to be likely, and close linkage can be excluded. Our mapping data on chromosome 6 favor the hypothesis that the PGM3 locus is situated on the HLA-A side of the MHC complex. Yet fine-structure mapping should be confirmed only by segregation analyses in crossover families by testing simultaneously all of the relevant marker loci within uniform family material.", "contents": "Mapping of the linkage group GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A--PGM3. 1. Recombination frequencies. This study confirms close linkage for the GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A complex, and proves linkage between the MHC loci and PGM3. For GLO--PGM3 and Bf--PGM3, respectively, loose linkage seems to be likely, and close linkage can be excluded. Our mapping data on chromosome 6 favor the hypothesis that the PGM3 locus is situated on the HLA-A side of the MHC complex. Yet fine-structure mapping should be confirmed only by segregation analyses in crossover families by testing simultaneously all of the relevant marker loci within uniform family material.", "PMID": 730169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_198", "title": "Mapping of the linkage group GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A--PGM3. 2. Segregation analysis.", "content": "Segregation analysis of informative families for chromosome 6 markers confirmed the map order GLO--Bf--HLA-(B, C)--HLA-A, and, surprisingly, implies that PGM3 is more probably located on the HLA-A than on the HLA-B side of the linkage group. Therefore the map position of PGM3 should be reconsidered, i.e., more informative families should be tested for all the relevant marker loci available.", "contents": "Mapping of the linkage group GLO--Bf--HLA-B,C,A--PGM3. 2. Segregation analysis. Segregation analysis of informative families for chromosome 6 markers confirmed the map order GLO--Bf--HLA-(B, C)--HLA-A, and, surprisingly, implies that PGM3 is more probably located on the HLA-A than on the HLA-B side of the linkage group. Therefore the map position of PGM3 should be reconsidered, i.e., more informative families should be tested for all the relevant marker loci available.", "PMID": 730170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_199", "title": "Organization in vitro of ovarian cells into testicular structures.", "content": "While it has been shown previously (Zenzes et al., 1978; Ohno et al., 1978) that when dissociated testicular cells are exposed to anti H-Y antiserum in vitro they are prevented from reorganizing into testicular structures, forming ovarian follicular structures instead, the most conclusive evidence for the action of H-Y antigen would be the conversion of ovarian cells into testicular organization. Testing for H-Y antigen of the medium collected from cultivated testicular cells revealed a positive reaction. Dissociated ovarian cells of newborn rats cultivated in this medium reorganize into testicular structures. It is concluded that H-Y antigen is responsible for this histomorphologic change.", "contents": "Organization in vitro of ovarian cells into testicular structures. While it has been shown previously (Zenzes et al., 1978; Ohno et al., 1978) that when dissociated testicular cells are exposed to anti H-Y antiserum in vitro they are prevented from reorganizing into testicular structures, forming ovarian follicular structures instead, the most conclusive evidence for the action of H-Y antigen would be the conversion of ovarian cells into testicular organization. Testing for H-Y antigen of the medium collected from cultivated testicular cells revealed a positive reaction. Dissociated ovarian cells of newborn rats cultivated in this medium reorganize into testicular structures. It is concluded that H-Y antigen is responsible for this histomorphologic change.", "PMID": 730171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_200", "title": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin variants among ten endogamous groups of Maharshtra and West Bengal.", "content": "Over 900 individuals from ten endogamous groups in the Indian states of Maharashtra and West Bengal were studied for G-6-PD deficiency and haemoglobin variants. The incidence of G-6-PD varied from nil to 17.3%, while that of Hb-S varied from nil to 22.3%. In general, the tribal populations of Maharashtra are characterized by the presence of a high incidence of both Hb-S and G-6-PD deficiency. The caste Hindus showed an absence of Hb-S and rather low G-6-PD deficiency. Immigrant Parsis possessed the highest incidence of G-6-PD deficiency (17.3%).", "contents": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin variants among ten endogamous groups of Maharshtra and West Bengal. Over 900 individuals from ten endogamous groups in the Indian states of Maharashtra and West Bengal were studied for G-6-PD deficiency and haemoglobin variants. The incidence of G-6-PD varied from nil to 17.3%, while that of Hb-S varied from nil to 22.3%. In general, the tribal populations of Maharashtra are characterized by the presence of a high incidence of both Hb-S and G-6-PD deficiency. The caste Hindus showed an absence of Hb-S and rather low G-6-PD deficiency. Immigrant Parsis possessed the highest incidence of G-6-PD deficiency (17.3%).", "PMID": 730172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_201", "title": "Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 46,XX,del(7)(pter leads to q2200::q3200 leads to qter).", "content": "A newborn girl with multiple anomalies had an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (46, XX,der(7)mat). The patient's mother and maternal grandmother were carriers of a balanced translocation, 46,XX, inv ins(5;7)(q14;q3200q2200). Both cytogenetic and clinical findings were similar to those in the two cases already described.", "contents": "Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 46,XX,del(7)(pter leads to q2200::q3200 leads to qter). A newborn girl with multiple anomalies had an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (46, XX,der(7)mat). The patient's mother and maternal grandmother were carriers of a balanced translocation, 46,XX, inv ins(5;7)(q14;q3200q2200). Both cytogenetic and clinical findings were similar to those in the two cases already described.", "PMID": 730173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_202", "title": "Unusual in vivo rearrangements of the Y chromosome with mitotic instability in vitro.", "content": "An unusual structural rearrangement of the Y chromosome resulting in seven different cell lines was found in a male infant with coronal synostosis as the only major clinical symptom. At least three different events must have occurred to explain the patient's karyotype: nondisjunction, chromosome breakage followed by translocation, and tetraploidization followed by somatic recombination. In addition, the structurally abnormal Y chromosome appeared to be unstable in vitro.", "contents": "Unusual in vivo rearrangements of the Y chromosome with mitotic instability in vitro. An unusual structural rearrangement of the Y chromosome resulting in seven different cell lines was found in a male infant with coronal synostosis as the only major clinical symptom. At least three different events must have occurred to explain the patient's karyotype: nondisjunction, chromosome breakage followed by translocation, and tetraploidization followed by somatic recombination. In addition, the structurally abnormal Y chromosome appeared to be unstable in vitro.", "PMID": 730174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_203", "title": "Regional mapping of the gene for human lysosomal acid phosphatase (ACP2) using a hybrid clone panel containing segments of human chromosome 11.", "content": "A clone panel containing various segments of human chromosome 11 has been selected and use for regional assignment of the gene for human lysosomal acid phosphatase (ACP2) to the short arm of chromosome 11, in the region 11p11 leads to 11p12. Further evidence has also been presented to update the regional assignment of the gene for lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to 11p12 leads to 11p13, and to support a previous assignment of the genes for the two components of the human cell-surface antigens of the SA11 (previously designated AL) group, SA11-1 and SA11-3 (previously designated AL-a1 and AL-a3), to 11pter leads to 11p13. This regional clone panel will be useful for rapid regional mapping of other genes assigned to chromosome 11.", "contents": "Regional mapping of the gene for human lysosomal acid phosphatase (ACP2) using a hybrid clone panel containing segments of human chromosome 11. A clone panel containing various segments of human chromosome 11 has been selected and use for regional assignment of the gene for human lysosomal acid phosphatase (ACP2) to the short arm of chromosome 11, in the region 11p11 leads to 11p12. Further evidence has also been presented to update the regional assignment of the gene for lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to 11p12 leads to 11p13, and to support a previous assignment of the genes for the two components of the human cell-surface antigens of the SA11 (previously designated AL) group, SA11-1 and SA11-3 (previously designated AL-a1 and AL-a3), to 11pter leads to 11p13. This regional clone panel will be useful for rapid regional mapping of other genes assigned to chromosome 11.", "PMID": 730175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_204", "title": "Mosaicism in XX males.", "content": "Three males with a 46,XX karyotype are described. In two of them, evidence of a Y-containing line was found. In the first case, 1 of 500 lymphocyte metaphases was 48,XXY. In the second, 1 of 400 oral mucosa cells contained a Y body. The proportion of low-grade XX/XXY mosaics found among XX males now stands at about 17%.", "contents": "Mosaicism in XX males. Three males with a 46,XX karyotype are described. In two of them, evidence of a Y-containing line was found. In the first case, 1 of 500 lymphocyte metaphases was 48,XXY. In the second, 1 of 400 oral mucosa cells contained a Y body. The proportion of low-grade XX/XXY mosaics found among XX males now stands at about 17%.", "PMID": 730176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_205", "title": "Rapidly adhering cells in two cases of anencephaly.", "content": "We report the successful use of a new method described by Gosden and Brock (1977) in two cases of anencephaly; according to this method 'rapidly adhering cells' are identified as neural cells of a specific morphology. Although the original method described adherence of cells during the first 20 h, we were able to identify a considerable number of such cells after a delay of three days due to mailing of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Rapidly adhering cells in two cases of anencephaly. We report the successful use of a new method described by Gosden and Brock (1977) in two cases of anencephaly; according to this method 'rapidly adhering cells' are identified as neural cells of a specific morphology. Although the original method described adherence of cells during the first 20 h, we were able to identify a considerable number of such cells after a delay of three days due to mailing of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 730177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_206", "title": "Three new electrophoretically normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia found in Japan: G6PD Ogikubo, Yokohama, and Akita.", "content": "Three new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants, which showed electrophoretically normal mobility and were associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, were found in Japan. G6PD Ogikubo, found in a 17-year-old male whose red cells contained 3% of normal enzyme activity, had normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, normal utilization of deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and a normal pH curve. G6PD Yokohama, characterized from a 15-year-old male, had 1.9% of normal enzyme activity, normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, low Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and normal pH curve. G6PD Akita, characterized from a 56-year-old male, had an undetectably low activity when hemolysate was examined, normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, normal Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and normal pH curve. The degree of hemolytic anemia was moderate to mild in all three patients.", "contents": "Three new electrophoretically normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia found in Japan: G6PD Ogikubo, Yokohama, and Akita. Three new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants, which showed electrophoretically normal mobility and were associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, were found in Japan. G6PD Ogikubo, found in a 17-year-old male whose red cells contained 3% of normal enzyme activity, had normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, normal utilization of deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and a normal pH curve. G6PD Yokohama, characterized from a 15-year-old male, had 1.9% of normal enzyme activity, normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, low Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and normal pH curve. G6PD Akita, characterized from a 56-year-old male, had an undetectably low activity when hemolysate was examined, normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, normal Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NADP, decreased heat stability, and normal pH curve. The degree of hemolytic anemia was moderate to mild in all three patients.", "PMID": 730178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_207", "title": "Deficiency of DNA ligase activity in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "A significant decrease in DNA ligase activity was observed in lymphocytes and fibroblasts of a patient with Fanconi's anemia (FA). This decrease is related to the observed DNA repair deficiency indicated by the delayed closing of repair DNA strands following UV irradiation. Other steps of DNA repair were analyzed in the FA fibroblasts, including endonucleolytic incision of DNA, repair DNA synthesis, and exonucleolytic removal of the photoproducts. No differences were found against control cells. The action of DNA ligase is delayed during replication in the FA cells, as seen by an accumulation of replicative intermediates.", "contents": "Deficiency of DNA ligase activity in Fanconi's anemia. A significant decrease in DNA ligase activity was observed in lymphocytes and fibroblasts of a patient with Fanconi's anemia (FA). This decrease is related to the observed DNA repair deficiency indicated by the delayed closing of repair DNA strands following UV irradiation. Other steps of DNA repair were analyzed in the FA fibroblasts, including endonucleolytic incision of DNA, repair DNA synthesis, and exonucleolytic removal of the photoproducts. No differences were found against control cells. The action of DNA ligase is delayed during replication in the FA cells, as seen by an accumulation of replicative intermediates.", "PMID": 730179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_208", "title": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the mentally retarded. II. C-band chromosome heteromorphisms.", "content": "Heteromorphisms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were studied by C-banding in a population of 403 mentally retarded individuals from diverse ethnic groups. A significant difference in the distribution of heteromorphisms was found among the different racial groups. The Orientals had a larger C-band on chromosome 1 and a smaller C-band on chromosome 9 than the other racial groups while the Caucasians had a larger C-band on chromosome 9. The Oriental group also had a significantly greater proportion of inverted C-bands. No differences were found in the distribution of C-band heteromorphisms among different etiologic categories of mental retardation.", "contents": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the mentally retarded. II. C-band chromosome heteromorphisms. Heteromorphisms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were studied by C-banding in a population of 403 mentally retarded individuals from diverse ethnic groups. A significant difference in the distribution of heteromorphisms was found among the different racial groups. The Orientals had a larger C-band on chromosome 1 and a smaller C-band on chromosome 9 than the other racial groups while the Caucasians had a larger C-band on chromosome 9. The Oriental group also had a significantly greater proportion of inverted C-bands. No differences were found in the distribution of C-band heteromorphisms among different etiologic categories of mental retardation.", "PMID": 730180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_209", "title": "The problem of partial endoreduplication.", "content": "Partial endoreduplication (PE) as defined by Lejeune et al. (1966) has only been found in a few instances. Similar configurations, also called PEs, seem to originate from a different process. A series of 12 PEs is presented in this paper, discovered in metaphases from healthy individuals, and in patients with or without chromosome-breakage syndrome and after treatment with chromosome-breaking agents. Interpretations of the microscopic appearance of each configuration led to the conclusion that there are three different modes of origin for such rare events, one being true partial endoreduplication, the second a partial pseudoendoreduplication, and the third a homologous triradial chromatid translocation.", "contents": "The problem of partial endoreduplication. Partial endoreduplication (PE) as defined by Lejeune et al. (1966) has only been found in a few instances. Similar configurations, also called PEs, seem to originate from a different process. A series of 12 PEs is presented in this paper, discovered in metaphases from healthy individuals, and in patients with or without chromosome-breakage syndrome and after treatment with chromosome-breaking agents. Interpretations of the microscopic appearance of each configuration led to the conclusion that there are three different modes of origin for such rare events, one being true partial endoreduplication, the second a partial pseudoendoreduplication, and the third a homologous triradial chromatid translocation.", "PMID": 730181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_210", "title": "Gene dosage effect for human triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in partial trisomy 12p13 and trisomy 18p.", "content": "An 8-year-old girl with profound mental retardation and a neurologic syndrome associated with morphologic abnormalities was found to have a supernumerary small submetacentric chromosome. Several members of her family carried a balanced translocation t(12;18)(p12;q11), and the child's karyotype could be explained by 3:1 maternal segregation (tertiary trisomy). The proband was trisomic for 12p13 and 18p. A gene dosage effect was demonstrated for triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in erythrocytes and leukocytes allowing us to assign the corresponding loci to the tip of the chromosome 12 short arm.", "contents": "Gene dosage effect for human triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in partial trisomy 12p13 and trisomy 18p. An 8-year-old girl with profound mental retardation and a neurologic syndrome associated with morphologic abnormalities was found to have a supernumerary small submetacentric chromosome. Several members of her family carried a balanced translocation t(12;18)(p12;q11), and the child's karyotype could be explained by 3:1 maternal segregation (tertiary trisomy). The proband was trisomic for 12p13 and 18p. A gene dosage effect was demonstrated for triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in erythrocytes and leukocytes allowing us to assign the corresponding loci to the tip of the chromosome 12 short arm.", "PMID": 730182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_211", "title": "Brother and sister with trisomy 10p. 46,XY,(22p+)mat; 46,XX,(22p+)mat.", "content": "Since the usefulness of chromosome differential banding techniques has become fully established, several descriptions of chromosome 10 short arm trisomy have been published (Schleiermacher et al., 1974; Roux et al., 1974; Cantu et al., 1975; Grosse et al., 1975; Moric-Petrovic et al., 1976; Turleau et al., 1976; Johnson et al., 1977; Yunis and Lewandowski, 1977). The present report deals with a mother who is a carrier of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 22 and 10, which has resulted in two children with a 10p trisomy.", "contents": "Brother and sister with trisomy 10p. 46,XY,(22p+)mat; 46,XX,(22p+)mat. Since the usefulness of chromosome differential banding techniques has become fully established, several descriptions of chromosome 10 short arm trisomy have been published (Schleiermacher et al., 1974; Roux et al., 1974; Cantu et al., 1975; Grosse et al., 1975; Moric-Petrovic et al., 1976; Turleau et al., 1976; Johnson et al., 1977; Yunis and Lewandowski, 1977). The present report deals with a mother who is a carrier of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 22 and 10, which has resulted in two children with a 10p trisomy.", "PMID": 730183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_212", "title": "GLO polymorphism in two Polish population samples.", "content": "The red cell GLO phenotypes were determined in two Polish population samples. A total of 1310 people from the region of Lublin (Southeastern Poland, n = 797) and Wroc\u0142aw (Southwestern Poland, n = 513) were investigated. The gene frequencies were calculated for GLO1 (= 0.4427) and GLO2 (= 0.5573). The evaluation of 372 mother-child pairs showed no deviation from a hereditary hypothesis.", "contents": "GLO polymorphism in two Polish population samples. The red cell GLO phenotypes were determined in two Polish population samples. A total of 1310 people from the region of Lublin (Southeastern Poland, n = 797) and Wroc\u0142aw (Southwestern Poland, n = 513) were investigated. The gene frequencies were calculated for GLO1 (= 0.4427) and GLO2 (= 0.5573). The evaluation of 372 mother-child pairs showed no deviation from a hereditary hypothesis.", "PMID": 730184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_213", "title": "A new rare phenotype of glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein.", "content": "A rare phenotype of serum glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein was found in a healthy Swiss woman. The rare gene product was also observed in three of her four sons.", "contents": "A new rare phenotype of glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein. A rare phenotype of serum glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein was found in a healthy Swiss woman. The rare gene product was also observed in three of her four sons.", "PMID": 730185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_214", "title": "Partial trisomies 13 and 22 due to nondisjunction of a maternal reciprocal translocation, t(13;22)(q22;q11).", "content": "A family is reported in which the propositus has an extra G-like chromosome with an unusual G-banding pattern. Cytogenetic family studies showed that the mother is a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(13;22), which does not affect the size and morphology of the chromosomes involved. The propositus has a 47,XY,+der(22),t(13;22)(q22;q11) karyotype and is therefore partially trisomic for the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 13 and for a very small part of chromosome 22. The clinical findings are presented and compared with those of other reported cases of partial trisomies 13 and 22.", "contents": "Partial trisomies 13 and 22 due to nondisjunction of a maternal reciprocal translocation, t(13;22)(q22;q11). A family is reported in which the propositus has an extra G-like chromosome with an unusual G-banding pattern. Cytogenetic family studies showed that the mother is a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(13;22), which does not affect the size and morphology of the chromosomes involved. The propositus has a 47,XY,+der(22),t(13;22)(q22;q11) karyotype and is therefore partially trisomic for the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 13 and for a very small part of chromosome 22. The clinical findings are presented and compared with those of other reported cases of partial trisomies 13 and 22.", "PMID": 730186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_215", "title": "The problem of partial trisomy 22 reconsidered.", "content": "A patient with partial trisomy 22(PT22) is presented. Inheritance is presumed to be due to secondary nondisjunction in her mother, who has a balanced translocation t(11;22)(q25;q13). The problem of the phenotypic heterogeneity observed with this chromosome change is discussed.", "contents": "The problem of partial trisomy 22 reconsidered. A patient with partial trisomy 22(PT22) is presented. Inheritance is presumed to be due to secondary nondisjunction in her mother, who has a balanced translocation t(11;22)(q25;q13). The problem of the phenotypic heterogeneity observed with this chromosome change is discussed.", "PMID": 730187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_216", "title": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents in Tunisia: clinical aspects and the paraneoplastic syndrome.", "content": "Of 485 cases of NPC collected from the files of our institute between March 1969 and December 1974, 82 (17%) were in children and adolescents (0--19 years old). This relatively high frequency of NPC in young people was not suggested by reports from high-incidence areas (Southern China, for example) but appears to be a characteristic feature of areas of intermediate incidence (Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Tunisia). NPC is the tumour that occurs most frequently in young people between 1 and 20 years old in Tunisia, showing a peak in those 16 years of age. The male:female sex ratio was 3:1. Advanced stages of the disease occured frequently; no clinical anomalies were noted in this age group. The 'nasopharyngeal' type of carcinoma was the histological form seen most frequently; poorly-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas were not uncommon; and well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas were not seen in this series. The five-year survival rate was 32.5% for children and only 20% for adults. This can perhaps be explained by the fact that the 'nasopharyngeal' type of tumour has a better prognosis than other histological types, and, compared to adults, younger patients more frequently have distant metastases (37%) than local recurrences (18.5%). A paraneoplastic syndrome, consisting of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy with occasional generalized lowering of pituitary function, was seen in 12 of the patients. This syndrome has been described only in children, and no cases were found in our series of adult NPC patients. Epidemiological, clinical and histological aspects suggest that NPC in young people is different from that found in adults.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents in Tunisia: clinical aspects and the paraneoplastic syndrome. Of 485 cases of NPC collected from the files of our institute between March 1969 and December 1974, 82 (17%) were in children and adolescents (0--19 years old). This relatively high frequency of NPC in young people was not suggested by reports from high-incidence areas (Southern China, for example) but appears to be a characteristic feature of areas of intermediate incidence (Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Tunisia). NPC is the tumour that occurs most frequently in young people between 1 and 20 years old in Tunisia, showing a peak in those 16 years of age. The male:female sex ratio was 3:1. Advanced stages of the disease occured frequently; no clinical anomalies were noted in this age group. The 'nasopharyngeal' type of carcinoma was the histological form seen most frequently; poorly-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas were not uncommon; and well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas were not seen in this series. The five-year survival rate was 32.5% for children and only 20% for adults. This can perhaps be explained by the fact that the 'nasopharyngeal' type of tumour has a better prognosis than other histological types, and, compared to adults, younger patients more frequently have distant metastases (37%) than local recurrences (18.5%). A paraneoplastic syndrome, consisting of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy with occasional generalized lowering of pituitary function, was seen in 12 of the patients. This syndrome has been described only in children, and no cases were found in our series of adult NPC patients. Epidemiological, clinical and histological aspects suggest that NPC in young people is different from that found in adults.", "PMID": 730188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_217", "title": "Variations in nasopharyngeal cancer incidence among specific Chinese communities (dialect groups) in Singapore.", "content": "A total of 729 cases of NPC (93.6% confirmed histologically) were diagnosed among the Singapore Chinese population during a five-year period (1968--1972). Age-standardized incidence rates for the total Chinese population were 18.4 per 100,000 per year for males and 7.0 for females; the respective rates for the specific Chinese communities were 14.1 and 4.7 for Hokkien, 18.3 and 6.2 for Teochew, 29.1 and 11.0 for Cantonese, 14.2 and 3.3 for Hainanese, 12.6 and 4.8 for Hakka and 12.2 and 6.0 for the other dialect groups. It is evident that all of the Chinese communities in Singapore have high risks for NPC; only the Cantonese have risks significantly higher than that for the rest of the Chinese population. NPC incidence rates for males and females of the other major racial groups in Singapore were 4.7 and 0.6 for Malays and 0.9 and 0.0 for Indians, respectively.", "contents": "Variations in nasopharyngeal cancer incidence among specific Chinese communities (dialect groups) in Singapore. A total of 729 cases of NPC (93.6% confirmed histologically) were diagnosed among the Singapore Chinese population during a five-year period (1968--1972). Age-standardized incidence rates for the total Chinese population were 18.4 per 100,000 per year for males and 7.0 for females; the respective rates for the specific Chinese communities were 14.1 and 4.7 for Hokkien, 18.3 and 6.2 for Teochew, 29.1 and 11.0 for Cantonese, 14.2 and 3.3 for Hainanese, 12.6 and 4.8 for Hakka and 12.2 and 6.0 for the other dialect groups. It is evident that all of the Chinese communities in Singapore have high risks for NPC; only the Cantonese have risks significantly higher than that for the rest of the Chinese population. NPC incidence rates for males and females of the other major racial groups in Singapore were 4.7 and 0.6 for Malays and 0.9 and 0.0 for Indians, respectively.", "PMID": 730189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_218", "title": "Etiological factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a hospital-based, retrospective, case-control, questionnaire study.", "content": "A total of 379 Singapore Chinese patients with NPC were interviewed by use of a questionnaire covering the following items: occupation, level of education, language medium of education, personal and family history of nasal illnesses, types of medicines used, use of Chinese medicines for the nose and throat, use of soya sauce, Chinese tea, cooling drinks and alcohol, cigarette smoking (number and duration), cooking fuels and use of incense (frequency and duration) and of anti-mosquito coils. The same questionnaire was given to two groups of controls: 595 patients with diseases of the ear, nose and throat other than NPC and 1 044 patients with diseases other than cancer or otorhinolaryngeal disease. NPC patients differed significantly from both groups of controls in that they showed stronger associations with personal history of nasal illnesses, family history of nasal illnesses, use of Chinese medicines for the nose and throat and exposure to smoke from anti-mosquito coils.", "contents": "Etiological factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a hospital-based, retrospective, case-control, questionnaire study. A total of 379 Singapore Chinese patients with NPC were interviewed by use of a questionnaire covering the following items: occupation, level of education, language medium of education, personal and family history of nasal illnesses, types of medicines used, use of Chinese medicines for the nose and throat, use of soya sauce, Chinese tea, cooling drinks and alcohol, cigarette smoking (number and duration), cooking fuels and use of incense (frequency and duration) and of anti-mosquito coils. The same questionnaire was given to two groups of controls: 595 patients with diseases of the ear, nose and throat other than NPC and 1 044 patients with diseases other than cancer or otorhinolaryngeal disease. NPC patients differed significantly from both groups of controls in that they showed stronger associations with personal history of nasal illnesses, family history of nasal illnesses, use of Chinese medicines for the nose and throat and exposure to smoke from anti-mosquito coils.", "PMID": 730190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_219", "title": "Environmental factors in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report on a case-control study in Hong Kong.", "content": "A case-control study was undertaken of Cantonese NPC patients hospitalized in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong. One age- and sex-matched control was selected for each NPC case from hospitalized patients with cancers other than NPC. A total of 150 NPC patients and 150 controls were interviewed in order to compare the two groups with respect to socio-economic status, dietary habits and health status. In addition to the individual patients and controls, healthy members of their respective households were also interviewed, in order to obtain information not influenced by the experience of having cancer. Weaning habits were compared in the households of NPC patients and those of controls by asking women who had ever breast fed a child about food supplements they had given to the baby during, and immediately after, weaning. The following factors were found to be positively associated with NPC: (1) belonging to the four lowest occupational classes; (2) practicing Buddhism or ancestor worship and having religious altars in the house; and (3) having a history of previous illnesses of the ear or nose after the age of 15 years. The following factors were found to be negatively associated with NPC: (1) eating of bread; (2) eating of tinned food; and (3) use of spices. The study of weaning habits disclosed that salted fish was given to babies just after weaning more often in households with an NPC case than in control households. A multivariate analysis showed that traditional lifestyle and the consumption of salted fish during weaning are independent risk factors for NPC. This analysis also revealed that two or three of the many expressions of a traditional lifestyle included in the study could account for the total increase in NPC risk associated with this way of life, although it is quite possible that other, as yet unidentified, factors are just as important.", "contents": "Environmental factors in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report on a case-control study in Hong Kong. A case-control study was undertaken of Cantonese NPC patients hospitalized in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong. One age- and sex-matched control was selected for each NPC case from hospitalized patients with cancers other than NPC. A total of 150 NPC patients and 150 controls were interviewed in order to compare the two groups with respect to socio-economic status, dietary habits and health status. In addition to the individual patients and controls, healthy members of their respective households were also interviewed, in order to obtain information not influenced by the experience of having cancer. Weaning habits were compared in the households of NPC patients and those of controls by asking women who had ever breast fed a child about food supplements they had given to the baby during, and immediately after, weaning. The following factors were found to be positively associated with NPC: (1) belonging to the four lowest occupational classes; (2) practicing Buddhism or ancestor worship and having religious altars in the house; and (3) having a history of previous illnesses of the ear or nose after the age of 15 years. The following factors were found to be negatively associated with NPC: (1) eating of bread; (2) eating of tinned food; and (3) use of spices. The study of weaning habits disclosed that salted fish was given to babies just after weaning more often in households with an NPC case than in control households. A multivariate analysis showed that traditional lifestyle and the consumption of salted fish during weaning are independent risk factors for NPC. This analysis also revealed that two or three of the many expressions of a traditional lifestyle included in the study could account for the total increase in NPC risk associated with this way of life, although it is quite possible that other, as yet unidentified, factors are just as important.", "PMID": 730191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_220", "title": "Epidemiology of malignant tumours of the nasopharynx in France: retrospective and prospective studies.", "content": "Certain epidemiological conclusions have been drawn from a retrospective study of 509 cases of NPC treated in France. NPC was found to represent 3% of cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts and 80% of nasopharyngeal malignancies in adults; 30% are squamous-cell carcinomas. The sex ratio was found to be 3:1. Less than 50% of cases occur in natives of France. A prospective study initiated by the Institut Gustave Roussy lead to the collection of data on 133 new cases of NPC treated in France in 1975 and 1976. The annual rate of NPC in France is about 0.3/100,000. A number of factors set apart well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas from other forms of NPC: sex ratio (20:1), age of patients, geographic origin and the use of tobacco were similar to those seen in cases of epidermoid carcinomas of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.", "contents": "Epidemiology of malignant tumours of the nasopharynx in France: retrospective and prospective studies. Certain epidemiological conclusions have been drawn from a retrospective study of 509 cases of NPC treated in France. NPC was found to represent 3% of cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts and 80% of nasopharyngeal malignancies in adults; 30% are squamous-cell carcinomas. The sex ratio was found to be 3:1. Less than 50% of cases occur in natives of France. A prospective study initiated by the Institut Gustave Roussy lead to the collection of data on 133 new cases of NPC treated in France in 1975 and 1976. The annual rate of NPC in France is about 0.3/100,000. A number of factors set apart well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas from other forms of NPC: sex ratio (20:1), age of patients, geographic origin and the use of tobacco were similar to those seen in cases of epidermoid carcinomas of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.", "PMID": 730192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_221", "title": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "New data are presented concerning the relationship between NPC and HLA antigens among Chinese. When attention is confined to newly diagnosed cases, it can be shown that, apart from the increased risk associated with the joint occurrence of A2 and B-Sin 2, there is also an increased risk associated with BW17 and a decrease in risk associated with A11. Among long-term survivors, however, BW17 is appreciably decreased, whereas A2 in the absence of B-Sin 2 or BW17 is increased. Among Malays, a non-Chinese group, there is an excess among NPC patients of a locus A blank, a blank which is probably associated with the AW19 complex.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and histocompatibility antigens. New data are presented concerning the relationship between NPC and HLA antigens among Chinese. When attention is confined to newly diagnosed cases, it can be shown that, apart from the increased risk associated with the joint occurrence of A2 and B-Sin 2, there is also an increased risk associated with BW17 and a decrease in risk associated with A11. Among long-term survivors, however, BW17 is appreciably decreased, whereas A2 in the absence of B-Sin 2 or BW17 is increased. Among Malays, a non-Chinese group, there is an excess among NPC patients of a locus A blank, a blank which is probably associated with the AW19 complex.", "PMID": 730194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_222", "title": "Genetic components in susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "A series of blood samples from more than 200 histologically confirmed Chinese patients with NPC in Singapore were typed for 25 genetically controlled red-cell enzyme and five serum protein systems. A comparable number of patients suspected of having NPC but histologically negative and a series of healthy unrelated Chinese were typed for the same systems. The gene frequencies of NPC patients and controls differed by 4% or more in four of the 11 systems that showed variation; a further system, G6PD deficiency, also showed a significant difference between the two series but was excluded because of possible unreliability of the results from patients. Smaller differences existed in several other systems, including chromosome 6 markers closely linked to HLA. An analysis of differences within dialect groups showed a consistent effect for PGD, but for red-cell acid phosphatase there was a reversal of the difference between patients and controls among the Cantonese. These results need a larger series to confirm their validity. A breakdown of patients into those 30 years of age or older and those under 30 slightly enhanced the differences in gene frequencies. A multivariate analysis, using genetic distance statistics, showed a significant difference between NPC patients and controls, which is evident also when they are compared in the separate dialect groups. The histologically negative patients occupied an intermediate position. The study indicates that etiological factors resulting in clinically and histologically confirmed NPC operate on a genetically distinct subpopulation of Chinese in Singapore.", "contents": "Genetic components in susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A series of blood samples from more than 200 histologically confirmed Chinese patients with NPC in Singapore were typed for 25 genetically controlled red-cell enzyme and five serum protein systems. A comparable number of patients suspected of having NPC but histologically negative and a series of healthy unrelated Chinese were typed for the same systems. The gene frequencies of NPC patients and controls differed by 4% or more in four of the 11 systems that showed variation; a further system, G6PD deficiency, also showed a significant difference between the two series but was excluded because of possible unreliability of the results from patients. Smaller differences existed in several other systems, including chromosome 6 markers closely linked to HLA. An analysis of differences within dialect groups showed a consistent effect for PGD, but for red-cell acid phosphatase there was a reversal of the difference between patients and controls among the Cantonese. These results need a larger series to confirm their validity. A breakdown of patients into those 30 years of age or older and those under 30 slightly enhanced the differences in gene frequencies. A multivariate analysis, using genetic distance statistics, showed a significant difference between NPC patients and controls, which is evident also when they are compared in the separate dialect groups. The histologically negative patients occupied an intermediate position. The study indicates that etiological factors resulting in clinically and histologically confirmed NPC operate on a genetically distinct subpopulation of Chinese in Singapore.", "PMID": 730195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_223", "title": "Cytogenetic observations on the malignant epithelial cells and infiltrating lymphocytes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Because of the presence of a No 14 chromosome marker abnormality in EB virus-carrying cells from African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) but not from other origins, and the association of EB virus with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) as well as BL, both the malignant epithelial cells and the non-malignant lymphoid cells of NPC have been investigated cytogenetically. Chromosome spreads from seven NPC-derived lymphoblastoid lines were examined after banding; five lines were diploid and two were tetraploid. No consistent no. 14 chromosome abnormalities were found. Apart from a secondary constriction near the centromere of both no. 1 chromosomes in all cells of one diploid line, no consistent significant abnormalities were seen. Five NPC tumours, freed of infiltrating lymphoid cells by passage through nude mice, were similarly examined after spindle arrest in vivo. Two tumours were near-diploid, and three were hypo-tetraploid. Near-diploid cells had only minor chromosomal changes, but the hypotetraploid spreads from all tumours showed gross changes  of uncertain origin, including frequent, major translocations. No. 14 chromosome marker changes were not seen, and there was no other consistent pattern of abnormality in tumour cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic observations on the malignant epithelial cells and infiltrating lymphocytes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Because of the presence of a No 14 chromosome marker abnormality in EB virus-carrying cells from African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) but not from other origins, and the association of EB virus with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) as well as BL, both the malignant epithelial cells and the non-malignant lymphoid cells of NPC have been investigated cytogenetically. Chromosome spreads from seven NPC-derived lymphoblastoid lines were examined after banding; five lines were diploid and two were tetraploid. No consistent no. 14 chromosome abnormalities were found. Apart from a secondary constriction near the centromere of both no. 1 chromosomes in all cells of one diploid line, no consistent significant abnormalities were seen. Five NPC tumours, freed of infiltrating lymphoid cells by passage through nude mice, were similarly examined after spindle arrest in vivo. Two tumours were near-diploid, and three were hypo-tetraploid. Near-diploid cells had only minor chromosomal changes, but the hypotetraploid spreads from all tumours showed gross changes  of uncertain origin, including frequent, major translocations. No. 14 chromosome marker changes were not seen, and there was no other consistent pattern of abnormality in tumour cells.", "PMID": 730196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_224", "title": "Carcinoma of the nasal and paranasal regions in rats fed Cantonese salted marine fish.", "content": "Cantonese salted fish is suspected on epidemiological grounds to be an etiological factor in human NPC. To determine whether this food contains a carcinogen which acts on the upper respiratory epithelial lining, WA albino rats and Syrian golden hamsters were given Cantonese salted fish in their diet for one to two years from the age of one month and examined for tumours in that area. Three of 20 treated rats, but no control rats and no treated or control hamsters, developed carcinomas (two adenocarcinomas and one undifferentiated) in the nasal or paranasal sinus cavities after 12 to 24 months' treatment. NDEA was given orally to a similar group of animals as a positive control, and NDMA, the only volatile nitrosamine detected in salted fish, was added to the drinking-water of a third group. Three of 14 NDEA-treated rats developed adenocarcinomas in the nasal cavities, but none of the other animals developed nasal or paranasal tumours. These findings lead us to suspect that salted fish may contain a carcinogen or procarcinogen that can act systematically on the epithelial cells of the nasal and paranasal cavities.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the nasal and paranasal regions in rats fed Cantonese salted marine fish. Cantonese salted fish is suspected on epidemiological grounds to be an etiological factor in human NPC. To determine whether this food contains a carcinogen which acts on the upper respiratory epithelial lining, WA albino rats and Syrian golden hamsters were given Cantonese salted fish in their diet for one to two years from the age of one month and examined for tumours in that area. Three of 20 treated rats, but no control rats and no treated or control hamsters, developed carcinomas (two adenocarcinomas and one undifferentiated) in the nasal or paranasal sinus cavities after 12 to 24 months' treatment. NDEA was given orally to a similar group of animals as a positive control, and NDMA, the only volatile nitrosamine detected in salted fish, was added to the drinking-water of a third group. Three of 14 NDEA-treated rats developed adenocarcinomas in the nasal cavities, but none of the other animals developed nasal or paranasal tumours. These findings lead us to suspect that salted fish may contain a carcinogen or procarcinogen that can act systematically on the epithelial cells of the nasal and paranasal cavities.", "PMID": 730197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_225", "title": "Detection and quantitation of adenovirus type 12 transforming DNA segments and their application in etiological studies of human neoplasia.", "content": "The oncogenic capacity of the tumour virus lies in a small region of the viral genome, and tumour cells and cells transformed by DNA tumour viruses often contain only a part of the viral genome, the portion including the transforming gene(s). The detection and quantitation of these gene(s) in tumour cell DNA can provide evidence for or against a possible etiological role of the virus in human neoplasia. In this communication, the isolation, purification and identification of the transforming segment of Ad 12 are described.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of adenovirus type 12 transforming DNA segments and their application in etiological studies of human neoplasia. The oncogenic capacity of the tumour virus lies in a small region of the viral genome, and tumour cells and cells transformed by DNA tumour viruses often contain only a part of the viral genome, the portion including the transforming gene(s). The detection and quantitation of these gene(s) in tumour cell DNA can provide evidence for or against a possible etiological role of the virus in human neoplasia. In this communication, the isolation, purification and identification of the transforming segment of Ad 12 are described.", "PMID": 730198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_226", "title": "The histopathological spectrum of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Nonglandular carcinomas of the nasopharynx originate in the epithelium of that anatomical region. Although numerous morphological patterns exist at the level observable by light microscopy, ultrastructurally, all have features of squamous-cell carcinoma. The most useful and consistent classification on the basis of light microscopy is that which separates keratinizing squamous carcinomas from nonkeratinizing carcinomas. Approximately 25% of tumours have abundant and easily recognized keratin. The nonkeratinizing types are more confusing, since many variants exist, both from tumour to tumour and, frequently, within the same tumour. Variable tissue reactions to infiltrating tumours, ranging from marked desmoplasia to complete absence of reaction, add to the confusion. The descriptive names applied to the variants of nonkeratinizing squamous carcinomas are well engraved in medical communications, and there is little chance that they will be abandoned.", "contents": "The histopathological spectrum of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nonglandular carcinomas of the nasopharynx originate in the epithelium of that anatomical region. Although numerous morphological patterns exist at the level observable by light microscopy, ultrastructurally, all have features of squamous-cell carcinoma. The most useful and consistent classification on the basis of light microscopy is that which separates keratinizing squamous carcinomas from nonkeratinizing carcinomas. Approximately 25% of tumours have abundant and easily recognized keratin. The nonkeratinizing types are more confusing, since many variants exist, both from tumour to tumour and, frequently, within the same tumour. Variable tissue reactions to infiltrating tumours, ranging from marked desmoplasia to complete absence of reaction, add to the confusion. The descriptive names applied to the variants of nonkeratinizing squamous carcinomas are well engraved in medical communications, and there is little chance that they will be abandoned.", "PMID": 730199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_227", "title": "Effect of levamisole on cell-mediated immune responses in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "CMI functions, as monitored by responses in the Mantoux and PHA tests, can be augmented by a short oral course of levamisole. The augmentation is dosage dependent and, in some patients, of long duration.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on cell-mediated immune responses in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CMI functions, as monitored by responses in the Mantoux and PHA tests, can be augmented by a short oral course of levamisole. The augmentation is dosage dependent and, in some patients, of long duration.", "PMID": 730200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_228", "title": "Clinical evaluation of cytological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal malignancies.", "content": "Between 1970 and 1975 cytological examination was applied to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal malignancies in a series of 216 consecutive patients who had either a tumour in the nasopharynx or clinical signs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or who were locally asymptomatic but had enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Smears were taken by introducing a small rough pad of compressed gauze through the mouth into the nasopharynx with an upward-angled forceps. In each case the cytological smear was taken immediately before biopsy; often, a lymph node was removed subsequently. When morphological diagnoses were doubtful and histological findings were at variance with positive cytological findings, the patients were reexamined clinically, and diagnosis was postponed. The case material was made up of 90 nasopharyngeal carcinomas, 24 lymphomas, one malignant melanoma, one adenoid cystic carcinoma and 100 patients without malignancies. Cytological findings from the first smear were positive in 77.8% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas, in 66.6% of lymphomas and in the cases of melanoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. There were no false-positive results. When the nasopharyngeal carcinomas were subdivided into undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharyngeal type and squamous-cell carcinomas, cytological findings were positive in ,0% and 73%, respectively. Positivity of histological findings was distributed as follows: 91.7% for malignant lymphomas, 86.6% for undifferentiated carcinomas and 86.6% for squamous-cell carcinomas. With respect to clinical suspicion of malignancy, positive cytological findings were obtained in 50% of clinically occult cases and in 84.6% of patients with obvious malignancies; intermediate figures were found for clinically doubtful (64.3%) and for highly suspicious (77.8%) cases. Cyto-histological concordance was shown in 70% of cases; false-negative histological results were obtained in 7.8% and false-negative cytological results in 16.6% of cases. Combined cyto-histological positive results allowed diagnostic accuracy from the first samples in 94.4% of cases. Undifferentiated carcinoma appeared to be the malignancy most accessible to cytological diagnosis, with positive results ranging from 65% in clinically negative or doubtful cases to 84.5% in those with obvious tumours. Assessment of the cytology of the nasopharynx, using the new sampling method described herein, may be a useful diagnostic tool in nasopharyngeal maliganancies.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of cytological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal malignancies. Between 1970 and 1975 cytological examination was applied to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal malignancies in a series of 216 consecutive patients who had either a tumour in the nasopharynx or clinical signs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or who were locally asymptomatic but had enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Smears were taken by introducing a small rough pad of compressed gauze through the mouth into the nasopharynx with an upward-angled forceps. In each case the cytological smear was taken immediately before biopsy; often, a lymph node was removed subsequently. When morphological diagnoses were doubtful and histological findings were at variance with positive cytological findings, the patients were reexamined clinically, and diagnosis was postponed. The case material was made up of 90 nasopharyngeal carcinomas, 24 lymphomas, one malignant melanoma, one adenoid cystic carcinoma and 100 patients without malignancies. Cytological findings from the first smear were positive in 77.8% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas, in 66.6% of lymphomas and in the cases of melanoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. There were no false-positive results. When the nasopharyngeal carcinomas were subdivided into undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharyngeal type and squamous-cell carcinomas, cytological findings were positive in ,0% and 73%, respectively. Positivity of histological findings was distributed as follows: 91.7% for malignant lymphomas, 86.6% for undifferentiated carcinomas and 86.6% for squamous-cell carcinomas. With respect to clinical suspicion of malignancy, positive cytological findings were obtained in 50% of clinically occult cases and in 84.6% of patients with obvious malignancies; intermediate figures were found for clinically doubtful (64.3%) and for highly suspicious (77.8%) cases. Cyto-histological concordance was shown in 70% of cases; false-negative histological results were obtained in 7.8% and false-negative cytological results in 16.6% of cases. Combined cyto-histological positive results allowed diagnostic accuracy from the first samples in 94.4% of cases. Undifferentiated carcinoma appeared to be the malignancy most accessible to cytological diagnosis, with positive results ranging from 65% in clinically negative or doubtful cases to 84.5% in those with obvious tumours. Assessment of the cytology of the nasopharynx, using the new sampling method described herein, may be a useful diagnostic tool in nasopharyngeal maliganancies.", "PMID": 730201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_229", "title": "Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: preliminary characterization.", "content": "Nineteen human breast carcinoma cell lines have been established as continuous cultures during the past 6 years in our laboratory. This preliminary report is designed to list the lines by their designated code numbers (MDA-MB) and present a brief summary of their morphological, cytogenetic and biochemical characteristics. Sixteen of our lines were obtained from pleural effusions, two from brain metastases, and one from pericardial fluid. All lines have been shown to be distinct entities and are uncontaminated by HeLa cells or each other. A lq marker chromosome is present in all but one of the lines examined.", "contents": "Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: preliminary characterization. Nineteen human breast carcinoma cell lines have been established as continuous cultures during the past 6 years in our laboratory. This preliminary report is designed to list the lines by their designated code numbers (MDA-MB) and present a brief summary of their morphological, cytogenetic and biochemical characteristics. Sixteen of our lines were obtained from pleural effusions, two from brain metastases, and one from pericardial fluid. All lines have been shown to be distinct entities and are uncontaminated by HeLa cells or each other. A lq marker chromosome is present in all but one of the lines examined.", "PMID": 730202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_230", "title": "The effect of donor age on the in vitro life span of cultured human arterial smooth-muscle cells.", "content": "The number of population doublings of cultured human arterial smooth-muscle cells decreased as a function of donor age (0.5 to 82 years). Cells from older donors also showed longer latent periods for outgrowth from explants. These results extend other comparable observations with human skin fibroblasts to another cell type, and may have relevance to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with aging in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of donor age on the in vitro life span of cultured human arterial smooth-muscle cells. The number of population doublings of cultured human arterial smooth-muscle cells decreased as a function of donor age (0.5 to 82 years). Cells from older donors also showed longer latent periods for outgrowth from explants. These results extend other comparable observations with human skin fibroblasts to another cell type, and may have relevance to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with aging in vivo.", "PMID": 730203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_231", "title": "[Stability of MIC values from tetracyclines in different media (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of nutrient-broth (NB), Mueller-Hinton-broth (MHB), isotonic-sensitive-broth (ISB) and tryptone-soya-broth (TSB) with respect to the determination of MIC values of three tetracyclines is shown. A difference of degradation of tetracycline derivates in the four media was found. The degradation in NB after 18 h was negligible, but in MHB after 18 h all the three tetracyclines were inactivated up to 42%. The MIC levels of staphylococcus aureus strains in NB were about twofold lower than those in MHB and TSB. The MIC levels in ISB were even three- to fourfold higher than in NB. From these results sensitivity testing of tetracycline derivates should be carried out with NB.", "contents": "[Stability of MIC values from tetracyclines in different media (author's transl)]. The influence of nutrient-broth (NB), Mueller-Hinton-broth (MHB), isotonic-sensitive-broth (ISB) and tryptone-soya-broth (TSB) with respect to the determination of MIC values of three tetracyclines is shown. A difference of degradation of tetracycline derivates in the four media was found. The degradation in NB after 18 h was negligible, but in MHB after 18 h all the three tetracyclines were inactivated up to 42%. The MIC levels of staphylococcus aureus strains in NB were about twofold lower than those in MHB and TSB. The MIC levels in ISB were even three- to fourfold higher than in NB. From these results sensitivity testing of tetracycline derivates should be carried out with NB.", "PMID": 730215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_232", "title": "[Activity of antibiotics in body fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "MIC and kinetic of bactericidal activity was determined for various antibiotics in body fluids (plasmawater, bile, amniotic fluid and urine). Beta-lactam antibiotics demonstrated slight loss of activity against enterobacteriaceae. The newer cephalosporine compounds, cefoxitin, cefuroxime and HR 756 showed an increase in activity in plasmawater. Carbenicillin was more active in plasmawater, bile and amniotic fluid than in broth. There was a difference in gentamycin activity against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa: enhanced activity against E. coli in body fluids and diminished against pseudomonas. Tetracycline was less active in body fluids, specially in alkaline bile. The combination ampicillin/gentamycin against E. coli was more effective in plasmawater than in DST agar. Cefazolin/gentamycin demonstrated no synergism. Although carbenicillin/tobramycin were not synergistic against pseudomonas aeruginosa in plasmawater. The marked differences in different body fluids should be taken into consideration when new antibiotics are introduced.", "contents": "[Activity of antibiotics in body fluids (author's transl)]. MIC and kinetic of bactericidal activity was determined for various antibiotics in body fluids (plasmawater, bile, amniotic fluid and urine). Beta-lactam antibiotics demonstrated slight loss of activity against enterobacteriaceae. The newer cephalosporine compounds, cefoxitin, cefuroxime and HR 756 showed an increase in activity in plasmawater. Carbenicillin was more active in plasmawater, bile and amniotic fluid than in broth. There was a difference in gentamycin activity against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa: enhanced activity against E. coli in body fluids and diminished against pseudomonas. Tetracycline was less active in body fluids, specially in alkaline bile. The combination ampicillin/gentamycin against E. coli was more effective in plasmawater than in DST agar. Cefazolin/gentamycin demonstrated no synergism. Although carbenicillin/tobramycin were not synergistic against pseudomonas aeruginosa in plasmawater. The marked differences in different body fluids should be taken into consideration when new antibiotics are introduced.", "PMID": 730216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_233", "title": "[The formulation of semi-defined culture media to overcome antibiotic antagonism (author's transl)].", "content": "Semi-defined susceptibility media are a compromise between undefined and totally defined media. Antibiotic antagonism can still occur in semi-defined media. The undefined nutrients antagonizing sulphonamide/trimethroprim and the defined additives antagonizing other antibiotics. Methods used to overcome these problems are discussed.", "contents": "[The formulation of semi-defined culture media to overcome antibiotic antagonism (author's transl)]. Semi-defined susceptibility media are a compromise between undefined and totally defined media. Antibiotic antagonism can still occur in semi-defined media. The undefined nutrients antagonizing sulphonamide/trimethroprim and the defined additives antagonizing other antibiotics. Methods used to overcome these problems are discussed.", "PMID": 730217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_234", "title": "[Growth of some pathogenic microorganisms on chemically defined media which were proposed for sensitivity testing (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of 16 bacterial cultures, which belong to the frequently encountered pathogens, in three different chemically defined fluid media was investigated through turbidity measurements in comparison with Mueller-Hinton-broth. E. coli, Salm. dublin, Salm. typhi-murium, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseud. aeruginosa and Bac. cereus grew in two of the three tested defined media with approximately the same intensity as in the Mueller-Hinton broth. Staph. aureus grew well only in one of the 3 tested defined media. Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurella multocida, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Brucella abortus showed only in one of the three tested media a barely descernible growth, whereas Strept. faecalis, Strept. pneumoniae, Strept. pyogenes showed no growth in the three tested defined media after 34 hours of incubation. None of the tested defined media can be used for routine sensitivity testing but the use of two of the three tested defined media as a reference medium for the standardization of the complex sensitivity testing media remains theoretically possible.", "contents": "[Growth of some pathogenic microorganisms on chemically defined media which were proposed for sensitivity testing (author's transl)]. The growth of 16 bacterial cultures, which belong to the frequently encountered pathogens, in three different chemically defined fluid media was investigated through turbidity measurements in comparison with Mueller-Hinton-broth. E. coli, Salm. dublin, Salm. typhi-murium, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseud. aeruginosa and Bac. cereus grew in two of the three tested defined media with approximately the same intensity as in the Mueller-Hinton broth. Staph. aureus grew well only in one of the 3 tested defined media. Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurella multocida, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Brucella abortus showed only in one of the three tested media a barely descernible growth, whereas Strept. faecalis, Strept. pneumoniae, Strept. pyogenes showed no growth in the three tested defined media after 34 hours of incubation. None of the tested defined media can be used for routine sensitivity testing but the use of two of the three tested defined media as a reference medium for the standardization of the complex sensitivity testing media remains theoretically possible.", "PMID": 730218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_235", "title": "[Comparison of regression line analysis for several antibiotics on different media (author's transl)].", "content": "The method for performing regression analysis is described in detail. MIC values and zone sizes are determined on agar throughout. Applying these techniques, good correlation between MIC's and zone sizes (r = greater than -0.9) were found with 82% of 59 regressions (33 different antibiotics). Comparable results were found with DST- and Mueller-Hinton agar. In some cases a linear regression for MIC and zone size values could be demonstrated, independent from the correlation coefficient. Some theoretical aspects of regression analysis are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of regression line analysis for several antibiotics on different media (author's transl)]. The method for performing regression analysis is described in detail. MIC values and zone sizes are determined on agar throughout. Applying these techniques, good correlation between MIC's and zone sizes (r = greater than -0.9) were found with 82% of 59 regressions (33 different antibiotics). Comparable results were found with DST- and Mueller-Hinton agar. In some cases a linear regression for MIC and zone size values could be demonstrated, independent from the correlation coefficient. Some theoretical aspects of regression analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 730219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_236", "title": "[The microtiter system for sensitivity testing (author's transl)].", "content": "In conclusion, the microtiter system has several advantages over conventional broth dilution methods. It is more rapid to set up, economical in its use of media and materials, and many more strains can conveniently be tested on the same occasion and under the same conditions, giving better comparability. Microtitration is almost as reproducible as large-tube dilution, and certainly adequately so for all laboratory and clinical purposes. Minimal bactericidal concentrations can be determined by microtitration, unlike agar plate dilution, and the system is readily adaptable to the measurement of antibiotic concentrations in body fluids where the accuracy can be increased if required (12) by the incorporation of an intermediate dilution series. Overnight incubation is, however, necessary and so rapid results are not possible.", "contents": "[The microtiter system for sensitivity testing (author's transl)]. In conclusion, the microtiter system has several advantages over conventional broth dilution methods. It is more rapid to set up, economical in its use of media and materials, and many more strains can conveniently be tested on the same occasion and under the same conditions, giving better comparability. Microtitration is almost as reproducible as large-tube dilution, and certainly adequately so for all laboratory and clinical purposes. Minimal bactericidal concentrations can be determined by microtitration, unlike agar plate dilution, and the system is readily adaptable to the measurement of antibiotic concentrations in body fluids where the accuracy can be increased if required (12) by the incorporation of an intermediate dilution series. Overnight incubation is, however, necessary and so rapid results are not possible.", "PMID": 730220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_237", "title": "Experience with the AO method in the treatment of 142 cases of fresh fracture of the tibial shaft treated in the UK.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out on 142 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft treated by internal fixation according to the AO principles, 99 fractures being closed and 43 open. A total of 140 cases was reviewed at 1 year and 125 cases at 2 years following injury, at which times a functional assessment score was awarded by the surgeon and the patient himself, and a precise measurement of ankle range was made. The time taken for the fracture to unite and the incidence of non-union was greater if the fracture was comminuted (whether open or closed) than if there was no comminution. For patients with closed fractures the minor infection rate (erythema and increased local temperature) was 4.1 per cent and the major infection rate (pus present) was 4.1 per cent, no infection being severe enough to warrant removal of the plate. In open fractures, the overall infection rate was 14 per cent, 7 per cent having major infection and only 1 case requiring removal of the plate. The functional results and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Experience with the AO method in the treatment of 142 cases of fresh fracture of the tibial shaft treated in the UK. A prospective study was carried out on 142 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft treated by internal fixation according to the AO principles, 99 fractures being closed and 43 open. A total of 140 cases was reviewed at 1 year and 125 cases at 2 years following injury, at which times a functional assessment score was awarded by the surgeon and the patient himself, and a precise measurement of ankle range was made. The time taken for the fracture to unite and the incidence of non-union was greater if the fracture was comminuted (whether open or closed) than if there was no comminution. For patients with closed fractures the minor infection rate (erythema and increased local temperature) was 4.1 per cent and the major infection rate (pus present) was 4.1 per cent, no infection being severe enough to warrant removal of the plate. In open fractures, the overall infection rate was 14 per cent, 7 per cent having major infection and only 1 case requiring removal of the plate. The functional results and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 730329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_238", "title": "The radiological diagnosis of posttraumatic effusion of the elbow joint and its clinical significance: the 'displaced fat pad' sign.", "content": "Alterations occur in the radiological appearance of the soft tissues after injury to the elbow joint.  These are due to displacement of the intra-articular fat pads by capsular distension when an effusion is present. A prospective study of 89 consecutive elbow injuries was undertaken in an attempt to assess the usefulness and reliability of these changes in the diagnosis of minor elbow injuries and the assessment of their clinical progress. In 61 elbows (69 per cent) there was no radiological evidence of an effusion and no evidence of bony injury. All quickly returned to normal. In 28 elbows (31 per cent) radiological evidence of an effusion was present. Twenty-three (80 per cent) of these were also found to have a fracture in, or adjacent to the elbow joint. In 9 elbows the fracture could not be seen on the initial radiographs. Because of the presence of an effusion, repeat radiographs were taken and a fracture discovered. The presence of an effusion was associated with an increase in the time required for full recovery.", "contents": "The radiological diagnosis of posttraumatic effusion of the elbow joint and its clinical significance: the 'displaced fat pad' sign. Alterations occur in the radiological appearance of the soft tissues after injury to the elbow joint.  These are due to displacement of the intra-articular fat pads by capsular distension when an effusion is present. A prospective study of 89 consecutive elbow injuries was undertaken in an attempt to assess the usefulness and reliability of these changes in the diagnosis of minor elbow injuries and the assessment of their clinical progress. In 61 elbows (69 per cent) there was no radiological evidence of an effusion and no evidence of bony injury. All quickly returned to normal. In 28 elbows (31 per cent) radiological evidence of an effusion was present. Twenty-three (80 per cent) of these were also found to have a fracture in, or adjacent to the elbow joint. In 9 elbows the fracture could not be seen on the initial radiographs. Because of the presence of an effusion, repeat radiographs were taken and a fracture discovered. The presence of an effusion was associated with an increase in the time required for full recovery.", "PMID": 730330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_239", "title": "The comparison of steel and titanium dynamic compression plates used for internal fixation of 256 fractures of the tibia.", "content": "A consecutive series of 256 fractures of the shaft of the tibia treated by internal fixation with a narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) is presented. In 123 cases the plates were made of titanium and in 133 cases they were made of stainless-steel. In both groups the age distribution of the patients, the period between operation and the final review and the time of removal of the metal were comparable. All these fractures resulted from skiing accidents. Eighty-six per cent of the 256 fractures were reviewed between 1 and 2 years after the operation. Ninety-one per cent of the titanium group and 93 per cent of the stainless-steel group showed full recovery without any loss of movement in the joints. In both groups there was the same number of refractures, which were chiefly due to subsequent accidents. There were no cases of local wound infection, osteitis or non-union. Furthermore, there was no difference to be seen between the radiological patterns of fracture healing in the two groups. In this series stainless-steel and titanium plates gave the same excellent results.", "contents": "The comparison of steel and titanium dynamic compression plates used for internal fixation of 256 fractures of the tibia. A consecutive series of 256 fractures of the shaft of the tibia treated by internal fixation with a narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) is presented. In 123 cases the plates were made of titanium and in 133 cases they were made of stainless-steel. In both groups the age distribution of the patients, the period between operation and the final review and the time of removal of the metal were comparable. All these fractures resulted from skiing accidents. Eighty-six per cent of the 256 fractures were reviewed between 1 and 2 years after the operation. Ninety-one per cent of the titanium group and 93 per cent of the stainless-steel group showed full recovery without any loss of movement in the joints. In both groups there was the same number of refractures, which were chiefly due to subsequent accidents. There were no cases of local wound infection, osteitis or non-union. Furthermore, there was no difference to be seen between the radiological patterns of fracture healing in the two groups. In this series stainless-steel and titanium plates gave the same excellent results.", "PMID": 730331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_240", "title": "Fractures of the tibial shaft treated in a patellar-tendon-bearing cast.", "content": "A retrospective review of fractures of the tibial shaft treated in patellar-tendon bearing (PTB) casts shows that a high rate of union, in respect of both time required and numbers, and a low morbidity can be expected. The method is easy to apply. In those patients who had the casts applied early, once swelling had settled down, the fractures united more quickly.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial shaft treated in a patellar-tendon-bearing cast. A retrospective review of fractures of the tibial shaft treated in patellar-tendon bearing (PTB) casts shows that a high rate of union, in respect of both time required and numbers, and a low morbidity can be expected. The method is easy to apply. In those patients who had the casts applied early, once swelling had settled down, the fractures united more quickly.", "PMID": 730332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_241", "title": "Recent trends in traffic injury.", "content": "Data in the Registrar-General's statistical reviews for 1958-75 and in the reports of the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry for 1964-73 have been examined to ascertain the light they shed on the changes in the patterns of injury from road accidents over this period. Causes of death, primary injury for hospital inpatients and average length of hospital stay have been examined. It seems that an increasing proportion of deaths are being ascribed to internal injuries and a decreasing proportion to fracture of the skull.", "contents": "Recent trends in traffic injury. Data in the Registrar-General's statistical reviews for 1958-75 and in the reports of the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry for 1964-73 have been examined to ascertain the light they shed on the changes in the patterns of injury from road accidents over this period. Causes of death, primary injury for hospital inpatients and average length of hospital stay have been examined. It seems that an increasing proportion of deaths are being ascribed to internal injuries and a decreasing proportion to fracture of the skull.", "PMID": 730333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_242", "title": "The operative treatment of sacro-iliac subluxation and disruption of the symphysis pubis.", "content": "A method of internal fixation of the disrupted symphysis publis is discribed which uses readily available AO plates and tools. Patients can be mobilized at 3 days and discharged within 2 weeks. This method of treatment represents a considerable saving in nursing time and a great improvement for the patient, who is usually free from pain after 1 week.", "contents": "The operative treatment of sacro-iliac subluxation and disruption of the symphysis pubis. A method of internal fixation of the disrupted symphysis publis is discribed which uses readily available AO plates and tools. Patients can be mobilized at 3 days and discharged within 2 weeks. This method of treatment represents a considerable saving in nursing time and a great improvement for the patient, who is usually free from pain after 1 week.", "PMID": 730334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_243", "title": "External fixation of double vertical pelvic fractures with a trapezoid compression frame.", "content": "Seventeen patients with double vertical fractures of the pelvic girdle were treated by early reduction and subsequent fixation of the pelvic ring with a trapezoid frame. This provided firm fixation of the fractured pelvis. With the frame attached, patients without associated injuries were allowed out of bed within 3 weeks and in every case the frame was removed 6 weeks after its application. External fixation of the pelvic fracture afforded relief from pain and greatly facilitated nursing. At follow-up, all the fractures had united in the position secured initially by the frame and no patient complained of pain in the sacro-iliac joints.", "contents": "External fixation of double vertical pelvic fractures with a trapezoid compression frame. Seventeen patients with double vertical fractures of the pelvic girdle were treated by early reduction and subsequent fixation of the pelvic ring with a trapezoid frame. This provided firm fixation of the fractured pelvis. With the frame attached, patients without associated injuries were allowed out of bed within 3 weeks and in every case the frame was removed 6 weeks after its application. External fixation of the pelvic fracture afforded relief from pain and greatly facilitated nursing. At follow-up, all the fractures had united in the position secured initially by the frame and no patient complained of pain in the sacro-iliac joints.", "PMID": 730335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_244", "title": "Skateboard injuries: a new epidemic.", "content": "Forty-six injuries caused by skateboards were seen in 3 months; these were predominantly fractures and sprains of the distal part of the limb caused by indirect violence. These injuries are likely to become common. They occur most frequently when the skateboard hits a stone or other irregularity on the surface used.", "contents": "Skateboard injuries: a new epidemic. Forty-six injuries caused by skateboards were seen in 3 months; these were predominantly fractures and sprains of the distal part of the limb caused by indirect violence. These injuries are likely to become common. They occur most frequently when the skateboard hits a stone or other irregularity on the surface used.", "PMID": 730337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_245", "title": "Head injuries in accident and emergency departments at Scottish hospitals.", "content": "The features of 3500 patients with head injury who attended accident and emergency departments in Scotland during 1974 are described. These represented 10 per cent of all attenders at these departments. Recent alcohol consumption was noted in 25 per cent of adult males; this was commonest amongst those who were victims of assault or pedestrians involved in traffic accidents. Forty-one per cent of patients had scalp wounds; 58 per cent had radiographs of the skull taken and of these 2.7 per cent had fractures of the skull. Although 20 per cent of patients had altered consciousness at some time, only 5 per cent showed any evidence of impaired consciousness when seen at hospital. Twenty-three per cent of those attending were admitted to hospital. Criteria which are important when assessing whether a head-injured patient should be admitted to hospital are listed.", "contents": "Head injuries in accident and emergency departments at Scottish hospitals. The features of 3500 patients with head injury who attended accident and emergency departments in Scotland during 1974 are described. These represented 10 per cent of all attenders at these departments. Recent alcohol consumption was noted in 25 per cent of adult males; this was commonest amongst those who were victims of assault or pedestrians involved in traffic accidents. Forty-one per cent of patients had scalp wounds; 58 per cent had radiographs of the skull taken and of these 2.7 per cent had fractures of the skull. Although 20 per cent of patients had altered consciousness at some time, only 5 per cent showed any evidence of impaired consciousness when seen at hospital. Twenty-three per cent of those attending were admitted to hospital. Criteria which are important when assessing whether a head-injured patient should be admitted to hospital are listed.", "PMID": 730338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_246", "title": "Thoracoabdominal trauma in ski accidents.", "content": "Higher speed in ski sports has in recent years increased the number of thoracoabdominal injuries. Our restrospective study concerns 30 patients from the region of Chur, Switzerland, injured between 1965 and 1976. The patients were all male with an average age of 26 years. Details of the injuries, operations and treatment are given and a few typical cases are demonstrated.", "contents": "Thoracoabdominal trauma in ski accidents. Higher speed in ski sports has in recent years increased the number of thoracoabdominal injuries. Our restrospective study concerns 30 patients from the region of Chur, Switzerland, injured between 1965 and 1976. The patients were all male with an average age of 26 years. Details of the injuries, operations and treatment are given and a few typical cases are demonstrated.", "PMID": 730341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_247", "title": "The treatment of non-union and pseudarthrosis of the long bones with thick nails.", "content": "This paper is based on K\u00fcntscher's method of operative treatment of the long bones(K\u00fcntscher, 1962) and is a review of 197 cases of non-union and pseudarthrosis of long bones fixed internally with thick metal nails after preliminary reaming of the medullary canal. New reamers and a new nail have been designed and the results are satisfactory. The rigid fixation of the fragments allowed early movement of the limb and so avoided the complications of prolonged immobilization. Anabolic steroids were administered as a routine to this group of patients. Weight bearing and full function of the limb were regained within 3-5 months of the operation. Poor results occurred in 6 cases (3.2 per cent) due to exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "The treatment of non-union and pseudarthrosis of the long bones with thick nails. This paper is based on K\u00fcntscher's method of operative treatment of the long bones(K\u00fcntscher, 1962) and is a review of 197 cases of non-union and pseudarthrosis of long bones fixed internally with thick metal nails after preliminary reaming of the medullary canal. New reamers and a new nail have been designed and the results are satisfactory. The rigid fixation of the fragments allowed early movement of the limb and so avoided the complications of prolonged immobilization. Anabolic steroids were administered as a routine to this group of patients. Weight bearing and full function of the limb were regained within 3-5 months of the operation. Poor results occurred in 6 cases (3.2 per cent) due to exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 730342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_248", "title": "Problems and pitfalls of compression fixation of long bone fractures: a review of results and complications.", "content": "The complications encountered in the compression fixation of 70 cortical long bone fractures are reviewed. The results represent the initial experience with the AO fixation equipment following its introduction to a centre with staff relatively untrained in the technique. Infection was the most serious complication, with a deep sepsis rate of 10.5 per cent, but fixation failure, delayed union and refracture also occurred. The various problems are discussed in detail and suggestions are made as to how they can be avoided.", "contents": "Problems and pitfalls of compression fixation of long bone fractures: a review of results and complications. The complications encountered in the compression fixation of 70 cortical long bone fractures are reviewed. The results represent the initial experience with the AO fixation equipment following its introduction to a centre with staff relatively untrained in the technique. Infection was the most serious complication, with a deep sepsis rate of 10.5 per cent, but fixation failure, delayed union and refracture also occurred. The various problems are discussed in detail and suggestions are made as to how they can be avoided.", "PMID": 730343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_249", "title": "Purification of lipoteichoic acids by using phosphatidyl choline vesicles.", "content": "Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of nearly all gram-positive membranes and recently has been found to be excreted into growth media by certain lactic acid bacteria. Cell-free extracts of LTA are usually contaminated with proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, thus causing problems to investigators studying the true biological function(s) of LTA. This report describes the preparation of purified extracellular LTA of Streptococcus mutans BHT and intracellular LTA of S. mutans AHT by three techniques: gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and adsorption to phospholipid vesicles. Gel filtration, the most commonly employed method for LTA purification, was found to remove nucleic acids, teichoic acids, and much polysaccharide while greatly concentrating LTA. But gross amounts of antigenic carbohydrate and protein remained associated with the LTA preparation. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography employing octyl Sepharose-4B allowed the separation of protein but not polysaccharide from partially purified BHT LTA preparations. By means of a new technique described in this paper, synthetic membranes (vesicles) were found to effectively separate all contaminants from the intracellular (AHT) and extracellular (BHT) LTA of S. mutans. This rapid method, on a comparative basis, proved to be the most effective approach for the purification of LTA from two widely differing sources.", "contents": "Purification of lipoteichoic acids by using phosphatidyl choline vesicles. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of nearly all gram-positive membranes and recently has been found to be excreted into growth media by certain lactic acid bacteria. Cell-free extracts of LTA are usually contaminated with proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, thus causing problems to investigators studying the true biological function(s) of LTA. This report describes the preparation of purified extracellular LTA of Streptococcus mutans BHT and intracellular LTA of S. mutans AHT by three techniques: gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and adsorption to phospholipid vesicles. Gel filtration, the most commonly employed method for LTA purification, was found to remove nucleic acids, teichoic acids, and much polysaccharide while greatly concentrating LTA. But gross amounts of antigenic carbohydrate and protein remained associated with the LTA preparation. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography employing octyl Sepharose-4B allowed the separation of protein but not polysaccharide from partially purified BHT LTA preparations. By means of a new technique described in this paper, synthetic membranes (vesicles) were found to effectively separate all contaminants from the intracellular (AHT) and extracellular (BHT) LTA of S. mutans. This rapid method, on a comparative basis, proved to be the most effective approach for the purification of LTA from two widely differing sources.", "PMID": 730344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_250", "title": "Experimental infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae in guinea pigs.", "content": "Outbred and inbred (Hartley strain) guinea pigs (GP) were inoculated intragastrically with pathogenic and nonpathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae. GP 3 to 16 weeks old received T. hyodysenteriae after a fasting period of 36 to 72 h. Infected GP with pathogenic T. hyodysenteriae developed a diarrheal and/or depressive condition, with mucus but not blood in the feces. Of 88 GP, 40 had gross lesions resembling those of swine dysentery. Lesions were limited mainly to the large intestine. TP used as controls or inoculated with nonpathogenic T. hyodysenteriae did not develop these lesions in the large intestine. These studies suggest that the GP may be used as an animal model for swine dysentery.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae in guinea pigs. Outbred and inbred (Hartley strain) guinea pigs (GP) were inoculated intragastrically with pathogenic and nonpathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae. GP 3 to 16 weeks old received T. hyodysenteriae after a fasting period of 36 to 72 h. Infected GP with pathogenic T. hyodysenteriae developed a diarrheal and/or depressive condition, with mucus but not blood in the feces. Of 88 GP, 40 had gross lesions resembling those of swine dysentery. Lesions were limited mainly to the large intestine. TP used as controls or inoculated with nonpathogenic T. hyodysenteriae did not develop these lesions in the large intestine. These studies suggest that the GP may be used as an animal model for swine dysentery.", "PMID": 730345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_251", "title": "Isolation and phenotypic characterization of virulence-deficient mutants of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Mutants of Vibrio cholerae was isolated on the basis of reduced ability to induce diarrhea in orally challenged infant mice. Nitrosoguanidine-treated clones were screened for low fluid accumulation ratios in individual mice, and presumptive mutants were confirmed in additional mouse tests. Mutants were examined for alterations in phage type, motility, toxin production, proteolytic activity, neuraminidase production, amylase production, morphology, growth requirements, carbohydrate fermentations, in vitro growth patterns, and cell surface alterations. The types of mutants found included several with previously recognized virulence-associated markers (rough, nonmotile, toxin deficient, protease deficient); several types with pleiotropic alterations (cell morphology, decreased extracellular products); and several with no previously recognized virulence-deficient phenotype (purine requiring, cell surface altered, rapid death in vitro, no defect found). Dose-response kinetics showed that most mutants could provoke diarrhea if given in 100-fold greater numbers than the dose used for screening. Recovery of viable organisms from the gut late in infection showed reduction of survival and/or multiplication capacity for the mutants, with variation in the degree of reduction for the different classes.", "contents": "Isolation and phenotypic characterization of virulence-deficient mutants of Vibrio cholerae. Mutants of Vibrio cholerae was isolated on the basis of reduced ability to induce diarrhea in orally challenged infant mice. Nitrosoguanidine-treated clones were screened for low fluid accumulation ratios in individual mice, and presumptive mutants were confirmed in additional mouse tests. Mutants were examined for alterations in phage type, motility, toxin production, proteolytic activity, neuraminidase production, amylase production, morphology, growth requirements, carbohydrate fermentations, in vitro growth patterns, and cell surface alterations. The types of mutants found included several with previously recognized virulence-associated markers (rough, nonmotile, toxin deficient, protease deficient); several types with pleiotropic alterations (cell morphology, decreased extracellular products); and several with no previously recognized virulence-deficient phenotype (purine requiring, cell surface altered, rapid death in vitro, no defect found). Dose-response kinetics showed that most mutants could provoke diarrhea if given in 100-fold greater numbers than the dose used for screening. Recovery of viable organisms from the gut late in infection showed reduction of survival and/or multiplication capacity for the mutants, with variation in the degree of reduction for the different classes.", "PMID": 730346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_252", "title": "Demonstration of eosinophil degranulation on the surface of opsonized schistosomules by phase-contrast cinemicrography.", "content": "Phase-contrast cinephotomicrography was used to examine eosinophil-schistosomule interaction. Eosinophil degranulation against the surface of schistosomules was observed in the presence of immune serum.", "contents": "Demonstration of eosinophil degranulation on the surface of opsonized schistosomules by phase-contrast cinemicrography. Phase-contrast cinephotomicrography was used to examine eosinophil-schistosomule interaction. Eosinophil degranulation against the surface of schistosomules was observed in the presence of immune serum.", "PMID": 730347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_253", "title": "Effect of specific antibody and complement on the survival of Rochalimaea quintana in vitro.", "content": "No bactericidal effect was produced when Rochalimaea quintana was exposed for 1 h to a combination of high-titered anti-R. quintana rabbit serum and guinea pig complement.", "contents": "Effect of specific antibody and complement on the survival of Rochalimaea quintana in vitro. No bactericidal effect was produced when Rochalimaea quintana was exposed for 1 h to a combination of high-titered anti-R. quintana rabbit serum and guinea pig complement.", "PMID": 730348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_254", "title": "Effect of immunization on susceptibility to experimental Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis.", "content": "It has been asserted that humoral immunity is an important potentiating factor in pathogenesis of infective endocarditis, in that prior immunization to certain bacteria may predispose the host to endocarditis caused by those organisms. If so, possible future vaccination of humans with streptococcal antigens for the prevention of dental caries might increase the susceptibility of the population to streptococcal endocarditis. To examine this hypothesis further, we immunized rabbits with killed Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus mutans. After complement-fixing antibody had developed, the rabbits were tested for susceptibility to experimental infective endocarditis. Rabbits with high titers of complement-fixing antibody to the infecting organism developed streptococcal endocarditis less often (13%) than animals with lower titers (69%; P less than 0.0002). These findings do not support the hypothesis that pre-immunization predisposes to infective endocarditis and lend no credence to the concept that vaccination of human subjects against dental caries might increase their susceptibility to streptococcal endocarditis. On the contrary, the results of these experiments indicate that specific antibody can confer relative immunity to infective endocarditis.", "contents": "Effect of immunization on susceptibility to experimental Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis. It has been asserted that humoral immunity is an important potentiating factor in pathogenesis of infective endocarditis, in that prior immunization to certain bacteria may predispose the host to endocarditis caused by those organisms. If so, possible future vaccination of humans with streptococcal antigens for the prevention of dental caries might increase the susceptibility of the population to streptococcal endocarditis. To examine this hypothesis further, we immunized rabbits with killed Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus mutans. After complement-fixing antibody had developed, the rabbits were tested for susceptibility to experimental infective endocarditis. Rabbits with high titers of complement-fixing antibody to the infecting organism developed streptococcal endocarditis less often (13%) than animals with lower titers (69%; P less than 0.0002). These findings do not support the hypothesis that pre-immunization predisposes to infective endocarditis and lend no credence to the concept that vaccination of human subjects against dental caries might increase their susceptibility to streptococcal endocarditis. On the contrary, the results of these experiments indicate that specific antibody can confer relative immunity to infective endocarditis.", "PMID": 730349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_255", "title": "Age-dependent variations in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from 46 adults (age 18 to 35), 19 adults (age 70 to 91), 10 children (age 1 to 3), and 22 neonates (cord blood samples) were tested for their chemiluminescence response to opsonized zymosan. Results indicated that both cord blood leukocytes and those from individuals over 70 were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in their chemiluminescence response. Furthermore, when the latter group was divided into two subsets, one containing subjects over 80 years of age and the other containing subjects between 70 and 80 years of age, those over 80 showed a chemiluminescence response significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those between 70 and 80. The kinetics of the chemiluminescence response was similar with all samples except the neonatal cells, where the response appeared to peak and subside more slowly. These data demonstrate that polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence is depressed in the very young and the very old.", "contents": "Age-dependent variations in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from 46 adults (age 18 to 35), 19 adults (age 70 to 91), 10 children (age 1 to 3), and 22 neonates (cord blood samples) were tested for their chemiluminescence response to opsonized zymosan. Results indicated that both cord blood leukocytes and those from individuals over 70 were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in their chemiluminescence response. Furthermore, when the latter group was divided into two subsets, one containing subjects over 80 years of age and the other containing subjects between 70 and 80 years of age, those over 80 showed a chemiluminescence response significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those between 70 and 80. The kinetics of the chemiluminescence response was similar with all samples except the neonatal cells, where the response appeared to peak and subside more slowly. These data demonstrate that polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence is depressed in the very young and the very old.", "PMID": 730350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_256", "title": "Biological effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenicity, ability to induce immune interferon, and relationship between interferon synthesis and cell proliferative response were studied using human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and concanavalin A (ConA). Maximum cell proliferative responses ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation) and protein synthesis ((14)C-amino acid incorporation) occurred on days 3 and 4, respectively, after stimulation by each of the three mitogens. Maximal immune interferon levels were found 3 or 4 days after mitogen stimulation. SEA-treated cultures produced approximately three times more interferon than did cultures stimulated with PHA-P or ConA. Furthermore, SEA stimulated maximal cell proliferation over a much broader concentration range than did PHA-P and ConA (SEA, 10(-5) to 10(2) mug/ml; PHA-P, 10(1) to 10(2) mug/ml; ConA, 10(1) to 10(1.5) mug/ml). Interferon was also produced at maximal or near maximal levels over a broad concentration range of SEA (10(-2) to 10(2) mug/ml). Also, we found that inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA and protein synthesis to control levels by mitomycin C or cytosine arabinoside partially reduced interferon production. The DNA inhibitor studies indicate that immune interferon synthesis occurs maximally in association with at least some proliferative response and that submaximal levels of interferon production occur in mitogen-treated cultures in the absence of detectable proliferation. The ability of SEA to stimulate maximal DNA and immune interferon synthesis at concentrations of 3.5 x 10(-13) M and 3.5 x 10(-10) M, respectively, puts it in a potency range similar to that of hormones. Thus, SEA may play an important role in gut immunity and Staphylococcus aureus infections at concentrations well below those required for emetic effects.", "contents": "Biological effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on human peripheral lymphocytes. The mitogenicity, ability to induce immune interferon, and relationship between interferon synthesis and cell proliferative response were studied using human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and concanavalin A (ConA). Maximum cell proliferative responses ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation) and protein synthesis ((14)C-amino acid incorporation) occurred on days 3 and 4, respectively, after stimulation by each of the three mitogens. Maximal immune interferon levels were found 3 or 4 days after mitogen stimulation. SEA-treated cultures produced approximately three times more interferon than did cultures stimulated with PHA-P or ConA. Furthermore, SEA stimulated maximal cell proliferation over a much broader concentration range than did PHA-P and ConA (SEA, 10(-5) to 10(2) mug/ml; PHA-P, 10(1) to 10(2) mug/ml; ConA, 10(1) to 10(1.5) mug/ml). Interferon was also produced at maximal or near maximal levels over a broad concentration range of SEA (10(-2) to 10(2) mug/ml). Also, we found that inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA and protein synthesis to control levels by mitomycin C or cytosine arabinoside partially reduced interferon production. The DNA inhibitor studies indicate that immune interferon synthesis occurs maximally in association with at least some proliferative response and that submaximal levels of interferon production occur in mitogen-treated cultures in the absence of detectable proliferation. The ability of SEA to stimulate maximal DNA and immune interferon synthesis at concentrations of 3.5 x 10(-13) M and 3.5 x 10(-10) M, respectively, puts it in a potency range similar to that of hormones. Thus, SEA may play an important role in gut immunity and Staphylococcus aureus infections at concentrations well below those required for emetic effects.", "PMID": 730351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_257", "title": "Experimental Q fever infection in congenitally athymic nude mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their phenotypically normal (nu/+) euthymic littermates were exposed to Coxiella burnetii administered as small-particle aerosols. After challenge, both strains of mice became infected, as characterized by rickettsemia, viable rickettsiae in the spleen, and serological conversion. The major difference noted was that euthymic animals had cleared rickettsiae from peripheral circulation and the spleen within 14 days. In contrast, rickettsiae were detected and isolated from spleen and blood of athymic mice through 60 days.", "contents": "Experimental Q fever infection in congenitally athymic nude mice. Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their phenotypically normal (nu/+) euthymic littermates were exposed to Coxiella burnetii administered as small-particle aerosols. After challenge, both strains of mice became infected, as characterized by rickettsemia, viable rickettsiae in the spleen, and serological conversion. The major difference noted was that euthymic animals had cleared rickettsiae from peripheral circulation and the spleen within 14 days. In contrast, rickettsiae were detected and isolated from spleen and blood of athymic mice through 60 days.", "PMID": 730352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_258", "title": "Increased resistance to streptolysin O in mammalian cells treated with oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol.", "content": "L-cell fibroblast cultures were treated with certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which are known to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in mammalian cells. After incubation in the presence of 20-alpha-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol for 18 h, the cells became increasingly resistant to streptolysin O. Maximum resistance to toxin was obtained by incubation for 48 h in 0.5 microgram of 20-alpha-hydroxycholesterol or 0.25 microgram of 25-hydroxycholesterol per ml; under these conditions, the cells were 10 to 50 times more resistant than were untreated controls. The ability of the hydroxycholesterol compounds to render the cells resistant was related to the age of the cultures. Maximum protection was found when more sparsely populated cultures were treated with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Older, heavily populated cultures could not be protected even with the high concentrations of 25-hydroxycholesterol. In contrast to control cultures, most of the toxin activity remained in the medium after being incubated with hydroxycholesterol-treated cultures. The results indicate that less toxin binds to the resistant cells and suggest that a reduction in membrane cholesterol content may account for resistance to streptolysin O.", "contents": "Increased resistance to streptolysin O in mammalian cells treated with oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol. L-cell fibroblast cultures were treated with certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which are known to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in mammalian cells. After incubation in the presence of 20-alpha-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol for 18 h, the cells became increasingly resistant to streptolysin O. Maximum resistance to toxin was obtained by incubation for 48 h in 0.5 microgram of 20-alpha-hydroxycholesterol or 0.25 microgram of 25-hydroxycholesterol per ml; under these conditions, the cells were 10 to 50 times more resistant than were untreated controls. The ability of the hydroxycholesterol compounds to render the cells resistant was related to the age of the cultures. Maximum protection was found when more sparsely populated cultures were treated with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Older, heavily populated cultures could not be protected even with the high concentrations of 25-hydroxycholesterol. In contrast to control cultures, most of the toxin activity remained in the medium after being incubated with hydroxycholesterol-treated cultures. The results indicate that less toxin binds to the resistant cells and suggest that a reduction in membrane cholesterol content may account for resistance to streptolysin O.", "PMID": 730353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_259", "title": "Comparative study of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in two strains of inbred mice.", "content": "Two Leishmania strains, AZV (isolated from a typical case of American cutaneous leishmaniasis) and AMP (from a case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis), were studied in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. After infection with 10(4) amastigotes of either strain, C57BL/6 mice developed self-resolving lesions lasting 20 to 23 weeks and showed both delayed hypersensitivity response to leishmanial antigen and specific agglutinating antibodies. On the other hand, BALB/c mice infected with 10(4) AZV or AMP amastigotes developed chronic, large, ulcerated lesions and showed impaired cellular and humoral responses to the parasite. When BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice received 10(2) AMP amastigotes, patterns of infection were similar to those observed after inoculation of 10(4) amastigotes. In vitro studies revealed that spleen cells from AZV- or AMP-infected C57BL/6 mice showed an increased DNA-synthetic response to leishmanial antigen, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin. Spleen cells from AZV- or AMP-infected BALB/c mice showed an increased response to concanavalin A and diminished responses to leishmanial antigen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Comparative study of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in two strains of inbred mice. Two Leishmania strains, AZV (isolated from a typical case of American cutaneous leishmaniasis) and AMP (from a case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis), were studied in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. After infection with 10(4) amastigotes of either strain, C57BL/6 mice developed self-resolving lesions lasting 20 to 23 weeks and showed both delayed hypersensitivity response to leishmanial antigen and specific agglutinating antibodies. On the other hand, BALB/c mice infected with 10(4) AZV or AMP amastigotes developed chronic, large, ulcerated lesions and showed impaired cellular and humoral responses to the parasite. When BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice received 10(2) AMP amastigotes, patterns of infection were similar to those observed after inoculation of 10(4) amastigotes. In vitro studies revealed that spleen cells from AZV- or AMP-infected C57BL/6 mice showed an increased DNA-synthetic response to leishmanial antigen, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin. Spleen cells from AZV- or AMP-infected BALB/c mice showed an increased response to concanavalin A and diminished responses to leishmanial antigen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 730354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_260", "title": "Prophylaxis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in guinea pigs by intranasal vaccination with live strain ts-S34.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive mutant strain, ts-S34, of Bordetella bronchiseptica, which cannot grow at or above the temperature 34 degrees C, has been studied in guinea pigs. The strain grew to moderate numbers in the nasal turbinates but did not grow in the lungs. Guinea pigs given strain ts-S34 developed moderate levels of serum antibody. This strain also induced very high resistance to subsequent intranasal challenge with 4,000X the 50% lethal dose of virulent strain S1 of B. bronchiseptica. In these studies, it appeared that the ts-S34 strain had favorable properties for potential use as a live attenuated vaccine.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in guinea pigs by intranasal vaccination with live strain ts-S34. The temperature-sensitive mutant strain, ts-S34, of Bordetella bronchiseptica, which cannot grow at or above the temperature 34 degrees C, has been studied in guinea pigs. The strain grew to moderate numbers in the nasal turbinates but did not grow in the lungs. Guinea pigs given strain ts-S34 developed moderate levels of serum antibody. This strain also induced very high resistance to subsequent intranasal challenge with 4,000X the 50% lethal dose of virulent strain S1 of B. bronchiseptica. In these studies, it appeared that the ts-S34 strain had favorable properties for potential use as a live attenuated vaccine.", "PMID": 730355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_261", "title": "Formation of antibody to matrix protein in experimental human influenza A virus infections.", "content": "Antibodies to type A influenza virus matrix protein (M) were assayed by single radial diffusion in 180 paired sera of volunteers challenged intranasally with live H3N2 viruses of varying degrees of virulence. Of these volunteers 20 had had severe clinical reactions (influenza-like); there had been 19 moderate reactions (lesser degrees of constitutional illness), and the remaining 141 reactions had been graded mild, very mild, or nil. Only 2 volunteers were shown to have antibodies to M in the pre-trial serum samples, and 11 developed anti-M rises after virus inoculation. Nine of the 11 had had severe reactions, and 2 had had moderate reactions. There was, therefore, a clear correlation between severity of clinical illness and anti-M antibody formation. In general, anti-M increases coincided with increases to the hemagglutinins and nucleoprotein, and with virus shedding. However, no anti-M antibody could be demonstrated in paired sera of 18 additional volunteers of whom 12 had developed severe reactions after the inoculation of virulent H0N1 and H1N1 influenza A viruses and of whom 12 had shown laboratory evidence of infection.", "contents": "Formation of antibody to matrix protein in experimental human influenza A virus infections. Antibodies to type A influenza virus matrix protein (M) were assayed by single radial diffusion in 180 paired sera of volunteers challenged intranasally with live H3N2 viruses of varying degrees of virulence. Of these volunteers 20 had had severe clinical reactions (influenza-like); there had been 19 moderate reactions (lesser degrees of constitutional illness), and the remaining 141 reactions had been graded mild, very mild, or nil. Only 2 volunteers were shown to have antibodies to M in the pre-trial serum samples, and 11 developed anti-M rises after virus inoculation. Nine of the 11 had had severe reactions, and 2 had had moderate reactions. There was, therefore, a clear correlation between severity of clinical illness and anti-M antibody formation. In general, anti-M increases coincided with increases to the hemagglutinins and nucleoprotein, and with virus shedding. However, no anti-M antibody could be demonstrated in paired sera of 18 additional volunteers of whom 12 had developed severe reactions after the inoculation of virulent H0N1 and H1N1 influenza A viruses and of whom 12 had shown laboratory evidence of infection.", "PMID": 730356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_262", "title": "Prevalence of enterotoxigenicity in human and nonhuman isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A total of 414 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from human and nonhuman sources were examined for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) production to determine whether enterotoxigenicity was related to the source of isolation, serotype, or biochemical characteristics of the organism. A total of 65% of all cultures were found to produce ST. Enterotoxin production was much more prevalent in strains isolated from humans (218/232) than in those isolated from animals (17/34), water (9/49), raw milk (14/44), and food (10/55). Strains belonging to the serotypes O:3; 8; 5,27; 6,30; 9, often isolated from human infections, were almost always enterotoxigenic (191/196), although ST production was also highly prevalent among a few other serotypes. The most significant difference was observed between the groups that differed in the ability to ferment rhamnose; only 13 of 130 rhamnose-positive isolates produced ST (10%) compared to 255 of 284 rhamnose-negative cultures (90%). These results suggest that ST production is ubiquitous in Y. enterocolitica, with the highest prevalence among strains associated with human infections.", "contents": "Prevalence of enterotoxigenicity in human and nonhuman isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica. A total of 414 cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from human and nonhuman sources were examined for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) production to determine whether enterotoxigenicity was related to the source of isolation, serotype, or biochemical characteristics of the organism. A total of 65% of all cultures were found to produce ST. Enterotoxin production was much more prevalent in strains isolated from humans (218/232) than in those isolated from animals (17/34), water (9/49), raw milk (14/44), and food (10/55). Strains belonging to the serotypes O:3; 8; 5,27; 6,30; 9, often isolated from human infections, were almost always enterotoxigenic (191/196), although ST production was also highly prevalent among a few other serotypes. The most significant difference was observed between the groups that differed in the ability to ferment rhamnose; only 13 of 130 rhamnose-positive isolates produced ST (10%) compared to 255 of 284 rhamnose-negative cultures (90%). These results suggest that ST production is ubiquitous in Y. enterocolitica, with the highest prevalence among strains associated with human infections.", "PMID": 730357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_263", "title": "Growth of Trypanosoma musculi in cultures of murine spleen cells and analysis of the requirement for supportive spleen cells.", "content": "Growth of Trypanosoma musculi in vitro has been achieved. The number of parasites increased by more than 1,500-fold in less than 8 days under the most suitable conditions. The rate and magnitude of growth was comparable to that which occurs in inoculated murine hosts. Maximum growth was displayed in cultures composed of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, murine spleen cells, and foreign erythrocytes (sheep). No growth occurred in the absence of spleen cells. The adherent, macrophage-rich population supported parasite growth much better than did the nonadherent population. Parasite growth was excellent in the presence of irradiated spleen cells or of cells from thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. The important cells appeared to be macrophages. The beneficial effect of sheep erythrocytes probably resulted from preoccupation or stimulation of phagocytes. Soluble substances released by spleen cell cultures promote parasite growth, as was shown by experiments with double-compartment culture vessels. The utility of this culture system for analysis of host immune responses against the trypanosome was demonstrated.", "contents": "Growth of Trypanosoma musculi in cultures of murine spleen cells and analysis of the requirement for supportive spleen cells. Growth of Trypanosoma musculi in vitro has been achieved. The number of parasites increased by more than 1,500-fold in less than 8 days under the most suitable conditions. The rate and magnitude of growth was comparable to that which occurs in inoculated murine hosts. Maximum growth was displayed in cultures composed of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, murine spleen cells, and foreign erythrocytes (sheep). No growth occurred in the absence of spleen cells. The adherent, macrophage-rich population supported parasite growth much better than did the nonadherent population. Parasite growth was excellent in the presence of irradiated spleen cells or of cells from thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. The important cells appeared to be macrophages. The beneficial effect of sheep erythrocytes probably resulted from preoccupation or stimulation of phagocytes. Soluble substances released by spleen cell cultures promote parasite growth, as was shown by experiments with double-compartment culture vessels. The utility of this culture system for analysis of host immune responses against the trypanosome was demonstrated.", "PMID": 730358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_264", "title": "Immunodepression in Taenia crassiceps infection: restoration of the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes by activated peritoneal cells.", "content": "The in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of mesenteric lymph node cells from mice infected with the larval cestode Taenia crassiceps is significantly depressed and can be restored to control levels by addition of activated peritoneal cells depleted of functional T or B lymphocytes. Adherent mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice are unable to reconstitute the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of normal nonadherent cells. The responses of mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice to the T-lymphocyte mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin and the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide are normal. Mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice do not suppress the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of normal mesenteric lymph node cells. These results suggest that the immunodepression in T. crassiceps-infected mice is primarily the result of alterations in functional accessory cells.", "contents": "Immunodepression in Taenia crassiceps infection: restoration of the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes by activated peritoneal cells. The in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of mesenteric lymph node cells from mice infected with the larval cestode Taenia crassiceps is significantly depressed and can be restored to control levels by addition of activated peritoneal cells depleted of functional T or B lymphocytes. Adherent mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice are unable to reconstitute the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of normal nonadherent cells. The responses of mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice to the T-lymphocyte mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin and the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide are normal. Mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice do not suppress the in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes of normal mesenteric lymph node cells. These results suggest that the immunodepression in T. crassiceps-infected mice is primarily the result of alterations in functional accessory cells.", "PMID": 730359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_265", "title": "Influence of cadmium on the phagocytic and microbicidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "A significant depression in the phagocytic capacity of elicited peritoneal macrophages, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and elicited peritoneal polymorphonucleated neutrophils was manifested when the cells were incubated in medium containing cadmium chloride. With the exception of the neutrophils, a similar influence was observed when the cells were exposed to cadmium acetate. The impaired phagocytic capacity was related to the concentration of the cadmium in the medium. Peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils did not demonstrate any alteration in their microbicidal activity (percentage of ingested yeast which were killed) in the presence of the cadmium salts. However, a significant suppression in the intracellular microbicidal activity of alveolar macrophages was observed when the cells were incubated in medium containing either cadmium chloride or cadmium acetate. This unique response to Cd2+ may be related to general metabolic characteristics of these cells living at an elevated O2 tension.", "contents": "Influence of cadmium on the phagocytic and microbicidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. A significant depression in the phagocytic capacity of elicited peritoneal macrophages, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and elicited peritoneal polymorphonucleated neutrophils was manifested when the cells were incubated in medium containing cadmium chloride. With the exception of the neutrophils, a similar influence was observed when the cells were exposed to cadmium acetate. The impaired phagocytic capacity was related to the concentration of the cadmium in the medium. Peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils did not demonstrate any alteration in their microbicidal activity (percentage of ingested yeast which were killed) in the presence of the cadmium salts. However, a significant suppression in the intracellular microbicidal activity of alveolar macrophages was observed when the cells were incubated in medium containing either cadmium chloride or cadmium acetate. This unique response to Cd2+ may be related to general metabolic characteristics of these cells living at an elevated O2 tension.", "PMID": 730360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_266", "title": "Role of motility in experimental cholera in adult rabbits.", "content": "The role of motility in the pathogenesis of cholera was evaluated in ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. Four strains of Vibrio cholerae (including both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of both classical and El Tor biotypes) were compared with their aflagellated, but fully toxigenic and prototrophic, isogenic derivatives as to their ability to produce fluid accumulation in the rabbit gut. The nonmotile mutants required an at least 100-fold-higher dose than their respective wild-type strains to produce comparable fluid accumulation responses. The decreased ability of nonmotile strains to produce a fluid response was not due to their failure to multiply in vivo, since they increased in numbers in the rabbit ileum at the same rate as the wild-type strains, but probably was related to their inability to associate with the intestinal mucosa. After 3 h of incubation, 45 to 53% of motile, [35S]-labeled cells adsorbed to the intestinal wall, whereas only 3 to 15% (depending upon the strain) of the nonmotile bacteria were associated.", "contents": "Role of motility in experimental cholera in adult rabbits. The role of motility in the pathogenesis of cholera was evaluated in ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. Four strains of Vibrio cholerae (including both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of both classical and El Tor biotypes) were compared with their aflagellated, but fully toxigenic and prototrophic, isogenic derivatives as to their ability to produce fluid accumulation in the rabbit gut. The nonmotile mutants required an at least 100-fold-higher dose than their respective wild-type strains to produce comparable fluid accumulation responses. The decreased ability of nonmotile strains to produce a fluid response was not due to their failure to multiply in vivo, since they increased in numbers in the rabbit ileum at the same rate as the wild-type strains, but probably was related to their inability to associate with the intestinal mucosa. After 3 h of incubation, 45 to 53% of motile, [35S]-labeled cells adsorbed to the intestinal wall, whereas only 3 to 15% (depending upon the strain) of the nonmotile bacteria were associated.", "PMID": 730361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_267", "title": "Suppression of cellular immune responses in guinea pigs infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae.", "content": "Using a guinea pig model, we demonstrated that infections with pathogenic species of spotted fever group rickettsiae transiently and nonspecifically suppress established cellular immune responses as measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation and in vivo delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to unrelated, nonrickettsial antigens. The correlation of the duration of this immunosuppression with the virulence of the infecting rickettsial species suggests that this suppression is a pathological effect of the rickettsial infection. Although we did not specifically study the mechanism of this suppression, it is not associated with either lymphocytopenia or leukocytosis.", "contents": "Suppression of cellular immune responses in guinea pigs infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. Using a guinea pig model, we demonstrated that infections with pathogenic species of spotted fever group rickettsiae transiently and nonspecifically suppress established cellular immune responses as measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation and in vivo delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to unrelated, nonrickettsial antigens. The correlation of the duration of this immunosuppression with the virulence of the infecting rickettsial species suggests that this suppression is a pathological effect of the rickettsial infection. Although we did not specifically study the mechanism of this suppression, it is not associated with either lymphocytopenia or leukocytosis.", "PMID": 730362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_268", "title": "Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin by Clostridium sordellii antitoxins.", "content": "Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin was studied by cytotoxicity assay in tissue culture. The sources of toxin were stools from two patients with pseudomembranous colitis and a culture filtrate of C. difficile isolated from one of the patients. C. sordellii antitoxin was available either in monovalent form or as gas gangrene polyvalent antitoxin. The potency of antitoxins against C. difficile determined by cytotoxicity assay did not correlate with the established values reported for mouse protection tests against C. sordellii toxin. An equivalent zone of optimal neutralization was demonstrated for stool toxin, and a slightly different one for culture toxin. The rate of neutralization appeared to be instantaneous, either at 24 or at 37 degrees C. The efficacy of antitoxin in preventing cytotoxicity in cultured cells preexposed to toxin decreased rapidly with preexposure time. The union between toxin and antitoxin could be readily dissociated by simple dilution or by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dissociated by simple dilution or by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dilution. Continued incubation of toxin-antitoxin mixture did not increase the firmness of the union; on the contrary, more dissociation occurred. The unusual looseness of the toxin-antitoxin union is probably relatd to lack of serological specificity or affinity. Based on these observations, a practical diagnostic method for antibiotic-induced colitis is outlined.", "contents": "Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin by Clostridium sordellii antitoxins. Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin was studied by cytotoxicity assay in tissue culture. The sources of toxin were stools from two patients with pseudomembranous colitis and a culture filtrate of C. difficile isolated from one of the patients. C. sordellii antitoxin was available either in monovalent form or as gas gangrene polyvalent antitoxin. The potency of antitoxins against C. difficile determined by cytotoxicity assay did not correlate with the established values reported for mouse protection tests against C. sordellii toxin. An equivalent zone of optimal neutralization was demonstrated for stool toxin, and a slightly different one for culture toxin. The rate of neutralization appeared to be instantaneous, either at 24 or at 37 degrees C. The efficacy of antitoxin in preventing cytotoxicity in cultured cells preexposed to toxin decreased rapidly with preexposure time. The union between toxin and antitoxin could be readily dissociated by simple dilution or by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dissociated by simple dilution or by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dilution. Continued incubation of toxin-antitoxin mixture did not increase the firmness of the union; on the contrary, more dissociation occurred. The unusual looseness of the toxin-antitoxin union is probably relatd to lack of serological specificity or affinity. Based on these observations, a practical diagnostic method for antibiotic-induced colitis is outlined.", "PMID": 730363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_269", "title": "Survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae in the upper bowel of infant mice.", "content": "The survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae strains of varying virulence in the upper bowel of orally challenged infant mice early in infection has been examined. Analysis of changes in the apparent specific activity (counts per minute per colony-forming unit) of the cell population after 4 h compared with the inoculum indicated that strain CA401 established a viable, multiplying cell population, whereas strains VB12 (a rough variant) and 569B were subject to host bactericidal and bacteriolytic mechanisms. An analysis of parameters which may affect the specific activity is included. We have defined the infective potential of the strains in terms of the changes in specific activity. The relative infective potentials are CA401 greater than 569B greater than VB12.", "contents": "Survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae in the upper bowel of infant mice. The survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae strains of varying virulence in the upper bowel of orally challenged infant mice early in infection has been examined. Analysis of changes in the apparent specific activity (counts per minute per colony-forming unit) of the cell population after 4 h compared with the inoculum indicated that strain CA401 established a viable, multiplying cell population, whereas strains VB12 (a rough variant) and 569B were subject to host bactericidal and bacteriolytic mechanisms. An analysis of parameters which may affect the specific activity is included. We have defined the infective potential of the strains in terms of the changes in specific activity. The relative infective potentials are CA401 greater than 569B greater than VB12.", "PMID": 730364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_270", "title": "Chemotactic deactivation of human neutrophils: evidence for nonspecific and specific components.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been preexposed to activated complement as zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) or to the chemotactic oligopeptide N-formyl methionylphenylalanine (F-Met-Phe). Spontaneous migration and chemotactic responses toward the deactivating and other cytotaxins were monitored after washing and resuspension of cells in cytotaxin-free medium. Two patterns of deactivation were observed. Preexposure of the leukocytes to high doses of ZAS or F-Met-Phe decreased all subsequent migratory responses. Preexposure of the leukocytes to lower doses of ZAS or F-Met-Phe decreased only a subsequent chemotactic response to the deactivating cytotaxin. These results suggest two mechanisms, or components, of chemotactic deactivation.", "contents": "Chemotactic deactivation of human neutrophils: evidence for nonspecific and specific components. Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been preexposed to activated complement as zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) or to the chemotactic oligopeptide N-formyl methionylphenylalanine (F-Met-Phe). Spontaneous migration and chemotactic responses toward the deactivating and other cytotaxins were monitored after washing and resuspension of cells in cytotaxin-free medium. Two patterns of deactivation were observed. Preexposure of the leukocytes to high doses of ZAS or F-Met-Phe decreased all subsequent migratory responses. Preexposure of the leukocytes to lower doses of ZAS or F-Met-Phe decreased only a subsequent chemotactic response to the deactivating cytotaxin. These results suggest two mechanisms, or components, of chemotactic deactivation.", "PMID": 730365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_271", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune responses to herpes simplex virus during and after primary gingivostomatitis.", "content": "A total of 17 children, aged 1 to 15 years, with gingivostomatitis were investigated to follow the development of immune parameters in those who suffered from herpes simplex virus stomatitis. Mouth swabs were obtained during the acute attack. Blood samples were collected on this occasion and again about 3 weeks later. Humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus was investigated by a complement fixation test and by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a blast transformation assay with herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen and phytohemagglutinin. Interferon production in herpes-stimulated cultures was measured. Thirteen patients had a herpes simplex stomatitis. Twelve of these children were negative in the complement fixation test on the first serum specimen, but only five were negative in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. These five were still febrile at the time of investigation. Blast transformation was negative at the first investigation in most children, whereas interferon was produced both in leukocyte cultures obtained during the infection and also in cultures made 3 to 4 weeks after the infection. An increase in immune parameters was seen in all patients with herpes stomatitis. From results in blast transformation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, it is seen that cell-mediated and humoral immunity can be found at the same time during recovery from this type of infection.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune responses to herpes simplex virus during and after primary gingivostomatitis. A total of 17 children, aged 1 to 15 years, with gingivostomatitis were investigated to follow the development of immune parameters in those who suffered from herpes simplex virus stomatitis. Mouth swabs were obtained during the acute attack. Blood samples were collected on this occasion and again about 3 weeks later. Humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus was investigated by a complement fixation test and by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a blast transformation assay with herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen and phytohemagglutinin. Interferon production in herpes-stimulated cultures was measured. Thirteen patients had a herpes simplex stomatitis. Twelve of these children were negative in the complement fixation test on the first serum specimen, but only five were negative in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. These five were still febrile at the time of investigation. Blast transformation was negative at the first investigation in most children, whereas interferon was produced both in leukocyte cultures obtained during the infection and also in cultures made 3 to 4 weeks after the infection. An increase in immune parameters was seen in all patients with herpes stomatitis. From results in blast transformation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, it is seen that cell-mediated and humoral immunity can be found at the same time during recovery from this type of infection.", "PMID": 730366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_272", "title": "Characterization of the immunosuppression accompanying virus-induced avian osteopetrosis.", "content": "Infection of chickens with a myeloblastosis-associated virus which induced a high incidence of osteopetrosis was accompanied by immunosuppression. The immunosuppression was manifested in the following ways. The weight of the bursa, spleen, and thymus was depressed in infected chickens. Infected animals had a diminished capacity to form hemolytic plaques in a direct assay. Spleen cells from osteopetrotic animals did not respond to phytohemagglutinin, and the spleen and bursa had a decreased proportion of cells possessing surface immunoglobulin. Osteopetrotic animals failed to show an age-dependent increase in the proportion of cells demonstrating surface immunoglobulin that was observed in normal animals. However, several individual chickens with heavy osteopetrosis responded to antigenic stimulation in a normal fashion, indicating that although immunosuppression usually accompanies avian osteopetrosis, it may not contribute directly to abnormal bone proliferation.", "contents": "Characterization of the immunosuppression accompanying virus-induced avian osteopetrosis. Infection of chickens with a myeloblastosis-associated virus which induced a high incidence of osteopetrosis was accompanied by immunosuppression. The immunosuppression was manifested in the following ways. The weight of the bursa, spleen, and thymus was depressed in infected chickens. Infected animals had a diminished capacity to form hemolytic plaques in a direct assay. Spleen cells from osteopetrotic animals did not respond to phytohemagglutinin, and the spleen and bursa had a decreased proportion of cells possessing surface immunoglobulin. Osteopetrotic animals failed to show an age-dependent increase in the proportion of cells demonstrating surface immunoglobulin that was observed in normal animals. However, several individual chickens with heavy osteopetrosis responded to antigenic stimulation in a normal fashion, indicating that although immunosuppression usually accompanies avian osteopetrosis, it may not contribute directly to abnormal bone proliferation.", "PMID": 730367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_273", "title": "Virulence and immunity of Staphylococcus aureus BB and certain deficient mutants.", "content": "Coagulase-negative and deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus BB by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Comparison of virulence (50% lethal dose) to mice of these six mutant strains and S. aureus BB was determined by both intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. The ratios of the 50% lethal dose of coagulase-negative mutants to that of the parental strain S. aureus BB ranged from 201 to 403 for intravenous infection and 30.7 to 52.7 for intraperitoneal infection. The virulence of deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants was essentially the same as that of S. aureus BB. When mice were immunized subcutaneously with live S. aureus BB or its deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants, the resulting protection against the intravenous challenge of S. aureus BB was remarkable. The ratios of the 50% lethal dose for the mice that were immunized by these strains to that for the untreated mice extended from 40.1 to 60.6 for intravenous infection and 6.61 to 11.5 for the intraperitoneal route. However, no effect against S. aureus BB challenge was shown in the mice that were immunized with coagulase-negative mutants.", "contents": "Virulence and immunity of Staphylococcus aureus BB and certain deficient mutants. Coagulase-negative and deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus BB by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Comparison of virulence (50% lethal dose) to mice of these six mutant strains and S. aureus BB was determined by both intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. The ratios of the 50% lethal dose of coagulase-negative mutants to that of the parental strain S. aureus BB ranged from 201 to 403 for intravenous infection and 30.7 to 52.7 for intraperitoneal infection. The virulence of deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants was essentially the same as that of S. aureus BB. When mice were immunized subcutaneously with live S. aureus BB or its deoxyribonuclease-negative mutants, the resulting protection against the intravenous challenge of S. aureus BB was remarkable. The ratios of the 50% lethal dose for the mice that were immunized by these strains to that for the untreated mice extended from 40.1 to 60.6 for intravenous infection and 6.61 to 11.5 for the intraperitoneal route. However, no effect against S. aureus BB challenge was shown in the mice that were immunized with coagulase-negative mutants.", "PMID": 730368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_274", "title": "Stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal activity by supernatants of activated human mononuclear cells.", "content": "Supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-activated human mononuclear cells stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activity against the gram-negative organism Serratia marcescens. In the absence of serum opsonins, when control PMN could not impede bacterial growth, stimulated PMN averaged more than 0.6-log kill of the original bacterial inoculum. In the presence of optimal amounts of serum opsonins, when control PMN were significantly bactericidal, stimulated PMN killed, on the average, at least 0.6 log more of bacteria. Stimulation was not found when PMN were preincubated with supernatants for 1 h or less. The data strongly suggested that the action of the PMN stimulating factor was independent of and different from classically described serum opsonins. PMN stimulating activity may be an additional lymphokine-mediated immune defense mechanism enabling hosts to kill invading microorganisms.", "contents": "Stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal activity by supernatants of activated human mononuclear cells. Supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-activated human mononuclear cells stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activity against the gram-negative organism Serratia marcescens. In the absence of serum opsonins, when control PMN could not impede bacterial growth, stimulated PMN averaged more than 0.6-log kill of the original bacterial inoculum. In the presence of optimal amounts of serum opsonins, when control PMN were significantly bactericidal, stimulated PMN killed, on the average, at least 0.6 log more of bacteria. Stimulation was not found when PMN were preincubated with supernatants for 1 h or less. The data strongly suggested that the action of the PMN stimulating factor was independent of and different from classically described serum opsonins. PMN stimulating activity may be an additional lymphokine-mediated immune defense mechanism enabling hosts to kill invading microorganisms.", "PMID": 730369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_275", "title": "Plasmid-dependent attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant tissue culture cells.", "content": "Kinetic, microscopic, and biochemical studies show that virulent Ti (tumor inducing)-plasmid-containing strains of Agrobacterium attach to normal tobacco and carrot tissue culture cells. Kinetic studies showed that virulent strains of A. tumefaciens attach to the plant tissue culture cells in increasing numbers during the first 1 to 2 h of incubation of the bacteria with the plant cells. Five Ti-plasmid-containing virulent Agrobacterium strains showed greater attachment to tobacco cells than did five avirulent strains. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations confirmed that virulent strains showed little attachment. Bacterial attachment was blocked by prior incubation of the plant cells with lipopolysaccharide extracted from A. tumefaciens, but not from A. radiobacter, suggesting that bacterial lipopolysaccharide is one of the components involved in the attachment process. At least one other bacterial product may be required for attachment in tissue culture because the virulent A. tumefaciens NT1, which lacks the Ti plasmid, does not itself attach to tobacco cells, but its lipopolysaccharide does inhibit the attachment of virulent strains.", "contents": "Plasmid-dependent attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant tissue culture cells. Kinetic, microscopic, and biochemical studies show that virulent Ti (tumor inducing)-plasmid-containing strains of Agrobacterium attach to normal tobacco and carrot tissue culture cells. Kinetic studies showed that virulent strains of A. tumefaciens attach to the plant tissue culture cells in increasing numbers during the first 1 to 2 h of incubation of the bacteria with the plant cells. Five Ti-plasmid-containing virulent Agrobacterium strains showed greater attachment to tobacco cells than did five avirulent strains. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations confirmed that virulent strains showed little attachment. Bacterial attachment was blocked by prior incubation of the plant cells with lipopolysaccharide extracted from A. tumefaciens, but not from A. radiobacter, suggesting that bacterial lipopolysaccharide is one of the components involved in the attachment process. At least one other bacterial product may be required for attachment in tissue culture because the virulent A. tumefaciens NT1, which lacks the Ti plasmid, does not itself attach to tobacco cells, but its lipopolysaccharide does inhibit the attachment of virulent strains.", "PMID": 730370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_276", "title": "Immunological relatedness of ribosomes from mycobacteria, nocardiae and corynebacteria, and microorganisms in leprosy lesions.", "content": "Serological relatedness of ribosomes from microorganisms of the Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Corynebacterium genera has been analyzed by the microplate immunodiffusion technique. Mycobacterium and Nocardia proved homogeneous and closely related taxa, whereas Corynebacterium was found to be a heterogeneous phylum connected by remote links to the others. The taxonomic position of \"diphtheroid microorganisms\" (non-acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria morphologically similar to corynebactria), which were found together with Mycobacterium leprae in human leprosy lesions, was also investigated. Ribosomes of diphtheroid bacteria strongly cross-reacted with antisera against several mycobacteria and nocardiae but not against corynebacteria. Moreover, ribosomes from independently isolated diphtheroid strains proved serologically related and yielded strong cross-reactions with antisera against M. leprae as well as with sera from leprosy patients. Hence, diphtheroid microorganisms represent a homogeneous group immunologically related to mycobacteria in general and more specifically to M. leprae.", "contents": "Immunological relatedness of ribosomes from mycobacteria, nocardiae and corynebacteria, and microorganisms in leprosy lesions. Serological relatedness of ribosomes from microorganisms of the Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Corynebacterium genera has been analyzed by the microplate immunodiffusion technique. Mycobacterium and Nocardia proved homogeneous and closely related taxa, whereas Corynebacterium was found to be a heterogeneous phylum connected by remote links to the others. The taxonomic position of \"diphtheroid microorganisms\" (non-acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria morphologically similar to corynebactria), which were found together with Mycobacterium leprae in human leprosy lesions, was also investigated. Ribosomes of diphtheroid bacteria strongly cross-reacted with antisera against several mycobacteria and nocardiae but not against corynebacteria. Moreover, ribosomes from independently isolated diphtheroid strains proved serologically related and yielded strong cross-reactions with antisera against M. leprae as well as with sera from leprosy patients. Hence, diphtheroid microorganisms represent a homogeneous group immunologically related to mycobacteria in general and more specifically to M. leprae.", "PMID": 730371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_277", "title": "Complement activation by cell wall fractions of Micropolyspora faeni.", "content": "The ability of several cell wall fractions of Micropolyspora faeni, a thermophilic actinomycete associated with farmer's lung disease, to activate complement is reported. Cell walls, obtained by mechanical disruption, were purified by enzyme treatment and chemical extractions. Fractions containing the most purified cell walls were most active in consuming complement, as measured by reduction of hemolytic complement levels of normal human serum. Cell wall fractions activated the alternative complement pathway, as shown by monitoring the conversion of C3 proactivator (factor B) to C3 activator (activated factor B) in the presence of specific cation chelators. Selective degradation of cell walls by lysozyme resulted in a decreased ability to consume complement and implicated peptidoglycan as the major complement-reactive component. The role of this nonspecific complement activation in relation to farmer's lung disease is discussed.", "contents": "Complement activation by cell wall fractions of Micropolyspora faeni. The ability of several cell wall fractions of Micropolyspora faeni, a thermophilic actinomycete associated with farmer's lung disease, to activate complement is reported. Cell walls, obtained by mechanical disruption, were purified by enzyme treatment and chemical extractions. Fractions containing the most purified cell walls were most active in consuming complement, as measured by reduction of hemolytic complement levels of normal human serum. Cell wall fractions activated the alternative complement pathway, as shown by monitoring the conversion of C3 proactivator (factor B) to C3 activator (activated factor B) in the presence of specific cation chelators. Selective degradation of cell walls by lysozyme resulted in a decreased ability to consume complement and implicated peptidoglycan as the major complement-reactive component. The role of this nonspecific complement activation in relation to farmer's lung disease is discussed.", "PMID": 730372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_278", "title": "Synthesis, transport, and secretion of plasma proteins by the livers of control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats.", "content": "The synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion of plasma proteins by the liver was studied in both control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. Rats were injected with [3H]leucine; at various time intervals, the components of the intracellular secretory system were isolated. The isolation and partial characterization of rough microsomes, smooth microsomes, and Golgi from both control and infected animals are described. After infection, the specific activity of the label in the homogenate and in all isolated cell fractions was significantly increased. In both control and infected animals, the kinetics of labeling suggested that the secretory pathway of the newly synthesized protein was from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and finally to the circulation. Even though infected animals synthesized, transported, and secreted significantly more plasma protein, infection did not significantly alter the secretion time (time between injection of isotope and appearance of labeled protein in the circulation). It is concluded that, after S. pneumoniae infection, the liver still maintains its capability to perform the basic functions of protein synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion and that newly synthesized plasma protein follows the same intracellular pathway in both control and S. pneumoniae-infected rats.", "contents": "Synthesis, transport, and secretion of plasma proteins by the livers of control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. The synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion of plasma proteins by the liver was studied in both control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. Rats were injected with [3H]leucine; at various time intervals, the components of the intracellular secretory system were isolated. The isolation and partial characterization of rough microsomes, smooth microsomes, and Golgi from both control and infected animals are described. After infection, the specific activity of the label in the homogenate and in all isolated cell fractions was significantly increased. In both control and infected animals, the kinetics of labeling suggested that the secretory pathway of the newly synthesized protein was from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and finally to the circulation. Even though infected animals synthesized, transported, and secreted significantly more plasma protein, infection did not significantly alter the secretion time (time between injection of isotope and appearance of labeled protein in the circulation). It is concluded that, after S. pneumoniae infection, the liver still maintains its capability to perform the basic functions of protein synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion and that newly synthesized plasma protein follows the same intracellular pathway in both control and S. pneumoniae-infected rats.", "PMID": 730373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_279", "title": "Synthesis of DNA and protein by Anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocytes during short-term culture.", "content": "Bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were cultured for 1 to 5 days in a CO2 incubation chamber, pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine and [14C]methionine, lysed, and fractionated by differential centrifugation and continuous density gradient centrifugation in Renografin. Anaplasma and associated fragments of stroma formed two distinct bands in the dense region of the gradient. Electron microscopic examination of pelleted material from the bands from cells cultured for 1 day revealed the presence of organisms that were morphologically intact or in various states of degeneration. Examination of fractions from the gradient for incorporation of label revealed that analplasma present in erythrocytes can incorporate both [3H]thymidine and [14C]methionine. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that organisms cultured for 3 and 5 days incorporated the radiolabeled compounds also, but to a lesser extent. The experiments demonstrate that it is possible to culture analplasma in vitro for short periods of time and monitor their growth characteristics.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA and protein by Anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocytes during short-term culture. Bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were cultured for 1 to 5 days in a CO2 incubation chamber, pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine and [14C]methionine, lysed, and fractionated by differential centrifugation and continuous density gradient centrifugation in Renografin. Anaplasma and associated fragments of stroma formed two distinct bands in the dense region of the gradient. Electron microscopic examination of pelleted material from the bands from cells cultured for 1 day revealed the presence of organisms that were morphologically intact or in various states of degeneration. Examination of fractions from the gradient for incorporation of label revealed that analplasma present in erythrocytes can incorporate both [3H]thymidine and [14C]methionine. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that organisms cultured for 3 and 5 days incorporated the radiolabeled compounds also, but to a lesser extent. The experiments demonstrate that it is possible to culture analplasma in vitro for short periods of time and monitor their growth characteristics.", "PMID": 730374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_280", "title": "Role of colonization in the virulence of Actinomyces viscosus strains T14-Vi and T14-Av.", "content": "Germfree rats fed a high-sucrose diet were inoculated with Actinomyces viscosus strain T14-Vi (virulent) or T14-Av (avirulent). The mean recovery of strain T14-Vi from six extracted finely ground molars of rats sacrificed after 90 days was 1.1 x 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU). The mean recovery of strain T14-Av was 5.7 x 10(7) CFU, which was significantly less. Strain T14-Vi caused severe alveolar bone loss, but only minimal bone loss occurred in rats infected with strain T14-Av. Scanning electron microscopy of teeth of germfree rats revealed that strain T14-Vi colonized in the fissures as well as on tooth surface areas near the gingiva; strain T14-Av also colonized in fissures but was unable to colonize the teeth near the gingiva. In studies with conventional rats fed a high-sucrose diet, streptomycin-resistant strain T14-Vi colonized on the teeth of all rats inoculated with in the order of 10(8) or 10(7) CFU and on the teeth of about half of the rats inoculated with 10(6) or 10(5) CFU. In contrast, streptomycin-resistant strain T14-Av could not be detected on the teeth of any of the rats in groups similarly inoculated. In vitro \"resting\" cells of both strains suspended in conventional or germfree rat saliva survived to comparable degrees. [(3)H]thymidine-labeled T14-Vi cells adhered well to hydroxyapatite (HA) beads and to HA beads pretreated with saliva obtained from germfree or conventional rats. In contrast, T14-Av cells adhered less well than did T14-Vi cells to HA, whereas their adherence to saliva-coated HA was negligible. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained T14-Vi and T14-Av cells repeatedly passed in 1% phosphotungstic acid revealed fibrils on cells of both strains. T14-Av cells were covered by large amounts of extracellular material which was presumably heteropolysaccharide; little extracellular material was present on the surface of T14-Vi cells. T14-Vi cells had a relatively low affinity for the heteropolysaccharide synthesized by strain T14-Av. Other evidence also suggested that this polysaccharide had a relatively low affinity for saliva-coated HA. Collectively, the evidence indicates that the difference in periodontopathic potential between strains T14-Vi and T14-Av results from their different abilities to colonize teeth. This difference is probably due to the lower adherence of T14-Av cells to teeth rather than to their ability to grow in the mouth. The low affinity of T14-Av cells for tooth surfaces may be due, in part, to the presence of large amounts of cell-surface-associated polysaccharide.", "contents": "Role of colonization in the virulence of Actinomyces viscosus strains T14-Vi and T14-Av. Germfree rats fed a high-sucrose diet were inoculated with Actinomyces viscosus strain T14-Vi (virulent) or T14-Av (avirulent). The mean recovery of strain T14-Vi from six extracted finely ground molars of rats sacrificed after 90 days was 1.1 x 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU). The mean recovery of strain T14-Av was 5.7 x 10(7) CFU, which was significantly less. Strain T14-Vi caused severe alveolar bone loss, but only minimal bone loss occurred in rats infected with strain T14-Av. Scanning electron microscopy of teeth of germfree rats revealed that strain T14-Vi colonized in the fissures as well as on tooth surface areas near the gingiva; strain T14-Av also colonized in fissures but was unable to colonize the teeth near the gingiva. In studies with conventional rats fed a high-sucrose diet, streptomycin-resistant strain T14-Vi colonized on the teeth of all rats inoculated with in the order of 10(8) or 10(7) CFU and on the teeth of about half of the rats inoculated with 10(6) or 10(5) CFU. In contrast, streptomycin-resistant strain T14-Av could not be detected on the teeth of any of the rats in groups similarly inoculated. In vitro \"resting\" cells of both strains suspended in conventional or germfree rat saliva survived to comparable degrees. [(3)H]thymidine-labeled T14-Vi cells adhered well to hydroxyapatite (HA) beads and to HA beads pretreated with saliva obtained from germfree or conventional rats. In contrast, T14-Av cells adhered less well than did T14-Vi cells to HA, whereas their adherence to saliva-coated HA was negligible. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained T14-Vi and T14-Av cells repeatedly passed in 1% phosphotungstic acid revealed fibrils on cells of both strains. T14-Av cells were covered by large amounts of extracellular material which was presumably heteropolysaccharide; little extracellular material was present on the surface of T14-Vi cells. T14-Vi cells had a relatively low affinity for the heteropolysaccharide synthesized by strain T14-Av. Other evidence also suggested that this polysaccharide had a relatively low affinity for saliva-coated HA. Collectively, the evidence indicates that the difference in periodontopathic potential between strains T14-Vi and T14-Av results from their different abilities to colonize teeth. This difference is probably due to the lower adherence of T14-Av cells to teeth rather than to their ability to grow in the mouth. The low affinity of T14-Av cells for tooth surfaces may be due, in part, to the presence of large amounts of cell-surface-associated polysaccharide.", "PMID": 730375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_281", "title": "New cellular and extracellular amphipathic antigen from Actinomyces viscosus NY1.", "content": "A new type of amphipathic antigen was isolated from culture supernatants and cells of Actinomyces viscosus NY1 and partially characterized as a fatty acid-substituted heteropolysaccharide. Similar components have been detected serologically in other strains of Actinomyces.", "contents": "New cellular and extracellular amphipathic antigen from Actinomyces viscosus NY1. A new type of amphipathic antigen was isolated from culture supernatants and cells of Actinomyces viscosus NY1 and partially characterized as a fatty acid-substituted heteropolysaccharide. Similar components have been detected serologically in other strains of Actinomyces.", "PMID": 730376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_282", "title": "Response of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice and their peritoneal macrophages to the toxicity of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies.", "content": "Intravenous injection of toxic doses of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies into endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeN mice or endotoxin-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice resulted in essentially identical time intervals to death. Inoculation of monolayer cultures of thioglycolate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from the two strains of mice with 250 elementary bodies per macrophage resulted in immediate host cell toxicity, although the C3H/HeJ macrophages were somewhat less sensitive to elementary body toxicity than were the C3H/HeN macrophages.", "contents": "Response of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice and their peritoneal macrophages to the toxicity of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies. Intravenous injection of toxic doses of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies into endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeN mice or endotoxin-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice resulted in essentially identical time intervals to death. Inoculation of monolayer cultures of thioglycolate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from the two strains of mice with 250 elementary bodies per macrophage resulted in immediate host cell toxicity, although the C3H/HeJ macrophages were somewhat less sensitive to elementary body toxicity than were the C3H/HeN macrophages.", "PMID": 730377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_283", "title": "Enhancement of the immunogenicity of phase I antigen of Coxiella burnetii.", "content": "The immunogenicity of the soluble phase I antigen of Coxiella burnetii for guinea pigs was enhanced by a nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, poly-L-lysine, and carboxymethyl cellulose.", "contents": "Enhancement of the immunogenicity of phase I antigen of Coxiella burnetii. The immunogenicity of the soluble phase I antigen of Coxiella burnetii for guinea pigs was enhanced by a nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, poly-L-lysine, and carboxymethyl cellulose.", "PMID": 730378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_284", "title": "Leukocytic endogenous mediator in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Reduced concentrations of plasma zinc associated with elevated levels of serum leukocytic endogenous mediator activity were found in 17 patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Neither the decrease in plasma zinc nor the increase in leukocytic endogenous activator activity in nine outpatients with quiescent disease was significant. Leukocytic endogenous mediator activity may be increased in inflammatory conditions as well as in microbial infections. Although zinc deficiency may be common in patients with Crohn's disease, exclusive reliance on circulating zinc levels to assess zinc nutriture in active Crohn's disease may be misleading.", "contents": "Leukocytic endogenous mediator in Crohn's disease. Reduced concentrations of plasma zinc associated with elevated levels of serum leukocytic endogenous mediator activity were found in 17 patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Neither the decrease in plasma zinc nor the increase in leukocytic endogenous activator activity in nine outpatients with quiescent disease was significant. Leukocytic endogenous mediator activity may be increased in inflammatory conditions as well as in microbial infections. Although zinc deficiency may be common in patients with Crohn's disease, exclusive reliance on circulating zinc levels to assess zinc nutriture in active Crohn's disease may be misleading.", "PMID": 730379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_285", "title": "Enzymatic degradation of H2O2 by Leptospira.", "content": "The enzymes responsible for reducing H2O2 were surveyed in 49 strains of Leptospira by using semiquantitative assays for catalase and peroxidase. The survey revealed a differential distribution of catalase and peroxidase activities between the two leptospiral complexes. The pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains gave strong catalase and weak or negative peroxidase reactions. Conversely, the nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa strains gave strong peroxidase and negative or weak catalase reactions. An intermediate group of four L. biflexa strains, which were isolated from mammals, fell into the high peroxidase, low or negative catalase group. One water isolate, H-23, gave strong reactions for both enzymes and was examined for virulence and in vitro growth parameters. Results indicate metabolic differences between pathogens and water forms in their abilities to reduce H2O2.", "contents": "Enzymatic degradation of H2O2 by Leptospira. The enzymes responsible for reducing H2O2 were surveyed in 49 strains of Leptospira by using semiquantitative assays for catalase and peroxidase. The survey revealed a differential distribution of catalase and peroxidase activities between the two leptospiral complexes. The pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains gave strong catalase and weak or negative peroxidase reactions. Conversely, the nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa strains gave strong peroxidase and negative or weak catalase reactions. An intermediate group of four L. biflexa strains, which were isolated from mammals, fell into the high peroxidase, low or negative catalase group. One water isolate, H-23, gave strong reactions for both enzymes and was examined for virulence and in vitro growth parameters. Results indicate metabolic differences between pathogens and water forms in their abilities to reduce H2O2.", "PMID": 730380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_286", "title": "Impaired colonization of gnotobiotic and conventional rats by streptomycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Colonization of streptomycin-resistant mutants derived from Streptococcus mutans strain LB1, a human isolate, and strain FA-1, a rodent isolate, was studied in gnotobiotic and conventional rats. Mutants resistent to 2.0 mg of streptomycin per ml were isolated by using both stepwise (suffix \"R\"M) and one-step (suffix \"R\"1) selections. Rats were infected with mixtures of parental and streptomycin-resistant strains, and the proportions of each strain present in samples from the intestinal canal, tongue dorsum, teeth, and fissure plaque were determined. Combinations of strains investigated were LB1 and FA-1\"R\"M; FA-1 and LB1\"R\"M; LB1 and LB1\"R\"1; FA-1 and FA-1\"R\"1. In gnotobiotic rats, nonresistant strains predominated in every oral sample studied at 7 and 21 days after infection. Similarly, when conventional exgermfree rats were infected with FA-1 and FA-1\"R\"1, FA-1 dominated in all samples. Streptomycin-sensitive revertants were not detected in rats monoinfected with strains LB1\"R\"1 and FA-1\"R\"1 for 21 days. No antagonistic interactions were observed between the strains in in vitro experiments. Streptomycin-resistent mutants attached to hydroxyapatite treated with rat or human saliva in equal or higher numbers than did parental strains. However, parental strains appeared to grow faster in Trypticase soy broth then streptomycin-resistant mutants. These observations indicate that induction of streptomycin resistance frequently impairs the colonization properties of S. mutans strains, possibly by altering their rate of growth.", "contents": "Impaired colonization of gnotobiotic and conventional rats by streptomycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus mutans. Colonization of streptomycin-resistant mutants derived from Streptococcus mutans strain LB1, a human isolate, and strain FA-1, a rodent isolate, was studied in gnotobiotic and conventional rats. Mutants resistent to 2.0 mg of streptomycin per ml were isolated by using both stepwise (suffix \"R\"M) and one-step (suffix \"R\"1) selections. Rats were infected with mixtures of parental and streptomycin-resistant strains, and the proportions of each strain present in samples from the intestinal canal, tongue dorsum, teeth, and fissure plaque were determined. Combinations of strains investigated were LB1 and FA-1\"R\"M; FA-1 and LB1\"R\"M; LB1 and LB1\"R\"1; FA-1 and FA-1\"R\"1. In gnotobiotic rats, nonresistant strains predominated in every oral sample studied at 7 and 21 days after infection. Similarly, when conventional exgermfree rats were infected with FA-1 and FA-1\"R\"1, FA-1 dominated in all samples. Streptomycin-sensitive revertants were not detected in rats monoinfected with strains LB1\"R\"1 and FA-1\"R\"1 for 21 days. No antagonistic interactions were observed between the strains in in vitro experiments. Streptomycin-resistent mutants attached to hydroxyapatite treated with rat or human saliva in equal or higher numbers than did parental strains. However, parental strains appeared to grow faster in Trypticase soy broth then streptomycin-resistant mutants. These observations indicate that induction of streptomycin resistance frequently impairs the colonization properties of S. mutans strains, possibly by altering their rate of growth.", "PMID": 730381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_287", "title": "Listeria pneumonitis: induction of immunity after airborne infection with Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "After implantation of approximately 10(3) Listeria monocytogenes organisms into the lungs, mice develop an acute pneumonitis with dissemination of infection to a mediastinal lymph node (MedLN), liver, and spleen. The infections in a MedLN and spleen resolve in approximately 7 days, but the lung infection persists for a few days longer. Pneumonitis is accompanied by a lymphoproliferative response in a MedLN and spleen, and immunity to Listeria is conferred adoptively with MedLN and spleen cells but not with mesenteric lymph node cells. Although the spleen appears to be the major repository of sensitized lymphocytes, splenectomized mice combat Listeria pneumonitis as effectively as normal mice. It is concluded that the induction of immunity to lung infection with L. monocytogenes is efficient and that the cause for the rather protracted pneumonitis is due to a defect in the expression of the cell-mediated immunity effector mechanism.", "contents": "Listeria pneumonitis: induction of immunity after airborne infection with Listeria monocytogenes. After implantation of approximately 10(3) Listeria monocytogenes organisms into the lungs, mice develop an acute pneumonitis with dissemination of infection to a mediastinal lymph node (MedLN), liver, and spleen. The infections in a MedLN and spleen resolve in approximately 7 days, but the lung infection persists for a few days longer. Pneumonitis is accompanied by a lymphoproliferative response in a MedLN and spleen, and immunity to Listeria is conferred adoptively with MedLN and spleen cells but not with mesenteric lymph node cells. Although the spleen appears to be the major repository of sensitized lymphocytes, splenectomized mice combat Listeria pneumonitis as effectively as normal mice. It is concluded that the induction of immunity to lung infection with L. monocytogenes is efficient and that the cause for the rather protracted pneumonitis is due to a defect in the expression of the cell-mediated immunity effector mechanism.", "PMID": 730382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_288", "title": "Interferon production in glia and glioma cell lines.", "content": "Interferon (IF) was produced in glia and glioma cell lines in titers comparable to those produced by human fibroblasts. It was inducible by both Sendai virus and polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid. \"Superinduction\" resulted in up to 500-fold-higher titers of IF. The IF appeared to be of the fibroblast type, as revealed by experiments using heat treatment, assay of antiviral activity in heterologous cell lines, and neutralization with specific antisera. Since large amounts of IF may easily be produced with glioma cell lines, such cells may be suitable for mass production of IF.", "contents": "Interferon production in glia and glioma cell lines. Interferon (IF) was produced in glia and glioma cell lines in titers comparable to those produced by human fibroblasts. It was inducible by both Sendai virus and polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid. \"Superinduction\" resulted in up to 500-fold-higher titers of IF. The IF appeared to be of the fibroblast type, as revealed by experiments using heat treatment, assay of antiviral activity in heterologous cell lines, and neutralization with specific antisera. Since large amounts of IF may easily be produced with glioma cell lines, such cells may be suitable for mass production of IF.", "PMID": 730383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_289", "title": "Heightened resistance of athymic, nude (nu/nu) mice to experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection.", "content": "BALB/c-derived athymic, nude (nu/nu) mice exhibited a heightened natural resistance to experimental corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared with their heterozygote (nu/+) littermates. Stereomicroscopic examination of the eyes of nu/nu mice 24 h after corneal trauma and topical bacterial application revealed slightly cloudy corneas (iris visible), whereas nu/+ littermate corneas were opaque (iris not visible). Nu/+ mice failed to resolve the infection, and endophthalmitis and shrinkage of the infected eye occurred in these mice within 2 weeks after experimental Pseudomonas infection, as in the parent BALB/c strain. However, nu/nu mice, similarly infected, resolved the infection within 24 h and never exhibited full corneal opacity or eye shrinkage. Histological examination of the corneas of nu/nu mice 24 h after experimental wounding and bacterial application demonstrated subepithelial capillaries and a few polymorphonuclear neutrophils (with numerous intracellular bacteria) in the central cornea. In contrast, the equivalent corneal areas of infected nu/+ littermates, examined similarly, showed a more striking neutrophilic response (but with few intracellular bacteria) to similar bacterial infection, as well as a lack of blood vessels within the central cornea. The central corneas of uninfected and saline control nu/nu mice also were observed. This area in nu/nu mice exhibited an infrequent polymorphonuclear neutrophil (with no intracellular bacteria) and capillaries similar in size and location to those described for experimentally infected nu/nu mouse corneas. Untreated and saline control nu/+ mice, on the other hand, lacked both vessels and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the central cornea.", "contents": "Heightened resistance of athymic, nude (nu/nu) mice to experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection. BALB/c-derived athymic, nude (nu/nu) mice exhibited a heightened natural resistance to experimental corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared with their heterozygote (nu/+) littermates. Stereomicroscopic examination of the eyes of nu/nu mice 24 h after corneal trauma and topical bacterial application revealed slightly cloudy corneas (iris visible), whereas nu/+ littermate corneas were opaque (iris not visible). Nu/+ mice failed to resolve the infection, and endophthalmitis and shrinkage of the infected eye occurred in these mice within 2 weeks after experimental Pseudomonas infection, as in the parent BALB/c strain. However, nu/nu mice, similarly infected, resolved the infection within 24 h and never exhibited full corneal opacity or eye shrinkage. Histological examination of the corneas of nu/nu mice 24 h after experimental wounding and bacterial application demonstrated subepithelial capillaries and a few polymorphonuclear neutrophils (with numerous intracellular bacteria) in the central cornea. In contrast, the equivalent corneal areas of infected nu/+ littermates, examined similarly, showed a more striking neutrophilic response (but with few intracellular bacteria) to similar bacterial infection, as well as a lack of blood vessels within the central cornea. The central corneas of uninfected and saline control nu/nu mice also were observed. This area in nu/nu mice exhibited an infrequent polymorphonuclear neutrophil (with no intracellular bacteria) and capillaries similar in size and location to those described for experimentally infected nu/nu mouse corneas. Untreated and saline control nu/+ mice, on the other hand, lacked both vessels and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the central cornea.", "PMID": 730384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_290", "title": "Modification of surface composition of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV.", "content": "The morphology and serology of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV were compared. When grown in supplemented tryptic soy broth, the virulent strain (T14V) possessed an extensive network of cell surface fibrils. In this medium, the avirulent strain (T14AV) possessed a microcapsule, absent on strain T14V, and a comparatively small number of surface fibrils. Mild acid extraction (Lancefield procedure) solubilized common antigenic components on both strains as well as components detectable only in the virulent strain T14V (virulence-associated antigens 1 and 2). When grown in Socransky chemically defined medium or Carlsson complex medium, the avirulent strain possessed increased amounts of surface fibrils and virulence-associated antigens. Whole cells and extracts of avirulent cells grown in Socransky medium absorbed antibodies to virulence-associated antigens with approximately the same efficiency as did whole cells and extracts of strain T14V, suggesting antigenic similarity between the two cell types. The results strongly support the hypothesis that observable differences between A. viscosus strains T14V and T14AV represent quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences in particular cell surface components. In addition, the magnitude of these differences can be modified by changing growth conditions.", "contents": "Modification of surface composition of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV. The morphology and serology of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV were compared. When grown in supplemented tryptic soy broth, the virulent strain (T14V) possessed an extensive network of cell surface fibrils. In this medium, the avirulent strain (T14AV) possessed a microcapsule, absent on strain T14V, and a comparatively small number of surface fibrils. Mild acid extraction (Lancefield procedure) solubilized common antigenic components on both strains as well as components detectable only in the virulent strain T14V (virulence-associated antigens 1 and 2). When grown in Socransky chemically defined medium or Carlsson complex medium, the avirulent strain possessed increased amounts of surface fibrils and virulence-associated antigens. Whole cells and extracts of avirulent cells grown in Socransky medium absorbed antibodies to virulence-associated antigens with approximately the same efficiency as did whole cells and extracts of strain T14V, suggesting antigenic similarity between the two cell types. The results strongly support the hypothesis that observable differences between A. viscosus strains T14V and T14AV represent quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences in particular cell surface components. In addition, the magnitude of these differences can be modified by changing growth conditions.", "PMID": 730385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_291", "title": "Bactericidal capacity of phorbol myristate acetate-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Thus far, the functional capacity of phorbol myristate acetate- (PMA)-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been undefined. PMA induced exocytosis of lactoferrin, the specific granule marker, but not of myeloperoxidase, the azurophil granule marker. This phenomenon was demonstrated both biochemically and with fluorescent antibody conjugates. PMA-treated neutrophils contained virtually no specific granules when viewed by electron microscopy. Separation of the granule classes by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed the loss, from PMA-treated neutrophils, of lactoferrin and the specific granule (D20(20) = 1.89) band usually resolved from normal neutrophils. Cells treated with PMA appeared to retain those functions normally associated with intraleukocytic microbicidal action. The hexose monophosphate shunt activated by phagocytic challenge was present in PMA-treated neutrophils. As demonstrated by electron microscopy, the azurophil granules of these cells appeared intact, and they retained the capacity for degranulation with translocation of myeloperoxidase to the site of phagocytized Escherichia coli. The PMA-treated neutrophils also remained capable of degrading the ingested microorganisms. PMA-treated neutrophils exhibited a decrease in phagocytic ability at all levels of bacterial challenge. In the presence of a high multiplicity of bacteria they demonstrated an impairment in killing. These same cells were able to kill low multiplicities of E. coli as well as control cells. It thus appeared that the loss of the specific granules, plus other undefined PMA-induced alterations, impaired neither the viability of these neutrophils nor their killing ability in the presence of a modest phagocytic challenge.", "contents": "Bactericidal capacity of phorbol myristate acetate-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus far, the functional capacity of phorbol myristate acetate- (PMA)-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been undefined. PMA induced exocytosis of lactoferrin, the specific granule marker, but not of myeloperoxidase, the azurophil granule marker. This phenomenon was demonstrated both biochemically and with fluorescent antibody conjugates. PMA-treated neutrophils contained virtually no specific granules when viewed by electron microscopy. Separation of the granule classes by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed the loss, from PMA-treated neutrophils, of lactoferrin and the specific granule (D20(20) = 1.89) band usually resolved from normal neutrophils. Cells treated with PMA appeared to retain those functions normally associated with intraleukocytic microbicidal action. The hexose monophosphate shunt activated by phagocytic challenge was present in PMA-treated neutrophils. As demonstrated by electron microscopy, the azurophil granules of these cells appeared intact, and they retained the capacity for degranulation with translocation of myeloperoxidase to the site of phagocytized Escherichia coli. The PMA-treated neutrophils also remained capable of degrading the ingested microorganisms. PMA-treated neutrophils exhibited a decrease in phagocytic ability at all levels of bacterial challenge. In the presence of a high multiplicity of bacteria they demonstrated an impairment in killing. These same cells were able to kill low multiplicities of E. coli as well as control cells. It thus appeared that the loss of the specific granules, plus other undefined PMA-induced alterations, impaired neither the viability of these neutrophils nor their killing ability in the presence of a modest phagocytic challenge.", "PMID": 730386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_292", "title": "Microcapsule of Campylobacter fetus: chemical and physical characterization.", "content": "The antiphagocytic antigen (antigen [a]) comprising the microcapsule of a strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis has been purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate fractionation and free-flow electrophoresis. Antigen [a] is a glycoprotein containing about 4% carbohydrate consisting of hexose, pentose, and methylpentose. The composition of the protein was typical of bacterial extramural structural proteins in its low content of basic, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids. The protein had a high content of aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, and alanine. Antigen [a] had an Rf of 0.33 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a molecular weight calculated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of approximately 98,000. In contrast to its free form in culture supernatants, antigen [a] in vesicles derived from sheared cells appeared to exist in a complex with lipopolysaccharide. This complex could be dissociated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plus Triton X-100. A mutant strain that lacked a microcapsule, when incubated with soluble antigen [a] in a calcium medium, became agglutinable by monospecific [a] antiserum and showed an additional structural layer similar in appearance to the microcapsule on its cell wall. Points of similarity are emphasized between antigen [a] of C. fetus and the outer structural protein of the taxonomically related Spirillum serpens.", "contents": "Microcapsule of Campylobacter fetus: chemical and physical characterization. The antiphagocytic antigen (antigen [a]) comprising the microcapsule of a strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis has been purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate fractionation and free-flow electrophoresis. Antigen [a] is a glycoprotein containing about 4% carbohydrate consisting of hexose, pentose, and methylpentose. The composition of the protein was typical of bacterial extramural structural proteins in its low content of basic, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids. The protein had a high content of aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, and alanine. Antigen [a] had an Rf of 0.33 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a molecular weight calculated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of approximately 98,000. In contrast to its free form in culture supernatants, antigen [a] in vesicles derived from sheared cells appeared to exist in a complex with lipopolysaccharide. This complex could be dissociated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plus Triton X-100. A mutant strain that lacked a microcapsule, when incubated with soluble antigen [a] in a calcium medium, became agglutinable by monospecific [a] antiserum and showed an additional structural layer similar in appearance to the microcapsule on its cell wall. Points of similarity are emphasized between antigen [a] of C. fetus and the outer structural protein of the taxonomically related Spirillum serpens.", "PMID": 730387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_293", "title": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in housestaff.", "content": "Ninety-nine medical and surgical house officers were prospectively evaluated during internship and residency for the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The overall incidence of hepatitis B was 10.2% per year. Eighty-six percent of episodes were subclinical. The greatest risk factor appeared to be frequent hand-to-mouth activity such as smoking or licking requisition labels. The presence of a hemodialysis or transplantation unit may be an additional institutional risk factor. HBV infection was not associated with a history of needle-sticks or contact with known antigen-positive patients. Educational efforts to minimize HBV infection should concentrate on handwashing techniques and discouragement of hand-to-mouth activity in patient care areas.", "contents": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in housestaff. Ninety-nine medical and surgical house officers were prospectively evaluated during internship and residency for the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The overall incidence of hepatitis B was 10.2% per year. Eighty-six percent of episodes were subclinical. The greatest risk factor appeared to be frequent hand-to-mouth activity such as smoking or licking requisition labels. The presence of a hemodialysis or transplantation unit may be an additional institutional risk factor. HBV infection was not associated with a history of needle-sticks or contact with known antigen-positive patients. Educational efforts to minimize HBV infection should concentrate on handwashing techniques and discouragement of hand-to-mouth activity in patient care areas.", "PMID": 730389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_294", "title": "The influence of maternally derived antibody on the efficacy of further attenuated measles vaccine.", "content": "The natural decline of passively acquired maternal antibody titers and the influence of these antibodies on the efficacy of live, further attenuated measles vaccine were studied in 7 to 12 month old infants. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined in the pre- and postvaccination sera. HI antibodies at low titers were detected in 20 (46%) of the 43 infants investigated, in five of six infants at seven months and two of nine infants at 12 months of age. The serological conversion rate following vaccination of the infants exhibiting transplacental maternal antibody was as low as 38%, in contrast with 100% sero-conversion of the infants without measurable antibodies of maternal origin. HI antibody titers were low in the infants seven to nine months of age, reflecting poor antibody responses to the administered vaccine. For the 12 month old infants the geometrical mean antibody titer was 1 : 52. It is concluded that transplacental maternal antibody, even at low concentration, inhibits induction of HI antibody in the vaccinees and therefore measles vaccination must be initiated after 12 months of age in order to achieve successful immunization of the children. Infants who receive the vaccine before their first birthday have to be revaccinated at or after 15 months of age.", "contents": "The influence of maternally derived antibody on the efficacy of further attenuated measles vaccine. The natural decline of passively acquired maternal antibody titers and the influence of these antibodies on the efficacy of live, further attenuated measles vaccine were studied in 7 to 12 month old infants. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined in the pre- and postvaccination sera. HI antibodies at low titers were detected in 20 (46%) of the 43 infants investigated, in five of six infants at seven months and two of nine infants at 12 months of age. The serological conversion rate following vaccination of the infants exhibiting transplacental maternal antibody was as low as 38%, in contrast with 100% sero-conversion of the infants without measurable antibodies of maternal origin. HI antibody titers were low in the infants seven to nine months of age, reflecting poor antibody responses to the administered vaccine. For the 12 month old infants the geometrical mean antibody titer was 1 : 52. It is concluded that transplacental maternal antibody, even at low concentration, inhibits induction of HI antibody in the vaccinees and therefore measles vaccination must be initiated after 12 months of age in order to achieve successful immunization of the children. Infants who receive the vaccine before their first birthday have to be revaccinated at or after 15 months of age.", "PMID": 730390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_295", "title": "Neurological infections caused by herpes simplex virus in adults.", "content": "Over a period of 33 months, 281 neuro-infections were tested for herpes simplex virus. In 26 cases herpes simplex virus was identified as the aetiological agent by isolation of the virus from the cerebrospinal fluid and by serological tests. The illness took the form of severe encephalitis in four cases, less severe encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in 12 cases, aseptic meningitis in seven cases, meningo-encephalitis with radiculitis in one case, ascending radiculomyelitis in one case and radiculitis in one case. The diagnostical and therapeutical problems of herpes simplex neuro-infections are discussed.", "contents": "Neurological infections caused by herpes simplex virus in adults. Over a period of 33 months, 281 neuro-infections were tested for herpes simplex virus. In 26 cases herpes simplex virus was identified as the aetiological agent by isolation of the virus from the cerebrospinal fluid and by serological tests. The illness took the form of severe encephalitis in four cases, less severe encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in 12 cases, aseptic meningitis in seven cases, meningo-encephalitis with radiculitis in one case, ascending radiculomyelitis in one case and radiculitis in one case. The diagnostical and therapeutical problems of herpes simplex neuro-infections are discussed.", "PMID": 730391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_296", "title": "[Tobramycin Concentration in Human Lung Tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "In 27 patients it was experimentally demonstrated that after an i. m. injection of 80 mg tobramycin concentrations are obtained in human lung tissue which for about two hours are higher than the minimal inhibition concentration of most gramnegative organisms. In 14 samples of the latissimus dorsi muscle no detectable tobramycin concentrations were found up two hours after injection of the same dose. The ratio of whole blood concentration and lung tissue concentration is 2 : 1. The measurement of tobramycin concentration in whole blood thus enables the concentration in lung tissue to be estimated. The results show--like all serum and tissue level assays--a high individual variation, which might be dependent on the non-defined factors of binding or metabolism, especially as during the examination period of two hours no concentration balance is accomplished between the two compartments. Administration of 80 mg tobramycin i. m. every six hours is recommended in patients with pulmonary infections due to gramnegative organisms.", "contents": "[Tobramycin Concentration in Human Lung Tissue (author's transl)]. In 27 patients it was experimentally demonstrated that after an i. m. injection of 80 mg tobramycin concentrations are obtained in human lung tissue which for about two hours are higher than the minimal inhibition concentration of most gramnegative organisms. In 14 samples of the latissimus dorsi muscle no detectable tobramycin concentrations were found up two hours after injection of the same dose. The ratio of whole blood concentration and lung tissue concentration is 2 : 1. The measurement of tobramycin concentration in whole blood thus enables the concentration in lung tissue to be estimated. The results show--like all serum and tissue level assays--a high individual variation, which might be dependent on the non-defined factors of binding or metabolism, especially as during the examination period of two hours no concentration balance is accomplished between the two compartments. Administration of 80 mg tobramycin i. m. every six hours is recommended in patients with pulmonary infections due to gramnegative organisms.", "PMID": 730392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_297", "title": "Inactivation of netilmicin by carbenicillin.", "content": "Netilmicin was added to human serum and stored at various temperatures and carbenicillin concentrations prior to bioassay. Inactivation of netilmicin increased with temperature and carbenicillin concentration. The order of inactivation of aminoglycosides was: tobramycin greater than gentamicin, netilmicin greater than amikacin.", "contents": "Inactivation of netilmicin by carbenicillin. Netilmicin was added to human serum and stored at various temperatures and carbenicillin concentrations prior to bioassay. Inactivation of netilmicin increased with temperature and carbenicillin concentration. The order of inactivation of aminoglycosides was: tobramycin greater than gentamicin, netilmicin greater than amikacin.", "PMID": 730393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_298", "title": "Surveillance, prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections. III. Nosocomial infections as cause of death: retrospective analysis of 1000 autopsy reports.", "content": "One thousand post-mortem reports were analysed retrospectively to see whether the patient had had a nosocomial or community-acquired infection and whether this led directly to or contributed to the patient's death. In 7.4% of all autopsies nosocomial infection was the direct cause of death. In 6.3% of the patients, nosocomial infection was a contributory factor leading to death. The most common hospital infections were pneumonia, septicaemia, peritonitis, meningitis, and hepatitis B. Most infections which led to or contributed to death were acquired in surgical wards. Patients with nosocomial infections, however, were more endangered by factors predisposing to infections (1.8 factors per patient) than patients without nosocomial infections (0.67 factors per patient). Sixty-three patients acquired an infection outside the hospital; in 70% of these patients, the infection was the main or contributory cause of death.", "contents": "Surveillance, prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections. III. Nosocomial infections as cause of death: retrospective analysis of 1000 autopsy reports. One thousand post-mortem reports were analysed retrospectively to see whether the patient had had a nosocomial or community-acquired infection and whether this led directly to or contributed to the patient's death. In 7.4% of all autopsies nosocomial infection was the direct cause of death. In 6.3% of the patients, nosocomial infection was a contributory factor leading to death. The most common hospital infections were pneumonia, septicaemia, peritonitis, meningitis, and hepatitis B. Most infections which led to or contributed to death were acquired in surgical wards. Patients with nosocomial infections, however, were more endangered by factors predisposing to infections (1.8 factors per patient) than patients without nosocomial infections (0.67 factors per patient). Sixty-three patients acquired an infection outside the hospital; in 70% of these patients, the infection was the main or contributory cause of death.", "PMID": 730394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_299", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria: evaluation of disc susceptibility to four cephalosporins.", "content": "The disc diffusion technique was evaluated with 178 strains of anaerobes and four cephalosporins (cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin and cefoxitin). Good correlation in results was found in comparison with the agar dilution technique (p less than 0.001) with the exception of cefamandole and cefazolin against anaerobic cocci (p greater than 0.05). Choosing a breakpoint of 8 microgram/ml for distinguishing susceptible and resistant strains, we determined corresponding incubation, the rate of error is less than 1% for false susceptible and less than 5% for false resistant. However, some strains of anaerobic cocci required a 48 hour incubation period for allowing visible growth. Moreover, a great deal (60.5%) of overlapping zone diameters made interpretation of disc diffusion test difficult among Bacteroides fragilis strains classed as susceptible, intermediate and resistant occuring with cefoxitin. The results have shown that the cephalothin disk will not accurately predict susceptibility of B. fragilis to cefoxitin.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria: evaluation of disc susceptibility to four cephalosporins. The disc diffusion technique was evaluated with 178 strains of anaerobes and four cephalosporins (cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin and cefoxitin). Good correlation in results was found in comparison with the agar dilution technique (p less than 0.001) with the exception of cefamandole and cefazolin against anaerobic cocci (p greater than 0.05). Choosing a breakpoint of 8 microgram/ml for distinguishing susceptible and resistant strains, we determined corresponding incubation, the rate of error is less than 1% for false susceptible and less than 5% for false resistant. However, some strains of anaerobic cocci required a 48 hour incubation period for allowing visible growth. Moreover, a great deal (60.5%) of overlapping zone diameters made interpretation of disc diffusion test difficult among Bacteroides fragilis strains classed as susceptible, intermediate and resistant occuring with cefoxitin. The results have shown that the cephalothin disk will not accurately predict susceptibility of B. fragilis to cefoxitin.", "PMID": 730395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_300", "title": "[Concentration in bone and haematoma of the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Tobramycin concentrations were assayed in the rabbit in serum during surgery and in serum, haematoma and bone tissue of the condyle of the femur in the absence of surgery. After a single i. m. injection serum levels were found to be 30% higher initially than in humans, but then dropped at a faster rate to zero. The hardening haematoma appeared to slow penetration of the antibiotic. The concentration in bone tissue was dependent on vascular supply. Surgery did not show any influence on the level of the concentrations.", "contents": "[Concentration in bone and haematoma of the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin (author's transl)]. Tobramycin concentrations were assayed in the rabbit in serum during surgery and in serum, haematoma and bone tissue of the condyle of the femur in the absence of surgery. After a single i. m. injection serum levels were found to be 30% higher initially than in humans, but then dropped at a faster rate to zero. The hardening haematoma appeared to slow penetration of the antibiotic. The concentration in bone tissue was dependent on vascular supply. Surgery did not show any influence on the level of the concentrations.", "PMID": 730396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_301", "title": "Comparative clinical pharmacology of bacampicillin and high oral doses of ampicillin.", "content": "Ampicillin is often used in high oral doses due to its incomplete absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of bacampicillin, a new prodrug of ampicillin which is nearly completely absorbed, to that of high doses of oral ampicillin. Single oral doses of bacampicillin 400 mg or 800 mg and ampicillin 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g were given to 12 male subjects according to a cross-over design after overnight fasting. The median time after administration till the peak serum level was 0.75 and 1.0 hour with bacampicillin 400 mg and 800 mg respectively, as compared to 1.5, 2.0 and 1.5 hours for the ampicillin doses. The mean of the individual peak serum level after bacampicillin 400 mg, was 7.7 mg/l, which is higher than that after ampicillin 500 mg, 5.2 mg/l, and about the same as that after ampicillin 1 g, 7.6 mg/l. A slightly higher mean peak level was seen after bacampicillin 800 mg, 12.2 mg/l, as compared to ampicillin 2 g, 10.5 mg/l. The absorption rate was highest with bacampicillin, for which 90% of the absorption had occurred 1 hour after administration as compared to 2.5 hours after administration of ampicillin. The relative bioavailability was about 2--3 times higher after bacampicillin as compared to ampicillin. The data imply dose-dependent absorption of oral ampicillin in high doses as there seems to be a less than proportional increase in AUC. The urinary recovery after bacampicillin was 68--75% as compared to 25--41% after ampicillin. Higher doses gave a lower percentage recovery and this phenomenon was more pronounced with ampicillin.", "contents": "Comparative clinical pharmacology of bacampicillin and high oral doses of ampicillin. Ampicillin is often used in high oral doses due to its incomplete absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of bacampicillin, a new prodrug of ampicillin which is nearly completely absorbed, to that of high doses of oral ampicillin. Single oral doses of bacampicillin 400 mg or 800 mg and ampicillin 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g were given to 12 male subjects according to a cross-over design after overnight fasting. The median time after administration till the peak serum level was 0.75 and 1.0 hour with bacampicillin 400 mg and 800 mg respectively, as compared to 1.5, 2.0 and 1.5 hours for the ampicillin doses. The mean of the individual peak serum level after bacampicillin 400 mg, was 7.7 mg/l, which is higher than that after ampicillin 500 mg, 5.2 mg/l, and about the same as that after ampicillin 1 g, 7.6 mg/l. A slightly higher mean peak level was seen after bacampicillin 800 mg, 12.2 mg/l, as compared to ampicillin 2 g, 10.5 mg/l. The absorption rate was highest with bacampicillin, for which 90% of the absorption had occurred 1 hour after administration as compared to 2.5 hours after administration of ampicillin. The relative bioavailability was about 2--3 times higher after bacampicillin as compared to ampicillin. The data imply dose-dependent absorption of oral ampicillin in high doses as there seems to be a less than proportional increase in AUC. The urinary recovery after bacampicillin was 68--75% as compared to 25--41% after ampicillin. Higher doses gave a lower percentage recovery and this phenomenon was more pronounced with ampicillin.", "PMID": 730397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_302", "title": "[Investigations on the penetration of cefamandole into spinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 test persons spinal fluid was taken at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after a single injection of 40 mg cefamandole/kg body weight in order to determine the levels of the active substance. Whereas in serum an average peak value of 248 mcg/ml was determined after ten minutes, there was no trace at all of cefamandole in the spinal fluid.", "contents": "[Investigations on the penetration of cefamandole into spinal fluid (author's transl)]. In 20 test persons spinal fluid was taken at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after a single injection of 40 mg cefamandole/kg body weight in order to determine the levels of the active substance. Whereas in serum an average peak value of 248 mcg/ml was determined after ten minutes, there was no trace at all of cefamandole in the spinal fluid.", "PMID": 730398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_303", "title": "Rapid treatment of percodan addiction: a case report.", "content": "This is a case study of narcotic addiction in which the patient was completely withdrawn from 12 to 20 Percodan tablets daily within 7 days. Signs and symptoms of the Abstinence Syndrome were minor and required minimal medication for their control. In addition, no electroshock treatment was necessary, nor were any other narcotic or other drug substituted for the Percodan.", "contents": "Rapid treatment of percodan addiction: a case report. This is a case study of narcotic addiction in which the patient was completely withdrawn from 12 to 20 Percodan tablets daily within 7 days. Signs and symptoms of the Abstinence Syndrome were minor and required minimal medication for their control. In addition, no electroshock treatment was necessary, nor were any other narcotic or other drug substituted for the Percodan.", "PMID": 730399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_304", "title": "Predicting success in a smoking control program.", "content": "Using 10 independent variables, several of which had previously been related to smoking behavior, a regression equation was derived to predict success in a smoking control program. Thirty-one subjects were divided into the main and cross-validation treatment groups. Both groups participated in four 2-hour sessions. Taken individually, none of the predictor variables discriminated between successful and unsuccessful subjects. The regression equation, based on the five best predictors, accurately predicted direction of change of smoking rate 87% of the time.", "contents": "Predicting success in a smoking control program. Using 10 independent variables, several of which had previously been related to smoking behavior, a regression equation was derived to predict success in a smoking control program. Thirty-one subjects were divided into the main and cross-validation treatment groups. Both groups participated in four 2-hour sessions. Taken individually, none of the predictor variables discriminated between successful and unsuccessful subjects. The regression equation, based on the five best predictors, accurately predicted direction of change of smoking rate 87% of the time.", "PMID": 730400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_305", "title": "Adolescent drug abuse and the development of behavior.", "content": "Extensive research has revealed that illicit drug use often commences during adolescence, a critical period of physical and psychological development, and it is my intent to selectively focus upon some of the potentially significant interactions between illicit drug abuse and the development of behavior during the adolescent period.", "contents": "Adolescent drug abuse and the development of behavior. Extensive research has revealed that illicit drug use often commences during adolescence, a critical period of physical and psychological development, and it is my intent to selectively focus upon some of the potentially significant interactions between illicit drug abuse and the development of behavior during the adolescent period.", "PMID": 730401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_306", "title": "Diversion of methadone: illicit methadone use among applicants to two metropolitan drug abuse programs.", "content": "Newly admitted patients from two comprehensive drug abuse programs in the Baltimore area were queried concerning frequency of illicit methadone use and availability of illicit methadone for a 3-month period prior to their admission. The results showed that a significant percentage of applicants had used illicit methadone prior to seeking treatment, and that for the most part they were using \"program methadone\" presumably diverted from take-home medication from patients active in treatment programs in the Maryland area. The clinical and rehabilitative aspects of take-home medication are carefully assessed in relation to these somewhat disturbing findings.", "contents": "Diversion of methadone: illicit methadone use among applicants to two metropolitan drug abuse programs. Newly admitted patients from two comprehensive drug abuse programs in the Baltimore area were queried concerning frequency of illicit methadone use and availability of illicit methadone for a 3-month period prior to their admission. The results showed that a significant percentage of applicants had used illicit methadone prior to seeking treatment, and that for the most part they were using \"program methadone\" presumably diverted from take-home medication from patients active in treatment programs in the Maryland area. The clinical and rehabilitative aspects of take-home medication are carefully assessed in relation to these somewhat disturbing findings.", "PMID": 730402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_307", "title": "Patterns of aspirin use among American youth.", "content": "The use of aspirin was ascertained in several population cohorts. In the college age samples, aspirin had been used in the previous 48-hour period by one of every 4 students. Females reported a higher rate (33.2%) than males (16.9%). In the 4th to 12th grade samples, aspirin use was higher than other drugs with 39.6% of the 3,306 students sampled indicating that they had ingested aspirin during the previous week. In a 9--11 year-old category, 25% of these 4th to 6th graders used aspirin without parental knowledge. The relationship of aspirin use and drug education is discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of aspirin use among American youth. The use of aspirin was ascertained in several population cohorts. In the college age samples, aspirin had been used in the previous 48-hour period by one of every 4 students. Females reported a higher rate (33.2%) than males (16.9%). In the 4th to 12th grade samples, aspirin use was higher than other drugs with 39.6% of the 3,306 students sampled indicating that they had ingested aspirin during the previous week. In a 9--11 year-old category, 25% of these 4th to 6th graders used aspirin without parental knowledge. The relationship of aspirin use and drug education is discussed.", "PMID": 730403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_308", "title": "Arrests before and during methadone maintenance.", "content": "The effect of methadone maintenance on criminal behavior remains ambiguous, in part because of major methodological problems with most studies. We attempted to approach the problem more precisely than previous studies by comparing official police arrest records of 100 heroin addicts for 1 year before admission with those for 1 year after admission. The total number of criminal charges decreased from 189 before admission to 129 after admission. Excluding vagrancy, because of a change in police arrest practice, we found only a 14% reduction in criminal charges. A statistically significant decrease of 40% occurred in one category, burglary and theft. Arrest frequencies were generally correlated with other outcome measures such as employment status and continuation in methadone treatment. The results suggest a modest reduction in criminal behavior as a result of methadone maintenance, with insignificant reduction in crime not directly related to narcotic addiction.", "contents": "Arrests before and during methadone maintenance. The effect of methadone maintenance on criminal behavior remains ambiguous, in part because of major methodological problems with most studies. We attempted to approach the problem more precisely than previous studies by comparing official police arrest records of 100 heroin addicts for 1 year before admission with those for 1 year after admission. The total number of criminal charges decreased from 189 before admission to 129 after admission. Excluding vagrancy, because of a change in police arrest practice, we found only a 14% reduction in criminal charges. A statistically significant decrease of 40% occurred in one category, burglary and theft. Arrest frequencies were generally correlated with other outcome measures such as employment status and continuation in methadone treatment. The results suggest a modest reduction in criminal behavior as a result of methadone maintenance, with insignificant reduction in crime not directly related to narcotic addiction.", "PMID": 730404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_309", "title": "Social effects of marijuana use in a recreational setting.", "content": "Adult male volunteers with a prior history of either moderate (N = 12) or heavy (N = 14) marijuana use were systematically observed before, during, and after a 21-day period of free access to marijuana cigarettes. Data relevant to social interaction and recreational preferences were collected at hourly intervals. Moderate users consumed an average of 2.6 cigarettes per day and showed both acute and persistent (21-day) decrements in social interaction. Heavy users consumed 5.7 cigarettes per day but indicated fewer social reactions. The results suggested that marijuana inhibits social interaction in moderate users but behavioral tolerance in heavy users may mitigate this effect.", "contents": "Social effects of marijuana use in a recreational setting. Adult male volunteers with a prior history of either moderate (N = 12) or heavy (N = 14) marijuana use were systematically observed before, during, and after a 21-day period of free access to marijuana cigarettes. Data relevant to social interaction and recreational preferences were collected at hourly intervals. Moderate users consumed an average of 2.6 cigarettes per day and showed both acute and persistent (21-day) decrements in social interaction. Heavy users consumed 5.7 cigarettes per day but indicated fewer social reactions. The results suggested that marijuana inhibits social interaction in moderate users but behavioral tolerance in heavy users may mitigate this effect.", "PMID": 730405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_310", "title": "Narcotic antagonist treatment: clinical experience with naltrexone.", "content": "Narcotic antagonist (naltrexone) treatment experience with 22 opioid addicts over a 29-month period shows that the mean duration of receipt of naltrexone was 6.2 weeks, and 12 subjects (55%) continued in treatment after cessation of naltrexone for an average of 5.6 weeks. Analysis of physical and behavioral measured revealed no toxicity, indicating that naltrexone appears to be a safe drug. Clinical evaluation of the patients receiving naltrexone suggests that ingestion of naltrexone provides a degree of external control, reducing the preoccupation with heroin and releasing energy for the pursuit of other goals. Subject follow-up at an average of 45.3 weeks after cessation of naltrexone indicated that 11 (58%) were known to be abstinent, and 9 (47%) subjects were employed compared with 3 (16%) employed at the onset of treatment.", "contents": "Narcotic antagonist treatment: clinical experience with naltrexone. Narcotic antagonist (naltrexone) treatment experience with 22 opioid addicts over a 29-month period shows that the mean duration of receipt of naltrexone was 6.2 weeks, and 12 subjects (55%) continued in treatment after cessation of naltrexone for an average of 5.6 weeks. Analysis of physical and behavioral measured revealed no toxicity, indicating that naltrexone appears to be a safe drug. Clinical evaluation of the patients receiving naltrexone suggests that ingestion of naltrexone provides a degree of external control, reducing the preoccupation with heroin and releasing energy for the pursuit of other goals. Subject follow-up at an average of 45.3 weeks after cessation of naltrexone indicated that 11 (58%) were known to be abstinent, and 9 (47%) subjects were employed compared with 3 (16%) employed at the onset of treatment.", "PMID": 730406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_311", "title": "The drug use index: a measure of the extent of polydrug usage.", "content": "A drug use index (DUI) is constructed from actual usage data of 1,121 respondents (517 males and 604 females). It is proposed that this index represents a quantitative measure of the degree of involvement in polydrug use. Correlations between the DUI and use of 19 drugs or drug classes are reported. Furthermore, some applications of the DUI are demonstrated with specific reference to four psycho-personality tests.", "contents": "The drug use index: a measure of the extent of polydrug usage. A drug use index (DUI) is constructed from actual usage data of 1,121 respondents (517 males and 604 females). It is proposed that this index represents a quantitative measure of the degree of involvement in polydrug use. Correlations between the DUI and use of 19 drugs or drug classes are reported. Furthermore, some applications of the DUI are demonstrated with specific reference to four psycho-personality tests.", "PMID": 730408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_312", "title": "Change in general and specific perceived locus of control in alcoholics as a function of treatment exposure.", "content": "Fifty alcoholics successfully completing a 2-month rehabilitation program were administered the I-E Scale and a drinking locus of control scale during their first week in treatment and again the week prior to discharge from treatment. A test--retest non-alcoholic control group was administered the I-E Scale at a 7-week interval. Alcoholics were significantly more internal with regard to their behavior in general and their drinking behavior in particular at the close of treatment than at the onset. The control group evidenced no change. It was suggested that the alcoholics perceived internality was a function of exposure to treatment rather than a predisposing personality dimension.", "contents": "Change in general and specific perceived locus of control in alcoholics as a function of treatment exposure. Fifty alcoholics successfully completing a 2-month rehabilitation program were administered the I-E Scale and a drinking locus of control scale during their first week in treatment and again the week prior to discharge from treatment. A test--retest non-alcoholic control group was administered the I-E Scale at a 7-week interval. Alcoholics were significantly more internal with regard to their behavior in general and their drinking behavior in particular at the close of treatment than at the onset. The control group evidenced no change. It was suggested that the alcoholics perceived internality was a function of exposure to treatment rather than a predisposing personality dimension.", "PMID": 730409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_313", "title": "The pharmaceutical industry: a further study in corporate power.", "content": "This article represents an updated version of previous research conducted on the United States pharmaceutical industry. The unstated purpose of this article is to present new findings which supplement the earlier research. This article describes three aspects of the United States pharmaceutical industry: its strategy and structure within the world market, its global expansion beyond the territorial boundaries of the United States, and its interlocking directorates with banking institutions. The thesis presented here is twofold: first, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly integrated into larger and more heterogeneous production units operating on the world market; and second, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly linked to large United States banking firms through interlocking directorates.", "contents": "The pharmaceutical industry: a further study in corporate power. This article represents an updated version of previous research conducted on the United States pharmaceutical industry. The unstated purpose of this article is to present new findings which supplement the earlier research. This article describes three aspects of the United States pharmaceutical industry: its strategy and structure within the world market, its global expansion beyond the territorial boundaries of the United States, and its interlocking directorates with banking institutions. The thesis presented here is twofold: first, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly integrated into larger and more heterogeneous production units operating on the world market; and second, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly linked to large United States banking firms through interlocking directorates.", "PMID": 730410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_314", "title": "Alternative forms of transport and their use in the health services of developing countries.", "content": "During the past few years greater interest has been shown in ways in which the coverage of health services in developing countries might be increased. Frequently, it has been advocated that greater use be made of mobile health services, often using relatively sophisticated transport systems, including aircraft. The present article examines the uses to which mobility in health services has been put and the merits of different forms of transport, within the resource constraints and health \"needs\" of Third World countries. Our main conclusions are that for the majority of health service movement appropriate intermediate technology transport should be used (i.e. bicycle, animals, or motorcycles). The use of mechanical transport within health services with the highest benefit per unit cost is likely to be that employed in the regular supportive (not policing) visits to permanently staffed fixed basic care facilities by more highly skilled and scarce health personnel. Those clinics located closer to the regional base can usually be reached more cheaply by land transport, while those at a distance might justify the use of a light aircraft. Where aircraft are used in this supportive role, it is important they are integrated into the ongoing health services and tightly scheduled to lessen the risk of their diversion to less cost-effective activities.", "contents": "Alternative forms of transport and their use in the health services of developing countries. During the past few years greater interest has been shown in ways in which the coverage of health services in developing countries might be increased. Frequently, it has been advocated that greater use be made of mobile health services, often using relatively sophisticated transport systems, including aircraft. The present article examines the uses to which mobility in health services has been put and the merits of different forms of transport, within the resource constraints and health \"needs\" of Third World countries. Our main conclusions are that for the majority of health service movement appropriate intermediate technology transport should be used (i.e. bicycle, animals, or motorcycles). The use of mechanical transport within health services with the highest benefit per unit cost is likely to be that employed in the regular supportive (not policing) visits to permanently staffed fixed basic care facilities by more highly skilled and scarce health personnel. Those clinics located closer to the regional base can usually be reached more cheaply by land transport, while those at a distance might justify the use of a light aircraft. Where aircraft are used in this supportive role, it is important they are integrated into the ongoing health services and tightly scheduled to lessen the risk of their diversion to less cost-effective activities.", "PMID": 730411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_315", "title": "Health microplanning in the developing countries: a systems approach to appropriate technology.", "content": "A method of systematically planning the technical details of personal health care in the developing world is described. In contrast to national health plans of the traditional kind--\"macroplans\"--those for health technology have to be minutely detailed. They have therefore been termed \"microplans\". (They have also been called health care packages, but this term has other usages). A microplan is defined as an integrated set of components (instructions for technologies, equipment lists, teaching aids, evaluation instruments, etc.) prepared nationally to support a particular health care subsystem. The rationale for a microplan is that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. A microplan is itself a system in two senses. First, the technologies in a given microplan need to be organized so as to support one another. Second, the components in a microplan must themselves be integrated into a system. A microplan can be applied to induce change and so improve the technical quality of existing services. It can also be used to train new workers. More importantly, it ties educational programs to service needs. Since the technology for dealing with disease is so similar all over the developing world, once a \"master microplan\" for a particular subsystem has been prepared, it can be adapted readily to the needs of individual countries.", "contents": "Health microplanning in the developing countries: a systems approach to appropriate technology. A method of systematically planning the technical details of personal health care in the developing world is described. In contrast to national health plans of the traditional kind--\"macroplans\"--those for health technology have to be minutely detailed. They have therefore been termed \"microplans\". (They have also been called health care packages, but this term has other usages). A microplan is defined as an integrated set of components (instructions for technologies, equipment lists, teaching aids, evaluation instruments, etc.) prepared nationally to support a particular health care subsystem. The rationale for a microplan is that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. A microplan is itself a system in two senses. First, the technologies in a given microplan need to be organized so as to support one another. Second, the components in a microplan must themselves be integrated into a system. A microplan can be applied to induce change and so improve the technical quality of existing services. It can also be used to train new workers. More importantly, it ties educational programs to service needs. Since the technology for dealing with disease is so similar all over the developing world, once a \"master microplan\" for a particular subsystem has been prepared, it can be adapted readily to the needs of individual countries.", "PMID": 730412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_316", "title": "Occupational mobility of health workers in the United States.", "content": "This article presents data from the 1970 U.S. Census Public Use Sample on occupational mobility patterns and labor force separations for health occupations. Turnover among health workers is significantly lower than in the labor force in general. Occupations with the strongest occupational attachment are those predominately male occupations that require the heaviest investment in training. Those with the highest attrition rate are traditionally female occupations that require relatively few skills and are often viewed as entry points for possible upward mobility.", "contents": "Occupational mobility of health workers in the United States. This article presents data from the 1970 U.S. Census Public Use Sample on occupational mobility patterns and labor force separations for health occupations. Turnover among health workers is significantly lower than in the labor force in general. Occupations with the strongest occupational attachment are those predominately male occupations that require the heaviest investment in training. Those with the highest attrition rate are traditionally female occupations that require relatively few skills and are often viewed as entry points for possible upward mobility.", "PMID": 730413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_317", "title": "Sexism and racism in the American health care industry: a comparative analysis.", "content": "By drawing on a wide range of material, a picture emerges of extensive abuse, discrimination, and exploitation of women and ethnic minorities at the hands of the American health industry. The numbers of minorities and women in professional schools and among the \"elite\" strata of the industry remain disproportionately low. As patients, they receive often inferior, insensitive treatment. Overall, there is a remarkable similarity in the situation of women and minorities, a condition which reflects the pervasiveness of racism and sexism in American institutions and ideologies.", "contents": "Sexism and racism in the American health care industry: a comparative analysis. By drawing on a wide range of material, a picture emerges of extensive abuse, discrimination, and exploitation of women and ethnic minorities at the hands of the American health industry. The numbers of minorities and women in professional schools and among the \"elite\" strata of the industry remain disproportionately low. As patients, they receive often inferior, insensitive treatment. Overall, there is a remarkable similarity in the situation of women and minorities, a condition which reflects the pervasiveness of racism and sexism in American institutions and ideologies.", "PMID": 730414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_318", "title": "Use of gentamicin to prevent intestinal side effects of lincomycin therapy.", "content": "Mild to severe and persisting diarrhea and even colitis have been reported as a side effect of therapy with lincomycin and clindamycin. An alteration in the normal bowel flora with an overgrowth of coliforms and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been postulated as a mechanism for the development of diarrhea. Investigations were undertaken in men to observe whether the simultaneous administration of gentamicin was capable of preventing lincomycin-associated intestinal disturbances. Of the 30 subjects treated only with lincomycin 11 (36.6%) developed diarrhea. Of the 18 subjects treated with lincomycin and simultaneously with oral gentamicine, none developed diarrhea. Results of bacteriological examinations indicate that in subjects treated with lincomycin, some potentially pathogenic bacteria, like coliforms and clostridia, are still present in intestinal flora; the simultaneous absence of bifidobacteria and bacteriodes could result in the abolishment of the host resistance to the noxious activity of these endogenous bacteria, as some reported data of the literature suggest. Coliforms and the majority of clostridia strains are not present in subjects treated simultaneously with gentamicin.", "contents": "Use of gentamicin to prevent intestinal side effects of lincomycin therapy. Mild to severe and persisting diarrhea and even colitis have been reported as a side effect of therapy with lincomycin and clindamycin. An alteration in the normal bowel flora with an overgrowth of coliforms and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been postulated as a mechanism for the development of diarrhea. Investigations were undertaken in men to observe whether the simultaneous administration of gentamicin was capable of preventing lincomycin-associated intestinal disturbances. Of the 30 subjects treated only with lincomycin 11 (36.6%) developed diarrhea. Of the 18 subjects treated with lincomycin and simultaneously with oral gentamicine, none developed diarrhea. Results of bacteriological examinations indicate that in subjects treated with lincomycin, some potentially pathogenic bacteria, like coliforms and clostridia, are still present in intestinal flora; the simultaneous absence of bifidobacteria and bacteriodes could result in the abolishment of the host resistance to the noxious activity of these endogenous bacteria, as some reported data of the literature suggest. Coliforms and the majority of clostridia strains are not present in subjects treated simultaneously with gentamicin.", "PMID": 730415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_319", "title": "Renin-aldosterone system and urinary electrolytes after amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide and the combination.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion (U-Ald) and electrolyte excretions were studied after a placebo (P) (n = 47) and during the following day randomly after amiloride (A) (5 mg, n = 18), hydrochlorothiazide (H) (50 mg, n = 12) and hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride tablets (HA) (50 + 5 mg, n = 19). After A no change in PRA or in U-Ald could be found in 24 hr. After H an increase in PRA was found, but not until 24 hr, and U-Ald was increased during 8--24 hr. HA possessed a higher saluretic effect than H, but the excretion of potassium was lower. PRA increased in 8 hr after HA and a further increase was seen until 24 hr. U-Ald had already increased after HA during 0--8 hr, and U-ALD was higher during 8--24 hr and 0--24 hr than after H. After HA a positive correlation was found between the increases of sodium excretion and PRA; between U-Ald and PRA a positive correlation was also found; but between potassium excretion and PRA or U-Ald there was no correlation. The results suggest the priority of natriuresis in the regulation of renin release after H and HA. The stronger reaction of the renin-aldosterone system after HA than after H thus may result from the faster and higher natriuretic potency of this combination in acute study.", "contents": "Renin-aldosterone system and urinary electrolytes after amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide and the combination. Plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion (U-Ald) and electrolyte excretions were studied after a placebo (P) (n = 47) and during the following day randomly after amiloride (A) (5 mg, n = 18), hydrochlorothiazide (H) (50 mg, n = 12) and hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride tablets (HA) (50 + 5 mg, n = 19). After A no change in PRA or in U-Ald could be found in 24 hr. After H an increase in PRA was found, but not until 24 hr, and U-Ald was increased during 8--24 hr. HA possessed a higher saluretic effect than H, but the excretion of potassium was lower. PRA increased in 8 hr after HA and a further increase was seen until 24 hr. U-Ald had already increased after HA during 0--8 hr, and U-ALD was higher during 8--24 hr and 0--24 hr than after H. After HA a positive correlation was found between the increases of sodium excretion and PRA; between U-Ald and PRA a positive correlation was also found; but between potassium excretion and PRA or U-Ald there was no correlation. The results suggest the priority of natriuresis in the regulation of renin release after H and HA. The stronger reaction of the renin-aldosterone system after HA than after H thus may result from the faster and higher natriuretic potency of this combination in acute study.", "PMID": 730416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_320", "title": "Biochemical evaluation of succinic acid therapy in urolithiasis.", "content": "Reports of Melon et al. [7] and Hodgkinson [4] regarding the efficacy of succinic acid or its derivative (salt) in reducing the endogenous synthesis of oxalate are conflicting. The possible application of succinic acid as a potential inhibitor of oxalate synthesis, and the biochemical alterations resulting therein, has been studied in 10 idiopathic stone-forming patients (6 primary stone-formers and 4 recurrent stone-formers) and in 21 normal adult rats. In rats no significant changes in oxalate excretion were observed during the 4 weeks of succinic acid administration (500 mg/100 g BW/day) and 2 weeks therafter. In the clinical trial of 3 months, where stone-formers were given 20 g/day of succinic acid, the post-therapy values of urinary oxalate excretion showed a singificant drop ( less than 0.001) as compared with those of pretherapy--recurrent stone-formers showing a more marked decrease (63%) than primary stone-formers (49%).", "contents": "Biochemical evaluation of succinic acid therapy in urolithiasis. Reports of Melon et al. [7] and Hodgkinson [4] regarding the efficacy of succinic acid or its derivative (salt) in reducing the endogenous synthesis of oxalate are conflicting. The possible application of succinic acid as a potential inhibitor of oxalate synthesis, and the biochemical alterations resulting therein, has been studied in 10 idiopathic stone-forming patients (6 primary stone-formers and 4 recurrent stone-formers) and in 21 normal adult rats. In rats no significant changes in oxalate excretion were observed during the 4 weeks of succinic acid administration (500 mg/100 g BW/day) and 2 weeks therafter. In the clinical trial of 3 months, where stone-formers were given 20 g/day of succinic acid, the post-therapy values of urinary oxalate excretion showed a singificant drop ( less than 0.001) as compared with those of pretherapy--recurrent stone-formers showing a more marked decrease (63%) than primary stone-formers (49%).", "PMID": 730417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_321", "title": "The role of diet on 5-fluorouracil toxicity.", "content": "In three experiments performed at two month intervals, rats eating a nutritionally adequate defined-formula diet (DFD) exhibit a remarkable similarity in the response to 5-FU as measured by survival time, leukopenia and weight loss. Conversely, the corresponding control groups eating the standard Purina rat food show a different degree of tolerance to 5-FU, which varies from a level similar to that of the DFD groups to twice that value. It is suggested that certain protective factors against 5-FU toxicity present in natural food are absent in formula diets produced on the basis of standard requirements for normal growth and nutrition. The present studies indicate that such protective factors are neither vegetable fibers nor arachidonic acid. The importance of food intake in experimental toxicology and clinical pharmacology is emphasized.", "contents": "The role of diet on 5-fluorouracil toxicity. In three experiments performed at two month intervals, rats eating a nutritionally adequate defined-formula diet (DFD) exhibit a remarkable similarity in the response to 5-FU as measured by survival time, leukopenia and weight loss. Conversely, the corresponding control groups eating the standard Purina rat food show a different degree of tolerance to 5-FU, which varies from a level similar to that of the DFD groups to twice that value. It is suggested that certain protective factors against 5-FU toxicity present in natural food are absent in formula diets produced on the basis of standard requirements for normal growth and nutrition. The present studies indicate that such protective factors are neither vegetable fibers nor arachidonic acid. The importance of food intake in experimental toxicology and clinical pharmacology is emphasized.", "PMID": 730418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_322", "title": "The effect of Org GC 94 on thrombocyte function, blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic system in man.", "content": "The effect of a 14 day treatment with Org GC 94 in rising dosage to a maximum of 45 mg/day on thrombocyte function, blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic system was investigated in 16 healthy volunteers in a double-blind comparative trial with placebo. At the same time the influence on some liver function tests and on the general condition of the subjects was followed. Analysis of the data obtained in tests pertaining to platelet function, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and liver function did not indicate unwanted or harmful effects of Org GC 94. No significant difference in effect between Org GC 94 and placebo was detectable. The general physical condition including appetite and body weight was not affected by Org GC 94. A mild, transient sedative effect of the maximum dose of Org GC 94 is likely and some influence upon concentration (decrease) and mood (indifference or elevation) in some subjects cannot be excluded.", "contents": "The effect of Org GC 94 on thrombocyte function, blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic system in man. The effect of a 14 day treatment with Org GC 94 in rising dosage to a maximum of 45 mg/day on thrombocyte function, blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic system was investigated in 16 healthy volunteers in a double-blind comparative trial with placebo. At the same time the influence on some liver function tests and on the general condition of the subjects was followed. Analysis of the data obtained in tests pertaining to platelet function, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and liver function did not indicate unwanted or harmful effects of Org GC 94. No significant difference in effect between Org GC 94 and placebo was detectable. The general physical condition including appetite and body weight was not affected by Org GC 94. A mild, transient sedative effect of the maximum dose of Org GC 94 is likely and some influence upon concentration (decrease) and mood (indifference or elevation) in some subjects cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 730419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_323", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of naftidrofuryl capsules in man].", "content": "We have studied the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of naftidrofuryl in man. Two phases of diffusion have been observed, 11,0 +/- 2,6 respectively 26,5 +/- 3,61. This indicates that the drug is not extensively bound to tissues but mainly distributed throughout the extracellular space. The bioavailability of its oral form, gelatin capsules, is good, if in the same person the area under the plasma curves after oral administration is compared to the one after intravenous injection.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of naftidrofuryl capsules in man]. We have studied the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of naftidrofuryl in man. Two phases of diffusion have been observed, 11,0 +/- 2,6 respectively 26,5 +/- 3,61. This indicates that the drug is not extensively bound to tissues but mainly distributed throughout the extracellular space. The bioavailability of its oral form, gelatin capsules, is good, if in the same person the area under the plasma curves after oral administration is compared to the one after intravenous injection.", "PMID": 730420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_324", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure. IV. Clinical implications of own observations with a recent review of literature.", "content": "Digoxin dosage regimens for patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIH) were calculated from pharmacokinetic data of digoxin in these patients between the during hemodialyses. Especially when a maximal digitalisation is not necessary an administration of 0.125 mg digoxin only on days without hemodialysis will be adequate. The regimens should be considered as a suitable starting-point in therapy as individual differences in bioavailability, apparent volume of distribution. clearance and sensitivity may necessitate an individual correction. The place of hemodialysis in the management of severe intoxications will also be discussed. Besides, it is advised to use digoxin instead of digitoxin in patients on CIH.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure. IV. Clinical implications of own observations with a recent review of literature. Digoxin dosage regimens for patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIH) were calculated from pharmacokinetic data of digoxin in these patients between the during hemodialyses. Especially when a maximal digitalisation is not necessary an administration of 0.125 mg digoxin only on days without hemodialysis will be adequate. The regimens should be considered as a suitable starting-point in therapy as individual differences in bioavailability, apparent volume of distribution. clearance and sensitivity may necessitate an individual correction. The place of hemodialysis in the management of severe intoxications will also be discussed. Besides, it is advised to use digoxin instead of digitoxin in patients on CIH.", "PMID": 730421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_325", "title": "Phenytoin disposition in smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Smoking habit did not affect the disposition kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin. Phenyoin was given to 8 smokers and 8 nonsmokers and plasma concentrations of phenytoin were determined over a three day period by GLC and RIA techniques. Nonlinear least squares computer fit of the plasma concentration-time data yielded coefficients of a biexponential equation for calculation of half-lives (t1/2beta), clearances (ClB) and volumes of distribution. There were no statistically significant differences in these parameters with respect to either sex or smoking habit. However, more variable t1/2beta's were noted in the smoking group. No differences in serum protein binding between smoking and nonsmoking groups were found. Serum thiocyanate concentrations were used as a measure of smoking habit. There was no significant correlation between thiocyanate concentrations and t1/2beta or ClB. Attemps to correlate phenytoin ClB with basal metabolic rate also failed.", "contents": "Phenytoin disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. Smoking habit did not affect the disposition kinetics of intravenously administered phenytoin. Phenyoin was given to 8 smokers and 8 nonsmokers and plasma concentrations of phenytoin were determined over a three day period by GLC and RIA techniques. Nonlinear least squares computer fit of the plasma concentration-time data yielded coefficients of a biexponential equation for calculation of half-lives (t1/2beta), clearances (ClB) and volumes of distribution. There were no statistically significant differences in these parameters with respect to either sex or smoking habit. However, more variable t1/2beta's were noted in the smoking group. No differences in serum protein binding between smoking and nonsmoking groups were found. Serum thiocyanate concentrations were used as a measure of smoking habit. There was no significant correlation between thiocyanate concentrations and t1/2beta or ClB. Attemps to correlate phenytoin ClB with basal metabolic rate also failed.", "PMID": 730422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_326", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetic study of procetofene, a new hypolipidemic drug, in volunteers.", "content": "The clinical pharmacokinetics of a new hypolipidemic drug, procetofene (Lipanthyl), have been determined in 10 normolipemic volunteers after a single 300 mg dose and repeated 300 mg fractioned doses (b.i.d.) during 10 days, followed by an additional single dose (300 mg) on day 11. The peak plasma level of procetofenic acid, the circulating active metabolite, was observed after 4 or 6 hr. A steady-state plasma level above 10 microgram/ml was reached on day 5 and maintained to day 10 on continued fractioned administration. This mean plasma level was not reached during the single-dose study. A double-exponential plasma decay curve was observed in volunteers after repeated doses: alpha phase, 5.27 +/- 1.05 hr; beta phase, 21.73 +/- 1.07 hr. As shown by the urinary excretion data, the drug is poorly absorbed by the digestive tract, i.e., only about 30% is absorbed.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetic study of procetofene, a new hypolipidemic drug, in volunteers. The clinical pharmacokinetics of a new hypolipidemic drug, procetofene (Lipanthyl), have been determined in 10 normolipemic volunteers after a single 300 mg dose and repeated 300 mg fractioned doses (b.i.d.) during 10 days, followed by an additional single dose (300 mg) on day 11. The peak plasma level of procetofenic acid, the circulating active metabolite, was observed after 4 or 6 hr. A steady-state plasma level above 10 microgram/ml was reached on day 5 and maintained to day 10 on continued fractioned administration. This mean plasma level was not reached during the single-dose study. A double-exponential plasma decay curve was observed in volunteers after repeated doses: alpha phase, 5.27 +/- 1.05 hr; beta phase, 21.73 +/- 1.07 hr. As shown by the urinary excretion data, the drug is poorly absorbed by the digestive tract, i.e., only about 30% is absorbed.", "PMID": 730423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_327", "title": "Excretion of methylergometrine (methylergonovine) into the human breast milk.", "content": "Methylergometrine concentrations in the maternal plasma and breast milk were determined by a radioimmunoassay during continuous treatment with 0.125 mg of methylergometrine 3 times daily. On the fifth postpartum day at 8:00 a.m. the patients (n=8) took 2 tablets of Myomergin (0.250 mg of methylergometrine) orally, and the levels in the plasma and milk were determined at 1 and 8 hr after the drug administration. Measurable amounts of the drug were found only in 5 out of 16 milk samples. It was concluded that this oxytocic drug does not appear in the breast milk in quantities sufficient to affect the infant. No cumulation in the plasma or in the breast milk was found.", "contents": "Excretion of methylergometrine (methylergonovine) into the human breast milk. Methylergometrine concentrations in the maternal plasma and breast milk were determined by a radioimmunoassay during continuous treatment with 0.125 mg of methylergometrine 3 times daily. On the fifth postpartum day at 8:00 a.m. the patients (n=8) took 2 tablets of Myomergin (0.250 mg of methylergometrine) orally, and the levels in the plasma and milk were determined at 1 and 8 hr after the drug administration. Measurable amounts of the drug were found only in 5 out of 16 milk samples. It was concluded that this oxytocic drug does not appear in the breast milk in quantities sufficient to affect the infant. No cumulation in the plasma or in the breast milk was found.", "PMID": 730424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_328", "title": "The effect of intravenously administered proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contraction of the human gallbladder.", "content": "In subsequent studies 300 mg of proxyphylline (Group 1) and 1 amp Baralgin (Group 2) were administered intravenously to 20 patients in order to study the relaxing effect of proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contracted gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. After the standard contraction meal (200 ml cream) the intravenously administered proxyphylline had no relaxing effect on the human gallbladder, whereas Baralgin caused a significant dilation. The dilation effect lasted throughout the whole study period (60 min). Proxyphylline concentrations in the serum, determined by gas-liquid chromatography, proved to be on the therapeutic level which is said to be effective in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease. Because with proxyphylline no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to proxyphylline during an acute attack of pain in a patient suffering from gallstones seems to be questionable. Baralgin caused a significant dilation effect on the gallbladder, and it seems to be a useful agent in an acute gallstone attack.", "contents": "The effect of intravenously administered proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contraction of the human gallbladder. In subsequent studies 300 mg of proxyphylline (Group 1) and 1 amp Baralgin (Group 2) were administered intravenously to 20 patients in order to study the relaxing effect of proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contracted gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. After the standard contraction meal (200 ml cream) the intravenously administered proxyphylline had no relaxing effect on the human gallbladder, whereas Baralgin caused a significant dilation. The dilation effect lasted throughout the whole study period (60 min). Proxyphylline concentrations in the serum, determined by gas-liquid chromatography, proved to be on the therapeutic level which is said to be effective in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease. Because with proxyphylline no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to proxyphylline during an acute attack of pain in a patient suffering from gallstones seems to be questionable. Baralgin caused a significant dilation effect on the gallbladder, and it seems to be a useful agent in an acute gallstone attack.", "PMID": 730425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_329", "title": "Chronopharmacokinetics of ethanol. III. Variation in rate of ethanolemia decay in human subjects.", "content": "Five male human subjects were administered repeated oral doses of ethanol approximately four hours apart and were examined for venous ethanol levels during the third and fourth hours after each dose. Estimates of the slopes of the apparently linear ethanol disappearance curves exhibited statistically significant variation along a 24-hour time scale within 4 of the 5 subjects, as well as among individuals. Prior findings on one of the subjects were confirmed. It is proposed in general that pharmacokinetic parameters may vary in accord with the physiologic circadian phase at the time of drug challenge.", "contents": "Chronopharmacokinetics of ethanol. III. Variation in rate of ethanolemia decay in human subjects. Five male human subjects were administered repeated oral doses of ethanol approximately four hours apart and were examined for venous ethanol levels during the third and fourth hours after each dose. Estimates of the slopes of the apparently linear ethanol disappearance curves exhibited statistically significant variation along a 24-hour time scale within 4 of the 5 subjects, as well as among individuals. Prior findings on one of the subjects were confirmed. It is proposed in general that pharmacokinetic parameters may vary in accord with the physiologic circadian phase at the time of drug challenge.", "PMID": 730426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_330", "title": "In vitro sensitivity testing of cells of histologically typified ovarian carcinomas and carcinoma of corpus with 3H-cyclophosphamide-metabolites in the serum of man after massive dose therapy.", "content": "Cells of a carcinoma of the uterine corpus and of five ovarian carcinomas were cultured in vitro with monolayer and sandwich methods, respectively. After 24-hours-incubation with serum samples of patients treated with a massive dose of 3H-cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg body weight i.v.)-the samples were taken at different times after application-these cultures with a chromatographically defined content of free metabolites were interpreted, guided by morphological criteria. Incubation of the cultures with serum samples taken 5 hours after application of the massive dose turned out to be a practical system for detection, before the start of therapy, of the sensitivity of malignant tumors to cyclophosphamide. Statements about the proliferation kinetics of the malignant cells, about the active ultimate form of the antitumor agent and its way of action, which are not guaranteed experimentally, are largely eliminated by this method. The justification for using 4-hydroxy- and 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide to test the sensitivity of malignant cells in vitro to cyclophosphamide was critically examined.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity testing of cells of histologically typified ovarian carcinomas and carcinoma of corpus with 3H-cyclophosphamide-metabolites in the serum of man after massive dose therapy. Cells of a carcinoma of the uterine corpus and of five ovarian carcinomas were cultured in vitro with monolayer and sandwich methods, respectively. After 24-hours-incubation with serum samples of patients treated with a massive dose of 3H-cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg body weight i.v.)-the samples were taken at different times after application-these cultures with a chromatographically defined content of free metabolites were interpreted, guided by morphological criteria. Incubation of the cultures with serum samples taken 5 hours after application of the massive dose turned out to be a practical system for detection, before the start of therapy, of the sensitivity of malignant tumors to cyclophosphamide. Statements about the proliferation kinetics of the malignant cells, about the active ultimate form of the antitumor agent and its way of action, which are not guaranteed experimentally, are largely eliminated by this method. The justification for using 4-hydroxy- and 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide to test the sensitivity of malignant cells in vitro to cyclophosphamide was critically examined.", "PMID": 730427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_331", "title": "Concentration behavior of carbamazepine in bile and plasma of man.", "content": "The concentration in plasma and bile of carbamazepine was determined in four humans with Kerr's T-tube drain after an oral administration of a single dose of 400 mg of Finlepsin (carbamazepine). The mean plasma half-life time was 25 (15-31) hr. The concentration time curves in bile and plasma were parallel with the bile to plasma concentration ratio of 0.62 (0.24-0.82). A negative linear correlation between the lithogenic index and the bile plasma concentration ratio was found. It is suggested that the concentration of carbamazepine in bile is influenced by the saturation of biliary micelles with cholesterol. The amount of carbamazepine eliminated by bile within 72 hr was 4.1 +/- 1.9 mg, i.e., 1% of the administered dose. It is concluded that there is no significant enterohepatic circulation of carbamazepine.", "contents": "Concentration behavior of carbamazepine in bile and plasma of man. The concentration in plasma and bile of carbamazepine was determined in four humans with Kerr's T-tube drain after an oral administration of a single dose of 400 mg of Finlepsin (carbamazepine). The mean plasma half-life time was 25 (15-31) hr. The concentration time curves in bile and plasma were parallel with the bile to plasma concentration ratio of 0.62 (0.24-0.82). A negative linear correlation between the lithogenic index and the bile plasma concentration ratio was found. It is suggested that the concentration of carbamazepine in bile is influenced by the saturation of biliary micelles with cholesterol. The amount of carbamazepine eliminated by bile within 72 hr was 4.1 +/- 1.9 mg, i.e., 1% of the administered dose. It is concluded that there is no significant enterohepatic circulation of carbamazepine.", "PMID": 730428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_332", "title": "Systemic reactions to topically applied drugs.", "content": "Topical drugs can be absorbed percutaneously in sufficient amounts to cause untoward systemic effects. Generally speaking, infants and young children appears to be more vulnerable than adults. It has been shown that the prolonged and extensive use of topical corticosteroids can induce iatrogenic hypercorticism and that they may also impair the patients ability to cope with stress. Furthermore, the relatively limited use, areawise and timewise, of agents such as phenol, resorcinol, salicylic acid, hexachlorophene, boric acid, mercurials, and podophyllin may suffice to elicit dire systemic reactions.", "contents": "Systemic reactions to topically applied drugs. Topical drugs can be absorbed percutaneously in sufficient amounts to cause untoward systemic effects. Generally speaking, infants and young children appears to be more vulnerable than adults. It has been shown that the prolonged and extensive use of topical corticosteroids can induce iatrogenic hypercorticism and that they may also impair the patients ability to cope with stress. Furthermore, the relatively limited use, areawise and timewise, of agents such as phenol, resorcinol, salicylic acid, hexachlorophene, boric acid, mercurials, and podophyllin may suffice to elicit dire systemic reactions.", "PMID": 730430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_333", "title": "Auricular calcification.", "content": "Auricular calcification in two patients was discovered by palpation and x-ray of the pinnae of the ears. In one patient auricular calcification was locally secondary to chronic inflammation, while in the other patient systemically secondary to adrenal insufficiency, a systemic factor.", "contents": "Auricular calcification. Auricular calcification in two patients was discovered by palpation and x-ray of the pinnae of the ears. In one patient auricular calcification was locally secondary to chronic inflammation, while in the other patient systemically secondary to adrenal insufficiency, a systemic factor.", "PMID": 730434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_334", "title": "Clinical and pathologic observations in dermatitis cruris pustulosa et atrophicans.", "content": "A group of 81 patients with dermatitis cruris pustulosa et atrophicans, a common condition among Africans in Northern Nigeria, is analyzed. The significance of such predisposing factors, as repeated application of oily substances, trauma and seasonal variations are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic observations in dermatitis cruris pustulosa et atrophicans. A group of 81 patients with dermatitis cruris pustulosa et atrophicans, a common condition among Africans in Northern Nigeria, is analyzed. The significance of such predisposing factors, as repeated application of oily substances, trauma and seasonal variations are discussed.", "PMID": 730435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_335", "title": "Chromoblastomycosis: cure by cryosurgery.", "content": "Chromoblastomycosis was successfully treated by cryosurgery in a 55-year-old white man. Depigmentation within the scar precludes an entirely successful cosmetic result.", "contents": "Chromoblastomycosis: cure by cryosurgery. Chromoblastomycosis was successfully treated by cryosurgery in a 55-year-old white man. Depigmentation within the scar precludes an entirely successful cosmetic result.", "PMID": 730437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_336", "title": "Lichen myxedematosus. Treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Lichen myxedematosus is a rare, chronic, progressive disease of unknown etiology characterized histologically by mucin deposition in the upper one half of the dermis and is in many cases associated with a serum paraprotein. We report the third case of lichen myxedematosus which has been treated with oral cyclophosphamide. Our case, as one of those previously treated, lacked the characteristic paraprotein. Therapeutic response consisted of improvement, but not complete resolution of the skin findings.", "contents": "Lichen myxedematosus. Treatment with cyclophosphamide. Lichen myxedematosus is a rare, chronic, progressive disease of unknown etiology characterized histologically by mucin deposition in the upper one half of the dermis and is in many cases associated with a serum paraprotein. We report the third case of lichen myxedematosus which has been treated with oral cyclophosphamide. Our case, as one of those previously treated, lacked the characteristic paraprotein. Therapeutic response consisted of improvement, but not complete resolution of the skin findings.", "PMID": 730438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_337", "title": "Multiple comedonal papule of the nose.", "content": "Two unique patients are described with a smooth papule on the nose containing comedones and being preceded by trauma.", "contents": "Multiple comedonal papule of the nose. Two unique patients are described with a smooth papule on the nose containing comedones and being preceded by trauma.", "PMID": 730447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_338", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of systemic chemotherapeutic agents in skin neoplasms.", "content": "Considerable progress recently has been made in the systemic chemotherapy of disseminated skin neoplasms. Several agents are particularly useful in this regard: the nitrosoureas, methotrexate, actinomycin D, and dacarbazine. This paper reviews their pharmacologic disposition in man. The nitrosoureas have short plasma half-lives; however, they are extensively degraded to metabolites that persist in the body, and are only slowly excreted. Highly soluble in lipids, the nitrosoureas penetrate significantly into the central nervous system. Actinomycin D is only minimally metabolized in vivo; its elimination from the plasma shows a prolonged slow phase with a half-life of 36 hours; but its excretion is even slower than expected about 30% in a week. A potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate exhibits a multiphasic plasma disappearance, and accumulates in tissues with high dihydrofolate reductase activities. At the normal therapeutic dosages, methotrexate is eliminated by the kidneys as the unchanged drug; appropriate dosage modifications are mandatory if renal function is compromised. Dacarbazine has a relatively short plasma half-life, and is rapidly excreted partly as the unchanged drug; it undergoes extensive biotransformation in the body. Like other antitumor agents, these drugs may cause gastrointestinal toxicities and myelosuppression; in addition each drug can have its own individual organ toxicity.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of systemic chemotherapeutic agents in skin neoplasms. Considerable progress recently has been made in the systemic chemotherapy of disseminated skin neoplasms. Several agents are particularly useful in this regard: the nitrosoureas, methotrexate, actinomycin D, and dacarbazine. This paper reviews their pharmacologic disposition in man. The nitrosoureas have short plasma half-lives; however, they are extensively degraded to metabolites that persist in the body, and are only slowly excreted. Highly soluble in lipids, the nitrosoureas penetrate significantly into the central nervous system. Actinomycin D is only minimally metabolized in vivo; its elimination from the plasma shows a prolonged slow phase with a half-life of 36 hours; but its excretion is even slower than expected about 30% in a week. A potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate exhibits a multiphasic plasma disappearance, and accumulates in tissues with high dihydrofolate reductase activities. At the normal therapeutic dosages, methotrexate is eliminated by the kidneys as the unchanged drug; appropriate dosage modifications are mandatory if renal function is compromised. Dacarbazine has a relatively short plasma half-life, and is rapidly excreted partly as the unchanged drug; it undergoes extensive biotransformation in the body. Like other antitumor agents, these drugs may cause gastrointestinal toxicities and myelosuppression; in addition each drug can have its own individual organ toxicity.", "PMID": 730448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_339", "title": "Basal cell epithelioma in a vaccination scar.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman developed a superficial basal cell epitheliol in a smallpox vaccination scar. After reviewing similar reports in the English literature, I believe any unusual change occurring in a vaccination scar, either simultaneously or years later, should be viewed as a possible malignancy and treated accordingly.", "contents": "Basal cell epithelioma in a vaccination scar. A 42-year-old woman developed a superficial basal cell epitheliol in a smallpox vaccination scar. After reviewing similar reports in the English literature, I believe any unusual change occurring in a vaccination scar, either simultaneously or years later, should be viewed as a possible malignancy and treated accordingly.", "PMID": 730456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_340", "title": "Pathologic investigation of cutaneous stretch.", "content": "Unevenly stretched skin of the back of rats resulted in microscopic as well as light microscopic features of wounding with subsequent repair as a result of the trauma due to this type of stretch. In skin evenly stretched, dermal collagen was markedly thickened and homogeneous as compared to controls. The increased thickness of evenly stretched skin despite its increase in surface area is consonant with views indicating that stretch may increase the synthesis of diminish the degradation of dermal collagen. The validity of this conclusion, however, is dependent upon the premise that the evenly stretched skin is also \"wounded\" since this latter would be required to account for the rapid turnover of collagen in these rather acute experiments. This implies a defect at a molecular or biochemical level since no qualitative structural alterations were detected by the conventional techniques employed.", "contents": "Pathologic investigation of cutaneous stretch. Unevenly stretched skin of the back of rats resulted in microscopic as well as light microscopic features of wounding with subsequent repair as a result of the trauma due to this type of stretch. In skin evenly stretched, dermal collagen was markedly thickened and homogeneous as compared to controls. The increased thickness of evenly stretched skin despite its increase in surface area is consonant with views indicating that stretch may increase the synthesis of diminish the degradation of dermal collagen. The validity of this conclusion, however, is dependent upon the premise that the evenly stretched skin is also \"wounded\" since this latter would be required to account for the rapid turnover of collagen in these rather acute experiments. This implies a defect at a molecular or biochemical level since no qualitative structural alterations were detected by the conventional techniques employed.", "PMID": 730457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_341", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans in three soldiers.", "content": "Three cases of erythema chronicum migrans in soldiers who had returned from active duty in Central Europe were seen within a ten-week period in San Franciso. Typically, the lesions cleared in less than five days with penicillin in two cases and erythromycin in another.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans in three soldiers. Three cases of erythema chronicum migrans in soldiers who had returned from active duty in Central Europe were seen within a ten-week period in San Franciso. Typically, the lesions cleared in less than five days with penicillin in two cases and erythromycin in another.", "PMID": 730458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_342", "title": "Symmetrical lividity of the palms and soles.", "content": "Symmetrical lividity (SL) was the term coined by Pernet in 1925 for symmetrical, bluish-red plaques on the soles of the feet, accompanied by hyperhidrosis and not corresponding to areas of pressure or patterns of innervation. We report two patients with a persistent eruption of the palms analogous to that described by Pernet on the feet. Unlike most reported cases of SL, our patients did not respond to topical drying treatments, but one patient partially responded to tretinoin. There appear to be two forms of SL: transient, which responds to drying; and persistent which does not respond to drying. The hyperhidrosis studied in one of our two patients was significantly greater within the plaques of SL than the normal palm. While we could suppress the hyperhidrosis with topical therapy, this failed to clear his hyperkeratosis or eliminate the livid color.", "contents": "Symmetrical lividity of the palms and soles. Symmetrical lividity (SL) was the term coined by Pernet in 1925 for symmetrical, bluish-red plaques on the soles of the feet, accompanied by hyperhidrosis and not corresponding to areas of pressure or patterns of innervation. We report two patients with a persistent eruption of the palms analogous to that described by Pernet on the feet. Unlike most reported cases of SL, our patients did not respond to topical drying treatments, but one patient partially responded to tretinoin. There appear to be two forms of SL: transient, which responds to drying; and persistent which does not respond to drying. The hyperhidrosis studied in one of our two patients was significantly greater within the plaques of SL than the normal palm. While we could suppress the hyperhidrosis with topical therapy, this failed to clear his hyperkeratosis or eliminate the livid color.", "PMID": 730459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_343", "title": "The nevus comedonicus syndrome: a case report with emphasis on associated internal manifestations.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with nevus comedonicus, multiple congenital abnormalities of the spine, and a central nervous system disorder is described. The associated abnormalities previously reported with nevus comedonicus are summarized. Thorough evaluation of patients with nevus comedonicus may disclose the occurrence of certain internal abnormalities in syndromic association.", "contents": "The nevus comedonicus syndrome: a case report with emphasis on associated internal manifestations. A 14-year-old boy with nevus comedonicus, multiple congenital abnormalities of the spine, and a central nervous system disorder is described. The associated abnormalities previously reported with nevus comedonicus are summarized. Thorough evaluation of patients with nevus comedonicus may disclose the occurrence of certain internal abnormalities in syndromic association.", "PMID": 730460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_344", "title": "How not to pin a hip.", "content": "Errors in judgement and technique are responsible for increased failure rates in fractures around the proximal femur. The advanced age of the average patient jeopardizes even the best hip pinning. Proper understanding of mechanics, operative techniques, and the natural course of those fractures will lower the incidence of failures.", "contents": "How not to pin a hip. Errors in judgement and technique are responsible for increased failure rates in fractures around the proximal femur. The advanced age of the average patient jeopardizes even the best hip pinning. Proper understanding of mechanics, operative techniques, and the natural course of those fractures will lower the incidence of failures.", "PMID": 730468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_345", "title": "Pancreatic necrosis and acute pancreatitis.", "content": "With reference to 115 cases of acute pancreatitis which were either operated on or confirmed, the authors stress the seriousness of the lesion to the glandular parenchyma; it is also difficult to recognise during peroperative exploration. The necrosis, which is sometimes limited to the peripheral and interstitial tissue, sparing the gland itself (its prognosis is less serious) has led many surgeons to perform surgical excision. However, the problems encountered postoperatively have given rise to doubts a posteriori as to whether this is legitimate. Reference is made to the decapsulation of the pancreas described by Romanian authors, and a method for future operative diagnosis of glandular necrosis is proposed.", "contents": "Pancreatic necrosis and acute pancreatitis. With reference to 115 cases of acute pancreatitis which were either operated on or confirmed, the authors stress the seriousness of the lesion to the glandular parenchyma; it is also difficult to recognise during peroperative exploration. The necrosis, which is sometimes limited to the peripheral and interstitial tissue, sparing the gland itself (its prognosis is less serious) has led many surgeons to perform surgical excision. However, the problems encountered postoperatively have given rise to doubts a posteriori as to whether this is legitimate. Reference is made to the decapsulation of the pancreas described by Romanian authors, and a method for future operative diagnosis of glandular necrosis is proposed.", "PMID": 730473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_346", "title": "Study of nonspecific lymphocyte transformation in urologic cancer patients.", "content": "Blast-cell transformation of lymphocytes in response to phytohaemagglutinin was examined in patients with urologic tumours and with nonmalignant urologic processes. A significant depression of immune reactivity was found in the malignant cases. The practical aspects of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Study of nonspecific lymphocyte transformation in urologic cancer patients. Blast-cell transformation of lymphocytes in response to phytohaemagglutinin was examined in patients with urologic tumours and with nonmalignant urologic processes. A significant depression of immune reactivity was found in the malignant cases. The practical aspects of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 730478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_347", "title": "Intrarenal vascular obstruction of superior ureteropelvic junction causing nephralgia in a woman with complete duplex kidney. (a case of Fraley's syndrome in duplex kidney).", "content": "A case of Fraley's syndrome in a Japanese woman was reported. This is believed to be the first case involved in a complete duplex kidney.", "contents": "Intrarenal vascular obstruction of superior ureteropelvic junction causing nephralgia in a woman with complete duplex kidney. (a case of Fraley's syndrome in duplex kidney). A case of Fraley's syndrome in a Japanese woman was reported. This is believed to be the first case involved in a complete duplex kidney.", "PMID": 730479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_348", "title": "Pelvic neurilemmoma.", "content": "A rare case of benign pelvic neurilemmoma with bladder infiltration and ureteral obstruction is presented. This neurally originated tumor may occur anywhere in the body, but involvement of the urinary tract is rare. Management depends upon location and other clinical findings, and in this case, since complete removal was impossible, urinary derivation was employed as a palliative treatment.", "contents": "Pelvic neurilemmoma. A rare case of benign pelvic neurilemmoma with bladder infiltration and ureteral obstruction is presented. This neurally originated tumor may occur anywhere in the body, but involvement of the urinary tract is rare. Management depends upon location and other clinical findings, and in this case, since complete removal was impossible, urinary derivation was employed as a palliative treatment.", "PMID": 730480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_349", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder. (A study of 106 cases over a period of ten years).", "content": "The authors have treated 106 patients with bladder carcinoma. Results are reported here.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder. (A study of 106 cases over a period of ten years). The authors have treated 106 patients with bladder carcinoma. Results are reported here.", "PMID": 730481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_350", "title": "Abortion and maternal health: an American perspective.", "content": "It was decided to legalize abortion in the U.S.A. in 1973. Since then the national abortion ratio has increased from 180 per 1000 to 272 per 1000; the fertility rate has decreased from 73.4 to 66.7. In 65% of the induced abortions the women were under 26 years of age, and in 74% they were unmarried; the number of out-of-state abortions decreased from 43.8% to 10.8%. The mortality rate related to induced abortion has clearly been improved by the legalization of abortion; the best method seems to be the suction and D & C procedures, which are associated with a 1.6 per 100,000 death risk, while childbirth is associated with an 8.2 per 100,000 mortality rate. The long-term effect of legal abortion on the subsequent reproductive function is unknown, but at present there is no evidence of any detrimental effect.", "contents": "Abortion and maternal health: an American perspective. It was decided to legalize abortion in the U.S.A. in 1973. Since then the national abortion ratio has increased from 180 per 1000 to 272 per 1000; the fertility rate has decreased from 73.4 to 66.7. In 65% of the induced abortions the women were under 26 years of age, and in 74% they were unmarried; the number of out-of-state abortions decreased from 43.8% to 10.8%. The mortality rate related to induced abortion has clearly been improved by the legalization of abortion; the best method seems to be the suction and D & C procedures, which are associated with a 1.6 per 100,000 death risk, while childbirth is associated with an 8.2 per 100,000 mortality rate. The long-term effect of legal abortion on the subsequent reproductive function is unknown, but at present there is no evidence of any detrimental effect.", "PMID": 730471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_351", "title": "Prevention of irrigant absorption during TURP: continuous low-pressure irrigation.", "content": "Comparative studies have been carried out on bladder pressure. The pressure gradient between bladder and abdominal cavity during TURP proved to be significantly lower with continuous low-pressure irrigation than with conventional high-pressure irrigation. Absorption is reduced to a clinically insignificant rate, as shown by blood sugar determinations during TURP in 100 cases.", "contents": "Prevention of irrigant absorption during TURP: continuous low-pressure irrigation. Comparative studies have been carried out on bladder pressure. The pressure gradient between bladder and abdominal cavity during TURP proved to be significantly lower with continuous low-pressure irrigation than with conventional high-pressure irrigation. Absorption is reduced to a clinically insignificant rate, as shown by blood sugar determinations during TURP in 100 cases.", "PMID": 730482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_352", "title": "Experiences with Meadox-Dardik umbilical vein biograft as a lower extremity bypass graft.", "content": "The umbilical veins are valveless, approximately 50 mm long in the umbilical cord, and their diameter is about 4 mm. To prepare the vascular prosthesis the vein is first stripped, then submitted to tanning process, and finally is surrounded by the supporting Dacron mesh. The prosthesis is available in various sizes, from 3 to 6 mm in diameter. Seventy-two patients were operated on to revascularize the peripheric leg vessels using this prosthesis. In ten cases the early results were good and in seven cases a good late result (six months) was observed. The umbilical Meadox-Dardik biograft seems to be an excellent substitute for the saphenous vein in operative procedures in those patients who need a shorter operation or who are afflicted by the absence of the saphena.", "contents": "Experiences with Meadox-Dardik umbilical vein biograft as a lower extremity bypass graft. The umbilical veins are valveless, approximately 50 mm long in the umbilical cord, and their diameter is about 4 mm. To prepare the vascular prosthesis the vein is first stripped, then submitted to tanning process, and finally is surrounded by the supporting Dacron mesh. The prosthesis is available in various sizes, from 3 to 6 mm in diameter. Seventy-two patients were operated on to revascularize the peripheric leg vessels using this prosthesis. In ten cases the early results were good and in seven cases a good late result (six months) was observed. The umbilical Meadox-Dardik biograft seems to be an excellent substitute for the saphenous vein in operative procedures in those patients who need a shorter operation or who are afflicted by the absence of the saphena.", "PMID": 730472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_353", "title": "Value of transurethral biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Needle biopsy, as a simple and reliable method, has been in use for the microscopic diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. On the evidence of published observations and of the present study, transurethral biopsy is regarded as a useful supplementary procedure, 10 per cent of the malignant tumours of the prostate being inaccessible to the other current biopsy techniques. The cases in which it has been found to be of particular diagnostic value include 1. carcinoma of the prostate arising from the anterior lobe or from the periurethral area; 2. occult carcinoma: 3. negativity of successive needle biopsies in spite of clinical suspicion of prostatic carcinoma; 4. malignant growth involving the neck of the bladder when cystoscopy fails to identify its primary site.", "contents": "Value of transurethral biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. Needle biopsy, as a simple and reliable method, has been in use for the microscopic diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. On the evidence of published observations and of the present study, transurethral biopsy is regarded as a useful supplementary procedure, 10 per cent of the malignant tumours of the prostate being inaccessible to the other current biopsy techniques. The cases in which it has been found to be of particular diagnostic value include 1. carcinoma of the prostate arising from the anterior lobe or from the periurethral area; 2. occult carcinoma: 3. negativity of successive needle biopsies in spite of clinical suspicion of prostatic carcinoma; 4. malignant growth involving the neck of the bladder when cystoscopy fails to identify its primary site.", "PMID": 730483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_354", "title": "A comparative study between direct testicular and pedal lymphography in dogs. (A preliminary report).", "content": "In 20 dogs, 12 bilateral and 8 unilateral pedal and direct testicular lymphographies were performed. Comparison between the two methods showed that pedal lymphography failed to visualize some of the regional lymph nodes of the testicle. Histological examinations of the excised testicles two months after the injection of the contrast material failed to show any significant abnormalities. The potential applications of direct testicular lymphography are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study between direct testicular and pedal lymphography in dogs. (A preliminary report). In 20 dogs, 12 bilateral and 8 unilateral pedal and direct testicular lymphographies were performed. Comparison between the two methods showed that pedal lymphography failed to visualize some of the regional lymph nodes of the testicle. Histological examinations of the excised testicles two months after the injection of the contrast material failed to show any significant abnormalities. The potential applications of direct testicular lymphography are discussed.", "PMID": 730484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_355", "title": "Factors influencing the prognosis of acute renal failure. (Analysis of 228 cases).", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were treated for acute renal failure between October, 1964, and December 31, 1976. Complex antiuraemic therapy has been applied in 96, and haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in 132 cases. The overall mortality rate was 40.7%. The part played by age, primary process and possible complications of acute renal failure in the mortality figures is examined. From the analysis of clinical features, infections and septicaemia emerge as primary factors responsible for the high mortality. In conclusion the therapeutic measures which may minimize the hazard of inflammatory complications are summed up.", "contents": "Factors influencing the prognosis of acute renal failure. (Analysis of 228 cases). Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were treated for acute renal failure between October, 1964, and December 31, 1976. Complex antiuraemic therapy has been applied in 96, and haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in 132 cases. The overall mortality rate was 40.7%. The part played by age, primary process and possible complications of acute renal failure in the mortality figures is examined. From the analysis of clinical features, infections and septicaemia emerge as primary factors responsible for the high mortality. In conclusion the therapeutic measures which may minimize the hazard of inflammatory complications are summed up.", "PMID": 730485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_356", "title": "[Social psychiatric basis for drug non-compliance and recurrence in psychotic patients].", "content": "In a follow-up investigation on 104 mostly schizophrenic psychotic patients, of both sexes, a statistical correlation was sought using factors to determine whether the patient returns regularly for check-up or takes the prescribed drugs. Failure to take medication frequently leads to deterioration and readmission to hospital. The investigation showed that women are more amenable to follow-up than men and that regular follow-up depends largely on the degree of integration within the family: well-integrated patients attend more regularly. Social work measures improve follow-up and the taking of medication only when they are carried out on a regular basis. An interesting observation was that patients affected before their 25th year attend check-ups less regularly than those who first fall ill when they are older. It was also found that the regularity of attendance for check-ups tended to diminish with the increasing number of hospital admissions in the patient's history. No significant difference was found in respect of level of education although patients with a moderate education were most regular in coming for follow-up, whereas those with above-average and below-average education were less regular.", "contents": "[Social psychiatric basis for drug non-compliance and recurrence in psychotic patients]. In a follow-up investigation on 104 mostly schizophrenic psychotic patients, of both sexes, a statistical correlation was sought using factors to determine whether the patient returns regularly for check-up or takes the prescribed drugs. Failure to take medication frequently leads to deterioration and readmission to hospital. The investigation showed that women are more amenable to follow-up than men and that regular follow-up depends largely on the degree of integration within the family: well-integrated patients attend more regularly. Social work measures improve follow-up and the taking of medication only when they are carried out on a regular basis. An interesting observation was that patients affected before their 25th year attend check-ups less regularly than those who first fall ill when they are older. It was also found that the regularity of attendance for check-ups tended to diminish with the increasing number of hospital admissions in the patient's history. No significant difference was found in respect of level of education although patients with a moderate education were most regular in coming for follow-up, whereas those with above-average and below-average education were less regular.", "PMID": 730487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_357", "title": "Carboxymethyl-selenopyruvic acid as the product of the oxidative deamination of carboxymethyl-selenocysteine.", "content": "CMSeC labeled with 14C in the carboxymethyl moiety was incubated with snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase. As the product of the reaction only one ketoacid was detected, which retained all the radioactivity of the oxidized substrate. This clearly shows that no breakdown of the C-Se bond of CMSeC occurs during its oxidation, and confirms previously reported data indicating that the ketoacid arising from CMSeC is CMSeP.", "contents": "Carboxymethyl-selenopyruvic acid as the product of the oxidative deamination of carboxymethyl-selenocysteine. CMSeC labeled with 14C in the carboxymethyl moiety was incubated with snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase. As the product of the reaction only one ketoacid was detected, which retained all the radioactivity of the oxidized substrate. This clearly shows that no breakdown of the C-Se bond of CMSeC occurs during its oxidation, and confirms previously reported data indicating that the ketoacid arising from CMSeC is CMSeP.", "PMID": 730494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_358", "title": "Spinach threonine dehydratase. Inhibition by L-cysteine and D-cysteine.", "content": "L-threonine deaminase from spinach is inhibited by D- and L-cysteine. The inhibition patterns by D-cysteine and by L-cysteine are non-competitive. The value of Ki for D-cysteine and L-cysteine is of the same order of magnitude. Inhibitions by L-isoleucine and L-cysteine are additional. These results indicate that inhibition by L-cysteine occurs on a site of enzyme which is different from the binding site for L-isoleucine and L-valine. Probably L-cysteine and D-cysteine form the thiazolidinic ring with a PLP mole. Which is not costituent of the active site, but located in a different region.", "contents": "Spinach threonine dehydratase. Inhibition by L-cysteine and D-cysteine. L-threonine deaminase from spinach is inhibited by D- and L-cysteine. The inhibition patterns by D-cysteine and by L-cysteine are non-competitive. The value of Ki for D-cysteine and L-cysteine is of the same order of magnitude. Inhibitions by L-isoleucine and L-cysteine are additional. These results indicate that inhibition by L-cysteine occurs on a site of enzyme which is different from the binding site for L-isoleucine and L-valine. Probably L-cysteine and D-cysteine form the thiazolidinic ring with a PLP mole. Which is not costituent of the active site, but located in a different region.", "PMID": 730495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_359", "title": "Cysteic and cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase activity in rat tissues during postnatal growth.", "content": "1) Cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities have been determined in rat retina, brain, liver, kidney, lung and spleen during postnatal growth. 2) The two enzymic activities increase as function of age in retina, brain and liver. 3) In contrast the cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities decrease with age in kidney, lung and spleen. 4) The rate of decarboxylation of cysteine sulphinate is higher than cysteic acid and the ratio of the two decarboxylating activities for each tissue is constant; this uniformity may exclude the existence of two separate enzymes.", "contents": "Cysteic and cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase activity in rat tissues during postnatal growth. 1) Cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities have been determined in rat retina, brain, liver, kidney, lung and spleen during postnatal growth. 2) The two enzymic activities increase as function of age in retina, brain and liver. 3) In contrast the cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities decrease with age in kidney, lung and spleen. 4) The rate of decarboxylation of cysteine sulphinate is higher than cysteic acid and the ratio of the two decarboxylating activities for each tissue is constant; this uniformity may exclude the existence of two separate enzymes.", "PMID": 730496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_360", "title": "Altered sialic acid contents of red blood cell membrane preparations in homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "In the present work the sialic acid content of the red blood cell ghost membranes was measured in blood specimens obtained from 18 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 10 controls. The sialic acid-protein weight ratio was reduced in comparison with normal mean value only in four patients who had undergone splenectomy several years ago. The remaining 14 unsplenectomized patients showed a sialic acid/protein ratio that was 50% higher than normal (P less than 0.001). The titratable sulphydryl groups were also measured in red blood cell membrane preparations. SH groups content was reduced in patients with beta-thalassemia major, and a dramatic decrease (-60%) was observed in patients after splenectomy.", "contents": "Altered sialic acid contents of red blood cell membrane preparations in homozygous beta-thalassemia. In the present work the sialic acid content of the red blood cell ghost membranes was measured in blood specimens obtained from 18 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 10 controls. The sialic acid-protein weight ratio was reduced in comparison with normal mean value only in four patients who had undergone splenectomy several years ago. The remaining 14 unsplenectomized patients showed a sialic acid/protein ratio that was 50% higher than normal (P less than 0.001). The titratable sulphydryl groups were also measured in red blood cell membrane preparations. SH groups content was reduced in patients with beta-thalassemia major, and a dramatic decrease (-60%) was observed in patients after splenectomy.", "PMID": 730497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_361", "title": "The ethics of health education as public health policy.", "content": "The concept of voluntariness is central to an understanding of ethical considerations in two aspects of public health education practice: (1) the selection of appropriate interventions, and (2) the selection of appropriate targets for such interventions. The position is taken that most mass communications programs in public health education are persuasive as well as informative in intent. It is argued that the impact of such programs on voluntariness can be analyzed with regard to the rationality and resistibility of the persuasive appeals involved. Considerations of justice, as well as voluntariness and liberty, are reviewed in the discussion of appropriate targets for intervention. The issue of victim-blaming in public health education is explored, and conditions under which behavioral public health programs may be morally justifiable are suggested.", "contents": "The ethics of health education as public health policy. The concept of voluntariness is central to an understanding of ethical considerations in two aspects of public health education practice: (1) the selection of appropriate interventions, and (2) the selection of appropriate targets for such interventions. The position is taken that most mass communications programs in public health education are persuasive as well as informative in intent. It is argued that the impact of such programs on voluntariness can be analyzed with regard to the rationality and resistibility of the persuasive appeals involved. Considerations of justice, as well as voluntariness and liberty, are reviewed in the discussion of appropriate targets for intervention. The issue of victim-blaming in public health education is explored, and conditions under which behavioral public health programs may be morally justifiable are suggested.", "PMID": 730534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_362", "title": "Ethical issues in community organization.", "content": "The health educator's role as a community organizer raises a number of ethical dilemmas for the practitioner. Such basic prescriptions given the health educator as \"start where the people are\" and \"change by choice, not by coercion\" must be carefully examined in light of the realities which sometimes make strict adherence to these theoretical goals difficult in practice and problematic from an ethical perspective. The importance of avoiding unintentional \"victim-blaming\" in the selection of targets for community organization and the necessity of acquainting communities with possible negative or unanticipated outcomes of organizing efforts are underscored as critical ethical issues for the health educator engaged in community organization activities.", "contents": "Ethical issues in community organization. The health educator's role as a community organizer raises a number of ethical dilemmas for the practitioner. Such basic prescriptions given the health educator as \"start where the people are\" and \"change by choice, not by coercion\" must be carefully examined in light of the realities which sometimes make strict adherence to these theoretical goals difficult in practice and problematic from an ethical perspective. The importance of avoiding unintentional \"victim-blaming\" in the selection of targets for community organization and the necessity of acquainting communities with possible negative or unanticipated outcomes of organizing efforts are underscored as critical ethical issues for the health educator engaged in community organization activities.", "PMID": 730535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_363", "title": "Disease prevention and health promotion initiatives: some legal considerations.", "content": "Public health programs to prevent disease and promote health are constrained by legal doctrines that protect individuals from intrusive regulation of their health-influencing behaviors. This paper outlines the parameters of acceptable interventions in the context of antismoking legislation and motorcycle helmet safety laws. The authors discuss recent court decisions challenging the constitutionality of these laws and identify criteria the courts apply in reviewing governmental attempts to protect the public from disease or trauma.", "contents": "Disease prevention and health promotion initiatives: some legal considerations. Public health programs to prevent disease and promote health are constrained by legal doctrines that protect individuals from intrusive regulation of their health-influencing behaviors. This paper outlines the parameters of acceptable interventions in the context of antismoking legislation and motorcycle helmet safety laws. The authors discuss recent court decisions challenging the constitutionality of these laws and identify criteria the courts apply in reviewing governmental attempts to protect the public from disease or trauma.", "PMID": 730536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_364", "title": "Coercive measures in health promotion: can they be justified?", "content": "Though environmental hazards and lack of medical care continue to threaten the public's health, much recent attention has turned to the role of destructive health-related behavior. If, as Fuchs suggests, changing behavior patterns is the most powerful alternative open to advanced countries in the pursuit of health, the role of the health educator is likely to grow more prominent relative to other health-care professionals. At the same time, that role may change. A campaign to solve the nation's health problems by altering habits of living may require methods which are stronger than the traditional health educator's efforts to facilitate and inform. This paper examines the coercive aspects of some of these possible measures and surveys the moral justifications for a policy of using coercion to bring about the desired changes in health-related behavior. Three such arguments are most plausible: that the coercion is justified by the social benefit; by the benefit to the coerced; and by a right of others in society to prevent the self-destructive individual from placing unfair burdens upon them.", "contents": "Coercive measures in health promotion: can they be justified? Though environmental hazards and lack of medical care continue to threaten the public's health, much recent attention has turned to the role of destructive health-related behavior. If, as Fuchs suggests, changing behavior patterns is the most powerful alternative open to advanced countries in the pursuit of health, the role of the health educator is likely to grow more prominent relative to other health-care professionals. At the same time, that role may change. A campaign to solve the nation's health problems by altering habits of living may require methods which are stronger than the traditional health educator's efforts to facilitate and inform. This paper examines the coercive aspects of some of these possible measures and surveys the moral justifications for a policy of using coercion to bring about the desired changes in health-related behavior. Three such arguments are most plausible: that the coercion is justified by the social benefit; by the benefit to the coerced; and by a right of others in society to prevent the self-destructive individual from placing unfair burdens upon them.", "PMID": 730537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_365", "title": "A quantitative histochemical study of three oxidative enzymes in solar keratoses and Bowen's disease.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities have been studied using quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in the epidermis of five patients with solar keratoses and Bowen's disease. 'Non sun-exposed' buttock skin was compared with the skin from the actual lesion and adjacent, clinically normal paralesional skin. SDH activity was significantly increased in the basal layer and decreased in the granular layer in the epidermis of both lesion and paralesional skin, although the total epidermal activities were unchanged when compared to 'non-exposed' buttock skin. G6PDH activity was increased in the granular layer of paralesional epidermis and of lesions. No change in LDH activity was detected. Inclusion of phenazine methosulphate in the reaction mixtures resulted in a three-fold increase in formazan deposition without altering the localization. It is concluded that the quantitative changes and alteration in localization of SDH and G6PDH reported in solar keratoses are accompanied by similar changes in adjacent, clinically normal 'sun-exposed' skin and differ from normal 'non-exposed' skin. It is suggested that these changes may precede the development of the solar keratoses and that these findings may indicate a significant metabolic alteration in the events that lead to neoplasia.", "contents": "A quantitative histochemical study of three oxidative enzymes in solar keratoses and Bowen's disease. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities have been studied using quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in the epidermis of five patients with solar keratoses and Bowen's disease. 'Non sun-exposed' buttock skin was compared with the skin from the actual lesion and adjacent, clinically normal paralesional skin. SDH activity was significantly increased in the basal layer and decreased in the granular layer in the epidermis of both lesion and paralesional skin, although the total epidermal activities were unchanged when compared to 'non-exposed' buttock skin. G6PDH activity was increased in the granular layer of paralesional epidermis and of lesions. No change in LDH activity was detected. Inclusion of phenazine methosulphate in the reaction mixtures resulted in a three-fold increase in formazan deposition without altering the localization. It is concluded that the quantitative changes and alteration in localization of SDH and G6PDH reported in solar keratoses are accompanied by similar changes in adjacent, clinically normal 'sun-exposed' skin and differ from normal 'non-exposed' skin. It is suggested that these changes may precede the development of the solar keratoses and that these findings may indicate a significant metabolic alteration in the events that lead to neoplasia.", "PMID": 730544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_366", "title": "Phosphorylase activity as a histochemical marker of specialized tissue of heart.", "content": "Phosphorylase activity has been investigated histochemically under controlled conditions in the specialized tissue and the general myocardium of goat heart using glucose-1-phosphate as the substrate. It has been observed that the phosphorylase content of the nodal and conducting tissue is very high as compared to the general myocardium. The phosphorylase content of the cardiac neural elements is also high. Since the connective tissue which surrounds the nodal and conducting tissue has almost no phosphorylase activity, the nodal and conducting tissue is sharply demarcated by the histochemical reaction for phosphorylase. This reaction can, therefore, be used as a specific and expedient method for the localization of specialized tissue as an exploratory and confirmatory test.", "contents": "Phosphorylase activity as a histochemical marker of specialized tissue of heart. Phosphorylase activity has been investigated histochemically under controlled conditions in the specialized tissue and the general myocardium of goat heart using glucose-1-phosphate as the substrate. It has been observed that the phosphorylase content of the nodal and conducting tissue is very high as compared to the general myocardium. The phosphorylase content of the cardiac neural elements is also high. Since the connective tissue which surrounds the nodal and conducting tissue has almost no phosphorylase activity, the nodal and conducting tissue is sharply demarcated by the histochemical reaction for phosphorylase. This reaction can, therefore, be used as a specific and expedient method for the localization of specialized tissue as an exploratory and confirmatory test.", "PMID": 730545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_367", "title": "beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts.", "content": "beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was studied in whole cell preparations of human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts. Strong histochemical reactions occurred within 2--10 min in all three giant cell types. The possible significance of the high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in the metabolism of odontoclasts and osteoclasts is discussed.", "contents": "beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts. beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was studied in whole cell preparations of human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts. Strong histochemical reactions occurred within 2--10 min in all three giant cell types. The possible significance of the high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in the metabolism of odontoclasts and osteoclasts is discussed.", "PMID": 730546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_368", "title": "[Testing pararosanilines and fuchsins histophotometrically for their usefulness in the quantitative PAS-reaction (author's transl].", "content": "Seven pararosanilines and nine fuchsins of different sources have been compared histophotometrically to \"Pararosanilin acridinfrei\" (Bayer). With respect to the quantitative evaluation of the PAS-reaction three problems are investigated: 1) Wavelength of extinction maxima of the reaction products; 2) Influence of the disulfite concentration; 3) Possibility to differentiate between long time and short time oxidized liver sections. The reaction products of the tested reagents are not comparable with the control substance. Partly there are many reaction products with different maxima. In all reaction products, except Pararosaniline Chloride (Gurr), the extinction maxima are shifting with variations in the disulfite concentration. The difference of the oxidation time is reproduced by five substances half as good as by the control substance, some substances reproduce the difference worse, and some substances do not differentiate in any way between different oxidation times. It is impossible to compare the results of PAS-reactions quantitatively using different colouring substances.", "contents": "[Testing pararosanilines and fuchsins histophotometrically for their usefulness in the quantitative PAS-reaction (author's transl]. Seven pararosanilines and nine fuchsins of different sources have been compared histophotometrically to \"Pararosanilin acridinfrei\" (Bayer). With respect to the quantitative evaluation of the PAS-reaction three problems are investigated: 1) Wavelength of extinction maxima of the reaction products; 2) Influence of the disulfite concentration; 3) Possibility to differentiate between long time and short time oxidized liver sections. The reaction products of the tested reagents are not comparable with the control substance. Partly there are many reaction products with different maxima. In all reaction products, except Pararosaniline Chloride (Gurr), the extinction maxima are shifting with variations in the disulfite concentration. The difference of the oxidation time is reproduced by five substances half as good as by the control substance, some substances reproduce the difference worse, and some substances do not differentiate in any way between different oxidation times. It is impossible to compare the results of PAS-reactions quantitatively using different colouring substances.", "PMID": 730548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_369", "title": "Quantitative histochemical and stereological study of alkaline phosphatase in the rat thyroid gland.", "content": "The histochemical alkaline phosphatase reaction in thyroid vascular endothelium was estimated spectrophotometrically and stereologically. Thus two main characteristics of the reaction were obtained: 1. the average enzyme activity, reflecting the level of transport processes in the capillary-thyrocyte system; 2. the relative volume of functioning vessels. An index of thyroid vascularity is proposed that is equal to the product of these two characteristics. The changes of the primary characteristics as well as of the vascularity index, caused by experimental hypo- and hyperplasia of the gland, are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical and stereological study of alkaline phosphatase in the rat thyroid gland. The histochemical alkaline phosphatase reaction in thyroid vascular endothelium was estimated spectrophotometrically and stereologically. Thus two main characteristics of the reaction were obtained: 1. the average enzyme activity, reflecting the level of transport processes in the capillary-thyrocyte system; 2. the relative volume of functioning vessels. An index of thyroid vascularity is proposed that is equal to the product of these two characteristics. The changes of the primary characteristics as well as of the vascularity index, caused by experimental hypo- and hyperplasia of the gland, are discussed.", "PMID": 730549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_370", "title": "Iodination of cell membranes results in cytologic fixation.", "content": "Cells grown as adhering monolayers have been iodinated using the lactoperoxidase technique with glucose and glucose oxidase instead of H2O2. A high degree of cytologic fixation, as evidenced by electron microscopy, resulted from this treatment even in the absence of lactoperoxidase.", "contents": "Iodination of cell membranes results in cytologic fixation. Cells grown as adhering monolayers have been iodinated using the lactoperoxidase technique with glucose and glucose oxidase instead of H2O2. A high degree of cytologic fixation, as evidenced by electron microscopy, resulted from this treatment even in the absence of lactoperoxidase.", "PMID": 730550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_371", "title": "Concanavalin A binding sites on the luminal surface of ependymal cells of third ventricle.", "content": "Detection of the Concanavalin A binding sites within the luminal surface of ependymal cells of the third ventricle has been accomplished using perfusion techniques as a way of exposing the cells to reaction solutions. Parameters for this procedure were established. It was found that electron dense reaction products form a layer ranging from 25--40 nm in thickness on the luminal surface of investigated cells. The microvilli exhibited a slightly thiner layer, the reaction products formed small patches on cilia.", "contents": "Concanavalin A binding sites on the luminal surface of ependymal cells of third ventricle. Detection of the Concanavalin A binding sites within the luminal surface of ependymal cells of the third ventricle has been accomplished using perfusion techniques as a way of exposing the cells to reaction solutions. Parameters for this procedure were established. It was found that electron dense reaction products form a layer ranging from 25--40 nm in thickness on the luminal surface of investigated cells. The microvilli exhibited a slightly thiner layer, the reaction products formed small patches on cilia.", "PMID": 730551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_372", "title": "Cytochemical localization of complex carbohydrates in the thyroid gland of normal and TSH-treated mice.", "content": "The silver methenamine method for the ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates and glycoproteins was applied to the thyroid glands of normal and TSH-treated mice. The majority of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum showed a weak, but apparently positive reaction. These findings support the opinion that glycosylation of thyroglobulin occurs initially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. By this method the Golgi apparatus was observed to display a staining gradient. The intermediate to inner saccules were intensely stained, whereas the outer saccules were not so heavily stained. This phenomenon indicates that the Golgi apparatus has a functional polarity for the addition of carbohydrates to thyroglobulin and other proteins. In the inner and/or the peripheral regions of the Golgi apparatus and in the apical cytoplasm, a large number of globules of various sizes, considered to be colloid droplets, lysosomes and apical secreting vesicles, showed a positive reaction. The luminal colloid was also positive with silver methenamine staining, with almost the same intensity as the globules and vesicles.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of complex carbohydrates in the thyroid gland of normal and TSH-treated mice. The silver methenamine method for the ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates and glycoproteins was applied to the thyroid glands of normal and TSH-treated mice. The majority of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum showed a weak, but apparently positive reaction. These findings support the opinion that glycosylation of thyroglobulin occurs initially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. By this method the Golgi apparatus was observed to display a staining gradient. The intermediate to inner saccules were intensely stained, whereas the outer saccules were not so heavily stained. This phenomenon indicates that the Golgi apparatus has a functional polarity for the addition of carbohydrates to thyroglobulin and other proteins. In the inner and/or the peripheral regions of the Golgi apparatus and in the apical cytoplasm, a large number of globules of various sizes, considered to be colloid droplets, lysosomes and apical secreting vesicles, showed a positive reaction. The luminal colloid was also positive with silver methenamine staining, with almost the same intensity as the globules and vesicles.", "PMID": 730552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_373", "title": "The effects of horseradish peroxidase on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine and platelet counts in blood of rabbits and guinea pigs.", "content": "When HRP was injected i.v. in rabbits and guinea pigs, a rapid fall in the number of circulating platelets and the concentration of 5 HT occurred. Platelet aggregates were trapped in lung capillaries. The aggregation was reversible and the return of platelets to the circulation concomitant with a rise in blood 5 HT concentration.", "contents": "The effects of horseradish peroxidase on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine and platelet counts in blood of rabbits and guinea pigs. When HRP was injected i.v. in rabbits and guinea pigs, a rapid fall in the number of circulating platelets and the concentration of 5 HT occurred. Platelet aggregates were trapped in lung capillaries. The aggregation was reversible and the return of platelets to the circulation concomitant with a rise in blood 5 HT concentration.", "PMID": 730554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_374", "title": "Diaminobenzidine reactions in control and treated Amoeba proteus.", "content": "Cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated in Amoeba proteus by diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemistry. Deposition of the reaction product occurred on the inner mitochondrial membranes and the cristae. The reaction was abolished by cyanide incubations. Positive reactions were produced with both unfixed and fixed cells: although staining potential was destroyed by any prefixatives which included glutaraldehyde. Cells prefixed with 4% formaldehyde, to raise structural preservation, retained staining ability. Amoebae subjected to prolonged anaerobiosis or to treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNU) displayed a reduction in DAB reactivity. A positive reaction was only produced in incubations of unfixed cells and even in these the intensity of cristal staining was depleted. The possible use of DAB reactions where lesions in mitochondrial functioning have occurred is considered.", "contents": "Diaminobenzidine reactions in control and treated Amoeba proteus. Cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated in Amoeba proteus by diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemistry. Deposition of the reaction product occurred on the inner mitochondrial membranes and the cristae. The reaction was abolished by cyanide incubations. Positive reactions were produced with both unfixed and fixed cells: although staining potential was destroyed by any prefixatives which included glutaraldehyde. Cells prefixed with 4% formaldehyde, to raise structural preservation, retained staining ability. Amoebae subjected to prolonged anaerobiosis or to treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNU) displayed a reduction in DAB reactivity. A positive reaction was only produced in incubations of unfixed cells and even in these the intensity of cristal staining was depleted. The possible use of DAB reactions where lesions in mitochondrial functioning have occurred is considered.", "PMID": 730555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_375", "title": "The effects of pre- and perinatal undernutrition on the succinic dehydrogenase content of muscle fibres from fast and slow rat muscles.", "content": "Male rats were subjected to early undernutrition by limiting the mothers' food supply by 50% during pregnancy and lactation. At age 36 weeks, quantitative cytochemical determinations of succinic dehydrogenase activity were made in muscle fibres from the anterior tibialis and soleus muscles. Marked decreases were found in the former muscle but relatively little decrease was seen in the latter. This response of the muscles to early undernutrition was discussed with reference to other studies on pre and post-natal starvation.", "contents": "The effects of pre- and perinatal undernutrition on the succinic dehydrogenase content of muscle fibres from fast and slow rat muscles. Male rats were subjected to early undernutrition by limiting the mothers' food supply by 50% during pregnancy and lactation. At age 36 weeks, quantitative cytochemical determinations of succinic dehydrogenase activity were made in muscle fibres from the anterior tibialis and soleus muscles. Marked decreases were found in the former muscle but relatively little decrease was seen in the latter. This response of the muscles to early undernutrition was discussed with reference to other studies on pre and post-natal starvation.", "PMID": 730556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_376", "title": "Semiquantitative estimations of quinacrine fluorescence in intestinal nerve fibres.", "content": "Quinacrine has been shown to bind selectively to a population of nerves and ganglion cells in the mouse, rat and guinea-pig gut. In the present report a method for semiquantitation of nervous quinacrine contents using semiquantitative estimations of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is presented and evaluated. Estimation of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is based on a scale with eleven steps from 0 to 5. Preparations were incubated in 14C-labelled quinacrine hydrochloride. Reliability of the scale was expressed as the correlation coefficient between two consecutive blind estimations of the same preparations with recoding and remixing specimens in between. This correlation was found to be 0.95 or higher. Validity was expressed as the correlation between the semiquantitative estimations and 14C-quinacrine uptake measurements into the same specimens. Also this correlation was found to be strongly positive. It was concluded that nervous quinacrine content and amount of quinacrine binding nerves can be reliably estimated by fluorescence microscopy.", "contents": "Semiquantitative estimations of quinacrine fluorescence in intestinal nerve fibres. Quinacrine has been shown to bind selectively to a population of nerves and ganglion cells in the mouse, rat and guinea-pig gut. In the present report a method for semiquantitation of nervous quinacrine contents using semiquantitative estimations of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is presented and evaluated. Estimation of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is based on a scale with eleven steps from 0 to 5. Preparations were incubated in 14C-labelled quinacrine hydrochloride. Reliability of the scale was expressed as the correlation coefficient between two consecutive blind estimations of the same preparations with recoding and remixing specimens in between. This correlation was found to be 0.95 or higher. Validity was expressed as the correlation between the semiquantitative estimations and 14C-quinacrine uptake measurements into the same specimens. Also this correlation was found to be strongly positive. It was concluded that nervous quinacrine content and amount of quinacrine binding nerves can be reliably estimated by fluorescence microscopy.", "PMID": 730557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_377", "title": "Demonstration of amyloid with Mesitol WLS-Congo Red: application of a textile auxiliary to histochemistry.", "content": "Previous histochemical investigations demonstrated similarities in the binding of Congo Red and other direct cotton dyes by amyloid and cellulose. It seemed therefore of interest to determine whether or not the cellulose-like reactivity of amyloid extends also to dye solutions containing an anionic reserving agent. These reagents are used in the dyeing of wool-cellulose (Halbwolle) fabrics to prevent binding of direct cotton dyes by proteins. Mesitol WLS-Congo Red solutions stained amyloid selectively; other tissue structures, except some hyaline deposits in arterioles, remained unstained. The cause of this non-specific reaction could not be determined with certainty. Therefore, the alkaline Congo Red method is recommended for histochemical identification of amyloid. However, the Mesitol WLS-Congo Red technic was very useful for demonstration of amyloid after prolonged storage of tissues in formalin; amyloid in such material showed little or no reactivity with the alkaline Congo Red or the Sirius dye methods. This pilot study indicates that anionic reserving agents can be effectively employed under conditions of histochemical technics.", "contents": "Demonstration of amyloid with Mesitol WLS-Congo Red: application of a textile auxiliary to histochemistry. Previous histochemical investigations demonstrated similarities in the binding of Congo Red and other direct cotton dyes by amyloid and cellulose. It seemed therefore of interest to determine whether or not the cellulose-like reactivity of amyloid extends also to dye solutions containing an anionic reserving agent. These reagents are used in the dyeing of wool-cellulose (Halbwolle) fabrics to prevent binding of direct cotton dyes by proteins. Mesitol WLS-Congo Red solutions stained amyloid selectively; other tissue structures, except some hyaline deposits in arterioles, remained unstained. The cause of this non-specific reaction could not be determined with certainty. Therefore, the alkaline Congo Red method is recommended for histochemical identification of amyloid. However, the Mesitol WLS-Congo Red technic was very useful for demonstration of amyloid after prolonged storage of tissues in formalin; amyloid in such material showed little or no reactivity with the alkaline Congo Red or the Sirius dye methods. This pilot study indicates that anionic reserving agents can be effectively employed under conditions of histochemical technics.", "PMID": 730558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_378", "title": "Modeling the effect of axial bronchial tension on expiratory flow.", "content": "Previous modeling of the expiratory flow-limiting mechanism is extended by including axial tension in the airway walls as one of the forces that affect airway mechanics. The analysis supports the Dawson-Elliott explanation of the plateaus in isovolume pressure-flow (IVPF) curves and shows that axial tension has the effect of increasing maximum flow and introducing a negative-effort-dependent region. Solutions for boundary conditions representing a cannula in the airways are qualitatively different with flow approaching zero as the pressure drop across the system becomes large.", "contents": "Modeling the effect of axial bronchial tension on expiratory flow. Previous modeling of the expiratory flow-limiting mechanism is extended by including axial tension in the airway walls as one of the forces that affect airway mechanics. The analysis supports the Dawson-Elliott explanation of the plateaus in isovolume pressure-flow (IVPF) curves and shows that axial tension has the effect of increasing maximum flow and introducing a negative-effort-dependent region. Solutions for boundary conditions representing a cannula in the airways are qualitatively different with flow approaching zero as the pressure drop across the system becomes large.", "PMID": 730563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_379", "title": "Responses of isolated canine airways to electric stimulation and acetylcholine.", "content": "Contractility of tracheal smooth muscle strips and spiral strips of intrapulmonary airways 5 mm and 1.5 mm in diameter was studied in organ baths. Acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of canine airways closely resembled that of other species, and concentration-response curves for this drug were similar for all three preparations. Electric field stimulation (ES) elicited sustained contractions and, in contrast to guinea pig and human airways, never produced relaxations below the base line. Atropine antagonized the responses to both ES and exogenous ACh whereas tetrodotoxin abolished the response to supramaximal ES without altering ACh concentration-response curves. Thus, ES contracts airway smooth muscle via release of neurotransmitter from autonomic nerve endings whereas exogenous ACh acts directly on smooth muscle cells. The ratio of maximal force produced by ES to that produced by ACh decreased significantly from the trachea to the 1.5-mm airways. The latter result suggested that either the innervation of airway smooth muscle or the type of smooth muscle intercellular contacts, or both, vary depending on location within the tracheobronchial tree.", "contents": "Responses of isolated canine airways to electric stimulation and acetylcholine. Contractility of tracheal smooth muscle strips and spiral strips of intrapulmonary airways 5 mm and 1.5 mm in diameter was studied in organ baths. Acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of canine airways closely resembled that of other species, and concentration-response curves for this drug were similar for all three preparations. Electric field stimulation (ES) elicited sustained contractions and, in contrast to guinea pig and human airways, never produced relaxations below the base line. Atropine antagonized the responses to both ES and exogenous ACh whereas tetrodotoxin abolished the response to supramaximal ES without altering ACh concentration-response curves. Thus, ES contracts airway smooth muscle via release of neurotransmitter from autonomic nerve endings whereas exogenous ACh acts directly on smooth muscle cells. The ratio of maximal force produced by ES to that produced by ACh decreased significantly from the trachea to the 1.5-mm airways. The latter result suggested that either the innervation of airway smooth muscle or the type of smooth muscle intercellular contacts, or both, vary depending on location within the tracheobronchial tree.", "PMID": 730564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_380", "title": "Oxygen toxicity in neonatal and adult animals of various species.", "content": "Neonatal and adult animals of five species were exposed to 95+% O2. Survival time and changes in lung antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP)) in response to hyperoxia were determined. Adult animals succumbed to O2 lung toxicity in 3--5 days. Neonatal rats, mice and rabbits showed minimal lung changes after 7 days of hyperoxic exposure and these same neonatal animals showed rapid and significant increases in lung antioxidant enzyme activities. In contrast, neonatal guinea pigs and hamsters had no lung antioxidant enzyme response to hyperoxia and these neonates died in 95+% O2 as readily as their respective parent animals. Results from an in vitro hyperoxic exposure system suggest that the lack of enzymic response of the guinea pig (and hamster) neonates to O2 challenge is due to an inherent pulmonary biochemical unresponsiveness rather than to a deficiency of a necessary \"serum factor.\" The results of this species and age study support the important role of the lung antioxidant enzyme defense system in protection of the lung from O2-induced injury.", "contents": "Oxygen toxicity in neonatal and adult animals of various species. Neonatal and adult animals of five species were exposed to 95+% O2. Survival time and changes in lung antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP)) in response to hyperoxia were determined. Adult animals succumbed to O2 lung toxicity in 3--5 days. Neonatal rats, mice and rabbits showed minimal lung changes after 7 days of hyperoxic exposure and these same neonatal animals showed rapid and significant increases in lung antioxidant enzyme activities. In contrast, neonatal guinea pigs and hamsters had no lung antioxidant enzyme response to hyperoxia and these neonates died in 95+% O2 as readily as their respective parent animals. Results from an in vitro hyperoxic exposure system suggest that the lack of enzymic response of the guinea pig (and hamster) neonates to O2 challenge is due to an inherent pulmonary biochemical unresponsiveness rather than to a deficiency of a necessary \"serum factor.\" The results of this species and age study support the important role of the lung antioxidant enzyme defense system in protection of the lung from O2-induced injury.", "PMID": 730565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_381", "title": "Elevated temperature effects on catecholamines and serotonin in brains of male Japanese quail.", "content": "Endogenous level and turnover of brain norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in male Japanese quail were determined after acute (6 h) and chronic (5 wk) exposure to thermal (34 degrees C) and cyclic temperature (10--34 degrees C) stress. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were used to study the turnover of the monoamine levels. The differences between the monoamine levels of drug-treated birds and control (22 degrees C) birds were regarded as changes in turnover. High ambient temperature (34 degrees C) stress for 6 h increased brain NE turnover. However, chronic exposure (5 wk) to 34 degrees C, and to cyclic temperatures (10--34 degrees C), did not increase turnover of brain NE. Also, acute and chronic heat exposures did not significantly change E turnover. High acute temperature stress had no effect on brain DA turnover, although chronic exposure of birds to 34 and 10--34 degrees C resulted in a retarded turnover. The central 5-HT turnovers increased when birds were subjected to acute 34 degrees C stress. Five weeks of exposure to 34 and 10--34 degrees C caused declines in 5-HT turnovers. Thus, the results indicate that NE and 5-HT turnovers increase during acute thermal exposure, but acclimation to thermal stress for 5 wk reduces the turnover of brain NE, 5-HT, and DA.", "contents": "Elevated temperature effects on catecholamines and serotonin in brains of male Japanese quail. Endogenous level and turnover of brain norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in male Japanese quail were determined after acute (6 h) and chronic (5 wk) exposure to thermal (34 degrees C) and cyclic temperature (10--34 degrees C) stress. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were used to study the turnover of the monoamine levels. The differences between the monoamine levels of drug-treated birds and control (22 degrees C) birds were regarded as changes in turnover. High ambient temperature (34 degrees C) stress for 6 h increased brain NE turnover. However, chronic exposure (5 wk) to 34 degrees C, and to cyclic temperatures (10--34 degrees C), did not increase turnover of brain NE. Also, acute and chronic heat exposures did not significantly change E turnover. High acute temperature stress had no effect on brain DA turnover, although chronic exposure of birds to 34 and 10--34 degrees C resulted in a retarded turnover. The central 5-HT turnovers increased when birds were subjected to acute 34 degrees C stress. Five weeks of exposure to 34 and 10--34 degrees C caused declines in 5-HT turnovers. Thus, the results indicate that NE and 5-HT turnovers increase during acute thermal exposure, but acclimation to thermal stress for 5 wk reduces the turnover of brain NE, 5-HT, and DA.", "PMID": 730566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_382", "title": "Influence of age and physical activity on central hemodynamics and lung function in active adults.", "content": "Five female and seven male physically active adults were studied twice within a 13-yr interval. The individual state of physical activity was mainly unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was reduced in all subjects except one female, in whom it remained unchanged. During maximal exercise, cardiac output (Q) in males was unchanged. In females, Q was significantly increased due to increased stroke volume (SV). In both sexes, the reduced VO2 max was explained by a smaller arteriovenous O2 difference (mixed venous O2 content (C-VO2) significantly increased). For a given submaximal VO2, Q was increased in both sexes and heart rate was unchanged. Thus, SV was increased and arteriovenous O2 difference was reduced due to increased C-VO2. Another four males were studied several times in various states of physical fitness during an 11-yr period. The reduced VO2 max from peak value was due to a reduced Qmax (SV smaller), whereas the arteriovenous O2 difference and C-VO2 were unchanged. Our results indicate that the observed changes in circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise in physically active adults may to a large extent be due to an effect of \"detraining.\"", "contents": "Influence of age and physical activity on central hemodynamics and lung function in active adults. Five female and seven male physically active adults were studied twice within a 13-yr interval. The individual state of physical activity was mainly unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was reduced in all subjects except one female, in whom it remained unchanged. During maximal exercise, cardiac output (Q) in males was unchanged. In females, Q was significantly increased due to increased stroke volume (SV). In both sexes, the reduced VO2 max was explained by a smaller arteriovenous O2 difference (mixed venous O2 content (C-VO2) significantly increased). For a given submaximal VO2, Q was increased in both sexes and heart rate was unchanged. Thus, SV was increased and arteriovenous O2 difference was reduced due to increased C-VO2. Another four males were studied several times in various states of physical fitness during an 11-yr period. The reduced VO2 max from peak value was due to a reduced Qmax (SV smaller), whereas the arteriovenous O2 difference and C-VO2 were unchanged. Our results indicate that the observed changes in circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise in physically active adults may to a large extent be due to an effect of \"detraining.\"", "PMID": 730567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_383", "title": "Pulmonary circulation of the harbor seal.", "content": "Cardiac output (Q) and pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) were measured under various conditions in four harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) weighing 35--52 kg. In seals anesthetized with halothane, Q averaged 3.47 l/min; in awake resting seals, Q averaged 11.5 l/min; and during surface dives (i.e., at atmospheric pressure) Q averaged 1.99 l/min. Stroke volume was one-third and two-thirds of the awake resting value during anesthesia and diving, respectively. Systolic Ppa was usually 40--50 Torr in anesthetized and awake resting seals, but was about 10 Torr lower during both surface and compression (i.e., elevated ambient pressure) dives. Diastolic Ppa was constant and high during anesthesia and quite variable in awake resting seals. During both surface and compression dives the diastolic Ppa often fell to the same level as right atrial pressure. We conclude that Q and Ppa are high in awake resting seals and that pulmonary blood flow may cease between beats during diving.", "contents": "Pulmonary circulation of the harbor seal. Cardiac output (Q) and pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) were measured under various conditions in four harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) weighing 35--52 kg. In seals anesthetized with halothane, Q averaged 3.47 l/min; in awake resting seals, Q averaged 11.5 l/min; and during surface dives (i.e., at atmospheric pressure) Q averaged 1.99 l/min. Stroke volume was one-third and two-thirds of the awake resting value during anesthesia and diving, respectively. Systolic Ppa was usually 40--50 Torr in anesthetized and awake resting seals, but was about 10 Torr lower during both surface and compression (i.e., elevated ambient pressure) dives. Diastolic Ppa was constant and high during anesthesia and quite variable in awake resting seals. During both surface and compression dives the diastolic Ppa often fell to the same level as right atrial pressure. We conclude that Q and Ppa are high in awake resting seals and that pulmonary blood flow may cease between beats during diving.", "PMID": 730568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_384", "title": "Exercise performance and hemodynamics during dietary potassium depletion in dogs.", "content": "Dietary potassium depletion plus high sodium intake has been reported to elevate resting heart rate and cardiac output and to cause heart failure during exercise. We implanted aortic root electromagnetic flowmeters and aortic and pulmonary artery catheters in five splenectomized dogs condition-trained to run at 9 km/h on an 11% grade for 20 min. Postoperatively, the dogs ate a potassium-enriched diet until completion of control studies; then potassium was withdrawn. During 4 wk of depletion, skeletal muscle potassium fell from 380 +/- 22 to 311 +/- 8 meq/kg, and muscle sodium rose from 142 +/- 14 to 207 +/- 27 meq/kg (mean +/- SE). Cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, heart rate, acceleration of aortic blood flow at rest or during exercise, and the oxygen cost of exercise remained at control levels. Serum creatine phosphokinase at rest, an indicator of rhabdomyolysis, was never elevated. A 24% dietary depletion of muscle potassium in the dog did not change resting and exercise hemodynamics and exercise performance from control.", "contents": "Exercise performance and hemodynamics during dietary potassium depletion in dogs. Dietary potassium depletion plus high sodium intake has been reported to elevate resting heart rate and cardiac output and to cause heart failure during exercise. We implanted aortic root electromagnetic flowmeters and aortic and pulmonary artery catheters in five splenectomized dogs condition-trained to run at 9 km/h on an 11% grade for 20 min. Postoperatively, the dogs ate a potassium-enriched diet until completion of control studies; then potassium was withdrawn. During 4 wk of depletion, skeletal muscle potassium fell from 380 +/- 22 to 311 +/- 8 meq/kg, and muscle sodium rose from 142 +/- 14 to 207 +/- 27 meq/kg (mean +/- SE). Cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, heart rate, acceleration of aortic blood flow at rest or during exercise, and the oxygen cost of exercise remained at control levels. Serum creatine phosphokinase at rest, an indicator of rhabdomyolysis, was never elevated. A 24% dietary depletion of muscle potassium in the dog did not change resting and exercise hemodynamics and exercise performance from control.", "PMID": 730569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_385", "title": "Pressure, temperature, and repetitive impulse generation in crustacean axons.", "content": "Increases in nerve axon excitability, including repetitive activity, have from time to time been reported in nerves subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. With the description of the high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in human divers and experimental animals, this phenomenon is of interest as a possible basis for the hyperexcitability associated with HPNS. The present study was designed to define the relationships between temperature, pressure, and repetitive activity in isolated crayfish axons. Crayfish claw nerves were exposed to helium pressures between 1 and 200 atmospheres absolute (ATA) in a temperature-controlled recording chamber. Repetitive and spontaneous impulses were reliably evoked on compression. The probability of repetitive response was increased by low temperature and high pressure; the frequency of the repetitive activity was increased by high temperature and pressure. Repetitive activity appeared spontaneously in the unstimulated preparation but could be entrained by the stimulus. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving changes in nerve membrane lipid fluidity and in the time course of membrane ionic channel state changes, including those involved in repolarization and accommodation.", "contents": "Pressure, temperature, and repetitive impulse generation in crustacean axons. Increases in nerve axon excitability, including repetitive activity, have from time to time been reported in nerves subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. With the description of the high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in human divers and experimental animals, this phenomenon is of interest as a possible basis for the hyperexcitability associated with HPNS. The present study was designed to define the relationships between temperature, pressure, and repetitive activity in isolated crayfish axons. Crayfish claw nerves were exposed to helium pressures between 1 and 200 atmospheres absolute (ATA) in a temperature-controlled recording chamber. Repetitive and spontaneous impulses were reliably evoked on compression. The probability of repetitive response was increased by low temperature and high pressure; the frequency of the repetitive activity was increased by high temperature and pressure. Repetitive activity appeared spontaneously in the unstimulated preparation but could be entrained by the stimulus. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving changes in nerve membrane lipid fluidity and in the time course of membrane ionic channel state changes, including those involved in repolarization and accommodation.", "PMID": 730570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_386", "title": "Anesthetics inhibit pressure-induced repetitive impulse generation.", "content": "Repetitive and spontaneous impulse generation appears in nerve axons exposed to high pressure. This phenomenon is a possible basis for high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) or pressure reversal of anesthesia, two examples of an antagonistic interaction between anesthetic drugs and high pressure. In the present study, the interactions between three classes of anesthetic drug (ethyl alcohol, the volatile inhalation agent halothane, and phenobarbital) and repetitive activity were explored. Ethyl alcohol (5% in solution) and halothane (1.3 and 3.4% in oxygen) inhibited pressure-induced repetitive activity. Phenobarbital at 0.25 mM in solution, the maximum concentration obtainable at low temperature, was partially effective. The three drugs produce an unconscious state that is \"reversed\" at hyperbaric pressure. Halothane and phenobarbital inhibit HPNS, but ethyl alcohol has not been tested for this property. The results thus support a relevance of repetitive activity to HPNS, to pressure reversal of anesthesia, or to both.", "contents": "Anesthetics inhibit pressure-induced repetitive impulse generation. Repetitive and spontaneous impulse generation appears in nerve axons exposed to high pressure. This phenomenon is a possible basis for high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) or pressure reversal of anesthesia, two examples of an antagonistic interaction between anesthetic drugs and high pressure. In the present study, the interactions between three classes of anesthetic drug (ethyl alcohol, the volatile inhalation agent halothane, and phenobarbital) and repetitive activity were explored. Ethyl alcohol (5% in solution) and halothane (1.3 and 3.4% in oxygen) inhibited pressure-induced repetitive activity. Phenobarbital at 0.25 mM in solution, the maximum concentration obtainable at low temperature, was partially effective. The three drugs produce an unconscious state that is \"reversed\" at hyperbaric pressure. Halothane and phenobarbital inhibit HPNS, but ethyl alcohol has not been tested for this property. The results thus support a relevance of repetitive activity to HPNS, to pressure reversal of anesthesia, or to both.", "PMID": 730571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_387", "title": "Dissociated ventilatory and central respiratory responses to CO2 at raised N2 pressure.", "content": "The effects of hyberbaric nitrogen on the responses of ventilation and central inspiratory activity (CIA) to progressive hypercapnia were studied in eight subjects rebreathing a) O2 at an ambient pressure of 1.3 bar (control), and b) air at 6.1 bar (PO2 = 1.3 bar, PN2 = 4.8 bar). Inspiratory occlusion pressure (P0.1), pulmonary ventilation, and end-tidal PCO2 were used for the computation of individual CIA and ventilatory CO2 response curves. Increasing the inspired PN2 to 4.8 bar caused, on the average, a 40% increase of P0.1 at PCO2 = 50 Torr, whereas the slope of the ventilatory CO2 response curve was reduced by 39%. It was concluded that, at raised air and nitrogen pressures, CIA is increased, although not sufficiently to prevent a reduction of ventilation brought about by the increased gas density and consequent increase in airway resistance. The increased airway resistance is thought to be responsible for the increase in CIA by causing a reflex stimulation of the respiratory centers.", "contents": "Dissociated ventilatory and central respiratory responses to CO2 at raised N2 pressure. The effects of hyberbaric nitrogen on the responses of ventilation and central inspiratory activity (CIA) to progressive hypercapnia were studied in eight subjects rebreathing a) O2 at an ambient pressure of 1.3 bar (control), and b) air at 6.1 bar (PO2 = 1.3 bar, PN2 = 4.8 bar). Inspiratory occlusion pressure (P0.1), pulmonary ventilation, and end-tidal PCO2 were used for the computation of individual CIA and ventilatory CO2 response curves. Increasing the inspired PN2 to 4.8 bar caused, on the average, a 40% increase of P0.1 at PCO2 = 50 Torr, whereas the slope of the ventilatory CO2 response curve was reduced by 39%. It was concluded that, at raised air and nitrogen pressures, CIA is increased, although not sufficiently to prevent a reduction of ventilation brought about by the increased gas density and consequent increase in airway resistance. The increased airway resistance is thought to be responsible for the increase in CIA by causing a reflex stimulation of the respiratory centers.", "PMID": 730572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_388", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to muscle ischemia in man--dependency on muscle mass.", "content": "We sought to determine whether the pressor response to exercise-induced muscle ischemia is related to the mass of tissue rendered ischemic. Six men repeatedly exercised for 5 min at a fixed load between 75 and 150 W (bicycle ergometer). Thirty seconds before the end of exercise, circulation to one calf, two calves, one leg, and two legs was arrested with pneumatic cuffs in successive tests with 15-min recovery periods interspersed. Each occlusion was maintained until the 3rd min of exercise recovery. During postexercise occlusion we observed 1) mean arterial pressure (MAP) was elevated in proportion to the mass of ischemic muscle, 2) forearm blood flow (FBF) was elevated during the overlap of occlusion with exercise but did not show a uniform response during the following 3 min of occlusion--either vasoconstriction or vasodilation occurred, 3) heart rate (HR) was elevated only when two legs were occluded, and 4) occlusion did not affect ventilation or endtidal CO2. We conclude that the ischemic pressor response is muscle mass-dependent. Our findings suggest that the baroreflex alters peripheral vascular resistance so as to aid in the maintenance of elevated MAP.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to muscle ischemia in man--dependency on muscle mass. We sought to determine whether the pressor response to exercise-induced muscle ischemia is related to the mass of tissue rendered ischemic. Six men repeatedly exercised for 5 min at a fixed load between 75 and 150 W (bicycle ergometer). Thirty seconds before the end of exercise, circulation to one calf, two calves, one leg, and two legs was arrested with pneumatic cuffs in successive tests with 15-min recovery periods interspersed. Each occlusion was maintained until the 3rd min of exercise recovery. During postexercise occlusion we observed 1) mean arterial pressure (MAP) was elevated in proportion to the mass of ischemic muscle, 2) forearm blood flow (FBF) was elevated during the overlap of occlusion with exercise but did not show a uniform response during the following 3 min of occlusion--either vasoconstriction or vasodilation occurred, 3) heart rate (HR) was elevated only when two legs were occluded, and 4) occlusion did not affect ventilation or endtidal CO2. We conclude that the ischemic pressor response is muscle mass-dependent. Our findings suggest that the baroreflex alters peripheral vascular resistance so as to aid in the maintenance of elevated MAP.", "PMID": 730573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_389", "title": "Distribution of bronchodilatation in normal subjects: beta agonist versus atropine.", "content": "Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of a parasympatholytic agent (atropine) and the response was compared to that occurring after the inhalation of a beta-adrenergic agent (isoetharine). Doses were chosen that resulted in equivalent increases in specific airway conductance (78 +/- 9% for atropine; 88 +/- 21% for isoetharine). Anatomic dead space and volume at the onset of the terminal nitrogen rise (closing volume) were measured before and after each agent. Although there was no difference in the degree of overall bronchodilatation after the two drugs, anatomical dead space increased significantly more after atropine than isoetharine (+17% vs. +6%, P less than 0.01), and closing volume increased significantly after isoetharine (P less than 0.005) but did not change with atropine. We interpret these differences to indicate a greater effect of cholinergic antagonists on the more central airways and a greater effect of beta-adrenergic stimulants on peripheral airways.", "contents": "Distribution of bronchodilatation in normal subjects: beta agonist versus atropine. Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of a parasympatholytic agent (atropine) and the response was compared to that occurring after the inhalation of a beta-adrenergic agent (isoetharine). Doses were chosen that resulted in equivalent increases in specific airway conductance (78 +/- 9% for atropine; 88 +/- 21% for isoetharine). Anatomic dead space and volume at the onset of the terminal nitrogen rise (closing volume) were measured before and after each agent. Although there was no difference in the degree of overall bronchodilatation after the two drugs, anatomical dead space increased significantly more after atropine than isoetharine (+17% vs. +6%, P less than 0.01), and closing volume increased significantly after isoetharine (P less than 0.005) but did not change with atropine. We interpret these differences to indicate a greater effect of cholinergic antagonists on the more central airways and a greater effect of beta-adrenergic stimulants on peripheral airways.", "PMID": 730574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_390", "title": "Effect of lung volume on the diving response in man.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the influence of lung volume on the cardiac component of the diving response in man, 10 subjects were studied while holding their breath for 20 s after inspiration or expiration, with or without immersion of the face in water. The electrocardiogram was recorded before and during each maneuver. After expiration, an increase in pulse interval was seen only on face immersion. After inspiration, an equal change in pulse interval was seen whether or not the face was immersed. Therefore the early bradycardia of face immersion is not apparent after inspiration.", "contents": "Effect of lung volume on the diving response in man. In an attempt to clarify the influence of lung volume on the cardiac component of the diving response in man, 10 subjects were studied while holding their breath for 20 s after inspiration or expiration, with or without immersion of the face in water. The electrocardiogram was recorded before and during each maneuver. After expiration, an increase in pulse interval was seen only on face immersion. After inspiration, an equal change in pulse interval was seen whether or not the face was immersed. Therefore the early bradycardia of face immersion is not apparent after inspiration.", "PMID": 730575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_391", "title": "Contribution of peripheral pooling to the renal response to immersion in the dog.", "content": "The present investigation evaluated the renal and hemodynamic responses to head-out water immersion in dogs. Dogs were immersed in the vertical (seated) position in a 34 degrees C bath. Urine flow (V), osmolar clearance (Cosm), free water clearance (CH2O), sodium excretion (UNa+V), potassium excretion (UK+V), GFR, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), central venous pressure (CVP), and cardiac output (CO) all increased significantly during immersion. This response was unchanged by bilateral cervical vagotomy or by deoxycorticosterone acetate and antidiuretic hormone administration. The control values of these dogs were low and indicated a state of peripheral vascular pooling which was readjusted to normal by the immersion maneuver. The renal and hemodynamic values during the period of immersion were similar to values of a group of dogs which were recumbent in air. Furthermore, when the latter group of dogs were tilted head down 19 degrees, there was no further increase in any of the measured parameters. These data are consistent with the view that water immersion in the upright dog simply redistributes blood volume back to that level seen in the recumbent dog, a position which is more natural for this species.", "contents": "Contribution of peripheral pooling to the renal response to immersion in the dog. The present investigation evaluated the renal and hemodynamic responses to head-out water immersion in dogs. Dogs were immersed in the vertical (seated) position in a 34 degrees C bath. Urine flow (V), osmolar clearance (Cosm), free water clearance (CH2O), sodium excretion (UNa+V), potassium excretion (UK+V), GFR, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), central venous pressure (CVP), and cardiac output (CO) all increased significantly during immersion. This response was unchanged by bilateral cervical vagotomy or by deoxycorticosterone acetate and antidiuretic hormone administration. The control values of these dogs were low and indicated a state of peripheral vascular pooling which was readjusted to normal by the immersion maneuver. The renal and hemodynamic values during the period of immersion were similar to values of a group of dogs which were recumbent in air. Furthermore, when the latter group of dogs were tilted head down 19 degrees, there was no further increase in any of the measured parameters. These data are consistent with the view that water immersion in the upright dog simply redistributes blood volume back to that level seen in the recumbent dog, a position which is more natural for this species.", "PMID": 730576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_392", "title": "Myocardial metabolism and performance in hypoxia: effect of epinephrine.", "content": "Effects of epinephrine (10(-5) M) on mechanical performance, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and metabolism of adenine nucleotides were studied in isolated hypoxic rabbit hearts. The exposure of hearts to hypoxia decreased their mechanical performance and heart rate, but increased their utilization of glucose by 50% and the release of lactate by 139%. Myocardial stores of glycogen and ATP declined by 53 and 84%, respectively, but their breakdown products such as lactate, pyruvate, AMP, and inosine accumulated in these hearts. Myocardial content of free fatty acids decreased, and the amount of glycerol increased in hypoxic hearts. Epinephrine stimulated mechanical performance and heart rate of hypoxic hearts, but decreased myocardial glycogen and ATP even more by 62 and 33%, respectively. Though glucose utilization remained unchanged, the release of lactate increased by 66% from hypoxic hearts treated with epinephrine. However, epinephrine failed to stimulate myocardial lipolysis in hypoxic hearts. These metabolic changes due to epinephrine would lead to accelerated depletion of energetic reserves in hypoxic heart and its earlier deterioration.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism and performance in hypoxia: effect of epinephrine. Effects of epinephrine (10(-5) M) on mechanical performance, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and metabolism of adenine nucleotides were studied in isolated hypoxic rabbit hearts. The exposure of hearts to hypoxia decreased their mechanical performance and heart rate, but increased their utilization of glucose by 50% and the release of lactate by 139%. Myocardial stores of glycogen and ATP declined by 53 and 84%, respectively, but their breakdown products such as lactate, pyruvate, AMP, and inosine accumulated in these hearts. Myocardial content of free fatty acids decreased, and the amount of glycerol increased in hypoxic hearts. Epinephrine stimulated mechanical performance and heart rate of hypoxic hearts, but decreased myocardial glycogen and ATP even more by 62 and 33%, respectively. Though glucose utilization remained unchanged, the release of lactate increased by 66% from hypoxic hearts treated with epinephrine. However, epinephrine failed to stimulate myocardial lipolysis in hypoxic hearts. These metabolic changes due to epinephrine would lead to accelerated depletion of energetic reserves in hypoxic heart and its earlier deterioration.", "PMID": 730577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_393", "title": "Growth of pulmonary circulation in normal pig--structural analysis and cardiopulmonary function.", "content": "Morphometric analysis of the postnatal development of the pig lung, with emphasis on alveoli and vessels, shows features of growth similar to man, but occurring at a much faster rate in the pig, which telescopes in the first 3 mo the changes seen in human childhood and adolescence. During the first weeks, arteries (birth to 2 wk) and alveoli (1--12 wk) increase in number, whereas increase in size continues until adulthood. Wall thickness decreases soon after birth in arteries 15--200 micrometer, and by 8 wk in those 200-1,000 micrometer. At this age the adult left ventricular predominance in weight is already present. Throughout growth the venous wall thickness does not change. Cardiopulmonary function studies in pigs, from 2 to 16 wk, show that, during the period of rapid postnatal lung growth, there is no change in tidal volume, dynamic compliance, and thoracic gas volume as related to body weight; right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures also remain unchanged, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance decreases during the 1st mo.", "contents": "Growth of pulmonary circulation in normal pig--structural analysis and cardiopulmonary function. Morphometric analysis of the postnatal development of the pig lung, with emphasis on alveoli and vessels, shows features of growth similar to man, but occurring at a much faster rate in the pig, which telescopes in the first 3 mo the changes seen in human childhood and adolescence. During the first weeks, arteries (birth to 2 wk) and alveoli (1--12 wk) increase in number, whereas increase in size continues until adulthood. Wall thickness decreases soon after birth in arteries 15--200 micrometer, and by 8 wk in those 200-1,000 micrometer. At this age the adult left ventricular predominance in weight is already present. Throughout growth the venous wall thickness does not change. Cardiopulmonary function studies in pigs, from 2 to 16 wk, show that, during the period of rapid postnatal lung growth, there is no change in tidal volume, dynamic compliance, and thoracic gas volume as related to body weight; right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures also remain unchanged, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance decreases during the 1st mo.", "PMID": 730578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_394", "title": "Estimation of response slopes in respiratory control using directional statistics.", "content": "The ventilatory sensitivity to alveolar PCO2 and slope of the straight line relating VE to VT are two examples of response slopes of interest in respiratory control. Statistical techniques have not been available to analyze repeated direct estimations of these slopes by paired consideration of initial and final responses to a stimulus. Rather, existing statistical techniques sacrifice much information by describing the response slope as that of the line which, in some sense, best fits the unpaired responses. We have adapted techniques established for the statistical analysis of directional data to analyze direct measurements of these physiological response slopes and have found that the application of these directional techniques can result in better estimation of the ventilatory sensitivity to CO2, for example, than is provided using unpaired analysis techniques.", "contents": "Estimation of response slopes in respiratory control using directional statistics. The ventilatory sensitivity to alveolar PCO2 and slope of the straight line relating VE to VT are two examples of response slopes of interest in respiratory control. Statistical techniques have not been available to analyze repeated direct estimations of these slopes by paired consideration of initial and final responses to a stimulus. Rather, existing statistical techniques sacrifice much information by describing the response slope as that of the line which, in some sense, best fits the unpaired responses. We have adapted techniques established for the statistical analysis of directional data to analyze direct measurements of these physiological response slopes and have found that the application of these directional techniques can result in better estimation of the ventilatory sensitivity to CO2, for example, than is provided using unpaired analysis techniques.", "PMID": 730579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_395", "title": "\"Paradoxical\" reduction in postexercise ejection time and increased transthoracic impedance.", "content": "Despite decreasing heart rate, left ventricular ejection time (LVET) transiently falls immediately following bicycle exercise. In seven normal, untrained subjects LVET decreases at 15 s postexercise corresponded (r = 0.78) with an increase in transthoracic electrical impedance (Z) consistent with decreased venous return to the thorax. Because the determinants of LVET are stroke volume (SV) and ejection rate, the deltaZ implies that decreased SV contributed to the \"paradoxical\" fall in LVET.", "contents": "\"Paradoxical\" reduction in postexercise ejection time and increased transthoracic impedance. Despite decreasing heart rate, left ventricular ejection time (LVET) transiently falls immediately following bicycle exercise. In seven normal, untrained subjects LVET decreases at 15 s postexercise corresponded (r = 0.78) with an increase in transthoracic electrical impedance (Z) consistent with decreased venous return to the thorax. Because the determinants of LVET are stroke volume (SV) and ejection rate, the deltaZ implies that decreased SV contributed to the \"paradoxical\" fall in LVET.", "PMID": 730580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_396", "title": "Recirculation times in exercising children.", "content": "Recirculation times were measured with indicator-dilution methods in 19 subjects, aged 5--14 yr, during near-maximal supine bicycle exercise. Recirculation times were as short as 4.5 s and peak recirculation occurred within 10 s. When rebreathing methods are used to measure exercise cardiac output in children, their very rapid recirculation needs to be considered.", "contents": "Recirculation times in exercising children. Recirculation times were measured with indicator-dilution methods in 19 subjects, aged 5--14 yr, during near-maximal supine bicycle exercise. Recirculation times were as short as 4.5 s and peak recirculation occurred within 10 s. When rebreathing methods are used to measure exercise cardiac output in children, their very rapid recirculation needs to be considered.", "PMID": 730581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_397", "title": "A radiotelemetry transmitter for transmitting temperatures from small animals.", "content": "A small, reliable temperature-telemetry transmitter was designed and tested for use in small laboratory animals. It transmits a continuous signal that makes it very reliable. It can be constructed of standard small parts and contains and electric watch battery as a source of power. Two models were developed. One transmits at 100 MHz and its signal can be received on a standard FM tuner. The other model transmits at 40 MHz and provides a longer battery life.", "contents": "A radiotelemetry transmitter for transmitting temperatures from small animals. A small, reliable temperature-telemetry transmitter was designed and tested for use in small laboratory animals. It transmits a continuous signal that makes it very reliable. It can be constructed of standard small parts and contains and electric watch battery as a source of power. Two models were developed. One transmits at 100 MHz and its signal can be received on a standard FM tuner. The other model transmits at 40 MHz and provides a longer battery life.", "PMID": 730583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_398", "title": "Lactate uptake by inactive forearm during progressive leg exercise.", "content": "Eleven male subjects were studied during graded leg exercise from 60 to 270 W. Arterial and venous lactate concentrations were measured from the resting forearm during the exercise and recovery periods. Lactate concentration rose regularly during the work and declined slowly to basal levels after the exercise. The arteriovenous difference rapidly became positive during the exercise, indicating a net uptake of lactate by the nonexercising muscles. The uptake of lactate by the muscle correlated directly with the arterial concentration. After the 5th min of recovery, there was no longer any significant difference between arterial and venous lactate concentrations. It is concluded that 1) nonexercising muscles play a small role in the removal of lactate during exercise and 2) significant removal of lactate from the blood by nonexercising muscles stops soon after the cessation of exercise.", "contents": "Lactate uptake by inactive forearm during progressive leg exercise. Eleven male subjects were studied during graded leg exercise from 60 to 270 W. Arterial and venous lactate concentrations were measured from the resting forearm during the exercise and recovery periods. Lactate concentration rose regularly during the work and declined slowly to basal levels after the exercise. The arteriovenous difference rapidly became positive during the exercise, indicating a net uptake of lactate by the nonexercising muscles. The uptake of lactate by the muscle correlated directly with the arterial concentration. After the 5th min of recovery, there was no longer any significant difference between arterial and venous lactate concentrations. It is concluded that 1) nonexercising muscles play a small role in the removal of lactate during exercise and 2) significant removal of lactate from the blood by nonexercising muscles stops soon after the cessation of exercise.", "PMID": 730585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_399", "title": "Maximum expiratory flow and transpulmonary pressure in the hamster.", "content": "Maximum expiratory flow was measured in 19 normal, anesthetized, tracheostomized, supine hamsters from records of forced deflation produced by the application of varying degrees of negative pressure to the tracheostomies of animals whose lungs had been previously inflated to a transpulmonary pressure (PL) of 25 cmH2O. Flow was measured with a pneumotachograph, volume with a constant-volume pressure plethysmograph and pleural surface pressure (Ppl) with a water-filled esophageal catheter. The esophageal pressure measurement overestimated Ppl and a simple technique was based on an estimate of the resting volume of the chest wall. This volume, at which the Ppl is zero, was calculated for anesthetized supine hamsters from the measurement of respiratory-system pressure and PL made independently of esophageal pressure and was found to be about 30% of vital capacity (VC). Flow limitation was present below 70% of VC with a tracheal deflation pressure of -30cmH2O. Negative effort dependence of flow was seen in small segments of the flow-volume curves. Mean +/- SD maximum expiratory flow at 50% VC was 52 +/- 9.5 ml/s or 9.1 VC/s. Upstream resistance was 0.09 +/- 0.03 cmH2O/ml per s.", "contents": "Maximum expiratory flow and transpulmonary pressure in the hamster. Maximum expiratory flow was measured in 19 normal, anesthetized, tracheostomized, supine hamsters from records of forced deflation produced by the application of varying degrees of negative pressure to the tracheostomies of animals whose lungs had been previously inflated to a transpulmonary pressure (PL) of 25 cmH2O. Flow was measured with a pneumotachograph, volume with a constant-volume pressure plethysmograph and pleural surface pressure (Ppl) with a water-filled esophageal catheter. The esophageal pressure measurement overestimated Ppl and a simple technique was based on an estimate of the resting volume of the chest wall. This volume, at which the Ppl is zero, was calculated for anesthetized supine hamsters from the measurement of respiratory-system pressure and PL made independently of esophageal pressure and was found to be about 30% of vital capacity (VC). Flow limitation was present below 70% of VC with a tracheal deflation pressure of -30cmH2O. Negative effort dependence of flow was seen in small segments of the flow-volume curves. Mean +/- SD maximum expiratory flow at 50% VC was 52 +/- 9.5 ml/s or 9.1 VC/s. Upstream resistance was 0.09 +/- 0.03 cmH2O/ml per s.", "PMID": 730586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_400", "title": "Phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during exercise and electrical stimulation.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to examine the conversions of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during bicycle exercise or isometric contractions. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis with the needle technique at rest and either during or immediately after activity and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 2--4 s. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a activities were differentiated by measurement in the presence and absence of AMP, respectively. At rest 8.5% of the total phosphorylase activity existed in the a form. Little or no change in the percent of phosphorylase in the a form occurred during voluntary dynamic or static muscular activity that produced muscle lactate concentrations in excess of 18 mmol.kg-1 wet muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vastus lateralis muscle also failed to produce an increase in the percentage of phosphorylase a. These data suggest that during exercise the conversion of phosphorylase to the a form is of minor importance. An increased activity of phosphorylase b due to changes in muscle concentrations of ATP, AMP, and inorganic phosphate may regulate glycogenolysis during voluntary exercise in man.", "contents": "Phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during exercise and electrical stimulation. Experiments were conducted to examine the conversions of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during bicycle exercise or isometric contractions. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis with the needle technique at rest and either during or immediately after activity and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 2--4 s. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a activities were differentiated by measurement in the presence and absence of AMP, respectively. At rest 8.5% of the total phosphorylase activity existed in the a form. Little or no change in the percent of phosphorylase in the a form occurred during voluntary dynamic or static muscular activity that produced muscle lactate concentrations in excess of 18 mmol.kg-1 wet muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vastus lateralis muscle also failed to produce an increase in the percentage of phosphorylase a. These data suggest that during exercise the conversion of phosphorylase to the a form is of minor importance. An increased activity of phosphorylase b due to changes in muscle concentrations of ATP, AMP, and inorganic phosphate may regulate glycogenolysis during voluntary exercise in man.", "PMID": 730587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_401", "title": "Peribronchial pressure in excised dog lungs.", "content": "To characterize the stresses which determine bronchial diameter in the lung, we estimated peribronchial pressure (Px) relative to intrabronchial pressure (Pbr) and to alveolar pressure (PA) for the main lobar bronchus of excised dog lobes using the technique of Takishima et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 875--881, 1975). The recoil of the bronchial wall, Pbr---Px, when smooth muscle was relaxed varied primarily with bronchial diameter. The recoil of the parenchyma around the bronchus, Px---Pa, varied with lung volume but was also diameter-dependent and served to double approximately the effective elastance of the bronchus in situ. We estimated recoils during slow deflations from TLC with the bronchus untreated, or pharmacologically contracted or relaxed. In untreated and relaxed states, local parenchymal and bronchial recoils were of similar magnitude to overall lung recoil (i.e., Px congruent to Ppl) except at high inflating pressure (PA -- Ppl = 30 cmH2O) where they were about half as great. With contraction, bronchial and local parenchymal recoils increased to as much as twice overall lung recoil. Contracted smooth muscle exerted a radial stress of 36+/-14 cmH2O at full lung inflation but much less during stepwise deflation.", "contents": "Peribronchial pressure in excised dog lungs. To characterize the stresses which determine bronchial diameter in the lung, we estimated peribronchial pressure (Px) relative to intrabronchial pressure (Pbr) and to alveolar pressure (PA) for the main lobar bronchus of excised dog lobes using the technique of Takishima et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 875--881, 1975). The recoil of the bronchial wall, Pbr---Px, when smooth muscle was relaxed varied primarily with bronchial diameter. The recoil of the parenchyma around the bronchus, Px---Pa, varied with lung volume but was also diameter-dependent and served to double approximately the effective elastance of the bronchus in situ. We estimated recoils during slow deflations from TLC with the bronchus untreated, or pharmacologically contracted or relaxed. In untreated and relaxed states, local parenchymal and bronchial recoils were of similar magnitude to overall lung recoil (i.e., Px congruent to Ppl) except at high inflating pressure (PA -- Ppl = 30 cmH2O) where they were about half as great. With contraction, bronchial and local parenchymal recoils increased to as much as twice overall lung recoil. Contracted smooth muscle exerted a radial stress of 36+/-14 cmH2O at full lung inflation but much less during stepwise deflation.", "PMID": 730588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_402", "title": "Sodium intake and the effects of isoproterenol and exercise on plasma renin in man.", "content": "Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed during infusion of increasing doses of isoproterenol and during increasing work loads of dynamic exercise in five normal young men. Studies were performed at three levels of dietary sodium restriction: normal, moderately, and more severely restricted. Isoproterenol induced the expected dose-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Changes in dietary sodium intake affected these changes only to a minor degree. Dynamic exercise also induced the expected work-load-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Also these changes were not significantly affected by changes in dietary sodium intake. Apparently dietary sodium restriction does not sensitize the renin-releasing mechanisms to sympathetic stimulation.", "contents": "Sodium intake and the effects of isoproterenol and exercise on plasma renin in man. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed during infusion of increasing doses of isoproterenol and during increasing work loads of dynamic exercise in five normal young men. Studies were performed at three levels of dietary sodium restriction: normal, moderately, and more severely restricted. Isoproterenol induced the expected dose-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Changes in dietary sodium intake affected these changes only to a minor degree. Dynamic exercise also induced the expected work-load-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Also these changes were not significantly affected by changes in dietary sodium intake. Apparently dietary sodium restriction does not sensitize the renin-releasing mechanisms to sympathetic stimulation.", "PMID": 730589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_403", "title": "Effect of hypercapnia on hypoxic ventilatory drive in carotid body-resected man.", "content": "Steplike end-tidal hypoxic drives (PETCO2 = 53 Torr) lasting for 5 min were generated in a group of normal subjects and a group of carotid body-resected subjects when end-tidal CO2 was maintained constant under eucapnic (PETCO2 = 39 Torr) and hypercapnic (PETCO2 = 49 Torr) conditions. The hypoxic ventilatory response of the normal subjects was prompt and significant in eucapnia and was enhanced in the hypercapnic state, evidencing CO2-O2 interaction. In contrast, the carotid body-resected subjects did not respond to eucapnic hypoxia but did demonstrate a small but significant ventilatory response to hypoxia against the hypercapnic background. This suggests that the aortic bodies in man may contribute a small component of the hypoxic ventilatory drive under hypercapnic conditions, although the possibility of neuromalike ending regeneration cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effect of hypercapnia on hypoxic ventilatory drive in carotid body-resected man. Steplike end-tidal hypoxic drives (PETCO2 = 53 Torr) lasting for 5 min were generated in a group of normal subjects and a group of carotid body-resected subjects when end-tidal CO2 was maintained constant under eucapnic (PETCO2 = 39 Torr) and hypercapnic (PETCO2 = 49 Torr) conditions. The hypoxic ventilatory response of the normal subjects was prompt and significant in eucapnia and was enhanced in the hypercapnic state, evidencing CO2-O2 interaction. In contrast, the carotid body-resected subjects did not respond to eucapnic hypoxia but did demonstrate a small but significant ventilatory response to hypoxia against the hypercapnic background. This suggests that the aortic bodies in man may contribute a small component of the hypoxic ventilatory drive under hypercapnic conditions, although the possibility of neuromalike ending regeneration cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 730590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_404", "title": "Effect of lung volume history on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobe.", "content": "The effect of lung volume history and prior accumulation of interstitial fluid on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobes was investigated. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean pulmonary venous pressure were kept constant at 40 and 30 cmH2O, respectively. Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was varied among 5, 15, and 25 cmH2O by progressive stepwise inflation and deflation. Rate of fluid accumulation was estimated by changes in slow weight gain after a change in Ptp. Although there is continuous interstitial fluid accumulation over the course of the experiment the results indicate that interstitial hydrostatic pressure around leaky vessels at Ptp of 15 cmH2O is reduced by prior lung inflation to Ptp of 25 cmH2O and increased by prior deflation to Ptp of 5 cmH2O. These results suggest that the distribution of interstitial fluid may vary as a function of lung volume history.", "contents": "Effect of lung volume history on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobe. The effect of lung volume history and prior accumulation of interstitial fluid on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobes was investigated. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean pulmonary venous pressure were kept constant at 40 and 30 cmH2O, respectively. Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was varied among 5, 15, and 25 cmH2O by progressive stepwise inflation and deflation. Rate of fluid accumulation was estimated by changes in slow weight gain after a change in Ptp. Although there is continuous interstitial fluid accumulation over the course of the experiment the results indicate that interstitial hydrostatic pressure around leaky vessels at Ptp of 15 cmH2O is reduced by prior lung inflation to Ptp of 25 cmH2O and increased by prior deflation to Ptp of 5 cmH2O. These results suggest that the distribution of interstitial fluid may vary as a function of lung volume history.", "PMID": 730592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_405", "title": "Ventilatory muscle training and the oxygen cost of sustained hyperpnea.", "content": "We measured the oxygen cost of breathing during sustained voluntary normocarbic hyperpnea in 12 subjects (4 endurance trainers, 4 strength trainers, and 4 controls) before and after a 5-wk training program limited to the ventilatory muscles (Leith, D. E., and M. E. Bradley. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 508-516, 1976). \"Steady-state\" measurements of oxygen consumption were made at pulmonary ventilations ranging from 103 to 250 l/min. There were marked differences in the relationship between the metabolic cost of breathing and pulmonary ventilations between subjects. Spontaneously chosen respiratory frequencies ranged from 80 to 120 breaths/min and varied widely, even in a given subject, suggesting that the optima for frequency are broad or that optimization was imperfect. The subject group who performed endurance training increased by 19% the level of hyperpnea that they could sustain for 7--15 min, and increased their oxygen consumptions during this hyperpnea by an average of 67%. Following a 15-wk period of detraining, endurance trainers had lost 50% of their gains in the ventilations that they could sustain and in the accompanying oxygen consumptions. We conclude that ventilatory muscle endurance training can appreciably increase the aerobic endurance of the respiratory muscles.", "contents": "Ventilatory muscle training and the oxygen cost of sustained hyperpnea. We measured the oxygen cost of breathing during sustained voluntary normocarbic hyperpnea in 12 subjects (4 endurance trainers, 4 strength trainers, and 4 controls) before and after a 5-wk training program limited to the ventilatory muscles (Leith, D. E., and M. E. Bradley. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 508-516, 1976). \"Steady-state\" measurements of oxygen consumption were made at pulmonary ventilations ranging from 103 to 250 l/min. There were marked differences in the relationship between the metabolic cost of breathing and pulmonary ventilations between subjects. Spontaneously chosen respiratory frequencies ranged from 80 to 120 breaths/min and varied widely, even in a given subject, suggesting that the optima for frequency are broad or that optimization was imperfect. The subject group who performed endurance training increased by 19% the level of hyperpnea that they could sustain for 7--15 min, and increased their oxygen consumptions during this hyperpnea by an average of 67%. Following a 15-wk period of detraining, endurance trainers had lost 50% of their gains in the ventilations that they could sustain and in the accompanying oxygen consumptions. We conclude that ventilatory muscle endurance training can appreciably increase the aerobic endurance of the respiratory muscles.", "PMID": 730593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_406", "title": "Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone exposure.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high (6--8 ppm) and moderate (1.5 ppm) amounts of ozone (O3) for various time periods. Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone was monitored with red blood cell potassium (rubidium) influx studies, with storage stress combined with ultrastructural studies and with levels of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Erythrocytes of rats exposed to O3 showed no significant changes either in their potassium influx or in their glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities compared to controls. Erythrocyte differential counts on O3-exposed animals showed significant changes initially as well as following storage stress compared to controls. Rats exposed to 8 ppm O3 for 4 h showed a marked increase in echinocytes. These consistent transformations from discocytes to echinocytes following O3 exposure suggest latent erythrocyte damage has occurred.", "contents": "Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone exposure. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high (6--8 ppm) and moderate (1.5 ppm) amounts of ozone (O3) for various time periods. Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone was monitored with red blood cell potassium (rubidium) influx studies, with storage stress combined with ultrastructural studies and with levels of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Erythrocytes of rats exposed to O3 showed no significant changes either in their potassium influx or in their glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities compared to controls. Erythrocyte differential counts on O3-exposed animals showed significant changes initially as well as following storage stress compared to controls. Rats exposed to 8 ppm O3 for 4 h showed a marked increase in echinocytes. These consistent transformations from discocytes to echinocytes following O3 exposure suggest latent erythrocyte damage has occurred.", "PMID": 730594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_407", "title": "Is inert gas washout from the tissues limited by diffusion?", "content": "To determine the extent to which diffusion may limit the exchange of gases stored in the tissues, nine dogs were allowed to breathe an O2-N2-Ar mixture until saturation was achieved; the inspired gas was then changed to one containing neither N2 nor Ar, and the level of these two species in the arterial and in the mixed venous blood was monitored during the washout. A theoretical analysis shows that in a situation where peripheral gas transport is limited entirely by perfusion, the washout curves should be identical, provided concentrations are expressed as a fraction of the initial value. When the process is restricted by diffusion through the tissues, Ar is expected to lag because of its higher molecular weight. In all animals, the rate of elimination of the two tracers was the same, indicating that the time course of storage or release of inert gas from body stores is governed (mainly or entirely) by perfusion.", "contents": "Is inert gas washout from the tissues limited by diffusion? To determine the extent to which diffusion may limit the exchange of gases stored in the tissues, nine dogs were allowed to breathe an O2-N2-Ar mixture until saturation was achieved; the inspired gas was then changed to one containing neither N2 nor Ar, and the level of these two species in the arterial and in the mixed venous blood was monitored during the washout. A theoretical analysis shows that in a situation where peripheral gas transport is limited entirely by perfusion, the washout curves should be identical, provided concentrations are expressed as a fraction of the initial value. When the process is restricted by diffusion through the tissues, Ar is expected to lag because of its higher molecular weight. In all animals, the rate of elimination of the two tracers was the same, indicating that the time course of storage or release of inert gas from body stores is governed (mainly or entirely) by perfusion.", "PMID": 730595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_408", "title": "Comparative thermoregulatory responses of resting men and women.", "content": "Three men and three women were exposed to transients of air temperature (range, 16--48 degrees C). Whole-body sweating rate, local tissue heat flows, and O2 consumption in the cold were linearly related to a weighted sum of tympanic and mean skin temperatures, called \"central drive,\" During changes in air temperature, changes in subjects' scaled estimates of thermal sensation and discomfort led changes in the physiological responses and central drive. Women's thermoregulatory responses were similar to the men's, but were shifted toward higher (warmer) values of central drive. This shift was about 0.3 degrees C for responses to heat and about 0.6 degrees C for responses to cold. With respect to the women, the mean thus showed delayed responses to the cold, and approached steady state in the cold more slowly.", "contents": "Comparative thermoregulatory responses of resting men and women. Three men and three women were exposed to transients of air temperature (range, 16--48 degrees C). Whole-body sweating rate, local tissue heat flows, and O2 consumption in the cold were linearly related to a weighted sum of tympanic and mean skin temperatures, called \"central drive,\" During changes in air temperature, changes in subjects' scaled estimates of thermal sensation and discomfort led changes in the physiological responses and central drive. Women's thermoregulatory responses were similar to the men's, but were shifted toward higher (warmer) values of central drive. This shift was about 0.3 degrees C for responses to heat and about 0.6 degrees C for responses to cold. With respect to the women, the mean thus showed delayed responses to the cold, and approached steady state in the cold more slowly.", "PMID": 730596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_409", "title": "Effect of decompression per se on nitrogen elimination.", "content": "The elimination of nitrogen from each of 10 unanesthetized guinea pigs has been monitored after switching to a nitrogen-free breathing mix (normoxic He:O2), either without decompression or on decompression to 2.21 or 1 ATA, following an exposure of 2 h at 4 ATA on normoxic N2;O2. Normoxic conditions were maintained throughout to avoid vasomotor effects of oxygen that could have complicated interpretations derived from previous studies. Results confirmed that inert gas washout rates decrease with decompression per se. This can be explained simply on the basis of the decrease in driving force for nitrogen elimination caused by depositing gas into bubbles where they form in tissue in a somewhat random manner. A very rough estimate shows that about 83% of all body tissue retained its gas in supersaturated solution on decompression to 2.21 ATA but only 79% did so at 1 ATA.", "contents": "Effect of decompression per se on nitrogen elimination. The elimination of nitrogen from each of 10 unanesthetized guinea pigs has been monitored after switching to a nitrogen-free breathing mix (normoxic He:O2), either without decompression or on decompression to 2.21 or 1 ATA, following an exposure of 2 h at 4 ATA on normoxic N2;O2. Normoxic conditions were maintained throughout to avoid vasomotor effects of oxygen that could have complicated interpretations derived from previous studies. Results confirmed that inert gas washout rates decrease with decompression per se. This can be explained simply on the basis of the decrease in driving force for nitrogen elimination caused by depositing gas into bubbles where they form in tissue in a somewhat random manner. A very rough estimate shows that about 83% of all body tissue retained its gas in supersaturated solution on decompression to 2.21 ATA but only 79% did so at 1 ATA.", "PMID": 730597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_410", "title": "Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation.", "content": "Expired pentane, an index of lipid peroxidation, and pulmonary function were measured as a function of exercise for 1 h with and without exposure to 0.3 ppm ozone. In experiment 1, 10 subjects who exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption while being exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone had increased lung residual volume and decreased vital capacity, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. In experiment 2, breath collected into a spirometer filled with hydrocarbon-scrubbed air showed increased pentane from the stress of exercise but no effect of ozone. During rest and exercise in experiment 3, two of six subjects had higher pentane levels than the other subjects. Following daily supplementation with 1,200 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol for 2 wk, the mean production of pentane during rest and exercise was significantly lowered, and there was no difference in pentane production among the subjects. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation occurs during exercise and that it is attenuated by vitamin E.", "contents": "Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Expired pentane, an index of lipid peroxidation, and pulmonary function were measured as a function of exercise for 1 h with and without exposure to 0.3 ppm ozone. In experiment 1, 10 subjects who exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption while being exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone had increased lung residual volume and decreased vital capacity, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. In experiment 2, breath collected into a spirometer filled with hydrocarbon-scrubbed air showed increased pentane from the stress of exercise but no effect of ozone. During rest and exercise in experiment 3, two of six subjects had higher pentane levels than the other subjects. Following daily supplementation with 1,200 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol for 2 wk, the mean production of pentane during rest and exercise was significantly lowered, and there was no difference in pentane production among the subjects. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation occurs during exercise and that it is attenuated by vitamin E.", "PMID": 730598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_411", "title": "Lung volumes after antigen infusion in the guinea pig in vivo: effects of vagal section.", "content": "The effects of intravenous antigen infusion on lung volumes and quasi-static deflationary pulmonary compliance in guinea pigs previously sensitized to ovalbumin were studied in vivo. Ovalbumin infusion significantly increased minimal gas volume to a similar extent in animals with intact or cut vagi. Total lung capacity fell only in animals with intact vagi. Quasi-static compliance fell in both groups of animals, but the fall was significantly greater in animals with intact vagi. These data demonstrate that immediate hypersensitivity reactions alter lung volumes and the elastic properties of the lung by both vagal dependent and vagal independent mechanisms.", "contents": "Lung volumes after antigen infusion in the guinea pig in vivo: effects of vagal section. The effects of intravenous antigen infusion on lung volumes and quasi-static deflationary pulmonary compliance in guinea pigs previously sensitized to ovalbumin were studied in vivo. Ovalbumin infusion significantly increased minimal gas volume to a similar extent in animals with intact or cut vagi. Total lung capacity fell only in animals with intact vagi. Quasi-static compliance fell in both groups of animals, but the fall was significantly greater in animals with intact vagi. These data demonstrate that immediate hypersensitivity reactions alter lung volumes and the elastic properties of the lung by both vagal dependent and vagal independent mechanisms.", "PMID": 730600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_412", "title": "Monocrotaline model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs.", "content": "Monocrotaline, a plant alkaloid shown histologically to produce pulmonary endothelial damage and edema, was used in dogs to produce an acute model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Following intravenous injection there was no change in pulmonary vascular pressures or heart rate; cardiac output fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. After 2 h measurement of lung water demonstrated modest pulmonary edema in all animals. The degree of edema produced was more consistent and reproducible than that following alloxan or alpha-naphthylthiourea.", "contents": "Monocrotaline model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs. Monocrotaline, a plant alkaloid shown histologically to produce pulmonary endothelial damage and edema, was used in dogs to produce an acute model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Following intravenous injection there was no change in pulmonary vascular pressures or heart rate; cardiac output fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. After 2 h measurement of lung water demonstrated modest pulmonary edema in all animals. The degree of edema produced was more consistent and reproducible than that following alloxan or alpha-naphthylthiourea.", "PMID": 730601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_413", "title": "O2 extraction by hind limb versus whole dog during anemic hypoxia.", "content": "The ability of the hind limb to obtain oxygen and maintain its O2 uptake in relation to the whole body during isovolemic hemodilution with dextran was measured in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs kept at constant ventilation. Hind limb venous outflow (ankle to upper thigh) was restricted by tourniquets to femoral vein. Hind limb blood flow, O2 uptake (VO2), cardiac output, and total VO2 were measured at normal hematocrit, at hematocrits just above (16%, stage 2) and just below (10%, stage II) that at which total VO2 could be maintained at the control level, and following isovolemic reinfusion of recovered red blood cells (Hct = 23%). VO2 was maintained at the control level in whole body and hind limb during stage I. Total VO2 decreased significantly in stage II (P less than 0.05), whereas limb VO2 did not. Hind limb had a consistently greater extraction ratio for O2 (P less than 0.01) and lower venous oxygen partial pressure than the body as a whole (P less than 0.01). In spite of limitations of O2 delivery by anemia to the point that total O2 demand was not met, there was no redistribution of blood flow away from or decreased demand for O2 by the hind limb, which was mostly skeletal muscle.", "contents": "O2 extraction by hind limb versus whole dog during anemic hypoxia. The ability of the hind limb to obtain oxygen and maintain its O2 uptake in relation to the whole body during isovolemic hemodilution with dextran was measured in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs kept at constant ventilation. Hind limb venous outflow (ankle to upper thigh) was restricted by tourniquets to femoral vein. Hind limb blood flow, O2 uptake (VO2), cardiac output, and total VO2 were measured at normal hematocrit, at hematocrits just above (16%, stage 2) and just below (10%, stage II) that at which total VO2 could be maintained at the control level, and following isovolemic reinfusion of recovered red blood cells (Hct = 23%). VO2 was maintained at the control level in whole body and hind limb during stage I. Total VO2 decreased significantly in stage II (P less than 0.05), whereas limb VO2 did not. Hind limb had a consistently greater extraction ratio for O2 (P less than 0.01) and lower venous oxygen partial pressure than the body as a whole (P less than 0.01). In spite of limitations of O2 delivery by anemia to the point that total O2 demand was not met, there was no redistribution of blood flow away from or decreased demand for O2 by the hind limb, which was mostly skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 730602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_414", "title": "Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion during short periods of weightlessness.", "content": "Information on the distributions of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion was obtained from four subjects on board a Learjet during 112 weightless periods lasting up to 27 s each. Zero gravity (G) was obtained during all or part of each test by varying the aircraft flight profile. Single-breath N2 washouts were performed with the test inspiration containing an initial bolus of argon at residual volume (RV). When the test inspiration was at 0 G, and the washout at 0 G or greater, the terminal rises and the cardiogenic oscillations in both N2 and argon were small and often absent. If instead the test inspiration was at 1 G with the washout at 0 G, the terminal rises were again small or absent but the cardiogenic oscillations remained. The terminal rise and the cardiogenic oscillations for N2, but not argon, were also nearly eliminated by performing just the preliminary exhalation to RV at 0 G with the test inspiration and washout following at 1 G. Aleveolar plateaus for N2 sloped upward at 0 G apparently due to nontopographical inequalities of ventilation. In further tests during air breathing, recordings were made of expired partial pressure of oxygen PO2) and carbon dioxide (POO2) following a brief hyperventilation and a 15-s breath hold. These recordings revealed marked cardiogenic oscillations in PO2 and PCO2 at 1 G that were enhanced at 2 G but almost eliminated at 0 G. The results suggest that virtually all the topographical inequality of ventilation, blood flow, and lung volume seen under 1-G conditions are abolished during short periods of 0 G.", "contents": "Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion during short periods of weightlessness. Information on the distributions of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion was obtained from four subjects on board a Learjet during 112 weightless periods lasting up to 27 s each. Zero gravity (G) was obtained during all or part of each test by varying the aircraft flight profile. Single-breath N2 washouts were performed with the test inspiration containing an initial bolus of argon at residual volume (RV). When the test inspiration was at 0 G, and the washout at 0 G or greater, the terminal rises and the cardiogenic oscillations in both N2 and argon were small and often absent. If instead the test inspiration was at 1 G with the washout at 0 G, the terminal rises were again small or absent but the cardiogenic oscillations remained. The terminal rise and the cardiogenic oscillations for N2, but not argon, were also nearly eliminated by performing just the preliminary exhalation to RV at 0 G with the test inspiration and washout following at 1 G. Aleveolar plateaus for N2 sloped upward at 0 G apparently due to nontopographical inequalities of ventilation. In further tests during air breathing, recordings were made of expired partial pressure of oxygen PO2) and carbon dioxide (POO2) following a brief hyperventilation and a 15-s breath hold. These recordings revealed marked cardiogenic oscillations in PO2 and PCO2 at 1 G that were enhanced at 2 G but almost eliminated at 0 G. The results suggest that virtually all the topographical inequality of ventilation, blood flow, and lung volume seen under 1-G conditions are abolished during short periods of 0 G.", "PMID": 730604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_415", "title": "Effect on body water of running 10 miles.", "content": "Despite a 2.3% weight loss in 10 men who ran 10 miles, extracellular water (ECW) increased by 3.5%. Total body water (TBW) measured as tritium space increased by 2.4%, and intracellular water (ICW), inferred as the difference between TBW and ECW, increased by 1.8%. The increase in tritium space probably represents increased nonaqueous hydrogen exchange in the postexercise period ond casts doubt on the validity of TBW and ICW when measured immediately after exercise.", "contents": "Effect on body water of running 10 miles. Despite a 2.3% weight loss in 10 men who ran 10 miles, extracellular water (ECW) increased by 3.5%. Total body water (TBW) measured as tritium space increased by 2.4%, and intracellular water (ICW), inferred as the difference between TBW and ECW, increased by 1.8%. The increase in tritium space probably represents increased nonaqueous hydrogen exchange in the postexercise period ond casts doubt on the validity of TBW and ICW when measured immediately after exercise.", "PMID": 730605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_416", "title": "Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in two dogs.", "content": "In 2 cases of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in the dog, neurologic signs were associated with cranial cervical pain. Treatment consisted of manual reduction, with the dog under general anesthesia, followed by application of a plaster cast to hold the head and neck in flexion. Recovery was complete in both cases.", "contents": "Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in two dogs. In 2 cases of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in the dog, neurologic signs were associated with cranial cervical pain. Treatment consisted of manual reduction, with the dog under general anesthesia, followed by application of a plaster cast to hold the head and neck in flexion. Recovery was complete in both cases.", "PMID": 730607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_417", "title": "Rod-cone dysplasia in the collie.", "content": "Rod-cone dysplasia in the Collie was studied. Night blindness developed early (6 wk) and progressed to nearly total blindness by 1 year of age. Tapetal hyper-reflectivity, vessel attenuation, and optic nerve pallor were clinically evident by 6 months of age. Electroretinography demonstrated markedly reduced retinal response as early as 16 days of age. The results of selective breedings conformed to a single recessive pattern of inheritance.", "contents": "Rod-cone dysplasia in the collie. Rod-cone dysplasia in the Collie was studied. Night blindness developed early (6 wk) and progressed to nearly total blindness by 1 year of age. Tapetal hyper-reflectivity, vessel attenuation, and optic nerve pallor were clinically evident by 6 months of age. Electroretinography demonstrated markedly reduced retinal response as early as 16 days of age. The results of selective breedings conformed to a single recessive pattern of inheritance.", "PMID": 730609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_418", "title": "Semen collection by electroejaculation in the domestic cat.", "content": "A procedure for electroejaculation of domestic cats was developed. The method involved anesthetization of adult male cats with ketamine HC1 (33 mg/kg) or CI 744 (5.5 mg/kg). Optimal results were obtained with a 120-V ac electric stimulator capable of a continuous range of 0 to 60 V and 0 to 1 A. Using a 1- by 12-cm rectal probe constructed of teflon and stainless steel electrodes, ejaculation was obtained with an electrical stimulus over a range of 2 to 8 V and 5 to 220 mA. Voltage and amperage were increased at specific intervals in order to compensate for refractory ejaculatory response due to continued nerve and muscle stimulation. The procedure provided a means of obtaining ejaculates from domestic cats for purposes of semen evaluation and artificial insemination.", "contents": "Semen collection by electroejaculation in the domestic cat. A procedure for electroejaculation of domestic cats was developed. The method involved anesthetization of adult male cats with ketamine HC1 (33 mg/kg) or CI 744 (5.5 mg/kg). Optimal results were obtained with a 120-V ac electric stimulator capable of a continuous range of 0 to 60 V and 0 to 1 A. Using a 1- by 12-cm rectal probe constructed of teflon and stainless steel electrodes, ejaculation was obtained with an electrical stimulus over a range of 2 to 8 V and 5 to 220 mA. Voltage and amperage were increased at specific intervals in order to compensate for refractory ejaculatory response due to continued nerve and muscle stimulation. The procedure provided a means of obtaining ejaculates from domestic cats for purposes of semen evaluation and artificial insemination.", "PMID": 730615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_419", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle in a cat.", "content": "In a case of double outlet right ventricle in a cat, initial examination revealed a holosystolic murmur and right-sided heart enlargement, as deduced from electrocardiography and thoracic radiography. On cardiac catheterization, it was determined that pressure in the right ventricle equaled that of the left ventricle. Angiography revealed a large ventricular septal defect, with prodominant left-to-right shunt and some right-to-left component. The cat lived for 3 1/2 years. During this period, the cat would become cyanotic only under stressful situations. At necropsy, the diagnosis was further refined to that of a double outlet right ventricle, as both the aorta and pulmonary artery originated from the right ventricle.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle in a cat. In a case of double outlet right ventricle in a cat, initial examination revealed a holosystolic murmur and right-sided heart enlargement, as deduced from electrocardiography and thoracic radiography. On cardiac catheterization, it was determined that pressure in the right ventricle equaled that of the left ventricle. Angiography revealed a large ventricular septal defect, with prodominant left-to-right shunt and some right-to-left component. The cat lived for 3 1/2 years. During this period, the cat would become cyanotic only under stressful situations. At necropsy, the diagnosis was further refined to that of a double outlet right ventricle, as both the aorta and pulmonary artery originated from the right ventricle.", "PMID": 730616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_420", "title": "Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in a mare with renal insufficiency.", "content": "An 11-year-old mare with polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia was found to be hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. The concentration of calcium in a single collection of urine was within normal limits, although urinary inorganic phosphate concentration was lower than normal. After a brief period of supportive treatment, the mare died. At necropsy, the kidneys were found to be shrunken and fibrous. Histologically, the lesions were those of glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in a mare with renal insufficiency. An 11-year-old mare with polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia was found to be hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. The concentration of calcium in a single collection of urine was within normal limits, although urinary inorganic phosphate concentration was lower than normal. After a brief period of supportive treatment, the mare died. At necropsy, the kidneys were found to be shrunken and fibrous. Histologically, the lesions were those of glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 730618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_421", "title": "Elimination of echolalic responding to questions through the training of a generalized verbal response.", "content": "Echolalia, the parroting of the speech of others, is a severe communication disorder frequently associated with childhood schizophrenia and mental retardation. Two echolalic children, one schizophrenic and one retarded, were treated in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Each child was taught to make an appropriate, non-echolalic verbal response (i.e., \"I don't know\") to a small set of previously echoed questions. After such training, this response generalized across a broad set of untrained questions that had formerly been echoed. The results obtained were the same irrespective of the specific experimenter who presented the questions. Further, each child discriminated appropriately between those questions that had previously been echoed and those that had not. Followup probes showed that treatment gains were maintained one month later. The procedure is economical, in that it produces a rapid and widespread cessation of echolalic responding.", "contents": "Elimination of echolalic responding to questions through the training of a generalized verbal response. Echolalia, the parroting of the speech of others, is a severe communication disorder frequently associated with childhood schizophrenia and mental retardation. Two echolalic children, one schizophrenic and one retarded, were treated in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Each child was taught to make an appropriate, non-echolalic verbal response (i.e., \"I don't know\") to a small set of previously echoed questions. After such training, this response generalized across a broad set of untrained questions that had formerly been echoed. The results obtained were the same irrespective of the specific experimenter who presented the questions. Further, each child discriminated appropriately between those questions that had previously been echoed and those that had not. Followup probes showed that treatment gains were maintained one month later. The procedure is economical, in that it produces a rapid and widespread cessation of echolalic responding.", "PMID": 730631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_422", "title": "Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms.", "content": "Five institutionalized retarded women were taught a clothing selection skill to coincide with popular fashion. Normative data concerning popular styles of color-coordinated clothing were collected through observations of women's apparel in a local community. Using a puzzle simulation of a woman with alternative pieces of colored clothing, color coordination training was conducted using modelling, instructions, practice, praise, and feedback to teach popular selections of color combinations. A generalization training component with actual clothing was also included. Training was accompanied by large increases in percentage of popular color selections with the puzzle and actual clothing. The increases maintained over a seven- to 14-week followup period. Time efficiency measures supported the use of the simulation procedure as opposed to total reliance on actual clothing. The results underscore the utility of local norms in community preparation programs and the efficacy of instructional procedures for severely and profoundly retarded persons as part of their participation in the deinstitutionalization movement.", "contents": "Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms. Five institutionalized retarded women were taught a clothing selection skill to coincide with popular fashion. Normative data concerning popular styles of color-coordinated clothing were collected through observations of women's apparel in a local community. Using a puzzle simulation of a woman with alternative pieces of colored clothing, color coordination training was conducted using modelling, instructions, practice, praise, and feedback to teach popular selections of color combinations. A generalization training component with actual clothing was also included. Training was accompanied by large increases in percentage of popular color selections with the puzzle and actual clothing. The increases maintained over a seven- to 14-week followup period. Time efficiency measures supported the use of the simulation procedure as opposed to total reliance on actual clothing. The results underscore the utility of local norms in community preparation programs and the efficacy of instructional procedures for severely and profoundly retarded persons as part of their participation in the deinstitutionalization movement.", "PMID": 730632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_423", "title": "Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. I: Expressive labelling.", "content": "There has been growing interest in teaching sign language to autistic children who have failed to develop speech. However, controlled experimentation in this area is nonexistent. In the present study, four nonverbal autistic children were taught expressive sign labels for common objects, using a training procedure that consisted of prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of the procedure was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design across objects. The results were reliable, replicable across children, and generalizable across therapists. A stimulus control analysis demonstrated that, for three of the children, correct signing was controlled solely by the visual cues associated with the presentation of a given object and was independent of respect to the known perceptual and linguistic deficits of autistic children.", "contents": "Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. I: Expressive labelling. There has been growing interest in teaching sign language to autistic children who have failed to develop speech. However, controlled experimentation in this area is nonexistent. In the present study, four nonverbal autistic children were taught expressive sign labels for common objects, using a training procedure that consisted of prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of the procedure was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design across objects. The results were reliable, replicable across children, and generalizable across therapists. A stimulus control analysis demonstrated that, for three of the children, correct signing was controlled solely by the visual cues associated with the presentation of a given object and was independent of respect to the known perceptual and linguistic deficits of autistic children.", "PMID": 730633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_424", "title": "A self-evaluation token system versus an external evaluation token system alone in a residential setting with predelinquent youth.", "content": "This study compared the effects of self-evaluation and adult-dispensed tokens on room-cleaning behavior of six predelinquent youths in a residential token-economy setting. The self-evaluation token system proved to be as effective as the external adult-administered system in increasing room-cleaning behavior and was more effective in maintaining performance after contingencies were withdrawn. The self-evaluation token system increased resistance to extinction, compared to the external token system, and appeared to be a useful component for a traditional token-economy system.", "contents": "A self-evaluation token system versus an external evaluation token system alone in a residential setting with predelinquent youth. This study compared the effects of self-evaluation and adult-dispensed tokens on room-cleaning behavior of six predelinquent youths in a residential token-economy setting. The self-evaluation token system proved to be as effective as the external adult-administered system in increasing room-cleaning behavior and was more effective in maintaining performance after contingencies were withdrawn. The self-evaluation token system increased resistance to extinction, compared to the external token system, and appeared to be a useful component for a traditional token-economy system.", "PMID": 730634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_425", "title": "Improved automated optical somatic cell counting method for raw milk: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study was conducted to compare the improved automated optical somatic cell counting procedure (OSCC II) with the direct microscopic somatic cell counting method (DMSCC) in raw milk. Samples were prefixed with formaldehyde and introduced into an Auto-Analyzer system. Dilution, clarification, and cell counting were performed automatically. Five collaborators participated in the study; they analyzed 48 samples in duplicate, using 2 different sampling rates. The results were compared with DMSCC counts reported by 3 different analysts. Statistical results show that the standard deviation for the DMSCC method is 0.0825 and for the OSCC II, at a sampling rate of 80/hr, 0.0434. When results are compared, the OSCC II procedure is as accurate as, and is significantly more precise than, the DMSCC method. The faster sampling rate of the OSCC II at 120/hr has some effect on precision but little effect on accuracy. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Improved automated optical somatic cell counting method for raw milk: collaborative study. A collaborative study was conducted to compare the improved automated optical somatic cell counting procedure (OSCC II) with the direct microscopic somatic cell counting method (DMSCC) in raw milk. Samples were prefixed with formaldehyde and introduced into an Auto-Analyzer system. Dilution, clarification, and cell counting were performed automatically. Five collaborators participated in the study; they analyzed 48 samples in duplicate, using 2 different sampling rates. The results were compared with DMSCC counts reported by 3 different analysts. Statistical results show that the standard deviation for the DMSCC method is 0.0825 and for the OSCC II, at a sampling rate of 80/hr, 0.0434. When results are compared, the OSCC II procedure is as accurate as, and is significantly more precise than, the DMSCC method. The faster sampling rate of the OSCC II at 120/hr has some effect on precision but little effect on accuracy. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 730636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_426", "title": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in foods.", "content": "A method for determining aflatoxins by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after CB extraction and cleanup has been applied to various foods. Recoveries at 1--15 ppb levels from green coffee and peanut butter was 72--85 and 74--104%, respectively. Precision of the method has been tested for peanut butter. Other products to which the method has been successfully applied include tree nuts, seeds, grains, chocolate-covered peanut butter candy, and roasted, salted-in-shell peanuts. High levels of aflatoxins found in several samples of nuts by this method have been verified by the official thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The advantages of this HPLC method are speed, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and immediate chemical confirmation of aflatoxins B1 and G1. None of the products analyzed required special cleanup procedures. Preparative-scale HPLC was used to isolate purified B1 for toxicity testing.", "contents": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in foods. A method for determining aflatoxins by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after CB extraction and cleanup has been applied to various foods. Recoveries at 1--15 ppb levels from green coffee and peanut butter was 72--85 and 74--104%, respectively. Precision of the method has been tested for peanut butter. Other products to which the method has been successfully applied include tree nuts, seeds, grains, chocolate-covered peanut butter candy, and roasted, salted-in-shell peanuts. High levels of aflatoxins found in several samples of nuts by this method have been verified by the official thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The advantages of this HPLC method are speed, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and immediate chemical confirmation of aflatoxins B1 and G1. None of the products analyzed required special cleanup procedures. Preparative-scale HPLC was used to isolate purified B1 for toxicity testing.", "PMID": 730638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_427", "title": "Determination of citrinin in corn and barley.", "content": "A method is described for determining citrinin in corn and barley. The initial extraction uses an aqueous acidified acetonitrile solution, and the resulting solution is partially purified by several partition steps. Citrinin is determined by using either high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC). For HPLC, the extract is injected on a reverse phase column, eluted with either 0.25N H3PO4-methanol (45 + 55) or 0.25N H3PO4-acetonitrile (50 + 50), and detected by fluorescence (excitation 325--385 nm, emission above 451 nm). Recovery of added citrinin from corn by this method is 60--87% at levels of 50--4000 microgram/kg. For TLC, the chromatographic plates are impregnated with oxalic acid by dipping them in an oxalic acid-methanol solution before spotting and development. Recovery of added citrinin from corn, using TLC, is 40--100% at levels of 50--40000 microgram-kg.", "contents": "Determination of citrinin in corn and barley. A method is described for determining citrinin in corn and barley. The initial extraction uses an aqueous acidified acetonitrile solution, and the resulting solution is partially purified by several partition steps. Citrinin is determined by using either high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC). For HPLC, the extract is injected on a reverse phase column, eluted with either 0.25N H3PO4-methanol (45 + 55) or 0.25N H3PO4-acetonitrile (50 + 50), and detected by fluorescence (excitation 325--385 nm, emission above 451 nm). Recovery of added citrinin from corn by this method is 60--87% at levels of 50--4000 microgram/kg. For TLC, the chromatographic plates are impregnated with oxalic acid by dipping them in an oxalic acid-methanol solution before spotting and development. Recovery of added citrinin from corn, using TLC, is 40--100% at levels of 50--40000 microgram-kg.", "PMID": 730639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_428", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice.", "content": "Patulin was extracted from apple juice with ethyl acetate and the extract was purified by elution from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate-toluene. The eluate was concentrated, and patulin was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a 25 cm Partisil-10 ODS column. The lower detection limit was 1 microgram/L and the mean recovery of patulin added to apple juice was 82.6 +/- 2.8 %. The patulin content ranged from less than 1 to 220 microgram/L for the 140 samples analyzed.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice. Patulin was extracted from apple juice with ethyl acetate and the extract was purified by elution from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate-toluene. The eluate was concentrated, and patulin was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a 25 cm Partisil-10 ODS column. The lower detection limit was 1 microgram/L and the mean recovery of patulin added to apple juice was 82.6 +/- 2.8 %. The patulin content ranged from less than 1 to 220 microgram/L for the 140 samples analyzed.", "PMID": 730640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_429", "title": "This layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification and quantitation of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage. The toxin is extracted and partially purified using parts of the AOAC minicolumn detection method. The extract is further cleaned up on a 2-step minicolumn and is then analyzed by using thin layer chromatography. Essentially all interferences are removed when the procedure is applied to moldy and non-moldy corn silage. The estimated limit of detection is 5 microgram aflatoxin B1/kg corn silage, and 73 +/- 8% of the added aflatoxin B1 (20 and 85 microgram/kg) was recovered. No aflatoxin B1 was detected in 270 samples collected from 19 silage piles in late fall 1976 and early spring 1977. This procedure also removes interferences associated with moldy corn and mixed feeds.", "contents": "This layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage. A procedure is described for the purification and quantitation of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage. The toxin is extracted and partially purified using parts of the AOAC minicolumn detection method. The extract is further cleaned up on a 2-step minicolumn and is then analyzed by using thin layer chromatography. Essentially all interferences are removed when the procedure is applied to moldy and non-moldy corn silage. The estimated limit of detection is 5 microgram aflatoxin B1/kg corn silage, and 73 +/- 8% of the added aflatoxin B1 (20 and 85 microgram/kg) was recovered. No aflatoxin B1 was detected in 270 samples collected from 19 silage piles in late fall 1976 and early spring 1977. This procedure also removes interferences associated with moldy corn and mixed feeds.", "PMID": 730641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_430", "title": "Survey of cured meat products for volatile N-nitrosamines: comparison of two analytical methods.", "content": "A survey has been completed of 106 cured meat samples for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine has been confirmed in fried bacon at levels ranging from 5 to 75 ppb. Unconfirmed trace levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine have been observed in a variety of cured meat products. The comparison of the multidetection gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-mass spectrometric method with the mineral oil distillation-thermal energy analyzer (TEA) method for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods shows good agreement between the analytical methods, especially at the 10 ppb level, and excellent agreement between the GLC and TEA analyses of an identical sample extracts.", "contents": "Survey of cured meat products for volatile N-nitrosamines: comparison of two analytical methods. A survey has been completed of 106 cured meat samples for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine has been confirmed in fried bacon at levels ranging from 5 to 75 ppb. Unconfirmed trace levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine have been observed in a variety of cured meat products. The comparison of the multidetection gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-mass spectrometric method with the mineral oil distillation-thermal energy analyzer (TEA) method for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods shows good agreement between the analytical methods, especially at the 10 ppb level, and excellent agreement between the GLC and TEA analyses of an identical sample extracts.", "PMID": 730642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_431", "title": "Trend in levels of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in fried bacon.", "content": "Commercially purchased bacon has been periodically analyzed since 1971 for N-nitrosopyrrolidine in the fried product. The downward trend in the concentration of N-nitrosopyrrolidine that has been observed is partially explained by the use of reduced levels of nitrite and increased levels of ascorbate in bacon curing mixtures.", "contents": "Trend in levels of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in fried bacon. Commercially purchased bacon has been periodically analyzed since 1971 for N-nitrosopyrrolidine in the fried product. The downward trend in the concentration of N-nitrosopyrrolidine that has been observed is partially explained by the use of reduced levels of nitrite and increased levels of ascorbate in bacon curing mixtures.", "PMID": 730643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_432", "title": "Gas-solid chromatographic procedures for determining acrylonitrile monomer in acrylonitrile-containing polymers and food simulating solvents.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is described for acrylonitrile monometer (AN), using a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Procedure for the analysis of AN in 5 food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, heptane, 50% ethanol, and 8% ethanol) as well as in the polymer matrix are included. The quantitation limit for direct injection of AN/food simulant solution is 0.04 ng AN/microliter. AN-based polymers are dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide and injected directly. Residual AN in the polymer can be quantitated at the 0.5 ng/microliter level. Results of migration studies are also presented.", "contents": "Gas-solid chromatographic procedures for determining acrylonitrile monomer in acrylonitrile-containing polymers and food simulating solvents. A gas chromatographic method is described for acrylonitrile monometer (AN), using a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Procedure for the analysis of AN in 5 food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, heptane, 50% ethanol, and 8% ethanol) as well as in the polymer matrix are included. The quantitation limit for direct injection of AN/food simulant solution is 0.04 ng AN/microliter. AN-based polymers are dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide and injected directly. Residual AN in the polymer can be quantitated at the 0.5 ng/microliter level. Results of migration studies are also presented.", "PMID": 730644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_433", "title": "Improved colorimetric method for determining nitrate and nitrate in foods.", "content": "A method is described for determining nitrate and nitrite in cured meat products, cheeses, and vegetables. The nitrite is determined colorimetrically by diazotization of sulfanilic acid and subsequent coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The concentration of nitrate plus nitrite is determined similarly but after reduction of the nitrate to nitrite on a cadmium column. The difference of the 2 values is a measure of the nitrate concentration. The main improvements are replacing the Griess reagent, which contains a carcinogen, with a mixture of sulfanile acid and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine, providing for adjustment of pH of the sample suspension during extraction and digestion by heating, and maintaining constant pH by controlled addition of buffers and acids during color development. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 15 samples of meat products, 23 cheeses, and 6 different vegetables. The average recovery of sodium nitrite added at levels ranging from 10 to 30 ppm was 95% and recovery of sodium nitrate added at levels from 30 to 400 ppm was 94% (corrected for cadmium column efficiency).", "contents": "Improved colorimetric method for determining nitrate and nitrate in foods. A method is described for determining nitrate and nitrite in cured meat products, cheeses, and vegetables. The nitrite is determined colorimetrically by diazotization of sulfanilic acid and subsequent coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The concentration of nitrate plus nitrite is determined similarly but after reduction of the nitrate to nitrite on a cadmium column. The difference of the 2 values is a measure of the nitrate concentration. The main improvements are replacing the Griess reagent, which contains a carcinogen, with a mixture of sulfanile acid and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine, providing for adjustment of pH of the sample suspension during extraction and digestion by heating, and maintaining constant pH by controlled addition of buffers and acids during color development. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 15 samples of meat products, 23 cheeses, and 6 different vegetables. The average recovery of sodium nitrite added at levels ranging from 10 to 30 ppm was 95% and recovery of sodium nitrate added at levels from 30 to 400 ppm was 94% (corrected for cadmium column efficiency).", "PMID": 730645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_434", "title": "Spectrodensitometric determination of chloramine-T in ice cream.", "content": "A spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of chloramine-T (N-chloro-N-sodium-p-toluenesulfonamide) in ice cream. Chloramine-T is extracted and converted into p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) followed by thin layer chromatographic separation of concentrated extracts on silica gel and quantitation of the p-TSA spots from standards and samples by direct scanning with a reflectance densitometer at 228 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between recorded peak area and concentration for 0.5--7.0 microgram p-TSA/spot. The reproducibility of the complete method was 2.87% (n = 9 determinations). The detection limit of the scanning procedure was 0.5 microgram p-TSA/spot, corresponding to a concentration of 4 mg chloramine-T/kg sample. The average recovery was 88 +/- 3% (P = 95%) for 10 ice cream samples spiked with chloramine-T at levels ranging from 10 to 55 mg/kg. The described method was used to assay 146 commercial ice cream and whipped cream samples for chloramine-T.", "contents": "Spectrodensitometric determination of chloramine-T in ice cream. A spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of chloramine-T (N-chloro-N-sodium-p-toluenesulfonamide) in ice cream. Chloramine-T is extracted and converted into p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) followed by thin layer chromatographic separation of concentrated extracts on silica gel and quantitation of the p-TSA spots from standards and samples by direct scanning with a reflectance densitometer at 228 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between recorded peak area and concentration for 0.5--7.0 microgram p-TSA/spot. The reproducibility of the complete method was 2.87% (n = 9 determinations). The detection limit of the scanning procedure was 0.5 microgram p-TSA/spot, corresponding to a concentration of 4 mg chloramine-T/kg sample. The average recovery was 88 +/- 3% (P = 95%) for 10 ice cream samples spiked with chloramine-T at levels ranging from 10 to 55 mg/kg. The described method was used to assay 146 commercial ice cream and whipped cream samples for chloramine-T.", "PMID": 730646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_435", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theobromine and caffeine in cocoa and chocolate products.", "content": "A method was developed for determining theobromine and caeffine in cocoa and chocolate products by high pressure liquid chromatography. After a simple hot water extraction, both theobromine and caffeine were separated by using a reverse phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (20 + 79 + 1). Theobromine and caffeine were quantitated at 280 nm; average recoveries were 98.7 and 95.0%; and coefficients of variation were 2.31 and 3.91%, respectively.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theobromine and caffeine in cocoa and chocolate products. A method was developed for determining theobromine and caeffine in cocoa and chocolate products by high pressure liquid chromatography. After a simple hot water extraction, both theobromine and caffeine were separated by using a reverse phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (20 + 79 + 1). Theobromine and caffeine were quantitated at 280 nm; average recoveries were 98.7 and 95.0%; and coefficients of variation were 2.31 and 3.91%, respectively.", "PMID": 730647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_436", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets.", "content": "A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system utilizing ion-pairing, similar to that previously reported for methscopolamine bromide, was developed for the quantitation of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets. This HPLC system is capable of differentiating the major tropane alkaloids, with the exception of the atropine-hyoscyamine optical isomer pair, by their k' values and separating a significant degradation product, tropic acid. Optimum sensitivity is obtained by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector at 230 nm resulting in a detection limit of less than 0.5 microgram alkaloid/injection. The response is linear in the range of 3--19 microgram atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide. The coefficient of variation for injection reproducibility in less than 1%. The method has been applied to composite and individual tablet assays of scopolamine hydrobromide and atropine sulfate. The HPLC results are comparable (within 1%) to those obtained using the USP procedure; the HPLC method requires less sample preparation.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets. A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system utilizing ion-pairing, similar to that previously reported for methscopolamine bromide, was developed for the quantitation of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets. This HPLC system is capable of differentiating the major tropane alkaloids, with the exception of the atropine-hyoscyamine optical isomer pair, by their k' values and separating a significant degradation product, tropic acid. Optimum sensitivity is obtained by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector at 230 nm resulting in a detection limit of less than 0.5 microgram alkaloid/injection. The response is linear in the range of 3--19 microgram atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide. The coefficient of variation for injection reproducibility in less than 1%. The method has been applied to composite and individual tablet assays of scopolamine hydrobromide and atropine sulfate. The HPLC results are comparable (within 1%) to those obtained using the USP procedure; the HPLC method requires less sample preparation.", "PMID": 730648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_437", "title": "Fluoremetric determination of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections.", "content": "A column cleanup, followed by a shakeout and fluorometric determination, has been developed to determine methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections. The ether eluate is extracted with tartaric acid solution. An aliquot is diluted with sodium tartrate solution, and this solution is excited at 325 nm. The resulting fluorescence is measured at 432 nm. Results obtained using this method compare favorably with those from the official NF XIV procedure and a semiautomated procedure. Recoveries of 100 and 99% were obtained from one sample each of spiked excipient tablets of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate, respectively.", "contents": "Fluoremetric determination of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections. A column cleanup, followed by a shakeout and fluorometric determination, has been developed to determine methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections. The ether eluate is extracted with tartaric acid solution. An aliquot is diluted with sodium tartrate solution, and this solution is excited at 325 nm. The resulting fluorescence is measured at 432 nm. Results obtained using this method compare favorably with those from the official NF XIV procedure and a semiautomated procedure. Recoveries of 100 and 99% were obtained from one sample each of spiked excipient tablets of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate, respectively.", "PMID": 730649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_438", "title": "Microcrystalline identification test of some amphetamines and hydrochlorothiazide: collaborative study.", "content": "A previously described procedure for the identification of methamphetamine, dl-deoxyephedrine, dextroamphetamine, and amphetamine and a new procedure for hydrochlorothiazide identification have been subjected to collaborative study. The method for the amphetamines depends upon their volatilization from a strongly basic solution into a hanging drop containing gold chloride and the formation of characteristic crystals. The hydrochlorothiazide method is direct: the I2-KI solution is added to an alkaline solution of hydrochlorothiazide to cause the deposition of characteristic crystals. Of the 40 unknown drug dosage form powders supplied to 10 collaborators, 39 were correctly identified. The results indicate that the amphetamine procedure is capable of distinguishing between methampetamine and dl-deoxyephedrine. The age of the gold chloride reagent is important in these tests. The official final action tests for dl-deoxyephedrine and methampetamine were modified and Table 36:04 has been revised to reflect these changes. The hydrochlorothiazide test has been adopted as official first action and added to Table 36:05.", "contents": "Microcrystalline identification test of some amphetamines and hydrochlorothiazide: collaborative study. A previously described procedure for the identification of methamphetamine, dl-deoxyephedrine, dextroamphetamine, and amphetamine and a new procedure for hydrochlorothiazide identification have been subjected to collaborative study. The method for the amphetamines depends upon their volatilization from a strongly basic solution into a hanging drop containing gold chloride and the formation of characteristic crystals. The hydrochlorothiazide method is direct: the I2-KI solution is added to an alkaline solution of hydrochlorothiazide to cause the deposition of characteristic crystals. Of the 40 unknown drug dosage form powders supplied to 10 collaborators, 39 were correctly identified. The results indicate that the amphetamine procedure is capable of distinguishing between methampetamine and dl-deoxyephedrine. The age of the gold chloride reagent is important in these tests. The official final action tests for dl-deoxyephedrine and methampetamine were modified and Table 36:04 has been revised to reflect these changes. The hydrochlorothiazide test has been adopted as official first action and added to Table 36:05.", "PMID": 730650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_439", "title": "Effects of brine treatment on pesticide residues during recycling of pickling brine.", "content": "The effects of 2 pickle brine recycling treatments on residues of selected insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are presented. Residues were determined in raw and brined cucumbers, in untreated brine, and in brine following pasteurization or chemical (NaOH) treatment. The samples were extracted with acetone, partitioned into methylene chloride, cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography, and quantitatted by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen/phosphorus, electron capture, and flame photometric detectors.", "contents": "Effects of brine treatment on pesticide residues during recycling of pickling brine. The effects of 2 pickle brine recycling treatments on residues of selected insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are presented. Residues were determined in raw and brined cucumbers, in untreated brine, and in brine following pasteurization or chemical (NaOH) treatment. The samples were extracted with acetone, partitioned into methylene chloride, cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography, and quantitatted by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen/phosphorus, electron capture, and flame photometric detectors.", "PMID": 730651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_440", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of rotenone and degradation products in animal chow and tissues.", "content": "An analytical procedure is described for determining residues of rotenone, rotenolone, dehydrotenone, and rotenone in admixture in animal chow and tissues. The methanol or ethyl ether extracts from samples of chow and tissues, respectively, are subjected to a liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup with hexane-acetonitrile, further cleanup on a column of silica gel, and subsequent analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet absorption detector set at 295 nm. Animal chow, mouse fetuses, and gastrointestinal tracts spiked with 0.5 ppm of each compound in admixture yielded average recoveries of 92, 51, and 79%, respectively; minimum quantities of the 4 compounds detectable in the 3 substrates averaged 0.12, 0.04, ajd 0.14 ppm, respectively. Stability studies indicate that rotenone reacts with animal chow with a half-life of 7--8 days and is photodegraded in incandescent light with a half-life of 0.65 day. No transplacental transfer of rotenone or its products was observed in fetuses from mice receiving 7 consecutive daily doses of rotenone at levels up to 25 mg/kg.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of rotenone and degradation products in animal chow and tissues. An analytical procedure is described for determining residues of rotenone, rotenolone, dehydrotenone, and rotenone in admixture in animal chow and tissues. The methanol or ethyl ether extracts from samples of chow and tissues, respectively, are subjected to a liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup with hexane-acetonitrile, further cleanup on a column of silica gel, and subsequent analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet absorption detector set at 295 nm. Animal chow, mouse fetuses, and gastrointestinal tracts spiked with 0.5 ppm of each compound in admixture yielded average recoveries of 92, 51, and 79%, respectively; minimum quantities of the 4 compounds detectable in the 3 substrates averaged 0.12, 0.04, ajd 0.14 ppm, respectively. Stability studies indicate that rotenone reacts with animal chow with a half-life of 7--8 days and is photodegraded in incandescent light with a half-life of 0.65 day. No transplacental transfer of rotenone or its products was observed in fetuses from mice receiving 7 consecutive daily doses of rotenone at levels up to 25 mg/kg.", "PMID": 730652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_441", "title": "Evaluation of amperometric detector for liquid chromatographic determination of 2-phenylphenol residues in orange rind.", "content": "A modular component liquid chromatograph has been assembled which has on-stream ultraviolet (UV) and amperometric detectors connected to a dual pen recorder. In this method, the commonly used UV detection technique provides a reference for direct comparisons of results from the amperometric detector. The system has been evaluated and applied to the determination of 2-phenylphenol (2PP) fortified in orange rind. The method is not tedious; before liquid chromatographic analysis, the sample is extracted with methylene chloride and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to less than 1 ppm 2PP fortified in orange rind; there are no electrically oxidizable interference, from control samples, in the chromatographic region of 2PP. Some background interference does appear from the same samples on the UV chromatogram. Thus, amperometric detection is more specific than UV detection for this application.", "contents": "Evaluation of amperometric detector for liquid chromatographic determination of 2-phenylphenol residues in orange rind. A modular component liquid chromatograph has been assembled which has on-stream ultraviolet (UV) and amperometric detectors connected to a dual pen recorder. In this method, the commonly used UV detection technique provides a reference for direct comparisons of results from the amperometric detector. The system has been evaluated and applied to the determination of 2-phenylphenol (2PP) fortified in orange rind. The method is not tedious; before liquid chromatographic analysis, the sample is extracted with methylene chloride and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to less than 1 ppm 2PP fortified in orange rind; there are no electrically oxidizable interference, from control samples, in the chromatographic region of 2PP. Some background interference does appear from the same samples on the UV chromatogram. Thus, amperometric detection is more specific than UV detection for this application.", "PMID": 730653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_442", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of imazalil residues in citrus fruit.", "content": "A high pressure reverse phase liquid chromatographic method is described for determining the fungicide imazalil (1-[2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole) residues in whole citrus fruit, peel, and pulp. Imazalil is extracted from the fruit with ethyl acetate, partitioned into acid and back into ethyl acetate for cleanup, and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 202 nm. Recovery from whole ground fruit of known amounts of imazalil applied to the surface of intact fruit averaged 84% 24 hr after application and 80% after the fruit had been stored 4 weeks at 15 degrees C.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of imazalil residues in citrus fruit. A high pressure reverse phase liquid chromatographic method is described for determining the fungicide imazalil (1-[2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole) residues in whole citrus fruit, peel, and pulp. Imazalil is extracted from the fruit with ethyl acetate, partitioned into acid and back into ethyl acetate for cleanup, and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 202 nm. Recovery from whole ground fruit of known amounts of imazalil applied to the surface of intact fruit averaged 84% 24 hr after application and 80% after the fruit had been stored 4 weeks at 15 degrees C.", "PMID": 730654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_443", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of major organic acids in cranberry juice.", "content": "A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the simultaneous separation and determination of quinic, malic, and citric acids in single strength, undiluted cranberry juice. After a 1 : 10 dilution and cleanup through a disposable column, major organic acids in cranberry juice are separated on a Bondapak/C18 column and quantitated by using a differential refractometer. Twenty-seven samples of different single strength cranberry juice were analyzed using this method; the mean content of quinic, malic, and citric acids were 1.32 (std dev. 0.150), 0.92 (std dev. 0.079), and 1.08% (std dev. 0.111), respectively. Mean percent recoveries of each acid were quinic 95.4 (std dev. 6.8), malic 96.6 (std dev. 5.8), and citric 94.0% (std dev. 4.8).", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of major organic acids in cranberry juice. A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the simultaneous separation and determination of quinic, malic, and citric acids in single strength, undiluted cranberry juice. After a 1 : 10 dilution and cleanup through a disposable column, major organic acids in cranberry juice are separated on a Bondapak/C18 column and quantitated by using a differential refractometer. Twenty-seven samples of different single strength cranberry juice were analyzed using this method; the mean content of quinic, malic, and citric acids were 1.32 (std dev. 0.150), 0.92 (std dev. 0.079), and 1.08% (std dev. 0.111), respectively. Mean percent recoveries of each acid were quinic 95.4 (std dev. 6.8), malic 96.6 (std dev. 5.8), and citric 94.0% (std dev. 4.8).", "PMID": 730655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_444", "title": "Ion selective electrode for determination of chloride ion in biological materials, food products, soils and waste water.", "content": "The chloride ion selective electrode is used for a rapid, simple, and reliable determination of chloride ion in biological materials (blood serum, urine, fish, and plant tissues), food products (milk, beef extract, nutrient broth and orange, tomato, and grapefruit juices), soils, and waste water (industrial and municipal). The method consists of treating the samples with perchloric acid (pH 1) and potassium peroxydisulfate and determining the chloride content either by a calibration curve or by known addition or analyte addition, using the chloride ion selective electrode. Such sample treatment eliminates most of the interferences occurring in the samples, including iodide, complexing and reducing compounds, and macromolecular and surface-active species. The method is suitable for a wide range of chloride concentration, e.g., 5010 ppm Cl- in nutrient broth and 4890 ppm in beef extract and as low as 12 and 80 ppm in soil extracts.", "contents": "Ion selective electrode for determination of chloride ion in biological materials, food products, soils and waste water. The chloride ion selective electrode is used for a rapid, simple, and reliable determination of chloride ion in biological materials (blood serum, urine, fish, and plant tissues), food products (milk, beef extract, nutrient broth and orange, tomato, and grapefruit juices), soils, and waste water (industrial and municipal). The method consists of treating the samples with perchloric acid (pH 1) and potassium peroxydisulfate and determining the chloride content either by a calibration curve or by known addition or analyte addition, using the chloride ion selective electrode. Such sample treatment eliminates most of the interferences occurring in the samples, including iodide, complexing and reducing compounds, and macromolecular and surface-active species. The method is suitable for a wide range of chloride concentration, e.g., 5010 ppm Cl- in nutrient broth and 4890 ppm in beef extract and as low as 12 and 80 ppm in soil extracts.", "PMID": 730656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_445", "title": "Electrolytic determination of surface lead in empty metal containers.", "content": "The lead content of an empty metal container (tin can) can be determined by an electrolytic process using a constant voltage power supply and dilute acid electrolyte. The ionic lead in the solution after electrolysis is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry.", "contents": "Electrolytic determination of surface lead in empty metal containers. The lead content of an empty metal container (tin can) can be determined by an electrolytic process using a constant voltage power supply and dilute acid electrolyte. The ionic lead in the solution after electrolysis is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry.", "PMID": 730657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_446", "title": "Substitution of n-heptane for ethyl ether in USP assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, injections, and sirups.", "content": "Peroxide levels above 0.0001% in the ethyl ether used in the USP XIX assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, sirups, and injections produce a distorted spectrophotometric curve in the 350--220 nm region. The use of peroxide-free ethyl ether or n-heptane avoids this problem. Recoveries of 91-100% are obtained with either of these reagents.", "contents": "Substitution of n-heptane for ethyl ether in USP assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, injections, and sirups. Peroxide levels above 0.0001% in the ethyl ether used in the USP XIX assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, sirups, and injections produce a distorted spectrophotometric curve in the 350--220 nm region. The use of peroxide-free ethyl ether or n-heptane avoids this problem. Recoveries of 91-100% are obtained with either of these reagents.", "PMID": 730658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_447", "title": "Semiautomated analyses of some ergot alkaloid formulations.", "content": "The following pharmaceutical preparations were assayed using a modification of a semi-automated procedure for methylergonovine and ergonovine maleate: ergotamine tartrate tablets and injections, ergotamine tartrate tablets and suppositories with caffeine, methysergide maleate tablets, and dihydroergocornine-dihydroergocristine - dihydroergokryptine mesylate sublingual tablets. These formulations could be assayed by either the fluorometric or by the colorimetric procedure. Good results were obtained using the fluorometric and colorimetric methods for these compounds. The standard deviation for an ergotamine tartrate injection solution was 1.76, using the colorimetric system, with a mean of 98.7% of declared potency. The method compares favorably with the NF XIV procedure for ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets. In addition, low level dissolution rates can easily be determined on ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets using the fluorometric system.", "contents": "Semiautomated analyses of some ergot alkaloid formulations. The following pharmaceutical preparations were assayed using a modification of a semi-automated procedure for methylergonovine and ergonovine maleate: ergotamine tartrate tablets and injections, ergotamine tartrate tablets and suppositories with caffeine, methysergide maleate tablets, and dihydroergocornine-dihydroergocristine - dihydroergokryptine mesylate sublingual tablets. These formulations could be assayed by either the fluorometric or by the colorimetric procedure. Good results were obtained using the fluorometric and colorimetric methods for these compounds. The standard deviation for an ergotamine tartrate injection solution was 1.76, using the colorimetric system, with a mean of 98.7% of declared potency. The method compares favorably with the NF XIV procedure for ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets. In addition, low level dissolution rates can easily be determined on ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets using the fluorometric system.", "PMID": 730659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_448", "title": "Further studies on the colorimetric determination of ronidazole in feeds.", "content": "A previously published colorimetric method for determining ronidazole, (1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)methyl carbamate, can be used as an analytical technique for measuring the stability of this drug in medicated feeds. Although the color reaction per se is not selective, elution profiles of ronidazole and its demonstrated hydrolytic degradation product, 1-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, show that the chromatographic separation used in the sample preparation efficiently isolates the drug from the degradation product. No interference was found in feeds containing 0.010% ronidazole and up to 0.010% degradation product.", "contents": "Further studies on the colorimetric determination of ronidazole in feeds. A previously published colorimetric method for determining ronidazole, (1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)methyl carbamate, can be used as an analytical technique for measuring the stability of this drug in medicated feeds. Although the color reaction per se is not selective, elution profiles of ronidazole and its demonstrated hydrolytic degradation product, 1-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, show that the chromatographic separation used in the sample preparation efficiently isolates the drug from the degradation product. No interference was found in feeds containing 0.010% ronidazole and up to 0.010% degradation product.", "PMID": 730660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_449", "title": "Determination of o-toluenesulfonamide in artificial sweeteners containing saccharin.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure with p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TS) as an internal standard is used to determine o-toluenesulfonamide (o-TS), a major impurity in artificial sweetening substances containing saccharin. Although p-TS can itself occur as an impurity in samples, it is usually absent or present in very small amounts; the highest quantity found in 13 samples analyzed was about 1 ppm. The presence of appreciable amounts, however, would not pose a problem with the GLC procedure. Recoveries of standard o-TS added at various levels were approximately 90%.", "contents": "Determination of o-toluenesulfonamide in artificial sweeteners containing saccharin. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure with p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TS) as an internal standard is used to determine o-toluenesulfonamide (o-TS), a major impurity in artificial sweetening substances containing saccharin. Although p-TS can itself occur as an impurity in samples, it is usually absent or present in very small amounts; the highest quantity found in 13 samples analyzed was about 1 ppm. The presence of appreciable amounts, however, would not pose a problem with the GLC procedure. Recoveries of standard o-TS added at various levels were approximately 90%.", "PMID": 730661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_450", "title": "The effect of environmental stimulation upon the stereotyped behavior of autistic children.", "content": "Two groups of three autistic children, equated for chronological age but differing in IQ and performance MA, were observed for 20-minute sessions. Total duration of time subjects engaged in stereotyped behavior was recorded for each minute. During minutes 6--15, subjects were provided with either minimal or high environmental stimulation. High environmental stimulation was found to increase the mean duration of time the low-IQ group engaged in stereotyped behavior but to decrease the duration for the high-IQ group. The theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of environmental stimulation upon the stereotyped behavior of autistic children. Two groups of three autistic children, equated for chronological age but differing in IQ and performance MA, were observed for 20-minute sessions. Total duration of time subjects engaged in stereotyped behavior was recorded for each minute. During minutes 6--15, subjects were provided with either minimal or high environmental stimulation. High environmental stimulation was found to increase the mean duration of time the low-IQ group engaged in stereotyped behavior but to decrease the duration for the high-IQ group. The theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 730662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_451", "title": "Condon's multiple-response phenomenon in severely dysfunctional children: an attempt at replication.", "content": "The present study was conducted in an attempt to replicate the findings of William Condon on multiple entrainment and dyssynchronous behavioral organization in autistic children. Three autistic and two normal children were filmed while being presented with five discrete auditory stimuli. Microkinesic analyses of the children's motor responses were performed in relation to three hypotheses designed to support the double-response and dyssynchrony effects. No firm evidence of multiple-responding to single sound was found for the autistic or normal children. There was some indication of dyssynchronous, or awkward, response organization for the autistic children, in comparison to the smooth-flowing body movements of the normal children.", "contents": "Condon's multiple-response phenomenon in severely dysfunctional children: an attempt at replication. The present study was conducted in an attempt to replicate the findings of William Condon on multiple entrainment and dyssynchronous behavioral organization in autistic children. Three autistic and two normal children were filmed while being presented with five discrete auditory stimuli. Microkinesic analyses of the children's motor responses were performed in relation to three hypotheses designed to support the double-response and dyssynchrony effects. No firm evidence of multiple-responding to single sound was found for the autistic or normal children. There was some indication of dyssynchronous, or awkward, response organization for the autistic children, in comparison to the smooth-flowing body movements of the normal children.", "PMID": 730663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_452", "title": "Gender identity in a group of retarded children.", "content": "The Michigan Gender Identity Test (MGIT) was administered to 52 retarded and 36 normal children to assess the acquisition of gender identity. This instrument required the ability to sort and categorize photographs of boys and girls wearing conventional clothing and with conventional hair-styles. As part of the test, each child was expected to recognize a self-photo and to be able to categorize it as a boy or a girl. In general, a significant correlation was found between MGIT performance and mental age for the retarded children. The performance of the normal children correlated significantly with both chronological age and mental age.", "contents": "Gender identity in a group of retarded children. The Michigan Gender Identity Test (MGIT) was administered to 52 retarded and 36 normal children to assess the acquisition of gender identity. This instrument required the ability to sort and categorize photographs of boys and girls wearing conventional clothing and with conventional hair-styles. As part of the test, each child was expected to recognize a self-photo and to be able to categorize it as a boy or a girl. In general, a significant correlation was found between MGIT performance and mental age for the retarded children. The performance of the normal children correlated significantly with both chronological age and mental age.", "PMID": 730664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_453", "title": "The development of pronoun usage in the psychotic child.", "content": "Twenty-three psychotic children ranging in age from 5 to 16 were interviewed in half-hour play sessions. The play session comprised three activities designed to elicit statements using the pronouns I, you, and he to express the concepts of possession, action, and description. It was hypothesized that psychotic children would use the third-person pronoun he more readily than the first-person pronoun I (Hypothesis I), and that possession, action, and description statements would develop in an orderly sequence as predicted by Bosch (1962/1970) (Hypothesis II). Hypothesis I was not confirmed: Some of the least advanced psychotic children used the pronoun I, and only the most advanced children used you and he. Hypothesis II was confirmed: the least advanced children used pronouns correctly in statements expressing the concept of possession, whereas the most advanced children had mastered all three contexts of pronoun use. These results have implications for language therapy, and they are concordant with the language theories of Piaget and Werner and Kaplan.", "contents": "The development of pronoun usage in the psychotic child. Twenty-three psychotic children ranging in age from 5 to 16 were interviewed in half-hour play sessions. The play session comprised three activities designed to elicit statements using the pronouns I, you, and he to express the concepts of possession, action, and description. It was hypothesized that psychotic children would use the third-person pronoun he more readily than the first-person pronoun I (Hypothesis I), and that possession, action, and description statements would develop in an orderly sequence as predicted by Bosch (1962/1970) (Hypothesis II). Hypothesis I was not confirmed: Some of the least advanced psychotic children used the pronoun I, and only the most advanced children used you and he. Hypothesis II was confirmed: the least advanced children used pronouns correctly in statements expressing the concept of possession, whereas the most advanced children had mastered all three contexts of pronoun use. These results have implications for language therapy, and they are concordant with the language theories of Piaget and Werner and Kaplan.", "PMID": 730665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_454", "title": "Newborn minor physical anomalies and prediction of infant behavior.", "content": "The relationship between a newborn score of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and behavior at ages 1 and 2 was examined. From an initial screening population of 933, 63 high anomaly and 78 low anomaly infants were followed until age 2 by examiners blind for the newborn anomaly score. High anomaly infants were more likely to be temperamentally difficult as rated by parent interview and direct observation. A subgroup of six infants who were considered irritable at both ages 1 and 2 were all from the high anomaly group. However, there was little agreement between behavioral ratings across situations and over time, and there were no significant predictors of behavior problems at age 2 based on any newborn or 1-year measure. These results indicate that the newborn anomaly score by itself is unlikely to prove clinically useful in predicting preschool behavior problems for an unselected population. The usefulness of this measure for other, \"high-risk,\" populations remains to be explored.", "contents": "Newborn minor physical anomalies and prediction of infant behavior. The relationship between a newborn score of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and behavior at ages 1 and 2 was examined. From an initial screening population of 933, 63 high anomaly and 78 low anomaly infants were followed until age 2 by examiners blind for the newborn anomaly score. High anomaly infants were more likely to be temperamentally difficult as rated by parent interview and direct observation. A subgroup of six infants who were considered irritable at both ages 1 and 2 were all from the high anomaly group. However, there was little agreement between behavioral ratings across situations and over time, and there were no significant predictors of behavior problems at age 2 based on any newborn or 1-year measure. These results indicate that the newborn anomaly score by itself is unlikely to prove clinically useful in predicting preschool behavior problems for an unselected population. The usefulness of this measure for other, \"high-risk,\" populations remains to be explored.", "PMID": 730666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_455", "title": "Hormonal and cardiac response of autistic children to changes in environmental stimulation.", "content": "A study was made of physiological responses of autistic children to variations in environmental load in order to examine the under- versus over-arousal dichotomy. More specifically, measures of urinary mucoprotein excretion and mean heart rate and three measures of heart rate variability were compared with matched controls in conditions of normal, high, and low total environmental load. The results suggest that, although behaviorally unresponsive, the autistic children responded physiologically, were generally in a lower state of arousal than the control group, and were labile in response to changes in stimulation.", "contents": "Hormonal and cardiac response of autistic children to changes in environmental stimulation. A study was made of physiological responses of autistic children to variations in environmental load in order to examine the under- versus over-arousal dichotomy. More specifically, measures of urinary mucoprotein excretion and mean heart rate and three measures of heart rate variability were compared with matched controls in conditions of normal, high, and low total environmental load. The results suggest that, although behaviorally unresponsive, the autistic children responded physiologically, were generally in a lower state of arousal than the control group, and were labile in response to changes in stimulation.", "PMID": 730667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_456", "title": "Preparation and characterization of an active fragment of colicin E3.", "content": "The conditions of digestion of colicin E3 with trypsin were examined to obtain an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3, and a method suitable for large-scale preparation of T2A was developed. The T2A preparation thus obtained was homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 11,000. T2A was composed of 97 amino acid residues and was rich in basic amino acids; methionine, valine, cysteine, and cystine were absent. The N-terminal residue was lysine and the structure near the C-terminus was -Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu. Since T2A had no lysine or arginine residue at the C-terminus and since the C-terminal structure was identical to that of protein A, it was concluded that T2A was derived from the C-terminal region of protein A. No clear differences were detected among T2A preparations obtained from 3 different fractions of colicin E3, suggesting that the apparent homogeneity of colicin E3 does not involve the T2A region.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of an active fragment of colicin E3. The conditions of digestion of colicin E3 with trypsin were examined to obtain an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3, and a method suitable for large-scale preparation of T2A was developed. The T2A preparation thus obtained was homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 11,000. T2A was composed of 97 amino acid residues and was rich in basic amino acids; methionine, valine, cysteine, and cystine were absent. The N-terminal residue was lysine and the structure near the C-terminus was -Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu. Since T2A had no lysine or arginine residue at the C-terminus and since the C-terminal structure was identical to that of protein A, it was concluded that T2A was derived from the C-terminal region of protein A. No clear differences were detected among T2A preparations obtained from 3 different fractions of colicin E3, suggesting that the apparent homogeneity of colicin E3 does not involve the T2A region.", "PMID": 730746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_457", "title": "Amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3 composed of 97 amino acid residues was determined. The structures of 6 tryptic peptides obtained from citraconylated T2A were analyzed, mainly by Edman degradation. These tryptic peptides were aligned by examining overlapping peptides obtained from T2A with a Staphylococcal protease. These results, together with sequence analyses of whole T2A from both termini, established the complete amino acid sequence of T2A. The structure and function of colicin E3 are discussed based on the determined primary structure.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3. The amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3 composed of 97 amino acid residues was determined. The structures of 6 tryptic peptides obtained from citraconylated T2A were analyzed, mainly by Edman degradation. These tryptic peptides were aligned by examining overlapping peptides obtained from T2A with a Staphylococcal protease. These results, together with sequence analyses of whole T2A from both termini, established the complete amino acid sequence of T2A. The structure and function of colicin E3 are discussed based on the determined primary structure.", "PMID": 730747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_458", "title": "Studies on the interaction of immobilized trypsin and specific ligands by quantitative affinity chromatography.", "content": "The interaction of beta-trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] immobilized on Sepharose with competitive inhibitors was quantitatively studied by frontal affinity chromatography. Analysis of the dependence of the elution volume of an inhibitor on its initial concentration gave two important parameters. One is the dissociation constant (Kd) of the immobilized trypsin-inhibitor complex, and the other is the total amount of trypsin retaining binding ability that is present in the column (Bt). Experiments using benzamidine showed that frontal affinity chromatography is a theoretically simple system and can be treated in the same way as enzyme kinetics. The Kd value obtained for benzamidine was very similar to the Ki value. The Bt value corresponded to 73% of the immobilized trypsin. These results suggest that the function of trypsin was hardly affected by the immobilization. Results obtained with beta-naphthamidine were somewhat less satisfactory, probably due to a considerable non-specific interaction. In the case of proflavine, analysis was almost impossible due to extremely strong non-specific interaction. This procedure is very useful to analyze specific interactions if non-specific interactions are not significant. The basic features of frontal affinity chromatography are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction of immobilized trypsin and specific ligands by quantitative affinity chromatography. The interaction of beta-trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] immobilized on Sepharose with competitive inhibitors was quantitatively studied by frontal affinity chromatography. Analysis of the dependence of the elution volume of an inhibitor on its initial concentration gave two important parameters. One is the dissociation constant (Kd) of the immobilized trypsin-inhibitor complex, and the other is the total amount of trypsin retaining binding ability that is present in the column (Bt). Experiments using benzamidine showed that frontal affinity chromatography is a theoretically simple system and can be treated in the same way as enzyme kinetics. The Kd value obtained for benzamidine was very similar to the Ki value. The Bt value corresponded to 73% of the immobilized trypsin. These results suggest that the function of trypsin was hardly affected by the immobilization. Results obtained with beta-naphthamidine were somewhat less satisfactory, probably due to a considerable non-specific interaction. In the case of proflavine, analysis was almost impossible due to extremely strong non-specific interaction. This procedure is very useful to analyze specific interactions if non-specific interactions are not significant. The basic features of frontal affinity chromatography are discussed.", "PMID": 730749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_459", "title": "The different effects of N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide on the activity of rat liver 60S subunits for peptide bond elongation.", "content": "The activity of 60S subunits of rat liver ribosomes in poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis was inhibited by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide. However, when 60S subunits were incubated with iodoacetamide, their activity decreased only slightly. Furthermore, iodoacetamide-pretreated 60S subunits became insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. Similar results were obtained for the activity of EF-2-dependent GTPase of 60S subunits. As a whole, the labeling patterns of ribosomal proteins on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were similar for 60S subunits labeled with both 14C-labeled sulfhydryl reagents, although the extent of labeling of some proteins was somewhat different. These results indicate that the SH groups in the 60S subunits are not directly involved in the activities of the subunits described above.", "contents": "The different effects of N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide on the activity of rat liver 60S subunits for peptide bond elongation. The activity of 60S subunits of rat liver ribosomes in poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis was inhibited by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide. However, when 60S subunits were incubated with iodoacetamide, their activity decreased only slightly. Furthermore, iodoacetamide-pretreated 60S subunits became insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. Similar results were obtained for the activity of EF-2-dependent GTPase of 60S subunits. As a whole, the labeling patterns of ribosomal proteins on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were similar for 60S subunits labeled with both 14C-labeled sulfhydryl reagents, although the extent of labeling of some proteins was somewhat different. These results indicate that the SH groups in the 60S subunits are not directly involved in the activities of the subunits described above.", "PMID": 730751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_460", "title": "Chromatium sulfite reductase. I. Characterization of thiosulfate-forming activity at the cell extract level.", "content": "Thiosulfate and sulfide were detected in the sulfite reductase reaction catalyzed by a cell-free extract of photoautotrophically grown Chromatium vinosum. Hydrogen was consumed upon addition of sulfite to the extract in the presence of hydrogenase and methylviologen. Hydrogen uptake proceeded biphasically. During the first phase, thiosulfate and sulfide were formed concomitant with the decrease in sulfite. After the disappearance of sulfite, hydrogen was consumed with reduced velocity and sulfide accumulated as the final product with the total consumption of three mol of hydrogen per mol of sulfite. The molecular weight of a major sulfite reductase was estimated to be about 180,000 by the polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis method using enzyme staining. Arsenite. EDTA, alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, cyanide, or azide did not inhibit the activity at the concentration of 1 mM. The activity was present in the soluble fraction and was stable at --20 degrees C.", "contents": "Chromatium sulfite reductase. I. Characterization of thiosulfate-forming activity at the cell extract level. Thiosulfate and sulfide were detected in the sulfite reductase reaction catalyzed by a cell-free extract of photoautotrophically grown Chromatium vinosum. Hydrogen was consumed upon addition of sulfite to the extract in the presence of hydrogenase and methylviologen. Hydrogen uptake proceeded biphasically. During the first phase, thiosulfate and sulfide were formed concomitant with the decrease in sulfite. After the disappearance of sulfite, hydrogen was consumed with reduced velocity and sulfide accumulated as the final product with the total consumption of three mol of hydrogen per mol of sulfite. The molecular weight of a major sulfite reductase was estimated to be about 180,000 by the polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis method using enzyme staining. Arsenite. EDTA, alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, cyanide, or azide did not inhibit the activity at the concentration of 1 mM. The activity was present in the soluble fraction and was stable at --20 degrees C.", "PMID": 730752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_461", "title": "Modulator protein as a Ca2+-dependent activator of rabbit skeletal myosin light-chain kinase. Purification and characterization.", "content": "The Ca2+-dependent activator protein of myosin light-chain kinase, which was identified as the bovine brain modulator protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, was isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The purified protein binds about 2 Ca2+ per mol in a medium containing 5 mM MgCl2, 10 micron CaCl2, and 0.1 M KCl at pH 6.8. The Ca2+ binding caused a conformational change of the activator protein which was measured by difference ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. In the same Ca2+ concentration range as that causing the conformational change, activation of myosin light-chain kinase was observed.", "contents": "Modulator protein as a Ca2+-dependent activator of rabbit skeletal myosin light-chain kinase. Purification and characterization. The Ca2+-dependent activator protein of myosin light-chain kinase, which was identified as the bovine brain modulator protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, was isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The purified protein binds about 2 Ca2+ per mol in a medium containing 5 mM MgCl2, 10 micron CaCl2, and 0.1 M KCl at pH 6.8. The Ca2+ binding caused a conformational change of the activator protein which was measured by difference ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. In the same Ca2+ concentration range as that causing the conformational change, activation of myosin light-chain kinase was observed.", "PMID": 730753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_462", "title": "Characterization of phospholipase A activity of beta1-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. II. Identification of the histidine residue of beta1-bungarotoxin modified by p-bromophenacyl bromide.", "content": "beta1-Bungarotoxin modified with p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) was reduced and carboxymethylated, and the resulting two constituent RCM-polypeptide chains (the RCM-A and B chains) were separated. The RCM-A chain was found to be modified by BPB by measuring its UV absorption spectrum and was shown to have lost one histidine residue by analyzing its amino acid composition. To determine the location of the modified histidine residue in the A chain of the toxin, the RCM-A chain was digested with TPCK-trypsin, and the resulting peptides were fractionated by gel filtration followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The modified residue was finally identified as histidine-48 in the A chain by Edman degradation and from the amino acid composition of the BPB-modified peptide. The amino acid sequence around the modified histidine residue in the A chain is highly homologous with those of porcine pancreas phospholipase A2 and presynaptic toxin, notexin. We conclude that histidine-48 in the A chain participates in the phospholipase A activity of beta1-bungarotoxin.", "contents": "Characterization of phospholipase A activity of beta1-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. II. Identification of the histidine residue of beta1-bungarotoxin modified by p-bromophenacyl bromide. beta1-Bungarotoxin modified with p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) was reduced and carboxymethylated, and the resulting two constituent RCM-polypeptide chains (the RCM-A and B chains) were separated. The RCM-A chain was found to be modified by BPB by measuring its UV absorption spectrum and was shown to have lost one histidine residue by analyzing its amino acid composition. To determine the location of the modified histidine residue in the A chain of the toxin, the RCM-A chain was digested with TPCK-trypsin, and the resulting peptides were fractionated by gel filtration followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The modified residue was finally identified as histidine-48 in the A chain by Edman degradation and from the amino acid composition of the BPB-modified peptide. The amino acid sequence around the modified histidine residue in the A chain is highly homologous with those of porcine pancreas phospholipase A2 and presynaptic toxin, notexin. We conclude that histidine-48 in the A chain participates in the phospholipase A activity of beta1-bungarotoxin.", "PMID": 730754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_463", "title": "New assay method for fatty acid synthetase with mass fragmentography.", "content": "A new assay method for fatty acid synthetase using mass fragmentography is described. The amounts of fatty acids synthesized in deuterated water are determined by mass fragmentography by monitoring the intensities of m/e 77 and m/e 74 fragment ions using heptadecanoic acid as an internal standard. This method is suitable for any fatty acid synthetase which produces several species of fatty acids and is also applicable to crude enzyme preparations. This procedure is more sensitive and specific than the conventional spectrophotometric method. Fatty acid synthetases from rat liver and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes are analyzed by this method.", "contents": "New assay method for fatty acid synthetase with mass fragmentography. A new assay method for fatty acid synthetase using mass fragmentography is described. The amounts of fatty acids synthesized in deuterated water are determined by mass fragmentography by monitoring the intensities of m/e 77 and m/e 74 fragment ions using heptadecanoic acid as an internal standard. This method is suitable for any fatty acid synthetase which produces several species of fatty acids and is also applicable to crude enzyme preparations. This procedure is more sensitive and specific than the conventional spectrophotometric method. Fatty acid synthetases from rat liver and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes are analyzed by this method.", "PMID": 730755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_464", "title": "An isochizomer of TaqI from Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "A site-specific endonuclease has been isolated from Thermus thermophilus HB8 and named TthHB8I. It recognizes the same sequences as TaqI from Thermus aquaticus YT-1 does. The amount of TthHB8I in the cells was comparable to that of TaqI. T. thermophilus HB8 has an advantage over T. aquaticus YT-1 for preparation of a TaqI-like enzyme since it is easier to obtain T. thermophilus HB8 cells in quantity.", "contents": "An isochizomer of TaqI from Thermus thermophilus HB8. A site-specific endonuclease has been isolated from Thermus thermophilus HB8 and named TthHB8I. It recognizes the same sequences as TaqI from Thermus aquaticus YT-1 does. The amount of TthHB8I in the cells was comparable to that of TaqI. T. thermophilus HB8 has an advantage over T. aquaticus YT-1 for preparation of a TaqI-like enzyme since it is easier to obtain T. thermophilus HB8 cells in quantity.", "PMID": 730757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_465", "title": "Visualization by fluorescence of chloroplast DNA in higher plants by means of the DNA-specific probe 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.", "content": "The DNA in isolated chloroplasts was visualized by the fluorescent probe 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). When excited with light of 360 nm, the DNA-DAPI complex fluoresces brilliantly at 450 nm. Nuclei also fluoresce but their nucleoli do not. RNase and Pronase treatment of chloroplasts did not affect the fluorescence but both pre- and posttreatment of DAPI-stained chloroplasts with DNase specifically destroyed the fluorescence. DNA-DAPI complexes in the chloroplasts show up as bright dots. These are distributed uniformly within the chloroplast except for the outer margins. The fluorescent dots can be seen at different focal levels. The number of DNA dots is roughly proportional to chloroplast area which, in turn, is a function of leaf size. The number of fluorescent dots also gave the impression that large leaves with large chloroplasts contain more chloroplast DNA than nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Visualization by fluorescence of chloroplast DNA in higher plants by means of the DNA-specific probe 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The DNA in isolated chloroplasts was visualized by the fluorescent probe 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). When excited with light of 360 nm, the DNA-DAPI complex fluoresces brilliantly at 450 nm. Nuclei also fluoresce but their nucleoli do not. RNase and Pronase treatment of chloroplasts did not affect the fluorescence but both pre- and posttreatment of DAPI-stained chloroplasts with DNase specifically destroyed the fluorescence. DNA-DAPI complexes in the chloroplasts show up as bright dots. These are distributed uniformly within the chloroplast except for the outer margins. The fluorescent dots can be seen at different focal levels. The number of DNA dots is roughly proportional to chloroplast area which, in turn, is a function of leaf size. The number of fluorescent dots also gave the impression that large leaves with large chloroplasts contain more chloroplast DNA than nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 730764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_466", "title": "Evidence that the amount of chloroplast DNA exceeds that of nuclear DNA in mature leaves.", "content": "Cell-free homogenates containing intact chloroplasts and nuclei were allowed to settle for up to 1 h before the top 2 ml of the 5-ml homogenate was withdrawn. Whereas less than 18% of the chloroplasts moved from the top to the bottom portions, the ratio of nuclei to chloroplasts in the top portion changed from approximately 1/200 to 1/900. The total numbers of chloroplasts and nuclei were counted in the homogenate before settling and in the top 2 ml and bottom 3 m1 after settling. The total DNA content of the homogenate and the top and bottom portions after settling was determined by the diphenylamine colorimetric assay. By simultaneous equations, the absolute amount of DNA in chloroplasts and nuclei was determined. The results are consistent with previous observations of chloroplast DNA by fluorescence microscopy which indicated that the amount of chloroplast DNA per chloroplast is a function of chloroplast size. In addition, the results show that the amount of chloroplast DNA per average chloroplast in large leaves is 0.14 times 10(-12) g, a magnitude higher than previous reports in the literature, and that large leaves contain about twice as much chloroplast DNA as nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Evidence that the amount of chloroplast DNA exceeds that of nuclear DNA in mature leaves. Cell-free homogenates containing intact chloroplasts and nuclei were allowed to settle for up to 1 h before the top 2 ml of the 5-ml homogenate was withdrawn. Whereas less than 18% of the chloroplasts moved from the top to the bottom portions, the ratio of nuclei to chloroplasts in the top portion changed from approximately 1/200 to 1/900. The total numbers of chloroplasts and nuclei were counted in the homogenate before settling and in the top 2 ml and bottom 3 m1 after settling. The total DNA content of the homogenate and the top and bottom portions after settling was determined by the diphenylamine colorimetric assay. By simultaneous equations, the absolute amount of DNA in chloroplasts and nuclei was determined. The results are consistent with previous observations of chloroplast DNA by fluorescence microscopy which indicated that the amount of chloroplast DNA per chloroplast is a function of chloroplast size. In addition, the results show that the amount of chloroplast DNA per average chloroplast in large leaves is 0.14 times 10(-12) g, a magnitude higher than previous reports in the literature, and that large leaves contain about twice as much chloroplast DNA as nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 730765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_467", "title": "Tipping and mating-structure activation induced in Chlamydomonas gametes by flagellar membrane antisera.", "content": "Antisera raised against vegetative and gametic flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been used to probe dynamic properties of the flagellar membranes. The antisera, which agglutinate cells via their flagella, associate with antigens that are present on both vegetative and gametic membranes and on membranes of both mating types (mt+ and mt-). Gametic cells respond to antibody presentation very differently from vegetative cells, mobilizing even high concentrations of antibody towards the flagellar tips; the possibility is discussed that such \"tipping\" ability reflects a differentiated gametic property relevant to sexual agglutinability. Gametic cells also respond to antibody agglutination by activating their mating structures, the mt+ reaction involving a rapid polymerization of microfilaments. Several impotent mt+ mutant strains that fail to agglutinate sexually are also activated by the antisera and procede to form zygotes with normal mt- gametes. Fusion does not occur between activated cells of like mating type. Monovalent (Fab) preparations of the antibody fail to activate mt+ gametes, suggesting that the cross-linking properties of the antisera are essential for their ability to mimic, or bypass, sexual agglutination.", "contents": "Tipping and mating-structure activation induced in Chlamydomonas gametes by flagellar membrane antisera. Antisera raised against vegetative and gametic flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been used to probe dynamic properties of the flagellar membranes. The antisera, which agglutinate cells via their flagella, associate with antigens that are present on both vegetative and gametic membranes and on membranes of both mating types (mt+ and mt-). Gametic cells respond to antibody presentation very differently from vegetative cells, mobilizing even high concentrations of antibody towards the flagellar tips; the possibility is discussed that such \"tipping\" ability reflects a differentiated gametic property relevant to sexual agglutinability. Gametic cells also respond to antibody agglutination by activating their mating structures, the mt+ reaction involving a rapid polymerization of microfilaments. Several impotent mt+ mutant strains that fail to agglutinate sexually are also activated by the antisera and procede to form zygotes with normal mt- gametes. Fusion does not occur between activated cells of like mating type. Monovalent (Fab) preparations of the antibody fail to activate mt+ gametes, suggesting that the cross-linking properties of the antisera are essential for their ability to mimic, or bypass, sexual agglutination.", "PMID": 730766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_468", "title": "The fine structure of a rectifying electrotonic synapse.", "content": "The synapses between the lateral giant axon and the giant motor axon found in the abdominal ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are electronic. The junctional membrane rectifies, favoring impulse transmission from lateral giant fiber to giant motor fiber. This rectifying electronic junction consists of closely apposed membranes indistinguishable from ordinary arthropod gap junctions. The apposed membranes contain intramembrane particles that are approximately 12.5 nm in width. These particles have a central depression and are arranged in a loosely ordered array with a center-to-center spacing of about 20 nm. The only obvious morphological evidence of asymmetry is the presence of vesicles (about 80 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm adjacent to the junctional region of the presynaptic lateral giant fiber. Vesicles are not present in the adjacent cytoplasm of the postsynaptic giant motor fiber; however, mitochondria and smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum are more frequent in the cytoplasm of the giant motor fiber.", "contents": "The fine structure of a rectifying electrotonic synapse. The synapses between the lateral giant axon and the giant motor axon found in the abdominal ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are electronic. The junctional membrane rectifies, favoring impulse transmission from lateral giant fiber to giant motor fiber. This rectifying electronic junction consists of closely apposed membranes indistinguishable from ordinary arthropod gap junctions. The apposed membranes contain intramembrane particles that are approximately 12.5 nm in width. These particles have a central depression and are arranged in a loosely ordered array with a center-to-center spacing of about 20 nm. The only obvious morphological evidence of asymmetry is the presence of vesicles (about 80 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm adjacent to the junctional region of the presynaptic lateral giant fiber. Vesicles are not present in the adjacent cytoplasm of the postsynaptic giant motor fiber; however, mitochondria and smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum are more frequent in the cytoplasm of the giant motor fiber.", "PMID": 730767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_469", "title": "Membrane recycling in the cone cell endings of the turtle retina.", "content": "The ultrastructural effects of dark, light, and low temperature were investigated in the cone cell endings of the red-eared turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). Thin sections revealed that in dark-adapted retinas maintained at 22 degrees C, the neural processes which contact the cone cells at the invaginating synapses penetrated deeply into the photoreceptor endings. When dark-adapted retinas were illuminated for 1 h at 22 degrees C, the invaginating processes were apparently extruded from the synaptic endings. On the other hand, 1-h exposure to a temperature of 4 degrees C in the dark caused the invaginating processes to become much more strikingly inserted than at room temperature. A morphometric analysis showed that the ratio between the synaptic surface density of the endings and their total surface density decreased in the light and increased in the dark and cold. Freeze-fracturing documented fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in all conditions tested. These observations suggest that the changes in configuration of the pedicles in the light, dark, and cold reflect a different balance between addition and retrieval of synaptic vesicle membrane from the plasmalemma; in the dark, the rate of vesicle fusion is increased, whereas in the cold, membrane retrieval is blocked. When the eyecups were warmed up and illuminated for 30-45 min after cold exposure, a striking number of vacuoles and cisterns appeared in the cytoplasm and coated vesicles were commonly seen budding from the plasmalemma. 60-90 min after returning to room temperature, the endings had reverted to their normal configuration, and the vast majority of vacuoles, cisterns, and coated vesicles had disappeared. When horseradish peroxidase was included in the incubation medium, very few synaptic vesicles were labeled at the end of the period of cold exposure. 30-45 min after returning to 22 degrees C, vacuoles and cisterns contained peroxidase, whereas most synaptic vesicles were devoid of reaction product. 2 h after returning to 22 degrees C, coated vesicles, vacuoles, and cisterns had disappeared and a number of synaptic vesicles were labeled. These experiments suggest that vacuoles, cisterns, and coated vesicles mediate the retrieval of the synaptic vesicle membrane that has been added to the plasmalemma during cold exposure.", "contents": "Membrane recycling in the cone cell endings of the turtle retina. The ultrastructural effects of dark, light, and low temperature were investigated in the cone cell endings of the red-eared turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). Thin sections revealed that in dark-adapted retinas maintained at 22 degrees C, the neural processes which contact the cone cells at the invaginating synapses penetrated deeply into the photoreceptor endings. When dark-adapted retinas were illuminated for 1 h at 22 degrees C, the invaginating processes were apparently extruded from the synaptic endings. On the other hand, 1-h exposure to a temperature of 4 degrees C in the dark caused the invaginating processes to become much more strikingly inserted than at room temperature. A morphometric analysis showed that the ratio between the synaptic surface density of the endings and their total surface density decreased in the light and increased in the dark and cold. Freeze-fracturing documented fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in all conditions tested. These observations suggest that the changes in configuration of the pedicles in the light, dark, and cold reflect a different balance between addition and retrieval of synaptic vesicle membrane from the plasmalemma; in the dark, the rate of vesicle fusion is increased, whereas in the cold, membrane retrieval is blocked. When the eyecups were warmed up and illuminated for 30-45 min after cold exposure, a striking number of vacuoles and cisterns appeared in the cytoplasm and coated vesicles were commonly seen budding from the plasmalemma. 60-90 min after returning to room temperature, the endings had reverted to their normal configuration, and the vast majority of vacuoles, cisterns, and coated vesicles had disappeared. When horseradish peroxidase was included in the incubation medium, very few synaptic vesicles were labeled at the end of the period of cold exposure. 30-45 min after returning to 22 degrees C, vacuoles and cisterns contained peroxidase, whereas most synaptic vesicles were devoid of reaction product. 2 h after returning to 22 degrees C, coated vesicles, vacuoles, and cisterns had disappeared and a number of synaptic vesicles were labeled. These experiments suggest that vacuoles, cisterns, and coated vesicles mediate the retrieval of the synaptic vesicle membrane that has been added to the plasmalemma during cold exposure.", "PMID": 730768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_470", "title": "The synthesis of ninety proteins including actin throughout the HeLa cell cycle.", "content": "Abundant cytoplasmic proteins pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine at specific times throughout the HeLa cell cycle were analyzed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 300 proteins could be resolved in this way. The frequency of appearance of label in the most abundant 90 proteins, ranging from 4% to less than 0.1% of the total methionine incorporated, was determined at six time points in the cell cycle. 84 of these proteins were made as a similar proportion of the total at all times during the cell cycle. A nonmuscle actin protein (spot 1) identified by molecular weight and isoelectric point represented 2-4% of the total methionine incorporated at all the time points. Only six proteins were found which varied by greater than fourfold during cell division, four appearing to represent a greater proportion of the total synthesis during the period at or immediately surrounding M (spots 31b, 44, 53, and 70d). Two appear to represent a smaller percentage of total synthesis during the early (spot 78) or the total (spot 74) G2 period.", "contents": "The synthesis of ninety proteins including actin throughout the HeLa cell cycle. Abundant cytoplasmic proteins pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine at specific times throughout the HeLa cell cycle were analyzed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 300 proteins could be resolved in this way. The frequency of appearance of label in the most abundant 90 proteins, ranging from 4% to less than 0.1% of the total methionine incorporated, was determined at six time points in the cell cycle. 84 of these proteins were made as a similar proportion of the total at all times during the cell cycle. A nonmuscle actin protein (spot 1) identified by molecular weight and isoelectric point represented 2-4% of the total methionine incorporated at all the time points. Only six proteins were found which varied by greater than fourfold during cell division, four appearing to represent a greater proportion of the total synthesis during the period at or immediately surrounding M (spots 31b, 44, 53, and 70d). Two appear to represent a smaller percentage of total synthesis during the early (spot 78) or the total (spot 74) G2 period.", "PMID": 730769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_471", "title": "Inhibition of basal protein degradation in rat embryo fibroblasts by cycloheximide: correlation with activities of lysosomal proteases.", "content": "Rat embryo fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine. After a 24-hour chase in nonlabeled medium, cultures were placed in either fresh growth medium or medium containing 10-20 microgram/ml cycloheximide. Cell monolayers were processed at daily intervals for three days. Four hours prior to processing, cultures were placed in fresh medium and the accumulation rate of trichloroacetic acid soluble 14C in the media assayed. Cycloheximide effects a progressive decrease in the fractional degradation rate of the labeled cell protein, primarily during the first 24 hours. The specific activities of cathepsin D, cathepsin B, and neutral protease correlate closely with the fractional degradation rate. Other lysosomal hydrolases show little change during this period. The activities of the lysosomal proteases approach a new steady state which is correlated with the new steady state level of protein synthesis. A model is proposed which relates the rate of protein breakdown in the cell to the level of protein synthesis. The data also suggests the possibility that subpopulations of high turnover and low turnover cells exist in these cultures.", "contents": "Inhibition of basal protein degradation in rat embryo fibroblasts by cycloheximide: correlation with activities of lysosomal proteases. Rat embryo fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine. After a 24-hour chase in nonlabeled medium, cultures were placed in either fresh growth medium or medium containing 10-20 microgram/ml cycloheximide. Cell monolayers were processed at daily intervals for three days. Four hours prior to processing, cultures were placed in fresh medium and the accumulation rate of trichloroacetic acid soluble 14C in the media assayed. Cycloheximide effects a progressive decrease in the fractional degradation rate of the labeled cell protein, primarily during the first 24 hours. The specific activities of cathepsin D, cathepsin B, and neutral protease correlate closely with the fractional degradation rate. Other lysosomal hydrolases show little change during this period. The activities of the lysosomal proteases approach a new steady state which is correlated with the new steady state level of protein synthesis. A model is proposed which relates the rate of protein breakdown in the cell to the level of protein synthesis. The data also suggests the possibility that subpopulations of high turnover and low turnover cells exist in these cultures.", "PMID": 730770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_472", "title": "Detection of in vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) in mouse bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood.", "content": "In vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) have been detected in bone marrow (BM) (317/10(5) cells), spleen (SPL) (81/10(5)), and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) (242/10(5)) of the mouse. These M-CFCs were similar to those previously detected in thymus (T) (30/10(6)) and lymph node (LN) (22/10(6)) tissue in several respects. BM- and SPL-derived M-CFC required PMUE to consistently initiate colony formation, whereas PBL-derived M-CFC formed colonies with stimulation by either PMUE or L-cell-conditioned medium. All colonies formed showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 13 to 18 days prior to initiating colony formation, a marked ability to survive in culture in the absence of PMUE, and markedly slow rates of appearance in culture once colony formation was initiated. The macrophage progeny were identified on the basis of morphology, glass adherence, the phagocytosis of agar, bacteria and SRBC, and the presence of receptors for IgG. These characteristics are also shared by those macrophage CFCs observed within stimulated peritoneal exudate, pleural effusion, and alveolar space. These M-CFCs are most likely members of a large, heterogeneous population of macrophage progenitor cells distributed throughout the hemato-lymphopoietic organs, serosal cavities and surfaces, and inflammatory and alveolar tissue sites. The degree of heterogeneity may be determined in part by the influence of tissue-specific microenvironment.", "contents": "Detection of in vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) in mouse bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. In vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) have been detected in bone marrow (BM) (317/10(5) cells), spleen (SPL) (81/10(5)), and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) (242/10(5)) of the mouse. These M-CFCs were similar to those previously detected in thymus (T) (30/10(6)) and lymph node (LN) (22/10(6)) tissue in several respects. BM- and SPL-derived M-CFC required PMUE to consistently initiate colony formation, whereas PBL-derived M-CFC formed colonies with stimulation by either PMUE or L-cell-conditioned medium. All colonies formed showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 13 to 18 days prior to initiating colony formation, a marked ability to survive in culture in the absence of PMUE, and markedly slow rates of appearance in culture once colony formation was initiated. The macrophage progeny were identified on the basis of morphology, glass adherence, the phagocytosis of agar, bacteria and SRBC, and the presence of receptors for IgG. These characteristics are also shared by those macrophage CFCs observed within stimulated peritoneal exudate, pleural effusion, and alveolar space. These M-CFCs are most likely members of a large, heterogeneous population of macrophage progenitor cells distributed throughout the hemato-lymphopoietic organs, serosal cavities and surfaces, and inflammatory and alveolar tissue sites. The degree of heterogeneity may be determined in part by the influence of tissue-specific microenvironment.", "PMID": 730771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_473", "title": "Inhibition of growth in vitro by glucocorticoids in mouse embryonic facial mesenchyme cells.", "content": "The growth of primary embryonic facial mesenchyme cells established from cleft palate sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (C57) mice is inhibited by glucocorticoid treatment. A reduction in cell number in both A/J and C57 culture is accompanied by a significant decrease in [3H] thymidine incorporation into both acid soluble and insoluble material. No significant changes in total cellular protein or [14C] leucine incorporation were observed in either cell type. A greater reduction in [3H] thymidine incorporation occurs in cells undergoing exponential growth following steroid exposure than in cells approaching stationary growth. In both A/J and C57 cultures the reduction in cell number exhibits a dose-dependent response to dexamethasone; is specific for glucocorticoids; and is dependent upon the concentration of serum in which the cells are maintained. A/J cells show a greater sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on cell number and thymidine incorporation than comparably treated C57 cells. Specific, high affinity, saturable cytoplasmic receptors for [3H] dexamethasone are present in the maxillary cytosols from which the primary cultures were established. These receptors exhibit binding specificity for glucocorticoids, and have properties which are similar to glucocorticoid receptors identified in other systems. In both cell types, a correlation exists between the degree of growth inhibition or reduction of [3H] thymidine incorporation and the level of glucocorticoid receptors. These results provide evidence for a receptor-mediated set of responses to glucocorticoids in these cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth in vitro by glucocorticoids in mouse embryonic facial mesenchyme cells. The growth of primary embryonic facial mesenchyme cells established from cleft palate sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (C57) mice is inhibited by glucocorticoid treatment. A reduction in cell number in both A/J and C57 culture is accompanied by a significant decrease in [3H] thymidine incorporation into both acid soluble and insoluble material. No significant changes in total cellular protein or [14C] leucine incorporation were observed in either cell type. A greater reduction in [3H] thymidine incorporation occurs in cells undergoing exponential growth following steroid exposure than in cells approaching stationary growth. In both A/J and C57 cultures the reduction in cell number exhibits a dose-dependent response to dexamethasone; is specific for glucocorticoids; and is dependent upon the concentration of serum in which the cells are maintained. A/J cells show a greater sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on cell number and thymidine incorporation than comparably treated C57 cells. Specific, high affinity, saturable cytoplasmic receptors for [3H] dexamethasone are present in the maxillary cytosols from which the primary cultures were established. These receptors exhibit binding specificity for glucocorticoids, and have properties which are similar to glucocorticoid receptors identified in other systems. In both cell types, a correlation exists between the degree of growth inhibition or reduction of [3H] thymidine incorporation and the level of glucocorticoid receptors. These results provide evidence for a receptor-mediated set of responses to glucocorticoids in these cells.", "PMID": 730772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_474", "title": "Isolation of mutant mammalian cells altered in polyamine transport.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary and rat myoblast cells resistant to the toxic action of methylglyoxal bis guanylhydrazone (MGBG), an antimitotic agent and inhibitor of polyamine synthesis, have been isolated by single step selection. Mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate increases the recovery of the variants at least 30-fold. Intracellular accumulation of MGBG is greatly reduced in resistant cells. This property is accompanied by a 99% decrease in the uptake of all three naturally occurring polyamines. Both the resistant phenotype and the defect in polyamine transport behave recessively in somatic cell hybrids.", "contents": "Isolation of mutant mammalian cells altered in polyamine transport. Chinese hamster ovary and rat myoblast cells resistant to the toxic action of methylglyoxal bis guanylhydrazone (MGBG), an antimitotic agent and inhibitor of polyamine synthesis, have been isolated by single step selection. Mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate increases the recovery of the variants at least 30-fold. Intracellular accumulation of MGBG is greatly reduced in resistant cells. This property is accompanied by a 99% decrease in the uptake of all three naturally occurring polyamines. Both the resistant phenotype and the defect in polyamine transport behave recessively in somatic cell hybrids.", "PMID": 730773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_475", "title": "Methionine metabolism in BHK cells: preliminary characterization of the physiological effects of cycloleucine, an inhibitor of s-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis.", "content": "Cycloleucine is in vitro a competitive inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis. The physiological effects of this drug on baby hamster kidney cells have been studied. When cells are grown in a medium containing 10 micron methionine, cycloleucine is an inhibitor of cell proliferation; high concentrations of methionine are able to withdraw this inhibition suggesting that cycloleucine toxicity is related to methionine metabolism. The drug does not primarily affect methionine uptake and its subsequent use for protein biosynthesis. Cycloleucine toxicity is correlated with a block of SAM biosynthesis and nucleic acids methylations. The actions of cycloleucine on progression in the cell cycle and DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis are studied. The implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Methionine metabolism in BHK cells: preliminary characterization of the physiological effects of cycloleucine, an inhibitor of s-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis. Cycloleucine is in vitro a competitive inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis. The physiological effects of this drug on baby hamster kidney cells have been studied. When cells are grown in a medium containing 10 micron methionine, cycloleucine is an inhibitor of cell proliferation; high concentrations of methionine are able to withdraw this inhibition suggesting that cycloleucine toxicity is related to methionine metabolism. The drug does not primarily affect methionine uptake and its subsequent use for protein biosynthesis. Cycloleucine toxicity is correlated with a block of SAM biosynthesis and nucleic acids methylations. The actions of cycloleucine on progression in the cell cycle and DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis are studied. The implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 730775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_476", "title": "Requirements of BHK cells for the exit from different quiescent states.", "content": "We have investigated the kinetics of exit from the resting state of BHK cells which had been arrested by isoleucine deprivation, serum starvation, or high temperature in the case of three ts G1 mutants. In addition, we have studied the effect of imposing a secondary deprivation on cells which had been released from one of the above mentioned blocks. The results obtained show that the quiescent states reached by BHK cells following serum or isoleucine deprivation cannot be differentiated on the basis of the exit kinetics from Smith and Martin's probabilistic A-state. Nevertheless, the response of cells to secondary deprivation is different, depending on the nature of the primary arresting condition used, reflecting physiological differences between the different resting states. A model is presented which postulates that cycle transition specific genes require the presence of different proliferative agents for their expression.", "contents": "Requirements of BHK cells for the exit from different quiescent states. We have investigated the kinetics of exit from the resting state of BHK cells which had been arrested by isoleucine deprivation, serum starvation, or high temperature in the case of three ts G1 mutants. In addition, we have studied the effect of imposing a secondary deprivation on cells which had been released from one of the above mentioned blocks. The results obtained show that the quiescent states reached by BHK cells following serum or isoleucine deprivation cannot be differentiated on the basis of the exit kinetics from Smith and Martin's probabilistic A-state. Nevertheless, the response of cells to secondary deprivation is different, depending on the nature of the primary arresting condition used, reflecting physiological differences between the different resting states. A model is presented which postulates that cycle transition specific genes require the presence of different proliferative agents for their expression.", "PMID": 730778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_477", "title": "Evidence for variation in the number of functional gene copies at the AmaR locus in Chinese hamster cell lines.", "content": "The hypothesis of functional hemizygosity has been examined for the alpha-amanitin resistant (AmaR, a codominant marker) locus in a series of Chinese hamster cell lines. AmaR mutants were obtained from different cell lines, e.g., CHO, DHW, M3- 1 and CHO-Kl, at similar frequencies. After fractionation of different RNA polymerase activities in the extracts by chromatographic procedures, the sensitivity of the mutant RNA polymerase II towards alpha-amanitin was determined. While all of the RNA polymerase II activity in mutant CHO and CHO-Kl lines became resistant to alpha-amanitin inhibition, only about 50% of the activity is highly resistant in AmaR mutants of CHW and M3- 1 cell lines. The remaining activity in the latter cell lines shows alpha-amanitin sensitivity similar to that seen with the wild-type enzyme. This behaviour is similar to that observed with a 1:1 mixture of resistant and sensitive enzymes from CHO cells. These results, therefore, strongly indicate that while only one functional copy of the gene affected by alpha-amanitin is present in CHO and CHO-Kl cells, two copies of this gene are functional in the CHW and M3-1 cell lines.", "contents": "Evidence for variation in the number of functional gene copies at the AmaR locus in Chinese hamster cell lines. The hypothesis of functional hemizygosity has been examined for the alpha-amanitin resistant (AmaR, a codominant marker) locus in a series of Chinese hamster cell lines. AmaR mutants were obtained from different cell lines, e.g., CHO, DHW, M3- 1 and CHO-Kl, at similar frequencies. After fractionation of different RNA polymerase activities in the extracts by chromatographic procedures, the sensitivity of the mutant RNA polymerase II towards alpha-amanitin was determined. While all of the RNA polymerase II activity in mutant CHO and CHO-Kl lines became resistant to alpha-amanitin inhibition, only about 50% of the activity is highly resistant in AmaR mutants of CHW and M3- 1 cell lines. The remaining activity in the latter cell lines shows alpha-amanitin sensitivity similar to that seen with the wild-type enzyme. This behaviour is similar to that observed with a 1:1 mixture of resistant and sensitive enzymes from CHO cells. These results, therefore, strongly indicate that while only one functional copy of the gene affected by alpha-amanitin is present in CHO and CHO-Kl cells, two copies of this gene are functional in the CHW and M3-1 cell lines.", "PMID": 730780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_478", "title": "Cultured human fibroblasts: distribution of cell generations and a critical limit.", "content": "In circular outgrowths of human skin fibroblasts we found that mitotic cells at the circumference had consumed more of their replicative lifespan than cells located more centrally. The lifespan remaining in cells at a given radial position could be predicted by determining their generation level based on the rate at which the outgrowth expanded and the cell doubling time. The data also show that outgrowths contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells described by a linear distribution of generations which can account for the variable replicative capacity observed in clones and the exponential increase in the fraction of nondividing cells with serial passage. These results support the concept that a critical limit of cell divisions determines the replicative lifespan.", "contents": "Cultured human fibroblasts: distribution of cell generations and a critical limit. In circular outgrowths of human skin fibroblasts we found that mitotic cells at the circumference had consumed more of their replicative lifespan than cells located more centrally. The lifespan remaining in cells at a given radial position could be predicted by determining their generation level based on the rate at which the outgrowth expanded and the cell doubling time. The data also show that outgrowths contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells described by a linear distribution of generations which can account for the variable replicative capacity observed in clones and the exponential increase in the fraction of nondividing cells with serial passage. These results support the concept that a critical limit of cell divisions determines the replicative lifespan.", "PMID": 730783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_479", "title": "The effect of oxygen tension on haemopoietic and fibroblast cell proliferation in vitro.", "content": "The effects of providing low oxygen tension in the gas phase of two different types of cell culture systems were investigated. The clonal growth of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in an agar culture system was improved markedly by incubation within a low oxygen tension gas phase (48 mmHg--6.8%) instead of the conventional air (135 mmHg--19%), the effects being measured by increases in numbers of colony forming cells detected and in the colony sizes. The increased efficiency of colony formation was observed both with mouse and human marrow cells. A similar effect was observed in a liquid adherence culture system with primary cultures of foetal mouse fibroblasts both at clonal and higher cell densities.", "contents": "The effect of oxygen tension on haemopoietic and fibroblast cell proliferation in vitro. The effects of providing low oxygen tension in the gas phase of two different types of cell culture systems were investigated. The clonal growth of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in an agar culture system was improved markedly by incubation within a low oxygen tension gas phase (48 mmHg--6.8%) instead of the conventional air (135 mmHg--19%), the effects being measured by increases in numbers of colony forming cells detected and in the colony sizes. The increased efficiency of colony formation was observed both with mouse and human marrow cells. A similar effect was observed in a liquid adherence culture system with primary cultures of foetal mouse fibroblasts both at clonal and higher cell densities.", "PMID": 730784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_480", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in vinyl chloride polymers and in foods.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is described for the quantification of levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in vinyl chloride polymer resins and in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bottles used in the packaging of foods. By application of electron-capture detection the method can be extended to foods which have been stored in PVC bottles and 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be estimated with a limit of detection in the foodstuff of between 0.002 and 0.01 ppm depending on the food. The results of a small survey of the amounts of this compound in PVC bottles and foodstuffs purchased from retail outlets are reported.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in vinyl chloride polymers and in foods. A gas chromatographic method is described for the quantification of levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in vinyl chloride polymer resins and in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bottles used in the packaging of foods. By application of electron-capture detection the method can be extended to foods which have been stored in PVC bottles and 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be estimated with a limit of detection in the foodstuff of between 0.002 and 0.01 ppm depending on the food. The results of a small survey of the amounts of this compound in PVC bottles and foodstuffs purchased from retail outlets are reported.", "PMID": 730785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_481", "title": "Gas chromatographic head-space determination of residual acrylonitrile in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins and migration into a simulated fatty foodstuffs liquid.", "content": "Head-space methods are described for the determination of residual acrylonitrile in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins and in olive oil, which simulates fatty foodstuffs. Dimethylformamide was used as solvent for the resin, with flame ionization detection. The injection of water into the resin dispersion prior to head-space analysis greatly enhances the detection capabilities. The use of a nitrogen-selective detector required dimethyl sulphoxide as the solvent. The determination of acrylonitrile in olive oil was carried out employing both types of detector. The detection sensitivity was much greater with the nitrogen-selective detector.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic head-space determination of residual acrylonitrile in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins and migration into a simulated fatty foodstuffs liquid. Head-space methods are described for the determination of residual acrylonitrile in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins and in olive oil, which simulates fatty foodstuffs. Dimethylformamide was used as solvent for the resin, with flame ionization detection. The injection of water into the resin dispersion prior to head-space analysis greatly enhances the detection capabilities. The use of a nitrogen-selective detector required dimethyl sulphoxide as the solvent. The determination of acrylonitrile in olive oil was carried out employing both types of detector. The detection sensitivity was much greater with the nitrogen-selective detector.", "PMID": 730786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_482", "title": "Quantitative determination of styrene in biological samples and expired air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring).", "content": "Styrene, phenylethylene, is an oily liquid of commercial importance in the manufacture of various plastics, rubbers, resins, and insulating materials. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is described for the determination of low levels of styrene in biological samples. The procedure utilizes an internal standard and specificity is gained by monitoring selected ions.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of styrene in biological samples and expired air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). Styrene, phenylethylene, is an oily liquid of commercial importance in the manufacture of various plastics, rubbers, resins, and insulating materials. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is described for the determination of low levels of styrene in biological samples. The procedure utilizes an internal standard and specificity is gained by monitoring selected ions.", "PMID": 730787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_483", "title": "Determination of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole) in blood and urine by chemical ionization-mass fragmentography.", "content": "A combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique is described for the quantification of virazole in serum and urine. Proteins are removed by molecular filtration, lipids by extraction with dichloromethane and interfering endogenous constituents by acidic and basic ion-exchange resins. Virazole is quantified by monitoring the protonated molecular ions of the fully silylated derivatives of virazole (m/e 533) and the arabinose analog (internal standard) obtained by methane chemical ionization. The detection limit is 150 pg (0.6.10(-12) mole) of virazole injected. In serum 10 ng/ml (4.10(-8) mole) can be detected, 25 ng/ml quantified. In urine 0.5 microgram/ml can be quantified without preconcentration. Virazole was detected in serum for at least 96 h at the 70-ng/ml level.", "contents": "Determination of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole) in blood and urine by chemical ionization-mass fragmentography. A combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique is described for the quantification of virazole in serum and urine. Proteins are removed by molecular filtration, lipids by extraction with dichloromethane and interfering endogenous constituents by acidic and basic ion-exchange resins. Virazole is quantified by monitoring the protonated molecular ions of the fully silylated derivatives of virazole (m/e 533) and the arabinose analog (internal standard) obtained by methane chemical ionization. The detection limit is 150 pg (0.6.10(-12) mole) of virazole injected. In serum 10 ng/ml (4.10(-8) mole) can be detected, 25 ng/ml quantified. In urine 0.5 microgram/ml can be quantified without preconcentration. Virazole was detected in serum for at least 96 h at the 70-ng/ml level.", "PMID": 730788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_484", "title": "Determination of 7-chloro-3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (DU-717) in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed which enables accurate determination of a new antihypertensive agent, DU-717, in plasma. DU-717 is first extracted with ethyl acetate and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized with peracetic acid followed by diazomethane to form 2-methyl DU-717 N-oxide (direct methylation leads to mixtures). The N-oxide is then pyrolyzed to 2-methyl DU-717 on a gas chromatograph equipped with electron-capture detection. Accurate determinations are possible over a concentration range from 10 to 150 ng/ml of DU-717 in plasma at a relative standard deviation of 6.2%. The minimum detectable concentration is 1 ng/ml. Plasma levels of DU-717 in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats following single oral administrations (10 mg/kg) have also been determined.", "contents": "Determination of 7-chloro-3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (DU-717) in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method has been developed which enables accurate determination of a new antihypertensive agent, DU-717, in plasma. DU-717 is first extracted with ethyl acetate and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized with peracetic acid followed by diazomethane to form 2-methyl DU-717 N-oxide (direct methylation leads to mixtures). The N-oxide is then pyrolyzed to 2-methyl DU-717 on a gas chromatograph equipped with electron-capture detection. Accurate determinations are possible over a concentration range from 10 to 150 ng/ml of DU-717 in plasma at a relative standard deviation of 6.2%. The minimum detectable concentration is 1 ng/ml. Plasma levels of DU-717 in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats following single oral administrations (10 mg/kg) have also been determined.", "PMID": 730789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_485", "title": "Comparison of thin-layer chromatographic detection methods for histamine from food extracts.", "content": "The specificity and sensitivity of four visualization reagents, ninhydrin, o-phthalaldehyde (OPT), fluorescamine and o-diacetylbenzene (DAB), for the detection of histamine on thin-layer chromatograms developed in several optimal solvent systems were compared. While the ninhydrin reagent is the most sensitive with a detection limit of 0.4 nmoles of histamine, the DAB and fluorescamine reagents offer the most potential as histamine-specific visualization reagents. The OPT reagent was unsatisfactory because the fluorescent sports developed with this reagent were unstable. Of 19 amines tested in addition to histamine, ninhydrine reacted with 17, fluorescamine with 8 and DAB with 15. Since only histidyl-leucine, octopamine, serotonin and tryptophan interfere in the resolution of histamine in any of the solvent systems used, DAB provides some advantages by not reacting with histidyl-leucine. In addition, with the acetone-ammonia (95:5) solvent system, which adequately separates histamine from all other tested amines, no background interference problems were noted when using DAB as the visualization reagent. Background interference problems with the acetone-ammonia system were evident with the other visualization reagents. The sensitivity of the DAB and fluorescamine methods (4 nmoles of histamine) allows both reagents to act as semi-quantitative screening agents for potentially toxic levels of histamine in food extracts. With a variety of food samples, DAB visualization following development in acetone-ammonia (95:5) was the optimal thin-layer chromatographic method.", "contents": "Comparison of thin-layer chromatographic detection methods for histamine from food extracts. The specificity and sensitivity of four visualization reagents, ninhydrin, o-phthalaldehyde (OPT), fluorescamine and o-diacetylbenzene (DAB), for the detection of histamine on thin-layer chromatograms developed in several optimal solvent systems were compared. While the ninhydrin reagent is the most sensitive with a detection limit of 0.4 nmoles of histamine, the DAB and fluorescamine reagents offer the most potential as histamine-specific visualization reagents. The OPT reagent was unsatisfactory because the fluorescent sports developed with this reagent were unstable. Of 19 amines tested in addition to histamine, ninhydrine reacted with 17, fluorescamine with 8 and DAB with 15. Since only histidyl-leucine, octopamine, serotonin and tryptophan interfere in the resolution of histamine in any of the solvent systems used, DAB provides some advantages by not reacting with histidyl-leucine. In addition, with the acetone-ammonia (95:5) solvent system, which adequately separates histamine from all other tested amines, no background interference problems were noted when using DAB as the visualization reagent. Background interference problems with the acetone-ammonia system were evident with the other visualization reagents. The sensitivity of the DAB and fluorescamine methods (4 nmoles of histamine) allows both reagents to act as semi-quantitative screening agents for potentially toxic levels of histamine in food extracts. With a variety of food samples, DAB visualization following development in acetone-ammonia (95:5) was the optimal thin-layer chromatographic method.", "PMID": 730790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_486", "title": "Separation of thiols as phenyl mercury derivatives by thin-layer chromatography. I. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites.", "content": "A method is described for converting thiol metabolites of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine into phenyl mercury derivatives. Separation of these derivatives was performed by chromatography on silica thin layers and they were detected by low temperature (--196 degrees) fluorescence. The parent compounds were regenerated on the chromatogram by spraying with 2 N HC1 and these were detected by low temperature fluorescence. Mercury was also detected in spots by spraying with dithizone. The method provides a simple solution to the problem of oxidation of thiol compounds during isolation procedures.", "contents": "Separation of thiols as phenyl mercury derivatives by thin-layer chromatography. I. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites. A method is described for converting thiol metabolites of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine into phenyl mercury derivatives. Separation of these derivatives was performed by chromatography on silica thin layers and they were detected by low temperature (--196 degrees) fluorescence. The parent compounds were regenerated on the chromatogram by spraying with 2 N HC1 and these were detected by low temperature fluorescence. Mercury was also detected in spots by spraying with dithizone. The method provides a simple solution to the problem of oxidation of thiol compounds during isolation procedures.", "PMID": 730791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_487", "title": "Gas chromatographic studies of vinyl chloride in air by catalytic hydrogenation to ethyl chloride.", "content": "In order to investigate the amount of vinyl chloride in air, the hydrogenation of vinyl chloride to ethyl chloride is used. This method of determination is preferable to the other methods described in the literature because: (a) it proves that only vinyl chloride goes through hydrogenation by its displacement to the ethyl chloride peak in the chromatogram; (b) the actual amount of vinyl chloride can be obtained in the case of superimposed or interfering peaks (e.g., various gases contained in air samples), either by calculating the ethyl chloride peak area or by the reduction of the peak area in the region of the same retention time as the vinyl chloride peak in the related chromatogram. In this study various kinds of catalysts for hydrogenation purposes at temperatures ranging from -20 to 250 degrees have been used. Among the catalysts used palladium gives the best results at low temperature.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic studies of vinyl chloride in air by catalytic hydrogenation to ethyl chloride. In order to investigate the amount of vinyl chloride in air, the hydrogenation of vinyl chloride to ethyl chloride is used. This method of determination is preferable to the other methods described in the literature because: (a) it proves that only vinyl chloride goes through hydrogenation by its displacement to the ethyl chloride peak in the chromatogram; (b) the actual amount of vinyl chloride can be obtained in the case of superimposed or interfering peaks (e.g., various gases contained in air samples), either by calculating the ethyl chloride peak area or by the reduction of the peak area in the region of the same retention time as the vinyl chloride peak in the related chromatogram. In this study various kinds of catalysts for hydrogenation purposes at temperatures ranging from -20 to 250 degrees have been used. Among the catalysts used palladium gives the best results at low temperature.", "PMID": 730794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_488", "title": "Excretion of methoxyphenamine and its metabolites in rat urine.", "content": "Metabolites of methoxyphenamine in urine obtained after oral administration of the drug to rats have been isolated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified as the O-, N,O- and N-demethylated derivatives of methoxyphenamine by thin-layer chromatography, spectrometry, and comparisons with synthesized compounds. The unchanged drug and the metabolites excreted in urine have been extracted and determined by gas chromatography after treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride.", "contents": "Excretion of methoxyphenamine and its metabolites in rat urine. Metabolites of methoxyphenamine in urine obtained after oral administration of the drug to rats have been isolated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified as the O-, N,O- and N-demethylated derivatives of methoxyphenamine by thin-layer chromatography, spectrometry, and comparisons with synthesized compounds. The unchanged drug and the metabolites excreted in urine have been extracted and determined by gas chromatography after treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride.", "PMID": 730795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_489", "title": "Determination of papaverine in blood samples by gas chromatography using a flame-ionization and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector.", "content": "The determination of papaverine in blood samples using a flame-ionization and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector is described. The method is quite simple and permits the determination of papaverine at blood levels at 5-500 ng/ml.", "contents": "Determination of papaverine in blood samples by gas chromatography using a flame-ionization and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The determination of papaverine in blood samples using a flame-ionization and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector is described. The method is quite simple and permits the determination of papaverine at blood levels at 5-500 ng/ml.", "PMID": 730796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_490", "title": "Quantitative determination of propildazine in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the evaluation of the new anti-hypertensive drug propildazine (ISF 2123) in rat plasma is described. The procedure involves separation of the drug from plasma by cation-exchange chromatography, subsequent acylation of the dried eluate with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and quantitation with electron-capture detection. Propildazine can be determined in concentrations down to ca. 0.4 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of propildazine in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the evaluation of the new anti-hypertensive drug propildazine (ISF 2123) in rat plasma is described. The procedure involves separation of the drug from plasma by cation-exchange chromatography, subsequent acylation of the dried eluate with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and quantitation with electron-capture detection. Propildazine can be determined in concentrations down to ca. 0.4 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 730797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_491", "title": "Quantitation of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolites in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography.", "content": "A sensitive, precise and accurate method for simultaneous quantitation of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolites by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography has been developed. Propyl derivatives of the deethylated metabolites are formed directly in either plasma or urine by treatment with propionaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. The propyl derivatives and unchanged lidocaine are extracted, separated by gas chromatography and quantitated by mass fragmentography using mepivacaine as the internal standard. Quantitation of these compounds to levels as low as 50 ng/ml body fluid has been achieved with coefficients of variation less than 10%.", "contents": "Quantitation of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolites in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. A sensitive, precise and accurate method for simultaneous quantitation of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolites by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography has been developed. Propyl derivatives of the deethylated metabolites are formed directly in either plasma or urine by treatment with propionaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. The propyl derivatives and unchanged lidocaine are extracted, separated by gas chromatography and quantitated by mass fragmentography using mepivacaine as the internal standard. Quantitation of these compounds to levels as low as 50 ng/ml body fluid has been achieved with coefficients of variation less than 10%.", "PMID": 730798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_492", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of triazine herbicides as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives and some applications to analysis in foods.", "content": "The heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatives of ten triazine herbicides were prepared by reacting the pesticides with heptafluorobutyric anhydride in benzene, in the presence of trimethylamine or pyridine as catalyst. The reactions produced mainly the mono-HFB products while some of the herbicides had small quantities of the di-HFB derivatives present. The derivatives were 300 fold to several thousand fold more sensitive to electron-capture detection than the underivatized triazines. They also were 5-10 fold more sensitive than the parents by electrolytic conductivity detection in the halogen mode while they were of similar sensitivity with the same detector in the nitrogen mode. The derivatives eluted in the same general order as the parent triazines on stationary phases of OV-1, OV-101, OV-101/QF-1, and OV-210. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of potatoes, peas and tomatoes spiked with various triazines at levels of 0.13-0.86 ppm.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of triazine herbicides as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives and some applications to analysis in foods. The heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatives of ten triazine herbicides were prepared by reacting the pesticides with heptafluorobutyric anhydride in benzene, in the presence of trimethylamine or pyridine as catalyst. The reactions produced mainly the mono-HFB products while some of the herbicides had small quantities of the di-HFB derivatives present. The derivatives were 300 fold to several thousand fold more sensitive to electron-capture detection than the underivatized triazines. They also were 5-10 fold more sensitive than the parents by electrolytic conductivity detection in the halogen mode while they were of similar sensitivity with the same detector in the nitrogen mode. The derivatives eluted in the same general order as the parent triazines on stationary phases of OV-1, OV-101, OV-101/QF-1, and OV-210. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of potatoes, peas and tomatoes spiked with various triazines at levels of 0.13-0.86 ppm.", "PMID": 730799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_493", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the naturally occurring toxicants myristicin, related aromatic ethers and falcarinol.", "content": "The naturally occurring toxicants myristicin, twelve related aromatic ethers and the toxic acetylenic alcohol, falcarinol, were separated from one another by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The technique employed a microparticulate nitrile phase column and used heptane and tetrahydrofuran as the eluting solvents. Preparative HPLC with 5-micrometer silica allowed isolation of gram quantities of parsleyapiole and dillapiole from extracts of plain parsley seeds and dill seeds, respectively. Commercially available myristicin as well as other aromatic ethers were also purified in gram quantities with the preparative column.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the naturally occurring toxicants myristicin, related aromatic ethers and falcarinol. The naturally occurring toxicants myristicin, twelve related aromatic ethers and the toxic acetylenic alcohol, falcarinol, were separated from one another by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The technique employed a microparticulate nitrile phase column and used heptane and tetrahydrofuran as the eluting solvents. Preparative HPLC with 5-micrometer silica allowed isolation of gram quantities of parsleyapiole and dillapiole from extracts of plain parsley seeds and dill seeds, respectively. Commercially available myristicin as well as other aromatic ethers were also purified in gram quantities with the preparative column.", "PMID": 730800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_494", "title": "Separation and identification of water-soluble food dyes by ion-exchange and soap thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Eighteen water-soluble food dyes have been studied by chromatography on thin layers of anion-exchange (AG 1-X4, DEAE-cellulose, PAB-cellulose and chitosan) and cation-exchange (Dowex 50-X4, Rexyn 102 and humic acid) materials; layers of silanised silica gel impregnated with cationic or anionic detergent were also used. Fourteen of the dyes were separated, but the two orange and the two black dyes were not. Some applications of the techniques to commercial products are reported.", "contents": "Separation and identification of water-soluble food dyes by ion-exchange and soap thin-layer chromatography. Eighteen water-soluble food dyes have been studied by chromatography on thin layers of anion-exchange (AG 1-X4, DEAE-cellulose, PAB-cellulose and chitosan) and cation-exchange (Dowex 50-X4, Rexyn 102 and humic acid) materials; layers of silanised silica gel impregnated with cationic or anionic detergent were also used. Fourteen of the dyes were separated, but the two orange and the two black dyes were not. Some applications of the techniques to commercial products are reported.", "PMID": 730801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_495", "title": "Qualitative detection of placidyl (ethchlorvynol) alone or in combination with poly-drugs in drug abuse urine screening programs using ion-exchange paper and/or liquid-liquid extraction.", "content": "Two procedures for the detection of ethchlorvynol are presented. Procedure I involves the use of SA-2-cation-exchange resin loaded paper. The use of multiple ion-exchange resin papers is proposed in a sequence that enables the detection of amphetamines, barbiturates, phenothiazines, propoxyphene (Darvon), phencyclidine, cocaine (benzoyl ecgonine), pentazocine (Talwin) and benzodiazepines in addition to ethchlorvynol. This procedure discusses the details of detecting ethchlorvynol in combination with the entire array of drugs of abuse depending on the needs of a clinical program. Procedure II involves the principle of liquid-liquid extraction using either raw or spent urines.", "contents": "Qualitative detection of placidyl (ethchlorvynol) alone or in combination with poly-drugs in drug abuse urine screening programs using ion-exchange paper and/or liquid-liquid extraction. Two procedures for the detection of ethchlorvynol are presented. Procedure I involves the use of SA-2-cation-exchange resin loaded paper. The use of multiple ion-exchange resin papers is proposed in a sequence that enables the detection of amphetamines, barbiturates, phenothiazines, propoxyphene (Darvon), phencyclidine, cocaine (benzoyl ecgonine), pentazocine (Talwin) and benzodiazepines in addition to ethchlorvynol. This procedure discusses the details of detecting ethchlorvynol in combination with the entire array of drugs of abuse depending on the needs of a clinical program. Procedure II involves the principle of liquid-liquid extraction using either raw or spent urines.", "PMID": 730802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_496", "title": "[The quantitative analysis of the mycotoxin patulin in fruit juices by high-pressure liquid or thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method determining patulin in apple and grape juice is proposed. The juice is extracted with an Extrelut column and the quantitative determination is made by high-pressure liquid or thin-layer chromatography with lower limits of 5 and 20 ppb (10(9)), respectively. The recovery is more than 90%. Compared with other methods the proposed procedure is faster, needs less solvents and is therefore suitable for serial investigations.", "contents": "[The quantitative analysis of the mycotoxin patulin in fruit juices by high-pressure liquid or thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. A new method determining patulin in apple and grape juice is proposed. The juice is extracted with an Extrelut column and the quantitative determination is made by high-pressure liquid or thin-layer chromatography with lower limits of 5 and 20 ppb (10(9)), respectively. The recovery is more than 90%. Compared with other methods the proposed procedure is faster, needs less solvents and is therefore suitable for serial investigations.", "PMID": 730803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_497", "title": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography of enzymes.", "content": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has been shown to be useful for differentiating enzymes. The enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease were easily \"fingerprinted\" on a 1.8 m 0.5% Carbowax 20 M column. Also, in some cases, isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase could be distinguished. Based on the pyrolyses of the free aromatic amino acids, four major enzyme pyrolysis peaks were tentatively identified as organic compounds derived from tyrosine and tryptophan. The use of a nitrogen-selective detector in conjunction with the FID and measurement of peak retention times by computer on three different types of columns permitted confirmations of peak identity.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography of enzymes. Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has been shown to be useful for differentiating enzymes. The enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease were easily \"fingerprinted\" on a 1.8 m 0.5% Carbowax 20 M column. Also, in some cases, isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase could be distinguished. Based on the pyrolyses of the free aromatic amino acids, four major enzyme pyrolysis peaks were tentatively identified as organic compounds derived from tyrosine and tryptophan. The use of a nitrogen-selective detector in conjunction with the FID and measurement of peak retention times by computer on three different types of columns permitted confirmations of peak identity.", "PMID": 730812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_498", "title": "Determination of polyamines by liquid chromatography and precolumn labelling for fluorescence detection.", "content": "Procedures are described for the separation and detection of picomole quantities of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine by liquid chromatography. The polyamines are labelled by precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride followed by reversed-phase chromatography with a methanol and water mobile phase. The derivatized polyamines are measured with a fluorescence detector using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm and emission wavelength of 515 nm. The polyamines are eluted within 12 min and 0.5 ng of each could be detected. Some preliminary data on urine samples is presented.", "contents": "Determination of polyamines by liquid chromatography and precolumn labelling for fluorescence detection. Procedures are described for the separation and detection of picomole quantities of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine by liquid chromatography. The polyamines are labelled by precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride followed by reversed-phase chromatography with a methanol and water mobile phase. The derivatized polyamines are measured with a fluorescence detector using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm and emission wavelength of 515 nm. The polyamines are eluted within 12 min and 0.5 ng of each could be detected. Some preliminary data on urine samples is presented.", "PMID": 730813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_499", "title": "Determination of trace organic impurities in water using thermal desorption from XAD resin.", "content": "A small water sample (20 to 250 ml) is passed through a small tube containing XAD-4 resin; this effectively retains the organic impurities present in the water. This tube is connected to the permanent apparatus and the sorbed organics are thermally transferred to a small Tenex pre-column while the water vapor is vented. The pre-column is closed off, preheated to 275--280 degrees C, and then a valve is opened to plug-inject the vaporized sample into a gas chromatography. The procedure works well for a variety of model organic compounds added to the water and can be used for the analysis of actual water samples.", "contents": "Determination of trace organic impurities in water using thermal desorption from XAD resin. A small water sample (20 to 250 ml) is passed through a small tube containing XAD-4 resin; this effectively retains the organic impurities present in the water. This tube is connected to the permanent apparatus and the sorbed organics are thermally transferred to a small Tenex pre-column while the water vapor is vented. The pre-column is closed off, preheated to 275--280 degrees C, and then a valve is opened to plug-inject the vaporized sample into a gas chromatography. The procedure works well for a variety of model organic compounds added to the water and can be used for the analysis of actual water samples.", "PMID": 730814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_500", "title": "Ion-pair partition chromatography analysis of anthraquinone glycosides of senna and pharmaceutical preparations of senna.", "content": "Ion-pair partition has been combined with HPLC for the rapid detection and separation of the major anthraquinone glycosides of senns, sennosides A and B. A Corasil C18 column (5 microns) with methyl alcohol (30 percent in water) containing 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium phosphate, pH 7.5, as mobile phase was used. In the application to the assay of drugs, sennosides A and/or B constituents of the crude senna drug, Senokot syrup, Senokot tablets, and Pursennid tablets have been estimated in the presence of other constituents of the crude drug and pharmaceutical preparations. The results obtained are compared with colorimetric assay results.", "contents": "Ion-pair partition chromatography analysis of anthraquinone glycosides of senna and pharmaceutical preparations of senna. Ion-pair partition has been combined with HPLC for the rapid detection and separation of the major anthraquinone glycosides of senns, sennosides A and B. A Corasil C18 column (5 microns) with methyl alcohol (30 percent in water) containing 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium phosphate, pH 7.5, as mobile phase was used. In the application to the assay of drugs, sennosides A and/or B constituents of the crude senna drug, Senokot syrup, Senokot tablets, and Pursennid tablets have been estimated in the presence of other constituents of the crude drug and pharmaceutical preparations. The results obtained are compared with colorimetric assay results.", "PMID": 730815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_501", "title": "High performance liquid chromatography determination of sulfamethazine at low levels in nonmedicated swine feeds.", "content": "A method for the determination of sulfamethazine at the 0.5 ppm level by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been shortened and simplified by use of a mini-column clean-up procedure. Fortified feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile, concentrated, and redissolved in the mobile phase. Sulfamethazine was separated from most extraneous material by a mini-column of C18/Porasil B and AX/Corasil, and analyzed by HPLC at 254 nm. Liquid standard solutions were used to fortify four formulated swine feeds and corn sample each at three levels, giving an average recovery of 98% and a relative standard deviation of 7.3%. Tests were run using 32 antibiotics and drugs to determine if they would interfere. Most of these substances were not eluted under the conditions used. Compounds which absorbed at the wavelength used did not interfere with the sulfamethazine peak.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatography determination of sulfamethazine at low levels in nonmedicated swine feeds. A method for the determination of sulfamethazine at the 0.5 ppm level by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been shortened and simplified by use of a mini-column clean-up procedure. Fortified feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile, concentrated, and redissolved in the mobile phase. Sulfamethazine was separated from most extraneous material by a mini-column of C18/Porasil B and AX/Corasil, and analyzed by HPLC at 254 nm. Liquid standard solutions were used to fortify four formulated swine feeds and corn sample each at three levels, giving an average recovery of 98% and a relative standard deviation of 7.3%. Tests were run using 32 antibiotics and drugs to determine if they would interfere. Most of these substances were not eluted under the conditions used. Compounds which absorbed at the wavelength used did not interfere with the sulfamethazine peak.", "PMID": 730816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_502", "title": "Quantification of 5-fluorouridine in human urine by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of 5-fluorouridine (I) in human urine is presented. The analysis involves the isolation of 5-fluorouridine and the internal standard, 5-chlorouridine (II), on immobilized phenylboronic acid; the extract is further purified by mini-column anion exchange chromatography. The resulting methanolic eluate is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and permethylated using potassium-t-butoxide and methyl iodide. The permethyl derivatives of the nucleosides are reextracted from the reaction mixture and analyzed by GLC on a glass capillary column coupled to a nitrogen-selective detector. Analytical recovery of 5-fluorouridine added to human urine in the 0--1 microgram/ml concentration range was 68 +/- 6% and a linear detector response was obtained up to 1 microgram/ml. The detection limit was found to be 10 ng/ml, using a 1-ml urine sample.", "contents": "Quantification of 5-fluorouridine in human urine by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector. A method for the quantitative determination of 5-fluorouridine (I) in human urine is presented. The analysis involves the isolation of 5-fluorouridine and the internal standard, 5-chlorouridine (II), on immobilized phenylboronic acid; the extract is further purified by mini-column anion exchange chromatography. The resulting methanolic eluate is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and permethylated using potassium-t-butoxide and methyl iodide. The permethyl derivatives of the nucleosides are reextracted from the reaction mixture and analyzed by GLC on a glass capillary column coupled to a nitrogen-selective detector. Analytical recovery of 5-fluorouridine added to human urine in the 0--1 microgram/ml concentration range was 68 +/- 6% and a linear detector response was obtained up to 1 microgram/ml. The detection limit was found to be 10 ng/ml, using a 1-ml urine sample.", "PMID": 730817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_503", "title": "Trace determination of chlorpheniramine in plasma by GLC using a nitrogen-phosphorous (N-P) detector.", "content": "A fast, sensitive and specific method for the determination of chlorpheniramine in plasma is described. The drug was extracted with diethylether, back extracted in hydrochloric acid and reextracted in diethylether. The extract was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in isopropyl alcohol. The isopropyl alcoholic solution was gas chromatographed without any derivatization and the detection was carried out using a nitrogen sensitive detector. The mean recovery of chlorpheniramine was found to be 96% and a drug level as low as 0.5 ng/ml can be accurately measured.", "contents": "Trace determination of chlorpheniramine in plasma by GLC using a nitrogen-phosphorous (N-P) detector. A fast, sensitive and specific method for the determination of chlorpheniramine in plasma is described. The drug was extracted with diethylether, back extracted in hydrochloric acid and reextracted in diethylether. The extract was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in isopropyl alcohol. The isopropyl alcoholic solution was gas chromatographed without any derivatization and the detection was carried out using a nitrogen sensitive detector. The mean recovery of chlorpheniramine was found to be 96% and a drug level as low as 0.5 ng/ml can be accurately measured.", "PMID": 730818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_504", "title": "The determination of paraquat.", "content": "Methods for the determination of paraquat are reviewed. Procedures are described in detail for the determination of paraquat in diverse materials such as food stuffs, body fluids, and water. The recommended procedures include visual spot test, spectrophotometric, gas chromatographic, and high performance liquid chromatographic techniques.", "contents": "The determination of paraquat. Methods for the determination of paraquat are reviewed. Procedures are described in detail for the determination of paraquat in diverse materials such as food stuffs, body fluids, and water. The recommended procedures include visual spot test, spectrophotometric, gas chromatographic, and high performance liquid chromatographic techniques.", "PMID": 730819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_505", "title": "An optimized assay for adenosine deaminase using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, optimized assay for adenosine deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.4), is presented which is based on a reverse phase HPLC analysis of adenosine. In this method a sample of erythrocytes was incubated with adenosine and the decrease in the adenosine concentration with time was analyzed by HPLC. The precision of the method averaged approximately 5% RSD with a sensitivity of about 0.1 U/ml of packed erythrocytes. Comparison with other literature values showed similar activities for adenosine deaminase in erythrocytes (0.229 +/- 0.025) U/ml (alpha = 0.05). The optimization included studies on the ionic strength, pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, and reaction time. The Km for adenosine deaminase was found to be (0.178 +/- 0.018) mM (alpha = 0.05). The method offers several advantages over other assay methods, including an improved capability to discern competing side reactions from other enzymes.", "contents": "An optimized assay for adenosine deaminase using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive, optimized assay for adenosine deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.4), is presented which is based on a reverse phase HPLC analysis of adenosine. In this method a sample of erythrocytes was incubated with adenosine and the decrease in the adenosine concentration with time was analyzed by HPLC. The precision of the method averaged approximately 5% RSD with a sensitivity of about 0.1 U/ml of packed erythrocytes. Comparison with other literature values showed similar activities for adenosine deaminase in erythrocytes (0.229 +/- 0.025) U/ml (alpha = 0.05). The optimization included studies on the ionic strength, pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, and reaction time. The Km for adenosine deaminase was found to be (0.178 +/- 0.018) mM (alpha = 0.05). The method offers several advantages over other assay methods, including an improved capability to discern competing side reactions from other enzymes.", "PMID": 730820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_506", "title": "Clostridium pseudotetanicum bacteremia in a patient with Pasteurella multocida conjunctivitis.", "content": "Clostridium pseudotetanicum only once previously has been identified as causing disease. Pasteurella multocida has been identified only three times as the cause of purulent conjunctivitis. A very debilitated patient had C. pseudotetanicum bacteremia and P. multocida conjunctivitis from which she recovered only to die of a nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia, originating in a site for the administration of intravenous fluids.", "contents": "Clostridium pseudotetanicum bacteremia in a patient with Pasteurella multocida conjunctivitis. Clostridium pseudotetanicum only once previously has been identified as causing disease. Pasteurella multocida has been identified only three times as the cause of purulent conjunctivitis. A very debilitated patient had C. pseudotetanicum bacteremia and P. multocida conjunctivitis from which she recovered only to die of a nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia, originating in a site for the administration of intravenous fluids.", "PMID": 730826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_507", "title": "Factors affecting production of catalase by Bacteroides.", "content": "Several variables affected the production of catalase by members of the \"Bacteroides fragilis group\" of anaerobic bacteria. Both media yielded higher catalase levels than the respective agar media. Addition of hemin to media after autoclave sterilization, rather than before, significantly increased production of catalase. Both of these  variables could be related to the available hemin concentration present in the medium being tested. Significantly higher amounts of hemin were required for catalase production than were required for growth. For catalase production by B. fragilis ATCC 25285, 1 microgram of hemin per ml was required. Of the various media tested, the use of chopped meat broth resulted in the highest levels of catalase production (up to 50 to 60 U of catalase per mg of protein). Of the various species and DNA homology groups tested, strains of B. fragilis and Bacteroides distasonis were catalase positive. Strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides eggerthi possessed variable catalase activity. Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, and DNA homology groups \"3452A\" and \"subsp. a\" were catalase negative. A catalase well test, in which equal volumes of 3% H2O2 and chopped meat culture are mixed, is described and recommended for routine catalase tests.", "contents": "Factors affecting production of catalase by Bacteroides. Several variables affected the production of catalase by members of the \"Bacteroides fragilis group\" of anaerobic bacteria. Both media yielded higher catalase levels than the respective agar media. Addition of hemin to media after autoclave sterilization, rather than before, significantly increased production of catalase. Both of these  variables could be related to the available hemin concentration present in the medium being tested. Significantly higher amounts of hemin were required for catalase production than were required for growth. For catalase production by B. fragilis ATCC 25285, 1 microgram of hemin per ml was required. Of the various media tested, the use of chopped meat broth resulted in the highest levels of catalase production (up to 50 to 60 U of catalase per mg of protein). Of the various species and DNA homology groups tested, strains of B. fragilis and Bacteroides distasonis were catalase positive. Strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides eggerthi possessed variable catalase activity. Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides uniformis, and DNA homology groups \"3452A\" and \"subsp. a\" were catalase negative. A catalase well test, in which equal volumes of 3% H2O2 and chopped meat culture are mixed, is described and recommended for routine catalase tests.", "PMID": 730827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_508", "title": "Serological typing of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates from urethritis patients by an agar growth inhibition method.", "content": "An agar growth inhibition method for serotyping Ureaplasma urealyticum is described, and the results of applying this method to serotyping 338 strains of the organism are presented. The serotyped strains consisted of cloned isolates from male patients with primary and recurrent nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), isolates from symptomatic patients with other genitourinary tract infections and disorders, and isolates from asymptomatic carriers of U. urealyticum in the genitourinary tract (controls). Among 122 male patients with NGU, serotype 4 was associated most frequently (52%) with this disease at Camp Lejeune, N.C. Seventeen percent of the isolates were type 2. The remaining isolates consisted of types 1, 3, 6, and 8 and accounted for 6 to 9% each of the serotypes isolated from the NGU group. Types 5 and 7 were not isolated. Among 91 symptomatic patients with other genitourinary tract infections and disorders, U. urealyticum type 4 also was associated most frequently (37%) with these disorders. The remaining isolates, represented by types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, accounted for 9 to 15% each of the types isolated from this group. Type 5 was not isolated. Among 125 symptomfree carriers of U. urealyticum in the genitourinary tract, type 8 was recovered most frequently (30%), whereas type 4 was isolated next most frequently (24%). The remaining isolates consisted of types 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and accounted for 2 to 15% each in this asymptomatic control group. Type 7 was not isolated. Of the present eight serotypes of U. urealyticum studied in this investigation, type 4 was associated most frequently with disease (NGU) and certain other disorders of the genitourinary tract at Camp Lejeune. A previously unknown association of U. urealyticum with frequently abacteriuric, unexplained pyuria (with or without urethral pruritus and dysuria) is reported, suggesting the existence of asymptomatic Ureaplasma urethritis.", "contents": "Serological typing of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates from urethritis patients by an agar growth inhibition method. An agar growth inhibition method for serotyping Ureaplasma urealyticum is described, and the results of applying this method to serotyping 338 strains of the organism are presented. The serotyped strains consisted of cloned isolates from male patients with primary and recurrent nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), isolates from symptomatic patients with other genitourinary tract infections and disorders, and isolates from asymptomatic carriers of U. urealyticum in the genitourinary tract (controls). Among 122 male patients with NGU, serotype 4 was associated most frequently (52%) with this disease at Camp Lejeune, N.C. Seventeen percent of the isolates were type 2. The remaining isolates consisted of types 1, 3, 6, and 8 and accounted for 6 to 9% each of the serotypes isolated from the NGU group. Types 5 and 7 were not isolated. Among 91 symptomatic patients with other genitourinary tract infections and disorders, U. urealyticum type 4 also was associated most frequently (37%) with these disorders. The remaining isolates, represented by types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, accounted for 9 to 15% each of the types isolated from this group. Type 5 was not isolated. Among 125 symptomfree carriers of U. urealyticum in the genitourinary tract, type 8 was recovered most frequently (30%), whereas type 4 was isolated next most frequently (24%). The remaining isolates consisted of types 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and accounted for 2 to 15% each in this asymptomatic control group. Type 7 was not isolated. Of the present eight serotypes of U. urealyticum studied in this investigation, type 4 was associated most frequently with disease (NGU) and certain other disorders of the genitourinary tract at Camp Lejeune. A previously unknown association of U. urealyticum with frequently abacteriuric, unexplained pyuria (with or without urethral pruritus and dysuria) is reported, suggesting the existence of asymptomatic Ureaplasma urethritis.", "PMID": 730828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_509", "title": "Abscess associated with Rothia dentocariosa.", "content": "Rothia dentocariosa, an aerobic member of the Actinomycetaceae, was isolated from a pilonidal abscess. The clinical occurrence, bacteriological characteristics, and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern are presented.", "contents": "Abscess associated with Rothia dentocariosa. Rothia dentocariosa, an aerobic member of the Actinomycetaceae, was isolated from a pilonidal abscess. The clinical occurrence, bacteriological characteristics, and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern are presented.", "PMID": 730829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_510", "title": "Differentiation of Bacteroides fragilis species by gas chromatographic detection of phenylacetic acid.", "content": "Of 382 strains tested, 261 strains of the species Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ovatus, and B. distasonis produced phenylacetic acid; the remaining strains, belonging exclusively to the species B. vulgatus, failed to do so. This differentiation characteristic may be useful in routine clinical bacteriology.", "contents": "Differentiation of Bacteroides fragilis species by gas chromatographic detection of phenylacetic acid. Of 382 strains tested, 261 strains of the species Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ovatus, and B. distasonis produced phenylacetic acid; the remaining strains, belonging exclusively to the species B. vulgatus, failed to do so. This differentiation characteristic may be useful in routine clinical bacteriology.", "PMID": 730830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_511", "title": "Quality of Cary-Blair transport medium after aging nineteen months.", "content": "Cary-Blair medium retains its ability to serve as a transport medium after 19 months of aging at room temperature. This eliminates the necessity for the frequent replacement of the stored supplies of this medium.", "contents": "Quality of Cary-Blair transport medium after aging nineteen months. Cary-Blair medium retains its ability to serve as a transport medium after 19 months of aging at room temperature. This eliminates the necessity for the frequent replacement of the stored supplies of this medium.", "PMID": 730831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_512", "title": "Using competing speech to estimate articulatory automatization in children: the possible effect of masking level and subject grade.", "content": "In order to study the possible influence of masking level and subject grade on a procedure for determining a child's articulatory automatization (Manning et al., 1976) 47 first and second grade and 49 third and fourth grade children were administered the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation under one of five conditions of auditory masking (earphones only, or presentation of competing speech at 50, 60, 70, or 80 dB SPL). Results indicated no significant difference in subject performance across the factors of masking level and subject grade. The findings suggest that these factors do not appear to be critical in the clinical application of the suggested procedure for estimating children's automatization of newly acquired phonemes.", "contents": "Using competing speech to estimate articulatory automatization in children: the possible effect of masking level and subject grade. In order to study the possible influence of masking level and subject grade on a procedure for determining a child's articulatory automatization (Manning et al., 1976) 47 first and second grade and 49 third and fourth grade children were administered the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation under one of five conditions of auditory masking (earphones only, or presentation of competing speech at 50, 60, 70, or 80 dB SPL). Results indicated no significant difference in subject performance across the factors of masking level and subject grade. The findings suggest that these factors do not appear to be critical in the clinical application of the suggested procedure for estimating children's automatization of newly acquired phonemes.", "PMID": 730832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_513", "title": "Some effects of delayed auditory feedback on dyspraxia of speech.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine if delayed auditory feedback (DAF) might have a facilitating effect on dyspraxic speech. Five subjects with dyspraxia of speech and minimal aphasic involvement were used. Two reading tasks were administered under conditions of DAF and no DAF. Reading tasks were constructed of 24 monosyllabic words with initial consonant clusters and 10 polysyllabic words. Three experienced judges scored word production, consonant cluster production, and 12 types of production errors. Temporal duration of word productions was measured in both conditions. No significant differences between the conditions were found in any of the measured parameters. There was no demonstrable improvement of dyspraxia of speech errors under DAF. Contrary to earlier research, distortions rather than phonemic substitutions were found to be the most frequently occurring articulatory errors.", "contents": "Some effects of delayed auditory feedback on dyspraxia of speech. This investigation was designed to determine if delayed auditory feedback (DAF) might have a facilitating effect on dyspraxic speech. Five subjects with dyspraxia of speech and minimal aphasic involvement were used. Two reading tasks were administered under conditions of DAF and no DAF. Reading tasks were constructed of 24 monosyllabic words with initial consonant clusters and 10 polysyllabic words. Three experienced judges scored word production, consonant cluster production, and 12 types of production errors. Temporal duration of word productions was measured in both conditions. No significant differences between the conditions were found in any of the measured parameters. There was no demonstrable improvement of dyspraxia of speech errors under DAF. Contrary to earlier research, distortions rather than phonemic substitutions were found to be the most frequently occurring articulatory errors.", "PMID": 730833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_514", "title": "On the production of low tongue tip /s/: a case report.", "content": "X-ray motion pictures and electromyography were combined to record tongue movement and tongue muscle activity of a normal speaker during /s/ production. The /s/ was in /i/, /alpha/, and /u/ vowel environments and in two and three consonant clusters. Lead pellets attached to the tongue tip and dorsum were tracked by frame-by-frame analysis of the X-ray film. Recordings from the tongue muscles were graphed and compared with the movement data. Results demonstrate that this subject produces /s/ with the tongue tip down behind the lower incisors and the blade elevated toward the alveolar ridge. EMG data from the tongue shows that the tongue tip depression is not passive but is an active part of the motor strategy used by this subject to elevate the tongue body. These findings suggest that speech pathologists might well include the tip-down strategy of /s/ production in the therapeutic process as an alternative to the tip-up /s/.", "contents": "On the production of low tongue tip /s/: a case report. X-ray motion pictures and electromyography were combined to record tongue movement and tongue muscle activity of a normal speaker during /s/ production. The /s/ was in /i/, /alpha/, and /u/ vowel environments and in two and three consonant clusters. Lead pellets attached to the tongue tip and dorsum were tracked by frame-by-frame analysis of the X-ray film. Recordings from the tongue muscles were graphed and compared with the movement data. Results demonstrate that this subject produces /s/ with the tongue tip down behind the lower incisors and the blade elevated toward the alveolar ridge. EMG data from the tongue shows that the tongue tip depression is not passive but is an active part of the motor strategy used by this subject to elevate the tongue body. These findings suggest that speech pathologists might well include the tip-down strategy of /s/ production in the therapeutic process as an alternative to the tip-up /s/.", "PMID": 730834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_515", "title": "Articulation training of profoundly hearing-impaired children: a distinctive feature approach.", "content": "Three profoundly hearing-impaired children were trained to articulate stop consonants /b,p,d,t,g,k/ in words. As training progressed, generalization of correct production across positional and phonemic boundaries was assessed. Results indicate that hearing-impaired children can use distinctive feature similarities to improve their articulation.", "contents": "Articulation training of profoundly hearing-impaired children: a distinctive feature approach. Three profoundly hearing-impaired children were trained to articulate stop consonants /b,p,d,t,g,k/ in words. As training progressed, generalization of correct production across positional and phonemic boundaries was assessed. Results indicate that hearing-impaired children can use distinctive feature similarities to improve their articulation.", "PMID": 730835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_516", "title": "Evaluation of vocal pitch in male transsexuals.", "content": "A 49-year-old male-to-female transsexual was administered voice therapy following surgery. Tape recordings were made of her speech prior to and each week during therapy. Selected sentences from these reocrdings were analyzed. Results indicate that changes in both fundamental frequency and perceptual judgments of femininity were statistically significant and supportive to the client. The voice of the client was still discernible from that of a female speaker, although less so than before therapy. It is suggested that a composite treatment program combined with laryngeal modification through surgical intervention may be necessary.", "contents": "Evaluation of vocal pitch in male transsexuals. A 49-year-old male-to-female transsexual was administered voice therapy following surgery. Tape recordings were made of her speech prior to and each week during therapy. Selected sentences from these reocrdings were analyzed. Results indicate that changes in both fundamental frequency and perceptual judgments of femininity were statistically significant and supportive to the client. The voice of the client was still discernible from that of a female speaker, although less so than before therapy. It is suggested that a composite treatment program combined with laryngeal modification through surgical intervention may be necessary.", "PMID": 730836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_517", "title": "The effects of a contingent light-flash on stuttering and attention to stuttering.", "content": "The hypothesis that a light-flash made contingent on stuttering would reduce stuttering to the extent that it called subjects' attention to their stuttering responses was investigated with two adult female stutterers. Attention to stuttering was measured by asking subjects to depress a switch each time they detected a stuttering in their speech. For one subject, the contingent light produced a marked reduction in stuttering but had no effect on switch-pressing. For the other subject, the light had little effect on stuttering but resulted in an increase in switch-pressing. For both subjects, reductions in stuttering occurred when they were asked to note their stutterings by pressing the switch. The results suggested that the effect of the light on stuttering was not due to its role in calling attention to stuttering.", "contents": "The effects of a contingent light-flash on stuttering and attention to stuttering. The hypothesis that a light-flash made contingent on stuttering would reduce stuttering to the extent that it called subjects' attention to their stuttering responses was investigated with two adult female stutterers. Attention to stuttering was measured by asking subjects to depress a switch each time they detected a stuttering in their speech. For one subject, the contingent light produced a marked reduction in stuttering but had no effect on switch-pressing. For the other subject, the light had little effect on stuttering but resulted in an increase in switch-pressing. For both subjects, reductions in stuttering occurred when they were asked to note their stutterings by pressing the switch. The results suggested that the effect of the light on stuttering was not due to its role in calling attention to stuttering.", "PMID": 730837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_518", "title": "An investigation of the variability of judgments of experienced and inexperienced listeners in their use of a screening test of articulation.", "content": "This study examines the extent to which the mean, or average degree of agreement, of a group of listeners actually represents the consistency of judgments of all members of that group. Twenty-two experienced and inexperienced judges scored the responses, from tape recordings, of six children with multiple articulation errors on the McDonald Screening Deep Test of Articulation. The intra- and interexaminer reliability of the judges was assessed. Results suggested that, as a group, both experienced and inexperienced listeners were capable of making consistent decisions about children's responses on the Screening Deep Test of Articulation. It was determined, however, that group averages may not reflect accurately the consistency of all members of the group or accurately estimate the population average. Variances for both groups were high and significant differences were found between the variances of the groups. Confidence intervals were reported and their clinical implications discussed.", "contents": "An investigation of the variability of judgments of experienced and inexperienced listeners in their use of a screening test of articulation. This study examines the extent to which the mean, or average degree of agreement, of a group of listeners actually represents the consistency of judgments of all members of that group. Twenty-two experienced and inexperienced judges scored the responses, from tape recordings, of six children with multiple articulation errors on the McDonald Screening Deep Test of Articulation. The intra- and interexaminer reliability of the judges was assessed. Results suggested that, as a group, both experienced and inexperienced listeners were capable of making consistent decisions about children's responses on the Screening Deep Test of Articulation. It was determined, however, that group averages may not reflect accurately the consistency of all members of the group or accurately estimate the population average. Variances for both groups were high and significant differences were found between the variances of the groups. Confidence intervals were reported and their clinical implications discussed.", "PMID": 730838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_519", "title": "Quality assurance in primary care: a strategy based on outcome assessment.", "content": "We describe an outcome-based approach to quality assurance in primary care and present data from an initial study made to explore its usefulness. A questionnaire, which asked patients to report on the status of their problem in terms of the amount of symptoms, activity limitation, and anxiety it caused, was mailed to adults who had been seen a month previously for upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, or urinary tract infection. Outcome standards developed for these conditions indicated that patients should report no symptoms, activity limitation, or anxiety. Of the 127 patients who responded, 17% failed to meet these standards. A review of their medical records was conducted to test the value of using substandard problem-status outcome as an indicator of important deficiencies in care. Definite deficiencies in care were found for 57% of those with substandard outcomes and for 2% of those with acceptable outcomes. Corrective action was judged likely to benefit 95% of the cases with substandard outcome and 7% of those with acceptable outcomes. Data from the medical records were insufficient to explain the reasons for substandard outcome in all cases, thus emphasizing the need to examine also patient- and system-related variables not evident in the medical record. An approach to quality assurance that is based on measuring outcome and then determining the reasons for poor outcome in useful for uncovering correctable errors in the delivery of primary care. In order for the approach to be effective in improving care, the outcome measures used must be sensitive to the role of primary care in assisting partients to resolve health problems.", "contents": "Quality assurance in primary care: a strategy based on outcome assessment. We describe an outcome-based approach to quality assurance in primary care and present data from an initial study made to explore its usefulness. A questionnaire, which asked patients to report on the status of their problem in terms of the amount of symptoms, activity limitation, and anxiety it caused, was mailed to adults who had been seen a month previously for upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, or urinary tract infection. Outcome standards developed for these conditions indicated that patients should report no symptoms, activity limitation, or anxiety. Of the 127 patients who responded, 17% failed to meet these standards. A review of their medical records was conducted to test the value of using substandard problem-status outcome as an indicator of important deficiencies in care. Definite deficiencies in care were found for 57% of those with substandard outcomes and for 2% of those with acceptable outcomes. Corrective action was judged likely to benefit 95% of the cases with substandard outcome and 7% of those with acceptable outcomes. Data from the medical records were insufficient to explain the reasons for substandard outcome in all cases, thus emphasizing the need to examine also patient- and system-related variables not evident in the medical record. An approach to quality assurance that is based on measuring outcome and then determining the reasons for poor outcome in useful for uncovering correctable errors in the delivery of primary care. In order for the approach to be effective in improving care, the outcome measures used must be sensitive to the role of primary care in assisting partients to resolve health problems.", "PMID": 730840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_520", "title": "The effect of outreach workers' services on the medical care utilization of a disadvantaged population.", "content": "An original goal of the Kaiser-Permanente Neighborhood Health Center Project was to organize the project so that a medically indigent population would be able to utilize fully and appropriately the services of a complex medical care program. A special program of outreach services was designed as the principal means to achieve this goal. This study was made to determine the effects of these outreach services on (1) the use of or nonuse of ambulatory care services; (2) the volume and type of services used; (3) the patterns of use; and (4) the appointment-keeping behavior of the project population for a 12-month period. Outreach and medical care services were provided to an average of 7,000 persons in 1,500 low-income families who were enrolled as health plan members in the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program. Project participants were randomly divided into two groups, one with and one without services, and utilization data were collected from their medical and administrative records. The findings suggest that outreach intervention had a positive effect on access to care. Persons who received outreach services were more likely to contact the medical care system; these persons also showed a substantial difference in the volume of services they used, when compared to those without outreach services. Outreach workers were less successful in changing utilization patterns, although slight differences were found in the direction of more appropriate use. Persons with outreach services were more likely to have made contacts with their regular physician, to have made a smaller proportion of walk-in contacts, to have had a higher proportion of regularly scheduled contacts, and to have made a higher proportion of continuing visits. Outreach workers also had little or no effect on appointment-keeping behavior.", "contents": "The effect of outreach workers' services on the medical care utilization of a disadvantaged population. An original goal of the Kaiser-Permanente Neighborhood Health Center Project was to organize the project so that a medically indigent population would be able to utilize fully and appropriately the services of a complex medical care program. A special program of outreach services was designed as the principal means to achieve this goal. This study was made to determine the effects of these outreach services on (1) the use of or nonuse of ambulatory care services; (2) the volume and type of services used; (3) the patterns of use; and (4) the appointment-keeping behavior of the project population for a 12-month period. Outreach and medical care services were provided to an average of 7,000 persons in 1,500 low-income families who were enrolled as health plan members in the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program. Project participants were randomly divided into two groups, one with and one without services, and utilization data were collected from their medical and administrative records. The findings suggest that outreach intervention had a positive effect on access to care. Persons who received outreach services were more likely to contact the medical care system; these persons also showed a substantial difference in the volume of services they used, when compared to those without outreach services. Outreach workers were less successful in changing utilization patterns, although slight differences were found in the direction of more appropriate use. Persons with outreach services were more likely to have made contacts with their regular physician, to have made a smaller proportion of walk-in contacts, to have had a higher proportion of regularly scheduled contacts, and to have made a higher proportion of continuing visits. Outreach workers also had little or no effect on appointment-keeping behavior.", "PMID": 730841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_521", "title": "Hospitalization as a life crisis for the preschool child: a critical review.", "content": "Review of the literature on the psychological effects of hospitalization on children reveals that it has not increased substantially in quality or quantity since Vernon and his associates published their extensive review a decade ago. More recent research supports the earlier contentions that children between the ages of 6 months and 4 years are especially vulnerable to upset but are also more amenable to change and growth than other age groups. Maternal separation appears to be the primary stressor, but the presence of emotional disturbance prior to hospitalization and the child's level of cognitive development at the time may also be significant factors. Attempts to prepare children for hospitalization and surgery have met with some success, but not for preschool children. The need for some comprehensive theoretical perspective on which to base research is evident. Studies to date appear to have been based either on the concept of \"anticipatory worry\" or on some form of modeling theory. The author suggests that hospitalization can be considered as a life crisis for a child, a crisis that may result in blocks or distortions in his development if not mastered properly. Crisis theory provides a meaningful and useful model for understanding the experience of hospitalization for young children and for providing a basis for intervention. The psychopathology present in some children and their families is made apparent during such a crisis as hospitalization; this may present the only time when they are accesible to mental health professionals.", "contents": "Hospitalization as a life crisis for the preschool child: a critical review. Review of the literature on the psychological effects of hospitalization on children reveals that it has not increased substantially in quality or quantity since Vernon and his associates published their extensive review a decade ago. More recent research supports the earlier contentions that children between the ages of 6 months and 4 years are especially vulnerable to upset but are also more amenable to change and growth than other age groups. Maternal separation appears to be the primary stressor, but the presence of emotional disturbance prior to hospitalization and the child's level of cognitive development at the time may also be significant factors. Attempts to prepare children for hospitalization and surgery have met with some success, but not for preschool children. The need for some comprehensive theoretical perspective on which to base research is evident. Studies to date appear to have been based either on the concept of \"anticipatory worry\" or on some form of modeling theory. The author suggests that hospitalization can be considered as a life crisis for a child, a crisis that may result in blocks or distortions in his development if not mastered properly. Crisis theory provides a meaningful and useful model for understanding the experience of hospitalization for young children and for providing a basis for intervention. The psychopathology present in some children and their families is made apparent during such a crisis as hospitalization; this may present the only time when they are accesible to mental health professionals.", "PMID": 730842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_522", "title": "Health care decision making in Southern County.", "content": "We combine two standard approaches to analyze power and influence in health policy formulation within a moderately large county in the south. Intrinsic methodologic weaknesses are discussed and several conclusions are drawn regarding power in the health care sector of that community. The most significant finding is the shift in power over time, away from the individuals to committees and health care organizations. The ignorance of most physicians about the broader health care issues that affect the community was reflected in their lack of recognition by others in the community as influential decision makers. The insular relationship of the university to the rest of the community was also noted. Past racial politics had a continuing effect on later health policy formulation. These findings are discussed in light of current and past issues. Because we had promised confidentiality to the persons we interviewed, fictitious names were given to the county, the institutions, and the interviewees.", "contents": "Health care decision making in Southern County. We combine two standard approaches to analyze power and influence in health policy formulation within a moderately large county in the south. Intrinsic methodologic weaknesses are discussed and several conclusions are drawn regarding power in the health care sector of that community. The most significant finding is the shift in power over time, away from the individuals to committees and health care organizations. The ignorance of most physicians about the broader health care issues that affect the community was reflected in their lack of recognition by others in the community as influential decision makers. The insular relationship of the university to the rest of the community was also noted. Past racial politics had a continuing effect on later health policy formulation. These findings are discussed in light of current and past issues. Because we had promised confidentiality to the persons we interviewed, fictitious names were given to the county, the institutions, and the interviewees.", "PMID": 730843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_523", "title": "Interdisciplinary health education: a case study of fact and fancy.", "content": "Meeting the health needs of patients and providing comphrehensive health care services require the integration and coordination of several professional health services. Traditional methods for training students in the health professions independently are being challenged by the need for future practitioners to understand and to utilize effectively the skills offered by the other disciplines. However, the movement of educational institutions toward interdisciplinary training programs entails the careful assessment of program design, content, and basic philosophy. Two and one-half years of experience with such a program at one academic health center are reviewed.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary health education: a case study of fact and fancy. Meeting the health needs of patients and providing comphrehensive health care services require the integration and coordination of several professional health services. Traditional methods for training students in the health professions independently are being challenged by the need for future practitioners to understand and to utilize effectively the skills offered by the other disciplines. However, the movement of educational institutions toward interdisciplinary training programs entails the careful assessment of program design, content, and basic philosophy. Two and one-half years of experience with such a program at one academic health center are reviewed.", "PMID": 730844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_524", "title": "An evaluation of undergraduate family care programs.", "content": "Evaluation of the many new family care programs (FCP), and others of similar intent, however defined, is as essential as determining the value of any other curriculum change. Replies to a questionnaire from 101 U.S. and 15 Canadian medical schools indicated that 80% of the former and 93% of the latter had FCPs; 35% and 29%, respectively, were not evaluating their program by any method. No single evaluative technique was used by more than 42% of the American medical schools. A review of the literature on FCPs frequently indicated that the conclusions that could be drawn about the programs were ambiguous. Students in the University of Cincinnati Medical Center FCPs elected family practice or pediatric internships significantly more often than did the FCP nonparticipants, but they indicated that the program had little effect on this choice, despite almost uniformly favorable testimonials. We discuss the possibility that FCPs may be educating the wrong students, that FCPs, if not reinforced in other clinical areas, may have few lasting effects on student attitudes or career choice, and that we may be asking the wrong questions, and with inadequate methods.", "contents": "An evaluation of undergraduate family care programs. Evaluation of the many new family care programs (FCP), and others of similar intent, however defined, is as essential as determining the value of any other curriculum change. Replies to a questionnaire from 101 U.S. and 15 Canadian medical schools indicated that 80% of the former and 93% of the latter had FCPs; 35% and 29%, respectively, were not evaluating their program by any method. No single evaluative technique was used by more than 42% of the American medical schools. A review of the literature on FCPs frequently indicated that the conclusions that could be drawn about the programs were ambiguous. Students in the University of Cincinnati Medical Center FCPs elected family practice or pediatric internships significantly more often than did the FCP nonparticipants, but they indicated that the program had little effect on this choice, despite almost uniformly favorable testimonials. We discuss the possibility that FCPs may be educating the wrong students, that FCPs, if not reinforced in other clinical areas, may have few lasting effects on student attitudes or career choice, and that we may be asking the wrong questions, and with inadequate methods.", "PMID": 730845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_525", "title": "The superior colliculus control of pinna movements in the cat: possible anatomical connections.", "content": "Possible anatomical pathways mediating superior colliculus control of pinna movements were determined in the cat using the orthograde autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. This was done in the following manner. First, the division of the facial nucleus that innervates the pinna muscles was determined by injecting the pinna muscles with HRP and surveying the facial nucleus for retrogradely filled cells. Second, the brainstem regions that project the facial nucleus were identified using the horseradish peroxidase method. Third, the superior colliculus projections to these areas were studied using the autoradiographic tracing method. The results suggest that superior colliculus control of pinna movements is mediated entirely by  indirect connections with the facial nucleus and that these connections occur mainly in a paralemniscal zone in the lateral midbrain. Of all the brainstem regions shown by the horseradish peroxidase experiments to project to the facial nucleus only this midbrain paralemniscal zone received a projection from the superior colliculus that was dense and overlapped precisely the region containing facial projecting neurons. Further autoradiographic tracing revealed that the facial nucleus was the primary brainstem target of this paralemniscal zone and that all paralemniscal fibers projecting to the facial nucleus ended in the subdivision that innervates the pinna muscles. Other paralemniscal efferents terminate in the opposite paralemniscal zone. The data suggest that other connections between the superior colliculus and the facial nucleus may occur in the cuneiform nucleus of the midbrain, the region around the oculomotor complex, and the reticular formation dorsal to the superior olive.", "contents": "The superior colliculus control of pinna movements in the cat: possible anatomical connections. Possible anatomical pathways mediating superior colliculus control of pinna movements were determined in the cat using the orthograde autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. This was done in the following manner. First, the division of the facial nucleus that innervates the pinna muscles was determined by injecting the pinna muscles with HRP and surveying the facial nucleus for retrogradely filled cells. Second, the brainstem regions that project the facial nucleus were identified using the horseradish peroxidase method. Third, the superior colliculus projections to these areas were studied using the autoradiographic tracing method. The results suggest that superior colliculus control of pinna movements is mediated entirely by  indirect connections with the facial nucleus and that these connections occur mainly in a paralemniscal zone in the lateral midbrain. Of all the brainstem regions shown by the horseradish peroxidase experiments to project to the facial nucleus only this midbrain paralemniscal zone received a projection from the superior colliculus that was dense and overlapped precisely the region containing facial projecting neurons. Further autoradiographic tracing revealed that the facial nucleus was the primary brainstem target of this paralemniscal zone and that all paralemniscal fibers projecting to the facial nucleus ended in the subdivision that innervates the pinna muscles. Other paralemniscal efferents terminate in the opposite paralemniscal zone. The data suggest that other connections between the superior colliculus and the facial nucleus may occur in the cuneiform nucleus of the midbrain, the region around the oculomotor complex, and the reticular formation dorsal to the superior olive.", "PMID": 730846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_526", "title": "Horizontal cells of the turtle retina. I. Light microscopy of Golgi preparations.", "content": "In Golgi preparations of turtle retina, four types of horizontal cells were observed and their morphological characteristics determined in vertical thick sections, whole mount preparations, and reconstructions from serial 1-micrometer sections. H1 consists of a nucleated, stellate cell body (H1CB) and an irregular, tuberous axon terminal (H1AT) connected by a slender axon. Both parts of these cells make contact with receptor cells. H1CB's appear to correspond to \"L2-type cells\" while H1AT's correspond to \"L1-type cells\" described in the physiological literature. H2 and H3 are axonless stellate cells which are similar to one another in vertical profile and may occasionally appear similar in horizontal view. In general, the dendritic tree is more densely branched and the density of receptor cell contacts is higher for H2 than for H3. H2-type cells may correspond to \"R/G C-type cells.\" H4 is also an axonless stellate cell type which is smaller than H2 or H3 at equivalent retinal locations. The dendritic fields of H1CB's vary widely, but systematically, in size and shape over the retina. Their size is inversely related to receptor cell density, and the shape of the dendritic tree varies from roughly circular in the central area to elliptical in the periphery of the retina.", "contents": "Horizontal cells of the turtle retina. I. Light microscopy of Golgi preparations. In Golgi preparations of turtle retina, four types of horizontal cells were observed and their morphological characteristics determined in vertical thick sections, whole mount preparations, and reconstructions from serial 1-micrometer sections. H1 consists of a nucleated, stellate cell body (H1CB) and an irregular, tuberous axon terminal (H1AT) connected by a slender axon. Both parts of these cells make contact with receptor cells. H1CB's appear to correspond to \"L2-type cells\" while H1AT's correspond to \"L1-type cells\" described in the physiological literature. H2 and H3 are axonless stellate cells which are similar to one another in vertical profile and may occasionally appear similar in horizontal view. In general, the dendritic tree is more densely branched and the density of receptor cell contacts is higher for H2 than for H3. H2-type cells may correspond to \"R/G C-type cells.\" H4 is also an axonless stellate cell type which is smaller than H2 or H3 at equivalent retinal locations. The dendritic fields of H1CB's vary widely, but systematically, in size and shape over the retina. Their size is inversely related to receptor cell density, and the shape of the dendritic tree varies from roughly circular in the central area to elliptical in the periphery of the retina.", "PMID": 730847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_527", "title": "Horizontal cells of the turtle retina. II. Analysis of interconnections between photoreceptor cells and horizontal cells by light microscopy.", "content": "Criteria were established whereby the chief and accessory members of double cones, red-, green-, and blue-sensitive single cones, and rods could be distinguished from one another in 1-micrometer sections through the retinas of Pseudemys scripta elegans and Chelydra serpentina. Criteria included the presence of absence of an oil droplet, the size, color, and radial position of the oil droplet, the size and shape of the inner and outer segments, and the shape orientation of the connection between the perikaryon and synaptic terminal of each receptor cell. Using these criteria, the color-specific interconnections between horizontal cells and receptor cells were analyzed using 1-micrometer serial sections through Golgi-stained examples of horizontal cells of each type. The results of this analysis are: (a) H1 cells bodies contact both the red- and green-sensitive members of double cones, as well as red- and green-sensitive single cones. (b) H1 axon terminals contact only the red-sensitive chief members of double cones, red-sensitive single cones, and rods. (c) H2-type cells contact only green- and blue-sensitive single cones. (d) H3-type cells contact only blue-sensitive single cones. (e) H4-type cells contact only the green-sensitive accessory members of double cones. With the exception of H1 cell bodies, all horizontal cells generally contacted every appropriate receptor cell type within their receptive field. A model for the generation of complex horizontal cell light responses is proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Horizontal cells of the turtle retina. II. Analysis of interconnections between photoreceptor cells and horizontal cells by light microscopy. Criteria were established whereby the chief and accessory members of double cones, red-, green-, and blue-sensitive single cones, and rods could be distinguished from one another in 1-micrometer sections through the retinas of Pseudemys scripta elegans and Chelydra serpentina. Criteria included the presence of absence of an oil droplet, the size, color, and radial position of the oil droplet, the size and shape of the inner and outer segments, and the shape orientation of the connection between the perikaryon and synaptic terminal of each receptor cell. Using these criteria, the color-specific interconnections between horizontal cells and receptor cells were analyzed using 1-micrometer serial sections through Golgi-stained examples of horizontal cells of each type. The results of this analysis are: (a) H1 cells bodies contact both the red- and green-sensitive members of double cones, as well as red- and green-sensitive single cones. (b) H1 axon terminals contact only the red-sensitive chief members of double cones, red-sensitive single cones, and rods. (c) H2-type cells contact only green- and blue-sensitive single cones. (d) H3-type cells contact only blue-sensitive single cones. (e) H4-type cells contact only the green-sensitive accessory members of double cones. With the exception of H1 cell bodies, all horizontal cells generally contacted every appropriate receptor cell type within their receptive field. A model for the generation of complex horizontal cell light responses is proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 730848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_528", "title": "Anatomical and physiological localization of visual and infrared cell layers in tectum of pit vipers.", "content": "Visual and infrared cell layers were identified in the tectum of the pit vipers Crotalus viridis and Sistrurus melitus. Histologic reconstructions of 48 lesions utilizing the Prussian Blue technique were correlated with micrometer depth readings for 251 visual, infrared and bimodal single unit recordings. The visual cell layer extends caudally from approximately the level of the habenula to the rostral border of the posterior corpora quadrigemina. Neurons responding to visual stimulation are generally contained within zones 7b-13, i.e., the superficial 600--700 micrometer of the optic tectum (stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and the superficial sublayer of stratum griesum centrale). The infrared cell group is found in layer 7 (a and b; stratum griseum centrale) throughout the optic tectum. Eighty percent of the infrared neurons are found within 500--1,200 micrometer of the surface. In layer 7b the visual and infrared cell groups are mixed; bimodal neurons that respond to a combination of visual and infrared input are located predominantly in this sublamina. The lamination pattern for visual and nonvisual cell groups in the rattlesnake tectum appears to more closely resemble the colubrid tectum and mammalian superior colliculus than the tecta of other reptiles.", "contents": "Anatomical and physiological localization of visual and infrared cell layers in tectum of pit vipers. Visual and infrared cell layers were identified in the tectum of the pit vipers Crotalus viridis and Sistrurus melitus. Histologic reconstructions of 48 lesions utilizing the Prussian Blue technique were correlated with micrometer depth readings for 251 visual, infrared and bimodal single unit recordings. The visual cell layer extends caudally from approximately the level of the habenula to the rostral border of the posterior corpora quadrigemina. Neurons responding to visual stimulation are generally contained within zones 7b-13, i.e., the superficial 600--700 micrometer of the optic tectum (stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and the superficial sublayer of stratum griesum centrale). The infrared cell group is found in layer 7 (a and b; stratum griseum centrale) throughout the optic tectum. Eighty percent of the infrared neurons are found within 500--1,200 micrometer of the surface. In layer 7b the visual and infrared cell groups are mixed; bimodal neurons that respond to a combination of visual and infrared input are located predominantly in this sublamina. The lamination pattern for visual and nonvisual cell groups in the rattlesnake tectum appears to more closely resemble the colubrid tectum and mammalian superior colliculus than the tecta of other reptiles.", "PMID": 730849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_529", "title": "Photoreceptors and oil droplet colors in the red area of the pigeon retina.", "content": "Six types of photoreceptors in the red area (dorso-temporal quadrant) of the pigeon retina are identified using Golgi impregnation, light microscopy and electron microscopy. Golgi impregnation is used to categorize the receptors into morphological types. Examination of oil droplets in the inner segments of cones in fresh, unfixed tissue shows five different types which can be characterized by color, size and stratification. Therefore, in sections through the length of the receptors examined by electron microscopy, the oil droplets contained in the inner segments of the cones can be identified as to their color by their characteristics (i.e., size and stratification), and the groups of receptors thus classified, further characterized as to the morphology of their terminals. Rods have no oil droplets in their inner segments, and their synaptic terminals are located in the outermost stratum of the outer plexiform layer OPL). Principal members of double cones have yellow oil droplets in their inner segments, while accessory members contain small colorless oil droplets. The synaptic terminals of double cones are located in the same (outermost) stratum of the OPL as rod synaptic terminals. Two types of single, straight cones house either red or orange oil droplets and terminate in the intermediate stratum of the OPL. Oblique single cones with yellow-green oil droplets in their inner segments contribute synaptic terminals to the innermost stratum of the OPL.", "contents": "Photoreceptors and oil droplet colors in the red area of the pigeon retina. Six types of photoreceptors in the red area (dorso-temporal quadrant) of the pigeon retina are identified using Golgi impregnation, light microscopy and electron microscopy. Golgi impregnation is used to categorize the receptors into morphological types. Examination of oil droplets in the inner segments of cones in fresh, unfixed tissue shows five different types which can be characterized by color, size and stratification. Therefore, in sections through the length of the receptors examined by electron microscopy, the oil droplets contained in the inner segments of the cones can be identified as to their color by their characteristics (i.e., size and stratification), and the groups of receptors thus classified, further characterized as to the morphology of their terminals. Rods have no oil droplets in their inner segments, and their synaptic terminals are located in the outermost stratum of the outer plexiform layer OPL). Principal members of double cones have yellow oil droplets in their inner segments, while accessory members contain small colorless oil droplets. The synaptic terminals of double cones are located in the same (outermost) stratum of the OPL as rod synaptic terminals. Two types of single, straight cones house either red or orange oil droplets and terminate in the intermediate stratum of the OPL. Oblique single cones with yellow-green oil droplets in their inner segments contribute synaptic terminals to the innermost stratum of the OPL.", "PMID": 730850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_530", "title": "Ultrastructural specificity of synaptic sites in nerve terminals mediating both presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition.", "content": "The ultrastructural basis of presynaptic inhibition of the excitatory efferent axon innervating the opener muscle of the crayfish walking leg was studied using the electron microscope. The inhibitory efferent axon terminals form axoaxonal synapses onto excitor terminals in very close proximity to sites of excitatory transmitter release. There is no evidence that these synapses are located at regions of low safety factor of action potential conduction in the excitor. In the area of axoaxonal synaptic connections, the inhibitory axon also forms inhibitory neuromuscular junctions on the opener muscle. Synaptic vesicles are clustered in active zones bordered postsynaptically by extensive invaginations, or junctional folds, in the sarcolemma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary effect of presynaptic inhibition is to shunt depolarization-secretion coupling at specific sites of transmitter release in the target cell, rather than to block impulse propagation into a more generalized population of nerve terminals distal to the axoaxonal synapse. Further physiological implications of this structural arrangement are considered.", "contents": "Ultrastructural specificity of synaptic sites in nerve terminals mediating both presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition. The ultrastructural basis of presynaptic inhibition of the excitatory efferent axon innervating the opener muscle of the crayfish walking leg was studied using the electron microscope. The inhibitory efferent axon terminals form axoaxonal synapses onto excitor terminals in very close proximity to sites of excitatory transmitter release. There is no evidence that these synapses are located at regions of low safety factor of action potential conduction in the excitor. In the area of axoaxonal synaptic connections, the inhibitory axon also forms inhibitory neuromuscular junctions on the opener muscle. Synaptic vesicles are clustered in active zones bordered postsynaptically by extensive invaginations, or junctional folds, in the sarcolemma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary effect of presynaptic inhibition is to shunt depolarization-secretion coupling at specific sites of transmitter release in the target cell, rather than to block impulse propagation into a more generalized population of nerve terminals distal to the axoaxonal synapse. Further physiological implications of this structural arrangement are considered.", "PMID": 730851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_531", "title": "A Golgi study of cell types in the hilar region of the hippocampus in the rat.", "content": "The morphology of neurons in the \"hilar region\" of the hippocampus (fields CA3c and CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3, '34) was analyzed with several variants of the Golgi technique. Hippocampi were dissected from the brains of 28-day-old rats, fixed and impregnated by immersion, and sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Based on the resident cell types, aspects of the neuropil, and published data related to afferent termination, the area under study was divided into four zones. At least 21 cell types were observed throughout these zones, several of which had not previously been described. Many cells in this area exhibited an impressive number and variety of dendritic and axonal appendages, including spines on the proximal portion of some axons. The close apposition of fibers to these axonal spines suggested the possibility of axo-axonal interactions. The influence of dentate granule cells, through their mossy fibers, on the synaptic economy of the \"hilar region\" was found to be more extensive than previously reported. Mossy fibers appeared to terminate on the dendrites of several types of non-pyramidal cells, which bear no thorny excrescences, by means of thin filiform extensions which emanate from the mossy fiber expansions and by means of thin mossy fiber collaterals which are devoid of typical expansions. Consideration is given to a long-standing debate as to whether the deep \"hilar region\" (CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3, '34, hilus of the fascia dentata of Blackstad, '56) is related more to the hippocampus or to the fascia dentata and it is concluded that the deep hilar region is an area of mergence of the polymorphic zones of these two cortical structures. The results of the present study do not support the proposition that the deep hilar region is an extension of the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus as suggested by Lorente de N\u00f3 ('34), and thus CA4 is a misnomer. Rather, the cells in this area are most closely related to the fascia dentata and should thus be considered to lie in the polymorphic zone of \"area dentata\" as proposed initially by Blackstad ('56).", "contents": "A Golgi study of cell types in the hilar region of the hippocampus in the rat. The morphology of neurons in the \"hilar region\" of the hippocampus (fields CA3c and CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3, '34) was analyzed with several variants of the Golgi technique. Hippocampi were dissected from the brains of 28-day-old rats, fixed and impregnated by immersion, and sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Based on the resident cell types, aspects of the neuropil, and published data related to afferent termination, the area under study was divided into four zones. At least 21 cell types were observed throughout these zones, several of which had not previously been described. Many cells in this area exhibited an impressive number and variety of dendritic and axonal appendages, including spines on the proximal portion of some axons. The close apposition of fibers to these axonal spines suggested the possibility of axo-axonal interactions. The influence of dentate granule cells, through their mossy fibers, on the synaptic economy of the \"hilar region\" was found to be more extensive than previously reported. Mossy fibers appeared to terminate on the dendrites of several types of non-pyramidal cells, which bear no thorny excrescences, by means of thin filiform extensions which emanate from the mossy fiber expansions and by means of thin mossy fiber collaterals which are devoid of typical expansions. Consideration is given to a long-standing debate as to whether the deep \"hilar region\" (CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3, '34, hilus of the fascia dentata of Blackstad, '56) is related more to the hippocampus or to the fascia dentata and it is concluded that the deep hilar region is an area of mergence of the polymorphic zones of these two cortical structures. The results of the present study do not support the proposition that the deep hilar region is an extension of the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus as suggested by Lorente de N\u00f3 ('34), and thus CA4 is a misnomer. Rather, the cells in this area are most closely related to the fascia dentata and should thus be considered to lie in the polymorphic zone of \"area dentata\" as proposed initially by Blackstad ('56).", "PMID": 730852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_532", "title": "Localization of sensory neurons traversing the stellate ganglion of the cat.", "content": "The distribution of sensory cells whose axons traverse the stellate ganglion and project via sympathetic cardiac nerves to the heart of the cat has been examined quantitatively. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected at multiple sites in the right stellate ganglion, or applied to the middle cardiac nerve, labelled small numbers of cells in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from T1 to T8. These cells were most numerous between T2 and T5 and were consistently small (less than 40 micrometer) relative to other cells in the DRG. When HRP was applied to middle cardiac nerves, the numbers of labelled sensory cells always exceeded the numbers of myelinated axons counted in the same nerves from other cats. It is concluded that the distribution of the cells of cardiac sensory fibers is more extensive within thoracic DRG than has been previously reported, and it is suggested that such fibres travelling in the sympathetic cardiac nerves may be either myelinated or unmyelinated.", "contents": "Localization of sensory neurons traversing the stellate ganglion of the cat. The distribution of sensory cells whose axons traverse the stellate ganglion and project via sympathetic cardiac nerves to the heart of the cat has been examined quantitatively. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected at multiple sites in the right stellate ganglion, or applied to the middle cardiac nerve, labelled small numbers of cells in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from T1 to T8. These cells were most numerous between T2 and T5 and were consistently small (less than 40 micrometer) relative to other cells in the DRG. When HRP was applied to middle cardiac nerves, the numbers of labelled sensory cells always exceeded the numbers of myelinated axons counted in the same nerves from other cats. It is concluded that the distribution of the cells of cardiac sensory fibers is more extensive within thoracic DRG than has been previously reported, and it is suggested that such fibres travelling in the sympathetic cardiac nerves may be either myelinated or unmyelinated.", "PMID": 730853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_533", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. III. Ontogeny of the specialized ventricular linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle.", "content": "The development of the specialized linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle was examined autoradiographically in mature rats that were labelled with 3H-thymidine during the developmental period, and in a closely spaced series of embryonic and infant rats. We distinguished in mature rats, apart from the typical ependymal wall, three specialized linings: the convoluted ependyma, the laminated epithelium, and the tanycytic epithelium. The ventricular wall of most of the anterior hypothalamus, and of the dorsal portion of the posterior hypothalamus, is composed of ciliated ependymal cells and most of them are generated several days before birth, soon after the cessation of neurogenesis in the adjacent hypothalamic nuclei. The cells of the rostral convoluted ependyma adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus are produced at about the same time as the neighboring cells of the smooth ependyma. Its cells come from the same germinal region that we have assumed to generate the neurons of the magnocellular neurohypophysial secretory system. The structural differentiation of the convoluted ependyma starts after birth and is completed by the beginning of the second week. Many of the ependymal cells of the laminated epithelium are produced postnatally, and the production of the specialized cells that form a parallel subependymal row extends into the third week. These cells appear to arise from the same matrix that generates earlier the neurons of the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei; their structural differentiation begins during the second week. Also the cells of the tanycytic epithelium are produced mostly postnatally, predominantly during the first week. They appear to arise from the same matrix that generated earlier the neurons of the hypophysiotropic tuberomammillary and arcuate nuclei. It is postulated that these three specialized ventricular linings are specifically related to the three cpmponents of the endocrine hypothalamus with which they have shared neuroepithelial sites of origin.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. III. Ontogeny of the specialized ventricular linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle. The development of the specialized linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle was examined autoradiographically in mature rats that were labelled with 3H-thymidine during the developmental period, and in a closely spaced series of embryonic and infant rats. We distinguished in mature rats, apart from the typical ependymal wall, three specialized linings: the convoluted ependyma, the laminated epithelium, and the tanycytic epithelium. The ventricular wall of most of the anterior hypothalamus, and of the dorsal portion of the posterior hypothalamus, is composed of ciliated ependymal cells and most of them are generated several days before birth, soon after the cessation of neurogenesis in the adjacent hypothalamic nuclei. The cells of the rostral convoluted ependyma adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus are produced at about the same time as the neighboring cells of the smooth ependyma. Its cells come from the same germinal region that we have assumed to generate the neurons of the magnocellular neurohypophysial secretory system. The structural differentiation of the convoluted ependyma starts after birth and is completed by the beginning of the second week. Many of the ependymal cells of the laminated epithelium are produced postnatally, and the production of the specialized cells that form a parallel subependymal row extends into the third week. These cells appear to arise from the same matrix that generates earlier the neurons of the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei; their structural differentiation begins during the second week. Also the cells of the tanycytic epithelium are produced mostly postnatally, predominantly during the first week. They appear to arise from the same matrix that generated earlier the neurons of the hypophysiotropic tuberomammillary and arcuate nuclei. It is postulated that these three specialized ventricular linings are specifically related to the three cpmponents of the endocrine hypothalamus with which they have shared neuroepithelial sites of origin.", "PMID": 730854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_534", "title": "Ingestional aversion learning in preweanling rats.", "content": "Ingestional aversions were conditioned in 12- and 15-day-old rats by infusing a .5% solution of saccharin into the oral cavity and following this oral infusion by the injection of lithium chloride. At both ages, subjects for which the saccharin exposure was followed by lithium injection within 2-3 min drank less when the saccharin solution was again presented by oral infusion 12 hr later; such suppressions of intake were not observed in subjects that previously received the saccharin and lithium in an unpaired fashion (Experiments 1 and 3). Ingestional aversions were also learned by 12-day-olds when a 30-min interval was introduced between saccharin exposure and lithium toxicosis but not when toxicosis was delayed by 120 min (Experiment 2). In contrast, 15-day-olds learned aversions with both the 30- and 120-min-delay intervals (Experiment 3). Despite the absence of long-delay learning in 12 day olds, ingestional aversions conditioned at 12 days of age were retained for 2 wk (Experiment 4). These results provide further evidence of the associative abilities of neonatal rats and illustrate a developmental aspect of long-delay learning.", "contents": "Ingestional aversion learning in preweanling rats. Ingestional aversions were conditioned in 12- and 15-day-old rats by infusing a .5% solution of saccharin into the oral cavity and following this oral infusion by the injection of lithium chloride. At both ages, subjects for which the saccharin exposure was followed by lithium injection within 2-3 min drank less when the saccharin solution was again presented by oral infusion 12 hr later; such suppressions of intake were not observed in subjects that previously received the saccharin and lithium in an unpaired fashion (Experiments 1 and 3). Ingestional aversions were also learned by 12-day-olds when a 30-min interval was introduced between saccharin exposure and lithium toxicosis but not when toxicosis was delayed by 120 min (Experiment 2). In contrast, 15-day-olds learned aversions with both the 30- and 120-min-delay intervals (Experiment 3). Despite the absence of long-delay learning in 12 day olds, ingestional aversions conditioned at 12 days of age were retained for 2 wk (Experiment 4). These results provide further evidence of the associative abilities of neonatal rats and illustrate a developmental aspect of long-delay learning.", "PMID": 730855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_535", "title": "Habituation of the EEG arousal response in rats: short- and long-term effects, frequency specificity, and wake--sleep transfer.", "content": "Presentation of auditory stimuli over interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of several minutes to sleeping rats produced significant habituation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) arousal response. The arousal response habituated to an asymptote after only two or three stimulus presentations. Little or no spontaneous recovery occurred between sessions separated by 24 or 72 hr. The habituation produced by a single stimulus presentation was retained for at least 24 hr, and orderly habituation was shown with a 24-hr ISI. Approximately 90% retention of habituation was shown 32 days following 10 stimulus presentations, and some degree of retention was shown for as long as 50 days. After habituation had reached a long-term asymptote, 600 stimulus presentations over 2-sec ISIs produced further response decrements, but these decrements recovered completely within a matter of minutes and responsiveness returned to the previously established long-term asymptote. Habituation was shown to be frequency-specific over both 24-hr and 32-day intervals. Habituation produced by stimulus presentations to awake animals transferred to the condition in which stimuli were presented to sleeping animals.", "contents": "Habituation of the EEG arousal response in rats: short- and long-term effects, frequency specificity, and wake--sleep transfer. Presentation of auditory stimuli over interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of several minutes to sleeping rats produced significant habituation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) arousal response. The arousal response habituated to an asymptote after only two or three stimulus presentations. Little or no spontaneous recovery occurred between sessions separated by 24 or 72 hr. The habituation produced by a single stimulus presentation was retained for at least 24 hr, and orderly habituation was shown with a 24-hr ISI. Approximately 90% retention of habituation was shown 32 days following 10 stimulus presentations, and some degree of retention was shown for as long as 50 days. After habituation had reached a long-term asymptote, 600 stimulus presentations over 2-sec ISIs produced further response decrements, but these decrements recovered completely within a matter of minutes and responsiveness returned to the previously established long-term asymptote. Habituation was shown to be frequency-specific over both 24-hr and 32-day intervals. Habituation produced by stimulus presentations to awake animals transferred to the condition in which stimuli were presented to sleeping animals.", "PMID": 730856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_536", "title": "Learning performance varies with brain weight in heterogeneous mouse lines.", "content": "Three lines of unselected heterogeneous stocks of mice were tested for learning and activity in active avoidance acquisition and extinction, water-maze discrimination learning and reversal learning, operant discrimination, and passive avoidance acquisition tasks. Ambulation in the open field was also measured. Small to moderate correlations (absolute values of .17 to .42) between brain weight and learning measures were obtained for all tasks except passive avoidance. A moderate correlation between brain weight and activity was found only in the open field (r = .39). Partialing out differences in operant level and body weight and learning performance. When ambulation in the open field was partialed out, however, all correlations between brain weight and learning performance decreased. Previous research has suggested a positive relation between brain weight and learning scores across mammalian orders and species. The results reported here extend this relation to within-species variation in brain size. The results also emphasize the limitations of estimating genetic associations between brain and behavior from comparisons between small numbers of inbred strains or selected lines.", "contents": "Learning performance varies with brain weight in heterogeneous mouse lines. Three lines of unselected heterogeneous stocks of mice were tested for learning and activity in active avoidance acquisition and extinction, water-maze discrimination learning and reversal learning, operant discrimination, and passive avoidance acquisition tasks. Ambulation in the open field was also measured. Small to moderate correlations (absolute values of .17 to .42) between brain weight and learning measures were obtained for all tasks except passive avoidance. A moderate correlation between brain weight and activity was found only in the open field (r = .39). Partialing out differences in operant level and body weight and learning performance. When ambulation in the open field was partialed out, however, all correlations between brain weight and learning performance decreased. Previous research has suggested a positive relation between brain weight and learning scores across mammalian orders and species. The results reported here extend this relation to within-species variation in brain size. The results also emphasize the limitations of estimating genetic associations between brain and behavior from comparisons between small numbers of inbred strains or selected lines.", "PMID": 730857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_537", "title": "Auditory sensitivity, equal loudness, temporal resolving power, and vocalizations in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus).", "content": "Absolute thresholds for pure tones were measured in four house finches by use of avoidance conditioning and a modified method of limits. Response reaction time to each tone presentation served as a data base for generating a family of \"equal loudness\" contours. Temporal resolving power was measured in two additional birds and compared with similar measures in man. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of vocalizations in the house finch, and the average power spectra of selected individual vocalizations are presented.", "contents": "Auditory sensitivity, equal loudness, temporal resolving power, and vocalizations in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Absolute thresholds for pure tones were measured in four house finches by use of avoidance conditioning and a modified method of limits. Response reaction time to each tone presentation served as a data base for generating a family of \"equal loudness\" contours. Temporal resolving power was measured in two additional birds and compared with similar measures in man. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of vocalizations in the house finch, and the average power spectra of selected individual vocalizations are presented.", "PMID": 730858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_538", "title": "Ontogeny of thermal and olfactory determinants of huddling in the rat.", "content": "In standardized tests of huddling behavior, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old rat pups spent substantial and equivalent amounts of time with an immobile rat or a heated, fur-covered tube, which suggests that the conspecific and inanimate stimuli were equally attractive to the pups. Two-choice preferences tests, however, revealed dramatic developmental differences in attraction. Younger pups preferred to huddle with the warmer, inanimate target, whereas older pups preferred the conspecific. The emergent conspecific preference appears mediated by attraction to species odors. The 5- and 10-day-olds huddled equally with an immobile rat and an immobile gerbil, stimuli with similar thermal and tactile properties, but older pups preferred the conspecific. Intranasal zinc sulfate treatment eliminated preference for the conspecific in 15- and 20-day-olds but did not disrupt huddling per se. Thermal cues were sufficient to elicit huddling at all ages, but olfactory cues became a more salient influence before weaning. An ontogenetic transition from \"physiological\" to \"filial\" huddling is discussed in terms of changes in sensory control of early behavior.", "contents": "Ontogeny of thermal and olfactory determinants of huddling in the rat. In standardized tests of huddling behavior, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old rat pups spent substantial and equivalent amounts of time with an immobile rat or a heated, fur-covered tube, which suggests that the conspecific and inanimate stimuli were equally attractive to the pups. Two-choice preferences tests, however, revealed dramatic developmental differences in attraction. Younger pups preferred to huddle with the warmer, inanimate target, whereas older pups preferred the conspecific. The emergent conspecific preference appears mediated by attraction to species odors. The 5- and 10-day-olds huddled equally with an immobile rat and an immobile gerbil, stimuli with similar thermal and tactile properties, but older pups preferred the conspecific. Intranasal zinc sulfate treatment eliminated preference for the conspecific in 15- and 20-day-olds but did not disrupt huddling per se. Thermal cues were sufficient to elicit huddling at all ages, but olfactory cues became a more salient influence before weaning. An ontogenetic transition from \"physiological\" to \"filial\" huddling is discussed in terms of changes in sensory control of early behavior.", "PMID": 730859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_539", "title": "Novel taste facilitation of the association of visual cues with toxicosis in rats.", "content": "The present experiments examined the conditions under which rats rapidly learn to avoid ingesting visually distinctive food objects associated with toxicosis. It was found that the presence of a novel taste associated with a visually distinctive food object faciliated acquisition of visual-cue-toxicosis associations. Further experiments failed to support either higher order conditioning or sensory preconditioning models of this phenomenon. The results are discussed in terms of species' differences in the conditions under which attention is directed to visual cues associated with ingesta. The implications of these findings for the existence of visual aposomatisms (warning colors) in naturally occurring toxic species are also examined.", "contents": "Novel taste facilitation of the association of visual cues with toxicosis in rats. The present experiments examined the conditions under which rats rapidly learn to avoid ingesting visually distinctive food objects associated with toxicosis. It was found that the presence of a novel taste associated with a visually distinctive food object faciliated acquisition of visual-cue-toxicosis associations. Further experiments failed to support either higher order conditioning or sensory preconditioning models of this phenomenon. The results are discussed in terms of species' differences in the conditions under which attention is directed to visual cues associated with ingesta. The implications of these findings for the existence of visual aposomatisms (warning colors) in naturally occurring toxic species are also examined.", "PMID": 730860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_540", "title": "Effects of posttraining injection of cholinergic agonists and antagonists into the amygdala on retention of passive avoidance training in rats.", "content": "Rats were given a single footshock while licking a water tube and tested 24 hr later for retention of the footshock experience. A single bilateral injection of a subseizure dose of physostigmine into the amygdala applied immediately, but not 18 hr, after the footshock imparied retention. This effect appeared to be somewhat localized, as physostigmine injected into the hippocampus or lateral ventricles did not disrupt retention. Conversely, a subseizure dose of atropine sulfate into the amygdala, given immediately or 18 hr after the footshock did not impair retention. Atropine injected concurrently with physostigmine into the same amygdaloid loci counteracted a potential physostigmine-induced retention deficit. Injection of carbachol into the amygdala also impaired retention; however, carbachol precipitated seizures and possibly exerted proactive consequences on performance. The time-dependent nature of the deficit following physostigmine is consistent with the view that injection of cholinergic agonists into the amygdala disrupts memory for the footshock experience.", "contents": "Effects of posttraining injection of cholinergic agonists and antagonists into the amygdala on retention of passive avoidance training in rats. Rats were given a single footshock while licking a water tube and tested 24 hr later for retention of the footshock experience. A single bilateral injection of a subseizure dose of physostigmine into the amygdala applied immediately, but not 18 hr, after the footshock imparied retention. This effect appeared to be somewhat localized, as physostigmine injected into the hippocampus or lateral ventricles did not disrupt retention. Conversely, a subseizure dose of atropine sulfate into the amygdala, given immediately or 18 hr after the footshock did not impair retention. Atropine injected concurrently with physostigmine into the same amygdaloid loci counteracted a potential physostigmine-induced retention deficit. Injection of carbachol into the amygdala also impaired retention; however, carbachol precipitated seizures and possibly exerted proactive consequences on performance. The time-dependent nature of the deficit following physostigmine is consistent with the view that injection of cholinergic agonists into the amygdala disrupts memory for the footshock experience.", "PMID": 730861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_541", "title": "Changes in posterior hypothalamic self-stimulation following experimental cerebral infarction in the rat.", "content": "Bioplar stimulating electrodes were placed bilaterally in the posterior hypothalamus of rats following which the animals were shaped for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). When ICSS rates were stable for 1 wk, the right middle cerebral artery was ligated. During the 25-day postinfarction period, the rate of ICSS at specified current values was compared with preoperative rates. At 2 days after operation, there was a 33% decrease in the maximum frequency of ipsilateral ICSS. However, by 8 days after experimental stroke, there was a 16% increase in the maximal rate of ICSS above the preoperative value,  and the rate returned to control levels by 20 days after surgery. The minimum current necessary to elicit the maximal rate of response also changed in a biphasic manner, i.e., the minimum required current was greater than preoperative control levels until 8 days after operation but then dropped below control level until 20 days postoperatively. There were no changes in the current or rate of response in the contralateral electrode. These results are discussed in relation to what may be the underlying neurophysiological changes causing these biphasic alterations in ICSS.", "contents": "Changes in posterior hypothalamic self-stimulation following experimental cerebral infarction in the rat. Bioplar stimulating electrodes were placed bilaterally in the posterior hypothalamus of rats following which the animals were shaped for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). When ICSS rates were stable for 1 wk, the right middle cerebral artery was ligated. During the 25-day postinfarction period, the rate of ICSS at specified current values was compared with preoperative rates. At 2 days after operation, there was a 33% decrease in the maximum frequency of ipsilateral ICSS. However, by 8 days after experimental stroke, there was a 16% increase in the maximal rate of ICSS above the preoperative value,  and the rate returned to control levels by 20 days after surgery. The minimum current necessary to elicit the maximal rate of response also changed in a biphasic manner, i.e., the minimum required current was greater than preoperative control levels until 8 days after operation but then dropped below control level until 20 days postoperatively. There were no changes in the current or rate of response in the contralateral electrode. These results are discussed in relation to what may be the underlying neurophysiological changes causing these biphasic alterations in ICSS.", "PMID": 730862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_542", "title": "Alterations of clinically normal skin in early eruptive guttate psoriasis. A light- and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "In clinically normal skin of early eruptive guttate psoriasis, in patients with psoriasis for the first time, the epidermal changes were restricted to small tissue areas showing a slight hyperplasia and a condensed stratum corneum but no parakeratosis. The center (zone 1) of the small tissue areas was characterized by (1) exoserosis with spongiotic dilatation of the intercellular space in the non-cornified epidermis, (2) derangement of keratinocytes with respect to shape, orientation, and number of desmosomes and fibrils, (3) dyskeratotic keratinocytes of two types, A and B, (4) agranulosis restricted to the dyskeratotic deratinocytes of type A, (5) exocytosis of mononuclear cells and Langerhans' cells into the entire non-cornified epidermis, (6) large gaps in the basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen. The periphery (zones 2) of the small tissue areas showed slight changes. The alterations of the upper dermis were slight: besides a very mild general inflammatory reaction with capillary dilatation and perivascular cell infiltrate there was also a focal accumulation of inflammatory cells immediately beneath the epidermis, with cells seemingly infiltrating the stratum basale. It is postulated that the epidermal and dermal changes as shown here represent primary posoriatic changes.", "contents": "Alterations of clinically normal skin in early eruptive guttate psoriasis. A light- and electron-microscopic study. In clinically normal skin of early eruptive guttate psoriasis, in patients with psoriasis for the first time, the epidermal changes were restricted to small tissue areas showing a slight hyperplasia and a condensed stratum corneum but no parakeratosis. The center (zone 1) of the small tissue areas was characterized by (1) exoserosis with spongiotic dilatation of the intercellular space in the non-cornified epidermis, (2) derangement of keratinocytes with respect to shape, orientation, and number of desmosomes and fibrils, (3) dyskeratotic keratinocytes of two types, A and B, (4) agranulosis restricted to the dyskeratotic deratinocytes of type A, (5) exocytosis of mononuclear cells and Langerhans' cells into the entire non-cornified epidermis, (6) large gaps in the basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen. The periphery (zones 2) of the small tissue areas showed slight changes. The alterations of the upper dermis were slight: besides a very mild general inflammatory reaction with capillary dilatation and perivascular cell infiltrate there was also a focal accumulation of inflammatory cells immediately beneath the epidermis, with cells seemingly infiltrating the stratum basale. It is postulated that the epidermal and dermal changes as shown here represent primary posoriatic changes.", "PMID": 730863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_543", "title": "The behavior of reticulin fibers in and around melanomas.", "content": "A previous study confirmed the correlation between the vertical diameter of malignant melanomas and prognosis. In 72 of these tumors we examined the pattern and number of reticulin fibers (RF) around and within the melanomas. An increase in vertical diameter was accompanied by an increase of RF within the tumor and a decrease of RF on its edges. The differences were not sufficienty signficant to allow firm prognosis.", "contents": "The behavior of reticulin fibers in and around melanomas. A previous study confirmed the correlation between the vertical diameter of malignant melanomas and prognosis. In 72 of these tumors we examined the pattern and number of reticulin fibers (RF) around and within the melanomas. An increase in vertical diameter was accompanied by an increase of RF within the tumor and a decrease of RF on its edges. The differences were not sufficienty signficant to allow firm prognosis.", "PMID": 730864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_544", "title": "Hidroacanthoma simplex with in situ porocarcinoma. A case suggesting malignant transformation.", "content": "A case of hidroacanthoma simplex, suggesting malignant transformation into porocarcinoma in situ is reported. It represents further evidence that epidermotropic eccrine carcinoma may originate from the acrosyringium. This lesion demonstrates that the upper portion of the dermal eccrine duct may participate in the oncogenesis of hidroacanthoma simplex. It may also provide the missing link in the chain of evolution of benign eccrine poroacanthoma into porocarcinoma.", "contents": "Hidroacanthoma simplex with in situ porocarcinoma. A case suggesting malignant transformation. A case of hidroacanthoma simplex, suggesting malignant transformation into porocarcinoma in situ is reported. It represents further evidence that epidermotropic eccrine carcinoma may originate from the acrosyringium. This lesion demonstrates that the upper portion of the dermal eccrine duct may participate in the oncogenesis of hidroacanthoma simplex. It may also provide the missing link in the chain of evolution of benign eccrine poroacanthoma into porocarcinoma.", "PMID": 730865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_545", "title": "Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Localization in surgical scars.", "content": "Necrobiosis lipoidica is a skin disorders with an interesting predisposition for areas of trauma such as the anterior shins. In this report a patient with diabetes mellitus and generalized necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with localization in surgical scars is described. A brief review of other skin disorders occurring in scars is also included.", "contents": "Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Localization in surgical scars. Necrobiosis lipoidica is a skin disorders with an interesting predisposition for areas of trauma such as the anterior shins. In this report a patient with diabetes mellitus and generalized necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with localization in surgical scars is described. A brief review of other skin disorders occurring in scars is also included.", "PMID": 730866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_546", "title": "Regeneration of axillary hair and related phenomena after removal of deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue by a special \"shaving\" technique.", "content": "A subcutaneous tissue \"shaver\" was used in the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. Regeneration of axillary hair was observed postoperatively even if subcutaneous tissue and dermis were removed almost up to the level of sebaceous ducts. Hair regenerated more often in male patients whose sebaceous glands and follicular isthmus were designedly left intact than in female patients whose sebaceous glands were designedly removed completely. Some function of apocrine and eccrine glands tends to return over a two-year period.", "contents": "Regeneration of axillary hair and related phenomena after removal of deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue by a special \"shaving\" technique. A subcutaneous tissue \"shaver\" was used in the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. Regeneration of axillary hair was observed postoperatively even if subcutaneous tissue and dermis were removed almost up to the level of sebaceous ducts. Hair regenerated more often in male patients whose sebaceous glands and follicular isthmus were designedly left intact than in female patients whose sebaceous glands were designedly removed completely. Some function of apocrine and eccrine glands tends to return over a two-year period.", "PMID": 730937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_547", "title": "Subcutaneous island interpolation flap: \"serpentine layering\" to increase the intra-defect pedicle thickness.", "content": "While developing a subcutaneous island interpolation flap, \"serpentine layering\" of an extended subcutaneous pedicle was noted to give more adequate filling of a deep nasal defect, thus enhancing the final cosmetic result.", "contents": "Subcutaneous island interpolation flap: \"serpentine layering\" to increase the intra-defect pedicle thickness. While developing a subcutaneous island interpolation flap, \"serpentine layering\" of an extended subcutaneous pedicle was noted to give more adequate filling of a deep nasal defect, thus enhancing the final cosmetic result.", "PMID": 730938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_548", "title": "Granulomatous reaction to autologous hairs incarcerated during hair transplantation.", "content": "Incarceration of autologous hairs resulting in a granulomatous reaction to them is an unusual complication of hair transplantation. The clinical presentation, histology, pathomechanism, and treatment of an instance of this complication are described and discussed.", "contents": "Granulomatous reaction to autologous hairs incarcerated during hair transplantation. Incarceration of autologous hairs resulting in a granulomatous reaction to them is an unusual complication of hair transplantation. The clinical presentation, histology, pathomechanism, and treatment of an instance of this complication are described and discussed.", "PMID": 730939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_549", "title": "\"Pseudomelanoma\" in a keloid.", "content": "A pigmented lesion resembling a superficial spreading malignant melanoma appeared in keloidal scarring resulting from partial excision of three closely set intradermal and compound nevi. Complete excision of nevi when feasible is recommended as the wisest course to obviate future uncertainty.", "contents": "\"Pseudomelanoma\" in a keloid. A pigmented lesion resembling a superficial spreading malignant melanoma appeared in keloidal scarring resulting from partial excision of three closely set intradermal and compound nevi. Complete excision of nevi when feasible is recommended as the wisest course to obviate future uncertainty.", "PMID": 730940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_550", "title": "Parent behavioral training for problem children: an examination of studies using multiple outcome measures.", "content": "The purpose of the present paper was to review parent training studies that have used multiple outcome measures to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Twenty-four studies were identified which used at least two of the following three measures: independent observer-collected data, parent-collected data, and parent-completed questionnaire data. A description of the instruments and procedures used with each assessment technique was presented. The results indicated that all three outcome measures have yielded positive results; however, parent-collected data and parent questionnaire data were associated with more positive outcome results than data collected by independent observers. Limitations of each assessment procedure were discussed and recommendations about which measures to use were made.", "contents": "Parent behavioral training for problem children: an examination of studies using multiple outcome measures. The purpose of the present paper was to review parent training studies that have used multiple outcome measures to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Twenty-four studies were identified which used at least two of the following three measures: independent observer-collected data, parent-collected data, and parent-completed questionnaire data. A description of the instruments and procedures used with each assessment technique was presented. The results indicated that all three outcome measures have yielded positive results; however, parent-collected data and parent questionnaire data were associated with more positive outcome results than data collected by independent observers. Limitations of each assessment procedure were discussed and recommendations about which measures to use were made.", "PMID": 730966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_551", "title": "Peer evaluations of the competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology.", "content": "Peer evaluations of the behavior of 75 children of schizophrenic mothers, 57 children of depressed mothers, and 153 controls were collected using the Pupil Evaluation Inventory. The children, both boys and girls, were in grades 2 through 9. Both male and female children of schizophrenics were viewed more deviantly than controls on Aggression and Unhappiness-Withdrawal factors. Only the female children of schizophrenics were viewed as less likable than controls. In general, children of schizophrenics did not differ from children of depressives. The exception was the older daughters of schizophrenics, who were rated as more deviant than members of both the remaining groups.", "contents": "Peer evaluations of the competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology. Peer evaluations of the behavior of 75 children of schizophrenic mothers, 57 children of depressed mothers, and 153 controls were collected using the Pupil Evaluation Inventory. The children, both boys and girls, were in grades 2 through 9. Both male and female children of schizophrenics were viewed more deviantly than controls on Aggression and Unhappiness-Withdrawal factors. Only the female children of schizophrenics were viewed as less likable than controls. In general, children of schizophrenics did not differ from children of depressives. The exception was the older daughters of schizophrenics, who were rated as more deviant than members of both the remaining groups.", "PMID": 730967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_552", "title": "Laterality and selective attention in hyperactive children.", "content": "Laterality and selective attention were investigated in a group of 20 hyperactive children and their matched controls using a dichotic listening task. There was a strong right-ear advantage for both groups indicating that hyperactive children were not different from normal children in hemispheric specialization for verbal stimuli. In the selective attention experiment hyperactive children were again not different from normal children in their ability either to select the input designated as relevant or to resist the distraction of input designated irrelevant. Both groups gave more correct responses from the right ear than from the left ear, and more intrusions from the right ear than from the left. The results do not suggest abnormalities of lateralization for verbal material or indicate the existence of a selective attentional deficit. It is suggested that such reported deficits may be situation or task-specific.", "contents": "Laterality and selective attention in hyperactive children. Laterality and selective attention were investigated in a group of 20 hyperactive children and their matched controls using a dichotic listening task. There was a strong right-ear advantage for both groups indicating that hyperactive children were not different from normal children in hemispheric specialization for verbal stimuli. In the selective attention experiment hyperactive children were again not different from normal children in their ability either to select the input designated as relevant or to resist the distraction of input designated irrelevant. Both groups gave more correct responses from the right ear than from the left ear, and more intrusions from the right ear than from the left. The results do not suggest abnormalities of lateralization for verbal material or indicate the existence of a selective attentional deficit. It is suggested that such reported deficits may be situation or task-specific.", "PMID": 730968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_553", "title": "Effect of noise distractibility on the spans of apprehension of hyperactive boys.", "content": "Denton and McIntyre (1978), using a forced-choice letter-recognition procedure, demonstrated increasing reductions in the spans of apprehension of hyperactive as compared to normal boys when a signal letter was embedded within an increasing number of noise letters. In the present study, the effect of variations in the amount of physical signal-noise similarity and noise redundancy upon the spans of apprehension of hyperactive and normal boys was compared to determine whether noise letters act as more potent distractors for the hyperactive boys. Results indicated the spans of both groups were effected equivalently by variations in signal-noise similarity and noise redundancy. No evidence for a distractibility explanation was obtained.", "contents": "Effect of noise distractibility on the spans of apprehension of hyperactive boys. Denton and McIntyre (1978), using a forced-choice letter-recognition procedure, demonstrated increasing reductions in the spans of apprehension of hyperactive as compared to normal boys when a signal letter was embedded within an increasing number of noise letters. In the present study, the effect of variations in the amount of physical signal-noise similarity and noise redundancy upon the spans of apprehension of hyperactive and normal boys was compared to determine whether noise letters act as more potent distractors for the hyperactive boys. Results indicated the spans of both groups were effected equivalently by variations in signal-noise similarity and noise redundancy. No evidence for a distractibility explanation was obtained.", "PMID": 730969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_554", "title": "Positive parental praise: increasing reactivity and accuracy of self-observation.", "content": "The parents of a 6-year-old disruptive boy were observed interacting with their son during 20 assessment-oriented, 10-minute experimental sessions. An experimental design consisting of alternately arranged baseline and self-monitoring conditions was utilized. Following the reversal-to-baseline phase, parents were given specialized training in self-recording positive parental praise. Results indicated that (a) self-monitoring of positive verbalizations was an effective means of producing reactive changes in parental behavior, and (b) training in self-monitoring increased parent-observer accuracy scores to more than acceptable levels of agreement. These findings were discussed with regard to the simplicity of a parental self-observational intervention and recommendations were made for continuing investigations in the area.", "contents": "Positive parental praise: increasing reactivity and accuracy of self-observation. The parents of a 6-year-old disruptive boy were observed interacting with their son during 20 assessment-oriented, 10-minute experimental sessions. An experimental design consisting of alternately arranged baseline and self-monitoring conditions was utilized. Following the reversal-to-baseline phase, parents were given specialized training in self-recording positive parental praise. Results indicated that (a) self-monitoring of positive verbalizations was an effective means of producing reactive changes in parental behavior, and (b) training in self-monitoring increased parent-observer accuracy scores to more than acceptable levels of agreement. These findings were discussed with regard to the simplicity of a parental self-observational intervention and recommendations were made for continuing investigations in the area.", "PMID": 730970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_555", "title": "Research on research.", "content": "The AOA Committee on Basic and Applied Research sent a questionnaire to all Oregon optometrists requesting information on their attitudes toward 1) research areas to be emphasized in the schools, 2) funding sources for research, and 3) optimum ways of reporting research results. The majority of the O.D.s responding felt that new equipment and techniques, contact lenses, and vision training should be given first priority as research areas, and felt that 5% or more of their AOA dues should be devoted to research. The Journal of the AOA was reported to be the most helpful of all the optometric journals in presenting research information and the vast majority of O.D.s responding selected a complete article with an abstract as the most appropriate report style.", "contents": "Research on research. The AOA Committee on Basic and Applied Research sent a questionnaire to all Oregon optometrists requesting information on their attitudes toward 1) research areas to be emphasized in the schools, 2) funding sources for research, and 3) optimum ways of reporting research results. The majority of the O.D.s responding felt that new equipment and techniques, contact lenses, and vision training should be given first priority as research areas, and felt that 5% or more of their AOA dues should be devoted to research. The Journal of the AOA was reported to be the most helpful of all the optometric journals in presenting research information and the vast majority of O.D.s responding selected a complete article with an abstract as the most appropriate report style.", "PMID": 730978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_556", "title": "Profile of peripheral visual anomalies in the disabled reader.", "content": "A vision screening was performed on 80 disabled readers. The purpose of this screening was to examine the incidence of specific peripheral visual anomalies so as to isolate those visual anomalies most commonly found in this population, thus forming a visual profile of the disabled reader. The results of this vision screening indicate the same basic visual profile found by numerous other investigators; i.e., a significantly higher percentage of failures in tests of accommodation, fusion, and oculomotor skills relative to visual acuity, refractive error and ocular pathology, as well as the need for a more comprehensive vision screening to detect those vision problems known to most commonly exist in the disabled reader. It is important to note that the implications of this investigation would indeed be broadened if comparison tests were similarly administered to a population of non-disabled readers. Comparison studies by other investigators are therefore provided among the references to acquaint the reader with the specific differences in incidence of peripheral visual anomalies found when comparing disabled and normal readers.", "contents": "Profile of peripheral visual anomalies in the disabled reader. A vision screening was performed on 80 disabled readers. The purpose of this screening was to examine the incidence of specific peripheral visual anomalies so as to isolate those visual anomalies most commonly found in this population, thus forming a visual profile of the disabled reader. The results of this vision screening indicate the same basic visual profile found by numerous other investigators; i.e., a significantly higher percentage of failures in tests of accommodation, fusion, and oculomotor skills relative to visual acuity, refractive error and ocular pathology, as well as the need for a more comprehensive vision screening to detect those vision problems known to most commonly exist in the disabled reader. It is important to note that the implications of this investigation would indeed be broadened if comparison tests were similarly administered to a population of non-disabled readers. Comparison studies by other investigators are therefore provided among the references to acquaint the reader with the specific differences in incidence of peripheral visual anomalies found when comparing disabled and normal readers.", "PMID": 730979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_557", "title": "The effectiveness of the random dot E stereotest as a preschool vision screening instrument.", "content": "Sixty nursery-school children (ages 39--76 months) were screened with a modified-clinical method (visual acuity, retinoscopy, cover test, NPC) and with a relatively new vectographic test for stereopsis--the Random Dot E. Screening outcomes indicate that the RDE was as effective in identifying children for referral as was the modified clinical battery. Implications are discussed.", "contents": "The effectiveness of the random dot E stereotest as a preschool vision screening instrument. Sixty nursery-school children (ages 39--76 months) were screened with a modified-clinical method (visual acuity, retinoscopy, cover test, NPC) and with a relatively new vectographic test for stereopsis--the Random Dot E. Screening outcomes indicate that the RDE was as effective in identifying children for referral as was the modified clinical battery. Implications are discussed.", "PMID": 730980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_558", "title": "Helping patients to follow their treatment plans.", "content": "The optometrist encounters patients who do not adhere or comply with his recommended treatment. This problem of non-adherence adversely affects both the optometrist and the patient. A general framework is presented which the optometrist can use to evaluate his effectiveness at improving adherence. This framework includes problem formulation, joint development of the treatment plan, extended responsibility, and systematic followup.", "contents": "Helping patients to follow their treatment plans. The optometrist encounters patients who do not adhere or comply with his recommended treatment. This problem of non-adherence adversely affects both the optometrist and the patient. A general framework is presented which the optometrist can use to evaluate his effectiveness at improving adherence. This framework includes problem formulation, joint development of the treatment plan, extended responsibility, and systematic followup.", "PMID": 730981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_559", "title": "Visual acuity and the developing visual system.", "content": "The objective measurement of visual acuity in infants is reviewed. Recent techniques have shown that visual acuity levels as early as four to six months after birth. This and other evidence indicates that the most sensitive period in the development of the visual system may be during the first six months of life. With this as a rationale, it is suggested that eye care practitioners consider eye examinations and correction of refractive errors during infancy as a means of prevention of future strabismus and amblyopia.", "contents": "Visual acuity and the developing visual system. The objective measurement of visual acuity in infants is reviewed. Recent techniques have shown that visual acuity levels as early as four to six months after birth. This and other evidence indicates that the most sensitive period in the development of the visual system may be during the first six months of life. With this as a rationale, it is suggested that eye care practitioners consider eye examinations and correction of refractive errors during infancy as a means of prevention of future strabismus and amblyopia.", "PMID": 730982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_560", "title": "[Copper intra-uterine devices (I.U.D.) and pregnancy: a study of the metabolism of copper and of ceruloplasmin in the mother and in the products of conception (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the variations in levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in the mother and in products of conception during the first trimester of pregnancy, during the 4th month of pregnancy and near term, having a series of 12 pregnancies with the copper I.U.D. in position. No change was observed between the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in comparison with a control series.", "contents": "[Copper intra-uterine devices (I.U.D.) and pregnancy: a study of the metabolism of copper and of ceruloplasmin in the mother and in the products of conception (author's transl)]. The authors studied the variations in levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in the mother and in products of conception during the first trimester of pregnancy, during the 4th month of pregnancy and near term, having a series of 12 pregnancies with the copper I.U.D. in position. No change was observed between the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in comparison with a control series.", "PMID": 730984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_561", "title": "[The concentration of fetal cells in maternal haematopoietic organs during pregnancy. An experimental study in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "We have been able to show that fetal cells are able to survive and multiply in the haematopoietic organs of the pregnant mouse. We have been able to label fetal cells with a chromosome marker (T6) which is clearly visible in the metaphase of mitosis. It is not only that there is a considerable concentration of fetal cells in the maternal spleen (3 to 6 per cent) but there are several factors that suggest that these fetal cells can multiply there. These are, the presence of mitoses, long survival, and a rise in numbers in the case of a new pregnancy. Thus pregnancy seems to bring about a physiological \"microchimerism\".", "contents": "[The concentration of fetal cells in maternal haematopoietic organs during pregnancy. An experimental study in mice (author's transl)]. We have been able to show that fetal cells are able to survive and multiply in the haematopoietic organs of the pregnant mouse. We have been able to label fetal cells with a chromosome marker (T6) which is clearly visible in the metaphase of mitosis. It is not only that there is a considerable concentration of fetal cells in the maternal spleen (3 to 6 per cent) but there are several factors that suggest that these fetal cells can multiply there. These are, the presence of mitoses, long survival, and a rise in numbers in the case of a new pregnancy. Thus pregnancy seems to bring about a physiological \"microchimerism\".", "PMID": 730985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_562", "title": "[Hormone receptors in gynaecology. Towards practical applications? (author's transl)].", "content": "A general review of hormone receptors in gynaecology describes the receptors of the membrane for polypeptide hormones and the receptors for steroids. The hormone stays intact in the case of the membrane receptor and activates by contact a second intra-cellular messenger which then induces protein biosynthesis. The constant of dissociation and the number of binding-sites in the human corpus luteum are established for HCG-LH during the cycle, during pregnancy or at the menopause. The working out of these receptors for levels of polypeptides by radio bio-assay gives biological specificity and radio-immunological exactness. Steroid receptors consist of a cytosol receptor which is activated and transferred to the nucleus to induce protein synthesis. They are well recognised for oestradiol and for progesterone in the endometrium and in pathological breast tissue. Variations in the cytosol receptors and the nucleus receptors are known for different phases of the menstrual cycle. Indications for hormone treatment in cancers of the endometrium and of the breast in human pathological conditions can be improved rapidly by recognition of these receptors.", "contents": "[Hormone receptors in gynaecology. Towards practical applications? (author's transl)]. A general review of hormone receptors in gynaecology describes the receptors of the membrane for polypeptide hormones and the receptors for steroids. The hormone stays intact in the case of the membrane receptor and activates by contact a second intra-cellular messenger which then induces protein biosynthesis. The constant of dissociation and the number of binding-sites in the human corpus luteum are established for HCG-LH during the cycle, during pregnancy or at the menopause. The working out of these receptors for levels of polypeptides by radio bio-assay gives biological specificity and radio-immunological exactness. Steroid receptors consist of a cytosol receptor which is activated and transferred to the nucleus to induce protein synthesis. They are well recognised for oestradiol and for progesterone in the endometrium and in pathological breast tissue. Variations in the cytosol receptors and the nucleus receptors are known for different phases of the menstrual cycle. Indications for hormone treatment in cancers of the endometrium and of the breast in human pathological conditions can be improved rapidly by recognition of these receptors.", "PMID": 730986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_563", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis. A psychological study. II. Pregnancy after the age of 40 (author's transl)].", "content": "This article, which is the second installment of a study of the psychological aspects of antenatal diagnosis, presents the analysis of interviews with women (and with some of their partners) who were examined because of their age. The characteristics of these \"late\" pregnancies seem to be the following: 1. The question of a abnormality shifts the emphasis from the child to the pregnancy itself, which is often lived through as something abnormal; 2. knowing the sex of the child before its birth emphasizes the abnormality of the pregnancy and therefore draws attention to the problem of the age of the mother; 3. this last chance of pregnancy emphasizes the question, which is near in time for these women, of the menopause, of getting old and of death; 4. it also emphasizes in a most emphatic way the question of mourning, of loss, of the place of the future child in the history of the woman and in a more general way the question of the desire to have a baby.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis. A psychological study. II. Pregnancy after the age of 40 (author's transl)]. This article, which is the second installment of a study of the psychological aspects of antenatal diagnosis, presents the analysis of interviews with women (and with some of their partners) who were examined because of their age. The characteristics of these \"late\" pregnancies seem to be the following: 1. The question of a abnormality shifts the emphasis from the child to the pregnancy itself, which is often lived through as something abnormal; 2. knowing the sex of the child before its birth emphasizes the abnormality of the pregnancy and therefore draws attention to the problem of the age of the mother; 3. this last chance of pregnancy emphasizes the question, which is near in time for these women, of the menopause, of getting old and of death; 4. it also emphasizes in a most emphatic way the question of mourning, of loss, of the place of the future child in the history of the woman and in a more general way the question of the desire to have a baby.", "PMID": 730987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_564", "title": "[Gastro-duodenal ulcers with pregnancy. Condition of shock in labour due to intestinal haemorrhage from an ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "We present the case of a multiparous woman of 32 years of age who, at term after a more or less normal pregnancy, went into severe shock in labour. The patient in this case was very difficult to diagnose. Her life was only saved after massive blood transfusions and after delivering a fresh stillborn infant. It was not a case of uterine rupture nor of retro-placental haemorrhage. The site of origin of the hypovolaemic shock was intestinal. The patient had an ulcer of the pylorus which was diagnosed after fibroscopy. Some authors state that it appears that the few ulcers that have been diagnosed before pregnancy go into remission during pregnancy. All the same it would appear that sometimes very serious complicated ulcers which have to be treated with great respect do occur, especially in toxaemic patients at the end of pregnancy, and these carry with them a significant mortality both for the mother and the fetus. Although medical treatment (resuscitation) is essential, surgery should be resorted to if necessary because it may save the mother and sometimes the infant and so improve the prognosis of complicated ulcers occurring in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Gastro-duodenal ulcers with pregnancy. Condition of shock in labour due to intestinal haemorrhage from an ulcer (author's transl)]. We present the case of a multiparous woman of 32 years of age who, at term after a more or less normal pregnancy, went into severe shock in labour. The patient in this case was very difficult to diagnose. Her life was only saved after massive blood transfusions and after delivering a fresh stillborn infant. It was not a case of uterine rupture nor of retro-placental haemorrhage. The site of origin of the hypovolaemic shock was intestinal. The patient had an ulcer of the pylorus which was diagnosed after fibroscopy. Some authors state that it appears that the few ulcers that have been diagnosed before pregnancy go into remission during pregnancy. All the same it would appear that sometimes very serious complicated ulcers which have to be treated with great respect do occur, especially in toxaemic patients at the end of pregnancy, and these carry with them a significant mortality both for the mother and the fetus. Although medical treatment (resuscitation) is essential, surgery should be resorted to if necessary because it may save the mother and sometimes the infant and so improve the prognosis of complicated ulcers occurring in pregnancy.", "PMID": 730988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_565", "title": "[Neuropathology and pregnancy. 189 consecutive cases (1971--1976) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 189 case histories of pregnant women who had a neurological disorder, which either existed before the pregnancy or were discovered during the pregnancy. The most frequent aetiological conditions were, epilepsy, psychoses, vascular accidents, tumours and disseminated sclerosis. Pregnancy and neuropathology are an association for which the prognosis as a whole is good and linked to the time in the pregnancy when the neurological condition, whether it is stable or not, is discovered. The combination is absolutely compatible with the normal progress of pregnancy so long as the appropriate treatment is continued during the pregnancy. Cerebral vascular accidents that occur in pregnancy make the prognosis very much worse. In these circumstances neurosurgery may give some hope. This applies also for cerebral tumours, among which pituitary adenoma is becoming more and more frequent. Psychopathies can be a very baffling chapter when they are combined with pregnancy. Finally disseminated sclerosis, once it has been stabilised, is perfectly compatible with the normal outcome for a pregnancy.", "contents": "[Neuropathology and pregnancy. 189 consecutive cases (1971--1976) (author's transl)]. The authors report 189 case histories of pregnant women who had a neurological disorder, which either existed before the pregnancy or were discovered during the pregnancy. The most frequent aetiological conditions were, epilepsy, psychoses, vascular accidents, tumours and disseminated sclerosis. Pregnancy and neuropathology are an association for which the prognosis as a whole is good and linked to the time in the pregnancy when the neurological condition, whether it is stable or not, is discovered. The combination is absolutely compatible with the normal progress of pregnancy so long as the appropriate treatment is continued during the pregnancy. Cerebral vascular accidents that occur in pregnancy make the prognosis very much worse. In these circumstances neurosurgery may give some hope. This applies also for cerebral tumours, among which pituitary adenoma is becoming more and more frequent. Psychopathies can be a very baffling chapter when they are combined with pregnancy. Finally disseminated sclerosis, once it has been stabilised, is perfectly compatible with the normal outcome for a pregnancy.", "PMID": 730989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_566", "title": "A primer on antitrust and hospital regulation.", "content": "This paper begins with a comparison of the effects of regulation and antitrust litigation on general market dysfunction. The authors then describe the medical marketplace and the effects both regulation and antitrust efforts have had in this arena. They conclude that public policy probably will continue to be concerned with regulation, given that traditional forces do not, and apparently cannot be made to, operate in the health care market. However, through tax benefits, cost-sharing programs, etc., for other-than-traditional modes of care, regulation can be more an instrument for expanding the range of consumer choice than it historically has been.", "contents": "A primer on antitrust and hospital regulation. This paper begins with a comparison of the effects of regulation and antitrust litigation on general market dysfunction. The authors then describe the medical marketplace and the effects both regulation and antitrust efforts have had in this arena. They conclude that public policy probably will continue to be concerned with regulation, given that traditional forces do not, and apparently cannot be made to, operate in the health care market. However, through tax benefits, cost-sharing programs, etc., for other-than-traditional modes of care, regulation can be more an instrument for expanding the range of consumer choice than it historically has been.", "PMID": 730993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_567", "title": "Market power and resource misallocation in medicine: the case of neurosurgery.", "content": "This article concludes that substantial excess neurosurgical capacity exists. Neurosurgery like other specialties has permitted almost free entry and as a result of such factors as high earnings and status, excess capacity has developed and because of insufficient competition it has not been eliminated. The costs of excess capacity include idle capacity and an alleged reduction in skill levels. The neurosurgery market's performance is evaluated and it is found that while relative income has declined, entry has continued at a high rate; excess capacity is therefore not being eliminated. Policy recommendations of a pro-competitive variety are suggested to improve the market's performance instead of regulation (whether governmental or by the profession itself).", "contents": "Market power and resource misallocation in medicine: the case of neurosurgery. This article concludes that substantial excess neurosurgical capacity exists. Neurosurgery like other specialties has permitted almost free entry and as a result of such factors as high earnings and status, excess capacity has developed and because of insufficient competition it has not been eliminated. The costs of excess capacity include idle capacity and an alleged reduction in skill levels. The neurosurgery market's performance is evaluated and it is found that while relative income has declined, entry has continued at a high rate; excess capacity is therefore not being eliminated. Policy recommendations of a pro-competitive variety are suggested to improve the market's performance instead of regulation (whether governmental or by the profession itself).", "PMID": 730994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_568", "title": "Inheritance of yellow dun and blue dun in the Icelandic toelter horse.", "content": "The coat colors of 161 progeny from matings between 10 yellow dun and 6 blue dun stallions and mares of 8 different colors are described. The results confirm the previous hypothesis that a dominant dilution gene, D, converts bay to yellow dun with dark mane and tail, chestnut to yellow dun and dun mane and tail, and black to blue dun (mouse, grullo). The palomino gene, c cr, on the other hand, is hypostatic to black and blue dun. In heterozygous form, c cr converts bay to buckskin, and chestnut and sorrel to palomino, and results in blue-eyed white when homozygous. No particular effect of D is known in the homozygous state. Altogether 12 progeny were obtained from matings where both parents carried D; all progeny carried D, and no abnormal colors occurred.", "contents": "Inheritance of yellow dun and blue dun in the Icelandic toelter horse. The coat colors of 161 progeny from matings between 10 yellow dun and 6 blue dun stallions and mares of 8 different colors are described. The results confirm the previous hypothesis that a dominant dilution gene, D, converts bay to yellow dun with dark mane and tail, chestnut to yellow dun and dun mane and tail, and black to blue dun (mouse, grullo). The palomino gene, c cr, on the other hand, is hypostatic to black and blue dun. In heterozygous form, c cr converts bay to buckskin, and chestnut and sorrel to palomino, and results in blue-eyed white when homozygous. No particular effect of D is known in the homozygous state. Altogether 12 progeny were obtained from matings where both parents carried D; all progeny carried D, and no abnormal colors occurred.", "PMID": 731005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_569", "title": "Genetic analysis of two enzyme polymorphisms in a malaria vector mosquito: octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in Anopheles culicifacies Giles.", "content": "Genetic analysis was performed on two polymorphic enzyme systems in the malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies Giles. The data indicate that both enzymes, octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, are controlled by autosomal loci but that these two loci are not linked. The three expected linkage groups in this mosquito have now been identified: linkage group I contains sex and rose-eye; linkage group II contains Odh; and linkage group III contains Acph.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of two enzyme polymorphisms in a malaria vector mosquito: octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in Anopheles culicifacies Giles. Genetic analysis was performed on two polymorphic enzyme systems in the malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies Giles. The data indicate that both enzymes, octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, are controlled by autosomal loci but that these two loci are not linked. The three expected linkage groups in this mosquito have now been identified: linkage group I contains sex and rose-eye; linkage group II contains Odh; and linkage group III contains Acph.", "PMID": 731006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_570", "title": "Gene frequencies of an isolated population of Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "Allozyme and karyotype frequencies were determined for an isolated population of Drosophila pseudoobscura on San Miguel island off the California coast. This population was not very different from that of the mainland, and seems to indicate that isolation does not necessarily lead to genetic differentiation.", "contents": "Gene frequencies of an isolated population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Allozyme and karyotype frequencies were determined for an isolated population of Drosophila pseudoobscura on San Miguel island off the California coast. This population was not very different from that of the mainland, and seems to indicate that isolation does not necessarily lead to genetic differentiation.", "PMID": 731008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_571", "title": "Linkage group III in the Syrian hamster: linkage between white band and long hair.", "content": "A correction is made to the previously reported cross-over frequency between the genes Ba and l: the corrected value is 8.98 +/- 1.71.", "contents": "Linkage group III in the Syrian hamster: linkage between white band and long hair. A correction is made to the previously reported cross-over frequency between the genes Ba and l: the corrected value is 8.98 +/- 1.71.", "PMID": 731009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_572", "title": "Karyological analysis of the Horsfield's shrew from peninsular India.", "content": "The chromosome complement of the Horsfield's shrew, Crocidura horsfieldi (Soricidae--Insectivora) was studied and the diploid number established to be 2n = 38. Comparisons were made with other species of the genera.", "contents": "Karyological analysis of the Horsfield's shrew from peninsular India. The chromosome complement of the Horsfield's shrew, Crocidura horsfieldi (Soricidae--Insectivora) was studied and the diploid number established to be 2n = 38. Comparisons were made with other species of the genera.", "PMID": 731010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_573", "title": "A correlative chemical and histochemical study of the O-acetylated sialic acids of human colonic epithelial glycoproteins in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues.", "content": "Procedures are described for the isolation and identification of epithelial glycoproteins from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of human large intestine. The side chain O-acetylation patterns of the sialic acids of these glycoproteins were surprisingly similar to those of purified glycoproteins prepared from epithelial cells obtained from the same tissue before fixation. These results were consistent with those obtained by histochemical procedures performed on representative sections taken from the same tissue blocks. The methodology described permits a direct correlation of chemical and histochemical results obtained from the study of colonic epithelial glycoproteins of both normal and diseased tissues. It eliminates some of the difficulties associated with interpretation of the results by either discipline and may provide new information which would be unavailable by either chemistry or histochemistry alone.", "contents": "A correlative chemical and histochemical study of the O-acetylated sialic acids of human colonic epithelial glycoproteins in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Procedures are described for the isolation and identification of epithelial glycoproteins from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of human large intestine. The side chain O-acetylation patterns of the sialic acids of these glycoproteins were surprisingly similar to those of purified glycoproteins prepared from epithelial cells obtained from the same tissue before fixation. These results were consistent with those obtained by histochemical procedures performed on representative sections taken from the same tissue blocks. The methodology described permits a direct correlation of chemical and histochemical results obtained from the study of colonic epithelial glycoproteins of both normal and diseased tissues. It eliminates some of the difficulties associated with interpretation of the results by either discipline and may provide new information which would be unavailable by either chemistry or histochemistry alone.", "PMID": 731017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_574", "title": "Oxygen incineration and electron microscope x-ray microanalysis of mineral particles in biological tissues.", "content": "Techniques employed for the recovery from biological tissues of noncombustible fine particles such as asbestos, talc, kaolin and diatomaceous material were assessed by electron microscope x-ray microanalysis. Recovery procedures which have been proven successful for lung tissue were found to be impracticable for more solid types of tissues. Digestion techniques employing acids, alkalis or enzymes and standard incineration procedures were found to be unsatisfactory for human adrenal, cervix, liver and ovarian tissues when the resultant residues were examined by electron microscope microanalysis. The recovered particles were often completely masked with residues which were shown to be composed of organic elements. The use of oxygen during the incineration process completely removed this contaminating material in nearly all cases studied. When such procedures were used, clearly defined particles were recovered from the tissue, thereby permitting x-ray analysis. A quantitative analysis could then be made to estimate the particle content in a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Oxygen incineration and electron microscope x-ray microanalysis of mineral particles in biological tissues. Techniques employed for the recovery from biological tissues of noncombustible fine particles such as asbestos, talc, kaolin and diatomaceous material were assessed by electron microscope x-ray microanalysis. Recovery procedures which have been proven successful for lung tissue were found to be impracticable for more solid types of tissues. Digestion techniques employing acids, alkalis or enzymes and standard incineration procedures were found to be unsatisfactory for human adrenal, cervix, liver and ovarian tissues when the resultant residues were examined by electron microscope microanalysis. The recovered particles were often completely masked with residues which were shown to be composed of organic elements. The use of oxygen during the incineration process completely removed this contaminating material in nearly all cases studied. When such procedures were used, clearly defined particles were recovered from the tissue, thereby permitting x-ray analysis. A quantitative analysis could then be made to estimate the particle content in a variety of tissues.", "PMID": 731018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_575", "title": "Murine arylsulfatase B: regulation of As-1 expression in different tissues.", "content": "The proportions of arylsulfatases A, B and B' differ markedly among various murine tissues. Although arylsulfatase B' may be a derivative of arylsulfatase B, their respective activities appeared to vary independently in the five murine tissues investigated. As-1, the apparent structural locus for murine arylsulfatase B, is expressed in brain, liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. Heat-stable arylsulfatase B is inherited as an autosomal incomplete dominant in most tissues. Current evidence suggests the existence of a regulatory element with cis-dominant effects that is situated near As-1 and is expressed in these tissues. However, control of liver arylsulfatase B is subject to more complex control and may involve participation of several genes, some of which are unlinked to As-1.", "contents": "Murine arylsulfatase B: regulation of As-1 expression in different tissues. The proportions of arylsulfatases A, B and B' differ markedly among various murine tissues. Although arylsulfatase B' may be a derivative of arylsulfatase B, their respective activities appeared to vary independently in the five murine tissues investigated. As-1, the apparent structural locus for murine arylsulfatase B, is expressed in brain, liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. Heat-stable arylsulfatase B is inherited as an autosomal incomplete dominant in most tissues. Current evidence suggests the existence of a regulatory element with cis-dominant effects that is situated near As-1 and is expressed in these tissues. However, control of liver arylsulfatase B is subject to more complex control and may involve participation of several genes, some of which are unlinked to As-1.", "PMID": 731012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_576", "title": "Genetics and pathology of hereditary adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit: a model for congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "One-hundred-twenty-nine cases of adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit were shown to be associated with a fully penetrant autosomal recessive gene, symbolized ah. The mutant is viable prenatally, may be recognized by gross examination of the adrenal at least as early as 19 days of gestation, but dies soon after birth. There is an external feminizing effect of the gene and the model is similar to the feminizing congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia reported in man. This mutant is being maintained in strain IIIVO/ahJ.", "contents": "Genetics and pathology of hereditary adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit: a model for congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. One-hundred-twenty-nine cases of adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit were shown to be associated with a fully penetrant autosomal recessive gene, symbolized ah. The mutant is viable prenatally, may be recognized by gross examination of the adrenal at least as early as 19 days of gestation, but dies soon after birth. There is an external feminizing effect of the gene and the model is similar to the feminizing congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia reported in man. This mutant is being maintained in strain IIIVO/ahJ.", "PMID": 731013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_577", "title": "Salmonella pollution of surface waters.", "content": "Surface waters in 14 selected sites were examined for the presence of salmonella using modified Moore's swabs. The sites included an upland impounding reservoir, 3 rivers and 10 streams within Lancashire and Cheshire, selected because of their accessibility to farm livestock. Salmonellas were isolated from 22 out of the 57 swabs examined representing 10 sites. The probable source of pollution was shown to be sewage or farm effluent and an examination of sites over a wider area may be expected to produce similar results. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonella infections and the possible disinfection of effluent discharges.", "contents": "Salmonella pollution of surface waters. Surface waters in 14 selected sites were examined for the presence of salmonella using modified Moore's swabs. The sites included an upland impounding reservoir, 3 rivers and 10 streams within Lancashire and Cheshire, selected because of their accessibility to farm livestock. Salmonellas were isolated from 22 out of the 57 swabs examined representing 10 sites. The probable source of pollution was shown to be sewage or farm effluent and an examination of sites over a wider area may be expected to produce similar results. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonella infections and the possible disinfection of effluent discharges.", "PMID": 731019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_578", "title": "Frequency of color genes in Faeroe Islands sheep.", "content": "A color classification was made of 679 sheep, comprising 355 ewes and 324 lambs in two Faeroese flocks. The colors observed were: white without tan (124); white with tan (121); black mouflon (2); gray (134); gray-brown (5); black (251); and brown (42). Among the 434 nonwhite sheep, 210 had white markings. The color alleles found at three loci were as follows. The A locus: Awh(0.20), producing white or tan; Ag(0.14), producing gray; and a (0.66), resulting in self color when homozygous. The B locus: B (0.67), producing black pigment, and b (0.33), producing brown pigment. The S-locus: S (0.30), resulting in solid color, and s (0.70), resulting in spotted color in nonwhite sheep and absence of tan color in white sheep. A significant difference between generations with respect to frequency of colors was found, the lambs showing a significant deficiency of white and gray and a corresponding excess of black and brown. The gene frequency estimates are compared with estimates available for Soay, Corsican, Shetland, Orkney, and Icelandic sheep.", "contents": "Frequency of color genes in Faeroe Islands sheep. A color classification was made of 679 sheep, comprising 355 ewes and 324 lambs in two Faeroese flocks. The colors observed were: white without tan (124); white with tan (121); black mouflon (2); gray (134); gray-brown (5); black (251); and brown (42). Among the 434 nonwhite sheep, 210 had white markings. The color alleles found at three loci were as follows. The A locus: Awh(0.20), producing white or tan; Ag(0.14), producing gray; and a (0.66), resulting in self color when homozygous. The B locus: B (0.67), producing black pigment, and b (0.33), producing brown pigment. The S-locus: S (0.30), resulting in solid color, and s (0.70), resulting in spotted color in nonwhite sheep and absence of tan color in white sheep. A significant difference between generations with respect to frequency of colors was found, the lambs showing a significant deficiency of white and gray and a corresponding excess of black and brown. The gene frequency estimates are compared with estimates available for Soay, Corsican, Shetland, Orkney, and Icelandic sheep.", "PMID": 731014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_579", "title": "Inheritance of short coat and long coat in St. Bernard dogs.", "content": "A popular belief among dog breeders is that long coat and short coat in certain dog breeds is controlled by a single pair of autosomal alleles, short coat being dominant to long coat. Data are presented for 221 litters and 1216 pups of the St. Bernard breed that support and verify this belief.", "contents": "Inheritance of short coat and long coat in St. Bernard dogs. A popular belief among dog breeders is that long coat and short coat in certain dog breeds is controlled by a single pair of autosomal alleles, short coat being dominant to long coat. Data are presented for 221 litters and 1216 pups of the St. Bernard breed that support and verify this belief.", "PMID": 731015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_580", "title": "Cholera: possible infection from aircraft effluent.", "content": "This paper presents the hypothesis that some cases of cholera might be due to effluent discharge from aircraft. The theoretical case is borne out by inspection of data on the physical conditions pertaining between high altitudes and ground level. A study of the distribution of isolated outbreaks and single cases of disease and their relation to major airline routes showed a reasonable correspondence. Sporadic outbreaks of cholera in Europe between 1970 and 1975 were found to lie within the flight paths of regular airline services from Calcutta, where cholera is endemic, to the Northern Hemisphere. Laboratory studies on the stability of Vibrio cholerae to conditions likely to be encountered in droplets falling from high altitude to the ground suggested that significant numbers of organisms might survive. It should be noted that in this study no account was taken of the effect of ultra-violet light on viability and it is known that at high altitides the ultraviolet light component of solar radiation is much higher than at ground level. Results of experiments where small numbers of organisms were inoculated into relatively poor media showed that rapid growth ensued and that sufficient organisms were produced to give an infective dose of Vibrio cholerae in 1-10 ml/fluid. It could be concluded that human infection could easily occur by ingestion of fluids such as milk or soup which had some time earlier received a fortuitous but slight contamination from the air. Investigation of one disinfectant (chloramine T) showed that it reacted rapidly and in a complex manner with peptone. One effect of this reaction was the elimination of bactericidal activity and it seems likely that, as at present employed, chloramine T is of doubtful value in aeroplane hygiene. One important conclusion that arises from this work is that if cholera can be spread, even only occasionally, by effluent from aircraft then close investigation should be made of the possibility of other bacteria and viruses being spread in a similar way.", "contents": "Cholera: possible infection from aircraft effluent. This paper presents the hypothesis that some cases of cholera might be due to effluent discharge from aircraft. The theoretical case is borne out by inspection of data on the physical conditions pertaining between high altitudes and ground level. A study of the distribution of isolated outbreaks and single cases of disease and their relation to major airline routes showed a reasonable correspondence. Sporadic outbreaks of cholera in Europe between 1970 and 1975 were found to lie within the flight paths of regular airline services from Calcutta, where cholera is endemic, to the Northern Hemisphere. Laboratory studies on the stability of Vibrio cholerae to conditions likely to be encountered in droplets falling from high altitude to the ground suggested that significant numbers of organisms might survive. It should be noted that in this study no account was taken of the effect of ultra-violet light on viability and it is known that at high altitides the ultraviolet light component of solar radiation is much higher than at ground level. Results of experiments where small numbers of organisms were inoculated into relatively poor media showed that rapid growth ensued and that sufficient organisms were produced to give an infective dose of Vibrio cholerae in 1-10 ml/fluid. It could be concluded that human infection could easily occur by ingestion of fluids such as milk or soup which had some time earlier received a fortuitous but slight contamination from the air. Investigation of one disinfectant (chloramine T) showed that it reacted rapidly and in a complex manner with peptone. One effect of this reaction was the elimination of bactericidal activity and it seems likely that, as at present employed, chloramine T is of doubtful value in aeroplane hygiene. One important conclusion that arises from this work is that if cholera can be spread, even only occasionally, by effluent from aircraft then close investigation should be made of the possibility of other bacteria and viruses being spread in a similar way.", "PMID": 731020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_581", "title": "Origin of the B/J, R/J, and Y/J strains of rabbits.", "content": "The inbreeding of strains B/J, Y/J, and R/J, formerly designated ACCR(B), ACCR(Y), and ACCR(R), was started by full brother X sister inbreeding by C. Cohen to test the effect of inbreeding on the selective value of the different blood group genes.", "contents": "Origin of the B/J, R/J, and Y/J strains of rabbits. The inbreeding of strains B/J, Y/J, and R/J, formerly designated ACCR(B), ACCR(Y), and ACCR(R), was started by full brother X sister inbreeding by C. Cohen to test the effect of inbreeding on the selective value of the different blood group genes.", "PMID": 731016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_582", "title": "Haemagglutination-inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibody.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1972 three quality control studies were set up to investigate the variation in results that was occurring between and within laboratories performing routine tests for the diagnosis of rubella infection. No attempt was made to standardize the test in these studies, and a wide range in titres of sera was reported. The aims of the present studies were:(i) to investigate in greater detail whether results were more reproducible between laboratories if test sera were compared with control sera of known potency and the results given in international units of activity, and(ii) to ascertain whether results between laboratories would be more reproducible if a standard test procedure was used.Eleven laboratories participated in testing 38 sera on three separate occasions by a prescribed standard technique and by that used routinely in each laboratory. Eight of the 38 sera consisted of four pairs of duplicate samples.Analysis of results of the study showed that the reproducibility between laboratories was substantially improved when the test sera were compared with a control serum of known potency and when a standard test procedure was used.Variation in results between laboratories was least when a control serum of low rather than high potency was used. Variation within laboratories can be reduced by increasing the number of times the control and test sera are tested.Since the rubella antibody content of the British Standard anti-rubella serum is expressed in international units, the potency of the control and results of test sera should also be expressed in such units.", "contents": "Haemagglutination-inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibody. Between 1969 and 1972 three quality control studies were set up to investigate the variation in results that was occurring between and within laboratories performing routine tests for the diagnosis of rubella infection. No attempt was made to standardize the test in these studies, and a wide range in titres of sera was reported. The aims of the present studies were:(i) to investigate in greater detail whether results were more reproducible between laboratories if test sera were compared with control sera of known potency and the results given in international units of activity, and(ii) to ascertain whether results between laboratories would be more reproducible if a standard test procedure was used.Eleven laboratories participated in testing 38 sera on three separate occasions by a prescribed standard technique and by that used routinely in each laboratory. Eight of the 38 sera consisted of four pairs of duplicate samples.Analysis of results of the study showed that the reproducibility between laboratories was substantially improved when the test sera were compared with a control serum of known potency and when a standard test procedure was used.Variation in results between laboratories was least when a control serum of low rather than high potency was used. Variation within laboratories can be reduced by increasing the number of times the control and test sera are tested.Since the rubella antibody content of the British Standard anti-rubella serum is expressed in international units, the potency of the control and results of test sera should also be expressed in such units.", "PMID": 731021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_583", "title": "e-Antigen: a link between immune response and infectivity in hepatitis B?", "content": "In a study of the distribution of e-antigen and anti-e in subjects whose blood was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), patients with acute hepatitis B who were tested during the incubation period were all e-antigen-positive but after the onset of illness e-antigen was detected in only 11%. Persistence, and in some instances reappearance of e-antigen in those who became long-term carriers of HBsAg was associated with high titres of HBsAg. There was a high incidence of e-antigen in those conditions in which cell-mediated immunity may be depressed, including Down's syndrome and chronic renal failure. The majority of HBsAg carries identified as sources of infection were e-antigen-positive. A postive reaction for e-antigen is evidently associated with a defective immune response to hepatitis B virus infection which permits continued replication of virus in liver cells accompanied by high titres of HBsAg, numerous Dane particles and detectable DNA polymerase in the blood with consequently a greater likelihood of transmitting infection. Although it cannot be assumed that anti-e positive carriers of HBsAg are not infective, it may be necessary, in the assessment of passive or active immunization for the control of hepatitis B, to take into account the e-antigen/antibody status of possible sources of infection.", "contents": "e-Antigen: a link between immune response and infectivity in hepatitis B? In a study of the distribution of e-antigen and anti-e in subjects whose blood was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), patients with acute hepatitis B who were tested during the incubation period were all e-antigen-positive but after the onset of illness e-antigen was detected in only 11%. Persistence, and in some instances reappearance of e-antigen in those who became long-term carriers of HBsAg was associated with high titres of HBsAg. There was a high incidence of e-antigen in those conditions in which cell-mediated immunity may be depressed, including Down's syndrome and chronic renal failure. The majority of HBsAg carries identified as sources of infection were e-antigen-positive. A postive reaction for e-antigen is evidently associated with a defective immune response to hepatitis B virus infection which permits continued replication of virus in liver cells accompanied by high titres of HBsAg, numerous Dane particles and detectable DNA polymerase in the blood with consequently a greater likelihood of transmitting infection. Although it cannot be assumed that anti-e positive carriers of HBsAg are not infective, it may be necessary, in the assessment of passive or active immunization for the control of hepatitis B, to take into account the e-antigen/antibody status of possible sources of infection.", "PMID": 731022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_584", "title": "The development and use of a test to identify resistance to the anticoagulant difenacoum in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to obtain basic data on the susceptibility of wild Norway rats to difenacoum. The results were used to derive a standard test procedure for the identification of difenacoum resistance in warfarin-susceptible and resistant rats. Details are given of tests on rats from suspected difenacoum-resistant infestations on farms.", "contents": "The development and use of a test to identify resistance to the anticoagulant difenacoum in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to obtain basic data on the susceptibility of wild Norway rats to difenacoum. The results were used to derive a standard test procedure for the identification of difenacoum resistance in warfarin-susceptible and resistant rats. Details are given of tests on rats from suspected difenacoum-resistant infestations on farms.", "PMID": 731023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_585", "title": "The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. I. Physical measurements and bench tests.", "content": "Eleven fabrics selected to provide a representative range of yarns and weaves have been examined microscopically and subjected to a series of tests. The observations were directed towards assessing the potential ability of each fabric to resist penetration by particles, such as skin scales, which might carry micro-organisms. The number, size and shape of pores penetrating through the material were estimated and the penetration of test dusts assessed in several ways. While, generally, the relative merits of the fabrics are similar whatever test or measurement is considered there are a number of significant exceptions which reflect peculiarities of the test system or of a fabric. Comparison with the results of dispersal experiments with volunteers wearing garments made of the fabrics is made in a following paper.", "contents": "The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. I. Physical measurements and bench tests. Eleven fabrics selected to provide a representative range of yarns and weaves have been examined microscopically and subjected to a series of tests. The observations were directed towards assessing the potential ability of each fabric to resist penetration by particles, such as skin scales, which might carry micro-organisms. The number, size and shape of pores penetrating through the material were estimated and the penetration of test dusts assessed in several ways. While, generally, the relative merits of the fabrics are similar whatever test or measurement is considered there are a number of significant exceptions which reflect peculiarities of the test system or of a fabric. Comparison with the results of dispersal experiments with volunteers wearing garments made of the fabrics is made in a following paper.", "PMID": 731024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_586", "title": "The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. II. Dispersal of skin organisms in a test chamber.", "content": "The effectiveness of a representative range of fabrics in restricting dispersal through them of dry skin-borne bacteria has been examined. The fabrics were tested made up into trousers which were worn by volunteers during standardized exercise in a test chamber operated within a unidirectional flow clean-air room. Under these conditions, with careful attention to sealing at ankles and waist, it was possible to estimate penetration as low as 0.3%. Penetrations as low as 1% were observed with some synthetic fabrics. These had a relatively high surface resistivity and developed significant electrostatic charges. When the observed values for penetration were compared with the results of a series of measurements and tests made on the fabrics it was clear that the correlation between these values and the other results was in every case very close for all the five woven cotton or cotton terylene fabrics but that no measurement or test was capable or predicting the behaviour of all the other materials in dispersal experiments. The inherent variability of dispersal experiments seems to be very great. With a standard deviation of the approximately log-normal distribution of the experimental values as high as  about 2 times the mean, it is necessary to carry out as many as 20 replicate experiments in order to differentiate with certainty between garments with a two-fold difference in penetration.", "contents": "The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. II. Dispersal of skin organisms in a test chamber. The effectiveness of a representative range of fabrics in restricting dispersal through them of dry skin-borne bacteria has been examined. The fabrics were tested made up into trousers which were worn by volunteers during standardized exercise in a test chamber operated within a unidirectional flow clean-air room. Under these conditions, with careful attention to sealing at ankles and waist, it was possible to estimate penetration as low as 0.3%. Penetrations as low as 1% were observed with some synthetic fabrics. These had a relatively high surface resistivity and developed significant electrostatic charges. When the observed values for penetration were compared with the results of a series of measurements and tests made on the fabrics it was clear that the correlation between these values and the other results was in every case very close for all the five woven cotton or cotton terylene fabrics but that no measurement or test was capable or predicting the behaviour of all the other materials in dispersal experiments. The inherent variability of dispersal experiments seems to be very great. With a standard deviation of the approximately log-normal distribution of the experimental values as high as  about 2 times the mean, it is necessary to carry out as many as 20 replicate experiments in order to differentiate with certainty between garments with a two-fold difference in penetration.", "PMID": 731025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_587", "title": "The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity.", "content": "There was a 1000-fold difference between the highest and the lowest mean rate of dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles during exercise among a group of three male and three female subjects. Differences in the numbers of skin fragments dispersed and in the proportion of these carrying bacteria were almost equally responsible for this. Since there is little difference between individuals in the rate of skin replacement the differences in the rates of dispersal of skin fragments during exercise must reflect large variations in the amount of skin surface removed in  other ways. The skin fragments dispersed had a wide size range extending below 5 micrometer for the minimum projected diameter (MPD). The median MPD was about 20 micrometer with 7-10% less than 10 micrometer. Many of the particles could therefore pass freely through tightly woven fabrics with pores up to 10-15 micrometer which might seem to be impenetrable to whole corneocytes, typically larger than 30 X 40 micrometer in the hydrated state.", "contents": "The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity. There was a 1000-fold difference between the highest and the lowest mean rate of dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles during exercise among a group of three male and three female subjects. Differences in the numbers of skin fragments dispersed and in the proportion of these carrying bacteria were almost equally responsible for this. Since there is little difference between individuals in the rate of skin replacement the differences in the rates of dispersal of skin fragments during exercise must reflect large variations in the amount of skin surface removed in  other ways. The skin fragments dispersed had a wide size range extending below 5 micrometer for the minimum projected diameter (MPD). The median MPD was about 20 micrometer with 7-10% less than 10 micrometer. Many of the particles could therefore pass freely through tightly woven fabrics with pores up to 10-15 micrometer which might seem to be impenetrable to whole corneocytes, typically larger than 30 X 40 micrometer in the hydrated state.", "PMID": 731026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_588", "title": "Variation in energy intake of aldolescent schoolgirls.", "content": "Twenty-four 16 to 17 year-old grammar school girls completed daily dietary histories (for eight weeks), and recorded details of mood, appetite and menstrual cycle. Marked daily variation in energy intakes was noted: on average an individual's highest daily intake was nearly four times her lowest intake, one subject having a nearly tenfold difference. Fluctuations were not related to mood, suggesting that this has less influence on dietary patterns than is generally supposed. While sitting examinations, energy intake was reduced by an average of 11.85%. It was not significantly changed during a field trip or by menstruation. This study suggests that dietary patterns previously considered to be abnormal or unusual are exhibited by and firmly entrenched in normal school girls.", "contents": "Variation in energy intake of aldolescent schoolgirls. Twenty-four 16 to 17 year-old grammar school girls completed daily dietary histories (for eight weeks), and recorded details of mood, appetite and menstrual cycle. Marked daily variation in energy intakes was noted: on average an individual's highest daily intake was nearly four times her lowest intake, one subject having a nearly tenfold difference. Fluctuations were not related to mood, suggesting that this has less influence on dietary patterns than is generally supposed. While sitting examinations, energy intake was reduced by an average of 11.85%. It was not significantly changed during a field trip or by menstruation. This study suggests that dietary patterns previously considered to be abnormal or unusual are exhibited by and firmly entrenched in normal school girls.", "PMID": 731028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_589", "title": "Guar gum--its acceptability to diabetic patients when incorporated into baked food products.", "content": "Guar gum was incorporated into 10 g carbohydrate portions of cheese biscuits and 20 g carbohydrate portions of pizza and egg and bacon flan. Their acceptability to diabetic patients was assessed by means of a taste panel. The results were favourable. Other diabetic patients were asked to judge three cheese biscuits of varying guar gum content. The biscuit with the lowest content was most favoured.", "contents": "Guar gum--its acceptability to diabetic patients when incorporated into baked food products. Guar gum was incorporated into 10 g carbohydrate portions of cheese biscuits and 20 g carbohydrate portions of pizza and egg and bacon flan. Their acceptability to diabetic patients was assessed by means of a taste panel. The results were favourable. Other diabetic patients were asked to judge three cheese biscuits of varying guar gum content. The biscuit with the lowest content was most favoured.", "PMID": 731029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_590", "title": "Introducing dietetics into general practice.", "content": "A dietetic clinic, initially monthly, now weekly, is held in a general medical practice with four partners. In one year 462 patients were seen (207 new and 255 repeat visits); 68% were on reducing diets and 8% were diabetics. Advice was given on a variety of therapeutic diets, ante-natal and infant feeding. The elderly were visited at home. Patients were pleased to have dietary advice available in general practice. Results of weight reductions have been encouraging. Prescriptions for appetite suppressants and laxatives have dropped.", "contents": "Introducing dietetics into general practice. A dietetic clinic, initially monthly, now weekly, is held in a general medical practice with four partners. In one year 462 patients were seen (207 new and 255 repeat visits); 68% were on reducing diets and 8% were diabetics. Advice was given on a variety of therapeutic diets, ante-natal and infant feeding. The elderly were visited at home. Patients were pleased to have dietary advice available in general practice. Results of weight reductions have been encouraging. Prescriptions for appetite suppressants and laxatives have dropped.", "PMID": 731031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_591", "title": "alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl- and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activities in sera of cis AB blood group individuals.", "content": "Thirteen cis AB persons from five families were examined for serum glycosyltransferase activities associated with the biosynthesis of A and B blood group characters. Their transferases were generally homogeneous within one family, except for A2/cis AB genotypes, whose A enzyme level was similar to the A2 normal sera, but they varied from one family to another. These activities differed quantitatively and qualitatively from A, B and AB normal sera. Studies of A transferase showed variations in the pH-dependent curve, the effect of cofactors and the capacity of conversion of O red cells into A-active cells. Moreover, A and B transferases behaved differently with respect to their relative levels than did AB heterozygous normal sera. The results were discussed and it was suggested that a mutation of a single enzyme transferring both galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine could explain these properties.", "contents": "alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl- and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activities in sera of cis AB blood group individuals. Thirteen cis AB persons from five families were examined for serum glycosyltransferase activities associated with the biosynthesis of A and B blood group characters. Their transferases were generally homogeneous within one family, except for A2/cis AB genotypes, whose A enzyme level was similar to the A2 normal sera, but they varied from one family to another. These activities differed quantitatively and qualitatively from A, B and AB normal sera. Studies of A transferase showed variations in the pH-dependent curve, the effect of cofactors and the capacity of conversion of O red cells into A-active cells. Moreover, A and B transferases behaved differently with respect to their relative levels than did AB heterozygous normal sera. The results were discussed and it was suggested that a mutation of a single enzyme transferring both galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine could explain these properties.", "PMID": 731066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_592", "title": "The effects of enzymes on the blood factors associated with the FV system of bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "Treatment of cattle red cells (CRC) with proteases and neuraminidase revealed at least one trypsin- or pronase-sensitive type and a protease-resistant type of sialoglycoprotein. The antigen F itself and the antigen IM in the F/F and F/V type of CRC were associated with the protease-resistant glycoprotein. Moreover, they were demonstrable in the agglutination test, but only after treatment with proteases. The antigen V, allelic to F, was, however, associated with a pronase-sensitive protein and the antigen IM in the V/V type of CRC with a trypsin- or pronase-sensitive glycoprotein. The antigen N' was inactivated by chymotrypsin or pronase, irrespective of whether it was transmitted with the F or with the V. While the antigens IM, N' and the antigen reacting with rabbit serum, in addition to the antigen F in the F/F type of CRC, showed no or only very weak (titre 1:2) reactions, these same antigens, in addition to the antigen V in the V/V type of CRC, all showed high titres (1:32 to 1:128) in the anti-globulin test.", "contents": "The effects of enzymes on the blood factors associated with the FV system of bovine erythrocytes. Treatment of cattle red cells (CRC) with proteases and neuraminidase revealed at least one trypsin- or pronase-sensitive type and a protease-resistant type of sialoglycoprotein. The antigen F itself and the antigen IM in the F/F and F/V type of CRC were associated with the protease-resistant glycoprotein. Moreover, they were demonstrable in the agglutination test, but only after treatment with proteases. The antigen V, allelic to F, was, however, associated with a pronase-sensitive protein and the antigen IM in the V/V type of CRC with a trypsin- or pronase-sensitive glycoprotein. The antigen N' was inactivated by chymotrypsin or pronase, irrespective of whether it was transmitted with the F or with the V. While the antigens IM, N' and the antigen reacting with rabbit serum, in addition to the antigen F in the F/F type of CRC, showed no or only very weak (titre 1:2) reactions, these same antigens, in addition to the antigen V in the V/V type of CRC, all showed high titres (1:32 to 1:128) in the anti-globulin test.", "PMID": 731067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_593", "title": "Bile acid kinetics in relation to endogenous tryglyceride metabolism in various types of hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Bile acid and plasma endogenous triglyceride kinetics were determined under standardized dietary conditions in 47 hyperlipidemic subjects with the aid of [14C]cholic acid, [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid, and [3H]glycerol, respectively. On the basis of their lipoprotein pattern the patients were separated into three groups characterized by hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type IIa (n = 19), type IIb (n = 6), and type IV (n = 22). In keeping with previous reports from this laboratory the total bile acid formation reports from this laboratory the total bile acid formation in HLP type IV (19.5 +/- 2.2) mumol kg-1d-1, mean +/- SEM) exceeded that encountered in type IIa (10.7 +/- 0.9 mumol kg-1d-1, P less than 0.005). This difference was mainly due to an increased synthesis of cholic acid in type IV HLP (12.7 +/- 1.7 mumol kg-1d-1 vs. 6.1 +/- 0.5 mumol kg-1d-1, P less than 0.005). Bile acid formation in type IIb HLP was essentially within the limits recorded for type IIa. Apparent plasma triglyceride formation (as calculated from the 10-hr radioactivity decay curve) averaged 10.5 +/- 0.7 mumol kg-1hr-1 in type IIa HLP and was significantly higher in type IIb (20.7 +/- 1.9 mumol kg-1hr-1, P less than 0.001) and in type IV (22.1 +/- 1.4 mumol kg-1hr-1, P less than 0.001). The apparent fractional turnover rate of plasma triglyceride in type IV HLP (0.147 +/- 0.011 hr-1) was lower than that encountered in type IIa (0.188 +/- 0.008, P less than 0.01) and in type IIb (0.177 +/- 0.011 hr-1). The apparent production of plasma triglycerides and the formation of cholic acid correlated in type IIa (r = +0.69, P less than 0.001) and in type IV HLP (r = +0.70, P less than 0.001). A similar pattern was seen for total bile acid formation, while chenodeoxycholic acid showed a correlation to apparent triglyceride synthesis only in type IV HLP. It is suggested that an increased formation of plasma triglycerides--monitoring very low density lipoprotein synthesis--is linked to an enhanced degradation of cholesterol to bile acids and that there is an integrated regulation of the metabolism of these two parameters.", "contents": "Bile acid kinetics in relation to endogenous tryglyceride metabolism in various types of hyperlipoproteinemia. Bile acid and plasma endogenous triglyceride kinetics were determined under standardized dietary conditions in 47 hyperlipidemic subjects with the aid of [14C]cholic acid, [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid, and [3H]glycerol, respectively. On the basis of their lipoprotein pattern the patients were separated into three groups characterized by hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type IIa (n = 19), type IIb (n = 6), and type IV (n = 22). In keeping with previous reports from this laboratory the total bile acid formation reports from this laboratory the total bile acid formation in HLP type IV (19.5 +/- 2.2) mumol kg-1d-1, mean +/- SEM) exceeded that encountered in type IIa (10.7 +/- 0.9 mumol kg-1d-1, P less than 0.005). This difference was mainly due to an increased synthesis of cholic acid in type IV HLP (12.7 +/- 1.7 mumol kg-1d-1 vs. 6.1 +/- 0.5 mumol kg-1d-1, P less than 0.005). Bile acid formation in type IIb HLP was essentially within the limits recorded for type IIa. Apparent plasma triglyceride formation (as calculated from the 10-hr radioactivity decay curve) averaged 10.5 +/- 0.7 mumol kg-1hr-1 in type IIa HLP and was significantly higher in type IIb (20.7 +/- 1.9 mumol kg-1hr-1, P less than 0.001) and in type IV (22.1 +/- 1.4 mumol kg-1hr-1, P less than 0.001). The apparent fractional turnover rate of plasma triglyceride in type IV HLP (0.147 +/- 0.011 hr-1) was lower than that encountered in type IIa (0.188 +/- 0.008, P less than 0.01) and in type IIb (0.177 +/- 0.011 hr-1). The apparent production of plasma triglycerides and the formation of cholic acid correlated in type IIa (r = +0.69, P less than 0.001) and in type IV HLP (r = +0.70, P less than 0.001). A similar pattern was seen for total bile acid formation, while chenodeoxycholic acid showed a correlation to apparent triglyceride synthesis only in type IV HLP. It is suggested that an increased formation of plasma triglycerides--monitoring very low density lipoprotein synthesis--is linked to an enhanced degradation of cholesterol to bile acids and that there is an integrated regulation of the metabolism of these two parameters.", "PMID": 731122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_594", "title": "Effects of cholestyramine and chenodeoxycholic acid on the metabolism of endogenous triglyceride in hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Previous studies conducted under basal conditions have suggested a linkage between the formation of plasma triglyceride and the degradation of cholesterol to bile acids. To further examine this relationship, plasma endogenous triglyceride kinetics were determined using [(3)H]glycerol in 26 hyperlipidemic subjects before and during stimulated (cholestyramine treatment) and inhibited (chenodeoxycholic acid treatment) bile acid synthesis. All patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II (n = 9) treated with cholestyramine (12 g daily for 2-4 months) displayed increased apparent biosynthesis (12.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 9.7 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), mean +/- SEM, P < 0.005) and an elevated apparent fractional turnover rate (0.230 +/- 0.017 vs. 0.176 +/- 0.014 hr(-1), P < 0.001) as determined over a 10-hr period, in spite of essentially unchanged plasma triglyceride concentrations. No consistent effect of this therapy was encountered in the five patients studied with type IV HLP. Chenodeoxycholic acid feeding (1.9 mmol daily for 3-4 months) resulted in a reduced apparent synthesis of plasma triglycerides both in type IIa (n = 5, 7.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 13.1 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.01) and type IV HLP (n = 7, 15.5 +/- 1.8 vs. 23.6 +/- 3.7 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.02). Furthermore, a 20-25% reduction of the apparent fractional turnover rate was seen, and the plasma concentration of triglycerides was reduced by about 15%. It is concluded that the present experimental conditions that primarily influence cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis also affect the metabolism of plasma triglycerides-and presumably that of very low density lipoprotein-in a regulatory manner. Hypothetically, this may be achieved via a hepatic pool of newly synthesized cholesterol.", "contents": "Effects of cholestyramine and chenodeoxycholic acid on the metabolism of endogenous triglyceride in hyperlipoproteinemia. Previous studies conducted under basal conditions have suggested a linkage between the formation of plasma triglyceride and the degradation of cholesterol to bile acids. To further examine this relationship, plasma endogenous triglyceride kinetics were determined using [(3)H]glycerol in 26 hyperlipidemic subjects before and during stimulated (cholestyramine treatment) and inhibited (chenodeoxycholic acid treatment) bile acid synthesis. All patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type II (n = 9) treated with cholestyramine (12 g daily for 2-4 months) displayed increased apparent biosynthesis (12.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 9.7 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), mean +/- SEM, P < 0.005) and an elevated apparent fractional turnover rate (0.230 +/- 0.017 vs. 0.176 +/- 0.014 hr(-1), P < 0.001) as determined over a 10-hr period, in spite of essentially unchanged plasma triglyceride concentrations. No consistent effect of this therapy was encountered in the five patients studied with type IV HLP. Chenodeoxycholic acid feeding (1.9 mmol daily for 3-4 months) resulted in a reduced apparent synthesis of plasma triglycerides both in type IIa (n = 5, 7.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 13.1 +/- 1.2 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.01) and type IV HLP (n = 7, 15.5 +/- 1.8 vs. 23.6 +/- 3.7 micro mol kg(-1)hr(-1), P < 0.02). Furthermore, a 20-25% reduction of the apparent fractional turnover rate was seen, and the plasma concentration of triglycerides was reduced by about 15%. It is concluded that the present experimental conditions that primarily influence cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis also affect the metabolism of plasma triglycerides-and presumably that of very low density lipoprotein-in a regulatory manner. Hypothetically, this may be achieved via a hepatic pool of newly synthesized cholesterol.", "PMID": 731123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_595", "title": "Antilipolytic effects of chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and warfarin in adipocytes.", "content": "This study was designed to examine whether displacement of free fatty acids (FFA) from albumin (BSA) can explain the antilipolytic effect of chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB). Warfarin, which binds to albumin with equal affinity, was used to test the generality of this mechanism. The procedure was to measure the concentration of free drug needed to inhibit hormone-stimulated lipolysis in isolated rat epididymal fat cells, and the effect on this process of albumin, which binds both FFA ligand and drug. The free drug concentration was initially obtained by ultrafiltration studies with albumin and 14C-labeled CPIB or 14C-labeled warfarin in the absence of cells. When epinephrine-activated lipolysis was measured, inclusion of 0.3 mM albumin decreased the free CPIB concentration required for 50% inhibition from 1.8 mM (-BSA) to 0.08 mM. Warfarin also inhibited lipolysis more effectively in the presence of albumin, with 50% inhibition at 0.06 mM (+BSA) vs. 0.7 mM (-BSA). Both drugs showed a similar high-affinity binding constant to albumin of n = 1, k = 2--4 X 10(5) M-1, and both competitively displaced [14C]stearate, provided that a hydrophobic trap was present. The results are consistent with the possibility that the antilipolytic effect of CPIB and warfarin is mediated by way of a competitive displacement of FFA from albumin, or an analogous cellular binding site, with subsequent feedback inhibition of lipolysis.", "contents": "Antilipolytic effects of chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and warfarin in adipocytes. This study was designed to examine whether displacement of free fatty acids (FFA) from albumin (BSA) can explain the antilipolytic effect of chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB). Warfarin, which binds to albumin with equal affinity, was used to test the generality of this mechanism. The procedure was to measure the concentration of free drug needed to inhibit hormone-stimulated lipolysis in isolated rat epididymal fat cells, and the effect on this process of albumin, which binds both FFA ligand and drug. The free drug concentration was initially obtained by ultrafiltration studies with albumin and 14C-labeled CPIB or 14C-labeled warfarin in the absence of cells. When epinephrine-activated lipolysis was measured, inclusion of 0.3 mM albumin decreased the free CPIB concentration required for 50% inhibition from 1.8 mM (-BSA) to 0.08 mM. Warfarin also inhibited lipolysis more effectively in the presence of albumin, with 50% inhibition at 0.06 mM (+BSA) vs. 0.7 mM (-BSA). Both drugs showed a similar high-affinity binding constant to albumin of n = 1, k = 2--4 X 10(5) M-1, and both competitively displaced [14C]stearate, provided that a hydrophobic trap was present. The results are consistent with the possibility that the antilipolytic effect of CPIB and warfarin is mediated by way of a competitive displacement of FFA from albumin, or an analogous cellular binding site, with subsequent feedback inhibition of lipolysis.", "PMID": 731124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_596", "title": "Purification of pancreatic lipase via its affinity for bile salts and apolar surfaces.", "content": "An improved method for the purification of pancreatic lipase in milligram amounts is described. Only one batch step and one chromatographic step are required to produce a lipase-colipase complex and a lipase largely free of colipase. Both species are lipid free; physical and kinetic data indicate that the predominant lipase species is lipase B.", "contents": "Purification of pancreatic lipase via its affinity for bile salts and apolar surfaces. An improved method for the purification of pancreatic lipase in milligram amounts is described. Only one batch step and one chromatographic step are required to produce a lipase-colipase complex and a lipase largely free of colipase. Both species are lipid free; physical and kinetic data indicate that the predominant lipase species is lipase B.", "PMID": 731125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_597", "title": "A simplified method for the measurement of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity.", "content": "A method for the assay of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is described. The procedure is based on the measurement of 3H2O formed from [2,3-3H]gamma-butyrobetaine. The formation of 3H2O was essentially linear with time of incubation and enzyme concentration. Despite a significant isotope effect that causes the extent of hydroxylation to be underestimated, an appropriately determined correction factor permits one to relate quantitatively the degree of detritiation to the amount of carnitine formed. The assay is simple, rapid, specific, accurate, highly reproducible, and relatively sensitive. Its reliability and convenience represent an improvement over existing methods based on the tedious and time-consuming enzymatic radioisotopic determination of the carnitine formed or on the coupled decarboxylation of [1-14C]alpha-ketoglutarate, a method that cannot be used in crude extracts.", "contents": "A simplified method for the measurement of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity. A method for the assay of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is described. The procedure is based on the measurement of 3H2O formed from [2,3-3H]gamma-butyrobetaine. The formation of 3H2O was essentially linear with time of incubation and enzyme concentration. Despite a significant isotope effect that causes the extent of hydroxylation to be underestimated, an appropriately determined correction factor permits one to relate quantitatively the degree of detritiation to the amount of carnitine formed. The assay is simple, rapid, specific, accurate, highly reproducible, and relatively sensitive. Its reliability and convenience represent an improvement over existing methods based on the tedious and time-consuming enzymatic radioisotopic determination of the carnitine formed or on the coupled decarboxylation of [1-14C]alpha-ketoglutarate, a method that cannot be used in crude extracts.", "PMID": 731126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_598", "title": "Procedure for determination of free and total cholesterol in micro- or nanogram amounts suitable for studies with cultured cells.", "content": "Procedures for the determination of free and total cholesterol in lipid extracts or sonicates of 10(4) cultured human skin fibroblasts are described. The method for free cholesterol employs cholesterol oxidase to generate H2O2 and peroxidase to catalyze the reaction of H2O2 with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to yield a stable fluorescent product. Cholesterol ester hydrolase is included for determination of total cholesterol. When samples of sonified cell suspensions are used directly, the extraction of lipids is avoided, permitting one person to carry out analyses of 30 or more subcultures in one day.", "contents": "Procedure for determination of free and total cholesterol in micro- or nanogram amounts suitable for studies with cultured cells. Procedures for the determination of free and total cholesterol in lipid extracts or sonicates of 10(4) cultured human skin fibroblasts are described. The method for free cholesterol employs cholesterol oxidase to generate H2O2 and peroxidase to catalyze the reaction of H2O2 with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to yield a stable fluorescent product. Cholesterol ester hydrolase is included for determination of total cholesterol. When samples of sonified cell suspensions are used directly, the extraction of lipids is avoided, permitting one person to carry out analyses of 30 or more subcultures in one day.", "PMID": 731127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_599", "title": "7-Hydroxylation of 3-oxygenated C27-, C28-, and C29-steroids in rat liver 18,000 g supernate.", "content": "Structurally closely related steroids have been tested as substrates for the NADPH-dependent cholesterol-and cholestanol-7 alpha-hydroxylase(s) considered to be the rate-limiting enzyme(s) in bile acid biosynthesis. Of the steroids tested, 5-cholesten-3 alpha-0l, 5 alpha-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol, 4-cholesten-3 alpha-ol, 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholestan-3-one, 5 beta-cholestan-3-one, 24 alpha-methylcholesterol and the 24 alpha-ethyl derivatives of cholestanol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol, and 4-cholesten-3-one, only 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol was 7 alpha-hydroxylated to a significant extent (approximately 1/5 of the conversion of exogenous cholesterol). This suggests that the 7 alpha-hydroxylase(s) is sensitive to the structure of the side chain, and that it requires a rather flat steroid nucleus (delta4-, delta5-, or 5 alpha-steroid) and an equatorial or quasiequatorial hydroxyl group at C3. The nature of the 7 alpha-hydroxylation is discussed and the importance of the beta-side of the steroid molecule is emphasized. Minute amounts of the 7 beta-hydroxy derivatives were formed from 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 24 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol and, probably, from 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol and 24 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol.", "contents": "7-Hydroxylation of 3-oxygenated C27-, C28-, and C29-steroids in rat liver 18,000 g supernate. Structurally closely related steroids have been tested as substrates for the NADPH-dependent cholesterol-and cholestanol-7 alpha-hydroxylase(s) considered to be the rate-limiting enzyme(s) in bile acid biosynthesis. Of the steroids tested, 5-cholesten-3 alpha-0l, 5 alpha-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol, 4-cholesten-3 alpha-ol, 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholestan-3-one, 5 beta-cholestan-3-one, 24 alpha-methylcholesterol and the 24 alpha-ethyl derivatives of cholestanol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol, and 4-cholesten-3-one, only 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol was 7 alpha-hydroxylated to a significant extent (approximately 1/5 of the conversion of exogenous cholesterol). This suggests that the 7 alpha-hydroxylase(s) is sensitive to the structure of the side chain, and that it requires a rather flat steroid nucleus (delta4-, delta5-, or 5 alpha-steroid) and an equatorial or quasiequatorial hydroxyl group at C3. The nature of the 7 alpha-hydroxylation is discussed and the importance of the beta-side of the steroid molecule is emphasized. Minute amounts of the 7 beta-hydroxy derivatives were formed from 4-cholesten-3 beta-ol, 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol, 24 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol and, probably, from 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol and 24 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol.", "PMID": 731128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_600", "title": "Critical tables for calculating the cholesterol saturation of native bile.", "content": "A simple method for the rigorous derivation of lithogenic index or percent cholesterol saturation, embodying both relative and total lipid concentrations, is described. We recently demonstrated that under physiological conditions only two key physical-chemical variables, the bile salt-lecithin ratio and the total lipid (bile salts + lecithin + cholesterol) concentration determine the equilibrium cholesterol solubility of bile. Of relevance to gallstone formation and dissolution in man is that the influence of variations in total lipid concentration on cholesterol solubility is quantitatively more important but has essentially been ignored. Using model biliary lipid systems, we experimentally determined a family of cholesterol solubility curves to encompass a wide range of bile salt-lecithin ratios for physiological variations in total lipid concentration (0.3--30 g/dl) at 37 degrees C (pH 7.0, 0.15 M NaCl) and accurately fitted these with fifth degree polynomial equations. We have now solved these equations for moles percent cholesterol, i.e., [cholesterol] X 100/[bile salt] + [lecithin] + [cholesterol] employing physiological values (0.085--0.425) for molar [lecithini]/[bile salt] + [lecithin] ratios. The resulting tables provide precise values for the maximal amount of cholesterol that would be soluble in bile at any total lipid concentration and bile salt-lecithin ratio and allow for rapid and accurate calculation of lithogenic index or percent cholesterol saturation from the moles percent cholesterol actually present in hepatic, gallbladder, and duodenal biles.", "contents": "Critical tables for calculating the cholesterol saturation of native bile. A simple method for the rigorous derivation of lithogenic index or percent cholesterol saturation, embodying both relative and total lipid concentrations, is described. We recently demonstrated that under physiological conditions only two key physical-chemical variables, the bile salt-lecithin ratio and the total lipid (bile salts + lecithin + cholesterol) concentration determine the equilibrium cholesterol solubility of bile. Of relevance to gallstone formation and dissolution in man is that the influence of variations in total lipid concentration on cholesterol solubility is quantitatively more important but has essentially been ignored. Using model biliary lipid systems, we experimentally determined a family of cholesterol solubility curves to encompass a wide range of bile salt-lecithin ratios for physiological variations in total lipid concentration (0.3--30 g/dl) at 37 degrees C (pH 7.0, 0.15 M NaCl) and accurately fitted these with fifth degree polynomial equations. We have now solved these equations for moles percent cholesterol, i.e., [cholesterol] X 100/[bile salt] + [lecithin] + [cholesterol] employing physiological values (0.085--0.425) for molar [lecithini]/[bile salt] + [lecithin] ratios. The resulting tables provide precise values for the maximal amount of cholesterol that would be soluble in bile at any total lipid concentration and bile salt-lecithin ratio and allow for rapid and accurate calculation of lithogenic index or percent cholesterol saturation from the moles percent cholesterol actually present in hepatic, gallbladder, and duodenal biles.", "PMID": 731129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_601", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ethers of bile alcohols.", "content": "This report describes the gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS) of the trimethylsilyl ethers of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol with mono- or dihydroxy substitution in the side chain. Compounds with 24- and 25-unsaturation in the side chain were also studied. The gas-liquid chromatographic separation of the different bile alcohols was carried out using 3% QF-1 and 1% HI-EFF 8BP as column packings. Both columns were useful in that the retention times of the trimethyl-silyl ethers of the various 5 beta-cholestanetetrols varied linearly with the position of the side-chain trimethylsiloxyl substituent. The major fragmentations in the GLC-MS of all bile alcohols tested were due to the trimethylsiloxyl side-chain substituent(s). A trimethylsiloxyl group at C-22 was the most effective in promoting side-chain fragmentation, followed, in order of decreasing effectiveness, by substituents at carbons 25, 23, 24, and 26. The side-chain fragments generally gave rise to one or two intense mass peaks and a series of weaker peaks, 90 mass units apart, owing to the loss of successive molecules of trimethylsilanol. Most 5 beta-cholestane-triols, -tetrols, and -pentols can be unequivocally identified by their strong side-chain fragmentation peaks, except for 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 26-tetrol, the trimethylsilyl ether of which exhibited very low intensity side-chain fragments.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ethers of bile alcohols. This report describes the gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS) of the trimethylsilyl ethers of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol with mono- or dihydroxy substitution in the side chain. Compounds with 24- and 25-unsaturation in the side chain were also studied. The gas-liquid chromatographic separation of the different bile alcohols was carried out using 3% QF-1 and 1% HI-EFF 8BP as column packings. Both columns were useful in that the retention times of the trimethyl-silyl ethers of the various 5 beta-cholestanetetrols varied linearly with the position of the side-chain trimethylsiloxyl substituent. The major fragmentations in the GLC-MS of all bile alcohols tested were due to the trimethylsiloxyl side-chain substituent(s). A trimethylsiloxyl group at C-22 was the most effective in promoting side-chain fragmentation, followed, in order of decreasing effectiveness, by substituents at carbons 25, 23, 24, and 26. The side-chain fragments generally gave rise to one or two intense mass peaks and a series of weaker peaks, 90 mass units apart, owing to the loss of successive molecules of trimethylsilanol. Most 5 beta-cholestane-triols, -tetrols, and -pentols can be unequivocally identified by their strong side-chain fragmentation peaks, except for 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 26-tetrol, the trimethylsilyl ether of which exhibited very low intensity side-chain fragments.", "PMID": 731130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_602", "title": "Evaluation of a continuous isotope feeding method for measurement of cholesterol absorption in man.", "content": "A new method has been developed for measurement of cholesterol absorption. Seven patients were fed [14C]cholesterol together with [3H]-beta-sitosterol three times daily for 10 days. Stools were collected on days 3--10. The ratio of isotopes in stools became essentially constant after the first 3 days of isotope administration. Percentage absorption of cholesterol was calculated from the difference between the dietary and fecal isotope ratios. Percentage absorption of cholesterol in these seven patients ranged from 47 to 65% (mean 54%). The coefficient of variation on individual samples for all the patients ranged from 3.2 to 15.0% (mean 7.8%). This method was evaluated in five additional patients by comparison with a standard sterol balance method (Method II, see Quintao, E., S. M. Grundy, and E. H. Ahrens. 1971. J. Lipid Res. 12: 221--232). The results obtained by the two methods were essentially identical. The new method offers the advantages of simplicity of administration of isotope, ease of analysis of stool samples, and daily repeatability of analysis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a continuous isotope feeding method for measurement of cholesterol absorption in man. A new method has been developed for measurement of cholesterol absorption. Seven patients were fed [14C]cholesterol together with [3H]-beta-sitosterol three times daily for 10 days. Stools were collected on days 3--10. The ratio of isotopes in stools became essentially constant after the first 3 days of isotope administration. Percentage absorption of cholesterol was calculated from the difference between the dietary and fecal isotope ratios. Percentage absorption of cholesterol in these seven patients ranged from 47 to 65% (mean 54%). The coefficient of variation on individual samples for all the patients ranged from 3.2 to 15.0% (mean 7.8%). This method was evaluated in five additional patients by comparison with a standard sterol balance method (Method II, see Quintao, E., S. M. Grundy, and E. H. Ahrens. 1971. J. Lipid Res. 12: 221--232). The results obtained by the two methods were essentially identical. The new method offers the advantages of simplicity of administration of isotope, ease of analysis of stool samples, and daily repeatability of analysis.", "PMID": 731131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_603", "title": "Influence of cholestyramine on synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids in germfree rats.", "content": "The present investigation describes the influence of partial, pharmacologic interruption of bile acid enterohepatic circulation on cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in germfree rats. Seven rats received a basal, semisynthetic diet and five rats received the basal diet supplemented with 5% cholestyramine. After 6 weeks, feces were collected in one 3- and one 4-day pool for analysis of bile acids and cholesterol. When the sampling period was concluded, the rats were killed and the liver microsomal fractions were isolated. The activities of HMG CoA reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase were determined. The main fecal bile acids in the untreated rats were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid. During cholestyramine treatment cholic acid increased from 4.4 +/- 0.7 to 39.5 +/- 5.6 mg/kg body weight/day and beta-muricholic acid from 4.5 +/- 0.6 to 7.7 +/- 0.9 mg/kg body weight/day. Chenodeoxycholic acid became a major bile acid averaging 10.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day. The total amount of bile acids increased about 6-7 times and the percentage of cholic acid increased from 49.4 +/- 2.0 to 68.6 +/- 1.1%. The 7alpha-hydroxylase activity increased 4-5 times. During cholestyramine treatment the fecal excretion of cholesterol was increased from 12.0 +/- 1.4 to 68.0 +/- 5.0 mg/kg body weight/day. The endogenous formation of cholesterol was increased 6 times and the HMG CoA reductase activity was increased about 20 times. In conclusion, germfree rats, like conventional rats, have the ability to increase the endogenous formation of bile acids and cholesterol during interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, which is also reflected in a stimulation of the activities of the rate-determining enzymes.", "contents": "Influence of cholestyramine on synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids in germfree rats. The present investigation describes the influence of partial, pharmacologic interruption of bile acid enterohepatic circulation on cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in germfree rats. Seven rats received a basal, semisynthetic diet and five rats received the basal diet supplemented with 5% cholestyramine. After 6 weeks, feces were collected in one 3- and one 4-day pool for analysis of bile acids and cholesterol. When the sampling period was concluded, the rats were killed and the liver microsomal fractions were isolated. The activities of HMG CoA reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase were determined. The main fecal bile acids in the untreated rats were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid. During cholestyramine treatment cholic acid increased from 4.4 +/- 0.7 to 39.5 +/- 5.6 mg/kg body weight/day and beta-muricholic acid from 4.5 +/- 0.6 to 7.7 +/- 0.9 mg/kg body weight/day. Chenodeoxycholic acid became a major bile acid averaging 10.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day. The total amount of bile acids increased about 6-7 times and the percentage of cholic acid increased from 49.4 +/- 2.0 to 68.6 +/- 1.1%. The 7alpha-hydroxylase activity increased 4-5 times. During cholestyramine treatment the fecal excretion of cholesterol was increased from 12.0 +/- 1.4 to 68.0 +/- 5.0 mg/kg body weight/day. The endogenous formation of cholesterol was increased 6 times and the HMG CoA reductase activity was increased about 20 times. In conclusion, germfree rats, like conventional rats, have the ability to increase the endogenous formation of bile acids and cholesterol during interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, which is also reflected in a stimulation of the activities of the rate-determining enzymes.", "PMID": 731132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_604", "title": "Studies of bile acid secretion by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Bile acid secretion was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes cultured in medium supplemented with cofactors and succinate. Succinate as a respiratory substrate was found to be essential for bile acid synthesis. Feedback mechanism was demonstrated with different inhibitory potency of different bile acids on bile acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes.", "contents": "Studies of bile acid secretion by isolated rat hepatocytes. Bile acid secretion was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes cultured in medium supplemented with cofactors and succinate. Succinate as a respiratory substrate was found to be essential for bile acid synthesis. Feedback mechanism was demonstrated with different inhibitory potency of different bile acids on bile acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes.", "PMID": 731133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_605", "title": "A fully coupled transient excited state model for the sodium channel. I. Conductance in the voltage clamped case.", "content": "The behavior under voltage clamp conditions of a coupled kinetic scheme for the sodium channel is examined. The scheme is given diagrammatically by: Numerical simulations are presented which show that this model fits the voltage clamp data which are well described by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but also gives the sorts of behavior anomalous to the Hodgkin-Huxley model which have been seen experimentally. Further, straightforward changes in parameter values are shown to be capable of mimicking the ways in which some axonal preparations differ from others. Detailed, but admittedly heuristic, arguments are presented for the propositions that: 1) the model is minimal; i.e. no simpler kinetic model will fit the array of data simulated, and: 2) the transient excited state is necessary; i.e. no model of comparable simplicity with pure voltage dependent kinetics will fit the array of data simulated.", "contents": "A fully coupled transient excited state model for the sodium channel. I. Conductance in the voltage clamped case. The behavior under voltage clamp conditions of a coupled kinetic scheme for the sodium channel is examined. The scheme is given diagrammatically by: Numerical simulations are presented which show that this model fits the voltage clamp data which are well described by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but also gives the sorts of behavior anomalous to the Hodgkin-Huxley model which have been seen experimentally. Further, straightforward changes in parameter values are shown to be capable of mimicking the ways in which some axonal preparations differ from others. Detailed, but admittedly heuristic, arguments are presented for the propositions that: 1) the model is minimal; i.e. no simpler kinetic model will fit the array of data simulated, and: 2) the transient excited state is necessary; i.e. no model of comparable simplicity with pure voltage dependent kinetics will fit the array of data simulated.", "PMID": 731134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_606", "title": "Molecular model for sodium conductance and calcium transport in the squid axon.", "content": "A molecular and biochemically plausible model for the excitation process of the sodium pore is suggested. From basic arguments it is concluded that the sodium pore exists in at least three states: the resting state, the sodium conducting state, and the refractory state. They are connected to form a cyclic process. A specification of the different states is given. It is suggested that inactivation of the sodium pore results from a conformational change, which is caused by the transport of a calcium ion through the membrane. The transport carrier is the sodium pore. This assumption can explain the observed calcium influx during stimulation, and the effect of Ca on the rate of inactivation and on the rate, at which sodium conductance shuts off upon repolarization. It cannot give a quantitative explanation for the effect of Ca on the rate of rise, peak sodium conductance, and steady state inactivation. These asects are successfully described by the surface potential hypothesis, which has been published recently. It is concluded, that a combination of both theories gives a rather complete description of the sodium pore. The Ca transport model is discussed quantitatively and in great detail.", "contents": "Molecular model for sodium conductance and calcium transport in the squid axon. A molecular and biochemically plausible model for the excitation process of the sodium pore is suggested. From basic arguments it is concluded that the sodium pore exists in at least three states: the resting state, the sodium conducting state, and the refractory state. They are connected to form a cyclic process. A specification of the different states is given. It is suggested that inactivation of the sodium pore results from a conformational change, which is caused by the transport of a calcium ion through the membrane. The transport carrier is the sodium pore. This assumption can explain the observed calcium influx during stimulation, and the effect of Ca on the rate of inactivation and on the rate, at which sodium conductance shuts off upon repolarization. It cannot give a quantitative explanation for the effect of Ca on the rate of rise, peak sodium conductance, and steady state inactivation. These asects are successfully described by the surface potential hypothesis, which has been published recently. It is concluded, that a combination of both theories gives a rather complete description of the sodium pore. The Ca transport model is discussed quantitatively and in great detail.", "PMID": 731135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_607", "title": "Periodic metabolic systems: oscillations in multiple-loop negative feedback biochemical control networks.", "content": "For a general multiple loop feedback inhibition system in which the end product can inhibit any or all of the intermediate reactions it is shown that biologically significant behaviour is always confined to a bounded region of reaction space containing a unique equilibrium. By explicit construction of a Liapunov function for the general n dimensional differential equation it is shown that some values of reaction parameters cause the concentration vector to approach the equilibrium asymptotically for all physically realizable initial conditions. As the parameter values change, periodic solutions can appear within the bounded region. Some information about these periodic solutions can be obtained from the Hopf bifurcation theorem. Alternatively, if specific parameter values are known a numerical method can be used to find periodic solutions and determine their stability by locating a zero of the displacement map. The single loop Goodwin oscillator is analysed in detail. The methods are then used to treat an oscillator with two feedback loops and it is found that oscillations are possible even if both Hill coefficients are equal to one.", "contents": "Periodic metabolic systems: oscillations in multiple-loop negative feedback biochemical control networks. For a general multiple loop feedback inhibition system in which the end product can inhibit any or all of the intermediate reactions it is shown that biologically significant behaviour is always confined to a bounded region of reaction space containing a unique equilibrium. By explicit construction of a Liapunov function for the general n dimensional differential equation it is shown that some values of reaction parameters cause the concentration vector to approach the equilibrium asymptotically for all physically realizable initial conditions. As the parameter values change, periodic solutions can appear within the bounded region. Some information about these periodic solutions can be obtained from the Hopf bifurcation theorem. Alternatively, if specific parameter values are known a numerical method can be used to find periodic solutions and determine their stability by locating a zero of the displacement map. The single loop Goodwin oscillator is analysed in detail. The methods are then used to treat an oscillator with two feedback loops and it is found that oscillations are possible even if both Hill coefficients are equal to one.", "PMID": 731136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_608", "title": "Hormonal regulation of 5alpha-reductase activity in rat epididymis.", "content": "The specific activity of epididymal 5alpha-reductase (pmol 5alpha-reduced products mg protein-1 h-1) decreased by 17, 44, 58 and 83% of the initial value and its total activity (nmol 5alpha-reduced products organ-1 h-1) decreased by 66, 85, 94 and 98% 2, 4, 8 and 14 days respectively, after castration. The loss of total activity always exceeded the decrease in organ weight and protein content. The decline in enzymic activity could be prevented by implantation of testosterone at the time of castration. Administration of testosterone propionate (200 microgram/day) for 12 days starting 1 month after castration was associated with the weights of the accessory organs returning to the control values and although the specific activity of 5alpha-reductase was almost completely restored by this treatment, the total activity of the nuclear fraction remained at 49% of the control value. Recombination experiments demonstrated that the effect of androgens is not mediated by a factor present in the soluble fraction and the concomitant administration of androgen and either cycloheximide or actinomycin D blocked the effect of androgen. These data suggest that androgens stimulate the synthesis of epididymal 5alpha-reductase.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of 5alpha-reductase activity in rat epididymis. The specific activity of epididymal 5alpha-reductase (pmol 5alpha-reduced products mg protein-1 h-1) decreased by 17, 44, 58 and 83% of the initial value and its total activity (nmol 5alpha-reduced products organ-1 h-1) decreased by 66, 85, 94 and 98% 2, 4, 8 and 14 days respectively, after castration. The loss of total activity always exceeded the decrease in organ weight and protein content. The decline in enzymic activity could be prevented by implantation of testosterone at the time of castration. Administration of testosterone propionate (200 microgram/day) for 12 days starting 1 month after castration was associated with the weights of the accessory organs returning to the control values and although the specific activity of 5alpha-reductase was almost completely restored by this treatment, the total activity of the nuclear fraction remained at 49% of the control value. Recombination experiments demonstrated that the effect of androgens is not mediated by a factor present in the soluble fraction and the concomitant administration of androgen and either cycloheximide or actinomycin D blocked the effect of androgen. These data suggest that androgens stimulate the synthesis of epididymal 5alpha-reductase.", "PMID": 731142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_609", "title": "Secretion of progesterone during gestation in the rat.", "content": "The concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in ovarian and uterine venous plasma and in the systemic circulation were measured during gestation in the rat. The steroids were quantified by radioimmunoassay after separation on silicic acid micro-columns with the solvent system hexane : ethyl acetate (5 : 2, v/v). The concentration of progesterone in the systemic circulation was highest on days 3--4 and 13--17 of pregnancy; throughout gestation, the concentration of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was low in relation to that of progesterone and showed no marked changes as gestation proceeded. The level of progesterone in ovarian venous effluent was 10--20 times higher than that in the uterine vein and 20--50 times greater than that in the systemic circulation. The rate of secretion of progesterone by the ovary was highest during days 13--17 of gestation and ovariectomy during this period markedly reduced the levels of progesterone in the peripheral circulation. The concentration of progesterone in the uterine venous effluent was raised compared with the concentration in plasma from the abdominal aorta, especially on days 7 and 9 of pregnancy. These results suggest that, in vivo, the rat placenta synthesizes small amounts of progesterone and secretes it into the maternal circulation. The ovary is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy and the placental contribution is of secondary importance. Although 4-ene-5alpha-reductase enzyme(s) is present in the ovary and placenta, significant quantities of the reduced progestin 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione are not secreted into the systemic circulation during gestation in the rat.", "contents": "Secretion of progesterone during gestation in the rat. The concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in ovarian and uterine venous plasma and in the systemic circulation were measured during gestation in the rat. The steroids were quantified by radioimmunoassay after separation on silicic acid micro-columns with the solvent system hexane : ethyl acetate (5 : 2, v/v). The concentration of progesterone in the systemic circulation was highest on days 3--4 and 13--17 of pregnancy; throughout gestation, the concentration of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was low in relation to that of progesterone and showed no marked changes as gestation proceeded. The level of progesterone in ovarian venous effluent was 10--20 times higher than that in the uterine vein and 20--50 times greater than that in the systemic circulation. The rate of secretion of progesterone by the ovary was highest during days 13--17 of gestation and ovariectomy during this period markedly reduced the levels of progesterone in the peripheral circulation. The concentration of progesterone in the uterine venous effluent was raised compared with the concentration in plasma from the abdominal aorta, especially on days 7 and 9 of pregnancy. These results suggest that, in vivo, the rat placenta synthesizes small amounts of progesterone and secretes it into the maternal circulation. The ovary is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy and the placental contribution is of secondary importance. Although 4-ene-5alpha-reductase enzyme(s) is present in the ovary and placenta, significant quantities of the reduced progestin 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione are not secreted into the systemic circulation during gestation in the rat.", "PMID": 731143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_610", "title": "Transfer of milk prolactin to the plasma of neonatal rats by intestinal absorption.", "content": "Prolactin passes from the systemic circulation of lactating rats into the milk where it can be consumed by the young rats during suckling. 131I-Labelled rat prolactin was detected in the plasma of 9- to 14-day-old rats after being nursed by mothers previously injected with 131I-labelled rat prolactin and after the pups had received 131I-labelled rat prolactin by gastric intubation. It was estimated that 16% of the 131I-labelled rat prolactin given by gastric intubation subsequently appeared in the plasma of the neonate. Gastric administration of 10.5 or 21.0 microgram B-1 rat prolactin significantly raised the level of prolactin in the plasma of 13-day-old pups, but a similar increase was not observed when 27-day-old rats were given 46.2 microgram B-1 prolactin by gastric intubation. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma of 13- to 14-day-old rats rose to 55 ng/ml 30 min after the onset of nursing by mothers whose mammary glands were full of milk, whereas the concentration in the plasma of offspring suckled by mothers with empty mammary glands remained at basal values. It is concluded that the intestine of the newborn rat is permeable to prolactin and that milk may constitute an exogenous source of prolactin for the suckled offspring.", "contents": "Transfer of milk prolactin to the plasma of neonatal rats by intestinal absorption. Prolactin passes from the systemic circulation of lactating rats into the milk where it can be consumed by the young rats during suckling. 131I-Labelled rat prolactin was detected in the plasma of 9- to 14-day-old rats after being nursed by mothers previously injected with 131I-labelled rat prolactin and after the pups had received 131I-labelled rat prolactin by gastric intubation. It was estimated that 16% of the 131I-labelled rat prolactin given by gastric intubation subsequently appeared in the plasma of the neonate. Gastric administration of 10.5 or 21.0 microgram B-1 rat prolactin significantly raised the level of prolactin in the plasma of 13-day-old pups, but a similar increase was not observed when 27-day-old rats were given 46.2 microgram B-1 prolactin by gastric intubation. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma of 13- to 14-day-old rats rose to 55 ng/ml 30 min after the onset of nursing by mothers whose mammary glands were full of milk, whereas the concentration in the plasma of offspring suckled by mothers with empty mammary glands remained at basal values. It is concluded that the intestine of the newborn rat is permeable to prolactin and that milk may constitute an exogenous source of prolactin for the suckled offspring.", "PMID": 731144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_611", "title": "Changes in the concentration of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors induced by doxorubicin and methotrexate.", "content": "The effects of doxorubicin and methotrexate on the oestradiol-induced depletion, replenishment and subsequent increase beyond the normal value (overshoot) in the number of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors were investigated in intact rats. Injection of doxorubicin (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or methotrexate (1mg/kg, i.m.) 5 min after a single i.p. injection of 10 ng oestradiol-17beta (which is able to induce a 50% depletion in the number of oestrogen receptors) caused a significant increase in the oestradiol-induced depletion. Both drugs inhibited the replenishment and the overshoot phases until 48 h after treatment, although the effect was more marked with doxorubicin. Experiments in vitro showed that both methotrexate and doxorubicin affected the capacity of oestradiol-17beta to bind to specific cytoplasmic receptors, inducing an increase in binding when used at low concentrations and a decrease at higher concentrations. The effects of doxorubicin and methotrexate on the depletion, replenishment and overshoot of oestrogen receptors seemed to be partly dependent on the inhibition of protein synthesis and partly due to direct action on the binding of oestradiol-17beta to its receptors.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors induced by doxorubicin and methotrexate. The effects of doxorubicin and methotrexate on the oestradiol-induced depletion, replenishment and subsequent increase beyond the normal value (overshoot) in the number of uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors were investigated in intact rats. Injection of doxorubicin (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or methotrexate (1mg/kg, i.m.) 5 min after a single i.p. injection of 10 ng oestradiol-17beta (which is able to induce a 50% depletion in the number of oestrogen receptors) caused a significant increase in the oestradiol-induced depletion. Both drugs inhibited the replenishment and the overshoot phases until 48 h after treatment, although the effect was more marked with doxorubicin. Experiments in vitro showed that both methotrexate and doxorubicin affected the capacity of oestradiol-17beta to bind to specific cytoplasmic receptors, inducing an increase in binding when used at low concentrations and a decrease at higher concentrations. The effects of doxorubicin and methotrexate on the depletion, replenishment and overshoot of oestrogen receptors seemed to be partly dependent on the inhibition of protein synthesis and partly due to direct action on the binding of oestradiol-17beta to its receptors.", "PMID": 731145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_612", "title": "Specific interaction of corticosteroids with binding sites in the plasma membranes of the rat anterior pituitary gland.", "content": "The binding of glucocorticoids to a crude fraction of rat pituitary plasma membranes and to solubilized membrane proteins was measured. The binding characteristics were similar to those exhibited by transcortin: radioactive corticosterone was bound to a greater extent than radioactive dexamethasone and labelled corticosterone, but not labelled dexamethasone, was displaced by unlabelled corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and progesterone. A Scatchard plot of the binding data revealed the presence of a binding material with a dissociation constant of about 3.2 nmol/l, which sedimented at 4S after sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. It was found that the number of binding sites was inversely related to the concentration of corticosterone in the circulation and was increased after long-term adrenalectomy. These data suggest that a material similar to transcortin is complexed to the plasma membrane of rat pituitary cells.", "contents": "Specific interaction of corticosteroids with binding sites in the plasma membranes of the rat anterior pituitary gland. The binding of glucocorticoids to a crude fraction of rat pituitary plasma membranes and to solubilized membrane proteins was measured. The binding characteristics were similar to those exhibited by transcortin: radioactive corticosterone was bound to a greater extent than radioactive dexamethasone and labelled corticosterone, but not labelled dexamethasone, was displaced by unlabelled corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and progesterone. A Scatchard plot of the binding data revealed the presence of a binding material with a dissociation constant of about 3.2 nmol/l, which sedimented at 4S after sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. It was found that the number of binding sites was inversely related to the concentration of corticosterone in the circulation and was increased after long-term adrenalectomy. These data suggest that a material similar to transcortin is complexed to the plasma membrane of rat pituitary cells.", "PMID": 731146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_613", "title": "Effects of a long-acting progestin on reproductive function in female mice.", "content": "The duration of activity of a long-acting progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, was compared using three tests for progestational activity: the induction of stromal mitosis in the endometrium, implantation of blastocysts and inhibition of ovulation. The duration of activity was similar in each test and was longer when higher doses were given.", "contents": "Effects of a long-acting progestin on reproductive function in female mice. The duration of activity of a long-acting progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, was compared using three tests for progestational activity: the induction of stromal mitosis in the endometrium, implantation of blastocysts and inhibition of ovulation. The duration of activity was similar in each test and was longer when higher doses were given.", "PMID": 731148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_614", "title": "Effects of dietary cyclopropene fatty acids on the mixed function oxidase system of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Dietary cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) decreased cytochrome P-450 and b5 content and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity 67.8 percent, 22.0 percent, and 38.4 percent respectively compared to control-fed trout after 22 days. Dietary CPFA induced benzo(alpha)pyrene aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase 37.5 percent over controls for the same time period. Microsomal protein levels were consistently lower in CPFA-fed trout. This pattern remained established in CPFA-fed trout for the duration of the experiment (74 days). The data suggest a possible mechanism by which dietary CPFA act as co-carcinogens.", "contents": "Effects of dietary cyclopropene fatty acids on the mixed function oxidase system of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Dietary cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) decreased cytochrome P-450 and b5 content and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity 67.8 percent, 22.0 percent, and 38.4 percent respectively compared to control-fed trout after 22 days. Dietary CPFA induced benzo(alpha)pyrene aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase 37.5 percent over controls for the same time period. Microsomal protein levels were consistently lower in CPFA-fed trout. This pattern remained established in CPFA-fed trout for the duration of the experiment (74 days). The data suggest a possible mechanism by which dietary CPFA act as co-carcinogens.", "PMID": 731179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_615", "title": "Comparative effects of aminotriazole on normal and acatalasemic mice.", "content": "Some pharmacological and toxicological effects of dietary 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), a known catalase inhibitor, antithyroid agent, and carcinogen, have been examined, using acatalasemic (Csb) and normal catalase, \"wild-type\" (Csa) substrains of highly inbred C3H and C57BL mice. It was found that (a) the acatalasemic substrains are more resistant to weight loss and death on the AT diet than are their normal catalase counterparts; (b) Csb and Csa substrains of C57BL mice are more resistant to weight loss and death on the AT diet than are the Csb and Csa substrains of the C3H mouse; (c) the liver catalase, as well as the whole body catalase, of the two C57BL substrains is less inhibited by the AT diet than is that of the C3H substrains; (d) mice consuming the same quantity of either normal or AT-containing diet gain much more weight on the normal diet; (e) temporary consumption of the AT diet causes a considerable increase in thyroid weight, with an extremely slow, and only partial, return toward normal weight; and (f) the C3H/Csa mouse on an AT diet develops a scaly, necrotic tail very similar in appearance to the so-called rodent ringtail; this lesion is never observed in the acatalasemic mouse on the same diet.", "contents": "Comparative effects of aminotriazole on normal and acatalasemic mice. Some pharmacological and toxicological effects of dietary 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), a known catalase inhibitor, antithyroid agent, and carcinogen, have been examined, using acatalasemic (Csb) and normal catalase, \"wild-type\" (Csa) substrains of highly inbred C3H and C57BL mice. It was found that (a) the acatalasemic substrains are more resistant to weight loss and death on the AT diet than are their normal catalase counterparts; (b) Csb and Csa substrains of C57BL mice are more resistant to weight loss and death on the AT diet than are the Csb and Csa substrains of the C3H mouse; (c) the liver catalase, as well as the whole body catalase, of the two C57BL substrains is less inhibited by the AT diet than is that of the C3H substrains; (d) mice consuming the same quantity of either normal or AT-containing diet gain much more weight on the normal diet; (e) temporary consumption of the AT diet causes a considerable increase in thyroid weight, with an extremely slow, and only partial, return toward normal weight; and (f) the C3H/Csa mouse on an AT diet develops a scaly, necrotic tail very similar in appearance to the so-called rodent ringtail; this lesion is never observed in the acatalasemic mouse on the same diet.", "PMID": 731180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_616", "title": "Pancreatic carcinogenesis and naturally occurring pancreatic neoplasms of rats and mice in the NCI carcinogenesis testing program.", "content": "Over two hundred chemicals were examined in a two year rodent bioassay system for possible carcinogenicity. Of these, only nitrofen significantly increased the incidence of neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas of rats or mice (female Osborne-Mendel rats); azinphosmethyl was the only agent tested which significantly increased the incidence of islet-cell tumors of rats or mice (male Osborne-Mendel rats). The use of the rat (Osborne-Mendel or Fischer 344) and mouse (B6C3F1) as models for the detection of chemically-induced pancreatic neoplasms also was investigated. The incidences of specific neoplasms of the exocrine or endocrine pancreas produced by all chemicals tested were combined and compared with the combined incidences of similar neoplasms in control animals in order to increase the sensitivity of the test. The data obtained through this procedure suggests that the male rat may be a good, sensitive model for the detection of islet-cell tumors.", "contents": "Pancreatic carcinogenesis and naturally occurring pancreatic neoplasms of rats and mice in the NCI carcinogenesis testing program. Over two hundred chemicals were examined in a two year rodent bioassay system for possible carcinogenicity. Of these, only nitrofen significantly increased the incidence of neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas of rats or mice (female Osborne-Mendel rats); azinphosmethyl was the only agent tested which significantly increased the incidence of islet-cell tumors of rats or mice (male Osborne-Mendel rats). The use of the rat (Osborne-Mendel or Fischer 344) and mouse (B6C3F1) as models for the detection of chemically-induced pancreatic neoplasms also was investigated. The incidences of specific neoplasms of the exocrine or endocrine pancreas produced by all chemicals tested were combined and compared with the combined incidences of similar neoplasms in control animals in order to increase the sensitivity of the test. The data obtained through this procedure suggests that the male rat may be a good, sensitive model for the detection of islet-cell tumors.", "PMID": 731181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_617", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene I. Uptake, distribution and excretion of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in growing lambs.", "content": "The uptake, distribution, and excretion of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was studied in young male (castrated) lambs. Lambs were exposed for 90 days at a dietary concentration of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm. Tissue concentration of HCB were monitored by periodic omental biopsy and by post-slaughter collection of tissues at 90 and at 300 days. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture each time that biopsies or sacrifice occurred. Findings of the 300 days duration study were: (1) the growth rate of the exposed lambs was unaffected by the exposure to the dietary HCB, (2) adipose tissue concentrations reached a level approximately ten times that in the diet at the end of the 90-day exposure period, (3) HCB concentration was higher in the omental fat than in the perirenal fat at 90 days but not at 300 days, (4) a good portion of the apparent decresae in HCB in the fat following cessation of exposure is due to dilution (by increasing carcass fat), (5) the apparent half-life of HCB was approximately 90 days and was not dose-dependent at the exposure rates studied, and (6) the highest HCB concentrations in other tissues were in the brain and liver. The study demonstrated that the omental biopsy provides an excellent means of estimating body fat burden of this lipid soluble pesticide, although it tends to provide an overestimate during actual dietary exposure. The finding that the bioconcentration of and the depletion from the adipose tissues were independent of dose enables prediction of the degree to which food animals might become contaminated if allowed to feed on HCB-contaminated pastures or feed stuffs, and of the time which will be required for such residues to decrease to negligible levels. This predictive ability is of obvious benefit to both the food animal producer and the consumer. Since the HCB is apparently much more stable in the body than is indicated by the depletion half-life of 90 days in these growing lambs, it follows that environmental contamination of grazing lands or animal feeds is of far greater consequence for adult animals which would not be likely to experience the growth dilution of carcass residues.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene I. Uptake, distribution and excretion of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in growing lambs. The uptake, distribution, and excretion of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was studied in young male (castrated) lambs. Lambs were exposed for 90 days at a dietary concentration of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm. Tissue concentration of HCB were monitored by periodic omental biopsy and by post-slaughter collection of tissues at 90 and at 300 days. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture each time that biopsies or sacrifice occurred. Findings of the 300 days duration study were: (1) the growth rate of the exposed lambs was unaffected by the exposure to the dietary HCB, (2) adipose tissue concentrations reached a level approximately ten times that in the diet at the end of the 90-day exposure period, (3) HCB concentration was higher in the omental fat than in the perirenal fat at 90 days but not at 300 days, (4) a good portion of the apparent decresae in HCB in the fat following cessation of exposure is due to dilution (by increasing carcass fat), (5) the apparent half-life of HCB was approximately 90 days and was not dose-dependent at the exposure rates studied, and (6) the highest HCB concentrations in other tissues were in the brain and liver. The study demonstrated that the omental biopsy provides an excellent means of estimating body fat burden of this lipid soluble pesticide, although it tends to provide an overestimate during actual dietary exposure. The finding that the bioconcentration of and the depletion from the adipose tissues were independent of dose enables prediction of the degree to which food animals might become contaminated if allowed to feed on HCB-contaminated pastures or feed stuffs, and of the time which will be required for such residues to decrease to negligible levels. This predictive ability is of obvious benefit to both the food animal producer and the consumer. Since the HCB is apparently much more stable in the body than is indicated by the depletion half-life of 90 days in these growing lambs, it follows that environmental contamination of grazing lands or animal feeds is of far greater consequence for adult animals which would not be likely to experience the growth dilution of carcass residues.", "PMID": 731183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_618", "title": "Chronic effects of three crude oils on oysters suspended in estuarine ponds.", "content": "Gross and histological observations obtained from the study of oysters chronically exposed to single, low level (4 ppm) quantities of Empire Mix, Saudi Arabian, and Nigerian crude oils in estuarine ponds indicate a reduced intake and/or assimilation of food by the test animals. The tissues of many of the test animals, especially from the Saudi Arabian and Nigerian oil-treated ponds, were clear, watery, and emaciated in appearance, which was not the normal condition of oysters from the Gulf during the period of the samplings. Histologically, there were serious alterations in the connective tissues associated with the body wall, mantle, and food groove. The muscle and connective tissue fibers in these areas of many of the surviving oysters were swollen, translucent, homogeneous, structureless masses. These masses most nearly resembled the condition classically described as hyaline degeneration. In addition, there was a reduction in the development of the germinal epithelial tissues, indicating reduced reproductive potential.", "contents": "Chronic effects of three crude oils on oysters suspended in estuarine ponds. Gross and histological observations obtained from the study of oysters chronically exposed to single, low level (4 ppm) quantities of Empire Mix, Saudi Arabian, and Nigerian crude oils in estuarine ponds indicate a reduced intake and/or assimilation of food by the test animals. The tissues of many of the test animals, especially from the Saudi Arabian and Nigerian oil-treated ponds, were clear, watery, and emaciated in appearance, which was not the normal condition of oysters from the Gulf during the period of the samplings. Histologically, there were serious alterations in the connective tissues associated with the body wall, mantle, and food groove. The muscle and connective tissue fibers in these areas of many of the surviving oysters were swollen, translucent, homogeneous, structureless masses. These masses most nearly resembled the condition classically described as hyaline degeneration. In addition, there was a reduction in the development of the germinal epithelial tissues, indicating reduced reproductive potential.", "PMID": 731184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_619", "title": "Zinc protoporphyrin in blood as a biological indicator of chronic lead intoxication.", "content": "Traditionally, the diagnosis of lead intoxication has relied upon blood lead and urine lead determinations. However, metabolic changes in the biosynthetic pathway of heme as well as damage in other organ systems may occur at blood lead levels hitherto regarded as \"safe.\" Lead intoxication leads to elevated zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels in the blood which can be measured quickly, inexpensively and conveniently on a drop of unprocessed whole blood by means of a dedicated front face fluorometer, called a hematofluorometer. In the present study, ZPP showed a strong correlation with the lead-in-blood level, as well as with signs and symptoms of lead-related disease. It is concluded that zinc protoporphyrin determination offers a preferred primary screening test for lead-exposed populations.", "contents": "Zinc protoporphyrin in blood as a biological indicator of chronic lead intoxication. Traditionally, the diagnosis of lead intoxication has relied upon blood lead and urine lead determinations. However, metabolic changes in the biosynthetic pathway of heme as well as damage in other organ systems may occur at blood lead levels hitherto regarded as \"safe.\" Lead intoxication leads to elevated zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels in the blood which can be measured quickly, inexpensively and conveniently on a drop of unprocessed whole blood by means of a dedicated front face fluorometer, called a hematofluorometer. In the present study, ZPP showed a strong correlation with the lead-in-blood level, as well as with signs and symptoms of lead-related disease. It is concluded that zinc protoporphyrin determination offers a preferred primary screening test for lead-exposed populations.", "PMID": 731185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_620", "title": "[Enzymic determination of acetoacetate and D(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The enzymic methods for the quantitative determination of acetoacetate and D(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in blood were modified for the routine determination of these compounds in urine for clinical purposes. Preliminary normal values are reported for children.", "contents": "[Enzymic determination of acetoacetate and D(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in urine (author's transl)]. The enzymic methods for the quantitative determination of acetoacetate and D(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in blood were modified for the routine determination of these compounds in urine for clinical purposes. Preliminary normal values are reported for children.", "PMID": 731191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_621", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene II. Effects on growing lambs of prolonged low-level oral exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB).", "content": "Fifty growing male (castrated) lambs were exposed to hexachlorobenzene in the diet at levels of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm for 90 days. They were then moved to clean quarters and the study continued for an additional 210 days. Growth rates, certain plasma enzyme activities and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were studied to detect subclinical effects related to the exposure. A 19-day acute exposure at 100 ppm was done and the same parameters except for growth rate, measured. Hematocrit and plasma protein concentrations were also monitored. No significant changes were seen in the growth rates (90 days exposure), in the plasma enzymes alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or succinic dehydrogenase, or in the hematocrit or plasma protein concentrations after either the 90-day or 19-day exposures. However, in vivo metabolism of antipyrine was increased in both the 1.0 ppm (90-day) and the 100 ppm (19-day), but was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in only the 100-ppm exposure. Additionally, hepatic microsomal N-demethylase was increased significantly by the 90-day exposure at 1.0 ppm and the 19-day exposure at 100 ppm, but the hepatic microsomal O-demethylase was significantly increased only after the 1.0-ppm exposure. Histopathologic examination of tissues (brain, lung, myocardium, large and small intestines, liver, kidneys, adrenals, mesenteric lymph nodes) collected from animals sacrificed at 90 days and at the termination of the study (300 days) revealed no lesions suggestive of harmful HCB exposure.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene II. Effects on growing lambs of prolonged low-level oral exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Fifty growing male (castrated) lambs were exposed to hexachlorobenzene in the diet at levels of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm for 90 days. They were then moved to clean quarters and the study continued for an additional 210 days. Growth rates, certain plasma enzyme activities and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were studied to detect subclinical effects related to the exposure. A 19-day acute exposure at 100 ppm was done and the same parameters except for growth rate, measured. Hematocrit and plasma protein concentrations were also monitored. No significant changes were seen in the growth rates (90 days exposure), in the plasma enzymes alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or succinic dehydrogenase, or in the hematocrit or plasma protein concentrations after either the 90-day or 19-day exposures. However, in vivo metabolism of antipyrine was increased in both the 1.0 ppm (90-day) and the 100 ppm (19-day), but was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in only the 100-ppm exposure. Additionally, hepatic microsomal N-demethylase was increased significantly by the 90-day exposure at 1.0 ppm and the 19-day exposure at 100 ppm, but the hepatic microsomal O-demethylase was significantly increased only after the 1.0-ppm exposure. Histopathologic examination of tissues (brain, lung, myocardium, large and small intestines, liver, kidneys, adrenals, mesenteric lymph nodes) collected from animals sacrificed at 90 days and at the termination of the study (300 days) revealed no lesions suggestive of harmful HCB exposure.", "PMID": 731187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_622", "title": "[Adaptation of an entirely enzymatic triglyceride assay to the GSA II Greiner. Application to the study of the stability of triglycerides, and factors causing interference in the analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The assay of triglycerides by an entirely enzymatic pathway was adapted for use on the GSA II Greiner. The method requires only 20 microliters of biological material. The reaction time is short: 8 min at 37 degrees C. The coefficient of variation does not exceed 6% over a period of one month. Linearity of the measurements was verified up to a level of 4 mmol/l. It was shown that the free glycerol level should be systematically measured and deducted from that of the total glycerol to assure accurate results. The stability of the plasma triglycerides was investigated as a function of the length and temperature of storage (+4 degrees C and -196 degrees C). The free glycerol increases as a function of time, whereas the level of triglycerides stays constant. Haemoglobin and various medicaments, in particular, hypolipemiants and hypoglycemiants, did not interfere.", "contents": "[Adaptation of an entirely enzymatic triglyceride assay to the GSA II Greiner. Application to the study of the stability of triglycerides, and factors causing interference in the analysis (author's transl)]. The assay of triglycerides by an entirely enzymatic pathway was adapted for use on the GSA II Greiner. The method requires only 20 microliters of biological material. The reaction time is short: 8 min at 37 degrees C. The coefficient of variation does not exceed 6% over a period of one month. Linearity of the measurements was verified up to a level of 4 mmol/l. It was shown that the free glycerol level should be systematically measured and deducted from that of the total glycerol to assure accurate results. The stability of the plasma triglycerides was investigated as a function of the length and temperature of storage (+4 degrees C and -196 degrees C). The free glycerol increases as a function of time, whereas the level of triglycerides stays constant. Haemoglobin and various medicaments, in particular, hypolipemiants and hypoglycemiants, did not interfere.", "PMID": 731193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_623", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of long term feeding of sympathomimetic amines to swine.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of long term feeding of sympathomimetic amines (SPMA) to swine were studied. Three groups of female swine (N = 20 for each group) were fed either aminorex fumarate, d-amphetamine sulfate, or dextrose (control) for as long as 8 months in dosages up to 15 mg/kg/day. After 4 months of this feeding regiment, the weight gain of the pigs fed either aminorex or amphetamine was significantly less than the control animals. Hemodynamic measurements on awake swine indicated no elevation of pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the pigs fed SPMA. Measurement of systemic hemodynamics revealed that cardiac index was lower in the treated pigs than in control animals, but that heart rate and systemic arterial blood pressure were not altered by the drugs. In addition to baseline measurements of hemodynamic variables, the animals were exposed to acute hypoxia (12 percent O2 in N2) for 5 minutes. Although pulmonary arterial blood pressure increased similarly in the 3 groups of pigs, total pulmonary resistance increased to a greater extent in the pigs fed SPMA, indicating perhaps an enhancement of the hypoxic pulmonary pressor response after chronic ingestion of either amphetamine or aminorex. In a limited number of pigs, SPMA were fed for a period of 8 months, of which the last 3 months were during pregnancy. Hemodynamic measurements on sedated (metomidate, IV) swine revealed no difference in pulmonary arterial blood pressures between treated and control animals. We conclude that chronic ingestion of large doses of aminorex or amphetamine in swine does not lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension, but that slight reductions in cardiac output and subtle alterations in the pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia may occur.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of long term feeding of sympathomimetic amines to swine. The hemodynamic effects of long term feeding of sympathomimetic amines (SPMA) to swine were studied. Three groups of female swine (N = 20 for each group) were fed either aminorex fumarate, d-amphetamine sulfate, or dextrose (control) for as long as 8 months in dosages up to 15 mg/kg/day. After 4 months of this feeding regiment, the weight gain of the pigs fed either aminorex or amphetamine was significantly less than the control animals. Hemodynamic measurements on awake swine indicated no elevation of pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the pigs fed SPMA. Measurement of systemic hemodynamics revealed that cardiac index was lower in the treated pigs than in control animals, but that heart rate and systemic arterial blood pressure were not altered by the drugs. In addition to baseline measurements of hemodynamic variables, the animals were exposed to acute hypoxia (12 percent O2 in N2) for 5 minutes. Although pulmonary arterial blood pressure increased similarly in the 3 groups of pigs, total pulmonary resistance increased to a greater extent in the pigs fed SPMA, indicating perhaps an enhancement of the hypoxic pulmonary pressor response after chronic ingestion of either amphetamine or aminorex. In a limited number of pigs, SPMA were fed for a period of 8 months, of which the last 3 months were during pregnancy. Hemodynamic measurements on sedated (metomidate, IV) swine revealed no difference in pulmonary arterial blood pressures between treated and control animals. We conclude that chronic ingestion of large doses of aminorex or amphetamine in swine does not lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension, but that slight reductions in cardiac output and subtle alterations in the pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia may occur.", "PMID": 731186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_624", "title": "Combined batchwise and continuous flow mechanization of solid-phase radioimmunoassays.", "content": "A new modification of the \"coated-tube\"-technique for the radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen is described. Polyvinylchloride capillaries are used as reaction-vessels. Most working steps of the test procedure are mechanized. The possibilities and limitations of the new technique are discussed. The reliability of the method was shown by a recovery test, dilution tests, reproducibility and a comparison of the results for 71 sera, ranging from the 6th to the 42nd week of pregnancy, with those obtained by a conventional assay procedure.", "contents": "Combined batchwise and continuous flow mechanization of solid-phase radioimmunoassays. A new modification of the \"coated-tube\"-technique for the radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen is described. Polyvinylchloride capillaries are used as reaction-vessels. Most working steps of the test procedure are mechanized. The possibilities and limitations of the new technique are discussed. The reliability of the method was shown by a recovery test, dilution tests, reproducibility and a comparison of the results for 71 sera, ranging from the 6th to the 42nd week of pregnancy, with those obtained by a conventional assay procedure.", "PMID": 731195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_625", "title": "When does a response error become a judgmental bias? Commentary on \"Judged Frequency of Lethal Events\".", "content": "The study of Lichtenstein, Slovic, Fischhoff, Layman, and Combs reports several types of errors in subjects' frequency judgments of lethal events. These errors are interpreted as reflecting the operation of two types of judgment biases. In this research, the objective or actual frequency of lethal events served as a standard of comparison; any deviation from this standard was defined as a bias. Thus, the research strategy used is apparently modeled after that of a psychophysicist using illusions to study basic perceptual processes. There is one key difference, however. In the case of illusions, the subject is directly exposed to the physical stimulus object. In the present study, however, subjects were never exposed to actual stimuli. Since subjects were asked to make judgments about things they had not directly experienced, it is not surprising that they would be inaccurate. But unlike the study of illusions, such inaccuracies have not been shown to have any necessary connection to psychological mechanisms. Therefore, it seems somewhat tenuous to offer psychological interpretations of judgmental biases when the origins of those biases have not yet been identified.", "contents": "When does a response error become a judgmental bias? Commentary on \"Judged Frequency of Lethal Events\". The study of Lichtenstein, Slovic, Fischhoff, Layman, and Combs reports several types of errors in subjects' frequency judgments of lethal events. These errors are interpreted as reflecting the operation of two types of judgment biases. In this research, the objective or actual frequency of lethal events served as a standard of comparison; any deviation from this standard was defined as a bias. Thus, the research strategy used is apparently modeled after that of a psychophysicist using illusions to study basic perceptual processes. There is one key difference, however. In the case of illusions, the subject is directly exposed to the physical stimulus object. In the present study, however, subjects were never exposed to actual stimuli. Since subjects were asked to make judgments about things they had not directly experienced, it is not surprising that they would be inaccurate. But unlike the study of illusions, such inaccuracies have not been shown to have any necessary connection to psychological mechanisms. Therefore, it seems somewhat tenuous to offer psychological interpretations of judgmental biases when the origins of those biases have not yet been identified.", "PMID": 731196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_626", "title": "Rod sensitivity and visual pigment concentration in Xenopus.", "content": "Xenopus larvae were raised on a vitamin A-free diet under constant illumination until their visual pigment content had decreased to between 8% of normal and an undetectably low level. After the intramuscular injection of 2.1 X 10(13-2.1 X 10(16) molecules of [3H]vitamin A, ocular tissue showed a rapid rate of uptake of label which reached a maximum level of incorporation by 48 h. Light-microscopic autoradiography revealed that the retinal uptake of label was concentrated within the receptor outer segments. Spectral transmissivity measurements at various times after injection were made upon intact retinas and upon digitonin extracts. They showed that visual pigment with a lambdamax of 504 nm was formed in the retina and that the amount formed was a function of incubation time and the magnitude of the dose administered. Electrophysiological measures of photoreceptor light responses were obtained from the PIII component of the electroretinogram, isolated with aspartate. The quantal flux required to elicit a criterion response was determined and related to the fraction of visual pigment present. The results showed that rod sensitivity varied linearly with the probability of quantal absorption.", "contents": "Rod sensitivity and visual pigment concentration in Xenopus. Xenopus larvae were raised on a vitamin A-free diet under constant illumination until their visual pigment content had decreased to between 8% of normal and an undetectably low level. After the intramuscular injection of 2.1 X 10(13-2.1 X 10(16) molecules of [3H]vitamin A, ocular tissue showed a rapid rate of uptake of label which reached a maximum level of incorporation by 48 h. Light-microscopic autoradiography revealed that the retinal uptake of label was concentrated within the receptor outer segments. Spectral transmissivity measurements at various times after injection were made upon intact retinas and upon digitonin extracts. They showed that visual pigment with a lambdamax of 504 nm was formed in the retina and that the amount formed was a function of incubation time and the magnitude of the dose administered. Electrophysiological measures of photoreceptor light responses were obtained from the PIII component of the electroretinogram, isolated with aspartate. The quantal flux required to elicit a criterion response was determined and related to the fraction of visual pigment present. The results showed that rod sensitivity varied linearly with the probability of quantal absorption.", "PMID": 731198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_627", "title": "Formation, conversion, and utilization of isorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and porphyropsin by rod photoreceptors in the Xenopus retina.", "content": "The visual pigment content of rod photoreceptors in Xenopus larvae was reduced greater than 90% through a combination of vitamin A-deficient diet and constant light. Thereafter, a dose of either all-trans-retinol or 9-cis-retinal was injected intramuscularly, leading to the formation of a rhodopsin (lambdamax 504 nm) or isorhodopsin (lambdamax 487-493 nm) pigment, respectively. Electrophysiological measurements were made of the threshold and spectral sensitivity of the aspartate-isolated PIII (photoreceptoral) component of the electroretinogram. These measures established that either rhodopsin or isorhodopsin subserved visual transduction with the same efficiency as the 519 nm porphyropsin pigment encountered normally. When animals with rhodopsin or isorhodopsin were kept in darkness or placed on a cyclical lighting regimen for 8 days, retinal densitometry showed that either pigment was being converted to porphyropsin; significantly more porphyropsin was formed as a result of cyclical lighting than after complete darkness.", "contents": "Formation, conversion, and utilization of isorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and porphyropsin by rod photoreceptors in the Xenopus retina. The visual pigment content of rod photoreceptors in Xenopus larvae was reduced greater than 90% through a combination of vitamin A-deficient diet and constant light. Thereafter, a dose of either all-trans-retinol or 9-cis-retinal was injected intramuscularly, leading to the formation of a rhodopsin (lambdamax 504 nm) or isorhodopsin (lambdamax 487-493 nm) pigment, respectively. Electrophysiological measurements were made of the threshold and spectral sensitivity of the aspartate-isolated PIII (photoreceptoral) component of the electroretinogram. These measures established that either rhodopsin or isorhodopsin subserved visual transduction with the same efficiency as the 519 nm porphyropsin pigment encountered normally. When animals with rhodopsin or isorhodopsin were kept in darkness or placed on a cyclical lighting regimen for 8 days, retinal densitometry showed that either pigment was being converted to porphyropsin; significantly more porphyropsin was formed as a result of cyclical lighting than after complete darkness.", "PMID": 731199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_628", "title": "Nonsymmetrical bifurcations in arterial branching.", "content": "The results of optimality studies of the branching angles of arterial bifurcations are extended to nonsymmetrical bifurcations. Predicted nonsymmetrical bifurcations are found to be not unlike those observed in the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Nonsymmetrical bifurcations in arterial branching. The results of optimality studies of the branching angles of arterial bifurcations are extended to nonsymmetrical bifurcations. Predicted nonsymmetrical bifurcations are found to be not unlike those observed in the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 731200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_629", "title": "Analysis of sodium and potassium redistribution during sustained permeability increases at the innervated face of Electrophorus electroplaques.", "content": "Cholinergic agonists cause an increase in the membrane permeability of Na and K at the innervated face of Electrophorus electroplaques. Therefore, sustained exposure to agonist reduces Na and K concentration gradients. There gradients are monitored with voltage-clamp sequences and pharmacological treatments that selectively measure the Nernst potentials for individual ions. EK is normally near--90 mV but moves toward zero during bath application of agonist. Depolarizations by bath-applied agonist measure primarily this shift of EK, not short-circuiting of EK by the agonist-induced conductance. After a rapid jump of agonist concentration, there is a fast (millisecond) depolarization due to the conductance increase, followed by a much slower additional \"creep\" due to the shift in EK. Sodium replaces the lost intracellular potassium: ENa, normally very positive, also moves toward zero. The shifts in EK and ENa are normally reversible but become permanent after blockade of the Na-K pump. In the presence of agonist, the shifts can be driven further by passing current of the appropriate polarity. Similar ion redistribution occurs with other drugs, such as batrachotoxin and nystatin, which induce prolonged increases in Na permeability. The redistributions cause little net change in the reversal potential of the neurally evoked postsynaptic current.", "contents": "Analysis of sodium and potassium redistribution during sustained permeability increases at the innervated face of Electrophorus electroplaques. Cholinergic agonists cause an increase in the membrane permeability of Na and K at the innervated face of Electrophorus electroplaques. Therefore, sustained exposure to agonist reduces Na and K concentration gradients. There gradients are monitored with voltage-clamp sequences and pharmacological treatments that selectively measure the Nernst potentials for individual ions. EK is normally near--90 mV but moves toward zero during bath application of agonist. Depolarizations by bath-applied agonist measure primarily this shift of EK, not short-circuiting of EK by the agonist-induced conductance. After a rapid jump of agonist concentration, there is a fast (millisecond) depolarization due to the conductance increase, followed by a much slower additional \"creep\" due to the shift in EK. Sodium replaces the lost intracellular potassium: ENa, normally very positive, also moves toward zero. The shifts in EK and ENa are normally reversible but become permanent after blockade of the Na-K pump. In the presence of agonist, the shifts can be driven further by passing current of the appropriate polarity. Similar ion redistribution occurs with other drugs, such as batrachotoxin and nystatin, which induce prolonged increases in Na permeability. The redistributions cause little net change in the reversal potential of the neurally evoked postsynaptic current.", "PMID": 731201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_630", "title": "Initial conditions and the kinetics of the sodium conductance in Myxicola giant axons. I. effects on the time-course of the sodium conductance.", "content": "The effects of conditioning polarizations, ranging from--150 to 0 mV and of durations from 50 mus to 30 ms, on the time-course of GNa during test steps in potential were studied in Myxicola giant axons. Beyond the effects of conditioning polarizations on the amplitude of GNa, the only effect was to produce a translation of GNa(t) along the time axis without a change in shape. For depolarizing conditioning potentials, Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics predict time shifts about threefold greater than found experimentally, whereas the predictions of the coupled model of Goldman (1975. Biophys. J. 15:119--136) were in approximate agreement with our experiments. The time shifts developed over an exponential time-course as the conditioning pulse duration was increased. The time constant of development of the time shift was considerably faster than, and showed the opposite dependency on potential from, the values predicted by both models. It had a mean Q10 of 1/2.50. This fast activation process cannot account for the observed rise time behavior of GNa, suggesting that there is an additional activation process. All results are consistent with the idea that the gating structure displays more than three states, with state intermediate between rest and conducting.", "contents": "Initial conditions and the kinetics of the sodium conductance in Myxicola giant axons. I. effects on the time-course of the sodium conductance. The effects of conditioning polarizations, ranging from--150 to 0 mV and of durations from 50 mus to 30 ms, on the time-course of GNa during test steps in potential were studied in Myxicola giant axons. Beyond the effects of conditioning polarizations on the amplitude of GNa, the only effect was to produce a translation of GNa(t) along the time axis without a change in shape. For depolarizing conditioning potentials, Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics predict time shifts about threefold greater than found experimentally, whereas the predictions of the coupled model of Goldman (1975. Biophys. J. 15:119--136) were in approximate agreement with our experiments. The time shifts developed over an exponential time-course as the conditioning pulse duration was increased. The time constant of development of the time shift was considerably faster than, and showed the opposite dependency on potential from, the values predicted by both models. It had a mean Q10 of 1/2.50. This fast activation process cannot account for the observed rise time behavior of GNa, suggesting that there is an additional activation process. All results are consistent with the idea that the gating structure displays more than three states, with state intermediate between rest and conducting.", "PMID": 731202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_631", "title": "Initial conditions and the kinetics of the sodium conductance in Myxicola giant axons. II. Relaxation experiments.", "content": "The time-course of the decay of INa on resetting the membrane potential to various levels after test steps in potential was studied. The effects of different initial conditions on these Na tail currents were also studied. For postpulse potentials at or negative to -35 mV, these currents may be attributed nearly entirely to the shutdown of the activation process, inactivation being little involved. Several relaxations may be detected in the tail currents. The slower two are well defined exponentials with time constants of approximately 1 ms and 100 mus in the hyperpolarizing potential range. The fastest relaxation is only poorly resolved. Different initial conditions could alter the relative weighting factors on the various exponential terms, but did not affect any of the individual time constants. The activation of the sodium conductance cannot be attributed to any number of independent and identical two-state subunits with first order transitions. The results of this and the previous paper are discussed in terms of the minimum kinetic scheme consistent with the data. Evidence is also presented suggesting that there may exist a small subpopulation of channels with different kinetics and a faster rate of recovery from TTX block than the rest of the population.", "contents": "Initial conditions and the kinetics of the sodium conductance in Myxicola giant axons. II. Relaxation experiments. The time-course of the decay of INa on resetting the membrane potential to various levels after test steps in potential was studied. The effects of different initial conditions on these Na tail currents were also studied. For postpulse potentials at or negative to -35 mV, these currents may be attributed nearly entirely to the shutdown of the activation process, inactivation being little involved. Several relaxations may be detected in the tail currents. The slower two are well defined exponentials with time constants of approximately 1 ms and 100 mus in the hyperpolarizing potential range. The fastest relaxation is only poorly resolved. Different initial conditions could alter the relative weighting factors on the various exponential terms, but did not affect any of the individual time constants. The activation of the sodium conductance cannot be attributed to any number of independent and identical two-state subunits with first order transitions. The results of this and the previous paper are discussed in terms of the minimum kinetic scheme consistent with the data. Evidence is also presented suggesting that there may exist a small subpopulation of channels with different kinetics and a faster rate of recovery from TTX block than the rest of the population.", "PMID": 731203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_632", "title": "Genetic recombination in Streptomyces fradiae by protoplast fusion and cell regeneration.", "content": "Conditions for highly efficient genetic recombination in Streptomyces by protoplast fusion are described. Protoplasts of S. fradiae and S. griseofuscus were formed by a modification of the glycine-lysozyme-lytic enzyme method (Okanishi, Suzuki & Umezawa, 1974). Regeneration of cells from protoplasts was monitored throughout the growth cycle and was most efficient when cells of either S. fradiae or S. griseofuscus were taken from the transition phase between the exponential and stationary growth phases. Fusion of protoplasts carrying different auxotrophic or chromosomal drug-resistance markers was achieved by treatment with polyethylene glycol, and high frequencies of stable genetic recombinants were obtained.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in Streptomyces fradiae by protoplast fusion and cell regeneration. Conditions for highly efficient genetic recombination in Streptomyces by protoplast fusion are described. Protoplasts of S. fradiae and S. griseofuscus were formed by a modification of the glycine-lysozyme-lytic enzyme method (Okanishi, Suzuki & Umezawa, 1974). Regeneration of cells from protoplasts was monitored throughout the growth cycle and was most efficient when cells of either S. fradiae or S. griseofuscus were taken from the transition phase between the exponential and stationary growth phases. Fusion of protoplasts carrying different auxotrophic or chromosomal drug-resistance markers was achieved by treatment with polyethylene glycol, and high frequencies of stable genetic recombinants were obtained.", "PMID": 731205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_633", "title": "'Viscotaxis', a new behavioural response of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16.", "content": "When in a non-viscous environment and confronted with a viscous one, Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16 preferentially selected the latter. We have designated this positive response to a viscosity gradient as 'viscotaxis'. Using an originally designed experimental chamber, a pool of leptospires were faced with capillary tubes containing either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES). Leptospires suspended in HEPES responded positively to 2% (w/v) PVP in capillaries, and migrated into them in large numbers in 1 h. No response was observed when the chamber and capillary tubes contained solutions of the same viscosity. As the viscosity of PVP was increased, a proportionally larger number of leptospires migrated into it. This newly observed aspect of leptospiral behaviour may have ecological significance.", "contents": "'Viscotaxis', a new behavioural response of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16. When in a non-viscous environment and confronted with a viscous one, Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16 preferentially selected the latter. We have designated this positive response to a viscosity gradient as 'viscotaxis'. Using an originally designed experimental chamber, a pool of leptospires were faced with capillary tubes containing either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES). Leptospires suspended in HEPES responded positively to 2% (w/v) PVP in capillaries, and migrated into them in large numbers in 1 h. No response was observed when the chamber and capillary tubes contained solutions of the same viscosity. As the viscosity of PVP was increased, a proportionally larger number of leptospires migrated into it. This newly observed aspect of leptospiral behaviour may have ecological significance.", "PMID": 731206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_634", "title": "Thermosensitive antibiotic resistance plasmids in enterobacteria.", "content": "Of 775 conjugative plasmids found in enterobacteria mediating antibiotic resistance, 24 (3.1%) were thermosensitive (ts); they were most common in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ts plasmids were also found in all the samples of sewage and river water examined. Over half of 73 ts plasmids from unrelated sources mediated resistance to chloramphenicol in addition to several other antibiotics. Many of them mediated resistance to mercury (53.4%), arsenite (38.4%) and tellurite (79.5%) but not to copper, cobalt and silver. Fifty-eight belonged to incompatibility group H2 and 12 belonged to the H1 group. Resistance to mercury, arsenite and tellurite was common in strains containing H2 plasmids but not in H1 plasmids. The 73 plasmids transferred at high rates at 22 and 28 degrees C and at lower rates at 15 degrees C; they transferred at very low rates or not at all at 37 degrees C. They could be divided into two sets according to whether they transferred at a high or at a low rate at 33 degrees C. Unlike the prototype plasmid, Rts 1, they were solely or mainly ts for transfer and not for replication and only one of them brought about a marked reduction in growth rate of its host organism at 42 degrees C. None of the 73 plasmids mediated colicin or haemolysin production. Three plasmids, all from K. pneumoniae, mediated utilization of lactose, two of sucrose and raffinose and three, all belonging to group H1, of citrate. None of the plasmids increased the pathogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium for chicks or Escherichia coli K12 for mice.", "contents": "Thermosensitive antibiotic resistance plasmids in enterobacteria. Of 775 conjugative plasmids found in enterobacteria mediating antibiotic resistance, 24 (3.1%) were thermosensitive (ts); they were most common in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ts plasmids were also found in all the samples of sewage and river water examined. Over half of 73 ts plasmids from unrelated sources mediated resistance to chloramphenicol in addition to several other antibiotics. Many of them mediated resistance to mercury (53.4%), arsenite (38.4%) and tellurite (79.5%) but not to copper, cobalt and silver. Fifty-eight belonged to incompatibility group H2 and 12 belonged to the H1 group. Resistance to mercury, arsenite and tellurite was common in strains containing H2 plasmids but not in H1 plasmids. The 73 plasmids transferred at high rates at 22 and 28 degrees C and at lower rates at 15 degrees C; they transferred at very low rates or not at all at 37 degrees C. They could be divided into two sets according to whether they transferred at a high or at a low rate at 33 degrees C. Unlike the prototype plasmid, Rts 1, they were solely or mainly ts for transfer and not for replication and only one of them brought about a marked reduction in growth rate of its host organism at 42 degrees C. None of the 73 plasmids mediated colicin or haemolysin production. Three plasmids, all from K. pneumoniae, mediated utilization of lactose, two of sucrose and raffinose and three, all belonging to group H1, of citrate. None of the plasmids increased the pathogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium for chicks or Escherichia coli K12 for mice.", "PMID": 731207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_635", "title": "Some bits and pieces of the genus Nocardia: N. carnea, N. vaccinii, N. transvalensis, N. orientalis and N. aerocolonigenes.", "content": "Since 1951 when our taxonomic study of the genus Nocardia began, only eight strains of N. carnea (Rossi-Doria) Castellani & Chalmers, four strains of N. vaccinii Demaree & Smith, five of N. transvalensis Pijper & Pullinger, 21 or N. orientalis (Pittenger & Brigham) Pridham and 14 of N. aerocolonigenes (Shinobu & Kawato) Pridham have been found. These five groups of strains are described and are compared with strains of nine accepted species of Nocardia. With the possible exception of N. orientalis, more strains of these five taxa must be assembled and examined to establish the reliability of our descriptions and identifications.", "contents": "Some bits and pieces of the genus Nocardia: N. carnea, N. vaccinii, N. transvalensis, N. orientalis and N. aerocolonigenes. Since 1951 when our taxonomic study of the genus Nocardia began, only eight strains of N. carnea (Rossi-Doria) Castellani & Chalmers, four strains of N. vaccinii Demaree & Smith, five of N. transvalensis Pijper & Pullinger, 21 or N. orientalis (Pittenger & Brigham) Pridham and 14 of N. aerocolonigenes (Shinobu & Kawato) Pridham have been found. These five groups of strains are described and are compared with strains of nine accepted species of Nocardia. With the possible exception of N. orientalis, more strains of these five taxa must be assembled and examined to establish the reliability of our descriptions and identifications.", "PMID": 731209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_636", "title": "Effect of ethanol during hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees.", "content": "To determine whether the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) may increase the liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus infection, ethanol was infused into four chimpanzees on one or two occasions during the course of natural or experimentally induced hepatitis B virus infections. A fifth chimpanzee, without active hepatitis B virus infection, served as a control. Moderate elevations of serum aspartate or alanine aminotransferases occurred in four of the five chimpanzees, including the control chimpanzee, in direct association with ethanol infusion; pre-existing enzyme elevations persisted in a fifth chimpanzee. No alteration occurred in the titers of hepatitis B surface antigen or of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in three of the four infected chimpanzees. There was no significant alteration in the course of hepatitis B virus infection by ethanol infusion in these chimpanzees.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol during hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees. To determine whether the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) may increase the liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus infection, ethanol was infused into four chimpanzees on one or two occasions during the course of natural or experimentally induced hepatitis B virus infections. A fifth chimpanzee, without active hepatitis B virus infection, served as a control. Moderate elevations of serum aspartate or alanine aminotransferases occurred in four of the five chimpanzees, including the control chimpanzee, in direct association with ethanol infusion; pre-existing enzyme elevations persisted in a fifth chimpanzee. No alteration occurred in the titers of hepatitis B surface antigen or of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in three of the four infected chimpanzees. There was no significant alteration in the course of hepatitis B virus infection by ethanol infusion in these chimpanzees.", "PMID": 731211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_637", "title": "Subacute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in hamsters caused by measles virus from persistently infected cell cultures.", "content": "Newborn hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with measles virus materials from Lu 106 and Vero carrier cell lines. Extracellular and cell-associated materials from cultures incubated at 37 degrees C and at 33 degrees C were used. The lower temperature allows accentuated virus replication. No animals contracted acute encephalitis, but 8 animals developed advanced neurological disease (unsteady gait, serial myoclonic jerks, hypoactivity) 79 to 212 days after injection. Seven out of these 8 animals belonged to a group of 50 animals, which had been inoculated with cell-associated material from cultures incubated at 33 degrees C. Viral antigen and nucleocapsids were found in neurons and glial cells from diseased animals, which showed degenerative changes and inflammation, particularly in the mesencephalon. Some of these animals also had hydrocephalus, which, however, also occurred in many apparently healthy animals. Also this pathological alteration occurred most frequently (5 out of 11 animals examined 9--10 months after inoculation) in hamsters receiving cell-associated material from carrier cutlures incubated at 33 degrees C. Possible mechanisms for the appearance of hydrocephalus are discussed.", "contents": "Subacute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in hamsters caused by measles virus from persistently infected cell cultures. Newborn hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with measles virus materials from Lu 106 and Vero carrier cell lines. Extracellular and cell-associated materials from cultures incubated at 37 degrees C and at 33 degrees C were used. The lower temperature allows accentuated virus replication. No animals contracted acute encephalitis, but 8 animals developed advanced neurological disease (unsteady gait, serial myoclonic jerks, hypoactivity) 79 to 212 days after injection. Seven out of these 8 animals belonged to a group of 50 animals, which had been inoculated with cell-associated material from cultures incubated at 33 degrees C. Viral antigen and nucleocapsids were found in neurons and glial cells from diseased animals, which showed degenerative changes and inflammation, particularly in the mesencephalon. Some of these animals also had hydrocephalus, which, however, also occurred in many apparently healthy animals. Also this pathological alteration occurred most frequently (5 out of 11 animals examined 9--10 months after inoculation) in hamsters receiving cell-associated material from carrier cutlures incubated at 33 degrees C. Possible mechanisms for the appearance of hydrocephalus are discussed.", "PMID": 731212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_638", "title": "CNS disease following dissemination of SSPE measles virus from intraperitoneal inoculation of suckling hamsters.", "content": "Acute encephalitis was observed in suckling Golden Syrian hamsters following intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of a hamster brain adapted strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) measles virus (HBS). Virus was isolated from the brains of all encephalitic animals by cocultivation of tissue with Vero cells. The histopathology of the encephalitis was characterized by perivascular mononuclear infiltrates, necrosis, eosinophilic inclusion bodies, and rare giant cells. Association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection was observed with virus present in lung and a kidney-spleen pool in addition to brain. Viral dissemination in asymptomatic animals was documented with virus being isolated from multiple non-neural tissues (spleen, lung, liver) of animals having no recoverable virus in their brains and no signs of encephalitis. Treatment of animals with cyclophosphamide prior to ip virus inoculation did not increase dissemination to brain. Absence of encephalitis in asymptomatic animals with proven viral dissemination to parenchymal organs indicates that neither viremia alone, nor viremia in conjunction with dissemination are sufficient conditions to establish central nervous system disease. The association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection and the dissemination to brain establish this model's potential value for the study of the pathogenesis of measles encephalitis.", "contents": "CNS disease following dissemination of SSPE measles virus from intraperitoneal inoculation of suckling hamsters. Acute encephalitis was observed in suckling Golden Syrian hamsters following intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of a hamster brain adapted strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) measles virus (HBS). Virus was isolated from the brains of all encephalitic animals by cocultivation of tissue with Vero cells. The histopathology of the encephalitis was characterized by perivascular mononuclear infiltrates, necrosis, eosinophilic inclusion bodies, and rare giant cells. Association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection was observed with virus present in lung and a kidney-spleen pool in addition to brain. Viral dissemination in asymptomatic animals was documented with virus being isolated from multiple non-neural tissues (spleen, lung, liver) of animals having no recoverable virus in their brains and no signs of encephalitis. Treatment of animals with cyclophosphamide prior to ip virus inoculation did not increase dissemination to brain. Absence of encephalitis in asymptomatic animals with proven viral dissemination to parenchymal organs indicates that neither viremia alone, nor viremia in conjunction with dissemination are sufficient conditions to establish central nervous system disease. The association of encephalitis with systemic viral infection and the dissemination to brain establish this model's potential value for the study of the pathogenesis of measles encephalitis.", "PMID": 731213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_639", "title": "Antibodies to single-stranded DNA: an aid in diagnosis of viral hepatitis.", "content": "In clinical and subclinical viral hepatitis a significant increase of antibodies to single-stranded DNA revealed by the prepatent stage of the disease before any elevation of serum transaminases. In type A hepatitis, a rise in anti-DNA titers was detectable one to two weeks before onset of clinical and biochemical signs; in type B hepatitis, the rise of anti-DNA coincided with or preceded the appearance of HBSAg, several weeks before the onset of clinical illness. In both hepatitis types anti-DNA titers reached a peak (640--2,560) at onset and dropped shortly after serum transaminases returned to normal at the end of acute illness. The anti-DNA response in non-A/non-B hepatitis was of similar magnitude. Anti-DNA elevation was the only positive sign found in most silent infections of either type that later showed specific seroconversion. Anti-DNA levels in noninfected contacts were in the same range as those found in a group of health individuals. The anti-DNA test is useful for early diagnosis of viral hepatitis and should be a valuable addition to current epidemiological and clinical procedures.", "contents": "Antibodies to single-stranded DNA: an aid in diagnosis of viral hepatitis. In clinical and subclinical viral hepatitis a significant increase of antibodies to single-stranded DNA revealed by the prepatent stage of the disease before any elevation of serum transaminases. In type A hepatitis, a rise in anti-DNA titers was detectable one to two weeks before onset of clinical and biochemical signs; in type B hepatitis, the rise of anti-DNA coincided with or preceded the appearance of HBSAg, several weeks before the onset of clinical illness. In both hepatitis types anti-DNA titers reached a peak (640--2,560) at onset and dropped shortly after serum transaminases returned to normal at the end of acute illness. The anti-DNA response in non-A/non-B hepatitis was of similar magnitude. Anti-DNA elevation was the only positive sign found in most silent infections of either type that later showed specific seroconversion. Anti-DNA levels in noninfected contacts were in the same range as those found in a group of health individuals. The anti-DNA test is useful for early diagnosis of viral hepatitis and should be a valuable addition to current epidemiological and clinical procedures.", "PMID": 731214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_640", "title": "Rapid detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by double antibody radioimmunoassay.", "content": "HBsAg and anti-HBs can be detected by double-antibody radioimmunoassay in a reliable routine overnight assay of sensitivity approaching that of solid-phase immunoradiometric assay. The test requires careful standardisation and regular preparation of I125-HBsAg of appropriate quality, but otherwise uses only small quantities of commercially available reagents. In this paper, the reaction kinetics of the first incubation (test sample + limiting amount of rabbit anti-HBs), second incubation (reaction mixture + I125 -HBsAg) and precipitation reaction (reaction mixture + antirabbit globulin) were examined, to determine the minimum time required for the assay compatible with adequate sensitivity and user convenience; in addition, in order to reduce the time of radioactive counting, the maximum amount of I125-HBsAg per test compatible with a satisfactory assay was examined. It was concluded that, by terminating each reaction before equilibrium was reached, results could be obtained in 2--3 hours with a detection limit similar to the standard overnight procedure. To allow routine examination of large numbers of samples, the possibilities of complete automation of this liquid-phase type of assay were discussed.", "contents": "Rapid detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by double antibody radioimmunoassay. HBsAg and anti-HBs can be detected by double-antibody radioimmunoassay in a reliable routine overnight assay of sensitivity approaching that of solid-phase immunoradiometric assay. The test requires careful standardisation and regular preparation of I125-HBsAg of appropriate quality, but otherwise uses only small quantities of commercially available reagents. In this paper, the reaction kinetics of the first incubation (test sample + limiting amount of rabbit anti-HBs), second incubation (reaction mixture + I125 -HBsAg) and precipitation reaction (reaction mixture + antirabbit globulin) were examined, to determine the minimum time required for the assay compatible with adequate sensitivity and user convenience; in addition, in order to reduce the time of radioactive counting, the maximum amount of I125-HBsAg per test compatible with a satisfactory assay was examined. It was concluded that, by terminating each reaction before equilibrium was reached, results could be obtained in 2--3 hours with a detection limit similar to the standard overnight procedure. To allow routine examination of large numbers of samples, the possibilities of complete automation of this liquid-phase type of assay were discussed.", "PMID": 731217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_641", "title": "Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay using anti-HBe-coated polysterence beads and iodine-125-labeled anti-HBe of human origin was developed for the detection of HBeAg. Anti-HBe could be determined by a blocking test. Both assays were about 500-fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. Few nonspecific positive results for HBeAg could be recognized in the anti-HBe test by increase in cpm over that of the negative control. HBeAg was not found in acute hepatitis A and non A-non B hepatitis or in a control group of accident patients. On admission to the hospital 12 of 48 (25%) acute hepatitis B patients from Greece and 17 of 20 (85%) acute hepatitis B patients from Germany were HBeAg-positive. All 39 initially HBeAg negative sera were already anti-HBe positive. Tests of the acute stage and follow-up sera of the 20 German patients indicated that HBeAg is regularly present in the incubation period and early acute phase of hepatitis B. After onset of disease the antigen is cleared from the serum very rapidly in uncomplicated cases and is usually followed by the appearance of anti-HBe. Like anti-HBc, anti-HBe can serve as a tool for the diagnosis of hepatitis B after the disappearance of HBsAg.", "contents": "Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay using anti-HBe-coated polysterence beads and iodine-125-labeled anti-HBe of human origin was developed for the detection of HBeAg. Anti-HBe could be determined by a blocking test. Both assays were about 500-fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. Few nonspecific positive results for HBeAg could be recognized in the anti-HBe test by increase in cpm over that of the negative control. HBeAg was not found in acute hepatitis A and non A-non B hepatitis or in a control group of accident patients. On admission to the hospital 12 of 48 (25%) acute hepatitis B patients from Greece and 17 of 20 (85%) acute hepatitis B patients from Germany were HBeAg-positive. All 39 initially HBeAg negative sera were already anti-HBe positive. Tests of the acute stage and follow-up sera of the 20 German patients indicated that HBeAg is regularly present in the incubation period and early acute phase of hepatitis B. After onset of disease the antigen is cleared from the serum very rapidly in uncomplicated cases and is usually followed by the appearance of anti-HBe. Like anti-HBc, anti-HBe can serve as a tool for the diagnosis of hepatitis B after the disappearance of HBsAg.", "PMID": 731222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_642", "title": "Diagnosis of hepatitis B by Dane particle associated DNA polymerase assay.", "content": "We have studied prospectively 478 subjects exposed to hepatitis B virus and 20 pregnant women who developed HBs antigen during the last trimester of pregnancy. The results suggest that the DNA polymerase assay might be useful for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection and that in confirmed cases of hepatitis, the enzyme might be detected in the absence of HBs antigen. HBe antigen appeared in 19% of those subjects who developed HBs and a positive correlation between HBe antigen and DNA polymerase was found in 40% of the cases positive for this antigen. The data presented also suggest that HBe antigenemia in pregnant women is not consistently associated with HBs infection in the babies born to them. However the children born to HBe positive mothers are at higher risk than those born to HBe negative mothers.", "contents": "Diagnosis of hepatitis B by Dane particle associated DNA polymerase assay. We have studied prospectively 478 subjects exposed to hepatitis B virus and 20 pregnant women who developed HBs antigen during the last trimester of pregnancy. The results suggest that the DNA polymerase assay might be useful for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection and that in confirmed cases of hepatitis, the enzyme might be detected in the absence of HBs antigen. HBe antigen appeared in 19% of those subjects who developed HBs and a positive correlation between HBe antigen and DNA polymerase was found in 40% of the cases positive for this antigen. The data presented also suggest that HBe antigenemia in pregnant women is not consistently associated with HBs infection in the babies born to them. However the children born to HBe positive mothers are at higher risk than those born to HBe negative mothers.", "PMID": 731223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_643", "title": "The role of the hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis in Argentina.", "content": "Over a seven-year period, we monitored 221 patients with chronic hepatitis from two medical centers. By using the counterlectrophoresis (CEP) test to detect the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBc, or both, we established that 87.7% of them had hepatitis B infection. Serum specimens originally found negative for HBsAg by CEP were further tested by reversed passive hemagglutination (RPH), and those originally found negative for anti-HBc by CEP were further tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Five patients were anti-HBc-positive and HBs-Ag-negative. No sex predominance was observed, but HBsAg incidence increased with increasing age. The HBeAg antigen was detected in 46.8% of the 161 cases tested for it; the most frequent subtype found was adw (63.7%). The present findings indicate that HBV infection largely contributes to the development of chronic hepatitis in Argentinian patients.", "contents": "The role of the hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis in Argentina. Over a seven-year period, we monitored 221 patients with chronic hepatitis from two medical centers. By using the counterlectrophoresis (CEP) test to detect the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBc, or both, we established that 87.7% of them had hepatitis B infection. Serum specimens originally found negative for HBsAg by CEP were further tested by reversed passive hemagglutination (RPH), and those originally found negative for anti-HBc by CEP were further tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Five patients were anti-HBc-positive and HBs-Ag-negative. No sex predominance was observed, but HBsAg incidence increased with increasing age. The HBeAg antigen was detected in 46.8% of the 161 cases tested for it; the most frequent subtype found was adw (63.7%). The present findings indicate that HBV infection largely contributes to the development of chronic hepatitis in Argentinian patients.", "PMID": 731225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_644", "title": "The IgM antibody responses to the core antigen of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Little is known about the immunoglobulin class of antibodies to HBcAg. In the present study sera containing anti-HBc were fractionated by surcose density-gradient centrifugation, and all serum fractions were tested against HBcAg by immunoelectro-osmophoresis. In addition selected fractions were examined by complement fixation test, immune adherence hemagglutination and immune electron microscopy. Anti-HBc activity in IgG serum fractions was demonstrated by all four techniques used, but HBcAg-specific IgM was detected only by immunoelectro-osmophoresis and by immune electron microscopy. In acute hepatitis B, HBcAg-specific IgM was detected for up to eight weeks after the onset of jaundice. It was also found transiently in two patients who developed chronic hepatitis B without an icteric episode and in one out of thirteen patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease, but in none of eight healthy HBsAg carriers. The results suggested that HBcAg-specific IgM is formed transiently in response to primary HBV infection but is generally undetectable in established HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "The IgM antibody responses to the core antigen of hepatitis B virus. Little is known about the immunoglobulin class of antibodies to HBcAg. In the present study sera containing anti-HBc were fractionated by surcose density-gradient centrifugation, and all serum fractions were tested against HBcAg by immunoelectro-osmophoresis. In addition selected fractions were examined by complement fixation test, immune adherence hemagglutination and immune electron microscopy. Anti-HBc activity in IgG serum fractions was demonstrated by all four techniques used, but HBcAg-specific IgM was detected only by immunoelectro-osmophoresis and by immune electron microscopy. In acute hepatitis B, HBcAg-specific IgM was detected for up to eight weeks after the onset of jaundice. It was also found transiently in two patients who developed chronic hepatitis B without an icteric episode and in one out of thirteen patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease, but in none of eight healthy HBsAg carriers. The results suggested that HBcAg-specific IgM is formed transiently in response to primary HBV infection but is generally undetectable in established HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 731226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_645", "title": "Memory effects and sensory integration: an examination of sensory modality translation models of intersensory functioning.", "content": "The sensory modality of a task and the modality of a retroactive interfering activity were systematically covaried in order to test Connolly and Jones' and Pick's translation models of intersensory functioning. Forty 10-year-old boys and girls were asked to recall distance and location cues of length under intrasensory and intersensory task conditions (visual and kinesthetic). Visual and kinesthetic interpolated activities were used in an attempt to provide modality specific interference with the recall of length under the various sensory task conditions. Results of the data analyses provided no support for the Connolly and Jones model of modality specific storage with translation. Rather, the findings of the study were interpreted as supportive of Pick's hypothesis which emphasizes the coding of stimulus information (regardless of modality of input) into a form specific to whatever modality is specialized for detection of the information.", "contents": "Memory effects and sensory integration: an examination of sensory modality translation models of intersensory functioning. The sensory modality of a task and the modality of a retroactive interfering activity were systematically covaried in order to test Connolly and Jones' and Pick's translation models of intersensory functioning. Forty 10-year-old boys and girls were asked to recall distance and location cues of length under intrasensory and intersensory task conditions (visual and kinesthetic). Visual and kinesthetic interpolated activities were used in an attempt to provide modality specific interference with the recall of length under the various sensory task conditions. Results of the data analyses provided no support for the Connolly and Jones model of modality specific storage with translation. Rather, the findings of the study were interpreted as supportive of Pick's hypothesis which emphasizes the coding of stimulus information (regardless of modality of input) into a form specific to whatever modality is specialized for detection of the information.", "PMID": 731227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_646", "title": "Developmental stages in children's representation of regular solid figures.", "content": "Styles of representing regular three-dimensional figures were studied in a sample of 80 Jamaican boys and girls 7- to 15-years-old. Each child drew five common solids under short and long exposure conditions. Inspection of children's drawings of four of the solids suggested a developmental sequence of four stages (plane schematic, solid schematic, prerealistic, and realistic) corresponding closely to previously obtained stages for children's spontaneous drawings. The sequence of stages was validated through several considerations, including a clear age progression and a high reliability of a total score over eight drawings. Discussion focuses on the possible ways in which the geometrical characteristics of a regular solid might influence the rate of development of the corresponding representational schema.", "contents": "Developmental stages in children's representation of regular solid figures. Styles of representing regular three-dimensional figures were studied in a sample of 80 Jamaican boys and girls 7- to 15-years-old. Each child drew five common solids under short and long exposure conditions. Inspection of children's drawings of four of the solids suggested a developmental sequence of four stages (plane schematic, solid schematic, prerealistic, and realistic) corresponding closely to previously obtained stages for children's spontaneous drawings. The sequence of stages was validated through several considerations, including a clear age progression and a high reliability of a total score over eight drawings. Discussion focuses on the possible ways in which the geometrical characteristics of a regular solid might influence the rate of development of the corresponding representational schema.", "PMID": 731228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_647", "title": "Effects of task difficulty on state-trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "In order to investigate the effects of a difficult vs. easier task on state-trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed children (N = 30 boys and girls), older (mean age 12.81) and younger (mean age 9.89) groups were exposed to two lists of nonsense syllables, varying on meaningfulness (0% vs. 100%) with measures of A-State and A-Trait anxiety being obtained during a no-stress period and immediately after each list. The results indicated that the younger group did not show any difference in A-State following the two lists, while the older group showed significantly more A-State increase following the difficult list. Results were discussed in terms of previous research, and in terms of possible explanations for the differences between the reactions of the older and younger children.", "contents": "Effects of task difficulty on state-trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed children. In order to investigate the effects of a difficult vs. easier task on state-trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed children (N = 30 boys and girls), older (mean age 12.81) and younger (mean age 9.89) groups were exposed to two lists of nonsense syllables, varying on meaningfulness (0% vs. 100%) with measures of A-State and A-Trait anxiety being obtained during a no-stress period and immediately after each list. The results indicated that the younger group did not show any difference in A-State following the two lists, while the older group showed significantly more A-State increase following the difficult list. Results were discussed in terms of previous research, and in terms of possible explanations for the differences between the reactions of the older and younger children.", "PMID": 731229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_648", "title": "Family socialization and adolescent personality and their association with adolescent use of marijuana.", "content": "This study examines family socialization practices and adolescent personality/attitudinal characteristics, their interrelation, and association with adolescent use of marijuana. Two hundred and eighty-four adolescents and their mothers served as Ss. As hypothesized, parental socialization factors and adolescent personality/attitudinal attributes each had an independent effect on adolescent use of marijuana and each comprised its own set of sufficient conditions for adolescent marijuana use.", "contents": "Family socialization and adolescent personality and their association with adolescent use of marijuana. This study examines family socialization practices and adolescent personality/attitudinal characteristics, their interrelation, and association with adolescent use of marijuana. Two hundred and eighty-four adolescents and their mothers served as Ss. As hypothesized, parental socialization factors and adolescent personality/attitudinal attributes each had an independent effect on adolescent use of marijuana and each comprised its own set of sufficient conditions for adolescent marijuana use.", "PMID": 731230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_649", "title": "The effect of haloperidol, spiperone and pimozide on the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat.", "content": "It was found that spiperone and pimozide in doses which themselves do not influence the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat inhibit stimulation of this reflex induced by serotoninomimetic drugs (LSD and fenfluramine). Higher doses of spiperone depress the flexor reflex and inhibit the stimulating effect of clonidine. Pimozide has no such effect. Haloperidol in doses which do not influence the action of LSD and fenfluramine produces a depression of the flexor reflex and antagonizes the action of clonidine. Our findings indicate that, irrespective of their antidopamine action, spiperone has a central antiserotonin effect and an antinoradrenaline one, pimozide--an antiserotonin one and haloperidol--an antinoradrenaline one.", "contents": "The effect of haloperidol, spiperone and pimozide on the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat. It was found that spiperone and pimozide in doses which themselves do not influence the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat inhibit stimulation of this reflex induced by serotoninomimetic drugs (LSD and fenfluramine). Higher doses of spiperone depress the flexor reflex and inhibit the stimulating effect of clonidine. Pimozide has no such effect. Haloperidol in doses which do not influence the action of LSD and fenfluramine produces a depression of the flexor reflex and antagonizes the action of clonidine. Our findings indicate that, irrespective of their antidopamine action, spiperone has a central antiserotonin effect and an antinoradrenaline one, pimozide--an antiserotonin one and haloperidol--an antinoradrenaline one.", "PMID": 731232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_650", "title": "Plasma serotonin contents in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "The plasma serotonin contents of fourty-three cerebrovascular patients were examined. 1. Abnormal serotonin contents were found in 72 per cent of fourty-three cerebrovascular patients. 2. In cerebral hemorrhage, serotonin contents were significantly low in the acute period. 3. Serotonin contents in cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, had an increasing tendency from the fourth week to the eigth week, but after the eighth week, they returned to normal.", "contents": "Plasma serotonin contents in cerebrovascular disease. The plasma serotonin contents of fourty-three cerebrovascular patients were examined. 1. Abnormal serotonin contents were found in 72 per cent of fourty-three cerebrovascular patients. 2. In cerebral hemorrhage, serotonin contents were significantly low in the acute period. 3. Serotonin contents in cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, had an increasing tendency from the fourth week to the eigth week, but after the eighth week, they returned to normal.", "PMID": 731233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_651", "title": "Brain cortex phospholipids liposomes effects on CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and on prolactin and somatotropin secretion in man.", "content": "Liposomes obtained from bovine brain cortex phospholipids (BC-PL), which display several effects on brain function in mice, have been administered intravenously (200 mg) to healthy subjects at various times before diagnostic lumbar puncture. HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations in CSF have been evaluated with the aim of assessing changes of monoamines metabolism. An increase of HVA occurs after 2 hours from BC-PL administration, reaching its peak after 6--7 hours. The finding is interpreted as an index of an increased turnover of brain DA. 5-HIAA changes are less impressive and a smaller increase of the metabolite is observed. They cannot correctly be related to brain changes of serotonin metabolism, since 5-HIAA originates also from the spinal cord. No effects are observed on the secretion of prolactin, but somatotropin increases sharply between 2 and 7 hours from treatment, suggesting the possibility of an activation of the dopaminergic pathway, stimulating STH secretion.", "contents": "Brain cortex phospholipids liposomes effects on CSF HVA, 5-HIAA and on prolactin and somatotropin secretion in man. Liposomes obtained from bovine brain cortex phospholipids (BC-PL), which display several effects on brain function in mice, have been administered intravenously (200 mg) to healthy subjects at various times before diagnostic lumbar puncture. HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations in CSF have been evaluated with the aim of assessing changes of monoamines metabolism. An increase of HVA occurs after 2 hours from BC-PL administration, reaching its peak after 6--7 hours. The finding is interpreted as an index of an increased turnover of brain DA. 5-HIAA changes are less impressive and a smaller increase of the metabolite is observed. They cannot correctly be related to brain changes of serotonin metabolism, since 5-HIAA originates also from the spinal cord. No effects are observed on the secretion of prolactin, but somatotropin increases sharply between 2 and 7 hours from treatment, suggesting the possibility of an activation of the dopaminergic pathway, stimulating STH secretion.", "PMID": 731234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_652", "title": "Peripheral nerve biopsies in the diagnosis of leprosy in Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory of Australia.", "content": "In the 12 years from 1964 to 1976, 171 peripheral nerve biopsies were taken from 81 Aboriginal patients in the Northern Territory of Australia, in whom a diagnosis of leprosy was either known or strongly suspected. Sixty-eight biopsy samples were from 19 patients known to have leprosy, and who were under assessment for nerve grafting, results of which have already been published. We describe here the histopathological findings in the remaining 62 patients, in whom a diagnosis of leprosy was suspected on clinical grounds, backed in many cases by abnormalities of nerve conduction. Forty-one patients (66%) had abnormal histopathological findings in the nerve biopsy sample, 19 (31%) showing definite evidence of leprosy. Several patients with enlarged peripheral nerves, in whom the biopsy findings did not confine leprosy, remain under observation; their future investigation will include lymphocyte transformation tests and testing with refined lepromin, together with repeat nerve biopsy, where ethical and feasible. The clinical and epidemiological data suggest that a previous, and perhaps self-healing, form of leprosy may account for the neurological findings.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve biopsies in the diagnosis of leprosy in Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory of Australia. In the 12 years from 1964 to 1976, 171 peripheral nerve biopsies were taken from 81 Aboriginal patients in the Northern Territory of Australia, in whom a diagnosis of leprosy was either known or strongly suspected. Sixty-eight biopsy samples were from 19 patients known to have leprosy, and who were under assessment for nerve grafting, results of which have already been published. We describe here the histopathological findings in the remaining 62 patients, in whom a diagnosis of leprosy was suspected on clinical grounds, backed in many cases by abnormalities of nerve conduction. Forty-one patients (66%) had abnormal histopathological findings in the nerve biopsy sample, 19 (31%) showing definite evidence of leprosy. Several patients with enlarged peripheral nerves, in whom the biopsy findings did not confine leprosy, remain under observation; their future investigation will include lymphocyte transformation tests and testing with refined lepromin, together with repeat nerve biopsy, where ethical and feasible. The clinical and epidemiological data suggest that a previous, and perhaps self-healing, form of leprosy may account for the neurological findings.", "PMID": 731235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_653", "title": "Incidence, severity, and time-course of motoneurone dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy: their significance for an understanding of anticipation.", "content": "The numbers of functioning motor units and the amplitudes of the maximum evoked muscle responses have been measured in 198 muscles of 102 patients with myotonic dystrophy. Losses of units could be demonstrated in most of the extensor digitorum brevis and thenar muscles but less commonly in the hypothenar groups. A more proximal limb muscle, the soleus, was also shown to be involved frequently. Investigation of two premature infants withmyotonic dystrophy also revealed reductions of functiong units; in one infant clinical improvement was associated with increased muscle innervation. Repeated examinations of 10 adult patients disclosed an abnormal decline in neuromuscular function below the age of 60 years. The reduction in functioning units amounted to approximately 3% of the mean control value per annum. Analysis of 19 families showed that the severity of neuromuscular involvement was nearly always greater in members of later generations. If the predicted deterioration was also taken into account, the results strongly suggested that anticipation was a true genetic phenomenon rather than an artefact of selection. The combined results are considered to strengthen the concept of motoneurone dysfunction as the major pathogenetic factor in this form of dystrophy.", "contents": "Incidence, severity, and time-course of motoneurone dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy: their significance for an understanding of anticipation. The numbers of functioning motor units and the amplitudes of the maximum evoked muscle responses have been measured in 198 muscles of 102 patients with myotonic dystrophy. Losses of units could be demonstrated in most of the extensor digitorum brevis and thenar muscles but less commonly in the hypothenar groups. A more proximal limb muscle, the soleus, was also shown to be involved frequently. Investigation of two premature infants withmyotonic dystrophy also revealed reductions of functiong units; in one infant clinical improvement was associated with increased muscle innervation. Repeated examinations of 10 adult patients disclosed an abnormal decline in neuromuscular function below the age of 60 years. The reduction in functioning units amounted to approximately 3% of the mean control value per annum. Analysis of 19 families showed that the severity of neuromuscular involvement was nearly always greater in members of later generations. If the predicted deterioration was also taken into account, the results strongly suggested that anticipation was a true genetic phenomenon rather than an artefact of selection. The combined results are considered to strengthen the concept of motoneurone dysfunction as the major pathogenetic factor in this form of dystrophy.", "PMID": 731236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_654", "title": "Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and brain atrophy in dementia. Combined study with 133Xenon inhalation and computerised tomography.", "content": "Measurement of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by the 133Xenon inhalation method and computerised tomography were performed in 25 patients with presenile and senile dementia. Reduction of rCBF and various degrees of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal widening were demonstrated in the majority of demented subjects. However, there was no correlation between rCBF values and the severity of ventricular dilatation or cortical atrophy. These findings suggest that loss of brain substance is not an important factor in the reduction of rCBF in dementia.", "contents": "Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and brain atrophy in dementia. Combined study with 133Xenon inhalation and computerised tomography. Measurement of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by the 133Xenon inhalation method and computerised tomography were performed in 25 patients with presenile and senile dementia. Reduction of rCBF and various degrees of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal widening were demonstrated in the majority of demented subjects. However, there was no correlation between rCBF values and the severity of ventricular dilatation or cortical atrophy. These findings suggest that loss of brain substance is not an important factor in the reduction of rCBF in dementia.", "PMID": 731237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_655", "title": "Effect of tinofedrine (Homburg D8955) on cerebral blood flow in multi-infarct dementia.", "content": "Tinofedrine, a new derivative of l-norephedrine, was examined for cerebral vasodilator activity in man. Ten patients with reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and multi-infarct dementia were given the drug intravenously. Cerebral blood flow increased significantly by 28% from a mean of 43.3 to 55.5 ml/100 g/min.", "contents": "Effect of tinofedrine (Homburg D8955) on cerebral blood flow in multi-infarct dementia. Tinofedrine, a new derivative of l-norephedrine, was examined for cerebral vasodilator activity in man. Ten patients with reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and multi-infarct dementia were given the drug intravenously. Cerebral blood flow increased significantly by 28% from a mean of 43.3 to 55.5 ml/100 g/min.", "PMID": 731238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_656", "title": "Electroencephalography and computerised tomography in vascular and non-vascular dementia in old age.", "content": "Nine normal elderly subjects and 81 patients with dementia have been studied by computerised tomography (CT) and electroencephalography (EEG). There was a broad relationship between slowing of the basic frequency of the EEG and the severity of mental impairment. Localised slow-wave activity was found in 19% of those with non-vascular dementia and 72% of those with dementia of vascular origin. The mean size of the ventricles, as determined from CT scans, was larger in the vascular than in the non-vascular group. Within the vascular group it was larger in those without than in those with visible infarcts. There was no relationship in either group between ventricular size and dominant EEG frequency.", "contents": "Electroencephalography and computerised tomography in vascular and non-vascular dementia in old age. Nine normal elderly subjects and 81 patients with dementia have been studied by computerised tomography (CT) and electroencephalography (EEG). There was a broad relationship between slowing of the basic frequency of the EEG and the severity of mental impairment. Localised slow-wave activity was found in 19% of those with non-vascular dementia and 72% of those with dementia of vascular origin. The mean size of the ventricles, as determined from CT scans, was larger in the vascular than in the non-vascular group. Within the vascular group it was larger in those without than in those with visible infarcts. There was no relationship in either group between ventricular size and dominant EEG frequency.", "PMID": 731239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_657", "title": "Carbamazepine as a single drug in the treatment of epilepsy. A prospective study of serum levels and seizure control.", "content": "Serum levels and seizure control were investigated in a prospective study when carbamazepine was given as a single drug to 32 patients with a variety of seizures. The patients included 13 previously untreated patients (group 1), and 19 who were unresponsive to other anticonvulsant drugs used in different combinations or as a single treatment (group 2). Thirteen patients (10 from group 1, and three from group 2) became seizure-free, and a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency occurred in 10 patients (nine from group 2, and one from group 1). Less than 50% reduction in seizure frequency occurred in five patients from group 2. As a wide range of serum levels was associated with complete freedom from seizures, or a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency, it was not possible to define a therapeutic range for carbamazepine. Side effects occurred at the start of treatment or after a dose increase. A wide range of serum levels was associated with side effects, and some patients could not tolerate levels greater than 42 mumol/l.", "contents": "Carbamazepine as a single drug in the treatment of epilepsy. A prospective study of serum levels and seizure control. Serum levels and seizure control were investigated in a prospective study when carbamazepine was given as a single drug to 32 patients with a variety of seizures. The patients included 13 previously untreated patients (group 1), and 19 who were unresponsive to other anticonvulsant drugs used in different combinations or as a single treatment (group 2). Thirteen patients (10 from group 1, and three from group 2) became seizure-free, and a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency occurred in 10 patients (nine from group 2, and one from group 1). Less than 50% reduction in seizure frequency occurred in five patients from group 2. As a wide range of serum levels was associated with complete freedom from seizures, or a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency, it was not possible to define a therapeutic range for carbamazepine. Side effects occurred at the start of treatment or after a dose increase. A wide range of serum levels was associated with side effects, and some patients could not tolerate levels greater than 42 mumol/l.", "PMID": 731240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_658", "title": "Effects of levodopa alone and in combination with dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma renin activity in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) of patients with Parkinson's disease was measured in recumbency, upright position, and after frusemide administration. The results show that the renin responses to both stimuli are significantly reduced as compared with those obtained in a group of normal subjects, while recumbent PRA levels of Parkinsonism patients are not significantly lower than those found in recumbent normal subjects. Levodopa treatment, alone or in combination with two different dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors, benserazide and carbidopa, does not modify the renin response to posture or to frusemide. Although the reduced activity of the renin-angiotensin system can play some role in the genesis of orthostatic hypotensive episodes encountered in patients with Parkinsonism, the greater incidence of orthostatis hypotension in patients treated with levodopa seems to be unrelated to any effect of this drug on the renin release.", "contents": "Effects of levodopa alone and in combination with dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma renin activity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Plasma renin activity (PRA) of patients with Parkinson's disease was measured in recumbency, upright position, and after frusemide administration. The results show that the renin responses to both stimuli are significantly reduced as compared with those obtained in a group of normal subjects, while recumbent PRA levels of Parkinsonism patients are not significantly lower than those found in recumbent normal subjects. Levodopa treatment, alone or in combination with two different dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors, benserazide and carbidopa, does not modify the renin response to posture or to frusemide. Although the reduced activity of the renin-angiotensin system can play some role in the genesis of orthostatic hypotensive episodes encountered in patients with Parkinsonism, the greater incidence of orthostatis hypotension in patients treated with levodopa seems to be unrelated to any effect of this drug on the renin release.", "PMID": 731241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_659", "title": "Unloading and shortening reactions in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The unloading reflex was tested on both sides of a patient with asymmetrical Parkinsonism. The motor activity after the silent period was significantly greater on the more affected side. The findings support the hypothesis that the response to unloading and the shortening reaction share a common mechanism which is exaggerated in Parkinsonism.", "contents": "Unloading and shortening reactions in Parkinson's disease. The unloading reflex was tested on both sides of a patient with asymmetrical Parkinsonism. The motor activity after the silent period was significantly greater on the more affected side. The findings support the hypothesis that the response to unloading and the shortening reaction share a common mechanism which is exaggerated in Parkinsonism.", "PMID": 731242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_660", "title": "Transient decrease in number of motor units after immobilisation in man.", "content": "On the day after the removal of a long leg cast, when the patient could just bend his knee, the electrical activity in the disused quadriceps muscle showed changes that indicated a reduction in the number of motor units. At 10 to 75% of maximum force the number of turns and the mean amplitude of the needle-recorded EMG were reduced in the disused muscle. Eight days later, when half the initial loss of force had been regained, the electrical activity was normal. The electrical activity produced during a constant force of 5 kg did not differ in the disused and in the contralateral muscle. From the findings in normal subjects it was deduced that the compensatory increase in turns in the EMG pattern to be expected from the decrease in cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres was within the error of the method. The transient decrease in the number of turns and in mean amplitude of the EMG of the disused muscle are an indication of the plasticity of the motor system.", "contents": "Transient decrease in number of motor units after immobilisation in man. On the day after the removal of a long leg cast, when the patient could just bend his knee, the electrical activity in the disused quadriceps muscle showed changes that indicated a reduction in the number of motor units. At 10 to 75% of maximum force the number of turns and the mean amplitude of the needle-recorded EMG were reduced in the disused muscle. Eight days later, when half the initial loss of force had been regained, the electrical activity was normal. The electrical activity produced during a constant force of 5 kg did not differ in the disused and in the contralateral muscle. From the findings in normal subjects it was deduced that the compensatory increase in turns in the EMG pattern to be expected from the decrease in cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres was within the error of the method. The transient decrease in the number of turns and in mean amplitude of the EMG of the disused muscle are an indication of the plasticity of the motor system.", "PMID": 731243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_661", "title": "Coital cephalgia and ischaemic muscular work of the lower limbs.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who presented with coital cephalgia, and in whom an obstructive lesion of the lower aorta was demonstrated. Bicycle ergometry evoked an abnormal pressor response. The condition was cured by restoration of normal circulation. An abnormal pressor response to treadmill exercise was shown to exist in subjects with intermittent claudication, and in normal subjects with circulation to lower limbs artificially occluded. A pressor response to buttock or leg exercise or both is suggested as the cause of the coital cephalgia.", "contents": "Coital cephalgia and ischaemic muscular work of the lower limbs. A case is reported of a patient who presented with coital cephalgia, and in whom an obstructive lesion of the lower aorta was demonstrated. Bicycle ergometry evoked an abnormal pressor response. The condition was cured by restoration of normal circulation. An abnormal pressor response to treadmill exercise was shown to exist in subjects with intermittent claudication, and in normal subjects with circulation to lower limbs artificially occluded. A pressor response to buttock or leg exercise or both is suggested as the cause of the coital cephalgia.", "PMID": 731244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_662", "title": "Recovery in hydrocephalic dementia after shunt operation.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with hydrocephalic dementia were studied before and after shunt operation, and improvement was found in 12. Before operation, the improved cases showed more symptoms of confabulation, gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, lack of insight, and constructional apraxia. The improvement was also most marked in these symptoms. The significance of general versus specific symptoms, duration, and aetiology is discussed from a differential diagnostic standpoint, and we conclude that the adequate and early diagnosis of hydrocephalic dementia is essential for good outcome after shunt operation, and that psychiatric and psychometric evaluation enable such a diagnosis to be made.", "contents": "Recovery in hydrocephalic dementia after shunt operation. Twenty-three patients with hydrocephalic dementia were studied before and after shunt operation, and improvement was found in 12. Before operation, the improved cases showed more symptoms of confabulation, gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, lack of insight, and constructional apraxia. The improvement was also most marked in these symptoms. The significance of general versus specific symptoms, duration, and aetiology is discussed from a differential diagnostic standpoint, and we conclude that the adequate and early diagnosis of hydrocephalic dementia is essential for good outcome after shunt operation, and that psychiatric and psychometric evaluation enable such a diagnosis to be made.", "PMID": 731245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_663", "title": "Predictive value of serum lactate dehydrogenase in head injury.", "content": "Serum total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was estimated serially for up to 15 days in 110 patients with head injuries who had no extraneural injury. Increase in LDH activity generally indicated the degree of parenchymal brain damage. The prognostic value of LDH was established by correlating its activity with clinical criteria such as duration of unconsciousness and post-traumatic amnesia, type of brain damage, and quality of survival. A significant rise in LDH activity suggested severe brain damage and poor prognosis.", "contents": "Predictive value of serum lactate dehydrogenase in head injury. Serum total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was estimated serially for up to 15 days in 110 patients with head injuries who had no extraneural injury. Increase in LDH activity generally indicated the degree of parenchymal brain damage. The prognostic value of LDH was established by correlating its activity with clinical criteria such as duration of unconsciousness and post-traumatic amnesia, type of brain damage, and quality of survival. A significant rise in LDH activity suggested severe brain damage and poor prognosis.", "PMID": 731246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_664", "title": "Prevalence of stuttering.", "content": "The prevalence of stuttering in a university population was 2.1%; 3.4% were former stutterers. More men than women stuttered. Right handed female stutterers were less likely to have \"lost\" their stutter than were right handed males. Stutterers, past stutterers, and questionable stutterers all had a family history of stuttering. The significant prevalence of stuttering, the increased prevalence among males, the lack of a decline of this disorder over the past few decades despite the increased number of speech clinicians and data concerning handedness, emphasise the need to investigate organic causes of stuttering.", "contents": "Prevalence of stuttering. The prevalence of stuttering in a university population was 2.1%; 3.4% were former stutterers. More men than women stuttered. Right handed female stutterers were less likely to have \"lost\" their stutter than were right handed males. Stutterers, past stutterers, and questionable stutterers all had a family history of stuttering. The significant prevalence of stuttering, the increased prevalence among males, the lack of a decline of this disorder over the past few decades despite the increased number of speech clinicians and data concerning handedness, emphasise the need to investigate organic causes of stuttering.", "PMID": 731247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_665", "title": "Lack of evidence of generalised sensory neuropathy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Radial and ulnar sensory nerve action potentials were recorded in patients referred for the electrophysiological confirmation of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Comparisons with values obtained in control neurological patients provided no evidence of a generalised neuropathy in such patients, as had previously been suggested.", "contents": "Lack of evidence of generalised sensory neuropathy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Radial and ulnar sensory nerve action potentials were recorded in patients referred for the electrophysiological confirmation of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Comparisons with values obtained in control neurological patients provided no evidence of a generalised neuropathy in such patients, as had previously been suggested.", "PMID": 731248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_666", "title": "Angiographically occult arteriovenous malformations of the brain.", "content": "Six patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations which did not show any pathological circulation at angiography are described. Computed tomogram appearances of such lesions may be difficult to distinguish from tumours. The need for surgical exploration in localised high attenuation lesions of uncertain nature is stressed, and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Angiographically occult arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Six patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations which did not show any pathological circulation at angiography are described. Computed tomogram appearances of such lesions may be difficult to distinguish from tumours. The need for surgical exploration in localised high attenuation lesions of uncertain nature is stressed, and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 731249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_667", "title": "Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis: an evaluation of the changes demonstrated on computed tomography.", "content": "Five female patients, all either on contraceptive medication or in the postpartum period, with angiographically confirmed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis have been scanned. CAT appearances are nonspecific, but when taken in conjuction with the symptoms should suggest the possible diagnosis. The most consistent appearance was of diffuse cerebral swelling with subsequent return to normal. Bilateral low attenuation lesions with haemorrhagic areas were noted in one patient.", "contents": "Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis: an evaluation of the changes demonstrated on computed tomography. Five female patients, all either on contraceptive medication or in the postpartum period, with angiographically confirmed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis have been scanned. CAT appearances are nonspecific, but when taken in conjuction with the symptoms should suggest the possible diagnosis. The most consistent appearance was of diffuse cerebral swelling with subsequent return to normal. Bilateral low attenuation lesions with haemorrhagic areas were noted in one patient.", "PMID": 731250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_668", "title": "The Pulfrich spatial frequency phenomenon: a psychophysical method competitive to visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The results of a study in which visual evoked responses (VERs) and a modified Pulfrich method were compared showed that both methods are very effective for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. With VERs, 97% of the multiple sclerosis cases were diagnosed correctly, while the corresponding value for the Pulfrich method was 93%. In contrast to VERs, the Pulfrich method allows only measurement of latency differences between the two visual pathways. This method involves measuring the speed required to cause a shift in the apparent depth location of a large, moving, striped pattern observed with a neutral density filter over one eye. A pathological transmission time was inferred when the patients observed a shift in the depth of the moving pattern either without any filter at all or with a filter whose attentuation was no more than 0.2 log units. A further criterion for pathology was a difference of more than 10% between the two eyes in the retinal speed required for a depth displacement using a 1.5 log unit filter. This test requires about 15 minutes, and can be carried out by a technical assistant.", "contents": "The Pulfrich spatial frequency phenomenon: a psychophysical method competitive to visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The results of a study in which visual evoked responses (VERs) and a modified Pulfrich method were compared showed that both methods are very effective for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. With VERs, 97% of the multiple sclerosis cases were diagnosed correctly, while the corresponding value for the Pulfrich method was 93%. In contrast to VERs, the Pulfrich method allows only measurement of latency differences between the two visual pathways. This method involves measuring the speed required to cause a shift in the apparent depth location of a large, moving, striped pattern observed with a neutral density filter over one eye. A pathological transmission time was inferred when the patients observed a shift in the depth of the moving pattern either without any filter at all or with a filter whose attentuation was no more than 0.2 log units. A further criterion for pathology was a difference of more than 10% between the two eyes in the retinal speed required for a depth displacement using a 1.5 log unit filter. This test requires about 15 minutes, and can be carried out by a technical assistant.", "PMID": 731251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_669", "title": "Suppression of congenital nystagmus.", "content": "Suppression of congenital nystagmus by eyelid closure was studied by electrooculography in four cases under various conditions in order to elucidate whether the suppression is caused by blocking of fixation or not. The nystagmus persisted in the light as well as in the dark provided that the eyes were kept open. Frenzel's glasses did not suppress the nystagmus except for one case in whom jerky nystagmus was attenuated. In the other cases, only voluntary lid closure suppressed the nystagmus. Passive lid closure while the patient attempted to keep eyes open did not suppress the nystagmus except in one case. Reflex eyelid closure by glabellar tap did not suppress the nystagmus in spite of the occurrence of Bell's phenomenon. Passive eyelid opening while the patient attempted to keep eyes closed, on the other hand, did not reproduce the nystagmus. The suppression of congenital nystagmus by lid closure, at least in some cases, seems to be related to the voluntary effort to keep eyes closed but not specifically to blocking of fixation.", "contents": "Suppression of congenital nystagmus. Suppression of congenital nystagmus by eyelid closure was studied by electrooculography in four cases under various conditions in order to elucidate whether the suppression is caused by blocking of fixation or not. The nystagmus persisted in the light as well as in the dark provided that the eyes were kept open. Frenzel's glasses did not suppress the nystagmus except for one case in whom jerky nystagmus was attenuated. In the other cases, only voluntary lid closure suppressed the nystagmus. Passive lid closure while the patient attempted to keep eyes open did not suppress the nystagmus except in one case. Reflex eyelid closure by glabellar tap did not suppress the nystagmus in spite of the occurrence of Bell's phenomenon. Passive eyelid opening while the patient attempted to keep eyes closed, on the other hand, did not reproduce the nystagmus. The suppression of congenital nystagmus by lid closure, at least in some cases, seems to be related to the voluntary effort to keep eyes closed but not specifically to blocking of fixation.", "PMID": 731252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_670", "title": "Reflex vertical gaze and the medial longitudinal fasciculus.", "content": "Extraocular movements were investigated in a patient with bilateral vascular lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The patient showed voluntary and reflex horizontal gaze consistent with his lesion, but had absent reflex vertical gaze. Voluntary vertical gaze was present. Necropsy was performed, and the findings suggest that the medial longitudinal fasciculi in the pons conveys impulses for reflex vertical gaze, but are not required for voluntary vertical gaze.", "contents": "Reflex vertical gaze and the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Extraocular movements were investigated in a patient with bilateral vascular lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The patient showed voluntary and reflex horizontal gaze consistent with his lesion, but had absent reflex vertical gaze. Voluntary vertical gaze was present. Necropsy was performed, and the findings suggest that the medial longitudinal fasciculi in the pons conveys impulses for reflex vertical gaze, but are not required for voluntary vertical gaze.", "PMID": 731253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_671", "title": "Electrophysiological aspects of sensory conduction velocity in healthy adults. 1. Conduction velocity from digit to palm, from palm to wrist, and across the elbow, as a function of age.", "content": "The sensory conduction velocity from digit to palm and from palm to wrist was determined in median (digit 3) and ulnar (digit 5) nerves in 47 healthy subjects with age range from 21 to 77 years. The decrement of the sensory conduction as a function of age was more marked in the palm to wrist than in the digit to palm segment. Sensory conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve across the elbow was also studied. Irregularities in the shape of the sensory evoked potential recorded above the cubital sulcus were found in 12.76% of cases, especially in subjects over 50 years of age. These results suggest that aging causes decrement in sensory conduction and changes in the shape of the evoked potentials, especially at points where the nerves are more frequently compressed.", "contents": "Electrophysiological aspects of sensory conduction velocity in healthy adults. 1. Conduction velocity from digit to palm, from palm to wrist, and across the elbow, as a function of age. The sensory conduction velocity from digit to palm and from palm to wrist was determined in median (digit 3) and ulnar (digit 5) nerves in 47 healthy subjects with age range from 21 to 77 years. The decrement of the sensory conduction as a function of age was more marked in the palm to wrist than in the digit to palm segment. Sensory conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve across the elbow was also studied. Irregularities in the shape of the sensory evoked potential recorded above the cubital sulcus were found in 12.76% of cases, especially in subjects over 50 years of age. These results suggest that aging causes decrement in sensory conduction and changes in the shape of the evoked potentials, especially at points where the nerves are more frequently compressed.", "PMID": 731254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_672", "title": "Electrophysiological aspects of sensory conduction velocity in healthy adults. 2. Ratio between the amplitude of sensory evoked potentials at the wrist on stimulating different fingers in both hands.", "content": "The normal ratio between the amplitude of the sensory evoked potential (SEP) at the wrist on stimulating digits 1, 2, 3, and 5 was determined in 44 healthy adult subjects. The first digit had the larger amplitude, and the fifth digit the smallest SEP. The amplitude expresses the density of sensory innervation in each finger. The ratio between the amplitude of different fingers varied according to the age of the subject. The amplitude of the SEP from a digit innervated by the median nerve decreased in the elderly more than the SEP amplitude of the digit innervated by the ulnar nerve, probably because of a chronic compression in the carpal tunnel. The changes in the normal amplitude ratio can be applied to the topographic diagnosis of radicular and brachial plexus lesions if a fixed segmental sensory innervation of the hand is accepted. In 44 right handed subjects the amplitude of the sensory evoked potentials at the wrist was significantly larger in the left hand. This asymmetry of sensory innervation between hands could be physiological, and suggests a greater density of sensory innervation in the left hand of right handed subjects.", "contents": "Electrophysiological aspects of sensory conduction velocity in healthy adults. 2. Ratio between the amplitude of sensory evoked potentials at the wrist on stimulating different fingers in both hands. The normal ratio between the amplitude of the sensory evoked potential (SEP) at the wrist on stimulating digits 1, 2, 3, and 5 was determined in 44 healthy adult subjects. The first digit had the larger amplitude, and the fifth digit the smallest SEP. The amplitude expresses the density of sensory innervation in each finger. The ratio between the amplitude of different fingers varied according to the age of the subject. The amplitude of the SEP from a digit innervated by the median nerve decreased in the elderly more than the SEP amplitude of the digit innervated by the ulnar nerve, probably because of a chronic compression in the carpal tunnel. The changes in the normal amplitude ratio can be applied to the topographic diagnosis of radicular and brachial plexus lesions if a fixed segmental sensory innervation of the hand is accepted. In 44 right handed subjects the amplitude of the sensory evoked potentials at the wrist was significantly larger in the left hand. This asymmetry of sensory innervation between hands could be physiological, and suggests a greater density of sensory innervation in the left hand of right handed subjects.", "PMID": 731255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_673", "title": "Numerical grading of clinical neurological status after serious head injury.", "content": "A scheme to quantitate the clinical neurological status of the seriously head-injured patient has been devised. The neurological parameters used to quantify the degree of injury are based on neurological functions which have previously been accepted as indicators of the severity of the head injury. A numerical value is assigned to each parameter with emphasis on defining the level of consciousness. The accrued point total of each examination represents the neurological status of the patient at that time. Mean values and standard error from the means are determined from repeated examinations during a single 24 hour period, and are plotted against days after injury. From this graph a line which represents the rate of clinical recovery is determined by least squares analysis. General intensive care nurses were trained to score patients independently; their determinations were found to be in statistical agreement with scores derived from examinations by the attending physicians. The data presented highlight the effects of hypoxaemia in impeding the rate of neurological recovery from a serious head injury. This simple clinical analytical scheme for the quantitative assessment of patients with head injury permits evaluation of the efficacy of various modes of therapy in altering the rate of recovery.", "contents": "Numerical grading of clinical neurological status after serious head injury. A scheme to quantitate the clinical neurological status of the seriously head-injured patient has been devised. The neurological parameters used to quantify the degree of injury are based on neurological functions which have previously been accepted as indicators of the severity of the head injury. A numerical value is assigned to each parameter with emphasis on defining the level of consciousness. The accrued point total of each examination represents the neurological status of the patient at that time. Mean values and standard error from the means are determined from repeated examinations during a single 24 hour period, and are plotted against days after injury. From this graph a line which represents the rate of clinical recovery is determined by least squares analysis. General intensive care nurses were trained to score patients independently; their determinations were found to be in statistical agreement with scores derived from examinations by the attending physicians. The data presented highlight the effects of hypoxaemia in impeding the rate of neurological recovery from a serious head injury. This simple clinical analytical scheme for the quantitative assessment of patients with head injury permits evaluation of the efficacy of various modes of therapy in altering the rate of recovery.", "PMID": 731256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_674", "title": "Neurological asymmetries immediately after unilateral ECT.", "content": "Twenty-nine right handed patients were examined neurologically before and immediately after each of 62 unilateral ECTs to the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres. Most convulsions were followed by signs of transitory neurological dysfunction referable to the treated hemisphere. These signs included deep tendon reflex asymmetry, hemiparesis, tactile and visual inattention, and homonymous hemianopia. After treatment to the right hemisphere some patients had left visuospatial neglect, while all patients who had dominant hemisphere ECT were transiently dysphasic. All neurological abnormalities tested resolved within 20 minutes of treatment.", "contents": "Neurological asymmetries immediately after unilateral ECT. Twenty-nine right handed patients were examined neurologically before and immediately after each of 62 unilateral ECTs to the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres. Most convulsions were followed by signs of transitory neurological dysfunction referable to the treated hemisphere. These signs included deep tendon reflex asymmetry, hemiparesis, tactile and visual inattention, and homonymous hemianopia. After treatment to the right hemisphere some patients had left visuospatial neglect, while all patients who had dominant hemisphere ECT were transiently dysphasic. All neurological abnormalities tested resolved within 20 minutes of treatment.", "PMID": 731257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_675", "title": "Increase in CSF protein in association with ECT.", "content": "In this case report we describe a 44 year old man who developed a transient increase of CSF protein in association with a course of electroconvulsive therapy for depression. Neurological evaluation failed to show any other abnormalities. The finding seems to reflect a transient dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Increase in CSF protein in association with ECT. In this case report we describe a 44 year old man who developed a transient increase of CSF protein in association with a course of electroconvulsive therapy for depression. Neurological evaluation failed to show any other abnormalities. The finding seems to reflect a transient dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 731258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_676", "title": "Localization of olivo-cerebellar fibers in inferior cerebellar peduncle in man.", "content": "The localization of the olivo-cerebellar fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncle was examined in a patient who showed severe degeneration of the left olivary nucleus due to an old hemorrhagic infarct in the contralateral cerebellum. Other precerebellar nuclei which send their cerebellipetal axons to the inferior cerebellar peduncle, such as the external cuneate nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, were normally preserved. The dorsal spino-cerebellar tract and the vestibular nuclei, together with the juxtarestiform body were also intact. Degeneration of the inferior cerebellar peduncle was noted only in its ventromedial portion contralateral to the olivary lesion. As a result, it is concluded that the olivo-cerebellar fibers seem to be located in this portion of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.", "contents": "Localization of olivo-cerebellar fibers in inferior cerebellar peduncle in man. The localization of the olivo-cerebellar fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncle was examined in a patient who showed severe degeneration of the left olivary nucleus due to an old hemorrhagic infarct in the contralateral cerebellum. Other precerebellar nuclei which send their cerebellipetal axons to the inferior cerebellar peduncle, such as the external cuneate nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, were normally preserved. The dorsal spino-cerebellar tract and the vestibular nuclei, together with the juxtarestiform body were also intact. Degeneration of the inferior cerebellar peduncle was noted only in its ventromedial portion contralateral to the olivary lesion. As a result, it is concluded that the olivo-cerebellar fibers seem to be located in this portion of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.", "PMID": 731260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_677", "title": "Neurogenic and vascular claudication.", "content": "Intermittent claudication from peripheral vascular disease is sometimes difficult to distinguish from similar claudication due to degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. In the present study 26 patients with vascular disease were compared with 23 patients with lumbar degenerative disease. Assessment was by clinical and radiological examination. In the vascular group characteristic distinguishing features were: abnormal foot pulses, arterial bruits, relief of symptoms by standing, a constant claudicating distance and stocking sensory loss. In the lumbar group typical findings were: discomfort on lifting, bending, coughing or sneezing, pain on standing, history of back injury, variable claudicating distance and segmental sensory loss.", "contents": "Neurogenic and vascular claudication. Intermittent claudication from peripheral vascular disease is sometimes difficult to distinguish from similar claudication due to degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. In the present study 26 patients with vascular disease were compared with 23 patients with lumbar degenerative disease. Assessment was by clinical and radiological examination. In the vascular group characteristic distinguishing features were: abnormal foot pulses, arterial bruits, relief of symptoms by standing, a constant claudicating distance and stocking sensory loss. In the lumbar group typical findings were: discomfort on lifting, bending, coughing or sneezing, pain on standing, history of back injury, variable claudicating distance and segmental sensory loss.", "PMID": 731261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_678", "title": "The significance of ragged-red fibres in neuromuscular disease.", "content": "The pathological significance of ragged-red fibres is uncertain. We have studied ragged-red fibres in the muscle biopsies of 3 adults; one with polymyositis and two with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. All the ragged-red fibres were Type 1 fibres. In two patients the mean diameter of the ragged-red fibres was significantly smaller than the unaffected Type 1 fibres. Some of these fibres showed features of regeneration, and others of degeneration. In the patient with polymyositis the mitochondria were proliferated and contained osmiophilic dense bodies; in the other two patients paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were prominent. These findings suggest that ragged-red fibres do not represent a single pathological process.", "contents": "The significance of ragged-red fibres in neuromuscular disease. The pathological significance of ragged-red fibres is uncertain. We have studied ragged-red fibres in the muscle biopsies of 3 adults; one with polymyositis and two with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. All the ragged-red fibres were Type 1 fibres. In two patients the mean diameter of the ragged-red fibres was significantly smaller than the unaffected Type 1 fibres. Some of these fibres showed features of regeneration, and others of degeneration. In the patient with polymyositis the mitochondria were proliferated and contained osmiophilic dense bodies; in the other two patients paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were prominent. These findings suggest that ragged-red fibres do not represent a single pathological process.", "PMID": 731262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_679", "title": "Multiple specificities of antibrain antibodies in multiple sclerosis and chronic myelopathy.", "content": "The presence of complement-fixing antibodies against brain antigens was tested in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 60 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 15 patients with chronic myelopathy of undetermined cause (CM) and 60 control patients. Six MS sera, 34 MS CSF, 4 CM sera, 3 CM CSF, 4 control sera and 1 control CSF gave positive reactions either with a lipid extract or a saline extract of normal human brain. The proportion of anticomplementary CSF was significantly higher in the MS group than in the control group (15% vs 0%, P less than 0.01). The reactivity of a large number of individual positive samples was further investigated. Seven antibody specificities were discerned in the MS samples. Most samples reacted with non-lipid antigens, the dominating being a heat-labile, nonlipid component associated with CNS myelin. Antibodies to cerebroside and sulfatide were detected in a few patients. A number of samples reacted with cholesterol in combination with a variety of lipids. Positive samples from the CM patients exhibited a similar heterogeneity. In the control group positive reactions were seen in one patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and one with a spinal meningioma. The reaction patterns of these patients were different from those commonly seen in MS patients. The complement-fixing antibrain antibodies in MS CSF are usually of IgG class (Ryberg 1976). This applies also to the positive MS sera in this study. The distribution of the antibodies between serum and CSF indicated, in several cases, an intrathecal synthesis. All of a number of human brains, including one MS brain, contained all 6 antigens (haptens) reactive in saline extracts. Antibodies to tissues outside the CNS were rarely detected in MS patients. The varied humoral autoimmune response in MS might reflect a heterogeneity in the MS patients, the disease itself or its causative agent.", "contents": "Multiple specificities of antibrain antibodies in multiple sclerosis and chronic myelopathy. The presence of complement-fixing antibodies against brain antigens was tested in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 60 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 15 patients with chronic myelopathy of undetermined cause (CM) and 60 control patients. Six MS sera, 34 MS CSF, 4 CM sera, 3 CM CSF, 4 control sera and 1 control CSF gave positive reactions either with a lipid extract or a saline extract of normal human brain. The proportion of anticomplementary CSF was significantly higher in the MS group than in the control group (15% vs 0%, P less than 0.01). The reactivity of a large number of individual positive samples was further investigated. Seven antibody specificities were discerned in the MS samples. Most samples reacted with non-lipid antigens, the dominating being a heat-labile, nonlipid component associated with CNS myelin. Antibodies to cerebroside and sulfatide were detected in a few patients. A number of samples reacted with cholesterol in combination with a variety of lipids. Positive samples from the CM patients exhibited a similar heterogeneity. In the control group positive reactions were seen in one patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and one with a spinal meningioma. The reaction patterns of these patients were different from those commonly seen in MS patients. The complement-fixing antibrain antibodies in MS CSF are usually of IgG class (Ryberg 1976). This applies also to the positive MS sera in this study. The distribution of the antibodies between serum and CSF indicated, in several cases, an intrathecal synthesis. All of a number of human brains, including one MS brain, contained all 6 antigens (haptens) reactive in saline extracts. Antibodies to tissues outside the CNS were rarely detected in MS patients. The varied humoral autoimmune response in MS might reflect a heterogeneity in the MS patients, the disease itself or its causative agent.", "PMID": 731263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_680", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in parkinsonism. Measurement before and after levodopa.", "content": "Data from recent studies in experimental animals suggest that central dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in regulation of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the mammalian brain. In order to evaluate possible effects of dopaminergic stimulation on human cerebral circulation, rCBF was measured by the 133Xenon inhalation technique in 26 patients with Parkinson's disease before and after the chronic oral administration of levodopa combined with a peripheral Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Treatment with levodopa did not induce significant alterations in the mean brain, mean hemispheric or regional flow values in these patients. These findings suggest that the dopaminergic system does not play an important role in modulation of the rCBF in man.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in parkinsonism. Measurement before and after levodopa. Data from recent studies in experimental animals suggest that central dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in regulation of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the mammalian brain. In order to evaluate possible effects of dopaminergic stimulation on human cerebral circulation, rCBF was measured by the 133Xenon inhalation technique in 26 patients with Parkinson's disease before and after the chronic oral administration of levodopa combined with a peripheral Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Treatment with levodopa did not induce significant alterations in the mean brain, mean hemispheric or regional flow values in these patients. These findings suggest that the dopaminergic system does not play an important role in modulation of the rCBF in man.", "PMID": 731264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_681", "title": "Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Metabolic studies with cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Metabolism of tritium-labelled galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide added to the culture medium was examined in cultured skin fibroblasts from 4 patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) and 4 control individuals. The uptake of [3H]galactosylceramide and [3H]lactosylceramide by the fibroblasts continued actively at least up to 3 days. Approximately 30--40% of the galactosylceramide, which had been taken up, was released subsequently from the cells in a 4-day period, whereas only 10% of lactosylceramide was released during the same period. The GLD fibroblasts showed no abnormality in the kinetics of the uptake and in the release of these glycosphingolipids which are natural substrates of the beta-galactosidase genetically deficient in the disorder. This finding differs from that reported for fibroblasts from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, which showed abnormal accumulation and retention of sulfatide added to the culture media. However, degradation of added galactosylceramide to [3H]galactose by the GLD fibroblasts was only 25% of the control cells, while lactosylceramide was degraded at 70% of the normal rate. These findings are consistent with the known substrate specificities of the two acidic beta-galactosidases in human tissues; galactosylceramide is hydrolyzed almost exclusively by galactosylceramidase, while lactosylceramide can be hydrolyzed by both galactosylceramidase and GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Metabolic studies with cultured fibroblasts. Metabolism of tritium-labelled galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide added to the culture medium was examined in cultured skin fibroblasts from 4 patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) and 4 control individuals. The uptake of [3H]galactosylceramide and [3H]lactosylceramide by the fibroblasts continued actively at least up to 3 days. Approximately 30--40% of the galactosylceramide, which had been taken up, was released subsequently from the cells in a 4-day period, whereas only 10% of lactosylceramide was released during the same period. The GLD fibroblasts showed no abnormality in the kinetics of the uptake and in the release of these glycosphingolipids which are natural substrates of the beta-galactosidase genetically deficient in the disorder. This finding differs from that reported for fibroblasts from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, which showed abnormal accumulation and retention of sulfatide added to the culture media. However, degradation of added galactosylceramide to [3H]galactose by the GLD fibroblasts was only 25% of the control cells, while lactosylceramide was degraded at 70% of the normal rate. These findings are consistent with the known substrate specificities of the two acidic beta-galactosidases in human tissues; galactosylceramide is hydrolyzed almost exclusively by galactosylceramidase, while lactosylceramide can be hydrolyzed by both galactosylceramidase and GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 731265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_682", "title": "Experimental (-) emetine myopathy. Ultrastructural and morphometric observations.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes induced by (-) emetine hydrochloride were studied in two skeletal muscles of the rat. (-) Emetine was administered at a dose level of 2 mg/kg for periods ranging from one to four weeks. Changes were noted after the one week stage and were progressive with all muscle components appearing to be affected.  Myofibrillar changes included Z line streaming, rod formation, myofilament loss and contraction clumping. Mitochondrial degeneration was detected, but the most striking feature of the induced myopathy was the extensive membrane proliferation. The membranes were considered to be involved in the isolation of sarcoplasmic constitutents in the production of autophagic vacuoles. Morphometry was carried out in order to quantify some of the changes in the fibre components.", "contents": "Experimental (-) emetine myopathy. Ultrastructural and morphometric observations. The ultrastructural changes induced by (-) emetine hydrochloride were studied in two skeletal muscles of the rat. (-) Emetine was administered at a dose level of 2 mg/kg for periods ranging from one to four weeks. Changes were noted after the one week stage and were progressive with all muscle components appearing to be affected.  Myofibrillar changes included Z line streaming, rod formation, myofilament loss and contraction clumping. Mitochondrial degeneration was detected, but the most striking feature of the induced myopathy was the extensive membrane proliferation. The membranes were considered to be involved in the isolation of sarcoplasmic constitutents in the production of autophagic vacuoles. Morphometry was carried out in order to quantify some of the changes in the fibre components.", "PMID": 731266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_683", "title": "N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced teratogenesis of brain in the rat. A cellular and cytoarchitectural analysis of the neocortex.", "content": "N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was administered intravenously to pregnant Wistar-albino rats on days 14--21 of gestation in order to study the teratological effects of the carcinogen on the developing brain. Offspring were killed 60 days postnatally, and the brains examined histologically by cresyl violet staining and Golgi-Cox preparations. Macroscopic examination of the brains revealed a graded pattern of microcephaly. Injection of ENU on day 14 of gestation gave the most severe effects and injection on day 21 the least effects. Microscopic examination of the neocortex revealed a graded reduction in the lateral and sagittal lengths, thickness, and the number of cells in a sample slab of the cortex. In the Golgi-Cox preparations the pyramidal neurons of cortical layers III and V, as well as neurons of other layers, were seen to have fewer secondary and tertiary dendrites, and the length of their dendrites appeared stunted. These characteristics also were graded in relation to the day of injection of ENU. Altered cytology and cytoarchitecture of the neocortex and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced teratogenesis of brain in the rat. A cellular and cytoarchitectural analysis of the neocortex. N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was administered intravenously to pregnant Wistar-albino rats on days 14--21 of gestation in order to study the teratological effects of the carcinogen on the developing brain. Offspring were killed 60 days postnatally, and the brains examined histologically by cresyl violet staining and Golgi-Cox preparations. Macroscopic examination of the brains revealed a graded pattern of microcephaly. Injection of ENU on day 14 of gestation gave the most severe effects and injection on day 21 the least effects. Microscopic examination of the neocortex revealed a graded reduction in the lateral and sagittal lengths, thickness, and the number of cells in a sample slab of the cortex. In the Golgi-Cox preparations the pyramidal neurons of cortical layers III and V, as well as neurons of other layers, were seen to have fewer secondary and tertiary dendrites, and the length of their dendrites appeared stunted. These characteristics also were graded in relation to the day of injection of ENU. Altered cytology and cytoarchitecture of the neocortex and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 731267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_684", "title": "Quantitative studies of ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "In 3 patients with familial dysautonomia (FD) sphenopalatine ganglia were less than one fifth normal in volume and their total neuronal content was reduced to a mean of 1,510 (control mean 56,500). Parasympathetic denervation accounts for absence of overflow tears in FD. Ciliary ganglia were not reduced in volume and in 4 patients the mean neuron total was only slightly diminished to 2,900 (control 3,670, P less than or equal to 0.05). This does not appear sufficient to account for pupillary supersensitivity to methacholine in FD on the basis of denervation. Temporal differences in the embryogenesis of sphenopalatine and ciliary ganglia may underlie the observed differences in neuronal populations and suggest that the developmental anomaly in FD does not occur early in gestation.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia in familial dysautonomia. In 3 patients with familial dysautonomia (FD) sphenopalatine ganglia were less than one fifth normal in volume and their total neuronal content was reduced to a mean of 1,510 (control mean 56,500). Parasympathetic denervation accounts for absence of overflow tears in FD. Ciliary ganglia were not reduced in volume and in 4 patients the mean neuron total was only slightly diminished to 2,900 (control 3,670, P less than or equal to 0.05). This does not appear sufficient to account for pupillary supersensitivity to methacholine in FD on the basis of denervation. Temporal differences in the embryogenesis of sphenopalatine and ciliary ganglia may underlie the observed differences in neuronal populations and suggest that the developmental anomaly in FD does not occur early in gestation.", "PMID": 731268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_685", "title": "Virus-associated demyelination. A model using avirulent Semliki Forest virus infection of mice.", "content": "Lesions produced by the infection of Swiss/A2G mice with a single inoculation of an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Whilst a mild encephalitis was detected in the great majority of mice infected, focal areas of myelin loss were observed in the cerebellar white matter of only 25% of cases. The incidence of myelin loss in other strains of mice ranged from 21% in BSVS mice to 8% in SJL/J mice. The possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the myelin loss are discussed.", "contents": "Virus-associated demyelination. A model using avirulent Semliki Forest virus infection of mice. Lesions produced by the infection of Swiss/A2G mice with a single inoculation of an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Whilst a mild encephalitis was detected in the great majority of mice infected, focal areas of myelin loss were observed in the cerebellar white matter of only 25% of cases. The incidence of myelin loss in other strains of mice ranged from 21% in BSVS mice to 8% in SJL/J mice. The possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the myelin loss are discussed.", "PMID": 731269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_686", "title": "Delay in the maturation of muscle fibers in infants with congenital hypotonia.", "content": "Muscle biopsies of hypotonic children have shown delayed maturation of a fetal type of muscle fibers: subsarcolemmal halo devoid of activity for mitochondrial dehydrogenases, type II predominance and in some cases abnormal dispersion of fiber diameter. Fiber subtypes within group II were also abnormal. One case has definite embryonic characteristics with presence of myoblasts. Not a single clinical pattern was present in these patients and a variety of associated disorders were recognized. Some patients had a clinical picture corresponding to congenital benign hypotonia as described by Walton.", "contents": "Delay in the maturation of muscle fibers in infants with congenital hypotonia. Muscle biopsies of hypotonic children have shown delayed maturation of a fetal type of muscle fibers: subsarcolemmal halo devoid of activity for mitochondrial dehydrogenases, type II predominance and in some cases abnormal dispersion of fiber diameter. Fiber subtypes within group II were also abnormal. One case has definite embryonic characteristics with presence of myoblasts. Not a single clinical pattern was present in these patients and a variety of associated disorders were recognized. Some patients had a clinical picture corresponding to congenital benign hypotonia as described by Walton.", "PMID": 731270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_687", "title": "Fine structure of the rubrospinal terminals in the cervical cord of the cat.", "content": "Rubrospinal fibers in cat do not terminate on anterior motor horn cells in the spinal cord but on the interneurons, mostly in the lateral portion of Rexed's lamina of V-VII, the so-called Lateral Basal Region. The ultrastructure of rubrospinal terminals at the cervical cord level (C8) was investigated in 8 adult cats with partial or complete stereotaxic lesions of the red nuclei. Animals were sacrificed from 1 to 7 days after the lesions were made and the earliest forms of degeneration found were infrequent dense preterminal axon changes and clumping and coalescing of synaptic vesicles in the terminals. Multiple dense or polymembranous inclusions were seen in some terminals and these contained vesicular profiles; dense terminal shrinking was seen in others after 24 hours. Neurofilamentous proliferation appeared in some degenerating terminals after 48--72 hours. Degenerating terminals were related to different sized dendrites to determine regional axodendritic specificity for rubrospinal endings on LBR neurons.", "contents": "Fine structure of the rubrospinal terminals in the cervical cord of the cat. Rubrospinal fibers in cat do not terminate on anterior motor horn cells in the spinal cord but on the interneurons, mostly in the lateral portion of Rexed's lamina of V-VII, the so-called Lateral Basal Region. The ultrastructure of rubrospinal terminals at the cervical cord level (C8) was investigated in 8 adult cats with partial or complete stereotaxic lesions of the red nuclei. Animals were sacrificed from 1 to 7 days after the lesions were made and the earliest forms of degeneration found were infrequent dense preterminal axon changes and clumping and coalescing of synaptic vesicles in the terminals. Multiple dense or polymembranous inclusions were seen in some terminals and these contained vesicular profiles; dense terminal shrinking was seen in others after 24 hours. Neurofilamentous proliferation appeared in some degenerating terminals after 48--72 hours. Degenerating terminals were related to different sized dendrites to determine regional axodendritic specificity for rubrospinal endings on LBR neurons.", "PMID": 731271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_688", "title": "Paraproteinosis and amyloidosis of the cerebral vessels and senile plaques.", "content": "A case is reported of progressive dementia and a terminal picture of generalized tetaniform contractures. The relationship of the generalized tetaniform contractures to the stiff-man syndrome is discussed. Morphologically, diffuse amyloid deposition was found in the pial and cortical vessels, accompanied by amyloid deposition in the senile plaques in the cortical and cerebellar cortex. Apart from the typical staining and ultrastructural aspects of amyloid, a deposition of material was observed, corresponding in optical and electron microscopy to a paraprotein. This case demonstrated not only the relationship between the deposition of amyloid and the formation of senile plaques, but also sustains the direct connection between amyloid in senile plaques and the paraprotein substances deriving from the blood. The probable relationship between the unusual deposition of paraproteins in the vessels and nervous system and the treatment with immunoglobulins is discussed.", "contents": "Paraproteinosis and amyloidosis of the cerebral vessels and senile plaques. A case is reported of progressive dementia and a terminal picture of generalized tetaniform contractures. The relationship of the generalized tetaniform contractures to the stiff-man syndrome is discussed. Morphologically, diffuse amyloid deposition was found in the pial and cortical vessels, accompanied by amyloid deposition in the senile plaques in the cortical and cerebellar cortex. Apart from the typical staining and ultrastructural aspects of amyloid, a deposition of material was observed, corresponding in optical and electron microscopy to a paraprotein. This case demonstrated not only the relationship between the deposition of amyloid and the formation of senile plaques, but also sustains the direct connection between amyloid in senile plaques and the paraprotein substances deriving from the blood. The probable relationship between the unusual deposition of paraproteins in the vessels and nervous system and the treatment with immunoglobulins is discussed.", "PMID": 731272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_689", "title": "Quantitative studies of sympathetic ganglia and spinal cord intermedio-lateral gray columns in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "In adult patients with familial dysautonomia the mean volume of superior cervical sympathetic ganglia is reduced to 34% of the normal of 222 mm3. Packing density of neurons is reduced to 37% of normal. The mean total number of ganglionic neurons is 120,000 as compared to 1,060,000 in controls. The mean totals of preganglionic neurons in the first three thoracic cord segments are 13,600 in patients and 25,150 in controls. Deficits in sympathetic neurons account for many of the clinical, pharmacological and biochemical manifestations of familial dysautonomia.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of sympathetic ganglia and spinal cord intermedio-lateral gray columns in familial dysautonomia. In adult patients with familial dysautonomia the mean volume of superior cervical sympathetic ganglia is reduced to 34% of the normal of 222 mm3. Packing density of neurons is reduced to 37% of normal. The mean total number of ganglionic neurons is 120,000 as compared to 1,060,000 in controls. The mean totals of preganglionic neurons in the first three thoracic cord segments are 13,600 in patients and 25,150 in controls. Deficits in sympathetic neurons account for many of the clinical, pharmacological and biochemical manifestations of familial dysautonomia.", "PMID": 731273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_690", "title": "Development of normal and dystrophic chick muscle in tissue culture. Production and release of creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Creatine kinase (CK) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were followed during the course of development of embryonic muscle in tissue culture for periods of up to 8 weeks. Control muscle cultures released CK and AChE into the medium for the first 2-3 weeks, after which time measurable enzyme release ended. In dystrophic muscle cultures release of CK and AChE continued over most of the 8-week culture period. Cumulative measurable activity of CK was significantly greater than that of controls by the 3rd week and thereafter and cumulative AChE release was greater than that of controls by the 5th week and averaged about twice that of controls by the end of the culture period. Total cell CK activity of the dystrophic muscle cultures was greater than control values but results of cellulose acetate electrophoretic analysis of CK isozyme composition indicated that control muscle cultures attained higher percentage levels of MM isozyme type and lower levels of MB isozyme. Breast muscle extracts from adult dystrophic chickens had an approximately 10--13% content of MB isozyme while in similar extracts of control chicken muscle only the MM isozyme was detectable and total activity was greater than in dystrophics. Bound AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was significantly greater than control levels subsequent to the 2nd week in culture. Soluble AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was somewhat greater than comparable control activity in 2 of 3 tissue culture series at approximately the same period. In 7--10 week-old dystrophic chickens, both soluble and bound AChE activities of dystrophic breast muscle extracts were markedly increased over control values.", "contents": "Development of normal and dystrophic chick muscle in tissue culture. Production and release of creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase. Creatine kinase (CK) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were followed during the course of development of embryonic muscle in tissue culture for periods of up to 8 weeks. Control muscle cultures released CK and AChE into the medium for the first 2-3 weeks, after which time measurable enzyme release ended. In dystrophic muscle cultures release of CK and AChE continued over most of the 8-week culture period. Cumulative measurable activity of CK was significantly greater than that of controls by the 3rd week and thereafter and cumulative AChE release was greater than that of controls by the 5th week and averaged about twice that of controls by the end of the culture period. Total cell CK activity of the dystrophic muscle cultures was greater than control values but results of cellulose acetate electrophoretic analysis of CK isozyme composition indicated that control muscle cultures attained higher percentage levels of MM isozyme type and lower levels of MB isozyme. Breast muscle extracts from adult dystrophic chickens had an approximately 10--13% content of MB isozyme while in similar extracts of control chicken muscle only the MM isozyme was detectable and total activity was greater than in dystrophics. Bound AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was significantly greater than control levels subsequent to the 2nd week in culture. Soluble AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was somewhat greater than comparable control activity in 2 of 3 tissue culture series at approximately the same period. In 7--10 week-old dystrophic chickens, both soluble and bound AChE activities of dystrophic breast muscle extracts were markedly increased over control values.", "PMID": 731275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_691", "title": "An unusual neurological disorder of copper metabolism clinically resembling Wilson's disease but biochemically a distinct entity.", "content": "A patient with progressive neurological disease resembling Wilson's disease but in whom Kayser-Fleischer rings were absent, was given 67Cu and 64Cu, orally and intravenously, to measure the rate of absorption of copper using a convolution integral. The data show an abnormal distribution of body copper resulting in low copper concentrations in plasma, urine and liver but with an accumulation in the lower bowel probably due to a defect in mucosal transport. The importance of differentiating this condition from Wilson's disease is stressed.", "contents": "An unusual neurological disorder of copper metabolism clinically resembling Wilson's disease but biochemically a distinct entity. A patient with progressive neurological disease resembling Wilson's disease but in whom Kayser-Fleischer rings were absent, was given 67Cu and 64Cu, orally and intravenously, to measure the rate of absorption of copper using a convolution integral. The data show an abnormal distribution of body copper resulting in low copper concentrations in plasma, urine and liver but with an accumulation in the lower bowel probably due to a defect in mucosal transport. The importance of differentiating this condition from Wilson's disease is stressed.", "PMID": 731276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_692", "title": "Features of foreign proteins affecting their retrograde transport in axons of the visual system.", "content": "The retrograde axoplasmic transport of foreign proteins in the rat visual system shows certain specificities. The molecular features of these proteins which may underlie their entry into the retrograde phase have been examined using biochemical and morphologic techniques. Of the isoenzymes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the basic isoenzyme C is strongly transported, while the acidic isoenzymes Abeta and Aalpha are transported weakly and not at all, respectively. Decreasing the isoelectric point (pI) of isoenzyme C from 8.2 to 4.4 decreases its transport, but a basic pI is not the sole requisite for transportability since two other basic peroxidases (turnip isoenzyme P7 and lactoperoxidase) are not transported in retrograde. The sugar component as a whole of isoenzyme C does not appear to be required for determining transport. Isoenzyme C and the other proteins which are transported enter multivesicular bodies in axons and axon terminals, as well as synaptic and coated vesicles and fine tubules in axon terminals. The non-transported proteins enter only the vesicular organelles thought to be involved in neurotransmitter recycling in axon terminals and do not enter multivesicular bodies. Thus the two systems of axonal membraneous compartments involved in local synaptic recycling versus the retrograde phase of transport do not show the same specificity of uptake of extracellular tracers and can be dissociated by the experimental use of these peroxidases.", "contents": "Features of foreign proteins affecting their retrograde transport in axons of the visual system. The retrograde axoplasmic transport of foreign proteins in the rat visual system shows certain specificities. The molecular features of these proteins which may underlie their entry into the retrograde phase have been examined using biochemical and morphologic techniques. Of the isoenzymes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the basic isoenzyme C is strongly transported, while the acidic isoenzymes Abeta and Aalpha are transported weakly and not at all, respectively. Decreasing the isoelectric point (pI) of isoenzyme C from 8.2 to 4.4 decreases its transport, but a basic pI is not the sole requisite for transportability since two other basic peroxidases (turnip isoenzyme P7 and lactoperoxidase) are not transported in retrograde. The sugar component as a whole of isoenzyme C does not appear to be required for determining transport. Isoenzyme C and the other proteins which are transported enter multivesicular bodies in axons and axon terminals, as well as synaptic and coated vesicles and fine tubules in axon terminals. The non-transported proteins enter only the vesicular organelles thought to be involved in neurotransmitter recycling in axon terminals and do not enter multivesicular bodies. Thus the two systems of axonal membraneous compartments involved in local synaptic recycling versus the retrograde phase of transport do not show the same specificity of uptake of extracellular tracers and can be dissociated by the experimental use of these peroxidases.", "PMID": 731278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_693", "title": "Structure of cell coats during initial stages of synapse formation on isolated cultured sympathetic neurons.", "content": "The mordant tannic acid was applied after routine aldehyde and osmium fixation in order to study the ultrastructure of membrane coat material during synaptogenesis in combination cultures of superior cervical ganglion neurons and spinal cord explants. All contact between cultured neurons was mediated by coat material; apposition of outer membrane leaflets never occurred. In most areas, the contact found between membrane coat material lacked special arrangement, but in areas of contact between spinal cord growth cones and sympathetic ganglion neurons, distinct patches of bilateral membrane specialization were seen. Here apposed coat material interdigitated across the intracellular gap, outer membrane leaflets were parallel and dense material was evident in the adjacent cytoplasm. These 'differentiated' contacts were seen both prior to and simultaneously with the appearance in the same area of other synaptic organelles; they did not appear to be precursors of synaptic active zones. Findings suggest that a mosaic of specificities in neuronal coat material may determine the site of 'differentiated' contacts and that these contacts may be relevant to the subsequent formation of a synaptic active zone.", "contents": "Structure of cell coats during initial stages of synapse formation on isolated cultured sympathetic neurons. The mordant tannic acid was applied after routine aldehyde and osmium fixation in order to study the ultrastructure of membrane coat material during synaptogenesis in combination cultures of superior cervical ganglion neurons and spinal cord explants. All contact between cultured neurons was mediated by coat material; apposition of outer membrane leaflets never occurred. In most areas, the contact found between membrane coat material lacked special arrangement, but in areas of contact between spinal cord growth cones and sympathetic ganglion neurons, distinct patches of bilateral membrane specialization were seen. Here apposed coat material interdigitated across the intracellular gap, outer membrane leaflets were parallel and dense material was evident in the adjacent cytoplasm. These 'differentiated' contacts were seen both prior to and simultaneously with the appearance in the same area of other synaptic organelles; they did not appear to be precursors of synaptic active zones. Findings suggest that a mosaic of specificities in neuronal coat material may determine the site of 'differentiated' contacts and that these contacts may be relevant to the subsequent formation of a synaptic active zone.", "PMID": 731279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_694", "title": "The formation of photoreceptor synapses in the retina of larval Xenopus.", "content": "The first appearance and early development of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells and horizontal cells were studied in the retina of larval Xenopus, between stages 37/8 and 46. Synapse morphology was reconstructed from examination of serial sections. Additional data were obtained from E-PTA stained tissue, Photoreceptors initially contacted horizontal cell dendrites via ribbon synapses at the photoreceptor basal surface (stages 37/8--39). Later, horizontal cell dendrites penetrated the receptor as digitiform processes (stages 39--40) which subsequently expanded extensively within the invagination (stages 40--44). At stages 41--46, a photoreceptor ribbon generally was associated with two horizontal processes in a synaptic dyad complex; each ribbon participated in 1 or 2 such complexes. Bipolar cell dendrites made contact with receptors via superficial or invaginating basal-type junctions. Such junctions were observed first at stage 39, but increased greatly in number beginning at stage 42. Basal junctions were characterized by marked staining of the paramembranous receptor cell cytoplasm and a 9--13 nm wide cleft containing an electron-dense material. No association of bipolar cell dendrites with photoreceptor ribbons was noted. Junctional complexes presumed to be gap junctions first were observed at stage 39 between photoreceptor bases and basal processes emitted by neighbouring photoreceptors.", "contents": "The formation of photoreceptor synapses in the retina of larval Xenopus. The first appearance and early development of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells and horizontal cells were studied in the retina of larval Xenopus, between stages 37/8 and 46. Synapse morphology was reconstructed from examination of serial sections. Additional data were obtained from E-PTA stained tissue, Photoreceptors initially contacted horizontal cell dendrites via ribbon synapses at the photoreceptor basal surface (stages 37/8--39). Later, horizontal cell dendrites penetrated the receptor as digitiform processes (stages 39--40) which subsequently expanded extensively within the invagination (stages 40--44). At stages 41--46, a photoreceptor ribbon generally was associated with two horizontal processes in a synaptic dyad complex; each ribbon participated in 1 or 2 such complexes. Bipolar cell dendrites made contact with receptors via superficial or invaginating basal-type junctions. Such junctions were observed first at stage 39, but increased greatly in number beginning at stage 42. Basal junctions were characterized by marked staining of the paramembranous receptor cell cytoplasm and a 9--13 nm wide cleft containing an electron-dense material. No association of bipolar cell dendrites with photoreceptor ribbons was noted. Junctional complexes presumed to be gap junctions first were observed at stage 39 between photoreceptor bases and basal processes emitted by neighbouring photoreceptors.", "PMID": 731280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_695", "title": "The neuropathology of DFP at cat soleus neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The fine structure of the cat soleus neuromuscular junction was studied following a single intra-arterial injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) into the right femoral artery. DFP induced separate subacute and delayed morphologic changes in soleus non-myelinated motor nerve terminals. Three days after DFP administration motor nerve terminals were reduced in number. Subacute DFP damage was also noted in the subneural apparatus and in the immediate subjacent muscle. Both pre- and post-junctional subacute changes were resolved two weeks post-DFP. One week following this initial regeneration, soleus motor nerve terminals underwent a delayed transient degeneration, followed by reinnervation of damaged endplates 6--8 weeks following DFP. Quantitative analysis of methylene blue-stained intramuscular nerves indicated that both subacutely and chronically denervated soleus muscle fibres were reinnervated by regeneration of the original motor axon. Reinnervation by means of collateral sprouting was insignificant. This mechanism of reinnervation and the rapidity with which it occurred suggests that both subacute and delayed soleus motor nerve damage is initiated from local actions of DFP on the non-myelinated terminal. The subacute reaction probably results from a direct cytotoxic action of DFP at pre- and post-junctional sites. The delayed nerve terminal degeneration may also stem from an acute effect not immediately detrimental to nerve function.", "contents": "The neuropathology of DFP at cat soleus neuromuscular junction. The fine structure of the cat soleus neuromuscular junction was studied following a single intra-arterial injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) into the right femoral artery. DFP induced separate subacute and delayed morphologic changes in soleus non-myelinated motor nerve terminals. Three days after DFP administration motor nerve terminals were reduced in number. Subacute DFP damage was also noted in the subneural apparatus and in the immediate subjacent muscle. Both pre- and post-junctional subacute changes were resolved two weeks post-DFP. One week following this initial regeneration, soleus motor nerve terminals underwent a delayed transient degeneration, followed by reinnervation of damaged endplates 6--8 weeks following DFP. Quantitative analysis of methylene blue-stained intramuscular nerves indicated that both subacutely and chronically denervated soleus muscle fibres were reinnervated by regeneration of the original motor axon. Reinnervation by means of collateral sprouting was insignificant. This mechanism of reinnervation and the rapidity with which it occurred suggests that both subacute and delayed soleus motor nerve damage is initiated from local actions of DFP on the non-myelinated terminal. The subacute reaction probably results from a direct cytotoxic action of DFP at pre- and post-junctional sites. The delayed nerve terminal degeneration may also stem from an acute effect not immediately detrimental to nerve function.", "PMID": 731281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_696", "title": "Effects of monocular lid closure on development of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in rabbit superior colliculus.", "content": "1. The receptive-field characteristics of superior colliculus neurons were studied in rabbit pups that had one eyelid sutured prior to eye opening. Units recorded from the superior colliculus (SC) receiving input from the unsutured eye provided normal developmental data, and those from the colliculus receiving input from the sutured eye were used to study the effect of visual deprivation. 2. A total of 1,054 cells recorded from 89 animals ranging in age from 7 to 35 days were obtained, 514 cells in the normal colliculus and 540 cells in the deprived colliculus. During normal development, three nonoriented cell types (concentric, uniform, motion) showed a progressive increase in relative frequency of occurrence, starting at about 7 days and reaching the adult level at about 15 days. Directionally selective cells developed slightly later, reaching an adult level at 3 wk. Oriented directional cells were the slowest to mature, requiring about 4 wk to reach the final level. 3. Eyelid suturing significantly affected the oriented directional cell development; these cells developed at a normal rate for about 3 wk, then rather abruptly began to decrease in number; a stable relative frequency of about one-fourth the normal value was reached at about 4 wk. A corresponding increase in the relative number of indefinite cells to above the normal level also occurred. In contrast, the development of nonoriented cells and directionally selective cells was not affected by the deprivation. 4. The development of rabbit superior colliculus receptive fields was found to be, in general, similar to development of kitten SC receptive fields. It also correlates well with developmental changes seen in rabbit ganglion cell receptive fields and with anatomical changes in developing rabbit SC. Indirect support is given for the hypothesis that changes seen in SC with deprivation are secondary to changes in the visual cortex.", "contents": "Effects of monocular lid closure on development of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in rabbit superior colliculus. 1. The receptive-field characteristics of superior colliculus neurons were studied in rabbit pups that had one eyelid sutured prior to eye opening. Units recorded from the superior colliculus (SC) receiving input from the unsutured eye provided normal developmental data, and those from the colliculus receiving input from the sutured eye were used to study the effect of visual deprivation. 2. A total of 1,054 cells recorded from 89 animals ranging in age from 7 to 35 days were obtained, 514 cells in the normal colliculus and 540 cells in the deprived colliculus. During normal development, three nonoriented cell types (concentric, uniform, motion) showed a progressive increase in relative frequency of occurrence, starting at about 7 days and reaching the adult level at about 15 days. Directionally selective cells developed slightly later, reaching an adult level at 3 wk. Oriented directional cells were the slowest to mature, requiring about 4 wk to reach the final level. 3. Eyelid suturing significantly affected the oriented directional cell development; these cells developed at a normal rate for about 3 wk, then rather abruptly began to decrease in number; a stable relative frequency of about one-fourth the normal value was reached at about 4 wk. A corresponding increase in the relative number of indefinite cells to above the normal level also occurred. In contrast, the development of nonoriented cells and directionally selective cells was not affected by the deprivation. 4. The development of rabbit superior colliculus receptive fields was found to be, in general, similar to development of kitten SC receptive fields. It also correlates well with developmental changes seen in rabbit ganglion cell receptive fields and with anatomical changes in developing rabbit SC. Indirect support is given for the hypothesis that changes seen in SC with deprivation are secondary to changes in the visual cortex.", "PMID": 731283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_697", "title": "Development of single-neuron responses in kitten's lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "1. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of 18 kittens whose ages ranged from 6 to 40 days, 445 cells were studied. 2. LGN cells of kittens younger than 21 days are characterized by very low maintained rates, long latencies to full-field flash, response fatigue, large receptive field, absence of surround responses and surround inhibition, poor responses to fast-moving stimuli, and low-amplitude responses to flashing spots. 3. Cells were characterized as sustained or transient, and on, off, or on-off by their responses to flashing spots of light, and as X-like of Y-like by their responses to contrast reversal. Prior to 21 days, cells are hard to classify as X or Y. 4. A large proportion of cells in kitten LGN have both on- and off-responses to small and center-sized spots of light. This proportion decreases with development. 5. A small number of cells develop mature receptive-field properties very early (14--20 days). These are cells with X-type responses (linear summation) to contrast reversal and tend to have sustained responses to flashing spots. 6. Y-like cells, with nonlinear summation, develop mature receptive-field properties later than 34 days of age and later than all X-cells. 7. We conclude that there are different developmental patterns for cells of the kitten LGN. These different patterns may be important in determining the visual responses of cortical cells and their degree of susceptibility to environmental modification.", "contents": "Development of single-neuron responses in kitten's lateral geniculate nucleus. 1. In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of 18 kittens whose ages ranged from 6 to 40 days, 445 cells were studied. 2. LGN cells of kittens younger than 21 days are characterized by very low maintained rates, long latencies to full-field flash, response fatigue, large receptive field, absence of surround responses and surround inhibition, poor responses to fast-moving stimuli, and low-amplitude responses to flashing spots. 3. Cells were characterized as sustained or transient, and on, off, or on-off by their responses to flashing spots of light, and as X-like of Y-like by their responses to contrast reversal. Prior to 21 days, cells are hard to classify as X or Y. 4. A large proportion of cells in kitten LGN have both on- and off-responses to small and center-sized spots of light. This proportion decreases with development. 5. A small number of cells develop mature receptive-field properties very early (14--20 days). These are cells with X-type responses (linear summation) to contrast reversal and tend to have sustained responses to flashing spots. 6. Y-like cells, with nonlinear summation, develop mature receptive-field properties later than 34 days of age and later than all X-cells. 7. We conclude that there are different developmental patterns for cells of the kitten LGN. These different patterns may be important in determining the visual responses of cortical cells and their degree of susceptibility to environmental modification.", "PMID": 731284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_698", "title": "Development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary hindlimbs of the chick embryo.", "content": "1. The development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary chick hindlimbs transplated to host embryos at stages 16--18, was studied throughout the embryonic period from stage 27 when peripheral synapses were first formed. 2. The innervation pattern, defined as the number and sequential order of spinal nerves innervating individual muscles, were determined for supernumerary hindlimbs innervated by thoracic, lumbosacral-thoracic, or wholly lumbosacral spinal cord segments. Spinal nerves were electrically stimulated and muscle contraction was scored visually or by tension measurement and compound action-potential recordings were made from muscle nerves. 3. There was no tendency for spinal nerves to grow to or to synapse with the muscles which they normally innervate. Rather, they formed functional connections with inappropriate muscles, which were maintained throughout the developmental period studied. The localization of the motoneuron cell bodies was confirmed with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and shown to be adjacent to the spinal nerves through which their axons exited. Motoneurons innervating specific muscles occupied a similar medial-to-lateral position in the cord in both control and supernumerary limbs. 4. In all supernumerary limbs a definite peripheral innervation pattern was formed, which approximated the normal pattern. Specifically, the relative craniocaudal position of motor columns innervating individual muscles was conserved, even though the actual spinal nerves innervating the transplant were different from animal to animal. In limbs reversed along the anterior-posterior axis, the innervation pattern was also reversed. 5. The results suggest that motoneurons have not been rigidly specified to innervate certain muscles at the time when the limb buds were transplanted. Further, the limb itself can apparently influence the innervation pattern in an important manner, possibly by specifying motoneurons or by subsequently directing axon outgrowth and synapse formation.", "contents": "Development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary hindlimbs of the chick embryo. 1. The development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary chick hindlimbs transplated to host embryos at stages 16--18, was studied throughout the embryonic period from stage 27 when peripheral synapses were first formed. 2. The innervation pattern, defined as the number and sequential order of spinal nerves innervating individual muscles, were determined for supernumerary hindlimbs innervated by thoracic, lumbosacral-thoracic, or wholly lumbosacral spinal cord segments. Spinal nerves were electrically stimulated and muscle contraction was scored visually or by tension measurement and compound action-potential recordings were made from muscle nerves. 3. There was no tendency for spinal nerves to grow to or to synapse with the muscles which they normally innervate. Rather, they formed functional connections with inappropriate muscles, which were maintained throughout the developmental period studied. The localization of the motoneuron cell bodies was confirmed with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and shown to be adjacent to the spinal nerves through which their axons exited. Motoneurons innervating specific muscles occupied a similar medial-to-lateral position in the cord in both control and supernumerary limbs. 4. In all supernumerary limbs a definite peripheral innervation pattern was formed, which approximated the normal pattern. Specifically, the relative craniocaudal position of motor columns innervating individual muscles was conserved, even though the actual spinal nerves innervating the transplant were different from animal to animal. In limbs reversed along the anterior-posterior axis, the innervation pattern was also reversed. 5. The results suggest that motoneurons have not been rigidly specified to innervate certain muscles at the time when the limb buds were transplanted. Further, the limb itself can apparently influence the innervation pattern in an important manner, possibly by specifying motoneurons or by subsequently directing axon outgrowth and synapse formation.", "PMID": 731285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_699", "title": "Functional and anatomical consequences of neonatal visual cortical damage in superior colliculus of the golden hamster.", "content": "1. In normal hamsters the visual cortex sends a retinotopically organized projection to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. 2. Acute or chronic unilateral ablations of visual cortex in adult animals decrease the incidence of directionally selective cells encountered in the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral colliculus, but not in the deeper layers (those ventral to the stratum opticum). 3. Unilateral ablations of visual cortex in infant hamsters induce an aberrant crossed projection to the contralateral superior colliculus, confirming the finding of Mustari and Lund (58) in the rat. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) experiments demonstrated that the cells whose axons comprise the normal as well as the anomalous projection are pyramidal neurons in layer V of cortex. 4. In adult hamsters that underwent early brain damage, about 13% of the cells in the colliculus could be activated by stimulation of the contralateral visual cortex. Only 1 unit (of the 159 cells tested) could be driven by similar stimulation in normal adult hamsters. This indicates that the anomalous crossed projection forms functional synapses in the contralateral tectum. 5. No cells (of the 113 tested) could be activated from the contralateral cortex in hamsters that sustained chronic ablations of visual cortex in adulthood; thus indicating that there is some limited time period during development when unilateral ablations of visual cortex induce an anomalous corticotectal pathway. 6. The visual response properties of superior collicular neurons in the neonatally brain-damaged animals were compared to those of normal hamsters, as well as to those with acute or chronic ablations of visual cortex sustained in adulthood. 7. There was no indication that the anomalous projection contributes to the organization of normal visual response properties in the superior colliculus of the neonatally brain-damaged animals. In fact, the incidence of directionally selective cells in these hamsters was found to be significantly lower than that of normals in both the superficial and deep laminae of the colliculus. 8. We conclude that while unilateral damage of visual cortex in the hamster induces an anomalous corticotectal projection that makes functional synapses, this aberrant input does not compensate for missing, normal corticotectal pathway in the organization of superior collicular response properties.", "contents": "Functional and anatomical consequences of neonatal visual cortical damage in superior colliculus of the golden hamster. 1. In normal hamsters the visual cortex sends a retinotopically organized projection to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. 2. Acute or chronic unilateral ablations of visual cortex in adult animals decrease the incidence of directionally selective cells encountered in the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral colliculus, but not in the deeper layers (those ventral to the stratum opticum). 3. Unilateral ablations of visual cortex in infant hamsters induce an aberrant crossed projection to the contralateral superior colliculus, confirming the finding of Mustari and Lund (58) in the rat. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) experiments demonstrated that the cells whose axons comprise the normal as well as the anomalous projection are pyramidal neurons in layer V of cortex. 4. In adult hamsters that underwent early brain damage, about 13% of the cells in the colliculus could be activated by stimulation of the contralateral visual cortex. Only 1 unit (of the 159 cells tested) could be driven by similar stimulation in normal adult hamsters. This indicates that the anomalous crossed projection forms functional synapses in the contralateral tectum. 5. No cells (of the 113 tested) could be activated from the contralateral cortex in hamsters that sustained chronic ablations of visual cortex in adulthood; thus indicating that there is some limited time period during development when unilateral ablations of visual cortex induce an anomalous corticotectal pathway. 6. The visual response properties of superior collicular neurons in the neonatally brain-damaged animals were compared to those of normal hamsters, as well as to those with acute or chronic ablations of visual cortex sustained in adulthood. 7. There was no indication that the anomalous projection contributes to the organization of normal visual response properties in the superior colliculus of the neonatally brain-damaged animals. In fact, the incidence of directionally selective cells in these hamsters was found to be significantly lower than that of normals in both the superficial and deep laminae of the colliculus. 8. We conclude that while unilateral damage of visual cortex in the hamster induces an anomalous corticotectal projection that makes functional synapses, this aberrant input does not compensate for missing, normal corticotectal pathway in the organization of superior collicular response properties.", "PMID": 731286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_700", "title": "Neuronal responses to electrosensory input in mormyrid valvula cerebelli.", "content": "1. We have examined a large portion of the valvula cerebelli of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii for responses related to the three known classes of electroreceptors. Evoked potential and extracellular single-unit records from curarized and non-curarized preparations show that a separate area of the valvula is related to each of the different electrosensory modalities. 2. The area related to ampullary receptors is also strongly affected by mechanical stimulation to the skin. In the mormyromast and Knollenorgan regions, responses to sensory stimuli depend on when they are given in relation to the command to fire the electric organ. In the Knollenorgan region the interaction is quite simple. Responses are completely blocked if the stimulus is given during a brief period when the electric organ discharge occurs. A greater variety of interactions is seen in the mormyromast region. 3. Large areas of the valvula do not appear to be clearly and strongly retated to any of the three electrosensory modalities, suggesting the possibility that much of the structure is not devoted to electrosensory processing.", "contents": "Neuronal responses to electrosensory input in mormyrid valvula cerebelli. 1. We have examined a large portion of the valvula cerebelli of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii for responses related to the three known classes of electroreceptors. Evoked potential and extracellular single-unit records from curarized and non-curarized preparations show that a separate area of the valvula is related to each of the different electrosensory modalities. 2. The area related to ampullary receptors is also strongly affected by mechanical stimulation to the skin. In the mormyromast and Knollenorgan regions, responses to sensory stimuli depend on when they are given in relation to the command to fire the electric organ. In the Knollenorgan region the interaction is quite simple. Responses are completely blocked if the stimulus is given during a brief period when the electric organ discharge occurs. A greater variety of interactions is seen in the mormyromast region. 3. Large areas of the valvula do not appear to be clearly and strongly retated to any of the three electrosensory modalities, suggesting the possibility that much of the structure is not devoted to electrosensory processing.", "PMID": 731287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_701", "title": "Lateral cervical nucleus in the cat: functional organization and characteristics.", "content": "1. The lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) was investigated with extracellular recordings in the anesthetized cat. A total of 556 LCN units were characterized; the locations of most of these were histologically verified. Half of these had receptive fields on the rostral third of the ipsilateral body surface including the face; 14% had fields on the thorax or abdomen, 33% had fields on the hindlimb or tail, and about 3% had receptive fields larger than one limb. 2. The LCN was observed to be somatotopically organized in experiments using angled microelectrode penetrations. Hindlimb units were dorsolateral, forelimb units ventromedial, and face units most medial within the LCN. In regions where LCN cells were present only in the medial portion of the dorsolateral funiculus, they were all forelimb units. 3. A special subpopulation (17%) of cells were clustered most ventromedially in the LCN. These units had large or disjoint receptive fields, and/or responded to deep, visceral, or noxious stimulation. A third of these did not project in the medial lemniscus (ML); many were synaptically activated by stimulation of the ML. Those that did project in the ML had significantly longer latencies than all other LCN units. It is suggested that this subpopulation contains local LCN interneurons. 4. The specific mechanoreceptor inputs were identified for each of 121 projecting LCN units. Receptor inputs were uniform across each receptive field; that is, each unit that responded to a given receptor type was observed to respond to receptors of that type throughout its receptive field. Input from large-fiber-diameter, velocity-sensitive mechanoreceptors was predominant. The absence of input from slowly adapting type I and II receptors and from joint receptors was confirmed. A significant number of units (17.3%) could be driven by only one receptor type. The LCN sample profile agrees closely with the receptor representation in the hindlimb portion of the spinocervical tract. It is concluded that these data that anatomic specification of convergence occurs in the LCN with respect to receptor connectivity, and that this specification originates in lamina IV of the dorsal horn. 5. Stimulation of the dorsal column nuclei synaptically excited 23% of the LCN units tested. In two cases it was possible to demonstrate, by collision, that this occurred via collaterals of spinocervical tract axons. It is concluded that some spinocervical axons have collaterals terminating in the rostral parts of the dorsal column nuclei.", "contents": "Lateral cervical nucleus in the cat: functional organization and characteristics. 1. The lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) was investigated with extracellular recordings in the anesthetized cat. A total of 556 LCN units were characterized; the locations of most of these were histologically verified. Half of these had receptive fields on the rostral third of the ipsilateral body surface including the face; 14% had fields on the thorax or abdomen, 33% had fields on the hindlimb or tail, and about 3% had receptive fields larger than one limb. 2. The LCN was observed to be somatotopically organized in experiments using angled microelectrode penetrations. Hindlimb units were dorsolateral, forelimb units ventromedial, and face units most medial within the LCN. In regions where LCN cells were present only in the medial portion of the dorsolateral funiculus, they were all forelimb units. 3. A special subpopulation (17%) of cells were clustered most ventromedially in the LCN. These units had large or disjoint receptive fields, and/or responded to deep, visceral, or noxious stimulation. A third of these did not project in the medial lemniscus (ML); many were synaptically activated by stimulation of the ML. Those that did project in the ML had significantly longer latencies than all other LCN units. It is suggested that this subpopulation contains local LCN interneurons. 4. The specific mechanoreceptor inputs were identified for each of 121 projecting LCN units. Receptor inputs were uniform across each receptive field; that is, each unit that responded to a given receptor type was observed to respond to receptors of that type throughout its receptive field. Input from large-fiber-diameter, velocity-sensitive mechanoreceptors was predominant. The absence of input from slowly adapting type I and II receptors and from joint receptors was confirmed. A significant number of units (17.3%) could be driven by only one receptor type. The LCN sample profile agrees closely with the receptor representation in the hindlimb portion of the spinocervical tract. It is concluded that these data that anatomic specification of convergence occurs in the LCN with respect to receptor connectivity, and that this specification originates in lamina IV of the dorsal horn. 5. Stimulation of the dorsal column nuclei synaptically excited 23% of the LCN units tested. In two cases it was possible to demonstrate, by collision, that this occurred via collaterals of spinocervical tract axons. It is concluded that some spinocervical axons have collaterals terminating in the rostral parts of the dorsal column nuclei.", "PMID": 731288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_702", "title": "Functional characteristics of cochlear nucleus in behaving cat examined by acoustic masking of electrical stimuli.", "content": "1. Cats were trained, using an operant procedure, to detect and respond to electrical stimulation delivered in the vicinity of the cochlear nucleus. The electrical stimuli were presented both in silence and in synchrony with repeated noise bursts to determine whether detection thresholds for the electrical stimuli were elevated by the acoustic masking noise. 2. For stimulation sites centered within auditory structures (cochlear nucleus or acoustic nerve root), the acoustic maskers caused a consistent elevation of the electrical detection thresholds. For stimulation sites that were in or bordered on nonacoustic neural structures (e.g., vestibular), the acoustic maskers caused little or no elevation of electrical detection thresholds. 3. The magnitude of the acoustic masking effect was monotonically related to the intensity of the acoustic masker across the range of intensities tested. 4. The magnitude of the masking effect was strongly dependent on the relative timing of the stimulus pulse and the masker noise burst. Maximum masking occurred when the pulse just followed the onset of the neural activity in cochlear nucleus evoked by the masker burst. Less masking occurred when the electrical pulse occurred at the middle or end of the masker burst, and still less when the pulse occurred just prior to the onset (backward masking) or just after the offset (forward masking) of the masker burst. 5. The magnitude of the masking effect also depended on the frequency of the acoustic masker. For tone bursts, masking was maximal for each electrode at a particular frequency and declined monotonically for masker frequencies above or below the optimal frequency. 6. It is concluded that the masking of an electrical stimulus by an acoustic stimulus depends on a direct interaction between the neural responses evoked by the two stimuli, and that similar central, neural interactions may contribute to acoustic masking of acoustic stimuli. It is also concluded that the technique of masking an electrical stimulus by an acoustical stimulus is a precise and useful tool for the study of sensory-neural organization in intact behaving animals.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of cochlear nucleus in behaving cat examined by acoustic masking of electrical stimuli. 1. Cats were trained, using an operant procedure, to detect and respond to electrical stimulation delivered in the vicinity of the cochlear nucleus. The electrical stimuli were presented both in silence and in synchrony with repeated noise bursts to determine whether detection thresholds for the electrical stimuli were elevated by the acoustic masking noise. 2. For stimulation sites centered within auditory structures (cochlear nucleus or acoustic nerve root), the acoustic maskers caused a consistent elevation of the electrical detection thresholds. For stimulation sites that were in or bordered on nonacoustic neural structures (e.g., vestibular), the acoustic maskers caused little or no elevation of electrical detection thresholds. 3. The magnitude of the acoustic masking effect was monotonically related to the intensity of the acoustic masker across the range of intensities tested. 4. The magnitude of the masking effect was strongly dependent on the relative timing of the stimulus pulse and the masker noise burst. Maximum masking occurred when the pulse just followed the onset of the neural activity in cochlear nucleus evoked by the masker burst. Less masking occurred when the electrical pulse occurred at the middle or end of the masker burst, and still less when the pulse occurred just prior to the onset (backward masking) or just after the offset (forward masking) of the masker burst. 5. The magnitude of the masking effect also depended on the frequency of the acoustic masker. For tone bursts, masking was maximal for each electrode at a particular frequency and declined monotonically for masker frequencies above or below the optimal frequency. 6. It is concluded that the masking of an electrical stimulus by an acoustic stimulus depends on a direct interaction between the neural responses evoked by the two stimuli, and that similar central, neural interactions may contribute to acoustic masking of acoustic stimuli. It is also concluded that the technique of masking an electrical stimulus by an acoustical stimulus is a precise and useful tool for the study of sensory-neural organization in intact behaving animals.", "PMID": 731289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_703", "title": "Signs of functional maturation of peripheral auditory system in discharge patterns of neurons in anteroventral cochlear nucleus of kitten.", "content": "1. Responses to pure tones were recorded from single neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) in kittens ranging in age from 4 to 45 days. Different response properties mature at different times after birth. 2. The shapes of response areas of AVCN neurons after the 1st postnatal week resemble those recorded in the AVCN and auditory nerve of the adult. During the 1st wk after birth the high-frequency portion of the response area is extended. Phase-locked responses to stimulus frequencies below about 600 Hz occur at this time. Phase vs. frequency measurements and shapes of response areas indicate that by the end of the 1st postnatal week the cochlear partition may be capable of supporting a traveling wave along most of its length. 3. Functional development proceeds through a second phase which lasts until the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd wk of life. During that time threshold, maximal discharge rate, and average first-spike latency achieve adult values. 4. Phase-locking to low-frequency tones, to the extent displayed by phase-sensitive neurons in the adult AVCN or auditory nerve, is achieved last, after the 3rd or 4th wk postpartum.", "contents": "Signs of functional maturation of peripheral auditory system in discharge patterns of neurons in anteroventral cochlear nucleus of kitten. 1. Responses to pure tones were recorded from single neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) in kittens ranging in age from 4 to 45 days. Different response properties mature at different times after birth. 2. The shapes of response areas of AVCN neurons after the 1st postnatal week resemble those recorded in the AVCN and auditory nerve of the adult. During the 1st wk after birth the high-frequency portion of the response area is extended. Phase-locked responses to stimulus frequencies below about 600 Hz occur at this time. Phase vs. frequency measurements and shapes of response areas indicate that by the end of the 1st postnatal week the cochlear partition may be capable of supporting a traveling wave along most of its length. 3. Functional development proceeds through a second phase which lasts until the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd wk of life. During that time threshold, maximal discharge rate, and average first-spike latency achieve adult values. 4. Phase-locking to low-frequency tones, to the extent displayed by phase-sensitive neurons in the adult AVCN or auditory nerve, is achieved last, after the 3rd or 4th wk postpartum.", "PMID": 731290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_704", "title": "Controlled locomotion in the mesencephalic cat: distribution of facilitatory and inhibitory regions within pontine tegmentum.", "content": "1. The contribution of postural tonus to controlled locomotion elicited by the stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was studied in the acute precolicular-postmammillary decerebrate (mesencephalic) cat. 2. A microelectrode was placed in the unilateral MLR and another was placed systematically at 1-mm increments throughout the pons (H--4 to H--1O) at level ranging from P2 to P11 dorsoventrally and mediolaterally from 0 to L or R6. Depending on the general condition of the animal, stimuli through this second electrode were delivered preceding, succeeding, or simultaneous with the MLR stimulation. 3. Stimulation of the ventral part of the caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--6 to H--8) increased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs, as assessed by recording muscle activity. Concomitant stimulation of this region converted MLR-elicited hindlimb stepping to coordinated four-legged locomotion and also elicited locomotion even when stimulation of the MLR alone failed to elicit locomotion. Stimulation of this ventral tegmental region alone at a larger stimulus intensity elicited spastic locomotor movements associated with a substantial increase in extensor tonus. 4. Stimulation of the lateral tegmented field surrounding the pontine locomotor region (PLR) also facilitated MLR effects, but had a relatively weaker facilitatory effect on postural tonus then stimulation of the ventrocaudal tegmental field. PLR stimulation alone was also ineffective when postural tonus was not well maintained. 5 Stimulation of the dorsal part of caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--4 to H--6) in its midline dramatically decreased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs. MLR-elicited controlled locomotion was completely suppressed during concomitant stimulation of this inhibitory region. 6. These results indicated clearly that the degree of existing postural tonus greatly affects MLR-elicited locomotor movements and that an increase in postural tonus and an activation of the spinal stepping generator are not separate phenomenia.", "contents": "Controlled locomotion in the mesencephalic cat: distribution of facilitatory and inhibitory regions within pontine tegmentum. 1. The contribution of postural tonus to controlled locomotion elicited by the stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was studied in the acute precolicular-postmammillary decerebrate (mesencephalic) cat. 2. A microelectrode was placed in the unilateral MLR and another was placed systematically at 1-mm increments throughout the pons (H--4 to H--1O) at level ranging from P2 to P11 dorsoventrally and mediolaterally from 0 to L or R6. Depending on the general condition of the animal, stimuli through this second electrode were delivered preceding, succeeding, or simultaneous with the MLR stimulation. 3. Stimulation of the ventral part of the caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--6 to H--8) increased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs, as assessed by recording muscle activity. Concomitant stimulation of this region converted MLR-elicited hindlimb stepping to coordinated four-legged locomotion and also elicited locomotion even when stimulation of the MLR alone failed to elicit locomotion. Stimulation of this ventral tegmental region alone at a larger stimulus intensity elicited spastic locomotor movements associated with a substantial increase in extensor tonus. 4. Stimulation of the lateral tegmented field surrounding the pontine locomotor region (PLR) also facilitated MLR effects, but had a relatively weaker facilitatory effect on postural tonus then stimulation of the ventrocaudal tegmental field. PLR stimulation alone was also ineffective when postural tonus was not well maintained. 5 Stimulation of the dorsal part of caudal tegmental field (P3 to P9, H--4 to H--6) in its midline dramatically decreased extensor tonus of the hindlimbs. MLR-elicited controlled locomotion was completely suppressed during concomitant stimulation of this inhibitory region. 6. These results indicated clearly that the degree of existing postural tonus greatly affects MLR-elicited locomotor movements and that an increase in postural tonus and an activation of the spinal stepping generator are not separate phenomenia.", "PMID": 731291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_705", "title": "Nociceptive responses of neurons in medial thalamus and their relationship to spinothalamic pathways.", "content": "1. An extracellular study of the cat medial thalamus has revealed four types of somatosensory neurons. These were located primarily in the n. parafascicularis, n. subparafascicularis, and n. centralis lateralis; none were found in the n. centrum medianum. There was no functional segregation of neurons within each nucleus or between nuclei. Each type of neuron had large and often bilateral receptive areas. No somatotopic organization of neurons was found within the medial thalamus. 2. Noxious (N) and noxious-tap (NT) neurons comprising 72% of the sample (78 of 109 total) were considered to be nociceptive. N cells responded exclusively to noxious mechanical stimulation of skin, muscle fascia, tendons, and joints, and to direct stimulation of A-delta- and C-fiber groups in cutaneous, articular, and muscle nerves. NT cells responded to noxious and tap stimulation in a differential manner and to stimulation of the entire spectrum of A- and C-fibers. N and NT cells accurately signaled the duration of noxious mechanical stimulation. Their nociceptive responses were also graded as a function of both noxious stimulus intensity and the number of activated A-delta- and C-fibers. Stimulation of A- and C-fibers evoked, respectively, an inital burst and a late burst of discharges. A brief period of inhibition intervened between the initial and late bursts of NT cells. Prolonged afterdischarge was often observed following noxious natural stimulation or stimulation of A-delta- and C-fibers. The phenomenon of discharge \"windup\" was observed during iterative stimulation of C-fibers. 3. Tap (T) neurons (10%) responded only to brisk but innocuous taps applied to skin or underlying tissue. These cells were driven only by activation of A-alpha- and A-beta-fibers. The response to such stimulation was seen as an initial burst of discharges followed by an inhibitory period. 4. Inhibited (I) neurons (18%) had resting discharges that were inhibited by noxious stimuli and stimulation of A-beta- and C-fiber groups. 5. The results obtained from monitoring the peripherally evoked responses of nociceptive N and NT neurons before and after selective lesions of the spinal cord strongly suggested that the spinothalamic tracts were the only spinal projections mediating A- and C-fiber input to these cells. Each spinothalamic tract apparently carried information originating from both sides of the body.", "contents": "Nociceptive responses of neurons in medial thalamus and their relationship to spinothalamic pathways. 1. An extracellular study of the cat medial thalamus has revealed four types of somatosensory neurons. These were located primarily in the n. parafascicularis, n. subparafascicularis, and n. centralis lateralis; none were found in the n. centrum medianum. There was no functional segregation of neurons within each nucleus or between nuclei. Each type of neuron had large and often bilateral receptive areas. No somatotopic organization of neurons was found within the medial thalamus. 2. Noxious (N) and noxious-tap (NT) neurons comprising 72% of the sample (78 of 109 total) were considered to be nociceptive. N cells responded exclusively to noxious mechanical stimulation of skin, muscle fascia, tendons, and joints, and to direct stimulation of A-delta- and C-fiber groups in cutaneous, articular, and muscle nerves. NT cells responded to noxious and tap stimulation in a differential manner and to stimulation of the entire spectrum of A- and C-fibers. N and NT cells accurately signaled the duration of noxious mechanical stimulation. Their nociceptive responses were also graded as a function of both noxious stimulus intensity and the number of activated A-delta- and C-fibers. Stimulation of A- and C-fibers evoked, respectively, an inital burst and a late burst of discharges. A brief period of inhibition intervened between the initial and late bursts of NT cells. Prolonged afterdischarge was often observed following noxious natural stimulation or stimulation of A-delta- and C-fibers. The phenomenon of discharge \"windup\" was observed during iterative stimulation of C-fibers. 3. Tap (T) neurons (10%) responded only to brisk but innocuous taps applied to skin or underlying tissue. These cells were driven only by activation of A-alpha- and A-beta-fibers. The response to such stimulation was seen as an initial burst of discharges followed by an inhibitory period. 4. Inhibited (I) neurons (18%) had resting discharges that were inhibited by noxious stimuli and stimulation of A-beta- and C-fiber groups. 5. The results obtained from monitoring the peripherally evoked responses of nociceptive N and NT neurons before and after selective lesions of the spinal cord strongly suggested that the spinothalamic tracts were the only spinal projections mediating A- and C-fiber input to these cells. Each spinothalamic tract apparently carried information originating from both sides of the body.", "PMID": 731292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_706", "title": "Excitatory termination of abducens internuclear neurons on medial rectus motoneurons: relationship to syndrome of internuclear ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "1. Field potentials and intracellular records were obtained from the medial rectus subdivision of the IIIrd nucleus in anesthetized cats following electrical stimulation of the abducens nuclei, vestibular nerves, pontomedullary brain stem, and the medial longitudinal fasciculi (MLF). 2. Stimulation of the contralateral abducens nucleus produced unique field potentials in the medial rectus subdivision. They consisted of an early sharp transient volley followed by a slower postsynaptic negativity. 3. Monosynaptic EPSPs were evoked in medial rectus motoneurons following contralateral abducens nucleus stimulation. The EPSP amplitudes were graded when the stimulus intensity was increased from threshold to supramaximal. EPSPs produced by contralateral abducens nucleus stimulation were larger in amplitude than those produced by ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation. The current-voltage relationship and reversal potentials for Vi- and abducens-evoked EPSPs were similar and indicated an overlapping location of excitatory synaptic terminals on medial rectus motoneurons. 4. Secondary vestibular axons activated monosynaptically by ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation were not recruited by abducens nucleus stimulation. 5. Ipsilateral MLF stimulation produced EPSPs with similar profiles as those observed following abducens nucleus stimulation; however, stimulation of the contralateral MLF at comparable stimulus intensities did not produce any changes in transmembrane potential. 6. When higher intensity stimuli were applied to the contralateral MLF, the synaptic potentials recorded in the medial rectus were occluded by those produced by weaker stimulation applied to the ipsilateral MLF. This suggests that the potentials resulting from stronger contralateral stimulation were due to current spread to the ipsilateral MLF. 7. While recording in the medial rectus subdivision, various sites in the ponto-medullary brain stem were explored with a stimulating electrode. Analysis of evoked field potentials suggested that the ascending internuclear axons were contained only in the MLF ipsilateral to the medial rectus. Acute brain stem lesions confirmed this suggestion. 8. Chronic lesions were placed in the brain stem to isolate the abducens nucleus from either extrinsic fibers of passage or axon collaterals. Acute electrophysiological experiments in these chronic animals corroborated the suggestion that the medial rectus pathway originated from within the abducens nucleus. 9. We conclude that axons from the internuclear neurons of the abducens nucleus exit from the nucleus medially, cross the midline, ascend in the opposite MLF, and terminate monosynaptically on medial rectus motoneurons. 10. we believe that the syndrome of internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated clinically with lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus could be due to the absence of ascending physiological activity from internuclear neurons of the abducens nucleus.", "contents": "Excitatory termination of abducens internuclear neurons on medial rectus motoneurons: relationship to syndrome of internuclear ophthalmoplegia. 1. Field potentials and intracellular records were obtained from the medial rectus subdivision of the IIIrd nucleus in anesthetized cats following electrical stimulation of the abducens nuclei, vestibular nerves, pontomedullary brain stem, and the medial longitudinal fasciculi (MLF). 2. Stimulation of the contralateral abducens nucleus produced unique field potentials in the medial rectus subdivision. They consisted of an early sharp transient volley followed by a slower postsynaptic negativity. 3. Monosynaptic EPSPs were evoked in medial rectus motoneurons following contralateral abducens nucleus stimulation. The EPSP amplitudes were graded when the stimulus intensity was increased from threshold to supramaximal. EPSPs produced by contralateral abducens nucleus stimulation were larger in amplitude than those produced by ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation. The current-voltage relationship and reversal potentials for Vi- and abducens-evoked EPSPs were similar and indicated an overlapping location of excitatory synaptic terminals on medial rectus motoneurons. 4. Secondary vestibular axons activated monosynaptically by ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation were not recruited by abducens nucleus stimulation. 5. Ipsilateral MLF stimulation produced EPSPs with similar profiles as those observed following abducens nucleus stimulation; however, stimulation of the contralateral MLF at comparable stimulus intensities did not produce any changes in transmembrane potential. 6. When higher intensity stimuli were applied to the contralateral MLF, the synaptic potentials recorded in the medial rectus were occluded by those produced by weaker stimulation applied to the ipsilateral MLF. This suggests that the potentials resulting from stronger contralateral stimulation were due to current spread to the ipsilateral MLF. 7. While recording in the medial rectus subdivision, various sites in the ponto-medullary brain stem were explored with a stimulating electrode. Analysis of evoked field potentials suggested that the ascending internuclear axons were contained only in the MLF ipsilateral to the medial rectus. Acute brain stem lesions confirmed this suggestion. 8. Chronic lesions were placed in the brain stem to isolate the abducens nucleus from either extrinsic fibers of passage or axon collaterals. Acute electrophysiological experiments in these chronic animals corroborated the suggestion that the medial rectus pathway originated from within the abducens nucleus. 9. We conclude that axons from the internuclear neurons of the abducens nucleus exit from the nucleus medially, cross the midline, ascend in the opposite MLF, and terminate monosynaptically on medial rectus motoneurons. 10. we believe that the syndrome of internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated clinically with lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus could be due to the absence of ascending physiological activity from internuclear neurons of the abducens nucleus.", "PMID": 731294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_707", "title": "Response properties and electrical constants of caudate nucleus neurons in the cat.", "content": "1. Response properties and passive electrical constants were assessed for caudate nucleus neurons in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. The neurons studied were those which could be monosynaptically excited by substantia nigra and thalamic (centromedian-parafascicular) stimulation. 2. Input resistance and membrane time constant were estimated from the plateau value and time course, respectively, of the neuronal membrane response to intracellularly applied current pulses. The average values obtained were 16.5 Momega and 11.3 ms. Specific resistance and capacitance values were calculated. 3. Single or repetitive spikes were readily evoked by nigral or thalamic stimuli or by the application of direct depolarizing currents. Spike thresholds were higher for direct than for synaptic activation (7.2 vs. 5.6 mV). 4. Direct depolarizing stimuli with durations up to 600 ms elicited repetitive discharge with little adaptation of firing rate. The maximum discharge rates induced by direct stimuli were near 200 spikes per second. 5. The intracellular application of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) produced spike-prolongation effects in caudate neurons that were similar to the effects reported for other nerve membrane. 6. The probable identity of the recorded neurons as medium spiny neurons was discussed and, in addition, it was proposed that the characteristic silence of these cells is not likely due to intrinsic membrane specialization.", "contents": "Response properties and electrical constants of caudate nucleus neurons in the cat. 1. Response properties and passive electrical constants were assessed for caudate nucleus neurons in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. The neurons studied were those which could be monosynaptically excited by substantia nigra and thalamic (centromedian-parafascicular) stimulation. 2. Input resistance and membrane time constant were estimated from the plateau value and time course, respectively, of the neuronal membrane response to intracellularly applied current pulses. The average values obtained were 16.5 Momega and 11.3 ms. Specific resistance and capacitance values were calculated. 3. Single or repetitive spikes were readily evoked by nigral or thalamic stimuli or by the application of direct depolarizing currents. Spike thresholds were higher for direct than for synaptic activation (7.2 vs. 5.6 mV). 4. Direct depolarizing stimuli with durations up to 600 ms elicited repetitive discharge with little adaptation of firing rate. The maximum discharge rates induced by direct stimuli were near 200 spikes per second. 5. The intracellular application of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) produced spike-prolongation effects in caudate neurons that were similar to the effects reported for other nerve membrane. 6. The probable identity of the recorded neurons as medium spiny neurons was discussed and, in addition, it was proposed that the characteristic silence of these cells is not likely due to intrinsic membrane specialization.", "PMID": 731295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_708", "title": "The rhetoric of specialization. The 1978 Harvey Cushing oration.", "content": "The 1978 Cushing Orator shows the role of rhetoric in the process by which various specialties change in response to sociological and legislative demands. He discusses the effect of applying concepts of restraint of trade to medicine, and welcomes a closer liaison through the American College of Surgeons between general surgeons and other surgical specialties.", "contents": "The rhetoric of specialization. The 1978 Harvey Cushing oration. The 1978 Cushing Orator shows the role of rhetoric in the process by which various specialties change in response to sociological and legislative demands. He discusses the effect of applying concepts of restraint of trade to medicine, and welcomes a closer liaison through the American College of Surgeons between general surgeons and other surgical specialties.", "PMID": 731296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_709", "title": "Management of 136 consecutive supratentorial berry aneurysms.", "content": "A series of 103 consecutive cases admitted to the University of Chicago Hospitals with a recently ruptured supratentorial aneurysm were medically managed by antifibrinolytic medication, and, when applicable, by hypotension, intracranial pressure control, and respiratory support. Nine patients deteriorated and died, and six rebled and died before they were judged fit for surgical treatment. Four were treated by carotid occlusion. Nine, because of refusal or medical judgment, did not have surgical treatment. Sixty-nine of these patients and a further 33, electively admitted, underwent craniotomy. In these 102 patients, there was no mortality. Seven developed postoperative hemiparesis or hemiplegia. Six recovered. One has a residual monoparesis.", "contents": "Management of 136 consecutive supratentorial berry aneurysms. A series of 103 consecutive cases admitted to the University of Chicago Hospitals with a recently ruptured supratentorial aneurysm were medically managed by antifibrinolytic medication, and, when applicable, by hypotension, intracranial pressure control, and respiratory support. Nine patients deteriorated and died, and six rebled and died before they were judged fit for surgical treatment. Four were treated by carotid occlusion. Nine, because of refusal or medical judgment, did not have surgical treatment. Sixty-nine of these patients and a further 33, electively admitted, underwent craniotomy. In these 102 patients, there was no mortality. Seven developed postoperative hemiparesis or hemiplegia. Six recovered. One has a residual monoparesis.", "PMID": 731297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_710", "title": "An investigation with serial angiography into the evolution of cerebral arterial spasm following aneurysm surgery.", "content": "Serial postoperative angiograms were performed in 28 patients with intracranial aneurysms, 26 of whom had presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The clinical state and intracranial pressure (ICP) were also measured. Angiograms were performed in the ward using a cannula, which was passed into the proximal external carotid artery via the superficial temporal artery. Measurements of the vessel diameters were made, with the preoperative angiogram as a baseline. Patients could be placed into one of five groups depending on the presence or absence of significant arterial spasm, the clinical state of the patient, and the normality or otherwise of the ICP. No patient's condition deteriorated without an elevated ICP and/or significant arterial spasm. The study shows that this spasm is usually associated with a poor clinical state if it reaches a maximum 8 to 12 hours after the operation, although the clinical deterioration is not apparent for a further 6 to 12 hours. Knowledge of the natural history of postoperative arterial spasm may allow earlier treatment of the spasm, which may be more successful than delaying treatment until clinical deterioration has occurred. The worth of the varied drugs proposed for the treatment of spasm may be assessed using this type of protocol.", "contents": "An investigation with serial angiography into the evolution of cerebral arterial spasm following aneurysm surgery. Serial postoperative angiograms were performed in 28 patients with intracranial aneurysms, 26 of whom had presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The clinical state and intracranial pressure (ICP) were also measured. Angiograms were performed in the ward using a cannula, which was passed into the proximal external carotid artery via the superficial temporal artery. Measurements of the vessel diameters were made, with the preoperative angiogram as a baseline. Patients could be placed into one of five groups depending on the presence or absence of significant arterial spasm, the clinical state of the patient, and the normality or otherwise of the ICP. No patient's condition deteriorated without an elevated ICP and/or significant arterial spasm. The study shows that this spasm is usually associated with a poor clinical state if it reaches a maximum 8 to 12 hours after the operation, although the clinical deterioration is not apparent for a further 6 to 12 hours. Knowledge of the natural history of postoperative arterial spasm may allow earlier treatment of the spasm, which may be more successful than delaying treatment until clinical deterioration has occurred. The worth of the varied drugs proposed for the treatment of spasm may be assessed using this type of protocol.", "PMID": 731298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_711", "title": "Foramen magnum tumors. Analysis of 57 cases of benign extramedullary tumors.", "content": "This study involved 57 patients with benign extramedullary tumors of the foramen magnum (19 neurinomas, 37 meningiomas, and one teratoma), who were operated on between 1957 and 1976. The 37 meningiomas represented 3.2% of 1139 meningiomas of the neuraxis. The initial neurological examinations of about half of these patients were unremarkable. The clinical presentation of tumors of the foramen magnum frequently mimics multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis, intramedullary tumor, syrinx, carpal tunnel syndrome, and even normal-pressure hydrocephalus. All operations were performed through a posterior approach, and two surgical deaths (3.5%) were recorded. No surgery for recurring of tumor was recorded. The follow-up review of 56 patients (98.2%) showed good functional results if the tumor was detected before severe neurological deficits occurred. The possible mechanism of the sensory symptoms and muscle atrophy of the hands is discussed, and the electromyographic findings are reviewed.", "contents": "Foramen magnum tumors. Analysis of 57 cases of benign extramedullary tumors. This study involved 57 patients with benign extramedullary tumors of the foramen magnum (19 neurinomas, 37 meningiomas, and one teratoma), who were operated on between 1957 and 1976. The 37 meningiomas represented 3.2% of 1139 meningiomas of the neuraxis. The initial neurological examinations of about half of these patients were unremarkable. The clinical presentation of tumors of the foramen magnum frequently mimics multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis, intramedullary tumor, syrinx, carpal tunnel syndrome, and even normal-pressure hydrocephalus. All operations were performed through a posterior approach, and two surgical deaths (3.5%) were recorded. No surgery for recurring of tumor was recorded. The follow-up review of 56 patients (98.2%) showed good functional results if the tumor was detected before severe neurological deficits occurred. The possible mechanism of the sensory symptoms and muscle atrophy of the hands is discussed, and the electromyographic findings are reviewed.", "PMID": 731299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_712", "title": "The neurosurgical management of spinal metastases causing cord and cauda equina compression.", "content": "The authors report a series of 100 consecutive patients with spinal metastases causing cord or cauda equine compression, who were treated with surgical decompression. Of these, 30% (all women) had breast cancer. The most common primary neoplasm in man was prostatic carcinoma. Pain was the earliest and most prominant symptom, followed by weakness. Bladder dysfunction was recorded in 40 patients. The thoracic region was the most common site of cord compression (76 patients). Surgical treatment involved urgent and extensive laminectomy decompression. Concomitant spinal stabilization was required in 10 cases, involving posterior rib graft fusion in seven and Harrington rod instrumentation in three. At last follow-up review, 29 of these patients were living with an average postoperative survival of 2.3 years; 71 patients had died with an average survival of 8.8 months. Surgical decompression produced effective pain relief in 70% of the patients. Postoperatively, 58 patients could walk; of these, 40 were walking and continent of urine 6 months following surgery (including five patients who were totally paraplegic on admission). Positive approach and aggressive management in this problem can achieve results superior to those generally reflected in the literature.", "contents": "The neurosurgical management of spinal metastases causing cord and cauda equina compression. The authors report a series of 100 consecutive patients with spinal metastases causing cord or cauda equine compression, who were treated with surgical decompression. Of these, 30% (all women) had breast cancer. The most common primary neoplasm in man was prostatic carcinoma. Pain was the earliest and most prominant symptom, followed by weakness. Bladder dysfunction was recorded in 40 patients. The thoracic region was the most common site of cord compression (76 patients). Surgical treatment involved urgent and extensive laminectomy decompression. Concomitant spinal stabilization was required in 10 cases, involving posterior rib graft fusion in seven and Harrington rod instrumentation in three. At last follow-up review, 29 of these patients were living with an average postoperative survival of 2.3 years; 71 patients had died with an average survival of 8.8 months. Surgical decompression produced effective pain relief in 70% of the patients. Postoperatively, 58 patients could walk; of these, 40 were walking and continent of urine 6 months following surgery (including five patients who were totally paraplegic on admission). Positive approach and aggressive management in this problem can achieve results superior to those generally reflected in the literature.", "PMID": 731300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_713", "title": "Regional spinal cord blood flow in rats after severe cord trauma.", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in 12 albino rats following acute cord injury produced by the extradural clip compression technique. Severe injury was produced with the clip compressing the cord with a force of 180 gm for 5 minutes, an injury previously shown to produce a severe functional deficit. Regional SCBF was measured 15 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours after injury by the 14C-antipyrine autoradiographic technique and a scanning microscope photometer. At 15 minutes and 2 hours, white and gray matter blood flow was severely diminished, and, at 24 hours, there was only minimal improvement. Focal decreases in blood flow were seen in white and gray matter for a considerable distance proximal and distal to the site of cord trauma. Thus, it has been confirmed in this model that severe cord compression injury produces severe posttraumatic ischemia in the cord which lasts for at least 24 hours.", "contents": "Regional spinal cord blood flow in rats after severe cord trauma. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in 12 albino rats following acute cord injury produced by the extradural clip compression technique. Severe injury was produced with the clip compressing the cord with a force of 180 gm for 5 minutes, an injury previously shown to produce a severe functional deficit. Regional SCBF was measured 15 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours after injury by the 14C-antipyrine autoradiographic technique and a scanning microscope photometer. At 15 minutes and 2 hours, white and gray matter blood flow was severely diminished, and, at 24 hours, there was only minimal improvement. Focal decreases in blood flow were seen in white and gray matter for a considerable distance proximal and distal to the site of cord trauma. Thus, it has been confirmed in this model that severe cord compression injury produces severe posttraumatic ischemia in the cord which lasts for at least 24 hours.", "PMID": 731301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_714", "title": "Lymphocytic infiltrates in primary glioblastomas and recidivous gliomas. Incidence, fate, and relevance to prognosis in 228 operated cases.", "content": "The correlation existing in several human malignancies between lymphocytic infiltration and prolonged survival prompted this study. Two hundred selected patients who were operated on for glioblastoma were reviewed to investigate the incidence of the lymphocytic infiltration in the histological slides and its possible relevance to a better clinical course. The group that exhibited a definite lymphocytic infiltration (Group A, 11.5%) had a significantly longer preoperative history and postoperative survival (p less than 0.01) than the other two groups that presented slight or no infiltration (Group B, 23%, and Group C, 65%, respectively). In addition, biopsies of 28 recidivous gliomas were reviewed to study the fate of this lymphocytic infiltration in relation to time and therapy, such as irradiation and steroids which are known to depress the immune response. The authors found that severe lymphocytic infiltration is a rare immunobiological reaction which significantly improves the prognosis of a malignant brain tumor and seems not to be influenced by time, local x-ray therapy, or steroids.", "contents": "Lymphocytic infiltrates in primary glioblastomas and recidivous gliomas. Incidence, fate, and relevance to prognosis in 228 operated cases. The correlation existing in several human malignancies between lymphocytic infiltration and prolonged survival prompted this study. Two hundred selected patients who were operated on for glioblastoma were reviewed to investigate the incidence of the lymphocytic infiltration in the histological slides and its possible relevance to a better clinical course. The group that exhibited a definite lymphocytic infiltration (Group A, 11.5%) had a significantly longer preoperative history and postoperative survival (p less than 0.01) than the other two groups that presented slight or no infiltration (Group B, 23%, and Group C, 65%, respectively). In addition, biopsies of 28 recidivous gliomas were reviewed to study the fate of this lymphocytic infiltration in relation to time and therapy, such as irradiation and steroids which are known to depress the immune response. The authors found that severe lymphocytic infiltration is a rare immunobiological reaction which significantly improves the prognosis of a malignant brain tumor and seems not to be influenced by time, local x-ray therapy, or steroids.", "PMID": 731302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_715", "title": "Catecholamine response to intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, and edema, produced in the experimental animal by various methods of disturbing the central nervous system, have led to the concept that such neurogenically-initiated changes are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Blocking the sympathetic nervous mechanisms prevents these changes. Little is found concerning the expected role of catecholamines. In this study, using a standard model of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), intense cardiovascular changes, with blood pressure rising above 320 mm Hg and heart rate of 180 beats per minute, were noted. Within seconds, plasma catecholamine levels rose as much as 1200 times the highest normal values for epinephrine, 145 times for norepinephrine, and 35 times for dopamine. These changes occurred only when raised ICP was sustained and spatial compensation of the brain was exceeded. It is not unlikely that these events are related not only to increased ICP, but also to the effects of physical distortion of the brain stem with structural, functional, and vascular alterations within it.", "contents": "Catecholamine response to intracranial hypertension. Pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, and edema, produced in the experimental animal by various methods of disturbing the central nervous system, have led to the concept that such neurogenically-initiated changes are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Blocking the sympathetic nervous mechanisms prevents these changes. Little is found concerning the expected role of catecholamines. In this study, using a standard model of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), intense cardiovascular changes, with blood pressure rising above 320 mm Hg and heart rate of 180 beats per minute, were noted. Within seconds, plasma catecholamine levels rose as much as 1200 times the highest normal values for epinephrine, 145 times for norepinephrine, and 35 times for dopamine. These changes occurred only when raised ICP was sustained and spatial compensation of the brain was exceeded. It is not unlikely that these events are related not only to increased ICP, but also to the effects of physical distortion of the brain stem with structural, functional, and vascular alterations within it.", "PMID": 731303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_716", "title": "Prophylaxis of postmyelogram headaches.", "content": "One hundred patients undergoing myelography received prophylactic autologous epidural blood patches to prevent postmyelogram headache. The results indicate a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of this problem compared to a control group, without any significant side effects.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of postmyelogram headaches. One hundred patients undergoing myelography received prophylactic autologous epidural blood patches to prevent postmyelogram headache. The results indicate a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of this problem compared to a control group, without any significant side effects.", "PMID": 731304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_717", "title": "Exploration of selected brachial plexus lesions by the posterior subscapular approach.", "content": "The application of an old surgical technique, previously employed for treatment of thoracic outlet syndromes, to lesions of the brachial plexus is discussed. Positioning of the patient, the surgical procedure, and selected indications for a posterior subscapular approach with resection of the first rib are discussed. The indications for the use of this approach are: proximal plexus lesions involving roots and/or trunks believed to be repairable, complicated thoracic outlet syndromes, prior anterior exploration for vascular or nervous structure disease, and progressive plexus palsy associated with damage to the soft tissue of the anterior chest wall and supraclavicular regions secondary to irradiation. The authors' experience to date with 12 such cases is presented in chart form, while five cases are presented in some detail.", "contents": "Exploration of selected brachial plexus lesions by the posterior subscapular approach. The application of an old surgical technique, previously employed for treatment of thoracic outlet syndromes, to lesions of the brachial plexus is discussed. Positioning of the patient, the surgical procedure, and selected indications for a posterior subscapular approach with resection of the first rib are discussed. The indications for the use of this approach are: proximal plexus lesions involving roots and/or trunks believed to be repairable, complicated thoracic outlet syndromes, prior anterior exploration for vascular or nervous structure disease, and progressive plexus palsy associated with damage to the soft tissue of the anterior chest wall and supraclavicular regions secondary to irradiation. The authors' experience to date with 12 such cases is presented in chart form, while five cases are presented in some detail.", "PMID": 731305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_718", "title": "Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa surgery.", "content": "Five cases of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa surgery are reported. Possible etiologies are discussed, but in only one case can a definite etiology (hypertension) be found. The differential diagnosis of declining level of consciousness after posterior fossa surgery must include supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage, and computerized tomography seems to be the diagnostic method of choice.", "contents": "Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa surgery. Five cases of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa surgery are reported. Possible etiologies are discussed, but in only one case can a definite etiology (hypertension) be found. The differential diagnosis of declining level of consciousness after posterior fossa surgery must include supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage, and computerized tomography seems to be the diagnostic method of choice.", "PMID": 731306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_719", "title": "Fibrosarcoma of the scalp. Case report.", "content": "A parieto-occipital scalp tumor, noted in a Nigerian boy during the first month of his life, gradually increased in size, and after two attempts at partial removal there was a rapid increase in its size. When he was 17 years old, it measured 21 X 17 X 16 cm. There was no underlying skull defect. Complete excision of the tumor was achieved, and on histological examination it was found to be a fibrosarcoma. The patient was given a course of radiotherapy following wound healing. He remained well for 5 1/2 months but then had manifestations of small local recurrence and distant metastases that responded only minimally to another course of radiotherapy combined with cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma of the scalp. Case report. A parieto-occipital scalp tumor, noted in a Nigerian boy during the first month of his life, gradually increased in size, and after two attempts at partial removal there was a rapid increase in its size. When he was 17 years old, it measured 21 X 17 X 16 cm. There was no underlying skull defect. Complete excision of the tumor was achieved, and on histological examination it was found to be a fibrosarcoma. The patient was given a course of radiotherapy following wound healing. He remained well for 5 1/2 months but then had manifestations of small local recurrence and distant metastases that responded only minimally to another course of radiotherapy combined with cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 731307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_720", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured aneurysms in infants. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two infants with subarachnoid bleeding from middle cerebral artery aneurysms are presented, with detailed case histories.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured aneurysms in infants. Report of two cases. Two infants with subarachnoid bleeding from middle cerebral artery aneurysms are presented, with detailed case histories.", "PMID": 731308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_721", "title": "Giant serpentine intracranial aneurysm after carotid ligation. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported of a giant aneursym of the intracavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery that was treated initially with a left common carotid artery ligation. Six months later the aneurysm was partially removed. During this time the development and evolution of thrombus formation, a serpentine channel, and a hypervascular capsule was easily followed with recreated computerized tomography and angiography of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Giant serpentine intracranial aneurysm after carotid ligation. Case report. A case is reported of a giant aneursym of the intracavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery that was treated initially with a left common carotid artery ligation. Six months later the aneurysm was partially removed. During this time the development and evolution of thrombus formation, a serpentine channel, and a hypervascular capsule was easily followed with recreated computerized tomography and angiography of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 731309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_722", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the spinal canal. Report of three cases.", "content": "Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular neoplasm consisting of capillaries outlined by an intact basement membrane that separates the endothelial cells of the capillaries from the spindle-shaped tumor cells in the extravascular area. These neoplasms are found in soft tissues but have rarely been shown to involve the spinal canal. This is a report of three such cases. Surgical removal of the tumor from the spinal canal was technically difficult. A high risk of recurrence has been reported but in these three cases adjunctive radiotherapy appeared to be of benefit in controlling the progression of the disease. These cases, added to the six cases in the literature, confirm the existence of hemangiopericytoma involving the vertebral column with extension into the spinal canal. This entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions of the spinal canal. The risk of intraoperative hemorrhage should be anticipated.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the spinal canal. Report of three cases. Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular neoplasm consisting of capillaries outlined by an intact basement membrane that separates the endothelial cells of the capillaries from the spindle-shaped tumor cells in the extravascular area. These neoplasms are found in soft tissues but have rarely been shown to involve the spinal canal. This is a report of three such cases. Surgical removal of the tumor from the spinal canal was technically difficult. A high risk of recurrence has been reported but in these three cases adjunctive radiotherapy appeared to be of benefit in controlling the progression of the disease. These cases, added to the six cases in the literature, confirm the existence of hemangiopericytoma involving the vertebral column with extension into the spinal canal. This entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions of the spinal canal. The risk of intraoperative hemorrhage should be anticipated.", "PMID": 731310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_723", "title": "Extradural lumbar cryptococcosis. Case report.", "content": "An 85-year-old woman presented with back and leg pain. Plain films showed destruction of the posterior elements of L-5 and myelography demonstrated a large extradural mass at that level. Exploration revealed a huge gelatinous extradural mass with invasion of the paraspinal muscles. Fungal stains showed that the mass consisted of innumerable Cryptococci. There was no evidence of cryptococcal involvement elsewhere.", "contents": "Extradural lumbar cryptococcosis. Case report. An 85-year-old woman presented with back and leg pain. Plain films showed destruction of the posterior elements of L-5 and myelography demonstrated a large extradural mass at that level. Exploration revealed a huge gelatinous extradural mass with invasion of the paraspinal muscles. Fungal stains showed that the mass consisted of innumerable Cryptococci. There was no evidence of cryptococcal involvement elsewhere.", "PMID": 731311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_724", "title": "Extensive cerebral nocardiosis cured with antibiotic therapy alone. Case report.", "content": "A 34-year-old renal transplant recipient developed multiple soft tissue and extensive cerebral nocardiosis. The number and locations of the cerebral abscesses and probable areas of cerebritis precluded surgical drainage procedures. Gradual resolution of all the cerebral lesions occurred over a period of 6 months with antibiotic therapy alone. A review of the literature revealed only one previous case of a patient with pulmonary nocardiosis who had a probable secondary brain abscess and who survived without surgical drainage. Thus, if surgical drainage is not possible, antibiotic therapy alone may offer a hope of survival in what otherwise has been considered a uniformly fatal disease.", "contents": "Extensive cerebral nocardiosis cured with antibiotic therapy alone. Case report. A 34-year-old renal transplant recipient developed multiple soft tissue and extensive cerebral nocardiosis. The number and locations of the cerebral abscesses and probable areas of cerebritis precluded surgical drainage procedures. Gradual resolution of all the cerebral lesions occurred over a period of 6 months with antibiotic therapy alone. A review of the literature revealed only one previous case of a patient with pulmonary nocardiosis who had a probable secondary brain abscess and who survived without surgical drainage. Thus, if surgical drainage is not possible, antibiotic therapy alone may offer a hope of survival in what otherwise has been considered a uniformly fatal disease.", "PMID": 731312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_725", "title": "Modification of intracranial aneurysm clip. Technical note.", "content": "A modification of the Mayfield aneurysm clip is described which is thought to decrease the chance of slippage of the clip, mainly in the case of large-necked and atherosclerotic aneurysms.", "contents": "Modification of intracranial aneurysm clip. Technical note. A modification of the Mayfield aneurysm clip is described which is thought to decrease the chance of slippage of the clip, mainly in the case of large-necked and atherosclerotic aneurysms.", "PMID": 731313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_726", "title": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. I. Digital-computer solution of a five-compartment model of [18F] fluoride kinetics in humans.", "content": "We have developed a new model of short-term fluoride kinetics in humans and have solved the model on a digital computer using the SAAM-25 program. The solution accords well with available data. About 60% of intravenously administered [18F] fluoride is taken up by bone. Evaluation of the rate constants of tracer egress from blood indicates that about 17% of the cardiac output is distributed to the skeleton. When the model was perturbed to simulate changes in systemic or skeletal blood flow, we found that the system behaves in a nonlinear manner; even a five-fold increase in systemic or skeletal blood flow did not appreciably increase the amount of fluoride taken up by bone 1--2 hr later, the time when scans are usually made. A simulated increase in bone extraction rate, however, had a marked effect on bone-fluoride uptake. These findings suggest an important homeostatic role for bone in the regulation of blood calcium concentration and have considerable bearing on the interpretation of bone scans.", "contents": "Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. I. Digital-computer solution of a five-compartment model of [18F] fluoride kinetics in humans. We have developed a new model of short-term fluoride kinetics in humans and have solved the model on a digital computer using the SAAM-25 program. The solution accords well with available data. About 60% of intravenously administered [18F] fluoride is taken up by bone. Evaluation of the rate constants of tracer egress from blood indicates that about 17% of the cardiac output is distributed to the skeleton. When the model was perturbed to simulate changes in systemic or skeletal blood flow, we found that the system behaves in a nonlinear manner; even a five-fold increase in systemic or skeletal blood flow did not appreciably increase the amount of fluoride taken up by bone 1--2 hr later, the time when scans are usually made. A simulated increase in bone extraction rate, however, had a marked effect on bone-fluoride uptake. These findings suggest an important homeostatic role for bone in the regulation of blood calcium concentration and have considerable bearing on the interpretation of bone scans.", "PMID": 731317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_727", "title": "Experimental fracture healing: evaluation using radionuclide bone imaging: concise communication.", "content": "Radionuclide bone imaging was performed in a rabbit model to observe the course of fracture healing and to establish criteria for distinguishing nonunion and delayed healing from normal healing. Sequential gamma-camera images (with pinhole collimator) were collected and subjected to computer analysis. Five groups were established: a) control--immobilization; b) control--immobilization plus periosteal stripping; c) simple fracture--osteotomy; d) delayed union--osteotomy plus periosteal stripping; and e) nonunion--osteotomy, periosteal stripping and polymethyl methacrylate interposed between fracture fragments. Histographic representation of absolute count rates along rabbit tibias followed a predictable pattern in the simple-fracture and delayed-union groups. They differed only in the time of appearance of phases. The nonunion group demonstrated no recognizable sequential pattern. In this experimental model, serial bone scanning with quantitative data analysis has shown potential for indicating the course of healing in fractures and for serving as a guide to treatment.", "contents": "Experimental fracture healing: evaluation using radionuclide bone imaging: concise communication. Radionuclide bone imaging was performed in a rabbit model to observe the course of fracture healing and to establish criteria for distinguishing nonunion and delayed healing from normal healing. Sequential gamma-camera images (with pinhole collimator) were collected and subjected to computer analysis. Five groups were established: a) control--immobilization; b) control--immobilization plus periosteal stripping; c) simple fracture--osteotomy; d) delayed union--osteotomy plus periosteal stripping; and e) nonunion--osteotomy, periosteal stripping and polymethyl methacrylate interposed between fracture fragments. Histographic representation of absolute count rates along rabbit tibias followed a predictable pattern in the simple-fracture and delayed-union groups. They differed only in the time of appearance of phases. The nonunion group demonstrated no recognizable sequential pattern. In this experimental model, serial bone scanning with quantitative data analysis has shown potential for indicating the course of healing in fractures and for serving as a guide to treatment.", "PMID": 731318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_728", "title": "Sequential [125I]-o-iodohippurate renograms from rabbit kidneys after temporary renal ischemia.", "content": "Serial renography with [125I]-o-iodohippurate was performed in 42 rabbits after temporary clamping of the renal artery for 1--3 hr and contralateral nephrectomy. Renograms were done before and after warm ischemia and followed 2, 4, 6, and 14 days after restoration of circulation. Correlation was found between duration of ischemia and severity of postischemic renographic changes. Most sensitive was the third phase, which showed distortion after 1 hr of ischemia; the second phase decreased after 2 1/2 hours of ischemia. The profound changes seen on the second day were shown to be due to further damage of the tubular cell system after restored flow. In vitro [125I]-o-iodohippurate uptake in cortex slices showed a significant decrease after warm ischemia damage and 48 hours restored flow. The second phase recovered more rapidly than the excretory function.", "contents": "Sequential [125I]-o-iodohippurate renograms from rabbit kidneys after temporary renal ischemia. Serial renography with [125I]-o-iodohippurate was performed in 42 rabbits after temporary clamping of the renal artery for 1--3 hr and contralateral nephrectomy. Renograms were done before and after warm ischemia and followed 2, 4, 6, and 14 days after restoration of circulation. Correlation was found between duration of ischemia and severity of postischemic renographic changes. Most sensitive was the third phase, which showed distortion after 1 hr of ischemia; the second phase decreased after 2 1/2 hours of ischemia. The profound changes seen on the second day were shown to be due to further damage of the tubular cell system after restored flow. In vitro [125I]-o-iodohippurate uptake in cortex slices showed a significant decrease after warm ischemia damage and 48 hours restored flow. The second phase recovered more rapidly than the excretory function.", "PMID": 731319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_729", "title": "V/Q mismatches unassociated with pulmonary embolism: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is reported in which an intrathoracic stomach produced a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch on lung scan. Causes of V/Q mismatch other than pulmonary embolism are reviewed.", "contents": "V/Q mismatches unassociated with pulmonary embolism: case report and review of the literature. A case is reported in which an intrathoracic stomach produced a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch on lung scan. Causes of V/Q mismatch other than pulmonary embolism are reviewed.", "PMID": 731320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_730", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of Gaucher's disease.", "content": "Gaucher's disease involves multiple organs and may present with variable severity. The scintigraphic appearance of the reticuloendothelial system and bone are described in three patient's with Gaucher's disease. Scintigraphic abnormalities reflected the severity of organ involvement and correlated well with the patients' clinical status. Scintigraphy appears useful for the evaluation and followup of patients with Gaucher's disease.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of Gaucher's disease. Gaucher's disease involves multiple organs and may present with variable severity. The scintigraphic appearance of the reticuloendothelial system and bone are described in three patient's with Gaucher's disease. Scintigraphic abnormalities reflected the severity of organ involvement and correlated well with the patients' clinical status. Scintigraphy appears useful for the evaluation and followup of patients with Gaucher's disease.", "PMID": 731321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_731", "title": "Analysis of personnel doses from nuclear medicine procedures.", "content": "With the rapid growth of the use of radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, radiation protection of personnel has become important. In this paper, the radiation doses of 337 persons in 16 nuclear medicine centers in India are analyzed. In 1976 the average annual dose per person was 0.028 rem. The highest average dose per person per working week was 2.62 mrem. Analysis of the dose records of three major institutions for recent years reveals an increase in the average dose per worker.", "contents": "Analysis of personnel doses from nuclear medicine procedures. With the rapid growth of the use of radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, radiation protection of personnel has become important. In this paper, the radiation doses of 337 persons in 16 nuclear medicine centers in India are analyzed. In 1976 the average annual dose per person was 0.028 rem. The highest average dose per person per working week was 2.62 mrem. Analysis of the dose records of three major institutions for recent years reveals an increase in the average dose per worker.", "PMID": 731323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_732", "title": "Effect of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl esters on vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "The data in our previous paper demonstrated that some alpha-tocopheryl esters administered orally were absorbed in their unchanged form through the lymph, while some other esters were absorbed after being hydrolyzed individually to different degrees. The hydrolysis during absorption seems to be related to the structure of the ester group of alpha-tocopherol at the 6-position. The purpose of this work is to study the metabolism and biological effect of tocopherol esters in vitamin E-deficient rats. Three esters were used on the basis of their behavior during absorption through the lymph, as follows; alpha-tocopheryl acetate (an easily hydrolyzable ester), the nicotinate (a moderately hydrolyzable one) and the pivalate (a scarcely hydrolyzable one). The easily hydrolyzable esters will suffer the same metabolic fate through absorption as alpha-tocopherol. The moderately and scarcely hydrolyzable ones have a tendency to show different physiological effects from alpha-tocopherol due to absorption of the unchanged ester. The effect of these esters on the microsomal enzymes in the liver such as cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, aniline and hexobarbital difference spectra and NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase was determined. It was shown that the pivalate inhibited the release of NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity to supernatant in spite of low distribution in the 105,000 X g sediment. The result suggests that the pivalate as a model compound may be interesting to examine for its membrane stabilizing effect of alpha-tocopherol.", "contents": "Effect of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl esters on vitamin E-deficient rats. The data in our previous paper demonstrated that some alpha-tocopheryl esters administered orally were absorbed in their unchanged form through the lymph, while some other esters were absorbed after being hydrolyzed individually to different degrees. The hydrolysis during absorption seems to be related to the structure of the ester group of alpha-tocopherol at the 6-position. The purpose of this work is to study the metabolism and biological effect of tocopherol esters in vitamin E-deficient rats. Three esters were used on the basis of their behavior during absorption through the lymph, as follows; alpha-tocopheryl acetate (an easily hydrolyzable ester), the nicotinate (a moderately hydrolyzable one) and the pivalate (a scarcely hydrolyzable one). The easily hydrolyzable esters will suffer the same metabolic fate through absorption as alpha-tocopherol. The moderately and scarcely hydrolyzable ones have a tendency to show different physiological effects from alpha-tocopherol due to absorption of the unchanged ester. The effect of these esters on the microsomal enzymes in the liver such as cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, aniline and hexobarbital difference spectra and NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase was determined. It was shown that the pivalate inhibited the release of NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity to supernatant in spite of low distribution in the 105,000 X g sediment. The result suggests that the pivalate as a model compound may be interesting to examine for its membrane stabilizing effect of alpha-tocopherol.", "PMID": 731332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_733", "title": "Modes of proteolysis of cystathionase and ornithine aminotransferase by serine protease from the rat small intestine.", "content": "The mechanisms of proteolysis of two apo-forms of pyridoxal enzymes, cystathionase [EC 4.2.1.15] and ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13] by serine protease from the rat small intestine were compared. The apo-forms of these two pyridoxal enzymes are susceptible to the serine protease, whereas the holo-forms of the enzymes are not. Pyridoxal phosphate, the coenzyme of these two enzymes, prevented their inactivation by the serine protease. The difference in susceptibility of the apo- and holo-forms to the serine protease was due to the difference in their conformations. The time course of inactivation of cystathionase by the protease was apparently biphasic. During the first phase of inactivation, disappearance of the band corresponding to the native protomer, with a molecular weight of 47,000, was accompanied by accumulation of new material with a molecular weight of 39,000. In the late stage of proteolysis, extensive degradation of the large molecular weight intermediate was observed. This large intermediate product was isolated and found to compete with intact cystathionase as a substrate for the protease. Proteolysis of cystathionase was accompanied by both dissociation of the enzyme molecule and loss of its antigenicity. Limited proteolysis of ornithine aminotransferase apoenzyme by the serine protease resulted in formation of a large molecular weight product similar to the native apoenzyme, but with nicks in the molecule. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the apoenzyme is degraded to intermediate forms (molecular weight 41,500 and 15,000) and later, to stable forms (molecular weight 25,500 and 13,500).", "contents": "Modes of proteolysis of cystathionase and ornithine aminotransferase by serine protease from the rat small intestine. The mechanisms of proteolysis of two apo-forms of pyridoxal enzymes, cystathionase [EC 4.2.1.15] and ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13] by serine protease from the rat small intestine were compared. The apo-forms of these two pyridoxal enzymes are susceptible to the serine protease, whereas the holo-forms of the enzymes are not. Pyridoxal phosphate, the coenzyme of these two enzymes, prevented their inactivation by the serine protease. The difference in susceptibility of the apo- and holo-forms to the serine protease was due to the difference in their conformations. The time course of inactivation of cystathionase by the protease was apparently biphasic. During the first phase of inactivation, disappearance of the band corresponding to the native protomer, with a molecular weight of 47,000, was accompanied by accumulation of new material with a molecular weight of 39,000. In the late stage of proteolysis, extensive degradation of the large molecular weight intermediate was observed. This large intermediate product was isolated and found to compete with intact cystathionase as a substrate for the protease. Proteolysis of cystathionase was accompanied by both dissociation of the enzyme molecule and loss of its antigenicity. Limited proteolysis of ornithine aminotransferase apoenzyme by the serine protease resulted in formation of a large molecular weight product similar to the native apoenzyme, but with nicks in the molecule. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the apoenzyme is degraded to intermediate forms (molecular weight 41,500 and 15,000) and later, to stable forms (molecular weight 25,500 and 13,500).", "PMID": 731333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_734", "title": "Metabolism of injected flavins studied by using double-labeled [14C]flavin adenine dinucleotide and [14C, 32P]flavin mononucleotide.", "content": "The metabolism of flavins in mouse was studied with [F-(2)-14C, A-(2,8)-14C]FAD and [F-(2)-14C, 32P]FMN. Ninety minutes after injection, radioactive isoalloxazine nucleus of double-labeled FAD was markedly incorporated into FAD, FMN and riboflavin in the liver, whereas a small amount of radioactive adenine nucleus of double-labeled FAD was found in FAD in the liver. In the case of FMN, radioactive isoalloxazine nucleus of double-labeled FMN was markedly incorporated into FAD, FMN and riboflavin in the liver, whereas only a minute amount of radioactive phosphorus was incorporated into FMN and FAD in the same organ. These results indicate that FMN and FAD injected are rapidly hydrolyzed and resynthesized in animal body.", "contents": "Metabolism of injected flavins studied by using double-labeled [14C]flavin adenine dinucleotide and [14C, 32P]flavin mononucleotide. The metabolism of flavins in mouse was studied with [F-(2)-14C, A-(2,8)-14C]FAD and [F-(2)-14C, 32P]FMN. Ninety minutes after injection, radioactive isoalloxazine nucleus of double-labeled FAD was markedly incorporated into FAD, FMN and riboflavin in the liver, whereas a small amount of radioactive adenine nucleus of double-labeled FAD was found in FAD in the liver. In the case of FMN, radioactive isoalloxazine nucleus of double-labeled FMN was markedly incorporated into FAD, FMN and riboflavin in the liver, whereas only a minute amount of radioactive phosphorus was incorporated into FMN and FAD in the same organ. These results indicate that FMN and FAD injected are rapidly hydrolyzed and resynthesized in animal body.", "PMID": 731334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_735", "title": "Identification and determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the blood and liver of vitamin D-deficient rats irradiated with ultraviolet light.", "content": "The intestinal calcium transport activity and serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations of vitamin D-deficient rats were increased by irradiation with an ultraviolet (UV) lamp. The existence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25-OH-D3) in their bloods and livers was physicochemically confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and mass fragmentography, whereas the compound could not be detected in the tissues of non-irradiated rats. The results strongly suggested that vitamin D3 in vivo generated in irradiated rat skin might be normally metabolized and utilized to prevent rickets. The level of 25-OH-D3 in the tissues was determined by a HPLC method.", "contents": "Identification and determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the blood and liver of vitamin D-deficient rats irradiated with ultraviolet light. The intestinal calcium transport activity and serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations of vitamin D-deficient rats were increased by irradiation with an ultraviolet (UV) lamp. The existence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25-OH-D3) in their bloods and livers was physicochemically confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and mass fragmentography, whereas the compound could not be detected in the tissues of non-irradiated rats. The results strongly suggested that vitamin D3 in vivo generated in irradiated rat skin might be normally metabolized and utilized to prevent rickets. The level of 25-OH-D3 in the tissues was determined by a HPLC method.", "PMID": 731335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_736", "title": "Effects of dietary fats on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol synthesis in the liver of fasted-refed rats.", "content": "The time course of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis from 1-14C-acetate and 2-14C-mevalonate was examined in the liver of rats refed diets containing different fats at the 10% level after 48 hr fasting. Fasting caused a profound depression of the reductase activity and sterol and fatty acid synthesis. In rats refed for 30 hr, the activity of HMG-CoA reductase was restored to about one-half of the level observed in prefasting rats, irrespective of the type of dietary fats. When safflower oil and trilaurin were dietary fats, the activity remained this level until 78 hr, then declined, whereas with tristearin, activity progressively increased until 78 hr. On refeeding for 174 to 222hr, the reductase activity was significantly higher in the tristearin than in the trilaurin group. Similar patterns were demonstrated in cholesterogenesis either from acetate or mevalonate, though extents of activation after refeeding were markedly different in these precursors. Dietary fat dependent changes in the content of hepatic cholesterol and in the concentration of plasma cholesterol were also observed.", "contents": "Effects of dietary fats on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol synthesis in the liver of fasted-refed rats. The time course of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis from 1-14C-acetate and 2-14C-mevalonate was examined in the liver of rats refed diets containing different fats at the 10% level after 48 hr fasting. Fasting caused a profound depression of the reductase activity and sterol and fatty acid synthesis. In rats refed for 30 hr, the activity of HMG-CoA reductase was restored to about one-half of the level observed in prefasting rats, irrespective of the type of dietary fats. When safflower oil and trilaurin were dietary fats, the activity remained this level until 78 hr, then declined, whereas with tristearin, activity progressively increased until 78 hr. On refeeding for 174 to 222hr, the reductase activity was significantly higher in the tristearin than in the trilaurin group. Similar patterns were demonstrated in cholesterogenesis either from acetate or mevalonate, though extents of activation after refeeding were markedly different in these precursors. Dietary fat dependent changes in the content of hepatic cholesterol and in the concentration of plasma cholesterol were also observed.", "PMID": 731337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_737", "title": "Comparative absence experience among employees covered by a prepaid or a Blue Cross/Blue Shield health insurance program.", "content": "Health maintenance organizations report lower hospitalization and surgical experience than fee-for-service practice. If this is true, then sickness absence should be less. This pilot study compared morbidity experience of 247 pairs of Mountain Bell Telephone Company employees--HMO-enrolled employees matched with employees covered only by Blue Cross/Blue Shield. The study period extended before and after enrollment of the HMO subjects. Rates for the HMO group for hospitalization and surgery decreased after enrollment, whereas rates for the Blue Cross/Blue Shield group increased. The absence disability rate for the HMO group remained constant but increased for the BC/BS group. Differences in absenteeism may exist due to the type of medical insurance. The potential impact of such a difference upon absence costs is considerable.", "contents": "Comparative absence experience among employees covered by a prepaid or a Blue Cross/Blue Shield health insurance program. Health maintenance organizations report lower hospitalization and surgical experience than fee-for-service practice. If this is true, then sickness absence should be less. This pilot study compared morbidity experience of 247 pairs of Mountain Bell Telephone Company employees--HMO-enrolled employees matched with employees covered only by Blue Cross/Blue Shield. The study period extended before and after enrollment of the HMO subjects. Rates for the HMO group for hospitalization and surgery decreased after enrollment, whereas rates for the Blue Cross/Blue Shield group increased. The absence disability rate for the HMO group remained constant but increased for the BC/BS group. Differences in absenteeism may exist due to the type of medical insurance. The potential impact of such a difference upon absence costs is considerable.", "PMID": 731340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_738", "title": "The \"healthy worker effect\"--fact or artifact?", "content": "Workers in five chemical plants with diverse characteristics were studied by attempting to locate all white male employees who worked at least 12 months over a 25 to 30 year period. Former employees were contacted directly, rather than using questionnaires or Social Security Administration files. The data were analyzed by comparing observed mortality to expected mortality based on age-sex-race specific death rates in the U.S. population. The results indicate that the mortality experience of the chemical workers studied is essentially that of the general population. It is suggested that the \"healthy worker effect\" may be due to methods frequently employed in searching for death claims which understate the true experience of the employee group studied, or if present, does not affect mortality rates for neoplastic or cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "The \"healthy worker effect\"--fact or artifact? Workers in five chemical plants with diverse characteristics were studied by attempting to locate all white male employees who worked at least 12 months over a 25 to 30 year period. Former employees were contacted directly, rather than using questionnaires or Social Security Administration files. The data were analyzed by comparing observed mortality to expected mortality based on age-sex-race specific death rates in the U.S. population. The results indicate that the mortality experience of the chemical workers studied is essentially that of the general population. It is suggested that the \"healthy worker effect\" may be due to methods frequently employed in searching for death claims which understate the true experience of the employee group studied, or if present, does not affect mortality rates for neoplastic or cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 731341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_739", "title": "Health effects of long-term exposure to sodium sulfate dust.", "content": "Information on adverse health effects of occupational exposures to sodium sulfate dust is lacking. A study was conducted on 119 workers from five sodium sulfate surface solution mines in Saskatchewan. The investigation involved the older workers and the workers at highest dust exposure levels and included general medical screening with emphasis on the existence of hypertension, edema, calcium tetany, anemia, common skin problems, nasal septum perforation, persistent diarrhea; lung function tests; serum analyses for sulfate, calcium, sodium, and chloride content; and urinary inorganic sulfate output. All measured properties, including lung function, serum sulfate, calcium and electrolytes, were found to be within normal ranges. Forty-two workers with more than 10 years exposure experience show no significant differences in these properties compared to 77 workers with less than 10 years exposure experience. No abnormality could be discovered that might be related to such exposure.", "contents": "Health effects of long-term exposure to sodium sulfate dust. Information on adverse health effects of occupational exposures to sodium sulfate dust is lacking. A study was conducted on 119 workers from five sodium sulfate surface solution mines in Saskatchewan. The investigation involved the older workers and the workers at highest dust exposure levels and included general medical screening with emphasis on the existence of hypertension, edema, calcium tetany, anemia, common skin problems, nasal septum perforation, persistent diarrhea; lung function tests; serum analyses for sulfate, calcium, sodium, and chloride content; and urinary inorganic sulfate output. All measured properties, including lung function, serum sulfate, calcium and electrolytes, were found to be within normal ranges. Forty-two workers with more than 10 years exposure experience show no significant differences in these properties compared to 77 workers with less than 10 years exposure experience. No abnormality could be discovered that might be related to such exposure.", "PMID": 731342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_740", "title": "Partial splenectomy in staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease: an alternative approach.", "content": "Partial splenectomy, with resection of the lower one-fourth to one-third spleen, was performed in 10 children with Hodgkin's disease as part of an otherwise standard staging laparotomy. The technique proved to be safe and practical, with no postoperative complications. No evidence to date indicates that splenic involvement was missed, and all the children have thus far continued to do well, with no deaths from either underlying disease or postsplenectomy sepsis. The procedure is undergoing a prospective clinical trial in an effort to determine whether or not it is comparable from a diagnostic point of view to total splenectomy. Available data indicate that the risk of missing intraabdominal disease in a staging laparotomy with a partial splenectomy is quite low. Such a procedure should eliminate the substantial risk of postsplenectomy sepsis in such children.", "contents": "Partial splenectomy in staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease: an alternative approach. Partial splenectomy, with resection of the lower one-fourth to one-third spleen, was performed in 10 children with Hodgkin's disease as part of an otherwise standard staging laparotomy. The technique proved to be safe and practical, with no postoperative complications. No evidence to date indicates that splenic involvement was missed, and all the children have thus far continued to do well, with no deaths from either underlying disease or postsplenectomy sepsis. The procedure is undergoing a prospective clinical trial in an effort to determine whether or not it is comparable from a diagnostic point of view to total splenectomy. Available data indicate that the risk of missing intraabdominal disease in a staging laparotomy with a partial splenectomy is quite low. Such a procedure should eliminate the substantial risk of postsplenectomy sepsis in such children.", "PMID": 731356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_741", "title": "Protective effect of residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy.", "content": "Studies in animals and clinical experience in man have demonstrated that splenectomy leads to increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. Splenic tissue has an excellent ability to regenerate, even when implanted into subcutaneous tissue or the abdominal cavity. These implants, however, do not protect against bacterial challenge despite the fact that a number of other functions can be restored. We therefore studied the ability of residual splenic tissue to protect against challenge following subtotal splenectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Subtotal splenectomy was performed on 48 animals in which approximately 75% of the spleen was removed and left with a branch of its normal blood supply; 48 animals underwent total splenectomy and 48 had sham operations. Six months after surgery the groups were challenged intravenously with type 25 pneumococci to determine the LD50 for each group. Animals that had undergone subtotal splenectomy were more resistant to pneumococcal challenge than were asplenic animals, but they were not as resistant as normal animals. In addition, there was marked delay in death in the animals with subtotal splenectomy as compared with asplenic animals. Thus residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy appears to confer some degree of protection against pneumococcal challenge.", "contents": "Protective effect of residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy. Studies in animals and clinical experience in man have demonstrated that splenectomy leads to increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. Splenic tissue has an excellent ability to regenerate, even when implanted into subcutaneous tissue or the abdominal cavity. These implants, however, do not protect against bacterial challenge despite the fact that a number of other functions can be restored. We therefore studied the ability of residual splenic tissue to protect against challenge following subtotal splenectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Subtotal splenectomy was performed on 48 animals in which approximately 75% of the spleen was removed and left with a branch of its normal blood supply; 48 animals underwent total splenectomy and 48 had sham operations. Six months after surgery the groups were challenged intravenously with type 25 pneumococci to determine the LD50 for each group. Animals that had undergone subtotal splenectomy were more resistant to pneumococcal challenge than were asplenic animals, but they were not as resistant as normal animals. In addition, there was marked delay in death in the animals with subtotal splenectomy as compared with asplenic animals. Thus residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy appears to confer some degree of protection against pneumococcal challenge.", "PMID": 731357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_742", "title": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for the surgeon.", "content": "The hemolytic-uremic syndrome consists of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia following a prodromal illness of gastroenteritis or upper respiratory infection. The syndrome can present in dramatic fashion with severe abdominal pain and signs of peritonitis suggesting an acute surgical crisis. In a series of 25 patients, 40% had abdominal pain, 25% had abdominal tenderness, and 20% had peritoneal signs. Clues to diagnosis in the early stages of the acute illness were mild to moderate hypertension, abnormal peripheral blood smear, anemia despite dehydration, and proteinuria. Significant abdominal pain and x-ray evidence of colitis may occur before development of typical laboratory findings, and these were evident in at least one case. Three patients underwent laparotomy for suspected bowel perforation. Colitis without perforation was found in all cases. In the absence of documented perforation, toxic megacolon, or intussusception, the decision to perform laparotomy in patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome who have signs of peritonitis must be individualized. Failure to recognize the underlying renal problem can lead to serious errors in fluid and electrolyte management and delay of appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for the surgeon. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome consists of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia following a prodromal illness of gastroenteritis or upper respiratory infection. The syndrome can present in dramatic fashion with severe abdominal pain and signs of peritonitis suggesting an acute surgical crisis. In a series of 25 patients, 40% had abdominal pain, 25% had abdominal tenderness, and 20% had peritoneal signs. Clues to diagnosis in the early stages of the acute illness were mild to moderate hypertension, abnormal peripheral blood smear, anemia despite dehydration, and proteinuria. Significant abdominal pain and x-ray evidence of colitis may occur before development of typical laboratory findings, and these were evident in at least one case. Three patients underwent laparotomy for suspected bowel perforation. Colitis without perforation was found in all cases. In the absence of documented perforation, toxic megacolon, or intussusception, the decision to perform laparotomy in patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome who have signs of peritonitis must be individualized. Failure to recognize the underlying renal problem can lead to serious errors in fluid and electrolyte management and delay of appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 731358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_743", "title": "Surgery in patients with hemoglobin-S disease.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with sickle cell disease who underwent surgery are reviewed. Fifty-two were homozygous for hemoglobin-S, whereas 16 had heterozygous variants. Associated diseases were common. Both the types of operative procedures and the complications of surgery, in large measure, were determined by these associated diseases. Splenectomy (12 patients) and cholecystectomy (11 patients) were the common major operations; infections (21 patients) were the most common complications. Precise management ensured acceptably low morbidity and mortality (1 death) in this series.", "contents": "Surgery in patients with hemoglobin-S disease. Sixty-eight patients with sickle cell disease who underwent surgery are reviewed. Fifty-two were homozygous for hemoglobin-S, whereas 16 had heterozygous variants. Associated diseases were common. Both the types of operative procedures and the complications of surgery, in large measure, were determined by these associated diseases. Splenectomy (12 patients) and cholecystectomy (11 patients) were the common major operations; infections (21 patients) were the most common complications. Precise management ensured acceptably low morbidity and mortality (1 death) in this series.", "PMID": 731359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_744", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease: absence of serotonergic neurons in the aganglionic colon.", "content": "The distribution of enteric serotonergic neurons was studied in patients with Hirschsprung's disease. Specimens of bowel obtained at surgery were incubated in vitro with tritiated serotonin (3H-5-HT) in the presence of a high concentration of nonradioactive norepinephrine. Sites of high-affinity 3H-5-HT uptake were visualized by light-microscopic autoradiography. Specimens taken from ganglionic regions of the intestine (distal ileum or colon) showed intense labeling of the neuropil within the myenteric plexus. Silver grains were localized in a pericellular distribution around ganglion cells, but the ganglion cells themselves were relatively free of overlying silver grains. Corresponding regions of aganglionic colon or rectum demonstrated silver grain densities equivalent to background levels. Specific labeling was absent over the large nerve trunks in this region. These results suggest that 5-HT-containing neurons are present in the normal human intestine and that these neurons are absent in the aganglionic segment in Hirshsprung's disease.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease: absence of serotonergic neurons in the aganglionic colon. The distribution of enteric serotonergic neurons was studied in patients with Hirschsprung's disease. Specimens of bowel obtained at surgery were incubated in vitro with tritiated serotonin (3H-5-HT) in the presence of a high concentration of nonradioactive norepinephrine. Sites of high-affinity 3H-5-HT uptake were visualized by light-microscopic autoradiography. Specimens taken from ganglionic regions of the intestine (distal ileum or colon) showed intense labeling of the neuropil within the myenteric plexus. Silver grains were localized in a pericellular distribution around ganglion cells, but the ganglion cells themselves were relatively free of overlying silver grains. Corresponding regions of aganglionic colon or rectum demonstrated silver grain densities equivalent to background levels. Specific labeling was absent over the large nerve trunks in this region. These results suggest that 5-HT-containing neurons are present in the normal human intestine and that these neurons are absent in the aganglionic segment in Hirshsprung's disease.", "PMID": 731360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_745", "title": "The value of radionuclide scanning in early diagnosis of intestinal infarction.", "content": "Small focal areas of intestinal infarction were produced experimentally in mice by two techniques: (1) intussusception and (2) suture strangulation of a loop of jejunum. The radionuclide technetium 99m diphosphonate (99mTc-diphosphonate) was subsequently administered intravenously, and abdominal scans were obtained. The scans demonstrated focal infarcted lesions accurately, and every positive scan was associated with an area of infarction, as demonstrated by pathologic examination. However, negative scans did not definitely exclude an area of infarction: in the intussusception study there were five false negative scans in 25 animals, and in the loop ligation study there were two false negative scans in 28 animals. The technique may have clinical application in such intestinal diseases as necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy in which early diagnosis of small areas of necrosis is currently difficult by clinical and radiologic methods.", "contents": "The value of radionuclide scanning in early diagnosis of intestinal infarction. Small focal areas of intestinal infarction were produced experimentally in mice by two techniques: (1) intussusception and (2) suture strangulation of a loop of jejunum. The radionuclide technetium 99m diphosphonate (99mTc-diphosphonate) was subsequently administered intravenously, and abdominal scans were obtained. The scans demonstrated focal infarcted lesions accurately, and every positive scan was associated with an area of infarction, as demonstrated by pathologic examination. However, negative scans did not definitely exclude an area of infarction: in the intussusception study there were five false negative scans in 25 animals, and in the loop ligation study there were two false negative scans in 28 animals. The technique may have clinical application in such intestinal diseases as necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy in which early diagnosis of small areas of necrosis is currently difficult by clinical and radiologic methods.", "PMID": 731361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_746", "title": "Anterior ectopic anus: a common cause of constipation in children.", "content": "Anterior ectopic anus is increasingly being recognized as a cause of constipation in infancy. Experience is reported with surgical treatment of 20 patients with anterior ectopic anus. This form of anal ectopia is associated with a syndrome of constipation that begins at birth, straining on defecation, and anterior displacement of an otherwise normal anus and sphincter. It is seen almost exclusively in females. Posterior anoplasty with sphincterotomy is curative.", "contents": "Anterior ectopic anus: a common cause of constipation in children. Anterior ectopic anus is increasingly being recognized as a cause of constipation in infancy. Experience is reported with surgical treatment of 20 patients with anterior ectopic anus. This form of anal ectopia is associated with a syndrome of constipation that begins at birth, straining on defecation, and anterior displacement of an otherwise normal anus and sphincter. It is seen almost exclusively in females. Posterior anoplasty with sphincterotomy is curative.", "PMID": 731362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_747", "title": "N-type anorectal malformations.", "content": "Three cases of N-type anorectal malformations have been encountered. Two girls with anorectal-vestibular fistulas (one with a normal anus and the other with mild stenosis) were typical of 15 other such cases in the literature. A boy with an anorectal-urethral fistula and covered anus had a lesser variant than most of the other 8 males in the literature. The frequently accompanying esophageal, renal, and skeletal anomalies were not present, nor did he have anterior urethral hypoplasia. The constellation of other major associated anomalies in the boys, but not in the girls, follows the pattern of other types of anorectal malformations and suggests an earlier and/or more severe teratogenic insult in the boys. Anterior perineal resection of the fistula is appropriate for girls with N-type fistulas and for those boys with normal anterior urethras. An additional urethroplasty is necessary for boys with anterior urethral hypoplasia. Our experience and that from the literature suggest that N-type anorectal malformations constitute a rare but real entity,  akin to N-type tracheoesophageal fistulas. A plea is made that they be included in classifications of anorectal anomalies.", "contents": "N-type anorectal malformations. Three cases of N-type anorectal malformations have been encountered. Two girls with anorectal-vestibular fistulas (one with a normal anus and the other with mild stenosis) were typical of 15 other such cases in the literature. A boy with an anorectal-urethral fistula and covered anus had a lesser variant than most of the other 8 males in the literature. The frequently accompanying esophageal, renal, and skeletal anomalies were not present, nor did he have anterior urethral hypoplasia. The constellation of other major associated anomalies in the boys, but not in the girls, follows the pattern of other types of anorectal malformations and suggests an earlier and/or more severe teratogenic insult in the boys. Anterior perineal resection of the fistula is appropriate for girls with N-type fistulas and for those boys with normal anterior urethras. An additional urethroplasty is necessary for boys with anterior urethral hypoplasia. Our experience and that from the literature suggest that N-type anorectal malformations constitute a rare but real entity,  akin to N-type tracheoesophageal fistulas. A plea is made that they be included in classifications of anorectal anomalies.", "PMID": 731363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_748", "title": "Fourteen years of gastric tubes.", "content": "Since 1964 gastric tube replacement of the esophagus has been done in 30 infants and children. This report reviews and brings up to date our entire series, which includes follow-up of 15 children over 5 yr, 7 of whom have been followed for more than 10 yr. The two-stage proximally based reversed antiperistaltic gastric tube placed retrosternally is still our procedure of choice, although since our last report in 1973 several other methods (one-stage, transthoracic, subcutaneous) have been used, and the spleen has not been removed in our more recent operations. Whether the esophagogastric tube anastomosis is primary or secondary or is in the chest or neck, leakage is still the most common complication (63%), with all but three closing spontenously. A continuing problem may be an anastomotic stricture (43%) that will require some dilatations. Mild sacculation or tortuosity of the gastric tube has been encountered only once. Despite the above problems, the eventual outcome in the growing child with a gastric tube replacement continues to be a satsifying one. We continue to use the gastric tube operation when replacement of the esophagus is required.", "contents": "Fourteen years of gastric tubes. Since 1964 gastric tube replacement of the esophagus has been done in 30 infants and children. This report reviews and brings up to date our entire series, which includes follow-up of 15 children over 5 yr, 7 of whom have been followed for more than 10 yr. The two-stage proximally based reversed antiperistaltic gastric tube placed retrosternally is still our procedure of choice, although since our last report in 1973 several other methods (one-stage, transthoracic, subcutaneous) have been used, and the spleen has not been removed in our more recent operations. Whether the esophagogastric tube anastomosis is primary or secondary or is in the chest or neck, leakage is still the most common complication (63%), with all but three closing spontenously. A continuing problem may be an anastomotic stricture (43%) that will require some dilatations. Mild sacculation or tortuosity of the gastric tube has been encountered only once. Despite the above problems, the eventual outcome in the growing child with a gastric tube replacement continues to be a satsifying one. We continue to use the gastric tube operation when replacement of the esophagus is required.", "PMID": 731364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_749", "title": "Thal fundoplication: a simple and safe operative treatment for gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "One hundred patients with complications of severe gastroesophageal reflux were treated surgically by the Thal fundoplication. In all patients the symptoms of reflux were eliminated by the operation, although 4 recurred within 8 months. Two of these were due to disruption of the fundoplication and two were due to hiatus hernia not recognized and repaired at initial operation. There were 8 deaths, none related to gastroesophageal reflux or the operation. Four patients required re-operation for intestinal obstruction. The Thal fundoplication is a simple procedure which fixes the distal esophagus within the abdomen and produces an acute angle of His. It is effective in prevention of reflux and the patient is able to burp and vomit if necessary. It has not been associated with dysphagia or \"gas bloat\" which may follow the Nissen fundoplication.", "contents": "Thal fundoplication: a simple and safe operative treatment for gastroesophageal reflux. One hundred patients with complications of severe gastroesophageal reflux were treated surgically by the Thal fundoplication. In all patients the symptoms of reflux were eliminated by the operation, although 4 recurred within 8 months. Two of these were due to disruption of the fundoplication and two were due to hiatus hernia not recognized and repaired at initial operation. There were 8 deaths, none related to gastroesophageal reflux or the operation. Four patients required re-operation for intestinal obstruction. The Thal fundoplication is a simple procedure which fixes the distal esophagus within the abdomen and produces an acute angle of His. It is effective in prevention of reflux and the patient is able to burp and vomit if necessary. It has not been associated with dysphagia or \"gas bloat\" which may follow the Nissen fundoplication.", "PMID": 731365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_750", "title": "Cholinergic nerve development of fetal lung in vitro.", "content": "The development of the cholinergic or parasympathetic nervous system was studied in embryonic lung dissociated from the central nervous system and placed in organ culture. In vitro development was similar to that seen in vivo. This study demonstrated that migration of neuroblasts from the central nervous system to the trachea takes place before day 12. Neuroblasts differentiate to small immature ganglia and then to larger more mature ganglia that give off nerve fibers to the submucosa and the epithelium. This isolated lung preparation was used to study neurostimulators. Thyroxine (T4) was found to accelerate nerve fiber growth and differentiation of ganglia in vitro. The neuroepithelial body, an epithelial cell with acetylcholine-esterase-positive granules, also differentiated in vitro. This cell may fill the morphologic criteria of an intrapulmonary chemoreceptor.", "contents": "Cholinergic nerve development of fetal lung in vitro. The development of the cholinergic or parasympathetic nervous system was studied in embryonic lung dissociated from the central nervous system and placed in organ culture. In vitro development was similar to that seen in vivo. This study demonstrated that migration of neuroblasts from the central nervous system to the trachea takes place before day 12. Neuroblasts differentiate to small immature ganglia and then to larger more mature ganglia that give off nerve fibers to the submucosa and the epithelium. This isolated lung preparation was used to study neurostimulators. Thyroxine (T4) was found to accelerate nerve fiber growth and differentiation of ganglia in vitro. The neuroepithelial body, an epithelial cell with acetylcholine-esterase-positive granules, also differentiated in vitro. This cell may fill the morphologic criteria of an intrapulmonary chemoreceptor.", "PMID": 731366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_751", "title": "Clinical application of endotracheal cryotherapy.", "content": "A nitrous oxide cryoprobe has been developed that may be used through the infant bronchoscope. A total of 19 discrete airway lesions have been treated in 17 patients ranging in age from 2 mo to 30 yr. Three patients with periglottic lesions have had complete eradication of these lesions without the need for tracheostomy. Six patients with subglottic stenoses have been treated, with one successful extubation and one patient approaching extubation. Five patients have been treated for distal tracheal strictures, with two successful extubations and a third pending extubation. Five patients have been treated for endotracheal granulation tissue, and 3 patients have been successfully extubated. Cryotherapy allows bloodless resection of these lesions with rapid tissue healing not accompanied by residual scarring.", "contents": "Clinical application of endotracheal cryotherapy. A nitrous oxide cryoprobe has been developed that may be used through the infant bronchoscope. A total of 19 discrete airway lesions have been treated in 17 patients ranging in age from 2 mo to 30 yr. Three patients with periglottic lesions have had complete eradication of these lesions without the need for tracheostomy. Six patients with subglottic stenoses have been treated, with one successful extubation and one patient approaching extubation. Five patients have been treated for distal tracheal strictures, with two successful extubations and a third pending extubation. Five patients have been treated for endotracheal granulation tissue, and 3 patients have been successfully extubated. Cryotherapy allows bloodless resection of these lesions with rapid tissue healing not accompanied by residual scarring.", "PMID": 731367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_752", "title": "Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: end-to-end versus end-to-side repair.", "content": "Despite early enthusiasm by some authors for the end-to-side repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, many have returned to the end-to-end technique. The present study compares the results of these two operative procedures. A retrospective analysis was made of 52 consecutive cases in which primary repair was performed. The patients were divided according to the three preoperative risk groups descibed by Waterston. The mortality for the end-to-end and end-to-side repairs was similar in each of the three risk groups. Similarly, there was no significant differnences in the incidence of anastomotic leak or recanalization of the fistula. However, the rate of anastomotic stricture in the end-to-end group was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in the end-to-side group. A description of the end-to-side technique is given, and its advantages are outlined.", "contents": "Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: end-to-end versus end-to-side repair. Despite early enthusiasm by some authors for the end-to-side repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, many have returned to the end-to-end technique. The present study compares the results of these two operative procedures. A retrospective analysis was made of 52 consecutive cases in which primary repair was performed. The patients were divided according to the three preoperative risk groups descibed by Waterston. The mortality for the end-to-end and end-to-side repairs was similar in each of the three risk groups. Similarly, there was no significant differnences in the incidence of anastomotic leak or recanalization of the fistula. However, the rate of anastomotic stricture in the end-to-end group was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in the end-to-side group. A description of the end-to-side technique is given, and its advantages are outlined.", "PMID": 731368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_753", "title": "Bronchial atresia: a recognizable entity in the pediatric age group.", "content": "Bronchial atresia, a congenital lesion that develops after the 16th wk of fetal life, may be more common than previously believed, and this probably explains some cases of so-called congenital lobar emphysema. It may produce symptoms of pulmonary infection, wheezing, and respiratory distress severe enough to justify elective resection of that part of the lung distal to the atresia. The roentgenographic features that make this a recognizable entity are the following: (1) There is localized hyperinflation of lung in a segmental or lobar distribution, with a circular or oval parahilar radiodensity. Bronchography will demonstrate that there is no filling of the bronchus supplying this part of the lung. (2) The occasional neonate with this condition may present with an intrathoracic mass suggesting retained fetal lung fluid in lobar distribution. Bronchography will demonstrate that there is no filling of the bronchus to that part of the lung. (3) A plug of desquamated tissue and mucus in the cyst-like bronchus just distal to the point of atresia appears to be an unvarying component of the syndrome. It most commonly presents as a round or oval density, but in some cases it may be shaped like a rod or tree and rarely contains an air-fluid level.", "contents": "Bronchial atresia: a recognizable entity in the pediatric age group. Bronchial atresia, a congenital lesion that develops after the 16th wk of fetal life, may be more common than previously believed, and this probably explains some cases of so-called congenital lobar emphysema. It may produce symptoms of pulmonary infection, wheezing, and respiratory distress severe enough to justify elective resection of that part of the lung distal to the atresia. The roentgenographic features that make this a recognizable entity are the following: (1) There is localized hyperinflation of lung in a segmental or lobar distribution, with a circular or oval parahilar radiodensity. Bronchography will demonstrate that there is no filling of the bronchus supplying this part of the lung. (2) The occasional neonate with this condition may present with an intrathoracic mass suggesting retained fetal lung fluid in lobar distribution. Bronchography will demonstrate that there is no filling of the bronchus to that part of the lung. (3) A plug of desquamated tissue and mucus in the cyst-like bronchus just distal to the point of atresia appears to be an unvarying component of the syndrome. It most commonly presents as a round or oval density, but in some cases it may be shaped like a rod or tree and rarely contains an air-fluid level.", "PMID": 731369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_754", "title": "Vesicointestinal fissure revisited.", "content": "This complicated anomaly of bladder exstrophy, intestinal fistula, and various degrees of colonic atresia with imperforate anus is readily recognizable. The long-term result of conventional management has been disappointing. Fecal and urinary incontinence have been unavoidable and a source of disappointment to patients and parents. An alternative method of total management is detailed. This variation of management may result in earlier and more complete social acceptability of the child so afflicted. At as young an age as possible, the vesicointestinal connection is detached and the bladder defect as well as the intestinal opening closed. The short colon is freed and transected at its midpoint. The right half of the colon is brought out through a separate wound as a colostomy. The distal half of the divided colon is brought out as mucous fistula on the left. This distal colonic segment is the proposed future colonic loop for urinary diversion to be fashioned in the first year of life. The exstrophied bladder is removed at a later date. Epispadias in the male may be repaired later. A Pediatric Ostomy Club has been organized to include a pediatric stomal therapist and involved nurses and physicians. The group gives the parents advice and moral support. We believe that this approach will permit the child to go to school and carry on relatively normal activity and to be socially acceptable. An overview of our total experience in the management of 25 patients with vesicointestinal fistula details the result in 9 surviving patients.", "contents": "Vesicointestinal fissure revisited. This complicated anomaly of bladder exstrophy, intestinal fistula, and various degrees of colonic atresia with imperforate anus is readily recognizable. The long-term result of conventional management has been disappointing. Fecal and urinary incontinence have been unavoidable and a source of disappointment to patients and parents. An alternative method of total management is detailed. This variation of management may result in earlier and more complete social acceptability of the child so afflicted. At as young an age as possible, the vesicointestinal connection is detached and the bladder defect as well as the intestinal opening closed. The short colon is freed and transected at its midpoint. The right half of the colon is brought out through a separate wound as a colostomy. The distal half of the divided colon is brought out as mucous fistula on the left. This distal colonic segment is the proposed future colonic loop for urinary diversion to be fashioned in the first year of life. The exstrophied bladder is removed at a later date. Epispadias in the male may be repaired later. A Pediatric Ostomy Club has been organized to include a pediatric stomal therapist and involved nurses and physicians. The group gives the parents advice and moral support. We believe that this approach will permit the child to go to school and carry on relatively normal activity and to be socially acceptable. An overview of our total experience in the management of 25 patients with vesicointestinal fistula details the result in 9 surviving patients.", "PMID": 731372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_755", "title": "Acute iron intoxication with intestinal infarction.", "content": "A fatal case of acute iron intoxication with intestinal infarction is reported, with emphasis on the acute gastrointestinal effects of iron ingestion. The patient demonstrated the progressive necrotizing effects of retained iron on the gastrointestinal tract. Although moderate amounts of iron may be irritating and may produce diarrhea, larger amounts may cause paralytic ileus. Localized concentrations of iron may then exert corrosive effects and cause segmental infarctions and perforations. Emphasis must be given to the purging of iron products from the bowel. Should surgery become necessary because of localized infarction or perforation, we believe that it is advisable to not only thoroughly irrigate the peritoneal cavity but also irrigate the lumen of the bowel so as to remove as much of the remaining iron as possible, lest further areas of necrosis and perforation develop because of continued corrosive effects.", "contents": "Acute iron intoxication with intestinal infarction. A fatal case of acute iron intoxication with intestinal infarction is reported, with emphasis on the acute gastrointestinal effects of iron ingestion. The patient demonstrated the progressive necrotizing effects of retained iron on the gastrointestinal tract. Although moderate amounts of iron may be irritating and may produce diarrhea, larger amounts may cause paralytic ileus. Localized concentrations of iron may then exert corrosive effects and cause segmental infarctions and perforations. Emphasis must be given to the purging of iron products from the bowel. Should surgery become necessary because of localized infarction or perforation, we believe that it is advisable to not only thoroughly irrigate the peritoneal cavity but also irrigate the lumen of the bowel so as to remove as much of the remaining iron as possible, lest further areas of necrosis and perforation develop because of continued corrosive effects.", "PMID": 731373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_756", "title": "Adenocarcinoma at the site of ureterosigmoidostomies for exstrophy of the bladder.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon is a rare complications of ureterosigmoidostomy done for exstrophy of the bladder. Only 13 cases have been previously reported, occurring from 10 to 46 yr after the procedure. In a series of 150 patients who have had ureterosigmoidostomies carried out at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, over the past 40 yr, 4 patients have been treated at our institution for this complication. The tumor was noted 20 to 32 yr after the initial procedure. Two patients are alive and well 1 and 4 yr after resection. The increasing incidence of this complication with advancing age will require careful observation and will undoubtedly influence the indications for the procedure. An additional question of great importance is how to evaluate and follow the thousands of patients who have had this procedure done at one time in their lives. It is suggested that an annual intravenous pyelogram is indicated in those patients with functioning ureterostomies and that a colonoscopy to the level of the anastomoses be carried out at 6-mo intervals in all patients. In those patients in whom the ureterosigmoidostomies have been taken down, a sleeve resection of that area of the colon should be strongly considered.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma at the site of ureterosigmoidostomies for exstrophy of the bladder. Adenocarcinoma of the colon is a rare complications of ureterosigmoidostomy done for exstrophy of the bladder. Only 13 cases have been previously reported, occurring from 10 to 46 yr after the procedure. In a series of 150 patients who have had ureterosigmoidostomies carried out at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, over the past 40 yr, 4 patients have been treated at our institution for this complication. The tumor was noted 20 to 32 yr after the initial procedure. Two patients are alive and well 1 and 4 yr after resection. The increasing incidence of this complication with advancing age will require careful observation and will undoubtedly influence the indications for the procedure. An additional question of great importance is how to evaluate and follow the thousands of patients who have had this procedure done at one time in their lives. It is suggested that an annual intravenous pyelogram is indicated in those patients with functioning ureterostomies and that a colonoscopy to the level of the anastomoses be carried out at 6-mo intervals in all patients. In those patients in whom the ureterosigmoidostomies have been taken down, a sleeve resection of that area of the colon should be strongly considered.", "PMID": 731374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_757", "title": "A retrospective epidemiologic study of pediatric fibrosarcomas.", "content": "One hundred eighty-two patients with histologically diagnosed fibrosarcoma below the age of 19 yr reported to the End Results Section of the National Cancer Institute before 1971 were analyzed. Race, sex, and age did not significantly affect prognosis. Site of the primary lesion and extent of disease at diagnosis did significantly affect prognosis. Overall 3-yr survival was 80%, and this remained constant over the next 5 yr. Survival of patients with upper extremity lesions exceeded 90%, whereas those with retroperitoneal primary sites had 17% survival. Patients with localized disease at diagnosis had 5-yr survival of 90%, but those with disseminated disease had a median survival of 6 mo, and 22% 1-yr and 5-yr survival.", "contents": "A retrospective epidemiologic study of pediatric fibrosarcomas. One hundred eighty-two patients with histologically diagnosed fibrosarcoma below the age of 19 yr reported to the End Results Section of the National Cancer Institute before 1971 were analyzed. Race, sex, and age did not significantly affect prognosis. Site of the primary lesion and extent of disease at diagnosis did significantly affect prognosis. Overall 3-yr survival was 80%, and this remained constant over the next 5 yr. Survival of patients with upper extremity lesions exceeded 90%, whereas those with retroperitoneal primary sites had 17% survival. Patients with localized disease at diagnosis had 5-yr survival of 90%, but those with disseminated disease had a median survival of 6 mo, and 22% 1-yr and 5-yr survival.", "PMID": 731375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_758", "title": "Imperforate anus: avoiding a colostomy.", "content": "Early assessement of imperforate anus, combining clinical and radiographic data, determines the course of treatment. \"High\" lesions most often require combined abdominal and sacroperineal repair, usually preceded by a decompression colostomy.  \"Low\" lesions are repaired through a perineal or sacroperineal approach not requiring a previous colostomy. Patients who do not have an apparent fistulous tract through which accurate radiographic assessment can be made frequently undergo preliminary colostomy to avoid colonic perforation. This occurs in patients who have \"low\" lesions and in whom colostomy may be avoided. Combining a new procedure and an old procedure may avoid unnecessary colostomy. A 14 Medicut intravenous cannula is inserted in the perineum and under fluoroscopic control is advanced into the radiolucent area identified in the pelvis as the probable lower rectal pouch. The position is confirmed by aspiration of gas or meconium and injection of contrast material. A limited contrast enema will clearly identify the level of the lesion and identify a fistula if one is present. If a low lesion is identified and no fistula is present to allow temporary colonic decompression, a fistulous tract may be created mechanically. A No. 4 Fogarty catheter is inserted through the previously placed cannula, the catheter balloon is inflated, and the entire apparatus is extracted under tension. This creates a small fistulous tract to the perineal surface. Subsequent dilation of this tract allows colonic decompression, and definitive operative repair may be planned at the most appropriate time. By employing this technique, we have avoided colostomy in 4 of 6 patients.", "contents": "Imperforate anus: avoiding a colostomy. Early assessement of imperforate anus, combining clinical and radiographic data, determines the course of treatment. \"High\" lesions most often require combined abdominal and sacroperineal repair, usually preceded by a decompression colostomy.  \"Low\" lesions are repaired through a perineal or sacroperineal approach not requiring a previous colostomy. Patients who do not have an apparent fistulous tract through which accurate radiographic assessment can be made frequently undergo preliminary colostomy to avoid colonic perforation. This occurs in patients who have \"low\" lesions and in whom colostomy may be avoided. Combining a new procedure and an old procedure may avoid unnecessary colostomy. A 14 Medicut intravenous cannula is inserted in the perineum and under fluoroscopic control is advanced into the radiolucent area identified in the pelvis as the probable lower rectal pouch. The position is confirmed by aspiration of gas or meconium and injection of contrast material. A limited contrast enema will clearly identify the level of the lesion and identify a fistula if one is present. If a low lesion is identified and no fistula is present to allow temporary colonic decompression, a fistulous tract may be created mechanically. A No. 4 Fogarty catheter is inserted through the previously placed cannula, the catheter balloon is inflated, and the entire apparatus is extracted under tension. This creates a small fistulous tract to the perineal surface. Subsequent dilation of this tract allows colonic decompression, and definitive operative repair may be planned at the most appropriate time. By employing this technique, we have avoided colostomy in 4 of 6 patients.", "PMID": 731377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_759", "title": "Effects of concomitant aspirin administration on the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin in man.", "content": "Ten healthy volunteers each received single and multiple 50-mg doses of indomethacin orally and a single 25-mg dose of [14C]indomethacin intravenously in the absence of and concomitantly with 1200 mg of aspirin as a single dose and in a chronic t.i.d. regimen. Systematic analysis of the data resulted in the isolation and quantification of aspirin's effects on the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, enterohepatic circulation, and accumulation of indomethacin. The effects of chronic aspirin were to suppress the renal clearance, to increase the biliary clearance, to decrease the efficiency of gastrointestinal absorption, and to enhance the enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin. On concomitant administration of 1200 mg of aspirin t.i.d., mean plasma levels of indomethacin were depressed by 20% after a single oral dose, by a smaller margin after multiple oral doses, and not at all after a single intravenous dose of indomethacin. The mean plasma concentration of orally administered indomethacin was decreased by 8% when given concurrently with a single 1200 mg dose of aspirin. Concomitant chronic therapeutic dosages of indomethacin had no effect on salicylate accumulation from repetitive doses of aspirin.", "contents": "Effects of concomitant aspirin administration on the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin in man. Ten healthy volunteers each received single and multiple 50-mg doses of indomethacin orally and a single 25-mg dose of [14C]indomethacin intravenously in the absence of and concomitantly with 1200 mg of aspirin as a single dose and in a chronic t.i.d. regimen. Systematic analysis of the data resulted in the isolation and quantification of aspirin's effects on the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, enterohepatic circulation, and accumulation of indomethacin. The effects of chronic aspirin were to suppress the renal clearance, to increase the biliary clearance, to decrease the efficiency of gastrointestinal absorption, and to enhance the enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin. On concomitant administration of 1200 mg of aspirin t.i.d., mean plasma levels of indomethacin were depressed by 20% after a single oral dose, by a smaller margin after multiple oral doses, and not at all after a single intravenous dose of indomethacin. The mean plasma concentration of orally administered indomethacin was decreased by 8% when given concurrently with a single 1200 mg dose of aspirin. Concomitant chronic therapeutic dosages of indomethacin had no effect on salicylate accumulation from repetitive doses of aspirin.", "PMID": 731412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_760", "title": "Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the enterohepatic recirculation and first-pass elimination of morphine in the rat.", "content": "Morphine was administered to rats by oral, intraportal, and intravenous routes in a dose of 7.6 mg . kg-1. From the serum concentration data after intraportal administration it was calculated that the first-pass elimination of morphine in the liver amounts to 72 +/- 2% (SD). The first-pass fraction eliminated after oral administration was 85 +/- 7% (SD), thus yielding a contribution by the gut mucosa of 46% to the overall first-pass elimination after an oral dose. The results were obtained with a general compartmental model which included the kinetics of enterohepatic recirculation. The oral availability was also estimated with the aid of pharmacological effect data. This availability was in good agreement with the corresponding value determined from the serum concentration data. The results suggest that morphine is subjected to enterohepatic recirculation and that the slowest phase of decline of morphine concentrations in serum might be due to this physiological process.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the enterohepatic recirculation and first-pass elimination of morphine in the rat. Morphine was administered to rats by oral, intraportal, and intravenous routes in a dose of 7.6 mg . kg-1. From the serum concentration data after intraportal administration it was calculated that the first-pass elimination of morphine in the liver amounts to 72 +/- 2% (SD). The first-pass fraction eliminated after oral administration was 85 +/- 7% (SD), thus yielding a contribution by the gut mucosa of 46% to the overall first-pass elimination after an oral dose. The results were obtained with a general compartmental model which included the kinetics of enterohepatic recirculation. The oral availability was also estimated with the aid of pharmacological effect data. This availability was in good agreement with the corresponding value determined from the serum concentration data. The results suggest that morphine is subjected to enterohepatic recirculation and that the slowest phase of decline of morphine concentrations in serum might be due to this physiological process.", "PMID": 731414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_761", "title": "Mathematical prediction of drug distribution in vivo: studies with doxantrazole in rats.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model incorporating 14 compartments and 29 transfer coefficients has been developed from experimental data obtained after intravenous administration of a single dose to describe the distribution of doxantrazole in the rate. The distribution calculated from the model agreed closely with that determined experimentally. In addition, the model was able to predict with considerable accuracy the distribution of doxantrazole after repeated dosing.", "contents": "Mathematical prediction of drug distribution in vivo: studies with doxantrazole in rats. A pharmacokinetic model incorporating 14 compartments and 29 transfer coefficients has been developed from experimental data obtained after intravenous administration of a single dose to describe the distribution of doxantrazole in the rate. The distribution calculated from the model agreed closely with that determined experimentally. In addition, the model was able to predict with considerable accuracy the distribution of doxantrazole after repeated dosing.", "PMID": 731415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_762", "title": "Critical evaluation of the potential error in pharmacokinetic studies of using the linear trapezoidal rule method for the calculation of the area under the plasma level--time curve.", "content": "The linear trapezoidal rule method is commonly used for the estimation of the area under the plasma level-time curve. Error analyses are performed when the method is used in first-order absorption and first-order elimination kinetics in the one-compartment system. It is found that significant underestimations and overestimations in area during the absorption phase and postabsorption phase, respectively, can occur when the method is improperly used. During the exponential postabsorption phase the relative error is only a function of the ratio (n) of the time interval over the half-life of the two plasma data points in the interval. The error from the linear trapezoidal rule method at n = 0.5 is about 1%. The error increases to 15.5% and 57.1% when n is increased to 2 and 4, respectively. It is recommended that for most absorption studies the linear trapezoidal method be used for prepeak and plateau plasma data and the logarithmic trapezoidal method for postpeak plasma data.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the potential error in pharmacokinetic studies of using the linear trapezoidal rule method for the calculation of the area under the plasma level--time curve. The linear trapezoidal rule method is commonly used for the estimation of the area under the plasma level-time curve. Error analyses are performed when the method is used in first-order absorption and first-order elimination kinetics in the one-compartment system. It is found that significant underestimations and overestimations in area during the absorption phase and postabsorption phase, respectively, can occur when the method is improperly used. During the exponential postabsorption phase the relative error is only a function of the ratio (n) of the time interval over the half-life of the two plasma data points in the interval. The error from the linear trapezoidal rule method at n = 0.5 is about 1%. The error increases to 15.5% and 57.1% when n is increased to 2 and 4, respectively. It is recommended that for most absorption studies the linear trapezoidal method be used for prepeak and plateau plasma data and the logarithmic trapezoidal method for postpeak plasma data.", "PMID": 731416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_763", "title": "Statistical moments in pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Statistical moments are parameters that describe the characteristics of the time courses of plasma concentration (area, mean residence time, and variance of residence time) and of the urinary excretion rate that follow administration of a single dose of a drug. The relationship between the moments of a time-course curve and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug disposition, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is described. The moments are related to the extent and rate of bioavailability, and it is shown that they can be effectively applied to the deconvolution operation.", "contents": "Statistical moments in pharmacokinetics. Statistical moments are parameters that describe the characteristics of the time courses of plasma concentration (area, mean residence time, and variance of residence time) and of the urinary excretion rate that follow administration of a single dose of a drug. The relationship between the moments of a time-course curve and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug disposition, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is described. The moments are related to the extent and rate of bioavailability, and it is shown that they can be effectively applied to the deconvolution operation.", "PMID": 731417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_764", "title": "Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug action.", "content": "The extent and time course of drug action can be markedly affected by the route of drug administration into the patient as well as the pattern of drug distribution within the patient. Drugs which are rapidly cleared by hepatic processes will show a decreased extent of availability following oral administration due to metabolism of drug on its first pass through the liver. The magnitude of this first pass will depend on the blood flow to the liver and the intrinsic clearing ability of the liver (i.e., the ability of the organ to eliminate the drug independent of the rate at which drug is brought to the organ). Drug distribution in the patient will depend on the blood flow to various sites in the body as well as the partition coefficient of the drug between the blood and the distributive organs. Protein binding both in the plasma and in the tissues will markedly affect this distribution. However, free drug concentrations are generally relieved to be the effective determinant in drug therapy. Often a redistribution due to changes in protein binding will have little effect on the therapeutic efficacy since, although total drug distribution changes, free concentrations in the plasma remain essentially similar.", "contents": "Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug action. The extent and time course of drug action can be markedly affected by the route of drug administration into the patient as well as the pattern of drug distribution within the patient. Drugs which are rapidly cleared by hepatic processes will show a decreased extent of availability following oral administration due to metabolism of drug on its first pass through the liver. The magnitude of this first pass will depend on the blood flow to the liver and the intrinsic clearing ability of the liver (i.e., the ability of the organ to eliminate the drug independent of the rate at which drug is brought to the organ). Drug distribution in the patient will depend on the blood flow to various sites in the body as well as the partition coefficient of the drug between the blood and the distributive organs. Protein binding both in the plasma and in the tissues will markedly affect this distribution. However, free drug concentrations are generally relieved to be the effective determinant in drug therapy. Often a redistribution due to changes in protein binding will have little effect on the therapeutic efficacy since, although total drug distribution changes, free concentrations in the plasma remain essentially similar.", "PMID": 731418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_765", "title": "In vivo studies on the relationship between target organ alkylation and the pulmonary toxicity of a chemically reactive metabolite of 4-ipomeanol.", "content": "The pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanol, selectively alkylates the lungs of rats. Time-course and dose-response studies demonstrate a close correlation between the pulmonary alkylation and the lung toxicity of the compound. Without prior metabolism, 4-ipomeanol is not sufficiently reactive to alkylate tissue macromolecules. Inhibitors of the metabolism of 4-ipomeanol decrease both the pulmonary alkylation and toxicity of the compound, which suggests that the toxicity is due to an alkylating metabolite. Studies with inducers of the hepatic metabolism of 4-ipomeanol are consistent with the view that the toxic metabolite of the compound is actually formed in situ in the target tissue. Pretreatment of animals with diethylmaleate strikingly increases both the pulmonary alkylation and the lung toxicity of 4-ipomeanol. Studies of the tissue alkylating properties and toxicities of 4-ipomeanl analogs demonstrate the requirement for the furan moiety. The toxic metabolites of 4-ipomeanol appears to be a highly electrophilic reactant capable of binding irreversibly with nucleophilic macromolecular constituents of target tissue.", "contents": "In vivo studies on the relationship between target organ alkylation and the pulmonary toxicity of a chemically reactive metabolite of 4-ipomeanol. The pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanol, selectively alkylates the lungs of rats. Time-course and dose-response studies demonstrate a close correlation between the pulmonary alkylation and the lung toxicity of the compound. Without prior metabolism, 4-ipomeanol is not sufficiently reactive to alkylate tissue macromolecules. Inhibitors of the metabolism of 4-ipomeanol decrease both the pulmonary alkylation and toxicity of the compound, which suggests that the toxicity is due to an alkylating metabolite. Studies with inducers of the hepatic metabolism of 4-ipomeanol are consistent with the view that the toxic metabolite of the compound is actually formed in situ in the target tissue. Pretreatment of animals with diethylmaleate strikingly increases both the pulmonary alkylation and the lung toxicity of 4-ipomeanol. Studies of the tissue alkylating properties and toxicities of 4-ipomeanl analogs demonstrate the requirement for the furan moiety. The toxic metabolites of 4-ipomeanol appears to be a highly electrophilic reactant capable of binding irreversibly with nucleophilic macromolecular constituents of target tissue.", "PMID": 731424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_766", "title": "The effect of isoniazid and other drugs on the acetylation of procainamide in the intact rat.", "content": "The effects of isoniazid (INH), hydralazine, salicylazosulfapyridine, and sulfapyridine on the quantitative disposition of procainamide (PA) in the intact rat were examined. A dose-dependent inhibition of PA acetylation was observed after coadministration of PA with INH via nasogastric intubation. The 24-hr urinary excretion of N-acetylprocainamide was noted to decline in the presence of INH whereas that of the unchanged drug exhibited a coincident rise. A reduction in the systemic clearance of PA and a prolongation in its half-life of elimination was also observed. INH increased PA hepatic levels and decreased N-acetylprocainamide hepatic content. In contrast hydralazine affects not only PA acetylation but also its absorption rate and transformation by other metabolic pathways. Salicylazosulfapyridine did not affect PA acetylation whereas high doses of sulfaphridine did.", "contents": "The effect of isoniazid and other drugs on the acetylation of procainamide in the intact rat. The effects of isoniazid (INH), hydralazine, salicylazosulfapyridine, and sulfapyridine on the quantitative disposition of procainamide (PA) in the intact rat were examined. A dose-dependent inhibition of PA acetylation was observed after coadministration of PA with INH via nasogastric intubation. The 24-hr urinary excretion of N-acetylprocainamide was noted to decline in the presence of INH whereas that of the unchanged drug exhibited a coincident rise. A reduction in the systemic clearance of PA and a prolongation in its half-life of elimination was also observed. INH increased PA hepatic levels and decreased N-acetylprocainamide hepatic content. In contrast hydralazine affects not only PA acetylation but also its absorption rate and transformation by other metabolic pathways. Salicylazosulfapyridine did not affect PA acetylation whereas high doses of sulfaphridine did.", "PMID": 731425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_767", "title": "Developments of computer-based estimation of pA2 values and associated analysis.", "content": "The standard statistical-computing package GLIM is used to analyze data from agonist-antagonist studies for the estimation of the dissociation constant of the antagonist. The method follows the general approach of D.R. Waud (Analysis of dose-response curves. In Methods in Pharmacology, vol. 3, Smooth Muscle, ed. by E.E. Daniel and M. Paton, Plenum Press, New York, 1975) in employing an iterative nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting procedure. However, it differs in two important respects: 1) it is interactive; and 2) it allows linear adjustments for covariates and experimental design variables. This paper develops develops an alternative useful formulation of departure from simple competitivity and also a graphical display called a \"Clark plot\" showing how the spacings of the dose-response lines fit the theory of simple competitive antagonism. This plot provides an alternative to the popular Schild plot for which, of necessity, the zero antagonist (control) dose-response line is heavily used both in the experimental design and in the analysis associated with it.", "contents": "Developments of computer-based estimation of pA2 values and associated analysis. The standard statistical-computing package GLIM is used to analyze data from agonist-antagonist studies for the estimation of the dissociation constant of the antagonist. The method follows the general approach of D.R. Waud (Analysis of dose-response curves. In Methods in Pharmacology, vol. 3, Smooth Muscle, ed. by E.E. Daniel and M. Paton, Plenum Press, New York, 1975) in employing an iterative nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting procedure. However, it differs in two important respects: 1) it is interactive; and 2) it allows linear adjustments for covariates and experimental design variables. This paper develops develops an alternative useful formulation of departure from simple competitivity and also a graphical display called a \"Clark plot\" showing how the spacings of the dose-response lines fit the theory of simple competitive antagonism. This plot provides an alternative to the popular Schild plot for which, of necessity, the zero antagonist (control) dose-response line is heavily used both in the experimental design and in the analysis associated with it.", "PMID": 731426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_768", "title": "Alteration of renal cortical palmitate utilization and p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation after penicillin treatment of neonatal rabbits.", "content": "The renal organic anion transport system has been linked to the selective extraction of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from arterial blood. Consequently, p-aminohippurate (PAH) and palmitate may compete for a common intracellular binding site or may be handled by a common enzymatic pathway. The purpose of this study was to identify sites of interaction by correlating alterations in PAH accumulation and palmitate metabolism after selective stimulation of the PAH transport system. Penicillin treatment of immature rabbits increased PAH accumulation by suspensions of proximal tubules prepared nonenzymatically) and altered distribation of incorporated palmitate[14C] within tubule lipid classes. Penicillin increased palmitate[14C] esterified to triglycerides and decreased 14C recovered as NEFA. Administration of iodipamide had no effect on PAH accumulation and did not alter palmitate utilization. Penicillin treatment of mature rabbits did not alter either tubule PAH accumulation or palmitate esterification. These results suggested that palmitate and PAH share a common intracellular binding site and that penicillin enhanced PAH accumulation by removing endogenous inhibitors (NEFA).", "contents": "Alteration of renal cortical palmitate utilization and p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation after penicillin treatment of neonatal rabbits. The renal organic anion transport system has been linked to the selective extraction of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from arterial blood. Consequently, p-aminohippurate (PAH) and palmitate may compete for a common intracellular binding site or may be handled by a common enzymatic pathway. The purpose of this study was to identify sites of interaction by correlating alterations in PAH accumulation and palmitate metabolism after selective stimulation of the PAH transport system. Penicillin treatment of immature rabbits increased PAH accumulation by suspensions of proximal tubules prepared nonenzymatically) and altered distribation of incorporated palmitate[14C] within tubule lipid classes. Penicillin increased palmitate[14C] esterified to triglycerides and decreased 14C recovered as NEFA. Administration of iodipamide had no effect on PAH accumulation and did not alter palmitate utilization. Penicillin treatment of mature rabbits did not alter either tubule PAH accumulation or palmitate esterification. These results suggested that palmitate and PAH share a common intracellular binding site and that penicillin enhanced PAH accumulation by removing endogenous inhibitors (NEFA).", "PMID": 731428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_769", "title": "Salicylate excretion in the rat; free flow micropuncture experiments.", "content": "As in other animals, the renal clearance of salicylate in the rat is greater when the urine is alkaline than when it is acid. In none of the present experiments was the rate of salicylate excretion greater than the rate of its glomerular filtration. Nevertheless, net secretion of salicylate was observed in the proximal tubules of alkalotic, nonalkalotic diuretic, and normal hydropenic animals when the plasma concentration of salicylate was below 150 microgram/ml. Alkalosis enhanced the salicylate content of proximal tubular fluid (approximately 30%). The enhancement is less than would be expected from published reports of proximal tubular fluid pH, if non-ionized salicylate were the only permeant form of the drug. In the absence of alkalosis and at high plasma concentrations, net reabsorption in the proximal tubule was observed. In some circumstances there is net reabsorption of salicylate between the end of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule and the beginning of the distal. Salicylate is reabsorbed from the distal tubule. There was only a small difference in distal reabsorptive rate between normal and alkalotic animals.", "contents": "Salicylate excretion in the rat; free flow micropuncture experiments. As in other animals, the renal clearance of salicylate in the rat is greater when the urine is alkaline than when it is acid. In none of the present experiments was the rate of salicylate excretion greater than the rate of its glomerular filtration. Nevertheless, net secretion of salicylate was observed in the proximal tubules of alkalotic, nonalkalotic diuretic, and normal hydropenic animals when the plasma concentration of salicylate was below 150 microgram/ml. Alkalosis enhanced the salicylate content of proximal tubular fluid (approximately 30%). The enhancement is less than would be expected from published reports of proximal tubular fluid pH, if non-ionized salicylate were the only permeant form of the drug. In the absence of alkalosis and at high plasma concentrations, net reabsorption in the proximal tubule was observed. In some circumstances there is net reabsorption of salicylate between the end of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule and the beginning of the distal. Salicylate is reabsorbed from the distal tubule. There was only a small difference in distal reabsorptive rate between normal and alkalotic animals.", "PMID": 731429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_770", "title": "The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the renal tubular secretion of phenolsulfonphthalein.", "content": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to have profound ultrastructural and biochemical effects on hepatic and renal tissues. However, there is little information concerning the effect of TCDD on renal function. Therefore, the steady-state secretion rate of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) was measured in vivo in control rats and in rats pretreated with TCDD. Five to 7 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of TCDD (10 microgram/kg) there was: 1) an increase in the apparent affinity of the secretory system for PSP since a significant increase in the tubular secretion rate of PSP occurred at low plasma levels of PSP; 2) no increase in the maximum secretory capacity for PSP (Tm-PSP); 3) a significant decrease in the glomerular filtration rate; from 1.17 +/- 0.10 to 0.90 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- S.E.) ml-min-1 . g-1 wet kidney wt. The decrease  in glomerular filtration in the rats treated with TCDD occurred without a change in the mean arterial pressure; this suggests that the glomerular structures may have a high sensitivity to this agent. The effect of TCDD on the tubular secretion of PSP is discussed in relation to the available information concerning the inducing effect of TCDD on renal tissue ligandin content.", "contents": "The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the renal tubular secretion of phenolsulfonphthalein. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to have profound ultrastructural and biochemical effects on hepatic and renal tissues. However, there is little information concerning the effect of TCDD on renal function. Therefore, the steady-state secretion rate of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) was measured in vivo in control rats and in rats pretreated with TCDD. Five to 7 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of TCDD (10 microgram/kg) there was: 1) an increase in the apparent affinity of the secretory system for PSP since a significant increase in the tubular secretion rate of PSP occurred at low plasma levels of PSP; 2) no increase in the maximum secretory capacity for PSP (Tm-PSP); 3) a significant decrease in the glomerular filtration rate; from 1.17 +/- 0.10 to 0.90 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- S.E.) ml-min-1 . g-1 wet kidney wt. The decrease  in glomerular filtration in the rats treated with TCDD occurred without a change in the mean arterial pressure; this suggests that the glomerular structures may have a high sensitivity to this agent. The effect of TCDD on the tubular secretion of PSP is discussed in relation to the available information concerning the inducing effect of TCDD on renal tissue ligandin content.", "PMID": 731430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_771", "title": "Similar effects of phenytoin and tetrodotoxin on cyclic nucleotid regulation in depolarized brain tissue.", "content": "Veratridine, ouabain, glutamate and high concentrations of K+, agents which cause depolarization of excitable cells, markedly elevate levels of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in brain tissue, in vitro. Phenytoin inhibits veratridine (5 micron)- and ouabain (100 micron)-induced accumulations of both cyclic nucleotides in slices of mouse cerebral cortex. As little as 10 to 30 micron phenytoin produces a statistically significant depression, and 100 to 400 micron inhibits more than 90%. In contrast, at concentrations up to 400 micron, the drug has little or no effect on elevations of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP caused by glutamate (10 mM) or K+ (64 mM). The inhibitory action of phenytoin on ouabain-induced elevations of cyclic nucleotides appears to be noncompetitive; inhibition of the veratridine effects probably is also noncompetitive. Tetrodotoxin also inhibits ouabain- and veratridine-induced elevations of cyclic nucleotides in brain slices, but it is 3 orders of magnitude more potent than phenytoin. Like phenytoin, tetrodotoxin does not inhibit the effects of glutamate or K+ on cyclic nucleotide regulation. These data suggest that, similar to tetrodotoxin phenytoin blocks sodium channels in excitable membranes. Possibly this mechanism is responsible for the antiepileptic action of phenytoin.", "contents": "Similar effects of phenytoin and tetrodotoxin on cyclic nucleotid regulation in depolarized brain tissue. Veratridine, ouabain, glutamate and high concentrations of K+, agents which cause depolarization of excitable cells, markedly elevate levels of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in brain tissue, in vitro. Phenytoin inhibits veratridine (5 micron)- and ouabain (100 micron)-induced accumulations of both cyclic nucleotides in slices of mouse cerebral cortex. As little as 10 to 30 micron phenytoin produces a statistically significant depression, and 100 to 400 micron inhibits more than 90%. In contrast, at concentrations up to 400 micron, the drug has little or no effect on elevations of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP caused by glutamate (10 mM) or K+ (64 mM). The inhibitory action of phenytoin on ouabain-induced elevations of cyclic nucleotides appears to be noncompetitive; inhibition of the veratridine effects probably is also noncompetitive. Tetrodotoxin also inhibits ouabain- and veratridine-induced elevations of cyclic nucleotides in brain slices, but it is 3 orders of magnitude more potent than phenytoin. Like phenytoin, tetrodotoxin does not inhibit the effects of glutamate or K+ on cyclic nucleotide regulation. These data suggest that, similar to tetrodotoxin phenytoin blocks sodium channels in excitable membranes. Possibly this mechanism is responsible for the antiepileptic action of phenytoin.", "PMID": 731431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_772", "title": "Carbamazepine suppression of post-tetanic potentiation at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) were evaluated using an in vivo cat coleus neuromuscular preparation. CBZ was administered i.p. and plasma CBZ concentrations were determined by gas liquid chromatography during PTP tests over a 90-min period. CBZ produced a concentration-dependent depression of PTP. Significant depression was first noted at about 12 microgram/ml and 50% depression occurred at 20 microgram/ml; this depression was time-dependent. No effect was observed on unpotentiated, supramaximal twitches. CBZ also modified the pattern of tetanic contraction; the most predominant change was an enhancement of the initial falling phase of the tetanus. Antidromically propagated post-tetanic repetitive afterdischarges (PTR) were monitored in single isolated vertral root filaments innerving the soleus muscle. CBZ inhibited PTR without affecting conduction velocity or the capacity of the fiber to follow the high frequency (tetanic) stimulation. These results are similar to those previously reported for phenytoin. CBZ inhibits PTP in this preparation by inhibition of PTR through a presynaptic effect; possible mechanisms are discussed. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the actions of this drug in epilepsy and neuromyotonia.", "contents": "Carbamazepine suppression of post-tetanic potentiation at the neuromuscular junction. The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) were evaluated using an in vivo cat coleus neuromuscular preparation. CBZ was administered i.p. and plasma CBZ concentrations were determined by gas liquid chromatography during PTP tests over a 90-min period. CBZ produced a concentration-dependent depression of PTP. Significant depression was first noted at about 12 microgram/ml and 50% depression occurred at 20 microgram/ml; this depression was time-dependent. No effect was observed on unpotentiated, supramaximal twitches. CBZ also modified the pattern of tetanic contraction; the most predominant change was an enhancement of the initial falling phase of the tetanus. Antidromically propagated post-tetanic repetitive afterdischarges (PTR) were monitored in single isolated vertral root filaments innerving the soleus muscle. CBZ inhibited PTR without affecting conduction velocity or the capacity of the fiber to follow the high frequency (tetanic) stimulation. These results are similar to those previously reported for phenytoin. CBZ inhibits PTP in this preparation by inhibition of PTR through a presynaptic effect; possible mechanisms are discussed. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the actions of this drug in epilepsy and neuromyotonia.", "PMID": 731433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_773", "title": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline-derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function: tactile startle.", "content": "Tactile startle responding by male Sprague-Dawley rats given 60 presentations of air-puff stimuli (37.5 psi) was measured after the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of hallucinogens and other psychoactive drugs. Among the drugs tested were the indoleamine-derived compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine and psilocin, and the phenylethylamine-derived compounds, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine and a series of active and inactive congeners of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. All of the active phenylethylamines increased startle response magnitudes throughout the test session. This pattern of augmented startle suggests that these drugs increase reactivity. However, none of the indoleamine hallucinogens increased startle responding. Of the nonhallucinogenic drugs tested, only apomorphine increased startle responding, while clonidine significantly decreased it, and amphetamine, chlorimipramine, scopolamine and methysergide had no effect. In additional studies with LSD, it was found that LSD increased the response to  only the first stimulus when more intense air-puffs were used (50 psi). Furthermore, when the number of stimuli was increased from 60 to 240 (1 hr) so that appreciable habituation was evident in controls, LSD impaired this habituation. Whereas the response magnitudes of the control group decreased by 70% across the session, the responses of LSD-treated rats decreased by only 32%. These results suggest that LSD and phenylethylamine-derived hallucinogens may differ in their effects on tactile startle responding.", "contents": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline-derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function: tactile startle. Tactile startle responding by male Sprague-Dawley rats given 60 presentations of air-puff stimuli (37.5 psi) was measured after the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of hallucinogens and other psychoactive drugs. Among the drugs tested were the indoleamine-derived compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine and psilocin, and the phenylethylamine-derived compounds, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine and a series of active and inactive congeners of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. All of the active phenylethylamines increased startle response magnitudes throughout the test session. This pattern of augmented startle suggests that these drugs increase reactivity. However, none of the indoleamine hallucinogens increased startle responding. Of the nonhallucinogenic drugs tested, only apomorphine increased startle responding, while clonidine significantly decreased it, and amphetamine, chlorimipramine, scopolamine and methysergide had no effect. In additional studies with LSD, it was found that LSD increased the response to  only the first stimulus when more intense air-puffs were used (50 psi). Furthermore, when the number of stimuli was increased from 60 to 240 (1 hr) so that appreciable habituation was evident in controls, LSD impaired this habituation. Whereas the response magnitudes of the control group decreased by 70% across the session, the responses of LSD-treated rats decreased by only 32%. These results suggest that LSD and phenylethylamine-derived hallucinogens may differ in their effects on tactile startle responding.", "PMID": 731434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_774", "title": "Tolerance development to the biphasic effects of morphine on locomotor activity and brain acetylcholine in the rat.", "content": "The development of tolerance to the depressant and stimulant actions of morphine on locomotor activity and brain acetylcholine (ACh) utilization (indirect turnover) was investigated in the rat. When administered to nontolerant rats, 1.0 mg/ kg s.c. of morphine produced an increase in locomotor activity and a concomitant increase in ACh utilization. Larger doses produced biphasic effects on locomotor activity, but only 10 mg/kg s.c. resulted in both an initial decrease and subsequent increase in ACh utilization in whole rat brain. The depressant and stimulant actions of morphine on both endpoints were antagonized by 1.0 mg/kg i.p. of naloxone administered 30 min before the maximum effect. Tolerance to morphine was produced by t.i.d. injections of increasing doses. Rapid tolerance developed to the locomotor depressant actions of morphine and to the decrease in brain ACh utilization. Tolerance to the depressant effects resulted in an enhanced stimulant action. Tolerance also developed to the stimulant actions of morphine but only when large doses of drug were administered daily. Biphasic effects of 10 mg/kg of morphine on brain ACh utilization were also observed in the hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Only a decrease in ACh utilization was observed in the caudate nucleus. Tolerance developed to the decreases and increases in ACh utilization in these discrete brain regions. This study demonstrates that tolerance development to the depressant and stimulant actions of morphine is complex and involves different dose and time schedules. It is not possible therefore to study tolerance to the actions or morphine without specifying the precise endpoint studied and the tolerance schedule utilized.", "contents": "Tolerance development to the biphasic effects of morphine on locomotor activity and brain acetylcholine in the rat. The development of tolerance to the depressant and stimulant actions of morphine on locomotor activity and brain acetylcholine (ACh) utilization (indirect turnover) was investigated in the rat. When administered to nontolerant rats, 1.0 mg/ kg s.c. of morphine produced an increase in locomotor activity and a concomitant increase in ACh utilization. Larger doses produced biphasic effects on locomotor activity, but only 10 mg/kg s.c. resulted in both an initial decrease and subsequent increase in ACh utilization in whole rat brain. The depressant and stimulant actions of morphine on both endpoints were antagonized by 1.0 mg/kg i.p. of naloxone administered 30 min before the maximum effect. Tolerance to morphine was produced by t.i.d. injections of increasing doses. Rapid tolerance developed to the locomotor depressant actions of morphine and to the decrease in brain ACh utilization. Tolerance to the depressant effects resulted in an enhanced stimulant action. Tolerance also developed to the stimulant actions of morphine but only when large doses of drug were administered daily. Biphasic effects of 10 mg/kg of morphine on brain ACh utilization were also observed in the hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Only a decrease in ACh utilization was observed in the caudate nucleus. Tolerance developed to the decreases and increases in ACh utilization in these discrete brain regions. This study demonstrates that tolerance development to the depressant and stimulant actions of morphine is complex and involves different dose and time schedules. It is not possible therefore to study tolerance to the actions or morphine without specifying the precise endpoint studied and the tolerance schedule utilized.", "PMID": 731435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_775", "title": "Tolerance to the effects of baclofen and gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity and dopaminergic neurons in the mouse.", "content": "Acute injections of baclofen or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) into mice caused dose-dependent depression of locomotor activity and an elevation of the dopamine content and a reduction of dopamine turnover in the brain. An acute injection of baclofen, but not of GBL, was less effective in producing these effects in mice maintained on a diet containing baclofen for 10 to 12 days. This suggests that baclofen and GBL may influence dopamine neurons by different mechanisms. Acute injections of both baclofen and GBL were less effective in producing behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice pre-treated for 13 days with injections of GBL. Tolerance to the behavioral and neurochemical actions of baclofen and GBL do not appear to be the result of metabolic tolerance but possibly result from changes in the properties of the dopamine neurons.", "contents": "Tolerance to the effects of baclofen and gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity and dopaminergic neurons in the mouse. Acute injections of baclofen or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) into mice caused dose-dependent depression of locomotor activity and an elevation of the dopamine content and a reduction of dopamine turnover in the brain. An acute injection of baclofen, but not of GBL, was less effective in producing these effects in mice maintained on a diet containing baclofen for 10 to 12 days. This suggests that baclofen and GBL may influence dopamine neurons by different mechanisms. Acute injections of both baclofen and GBL were less effective in producing behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice pre-treated for 13 days with injections of GBL. Tolerance to the behavioral and neurochemical actions of baclofen and GBL do not appear to be the result of metabolic tolerance but possibly result from changes in the properties of the dopamine neurons.", "PMID": 731436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_776", "title": "In vivo antagonism by naloxone of morphine, beta-endorphin and a synthetic enkephalin analog.", "content": "The in vivo equivalent of pA2 values were determined in rat tail-flick and mouse hot-plate tests for naloxone against morphine, beta-endorphin and a synthetic enkephalin analog, (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide, as analgesics. In mice the apparent pA2 value of naloxone against morphine (6.86) was similar to that found by previously and essentially the same values were obtained against the opioid peptides, indicating homogenous receptor population for the analgesics studied. In rats the pA2 of naloxone against morphine (7.17) was lower than against either beta-endorphin (7.55) or (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide (7.51), warning that in rats such a homogeneity of the \"analgesic\" receptor population as was observed for mice may not exist.", "contents": "In vivo antagonism by naloxone of morphine, beta-endorphin and a synthetic enkephalin analog. The in vivo equivalent of pA2 values were determined in rat tail-flick and mouse hot-plate tests for naloxone against morphine, beta-endorphin and a synthetic enkephalin analog, (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide, as analgesics. In mice the apparent pA2 value of naloxone against morphine (6.86) was similar to that found by previously and essentially the same values were obtained against the opioid peptides, indicating homogenous receptor population for the analgesics studied. In rats the pA2 of naloxone against morphine (7.17) was lower than against either beta-endorphin (7.55) or (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide (7.51), warning that in rats such a homogeneity of the \"analgesic\" receptor population as was observed for mice may not exist.", "PMID": 731437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_777", "title": "Alterations in the antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced respiratory depression and analgesia after morphine pretreatment.", "content": "Mice were pretreated either acutely or chronically with morphine to test the effect of such pretreatments on the antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced respiratory depression and analgesia and to compare the development of tolerance to the two effects. A s.c. injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine 6 hr before testing produced a shift of the apparent pA2 of morphine-naloxone for analgesia from 7.05 to 7.33, while the same pretreatment did not change the apparent pA2 for respiratory depression. However, s.c. implantation of a morphine pellet for 72 hr produced a shift in the apparent pA2 of morphine-naloxone for respiratory depression from 7.35 to 7.63, which represents less than a 2-fold increase in naloxone potency. The same pretreatment produced a further shift of the apparent pA2 for analgesia to 7.58, representing a greater than 3-fold increase in naloxone potency. After morphine pellet implantation mice showed a much greater degree of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia than to respiratory depression. These results provide further evidence that narcotic-induced respiratory depression and analgesia are mediated by different receptor interactions.", "contents": "Alterations in the antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced respiratory depression and analgesia after morphine pretreatment. Mice were pretreated either acutely or chronically with morphine to test the effect of such pretreatments on the antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced respiratory depression and analgesia and to compare the development of tolerance to the two effects. A s.c. injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine 6 hr before testing produced a shift of the apparent pA2 of morphine-naloxone for analgesia from 7.05 to 7.33, while the same pretreatment did not change the apparent pA2 for respiratory depression. However, s.c. implantation of a morphine pellet for 72 hr produced a shift in the apparent pA2 of morphine-naloxone for respiratory depression from 7.35 to 7.63, which represents less than a 2-fold increase in naloxone potency. The same pretreatment produced a further shift of the apparent pA2 for analgesia to 7.58, representing a greater than 3-fold increase in naloxone potency. After morphine pellet implantation mice showed a much greater degree of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia than to respiratory depression. These results provide further evidence that narcotic-induced respiratory depression and analgesia are mediated by different receptor interactions.", "PMID": 731438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_778", "title": "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and development in rats.", "content": "Pregnant rats were intubated daily throughout gestation with 4.0 or 6.0 g/kg of ethanol. Pair-fed vehicle-treated, and nontreated rats fed ad libitum served as controls. All pups were removed from their biological mothers at birth and were raised by non-drug-treated surrogate mothers. Ethanol treatment reduced food and water consumption and body weight of pregnant animals relative to nontreated controls. Litter weight but not litter size was reduced in alcohol-treated groups. Pups exposed to the lower dosage regimen exhibited postnatal \"catch up\" growth, relative to ad libitum controls, but pups from the higher dosage group remained significantly lighter in weight than either their pair-fed controls or ad libitum animals. However, motor activity at 16 and 20 days of age was impaired in both alcohol-treated groups relative to their pair-fed controls. Both alcohol-treated groups also experienced greater postnatal mortality than did pair-fed or ad libitum controls. Since pair-fed animals did not differ from ad libitum controls, and all animals were raised by surrogate mothers, these results cannot be attributed to alcohol-related inhibition of maternal food and water consumption or postnatal maternal factors.", "contents": "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and development in rats. Pregnant rats were intubated daily throughout gestation with 4.0 or 6.0 g/kg of ethanol. Pair-fed vehicle-treated, and nontreated rats fed ad libitum served as controls. All pups were removed from their biological mothers at birth and were raised by non-drug-treated surrogate mothers. Ethanol treatment reduced food and water consumption and body weight of pregnant animals relative to nontreated controls. Litter weight but not litter size was reduced in alcohol-treated groups. Pups exposed to the lower dosage regimen exhibited postnatal \"catch up\" growth, relative to ad libitum controls, but pups from the higher dosage group remained significantly lighter in weight than either their pair-fed controls or ad libitum animals. However, motor activity at 16 and 20 days of age was impaired in both alcohol-treated groups relative to their pair-fed controls. Both alcohol-treated groups also experienced greater postnatal mortality than did pair-fed or ad libitum controls. Since pair-fed animals did not differ from ad libitum controls, and all animals were raised by surrogate mothers, these results cannot be attributed to alcohol-related inhibition of maternal food and water consumption or postnatal maternal factors.", "PMID": 731439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_779", "title": "Scanning microfluorimetric studies of anticholinergic drugs in Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "A microfluorimetric technique has been used to analyze fluorescence in specimens of Schistosoma mansoni labeled with a dansylated analog of acetylcholine. Anticholinergic drugs inhibit the fluorescent labeling of living specimens. The effectiveness of anticholinergic agents can be expressed as a fractional decrease in observed fluorescence of specimens, and several drugs have been compared in this context. Atropine, eserine, carbachol and mecamylamine block fluorescence only at high concentrations (10(-4)--10(-3) M) while trifluoperazine and hycanthone block strongly at lower concentrations (10(-5) M). The findings reported here suggest that the relative activity of anticholinergic drugs is different in schistosomes and vertebrates.", "contents": "Scanning microfluorimetric studies of anticholinergic drugs in Schistosoma mansoni. A microfluorimetric technique has been used to analyze fluorescence in specimens of Schistosoma mansoni labeled with a dansylated analog of acetylcholine. Anticholinergic drugs inhibit the fluorescent labeling of living specimens. The effectiveness of anticholinergic agents can be expressed as a fractional decrease in observed fluorescence of specimens, and several drugs have been compared in this context. Atropine, eserine, carbachol and mecamylamine block fluorescence only at high concentrations (10(-4)--10(-3) M) while trifluoperazine and hycanthone block strongly at lower concentrations (10(-5) M). The findings reported here suggest that the relative activity of anticholinergic drugs is different in schistosomes and vertebrates.", "PMID": 731445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_780", "title": "Reversal of the physiological effects of brief periods of monocular deprivation in the kitten.", "content": "1. Five normally reared kittens were monocularly deprived from day 32 to day 42 and then subjected to varying periods (from 6 to 14 days) of deprivation reversal using the technique of reverse suturing. Data obtained from single unit recordings in striate cortex of these kittens were compared to control data from seven normal kittens (aged 32 days to 22.5 weeks) and three normally reared kittens given monocular deprivation from day 32 to day 42. 2. Analysis of cortical ocular dominance patterns in these reverse-sutured kittens revealed a progressively greater shift of influence away from the originally experienced eye and toward the originally deprived eye as the duration of the period of deprivation reversal increased. Most cortical cells were monocularly driven in these animals, but at each stage of the reversal process some binocular neurones were found. 3. The distribution of interocular differences in preferred orientation for binocular cells from these kittens was not significantly different from that for normal kittens, indicating that the pattern of connexions established by the originally deprived eye during reinnervation of striate cortex was very similar to that present before deprivation. 4. Previous studies on reversal of the effects of longer periods of monocular deprivation have indicated that during reinnervation of cortex by fibres representing the originally deprived eye an entirely new and different pattern of connexions is formed. On the basis of these results, it is hypothesized that short-term monocular deprivation causes a reversible silencing of otherwise intact synapses, while terminals are physically disrupted when deprivation is prolonged. 5. This hypothesis is supported by the results of an additional set of experiments in which receptive fields, many of which were highly specific, could be demonstrated for about one-half of the cells studied after removal of the non-deprived eye in two normally reared kittens given 10 days of monocular deprivation beginning on day 32. Similar experiments in two kittens deprived from eye opening to day 42 revealed functional input to less than 20% of the cells studied and no evidence of response specificity.", "contents": "Reversal of the physiological effects of brief periods of monocular deprivation in the kitten. 1. Five normally reared kittens were monocularly deprived from day 32 to day 42 and then subjected to varying periods (from 6 to 14 days) of deprivation reversal using the technique of reverse suturing. Data obtained from single unit recordings in striate cortex of these kittens were compared to control data from seven normal kittens (aged 32 days to 22.5 weeks) and three normally reared kittens given monocular deprivation from day 32 to day 42. 2. Analysis of cortical ocular dominance patterns in these reverse-sutured kittens revealed a progressively greater shift of influence away from the originally experienced eye and toward the originally deprived eye as the duration of the period of deprivation reversal increased. Most cortical cells were monocularly driven in these animals, but at each stage of the reversal process some binocular neurones were found. 3. The distribution of interocular differences in preferred orientation for binocular cells from these kittens was not significantly different from that for normal kittens, indicating that the pattern of connexions established by the originally deprived eye during reinnervation of striate cortex was very similar to that present before deprivation. 4. Previous studies on reversal of the effects of longer periods of monocular deprivation have indicated that during reinnervation of cortex by fibres representing the originally deprived eye an entirely new and different pattern of connexions is formed. On the basis of these results, it is hypothesized that short-term monocular deprivation causes a reversible silencing of otherwise intact synapses, while terminals are physically disrupted when deprivation is prolonged. 5. This hypothesis is supported by the results of an additional set of experiments in which receptive fields, many of which were highly specific, could be demonstrated for about one-half of the cells studied after removal of the non-deprived eye in two normally reared kittens given 10 days of monocular deprivation beginning on day 32. Similar experiments in two kittens deprived from eye opening to day 42 revealed functional input to less than 20% of the cells studied and no evidence of response specificity.", "PMID": 731446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_781", "title": "Cell membrane potential and resistance in liver.", "content": "1. Isolated segments of mouse liver were placed in a Perspex bath through which physiological saline solutions of varying composition were circulated. Two microelectrodes were inserted in different liver cells under microscopic control allowing measurement of distance between the two micro-electrode tips. Current pulses were injected through one of these electrodes, causing electrotonic potential changes in nearby cells by current spread through intercellular junctions. These electrotonic potential changes were recorded with the second micro-electrode. The spatial decrement of the amplitude of the electrotonzpotential changes and their dependence on extracellular ion concentrations were analysed by three-dimensional cable analysis, modified to account for the geometry of the tissue. 2. During exposure to control solution the mean resting cell membrane potential was -37 mV, the space constant for intracellular current spread (lambda3 = square root of Rm/chrRi) was 390 micron and Ri, a measure which includes the intracellular resistivity and the junctional resistances, was 1.4 komegacm. From these values, and an estimate of tissue cell membrane density (chi) obtained by others, the specific membrane resistance (Rm) was calculated to be 5.1 komegacm2. 3. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by K+ resulted in a large depolarization and a large decrease in the membrane resistance. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by choline resulted in a small transient hyperpolarization and a small increase in the membrane resistance. Replacement of extracellular Cl- by methylsulphate or sulphate or of NaCl by sucrose resulted in a small transient depolarization and a large increase in the membrane resistance. 4. Glucagon (10(-7) M) and adrenaline (10(-5) M) evoked membrane hyperpolarization and reduction of membrane resistance (Rm). 5. The resting membrane ion conductance can be considered to consist of three components, Cl conductance (GCl), GK and GNa. The results suggest that GCl greater than GK greater than GNa. Changes in extracellular ion concentrations specifically alter the permeability properties of the cell membrane. The glucagon action can be explained in part by an increase in GK.", "contents": "Cell membrane potential and resistance in liver. 1. Isolated segments of mouse liver were placed in a Perspex bath through which physiological saline solutions of varying composition were circulated. Two microelectrodes were inserted in different liver cells under microscopic control allowing measurement of distance between the two micro-electrode tips. Current pulses were injected through one of these electrodes, causing electrotonic potential changes in nearby cells by current spread through intercellular junctions. These electrotonic potential changes were recorded with the second micro-electrode. The spatial decrement of the amplitude of the electrotonzpotential changes and their dependence on extracellular ion concentrations were analysed by three-dimensional cable analysis, modified to account for the geometry of the tissue. 2. During exposure to control solution the mean resting cell membrane potential was -37 mV, the space constant for intracellular current spread (lambda3 = square root of Rm/chrRi) was 390 micron and Ri, a measure which includes the intracellular resistivity and the junctional resistances, was 1.4 komegacm. From these values, and an estimate of tissue cell membrane density (chi) obtained by others, the specific membrane resistance (Rm) was calculated to be 5.1 komegacm2. 3. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by K+ resulted in a large depolarization and a large decrease in the membrane resistance. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by choline resulted in a small transient hyperpolarization and a small increase in the membrane resistance. Replacement of extracellular Cl- by methylsulphate or sulphate or of NaCl by sucrose resulted in a small transient depolarization and a large increase in the membrane resistance. 4. Glucagon (10(-7) M) and adrenaline (10(-5) M) evoked membrane hyperpolarization and reduction of membrane resistance (Rm). 5. The resting membrane ion conductance can be considered to consist of three components, Cl conductance (GCl), GK and GNa. The results suggest that GCl greater than GK greater than GNa. Changes in extracellular ion concentrations specifically alter the permeability properties of the cell membrane. The glucagon action can be explained in part by an increase in GK.", "PMID": 731453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_782", "title": "Properties of two unmyelinated fibre tracts of the central nervous system: lateral Lissauer tract, and parallel fibres of the cerebellum.", "content": "1. Monoplar tungsten micro-electrodes were used to stimulate and platinun plated tungsten micro-electrodes to record from single, unmyelinated cerebellar parallel fibres and lateral Lissauer tract axons in cats. 2. Stimulation of the lateral Lissauer tract resulted in the activation of a narrow, longitudinal 'beam', much as on the cerebellar surface. 3. Following impulse conduction, parallel and Lissauer tract fibres showed a supernormal conduction velocity (up to 25% increase) and increased excitability (up to 40% increase). No subnormality was encountered following supernormality. Some Lissauer tract fibres had prolonged relative refractory periods and no supernormal periods. 4. Chronaxies ranged from 155 to 380 microseconds. 5. Single fibres exhibited a remarkable increase in conduction velocity (up to 18% and excitability (up to 40%) following a single subthreshold stimulus. The duration of this effect (up to 20 msec) was much longer than expected from membrane time constant estimates.", "contents": "Properties of two unmyelinated fibre tracts of the central nervous system: lateral Lissauer tract, and parallel fibres of the cerebellum. 1. Monoplar tungsten micro-electrodes were used to stimulate and platinun plated tungsten micro-electrodes to record from single, unmyelinated cerebellar parallel fibres and lateral Lissauer tract axons in cats. 2. Stimulation of the lateral Lissauer tract resulted in the activation of a narrow, longitudinal 'beam', much as on the cerebellar surface. 3. Following impulse conduction, parallel and Lissauer tract fibres showed a supernormal conduction velocity (up to 25% increase) and increased excitability (up to 40% increase). No subnormality was encountered following supernormality. Some Lissauer tract fibres had prolonged relative refractory periods and no supernormal periods. 4. Chronaxies ranged from 155 to 380 microseconds. 5. Single fibres exhibited a remarkable increase in conduction velocity (up to 18% and excitability (up to 40%) following a single subthreshold stimulus. The duration of this effect (up to 20 msec) was much longer than expected from membrane time constant estimates.", "PMID": 731475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_783", "title": "Crayfish stretch receptor: an investigation with voltage-clamp and ion-sensitive electrodes.", "content": "1. The membrane characteristics of the slowly adapting stretch receptor from the crayfish, Astacus fluviatilis, were examined with electrophysiological techniques consisting of membrane potential recording, voltage clamp and ion-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. The passive membrane current (Ip) following step changes of the membrane potential to levels above 0 mV required more than a minute to decay to a steady-state level. 3. The stretch-induced current (SIC, where SIC = Itotal--Ipassive) was not fully developed until the Ip had decayed to a steady state. 4. With Ip at the steady state and the stretch-induced current at the O-current potential, a slow stretch-induced inward current was isolated. The latter reaches a maximum after 1 sec of stretch and declines even more slowly after stretch. The I-V relation of the slow current had a negative slope and reversed sign near the resting potential. It is suggested that this current is due to a Cl- conductance change. 5. The stretch-induced current, consisting of a rapid transient phase and a steady component can be isolated from the slow stretch-induced current at a holding potential corresponding to the resting potential. 6. The SIC-Em relation is non-linear and reverses sign at about +15 mV. 7. In a given cell, the reversal potential of the stretch-induced potential change obtained with current clamp coincided with the 0-current potential of the stretch-induced current obtained by voltage clamp. The average value from twenty-six cells was +13 +/- 6.5 mV; cell to cell variability seemed to be correlated with dendrite length. 8. Tris (mol. wt. 121) or arginine (mol. wt. 174) susbstituted for Na+ reduces but does not abolish the stretch-induced current. 9. The permeability ratios of Tris:Na and arginine:Na were estimated from changes in the 0-current potential as these cations replaced Na+ in the external medium. The PTris:PNa was somewhat higher (0.31) than the Parginine:PNa ratio (0.25). 10. Changes in the external Ca2+ concentration had no effect on the 0-current potential in Na or Tris saline. However, reducing Ca2+ did augment the stretch-induced current in either saline. A tenfold reduction of Ca2+ increased the conductance (at the 0-current level) about twofold. 11. Intracellular K+ and Cl- activities were obtained with ion sensitive electrodes. The average values from six cells were aiK = 133 +/- 34 mM and aiCl = 15.2 +/- 1.8 mM S.D.). EK was about 20 mV more negative than Em and ECl was about 10 mV more positive than Em. 12. aik and resting Em undergo large changes in K+-free solutions. After 60 min, ak was reduced eightfold and Em was reduced from -67 to -40 mV. Reduced Ca2+ in K+-free augments the rate of these changes. Receptor potential amplitude was also reduced in K+-free solution but could be restored upon polarizing the membrane to the pre-existing resting level.", "contents": "Crayfish stretch receptor: an investigation with voltage-clamp and ion-sensitive electrodes. 1. The membrane characteristics of the slowly adapting stretch receptor from the crayfish, Astacus fluviatilis, were examined with electrophysiological techniques consisting of membrane potential recording, voltage clamp and ion-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. The passive membrane current (Ip) following step changes of the membrane potential to levels above 0 mV required more than a minute to decay to a steady-state level. 3. The stretch-induced current (SIC, where SIC = Itotal--Ipassive) was not fully developed until the Ip had decayed to a steady state. 4. With Ip at the steady state and the stretch-induced current at the O-current potential, a slow stretch-induced inward current was isolated. The latter reaches a maximum after 1 sec of stretch and declines even more slowly after stretch. The I-V relation of the slow current had a negative slope and reversed sign near the resting potential. It is suggested that this current is due to a Cl- conductance change. 5. The stretch-induced current, consisting of a rapid transient phase and a steady component can be isolated from the slow stretch-induced current at a holding potential corresponding to the resting potential. 6. The SIC-Em relation is non-linear and reverses sign at about +15 mV. 7. In a given cell, the reversal potential of the stretch-induced potential change obtained with current clamp coincided with the 0-current potential of the stretch-induced current obtained by voltage clamp. The average value from twenty-six cells was +13 +/- 6.5 mV; cell to cell variability seemed to be correlated with dendrite length. 8. Tris (mol. wt. 121) or arginine (mol. wt. 174) susbstituted for Na+ reduces but does not abolish the stretch-induced current. 9. The permeability ratios of Tris:Na and arginine:Na were estimated from changes in the 0-current potential as these cations replaced Na+ in the external medium. The PTris:PNa was somewhat higher (0.31) than the Parginine:PNa ratio (0.25). 10. Changes in the external Ca2+ concentration had no effect on the 0-current potential in Na or Tris saline. However, reducing Ca2+ did augment the stretch-induced current in either saline. A tenfold reduction of Ca2+ increased the conductance (at the 0-current level) about twofold. 11. Intracellular K+ and Cl- activities were obtained with ion sensitive electrodes. The average values from six cells were aiK = 133 +/- 34 mM and aiCl = 15.2 +/- 1.8 mM S.D.). EK was about 20 mV more negative than Em and ECl was about 10 mV more positive than Em. 12. aik and resting Em undergo large changes in K+-free solutions. After 60 min, ak was reduced eightfold and Em was reduced from -67 to -40 mV. Reduced Ca2+ in K+-free augments the rate of these changes. Receptor potential amplitude was also reduced in K+-free solution but could be restored upon polarizing the membrane to the pre-existing resting level.", "PMID": 731499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_784", "title": "Some anatomical and electrophysiological properties of tooth-pulp afferents in the cat.", "content": "1. The responses of nerves which could be excited by electrical stimulation of the canine tooth-pulp were recorded from the trigeminal ganglion. 2. Preliminary experiments showed that the responses of mandibular canine pulpal afferents were recorded from the postero-lateral part of the trigeminal ganglion whereas the responses of maxillary canine pulpal afferents were recorded from the central part of the ganglion. 3. The conduction velocity differed in various parts of these nerves; the conduction velocity inside the tooth tended to be slower than that from the tooth to the trigeminal ganglion; the mean conduction velocity in the part of the nerve peripheral to the trigeminal ganglion was faster than that in the part central to the ganglion, and in the central part the conduction velocity decreased caudally. 4. Collision experiments combining tooth stimulation and stimulation of sites in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex were carried out to investigate the projections of individual pulpal afferents. 5. The results of these experiments showed that some tooth-pulp afferents bifurcate and project to both the main sensory nucleus and the nucleus caudalis. For other pulpal afferents only a projection to the main sensory nucleus or the nucleus caudalis could be demonstrated. 6. Pulpal afferents that bifurcated had faster conduction velocities than those for which no bifurcation could be shown.", "contents": "Some anatomical and electrophysiological properties of tooth-pulp afferents in the cat. 1. The responses of nerves which could be excited by electrical stimulation of the canine tooth-pulp were recorded from the trigeminal ganglion. 2. Preliminary experiments showed that the responses of mandibular canine pulpal afferents were recorded from the postero-lateral part of the trigeminal ganglion whereas the responses of maxillary canine pulpal afferents were recorded from the central part of the ganglion. 3. The conduction velocity differed in various parts of these nerves; the conduction velocity inside the tooth tended to be slower than that from the tooth to the trigeminal ganglion; the mean conduction velocity in the part of the nerve peripheral to the trigeminal ganglion was faster than that in the part central to the ganglion, and in the central part the conduction velocity decreased caudally. 4. Collision experiments combining tooth stimulation and stimulation of sites in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex were carried out to investigate the projections of individual pulpal afferents. 5. The results of these experiments showed that some tooth-pulp afferents bifurcate and project to both the main sensory nucleus and the nucleus caudalis. For other pulpal afferents only a projection to the main sensory nucleus or the nucleus caudalis could be demonstrated. 6. Pulpal afferents that bifurcated had faster conduction velocities than those for which no bifurcation could be shown.", "PMID": 731526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_785", "title": "A comparison of threshold and suprathreshold appearance of gratings with components in the low and high spatial frequency range.", "content": "1. The appearance of square gratings with some of their Fourier components missing has been investigated for both threshold and suprathreshold contrasts.2. If high frequency components are removed from a square grating there is only a very small effect on the detection threshold, or suprathreshold appearance, unless the components are visible by themselves.3. If the fundamental frequency is removed from a square-wave grating which has a spatial frequency lower than 1 cycle per degree (c/d) the contrast sensitivity is not altered. This is a generalisation of the Craik-Cornsweet illusion. If the contrast is raised above the detection threshold the grating is indistinguishable from a square grating, unless the contrast is high enough to see the fundamental when it is presented alone.4. If the fundamental is removed from a square grating which has a spatial frequency higher than 1 c/d the contrast threshold and the appearance at all contrasts are changed. At threshold it appears as a sinusoidal grating of three times the fundamental frequency. The threshold is dictated solely by the amplitude of the third harmonic. If the contrast is further raised, so that the fifth harmonic also reaches threshold, the periodictiy of the fundamental is seen.5. Therefore, gratings of many different luminance profiles (including the Craik-Cornsweet profile) all produce the perception of a square grating simply because those missing components which would be required in each case to produce a perfect square are by themselves undetectable. The visual system responds as though hardwired to detect square gratings and edges by means of quasi-Fourier analysis.6. These results are analagous to the missing fundamental, or residue, effect in hearing.", "contents": "A comparison of threshold and suprathreshold appearance of gratings with components in the low and high spatial frequency range. 1. The appearance of square gratings with some of their Fourier components missing has been investigated for both threshold and suprathreshold contrasts.2. If high frequency components are removed from a square grating there is only a very small effect on the detection threshold, or suprathreshold appearance, unless the components are visible by themselves.3. If the fundamental frequency is removed from a square-wave grating which has a spatial frequency lower than 1 cycle per degree (c/d) the contrast sensitivity is not altered. This is a generalisation of the Craik-Cornsweet illusion. If the contrast is raised above the detection threshold the grating is indistinguishable from a square grating, unless the contrast is high enough to see the fundamental when it is presented alone.4. If the fundamental is removed from a square grating which has a spatial frequency higher than 1 c/d the contrast threshold and the appearance at all contrasts are changed. At threshold it appears as a sinusoidal grating of three times the fundamental frequency. The threshold is dictated solely by the amplitude of the third harmonic. If the contrast is further raised, so that the fifth harmonic also reaches threshold, the periodictiy of the fundamental is seen.5. Therefore, gratings of many different luminance profiles (including the Craik-Cornsweet profile) all produce the perception of a square grating simply because those missing components which would be required in each case to produce a perfect square are by themselves undetectable. The visual system responds as though hardwired to detect square gratings and edges by means of quasi-Fourier analysis.6. These results are analagous to the missing fundamental, or residue, effect in hearing.", "PMID": 731527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_786", "title": "Influence of rate of induction of hypoxia on the ventilatory response.", "content": "1. We have studied the influence of rate of induction of hypoxia on the duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle in seven conscious healthy subjects.2. Nine hypoxic procedures were performed on each subject, comprising three different rates of induction of hypoxia each at three different levels of P(CO2). Ventilation vs. arterial O(2) saturation plots were constructed and patterns of response were analysed in terms of ventilation vs. tidal volume and tidal volume vs. inspiratory duration (T(I)) and vs. expiratory duration (T(E)).3. The highest ventilatory responses were observed during steady-state hypoxia when P(CO2) was held at a level similar to the control mixed venous level; progressive hypoxia at this P(CO2) failed to stimulate ventilation to comparable levels. The ventilatory response was not influenced by rate of induction of hypoxia when P(CO2) was maintained at an end-tidal P(CO2) close to the control level.4. As tidal volume increased in response to hypoxia, T(I) and T(E) shortened. The progressive decrease in cycle duration occurred at all levels of P(CO2) and at all rates of induction of hypoxia, but was most marked under eucapnic conditions during steady state.5. It is concluded that steady-state hypoxia may produce a higher ventilatory response than progressive, non-steady-state hypoxia. Inspiratory time shortens as tidal volume increases irrespective of the rate of induction of hypoxia.", "contents": "Influence of rate of induction of hypoxia on the ventilatory response. 1. We have studied the influence of rate of induction of hypoxia on the duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle in seven conscious healthy subjects.2. Nine hypoxic procedures were performed on each subject, comprising three different rates of induction of hypoxia each at three different levels of P(CO2). Ventilation vs. arterial O(2) saturation plots were constructed and patterns of response were analysed in terms of ventilation vs. tidal volume and tidal volume vs. inspiratory duration (T(I)) and vs. expiratory duration (T(E)).3. The highest ventilatory responses were observed during steady-state hypoxia when P(CO2) was held at a level similar to the control mixed venous level; progressive hypoxia at this P(CO2) failed to stimulate ventilation to comparable levels. The ventilatory response was not influenced by rate of induction of hypoxia when P(CO2) was maintained at an end-tidal P(CO2) close to the control level.4. As tidal volume increased in response to hypoxia, T(I) and T(E) shortened. The progressive decrease in cycle duration occurred at all levels of P(CO2) and at all rates of induction of hypoxia, but was most marked under eucapnic conditions during steady state.5. It is concluded that steady-state hypoxia may produce a higher ventilatory response than progressive, non-steady-state hypoxia. Inspiratory time shortens as tidal volume increases irrespective of the rate of induction of hypoxia.", "PMID": 731531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_787", "title": "Nucleoside and glucose transport in erythrocytes from new-born lambs.", "content": "1. Glucose and inosine transport by erythrocytes from new-born lambs and adult sheep were compared. Uptake of both permeants was considerably faster in the new-born. Inosine uptake by erythrocytes from nucleoside-permeable and impermeable lambs were not significantly different at birth. The difference between the two phenotypes was first apparent 30 days after birth.2. The post-natal changes in glucose and inosine transport activity closely paralleled the progressive decrease in the percentage of fetal erythrocytes (i.e. cells containing fetal haemoglobin) in the circulation. Cell fractionation studies confirmed that the permeability changes were directly related to changes in the relative proportions of fetal and adult haemoglobin containing erythrocytes.3. The results demonstrate that fetal cells are highly permeable to both glucose and inosine. These cells are replaced by erythrocytes which contain adult haemoglobin and which have a much lower, but still significant, glucose permeability and either low or negligible inosine transport activity depending on the genotype of the animal.4. Inosine transport by fetal erythrocytes from both nucleoside-permeable and impermeable animals was mediated by a nucleoside transport system which had similar properties to that responsible for nucleoside transport in adult nucleoside-permeable cells. Glucose transport in both fetal and adult cells was highly stereo-specific, indicating the presence of a selective transport system.5. It is suggested that the regulatory mechanism responsible for initiating the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin synthesis may also be responsible for the changes in glucose and nucleoside transport activity.", "contents": "Nucleoside and glucose transport in erythrocytes from new-born lambs. 1. Glucose and inosine transport by erythrocytes from new-born lambs and adult sheep were compared. Uptake of both permeants was considerably faster in the new-born. Inosine uptake by erythrocytes from nucleoside-permeable and impermeable lambs were not significantly different at birth. The difference between the two phenotypes was first apparent 30 days after birth.2. The post-natal changes in glucose and inosine transport activity closely paralleled the progressive decrease in the percentage of fetal erythrocytes (i.e. cells containing fetal haemoglobin) in the circulation. Cell fractionation studies confirmed that the permeability changes were directly related to changes in the relative proportions of fetal and adult haemoglobin containing erythrocytes.3. The results demonstrate that fetal cells are highly permeable to both glucose and inosine. These cells are replaced by erythrocytes which contain adult haemoglobin and which have a much lower, but still significant, glucose permeability and either low or negligible inosine transport activity depending on the genotype of the animal.4. Inosine transport by fetal erythrocytes from both nucleoside-permeable and impermeable animals was mediated by a nucleoside transport system which had similar properties to that responsible for nucleoside transport in adult nucleoside-permeable cells. Glucose transport in both fetal and adult cells was highly stereo-specific, indicating the presence of a selective transport system.5. It is suggested that the regulatory mechanism responsible for initiating the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin synthesis may also be responsible for the changes in glucose and nucleoside transport activity.", "PMID": 731533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_788", "title": "The intracellular sodium activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres during inhibition and re-activation of the Na-K pump.", "content": "1. The intracellular Na activity, aiNa, of sheep heart Purkinje fibres was continuously monitored using Na+-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The effects of removal and restoration of external K, and of application and removal of various cardioactive steroids, were investigated. 2. The aiNa increased in K-free solutions and rapidly recovered on addition of external K. The rate of this recovery depended on both the external K concentration, [K]o, and the aiNa. The rate of aiNa recovery was found to be half maximally activated at a [K]o of about 10 mM. If corrections are applied to allow for changes in the net passive Na influx at various [K]o, then this value is increased to approximately 12.5 mM. 3. At a given [K]o, there appeared to be a linear relationship between the rate of aiNa recovery and the level to which aiNa had increased in K-free solution (over the range of aiNa from 7.5 to 31 mM). 4. Addition of the cardioactive steroids strophanthidin, acetylstrophanthidin, actodigin (AY 22,241) or dihydro-ouabain produced rapid changes of aiNa. At low concentrations, these compounds sometimes produced a small decrease in aiNa, while at concentrations above 10(-7) M they produced a dose-dependent increase. 5. The effects on aiNa of both low and high concentrations of all these cardioactive steroids were readily reversible within 120 min. The time course of the aiNa recovery mainly depended on the concentration of the cardioactive steroid applied, and on the level to which aiNa had increased. 6. Upon addition of a cardioactive steroid (above 10(-7) M, aiNa at first increased almost linearly with time. The rates of such an increase were measured during this period at various cardioactive steroid concentrations and used to produce dose-response curves. The concentrations that produced a half-maximum rate of aiNa increase were near to 10(-6) M for strophanthidin and acetylstrophanthidin, but near to 10(-5) M for actodigin and dihydro-ouabain. 7. The mean maximum rate of aiNa increase produced by the addition of a high cardioactive steroid concentration was 0.49 +/- 0.17 mM/min (+/-S.D., n = 21). This would indicate a net passive Na influx into the cells of approximately 2.8 p-mole/cm2sec. 8. This maximum rate of aiNa increase could be achieved by the addition of 10(-5) M-strophanthidin or acetylstrophanthidin, but 10(-4) to 10(-3) M-actodigin or dihydro-ouabain was required to produce a similar rate of increase. 9. The addition of these high cardioactive steroid concentrations produced an initially rapid increase of aiNa. After 15-30 min this aiNa increase slowed considerably. The aiNa appeared to reach a 'plateau' within 2-4 hr at levels much below those predicted for a Na electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane.", "contents": "The intracellular sodium activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres during inhibition and re-activation of the Na-K pump. 1. The intracellular Na activity, aiNa, of sheep heart Purkinje fibres was continuously monitored using Na+-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The effects of removal and restoration of external K, and of application and removal of various cardioactive steroids, were investigated. 2. The aiNa increased in K-free solutions and rapidly recovered on addition of external K. The rate of this recovery depended on both the external K concentration, [K]o, and the aiNa. The rate of aiNa recovery was found to be half maximally activated at a [K]o of about 10 mM. If corrections are applied to allow for changes in the net passive Na influx at various [K]o, then this value is increased to approximately 12.5 mM. 3. At a given [K]o, there appeared to be a linear relationship between the rate of aiNa recovery and the level to which aiNa had increased in K-free solution (over the range of aiNa from 7.5 to 31 mM). 4. Addition of the cardioactive steroids strophanthidin, acetylstrophanthidin, actodigin (AY 22,241) or dihydro-ouabain produced rapid changes of aiNa. At low concentrations, these compounds sometimes produced a small decrease in aiNa, while at concentrations above 10(-7) M they produced a dose-dependent increase. 5. The effects on aiNa of both low and high concentrations of all these cardioactive steroids were readily reversible within 120 min. The time course of the aiNa recovery mainly depended on the concentration of the cardioactive steroid applied, and on the level to which aiNa had increased. 6. Upon addition of a cardioactive steroid (above 10(-7) M, aiNa at first increased almost linearly with time. The rates of such an increase were measured during this period at various cardioactive steroid concentrations and used to produce dose-response curves. The concentrations that produced a half-maximum rate of aiNa increase were near to 10(-6) M for strophanthidin and acetylstrophanthidin, but near to 10(-5) M for actodigin and dihydro-ouabain. 7. The mean maximum rate of aiNa increase produced by the addition of a high cardioactive steroid concentration was 0.49 +/- 0.17 mM/min (+/-S.D., n = 21). This would indicate a net passive Na influx into the cells of approximately 2.8 p-mole/cm2sec. 8. This maximum rate of aiNa increase could be achieved by the addition of 10(-5) M-strophanthidin or acetylstrophanthidin, but 10(-4) to 10(-3) M-actodigin or dihydro-ouabain was required to produce a similar rate of increase. 9. The addition of these high cardioactive steroid concentrations produced an initially rapid increase of aiNa. After 15-30 min this aiNa increase slowed considerably. The aiNa appeared to reach a 'plateau' within 2-4 hr at levels much below those predicted for a Na electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane.", "PMID": 731536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_789", "title": "Intracellular studies of hair cells in the mammalian cochlea.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from inner hair cells in the first turn of the guinea-pig cochlea, the recording sites being confirmed by the injection of Procion yellow dye and subsequent histology. 2. The receptor potential, in response to a pure tone burst, consisted of an AC response which followed the wave form of the stimulus and was analogous to the extracellularly recorded cochlear microphonic and a depolarizating DC response which followed the envelope of the tone burst and was analogous to the extracellularly recorded summating potential. 3. The DC response was broadly tuned at high sound pressure having a maximal amplitude of 27 mV at a sound pressure level of ca. 100 db; however the bandwidth of the response was reduced at lower sound pressure level. Isoamplitude curves for the DC response were indistinguishable from the threshold curves for auditory nerve fibres. 4. The AC response was tuned in a similar fashion to the DC response except that it was attenuated at 6-9 db/octave with respect to the DC response. It is suggested that this difference was due to the effect of membrane capacitance and resistance on the AC response. In contrast the extracellularly recorded AC component was not subject to this attenuation. 5. The total resistance and capacitance in three cells were found to be 46-61 Momega and 7.8-15.8 muF respectively. 6. Intracellular resistance changes were measured during sound stimulation, the resistance change being proportional to the DC receptor potential, indicating constant current flow through the hair cell. The current varied between 0.37 and 0.81 nA between cells. The time constant for seven cells was found to lie between 0.31 and 0.76 msec. 7. A map of the basilar membrane showing position of hair cells against characteristic frequency corresponded to the cut-off frequencies of the basilar membrane mechanical measurements and the innervation sites of spiral ganglion cells.", "contents": "Intracellular studies of hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from inner hair cells in the first turn of the guinea-pig cochlea, the recording sites being confirmed by the injection of Procion yellow dye and subsequent histology. 2. The receptor potential, in response to a pure tone burst, consisted of an AC response which followed the wave form of the stimulus and was analogous to the extracellularly recorded cochlear microphonic and a depolarizating DC response which followed the envelope of the tone burst and was analogous to the extracellularly recorded summating potential. 3. The DC response was broadly tuned at high sound pressure having a maximal amplitude of 27 mV at a sound pressure level of ca. 100 db; however the bandwidth of the response was reduced at lower sound pressure level. Isoamplitude curves for the DC response were indistinguishable from the threshold curves for auditory nerve fibres. 4. The AC response was tuned in a similar fashion to the DC response except that it was attenuated at 6-9 db/octave with respect to the DC response. It is suggested that this difference was due to the effect of membrane capacitance and resistance on the AC response. In contrast the extracellularly recorded AC component was not subject to this attenuation. 5. The total resistance and capacitance in three cells were found to be 46-61 Momega and 7.8-15.8 muF respectively. 6. Intracellular resistance changes were measured during sound stimulation, the resistance change being proportional to the DC receptor potential, indicating constant current flow through the hair cell. The current varied between 0.37 and 0.81 nA between cells. The time constant for seven cells was found to lie between 0.31 and 0.76 msec. 7. A map of the basilar membrane showing position of hair cells against characteristic frequency corresponded to the cut-off frequencies of the basilar membrane mechanical measurements and the innervation sites of spiral ganglion cells.", "PMID": 731538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_790", "title": "Reciprocal inhibition during the tonic stretch reflex in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "1. The aim of this study was to investigate post-synaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during the stretch reflex; particularly the extent to which an increased Ia excitation of the Ia inhibitory interneurones will be counteracted by recurrent inhibition from motor axon collaterals. For this purpose we investigated depression of monosynaptic test reflexes antagonist flexors (reciprocal inhibition) during static stretch of quadriceps or triceps surae in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats. 3. With increasing stretch of the extensor muscle there was first a linear augmentation of reciprocal inhibition, but along with the stretch reflex in the extensor a plateau appeared in the inhibition of the flexors, although the extensor stretch reflex (judged by the e.m.g.) increased with further stretching. Within the range of stretching of triceps surae which gave increased stretch reflexes the plateau in the reciprocal inhibition was usually maintained, while during stretching of quadriceps a second phase of augmenting reciprocal inhibition often appeared. Stretch beyond the level which increased the stretch reflex activity gave augmenting reciprocal inhibition both in case of quadriceps and triceps surae. 3. Excitability measurements from central terminals of Ia afferents revealed that the increasing reciprocal inhibition during increasing stretch reflex activity in quadriceps was associated with a primary afferent depolarization in knee flexor Ia afferents; there was no corresponding effect in ankle flexor Ia afferents during stretch reflexes in triceps surae. 4. The primary afferent depolarization evoked in knee flexor Ia afferents by electrical nerve stimulation was then compared with the presynaptic inhibition of knee flexor monosynaptic test reflexes produced by the same stimuli. The results suggest that the second phase of increasing reciprocal inhibition in knee flexors is due to presynaptic inhibition and accordingly that the depth of post-synaptic reciprocal inhibition remains constant at different degrees of stretch reflex activity in both knee and ankle extensors. 5. It is postulated that during increasing stretch reflex activity the increment in Ia excitation and recurrent inhibitio; on to the Ia inhibitory interneurones almost exactly balance each other. It is suggested that recurrent inhibition of Ia inhibitory interneurones may serve as a segmental autoregulatory mechanism to keep 'alpha-gamma-linked reciprocal inhibition' at a constant depth during different levels of agonist activity.", "contents": "Reciprocal inhibition during the tonic stretch reflex in the decerebrate cat. 1. The aim of this study was to investigate post-synaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during the stretch reflex; particularly the extent to which an increased Ia excitation of the Ia inhibitory interneurones will be counteracted by recurrent inhibition from motor axon collaterals. For this purpose we investigated depression of monosynaptic test reflexes antagonist flexors (reciprocal inhibition) during static stretch of quadriceps or triceps surae in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats. 3. With increasing stretch of the extensor muscle there was first a linear augmentation of reciprocal inhibition, but along with the stretch reflex in the extensor a plateau appeared in the inhibition of the flexors, although the extensor stretch reflex (judged by the e.m.g.) increased with further stretching. Within the range of stretching of triceps surae which gave increased stretch reflexes the plateau in the reciprocal inhibition was usually maintained, while during stretching of quadriceps a second phase of augmenting reciprocal inhibition often appeared. Stretch beyond the level which increased the stretch reflex activity gave augmenting reciprocal inhibition both in case of quadriceps and triceps surae. 3. Excitability measurements from central terminals of Ia afferents revealed that the increasing reciprocal inhibition during increasing stretch reflex activity in quadriceps was associated with a primary afferent depolarization in knee flexor Ia afferents; there was no corresponding effect in ankle flexor Ia afferents during stretch reflexes in triceps surae. 4. The primary afferent depolarization evoked in knee flexor Ia afferents by electrical nerve stimulation was then compared with the presynaptic inhibition of knee flexor monosynaptic test reflexes produced by the same stimuli. The results suggest that the second phase of increasing reciprocal inhibition in knee flexors is due to presynaptic inhibition and accordingly that the depth of post-synaptic reciprocal inhibition remains constant at different degrees of stretch reflex activity in both knee and ankle extensors. 5. It is postulated that during increasing stretch reflex activity the increment in Ia excitation and recurrent inhibitio; on to the Ia inhibitory interneurones almost exactly balance each other. It is suggested that recurrent inhibition of Ia inhibitory interneurones may serve as a segmental autoregulatory mechanism to keep 'alpha-gamma-linked reciprocal inhibition' at a constant depth during different levels of agonist activity.", "PMID": 731548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_791", "title": "The distribution of motoneurones supplying chick hind limb muscles.", "content": "1. The motor nuclei supplying many of the hind limb muscles were localized in late chick embryos (stage 36-37; 10-11 days) by utilizing the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. 2. Each nucleus was found to be localized in a characteristic position in both the rostro-caudal and transverse plane of the spinal cord with only slight individual variation. 3. Each motor nucleus consisted of an elongate, coherent cluster of labelled cells, with few cells occurring outside the cluster. Thus, there did not appear to be extensive overlap of nuclei nor extensive intermingling of motoneurones projecting to different muscles. 4. The position of a motor nucleus in the transverse plane was not correlated with whether its muscle was used as an extensor or flexor; nor were adjacent nuclei necessarily co-activated during normal unrestrained walking movements as deduced from e.m.g. recordings. The position of a motor nucleus also was not correlated in a topographical manner with the adult position in the limb of the muscle to which it projected. 5. Further, while no correlation was found between the rostrocaudal position of a motor nucleus and the embryonic muscle mass from which its muscle was derived, such a relationship existed for the medio-lateral position; all muscles arising from the dorsal muscle mass, regardless of their function or adult position, were innervated by laterally situated motoneurones, all muscles arising from the ventral muscle mass by medially situated motoneurones. 6. It is concluded that motoneurone position is most closely correlated with ontogenetic events presumaeriphery. It can also be inferred that the central connexions onto motoneurones, responsible for their proper activation, cannot be achieved by a simple mechanism based largely on the position of the motoneurone soma.", "contents": "The distribution of motoneurones supplying chick hind limb muscles. 1. The motor nuclei supplying many of the hind limb muscles were localized in late chick embryos (stage 36-37; 10-11 days) by utilizing the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. 2. Each nucleus was found to be localized in a characteristic position in both the rostro-caudal and transverse plane of the spinal cord with only slight individual variation. 3. Each motor nucleus consisted of an elongate, coherent cluster of labelled cells, with few cells occurring outside the cluster. Thus, there did not appear to be extensive overlap of nuclei nor extensive intermingling of motoneurones projecting to different muscles. 4. The position of a motor nucleus in the transverse plane was not correlated with whether its muscle was used as an extensor or flexor; nor were adjacent nuclei necessarily co-activated during normal unrestrained walking movements as deduced from e.m.g. recordings. The position of a motor nucleus also was not correlated in a topographical manner with the adult position in the limb of the muscle to which it projected. 5. Further, while no correlation was found between the rostrocaudal position of a motor nucleus and the embryonic muscle mass from which its muscle was derived, such a relationship existed for the medio-lateral position; all muscles arising from the dorsal muscle mass, regardless of their function or adult position, were innervated by laterally situated motoneurones, all muscles arising from the ventral muscle mass by medially situated motoneurones. 6. It is concluded that motoneurone position is most closely correlated with ontogenetic events presumaeriphery. It can also be inferred that the central connexions onto motoneurones, responsible for their proper activation, cannot be achieved by a simple mechanism based largely on the position of the motoneurone soma.", "PMID": 731549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_792", "title": "The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb.", "content": "1. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to map the initial projection patterns of lumbosacral motoneurones to the embryonic chick hind limb. 2. The stage 28 segmental projection pattern to each of the four primary muscle masses was characteristic and indistinguishable from the stage 36 projection pattern to the sum of the muscles derived from that mass. In addition, the adductor motoneurone pool was found to be similar in position (both rostro-caudal and mediolateral) at stages 29, 30, 32, 33 1/2 and 36. 3. Therefore axons from lumbosacral motoneurones project for the most part only to appropriate regions from early times shortly after they grow into the limb bud. Furthermore, the attainment of the segmental projection pattern occurs prior to the normal time of, and therefore without the aid of, cell death. This conclusion was supported by electrophysiological recordings made from muscle nerves. 4. A regionalization of the projection patterns within a single muscle mass could be shown both anatomically and physiologically prior to the cleavage of the mass into individual muscles and the projections were in a general way appropriate for the muscles derived from those regions. 5. Therefore the process of muscle cleavage does not in itself create the specific projection patterns observed, and motoneurone axons appear to grow to and to ramify and make synapses only within regions which correspond to their adult muscles. 6. Finally, the termination site of each motoneurone axon in the early limb was found to be tightly correlated in a somatotopic fashion with the position occupied by its soma in the cord. This suggests that some feature of the motoneurone related to its position may be of importance in achieving the specific projection patterns observed.", "contents": "The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb. 1. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to map the initial projection patterns of lumbosacral motoneurones to the embryonic chick hind limb. 2. The stage 28 segmental projection pattern to each of the four primary muscle masses was characteristic and indistinguishable from the stage 36 projection pattern to the sum of the muscles derived from that mass. In addition, the adductor motoneurone pool was found to be similar in position (both rostro-caudal and mediolateral) at stages 29, 30, 32, 33 1/2 and 36. 3. Therefore axons from lumbosacral motoneurones project for the most part only to appropriate regions from early times shortly after they grow into the limb bud. Furthermore, the attainment of the segmental projection pattern occurs prior to the normal time of, and therefore without the aid of, cell death. This conclusion was supported by electrophysiological recordings made from muscle nerves. 4. A regionalization of the projection patterns within a single muscle mass could be shown both anatomically and physiologically prior to the cleavage of the mass into individual muscles and the projections were in a general way appropriate for the muscles derived from those regions. 5. Therefore the process of muscle cleavage does not in itself create the specific projection patterns observed, and motoneurone axons appear to grow to and to ramify and make synapses only within regions which correspond to their adult muscles. 6. Finally, the termination site of each motoneurone axon in the early limb was found to be tightly correlated in a somatotopic fashion with the position occupied by its soma in the cord. This suggests that some feature of the motoneurone related to its position may be of importance in achieving the specific projection patterns observed.", "PMID": 731552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_793", "title": "Mucosal receptors in the gastric antrum and small intestine of the rat with afferent fibres in the cervical vagus.", "content": "1. Electrical stimulation of the abdominal vagi revealed that abdominal vagal fibres are distributed throughout the cervical vagal trunk. Conduction velocities of the main group of abdominal fibres ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 m.sec-1. 2. Thirty-seven single afferent fibres, with endings in the gastric and intestinal mucosa, were isolated from the cervical vagus of adult rats. Conduction velocities of eighteen of these endings ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 m.sec-1. 3. Light mechanical stimulation, such as stroking the mucosa, evoked a rapidly adapting response from these endings. Sustained pressure or distension with fluid or air did not excite these endings although excessive stretching of the mucosa excited three units. Balloon distension usually evoked an 'on-off' response due to phasic stimulation of the mucosa by the balloon during inflation and deflation. 4. These same endings also functioned as non-specific, slowly adapting chemoreceptors responding to various organic and inorganic acids, tap water and distilled water, alcohol, hypertonic saline, NaOH, NH4Cl, CuSO4, casein hydrolysate, mustard powder and cayenne pepper. Hypertonic glucose and guinea-pig bile were ineffective as stimuli. 5. In the presence of an excess of chloride ions the effectiveness of acids in stimulating these endings was in part determined by the pK of the acid. However pH per se was not the basic determining factor but rather the molecular size of the acid.", "contents": "Mucosal receptors in the gastric antrum and small intestine of the rat with afferent fibres in the cervical vagus. 1. Electrical stimulation of the abdominal vagi revealed that abdominal vagal fibres are distributed throughout the cervical vagal trunk. Conduction velocities of the main group of abdominal fibres ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 m.sec-1. 2. Thirty-seven single afferent fibres, with endings in the gastric and intestinal mucosa, were isolated from the cervical vagus of adult rats. Conduction velocities of eighteen of these endings ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 m.sec-1. 3. Light mechanical stimulation, such as stroking the mucosa, evoked a rapidly adapting response from these endings. Sustained pressure or distension with fluid or air did not excite these endings although excessive stretching of the mucosa excited three units. Balloon distension usually evoked an 'on-off' response due to phasic stimulation of the mucosa by the balloon during inflation and deflation. 4. These same endings also functioned as non-specific, slowly adapting chemoreceptors responding to various organic and inorganic acids, tap water and distilled water, alcohol, hypertonic saline, NaOH, NH4Cl, CuSO4, casein hydrolysate, mustard powder and cayenne pepper. Hypertonic glucose and guinea-pig bile were ineffective as stimuli. 5. In the presence of an excess of chloride ions the effectiveness of acids in stimulating these endings was in part determined by the pK of the acid. However pH per se was not the basic determining factor but rather the molecular size of the acid.", "PMID": 731565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_794", "title": "Modulation of single vagal efferent fibre discharge by gastrointestinal afferents in the rat.", "content": "1. A single fibre dissection technique was used to record activity from efferent fibres in the left cervical vagus nerve of urethane anaesthetized rats. 2. The efferent discharge, in all units, was modulated by gastric inflation, gastric contractions or compression of the stomach wall. The receptors mediating these effects are the slowly adapting 'in-series' tension receptors in the gastric musculature with afferent fibres in the vagus nerves. 3. Efferent units were classified according to their response to passive gastric distension and active gastric contractions. 4. Four distinct types of efferent unit were isolated. Type I units were excited and Type II units were inhibited by gastric distension and contraction. Type III units were excited at low or moderate levels of inflation and inhibited at high levels of inflation or during gastric contractions. Type IV units were inhibited by low levels of inflation but excited at higher levels. 5. Since there is clearly a reciprocal organization at least of some neurones in the vagal nucleus the possibility of reciprocal control of antagonist, cholinergic and 'purinergic' vagal pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of single vagal efferent fibre discharge by gastrointestinal afferents in the rat. 1. A single fibre dissection technique was used to record activity from efferent fibres in the left cervical vagus nerve of urethane anaesthetized rats. 2. The efferent discharge, in all units, was modulated by gastric inflation, gastric contractions or compression of the stomach wall. The receptors mediating these effects are the slowly adapting 'in-series' tension receptors in the gastric musculature with afferent fibres in the vagus nerves. 3. Efferent units were classified according to their response to passive gastric distension and active gastric contractions. 4. Four distinct types of efferent unit were isolated. Type I units were excited and Type II units were inhibited by gastric distension and contraction. Type III units were excited at low or moderate levels of inflation and inhibited at high levels of inflation or during gastric contractions. Type IV units were inhibited by low levels of inflation but excited at higher levels. 5. Since there is clearly a reciprocal organization at least of some neurones in the vagal nucleus the possibility of reciprocal control of antagonist, cholinergic and 'purinergic' vagal pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 731576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_795", "title": "Amino acid and peptide absorption from partial digests of proteins in isolated rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Absorption of each of sixteen amino acids, free and peptide-bound, has been measured in isolated rat small intestine perfused with five partial digests of proteins. 2. At low concentrations net absorption of each amino acid was proportional to its luminal concentration and independent of the nature of the amino acid. 3. A series of first-order multiple regressions was found to describe well the characteristics of absorption. 4. Rate constants for disappearance of free and peptide-bound amino acids from the lumen were closely similar. However, substantial back-flux occurred of amino acids derived from peptide hydrolysis. Hence 60-70% of the amino-N entering the serosal tissue fluid probably had left the lumen as free amino acids. 5. Intact peptides crossed the mucosa during absorption from a soy bean hydrolysate and in substantial quantities during absorption from one casein digest but not from another. With other hydrolysates there was no evidence for passage of peptides to the serosa. 6. In several cases there was a serious discrepancy between the amount of amino-N absorbed from the lumen and the amount accounted for as peptide or free amino acid in the serosal secretion. 7. The characteristics of absorption were similar (apart from the exceptions in 5 above) for all the digests studied except for soy bean hydrolysate.", "contents": "Amino acid and peptide absorption from partial digests of proteins in isolated rat small intestine. 1. Absorption of each of sixteen amino acids, free and peptide-bound, has been measured in isolated rat small intestine perfused with five partial digests of proteins. 2. At low concentrations net absorption of each amino acid was proportional to its luminal concentration and independent of the nature of the amino acid. 3. A series of first-order multiple regressions was found to describe well the characteristics of absorption. 4. Rate constants for disappearance of free and peptide-bound amino acids from the lumen were closely similar. However, substantial back-flux occurred of amino acids derived from peptide hydrolysis. Hence 60-70% of the amino-N entering the serosal tissue fluid probably had left the lumen as free amino acids. 5. Intact peptides crossed the mucosa during absorption from a soy bean hydrolysate and in substantial quantities during absorption from one casein digest but not from another. With other hydrolysates there was no evidence for passage of peptides to the serosa. 6. In several cases there was a serious discrepancy between the amount of amino-N absorbed from the lumen and the amount accounted for as peptide or free amino acid in the serosal secretion. 7. The characteristics of absorption were similar (apart from the exceptions in 5 above) for all the digests studied except for soy bean hydrolysate.", "PMID": 731590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_796", "title": "Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions.", "content": "Two thousand consecutive deliveries occurring over an 11-month period were studied for fetal and placental (F/P) weight characteristics. Infant and placental weight pairs were analyzed according to their gestational ages and growth categories (AGA, SGA, LGA). Graphs were constructed to depict normal placental weight gain and F/P ratio changes over a wide range of gestational ages (23 to 43 weeks). Mean placental weights and F/P ratios continued to increase through 42 weeks' gestation in the AGA and LGA groups, though placental weight showed no change in the SGA group after 36 weeks. F/P ratio continued to increase in the SGA group and was indistinguishable from that of the other two groups. Fetal and placental weight were linearly related in the total sample as well as in the individual growth categories. However, when F/P ratio was plotted against placental weight, the infants were segregated into three completely distinct curves, depending upon their growth characteristics. A wide range of placental weight and f/p ratios existed within all three infant birth weight groups. When one-minute Apgar scores were considered, infants with F/P ratios of greater than 10.00 had significantly higher risks of an Apgar score of less than 6.", "contents": "Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. Two thousand consecutive deliveries occurring over an 11-month period were studied for fetal and placental (F/P) weight characteristics. Infant and placental weight pairs were analyzed according to their gestational ages and growth categories (AGA, SGA, LGA). Graphs were constructed to depict normal placental weight gain and F/P ratio changes over a wide range of gestational ages (23 to 43 weeks). Mean placental weights and F/P ratios continued to increase through 42 weeks' gestation in the AGA and LGA groups, though placental weight showed no change in the SGA group after 36 weeks. F/P ratio continued to increase in the SGA group and was indistinguishable from that of the other two groups. Fetal and placental weight were linearly related in the total sample as well as in the individual growth categories. However, when F/P ratio was plotted against placental weight, the infants were segregated into three completely distinct curves, depending upon their growth characteristics. A wide range of placental weight and f/p ratios existed within all three infant birth weight groups. When one-minute Apgar scores were considered, infants with F/P ratios of greater than 10.00 had significantly higher risks of an Apgar score of less than 6.", "PMID": 731626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_797", "title": "Muscle irritation caused by different products containing oxytetracycline.", "content": "Muscle irritation studies were done in rabbits using 9 different commercial products. Eight products had propylene glycol and 1 had polyvinylpyrrolidone as a vehicle. Macroscopical examination 3,6 and 10 days after intramuscular injection indicated that the irritation caused by the 8 products with propylene glycol as a vehicle were very similar. The product with polyvinylpyrrolidone caused much less damage and healing took place more quickly. Saline used as a control caused no tissue damage.", "contents": "Muscle irritation caused by different products containing oxytetracycline. Muscle irritation studies were done in rabbits using 9 different commercial products. Eight products had propylene glycol and 1 had polyvinylpyrrolidone as a vehicle. Macroscopical examination 3,6 and 10 days after intramuscular injection indicated that the irritation caused by the 8 products with propylene glycol as a vehicle were very similar. The product with polyvinylpyrrolidone caused much less damage and healing took place more quickly. Saline used as a control caused no tissue damage.", "PMID": 731653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_798", "title": "An introduction to diseases of pigeons in South Africa.", "content": "The paper mainly deals with racing pigeons. Beginning with organization, importance and cost of the pigeon sport it then details investigational procedures and techniques for drug administration before discussing some of the infectious diseases common in South Africa as well as the problem of poor racing performance.", "contents": "An introduction to diseases of pigeons in South Africa. The paper mainly deals with racing pigeons. Beginning with organization, importance and cost of the pigeon sport it then details investigational procedures and techniques for drug administration before discussing some of the infectious diseases common in South Africa as well as the problem of poor racing performance.", "PMID": 731654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_799", "title": "Ultrastructure of luteolysis induction by prostaglandin F2-alpha in the non-pregnant ewe.", "content": "Ultrastructural morphology was monitored at intervals of time in corpora lutea of superovulated ewes following treatment with Prostaglandin F2-alpha. Lutein cells displayed an initial increased metabolic rate as marked by lipid accumulation, spherical mitochondria and a high respiratory rate. Three hours following injection, complete disorganisation of the cell was apparent; mitochondria are ruptured and a clear state of autolysis exists. The possible mode of luteolytic action of Prostaglandin F2-alpha in the ewe is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of luteolysis induction by prostaglandin F2-alpha in the non-pregnant ewe. Ultrastructural morphology was monitored at intervals of time in corpora lutea of superovulated ewes following treatment with Prostaglandin F2-alpha. Lutein cells displayed an initial increased metabolic rate as marked by lipid accumulation, spherical mitochondria and a high respiratory rate. Three hours following injection, complete disorganisation of the cell was apparent; mitochondria are ruptured and a clear state of autolysis exists. The possible mode of luteolytic action of Prostaglandin F2-alpha in the ewe is discussed.", "PMID": 731655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_800", "title": "Heat stress mortality in nicarbazine fed chickens.", "content": "Significantly higher mortalities were found in nicarbazine fed chickens than in amprolium fed chickens when exposed to the same heat stress conditions.", "contents": "Heat stress mortality in nicarbazine fed chickens. Significantly higher mortalities were found in nicarbazine fed chickens than in amprolium fed chickens when exposed to the same heat stress conditions.", "PMID": 731656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_801", "title": "Meningioma in a dog.", "content": "The history, clinical signs and pathological findings in a 9-year-old Labrador dog with an intracranial tumour, are described. The tumour conformed to the rare meningiothelial meningioma with focal ossification.", "contents": "Meningioma in a dog. The history, clinical signs and pathological findings in a 9-year-old Labrador dog with an intracranial tumour, are described. The tumour conformed to the rare meningiothelial meningioma with focal ossification.", "PMID": 731658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_802", "title": "[Pathological changes in the tendons of the pectineal muscles in a case of canine hip dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "This report gives radiological and pathological evidence of bilateral ossification of the aponeurotic tendons of insertion of the pectineal muscles in a dog. This was associated with a severe grade 3 hip dysplasia of which the pathological changes are described. The ossification of the tendons is considered to have resulted from excessive and continous tension of the pectineus muscles. Various aetiological factors are discussed and some substantiation provided for the theory that pathology of the pectineal muscles and their tendons of insertion may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia.", "contents": "[Pathological changes in the tendons of the pectineal muscles in a case of canine hip dysplasia (author's transl)]. This report gives radiological and pathological evidence of bilateral ossification of the aponeurotic tendons of insertion of the pectineal muscles in a dog. This was associated with a severe grade 3 hip dysplasia of which the pathological changes are described. The ossification of the tendons is considered to have resulted from excessive and continous tension of the pectineus muscles. Various aetiological factors are discussed and some substantiation provided for the theory that pathology of the pectineal muscles and their tendons of insertion may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia.", "PMID": 731659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_803", "title": "[Gastroscopic photo report of achalasia in the dog].", "content": "Five dogs with achalasia were examined pre- and post-operatively. Photos were taken of the diseased oesophagus, cardia, cardia with retroversion and the cardia following surgery. The normal structures are also shown.", "contents": "[Gastroscopic photo report of achalasia in the dog]. Five dogs with achalasia were examined pre- and post-operatively. Photos were taken of the diseased oesophagus, cardia, cardia with retroversion and the cardia following surgery. The normal structures are also shown.", "PMID": 731660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_804", "title": "The effect of some organophosphorus acaricides and the time of application on larvae of common ticks in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.", "content": "Mortality curves of larvae of five common tick species dipped in dioxathion, chlorphenvinphos and oxionthiophos are presented. The mortality of three species of ticks were examined at various times of the day. The results showed that at 14h00 the larvae were more sensitive to acaricide treatments than at other times of the day.", "contents": "The effect of some organophosphorus acaricides and the time of application on larvae of common ticks in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Mortality curves of larvae of five common tick species dipped in dioxathion, chlorphenvinphos and oxionthiophos are presented. The mortality of three species of ticks were examined at various times of the day. The results showed that at 14h00 the larvae were more sensitive to acaricide treatments than at other times of the day.", "PMID": 731665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_805", "title": "Preliminary report on some ultrasonic methods for detecting carotid artery disease.", "content": "The use of both Doppler and pulse-echoultrasonic equipment for detecting carotid artery disease is discussed. The need for new non-invasive techniques, capable of detecting small stenoses, is demonstrated and the development of two techniques (analysis of blood velocity waveforms and the measurement of arterial wall movement) is described. The arterial wall movement showed no change with disease, but analysis of the blood velocity waveforms proved capable of detecting even minor stenosis in some cases. Methods for confirming these preliminary results are discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary report on some ultrasonic methods for detecting carotid artery disease. The use of both Doppler and pulse-echoultrasonic equipment for detecting carotid artery disease is discussed. The need for new non-invasive techniques, capable of detecting small stenoses, is demonstrated and the development of two techniques (analysis of blood velocity waveforms and the measurement of arterial wall movement) is described. The arterial wall movement showed no change with disease, but analysis of the blood velocity waveforms proved capable of detecting even minor stenosis in some cases. Methods for confirming these preliminary results are discussed.", "PMID": 731670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_806", "title": "Power reclined wheelchair back.", "content": "The mechanism herein described is a simple, safe and resonably inexpensive way to add a power reclining feature to an electric wheelchair. Because of its novel linkage arrangement the device is compact and fits within the perimeter of the existing wheelchair without the need to relocate the battery or otherwise alter the chair. It is a device which can increase the independence of those severely handicapped individuals who use electrically powered reclining wheelchairs.", "contents": "Power reclined wheelchair back. The mechanism herein described is a simple, safe and resonably inexpensive way to add a power reclining feature to an electric wheelchair. Because of its novel linkage arrangement the device is compact and fits within the perimeter of the existing wheelchair without the need to relocate the battery or otherwise alter the chair. It is a device which can increase the independence of those severely handicapped individuals who use electrically powered reclining wheelchairs.", "PMID": 731674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_807", "title": "Evaluation of kinetic and energetic parameters of active sodium transport.", "content": "Active sodium transport is classically analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit, comprising an active conductance Ka and an electromotive force of sodium transport ENa. Although ENa is commonly considered the driving force of transport, model experiments have suggested that ENa is a composite parameter, incorporating both kinetic and energetic factors. An alternative approach considers both transport and the associated oxidative metabolism in terms of a nonequilibrium thermodynamic (NET) formulation, involving phenomenological coefficients and the affinity A, presumed to represent kinetic and energetic factors, respectively. Model experiments testing the NET formulation suggest that the affinity is indeed an energetic parameter. Calculated values of A in untreated frog skins and toad bladders range from about 20 to 80 kcal per mole of O2 consumption. Assuming a P/O ratio of 3, this range corresponds to about 3--13 kcal per mole of ATP utilization, values compatible with reported direct measurements. Although brief perturbations of transepithelial electrical potential deltapsi resulted in linear current-voltage relationship, indicating constancy of ENa and Ka, 15-min perturbations of deltapsi resulted in nonlinearity, indicating changes in ENa and Ka; perturbations of deltapsi enhancing active transport were associated with decrease of ENa and increase of Ka; slowing of active transport produced the converse effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of kinetic and energetic parameters of active sodium transport. Active sodium transport is classically analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit, comprising an active conductance Ka and an electromotive force of sodium transport ENa. Although ENa is commonly considered the driving force of transport, model experiments have suggested that ENa is a composite parameter, incorporating both kinetic and energetic factors. An alternative approach considers both transport and the associated oxidative metabolism in terms of a nonequilibrium thermodynamic (NET) formulation, involving phenomenological coefficients and the affinity A, presumed to represent kinetic and energetic factors, respectively. Model experiments testing the NET formulation suggest that the affinity is indeed an energetic parameter. Calculated values of A in untreated frog skins and toad bladders range from about 20 to 80 kcal per mole of O2 consumption. Assuming a P/O ratio of 3, this range corresponds to about 3--13 kcal per mole of ATP utilization, values compatible with reported direct measurements. Although brief perturbations of transepithelial electrical potential deltapsi resulted in linear current-voltage relationship, indicating constancy of ENa and Ka, 15-min perturbations of deltapsi resulted in nonlinearity, indicating changes in ENa and Ka; perturbations of deltapsi enhancing active transport were associated with decrease of ENa and increase of Ka; slowing of active transport produced the converse effects.", "PMID": 731676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_808", "title": "Comparison of toad bladder aldosterone-induced proteins and proteins synthesized in vitro using aldosterone-induced messenger RNA as template.", "content": "Using double-labeled isotope techniques, it can be shown that aldosterone induces the synthesis of several proteins in the mitochondria-rich (MR) cells of the toad's urinary bladder. Induced proteins have been identified both in the plasma membrane (mol wt = 170,000, 85,000 and 12,000) and the cytosol (mol wt = 36,000, 12,000 and 6,000) fractions of these mucosal cells. We have also shown that aldosterone (Aldo) induces the synthesis of a class of RNA having the properties of messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA isolated from Aldo-treated mucosal cells was used as template in a cell-free protein-synthesis system prepared from rabbit reticulocytes. Preparations charged with mRNA from Aldo-treated cells synthesized two proteins that were not labeled when mRNA from control tissues was used as template. The electrophoretic mobility of one of these proteins was similar to an Aldo-induced membrane protein (mol wt = 70,000) found in the intact tissue.", "contents": "Comparison of toad bladder aldosterone-induced proteins and proteins synthesized in vitro using aldosterone-induced messenger RNA as template. Using double-labeled isotope techniques, it can be shown that aldosterone induces the synthesis of several proteins in the mitochondria-rich (MR) cells of the toad's urinary bladder. Induced proteins have been identified both in the plasma membrane (mol wt = 170,000, 85,000 and 12,000) and the cytosol (mol wt = 36,000, 12,000 and 6,000) fractions of these mucosal cells. We have also shown that aldosterone (Aldo) induces the synthesis of a class of RNA having the properties of messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA isolated from Aldo-treated mucosal cells was used as template in a cell-free protein-synthesis system prepared from rabbit reticulocytes. Preparations charged with mRNA from Aldo-treated cells synthesized two proteins that were not labeled when mRNA from control tissues was used as template. The electrophoretic mobility of one of these proteins was similar to an Aldo-induced membrane protein (mol wt = 70,000) found in the intact tissue.", "PMID": 731677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_809", "title": "Epithelial cell electrolytes in relation to transepithelial sodium transport across toad urinary bladder.", "content": "Aspects of the relationships between cellular composition and transepithelial sodium transport across toad urinary bladder are reviewed. Changes in cellular sodium produced by amiloride, vasopressin, aldosterone, hypoxia, ouabain, and sodium-free media are consistent with a cellular sodium transport pool. Metabolic studies suggest that this pool gains its sodium from the mucosal medium and that there is little recycling of sodium between cell and serosal medium. One-third of the cellular potassium equilibrates readily with serosal potassium. The rate of exchange of potassium is much less than the rate of sodium transport supporting the contention that sodium transport in this tissue is electrogenic. Studies with 36Cl suggest that chloride does not cross the apical cellular membranes, but exchanges with serosal chloride. Possible relationships between transepithelial sodium transport and cellular volume regulation are discussed.", "contents": "Epithelial cell electrolytes in relation to transepithelial sodium transport across toad urinary bladder. Aspects of the relationships between cellular composition and transepithelial sodium transport across toad urinary bladder are reviewed. Changes in cellular sodium produced by amiloride, vasopressin, aldosterone, hypoxia, ouabain, and sodium-free media are consistent with a cellular sodium transport pool. Metabolic studies suggest that this pool gains its sodium from the mucosal medium and that there is little recycling of sodium between cell and serosal medium. One-third of the cellular potassium equilibrates readily with serosal potassium. The rate of exchange of potassium is much less than the rate of sodium transport supporting the contention that sodium transport in this tissue is electrogenic. Studies with 36Cl suggest that chloride does not cross the apical cellular membranes, but exchanges with serosal chloride. Possible relationships between transepithelial sodium transport and cellular volume regulation are discussed.", "PMID": 731678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_810", "title": "Physiology of transport regulation.", "content": "The regulation of biological transport is discussed on the basis of studies on sodium transport through amphibian skin. The following types of regulation are briefly considered: 1) Hormonal regulation 2) Regulation of Na entry by apparent or real saturation of entry path by outside Na 3) Regulation of Na transport by changes in resistance to the counter ion (mostly chloride) 4) Role of cellular Na concentration which may act both by controlling the passive entry of Na and by influencing the pumping rate. 5) Dependence of Na entry upon cell volume. It is shown that a moderate osmotic swelling of ouabain-poisoned skins leads to excessive swelling of the whole epithelium when NaCl is present on the outside. This indicates that cell swelling leads to opening of the Na channels, but it also indicates coupling between the different layers of the epithelium.", "contents": "Physiology of transport regulation. The regulation of biological transport is discussed on the basis of studies on sodium transport through amphibian skin. The following types of regulation are briefly considered: 1) Hormonal regulation 2) Regulation of Na entry by apparent or real saturation of entry path by outside Na 3) Regulation of Na transport by changes in resistance to the counter ion (mostly chloride) 4) Role of cellular Na concentration which may act both by controlling the passive entry of Na and by influencing the pumping rate. 5) Dependence of Na entry upon cell volume. It is shown that a moderate osmotic swelling of ouabain-poisoned skins leads to excessive swelling of the whole epithelium when NaCl is present on the outside. This indicates that cell swelling leads to opening of the Na channels, but it also indicates coupling between the different layers of the epithelium.", "PMID": 731679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_811", "title": "Volume changes and potential artifacts of epithelial cells of frog skin following impalement with microelectrodes filled with 3 m KCl.", "content": "Cells of isolated frog skin epithelium were observed microscopically during impalement with standard microelectrodes of 5 to 20 Momega resistance, filled with 3 m KCl. Impaled cells, as well as some neighboring cells, were seen to swell 10 to 100 sec after impalement, while the negative potential recorded by the microelectrode depolarized (open circuit conditions). Apparently, osmotic swelling of small epithelial cells may be caused by diffusion of KCl from such electrodes. This conclusion is supported by calculations quoted from the literature of KCl loss from microelectrodes. Intracellular recordings from epithelia with destructed cellular membranes gave negative \"pre-tip potentials\" of up to mV. The potentials could be altered by electrode movement, by decreasing the ambient pH or the tip-pH and by modifying the fixed charges of the tissue chemically. It is shown that even a moderate loss of KCl, which will not result in appreciable swelling, can produce negative potentials in front of the electrode tip if the protoplasm has a high density of negative fixed charges. We suggest the use of 3 m KCl electrodes with resistances above 30 Momega if after impalement compression of intracellular material by the tip can be avoided. Where such compression cannot be avoided, it is best to fill the microelectrode with an isotonic solution which mimics the electrolyte composition of the cytosol.", "contents": "Volume changes and potential artifacts of epithelial cells of frog skin following impalement with microelectrodes filled with 3 m KCl. Cells of isolated frog skin epithelium were observed microscopically during impalement with standard microelectrodes of 5 to 20 Momega resistance, filled with 3 m KCl. Impaled cells, as well as some neighboring cells, were seen to swell 10 to 100 sec after impalement, while the negative potential recorded by the microelectrode depolarized (open circuit conditions). Apparently, osmotic swelling of small epithelial cells may be caused by diffusion of KCl from such electrodes. This conclusion is supported by calculations quoted from the literature of KCl loss from microelectrodes. Intracellular recordings from epithelia with destructed cellular membranes gave negative \"pre-tip potentials\" of up to mV. The potentials could be altered by electrode movement, by decreasing the ambient pH or the tip-pH and by modifying the fixed charges of the tissue chemically. It is shown that even a moderate loss of KCl, which will not result in appreciable swelling, can produce negative potentials in front of the electrode tip if the protoplasm has a high density of negative fixed charges. We suggest the use of 3 m KCl electrodes with resistances above 30 Momega if after impalement compression of intracellular material by the tip can be avoided. Where such compression cannot be avoided, it is best to fill the microelectrode with an isotonic solution which mimics the electrolyte composition of the cytosol.", "PMID": 731680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_812", "title": "Distribution and characteristics of the occluding junctions in a monolayer of a cell line (MDCK) derived from canine kidney.", "content": "On solid substrates MDCK, a cell line derived from normal dog kidney, forms a confluent monolayer that is studded with \"blisters\". Previous studies with this cell line suggest that these hemicysts develop as a result of active fluid accumulation between cell sheet and substratum. One factor that may determine when and how hemicysts appear only in localized sites is the interruption of occluding junctions in nonhemicyst areas. To study this possibility, we compared the permeability characteristics of the occluding junctions in hemicysts and in an uninterrupted monolayer of MDCK grown on a permeable support of collagen-coated nucleopore filter. The spontaneous electrical potential differences were small, without statistical differences between them. Relative ionic permeability coefficients were evaluated from the voltage deflections to imposed salt gradients or to a single ion substitution across both structures. The results showed that the relative permeability ratios for Na+, K+, choline+, and Cl- were the same in hemicysts and the uninterrupted monolayer. These and other results indicate that the junctional complex encircling the apical surface of a sheet of MDCK cells can provide an effective permeability barrier constituting a true occluding junction with the same properties in hemicyst and nonhemicyst areas.", "contents": "Distribution and characteristics of the occluding junctions in a monolayer of a cell line (MDCK) derived from canine kidney. On solid substrates MDCK, a cell line derived from normal dog kidney, forms a confluent monolayer that is studded with \"blisters\". Previous studies with this cell line suggest that these hemicysts develop as a result of active fluid accumulation between cell sheet and substratum. One factor that may determine when and how hemicysts appear only in localized sites is the interruption of occluding junctions in nonhemicyst areas. To study this possibility, we compared the permeability characteristics of the occluding junctions in hemicysts and in an uninterrupted monolayer of MDCK grown on a permeable support of collagen-coated nucleopore filter. The spontaneous electrical potential differences were small, without statistical differences between them. Relative ionic permeability coefficients were evaluated from the voltage deflections to imposed salt gradients or to a single ion substitution across both structures. The results showed that the relative permeability ratios for Na+, K+, choline+, and Cl- were the same in hemicysts and the uninterrupted monolayer. These and other results indicate that the junctional complex encircling the apical surface of a sheet of MDCK cells can provide an effective permeability barrier constituting a true occluding junction with the same properties in hemicyst and nonhemicyst areas.", "PMID": 731681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_813", "title": "Hybridization by cosonication of pigeon erythrocyte membrane with exogenous lipid vesicles.", "content": "Concentrated mixtures of lipid vesicles and pigeon erythrocyte membrane were cosonicated in order to produce functional hybrid vesicles. From the properties of the resulting material, we conclude that hybrids were very probably formed. These properties were as follows: (i) The presence of membrane increased the sonic fragmentability of lipid vesicles. Sonic fragmentability was assessed by measuring sonication-induced release of previously trapped [14C]-choline and trapping of external [3H]-choline. (ii) Space enclosed by lipid was served by the membrane-like properties of 36Cl- permeability and ATP-dependent 45Ca++ uptake activity. (iii) 36Cl-permeability was more readily and fully induced into the more easily fragmented lipid vesicles. Further sonication caused loss of the induced 36Cl--permeability. This loss was less rapid with the less easily fragmented lipid vesicles; i.e., less easily fragmented lipids protected 36Cl--permeability better. (iv) Glycine uptake activity was partially protected from sonic damage by the presence of lipid vesicles. (v) On centrifugation in bovine serum albumin density gradients, cosonicated material showed lipid properties (enclosed choline and 32Pi space and [3H]-cholesterol) and membrane properties (36Cl--permeability and ATP-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake) coinciding at a density intermediate between those reached by separately sonicated membrane and lipid vesicles. (vi) Electron micrographs showed the disappearance of pure membrane-like structures and the appearance of large amounts of new vesicles whose appearance is consistent with a hybrid structure.", "contents": "Hybridization by cosonication of pigeon erythrocyte membrane with exogenous lipid vesicles. Concentrated mixtures of lipid vesicles and pigeon erythrocyte membrane were cosonicated in order to produce functional hybrid vesicles. From the properties of the resulting material, we conclude that hybrids were very probably formed. These properties were as follows: (i) The presence of membrane increased the sonic fragmentability of lipid vesicles. Sonic fragmentability was assessed by measuring sonication-induced release of previously trapped [14C]-choline and trapping of external [3H]-choline. (ii) Space enclosed by lipid was served by the membrane-like properties of 36Cl- permeability and ATP-dependent 45Ca++ uptake activity. (iii) 36Cl-permeability was more readily and fully induced into the more easily fragmented lipid vesicles. Further sonication caused loss of the induced 36Cl--permeability. This loss was less rapid with the less easily fragmented lipid vesicles; i.e., less easily fragmented lipids protected 36Cl--permeability better. (iv) Glycine uptake activity was partially protected from sonic damage by the presence of lipid vesicles. (v) On centrifugation in bovine serum albumin density gradients, cosonicated material showed lipid properties (enclosed choline and 32Pi space and [3H]-cholesterol) and membrane properties (36Cl--permeability and ATP-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake) coinciding at a density intermediate between those reached by separately sonicated membrane and lipid vesicles. (vi) Electron micrographs showed the disappearance of pure membrane-like structures and the appearance of large amounts of new vesicles whose appearance is consistent with a hybrid structure.", "PMID": 731682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_814", "title": "The paracellular pathway in toad urinary bladder: permselectivity and kinetics of opening.", "content": "Determination of serosa-to-mucosa fluxes of Na, K, and Cl yields information about the properties of the shunt pathway in toad urinary bladder. We show that measurement of these fluxes at 30-sec intervals following an abrupt increase in mucosal osmolality yields evidence on the rate of opening of the path and of its permselectivity. The relationship between the fluxes of any pair of these ions indicates that the shunt is paracellular both before and after the increase in conductance effected by hyperosmolality and that the transepithelial PD affects the permselectivity properties (at 0 mV, PK/PNa/PCl=1:0.71:0.57; at + 25 mV, Pk/PNaPCl=1:0.71:0.99). The relationship between any of the fluxes and the total transepithelial conductance is linear and yields an estimate of cellular conductance (the intercept of this regression on the conductance axis) which is in accord with that measured electrically. These studies provide information on tight junction permeability to nonelectrolytes, as well. Finally, they provide new information about the role of the shunt path as a controlling influence on transepithelial sodium transport and raise the possibility that, in both leaky and tight epithelia, differences in transepithelial conductance from tissue to tissue, organ to organ, and species to species may be due, in the absence of edge damage, to changes in conductance of the paracellular pathway.", "contents": "The paracellular pathway in toad urinary bladder: permselectivity and kinetics of opening. Determination of serosa-to-mucosa fluxes of Na, K, and Cl yields information about the properties of the shunt pathway in toad urinary bladder. We show that measurement of these fluxes at 30-sec intervals following an abrupt increase in mucosal osmolality yields evidence on the rate of opening of the path and of its permselectivity. The relationship between the fluxes of any pair of these ions indicates that the shunt is paracellular both before and after the increase in conductance effected by hyperosmolality and that the transepithelial PD affects the permselectivity properties (at 0 mV, PK/PNa/PCl=1:0.71:0.57; at + 25 mV, Pk/PNaPCl=1:0.71:0.99). The relationship between any of the fluxes and the total transepithelial conductance is linear and yields an estimate of cellular conductance (the intercept of this regression on the conductance axis) which is in accord with that measured electrically. These studies provide information on tight junction permeability to nonelectrolytes, as well. Finally, they provide new information about the role of the shunt path as a controlling influence on transepithelial sodium transport and raise the possibility that, in both leaky and tight epithelia, differences in transepithelial conductance from tissue to tissue, organ to organ, and species to species may be due, in the absence of edge damage, to changes in conductance of the paracellular pathway.", "PMID": 731683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_815", "title": "A model for anomalous rectification: electrochemical-potential-dependent gating of membrane channels.", "content": "A model is presented for \"anomalous rectification\" based upon electrical measurements on the egg cell membrane of the starfish. The objective is to postulate a plausible molecular mechanism which yields an expression for the conductance similar to that deduced empirically by Hagiwara and Takahashi (1974), i.e.,: formula: (see text), where B, deltaVh and v are constant, cK is the external K+ concentration, and deltaV (= V - V0) is the displacement of the membrane potential from its resting value. It is shown that a similar dependence of the conductance on deltaV is expected for a particular class of models in which the K+ ions are also implicated in \"gating\". To give a specific example, we consider the case in which the formation of ion-permeable pores requires a voltage-induced orientation of membrane-bound, electrically-charged groups and subsequent complexation of these groups with the external cations. Furthermore, the proportionality between GK and CK1/2, when the internal K+ concentration is constant, is accounted for by conventional descriptions of the ionic fluxes using Eyring's rate reaction theory. In terms of the present model, B and deltaVh are explicit functions of the internal K+ concentrations and are thus constant only as long as this is unvaried. The particular value of v required to fit the data (v congruent to 8.4 mV) is rationalized by the assumption that each of the orientable groups carries three negative elementary charges. In addition, the predictions of the present model are compared with those deduced from an alternative viewpoint, which is related to Armstrong's \"blocking particle hypothesis\", in that the probability for opening and closing of the pore is assumed to depend on whether the pore is occupied or empty. Differences and similarities between the two models, as well as ways to discriminate between them, are discussed.", "contents": "A model for anomalous rectification: electrochemical-potential-dependent gating of membrane channels. A model is presented for \"anomalous rectification\" based upon electrical measurements on the egg cell membrane of the starfish. The objective is to postulate a plausible molecular mechanism which yields an expression for the conductance similar to that deduced empirically by Hagiwara and Takahashi (1974), i.e.,: formula: (see text), where B, deltaVh and v are constant, cK is the external K+ concentration, and deltaV (= V - V0) is the displacement of the membrane potential from its resting value. It is shown that a similar dependence of the conductance on deltaV is expected for a particular class of models in which the K+ ions are also implicated in \"gating\". To give a specific example, we consider the case in which the formation of ion-permeable pores requires a voltage-induced orientation of membrane-bound, electrically-charged groups and subsequent complexation of these groups with the external cations. Furthermore, the proportionality between GK and CK1/2, when the internal K+ concentration is constant, is accounted for by conventional descriptions of the ionic fluxes using Eyring's rate reaction theory. In terms of the present model, B and deltaVh are explicit functions of the internal K+ concentrations and are thus constant only as long as this is unvaried. The particular value of v required to fit the data (v congruent to 8.4 mV) is rationalized by the assumption that each of the orientable groups carries three negative elementary charges. In addition, the predictions of the present model are compared with those deduced from an alternative viewpoint, which is related to Armstrong's \"blocking particle hypothesis\", in that the probability for opening and closing of the pore is assumed to depend on whether the pore is occupied or empty. Differences and similarities between the two models, as well as ways to discriminate between them, are discussed.", "PMID": 731684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_816", "title": "Reversible inhibition of anion exchange in human erythrocytes by an inorganic disulfonate, tetrathionate.", "content": "Tetrathionate (S4O6--) markedly inhibits anion exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane. This phenomenon has been studied in order to obtain further insight into the mechanism of action of reversible inhibitors, in particular disulfonate inhibitors, of anion exchange. Anion fluxes were measured by tracer techniques at equilibrium. The following results were obtained: Tetrathionate, although an inorganic compound, inhibits the self-exchange of sulfate and of divalent organic anions (oxalate, malonate) noncompetitively at Ki values (less than or equal to 0.5 mM) as yet only observed for amphiphilic inhibitors. The inhibitor is effective only from the outside of the cell. The inhibition is temperature-dependent, Ki increasing by a factor of 5 between 5 and 35 degrees C, and instantaneously and fully reversible. The presence of small monovalent anions (fluoride, bromide, chloride, nitrate, acetate) counteracts inhibition by tetrathionate to a varying and concentration-dependent extent, divalent anions have only a minor effect at high concentrations. Chloride exchange is also inhibited, while glycolate and lactate fluxes are much less sensitive or almost insensitive, in agreement with their alleged transfer by a different transport system. Tetrathionate is unique in its inhibitory action, its structural congeners, peroxodisulfate (S2O8--) and ethanedisulfonate (C2H4S2O6--) are much less effective. The results can be interpreted by assuming that tetrathionate inhibits the movement of anions via the inorganic anion exchange system by binding--in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry--to inhibitory \"modifier sites\", for which it competes with other anions. These sites are located only on the exofacial surface of the membrane. The high affinity of tetrathionate is probably due to a local excess of pi electrons in the region of its central disulfide bond. These may stabilize the binding by their ability to form electron donor-acceptor complexes with membrane sites, thus compensating for the absence of a hydrophobic binding domain in tetrathionate.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of anion exchange in human erythrocytes by an inorganic disulfonate, tetrathionate. Tetrathionate (S4O6--) markedly inhibits anion exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane. This phenomenon has been studied in order to obtain further insight into the mechanism of action of reversible inhibitors, in particular disulfonate inhibitors, of anion exchange. Anion fluxes were measured by tracer techniques at equilibrium. The following results were obtained: Tetrathionate, although an inorganic compound, inhibits the self-exchange of sulfate and of divalent organic anions (oxalate, malonate) noncompetitively at Ki values (less than or equal to 0.5 mM) as yet only observed for amphiphilic inhibitors. The inhibitor is effective only from the outside of the cell. The inhibition is temperature-dependent, Ki increasing by a factor of 5 between 5 and 35 degrees C, and instantaneously and fully reversible. The presence of small monovalent anions (fluoride, bromide, chloride, nitrate, acetate) counteracts inhibition by tetrathionate to a varying and concentration-dependent extent, divalent anions have only a minor effect at high concentrations. Chloride exchange is also inhibited, while glycolate and lactate fluxes are much less sensitive or almost insensitive, in agreement with their alleged transfer by a different transport system. Tetrathionate is unique in its inhibitory action, its structural congeners, peroxodisulfate (S2O8--) and ethanedisulfonate (C2H4S2O6--) are much less effective. The results can be interpreted by assuming that tetrathionate inhibits the movement of anions via the inorganic anion exchange system by binding--in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry--to inhibitory \"modifier sites\", for which it competes with other anions. These sites are located only on the exofacial surface of the membrane. The high affinity of tetrathionate is probably due to a local excess of pi electrons in the region of its central disulfide bond. These may stabilize the binding by their ability to form electron donor-acceptor complexes with membrane sites, thus compensating for the absence of a hydrophobic binding domain in tetrathionate.", "PMID": 731685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_817", "title": "Evidence for a K+, Na+ permeable channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Potassium and sodium cation permeabilities of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were characterized by means of 3H-choline, 22Na+ and 86Rb+ isotope efflux and membrane potential measurements. Membrane potentials were generated by diluting K gluconate filled sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and liposomes into Tris or Na gluconate media, in the presence or absence of valinomycin, and were measured using the voltage-sensitive membrane probe 3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine. About 2/3 of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, designated Type I, were found to be permeable to Rb+,  K+ and Na+. The remaining 1/3, Type II vesicles, were essentially impermeable to these ions. The two types of vesicles were impermeable to larger cations such as choline or Tris. Both were present in about the same ratio in fractions derived from different parts of the reticulum structure. Studies with cations of different size and shape suggested that in Type I vesicles permeation was restricted to molecules fitting through a pore with a cross-section of 4--5 A by 6 A or more. When vesicles were sonicated, vesicles permeable to K+ decreased more than those impermeable to K+. These data suggest the existence of K+, Na+ permeable channels which are probably randomly dispersed in the intact reticulum structure at an estimated density of 50 pores/micrometer2. The function of the channel may be to allow rapid K+ movement to counter Ca2+ fluxes during muscle contraction and relaxation.", "contents": "Evidence for a K+, Na+ permeable channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Potassium and sodium cation permeabilities of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were characterized by means of 3H-choline, 22Na+ and 86Rb+ isotope efflux and membrane potential measurements. Membrane potentials were generated by diluting K gluconate filled sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and liposomes into Tris or Na gluconate media, in the presence or absence of valinomycin, and were measured using the voltage-sensitive membrane probe 3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine. About 2/3 of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, designated Type I, were found to be permeable to Rb+,  K+ and Na+. The remaining 1/3, Type II vesicles, were essentially impermeable to these ions. The two types of vesicles were impermeable to larger cations such as choline or Tris. Both were present in about the same ratio in fractions derived from different parts of the reticulum structure. Studies with cations of different size and shape suggested that in Type I vesicles permeation was restricted to molecules fitting through a pore with a cross-section of 4--5 A by 6 A or more. When vesicles were sonicated, vesicles permeable to K+ decreased more than those impermeable to K+. These data suggest the existence of K+, Na+ permeable channels which are probably randomly dispersed in the intact reticulum structure at an estimated density of 50 pores/micrometer2. The function of the channel may be to allow rapid K+ movement to counter Ca2+ fluxes during muscle contraction and relaxation.", "PMID": 731686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_818", "title": "Electrophoretic transport of T1+ in mitochondria.", "content": "The distribution of T1+ between rat liver mitochondria and the medium was studied; millimolar or smaller concentrations of T1+ were labeled with 204T1. The T1+ distribution responded to transient diffusion potentials in a way that indicated electrophoretic movements of T1+. The diffusion potentials were induced by efflux of K+ in response to addition of valinomycin to nonrespiring mitochondria suspended in a medium with low concentrations of K+ or by efflux of H+ induced by making the medium more alkaline in the presence of a protonophorous (proton-conducting) uncoupling agent. Changes in membrane potential induced by valinomycin were followed with the aid of safranine. T1+ brought about collapse of the diffusion potential. It is concluded that T1+ is able to penetrate the mitochondrial membrane electrophoretically.", "contents": "Electrophoretic transport of T1+ in mitochondria. The distribution of T1+ between rat liver mitochondria and the medium was studied; millimolar or smaller concentrations of T1+ were labeled with 204T1. The T1+ distribution responded to transient diffusion potentials in a way that indicated electrophoretic movements of T1+. The diffusion potentials were induced by efflux of K+ in response to addition of valinomycin to nonrespiring mitochondria suspended in a medium with low concentrations of K+ or by efflux of H+ induced by making the medium more alkaline in the presence of a protonophorous (proton-conducting) uncoupling agent. Changes in membrane potential induced by valinomycin were followed with the aid of safranine. T1+ brought about collapse of the diffusion potential. It is concluded that T1+ is able to penetrate the mitochondrial membrane electrophoretically.", "PMID": 731687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_819", "title": "Fine structure of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.", "content": "Ultrathin sections of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied in the electron microscope and the fine structure was compared to that of barbels of other teleosts and to the mandibular (dentary) barbels of I. punctatus. While the overall histology of the nasal barbel is similar to that of barbels described previously, this study revealed far greater cellular complexity and variability than was previously reported. A layer of stratified epidermal cells rests upon a connective tissue dermis containing a cartilage rod, a large number of nerve fibers and numerous blood vessels, fibroblasts and pigment cells. Taste buds are present in the epidermal layer. This layer was found to contain probably 16 kinds of cell types, several of which may represent transitional stages, in addition to taste bud cells. Observations were made pertaining to innervation and cell types in the taste buds. A new terminology for designating the barbels of I. punctatus is suggested.", "contents": "Fine structure of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Ultrathin sections of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied in the electron microscope and the fine structure was compared to that of barbels of other teleosts and to the mandibular (dentary) barbels of I. punctatus. While the overall histology of the nasal barbel is similar to that of barbels described previously, this study revealed far greater cellular complexity and variability than was previously reported. A layer of stratified epidermal cells rests upon a connective tissue dermis containing a cartilage rod, a large number of nerve fibers and numerous blood vessels, fibroblasts and pigment cells. Taste buds are present in the epidermal layer. This layer was found to contain probably 16 kinds of cell types, several of which may represent transitional stages, in addition to taste bud cells. Observations were made pertaining to innervation and cell types in the taste buds. A new terminology for designating the barbels of I. punctatus is suggested.", "PMID": 731702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_820", "title": "Structure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the stomach in eight species of teleosts.", "content": "The histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of eight teleostean stomachs are compared. Three gross anatomical types of stomachs are described and their shapes appear to correlate somewhat with feeding habits. Each type can be divided histologically into a corpus and pylorus. Gastric glands, containing only one cell type, occur in the copora of all species, but are present in the pylori of esocids only. As a single cell can produce both enzymes and hydrochloric acid such cells may be comparable to those of amphibians but not mammals. Lamina propria and submucosa are indistinctly separated in corpora but better defined in pylori by an intervening muscularis mucosa. The arrangement of the muscularis into inner circular and outer longitudinal layers is the opposite of that seen in the esophagus. Gastric mucous cells show species variations in localization of epithelial mucosubstances, which in broad terms are recognized as sulfomucins, sialomucins and neutral mucosubstances. A piscivorous diet does not appear to demand any particular type of carbohydrate. Within the Centrarchidae, gastric pit cells vary in carbohydrate content from only neutral mucosubstance to only weakly acidic sulfomucin; two species contain both types. A positive PAS reaction on the surface of gastric epithelial cells is suggestive of a striated border and thus possibly absorptive function. The absence of stomachs in some teleosts and the evolutionary and dietary significances are discussed.", "contents": "Structure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the stomach in eight species of teleosts. The histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of eight teleostean stomachs are compared. Three gross anatomical types of stomachs are described and their shapes appear to correlate somewhat with feeding habits. Each type can be divided histologically into a corpus and pylorus. Gastric glands, containing only one cell type, occur in the copora of all species, but are present in the pylori of esocids only. As a single cell can produce both enzymes and hydrochloric acid such cells may be comparable to those of amphibians but not mammals. Lamina propria and submucosa are indistinctly separated in corpora but better defined in pylori by an intervening muscularis mucosa. The arrangement of the muscularis into inner circular and outer longitudinal layers is the opposite of that seen in the esophagus. Gastric mucous cells show species variations in localization of epithelial mucosubstances, which in broad terms are recognized as sulfomucins, sialomucins and neutral mucosubstances. A piscivorous diet does not appear to demand any particular type of carbohydrate. Within the Centrarchidae, gastric pit cells vary in carbohydrate content from only neutral mucosubstance to only weakly acidic sulfomucin; two species contain both types. A positive PAS reaction on the surface of gastric epithelial cells is suggestive of a striated border and thus possibly absorptive function. The absence of stomachs in some teleosts and the evolutionary and dietary significances are discussed.", "PMID": 731703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_821", "title": "The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles. I. Light microscopic description.", "content": "The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles is an impressively large structure which projects dorsally and anteriorly above the prosencephalon. The complex was examined by light microscopy in several age classes of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and from juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The paraphysis is extensively fused to the distal portion of the pineal body, suggesting an interrelated function for these two tissues. No duct or canal was observed connecting the pineal lumen to the third ventricle. Two pineal cell types are described which appear to correspond to the neuroglial supportive cells and the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells of other amniotic vertebrates. A possible luminal secretion in the form of apical protrusions is produced by the latter cell type. No typical photoreceptive outer segments were observed.", "contents": "The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles. I. Light microscopic description. The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles is an impressively large structure which projects dorsally and anteriorly above the prosencephalon. The complex was examined by light microscopy in several age classes of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and from juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The paraphysis is extensively fused to the distal portion of the pineal body, suggesting an interrelated function for these two tissues. No duct or canal was observed connecting the pineal lumen to the third ventricle. Two pineal cell types are described which appear to correspond to the neuroglial supportive cells and the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells of other amniotic vertebrates. A possible luminal secretion in the form of apical protrusions is produced by the latter cell type. No typical photoreceptive outer segments were observed.", "PMID": 731704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_822", "title": "Ultrastructural features of neuromuscular junctions in the stapedius muscle of gallus gallus.", "content": "The ultrastructure of neuromuscular junctions in the twitch fibers of the stapedius muscle of Gallus gallus (domesticus) was investigated as part of a series of neurophysiological studies. Among the morphological features observed were elongated end-plates with numerous large and clear synaptic vesicles mixed with larger dense core vesicles and irregular or aperiodic \"active sites\" in the presynaptic membrane where synaptic vesicles were focused. The most remarkable features of these junctions were large synaptic clefts (50-80 nm) and the absence of junctional folds in the sarcolemmal surface. Unlike the large periodic junctional folds seen in the neuromuscular junctions of frogs and in the fast twitch fibers of the mammalian stapedius, the preparations studied only show small aperiodic invaginations (primitive folds) in the postsynaptic membranes. This morphological feature remains essentially constant from newly hatched to adult chickens. While these smooth junctions are consistent with earlier findings of inconspicuous junctional folds in the twitch fibers of the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi they are unlike those seen in the fast twitch fibers of the mammalian stapedius muscle, or other twitch fibers in general. The morphological findings of the present study may also suggest that the simple, unmodified neuromuscular junctions in the stapedius of Gallus may be a useful preparation for studies of synaptic membrane structures that employ the freeze-fracture technique.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of neuromuscular junctions in the stapedius muscle of gallus gallus. The ultrastructure of neuromuscular junctions in the twitch fibers of the stapedius muscle of Gallus gallus (domesticus) was investigated as part of a series of neurophysiological studies. Among the morphological features observed were elongated end-plates with numerous large and clear synaptic vesicles mixed with larger dense core vesicles and irregular or aperiodic \"active sites\" in the presynaptic membrane where synaptic vesicles were focused. The most remarkable features of these junctions were large synaptic clefts (50-80 nm) and the absence of junctional folds in the sarcolemmal surface. Unlike the large periodic junctional folds seen in the neuromuscular junctions of frogs and in the fast twitch fibers of the mammalian stapedius, the preparations studied only show small aperiodic invaginations (primitive folds) in the postsynaptic membranes. This morphological feature remains essentially constant from newly hatched to adult chickens. While these smooth junctions are consistent with earlier findings of inconspicuous junctional folds in the twitch fibers of the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi they are unlike those seen in the fast twitch fibers of the mammalian stapedius muscle, or other twitch fibers in general. The morphological findings of the present study may also suggest that the simple, unmodified neuromuscular junctions in the stapedius of Gallus may be a useful preparation for studies of synaptic membrane structures that employ the freeze-fracture technique.", "PMID": 731706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_823", "title": "Application of the 'profiles of relationship' method to distantly related proteins.", "content": "An analysis is made of the applicability of the recently published 'profiles of relationship' method for establishing evolutionary relatedness among proteins by using the distantly related proinsulin and neurotoxin protein sequences as a test object. The method is based on a simultaneous group analysis of both the frequency of acceptance of mutations and their genetic code interchangeability. Regularities in the patterns of the profiles, which reflect decreased similarity with the passage of time, are established for typical cases of closely related, distantly related and unrelated proteins. This makes it possible to distinguish distantly related from unrelated proteins without extensive statistical randomization procedures. New evidence is stated in favour of a previously suggested definition of interchangeability which does not consider the third base in the codon. The applicability of the profiles of relationship method is examined on the distant relationship between proinsulin and the snake and scorpion neurotoxins which has been established previously by means of conventional approaches.", "contents": "Application of the 'profiles of relationship' method to distantly related proteins. An analysis is made of the applicability of the recently published 'profiles of relationship' method for establishing evolutionary relatedness among proteins by using the distantly related proinsulin and neurotoxin protein sequences as a test object. The method is based on a simultaneous group analysis of both the frequency of acceptance of mutations and their genetic code interchangeability. Regularities in the patterns of the profiles, which reflect decreased similarity with the passage of time, are established for typical cases of closely related, distantly related and unrelated proteins. This makes it possible to distinguish distantly related from unrelated proteins without extensive statistical randomization procedures. New evidence is stated in favour of a previously suggested definition of interchangeability which does not consider the third base in the codon. The applicability of the profiles of relationship method is examined on the distant relationship between proinsulin and the snake and scorpion neurotoxins which has been established previously by means of conventional approaches.", "PMID": 731707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_824", "title": "Evolution of the 5 S RNA genes in vertebrates.", "content": "We have built the phylogenetic tree of Vertebrate 5S RNA using the sequence data of thirteen species belonging to six groups. Evolution of the 5S genes has been very slow in Vertebrates since 90 residues are identical in all 5S RNAs which are presently sequenced. In Amphibians and Teleosts different 5S genes are active in oocytes and in somatic cells. This dual gene system has probably been acquired independently by Amphibians and Teleosts. In Amphibians, the oocyte-type 5S genes have evolved much faster than the somatic-type genes. This is not true in all species since the oocyte-type genes of one Teleost (Tinca tinca) have evolved more slowly than the somatic-type genes. There are in all Vertebrate 5S RNAs five complementary regions which can be base-paired. The sequence data are compatible with the three secondary-structure models that have been proposed for 5S RNA.", "contents": "Evolution of the 5 S RNA genes in vertebrates. We have built the phylogenetic tree of Vertebrate 5S RNA using the sequence data of thirteen species belonging to six groups. Evolution of the 5S genes has been very slow in Vertebrates since 90 residues are identical in all 5S RNAs which are presently sequenced. In Amphibians and Teleosts different 5S genes are active in oocytes and in somatic cells. This dual gene system has probably been acquired independently by Amphibians and Teleosts. In Amphibians, the oocyte-type 5S genes have evolved much faster than the somatic-type genes. This is not true in all species since the oocyte-type genes of one Teleost (Tinca tinca) have evolved more slowly than the somatic-type genes. There are in all Vertebrate 5S RNAs five complementary regions which can be base-paired. The sequence data are compatible with the three secondary-structure models that have been proposed for 5S RNA.", "PMID": 731708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_825", "title": "Evolution of isozyme loci and their differential tissue expression. Creatine kinase as a model system.", "content": "The phylogeny of the creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) isozyme loci and their differential tissue expressions were determined for representatives of 65 families of vertebrates, with emphasis on the fishes. The transition from the single creatine kinase locus, characteristic of certain echinoderms, to the two creatine kinase loci which are orthologous to those present in all vertebrates, occurred early in the chordate line. The majority of pre-teleostean fishes possesses only these two CK loci (A and C). These loci are relatively generalized in their tissue expressions which are variable among species of primitive fishes. The third and fourth creatine kinase loci (B and D) arose separately in the ancestors of the bony fishes and appear to be the result of regional genome duplications. Concomitant with the increase in the number of isozyme loci has been an increase in the specificity of their tissue expression. In the advanced teleost fishes the four CK loci are differentially expressed in a characteristic manner. The A2 isozyme predominates in skeletal muscle, the B2 isozyme in eye and brain, the C2 isozyme in stomach muscle, and the D2 isozyme is found exclusively in testis. We propose a phylogeny of the creatine kinase genes in the lower chordates based on the time of appearance of new CK loci, the sequence in which the loci achieve a tissue restricted expression, and the immunochemical relatedness of the orthologous and paralogous gene products.", "contents": "Evolution of isozyme loci and their differential tissue expression. Creatine kinase as a model system. The phylogeny of the creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) isozyme loci and their differential tissue expressions were determined for representatives of 65 families of vertebrates, with emphasis on the fishes. The transition from the single creatine kinase locus, characteristic of certain echinoderms, to the two creatine kinase loci which are orthologous to those present in all vertebrates, occurred early in the chordate line. The majority of pre-teleostean fishes possesses only these two CK loci (A and C). These loci are relatively generalized in their tissue expressions which are variable among species of primitive fishes. The third and fourth creatine kinase loci (B and D) arose separately in the ancestors of the bony fishes and appear to be the result of regional genome duplications. Concomitant with the increase in the number of isozyme loci has been an increase in the specificity of their tissue expression. In the advanced teleost fishes the four CK loci are differentially expressed in a characteristic manner. The A2 isozyme predominates in skeletal muscle, the B2 isozyme in eye and brain, the C2 isozyme in stomach muscle, and the D2 isozyme is found exclusively in testis. We propose a phylogeny of the creatine kinase genes in the lower chordates based on the time of appearance of new CK loci, the sequence in which the loci achieve a tissue restricted expression, and the immunochemical relatedness of the orthologous and paralogous gene products.", "PMID": 731710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_826", "title": "The effectiveness of sex therapy for chronic secondary psychological impotence.", "content": "This paper describes the treatment results of sexual therapy with 16 couples. The men had chronic secondary psychological impotence. They were evaluated, treated, and followed up by the same sex therapist. Another psychiatrist evaluated each couple after therpay. Pre- and posttherapy Sexual Interaction inventories were administered as numberical measures of therapeutic effectiveness. By the end of treatment 6 men of the 16 were consistently potent and 4 were potent at least half of the time. Of the 11 men who had improved, 10 demonstrated considerable instability in erectile functioning over 1-year follow-up. Sex therapy can improve sexual functioning. However, it does not restore complete sexual health to couples with this complicated disorder.", "contents": "The effectiveness of sex therapy for chronic secondary psychological impotence. This paper describes the treatment results of sexual therapy with 16 couples. The men had chronic secondary psychological impotence. They were evaluated, treated, and followed up by the same sex therapist. Another psychiatrist evaluated each couple after therpay. Pre- and posttherapy Sexual Interaction inventories were administered as numberical measures of therapeutic effectiveness. By the end of treatment 6 men of the 16 were consistently potent and 4 were potent at least half of the time. Of the 11 men who had improved, 10 demonstrated considerable instability in erectile functioning over 1-year follow-up. Sex therapy can improve sexual functioning. However, it does not restore complete sexual health to couples with this complicated disorder.", "PMID": 731712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_827", "title": "Sexual behavior and guilt among women: a cross-generational comparison.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a study of the relationship between guilt and sexual behavior among 45 married women. The age breakdown of the subjects included 60 and above, 40 to 50, and 20 to 30, with 15 women included in each age category. A negative relationship was found between the age of subjects and the extent of sexual behavior while a positive relationship existed between age and sexual guilt. The younger women's sexual behavior scores were higher than both the middle and older (statistically significant) women. Scores indicated less guilt associated with sexual behavior for the younger women than for the middle-aged and older (statistically significant) women.", "contents": "Sexual behavior and guilt among women: a cross-generational comparison. This paper reports the results of a study of the relationship between guilt and sexual behavior among 45 married women. The age breakdown of the subjects included 60 and above, 40 to 50, and 20 to 30, with 15 women included in each age category. A negative relationship was found between the age of subjects and the extent of sexual behavior while a positive relationship existed between age and sexual guilt. The younger women's sexual behavior scores were higher than both the middle and older (statistically significant) women. Scores indicated less guilt associated with sexual behavior for the younger women than for the middle-aged and older (statistically significant) women.", "PMID": 731713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_828", "title": "Extramarital sexuality: implications for marital therapists.", "content": "Although large numbers of clients approach marital therapists with concerns about extramarital behavior (ES), little has been written specifically about the implications of ES for practitioners. This paper uses a script theory framework to suggest why there are important attitude-behavior discrepancies concerning ES and how these differences may affect therapy. The authors also examine research findings concerning ES which do not support some widely held beliefs. This discussion includes a list of seven factors which therapist may utilize to differentiate diverse ES experiences and help couples clarify their values and intentions. Several case examples illustrate this process. Attention is also paid to the therapist's own values about ES and how they may affect therapy. ES emerges as a very complex phenomenon which requires a high degree of knowledge, sensitivity, and recognition of individual differences on the part of therapists.", "contents": "Extramarital sexuality: implications for marital therapists. Although large numbers of clients approach marital therapists with concerns about extramarital behavior (ES), little has been written specifically about the implications of ES for practitioners. This paper uses a script theory framework to suggest why there are important attitude-behavior discrepancies concerning ES and how these differences may affect therapy. The authors also examine research findings concerning ES which do not support some widely held beliefs. This discussion includes a list of seven factors which therapist may utilize to differentiate diverse ES experiences and help couples clarify their values and intentions. Several case examples illustrate this process. Attention is also paid to the therapist's own values about ES and how they may affect therapy. ES emerges as a very complex phenomenon which requires a high degree of knowledge, sensitivity, and recognition of individual differences on the part of therapists.", "PMID": 731714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_829", "title": "The care and feeding of small-group leaders of sex discussion groups.", "content": "This paper will focus on the selection, training, and monitoring of the small-group leaders in an extensive program of sex education. While not explicitly therapeutic, the leadership role in the six small-group sessions held during a 2-day period, covering highly emotional material, demands the skills and sensitivities of the traditional group therapist. In addition, group leaders must be aware of the limits of this experience and the subtle effect of a leader's role modeling during group discussion. The paper will discuss the SAR model, its academic history, and our experience with over 200 leaders drawn from both professional and paraprofessional ranks. We have data on participant evaluation of leaders and have developed a series of concepts regarding group process which is fed into our training program. Qualitative assessment of characteristics of the effective sex group leader is now possible as are basic group and member issues that most leaders must handle. The paper will discuss leadership screening, early orientation, small-group training sessions, practice leadership, supervision, evaluation, and problem solution in this highly sensitive area of sexuality, which while educational in purpose, is therapeutic in process.", "contents": "The care and feeding of small-group leaders of sex discussion groups. This paper will focus on the selection, training, and monitoring of the small-group leaders in an extensive program of sex education. While not explicitly therapeutic, the leadership role in the six small-group sessions held during a 2-day period, covering highly emotional material, demands the skills and sensitivities of the traditional group therapist. In addition, group leaders must be aware of the limits of this experience and the subtle effect of a leader's role modeling during group discussion. The paper will discuss the SAR model, its academic history, and our experience with over 200 leaders drawn from both professional and paraprofessional ranks. We have data on participant evaluation of leaders and have developed a series of concepts regarding group process which is fed into our training program. Qualitative assessment of characteristics of the effective sex group leader is now possible as are basic group and member issues that most leaders must handle. The paper will discuss leadership screening, early orientation, small-group training sessions, practice leadership, supervision, evaluation, and problem solution in this highly sensitive area of sexuality, which while educational in purpose, is therapeutic in process.", "PMID": 731715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_830", "title": "The impact of a marriage enrichment program on relationship factors.", "content": "This study represented a continuing effort to assess the effects of a marriage enrichment program previously used by Kilmann, Moreault, and Robinson. Eleven couples who responded to newspaper and radio announcements received fair-fight training followed by sexual enhancement. Six couples recruited in the same manner received no treatment but responded to the measures at the same time intervals as the experimental couples. In comparison with the control couples the experimental couples reported a significant increase in marital adjustment and significantly greater actualized relationship. From a videotaped problem-solving task the experimental couples were rated as exhibiting significantly more positive communication patterns than the control couples. The findings offer support for the marriage enrichment program, although larger samples are needed to determine which treatment components are most beneficial for defined couples.", "contents": "The impact of a marriage enrichment program on relationship factors. This study represented a continuing effort to assess the effects of a marriage enrichment program previously used by Kilmann, Moreault, and Robinson. Eleven couples who responded to newspaper and radio announcements received fair-fight training followed by sexual enhancement. Six couples recruited in the same manner received no treatment but responded to the measures at the same time intervals as the experimental couples. In comparison with the control couples the experimental couples reported a significant increase in marital adjustment and significantly greater actualized relationship. From a videotaped problem-solving task the experimental couples were rated as exhibiting significantly more positive communication patterns than the control couples. The findings offer support for the marriage enrichment program, although larger samples are needed to determine which treatment components are most beneficial for defined couples.", "PMID": 731716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_831", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma in black patients.", "content": "From 680 surgical specimens of thyroid disease, 31 cases of thyroid carcinoma found at Howard University Hospital, from January 1950 to December 1975, are reviewed. Eighteen (58 percent) were females and 13 (42 percent) were males. Of the 31 patients, there were 11 patients with follicular carcinoma, 11 with papillary carcinoma, seven with mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma, one with Hurthle cell carcinoma, and one with medullary carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma accounts for only .001 percent of all admissions during the period of study, and is indeed a rare cause of disease among blacks at this institution. Recommendations for surgery and follow-up data are presented.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma in black patients. From 680 surgical specimens of thyroid disease, 31 cases of thyroid carcinoma found at Howard University Hospital, from January 1950 to December 1975, are reviewed. Eighteen (58 percent) were females and 13 (42 percent) were males. Of the 31 patients, there were 11 patients with follicular carcinoma, 11 with papillary carcinoma, seven with mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma, one with Hurthle cell carcinoma, and one with medullary carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma accounts for only .001 percent of all admissions during the period of study, and is indeed a rare cause of disease among blacks at this institution. Recommendations for surgery and follow-up data are presented.", "PMID": 731718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_832", "title": "Pituitary function and growth hormone dynamics in acromegaloidism.", "content": "Acromegaloidism is a condition which resembles acromegaly by its clinical manifestations but is not due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. Twenty patients were diagnosed as having this disorder and the results from studying growth hormone (GH) responses in 15 patients (11 women and four men) were included in this report. Clinical manifestations closely resembled those of acromegalics, including history of progressive changes, acral enlargement, visual disturbances, abnormal visual fields in four patients, and sella turcica enlargement in two patients. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) was abnormal in 12/15 patients, 13/15 were > 10 percent obese, 8/15 had hypertension, 7/15 had large-statured relatives, but lactorrhea was absent in all patients. The mean serum GH concentration was 2.2 ng/ml, which suppressed to 0.6 ng/ml during the GTT; increased to 24 ng/ml during hypoglycemia; and increased to 10.3 ng/ml after L-dopa ingestion. Other pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin), the metyrapone test, 24-hour random and nocturnal sleeping GH concentrations were normal. These GH values and responses helped to differentiate acromegaloidism from treated and untreated acromegaly. The pathogenesis of acromegaloidism was not determined, but somatomedin studies may prove helpful in further defining this disorder.", "contents": "Pituitary function and growth hormone dynamics in acromegaloidism. Acromegaloidism is a condition which resembles acromegaly by its clinical manifestations but is not due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. Twenty patients were diagnosed as having this disorder and the results from studying growth hormone (GH) responses in 15 patients (11 women and four men) were included in this report. Clinical manifestations closely resembled those of acromegalics, including history of progressive changes, acral enlargement, visual disturbances, abnormal visual fields in four patients, and sella turcica enlargement in two patients. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) was abnormal in 12/15 patients, 13/15 were > 10 percent obese, 8/15 had hypertension, 7/15 had large-statured relatives, but lactorrhea was absent in all patients. The mean serum GH concentration was 2.2 ng/ml, which suppressed to 0.6 ng/ml during the GTT; increased to 24 ng/ml during hypoglycemia; and increased to 10.3 ng/ml after L-dopa ingestion. Other pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin), the metyrapone test, 24-hour random and nocturnal sleeping GH concentrations were normal. These GH values and responses helped to differentiate acromegaloidism from treated and untreated acromegaly. The pathogenesis of acromegaloidism was not determined, but somatomedin studies may prove helpful in further defining this disorder.", "PMID": 731719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_833", "title": "Cytologic problems in diagnosis of endocervical atypia in young females with and without maternal history of diethylstilbestrol exposure.", "content": "Sixteen cytologic endocervical atypias are reported with corroborative tissue analysis. Maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) history was positive in three patients, one with clear cell adenocarcinoma, one with colposcopy and biopsy proven benign vaginal adenosis, and one with squamous carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Colposcopy was performed in two cases, one with adenosis and one with clear cell adenocarcinoma.In three patients, aged 19, 17, and 25, respectively, clear cell adenocarcinomas were found with unknown DES history and positive cytology. In five other cytologically positive cases, endocervicitis was found in three, atypical endocervical hyperplasia in one, and severe squamous dysplasia in one. This represents a cytologic false positive or specificity reading error of 37 percent in this type of material. One case of clear cell adenocarcinoma was linked with DES exposure.In the six suspicious and borderline cytologic reports, one vaginal adenosis, one condyloma acuminata, and one squamous carcinoma in situ were found. This represents a false positive or specificity reading error rate of 43 percent.Cytology is clinically valuable in Proven cases of vaginal adenosis or adenocarcinoma. It is not a diagnostic modality, with a high sensitivity error (false-negative rates) of 50 percent and higher, as reported in the literature and high specificity error (false-positive rates) as herein reported.", "contents": "Cytologic problems in diagnosis of endocervical atypia in young females with and without maternal history of diethylstilbestrol exposure. Sixteen cytologic endocervical atypias are reported with corroborative tissue analysis. Maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) history was positive in three patients, one with clear cell adenocarcinoma, one with colposcopy and biopsy proven benign vaginal adenosis, and one with squamous carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Colposcopy was performed in two cases, one with adenosis and one with clear cell adenocarcinoma.In three patients, aged 19, 17, and 25, respectively, clear cell adenocarcinomas were found with unknown DES history and positive cytology. In five other cytologically positive cases, endocervicitis was found in three, atypical endocervical hyperplasia in one, and severe squamous dysplasia in one. This represents a cytologic false positive or specificity reading error of 37 percent in this type of material. One case of clear cell adenocarcinoma was linked with DES exposure.In the six suspicious and borderline cytologic reports, one vaginal adenosis, one condyloma acuminata, and one squamous carcinoma in situ were found. This represents a false positive or specificity reading error rate of 43 percent.Cytology is clinically valuable in Proven cases of vaginal adenosis or adenocarcinoma. It is not a diagnostic modality, with a high sensitivity error (false-negative rates) of 50 percent and higher, as reported in the literature and high specificity error (false-positive rates) as herein reported.", "PMID": 731720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_834", "title": "The role of psychiatric emergency services in aiding community alternatives to hospitalization in an inner-city population.", "content": "In the proper political/economic environment, Crisis Intervention Programs can reduce the recidivism rate of patients who suffer from recurrent intermittent acute psychotic episodes. The author seeks to outline such a program and demonstrate its effectiveness in providing an alternative to brief hospitalization. It is believed that this form of management of the psychiatric emergency aids the practice of community psychiatry and supports the use of day treatment facilities, outpatient clinics, emergency housing, family therapy, and other community support systems.", "contents": "The role of psychiatric emergency services in aiding community alternatives to hospitalization in an inner-city population. In the proper political/economic environment, Crisis Intervention Programs can reduce the recidivism rate of patients who suffer from recurrent intermittent acute psychotic episodes. The author seeks to outline such a program and demonstrate its effectiveness in providing an alternative to brief hospitalization. It is believed that this form of management of the psychiatric emergency aids the practice of community psychiatry and supports the use of day treatment facilities, outpatient clinics, emergency housing, family therapy, and other community support systems.", "PMID": 731721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_835", "title": "Toxins and carcinogens in the environment: an observation in the tropics.", "content": "The incidence of primary liver cancer in the countries of tropical Africa is the highest in the world. There is a growing belief that the relatively high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria may have a multiple chemical factor etiology in such forms as food contaminants, herbal teas, and environmental chemicals. Major chemical toxins and carcinogens that have been identified so far in the tropical environment include sapotoxin, cycasin, mushroom toxin, capsaicin, oxalic acid, prussic acid, fluorooleic acid, N-nitroso compounds, aflatoxin, palmotoxin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, quinine, DDT, and cyclamate.", "contents": "Toxins and carcinogens in the environment: an observation in the tropics. The incidence of primary liver cancer in the countries of tropical Africa is the highest in the world. There is a growing belief that the relatively high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria may have a multiple chemical factor etiology in such forms as food contaminants, herbal teas, and environmental chemicals. Major chemical toxins and carcinogens that have been identified so far in the tropical environment include sapotoxin, cycasin, mushroom toxin, capsaicin, oxalic acid, prussic acid, fluorooleic acid, N-nitroso compounds, aflatoxin, palmotoxin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, quinine, DDT, and cyclamate.", "PMID": 731722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_836", "title": "Effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin metabolism in the rat.", "content": "To clarify the effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin and mineral metabolism, Wistar rats were separated into two groups and fed two different diets, on a normal diet and another a manganese-supplemented diet. After 3 wk on these dietary regimens, the rats on the manganese-supplemented diet manifested the following abnormalities: blood pressure was decreased, brain serotonin was decreased, aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity in the brain was decreased, and manganese levels in heart, lung, and kidney were increased, whereas sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels in the brainstem were decreased.", "contents": "Effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin metabolism in the rat. To clarify the effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin and mineral metabolism, Wistar rats were separated into two groups and fed two different diets, on a normal diet and another a manganese-supplemented diet. After 3 wk on these dietary regimens, the rats on the manganese-supplemented diet manifested the following abnormalities: blood pressure was decreased, brain serotonin was decreased, aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity in the brain was decreased, and manganese levels in heart, lung, and kidney were increased, whereas sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels in the brainstem were decreased.", "PMID": 731723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_837", "title": "Dose-dependent fate of 1,4-dioxane in rats.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the fate of dioxane in rats at doses equivalent to those given in toxicological studies conducted previously. The results show that the fate of dioxane in rats is markedly dose-dependent because of a limited capacity to metabolize dioxane to beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA). The pharmacokinetic data collected in support of these conclusions include plasma concentration-time curves for dioxane given to rats iv at dose levels of 3-1000 mg/kg and for an inhalation study of 50 ppm dioxane vapors for 6 h. The plasma curves at low doses by each route were linear with half-life values of about 1 h. As the dose was increased above 10 mg/kg the plasma clearance rate decreased, the fraction of the dose excreted as HEAA decreased, and the fraction of the dose excreted as dioxane per se in the urine and expired in the breath increased. These data could be described by a one-compartment open system model with parallel first-order (urinary and pulmonary excretion) and Michaelis-Menten (metabolism) elimination kinetics. At saturation, the maximum velocity of metabolism of dioxane to HEAA was about 18 mg/kg . h. Multiple daily oral doses of 1000 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg, were excreted more rapidly than equivalent single doses, indicating that at high daily doses dioxane induced its own metabolism. The correlation of the dose-dependent fate of dioxane with the results of toxicological studies in rats supports the conclusion that there is an apparent threshold for the toxic effects of dioxane that coincides with saturation of the metabolic pathway for its detoxification.", "contents": "Dose-dependent fate of 1,4-dioxane in rats. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the fate of dioxane in rats at doses equivalent to those given in toxicological studies conducted previously. The results show that the fate of dioxane in rats is markedly dose-dependent because of a limited capacity to metabolize dioxane to beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA). The pharmacokinetic data collected in support of these conclusions include plasma concentration-time curves for dioxane given to rats iv at dose levels of 3-1000 mg/kg and for an inhalation study of 50 ppm dioxane vapors for 6 h. The plasma curves at low doses by each route were linear with half-life values of about 1 h. As the dose was increased above 10 mg/kg the plasma clearance rate decreased, the fraction of the dose excreted as HEAA decreased, and the fraction of the dose excreted as dioxane per se in the urine and expired in the breath increased. These data could be described by a one-compartment open system model with parallel first-order (urinary and pulmonary excretion) and Michaelis-Menten (metabolism) elimination kinetics. At saturation, the maximum velocity of metabolism of dioxane to HEAA was about 18 mg/kg . h. Multiple daily oral doses of 1000 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg, were excreted more rapidly than equivalent single doses, indicating that at high daily doses dioxane induced its own metabolism. The correlation of the dose-dependent fate of dioxane with the results of toxicological studies in rats supports the conclusion that there is an apparent threshold for the toxic effects of dioxane that coincides with saturation of the metabolic pathway for its detoxification.", "PMID": 731724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_838", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluation of dogs fed 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in the diet for two years.", "content": "1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene (TCB), an intermediate in several industrial processes, was administered in the diet to dogs at 5 mg/kg . d for 2 yr, followed by a 20-mo recovery phase. The animals were examined periodically for toxicity; the concentration of TCB in the plasma and fat was measured during the 2 yr of exposure and 20 mo of recovery. After 18 mo of exposure, all clinical chemistry parameters were normal; however, after 24 mo, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and total bilirubin levels were slightly elevated in the dogs dosed with TCB. Both clinical chemistry parameters returned to normal levels within 3 mo of the cessation of exposure. After the 20-mo recovery, gross and histopathologic examination of tissues revealed no morphological changes considered related to the ingestion of TCB. At the end of 2 yr of exposure, TCB had reached 98 and 97% of the calculated steady-state concentrations in fat and plasma, respectively. TCB was eliminated from the fat and plasma with half-life values of 111 and 104 d, respectively. Although there were only small differences in the approach to steady state, differences in the rate of elimination of TCB from fat and plasma resulted in dramatic changes in the fat/plasma ratio of TCB throughout the entire study.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluation of dogs fed 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in the diet for two years. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene (TCB), an intermediate in several industrial processes, was administered in the diet to dogs at 5 mg/kg . d for 2 yr, followed by a 20-mo recovery phase. The animals were examined periodically for toxicity; the concentration of TCB in the plasma and fat was measured during the 2 yr of exposure and 20 mo of recovery. After 18 mo of exposure, all clinical chemistry parameters were normal; however, after 24 mo, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and total bilirubin levels were slightly elevated in the dogs dosed with TCB. Both clinical chemistry parameters returned to normal levels within 3 mo of the cessation of exposure. After the 20-mo recovery, gross and histopathologic examination of tissues revealed no morphological changes considered related to the ingestion of TCB. At the end of 2 yr of exposure, TCB had reached 98 and 97% of the calculated steady-state concentrations in fat and plasma, respectively. TCB was eliminated from the fat and plasma with half-life values of 111 and 104 d, respectively. Although there were only small differences in the approach to steady state, differences in the rate of elimination of TCB from fat and plasma resulted in dramatic changes in the fat/plasma ratio of TCB throughout the entire study.", "PMID": 731725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_839", "title": "Effect of linamarin on thiocyanate production and thyroid activity in rats.", "content": "The principal cyanogenic glucoside in cassava is linamarin (2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile-beta-D-glucoside). Addition of pure linamarin to a diet based on 10% vitamin-free casein did not affect the weight gain of rats. However, as expected, the animals that received the casein diet supplemented with methionine gained more weight than those that received the unsupplemented diet. The amount of thiocyanate ion excreted in the urine by the animals that received linamarin was higher than that excreted by the animals that did not receive linamarin at both levels of dietary methionine. The plasma thiocyanate concentration was also higher for linamarin-fed animals than for animals that did not receive linamarin. Higher plasma thiocyanate levels were associated with a lower percentage uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid.", "contents": "Effect of linamarin on thiocyanate production and thyroid activity in rats. The principal cyanogenic glucoside in cassava is linamarin (2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile-beta-D-glucoside). Addition of pure linamarin to a diet based on 10% vitamin-free casein did not affect the weight gain of rats. However, as expected, the animals that received the casein diet supplemented with methionine gained more weight than those that received the unsupplemented diet. The amount of thiocyanate ion excreted in the urine by the animals that received linamarin was higher than that excreted by the animals that did not receive linamarin at both levels of dietary methionine. The plasma thiocyanate concentration was also higher for linamarin-fed animals than for animals that did not receive linamarin. Higher plasma thiocyanate levels were associated with a lower percentage uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid.", "PMID": 731726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_840", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lungs of hamsters tolerant to nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is both edematogenic and cytotoxic to the lung. Preexposure to NO2 protects against mortality from formation of excessive pulmonary edema (tolerance) and, depending on the preexposure schedule, may or may not protect against the cytotoxic effects of NO2 in the lung. Measurement of DNA synthesis in hamster lung was used to study the question of whether the more subtle cytological injury induced by NO2 is mediated by a system that also exhibits tolerance. It was found that when hamsters are preexposed daily to 10 ppm NO2, they develop tolerance for normally lethal concentrations of NO2, are protected against cytological injury from 10 ppm NO2, but are not protected from the cytotoxic effects of NO2 at concentrations greater than 10 ppm. Animals exposed weekly to 10 ppm NO2 are not protected from further cytological injury induced by weekly exposures to 10 ppm NO2, but do develop tolerance for lethal concentrations of NO2. Thus, the data indicate that induction of tolerance to NO2 does not necessarily protect the cell populations of the lung from the cytotoxic effects of NO2.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lungs of hamsters tolerant to nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is both edematogenic and cytotoxic to the lung. Preexposure to NO2 protects against mortality from formation of excessive pulmonary edema (tolerance) and, depending on the preexposure schedule, may or may not protect against the cytotoxic effects of NO2 in the lung. Measurement of DNA synthesis in hamster lung was used to study the question of whether the more subtle cytological injury induced by NO2 is mediated by a system that also exhibits tolerance. It was found that when hamsters are preexposed daily to 10 ppm NO2, they develop tolerance for normally lethal concentrations of NO2, are protected against cytological injury from 10 ppm NO2, but are not protected from the cytotoxic effects of NO2 at concentrations greater than 10 ppm. Animals exposed weekly to 10 ppm NO2 are not protected from further cytological injury induced by weekly exposures to 10 ppm NO2, but do develop tolerance for lethal concentrations of NO2. Thus, the data indicate that induction of tolerance to NO2 does not necessarily protect the cell populations of the lung from the cytotoxic effects of NO2.", "PMID": 731727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_841", "title": "Combined effects in toxicology--a rapid systematic testing procedure: cadmium, mercury, and lead.", "content": "A testing procedure is described for the assessment of the toxicological response (e.g., acute toxicity or mutagenicity) of any combination and number of chemical, physical, and biological agents, with no more effort for a particular combination than for a single agent. The method provides a simple, sensitive, and quantitative index of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, and it has been demonstrated experimentally in rats by determining the acute lethality of combinations of cadmium, mercury, and lead salts. In a combination of two metal salts, the dose of one metal of the pair was fixed at or near the no-effect level while the dose of the second metal was increased until the entire dose-response curve was obtained. To evaluate interactions of the three metals, the previous pair of metals were kept fixed at their combined extrapolated LD1 level, and the third metal was increased. The statistical treatment of the data employed a computer program that did not involve probit transformations, but rather the approximate linear relationship between the fractional response and the logarithm of the dose. A particular combination could be synergistic, antagonistic, or additive, depending on the relative doses employed. Generally, a combination was synergistic when the most toxic member was present at or near its LD1 dose in the presence of the much less toxic member; the same combination was protective when the least toxic member was present at or near its LD1 dose. The results clarify apparently contradictory reports regarding the biological effects of metal combinations. The application of the testing procedure to combinations of mutagens is described, and an example is cited involving, for a particular bacterial mutagen, a combination of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine with ethylmethanesulfonate.", "contents": "Combined effects in toxicology--a rapid systematic testing procedure: cadmium, mercury, and lead. A testing procedure is described for the assessment of the toxicological response (e.g., acute toxicity or mutagenicity) of any combination and number of chemical, physical, and biological agents, with no more effort for a particular combination than for a single agent. The method provides a simple, sensitive, and quantitative index of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, and it has been demonstrated experimentally in rats by determining the acute lethality of combinations of cadmium, mercury, and lead salts. In a combination of two metal salts, the dose of one metal of the pair was fixed at or near the no-effect level while the dose of the second metal was increased until the entire dose-response curve was obtained. To evaluate interactions of the three metals, the previous pair of metals were kept fixed at their combined extrapolated LD1 level, and the third metal was increased. The statistical treatment of the data employed a computer program that did not involve probit transformations, but rather the approximate linear relationship between the fractional response and the logarithm of the dose. A particular combination could be synergistic, antagonistic, or additive, depending on the relative doses employed. Generally, a combination was synergistic when the most toxic member was present at or near its LD1 dose in the presence of the much less toxic member; the same combination was protective when the least toxic member was present at or near its LD1 dose. The results clarify apparently contradictory reports regarding the biological effects of metal combinations. The application of the testing procedure to combinations of mutagens is described, and an example is cited involving, for a particular bacterial mutagen, a combination of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine with ethylmethanesulfonate.", "PMID": 731728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_842", "title": "Degradation of cadmium-thionein in rat liver and kidney.", "content": "[3 H] Cystine and 115mCd were incorporated into hepatic and renal Cd-thionein in response to sc administration of 4.4 mumol of Cd2+ containing 115mCd. Cd-thionein-bound 115mCd reached a plateau by 24 and 72 h after the Cd2+ injection in liver and kidney, respectively. The half-life (t1/2) of 3 H-labeled hepatic Cd-thionein was 3.5 d, whereas the average t1/2 of the soluble proteins was 3.7 d. The t1/2 of 3 H-labeled renal Cd-thionein was 3.7 d, whereas the average t1/2 of the soluble renal proteins was 3.8 d. In marked contrast, the 115mCd content of both hepatic and renal Cd-thionein was virtually unchanged, even 9 d after administration of this radionuclide. These data indicate that the protein moiety of metallothionein is degraded, although there appears to be a concomitant rebinding of Cd2+ to nascent thionein polypeptide chains. Thus the lack of metallothionein degradation per se does not account for the long-term retention of Cd2+ in liver and kidney during chronic exposure.", "contents": "Degradation of cadmium-thionein in rat liver and kidney. [3 H] Cystine and 115mCd were incorporated into hepatic and renal Cd-thionein in response to sc administration of 4.4 mumol of Cd2+ containing 115mCd. Cd-thionein-bound 115mCd reached a plateau by 24 and 72 h after the Cd2+ injection in liver and kidney, respectively. The half-life (t1/2) of 3 H-labeled hepatic Cd-thionein was 3.5 d, whereas the average t1/2 of the soluble proteins was 3.7 d. The t1/2 of 3 H-labeled renal Cd-thionein was 3.7 d, whereas the average t1/2 of the soluble renal proteins was 3.8 d. In marked contrast, the 115mCd content of both hepatic and renal Cd-thionein was virtually unchanged, even 9 d after administration of this radionuclide. These data indicate that the protein moiety of metallothionein is degraded, although there appears to be a concomitant rebinding of Cd2+ to nascent thionein polypeptide chains. Thus the lack of metallothionein degradation per se does not account for the long-term retention of Cd2+ in liver and kidney during chronic exposure.", "PMID": 731729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_843", "title": "Use of the Wagner apparatus in complicated fractures of the distal femur.", "content": "Five case histories are presented involving management of complicated fractures of the distal femur with the Wagner apparatus used for external fixation. The advantages of this method are that it involves less metal and less extensive surgical exposure than internal fixation devices. There is ample wound access, more rigid fixation, earlier ambulation, and increased patient comfort. Use of the device as an available alternative, especially in cases complicated by vascular or neurologic injury, soft-tissue, or bilateral injury, is advocated, based on this preliminary experience.", "contents": "Use of the Wagner apparatus in complicated fractures of the distal femur. Five case histories are presented involving management of complicated fractures of the distal femur with the Wagner apparatus used for external fixation. The advantages of this method are that it involves less metal and less extensive surgical exposure than internal fixation devices. There is ample wound access, more rigid fixation, earlier ambulation, and increased patient comfort. Use of the device as an available alternative, especially in cases complicated by vascular or neurologic injury, soft-tissue, or bilateral injury, is advocated, based on this preliminary experience.", "PMID": 731740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_844", "title": "Effects in rats and guinea pigs of six-month exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination.", "content": "Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.5 ppm O3, 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist, or their combination for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 6 mo. Microscopic alterations were seen in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to O3 alone or in combination with H2SO4 mist. No other microscopic lesions were present in either rats or guinea pigs. No biologically meaningful synergistic effects were noted in animals exposed to the combination of O3 and H2SO4 mist.", "contents": "Effects in rats and guinea pigs of six-month exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination. Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.5 ppm O3, 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist, or their combination for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 6 mo. Microscopic alterations were seen in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to O3 alone or in combination with H2SO4 mist. No other microscopic lesions were present in either rats or guinea pigs. No biologically meaningful synergistic effects were noted in animals exposed to the combination of O3 and H2SO4 mist.", "PMID": 731731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_845", "title": "Effect of glucose infusion on glucose and lactate metabolism in normal and burned guinea pigs.", "content": "We have used the simultaneous primed-constant infusion of 6-3H-glucose and U-14C-lactate to investigate the effect of an exogenous glucose infusion (55 mumole/kg.min) on glucose and lactate metabolism in normal and burned guinea pigs. Before the unlabeled glucose infusion, glucose turnover was higher in the burned animals than in the controls, but lactate turnover was similar. During the unlabeled glucose infusion, lactate production increased in both control (73%) and burned animals (104%), yet arterial lactate concentration did not rise in either group. The ability of tissue uptake of lactate to keep pace with increased lactate production appeared to be related to an enhancement of lactate oxidation. When a two-pool model was used to calculate glucose-lactate interrelationships, it was concluded that during the glucose infusion Cori cycle flux (glucose to lactate to glucose) was higher in burned animals than in controls. Also, the primary route of oxidation of infused glucose in controls and particularly in burned animals appeared to be through conversion to lactate and subsequent oxidation of lactate.", "contents": "Effect of glucose infusion on glucose and lactate metabolism in normal and burned guinea pigs. We have used the simultaneous primed-constant infusion of 6-3H-glucose and U-14C-lactate to investigate the effect of an exogenous glucose infusion (55 mumole/kg.min) on glucose and lactate metabolism in normal and burned guinea pigs. Before the unlabeled glucose infusion, glucose turnover was higher in the burned animals than in the controls, but lactate turnover was similar. During the unlabeled glucose infusion, lactate production increased in both control (73%) and burned animals (104%), yet arterial lactate concentration did not rise in either group. The ability of tissue uptake of lactate to keep pace with increased lactate production appeared to be related to an enhancement of lactate oxidation. When a two-pool model was used to calculate glucose-lactate interrelationships, it was concluded that during the glucose infusion Cori cycle flux (glucose to lactate to glucose) was higher in burned animals than in controls. Also, the primary route of oxidation of infused glucose in controls and particularly in burned animals appeared to be through conversion to lactate and subsequent oxidation of lactate.", "PMID": 731741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_846", "title": "Asbestos fibers in wines: relation to filtration process.", "content": "Asbestos fibers were counted by using the transmission electron microscope in 42 wines from France and abroad. Fifteen samples were found to be significantly positive for chrysotile asbestos. Concentrations were in the range of 2--64 X 10(6) fibers per liter. Technical investigations showed that the abestos content of the wines was related to the process by which they were filtered. On the other hand, we found that abandoning the use of asbestos for filtering wines would not alter the wine from the enological point of view.", "contents": "Asbestos fibers in wines: relation to filtration process. Asbestos fibers were counted by using the transmission electron microscope in 42 wines from France and abroad. Fifteen samples were found to be significantly positive for chrysotile asbestos. Concentrations were in the range of 2--64 X 10(6) fibers per liter. Technical investigations showed that the abestos content of the wines was related to the process by which they were filtered. On the other hand, we found that abandoning the use of asbestos for filtering wines would not alter the wine from the enological point of view.", "PMID": 731732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_847", "title": "Vertebral column injuries associated with tobogganing.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of vertebral column injuries associated with tobogganing accidents are presented. The position assumed by the participants increased flexion of the vertebral column, therefore enhancing the possibility of injury to the spine, especially at the mobile thoracolumbar junction. The importance of a thorough examination in evaluating these patients is emphasized as not all injuries are benign. We urge safer and better organization of tobogganing facilities. Two case reports, one a burst fracture of L1 with neurologic involvement and the second, a traumatic spondylolisthesis of L1, are presented in detail.", "contents": "Vertebral column injuries associated with tobogganing. Twenty-four cases of vertebral column injuries associated with tobogganing accidents are presented. The position assumed by the participants increased flexion of the vertebral column, therefore enhancing the possibility of injury to the spine, especially at the mobile thoracolumbar junction. The importance of a thorough examination in evaluating these patients is emphasized as not all injuries are benign. We urge safer and better organization of tobogganing facilities. Two case reports, one a burst fracture of L1 with neurologic involvement and the second, a traumatic spondylolisthesis of L1, are presented in detail.", "PMID": 731742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_848", "title": "Spinal injuries in child abuse: case report.", "content": "Injuries of the spine have been seen in cases of child abuse. These injuries can be identified by careful skeletal survey. In the case described, a young boy was originally diagnosed as having dorsolumbar kyphus with no previous trauma, but the injury was later found to be related to parental abuse. The most important condition to rule out is spinal infection. The parental behavioral history is important, and social work consultation is recommended.", "contents": "Spinal injuries in child abuse: case report. Injuries of the spine have been seen in cases of child abuse. These injuries can be identified by careful skeletal survey. In the case described, a young boy was originally diagnosed as having dorsolumbar kyphus with no previous trauma, but the injury was later found to be related to parental abuse. The most important condition to rule out is spinal infection. The parental behavioral history is important, and social work consultation is recommended.", "PMID": 731743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_849", "title": "Respiratory tract lesions in guinea pigs exposed to sulfuric acid mist.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed inhalation chambers to 25 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist 6 h/d for 2 d, and the acute respiratory effects were correlated by light and electron microscopy. This concentration of acid was selected since lower concentrations result in only slight effects while higher concentrations result in death. By light microscopy, the most prominent pulmonary lesion at 48 h was segmental alveolar hemorrhage and edema accompanied by proliferation of alveolar macrophages and type 2 pneumocytes. The segmental distribution of the pulmonary lesion was reaffirmed by scanning electron microscopy, while transmission electron microscopy showed injury to the distal airways and changes in the vascular endothelium.", "contents": "Respiratory tract lesions in guinea pigs exposed to sulfuric acid mist. Guinea pigs were exposed inhalation chambers to 25 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist 6 h/d for 2 d, and the acute respiratory effects were correlated by light and electron microscopy. This concentration of acid was selected since lower concentrations result in only slight effects while higher concentrations result in death. By light microscopy, the most prominent pulmonary lesion at 48 h was segmental alveolar hemorrhage and edema accompanied by proliferation of alveolar macrophages and type 2 pneumocytes. The segmental distribution of the pulmonary lesion was reaffirmed by scanning electron microscopy, while transmission electron microscopy showed injury to the distal airways and changes in the vascular endothelium.", "PMID": 731730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_850", "title": "Occult infected fracture of the femur: report of two cases with long-term followup.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of secondary infection of a closed fracture in two patients is described. The various possible etiologies of this syndrome and alternatives for treatment are discussed. Recognition of this entity and initiation of early definitive care, usually including open packing of the fracture wound, are emphasized.", "contents": "Occult infected fracture of the femur: report of two cases with long-term followup. The unusual occurrence of secondary infection of a closed fracture in two patients is described. The various possible etiologies of this syndrome and alternatives for treatment are discussed. Recognition of this entity and initiation of early definitive care, usually including open packing of the fracture wound, are emphasized.", "PMID": 731744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_851", "title": "Interactions of methoxychlor, methoxychlor base-soluble contaminant, and 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane with rat uterine estrogen receptor.", "content": "Laboratory grade methoxychlor (99% pure), base-washed methoxychlor, and a metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), were tested for their ability to compete with [3 H] estradiol-17 beta ([3 H]E2) for specific binding to the estrogen receptor from immature rat uterine cytosol. The binding was determined on 10--30% sucrose gradients and by a dextran-coated charcoal assay and subsequent Scatchard plot analysis. On gradients, laboratory grade methoxychlor, but not base-washed methoxychlor, suppressed [3 H]E2 binding to the 8S estrogen receptor. However, the base-soluble fraction from washing of laboratory grade methoxychlor caused suppression o[3 H]E2 binding on sucrose gradients at a concentration as low as 3.6 ppm. Scatchard plot analysis indicated that the inhibition of binding observed with laboratory grade methoxychlor was competitive in nature and not caused by receptor destruction. It was concluded that laboratory grade methoxychlor contained a contaminant that was potentially estrogenic. HPTE, an in vivo metabolite of methoxychlor, caused a marked suppression of [3 H]E2 binding in the 85 region of the gradients. Analysis by Scatchard plot indicated that the effect of HPTE was not to decrease the number of E2 binding sites but merely to alter the affinity of binding to the receptor, presumably in a competitive manner. The low K1 value for HPTE suggested an extremely high affinity for uterine cytosolic E2 receptors.", "contents": "Interactions of methoxychlor, methoxychlor base-soluble contaminant, and 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane with rat uterine estrogen receptor. Laboratory grade methoxychlor (99% pure), base-washed methoxychlor, and a metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), were tested for their ability to compete with [3 H] estradiol-17 beta ([3 H]E2) for specific binding to the estrogen receptor from immature rat uterine cytosol. The binding was determined on 10--30% sucrose gradients and by a dextran-coated charcoal assay and subsequent Scatchard plot analysis. On gradients, laboratory grade methoxychlor, but not base-washed methoxychlor, suppressed [3 H]E2 binding to the 8S estrogen receptor. However, the base-soluble fraction from washing of laboratory grade methoxychlor caused suppression o[3 H]E2 binding on sucrose gradients at a concentration as low as 3.6 ppm. Scatchard plot analysis indicated that the inhibition of binding observed with laboratory grade methoxychlor was competitive in nature and not caused by receptor destruction. It was concluded that laboratory grade methoxychlor contained a contaminant that was potentially estrogenic. HPTE, an in vivo metabolite of methoxychlor, caused a marked suppression of [3 H]E2 binding in the 85 region of the gradients. Analysis by Scatchard plot indicated that the effect of HPTE was not to decrease the number of E2 binding sites but merely to alter the affinity of binding to the receptor, presumably in a competitive manner. The low K1 value for HPTE suggested an extremely high affinity for uterine cytosolic E2 receptors.", "PMID": 731734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_852", "title": "Case report: an unusual stress fracture in a jogger.", "content": "Stress fractures of the proximal fibula are uncommon, but do occur in the distal fibula in long-distance runners. A case is presented of a 71-year-old jogger who presented with a 2-month history of left knee pain. Radiographs showed an apparent destructive lesion of the proximal fibula which resembled a malignant bone lesion. Excision revealed a healing fracture.", "contents": "Case report: an unusual stress fracture in a jogger. Stress fractures of the proximal fibula are uncommon, but do occur in the distal fibula in long-distance runners. A case is presented of a 71-year-old jogger who presented with a 2-month history of left knee pain. Radiographs showed an apparent destructive lesion of the proximal fibula which resembled a malignant bone lesion. Excision revealed a healing fracture.", "PMID": 731745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_853", "title": "Lethal complication from insertion of nasogastric tube after severe basilar skull fracture.", "content": "An unusual complication is presented arising from the use of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a massive basilar skull fracture. Intracranial passage of the NG tube resulted. Therefore, in the presence of a severe basilar fracture and/or significant maxillofacial trauma where the integrity of the base of the skull may be in question, one should be very hesitant to insert tubes into the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Lethal complication from insertion of nasogastric tube after severe basilar skull fracture. An unusual complication is presented arising from the use of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a massive basilar skull fracture. Intracranial passage of the NG tube resulted. Therefore, in the presence of a severe basilar fracture and/or significant maxillofacial trauma where the integrity of the base of the skull may be in question, one should be very hesitant to insert tubes into the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 731747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_854", "title": "Gastrointestinal absorption and organ distribution of oral cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein in mice.", "content": "Body retention and tissue distribution of Cd from oral 109CdCl2 and 109Cd-metallothionein were studied in C57BL/6J mice given identical doses (60 microgram Cd and 2 muCi 109Cd). Measurement of 109Cd radioactivity in mice showed identical absorption but differences in tissue distribution of Cd from the two forms. A significantly greater deposition of Cd was observed in the kidney of mice fed Cd-metallothionein than in the CdCl2 group where a major portion of Cd was deposited in the liver. Most of the radioactive Cd in the renal and hepatic tissue and in the duodenum was bound to metallothionein 24 h after oral Cd-metallothionein, whereas only 30 and 38% of the cadmium in liver and kidney supernatants, respectively, were bound to metallothionein after oral CdCl2. These results suggest that the dietary form of Cd may influence the renal deposition of Cd.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal absorption and organ distribution of oral cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein in mice. Body retention and tissue distribution of Cd from oral 109CdCl2 and 109Cd-metallothionein were studied in C57BL/6J mice given identical doses (60 microgram Cd and 2 muCi 109Cd). Measurement of 109Cd radioactivity in mice showed identical absorption but differences in tissue distribution of Cd from the two forms. A significantly greater deposition of Cd was observed in the kidney of mice fed Cd-metallothionein than in the CdCl2 group where a major portion of Cd was deposited in the liver. Most of the radioactive Cd in the renal and hepatic tissue and in the duodenum was bound to metallothionein 24 h after oral Cd-metallothionein, whereas only 30 and 38% of the cadmium in liver and kidney supernatants, respectively, were bound to metallothionein after oral CdCl2. These results suggest that the dietary form of Cd may influence the renal deposition of Cd.", "PMID": 731733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_855", "title": "A complication of nasogastric intubation: intracranial penetration.", "content": "A patient with severe maxillofacial trauma had a nasogastric tube inserted into the intracranial cavity. Two such case reports were found in the literature and in both instances the patients expired. The present patient is believed to be the first who survived intracranial passage of a nasogastric tube.", "contents": "A complication of nasogastric intubation: intracranial penetration. A patient with severe maxillofacial trauma had a nasogastric tube inserted into the intracranial cavity. Two such case reports were found in the literature and in both instances the patients expired. The present patient is believed to be the first who survived intracranial passage of a nasogastric tube.", "PMID": 731748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_856", "title": "Cardiovascular stabilization after hemorrhage depends upon restitution of blood volume.", "content": "The role of late restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage in cardiovascular stabilization was examined in awake, splenectomized dogs. Cardiovascular variables were measured: at 2 hours after hemorrhage, changes were noted in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, arterial pressure, and CVP in three hemorrhage groups (p less than 0.05), and in total peripheral resistance for 15 ml/kg and 22.5 ml/kg hemorrhage groups (p less than 0.05). At 24 hours after hemorrhage, the degree of restitution of blood volume was correlated with cardiac output (p less than 0.01), stroke volume (p less than 0.02), and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.01). No correlation was noted with heart rate, CVP, or mean arterial pressure. Blood volume restitution was correlated with degree of hemorrhage throughout the 24-hour period of investigation. Plasma protein content restitution and blood volume restitution were correlated with changes in osmolality. The results suggest thatcardiovascular stabilization after hemorrhage is a function of the degree of restitution of blood volume mediated through a shift of fluids to the interstitutium, mediated in turn by extracellular hyperosmolality.", "contents": "Cardiovascular stabilization after hemorrhage depends upon restitution of blood volume. The role of late restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage in cardiovascular stabilization was examined in awake, splenectomized dogs. Cardiovascular variables were measured: at 2 hours after hemorrhage, changes were noted in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, arterial pressure, and CVP in three hemorrhage groups (p less than 0.05), and in total peripheral resistance for 15 ml/kg and 22.5 ml/kg hemorrhage groups (p less than 0.05). At 24 hours after hemorrhage, the degree of restitution of blood volume was correlated with cardiac output (p less than 0.01), stroke volume (p less than 0.02), and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.01). No correlation was noted with heart rate, CVP, or mean arterial pressure. Blood volume restitution was correlated with degree of hemorrhage throughout the 24-hour period of investigation. Plasma protein content restitution and blood volume restitution were correlated with changes in osmolality. The results suggest thatcardiovascular stabilization after hemorrhage is a function of the degree of restitution of blood volume mediated through a shift of fluids to the interstitutium, mediated in turn by extracellular hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 731751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_857", "title": "Viet Nam wound analysis.", "content": "A statistical study is reported of 17,726 wounded American soldiers in Viet Nam over 15 months from March 1966 to July 1967. Causes, location, treatment, and results were analyzed for various regions, organs, and tissues. Results of treatment were remarkably good, the best in the history of military surgery. Major problems of resuscitation and treatment of local tissue injury which had not before been treated on a large scale were treated with excellent results.", "contents": "Viet Nam wound analysis. A statistical study is reported of 17,726 wounded American soldiers in Viet Nam over 15 months from March 1966 to July 1967. Causes, location, treatment, and results were analyzed for various regions, organs, and tissues. Results of treatment were remarkably good, the best in the history of military surgery. Major problems of resuscitation and treatment of local tissue injury which had not before been treated on a large scale were treated with excellent results.", "PMID": 731752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_858", "title": "Gastric mucosal lesions after burn injury: relationship to H+ back-diffusion and the microcirculation.", "content": "Rats were subjected to a 30% body surface area full-thickness burn. Two hours after injury, 93% of animals had gastric mucosal erosions. At 5 hours this increased to 100%, but at 24 and 72 hours, lesions were fewer and less severe. Histologic study suggested that lesions noted at 24 and 72 hours represented erosions formed earlier. No mucosal abnormalities were noted in control rats. A causal relationship between mucosal ischemia and the development of erosions is suggested by the presence of A-V shunts at 2 and 5 hours only. Significant increases in H+ back-diffusion and protein leakage into the gastric lumen at 2 and 5 hours also implicated changed mucosal permeability in the etiology of erosions. The return of H+ back-diffusion to control values at 24 and 72 hours, when lesions were still present, appears to contradict the theory that permeability changes are secondary to erosion formation.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal lesions after burn injury: relationship to H+ back-diffusion and the microcirculation. Rats were subjected to a 30% body surface area full-thickness burn. Two hours after injury, 93% of animals had gastric mucosal erosions. At 5 hours this increased to 100%, but at 24 and 72 hours, lesions were fewer and less severe. Histologic study suggested that lesions noted at 24 and 72 hours represented erosions formed earlier. No mucosal abnormalities were noted in control rats. A causal relationship between mucosal ischemia and the development of erosions is suggested by the presence of A-V shunts at 2 and 5 hours only. Significant increases in H+ back-diffusion and protein leakage into the gastric lumen at 2 and 5 hours also implicated changed mucosal permeability in the etiology of erosions. The return of H+ back-diffusion to control values at 24 and 72 hours, when lesions were still present, appears to contradict the theory that permeability changes are secondary to erosion formation.", "PMID": 731753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_859", "title": "The mental health team on a burn unit: a multidisciplinary approach.", "content": "The usual methods of psychiatric consultation in a medical-surgical ICU setting were found to be inadequate to deal with the complexly interrelated issues of patients' emotional reactions to severe injury and the simultaneous stresses on the staff who care for such critically ill patients. A new approach to consultation/liaison in this setting, a multidisciplinary mental health team, is described and illustrated to demonstrate a more effective model for dealing with a patient-staff system under chronic high stress.", "contents": "The mental health team on a burn unit: a multidisciplinary approach. The usual methods of psychiatric consultation in a medical-surgical ICU setting were found to be inadequate to deal with the complexly interrelated issues of patients' emotional reactions to severe injury and the simultaneous stresses on the staff who care for such critically ill patients. A new approach to consultation/liaison in this setting, a multidisciplinary mental health team, is described and illustrated to demonstrate a more effective model for dealing with a patient-staff system under chronic high stress.", "PMID": 731755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_860", "title": "Endocarditis with the indwelling balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter in burn patients.", "content": "The postmortem finding of acute right-sided bacterial endocarditis in a burn patient monitored with an indwelling pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter for 14 days prompted a review of burn autopsies in which the catheter had been used. Autopsies of six consecutive burn patients monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter and who then died showed septic or aseptic endocarditis. In two of the six patients, right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis was the anatomic cause of death. In the remaining four, the lesions were aseptic thrombotic vegetations involving primarily the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonic valve. Several factors in the severely burned patient would favor endocarditis where a foreign object impacts on the heart valves. These include intermittent bacteremia, hypercoagulability, hyperdynamic cardiovascular function, and the use of antibiotics resulting in resistant strains. While an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter can provide useful monitoring information, it is sometimes responsible for serious complications in burned or septic patients.", "contents": "Endocarditis with the indwelling balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter in burn patients. The postmortem finding of acute right-sided bacterial endocarditis in a burn patient monitored with an indwelling pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter for 14 days prompted a review of burn autopsies in which the catheter had been used. Autopsies of six consecutive burn patients monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter and who then died showed septic or aseptic endocarditis. In two of the six patients, right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis was the anatomic cause of death. In the remaining four, the lesions were aseptic thrombotic vegetations involving primarily the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonic valve. Several factors in the severely burned patient would favor endocarditis where a foreign object impacts on the heart valves. These include intermittent bacteremia, hypercoagulability, hyperdynamic cardiovascular function, and the use of antibiotics resulting in resistant strains. While an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter can provide useful monitoring information, it is sometimes responsible for serious complications in burned or septic patients.", "PMID": 731756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_861", "title": "Bilateral dorsal dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint.", "content": "A case of bilateral distal radio-ulnar dislocation following a forced extension-pronation injury of both wrists with bilateral fractures of the ulnar styloid is presented. The diagnosis was not made at the initial evaluation; and closed reduction under general anesthesia was performed 11 days after injury. A review of the literature, problems in diagnosis, and methods of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral dorsal dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint. A case of bilateral distal radio-ulnar dislocation following a forced extension-pronation injury of both wrists with bilateral fractures of the ulnar styloid is presented. The diagnosis was not made at the initial evaluation; and closed reduction under general anesthesia was performed 11 days after injury. A review of the literature, problems in diagnosis, and methods of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 731757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_862", "title": "Triceps tendon avulsion with or without fracture of the radial head--a rare injury?", "content": "The rarity of triceps tendon avulsion is called into question by our series of 6 cases collected over a 5-year period in a small, isolated Israeli community. The even rarer occurrence of triceps avulsion accompanying fractures of the radial head is more obviously contradicted by the 3 or 4 instances of such combined injuries in our series. Awareness that a fall on the outstretched arm, with or without fracture of the radial head, is sufficient cause of the triceps avulsion or tear ought to increase the frequency of the diagnosis. Just as fractures of the proximal ulna oblige the clinician to look for dislocations of the radial head (Monteggia or Hume fractures) (6), so must falls on the outstretched arm bring to mind the possibility of triceps tendon tears. Seemingly trivial findings then become significant, and the clinical entity thus crystallizes into the diagnostic syndrome.", "contents": "Triceps tendon avulsion with or without fracture of the radial head--a rare injury? The rarity of triceps tendon avulsion is called into question by our series of 6 cases collected over a 5-year period in a small, isolated Israeli community. The even rarer occurrence of triceps avulsion accompanying fractures of the radial head is more obviously contradicted by the 3 or 4 instances of such combined injuries in our series. Awareness that a fall on the outstretched arm, with or without fracture of the radial head, is sufficient cause of the triceps avulsion or tear ought to increase the frequency of the diagnosis. Just as fractures of the proximal ulna oblige the clinician to look for dislocations of the radial head (Monteggia or Hume fractures) (6), so must falls on the outstretched arm bring to mind the possibility of triceps tendon tears. Seemingly trivial findings then become significant, and the clinical entity thus crystallizes into the diagnostic syndrome.", "PMID": 731758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_863", "title": "Transcorpus impalement: occurrence in an unusual manner.", "content": "An unusual case of abdominal impalement is presented. In such patients intra-abdominal injury must be suspected, and the impaling object must not be manipulated until the proper moment in the operating room. An approach involving various subspecialties, such as urology, neuro-, and vascular surgery, is often required.", "contents": "Transcorpus impalement: occurrence in an unusual manner. An unusual case of abdominal impalement is presented. In such patients intra-abdominal injury must be suspected, and the impaling object must not be manipulated until the proper moment in the operating room. An approach involving various subspecialties, such as urology, neuro-, and vascular surgery, is often required.", "PMID": 731759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_864", "title": "Primary repair for closed lobar bronchus injury.", "content": "Primary repair in a 19-year-old male who sustained a closed injury to the right bronchus in an auto accident was performed successfully. A 1.5-cm tear was found at operation extending from the right lower lobe bronchus into its distal portion. Nine months later, the patient showed a patent airway with minimal granulation around one suture.", "contents": "Primary repair for closed lobar bronchus injury. Primary repair in a 19-year-old male who sustained a closed injury to the right bronchus in an auto accident was performed successfully. A 1.5-cm tear was found at operation extending from the right lower lobe bronchus into its distal portion. Nine months later, the patient showed a patent airway with minimal granulation around one suture.", "PMID": 731760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_865", "title": "Clinical trial of levamisole in the treatment of ascariasis in Khorasan, Iran.", "content": "This paper identifies the parasitic infections and their incidence in 246 people aged between 10--20 years living in a semi-rural Iranian village. 64 patients with ascariasis were treated with levamisole ('Ketrax' ICI) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Most were followed up 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, with cure rate of 97.7% and 98.4% respectively, as assessed by negative egg findings in faeces. No side effects were reported. Levamisole meets the requirements of individual and mass treatment of ascariasis.", "contents": "Clinical trial of levamisole in the treatment of ascariasis in Khorasan, Iran. This paper identifies the parasitic infections and their incidence in 246 people aged between 10--20 years living in a semi-rural Iranian village. 64 patients with ascariasis were treated with levamisole ('Ketrax' ICI) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Most were followed up 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, with cure rate of 97.7% and 98.4% respectively, as assessed by negative egg findings in faeces. No side effects were reported. Levamisole meets the requirements of individual and mass treatment of ascariasis.", "PMID": 731761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_866", "title": "Chromomycosis caused by Philaphora pedrosoi in eastern Nigeria.", "content": "Three cases of chromomycosis from Eastern Nigeria are described. The aetiological agent was identified as Phialophora pedrosoi. Amphotericin B cleared most of the lesions in one case while 5-fluorocytosine gave a complete cure in another case.", "contents": "Chromomycosis caused by Philaphora pedrosoi in eastern Nigeria. Three cases of chromomycosis from Eastern Nigeria are described. The aetiological agent was identified as Phialophora pedrosoi. Amphotericin B cleared most of the lesions in one case while 5-fluorocytosine gave a complete cure in another case.", "PMID": 731762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_867", "title": "Levamisole therapy of chronic Leishmania tropica.", "content": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in parts of Saudi Arabia. Levamisole used as a stimulant of cell mediated immunity has been shown in this study to produce good therapeutic response in clinical trials in the chronic form of this disease. Levamisole may prove to be the treatment of choice in the chronic form of Leishmania tropica.", "contents": "Levamisole therapy of chronic Leishmania tropica. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in parts of Saudi Arabia. Levamisole used as a stimulant of cell mediated immunity has been shown in this study to produce good therapeutic response in clinical trials in the chronic form of this disease. Levamisole may prove to be the treatment of choice in the chronic form of Leishmania tropica.", "PMID": 731764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_868", "title": "African histoplasmosis in Eastern Nigeria: report of two culturally proven cases treated with septrin and amphotericin B.", "content": "Two cases of African histoplasmosis culturally proven to be caused by Histoplasma duboisii are reported from Eastern Nigeria. One case had cutaneous papules and subcutaneous nodules all over his body while the other patient had cutaneous papules, an abscess over the right scapula, enlarged cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, and possible lung involvement. None of the 35 soil samples collected from the environment of the two patients were found positive for H. duboisii. In the first case, most of the lesions cleared with Septrin given orally. The 2nd case responded very well to treatment with intravenous Amphotericin B except for persistance of swellings in the inguinal lymph nodes. The effect of intralesional injection of Amphotericin B on this residual lymph node infection is now being assessed.", "contents": "African histoplasmosis in Eastern Nigeria: report of two culturally proven cases treated with septrin and amphotericin B. Two cases of African histoplasmosis culturally proven to be caused by Histoplasma duboisii are reported from Eastern Nigeria. One case had cutaneous papules and subcutaneous nodules all over his body while the other patient had cutaneous papules, an abscess over the right scapula, enlarged cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, and possible lung involvement. None of the 35 soil samples collected from the environment of the two patients were found positive for H. duboisii. In the first case, most of the lesions cleared with Septrin given orally. The 2nd case responded very well to treatment with intravenous Amphotericin B except for persistance of swellings in the inguinal lymph nodes. The effect of intralesional injection of Amphotericin B on this residual lymph node infection is now being assessed.", "PMID": 731765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_869", "title": "Pig-bel--a zoonosis?", "content": "It is postulated that the combination of a very low protein diet, with low pancreatic tryptic activity, plus the continual consumption of sweet potato trypsin inhibitors leads to inadequate proteolysis when a meal containing meat contaminated with C. perfringens type C and its beta toxin is consumed. The necrotizing pathogenic process concluding as segmental gangrene is set in motion by toxin produced under altered dietary conditions first by motor paralysis via beta toxin, followed by villous attachment and colonisation by ingested or resident C. perfringens type C in the gut. Necrobiosis is maintained by further toxin production which may be blocked in immune individuals. The endemicity of the disease is governed by the amount of C. perfringens type C in both the general and gut environments, the latter determined by dietary influences and the protein nutrition of the host. A hypothesis put forward is that the organism is carried and dispersed by the domestic pig and man becomes an incidental host. Infectivity only occurs when critical ecological factors exist in the small gut of humans. Prevention in the short term is possible with a toxoided vaccine using three injections given at one month and twelve month intervals.", "contents": "Pig-bel--a zoonosis? It is postulated that the combination of a very low protein diet, with low pancreatic tryptic activity, plus the continual consumption of sweet potato trypsin inhibitors leads to inadequate proteolysis when a meal containing meat contaminated with C. perfringens type C and its beta toxin is consumed. The necrotizing pathogenic process concluding as segmental gangrene is set in motion by toxin produced under altered dietary conditions first by motor paralysis via beta toxin, followed by villous attachment and colonisation by ingested or resident C. perfringens type C in the gut. Necrobiosis is maintained by further toxin production which may be blocked in immune individuals. The endemicity of the disease is governed by the amount of C. perfringens type C in both the general and gut environments, the latter determined by dietary influences and the protein nutrition of the host. A hypothesis put forward is that the organism is carried and dispersed by the domestic pig and man becomes an incidental host. Infectivity only occurs when critical ecological factors exist in the small gut of humans. Prevention in the short term is possible with a toxoided vaccine using three injections given at one month and twelve month intervals.", "PMID": 731766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_870", "title": "Serum uric acid in Jordanian Arabs.", "content": "Serum uric acid was measured in 96 male and 140 female healthy Jordanian Arabs. Values obtained for serum uric acid were slightly higher than those previously reported by workers from other parts of Arabia, but comparable to those reported from the United States and United Kingdom. The frequency histograms for serum uric acid in both males and females do not appear to be normally distributed. A hint of bimodality is evident in both sets of data, being more evident in males than in females. A significant positive correlation was seen when, uric acid was compared with ponderal index (P less than 0.05) and total body surface area in both males and females (P less than 0.001). No significant correlation was observed when, uric acid was compared with either age, height or body weight in both sexes.", "contents": "Serum uric acid in Jordanian Arabs. Serum uric acid was measured in 96 male and 140 female healthy Jordanian Arabs. Values obtained for serum uric acid were slightly higher than those previously reported by workers from other parts of Arabia, but comparable to those reported from the United States and United Kingdom. The frequency histograms for serum uric acid in both males and females do not appear to be normally distributed. A hint of bimodality is evident in both sets of data, being more evident in males than in females. A significant positive correlation was seen when, uric acid was compared with ponderal index (P less than 0.05) and total body surface area in both males and females (P less than 0.001). No significant correlation was observed when, uric acid was compared with either age, height or body weight in both sexes.", "PMID": 731768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_871", "title": "Patients admitted to the new central hospital in Bhutan.", "content": "A new 100-bedded hospital was opened in Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan, in 1974. The hospital serves a large district, and also acts as a referral hospital for the rest of the country. This study analyses the first complete year of running the hospital with a full medical staff.", "contents": "Patients admitted to the new central hospital in Bhutan. A new 100-bedded hospital was opened in Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan, in 1974. The hospital serves a large district, and also acts as a referral hospital for the rest of the country. This study analyses the first complete year of running the hospital with a full medical staff.", "PMID": 731769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_872", "title": "Aplastic anaemia and optic fundus haemorrhages due to traditional herbal remedies.", "content": "Aplastic anaemia as a consequence of use of traditional African herbal remedies in Zambia is reported in 5 cases. Three patients died. A feature of the haemorrhagic tendency from severe thrombocytopenia was optic fundus and vitreous haemorrhage.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia and optic fundus haemorrhages due to traditional herbal remedies. Aplastic anaemia as a consequence of use of traditional African herbal remedies in Zambia is reported in 5 cases. Three patients died. A feature of the haemorrhagic tendency from severe thrombocytopenia was optic fundus and vitreous haemorrhage.", "PMID": 731770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_873", "title": "Catering personnel and environmental health activities in Malumfashi and Samaru-Zaria Northern Nigeria.", "content": "A three month part-time training course in the basic principles of environmental health programmes with specific emphasis on practical food sanitation and control measures for food borne diseases, was organised for 79 members of the catering staff, of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) in Samaru-Zaria and Malumfashi, Northern Nigeria. The aims of the course were to instil in the participants, a new approach to food hygiene with a view to promoting proper catering qualities and also preventing or minimising the problems of the diarrhoeal diseases. The results, of the evaluation of the course contents and laboratory exercises are analysed and discussed. With the shortage and uneven distribution of medical and health manpower in Nigeria, all available staff in health and allied fields must be properly trained and utilised maximally in our fight against diseases and ignorance, whether such staff are hospital or community based.", "contents": "Catering personnel and environmental health activities in Malumfashi and Samaru-Zaria Northern Nigeria. A three month part-time training course in the basic principles of environmental health programmes with specific emphasis on practical food sanitation and control measures for food borne diseases, was organised for 79 members of the catering staff, of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) in Samaru-Zaria and Malumfashi, Northern Nigeria. The aims of the course were to instil in the participants, a new approach to food hygiene with a view to promoting proper catering qualities and also preventing or minimising the problems of the diarrhoeal diseases. The results, of the evaluation of the course contents and laboratory exercises are analysed and discussed. With the shortage and uneven distribution of medical and health manpower in Nigeria, all available staff in health and allied fields must be properly trained and utilised maximally in our fight against diseases and ignorance, whether such staff are hospital or community based.", "PMID": 731771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_874", "title": "D-xylose absorption in B-thalassaemia major.", "content": "The cause of growth retardation seen in children with B-thalassaemia major is not fully understood. Neither the one-hour D-xylose absorption test nor jejunal biopsy support the suggestion of small bowel malabsorption as a contributory cause.", "contents": "D-xylose absorption in B-thalassaemia major. The cause of growth retardation seen in children with B-thalassaemia major is not fully understood. Neither the one-hour D-xylose absorption test nor jejunal biopsy support the suggestion of small bowel malabsorption as a contributory cause.", "PMID": 731772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_875", "title": "Consequences of congenital hearing loss - a longterm view.", "content": "Responsibility for detection of hearing loss at the earliest possible age rests on the shoulders of the medical profession. Early detection and presentation of language through all available sensory channels, most notably the visual, are essential since deaf children of hearing parents, the vast majority of the deaf, characteristically remain grossly deficient linguistically despite years of special schooling. The deaf children of deaf parents, who are not as deprived linguistically since they learn a manual language at the normal age of language acquisition, tend to be less severely handicapped than the deaf children of hearing parents. Deafness is a hidden handicap in infancy although lack of vestibular function may delay motor milestones like sitting and walking but does not constitute a serious problem after they are achieved. The average 18 year old deaf student achieves a reading level comparable to that of a hearing fourth grader and the mathematical skills of a sixth grader. He is also deficient in science, social studies, and general information despite his average scores on nonverbal intelligence tests. Although many deaf students drop out of school before graduation and few go on to higher education, congenitally deaf adults are usually self-supporting and independent. Eighty per cent of the deaf marry hearing impaired persons. The deaf are greatly assisted by the cohesive deaf community existing in every sizable city which provides a social, recreational, and economic framework to their lives. As a result, delinquency and psychiatric illness are not higher among the deaf than the hearing, despite the difficulties they have dealing with the complexities of the hearing society.", "contents": "Consequences of congenital hearing loss - a longterm view. Responsibility for detection of hearing loss at the earliest possible age rests on the shoulders of the medical profession. Early detection and presentation of language through all available sensory channels, most notably the visual, are essential since deaf children of hearing parents, the vast majority of the deaf, characteristically remain grossly deficient linguistically despite years of special schooling. The deaf children of deaf parents, who are not as deprived linguistically since they learn a manual language at the normal age of language acquisition, tend to be less severely handicapped than the deaf children of hearing parents. Deafness is a hidden handicap in infancy although lack of vestibular function may delay motor milestones like sitting and walking but does not constitute a serious problem after they are achieved. The average 18 year old deaf student achieves a reading level comparable to that of a hearing fourth grader and the mathematical skills of a sixth grader. He is also deficient in science, social studies, and general information despite his average scores on nonverbal intelligence tests. Although many deaf students drop out of school before graduation and few go on to higher education, congenitally deaf adults are usually self-supporting and independent. Eighty per cent of the deaf marry hearing impaired persons. The deaf are greatly assisted by the cohesive deaf community existing in every sizable city which provides a social, recreational, and economic framework to their lives. As a result, delinquency and psychiatric illness are not higher among the deaf than the hearing, despite the difficulties they have dealing with the complexities of the hearing society.", "PMID": 731774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_876", "title": "Identifying deafness in the newborn.", "content": "The necessity of early identification of hearing loss has long been urged by otolaryngologists, pediatricians, audiologists, and others working with the deaf. Yet there have been difficulties in implementing accurate and cost-effective newborn hearing screening programs. This article reviews some of the history of infant screening programs, discusses various areas of research related to stimulus and response parameters, and outlines a screening program, designed to fit new recommended procedures, currently under way in Halifax.", "contents": "Identifying deafness in the newborn. The necessity of early identification of hearing loss has long been urged by otolaryngologists, pediatricians, audiologists, and others working with the deaf. Yet there have been difficulties in implementing accurate and cost-effective newborn hearing screening programs. This article reviews some of the history of infant screening programs, discusses various areas of research related to stimulus and response parameters, and outlines a screening program, designed to fit new recommended procedures, currently under way in Halifax.", "PMID": 731775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_877", "title": "Families of young, hearing-impaired children: the impact of diagnosis.", "content": "In 1976--77 there were 15 families with young hearing-impaired children, living in Kingston or within a radius of 50 miles, who participated in a study, funded by the Atkinson Charitable Foundation, to evaluate the impact which the diagnosis of deafness made upon them and their families. The sample was too small for sophisticated statistical analysis, but certain indications are provided by the research. The age at which the children were diagnosed was remarkably late and physicians and other involved professionals were felt to be uncomfortable in facing the parents whose children had hearing losses. Parents willingly admitted their need for more guidance at the time of diagnosis but had, in many cases, become somewhat complacent in their responses to their children and their needs. A strong source of support at the preschool stage was felt to be the home-visiting teacher service provided by the Ministry of Education. A need for more in-home guidance was felt by most parents when their children reached school age. Similarly, a need was expressed for a locally based correspondence course.", "contents": "Families of young, hearing-impaired children: the impact of diagnosis. In 1976--77 there were 15 families with young hearing-impaired children, living in Kingston or within a radius of 50 miles, who participated in a study, funded by the Atkinson Charitable Foundation, to evaluate the impact which the diagnosis of deafness made upon them and their families. The sample was too small for sophisticated statistical analysis, but certain indications are provided by the research. The age at which the children were diagnosed was remarkably late and physicians and other involved professionals were felt to be uncomfortable in facing the parents whose children had hearing losses. Parents willingly admitted their need for more guidance at the time of diagnosis but had, in many cases, become somewhat complacent in their responses to their children and their needs. A strong source of support at the preschool stage was felt to be the home-visiting teacher service provided by the Ministry of Education. A need for more in-home guidance was felt by most parents when their children reached school age. Similarly, a need was expressed for a locally based correspondence course.", "PMID": 731776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_878", "title": "Support services in schools for the hearing- impaired in Canada.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to the principals of 20 schools for the hearing-impaired across Canada seeking data on the types and numbers of professional support staff utilized by them. In addition the schools were asked to express opinions regarding the additional number of professionals in various disciplines that should be employed. The most commonly employed professionals were audiologists and the least common otolaryngologists. The greatest need was said to be for a vast increase in the number of speech therapists available, although among them the schools employed less than the equivalent of one such full-time person.", "contents": "Support services in schools for the hearing- impaired in Canada. A questionnaire was sent to the principals of 20 schools for the hearing-impaired across Canada seeking data on the types and numbers of professional support staff utilized by them. In addition the schools were asked to express opinions regarding the additional number of professionals in various disciplines that should be employed. The most commonly employed professionals were audiologists and the least common otolaryngologists. The greatest need was said to be for a vast increase in the number of speech therapists available, although among them the schools employed less than the equivalent of one such full-time person.", "PMID": 731777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_879", "title": "Diagnostic delay in deafness - the effect of active case finding.", "content": "Impaired hearing, sensorineural or conductive, was detected in 464 (25 per cent) of the 1,876 children tested during visits with a mobile hearing clinic in rural northern Ontario. Seven severe to profoundly deaf preschool children were identified; expected prevalence in this population is 5--10 preschoolers. Three older children (7--15 years of age), also, were found to have severe to profound deafness that previously had been undetected. Previously, initial identification of severe sensorineural hearing loss in this age group in these areas was at an average age of 30 months. Since visits by the clinic this is 18 months. Conductive hearing losses that had inhibited learning were identified earlier than the reported average (6.4 years vs 5.3--9.0 years of age). Follow-up has shown more effective management of conductive hearing loss since visits by the clinic. Few rural Ontario communities with populations under 10,000 have adequate surveillance for hearing problems. The goal of The Hospital for Sick Children's Mobile Hearing Clinic is to identify early all children with hearing problems and to speed the introduction of a better program for the recommendation and fitting of hearing aids, including proper counselling in the use of amplification.", "contents": "Diagnostic delay in deafness - the effect of active case finding. Impaired hearing, sensorineural or conductive, was detected in 464 (25 per cent) of the 1,876 children tested during visits with a mobile hearing clinic in rural northern Ontario. Seven severe to profoundly deaf preschool children were identified; expected prevalence in this population is 5--10 preschoolers. Three older children (7--15 years of age), also, were found to have severe to profound deafness that previously had been undetected. Previously, initial identification of severe sensorineural hearing loss in this age group in these areas was at an average age of 30 months. Since visits by the clinic this is 18 months. Conductive hearing losses that had inhibited learning were identified earlier than the reported average (6.4 years vs 5.3--9.0 years of age). Follow-up has shown more effective management of conductive hearing loss since visits by the clinic. Few rural Ontario communities with populations under 10,000 have adequate surveillance for hearing problems. The goal of The Hospital for Sick Children's Mobile Hearing Clinic is to identify early all children with hearing problems and to speed the introduction of a better program for the recommendation and fitting of hearing aids, including proper counselling in the use of amplification.", "PMID": 731778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_880", "title": "Granular cell tumor of the floor of the mouth - a case report.", "content": "The granular cell tumor is an uncommon lesion and, when arising in the head and neck, principally involves the tongue and larynx. A patient with a granular cell tumor of the floor of the mouth is reported. Management is usually accomplished by complete local excision, but longterm follow-up is mandatory. Distinguishing the epithelial (pseudo-epitheliomatous) hyperplasia from a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is critical to avoid unnecessary radical surgery. At present the lesion is considered to be a true neoplasm, likely of Schwann cell origin, and clinically benign.", "contents": "Granular cell tumor of the floor of the mouth - a case report. The granular cell tumor is an uncommon lesion and, when arising in the head and neck, principally involves the tongue and larynx. A patient with a granular cell tumor of the floor of the mouth is reported. Management is usually accomplished by complete local excision, but longterm follow-up is mandatory. Distinguishing the epithelial (pseudo-epitheliomatous) hyperplasia from a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is critical to avoid unnecessary radical surgery. At present the lesion is considered to be a true neoplasm, likely of Schwann cell origin, and clinically benign.", "PMID": 731779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_881", "title": "Silastic implant in atrophic rhinitis - a review of 10 cases.", "content": "Ten patients with atrophic rhinitis were treated surgically with silastic implants. The details and principles of the surgical technique are emphasized. These patients have been observed for up to nine years. They all improved, with 70 per cent of them showing a \"marked improvement\" and the remaining 30 per cent showing a satisfactory one.", "contents": "Silastic implant in atrophic rhinitis - a review of 10 cases. Ten patients with atrophic rhinitis were treated surgically with silastic implants. The details and principles of the surgical technique are emphasized. These patients have been observed for up to nine years. They all improved, with 70 per cent of them showing a \"marked improvement\" and the remaining 30 per cent showing a satisfactory one.", "PMID": 731780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_882", "title": "Epistaxis.", "content": "Epistaxis is discussed. Three unusual cases are reported. The first was a patient with a basal skull fracture due to a motor vehicle accident. He developed a carotid-cavernous fistula causing epistaxis severe enough to cause a cardiac arrest on one of his bouts of severe bleeding. The second was an unusual complication of a rhinoplasty due to damage to the anterior ethmoidal artery from the medial osteotomy. The third was due to psychopathology causing an adult female to traumatize her nose as an attention-getting or defence mechanism causing epistaxis with anemia requiring bi-annual blood transfusions of more than 175 units of blood over a 20 year period. Management is described.", "contents": "Epistaxis. Epistaxis is discussed. Three unusual cases are reported. The first was a patient with a basal skull fracture due to a motor vehicle accident. He developed a carotid-cavernous fistula causing epistaxis severe enough to cause a cardiac arrest on one of his bouts of severe bleeding. The second was an unusual complication of a rhinoplasty due to damage to the anterior ethmoidal artery from the medial osteotomy. The third was due to psychopathology causing an adult female to traumatize her nose as an attention-getting or defence mechanism causing epistaxis with anemia requiring bi-annual blood transfusions of more than 175 units of blood over a 20 year period. Management is described.", "PMID": 731781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_883", "title": "Transcription of the transforming region of adenovirus type 5 in a rat cell line transformed by a small restriction fragment.", "content": "The fraction of the adenovirus type 5 genome expressed as mRNA in a rat cell line, 5RK, transformed by the HsuI-G restriction fragment was analyzed by saturation hybridization using separated strands of 32P-labeled HindIII-G fragment. It was found that 45 to 50% of G fragment (about 8 X 10(5) daltons) is expressed as mRNA. The size of polyadenylic acid-terminated virus-specific cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA was determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide, followed by hybridization of gel slices with viral DNA. The major virus-specific RNA species present in the cytoplasm is about 14S, whereas the major virus-specific RNA present in the nucleus is 30 to 32S. The large size of nuclear virus-specific RNA suggests that host sequences are covalently linked to the viral transcript.", "contents": "Transcription of the transforming region of adenovirus type 5 in a rat cell line transformed by a small restriction fragment. The fraction of the adenovirus type 5 genome expressed as mRNA in a rat cell line, 5RK, transformed by the HsuI-G restriction fragment was analyzed by saturation hybridization using separated strands of 32P-labeled HindIII-G fragment. It was found that 45 to 50% of G fragment (about 8 X 10(5) daltons) is expressed as mRNA. The size of polyadenylic acid-terminated virus-specific cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA was determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide, followed by hybridization of gel slices with viral DNA. The major virus-specific RNA species present in the cytoplasm is about 14S, whereas the major virus-specific RNA present in the nucleus is 30 to 32S. The large size of nuclear virus-specific RNA suggests that host sequences are covalently linked to the viral transcript.", "PMID": 731790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_884", "title": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. VIII. Physical locations of temperature-sensitive mutations.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutations of human adenoviruses can be physically located on the viral genome by determining the DNA structures of recombinants formed in genetic crosses between different members of the same subgroup. We have analyzed the DNA structures of many interserotypic recombinants formed in crosses between temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of adenovirus type 2 and adenovirus type 5 with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and and Sma I. In this way, we have mapped the physical coordinates of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) ts1, Ad2 ts3, Ad2 ts4, and Ad2 ts48, and refined the mapping of Ad5 ts1.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. VIII. Physical locations of temperature-sensitive mutations. Temperature-sensitive mutations of human adenoviruses can be physically located on the viral genome by determining the DNA structures of recombinants formed in genetic crosses between different members of the same subgroup. We have analyzed the DNA structures of many interserotypic recombinants formed in crosses between temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of adenovirus type 2 and adenovirus type 5 with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and and Sma I. In this way, we have mapped the physical coordinates of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) ts1, Ad2 ts3, Ad2 ts4, and Ad2 ts48, and refined the mapping of Ad5 ts1.", "PMID": 731791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_885", "title": "Susceptibility of influenza A viruses to amantadine is influenced by the gene coding for M protein.", "content": "Influenza A virus recombinants derived from \"resistant\" and \"sensitive\" parental viruses were examined for susceptibility to inhibition by amantadine. Correlation of gene constellation and amantadine susceptibility revealed that the gene coding for M protein influences sensitivity or resistance to amantadine. All recombinants which derived an M protein from an amantadine-resistant parent were found to be resistant to amantadine. All amantadine-sensitive recombinants derived an M gene from the amantadine-sensitive parent. However, a few amantadine-resistant recombinants which derived an M gene from the sensitive parent were also isolated, suggesting that the expression of amantadine sensitivity in these recombinants may be influenced by other genes.", "contents": "Susceptibility of influenza A viruses to amantadine is influenced by the gene coding for M protein. Influenza A virus recombinants derived from \"resistant\" and \"sensitive\" parental viruses were examined for susceptibility to inhibition by amantadine. Correlation of gene constellation and amantadine susceptibility revealed that the gene coding for M protein influences sensitivity or resistance to amantadine. All recombinants which derived an M protein from an amantadine-resistant parent were found to be resistant to amantadine. All amantadine-sensitive recombinants derived an M gene from the amantadine-sensitive parent. However, a few amantadine-resistant recombinants which derived an M gene from the sensitive parent were also isolated, suggesting that the expression of amantadine sensitivity in these recombinants may be influenced by other genes.", "PMID": 731792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_886", "title": "Low-multiplicity infection of Moloney murine leukemia virus in mouse cells: effect on number of viral DNA copies and virus production in producer cells.", "content": "Mouse cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) were prepared by two methods, and the number of M-MuLV-specific DNA copies in the infected cells was measured. The number of M-MuLV-specific DNA copies detected varied from one to eight per infected cell in different cell lines. Cells in which multiple rounds of viral infection occurred during establishment had on the average more viral DNA copies than cells in which infection at low multiplicity was performed, followed by cloning of the cells. However, even in cells derived by the low multiplicity of infection method, most cell lines carried more than one copy of M-MuLV-specific DNA. Virus production per cell was also measured, and no strict correlation was observed between the number of M-MuLV DNA copies present and the amount of virus produced.", "contents": "Low-multiplicity infection of Moloney murine leukemia virus in mouse cells: effect on number of viral DNA copies and virus production in producer cells. Mouse cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) were prepared by two methods, and the number of M-MuLV-specific DNA copies in the infected cells was measured. The number of M-MuLV-specific DNA copies detected varied from one to eight per infected cell in different cell lines. Cells in which multiple rounds of viral infection occurred during establishment had on the average more viral DNA copies than cells in which infection at low multiplicity was performed, followed by cloning of the cells. However, even in cells derived by the low multiplicity of infection method, most cell lines carried more than one copy of M-MuLV-specific DNA. Virus production per cell was also measured, and no strict correlation was observed between the number of M-MuLV DNA copies present and the amount of virus produced.", "PMID": 731793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_887", "title": "Specific secretion of polypeptides from cells infected with vaccinia virus.", "content": "The pattern of polypeptides specifically secreted by cells after infection with vaccinia virus has been analyzed. A complex pattern of apparently virus-specified polypeptides exhibiting temporal control of the type seen with intracellular polypeptides after virus infection was observed. Some of the specifically secreted polypeptides were shown to be modified by glycosylation and sulfation. The possible significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Specific secretion of polypeptides from cells infected with vaccinia virus. The pattern of polypeptides specifically secreted by cells after infection with vaccinia virus has been analyzed. A complex pattern of apparently virus-specified polypeptides exhibiting temporal control of the type seen with intracellular polypeptides after virus infection was observed. Some of the specifically secreted polypeptides were shown to be modified by glycosylation and sulfation. The possible significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 731794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_888", "title": "Transcription of bacteriophage M13 DNA: existence of promoters directly preceding genes III, VI, and I.", "content": "In vitro transcription and coupled transcription-translation studies have been performed with restriction fragments of bacteriophage M13 replicative-form DNA which contain either gene III, gene VI, or gene I. It could be demonstrated that DNA fragments which contain gene III were able to direct the synthesis of gene III protein. Fragments which encompassed genes VI and I gave rise to the synthesis of gene I protein only, whereas gene I-containing fragments were able to direct the synthesis of gene I protein. None of the fragments studied gave rise to a detectable level of gene VI protein, although an RNA transcript of gene VI could readily be obtained during in vitro transcription of the relevant gene VI-containing DNA fragments. From these results we have concluded that the promoters A0.44 and A0.49 are located in front of genes VI and I, respectively, and that gene III is also equipped with a promoter (X0.25). Introduction of a single cleavage within the gene III region does not abolish the expression of genes VI and I in vitro. Hence, the expression of these genes is not solely dependent on the initiation of RNA synthesis at the gene III promoter or on leakage of transcription through the central termination site (T0.25), but is also determined by the initiation frequency of RNA synthesis at their individual promoters.", "contents": "Transcription of bacteriophage M13 DNA: existence of promoters directly preceding genes III, VI, and I. In vitro transcription and coupled transcription-translation studies have been performed with restriction fragments of bacteriophage M13 replicative-form DNA which contain either gene III, gene VI, or gene I. It could be demonstrated that DNA fragments which contain gene III were able to direct the synthesis of gene III protein. Fragments which encompassed genes VI and I gave rise to the synthesis of gene I protein only, whereas gene I-containing fragments were able to direct the synthesis of gene I protein. None of the fragments studied gave rise to a detectable level of gene VI protein, although an RNA transcript of gene VI could readily be obtained during in vitro transcription of the relevant gene VI-containing DNA fragments. From these results we have concluded that the promoters A0.44 and A0.49 are located in front of genes VI and I, respectively, and that gene III is also equipped with a promoter (X0.25). Introduction of a single cleavage within the gene III region does not abolish the expression of genes VI and I in vitro. Hence, the expression of these genes is not solely dependent on the initiation of RNA synthesis at the gene III promoter or on leakage of transcription through the central termination site (T0.25), but is also determined by the initiation frequency of RNA synthesis at their individual promoters.", "PMID": 731795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_889", "title": "Bacteriophage lambda mutants (lambdatp) that overproduce repressor.", "content": "Lambda tp mutants, selected for their ability to form turbid plaques on lon hosts, overproduce repressor. The tp1 and tp2 mutations have been located within (or adjacent to) the cIII gene. The tp1 mutation reduced late gene expression, as measured by endolysin synthesis (in the absence of functional cI repressor) and progeny phage yield. The tp4 mutation was mapped in the cY-cII region, and complementation tests indicated that tp4 affects the diffusible product of the cII gene. The tp4 mutation also reduced progeny production, but did not markedly affect endolysin synthesis.", "contents": "Bacteriophage lambda mutants (lambdatp) that overproduce repressor. Lambda tp mutants, selected for their ability to form turbid plaques on lon hosts, overproduce repressor. The tp1 and tp2 mutations have been located within (or adjacent to) the cIII gene. The tp1 mutation reduced late gene expression, as measured by endolysin synthesis (in the absence of functional cI repressor) and progeny phage yield. The tp4 mutation was mapped in the cY-cII region, and complementation tests indicated that tp4 affects the diffusible product of the cII gene. The tp4 mutation also reduced progeny production, but did not markedly affect endolysin synthesis.", "PMID": 731796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_890", "title": "Bacteriophage phi29 terminal protein: its association with the 5' termini of the phi29 genome.", "content": "The location of the protein bound to bacteriophage phi29 DNA has been studied with restriction endonucleases, exonucleases, and polynucleotide kinase. The protein is invariably associated with the two terminal DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. The phi29 DNA prepared with or without proteinase K treatment is resistant to the action of the 5'-terminal-specific exonucleases, lambda-exonuclease and T7 exonuclease. The phi29 DNA is also inaccessible to phosphorylation by polynucleotide kinase even after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, phi29 DNA is sensitive to exonuclease III, and the 3' termini of the DNA can be labeled by incubating with alpha-[32P]ATP and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The protein remains associated with the phi29 DNA after treatment with various chaotropic agents, including 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride, 4 M sodium perchlorate, 2 M sodium thiocyanate, and 2 M LiCl. These results are consistent with the notion that the protein is linked covalently to the 5' termini of the phi29 DNA.", "contents": "Bacteriophage phi29 terminal protein: its association with the 5' termini of the phi29 genome. The location of the protein bound to bacteriophage phi29 DNA has been studied with restriction endonucleases, exonucleases, and polynucleotide kinase. The protein is invariably associated with the two terminal DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. The phi29 DNA prepared with or without proteinase K treatment is resistant to the action of the 5'-terminal-specific exonucleases, lambda-exonuclease and T7 exonuclease. The phi29 DNA is also inaccessible to phosphorylation by polynucleotide kinase even after treatment with alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, phi29 DNA is sensitive to exonuclease III, and the 3' termini of the DNA can be labeled by incubating with alpha-[32P]ATP and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The protein remains associated with the phi29 DNA after treatment with various chaotropic agents, including 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride, 4 M sodium perchlorate, 2 M sodium thiocyanate, and 2 M LiCl. These results are consistent with the notion that the protein is linked covalently to the 5' termini of the phi29 DNA.", "PMID": 731797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_891", "title": "Electrophoresis of bacteriophage T7 and T7 capsids in agarose gels.", "content": "Agarose gel electrophoresis of the following was performed in 0.05 M sodium phosphate-0.001 M MgCl2 (pH 7.4): (i) bacteriophage T7; (ii) a T7 precursor capsid (capsid I), isolated from T7-infected Escherichia coli, which has a thicker and less angular envelope than bacteriophage T7; (iii) a second capsid (capsid II), isolated from T7-infected E. coli, which has a bacteriophage-like envelope; and (iv) capsids (capsid IV) produced by temperature shock of bacteriophage T7. Bacteriophage T7 and all of the above capsids migrated towards the anode. In a 0.9% agarose gel, capsid I had an electrophoretic mobility of 9.1 +/- 0.4 X 10(-5) cm2/V.s; bacteriophage T7 migrated 0.31 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The mobilities of different preparations of capsid II varied in such gels: the fastest-migrating capsid II preparation was 0.51 +/- 0.03 times as fast as capsid I and the slowest was 0.37 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. Capsid IV with and without the phage tail migrated 0.29 +/- 0.02 and 0.42 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The results of the extrapolation of bacteriophage and capsid mobilities to 0% agarose concentration indicated that the above differences in mobility are caused by differences in average surface charge density. To increase the accuracy of mobility comparisons and to increase the number of samples that could be simultaneously analyzed, multisample horizontal slab gels were used. Treatment with the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate converted capsid I to a capsid that migated in the capsid II region during electrophoresis through agarose gels. In the electron microscope, most of the envelopes of these latter capsids resembled the capsid II envelope, but some envelope regions were thicker than the capsid II envelope.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of bacteriophage T7 and T7 capsids in agarose gels. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the following was performed in 0.05 M sodium phosphate-0.001 M MgCl2 (pH 7.4): (i) bacteriophage T7; (ii) a T7 precursor capsid (capsid I), isolated from T7-infected Escherichia coli, which has a thicker and less angular envelope than bacteriophage T7; (iii) a second capsid (capsid II), isolated from T7-infected E. coli, which has a bacteriophage-like envelope; and (iv) capsids (capsid IV) produced by temperature shock of bacteriophage T7. Bacteriophage T7 and all of the above capsids migrated towards the anode. In a 0.9% agarose gel, capsid I had an electrophoretic mobility of 9.1 +/- 0.4 X 10(-5) cm2/V.s; bacteriophage T7 migrated 0.31 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The mobilities of different preparations of capsid II varied in such gels: the fastest-migrating capsid II preparation was 0.51 +/- 0.03 times as fast as capsid I and the slowest was 0.37 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. Capsid IV with and without the phage tail migrated 0.29 +/- 0.02 and 0.42 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The results of the extrapolation of bacteriophage and capsid mobilities to 0% agarose concentration indicated that the above differences in mobility are caused by differences in average surface charge density. To increase the accuracy of mobility comparisons and to increase the number of samples that could be simultaneously analyzed, multisample horizontal slab gels were used. Treatment with the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate converted capsid I to a capsid that migated in the capsid II region during electrophoresis through agarose gels. In the electron microscope, most of the envelopes of these latter capsids resembled the capsid II envelope, but some envelope regions were thicker than the capsid II envelope.", "PMID": 731798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_892", "title": "Tryptic peptide analyses of polypeptides generated by premature termination of cell-free protein synthesis allow a determination of the Rauscher leukemia virus gag gene order.", "content": "Translation of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) 35S RNA in an mRNA-dependent cell-free protein-synthesizing system yields polypeptides identical to authentic Pr65gag, the R-MuLV gag precursor, and Pr200gag-pol, the precursor to the R-MuLV reverse transcriptase. In addition to these polypeptides, the cell-free product contains a family of polypeptides of less than 65,000 molecular weight which appear to be generated by premature termination of protein synthesis within the viral gag gene. We compared the tryptic maps of several of these less than 65,000-molecular-weight premature termination polypeptides with that of full-size Pr65gag and found a progressive loss of tryptic peptides which could be assigned to known R-MuLV gag proteins. A 40,000-molecular-weight fragment, P40gag, lacked p10 and part of p30, placing p10 at the C terminus pf Pr65gag and p30 ajacent to it. Fragments of 33,000 (P33gag) and 27,000 to 28,000 (P27/28gag) molecular weight showed a successive loss of additional p30 tryptic peptides, but no loss of either p15 or p12. An 18,000-molecular-weight fragment lost p12 but retained p15. These data suggest an R-MuLV gag gene order of NH2-p15-p12-p30-p10-COOH.", "contents": "Tryptic peptide analyses of polypeptides generated by premature termination of cell-free protein synthesis allow a determination of the Rauscher leukemia virus gag gene order. Translation of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) 35S RNA in an mRNA-dependent cell-free protein-synthesizing system yields polypeptides identical to authentic Pr65gag, the R-MuLV gag precursor, and Pr200gag-pol, the precursor to the R-MuLV reverse transcriptase. In addition to these polypeptides, the cell-free product contains a family of polypeptides of less than 65,000 molecular weight which appear to be generated by premature termination of protein synthesis within the viral gag gene. We compared the tryptic maps of several of these less than 65,000-molecular-weight premature termination polypeptides with that of full-size Pr65gag and found a progressive loss of tryptic peptides which could be assigned to known R-MuLV gag proteins. A 40,000-molecular-weight fragment, P40gag, lacked p10 and part of p30, placing p10 at the C terminus pf Pr65gag and p30 ajacent to it. Fragments of 33,000 (P33gag) and 27,000 to 28,000 (P27/28gag) molecular weight showed a successive loss of additional p30 tryptic peptides, but no loss of either p15 or p12. An 18,000-molecular-weight fragment lost p12 but retained p15. These data suggest an R-MuLV gag gene order of NH2-p15-p12-p30-p10-COOH.", "PMID": 731799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_893", "title": "Adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "A review of 28 cases of adrenal cortical carcinoma provides some insights into the natural history of this disease and suggests modifications in current techniques of diagnosis and management. Our patients ranged in age from 1 to 69 years but it is notable that all of our male patients were more than 39 years old. In addition the men tended to have high stage tumors that were nonfunctional. Female patients, on the other hand, were more evenly distributed in terms of stage, function and age at diagnosis. Staging was extremely important and is discussed in some detail. A dismayingly large number of patients were found to have stage 3 or 4 tumor at initial diagnosis, suggesting that aggressive and rapid evaluation and a high index of suspicion are important to optimize survival. Function is helpful but non-function is common and should not dissuade one from the diagnosis. Excretory urography with tomography followed by angiography frequently will provide the diagnosis. Endocrinologic evaluation should be done with alacrity. Survival with high stages of disease is poor and lengthy evaluation should not be allowed to delay prompt and, hopefully, curative surgery. Surgical resection is the key to cure; chemotherapy and radiotherapy provided relatively poor results in our hands although mitotane has shown a 34 to 54 per cent response rate.", "contents": "Adrenal cortical carcinoma. A review of 28 cases of adrenal cortical carcinoma provides some insights into the natural history of this disease and suggests modifications in current techniques of diagnosis and management. Our patients ranged in age from 1 to 69 years but it is notable that all of our male patients were more than 39 years old. In addition the men tended to have high stage tumors that were nonfunctional. Female patients, on the other hand, were more evenly distributed in terms of stage, function and age at diagnosis. Staging was extremely important and is discussed in some detail. A dismayingly large number of patients were found to have stage 3 or 4 tumor at initial diagnosis, suggesting that aggressive and rapid evaluation and a high index of suspicion are important to optimize survival. Function is helpful but non-function is common and should not dissuade one from the diagnosis. Excretory urography with tomography followed by angiography frequently will provide the diagnosis. Endocrinologic evaluation should be done with alacrity. Survival with high stages of disease is poor and lengthy evaluation should not be allowed to delay prompt and, hopefully, curative surgery. Surgical resection is the key to cure; chemotherapy and radiotherapy provided relatively poor results in our hands although mitotane has shown a 34 to 54 per cent response rate.", "PMID": 731800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_894", "title": "Descent of the right renal vein.", "content": "A new operation is described, in which the right renal vein outlet is moved to a lower level on the vena cava, helping to decrease the distance between the kidney and the bladder. This procedure permits treatment of extensive obstructive wounds of the pyeloureteral junction or lumbar ureteral junction, caused by lithiasis and ureteral and renal operations, that cannot be treated with conventional operations. Renal circulation is not altered with this procedure. The operation is simple, does not cause complications and provides excellent results.", "contents": "Descent of the right renal vein. A new operation is described, in which the right renal vein outlet is moved to a lower level on the vena cava, helping to decrease the distance between the kidney and the bladder. This procedure permits treatment of extensive obstructive wounds of the pyeloureteral junction or lumbar ureteral junction, caused by lithiasis and ureteral and renal operations, that cannot be treated with conventional operations. Renal circulation is not altered with this procedure. The operation is simple, does not cause complications and provides excellent results.", "PMID": 731802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_895", "title": "The association of significant renal anomalies with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "The incidence of significant renal anomalies in 38 patients with Turner's syndrome was 26 per cent (10 of 38 cases). An additional 11 per cent of the patients have insignificant renal abnormalities and 63 per cent apparently have normal excretory urograms. In this series there seemed to be no correlation of the incidence of abnormalities with either the phenotypic or karyotypic expression of Turner's syndrome, that is the 45/XO pattern of the mosaic variants. Therefore, clinicians should be aware that any patient with Turner's syndrome must receive a thorough clinical and radiologic evaluation of the urogenital tract.", "contents": "The association of significant renal anomalies with Turner's syndrome. The incidence of significant renal anomalies in 38 patients with Turner's syndrome was 26 per cent (10 of 38 cases). An additional 11 per cent of the patients have insignificant renal abnormalities and 63 per cent apparently have normal excretory urograms. In this series there seemed to be no correlation of the incidence of abnormalities with either the phenotypic or karyotypic expression of Turner's syndrome, that is the 45/XO pattern of the mosaic variants. Therefore, clinicians should be aware that any patient with Turner's syndrome must receive a thorough clinical and radiologic evaluation of the urogenital tract.", "PMID": 731803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_896", "title": "Experience with new double J ureteral catheter stent.", "content": "Experience with a newly designed self-retaining silicone ureteral stent is presented. The stent is supplied in various lengths, has a J or hook molded into each end to prevent migration and has been designed specifically to be passed during an open operation as well as endoscopically. The device is used to provide free drainage to the bladder, reduce or eliminate urine leakage, provide stenting of the ureter and allow for earlier discharge from the hospital of patients without external catheters. In some cases the stent may be used instead of a nephrostomy tube to provide prolonged drainage with less chance of infection. It is removed easily in the outpatient facility by cystoscopy.", "contents": "Experience with new double J ureteral catheter stent. Experience with a newly designed self-retaining silicone ureteral stent is presented. The stent is supplied in various lengths, has a J or hook molded into each end to prevent migration and has been designed specifically to be passed during an open operation as well as endoscopically. The device is used to provide free drainage to the bladder, reduce or eliminate urine leakage, provide stenting of the ureter and allow for earlier discharge from the hospital of patients without external catheters. In some cases the stent may be used instead of a nephrostomy tube to provide prolonged drainage with less chance of infection. It is removed easily in the outpatient facility by cystoscopy.", "PMID": 731804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_897", "title": "Permanent cutaneous ureterostomy: 18 years of experience.", "content": "We have reviewed 84 patients managed with cutaneous ureterostomy during the last 18 years. If at least 1 hypertrophied and dilated ureter is available cutaneous ureterostomy is a safe and effective diversion, with satisfactory late functional results. Stomal stenosis remains a continuing problem but usually is managed easily if present. Cutaneous ureterostomy should be used in selected patients until the ideal form of vesical substitution is achieved.", "contents": "Permanent cutaneous ureterostomy: 18 years of experience. We have reviewed 84 patients managed with cutaneous ureterostomy during the last 18 years. If at least 1 hypertrophied and dilated ureter is available cutaneous ureterostomy is a safe and effective diversion, with satisfactory late functional results. Stomal stenosis remains a continuing problem but usually is managed easily if present. Cutaneous ureterostomy should be used in selected patients until the ideal form of vesical substitution is achieved.", "PMID": 731805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_898", "title": "Preoperative evaluation of patients with bladder outlet obstruction with particular regard to excretory urography.", "content": "During the last 15 years excretory urography has been a routine preoperative diagnostic procedure for patients with bladder outlet obstruction in our department and, perhaps, for many more years in other urological centers. There are 2 reasons that this investigation should be done: 1) to detect abnormalities of the upper urinary tract that can be important indicators to operate or for the postoperative course and 2) to detect abnormalities in the bladder that should be corrected simultaneously with the prostatectomy or that can interfere with the procedure.", "contents": "Preoperative evaluation of patients with bladder outlet obstruction with particular regard to excretory urography. During the last 15 years excretory urography has been a routine preoperative diagnostic procedure for patients with bladder outlet obstruction in our department and, perhaps, for many more years in other urological centers. There are 2 reasons that this investigation should be done: 1) to detect abnormalities of the upper urinary tract that can be important indicators to operate or for the postoperative course and 2) to detect abnormalities in the bladder that should be corrected simultaneously with the prostatectomy or that can interfere with the procedure.", "PMID": 731806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_899", "title": "Relationship of varicocele to sperm output and fertility of male partners in infertile couples.", "content": "Both partners of 455 infertile couples seen consecutively were evaluated. When indicated the female partners were treated. Six semen specimens from each male subject were analyzed. A varicocele was diagnosed in 23.7 per cent of the men. More than 60 per cent of the men with a varicocele had sperm counts less than 40 million per ml., while 67 per cent without a varicocele had sperm counts more than 40 million per ml. The mean and total sperm counts of men with a varicocele were significantly lower than those without a varicocele. However, the pregnancy rates were not significantly different. The pregnancy rate was 46 per cent in couples whose male partners underwent a varicocelectomy, not significantly different from the pregnancy rate achieved in couples when the varicoceles were not corrected surgically (51 per cent). Varicocelectomy resulted in improvement in sperm count only when preoperative counts were more than 10 million per ml. Pregnancy rates for couples in which a varicocelectomy did or did not result in improvement in sperm count or motility were identical (45.1 and 45.5 per cent, respectively). These findings suggest that in male partners of infertile couples the presence of a varicocele is associated with compromised semen quality but not with diminished fertility when the female partners are treated. This observation emphasizes the importance of considering infertility as a problem of a couple, rather than a specific disorder of one of the partners.", "contents": "Relationship of varicocele to sperm output and fertility of male partners in infertile couples. Both partners of 455 infertile couples seen consecutively were evaluated. When indicated the female partners were treated. Six semen specimens from each male subject were analyzed. A varicocele was diagnosed in 23.7 per cent of the men. More than 60 per cent of the men with a varicocele had sperm counts less than 40 million per ml., while 67 per cent without a varicocele had sperm counts more than 40 million per ml. The mean and total sperm counts of men with a varicocele were significantly lower than those without a varicocele. However, the pregnancy rates were not significantly different. The pregnancy rate was 46 per cent in couples whose male partners underwent a varicocelectomy, not significantly different from the pregnancy rate achieved in couples when the varicoceles were not corrected surgically (51 per cent). Varicocelectomy resulted in improvement in sperm count only when preoperative counts were more than 10 million per ml. Pregnancy rates for couples in which a varicocelectomy did or did not result in improvement in sperm count or motility were identical (45.1 and 45.5 per cent, respectively). These findings suggest that in male partners of infertile couples the presence of a varicocele is associated with compromised semen quality but not with diminished fertility when the female partners are treated. This observation emphasizes the importance of considering infertility as a problem of a couple, rather than a specific disorder of one of the partners.", "PMID": 731807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_900", "title": "Vesical neck closure versus balloon catheter in suprapubic prostatectomy: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a randomized trial comprising 102 cases of suprapubic prostatectomy a modified Hryntschak technique of vesical neck closure was compared to the balloon compression method. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in operative and postoperative blood loss, duration of operation or postoperative hospital stay. In the vesical neck closure group compared to the balloon catheter group more patients experienced catheters falling out prematurely, as well as more postoperative strictures and more cases of incontinence at followup 1 year later. Our data do not justify the adoption of the vesical neck closure technique in suprapubic prostatectomy.", "contents": "Vesical neck closure versus balloon catheter in suprapubic prostatectomy: a controlled clinical trial. In a randomized trial comprising 102 cases of suprapubic prostatectomy a modified Hryntschak technique of vesical neck closure was compared to the balloon compression method. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in operative and postoperative blood loss, duration of operation or postoperative hospital stay. In the vesical neck closure group compared to the balloon catheter group more patients experienced catheters falling out prematurely, as well as more postoperative strictures and more cases of incontinence at followup 1 year later. Our data do not justify the adoption of the vesical neck closure technique in suprapubic prostatectomy.", "PMID": 731808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_901", "title": "Suprapubic prostatectomy. The removable purse string: a continuing comparative analysis of 300 consecutive cases.", "content": "Mortality rates, length of hospitalization, transfusion requirements, weights of excised tissue, complications and operating time are analyzed in this series of 300 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomies in which a removable purse-string closure of the bladder neck was used. The results are compared to those in other studies. The mortality rate in our study is the lowest reported to date for a large series. We believe that this technically simple operation, which has the most adaptability for combination with conjunctive operations, low transfusion requirements, few long-term complications and which can be done rapidly, is the most desirable method to remove benign prostates of 40 gm. or larger. We believe that there should be acceptance of broader indications for its use and that greater emphasis should be placed on teaching this procedure in urological training programs.", "contents": "Suprapubic prostatectomy. The removable purse string: a continuing comparative analysis of 300 consecutive cases. Mortality rates, length of hospitalization, transfusion requirements, weights of excised tissue, complications and operating time are analyzed in this series of 300 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomies in which a removable purse-string closure of the bladder neck was used. The results are compared to those in other studies. The mortality rate in our study is the lowest reported to date for a large series. We believe that this technically simple operation, which has the most adaptability for combination with conjunctive operations, low transfusion requirements, few long-term complications and which can be done rapidly, is the most desirable method to remove benign prostates of 40 gm. or larger. We believe that there should be acceptance of broader indications for its use and that greater emphasis should be placed on teaching this procedure in urological training programs.", "PMID": 731809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_902", "title": "Clinical experimental randomized study of 2.6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and estramustine-17-phosphate in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Patients with poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma and skeletal metastases were randomized to treatment with 2.6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (2.6-cis) and estramustine-17-phosphate (estramustine). Parallel with the clinical study a group of non-randomized patients were treated with 2.6-cis. Cytological regression of the tumor could be registered in half of the estramustine group but not in the 2.6-cis group. There were no drug-related changes in blood chemistry, kidney function tests, hematology or liver enzymes. There was in increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase in both groups but more pronounced in the 2.6-cis group. In both groups follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone values were depressed. Testicular and penis atrophy was observed in the 2.6-cis group. Relief of pain and marked improvement of conditions occurred in the majority of the cases in both groups. In general, no tumor regression was observed during administration of 300 mg. 2.6-cis daily for at least 3 months. Some tumor regression was noted during 600 mg. estramustine therapy daily.", "contents": "Clinical experimental randomized study of 2.6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and estramustine-17-phosphate in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Patients with poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma and skeletal metastases were randomized to treatment with 2.6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (2.6-cis) and estramustine-17-phosphate (estramustine). Parallel with the clinical study a group of non-randomized patients were treated with 2.6-cis. Cytological regression of the tumor could be registered in half of the estramustine group but not in the 2.6-cis group. There were no drug-related changes in blood chemistry, kidney function tests, hematology or liver enzymes. There was in increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase in both groups but more pronounced in the 2.6-cis group. In both groups follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone values were depressed. Testicular and penis atrophy was observed in the 2.6-cis group. Relief of pain and marked improvement of conditions occurred in the majority of the cases in both groups. In general, no tumor regression was observed during administration of 300 mg. 2.6-cis daily for at least 3 months. Some tumor regression was noted during 600 mg. estramustine therapy daily.", "PMID": 731810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_903", "title": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood. II. Bacterial variants as etiologic agents in idiopathic hematuria.", "content": "Novel bacterial structures have been demonstrated in lysed blood filtrates placed in special culture media from patients with idiopathic hematuria. These structures converted rapidly to gram-positive coccal (streptococcal and staphylococcal-like), coccobacillary and filamentous, bacterial forms in vitro from 96 per cent of the patients studied. Blood cultured conventionally yielded negative findings. Although structures (dense bodies) were demonstrated in normal control blood specimens (albeit in lesser numbers) few converted to classical bacteria in vitro (7 per cent). Erythromycin therapy appeared to correlate with disappearance of hematuria and inability to revert rapidly the variant forms to classical bacteria in vitro. It is suggested that continual bombardment of the blood by bacteria entering from the mouth or other sites may lead to the development of variant bacterial parasitism. In an effort to survive the deleterious host effects the organisms may convert to persisting osmotically stable variant bacterial forms (dense bodies). Development of a disease state may be conditioned by some existing or developing abnormality in the host (immunologic, physiologic and/or biochemical). Furthermore, changes (genetic?) that might take place in the organisms per se during their transition to variant forms and adaptation to life in vivo may not allow certain host environments to adapt to these new forms, possibly leading to a pathogenetic role in renal diseases whose etiologies have long been enigmas.", "contents": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood. II. Bacterial variants as etiologic agents in idiopathic hematuria. Novel bacterial structures have been demonstrated in lysed blood filtrates placed in special culture media from patients with idiopathic hematuria. These structures converted rapidly to gram-positive coccal (streptococcal and staphylococcal-like), coccobacillary and filamentous, bacterial forms in vitro from 96 per cent of the patients studied. Blood cultured conventionally yielded negative findings. Although structures (dense bodies) were demonstrated in normal control blood specimens (albeit in lesser numbers) few converted to classical bacteria in vitro (7 per cent). Erythromycin therapy appeared to correlate with disappearance of hematuria and inability to revert rapidly the variant forms to classical bacteria in vitro. It is suggested that continual bombardment of the blood by bacteria entering from the mouth or other sites may lead to the development of variant bacterial parasitism. In an effort to survive the deleterious host effects the organisms may convert to persisting osmotically stable variant bacterial forms (dense bodies). Development of a disease state may be conditioned by some existing or developing abnormality in the host (immunologic, physiologic and/or biochemical). Furthermore, changes (genetic?) that might take place in the organisms per se during their transition to variant forms and adaptation to life in vivo may not allow certain host environments to adapt to these new forms, possibly leading to a pathogenetic role in renal diseases whose etiologies have long been enigmas.", "PMID": 731811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_904", "title": "Calcium oxalate stone disease: effects and side effects of cellulose phosphate and succinate in long-term treatment of absorptive hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria.", "content": "Absorptive hypercalciuria was treated in 27 patients with cellulose phosphate. In all patients urinary calcium decreased and stone formation virtually ceased. The most striking side effect was an excessive hyperoxaluria, necessitating withdrawal of the drug in 8 patients. Succinate decreased the hyperoxaluria in 14 of 19 patients. All patients had mild hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria. This study was done to determine the therapeutic value and the side effects in the treatment of absorptive hypercalciuria with sodium cellulose phosphate and of hyperoxaluria with succinate.", "contents": "Calcium oxalate stone disease: effects and side effects of cellulose phosphate and succinate in long-term treatment of absorptive hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria. Absorptive hypercalciuria was treated in 27 patients with cellulose phosphate. In all patients urinary calcium decreased and stone formation virtually ceased. The most striking side effect was an excessive hyperoxaluria, necessitating withdrawal of the drug in 8 patients. Succinate decreased the hyperoxaluria in 14 of 19 patients. All patients had mild hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria. This study was done to determine the therapeutic value and the side effects in the treatment of absorptive hypercalciuria with sodium cellulose phosphate and of hyperoxaluria with succinate.", "PMID": 731812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_905", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in advanced urothelial cancer.", "content": "Thirteen patients with advanced urothelial cancer received a minimum of 2 courses of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II. Of these patients 6 (46 per cent) achieved a partial response with an average duration of more than 6 months. One patient has received cis-diamminedichloroplatinum for more than 1 year and has no clinical evidence of tumor (complete response in lung metastasis plus excision of local recurrence). The routine administration of intravenous fluids and mannitol immediately before cis-diamminedichloroplatinum prevented the nephrotoxicity associated with this drug. An outpatient setting was well tolerated in most instances. This report confirms the activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in urothelial cancer and suggests its use as an adjuvant to operation and/or radiotherapy in selected cases.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in advanced urothelial cancer. Thirteen patients with advanced urothelial cancer received a minimum of 2 courses of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II. Of these patients 6 (46 per cent) achieved a partial response with an average duration of more than 6 months. One patient has received cis-diamminedichloroplatinum for more than 1 year and has no clinical evidence of tumor (complete response in lung metastasis plus excision of local recurrence). The routine administration of intravenous fluids and mannitol immediately before cis-diamminedichloroplatinum prevented the nephrotoxicity associated with this drug. An outpatient setting was well tolerated in most instances. This report confirms the activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in urothelial cancer and suggests its use as an adjuvant to operation and/or radiotherapy in selected cases.", "PMID": 731813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_906", "title": "Early and late management of the neuropathic bladder in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "Early and late management of neuropathic bladders in 562 consecutive patients with spinal cord injuries is described. Indications for an operation to relieve outlet obstruction by transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy are outlined, and the management of urinary infection and incontinence is discussed. Approximately 30 per cent of all spinal cord injury patients had outlet obstruction for which either external sphincterotomy, transurethral resection or both procedures were necessary. Operations appeared to be required more frequently in patients with complete and thoracic lesions, and more than 1 operation may be necessary to achieve satisfactory bladder emptying.", "contents": "Early and late management of the neuropathic bladder in spinal cord injury patients. Early and late management of neuropathic bladders in 562 consecutive patients with spinal cord injuries is described. Indications for an operation to relieve outlet obstruction by transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy are outlined, and the management of urinary infection and incontinence is discussed. Approximately 30 per cent of all spinal cord injury patients had outlet obstruction for which either external sphincterotomy, transurethral resection or both procedures were necessary. Operations appeared to be required more frequently in patients with complete and thoracic lesions, and more than 1 operation may be necessary to achieve satisfactory bladder emptying.", "PMID": 731814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_907", "title": "Modern urodynamic evaluations in the urologist's office.", "content": "Patients with voiding disturbances comprise 20 per cent of the yearly outpatient visits to urologists. Of this number 25 per cent have significant neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The theoretical basis and experimental demonstration of urodynamics have been established and reported by multiple investigators during the last 15 years. Recent advances in clinical applications of fast-flow gas cystometry have led to the development of complete, portable urodynamic units that can be used conveniently in the urologist's office and are capable of simultaneously recording parameters of detrusor, urethral and skeletal muscle phincter function. This equipment is simple, efficient, economical and can be operated by well trained paramedical personnel, with minimal immediate direction required by a physician. With recent recognition by many third party carriers this equipment may amortize itself rapidly but, more importantly, it may serve to identify neurological diseases of the bladder that are undetected by other conventional methods of investigation. During the last 9 months 213 patients have undergone urodynamic evaluation at our outpatient urology clinic. These patients were categorized according to type and incidence of voiding disturbance and the number of neurogenic bladders diagnosed within each group was compiled and discussed. Several of the more interesting and unusual clinical examples are presented to familiarize the urologist with the interpretative aspects of this study.", "contents": "Modern urodynamic evaluations in the urologist's office. Patients with voiding disturbances comprise 20 per cent of the yearly outpatient visits to urologists. Of this number 25 per cent have significant neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The theoretical basis and experimental demonstration of urodynamics have been established and reported by multiple investigators during the last 15 years. Recent advances in clinical applications of fast-flow gas cystometry have led to the development of complete, portable urodynamic units that can be used conveniently in the urologist's office and are capable of simultaneously recording parameters of detrusor, urethral and skeletal muscle phincter function. This equipment is simple, efficient, economical and can be operated by well trained paramedical personnel, with minimal immediate direction required by a physician. With recent recognition by many third party carriers this equipment may amortize itself rapidly but, more importantly, it may serve to identify neurological diseases of the bladder that are undetected by other conventional methods of investigation. During the last 9 months 213 patients have undergone urodynamic evaluation at our outpatient urology clinic. These patients were categorized according to type and incidence of voiding disturbance and the number of neurogenic bladders diagnosed within each group was compiled and discussed. Several of the more interesting and unusual clinical examples are presented to familiarize the urologist with the interpretative aspects of this study.", "PMID": 731815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_908", "title": "Exstrophic anomalies: followup of 36 cases.", "content": "Since 1950, 36 patients with exstrophic anomalies were seen at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals. There were several modalities of treatment used, including primary reconstructive procedures in 11 patients, 6 of whom continue to have a functional bladder closure. Our results and current management are discussed.", "contents": "Exstrophic anomalies: followup of 36 cases. Since 1950, 36 patients with exstrophic anomalies were seen at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals. There were several modalities of treatment used, including primary reconstructive procedures in 11 patients, 6 of whom continue to have a functional bladder closure. Our results and current management are discussed.", "PMID": 731816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_909", "title": "The role of vaginal immunoglobulin A in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "content": "Vaginal immunoglobulin A in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly lower when compared to an age-matched group of controls who had never experienced bacteriuria. The possible role of deficiencies in vaginal secretory immunoglobulin A leading to recurrent urinary tract infection in this age group is discussed.", "contents": "The role of vaginal immunoglobulin A in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections. Vaginal immunoglobulin A in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly lower when compared to an age-matched group of controls who had never experienced bacteriuria. The possible role of deficiencies in vaginal secretory immunoglobulin A leading to recurrent urinary tract infection in this age group is discussed.", "PMID": 731817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_910", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pseudocysts of the pancreas simulating renal pathology.", "content": "Ultrasonography has proved to be a reliable tool in the diagnosis of pseudocysts. A case is reported of a patient with a pseudocyst in the transverse mesocolon adjacent to the left kidney and spleen. Initial examination by computerized tomography and angiography failed to visualize the mass, while a renal cyst was simulated on nephrotomography. Repeat ultrasound examinations showed progressive increases in the size of the pseudocyst. This diagnosis was confirmed at operation. We believe that ultrasound is the modality of choice in patients with clinical suspicion of a pseudocyst.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pseudocysts of the pancreas simulating renal pathology. Ultrasonography has proved to be a reliable tool in the diagnosis of pseudocysts. A case is reported of a patient with a pseudocyst in the transverse mesocolon adjacent to the left kidney and spleen. Initial examination by computerized tomography and angiography failed to visualize the mass, while a renal cyst was simulated on nephrotomography. Repeat ultrasound examinations showed progressive increases in the size of the pseudocyst. This diagnosis was confirmed at operation. We believe that ultrasound is the modality of choice in patients with clinical suspicion of a pseudocyst.", "PMID": 731819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_911", "title": "Hydronephrosis with ureteral valve: diagnosis by ultrasonography and antegrade pyelography.", "content": "A case of massive hydronephrosis secondary to a ureteral valve was discovered upon evaluation of mild trauma. The orderly diagnostic studies, including ultrasonography and antegrade pyelography, led to the correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in urology is discussed and characteristics of the 18 cases of ureteral valves reported to date are reviewed.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis with ureteral valve: diagnosis by ultrasonography and antegrade pyelography. A case of massive hydronephrosis secondary to a ureteral valve was discovered upon evaluation of mild trauma. The orderly diagnostic studies, including ultrasonography and antegrade pyelography, led to the correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in urology is discussed and characteristics of the 18 cases of ureteral valves reported to date are reviewed.", "PMID": 731820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_912", "title": "Bilateral localized amyloidosis of the ureter presenting with anuria.", "content": "A patient with bilateral localized amyloidosis of the ureters is described. This is the first case to be reported in which anuria was the presenting symptom, the second case with bilateral involvement and the thirteenth case of amyloidosis localized to the ureter. Careful urologic and hematologic followup is indicated.", "contents": "Bilateral localized amyloidosis of the ureter presenting with anuria. A patient with bilateral localized amyloidosis of the ureters is described. This is the first case to be reported in which anuria was the presenting symptom, the second case with bilateral involvement and the thirteenth case of amyloidosis localized to the ureter. Careful urologic and hematologic followup is indicated.", "PMID": 731821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_913", "title": "Bladder injuries associated with cesarean section.", "content": "Bladder injury during cesarean section is unusual and may occur by failure to empty the bladder preoperatively, inadequate bladder flap reflection or incision into the vagina rather than the lower uterine segment. Three bladder injuries during cesarean section are reported. Although 2 women recovered normally 1 has persistent vesicoureteral reflux. With liberalization of indications for cesarean section bladder injuries may be seen more frequently.", "contents": "Bladder injuries associated with cesarean section. Bladder injury during cesarean section is unusual and may occur by failure to empty the bladder preoperatively, inadequate bladder flap reflection or incision into the vagina rather than the lower uterine segment. Three bladder injuries during cesarean section are reported. Although 2 women recovered normally 1 has persistent vesicoureteral reflux. With liberalization of indications for cesarean section bladder injuries may be seen more frequently.", "PMID": 731822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_914", "title": "Genetic and environmental modification of spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "The further selection of stroke-prone spontaneously rats (SHR) by the grade of hypertension resulted in the separation of substrains with more and less severe hypertension, respectively. Their average tail blood pressures at the age of 100 days were 240 and 200 mmHg. The ratios of cerebral hemorrhage to infarction were markedly decreased from 1/2 in the former into less than 1/30 in the latter. Also a similar attempt separated stroke-resistant SHR into substrains with moderate and mild hypertension; blood pressures at the age of 100 days were 200 and 180 mmHg, respectively. On the other hand, development of severe hypertension was attenuated and the incidence of stroke was significantly reduced in stroke-prone SHR when they were fed on a high-fat-cholesterol diet or a high fish protein diet. The selection of substrains with different grades of hypertension in stroke-prone and stroke-resistant SHR indicates the additional involvement of some hypertension genes, and the alteration of the course and the level of hypertension by nutritional factors substantiates the importance of gene-environment interaction in spontaneous hypertension.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental modification of spontaneous hypertension. The further selection of stroke-prone spontaneously rats (SHR) by the grade of hypertension resulted in the separation of substrains with more and less severe hypertension, respectively. Their average tail blood pressures at the age of 100 days were 240 and 200 mmHg. The ratios of cerebral hemorrhage to infarction were markedly decreased from 1/2 in the former into less than 1/30 in the latter. Also a similar attempt separated stroke-resistant SHR into substrains with moderate and mild hypertension; blood pressures at the age of 100 days were 200 and 180 mmHg, respectively. On the other hand, development of severe hypertension was attenuated and the incidence of stroke was significantly reduced in stroke-prone SHR when they were fed on a high-fat-cholesterol diet or a high fish protein diet. The selection of substrains with different grades of hypertension in stroke-prone and stroke-resistant SHR indicates the additional involvement of some hypertension genes, and the alteration of the course and the level of hypertension by nutritional factors substantiates the importance of gene-environment interaction in spontaneous hypertension.", "PMID": 731829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_915", "title": "The mode of inheritance in idiopathic cardiomyopathy, preliminary report.", "content": "Genetic analyses of 565 first-degree relatives of 99 patients with ICM suggests that ICM has both simple dominant and recessive modes of inheritance. There was no clinical form of ICM specific to the mode of inheritance, both hypertrophic and congestive types almost equally observed both modes of inheritance. Two pairs of identical twins who suggested the simple recessive mode were reported.", "contents": "The mode of inheritance in idiopathic cardiomyopathy, preliminary report. Genetic analyses of 565 first-degree relatives of 99 patients with ICM suggests that ICM has both simple dominant and recessive modes of inheritance. There was no clinical form of ICM specific to the mode of inheritance, both hypertrophic and congestive types almost equally observed both modes of inheritance. Two pairs of identical twins who suggested the simple recessive mode were reported.", "PMID": 731833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_916", "title": "Circulatory effect of jet noise, with special reference to cerebral circulation.", "content": "The circulatory effect of jet noise on heart rate, systolic blood pressure and cerebral blood flow was investigated by means of the on-line Doppler ultrasonic technique devised by the author in 20 normal young males, normal elderly males and elderly patients with cerebral vascular disease. The jet noise ranged from 60 dBA to 110 dBA. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed slight and transient increase at the level of over 90 dBA. Although the cerebral blood flow was increased at the level of 90--110 dBA, conspicuous dissociation was observed between the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. The vertebral artery dominant type was more frequent than the internal carotid artery dominant type. Headache and discomfort due to the noise were observed in all the subjects. The above facts suggest that the jet noise induces dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and various kinds of psychosomatic diseases.", "contents": "Circulatory effect of jet noise, with special reference to cerebral circulation. The circulatory effect of jet noise on heart rate, systolic blood pressure and cerebral blood flow was investigated by means of the on-line Doppler ultrasonic technique devised by the author in 20 normal young males, normal elderly males and elderly patients with cerebral vascular disease. The jet noise ranged from 60 dBA to 110 dBA. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed slight and transient increase at the level of over 90 dBA. Although the cerebral blood flow was increased at the level of 90--110 dBA, conspicuous dissociation was observed between the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. The vertebral artery dominant type was more frequent than the internal carotid artery dominant type. Headache and discomfort due to the noise were observed in all the subjects. The above facts suggest that the jet noise induces dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and various kinds of psychosomatic diseases.", "PMID": 731840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_917", "title": "Coronary atherosclerosis in Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh. A morphological study.", "content": "The present communication deals with the observations of the type and extent of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries obtained from 108 heart specimens. In 81.4% cases the lesions were present. The earliest lesion of fatty streak was noticed in 2nd decade whereas all the cases above 4th decade had atherosclerotic lesion. Fatty streaks involved 4.5% of the intimal surface in 2nd decade, reaching a maximum to 26% in 6th decade and later on receding to 12% in 7th decade. Fibrous plaques were seen in later period of 2nd decade involving 2% of the surface area. There was a slow and tardy progression of the lesion with the maximum involvement of 32% in 7th decade. Complicated lesions were seen in 3rd decade but involved only 7% of the surface in 7th decade. Left coronary artery was involved in 79.62% cases and the right in 78 (72.22%). Salient histomorphological changes as well as degenerative changes occurring in the development of the disease process have been discussed. Main differences in the natural history of the disease in Indians were the slow progression of fibrous plaque and a very low incidence of grade IV lesions (complicated lesions). Marked disparity between the lesions observed in coronary arteries and root of aorta was noticed.", "contents": "Coronary atherosclerosis in Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh. A morphological study. The present communication deals with the observations of the type and extent of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries obtained from 108 heart specimens. In 81.4% cases the lesions were present. The earliest lesion of fatty streak was noticed in 2nd decade whereas all the cases above 4th decade had atherosclerotic lesion. Fatty streaks involved 4.5% of the intimal surface in 2nd decade, reaching a maximum to 26% in 6th decade and later on receding to 12% in 7th decade. Fibrous plaques were seen in later period of 2nd decade involving 2% of the surface area. There was a slow and tardy progression of the lesion with the maximum involvement of 32% in 7th decade. Complicated lesions were seen in 3rd decade but involved only 7% of the surface in 7th decade. Left coronary artery was involved in 79.62% cases and the right in 78 (72.22%). Salient histomorphological changes as well as degenerative changes occurring in the development of the disease process have been discussed. Main differences in the natural history of the disease in Indians were the slow progression of fibrous plaque and a very low incidence of grade IV lesions (complicated lesions). Marked disparity between the lesions observed in coronary arteries and root of aorta was noticed.", "PMID": 731841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_918", "title": "Spread of the epicardial excitation in right bundle branch block pattern.", "content": "Electrophysiologic mapping was performed on 29 dogs and 35 patients to investigate the ventricular excitation sequence of normal hearts and various cardiac lesions exhibiting the electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle branch block (RBBB). The activation times of epicardial surface were referenced to the onset of left ventricular cavity potential or QRS wave of lead II ECG. Epicardial activation sequence was represented by isochrones. 1. In normal hearts, the earliest epicardial breakthrough occurred at the mid-anterior paraseptal area in the right ventricle and the activation spread in a circular fashion. In the left ventricle, the epicardial activation occurred at three areas and then spread to the posterobasal area. The epicardial activation sequence was a good representation of the ventricular excitation. 2. In RBBB due to trauma to the main right bundle branch, the right ventricular activation showed marked delay and the characteristic V-shaped pattern. 3. Following vertical ventriculotomy, the right ventricular epicardial activation showed marked delay at sites distal to the incision but no significant delay proximal to it. Regarding postoperative RBBB, central right bundle branch injury was able to be differentiated from distal Purkinje injury due to right ventriculotomy by means of epicardial mapping. 4. In left ventricular pacing, the activation spread in a circular fashion with the prolonged right ventricular activation. 5. In ostium secundum defect, the right ventricular epicardial activation sequence showed various patterns of activation delay resulting from right ventricular hypertrophy. In ostium primum defect, the earliest epicardial activation was found in the left posterior paraseptal area, and the right ventricular activation showed a normal pattern with some delay. Epicardial mapping has been the precise representation of ventricular excitation by direct measurement of cardiac potentials. Cardiac lesions exhibiting the electrocardiographic RBBB pattern provided various patterns of the right ventricular activation delay according to the geneses of RBBB.", "contents": "Spread of the epicardial excitation in right bundle branch block pattern. Electrophysiologic mapping was performed on 29 dogs and 35 patients to investigate the ventricular excitation sequence of normal hearts and various cardiac lesions exhibiting the electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle branch block (RBBB). The activation times of epicardial surface were referenced to the onset of left ventricular cavity potential or QRS wave of lead II ECG. Epicardial activation sequence was represented by isochrones. 1. In normal hearts, the earliest epicardial breakthrough occurred at the mid-anterior paraseptal area in the right ventricle and the activation spread in a circular fashion. In the left ventricle, the epicardial activation occurred at three areas and then spread to the posterobasal area. The epicardial activation sequence was a good representation of the ventricular excitation. 2. In RBBB due to trauma to the main right bundle branch, the right ventricular activation showed marked delay and the characteristic V-shaped pattern. 3. Following vertical ventriculotomy, the right ventricular epicardial activation showed marked delay at sites distal to the incision but no significant delay proximal to it. Regarding postoperative RBBB, central right bundle branch injury was able to be differentiated from distal Purkinje injury due to right ventriculotomy by means of epicardial mapping. 4. In left ventricular pacing, the activation spread in a circular fashion with the prolonged right ventricular activation. 5. In ostium secundum defect, the right ventricular epicardial activation sequence showed various patterns of activation delay resulting from right ventricular hypertrophy. In ostium primum defect, the earliest epicardial activation was found in the left posterior paraseptal area, and the right ventricular activation showed a normal pattern with some delay. Epicardial mapping has been the precise representation of ventricular excitation by direct measurement of cardiac potentials. Cardiac lesions exhibiting the electrocardiographic RBBB pattern provided various patterns of the right ventricular activation delay according to the geneses of RBBB.", "PMID": 731842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_919", "title": "Studies on heart failure in old age (Part II). Hemodynamic effects of propranolol and isoproterenol in elderly patients with heart failure.", "content": "Hemodynamic responses to propranolol and isoproterenol were examined in elderly patients with heart failure. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Patients with mild heart failure showed greater reduction than control group in heart rate and cardiac output after intravenous propranolol. These enhanced hemodynamic responses to propranolol would be the evidence of increased adrenergic activity even in mild heart failure. 2. Intravenous propranolol in the small dosage of 0.03 mg/kg showed only a negligible hemodynamic deterioration even in patients with heart failure. 3. Hemodynamic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulator, isoproterenol, were depressed in severe heart failure.", "contents": "Studies on heart failure in old age (Part II). Hemodynamic effects of propranolol and isoproterenol in elderly patients with heart failure. Hemodynamic responses to propranolol and isoproterenol were examined in elderly patients with heart failure. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Patients with mild heart failure showed greater reduction than control group in heart rate and cardiac output after intravenous propranolol. These enhanced hemodynamic responses to propranolol would be the evidence of increased adrenergic activity even in mild heart failure. 2. Intravenous propranolol in the small dosage of 0.03 mg/kg showed only a negligible hemodynamic deterioration even in patients with heart failure. 3. Hemodynamic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulator, isoproterenol, were depressed in severe heart failure.", "PMID": 731844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_920", "title": "[Clinical experience with ceftezole (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients with acute urinary tract infection or acute epididymitis were treated with ceftezole (CTZ) twice daily at a dose of 1 approximately 3 by intravenous injection. The effective ratio obtained was nearly 90%. As a side effect, exanthem was observed in one patient.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with ceftezole (author's transl)]. Ten patients with acute urinary tract infection or acute epididymitis were treated with ceftezole (CTZ) twice daily at a dose of 1 approximately 3 by intravenous injection. The effective ratio obtained was nearly 90%. As a side effect, exanthem was observed in one patient.", "PMID": 731859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_921", "title": "A study on the effects of nifedipine in hypertensive crises and severe hypertension.", "content": "Ten mg of Nifedipine, a Ca++ antagonist, was administered orally in 2 groups of patients; Group 1: 6 patients in hypertensive emergency and Group II: 12 patients with intractable, severe hypertension. Following results were obtained. 1) A marked hypotensive effect was observed in all patients of Group I. The maximum effect was observed within 30 to 60 min and lasted for approximately 180 min. Clinical symptoms also improved remarkably with the fall in blood pressure. Any side effect was not observed. 2) A marked hypotensive effect was observed in all cases of Group II. The blood pressure fell by 21.4% systolic (p less than 0.01) and 19.4% diastolic (p less than 0.02). The peripheral vascular resistance also showed the decrease by 26.2% (p less than 0.01). The heart rate and cardiac index increased slightly. It was suggested that the hypotensive mechanism of this preparation is due primarily to the peripheral vasodilation.", "contents": "A study on the effects of nifedipine in hypertensive crises and severe hypertension. Ten mg of Nifedipine, a Ca++ antagonist, was administered orally in 2 groups of patients; Group 1: 6 patients in hypertensive emergency and Group II: 12 patients with intractable, severe hypertension. Following results were obtained. 1) A marked hypotensive effect was observed in all patients of Group I. The maximum effect was observed within 30 to 60 min and lasted for approximately 180 min. Clinical symptoms also improved remarkably with the fall in blood pressure. Any side effect was not observed. 2) A marked hypotensive effect was observed in all cases of Group II. The blood pressure fell by 21.4% systolic (p less than 0.01) and 19.4% diastolic (p less than 0.02). The peripheral vascular resistance also showed the decrease by 26.2% (p less than 0.01). The heart rate and cardiac index increased slightly. It was suggested that the hypotensive mechanism of this preparation is due primarily to the peripheral vasodilation.", "PMID": 731870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_922", "title": "Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites in patients with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Urinary excretion of catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid, and methoxycatecholamines was studied in 50 patients with renovascular hypertension. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline was increased in patients with elevated peripheral plasma renin activity and in those with elevated renal vein renin ratio in comparison with the patients with normal plasma renin activity. The urinary excretion of dopamine was diminished and vanillylmandelic acid increased in the entire group of patients with renovascular hypertension. In the investigated group, following sodium restriction, the mean urinary excretion of noradrenaline increased while dopamine excretion decreased. These results suggest that the increased sympathetic activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites in patients with renovascular hypertension. Urinary excretion of catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid, and methoxycatecholamines was studied in 50 patients with renovascular hypertension. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline was increased in patients with elevated peripheral plasma renin activity and in those with elevated renal vein renin ratio in comparison with the patients with normal plasma renin activity. The urinary excretion of dopamine was diminished and vanillylmandelic acid increased in the entire group of patients with renovascular hypertension. In the investigated group, following sodium restriction, the mean urinary excretion of noradrenaline increased while dopamine excretion decreased. These results suggest that the increased sympathetic activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 731871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_923", "title": "Two varieties of the onset of atrial fibrillation studied by monophasic action potential recording.", "content": "Two types of the initiation of atrial fibrillation are demonstrated in the continuous recordings of right atrial monophasic action potentials. In the first way, more common, atrial fibrillation takes place suddenly after an an extrasystolic atrial beat, in the second one it develops gradually after atrial tachycardia. In the first type the micro reentry starts from the beginning, in the second type only after sustained focal atrial tachycardia.", "contents": "Two varieties of the onset of atrial fibrillation studied by monophasic action potential recording. Two types of the initiation of atrial fibrillation are demonstrated in the continuous recordings of right atrial monophasic action potentials. In the first way, more common, atrial fibrillation takes place suddenly after an an extrasystolic atrial beat, in the second one it develops gradually after atrial tachycardia. In the first type the micro reentry starts from the beginning, in the second type only after sustained focal atrial tachycardia.", "PMID": 731872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_924", "title": "Apex-carotis diagram as related to systolic and diastolic time intervals in mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and apexcardiogram were simultaneously obtained in 25 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome and in 62 normal subjects. This allowed us to measure systolic and diastolic time intervals and to construct the apexcarotis diagram (ACD), a new mechanocardiographic method which integrated the catotid pulse tracing and the apexcardiogram in an orthogonal coordinate system. In mitral valve prolapse syndrome, the ACD showed curve of the segment of slow ventricular ejection (S-AC) to the right, and a decrease of the field of ventricular ejection. The measurement of time intervals gave statistically significant information on Q-I and A2-OS intervals.", "contents": "Apex-carotis diagram as related to systolic and diastolic time intervals in mitral valve prolapse syndrome. The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and apexcardiogram were simultaneously obtained in 25 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome and in 62 normal subjects. This allowed us to measure systolic and diastolic time intervals and to construct the apexcarotis diagram (ACD), a new mechanocardiographic method which integrated the catotid pulse tracing and the apexcardiogram in an orthogonal coordinate system. In mitral valve prolapse syndrome, the ACD showed curve of the segment of slow ventricular ejection (S-AC) to the right, and a decrease of the field of ventricular ejection. The measurement of time intervals gave statistically significant information on Q-I and A2-OS intervals.", "PMID": 731873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_925", "title": "Electrographic changes associated with cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow.", "content": "Electrographic changes associated with cyclical reduction of blood flow in partially constricted one or two coronary arteries of anesthetized dogs were examined. In the preparations with single vessel constriction, cyclical ST elevation occurred along with cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow below 25% of the control value. The ST elevation was associated with reciprocal ST depression in the contralateral ventricular surface. In the preparations with double vessel constriction, cyclical reduction of flow frequently occurred in both vessels. The reduction of flow in one vessel occurred not synchronously with that in another vessel in the majority of preparations. The reduction of flow in both vessels was associated with ST elevation in the corresponding areas of the left ventricle. Premature ventricular contractions frequently occurred at the beginning of or immediately after disappearance of ST elevation, or when ST elevation persisted for more than 10 min. Ventricular fibrillation frequently occurred in the preparations with double vessel constriction.", "contents": "Electrographic changes associated with cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow. Electrographic changes associated with cyclical reduction of blood flow in partially constricted one or two coronary arteries of anesthetized dogs were examined. In the preparations with single vessel constriction, cyclical ST elevation occurred along with cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow below 25% of the control value. The ST elevation was associated with reciprocal ST depression in the contralateral ventricular surface. In the preparations with double vessel constriction, cyclical reduction of flow frequently occurred in both vessels. The reduction of flow in one vessel occurred not synchronously with that in another vessel in the majority of preparations. The reduction of flow in both vessels was associated with ST elevation in the corresponding areas of the left ventricle. Premature ventricular contractions frequently occurred at the beginning of or immediately after disappearance of ST elevation, or when ST elevation persisted for more than 10 min. Ventricular fibrillation frequently occurred in the preparations with double vessel constriction.", "PMID": 731874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_926", "title": "The effect of alcohol on active and passive stiffness, and on isometric contractions of glycerinated heart muscle in rats.", "content": "The response of the contractile and the series elastic elements to ethanol was studied isometric contraction and quick release methods after measuring the passive length-tension relationship in glycerinated heart muscle fibers of rats at resting state. In rats consuming 30% ethanol for an average of 5 weeks, maximal developed tension (P0), the maximal rate of tension development (dp/dtmax) and Vmax were significantly depressed, the time to peak tension (t0) was not changed. As in fresh papillary muscle the modulus of elasticity of active glycerinated muscle increased in proportion to load. The stiffness of the series elastic element showed significant elevation in rats receiving ethanol. The passive stiffness in resting state revealed no significant difference between control and alcohol exposed rats. Therefore, increased stiffness of the series elastic element and diminished contractility are present following chronic alcohol consumption.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol on active and passive stiffness, and on isometric contractions of glycerinated heart muscle in rats. The response of the contractile and the series elastic elements to ethanol was studied isometric contraction and quick release methods after measuring the passive length-tension relationship in glycerinated heart muscle fibers of rats at resting state. In rats consuming 30% ethanol for an average of 5 weeks, maximal developed tension (P0), the maximal rate of tension development (dp/dtmax) and Vmax were significantly depressed, the time to peak tension (t0) was not changed. As in fresh papillary muscle the modulus of elasticity of active glycerinated muscle increased in proportion to load. The stiffness of the series elastic element showed significant elevation in rats receiving ethanol. The passive stiffness in resting state revealed no significant difference between control and alcohol exposed rats. Therefore, increased stiffness of the series elastic element and diminished contractility are present following chronic alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 731876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_927", "title": "Tissue edema and arterial lesions produced by pure submaxillary gland renin of mouse.", "content": "In order to identify the nature of the substance(s) that causes pancreatic edema, pleural effusion, hematolcrit increase, and vascular lesion upon administration of renal extracts, effects of a pure preparation of submaxillary gland renin of mouse on blood vessels were studied. This enzyme was administered intraperitoneally to conscious anehpric rats. Blood pressure elevation recorded under unrestricted conditions was proportional to pancreatic edema, pleural effusion, hematocrit increase, and vascular lesions in small arteries and arterioles. Since the renin administered does not contain any substances and since the function of this enzyme is quite analogous to renal renin, these results have been interpreted to indicate that renin possesses both pressor and permeability activities and that the action of renin alone can account for the vascular lesions and the increased vascular permeability.", "contents": "Tissue edema and arterial lesions produced by pure submaxillary gland renin of mouse. In order to identify the nature of the substance(s) that causes pancreatic edema, pleural effusion, hematolcrit increase, and vascular lesion upon administration of renal extracts, effects of a pure preparation of submaxillary gland renin of mouse on blood vessels were studied. This enzyme was administered intraperitoneally to conscious anehpric rats. Blood pressure elevation recorded under unrestricted conditions was proportional to pancreatic edema, pleural effusion, hematocrit increase, and vascular lesions in small arteries and arterioles. Since the renin administered does not contain any substances and since the function of this enzyme is quite analogous to renal renin, these results have been interpreted to indicate that renin possesses both pressor and permeability activities and that the action of renin alone can account for the vascular lesions and the increased vascular permeability.", "PMID": 731877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_928", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis with atrial septal defect in children.", "content": "Two cases of (1-year-old and 13-year-old) of constrictive pericarditis (CP) associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) are presented. The correct diagnosis was made preoperatively in both cases. Both patients underwent surgery (pericardiectomy and ASD closure). One patient died soon after the surgery because of low cardiac output. The other patient was associated with protein-losing enteropathy and it improved dramatically after the operation. Cardiac catheterization is necessary for the diagnosis of this unusual combination. The cause of this unusual combination is obscure.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis with atrial septal defect in children. Two cases of (1-year-old and 13-year-old) of constrictive pericarditis (CP) associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) are presented. The correct diagnosis was made preoperatively in both cases. Both patients underwent surgery (pericardiectomy and ASD closure). One patient died soon after the surgery because of low cardiac output. The other patient was associated with protein-losing enteropathy and it improved dramatically after the operation. Cardiac catheterization is necessary for the diagnosis of this unusual combination. The cause of this unusual combination is obscure.", "PMID": 731878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_929", "title": "Three cases of sinoatrial block induced by anticonvulsants.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and Carbamazepine have been widely used as anticonvulsants and known to have antiarrhythmic properties. Previous reports have shown that arrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block can be induced by these agents. In this paper, sinoatrial block (SA block) induced by these agents which were used as anticonvulsants in 3 aged patients is reported. Thre patients, 2 women and 1 man, were over 60 years old. In 2 cases, administration of DPH for recurrent epileptic seizures was followed by SA block. After withdrawal of DPH, SA block disappeared, but resumption of DPH resulted in SA block again. In 1 of these 2 patients, overdrive suppression test revealed normal sinus node recovery time. In the third patient, in addition to DPH which was administered for epileptic seizures, Carbamazepine was given for shoulder pain, then SA block occurred. Withdrawal of these agents restored normal sinus rhythm and combined administration of these 2 agents again induced SA block. Autopsy revealed decreased conduction cells in the sinus node.", "contents": "Three cases of sinoatrial block induced by anticonvulsants. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and Carbamazepine have been widely used as anticonvulsants and known to have antiarrhythmic properties. Previous reports have shown that arrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block can be induced by these agents. In this paper, sinoatrial block (SA block) induced by these agents which were used as anticonvulsants in 3 aged patients is reported. Thre patients, 2 women and 1 man, were over 60 years old. In 2 cases, administration of DPH for recurrent epileptic seizures was followed by SA block. After withdrawal of DPH, SA block disappeared, but resumption of DPH resulted in SA block again. In 1 of these 2 patients, overdrive suppression test revealed normal sinus node recovery time. In the third patient, in addition to DPH which was administered for epileptic seizures, Carbamazepine was given for shoulder pain, then SA block occurred. Withdrawal of these agents restored normal sinus rhythm and combined administration of these 2 agents again induced SA block. Autopsy revealed decreased conduction cells in the sinus node.", "PMID": 731879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_930", "title": "Glucose metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Serum glucose levels in SHR (especially SHR selected for a greater hyperglycemic response) tended to be higher at 'fasting' and were significantly higher after peroral glucose administration than those in normotensive WK. However, plasma immunoreactive insulin was not decreased in SHR as compared with WK. No significant acceleration of gluconeogenesis was observed in SHR.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Serum glucose levels in SHR (especially SHR selected for a greater hyperglycemic response) tended to be higher at 'fasting' and were significantly higher after peroral glucose administration than those in normotensive WK. However, plasma immunoreactive insulin was not decreased in SHR as compared with WK. No significant acceleration of gluconeogenesis was observed in SHR.", "PMID": 731880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_931", "title": "Enzymatic histo and cytochemical investigation on the cardiovascular system in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The functional abnormalities of the cells in the cardiovascular system in SHR were revealed by enzyme histo-cytochemical study. The enzymatic activity was usually increased in the area where the arteries branched and in proliferating cells in the thickened wall. Such was more remarkable in the distorted arteries with aging. Functional roles of these 4 enzymes were discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic histo and cytochemical investigation on the cardiovascular system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The functional abnormalities of the cells in the cardiovascular system in SHR were revealed by enzyme histo-cytochemical study. The enzymatic activity was usually increased in the area where the arteries branched and in proliferating cells in the thickened wall. Such was more remarkable in the distorted arteries with aging. Functional roles of these 4 enzymes were discussed.", "PMID": 731885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_932", "title": "Biomembrane characteristics in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP).", "content": "Biomembrane characteristics in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) were examined using erythrocytes as a simplified model. When erythrocytes were exposed to osmotic stress in the process of the migration from a higher to a lower osmotic gradient by the coil planet centrifugation, erythrocytes from SHRSP were hemolyzed at a higher osmotic pressure than those from SHRSR. Such a difference in biomembrane characteristics may be useful for detecting a genetic disposition of stroke.", "contents": "Biomembrane characteristics in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Biomembrane characteristics in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) were examined using erythrocytes as a simplified model. When erythrocytes were exposed to osmotic stress in the process of the migration from a higher to a lower osmotic gradient by the coil planet centrifugation, erythrocytes from SHRSP were hemolyzed at a higher osmotic pressure than those from SHRSR. Such a difference in biomembrane characteristics may be useful for detecting a genetic disposition of stroke.", "PMID": 731895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_933", "title": "Genetic subgrouping of stroke-prone SHR and stroke-resistant SHR.", "content": "From these results, we can conclude that the developmental pattern of hypertension in the young age is genetically determined and closely related to the incidence of hemorrhage or infarction. These newly selected substrains of SHRSP with higher incidences of cerebral infarction (SP-2) or hemorrhage (SP-1) are regarded as the better models for studying the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of infarction or hemorrhage, respectively.", "contents": "Genetic subgrouping of stroke-prone SHR and stroke-resistant SHR. From these results, we can conclude that the developmental pattern of hypertension in the young age is genetically determined and closely related to the incidence of hemorrhage or infarction. These newly selected substrains of SHRSP with higher incidences of cerebral infarction (SP-2) or hemorrhage (SP-1) are regarded as the better models for studying the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of infarction or hemorrhage, respectively.", "PMID": 731896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_934", "title": "Effect of acute arterial hypertension in stroke-prone and stroke-resistant SHR.", "content": "Acute transient hypertension by norepinephrine was loaded to stroke-resistant (SHRSR), stroke-prone (SHRSP), and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats. (SHRSP were most sensitive to norepinephrine in young pre-hypertensive group.) Its effects on cerebral small vessels were studied using Evans Blue to detect the increase of vascular permeability. Severe macroscopic dye-leakages were observed in the areas of \"recurrent branching\" and \"boundary zone\", especially among young SHRSP, while SHRSR seemed to be least prone to dye-leakage both in young and adult groups. Among the adults, there was little difference between SHRSP and WK, probably because of the adaptive structural changes of arterial walls in SHRSP caused by long-standing hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of acute arterial hypertension in stroke-prone and stroke-resistant SHR. Acute transient hypertension by norepinephrine was loaded to stroke-resistant (SHRSR), stroke-prone (SHRSP), and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats. (SHRSP were most sensitive to norepinephrine in young pre-hypertensive group.) Its effects on cerebral small vessels were studied using Evans Blue to detect the increase of vascular permeability. Severe macroscopic dye-leakages were observed in the areas of \"recurrent branching\" and \"boundary zone\", especially among young SHRSP, while SHRSR seemed to be least prone to dye-leakage both in young and adult groups. Among the adults, there was little difference between SHRSP and WK, probably because of the adaptive structural changes of arterial walls in SHRSP caused by long-standing hypertension.", "PMID": 731899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_935", "title": "Cerebral stroke and myocardial lesions in stroke-prone SHR.", "content": "1) The histopathological abnormalities of the heart tended to be slightly severer in SHRSP with cerebrovascular lesions than those without cerebrovascular lesions. 2) However, SHRSP without cerebrovascular lesions also indicated abnormalities of VCG and histopathological findings. 3) Therefore, cerebral stroke may not directly affect or engender such myocardial lesions. 4) It is still remained to be solved whether the dysfunction of the heart with organic changes may partially contribute to the occurrence of cerebral stroke. 5) VCG appeared to correspond to the organic changes of the heart.", "contents": "Cerebral stroke and myocardial lesions in stroke-prone SHR. 1) The histopathological abnormalities of the heart tended to be slightly severer in SHRSP with cerebrovascular lesions than those without cerebrovascular lesions. 2) However, SHRSP without cerebrovascular lesions also indicated abnormalities of VCG and histopathological findings. 3) Therefore, cerebral stroke may not directly affect or engender such myocardial lesions. 4) It is still remained to be solved whether the dysfunction of the heart with organic changes may partially contribute to the occurrence of cerebral stroke. 5) VCG appeared to correspond to the organic changes of the heart.", "PMID": 731900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_936", "title": "Blood pressure in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) exposed to unusual environmental temperature.", "content": "1) It is generally accepted that the adequate environmental temperature to rear rats is about 23 degrees C, but the adequate temperature that directly contacts to the animal's skin seems to be about 30 degrees C. 2) The blood pressure increased on cold exposure or stimulation. There was a case that the blood pressure increased slightly on hot exposure. This suggests that it is necessary to pay close attention to the condition of warming-up at the indirect measurement of blood pressure. 3) Apoplexy seemed to occur earlier at the low environmental temperature, and the blood pressure seemed to increase also at the high temperature. However, these temperature effects on blood pressure and the incidence of stroke were not so obvious as observed in rearing SP with 0.9% salt solution for drinking.", "contents": "Blood pressure in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) exposed to unusual environmental temperature. 1) It is generally accepted that the adequate environmental temperature to rear rats is about 23 degrees C, but the adequate temperature that directly contacts to the animal's skin seems to be about 30 degrees C. 2) The blood pressure increased on cold exposure or stimulation. There was a case that the blood pressure increased slightly on hot exposure. This suggests that it is necessary to pay close attention to the condition of warming-up at the indirect measurement of blood pressure. 3) Apoplexy seemed to occur earlier at the low environmental temperature, and the blood pressure seemed to increase also at the high temperature. However, these temperature effects on blood pressure and the incidence of stroke were not so obvious as observed in rearing SP with 0.9% salt solution for drinking.", "PMID": 731903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_937", "title": "Effects of chlorella alkali extract on blood pressure in SHR.", "content": "When chlorella was treated with alkali after decolorization by methyl alcohol and then fractionated by gel filtration, the fraction showed a depressive effect. The blood pressure of SHRSP and SHR showed a fall of an average of 63 mmHG 1 hour after intravenous administration, 47 MMHg 2 hours after intraperitoneal administration. The blood pressure of normotensive Wistar rats also showed a fall of an average of 32 mmHg 1 hour after intravenous administration.", "contents": "Effects of chlorella alkali extract on blood pressure in SHR. When chlorella was treated with alkali after decolorization by methyl alcohol and then fractionated by gel filtration, the fraction showed a depressive effect. The blood pressure of SHRSP and SHR showed a fall of an average of 63 mmHG 1 hour after intravenous administration, 47 MMHg 2 hours after intraperitoneal administration. The blood pressure of normotensive Wistar rats also showed a fall of an average of 32 mmHg 1 hour after intravenous administration.", "PMID": 731905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_938", "title": "On the findings of stroke-prone SHR.", "content": "The fundus of 82 SHRSP were observed and all of them showed the narrowing caliber irregularity of retinal arterioles and optic disc edema. Moreover, tortuosity of retinal arterioles was characteristic.", "contents": "On the findings of stroke-prone SHR. The fundus of 82 SHRSP were observed and all of them showed the narrowing caliber irregularity of retinal arterioles and optic disc edema. Moreover, tortuosity of retinal arterioles was characteristic.", "PMID": 731915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_939", "title": "Fluorescein fundus angiography of stroke-prone SHR.", "content": "The fluorescein fundus angiography was performed on SHRSP, SHR, and NR. The following results were obtained. 1. No expravasation of fluorescein from retinal vessels of SHR and NR was observed at any phase of circulation. 2. The extravasation of fluorescein from retinal arterioles and peripapillary capillary of SHRSP of post-hypertensive stage was seen at arterial phase of circulation. These extravasation of fluorescein coincided with the initial stage of stroke incidence.", "contents": "Fluorescein fundus angiography of stroke-prone SHR. The fluorescein fundus angiography was performed on SHRSP, SHR, and NR. The following results were obtained. 1. No expravasation of fluorescein from retinal vessels of SHR and NR was observed at any phase of circulation. 2. The extravasation of fluorescein from retinal arterioles and peripapillary capillary of SHRSP of post-hypertensive stage was seen at arterial phase of circulation. These extravasation of fluorescein coincided with the initial stage of stroke incidence.", "PMID": 731916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_940", "title": "The molecular weight and character of plasma renin in SHRSP.", "content": "1. The molecular weight was 49,800 in SHRSP, quite different from the 43,300 of WK and the 49,500 and 37,700 of SHR, in females at the age of 200 days. 2. The molecular weight of plasma renin of female WK at the age of 90, 120, and 200 days ranged from 41,000 to 43,000 showing little variation. 3. The molecular weight of plasma renin varied according to the elevation of blood pressure. When blood pressure were 163, 200 to 250, and 267 mmHg, it showed 40,500, about 50,000, and about 60,000, respectively. 4. When subjected to an acid treatment, the high molecular type of SHRSP, showing molecular weights of plasma renin of about 50,000 to 60,000, increased in plasma renin activity by from 1.3 to 4.0 times.", "contents": "The molecular weight and character of plasma renin in SHRSP. 1. The molecular weight was 49,800 in SHRSP, quite different from the 43,300 of WK and the 49,500 and 37,700 of SHR, in females at the age of 200 days. 2. The molecular weight of plasma renin of female WK at the age of 90, 120, and 200 days ranged from 41,000 to 43,000 showing little variation. 3. The molecular weight of plasma renin varied according to the elevation of blood pressure. When blood pressure were 163, 200 to 250, and 267 mmHg, it showed 40,500, about 50,000, and about 60,000, respectively. 4. When subjected to an acid treatment, the high molecular type of SHRSP, showing molecular weights of plasma renin of about 50,000 to 60,000, increased in plasma renin activity by from 1.3 to 4.0 times.", "PMID": 731920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_941", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The absorption of radioactive cholesterol tended to be increased, and the catabolism of cholesterol detected by the decay of radioactive cholesterol in the serum after the intraperitoneal injection was delayed in ALR in comparison with normotensive WK rats. The reactive hypercholesterolemia in the ALR which had been selectively bred for a greater hypercholesterolemia was ascribed to the decreased cholesterol catabolism.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The absorption of radioactive cholesterol tended to be increased, and the catabolism of cholesterol detected by the decay of radioactive cholesterol in the serum after the intraperitoneal injection was delayed in ALR in comparison with normotensive WK rats. The reactive hypercholesterolemia in the ALR which had been selectively bred for a greater hypercholesterolemia was ascribed to the decreased cholesterol catabolism.", "PMID": 731925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_942", "title": "Sinoatrial response to premature atrial stimulation during atrial pacing in aged patients with and without sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "Sinus node function was analysed in 15 aged patients, including 8 with sick sinus syndrome and 7 without apparent sinus node dysfunction, by rapid artial pacing and premature atrial stimulation during sinus rhythm and 5 beats of atrial pacing. Three patterns of sinoatrial response were identified by premature atrial stimulation during atrial pacing. Type I response (3 cases) represented approximately constant return cycles and type II (2 cases) represented a markedly prolonged return cycles following premature stimulation. Type III response was characterized by a progressive shortening of return cycles as the prematurity of atrial extrastimuli was increased. Underlying mechanisms responsible for these responses were discussed in relation to the sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction.", "contents": "Sinoatrial response to premature atrial stimulation during atrial pacing in aged patients with and without sinus node dysfunction. Sinus node function was analysed in 15 aged patients, including 8 with sick sinus syndrome and 7 without apparent sinus node dysfunction, by rapid artial pacing and premature atrial stimulation during sinus rhythm and 5 beats of atrial pacing. Three patterns of sinoatrial response were identified by premature atrial stimulation during atrial pacing. Type I response (3 cases) represented approximately constant return cycles and type II (2 cases) represented a markedly prolonged return cycles following premature stimulation. Type III response was characterized by a progressive shortening of return cycles as the prematurity of atrial extrastimuli was increased. Underlying mechanisms responsible for these responses were discussed in relation to the sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction.", "PMID": 731931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_943", "title": "Precordial ST-segment changes and serum enzyme levels in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial study of 72-lead precordial ST-maps, SGOT, and SLDH was done in 30 cases of acute myocardial infarction. Infarct size was estimated by sum of ST elevation in all leads (sigma ST), number of sites showing ST elevation (NST), peak SGOT, and peak SLDH levels, and correlated with each other and with clinical features and hospital course. sigma ST correlated well with NST (r=0.92), but the correlations of sigma ST with SGOT (r=0.99) and SLDH (r=3.84) were better than those of NST with SGOT (r=0.22) and SLDH (r=0.53). There were close agreements between sigma ST and peak SGOT and peak SLDH except in the cases of non-transmural infarction, in whom smaller sigma ST suggesting small infract occurred with higher enzyme peaks indicating moderate or large infarct. Longer duration of chest pain, larger number of associated conditions (e.g. angina, hypertension, diabetes), complications (e.g. congestive heart failure, shock, arrhythmias) and mortality were associated with larger infarcts.", "contents": "Precordial ST-segment changes and serum enzyme levels in acute myocardial infarction. Serial study of 72-lead precordial ST-maps, SGOT, and SLDH was done in 30 cases of acute myocardial infarction. Infarct size was estimated by sum of ST elevation in all leads (sigma ST), number of sites showing ST elevation (NST), peak SGOT, and peak SLDH levels, and correlated with each other and with clinical features and hospital course. sigma ST correlated well with NST (r=0.92), but the correlations of sigma ST with SGOT (r=0.99) and SLDH (r=3.84) were better than those of NST with SGOT (r=0.22) and SLDH (r=0.53). There were close agreements between sigma ST and peak SGOT and peak SLDH except in the cases of non-transmural infarction, in whom smaller sigma ST suggesting small infract occurred with higher enzyme peaks indicating moderate or large infarct. Longer duration of chest pain, larger number of associated conditions (e.g. angina, hypertension, diabetes), complications (e.g. congestive heart failure, shock, arrhythmias) and mortality were associated with larger infarcts.", "PMID": 731932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_944", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular filling in mitral stenosis. Role of atrial contraction.", "content": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular volume change during rapid and atrial filling periods was made in patients with mital stenosis. The significant reduction of rapid filling volume was observed and the rate of rapid filling was approximately the half of normal in mitral stenosis. The rapid filling period showed a good correlation to the mitral valve area measured at operation. After surgical treatment, the rate of rapid filling was significantly increased but was still significantly smaller than normal. It was suggested that the remained structural abnormality of mitral apparatus depressed the inflow through the mitral valve in early diastole despite successful mitral valvotomy. Left ventricular filling during atrial contraction (atrial filling) was augmented twice as much as normal in patients with milder mitral stenosis, compensating the decreased early diastolic filling. In contrast, the atrial filling did not increase in severe mitral stenosis, resulting in the decreased cardiac output. Following mitral commissurotomy, the atrial filling in milder mitral stenosis was reduced but remained significantly larger than normal. There was no change of atrial filling in severe mitral stenosis postoperatively. This fact suggested the existence of impaired contraction of left atrium in cases with severe mitral stenosis. Our results show that the altered left atrial transport function plays an important role in the left ventricular filling in mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular filling in mitral stenosis. Role of atrial contraction. Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular volume change during rapid and atrial filling periods was made in patients with mital stenosis. The significant reduction of rapid filling volume was observed and the rate of rapid filling was approximately the half of normal in mitral stenosis. The rapid filling period showed a good correlation to the mitral valve area measured at operation. After surgical treatment, the rate of rapid filling was significantly increased but was still significantly smaller than normal. It was suggested that the remained structural abnormality of mitral apparatus depressed the inflow through the mitral valve in early diastole despite successful mitral valvotomy. Left ventricular filling during atrial contraction (atrial filling) was augmented twice as much as normal in patients with milder mitral stenosis, compensating the decreased early diastolic filling. In contrast, the atrial filling did not increase in severe mitral stenosis, resulting in the decreased cardiac output. Following mitral commissurotomy, the atrial filling in milder mitral stenosis was reduced but remained significantly larger than normal. There was no change of atrial filling in severe mitral stenosis postoperatively. This fact suggested the existence of impaired contraction of left atrium in cases with severe mitral stenosis. Our results show that the altered left atrial transport function plays an important role in the left ventricular filling in mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 731933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_945", "title": "Effect of amyl nitrite inhalation on the abnormal T loop of vectorcardiogram.", "content": "The effect of amyl nitrite (AN) on the vectorcardiographic T loop was studied in 17 cases who had negative T waves in the left chest leads of ECG. Thirty sec after AN inhalation the maximum T vector was displaced to the left and anteriorly in 15 and to the left and posteriorly in 2 cases. The magnitude of maximum spatial T vector was decreased and the spatial T loop became more circular. Changes in the amplitude of T loop projected to the scalar lead X were closely related with changes in the heart rate which would represent the sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Effect of amyl nitrite inhalation on the abnormal T loop of vectorcardiogram. The effect of amyl nitrite (AN) on the vectorcardiographic T loop was studied in 17 cases who had negative T waves in the left chest leads of ECG. Thirty sec after AN inhalation the maximum T vector was displaced to the left and anteriorly in 15 and to the left and posteriorly in 2 cases. The magnitude of maximum spatial T vector was decreased and the spatial T loop became more circular. Changes in the amplitude of T loop projected to the scalar lead X were closely related with changes in the heart rate which would represent the sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 731934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_946", "title": "Correlation between systolic time intervals and roentgen findings in normal subjects and cardiopathic patients.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of non-invasive parameters in the follow-up of cardiopathic patients without valvular cardiac diseases. In 49 patients suffering from heart disease we have studied the changes of radiologic cardiac measurements and systolic time intervals (STI) in the 4 functional classes of the NYHA classification, investigating also the existence of any relationship between these different parameters. Only the patients in the 3rd and the 4th functional classes showed significant changes in STI and radiologic measurements, as compared with the control group. Moreover, significant negative correlations have been observed between relative heart volume and LVET (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001) and LVETc (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) and positive correlations between relative heart volume and PEP (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01) and PEP/LVET ratio (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001). These results, while confirming the close correlation between STI and cardiac performance, seem to demonstrate that relative heart volumetry is a fairly accurate index of the cardiac conditions in non-valvular heart diseases.", "contents": "Correlation between systolic time intervals and roentgen findings in normal subjects and cardiopathic patients. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of non-invasive parameters in the follow-up of cardiopathic patients without valvular cardiac diseases. In 49 patients suffering from heart disease we have studied the changes of radiologic cardiac measurements and systolic time intervals (STI) in the 4 functional classes of the NYHA classification, investigating also the existence of any relationship between these different parameters. Only the patients in the 3rd and the 4th functional classes showed significant changes in STI and radiologic measurements, as compared with the control group. Moreover, significant negative correlations have been observed between relative heart volume and LVET (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001) and LVETc (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) and positive correlations between relative heart volume and PEP (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01) and PEP/LVET ratio (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001). These results, while confirming the close correlation between STI and cardiac performance, seem to demonstrate that relative heart volumetry is a fairly accurate index of the cardiac conditions in non-valvular heart diseases.", "PMID": 731935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_947", "title": "Role of renin-angiotensin system in the controls of blood pressure and aldosterone in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the role of renin-angiotensin system in the contols of blood pressure and aldosterone secretion in the patients with cirrhosis and asictes, 7 patients were infused of an antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar-1 Ile-8 angiotensin II, intravenously to inhibit the action of renin-angiotensin system and to observe changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone. In 1 patient with recent onset of severe ascites and high plasma renin activity, blood pressure and plasma aldosterone decreased during the infusion. In contrast, mild rise in blood pressure and various changes in plasma aldosterone were observed in the other 6 patients with normal plasma renin activity. These results suggest variable angiotensin dependency in the controls of blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in the patients with cirrhosis and ascites according to the stage of the disease, the states of sodium and water balance and/or palasma renin activity.", "contents": "Role of renin-angiotensin system in the controls of blood pressure and aldosterone in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. In an attempt to evaluate the role of renin-angiotensin system in the contols of blood pressure and aldosterone secretion in the patients with cirrhosis and asictes, 7 patients were infused of an antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar-1 Ile-8 angiotensin II, intravenously to inhibit the action of renin-angiotensin system and to observe changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone. In 1 patient with recent onset of severe ascites and high plasma renin activity, blood pressure and plasma aldosterone decreased during the infusion. In contrast, mild rise in blood pressure and various changes in plasma aldosterone were observed in the other 6 patients with normal plasma renin activity. These results suggest variable angiotensin dependency in the controls of blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in the patients with cirrhosis and ascites according to the stage of the disease, the states of sodium and water balance and/or palasma renin activity.", "PMID": 731936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_948", "title": "An observation of thromboxane A2 in arterial blood after cholesterol feeding in rabbits.", "content": "Agents responsible for the entry of cholesterol-bearing lipoproteins into the arterial wall represent local risk factors in atherogenesis. In an attempt to identify these agents, we inserted a catheter into the ascending aorta of rabbits and 5 ml of arterial blood sample was withdrawn. The contraction of the aortic strip of rabbit against Piper and Vane's antagonists with application of this sample was observed. Samples obtained after feeding of 1 Gm/Kg of cholesterol and after an intravenous administration of thromboxan A2 (TXA2) contracted the aortic strip. Samples from non-treated rabbits or those obtained after intravenous administration of 10 microgram of epinephrine or norepinephrine did not contract the strip. Previous administration of 20 mg/Kg of indomethacin decreased the contraction developed after feeding of 1 Gm/Kg of cholesterol. It was suggested that TXA2 might be released into the arterial blood by the ingestion of cholesterol and might be one of the agents repsonsible for the entry of lipoproteins.", "contents": "An observation of thromboxane A2 in arterial blood after cholesterol feeding in rabbits. Agents responsible for the entry of cholesterol-bearing lipoproteins into the arterial wall represent local risk factors in atherogenesis. In an attempt to identify these agents, we inserted a catheter into the ascending aorta of rabbits and 5 ml of arterial blood sample was withdrawn. The contraction of the aortic strip of rabbit against Piper and Vane's antagonists with application of this sample was observed. Samples obtained after feeding of 1 Gm/Kg of cholesterol and after an intravenous administration of thromboxan A2 (TXA2) contracted the aortic strip. Samples from non-treated rabbits or those obtained after intravenous administration of 10 microgram of epinephrine or norepinephrine did not contract the strip. Previous administration of 20 mg/Kg of indomethacin decreased the contraction developed after feeding of 1 Gm/Kg of cholesterol. It was suggested that TXA2 might be released into the arterial blood by the ingestion of cholesterol and might be one of the agents repsonsible for the entry of lipoproteins.", "PMID": 731937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_949", "title": "Direct recording of cardiac output- and venous return-curves in the dog heart-lung preparation for a graphical analysis of the effects of cardioactive drugs.", "content": "The dog heart-lung preparations were prepared. The \"equilibrium point\", which could be defined as the point at which the cardiac output (CO)-curve and the venous return (VR)-curve crossed, when the CO and VR were plotted against the right atrial pressure, was recorded directly by utilizing an X-Y recorder. The CO-curve was obtained, as a locus of the equilibrium point, by raising and lowering the level of blood in the venous reservoir (competence test). The meaning of the procedure was shown to increase or decrease the mean systemic pressure, and to cause the corresponding parallel shift in the VR-curve. The VR-curve was obtained by changing myocardial contractility. When heart failure was induced by pentobarbital or by chloroform, the equilibrium point shifted downwards to the right, depicting the VR-curve. During development of the failure, the slopes of CO-curves decreased gradually. Effects of cinobufagin and norepinephrine were also analyzed. Utilization of the X-Y recorder enabled us to settle the uniform experimental conditions more easily, and to follow the effects of drugs continuously on a diagram equating the CO- and VR-curves (Gyton's scheme).", "contents": "Direct recording of cardiac output- and venous return-curves in the dog heart-lung preparation for a graphical analysis of the effects of cardioactive drugs. The dog heart-lung preparations were prepared. The \"equilibrium point\", which could be defined as the point at which the cardiac output (CO)-curve and the venous return (VR)-curve crossed, when the CO and VR were plotted against the right atrial pressure, was recorded directly by utilizing an X-Y recorder. The CO-curve was obtained, as a locus of the equilibrium point, by raising and lowering the level of blood in the venous reservoir (competence test). The meaning of the procedure was shown to increase or decrease the mean systemic pressure, and to cause the corresponding parallel shift in the VR-curve. The VR-curve was obtained by changing myocardial contractility. When heart failure was induced by pentobarbital or by chloroform, the equilibrium point shifted downwards to the right, depicting the VR-curve. During development of the failure, the slopes of CO-curves decreased gradually. Effects of cinobufagin and norepinephrine were also analyzed. Utilization of the X-Y recorder enabled us to settle the uniform experimental conditions more easily, and to follow the effects of drugs continuously on a diagram equating the CO- and VR-curves (Gyton's scheme).", "PMID": 731938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_950", "title": "Some frontiers in comparative studies of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "A prospective survey on the comparative studies of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was made at the final session of the Japan-U.S. Cooperative Seminar, held on November 14--19, 1977, at Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan. Strategies and tactics of the research have been clarified. In morphological studies, the strategy is to clarify structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in representative species of vetebrate classes. In chemical studies, each component of the RAS must be established in each vertebrate class. Since we now know the existence of severel new angiotensins in vertebrates, their amino-acid sequences must be determined. They must be synthesized in sufficient purity. It is necessary to establish the international purity and assay criteria for synthetic angiotensins. In comparative studies on physiological aspects, the strategy is to establish the physiological roles of the RAS in vertebrate classes. Controls of blood pressure, of aldostrone secretion, of glomerular filtration rate and tubular transport, and of drinking and intestinal absorpiton are the candidates. Physiological roles of extrarenal renin as well as renal one are interesting. A renin-like substance in the corpuscles of Stannius in the teleosts has been identified preliminarily as hypocalcin. Many frontiers exist in these fields, and one can expect fruitful contributions to research of the cardiovascular disease in humans through comparative studies of the RAS.", "contents": "Some frontiers in comparative studies of the renin-angiotensin system. A prospective survey on the comparative studies of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was made at the final session of the Japan-U.S. Cooperative Seminar, held on November 14--19, 1977, at Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan. Strategies and tactics of the research have been clarified. In morphological studies, the strategy is to clarify structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in representative species of vetebrate classes. In chemical studies, each component of the RAS must be established in each vertebrate class. Since we now know the existence of severel new angiotensins in vertebrates, their amino-acid sequences must be determined. They must be synthesized in sufficient purity. It is necessary to establish the international purity and assay criteria for synthetic angiotensins. In comparative studies on physiological aspects, the strategy is to establish the physiological roles of the RAS in vertebrate classes. Controls of blood pressure, of aldostrone secretion, of glomerular filtration rate and tubular transport, and of drinking and intestinal absorpiton are the candidates. Physiological roles of extrarenal renin as well as renal one are interesting. A renin-like substance in the corpuscles of Stannius in the teleosts has been identified preliminarily as hypocalcin. Many frontiers exist in these fields, and one can expect fruitful contributions to research of the cardiovascular disease in humans through comparative studies of the RAS.", "PMID": 731939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_951", "title": "Occurrence of the renin-angiotensin system in the vertebrates.", "content": "The presence and absence of renin activity and juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) in the kidney have been extensively studied among the vertebrates. Renin and JGC have been found in the kidneys of tetrapods  and teleostean fishes. Therefore the renin-angiotensin system probably appeared first during early evolution of teleosts. However, the findings of various investigators need to be analyzed precisely to summarize and the subjects remained for further research need to be pointed out. There still remains a possiblity that a similar hormone is present in the cyclostomes and elasmobranchs. There are some discrepancies between the renal renin activity determined biochemically and the histological visualization of the granules in some primitive bony fishes. There are contradictory reports regarding the presence of macula densa in nonmammalian kidney. The fact that JGC are present extrarenally in sea-horses may suggest some function of this system. Renin-like activity has been reported extra-renally in various mammalian tissues and in the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) in teleosts. Physiological roles of these extrarenal renin have not been clarified. It has been demonstrated that CG contain 'hypocalcin' which lowers plasma Ca level. It is of interest in determining the possible relationship between the renin-angiotensin substances in CS and hypocalcin.", "contents": "Occurrence of the renin-angiotensin system in the vertebrates. The presence and absence of renin activity and juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) in the kidney have been extensively studied among the vertebrates. Renin and JGC have been found in the kidneys of tetrapods  and teleostean fishes. Therefore the renin-angiotensin system probably appeared first during early evolution of teleosts. However, the findings of various investigators need to be analyzed precisely to summarize and the subjects remained for further research need to be pointed out. There still remains a possiblity that a similar hormone is present in the cyclostomes and elasmobranchs. There are some discrepancies between the renal renin activity determined biochemically and the histological visualization of the granules in some primitive bony fishes. There are contradictory reports regarding the presence of macula densa in nonmammalian kidney. The fact that JGC are present extrarenally in sea-horses may suggest some function of this system. Renin-like activity has been reported extra-renally in various mammalian tissues and in the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) in teleosts. Physiological roles of these extrarenal renin have not been clarified. It has been demonstrated that CG contain 'hypocalcin' which lowers plasma Ca level. It is of interest in determining the possible relationship between the renin-angiotensin substances in CS and hypocalcin.", "PMID": 731940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_952", "title": "Comparative biochemistry of renins and angiotensins in the vertebrates.", "content": "Comparative biochemistry of renins and angiotensins was discussed. Renin extracted from hog kidney was different from that from mouse submaxillary glands in immunoreactivity and carbohydrate content. Rat kidney renin was also different from hog kidney renin in the amino acid composition. The presence of big and big-big renins was pointed out immunochemically. These big renins were considered to be precursors of kidney renin. Angiotensins in mammalian and nonmammalian species produced by renal or extrarenal renin have been differentiated by some biochemical and pharmacological criteria. Some of these angiotensins were analyzed sequentially. The replacements of amino acid residues at positions 1, 5, and/or 9 of angiotensin I have been demonstrated in nonmammalian species. Specific pressor activities have been determined using synthetic angiotensins by a 4 point assay in rat. Specific pressor activities of various angiotensins were obtained from the dose-blood pressure-response curves using a single angiotensin sample per assay rat.", "contents": "Comparative biochemistry of renins and angiotensins in the vertebrates. Comparative biochemistry of renins and angiotensins was discussed. Renin extracted from hog kidney was different from that from mouse submaxillary glands in immunoreactivity and carbohydrate content. Rat kidney renin was also different from hog kidney renin in the amino acid composition. The presence of big and big-big renins was pointed out immunochemically. These big renins were considered to be precursors of kidney renin. Angiotensins in mammalian and nonmammalian species produced by renal or extrarenal renin have been differentiated by some biochemical and pharmacological criteria. Some of these angiotensins were analyzed sequentially. The replacements of amino acid residues at positions 1, 5, and/or 9 of angiotensin I have been demonstrated in nonmammalian species. Specific pressor activities have been determined using synthetic angiotensins by a 4 point assay in rat. Specific pressor activities of various angiotensins were obtained from the dose-blood pressure-response curves using a single angiotensin sample per assay rat.", "PMID": 731941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_953", "title": "Physiological evolution of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mammals may participate in the controls of blood pressure and aldosterone secretion, and possibly in the regulation of renal function. It has been shown that renin release is controlled by:1) two intrarenal receptors, the renal arteriolar receptor and the macula densa; 2) the sympathetic nervous system; and 3) several humoral agents. Recent studies indicate interrelations between the RAS and renal prostaglandins and the kallikrein-kinin system. Comparative studies have revealed that renal renin and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells emerged during the early evolution of bony fishes, wherease the macula densa evolved later in the vertebrate phylogney. Exogenously administered angiotensins and renin produce vasopressor actions in representative species of all vertebrate classes from elasmobranchs to mammals, and increase secreations of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex (interrenal) in amphibians, repitles, and possibly in teleosts. Angiotensin causes glomerular diuresis in teleosts and lung-fishes, which may be ascribed to increased dorsal aortic pressure, while angiotensin may have both glomerular and tubular actions in some amphibians. Intracranial injection of angiotensin stimulates drinking in teleosts, repites, and birds, but not in amphibians. Hemorrage and acute hypotension are potent stimuli for causing renin release in an aglomerular teleost and a bird. When we consider this fact together with the anatomical evidence that the evolution of the JG cells precedes that of the macula densa, it appears that the RAS HAS EVOLVED WITH A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP TO BLOOD PRESSURE HOEMOSTASIS. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence that the RAS is activated in depleted teleosts and amphibians. Although the RAS appears to exert several functions in man and other mammals, some of them may be more important in primitive animals, while a similar function remains in mammals as a relic of the primitive system. Comparative approaches provide a perspective of biological history and unique experimental model that will eventually aid in understanding of the underlying mechanisms operating in mammals.", "contents": "Physiological evolution of the renin-angiotensin system. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mammals may participate in the controls of blood pressure and aldosterone secretion, and possibly in the regulation of renal function. It has been shown that renin release is controlled by:1) two intrarenal receptors, the renal arteriolar receptor and the macula densa; 2) the sympathetic nervous system; and 3) several humoral agents. Recent studies indicate interrelations between the RAS and renal prostaglandins and the kallikrein-kinin system. Comparative studies have revealed that renal renin and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells emerged during the early evolution of bony fishes, wherease the macula densa evolved later in the vertebrate phylogney. Exogenously administered angiotensins and renin produce vasopressor actions in representative species of all vertebrate classes from elasmobranchs to mammals, and increase secreations of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex (interrenal) in amphibians, repitles, and possibly in teleosts. Angiotensin causes glomerular diuresis in teleosts and lung-fishes, which may be ascribed to increased dorsal aortic pressure, while angiotensin may have both glomerular and tubular actions in some amphibians. Intracranial injection of angiotensin stimulates drinking in teleosts, repites, and birds, but not in amphibians. Hemorrage and acute hypotension are potent stimuli for causing renin release in an aglomerular teleost and a bird. When we consider this fact together with the anatomical evidence that the evolution of the JG cells precedes that of the macula densa, it appears that the RAS HAS EVOLVED WITH A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP TO BLOOD PRESSURE HOEMOSTASIS. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence that the RAS is activated in depleted teleosts and amphibians. Although the RAS appears to exert several functions in man and other mammals, some of them may be more important in primitive animals, while a similar function remains in mammals as a relic of the primitive system. Comparative approaches provide a perspective of biological history and unique experimental model that will eventually aid in understanding of the underlying mechanisms operating in mammals.", "PMID": 731942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_954", "title": "Congenital aortic regurgitation observed in a thalidomide-deformed child.", "content": "A case of aortic regurgitation observed in a thalidomide deformed child is presented. Possibility of thalidomide as an etiologic factor was discussed.", "contents": "Congenital aortic regurgitation observed in a thalidomide-deformed child. A case of aortic regurgitation observed in a thalidomide deformed child is presented. Possibility of thalidomide as an etiologic factor was discussed.", "PMID": 731943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_955", "title": "Specific inhibition of desmosterol synthesis by ML--236B in mouse LM cells grown in suspension in a lipid-free medium.", "content": "The suspended growth of LM cells in a lipid-free chemically defined medium was almost completely inhibited in the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml of ML-236B, a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in mammalian cells. This inhibition was effectively counteracted by adding a small amount of either mevalonate or cholesterol (dispersed in delipidated calf serum) to culture medium. The synthesis of desmosterol, the end product of sterol biosynthesis in LM cells, from [14C]acetate in cultured cells was highly sensitive to ML-236B, being inhibited 35 and 60% at its concentrations of 0.1 and 1 ng/ml, respectively, while the incorporation of [3H]mevalonate into desmosterol was not affected by ML-236B at concentrations up to 0.1 microgram/ml. Synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, triglycerides and macromolecules like DNA, RNA and protein were not suppressed by 10 microgram/ml of ML-236B. Desmosterol content of LM cells was reduced by treatment with ML-236B. These results indicate that ML-236B inhibited cell growth via specific interference in the pathway of sterol biosynthesis, presumably on the step catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of desmosterol synthesis by ML--236B in mouse LM cells grown in suspension in a lipid-free medium. The suspended growth of LM cells in a lipid-free chemically defined medium was almost completely inhibited in the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml of ML-236B, a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in mammalian cells. This inhibition was effectively counteracted by adding a small amount of either mevalonate or cholesterol (dispersed in delipidated calf serum) to culture medium. The synthesis of desmosterol, the end product of sterol biosynthesis in LM cells, from [14C]acetate in cultured cells was highly sensitive to ML-236B, being inhibited 35 and 60% at its concentrations of 0.1 and 1 ng/ml, respectively, while the incorporation of [3H]mevalonate into desmosterol was not affected by ML-236B at concentrations up to 0.1 microgram/ml. Synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, triglycerides and macromolecules like DNA, RNA and protein were not suppressed by 10 microgram/ml of ML-236B. Desmosterol content of LM cells was reduced by treatment with ML-236B. These results indicate that ML-236B inhibited cell growth via specific interference in the pathway of sterol biosynthesis, presumably on the step catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase.", "PMID": 732030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_956", "title": "Studies on adjuvants for human prophylactics. I. Comparison of efficiencies of different adjuvants at various stages of immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.", "content": "Kinetic studies on the adjuvanticities of several substances with different modes of action were performed in guinea pigs by using tetanus and diphtheria toxoids as the antigens. When injected subcutaneously into animals, aluminium, endotoxin, pertussis vaccine and water in oil in water (w/o/w) showed very similar adjuvanticities to tetanus toxoid at the beginning stage of immunization, but the activities except that of aluminium became less significant at later stages after the primary stimulus when antitoxin was produced abundantly. Poly L-lysine and to a less extent poly A:U showed potent adjuvanticities next to that of aluminium throughout the whole immunization period. Combination of poly L-lysine with 0.03 mg aluminium showed a similar adjuvanticity to that of 0.9 mg of aluminium alone. In contrast to rather low adjuvanticities to tetanus toxoid, more distinct adjuvanticities were observed to diphtheria toxoid throughout the whole period of immunization with various substances such as aluminium, poly A:U, w/o/w and poly L-lysine but not with endotoxin.", "contents": "Studies on adjuvants for human prophylactics. I. Comparison of efficiencies of different adjuvants at various stages of immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Kinetic studies on the adjuvanticities of several substances with different modes of action were performed in guinea pigs by using tetanus and diphtheria toxoids as the antigens. When injected subcutaneously into animals, aluminium, endotoxin, pertussis vaccine and water in oil in water (w/o/w) showed very similar adjuvanticities to tetanus toxoid at the beginning stage of immunization, but the activities except that of aluminium became less significant at later stages after the primary stimulus when antitoxin was produced abundantly. Poly L-lysine and to a less extent poly A:U showed potent adjuvanticities next to that of aluminium throughout the whole immunization period. Combination of poly L-lysine with 0.03 mg aluminium showed a similar adjuvanticity to that of 0.9 mg of aluminium alone. In contrast to rather low adjuvanticities to tetanus toxoid, more distinct adjuvanticities were observed to diphtheria toxoid throughout the whole period of immunization with various substances such as aluminium, poly A:U, w/o/w and poly L-lysine but not with endotoxin.", "PMID": 732031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_957", "title": "Studies on the venomous spicules and spines of moth caterpillars. I. Fine structure and development of the venomous spicules of the Euproctis caterpillars.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed unique structures and development of the venomous spicules of tussock moth caterpillars of the genus Euproctis: (1) Flower-like structure at the distal end and a longitudinal minute depression on the proximal subapical wall of these spicules were observed by SEM. This depression was revealed to be a small hole by TEM. (2) During molting, observed were cytoplasmic processes of several trichogen cells penetrating the cytoplasm of a tormogen cell to form the spicules with the holes at their subapical portions. A papilla was formed by a tormogen and several epidermal cells. (3) After the molting, the cytoplasmic process in a spicule disappeared and the spicule cavity was replaced by electron-dense materials secreted apparently from the trichogen cell. (4) It was considered that the electron-dense materials were the main toxic or precursory substances in the Euproctis spicules.", "contents": "Studies on the venomous spicules and spines of moth caterpillars. I. Fine structure and development of the venomous spicules of the Euproctis caterpillars. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed unique structures and development of the venomous spicules of tussock moth caterpillars of the genus Euproctis: (1) Flower-like structure at the distal end and a longitudinal minute depression on the proximal subapical wall of these spicules were observed by SEM. This depression was revealed to be a small hole by TEM. (2) During molting, observed were cytoplasmic processes of several trichogen cells penetrating the cytoplasm of a tormogen cell to form the spicules with the holes at their subapical portions. A papilla was formed by a tormogen and several epidermal cells. (3) After the molting, the cytoplasmic process in a spicule disappeared and the spicule cavity was replaced by electron-dense materials secreted apparently from the trichogen cell. (4) It was considered that the electron-dense materials were the main toxic or precursory substances in the Euproctis spicules.", "PMID": 732032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_958", "title": "Contractile responses of isolated dog mesenteric arteries to angiotensin I, II and III.", "content": "The addition of angiotensin (Ang-) I, II and III caused a dose-dependent contraction of helically cut strips of dog mesenteric arteries. Tachyphylaxis developed following repeated additions of angiotensins. Average median effective concentrations of Ang-I, II and III were 3.7, 0.8 and 2.5 X 10(-8) M, respectively. Contractile responses to the angiotensins were attenuated to a similar extent by Ang-II antagonists, Sar1 Ileu8 Ang-II and Sar1 Ala8 Ang-II, but were unaffected by phentolamine, methysergide and diphenhydramine. The response to Ang-I was significantly reduced by treatment with bradykinin-potentiator B, while the response to Ang-II was not influenced. It may be concluded that Ang-I, II and III produce contractions possibly by activation of same Ang-II receptors and that contractions induced by Ang-I are associated, to some extent, with a conversion to Ang-II in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Contractile responses of isolated dog mesenteric arteries to angiotensin I, II and III. The addition of angiotensin (Ang-) I, II and III caused a dose-dependent contraction of helically cut strips of dog mesenteric arteries. Tachyphylaxis developed following repeated additions of angiotensins. Average median effective concentrations of Ang-I, II and III were 3.7, 0.8 and 2.5 X 10(-8) M, respectively. Contractile responses to the angiotensins were attenuated to a similar extent by Ang-II antagonists, Sar1 Ileu8 Ang-II and Sar1 Ala8 Ang-II, but were unaffected by phentolamine, methysergide and diphenhydramine. The response to Ang-I was significantly reduced by treatment with bradykinin-potentiator B, while the response to Ang-II was not influenced. It may be concluded that Ang-I, II and III produce contractions possibly by activation of same Ang-II receptors and that contractions induced by Ang-I are associated, to some extent, with a conversion to Ang-II in the arterial wall.", "PMID": 732038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_959", "title": "Strain differences in aspirin-induced gastric ulceration in rats.", "content": "We found that there are strain differences in aspirin-induced ulceration in pylorus-ligated rats; the ulcer indices varied, from high to low, in the following order: Donryu greater than Sprague-Dawley greater than Wistar. Several experiments including analysis of gastric contents or ionic flux, determination of serum aspirin esterase activity, absorption of aspirin from the stomach, prothrombin time and hexosamine content in gastric mucosa and juice were performed to elucidate the origin of the differences. A significantly higher acid output in Donryu rats, and higher hexosamine content in the gastric mucosa of Wistar rats were noted. However, it appears unlikely that these factors only contribute to the marked strain difference in aspirin-induced ulcers. The possible different sensitivity of gastric mucosal cell itself to aspirin must be considered.", "contents": "Strain differences in aspirin-induced gastric ulceration in rats. We found that there are strain differences in aspirin-induced ulceration in pylorus-ligated rats; the ulcer indices varied, from high to low, in the following order: Donryu greater than Sprague-Dawley greater than Wistar. Several experiments including analysis of gastric contents or ionic flux, determination of serum aspirin esterase activity, absorption of aspirin from the stomach, prothrombin time and hexosamine content in gastric mucosa and juice were performed to elucidate the origin of the differences. A significantly higher acid output in Donryu rats, and higher hexosamine content in the gastric mucosa of Wistar rats were noted. However, it appears unlikely that these factors only contribute to the marked strain difference in aspirin-induced ulcers. The possible different sensitivity of gastric mucosal cell itself to aspirin must be considered.", "PMID": 732039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_960", "title": "Tryptaminergic mechanism participating in induction of vasoconstriction by adenine nucleotides, adenosine, IMP and inosine in the isolated and blood-perfused hindlimb preparation of the rat.", "content": "The isolated right hindlimb of the recipient rat was perfused at a constant flow rate through the femoral artery with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of a donor. The preparations were under a 99.0 +/- 0.8 mmHg of mean perfusion pressure (N = 63) and 3.3 +/- 0.1 ml/min of blood flow through the right femoral artery. The actions of adenosine, adenosine tri-, die- and monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and inosine on the femoral vascular bed were investigated, respectively. These substances injected into the femoral artery, with the exception of inosine, caused a dose-dependent vasoconstriction always preceded by a temporal vasodilatation. Inosine induced only a prompt vasoconstriction. The vasoconstrictor responses to these substances were diminished or reverted to vasodilator ones after repeated administrations and such were significantly prevented by pretreatment with either reserpine or methysergide. These results indicate that all the purines tested induce a vasoconstriction in the femoral vascular bed of the rat through a common (tryptaminergic) mechanism and that such seem to be potent releasers of 5-hydroxytryptamine from peripheral tryptaminergic storage sites.", "contents": "Tryptaminergic mechanism participating in induction of vasoconstriction by adenine nucleotides, adenosine, IMP and inosine in the isolated and blood-perfused hindlimb preparation of the rat. The isolated right hindlimb of the recipient rat was perfused at a constant flow rate through the femoral artery with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of a donor. The preparations were under a 99.0 +/- 0.8 mmHg of mean perfusion pressure (N = 63) and 3.3 +/- 0.1 ml/min of blood flow through the right femoral artery. The actions of adenosine, adenosine tri-, die- and monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and inosine on the femoral vascular bed were investigated, respectively. These substances injected into the femoral artery, with the exception of inosine, caused a dose-dependent vasoconstriction always preceded by a temporal vasodilatation. Inosine induced only a prompt vasoconstriction. The vasoconstrictor responses to these substances were diminished or reverted to vasodilator ones after repeated administrations and such were significantly prevented by pretreatment with either reserpine or methysergide. These results indicate that all the purines tested induce a vasoconstriction in the femoral vascular bed of the rat through a common (tryptaminergic) mechanism and that such seem to be potent releasers of 5-hydroxytryptamine from peripheral tryptaminergic storage sites.", "PMID": 732040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_961", "title": "Role of gastric motility in development of stress-induced gastric lesions of rats.", "content": "Gastric motility of stressed rats was studied to determine its role in producing stress-induced gastric lesions. Restraint and water immersion resulted in an increase in gastric motility which consisted of an increase in frequency and amplitude of contractions and a rise in gastric tone. This increase reached maximal levels 2 to 4 hr after stress, and persisted thereafter. Formation of gastric lesions was markedly accelerated after occurrence of the increased gastric motility. In contrast, restraint alone neither produced such a vigorous increase in gastric motility, nor were the gastric lesions severe. A continuous infusion of papaverine during restraint and water immersion inhibited increase in frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions and prevented formation of gastric lesions. It is concluded that increased gastric motility is closely associated with marked formation of gastric lesions under conditions of restraint and water immersion stress and is probably a main cause for their vigorous formation, although formation of lesions occurs to a small degree without involvement of gastric motility.", "contents": "Role of gastric motility in development of stress-induced gastric lesions of rats. Gastric motility of stressed rats was studied to determine its role in producing stress-induced gastric lesions. Restraint and water immersion resulted in an increase in gastric motility which consisted of an increase in frequency and amplitude of contractions and a rise in gastric tone. This increase reached maximal levels 2 to 4 hr after stress, and persisted thereafter. Formation of gastric lesions was markedly accelerated after occurrence of the increased gastric motility. In contrast, restraint alone neither produced such a vigorous increase in gastric motility, nor were the gastric lesions severe. A continuous infusion of papaverine during restraint and water immersion inhibited increase in frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions and prevented formation of gastric lesions. It is concluded that increased gastric motility is closely associated with marked formation of gastric lesions under conditions of restraint and water immersion stress and is probably a main cause for their vigorous formation, although formation of lesions occurs to a small degree without involvement of gastric motility.", "PMID": 732041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_962", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of trichlormethiazide in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Antihypertensive and diuretic effects of trichlormethiazide (TCM) were investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The antihypertensive effect of TCM in an acute experiment was observed in male SHR only at a dose over 10 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and not in female SHR and normotensive Kyoto Wistar rats. In a subacute experiment (6 weeks), TCM retarded the development of hypertension in the male SHR loaded with 1% saline solution at an oral dose over 1 mg kg-1 day-1 and such had a diuretic effect. Oral administration of TCM and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) at 10 mg kg-1 day-1 retarded the development of hypertension in the saline loaded female SHR to the same degree, but the relationship between antihypertensive and diuretic effects of both compounds was obscure. Except for decreases of water contents in the thoracic artery and wet weights of hearts, the electrolyte, uric acid, catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine contents in the serum or/and organs were not affected by either TCM or HCT. It is concluded that the antihypertensive effect of TCM and HCT can be observed in SHR with a saline-load, and that the effect may be due to diuretic actions in the male. The relationship was not apparent in female SHR.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of trichlormethiazide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Antihypertensive and diuretic effects of trichlormethiazide (TCM) were investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The antihypertensive effect of TCM in an acute experiment was observed in male SHR only at a dose over 10 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and not in female SHR and normotensive Kyoto Wistar rats. In a subacute experiment (6 weeks), TCM retarded the development of hypertension in the male SHR loaded with 1% saline solution at an oral dose over 1 mg kg-1 day-1 and such had a diuretic effect. Oral administration of TCM and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) at 10 mg kg-1 day-1 retarded the development of hypertension in the saline loaded female SHR to the same degree, but the relationship between antihypertensive and diuretic effects of both compounds was obscure. Except for decreases of water contents in the thoracic artery and wet weights of hearts, the electrolyte, uric acid, catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine contents in the serum or/and organs were not affected by either TCM or HCT. It is concluded that the antihypertensive effect of TCM and HCT can be observed in SHR with a saline-load, and that the effect may be due to diuretic actions in the male. The relationship was not apparent in female SHR.", "PMID": 732042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_963", "title": "Pathophysiology and management of acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage.", "content": "Unlike hemorrhage from peptic ulcer, surgical management for hemorrhage from stress ulcer is not necessarily successful on many occasions. Thus, the most important thing one can try is to prevent the development of this condition. Forty eight patients admitted to the Shock and Trauma Unit, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, who had a primary diagnosis of shock were divided into three groups: group 1 received the standard shock regimen plus large dose steroid therapy repeated every four hours for 36 hours; group 2 received the standard shock regimen plus small dose steroid therapy repeated every four hours for 96 hours; group 3 received the standard shock regimen without the addition of steroids. There was a 57.9 per cent incidence of acute gastric ulceration in those shock patients not treated with steroids (group 3) compared with 33.3 per cent incidence of gastric ulceration in group 2 and 5.9 per cent incidence in group 1. The use of pharmacologic doses of steroids early in the shock state for period of less than 36 hours seems to reduce the incidence of gastric ulceration and hemorrhage in low flow states associated with septic, cardiogenic and hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Pathophysiology and management of acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage. Unlike hemorrhage from peptic ulcer, surgical management for hemorrhage from stress ulcer is not necessarily successful on many occasions. Thus, the most important thing one can try is to prevent the development of this condition. Forty eight patients admitted to the Shock and Trauma Unit, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, who had a primary diagnosis of shock were divided into three groups: group 1 received the standard shock regimen plus large dose steroid therapy repeated every four hours for 36 hours; group 2 received the standard shock regimen plus small dose steroid therapy repeated every four hours for 96 hours; group 3 received the standard shock regimen without the addition of steroids. There was a 57.9 per cent incidence of acute gastric ulceration in those shock patients not treated with steroids (group 3) compared with 33.3 per cent incidence of gastric ulceration in group 2 and 5.9 per cent incidence in group 1. The use of pharmacologic doses of steroids early in the shock state for period of less than 36 hours seems to reduce the incidence of gastric ulceration and hemorrhage in low flow states associated with septic, cardiogenic and hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 732049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_964", "title": "A new bubble oxygenator (OCVC oxygenator): development and clinical application.", "content": "A new bubble oxygenator, designed for simple operation and clinical efficacy in intracardiac surgery, has been developed and clinically evaluated. This device is characterized by an oxygenating chamber with controllable blood-volume, integral heat exchanger and two-stage microfilter of gravity drainage system, an apparatus for creating and uniformly distributing oxygen bubbles, and construction materials of the device known to be minimally traumatic to the blood. Clinical experience in 132 infantile and pediatric open heart procedures has demonstrated its effectiveness as measured by embolic complications and simplicity in maintaining physiologic blood gas levels.", "contents": "A new bubble oxygenator (OCVC oxygenator): development and clinical application. A new bubble oxygenator, designed for simple operation and clinical efficacy in intracardiac surgery, has been developed and clinically evaluated. This device is characterized by an oxygenating chamber with controllable blood-volume, integral heat exchanger and two-stage microfilter of gravity drainage system, an apparatus for creating and uniformly distributing oxygen bubbles, and construction materials of the device known to be minimally traumatic to the blood. Clinical experience in 132 infantile and pediatric open heart procedures has demonstrated its effectiveness as measured by embolic complications and simplicity in maintaining physiologic blood gas levels.", "PMID": 732050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_965", "title": "Use of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in clinical cardiac surgery and management of patients with IABP.", "content": "One hundred thirty eight patients were reviewed which required IABP assist. Sixty nine (84 per cent) of 82 patients who had been able to come off cardiopulmonary bypass despite increasing pharmacologic support survived operation and 56 patients (68 per cent) discharged hospital. Twenty three (75 per cent) of 31 patients who took for elective coronary artery surgery as extremely high risk because of extensive three vessel coronary artery disease and severely compromised left ventricular function discharged hospital. In summary, hospital death was 35 per cent, late death 12 per cent and long term survivors 54 per cent. Severe complication concerned with inserting balloon catheter occurred in two cases (1.4 per cent) which were abdominal aortic dissection and laceration of iliac artery. At the present time, the primary indication for IABP is in assistance of the open heart surgical patient. Thre are three important factors in successfully managing the patients with IABP. First, begin IABP assist as soon as possible if indicated. Second, keep an adequate circulating volume with mean left atrial pressure being maintained around 20 mmHg and cardiac index at 2.1 L/min./M or greater. Third, improve the peripheral vascular circulation, which might need peripheral vasodilator.", "contents": "Use of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in clinical cardiac surgery and management of patients with IABP. One hundred thirty eight patients were reviewed which required IABP assist. Sixty nine (84 per cent) of 82 patients who had been able to come off cardiopulmonary bypass despite increasing pharmacologic support survived operation and 56 patients (68 per cent) discharged hospital. Twenty three (75 per cent) of 31 patients who took for elective coronary artery surgery as extremely high risk because of extensive three vessel coronary artery disease and severely compromised left ventricular function discharged hospital. In summary, hospital death was 35 per cent, late death 12 per cent and long term survivors 54 per cent. Severe complication concerned with inserting balloon catheter occurred in two cases (1.4 per cent) which were abdominal aortic dissection and laceration of iliac artery. At the present time, the primary indication for IABP is in assistance of the open heart surgical patient. Thre are three important factors in successfully managing the patients with IABP. First, begin IABP assist as soon as possible if indicated. Second, keep an adequate circulating volume with mean left atrial pressure being maintained around 20 mmHg and cardiac index at 2.1 L/min./M or greater. Third, improve the peripheral vascular circulation, which might need peripheral vasodilator.", "PMID": 732051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_966", "title": "Relation of stroke and cardiac indices to serum catecholamines following open heart surgery.", "content": "Serum catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine) were measured two, four and six hours after open heart surgery. The ratios of stroke index (SI) and cardiac index (CI) to catecholamines (CA) were determined. Patients studied consisted of 27 with congenital and 14 with acquired heart disease. Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) time was longer than 90 minutes in 17 and shorter in 24 patients. SI and CI diminished in elder patients with congenital disease (Group Cg-ad), patients with acquired disease (Group Ac) and patients with a longer ECC time (Group L). Therefore, elder age and/or longer ECC time seems to be responsible to the lower indices. However, the ratios of the indices to CA showed that the lower indices indicated the poor response of the myocardium to CA in Group Ac and Group L. The response was larger in Group Cg-ad and the lower indices were related to lower serum CA level. It was concluded, therefore, that the indices of stroke volume and cardiac output had inverse correlation to ECC time, but not to age, namely, prolonged ECC compromised more severely the myocardium and resulted in the poor response of the myocardium to CA. Subsequently, to compensate for the poor response, serum CA levels were elevated probably to maintain due SI and CI in patients with prolonged ECC.", "contents": "Relation of stroke and cardiac indices to serum catecholamines following open heart surgery. Serum catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine) were measured two, four and six hours after open heart surgery. The ratios of stroke index (SI) and cardiac index (CI) to catecholamines (CA) were determined. Patients studied consisted of 27 with congenital and 14 with acquired heart disease. Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) time was longer than 90 minutes in 17 and shorter in 24 patients. SI and CI diminished in elder patients with congenital disease (Group Cg-ad), patients with acquired disease (Group Ac) and patients with a longer ECC time (Group L). Therefore, elder age and/or longer ECC time seems to be responsible to the lower indices. However, the ratios of the indices to CA showed that the lower indices indicated the poor response of the myocardium to CA in Group Ac and Group L. The response was larger in Group Cg-ad and the lower indices were related to lower serum CA level. It was concluded, therefore, that the indices of stroke volume and cardiac output had inverse correlation to ECC time, but not to age, namely, prolonged ECC compromised more severely the myocardium and resulted in the poor response of the myocardium to CA. Subsequently, to compensate for the poor response, serum CA levels were elevated probably to maintain due SI and CI in patients with prolonged ECC.", "PMID": 732052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_967", "title": "Immunological responsiveness and adjunct immunotherapy in lung cancer.", "content": "Immunocompetency was assessed before and after the operation in 40 patients with lung cancer by skin reaction against tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), lymphocyte response to PHA, proportion of T-cells, macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) and the presence of blocking factor. MIT was positive in 27 per cent and blocking factor was positive in 42 per cent. Immune response paralleled the clinical stage of the lesion. In curative resection cases, the immune response rose postoperatively, but declined in non-resectable or recurrent cases. The influence of postoperative radiation therapy, cancer chemotherapy and host mediated agents on the patients was observed. The feasibility of adjuvant specific immunotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological responsiveness and adjunct immunotherapy in lung cancer. Immunocompetency was assessed before and after the operation in 40 patients with lung cancer by skin reaction against tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), lymphocyte response to PHA, proportion of T-cells, macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) and the presence of blocking factor. MIT was positive in 27 per cent and blocking factor was positive in 42 per cent. Immune response paralleled the clinical stage of the lesion. In curative resection cases, the immune response rose postoperatively, but declined in non-resectable or recurrent cases. The influence of postoperative radiation therapy, cancer chemotherapy and host mediated agents on the patients was observed. The feasibility of adjuvant specific immunotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 732053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_968", "title": "Chronologic comparison of postoperative results in gastric cancer surgery.", "content": "Patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery in our clinic during a 12-year period from 1960--1971 were divided into two groups. Group A is comprised of patients who were treated in the first, and group B of patients treated in the second half of this 12-year period and the short- and long-term results were evaluated and compared for both groups. We discovered that both short- and long-term results were better in group B than in group A. Group B contained more cases of histologically early cancer stages and extensive lymph node resection was performed more frequently in group B than in group A. These factors may account for the better results obtained for group B. In addition, performance of gastrectomy combined with the resection of other neighboring organs may have effected the better long-term results observed in group B.", "contents": "Chronologic comparison of postoperative results in gastric cancer surgery. Patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery in our clinic during a 12-year period from 1960--1971 were divided into two groups. Group A is comprised of patients who were treated in the first, and group B of patients treated in the second half of this 12-year period and the short- and long-term results were evaluated and compared for both groups. We discovered that both short- and long-term results were better in group B than in group A. Group B contained more cases of histologically early cancer stages and extensive lymph node resection was performed more frequently in group B than in group A. These factors may account for the better results obtained for group B. In addition, performance of gastrectomy combined with the resection of other neighboring organs may have effected the better long-term results observed in group B.", "PMID": 732054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_969", "title": "Precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Fourty-six cases of polyps and polypoid lesions of the colon and rectum were operated at the First Department of Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine during the last 16 years. Polyps were classified into five groups according to their degree of atypicality and the relationship between polyps and cancer was investigated. The adenomatous polyps were prone to become malignant and it appears that the larger the polyp size, the greater the incidence of severe atypia and the greater the polyps' malignant potentiality. The malignant polyps developed more frequently in the distal colon and rectum than in other parts. Focal and invasive cancers limited to the submucosal layer were found exclusively in the sigmoid colon and rectum.", "contents": "Precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum. Fourty-six cases of polyps and polypoid lesions of the colon and rectum were operated at the First Department of Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine during the last 16 years. Polyps were classified into five groups according to their degree of atypicality and the relationship between polyps and cancer was investigated. The adenomatous polyps were prone to become malignant and it appears that the larger the polyp size, the greater the incidence of severe atypia and the greater the polyps' malignant potentiality. The malignant polyps developed more frequently in the distal colon and rectum than in other parts. Focal and invasive cancers limited to the submucosal layer were found exclusively in the sigmoid colon and rectum.", "PMID": 732055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_970", "title": "Degenerative changes of vein grafts in preparation media: preliminary studies by electron microscopy and fibrinolytic autography.", "content": "Degenerative changes of saphenous vein grafts in four preparation media (heparinized whole blood at room temperature and 4 degrees C, and heparinized normal saline at same temperatures) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and fibrinolytic autography. Following 60--90 min. storage in heparinized normal saline at room temperature, marked morphological changes were present in the media, accompanied by swelling of the endothelial cells, however the tunica media and adventitia were well preserved even after 120 minutes in all of the four preparation media. The decrease in fibrinolytic activity was comparable to the observed morphological changes. In heparinized whole blood at 4 degrees C, degenerative changes were slow and mostly of a slight nature.", "contents": "Degenerative changes of vein grafts in preparation media: preliminary studies by electron microscopy and fibrinolytic autography. Degenerative changes of saphenous vein grafts in four preparation media (heparinized whole blood at room temperature and 4 degrees C, and heparinized normal saline at same temperatures) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and fibrinolytic autography. Following 60--90 min. storage in heparinized normal saline at room temperature, marked morphological changes were present in the media, accompanied by swelling of the endothelial cells, however the tunica media and adventitia were well preserved even after 120 minutes in all of the four preparation media. The decrease in fibrinolytic activity was comparable to the observed morphological changes. In heparinized whole blood at 4 degrees C, degenerative changes were slow and mostly of a slight nature.", "PMID": 732056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_971", "title": "Effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion on acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rats.", "content": "The effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion (25 w/v per cent of PFC concentration) on carbon monoxide poisoning was studied in rats exposed to 97 per cent O2 and three per cent CO. There was no significant difference in conversion rate of hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) between PFC emulsion and saline groups. However, after re-exposure to pure oxygen, PFC emulsion group circulation reconverted to oxyhemoglobin (OXYHb) at a significantly faster rate than circulation in the control group. Survival time of rats was considerably affected by infusion of PFC emulsion and prolonged in proportion to increased injection dosage. Significant elevations in plasma glucose, lactate and aldolase levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio were found in the saline group and these levels remained well within normal range in the PFC emulsion group. These results indicate that PFC emulsion can function as an oxygen carrier in the presence of carbon monoxide and can deliver sufficient oxygen to peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion on acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rats. The effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion (25 w/v per cent of PFC concentration) on carbon monoxide poisoning was studied in rats exposed to 97 per cent O2 and three per cent CO. There was no significant difference in conversion rate of hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) between PFC emulsion and saline groups. However, after re-exposure to pure oxygen, PFC emulsion group circulation reconverted to oxyhemoglobin (OXYHb) at a significantly faster rate than circulation in the control group. Survival time of rats was considerably affected by infusion of PFC emulsion and prolonged in proportion to increased injection dosage. Significant elevations in plasma glucose, lactate and aldolase levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio were found in the saline group and these levels remained well within normal range in the PFC emulsion group. These results indicate that PFC emulsion can function as an oxygen carrier in the presence of carbon monoxide and can deliver sufficient oxygen to peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 732057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_972", "title": "[Capillary blood circulation in middle-aged and elderly arterial hypertension patients].", "content": "Eighty patients with hypertensive disease and sixty patients with atherosclerotic (systolic) hypertension of the elderly (60--70 years old) and old (78--89 years old) age groups were examined. Skin capillary circulation and the indices of central hemodynamics were studied. It was found that changes in capillary circulation in elderly and old patients with hypertensive disease or systolic hypertension had no specific features and were of the same character as those in healthy individuals of the same age. In decrease of arterial pressure as the result of diminished cardiac output deterioration of capillary circulation was quite frequently encountered. A hypotensive effect, which is attended with reduction of total peripheral resistance, leads as a rule to improvement of capillary circulation.", "contents": "[Capillary blood circulation in middle-aged and elderly arterial hypertension patients]. Eighty patients with hypertensive disease and sixty patients with atherosclerotic (systolic) hypertension of the elderly (60--70 years old) and old (78--89 years old) age groups were examined. Skin capillary circulation and the indices of central hemodynamics were studied. It was found that changes in capillary circulation in elderly and old patients with hypertensive disease or systolic hypertension had no specific features and were of the same character as those in healthy individuals of the same age. In decrease of arterial pressure as the result of diminished cardiac output deterioration of capillary circulation was quite frequently encountered. A hypotensive effect, which is attended with reduction of total peripheral resistance, leads as a rule to improvement of capillary circulation.", "PMID": 732077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_973", "title": "[Hormonal regulation of the heart in aging].", "content": "It was established in experiments on adult (8--12 month) and old (26--32 month) rats that in ageing the sensitivity of the cardiovascular system to certain hormones--adrenaline, vasopressin, insulin, thyroxine, estradiol dipropionate--grows while its reactivity to them diminishes. The administration of these hormones causes significant changes in hemodynamics and myocardial contractility. Adrenaline and thyroxine lead to an increase in the blood minute and stroke volume, arterial pressure, cardiac index and left ventricular work index, maximum rate of intraventricular pressure growth, maximum rate of myocardial fiber shortening, and in the contrastility index. Vasopressin and insulin cause a decrease in the indices of general hemodynamics. The increased sensitivity of the heart to hormones at old age and diminution of its reactivity lead to prolonged, protracted reactions of the cardiovascular system in elderly and old individuals.", "contents": "[Hormonal regulation of the heart in aging]. It was established in experiments on adult (8--12 month) and old (26--32 month) rats that in ageing the sensitivity of the cardiovascular system to certain hormones--adrenaline, vasopressin, insulin, thyroxine, estradiol dipropionate--grows while its reactivity to them diminishes. The administration of these hormones causes significant changes in hemodynamics and myocardial contractility. Adrenaline and thyroxine lead to an increase in the blood minute and stroke volume, arterial pressure, cardiac index and left ventricular work index, maximum rate of intraventricular pressure growth, maximum rate of myocardial fiber shortening, and in the contrastility index. Vasopressin and insulin cause a decrease in the indices of general hemodynamics. The increased sensitivity of the heart to hormones at old age and diminution of its reactivity lead to prolonged, protracted reactions of the cardiovascular system in elderly and old individuals.", "PMID": 732078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_974", "title": "[Hormones in ischemic heart disease with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis].", "content": "The activity of the pituitary hormones (ACTH, STH, TTH, FSH, LH), the adrenal hormones (cortisol, aldosterone), the kidney hormone (renin), and the thyroid hormones (thyroxine tri-iodthyronine), the thyroxine binding capacity of blood proteins and the activity of the hormones of the pancreas (insulin) and the sex glands (testosterone, estradiol) were studied in 26 males suffering from ischemic heart disease verified by means of selective coronarography and in 20 healthy males with no atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart. Patients with ischemic heart disease were found to be marked by increased activity in the blood of ACTH, TTH, cortisol, aldosterone, insulin, and estradiol and reduced concentration of STH, thyroxine, and testosterone. These shifts in the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and in its subordinate hormonal systems play an important role in the origin of the atherosclerotic process and assosiated ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Hormones in ischemic heart disease with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis]. The activity of the pituitary hormones (ACTH, STH, TTH, FSH, LH), the adrenal hormones (cortisol, aldosterone), the kidney hormone (renin), and the thyroid hormones (thyroxine tri-iodthyronine), the thyroxine binding capacity of blood proteins and the activity of the hormones of the pancreas (insulin) and the sex glands (testosterone, estradiol) were studied in 26 males suffering from ischemic heart disease verified by means of selective coronarography and in 20 healthy males with no atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart. Patients with ischemic heart disease were found to be marked by increased activity in the blood of ACTH, TTH, cortisol, aldosterone, insulin, and estradiol and reduced concentration of STH, thyroxine, and testosterone. These shifts in the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and in its subordinate hormonal systems play an important role in the origin of the atherosclerotic process and assosiated ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 732079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_975", "title": "[Evaluation of myocardial contractile function in chronic postinfarct cardiac aneurysm].", "content": "The ventriculograms of patients with chronic postinfarction aneurysm of the heart were studied with the use of separate analysis of the contraction indices of the functioning and non-functioning parts of the left ventricular myocardium. Relatively high indices of the ejection fraction of the functioning part of the myocardium with low indices of the total ejection fraction were noted. A correlative dependence was found between the total ejection fraction and the ratio of the volumes of the nonfunctioning part of the myocardium during systole and diastole to the total volume of the left ventricle during the same phases, which is evidence that these indices are important in appraising myocardial contractile function in aneurysm of the heart.", "contents": "[Evaluation of myocardial contractile function in chronic postinfarct cardiac aneurysm]. The ventriculograms of patients with chronic postinfarction aneurysm of the heart were studied with the use of separate analysis of the contraction indices of the functioning and non-functioning parts of the left ventricular myocardium. Relatively high indices of the ejection fraction of the functioning part of the myocardium with low indices of the total ejection fraction were noted. A correlative dependence was found between the total ejection fraction and the ratio of the volumes of the nonfunctioning part of the myocardium during systole and diastole to the total volume of the left ventricle during the same phases, which is evidence that these indices are important in appraising myocardial contractile function in aneurysm of the heart.", "PMID": 732080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_976", "title": "[Coronary bed in aneurysm of the left ventricle].", "content": "Clinical and radiologic examination, including selective coronarography and catheterization of the cardiac cavities, was carried out in 110 patients with post-infarction aneurysm of the left ventricle. Three groups of patients were distinguished: patients with affection of one of the major cardiac arteries (44), those with affection of two coronary arteries (32) and patients with affection of three arteries (32). Two patients had no stenosis of the coronary arteries, The anterior interventricular artery was occluded in 95,8% of patients. Operation for aorticocoronary shunt to the artery in the zone of which the arteries were located proved impossible in 65% of patients. Other arteries with no aneurysms in their channels contribute to the formation of collateral circulation and form a network of anastomoses at the boundary with the heart aneurysm and in this improve the nutrition of the healthy part of the myocardium experiencing an additional load. In stenosis of these arteries, the creation of an aorticocoronary shunt is expedient.", "contents": "[Coronary bed in aneurysm of the left ventricle]. Clinical and radiologic examination, including selective coronarography and catheterization of the cardiac cavities, was carried out in 110 patients with post-infarction aneurysm of the left ventricle. Three groups of patients were distinguished: patients with affection of one of the major cardiac arteries (44), those with affection of two coronary arteries (32) and patients with affection of three arteries (32). Two patients had no stenosis of the coronary arteries, The anterior interventricular artery was occluded in 95,8% of patients. Operation for aorticocoronary shunt to the artery in the zone of which the arteries were located proved impossible in 65% of patients. Other arteries with no aneurysms in their channels contribute to the formation of collateral circulation and form a network of anastomoses at the boundary with the heart aneurysm and in this improve the nutrition of the healthy part of the myocardium experiencing an additional load. In stenosis of these arteries, the creation of an aorticocoronary shunt is expedient.", "PMID": 732081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_977", "title": "[Discharge energy and the problems of anesthesia in the electrical cardioversion of paroxysmal arrhythmias].", "content": "The efficacy of electroimpulsive therapy with low energy discharges (up to 50 joules) in various paroxysmal arrhythmias was studied. A mild tranquilizer, seduxen (diazenam), was used as the anesthetic. Electroimpulsive therapy with low-energy discharges was found to produce a high effect in ventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter but a poor restorative effect in atrial fibrillation. The possibility of successful anesthesia with seduxen in electrical cardioversion of paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm is concretized.", "contents": "[Discharge energy and the problems of anesthesia in the electrical cardioversion of paroxysmal arrhythmias]. The efficacy of electroimpulsive therapy with low energy discharges (up to 50 joules) in various paroxysmal arrhythmias was studied. A mild tranquilizer, seduxen (diazenam), was used as the anesthetic. Electroimpulsive therapy with low-energy discharges was found to produce a high effect in ventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter but a poor restorative effect in atrial fibrillation. The possibility of successful anesthesia with seduxen in electrical cardioversion of paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm is concretized.", "PMID": 732082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_978", "title": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot].", "content": "Echocardiography was performed in the examination of 35 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and 3 patients with pentalogy of Fallot. The echocardiogram demonstrated dextrodivision of the aortic root, interruption in the continuity of the interventricular septum and the anterior wall of the aorta, incomplete image of the interventricular septum in its upper part, distention of the aortic root, stenosis of the right ventricular infundibulum, and hypertrophy of the right ventricular myocardium. The presence and severity of all developmental anomalies of the heart and major vessels known as tatraology of Fallot may be identified by the echocardiography method in most cases.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot]. Echocardiography was performed in the examination of 35 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and 3 patients with pentalogy of Fallot. The echocardiogram demonstrated dextrodivision of the aortic root, interruption in the continuity of the interventricular septum and the anterior wall of the aorta, incomplete image of the interventricular septum in its upper part, distention of the aortic root, stenosis of the right ventricular infundibulum, and hypertrophy of the right ventricular myocardium. The presence and severity of all developmental anomalies of the heart and major vessels known as tatraology of Fallot may be identified by the echocardiography method in most cases.", "PMID": 732083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_979", "title": "[Effect of short-term antiorthostatic hypokinesia on the central and intracardiac hemodynamics and metabolism in a healthy human being].", "content": "The right parts of the heart and the radial artery were catheterized in healthy male volunteers before and 5 days after strict bed rest in antiorthostatic position of the body (-4.5 degrees) After immobilization most values of central circulation showed no essential changes; the only exception were indices characterizing the inotropic myocardial condition. A shift in the direction of acidosis of a mixed character was noted in mixed venous blood, the beta-lipoprotein content increased. A decrease in the arteriovenous difference in oxygen was encountered in blood draining from the heart (from the coronary sinus).", "contents": "[Effect of short-term antiorthostatic hypokinesia on the central and intracardiac hemodynamics and metabolism in a healthy human being]. The right parts of the heart and the radial artery were catheterized in healthy male volunteers before and 5 days after strict bed rest in antiorthostatic position of the body (-4.5 degrees) After immobilization most values of central circulation showed no essential changes; the only exception were indices characterizing the inotropic myocardial condition. A shift in the direction of acidosis of a mixed character was noted in mixed venous blood, the beta-lipoprotein content increased. A decrease in the arteriovenous difference in oxygen was encountered in blood draining from the heart (from the coronary sinus).", "PMID": 732085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_980", "title": "[Personality characteristics of patients with the cardiac type of neurocirculatory dystonia].", "content": "The state of the psyche was studied in 128 patients with cardiac-type neurocirculator dystonia. The results of clinical examination and the Minnesota test (MMT) showed that with the increase of the subjective manifestations of the cardiac pain syndrome and extension of the zones of pain sense disorders in the left half of the chest, a clear tendency to an increase of the neurotic changes was revealed, which were found, respectively, in 61.9, 89,7 and 100% of patients examined with grade I, grade II and grade III cardialgia. The psychic disorders were predominantly of the hysterical and hypochondriac types, which should be borne in mind when prescribing treatment.", "contents": "[Personality characteristics of patients with the cardiac type of neurocirculatory dystonia]. The state of the psyche was studied in 128 patients with cardiac-type neurocirculator dystonia. The results of clinical examination and the Minnesota test (MMT) showed that with the increase of the subjective manifestations of the cardiac pain syndrome and extension of the zones of pain sense disorders in the left half of the chest, a clear tendency to an increase of the neurotic changes was revealed, which were found, respectively, in 61.9, 89,7 and 100% of patients examined with grade I, grade II and grade III cardialgia. The psychic disorders were predominantly of the hysterical and hypochondriac types, which should be borne in mind when prescribing treatment.", "PMID": 732086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_981", "title": "[Effect of swimming on the uptake and content of taurine in the rat heart].", "content": "14C-taurine uptake and total taurine content increase during a 15-min period of swimming. Prolongation of this period leads to more active taurine metabolism (ISA formation) but the total taurine content does not change. Active accumulation against its concentration gradient and maintenance of the taurine content at the same level during the entire period of swimming suggest that the taurine uptake and its metabolism are interdependent and very important for heart activity.", "contents": "[Effect of swimming on the uptake and content of taurine in the rat heart]. 14C-taurine uptake and total taurine content increase during a 15-min period of swimming. Prolongation of this period leads to more active taurine metabolism (ISA formation) but the total taurine content does not change. Active accumulation against its concentration gradient and maintenance of the taurine content at the same level during the entire period of swimming suggest that the taurine uptake and its metabolism are interdependent and very important for heart activity.", "PMID": 732087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_982", "title": "[Disturbance of the intracellular calcium distribution in the fatty tissue of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension].", "content": "The presence of three pools of exchangeable calcium (A,B and C) was demonstrated by the method of investigating the kinetics of 45Ca efflux from the fat issue of rats; the two most slowly exchangeable pools (B and C) reflected the distribution of intracellular calcium. The calcium content in the pools B and C of the fat tissue of rats with spontaneous hypertension was increased by 71 and 29%, respectively, as compared to that in the normotensive controls. Adrenalectomy leads to a marked redistribution of intracellular calcium, but the differences between spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive rats in the calcium content in the pools B and C are nonetheless maintained. These differences in the distribution of intracellular calcium may be the direct cause of the change in the hormonal sensitivity of the adipocytes of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension.", "contents": "[Disturbance of the intracellular calcium distribution in the fatty tissue of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension]. The presence of three pools of exchangeable calcium (A,B and C) was demonstrated by the method of investigating the kinetics of 45Ca efflux from the fat issue of rats; the two most slowly exchangeable pools (B and C) reflected the distribution of intracellular calcium. The calcium content in the pools B and C of the fat tissue of rats with spontaneous hypertension was increased by 71 and 29%, respectively, as compared to that in the normotensive controls. Adrenalectomy leads to a marked redistribution of intracellular calcium, but the differences between spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive rats in the calcium content in the pools B and C are nonetheless maintained. These differences in the distribution of intracellular calcium may be the direct cause of the change in the hormonal sensitivity of the adipocytes of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension.", "PMID": 732088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_983", "title": "[Change in the reactions of isolated vascular segments under the action of hypotensive agents].", "content": "It was shown that reactions of isolated vascular segments to electric stimulation changed in character under the effect of reserpine, ornid, benzanidine, and aldomet. Replacement of contraction by relaxation is characteristic of all hypotensive agents. This is revealed on preparations which respond initially by equivocal reactions (relaxation and contraction) depending on the intensity of the stimulation. The replacement of the sign of the reaction is marked by certain peculiarities in the case of each agent. The possibility of contraction is maintained only in response to a high dose of stimulation on condition that benzanidine and aldomet are administered. Under the effect of reserpine and ornid, initially unequivocal reactions are replaced at first by two-phase reactions (contraction then relaxation) and then by single phase (relaxation); under the effect of benzanidine and aldomet they are sharply weakened.", "contents": "[Change in the reactions of isolated vascular segments under the action of hypotensive agents]. It was shown that reactions of isolated vascular segments to electric stimulation changed in character under the effect of reserpine, ornid, benzanidine, and aldomet. Replacement of contraction by relaxation is characteristic of all hypotensive agents. This is revealed on preparations which respond initially by equivocal reactions (relaxation and contraction) depending on the intensity of the stimulation. The replacement of the sign of the reaction is marked by certain peculiarities in the case of each agent. The possibility of contraction is maintained only in response to a high dose of stimulation on condition that benzanidine and aldomet are administered. Under the effect of reserpine and ornid, initially unequivocal reactions are replaced at first by two-phase reactions (contraction then relaxation) and then by single phase (relaxation); under the effect of benzanidine and aldomet they are sharply weakened.", "PMID": 732089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_984", "title": "Energy and protein intakes as determinants of nitrogen balance.", "content": "Changes in caloric intake below or above energy needs affect nitrogen balance, so that any change in caloric intake results in a corresponding alteration in nitrogen balance. The improvement in nitrogen balance caused by an increase in energy intake, however, can be frustrated if intake of protein is inadequate; conversely, the beneficial effects of an increase in protein intake can be inhibited by an inadequate energy intake. These observations mean that, in experimental studies, nitrogen balance is the result of levels of both energy and protein; in consequence, protein requirements can be interpreted only from such studies, where energy intake is also defined under the experimental conditions. In addition to the effect of dietary energy supply, dietary carbohydrate has a short-term specific effect on protein metabolism not shared by fat, in which plasma amino acids are diverted into muscle protein through the action of insulin released by the dietary carbohydrate. This metabolic interaction also occurs between carbohydrate and amino acids absorbed from the same meal.", "contents": "Energy and protein intakes as determinants of nitrogen balance. Changes in caloric intake below or above energy needs affect nitrogen balance, so that any change in caloric intake results in a corresponding alteration in nitrogen balance. The improvement in nitrogen balance caused by an increase in energy intake, however, can be frustrated if intake of protein is inadequate; conversely, the beneficial effects of an increase in protein intake can be inhibited by an inadequate energy intake. These observations mean that, in experimental studies, nitrogen balance is the result of levels of both energy and protein; in consequence, protein requirements can be interpreted only from such studies, where energy intake is also defined under the experimental conditions. In addition to the effect of dietary energy supply, dietary carbohydrate has a short-term specific effect on protein metabolism not shared by fat, in which plasma amino acids are diverted into muscle protein through the action of insulin released by the dietary carbohydrate. This metabolic interaction also occurs between carbohydrate and amino acids absorbed from the same meal.", "PMID": 732091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_985", "title": "Effect of essential amino acid supplementation on muscle and plasma free amino acids in chronic uremia.", "content": "In chronic uremia patients on an 18-g protein diet for 2 to 3 weeks, the intracellular free amino acid pattern in muscle was grossly abnormal, with low concentrations of threonine, valine, carnosine, and high concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and taurine. When the protein-poor diet was supplemented with essential amino acids (2 to 3 times that for minimum requirements) and histidine, these abnormalities were partly corrected. Other abnormalities, however, were observed, such as low intracellular concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and high concentrations of lysine, histidine, ornithine, and citrulline.", "contents": "Effect of essential amino acid supplementation on muscle and plasma free amino acids in chronic uremia. In chronic uremia patients on an 18-g protein diet for 2 to 3 weeks, the intracellular free amino acid pattern in muscle was grossly abnormal, with low concentrations of threonine, valine, carnosine, and high concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and taurine. When the protein-poor diet was supplemented with essential amino acids (2 to 3 times that for minimum requirements) and histidine, these abnormalities were partly corrected. Other abnormalities, however, were observed, such as low intracellular concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and high concentrations of lysine, histidine, ornithine, and citrulline.", "PMID": 732092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_986", "title": "[Scotoma in the binocular field of vision in severe amblyopia and microstrabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "Binocular perimetry with Aulhorn's Phase difference haploscope is described. Of 62 patients with primary micro-squint, 21 patients showed no scotoma, 15 patients showed a fixation or zero point scotoma of 0.5-1 degrees, 26 patients showed a larger scotoma (average: 3.7 degrees). In addition, 15 patients with larger angle and deep amblyopia were examined. The scotoma average was 8.8 degrees. A zero point scotoma was always present, whereas the central foveal scotoma was often missing.", "contents": "[Scotoma in the binocular field of vision in severe amblyopia and microstrabismus (author's transl)]. Binocular perimetry with Aulhorn's Phase difference haploscope is described. Of 62 patients with primary micro-squint, 21 patients showed no scotoma, 15 patients showed a fixation or zero point scotoma of 0.5-1 degrees, 26 patients showed a larger scotoma (average: 3.7 degrees). In addition, 15 patients with larger angle and deep amblyopia were examined. The scotoma average was 8.8 degrees. A zero point scotoma was always present, whereas the central foveal scotoma was often missing.", "PMID": 732160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_987", "title": "[Temporal change of the disc in normal adults (author's transl)].", "content": "We have recently proposed a procedure called stereochronoscopy which allows the detection of temporal changes in the disc by stereoscopic observation of exactly centered fundus pictures. We show that this procedure can also be applied in a slightly modified form to fundus pictures that are not specially centered, although with less precision. Using this technique we were able to show on material covering 10 years (50 eyes) that the discs of healthy adults do not as a rule change over a period of at least 8 years. This is valid for observation of the pictures with an overall magnification of X 14.", "contents": "[Temporal change of the disc in normal adults (author's transl)]. We have recently proposed a procedure called stereochronoscopy which allows the detection of temporal changes in the disc by stereoscopic observation of exactly centered fundus pictures. We show that this procedure can also be applied in a slightly modified form to fundus pictures that are not specially centered, although with less precision. Using this technique we were able to show on material covering 10 years (50 eyes) that the discs of healthy adults do not as a rule change over a period of at least 8 years. This is valid for observation of the pictures with an overall magnification of X 14.", "PMID": 732162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_988", "title": "[Meandering of retinal arteries from pulse wave: a stereochronoscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of aortic insufficiency, increased snaking occured with very pulse wave coming through the retinal arteries. When photographs taken at diastolic and systolic culminations were compared, with the haploscope, when stereoscopically seen, they clearly showed the subtile deformation of the vessels under a stereoscopic effect.", "contents": "[Meandering of retinal arteries from pulse wave: a stereochronoscopic study (author's transl)]. In a case of aortic insufficiency, increased snaking occured with very pulse wave coming through the retinal arteries. When photographs taken at diastolic and systolic culminations were compared, with the haploscope, when stereoscopically seen, they clearly showed the subtile deformation of the vessels under a stereoscopic effect.", "PMID": 732163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_989", "title": "[Haemodynamics in retinal branch vein obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "A branch vein obstruction in a 44-years-old woman recovered with in 7 months without any clinical residuals. The evaluation of fluorescein angiograms performed during thrombosis and after recovery showed significantly reduced retinal circulation times in around the thrombosis. The results indicate an increased blood flow ranging between 50 and 200% around the obstructed area of the retina. The haemodynamic situation of the retinal circulation during branch vein obstruction and its therapeutic consequences (photocoagulation) are discussed.", "contents": "[Haemodynamics in retinal branch vein obstruction (author's transl)]. A branch vein obstruction in a 44-years-old woman recovered with in 7 months without any clinical residuals. The evaluation of fluorescein angiograms performed during thrombosis and after recovery showed significantly reduced retinal circulation times in around the thrombosis. The results indicate an increased blood flow ranging between 50 and 200% around the obstructed area of the retina. The haemodynamic situation of the retinal circulation during branch vein obstruction and its therapeutic consequences (photocoagulation) are discussed.", "PMID": 732164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_990", "title": "[Fluorescence angiography in retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluorescence angiography was performed in 11 patients, suffering from retinal detachment, and in 17 patients after various successful retinal surgery. The preoperative findings showed an obscured background fluorescence by the subretinal fluid in the detachment area, and various circulatory disturbances in the vicinity of the retinal equatorial degenerations, holes and tears. The absent fluorescein extravasation into the subretinal fluid gives evidence against the participation of the choroid in the formation of the subretinal fluid. The postoperative findings demonstrated that from various operations episcleral buckling with kryopexy is accompanied by the lowest fluorescein extravasation and from the fluoroangiographic point of view, it appears as the less injuring operation.", "contents": "[Fluorescence angiography in retinal detachment (author's transl)]. Fluorescence angiography was performed in 11 patients, suffering from retinal detachment, and in 17 patients after various successful retinal surgery. The preoperative findings showed an obscured background fluorescence by the subretinal fluid in the detachment area, and various circulatory disturbances in the vicinity of the retinal equatorial degenerations, holes and tears. The absent fluorescein extravasation into the subretinal fluid gives evidence against the participation of the choroid in the formation of the subretinal fluid. The postoperative findings demonstrated that from various operations episcleral buckling with kryopexy is accompanied by the lowest fluorescein extravasation and from the fluoroangiographic point of view, it appears as the less injuring operation.", "PMID": 732165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_991", "title": "[Retinal thromboses with metabolic disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "In 31 out of 35 patients with retinal thromboses metabolic disturbances were found. 11 patients showed disturbances of lipid, purine and carbohydrate metabolism and hypertension. In 19 further cases hyperuricaemia was found, usually combined with hypotriglyceridaemia. Two young women with branch vein thrombosis and pathological metabolic values were taking hormonal contraceptives. The possible relationships between vein thromboses and metabolic disturbances are discussed.", "contents": "[Retinal thromboses with metabolic disturbances (author's transl)]. In 31 out of 35 patients with retinal thromboses metabolic disturbances were found. 11 patients showed disturbances of lipid, purine and carbohydrate metabolism and hypertension. In 19 further cases hyperuricaemia was found, usually combined with hypotriglyceridaemia. Two young women with branch vein thrombosis and pathological metabolic values were taking hormonal contraceptives. The possible relationships between vein thromboses and metabolic disturbances are discussed.", "PMID": 732166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_992", "title": "[Early defects in the visual field in glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "This study shows that the field defects in simple glaucoma can occur as paracentral scotoma (77%) as well as nasal skip defects (20%) in the central or peripheral field. Also a combination (54%) of both defects is already possible at the start. This points out that more than one nerve bundle can be affected either simultaneously or one shortly after the other. It was also remarkable that by Drance's modification of Armaly's method for two eyes a typical nasal skip and/or a paracentral scotoma with temporal visual field defect occurred as the first sign.", "contents": "[Early defects in the visual field in glaucoma (author's transl)]. This study shows that the field defects in simple glaucoma can occur as paracentral scotoma (77%) as well as nasal skip defects (20%) in the central or peripheral field. Also a combination (54%) of both defects is already possible at the start. This points out that more than one nerve bundle can be affected either simultaneously or one shortly after the other. It was also remarkable that by Drance's modification of Armaly's method for two eyes a typical nasal skip and/or a paracentral scotoma with temporal visual field defect occurred as the first sign.", "PMID": 732167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_993", "title": "[Malignant glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 35-year-old male, one of three siblings with spherophakia and glaucoma, was treated surgically by aspiration of vitreous through a posterior sclerotomy wound, and air insufflation of the anterior chamber in each eye. Previous peripheral or sector iridectomies were not helpful in contolling the condition. Some improvement was noted with intensive cycloplegic therapy in each eye. In the right eye, one surgical procedure was sufficient to arrest the condition. In the left eye, a sector iridectomy, and three posterior sclerotomies combined with air insufflations of the anterior chamber have been unsuccessful in controlling the pressure. A further sclerotomy with a vitrectomy instrument to remove most of the formed vitreous followed by air insufflation of the anterior chamber is proposed for the uncontrolled eye and if this is not successful in controlling the condition, lens extraction will be carried out.", "contents": "[Malignant glaucoma (author's transl)]. A 35-year-old male, one of three siblings with spherophakia and glaucoma, was treated surgically by aspiration of vitreous through a posterior sclerotomy wound, and air insufflation of the anterior chamber in each eye. Previous peripheral or sector iridectomies were not helpful in contolling the condition. Some improvement was noted with intensive cycloplegic therapy in each eye. In the right eye, one surgical procedure was sufficient to arrest the condition. In the left eye, a sector iridectomy, and three posterior sclerotomies combined with air insufflations of the anterior chamber have been unsuccessful in controlling the pressure. A further sclerotomy with a vitrectomy instrument to remove most of the formed vitreous followed by air insufflation of the anterior chamber is proposed for the uncontrolled eye and if this is not successful in controlling the condition, lens extraction will be carried out.", "PMID": 732168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_994", "title": "[Are functional disturbances in chronic simple glaucoma indispensable for carrying out a covered sclerectomy operation? (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of functional disturbances in chronic simple glaucoma is generally considered to be an indispensable prerequisite in deciding to perform a glaucoma operation. The favorable results obtained with the covered sclerectomies and their small percentage of postoperative complications have encouraged the authors to prefer operative treatment over conservative magangement more often in chronic simple glaucoma. The decision between operative and conservative management does not however depend solely on the existence of visual field defects. It also depends on the social status of the patient, poor drug tolerance and other factors as well.", "contents": "[Are functional disturbances in chronic simple glaucoma indispensable for carrying out a covered sclerectomy operation? (author's transl)]. The existence of functional disturbances in chronic simple glaucoma is generally considered to be an indispensable prerequisite in deciding to perform a glaucoma operation. The favorable results obtained with the covered sclerectomies and their small percentage of postoperative complications have encouraged the authors to prefer operative treatment over conservative magangement more often in chronic simple glaucoma. The decision between operative and conservative management does not however depend solely on the existence of visual field defects. It also depends on the social status of the patient, poor drug tolerance and other factors as well.", "PMID": 732169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_995", "title": "[Trabeculotomy and cataract-extraction: simultaneously or step by step? (author's transl)].", "content": "In 64 eyes the combined procedure (group I) and in 67 aphacic eyes a trabeculotomy (group II) was performed. There were different types of glaucoma. Re-examinations wer done 6 months and 1--10 years postoperatively. No definite differences of operative or postoperative complications existed between the two groups. In eyes suffering from primary open angle glaucoma intraocular pressure was controlled in 65--91% in both groups. In group I visual acuity was slightly better. On the other hand in these eyes more often a deterioration of the visual field was observed inspite of i. o. pressure not exceeding 21 mm Hg with a single exception. In group II further glaucoma surgery was necessary in more eyes than in group I.", "contents": "[Trabeculotomy and cataract-extraction: simultaneously or step by step? (author's transl)]. In 64 eyes the combined procedure (group I) and in 67 aphacic eyes a trabeculotomy (group II) was performed. There were different types of glaucoma. Re-examinations wer done 6 months and 1--10 years postoperatively. No definite differences of operative or postoperative complications existed between the two groups. In eyes suffering from primary open angle glaucoma intraocular pressure was controlled in 65--91% in both groups. In group I visual acuity was slightly better. On the other hand in these eyes more often a deterioration of the visual field was observed inspite of i. o. pressure not exceeding 21 mm Hg with a single exception. In group II further glaucoma surgery was necessary in more eyes than in group I.", "PMID": 732170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_996", "title": "[Filtering blebs after cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Filtering blebs following cataract extraction with a limbus based flap may occur approximately 2 to 3% of the time. Difficulty with wearing of contact lens may ensue, the likelihood of infection with postoperative endophthalmitis is remote. A technique for repair by excision of the bleb with a sliding conjunctival flap is described. The results in five patients are reported.", "contents": "[Filtering blebs after cataract extraction (author's transl)]. Filtering blebs following cataract extraction with a limbus based flap may occur approximately 2 to 3% of the time. Difficulty with wearing of contact lens may ensue, the likelihood of infection with postoperative endophthalmitis is remote. A technique for repair by excision of the bleb with a sliding conjunctival flap is described. The results in five patients are reported.", "PMID": 732171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_997", "title": "[Keratotorus. Aetiology with regard to heredity (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe the biggest group of toric deformation of the cornea reported up to now. We point out in particular two ribs whose parents are blood-related. Hence we obtained the first evidence for an inheritance (autosomal recessive) of this corneal anomaly. The term Keratotorus is recommended as the best definition for this toric corneal deformation. Although there are similarities with other anomalies of curvature of the cornea, the clinical picture of keratotorus can be seen also in the future as a nosological entity.", "contents": "[Keratotorus. Aetiology with regard to heredity (author's transl)]. We describe the biggest group of toric deformation of the cornea reported up to now. We point out in particular two ribs whose parents are blood-related. Hence we obtained the first evidence for an inheritance (autosomal recessive) of this corneal anomaly. The term Keratotorus is recommended as the best definition for this toric corneal deformation. Although there are similarities with other anomalies of curvature of the cornea, the clinical picture of keratotorus can be seen also in the future as a nosological entity.", "PMID": 732172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_998", "title": "[The significance of the scleral flap for the surgery of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the scleral flap used in the covered fistulising operations is reported. The authors describe in detail significant observations contributing to the successful outcome of these operations. They make the hypothesis, supported by their microsurgical observations, for the formation of a slit-like space under the scleral flap, named \"Parathalamus\", which is an extension of the anterior chamber. This space communicates with the anterior chamber through the trephination hole. The aquous humor flows to the subconjunctival space through a fine membraneous tissue, formed on the surface of the lips of the \"parathalamus\".", "contents": "[The significance of the scleral flap for the surgery of glaucoma (author's transl)]. The importance of the scleral flap used in the covered fistulising operations is reported. The authors describe in detail significant observations contributing to the successful outcome of these operations. They make the hypothesis, supported by their microsurgical observations, for the formation of a slit-like space under the scleral flap, named \"Parathalamus\", which is an extension of the anterior chamber. This space communicates with the anterior chamber through the trephination hole. The aquous humor flows to the subconjunctival space through a fine membraneous tissue, formed on the surface of the lips of the \"parathalamus\".", "PMID": 732173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_999", "title": "[About experiences with goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about the results of our patients operated with goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) in the years from 1975 till 1977. During these 3 years 101 eyes were operated and 80 eyes could be reexamined between 6 and 36 months following operation.", "contents": "[About experiences with goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) (author's transl)]. We report about the results of our patients operated with goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) in the years from 1975 till 1977. During these 3 years 101 eyes were operated and 80 eyes could be reexamined between 6 and 36 months following operation.", "PMID": 732174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1000", "title": "[Results of a combined glaucoma- and cataract-operation (author's transl)].", "content": "106 eyes with glaucoma and cataract have been operated simultaneously with a combined cataract-extraction (cryoextraction) and trephining with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos). In 95 eyes intraocular pressure was compensated without local therapy (about 90%).", "contents": "[Results of a combined glaucoma- and cataract-operation (author's transl)]. 106 eyes with glaucoma and cataract have been operated simultaneously with a combined cataract-extraction (cryoextraction) and trephining with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos). In 95 eyes intraocular pressure was compensated without local therapy (about 90%).", "PMID": 732175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1001", "title": "[Results of the ciliary body exposure (CBE) in secondary angle closure glaucomas. 1. A clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present their clinical results of the ciliary body exposure following Benedikt and Hiti. This technique has been performed in 23 patients suffering from secondary angle closure glaucoma. As far as the intraocular tension is concerned good results have been obtained in nearly half of the patients. The results are compared with those of other surgical techniques against secondary angle closure glaucomas.", "contents": "[Results of the ciliary body exposure (CBE) in secondary angle closure glaucomas. 1. A clinical study (author's transl)]. The authors present their clinical results of the ciliary body exposure following Benedikt and Hiti. This technique has been performed in 23 patients suffering from secondary angle closure glaucoma. As far as the intraocular tension is concerned good results have been obtained in nearly half of the patients. The results are compared with those of other surgical techniques against secondary angle closure glaucomas.", "PMID": 732176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1002", "title": "[Results of the ciliary body exposure (CBE) in secondary angle closure glaucomas. 2. A histological study (author's transl)].", "content": "After treatment of secondary angle closure glaucomas by ciliary body exposure with lamellar scleral resection five eyes had to be enucleated. In view of the histological findings taken from these eyes mode of action and therapeutic value of this operation are considered. The effectiveness of scleral resection seems to be doubtful and there is evidence that permanent regulation of intraocular tension depends mainly on direct diathermy of the ciliary body.", "contents": "[Results of the ciliary body exposure (CBE) in secondary angle closure glaucomas. 2. A histological study (author's transl)]. After treatment of secondary angle closure glaucomas by ciliary body exposure with lamellar scleral resection five eyes had to be enucleated. In view of the histological findings taken from these eyes mode of action and therapeutic value of this operation are considered. The effectiveness of scleral resection seems to be doubtful and there is evidence that permanent regulation of intraocular tension depends mainly on direct diathermy of the ciliary body.", "PMID": 732177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1003", "title": "[Problems of the cutaneous malignant melanoma near the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of a cutaneous malignant melanoma in the region of the lid angle with involvement of the upper and lower lid and the tarsal and bulbal conjunctiva.", "contents": "[Problems of the cutaneous malignant melanoma near the eye (author's transl)]. A description is given of a cutaneous malignant melanoma in the region of the lid angle with involvement of the upper and lower lid and the tarsal and bulbal conjunctiva.", "PMID": 732178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1004", "title": "[Conjunctivitis lignosa -- an autoimmunity disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 33-year-old patient discrete conjunctivitides occured over a period of 3 years. Grey-white, fibrinous, spongy conjunctival swellings and white areas of cartilage-like consistency occured in relation with these. Microscopically these lesions showed parakeratotic cornified stratified epithelium, leukoplakias, chronic inflammation, round cell infiltrates, and vessel sprouts. Immunofluorescence showed, in the preparations incubated with antihuman compliment (C3), what could be described as characteristic for allergic vasculitis.", "contents": "[Conjunctivitis lignosa -- an autoimmunity disease (author's transl)]. In a 33-year-old patient discrete conjunctivitides occured over a period of 3 years. Grey-white, fibrinous, spongy conjunctival swellings and white areas of cartilage-like consistency occured in relation with these. Microscopically these lesions showed parakeratotic cornified stratified epithelium, leukoplakias, chronic inflammation, round cell infiltrates, and vessel sprouts. Immunofluorescence showed, in the preparations incubated with antihuman compliment (C3), what could be described as characteristic for allergic vasculitis.", "PMID": 732179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1005", "title": "[Fungal growth on soft contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "The relevance of fungal contamination of soft contact lenses is demonstrated by own clinical observations in 25 cases. It can be shown by surface-microscopical, histological and mycological analysis, that various fungi can not only grow on the surface of HEMA-lenses, but can also invade the material. The efficacy of chemical disinfectants, as tested against two of the isolated fungi seems to be inferior to that of heat sterilisation. The resulting fundamentally and clinically important consequences, especially concerning permanent wear of hydrophilic contact lenses, are discussed.", "contents": "[Fungal growth on soft contact lenses (author's transl)]. The relevance of fungal contamination of soft contact lenses is demonstrated by own clinical observations in 25 cases. It can be shown by surface-microscopical, histological and mycological analysis, that various fungi can not only grow on the surface of HEMA-lenses, but can also invade the material. The efficacy of chemical disinfectants, as tested against two of the isolated fungi seems to be inferior to that of heat sterilisation. The resulting fundamentally and clinically important consequences, especially concerning permanent wear of hydrophilic contact lenses, are discussed.", "PMID": 732180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1006", "title": "[Pupil and light sense perimetry with light and dark adaptation (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison to light sense perimetry the use of pupillomotoric thresholds determination in the central region of the retina at various visual field illumination (10 asb, 0,1 asb, 0,001 asb, 45 degrees Meridian, 27' testpoint) has yielded the following results: 1. The maximum of the pupillomotoric sensitivity profile lies independant of the state of adaptation in the fovea. 2. Irrespective of adaptation state the course of the pupillographic profile curves are congruent. 3. Sensoric determinations show a slow flattening of the curves to the periphery whereas comparatively pupillographic determination yields a steep course (difference in areal summation). 4. In total the pupillomotoric sensitivity increases only about 10 db during the change of adaptation from light to dark. --As the phasic pupillo-light-reflex is elicited by rods and cones the differences between the sensoric and pupillomotoric threshold determinations must arise from intraretinal neuronal processes and not from the receptor reactions.", "contents": "[Pupil and light sense perimetry with light and dark adaptation (author's transl)]. In comparison to light sense perimetry the use of pupillomotoric thresholds determination in the central region of the retina at various visual field illumination (10 asb, 0,1 asb, 0,001 asb, 45 degrees Meridian, 27' testpoint) has yielded the following results: 1. The maximum of the pupillomotoric sensitivity profile lies independant of the state of adaptation in the fovea. 2. Irrespective of adaptation state the course of the pupillographic profile curves are congruent. 3. Sensoric determinations show a slow flattening of the curves to the periphery whereas comparatively pupillographic determination yields a steep course (difference in areal summation). 4. In total the pupillomotoric sensitivity increases only about 10 db during the change of adaptation from light to dark. --As the phasic pupillo-light-reflex is elicited by rods and cones the differences between the sensoric and pupillomotoric threshold determinations must arise from intraretinal neuronal processes and not from the receptor reactions.", "PMID": 732181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1007", "title": "[The importance of the interference fringe visual acuity in the indication of a cataract-extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients have been examined before and after cataract-extraction using the Retinal Visual Acuity Tester, Takata, Japan. Laser produced interference fringes are formed on the retina, as a result the visual acuity can be determined easily before the operation. -- With immature cataracts we obtained a good correlation between the preoperative interference fringe visual acuity and the postoperative visual acuity tested by Landoltrings. Therefore, it can be differentiated whether worse visual acuity is caused by the cataract or by a retinal disease.", "contents": "[The importance of the interference fringe visual acuity in the indication of a cataract-extraction (author's transl)]. 100 patients have been examined before and after cataract-extraction using the Retinal Visual Acuity Tester, Takata, Japan. Laser produced interference fringes are formed on the retina, as a result the visual acuity can be determined easily before the operation. -- With immature cataracts we obtained a good correlation between the preoperative interference fringe visual acuity and the postoperative visual acuity tested by Landoltrings. Therefore, it can be differentiated whether worse visual acuity is caused by the cataract or by a retinal disease.", "PMID": 732182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1008", "title": "[Measuring the breath of fusion in reduced monocular and binocular visual acuity (author's transl)].", "content": "The range of fusion was measured with the synoptophore with different objects in 100 students. The visual acuity of the tested persons was reduced monocularly and binocularly by fogging occluders. The range of fusion decreases more strongly in the case of monocularly reduced vision than in the case of binocularly reduced vision to the same degree. Therefore it is not the absolute value of the reduced vision which is responsible for the decrease in the range of fusion but rather the difference between the visual acuity of both eyes. This result is important for the therapy with fogging occluders, prism foils and penalisation methods.", "contents": "[Measuring the breath of fusion in reduced monocular and binocular visual acuity (author's transl)]. The range of fusion was measured with the synoptophore with different objects in 100 students. The visual acuity of the tested persons was reduced monocularly and binocularly by fogging occluders. The range of fusion decreases more strongly in the case of monocularly reduced vision than in the case of binocularly reduced vision to the same degree. Therefore it is not the absolute value of the reduced vision which is responsible for the decrease in the range of fusion but rather the difference between the visual acuity of both eyes. This result is important for the therapy with fogging occluders, prism foils and penalisation methods.", "PMID": 732183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1009", "title": "[The A and V phenomenon and squint operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In 140 cases with strabismus of early onset the change of a A or V pattern was examined after a weakening procedure of the oblique muscles or a vertical transposition of the horizontal rectus muscles of one eye was done. The horizontal incomitance was measured between up and down gaze of 20 degrees. In cases with pronounced overaction of the oblique muscles we performed a recession of the inferior oblique or a tenotomy of the superior oblique respectively. If there was no significant vertical deviation we combined the recession- resection procedure with a vertical transposition of 4 to 50 mm. 75% of all cases showed a reduction of the incomitance (3 degrees or more). In average the preoperative pattern was reduced 70%. The most effective procedure was the bilateral superior oblique tenotomy, and the weakest the vertical transposition against the A- pattern.--In 95 cases with a A or V pattern only a horizontal recession-resection procedure was done. 38% showed a change of the preoperative incomitance but the average reduction was under 2%.", "contents": "[The A and V phenomenon and squint operations (author's transl)]. In 140 cases with strabismus of early onset the change of a A or V pattern was examined after a weakening procedure of the oblique muscles or a vertical transposition of the horizontal rectus muscles of one eye was done. The horizontal incomitance was measured between up and down gaze of 20 degrees. In cases with pronounced overaction of the oblique muscles we performed a recession of the inferior oblique or a tenotomy of the superior oblique respectively. If there was no significant vertical deviation we combined the recession- resection procedure with a vertical transposition of 4 to 50 mm. 75% of all cases showed a reduction of the incomitance (3 degrees or more). In average the preoperative pattern was reduced 70%. The most effective procedure was the bilateral superior oblique tenotomy, and the weakest the vertical transposition against the A- pattern.--In 95 cases with a A or V pattern only a horizontal recession-resection procedure was done. 38% showed a change of the preoperative incomitance but the average reduction was under 2%.", "PMID": 732184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1010", "title": "[\"Kestenbaum's surgical rotation of the eyes\" in patients with head tipped to the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of Kestenbaum's surgical rotation of the eyes has been found applicable to cases with head tilt to the shoulder. With restriction to the anterior parts of the obliques, which are acting mainly rotatory, the authors were able to release 9 patients out of 25 from their abnormal head posture with their operation. 12 showed definite improvement. However, the pathophysiology and the abolition of the head tilt to the shoulder could not alltogether be explained yet. Latent nystagmus with a resting position is found in only two out of three, a rotatory component only in one out of three patients. The authors believe that the picture of head tilt to the shoulder may rather be located within the classification of congenital strabismus syndrome (Lang) than within a strict causal classification after a certain type of nystagmus.", "contents": "[\"Kestenbaum's surgical rotation of the eyes\" in patients with head tipped to the shoulder (author's transl)]. The principle of Kestenbaum's surgical rotation of the eyes has been found applicable to cases with head tilt to the shoulder. With restriction to the anterior parts of the obliques, which are acting mainly rotatory, the authors were able to release 9 patients out of 25 from their abnormal head posture with their operation. 12 showed definite improvement. However, the pathophysiology and the abolition of the head tilt to the shoulder could not alltogether be explained yet. Latent nystagmus with a resting position is found in only two out of three, a rotatory component only in one out of three patients. The authors believe that the picture of head tilt to the shoulder may rather be located within the classification of congenital strabismus syndrome (Lang) than within a strict causal classification after a certain type of nystagmus.", "PMID": 732185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1011", "title": "[Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium (author's transl)].", "content": "Specular microscopy enables the examination of the endothelium of the isolated and perfused cornea. It is of great help in evaluating donor material in an Eye Bank. The in vivo observation and microphotography of the corneal endothelium makes it possible to detect early degenerative, traumatic surgical and other pathological changes of the monolayer.", "contents": "[Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium (author's transl)]. Specular microscopy enables the examination of the endothelium of the isolated and perfused cornea. It is of great help in evaluating donor material in an Eye Bank. The in vivo observation and microphotography of the corneal endothelium makes it possible to detect early degenerative, traumatic surgical and other pathological changes of the monolayer.", "PMID": 732186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1012", "title": "[Controlled suction in vitrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A peristaltic pump (type \"Perpex\", J. H. Guldener, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland) was modified for controlled aspiration in vitrectomy (fig. 1). The surgeon operates start, instantaneous stop and back flush with a single foot pedal. Suction and cutting device are controlled independently. Suction flow can continuously be varied between 0 and 16 ml/min (fig. 2). This less critical function is operated by the assistent. The upper limit of suction flow depends on infusion resistance and preselected differential pressure (fig. 3). The infusion resistance and its reciprocal, the inflow rate, vary considerably with different instruments. In four devices infusion resistance was measured and found to vary by a factor of up to 4.6. Low infusion resistance allows high suction flow and thus shorter operation time for certain conditions such as \"ochre membranes\" or intrasurgical bleedings. Further aids which we use in combination with a Zeiss OPMI-8 are an intense external xenon light source for variable slit illumination which makes the use of intravitreal fiber optics unnecessary, and a mirror combination to achieve an 11 degrees semi-coaxial stereoscopic view of the operation field for the assistent.", "contents": "[Controlled suction in vitrectomy (author's transl)]. A peristaltic pump (type \"Perpex\", J. H. Guldener, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland) was modified for controlled aspiration in vitrectomy (fig. 1). The surgeon operates start, instantaneous stop and back flush with a single foot pedal. Suction and cutting device are controlled independently. Suction flow can continuously be varied between 0 and 16 ml/min (fig. 2). This less critical function is operated by the assistent. The upper limit of suction flow depends on infusion resistance and preselected differential pressure (fig. 3). The infusion resistance and its reciprocal, the inflow rate, vary considerably with different instruments. In four devices infusion resistance was measured and found to vary by a factor of up to 4.6. Low infusion resistance allows high suction flow and thus shorter operation time for certain conditions such as \"ochre membranes\" or intrasurgical bleedings. Further aids which we use in combination with a Zeiss OPMI-8 are an intense external xenon light source for variable slit illumination which makes the use of intravitreal fiber optics unnecessary, and a mirror combination to achieve an 11 degrees semi-coaxial stereoscopic view of the operation field for the assistent.", "PMID": 732187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1013", "title": "[Improved rapid sequence fluorescein angiography for retinal circulation studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations of the initial phase of the angiogram and measurements of retinal circulation times require a rapid sequence angiography. Although almost all of the available cameras allow for 2 or 3 exposures per second, such rapid sequence angiograms are not performed routinely. Especially the patient's stress from 2 or 3 flashes per second is considerable making these investigations very difficult. We have introduced 3 modifications of the regular technique of rapid sequence angiography that greatly facilitate the procedure so that large numbers of patients can easily be investigated in clinical routine. 1. The regular fixation target in the Zeiss fundus camera has been replaced by a special diaphragm (Fig. 1) which will exclude part of the fundus from exposure to light. This way pictures are taken only of the disc and the peripapillary area which are most important for circulation studies. After completion of the rapid sequence the diaphragm can easily be removed and further pictures taken of regular size. 2. The fluorescein is injected by means of an automatic injector (Fig. 2) in order to obtain a concentrated dye bolus. 3. The sequence of the angiogram is controlled by an electronic timer (Fig. 3 a and b). The photographer can thus fully concentrate on the camera adjustment without worrying about dye injection or triggering the camera. The perfect standardisation obtained will facilitate the measurement of different circulation parameters later on the film.", "contents": "[Improved rapid sequence fluorescein angiography for retinal circulation studies (author's transl)]. Investigations of the initial phase of the angiogram and measurements of retinal circulation times require a rapid sequence angiography. Although almost all of the available cameras allow for 2 or 3 exposures per second, such rapid sequence angiograms are not performed routinely. Especially the patient's stress from 2 or 3 flashes per second is considerable making these investigations very difficult. We have introduced 3 modifications of the regular technique of rapid sequence angiography that greatly facilitate the procedure so that large numbers of patients can easily be investigated in clinical routine. 1. The regular fixation target in the Zeiss fundus camera has been replaced by a special diaphragm (Fig. 1) which will exclude part of the fundus from exposure to light. This way pictures are taken only of the disc and the peripapillary area which are most important for circulation studies. After completion of the rapid sequence the diaphragm can easily be removed and further pictures taken of regular size. 2. The fluorescein is injected by means of an automatic injector (Fig. 2) in order to obtain a concentrated dye bolus. 3. The sequence of the angiogram is controlled by an electronic timer (Fig. 3 a and b). The photographer can thus fully concentrate on the camera adjustment without worrying about dye injection or triggering the camera. The perfect standardisation obtained will facilitate the measurement of different circulation parameters later on the film.", "PMID": 732188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1014", "title": "[Retinal circulation times as determined by fluorescein angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a standardized technique of rapid fluorescein angiography applying a special diaphragm in the camera to reduce the patient stress by the frequent flashes and an automatic dye injection retinal circulation times of 173 healthy eyes were measured and statistically analysed. Circulation time was defined as the time interval between first visible arterial and venous fluorescence of corresponding vessels near the disc margin. The circulation time for the temporal vessels (1.1--1.2 s) was significantly faster than that of the nasal vessels (1.3 s) whereas there was no significant difference between the upper and lower main vessels. The very short circulation times are caused by short circuits near the disc. The difference between the shorter temporal and longer nasal times is caused by the macular circulation. It would therefore be more accurate to speak of peripapillary circulation times or of circulation times of the posterior pole of the fundus.", "contents": "[Retinal circulation times as determined by fluorescein angiography (author's transl)]. Using a standardized technique of rapid fluorescein angiography applying a special diaphragm in the camera to reduce the patient stress by the frequent flashes and an automatic dye injection retinal circulation times of 173 healthy eyes were measured and statistically analysed. Circulation time was defined as the time interval between first visible arterial and venous fluorescence of corresponding vessels near the disc margin. The circulation time for the temporal vessels (1.1--1.2 s) was significantly faster than that of the nasal vessels (1.3 s) whereas there was no significant difference between the upper and lower main vessels. The very short circulation times are caused by short circuits near the disc. The difference between the shorter temporal and longer nasal times is caused by the macular circulation. It would therefore be more accurate to speak of peripapillary circulation times or of circulation times of the posterior pole of the fundus.", "PMID": 732189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1015", "title": "[Bilateral vascular papillitis following ergotamin medication (author's transl)].", "content": "A 36-years aged woman suffering from migraine used Ergosanol special-suppositories. An edema of the retina with star figure appeared in both eyes with only a few months distance. After putting away that drug visual acuity restituted completely in spite of a partial neuritic atrophy of the optic nerve in the first suffering eye. If Ergotamin containing drugs are not used for too long time the condition usually is getting better within a few days. Thereby the diagnosis can be confirmed clinically. The same results could be expected if DHE leads to Ergotismus which is not yet confirmed. In literature central scotomas as well as annular scotomas are reported. In Ergotamin induced angioneuropathies there is a large difference in individual response. Our observation showed that drugs taken for years are no more felt as a pharmacon by a patient and therefore are not reported to the examinating physician.", "contents": "[Bilateral vascular papillitis following ergotamin medication (author's transl)]. A 36-years aged woman suffering from migraine used Ergosanol special-suppositories. An edema of the retina with star figure appeared in both eyes with only a few months distance. After putting away that drug visual acuity restituted completely in spite of a partial neuritic atrophy of the optic nerve in the first suffering eye. If Ergotamin containing drugs are not used for too long time the condition usually is getting better within a few days. Thereby the diagnosis can be confirmed clinically. The same results could be expected if DHE leads to Ergotismus which is not yet confirmed. In literature central scotomas as well as annular scotomas are reported. In Ergotamin induced angioneuropathies there is a large difference in individual response. Our observation showed that drugs taken for years are no more felt as a pharmacon by a patient and therefore are not reported to the examinating physician.", "PMID": 732190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1016", "title": "[Operations and occlusion treatment in unilateral congenital cataract (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of contradicting opinions regarding the chances by operations of unilateral congenital cataracts, we tested 97 children systematically since 1966. We especially tried to find out which functional meaning can be given to the operation and the following occlusion treatment. 64 children were operated, of these 22 in their 1. and 2. year of life, and an attempt of occlusion therapy followed. By 31 children test results were insufficient due mainly to the lack of cooperation of the parents who did not completely carry out the recommended therapy. In 2 patients the visual acuity improved clearly with central fixation. 6 children had a subjective, reliable orientation although their visual acuity lied under 0,2 and no central fixation was achieved. By the visual acuity and fixation test, they did not however differenciate from other children, who showed no improvement subjectively. The occlusion therapy was broken up by 15 children because of subjective discouragement and no signs of progression concerning the therapy. In retrospect serious operative complications within the observation time were not noted. Every type of cataract requires individual surgical techniques. Obviously, in such cases the measured visual acuity is not the appropriate criteria to judge the functional performance of the eye.", "contents": "[Operations and occlusion treatment in unilateral congenital cataract (author's transl)]. In view of contradicting opinions regarding the chances by operations of unilateral congenital cataracts, we tested 97 children systematically since 1966. We especially tried to find out which functional meaning can be given to the operation and the following occlusion treatment. 64 children were operated, of these 22 in their 1. and 2. year of life, and an attempt of occlusion therapy followed. By 31 children test results were insufficient due mainly to the lack of cooperation of the parents who did not completely carry out the recommended therapy. In 2 patients the visual acuity improved clearly with central fixation. 6 children had a subjective, reliable orientation although their visual acuity lied under 0,2 and no central fixation was achieved. By the visual acuity and fixation test, they did not however differenciate from other children, who showed no improvement subjectively. The occlusion therapy was broken up by 15 children because of subjective discouragement and no signs of progression concerning the therapy. In retrospect serious operative complications within the observation time were not noted. Every type of cataract requires individual surgical techniques. Obviously, in such cases the measured visual acuity is not the appropriate criteria to judge the functional performance of the eye.", "PMID": 732191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1017", "title": "[Cataract extraction combined with trabeculotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper we report on a series of 56 eyes which underwent a combined cataract-trabeculotomy operation. After a follow-up of at least 6 months. 63% of the eyes had normal intraocular pressure while 34% of them required further medication to achieve the same. No serious complications were observed.", "contents": "[Cataract extraction combined with trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. In this paper we report on a series of 56 eyes which underwent a combined cataract-trabeculotomy operation. After a follow-up of at least 6 months. 63% of the eyes had normal intraocular pressure while 34% of them required further medication to achieve the same. No serious complications were observed.", "PMID": 732192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1018", "title": "[Acupuncture in glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the principles of classical Chinese acupuncture we treated 18 patients suffering from glaucoma chronicum simplex. We did not see any significant alterations of intraocular pressure whereas we attained improvement of recovery in some functional diseases such as blepharospasm or migraine. In our opinion therapeutic acupuncture works as a masked suggestive therapy. It is useless in organic diseases of the eye.", "contents": "[Acupuncture in glaucoma (author's transl)]. Following the principles of classical Chinese acupuncture we treated 18 patients suffering from glaucoma chronicum simplex. We did not see any significant alterations of intraocular pressure whereas we attained improvement of recovery in some functional diseases such as blepharospasm or migraine. In our opinion therapeutic acupuncture works as a masked suggestive therapy. It is useless in organic diseases of the eye.", "PMID": 732193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1019", "title": "[Contusion of the eye--secondary glaucoma and other late consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "24 patients were re-examined 19--20 years and another 37 patients 10--11 years after blunt injury to the eye. 24 eyes showed marked angle rears but there was not a single case of glaucoma. In case of initial a. c. hemorrhage these tears are significantly more ofter seen. 9 of the injured eyes had a reduction of visual acuity to 0.5 or less as a consequence of lens or central fundus changings.", "contents": "[Contusion of the eye--secondary glaucoma and other late consequences (author's transl)]. 24 patients were re-examined 19--20 years and another 37 patients 10--11 years after blunt injury to the eye. 24 eyes showed marked angle rears but there was not a single case of glaucoma. In case of initial a. c. hemorrhage these tears are significantly more ofter seen. 9 of the injured eyes had a reduction of visual acuity to 0.5 or less as a consequence of lens or central fundus changings.", "PMID": 732194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1020", "title": "[HLA antigens in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of HLA-antigens was carried out in 132 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. While emmetropic and hyperopic patients showed no deviation from the normal HLA distribution pattern, HLA-B 12 was found to be significantly increased (30,3% versus a control frequency of 21,8%) at the Pc less than 0,05 level in myopic patients. This deviation frequency was identical in patients with and without a positive family history and was not related to the degree of myopia.", "contents": "[HLA antigens in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (author's transl)]. An analysis of HLA-antigens was carried out in 132 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. While emmetropic and hyperopic patients showed no deviation from the normal HLA distribution pattern, HLA-B 12 was found to be significantly increased (30,3% versus a control frequency of 21,8%) at the Pc less than 0,05 level in myopic patients. This deviation frequency was identical in patients with and without a positive family history and was not related to the degree of myopia.", "PMID": 732196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1021", "title": "[Amaurosis fugax and obliteration of the carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Obliterative processes of the carotid bifurcation can be a starting point for cerebral and especially retinal microemboli. Early diagnosis is essential in protecting such patients from a definitive insult, or a reduction of sight which can go as far as permanent blindness, whereas the amaurosis fugax being the most common ocular symptom of the internal carotid insufficiency. Due to the fact ca. 65%--75% of the patients with ocular symptoms of a carotid insufficiency show forms of amaurosis fugax or photopical sensations, this symptom complex, especially in combination with temporary contralateral hemiparalysis, has to be evaluated as a classical symptom of carotid stenosis until the contrary can be angiographically proven. Only during the last few years has it become apparent that these microemboli originate from ulcerous or verrucous beds of the carotid bifurcation. The discovery of the above connections was only made possible through the improvements in carotid angiography technique.", "contents": "[Amaurosis fugax and obliteration of the carotid artery (author's transl)]. Obliterative processes of the carotid bifurcation can be a starting point for cerebral and especially retinal microemboli. Early diagnosis is essential in protecting such patients from a definitive insult, or a reduction of sight which can go as far as permanent blindness, whereas the amaurosis fugax being the most common ocular symptom of the internal carotid insufficiency. Due to the fact ca. 65%--75% of the patients with ocular symptoms of a carotid insufficiency show forms of amaurosis fugax or photopical sensations, this symptom complex, especially in combination with temporary contralateral hemiparalysis, has to be evaluated as a classical symptom of carotid stenosis until the contrary can be angiographically proven. Only during the last few years has it become apparent that these microemboli originate from ulcerous or verrucous beds of the carotid bifurcation. The discovery of the above connections was only made possible through the improvements in carotid angiography technique.", "PMID": 732197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1022", "title": "[Fluorescence angiography in macular holes (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were conducted on fluorescence angiography in lamellar macular holes. This methods allows to find some variations in ophthalmoscopically indentical cases what explains differences between their retinal functions. Using this method it is also possible to differentiate a tissue defect of the retina from other macular lesions.", "contents": "[Fluorescence angiography in macular holes (author's transl)]. Studies were conducted on fluorescence angiography in lamellar macular holes. This methods allows to find some variations in ophthalmoscopically indentical cases what explains differences between their retinal functions. Using this method it is also possible to differentiate a tissue defect of the retina from other macular lesions.", "PMID": 732198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1023", "title": "[A comparison of measurements made with Goldmann's application tonometer and Draeger's hand applanation tonometer (author's transl)].", "content": "The hand held applanationstonometer Draeger gives reliable measurements of intraocular pressure, they correspond of those from Goldmann applanationstonometer. The eventual value deviations of i. o. pressure at the beginning of the tests are not caused by the instrument but mainly by the effect of repeated applanation tonometry.", "contents": "[A comparison of measurements made with Goldmann's application tonometer and Draeger's hand applanation tonometer (author's transl)]. The hand held applanationstonometer Draeger gives reliable measurements of intraocular pressure, they correspond of those from Goldmann applanationstonometer. The eventual value deviations of i. o. pressure at the beginning of the tests are not caused by the instrument but mainly by the effect of repeated applanation tonometry.", "PMID": 732199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1024", "title": "[Experiences with Doppler-ultrasonography of the orbital vessels for ophthalmological vascular diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "With Doppler ultrasonography of the orbit the blood flow in the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries can be determined transcutaneously. The technique yields reliable informations about the state of the carotid system. It is especially suitable for assessing carotid obstruction. Besides it has proved to be of particular diagnostic value in temporal arteritis. The authors describe and discuss the technique of orbital Doppler ultrasonography and present typical findings in carotid lesions and in temporal arteritis.", "contents": "[Experiences with Doppler-ultrasonography of the orbital vessels for ophthalmological vascular diagnosis (author's transl)]. With Doppler ultrasonography of the orbit the blood flow in the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries can be determined transcutaneously. The technique yields reliable informations about the state of the carotid system. It is especially suitable for assessing carotid obstruction. Besides it has proved to be of particular diagnostic value in temporal arteritis. The authors describe and discuss the technique of orbital Doppler ultrasonography and present typical findings in carotid lesions and in temporal arteritis.", "PMID": 732200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1025", "title": "[Short-time storage of human corneas in medium NCTC 135 (author's transl)].", "content": "20 human donor corneas were placed in a tissue culture medium (NCTC 135 with an additional content of 5% Actovegin resp. Solcoseryl) at +4 degrees C for 5 and 7 days. After that the temperature reversal effect was measured and the corneal endothelial cells were stained. The living cells were counted every 24 hours until no more cells could be seen. It could be shown, that compared with the MK-Medium 24% more living cells could be counted after 5 and 7 days storage in the medium. Possible causes of this improvement, practical consequences with including antibiotic prophylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "[Short-time storage of human corneas in medium NCTC 135 (author's transl)]. 20 human donor corneas were placed in a tissue culture medium (NCTC 135 with an additional content of 5% Actovegin resp. Solcoseryl) at +4 degrees C for 5 and 7 days. After that the temperature reversal effect was measured and the corneal endothelial cells were stained. The living cells were counted every 24 hours until no more cells could be seen. It could be shown, that compared with the MK-Medium 24% more living cells could be counted after 5 and 7 days storage in the medium. Possible causes of this improvement, practical consequences with including antibiotic prophylaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 732201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1026", "title": "[Systemic diseases in patients with cataract-extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "214 patients who underwent cataract-extraction in 1973 were examined for systemic diseases. The average age of patients with (70%) and without (30%) general diseases was 67 years. The frequency of cardio-vascular and respiratory diseases corresponded to that observed in the general population of the same age. In contrast, the rate of diabetes mellitus was four times higher than to be expected statistically. The importance of an adequate clinical management of diabetic cataract patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Systemic diseases in patients with cataract-extraction (author's transl)]. 214 patients who underwent cataract-extraction in 1973 were examined for systemic diseases. The average age of patients with (70%) and without (30%) general diseases was 67 years. The frequency of cardio-vascular and respiratory diseases corresponded to that observed in the general population of the same age. In contrast, the rate of diabetes mellitus was four times higher than to be expected statistically. The importance of an adequate clinical management of diabetic cataract patients is discussed.", "PMID": 732202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1027", "title": "[On eye changes associated with the pigmented spots syndrome (Peutz-Jeghers) (author's transl)].", "content": "After a survey of cases of the pigmentpolyposis (Peutz-Jeghers) in the literature reported, a woman with an abortive form of this syndrome (pigmentanomaly ) and a bilateral embryotoxon posterius (Axenfeld) is described. Both signs are heritable in the autosomal-dominant manner. The association of pigmentpolyposis and embryotoxon is not yet observed. Possibly there is present a new-mutation. The examination of the family detected no other special cases. For the future on had in cases of pigmentpolyposis possible ocular changes more in view than till now.", "contents": "[On eye changes associated with the pigmented spots syndrome (Peutz-Jeghers) (author's transl)]. After a survey of cases of the pigmentpolyposis (Peutz-Jeghers) in the literature reported, a woman with an abortive form of this syndrome (pigmentanomaly ) and a bilateral embryotoxon posterius (Axenfeld) is described. Both signs are heritable in the autosomal-dominant manner. The association of pigmentpolyposis and embryotoxon is not yet observed. Possibly there is present a new-mutation. The examination of the family detected no other special cases. For the future on had in cases of pigmentpolyposis possible ocular changes more in view than till now.", "PMID": 732203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1028", "title": "[On the treatment of arteriosclerotic retinopathy with Cosaldon A+E (author's transl)].", "content": "Cosaldon A+E was applied in 61 patients, most of whom presented severe vascular degenerative retinochoroidal circulatory disorders and chronic glaucoma. The treatment, mostly consisting of 3--2 x 1 tablet per day, was well tolerated and resulted in marked (43 patients) and moderate (8 patients) improvement of visual function. In ten patients the symptoms remained unchanged. Particularly the improvement found in 4 patients presenting chronic glaucoma \"without pressure\" are worth mentioning. Besides, the symptomatology of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency presented by most of the patients was positively influenced. Cosaldon A+E above all renders more promising the treatment of vascular processes in the eye-ground, such as the chorioretinopathy, which, in view of the unfavourable prognosis of the disease, is deemed a remarkable progress. Likewise the product seems to exert a beneficial effect in patients with chronic glaucoma.", "contents": "[On the treatment of arteriosclerotic retinopathy with Cosaldon A+E (author's transl)]. Cosaldon A+E was applied in 61 patients, most of whom presented severe vascular degenerative retinochoroidal circulatory disorders and chronic glaucoma. The treatment, mostly consisting of 3--2 x 1 tablet per day, was well tolerated and resulted in marked (43 patients) and moderate (8 patients) improvement of visual function. In ten patients the symptoms remained unchanged. Particularly the improvement found in 4 patients presenting chronic glaucoma \"without pressure\" are worth mentioning. Besides, the symptomatology of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency presented by most of the patients was positively influenced. Cosaldon A+E above all renders more promising the treatment of vascular processes in the eye-ground, such as the chorioretinopathy, which, in view of the unfavourable prognosis of the disease, is deemed a remarkable progress. Likewise the product seems to exert a beneficial effect in patients with chronic glaucoma.", "PMID": 732204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1029", "title": "[Some special indications for wearing contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "The typical distinguishing features of special cases which require contact lenses for satisfactory vision are described. Hence in the first case with anisometria associated with irregular astigmatism of one eye, to which a toric soft contact lens was adapted. In the second case a visual acuity of only 0,6 monocular was attained with the best spectacle lens, however with contact lense the visual acuity was 1.25. Here a verdict from a social court is mentioned, which obliged the sickness insurance to take over the costs for such a case. In the third case the adaptation of contact lenses was undertaken after radical bilateral keratoplasty because of parenchymatous keratitis, and an improvement in visual acuity of at least 400% resulted.", "contents": "[Some special indications for wearing contact lenses (author's transl)]. The typical distinguishing features of special cases which require contact lenses for satisfactory vision are described. Hence in the first case with anisometria associated with irregular astigmatism of one eye, to which a toric soft contact lens was adapted. In the second case a visual acuity of only 0,6 monocular was attained with the best spectacle lens, however with contact lense the visual acuity was 1.25. Here a verdict from a social court is mentioned, which obliged the sickness insurance to take over the costs for such a case. In the third case the adaptation of contact lenses was undertaken after radical bilateral keratoplasty because of parenchymatous keratitis, and an improvement in visual acuity of at least 400% resulted.", "PMID": 732205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1030", "title": "[Experience with the new photocoagulator (Zeiss) (author's transl)].", "content": "The new Zeiss Xenon-photocoagulator has considerable advantages. The possibility of converging the light beam allows coagulating even prominent areas (folds) in lensless eyes without difficulty. From our experience Xenon coagulation with individually adapted coagulation offers advantages over argon-laser coagulation with relatively short coagulation times.", "contents": "[Experience with the new photocoagulator (Zeiss) (author's transl)]. The new Zeiss Xenon-photocoagulator has considerable advantages. The possibility of converging the light beam allows coagulating even prominent areas (folds) in lensless eyes without difficulty. From our experience Xenon coagulation with individually adapted coagulation offers advantages over argon-laser coagulation with relatively short coagulation times.", "PMID": 732206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1031", "title": "[Comparative studies with scanning electron microscope on the quality of corneal disk incision using various corneal trephine (author's transl)].", "content": "The cut surface of corneal stroma from rabbits was studied with a scanning-electron microscope and compared after using a manual trephine, a motor-driven rotor trephine and a rotor trephine with mechanical guidance. It became evident that the cut surface obtained with the motor-driven trephine is clearly smoother than that obtained with manual trephine. A further improvement in the quality of the cut is evident with a mechanically guided trephine.", "contents": "[Comparative studies with scanning electron microscope on the quality of corneal disk incision using various corneal trephine (author's transl)]. The cut surface of corneal stroma from rabbits was studied with a scanning-electron microscope and compared after using a manual trephine, a motor-driven rotor trephine and a rotor trephine with mechanical guidance. It became evident that the cut surface obtained with the motor-driven trephine is clearly smoother than that obtained with manual trephine. A further improvement in the quality of the cut is evident with a mechanically guided trephine.", "PMID": 732207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1032", "title": "[Obligation to tolerance and reasonability of cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "The reasonability of cataract extractions is mentioned with exposition of the interests of the insuring bodies and of the patient. We discuss individually the terms \"medical treatment\", \"obligation to tolerance\" and \"reasonability\". The surgical method and the general physical assessment of the patient earn special consideration for a \"reasonable\" cataract extraction. We also discuss the special situation of the surgeon.", "contents": "[Obligation to tolerance and reasonability of cataract extraction (author's transl)]. The reasonability of cataract extractions is mentioned with exposition of the interests of the insuring bodies and of the patient. We discuss individually the terms \"medical treatment\", \"obligation to tolerance\" and \"reasonability\". The surgical method and the general physical assessment of the patient earn special consideration for a \"reasonable\" cataract extraction. We also discuss the special situation of the surgeon.", "PMID": 732208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1033", "title": "[Allergy diagnosis in patients with bronchial asthma (bronchial provocation test, skin test and RAST) (author's transl)].", "content": "87 patients with bronchial asthma underwent skin test, RAST and measurment of airway resistance before and after inhalation of control solution as well as at least 10 times after each of one to four bronchial provocations (making up a total of 171 tests) with extracts of house dust, house dust mite, animal dander, mould spores and pollen in increasing concentrations. An actual clinical significance of the skin test reactions was found in 60% of all cases and of the RAST results in 66% of all cases. The overall agreement between skin test results and RAST results was 61%. The correlations between the different tests depended on the degree of hypersensitivity, on the tested allergen and on whether the results of skin test and RAST, respectively, were positive or negative. There existed a good correlation between the results of all three test methods and case history only for pollen allergens and animal dander. Noticeably often negative RAST results with house dust and mould spores, as well as positive skin tests with house dust mite and mould spores could not be confirmed by the provocation test. Important indications for a bronchial provocation test in asthmatics are doubtful case history, doubtful skin test or RAST results with the problem-allergens house dust, house dust mite and mould spores; the bronchial provocation test is especially commendable when drastic or cumbersome therapeutic measures (immunotherapy, change of home, change of job) are to follow or if late asthmatic reactions are expected.", "contents": "[Allergy diagnosis in patients with bronchial asthma (bronchial provocation test, skin test and RAST) (author's transl)]. 87 patients with bronchial asthma underwent skin test, RAST and measurment of airway resistance before and after inhalation of control solution as well as at least 10 times after each of one to four bronchial provocations (making up a total of 171 tests) with extracts of house dust, house dust mite, animal dander, mould spores and pollen in increasing concentrations. An actual clinical significance of the skin test reactions was found in 60% of all cases and of the RAST results in 66% of all cases. The overall agreement between skin test results and RAST results was 61%. The correlations between the different tests depended on the degree of hypersensitivity, on the tested allergen and on whether the results of skin test and RAST, respectively, were positive or negative. There existed a good correlation between the results of all three test methods and case history only for pollen allergens and animal dander. Noticeably often negative RAST results with house dust and mould spores, as well as positive skin tests with house dust mite and mould spores could not be confirmed by the provocation test. Important indications for a bronchial provocation test in asthmatics are doubtful case history, doubtful skin test or RAST results with the problem-allergens house dust, house dust mite and mould spores; the bronchial provocation test is especially commendable when drastic or cumbersome therapeutic measures (immunotherapy, change of home, change of job) are to follow or if late asthmatic reactions are expected.", "PMID": 732243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1034", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of the beta-receptor blocking agents metoprolol and propranolol in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects produced by intravenous infusions of the beta-blocking agents metoprolol and propranolol in doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg/10 min were compared in anaesthetized dogs. When administered in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/10 min, metoprolol caused a longer-lasting increase in pulmonary-arterial pressure and total pulmonary resistance, a greater increase in pulmonary capillary pressure and a more marked decrease in O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood than propranolol. These differences are probably due to differences in the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs. The effects of the two beta-blockers in a dose of 1 mg/kg/10 min were similar. At neither of the dose-levels tested were the changes induced by the compounds in the various parameters studied clearly dose-related.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of the beta-receptor blocking agents metoprolol and propranolol in the anesthetized dog. The haemodynamic effects produced by intravenous infusions of the beta-blocking agents metoprolol and propranolol in doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg/10 min were compared in anaesthetized dogs. When administered in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/10 min, metoprolol caused a longer-lasting increase in pulmonary-arterial pressure and total pulmonary resistance, a greater increase in pulmonary capillary pressure and a more marked decrease in O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood than propranolol. These differences are probably due to differences in the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs. The effects of the two beta-blockers in a dose of 1 mg/kg/10 min were similar. At neither of the dose-levels tested were the changes induced by the compounds in the various parameters studied clearly dose-related.", "PMID": 732245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1035", "title": "Application of bradykinin radioimmunoassay for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity rats.", "content": "Bradykinin radioimmunoassay was applied for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity in rats. Antisera against bradykinin were raised in rabbits by injecting synthetic bradykinin coupled to human serum albumin via a difluorodinitrobenzene reaction. For radioimmunoassay a high titre antibody was used at a final dilution of 1:65000 to bind approximately 8,000 cpm of [125I]-tyrosine8-bradykinin. Standard curves were plotted from synthetic bradykinin samples (1--1000 pg). Kinins were generated by incubating partially purified kininogen with rat urine in the presence of kininase inhibitors. Bradykinin antiserum showed crossreaction with kallidin, met-lys-bradykinin and dog-kininogen. To eliminate interference of the kininogen with kinin radioimmunoassay, alcohol precipitation of the substrate was performed after incubation. Concentration of urinary kallikrein in rats showed no significant difference between day and night 12-hours-colllecting period. Total kallikrein excretion at night, however, was about twofold higher, correlating to a twofold higher urine volume during the night.", "contents": "Application of bradykinin radioimmunoassay for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity rats. Bradykinin radioimmunoassay was applied for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity in rats. Antisera against bradykinin were raised in rabbits by injecting synthetic bradykinin coupled to human serum albumin via a difluorodinitrobenzene reaction. For radioimmunoassay a high titre antibody was used at a final dilution of 1:65000 to bind approximately 8,000 cpm of [125I]-tyrosine8-bradykinin. Standard curves were plotted from synthetic bradykinin samples (1--1000 pg). Kinins were generated by incubating partially purified kininogen with rat urine in the presence of kininase inhibitors. Bradykinin antiserum showed crossreaction with kallidin, met-lys-bradykinin and dog-kininogen. To eliminate interference of the kininogen with kinin radioimmunoassay, alcohol precipitation of the substrate was performed after incubation. Concentration of urinary kallikrein in rats showed no significant difference between day and night 12-hours-colllecting period. Total kallikrein excretion at night, however, was about twofold higher, correlating to a twofold higher urine volume during the night.", "PMID": 732246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1036", "title": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside alone and in combination with sodium thiosulfate on the acid-base balance, and on thiocyanate and iron plasma levels in the rabbit.", "content": "An infusion of 7.5 mg/kg.h sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produced a fatal cyanide intoxication in conscious rabbits (n=6) after 60.8 +/- 6.7 min (chi +/- S.E.). When, however, the cyanide antidote sodium thiosulfate was infused simultaneously at a rate of 31.25 or 62.5 mg/kg.h, i.e. a molar SNP/thiosulfate ratio of 1:5 or 1:10 respectively, this high dose of SNP was well tolerated. In both concentrations, thiosulfate abolished the development of the severe metabolic acidosis that results from the infusion of toxic doses of SNP alone. In the presence of thiosulfate, the plasma level of thiocyanate rose linearly with the infusion time indicating a rapid detoxification of cyanide released in vivo from SNP, whereas at the end of the infusion of SNP alone no increase in plasma thiocyanate could be measured. No clear advantage of the higher thiosulfate dosage over the lower one could be established. The iron plasma level only rose during the first hour of SNP plus thiosulfate infusions reaching the iron binding capacity of plasma, and then remained stable throughout the experiment. This indicates that the iron plasma level is an unsuitable parameter for the control of SNP therapy. We suggest the simultaneous administration of SNP and thiosulfate at a molar ratio of 1:5 to make SNP a safer drug.", "contents": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside alone and in combination with sodium thiosulfate on the acid-base balance, and on thiocyanate and iron plasma levels in the rabbit. An infusion of 7.5 mg/kg.h sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produced a fatal cyanide intoxication in conscious rabbits (n=6) after 60.8 +/- 6.7 min (chi +/- S.E.). When, however, the cyanide antidote sodium thiosulfate was infused simultaneously at a rate of 31.25 or 62.5 mg/kg.h, i.e. a molar SNP/thiosulfate ratio of 1:5 or 1:10 respectively, this high dose of SNP was well tolerated. In both concentrations, thiosulfate abolished the development of the severe metabolic acidosis that results from the infusion of toxic doses of SNP alone. In the presence of thiosulfate, the plasma level of thiocyanate rose linearly with the infusion time indicating a rapid detoxification of cyanide released in vivo from SNP, whereas at the end of the infusion of SNP alone no increase in plasma thiocyanate could be measured. No clear advantage of the higher thiosulfate dosage over the lower one could be established. The iron plasma level only rose during the first hour of SNP plus thiosulfate infusions reaching the iron binding capacity of plasma, and then remained stable throughout the experiment. This indicates that the iron plasma level is an unsuitable parameter for the control of SNP therapy. We suggest the simultaneous administration of SNP and thiosulfate at a molar ratio of 1:5 to make SNP a safer drug.", "PMID": 732247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1037", "title": "Reversal of renal hypertension: effects on renin, salt and water balance.", "content": "The effect of removal of one renal artery stenosis on renal sodium and fluid excretion and on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been investigated in three types of renal hypertension of rats. Blood pressure fell in all experimental models after declamping, independently of changes in urinary sodium and water excretion or plasma angiotensin II (ANG II). Plasma concentrations of ANG II did not rise in response to salt and fluid loss induced by declamping when the contralateral kidney had been removed or when it was depleted from renin. A high renin content of the declamped kidney prevented major salt and fluid loss, whereas renin depletion of this kidney was accompanied by an exaggerated natriuresis and diuresis. Besides this tubular modulation of renal salt and water handling by the local RAS, glomerular filtration rate could be reduced by a stimulated activity of this system in plasma, indicated by a close relationship between serum urea and plasma ANG II levels.", "contents": "Reversal of renal hypertension: effects on renin, salt and water balance. The effect of removal of one renal artery stenosis on renal sodium and fluid excretion and on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been investigated in three types of renal hypertension of rats. Blood pressure fell in all experimental models after declamping, independently of changes in urinary sodium and water excretion or plasma angiotensin II (ANG II). Plasma concentrations of ANG II did not rise in response to salt and fluid loss induced by declamping when the contralateral kidney had been removed or when it was depleted from renin. A high renin content of the declamped kidney prevented major salt and fluid loss, whereas renin depletion of this kidney was accompanied by an exaggerated natriuresis and diuresis. Besides this tubular modulation of renal salt and water handling by the local RAS, glomerular filtration rate could be reduced by a stimulated activity of this system in plasma, indicated by a close relationship between serum urea and plasma ANG II levels.", "PMID": 732250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1038", "title": "In vivo enzyme activity of purified human brain renin.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats contains high angiotensinogen concentrations. When 3500-fold purified renin from human brain was injected into the brain ventricles of rats, angiotensin I concentrations increased from undetectable levels to 147.9 +/- 18.8 fMol per ml CSF. In parallel, mean arterial blood pressure increased from 93 +/- 2.4 mm Hg to 107 +/- 3.7 mm Hg. The increase in blood pressure could be abolished by intraventricular administration of saralasin, a blocker of angiotensin II receptors. Intraventricular injection of cathepsin D had no effect on arterial blood pressure and the agiotensin I concentration in CSF remained below detection limits of the radioimmunoassay. We conclude that brain renin acts on endogenous brain angiotensinogen under physioloical in vivo conditions to form angiotensin I. The latter is converted to angiotensin II and leads to biological effects, i.e. increase of blood pressure.", "contents": "In vivo enzyme activity of purified human brain renin. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats contains high angiotensinogen concentrations. When 3500-fold purified renin from human brain was injected into the brain ventricles of rats, angiotensin I concentrations increased from undetectable levels to 147.9 +/- 18.8 fMol per ml CSF. In parallel, mean arterial blood pressure increased from 93 +/- 2.4 mm Hg to 107 +/- 3.7 mm Hg. The increase in blood pressure could be abolished by intraventricular administration of saralasin, a blocker of angiotensin II receptors. Intraventricular injection of cathepsin D had no effect on arterial blood pressure and the agiotensin I concentration in CSF remained below detection limits of the radioimmunoassay. We conclude that brain renin acts on endogenous brain angiotensinogen under physioloical in vivo conditions to form angiotensin I. The latter is converted to angiotensin II and leads to biological effects, i.e. increase of blood pressure.", "PMID": 732251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1039", "title": "Increased blood pressure responses to central angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The blood pressure responses following infusions of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the brain ventricles (i.v.t.) have been tested in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats. The mean arterial blood pressure increases were significantly higher in SH rats than in WK rats. Propranolol treatment reduced blood pressure increases to i.v.t. ANG II in WK, but not in SH rats. The higher sensitivity to i.v.t. ANG II in SH rats supports a role of central ANG II in the maintenance of high blood pressure in SH rats.", "contents": "Increased blood pressure responses to central angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The blood pressure responses following infusions of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the brain ventricles (i.v.t.) have been tested in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats. The mean arterial blood pressure increases were significantly higher in SH rats than in WK rats. Propranolol treatment reduced blood pressure increases to i.v.t. ANG II in WK, but not in SH rats. The higher sensitivity to i.v.t. ANG II in SH rats supports a role of central ANG II in the maintenance of high blood pressure in SH rats.", "PMID": 732252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1040", "title": "The influence of vinblastine and colchicine on renin secretion in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effect of the microtubule inhibitors colchicine and vinblastine on renin release in vivo and in vitro was studied. Injection of 0.5 mg/100 g i.v. of colchicine or vinblastine to furosemide treated rats on a low salt diet resulted in a decrease of plasma renin as well as plasma angiotensinogen concentration during a 5 h observation period. Renin release from rat kidney slices was diminished by vinblastine (5 x 10(-5) M), when basal or stimulated (by isobutylmethylxanthine and isoproterenol) renin release was measured. Colchicine at 5 x 10(-5) M had no effect under these conditions. Renin release from the isolated perfused rat kidney was increased 2--3 fold by vinblastine (10(-5) M) or colchicine (10(-4) M). The maximal response of renin release to isoproterenol (10(-7) M) was not changed when vinblastine (10(-5) M) or colchicine (10(-4) M) were present in the perfusion medium. The contrasting results cast considerable doubts on the suitability of microtubule inhibitors in studies on renin secretion.", "contents": "The influence of vinblastine and colchicine on renin secretion in vivo and in vitro. The effect of the microtubule inhibitors colchicine and vinblastine on renin release in vivo and in vitro was studied. Injection of 0.5 mg/100 g i.v. of colchicine or vinblastine to furosemide treated rats on a low salt diet resulted in a decrease of plasma renin as well as plasma angiotensinogen concentration during a 5 h observation period. Renin release from rat kidney slices was diminished by vinblastine (5 x 10(-5) M), when basal or stimulated (by isobutylmethylxanthine and isoproterenol) renin release was measured. Colchicine at 5 x 10(-5) M had no effect under these conditions. Renin release from the isolated perfused rat kidney was increased 2--3 fold by vinblastine (10(-5) M) or colchicine (10(-4) M). The maximal response of renin release to isoproterenol (10(-7) M) was not changed when vinblastine (10(-5) M) or colchicine (10(-4) M) were present in the perfusion medium. The contrasting results cast considerable doubts on the suitability of microtubule inhibitors in studies on renin secretion.", "PMID": 732253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1041", "title": "Neurohypophyseal vasopressor principle: vasopressor hormone as well as antidiuretic hormone?", "content": "Studies on the vasopressor role of the antidiuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in DOC hypertension, in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in spontaneous hypertension of rats, and during acute blood pressure elevation after intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II and in glycerol-induced acute renal failure of rats are reviewed. For the measurement of plasma AVP a radioimmunoassay has been developed. For this assay, a series of criteria has been met which allows the conclusion that, in plasma of rats, the antibody measures AVP only. For the blockade of vasopressor effects of AVP a specific antiserum has been used. On the basis of a series of control studies it has been concluded, but not proven that the antiserum lowers blood pressure exclusively by blockade of AVP. It could be shown that in the various animal models of hypertension and of acute blood pressure elevation AVP exerts systemic vasoconstriction when its plasma concentrations are elevated. In those models where the renin-angiotensin system played no role in blood pressure control, the height of blood pressure was closely related to the plasma AVP concentrations. When this relationship was compared with that obtained after the i.v. infusion or injection of AVP, a marked shift to the left became apparent. Hence, sensitization to the vasopressor effect of AVP had occurred, the factor of sensitization amounting to more than 1,000. It is concluded that AVP is not only an antidiuretic hormone but also a vasopressor hormone, and that any systemic vasopressor effect of AVP requires a mechanism of sensitization.", "contents": "Neurohypophyseal vasopressor principle: vasopressor hormone as well as antidiuretic hormone? Studies on the vasopressor role of the antidiuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in DOC hypertension, in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in spontaneous hypertension of rats, and during acute blood pressure elevation after intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II and in glycerol-induced acute renal failure of rats are reviewed. For the measurement of plasma AVP a radioimmunoassay has been developed. For this assay, a series of criteria has been met which allows the conclusion that, in plasma of rats, the antibody measures AVP only. For the blockade of vasopressor effects of AVP a specific antiserum has been used. On the basis of a series of control studies it has been concluded, but not proven that the antiserum lowers blood pressure exclusively by blockade of AVP. It could be shown that in the various animal models of hypertension and of acute blood pressure elevation AVP exerts systemic vasoconstriction when its plasma concentrations are elevated. In those models where the renin-angiotensin system played no role in blood pressure control, the height of blood pressure was closely related to the plasma AVP concentrations. When this relationship was compared with that obtained after the i.v. infusion or injection of AVP, a marked shift to the left became apparent. Hence, sensitization to the vasopressor effect of AVP had occurred, the factor of sensitization amounting to more than 1,000. It is concluded that AVP is not only an antidiuretic hormone but also a vasopressor hormone, and that any systemic vasopressor effect of AVP requires a mechanism of sensitization.", "PMID": 732254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1042", "title": "Vasoactive peptides in experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "1. Blood pressure is controlled by both integrated neurogenic and humoral vasoactive mechanisms. 2. Both vasopressor (angiotensin and vasopressin) and vasodepressor (bradykinin) hormonal peptides have been identified. 3. In acute experimental renal hypertension in the rat plasma renin, angiotensin and vasopressin have all been shown to be elevated. 4. Associated with this increase in vasopressor hormonal peptides, urinary kallikrein excretion has been demonstrated to be reduced during the development of renal hypertension. 5. The level of blood pressure achieved in experimental renal hypertension is probably a summation of these vasoactive peptides as well as other factors.", "contents": "Vasoactive peptides in experimental renal hypertension. 1. Blood pressure is controlled by both integrated neurogenic and humoral vasoactive mechanisms. 2. Both vasopressor (angiotensin and vasopressin) and vasodepressor (bradykinin) hormonal peptides have been identified. 3. In acute experimental renal hypertension in the rat plasma renin, angiotensin and vasopressin have all been shown to be elevated. 4. Associated with this increase in vasopressor hormonal peptides, urinary kallikrein excretion has been demonstrated to be reduced during the development of renal hypertension. 5. The level of blood pressure achieved in experimental renal hypertension is probably a summation of these vasoactive peptides as well as other factors.", "PMID": 732255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1043", "title": "Chronic hypokalemic nephropathy: a clinical study.", "content": "Description of 23 patients (21 women, 2 men) with an average age of 36.6 (19--68) years, who were hypokalemic during 6.5 years on the average (range 1/2--16 years). The cause of the potassium depletion was malnutrition (anorexia nervosa, vomiting) and/or abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics. With increasing duration of potassium depletion renal function deteriorated; in two cases terminal renal failure developed. Histology of the kidneys (9 cases) showed the picture of chronic abacterial interstitial nephritis. Urinalysis was negative or non-specific. The blood pressure levels were normal or low, hypertensive values being exceptional. Aside of hypokalemia a tendency to hyponatriemia, hypochloremia and metabolic alcalosis was observed, the latter turning into hypokalemic normochloremic acidosis with advancing renal insufficiency. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration or excretion frequently were elevated, but no close correlation was found between these parameters or with the blood pressure. Bacterial infection of the urinary tract occured, if at all, in the late phase and seems to be complication rather than the cause of the kidney disease. The discussion of other possible pathogenetic factors leads to the conclusion that the term \"chronic kaliopenic nephropathy\" is justified. Some diagnostic and therapeutic consequences are mentioned.", "contents": "Chronic hypokalemic nephropathy: a clinical study. Description of 23 patients (21 women, 2 men) with an average age of 36.6 (19--68) years, who were hypokalemic during 6.5 years on the average (range 1/2--16 years). The cause of the potassium depletion was malnutrition (anorexia nervosa, vomiting) and/or abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics. With increasing duration of potassium depletion renal function deteriorated; in two cases terminal renal failure developed. Histology of the kidneys (9 cases) showed the picture of chronic abacterial interstitial nephritis. Urinalysis was negative or non-specific. The blood pressure levels were normal or low, hypertensive values being exceptional. Aside of hypokalemia a tendency to hyponatriemia, hypochloremia and metabolic alcalosis was observed, the latter turning into hypokalemic normochloremic acidosis with advancing renal insufficiency. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration or excretion frequently were elevated, but no close correlation was found between these parameters or with the blood pressure. Bacterial infection of the urinary tract occured, if at all, in the late phase and seems to be complication rather than the cause of the kidney disease. The discussion of other possible pathogenetic factors leads to the conclusion that the term \"chronic kaliopenic nephropathy\" is justified. Some diagnostic and therapeutic consequences are mentioned.", "PMID": 732256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1044", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of infusions with [Sar 1, Val5, Ala8] angiotensin II (saralasin).", "content": "A modification of the infusion test with saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist for the detection of renin-dependent high blood pressure was studied in renal hypertensive rats and in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Infusion was started at a rate of 0.01 microgram/kg x min saralasin and the dose was increased ten-fold at 15 min intervals. A significant fall of diastolic blood pressure was observed at the dose of 0.1 microgram/kg x min in renal hypertensive rats, in healthy subjects treated with diuretics, and in patients with renovascular hypertension (saralasin responders). Plasma concentrations of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and of saralasin as well as plasma renin activity were measured. At the lowest infusion rate of 0.01 microgram/kg x min, saralasin plasma levels were 40-fold higher than plasma angiotensin II levels. The decrease in arterial blood pressure occurred at lower doses of saralasin than the increase of plasma renin due to inhibition of feedback on the renin secreting cells. It is concluded that if the saralasin test is performed by a stepwise increase of the infusion rate, potentially dangerous complications such as hypo- or hypertensive reactions can be avoided. The diagnostic reliability is improved by such a procedure since false positive and false negative responses may be prevented. The pressor effect of saralasin in non-renin dependent patients is an advantage since it causes a more marked difference of blood pressure change between saralasin responders and non-responders.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of infusions with [Sar 1, Val5, Ala8] angiotensin II (saralasin). A modification of the infusion test with saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist for the detection of renin-dependent high blood pressure was studied in renal hypertensive rats and in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Infusion was started at a rate of 0.01 microgram/kg x min saralasin and the dose was increased ten-fold at 15 min intervals. A significant fall of diastolic blood pressure was observed at the dose of 0.1 microgram/kg x min in renal hypertensive rats, in healthy subjects treated with diuretics, and in patients with renovascular hypertension (saralasin responders). Plasma concentrations of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and of saralasin as well as plasma renin activity were measured. At the lowest infusion rate of 0.01 microgram/kg x min, saralasin plasma levels were 40-fold higher than plasma angiotensin II levels. The decrease in arterial blood pressure occurred at lower doses of saralasin than the increase of plasma renin due to inhibition of feedback on the renin secreting cells. It is concluded that if the saralasin test is performed by a stepwise increase of the infusion rate, potentially dangerous complications such as hypo- or hypertensive reactions can be avoided. The diagnostic reliability is improved by such a procedure since false positive and false negative responses may be prevented. The pressor effect of saralasin in non-renin dependent patients is an advantage since it causes a more marked difference of blood pressure change between saralasin responders and non-responders.", "PMID": 732257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1045", "title": "Depilatory effects of certain chemicals during the first hair growth cycle in sucking mice.", "content": "The chemicals were administered, subcutaneously, orally or topically. Generally, the depilation produced in the mice by mimosine or cyclophosphamide differed from that produced by the steroid analogues tested. In the first 2 cases almost completely naked mice were commonly seen, while in the steroid-treated groups the complete inhibition of all hair fibres was rare. This is discussed in relation to the effects of the same compounds on wool growth in sheep. When related to bodyweight, the doses of cyclophosphamide (62 mg/kg0.75) and dexamethasone (5--10 mg/kg0.75), that depilated mice in our experiments were in good agreement with those reported to inhibit the growth of wool fibres in some sheep. An example of synergism in depilatory effect between dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide is also presented. The time of onset and the initial spread over the body of the 2nd hair cycle in depilated mice was observed.", "contents": "Depilatory effects of certain chemicals during the first hair growth cycle in sucking mice. The chemicals were administered, subcutaneously, orally or topically. Generally, the depilation produced in the mice by mimosine or cyclophosphamide differed from that produced by the steroid analogues tested. In the first 2 cases almost completely naked mice were commonly seen, while in the steroid-treated groups the complete inhibition of all hair fibres was rare. This is discussed in relation to the effects of the same compounds on wool growth in sheep. When related to bodyweight, the doses of cyclophosphamide (62 mg/kg0.75) and dexamethasone (5--10 mg/kg0.75), that depilated mice in our experiments were in good agreement with those reported to inhibit the growth of wool fibres in some sheep. An example of synergism in depilatory effect between dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide is also presented. The time of onset and the initial spread over the body of the 2nd hair cycle in depilated mice was observed.", "PMID": 732258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1046", "title": "Cytology of the bone marrow in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Heterophils were the most numerous cells (39%), followed by the normoblasts (27%) and lymphocytes (8%). Significant differences between males and females were observed in the total number of heterophils (42 and 35% respectively, P less than 0.002), heterophil myelocytes (12 and 10%, P less than 0.01) and the myeloid:erythroid ratio (1.9:1 and 1.4:1, P less than 0.03). Heterophils presented both annular and polymorphous nuclei, which appeared to develop along separate lines. The ring series began with a small nuclear 'vacuole' which increased in size with maturation of the cell. Ring-forms comprised 1/3 of the total heterophil population in the marrow. Eosinophils and basophils also demonstrated annular nucleated forms. Mature heterophils tended to have a scarcity of stainable specific granulation. Eosinophil granules were larger than those of the heterophil, slightly refractile and did not react avidly with eosin. Basophil granules, conversely, reacted strongly with the methylene-blue component of Wright-Giemsa stain and were metachromatic. Normoblasts retained their cytoplasmic basophilia to a greater degree than comparable cells in man.", "contents": "Cytology of the bone marrow in the Mongolian gerbil. Heterophils were the most numerous cells (39%), followed by the normoblasts (27%) and lymphocytes (8%). Significant differences between males and females were observed in the total number of heterophils (42 and 35% respectively, P less than 0.002), heterophil myelocytes (12 and 10%, P less than 0.01) and the myeloid:erythroid ratio (1.9:1 and 1.4:1, P less than 0.03). Heterophils presented both annular and polymorphous nuclei, which appeared to develop along separate lines. The ring series began with a small nuclear 'vacuole' which increased in size with maturation of the cell. Ring-forms comprised 1/3 of the total heterophil population in the marrow. Eosinophils and basophils also demonstrated annular nucleated forms. Mature heterophils tended to have a scarcity of stainable specific granulation. Eosinophil granules were larger than those of the heterophil, slightly refractile and did not react avidly with eosin. Basophil granules, conversely, reacted strongly with the methylene-blue component of Wright-Giemsa stain and were metachromatic. Normoblasts retained their cytoplasmic basophilia to a greater degree than comparable cells in man.", "PMID": 732260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1047", "title": "Cuffed tube tracheostomy in the dog.", "content": "A surgical technique of performing tracheostomy in dogs requiring prolonged intubation with either cuffed or uncuffed tubes is described. Cannulae used in humans are anatomically unsuitable for the dog. The cannula and cuff described in this paper did not predispose to severe mechanical trauma to the trachea and we attempted to minimize factors that may predispose to tracheal damage during the period of intubation and the subsequent development of late tracheal injuring after extubation. A simple method of humidification in these healthy dogs proved adequate; neither tenacious tracheobronchial secretion nor the retention of secretions were seen.", "contents": "Cuffed tube tracheostomy in the dog. A surgical technique of performing tracheostomy in dogs requiring prolonged intubation with either cuffed or uncuffed tubes is described. Cannulae used in humans are anatomically unsuitable for the dog. The cannula and cuff described in this paper did not predispose to severe mechanical trauma to the trachea and we attempted to minimize factors that may predispose to tracheal damage during the period of intubation and the subsequent development of late tracheal injuring after extubation. A simple method of humidification in these healthy dogs proved adequate; neither tenacious tracheobronchial secretion nor the retention of secretions were seen.", "PMID": 732261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1048", "title": "Spontaneous glomerular basement membrane changes in the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a light and electron microscope study.", "content": "Changes in apparently healthy hamsters, consistent with proteinuria, are reported, but no IgG deposits or amyloid in the glomeruli were detected. Further investigation is required into the significance and the aetiology of these, as yet, obscure alterations.", "contents": "Spontaneous glomerular basement membrane changes in the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a light and electron microscope study. Changes in apparently healthy hamsters, consistent with proteinuria, are reported, but no IgG deposits or amyloid in the glomeruli were detected. Further investigation is required into the significance and the aetiology of these, as yet, obscure alterations.", "PMID": 732262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1049", "title": "Volvulus at the ileocaecal junction in germfree mice.", "content": "16 cases of intestinal volvulus were observed in a total of 200 inbred C57BL/6N, GR/N, and DBA/2N germfree mice during the course of 2 years. The volvulus was a twisting of the caecum at the junction of the ileum, caecum and colon, resulting in occlusion and death. In each case the caecum was greatly enlarged. During the same period no intestinal volvulus was seen in 5 other germfree strains or in F1 to F4 generations of identical strains of microflora-associated and conventionalized mice.", "contents": "Volvulus at the ileocaecal junction in germfree mice. 16 cases of intestinal volvulus were observed in a total of 200 inbred C57BL/6N, GR/N, and DBA/2N germfree mice during the course of 2 years. The volvulus was a twisting of the caecum at the junction of the ileum, caecum and colon, resulting in occlusion and death. In each case the caecum was greatly enlarged. During the same period no intestinal volvulus was seen in 5 other germfree strains or in F1 to F4 generations of identical strains of microflora-associated and conventionalized mice.", "PMID": 732263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1050", "title": "Modification of a guinea-pig hopper to reduce food wastage.", "content": "Food utilization in relation to gain in bodyweight was reduced by 18% without significantly affecting the growth of male guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Modification of a guinea-pig hopper to reduce food wastage. Food utilization in relation to gain in bodyweight was reduced by 18% without significantly affecting the growth of male guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 732266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1051", "title": "Balantidiosis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "A young adult chimpanzee died after a brief gastrointestinal illness characterized by profuse soft stool, vomiting and dyspnoea. Necropsy examination revealed a severe typhlitis and colitis with pseudomembrane formation, and acute aspiration pneumonia. Balantidium coli, a common intestinal parasite, was found in large numbers in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and caecum. The inflammation and degree of invasion associated with Balantidium coli indicates that it was a primary pathogen.", "contents": "Balantidiosis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). A young adult chimpanzee died after a brief gastrointestinal illness characterized by profuse soft stool, vomiting and dyspnoea. Necropsy examination revealed a severe typhlitis and colitis with pseudomembrane formation, and acute aspiration pneumonia. Balantidium coli, a common intestinal parasite, was found in large numbers in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and caecum. The inflammation and degree of invasion associated with Balantidium coli indicates that it was a primary pathogen.", "PMID": 732267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1052", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy in 2 guinea-pigs.", "content": "The foetuses were completely developed and were found in the peritoneal cavities of strain 13/N guinea-pigs in their 3rd pregnancies. One foetal placenta was attached to the left side of the peritoneal wall, the other adhered to the pyloric region of the stomach.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy in 2 guinea-pigs. The foetuses were completely developed and were found in the peritoneal cavities of strain 13/N guinea-pigs in their 3rd pregnancies. One foetal placenta was attached to the left side of the peritoneal wall, the other adhered to the pyloric region of the stomach.", "PMID": 732268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1053", "title": "Incidence of natural virus infections of laboratory animals 1976--1977.", "content": "The incidence of clinical viral disease in mice, hamsters, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits in the United Kingdom in 1976--1977 is recorded. The significance of these diseases is discussed and recommendations for their control are made.", "contents": "Incidence of natural virus infections of laboratory animals 1976--1977. The incidence of clinical viral disease in mice, hamsters, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits in the United Kingdom in 1976--1977 is recorded. The significance of these diseases is discussed and recommendations for their control are made.", "PMID": 732269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1054", "title": "Intraocular melanoma in the rat.", "content": "8 cases are reported of intraocular melanoma encountered in treated and untreated rats from 6 chronic toxicity studies.", "contents": "Intraocular melanoma in the rat. 8 cases are reported of intraocular melanoma encountered in treated and untreated rats from 6 chronic toxicity studies.", "PMID": 732271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1055", "title": "Antiserum-mediated demyelination in vivo: a sequential study using intraneural injection of experimental allergic neuritis serum.", "content": "Primary segmental demyelination accompanied by mononuclear phagocytes was induced by injection of antiserum into rat peripheral nerve, and the morphologic sequence of events was studied. Antisera were obtained from rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) produced by the inoculation of emulsified bovine peripheral nerves in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sera were injected directly into rat sciatic nerve to circumvent the blood-nerve barrier. Recipient rats developed sensorimotor paralysis on the side injected with experimental allergic neuritis sera. Intense focal demyelinative lesions resulted from injection of experimental allergic neuritis sera. Control sera obtained from rabbits inoculated with bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant did not produce paralysis or demyelination. The earliest change was damage to Schwann cells, seen 20 minutes after antiserum injection. Within a few hours lamellar splitting and vacuolation of myelin began to paranodal regions and Schmidt-Lanterman clefts and there were infiltrating polymorphonuclear cells. By 8 hours without the detectable presence of monocytes or macrophages, myelin vesiculation became advanced and widespread. By 15 hours, endoneurial edema had reached its maximum. Macrophages were found in association with myelinated nerve fibers. From that time through the next 5 days, demyelination progressed to complete denudation of axons by macrophage phagocytosis of myelin. Activated cytoplasm of Schwann cells reinvested demyelinated axons, often in concert with persisting phagocytic macrophages. Peripheral nerve demyelination thus transferred evolved rapidly, and myelin destruction occurred prior to the appearance of monocytes or macrophages. Demyelinating activity was lost after absorption by purified peripheral nerve myelin but not by liver or kidney and was heat-labile and complement dependent (T. Saida, K. Saida, D. H. Silberberg, and M. J. Brown: Nature 272: 639, 1978).", "contents": "Antiserum-mediated demyelination in vivo: a sequential study using intraneural injection of experimental allergic neuritis serum. Primary segmental demyelination accompanied by mononuclear phagocytes was induced by injection of antiserum into rat peripheral nerve, and the morphologic sequence of events was studied. Antisera were obtained from rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) produced by the inoculation of emulsified bovine peripheral nerves in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sera were injected directly into rat sciatic nerve to circumvent the blood-nerve barrier. Recipient rats developed sensorimotor paralysis on the side injected with experimental allergic neuritis sera. Intense focal demyelinative lesions resulted from injection of experimental allergic neuritis sera. Control sera obtained from rabbits inoculated with bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant did not produce paralysis or demyelination. The earliest change was damage to Schwann cells, seen 20 minutes after antiserum injection. Within a few hours lamellar splitting and vacuolation of myelin began to paranodal regions and Schmidt-Lanterman clefts and there were infiltrating polymorphonuclear cells. By 8 hours without the detectable presence of monocytes or macrophages, myelin vesiculation became advanced and widespread. By 15 hours, endoneurial edema had reached its maximum. Macrophages were found in association with myelinated nerve fibers. From that time through the next 5 days, demyelination progressed to complete denudation of axons by macrophage phagocytosis of myelin. Activated cytoplasm of Schwann cells reinvested demyelinated axons, often in concert with persisting phagocytic macrophages. Peripheral nerve demyelination thus transferred evolved rapidly, and myelin destruction occurred prior to the appearance of monocytes or macrophages. Demyelinating activity was lost after absorption by purified peripheral nerve myelin but not by liver or kidney and was heat-labile and complement dependent (T. Saida, K. Saida, D. H. Silberberg, and M. J. Brown: Nature 272: 639, 1978).", "PMID": 732272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1056", "title": "Pragmatics and early childhood language disorders: communicative interactions in a half-hour sample.", "content": "An early childhood language analysis and intervention program, based on two models of pragmatics, is described. The theoretical constructs of each pragmatics model are described first, followed by a discussion of how the clinicians in the program translate these constructs into procedures for the analysis of and intervention with language disorders in preschool-aged children. Mention is made in conclusion of the limitations within which the program operates.", "contents": "Pragmatics and early childhood language disorders: communicative interactions in a half-hour sample. An early childhood language analysis and intervention program, based on two models of pragmatics, is described. The theoretical constructs of each pragmatics model are described first, followed by a discussion of how the clinicians in the program translate these constructs into procedures for the analysis of and intervention with language disorders in preschool-aged children. Mention is made in conclusion of the limitations within which the program operates.", "PMID": 732280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1057", "title": "The clinical interaction analysis system: a system for observational recording of aphasia treatment.", "content": "This paper describes the Clinical Interaction Analysis System (CIAS), a system for recording events that occur in treatment sessions for aphasic individuals. The development of the CIAS is summarized, the event categories contained in the CIAS are described, and the uses of the CIAS are discussed. Information about the reliability of the CIAS is also presented.", "contents": "The clinical interaction analysis system: a system for observational recording of aphasia treatment. This paper describes the Clinical Interaction Analysis System (CIAS), a system for recording events that occur in treatment sessions for aphasic individuals. The development of the CIAS is summarized, the event categories contained in the CIAS are described, and the uses of the CIAS are discussed. Information about the reliability of the CIAS is also presented.", "PMID": 732281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1058", "title": "Some observations in a case of acoustic neuroma.", "content": "The subject was a 47-year-old male with a moderate asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss that initially presented cochlear signs except for positive stapedius reflex results. Over the course of only five weeks, he developed the audiological constellation of retrocochlear involvement. The retrocochlear results were confirmed by the removal of an acoustic tumour. The results highlight the importance of audiological monitoring and reflex measures in the identification of acoustic neuromas. Several observations provide insight into the apparent relationship between loudness and the stapedius reflex. The findings are discussed with reference to a proposed extension of Borg's recent theory that elevated reflex thresholds and reflex decay reflect differing degrees of the eighth nerve destruction.", "contents": "Some observations in a case of acoustic neuroma. The subject was a 47-year-old male with a moderate asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss that initially presented cochlear signs except for positive stapedius reflex results. Over the course of only five weeks, he developed the audiological constellation of retrocochlear involvement. The retrocochlear results were confirmed by the removal of an acoustic tumour. The results highlight the importance of audiological monitoring and reflex measures in the identification of acoustic neuromas. Several observations provide insight into the apparent relationship between loudness and the stapedius reflex. The findings are discussed with reference to a proposed extension of Borg's recent theory that elevated reflex thresholds and reflex decay reflect differing degrees of the eighth nerve destruction.", "PMID": 732282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1059", "title": "Reading skills, auditory comprehension of language, and academic achievement.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between scores made by kindergarten children on a test of reading readiness skills and tests of auditory reception of language, and between their scores on a test of academic achievement and tests of auditory reception of language. There was a significant positive correlation between all tests compared.", "contents": "Reading skills, auditory comprehension of language, and academic achievement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between scores made by kindergarten children on a test of reading readiness skills and tests of auditory reception of language, and between their scores on a test of academic achievement and tests of auditory reception of language. There was a significant positive correlation between all tests compared.", "PMID": 732283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1060", "title": "Response bias in children's phonological systems.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which auditory and visual stimuli influence certain sound productions of children. Grade level and position of the target sound were the two variables studied. Children were shown a meaningful picture and were asked to repeat the name of the picture as spoken by the experimenter who misarticulated one phoneme in the word. It was found that children in the lower grades tend to repeat the word as it should be articulated, whereas children in higher grade levels tend to repeat the word as it was spoken. Position of the phoneme in the word was not found to be a relevant variable. Support is given to the use of nonmeaningful instruction material as stimuli when teaching new sounds to young children.", "contents": "Response bias in children's phonological systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which auditory and visual stimuli influence certain sound productions of children. Grade level and position of the target sound were the two variables studied. Children were shown a meaningful picture and were asked to repeat the name of the picture as spoken by the experimenter who misarticulated one phoneme in the word. It was found that children in the lower grades tend to repeat the word as it should be articulated, whereas children in higher grade levels tend to repeat the word as it was spoken. Position of the phoneme in the word was not found to be a relevant variable. Support is given to the use of nonmeaningful instruction material as stimuli when teaching new sounds to young children.", "PMID": 732284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1061", "title": "A comparison of home and clinic gathered language samples.", "content": "Language samples were gathered for 12 normal children representing a range of linguistic levels in a clinic setting with unstructured clinician-child interaction, and the home setting with unstructured mother-child interaction. Comparison of the samples revealed that children with an average utterance length four to five morphemes produced significantly longer utterances in the home setting. A comparison of frequency counts for various forms and construction types indicated the presence of syntactic preferences in each setting that could be traced to the nature of the underlying interaction. Clinic sampling was conducive to the description of ongoing or imminent activity, while home sampling stimulated substantially higher frequencies of past tense and modal verb forms, complex utterances, and questions. While there were frequency of occurrence differences between settings, the variety of forms and construction types was found to be similar. The results should be useful to clinicians as they interpret the significance of the presence, absence, or frequency of various syntactic structures in clinic language samples.", "contents": "A comparison of home and clinic gathered language samples. Language samples were gathered for 12 normal children representing a range of linguistic levels in a clinic setting with unstructured clinician-child interaction, and the home setting with unstructured mother-child interaction. Comparison of the samples revealed that children with an average utterance length four to five morphemes produced significantly longer utterances in the home setting. A comparison of frequency counts for various forms and construction types indicated the presence of syntactic preferences in each setting that could be traced to the nature of the underlying interaction. Clinic sampling was conducive to the description of ongoing or imminent activity, while home sampling stimulated substantially higher frequencies of past tense and modal verb forms, complex utterances, and questions. While there were frequency of occurrence differences between settings, the variety of forms and construction types was found to be similar. The results should be useful to clinicians as they interpret the significance of the presence, absence, or frequency of various syntactic structures in clinic language samples.", "PMID": 732285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1062", "title": "Teflon laryngoplasty: an acoustical and perceptual study.", "content": "A 61-year-old male with a 24-year history of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was evaluated by a speech-language pathologist and an otolaryngologist for 52 weeks following Teflon injection. Tape recordings of the patient's voice were obtained one week prior to and one, eight, 20, and 52 weeks subsequent to Teflon injection. The recorded samples were presented in the backward-play mode to a panel of speech-language pathology graduate students to obtain ratings of the degree of hoarseness, roughness, and pleasantness. Results of the perceptual aspect of this study revealed a general reduction in perceived hoarseness and an enhancement of perceived pleasantness following Teflon injection. Measurement of selected acoustic properties revealed a lowering of median fundamental frequency, a reduction of fundamental aperiodicity for isolated but not excerpted vowels, an elimination of certain frictional noise components, and an increase of certain harmonic components following Teflon injection.", "contents": "Teflon laryngoplasty: an acoustical and perceptual study. A 61-year-old male with a 24-year history of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was evaluated by a speech-language pathologist and an otolaryngologist for 52 weeks following Teflon injection. Tape recordings of the patient's voice were obtained one week prior to and one, eight, 20, and 52 weeks subsequent to Teflon injection. The recorded samples were presented in the backward-play mode to a panel of speech-language pathology graduate students to obtain ratings of the degree of hoarseness, roughness, and pleasantness. Results of the perceptual aspect of this study revealed a general reduction in perceived hoarseness and an enhancement of perceived pleasantness following Teflon injection. Measurement of selected acoustic properties revealed a lowering of median fundamental frequency, a reduction of fundamental aperiodicity for isolated but not excerpted vowels, an elimination of certain frictional noise components, and an increase of certain harmonic components following Teflon injection.", "PMID": 732286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1063", "title": "Acoustic neurinoma in a child: a case study.", "content": "This case study reports the audiological and surgical findings for a nine-year-old boy with an acoustic neurinoma. He was suspected of having a right ear retrocochlear lesion following three audiological evaluations in four years. The initial evaluation indicated normal hearing ability. The second and third evaluations indicated a progressive right ear hearing loss, characterized by reduced word discrimination ability and absent acoustic reflexes. The patient had a 5 cm acoustic neurinoma compressing and adherent to the brain stem. The tumor was successfully removed following three operations employing an otoneurological and neurosurgical team approach through a retromastoid exposure. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Facial nerve function was not disturbed, however attempts to preserve hearing on the involved side were not successful.", "contents": "Acoustic neurinoma in a child: a case study. This case study reports the audiological and surgical findings for a nine-year-old boy with an acoustic neurinoma. He was suspected of having a right ear retrocochlear lesion following three audiological evaluations in four years. The initial evaluation indicated normal hearing ability. The second and third evaluations indicated a progressive right ear hearing loss, characterized by reduced word discrimination ability and absent acoustic reflexes. The patient had a 5 cm acoustic neurinoma compressing and adherent to the brain stem. The tumor was successfully removed following three operations employing an otoneurological and neurosurgical team approach through a retromastoid exposure. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Facial nerve function was not disturbed, however attempts to preserve hearing on the involved side were not successful.", "PMID": 732287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1064", "title": "The effect of the gestural prompt on syntax training.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the facilitative effects of prompts in syntax training as compared to the same procedure without the gestural prompt. Ten normal children, ranging in age from four years to five years, five months were trained to produce the double object syntactic structure. In training the double object, the experimental group was presented a picture and asked by the examiner \"What is the (person) doing? The (person) is (verbing) the --.\" The subject was to complete the intraverbal lead with the appropriate indirect-direct object combination. A gestural prompt was given at this point to aid the child in producing the correct response. The prompt was also presented in the subsequent event as corrective feedback or verbal reinforcement. The control group was presented the same picture stimuli and verbal stimuli, but without the gestural prompt accompanying the antecedent event or the subsequent events. The results obtained from this study indicated that there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of sessions required to reach criterion. The data did show, however, that the experimental group made fewer errors within any one session than did the control group up to the sessions in which criterion was reached.", "contents": "The effect of the gestural prompt on syntax training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the facilitative effects of prompts in syntax training as compared to the same procedure without the gestural prompt. Ten normal children, ranging in age from four years to five years, five months were trained to produce the double object syntactic structure. In training the double object, the experimental group was presented a picture and asked by the examiner \"What is the (person) doing? The (person) is (verbing) the --.\" The subject was to complete the intraverbal lead with the appropriate indirect-direct object combination. A gestural prompt was given at this point to aid the child in producing the correct response. The prompt was also presented in the subsequent event as corrective feedback or verbal reinforcement. The control group was presented the same picture stimuli and verbal stimuli, but without the gestural prompt accompanying the antecedent event or the subsequent events. The results obtained from this study indicated that there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of sessions required to reach criterion. The data did show, however, that the experimental group made fewer errors within any one session than did the control group up to the sessions in which criterion was reached.", "PMID": 732288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1065", "title": "Interpersonal communication skills of speech-language pathology undergraduates: the effects of training.", "content": "Interpersonal communication skills of 55 speech-language pathology students, who had participated in one of three 16-hour training programs, were assessed during a coached-client interview in which the students served as clinicians. No meaningful differences in verbal responses were found among groups. Less than 20% of all the students' responses were considered facilitative. A follow-up investigation of students' responses therapy sessions at the end of their first clinical practicum yielded no significant differences among groups. The nonverbal behaviors of all three groups were generally adequate and essentially similar. Findings indicating that students in other human services curricula demonstrated a greater frequency of facilitative responses following skill training, led to a study of the comparative pretraining skill levels of the two populations. The few significant differences found did not account for the wide differences in posttraining skill levels.", "contents": "Interpersonal communication skills of speech-language pathology undergraduates: the effects of training. Interpersonal communication skills of 55 speech-language pathology students, who had participated in one of three 16-hour training programs, were assessed during a coached-client interview in which the students served as clinicians. No meaningful differences in verbal responses were found among groups. Less than 20% of all the students' responses were considered facilitative. A follow-up investigation of students' responses therapy sessions at the end of their first clinical practicum yielded no significant differences among groups. The nonverbal behaviors of all three groups were generally adequate and essentially similar. Findings indicating that students in other human services curricula demonstrated a greater frequency of facilitative responses following skill training, led to a study of the comparative pretraining skill levels of the two populations. The few significant differences found did not account for the wide differences in posttraining skill levels.", "PMID": 732289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1066", "title": "Enzymatic conversion of proteins to glycoproteins by lipid-linked saccharides: a study of potential exogenous acceptor proteins.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that a membrane preparation from hen oviduct catalyzes transfer of oligosaccharide from oligosaccharide-P-P-dolichol to denatured RNase and alpha-lactalbumin. To gain further insight into the structural requirements of a protein that allow it to serve as a substrate for glycosylation, the acceptor ability of a variety of other modified proteins containing the tripeptide sequence-ASN-X-(SER/THR)-has been investigated. Of 7 proteins tested, 2 (ovine prolactin and rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase) could be enzymatically glycosylated by a particulate preparation from hen oviduct. The remaining 5 proteins, assayed as either S-carboxymethylated or S-aminoethylated derivatives, were inactive as carbohydrate acceptors. However, cyanogen bromide treatment of 2 of the inactive proteins, bovine catalase and concanavalin A from jack bean, yielded peptide fragments which served as substrates for glycosylation. These results suggests that for some proteins, disruption of the tertiary structure is sufficient to allow attachment of carbohydrate. Other denatured proteins may possess additional restrictions imposed by their secondary structure. In certain cases, these restrictions are removed when the polypeptide chain is fragmented.", "contents": "Enzymatic conversion of proteins to glycoproteins by lipid-linked saccharides: a study of potential exogenous acceptor proteins. Previous studies have shown that a membrane preparation from hen oviduct catalyzes transfer of oligosaccharide from oligosaccharide-P-P-dolichol to denatured RNase and alpha-lactalbumin. To gain further insight into the structural requirements of a protein that allow it to serve as a substrate for glycosylation, the acceptor ability of a variety of other modified proteins containing the tripeptide sequence-ASN-X-(SER/THR)-has been investigated. Of 7 proteins tested, 2 (ovine prolactin and rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase) could be enzymatically glycosylated by a particulate preparation from hen oviduct. The remaining 5 proteins, assayed as either S-carboxymethylated or S-aminoethylated derivatives, were inactive as carbohydrate acceptors. However, cyanogen bromide treatment of 2 of the inactive proteins, bovine catalase and concanavalin A from jack bean, yielded peptide fragments which served as substrates for glycosylation. These results suggests that for some proteins, disruption of the tertiary structure is sufficient to allow attachment of carbohydrate. Other denatured proteins may possess additional restrictions imposed by their secondary structure. In certain cases, these restrictions are removed when the polypeptide chain is fragmented.", "PMID": 732307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1067", "title": "Sialic acid: a specific role in hematopoietic spleen colony formation.", "content": "Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) treatment of donor bone marrow cells results in a reduction in the number of hematopoietic colonies (CFUs) formed in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice. Treatment of marrow cells with sodium periodate under mild conditions, known to preferentially oxidize sialic acid, also reduced CFUs while subsequent potassium borohydride reduction restored CFUs to 80% of control levels. Innoculum viability as measured by in vitro incorporation of tritiated precursors into proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides was unaffected by VCN treatment. The ability of bone marrow cells in culture to respond to the hormone erythropoietin, as measured by the incorporation of 59Fe into cyclohexanone-extractable heme, was also not affected by neuraminidase, making a cytotoxic effect of the VCN preparation unlikely. Incubation of VCN-treated marrow with either beta-galactosidase or trypsin had no effect on the VCN-induced reduction in CFUs. These results are consistent with the idea that membrane sialic acid plays a direct and specific role in the implantation and development of CFUs.", "contents": "Sialic acid: a specific role in hematopoietic spleen colony formation. Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) treatment of donor bone marrow cells results in a reduction in the number of hematopoietic colonies (CFUs) formed in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice. Treatment of marrow cells with sodium periodate under mild conditions, known to preferentially oxidize sialic acid, also reduced CFUs while subsequent potassium borohydride reduction restored CFUs to 80% of control levels. Innoculum viability as measured by in vitro incorporation of tritiated precursors into proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides was unaffected by VCN treatment. The ability of bone marrow cells in culture to respond to the hormone erythropoietin, as measured by the incorporation of 59Fe into cyclohexanone-extractable heme, was also not affected by neuraminidase, making a cytotoxic effect of the VCN preparation unlikely. Incubation of VCN-treated marrow with either beta-galactosidase or trypsin had no effect on the VCN-induced reduction in CFUs. These results are consistent with the idea that membrane sialic acid plays a direct and specific role in the implantation and development of CFUs.", "PMID": 732308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1068", "title": "Actin--membrane interactions: association of G-actin with the red cell membrane.", "content": "Chemically tritiated actin from rabbit skeletal muscle was used to investigate the association of G-actin with the red cell membrane. The tritiated actin was shown to be identical to unmodified actin in its ability to polymerize and to activate heavy meromyosin ATPase. Using sealed and unsealed red cell ghosts we have shown that G-actin binds to the cytoplasmic but not the extracellular membrane surface of ghosts. Inside-out vesicles which have been stripped of endogenous actin and spectrin by low-ionic-strength incubation bind little G-actin. However, when a crude spectrin extract containing primarily spectrin, actin, and band 4.1 is added back to stripped vesicles, subsequent binding of G-actin can be increased up to 40-fold. Further, this crude spectrin extract can compete for and abolish G-actin binding to unsealed ghosts. Actin binding to ghosts increases linearly with added G-actin and requires the presence of magnesium. In addition, actin binding is inhibited by cytochalasin B and DNAase I. Negative staining reveals an abundance of actin filaments formed when G-actin is added to reconstituted inside-out vesicles but none when it is added to unreconstituted vesicles. These observations indicate that added G-actin binds to the red cell membrane via filament formation nucleated by some membrane component at the cytoplasmic surface.", "contents": "Actin--membrane interactions: association of G-actin with the red cell membrane. Chemically tritiated actin from rabbit skeletal muscle was used to investigate the association of G-actin with the red cell membrane. The tritiated actin was shown to be identical to unmodified actin in its ability to polymerize and to activate heavy meromyosin ATPase. Using sealed and unsealed red cell ghosts we have shown that G-actin binds to the cytoplasmic but not the extracellular membrane surface of ghosts. Inside-out vesicles which have been stripped of endogenous actin and spectrin by low-ionic-strength incubation bind little G-actin. However, when a crude spectrin extract containing primarily spectrin, actin, and band 4.1 is added back to stripped vesicles, subsequent binding of G-actin can be increased up to 40-fold. Further, this crude spectrin extract can compete for and abolish G-actin binding to unsealed ghosts. Actin binding to ghosts increases linearly with added G-actin and requires the presence of magnesium. In addition, actin binding is inhibited by cytochalasin B and DNAase I. Negative staining reveals an abundance of actin filaments formed when G-actin is added to reconstituted inside-out vesicles but none when it is added to unreconstituted vesicles. These observations indicate that added G-actin binds to the red cell membrane via filament formation nucleated by some membrane component at the cytoplasmic surface.", "PMID": 732309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1069", "title": "Properties and action mechanism of the toxic lectin modeccin: interaction with cell lines resistant to modeccin, abrin, and ricin.", "content": "The toxic lectin modeccin, which inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, is cleaved upon treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol into two peptide chains which move in polyacrylamide gels at rates corresponding to molecular weights 28,000 and 38,000. After reduction, the toxin loses its effect on cells, while its ability to inhibit cell-free protein synthesis increases. Like abrin and ricin it inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60S ribosomal subunits. Modeccin binds to surface receptors containing terminal galactose residues. Competition experiments with various glycoproteins indicate that the modeccin receptors are different from the abrin receptors. In addition, they were present on HeLa cells in much smaller numbers. Moreover, mutant lines resistant to abrin and ricin were not resistant to modeccin and vice-versa. The toxin resistance of various mutant cell lines could not be accounted for by a reduced number of binding sites on cells. The data are consistent with the view that the cells possess different populations of binding sites with differences in ability to facilitate the uptake of the toxins and that in the resistant lines the most active receptors have been reduced or eliminated.", "contents": "Properties and action mechanism of the toxic lectin modeccin: interaction with cell lines resistant to modeccin, abrin, and ricin. The toxic lectin modeccin, which inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, is cleaved upon treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol into two peptide chains which move in polyacrylamide gels at rates corresponding to molecular weights 28,000 and 38,000. After reduction, the toxin loses its effect on cells, while its ability to inhibit cell-free protein synthesis increases. Like abrin and ricin it inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60S ribosomal subunits. Modeccin binds to surface receptors containing terminal galactose residues. Competition experiments with various glycoproteins indicate that the modeccin receptors are different from the abrin receptors. In addition, they were present on HeLa cells in much smaller numbers. Moreover, mutant lines resistant to abrin and ricin were not resistant to modeccin and vice-versa. The toxin resistance of various mutant cell lines could not be accounted for by a reduced number of binding sites on cells. The data are consistent with the view that the cells possess different populations of binding sites with differences in ability to facilitate the uptake of the toxins and that in the resistant lines the most active receptors have been reduced or eliminated.", "PMID": 732310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1070", "title": "Studies of the diphtheria toxin receptor on Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and the ovalbumin glycopeptide are all inhibitors of the cytotoxic effect of diphtheria toxin on Chinese hamster cells. Ovalbumin glycopeptide loses its inhibitory property after treatment with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. This demonstrates the importance of the glycopeptide structure for the mechanism of inhibition. The glycopeptide may be a toxin cell-surface receptor analogue. Diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants were isolated in order to search for cells that might have an altered toxin receptor. One mutant was 10- to 15-fold more resistant to diphtheria toxin than wild-type cells when protein synthesis was measured as a function of toxin concentration. However, when protein synthesis was measured as a function of time at a high toxin concentration, the time before onset of inhibition was identical in the mutant and wild-type cells. We present evidence indicating that the resistance of this mutant can be accounted for by a decreased affinity of toxin for a cell-surface receptor.", "contents": "Studies of the diphtheria toxin receptor on Chinese hamster cells. Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and the ovalbumin glycopeptide are all inhibitors of the cytotoxic effect of diphtheria toxin on Chinese hamster cells. Ovalbumin glycopeptide loses its inhibitory property after treatment with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. This demonstrates the importance of the glycopeptide structure for the mechanism of inhibition. The glycopeptide may be a toxin cell-surface receptor analogue. Diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants were isolated in order to search for cells that might have an altered toxin receptor. One mutant was 10- to 15-fold more resistant to diphtheria toxin than wild-type cells when protein synthesis was measured as a function of toxin concentration. However, when protein synthesis was measured as a function of time at a high toxin concentration, the time before onset of inhibition was identical in the mutant and wild-type cells. We present evidence indicating that the resistance of this mutant can be accounted for by a decreased affinity of toxin for a cell-surface receptor.", "PMID": 732311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1071", "title": "Glycophorins A, B, and C: a family of sialoglycoproteins. Isolation and preliminary characterization of trypsin derived peptides.", "content": "Two new sialoglycoproteins, glycophorin B and glycophorin C, were isolated from erythrocyte membranes by extraction with lithium diiodosalicylate, partition in aqueous phenol, gel filtration in detergent, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The two proteins were characterized by amino acid and carbohydrate analysis, separation of tryptic peptides, and isolation and purification of the amino terminal glycopeptide from each polypeptide chain. Glycophorin B is found in two forms in electrophoretograms of normal erythrocyte membranes, corresponding to monomer and dimer, as has been similarly described for glycophorin A. By using antibodies to a carboxy terminal determinant of glycophorin A, and direct staining of gels with antibodies and 125I-protein A from Staph. aureus, as well as by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoreis, only the two known forms of glycophorin A are detectable. The data confirm and extend the notion that the sialoglycoproteins in human red cells are dimeric molecules which are either preformed in the membrane or which can readily  be generated in vitro. Only glycophorin A and glycophorin C are sensitive to trypsin while in situ in the intact red blood cells.", "contents": "Glycophorins A, B, and C: a family of sialoglycoproteins. Isolation and preliminary characterization of trypsin derived peptides. Two new sialoglycoproteins, glycophorin B and glycophorin C, were isolated from erythrocyte membranes by extraction with lithium diiodosalicylate, partition in aqueous phenol, gel filtration in detergent, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The two proteins were characterized by amino acid and carbohydrate analysis, separation of tryptic peptides, and isolation and purification of the amino terminal glycopeptide from each polypeptide chain. Glycophorin B is found in two forms in electrophoretograms of normal erythrocyte membranes, corresponding to monomer and dimer, as has been similarly described for glycophorin A. By using antibodies to a carboxy terminal determinant of glycophorin A, and direct staining of gels with antibodies and 125I-protein A from Staph. aureus, as well as by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoreis, only the two known forms of glycophorin A are detectable. The data confirm and extend the notion that the sialoglycoproteins in human red cells are dimeric molecules which are either preformed in the membrane or which can readily  be generated in vitro. Only glycophorin A and glycophorin C are sensitive to trypsin while in situ in the intact red blood cells.", "PMID": 732312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1072", "title": "Plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid: leucine ratio. Normal values in alcoholics.", "content": "A gas--liquid chromatographic method was developed and employed to determine the plasma ratio of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine in 40 alcoholic patients and 9 healthy controls. The findings did not support the hypothesis that the ratio may be an empirical marker for alcoholism.", "contents": "Plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid: leucine ratio. Normal values in alcoholics. A gas--liquid chromatographic method was developed and employed to determine the plasma ratio of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine in 40 alcoholic patients and 9 healthy controls. The findings did not support the hypothesis that the ratio may be an empirical marker for alcoholism.", "PMID": 732313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1073", "title": "Drinking patterns of alcoholics differing in levels of perceived and experienced control.", "content": "In men alcoholics, control orientation appears to be related to perceived benefits of drinking, while the level of control experienced in social situations appears to be related to the consequences of drinking.", "contents": "Drinking patterns of alcoholics differing in levels of perceived and experienced control. In men alcoholics, control orientation appears to be related to perceived benefits of drinking, while the level of control experienced in social situations appears to be related to the consequences of drinking.", "PMID": 732314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1074", "title": "Adolescent problem drinking. Psychosocial correlates in a national sample study.", "content": "A profile, developed using multivariate analysis of psychosocial data from a national survey of adolescent drinking, indicated that problem drinking was part of a general adaptation to self, others and circumstances rather than an isolated activity.", "contents": "Adolescent problem drinking. Psychosocial correlates in a national sample study. A profile, developed using multivariate analysis of psychosocial data from a national survey of adolescent drinking, indicated that problem drinking was part of a general adaptation to self, others and circumstances rather than an isolated activity.", "PMID": 732315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1075", "title": "A profile instrument for the quantification and assessment of alcohol consumption. The Khavari Alcohol Test.", "content": "The construction of a profile instrument for the quantification of beer, wine and distilled spirits consumption, based on the reported use of 2303 men and women, is presented.", "contents": "A profile instrument for the quantification and assessment of alcohol consumption. The Khavari Alcohol Test. The construction of a profile instrument for the quantification of beer, wine and distilled spirits consumption, based on the reported use of 2303 men and women, is presented.", "PMID": 732316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1076", "title": "Stressful life events and alcohol problems among women seen at a detoxication center.", "content": "No strong temporal associations were found between the occurrence of stressful life events and the onset of alcohol problems.", "contents": "Stressful life events and alcohol problems among women seen at a detoxication center. No strong temporal associations were found between the occurrence of stressful life events and the onset of alcohol problems.", "PMID": 732317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1077", "title": "Use of the life table method in determining attrition from treatment.", "content": "Life table analysis of attendance at an outpatient clinic indicates levels of attrition similar to those reported by follow-up and other studies of treatment for drug dependence. With appropriate qualifications, rates of attrition may be viewed as measures of treatment outcome.", "contents": "Use of the life table method in determining attrition from treatment. Life table analysis of attendance at an outpatient clinic indicates levels of attrition similar to those reported by follow-up and other studies of treatment for drug dependence. With appropriate qualifications, rates of attrition may be viewed as measures of treatment outcome.", "PMID": 732318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1078", "title": "Alcoholism and correlates of mortality. Implications for epidemiology.", "content": "In 935 alcoholics, alcoholism increased the risk of death more in upper-class than in lower-class alcoholics, the middle-class alcoholics holding an intermediate position closer to that of the upper-class alcoholics.", "contents": "Alcoholism and correlates of mortality. Implications for epidemiology. In 935 alcoholics, alcoholism increased the risk of death more in upper-class than in lower-class alcoholics, the middle-class alcoholics holding an intermediate position closer to that of the upper-class alcoholics.", "PMID": 732319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1079", "title": "Swimming as a measure of motor impairment after ethanol and pentobarbital in rats.", "content": "Ethanol and pentobarbital produced dose-dependent increases in time required by rats to swim a straight alley to an escape ladder.", "contents": "Swimming as a measure of motor impairment after ethanol and pentobarbital in rats. Ethanol and pentobarbital produced dose-dependent increases in time required by rats to swim a straight alley to an escape ladder.", "PMID": 732320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1080", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of self and family forms of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test.", "content": "Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test completed by both patients and members of their families did not differ significantly; the scores indicated agreement with a psychiatric diagnosis of alcoholism in 70% of the cases.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of self and family forms of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test completed by both patients and members of their families did not differ significantly; the scores indicated agreement with a psychiatric diagnosis of alcoholism in 70% of the cases.", "PMID": 732321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1081", "title": "Trail Making Test improvement in abstinent alcoholics.", "content": "The improvement in Trail Making Test performance of men alcoholics over a period of 3 weeks suggests that long-term recovery from brain dysfunctioning is a common occurrence in alcoholics.", "contents": "Trail Making Test improvement in abstinent alcoholics. The improvement in Trail Making Test performance of men alcoholics over a period of 3 weeks suggests that long-term recovery from brain dysfunctioning is a common occurrence in alcoholics.", "PMID": 732322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1082", "title": "Public attitudes toward increasing the price of alcoholic beverages.", "content": "Approximately half of all respondents surveyed in Ontario are satisfied with current pricing of alcoholic beverages, and approximately two-thirds of all drinkers surveyed would pay more if higher prices would help reduce the prevalence of alcoholism.", "contents": "Public attitudes toward increasing the price of alcoholic beverages. Approximately half of all respondents surveyed in Ontario are satisfied with current pricing of alcoholic beverages, and approximately two-thirds of all drinkers surveyed would pay more if higher prices would help reduce the prevalence of alcoholism.", "PMID": 732323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1083", "title": "Some considerations in using cirrhosis mortality rates as indicators of the prevalence of alcoholism.", "content": "Analysis of data on death certificates indicates that the value of P (the percentage of all deaths due to cirrhosis of the liver that can be attributed to alcoholism) in the Jellinek estimation formula is a function of sex, race and whether or not an autopsy was performed.", "contents": "Some considerations in using cirrhosis mortality rates as indicators of the prevalence of alcoholism. Analysis of data on death certificates indicates that the value of P (the percentage of all deaths due to cirrhosis of the liver that can be attributed to alcoholism) in the Jellinek estimation formula is a function of sex, race and whether or not an autopsy was performed.", "PMID": 732324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1084", "title": "Splenic cysts.", "content": "Benign non-parasitic cysts of the spleen are very uncommon, with a total of 651 cases having been described in the literature to date. Because of their uncommon nature, and the fact that their symtoms may be vague, a high index of suspicion is necessary if they are to be diagnosed. The therapy of choice is surgical excision by splenectomy and the accompanying cystectomy. The prognosis following such therapy is excellent.", "contents": "Splenic cysts. Benign non-parasitic cysts of the spleen are very uncommon, with a total of 651 cases having been described in the literature to date. Because of their uncommon nature, and the fact that their symtoms may be vague, a high index of suspicion is necessary if they are to be diagnosed. The therapy of choice is surgical excision by splenectomy and the accompanying cystectomy. The prognosis following such therapy is excellent.", "PMID": 732326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1085", "title": "Surgical adjuvant immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.", "content": "One hundred forty-four Wistar-Furth rats in 12 therapeutic groups have been studied in a long-term comparison of the effectiveness of nonspecific immunotherapy with MER (methanol extraction residue) vs active-specific immunotherapy with neuraminidase-modified tumor cells. Six months after surgical adjuvant immunotherapy a 100% improvement in survival was achieved with MER immunotherapy compared to untreated control animals. In addition, the use of MER enhanced the value of active-specific immunotherapy where both modalities were combined in sequence. The predicted value of MER-BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) for the immunotherapy of solid tumors was borne out by these results suggesting that present ongoing clinical trials of MER as adjuvant therapy for large bowel cancer should prove to be successful if properly controlled. The pattern of survival in these experiments suggests that surgical adjuvant immunotherapy is cytostatic rather than cytocidal, and implies the need for long-term, repeated immunizations.", "contents": "Surgical adjuvant immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. One hundred forty-four Wistar-Furth rats in 12 therapeutic groups have been studied in a long-term comparison of the effectiveness of nonspecific immunotherapy with MER (methanol extraction residue) vs active-specific immunotherapy with neuraminidase-modified tumor cells. Six months after surgical adjuvant immunotherapy a 100% improvement in survival was achieved with MER immunotherapy compared to untreated control animals. In addition, the use of MER enhanced the value of active-specific immunotherapy where both modalities were combined in sequence. The predicted value of MER-BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) for the immunotherapy of solid tumors was borne out by these results suggesting that present ongoing clinical trials of MER as adjuvant therapy for large bowel cancer should prove to be successful if properly controlled. The pattern of survival in these experiments suggests that surgical adjuvant immunotherapy is cytostatic rather than cytocidal, and implies the need for long-term, repeated immunizations.", "PMID": 732327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1086", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the uterus: report of a case with a comprehensive review of the literature.", "content": "A case of locally recurrent and metastatic uterine hemangiopericytoma successfully treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is presented. The patient is alive without evidence of detectable tumor, 13 years after the initial diagnosis. Review of the literature revealed 64 reported cases of uterine hemangiopericytoma. The clinical features are not sufficiently characteristic to enable the diagnosis to be made preoperatively. However, with the help of histological and ultrastructural studies a definite diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma can be made. The primary treatment is radical surgery which usually involved total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The prognosis of uterine hemangiopericytoma is better than that of other sites. However, long follow-up of these patients is necessary because of the tendency to local and distant recurrence many years after the initial treatment. The recurrent tumor should be treated aggressively with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy as long-term survival is not unusual.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the uterus: report of a case with a comprehensive review of the literature. A case of locally recurrent and metastatic uterine hemangiopericytoma successfully treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is presented. The patient is alive without evidence of detectable tumor, 13 years after the initial diagnosis. Review of the literature revealed 64 reported cases of uterine hemangiopericytoma. The clinical features are not sufficiently characteristic to enable the diagnosis to be made preoperatively. However, with the help of histological and ultrastructural studies a definite diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma can be made. The primary treatment is radical surgery which usually involved total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The prognosis of uterine hemangiopericytoma is better than that of other sites. However, long follow-up of these patients is necessary because of the tendency to local and distant recurrence many years after the initial treatment. The recurrent tumor should be treated aggressively with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy as long-term survival is not unusual.", "PMID": 732328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1087", "title": "Leiomyosarcomas of the extremities: angiography as a diagnostic aid.", "content": "Thirteen cases of leiomyosarcomas of the extremities are reported. Most of the cases were operated on without information concerning benignancy or malignancy. Plain radiographs showed amorphous calcification in two cases. Three cases had angiographic study and all revealed malignant neovascularity. In no literature that we reviewed was angiography mentioned in the cases of leiomyosarcomas of the extremities. Venography alone has been done in many reported cases. The leiomyosarcoma of the extremities looks often benign but is notorious for local recurrences and distant metastases.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcomas of the extremities: angiography as a diagnostic aid. Thirteen cases of leiomyosarcomas of the extremities are reported. Most of the cases were operated on without information concerning benignancy or malignancy. Plain radiographs showed amorphous calcification in two cases. Three cases had angiographic study and all revealed malignant neovascularity. In no literature that we reviewed was angiography mentioned in the cases of leiomyosarcomas of the extremities. Venography alone has been done in many reported cases. The leiomyosarcoma of the extremities looks often benign but is notorious for local recurrences and distant metastases.", "PMID": 732329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1088", "title": "Combination therapy with mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside for nonresectable malignant tumor in man.", "content": "The effectiveness of MFC (mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside) therapy for nonresectable cancers and cancers recurring after surgery was investigated in 60 patients with solid cancers aged 26 to 69 years. Treatment was effective in 28 patients (47%) including seven (12%) who showed a very good response. Side effects included anorexia, vomiting, melena, anemia, decreased leukocyte and platelet counts, and impaired renal function. In particular, hemorrhage of the digestive tract should be watched carefully during MFC therapy. MFC therapy is suitable for solid tumors of the breast and digestive organs, especially with metastases to the lymph nodes. Response to treatment is generally seen after 6--10 doses. If there is no response at this time, treatment should be changed. In cases where induction of remission is successful, maintenance therapy should be continued keeping the frequency of administration to a minimum. Remission is readily induced with MFC therapy, but because of the problems of hemorrhage of the digestive tract, and bone marrow suppression, its use for outpatient treatment is not considered safe. Therefore, alternative treatment should be given for long term maintenance of remission. FAMT (5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide-endoxan, mitomycin C, chromomycin A3 -toyomycin) therapy is considered safe and suitable for maintenance therapy in outpatients. Three cases in which MFC therapy was very effective are described to illustrate the treatment program.", "contents": "Combination therapy with mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside for nonresectable malignant tumor in man. The effectiveness of MFC (mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside) therapy for nonresectable cancers and cancers recurring after surgery was investigated in 60 patients with solid cancers aged 26 to 69 years. Treatment was effective in 28 patients (47%) including seven (12%) who showed a very good response. Side effects included anorexia, vomiting, melena, anemia, decreased leukocyte and platelet counts, and impaired renal function. In particular, hemorrhage of the digestive tract should be watched carefully during MFC therapy. MFC therapy is suitable for solid tumors of the breast and digestive organs, especially with metastases to the lymph nodes. Response to treatment is generally seen after 6--10 doses. If there is no response at this time, treatment should be changed. In cases where induction of remission is successful, maintenance therapy should be continued keeping the frequency of administration to a minimum. Remission is readily induced with MFC therapy, but because of the problems of hemorrhage of the digestive tract, and bone marrow suppression, its use for outpatient treatment is not considered safe. Therefore, alternative treatment should be given for long term maintenance of remission. FAMT (5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide-endoxan, mitomycin C, chromomycin A3 -toyomycin) therapy is considered safe and suitable for maintenance therapy in outpatients. Three cases in which MFC therapy was very effective are described to illustrate the treatment program.", "PMID": 732330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1089", "title": "BCG immunotherapy: effects of dose and route of administration on survival of mice bearing established tumors.", "content": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was administered in various doses by four different routes to C3H/HeJ mice bearing well-established syngeneic MC-42 fibrosarcomas. Injections of BCG into established primary tumors decreased survival of tumor-bearing mice as compared to saline-injected controls. Of the three dosage groups, high-dose (10(8) viable organisms) intralesional BCG was most detrimental. The injection of low-dose BCG (10(4) organisms) into established tumors or subcutaneously at a distant site also shortened host survival times. Other subcutaneous injections and injections of BCG into the peritoneal or pleural cavities had no significant effect on survival, regardless of dosage. The dose-dependent effects of BCG immunotherapy which may prolong or shorten survival are discussed.", "contents": "BCG immunotherapy: effects of dose and route of administration on survival of mice bearing established tumors. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was administered in various doses by four different routes to C3H/HeJ mice bearing well-established syngeneic MC-42 fibrosarcomas. Injections of BCG into established primary tumors decreased survival of tumor-bearing mice as compared to saline-injected controls. Of the three dosage groups, high-dose (10(8) viable organisms) intralesional BCG was most detrimental. The injection of low-dose BCG (10(4) organisms) into established tumors or subcutaneously at a distant site also shortened host survival times. Other subcutaneous injections and injections of BCG into the peritoneal or pleural cavities had no significant effect on survival, regardless of dosage. The dose-dependent effects of BCG immunotherapy which may prolong or shorten survival are discussed.", "PMID": 732331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1090", "title": "Myxedema coma and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after deep neck irradiation: clinical implications and report of a case.", "content": "A case report is presented in which myxedema coma and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion developed as a result of radiation therapy and surgery to the neck area in a patient with recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Laboratory findings of low thyroxine level and the findings of persistent hyponatremia and hypoosmolality of serum in spite of persistent sodium loss in the urine were helpful in diagnosing the problem. Treatment included thyroid hormone replacement and fluid restriction resulting in complete reversal of her condition. We believe that patients with head and neck cancer who have undergone a course of radiation to the neck, and particularly when thyroid function might have been altered by previous subtotal thyroidectomy as part of a curative resection, should be carefully followed with periodic thyroid function assays and serum electrolytes with particular attention to serum sodium values.", "contents": "Myxedema coma and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after deep neck irradiation: clinical implications and report of a case. A case report is presented in which myxedema coma and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion developed as a result of radiation therapy and surgery to the neck area in a patient with recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Laboratory findings of low thyroxine level and the findings of persistent hyponatremia and hypoosmolality of serum in spite of persistent sodium loss in the urine were helpful in diagnosing the problem. Treatment included thyroid hormone replacement and fluid restriction resulting in complete reversal of her condition. We believe that patients with head and neck cancer who have undergone a course of radiation to the neck, and particularly when thyroid function might have been altered by previous subtotal thyroidectomy as part of a curative resection, should be carefully followed with periodic thyroid function assays and serum electrolytes with particular attention to serum sodium values.", "PMID": 732333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1091", "title": "Serial CEA levels in colorectal carcinoma on adjuvant immuno (chemo) therapy.", "content": "Serial CEA levels have been studied preoperatively, and one day, 10--15 days, four months, and eight months after surgery in a group of colon cancer patients who started soon after surgery a protocol of adjuvant immuno(chemo)therapy with Levamisole R and BCG R. Results showed a decrease of mean values of plasma CEA levels from preoperatively to four months after surgery, while eight months after surgery a slight increase was noted. Some of the patients in whom disease recurred showed persistent high levels of CEA, while one patient was consistently a false-negative notwithstanding a bone recurrence. While the prognostic value of serial CEA determinations is confirmed, the possibility of restarting (or intensifying) a protocol of adjuvant immunochemotherapy given high CEA levels and a negative clinical picture is discussed.", "contents": "Serial CEA levels in colorectal carcinoma on adjuvant immuno (chemo) therapy. Serial CEA levels have been studied preoperatively, and one day, 10--15 days, four months, and eight months after surgery in a group of colon cancer patients who started soon after surgery a protocol of adjuvant immuno(chemo)therapy with Levamisole R and BCG R. Results showed a decrease of mean values of plasma CEA levels from preoperatively to four months after surgery, while eight months after surgery a slight increase was noted. Some of the patients in whom disease recurred showed persistent high levels of CEA, while one patient was consistently a false-negative notwithstanding a bone recurrence. While the prognostic value of serial CEA determinations is confirmed, the possibility of restarting (or intensifying) a protocol of adjuvant immunochemotherapy given high CEA levels and a negative clinical picture is discussed.", "PMID": 732334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1092", "title": "Gastric carcinoma survival at the Pennsylvania Hospital -- 1964 to 1974.", "content": "Despite major improvements in diagnosis, anesthesia, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, the survival rate for adenocarcinoma of the stomach remains a dismal one. In our series of 109 patients, almost all patients seen were diagnosed too late to effect any kind of surgical care. In the period from January 1964, to December 1974, 122 patients were admitted to Pennsylvania Hospital with a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Of the 109 patients followed to their death, only seven survived 5 years; the longest survival was 80 months. Among the 33 patients not resected, median survival was only one month. Of the 74 patients who had surgical resections survival ranged from a median of 5.5 months for those who had total gastrectomy to a median  of 8 months for those receiving subtotal gastrectomy.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma survival at the Pennsylvania Hospital -- 1964 to 1974. Despite major improvements in diagnosis, anesthesia, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, the survival rate for adenocarcinoma of the stomach remains a dismal one. In our series of 109 patients, almost all patients seen were diagnosed too late to effect any kind of surgical care. In the period from January 1964, to December 1974, 122 patients were admitted to Pennsylvania Hospital with a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Of the 109 patients followed to their death, only seven survived 5 years; the longest survival was 80 months. Among the 33 patients not resected, median survival was only one month. Of the 74 patients who had surgical resections survival ranged from a median of 5.5 months for those who had total gastrectomy to a median  of 8 months for those receiving subtotal gastrectomy.", "PMID": 732335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1093", "title": "Mediastinal lymphangioma.", "content": "Mediastinal lymphangioma is an uncommon benign tumor accounting for 0.7 to 4.5% of all mediastinal masses. Lymphangiomas consist of dilated cystic lymph spaces lined by single layers of endothelium and do not undergo malignant change. Most mediastinal lymphangiomas are asymptomatic. There are no specific radiological findings. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and the prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "Mediastinal lymphangioma. Mediastinal lymphangioma is an uncommon benign tumor accounting for 0.7 to 4.5% of all mediastinal masses. Lymphangiomas consist of dilated cystic lymph spaces lined by single layers of endothelium and do not undergo malignant change. Most mediastinal lymphangiomas are asymptomatic. There are no specific radiological findings. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and the prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 732336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1094", "title": "Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver: survival following nonoperative treatment.", "content": "A case of primary hemangioendothelioma is presented. Following autodearterialization, the patient received 5-fluorouracil orally and total hepatic radiation. To date, 30 months later, he remains alive and active with residual hepatic defect on liver scan, but no indication of progression of disease. Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma is discussed briefly in terms of etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment, and a treatment plan is presented. This case also presented an unusual side effect of 5-fluorouracil therapy -- mononeuritis multiplex -- and is presented out of interest.", "contents": "Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver: survival following nonoperative treatment. A case of primary hemangioendothelioma is presented. Following autodearterialization, the patient received 5-fluorouracil orally and total hepatic radiation. To date, 30 months later, he remains alive and active with residual hepatic defect on liver scan, but no indication of progression of disease. Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma is discussed briefly in terms of etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment, and a treatment plan is presented. This case also presented an unusual side effect of 5-fluorouracil therapy -- mononeuritis multiplex -- and is presented out of interest.", "PMID": 732337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1095", "title": "An evaluation of intraabdominal involvement in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "An analysis of the staging procedure in 80 patients with histologically confirmed Hodgkin disease was performed at Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. There was a marked male preponderance. The mixed cellularity type of Hodgkin disease is the commonest histological variety (47.5%) and has the highest incidence of subsequently proven generalized disease (76%). The lymphocytic predominant variety was the next most common (27.5%) and was present as unsuspected disease in 45% of cases. Systemic symptoms were associated with advanced disease in 57% of clinical IB and 73% of clinical IIB cases. Splenic involvement was histologically confirmed in 41% of cases with stage I disease and 52% of cases with stage II disease and was associated with liver involvement in two cases. A lymphogram was performed, in addition, prior to the laparotomy in 40 cases and the lymphogram-laparotomy concordance was approximately 72% in our series. This stresses the importance of a staging laparotomy.", "contents": "An evaluation of intraabdominal involvement in Hodgkin disease. An analysis of the staging procedure in 80 patients with histologically confirmed Hodgkin disease was performed at Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. There was a marked male preponderance. The mixed cellularity type of Hodgkin disease is the commonest histological variety (47.5%) and has the highest incidence of subsequently proven generalized disease (76%). The lymphocytic predominant variety was the next most common (27.5%) and was present as unsuspected disease in 45% of cases. Systemic symptoms were associated with advanced disease in 57% of clinical IB and 73% of clinical IIB cases. Splenic involvement was histologically confirmed in 41% of cases with stage I disease and 52% of cases with stage II disease and was associated with liver involvement in two cases. A lymphogram was performed, in addition, prior to the laparotomy in 40 cases and the lymphogram-laparotomy concordance was approximately 72% in our series. This stresses the importance of a staging laparotomy.", "PMID": 732338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1096", "title": "HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes and their first-degree relatives.", "content": "The relationship between HLA antigens and juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus was examined. Tissue typing for HLA antigens was carried out in 77 control subjects and in 133 individuals from 29 families, each of which contained one or more patients with juvenile-onset diabetes. A significant increase in the frequency of B18 antigen was found in the juvenile-onset index cases. In these index cases, the frequency of HLA antigens B8 and B15 was increased and the frequency of B7 and B12 was decreased, but these findings were not significantly different from those in the control subjects. Two examples of recombinations were noted among the 29 families, and in both instances the recombinations were present in the index case. In this selected population of diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives, there were three siblings (6%) who had juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. This frequency of diabetes in siblings is much more than would be expected in individuals of the same age group. Two nondiabetic siblings had haplotypes identical to those of a diabetic sibling. These nondiabetic siblings may represent prediabetic individuals. The most frequent haplotype noted in diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives was A1, B8, which was present in approximately 25% of the index cases and first-degree relatives.", "contents": "HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes and their first-degree relatives. The relationship between HLA antigens and juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus was examined. Tissue typing for HLA antigens was carried out in 77 control subjects and in 133 individuals from 29 families, each of which contained one or more patients with juvenile-onset diabetes. A significant increase in the frequency of B18 antigen was found in the juvenile-onset index cases. In these index cases, the frequency of HLA antigens B8 and B15 was increased and the frequency of B7 and B12 was decreased, but these findings were not significantly different from those in the control subjects. Two examples of recombinations were noted among the 29 families, and in both instances the recombinations were present in the index case. In this selected population of diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives, there were three siblings (6%) who had juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. This frequency of diabetes in siblings is much more than would be expected in individuals of the same age group. Two nondiabetic siblings had haplotypes identical to those of a diabetic sibling. These nondiabetic siblings may represent prediabetic individuals. The most frequent haplotype noted in diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives was A1, B8, which was present in approximately 25% of the index cases and first-degree relatives.", "PMID": 732354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1097", "title": "Obstructive disease of the airways associated with stage I sarcoidosis.", "content": "Stage I sarcoidosis usually presents with roentgenographic evidence of hilar adenopathy and the patients are totally asymptomatic. However, five patients were studied at the Mayo Clinic who had stage I sarcoidosis associated with obstructive disease of the airways. Four of the five presented with dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, and they were found to have expiratory slowing on physical examination. One patient was asymptomatic and her physical examination was normal. On pulmonary function testing, she had a decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow, and at fiberoptic bronchoscopy, mucosal changes consistent with noncaseating granuloma of sarcoidosis were seen. All five patients had the classic roentgenographic appearance of sarcoidosis, with hilar and right paratracheal adenopathy. Endobronchial involvement is well known in sarcoidosis, but its significance in stage I disease has not been emphasized in the literature. An awareness of this possibility is important because it may be an indication for bronchoscopy and mucosal biopsy in the patient with stage I sarcoidosis, particularly when the patient presents with dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Also, corticosteroid, therapy may be indicated in selected patients with stage I sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Obstructive disease of the airways associated with stage I sarcoidosis. Stage I sarcoidosis usually presents with roentgenographic evidence of hilar adenopathy and the patients are totally asymptomatic. However, five patients were studied at the Mayo Clinic who had stage I sarcoidosis associated with obstructive disease of the airways. Four of the five presented with dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, and they were found to have expiratory slowing on physical examination. One patient was asymptomatic and her physical examination was normal. On pulmonary function testing, she had a decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow, and at fiberoptic bronchoscopy, mucosal changes consistent with noncaseating granuloma of sarcoidosis were seen. All five patients had the classic roentgenographic appearance of sarcoidosis, with hilar and right paratracheal adenopathy. Endobronchial involvement is well known in sarcoidosis, but its significance in stage I disease has not been emphasized in the literature. An awareness of this possibility is important because it may be an indication for bronchoscopy and mucosal biopsy in the patient with stage I sarcoidosis, particularly when the patient presents with dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Also, corticosteroid, therapy may be indicated in selected patients with stage I sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 732355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1098", "title": "Brachial plexus injuries.", "content": "Brachial plexus injuries are uncommon. They are, however, complicated lesions because of the concomitant injury to adjacent structures and the imposing anatomy of the brachial plexus. Physicians who will be consulted in the management of such injuries should periodically consider the principles of management. Diagnosis of these injuries is based on clinical examination, myelography, axon reflex testing, and electrophysiologic studies. The lesion may be open or closed and supraclavicular or infraclavicular. It may be in continuity or there may be nerve disruption or root avulsion from the spinal cord. The anatomic relationships of the brachial plexus are reviewed, the pathophysiology of direct trauma, secondary trauma, and iatrogenic trauma is discussed, and the treatment of the various types of traumatic brachial palsy is surveyed.", "contents": "Brachial plexus injuries. Brachial plexus injuries are uncommon. They are, however, complicated lesions because of the concomitant injury to adjacent structures and the imposing anatomy of the brachial plexus. Physicians who will be consulted in the management of such injuries should periodically consider the principles of management. Diagnosis of these injuries is based on clinical examination, myelography, axon reflex testing, and electrophysiologic studies. The lesion may be open or closed and supraclavicular or infraclavicular. It may be in continuity or there may be nerve disruption or root avulsion from the spinal cord. The anatomic relationships of the brachial plexus are reviewed, the pathophysiology of direct trauma, secondary trauma, and iatrogenic trauma is discussed, and the treatment of the various types of traumatic brachial palsy is surveyed.", "PMID": 732356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1099", "title": "On the localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice.", "content": "The localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice has been studied by a methodology which minimizes loss of this soluble enzyme by diffusion, and allows comment on the subunit composition of the cellular enzyme. The results differ significantly from previous data with conventional methodologies. In particular, the major localization of activity in the present study was identified in interstitial cells, and not the corpora lutea or granulosa cells; and it was noticeable that neither species exhibited massively greater expression of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the oocytes than in adjacent cell types of the reproductive tract. The goblet cells of the Fallopian tube stained intensively for activity of this enzyme. These results have been discussed in relation to the discordant data in the literature, the important role of lactate dehydrogenase in mammalian development, and the evidence for a masking of the activity of this enzyme in oocytes and pre-implantation ova.", "contents": "On the localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice. The localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice has been studied by a methodology which minimizes loss of this soluble enzyme by diffusion, and allows comment on the subunit composition of the cellular enzyme. The results differ significantly from previous data with conventional methodologies. In particular, the major localization of activity in the present study was identified in interstitial cells, and not the corpora lutea or granulosa cells; and it was noticeable that neither species exhibited massively greater expression of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the oocytes than in adjacent cell types of the reproductive tract. The goblet cells of the Fallopian tube stained intensively for activity of this enzyme. These results have been discussed in relation to the discordant data in the literature, the important role of lactate dehydrogenase in mammalian development, and the evidence for a masking of the activity of this enzyme in oocytes and pre-implantation ova.", "PMID": 732358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1100", "title": "The age dependence of intracellular proteolysis: changes of the substrate proteins.", "content": "Liver cytosol proteins of young (4--6 months) and old (18--27 months) rats were degraded in vitro by papain, pronase, trypsin, pepsin, cathepsin D from rat liver and a soluble lysosomal enzyme mixture from rat liver. We could demonstrate the capability of the latter enzyme mixture to degrade proteolytically the cytosol proteins of young animals about 20% faster than those of the older animal group. Digesting radioactive labelled \"young\" cytosol in the presence of unlabelled \"old\" cytosol the possibility could be excluded, that this effect was due to an inhibitor of macromolecular size present in the \"old\" cytosol.", "contents": "The age dependence of intracellular proteolysis: changes of the substrate proteins. Liver cytosol proteins of young (4--6 months) and old (18--27 months) rats were degraded in vitro by papain, pronase, trypsin, pepsin, cathepsin D from rat liver and a soluble lysosomal enzyme mixture from rat liver. We could demonstrate the capability of the latter enzyme mixture to degrade proteolytically the cytosol proteins of young animals about 20% faster than those of the older animal group. Digesting radioactive labelled \"young\" cytosol in the presence of unlabelled \"old\" cytosol the possibility could be excluded, that this effect was due to an inhibitor of macromolecular size present in the \"old\" cytosol.", "PMID": 732359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1101", "title": "Increase in volume of the chick wing bud at the beginning of its development.", "content": "Serial sections in the transverse body plane were used to determine the volume of the limb bud and of its parts--namely, the apical ectodermal ridge, the ectodermal epithelium, the coat zone, the vascular zone, and the plug during the period between the onset of its formation (Hamburger and Hamilton's stage 17) and the stage of nerve fibre ingrowth (HH 22 +). During that period the anlage of the wing was shown to increase in volume, mainly by increasing in length, with the increase being more than 8 times during a 28 hr incubation. Various components differed in their growth rate. The apical ectodermal ridge did not increase at all. The part that increased most--48 times--was the plug which gives rise to the cartilaginous primordium of the skeleton of the wing. The proportions of the various zones changed markedly during growth.", "contents": "Increase in volume of the chick wing bud at the beginning of its development. Serial sections in the transverse body plane were used to determine the volume of the limb bud and of its parts--namely, the apical ectodermal ridge, the ectodermal epithelium, the coat zone, the vascular zone, and the plug during the period between the onset of its formation (Hamburger and Hamilton's stage 17) and the stage of nerve fibre ingrowth (HH 22 +). During that period the anlage of the wing was shown to increase in volume, mainly by increasing in length, with the increase being more than 8 times during a 28 hr incubation. Various components differed in their growth rate. The apical ectodermal ridge did not increase at all. The part that increased most--48 times--was the plug which gives rise to the cartilaginous primordium of the skeleton of the wing. The proportions of the various zones changed markedly during growth.", "PMID": 732360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1102", "title": "The differentiation-pattern in dependence of the proportion between inducing and induced cells studied on gastrula-ectoderm of Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The dependence of the differentiation-pattern of competent amphibian ectoderm on the proportion of inducing and induced material was studied. To do so different masses of LiCl-treated tissue were combined with a constant mass of untreated material. LiCl-treated isolates corresponding in size with the treated portions in the combinations served as controls. The experiments seem to show at least three factors responsible for the differentiation-pattern of the combinations: the number of inducing cells, the number of cells to be induced, and the competence of the ectoderm, which depends on the stage of development.", "contents": "The differentiation-pattern in dependence of the proportion between inducing and induced cells studied on gastrula-ectoderm of Ambystoma mexicanum. The dependence of the differentiation-pattern of competent amphibian ectoderm on the proportion of inducing and induced material was studied. To do so different masses of LiCl-treated tissue were combined with a constant mass of untreated material. LiCl-treated isolates corresponding in size with the treated portions in the combinations served as controls. The experiments seem to show at least three factors responsible for the differentiation-pattern of the combinations: the number of inducing cells, the number of cells to be induced, and the competence of the ectoderm, which depends on the stage of development.", "PMID": 732361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1103", "title": "Surface topography of isolated gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris.", "content": "The surface topography of the outer cell layer of the two-layered gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris resembles that of the other amphibians: the cells are tightly packed and devoid of pseudopodia. The cells of the inner layer are spherical and interconnected with pseudopodia of various lengths. After excision of the ectoderm the peripheral cells of the outer layer elongate perpendicularly to the edge of the explant, while the number of pseudopodia on the inner layer greatly increases. The results show that the curling-up of the explant and formation of a sphere results from locomotor activity of the cells in both layers.", "contents": "Surface topography of isolated gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris. The surface topography of the outer cell layer of the two-layered gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris resembles that of the other amphibians: the cells are tightly packed and devoid of pseudopodia. The cells of the inner layer are spherical and interconnected with pseudopodia of various lengths. After excision of the ectoderm the peripheral cells of the outer layer elongate perpendicularly to the edge of the explant, while the number of pseudopodia on the inner layer greatly increases. The results show that the curling-up of the explant and formation of a sphere results from locomotor activity of the cells in both layers.", "PMID": 732362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1104", "title": "Microheterogeneities, non-equivalance, and embryonic induction.", "content": "The thrust of this report is to stress the importance of microheterogeneities in the microenvironment of differentiating tissues as a possible inducer or regulator of differentiation. During chondrogenesis both qualitative and quantitative changes occur in the proteoglycan population. Using molecular sieve chromatography, these changes can be characterized and used as indices of differentiation. Microheterogeneities of the extracellular matrix may be an example of \"non-equivalence\" as a regulatory device for differentiation.", "contents": "Microheterogeneities, non-equivalance, and embryonic induction. The thrust of this report is to stress the importance of microheterogeneities in the microenvironment of differentiating tissues as a possible inducer or regulator of differentiation. During chondrogenesis both qualitative and quantitative changes occur in the proteoglycan population. Using molecular sieve chromatography, these changes can be characterized and used as indices of differentiation. Microheterogeneities of the extracellular matrix may be an example of \"non-equivalence\" as a regulatory device for differentiation.", "PMID": 732363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1105", "title": "Differentiation of the epiblastic part of chick Hensen's node in coelomic cavity.", "content": "When implanted into the coelomic cavity the epiblastic, non-invaginated part of Hensen's node of chick blastoderm at Hamburger--Hamilton stage 3 to 3+ can differentiate into various tissues. These include neural, mesodermal, and endodermal ones, which are not essentially different from those derived from a complete node in similar conditions.", "contents": "Differentiation of the epiblastic part of chick Hensen's node in coelomic cavity. When implanted into the coelomic cavity the epiblastic, non-invaginated part of Hensen's node of chick blastoderm at Hamburger--Hamilton stage 3 to 3+ can differentiate into various tissues. These include neural, mesodermal, and endodermal ones, which are not essentially different from those derived from a complete node in similar conditions.", "PMID": 732364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1106", "title": "Developmental approaches to organ restoration.", "content": "This paper discusses the problem of applying the achievements of developmental biology to organ restoration. Experiments on artificially induced transdifferentiation as a prerequisite for organ restoration are reviewed. The advantage of using cells that start differentiation from the dedifferentated state is that they can participate in the construction of new organs. However, cell transdifferentiation is not sufficient for biomedical purposes, since the problem of construction of typically formed organs--namely, the morphogenesis of groups of differentiating cells--remains to be solved. Data, where a partial approach to typical organ restoration has been achieved are analysed. This serves as a tentative step in the application of developmental-biological approaches to the problem of organ restoration.", "contents": "Developmental approaches to organ restoration. This paper discusses the problem of applying the achievements of developmental biology to organ restoration. Experiments on artificially induced transdifferentiation as a prerequisite for organ restoration are reviewed. The advantage of using cells that start differentiation from the dedifferentated state is that they can participate in the construction of new organs. However, cell transdifferentiation is not sufficient for biomedical purposes, since the problem of construction of typically formed organs--namely, the morphogenesis of groups of differentiating cells--remains to be solved. Data, where a partial approach to typical organ restoration has been achieved are analysed. This serves as a tentative step in the application of developmental-biological approaches to the problem of organ restoration.", "PMID": 732365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1107", "title": "Mesodermalization of amphibian gastrula ectoderm in transfilter experiments.", "content": "Transfilter experiments were carried out with competent gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris and Ambystoma mexicanum as the reacting materials and blastoporal lip, alcohol-treated bone marrow and archenteron roof as the inducing materials, It was shown that a mesodermal inducing substance is able to penetrate Nuclepore filters of different pore sizes (3.0, 1.0, 0.4, 0.2 micrometer). The degree of mesodermal differentiations depends on the reacting materials, the inductors and the filters which were used in the transfilter experiments.", "contents": "Mesodermalization of amphibian gastrula ectoderm in transfilter experiments. Transfilter experiments were carried out with competent gastrula ectoderm of Triturus vulgaris and Ambystoma mexicanum as the reacting materials and blastoporal lip, alcohol-treated bone marrow and archenteron roof as the inducing materials, It was shown that a mesodermal inducing substance is able to penetrate Nuclepore filters of different pore sizes (3.0, 1.0, 0.4, 0.2 micrometer). The degree of mesodermal differentiations depends on the reacting materials, the inductors and the filters which were used in the transfilter experiments.", "PMID": 732366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1108", "title": "A proteoglycan with affinity for the vegetalizing factor: characterization by density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "A crude proteoglycan fraction isolated from chicken embryos has an affinity for the vegetalizing factor, which induces mesodermal and endodermal tissues in gastrula ectoderm of Triturus alpestris. Binding of the factor to the crude proteoglycan results in inactivation of the vegetalizing factor. The crude proteoglycan was centrifuged in CsCl and CsCl-urea density gradients. Most of the inactivating material was recovered from the gradients in the high density proteoglycan fraction. Part of the inactivating material was found in glycoproteins of lower density. It is concluded that not all of the polysaccharide moiety of the proteoglycan is involved in binding of the vegetalizing factor. The proteoglycan is inactivated by incubation with hyaluronidase.", "contents": "A proteoglycan with affinity for the vegetalizing factor: characterization by density gradient centrifugation. A crude proteoglycan fraction isolated from chicken embryos has an affinity for the vegetalizing factor, which induces mesodermal and endodermal tissues in gastrula ectoderm of Triturus alpestris. Binding of the factor to the crude proteoglycan results in inactivation of the vegetalizing factor. The crude proteoglycan was centrifuged in CsCl and CsCl-urea density gradients. Most of the inactivating material was recovered from the gradients in the high density proteoglycan fraction. Part of the inactivating material was found in glycoproteins of lower density. It is concluded that not all of the polysaccharide moiety of the proteoglycan is involved in binding of the vegetalizing factor. The proteoglycan is inactivated by incubation with hyaluronidase.", "PMID": 732367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1109", "title": "Neural induction, a two-way process.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of Triturus alpestris recombinates of newly invaginated \"caudal\" archenteron roof with either competent gastrula ectoderm or non-competent neurula ectoderm has demonstrated that neuralisation evoked by the underlying archenteron roof affects, in its turn, the regional differentiation of the latter. It does so by enhancing its notochordal differentiation; so, neural induction is clearly a two-way process. Somite differentiation is not significantly different in the two series. This is especially remarkable since both series show positive correlations between the amounts of notochordal and somite structures. The explantation is that the correlation coefficients differ considerably in the two series. The possible reason for this is discussed. Moreover the recombinates with competent gastrula ectoderm demonstrate that the size of the neural structures is determined by the total mass of the axial mesoderm and not by that of the notochord or that of the somites separately.", "contents": "Neural induction, a two-way process. A quantitative analysis of Triturus alpestris recombinates of newly invaginated \"caudal\" archenteron roof with either competent gastrula ectoderm or non-competent neurula ectoderm has demonstrated that neuralisation evoked by the underlying archenteron roof affects, in its turn, the regional differentiation of the latter. It does so by enhancing its notochordal differentiation; so, neural induction is clearly a two-way process. Somite differentiation is not significantly different in the two series. This is especially remarkable since both series show positive correlations between the amounts of notochordal and somite structures. The explantation is that the correlation coefficients differ considerably in the two series. The possible reason for this is discussed. Moreover the recombinates with competent gastrula ectoderm demonstrate that the size of the neural structures is determined by the total mass of the axial mesoderm and not by that of the notochord or that of the somites separately.", "PMID": 732368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1110", "title": "Metabolic inhibitors and kidney tubule induction.", "content": "The induction of kidney tubules in metanephric mesenchyme has previously been shown to require close contact between the interacting tissues. In our study we show that low concentrations of inhibitors of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis inhibit tubule induction, although they do not seem to prevent the formation of contacts between the interacting tissues. The effective concentrations were about the same as those which inhibited the synthesis of macromolecules. Cycloheximide caused an increased synthesis of RNA. Low concentrations of Mitomycin C inhibited DNA synthesis but not tubule formation. A concentration of the inhibitors which caused weakened induction also caused a marked decrease in leucine incorporation. We concluded therefore, that a decrease in protein synthesis in the inducing tissue is responsible for the inhibition of induction.", "contents": "Metabolic inhibitors and kidney tubule induction. The induction of kidney tubules in metanephric mesenchyme has previously been shown to require close contact between the interacting tissues. In our study we show that low concentrations of inhibitors of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis inhibit tubule induction, although they do not seem to prevent the formation of contacts between the interacting tissues. The effective concentrations were about the same as those which inhibited the synthesis of macromolecules. Cycloheximide caused an increased synthesis of RNA. Low concentrations of Mitomycin C inhibited DNA synthesis but not tubule formation. A concentration of the inhibitors which caused weakened induction also caused a marked decrease in leucine incorporation. We concluded therefore, that a decrease in protein synthesis in the inducing tissue is responsible for the inhibition of induction.", "PMID": 732369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1111", "title": "The retention of circulating Walker-256 cells by Walker-256 tumours.", "content": "When Walker-256 cancer cells are injected into the portal veins of rats bearing Walker-256 tumours in their livers, the retention of the injected cancer cells by the tumours is considerably less than in the surrounding liver. After applying defined general criteria for \"homing\" phenomena to the data, it is concluded that compared with the liver, they demonstrate \"antihoming\". The observations are explained in terms of a deficient arrest process within the tumours.", "contents": "The retention of circulating Walker-256 cells by Walker-256 tumours. When Walker-256 cancer cells are injected into the portal veins of rats bearing Walker-256 tumours in their livers, the retention of the injected cancer cells by the tumours is considerably less than in the surrounding liver. After applying defined general criteria for \"homing\" phenomena to the data, it is concluded that compared with the liver, they demonstrate \"antihoming\". The observations are explained in terms of a deficient arrest process within the tumours.", "PMID": 732370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1112", "title": "[Occlusion of pancreatic duct system by injection of a fast-solidifying amino acid solution (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the occlusion of the pancreatic duct system with a new alcoholic solution of amino acids has been studied in animal experiments. The solution becomes solid in the duct system, is microbiologically indifferent and becomes disintegrated within 11 days. This time, however, is sufficient to keep a high-grade atrophy of the exocrine parenchyma. With this method one doesn't risk the provocation of an acute pancreatitis. The development of fistulas following exploratory excision is prevented by the filling of the duct system. The solution could be qualified for a therapeutical acceleration of the \"burning-out\" of the chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Occlusion of pancreatic duct system by injection of a fast-solidifying amino acid solution (author's transl)]. The effect of the occlusion of the pancreatic duct system with a new alcoholic solution of amino acids has been studied in animal experiments. The solution becomes solid in the duct system, is microbiologically indifferent and becomes disintegrated within 11 days. This time, however, is sufficient to keep a high-grade atrophy of the exocrine parenchyma. With this method one doesn't risk the provocation of an acute pancreatitis. The development of fistulas following exploratory excision is prevented by the filling of the duct system. The solution could be qualified for a therapeutical acceleration of the \"burning-out\" of the chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 732402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1113", "title": "[Bile duct reconstruction with pendunculate jejunal grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "A pedunculate patch, obtained from a disconnected segment of jejunum, was implanted into the longitudinal incision of the ductus choledochus. Intra-operatively, the findings were based upon direct cholecystocholangiography; postoperatively, upon laboratory tests. After an observation period of 12 months a new cholangiography of the transplant was made along with a selective picture of the mesenteric arteries. The choledochus duct with the transplant was examined histologically. Three dogs died immediately postoperatively of peritonitis due to suture insufficiency. Five dogs died of invaginate ileus. These animals, as well as the remaining 8 dogs showed macroscopically and microscopically a smooth and uneventful healing of the transplant at the end of the observation period. Radiographies showed free flow of the biliary duct system. The selective mesenteric arteriographies evidenced beginning anastomosis between the transplant and the capillaries of the bile duct. Based on the results presented, the pedunculate jejunal graft can be considered well suited as an expansion graft for the bile duct.", "contents": "[Bile duct reconstruction with pendunculate jejunal grafts (author's transl)]. A pedunculate patch, obtained from a disconnected segment of jejunum, was implanted into the longitudinal incision of the ductus choledochus. Intra-operatively, the findings were based upon direct cholecystocholangiography; postoperatively, upon laboratory tests. After an observation period of 12 months a new cholangiography of the transplant was made along with a selective picture of the mesenteric arteries. The choledochus duct with the transplant was examined histologically. Three dogs died immediately postoperatively of peritonitis due to suture insufficiency. Five dogs died of invaginate ileus. These animals, as well as the remaining 8 dogs showed macroscopically and microscopically a smooth and uneventful healing of the transplant at the end of the observation period. Radiographies showed free flow of the biliary duct system. The selective mesenteric arteriographies evidenced beginning anastomosis between the transplant and the capillaries of the bile duct. Based on the results presented, the pedunculate jejunal graft can be considered well suited as an expansion graft for the bile duct.", "PMID": 732403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1114", "title": "[Further investigations of insufficient stretching-closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomy of the closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus was studied in the dogs since this animal is frequently utilized for investigations of esophageal function. With the aid of a special method we have demonstrated a stretching-closing mechanism similar to that of the human subject. An operatively placed hiatus hernia with a tendency to reflux shows the expected reaction of the muscular screw mechanism. This insufficient stretching-closing mechanism is similar to an insufficient \"ring sphincter\". The reconstruction of the closing mechanism by means of \"stretching and gastropexie\" which has proven successful in practice is discussed.", "contents": "[Further investigations of insufficient stretching-closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus (author's transl)]. The anatomy of the closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus was studied in the dogs since this animal is frequently utilized for investigations of esophageal function. With the aid of a special method we have demonstrated a stretching-closing mechanism similar to that of the human subject. An operatively placed hiatus hernia with a tendency to reflux shows the expected reaction of the muscular screw mechanism. This insufficient stretching-closing mechanism is similar to an insufficient \"ring sphincter\". The reconstruction of the closing mechanism by means of \"stretching and gastropexie\" which has proven successful in practice is discussed.", "PMID": 732404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1115", "title": "[Transperitoneal resorption in acute and chronic peritonitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two forms of peritonitis have been examined on 60 rats (Wistar) in three groups. Group 1 = acute peritonitis, group 2 = chronic peritonitis and group 3 = control. All animals have had an injection of an aminoglycosid antibiotic and a proteinase inhibitor into the peritoneal cavity. One intended to measure the influence of the proteinase inhibitor for different kinds of inflammation of the function of resorption of the peritoneum. Serum concentration of the antibiotic after 30, 60, and 90 min was measured. In clinical dosage the resorption of protein-bonded aminoglycosid antibiotics was decreased. The healthy control animals didn't show any effects. Connections concerning molecule size of protein-bonded substances and proteolytic ferments are in discussion. The practical relevance of these results could be found in an retarding effect of the resorption of protein-bonded toxines.", "contents": "[Transperitoneal resorption in acute and chronic peritonitis (author's transl)]. Two forms of peritonitis have been examined on 60 rats (Wistar) in three groups. Group 1 = acute peritonitis, group 2 = chronic peritonitis and group 3 = control. All animals have had an injection of an aminoglycosid antibiotic and a proteinase inhibitor into the peritoneal cavity. One intended to measure the influence of the proteinase inhibitor for different kinds of inflammation of the function of resorption of the peritoneum. Serum concentration of the antibiotic after 30, 60, and 90 min was measured. In clinical dosage the resorption of protein-bonded aminoglycosid antibiotics was decreased. The healthy control animals didn't show any effects. Connections concerning molecule size of protein-bonded substances and proteolytic ferments are in discussion. The practical relevance of these results could be found in an retarding effect of the resorption of protein-bonded toxines.", "PMID": 732405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1116", "title": "[Concentration of lysozyme during mineralization in callous tissue of healing fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations have suggested that lysozyme (E.C. 3.2.1.17) is involved in bone mineralization. High concentrations of lysozyme is found in the growth plate near cartilage bone junction, where it is located at the collagen fibrils and in the ground substance. Quantitative studies of lysozyme levels were made in ossifying tissue of healing fractures, to confirm the existence of this relationship on bone repair. Callous tissue, serum samples and normal bone was collected from 42 rats at 15 intervalls during a 50 day healing period. Agar gel diffusion test was used for quantitation of lysozyme. Electrophoresis of tissue extract and standard henn egg white lysozyme served as control. Lysozyme levels in callous tissue increased significantly (4--5-fold) from 4.--21. day p. trauma and subsequently decreased. The concentration in serum samples did not change significantly. Changes in Ca concentration and histological studies during tests confirm a direct relationship between bone mineralization and lysozyme level changes.", "contents": "[Concentration of lysozyme during mineralization in callous tissue of healing fractures (author's transl)]. Investigations have suggested that lysozyme (E.C. 3.2.1.17) is involved in bone mineralization. High concentrations of lysozyme is found in the growth plate near cartilage bone junction, where it is located at the collagen fibrils and in the ground substance. Quantitative studies of lysozyme levels were made in ossifying tissue of healing fractures, to confirm the existence of this relationship on bone repair. Callous tissue, serum samples and normal bone was collected from 42 rats at 15 intervalls during a 50 day healing period. Agar gel diffusion test was used for quantitation of lysozyme. Electrophoresis of tissue extract and standard henn egg white lysozyme served as control. Lysozyme levels in callous tissue increased significantly (4--5-fold) from 4.--21. day p. trauma and subsequently decreased. The concentration in serum samples did not change significantly. Changes in Ca concentration and histological studies during tests confirm a direct relationship between bone mineralization and lysozyme level changes.", "PMID": 732406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1117", "title": "[Surgical problems of iatrogenic esophagus perforations (author's transl)].", "content": "With increase of invasive investigations of the upper digestive tract an increase of complications is also expected. From 1968--1977 eleven patients with iatrogenic esophagus perforation were referred to the department of general surgery, University of Kiel. Symptoms, diagnosis and different treatment, depending on localization and time of perforation and underlying disease are described.", "contents": "[Surgical problems of iatrogenic esophagus perforations (author's transl)]. With increase of invasive investigations of the upper digestive tract an increase of complications is also expected. From 1968--1977 eleven patients with iatrogenic esophagus perforation were referred to the department of general surgery, University of Kiel. Symptoms, diagnosis and different treatment, depending on localization and time of perforation and underlying disease are described.", "PMID": 732407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1118", "title": "[Stable postoperative phase after total artificial heart-replacement in animal-experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Presented are results of an analysis of more than 30000 data which were sampled in seven long-surviving calves after total artificial heart-replacement (more than 35 days survival). The continuity of 24 types of data (hemodynamic, labor- and physical data) are transformed for every animal in time-equidistant datafields and after this an average continuity for all seven animals is calculated and plotted. Twenty days after the operation the data have reached the preoperative values in nearly all cases, indicating a stable phase starting, according to the clinical condition of the animals.", "contents": "[Stable postoperative phase after total artificial heart-replacement in animal-experiments (author's transl)]. Presented are results of an analysis of more than 30000 data which were sampled in seven long-surviving calves after total artificial heart-replacement (more than 35 days survival). The continuity of 24 types of data (hemodynamic, labor- and physical data) are transformed for every animal in time-equidistant datafields and after this an average continuity for all seven animals is calculated and plotted. Twenty days after the operation the data have reached the preoperative values in nearly all cases, indicating a stable phase starting, according to the clinical condition of the animals.", "PMID": 732408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1119", "title": "[Conservative treatment of other forms of hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with toxic nodular goiter have only a slight chance for spontaneous remission. The same is true for hyperthyroid decompensated autonomous adenomas and iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis (jodbasedow). We therefore recommend antithyroid drugs only for preoperative preparation or for the therapy administered between fractionated 131I doses. The latter is indicated in patients over 40 years of age with a small goiter. The risk of hypothyroidism is less than 1% according to the experiences of eight thyroid centers. Experiences with euthyroid autonomous adenomas suggest no specific therapy. These patients may be managed under most circumstances by periodic follow-up evaluations.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of other forms of hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. Patients with toxic nodular goiter have only a slight chance for spontaneous remission. The same is true for hyperthyroid decompensated autonomous adenomas and iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis (jodbasedow). We therefore recommend antithyroid drugs only for preoperative preparation or for the therapy administered between fractionated 131I doses. The latter is indicated in patients over 40 years of age with a small goiter. The risk of hypothyroidism is less than 1% according to the experiences of eight thyroid centers. Experiences with euthyroid autonomous adenomas suggest no specific therapy. These patients may be managed under most circumstances by periodic follow-up evaluations.", "PMID": 732411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1120", "title": "[Other forms of hyperthyroidism: indications and operative procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperthyroid hot nodules, toxic nodular goiter, and rarely thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis represent the majority of hyperthyroid cases in goiter areas. Even though these patients usually fall into higher age groups, surgery after thyrostatic premedication is usually the optimal form of therapy if there are no serious medical risks. While toxic adenomas possibly require only unilateral procedures, toxic nodular goiters should be bilaterally resected; thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis is treated as other forms of thyroid cancer.", "contents": "[Other forms of hyperthyroidism: indications and operative procedures (author's transl)]. Hyperthyroid hot nodules, toxic nodular goiter, and rarely thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis represent the majority of hyperthyroid cases in goiter areas. Even though these patients usually fall into higher age groups, surgery after thyrostatic premedication is usually the optimal form of therapy if there are no serious medical risks. While toxic adenomas possibly require only unilateral procedures, toxic nodular goiters should be bilaterally resected; thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis is treated as other forms of thyroid cancer.", "PMID": 732412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1121", "title": "[Retroperitoneal vascular injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1973-1977, 21 retroperitoneal vascular injuries were seen at the Medical School of Hannover. Vascular lesions of polytraumatized patients were treated 12 times. The rest were iatrogenic traumas after laminectomy, herniotomy, and hip replacement as well as after urologic and gynecologic operations. The overall mortality was 43%. Surgical treatment of the different vascular regions is discussed.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal vascular injuries (author's transl)]. From 1973-1977, 21 retroperitoneal vascular injuries were seen at the Medical School of Hannover. Vascular lesions of polytraumatized patients were treated 12 times. The rest were iatrogenic traumas after laminectomy, herniotomy, and hip replacement as well as after urologic and gynecologic operations. The overall mortality was 43%. Surgical treatment of the different vascular regions is discussed.", "PMID": 732413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1122", "title": "[Retroperitoneal injuries: fractures of the spine and pelvis (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the area of retroperitoneal injuries, bone injuries of the spine and pelvis are discussed in terms of immediate diagnosis and early treatment. Particular attention should be given to the required operative position and to the intensive postoperative care in terms of the stability or instability of spinal injuries. In view of the total injury, pelvic fractures are often underrated. Extreme blood loss is to be expected in dorsal and ventral vertical fractures and luxations. Irreductible dorsal luxations should be surgically set and stabilized.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal injuries: fractures of the spine and pelvis (author's transl)]. Within the area of retroperitoneal injuries, bone injuries of the spine and pelvis are discussed in terms of immediate diagnosis and early treatment. Particular attention should be given to the required operative position and to the intensive postoperative care in terms of the stability or instability of spinal injuries. In view of the total injury, pelvic fractures are often underrated. Extreme blood loss is to be expected in dorsal and ventral vertical fractures and luxations. Irreductible dorsal luxations should be surgically set and stabilized.", "PMID": 732415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1123", "title": "[Retroperitoneal lesions of the duodenum and pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis depends upon timely surgical intervention. Contusions and hematomas of the pancreas are treated through abdominal drainage. Pancreatic duct lesions require resection or pancreaticojejunostomy. Fresh duodenal perforations may be treated by primary suture. In cases of extensive tears, partial gastrectomy combined with selective vagotomy may be the surgical treatment of choice, in rare cases, duodenopancreatectomy. Conservative or surgical treatment of the duodenal hematoma will depend entirely upon the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal lesions of the duodenum and pancreas (author's transl)]. The prognosis depends upon timely surgical intervention. Contusions and hematomas of the pancreas are treated through abdominal drainage. Pancreatic duct lesions require resection or pancreaticojejunostomy. Fresh duodenal perforations may be treated by primary suture. In cases of extensive tears, partial gastrectomy combined with selective vagotomy may be the surgical treatment of choice, in rare cases, duodenopancreatectomy. Conservative or surgical treatment of the duodenal hematoma will depend entirely upon the clinical picture.", "PMID": 732416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1124", "title": "[Special aspects of retroperitoneal trauma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "During childhood, the retroperitoneal trauma resulting from birth has some specific aspects. Besides the rupture of the parenchymatous organs, in particular bleeding of the suprarenal glands occurs. The indication for surgical intervention must be based on the general condition of the child. Substitution of hypoprothrombinemia will be necesary in most cases. Intramural duodenal hematoma and rupture of the ureter in the immediate vicinity of the pelvoureteral connection, are observed especially in childhood. Retropneumooperitoneum following the increasingly popular method of intermittent respiration by above atmospheric pressure respiration of the newborn is now more frequently observed, as is necrosis of the wall of the bladder by instillation of medication and catheters in the arteries of the navel.", "contents": "[Special aspects of retroperitoneal trauma in children (author's transl)]. During childhood, the retroperitoneal trauma resulting from birth has some specific aspects. Besides the rupture of the parenchymatous organs, in particular bleeding of the suprarenal glands occurs. The indication for surgical intervention must be based on the general condition of the child. Substitution of hypoprothrombinemia will be necesary in most cases. Intramural duodenal hematoma and rupture of the ureter in the immediate vicinity of the pelvoureteral connection, are observed especially in childhood. Retropneumooperitoneum following the increasingly popular method of intermittent respiration by above atmospheric pressure respiration of the newborn is now more frequently observed, as is necrosis of the wall of the bladder by instillation of medication and catheters in the arteries of the navel.", "PMID": 732417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1125", "title": "[Overview: varicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevalence and sociomedical importance of peripheral venous diseases and peripheral venous disorders are discussed on the basis of a prospective epidemiologic field study (Basle Study) among 4529 apparently healthy workers and clerks of the Basle pharmaceutical industry. Prevalence: Pulmonary embolism was reported in 2% phlebitis in 10%. Varicose veins were present in 56% and signs of chronic venous insufficiency in 16%, respectively. Reticular and hyphen web varices predominated. Stem varicose veins were found in 15%. The sociomedical importance of varicose veins is evaluated according to the rates of complication and treatment. A medically significant varicosity was present in 12% of this working population. Three percent presented severe alterations that already had caused complications and 9% presented changes indicating.", "contents": "[Overview: varicosis (author's transl)]. The prevalence and sociomedical importance of peripheral venous diseases and peripheral venous disorders are discussed on the basis of a prospective epidemiologic field study (Basle Study) among 4529 apparently healthy workers and clerks of the Basle pharmaceutical industry. Prevalence: Pulmonary embolism was reported in 2% phlebitis in 10%. Varicose veins were present in 56% and signs of chronic venous insufficiency in 16%, respectively. Reticular and hyphen web varices predominated. Stem varicose veins were found in 15%. The sociomedical importance of varicose veins is evaluated according to the rates of complication and treatment. A medically significant varicosity was present in 12% of this working population. Three percent presented severe alterations that already had caused complications and 9% presented changes indicating.", "PMID": 732418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1126", "title": "[Technical aspects of phlebography in varicosis of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "Ascending phlebography is a safe and reliable method for preinterventional differential diagnosis of primary and secondary venous insufficiency. With the combined use of fluoroscopy and spot filming, the technique yields functional information on the venous valves and communicating veins. It also permits exact localization of peripheral and proximal varicosis and venous aneurysms. In addition, the plevic and inferior vena cava inflow can be evaluated.", "contents": "[Technical aspects of phlebography in varicosis of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. Ascending phlebography is a safe and reliable method for preinterventional differential diagnosis of primary and secondary venous insufficiency. With the combined use of fluoroscopy and spot filming, the technique yields functional information on the venous valves and communicating veins. It also permits exact localization of peripheral and proximal varicosis and venous aneurysms. In addition, the plevic and inferior vena cava inflow can be evaluated.", "PMID": 732419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1127", "title": "[Vein surgery, functional investigation, surveying equipment (author's transl)].", "content": "The different physical screening tests (ultrasound-Doppler technique, plethysmography, phlebodynamometry) are easily documented and provide a less dangerous, less expensive, and more comprehensive statement about the venous hemodynamics of the lower extremity. The number of diagnostic errors can be minimized, and the indication for operation is reliable.", "contents": "[Vein surgery, functional investigation, surveying equipment (author's transl)]. The different physical screening tests (ultrasound-Doppler technique, plethysmography, phlebodynamometry) are easily documented and provide a less dangerous, less expensive, and more comprehensive statement about the venous hemodynamics of the lower extremity. The number of diagnostic errors can be minimized, and the indication for operation is reliable.", "PMID": 732420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1128", "title": "[Venous surgery: varicose veins (author's transl)].", "content": "varicose veins of the long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein. locally developed varicose veins and all forms of edema. When there is doubt, venography and tracing of the lymphatic vessels should be performed. Preservation of the lymphatic channels: incision in the groin higher than usual. Note the seven variations of the junction of the short saphenous vein. In case of damaged deep veins, operative treatment only if venous pressure curve shows improvement after compression of the superficial varicose veins.", "contents": "[Venous surgery: varicose veins (author's transl)]. varicose veins of the long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein. locally developed varicose veins and all forms of edema. When there is doubt, venography and tracing of the lymphatic vessels should be performed. Preservation of the lymphatic channels: incision in the groin higher than usual. Note the seven variations of the junction of the short saphenous vein. In case of damaged deep veins, operative treatment only if venous pressure curve shows improvement after compression of the superficial varicose veins.", "PMID": 732421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1129", "title": "[Varicose veins: sclerosing therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Every varicosis can be treated without operation if injection therapy is correctly carried out. The patient stands upright, a thick needle (1.2 mm) is inserted into the varix. The venous blood flows out, the patient lies down. Injection is made with the leg in a high position (30 degrees), compression follows each sclerosing injection. Intraarterial injections can be avoided by using a thick needle. Retained intravaricose blood should be incised to avoid pigmentation. Rapid treatment is possible with 3-5 days. As with our ordinary treatment, we give 5-10 injections daily with Varigloban 2-8%.", "contents": "[Varicose veins: sclerosing therapy (author's transl)]. Every varicosis can be treated without operation if injection therapy is correctly carried out. The patient stands upright, a thick needle (1.2 mm) is inserted into the varix. The venous blood flows out, the patient lies down. Injection is made with the leg in a high position (30 degrees), compression follows each sclerosing injection. Intraarterial injections can be avoided by using a thick needle. Retained intravaricose blood should be incised to avoid pigmentation. Rapid treatment is possible with 3-5 days. As with our ordinary treatment, we give 5-10 injections daily with Varigloban 2-8%.", "PMID": 732422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1130", "title": "[Obstruction of the venae cavae: surgical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of obstruction of the superior or inferior vena cava--or of both the caval veins--it is always necessary to find out whether surgical therapy is indicated. In relatively rare cases it is possible to achieve better results by means of operative treatment than with conservative therapy only.", "contents": "[Obstruction of the venae cavae: surgical considerations (author's transl)]. In cases of obstruction of the superior or inferior vena cava--or of both the caval veins--it is always necessary to find out whether surgical therapy is indicated. In relatively rare cases it is possible to achieve better results by means of operative treatment than with conservative therapy only.", "PMID": 732424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1131", "title": "[Vein reconstruction in lower limb injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Reconstructive venous surgery is essential in lower limb injuries to avoid circulatory insufficiency when the main vein is severed. The repair requires a vein graft with adequate lumen--two segments of the saphenous vein are slit open and sutured together. A technique for atraumatic preparation of this composite graft is described. A peripheral temporary A-V fistula is advocated to prevent thrombosis of the graft.", "contents": "[Vein reconstruction in lower limb injuries (author's transl)]. Reconstructive venous surgery is essential in lower limb injuries to avoid circulatory insufficiency when the main vein is severed. The repair requires a vein graft with adequate lumen--two segments of the saphenous vein are slit open and sutured together. A technique for atraumatic preparation of this composite graft is described. A peripheral temporary A-V fistula is advocated to prevent thrombosis of the graft.", "PMID": 732425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1132", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis--morphology (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative evaluation of the clinical and morphologic-histologic findings in reflux esophagitis led to the following staging; Stage I: Discrete leukocyte infiltrations of the tunica propria, and epithelial changes primarily of a hyperregenerative nature (noticeable only by histology). Stage II: macroscopic changes with erythematous stripes in the mucosa, which are shown histologically to be erosions or fibrinous necrosis; endoscopic feature: \"white stripes.\" Stage III: deep, confluent necrosis with stenosis. This clinical-morphologic staging is a basis for therapy.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis--morphology (author's transl)]. Comparative evaluation of the clinical and morphologic-histologic findings in reflux esophagitis led to the following staging; Stage I: Discrete leukocyte infiltrations of the tunica propria, and epithelial changes primarily of a hyperregenerative nature (noticeable only by histology). Stage II: macroscopic changes with erythematous stripes in the mucosa, which are shown histologically to be erosions or fibrinous necrosis; endoscopic feature: \"white stripes.\" Stage III: deep, confluent necrosis with stenosis. This clinical-morphologic staging is a basis for therapy.", "PMID": 732426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1133", "title": "[Functional morphology of the lower esophagus in reflux disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The function of the lower esophagus is discussed from a biomechanical point of view. The functional elements consist of the typical structure of the muscle fibers and of the construction of the opening to the stomach. In the active phase, the esophageal muscle fibers open the cardiac orifice, and during the resting stage, the normal longitudinal tension of the esophagus is responsible for closure. Biomechanical studies reveal the sliding hiatal hernia and reflux as momentary states in the pathomechanics of the lower esophagus. Hormonal regulation is unimportant. Based on biomechanical studies, a reasonable therapeutic approach is gastropexy.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the lower esophagus in reflux disease (author's transl)]. The function of the lower esophagus is discussed from a biomechanical point of view. The functional elements consist of the typical structure of the muscle fibers and of the construction of the opening to the stomach. In the active phase, the esophageal muscle fibers open the cardiac orifice, and during the resting stage, the normal longitudinal tension of the esophagus is responsible for closure. Biomechanical studies reveal the sliding hiatal hernia and reflux as momentary states in the pathomechanics of the lower esophagus. Hormonal regulation is unimportant. Based on biomechanical studies, a reasonable therapeutic approach is gastropexy.", "PMID": 732427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1134", "title": "[Significance of diagnostic procedures in reflux esophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of reflux esophagitis can be confirmed by a variety of diagnostic procedures. Beside the morphologic findings of the reflux demonstrated by X-ray, endoscopy, and histology, the degree of disturbed cardial function can be determined by manometry, pH determination, and scintiscan. Each method entails a number of errors. Therefore a distinction must be made between absolutely necessary and valuable methods for clarifying the degree of the symptoms of esophageal reflux.", "contents": "[Significance of diagnostic procedures in reflux esophagitis (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of reflux esophagitis can be confirmed by a variety of diagnostic procedures. Beside the morphologic findings of the reflux demonstrated by X-ray, endoscopy, and histology, the degree of disturbed cardial function can be determined by manometry, pH determination, and scintiscan. Each method entails a number of errors. Therefore a distinction must be made between absolutely necessary and valuable methods for clarifying the degree of the symptoms of esophageal reflux.", "PMID": 732428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1135", "title": "[Indication for conservative therapy of reflux esophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Conservative treatment is sufficient for the majority of patients with pathologic gastroesophageal reflux and reflux esophagitis proved by endoscopic and histologic examination. The indications for operation are failure of conservative therapy with progressive reflux esophagitis, or the occurrence of rare complications such as stenosis or massive hemorrhage. Even in these complicated cases the decision to operate will depend on the clinical status and risk factors for individual patients.", "contents": "[Indication for conservative therapy of reflux esophagitis (author's transl)]. Conservative treatment is sufficient for the majority of patients with pathologic gastroesophageal reflux and reflux esophagitis proved by endoscopic and histologic examination. The indications for operation are failure of conservative therapy with progressive reflux esophagitis, or the occurrence of rare complications such as stenosis or massive hemorrhage. Even in these complicated cases the decision to operate will depend on the clinical status and risk factors for individual patients.", "PMID": 732429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1136", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis: surgical indications (author's transl)].", "content": "Reflux esophagitis is a benign disease. Therefore, therapeutic indications are of special significance. Surgery is undisputed in cases of failure of conservative therapy. For the first time reliable data are available on the effectiveness and on the barriers of conservative therapy, because of initial results from double blind studies. According to these results, healing of reflux esophagitis of grades I and II can be expected under conservative therapy. However, most of the patients in grades III to IV, resisted conservative therapy, so an operation is indicated.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis: surgical indications (author's transl)]. Reflux esophagitis is a benign disease. Therefore, therapeutic indications are of special significance. Surgery is undisputed in cases of failure of conservative therapy. For the first time reliable data are available on the effectiveness and on the barriers of conservative therapy, because of initial results from double blind studies. According to these results, healing of reflux esophagitis of grades I and II can be expected under conservative therapy. However, most of the patients in grades III to IV, resisted conservative therapy, so an operation is indicated.", "PMID": 732430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1137", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative method in adults: fundoplication (author's transl)].", "content": "When the indications for fundoplication are correctly applied and followed, the standard anterior wall method has been proved both clinically and experimentally to be the best antireflux operation; it offers excellent immediate and long-term results. It is debatable whether it should be combined with a vagotomy when the peptic element is excessive, for while this approach is undisputed in the presence of an ulcerated draining path, it calls for important considerations in its manner of execution. Gastropexy alone is an inadequate solution in all its technical modifications: We reserve it as the operation of choice for cases of paraesophageal volvulus of the stomach.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative method in adults: fundoplication (author's transl)]. When the indications for fundoplication are correctly applied and followed, the standard anterior wall method has been proved both clinically and experimentally to be the best antireflux operation; it offers excellent immediate and long-term results. It is debatable whether it should be combined with a vagotomy when the peptic element is excessive, for while this approach is undisputed in the presence of an ulcerated draining path, it calls for important considerations in its manner of execution. Gastropexy alone is an inadequate solution in all its technical modifications: We reserve it as the operation of choice for cases of paraesophageal volvulus of the stomach.", "PMID": 732432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1138", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in the adult: gastropexy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fundophrenicopexy is an effective procedure for repairing important mechanical parts of the LES. Pre- and postoperative measurement of pressure in 52 patients demonstrated an increase from x = 20.1 mm Hg to x = 39.25 mm Hg. Fundophrenicopexy is the more simple surgical management compared with fundoplication and is followed less frequently by complications. If anatomical conditions allow, fundophrenicopexy is preferred in surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in the adult: gastropexy (author's transl)]. Fundophrenicopexy is an effective procedure for repairing important mechanical parts of the LES. Pre- and postoperative measurement of pressure in 52 patients demonstrated an increase from x = 20.1 mm Hg to x = 39.25 mm Hg. Fundophrenicopexy is the more simple surgical management compared with fundoplication and is followed less frequently by complications. If anatomical conditions allow, fundophrenicopexy is preferred in surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis.", "PMID": 732433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1139", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in children: fundoplication (author's transl)].", "content": "Hiatus hernia and peptic esophagitis in children lead in 20% of the cases to peptic stenosis, thus rendering a reflux-preventing operation mandatory in many patients. We consider fundoplication as the operation of choice and have used it for 17 years. The early and late mortality varies between 1.2% and 1.4% and can be lowered even further through improvement of treatment. Functional complications such as \"gas bloat syndrome,\" dysphagia, diarrhea, disappear spontaneously in the first 2-3 months after surgery. The only severe late complication is the development of a paraesophageal hernia months after surgery: This complication can be avoided through better technique. Out of 61 patients who were examined 10 or more years after operation, 58 are totally free of symptoms.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in children: fundoplication (author's transl)]. Hiatus hernia and peptic esophagitis in children lead in 20% of the cases to peptic stenosis, thus rendering a reflux-preventing operation mandatory in many patients. We consider fundoplication as the operation of choice and have used it for 17 years. The early and late mortality varies between 1.2% and 1.4% and can be lowered even further through improvement of treatment. Functional complications such as \"gas bloat syndrome,\" dysphagia, diarrhea, disappear spontaneously in the first 2-3 months after surgery. The only severe late complication is the development of a paraesophageal hernia months after surgery: This complication can be avoided through better technique. Out of 61 patients who were examined 10 or more years after operation, 58 are totally free of symptoms.", "PMID": 732434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1140", "title": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in children: gastropexy (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past 15 years, 165 children with reflux disease, following mobilization of the esophagocardiasphere, were treated with a hiatal plastic operation, a semicircular esophagofundofixatio, and gastropexy. Among 140 children who were reexamined one or more times, 131 exhibited normal clinical, radiologic, and, in part, endoscopic findings up to 15 years after the operation. Fifteen percent of the children had peptic esophagostenosis, which was healed through extramucous longitudinal esophagotomy, antireflux plastic surgery, and six additional bougienage treatments.", "contents": "[Reflux esophagitis: operative procedures in children: gastropexy (author's transl)]. During the past 15 years, 165 children with reflux disease, following mobilization of the esophagocardiasphere, were treated with a hiatal plastic operation, a semicircular esophagofundofixatio, and gastropexy. Among 140 children who were reexamined one or more times, 131 exhibited normal clinical, radiologic, and, in part, endoscopic findings up to 15 years after the operation. Fifteen percent of the children had peptic esophagostenosis, which was healed through extramucous longitudinal esophagotomy, antireflux plastic surgery, and six additional bougienage treatments.", "PMID": 732435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1141", "title": "[Patterns of injuries of restrained car passengers (author's transl)].", "content": "A detailed analysis of actual traffic accidents involving car passengers wearing seat belts was carried out by an interdisciplinary team. The passengers were examined for the severity of their injuries, the combination of their injuries, and the practicality of their seat belt system. The type of injury to the car, the speed, and the line of impact were related to the injuries. Incorrect use of the belt system, malfunction due to external causes, and construction defects in the seat belt system were described and evaluated according to their specific importance.", "contents": "[Patterns of injuries of restrained car passengers (author's transl)]. A detailed analysis of actual traffic accidents involving car passengers wearing seat belts was carried out by an interdisciplinary team. The passengers were examined for the severity of their injuries, the combination of their injuries, and the practicality of their seat belt system. The type of injury to the car, the speed, and the line of impact were related to the injuries. Incorrect use of the belt system, malfunction due to external causes, and construction defects in the seat belt system were described and evaluated according to their specific importance.", "PMID": 732437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1142", "title": "[Head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "The majority of mortalities after car accidents are due to head injuries. These are followed by injuries to the thorax, abdomen, and extremities. Correctly used seat belts may prevent up to 70% of the head injuries and decrease the effects of other injuries as well. At least half of those who are killed in car accidents would be alive today if they had worn a seat belt.", "contents": "[Head injuries (author's transl)]. The majority of mortalities after car accidents are due to head injuries. These are followed by injuries to the thorax, abdomen, and extremities. Correctly used seat belts may prevent up to 70% of the head injuries and decrease the effects of other injuries as well. At least half of those who are killed in car accidents would be alive today if they had worn a seat belt.", "PMID": 732438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1143", "title": "[Trauma to the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-five occupants fatally injured (despite the use of seat belts) in head-on collisions suffered severe injuries to the craniocervical junction (ring fractures of the base of the skull, fractures of the upper cervical vertebrae, or disruptions between the cervical vertebrae) if there was extensive trauma against the head or if submarining under shoulder belts took place. If three-point belts were used, few or no neck injuries were observed if there was only a slight impact between the head and some part of the car, and there was no instability of the cervical spine due to pathologic changes.", "contents": "[Trauma to the cervical spine (author's transl)]. Thirty-five occupants fatally injured (despite the use of seat belts) in head-on collisions suffered severe injuries to the craniocervical junction (ring fractures of the base of the skull, fractures of the upper cervical vertebrae, or disruptions between the cervical vertebrae) if there was extensive trauma against the head or if submarining under shoulder belts took place. If three-point belts were used, few or no neck injuries were observed if there was only a slight impact between the head and some part of the car, and there was no instability of the cervical spine due to pathologic changes.", "PMID": 732439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1144", "title": "[Traffic accidents and seat belts: thorax injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "The types of injuries to 313 automobile accident victims, especially thorax injuries, are compared. Independent of seat belt use (42%), there was in general a higher degree of injury. Those wearing seat belts had a markedly less severe AISm (median degree of injury of body region) and less severe thorax injury. Severe thorax injury was first found at speeds greater than 24 km/h above average. Severer thorax injury is to be expected with defective seat belts (AISm = 1.25) than with properly functioning belts (AISm = 0.32).", "contents": "[Traffic accidents and seat belts: thorax injuries (author's transl)]. The types of injuries to 313 automobile accident victims, especially thorax injuries, are compared. Independent of seat belt use (42%), there was in general a higher degree of injury. Those wearing seat belts had a markedly less severe AISm (median degree of injury of body region) and less severe thorax injury. Severe thorax injury was first found at speeds greater than 24 km/h above average. Severer thorax injury is to be expected with defective seat belts (AISm = 1.25) than with properly functioning belts (AISm = 0.32).", "PMID": 732440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1145", "title": "[Pacemaker and seat belt (author's transl)].", "content": "Although seat-belt-induced traffic accident injuries to wearers of pacemakers are rare, about 50,000 pacemaker patients have to \"buckle up.\" A study of 450 pacemaker patients indicated that, as in the general population about 50% use their seat belts. Fifty percent of the patients felt uncomfortable or showed local damage of the area overlying the pacemaker. Studies with dummies revealed a 7-cm upward dislocation of the pacemaker caused by the negative acceleration and by the seat belt itself during the crash. This could be prevented by an external cap protecting the pacemaker.", "contents": "[Pacemaker and seat belt (author's transl)]. Although seat-belt-induced traffic accident injuries to wearers of pacemakers are rare, about 50,000 pacemaker patients have to \"buckle up.\" A study of 450 pacemaker patients indicated that, as in the general population about 50% use their seat belts. Fifty percent of the patients felt uncomfortable or showed local damage of the area overlying the pacemaker. Studies with dummies revealed a 7-cm upward dislocation of the pacemaker caused by the negative acceleration and by the seat belt itself during the crash. This could be prevented by an external cap protecting the pacemaker.", "PMID": 732441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1146", "title": "[Seat belt related abdominal injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Seat belts reduce the severity of trauma in car accidents. There is a definite decrease in the percentage of head injuries, while abdominal lesions seem to increase. Experimental and clinical investigations show a predominance of abdominal wall injuries and liver ruptures. The seat belt syndrome requires close observation of the patient in the intensive care unit. An increasing number of late intestinal obstructions after a seat belt injury due to lesions of the intestinal wall are reported.", "contents": "[Seat belt related abdominal injuries (author's transl)]. Seat belts reduce the severity of trauma in car accidents. There is a definite decrease in the percentage of head injuries, while abdominal lesions seem to increase. Experimental and clinical investigations show a predominance of abdominal wall injuries and liver ruptures. The seat belt syndrome requires close observation of the patient in the intensive care unit. An increasing number of late intestinal obstructions after a seat belt injury due to lesions of the intestinal wall are reported.", "PMID": 732442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1147", "title": "[Decompression technique for ileus: emptying of the intestine with the fingers (author's transl)].", "content": "Intestinal obstruction and distension with stasis of the intestinal contents have to be dealt with simultaneously. Opening of the small intestine for aspiration may cause infection and is not necessary. Aspiration via a Miller-Abbot tube is complicated and time consuming. Beginning at the proximal end of the jejunum the contents of the small intestine can be emptied without risk into the stomach by digital pressure. The contaminated intestinal contents can be aspirated via a gastric tube, relieving distension and restoring intestinal circulation and motility. The simplicity of this method, its immediate effect, and its lack of complications are evident.", "contents": "[Decompression technique for ileus: emptying of the intestine with the fingers (author's transl)]. Intestinal obstruction and distension with stasis of the intestinal contents have to be dealt with simultaneously. Opening of the small intestine for aspiration may cause infection and is not necessary. Aspiration via a Miller-Abbot tube is complicated and time consuming. Beginning at the proximal end of the jejunum the contents of the small intestine can be emptied without risk into the stomach by digital pressure. The contaminated intestinal contents can be aspirated via a gastric tube, relieving distension and restoring intestinal circulation and motility. The simplicity of this method, its immediate effect, and its lack of complications are evident.", "PMID": 732444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1148", "title": "[Decompression technique: intestinal emptying with a tube (author's transl)].", "content": "The goal of treating postoperative ileus must be decompression of the intestine in order to prevent further development of the disease. Two different methods are available: (1) closed decompression (a) by stripping the intestine orally or aborally, or (b) through an intraluminal intestinal tube, and (2) open decompression through enterotomy. Because stripping of the intestine leads to traumatization of the intestinal wall, suction through an intraluminal intestinal tube can be considered preservative. Preoperatively, the tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach and from there is directed through the pylorus and the duodenum into the upper jejunum. Decompression of the intestine with a long intestinal tube also permits prophylactic intestinal splinting and prevents additional adhesions, kinking, and resulting new ileus conditions.", "contents": "[Decompression technique: intestinal emptying with a tube (author's transl)]. The goal of treating postoperative ileus must be decompression of the intestine in order to prevent further development of the disease. Two different methods are available: (1) closed decompression (a) by stripping the intestine orally or aborally, or (b) through an intraluminal intestinal tube, and (2) open decompression through enterotomy. Because stripping of the intestine leads to traumatization of the intestinal wall, suction through an intraluminal intestinal tube can be considered preservative. Preoperatively, the tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach and from there is directed through the pylorus and the duodenum into the upper jejunum. Decompression of the intestine with a long intestinal tube also permits prophylactic intestinal splinting and prevents additional adhesions, kinking, and resulting new ileus conditions.", "PMID": 732445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1149", "title": "[Small bowel obstruction: decompression by suction through an enterotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Decompression using a sucking apparatus with many large openings, inserted through an enterotomy, is a fast and suitable method. The danger of wound infection can be considerably reduced by careful technique and by antibiotics. Nevertheless, open suction should be used only when the peritoneal cavity is already infected, or when closed decompression by retrograde stripping into the stomach is not possible.", "contents": "[Small bowel obstruction: decompression by suction through an enterotomy (author's transl)]. Decompression using a sucking apparatus with many large openings, inserted through an enterotomy, is a fast and suitable method. The danger of wound infection can be considerably reduced by careful technique and by antibiotics. Nevertheless, open suction should be used only when the peritoneal cavity is already infected, or when closed decompression by retrograde stripping into the stomach is not possible.", "PMID": 732446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1150", "title": "[Adhesion prophylaxis: treatment with tube splints (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the stated goals of the abdominal surgeon is to find a sure prophylaxis for the threat of ileus due to adhesions. The numerous conservative methods, such as intra-abdominal dispensing of campher oil, olive oil, etc., are viewed in relation to the operative procedures of small intestine plication according to Nobel and mesenteric plication according to Child. Both operations, however, are accompanied by numerous complications. Inner intestinal splints with long tubes have proved efficacious in the prophylaxis of adhesions in early postoperative ileus. The tube is doubly effective: It relieves the intestine and thereby aids in better microcirculation of the intestinal wall and simultaneously guarantees a splinting of the intestine in the physiologically correct position. On the average, the tube is removed after 12-14 days.", "contents": "[Adhesion prophylaxis: treatment with tube splints (author's transl)]. One of the stated goals of the abdominal surgeon is to find a sure prophylaxis for the threat of ileus due to adhesions. The numerous conservative methods, such as intra-abdominal dispensing of campher oil, olive oil, etc., are viewed in relation to the operative procedures of small intestine plication according to Nobel and mesenteric plication according to Child. Both operations, however, are accompanied by numerous complications. Inner intestinal splints with long tubes have proved efficacious in the prophylaxis of adhesions in early postoperative ileus. The tube is doubly effective: It relieves the intestine and thereby aids in better microcirculation of the intestinal wall and simultaneously guarantees a splinting of the intestine in the physiologically correct position. On the average, the tube is removed after 12-14 days.", "PMID": 732448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1151", "title": "[Adhesive prophylaxis: Noble's intestine plication (author's transl)].", "content": "By chronic recidivating ileus with massive extensive adhesions, small intestine plications according to Noble or Childs and Philipps, respectively, have stood the test of time. In view of the total lethality rate of 5%, no plication should be attempted for acute ileus syndrome or for local or diffuse peritonitis. Serious complications include fistulization, intestinal perforation, recurring ileus, and peritonitis. Prophylactic plication is not recommended. The cases treated by the surgical department of the university clinic in Mainz, which include a total of 233 laparotomies for chronic adhesions of the ileus, reflect strict adherence to indications for small intestine plication. Among our own cases, we had no postoperative lethality.", "contents": "[Adhesive prophylaxis: Noble's intestine plication (author's transl)]. By chronic recidivating ileus with massive extensive adhesions, small intestine plications according to Noble or Childs and Philipps, respectively, have stood the test of time. In view of the total lethality rate of 5%, no plication should be attempted for acute ileus syndrome or for local or diffuse peritonitis. Serious complications include fistulization, intestinal perforation, recurring ileus, and peritonitis. Prophylactic plication is not recommended. The cases treated by the surgical department of the university clinic in Mainz, which include a total of 233 laparotomies for chronic adhesions of the ileus, reflect strict adherence to indications for small intestine plication. Among our own cases, we had no postoperative lethality.", "PMID": 732449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1152", "title": "[Postoperative peritonitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative peritonitis is still one of the most common complications following abdominal surgery. The main reason is leakage of an anastomotic suture line. The diagnosis can be masked by a delayed appearance, by veiling of otherwise typical symptoms, or by misjudging minor symptoms. Therefore, the critical evaluation of sometimes minimal intestinal disorders or small changes in heart and respiratory rate seem to be very important. Only early relaparotomy yields satisfactory results. The aims of an operation for peritonitis should be definitive rather than palliative. The cause of peritonitis has to be corrected surgically to manage this severe clinical picture successfully.", "contents": "[Postoperative peritonitis (author's transl)]. Postoperative peritonitis is still one of the most common complications following abdominal surgery. The main reason is leakage of an anastomotic suture line. The diagnosis can be masked by a delayed appearance, by veiling of otherwise typical symptoms, or by misjudging minor symptoms. Therefore, the critical evaluation of sometimes minimal intestinal disorders or small changes in heart and respiratory rate seem to be very important. Only early relaparotomy yields satisfactory results. The aims of an operation for peritonitis should be definitive rather than palliative. The cause of peritonitis has to be corrected surgically to manage this severe clinical picture successfully.", "PMID": 732451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1153", "title": "[Peritoneal drainage without antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The mortality of generalized peritonitis in serious. The drainage of the peritoneal cavity for diffuse peritonitis is essential but difficult, and it should be combined with peritoneal lavage. The drainage system must be properly adapted to the intraperitoneal liquid circulation. The local use of antibiotics is not indicated. Systemic administration is obvious, because in about 80% of cases, it is an anaerobic infection with Bacteroides fragilis, a dreadfully tough organism, which impairs the function of organs such as lung, heart, kidney, brain, and liver.", "contents": "[Peritoneal drainage without antibiotics (author's transl)]. The mortality of generalized peritonitis in serious. The drainage of the peritoneal cavity for diffuse peritonitis is essential but difficult, and it should be combined with peritoneal lavage. The drainage system must be properly adapted to the intraperitoneal liquid circulation. The local use of antibiotics is not indicated. Systemic administration is obvious, because in about 80% of cases, it is an anaerobic infection with Bacteroides fragilis, a dreadfully tough organism, which impairs the function of organs such as lung, heart, kidney, brain, and liver.", "PMID": 732452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1154", "title": "[Postoperative peritonitis: intraperitoneal lavage with antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite antibiotics, mortality in postoperative peritonitis has increased in the last 50 years. The main reasons are: modern medical technology and different types of patients. Operations are an unphysiologic intervention into the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum is part of an immunologic defense system against bacterial growth and penetration into the peritoneal cavity. Circulatory and lymphatic vessels are in close contact. RES of the liver and spleen is stopped directly and indirectly by antibiotic drugs, and there is no pharmacodynamic direction after intraperitoneal injection. There is clinical improvement in mortality following lavage with antibiotics.", "contents": "[Postoperative peritonitis: intraperitoneal lavage with antibiotics (author's transl)]. Despite antibiotics, mortality in postoperative peritonitis has increased in the last 50 years. The main reasons are: modern medical technology and different types of patients. Operations are an unphysiologic intervention into the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum is part of an immunologic defense system against bacterial growth and penetration into the peritoneal cavity. Circulatory and lymphatic vessels are in close contact. RES of the liver and spleen is stopped directly and indirectly by antibiotic drugs, and there is no pharmacodynamic direction after intraperitoneal injection. There is clinical improvement in mortality following lavage with antibiotics.", "PMID": 732453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1155", "title": "[Management of a systematic follow-up clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "The essential differences between the common, irregular medical check-up, as practiced in the follow-up clinics in England and Scandinavia, and the type practiced in the systematic follow-up clinic in the \"Marburg experiment\" are presented with examples. The necessity of the latter for clinical knowledge, for the attending surgeon, for special patients, and last but not least, for clinical research, is stressed. Based on examples from the Marburg systematic follow-up clinic for duodenal ulcer studies, its practicability is discussed.", "contents": "[Management of a systematic follow-up clinic (author's transl)]. The essential differences between the common, irregular medical check-up, as practiced in the follow-up clinics in England and Scandinavia, and the type practiced in the systematic follow-up clinic in the \"Marburg experiment\" are presented with examples. The necessity of the latter for clinical knowledge, for the attending surgeon, for special patients, and last but not least, for clinical research, is stressed. Based on examples from the Marburg systematic follow-up clinic for duodenal ulcer studies, its practicability is discussed.", "PMID": 732455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1156", "title": "[Problems and pitfalls in controlled clinical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems encountered in prospective clinical trials are discussed: knowledge of the literature, precise formulation of the question answering the problem, number and qualifications of patients, duration of the trial, parameters to be measured. A surgical trial can hamper the education of the residents, or it can be devaluated by incompetent surgeons. Patients do not come for follow-up for several reasons (change of domicile, absence of disturbances, disagreeable tests).", "contents": "[Problems and pitfalls in controlled clinical studies (author's transl)]. The problems encountered in prospective clinical trials are discussed: knowledge of the literature, precise formulation of the question answering the problem, number and qualifications of patients, duration of the trial, parameters to be measured. A surgical trial can hamper the education of the residents, or it can be devaluated by incompetent surgeons. Patients do not come for follow-up for several reasons (change of domicile, absence of disturbances, disagreeable tests).", "PMID": 732456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1157", "title": "[B. Parenteral feeding. Metabolic dysfunction in the postoperative and post-traumatic phase].", "content": "A fundamental knowledge of postaggression metabolism, i.e., postoperative and posttraumatic metabolism, is necessary for prophylaxis and treatment of its deleterious dysfunctions. These may be due to disturbed regulation of the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, the oxygen supply to cells, energy metabolism as well as structural and functional metabolism (with special emphasis on protein metabolism), and vitamin and trace-element metabolism. This schematic synopsis is a preliminary introduction to this topic.", "contents": "[B. Parenteral feeding. Metabolic dysfunction in the postoperative and post-traumatic phase]. A fundamental knowledge of postaggression metabolism, i.e., postoperative and posttraumatic metabolism, is necessary for prophylaxis and treatment of its deleterious dysfunctions. These may be due to disturbed regulation of the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, the oxygen supply to cells, energy metabolism as well as structural and functional metabolism (with special emphasis on protein metabolism), and vitamin and trace-element metabolism. This schematic synopsis is a preliminary introduction to this topic.", "PMID": 732458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1158", "title": "[Metabolic deficiencies in gastroenterology (author's transl)].", "content": "Metabolic disturbances are one of the main reasons for complications in gastroenterologic surgery. There is a large number of inflammatory, neoplastic, and iatrogenic illnesses that cause considerable deficiencies. The intensity of disturbances depends on localization, duration, and extension of the pathologic alterations. Important for the postoperative outcome is the preoperative compensation of caloric and protein deficiencies: 1.5 g of amino acids per kg body weight/24 h and energy 160-200 joule per kg body weight/24 h.", "contents": "[Metabolic deficiencies in gastroenterology (author's transl)]. Metabolic disturbances are one of the main reasons for complications in gastroenterologic surgery. There is a large number of inflammatory, neoplastic, and iatrogenic illnesses that cause considerable deficiencies. The intensity of disturbances depends on localization, duration, and extension of the pathologic alterations. Important for the postoperative outcome is the preoperative compensation of caloric and protein deficiencies: 1.5 g of amino acids per kg body weight/24 h and energy 160-200 joule per kg body weight/24 h.", "PMID": 732459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1159", "title": "[Mammary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The new discoveries concerning mammary carcinoma promise hope and offer surgeons a demanding challenge. Many more opportunities can now be offered to patients suffering from this dreaded disease, including new diagnostic methods, a wide range of operations, various adjuvant applications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, a wholly new armamentarium of hormonal and chemical approaches to advanced disease, cosmetic reconstruction, and gentle terminal care. Some of the new findings are true breakthroughs, others remain mirages. Especially in the choice of the type of mastectomy, surgeons must be cautious: The new is not necessarily the best.", "contents": "[Mammary carcinoma (author's transl)]. The new discoveries concerning mammary carcinoma promise hope and offer surgeons a demanding challenge. Many more opportunities can now be offered to patients suffering from this dreaded disease, including new diagnostic methods, a wide range of operations, various adjuvant applications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, a wholly new armamentarium of hormonal and chemical approaches to advanced disease, cosmetic reconstruction, and gentle terminal care. Some of the new findings are true breakthroughs, others remain mirages. Especially in the choice of the type of mastectomy, surgeons must be cautious: The new is not necessarily the best.", "PMID": 732460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1160", "title": "[C. Controversial technical and methodological problems in abdominal surgery. 1. Bile: a) Procedures in intraoperative actualization of papillary stenosis. Papillotomy in principle].", "content": "A critical comment on the question of papillotomy en principe is made, based on results from more than 7000 gallbladder operations and over 500 papillotomies, performed at the surgical departments of the municipal hospitals in Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg. In principle, too few papillotomies are carried out in many hospitals. The duration and seriousness of the cholecystitis is to a large degree responsible for the frequency of the formation of a papilla stenosis. Out of 232 multiple gallbladder operations performed at the Braunschweiger Hospital, 130 were necessary because of an incorrect opinion about the indication at the time of the first operation, in most cases due to an overlooked stenosis of the papilla.", "contents": "[C. Controversial technical and methodological problems in abdominal surgery. 1. Bile: a) Procedures in intraoperative actualization of papillary stenosis. Papillotomy in principle]. A critical comment on the question of papillotomy en principe is made, based on results from more than 7000 gallbladder operations and over 500 papillotomies, performed at the surgical departments of the municipal hospitals in Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg. In principle, too few papillotomies are carried out in many hospitals. The duration and seriousness of the cholecystitis is to a large degree responsible for the frequency of the formation of a papilla stenosis. Out of 232 multiple gallbladder operations performed at the Braunschweiger Hospital, 130 were necessary because of an incorrect opinion about the indication at the time of the first operation, in most cases due to an overlooked stenosis of the papilla.", "PMID": 732461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1161", "title": "[Other methods: dilatation, T-tube (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Department of Surgery of the University of Mainz we prefer dilatation for treatment of stenosis of the papilla. In 1063 cases out of 4058 operations for cholelithiasis, we opened the choledochus. In 944 patients, a dilatation was performed; 40 were treated by papillotomy; in 79 cases, primarily in the past, we performed a biliodigestive anastomosis. In 106 patients we finished the procedure by inserting a T-tube; in 838 cases primary closure of the choledochus was performed. In 12 complications of the dilatation (perforation, pancreatitis, restenosis), there was no mortality; therefore we conclude that dilatation of the papilla is a safe, simple, and effective procedure.", "contents": "[Other methods: dilatation, T-tube (author's transl)]. In the Department of Surgery of the University of Mainz we prefer dilatation for treatment of stenosis of the papilla. In 1063 cases out of 4058 operations for cholelithiasis, we opened the choledochus. In 944 patients, a dilatation was performed; 40 were treated by papillotomy; in 79 cases, primarily in the past, we performed a biliodigestive anastomosis. In 106 patients we finished the procedure by inserting a T-tube; in 838 cases primary closure of the choledochus was performed. In 12 complications of the dilatation (perforation, pancreatitis, restenosis), there was no mortality; therefore we conclude that dilatation of the papilla is a safe, simple, and effective procedure.", "PMID": 732462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1162", "title": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is a useful alternative to re-intervention of the bile ducts in cases of choledocholithiasis in the aged patient. The rate of success of EST is 87.7%, the rate of complications 8.4%, and the rate of mortality 1.1%. Mortality from EST is lower than that from transduodenal papillotomy or reoperation of the bile ducts. Late complications after EST are unknown and not to be expected.", "contents": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)]. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is a useful alternative to re-intervention of the bile ducts in cases of choledocholithiasis in the aged patient. The rate of success of EST is 87.7%, the rate of complications 8.4%, and the rate of mortality 1.1%. Mortality from EST is lower than that from transduodenal papillotomy or reoperation of the bile ducts. Late complications after EST are unknown and not to be expected.", "PMID": 732463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1163", "title": "[Conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1962, the conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis has been supported by delayed operation whenever necessary, based on clinical criteria. Of 65 patients operated upon, 22 died (33%). The overall mortality rate of 129 treated patients is 30%.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Since 1962, the conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis has been supported by delayed operation whenever necessary, based on clinical criteria. Of 65 patients operated upon, 22 died (33%). The overall mortality rate of 129 treated patients is 30%.", "PMID": 732464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1164", "title": "[Early operation in acute pancreatitis: operative procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The failure of conservative treatment in severe acute hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis is one main reason for operative treatment of the diseases by removal of the necrotic masses. In cases of partial necrosis of the pancreas, mortality was significantly reduced by operative treatment; in subtotal and total necrosis only a few patients survived. Early diagnosis and early operation should be done before life-threatening complications occur.", "contents": "[Early operation in acute pancreatitis: operative procedures (author's transl)]. The failure of conservative treatment in severe acute hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis is one main reason for operative treatment of the diseases by removal of the necrotic masses. In cases of partial necrosis of the pancreas, mortality was significantly reduced by operative treatment; in subtotal and total necrosis only a few patients survived. Early diagnosis and early operation should be done before life-threatening complications occur.", "PMID": 732465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1165", "title": "[Preoperative preparation in colorectal surgery: antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a total of 2727 operations of the large bowel because of tumors and inflammatory disease, performed over a 14-year period, 897 were one-stage resections of the colon and rectum without relaxing colostomy. Standard preoperative preparation of the bowel consists of a balanced diet, laxatives, and enema supplemented by 9 g Neomycin and 1.8 g Achromycin, within a 2-day period. Disturbances in wound healing occurred in 12.5%, seroma included. Anastomotic insufficiency occurred in 4%, and fatal fecal peritonitis due to tumors in 1.3% and due to diverticulitis in 1.2%. Total mortality was about 5.7%. Postoperative hospitalization after resections because of tumors was 15 days and because of diverticulitis, 19 days.", "contents": "[Preoperative preparation in colorectal surgery: antibiotics (author's transl)]. Out of a total of 2727 operations of the large bowel because of tumors and inflammatory disease, performed over a 14-year period, 897 were one-stage resections of the colon and rectum without relaxing colostomy. Standard preoperative preparation of the bowel consists of a balanced diet, laxatives, and enema supplemented by 9 g Neomycin and 1.8 g Achromycin, within a 2-day period. Disturbances in wound healing occurred in 12.5%, seroma included. Anastomotic insufficiency occurred in 4%, and fatal fecal peritonitis due to tumors in 1.3% and due to diverticulitis in 1.2%. Total mortality was about 5.7%. Postoperative hospitalization after resections because of tumors was 15 days and because of diverticulitis, 19 days.", "PMID": 732467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1166", "title": "[Whole-gut irrigation for large bowel preparation in colorectal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled trial with 32 patients, whole-gut irrigation (wgi) was compared with elemental diet as a method of large-bowel preparation. Cleansing effect, caloric intake (bad taste of diet), and preparation time were significantly better in the first group (wgi). Since 1976, 203 patients have undergone wgi. Investigations concerning the effect of addition of antibiotics to the irrigant revealed optimum reduction of fecal flora with neomycin--bacitracin--clindamycin.", "contents": "[Whole-gut irrigation for large bowel preparation in colorectal surgery (author's transl)]. In a controlled trial with 32 patients, whole-gut irrigation (wgi) was compared with elemental diet as a method of large-bowel preparation. Cleansing effect, caloric intake (bad taste of diet), and preparation time were significantly better in the first group (wgi). Since 1976, 203 patients have undergone wgi. Investigations concerning the effect of addition of antibiotics to the irrigant revealed optimum reduction of fecal flora with neomycin--bacitracin--clindamycin.", "PMID": 732468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1167", "title": "[Large bowel preparation in colon surgery: elemental diet (author's transl)].", "content": "None of the usual methods of bowel preparation guarantee an aseptic large bowel. The intention is to reduce intestinal flora quantitatively, which can be achieved by mechanical cleansing alone. During the preparation period caloric and amino acid intake is insufficient. Therefore alimentation with elemental diet is necessary. The patient gets an adequate caloric and protein supply. The diet is totally absorbed in the small intestine, the large bowel remains clean, and the bacterial flora is reduced.", "contents": "[Large bowel preparation in colon surgery: elemental diet (author's transl)]. None of the usual methods of bowel preparation guarantee an aseptic large bowel. The intention is to reduce intestinal flora quantitatively, which can be achieved by mechanical cleansing alone. During the preparation period caloric and amino acid intake is insufficient. Therefore alimentation with elemental diet is necessary. The patient gets an adequate caloric and protein supply. The diet is totally absorbed in the small intestine, the large bowel remains clean, and the bacterial flora is reduced.", "PMID": 732469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1168", "title": "[Colonic stenosis with primary resection (author's transl)].", "content": "A primary resection and reanastomosis of the colon is often the procedure of choice, even in the presence of a significant stenotic element, provided there are no mayor disturbances of water-electrolyte homeostasis. In a series of 100 consecutive colonic resections (23 complicated by perforation, 9 by ileus, and 2 by bleeding), 97 patients were treated by primary resection (92 without a protective colostomy). No untoward effects were noted specifically due to this technique. The overall mortality rate was 4%, a favorable result when compared with the cumulative risk of a multiple stage procedure.", "contents": "[Colonic stenosis with primary resection (author's transl)]. A primary resection and reanastomosis of the colon is often the procedure of choice, even in the presence of a significant stenotic element, provided there are no mayor disturbances of water-electrolyte homeostasis. In a series of 100 consecutive colonic resections (23 complicated by perforation, 9 by ileus, and 2 by bleeding), 97 patients were treated by primary resection (92 without a protective colostomy). No untoward effects were noted specifically due to this technique. The overall mortality rate was 4%, a favorable result when compared with the cumulative risk of a multiple stage procedure.", "PMID": 732470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1169", "title": "[Principles in stenosing surgical disease: multiple-staged surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Colonic surgery today is usually performed in a one-stage procedure. Multiple resection is indicated only for bowel obstruction or severe inflammation. There is some discussion about the necessity of colostomy in left colon resection, mainly in cases of anterior resection. We strongly suggest a double loop transverse colostomy, since anastomotic leaks are frequent even with subtile techniques, and increasingly old high-risk patients have to be operated upon. Also, the fact that younger residents operate is no justification for forsaking this safety measure. According to the literature, most surgeons feel this way.", "contents": "[Principles in stenosing surgical disease: multiple-staged surgery (author's transl)]. Colonic surgery today is usually performed in a one-stage procedure. Multiple resection is indicated only for bowel obstruction or severe inflammation. There is some discussion about the necessity of colostomy in left colon resection, mainly in cases of anterior resection. We strongly suggest a double loop transverse colostomy, since anastomotic leaks are frequent even with subtile techniques, and increasingly old high-risk patients have to be operated upon. Also, the fact that younger residents operate is no justification for forsaking this safety measure. According to the literature, most surgeons feel this way.", "PMID": 732471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1170", "title": "[Transsphincteric approach to the rectum in cases of low early cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on 4 years of experience with the transsphincteric approach to the anorectum in 24 cases of low-situated cancers of the rectum, an attempt is made to demonstrate which tumors are treatable by this method and which are not. Exophytic or polyploid tumors with a diameter of not more than 3-4 cm, that are easily palpated and appear freely mobile, and have histologically a differentiated pattern may be approached by transsphincteric resection, under the condition that the tumor has not spread across the wall of the rectum or into adjacent lymph nodes. The method is not recommended in any other instances becauses of the high risk of recurrencies.", "contents": "[Transsphincteric approach to the rectum in cases of low early cancer (author's transl)]. Based on 4 years of experience with the transsphincteric approach to the anorectum in 24 cases of low-situated cancers of the rectum, an attempt is made to demonstrate which tumors are treatable by this method and which are not. Exophytic or polyploid tumors with a diameter of not more than 3-4 cm, that are easily palpated and appear freely mobile, and have histologically a differentiated pattern may be approached by transsphincteric resection, under the condition that the tumor has not spread across the wall of the rectum or into adjacent lymph nodes. The method is not recommended in any other instances becauses of the high risk of recurrencies.", "PMID": 732472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1171", "title": "[Principles of radical surgery of gastric carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "For over a decade, therapeutic results in cases of macrocarcinoma have remained almost constant. The absolute 5-year survival rate is 10-15%. However, in cases of early detection, the 5-year survival rate is over 90%. Systematic screening to detect the cancers early has resulted. The practical results is the systematic observation of high-risk groups. The therapy of choice for macrocarcinoma and cancer that is detected early is subtotal resection. Resection of the cardia should be replaced by gastrectomy, which should also be performed only when defined diagnostic criteria are met.", "contents": "[Principles of radical surgery of gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. For over a decade, therapeutic results in cases of macrocarcinoma have remained almost constant. The absolute 5-year survival rate is 10-15%. However, in cases of early detection, the 5-year survival rate is over 90%. Systematic screening to detect the cancers early has resulted. The practical results is the systematic observation of high-risk groups. The therapy of choice for macrocarcinoma and cancer that is detected early is subtotal resection. Resection of the cardia should be replaced by gastrectomy, which should also be performed only when defined diagnostic criteria are met.", "PMID": 732473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1172", "title": "[Early cancer of the lower rectum: indication for excision (author's transl)].", "content": "Early cancer of the rectum, limited to mucosa and submucosa, can be expected in 11% of all malignant lesions of the rectum. Metastatic spread is found in a high percentage of cases (up to 50%), especially in exulcerated or sessile tumors. Local excision of this lesion is therefore restricted to very few, favorable cases, because the rate of recurrence is high. Low anastomosis after resection shows not only a high rate of recurrence, but also many cases with incomplete or complete anal incontinence. Therefore, radical excision of the rectum with colostomy remains the therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Early cancer of the lower rectum: indication for excision (author's transl)]. Early cancer of the rectum, limited to mucosa and submucosa, can be expected in 11% of all malignant lesions of the rectum. Metastatic spread is found in a high percentage of cases (up to 50%), especially in exulcerated or sessile tumors. Local excision of this lesion is therefore restricted to very few, favorable cases, because the rate of recurrence is high. Low anastomosis after resection shows not only a high rate of recurrence, but also many cases with incomplete or complete anal incontinence. Therefore, radical excision of the rectum with colostomy remains the therapy of choice.", "PMID": 732474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1173", "title": "[D. Documentation and statistics. Therapy code for all surgically active disciplines].", "content": "The study group of the German Society for Medical Documentation. Information and Statistics presents a suggested code that is an extension of VESKA. Since it only extends from Head to Gynecology, the Eltze-Eichler code is recommended for Orthopedics and Extremities. A general 6-digit code classified under different facets is being developed.", "contents": "[D. Documentation and statistics. Therapy code for all surgically active disciplines]. The study group of the German Society for Medical Documentation. Information and Statistics presents a suggested code that is an extension of VESKA. Since it only extends from Head to Gynecology, the Eltze-Eichler code is recommended for Orthopedics and Extremities. A general 6-digit code classified under different facets is being developed.", "PMID": 732475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1174", "title": "[Tumor surgery: principles of radical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The 5-year survival rate for curative radical resections of colorectal cancer including Dukes' stages A-C has not improved during the last 20 years. The main principles of surgical treatment have now been realized: en-bloc resection of the tumor together with its lymph drainage system, primary high ligature of the supplying blood vessels, prophylaxis of peroperative metastases and a high total resection rate with low operative mortality. In the future, an improved prognosis must come from prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and improved methods of irradiation and chemotherapy, because the limits of surgical treatment have been reached.", "contents": "[Tumor surgery: principles of radical treatment (author's transl)]. The 5-year survival rate for curative radical resections of colorectal cancer including Dukes' stages A-C has not improved during the last 20 years. The main principles of surgical treatment have now been realized: en-bloc resection of the tumor together with its lymph drainage system, primary high ligature of the supplying blood vessels, prophylaxis of peroperative metastases and a high total resection rate with low operative mortality. In the future, an improved prognosis must come from prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and improved methods of irradiation and chemotherapy, because the limits of surgical treatment have been reached.", "PMID": 732476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1175", "title": "[Faults and dangers in treating hand injuries (including tendons and bones) (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic procedures include: critical examination of the wound of sensibility, of vascularization, of tendon function, of stability of bones and joints, and examination by roentgen diagnosis. Therapeutic procedures include: the operation, immobilization, active training of noninjured joints, and rehabilitation. Injuries of flexor tendons are treated by the specialist following the method of Kleinert; those of bones and joints can be easily stabilized by Kirschner pins.", "contents": "[Faults and dangers in treating hand injuries (including tendons and bones) (author's transl)]. Diagnostic procedures include: critical examination of the wound of sensibility, of vascularization, of tendon function, of stability of bones and joints, and examination by roentgen diagnosis. Therapeutic procedures include: the operation, immobilization, active training of noninjured joints, and rehabilitation. Injuries of flexor tendons are treated by the specialist following the method of Kleinert; those of bones and joints can be easily stabilized by Kirschner pins.", "PMID": 732477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1176", "title": "[Microvascular and microneural repair: technique and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Microsurgical technique permits repair of arteries and veins of a diameter of 0.5-2 mm. The success rate rose to 80-90% because of the frequent use of vascular grafts. This led to a high success rate in replantation of amputated parts. But repair of digital vessels is indicated even if the basal circulation is present to improve healing of other structures (tendons, nerves) and so to avoid late ischemic complaints. Free transfer of toes to replace digits in cases of multiple digital loss has its place in reconstructive hand surgery. It became possible because of the satisfactory return of sensibility after nerve repair. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves makes it possible to adapt the surgical technique to intraneural structures (mono-, oligo- or polyfascicular pattern with and without grouping). The results of nerve repair have been improved by the widespread use of nerve grafting. This is also true for cases that, in the past, were regarded as prejudicial to a useful recovery.", "contents": "[Microvascular and microneural repair: technique and results (author's transl)]. Microsurgical technique permits repair of arteries and veins of a diameter of 0.5-2 mm. The success rate rose to 80-90% because of the frequent use of vascular grafts. This led to a high success rate in replantation of amputated parts. But repair of digital vessels is indicated even if the basal circulation is present to improve healing of other structures (tendons, nerves) and so to avoid late ischemic complaints. Free transfer of toes to replace digits in cases of multiple digital loss has its place in reconstructive hand surgery. It became possible because of the satisfactory return of sensibility after nerve repair. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves makes it possible to adapt the surgical technique to intraneural structures (mono-, oligo- or polyfascicular pattern with and without grouping). The results of nerve repair have been improved by the widespread use of nerve grafting. This is also true for cases that, in the past, were regarded as prejudicial to a useful recovery.", "PMID": 732478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1177", "title": "[Amputation involving the hand: indication and technique (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 3% of all work-related hand injuries result in partial or total amputation of fingers or hands (of 14621 patients with hand injuries, 479 patients had 878 amputations). When there is no possibility or indication for microsurgical replantation, the aim of the surgical effort is to rebuild a sensitive, vigorous grasp. The different procedures for plastic surgery of the hand are discussed.", "contents": "[Amputation involving the hand: indication and technique (author's transl)]. More than 3% of all work-related hand injuries result in partial or total amputation of fingers or hands (of 14621 patients with hand injuries, 479 patients had 878 amputations). When there is no possibility or indication for microsurgical replantation, the aim of the surgical effort is to rebuild a sensitive, vigorous grasp. The different procedures for plastic surgery of the hand are discussed.", "PMID": 732479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1178", "title": "[Replantations: indications and operative technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Replantation is indicated without exception in amputations of the thumb, in children, and upon loss of several fingers. Other factors include the type of injury, the interval between injury and vascular anastomoses, the condition and preoperative treatment of the amputated part as well as age, occupation, and general condition of the patient. The operative technique is described with the sequence of repair of the anatomical structures: bone, flexor tendons, arteries, extensor tendons, veines, nerves, and skin; possible complications are mentioned.", "contents": "[Replantations: indications and operative technique (author's transl)]. Replantation is indicated without exception in amputations of the thumb, in children, and upon loss of several fingers. Other factors include the type of injury, the interval between injury and vascular anastomoses, the condition and preoperative treatment of the amputated part as well as age, occupation, and general condition of the patient. The operative technique is described with the sequence of repair of the anatomical structures: bone, flexor tendons, arteries, extensor tendons, veines, nerves, and skin; possible complications are mentioned.", "PMID": 732480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1179", "title": "[An attempt to predict the noise-induced PTS. Beginning a long-time study (author's transl)].", "content": "After the exposure to a sinus-tone of 250 cps the audiogram shows two dips: the first in the low-frequency-range, the second at about 5 kcps. In noise-resistant men (having normal hearing in spite of having worked in noise for many years) the TTS in the high-frequency-range is significantly smaller than in the average of the population. Therefore this depression is to be used for a tentative prognosis of PTS. The test is done with frequency-constant B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry before and after the exposure to a sinus-tone of 250 cps (120 dB HL) for 10 min. Attention is payed to TTS2 as well as to the alteration of the altitude of the spikes and also to the reconstitution of both of them. A decision on the usefullness of this test for the prognosis could be expected in about two or three years.", "contents": "[An attempt to predict the noise-induced PTS. Beginning a long-time study (author's transl)]. After the exposure to a sinus-tone of 250 cps the audiogram shows two dips: the first in the low-frequency-range, the second at about 5 kcps. In noise-resistant men (having normal hearing in spite of having worked in noise for many years) the TTS in the high-frequency-range is significantly smaller than in the average of the population. Therefore this depression is to be used for a tentative prognosis of PTS. The test is done with frequency-constant B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry before and after the exposure to a sinus-tone of 250 cps (120 dB HL) for 10 min. Attention is payed to TTS2 as well as to the alteration of the altitude of the spikes and also to the reconstitution of both of them. A decision on the usefullness of this test for the prognosis could be expected in about two or three years.", "PMID": 732482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1180", "title": "[The threshold of 1.5 khz as a graduator for the noise induced hearing defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Austria's new legislation on the protection of employees and workers provides that the determination and assessment of noise-induced hearing defects caused at the working places may now also be carried out by physicians who are not otologists. Since language-audiometric data are not available to such physicians, the assessments are based only on sound-audiometric hearing results. Therefore, it is understandable that such physicians would like to be able to draw conclusions as to the extent of the noise-induced hearing defect from the sound-audiogram alone. The difficulties encountered in the attempt to determine language-hearing on the basis of sound-hearing are well-known. Among all defects the noise-induced hearing defect is still best suited for such attempts because of its stereo-typical curve in the sound-audiogram. 500 cases with a pure noise-induced hearing defect are subjected to a multiple regression analysis. The result of the investigation confirms the practical observations made. The sound-audiometric hearing loss at 1.5 kHz is closely related to the discrimination capacity for our language and thus gives some indication as to the degree of the noise-induced hearing defect.", "contents": "[The threshold of 1.5 khz as a graduator for the noise induced hearing defect (author's transl)]. Austria's new legislation on the protection of employees and workers provides that the determination and assessment of noise-induced hearing defects caused at the working places may now also be carried out by physicians who are not otologists. Since language-audiometric data are not available to such physicians, the assessments are based only on sound-audiometric hearing results. Therefore, it is understandable that such physicians would like to be able to draw conclusions as to the extent of the noise-induced hearing defect from the sound-audiogram alone. The difficulties encountered in the attempt to determine language-hearing on the basis of sound-hearing are well-known. Among all defects the noise-induced hearing defect is still best suited for such attempts because of its stereo-typical curve in the sound-audiogram. 500 cases with a pure noise-induced hearing defect are subjected to a multiple regression analysis. The result of the investigation confirms the practical observations made. The sound-audiometric hearing loss at 1.5 kHz is closely related to the discrimination capacity for our language and thus gives some indication as to the degree of the noise-induced hearing defect.", "PMID": 732483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1181", "title": "[The medicolegal judgement of noise induced hearing loss combined with other kinds of hearing impairement (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of noise induced hearing loss, the medico-legal judgement of causality is often complicated by the coincidence of endogenous hearing impairements, which conceal the audiolical characteristics and the degree of NIHL. The recognition of an occupational disease however is possible only when there is a dominant probability; the possibility of NIHL alone in sight of the labour conditions is not sufficient for this recognition. In such cases, the medical expert therefore, besides of an extensive audiological analysis, must have sufficient information on noise immission, on the course of hearing impairement in regard to working time, and on other diseases and accidents which possibly can influence hearing function.", "contents": "[The medicolegal judgement of noise induced hearing loss combined with other kinds of hearing impairement (author's transl)]. In cases of noise induced hearing loss, the medico-legal judgement of causality is often complicated by the coincidence of endogenous hearing impairements, which conceal the audiolical characteristics and the degree of NIHL. The recognition of an occupational disease however is possible only when there is a dominant probability; the possibility of NIHL alone in sight of the labour conditions is not sufficient for this recognition. In such cases, the medical expert therefore, besides of an extensive audiological analysis, must have sufficient information on noise immission, on the course of hearing impairement in regard to working time, and on other diseases and accidents which possibly can influence hearing function.", "PMID": 732484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1182", "title": "[Advantages of cryosurgical treatment of malignant skin transformations in the region of the nose and auricle (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the beginning of 1974 70 basal cell carcinomas of the face were treated by cryosurgery at the ENT clinic in G\u00f6ttingen. The cryosurgical removal of basalomas on a cartilagenous base (nose, auricle) avoids hospitalization of the patient and relieves the surgeon of a time-consuming plastic operation. Scar formation after cryonecrosis is, in general, excellent and cosmetically unobtrusive. All patients must undergo strict follow-up examinations since for the surgeon there is no histologic safeguarding by an \"excision into healthy tissue\".", "contents": "[Advantages of cryosurgical treatment of malignant skin transformations in the region of the nose and auricle (author's transl)]. Since the beginning of 1974 70 basal cell carcinomas of the face were treated by cryosurgery at the ENT clinic in G\u00f6ttingen. The cryosurgical removal of basalomas on a cartilagenous base (nose, auricle) avoids hospitalization of the patient and relieves the surgeon of a time-consuming plastic operation. Scar formation after cryonecrosis is, in general, excellent and cosmetically unobtrusive. All patients must undergo strict follow-up examinations since for the surgeon there is no histologic safeguarding by an \"excision into healthy tissue\".", "PMID": 732486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1183", "title": "[Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products in head- and neck-tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in sera of patients with malignant tumors in the head-and neck-region are determined with Staphylococcal-Clumping-Test (Behring-Werke, Marburg/Lahn). Concentration of FDP in sera of tumor patients are compared to sera of normal patients. 40 cases out of 70 with malignant tumors showed higher concentration of FDP. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products in head- and neck-tumors (author's transl)]. Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in sera of patients with malignant tumors in the head-and neck-region are determined with Staphylococcal-Clumping-Test (Behring-Werke, Marburg/Lahn). Concentration of FDP in sera of tumor patients are compared to sera of normal patients. 40 cases out of 70 with malignant tumors showed higher concentration of FDP. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 732487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1184", "title": "[Contribution to chronical osteomyelitis of the frontal bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone occurs in an acute and in chronical form. Aetiology and pathogenesis of the chronical form will be described. It is said, that by usage of antibiotics the typical findings and courses have been changed. According to three own cases osteomyelitis appeared in a haematogene metastatic form after a maxillary sinusitis in different intervals. The outcomes are described and compared with literature. The cause is considered being an unsufficient antibiotical treatment of maxillary sinusitis.", "contents": "[Contribution to chronical osteomyelitis of the frontal bone (author's transl)]. Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone occurs in an acute and in chronical form. Aetiology and pathogenesis of the chronical form will be described. It is said, that by usage of antibiotics the typical findings and courses have been changed. According to three own cases osteomyelitis appeared in a haematogene metastatic form after a maxillary sinusitis in different intervals. The outcomes are described and compared with literature. The cause is considered being an unsufficient antibiotical treatment of maxillary sinusitis.", "PMID": 732488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1185", "title": "[Fractures of the orbital floor (author's transl)].", "content": "Within 5 years (1973--1977) 171 facial fractures were treated surgically at the University ENT-Clinic Marburg. 115 cases (67,3%) showed a fracture of the orbital floor, either an isolated fracture of the orbital floor (24 cases) or combined with fractures of the orbital rim in combination with midfacial lesions of the central type (42 cases) or of the lateral type (49 cases). After analysing the mechanism of those fractures the main symptoms and the most important diagnostic investigations (x-ray tomograms, synoptometric investigations, forced-duction-test) are shown. By two examples the results of the prae- and postoperative synoptometric investigations are explained. Those investigations enable a more exact diagnosis in all types of orbital fractures and demonstrate exactly the postoperative functional results.", "contents": "[Fractures of the orbital floor (author's transl)]. Within 5 years (1973--1977) 171 facial fractures were treated surgically at the University ENT-Clinic Marburg. 115 cases (67,3%) showed a fracture of the orbital floor, either an isolated fracture of the orbital floor (24 cases) or combined with fractures of the orbital rim in combination with midfacial lesions of the central type (42 cases) or of the lateral type (49 cases). After analysing the mechanism of those fractures the main symptoms and the most important diagnostic investigations (x-ray tomograms, synoptometric investigations, forced-duction-test) are shown. By two examples the results of the prae- and postoperative synoptometric investigations are explained. Those investigations enable a more exact diagnosis in all types of orbital fractures and demonstrate exactly the postoperative functional results.", "PMID": 732489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1186", "title": "[The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In a family 4 cases of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal sydrome are observed. The sparse hair and early baldness, the pearshaped nose, and the peripheral dysostosis are typical in the appearance of these patients. Congenital heart leasions and kidney disease, as in one of out patients, might be associated with the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.", "contents": "[The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)]. In a family 4 cases of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal sydrome are observed. The sparse hair and early baldness, the pearshaped nose, and the peripheral dysostosis are typical in the appearance of these patients. Congenital heart leasions and kidney disease, as in one of out patients, might be associated with the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.", "PMID": 732492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1187", "title": "Intestinal absorption of fluoride preparations.", "content": "Gastric intestinal absorption of five different preparations of sodium fluoride was measured by means of ten hour urinary excretion. Best absorption was by nonenteric coated sodium fluoride. All three enteric coated preparations showed poorer absorption, with marked individual variations. Florical, the currently available preparation, showed better absorption than any enteric coated tablets and only slightly less than sodium fluoride alone. For active cochlear otospongiosis two capsules three times a day should be prescribed.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of fluoride preparations. Gastric intestinal absorption of five different preparations of sodium fluoride was measured by means of ten hour urinary excretion. Best absorption was by nonenteric coated sodium fluoride. All three enteric coated preparations showed poorer absorption, with marked individual variations. Florical, the currently available preparation, showed better absorption than any enteric coated tablets and only slightly less than sodium fluoride alone. For active cochlear otospongiosis two capsules three times a day should be prescribed.", "PMID": 732493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1188", "title": "Bilateral acinous cell tumors of the parotid gland.", "content": "Acinous cell tumors are uncommon neoplasms which arise either from the secretory cells of the salivary gland acini or from pluripotential duct cells and occur almost exclusively in the parotid gland. Nine previous instances of the bilateral occurrence of this tumor in the parotid gland have been reported. We present a tenth case and illustrate several aspects of the clinical behavior of this unique tumor. The histological pattern of this type of tumor was considered universally to be benign until 1953 when attention was called to a malignant variant. It is difficult to find reference to a benign form after that time. It is, in fact, impossible to forecast the clinical behavior of an individual specimen based upon its histopathology. In order to recognize this unpredictability, the World Health Organization Classification of Epithelial Tumors of Salivary Gland Origin proposed a category, \"Acinic Cell Tumors,\" separate from clearly benign or malignant neoplasms. Later, attention was called to the grammatical designation, \"acinous cell tumor.\" Because acinous cell tumors are uncommon, numerically significant series are gathered from several institutions or over several decades during which treatment methods vary widely. This makes it difficult to accept the validity of conclusions based upon the reported data. There is, however, a clearly documented tendency of the tumor to recur after long symptomless intervals so that extended follow-up is necessary before \"cure\" is established. Treatment of acinous cell tumors is surgical. The value of radiation therapy in the management of recurrent tumors is not firmly established.", "contents": "Bilateral acinous cell tumors of the parotid gland. Acinous cell tumors are uncommon neoplasms which arise either from the secretory cells of the salivary gland acini or from pluripotential duct cells and occur almost exclusively in the parotid gland. Nine previous instances of the bilateral occurrence of this tumor in the parotid gland have been reported. We present a tenth case and illustrate several aspects of the clinical behavior of this unique tumor. The histological pattern of this type of tumor was considered universally to be benign until 1953 when attention was called to a malignant variant. It is difficult to find reference to a benign form after that time. It is, in fact, impossible to forecast the clinical behavior of an individual specimen based upon its histopathology. In order to recognize this unpredictability, the World Health Organization Classification of Epithelial Tumors of Salivary Gland Origin proposed a category, \"Acinic Cell Tumors,\" separate from clearly benign or malignant neoplasms. Later, attention was called to the grammatical designation, \"acinous cell tumor.\" Because acinous cell tumors are uncommon, numerically significant series are gathered from several institutions or over several decades during which treatment methods vary widely. This makes it difficult to accept the validity of conclusions based upon the reported data. There is, however, a clearly documented tendency of the tumor to recur after long symptomless intervals so that extended follow-up is necessary before \"cure\" is established. Treatment of acinous cell tumors is surgical. The value of radiation therapy in the management of recurrent tumors is not firmly established.", "PMID": 732494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1189", "title": "Posterior tracheal laceration: A rare complication of tracheostomy.", "content": "Tracheostomy is an operation with a long history and many potential complications. Two case reports of acute posterior tracheal wall laceration, a rare complication, are presented. Althoug previously described as being secondary to inadvertent knife contact with the posterior tracheal wall, both of these cases are thought to be due to insertion of the tube with excessive force against tissue made friable by previous radiation. The diagnosis should be suspected if poor ventilation follows insertion of an endotracheal or tracheal tube. The offending tube should be removed and an oral endotracheal tube inserted. After treatment of any accompanying pneumothorax, the site should be evaluated under direct vision as the endotracheal tube is withdrawn proximal to the tracheotomy. If a tear is found, esophagoscopy is performed to insure the integrity of the esophagus. Repair of the tracheal wall is done with a single layer closure through the tracheotomy alternating suturing with ventilation. A generous tracheotomy, soft tubes and care in insertion of tubes into the trachea are suggested preventive measures.", "contents": "Posterior tracheal laceration: A rare complication of tracheostomy. Tracheostomy is an operation with a long history and many potential complications. Two case reports of acute posterior tracheal wall laceration, a rare complication, are presented. Althoug previously described as being secondary to inadvertent knife contact with the posterior tracheal wall, both of these cases are thought to be due to insertion of the tube with excessive force against tissue made friable by previous radiation. The diagnosis should be suspected if poor ventilation follows insertion of an endotracheal or tracheal tube. The offending tube should be removed and an oral endotracheal tube inserted. After treatment of any accompanying pneumothorax, the site should be evaluated under direct vision as the endotracheal tube is withdrawn proximal to the tracheotomy. If a tear is found, esophagoscopy is performed to insure the integrity of the esophagus. Repair of the tracheal wall is done with a single layer closure through the tracheotomy alternating suturing with ventilation. A generous tracheotomy, soft tubes and care in insertion of tubes into the trachea are suggested preventive measures.", "PMID": 732495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1190", "title": "Laryngotracheal separation.", "content": "The popularity of the motorcycle, specifically trail bike riding, in the past several years has produced an increasing incidence of severe \"clothesline\" injuries to the larynx and trachea. Even at moderately high speed the impact of a horizontal cable with the neck of the rider causes a sudden hyperextension of the neck, and an avulsion of the larynx from the trachea, separating at the relatively rigid fibrous connective tissue between the cricoid cartilage and the first tracheal ring. Interruption of the strap muscles, the recurrent laryngeal nerves, laceration of the esophagus, and compression fracture of the cervical vertebral bodies can occur. The unseated rider requires immediate assistance, airway obstruction being his greatest problem. In the early minutes after the accident he must be transported to an emergency facility where tracheostomy and resuscitation can be provided. Mediastinal infection, tracheoesophageal fistula, subglottic stenosis, and intermittent depression many follow the initial repair. Rehabilitative measures include permanent tracheostomy, the use of neuromuscular pedicle graft, hyoid bone graft, intracordal injection of teflon paste, and carbon dioxide laser excision of webs and cicatricial tissue.", "contents": "Laryngotracheal separation. The popularity of the motorcycle, specifically trail bike riding, in the past several years has produced an increasing incidence of severe \"clothesline\" injuries to the larynx and trachea. Even at moderately high speed the impact of a horizontal cable with the neck of the rider causes a sudden hyperextension of the neck, and an avulsion of the larynx from the trachea, separating at the relatively rigid fibrous connective tissue between the cricoid cartilage and the first tracheal ring. Interruption of the strap muscles, the recurrent laryngeal nerves, laceration of the esophagus, and compression fracture of the cervical vertebral bodies can occur. The unseated rider requires immediate assistance, airway obstruction being his greatest problem. In the early minutes after the accident he must be transported to an emergency facility where tracheostomy and resuscitation can be provided. Mediastinal infection, tracheoesophageal fistula, subglottic stenosis, and intermittent depression many follow the initial repair. Rehabilitative measures include permanent tracheostomy, the use of neuromuscular pedicle graft, hyoid bone graft, intracordal injection of teflon paste, and carbon dioxide laser excision of webs and cicatricial tissue.", "PMID": 732496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1191", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): Report of a case with respiratory tract involvement.", "content": "The term \"sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy,\" introduced in 1969 by Rosai and Dorfman, refers to a newly recognized disease entity characterized by painless cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hypergammaglobulinemia. The typical course is one of insidious onset, protracted duration of the active disease state, and eventual spontaneous remission, occasionally with subsequent recurrences. Lymph nodes other than those in the cervical area may be involved, and extranodal involvement can occur (such as in the orbit, skin, or respiratory tract). Clinically, this entity may closely simulate malignant lymphoma or nonneoplastic conditions with lymphadenopathy. We present a case in which this disease process extensively involved the respiratory tract and produced obstructive symptoms. The otorhinolaryngologist should be aware of this disease entity and should include it in the differential diagnosis for patients with cervical lymph node enlargement or bronchial obstruction.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): Report of a case with respiratory tract involvement. The term \"sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy,\" introduced in 1969 by Rosai and Dorfman, refers to a newly recognized disease entity characterized by painless cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hypergammaglobulinemia. The typical course is one of insidious onset, protracted duration of the active disease state, and eventual spontaneous remission, occasionally with subsequent recurrences. Lymph nodes other than those in the cervical area may be involved, and extranodal involvement can occur (such as in the orbit, skin, or respiratory tract). Clinically, this entity may closely simulate malignant lymphoma or nonneoplastic conditions with lymphadenopathy. We present a case in which this disease process extensively involved the respiratory tract and produced obstructive symptoms. The otorhinolaryngologist should be aware of this disease entity and should include it in the differential diagnosis for patients with cervical lymph node enlargement or bronchial obstruction.", "PMID": 732497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1192", "title": "Adenylate energy charge, energy status, and phosphorylation state of stria vascularis under metabolic stress.", "content": "The purpose of the reported experiments was to measure the strial concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in order to arrive at estimates of three commonly used adenylate ratios. Under normal conditions, the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP were found to be 11.4, 3.7, and 0.6 mmoles/kg dry weight, respectively. Of the three substances, AMP is the most sensitive indicator of metabolic stress, since its concentration doubles within 6 sec. of ischemia and reaches a peak level of about 1500% of the control following 65 sec. of ischemia. Under normal conditions, the \"adenylate energy charge,\" the \"energy status,\" and the \"phosphorylation state\" amount to 0.84, 3.0, and 1.52 gram wet weight/mumole, respectively. In ischemia of 10 min. duration, the adenylate energy charge decreases 3 fold, the energy status 7 fold and the phosphorylation state 14 fold. The size of the adenylate pool shows a slight increase in the earliest stage of ischemia, but declines progressively thereafter. The apparent equilibrium constant of strial adenylate kinase was found to be 0.48. The advantages and limitations of the different adenylate ratios, as indicators of metabolic health and as regulatory parameters, are discussed.", "contents": "Adenylate energy charge, energy status, and phosphorylation state of stria vascularis under metabolic stress. The purpose of the reported experiments was to measure the strial concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in order to arrive at estimates of three commonly used adenylate ratios. Under normal conditions, the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP were found to be 11.4, 3.7, and 0.6 mmoles/kg dry weight, respectively. Of the three substances, AMP is the most sensitive indicator of metabolic stress, since its concentration doubles within 6 sec. of ischemia and reaches a peak level of about 1500% of the control following 65 sec. of ischemia. Under normal conditions, the \"adenylate energy charge,\" the \"energy status,\" and the \"phosphorylation state\" amount to 0.84, 3.0, and 1.52 gram wet weight/mumole, respectively. In ischemia of 10 min. duration, the adenylate energy charge decreases 3 fold, the energy status 7 fold and the phosphorylation state 14 fold. The size of the adenylate pool shows a slight increase in the earliest stage of ischemia, but declines progressively thereafter. The apparent equilibrium constant of strial adenylate kinase was found to be 0.48. The advantages and limitations of the different adenylate ratios, as indicators of metabolic health and as regulatory parameters, are discussed.", "PMID": 732498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1193", "title": "Failures after irradiation in early vocal cord cancer.", "content": "Radiation therapy for early laryngeal cancer offers an excellent probability of cure as well as preservation of vocal function. Reported failure rates range from 9 to 21% in patients with T1 lesions, and from 28 to 44% in those with T2 lesions, the majority of whom are subsequently salvaged by surgery. Results obtained at the Radiotherapy Center of the University of Wisconsin Hospitals in 44 patients during the period from 1960 to 1972 yielded failure rates of 21% in patients with T1 tumors and 38% in patients with T2 tumors at 5 years. Five of the eight recurrences were salvaged with surgery yielding an overall tumor control rate of 93%. The larynx was preserved in 82% of the cases. Determinate 5-year survival was 91% in T1 cases and 86% in T2 cases. Failure rates at 3 years were 18% for T1 tumors and 30% for T2 lesions. These results are in conflict with those reported by Brandenburg and Rutter as being 46% and 60% respectively. Ultimate success in the treatment of laryngeal cancer rests in the full cooperation between surgeons and radiotherapists.", "contents": "Failures after irradiation in early vocal cord cancer. Radiation therapy for early laryngeal cancer offers an excellent probability of cure as well as preservation of vocal function. Reported failure rates range from 9 to 21% in patients with T1 lesions, and from 28 to 44% in those with T2 lesions, the majority of whom are subsequently salvaged by surgery. Results obtained at the Radiotherapy Center of the University of Wisconsin Hospitals in 44 patients during the period from 1960 to 1972 yielded failure rates of 21% in patients with T1 tumors and 38% in patients with T2 tumors at 5 years. Five of the eight recurrences were salvaged with surgery yielding an overall tumor control rate of 93%. The larynx was preserved in 82% of the cases. Determinate 5-year survival was 91% in T1 cases and 86% in T2 cases. Failure rates at 3 years were 18% for T1 tumors and 30% for T2 lesions. These results are in conflict with those reported by Brandenburg and Rutter as being 46% and 60% respectively. Ultimate success in the treatment of laryngeal cancer rests in the full cooperation between surgeons and radiotherapists.", "PMID": 732499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1194", "title": "Evoked electromyographic test applied for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.", "content": "This study was performed to apply the evoked electromyographic (EMG) test to the larynx and to find out whether or not this test is useful for diagnosis of patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. As a result, it was considered that the present test was useful for the following: 1. Diagnosis of the site of lesion: The decision is easily made whether the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged alone or together with the superior laryngeal nerve, and on the site of damages along the recurrent laryngeal nerve in some cases. 2. Determination of prognosis: The cases showing no evoked wave may not recover completely. For the cases showing an evoked wave, information on prognosis can be obtained from the degree of changes in latency and evoked wave form. 3. Indication of the state of nerve regeneration: The evoked EMG test is able to reveal the state of reinnervation of the paralyzed laryngeal nerve as well as and even earlier than the ordinary EMG test.", "contents": "Evoked electromyographic test applied for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. This study was performed to apply the evoked electromyographic (EMG) test to the larynx and to find out whether or not this test is useful for diagnosis of patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. As a result, it was considered that the present test was useful for the following: 1. Diagnosis of the site of lesion: The decision is easily made whether the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged alone or together with the superior laryngeal nerve, and on the site of damages along the recurrent laryngeal nerve in some cases. 2. Determination of prognosis: The cases showing no evoked wave may not recover completely. For the cases showing an evoked wave, information on prognosis can be obtained from the degree of changes in latency and evoked wave form. 3. Indication of the state of nerve regeneration: The evoked EMG test is able to reveal the state of reinnervation of the paralyzed laryngeal nerve as well as and even earlier than the ordinary EMG test.", "PMID": 732500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1195", "title": "Plant antitumor agents. XVI. 6alpha-Senecioyloxy-chaparrinone, a new antileukemic quassinoid from Simaba multiflora.", "content": "Fractionation of Simaba multiflora A. Juss. guided by bioassay has resulted in the isolation of a new antileukemic quassinoid 6alpha-senecioyloxychaparrinone (2) and the previously reported quassinoid chaparrinone (3). The structure of the former has been established by spectral and chemical methods. Compound 2 has high anti-neoplastic activity against several mouse leukemia systems (P-388, L-1210 and in solid-tumor B-16 melanoma). This demonstrates for the first time that the presence of a C-15 ester function is not required for antineoplastic activity in the quassinoids.", "contents": "Plant antitumor agents. XVI. 6alpha-Senecioyloxy-chaparrinone, a new antileukemic quassinoid from Simaba multiflora. Fractionation of Simaba multiflora A. Juss. guided by bioassay has resulted in the isolation of a new antileukemic quassinoid 6alpha-senecioyloxychaparrinone (2) and the previously reported quassinoid chaparrinone (3). The structure of the former has been established by spectral and chemical methods. Compound 2 has high anti-neoplastic activity against several mouse leukemia systems (P-388, L-1210 and in solid-tumor B-16 melanoma). This demonstrates for the first time that the presence of a C-15 ester function is not required for antineoplastic activity in the quassinoids.", "PMID": 732540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1196", "title": "Potential anticancer agents IX. Isolation of a new simaroubolide, 6alpha-tigloyloxychaparrinone, from Ailanthus integrifolia ssp. calycina (Simaroubaceae).", "content": "Chaparrinone (1) and 6alpha-tigloyoxychaparrinone (2) were shown to be responsible for the antitumor and cytotoxic activities of the root bark of Ailanthus integrifolia ssp. calycina. The structure of the latter compound was established by analysis of spectral data. Compound 2 exhibited a more pronounced biological activity than chaparrinone (1) and demonstrates, for the first time, anticancer activity of a simaroubolide ester substituted at only the 6-position.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents IX. Isolation of a new simaroubolide, 6alpha-tigloyloxychaparrinone, from Ailanthus integrifolia ssp. calycina (Simaroubaceae). Chaparrinone (1) and 6alpha-tigloyoxychaparrinone (2) were shown to be responsible for the antitumor and cytotoxic activities of the root bark of Ailanthus integrifolia ssp. calycina. The structure of the latter compound was established by analysis of spectral data. Compound 2 exhibited a more pronounced biological activity than chaparrinone (1) and demonstrates, for the first time, anticancer activity of a simaroubolide ester substituted at only the 6-position.", "PMID": 732541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1197", "title": "[Biological diagnosis of leishmaniasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serochematological, immunological and direct parasitological methods used in the diagnosis of man, dog and wild host reservoirs of Leishmaniasis are described. From their own investigations of more than 5.000 cases, the authors compare the respective technical advantages and the specific indications of each method.", "contents": "[Biological diagnosis of leishmaniasis (author's transl)]. Serochematological, immunological and direct parasitological methods used in the diagnosis of man, dog and wild host reservoirs of Leishmaniasis are described. From their own investigations of more than 5.000 cases, the authors compare the respective technical advantages and the specific indications of each method.", "PMID": 732550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1198", "title": "[The dermal and naso-pharyngo-oral leishmaniasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The naso-pharyngo-oral leishmaniasis is not limited to South America. Cases have been reported in Africa showing that its prevalence in this area has been underrated. Its diagnosis is easy and early treatment will prevent facial lesions.", "contents": "[The dermal and naso-pharyngo-oral leishmaniasis (author's transl)]. The naso-pharyngo-oral leishmaniasis is not limited to South America. Cases have been reported in Africa showing that its prevalence in this area has been underrated. Its diagnosis is easy and early treatment will prevent facial lesions.", "PMID": 732551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1199", "title": "[Patho-physiology of anemia in kala-azar (author's transl)].", "content": "In kala-azar, anemia is caused by an hemolysis induced by an activation of the complement by antigen-antibodies complexes in which the antigen is wether the parasite itself or a messenger from it.", "contents": "[Patho-physiology of anemia in kala-azar (author's transl)]. In kala-azar, anemia is caused by an hemolysis induced by an activation of the complement by antigen-antibodies complexes in which the antigen is wether the parasite itself or a messenger from it.", "PMID": 732553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1200", "title": "[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi-Arabia (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen cases of dermal leishmaniasis have been observed in the personnel of a french company operating in a deserted area of north Saudi-Arabia. All patients were stationed there for more than six months and had good accomodation. The host reservoir of virus of this small epidemy is not dog but must be looked for in wild rodents, the multiplication of which seems related to the growing dispersed dumping of town refuse on wide suburban areas.", "contents": "[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi-Arabia (author's transl)]. Fifteen cases of dermal leishmaniasis have been observed in the personnel of a french company operating in a deserted area of north Saudi-Arabia. All patients were stationed there for more than six months and had good accomodation. The host reservoir of virus of this small epidemy is not dog but must be looked for in wild rodents, the multiplication of which seems related to the growing dispersed dumping of town refuse on wide suburban areas.", "PMID": 732555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1201", "title": "[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 27 cases and comments on their epidemiological, clinical, immunological features and on the question of their treatment and prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria (author's transl)]. Report of 27 cases and comments on their epidemiological, clinical, immunological features and on the question of their treatment and prophylaxis.", "PMID": 732557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1202", "title": "[Visceral leishmaniasis in Algeria (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical description of visceral leishmaniasis often observed in algerian children; the biological data and the question of diagnosis are studied and the author's experience of treatment and prophylaxis is given.", "contents": "[Visceral leishmaniasis in Algeria (author's transl)]. A clinical description of visceral leishmaniasis often observed in algerian children; the biological data and the question of diagnosis are studied and the author's experience of treatment and prophylaxis is given.", "PMID": 732558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1203", "title": "[Sudanese kala-azar in West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a case of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in an european boy living in Upper-Volta and whose brother had a merely cutaneous form of the disease. Comments on the role of personnal susceptibility, environment and arthropod vectors. In each given area would it exist a special type of leishmania related to the local vectors and which would give various clinical forms according to a second degree ecological system associating man and parasite.", "contents": "[Sudanese kala-azar in West Africa (author's transl)]. Report of a case of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in an european boy living in Upper-Volta and whose brother had a merely cutaneous form of the disease. Comments on the role of personnal susceptibility, environment and arthropod vectors. In each given area would it exist a special type of leishmania related to the local vectors and which would give various clinical forms according to a second degree ecological system associating man and parasite.", "PMID": 732559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1204", "title": "[A case of visceral leishmaniasis with a difficult parasitological diagnosis and unexpected complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a typical syndrome of which the leishmanial origin has been difficult to prove. The decrease of cellular immunity may be responsible for the pulmonary tuberculosis and Hbs hepatitis which occured after the successful treatment of the leishmaniasis with Glucantime and Lomidine.", "contents": "[A case of visceral leishmaniasis with a difficult parasitological diagnosis and unexpected complications (author's transl)]. Report of a typical syndrome of which the leishmanial origin has been difficult to prove. The decrease of cellular immunity may be responsible for the pulmonary tuberculosis and Hbs hepatitis which occured after the successful treatment of the leishmaniasis with Glucantime and Lomidine.", "PMID": 732560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1205", "title": "Zygosporogenesis in Blakeslea tirspora (Mucorales).", "content": "Zygospore development in Blakeslea trispora was studied using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and freeze fracturing technique. The results are compared with those obtained for Phycomyces blakesleanus and Choanephora circinans.", "contents": "Zygosporogenesis in Blakeslea tirspora (Mucorales). Zygospore development in Blakeslea trispora was studied using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and freeze fracturing technique. The results are compared with those obtained for Phycomyces blakesleanus and Choanephora circinans.", "PMID": 732593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1206", "title": "Lymecycline or doxycycline for treatment of urinary-tract infections: a comparison of attained urine concentrations.", "content": "The urine and serum concentrations of lymecycline and doxycycline were investigated in a cross-over study in ten volunteers. Both drugs were found in therapeutic serum levels but lymecycline had a mean urine concentration of 240 microgram per ml compared to 60 microgram per ml of doxycycline. The results are discussed with regard to treatment of some urinary-tract infections.", "contents": "Lymecycline or doxycycline for treatment of urinary-tract infections: a comparison of attained urine concentrations. The urine and serum concentrations of lymecycline and doxycycline were investigated in a cross-over study in ten volunteers. Both drugs were found in therapeutic serum levels but lymecycline had a mean urine concentration of 240 microgram per ml compared to 60 microgram per ml of doxycycline. The results are discussed with regard to treatment of some urinary-tract infections.", "PMID": 732594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1207", "title": "Measurements of membrane potentials using the dye safranine.", "content": "A metachromatic shift in the spectrum of the cationic dye safranine occurs upon induction of electrical potentials across the mitochondrial membrane by adding respiratory substrate, ATP or a cation conductor valinomycin (when a potassium gradient exists across the membrane) to a mitochondrial suspension. The extent of spectral change correlates linearily to the membrane potential. During the spectral change safranine is taken up by the mitochondria and most of the dye can be recovered in the pellet after centrifugation. By measuring the spectral changes a fairly good estimate of membrane potentials in mitochondria and bacteria is obtained. This method is compared to other optical methods of studying membrane potentials and is possible applications in different systems in the future is discussed.", "contents": "Measurements of membrane potentials using the dye safranine. A metachromatic shift in the spectrum of the cationic dye safranine occurs upon induction of electrical potentials across the mitochondrial membrane by adding respiratory substrate, ATP or a cation conductor valinomycin (when a potassium gradient exists across the membrane) to a mitochondrial suspension. The extent of spectral change correlates linearily to the membrane potential. During the spectral change safranine is taken up by the mitochondria and most of the dye can be recovered in the pellet after centrifugation. By measuring the spectral changes a fairly good estimate of membrane potentials in mitochondria and bacteria is obtained. This method is compared to other optical methods of studying membrane potentials and is possible applications in different systems in the future is discussed.", "PMID": 732595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1208", "title": "New plasmid-mediated phosphorylation of gentamicin C in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin and 3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B contained two enzymes capable of inactivating gentamicin, i.e., an aminoglycoside 2''-phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside acetyltransferase.", "contents": "New plasmid-mediated phosphorylation of gentamicin C in Staphylococcus aureus. A clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin and 3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B contained two enzymes capable of inactivating gentamicin, i.e., an aminoglycoside 2''-phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside acetyltransferase.", "PMID": 732596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1209", "title": "The professional attitudes of Nigerian first year medical students.", "content": "In a study of the development of professional attitudes in medical students, a modified version of the Medical Attitudes Inventory (Harris, 1974) was administered to 141 male and female first year medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. The results show that the students have well-defined attitudes on certain issues and are divided on others. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for medical education, attitude research and durability of students' attitudes in and beyond medical school. The influence of contemporary social factors on student professional attitudes is also considered. The instrument has sufficient psychometric attributes to warrant further use.", "contents": "The professional attitudes of Nigerian first year medical students. In a study of the development of professional attitudes in medical students, a modified version of the Medical Attitudes Inventory (Harris, 1974) was administered to 141 male and female first year medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. The results show that the students have well-defined attitudes on certain issues and are divided on others. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for medical education, attitude research and durability of students' attitudes in and beyond medical school. The influence of contemporary social factors on student professional attitudes is also considered. The instrument has sufficient psychometric attributes to warrant further use.", "PMID": 732610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1210", "title": "Teaching sociology to medical students.", "content": "A recent change in many medical curricula has been the introduction of courses in the behavioural sciences. These courses, while introduced with the intention of emphasizing interpersonal and behavioural skills, have not been shown to lead to any of the changes towards which they are directed. Rather, there is evidence that students find these courses 'waffly' and boring. If the sociology component of these courses is to lead to change, then there is the need for a continuing process of evaluation and modification. In this paper we report upon one medical sociology course, its evaluation, subsequent modification and re-evaluation. Our evidence would suggest that sociology courses can lead to changed attitudes and values, but that such changes are contingent upon the overt application of relevant sociological concepts to the health care field.", "contents": "Teaching sociology to medical students. A recent change in many medical curricula has been the introduction of courses in the behavioural sciences. These courses, while introduced with the intention of emphasizing interpersonal and behavioural skills, have not been shown to lead to any of the changes towards which they are directed. Rather, there is evidence that students find these courses 'waffly' and boring. If the sociology component of these courses is to lead to change, then there is the need for a continuing process of evaluation and modification. In this paper we report upon one medical sociology course, its evaluation, subsequent modification and re-evaluation. Our evidence would suggest that sociology courses can lead to changed attitudes and values, but that such changes are contingent upon the overt application of relevant sociological concepts to the health care field.", "PMID": 732611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1211", "title": "The teaching of child health in a medical college in central India.", "content": "Aware of the importance of a knowledge of children and skill in their care, the World Health Organization and the Government of India have been working together to improve the training and education of the medical in that subject. To that end the Organization has supported the work of a committee of medical educators, which has studied the teaching of child health and has published an experimental curriculum suitable for use in medical colleges in India ('Ad hoc' Committee on Education and Training in Paediatrics; WHO, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975). This article tells of the experience with that curriculum in one medical college in Central India since 1974. It is first necessary to indicate the position of medical education in the country.", "contents": "The teaching of child health in a medical college in central India. Aware of the importance of a knowledge of children and skill in their care, the World Health Organization and the Government of India have been working together to improve the training and education of the medical in that subject. To that end the Organization has supported the work of a committee of medical educators, which has studied the teaching of child health and has published an experimental curriculum suitable for use in medical colleges in India ('Ad hoc' Committee on Education and Training in Paediatrics; WHO, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975). This article tells of the experience with that curriculum in one medical college in Central India since 1974. It is first necessary to indicate the position of medical education in the country.", "PMID": 732612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1212", "title": "Illustrated multiple choice examinations.", "content": "Interpretation of visual data is an essential component of clinical competence. Illustrated multiple choice items have been used to measure interpretation, but the effects of introducing visual material into multiple choice items has not been critically assessed. A series of problem-sequenced multiple choice items containing, in the stem, a description of visual data such as a radiologist's report, was selected and matched with identical items where the description was replaced by reproductions of the original data. These two series of items were arranged into two parallel examinations which were taken by groups of final year medical students. From a comparison of the performance of the students in these two examinations it is concluded that substitution of actual visual data for the written description increases the difficulty of items, but is without consistent effect on discrimination. The illustrated format was commended by students for its clinical relevance but certain problems with the reproduction of radiographs and the selection of data have been revealed.", "contents": "Illustrated multiple choice examinations. Interpretation of visual data is an essential component of clinical competence. Illustrated multiple choice items have been used to measure interpretation, but the effects of introducing visual material into multiple choice items has not been critically assessed. A series of problem-sequenced multiple choice items containing, in the stem, a description of visual data such as a radiologist's report, was selected and matched with identical items where the description was replaced by reproductions of the original data. These two series of items were arranged into two parallel examinations which were taken by groups of final year medical students. From a comparison of the performance of the students in these two examinations it is concluded that substitution of actual visual data for the written description increases the difficulty of items, but is without consistent effect on discrimination. The illustrated format was commended by students for its clinical relevance but certain problems with the reproduction of radiographs and the selection of data have been revealed.", "PMID": 732613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1213", "title": "Designing a comprehensive service for a health care group: a framework for planning.", "content": "This article describes an exercise which was designed by a multidisciplinary group, including a community physician, health economist, clinician and operational research practitioner, to explore the essential nature of planning services for a particular health care group. The first programme, described in the article, was concerned with psychogeriatric services, including both community and hospital provision, but it is indicated that the exercise can be adapted to all other services, and has already been used to evolve a comprehensive accident and emergency service in a particular health area. Participants came from a wide variety of disciplines, including community medicine, psychiatry, geriatrics, hospital and community nursing and non-medical administration. The tutors to the course were those who had been involved in its planning and they spent the time working with the participants to explore the concepts involved and to produce some practical solutions that could be used in the field.", "contents": "Designing a comprehensive service for a health care group: a framework for planning. This article describes an exercise which was designed by a multidisciplinary group, including a community physician, health economist, clinician and operational research practitioner, to explore the essential nature of planning services for a particular health care group. The first programme, described in the article, was concerned with psychogeriatric services, including both community and hospital provision, but it is indicated that the exercise can be adapted to all other services, and has already been used to evolve a comprehensive accident and emergency service in a particular health area. Participants came from a wide variety of disciplines, including community medicine, psychiatry, geriatrics, hospital and community nursing and non-medical administration. The tutors to the course were those who had been involved in its planning and they spent the time working with the participants to explore the concepts involved and to produce some practical solutions that could be used in the field.", "PMID": 732615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1214", "title": "Assessment of the M.Sc. course in Occupational Medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1969--74.", "content": "The M.Sc. course in Occupational Medicine started in September 1969 at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Between 1969--74, ninety-eight doctors attended this 9 month full-time course. Thirty-four were British and sixty-four from overseas. A questionnaire was mailed to all of them. Eighty-four replied, i.e. a response rate of 86%. Thirty-one of the U.K. doctors and fifty-three of the overseas replied. The difference between the UK and overseas doctors working full-time in occupational medicine was very marked before and after the course. 100% of the U.K. doctors and 89% of the overseas thought their objectives of attending the course were fulfilled. 97% of the U.K. doctors said the course covered the problems of their country as compared with 77% of the overseas. 100% of the U.K. doctors found the knowledge gained of practical value to their work. Suggestions were also made on topics taught and on the practical instruction of the course. It appears that the M.Sc. course is successful and that the objectives outlined when starting the M.Sc. were to a great extent fulfilled. The new changes introduced this year 1976 in the organization and the content of the course are also discussed, and their advantages emphasized.", "contents": "Assessment of the M.Sc. course in Occupational Medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1969--74. The M.Sc. course in Occupational Medicine started in September 1969 at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Between 1969--74, ninety-eight doctors attended this 9 month full-time course. Thirty-four were British and sixty-four from overseas. A questionnaire was mailed to all of them. Eighty-four replied, i.e. a response rate of 86%. Thirty-one of the U.K. doctors and fifty-three of the overseas replied. The difference between the UK and overseas doctors working full-time in occupational medicine was very marked before and after the course. 100% of the U.K. doctors and 89% of the overseas thought their objectives of attending the course were fulfilled. 97% of the U.K. doctors said the course covered the problems of their country as compared with 77% of the overseas. 100% of the U.K. doctors found the knowledge gained of practical value to their work. Suggestions were also made on topics taught and on the practical instruction of the course. It appears that the M.Sc. course is successful and that the objectives outlined when starting the M.Sc. were to a great extent fulfilled. The new changes introduced this year 1976 in the organization and the content of the course are also discussed, and their advantages emphasized.", "PMID": 732616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1215", "title": "MCQ and higher examinations as exemplified by the primary Fellowship of the Faculty of Anaesthetics, Royal College of Surgeons of England.", "content": "A major problem of the use of multiple choice examinations is the inherent difficulty of the questions, a fact which cannot be assessed in relation to questions not previously used. Questions which have been used during previous examinations, however, will have an available measure of the difficulty in the form of candidates' previous scores. The performance of candidates in a current examination can be compared with that in a previous examination. On the strength of these differences it is possible to decide whether the candidates in any single examination are better prepared than their predecessors or less well prepared. Pass marks can be appropriately adjusted.", "contents": "MCQ and higher examinations as exemplified by the primary Fellowship of the Faculty of Anaesthetics, Royal College of Surgeons of England. A major problem of the use of multiple choice examinations is the inherent difficulty of the questions, a fact which cannot be assessed in relation to questions not previously used. Questions which have been used during previous examinations, however, will have an available measure of the difficulty in the form of candidates' previous scores. The performance of candidates in a current examination can be compared with that in a previous examination. On the strength of these differences it is possible to decide whether the candidates in any single examination are better prepared than their predecessors or less well prepared. Pass marks can be appropriately adjusted.", "PMID": 732617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1216", "title": "The early detection of childhood deafness.", "content": "Early commencement of habilitative measures is vital for a deaf child's development. This implies a need for early diagnosis. Some improvement has occurred in recent years, but early diagnosis is still the exception rather than the rule. To determine some of the factors which lead to early diagnosis, a survey of parents of young Australian deaf children was undertaken. This showed that, while the majority of children were suspected to be deaf on the basis of informal observation by parents, relatives or friends, the most consistent early diagnosis came as a result of follow up of infants at risk. Certain factors acted to delay diagnosis. Dissuasion and inappropriate advice from doctors significantly delayed diagnosis in 25% of all cases. Further, over half the hearing-impaired children who were tested in screening programmes were not detected, and the false sense of security given the parents in these cases resulted in long delays before suspicion of deafness (based on informal observation) developed. If early diagnosis of deafness is to become the rule, a purposeful attempt to use risk criteria, coupled with improved screening programmes, will be the most promising avenues to follow. Improved education of the community at large may also assist, but this is a much longer-term aim.", "contents": "The early detection of childhood deafness. Early commencement of habilitative measures is vital for a deaf child's development. This implies a need for early diagnosis. Some improvement has occurred in recent years, but early diagnosis is still the exception rather than the rule. To determine some of the factors which lead to early diagnosis, a survey of parents of young Australian deaf children was undertaken. This showed that, while the majority of children were suspected to be deaf on the basis of informal observation by parents, relatives or friends, the most consistent early diagnosis came as a result of follow up of infants at risk. Certain factors acted to delay diagnosis. Dissuasion and inappropriate advice from doctors significantly delayed diagnosis in 25% of all cases. Further, over half the hearing-impaired children who were tested in screening programmes were not detected, and the false sense of security given the parents in these cases resulted in long delays before suspicion of deafness (based on informal observation) developed. If early diagnosis of deafness is to become the rule, a purposeful attempt to use risk criteria, coupled with improved screening programmes, will be the most promising avenues to follow. Improved education of the community at large may also assist, but this is a much longer-term aim.", "PMID": 732635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1217", "title": "Thyroid autoantibodies in an Australian community.", "content": "Little data are available concerning the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the Australian community. The present study, performed in a non-iodine deficient area, reveals a high prevalence of microsomal and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in healthy females. The proportion of females with one or either antibody is almost three times greater than that observed for males, but, in both sexes, the prevalence does increase with age.", "contents": "Thyroid autoantibodies in an Australian community. Little data are available concerning the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the Australian community. The present study, performed in a non-iodine deficient area, reveals a high prevalence of microsomal and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in healthy females. The proportion of females with one or either antibody is almost three times greater than that observed for males, but, in both sexes, the prevalence does increase with age.", "PMID": 732636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1218", "title": "Acupuncture anaesthesia for squint surgery.", "content": "An account of an operation for squint using acupuncture analgesia is given. This is the first ophthalmic operation carried out in Australia using this form of analgesia; and is probably the first surgical operation of any type carried out in Australia using acupuncture technique. The indications and possibilities of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Acupuncture anaesthesia for squint surgery. An account of an operation for squint using acupuncture analgesia is given. This is the first ophthalmic operation carried out in Australia using this form of analgesia; and is probably the first surgical operation of any type carried out in Australia using acupuncture technique. The indications and possibilities of this method are discussed.", "PMID": 732637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1219", "title": "Hearing testing in baby health centres: pilot scheme for evaluation of a new method.", "content": "A new method of hearing testing has been evaluated on a trial basis in the Baby Health Centres of the Sydney Inner Metropolitan and Illawarra Health Regions, of New South Wales. This consists of earlier and more frequent testing with a newly devised range of auditory stimuli presented in front of the child, rather than behind the child. The reason for the change is that earlier detection leads to earlier treatment and improved speech. The new method will assess whether there is adequate hearing for speech development.", "contents": "Hearing testing in baby health centres: pilot scheme for evaluation of a new method. A new method of hearing testing has been evaluated on a trial basis in the Baby Health Centres of the Sydney Inner Metropolitan and Illawarra Health Regions, of New South Wales. This consists of earlier and more frequent testing with a newly devised range of auditory stimuli presented in front of the child, rather than behind the child. The reason for the change is that earlier detection leads to earlier treatment and improved speech. The new method will assess whether there is adequate hearing for speech development.", "PMID": 732638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1220", "title": "Who does what? Role definition in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "This is a report of an interdisciplinary workshop which was held to define the roles of different disciplines within a psychiatric unit. While the report emphasizes the medicolegal responsibility of the psychiatrists, we found, in a review of the knowledge background of the several disciplines, potentials for a further utilization of the knowledge which is acquired during their training. Meeting the patient's needs is the prime factor in determining the roles of the disciplines. The needs of the patient have expanded. Each discipline has both an exclusive role and an inclusive role. One important result of the workshop was the warmth and the esprit de corps that was felt afterwards.", "contents": "Who does what? Role definition in a psychiatric hospital. This is a report of an interdisciplinary workshop which was held to define the roles of different disciplines within a psychiatric unit. While the report emphasizes the medicolegal responsibility of the psychiatrists, we found, in a review of the knowledge background of the several disciplines, potentials for a further utilization of the knowledge which is acquired during their training. Meeting the patient's needs is the prime factor in determining the roles of the disciplines. The needs of the patient have expanded. Each discipline has both an exclusive role and an inclusive role. One important result of the workshop was the warmth and the esprit de corps that was felt afterwards.", "PMID": 732643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1221", "title": "Neurocysticercosis: an exotic disease presenting in Australian immigrants.", "content": "Two cases of neurocysticercosis which occurred in migrant women are reported. This disease, produced from the larval form of the pig tapeworm, Taenia solium, is not endemic in Australia. It is prevalent in Latin America, India, parts of Africa and eastern Europe and some Mediterranean areas. Where the possibility of exposure to this parasite exists, neurocysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of late-onset epilepsy, hydrocephalus, focal fits, progressive dementia, and in spinal cord tumours.", "contents": "Neurocysticercosis: an exotic disease presenting in Australian immigrants. Two cases of neurocysticercosis which occurred in migrant women are reported. This disease, produced from the larval form of the pig tapeworm, Taenia solium, is not endemic in Australia. It is prevalent in Latin America, India, parts of Africa and eastern Europe and some Mediterranean areas. Where the possibility of exposure to this parasite exists, neurocysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of late-onset epilepsy, hydrocephalus, focal fits, progressive dementia, and in spinal cord tumours.", "PMID": 732648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1222", "title": "Exposure of council and forestry workers to 2,4,5-T.", "content": "The exposure of council and forestry workers to 2,4,5-T, a plant poison, has been monitored for a period of two years. It was found that the excessive urine levels of 2,4,5-T fell dramatically once the exposure was minimized. Therefore, the use of protective clothing and adoption of measures to prevent inhalation exposure are essential.", "contents": "Exposure of council and forestry workers to 2,4,5-T. The exposure of council and forestry workers to 2,4,5-T, a plant poison, has been monitored for a period of two years. It was found that the excessive urine levels of 2,4,5-T fell dramatically once the exposure was minimized. Therefore, the use of protective clothing and adoption of measures to prevent inhalation exposure are essential.", "PMID": 732649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1223", "title": "Death from bloat.", "content": "A case is reported of acute gastric dilatation associated with chronic duodenal ulceration and pyloric stenosis. Death was due to mechanical impedance of venous return, resulting from grossly increased intra-abdominal pressure.", "contents": "Death from bloat. A case is reported of acute gastric dilatation associated with chronic duodenal ulceration and pyloric stenosis. Death was due to mechanical impedance of venous return, resulting from grossly increased intra-abdominal pressure.", "PMID": 732650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1224", "title": "Lawnmower injuries.", "content": "Six cases of lawnmower injury are reported. The management of these injuries is discussed. The incidence of morbidity and mortality are emphasized in an appeal for education in the safe handling of these common domestic appliances.", "contents": "Lawnmower injuries. Six cases of lawnmower injury are reported. The management of these injuries is discussed. The incidence of morbidity and mortality are emphasized in an appeal for education in the safe handling of these common domestic appliances.", "PMID": 732661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1225", "title": "Hodgkin's disease as a complication of Crohn's disease.", "content": "A case of a patient with Crohn's disease who was treated with azathioprine, and developed intestinal Hodgkin's disease as a complication is described.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease as a complication of Crohn's disease. A case of a patient with Crohn's disease who was treated with azathioprine, and developed intestinal Hodgkin's disease as a complication is described.", "PMID": 732663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1226", "title": "Six children affected by maternal alcoholism.", "content": "Six children affected by the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are described. Their ages vary from newborn to 15 years. All had multigravid, alcoholic mothers. All have the facial features of the FAS, and prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Four have additional congenital anomalies, and at least four are mentally retarded. These children are described to increase awareness of the FAS in Australia, whose population has a high and changing pattern of alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Six children affected by maternal alcoholism. Six children affected by the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are described. Their ages vary from newborn to 15 years. All had multigravid, alcoholic mothers. All have the facial features of the FAS, and prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Four have additional congenital anomalies, and at least four are mentally retarded. These children are described to increase awareness of the FAS in Australia, whose population has a high and changing pattern of alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 732664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1227", "title": "Compulsory blood alcohol testing of road crash casualties in Victoria: the first three years.", "content": "The history, rationale and implementation of legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests on adult road crash casualties presenting at Victorian hospitals are reviewed. Drinking drivers admitted to casualty departments can now be identified and prosecuted; doctors can obtain blood alcohol test results on road crash casualties without threat of litigation; drinking drivers with alcohol problems may be directed to appropriate re-education or rehabilitation programmes; the opportunity also exists for treatment of non-driver casualties with alcohol problems. In the first three years of testing, 27.1% of 21,863 male driver casualties had blood alcohol concentrations in  excess of the legal limit of 0.05 g/100 mL (11 mmol/L), and 13.7% had blood alcohol levels in excess of 0.15 g/100 mL (33 mmol/L); the blood alcohol levels in 8.7% of 9187 female driver casualties exceeded 0.05 g/100 mL, and in 3.7% exceeded 0.15 g/100 mL. Non-drivers had a slightly lower incidence of elevated alcohol concentrations. The implementation of further drink-driving countermeasures, expansion of services for the management of alcohol problems, and development of a national policy directed at prevention of alcohol abuse are recommended.", "contents": "Compulsory blood alcohol testing of road crash casualties in Victoria: the first three years. The history, rationale and implementation of legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests on adult road crash casualties presenting at Victorian hospitals are reviewed. Drinking drivers admitted to casualty departments can now be identified and prosecuted; doctors can obtain blood alcohol test results on road crash casualties without threat of litigation; drinking drivers with alcohol problems may be directed to appropriate re-education or rehabilitation programmes; the opportunity also exists for treatment of non-driver casualties with alcohol problems. In the first three years of testing, 27.1% of 21,863 male driver casualties had blood alcohol concentrations in  excess of the legal limit of 0.05 g/100 mL (11 mmol/L), and 13.7% had blood alcohol levels in excess of 0.15 g/100 mL (33 mmol/L); the blood alcohol levels in 8.7% of 9187 female driver casualties exceeded 0.05 g/100 mL, and in 3.7% exceeded 0.15 g/100 mL. Non-drivers had a slightly lower incidence of elevated alcohol concentrations. The implementation of further drink-driving countermeasures, expansion of services for the management of alcohol problems, and development of a national policy directed at prevention of alcohol abuse are recommended.", "PMID": 732665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1228", "title": "Alcohol and road safety: Geelong experience 1967 to 1978.", "content": "This paper reviews the part which prior consumption of alcohol played in motor vehicular fatalities in Geelong and district between January, 1967, and June, 1978. There were 344 deaths of persons aged 17 years and older within four hours after the accident. Of 147 such victims who were aged 17 to 50 years and who were drivers of motor vehicles. 54% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 0.1 g/100 mL (22 mmol/L) at autopsy. Of 35 male pedestrians, 60% had a BAC greater than 0.15 g/100 mL (33 mmol/L) at autopsy, and 80% of such accidents occurred between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. A high degree of sobriety was noted among all female road traffic victims. The increasing road toll related to motorcycle accidents and the problem of legal and illegal drug use are also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Alcohol and road safety: Geelong experience 1967 to 1978. This paper reviews the part which prior consumption of alcohol played in motor vehicular fatalities in Geelong and district between January, 1967, and June, 1978. There were 344 deaths of persons aged 17 years and older within four hours after the accident. Of 147 such victims who were aged 17 to 50 years and who were drivers of motor vehicles. 54% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 0.1 g/100 mL (22 mmol/L) at autopsy. Of 35 male pedestrians, 60% had a BAC greater than 0.15 g/100 mL (33 mmol/L) at autopsy, and 80% of such accidents occurred between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. A high degree of sobriety was noted among all female road traffic victims. The increasing road toll related to motorcycle accidents and the problem of legal and illegal drug use are also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 732666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1229", "title": "Survey of 2144 cases of red-back spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963--1976.", "content": "An analysis has been made of 2144 consecutive cases of latrodectism (envenomation by the red-back spider, Latrodectus mactans hasselti) reported to the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. In the last eight years, notifications have averaged 240 cases per annum. Bites, usually on the extremities (74%), occurred most frequently in the summer months, and in the afternoon or evening. Most victims (79%)  were aged between 18 and 50 years and 64.4% of them were males. Males are still often bitten on the genitals or buttocks (9.7% of cases). Local pain, redness and swelling were the most common symptoms, although significant pain was felt at other sites in 39% of the cases. The regional lymph nodes often became swollen and tender within 30 minutes. General effects included nausea, vomiting and sweating, but coma and respiratory  failure were very uncommon, probably because of use of specific antivenom. This was administered within 24 hours of the bite in 92%  of cases, and within two hours in 70%. Although 11 anaphylactic reactions (0.54%) were reported, no deaths resulted either from the venom or from reactions to the antivenom. Few delayed serum reactions (1.7%) were recorded. The action of the venom is described and the management of red-back spider bite is outlined.", "contents": "Survey of 2144 cases of red-back spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963--1976. An analysis has been made of 2144 consecutive cases of latrodectism (envenomation by the red-back spider, Latrodectus mactans hasselti) reported to the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. In the last eight years, notifications have averaged 240 cases per annum. Bites, usually on the extremities (74%), occurred most frequently in the summer months, and in the afternoon or evening. Most victims (79%)  were aged between 18 and 50 years and 64.4% of them were males. Males are still often bitten on the genitals or buttocks (9.7% of cases). Local pain, redness and swelling were the most common symptoms, although significant pain was felt at other sites in 39% of the cases. The regional lymph nodes often became swollen and tender within 30 minutes. General effects included nausea, vomiting and sweating, but coma and respiratory  failure were very uncommon, probably because of use of specific antivenom. This was administered within 24 hours of the bite in 92%  of cases, and within two hours in 70%. Although 11 anaphylactic reactions (0.54%) were reported, no deaths resulted either from the venom or from reactions to the antivenom. Few delayed serum reactions (1.7%) were recorded. The action of the venom is described and the management of red-back spider bite is outlined.", "PMID": 732670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1230", "title": "Cancer of the pancreas in young adults.", "content": "Two young women with cancer of the pancreas are described. The rising incidence and epidemiology of this cancer is discussed. The need for tissue diagnosis and some new aspects of treatment of pancreatic cancer relevant to these cases are presented.", "contents": "Cancer of the pancreas in young adults. Two young women with cancer of the pancreas are described. The rising incidence and epidemiology of this cancer is discussed. The need for tissue diagnosis and some new aspects of treatment of pancreatic cancer relevant to these cases are presented.", "PMID": 732672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1231", "title": "Extensive damage to substantia nigra in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Neuronal depigmentation, necrosis, and increased pigment (melanin) and iron depositions in the perivascular spaces have been observed in the substantia nigra in chronic alcoholics. Eosinophilic nuclear inclusions, the significance of which remains unclear, were noted with an increased frequency within the nuclei of the substantia nigra neurons.", "contents": "Extensive damage to substantia nigra in chronic alcoholics. Neuronal depigmentation, necrosis, and increased pigment (melanin) and iron depositions in the perivascular spaces have been observed in the substantia nigra in chronic alcoholics. Eosinophilic nuclear inclusions, the significance of which remains unclear, were noted with an increased frequency within the nuclei of the substantia nigra neurons.", "PMID": 732673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1232", "title": "The changing scene: dieting, vitamins, analgesics, alcohol, smoking, and Hobart secondary school students.", "content": "A comparison of the results of surveys conducted in 1971 and 1977 involving secondary school students in Hobart has been made. It revealed an increasing intake of alcohol and vitamins but a decrease in analgesic usage in both sexes. Female students were smoking more frequently and more heavily and more of them were on weight-reducing diets. These results indicate that the kinds of health education in use at present are not effective.", "contents": "The changing scene: dieting, vitamins, analgesics, alcohol, smoking, and Hobart secondary school students. A comparison of the results of surveys conducted in 1971 and 1977 involving secondary school students in Hobart has been made. It revealed an increasing intake of alcohol and vitamins but a decrease in analgesic usage in both sexes. Female students were smoking more frequently and more heavily and more of them were on weight-reducing diets. These results indicate that the kinds of health education in use at present are not effective.", "PMID": 732674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1233", "title": "Preoperative parathyroid identification by ultrasonic scan.", "content": "A preliminary report of the use of ultrasonic scans to locate parathyroid tissue before neck exploration is presented. Three patients suffering from hyperparathyroidism had abnormal parathyroid tissue located before surgery. These findings were confirmed at operation. The role of ultrasonic scans of the neck before exploration is discussed.", "contents": "Preoperative parathyroid identification by ultrasonic scan. A preliminary report of the use of ultrasonic scans to locate parathyroid tissue before neck exploration is presented. Three patients suffering from hyperparathyroidism had abnormal parathyroid tissue located before surgery. These findings were confirmed at operation. The role of ultrasonic scans of the neck before exploration is discussed.", "PMID": 732676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1234", "title": "Open assessment of fenoterol (Berotec) in severe asthmatics in general practice.", "content": "An open clinical trial to establish the efficacy of fenoterol (Berotec) aerosol bronchodilator was conducted on 11 severely affected asthmatic patients in a Sydney general practice. Berotec was found to be an effective bronchodilator with a very rapid onset of action. Over 60% of the maximum response from a single puff dose was evident one minute after inhalation. Berotec also has a long duration of action, as there was statistically significant bronchodilator effect six hours after inhalation, and even at eight hours after inhalation, improvement on baseline values was demonstrated. Berotec appears to have significant advantages over other bronchodilators.", "contents": "Open assessment of fenoterol (Berotec) in severe asthmatics in general practice. An open clinical trial to establish the efficacy of fenoterol (Berotec) aerosol bronchodilator was conducted on 11 severely affected asthmatic patients in a Sydney general practice. Berotec was found to be an effective bronchodilator with a very rapid onset of action. Over 60% of the maximum response from a single puff dose was evident one minute after inhalation. Berotec also has a long duration of action, as there was statistically significant bronchodilator effect six hours after inhalation, and even at eight hours after inhalation, improvement on baseline values was demonstrated. Berotec appears to have significant advantages over other bronchodilators.", "PMID": 732678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1235", "title": "Diagnosis of breast cancer before operation.", "content": "Fifty clinically malignant breast masses were biopsied in the consulting room with a large bore needle to provide a histological diagnosis before definitive treatment was planned. A correct diagnosis was made for all but one of 39 carcinomas, and for all 11 benign masses. This is, therefore, a useful method of confirming the diagnosis when breast cancer is suspected, but other methods (including open biopsy) are more suitable when breast cancer is to be excluded.", "contents": "Diagnosis of breast cancer before operation. Fifty clinically malignant breast masses were biopsied in the consulting room with a large bore needle to provide a histological diagnosis before definitive treatment was planned. A correct diagnosis was made for all but one of 39 carcinomas, and for all 11 benign masses. This is, therefore, a useful method of confirming the diagnosis when breast cancer is suspected, but other methods (including open biopsy) are more suitable when breast cancer is to be excluded.", "PMID": 732679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1236", "title": "Terbutaline sulphate nebulizer solution: a dose-response study.", "content": "A dose-response study of terbutaline nebulizer solution has been performed in nine convalescent asthmatic patients. Both 5-mg and 10-mg doses administered as a wet aerosol resulted in effective bronchodilatation, but the higher dose caused a mild tachycardia.", "contents": "Terbutaline sulphate nebulizer solution: a dose-response study. A dose-response study of terbutaline nebulizer solution has been performed in nine convalescent asthmatic patients. Both 5-mg and 10-mg doses administered as a wet aerosol resulted in effective bronchodilatation, but the higher dose caused a mild tachycardia.", "PMID": 732680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1237", "title": "Retrospective survey of neurotraumatic admissions to a teaching hospital: comparison of data on head injuries after 10 to 16 years.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 1100 patients with head, spine, and cord injuries who were treated in The Prince Henry Hospital, and The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, from January, 1960, to December, 1965, was published in The Medical Journal of Australia during 1967 and 1968. The present series of admissions from January, 1975, to December, 1976 comprises 179 head injury patients. The epidemiological data related to head injuries and specified in the two series are compared in the available details. The pattern of change in the structure of neurosurgical services is evaluated in relation to the ever-increasing neurological trauma on the roads of New South Wales. Growing numbers of patients with serious head injuries are treated in district and country hospitals in areas where neurosurgical consultative services cannot be obtained. The standards of treatment of these patients are unknown, and cannot be evaluated. The need for planning for better standards of care in district and country hospitals is stressed. A permanent system of statistical monitoring of all neurotrauma across the State is advocated. Organization of permanent postgraduate training courses in the management of acute neurotraumatic admissions, readily available to all those treating head injuries in the country hospitals is considered as a basic and imperative requirement.", "contents": "Retrospective survey of neurotraumatic admissions to a teaching hospital: comparison of data on head injuries after 10 to 16 years. A retrospective survey of 1100 patients with head, spine, and cord injuries who were treated in The Prince Henry Hospital, and The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, from January, 1960, to December, 1965, was published in The Medical Journal of Australia during 1967 and 1968. The present series of admissions from January, 1975, to December, 1976 comprises 179 head injury patients. The epidemiological data related to head injuries and specified in the two series are compared in the available details. The pattern of change in the structure of neurosurgical services is evaluated in relation to the ever-increasing neurological trauma on the roads of New South Wales. Growing numbers of patients with serious head injuries are treated in district and country hospitals in areas where neurosurgical consultative services cannot be obtained. The standards of treatment of these patients are unknown, and cannot be evaluated. The need for planning for better standards of care in district and country hospitals is stressed. A permanent system of statistical monitoring of all neurotrauma across the State is advocated. Organization of permanent postgraduate training courses in the management of acute neurotraumatic admissions, readily available to all those treating head injuries in the country hospitals is considered as a basic and imperative requirement.", "PMID": 732681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1238", "title": "Removal of duodenal foreign body with endoscopic snare.", "content": "The extraction of a thermometer wedged in the duodenum, which utilized fibrendoscopic techniques, is described. A brief review of methods which are available to the endoscopist to retrieve ingested foreign bodies is presented.", "contents": "Removal of duodenal foreign body with endoscopic snare. The extraction of a thermometer wedged in the duodenum, which utilized fibrendoscopic techniques, is described. A brief review of methods which are available to the endoscopist to retrieve ingested foreign bodies is presented.", "PMID": 732698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1239", "title": "Occult carcinoma of the lung presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "The fortuitous discovery of a microscopic focus of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma at the site of air-leak in a patient who had presented with spontaneous pneumothorax is described.", "contents": "Occult carcinoma of the lung presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax. The fortuitous discovery of a microscopic focus of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma at the site of air-leak in a patient who had presented with spontaneous pneumothorax is described.", "PMID": 732699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1240", "title": "Galactosaemia: case for neonatal screening illustrated by recent Australian experience.", "content": "The varied presentation and clinical features of classical galactosaemia are illustrated by the case histories of seven babies born in Western Australia since January, 1962, and of two babies born in South Australia in whom diagnosis was made as a result of adding galactosaemia to the Guthrie screening programme in October, 1974. All were shown to have a severe deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in their red blood cells. We compare our findings with those in 10 galactosaemic babies born in Victoria over a similar period, and show that in both groups these were two main modes of onset: acute and insidious. Jaundice and Escherichia coli infection were prominent in the 13 babies with an acute onset of galactosaemia, while poor weight gain, intermittent vomiting and cataracts were features of the five babies with an insidious onset. An enlarged liver was usually found in both groups. We discuss the various approaches to neonatal screening of galactosaemia in the light of experience in Massachusetts and South Australia. The use of cord blood can be expected to lead to diagnosis before babies with acute onset become ill, while the use of blood collected at five days for the Guthrie test avoids the collection of another routine sample for a relatively rare disorder. The result of red cell transferase assays of parents and siblings of our patients are discussed in relation to their implication for genetic counselling. The relevance of antenatal diagnosis to the prevention of possible intrauterine damage to an affected fetus is pointed out.", "contents": "Galactosaemia: case for neonatal screening illustrated by recent Australian experience. The varied presentation and clinical features of classical galactosaemia are illustrated by the case histories of seven babies born in Western Australia since January, 1962, and of two babies born in South Australia in whom diagnosis was made as a result of adding galactosaemia to the Guthrie screening programme in October, 1974. All were shown to have a severe deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in their red blood cells. We compare our findings with those in 10 galactosaemic babies born in Victoria over a similar period, and show that in both groups these were two main modes of onset: acute and insidious. Jaundice and Escherichia coli infection were prominent in the 13 babies with an acute onset of galactosaemia, while poor weight gain, intermittent vomiting and cataracts were features of the five babies with an insidious onset. An enlarged liver was usually found in both groups. We discuss the various approaches to neonatal screening of galactosaemia in the light of experience in Massachusetts and South Australia. The use of cord blood can be expected to lead to diagnosis before babies with acute onset become ill, while the use of blood collected at five days for the Guthrie test avoids the collection of another routine sample for a relatively rare disorder. The result of red cell transferase assays of parents and siblings of our patients are discussed in relation to their implication for genetic counselling. The relevance of antenatal diagnosis to the prevention of possible intrauterine damage to an affected fetus is pointed out.", "PMID": 732709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1241", "title": "Incidence of alpha-thalassaemia in Australian population of Mediterranean origin.", "content": "Cord blood from 6578 neonates of Mediterranean origin born at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, over a five-year period was screened for alpha-thalassaemia by haemoglobin electrophoresis for haemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's), and 47 cases of the abnormal haemoglobin were detected (an over-all incidence of 0.71%). Hb Bart's was detected in Turks (2.9%), Cypriots (2.8%), Egyptians (2.0%), Lebanese (0.8%), Greeks (0.7%), Italians (0.5%), and Yugoslavs (0.2%). The mean level of Hb Bart's for the group was 4.6%. Four cases of alpha/beta thalassaemia were also detected during this survey.", "contents": "Incidence of alpha-thalassaemia in Australian population of Mediterranean origin. Cord blood from 6578 neonates of Mediterranean origin born at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, over a five-year period was screened for alpha-thalassaemia by haemoglobin electrophoresis for haemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's), and 47 cases of the abnormal haemoglobin were detected (an over-all incidence of 0.71%). Hb Bart's was detected in Turks (2.9%), Cypriots (2.8%), Egyptians (2.0%), Lebanese (0.8%), Greeks (0.7%), Italians (0.5%), and Yugoslavs (0.2%). The mean level of Hb Bart's for the group was 4.6%. Four cases of alpha/beta thalassaemia were also detected during this survey.", "PMID": 732710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1242", "title": "The wider spectrum of child abuse.", "content": "Child abuse encompasses many facets aside from the acts of physical violence which have generally attracted attention. Sexual misuse of children often goes unrecognized, yet its effect on the mental health of the victim may be considerable; it may or may not be accompanied by violence, and it generally occurs within a setting of serious disturbance in the family. Clinical details of nine sexually abused children are described, and they serve to illustrate how this form of abuse may prevent. The management of these cases is discussed. Sexual abuse of children is a family problem and therefore must be the concern of the family doctor.", "contents": "The wider spectrum of child abuse. Child abuse encompasses many facets aside from the acts of physical violence which have generally attracted attention. Sexual misuse of children often goes unrecognized, yet its effect on the mental health of the victim may be considerable; it may or may not be accompanied by violence, and it generally occurs within a setting of serious disturbance in the family. Clinical details of nine sexually abused children are described, and they serve to illustrate how this form of abuse may prevent. The management of these cases is discussed. Sexual abuse of children is a family problem and therefore must be the concern of the family doctor.", "PMID": 732722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1243", "title": "Hypospadias in the true hermaphrodite.", "content": "A case is reported of a six-year-old boy who, after several attempts at the repair of hypospadias, was investigated urologically, and was found to be a true hermaphrodite. The necessity of investigation of the genitourinary tract before undertaking the repair of hypospadias is emphasized.", "contents": "Hypospadias in the true hermaphrodite. A case is reported of a six-year-old boy who, after several attempts at the repair of hypospadias, was investigated urologically, and was found to be a true hermaphrodite. The necessity of investigation of the genitourinary tract before undertaking the repair of hypospadias is emphasized.", "PMID": 732723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1244", "title": "Eleven cases of sickle cell disease in Sydney.", "content": "Eleven cases of sickle cell disease within the Sydney area are described. Eight of these are of homozygous sickle cell anaemia, and three are of the sickle cell-thalassaemia disease. The racial origin is Lebanese Moslem in five cases, Greek from the mainland or Cyprus in four, and Portuguese, French, and Spanish in two sisters: consanguinity occurred in the latter family, and in three of the five Lebanese Moslem families. The age of patients at diagnosis ranged from five months to 22 years, and the clinical severity from very mild to very severe, with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is concluded that sickle cell disease is already a significant health problem within the Sydney area, and likely to increase in incidence with increasing migration from endemic zones.", "contents": "Eleven cases of sickle cell disease in Sydney. Eleven cases of sickle cell disease within the Sydney area are described. Eight of these are of homozygous sickle cell anaemia, and three are of the sickle cell-thalassaemia disease. The racial origin is Lebanese Moslem in five cases, Greek from the mainland or Cyprus in four, and Portuguese, French, and Spanish in two sisters: consanguinity occurred in the latter family, and in three of the five Lebanese Moslem families. The age of patients at diagnosis ranged from five months to 22 years, and the clinical severity from very mild to very severe, with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is concluded that sickle cell disease is already a significant health problem within the Sydney area, and likely to increase in incidence with increasing migration from endemic zones.", "PMID": 732724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1245", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis in South Australia.", "content": "Campylobacter jejuni was isolated on coproculture from 13 of 224 patients with suspected infectious diarrhoea whose faecal specimens were examined during a three-month period. These organisms were not isolated from 530 specimens received from asymptomatic and healthy individuals. Diarrhoea and cramping abdominal pain generally lasting two to three days were the major symptoms, though occasional patients had a more prolonged illness. Ingestion of campylobacter resulted in enteric infection with increasing numbers of campylobacter in the stool. Clinical laboratories should attempt to isolate these organisms from patients with diarrhoea.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis in South Australia. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated on coproculture from 13 of 224 patients with suspected infectious diarrhoea whose faecal specimens were examined during a three-month period. These organisms were not isolated from 530 specimens received from asymptomatic and healthy individuals. Diarrhoea and cramping abdominal pain generally lasting two to three days were the major symptoms, though occasional patients had a more prolonged illness. Ingestion of campylobacter resulted in enteric infection with increasing numbers of campylobacter in the stool. Clinical laboratories should attempt to isolate these organisms from patients with diarrhoea.", "PMID": 732725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1246", "title": "Physician heal thyself?", "content": "Eighteen drug-dependent medical practitioners were studied, and the results of their treatment were compared with the results of the treatment of non-doctor patients of similar age. The result of this comparison lent support to the suggestion that doctors who develop a dependence on drugs tend either to become abstainers or to die.", "contents": "Physician heal thyself? Eighteen drug-dependent medical practitioners were studied, and the results of their treatment were compared with the results of the treatment of non-doctor patients of similar age. The result of this comparison lent support to the suggestion that doctors who develop a dependence on drugs tend either to become abstainers or to die.", "PMID": 732726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1247", "title": "Intentional chloroquine overdosage.", "content": "Twenty-six episodes of intentional chloroquine overdosage are documented. The over-all mortality rate of 19%, and 50% incidence of cardiac arrest for ingestion of 2.25 g or more of chloroquine base indicate the risk of overdosage. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias may be the first sign of overdosage. However, gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms generally precede this sign. Early recognition and attempts to decrease drug uptake are important as current therapy after absorption of the drug is inadequate.", "contents": "Intentional chloroquine overdosage. Twenty-six episodes of intentional chloroquine overdosage are documented. The over-all mortality rate of 19%, and 50% incidence of cardiac arrest for ingestion of 2.25 g or more of chloroquine base indicate the risk of overdosage. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias may be the first sign of overdosage. However, gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms generally precede this sign. Early recognition and attempts to decrease drug uptake are important as current therapy after absorption of the drug is inadequate.", "PMID": 732727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1248", "title": "Emergency treatment of severe hypertension with intravenous labetalol.", "content": "The effects of intravenously administered labetalol on blood pressure and pulse rate were examined in 17 patients with severe hypertension. Prompt and sustained falls in supine blood pressure and pulse rate occurred in ten patients (responders), but seven patients showed little or no change in either measurement (non-responders). Labetalol had a more marked effect on standing than on supine blood pressure. Only two of the responders, but all of the non-responders were concurrently receiving antihypertensive drugs. Plasma renin activity, plasma renin concentration and plasma angiotensin II concentration fell slightly over the one-hour period of observation in ten patients in whom serial measurements were made, but the changes were independent of the blood pressure response.", "contents": "Emergency treatment of severe hypertension with intravenous labetalol. The effects of intravenously administered labetalol on blood pressure and pulse rate were examined in 17 patients with severe hypertension. Prompt and sustained falls in supine blood pressure and pulse rate occurred in ten patients (responders), but seven patients showed little or no change in either measurement (non-responders). Labetalol had a more marked effect on standing than on supine blood pressure. Only two of the responders, but all of the non-responders were concurrently receiving antihypertensive drugs. Plasma renin activity, plasma renin concentration and plasma angiotensin II concentration fell slightly over the one-hour period of observation in ten patients in whom serial measurements were made, but the changes were independent of the blood pressure response.", "PMID": 732728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1249", "title": "Myocardial perfusion scanning with thallium--201 for the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Thallium--201 myocardial perfusion scanning has been evaluated in Australia in patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial scans reliably detect both acute myocardial infarction and the transient myocardial ischaemia of angina pectoris. The non-invasive nature, ease of study, and the ability to scan patients with conventional cameras makes thallium--201 an attractive additional diagnostic agent for patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Although thallium--201 reliably indicates perfusion defects in the myocardium, its diagnostic use at the moment should be reserved to clarify such diagnostic problems in patients with coronary artery disease which cannot be satisfactorily explained by conventional investigation.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion scanning with thallium--201 for the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Thallium--201 myocardial perfusion scanning has been evaluated in Australia in patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial scans reliably detect both acute myocardial infarction and the transient myocardial ischaemia of angina pectoris. The non-invasive nature, ease of study, and the ability to scan patients with conventional cameras makes thallium--201 an attractive additional diagnostic agent for patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Although thallium--201 reliably indicates perfusion defects in the myocardium, its diagnostic use at the moment should be reserved to clarify such diagnostic problems in patients with coronary artery disease which cannot be satisfactorily explained by conventional investigation.", "PMID": 732745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1250", "title": "Cerebral arteritis associated with heroin abuse.", "content": "A twenty-year-old man suffered a left homonymous hemianopia after self-administration of heroin. Investigations revealed right occipital infarction with angiographic changes of arteritis in the posterior cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Cerebral arteritis associated with heroin abuse. A twenty-year-old man suffered a left homonymous hemianopia after self-administration of heroin. Investigations revealed right occipital infarction with angiographic changes of arteritis in the posterior cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 732746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1251", "title": "Continuous time-dependence in computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography is sensitive to changes in the imaged distribution during acquisition of the projection data. Previous investigations have emphasized discrete or discontinuous changes in the imaged object. Recent advances have motivated our investigation of object time-dependence characterized by a continuous function in time at each point. Formal mathematical and computer simulation approaches have been developed, and are presented along with simple examples of their applications. Further applications in three distinct ongoing studies are outlined.", "contents": "Continuous time-dependence in computed tomography. Computed tomography is sensitive to changes in the imaged distribution during acquisition of the projection data. Previous investigations have emphasized discrete or discontinuous changes in the imaged object. Recent advances have motivated our investigation of object time-dependence characterized by a continuous function in time at each point. Formal mathematical and computer simulation approaches have been developed, and are presented along with simple examples of their applications. Further applications in three distinct ongoing studies are outlined.", "PMID": 732770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1252", "title": "Resolution and contrast reduction.", "content": "Lack of resolution (unsharpness) can reduce contrast in diagnostic radiography if the proper conditions of magnification and unsharpness are met. To describe this phenomenon, a modification of the contrast reduction factor (CRF) was introduced which used the response function of a semi-opaque edge to predict contrast reduction for small bar-shaped objects. To predict CRF, unsharpness is employed as a single-term description of resolution and is obtained experimentally from the edge response function. The unsharpness term is defined as the distance over which the response goes from 16.5% to 83.5% of the maximum. Measured and predicted CRFs were compared and the CRF concept was found to be an excellent predictor of contrast reduction. The individual components of unsharpness were determined experimentally and the sum-of-squares rule predicted adequately their combination. Three methods to measure unsharpness were compared: (a) the ICRU prescription using pinhole radiographs of the focal spot, (b) one-dimensional integration of the focal-spot pinhole radiograph, and (c) the unsharpness term produced by a semi-opaque edge. The latter two were measured using a microdensitometer.", "contents": "Resolution and contrast reduction. Lack of resolution (unsharpness) can reduce contrast in diagnostic radiography if the proper conditions of magnification and unsharpness are met. To describe this phenomenon, a modification of the contrast reduction factor (CRF) was introduced which used the response function of a semi-opaque edge to predict contrast reduction for small bar-shaped objects. To predict CRF, unsharpness is employed as a single-term description of resolution and is obtained experimentally from the edge response function. The unsharpness term is defined as the distance over which the response goes from 16.5% to 83.5% of the maximum. Measured and predicted CRFs were compared and the CRF concept was found to be an excellent predictor of contrast reduction. The individual components of unsharpness were determined experimentally and the sum-of-squares rule predicted adequately their combination. Three methods to measure unsharpness were compared: (a) the ICRU prescription using pinhole radiographs of the focal spot, (b) one-dimensional integration of the focal-spot pinhole radiograph, and (c) the unsharpness term produced by a semi-opaque edge. The latter two were measured using a microdensitometer.", "PMID": 732771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1253", "title": "An improved image algorithm for CT scanners.", "content": "A common artifact in CT head-section images is a cupping or broad \"whitening\" effect near the skull which is due at least in part to the polychromaticity of the x-ray beam. In this paper, a general method is presented for removing this artifact empirically by a combination of two approaches. The gross cupping is removed by modifying the raw transmission data prior to reconstruction. The residual whitening near the bone is removed conveniently by modifying the reconstruction filter function. Examples of the modifications are shown using the AS&E CT scanner. The method convolves or deconvolves the CT image with an appropriate point spread function. Since the filter-function modifications are done conceptually in real space rather than in frequency space, the details of the modifications are more easily understood.", "contents": "An improved image algorithm for CT scanners. A common artifact in CT head-section images is a cupping or broad \"whitening\" effect near the skull which is due at least in part to the polychromaticity of the x-ray beam. In this paper, a general method is presented for removing this artifact empirically by a combination of two approaches. The gross cupping is removed by modifying the raw transmission data prior to reconstruction. The residual whitening near the bone is removed conveniently by modifying the reconstruction filter function. Examples of the modifications are shown using the AS&E CT scanner. The method convolves or deconvolves the CT image with an appropriate point spread function. Since the filter-function modifications are done conceptually in real space rather than in frequency space, the details of the modifications are more easily understood.", "PMID": 732772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1254", "title": "Microwave interrogation of dielectric targets. Part II: by microwave time delay spectroscopy.", "content": "A method is described which overcomes the problems of multipath propagation and range ambiguity that is suffered by the single-frequency continuous-wave microwave-imaging system described in part I. This technique is essentially a variation of chrip radar techniques, which have been adapted to time delay and attenuation measurements through a target. The feasibility of discriminating between paths whose differential time delay is on the order of 100 ps is demonstrated. Further, the need for small physical aperture in the transmitting and receiving antennas is demonstrated.", "contents": "Microwave interrogation of dielectric targets. Part II: by microwave time delay spectroscopy. A method is described which overcomes the problems of multipath propagation and range ambiguity that is suffered by the single-frequency continuous-wave microwave-imaging system described in part I. This technique is essentially a variation of chrip radar techniques, which have been adapted to time delay and attenuation measurements through a target. The feasibility of discriminating between paths whose differential time delay is on the order of 100 ps is demonstrated. Further, the need for small physical aperture in the transmitting and receiving antennas is demonstrated.", "PMID": 732774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1255", "title": "Proton spin-lattice relaxation time study in tissues of the adult newt Taricha granulosa (Amphibia: Urodele).", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse techniques were used to obtain values for the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of whole blood, plasma, blood cells, in vitro liver samples, and live and necrotic tail samples for adult Taricha granulosa. The T1 for whole blood is (0.80 +/- 0.01) s, for plasma (0.76 +/- 0.02) s and for blood cells (0.83 +/- 0.01) s, and did not change over several hours of measurement. The necrotic liver gave a single T1 of (0.28 +/- 0.02) s within the first 20 min of excision with a gradual increase over the next 3.5 h. Live and dead tail samples gave two T1 values: a short T1 of about 0.15 s remaining essentially constant and a long T1 starting at 0.68 s and increasing to 0.9 s during the 5 h of the experiment.", "contents": "Proton spin-lattice relaxation time study in tissues of the adult newt Taricha granulosa (Amphibia: Urodele). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse techniques were used to obtain values for the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of whole blood, plasma, blood cells, in vitro liver samples, and live and necrotic tail samples for adult Taricha granulosa. The T1 for whole blood is (0.80 +/- 0.01) s, for plasma (0.76 +/- 0.02) s and for blood cells (0.83 +/- 0.01) s, and did not change over several hours of measurement. The necrotic liver gave a single T1 of (0.28 +/- 0.02) s within the first 20 min of excision with a gradual increase over the next 3.5 h. Live and dead tail samples gave two T1 values: a short T1 of about 0.15 s remaining essentially constant and a long T1 starting at 0.68 s and increasing to 0.9 s during the 5 h of the experiment.", "PMID": 732775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1256", "title": "Use of a pencil-shaped ionization chamber for measurement of exposure resulting from a computed tomography scan.", "content": "A simple method of comparing and/or monitoring the radiation output level of a Computed Tomography (CT) system, using a specially developed pencil-shaped ionization chamber, is presented. When the measurement is made with a phantom for the period of one tomographic scan, the result can be interpreted as the average exposure along the chamber axis resulting from the entire series of scans to be performed by the CT system. An interesting feature of this method is that no detailed knowledge of the beam distribution or slice thickness is necessary in order to measure the radiation output level, to compare the performance of CT systems or the estimate patient's exposure for a particular combination of CT operation parameters.", "contents": "Use of a pencil-shaped ionization chamber for measurement of exposure resulting from a computed tomography scan. A simple method of comparing and/or monitoring the radiation output level of a Computed Tomography (CT) system, using a specially developed pencil-shaped ionization chamber, is presented. When the measurement is made with a phantom for the period of one tomographic scan, the result can be interpreted as the average exposure along the chamber axis resulting from the entire series of scans to be performed by the CT system. An interesting feature of this method is that no detailed knowledge of the beam distribution or slice thickness is necessary in order to measure the radiation output level, to compare the performance of CT systems or the estimate patient's exposure for a particular combination of CT operation parameters.", "PMID": 732777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1257", "title": "Determination of effective energies in CT calibration.", "content": "The effective energy of a polychromatic beam for a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner can be measured directly only with difficulty. However, a linear relationship exists between the measured CT numbers and corresponding attenuation coefficients of known materials at the effective energy of the x-ray beam. The effective energy can then be determined by searching all energies for the best linear correlation between the CT numbers and the attenuation coefficients. This can be performed by two methods: graphically, by means of choosing visually the straightest of the fitted lines or, mathematically, by maximizing the correlation coefficient. The energy corresponding to the optimal fit is therefore selected as the effective energy. The latter method was implemented by computer and demonstrated by scanning the AAPM phantom, which contained known materials, and determining the effective energies and the relationship between the linear attenuation coefficients and CT numbers for three commercial units.", "contents": "Determination of effective energies in CT calibration. The effective energy of a polychromatic beam for a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner can be measured directly only with difficulty. However, a linear relationship exists between the measured CT numbers and corresponding attenuation coefficients of known materials at the effective energy of the x-ray beam. The effective energy can then be determined by searching all energies for the best linear correlation between the CT numbers and the attenuation coefficients. This can be performed by two methods: graphically, by means of choosing visually the straightest of the fitted lines or, mathematically, by maximizing the correlation coefficient. The energy corresponding to the optimal fit is therefore selected as the effective energy. The latter method was implemented by computer and demonstrated by scanning the AAPM phantom, which contained known materials, and determining the effective energies and the relationship between the linear attenuation coefficients and CT numbers for three commercial units.", "PMID": 732779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1258", "title": "Development of optical process for accessing three-dimensional patient topology.", "content": "A commercial optical system developed by Solid Photography, Inc., has been used to generate precise paraffin--polyethylene tissue compensators. A program with the objective of constructing a medical facility has been undertaken to access patient topology for treatment planning, tissue-compensator fabrication, and patient positioning verification on the treatment table. Currently, patients are taken to a specially equipped studio where a series of microprocessor-controlled reticles are projected on the surface to be analyzed and photographs are taken automatically for computer processing. The topology data then drives a machine tool to sculpt the tissue compensators and may be transmitted via acoustic-coupled terminals to a treatment-planning computer at the Medical Center. The tissue compensators have been found to conform accurately to patient contours. At present, data bases can be generated to accommodate volumes of approximately 70,000 cm3.", "contents": "Development of optical process for accessing three-dimensional patient topology. A commercial optical system developed by Solid Photography, Inc., has been used to generate precise paraffin--polyethylene tissue compensators. A program with the objective of constructing a medical facility has been undertaken to access patient topology for treatment planning, tissue-compensator fabrication, and patient positioning verification on the treatment table. Currently, patients are taken to a specially equipped studio where a series of microprocessor-controlled reticles are projected on the surface to be analyzed and photographs are taken automatically for computer processing. The topology data then drives a machine tool to sculpt the tissue compensators and may be transmitted via acoustic-coupled terminals to a treatment-planning computer at the Medical Center. The tissue compensators have been found to conform accurately to patient contours. At present, data bases can be generated to accommodate volumes of approximately 70,000 cm3.", "PMID": 732780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1259", "title": "A single-switch control for wheelchairs and other equipment.", "content": "In cerebral palsy, hand function may be severely curtailed. In some cases, the sole operable device may be a single switch of special design. In such cases, electronic scanning, actuation, and error correction may be necessary. This paper describes such a system, which is in use for typing and for control of an electric wheelchair.", "contents": "A single-switch control for wheelchairs and other equipment. In cerebral palsy, hand function may be severely curtailed. In some cases, the sole operable device may be a single switch of special design. In such cases, electronic scanning, actuation, and error correction may be necessary. This paper describes such a system, which is in use for typing and for control of an electric wheelchair.", "PMID": 732788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1260", "title": "Measurements in microscopic images: an inexpensive device for semi-automatic analysis of microscopic images.", "content": "Measurement of histological and cytological parameters can be performed much faster and more accurate by means of a semi-automatic device that is described in detail. The system consists mainly of a medium-sized computer and one or more peripheral terminals. Each terminal incorporates a special measurement table for data acquisition, a keyboard for manual data input, and an interface. The software program for the evaluation and storage of the digital data is simple to write and offers a high degree of flexibility to the user. The system can be operated in real time.", "contents": "Measurements in microscopic images: an inexpensive device for semi-automatic analysis of microscopic images. Measurement of histological and cytological parameters can be performed much faster and more accurate by means of a semi-automatic device that is described in detail. The system consists mainly of a medium-sized computer and one or more peripheral terminals. Each terminal incorporates a special measurement table for data acquisition, a keyboard for manual data input, and an interface. The software program for the evaluation and storage of the digital data is simple to write and offers a high degree of flexibility to the user. The system can be operated in real time.", "PMID": 732789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1261", "title": "Computer angiography: a new tool for x-ray functional diagnostics.", "content": "The method of functional imaging is applied to x-ray angiograms. Functional images are generated by inserting at each point of an x-ray image a computed grey or colour value proportional to a dynamic parameter (such as blood velocity) instead of the recorded x-ray absorption value. For this purpose a new system for angiographic image processing has been developed. First results show that the method which we have called Computer Angiography is a tool to extract more information about the blood dynamics in organs in an easier and faster way than with the conventional angiographic technique.", "contents": "Computer angiography: a new tool for x-ray functional diagnostics. The method of functional imaging is applied to x-ray angiograms. Functional images are generated by inserting at each point of an x-ray image a computed grey or colour value proportional to a dynamic parameter (such as blood velocity) instead of the recorded x-ray absorption value. For this purpose a new system for angiographic image processing has been developed. First results show that the method which we have called Computer Angiography is a tool to extract more information about the blood dynamics in organs in an easier and faster way than with the conventional angiographic technique.", "PMID": 732790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1262", "title": "Instability of photomultiplier tubes and consequences for accuracy of radioactivity measurements.", "content": "The gain instability of some types of small photomultiplier tubes has been studied. The variation of gain with time was measured with the aid of a pulse-height-variation meter especially developed for this investigation. It was found that a stepwise change in the count rate led to a time-dependent change in the gain of the tube; the over-all change in gain sometimes amounted to several percent. This change in gain leads to a change in the measured count rate and hence to errors in the measurement of radioactivity. The magnitude of these errors depends on the energy resolution of the detector, which in turn depends on the energy of the radiation. The gain instability of the photomultiplier tube can lead to serious errors in dynamic tracer studies. It is recommended that the stability of each tube should be checked by means of a device like that used in this study.", "contents": "Instability of photomultiplier tubes and consequences for accuracy of radioactivity measurements. The gain instability of some types of small photomultiplier tubes has been studied. The variation of gain with time was measured with the aid of a pulse-height-variation meter especially developed for this investigation. It was found that a stepwise change in the count rate led to a time-dependent change in the gain of the tube; the over-all change in gain sometimes amounted to several percent. This change in gain leads to a change in the measured count rate and hence to errors in the measurement of radioactivity. The magnitude of these errors depends on the energy resolution of the detector, which in turn depends on the energy of the radiation. The gain instability of the photomultiplier tube can lead to serious errors in dynamic tracer studies. It is recommended that the stability of each tube should be checked by means of a device like that used in this study.", "PMID": 732791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1263", "title": "Simulation of blood flow by a hydrodynamic generator.", "content": "Physiological flows are produced by a volumetric gear pump. The motor-pump group is controlled by an amplifying comparator, and produces a flow whose rate follows the control signal. This signal is delivered by a synthetizing generator and its shape, amplitude, and frequency are adjustable. This hydrodynamic generator supplies a test bench on which the modifications of flow patterns induced by models of vascular stenoses are studied. The study of the velocity distribution has been effected with a pulsed-Doppler ultrasonic velocimeter.", "contents": "Simulation of blood flow by a hydrodynamic generator. Physiological flows are produced by a volumetric gear pump. The motor-pump group is controlled by an amplifying comparator, and produces a flow whose rate follows the control signal. This signal is delivered by a synthetizing generator and its shape, amplitude, and frequency are adjustable. This hydrodynamic generator supplies a test bench on which the modifications of flow patterns induced by models of vascular stenoses are studied. The study of the velocity distribution has been effected with a pulsed-Doppler ultrasonic velocimeter.", "PMID": 732792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1264", "title": "Incidence and treatment of budding yeasts in canine otitis externa.", "content": "Budding yeasts were present in the majority of cases of otitis externa examined. A reddish-brown, dry, waxy discharge was the typical exudate. A successful treatment of yeast-infected ears was multiple otic lavages using a combination of an aqueous solution of poloxamer-iodine and application of an antifungal-antibiotic-corticosteroids ointment.", "contents": "Incidence and treatment of budding yeasts in canine otitis externa. Budding yeasts were present in the majority of cases of otitis externa examined. A reddish-brown, dry, waxy discharge was the typical exudate. A successful treatment of yeast-infected ears was multiple otic lavages using a combination of an aqueous solution of poloxamer-iodine and application of an antifungal-antibiotic-corticosteroids ointment.", "PMID": 732804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1265", "title": "Recombinational repair of alkylation lesions in phage T4. I. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Treatment of phage T4-host adsorption complexes by MNNG increased recombination between two rII markers by about three-fold. Temperature sensitive mutants defective in genes 32, 46 and 47, which cause reductions in recombination at semirestrictive temperature, proved to be substantially more sensitive to MNNG at such temperatures than wild-type phage. In addition, the recombination defective mutants xm(uvsX) and y10(y) were sensitive to MNNG than wild-type, whereas mutants defective in genes 45 and denV, which are apparently not involved in recombination, were not MNNG sensitive. These findings suggest that a recombination pathway involving the products of genes 32, 46, 47, uvsX and y is employed in repairing MNNG-induced lethal lesions. This mechanism is effective in cells infected by single phage, implying post-replication recombinational repair between daughter chromosomes. MNNG-induced lesions are subjects to multiplicity reactivation, but mutants defective in genes 46 to 47 showed the same degree of multiplicity reactivation as wild-type phage. The gene 32 and gene 47 recombination defective mutants were tested for their effects of MNNG-induced reversion of an rII marker. No reduction in induced reversion was found. Thus, it appears that the postulated recombinational repair pathway employing the products of genes 32 and 47 does not contribute substanitally to induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Recombinational repair of alkylation lesions in phage T4. I. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Treatment of phage T4-host adsorption complexes by MNNG increased recombination between two rII markers by about three-fold. Temperature sensitive mutants defective in genes 32, 46 and 47, which cause reductions in recombination at semirestrictive temperature, proved to be substantially more sensitive to MNNG at such temperatures than wild-type phage. In addition, the recombination defective mutants xm(uvsX) and y10(y) were sensitive to MNNG than wild-type, whereas mutants defective in genes 45 and denV, which are apparently not involved in recombination, were not MNNG sensitive. These findings suggest that a recombination pathway involving the products of genes 32, 46, 47, uvsX and y is employed in repairing MNNG-induced lethal lesions. This mechanism is effective in cells infected by single phage, implying post-replication recombinational repair between daughter chromosomes. MNNG-induced lesions are subjects to multiplicity reactivation, but mutants defective in genes 46 to 47 showed the same degree of multiplicity reactivation as wild-type phage. The gene 32 and gene 47 recombination defective mutants were tested for their effects of MNNG-induced reversion of an rII marker. No reduction in induced reversion was found. Thus, it appears that the postulated recombinational repair pathway employing the products of genes 32 and 47 does not contribute substanitally to induced mutagenesis.", "PMID": 732807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1266", "title": "Characterisation of ribosomes from drug resistant strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe in a poly U directed cell free protein synthesising system.", "content": "Mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated as resistant either to trichodermin or to anisomycin. Growth tests showed that the majority of mutants isolated were cross resistant to both drugs and also to cycloheximide. A limited genetic analysis showed that mutants at least four loci, tri3, tri4, ani1 and ani2, had this phenotype as was also the case for mutants at three cycloheximide resistant loci, cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 reported previously (Ibrahim and Coddington, 1976). Allelism tests showed that the tri3, ani2 and cyh4 strains were allelic. A mutant at another trichodermin resistant locus, tri5, was cross resistant to anisomycin but sensitive to cycloheximide. Ribosomes from wild type and selected strains were analysed in a poly U directed cell free protein synthesising system. Three strains, cyh1-C7, ani1-F1 and tri-N15 (probably a tri5 allele) possessed ribosomes which were more resistant than the wild type to the drugs used in their isolation. In each case the site of the resistance was in the 60S subunit. Ribosomes from the cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 strains were as sensitive to cycloheximide as those from wild type.", "contents": "Characterisation of ribosomes from drug resistant strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe in a poly U directed cell free protein synthesising system. Mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated as resistant either to trichodermin or to anisomycin. Growth tests showed that the majority of mutants isolated were cross resistant to both drugs and also to cycloheximide. A limited genetic analysis showed that mutants at least four loci, tri3, tri4, ani1 and ani2, had this phenotype as was also the case for mutants at three cycloheximide resistant loci, cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 reported previously (Ibrahim and Coddington, 1976). Allelism tests showed that the tri3, ani2 and cyh4 strains were allelic. A mutant at another trichodermin resistant locus, tri5, was cross resistant to anisomycin but sensitive to cycloheximide. Ribosomes from wild type and selected strains were analysed in a poly U directed cell free protein synthesising system. Three strains, cyh1-C7, ani1-F1 and tri-N15 (probably a tri5 allele) possessed ribosomes which were more resistant than the wild type to the drugs used in their isolation. In each case the site of the resistance was in the 60S subunit. Ribosomes from the cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 strains were as sensitive to cycloheximide as those from wild type.", "PMID": 732808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1267", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex from sea urchin embryos.", "content": "Lysis of mitochondria from sea urchin embryos with Triton X-100 led to a complete conversion of DNA-containing mitochondrial residues into protein-DNA complex with a density higher than 1.22 g/cm3 in sucrose solutions. This complex banded isopycnically in metrizamide gradients at a density of 1.26 g/cm3. Exposure to mixtures of Triton X-100 with Tween 80 resulted in progressively less delipitated and disorganized mitochondria over Tween/Triton weight ratios from 1 to 2, with the retention of the starting buoyant density in sucrose of approximately 1.16 g/cm3 at Tween/Triton ratios above 2.5. The DNA-internal protein complex sedimented with the bulk of the surviving mitochondrial structure under all conditions studied. No free DNA could be detected under any conditions of membrane removal.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex from sea urchin embryos. Lysis of mitochondria from sea urchin embryos with Triton X-100 led to a complete conversion of DNA-containing mitochondrial residues into protein-DNA complex with a density higher than 1.22 g/cm3 in sucrose solutions. This complex banded isopycnically in metrizamide gradients at a density of 1.26 g/cm3. Exposure to mixtures of Triton X-100 with Tween 80 resulted in progressively less delipitated and disorganized mitochondria over Tween/Triton weight ratios from 1 to 2, with the retention of the starting buoyant density in sucrose of approximately 1.16 g/cm3 at Tween/Triton ratios above 2.5. The DNA-internal protein complex sedimented with the bulk of the surviving mitochondrial structure under all conditions studied. No free DNA could be detected under any conditions of membrane removal.", "PMID": 732819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1268", "title": "[Electroencephalographic observations after therapy with vincristine (author's transl)].", "content": "A direct cytotoxic effect of vincristine on the neurons, especially the cerebral cortex is discussed in the literature. In 188 patients treated with vincristine we saw no so called \"Vincristine-induced Encephalopathy\". In 67 children investigated 5 weeks up to 2 years after the last vincristine-injection we found no changes in EEG-tracings which could be discussed as vincristine-induced.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic observations after therapy with vincristine (author's transl)]. A direct cytotoxic effect of vincristine on the neurons, especially the cerebral cortex is discussed in the literature. In 188 patients treated with vincristine we saw no so called \"Vincristine-induced Encephalopathy\". In 67 children investigated 5 weeks up to 2 years after the last vincristine-injection we found no changes in EEG-tracings which could be discussed as vincristine-induced.", "PMID": 732820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1269", "title": "[Blood lipids in juvenile diabetes mellitus in respect to sex, age, body weight, duration of illness, quality of control and amount of insulin required (author's transl)].", "content": "Postprandial lipoproteins, serumcholesterol and serum triglycerides were measured in 76 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The lipoprotein pattern was pathological in 37% [type II (Frederickson) 20%; type IV 17%]. Serum cholesterol was not significantly elevated when compared with normals, but was positively correlated with the duration of the disease. Serum triglycerides were significantly elevated compared with normals.", "contents": "[Blood lipids in juvenile diabetes mellitus in respect to sex, age, body weight, duration of illness, quality of control and amount of insulin required (author's transl)]. Postprandial lipoproteins, serumcholesterol and serum triglycerides were measured in 76 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The lipoprotein pattern was pathological in 37% [type II (Frederickson) 20%; type IV 17%]. Serum cholesterol was not significantly elevated when compared with normals, but was positively correlated with the duration of the disease. Serum triglycerides were significantly elevated compared with normals.", "PMID": 732821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1270", "title": "[Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma. Treatment with continuous low-dose insulin infusion (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the case of a boy aged 9 1/2 years with hyperosmolar, nonketotic diabetic coma. He was not known to be diabetic prior to the onset of coma. Pathogenetic aspects of this rare manifestation of juvenile diabetes are discussed. It is dangerous to decrease osmolarity too rapidly during infusion of very hypotonic solutions. Treatment with continuous low-dose insulin infusion may cautiously be tried.", "contents": "[Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma. Treatment with continuous low-dose insulin infusion (author's transl)]. We report the case of a boy aged 9 1/2 years with hyperosmolar, nonketotic diabetic coma. He was not known to be diabetic prior to the onset of coma. Pathogenetic aspects of this rare manifestation of juvenile diabetes are discussed. It is dangerous to decrease osmolarity too rapidly during infusion of very hypotonic solutions. Treatment with continuous low-dose insulin infusion may cautiously be tried.", "PMID": 732822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1271", "title": "[Copper and zinc in cerebrospinal fluid of children with neurological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined CSF copper and zinc concentrations in 30 children with acute febrile illness and meningism (control group) and in 37 patients with shortlasting seizures, febrile or not, and acute viral meningitis. The trace elements were quantitatively measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. It was shown that the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF remain constant during childhood.--2. No increase could be found in the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF caused by the neurological diseases of our patients. These data suggest that permanent cerebral lesions as a consequence of shortlasting seizures and viral meningitis would be very unlikely and that a transient dysfunction of metabolism does not liberate copper- and zinc-metallo-proteins in CSF. 3. There was no correlation between the protein concentration in CSF and copper and zinc concentrations in CSF.", "contents": "[Copper and zinc in cerebrospinal fluid of children with neurological diseases (author's transl)]. We examined CSF copper and zinc concentrations in 30 children with acute febrile illness and meningism (control group) and in 37 patients with shortlasting seizures, febrile or not, and acute viral meningitis. The trace elements were quantitatively measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. It was shown that the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF remain constant during childhood.--2. No increase could be found in the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF caused by the neurological diseases of our patients. These data suggest that permanent cerebral lesions as a consequence of shortlasting seizures and viral meningitis would be very unlikely and that a transient dysfunction of metabolism does not liberate copper- and zinc-metallo-proteins in CSF. 3. There was no correlation between the protein concentration in CSF and copper and zinc concentrations in CSF.", "PMID": 732823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1272", "title": "Expression of TEM-induced damage to postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse during early embryogenesis. II. Cytological investigations.", "content": "After treatment of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse with TEM (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg), dose- and stage-of-spermatogenesis-dependent frequencies of cytogenetic aberrations can be observed in early embryos. The frequencies of first-cleavage metaphases exhibiting structural aberrations (all of the chromosome type), the frequencies of 2 cell embryos and of 4--8 cell embryos containing nuclei accompanied by micronuclei or nuclei connected by bridges show a close correlation to frequencies of preimplantation loss of embryos recorded in a dominant lethal test. The frequencies of morulae/blastulae exhibiting blastomeres with micronuclei show a close correlation to the frequencies of total (pre- and post-implantation) loss of embryos. This indicates delayed expression of TEM-induced chromosomal damage which could persist undetected in very early stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Expression of TEM-induced damage to postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse during early embryogenesis. II. Cytological investigations. After treatment of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse with TEM (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg), dose- and stage-of-spermatogenesis-dependent frequencies of cytogenetic aberrations can be observed in early embryos. The frequencies of first-cleavage metaphases exhibiting structural aberrations (all of the chromosome type), the frequencies of 2 cell embryos and of 4--8 cell embryos containing nuclei accompanied by micronuclei or nuclei connected by bridges show a close correlation to frequencies of preimplantation loss of embryos recorded in a dominant lethal test. The frequencies of morulae/blastulae exhibiting blastomeres with micronuclei show a close correlation to the frequencies of total (pre- and post-implantation) loss of embryos. This indicates delayed expression of TEM-induced chromosomal damage which could persist undetected in very early stages of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 732859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1273", "title": "Effect of continuous gamma-radiation on the stem and differentiating spermatogonia of the adult rat.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated continuously (60Co, gamma) at a dose-rate of either 1 (0.0007 rad/min), 3 or 6 rad/23-h day for monthly intervals of 1 to 6. At one month after irradiation, counts of differentiating spermatogonia (A1 and A4) were reduced to a level that remained essentially unchanged during the succeeding 5 months of irradiation. The magnitude of the irradiation effect was greatest at stage 1 of the spermatogenic cycle where numbers of differentiating spermatogonia were reduced to 50% of control by 1 rad/day and to 30 and 20% of control by 3 and 6 rad/day, respectively. Number of stem spermatogonia was not significantly affected by 1 rad/day (P greater than 0.10). At 3 and 6 rad, however, number of stem cells declined from 80% of control at 1 month to 60 and 40% of control at 6 months, respectively. At a dose-rate of 1 rad/day there was neither a reduction in number of A1 spermatogonia per clone nor significant evidence of necrosis among either stem or differentiating spermatogonia; therefore, a reduction of stem-cell mitotic activity appears to be the principal effect of continuous low-level irradiation on spermatogenesis in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of continuous gamma-radiation on the stem and differentiating spermatogonia of the adult rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated continuously (60Co, gamma) at a dose-rate of either 1 (0.0007 rad/min), 3 or 6 rad/23-h day for monthly intervals of 1 to 6. At one month after irradiation, counts of differentiating spermatogonia (A1 and A4) were reduced to a level that remained essentially unchanged during the succeeding 5 months of irradiation. The magnitude of the irradiation effect was greatest at stage 1 of the spermatogenic cycle where numbers of differentiating spermatogonia were reduced to 50% of control by 1 rad/day and to 30 and 20% of control by 3 and 6 rad/day, respectively. Number of stem spermatogonia was not significantly affected by 1 rad/day (P greater than 0.10). At 3 and 6 rad, however, number of stem cells declined from 80% of control at 1 month to 60 and 40% of control at 6 months, respectively. At a dose-rate of 1 rad/day there was neither a reduction in number of A1 spermatogonia per clone nor significant evidence of necrosis among either stem or differentiating spermatogonia; therefore, a reduction of stem-cell mitotic activity appears to be the principal effect of continuous low-level irradiation on spermatogenesis in the rat.", "PMID": 732860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1274", "title": "Fungi in libraries: an aerometric survey.", "content": "The possible role of fungi as allergic contaminants in book collections has been investigated in eleven University of Michigan Libraries. Air in the stacks of each of the eleven libraries was sampled on three occasions (2 or 4--10 minute samples on each occasion) with Andersen Volumetric viable particle samplers. Books were handled during sampling in half the samples each day. In addition on each sampling day a location in the same building away from book storage and an outdoor location were sampled. Library spore levels were generally low. Outdoor levels consistently exceeded indoor levels. Air conditioned (AC) libraries had lower spore levels and indoor/outdoor ratios than conventionally ventilated (CV) libraries. Handling books during sampling increased spore counts in all libraries, but strikingly in CV libraries. Fungus taxa recovered were similar to those encountered in domestic interiors and outside locations in our area. The overall low spore levels and lack of a distinctive library mycoflora suggest that other sources should be sought for library-based respiratory symptoms.", "contents": "Fungi in libraries: an aerometric survey. The possible role of fungi as allergic contaminants in book collections has been investigated in eleven University of Michigan Libraries. Air in the stacks of each of the eleven libraries was sampled on three occasions (2 or 4--10 minute samples on each occasion) with Andersen Volumetric viable particle samplers. Books were handled during sampling in half the samples each day. In addition on each sampling day a location in the same building away from book storage and an outdoor location were sampled. Library spore levels were generally low. Outdoor levels consistently exceeded indoor levels. Air conditioned (AC) libraries had lower spore levels and indoor/outdoor ratios than conventionally ventilated (CV) libraries. Handling books during sampling increased spore counts in all libraries, but strikingly in CV libraries. Fungus taxa recovered were similar to those encountered in domestic interiors and outside locations in our area. The overall low spore levels and lack of a distinctive library mycoflora suggest that other sources should be sought for library-based respiratory symptoms.", "PMID": 732863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1275", "title": "The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis.", "content": "The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis is described. The colony consists of fascicles of very wide hyphae with short compartments and close branching. Lateral branches often themselves remain short and fail to branch, and many are reflexive, growing in the opposite direction to the parent hypha. Mycelium of three types was noted, dysgonic, apparently normal, and forms intermediate between the two. Change from one form to another occurred in a cyclial manner, the transition from dysgonic to apparently normal being abrupt while that in the reverse direction was gradual. The strain was extremely unstable, both in primary isolations from cats and in subculture. Numerous sectors of other readily recognisable strains were produced, including the typical M. canis and various atypical strains previously obtained from human sources. These strains rapidly submerged their parent colonies and were much more likely to be obtained by subculture from a primary isolation plate than was the dysgonic strain itself. The relationships of the various strains to each other in the saprophytic and parasitic phases are discussed.", "contents": "The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis. The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis is described. The colony consists of fascicles of very wide hyphae with short compartments and close branching. Lateral branches often themselves remain short and fail to branch, and many are reflexive, growing in the opposite direction to the parent hypha. Mycelium of three types was noted, dysgonic, apparently normal, and forms intermediate between the two. Change from one form to another occurred in a cyclial manner, the transition from dysgonic to apparently normal being abrupt while that in the reverse direction was gradual. The strain was extremely unstable, both in primary isolations from cats and in subculture. Numerous sectors of other readily recognisable strains were produced, including the typical M. canis and various atypical strains previously obtained from human sources. These strains rapidly submerged their parent colonies and were much more likely to be obtained by subculture from a primary isolation plate than was the dysgonic strain itself. The relationships of the various strains to each other in the saprophytic and parasitic phases are discussed.", "PMID": 732864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1276", "title": "Subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by Phialophora verrucosa.", "content": "A case of subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by Phialophora verrucosa was reported. The patient was 21-year-old Japanese female with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had received prolonged steroid therapy. P. verrucosa has occasionally been isolated from patients as one of etiological agents of chromomycosis. There have been, however, no paper published to report an isolation of this fungus from subcutaneous cyst or abscess of a patient. This case is the first report of subcutaneous cystic granuloma induced clinically by P. verrucosa.", "contents": "Subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by Phialophora verrucosa. A case of subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by Phialophora verrucosa was reported. The patient was 21-year-old Japanese female with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had received prolonged steroid therapy. P. verrucosa has occasionally been isolated from patients as one of etiological agents of chromomycosis. There have been, however, no paper published to report an isolation of this fungus from subcutaneous cyst or abscess of a patient. This case is the first report of subcutaneous cystic granuloma induced clinically by P. verrucosa.", "PMID": 732865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1277", "title": "Coccidioides immitis endospores: phagocytosis by human cells.", "content": "Phagocytosis of killed endospores by glass adherent peripheral human mononuclear cells was studied. Phagocytosis continued through 30 minutes of incubation. No difference in rates of ingestion could be detected when cells from coccidioidin-reactive and nonreactive subjects were compared although both groups ingested endospores more avidly than latex particles.", "contents": "Coccidioides immitis endospores: phagocytosis by human cells. Phagocytosis of killed endospores by glass adherent peripheral human mononuclear cells was studied. Phagocytosis continued through 30 minutes of incubation. No difference in rates of ingestion could be detected when cells from coccidioidin-reactive and nonreactive subjects were compared although both groups ingested endospores more avidly than latex particles.", "PMID": 732866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1278", "title": "Microsporum racemosum. Second clinical isolation from the United States and the Chicago area.", "content": "The second clinical isolant in the United States and the Chicago area of the dermatophyte Microsporum racemosum has been made. The circinate macropapular lesion was on the dorsum of the right hand. It was vesicular with an erythematous border, was pruritic and developed rapidly to 5 cm in diameter. Within 48 hrs of the institution of systemic griseofulvin therapy and topical Burow's solution (1:20) symptoms subsided. Both this patient and the one reported by Daum and McCloud (4) live on the mid-northwest side of Chicago. So far the fungus has not been isolated from soil in the area.", "contents": "Microsporum racemosum. Second clinical isolation from the United States and the Chicago area. The second clinical isolant in the United States and the Chicago area of the dermatophyte Microsporum racemosum has been made. The circinate macropapular lesion was on the dorsum of the right hand. It was vesicular with an erythematous border, was pruritic and developed rapidly to 5 cm in diameter. Within 48 hrs of the institution of systemic griseofulvin therapy and topical Burow's solution (1:20) symptoms subsided. Both this patient and the one reported by Daum and McCloud (4) live on the mid-northwest side of Chicago. So far the fungus has not been isolated from soil in the area.", "PMID": 732867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1279", "title": "[Organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. 1. Analytical method].", "content": "An analysis method for quantitative serial estimation of organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco is reported. This method is based on an hexane extraction followed by column chromatographic clean-up and preseparation as well as qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. The following 16 substances are analyzed: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, O,P'-TDE, p,p'-TDE, o,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. In a sample of 5 g of tobacco there can be detected: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide--o,oo1 ppm; o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin--o,oo3 ppm; o,p'-TDE, p,p'-TDE-- o,o1 ppm; o,p'-DDT, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan--o,o2 ppm; endosulfan sulfate--o,o3 ppm; p,p-DDT--o,o5 ppm.", "contents": "[Organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. 1. Analytical method]. An analysis method for quantitative serial estimation of organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco is reported. This method is based on an hexane extraction followed by column chromatographic clean-up and preseparation as well as qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. The following 16 substances are analyzed: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, O,P'-TDE, p,p'-TDE, o,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. In a sample of 5 g of tobacco there can be detected: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide--o,oo1 ppm; o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin--o,oo3 ppm; o,p'-TDE, p,p'-TDE-- o,o1 ppm; o,p'-DDT, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan--o,o2 ppm; endosulfan sulfate--o,o3 ppm; p,p-DDT--o,o5 ppm.", "PMID": 732868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1280", "title": "[Organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. 2. Residue levels in raw tobaccos used in the DDR].", "content": "The levels of insecticide residues in GDR and imported leaf tobaccos are reported. With our analysis method 16 chlorinated hydrocarbons can be analyzed. No DDT was found in tobaccos from the People's Republic of Corea. The mean DDT level of tobaccos from Hungary was lower than 0,1 ppm, the possibly value of the future tolerance. With few exceptions samples of other countries contained less than 1 ppm of the total DDT-group. Only a cigar tobacco from Paraguay showed a very high residue level of 7,20 ppm. Except this sample the residue values are to be attributed to the DDT persistence in soil and the relatively high intake by tobacco, since with the exception of few countries no DDT is anymore used with tobacco. The lindane concentration was very low in all tabaccos. In some tobaccos traces or only very small quantities of other organochlorine residues were detected.", "contents": "[Organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. 2. Residue levels in raw tobaccos used in the DDR]. The levels of insecticide residues in GDR and imported leaf tobaccos are reported. With our analysis method 16 chlorinated hydrocarbons can be analyzed. No DDT was found in tobaccos from the People's Republic of Corea. The mean DDT level of tobaccos from Hungary was lower than 0,1 ppm, the possibly value of the future tolerance. With few exceptions samples of other countries contained less than 1 ppm of the total DDT-group. Only a cigar tobacco from Paraguay showed a very high residue level of 7,20 ppm. Except this sample the residue values are to be attributed to the DDT persistence in soil and the relatively high intake by tobacco, since with the exception of few countries no DDT is anymore used with tobacco. The lindane concentration was very low in all tabaccos. In some tobaccos traces or only very small quantities of other organochlorine residues were detected.", "PMID": 732869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1281", "title": "[Determination of trace elements in dietary fats and emulsifiers by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium in dietary fats].", "content": "The knowledge of the trace metal contents in dietary fats is of considerable interest from the viewpoints of food hygiene and and storage stability. In the framework of the present paper, it is dealt with the determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Problems related to trace analysis in dietary fats are discussed. Problem-oriented surveys in the form of tables inform about:--analytical conditions of the AAS technique,--metal contents as compared to data with the approved standard method,--contents of the ionogenically bound toxic trace elements cadmium, zinc and lead in samples of various dietary fats currently used in the German Democratic Republic.", "contents": "[Determination of trace elements in dietary fats and emulsifiers by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium in dietary fats]. The knowledge of the trace metal contents in dietary fats is of considerable interest from the viewpoints of food hygiene and and storage stability. In the framework of the present paper, it is dealt with the determination of the ionogenically bound heavy metals copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead and cadmium by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Problems related to trace analysis in dietary fats are discussed. Problem-oriented surveys in the form of tables inform about:--analytical conditions of the AAS technique,--metal contents as compared to data with the approved standard method,--contents of the ionogenically bound toxic trace elements cadmium, zinc and lead in samples of various dietary fats currently used in the German Democratic Republic.", "PMID": 732870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1282", "title": "[Uptake of utilizable food energy by light-weight and heavy-weight rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet].", "content": "The uptake of utilizable dietary energy (DE) as affected by diet (containing 3 or 50% (w/w)fat), body mass (BM) and age was investigated in male Wistar rats. In comparing heavy-weight animals fed the high-fat diet (HFD) with light-weight animals fed the low-fat diet (LFD) (differences in BM up to 60%), it was found that the uptakes of DE calculated on animal were significantly higher (up to 55%) in the HFD animals than in the LFD animals; but there were no significant differences when the uptakes of DE were calculated on 100 g BM. Thus, the LFD rats (the diet of which contained a high proportion of protein (70% (w/w)) exhibited no reduced uptakes of utilizable DE as compared to HFD rats. Of the heavy-weight LFD animals and the light-weight HFD animals which showed virtually no differences in BM, the HFD animals take up more utilizable DE (per animal or per 100 g BM) than the LFD animals. This difference, which amounts to 60%, is statistically significant. The comparison of the uptakes of DE/animal/100 g BM by light-weight rats with those by heavy-weight rats fed the same diet showed that the uptakes by the heavy-weight animals were in most cases significantly greater. Consequently, the greater BM of the heavy-weight animals of the respective diet groups must be attributed to more efficient utilization of feed. This is also indicated by the fact that the light-weight HFD animals excret more fat in the faeces than the heavy-weight animals. The amount of fat excreted by the HFD animals  is some 10-fold greater than that excreted by the LFD animals. However, when the amount of excreted fat is expressed in % of ingested dietary fat, the fat excretion is of the same order of magnitude on both diets.", "contents": "[Uptake of utilizable food energy by light-weight and heavy-weight rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet]. The uptake of utilizable dietary energy (DE) as affected by diet (containing 3 or 50% (w/w)fat), body mass (BM) and age was investigated in male Wistar rats. In comparing heavy-weight animals fed the high-fat diet (HFD) with light-weight animals fed the low-fat diet (LFD) (differences in BM up to 60%), it was found that the uptakes of DE calculated on animal were significantly higher (up to 55%) in the HFD animals than in the LFD animals; but there were no significant differences when the uptakes of DE were calculated on 100 g BM. Thus, the LFD rats (the diet of which contained a high proportion of protein (70% (w/w)) exhibited no reduced uptakes of utilizable DE as compared to HFD rats. Of the heavy-weight LFD animals and the light-weight HFD animals which showed virtually no differences in BM, the HFD animals take up more utilizable DE (per animal or per 100 g BM) than the LFD animals. This difference, which amounts to 60%, is statistically significant. The comparison of the uptakes of DE/animal/100 g BM by light-weight rats with those by heavy-weight rats fed the same diet showed that the uptakes by the heavy-weight animals were in most cases significantly greater. Consequently, the greater BM of the heavy-weight animals of the respective diet groups must be attributed to more efficient utilization of feed. This is also indicated by the fact that the light-weight HFD animals excret more fat in the faeces than the heavy-weight animals. The amount of fat excreted by the HFD animals  is some 10-fold greater than that excreted by the LFD animals. However, when the amount of excreted fat is expressed in % of ingested dietary fat, the fat excretion is of the same order of magnitude on both diets.", "PMID": 732872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1283", "title": "Folding and association of oligomeric enzymes.", "content": "The spontaneous structure formation of oligomeric enzymes consists of the consecutive 'folding' and association of the constituent polypeptide chains. Whether catalytic function is an intrinsic property of the folded monomers may be determined using kinetic reconstitution experiments. It is shown that full activity requires association; the correct assembly of subunits depends on their proper folding. The native structure is determined as the kinetically accessible state of lowest free energy.", "contents": "Folding and association of oligomeric enzymes. The spontaneous structure formation of oligomeric enzymes consists of the consecutive 'folding' and association of the constituent polypeptide chains. Whether catalytic function is an intrinsic property of the folded monomers may be determined using kinetic reconstitution experiments. It is shown that full activity requires association; the correct assembly of subunits depends on their proper folding. The native structure is determined as the kinetically accessible state of lowest free energy.", "PMID": 732881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1284", "title": "Chemical structure and biological activities of lipid A's from various bacterial families.", "content": "The endotoxic principle of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is localized in their lipid A component. Biological effects of LPS on, for instance, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood picture, are also induced by free lipid A. In contrast to the great variability of the 0-specific chains, the chemical structure of lipid A is much more constant. It is common for Salmonella and similar for other genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, a number of lipid A's have been recognized that exhibited distinct structural features compared with Enterobacteriaceae. These lipid A's were found to be also distinct with regard to some of their biological properties.", "contents": "Chemical structure and biological activities of lipid A's from various bacterial families. The endotoxic principle of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is localized in their lipid A component. Biological effects of LPS on, for instance, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood picture, are also induced by free lipid A. In contrast to the great variability of the 0-specific chains, the chemical structure of lipid A is much more constant. It is common for Salmonella and similar for other genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, a number of lipid A's have been recognized that exhibited distinct structural features compared with Enterobacteriaceae. These lipid A's were found to be also distinct with regard to some of their biological properties.", "PMID": 732882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1285", "title": "[C13/C12 Ratios in human urinary calculi].", "content": "Oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate stones have been analyzed for their carbon isotope composition. The oxalate stones show delta13C values between -17.0 and -19.5%, the uric acid stones between -14.9 and -19.4%, and the phosphate stones between -13.0 and -23.9%. It is proposed that endogenic rather than exogenic sources are responsible for the 13C/12C ratios of the stones. The isotopic composition of the phosphate stones seems to be influenced primarily by bacterial activity.", "contents": "[C13/C12 Ratios in human urinary calculi]. Oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate stones have been analyzed for their carbon isotope composition. The oxalate stones show delta13C values between -17.0 and -19.5%, the uric acid stones between -14.9 and -19.4%, and the phosphate stones between -13.0 and -23.9%. It is proposed that endogenic rather than exogenic sources are responsible for the 13C/12C ratios of the stones. The isotopic composition of the phosphate stones seems to be influenced primarily by bacterial activity.", "PMID": 732883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1286", "title": "Release of noradrenaline by labetalol in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "The effects of labetalol on the accumulation and spontaneous release of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline, and on contractile responses to exogenously applied (--)-noradrenaline were studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 1. Labetalol (3 x 10(-7)--10(-4)M) inhibited the accumulation of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. 2. Labetalol (10(-6)--10(-4)M) and guanethidine (6 x 10(-6) M) increased the spontaneous release of [3H] following incubation of the muscle with (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. Nortriptyline (10(-6) M) had no effect on the spontaneous release of [3H], antagonised the increased release of [3H] produced by 6 x 10(-6) M guanethidine but not that observed with 10(-5) M labetalol. Labetalol (5 x 10(-6) M) markedly increased the loss of tritiated deminated metabolites with little change in the loss of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. 3. Labetalol (10(-7)--10(-5)M), alone or in the presence of 10(-6) M nortriptyline, had no effect on contractile responses to (--)-noradrenaline. 4. Following pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (10(-3)M for 3 h) to deplete endogenous noradrenaline stores, labetalol (10(-7)--10(-5) M) inhibited responses to exogenously applied (--)-noradrenaline. 5. These results suggest that, in the rat anococcygeus muscle, labetalol is a noradrenaline releasing agent and an alpha-adrenoceptor antogonist.", "contents": "Release of noradrenaline by labetalol in the rat anococcygeus muscle. The effects of labetalol on the accumulation and spontaneous release of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline, and on contractile responses to exogenously applied (--)-noradrenaline were studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 1. Labetalol (3 x 10(-7)--10(-4)M) inhibited the accumulation of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. 2. Labetalol (10(-6)--10(-4)M) and guanethidine (6 x 10(-6) M) increased the spontaneous release of [3H] following incubation of the muscle with (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. Nortriptyline (10(-6) M) had no effect on the spontaneous release of [3H], antagonised the increased release of [3H] produced by 6 x 10(-6) M guanethidine but not that observed with 10(-5) M labetalol. Labetalol (5 x 10(-6) M) markedly increased the loss of tritiated deminated metabolites with little change in the loss of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. 3. Labetalol (10(-7)--10(-5)M), alone or in the presence of 10(-6) M nortriptyline, had no effect on contractile responses to (--)-noradrenaline. 4. Following pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (10(-3)M for 3 h) to deplete endogenous noradrenaline stores, labetalol (10(-7)--10(-5) M) inhibited responses to exogenously applied (--)-noradrenaline. 5. These results suggest that, in the rat anococcygeus muscle, labetalol is a noradrenaline releasing agent and an alpha-adrenoceptor antogonist.", "PMID": 732886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1287", "title": "Tetrahydronorharmane (tetrahydro-beta-carboline), a physiologically occurring compound of indole metabolism.", "content": "In the present paper a sensitive method is described to measure tetrahydronorharmane (THN) in the urine of man and rats as well as in the forebrain of rats. The compound is extracted into diethyl ether, separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), acetylated with radiolabelled acetic anhydride and further isolated by two-dimensional TLC development. The existence of THN in urine of man was proven by using chromatography with different solvent systems, cocristallisation, isotope dilution technique as well as mass-spectrometry. The amount of THN in the urine varied over a wide range. With the same method it was demonstrated that THN occurs also in the forebrain of rats. The concentration increases after loading with tryptamine. The findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis that THN acts as a compound modulating neuronal mechanism.", "contents": "Tetrahydronorharmane (tetrahydro-beta-carboline), a physiologically occurring compound of indole metabolism. In the present paper a sensitive method is described to measure tetrahydronorharmane (THN) in the urine of man and rats as well as in the forebrain of rats. The compound is extracted into diethyl ether, separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), acetylated with radiolabelled acetic anhydride and further isolated by two-dimensional TLC development. The existence of THN in urine of man was proven by using chromatography with different solvent systems, cocristallisation, isotope dilution technique as well as mass-spectrometry. The amount of THN in the urine varied over a wide range. With the same method it was demonstrated that THN occurs also in the forebrain of rats. The concentration increases after loading with tryptamine. The findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis that THN acts as a compound modulating neuronal mechanism.", "PMID": 732889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1288", "title": "The effect of papaverine on local tissue PO2 and microflow in cat brain cortex.", "content": "The effect of intracarotid and intravenous administration of papaverine on local tissue PO2 and  microflow in the cat's brain surface was studied. Local tissue PO2 was measured with a multiwire surface electrode polarographically, and microflow by local hydrogen clearance method. The intracarotid infusions were made for 1, 2 and 5 min with doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg/min papaverine, and the intravenous ones for 5 min with doses of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/min. The  continuous intracarotid infusions showed that papaverine in the doses used distinctly increased local tissue PO2 and microcirculation of the brain surface. With the doses applied, systemic arterial pressure (SAP) changed little. It slightly decreased only during the 5 min infusions containing 0.5 mg/kg/min. The duration of the effect increased with increases in the duration of the infusion and of the dose. The maximum duration was observed with 5 min infusions and lasted for 10--15 min after drug administration was discontinued. During the i.v. infusions, tissue PO2 and microflow rose less than with intracarotid ones. No redistribution of capillary flow was observed.", "contents": "The effect of papaverine on local tissue PO2 and microflow in cat brain cortex. The effect of intracarotid and intravenous administration of papaverine on local tissue PO2 and  microflow in the cat's brain surface was studied. Local tissue PO2 was measured with a multiwire surface electrode polarographically, and microflow by local hydrogen clearance method. The intracarotid infusions were made for 1, 2 and 5 min with doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg/min papaverine, and the intravenous ones for 5 min with doses of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/min. The  continuous intracarotid infusions showed that papaverine in the doses used distinctly increased local tissue PO2 and microcirculation of the brain surface. With the doses applied, systemic arterial pressure (SAP) changed little. It slightly decreased only during the 5 min infusions containing 0.5 mg/kg/min. The duration of the effect increased with increases in the duration of the infusion and of the dose. The maximum duration was observed with 5 min infusions and lasted for 10--15 min after drug administration was discontinued. During the i.v. infusions, tissue PO2 and microflow rose less than with intracarotid ones. No redistribution of capillary flow was observed.", "PMID": 732890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1289", "title": "Homotaurine and muscimol mimic taurine and GABA effects on muscle tone and temperature regulation.", "content": "Taurine, homotaurine, GABA and muscimol, given intraventricularly to the conscious, unrestrained  rabbit cause hypothermia and a reduction in skeletal muscle tone. Taurine and homotaurine desynchronize areas of the motor and limbic cortices, with GABA and muscimol synchronize both tracings and markedly depress the arousal reaction following external stimuli.", "contents": "Homotaurine and muscimol mimic taurine and GABA effects on muscle tone and temperature regulation. Taurine, homotaurine, GABA and muscimol, given intraventricularly to the conscious, unrestrained  rabbit cause hypothermia and a reduction in skeletal muscle tone. Taurine and homotaurine desynchronize areas of the motor and limbic cortices, with GABA and muscimol synchronize both tracings and markedly depress the arousal reaction following external stimuli.", "PMID": 732891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1290", "title": "Metabolism of phenacetin and N-hydroxyphenacetin in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The fate of phenacetin and some of tis metabolites have been examined in isolated rat hepatocytes. The overall pattern of metabolism was similar to that found in vivo by others. The major metabolites of phenacetin were paracetamol, free and conjugated, and phenetidine, and about 10% was lost. No N-hydroxyphenacetin was found, but experiments with N-hydroxyphenacetin as substrate showed that at low concentration (as might be formed from phenacetin) it disappeared very rapidly from cell suspensions. N-hydroxyphenacetin was metabolized to its conjugates, and to paracetamol, phenacetin and phenetidine, with a large proportion unaccounted for. With all substrates, increasing concentration resulted in a decreased percentage being metabolized, indicating that the metabolic pathways were saturable. Relatively more phenetidine was found at high phenacetin concentrations, however, apparently because phenetidine is an intermediate metabolite whose own elimination was slowed relatively more than its formation. N-hydroxylated arylamines were toxic to hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that these cell suspensions could be used to test for hepatotoxicity.", "contents": "Metabolism of phenacetin and N-hydroxyphenacetin in isolated rat hepatocytes. The fate of phenacetin and some of tis metabolites have been examined in isolated rat hepatocytes. The overall pattern of metabolism was similar to that found in vivo by others. The major metabolites of phenacetin were paracetamol, free and conjugated, and phenetidine, and about 10% was lost. No N-hydroxyphenacetin was found, but experiments with N-hydroxyphenacetin as substrate showed that at low concentration (as might be formed from phenacetin) it disappeared very rapidly from cell suspensions. N-hydroxyphenacetin was metabolized to its conjugates, and to paracetamol, phenacetin and phenetidine, with a large proportion unaccounted for. With all substrates, increasing concentration resulted in a decreased percentage being metabolized, indicating that the metabolic pathways were saturable. Relatively more phenetidine was found at high phenacetin concentrations, however, apparently because phenetidine is an intermediate metabolite whose own elimination was slowed relatively more than its formation. N-hydroxylated arylamines were toxic to hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that these cell suspensions could be used to test for hepatotoxicity.", "PMID": 732893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1291", "title": "Chemotactic effects of the complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (classical anaphylatoxin) on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (= classical anaphylatoxin) were purified from hog serum and examined for chemotactic activity on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with the Boyden chamber technique (with filters of 3,0 micrometer pore size). When media containing albumin or serum were used all peptides induced chemotaxis of both cell species. Only C3a showed a pronounced species dependence in that it was much more active on rabbit than on guinea-pig PMN. No gross differences were found between the influence of 0.5% BSA and 10% heated (56 degree, 30 min) homologous serum added to the medium. In the absence of protein chemotaxis did not occur.", "contents": "Chemotactic effects of the complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (classical anaphylatoxin) on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (= classical anaphylatoxin) were purified from hog serum and examined for chemotactic activity on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with the Boyden chamber technique (with filters of 3,0 micrometer pore size). When media containing albumin or serum were used all peptides induced chemotaxis of both cell species. Only C3a showed a pronounced species dependence in that it was much more active on rabbit than on guinea-pig PMN. No gross differences were found between the influence of 0.5% BSA and 10% heated (56 degree, 30 min) homologous serum added to the medium. In the absence of protein chemotaxis did not occur.", "PMID": 732894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1292", "title": "Crude substance P from brain contains a cholecystokinin-like peptide.", "content": "The subfractions Fa, Fb, and Fc of crude substance P (SP) preparations made from human and bovine brains were analysed for SP and the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8). The  methods were specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for SP and CCK-8, and bioassays on isolated organs of the guinea pig: the ileum, the gallbladder and the field-stimulated vas deferens. 1. In bioassays of synthetic peptides the vas deferens reacted specifically to SP and the gallbladder to CCK-8. 2. RIAs and bioassays revealed unequivocally that most of SP-like activity was present in Fb, while Fc contained mainly CCK-8-like activity. Varying results were obtained with Fa. 3. The pharmacologically active principle of Fc is CCK-8 or a closely related peptide. Earlier results concerning the pharmacological and neurochemical properties of Fc must be ascribed to this peptide.", "contents": "Crude substance P from brain contains a cholecystokinin-like peptide. The subfractions Fa, Fb, and Fc of crude substance P (SP) preparations made from human and bovine brains were analysed for SP and the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8). The  methods were specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for SP and CCK-8, and bioassays on isolated organs of the guinea pig: the ileum, the gallbladder and the field-stimulated vas deferens. 1. In bioassays of synthetic peptides the vas deferens reacted specifically to SP and the gallbladder to CCK-8. 2. RIAs and bioassays revealed unequivocally that most of SP-like activity was present in Fb, while Fc contained mainly CCK-8-like activity. Varying results were obtained with Fa. 3. The pharmacologically active principle of Fc is CCK-8 or a closely related peptide. Earlier results concerning the pharmacological and neurochemical properties of Fc must be ascribed to this peptide.", "PMID": 732896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1293", "title": "[Intracr\u00e2nial venous sinus thrombosis (22 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 22 cases of intracranial venous sinus thrombosis and study what is new about that old pathology. Sagittal superior sinus is still the most touched one, followed by the lateral sinuses. Half of the cases are traumatic: their clinical picture consists either of benign intracranial hypertension, either of intracranial hypertension and neurological signs. Puerperal thrombosis of the sinuses have quite disappeared and have been replaced by thrombosis in women taking oestro-progestional agents, whose clinical picture is absolutely the same. Infectious thrombophlebitis are quite less frequent than intracranial abcesses, whose diagnosis must be made first. About diagnosis, the certitude is still given by bilateral carotid arteriography which demonstrates the thrombosed sinus, whereas cerebral scintigraphy shows whether their is an adjacent infarction of venous origin or not. Treatment is a medical one. It consists rather of methods to reduce cerebral volum, aiming at maximal use of collateral varices. Heparin should be used only if there is no cerebral infarction of venous origin. Total mortality is 27% and among survivals there are few sequels. Prognosis depends on the thrombosed sinus, on the rapidity for clinical signs to appear and especially on the anastomotic venous collateral ability demonstrated by carotid angiography.", "contents": "[Intracr\u00e2nial venous sinus thrombosis (22 cases) (author's transl)]. The authors report 22 cases of intracranial venous sinus thrombosis and study what is new about that old pathology. Sagittal superior sinus is still the most touched one, followed by the lateral sinuses. Half of the cases are traumatic: their clinical picture consists either of benign intracranial hypertension, either of intracranial hypertension and neurological signs. Puerperal thrombosis of the sinuses have quite disappeared and have been replaced by thrombosis in women taking oestro-progestional agents, whose clinical picture is absolutely the same. Infectious thrombophlebitis are quite less frequent than intracranial abcesses, whose diagnosis must be made first. About diagnosis, the certitude is still given by bilateral carotid arteriography which demonstrates the thrombosed sinus, whereas cerebral scintigraphy shows whether their is an adjacent infarction of venous origin or not. Treatment is a medical one. It consists rather of methods to reduce cerebral volum, aiming at maximal use of collateral varices. Heparin should be used only if there is no cerebral infarction of venous origin. Total mortality is 27% and among survivals there are few sequels. Prognosis depends on the thrombosed sinus, on the rapidity for clinical signs to appear and especially on the anastomotic venous collateral ability demonstrated by carotid angiography.", "PMID": 732920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1294", "title": "[Radio-anatomical study of the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "This work corroborates anatomical data well known since G. Lazorthes about the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery. The data are interesting in various fields: Sylvian aneurysms, big spheno\u00efd ridge meningiomas, extra-intra cranial micro neurosurgical anastomoses. This work is based upon 280 angiographic pictures, 20 dissections of brain arteries and 12 plastic injections of the brain arterial vascular tree. The most important data to point out are variations of length and of division (no division, simple bifurcation, trifurcation or multiple divisions), variability in the central arteries and some rare anomalies like accessory middle cerebral arteries and duplication.", "contents": "[Radio-anatomical study of the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery (author's transl)]. This work corroborates anatomical data well known since G. Lazorthes about the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery. The data are interesting in various fields: Sylvian aneurysms, big spheno\u00efd ridge meningiomas, extra-intra cranial micro neurosurgical anastomoses. This work is based upon 280 angiographic pictures, 20 dissections of brain arteries and 12 plastic injections of the brain arterial vascular tree. The most important data to point out are variations of length and of division (no division, simple bifurcation, trifurcation or multiple divisions), variability in the central arteries and some rare anomalies like accessory middle cerebral arteries and duplication.", "PMID": 732922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1295", "title": "[The pseudo-vascular syndrome of intracr\u00e2nial metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Our statistic consist of 162 cases of metastatic tumors of the brain (M.T.B.), of which 120 verified under surgery or at autopsy, and 42 diagnosed in the pre-operative phase and not undergone surgery. The pseudo-vascular form has been found in 58 cases (36%). If we only consider the supratentorial localizations, this percentage rises to 43,5%. This onset of symptomatology is quite predominant in males (52 cases 42%) compared to females (6 cases: 16%). The MTBs that in our statistics produce a greater frequence of pseudo-vascular forms are the MTBs of melanomas (66%), those of unknown origin (42%) and those of pulmonary origin (35%). These neoplasms are distinctly more frequent in males. On the contrary the mammary metastases responsible for most of the female MTBs originate to a pseudo-vascular form in only 22% of the cases. The etio-pathogenetic mechanism is double; it may be the manifestation either of arterial occlusion by neoplastic cells (embolia neoplastica attiva) or of disruption of the vascular wall and hemorrhage. As far as the diagnosis is concerned this syndrome can be quite easily recognised only when an extraneuraxial tumor is found, especially with a marked neuraxial tropism.", "contents": "[The pseudo-vascular syndrome of intracr\u00e2nial metastases (author's transl)]. Our statistic consist of 162 cases of metastatic tumors of the brain (M.T.B.), of which 120 verified under surgery or at autopsy, and 42 diagnosed in the pre-operative phase and not undergone surgery. The pseudo-vascular form has been found in 58 cases (36%). If we only consider the supratentorial localizations, this percentage rises to 43,5%. This onset of symptomatology is quite predominant in males (52 cases 42%) compared to females (6 cases: 16%). The MTBs that in our statistics produce a greater frequence of pseudo-vascular forms are the MTBs of melanomas (66%), those of unknown origin (42%) and those of pulmonary origin (35%). These neoplasms are distinctly more frequent in males. On the contrary the mammary metastases responsible for most of the female MTBs originate to a pseudo-vascular form in only 22% of the cases. The etio-pathogenetic mechanism is double; it may be the manifestation either of arterial occlusion by neoplastic cells (embolia neoplastica attiva) or of disruption of the vascular wall and hemorrhage. As far as the diagnosis is concerned this syndrome can be quite easily recognised only when an extraneuraxial tumor is found, especially with a marked neuraxial tropism.", "PMID": 732923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1296", "title": "[Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of extracr\u00e2nial carotid stenoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous measurements by Doppler ultrasound techniques over the supratrochlear, supraorbital and common carotid arteries may detect the presence of a stenosis in the internal carotid artery between the bifurction and the branching of ophthalmic artery. Out of 200 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound 60 patients underwent carotid angiography and the angiographic data were compared with the noninvasive results. The diagnostic accuracy was 85% in cases with stenoses greater than 50% and occlusions; in cases with stenoses of greater than 50% it was 78%. Occlusions could always be verified. Doppler ultrasound is very valuable for follow-up examinations after reconstructive procedures of the internal carotid artery. In 30 patients we were able to objectively document the normalisation of circulation in successfully operated cases by pre- and post-operative examinations.", "contents": "[Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of extracr\u00e2nial carotid stenoses (author's transl)]. Percutaneous measurements by Doppler ultrasound techniques over the supratrochlear, supraorbital and common carotid arteries may detect the presence of a stenosis in the internal carotid artery between the bifurction and the branching of ophthalmic artery. Out of 200 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound 60 patients underwent carotid angiography and the angiographic data were compared with the noninvasive results. The diagnostic accuracy was 85% in cases with stenoses greater than 50% and occlusions; in cases with stenoses of greater than 50% it was 78%. Occlusions could always be verified. Doppler ultrasound is very valuable for follow-up examinations after reconstructive procedures of the internal carotid artery. In 30 patients we were able to objectively document the normalisation of circulation in successfully operated cases by pre- and post-operative examinations.", "PMID": 732925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1297", "title": "[Levels of axial lesion in severe head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Over the past few years considerable amount of clinical syndromes describing brain stem levels of lesion were reported. This work was undertaken to establish, if possible, a simplification of criterions of axial lesions in head injuries. 125 patients with severe head injuries were strictly selected. Statistical analysis of careful examination of clinical pattern was performed and correlated, when possible, with anatomical lesions. Only four homogeneous groups were isolated:--group I represents the cortico-sub-cortical level,--group II repr\u00e9sents the dienc\u00e9phalie level,--group III represents the upper brain stem level with two subdivisions dependent upon the mechanism of herniation : central or uncus,--group IV represents the lower brain stem level.", "contents": "[Levels of axial lesion in severe head injuries (author's transl)]. Over the past few years considerable amount of clinical syndromes describing brain stem levels of lesion were reported. This work was undertaken to establish, if possible, a simplification of criterions of axial lesions in head injuries. 125 patients with severe head injuries were strictly selected. Statistical analysis of careful examination of clinical pattern was performed and correlated, when possible, with anatomical lesions. Only four homogeneous groups were isolated:--group I represents the cortico-sub-cortical level,--group II repr\u00e9sents the dienc\u00e9phalie level,--group III represents the upper brain stem level with two subdivisions dependent upon the mechanism of herniation : central or uncus,--group IV represents the lower brain stem level.", "PMID": 732926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1298", "title": "[The value of the study of brain stem reflexes in coma (author's transl)].", "content": "A better clinical assessment of the comatose state is obtained by the study of brain stem reflexes. Systematic research of the fronto orbicular, pupillar, corneal, masseteric, vestibulo-ocular, oculo-cardiac, palmo-mental and corn\u00e9o mandibular reflexes has enabled characterization of functional levels. Degree of comatose stade and other usual physical symptoms have been correlated. Hence brain stem injury and course is followed in acute coma. Six functional levels permit assessment of cranio-caudal disintegration of brain stem functions. According to our opinion, dienc\u00e9phalo-mesencephalic level is of bad prognosis in the course of follow-up.", "contents": "[The value of the study of brain stem reflexes in coma (author's transl)]. A better clinical assessment of the comatose state is obtained by the study of brain stem reflexes. Systematic research of the fronto orbicular, pupillar, corneal, masseteric, vestibulo-ocular, oculo-cardiac, palmo-mental and corn\u00e9o mandibular reflexes has enabled characterization of functional levels. Degree of comatose stade and other usual physical symptoms have been correlated. Hence brain stem injury and course is followed in acute coma. Six functional levels permit assessment of cranio-caudal disintegration of brain stem functions. According to our opinion, dienc\u00e9phalo-mesencephalic level is of bad prognosis in the course of follow-up.", "PMID": 732927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1299", "title": "[Traumatic quadriplegia and vertebral thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of traumatic thrombosis of the vertebral artery in a 14 year old boy with quadriplegia is related. They were neither spinal fracture nor blockage at the Queckenstedt test and the spinal fluid was normal. The clinical recovery was poor but a partial revascularisation of the thrombosed vessel was observed. Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the traumatic thrombosis of the vertebral arteries and also literature data are under consideration.", "contents": "[Traumatic quadriplegia and vertebral thrombosis (author's transl)]. The case of traumatic thrombosis of the vertebral artery in a 14 year old boy with quadriplegia is related. They were neither spinal fracture nor blockage at the Queckenstedt test and the spinal fluid was normal. The clinical recovery was poor but a partial revascularisation of the thrombosed vessel was observed. Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the traumatic thrombosis of the vertebral arteries and also literature data are under consideration.", "PMID": 732929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1300", "title": "[Angioscintigraphy of the aortic arch and the origin of the cerebral vessels in cerebro-vascular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Gamma-angioscintigraphy of the cerebral vessels starting from the aortic arch localises better the level of an eventual vascular lesion preventing a \"false positive\" aspect, possible by the usual technique as in the case reported. By starting the examination at the level of the aortic arch or by the use of a diverging collimator it is easy to decide of the necessity of an angiographic study, simple carotidography or angiography of the aortic arch and its branches.", "contents": "[Angioscintigraphy of the aortic arch and the origin of the cerebral vessels in cerebro-vascular diseases (author's transl)]. Gamma-angioscintigraphy of the cerebral vessels starting from the aortic arch localises better the level of an eventual vascular lesion preventing a \"false positive\" aspect, possible by the usual technique as in the case reported. By starting the examination at the level of the aortic arch or by the use of a diverging collimator it is easy to decide of the necessity of an angiographic study, simple carotidography or angiography of the aortic arch and its branches.", "PMID": 732930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1301", "title": "[Relationship between the afferent artery and the site of neck of anterior communicating artery aneurysm, and hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 346 patients with direct intracranial surgery for an aneurysm of anterior communicating artery that we have experienced from June 1961 to September 1975, 213 patients having sufficient data were selected to study a relationship between hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior communicating artery, and sites of an afferent artery and a neck of an aneurysm. 1. Ninety seven of 182 patients who had had the bilateral angiography before surgery had hypoplasia of the right A1, 90 of which (92%) had an afferent artery of an aneurysm only in the left A1. All 29 patients with hypoplasia of the left A1 had an afferent artery of an aneurysm only in the right A1. An afferent artery was limited to the dominant A1 in about 95% of them. 2. Angiography revealed that of 204 patients in whom the neck of an aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery was confirmed, 140 patients had hypoplasia of a unilateral A1. The neck of an aneurysm was located at the bifurcation of the dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery in 48 of the 140 patient (34.3%), at the bifurcation of the non-dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery in 14 patients (10.0%), and in the anterior communicating artery itself in 78 patients (55.7%). Cerebral angiography revealed that the neck of an aneurysm was more than 3 times greater at the bifurcation of the dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery than at the bifurcation of the non-dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery. 3. The above findings suggest that hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis may participate in the initiation, growth, and rupture of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.", "contents": "[Relationship between the afferent artery and the site of neck of anterior communicating artery aneurysm, and hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis (author's transl)]. Of 346 patients with direct intracranial surgery for an aneurysm of anterior communicating artery that we have experienced from June 1961 to September 1975, 213 patients having sufficient data were selected to study a relationship between hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior communicating artery, and sites of an afferent artery and a neck of an aneurysm. 1. Ninety seven of 182 patients who had had the bilateral angiography before surgery had hypoplasia of the right A1, 90 of which (92%) had an afferent artery of an aneurysm only in the left A1. All 29 patients with hypoplasia of the left A1 had an afferent artery of an aneurysm only in the right A1. An afferent artery was limited to the dominant A1 in about 95% of them. 2. Angiography revealed that of 204 patients in whom the neck of an aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery was confirmed, 140 patients had hypoplasia of a unilateral A1. The neck of an aneurysm was located at the bifurcation of the dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery in 48 of the 140 patient (34.3%), at the bifurcation of the non-dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery in 14 patients (10.0%), and in the anterior communicating artery itself in 78 patients (55.7%). Cerebral angiography revealed that the neck of an aneurysm was more than 3 times greater at the bifurcation of the dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery than at the bifurcation of the non-dominant A1 and the anterior communicating artery. 3. The above findings suggest that hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis may participate in the initiation, growth, and rupture of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.", "PMID": 732933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1302", "title": "[The fine structure of cell processes in astrocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Astrocytes, in normal tissue, may be characterized by their extensive processes which may be cylindrical in part but are sheet-like at their periphery where they serve to cover other structures. It becomes of interest ot determine the morphology of astrocytic processes after neoplastic transformation. We, therefore, examined the fine structure of 14 cases of astrocytomas. In general the fine structure of the cell bodies and the interior of the processes are fundamentally similar to those of normal or developing astrocytes. Differences are apparent at the cell periphery. These include less well developed cell junctions and usually only poorly formed peripheral expansions of the processes. Most sections through the processes appear round or oval rather than laminar in normal astrocytes. They often consist of small microvilli or pseudopodia-like protrusions. Whether these changes are due to the immaturity of the cell or to the lack of appropriate nearby target cells is not known.", "contents": "[The fine structure of cell processes in astrocytoma (author's transl)]. Astrocytes, in normal tissue, may be characterized by their extensive processes which may be cylindrical in part but are sheet-like at their periphery where they serve to cover other structures. It becomes of interest ot determine the morphology of astrocytic processes after neoplastic transformation. We, therefore, examined the fine structure of 14 cases of astrocytomas. In general the fine structure of the cell bodies and the interior of the processes are fundamentally similar to those of normal or developing astrocytes. Differences are apparent at the cell periphery. These include less well developed cell junctions and usually only poorly formed peripheral expansions of the processes. Most sections through the processes appear round or oval rather than laminar in normal astrocytes. They often consist of small microvilli or pseudopodia-like protrusions. Whether these changes are due to the immaturity of the cell or to the lack of appropriate nearby target cells is not known.", "PMID": 732934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1303", "title": "[Lateral ventricle tumors. (Part 2) -Neuroradiological analyses of 30 cases- (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first report, the clinical manifestations of 30 cases of the lateral ventricle tumor were reviewed. This report summarizes neuroradiological findings of the same 30 cases, in which 26 cases were examined by cerebral angiograms and 3 cases by CT scan. For the radiological analyses, the tumors of the lateral ventricle are classified into two groups, as follows: 1. Intraventricular tumors arise in the projection of the choroid plexus, the tela and the ependyma and grow in the lateral ventricle. 2. Paraventricular tumors arise from the wall of the neuroglia not only bulge into ventricle, but in addition infliltrate the substance of the surrounding brain. Following conclusions are obtained. (1) Unilateral hydrocephalus, which is shown clearly by vascular displacements in subependymal veins, is demonstrated in both tumors groups. (2) There are different findings on the feeding arteries, the draining veins and the tumor stains between two tumors groups. (3) In the intraventricular tumors groups, the anterior choroidal artery supplying the tumor is its the plexal segments and atrial segments. (4) On the other hand, the paraventricular tumors group, the anterior choroidal artery supplying the tumor is its the superior penetrating branch to the cerebral parenchyma. (5) Cerebral angiograms can reveal the definite signs of the intraventricular mass, but it is sometimes difficult to evaluate whether its space occupying lesions infiltrates the cerebral substance below the wall of the lateral ventricle, or not. (6) CT scan is useful neuroradiological method in the different diagnosis between two tumor groups, and CT scan provides and anantomical diagnosis rather than a histological one. (7) The accurate diagnosis of the tumors of the lateral ventricle can be demonstrated by both cerebral angiograms and CT scan.", "contents": "[Lateral ventricle tumors. (Part 2) -Neuroradiological analyses of 30 cases- (author's transl)]. In the first report, the clinical manifestations of 30 cases of the lateral ventricle tumor were reviewed. This report summarizes neuroradiological findings of the same 30 cases, in which 26 cases were examined by cerebral angiograms and 3 cases by CT scan. For the radiological analyses, the tumors of the lateral ventricle are classified into two groups, as follows: 1. Intraventricular tumors arise in the projection of the choroid plexus, the tela and the ependyma and grow in the lateral ventricle. 2. Paraventricular tumors arise from the wall of the neuroglia not only bulge into ventricle, but in addition infliltrate the substance of the surrounding brain. Following conclusions are obtained. (1) Unilateral hydrocephalus, which is shown clearly by vascular displacements in subependymal veins, is demonstrated in both tumors groups. (2) There are different findings on the feeding arteries, the draining veins and the tumor stains between two tumors groups. (3) In the intraventricular tumors groups, the anterior choroidal artery supplying the tumor is its the plexal segments and atrial segments. (4) On the other hand, the paraventricular tumors group, the anterior choroidal artery supplying the tumor is its the superior penetrating branch to the cerebral parenchyma. (5) Cerebral angiograms can reveal the definite signs of the intraventricular mass, but it is sometimes difficult to evaluate whether its space occupying lesions infiltrates the cerebral substance below the wall of the lateral ventricle, or not. (6) CT scan is useful neuroradiological method in the different diagnosis between two tumor groups, and CT scan provides and anantomical diagnosis rather than a histological one. (7) The accurate diagnosis of the tumors of the lateral ventricle can be demonstrated by both cerebral angiograms and CT scan.", "PMID": 732935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1304", "title": "[On-off mechanism of shunt system due to slit ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "We report two cases of high shunt dependency, which were first thought to be shunt independent arrested hydrocephalus. Though their shunt systems didn't seem to work, symptoms of rapid increasing intracranial pressure were observed after obstruction or replacement of shunt tube. Their ventricles looked so small like a slit on CT scan and PVG that the apex of the ventricular tube were easily obstructed by a ventricle wall. This is the reason why we misjudged them to be shunt independent arrested hydrocephalus. The cause of slit-like ventricles was overflow of CSF fluid due to the low pressure valve and the siphon effect. In general, after the shunt operation, most of the cases with thickening of cerebral mantle show the shunt dependency. Especially the cases showing rapid and marked thickening of the cerebral mantle are highly shunt dependent. Therefore, we must observe such cases carefully, in which the ventricle becomes small. Short interval follow-ups by CT scan after the shunt operation are quite necessary in order to observe the ventricle size. Easy and reliable judging method to know whether the shunt system is working or not is required to be developed.", "contents": "[On-off mechanism of shunt system due to slit ventricle (author's transl)]. We report two cases of high shunt dependency, which were first thought to be shunt independent arrested hydrocephalus. Though their shunt systems didn't seem to work, symptoms of rapid increasing intracranial pressure were observed after obstruction or replacement of shunt tube. Their ventricles looked so small like a slit on CT scan and PVG that the apex of the ventricular tube were easily obstructed by a ventricle wall. This is the reason why we misjudged them to be shunt independent arrested hydrocephalus. The cause of slit-like ventricles was overflow of CSF fluid due to the low pressure valve and the siphon effect. In general, after the shunt operation, most of the cases with thickening of cerebral mantle show the shunt dependency. Especially the cases showing rapid and marked thickening of the cerebral mantle are highly shunt dependent. Therefore, we must observe such cases carefully, in which the ventricle becomes small. Short interval follow-ups by CT scan after the shunt operation are quite necessary in order to observe the ventricle size. Easy and reliable judging method to know whether the shunt system is working or not is required to be developed.", "PMID": 732936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1305", "title": "[Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull -a case report- (author's transl)].", "content": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull is rarely seen. There are 29 reported cases in the literatures as far as we could collect. We reported an additional case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull which originated from the right parietal bone of 4-year-old boy. We have summarized these 29 cases. The age incidence in this series is from 14 month-old to 31 year-old. There are 11 cases under the age of 10. In most cases clinical symptoms are palpable mass or headache and exophthalmos. Eyeball displacement and proptosis are also the symptoms when this disease occurs at the orbital roof. According to the characteristic radiographic appearance, it is \"blown-out pattern with a shell of periosteal new bone over the mass or soap-bubble appearance\". However in our case the radiological finding was osteolytic. It is possible to remove totally when this lesion occurs in the cranial vault, but only curettage may be performed when the skull base is involved. Total removal is the best treatment. Radiation therapy is usually done in the recurrent cases. It is necessary to follow up for at least 4 years because of the rarity of recurrence beyond 4 years after the initial treatment. We also described the other differential diseases and pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull -a case report- (author's transl)]. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull is rarely seen. There are 29 reported cases in the literatures as far as we could collect. We reported an additional case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull which originated from the right parietal bone of 4-year-old boy. We have summarized these 29 cases. The age incidence in this series is from 14 month-old to 31 year-old. There are 11 cases under the age of 10. In most cases clinical symptoms are palpable mass or headache and exophthalmos. Eyeball displacement and proptosis are also the symptoms when this disease occurs at the orbital roof. According to the characteristic radiographic appearance, it is \"blown-out pattern with a shell of periosteal new bone over the mass or soap-bubble appearance\". However in our case the radiological finding was osteolytic. It is possible to remove totally when this lesion occurs in the cranial vault, but only curettage may be performed when the skull base is involved. Total removal is the best treatment. Radiation therapy is usually done in the recurrent cases. It is necessary to follow up for at least 4 years because of the rarity of recurrence beyond 4 years after the initial treatment. We also described the other differential diseases and pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 732937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1306", "title": "[The diagnosis of lumbosacral lipomeningocele by computed tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of 2-month-old girl with lumbosacral lipomeningocele was reported. She was admitted for evaluation of a large soft mass in the lumbosacral area, initially noted at birth. On examination, the tumor was 7 cm in diameter and 3 cm in height. The upper part of a mass was cystic. Plain X-ray films revealed bifid lower lumbar and sacal vertebra. Spinal CT scans revealed a mass and bifid spine. An area with EMI units, 2.4+/-4.2, at L4 level and another with EMI units, -52.9+/-5.5, at L5 level were seen extending from within the canal to the subcutaneous tissue. The former was identified as water and the latter as fat. The preoperative diagnosis of lipomeningocele was made. Operation was performed under the operating microscope. A meningocele sac contained no neural element and it's surface was adhesive to lipoma. Lipoma involved cauda equina and conus medullaris in the canal. We removed the extraspinal lipoma with meningeal sac and a part of the intraspinal lipoma to avoid neurological deficit. We consider, like many authors, that intraspinal lipoma should be operated as early as possible with the help of surgical microscope. Early diagnosis is necessary. Myelography is valuable but caution is needed at time of lumbar or cisternal puncture. But spinal computed tomography is noninvasive and allows for precise diagnosis without contrast myelography. CT scan is extremely useful in diagnosing congenital abnormality of the spine.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of lumbosacral lipomeningocele by computed tomography (author's transl)]. A case of 2-month-old girl with lumbosacral lipomeningocele was reported. She was admitted for evaluation of a large soft mass in the lumbosacral area, initially noted at birth. On examination, the tumor was 7 cm in diameter and 3 cm in height. The upper part of a mass was cystic. Plain X-ray films revealed bifid lower lumbar and sacal vertebra. Spinal CT scans revealed a mass and bifid spine. An area with EMI units, 2.4+/-4.2, at L4 level and another with EMI units, -52.9+/-5.5, at L5 level were seen extending from within the canal to the subcutaneous tissue. The former was identified as water and the latter as fat. The preoperative diagnosis of lipomeningocele was made. Operation was performed under the operating microscope. A meningocele sac contained no neural element and it's surface was adhesive to lipoma. Lipoma involved cauda equina and conus medullaris in the canal. We removed the extraspinal lipoma with meningeal sac and a part of the intraspinal lipoma to avoid neurological deficit. We consider, like many authors, that intraspinal lipoma should be operated as early as possible with the help of surgical microscope. Early diagnosis is necessary. Myelography is valuable but caution is needed at time of lumbar or cisternal puncture. But spinal computed tomography is noninvasive and allows for precise diagnosis without contrast myelography. CT scan is extremely useful in diagnosing congenital abnormality of the spine.", "PMID": 732938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1307", "title": "[Actinomycotic brain abscess -case report- (author's transl)].", "content": "Actinomycosis of the central nervous system is rare. There has been considerable discussion as to whether it can be primary, but several cases have been reported occasionally. Authors presented a case of cerebral actinomycosis involving primarily the right frontal lobe through an obsolete stick wound. Patient is a 18-year-old man and when he was 8 years of age, he received right frontal penetrating injury due to fall on wire about 3 mm in diameter. Wound had healed sustaining any abnormal effect to note. Eleven years later, he was admitted to our institution because seizure attack characterized by automatism, and plain skull X-ray showed intracranial frontal calcification. EEG, angiography, RI scan and CT scan were performed. At operation, a granuloma was found and total removal was performed. The histological examination showed actinomycotic brain absess. Patient was treated with antibiotics and he returned to the previous occupation. Primary actinomycosis of the central nervous system was discussed with previously reported cases in the literature.", "contents": "[Actinomycotic brain abscess -case report- (author's transl)]. Actinomycosis of the central nervous system is rare. There has been considerable discussion as to whether it can be primary, but several cases have been reported occasionally. Authors presented a case of cerebral actinomycosis involving primarily the right frontal lobe through an obsolete stick wound. Patient is a 18-year-old man and when he was 8 years of age, he received right frontal penetrating injury due to fall on wire about 3 mm in diameter. Wound had healed sustaining any abnormal effect to note. Eleven years later, he was admitted to our institution because seizure attack characterized by automatism, and plain skull X-ray showed intracranial frontal calcification. EEG, angiography, RI scan and CT scan were performed. At operation, a granuloma was found and total removal was performed. The histological examination showed actinomycotic brain absess. Patient was treated with antibiotics and he returned to the previous occupation. Primary actinomycosis of the central nervous system was discussed with previously reported cases in the literature.", "PMID": 732940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1308", "title": "Concentration and metabolism of serotonin in selected brain areas during pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "Serotonin (5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), were assayed in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex during selected stages of pregnancy and lactation in the rat. No changes in 5-HT were observed in any of the brain areas analyzed. However, concentrations of 5-HIAA in hypothalamus and hippocampus, though not in cortex, showed marked changes during the immediate postpartum period. The significance of these changes is discussed in terms of possible hormone-neurotransmitter relationships.", "contents": "Concentration and metabolism of serotonin in selected brain areas during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Serotonin (5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), were assayed in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex during selected stages of pregnancy and lactation in the rat. No changes in 5-HT were observed in any of the brain areas analyzed. However, concentrations of 5-HIAA in hypothalamus and hippocampus, though not in cortex, showed marked changes during the immediate postpartum period. The significance of these changes is discussed in terms of possible hormone-neurotransmitter relationships.", "PMID": 732942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1309", "title": "Effects of exogenous acetylcholine upon adrenal 17-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion of intact and head X-irradiated dogs.", "content": "Adrenocortical response to exogenous acetylcholine (Ach) was investigated, under anesthetized conditions, in intact, hypophysectomized and head X-irradiated dogs. Intravenous injection of Ach (1 mg/kg b.w.) to intact dogs resulted in marked increases in the secretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) by the adrenal gland. The maximum response was seen at 10 min after the injection and a return to preinjection levels tended to occur by 60 min. This effect was abolished completely by hypophysectomy. In dogs whose heads had been irradiated with 200 and 1,000 R of X-rays 1 day previously, a considerably lower response to Ach was found; 17-OHCS output at the time when the secretion had been maximum was 44--53% less than that in non-irradiated dogs.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous acetylcholine upon adrenal 17-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion of intact and head X-irradiated dogs. Adrenocortical response to exogenous acetylcholine (Ach) was investigated, under anesthetized conditions, in intact, hypophysectomized and head X-irradiated dogs. Intravenous injection of Ach (1 mg/kg b.w.) to intact dogs resulted in marked increases in the secretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) by the adrenal gland. The maximum response was seen at 10 min after the injection and a return to preinjection levels tended to occur by 60 min. This effect was abolished completely by hypophysectomy. In dogs whose heads had been irradiated with 200 and 1,000 R of X-rays 1 day previously, a considerably lower response to Ach was found; 17-OHCS output at the time when the secretion had been maximum was 44--53% less than that in non-irradiated dogs.", "PMID": 732943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1310", "title": "Evolution of vasopressin levels in the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system of the rat during rehydration following water deprivation. Correlation with ultrastructural aspects in the posterior lobe.", "content": "Evolution of the (arginine)-vasopressin (AVP) content of the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SchN) and of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PLH) has been studied in rats at successive stages of rehydration after 4 days deprivation of drinking water. Particular attention has been focussed on short periods of rehydration. Evolution of the AVP content of the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system (HHS), the blood serum AVP concentration and osmolalities of serum and urine were compared. Variations of the AVP content in the different hypothalamo-hypophysial structures, are parallel. A marked depletion of AVP is observed after 2 and 4 days of dehydration. The AVP content of the PLH and of the hypothalamic nuclei shows two dramatic and short increases 15 min and 3 h after the onset of rehydration; these results are discussed in relation to the known physiological regulation mechanism of the HHS. In the PLH depleted by dehydration, reloading with neurosecretory granules (NSG) begins to be noticeable only after 24 h of rehydration, so that it does not seem to account for elevations of the AVP content occurring earlier. These could be related to a marked increase of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) network taking place in axons and nerve endings before the NSG reloading.", "contents": "Evolution of vasopressin levels in the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system of the rat during rehydration following water deprivation. Correlation with ultrastructural aspects in the posterior lobe. Evolution of the (arginine)-vasopressin (AVP) content of the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SchN) and of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PLH) has been studied in rats at successive stages of rehydration after 4 days deprivation of drinking water. Particular attention has been focussed on short periods of rehydration. Evolution of the AVP content of the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system (HHS), the blood serum AVP concentration and osmolalities of serum and urine were compared. Variations of the AVP content in the different hypothalamo-hypophysial structures, are parallel. A marked depletion of AVP is observed after 2 and 4 days of dehydration. The AVP content of the PLH and of the hypothalamic nuclei shows two dramatic and short increases 15 min and 3 h after the onset of rehydration; these results are discussed in relation to the known physiological regulation mechanism of the HHS. In the PLH depleted by dehydration, reloading with neurosecretory granules (NSG) begins to be noticeable only after 24 h of rehydration, so that it does not seem to account for elevations of the AVP content occurring earlier. These could be related to a marked increase of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) network taking place in axons and nerve endings before the NSG reloading.", "PMID": 732944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1311", "title": "Biological and radioimmunological evidence for melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) of extrapituitary origin in the rat brain.", "content": "The possible existence of extrapituitary melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in various regions of the rat brain has been studied in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), alphaMSH has been found in a number of brain regions in intact rats. The standard curves of synthetic alphaMSH and the dilution curves for pars intermedia nervosa (PIN), pars distalis (PD), hypothalamus and thalamus extracts were strictly parallel. The alphaMSH concentrations were measured in PIN (6,225 +/- 962 ng/mg wet tissue); PD (12.5 +/- 1.41 ng/mg); pineal (380 +/- 29 ng/g wet tissue); hypothalamus (645 +/- 161 ng/g) and thalamus (33.3 +/- 5.26 ng/g). In rats hypophysectomized for 1 or 2 months, the highest concentrations of immunoreactive alphaMSH were found in pineal (353 +/- 140 ng/g wet tissue), hypothalamus (85.8 +/- 14.1 ng/g) and thalamus (39.8 +/- 13.9 ng/g). Hypophysectomy significantly reduced hypothalamic MSH content and concentration but did not alter MSH concentration in pineal and thalamus. From these results, we conclude that hypothalamic alphaMSH is, in part, of hypophyseal origin while pineal and thalamus alphaMSH does not originate from the pituitary. After Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, synthetic alphaMSH and PIN extracts showed a single peak of both bioactive and immunoreactive alphaMSH. In the same conditions, extracts from the 5 brain regions studied in hypophysectomized rats chromatographed as a single peak of immunoreactive MSH but as 2 peaks of apparent bioactive MSH, 1 concident with synthetic alphaMSH and the other far after the salt volume. We conclude that alphaMSH is found in a number of brain areas and its presence after hypophysectomy would indicate synthesis within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Biological and radioimmunological evidence for melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) of extrapituitary origin in the rat brain. The possible existence of extrapituitary melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in various regions of the rat brain has been studied in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), alphaMSH has been found in a number of brain regions in intact rats. The standard curves of synthetic alphaMSH and the dilution curves for pars intermedia nervosa (PIN), pars distalis (PD), hypothalamus and thalamus extracts were strictly parallel. The alphaMSH concentrations were measured in PIN (6,225 +/- 962 ng/mg wet tissue); PD (12.5 +/- 1.41 ng/mg); pineal (380 +/- 29 ng/g wet tissue); hypothalamus (645 +/- 161 ng/g) and thalamus (33.3 +/- 5.26 ng/g). In rats hypophysectomized for 1 or 2 months, the highest concentrations of immunoreactive alphaMSH were found in pineal (353 +/- 140 ng/g wet tissue), hypothalamus (85.8 +/- 14.1 ng/g) and thalamus (39.8 +/- 13.9 ng/g). Hypophysectomy significantly reduced hypothalamic MSH content and concentration but did not alter MSH concentration in pineal and thalamus. From these results, we conclude that hypothalamic alphaMSH is, in part, of hypophyseal origin while pineal and thalamus alphaMSH does not originate from the pituitary. After Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, synthetic alphaMSH and PIN extracts showed a single peak of both bioactive and immunoreactive alphaMSH. In the same conditions, extracts from the 5 brain regions studied in hypophysectomized rats chromatographed as a single peak of immunoreactive MSH but as 2 peaks of apparent bioactive MSH, 1 concident with synthetic alphaMSH and the other far after the salt volume. We conclude that alphaMSH is found in a number of brain areas and its presence after hypophysectomy would indicate synthesis within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 732945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1312", "title": "Effect of adrenalectomy on temporal patterns of serum gonadotropin levels.", "content": "To determine whether adrenocortical function influences rhythmic gonadotropin patterns in male rats, blood samples were obtained by rapid decapitation from control and adrenalectomized male rats at 3-h intervals over a 24-h period (14 h light/day, 4 a.m.--6 p.m.). Control animals showed periodicity in serum LH, prolactin (Prl) and corticosterone similar to that reported previously. Peak and trough serum levels of corticosterone and Prl occurred at 5 p.m. and 8 a.m. respectively whereas those for LH occurred at 11 p.m. and 11 a.m. Serum FSH levels did not vary with circadian periodicity. 15 days after adrenalectomy, serum LH levels continued to fluctuate with a circadian periodicity but showed a marked phase shift; peak LH levels were observed at 8 a.m. The absence of adrenal hormones did not result in altered FSH levels nor was the phase of the Prl rhythm significantly altered.", "contents": "Effect of adrenalectomy on temporal patterns of serum gonadotropin levels. To determine whether adrenocortical function influences rhythmic gonadotropin patterns in male rats, blood samples were obtained by rapid decapitation from control and adrenalectomized male rats at 3-h intervals over a 24-h period (14 h light/day, 4 a.m.--6 p.m.). Control animals showed periodicity in serum LH, prolactin (Prl) and corticosterone similar to that reported previously. Peak and trough serum levels of corticosterone and Prl occurred at 5 p.m. and 8 a.m. respectively whereas those for LH occurred at 11 p.m. and 11 a.m. Serum FSH levels did not vary with circadian periodicity. 15 days after adrenalectomy, serum LH levels continued to fluctuate with a circadian periodicity but showed a marked phase shift; peak LH levels were observed at 8 a.m. The absence of adrenal hormones did not result in altered FSH levels nor was the phase of the Prl rhythm significantly altered.", "PMID": 732946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1313", "title": "Effects of testosterone and orchiectomy on the development of gonadotrophs in neonatal rats with hypophysial stalk section.", "content": "The development of gonadotrophs in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a hypophysial stalk section (SS) by an electrical cauterization of the infundibulum of the hypothalamus was examined throughout the first 12 postnatal days. The electrical cauterization of the infundibulum was performed during 24 to 30 h after birth, and the pituitaries were studied by immunohistochemical procedures 11 days later. In several animals orchiectomy or an administration of testosterone propionate (TP) was performed simultaneously with the cauterization. The SS animals showed remarkable retardation in body growth and in pituitary development. In males the development of gonadotrophs was strongly suppressed in number and in size after the cauterization, whereas in females the suppression was less prominent. Orchiectomy promoted the development of gonadotrophs in the SS males, while TP administration suppressed it in the SS females. These findings indicate that there is sexual difference in the neonatal development of gonadotrophs even in the pituitary isolated from the hypothalamus and that testosterone inhibits the development of gonadotrophs at the level of the hypophysis during the neonatal period in rats.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone and orchiectomy on the development of gonadotrophs in neonatal rats with hypophysial stalk section. The development of gonadotrophs in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a hypophysial stalk section (SS) by an electrical cauterization of the infundibulum of the hypothalamus was examined throughout the first 12 postnatal days. The electrical cauterization of the infundibulum was performed during 24 to 30 h after birth, and the pituitaries were studied by immunohistochemical procedures 11 days later. In several animals orchiectomy or an administration of testosterone propionate (TP) was performed simultaneously with the cauterization. The SS animals showed remarkable retardation in body growth and in pituitary development. In males the development of gonadotrophs was strongly suppressed in number and in size after the cauterization, whereas in females the suppression was less prominent. Orchiectomy promoted the development of gonadotrophs in the SS males, while TP administration suppressed it in the SS females. These findings indicate that there is sexual difference in the neonatal development of gonadotrophs even in the pituitary isolated from the hypothalamus and that testosterone inhibits the development of gonadotrophs at the level of the hypophysis during the neonatal period in rats.", "PMID": 732947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1314", "title": "Relationship between tachycardia, prolactin and growth hormone in conscious ewes.", "content": "Brief episodes of apparently unprovoked tachycardia (increased heart rate, HR) lasting about 10--20 min were observed about one h after initiation of experimentation in 10 ovariectomized ewes which were fitted with indwelling vascular cannulae. The incidence of tachycardia episodes varied among ewes, but 99 of 215 (46%) sampling trials contained such an episode (mean HR increase = 34 beats/min). Approximately 30--40 min after maximum tachycardia when HR had returned to basal rates, both plasma prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) increased significantly from the nadir concentrations that had been observed around the time of maximum tachycardia and shortly thereafter. There were no changes in packed cell volume (PCV) and only brief changes in mean arterial blood pressure related to the tachycardia. There was a mild trembling behavior associated with many of the tachycardia episodes. The causes for the tachycardia are not known. Heparin administration did not seem to be involved, but physical stimulation inside the jugular vein, while not essential, may increase the incidence of tachycardia episodes.", "contents": "Relationship between tachycardia, prolactin and growth hormone in conscious ewes. Brief episodes of apparently unprovoked tachycardia (increased heart rate, HR) lasting about 10--20 min were observed about one h after initiation of experimentation in 10 ovariectomized ewes which were fitted with indwelling vascular cannulae. The incidence of tachycardia episodes varied among ewes, but 99 of 215 (46%) sampling trials contained such an episode (mean HR increase = 34 beats/min). Approximately 30--40 min after maximum tachycardia when HR had returned to basal rates, both plasma prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) increased significantly from the nadir concentrations that had been observed around the time of maximum tachycardia and shortly thereafter. There were no changes in packed cell volume (PCV) and only brief changes in mean arterial blood pressure related to the tachycardia. There was a mild trembling behavior associated with many of the tachycardia episodes. The causes for the tachycardia are not known. Heparin administration did not seem to be involved, but physical stimulation inside the jugular vein, while not essential, may increase the incidence of tachycardia episodes.", "PMID": 732948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1315", "title": "Effects of age of blinding on rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function in female rats.", "content": "These experiments were designed to study the effects of age of blinding on the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function in female rats. In the 1st experiment, the eyes were removed at 1 day of age and serial blood samples were obtained at 6-h intervals for 24 h at 45 days. In the 2nd experiment, rats were blinded at 1,26 or 60 days of age, and serial blood samples were collected at 4-h intervals for 44 h when the rats were 84, 112 and 142 days of age. Intact and sham-operated rats served as controls. Plasma corticosterone (cpd B) concentrations, measured fluorometrically, were used to assess pituitary-adrenal function. Blinding disrupted cpd B patterns in all groups on all occasions. However, steroid patterns of individual rats suggested the presence of free-running 24-h rhythms. This suggestion was supported by the results of aligning the steroid peaks of individual blinded rats. This procedure yielded group patterns of steroid levels which were comparable to those of controls. The periodic stimuli available to the blinded rats from intact rats in the same and adjacent cages did not synchronize this rhythm. These results suggest that the eyes and their central projections are not essential after birth for the development and maintenance of rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function; these structures appear necessary, however, for synchronization with light-dark cycles.", "contents": "Effects of age of blinding on rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function in female rats. These experiments were designed to study the effects of age of blinding on the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function in female rats. In the 1st experiment, the eyes were removed at 1 day of age and serial blood samples were obtained at 6-h intervals for 24 h at 45 days. In the 2nd experiment, rats were blinded at 1,26 or 60 days of age, and serial blood samples were collected at 4-h intervals for 44 h when the rats were 84, 112 and 142 days of age. Intact and sham-operated rats served as controls. Plasma corticosterone (cpd B) concentrations, measured fluorometrically, were used to assess pituitary-adrenal function. Blinding disrupted cpd B patterns in all groups on all occasions. However, steroid patterns of individual rats suggested the presence of free-running 24-h rhythms. This suggestion was supported by the results of aligning the steroid peaks of individual blinded rats. This procedure yielded group patterns of steroid levels which were comparable to those of controls. The periodic stimuli available to the blinded rats from intact rats in the same and adjacent cages did not synchronize this rhythm. These results suggest that the eyes and their central projections are not essential after birth for the development and maintenance of rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function; these structures appear necessary, however, for synchronization with light-dark cycles.", "PMID": 732949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1316", "title": "The development of the serum corticosterone rhythm in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the sequence of changes that occur in the adrenal rhythm in maturing female rats (development of a peak, shift in acrophase and amplitude) requires experience with a photoperiodic stimulus or a change in ovarian status. The emergence of the serum corticosterone (CS) rhythm occured more quickly in adult rats placed in a 14 h light, 10 h dark (14:10) cycle at 50 days of age after rearing in constant light (LL) than in weanling rats placed in 14:10. Ovariectomy at weaning age did not alter the pattern of CS development in 14:10 although the amplitude of the peak was reduced even in 25-day-old rats. Adult rats reared in 14:10 held a population rhythm of CS longer after they were placed in LL than did weanling rats placed in LL. This difference was not dependent upon the presence of the ovaries since acutely and chronically ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats responded in a similar manner to adult controls. It can be concluded that the adrenal rhythm emerges as a function of age rather than as a result of a change in ovarian status. The capacity to synchronize serum CS to light-dark cycles develops in the absence of photoperiodic cues.", "contents": "The development of the serum corticosterone rhythm in rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the sequence of changes that occur in the adrenal rhythm in maturing female rats (development of a peak, shift in acrophase and amplitude) requires experience with a photoperiodic stimulus or a change in ovarian status. The emergence of the serum corticosterone (CS) rhythm occured more quickly in adult rats placed in a 14 h light, 10 h dark (14:10) cycle at 50 days of age after rearing in constant light (LL) than in weanling rats placed in 14:10. Ovariectomy at weaning age did not alter the pattern of CS development in 14:10 although the amplitude of the peak was reduced even in 25-day-old rats. Adult rats reared in 14:10 held a population rhythm of CS longer after they were placed in LL than did weanling rats placed in LL. This difference was not dependent upon the presence of the ovaries since acutely and chronically ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats responded in a similar manner to adult controls. It can be concluded that the adrenal rhythm emerges as a function of age rather than as a result of a change in ovarian status. The capacity to synchronize serum CS to light-dark cycles develops in the absence of photoperiodic cues.", "PMID": 732951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1317", "title": "A characterization of the effects of pentobarbital on episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effects of pentobarbital (PBTL) on pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized rats were studied and characterized. Unanesthetized rats were first bled continuously (50 microliter whole blood every 5-6 min) through indwelling right atrial cannulae for 1 1/2 h prior to PBTL injection (35 mg/kg). Animals were then bled for various periods of time during PBTL-induced anesthesia, as well as for 1 1/2-2 h after recovery of the 1/2 righting reflex. Whole blood was analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. PBTL administration initially inhibited pulsatile LH release for 1 1/2-1 1/2 h, after which episodic release resumed. For the remaining duration of anesthesia (3-3 1/2 h) episodic LH release was characterized by decreased mean blood LH levels, a decreased rate and magnitude of increase in blood LH levels for individual episodes, and a lengthened periodicity between pulses. However, though reduced, episodic LH release remained stable despite the continued influence of anesthesia. In the 1 1/2-2 h following recovery of the 1/2 righting reflex, only the periodicity of LH release returned to a pre-anesthesia interval. Mean blood LH levels and the rate at which blood LH levels changed during individual pulses remained reduced, and a slight fall occurred in the extent of the increase in blood LH levels during single LH episodes. The influence of PBTL on those brain regions responsible for controlling pulsatile LH release is therefore of longer duration than the effects of this anesthetic on central nervous system (CNS) areas, which when affected, results in loss of the 1/2 righting reflex.", "contents": "A characterization of the effects of pentobarbital on episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats. The effects of pentobarbital (PBTL) on pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized rats were studied and characterized. Unanesthetized rats were first bled continuously (50 microliter whole blood every 5-6 min) through indwelling right atrial cannulae for 1 1/2 h prior to PBTL injection (35 mg/kg). Animals were then bled for various periods of time during PBTL-induced anesthesia, as well as for 1 1/2-2 h after recovery of the 1/2 righting reflex. Whole blood was analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. PBTL administration initially inhibited pulsatile LH release for 1 1/2-1 1/2 h, after which episodic release resumed. For the remaining duration of anesthesia (3-3 1/2 h) episodic LH release was characterized by decreased mean blood LH levels, a decreased rate and magnitude of increase in blood LH levels for individual episodes, and a lengthened periodicity between pulses. However, though reduced, episodic LH release remained stable despite the continued influence of anesthesia. In the 1 1/2-2 h following recovery of the 1/2 righting reflex, only the periodicity of LH release returned to a pre-anesthesia interval. Mean blood LH levels and the rate at which blood LH levels changed during individual pulses remained reduced, and a slight fall occurred in the extent of the increase in blood LH levels during single LH episodes. The influence of PBTL on those brain regions responsible for controlling pulsatile LH release is therefore of longer duration than the effects of this anesthetic on central nervous system (CNS) areas, which when affected, results in loss of the 1/2 righting reflex.", "PMID": 732952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1318", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy of rams on secretory profiles of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, prolactin and cortisol.", "content": "In a study of pineal gland influences on hormone secretory profiles, blood samples were collected at 20 min intervals for 26 h from 4 pinealectomized and 4 sham-operated rams which were subjected to a 14.5 h daily photoperiod. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) underwent rapid pulsatile fluctuations in all rams. Pinealectomized rams produced more LH than the sham-operated rams and a similar trend was recorded for plasma T data, since T secretion closely followed that of LH. A nocturnal elevation of plasma prolactin (Prl) levels displayed by sham-operated rams was substantially abolished by pinealectomy. Also a rise in cortisol secretion during the morning hours recorded from 3 of the sham-operated rams was absent in 2 of the pinealectomized rams. The possible significance of the pineal gland in the regulation of secretion of these hormones is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy of rams on secretory profiles of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, prolactin and cortisol. In a study of pineal gland influences on hormone secretory profiles, blood samples were collected at 20 min intervals for 26 h from 4 pinealectomized and 4 sham-operated rams which were subjected to a 14.5 h daily photoperiod. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) underwent rapid pulsatile fluctuations in all rams. Pinealectomized rams produced more LH than the sham-operated rams and a similar trend was recorded for plasma T data, since T secretion closely followed that of LH. A nocturnal elevation of plasma prolactin (Prl) levels displayed by sham-operated rams was substantially abolished by pinealectomy. Also a rise in cortisol secretion during the morning hours recorded from 3 of the sham-operated rams was absent in 2 of the pinealectomized rams. The possible significance of the pineal gland in the regulation of secretion of these hormones is discussed.", "PMID": 732953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1319", "title": "Effect of pentobarbital on serum levels of LH, FSH and prolactin in long-term ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) to long-term ovariectomized adult rats results in a prolonged depression of serum LH levels and in a biphasic decrease of serum prolactin (Prl) titers, but does not modify serum levels of FSH. Consequently, caution should be used when interpretating neuroendocrine results obtained in animals submitted to pentobarbital anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbital on serum levels of LH, FSH and prolactin in long-term ovariectomized rats. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) to long-term ovariectomized adult rats results in a prolonged depression of serum LH levels and in a biphasic decrease of serum prolactin (Prl) titers, but does not modify serum levels of FSH. Consequently, caution should be used when interpretating neuroendocrine results obtained in animals submitted to pentobarbital anesthesia.", "PMID": 732954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1320", "title": "Pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone changes induced by various stressors in female and male rats.", "content": "Plasma modifications of adenohypophyseal hormones were investigated in groups of female and male rats stressed for 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 or 6 h, either by cold (4 degrees C), forced muscular exercise (FME), or immobilization. GH levels in both female and male rats were consistently decreased by the 3 stressing agents. Immobilization in the female and the 3 stressors in the male elicited an early secretory response of prolactin (Prl), while only in immobilized female rats plasma LH levels showed an early, short-lived increment. A more prolonged exposure to stress had an inhibitory influence on plasma Prl and LH levels in both sexes. FSH concentrations were not modified in females, but were decreased in male rats submitted to either one of the 3 stressors. In both male and female rats plasma TSH levels rose during cold exposure, while they were decreased by FME and by immobilization. Our data indicate that the character of the hormonal secretory response during stress is nonspecific. Indeed, to the exception of the specific stimulation of TSH release by cold, stress-induced hormonal changes are not related to the nature but rather to the intensity and duration of the stressing agent.", "contents": "Pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone changes induced by various stressors in female and male rats. Plasma modifications of adenohypophyseal hormones were investigated in groups of female and male rats stressed for 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 or 6 h, either by cold (4 degrees C), forced muscular exercise (FME), or immobilization. GH levels in both female and male rats were consistently decreased by the 3 stressing agents. Immobilization in the female and the 3 stressors in the male elicited an early secretory response of prolactin (Prl), while only in immobilized female rats plasma LH levels showed an early, short-lived increment. A more prolonged exposure to stress had an inhibitory influence on plasma Prl and LH levels in both sexes. FSH concentrations were not modified in females, but were decreased in male rats submitted to either one of the 3 stressors. In both male and female rats plasma TSH levels rose during cold exposure, while they were decreased by FME and by immobilization. Our data indicate that the character of the hormonal secretory response during stress is nonspecific. Indeed, to the exception of the specific stimulation of TSH release by cold, stress-induced hormonal changes are not related to the nature but rather to the intensity and duration of the stressing agent.", "PMID": 732955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1321", "title": "The effect of pinealectomy on the pattern of prolactin secretion in conscious freely moving male rats.", "content": "Plasma prolactin (Prl) titers were determined by radioimmunoassay in conscious, freely moving male rats which had either had sham operations or had been pinealectomized. Values were determined during the day and during the night in animals on a reversed light cycle. During the day plasma Prl levels were low in both groups with small bursts and a tendency for greater elevation toward the end of the collection period at 17.00 and 18.00 h. There were only 2 significant effects of pinealectomy on these daytime values, one of which was a reduction in the elevation of Prl at 17.30 h. There were also more frequent very low values, less than 5 ng/ml, after pinealectomy. At night there was greater variation of plasma Prl in sham-operated rats and in general the animals showed a sudden elevation just prior to the time the lights were turned on. The values remained elevated for some time thereafter. After pinealectomy the elevation when the lights were turned on was slightly delayed and the responses were smaller in magnitude or even absent. There were significantly more high Prl values in the controls than in the pinealectomized animals in darkness and the area under the curve of Prl release, which was greater at night than in the daytime, was significantly lowered by pinealectomy.", "contents": "The effect of pinealectomy on the pattern of prolactin secretion in conscious freely moving male rats. Plasma prolactin (Prl) titers were determined by radioimmunoassay in conscious, freely moving male rats which had either had sham operations or had been pinealectomized. Values were determined during the day and during the night in animals on a reversed light cycle. During the day plasma Prl levels were low in both groups with small bursts and a tendency for greater elevation toward the end of the collection period at 17.00 and 18.00 h. There were only 2 significant effects of pinealectomy on these daytime values, one of which was a reduction in the elevation of Prl at 17.30 h. There were also more frequent very low values, less than 5 ng/ml, after pinealectomy. At night there was greater variation of plasma Prl in sham-operated rats and in general the animals showed a sudden elevation just prior to the time the lights were turned on. The values remained elevated for some time thereafter. After pinealectomy the elevation when the lights were turned on was slightly delayed and the responses were smaller in magnitude or even absent. There were significantly more high Prl values in the controls than in the pinealectomized animals in darkness and the area under the curve of Prl release, which was greater at night than in the daytime, was significantly lowered by pinealectomy.", "PMID": 732956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1322", "title": "Chronic intracerebral hematoma.", "content": "Twelve patients with chronic intracerebral hematoma are reported. This condition may be unrecognized as possibly being benefited by relatively simple diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The neurological symptoms and signs may be acute but may also be intermittent and progressive. The etiology is usually systemic hypertension, but trauma, coagulopathies, and obscure etiologies have been implicated. After diagnosis by computerized tomographic scan and/or arteriography, aspiration of the liquid hematoma usually results in improvement. It is hypothesized that recovery is hastened by removal of the hematoma. Often complete recovery ensues, but mild to severe neurological signs may persist depending on the initial damage.", "contents": "Chronic intracerebral hematoma. Twelve patients with chronic intracerebral hematoma are reported. This condition may be unrecognized as possibly being benefited by relatively simple diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The neurological symptoms and signs may be acute but may also be intermittent and progressive. The etiology is usually systemic hypertension, but trauma, coagulopathies, and obscure etiologies have been implicated. After diagnosis by computerized tomographic scan and/or arteriography, aspiration of the liquid hematoma usually results in improvement. It is hypothesized that recovery is hastened by removal of the hematoma. Often complete recovery ensues, but mild to severe neurological signs may persist depending on the initial damage.", "PMID": 732957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1323", "title": "Ring formation on computerized tomography in the postoperative patient.", "content": "Ring formation with contrast infusion in computerized tomography has been described with various entities. The current report demonstrates its appearance in three postoperative patients from whom cerebral tumors had been removed. These examples of postoperative ring formation are compared with the ring formation in the scan of an unoperated patient with an intracerebral hematoma.", "contents": "Ring formation on computerized tomography in the postoperative patient. Ring formation with contrast infusion in computerized tomography has been described with various entities. The current report demonstrates its appearance in three postoperative patients from whom cerebral tumors had been removed. These examples of postoperative ring formation are compared with the ring formation in the scan of an unoperated patient with an intracerebral hematoma.", "PMID": 732958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1324", "title": "Endoscopic biopsy of intraventricular tumors with the use of a ventriculofiberscope.", "content": "The results of endoscopic biopsy in 21 cases of intraventricular tumor are presented. The details of the equipment are given. Of the 21 tumors biopsied, there were 9 in the lateral ventricle, 2 in the thalamus, 6 in the anterior portion of the 3rd ventricle, and 4 in the pineal region. A correct histological diagnosis was made in 11 cases (52.4%). No serious complications were noted. The value of the procedure is discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopic biopsy of intraventricular tumors with the use of a ventriculofiberscope. The results of endoscopic biopsy in 21 cases of intraventricular tumor are presented. The details of the equipment are given. Of the 21 tumors biopsied, there were 9 in the lateral ventricle, 2 in the thalamus, 6 in the anterior portion of the 3rd ventricle, and 4 in the pineal region. A correct histological diagnosis was made in 11 cases (52.4%). No serious complications were noted. The value of the procedure is discussed.", "PMID": 732959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1325", "title": "Cerebral revascularization: common carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass.", "content": "A right common carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass utilizing a saphenous vein graft was performed in a patient with episodic cerebral ischemia and reversible ischemic neurological deficit. The patient was relieved of his symptoms, and there was improved motor function in the left hand. Postoperative angiography revealed flow through the graft with excellent filling of the middle cerebral circulation, both retrograde and antegrade. This bypass procedure provided an immediate source of high volume blood flow and thereby provided immediate protection to the hemisphere.", "contents": "Cerebral revascularization: common carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass. A right common carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass utilizing a saphenous vein graft was performed in a patient with episodic cerebral ischemia and reversible ischemic neurological deficit. The patient was relieved of his symptoms, and there was improved motor function in the left hand. Postoperative angiography revealed flow through the graft with excellent filling of the middle cerebral circulation, both retrograde and antegrade. This bypass procedure provided an immediate source of high volume blood flow and thereby provided immediate protection to the hemisphere.", "PMID": 732960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1326", "title": "Cerebral herniation from ventricular dilatation after craniectomy: a method of treatment.", "content": "Local cerebral herniation due to ventricular dilatation was observed in a patient who had had removal of a bone flap and whose dura had previously been left open. The explanation of this problem was suggested by experimental and clinical evidence relating the development of ventricular enlargement to loss of support of the brain. Such an explanation also suggested that head wrapping to buttress the brain and promote transependymal absorption of cerebrospinal fluid could reverse the condition. This treatment was employed with apparent success.", "contents": "Cerebral herniation from ventricular dilatation after craniectomy: a method of treatment. Local cerebral herniation due to ventricular dilatation was observed in a patient who had had removal of a bone flap and whose dura had previously been left open. The explanation of this problem was suggested by experimental and clinical evidence relating the development of ventricular enlargement to loss of support of the brain. Such an explanation also suggested that head wrapping to buttress the brain and promote transependymal absorption of cerebrospinal fluid could reverse the condition. This treatment was employed with apparent success.", "PMID": 732961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1327", "title": "Intracranial vascular complications of choriocarcinoma.", "content": "Choriocarcinoma is the most malignant of the tumors of chorionic tissue that (most commonly) arise from fetal tissues and invade the maternal vasculature. Two cases of choriocarcinoma are presented. One patient had a suprasellar mass in conjunction with a neoplastic carotid-cavernous fistula. The mass and the fistula disappeared after apparently successful radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The second patient had a ruptured arterial aneurysm associated with an intracerebral hematoma treated by evacuation of the hematoma and resection of the aneurysm. The vascular complications of this tumor are reviewed, and a management plan is suggested.", "contents": "Intracranial vascular complications of choriocarcinoma. Choriocarcinoma is the most malignant of the tumors of chorionic tissue that (most commonly) arise from fetal tissues and invade the maternal vasculature. Two cases of choriocarcinoma are presented. One patient had a suprasellar mass in conjunction with a neoplastic carotid-cavernous fistula. The mass and the fistula disappeared after apparently successful radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The second patient had a ruptured arterial aneurysm associated with an intracerebral hematoma treated by evacuation of the hematoma and resection of the aneurysm. The vascular complications of this tumor are reviewed, and a management plan is suggested.", "PMID": 732962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1328", "title": "Intracranial teratocarcinoma in a child with anterior sacral and intrasacral meningocele.", "content": "A very rare combination of two rare entities is reported. The patient had anterior sacral and intrasacral meningoceles, which were repaired at age 3 years, and 7 years later he presented with hypopituitarism due to a suprasellar teratocarcinoma. There has been no evidence of tumor recurrence in the 2.5 years since subtotal excision and radiotherapy (patient was last seen in 1977). Two aspects of the case are reviewed: the unusual nature of the spinal defect and the implications of its association with an intracranial tumor of developmental origin.", "contents": "Intracranial teratocarcinoma in a child with anterior sacral and intrasacral meningocele. A very rare combination of two rare entities is reported. The patient had anterior sacral and intrasacral meningoceles, which were repaired at age 3 years, and 7 years later he presented with hypopituitarism due to a suprasellar teratocarcinoma. There has been no evidence of tumor recurrence in the 2.5 years since subtotal excision and radiotherapy (patient was last seen in 1977). Two aspects of the case are reviewed: the unusual nature of the spinal defect and the implications of its association with an intracranial tumor of developmental origin.", "PMID": 732963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1329", "title": "Large decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma.", "content": "A series of 42 patients who had large decompressive craniotomies for acute subdural hematoma has been reviewed with regard to long term results. Postoperative mortality (within 30 days of surgery) was 36%. Delayed but related deaths accounted for an additional 19% mortality, for a total mortality of 55%. Fourteen patients (33%) were able to return home, but there was a significant morbidity in terms of intellectual impairment, hemiparesis, and dysphasia. Recommended management includes establishment of an adequate airway, intravenous administration of mannitol, and performance of an emergency computerized tomographic (CT) scan before operation. A large decompressive craniotomy is performed, with removal of the blood clot, establishment of hemostasis, patch-grafting of the dura, and removal of the bone flap to allow the edematous, swollen brain to expand away from the brain stem. The mortality and morbidity will probably always remain high because in the majority of the cases significant structural damage to the cortical and brain stem structures occurs at the time of the injury.", "contents": "Large decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma. A series of 42 patients who had large decompressive craniotomies for acute subdural hematoma has been reviewed with regard to long term results. Postoperative mortality (within 30 days of surgery) was 36%. Delayed but related deaths accounted for an additional 19% mortality, for a total mortality of 55%. Fourteen patients (33%) were able to return home, but there was a significant morbidity in terms of intellectual impairment, hemiparesis, and dysphasia. Recommended management includes establishment of an adequate airway, intravenous administration of mannitol, and performance of an emergency computerized tomographic (CT) scan before operation. A large decompressive craniotomy is performed, with removal of the blood clot, establishment of hemostasis, patch-grafting of the dura, and removal of the bone flap to allow the edematous, swollen brain to expand away from the brain stem. The mortality and morbidity will probably always remain high because in the majority of the cases significant structural damage to the cortical and brain stem structures occurs at the time of the injury.", "PMID": 732968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1330", "title": "Computerized tomography in Reye's syndrome: evidence for pathological cerebral vasodilatation.", "content": "The authors present two children with Reye's syndrome who were studied with serial computerized tomographic (CT) scanning. Scans performed with contrast enhancement during the acute phase of this disease showed evidence of pathological cerebral vasodilatation. The possible mechanism for this vasodilatation and the increased intracranial pressure (ICP) seen in Reye's syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in Reye's syndrome: evidence for pathological cerebral vasodilatation. The authors present two children with Reye's syndrome who were studied with serial computerized tomographic (CT) scanning. Scans performed with contrast enhancement during the acute phase of this disease showed evidence of pathological cerebral vasodilatation. The possible mechanism for this vasodilatation and the increased intracranial pressure (ICP) seen in Reye's syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 732969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1331", "title": "Cerebral arterial revascularization: the value of repeated angiography in selection of patients for operation.", "content": "Three patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease were evaluated for possible extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis. Cerebral angiography repeated at a later date revealed disappearance of the initial vascular stenosis or occlusion and development of extensive collateral circulation. It was concluded in these cases that surgical revascularization would not improve upon natural revascularization. Repeated angiography provides information of value to the physician who must make a decision about such surgical treatment.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial revascularization: the value of repeated angiography in selection of patients for operation. Three patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease were evaluated for possible extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis. Cerebral angiography repeated at a later date revealed disappearance of the initial vascular stenosis or occlusion and development of extensive collateral circulation. It was concluded in these cases that surgical revascularization would not improve upon natural revascularization. Repeated angiography provides information of value to the physician who must make a decision about such surgical treatment.", "PMID": 732970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1332", "title": "Infrequent aneurysm surgery.", "content": "A study of 18 consecutive surgically treated intracranial aneurysms, with no mortality, is presented. The study extended over a period of 6 years, and this relatively infrequent surgery with acceptable results is the main feature of the study.", "contents": "Infrequent aneurysm surgery. A study of 18 consecutive surgically treated intracranial aneurysms, with no mortality, is presented. The study extended over a period of 6 years, and this relatively infrequent surgery with acceptable results is the main feature of the study.", "PMID": 732971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1333", "title": "An analysis (time study) of service and education in a neurosurgery residency program.", "content": "A time study analysis of the activities of neurosurgery residents, allocating their time to one of four categories (service, education, questionable, personal), indicates that the service-education percentage ratio is 44.65:37.34 during the week and 61.50:28.11 for the weekend. The distribution of activities within service and education categories identifies the extent to which a neurosurgery resident in this program is a student, although most of the \"service\" activities are those that a neurosurgeon must learn to perform efficiently in order to practice his specialty.", "contents": "An analysis (time study) of service and education in a neurosurgery residency program. A time study analysis of the activities of neurosurgery residents, allocating their time to one of four categories (service, education, questionable, personal), indicates that the service-education percentage ratio is 44.65:37.34 during the week and 61.50:28.11 for the weekend. The distribution of activities within service and education categories identifies the extent to which a neurosurgery resident in this program is a student, although most of the \"service\" activities are those that a neurosurgeon must learn to perform efficiently in order to practice his specialty.", "PMID": 732972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1334", "title": "Regional cortical blood flow at craniotomy.", "content": "Regional cortical blood flow was monitored at craniotomy in 32 patients with a thermal diffusion flow probe in an attempt to assess the effects of surgical conditions on flow. Changes in flow due to vascular manipulation, retraction, hypotension, and hyperventilation were readily apparent. Eleven patients with supratentorial tumors had intermittent measurements of cerebral blood flow; the expected differences in blood flow with halothane anesthesia and hyperventilation were observed. Fourteen patients with aneurysms were monitored continuously and demonstrated a reduction in flow during hypotension; in two of these cases, the reduction was to disastrously low levels. Flow reduction occurred secondary to branch occlusion by the aneurysm clip in a patient with three middle cerebral artery aneurysms and was corrected by changing the clip position. Direct measurement of regional flow may be of value in estimating the safety of temporary clips and the degree of hypotension that can be tolerated.", "contents": "Regional cortical blood flow at craniotomy. Regional cortical blood flow was monitored at craniotomy in 32 patients with a thermal diffusion flow probe in an attempt to assess the effects of surgical conditions on flow. Changes in flow due to vascular manipulation, retraction, hypotension, and hyperventilation were readily apparent. Eleven patients with supratentorial tumors had intermittent measurements of cerebral blood flow; the expected differences in blood flow with halothane anesthesia and hyperventilation were observed. Fourteen patients with aneurysms were monitored continuously and demonstrated a reduction in flow during hypotension; in two of these cases, the reduction was to disastrously low levels. Flow reduction occurred secondary to branch occlusion by the aneurysm clip in a patient with three middle cerebral artery aneurysms and was corrected by changing the clip position. Direct measurement of regional flow may be of value in estimating the safety of temporary clips and the degree of hypotension that can be tolerated.", "PMID": 732973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1335", "title": "Evaluation of brain death by contrast-enhanced computerized cranial tomography.", "content": "Four patients with clinical criteria of cerebral death were evaluated by computerized cranial tomography (CT). Upon intravenous infusion of meglumine diatrizoate, the intracranial vascular structures failed to enhance. Two of the patients also had electroencephalographic evaluation, and one patient underwent cerebral angiography, confirming the absence of cerebral blood flow. Contrast-enhanced CT may provide a contributory method in the establishment of cerebral death, in addition to elucidating the etiology of the ictus.", "contents": "Evaluation of brain death by contrast-enhanced computerized cranial tomography. Four patients with clinical criteria of cerebral death were evaluated by computerized cranial tomography (CT). Upon intravenous infusion of meglumine diatrizoate, the intracranial vascular structures failed to enhance. Two of the patients also had electroencephalographic evaluation, and one patient underwent cerebral angiography, confirming the absence of cerebral blood flow. Contrast-enhanced CT may provide a contributory method in the establishment of cerebral death, in addition to elucidating the etiology of the ictus.", "PMID": 732974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1336", "title": "Mechanism and localization of speech in the parietotemporal cortex.", "content": "Cortical stimulation of the supramarginal and angular gyri elicited dysphasia. Delays in verbal response, misnaming, and difficulties in speech production were also elicited from this region. In two patients speech arrest occurred when stimulation was extended into the occipital cortex and the cortex medial to the supramarginal gyrus, respectively. In a left-handed patient, with speech representation presumed to be in the right hemisphere, neither stimulation nor ablation of the angular gyrus resulted in dysphasia. After anterior temporal resections two patients exhibited dysphasia in association with cortical edema. In one of these an additional resection in the inferior temporo-occipital region produced a marked but transient dyslexia. Observations of the disintegration of speech function during stimulation suggest that such stimulation interferes with a search mechanism by which the nonverbal concept of a visual stimulus is linked to a specific word in memory that is then withdrawn for use. A review of autopsy specimens demonstrates how close the cortex bearing indispensable speech representation lies to the occipital pole and the parietal midline. Because the gyral pattern is obscured by the meninges and is subject to anomalies, elective resection in these areas should be preceded by cortical stimulation and functional mapping.", "contents": "Mechanism and localization of speech in the parietotemporal cortex. Cortical stimulation of the supramarginal and angular gyri elicited dysphasia. Delays in verbal response, misnaming, and difficulties in speech production were also elicited from this region. In two patients speech arrest occurred when stimulation was extended into the occipital cortex and the cortex medial to the supramarginal gyrus, respectively. In a left-handed patient, with speech representation presumed to be in the right hemisphere, neither stimulation nor ablation of the angular gyrus resulted in dysphasia. After anterior temporal resections two patients exhibited dysphasia in association with cortical edema. In one of these an additional resection in the inferior temporo-occipital region produced a marked but transient dyslexia. Observations of the disintegration of speech function during stimulation suggest that such stimulation interferes with a search mechanism by which the nonverbal concept of a visual stimulus is linked to a specific word in memory that is then withdrawn for use. A review of autopsy specimens demonstrates how close the cortex bearing indispensable speech representation lies to the occipital pole and the parietal midline. Because the gyral pattern is obscured by the meninges and is subject to anomalies, elective resection in these areas should be preceded by cortical stimulation and functional mapping.", "PMID": 732975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1337", "title": "Preliminary experience with ultrasonic aspiration in neurosurgery.", "content": "A new instrument utilizing ultrasonic energy to fragment and aspirate normal and pathological tissue has been evaluated for neurosurgical use. The instrument has been tested in several animal models to assess its efficacy and safety. The instrument has been used clinically in 38 cases for removal of meningiomas, acoustic neurinomas, and other tumors. Future modifications and applications are discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with ultrasonic aspiration in neurosurgery. A new instrument utilizing ultrasonic energy to fragment and aspirate normal and pathological tissue has been evaluated for neurosurgical use. The instrument has been tested in several animal models to assess its efficacy and safety. The instrument has been used clinically in 38 cases for removal of meningiomas, acoustic neurinomas, and other tumors. Future modifications and applications are discussed.", "PMID": 732976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1338", "title": "Eight-year follow-up of experimental carotid-middle cerebral and carotid-basilar arterial bypass grafts and anastomoses.", "content": "Fifty-one dogs were operated upon, and various microvascular bypass grafts and anastomoses were completed. Seventeen of these dogs were followed for 5 to 8 years. Of these, three had a carotid-middle cerebral arterial bypass graft, five had a carotid-basilar arterial bypass graft, five had a lingual-basilar anastomosis, and four had a sublingual-basilar anastomosis. Postoperative carotid angiograms showed patent grafts and anastomoses in all of the dogs. Except for slight to moderate enlargement of the donor artery in the lingual and sublingual-basilar anastomoses or minor irregularities in the carotid-middle cerebral and carotid-basilar arterial bypass grafts, no significant changes were noted. In five dogs with lingual-basilar anastomoses in which both internal carotid arteries were ligated, the mean blood flow of the lingual artery was increased to 1.1 to 2.4 times normal. This study shows that, when experimental arterial bypass grafts and anastomoses remain patent for a few weeks after the operation, they stay patent for years, and, depending on the need, the blood flow through the anastomosis may increase.", "contents": "Eight-year follow-up of experimental carotid-middle cerebral and carotid-basilar arterial bypass grafts and anastomoses. Fifty-one dogs were operated upon, and various microvascular bypass grafts and anastomoses were completed. Seventeen of these dogs were followed for 5 to 8 years. Of these, three had a carotid-middle cerebral arterial bypass graft, five had a carotid-basilar arterial bypass graft, five had a lingual-basilar anastomosis, and four had a sublingual-basilar anastomosis. Postoperative carotid angiograms showed patent grafts and anastomoses in all of the dogs. Except for slight to moderate enlargement of the donor artery in the lingual and sublingual-basilar anastomoses or minor irregularities in the carotid-middle cerebral and carotid-basilar arterial bypass grafts, no significant changes were noted. In five dogs with lingual-basilar anastomoses in which both internal carotid arteries were ligated, the mean blood flow of the lingual artery was increased to 1.1 to 2.4 times normal. This study shows that, when experimental arterial bypass grafts and anastomoses remain patent for a few weeks after the operation, they stay patent for years, and, depending on the need, the blood flow through the anastomosis may increase.", "PMID": 732977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1339", "title": "Bow hunter's stroke.", "content": "A case of suspected brain stem infarction (modified Wallenberg syndrome) due to vertebral artery injury in a bow hunter is presented. An anatomical review is presented to explain the neurological involvement, and recommendations are given for avoiding this syndrome.", "contents": "Bow hunter's stroke. A case of suspected brain stem infarction (modified Wallenberg syndrome) due to vertebral artery injury in a bow hunter is presented. An anatomical review is presented to explain the neurological involvement, and recommendations are given for avoiding this syndrome.", "PMID": 732978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1340", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in a metastatic brain tumor.", "content": "A case is presented in which 10 ml of cystic fluid from a metastatic brain tumor contained a high concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The use of CEA as a prognostic indicator and adjunctive therapeutic monitor in tumors is reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in a metastatic brain tumor. A case is presented in which 10 ml of cystic fluid from a metastatic brain tumor contained a high concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The use of CEA as a prognostic indicator and adjunctive therapeutic monitor in tumors is reviewed.", "PMID": 732979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1341", "title": "Revascularization of the scalp by microsurgical techniques after complete avulsion.", "content": "A total scalp replantation was performed after a complete traumatic avulsion of the scalp with skull fracture. Multiple arterial and venous anastomoses were required. Satisfactory healing occurred, and the patient has had a subsequent uneventful cranioplasty to fill a bony defect, with normal scalp healing.", "contents": "Revascularization of the scalp by microsurgical techniques after complete avulsion. A total scalp replantation was performed after a complete traumatic avulsion of the scalp with skull fracture. Multiple arterial and venous anastomoses were required. Satisfactory healing occurred, and the patient has had a subsequent uneventful cranioplasty to fill a bony defect, with normal scalp healing.", "PMID": 732980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1342", "title": "Emission computed tomography.", "content": "Emission computed tomography (CT) is a nuclear medicine visualization technique that yields an image of the distribution of a previously administered radionuclide in any desired transverse section of the body. Emission CT allows the safe, quantitative, three-dimensional measurement of regional radionuclide distribution in tissue. This approach is analogous to quantitative radioautography, with the added advantage of allowing in vivo studies.", "contents": "Emission computed tomography. Emission computed tomography (CT) is a nuclear medicine visualization technique that yields an image of the distribution of a previously administered radionuclide in any desired transverse section of the body. Emission CT allows the safe, quantitative, three-dimensional measurement of regional radionuclide distribution in tissue. This approach is analogous to quantitative radioautography, with the added advantage of allowing in vivo studies.", "PMID": 732981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1343", "title": "[Proposed technic of drainage tunneling in marsupialization of hydatid cysts of the hepatic cupula].", "content": "Even though the present tendency is to make use of radical operations, such as pericystectomy, hepatic resection and lobectomy, in the surgical management of hydatidosis of the liver, marsupialisation is still the method of choince in a large and clearly defined number of cases. While usually simple, this operation may prove difficult and complex when used on cysts of the cupola, since it may often be necessary to mobilise the liver to a large extent and employ damaging approach routes. A description is offered of a particular technique for tunnelling the desinage tube which considerably simplifies marsupialisation in cases of this kind.", "contents": "[Proposed technic of drainage tunneling in marsupialization of hydatid cysts of the hepatic cupula]. Even though the present tendency is to make use of radical operations, such as pericystectomy, hepatic resection and lobectomy, in the surgical management of hydatidosis of the liver, marsupialisation is still the method of choince in a large and clearly defined number of cases. While usually simple, this operation may prove difficult and complex when used on cysts of the cupola, since it may often be necessary to mobilise the liver to a large extent and employ damaging approach routes. A description is offered of a particular technique for tunnelling the desinage tube which considerably simplifies marsupialisation in cases of this kind.", "PMID": 733018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1344", "title": "[Intermittent chronic occlusion of the duodenum caused by pheochromocytoma].", "content": "A case (63 y. old male) of intermittent duodenal obstruction is presented. Aortographic investigation showed a neoplastic mass in the right adrenal gland. At laparotomy the mass, histologically diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma, appeared to infiltrate the duodenal wall, displacing it upward. Though gastrointestinal disturbances have been frequently recorded in pheochromocytoma, as far as we know this is the first description of intermittent duodenal obstruction in this disease.", "contents": "[Intermittent chronic occlusion of the duodenum caused by pheochromocytoma]. A case (63 y. old male) of intermittent duodenal obstruction is presented. Aortographic investigation showed a neoplastic mass in the right adrenal gland. At laparotomy the mass, histologically diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma, appeared to infiltrate the duodenal wall, displacing it upward. Though gastrointestinal disturbances have been frequently recorded in pheochromocytoma, as far as we know this is the first description of intermittent duodenal obstruction in this disease.", "PMID": 733035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1345", "title": "[Radiopaque hemithorax, with special reference to scintigraphic methods].", "content": "Radioopaque hemithorax is frequently observed. The various situations in which it may occur are examined aetiopathologically, along with the general and specifically radiological methods used for its investigation. Particular attention is given to the employment of radio-isotopes for this purpose and the methods involved. Results obtained with perfusion are noteworthy, and even more so those achieved with positive tracers such as 67Ga citrate and 57Co Blm, especially in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion and mesothelioma through what is described as the \"paradox effect\".", "contents": "[Radiopaque hemithorax, with special reference to scintigraphic methods]. Radioopaque hemithorax is frequently observed. The various situations in which it may occur are examined aetiopathologically, along with the general and specifically radiological methods used for its investigation. Particular attention is given to the employment of radio-isotopes for this purpose and the methods involved. Results obtained with perfusion are noteworthy, and even more so those achieved with positive tracers such as 67Ga citrate and 57Co Blm, especially in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion and mesothelioma through what is described as the \"paradox effect\".", "PMID": 733036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1346", "title": "[Lithium in the prevention of manic-depressive and schizo-affective psychoses].", "content": "The brilliant results obtained with lithium carbonate in the prophylactic treatment of manic-depressive (MDP) and schizoaffective (SAP) psychoses over almost five years are reported. The series includes 53 patients, 46 of them suffering from MDP and 7 from SAP. In the majority of cases, the lithium dose used was 900 mg/die and lithaemia was 0.564 +/- 0.0632 mEq/1. The parameters considered were the number of attacks, their intensity and duration; therapy, if any, with traditional psychodrugs (neuroleptics and antidepressants); the number of hospitalizations and their duration. Results were valuated by comparing an equal period of time before and during therapy with lithium. In MDP the number of attacks fell 74.25% and their duration by 83.14%; severe attacks responded better to treatment, with a reduction of 94%. The quantity of traditional psychodrugs used was reduced by 66.42%. The number of hospitalizations fell 75% and days admitted by 80%. In SAP the results were even better: the number of attacks fell by 87.5% and their duration by 94.7%; serious attacks disappeared completely and the quantity of traditional psychodrugs used fell by 57.06%. The number of admittances fell 75% and days in hospital by 97%.", "contents": "[Lithium in the prevention of manic-depressive and schizo-affective psychoses]. The brilliant results obtained with lithium carbonate in the prophylactic treatment of manic-depressive (MDP) and schizoaffective (SAP) psychoses over almost five years are reported. The series includes 53 patients, 46 of them suffering from MDP and 7 from SAP. In the majority of cases, the lithium dose used was 900 mg/die and lithaemia was 0.564 +/- 0.0632 mEq/1. The parameters considered were the number of attacks, their intensity and duration; therapy, if any, with traditional psychodrugs (neuroleptics and antidepressants); the number of hospitalizations and their duration. Results were valuated by comparing an equal period of time before and during therapy with lithium. In MDP the number of attacks fell 74.25% and their duration by 83.14%; severe attacks responded better to treatment, with a reduction of 94%. The quantity of traditional psychodrugs used was reduced by 66.42%. The number of hospitalizations fell 75% and days admitted by 80%. In SAP the results were even better: the number of attacks fell by 87.5% and their duration by 94.7%; serious attacks disappeared completely and the quantity of traditional psychodrugs used fell by 57.06%. The number of admittances fell 75% and days in hospital by 97%.", "PMID": 733037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1347", "title": "[Contrast of the grey scale and stable B-scan in the ultrasonic visualization of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Thyroid echography can be profitably performed with the stable contrasted B-scan and the gray scale. Both methods are based on the possibility of recording weak echoes from structures inside the gland and so differentiate almost all lesions in a reliable manner. The echo-structural patterns permit the following distinctions to be drawn: uniform distribution of echoes in the normal, hypoplastic and hyperplastic-hypertrophic thyroid. Calcified areas in goitre give distinct, strong echoes, whereas in colloid-cystic goitre there are weak echoes mixed with small empty areas due the cysts. Cystic lesions, too, have empty areas that are well defined, with reinforcement of the posterior wall. In adenoma, there is a uniform, solid area, in which the echoes are evenly distributed internally and the borders are well defined with respect to the unimpaired parenchyma. In acute thyroiditis, the presence of oedema and areas of fibrosis offer sufficiently indicative signs. In tumours, the most typical features are the irregularity of the walls, the distinct attenuation of the beam and the presence of a few, irregular internal echoes. These pictures are almost always peculiar to each situations and thus make echographical investigation of thyroid not only useful, but also indispensable.", "contents": "[Contrast of the grey scale and stable B-scan in the ultrasonic visualization of the thyroid gland]. Thyroid echography can be profitably performed with the stable contrasted B-scan and the gray scale. Both methods are based on the possibility of recording weak echoes from structures inside the gland and so differentiate almost all lesions in a reliable manner. The echo-structural patterns permit the following distinctions to be drawn: uniform distribution of echoes in the normal, hypoplastic and hyperplastic-hypertrophic thyroid. Calcified areas in goitre give distinct, strong echoes, whereas in colloid-cystic goitre there are weak echoes mixed with small empty areas due the cysts. Cystic lesions, too, have empty areas that are well defined, with reinforcement of the posterior wall. In adenoma, there is a uniform, solid area, in which the echoes are evenly distributed internally and the borders are well defined with respect to the unimpaired parenchyma. In acute thyroiditis, the presence of oedema and areas of fibrosis offer sufficiently indicative signs. In tumours, the most typical features are the irregularity of the walls, the distinct attenuation of the beam and the presence of a few, irregular internal echoes. These pictures are almost always peculiar to each situations and thus make echographical investigation of thyroid not only useful, but also indispensable.", "PMID": 733038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1348", "title": "[Evaluation of transendoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in 151 jaundiced patients].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed for possible obstruction of the extra-hepatic bile ducts in 151 patients with jaundice. The endoscope findings (9 cases) and the retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (127 cases) provided a final diagnosis in 131 cases. A correct surgical indication was obtaines in a further 5 cases (90% diagnostic success overall). In 19 cases, unnecessary exploratory laparotomy was avoided by the demonstration of normal extrahepatic ducts. No complications were noted. It is concluded that this technique is virtually free from risks and offers prompt diagnosis in subjects with jaundice. This, of course, has a significant influence on the subsequent treatment.", "contents": "[Evaluation of transendoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in 151 jaundiced patients]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed for possible obstruction of the extra-hepatic bile ducts in 151 patients with jaundice. The endoscope findings (9 cases) and the retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (127 cases) provided a final diagnosis in 131 cases. A correct surgical indication was obtaines in a further 5 cases (90% diagnostic success overall). In 19 cases, unnecessary exploratory laparotomy was avoided by the demonstration of normal extrahepatic ducts. No complications were noted. It is concluded that this technique is virtually free from risks and offers prompt diagnosis in subjects with jaundice. This, of course, has a significant influence on the subsequent treatment.", "PMID": 733039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1349", "title": "[Aneurysmal dilatation of the superior vena cava].", "content": "A case of aneurysmatic dilatation of the vena cava superior is presented. This lesion is rare and not commonly taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal masses. Chest X-rays taken during inspiration and expiration and in the standing and reclining positions (particularly the second and fourth) revealed changes in the size of the mediastinal mass and pointed clearly to its venous nature. This deduction was then confirmed angiographically.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal dilatation of the superior vena cava]. A case of aneurysmatic dilatation of the vena cava superior is presented. This lesion is rare and not commonly taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal masses. Chest X-rays taken during inspiration and expiration and in the standing and reclining positions (particularly the second and fourth) revealed changes in the size of the mediastinal mass and pointed clearly to its venous nature. This deduction was then confirmed angiographically.", "PMID": 733040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1350", "title": "[Spinal and spinal cord injuries in aviation medicine].", "content": "The causes of vertebral lesions in the course of flying are listed. An account is given of the dynamic forces required to bring about vertebral fracture and their mechanism. Reference is made to the most common sites of vertebral injury in crashes, particularly in the case of helicopters, and during catapulted seat ejection. Lastly, sites of vertebral fracture in parachutists are discussed.", "contents": "[Spinal and spinal cord injuries in aviation medicine]. The causes of vertebral lesions in the course of flying are listed. An account is given of the dynamic forces required to bring about vertebral fracture and their mechanism. Reference is made to the most common sites of vertebral injury in crashes, particularly in the case of helicopters, and during catapulted seat ejection. Lastly, sites of vertebral fracture in parachutists are discussed.", "PMID": 733041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1351", "title": "[Arthrotic manifestations secondary to repeated microtrauma in helicopter personnel].", "content": "Following aetiopathogenetic and anatomopathological examination of arthrosis, chronic microtraumatism, often below the threshold of subjective perception, is indicated as a component, aggravating factor in the disease. During flight, especially if the aircraft is a helicopter, these microtraumas (triggered by the varied motions of the craft and its vibrations) operate continually on joints and muscles and so, along with other factors of anatomical and biochemical nature, cause an aggravation to arthrosis in flying personnel, particularly in the vertebral tract.", "contents": "[Arthrotic manifestations secondary to repeated microtrauma in helicopter personnel]. Following aetiopathogenetic and anatomopathological examination of arthrosis, chronic microtraumatism, often below the threshold of subjective perception, is indicated as a component, aggravating factor in the disease. During flight, especially if the aircraft is a helicopter, these microtraumas (triggered by the varied motions of the craft and its vibrations) operate continually on joints and muscles and so, along with other factors of anatomical and biochemical nature, cause an aggravation to arthrosis in flying personnel, particularly in the vertebral tract.", "PMID": 733042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1352", "title": "[Behavior of impedance of the middle ear during rapid changes in barometric pressure].", "content": "The first results on the dynamic behaviour of middle ear impedenzometric variations starting from an altitude of 3,000 mt and descending constantly by about 1,500 mt/min to sea level, are reported. The research was carried out in a hypobaric chamber, under simulated flight conditions, using the equipment of the Aeronautics and Space Medicine Studies and Research Centre of the Air Force. Evaluation of the results obtained in subjects trained for rapid descents and in others not so trained suggests that the technique used is a useful aid in the diagnosis of the tubal conditions of subjects who are to be subjected to rapid ascents and descents.", "contents": "[Behavior of impedance of the middle ear during rapid changes in barometric pressure]. The first results on the dynamic behaviour of middle ear impedenzometric variations starting from an altitude of 3,000 mt and descending constantly by about 1,500 mt/min to sea level, are reported. The research was carried out in a hypobaric chamber, under simulated flight conditions, using the equipment of the Aeronautics and Space Medicine Studies and Research Centre of the Air Force. Evaluation of the results obtained in subjects trained for rapid descents and in others not so trained suggests that the technique used is a useful aid in the diagnosis of the tubal conditions of subjects who are to be subjected to rapid ascents and descents.", "PMID": 733045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1353", "title": "[Means and methods of bone biopsy].", "content": "Stress is laid on the usefulness of bone biopsy in rheumatology, endocrinology, haematology, etc. and percussion with a Bartelheimer or Westerman needle, and trapanation are discussed. Preference is expressed for the latter method and it is hoped that instruments capable of giving excellent results will be produced, so that deeper and more exact diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions can be drawn, especially in geriatric medicine.", "contents": "[Means and methods of bone biopsy]. Stress is laid on the usefulness of bone biopsy in rheumatology, endocrinology, haematology, etc. and percussion with a Bartelheimer or Westerman needle, and trapanation are discussed. Preference is expressed for the latter method and it is hoped that instruments capable of giving excellent results will be produced, so that deeper and more exact diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions can be drawn, especially in geriatric medicine.", "PMID": 733051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1354", "title": "[Cystic lymphangioma of the spleen associated with hypersplenism].", "content": "A rare case of cystic lymphangioma of the spleen accompanying hypersplenism syndrome is described. After stressing the importance of certain examinations such as arteriography and splenic scintigraphy in diagnosis the condition, the many ways in which cystic lymphangioma of the spleen may present clinically are reviewed; these go from asymptomatic to straightforward splenomegaly, with or without clinical signs, up to a clear-cut hypersplenism syndrome. The present case merits consideration for three reasons: 1) The absolutely exceptional nature of cystic lymphangioma of the spleen; 2) Exceptional association with hypersplenism syndrome; 3) Remission of the syndrome following splenectomy. It is concluded that, notwithstanding the condition's rarity, cystic lymphangioma of the spleen should be considered in the differential diagnosis of splenomegalic syndromes when these are also accompanied by hypersplenism.", "contents": "[Cystic lymphangioma of the spleen associated with hypersplenism]. A rare case of cystic lymphangioma of the spleen accompanying hypersplenism syndrome is described. After stressing the importance of certain examinations such as arteriography and splenic scintigraphy in diagnosis the condition, the many ways in which cystic lymphangioma of the spleen may present clinically are reviewed; these go from asymptomatic to straightforward splenomegaly, with or without clinical signs, up to a clear-cut hypersplenism syndrome. The present case merits consideration for three reasons: 1) The absolutely exceptional nature of cystic lymphangioma of the spleen; 2) Exceptional association with hypersplenism syndrome; 3) Remission of the syndrome following splenectomy. It is concluded that, notwithstanding the condition's rarity, cystic lymphangioma of the spleen should be considered in the differential diagnosis of splenomegalic syndromes when these are also accompanied by hypersplenism.", "PMID": 733052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1355", "title": "[Anemia in chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "Anaemia is common in renal insufficiency and has various causes: 1) depressed marrow production of red cells, probably due to reduced production of erythropoietin, though the possibility of direct marrow inhibition on the part of uraemic toxins cannot be ruled out, together with iron deficiency, as occurs in prolonged dialysis management; 2) greater red cell destruction attributable to extraglobular factors and other mechanisms (microangiopathy, drugs, etc.); 3) greater blood loss following thrombocytopenia, reduced platelet adhesivity and agglutinability, dialysis. The main premisses on which the treatment of anaemia of uraemic patients is based are discussed.", "contents": "[Anemia in chronic renal insufficiency]. Anaemia is common in renal insufficiency and has various causes: 1) depressed marrow production of red cells, probably due to reduced production of erythropoietin, though the possibility of direct marrow inhibition on the part of uraemic toxins cannot be ruled out, together with iron deficiency, as occurs in prolonged dialysis management; 2) greater red cell destruction attributable to extraglobular factors and other mechanisms (microangiopathy, drugs, etc.); 3) greater blood loss following thrombocytopenia, reduced platelet adhesivity and agglutinability, dialysis. The main premisses on which the treatment of anaemia of uraemic patients is based are discussed.", "PMID": 733054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1356", "title": "[Chromatographic fractionation of cholesterol esters in Morgagni's hepatic cirrhosis. Preliminary note].", "content": "The behaviour of plasma cholesteryl esters has been investigated in patients with liver cirrhosis (so-called Laennec's cirrhosis). Both absolute and percentage values of esters containing di-, tri- and tetra-unsaturated fatty acids were decreased below the normal range; however, the various esters groups showed unequal decrement rates. These findings may be the result of a low lecithin: cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, due either to depression of the enzyme syntesis in the liver, or to inadequate substrate supply (possibly related with an impaired fatty acid production and lecithin synthesis). A decrease of all ester fractions, or a selective one, could also be induced by the releasing of abnormal hydrolases from damaged liver tissues.", "contents": "[Chromatographic fractionation of cholesterol esters in Morgagni's hepatic cirrhosis. Preliminary note]. The behaviour of plasma cholesteryl esters has been investigated in patients with liver cirrhosis (so-called Laennec's cirrhosis). Both absolute and percentage values of esters containing di-, tri- and tetra-unsaturated fatty acids were decreased below the normal range; however, the various esters groups showed unequal decrement rates. These findings may be the result of a low lecithin: cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, due either to depression of the enzyme syntesis in the liver, or to inadequate substrate supply (possibly related with an impaired fatty acid production and lecithin synthesis). A decrease of all ester fractions, or a selective one, could also be induced by the releasing of abnormal hydrolases from damaged liver tissues.", "PMID": 733058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1357", "title": "[Phagocytic lymphocyte-like elements (PLLE) and irradiation in vitro].", "content": "The peripheral blood of rats contains lymphocyte-like phagocytes after intracardial injection of India ink. In vitro irradiation of whole blood (1000 r - 60Co), causes marked reduction in whole lymphocytes but does not modify the number and morphological integrity of the phagocytes, which can therefore be held to be comparatively radioresistant: as such, they could belong either to the mononucleate phagocyte system or to the lymphatic system (T4 lymphocytes). Since T-lymphocytes are not capable of phagocytosis, the former hypothesis would appear the most probable.", "contents": "[Phagocytic lymphocyte-like elements (PLLE) and irradiation in vitro]. The peripheral blood of rats contains lymphocyte-like phagocytes after intracardial injection of India ink. In vitro irradiation of whole blood (1000 r - 60Co), causes marked reduction in whole lymphocytes but does not modify the number and morphological integrity of the phagocytes, which can therefore be held to be comparatively radioresistant: as such, they could belong either to the mononucleate phagocyte system or to the lymphatic system (T4 lymphocytes). Since T-lymphocytes are not capable of phagocytosis, the former hypothesis would appear the most probable.", "PMID": 733059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1358", "title": "[Metabolism of somatotropin in severe liver diseases. Influence of the therapeutic administration of a liver extract].", "content": "Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR) and half life of 125I Human Growth Hormone (HGH) have been studied in hepatopathic patients. A clear reduction of MCR and a prolongation of HGH half life have been found in all patients examined. After a 30 day therapy with crude liver extract (F.U. VIII ed.) both MCR and HGH half life have shown a tendency towards normalization. These findings are in agreement with the marked improvement of the clinical state of the patients and with the normalization of the laboratory indexes.", "contents": "[Metabolism of somatotropin in severe liver diseases. Influence of the therapeutic administration of a liver extract]. Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR) and half life of 125I Human Growth Hormone (HGH) have been studied in hepatopathic patients. A clear reduction of MCR and a prolongation of HGH half life have been found in all patients examined. After a 30 day therapy with crude liver extract (F.U. VIII ed.) both MCR and HGH half life have shown a tendency towards normalization. These findings are in agreement with the marked improvement of the clinical state of the patients and with the normalization of the laboratory indexes.", "PMID": 733061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1359", "title": "[Hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla].", "content": "A case of arterial hypertension due to suprarenal medulla hyperplasia is reported. Having accepted the existence of this form, the problem of its recognition is stressed, in the presence of catecholamine pathology, even though the type or site of its anatomo-pathological substrate cannot be identified, explorative surgery and possible removal of the suprarenal glands can be indicated.", "contents": "[Hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla]. A case of arterial hypertension due to suprarenal medulla hyperplasia is reported. Having accepted the existence of this form, the problem of its recognition is stressed, in the presence of catecholamine pathology, even though the type or site of its anatomo-pathological substrate cannot be identified, explorative surgery and possible removal of the suprarenal glands can be indicated.", "PMID": 733062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1360", "title": "[An atypical case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), (with special reference to psychiatric and psychological evaluations)].", "content": "An atypical case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is described, with particular reference to its psychiatric and psychological aspects in the light of the neurological and laboratory data: slow-gamma electrophoresis of the spinal fluid, periodic delta signs in the EEG over about 6 yr, 1/160 blood titre of anti-measles virus antibodies. The history displayed an ingravescent dementia course and the patient's continuing survival for more than 11 yr makes the case the longest recorded in the literature. Both the psychiatric-psychological and neurological symptoms had occurred in distinct stages. It is suggested that neurological recrudescence was responsible for the pattern of symptomatological stabilisation followed by sudden relapses. The symptoms regarded as characteristic of the terminal stage have not yet appeared, especially on the neurological side.", "contents": "[An atypical case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), (with special reference to psychiatric and psychological evaluations)]. An atypical case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is described, with particular reference to its psychiatric and psychological aspects in the light of the neurological and laboratory data: slow-gamma electrophoresis of the spinal fluid, periodic delta signs in the EEG over about 6 yr, 1/160 blood titre of anti-measles virus antibodies. The history displayed an ingravescent dementia course and the patient's continuing survival for more than 11 yr makes the case the longest recorded in the literature. Both the psychiatric-psychological and neurological symptoms had occurred in distinct stages. It is suggested that neurological recrudescence was responsible for the pattern of symptomatological stabilisation followed by sudden relapses. The symptoms regarded as characteristic of the terminal stage have not yet appeared, especially on the neurological side.", "PMID": 733063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1361", "title": "[Low-calory dietetic treatment of gross obesity].", "content": "Reference is made to 96 grossly obese subjects classed as \"resistant\" to medical treatment and examined as possible candidates for surgery. 31 were eventually subjected to jejunal-ileal bypass. The main difference between these patients and those with slight or average spontaneous obesity was not so much their weight, but its self-maintenance. Weight patterns did not reflect calorie intake, though they pointed to a change in the energy balance when taken as a whole. In some cases that proved resistant both to severe hypocalorific treatment and the by-pass, no reason could be found for the discrepancy between calorie intake and the maintenance of weight. Some correlations between weight and certain endocrine, biohumoral and genetic features offer an idea of the metabolic orientation in gross obesity, but they fail to provide a satisfactory pathogenetic explanation.", "contents": "[Low-calory dietetic treatment of gross obesity]. Reference is made to 96 grossly obese subjects classed as \"resistant\" to medical treatment and examined as possible candidates for surgery. 31 were eventually subjected to jejunal-ileal bypass. The main difference between these patients and those with slight or average spontaneous obesity was not so much their weight, but its self-maintenance. Weight patterns did not reflect calorie intake, though they pointed to a change in the energy balance when taken as a whole. In some cases that proved resistant both to severe hypocalorific treatment and the by-pass, no reason could be found for the discrepancy between calorie intake and the maintenance of weight. Some correlations between weight and certain endocrine, biohumoral and genetic features offer an idea of the metabolic orientation in gross obesity, but they fail to provide a satisfactory pathogenetic explanation.", "PMID": 733064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1362", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism in gross obesity].", "content": "Results obtained in an investigation of two groups of obese and grossly obese subjects are presented. Poorer carbohydrate tolerance was noted in the latter. Blood insulin patterns after oral glucose loading, however, were less easy to interpret. Overall, the values were much the same in the two groups. Nevertheless, analysis of the curves showed that the grossly obese displayed a later peak.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism in gross obesity]. Results obtained in an investigation of two groups of obese and grossly obese subjects are presented. Poorer carbohydrate tolerance was noted in the latter. Blood insulin patterns after oral glucose loading, however, were less easy to interpret. Overall, the values were much the same in the two groups. Nevertheless, analysis of the curves showed that the grossly obese displayed a later peak.", "PMID": 733065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1363", "title": "[Behavior of adipose tissue cellularity in gross obesity].", "content": "Adipose tissue cellularity was studied in relation to the degree of obesity. It was found that mild obesity is essentially linked to a simple increase in adipocyte size, whereas gross obesity involves considerable hyperplasia of adipose tissue with at least twice the normal number of adipocytes. Prognostic and therapeutic conclusions are drawn from these personal data.", "contents": "[Behavior of adipose tissue cellularity in gross obesity]. Adipose tissue cellularity was studied in relation to the degree of obesity. It was found that mild obesity is essentially linked to a simple increase in adipocyte size, whereas gross obesity involves considerable hyperplasia of adipose tissue with at least twice the normal number of adipocytes. Prognostic and therapeutic conclusions are drawn from these personal data.", "PMID": 733066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1364", "title": "[Surgical treatment of severe obesity. Criteria of choice of operation. Personal technic].", "content": "The criteria underlying the choice of operation in a given case and the personal technique adopted are described. The technique in question is a personal modification of end-to-side jejuno-ileal bypass codified by Payne. To minimize reflux into the blind loop, a number of technical steps are considered indispensable: 1) fluted section of the jejunal stump; 2) isoperistaltic construction of the anastomosis and, particularly, 3) the creation of a single or double valve system upstream from the anastomosis by spiral introflexion of the mucosa using seroserous stitches parallel and perpendicular to the ileal lumen. Other techniques in use are reported. These are held to be extremely interesting but are not yet supported by a long enough follow-up.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of severe obesity. Criteria of choice of operation. Personal technic]. The criteria underlying the choice of operation in a given case and the personal technique adopted are described. The technique in question is a personal modification of end-to-side jejuno-ileal bypass codified by Payne. To minimize reflux into the blind loop, a number of technical steps are considered indispensable: 1) fluted section of the jejunal stump; 2) isoperistaltic construction of the anastomosis and, particularly, 3) the creation of a single or double valve system upstream from the anastomosis by spiral introflexion of the mucosa using seroserous stitches parallel and perpendicular to the ileal lumen. Other techniques in use are reported. These are held to be extremely interesting but are not yet supported by a long enough follow-up.", "PMID": 733067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1365", "title": "[Historical development of the surgical treatment of gross obesity].", "content": "Reference is made to the experimental preliminary remark and the first, clinical observations underlying the surgical management of severe obesity, together with the techniques employed, starting with the jejunal-colic by-pass of Payne et al. This, however, led to serious liver damage and electrolyte imbalance, whereupon Payne et al. proposed end-to-side and Scott end-to-end jejunal-ileal by-pass. The end-to-end variety has been used with excellent results in 33 cases. Mason's gastric and gastroplastic techniques is till now unfrequently used. An account is also given of experimental ileo-cholecystostomy and biliopancreatic by-pass. In agreement with most other workers, a preference is expressed for the end-to-end jejunal-ileal by-pass as the most suitable technique available at present.", "contents": "[Historical development of the surgical treatment of gross obesity]. Reference is made to the experimental preliminary remark and the first, clinical observations underlying the surgical management of severe obesity, together with the techniques employed, starting with the jejunal-colic by-pass of Payne et al. This, however, led to serious liver damage and electrolyte imbalance, whereupon Payne et al. proposed end-to-side and Scott end-to-end jejunal-ileal by-pass. The end-to-end variety has been used with excellent results in 33 cases. Mason's gastric and gastroplastic techniques is till now unfrequently used. An account is also given of experimental ileo-cholecystostomy and biliopancreatic by-pass. In agreement with most other workers, a preference is expressed for the end-to-end jejunal-ileal by-pass as the most suitable technique available at present.", "PMID": 733068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1366", "title": "[Jejuno-ileal bypass in the treatment of severe obesity: transverse or vertical approach?].", "content": "The criteria applicable to the selection of the approach route in the surgical management of essential gross obesity by means of a jejunal-ileal by-pass are discussed. Median vertical and transverse incision are compared in the light of early and late hypoxaemia in the immediate postoperative period; postoperative acidosis and alkalosis; rapidity; exposure; extendibility; tightness; postoperative pain; cosmetic results. A preference for the vertical approach is both stated and justified.", "contents": "[Jejuno-ileal bypass in the treatment of severe obesity: transverse or vertical approach?]. The criteria applicable to the selection of the approach route in the surgical management of essential gross obesity by means of a jejunal-ileal by-pass are discussed. Median vertical and transverse incision are compared in the light of early and late hypoxaemia in the immediate postoperative period; postoperative acidosis and alkalosis; rapidity; exposure; extendibility; tightness; postoperative pain; cosmetic results. A preference for the vertical approach is both stated and justified.", "PMID": 733069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1367", "title": "[Kinetics of loss of body weight after intestinal by-pass].", "content": "Changes in body weight (absolute and percent), overweight index, and body surface area were examined in 27 grossly obese subjects after jejunal-ileal by-pass. Curves were steeper and linear for 3-4 months and then flattened out for the remainder of the twelve-month period of observation. They were parallel to each other even when a division was made between patients weighing more and less than twice their ideal weight. This shows that if a person weighs more than 120 Kg his weight loss curve will depend on the time that has elapsed since surgery. It is virtually independent of the start value.", "contents": "[Kinetics of loss of body weight after intestinal by-pass]. Changes in body weight (absolute and percent), overweight index, and body surface area were examined in 27 grossly obese subjects after jejunal-ileal by-pass. Curves were steeper and linear for 3-4 months and then flattened out for the remainder of the twelve-month period of observation. They were parallel to each other even when a division was made between patients weighing more and less than twice their ideal weight. This shows that if a person weighs more than 120 Kg his weight loss curve will depend on the time that has elapsed since surgery. It is virtually independent of the start value.", "PMID": 733070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1368", "title": "[Short-term tolerability of 2 types of termino-terminal jejuno-ileal bypass].", "content": "The short-term tolerability of two types of end-to-end jejuno-ileal bypasses with different distal ileal loop lengths was evaluated. A comparison was made for 20 days of the behaviour of the main parameters influenced by the malabsorption syndrome thus induced. It was found that the operation involving a greater loss of small intestine was burdened with a greater number of discharges per day, an increase in total water loss, and an elevatem operative risk. This was compensated by more rapid and more evident loss of weight. Evaluation of the real meaning of the inversion of the A:G ratio observed in the short term with this type of operation was postponed to allow a longer follow-up period to run.", "contents": "[Short-term tolerability of 2 types of termino-terminal jejuno-ileal bypass]. The short-term tolerability of two types of end-to-end jejuno-ileal bypasses with different distal ileal loop lengths was evaluated. A comparison was made for 20 days of the behaviour of the main parameters influenced by the malabsorption syndrome thus induced. It was found that the operation involving a greater loss of small intestine was burdened with a greater number of discharges per day, an increase in total water loss, and an elevatem operative risk. This was compensated by more rapid and more evident loss of weight. Evaluation of the real meaning of the inversion of the A:G ratio observed in the short term with this type of operation was postponed to allow a longer follow-up period to run.", "PMID": 733071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1369", "title": "[Pulmonary aspergillosis. Presentation of an anatomo-clinical case of lobitis].", "content": "A case of pulmonary aspergillosis in an elderly, wasted patient is described from the clinical and anatomopathological points of view. The different ways in which pulmonary aspergillosis presents in humans are reviewed and the different factors favouring onset of the disease, which has become commoner in recent years, are considered. Finally, stress is laid on the anatomoclinical aspects of the case which, unlike those typical of aspergillosic pneumonia, also presented cavital zones.", "contents": "[Pulmonary aspergillosis. Presentation of an anatomo-clinical case of lobitis]. A case of pulmonary aspergillosis in an elderly, wasted patient is described from the clinical and anatomopathological points of view. The different ways in which pulmonary aspergillosis presents in humans are reviewed and the different factors favouring onset of the disease, which has become commoner in recent years, are considered. Finally, stress is laid on the anatomoclinical aspects of the case which, unlike those typical of aspergillosic pneumonia, also presented cavital zones.", "PMID": 733079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1370", "title": "[Use of the duodenum in demolition surgery of the stomach. Reconversion gastroduodenostomy in post-resection syndromes following Billroth II operations].", "content": "Stress is laid on the importance in digestive and absorptive physiology. The methods used for the re-insertion of the duodenum in the digestive circuit in the surgical correction of servious post-Billroth II syndromes are explained. Direct duodenal reconversion by means of the transformation of gastrojejunostomy into gastroduodenostomy is recommended in the light of results obtained in 25 cases of p.o.p.u., dumping syndrome, inflammation of the anastomosis, and ALS. It is suggested that jejunal interposition should be kept for cases in which the particular shortness of the gastric stump makes simple re-insertion of the duodenum into the stomach impracticable.", "contents": "[Use of the duodenum in demolition surgery of the stomach. Reconversion gastroduodenostomy in post-resection syndromes following Billroth II operations]. Stress is laid on the importance in digestive and absorptive physiology. The methods used for the re-insertion of the duodenum in the digestive circuit in the surgical correction of servious post-Billroth II syndromes are explained. Direct duodenal reconversion by means of the transformation of gastrojejunostomy into gastroduodenostomy is recommended in the light of results obtained in 25 cases of p.o.p.u., dumping syndrome, inflammation of the anastomosis, and ALS. It is suggested that jejunal interposition should be kept for cases in which the particular shortness of the gastric stump makes simple re-insertion of the duodenum into the stomach impracticable.", "PMID": 733080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1371", "title": "[The antisteatosic activity of 2-MPG (Thiola). Study with the (BSF) dynamic test and with liver biopsy before and after the treatment].", "content": "The short-term therapeutic effect of 2-MPG has been studied in 12 patients suffering from chronic liver disease of prevalent steatosic type. The drug was administered in a dose of 2.5 g. for 20 days. Patients were submitted to hepatic needle biopsy and BSF load test, with compartmental analysis before and after treatment. A marked reduction in steatosis and a statistically significant fall in BSF retention at the 45th minute, with increase in conjugation and excretion of colorant, was observed in 11 patients.", "contents": "[The antisteatosic activity of 2-MPG (Thiola). Study with the (BSF) dynamic test and with liver biopsy before and after the treatment]. The short-term therapeutic effect of 2-MPG has been studied in 12 patients suffering from chronic liver disease of prevalent steatosic type. The drug was administered in a dose of 2.5 g. for 20 days. Patients were submitted to hepatic needle biopsy and BSF load test, with compartmental analysis before and after treatment. A marked reduction in steatosis and a statistically significant fall in BSF retention at the 45th minute, with increase in conjugation and excretion of colorant, was observed in 11 patients.", "PMID": 733081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1372", "title": "[Genital tuberculosis and sterility].", "content": "The incidence of genital tuberculosis in its active and silent forms in determining in female procreational incapacity can be evaluated at about 5.03% (0.27% in active phase, 4.76% latent): these figures come from the extensive series of three Milan marriage sterility centres covering some thirty years of clinical and out-patient work (a total of 294 patients with specific genital diseases, of whom 16 in developmental phase and 278 latent). Chemotherapy, which always involves a variety of medicaments (prevalently streptomycin-isoniazide-etambutol association or rifampicin-isoniazide) can consist of the following approaches, depending on disease characteristics: - attach therapy - particularly in initially exudative forms, in acute and subacute evolutive phase and in the acute recurrences of chronic, drug-sensitive forms - using massive doses for two-three months; - basic therapy - indicated in chronic and stationary periods - with simultaneous administration of the chosen drugs and breaks in the treatment, for a period of at least six-eight months; - consolidation therapy - to be carried out even when the cure is apparently complete so as to avoid relapses - with periodic cycles lasting at least ten-twelve months. The experience can be considered highly encouraging because, quite apart from clinical cure, gestation occurred in only six cases and these gave rise to eutocic deliveries.", "contents": "[Genital tuberculosis and sterility]. The incidence of genital tuberculosis in its active and silent forms in determining in female procreational incapacity can be evaluated at about 5.03% (0.27% in active phase, 4.76% latent): these figures come from the extensive series of three Milan marriage sterility centres covering some thirty years of clinical and out-patient work (a total of 294 patients with specific genital diseases, of whom 16 in developmental phase and 278 latent). Chemotherapy, which always involves a variety of medicaments (prevalently streptomycin-isoniazide-etambutol association or rifampicin-isoniazide) can consist of the following approaches, depending on disease characteristics: - attach therapy - particularly in initially exudative forms, in acute and subacute evolutive phase and in the acute recurrences of chronic, drug-sensitive forms - using massive doses for two-three months; - basic therapy - indicated in chronic and stationary periods - with simultaneous administration of the chosen drugs and breaks in the treatment, for a period of at least six-eight months; - consolidation therapy - to be carried out even when the cure is apparently complete so as to avoid relapses - with periodic cycles lasting at least ten-twelve months. The experience can be considered highly encouraging because, quite apart from clinical cure, gestation occurred in only six cases and these gave rise to eutocic deliveries.", "PMID": 733082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1373", "title": "Evaluation of the contraction stress test before 33 weeks' gestation.", "content": "The value of the contraction stress test (CST), although well documented in late pregnancy, has been questioned earlier in gestation. We have evaluated the reliability of the CST in 102 patients tested before 33 weeks' gestation. Eighteen patients with a positive CST had a significantly higher incidence of abnormal urinary estriol excretion (60% of patients), low Apgar scores (44%), growth retardation (39%), and perinatal mortality (277/1000) than did 84 women without a positive CST. Two stillbirths and 3 neonatal deaths occurred in the positive CST group. None of the neonatal losses was due to unnecessary premature intervention. Four patients with a positive CST showed no signs of fetal compromise, a false positive rate of 22%. Delivery was safely delayed an average of 6.1 weeks in patients without a positive CST. These findings demonstrate the predictive value of the CST and support its clinical application early in the third trimester.", "contents": "Evaluation of the contraction stress test before 33 weeks' gestation. The value of the contraction stress test (CST), although well documented in late pregnancy, has been questioned earlier in gestation. We have evaluated the reliability of the CST in 102 patients tested before 33 weeks' gestation. Eighteen patients with a positive CST had a significantly higher incidence of abnormal urinary estriol excretion (60% of patients), low Apgar scores (44%), growth retardation (39%), and perinatal mortality (277/1000) than did 84 women without a positive CST. Two stillbirths and 3 neonatal deaths occurred in the positive CST group. None of the neonatal losses was due to unnecessary premature intervention. Four patients with a positive CST showed no signs of fetal compromise, a false positive rate of 22%. Delivery was safely delayed an average of 6.1 weeks in patients without a positive CST. These findings demonstrate the predictive value of the CST and support its clinical application early in the third trimester.", "PMID": 733130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1374", "title": "Deflexion of the fetal head in breech presentation. Incidence, management, and outcome.", "content": "The deflexion attitude of the fetal head in 223 consecutive breech deliveries was radiologically evaluated and classified into four grades. Additional x-ray pelvimetry was performed on all primiparas (136 cases). Extended (35 cases with deflexion angle of 90 degrees or less) and hyperextended (2 cases with angle of more than 90 degrees) variants were found in 16.4%. In the cases of hyperextension, the patients had elective cesarean section, while in cases of other variants they were delivered vaginally in the absence of other indications to cesarean section. The overall cesarean section rate was 17.5%. No cases of perinatal mortality were recorded. Two hundred and sixteen babies had a 1-minute Apgar score of 7--10, 6 had a score of 4--6, and 1 had a score of 2. Only 1 of the 7 asphyxiated babies was of the group of 35 patients classified as having an extended variant. These favorable results confirm the importance of the radiologic assessment of the deflexion angle as a clinical tool.", "contents": "Deflexion of the fetal head in breech presentation. Incidence, management, and outcome. The deflexion attitude of the fetal head in 223 consecutive breech deliveries was radiologically evaluated and classified into four grades. Additional x-ray pelvimetry was performed on all primiparas (136 cases). Extended (35 cases with deflexion angle of 90 degrees or less) and hyperextended (2 cases with angle of more than 90 degrees) variants were found in 16.4%. In the cases of hyperextension, the patients had elective cesarean section, while in cases of other variants they were delivered vaginally in the absence of other indications to cesarean section. The overall cesarean section rate was 17.5%. No cases of perinatal mortality were recorded. Two hundred and sixteen babies had a 1-minute Apgar score of 7--10, 6 had a score of 4--6, and 1 had a score of 2. Only 1 of the 7 asphyxiated babies was of the group of 35 patients classified as having an extended variant. These favorable results confirm the importance of the radiologic assessment of the deflexion angle as a clinical tool.", "PMID": 733131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1375", "title": "Infectious morbidity following cesarean section. Comparison of two treatment regimens.", "content": "During a 4-month period 265 women delivered by cesarean section were studied to determine what effect membrane rupture has on the incidence and severity of postoperative infection. There was a definite correlation between the duration of ruptured membranes and the incidence as well as severity of postoperative infections. Only 29% of women with intact membranes subsequently developed endometritis with pelvic cellulitis, in contrast to 85% of those whose membranes were ruptured for less than 6 hours. Wound and pelvic abscesses were encountered in less than 1% of women delivered with intact membranes, yet these complications developed in over 30% of women with membranes ruptured for less than 6 hours. The incidence of septicemia was four times greater in those women whose membranes were ruptured for less than 6 hours. Women with endometritis were treated with one of two empirical antimicrobial regimens chosen randomly. Intravenous penicillin and tetracycline was found to be as effective as, and perhaps slightly more effective than, the combination of intravenous penicillin and intramuscular tobramycin.", "contents": "Infectious morbidity following cesarean section. Comparison of two treatment regimens. During a 4-month period 265 women delivered by cesarean section were studied to determine what effect membrane rupture has on the incidence and severity of postoperative infection. There was a definite correlation between the duration of ruptured membranes and the incidence as well as severity of postoperative infections. Only 29% of women with intact membranes subsequently developed endometritis with pelvic cellulitis, in contrast to 85% of those whose membranes were ruptured for less than 6 hours. Wound and pelvic abscesses were encountered in less than 1% of women delivered with intact membranes, yet these complications developed in over 30% of women with membranes ruptured for less than 6 hours. The incidence of septicemia was four times greater in those women whose membranes were ruptured for less than 6 hours. Women with endometritis were treated with one of two empirical antimicrobial regimens chosen randomly. Intravenous penicillin and tetracycline was found to be as effective as, and perhaps slightly more effective than, the combination of intravenous penicillin and intramuscular tobramycin.", "PMID": 733132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1376", "title": "The effect of maternal blood sugar levels on fetal activity.", "content": "Nonstress testing of the fetal heart rate is an antepartum test for fetal well-being utilizing the fetal heart rate response to fetal movement. Performing the test during times of maximum fetal movement should reduce the time required for the test. In this study, fetal activity was evaluated before and during a 3-hour glucose tolerance test to determine the effect of maternal blood glucose levels on fetal activity. Fetal activity was monitored by a nurse at the bedside throughout the study, utilizing both the patient's perception of fetal movement and the recording of fetal movement by the tokodynamometer. Fetal activity increased significantly during the first 30 minutes after maternal ingestion of 100 g glucose and was significantly greater during the last 10 minutes of this time interval. No correlation could be found between absolute levels of glucose at any measured level and fetal activity.", "contents": "The effect of maternal blood sugar levels on fetal activity. Nonstress testing of the fetal heart rate is an antepartum test for fetal well-being utilizing the fetal heart rate response to fetal movement. Performing the test during times of maximum fetal movement should reduce the time required for the test. In this study, fetal activity was evaluated before and during a 3-hour glucose tolerance test to determine the effect of maternal blood glucose levels on fetal activity. Fetal activity was monitored by a nurse at the bedside throughout the study, utilizing both the patient's perception of fetal movement and the recording of fetal movement by the tokodynamometer. Fetal activity increased significantly during the first 30 minutes after maternal ingestion of 100 g glucose and was significantly greater during the last 10 minutes of this time interval. No correlation could be found between absolute levels of glucose at any measured level and fetal activity.", "PMID": 733133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1377", "title": "Umbilical cord and neonatal cortisol levels. Effect of gestational and neonatal factors.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of the type of delivery, gestational age, maternal dexamethasone treatment, and neonatal complications on the serum cortisol levels in early infancy, a total of 92 neonates were investigated with 611 cortisol determinations (specific radioimmunoassay after Lipidex chromatography). Umbilical cord blood samples were taken immediately after delivery and capillary blood samples from the infant's heel 30--60 minutes after delivery and at 8:00 AM and PM on the second, fourth, and sixth days of life. Umbilical cord cortisol concentration after elective cesarean section was lower than after emergency cesarean section or after normal vaginal delivery, while neonatal cortisol values did not show any correlation with the type of delivery. Prematurity did not affect neonatal cortisol levels. In postterm infants the activation of cortisol production was retarded to some degree. After maternal dexamethasone therapy, neonatal cortisol concentration decreased 30--60 minutes after delivery, but from the second day on it was at the same level as in infants without maternal therapy. Respiratory distress syndrome, especially in fatal cases, caused an elevation in neonatal cortisol levels, while hyperbilirubinemia did not have an effect on plasma cortisol concentrations of the neonates.", "contents": "Umbilical cord and neonatal cortisol levels. Effect of gestational and neonatal factors. To evaluate the effect of the type of delivery, gestational age, maternal dexamethasone treatment, and neonatal complications on the serum cortisol levels in early infancy, a total of 92 neonates were investigated with 611 cortisol determinations (specific radioimmunoassay after Lipidex chromatography). Umbilical cord blood samples were taken immediately after delivery and capillary blood samples from the infant's heel 30--60 minutes after delivery and at 8:00 AM and PM on the second, fourth, and sixth days of life. Umbilical cord cortisol concentration after elective cesarean section was lower than after emergency cesarean section or after normal vaginal delivery, while neonatal cortisol values did not show any correlation with the type of delivery. Prematurity did not affect neonatal cortisol levels. In postterm infants the activation of cortisol production was retarded to some degree. After maternal dexamethasone therapy, neonatal cortisol concentration decreased 30--60 minutes after delivery, but from the second day on it was at the same level as in infants without maternal therapy. Respiratory distress syndrome, especially in fatal cases, caused an elevation in neonatal cortisol levels, while hyperbilirubinemia did not have an effect on plasma cortisol concentrations of the neonates.", "PMID": 733134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1378", "title": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with alphaprodine administration.", "content": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate patterns were observed in 42.5% of a group of 40 women who had received alphaprodine (Nisentil) for relief of labor pain. Analysis showed that the pattern appeared approximately 19 minutes following alphaprodine administration and persisted for approximately 60 minutes. In a control group of 18 patients who did not receive narcotic analgesia, and intermittent sinusoidal pattern was observed in one patient. All babies with sinusoidal heart rate during labor had 1-minute Apgar scores of 7 or greater except two in the study group. Both these neonates had low Apgar scores directly associated with complications at delivery. All 5-minute Apgar scores were 7 or greater, and there were no perinatal deaths.", "contents": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with alphaprodine administration. Sinusoidal fetal heart rate patterns were observed in 42.5% of a group of 40 women who had received alphaprodine (Nisentil) for relief of labor pain. Analysis showed that the pattern appeared approximately 19 minutes following alphaprodine administration and persisted for approximately 60 minutes. In a control group of 18 patients who did not receive narcotic analgesia, and intermittent sinusoidal pattern was observed in one patient. All babies with sinusoidal heart rate during labor had 1-minute Apgar scores of 7 or greater except two in the study group. Both these neonates had low Apgar scores directly associated with complications at delivery. All 5-minute Apgar scores were 7 or greater, and there were no perinatal deaths.", "PMID": 733135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1379", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity in man.", "content": "A case is presented of fetal teratogenic damage from an unusually high maternal dosage of diphenylhydantoin, 600 mg daily, to a 40-kg woman throughout pregnancy. The anomalies included narrowed ends of the fingers and toes; aplasia of the nails on the other fingers and toes; aplasia of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes; a broad, depressed nasal bridge; anteverted nostrils; prominent upper lip; coarse, profuse scalp hair; pilonidal sinus; and simian crease of the left hand. At the age of 7 months, ossification of the distal phalanges of both middle fingers appeared, the anterior fontanel was small, brain development was retarded, cranial asymmetry was marked, and the fingertips showed a pattern of low arch dermal ridges.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity in man. A case is presented of fetal teratogenic damage from an unusually high maternal dosage of diphenylhydantoin, 600 mg daily, to a 40-kg woman throughout pregnancy. The anomalies included narrowed ends of the fingers and toes; aplasia of the nails on the other fingers and toes; aplasia of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes; a broad, depressed nasal bridge; anteverted nostrils; prominent upper lip; coarse, profuse scalp hair; pilonidal sinus; and simian crease of the left hand. At the age of 7 months, ossification of the distal phalanges of both middle fingers appeared, the anterior fontanel was small, brain development was retarded, cranial asymmetry was marked, and the fingertips showed a pattern of low arch dermal ridges.", "PMID": 733136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1380", "title": "Regulation of amniotic fluid volume and composition in the ovine fetus.", "content": "To determine the role of fetal swallowing in the control of amniotic fluid volume and composition and fetomaternal sodium transport, 4 ovine fetuses of 101--129 days' gestation had their esophagi surgically occluded. Amniotic and fetal vascular cannulas were implanted at the same time in these fetuses and in four intact controls. There was no difference between the amniotic sodium or potassium of these two groups over the next 3 weeks, at which time cesarean section was performed and the volume of amniotic fluid measured. Hydramnios did not result from esophageal atresia. Twenty-four hours after injection of 24Na into the amniotic fluid, the percentages of the dose in the fetal/maternal compartment were similar in intact and esophagus-ligated fetuses.", "contents": "Regulation of amniotic fluid volume and composition in the ovine fetus. To determine the role of fetal swallowing in the control of amniotic fluid volume and composition and fetomaternal sodium transport, 4 ovine fetuses of 101--129 days' gestation had their esophagi surgically occluded. Amniotic and fetal vascular cannulas were implanted at the same time in these fetuses and in four intact controls. There was no difference between the amniotic sodium or potassium of these two groups over the next 3 weeks, at which time cesarean section was performed and the volume of amniotic fluid measured. Hydramnios did not result from esophageal atresia. Twenty-four hours after injection of 24Na into the amniotic fluid, the percentages of the dose in the fetal/maternal compartment were similar in intact and esophagus-ligated fetuses.", "PMID": 733137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1381", "title": "Hormonal content of plasma and endometrium of women taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "A total of 134 women were studied, 75 of whom were using cyclic steroid contraception (ethinyl estradiol, 0.05 mg plus norgestrel, 0.5 mg) and 59 of whom had normal ovaulatory cycles. By radioimmunoassay techniques simultaneous determinations were made of total estrogens (TE) and progesterone (P) in both plasma and endometrium and of FSH and LH in plasma, covering all days of the pseudomenstrual and true menstrual cycles. As expected, the ovulating women showed a midcycle peak of plasma TE and an increase in plasma P thereafter, while no cyclic variations were observed in the treated group. Correlations of endometrial concentrations of TE and P with plasma  FSH and LH levels are discussed. In 13 of the 75 treated women elevations of endometrial P concentrations were present, presumably demonstrating the \"escape phenomenon.\" The possible future value of endometrial hormone determinations is suggested.", "contents": "Hormonal content of plasma and endometrium of women taking oral contraceptives. A total of 134 women were studied, 75 of whom were using cyclic steroid contraception (ethinyl estradiol, 0.05 mg plus norgestrel, 0.5 mg) and 59 of whom had normal ovaulatory cycles. By radioimmunoassay techniques simultaneous determinations were made of total estrogens (TE) and progesterone (P) in both plasma and endometrium and of FSH and LH in plasma, covering all days of the pseudomenstrual and true menstrual cycles. As expected, the ovulating women showed a midcycle peak of plasma TE and an increase in plasma P thereafter, while no cyclic variations were observed in the treated group. Correlations of endometrial concentrations of TE and P with plasma  FSH and LH levels are discussed. In 13 of the 75 treated women elevations of endometrial P concentrations were present, presumably demonstrating the \"escape phenomenon.\" The possible future value of endometrial hormone determinations is suggested.", "PMID": 733138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1382", "title": "Granulosa cell tumors. A clinical review of 61 cases.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with granulosa cell tumors of the ovary were treated in the A.M. Evans Clinic of the British Columbia Cancer Control Agency between 1944 and 1974. Their treatment and follow-up are reviewed, and while the 5-year survival rate was 78%, the 15-year rate fell to 50%. The material suggests that the trend to total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy has improved the prognosis, but other explanations are, of course, possible as this is a historical comparison.", "contents": "Granulosa cell tumors. A clinical review of 61 cases. Sixty-one patients with granulosa cell tumors of the ovary were treated in the A.M. Evans Clinic of the British Columbia Cancer Control Agency between 1944 and 1974. Their treatment and follow-up are reviewed, and while the 5-year survival rate was 78%, the 15-year rate fell to 50%. The material suggests that the trend to total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy has improved the prognosis, but other explanations are, of course, possible as this is a historical comparison.", "PMID": 733139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1383", "title": "Screening for the patient at risk for postpartum depression.", "content": "A simple, accurate, and practical device was designed for detecting the woman at risk for postpartum emotional disorder (PED). Women attending the Sainte-Justine prenatal clinic were requested to complete a 19-item \"yes/no\" type of questionnaire. Each patient was classified for presence or absence of PED according to preestablished criteria. The responses of the patients classified as having emotional disorders were compared to the \"normal\" group. Thirteen percent developed PED. Six items showed predictive value: 1) admission of often feeling unloved by husband; 2) admission of feeling that pregnancy is undesired; 3) past history of postpartum depression; 4) being single or separated; 5) admission of marital problems; 6) admission that pregnancy was unplanned. The presentation of these items as part of a routine patient prenatal history questionnaire would constitute a means of identifying the woman at risk to develop PED and preventive measures could be taken.", "contents": "Screening for the patient at risk for postpartum depression. A simple, accurate, and practical device was designed for detecting the woman at risk for postpartum emotional disorder (PED). Women attending the Sainte-Justine prenatal clinic were requested to complete a 19-item \"yes/no\" type of questionnaire. Each patient was classified for presence or absence of PED according to preestablished criteria. The responses of the patients classified as having emotional disorders were compared to the \"normal\" group. Thirteen percent developed PED. Six items showed predictive value: 1) admission of often feeling unloved by husband; 2) admission of feeling that pregnancy is undesired; 3) past history of postpartum depression; 4) being single or separated; 5) admission of marital problems; 6) admission that pregnancy was unplanned. The presentation of these items as part of a routine patient prenatal history questionnaire would constitute a means of identifying the woman at risk to develop PED and preventive measures could be taken.", "PMID": 733141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1384", "title": "Mass visual screening via television.", "content": "Videotaped programs that could be used for screening of visual acuity and of visual fields by means of broadcast television have been developed and tested. The tests are designed to be effective regardless of the size of the viewer's television screen. Inevitably, false-positive and false-negative results would occur, which would have to be carefully explained at the time the tests were broadcast.", "contents": "Mass visual screening via television. Videotaped programs that could be used for screening of visual acuity and of visual fields by means of broadcast television have been developed and tested. The tests are designed to be effective regardless of the size of the viewer's television screen. Inevitably, false-positive and false-negative results would occur, which would have to be carefully explained at the time the tests were broadcast.", "PMID": 733164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1385", "title": "A multispecialty approach to the excision and reconstruction of eyelid tumors.", "content": "An ongoing study indicates that the Mohs' fresh tissue technique of tumor removal followed by eyelid reconstruction may be the most efficacious management of eyelid malignancies. Forty-seven recurrent, invasive or large eyelid and canthal tumors were excised by this method followed by eyelid reconstruction. The advantages of this approach are (1) a high cure rate, (2) conservation of tissue, (3) reduced operating room time, and (4) maximum utilization of specialty training.", "contents": "A multispecialty approach to the excision and reconstruction of eyelid tumors. An ongoing study indicates that the Mohs' fresh tissue technique of tumor removal followed by eyelid reconstruction may be the most efficacious management of eyelid malignancies. Forty-seven recurrent, invasive or large eyelid and canthal tumors were excised by this method followed by eyelid reconstruction. The advantages of this approach are (1) a high cure rate, (2) conservation of tissue, (3) reduced operating room time, and (4) maximum utilization of specialty training.", "PMID": 733165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1386", "title": "Eyelid reconstruction by the semicircle flap technique.", "content": "The semicircle flap technique of eyelid reconstruction is a modified lateral advancement-rotation flap. The procedure combines the use of selective lysis of the limbs of the lateral canthal tendon with a semicircular skin-muscle flap confined to the region of the lateral canthus within the boundary established by the lateral eyebrow and the arc it defines. Reconstruction of one half to more than three fourths of the lower or upper eyelid can be accomplished without borrowing tissue from the eyelids, nose, ear, or mouth. Large forehead, brow, or cheek flaps are elininated, as is the need for closure of the palpebral fissure during the early healing course. The procedure has been used in the reconstruction of 36 lower eyelids and five upper eyelids in 40 patients, with a follow-up period of six months to six years. The usual indication for the use of this procedure is reconstruction of a central, marginal lid defect following the excision of a neoplasm. However, it may also be useful in cases of tissue loss caused by trauma, or for severe lid malpositions for which major kid reconstruction is necessary. The early and long-term cosmetic and functional results have been gratifying.", "contents": "Eyelid reconstruction by the semicircle flap technique. The semicircle flap technique of eyelid reconstruction is a modified lateral advancement-rotation flap. The procedure combines the use of selective lysis of the limbs of the lateral canthal tendon with a semicircular skin-muscle flap confined to the region of the lateral canthus within the boundary established by the lateral eyebrow and the arc it defines. Reconstruction of one half to more than three fourths of the lower or upper eyelid can be accomplished without borrowing tissue from the eyelids, nose, ear, or mouth. Large forehead, brow, or cheek flaps are elininated, as is the need for closure of the palpebral fissure during the early healing course. The procedure has been used in the reconstruction of 36 lower eyelids and five upper eyelids in 40 patients, with a follow-up period of six months to six years. The usual indication for the use of this procedure is reconstruction of a central, marginal lid defect following the excision of a neoplasm. However, it may also be useful in cases of tissue loss caused by trauma, or for severe lid malpositions for which major kid reconstruction is necessary. The early and long-term cosmetic and functional results have been gratifying.", "PMID": 733166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1387", "title": "\"No-touch\" cryosurgical enucleation: a minimal trauma technique for eyes harboring intraocular malignancy.", "content": "Current surgical approaches for cancer are emphasizing minimal trauma--the so-called no-touch technique of tumor removal. Tumor seeding through the circulatory system seems reasonable, particularly with friable and necrotic tumors. Attempts to reduce metastatic seeds should originate with the original procedure. Enucleation of nontumor eyes with simultaneous intraocular manometry has shown which surgical maneuvers elevate intraocular pressure and how ocular massage can be avoided. Our surgical procedure involves a delicate surgical technique coupled with transscleral cryocoagulation to immobilize the tumor's blood supply.", "contents": "\"No-touch\" cryosurgical enucleation: a minimal trauma technique for eyes harboring intraocular malignancy. Current surgical approaches for cancer are emphasizing minimal trauma--the so-called no-touch technique of tumor removal. Tumor seeding through the circulatory system seems reasonable, particularly with friable and necrotic tumors. Attempts to reduce metastatic seeds should originate with the original procedure. Enucleation of nontumor eyes with simultaneous intraocular manometry has shown which surgical maneuvers elevate intraocular pressure and how ocular massage can be avoided. Our surgical procedure involves a delicate surgical technique coupled with transscleral cryocoagulation to immobilize the tumor's blood supply.", "PMID": 733167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1388", "title": "Relative frequency of ultrasound diagnoses in patients referred for ophthalmic ultrasound.", "content": "An ultrasound diagnostic coding system was developed that permitted entry of diagnoses into a programmable calculator, thus permitting rapid information retrieval of patients with a specific diagnosis or diagnoses as well as the number of patients with a specific diagnosis. Cataract, vitreous opacity, trauma, choroidal disease, and retinal detachment were the most common diagnoses made. Only 7.2% of the patients had a normal ultrasound, indicating that ultrasound examination is a test probably underutilized by ophthalmologists.", "contents": "Relative frequency of ultrasound diagnoses in patients referred for ophthalmic ultrasound. An ultrasound diagnostic coding system was developed that permitted entry of diagnoses into a programmable calculator, thus permitting rapid information retrieval of patients with a specific diagnosis or diagnoses as well as the number of patients with a specific diagnosis. Cataract, vitreous opacity, trauma, choroidal disease, and retinal detachment were the most common diagnoses made. Only 7.2% of the patients had a normal ultrasound, indicating that ultrasound examination is a test probably underutilized by ophthalmologists.", "PMID": 733180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1389", "title": "Reliability of orbital diagnostic tests: ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and radiography.", "content": "A series of 342 patients with unilateral exophthalmos underwent orbital diagnostic studies including ultrasonography, computerized tomography, radiographic studies, and vascular contrast studies. Each test was found to have diagnostic capabilities that complemented other studies depending upon the specific disease process involved. No one test was entirely adequate without supplementary information from the other tests. Radiographic studies demonstrated bony abnormality in 50% of the tumor cases, but in only 28% of the entire series of exophthalmos cases. Computerized tomography demonstrated diagnostic soft tissue abnormality in 86% of tumors, 43% of inflammatory diseases, and an overall yield of 62% positive results. Ultrasonography proved the most versatile test for evaluation of orbital soft tissues, with 80% positive results for tumors, 87% for inflammatory disorders, and 78% overall accurate orbital diagnosis. Erroneous tumor diagnosis of 7% with computerized tomography and 3% with ultrasonography were corrected by combining these two studies, because they tend to err in opposite directions. Combination of ultrasound and CT scan resulted in a 98% correct diagnosis of all types of orbital diseases.", "contents": "Reliability of orbital diagnostic tests: ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and radiography. A series of 342 patients with unilateral exophthalmos underwent orbital diagnostic studies including ultrasonography, computerized tomography, radiographic studies, and vascular contrast studies. Each test was found to have diagnostic capabilities that complemented other studies depending upon the specific disease process involved. No one test was entirely adequate without supplementary information from the other tests. Radiographic studies demonstrated bony abnormality in 50% of the tumor cases, but in only 28% of the entire series of exophthalmos cases. Computerized tomography demonstrated diagnostic soft tissue abnormality in 86% of tumors, 43% of inflammatory diseases, and an overall yield of 62% positive results. Ultrasonography proved the most versatile test for evaluation of orbital soft tissues, with 80% positive results for tumors, 87% for inflammatory disorders, and 78% overall accurate orbital diagnosis. Erroneous tumor diagnosis of 7% with computerized tomography and 3% with ultrasonography were corrected by combining these two studies, because they tend to err in opposite directions. Combination of ultrasound and CT scan resulted in a 98% correct diagnosis of all types of orbital diseases.", "PMID": 733181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1390", "title": "Orbital hematoma secondary to frontal sinusitis.", "content": "A 30-year-old woman had an orbital hematoma with frontal sinusitis. This complication of infection in the paranasal sinuses has not been previously described, but is explainable in anatomic terms. On computed tomographic scanning, the degree of enhancement with contrast infusion was striking and may aid in future diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "Orbital hematoma secondary to frontal sinusitis. A 30-year-old woman had an orbital hematoma with frontal sinusitis. This complication of infection in the paranasal sinuses has not been previously described, but is explainable in anatomic terms. On computed tomographic scanning, the degree of enhancement with contrast infusion was striking and may aid in future diagnosis of this condition.", "PMID": 733182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1391", "title": "Macular circulation and the flying corpuscles phenomenon.", "content": "The entoptic phenomenon of the flying corpuscles (FLC) consists of the perception of one's own leukocytes flowing in the perifoveal capillaries. A method has been developed to investigate the type of motion of the FLC, their relative number and speed, and their distribution over the central visual field. The results in 38 patients with disease affecting the macula correlated well with the clinical findings obtained by ophthalmoscopy, visual field tests, and fluorescein angiography. The test is noninvasive, inexpensive, easy to perform, and provides information on the perifoveal retinal circulation and on macular function.", "contents": "Macular circulation and the flying corpuscles phenomenon. The entoptic phenomenon of the flying corpuscles (FLC) consists of the perception of one's own leukocytes flowing in the perifoveal capillaries. A method has been developed to investigate the type of motion of the FLC, their relative number and speed, and their distribution over the central visual field. The results in 38 patients with disease affecting the macula correlated well with the clinical findings obtained by ophthalmoscopy, visual field tests, and fluorescein angiography. The test is noninvasive, inexpensive, easy to perform, and provides information on the perifoveal retinal circulation and on macular function.", "PMID": 733184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1392", "title": "Hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "The diagnosis of hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy (HOGA) depends upon the presence of five characteristic features: (1) typical chorioretinal lesions, (2) high myopia, (3) cataracts, (4) hyperornithinemia, and (5) autosomal recessive inheritance. We have seen three patients and described four new findings: (1) decreased whole blood glutamic acid, (2) low normal intelligence, (3) hepatic mitochondrial changes, and (4) urinary excretion of ornithine methyl ester. Investigations of amino acid metabolism in vivo are consistent with the presence of a defect in ornithine keto-acid transaminase.", "contents": "Hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. The diagnosis of hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy (HOGA) depends upon the presence of five characteristic features: (1) typical chorioretinal lesions, (2) high myopia, (3) cataracts, (4) hyperornithinemia, and (5) autosomal recessive inheritance. We have seen three patients and described four new findings: (1) decreased whole blood glutamic acid, (2) low normal intelligence, (3) hepatic mitochondrial changes, and (4) urinary excretion of ornithine methyl ester. Investigations of amino acid metabolism in vivo are consistent with the presence of a defect in ornithine keto-acid transaminase.", "PMID": 733185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1393", "title": "Follow-up studies of suspicious choroidal nevi.", "content": "The fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms of 255 consecutive cases of choroidal nevi were reviewed. Sixty-one cases (24%) were selected as suspicious on the basis of strict preestablished criteria including greatest single diameter, elevation, degree of disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium, and presence of subretinal fluid. Fifty of these 61 had adequate four-year follow-up. The remaining 194 cases, labeled as nonsuspicious, were usually small, relatively flat, slate-grey nevi which failed to meet the criteria for being suspicious. Of the 50 suspicious choroidal nevi followed four years, five (10%) showed photographic evidence of growth 4 to 30 months after the last examination. In contrast, none of the 194 nonsuspicious cases demonstrated growth. On the basis of these results, recommendations are made for the management of suspicious choroidal nevi.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of suspicious choroidal nevi. The fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms of 255 consecutive cases of choroidal nevi were reviewed. Sixty-one cases (24%) were selected as suspicious on the basis of strict preestablished criteria including greatest single diameter, elevation, degree of disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium, and presence of subretinal fluid. Fifty of these 61 had adequate four-year follow-up. The remaining 194 cases, labeled as nonsuspicious, were usually small, relatively flat, slate-grey nevi which failed to meet the criteria for being suspicious. Of the 50 suspicious choroidal nevi followed four years, five (10%) showed photographic evidence of growth 4 to 30 months after the last examination. In contrast, none of the 194 nonsuspicious cases demonstrated growth. On the basis of these results, recommendations are made for the management of suspicious choroidal nevi.", "PMID": 733186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1394", "title": "Living retinal nematode (filarial-like) destroyed with photocoagulation.", "content": "A motile worm creating tracks upon the pigment epithelium of the retina was observed in each of two patients. The fundus findings resembled pseudoretinitis pigmentosa. Unilateral macular degeneration resulted in one patient. The worm was a nematode, probably a filaria. This report represents the third and fourth intraocular filariae found in the United States. To our knowledge, it is the first report of living, intraretinal filarial-like worms destroyed by photocoagulation.", "contents": "Living retinal nematode (filarial-like) destroyed with photocoagulation. A motile worm creating tracks upon the pigment epithelium of the retina was observed in each of two patients. The fundus findings resembled pseudoretinitis pigmentosa. Unilateral macular degeneration resulted in one patient. The worm was a nematode, probably a filaria. This report represents the third and fourth intraocular filariae found in the United States. To our knowledge, it is the first report of living, intraretinal filarial-like worms destroyed by photocoagulation.", "PMID": 733187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1395", "title": "Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: I. Clinical studies.", "content": "Two well-documented cases of bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusions with blindness following head and neck soft-tissue injection with methylprednisolone acetate in combination with lidocaine, epinephrine, or penicillin are reported. One case had only a unilateral injection. The acute observations included hazy sensorium, superior gaze palsy, pupillary abnormalities, and conjunctival hemorrhages with edema. Follow-up changes showed marked visual loss, constricted visual fields, optic nerve pallor, vascular attenuation, and chorioretinal atrophy. The literature is reviewed, and possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: I. Clinical studies. Two well-documented cases of bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusions with blindness following head and neck soft-tissue injection with methylprednisolone acetate in combination with lidocaine, epinephrine, or penicillin are reported. One case had only a unilateral injection. The acute observations included hazy sensorium, superior gaze palsy, pupillary abnormalities, and conjunctival hemorrhages with edema. Follow-up changes showed marked visual loss, constricted visual fields, optic nerve pallor, vascular attenuation, and chorioretinal atrophy. The literature is reviewed, and possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 733189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1396", "title": "Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: II. Animal experimental studies.", "content": "An experimental dog model was used to reproduce the clinical picture of bilateral arteriole and choriocapillaris occlusion from a unilateral intracarotid injection of long-acting corticosteroids combined with other drugs including lidocaine, epinephrine, and penicillin. All five known long-acting corticosteroids, when combined with 1:1000,000 epinephrine, elicited vasoconstriction followed by dilatation of the retinal vessels with particulate material occlusion of the retinal vessels and choriocapillaris associated with small retinal hemorrhages. The fluorescein picture is described. The particles were identified by polarization as the long-acting corticosteroid.", "contents": "Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: II. Animal experimental studies. An experimental dog model was used to reproduce the clinical picture of bilateral arteriole and choriocapillaris occlusion from a unilateral intracarotid injection of long-acting corticosteroids combined with other drugs including lidocaine, epinephrine, and penicillin. All five known long-acting corticosteroids, when combined with 1:1000,000 epinephrine, elicited vasoconstriction followed by dilatation of the retinal vessels with particulate material occlusion of the retinal vessels and choriocapillaris associated with small retinal hemorrhages. The fluorescein picture is described. The particles were identified by polarization as the long-acting corticosteroid.", "PMID": 733190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1397", "title": "Failure of femoral component in total hip arthroplasty: a case study--failure analysis.", "content": "Marked bending prior to fatigue failure of the femoral component of a total hip arthroplasty points out the necessity for proper valgus placement of the prosthesis in the femoral shaft, especially in large active patients. This failure also indicates the need for limiting activities in such a patient.", "contents": "Failure of femoral component in total hip arthroplasty: a case study--failure analysis. Marked bending prior to fatigue failure of the femoral component of a total hip arthroplasty points out the necessity for proper valgus placement of the prosthesis in the femoral shaft, especially in large active patients. This failure also indicates the need for limiting activities in such a patient.", "PMID": 733192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1398", "title": "Distraction pinning for radial metaphysis fractures.", "content": "Comminuted fractures of the distal radial metaphysis are inherently unstable. Reduction can be obtained utilizing traction, and then the fracture stabilized by placing pins proximal and distal to the fracture and incorporating these pins in a short-arm cast. The results of 36 patients treated in this manner were analyzed. An excellent result was achieved in 78% of the cases.", "contents": "Distraction pinning for radial metaphysis fractures. Comminuted fractures of the distal radial metaphysis are inherently unstable. Reduction can be obtained utilizing traction, and then the fracture stabilized by placing pins proximal and distal to the fracture and incorporating these pins in a short-arm cast. The results of 36 patients treated in this manner were analyzed. An excellent result was achieved in 78% of the cases.", "PMID": 733193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1399", "title": "Computed tomography in the measurement of femoral anteversion.", "content": "A new technique using computed tomography for measuring femoral anteversion is presented, with advantages over prior techniques. Computed tomography allows the visual portrayal of the cervical axis to be superimposed upon the diacondylar axis for direct goniometric measurement of the anteversion angle. Beyond its accuracy, the procedure requires no complicated positioning framework and can be done in a brief span of time.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the measurement of femoral anteversion. A new technique using computed tomography for measuring femoral anteversion is presented, with advantages over prior techniques. Computed tomography allows the visual portrayal of the cervical axis to be superimposed upon the diacondylar axis for direct goniometric measurement of the anteversion angle. Beyond its accuracy, the procedure requires no complicated positioning framework and can be done in a brief span of time.", "PMID": 733194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1400", "title": "Leg length discrepancy: how much is too much?", "content": "A survey of 74 skeletally mature patients with leg length discrepancies of 1.5 cm or more revealed that patients with less than a 2.0-cm discrepancy did not consider their short leg to be a problem in any way. As the amount of discrepancy increased, there were more problems, although there was no critical \"cutoff\" point. Some patients functioned well athletically with discrepancies of over 2.5 cm. A survey of pediatric orthopedists reflected the wide variety of opinion regarding indications for equalization of leg length discrepancy noted in the literature. It is concluded that there seems little indication for equalization of discrepancies less than 2 cm. For larger amounts of discrepancy, \"clinical judgment\" still must be weighed on an individual basis, as individual variation among patients with leg length discrepancy confounds any precise classification of functional disability.", "contents": "Leg length discrepancy: how much is too much? A survey of 74 skeletally mature patients with leg length discrepancies of 1.5 cm or more revealed that patients with less than a 2.0-cm discrepancy did not consider their short leg to be a problem in any way. As the amount of discrepancy increased, there were more problems, although there was no critical \"cutoff\" point. Some patients functioned well athletically with discrepancies of over 2.5 cm. A survey of pediatric orthopedists reflected the wide variety of opinion regarding indications for equalization of leg length discrepancy noted in the literature. It is concluded that there seems little indication for equalization of discrepancies less than 2 cm. For larger amounts of discrepancy, \"clinical judgment\" still must be weighed on an individual basis, as individual variation among patients with leg length discrepancy confounds any precise classification of functional disability.", "PMID": 733195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1401", "title": "Equinus contracture following Bryant's traction.", "content": "A case of a 14-year-old girl with both foot and hip sequelae secondary to the use of Bryant's traction at the age of 2 years, 8 months, is presented. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of Bryant's traction, which should be used with discretion, if at all.", "contents": "Equinus contracture following Bryant's traction. A case of a 14-year-old girl with both foot and hip sequelae secondary to the use of Bryant's traction at the age of 2 years, 8 months, is presented. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of Bryant's traction, which should be used with discretion, if at all.", "PMID": 733196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1402", "title": "Auditory screening.", "content": "Hearing screening is one of the most viable techniques in the health screening arena. The procedures are sufficiently valid and flexible to meet the requisite goals at any age level. The yields are easily great enough to justify the relatively small expenditures for screening programs. When one considers that the proper identification of hearing loss can create fulfillment in life that would not otherwise have been possible, it is evident that these programs should be implemented universally.", "contents": "Auditory screening. Hearing screening is one of the most viable techniques in the health screening arena. The procedures are sufficiently valid and flexible to meet the requisite goals at any age level. The yields are easily great enough to justify the relatively small expenditures for screening programs. When one considers that the proper identification of hearing loss can create fulfillment in life that would not otherwise have been possible, it is evident that these programs should be implemented universally.", "PMID": 733249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1403", "title": "Audiometric bone conduction.", "content": "Audiometric bone conduction test data are obtained with a unit that permits comparison with a recognized standard because the unit can be calibrated to operate within specified limits. Proper calibration of the unit is necessary if the equipment is to be accurate. Two procedures can be helpful in determining the need for calibration: the average loss method and the input voltage measurement method. Neither should supplant calibration, but each offers a means of checking the output of the unit. Confidence in auditory test data is increased when there is a high degree of consistency among the various tests; the availability of several different tests in the audiometric series can be used to an advantage then in a determination of consistency. An additional opportunity to ascertain the existence of consistency is present when tuning fork tests are employed as part of the total evaluation. The use of a masking stimulus in the nontest ear simultaneously with the presentation of the test tone to the test ear can be extremely useful in defining the type as well as the extent of the hearing loss. Presentation of the test tone and the masking stimulus in controlled discrete steps is the key to the interpretation of masking results.", "contents": "Audiometric bone conduction. Audiometric bone conduction test data are obtained with a unit that permits comparison with a recognized standard because the unit can be calibrated to operate within specified limits. Proper calibration of the unit is necessary if the equipment is to be accurate. Two procedures can be helpful in determining the need for calibration: the average loss method and the input voltage measurement method. Neither should supplant calibration, but each offers a means of checking the output of the unit. Confidence in auditory test data is increased when there is a high degree of consistency among the various tests; the availability of several different tests in the audiometric series can be used to an advantage then in a determination of consistency. An additional opportunity to ascertain the existence of consistency is present when tuning fork tests are employed as part of the total evaluation. The use of a masking stimulus in the nontest ear simultaneously with the presentation of the test tone to the test ear can be extremely useful in defining the type as well as the extent of the hearing loss. Presentation of the test tone and the masking stimulus in controlled discrete steps is the key to the interpretation of masking results.", "PMID": 733251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1404", "title": "Speech audiometry.", "content": "Two aspects of speech audiometry, namely, the speech reception threshold and the speech discrimination scores, have been discussed in the light of their development and present day administration. Evidence was presented to forego the concept of phonetic balance in discrimination test messages for the preferable attributes of familiarity and equated list difficulty. Campbell's redistribution of the W-22 word lists was proposed as an available solution to one of these parameters. Some delineation of the single \"maximal\" discrimination score's relation to the prediction of the hearing impaired individual's ability to understand continuous discourse was offered. Diagnostic implications of speech audiometry were not treated.", "contents": "Speech audiometry. Two aspects of speech audiometry, namely, the speech reception threshold and the speech discrimination scores, have been discussed in the light of their development and present day administration. Evidence was presented to forego the concept of phonetic balance in discrimination test messages for the preferable attributes of familiarity and equated list difficulty. Campbell's redistribution of the W-22 word lists was proposed as an available solution to one of these parameters. Some delineation of the single \"maximal\" discrimination score's relation to the prediction of the hearing impaired individual's ability to understand continuous discourse was offered. Diagnostic implications of speech audiometry were not treated.", "PMID": 733252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1405", "title": "Clinical applications of the auditory brain stem response.", "content": "The auditory brain stem response is a powerful new tool for the detection and quantification of hearing impairment, especially in the pediatric population. It gives exact information about the functional status of the cochlea and brain stem pathways. The technique distinguishes recruiting from nonrecruiting losses, predominantly high frequency from flat losses, and retrocochlear from peripheral disorders. The recent introduction of bone conducted stimuli should soon permit the unambiguous separation of conductive and sensorineural losses.", "contents": "Clinical applications of the auditory brain stem response. The auditory brain stem response is a powerful new tool for the detection and quantification of hearing impairment, especially in the pediatric population. It gives exact information about the functional status of the cochlea and brain stem pathways. The technique distinguishes recruiting from nonrecruiting losses, predominantly high frequency from flat losses, and retrocochlear from peripheral disorders. The recent introduction of bone conducted stimuli should soon permit the unambiguous separation of conductive and sensorineural losses.", "PMID": 733255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1406", "title": "Spinal cord injuries as a result of motorcycle accidents.", "content": "The orthopaedic and neurological lesions of 21 cases of spinal cord injuries as a result of motorcycle accidents are reviewed. The thoracic spine and spinal cord were the site of injury in 76% of cases. Eight-one per cent of the thoracic injuries showed complete neurological lesions. A mechanism of injury is postulated.", "contents": "Spinal cord injuries as a result of motorcycle accidents. The orthopaedic and neurological lesions of 21 cases of spinal cord injuries as a result of motorcycle accidents are reviewed. The thoracic spine and spinal cord were the site of injury in 76% of cases. Eight-one per cent of the thoracic injuries showed complete neurological lesions. A mechanism of injury is postulated.", "PMID": 733279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1407", "title": "Tropical paraplegia: a case of transverse myelitis, probably caused by schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "In tropical regions transverse myelitis may be caused by involvement with schistosoma or the eggs of this organism. Although 200 million people seem to be infected with this disease, involvement of the spinal cord is rare. A case of a 15-year-old boy is described and some literature reviewed.", "contents": "Tropical paraplegia: a case of transverse myelitis, probably caused by schistosomiasis mansoni. In tropical regions transverse myelitis may be caused by involvement with schistosoma or the eggs of this organism. Although 200 million people seem to be infected with this disease, involvement of the spinal cord is rare. A case of a 15-year-old boy is described and some literature reviewed.", "PMID": 733280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1408", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the aorta and paraplegia.", "content": "During the past 10 years, 15 traumatic ruptures of the aorta isthmus have been diagnosed. The most likely mechanism is that of a brutal deceleration. Three patients developed a complete mid-thoracic flaccid paraplegia. One died in a few hours of a complete rupture, the second after a few days from renal insufficiency, the third 12 days after, having been operated upon on the same day of the accident. All had associated lesions. Diagnosis can be very difficult in these patients, especially in the first few hours. Paraplegia is here considered as an aggravation ischaemic symptom with anuria and loss of blood circulation in the lower limbs. In delayed cases the vascular mechanism of the infarction of the spinal cord is discussed, either by compression of the intercostal arteries or by direct compression of the aorta itself. In our cases, the most likely mechanism is that of an obstruction of the lumen of the aorta by a torn inner coat. These patients must be transferred as quickly as possible to a cardiovascular surgical unit and operated upon immediately. Three cases of preoperative, rapidly progressive paraplegia with neurological recovery after the operation, have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the aorta and paraplegia. During the past 10 years, 15 traumatic ruptures of the aorta isthmus have been diagnosed. The most likely mechanism is that of a brutal deceleration. Three patients developed a complete mid-thoracic flaccid paraplegia. One died in a few hours of a complete rupture, the second after a few days from renal insufficiency, the third 12 days after, having been operated upon on the same day of the accident. All had associated lesions. Diagnosis can be very difficult in these patients, especially in the first few hours. Paraplegia is here considered as an aggravation ischaemic symptom with anuria and loss of blood circulation in the lower limbs. In delayed cases the vascular mechanism of the infarction of the spinal cord is discussed, either by compression of the intercostal arteries or by direct compression of the aorta itself. In our cases, the most likely mechanism is that of an obstruction of the lumen of the aorta by a torn inner coat. These patients must be transferred as quickly as possible to a cardiovascular surgical unit and operated upon immediately. Three cases of preoperative, rapidly progressive paraplegia with neurological recovery after the operation, have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 733281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1409", "title": "Three unusual cases of spinal cord injury in childhood.", "content": "Three cases of unusual traumatic spinal cord injuries are reported. The cases were referred to the neurosurgical unit of Nancy, one tetraplegia and one paraplegia caused by transfixing wounds which were overlooked after the injury. The transfixing wound caused an associated meningitis with tetraplegia, and in the second case the initial small plural effusion associated with paraplegia even, in a very short while, evoked a possible diagnosis of leukaemia amongst others, until the knowledge of trauma had been ascertained, the child being then immediately transferred to the neurosurgical unit. Spanking, in the last case, was the cause of an important luxation of T12-L1, at first with a complete paraplegia, and was associated with the fact that the child was only seen a few days after by a doctor and immediately referred. The child made a full recovery from his paraplegia.", "contents": "Three unusual cases of spinal cord injury in childhood. Three cases of unusual traumatic spinal cord injuries are reported. The cases were referred to the neurosurgical unit of Nancy, one tetraplegia and one paraplegia caused by transfixing wounds which were overlooked after the injury. The transfixing wound caused an associated meningitis with tetraplegia, and in the second case the initial small plural effusion associated with paraplegia even, in a very short while, evoked a possible diagnosis of leukaemia amongst others, until the knowledge of trauma had been ascertained, the child being then immediately transferred to the neurosurgical unit. Spanking, in the last case, was the cause of an important luxation of T12-L1, at first with a complete paraplegia, and was associated with the fact that the child was only seen a few days after by a doctor and immediately referred. The child made a full recovery from his paraplegia.", "PMID": 733282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1410", "title": "Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia held at Stoke Mandeville from 28-30 July 1977 (Part II). Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine: a critique of current management in the United States.", "content": "The author has been asked to review the hospital records and X-rays of 12 patients from various regions of the United States who have sustained fracture dislocations of the cervical spine. In no instance was the initial care considered to be appropriate. No patient was significantly improved by treatment although only 17% had apparent complete transverse cord syndromes on admission. Sixty-seven per cent of the patients became worse. In the latter group there were three patients who were admitted with either no neurological deficit or only minimal pyramidal signs. All of these three patients became tetraplegic as a consequence of their not being immobilised or placed in traction during periods of many hours to several days after admission. There is little evidence that the treating physicians understood the need for immediate immobilisation, proper examination, steroid therapy, adequate safe radiological examination, expedited traction, postural adjustments, or follow-up examination. After-care was poor, leading to excessive complication. Two patients were transferred in deteriorating condition to other hospitals without safeguards and with adverse result. The availability and the performance of neurological surgeons during the first critical hours after injury was generally suboptimal. Although all of the patients were admitted within an hour of injury only three were seen by a neurosurgeon within 2 hours of admission. Three patients were seen between 36 hours and 8 days. The remaining six patients were examined between 4 and 36 hours and at an average of 12 hours. Skeletal traction was instituted on an average of 11 hours after admission excluding one case of delay for 9 days. Only two patients had adequate reduction within 28 hours. Steroids were given to eight patients at an average of 6 1/2 hours following admission but usually in inadequate dosage. Five laminectomies and six anterior fusions were eventually performed. Two patients had both operations. One patient subsequently expired. No patient had a surgically remedial lesion or showed postoperative favourable change in cord function. Five operated patients developed spine deformity, persistent dislocation, spinal canal stenosis or instability. This care was generally attested to meet proper standards and to represent the treatment ordinarily rendered when academic and qualified neurosurgeons gave testimony regarding it. Neither the funding of care and research, nor the adopted codes governing treatment in accredited hospitals, nor accepted teaching would appear to have influenced the substandard of care provided these patients. Other statistics confirm this to be a prevailing circumstance.", "contents": "Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia held at Stoke Mandeville from 28-30 July 1977 (Part II). Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine: a critique of current management in the United States. The author has been asked to review the hospital records and X-rays of 12 patients from various regions of the United States who have sustained fracture dislocations of the cervical spine. In no instance was the initial care considered to be appropriate. No patient was significantly improved by treatment although only 17% had apparent complete transverse cord syndromes on admission. Sixty-seven per cent of the patients became worse. In the latter group there were three patients who were admitted with either no neurological deficit or only minimal pyramidal signs. All of these three patients became tetraplegic as a consequence of their not being immobilised or placed in traction during periods of many hours to several days after admission. There is little evidence that the treating physicians understood the need for immediate immobilisation, proper examination, steroid therapy, adequate safe radiological examination, expedited traction, postural adjustments, or follow-up examination. After-care was poor, leading to excessive complication. Two patients were transferred in deteriorating condition to other hospitals without safeguards and with adverse result. The availability and the performance of neurological surgeons during the first critical hours after injury was generally suboptimal. Although all of the patients were admitted within an hour of injury only three were seen by a neurosurgeon within 2 hours of admission. Three patients were seen between 36 hours and 8 days. The remaining six patients were examined between 4 and 36 hours and at an average of 12 hours. Skeletal traction was instituted on an average of 11 hours after admission excluding one case of delay for 9 days. Only two patients had adequate reduction within 28 hours. Steroids were given to eight patients at an average of 6 1/2 hours following admission but usually in inadequate dosage. Five laminectomies and six anterior fusions were eventually performed. Two patients had both operations. One patient subsequently expired. No patient had a surgically remedial lesion or showed postoperative favourable change in cord function. Five operated patients developed spine deformity, persistent dislocation, spinal canal stenosis or instability. This care was generally attested to meet proper standards and to represent the treatment ordinarily rendered when academic and qualified neurosurgeons gave testimony regarding it. Neither the funding of care and research, nor the adopted codes governing treatment in accredited hospitals, nor accepted teaching would appear to have influenced the substandard of care provided these patients. Other statistics confirm this to be a prevailing circumstance.", "PMID": 733283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1411", "title": "Neurological recovery distal to the zone of injury in 172 cases of closed, traumatic spinal cord injury.", "content": "The Southwest Regional System for Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (Good Samaritan Hospital and St Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona) treated 325 cases of traumatic spinal cord injury during the period June 1970 through December 1975. Of these, 172 met the study population criteria of the cases reported by Frankel et al. (1969) in their paper 'The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia'. These cases are compared with those reported by Frankel et al. (1969). Cases were divided into neurological categories. The demography of the two study populations was amazingly similar as was the neurological results. The means for the reported neurological changes show that the average recovery for patients treated at Stoke Mandeville was slightly greater for each neurological category; however, this difference was statistically significant only for cervical cases (P less than 0.01). One of the differences in the treatment given by the two centres was that the Southwest Regional System performed surgery on 39% of its cases and Stoke Mandeville none. The Southwest Regional System's non-operated cervical cases showed less average neurological recovery than Stoke Mandeville cervical cases (P less than 0.001). Comparison between the Southwest Regional System non-operated cases and operated cases revealed no significant differences within any neurological category. The average neurological change reported by both centres was relatively small, documenting that from the onset of injury the majority of people sustaining spinal cord injury are committed to living with paralysis, in most cases severe, for the rest of their lives.", "contents": "Neurological recovery distal to the zone of injury in 172 cases of closed, traumatic spinal cord injury. The Southwest Regional System for Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (Good Samaritan Hospital and St Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona) treated 325 cases of traumatic spinal cord injury during the period June 1970 through December 1975. Of these, 172 met the study population criteria of the cases reported by Frankel et al. (1969) in their paper 'The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia'. These cases are compared with those reported by Frankel et al. (1969). Cases were divided into neurological categories. The demography of the two study populations was amazingly similar as was the neurological results. The means for the reported neurological changes show that the average recovery for patients treated at Stoke Mandeville was slightly greater for each neurological category; however, this difference was statistically significant only for cervical cases (P less than 0.01). One of the differences in the treatment given by the two centres was that the Southwest Regional System performed surgery on 39% of its cases and Stoke Mandeville none. The Southwest Regional System's non-operated cervical cases showed less average neurological recovery than Stoke Mandeville cervical cases (P less than 0.001). Comparison between the Southwest Regional System non-operated cases and operated cases revealed no significant differences within any neurological category. The average neurological change reported by both centres was relatively small, documenting that from the onset of injury the majority of people sustaining spinal cord injury are committed to living with paralysis, in most cases severe, for the rest of their lives.", "PMID": 733285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1412", "title": "Actual concept of osteoporosis in paraplegia.", "content": "The osteoporosis which appears in paraplegics below the neurological lesion has been studied in 100 patients with the following parameters: quantitative X-rays, urinary hydroxyproline excretion, kinetic study of calcium metabolism by 45Ca, serum phosphorus and calcium, parathormone and calcitonin radio-immunoassay, quantitative histology, density fractionation of bone and amino-acid composition of fractionated bone analysis. All our results show that the important bone resorption occurring very early in the paraplegia is immediately followed by an increase of the bone repair. This osteoporosis below the neurological lesion in paraplegia represents an unbalance between the synthesis and the resorption of bone which possesses a large degree of activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the collagen of this bone is underhydroxylated. Following the quantitative X-rays and intraosseous phlebography results we have considered the aetiopathogenesis of this osteoporosis. It seems that vascular modifications due to the lesion of the autonomic nervous system play an important role and furthermore we believe that immobilisation represents only a minor factor in the aetiology of this osteoporosis.", "contents": "Actual concept of osteoporosis in paraplegia. The osteoporosis which appears in paraplegics below the neurological lesion has been studied in 100 patients with the following parameters: quantitative X-rays, urinary hydroxyproline excretion, kinetic study of calcium metabolism by 45Ca, serum phosphorus and calcium, parathormone and calcitonin radio-immunoassay, quantitative histology, density fractionation of bone and amino-acid composition of fractionated bone analysis. All our results show that the important bone resorption occurring very early in the paraplegia is immediately followed by an increase of the bone repair. This osteoporosis below the neurological lesion in paraplegia represents an unbalance between the synthesis and the resorption of bone which possesses a large degree of activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the collagen of this bone is underhydroxylated. Following the quantitative X-rays and intraosseous phlebography results we have considered the aetiopathogenesis of this osteoporosis. It seems that vascular modifications due to the lesion of the autonomic nervous system play an important role and furthermore we believe that immobilisation represents only a minor factor in the aetiology of this osteoporosis.", "PMID": 733286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1413", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in adolescent tetraplegic patients: case report and review.", "content": "The paper presents the case history of a 15-year-old boy with traumatic tetraplegia who developed hypercalcaemia within 6 weeks of injury. The condition was initially controlled by the infusion of intravenous fluids in large amounts and by the administration of calcitonin. After 3 weeks, calcitonin became ineffective. Eventually the hypercalcaemia responded to cortisone administered in low dosage. The endocrinologic implications of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in adolescent tetraplegic patients: case report and review. The paper presents the case history of a 15-year-old boy with traumatic tetraplegia who developed hypercalcaemia within 6 weeks of injury. The condition was initially controlled by the infusion of intravenous fluids in large amounts and by the administration of calcitonin. After 3 weeks, calcitonin became ineffective. Eventually the hypercalcaemia responded to cortisone administered in low dosage. The endocrinologic implications of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 733287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1414", "title": "A relationship between the composition of the urine and that of urinary tract calculi in spinal patients.", "content": "Chemical analysis was carried out on 42 urinary phosphatic calculi obtained from 14 spinal cord patients (two to seven stones per patient) and on small samples taken from different sites in a further 17 large phosphatic calculi. In 'early' stones (removed up to 30 months after onset of the cord lesion) the ratio of calcium to magnesium was significantly higher than in 'late' stones. Samples taken from sites nearer to the centres of calculi contained more calcium and less magnesium than did those from more peripheral sites. This change in the composition of urinary calculi with time corresponds with the known alterations in urinary calcium and magnesium following spinal cord injury.", "contents": "A relationship between the composition of the urine and that of urinary tract calculi in spinal patients. Chemical analysis was carried out on 42 urinary phosphatic calculi obtained from 14 spinal cord patients (two to seven stones per patient) and on small samples taken from different sites in a further 17 large phosphatic calculi. In 'early' stones (removed up to 30 months after onset of the cord lesion) the ratio of calcium to magnesium was significantly higher than in 'late' stones. Samples taken from sites nearer to the centres of calculi contained more calcium and less magnesium than did those from more peripheral sites. This change in the composition of urinary calculi with time corresponds with the known alterations in urinary calcium and magnesium following spinal cord injury.", "PMID": 733288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1415", "title": "Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes Region, France, 1970-75.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-one cases of traumatic spinal cord injuries concerning only inhabitants of the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region have been collected at Henry Gabrielle Hospital. Incidence and prevalence are discussed, as well as male/female ratio, causes of accidents, and their relationship to sex, race, age, vertebral level, associated injuries and profession.", "contents": "Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes Region, France, 1970-75. Three hundred and fifty-one cases of traumatic spinal cord injuries concerning only inhabitants of the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region have been collected at Henry Gabrielle Hospital. Incidence and prevalence are discussed, as well as male/female ratio, causes of accidents, and their relationship to sex, race, age, vertebral level, associated injuries and profession.", "PMID": 733289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1416", "title": "Past history and degree of depression in paraplegic individuals.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to attempt to collect sufficient data to substantiate the clinical impression that the degree of depression in the paraplegic and his past history are correlated. It was hypothesised that the poorer the past history, the greater the degree of depression in paraplegic individuals. This study was conducted on ten paraplegic subjects from the Spinal Cord Clinic at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, based on data obtained from the administration and scoring of the Depression Scale (D-scale) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and by the clinical observation by the consulting psychiatrist with the Spinal Injury Clinic. Past history was assumed measurable as 'favourable' to 'poor' by the use of an original questionnaire. The results of this investigation suggested a relationship between a paraplegic individual's past history and the degree of depression. The study was deemed significant in presentation of an original past history questionnaire and in the prediction of future difficulties in the rehabilitation of paraplegics so that preventive measures could be instituted.", "contents": "Past history and degree of depression in paraplegic individuals. The purpose of this study was to attempt to collect sufficient data to substantiate the clinical impression that the degree of depression in the paraplegic and his past history are correlated. It was hypothesised that the poorer the past history, the greater the degree of depression in paraplegic individuals. This study was conducted on ten paraplegic subjects from the Spinal Cord Clinic at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, based on data obtained from the administration and scoring of the Depression Scale (D-scale) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and by the clinical observation by the consulting psychiatrist with the Spinal Injury Clinic. Past history was assumed measurable as 'favourable' to 'poor' by the use of an original questionnaire. The results of this investigation suggested a relationship between a paraplegic individual's past history and the degree of depression. The study was deemed significant in presentation of an original past history questionnaire and in the prediction of future difficulties in the rehabilitation of paraplegics so that preventive measures could be instituted.", "PMID": 733290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1417", "title": "Incidence of traumatic paraplegia and tetraplegia in Norway: a statistical survey of the years 1974 and 1975.", "content": "A survey based on interviews with all Norwegian hospitals, 62 in number, showed that in 1974 and 1975 respectively 65 and 66 traumatic spinal cord and cauda equina lesions were treated in Norway, a total of 131 or 16 . 5/million inhabitants/year.", "contents": "Incidence of traumatic paraplegia and tetraplegia in Norway: a statistical survey of the years 1974 and 1975. A survey based on interviews with all Norwegian hospitals, 62 in number, showed that in 1974 and 1975 respectively 65 and 66 traumatic spinal cord and cauda equina lesions were treated in Norway, a total of 131 or 16 . 5/million inhabitants/year.", "PMID": 733291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1418", "title": "Injuries to the cervical spine sustained while carrying loads on the head.", "content": "The level and type of injury in 12 patients with cervical spinal cord injury as a result of accidents while carrying heavy loads on the head is analysed. Lateral radiographs of the cervical spine in subjects loaded with 200 lb bags on the head, to assess the effects on the normal configuration of the spine, were obtained. Radiological assessment of a further group of labourers with long periods of this type of employment was done in an attempt to demonstrate any increased predisposition to osteo-arthrotic change in the cervical spine.", "contents": "Injuries to the cervical spine sustained while carrying loads on the head. The level and type of injury in 12 patients with cervical spinal cord injury as a result of accidents while carrying heavy loads on the head is analysed. Lateral radiographs of the cervical spine in subjects loaded with 200 lb bags on the head, to assess the effects on the normal configuration of the spine, were obtained. Radiological assessment of a further group of labourers with long periods of this type of employment was done in an attempt to demonstrate any increased predisposition to osteo-arthrotic change in the cervical spine.", "PMID": 733292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1419", "title": "Ambulation without wheelchairs for paraplegics with complete lesions.", "content": "Some salient features of the physical training programme for paraplegics at the State Rehabilitation Institute in Oslo are mentioned. A ten-year follow-up study of 42 clients with complete lesions (TI-L3) is presented. After an intensive physical training programme of some 10--15 weeks 74 per cent were able to climb and go down 20 standard stairs and 71 per cent were able to walk 100 metres indoors with crutches. The authors stress the importance of ambulations independent of wheelchairs whenever this is possible.", "contents": "Ambulation without wheelchairs for paraplegics with complete lesions. Some salient features of the physical training programme for paraplegics at the State Rehabilitation Institute in Oslo are mentioned. A ten-year follow-up study of 42 clients with complete lesions (TI-L3) is presented. After an intensive physical training programme of some 10--15 weeks 74 per cent were able to climb and go down 20 standard stairs and 71 per cent were able to walk 100 metres indoors with crutches. The authors stress the importance of ambulations independent of wheelchairs whenever this is possible.", "PMID": 733293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1420", "title": "Nursing management in relation to beds used within the National Spinal Injuries Centre for the prevention of pressure sores.", "content": "A report is given on the various types of beds used to prevent the formation of, and to treat, pressure sores in both new and old lesions.", "contents": "Nursing management in relation to beds used within the National Spinal Injuries Centre for the prevention of pressure sores. A report is given on the various types of beds used to prevent the formation of, and to treat, pressure sores in both new and old lesions.", "PMID": 733294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1421", "title": "Simpson-Edinburgh low-pressure air bed: an early clinical evaluation.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive low-pressure air bed has been developed for use in situations where decubitus ulcers may arise. This bed is currently being evaluated in patients with spinal injuries, both in the hospital situation and in the home. Early experience is highly encouraging as regular turning of the patient can be safely omitted. We feel that widespread use of this bed could greatly decrease the incidence of pressure sores.", "contents": "Simpson-Edinburgh low-pressure air bed: an early clinical evaluation. A simple, inexpensive low-pressure air bed has been developed for use in situations where decubitus ulcers may arise. This bed is currently being evaluated in patients with spinal injuries, both in the hospital situation and in the home. Early experience is highly encouraging as regular turning of the patient can be safely omitted. We feel that widespread use of this bed could greatly decrease the incidence of pressure sores.", "PMID": 733295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1422", "title": "The use of operant conditioning techniques in the respiratory rehabilitation of the tetraplegic.", "content": "This paper discusses the development of a pilot project in respiratory rehabilitation as part of the total rehabilitation of the tetraplegic and high paraplegic. The principles of neuromuscular exercise and of behaviouristic psychology introduce the subject of operant learning in the rehabilitation setting. Incentive spirometry is described as the basic element in the development of a respiratory rehabilitation programme. The preliminary results are analysed and a recommendation made that such a programme materially increases the respiratory function of the tetraplegic, and, not least, assists in his ability to combat intercurrent respiratory infection.", "contents": "The use of operant conditioning techniques in the respiratory rehabilitation of the tetraplegic. This paper discusses the development of a pilot project in respiratory rehabilitation as part of the total rehabilitation of the tetraplegic and high paraplegic. The principles of neuromuscular exercise and of behaviouristic psychology introduce the subject of operant learning in the rehabilitation setting. Incentive spirometry is described as the basic element in the development of a respiratory rehabilitation programme. The preliminary results are analysed and a recommendation made that such a programme materially increases the respiratory function of the tetraplegic, and, not least, assists in his ability to combat intercurrent respiratory infection.", "PMID": 733296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1423", "title": "Mobility and equipment for the ventilator-dependent tetraplegic.", "content": "The opportunity to realistically equip the ventilator-dependent tetraplegic to return to his community can be met by a concerned team in specialised spinal cord injury centres. Proper equipment, independent electric wheelchair mobility and family training, encourages acceptance of the ventilator-dependent quadriplegic and increases his life-style options. Ideally, the initial 6-month medical management and rehabilitation programme is followed by periodic re-evaluations for medical follow-up, equipment changes and functional upgrading. The medical community must continue to respond to the challenge to offer adequate living facilities and financial resources for equipment and programme development.", "contents": "Mobility and equipment for the ventilator-dependent tetraplegic. The opportunity to realistically equip the ventilator-dependent tetraplegic to return to his community can be met by a concerned team in specialised spinal cord injury centres. Proper equipment, independent electric wheelchair mobility and family training, encourages acceptance of the ventilator-dependent quadriplegic and increases his life-style options. Ideally, the initial 6-month medical management and rehabilitation programme is followed by periodic re-evaluations for medical follow-up, equipment changes and functional upgrading. The medical community must continue to respond to the challenge to offer adequate living facilities and financial resources for equipment and programme development.", "PMID": 733297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1424", "title": "The high-level tetraplegic: psychological survival and adjustment.", "content": "From the date of injury tetraplegics with spinal cord lesions of C4 and above are faced with unparalleled social and psychological adjustment. The individual will be involved in a process of re-establishing his identity by learning to develop and adapt his only remaining resources, his mind and his ability to communicate. This patient population is absolutely dependent in all aspects of meeting basic needs during the initial stages of the injury. If we attempt to return the patient to an active role in society, the rehabilitation team must be aware of the dynamics by which the patient achieves control of both himself and his environment. He will undergo a marked regression of his physical and emotional being and will face the turmoil of realigning ego parameters. The focal point of patient, family and staff interaction is the months of rehabilitation, where the team deals with the problem of social reintegration. Family involvement is essential from the beginning and reaches a high point at discharge and home planning. The scope of the paper will be to trace the psycho-social development of the patient with cervical lesion of C4 and above through the initial, rehabilitation and discharge phases of the injury. Our aim is to develop sufficient insight to the problems facing our patient population that we may aid in their search for meaningful lives.", "contents": "The high-level tetraplegic: psychological survival and adjustment. From the date of injury tetraplegics with spinal cord lesions of C4 and above are faced with unparalleled social and psychological adjustment. The individual will be involved in a process of re-establishing his identity by learning to develop and adapt his only remaining resources, his mind and his ability to communicate. This patient population is absolutely dependent in all aspects of meeting basic needs during the initial stages of the injury. If we attempt to return the patient to an active role in society, the rehabilitation team must be aware of the dynamics by which the patient achieves control of both himself and his environment. He will undergo a marked regression of his physical and emotional being and will face the turmoil of realigning ego parameters. The focal point of patient, family and staff interaction is the months of rehabilitation, where the team deals with the problem of social reintegration. Family involvement is essential from the beginning and reaches a high point at discharge and home planning. The scope of the paper will be to trace the psycho-social development of the patient with cervical lesion of C4 and above through the initial, rehabilitation and discharge phases of the injury. Our aim is to develop sufficient insight to the problems facing our patient population that we may aid in their search for meaningful lives.", "PMID": 733298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1425", "title": "An evaluation of residential care for tetraplegics.", "content": "A total of 280 tetraplegics admitted to the National Spinal Injuries Centre between 1970--1975 were followed up. Sixty-five cases found to require residential care were examined.", "contents": "An evaluation of residential care for tetraplegics. A total of 280 tetraplegics admitted to the National Spinal Injuries Centre between 1970--1975 were followed up. Sixty-five cases found to require residential care were examined.", "PMID": 733299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1426", "title": "Some reflections of a medical social worker in a spinal paralysis unit.", "content": "Seventeen years as the social worker to a spinal paralysis unit has clearly demonstrated the very great importance of treating the 'whole patient'.", "contents": "Some reflections of a medical social worker in a spinal paralysis unit. Seventeen years as the social worker to a spinal paralysis unit has clearly demonstrated the very great importance of treating the 'whole patient'.", "PMID": 733300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1427", "title": "Importance of communication in counselling the spinal cord injury patient.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the value of counselling in the medical and vocational rehabilitation of the spinal cord injury patient in a world passing through a stage of deep and rapid evolution, and the importance that effective communication may have in it so that a better social integration or reintegration of the patient may be achieved.", "contents": "Importance of communication in counselling the spinal cord injury patient. The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the value of counselling in the medical and vocational rehabilitation of the spinal cord injury patient in a world passing through a stage of deep and rapid evolution, and the importance that effective communication may have in it so that a better social integration or reintegration of the patient may be achieved.", "PMID": 733301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1428", "title": "The role of the psychologist in the treatment of spinal cord injury.", "content": "Advances in the treatment of spinal cord injury have shifted the emphasis from problems of survival to problems of psychological integration into the community. However, the patient's expectations for a fairly normal life are often not realised because of discrimination against disabled persons by able-bodied persons. Therefore, rehabilitation should include psychosocial skills training to teach spinal cord injury persons to cope with these issues in their own world. To accomplish this, the psychologist can contribute to the rehabilitation process as a consultant to the rehabilitation team, as a researcher of the rehabilitation process, as an evaluator of patient skills and strengths, and as a counselor. Each of these roles is discussed and a conceptualisation of the rehabilitation process is presented.", "contents": "The role of the psychologist in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Advances in the treatment of spinal cord injury have shifted the emphasis from problems of survival to problems of psychological integration into the community. However, the patient's expectations for a fairly normal life are often not realised because of discrimination against disabled persons by able-bodied persons. Therefore, rehabilitation should include psychosocial skills training to teach spinal cord injury persons to cope with these issues in their own world. To accomplish this, the psychologist can contribute to the rehabilitation process as a consultant to the rehabilitation team, as a researcher of the rehabilitation process, as an evaluator of patient skills and strengths, and as a counselor. Each of these roles is discussed and a conceptualisation of the rehabilitation process is presented.", "PMID": 733302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1429", "title": "Cooperation between physicians and advisory services in a vocational rehabilitation centre.", "content": "The importance of cooperation between physicians and all other services in vocational rehabilitation is shown by demonstration of three follow-up studies. Vocational rehabilitation is understood as a new dimension in the therapy of disabled people.", "contents": "Cooperation between physicians and advisory services in a vocational rehabilitation centre. The importance of cooperation between physicians and all other services in vocational rehabilitation is shown by demonstration of three follow-up studies. Vocational rehabilitation is understood as a new dimension in the therapy of disabled people.", "PMID": 733303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1430", "title": "Physiotherapeutical mistakes in the early stages after spinal cord injury.", "content": "To avoid paraosteoarthropathy no postural changes or passive movements should be done in the first 4 weeks after spinal cord injuries. Physiotherapists who are in charge of treatment of paraplegics should have a fundamental knowledge of spinal cord injuries to prevent such severe complications.", "contents": "Physiotherapeutical mistakes in the early stages after spinal cord injury. To avoid paraosteoarthropathy no postural changes or passive movements should be done in the first 4 weeks after spinal cord injuries. Physiotherapists who are in charge of treatment of paraplegics should have a fundamental knowledge of spinal cord injuries to prevent such severe complications.", "PMID": 733304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1431", "title": "The role of the microbiologist in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Local and systemic infections represent major obstacles to the successful rehabilitation of patients following spinal cord injury. Their detection, prevention and management are greatly aided by the inclusion of a microbiologist in the rehabilitation team and by the provision of a simple laboratory in close geographic proximity to the spinal cord injury unit. The role and scope of activities of the SCI team-microbiologist, and the suggested location and basic equipment for a small laboratory are described. Some of the advantages to be gained from such microbiological monitoring are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the microbiologist in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. Local and systemic infections represent major obstacles to the successful rehabilitation of patients following spinal cord injury. Their detection, prevention and management are greatly aided by the inclusion of a microbiologist in the rehabilitation team and by the provision of a simple laboratory in close geographic proximity to the spinal cord injury unit. The role and scope of activities of the SCI team-microbiologist, and the suggested location and basic equipment for a small laboratory are described. Some of the advantages to be gained from such microbiological monitoring are discussed.", "PMID": 733305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1432", "title": "When is an ileal conduit indicated in the spinal cord injured patient?", "content": "Ileal loop diversion is only considered for persistent or progressive hydronephrosis (failed conservative treatment directed at the bladder). This conservative approach is based on a comparison of our ongoing prospective mortality study on 470 paraplegics plus 175 spinal cord patients that have survived at least 30 years v. an updated literature review of ileal conduits performed for benign disease.", "contents": "When is an ileal conduit indicated in the spinal cord injured patient? Ileal loop diversion is only considered for persistent or progressive hydronephrosis (failed conservative treatment directed at the bladder). This conservative approach is based on a comparison of our ongoing prospective mortality study on 470 paraplegics plus 175 spinal cord patients that have survived at least 30 years v. an updated literature review of ileal conduits performed for benign disease.", "PMID": 733307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1433", "title": "Anti-coagulant therapy in the prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the spinal cord injury.", "content": "A prophylactic regime of subcutaneous low-dose heparin for the 1st month, followed by warfarin for the 2nd and 3rd months after spinal cord injury resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Anti-coagulant therapy in the prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the spinal cord injury. A prophylactic regime of subcutaneous low-dose heparin for the 1st month, followed by warfarin for the 2nd and 3rd months after spinal cord injury resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 733308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1434", "title": "Factors influencing readmission to hospital: II. Paraplegia.", "content": "This study of 200 paraplegics shows that occupational status at the time of becoming paralysed exerts as great an influence upon readmission to hospital as does the level or the extent of the lesion and that the effect of the level of the lesion on readmission to hospital increases with lower occupational status.", "contents": "Factors influencing readmission to hospital: II. Paraplegia. This study of 200 paraplegics shows that occupational status at the time of becoming paralysed exerts as great an influence upon readmission to hospital as does the level or the extent of the lesion and that the effect of the level of the lesion on readmission to hospital increases with lower occupational status.", "PMID": 733309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1435", "title": "Myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (erythema nodosum).", "content": "Two patients with sudden onset of myelopathy associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Erythema Nodosum) are described. Pertinent literature is extensively reviewed and these two new patients are added to previously reported 26 patients.", "contents": "Myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (erythema nodosum). Two patients with sudden onset of myelopathy associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Erythema Nodosum) are described. Pertinent literature is extensively reviewed and these two new patients are added to previously reported 26 patients.", "PMID": 733310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1436", "title": "Localisation of upper oesophageal foreign bodies in a recumbent tetraplegic patient.", "content": "Report of oesophageal obstruction in a tetraplegic patient following swallowing of a chicken bone. Removal following x-ray localisation.", "contents": "Localisation of upper oesophageal foreign bodies in a recumbent tetraplegic patient. Report of oesophageal obstruction in a tetraplegic patient following swallowing of a chicken bone. Removal following x-ray localisation.", "PMID": 733311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1437", "title": "Urihesive: a new aid in the management of urinary incontinence in male paraplegic patients.", "content": "Our past practice with incontinent paraplegic patients has been to attach to the penis the sheath incorporated in urinary drainage devices by means of Elastoplast tape. Frequent development of skin lesions due to local irritation, and the necessity to wind Elastoplast tightly around the penis, which may produce urethral diverticula, has led us to use Urihesive to attach the sheath to the urinary drainage device. Urihesive has been used continuously for several months in 18 paraplegic patients. It has proved to be highly superior to Elastoplast, for the following reasons: It produces a better seal, resulting in no leakage of urine, and has better elasticity; it prevents the development of skin lesions and aids healing to existing lesions; there is no urethral constriction and the patient is more comfortable.", "contents": "Urihesive: a new aid in the management of urinary incontinence in male paraplegic patients. Our past practice with incontinent paraplegic patients has been to attach to the penis the sheath incorporated in urinary drainage devices by means of Elastoplast tape. Frequent development of skin lesions due to local irritation, and the necessity to wind Elastoplast tightly around the penis, which may produce urethral diverticula, has led us to use Urihesive to attach the sheath to the urinary drainage device. Urihesive has been used continuously for several months in 18 paraplegic patients. It has proved to be highly superior to Elastoplast, for the following reasons: It produces a better seal, resulting in no leakage of urine, and has better elasticity; it prevents the development of skin lesions and aids healing to existing lesions; there is no urethral constriction and the patient is more comfortable.", "PMID": 733312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1438", "title": "Two technical aids for intermittent sterile catheterisation.", "content": "The use of a spray bottle for an antiseptic solution, and a method of attaching the catheter to a disposable urine bag are suggested and discussed.", "contents": "Two technical aids for intermittent sterile catheterisation. The use of a spray bottle for an antiseptic solution, and a method of attaching the catheter to a disposable urine bag are suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 733313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1439", "title": "Shoulder complications as a cause of delay in rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients. (Case reports and review of the literature).", "content": "We describe ten patients with spinal cord disease or injury who developed upper extremity and shoulder complications during rehabilitation. These shoulder complications caused delay in rehabilitation. We discuss the aetiology, treatment and management of shoulder complications in spinal patients and in patients with other neurological diseases.", "contents": "Shoulder complications as a cause of delay in rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients. (Case reports and review of the literature). We describe ten patients with spinal cord disease or injury who developed upper extremity and shoulder complications during rehabilitation. These shoulder complications caused delay in rehabilitation. We discuss the aetiology, treatment and management of shoulder complications in spinal patients and in patients with other neurological diseases.", "PMID": 733314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1440", "title": "An ergonomic appraisal of the use and functional efficiency of condom urinals in the male patient with spinal cord paralysis.", "content": "The variety and method of use of condom urinals was reviewed and an investigation conducted to ascertain the problems which arise. Effects arising from material failure and methods of use were disclosed.", "contents": "An ergonomic appraisal of the use and functional efficiency of condom urinals in the male patient with spinal cord paralysis. The variety and method of use of condom urinals was reviewed and an investigation conducted to ascertain the problems which arise. Effects arising from material failure and methods of use were disclosed.", "PMID": 733315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1441", "title": "Experience with the management of thromboembolism in patients with spinal cord injury: Part I. Incidence, diagnosis and role of some risk factors.", "content": "Fifty acute SCI patients are reviewed retrospectively for incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and the problems encountered in the diagnosis. The possible role of some risk factors in triggering thromboembolism and the consequent implications in anticoagulant therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Experience with the management of thromboembolism in patients with spinal cord injury: Part I. Incidence, diagnosis and role of some risk factors. Fifty acute SCI patients are reviewed retrospectively for incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and the problems encountered in the diagnosis. The possible role of some risk factors in triggering thromboembolism and the consequent implications in anticoagulant therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 733316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1442", "title": "Prevention of thrombophlebitis in spinal injury patients.", "content": "This paper deals with the prevention of thrombophlebitis by means of massage and elastic stocking compression. In a group of 26 patients no evidence of thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism was observed.", "contents": "Prevention of thrombophlebitis in spinal injury patients. This paper deals with the prevention of thrombophlebitis by means of massage and elastic stocking compression. In a group of 26 patients no evidence of thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism was observed.", "PMID": 733317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1443", "title": "[Change in the carbohydrate metabolic indices in the hemolymph of freshwater molluscs infected with trematode parthenitae and larvae].", "content": "The effect of parthenites and larvae of trematodes on the contents of total sugar, glucose as well as on the variations in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases of the haemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbis corneus and Viviparus viviparus has been studied. The studies have revealed differences in the degree of effect of individual species of parasites on their hosts depending on their localisation, infection intensity and developmental stage.", "contents": "[Change in the carbohydrate metabolic indices in the hemolymph of freshwater molluscs infected with trematode parthenitae and larvae]. The effect of parthenites and larvae of trematodes on the contents of total sugar, glucose as well as on the variations in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases of the haemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbis corneus and Viviparus viviparus has been studied. The studies have revealed differences in the degree of effect of individual species of parasites on their hosts depending on their localisation, infection intensity and developmental stage.", "PMID": 733318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1444", "title": "[Life cycle of the trematode, Plagioporus skrjabini Kowal, 1951 (Allocreadiata, Opecoelidae)].", "content": "The life cycle of the trematode Plagioporus skrjabini has been investigated. These trematodes use the mollusk Theodoxus fluviatilis as the first intermediate host and sand hoppers as additional hosts (under experimental conditions-Pontogammarus robustoides, Chaetogammarus ischnus, under natural conditions-P. robustoides, P. crassus, Dikerogammarus villosus, D. haemobaphes, Ch. ischnus, Amathillina cristata). Bullheads (Neogobius kessleri, N. fluviatilis) serve as definitive hosts. Cercaria and metacercaria are described.", "contents": "[Life cycle of the trematode, Plagioporus skrjabini Kowal, 1951 (Allocreadiata, Opecoelidae)]. The life cycle of the trematode Plagioporus skrjabini has been investigated. These trematodes use the mollusk Theodoxus fluviatilis as the first intermediate host and sand hoppers as additional hosts (under experimental conditions-Pontogammarus robustoides, Chaetogammarus ischnus, under natural conditions-P. robustoides, P. crassus, Dikerogammarus villosus, D. haemobaphes, Ch. ischnus, Amathillina cristata). Bullheads (Neogobius kessleri, N. fluviatilis) serve as definitive hosts. Cercaria and metacercaria are described.", "PMID": 733319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1445", "title": "[Tapeworm fauna of gallinaceans (Galliformes) of Vietnam].", "content": "131 specimens of 3 species of Galliformes from Vietnam were investigated (Gallus gallus dom., G. g. jaboruillei, Francolinus pintadeanus and Lophora nycthemerus). In them 9 species of cestodes were found as follows: Davainea proglottina (Davainea, 1860), Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890), Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858), R. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880), Skrjabinia cesticillus (Molin, 1858), Paroniella tinguiana Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937, Amoebotaenia cuneata (Linstow, 1872), Echinolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898), Dilepidoides bauchei (Joyeux, 1924). In domestic hens there were found all 9 species of cestodes while in wild Galliformes--only 7, which are mentioned for them for the first time.", "contents": "[Tapeworm fauna of gallinaceans (Galliformes) of Vietnam]. 131 specimens of 3 species of Galliformes from Vietnam were investigated (Gallus gallus dom., G. g. jaboruillei, Francolinus pintadeanus and Lophora nycthemerus). In them 9 species of cestodes were found as follows: Davainea proglottina (Davainea, 1860), Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890), Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858), R. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880), Skrjabinia cesticillus (Molin, 1858), Paroniella tinguiana Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937, Amoebotaenia cuneata (Linstow, 1872), Echinolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898), Dilepidoides bauchei (Joyeux, 1924). In domestic hens there were found all 9 species of cestodes while in wild Galliformes--only 7, which are mentioned for them for the first time.", "PMID": 733321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1446", "title": "[Morphological variability of thorny-headed worms of the genus Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) that parasitize fishes of the Arctic Ocean province in the boundaries of the USSR].", "content": "Study of the morphology of 602 specimens of N. rutili (M\u00fcller, 1780) and N. crassus Van Cleave, 1919 collected in 10 species of fishes from waterbodies of the Kola Peninsular, the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma and Chauna rivers has shown that all absolute specific characters considered (13 in female and 17 in male) have a considerable range of variations due to the modificational individual and age variability. Differences have been revealed in morphometric indexes of some characters in members of the European and Siberian populations of N. rutili that is due to a geographic variability of the species. It has been established that most constant characters of all species studied are the length of the proboscis and its hooks.", "contents": "[Morphological variability of thorny-headed worms of the genus Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) that parasitize fishes of the Arctic Ocean province in the boundaries of the USSR]. Study of the morphology of 602 specimens of N. rutili (M\u00fcller, 1780) and N. crassus Van Cleave, 1919 collected in 10 species of fishes from waterbodies of the Kola Peninsular, the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma and Chauna rivers has shown that all absolute specific characters considered (13 in female and 17 in male) have a considerable range of variations due to the modificational individual and age variability. Differences have been revealed in morphometric indexes of some characters in members of the European and Siberian populations of N. rutili that is due to a geographic variability of the species. It has been established that most constant characters of all species studied are the length of the proboscis and its hooks.", "PMID": 733322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1447", "title": "[Biology of Khawia japonensis (Caryophyllidea, Cestoda), a parasite of the Amur carp].", "content": "The development of the cestode Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934) has been studied experimentally. At 18 to 26 C, in 12-14 days oncospheres develop in eggs, whose infective properties manifest themselves in 30-31 days. In the caudal segments of Limnodrilus udekemianus they penetrate the body cavity through the intestinal wall and migrate to the anterior margin as they mature. In 55 to 60 days (at the same temperature) mature proceroids become localized in 9-12 segments. The development of embryonal hooks and penetration glands was retraced.", "contents": "[Biology of Khawia japonensis (Caryophyllidea, Cestoda), a parasite of the Amur carp]. The development of the cestode Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934) has been studied experimentally. At 18 to 26 C, in 12-14 days oncospheres develop in eggs, whose infective properties manifest themselves in 30-31 days. In the caudal segments of Limnodrilus udekemianus they penetrate the body cavity through the intestinal wall and migrate to the anterior margin as they mature. In 55 to 60 days (at the same temperature) mature proceroids become localized in 9-12 segments. The development of embryonal hooks and penetration glands was retraced.", "PMID": 733320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1448", "title": "[Ectoparasites of small mammals, their nests and of the nests of birds in the floodplain of the Kamchatka River].", "content": "The paper presents data on the specific composition and abundance of bloodsucking arthropods parasitic on small mammals and birds in the valley of the Kamchatka river. One species of ixodids, I. lividus, 9 species of gamasids, P. crassipes, E. kraepelini, G. bispinosus, V. bujakova, H. casalis, H. mandschuricus, M. decoloratus, P. bujakovae, Macroheles sp., and one species of fleas, C. riparius, were first recorded from Kamchatka. 723 rodents were bacteriologically examined for tularemia with negative results.", "contents": "[Ectoparasites of small mammals, their nests and of the nests of birds in the floodplain of the Kamchatka River]. The paper presents data on the specific composition and abundance of bloodsucking arthropods parasitic on small mammals and birds in the valley of the Kamchatka river. One species of ixodids, I. lividus, 9 species of gamasids, P. crassipes, E. kraepelini, G. bispinosus, V. bujakova, H. casalis, H. mandschuricus, M. decoloratus, P. bujakovae, Macroheles sp., and one species of fleas, C. riparius, were first recorded from Kamchatka. 723 rodents were bacteriologically examined for tularemia with negative results.", "PMID": 733324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1449", "title": "[Systematic position of the trematode, Faustula keksooni (MacCallum, 1918)].", "content": "The concept of the exceptional peculiarity of the genital system structure of Faustula keksooni (MacCallum, 1918), on the basis of which this trematode was accorded a distinct status of the order Faustulata, is considered as erroneous one. The literary data on the reexamination of the holotype are given. The status of the parasite in the family Fellodistomidae is discussed.", "contents": "[Systematic position of the trematode, Faustula keksooni (MacCallum, 1918)]. The concept of the exceptional peculiarity of the genital system structure of Faustula keksooni (MacCallum, 1918), on the basis of which this trematode was accorded a distinct status of the order Faustulata, is considered as erroneous one. The literary data on the reexamination of the holotype are given. The status of the parasite in the family Fellodistomidae is discussed.", "PMID": 733326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1450", "title": "[New genus of monogeneans of the family Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949 (Monogenea)].", "content": "A study of the morphology of the species Diplozoon inustiatus Nag., 1965 has revealed distinct differences of this species from other members of Diplozoidae. On this bases Diplozoon inustiatus has been accorded a status of a distinct genus, Inustiatus. The diagnosis of this genus and a redescription of the species I. inustiatus are given.", "contents": "[New genus of monogeneans of the family Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949 (Monogenea)]. A study of the morphology of the species Diplozoon inustiatus Nag., 1965 has revealed distinct differences of this species from other members of Diplozoidae. On this bases Diplozoon inustiatus has been accorded a status of a distinct genus, Inustiatus. The diagnosis of this genus and a redescription of the species I. inustiatus are given.", "PMID": 733325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1451", "title": "[Ectoparasites of small mammals in the eastern portion of the Baikal-Amure mainline].", "content": "11.501 ectoparasites of 45 species were collected from small mammals (rodents, shrews and double-toothed rodents) in the north-eastern part of Priamurje. The parasitecoenoses are formed in general by gamasid mites (60.4%) and lice(24.7%) but faunistically fleas (19 species or 42.2%) are dominant. Among all ectoparasites the gamasid mites, Laelaps clethrionomydis and Hirstionyssus isabellinus, and the louse Hoplopleura acanthopus account for 64.9%. The impoverishment of the arthropod fauna in the northern part of Priamurje as compared to southern ones proceeds at the expence of chigger mites and more thermophilous species of gamasids and ixodids. With cultivation of forests the content of members of parasitecoenoses becomes more homogenous and their abundance falls.", "contents": "[Ectoparasites of small mammals in the eastern portion of the Baikal-Amure mainline]. 11.501 ectoparasites of 45 species were collected from small mammals (rodents, shrews and double-toothed rodents) in the north-eastern part of Priamurje. The parasitecoenoses are formed in general by gamasid mites (60.4%) and lice(24.7%) but faunistically fleas (19 species or 42.2%) are dominant. Among all ectoparasites the gamasid mites, Laelaps clethrionomydis and Hirstionyssus isabellinus, and the louse Hoplopleura acanthopus account for 64.9%. The impoverishment of the arthropod fauna in the northern part of Priamurje as compared to southern ones proceeds at the expence of chigger mites and more thermophilous species of gamasids and ixodids. With cultivation of forests the content of members of parasitecoenoses becomes more homogenous and their abundance falls.", "PMID": 733323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1452", "title": "Advances in invasive cardiac diagnosis and management.", "content": "Cardiac catheterization is now a relatively safe procedure when performed by an experienced pediatric cardiology team in a medical center with full ancillary pediatric services as well as cardiac surgery available on a 24 hour basis. Advances in equipment and techniques such as improved radiological equipment, newer catheters, and angled angiocardiographic views have improved diagnostic studies such that intraoperative changes in the preoperative diagnoses fortunately are rare. The use of prostaglandin E1 in neonates with either pulmonary atresia or the coarctation syndrome to achieve ductal dilatation with resultant marked clinical improvement preoperatively is a major advance that should become a standard method of therapy over the next few years. Newer catheterization techniques include devices for enlarging atrial septal defects (balloons and blades), closing atrial septal defects, closing a patent ductus, and performing myocardial biopsies in infants. All of these latter techniques hold promise for extending the pediatric cardiologist's role in providing newer diagnostic as well as therapeutic techniques in the care of infants and children with heart disease.", "contents": "Advances in invasive cardiac diagnosis and management. Cardiac catheterization is now a relatively safe procedure when performed by an experienced pediatric cardiology team in a medical center with full ancillary pediatric services as well as cardiac surgery available on a 24 hour basis. Advances in equipment and techniques such as improved radiological equipment, newer catheters, and angled angiocardiographic views have improved diagnostic studies such that intraoperative changes in the preoperative diagnoses fortunately are rare. The use of prostaglandin E1 in neonates with either pulmonary atresia or the coarctation syndrome to achieve ductal dilatation with resultant marked clinical improvement preoperatively is a major advance that should become a standard method of therapy over the next few years. Newer catheterization techniques include devices for enlarging atrial septal defects (balloons and blades), closing atrial septal defects, closing a patent ductus, and performing myocardial biopsies in infants. All of these latter techniques hold promise for extending the pediatric cardiologist's role in providing newer diagnostic as well as therapeutic techniques in the care of infants and children with heart disease.", "PMID": 733363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1453", "title": "Disorders of heart rate and rhythm.", "content": "The clinical approach to a child with a disorder of the heart beat is still that of a careful history, physical examination, and an ECG with a long rhythm strip. A diagnostic approach is presented which is based on rate, rhythm, and mechanism. Newer diagnostic methods are presented as well as advances in the basic cellular electrophysiology. Disorders of automaticity, triggerable cells, and re-entry are analyzed. Finally, therapy is revised for conventional drugs, and new and nonapproved drugs are listed. Indications and limitations for cardioversion, electrical pacing, and surgery are presented.", "contents": "Disorders of heart rate and rhythm. The clinical approach to a child with a disorder of the heart beat is still that of a careful history, physical examination, and an ECG with a long rhythm strip. A diagnostic approach is presented which is based on rate, rhythm, and mechanism. Newer diagnostic methods are presented as well as advances in the basic cellular electrophysiology. Disorders of automaticity, triggerable cells, and re-entry are analyzed. Finally, therapy is revised for conventional drugs, and new and nonapproved drugs are listed. Indications and limitations for cardioversion, electrical pacing, and surgery are presented.", "PMID": 733369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1454", "title": "Cardiac catheterization by percutaneous femoral venous approach in infants weighing less than 5 kg: observations in 97 cases.", "content": "The technique of cardiac catheterization after percutaneous introduction of a catheter can now be accomplished in neonates thanks to the refinement of the equipment and to the physicians' experience. In 100 catheterizations performed in infants of less than 5 kg, the new technique was utilized 97 times. Thanks to the utilization of introducers it permits Rashkind atrioseptostomy. Its main advantage is the preservation of venous integrity and this allows repeat investigations through the same route.", "contents": "Cardiac catheterization by percutaneous femoral venous approach in infants weighing less than 5 kg: observations in 97 cases. The technique of cardiac catheterization after percutaneous introduction of a catheter can now be accomplished in neonates thanks to the refinement of the equipment and to the physicians' experience. In 100 catheterizations performed in infants of less than 5 kg, the new technique was utilized 97 times. Thanks to the utilization of introducers it permits Rashkind atrioseptostomy. Its main advantage is the preservation of venous integrity and this allows repeat investigations through the same route.", "PMID": 733394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1455", "title": "Gastric teratomas in infants: report of two cases.", "content": "Gastric teratoma is a rare benign tumor with a striking male predominance in patients under one year of age. The common presenting features are a palpable mass producing gastro-intestinal hemorrhage or respiratory distress. Approximately 50% of gastric teratomas may show calcification on plain abdominal roentgenograms. Two cases in newborns are reported, and the clinical and radiologic features of gastric teratomas reviewed.", "contents": "Gastric teratomas in infants: report of two cases. Gastric teratoma is a rare benign tumor with a striking male predominance in patients under one year of age. The common presenting features are a palpable mass producing gastro-intestinal hemorrhage or respiratory distress. Approximately 50% of gastric teratomas may show calcification on plain abdominal roentgenograms. Two cases in newborns are reported, and the clinical and radiologic features of gastric teratomas reviewed.", "PMID": 733395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1456", "title": "An evaluation of plain roentgenograms prior to oral cholecystography in children.", "content": "Plain roentgenograms were taken prior to oral cholecystography in 100 children. Three children had their gallstones obscured by the oral cholecystographic agent. Consideration should be given to obtaining plain roentgenograms in children with a strong clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease and a normal oral cholecystogram.", "contents": "An evaluation of plain roentgenograms prior to oral cholecystography in children. Plain roentgenograms were taken prior to oral cholecystography in 100 children. Three children had their gallstones obscured by the oral cholecystographic agent. Consideration should be given to obtaining plain roentgenograms in children with a strong clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease and a normal oral cholecystogram.", "PMID": 733396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1457", "title": "Differential X-ray diagnosis of renal dystopias and ectopias in children.", "content": "A survey was made of the types of renal allotopia in children based on 5250 urographic examinations. The X-ray anatomy of allotopic kidney and the clinical symptoms of the conditions were discussed. The diagnostic value of individual X-ray techniques was critically appraised and the merits of renal angiography were stressed in terms of both diagnostics and the selection of appropriate surgical procedure. The inadequate terminology of allotopically displaced kidney was discussed.", "contents": "Differential X-ray diagnosis of renal dystopias and ectopias in children. A survey was made of the types of renal allotopia in children based on 5250 urographic examinations. The X-ray anatomy of allotopic kidney and the clinical symptoms of the conditions were discussed. The diagnostic value of individual X-ray techniques was critically appraised and the merits of renal angiography were stressed in terms of both diagnostics and the selection of appropriate surgical procedure. The inadequate terminology of allotopically displaced kidney was discussed.", "PMID": 733397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1458", "title": "Two peculiar types of enchondromatosis.", "content": "On the basis of 3 personal observations and of 6 cases from the literature, two peculiar types of enchondromatosis are delineated: 1. Enchondromatosis with generalized, irregular vertebral lesions, and 2. Generalized enchondromatosis with mild platyspondyly.", "contents": "Two peculiar types of enchondromatosis. On the basis of 3 personal observations and of 6 cases from the literature, two peculiar types of enchondromatosis are delineated: 1. Enchondromatosis with generalized, irregular vertebral lesions, and 2. Generalized enchondromatosis with mild platyspondyly.", "PMID": 733398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1459", "title": "The unusual case: persistence of metaphyseal changes in penicillin treated congenital syphilis.", "content": "A case of congenital syphilis is described in which the diagnosis was not made until the age of 9 and with persistance of metaphyseal changes in spite of prolonged penicillin treatment.", "contents": "The unusual case: persistence of metaphyseal changes in penicillin treated congenital syphilis. A case of congenital syphilis is described in which the diagnosis was not made until the age of 9 and with persistance of metaphyseal changes in spite of prolonged penicillin treatment.", "PMID": 733399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1460", "title": "Unusual bone involvement in congenital syphilis mimicking the battered child syndrome.", "content": "Congenital syphilis is re-emerging in modern society. The pediatric radiologist may contribute to its early diagnosis. A case of unusual bone involvement with fracture of the olecranon and facial bone lesions is described; the condition had to be differentiated from the \"battered child syndrome\". The problem of congenital syphilis as an infectious disease versus bone dystrophy is also discussed.", "contents": "Unusual bone involvement in congenital syphilis mimicking the battered child syndrome. Congenital syphilis is re-emerging in modern society. The pediatric radiologist may contribute to its early diagnosis. A case of unusual bone involvement with fracture of the olecranon and facial bone lesions is described; the condition had to be differentiated from the \"battered child syndrome\". The problem of congenital syphilis as an infectious disease versus bone dystrophy is also discussed.", "PMID": 733400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1461", "title": "Extra-osseous localisation of 99Tcm methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP) in a primary neuroblastoma.", "content": "A case of primary neuroblastoma in a seven year old boy is presented in which 99Tcm methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP) used as a bone scanning agent localised in the primary tumour. The possible mechanism for this is discussed.", "contents": "Extra-osseous localisation of 99Tcm methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP) in a primary neuroblastoma. A case of primary neuroblastoma in a seven year old boy is presented in which 99Tcm methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP) used as a bone scanning agent localised in the primary tumour. The possible mechanism for this is discussed.", "PMID": 733401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1462", "title": "Multifocal tuberculous osteomyelitis.", "content": "A case of multifocal tuberculous osteomyelitis is reported. The lesions were found in the skull and ribs in a 10 year old girl with pulmonary tuberculosis and with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Complete healing was achieved under chemotherapy. Although radiologically the lesions appear \"cystic\", their true nature is that of granulomatous--caseous tuberculous osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Multifocal tuberculous osteomyelitis. A case of multifocal tuberculous osteomyelitis is reported. The lesions were found in the skull and ribs in a 10 year old girl with pulmonary tuberculosis and with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Complete healing was achieved under chemotherapy. Although radiologically the lesions appear \"cystic\", their true nature is that of granulomatous--caseous tuberculous osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 733402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1463", "title": "Visualization of the intestinal tract by amniography in a fetus with esophageal atresia.", "content": "In pregnancies complicated by hydramnios, amniography can be used for the detection of fetal gastrointestinal obstruction. A case is presented in which the appearance of contrast material in the fetal gastrointestinal tract was noted in an infant who proved to have esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Presumably, the contrast reached the intestinal tract by aspiration and passage through the fistula.", "contents": "Visualization of the intestinal tract by amniography in a fetus with esophageal atresia. In pregnancies complicated by hydramnios, amniography can be used for the detection of fetal gastrointestinal obstruction. A case is presented in which the appearance of contrast material in the fetal gastrointestinal tract was noted in an infant who proved to have esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Presumably, the contrast reached the intestinal tract by aspiration and passage through the fistula.", "PMID": 733403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1464", "title": "Thymic uptake of gallium-67 citrate in a healthy 4 year old boy.", "content": "Gallium uptake in a mediastinal mass has been most often seen with lymphoma. A case is reported of thymic uptake in an otherwise healthy 4 1/2 year old boy who had recently had pneumonia. Serial films always showed an unchanging prominent though normal thymus and follow up gallium scans showed disappearance of thymic uptake. This and other similar cases indicate the need to consider a non-neoplastic thymus when gallium accumulation is noted in the anterior mediastinum of a child.", "contents": "Thymic uptake of gallium-67 citrate in a healthy 4 year old boy. Gallium uptake in a mediastinal mass has been most often seen with lymphoma. A case is reported of thymic uptake in an otherwise healthy 4 1/2 year old boy who had recently had pneumonia. Serial films always showed an unchanging prominent though normal thymus and follow up gallium scans showed disappearance of thymic uptake. This and other similar cases indicate the need to consider a non-neoplastic thymus when gallium accumulation is noted in the anterior mediastinum of a child.", "PMID": 733404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1465", "title": "Differentiation of orbital cellulitis from preseptal cellulitis by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used in the management of four patients with periorbital inflammation. These patients were selected for CT scanning because of the difficulty, on clinical examination alone, in determining the degree of orbital disease. The CT scans confirmed the presence and defined the location of an orbital abscess in three patients and eliminated the presence of an abscess in the fourth. On the basis of this experience, CT scanning is recommended in the evaluation of children with periorbital inflammation in whom proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, or loss of visual acuity develops, or in whom severe eyelid edema prevents adequate eye examination.", "contents": "Differentiation of orbital cellulitis from preseptal cellulitis by computed tomography. Computed tomography (CT) was used in the management of four patients with periorbital inflammation. These patients were selected for CT scanning because of the difficulty, on clinical examination alone, in determining the degree of orbital disease. The CT scans confirmed the presence and defined the location of an orbital abscess in three patients and eliminated the presence of an abscess in the fourth. On the basis of this experience, CT scanning is recommended in the evaluation of children with periorbital inflammation in whom proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, or loss of visual acuity develops, or in whom severe eyelid edema prevents adequate eye examination.", "PMID": 733416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1466", "title": "Measles vaccine efficacy in children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age.", "content": "During a large outbreak of measles in Ohio in 1976 it was possible to measure measles vaccine efficacy by age at time of vaccination and number of years since vaccination. Using a summed incidence method to control for the confounding variable introduced by mass immunization clinics held during the outbreak, vaccine efficacy was greater than 95% for children vaccinated at 12, 13, and 14 or more months of age. Vaccine efficacy for those vaccinated at 12 months of age was notably better than for those vaccinated at younger ages but not different from those vaccinated at older ages. Although recently administered vaccine appeared more efficacious than vaccine administered in the past, this difference was not significant when controlled for age at vaccination. Evaluation of the mass clinics held during the outbreak demonstrated that 59.6% of the inadequately immunized children attended the clinics, but this was not substantially different from the proportion of adequately immunized who attended (52.4%). Recommendations for measles revaccination need not include children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age or greater.", "contents": "Measles vaccine efficacy in children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age. During a large outbreak of measles in Ohio in 1976 it was possible to measure measles vaccine efficacy by age at time of vaccination and number of years since vaccination. Using a summed incidence method to control for the confounding variable introduced by mass immunization clinics held during the outbreak, vaccine efficacy was greater than 95% for children vaccinated at 12, 13, and 14 or more months of age. Vaccine efficacy for those vaccinated at 12 months of age was notably better than for those vaccinated at younger ages but not different from those vaccinated at older ages. Although recently administered vaccine appeared more efficacious than vaccine administered in the past, this difference was not significant when controlled for age at vaccination. Evaluation of the mass clinics held during the outbreak demonstrated that 59.6% of the inadequately immunized children attended the clinics, but this was not substantially different from the proportion of adequately immunized who attended (52.4%). Recommendations for measles revaccination need not include children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age or greater.", "PMID": 733423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1467", "title": "Measles vaccine efficacy: influence of age at vaccination vs. duration of time since vaccination.", "content": "To evaluate the recent decision of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice to increase the recommended age for initial measles vaccination from 12 to 15 months, we carried out a case control study of vaccine failure in a recent measles epidemic. Compared to children vaccinated at ages 15 months or older, we found an increased risk of vaccine failure among those vaccinated at 12 to 14 months (relative risk = 19.2, 95% confidence interval = 4.6 to 80.1). In order to sort out the influence of age at vaccination from elapsed time since vaccination, we subjected the data to discriminant analysis. Age at vaccination subsumed all of the effect of duration of time since vaccination. Thus, we find no evidence of waning immunity over time.", "contents": "Measles vaccine efficacy: influence of age at vaccination vs. duration of time since vaccination. To evaluate the recent decision of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice to increase the recommended age for initial measles vaccination from 12 to 15 months, we carried out a case control study of vaccine failure in a recent measles epidemic. Compared to children vaccinated at ages 15 months or older, we found an increased risk of vaccine failure among those vaccinated at 12 to 14 months (relative risk = 19.2, 95% confidence interval = 4.6 to 80.1). In order to sort out the influence of age at vaccination from elapsed time since vaccination, we subjected the data to discriminant analysis. Age at vaccination subsumed all of the effect of duration of time since vaccination. Thus, we find no evidence of waning immunity over time.", "PMID": 733424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1468", "title": "Current status of mumps and mumps vaccine in the United States.", "content": "Reported mumps in the United States has declined to all-time low levels following the increasingly widespread use of mumps-virus vaccine. Mumps vaccine has proven safe and effective. Its incorporation into combined live-virus vaccines, especially measles-mumps-rubella, has made mumps vaccination a practical and economically feasible component of routine immunization activities. Because of the favorable experience to date with mumps vaccine and the associated drop in mumps morbidity and mortality, mumps control programs likely will receive increasing public health attention in the coming years.", "contents": "Current status of mumps and mumps vaccine in the United States. Reported mumps in the United States has declined to all-time low levels following the increasingly widespread use of mumps-virus vaccine. Mumps vaccine has proven safe and effective. Its incorporation into combined live-virus vaccines, especially measles-mumps-rubella, has made mumps vaccination a practical and economically feasible component of routine immunization activities. Because of the favorable experience to date with mumps vaccine and the associated drop in mumps morbidity and mortality, mumps control programs likely will receive increasing public health attention in the coming years.", "PMID": 733425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1469", "title": "Clinical significance of monitoring anterior fontanel pressure in sick neonates and infants.", "content": "The intracranial pressure was monitored via the anterior fontanel, using a noninvasive technique, in 78 acutely ill, 39 normal term, and 6 normal preterm infants. In normal term and preterm infants the anterior fontanel pressure (AFP) was 10.2 +/- 0.4 and 9.5 +/- 0.8 cm H2O, respectively. Infants with hyaline membrane disease had elevated pressure (13.3 +/- 0.6 cm H2O), which was higher than that of normal preterm infants. Following an episode of intracranial hemorrhage in four infants, the AFP increased to 26.2 +/- 2.5 cm H2O. Elevated pressure was noted in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (24.1 +/- 1.8 cm H2O); the pressure decreased during the phase of recovery (15.6 +/- 3.5 cm H2O). Elevated pressure was noted in infants with meningitis and hydrocephalus. Repeated measurements helped to diagnose shunt obstruction in an infant with hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Clinical significance of monitoring anterior fontanel pressure in sick neonates and infants. The intracranial pressure was monitored via the anterior fontanel, using a noninvasive technique, in 78 acutely ill, 39 normal term, and 6 normal preterm infants. In normal term and preterm infants the anterior fontanel pressure (AFP) was 10.2 +/- 0.4 and 9.5 +/- 0.8 cm H2O, respectively. Infants with hyaline membrane disease had elevated pressure (13.3 +/- 0.6 cm H2O), which was higher than that of normal preterm infants. Following an episode of intracranial hemorrhage in four infants, the AFP increased to 26.2 +/- 2.5 cm H2O. Elevated pressure was noted in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (24.1 +/- 1.8 cm H2O); the pressure decreased during the phase of recovery (15.6 +/- 3.5 cm H2O). Elevated pressure was noted in infants with meningitis and hydrocephalus. Repeated measurements helped to diagnose shunt obstruction in an infant with hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 733426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1470", "title": "Infant recognition of mother's voice.", "content": "Each of a group of one-month-old infants was reinforced, contingent upon nonutritive sucking, with its mother's voice and the voice of a stranger. In this experiment, two conditions were applied. Under the first, the mother's speech was aimed at communicating with the infant, while, under the second, the mother's speech lacked prosodic and intonational aspects of normal speech. It was shown that infants will suck more for their mother's voices under the intonanted condition only. It was concluded that a young infant prefers its own mother's voice provided the mother speaks normally.", "contents": "Infant recognition of mother's voice. Each of a group of one-month-old infants was reinforced, contingent upon nonutritive sucking, with its mother's voice and the voice of a stranger. In this experiment, two conditions were applied. Under the first, the mother's speech was aimed at communicating with the infant, while, under the second, the mother's speech lacked prosodic and intonational aspects of normal speech. It was shown that infants will suck more for their mother's voices under the intonanted condition only. It was concluded that a young infant prefers its own mother's voice provided the mother speaks normally.", "PMID": 733440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1471", "title": "Central and peripheral object distances as determinants of the effective visual field in early infancy.", "content": "While visually fixating on a central, coloured object, thirty-six infants aged between two and five months were presented with a peripheral target to the right or to the left of midline. Both objects were presented at two distances: either 30 or 90 cm from the infant. The extent of the effective visual field was measured by the presence and the latency of saccadic shifts of gaze from the fixation object toward the target object placed at varying degrees of eccentricity. The effective visual field expanded between two and four months. Near peripheral targets were detected at greater angles of eccentricity than those more distant, but this effect was modified both by age and by the distance of central fixation. For two- and three-month infants the effective visual field was most reduced when the central fixation object was placed at 30 cm and the target object at 90 cm. The ability to respond to peripheral objects more distant than the fixation object develops after three months.", "contents": "Central and peripheral object distances as determinants of the effective visual field in early infancy. While visually fixating on a central, coloured object, thirty-six infants aged between two and five months were presented with a peripheral target to the right or to the left of midline. Both objects were presented at two distances: either 30 or 90 cm from the infant. The extent of the effective visual field was measured by the presence and the latency of saccadic shifts of gaze from the fixation object toward the target object placed at varying degrees of eccentricity. The effective visual field expanded between two and four months. Near peripheral targets were detected at greater angles of eccentricity than those more distant, but this effect was modified both by age and by the distance of central fixation. For two- and three-month infants the effective visual field was most reduced when the central fixation object was placed at 30 cm and the target object at 90 cm. The ability to respond to peripheral objects more distant than the fixation object develops after three months.", "PMID": 733441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1472", "title": "Reaching in the dark.", "content": "Reaching for noise-making objects presented in darkness declines, then recovers, during infancy. The most probable explanation of this U-shaped function would seem to involve changes in reaching, changes in the perception of success, and changes in the body schema. There is no need to postulate any U-shaped change within the auditory system.", "contents": "Reaching in the dark. Reaching for noise-making objects presented in darkness declines, then recovers, during infancy. The most probable explanation of this U-shaped function would seem to involve changes in reaching, changes in the perception of success, and changes in the body schema. There is no need to postulate any U-shaped change within the auditory system.", "PMID": 733442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1473", "title": "Apparent foveofugal drift of counterphase gratings.", "content": "Counterphase gratings, and several other stimuli which consist of equal components of motion in both directions, appeared to drift foveofugally, rather than foveopetally, when presented to the retinal periphery. This 'foveofugal drift effect' was demonstrated by descriptive and nulling techniques and its magnitude was shown to vary across subjects. The effect was fairly brief under continuous fixation. Several lines of evidence suggested that eye movements were not responsible for the effect. The phenomenon implies a directional asymmetry in the human visual system which may be related to our consistent exposure to expanding patterns of visual flow.", "contents": "Apparent foveofugal drift of counterphase gratings. Counterphase gratings, and several other stimuli which consist of equal components of motion in both directions, appeared to drift foveofugally, rather than foveopetally, when presented to the retinal periphery. This 'foveofugal drift effect' was demonstrated by descriptive and nulling techniques and its magnitude was shown to vary across subjects. The effect was fairly brief under continuous fixation. Several lines of evidence suggested that eye movements were not responsible for the effect. The phenomenon implies a directional asymmetry in the human visual system which may be related to our consistent exposure to expanding patterns of visual flow.", "PMID": 733443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1474", "title": "Contrast summation effects and stereopsis.", "content": "Contrast thresholds for stereopsis were measured for a variety of bandpass-filtered random-dot stereograms in a series of experiments. The principal finding was that contrast thresholds for stereopsis from 'complex' stereograms composed of mixtures of (a) two widely different spatial frequencies or (b) two or more widely different oriented random textures, are considerably lower than would be expected if stereopsis from such stimuli is mediated by the first component to rise above its own stereopsis contrast threshold. Instead, it appears that stereopsis comes about whenever the supradetection-threshold contrast of a stereogram exceeds a certain level, regardless of whether this contrast is provided by a single component or by a mix of two different ones. The implications of these findings for models of stereopsis are discussed.", "contents": "Contrast summation effects and stereopsis. Contrast thresholds for stereopsis were measured for a variety of bandpass-filtered random-dot stereograms in a series of experiments. The principal finding was that contrast thresholds for stereopsis from 'complex' stereograms composed of mixtures of (a) two widely different spatial frequencies or (b) two or more widely different oriented random textures, are considerably lower than would be expected if stereopsis from such stimuli is mediated by the first component to rise above its own stereopsis contrast threshold. Instead, it appears that stereopsis comes about whenever the supradetection-threshold contrast of a stereogram exceeds a certain level, regardless of whether this contrast is provided by a single component or by a mix of two different ones. The implications of these findings for models of stereopsis are discussed.", "PMID": 733444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1475", "title": "McCollough effect and eye optics.", "content": "Astigmatism induced by cylindrical lenses leads to colour sensations similar to the McCollough effect. Consequences for the design of experiments and a new interpretation of the McCollough effect are suggested.", "contents": "McCollough effect and eye optics. Astigmatism induced by cylindrical lenses leads to colour sensations similar to the McCollough effect. Consequences for the design of experiments and a new interpretation of the McCollough effect are suggested.", "PMID": 733445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1476", "title": "The effect of refractive error on size constancy and shape constancy.", "content": "The effect of refractive error was determined for both size constancy and shape constancy. Although an error of 1.5 diopters reduces shape constancy, 3.0 diopters of blur had no effect on size constancy. The results are discussed in terms of the multiple mechanisms subserving the perceptual constancies. The importance of cues from the peripheral visual fields for size constancy and the role of foveally mediated texture and stereopsis cues for shape constancy are emphasized.", "contents": "The effect of refractive error on size constancy and shape constancy. The effect of refractive error was determined for both size constancy and shape constancy. Although an error of 1.5 diopters reduces shape constancy, 3.0 diopters of blur had no effect on size constancy. The results are discussed in terms of the multiple mechanisms subserving the perceptual constancies. The importance of cues from the peripheral visual fields for size constancy and the role of foveally mediated texture and stereopsis cues for shape constancy are emphasized.", "PMID": 733446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1477", "title": "Explaining imaginal inference by operations in a propositional format.", "content": "Solving problems by imaginal inference often seems inefficient for an organism that is manipulating propositions. One explanation for the apparent inefficiency is that the problems are being solved not in propositional format by operations in an analogue format. Imaginal inference might then be the most efficient method compatible with the limitations inherent in the analogue format. In the present paper an alternative rationale is given for the use of imaginal inference by explaining how the processes involved in mental problem solving are related to those in perception: it is suggested that the mechanisms used in problem solving have evolved from a  perceptual system in which hypotheses about events in the sensory field are generated from an internal representation of the world. This thesis denies that perception is passive and suggests that originally for perception. Acceptance of the thesis implies that the capabilities of a propositional format in problem solving would be limited. This limitation could account for the apparently inefficient use of that format in imaginal inference.", "contents": "Explaining imaginal inference by operations in a propositional format. Solving problems by imaginal inference often seems inefficient for an organism that is manipulating propositions. One explanation for the apparent inefficiency is that the problems are being solved not in propositional format by operations in an analogue format. Imaginal inference might then be the most efficient method compatible with the limitations inherent in the analogue format. In the present paper an alternative rationale is given for the use of imaginal inference by explaining how the processes involved in mental problem solving are related to those in perception: it is suggested that the mechanisms used in problem solving have evolved from a  perceptual system in which hypotheses about events in the sensory field are generated from an internal representation of the world. This thesis denies that perception is passive and suggests that originally for perception. Acceptance of the thesis implies that the capabilities of a propositional format in problem solving would be limited. This limitation could account for the apparently inefficient use of that format in imaginal inference.", "PMID": 733447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1478", "title": "Eye movements during the viewing of Necker cubes.", "content": "Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed a Kopfermann-like series of Necker cubes and signaled perceptual reversals. At the instant of reversal, subjects tend to fixate the vicinity of the externally appearing corner. These fixations at the instant of reversal tend to have longer duration than those immediately before or after. The longer fixation times associated with pperceptual reversal probably reflect the time required to construct the alternate three-dimensional interpretation of the cube. After construction of this new model, the subject then fixates the vicinity of the newly interpreted externally appearing corner.", "contents": "Eye movements during the viewing of Necker cubes. Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed a Kopfermann-like series of Necker cubes and signaled perceptual reversals. At the instant of reversal, subjects tend to fixate the vicinity of the externally appearing corner. These fixations at the instant of reversal tend to have longer duration than those immediately before or after. The longer fixation times associated with pperceptual reversal probably reflect the time required to construct the alternate three-dimensional interpretation of the cube. After construction of this new model, the subject then fixates the vicinity of the newly interpreted externally appearing corner.", "PMID": 733448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1479", "title": "The use of category information in perception.", "content": "Three tachistoscopic experiments are reported in which presentation of the target stimulus in a letter/digit categorization task was preceded by a briefly exposed priming stimulus (letter or digit). The primer was subject to backward masking from either the target or a pattern mask, and observers were unaware of its occurrence. With a primer duration of 25 ms, when masking was presumed to be at a central level, performance deteriorated when the two items were from different categories. This inhibition effect was reduced when the characters were physically similar. In contrast, there was little evidence of facilitated processing when primers validly cued targets. At shorter primer durations, when masking is presumed to be peripheral in origin, between-condition differences were less marked. An interpretation in terms of an active model of information processing, with utilization of both categorical and physical information extracted from the primer, is proposed.", "contents": "The use of category information in perception. Three tachistoscopic experiments are reported in which presentation of the target stimulus in a letter/digit categorization task was preceded by a briefly exposed priming stimulus (letter or digit). The primer was subject to backward masking from either the target or a pattern mask, and observers were unaware of its occurrence. With a primer duration of 25 ms, when masking was presumed to be at a central level, performance deteriorated when the two items were from different categories. This inhibition effect was reduced when the characters were physically similar. In contrast, there was little evidence of facilitated processing when primers validly cued targets. At shorter primer durations, when masking is presumed to be peripheral in origin, between-condition differences were less marked. An interpretation in terms of an active model of information processing, with utilization of both categorical and physical information extracted from the primer, is proposed.", "PMID": 733449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1480", "title": "Illusory contours and the ends of lines.", "content": "A series of lines pointing towards a central region induces an illusory brightness effect that is systematically related to the angle formed by the lines and the contour of the illusory brightness. As the lines veer to become tangents the illusory brightness decreases.", "contents": "Illusory contours and the ends of lines. A series of lines pointing towards a central region induces an illusory brightness effect that is systematically related to the angle formed by the lines and the contour of the illusory brightness. As the lines veer to become tangents the illusory brightness decreases.", "PMID": 733450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1481", "title": "Automimmune response to dopamine-receptor as a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.", "content": "Clinical and neuropharmacological evidence indicates the involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, as well as in iatrogenic Parkinsonism and drug-induced schizophrenia-like syndrome. The evidence hitherto presented stresses the existence of a reversed relationship between Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia and implicates the possibility that dysfunction of dopamine-receptors may be a central phenomenon in both diseases. In view of the recent demonstration of two separate dopamine-receptors, it is postulated that a striatal receptor blockade may cause Parkinson's disease, whereas a limbic receptor blockade may result in schizophrenia. The recent discovery that several autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, are the result of an immunopharmacological block at receptor sites, together with several observations of immunological disorders in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, suggests the possibility that certain types of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia might be the consequence of an autoimmune blockade of striatal or limbic dopamine-receptors, respectively.", "contents": "Automimmune response to dopamine-receptor as a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Clinical and neuropharmacological evidence indicates the involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, as well as in iatrogenic Parkinsonism and drug-induced schizophrenia-like syndrome. The evidence hitherto presented stresses the existence of a reversed relationship between Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia and implicates the possibility that dysfunction of dopamine-receptors may be a central phenomenon in both diseases. In view of the recent demonstration of two separate dopamine-receptors, it is postulated that a striatal receptor blockade may cause Parkinson's disease, whereas a limbic receptor blockade may result in schizophrenia. The recent discovery that several autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, are the result of an immunopharmacological block at receptor sites, together with several observations of immunological disorders in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, suggests the possibility that certain types of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia might be the consequence of an autoimmune blockade of striatal or limbic dopamine-receptors, respectively.", "PMID": 733451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1482", "title": "HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee.", "content": "Since 1972 the Hyogo Rehabilitation Centre has been developing a variable-resistance-type pneumatic control device, the HRC Adjustable Pneumatic Swing-Phase Control Knee. Successful field tests have been carried out on 20 cases with Model IV since 1973 with only a limited number of mechanical troubles. This paper introduces the HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee with follow-up studies.", "contents": "HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee. Since 1972 the Hyogo Rehabilitation Centre has been developing a variable-resistance-type pneumatic control device, the HRC Adjustable Pneumatic Swing-Phase Control Knee. Successful field tests have been carried out on 20 cases with Model IV since 1973 with only a limited number of mechanical troubles. This paper introduces the HRC adjustable pneumatic swing-phase control knee with follow-up studies.", "PMID": 733460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1483", "title": "A new approach to the management of wounds of the extremities. Controlled environment treatment and its derivatives.", "content": "Controlled Environment Treatment is a new approach to wound management--for the first time it provides the surgeon with the means of controlling and optimizing the wound environment for the duration of the healing period. Equipment is commercially available and the technique is now being applied internationally; the technique has been established for the treatment of limbs--application to the trunk requires further investigation and development. Spin-offs have already occurred, one being the control of certain types of lymphoedema by the patient in their own home; the other concerns the application of plaster of Paris to produce casts having significantly superior physiological characteristics using minimal manipulative skills. The former is known as Pressure Environment Treatment, the latter is known as Controlled Pressure Casting; equipment is commercially available internationally.", "contents": "A new approach to the management of wounds of the extremities. Controlled environment treatment and its derivatives. Controlled Environment Treatment is a new approach to wound management--for the first time it provides the surgeon with the means of controlling and optimizing the wound environment for the duration of the healing period. Equipment is commercially available and the technique is now being applied internationally; the technique has been established for the treatment of limbs--application to the trunk requires further investigation and development. Spin-offs have already occurred, one being the control of certain types of lymphoedema by the patient in their own home; the other concerns the application of plaster of Paris to produce casts having significantly superior physiological characteristics using minimal manipulative skills. The former is known as Pressure Environment Treatment, the latter is known as Controlled Pressure Casting; equipment is commercially available internationally.", "PMID": 733462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1484", "title": "Analysis of variability in pylon transducer signals.", "content": "A pylon transducer has been used to provide force and moment data relating to the stance phase of gait of below-knee amputees fitted with modular types of PTB prostheses. The data has been collected and modified using digital processing systems with particular interest in quantifying shape differences in the loading information curves. Earlier tests illustrated the need for more data to provide statistical support for conclusions. However, the requirements for more data greatly increased the data handling and storage problems. A method was devised whereby those features considered significant from an information point of view could be extracted from the transducer signals and then combined. The statistical combination of features was made to allow objective comparisons of strides for a particular subject.", "contents": "Analysis of variability in pylon transducer signals. A pylon transducer has been used to provide force and moment data relating to the stance phase of gait of below-knee amputees fitted with modular types of PTB prostheses. The data has been collected and modified using digital processing systems with particular interest in quantifying shape differences in the loading information curves. Earlier tests illustrated the need for more data to provide statistical support for conclusions. However, the requirements for more data greatly increased the data handling and storage problems. A method was devised whereby those features considered significant from an information point of view could be extracted from the transducer signals and then combined. The statistical combination of features was made to allow objective comparisons of strides for a particular subject.", "PMID": 733464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1485", "title": "A retrospective study of respiratory disease in a cohort of bacon pigs. I. Clinico-epidemiological analyses.", "content": "Previous studies of respiratory disease problems in pig herds have to a large extent relied on mortality data and slaughterhouse findings. The present report deals with simultaneously recorded clinical data and post mortem information for individual pigs from a large herd. Among other things, the results suggest that the commonly applied treatments of clinical cases have limited effect, that routine meat inspection is a fairly sensitive tool in monitoring the disease status, that productivity is affected relatively more by clinical episodes than by subclinical occurrence, and that respiratory disease and diarrhea are interrelated in more than one way.", "contents": "A retrospective study of respiratory disease in a cohort of bacon pigs. I. Clinico-epidemiological analyses. Previous studies of respiratory disease problems in pig herds have to a large extent relied on mortality data and slaughterhouse findings. The present report deals with simultaneously recorded clinical data and post mortem information for individual pigs from a large herd. Among other things, the results suggest that the commonly applied treatments of clinical cases have limited effect, that routine meat inspection is a fairly sensitive tool in monitoring the disease status, that productivity is affected relatively more by clinical episodes than by subclinical occurrence, and that respiratory disease and diarrhea are interrelated in more than one way.", "PMID": 733479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1486", "title": "The relationship between disease incidences of fatteners registered at slaughter and environmental factors in herds.", "content": "The incidences of penumonia, pleurisy and white spots in liver were registered on slaughtered fattening pigs and herd identity. Disease incidences were found to be close related to herd environmental factors, e.g. hygiene and husbandry, recruitment forms and raising methods, and ventilation efficiency.", "contents": "The relationship between disease incidences of fatteners registered at slaughter and environmental factors in herds. The incidences of penumonia, pleurisy and white spots in liver were registered on slaughtered fattening pigs and herd identity. Disease incidences were found to be close related to herd environmental factors, e.g. hygiene and husbandry, recruitment forms and raising methods, and ventilation efficiency.", "PMID": 733480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1487", "title": "Congenital tremor in pigs in Sweden. A case report.", "content": "The authors describe an outbreak of congenital tremor in piglets in a herd for the integrated production of fattening pigs. All sows farrowing within a period of slightly over a month gave birth to piglets affected to a varying degree. All the sows were of the Swedish Land Race and covered by boars representing two different lines not genetically related to each other. The case history comprised information on oral treatment of the sows with an antiparasitic trichlorfon compound (Neguvon) during pregnancy. Morphological examination of the CNS revealed a marked cerebellar hypoplasia in all examined piglets. Teschen/Talfan virus was isolated from liver and spleen in one of the piglets, but this finding could be repudiated as merely coincidental. It is concluded that there is strong circumstantial evidence for Neguvon treatment as a possible etiologic factor in this tremor outbreak. All relevant data collected are seen from Tables I and II.", "contents": "Congenital tremor in pigs in Sweden. A case report. The authors describe an outbreak of congenital tremor in piglets in a herd for the integrated production of fattening pigs. All sows farrowing within a period of slightly over a month gave birth to piglets affected to a varying degree. All the sows were of the Swedish Land Race and covered by boars representing two different lines not genetically related to each other. The case history comprised information on oral treatment of the sows with an antiparasitic trichlorfon compound (Neguvon) during pregnancy. Morphological examination of the CNS revealed a marked cerebellar hypoplasia in all examined piglets. Teschen/Talfan virus was isolated from liver and spleen in one of the piglets, but this finding could be repudiated as merely coincidental. It is concluded that there is strong circumstantial evidence for Neguvon treatment as a possible etiologic factor in this tremor outbreak. All relevant data collected are seen from Tables I and II.", "PMID": 733481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1488", "title": "Congenital ataxia and tremor with cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets borne by sows treated with Neguvon vet. (metrifonate, trichlorfon) during pregnancy.", "content": "In 1976--77 The State Veterinary Serum Laboratory received new-born pigs which had shown nervous disorders immediately after birth. In all the cases the sows had been treated with Nevugon vet. (metrifonate, trichlorfon) during pregnancy. In the majority of the affected litters the morbidity and lethality were 100 per cent. Analysis of the breeding data from some of the herds suggested that the period during which the fetuses are sensitive is rather narrow, i.e., approximately from day 45 to day 63. The disease was reproduced experimentally and it was concluded that oral treatment of pregnant sows with Neguvon vet. about the middle of the gestation period can result in severe nervous disorders in the piglets. Clinically the disease is characterized by ataxia and tremor, and corresponding to that there is a pronounced hypoplasia of the cerebellum and also a reduction in the size of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Congenital ataxia and tremor with cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets borne by sows treated with Neguvon vet. (metrifonate, trichlorfon) during pregnancy. In 1976--77 The State Veterinary Serum Laboratory received new-born pigs which had shown nervous disorders immediately after birth. In all the cases the sows had been treated with Nevugon vet. (metrifonate, trichlorfon) during pregnancy. In the majority of the affected litters the morbidity and lethality were 100 per cent. Analysis of the breeding data from some of the herds suggested that the period during which the fetuses are sensitive is rather narrow, i.e., approximately from day 45 to day 63. The disease was reproduced experimentally and it was concluded that oral treatment of pregnant sows with Neguvon vet. about the middle of the gestation period can result in severe nervous disorders in the piglets. Clinically the disease is characterized by ataxia and tremor, and corresponding to that there is a pronounced hypoplasia of the cerebellum and also a reduction in the size of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 733482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1489", "title": "Spinal  ataxia in the horse. A case report.", "content": "The purpose of this communication is to report the first diagnosed case of spinal ataxia in the horse in Finland. The horse was atactic and had a wobbling gait. Especially in turning and backing the rear legs tended to swing outwards. Macroscopical studies revealed malformation of the cervical vertebral articular facets and narrowing of the cervical vertebral canal. The vertebral malformation caused the degeneration of the spinal cord, through the compression of the cord. In this paper the macroscopial and microscopical findings are discussed and compared with the findings of other authors.", "contents": "Spinal  ataxia in the horse. A case report. The purpose of this communication is to report the first diagnosed case of spinal ataxia in the horse in Finland. The horse was atactic and had a wobbling gait. Especially in turning and backing the rear legs tended to swing outwards. Macroscopical studies revealed malformation of the cervical vertebral articular facets and narrowing of the cervical vertebral canal. The vertebral malformation caused the degeneration of the spinal cord, through the compression of the cord. In this paper the macroscopial and microscopical findings are discussed and compared with the findings of other authors.", "PMID": 733483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1490", "title": "[Patients on chronic hemodialysis. Hemodynamic study at rest and during exercise before dialysis, in hypertensive and normotensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In twenty chronic hemodialyzed patients a hemodynamic study was carried out just before dialysis at bed rest and during sitting bicycle exercise. At bed rest, cardiac index (mean +/- standard deviation = 5.2 +/- 1.1/mn/m2) and pulmonary wedge pressure (17.4 +/- 6.8 mmHg) were increased. At the highest level performed (60 ou 90 W) cardiac index increased in all patients and reached on average normal values as compared to normal sedentary subjects, but heart rate less increased than in normal subjects during maximum effort. These data suggest that these patients had no patent heart failure. Pulmonary wedge pressure was more increased in hypertensive patients (20.7 +/- 6.7 mmHg) than in normotensive patients (13.3 +/- 4.4 mmHg). Since cardiac index was similarly increased in both groups of patients the higher values of pulmonary wedge pressure in hypertensive patients could be related to either an increase in total blood volume, or a reduction in left ventricular compliance or an increase in cardiopulmonary blood volume.", "contents": "[Patients on chronic hemodialysis. Hemodynamic study at rest and during exercise before dialysis, in hypertensive and normotensive patients (author's transl)]. In twenty chronic hemodialyzed patients a hemodynamic study was carried out just before dialysis at bed rest and during sitting bicycle exercise. At bed rest, cardiac index (mean +/- standard deviation = 5.2 +/- 1.1/mn/m2) and pulmonary wedge pressure (17.4 +/- 6.8 mmHg) were increased. At the highest level performed (60 ou 90 W) cardiac index increased in all patients and reached on average normal values as compared to normal sedentary subjects, but heart rate less increased than in normal subjects during maximum effort. These data suggest that these patients had no patent heart failure. Pulmonary wedge pressure was more increased in hypertensive patients (20.7 +/- 6.7 mmHg) than in normotensive patients (13.3 +/- 4.4 mmHg). Since cardiac index was similarly increased in both groups of patients the higher values of pulmonary wedge pressure in hypertensive patients could be related to either an increase in total blood volume, or a reduction in left ventricular compliance or an increase in cardiopulmonary blood volume.", "PMID": 733484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1491", "title": "[The bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations. Application in the treatment of osteo-articular infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of the bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations against 18 strains of staphylococcus aureus causing osteoarthritis showed that the combinations most often synergistic or indifferent were: rifampicin + lincomycin or synergistine, rifampicin + fusidic acid, synergistine + fusidic acid or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cephalosporins + gentamycin, rifampicin or fusidic acid + gentamycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole + rifampicin or fusidic acid. Study of the antibiotic therapy used here was based upon the inhibitory power of serum and the measurement of antibiotic concentrations in healthy bone. Combinations which are synergistic or indifferent in vitro endow the serum with a high level of bactericidal activity. Certain antagonisms (cephalosporins or penicillin M + rifampicin) found in vitro may be reflected neither clinically nor in study of the inhibitory power of the serum.", "contents": "[The bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations. Application in the treatment of osteo-articular infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)]. Study of the bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations against 18 strains of staphylococcus aureus causing osteoarthritis showed that the combinations most often synergistic or indifferent were: rifampicin + lincomycin or synergistine, rifampicin + fusidic acid, synergistine + fusidic acid or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cephalosporins + gentamycin, rifampicin or fusidic acid + gentamycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole + rifampicin or fusidic acid. Study of the antibiotic therapy used here was based upon the inhibitory power of serum and the measurement of antibiotic concentrations in healthy bone. Combinations which are synergistic or indifferent in vitro endow the serum with a high level of bactericidal activity. Certain antagonisms (cephalosporins or penicillin M + rifampicin) found in vitro may be reflected neither clinically nor in study of the inhibitory power of the serum.", "PMID": 733486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1492", "title": "[Recurrent familial thromboembolic disease due to congenital deficiency in anti-thrombin III. Preliminary study of 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The three cases reported, two mesenteric venous infarctions and one asymptomatic carrier, prove the responsibility of the anti-thrombin III deficiency in the development of apparently primary entero-mesenteric venous infarctions. Thus such a deficiency should be sought routibs. Furthermore, these 3 cases confirm the usual characteristics of the 10 familial cases collected since the princeps description of Egeberg: recurrent thromboembolic disease in the young subject involving essentially the lower limbs, relative resistance to heparin, family history of thromboembolic disease confirming the hereditary nature of the disease with dominant transmission, laboratory confirmation of the quantitative deficiency in antithrombin III, the levels and activity of which are reduced by half, and decrease in laboratory sensitivity to heparin contrasting with normal clotting studies. The family history reveals associated conditions within the syndrome: asthma and Biermer's anemia as well as similarities in leucocyte HLA groups.", "contents": "[Recurrent familial thromboembolic disease due to congenital deficiency in anti-thrombin III. Preliminary study of 3 cases (author's transl)]. The three cases reported, two mesenteric venous infarctions and one asymptomatic carrier, prove the responsibility of the anti-thrombin III deficiency in the development of apparently primary entero-mesenteric venous infarctions. Thus such a deficiency should be sought routibs. Furthermore, these 3 cases confirm the usual characteristics of the 10 familial cases collected since the princeps description of Egeberg: recurrent thromboembolic disease in the young subject involving essentially the lower limbs, relative resistance to heparin, family history of thromboembolic disease confirming the hereditary nature of the disease with dominant transmission, laboratory confirmation of the quantitative deficiency in antithrombin III, the levels and activity of which are reduced by half, and decrease in laboratory sensitivity to heparin contrasting with normal clotting studies. The family history reveals associated conditions within the syndrome: asthma and Biermer's anemia as well as similarities in leucocyte HLA groups.", "PMID": 733487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1493", "title": "[The neonatal detection of congenital hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital hypothyroidism appears to be the commonest infantile endocrine disease (1/3000 to 1/5000 newborn). Previous experience has shown that the clinical diagnosis during the neonatal period is often difficult and that the long term result is dependent upon the rapidity with which hormone treatment is begun. A rational approach to these data and the possibility of miniaturisation of methods for the radio-immunological estimation of T4 and TSH led to the possibility of neonatal detection on a routine basis being envisaged. Recent results, both in France and elsewhere, confirm the value of such screening, which nervertheless continues to pose some problems. The authors here summarize current information concerning this form of screening which will surely soon take its place amongst routine neonatal examinations on the same basis as that for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "[The neonatal detection of congenital hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. Congenital hypothyroidism appears to be the commonest infantile endocrine disease (1/3000 to 1/5000 newborn). Previous experience has shown that the clinical diagnosis during the neonatal period is often difficult and that the long term result is dependent upon the rapidity with which hormone treatment is begun. A rational approach to these data and the possibility of miniaturisation of methods for the radio-immunological estimation of T4 and TSH led to the possibility of neonatal detection on a routine basis being envisaged. Recent results, both in France and elsewhere, confirm the value of such screening, which nervertheless continues to pose some problems. The authors here summarize current information concerning this form of screening which will surely soon take its place amongst routine neonatal examinations on the same basis as that for phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 733488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1494", "title": "[Granulomatous hepatitis: aetiological study of 107 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In this series, the commonest aetiology was tuberculosis (30 cases, 28%), followed by sarcoidosis (18 cases, 17,7%), mediterranean fever (Olmer's disease) (13 cases, 12,1%), brucellosis (8 cases, 7,4%), typhoid fever (7 cases, 6,6%) and idiopathic forms (8 cases, 7,4%). These were followed by Hodgkin's disease, toxoplasmosis, adenosarcoma, and leprosy. Finally, there were single cases due to infectious mononucleosis, B.C.G. reaction, hypogammaglobulinaemia, coeliac disease and temporal arteritis. Half of the patients had hepatomegaly and an increase, in general moderate, in hepatic enzymes (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase). The highest enzyme levels were seen in cases of brucellosis, hepatic enzymes being normal in patients with sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Granulomatous hepatitis: aetiological study of 107 cases (author's transl)]. In this series, the commonest aetiology was tuberculosis (30 cases, 28%), followed by sarcoidosis (18 cases, 17,7%), mediterranean fever (Olmer's disease) (13 cases, 12,1%), brucellosis (8 cases, 7,4%), typhoid fever (7 cases, 6,6%) and idiopathic forms (8 cases, 7,4%). These were followed by Hodgkin's disease, toxoplasmosis, adenosarcoma, and leprosy. Finally, there were single cases due to infectious mononucleosis, B.C.G. reaction, hypogammaglobulinaemia, coeliac disease and temporal arteritis. Half of the patients had hepatomegaly and an increase, in general moderate, in hepatic enzymes (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase). The highest enzyme levels were seen in cases of brucellosis, hepatic enzymes being normal in patients with sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 733501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1495", "title": "[Septo-optic dysplasia with antidiuretic hormone deficiency and central adrenocortical insufficiency. Three cases report in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of septo-optic dysplasia are related in infants. A neurogenic diabetes insipidus and an central adrenocortical insufficiency is proved. An growth hormone deficiency is founded in one case. The other anterior pituitary functions are normal. The pneumo-encephalography with congenital absence of septum lucidum and the ophtalmologic anomalies are typical. The treatment is envisaged. In one case an autopsy sustains the radiologic aspect.", "contents": "[Septo-optic dysplasia with antidiuretic hormone deficiency and central adrenocortical insufficiency. Three cases report in infants (author's transl)]. Three cases of septo-optic dysplasia are related in infants. A neurogenic diabetes insipidus and an central adrenocortical insufficiency is proved. An growth hormone deficiency is founded in one case. The other anterior pituitary functions are normal. The pneumo-encephalography with congenital absence of septum lucidum and the ophtalmologic anomalies are typical. The treatment is envisaged. In one case an autopsy sustains the radiologic aspect.", "PMID": 733502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1496", "title": "[Renal artery acute thrombosis following abdominal angiography. 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of acute thrombosis of the renal artery following an abdominal angiography were operated on. In each case a tight stenosis of the renal artery was present. Two different clinical features were observed: when the thrombosis occurs in a solitary kidney, anuria follows immediately the angiography and this is highly suggestive of the diagnosis; when the contralateral kidney functions well, the thrombosis, probably, will not be recognized. Treatment should always be surgical. In two cases emergency surgery resulted in kidney salvage, whereas in the last the diagnosis was overlooked and delayed surgery could not avoid nephrectomy. Viability of the kidney may be ensured by the collateral circulation and this fact justifies surgery in all cases.", "contents": "[Renal artery acute thrombosis following abdominal angiography. 3 cases (author's transl)]. Three cases of acute thrombosis of the renal artery following an abdominal angiography were operated on. In each case a tight stenosis of the renal artery was present. Two different clinical features were observed: when the thrombosis occurs in a solitary kidney, anuria follows immediately the angiography and this is highly suggestive of the diagnosis; when the contralateral kidney functions well, the thrombosis, probably, will not be recognized. Treatment should always be surgical. In two cases emergency surgery resulted in kidney salvage, whereas in the last the diagnosis was overlooked and delayed surgery could not avoid nephrectomy. Viability of the kidney may be ensured by the collateral circulation and this fact justifies surgery in all cases.", "PMID": 733503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1497", "title": "[Assessment of postoperative infective risk by delayed hypersensitivity tests. The influence of deficient nutrition and its correction (author's transl)].", "content": "Cellular immunity was assessed in 120 patients by simple skin tests (tuberculin, candidine, varidase, C.C.B., trichophyton). There is a close relationship between total anergism and the risk of severe infection in digestive surgery, and between anergism and deficient nutrition as determined by laboratory and anthropometric criteria. Preoperative correction of nutritional deficiency, which is often underestimated, has an inconstant effect upon skin test responses, but seems to decrease severe postoperative infective complications.", "contents": "[Assessment of postoperative infective risk by delayed hypersensitivity tests. The influence of deficient nutrition and its correction (author's transl)]. Cellular immunity was assessed in 120 patients by simple skin tests (tuberculin, candidine, varidase, C.C.B., trichophyton). There is a close relationship between total anergism and the risk of severe infection in digestive surgery, and between anergism and deficient nutrition as determined by laboratory and anthropometric criteria. Preoperative correction of nutritional deficiency, which is often underestimated, has an inconstant effect upon skin test responses, but seems to decrease severe postoperative infective complications.", "PMID": 733504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1498", "title": "[Retroperitoneal haematomas in patients receiving anticoagulants. Therapeutic indications. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite the customary absence of any preexistent lesion, aetiological studies should not be neglected, in particular intravenous pyelography and, above all, angiography. Wilst an attitude of therapeutic abstention has been the rule up to the present time, the indications of treatment may be modified in the absence of a local cause: - the small retroperitoneal haematoma benefits most from medical treatment; - surgical treatment should nevertheless be applied early in the case of: . large retroperitoneal haematomas, . whenever anticoagulant therapy must be maintained at all costs. . in the case of nerve compression. - Pre-operative angiography ensures selection of the safest surgical approach.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal haematomas in patients receiving anticoagulants. Therapeutic indications. One case (author's transl)]. Despite the customary absence of any preexistent lesion, aetiological studies should not be neglected, in particular intravenous pyelography and, above all, angiography. Wilst an attitude of therapeutic abstention has been the rule up to the present time, the indications of treatment may be modified in the absence of a local cause: - the small retroperitoneal haematoma benefits most from medical treatment; - surgical treatment should nevertheless be applied early in the case of: . large retroperitoneal haematomas, . whenever anticoagulant therapy must be maintained at all costs. . in the case of nerve compression. - Pre-operative angiography ensures selection of the safest surgical approach.", "PMID": 733505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1499", "title": "[Treatment of hypercorrection after surgical procedure on hallux valgus. Medial osteoplastic ridge (author's transl)].", "content": "Hallux varus hypercorrection is reduced and maintained by a medial osteoplastic ridge fixed by screws in the head of the first metacarpal bone. It can be indicated to associate an extensor Hallucis longus lengthening.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypercorrection after surgical procedure on hallux valgus. Medial osteoplastic ridge (author's transl)]. Hallux varus hypercorrection is reduced and maintained by a medial osteoplastic ridge fixed by screws in the head of the first metacarpal bone. It can be indicated to associate an extensor Hallucis longus lengthening.", "PMID": 733506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1500", "title": "[The ultrasonic diagnosis of jaundice. 199 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Thank to a thorough ultrasonographic analysis of biliary tree (\"shotgun sign\"), liver and pancreas, a positive diagnosis of obstruction was carried out in 92% of cases. The success rate in diagnosis of level of obstruction was also 92%. Aetiologic diagnosis was successful in 61% of cases only (almost 100% in jaundices of pancreatic origine). No false positive diagnosis of obstruction was made in non-obstructive jaundice. This enabled to carry out instrumental cholangiography (i.e. \"skinny\" needle percutaneous cholangiography, and ERC) only in case of clinical, biological and sonographic discrepancies, or in hilar obstructions.", "contents": "[The ultrasonic diagnosis of jaundice. 199 cases (author's transl)]. Thank to a thorough ultrasonographic analysis of biliary tree (\"shotgun sign\"), liver and pancreas, a positive diagnosis of obstruction was carried out in 92% of cases. The success rate in diagnosis of level of obstruction was also 92%. Aetiologic diagnosis was successful in 61% of cases only (almost 100% in jaundices of pancreatic origine). No false positive diagnosis of obstruction was made in non-obstructive jaundice. This enabled to carry out instrumental cholangiography (i.e. \"skinny\" needle percutaneous cholangiography, and ERC) only in case of clinical, biological and sonographic discrepancies, or in hilar obstructions.", "PMID": 733521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1501", "title": "[Initial pattern and evolution of Hodgkin's disease with pulmonary involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1972 and 1975, we treated 20 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease with initial pulmonary involvement. They all had mediastinal involvement. After 6 months of multi-agent chemotherapy: --4 of the 20 patients entered in complete remission and have stayed free of disease up to now. --8 had kept persistent pulmonary and mediastinal involvement; in spite of further and repeated chemotherapy courses, none of them was put in complete remission. --8 still had lymph node involvement but no more pulmonary involvement; out of these 4 received mantle radiotherapy which resulted in 3 complete remission, and 4 received chemotherapy alone which entailed only one complete remission. On the whole, the percentage of complete remission is 40%. The overall actuarial survival is 40%. No relapse has occured in patients entered in complete remission. These results lead us to underline that, when pulmonary involvement disappears after 6 months of chemotherapy, no pulmonary relapse occurs; the prognosis depending on the sterilization of lymph nodes. On the opposite, when there is still pulmonary involvement after 6 months of chemotherapy, it persists in spite of different and repeated chemotherapy schedules.", "contents": "[Initial pattern and evolution of Hodgkin's disease with pulmonary involvement (author's transl)]. Between 1972 and 1975, we treated 20 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease with initial pulmonary involvement. They all had mediastinal involvement. After 6 months of multi-agent chemotherapy: --4 of the 20 patients entered in complete remission and have stayed free of disease up to now. --8 had kept persistent pulmonary and mediastinal involvement; in spite of further and repeated chemotherapy courses, none of them was put in complete remission. --8 still had lymph node involvement but no more pulmonary involvement; out of these 4 received mantle radiotherapy which resulted in 3 complete remission, and 4 received chemotherapy alone which entailed only one complete remission. On the whole, the percentage of complete remission is 40%. The overall actuarial survival is 40%. No relapse has occured in patients entered in complete remission. These results lead us to underline that, when pulmonary involvement disappears after 6 months of chemotherapy, no pulmonary relapse occurs; the prognosis depending on the sterilization of lymph nodes. On the opposite, when there is still pulmonary involvement after 6 months of chemotherapy, it persists in spite of different and repeated chemotherapy schedules.", "PMID": 733522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1502", "title": "[Congenital dysfibrinogenaemia. Two new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital dysfibrinogenaemia is a rare disorder related to an abnormality in the behaviour of the fibrinogen molecule. The diagnosis may be made with the aid of simple tests, including prothrombin'time, even though this examination may be normal in a small number of cases. Two new cases are reported here. Neither of the two women involved had a past history of severe haemorrhage, the diagnosis being made at the time of routine coagulation studies. According to the international nomenclature, we suggest the names fibrinogen Paris IV and fibrinogen Buenos-Aires II. In order to avoid missing the diagnosis, fibrinogen should be estimated by different methods in the presence of hypofibrinaemia. There is disagreement between fibrinogen levels estimated by the thrombin chronometric method, in general low, and levels obtained by gravimetric and immunological methods, usually normal.", "contents": "[Congenital dysfibrinogenaemia. Two new cases (author's transl)]. Congenital dysfibrinogenaemia is a rare disorder related to an abnormality in the behaviour of the fibrinogen molecule. The diagnosis may be made with the aid of simple tests, including prothrombin'time, even though this examination may be normal in a small number of cases. Two new cases are reported here. Neither of the two women involved had a past history of severe haemorrhage, the diagnosis being made at the time of routine coagulation studies. According to the international nomenclature, we suggest the names fibrinogen Paris IV and fibrinogen Buenos-Aires II. In order to avoid missing the diagnosis, fibrinogen should be estimated by different methods in the presence of hypofibrinaemia. There is disagreement between fibrinogen levels estimated by the thrombin chronometric method, in general low, and levels obtained by gravimetric and immunological methods, usually normal.", "PMID": 733523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1503", "title": "[Chemotherapy for digestive carcinomas. General principles (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the basic principles concerning the biology, and in particular the kinetics, of the malignant cell, serves as a basis for the study of the main drugs which make up the current arsenal of the chemotherapist and to define their mode of action. The indications of chemotherapy in digestive carcinomas are then outlined, drawing the distinction between palliative chemotherapy used in tumours with spread, whether operable or inoperable, and adjuvant chemotherapy which may be indicated for certain carcinomas resected in a macroscopically satisfactory manner, but where the risk of recurrence is greater than 50%.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy for digestive carcinomas. General principles (author's transl)]. A review of the basic principles concerning the biology, and in particular the kinetics, of the malignant cell, serves as a basis for the study of the main drugs which make up the current arsenal of the chemotherapist and to define their mode of action. The indications of chemotherapy in digestive carcinomas are then outlined, drawing the distinction between palliative chemotherapy used in tumours with spread, whether operable or inoperable, and adjuvant chemotherapy which may be indicated for certain carcinomas resected in a macroscopically satisfactory manner, but where the risk of recurrence is greater than 50%.", "PMID": 733524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1504", "title": "[The treatment of Paget's disease using salmon thyrocalcitonin. 8 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "An open trial of synthetic salmon thyrocalcitonin was carried out in 8 cases of progressive and multifocal Paget's disease over a period of three months and at a dose of 80 MRC.U twice daily. A clinical improvement was seen in half the cases. The action was also marked upon laboratory parameters with, in particular, an average decrease in alkaline phosphatase of 51% and in urinary hydroxyproline levels of 29.4%.", "contents": "[The treatment of Paget's disease using salmon thyrocalcitonin. 8 cases (author's transl)]. An open trial of synthetic salmon thyrocalcitonin was carried out in 8 cases of progressive and multifocal Paget's disease over a period of three months and at a dose of 80 MRC.U twice daily. A clinical improvement was seen in half the cases. The action was also marked upon laboratory parameters with, in particular, an average decrease in alkaline phosphatase of 51% and in urinary hydroxyproline levels of 29.4%.", "PMID": 733525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1505", "title": "[Hysteroplasty for septate uterus by cleavage and mobilisation of the septum (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique of hysteroplasty is proposed for the septate uterus. The uterine incision is anterior medline, leaving the posterior wall of the uterus untouched. The septum is split into two hemi-septa which are increased in such a way as to obtain two pediculated flaps, covered by endometrium. Anterior and posterior distribution of the flaps makes it possible to recreate a spacious single cavity.", "contents": "[Hysteroplasty for septate uterus by cleavage and mobilisation of the septum (author's transl)]. A new technique of hysteroplasty is proposed for the septate uterus. The uterine incision is anterior medline, leaving the posterior wall of the uterus untouched. The septum is split into two hemi-septa which are increased in such a way as to obtain two pediculated flaps, covered by endometrium. Anterior and posterior distribution of the flaps makes it possible to recreate a spacious single cavity.", "PMID": 733526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1506", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension: prediction of surgical treatment by angiotensin II blockade and saralasin (author's transl)].", "content": "The response of arterial pressure to an infusion of saralasin was compared to the effect of surgical correction of renal vascular lesions (3 to 6 months after surgery) in eleven patients whose hypertension was associated with uni or bilateral stenosis of renal artery. Saralasin was infused after four days of dietary sodium restriction (10--40 mEq/day). An excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p less than 0.005) between the effects of saralasin and surgery was obtained. There was no correlation between the response to saralasin or to surgery and the ratio of renal vein renin activities. It is suggested that saralasin may be a good tool for predicting the effect of surgery in renovascular hypertension, when infused in moderately sodium depleted patients.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension: prediction of surgical treatment by angiotensin II blockade and saralasin (author's transl)]. The response of arterial pressure to an infusion of saralasin was compared to the effect of surgical correction of renal vascular lesions (3 to 6 months after surgery) in eleven patients whose hypertension was associated with uni or bilateral stenosis of renal artery. Saralasin was infused after four days of dietary sodium restriction (10--40 mEq/day). An excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p less than 0.005) between the effects of saralasin and surgery was obtained. There was no correlation between the response to saralasin or to surgery and the ratio of renal vein renin activities. It is suggested that saralasin may be a good tool for predicting the effect of surgery in renovascular hypertension, when infused in moderately sodium depleted patients.", "PMID": 733540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1507", "title": "[Neurogliale cerebral tumors: test of chemotherapy treatment. Forty five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "It is impossible to tell the exact prognosis of the patients affected with neuroglial cerebral tumors which are being treated with cytostatic chemotherapy. This impossibility has made it necessary to repeat the different examinations given before and during the treatment of 45 patients. We contemplate a series of clinical, immunological, biological, hematological tests; then electro-encephalogram, brain scan and a echography reveal the variations in volume of the tumor. If some of the examinations are not conclusive, the others, specifically the electro-encephalogram, the mental state evaluation are accurate in determining the final evolution. Immunological shows modification of cellular immunity with a decrease of T cells (57% +/- 5,9) which are hyporeactive (PHA 1/10: 42% +/- 7,5). EEG pertubations and clinical evolution are in agreement in 80% of cases. The median survival of patients as far as EEG signs are concerned in the third month is 375 days if there is an electival improvement and 188 days in the opposite difference which is significant. Scan ications are not conclusive because of peri tumoral edema evolution and hift of medical structures can be shown by echography.", "contents": "[Neurogliale cerebral tumors: test of chemotherapy treatment. Forty five cases (author's transl)]. It is impossible to tell the exact prognosis of the patients affected with neuroglial cerebral tumors which are being treated with cytostatic chemotherapy. This impossibility has made it necessary to repeat the different examinations given before and during the treatment of 45 patients. We contemplate a series of clinical, immunological, biological, hematological tests; then electro-encephalogram, brain scan and a echography reveal the variations in volume of the tumor. If some of the examinations are not conclusive, the others, specifically the electro-encephalogram, the mental state evaluation are accurate in determining the final evolution. Immunological shows modification of cellular immunity with a decrease of T cells (57% +/- 5,9) which are hyporeactive (PHA 1/10: 42% +/- 7,5). EEG pertubations and clinical evolution are in agreement in 80% of cases. The median survival of patients as far as EEG signs are concerned in the third month is 375 days if there is an electival improvement and 188 days in the opposite difference which is significant. Scan ications are not conclusive because of peri tumoral edema evolution and hift of medical structures can be shown by echography.", "PMID": 733541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1508", "title": "[Real-time cross-sectional echocardiography using a mechanical sector scanner (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonic one-dimensional echocardiography have proven extremely useful these last years in cardiac diagnosis. However, it allows only, structures lying along a narrow ultrasonic beam, to be visualized. In order to state more precisely the spatial relationship of the various cardiac structures, some two-dimensional systems, which displays the heart by constructing a plane image composed of many straight lines have been perfected. The authors, using such a system, specify its principal technical and clinical aspects and comment from iconographics documents and from their experience with more than 100 explorations, its advantages.", "contents": "[Real-time cross-sectional echocardiography using a mechanical sector scanner (author's transl)]. Ultrasonic one-dimensional echocardiography have proven extremely useful these last years in cardiac diagnosis. However, it allows only, structures lying along a narrow ultrasonic beam, to be visualized. In order to state more precisely the spatial relationship of the various cardiac structures, some two-dimensional systems, which displays the heart by constructing a plane image composed of many straight lines have been perfected. The authors, using such a system, specify its principal technical and clinical aspects and comment from iconographics documents and from their experience with more than 100 explorations, its advantages.", "PMID": 733542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1509", "title": "[Clinical basis of acupuncture analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on 249 observations acupuncture analgesia has been studied in its clinical picture and its abilities in surgery. Clinically, whatever may be the acupuncture sites, the first appearance of analgesia is noticed on the hands, the feet, the vertex, the auricles of the ears. Then, from these areas the propagation of analgesia extends towards the trunk where analgesia zones are to meet. A generalized analgesia may be obtained on the whole body with non specific, even arbitary acupuncture sites. It is incomplete, not so efficient as analgesia with novocaine. It involves only superficial layers of the skin, the buccal muquous membrane and that of the pharynx, the cornea, the teeth... Deep layers of tissues, muscles, nerves, deep viscera... are not affected by analgesia. Sixty four operations of all kinds have been performed with the view to test acupuncture analgesia. Progressive and late appearance of analgesia seems to favour the hypothesis of a humoral way in the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia.", "contents": "[Clinical basis of acupuncture analgesia (author's transl)]. Based on 249 observations acupuncture analgesia has been studied in its clinical picture and its abilities in surgery. Clinically, whatever may be the acupuncture sites, the first appearance of analgesia is noticed on the hands, the feet, the vertex, the auricles of the ears. Then, from these areas the propagation of analgesia extends towards the trunk where analgesia zones are to meet. A generalized analgesia may be obtained on the whole body with non specific, even arbitary acupuncture sites. It is incomplete, not so efficient as analgesia with novocaine. It involves only superficial layers of the skin, the buccal muquous membrane and that of the pharynx, the cornea, the teeth... Deep layers of tissues, muscles, nerves, deep viscera... are not affected by analgesia. Sixty four operations of all kinds have been performed with the view to test acupuncture analgesia. Progressive and late appearance of analgesia seems to favour the hypothesis of a humoral way in the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia.", "PMID": 733543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1510", "title": "[Primary intestinal localisation of Hodgkin's disease. One case initially diagnosed as a benign eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Intestinal lesions in Hodgkin's disease remain relatively rare. Even rarer are forms in which intestinal lesions or mesenteric nodes remain the only manifestations of the disease for a number of years. In these cases, histological findings are usually less typical than in more usual sites and this explains the diagnostic hesitancy which sometimes occurs. In the case reported here, the diagnosis made and adhered to for four years and despite three successive operations was that of an eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine.", "contents": "[Primary intestinal localisation of Hodgkin's disease. One case initially diagnosed as a benign eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine (author's transl)]. Intestinal lesions in Hodgkin's disease remain relatively rare. Even rarer are forms in which intestinal lesions or mesenteric nodes remain the only manifestations of the disease for a number of years. In these cases, histological findings are usually less typical than in more usual sites and this explains the diagnostic hesitancy which sometimes occurs. In the case reported here, the diagnosis made and adhered to for four years and despite three successive operations was that of an eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine.", "PMID": 733544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1511", "title": "[Ischaemic stenosis of the ureter during Henoch-Shoenlein purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "Involvement of the ureters (rigid and segmented) and bladder was seen in a 6-year-old child whose clinical lesions were typical of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura. Infrapelvic left uretic stenosis developed secondarily whilst the other lesions disappeared. Histological study and in particular cutaneous and renal immunofluorescence made it possible to eliminate the possible diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa, and to confirm that of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura. An ischaemic vasculitis was the cause of the ureteric and bladder lesions, and of the progression to stenosis. The existence of this possibility should lead to routine examination to detect such lesions. Sequential radiological studies are necessary whenever such lesions are recognised.", "contents": "[Ischaemic stenosis of the ureter during Henoch-Shoenlein purpura (author's transl)]. Involvement of the ureters (rigid and segmented) and bladder was seen in a 6-year-old child whose clinical lesions were typical of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura. Infrapelvic left uretic stenosis developed secondarily whilst the other lesions disappeared. Histological study and in particular cutaneous and renal immunofluorescence made it possible to eliminate the possible diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa, and to confirm that of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura. An ischaemic vasculitis was the cause of the ureteric and bladder lesions, and of the progression to stenosis. The existence of this possibility should lead to routine examination to detect such lesions. Sequential radiological studies are necessary whenever such lesions are recognised.", "PMID": 733545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1512", "title": "[Arthroplasty of the hip by cemented coupled cups. A new technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A presentation of a technique of arthroplasty using cemented coupled cups which has been used in 50 cas over a period of more than a year. The hip is approached via an anterolateral incision with the patient in a dorsal horizontal position. This cemented cup arthroplasty has all the advantages of a classical total prosthesis: solid fixation, minimal rubbing by the use of a metal head and an acetabulum in high density polyethylene. However, it has none of the disadvantages since little cement is used, the medullary cavity is not opened and, above all, the neck of the femur is preserved, thereby rendering possible any later operation which may be necessary. The technique is described in detail and the indications rapidly reviewed.", "contents": "[Arthroplasty of the hip by cemented coupled cups. A new technique (author's transl)]. A presentation of a technique of arthroplasty using cemented coupled cups which has been used in 50 cas over a period of more than a year. The hip is approached via an anterolateral incision with the patient in a dorsal horizontal position. This cemented cup arthroplasty has all the advantages of a classical total prosthesis: solid fixation, minimal rubbing by the use of a metal head and an acetabulum in high density polyethylene. However, it has none of the disadvantages since little cement is used, the medullary cavity is not opened and, above all, the neck of the femur is preserved, thereby rendering possible any later operation which may be necessary. The technique is described in detail and the indications rapidly reviewed.", "PMID": 733546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1513", "title": "[Insulin secretion in alcoholic hepatopathy: analysis by measurement of C-peptide (author's transl)].", "content": "Basal and reactive peripheral hyperinsulinism recorded in alcoholic hepatic disease may result from decreased hepatic breakdown or pancreatic hypersecretion. C-peptide (CPR) and insulin (IRI) concentrations were measured in 3 groups of 8 alcoholic patients--steatosis, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis--and compared with 8 normal subjects in order to determine the importance of these two possibilities. At basal state, the molar ratio CPR/IRI was near the normal (8.7 +/- 0.9) but is diminished in the 8 hyperinsulinaemic patients (5.9 +/- 0.6). After i.v. glucose tolerance test and tolbutamide stimulations, an hyperreactivity of IRI and CPR may be noted in cirrhotics. A relative insensitivity of the B-cell to glucose appeared after comparison with the effect of tolbutamide. Thus basal hyperinsulinism resulted of decreased hepatic breakdown and stimulated hyperinsulinism resulted of hypersecretion. Glucose intolerance and anomalies of the insulin secretion were more apparent with severe hepatic disease.", "contents": "[Insulin secretion in alcoholic hepatopathy: analysis by measurement of C-peptide (author's transl)]. Basal and reactive peripheral hyperinsulinism recorded in alcoholic hepatic disease may result from decreased hepatic breakdown or pancreatic hypersecretion. C-peptide (CPR) and insulin (IRI) concentrations were measured in 3 groups of 8 alcoholic patients--steatosis, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis--and compared with 8 normal subjects in order to determine the importance of these two possibilities. At basal state, the molar ratio CPR/IRI was near the normal (8.7 +/- 0.9) but is diminished in the 8 hyperinsulinaemic patients (5.9 +/- 0.6). After i.v. glucose tolerance test and tolbutamide stimulations, an hyperreactivity of IRI and CPR may be noted in cirrhotics. A relative insensitivity of the B-cell to glucose appeared after comparison with the effect of tolbutamide. Thus basal hyperinsulinism resulted of decreased hepatic breakdown and stimulated hyperinsulinism resulted of hypersecretion. Glucose intolerance and anomalies of the insulin secretion were more apparent with severe hepatic disease.", "PMID": 733568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1514", "title": "[Surgically treated supratentorial gliomas in the adult. Favourable action of a podophyllin derivative (VM 26) administered alone (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of VM 26 on cerebral glioblastomas was suggested by studies of phase II or protocols in which the drug was used in association. The randomised protocol presented here, involving 10 treated subjects and 11 controls, showed that VM 26 was active in terms of the duration of survival of patients undergoing surgery for a glioblastoma. The mean survival was 16.4 months as against 9.6 months in the controls (statistically significant difference at p less than 0.05). This activity would tend to characterise the drug as one of the essential factors in the chemotherapy of all malignant gliomas, in particular since it is itself free of all haematological complications, even at high doses, and causes scarcely any allergic problems.", "contents": "[Surgically treated supratentorial gliomas in the adult. Favourable action of a podophyllin derivative (VM 26) administered alone (author's transl)]. The action of VM 26 on cerebral glioblastomas was suggested by studies of phase II or protocols in which the drug was used in association. The randomised protocol presented here, involving 10 treated subjects and 11 controls, showed that VM 26 was active in terms of the duration of survival of patients undergoing surgery for a glioblastoma. The mean survival was 16.4 months as against 9.6 months in the controls (statistically significant difference at p less than 0.05). This activity would tend to characterise the drug as one of the essential factors in the chemotherapy of all malignant gliomas, in particular since it is itself free of all haematological complications, even at high doses, and causes scarcely any allergic problems.", "PMID": 733569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1515", "title": "[The intracerebral distribution of bismuth in bismuth encephalopathy. Pathological and toxicological study of 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuropathological study of 3 patients dying from bismuth encephalopathy showed the absence of specific lesions and the probably secondary nature of the abnormalities found. Multiple samples taken from various areas of the brain were used for the purpose of the analysis of the topographical distribution of bismuth. Levels were invariably very high and to toxic agent diffusely distributed. The concentration was nevertheless higher in the grey matter than in the white matter. They hypothesis of a liposoluble compound which would explain the affinity of bismuth for cerebral tissue is probable.", "contents": "[The intracerebral distribution of bismuth in bismuth encephalopathy. Pathological and toxicological study of 3 cases (author's transl)]. Neuropathological study of 3 patients dying from bismuth encephalopathy showed the absence of specific lesions and the probably secondary nature of the abnormalities found. Multiple samples taken from various areas of the brain were used for the purpose of the analysis of the topographical distribution of bismuth. Levels were invariably very high and to toxic agent diffusely distributed. The concentration was nevertheless higher in the grey matter than in the white matter. They hypothesis of a liposoluble compound which would explain the affinity of bismuth for cerebral tissue is probable.", "PMID": 733570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1516", "title": "[Degenerative diabetic complications. Is persistent hyperglycemia more dangerous than wide glycemic fluctuations? (author's transl)].", "content": "Consistant data drawn from animal experiments and from clinical statistics have shown the diabetic specific complications (neuropathy and microangiopathy) to be closely related to the hyperglycemic component of diabetes mellitus. Working directly or through more complicated biochemical disorders, high levels of blood glucose interfer with the metabolism of the lens, the retina and the peripheral axon (leading to cataracts, retinopahy, and neuropathy). High blood sugar also alters the metabolism of endothelial and blood cells as well as the composition of plasma proteins. Wall and content of the minute vessels are both affected resulting in disturbed local blood flows and hypoxic areas. Various intertricated mechanisms have been discovered. Some of them initiate vicious circles leading to self-supported functional and later on, morphological abnormalities of diabetic microangiopathy (retinopathy, glomerulosclerosis, etc., etc.). High blood sugar exerts its influence (directly or not) in terms of duration and intensity (hours per day, days per year). There are good reasons to believe that persistent hyperglycemia uninterrupted throughout the day is much more harmful than high peaks alternating with periods of normo- and even hypoglycemia. There is no experimental nor clinical data pointing to glycemic instability as a risk factor for the minute vessels and the nerves, and opinion still often hold in some quarters. Although undesirable, frequent bouts of hypoglycemia associated with insulin treatment are indices that a rather good glycemic control has been achieved. And this can greatly delay the development of specific complications.", "contents": "[Degenerative diabetic complications. Is persistent hyperglycemia more dangerous than wide glycemic fluctuations? (author's transl)]. Consistant data drawn from animal experiments and from clinical statistics have shown the diabetic specific complications (neuropathy and microangiopathy) to be closely related to the hyperglycemic component of diabetes mellitus. Working directly or through more complicated biochemical disorders, high levels of blood glucose interfer with the metabolism of the lens, the retina and the peripheral axon (leading to cataracts, retinopahy, and neuropathy). High blood sugar also alters the metabolism of endothelial and blood cells as well as the composition of plasma proteins. Wall and content of the minute vessels are both affected resulting in disturbed local blood flows and hypoxic areas. Various intertricated mechanisms have been discovered. Some of them initiate vicious circles leading to self-supported functional and later on, morphological abnormalities of diabetic microangiopathy (retinopathy, glomerulosclerosis, etc., etc.). High blood sugar exerts its influence (directly or not) in terms of duration and intensity (hours per day, days per year). There are good reasons to believe that persistent hyperglycemia uninterrupted throughout the day is much more harmful than high peaks alternating with periods of normo- and even hypoglycemia. There is no experimental nor clinical data pointing to glycemic instability as a risk factor for the minute vessels and the nerves, and opinion still often hold in some quarters. Although undesirable, frequent bouts of hypoglycemia associated with insulin treatment are indices that a rather good glycemic control has been achieved. And this can greatly delay the development of specific complications.", "PMID": 733571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1517", "title": "[Tuberculosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of tuberculosis of the oesophagus serve as an opportunity to review the clinical and radiological features of this rare condition. Generally situated at the junction of the upper and middle third of the oesophagus, the lesion is found opposite the invaded inter-tracheobronchial mediastinal nodes which may give rise to a fistula. Confirmed by oesophagoscopy, direct bacteriological examination, oesophageal tuberculosis is usually cured without sequelae by antituberculous therapy.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. Two cases of tuberculosis of the oesophagus serve as an opportunity to review the clinical and radiological features of this rare condition. Generally situated at the junction of the upper and middle third of the oesophagus, the lesion is found opposite the invaded inter-tracheobronchial mediastinal nodes which may give rise to a fistula. Confirmed by oesophagoscopy, direct bacteriological examination, oesophageal tuberculosis is usually cured without sequelae by antituberculous therapy.", "PMID": 733572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1518", "title": "[Ascending bipolar nailing using elastic nails in the treatment of fractures of the upper end of the humerus (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of non-impacted fractures of the upper end of the humerus, the tendency of many surgeons is to use nailing with the fracture site closed, from the supra-olecranon fossa. This would seem to merit certain criticisms. Following reduction of the fracture, we use Ender elastic nails and two modified nails of a smaller calibre, one inserted via the epicondyle and the other via the epitrochlea. The technique of this ascending bipolar nailing using elastic nails is carried out in a horizontal supine position, which facilitates manoeuvres of reduction and facilitates anaesthesia. Apart from non-impacted fractures of the upper end of the humerus, other indications exist.", "contents": "[Ascending bipolar nailing using elastic nails in the treatment of fractures of the upper end of the humerus (author's transl)]. In the treatment of non-impacted fractures of the upper end of the humerus, the tendency of many surgeons is to use nailing with the fracture site closed, from the supra-olecranon fossa. This would seem to merit certain criticisms. Following reduction of the fracture, we use Ender elastic nails and two modified nails of a smaller calibre, one inserted via the epicondyle and the other via the epitrochlea. The technique of this ascending bipolar nailing using elastic nails is carried out in a horizontal supine position, which facilitates manoeuvres of reduction and facilitates anaesthesia. Apart from non-impacted fractures of the upper end of the humerus, other indications exist.", "PMID": 733573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1519", "title": "Minimal transit times.", "content": "Minimal cardiac transit times are an expression of the maximal velocity of cardiac blood flow. They are related to the mean velocity, and therefore to the ejection fraction. The transit times are easily measured with the help of short-lived radionuclides and with a fast gamma camera. Sensitivity, reproducibility and clinical usefulness of minimal cardiac transit times were proven in more than 4,000 measurements in patients with ischemic heart disease, with myocardial insufficiency with and without digitalis therapy, in patients with valvular disease after surgical insertions of multiple valvula protheses, and in patients with hypothyroidism. Because of the high sensitivity of the method, minor alterations of cardiac function may be detected which are otherwise clinically not easily obtainable.", "contents": "Minimal transit times. Minimal cardiac transit times are an expression of the maximal velocity of cardiac blood flow. They are related to the mean velocity, and therefore to the ejection fraction. The transit times are easily measured with the help of short-lived radionuclides and with a fast gamma camera. Sensitivity, reproducibility and clinical usefulness of minimal cardiac transit times were proven in more than 4,000 measurements in patients with ischemic heart disease, with myocardial insufficiency with and without digitalis therapy, in patients with valvular disease after surgical insertions of multiple valvula protheses, and in patients with hypothyroidism. Because of the high sensitivity of the method, minor alterations of cardiac function may be detected which are otherwise clinically not easily obtainable.", "PMID": 733584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1520", "title": "[Radiocardiographic procedures during the first passage of an intravascular tracer in diagnostic context with echo- and angiocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 107 patients having coronary artery disease in their majority, left ventricular ejection fraction and minimal cardiac transit times (MTT) were determined by precordial registration during the first passage of the radioactive tracer. 87 patients underwent echocardiographic examination. Data were compared with ventriculography and coronarography: left ventricular ejection fraction, if radiographically evaluated, shows a low sensitivity in indicating myocardial disorder. MTTs are reduced in more than 80% of patients with CAD at rest. With a few exceptions, all patients with disorders in the ventriculogram show reduced MTT values. MTTs, however, do not react specifically for myocardial performance. They also indicate disorders of central hemodynamics caused by vitia cordis. In these cases myocardial function can not be evaluated. Echocardiography can only be applied in about 85% of patients. It possesses a high sensitivity in discrimination of lower degree failures. Results are misleading in old infarctions with dyskinesia. It is concluded that best diagnostic information concerning global myocardial function results if direct hemodynamic parameters as MTT are combined with echocardiography.", "contents": "[Radiocardiographic procedures during the first passage of an intravascular tracer in diagnostic context with echo- and angiocardiography (author's transl)]. In 107 patients having coronary artery disease in their majority, left ventricular ejection fraction and minimal cardiac transit times (MTT) were determined by precordial registration during the first passage of the radioactive tracer. 87 patients underwent echocardiographic examination. Data were compared with ventriculography and coronarography: left ventricular ejection fraction, if radiographically evaluated, shows a low sensitivity in indicating myocardial disorder. MTTs are reduced in more than 80% of patients with CAD at rest. With a few exceptions, all patients with disorders in the ventriculogram show reduced MTT values. MTTs, however, do not react specifically for myocardial performance. They also indicate disorders of central hemodynamics caused by vitia cordis. In these cases myocardial function can not be evaluated. Echocardiography can only be applied in about 85% of patients. It possesses a high sensitivity in discrimination of lower degree failures. Results are misleading in old infarctions with dyskinesia. It is concluded that best diagnostic information concerning global myocardial function results if direct hemodynamic parameters as MTT are combined with echocardiography.", "PMID": 733585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1521", "title": "[Nuclear medical estimation of ejection fraction, cardiac output and time volume-differentials (author's transl)].", "content": "Gated blood pool investigation yield the ejection fraction as ratio of two volumes. To obtain absolut volumina (e.g. output volume in ml) the authors utilize the first transit of the tracer through the heart cava. Radionuclide output of the heart equals input during the first tracer passage, homogeneous infusion of the tracer provided. The resulting calibration factor makes possible the calculation of the stroke volume in the gated bloodpool procedure. Good correlation could be proven in 35 patients (r = 0.86 and 0.9, respectively).", "contents": "[Nuclear medical estimation of ejection fraction, cardiac output and time volume-differentials (author's transl)]. Gated blood pool investigation yield the ejection fraction as ratio of two volumes. To obtain absolut volumina (e.g. output volume in ml) the authors utilize the first transit of the tracer through the heart cava. Radionuclide output of the heart equals input during the first tracer passage, homogeneous infusion of the tracer provided. The resulting calibration factor makes possible the calculation of the stroke volume in the gated bloodpool procedure. Good correlation could be proven in 35 patients (r = 0.86 and 0.9, respectively).", "PMID": 733586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1522", "title": "Estimation of cardiac function by means of radiocardiographic function analysis.", "content": "The radiocardiographic function analysis represents a relatively simple procedure for the clinician to collect information concerning the changes of cardiac dynamics. The advantage of this method is to register non-invasively changes in cardiac dynamics at rest and during exercise such as those of enddiastolic volume, stroke volume, endsystolic volume, ejection time and filling time, and to permit the calculation of mean ejection velocity, etc. After insertion of a cardiac catheter, it is possible to record the corresponding pressure pulse in the right ventricle or in the pulmonary vessels simultaneously.", "contents": "Estimation of cardiac function by means of radiocardiographic function analysis. The radiocardiographic function analysis represents a relatively simple procedure for the clinician to collect information concerning the changes of cardiac dynamics. The advantage of this method is to register non-invasively changes in cardiac dynamics at rest and during exercise such as those of enddiastolic volume, stroke volume, endsystolic volume, ejection time and filling time, and to permit the calculation of mean ejection velocity, etc. After insertion of a cardiac catheter, it is possible to record the corresponding pressure pulse in the right ventricle or in the pulmonary vessels simultaneously.", "PMID": 733587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1523", "title": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. I. Fundamentals and methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Using local time activity curves parameters are calculated which depend on the local wall motion of the heart cavities. These functional parameters allow the determination of the contours of the heart cavities and the assessment of segmental wall motion disorders. The left ventricular ejection fraction has been calculated by enddiastolic and endsystolic counts using a method which takes into account background inhomogeneity.", "contents": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. I. Fundamentals and methods (author's transl)]. Using local time activity curves parameters are calculated which depend on the local wall motion of the heart cavities. These functional parameters allow the determination of the contours of the heart cavities and the assessment of segmental wall motion disorders. The left ventricular ejection fraction has been calculated by enddiastolic and endsystolic counts using a method which takes into account background inhomogeneity.", "PMID": 733588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1524", "title": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. II. Clinical results--parameters of global ventricular function (author's transl)].", "content": "The ejection fraction as determined by gated blood pool studies was compared with the ejection fraction as evaluated by the following conventional methods: 1) biplane cineangiography employing the Simpson rule. Correlation was r = 0.805 (n = 25); 2) the same patients using the area-length method (r = 0.88, n = 25); 3) monoplane cineangiography using the method of Greene et al. (5) (r = 0.86, n = 35). In 20 patients the maximal contraction velocity as evaluated by radionuclide ventriculography was compared with the mean systolic ejection rate. The observed correlation was weak (r = 0.62, n = 20); however, it should be noted that the radionuclide method determines the maximum contraction velocity whereas cinceangiography measures an average value over the whole systole.", "contents": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. II. Clinical results--parameters of global ventricular function (author's transl)]. The ejection fraction as determined by gated blood pool studies was compared with the ejection fraction as evaluated by the following conventional methods: 1) biplane cineangiography employing the Simpson rule. Correlation was r = 0.805 (n = 25); 2) the same patients using the area-length method (r = 0.88, n = 25); 3) monoplane cineangiography using the method of Greene et al. (5) (r = 0.86, n = 35). In 20 patients the maximal contraction velocity as evaluated by radionuclide ventriculography was compared with the mean systolic ejection rate. The observed correlation was weak (r = 0.62, n = 20); however, it should be noted that the radionuclide method determines the maximum contraction velocity whereas cinceangiography measures an average value over the whole systole.", "PMID": 733589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1525", "title": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. III. Clinical results--parameters of regional wall motility (author's transl)].", "content": "Radionuclide ventriculography and cineangiography were performed in 62 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Regional wall motility irregularities could be demonstrated in 97% of those patients who revealed an irregularity in the cineangiogram. Two small scars of the posterior myocardial wall escaped detection. The sensitivity of the radionuclide ventriculography was 97%, the specificity was 80%, 4 patients with normal cineangiography showed small irregularities in the radionuclide ventriculogram. 70 patients with infarction revealed wall motility irregularities in 90%, whereas perfusion defects could be detected by thallium scintigraphy in 66% (young and old infarctions).", "contents": "[Radionuclide ventriculography. III. Clinical results--parameters of regional wall motility (author's transl)]. Radionuclide ventriculography and cineangiography were performed in 62 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Regional wall motility irregularities could be demonstrated in 97% of those patients who revealed an irregularity in the cineangiogram. Two small scars of the posterior myocardial wall escaped detection. The sensitivity of the radionuclide ventriculography was 97%, the specificity was 80%, 4 patients with normal cineangiography showed small irregularities in the radionuclide ventriculogram. 70 patients with infarction revealed wall motility irregularities in 90%, whereas perfusion defects could be detected by thallium scintigraphy in 66% (young and old infarctions).", "PMID": 733590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1526", "title": "Assessment of regional wall motion in coronary artery disease using radionuclide methods.", "content": "72 patients with CAD, 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathies and 10 normal subjects were evaluated by radionuclide angiography. Comparison with contrast angiography showed good results for LVEF (r = 0.83). Regional asynergies observed in the radionuclide angiography correlated well with defects in thallium scintigrams. Extent of abnormal wall motion was measured and compared with normals, appreciating the deviation from the normal mean radial shortening. Good correlation could be demonstrated with radionuclide ventriculography. In 80% of congestive cardiomyopathies the right ventricle wall became visible in the thallium scintigram.", "contents": "Assessment of regional wall motion in coronary artery disease using radionuclide methods. 72 patients with CAD, 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathies and 10 normal subjects were evaluated by radionuclide angiography. Comparison with contrast angiography showed good results for LVEF (r = 0.83). Regional asynergies observed in the radionuclide angiography correlated well with defects in thallium scintigrams. Extent of abnormal wall motion was measured and compared with normals, appreciating the deviation from the normal mean radial shortening. Good correlation could be demonstrated with radionuclide ventriculography. In 80% of congestive cardiomyopathies the right ventricle wall became visible in the thallium scintigram.", "PMID": 733591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1527", "title": "[Evaluation by means of ECG-gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "ECG-gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy permits a non-invasive determination of the end-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular volumes and of the ejection fraction as well as a qualitative description of regional ventricular wall motion at rest and during excercise. In 6 healthy persons a significant increase of the ejection fraction from 66 +/- 7% at rest to 78 +/- 3% during exercise (p less than 0.01) was observed. In contrast, the ejection fraction decreased in 15 out of 18 patients with coronary artery disease, with a significant (p less than 0.01) difference between patients with and without angina pectoris. Thus, the ejection fraction fell in 12 patients without angina during excercise from 60 +/- 11% to 52 +/- 11% (p less than 0.05) whereas in 6 patients with angina a decrease from 61 +/- 7% to 30 +/- 8% (p less than 0.01) was observed. This non-invasive technique makes it possible to demonstrate in a simple and safe manner changes of cardiac function during excercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "[Evaluation by means of ECG-gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. ECG-gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy permits a non-invasive determination of the end-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular volumes and of the ejection fraction as well as a qualitative description of regional ventricular wall motion at rest and during excercise. In 6 healthy persons a significant increase of the ejection fraction from 66 +/- 7% at rest to 78 +/- 3% during exercise (p less than 0.01) was observed. In contrast, the ejection fraction decreased in 15 out of 18 patients with coronary artery disease, with a significant (p less than 0.01) difference between patients with and without angina pectoris. Thus, the ejection fraction fell in 12 patients without angina during excercise from 60 +/- 11% to 52 +/- 11% (p less than 0.05) whereas in 6 patients with angina a decrease from 61 +/- 7% to 30 +/- 8% (p less than 0.01) was observed. This non-invasive technique makes it possible to demonstrate in a simple and safe manner changes of cardiac function during excercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 733592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1528", "title": "Radionuclide cineangiography during stress.", "content": "A \"real-time\" ECG-gated scintigraphic image system was developed at NIH, Bethesda. This system presents in real-time manner 1) an image sequence, that spans a complete heart cycle, 2) a regional time activity curve, in which later distolic phenomena are correctly portrayed, and 3) a beat length distribution function. This system is suitable especially for stress investigations. Normal subjects showed an increase of ejection fraction, whereas patients with CAD revealed a decrease of EF.", "contents": "Radionuclide cineangiography during stress. A \"real-time\" ECG-gated scintigraphic image system was developed at NIH, Bethesda. This system presents in real-time manner 1) an image sequence, that spans a complete heart cycle, 2) a regional time activity curve, in which later distolic phenomena are correctly portrayed, and 3) a beat length distribution function. This system is suitable especially for stress investigations. Normal subjects showed an increase of ejection fraction, whereas patients with CAD revealed a decrease of EF.", "PMID": 733593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1529", "title": "Stereological study of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in stress situations (hypothermia, catabolism).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the rat fasciculata cells in stress situations, such as catabolism and hypothermia was compared descriptively and quantitatively by stereological methods with that of the nonstimulated rat fasciculata cell. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, absolute values are given. In both stress situations the volume density of the mitochondria compared to the controls is enlarged significantly (H: 37% CA: 50%). The significant increase of the average single mitochondrium of the fasciculata cell (H: 58% CA: 58%) shows a real growth of the mitochondria in these stress situations. Also the surface density of the mitochondrial inner membranes--the mitochondrial enzymes for steroid genesis are partly located in these membranes--shows a significant increase (H: 31%, CA: 84%). Whereas the volume density of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum remains unchanged, the surface density is significantly raised (H: 44%, CA: 60%). An attempt was made to draw up a relationship between stereological and known biochemical data of steroid genesis within the fasciculata cell. An activation in both stress situations could be observed. The stereological data reflect a subcellular reaction pattern, which is similar to exogenous ACTH administration, thus indicating an endogenous ACTH liberation due to these stress conditions.", "contents": "Stereological study of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in stress situations (hypothermia, catabolism). The ultrastructure of the rat fasciculata cells in stress situations, such as catabolism and hypothermia was compared descriptively and quantitatively by stereological methods with that of the nonstimulated rat fasciculata cell. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, absolute values are given. In both stress situations the volume density of the mitochondria compared to the controls is enlarged significantly (H: 37% CA: 50%). The significant increase of the average single mitochondrium of the fasciculata cell (H: 58% CA: 58%) shows a real growth of the mitochondria in these stress situations. Also the surface density of the mitochondrial inner membranes--the mitochondrial enzymes for steroid genesis are partly located in these membranes--shows a significant increase (H: 31%, CA: 84%). Whereas the volume density of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum remains unchanged, the surface density is significantly raised (H: 44%, CA: 60%). An attempt was made to draw up a relationship between stereological and known biochemical data of steroid genesis within the fasciculata cell. An activation in both stress situations could be observed. The stereological data reflect a subcellular reaction pattern, which is similar to exogenous ACTH administration, thus indicating an endogenous ACTH liberation due to these stress conditions.", "PMID": 733637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1530", "title": "A solitary cardiac metastasis involving the tricuspid valve ring.", "content": "An unique case of solitary metastasis to the region of the tricuspid valve is described. The mechanisms of formation and symptomatology of cardiac neoplasms are discussed. Tumour spread in this case was probably embolic.", "contents": "A solitary cardiac metastasis involving the tricuspid valve ring. An unique case of solitary metastasis to the region of the tricuspid valve is described. The mechanisms of formation and symptomatology of cardiac neoplasms are discussed. Tumour spread in this case was probably embolic.", "PMID": 733638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1531", "title": "Clustering of mitoses in human cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Mitotic nests have been noted both in tissue culture (Cone, 1968) and in human skin (Rowe and Dixon, 1975). The present paper is concerned with the disposition of mitoses in human tumor tissue. Mitotic indices, cell counts, and mitotic clusters were recorded in 20 carcinomas of the cervix uteri. The significance of the results was verified statistically. In 18 of 20 biopsies, the clustering of mitoses was in excess of chance at the 95% confidence level. Assuming a chance distribution, one would expect only one case (5% of 20 cases) to show significant clustering of mitoses. The incidence of cases which show mitotic clustering is higher in cervical carcinoma than in normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients. The clustering phenomenon might be due to an initiating factor derived from a mitotic cell which propagates to other cells and activates them, or to a local deficiency in inhibitor factors which reversibly inhibit mitoses under normal conditions.", "contents": "Clustering of mitoses in human cervical carcinoma. Mitotic nests have been noted both in tissue culture (Cone, 1968) and in human skin (Rowe and Dixon, 1975). The present paper is concerned with the disposition of mitoses in human tumor tissue. Mitotic indices, cell counts, and mitotic clusters were recorded in 20 carcinomas of the cervix uteri. The significance of the results was verified statistically. In 18 of 20 biopsies, the clustering of mitoses was in excess of chance at the 95% confidence level. Assuming a chance distribution, one would expect only one case (5% of 20 cases) to show significant clustering of mitoses. The incidence of cases which show mitotic clustering is higher in cervical carcinoma than in normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients. The clustering phenomenon might be due to an initiating factor derived from a mitotic cell which propagates to other cells and activates them, or to a local deficiency in inhibitor factors which reversibly inhibit mitoses under normal conditions.", "PMID": 733640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1532", "title": "Electron microscopic examination of the mucosa of the small intestine in infection due to giardia lamblia.", "content": "A rare form of Giardia lamblia infection presenting the clinical picture of nutritive allergy is described. Diagnosis was made by electron microscopic examination of biopsy material from the small intestine. The ultrastructural characteristics of Giardia lamblia as well as the relation of the parasite to the epithelial cells are discussed. It is concluded that the clinical signs are related to the mechanical destruction of the microvilli of the epithelial cells and the superficial mucoid layer (fuzzy coat).", "contents": "Electron microscopic examination of the mucosa of the small intestine in infection due to giardia lamblia. A rare form of Giardia lamblia infection presenting the clinical picture of nutritive allergy is described. Diagnosis was made by electron microscopic examination of biopsy material from the small intestine. The ultrastructural characteristics of Giardia lamblia as well as the relation of the parasite to the epithelial cells are discussed. It is concluded that the clinical signs are related to the mechanical destruction of the microvilli of the epithelial cells and the superficial mucoid layer (fuzzy coat).", "PMID": 733642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1533", "title": "Reversible morphological changes of rectal mucosa in vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "The histomorphology of the rectal mucosa in a case with pernicious anemia was studied before and after treatment with vitamin B12. In the vitamin-deficient state the mucosa exhibits a decrease in the number of mitoses and an increase in the nuclear diameter and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. These changes return to normal after vitamin administration. The reversible morphological alterations may serve as an example for the importance of vitamin B12 in maintaining the structure and possible the function of the rectal mucosa.", "contents": "Reversible morphological changes of rectal mucosa in vitamin B12 deficiency. The histomorphology of the rectal mucosa in a case with pernicious anemia was studied before and after treatment with vitamin B12. In the vitamin-deficient state the mucosa exhibits a decrease in the number of mitoses and an increase in the nuclear diameter and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. These changes return to normal after vitamin administration. The reversible morphological alterations may serve as an example for the importance of vitamin B12 in maintaining the structure and possible the function of the rectal mucosa.", "PMID": 733643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1534", "title": "[Familial hemophagocytic reticulosis (Farquhar) (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of six cases of familial hemophagocytic reticulosis (familial lymphohistiocytosis). After a period of illness varying from 2 weeks to 7.5 months the infants studied died with pancytopenia, fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Histologic examination revealed three characteristic features: Lymphocyte infiltration of the organs, reduction of the lymphatic and hematopoetic system, histiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis. The etiology of this disease remains obscure. Congenital allogeneity may be a possibility, but further immunologic investigations would be necessary to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Familial hemophagocytic reticulosis (Farquhar) (author's transl)]. An account is given of six cases of familial hemophagocytic reticulosis (familial lymphohistiocytosis). After a period of illness varying from 2 weeks to 7.5 months the infants studied died with pancytopenia, fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Histologic examination revealed three characteristic features: Lymphocyte infiltration of the organs, reduction of the lymphatic and hematopoetic system, histiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis. The etiology of this disease remains obscure. Congenital allogeneity may be a possibility, but further immunologic investigations would be necessary to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 733644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1535", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "A rare case of primary malignant melanoma of the gallbladder was studied with the electron microscope. Two interesting patterns were observed: numerous melanophages were present in the tumor tissue and wrapped compound melanosomes were found in nonneoplastic mucosal epithelium. The infiltration of melanophages was considered to be a reaction to degenerated tumor cells. Concerning the mechanism of melanosome transport into the epithelial cells, a cooperative action between epithelial and melanoma cells seemed to be the most important factor.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder. A rare case of primary malignant melanoma of the gallbladder was studied with the electron microscope. Two interesting patterns were observed: numerous melanophages were present in the tumor tissue and wrapped compound melanosomes were found in nonneoplastic mucosal epithelium. The infiltration of melanophages was considered to be a reaction to degenerated tumor cells. Concerning the mechanism of melanosome transport into the epithelial cells, a cooperative action between epithelial and melanoma cells seemed to be the most important factor.", "PMID": 733645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1536", "title": "Herbal medicines and veno-occlusive disease in India.", "content": "Six cases are described of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after medicinal herb ingestion. The herb Heliotropium eichwaldii, taken by three patients, was found to contain the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, heliotrine. Two patients presented with fulminant hepatic failure while the other four patients had a clinical picture suggestive of decompensated cirrhosis. The medical use of this herb may possibly be responsible for a significant proportion of acute and chronic liver disease in India, making it of public health importance.", "contents": "Herbal medicines and veno-occlusive disease in India. Six cases are described of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after medicinal herb ingestion. The herb Heliotropium eichwaldii, taken by three patients, was found to contain the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, heliotrine. Two patients presented with fulminant hepatic failure while the other four patients had a clinical picture suggestive of decompensated cirrhosis. The medical use of this herb may possibly be responsible for a significant proportion of acute and chronic liver disease in India, making it of public health importance.", "PMID": 733681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1537", "title": "Sarcoidosis with renal involvement.", "content": "Nine of ninety patients with sarcoidosis were found to have significant renal impairment. Epithelioid granulomata were present in five of eight patients who had renal biopsies and glomerular lesions were present in six. There was close correlation between hypercalcaemia, hyperuricaemia, nephrocalcinosis and creatinine clearance. In one patient, renal sarcoidosis complicated membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and one patient died in end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis with renal involvement. Nine of ninety patients with sarcoidosis were found to have significant renal impairment. Epithelioid granulomata were present in five of eight patients who had renal biopsies and glomerular lesions were present in six. There was close correlation between hypercalcaemia, hyperuricaemia, nephrocalcinosis and creatinine clearance. In one patient, renal sarcoidosis complicated membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and one patient died in end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 733683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1538", "title": "Dermatomyositis: observations on the use of immunosuppressive therapy and review of literature. Cairo--Glasgow study group.", "content": "Seven young adults, six of whom were male, all suffering from dermatomyositis unassociated with malignancy are described. These patients were not adequately controlled with high doses of corticosteroids but all responded when immunosuppressive therapy was also given.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis: observations on the use of immunosuppressive therapy and review of literature. Cairo--Glasgow study group. Seven young adults, six of whom were male, all suffering from dermatomyositis unassociated with malignancy are described. These patients were not adequately controlled with high doses of corticosteroids but all responded when immunosuppressive therapy was also given.", "PMID": 733682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1539", "title": "Total exchangeable potassium in response to amiloride.", "content": "The use of amiloride is described in twenty-four hypertensive patients who became hypokalaemic as a result of thiazide diuretic therapy in spite of oral potassium supplments. Amiloride caused a significant rise in exchangeable potassium, exchangeable potassium/kg body weight, and plasma potassium, together with a significant fall in plasma total carbon dioxide, body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. These results suggest that amiloride has a useful role in this type of patient.", "contents": "Total exchangeable potassium in response to amiloride. The use of amiloride is described in twenty-four hypertensive patients who became hypokalaemic as a result of thiazide diuretic therapy in spite of oral potassium supplments. Amiloride caused a significant rise in exchangeable potassium, exchangeable potassium/kg body weight, and plasma potassium, together with a significant fall in plasma total carbon dioxide, body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. These results suggest that amiloride has a useful role in this type of patient.", "PMID": 733684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1540", "title": "Achalasia of the cardia in elderly patients.", "content": "Achalasia of the cardia frequently presents as dysphagia in middle age. In the elderly, dysphagia is usually due to a neoplasm of the oesophagus or cardia. The authors have been interested to see five patients over the age of 70 presenting with oesophageal symptoms due to achalasia which is uncommon in this age group and may be mistaken for neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Achalasia of the cardia in elderly patients. Achalasia of the cardia frequently presents as dysphagia in middle age. In the elderly, dysphagia is usually due to a neoplasm of the oesophagus or cardia. The authors have been interested to see five patients over the age of 70 presenting with oesophageal symptoms due to achalasia which is uncommon in this age group and may be mistaken for neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 733685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1541", "title": "The management of childhood osteomyelitis.", "content": "The management of seventy-six children admitted to Aler Hey Children's Hospital with osteomyelitis is discussed and the indications for surgical intervention are defined. The clinical and pathological course of the disease is examined and the term post-acute osteomyelitis is introduced. The importance of recognition of this stage of the disease and its relevance to the management is highlighted. The use of single antibiotic therapy (clindamycin) is shown to be at least as effective as combinational therapy. Complete resolution was achieved in 94.7% of children, surgical intervention was performed on 74.6%.", "contents": "The management of childhood osteomyelitis. The management of seventy-six children admitted to Aler Hey Children's Hospital with osteomyelitis is discussed and the indications for surgical intervention are defined. The clinical and pathological course of the disease is examined and the term post-acute osteomyelitis is introduced. The importance of recognition of this stage of the disease and its relevance to the management is highlighted. The use of single antibiotic therapy (clindamycin) is shown to be at least as effective as combinational therapy. Complete resolution was achieved in 94.7% of children, surgical intervention was performed on 74.6%.", "PMID": 733686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1542", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in patients receiving intermittent cytotoxic and corticosteroid therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Two patients with stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease are reported, in whom treatment with cytotoxic and corticosteroid therapy was followed by avascular necrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in patients receiving intermittent cytotoxic and corticosteroid therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Two patients with stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease are reported, in whom treatment with cytotoxic and corticosteroid therapy was followed by avascular necrosis of the femoral head.", "PMID": 733687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1543", "title": "Presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism to a general medical unit.", "content": "Four patients with hyperparathyroidism who presented in atypical or uncommon ways to a general medical unit are described. The unusual features are discussed and the value of modern procedures for localization of a parathyroid tumour is confirmed.", "contents": "Presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism to a general medical unit. Four patients with hyperparathyroidism who presented in atypical or uncommon ways to a general medical unit are described. The unusual features are discussed and the value of modern procedures for localization of a parathyroid tumour is confirmed.", "PMID": 733688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1544", "title": "Amoebic hepatic abscess--potential causes of delay in diagnosis.", "content": "Delay in diagnosis can be serious in amoebic hepatic abscess, which is readily treatable. Two cases are presented to illustrate potential causes of delay. The first case had never been to an endemic area, apparently contracting the infection from his wife. The second case had negative serological tests.", "contents": "Amoebic hepatic abscess--potential causes of delay in diagnosis. Delay in diagnosis can be serious in amoebic hepatic abscess, which is readily treatable. Two cases are presented to illustrate potential causes of delay. The first case had never been to an endemic area, apparently contracting the infection from his wife. The second case had negative serological tests.", "PMID": 733689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1545", "title": "Spontaneous mid-oesophageal rupture.", "content": "The clinical presentation and management of spontaneous rupture of the middle third of the oesophagus is described in two patients. Early presentation and treatment in one case led to uncomplicated recovery. In the other patient late presentation and diagnosis resulted in delayed surgical intervention with an unsuccessful outcome. The nature of this rare lesion is discussed and nine previously described cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous mid-oesophageal rupture. The clinical presentation and management of spontaneous rupture of the middle third of the oesophagus is described in two patients. Early presentation and treatment in one case led to uncomplicated recovery. In the other patient late presentation and diagnosis resulted in delayed surgical intervention with an unsuccessful outcome. The nature of this rare lesion is discussed and nine previously described cases are reviewed.", "PMID": 733690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1546", "title": "Avoidance reaction of painful stimulation of another rat: effect of methylglucamine orotate.", "content": "An avoidance reaction to painful stimulation of another animal was developed in rats. Two hundred twenty-five mg/kg methylglucamine orotate was injected intraperitoneally each day, 1 hr before the training session. The orotate treated rats showed an accelerated development of the avoidance reaction during 5 days of training. Depending on the experimental conditions, extinction of the reaction was delayed in orotate treated rats, compared to saline controls. The results from these experiments, using neither footshock punishment nor food reward as reinforcement, give further evidence for the improvement of long term memory by orotic acid.", "contents": "Avoidance reaction of painful stimulation of another rat: effect of methylglucamine orotate. An avoidance reaction to painful stimulation of another animal was developed in rats. Two hundred twenty-five mg/kg methylglucamine orotate was injected intraperitoneally each day, 1 hr before the training session. The orotate treated rats showed an accelerated development of the avoidance reaction during 5 days of training. Depending on the experimental conditions, extinction of the reaction was delayed in orotate treated rats, compared to saline controls. The results from these experiments, using neither footshock punishment nor food reward as reinforcement, give further evidence for the improvement of long term memory by orotic acid.", "PMID": 733825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1547", "title": "Chronic methadone administration to male rats: tolerance to adverse effects on sires and their progeny.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that acute administration of methadone to male rats prior to mating results in adverse effects on their progeny, particularly decreased birth weights and increased neonatal mortality. Rather than chronic administration accentuating these effects, results of the present study indicate that tolerance developed so that no adverse effects were found in offspring sired after 21--32 days of methadone administration. In the sire, maintenance of normal weights of accessory sex glands after 4 months of daily methadone suggests that tolerance developed to the CNS effect(s) responsible for the depressed serum LH and testosterone levels found after acute administration of narcotics. In contrast, tolerance did not develop to the inhibition of weight gain produced by methadone administration. No evidence for a dominant lethal effect could be found after chronic methadone administration, in contrast to suggestive evidence for this effect found in previous experiments after acute methadone administration.", "contents": "Chronic methadone administration to male rats: tolerance to adverse effects on sires and their progeny. Previous studies have shown that acute administration of methadone to male rats prior to mating results in adverse effects on their progeny, particularly decreased birth weights and increased neonatal mortality. Rather than chronic administration accentuating these effects, results of the present study indicate that tolerance developed so that no adverse effects were found in offspring sired after 21--32 days of methadone administration. In the sire, maintenance of normal weights of accessory sex glands after 4 months of daily methadone suggests that tolerance developed to the CNS effect(s) responsible for the depressed serum LH and testosterone levels found after acute administration of narcotics. In contrast, tolerance did not develop to the inhibition of weight gain produced by methadone administration. No evidence for a dominant lethal effect could be found after chronic methadone administration, in contrast to suggestive evidence for this effect found in previous experiments after acute methadone administration.", "PMID": 733826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1548", "title": "Adrenergic control of motor activity: effects of PNMT inhibition upon open field behavior in the rat.", "content": "Two inhibitors of brain PNMT were given to rats in doses which caused equivalent reductions in enzyme activity. Each drug produced similar and dose-related decreases in ambulation, rearing and defecation during open field behavioral testing. Central adrenergic (epinephrine containing) system may be necessary for normal open field behavior. This may reflect an interaction with other monoamines, particularly dopamine.", "contents": "Adrenergic control of motor activity: effects of PNMT inhibition upon open field behavior in the rat. Two inhibitors of brain PNMT were given to rats in doses which caused equivalent reductions in enzyme activity. Each drug produced similar and dose-related decreases in ambulation, rearing and defecation during open field behavioral testing. Central adrenergic (epinephrine containing) system may be necessary for normal open field behavior. This may reflect an interaction with other monoamines, particularly dopamine.", "PMID": 733828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1549", "title": "Scopolamine interacts with reactions to cat and genotypic emotional reactivity in rat.", "content": "In the presence or absence of a cat the effects of scopolamine hydrobromide were investigated on approach, freezing and defecation behaviors of the bidirectionally selectively bred rat strains for emotional reactivity. Compared to the baseline behavior (absence of cat and scopolamine), both the genetic lines showed decrease in approach and increase in freezing in the presence of cat. Scopolamine in the absence of cat did not affect any of the behaviors of the nonreactive strain but increased approach and decreased freezing in the reactive strain. The presence of both cat and scopolamine affected both the strains but differently, i.e., showing no significantly change in the nonreactive, but increase in freezing and decrease in approach in the reactive strain, as compared to the respective baselines.", "contents": "Scopolamine interacts with reactions to cat and genotypic emotional reactivity in rat. In the presence or absence of a cat the effects of scopolamine hydrobromide were investigated on approach, freezing and defecation behaviors of the bidirectionally selectively bred rat strains for emotional reactivity. Compared to the baseline behavior (absence of cat and scopolamine), both the genetic lines showed decrease in approach and increase in freezing in the presence of cat. Scopolamine in the absence of cat did not affect any of the behaviors of the nonreactive strain but increased approach and decreased freezing in the reactive strain. The presence of both cat and scopolamine affected both the strains but differently, i.e., showing no significantly change in the nonreactive, but increase in freezing and decrease in approach in the reactive strain, as compared to the respective baselines.", "PMID": 733829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1550", "title": "Selective attention dysfunctions in adult rats neonatally treated with 6-hydoxydopamine.", "content": "Adult rats treated intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine during the perinatal period were trained on a black-white discrimination. Alterations in cue shape and cue location failed to selectively distinguish differences in response patterns for the treated animals. However, when irrelevant stimuli were added to the discriminative array, the 6-hydroxydopamine group evidenced marked impairment of performance throughout the period of distraction.", "contents": "Selective attention dysfunctions in adult rats neonatally treated with 6-hydoxydopamine. Adult rats treated intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine during the perinatal period were trained on a black-white discrimination. Alterations in cue shape and cue location failed to selectively distinguish differences in response patterns for the treated animals. However, when irrelevant stimuli were added to the discriminative array, the 6-hydroxydopamine group evidenced marked impairment of performance throughout the period of distraction.", "PMID": 733830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1551", "title": "Effect of vasopressin-like peptides on consumption of ethanol by the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained to accept ethanol in their drinking water, by successive small increments or decrements in alcohol concentration in response to the individual consumption of each rat. Those injected with desglycinamide9-lysine8-vasopressin (DGLVP), 1--4 microgram SC every second day, attained almost twice as high a final acceptance concentration (FAC) and mean daily ethanol intake (g/kg) as vehicle-treated controls. Hypophysectomized animals initially accepted the same alcohol concentrations as intact rats, but drank much larger volumes and correspondingly higher daily g/kg intakes. However, this was rapidly succeeded by rejection of all but very low concentrations, which was unaffected by DGLVP. During a subsequent free-choice period (water vs. ethanol at individual FACs), the groups maintained their relative positions with respect to ethanol intake. This was not altered by injection of vasopressin in the hypophysectomized rats, but was overcome by raising the alcohol concentration. The results suggest that vasopressin-like peptides facilitate acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin-like peptides on consumption of ethanol by the rat. Rats were trained to accept ethanol in their drinking water, by successive small increments or decrements in alcohol concentration in response to the individual consumption of each rat. Those injected with desglycinamide9-lysine8-vasopressin (DGLVP), 1--4 microgram SC every second day, attained almost twice as high a final acceptance concentration (FAC) and mean daily ethanol intake (g/kg) as vehicle-treated controls. Hypophysectomized animals initially accepted the same alcohol concentrations as intact rats, but drank much larger volumes and correspondingly higher daily g/kg intakes. However, this was rapidly succeeded by rejection of all but very low concentrations, which was unaffected by DGLVP. During a subsequent free-choice period (water vs. ethanol at individual FACs), the groups maintained their relative positions with respect to ethanol intake. This was not altered by injection of vasopressin in the hypophysectomized rats, but was overcome by raising the alcohol concentration. The results suggest that vasopressin-like peptides facilitate acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior.", "PMID": 733831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1552", "title": "Effects of opiates on the discriminative stimulus properties of dopamine agonists.", "content": "Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate the dopamine agonists amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.38 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever operant task. Various doses of morphine and pentazocine were tested for generalization to and interference with the discriminative stimulus complexes produced by the dopamine agonists. Low doses of morphine appeared to produce a stimulus complex which is similar to that produced by apomorphine, but which differs from the produced by amphetamine. Pentazocine showed no evidence of generalization to either the apomorphine or the amphetamine cue. Neither opiate interfered with discriminative stimuli produced by the dopamine agonists, although decreases in the number of animals responding occurred.", "contents": "Effects of opiates on the discriminative stimulus properties of dopamine agonists. Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate the dopamine agonists amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.38 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever operant task. Various doses of morphine and pentazocine were tested for generalization to and interference with the discriminative stimulus complexes produced by the dopamine agonists. Low doses of morphine appeared to produce a stimulus complex which is similar to that produced by apomorphine, but which differs from the produced by amphetamine. Pentazocine showed no evidence of generalization to either the apomorphine or the amphetamine cue. Neither opiate interfered with discriminative stimuli produced by the dopamine agonists, although decreases in the number of animals responding occurred.", "PMID": 733832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1553", "title": "Effect of taurine on some pharmacological properties of ethanol.", "content": "Taurine was effective in reducing the hypnotic effect of ethanol but did not antagonize the effect of ethanol on seizure susceptibility, body temperature, or brain 5-HIAA concentration.", "contents": "Effect of taurine on some pharmacological properties of ethanol. Taurine was effective in reducing the hypnotic effect of ethanol but did not antagonize the effect of ethanol on seizure susceptibility, body temperature, or brain 5-HIAA concentration.", "PMID": 733833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1554", "title": "d-Amphetamine and fixed-interval performance: effects of establishing the drug as a discriminative stimulus.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine were examined as a function of conditioning history. The compound (0.5 mg/kg) (1) increased the response rate of rats under a fixed-interval 60-sec schedule, (2) produced greater increases in responding under the fixed-interval schedule when drug administration had been explicitly paired with a fixed-ratio 20 schedule, and (3) decreased responding under the fixed-interval schedule when the drug had been paired with electric shock punishment. Randomly giving amphetamine before fixed-ratio or punishment sessions did not produce such modifications of drug effects under the fixed-interval schedule. These results, like earlier findings, indicate that drug effects can be modified by conditioning history.", "contents": "d-Amphetamine and fixed-interval performance: effects of establishing the drug as a discriminative stimulus. The effects of d-amphetamine were examined as a function of conditioning history. The compound (0.5 mg/kg) (1) increased the response rate of rats under a fixed-interval 60-sec schedule, (2) produced greater increases in responding under the fixed-interval schedule when drug administration had been explicitly paired with a fixed-ratio 20 schedule, and (3) decreased responding under the fixed-interval schedule when the drug had been paired with electric shock punishment. Randomly giving amphetamine before fixed-ratio or punishment sessions did not produce such modifications of drug effects under the fixed-interval schedule. These results, like earlier findings, indicate that drug effects can be modified by conditioning history.", "PMID": 733834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1555", "title": "Somatic, behavioral, and reproductive disturbances in mice following neonatal administration of sodium L-aspartate.", "content": "Sodium L-aspartate (ASP) was administered to neonatal mice according to an increasing dose schedule from Days 2--11 after birth. Adult ASP-treated animals showed large increases in body weight over controls along with stunted body length. The ASP group also showed decreases in locomotor and exploratory behavior. Reproductive dysfunction occurred in both female and male ASP-treated animals. Among treated animals, females had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters while males showed reduced fertility. Evidence of multiple endocrine dysfunction in ASP-treated animals was reflected by decreased pituitary, thyroid, ovaries and tested weights, along with delayed onset of puberty in females. These results demonstrate that sodium L-aspartate produces a syndrome similar to that seen following the administration of monosodium L-glutamate.", "contents": "Somatic, behavioral, and reproductive disturbances in mice following neonatal administration of sodium L-aspartate. Sodium L-aspartate (ASP) was administered to neonatal mice according to an increasing dose schedule from Days 2--11 after birth. Adult ASP-treated animals showed large increases in body weight over controls along with stunted body length. The ASP group also showed decreases in locomotor and exploratory behavior. Reproductive dysfunction occurred in both female and male ASP-treated animals. Among treated animals, females had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters while males showed reduced fertility. Evidence of multiple endocrine dysfunction in ASP-treated animals was reflected by decreased pituitary, thyroid, ovaries and tested weights, along with delayed onset of puberty in females. These results demonstrate that sodium L-aspartate produces a syndrome similar to that seen following the administration of monosodium L-glutamate.", "PMID": 733835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1556", "title": "Effects of p-chloroamphetamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the sexual behavior of gonadectomized male and female rats.", "content": "Treatment with the 5-HT neurotoxins p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 2 X 10 mg/kg) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 2 X 6 microgram intracerebrally) stimulated the display of all aspects of sexual behavior, including ejaculations, by castrated male rats in the absence of testosterone (T) treatment and increased the behavioral sensitivity to a low level of T stimulation. The reduction of the (3H) 5-HT uptake after PCA treatment was more pronounced in the cortex than in the hypothalamus. 5,7-DHT treatment reduced the (3H) 5-HT uptake in the septum, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and cortex but the behavioral effects produced by the 5,7-DHT treatment could not be correlated to the biochemical effects in any of these brain areas. Since the behavioral effect of PCA appears to be stronger than that of 5,7-DHT, the 5-HT neurotoxins may exert their effect on sexual behavior in forebrain structures rather than in the hypothalamus. PCA treatment had a very small effect on mounting behavior but 5,7-DHT treatment stimulated the display of mounts and intromission patterns by ovariectomized female rats given no hormone treatment. Neither PCA nor 5,7-DHT had any effect on lordosis behavior tested before and after treatment with estradiol benzoate alone or in combination with progesterone. The observations support the conclusion that 5-HT is involved in the control by T of sexual behavior in male rats, but argue against a role of 5-HT in the neural control of lordosis behavior.", "contents": "Effects of p-chloroamphetamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the sexual behavior of gonadectomized male and female rats. Treatment with the 5-HT neurotoxins p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 2 X 10 mg/kg) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 2 X 6 microgram intracerebrally) stimulated the display of all aspects of sexual behavior, including ejaculations, by castrated male rats in the absence of testosterone (T) treatment and increased the behavioral sensitivity to a low level of T stimulation. The reduction of the (3H) 5-HT uptake after PCA treatment was more pronounced in the cortex than in the hypothalamus. 5,7-DHT treatment reduced the (3H) 5-HT uptake in the septum, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and cortex but the behavioral effects produced by the 5,7-DHT treatment could not be correlated to the biochemical effects in any of these brain areas. Since the behavioral effect of PCA appears to be stronger than that of 5,7-DHT, the 5-HT neurotoxins may exert their effect on sexual behavior in forebrain structures rather than in the hypothalamus. PCA treatment had a very small effect on mounting behavior but 5,7-DHT treatment stimulated the display of mounts and intromission patterns by ovariectomized female rats given no hormone treatment. Neither PCA nor 5,7-DHT had any effect on lordosis behavior tested before and after treatment with estradiol benzoate alone or in combination with progesterone. The observations support the conclusion that 5-HT is involved in the control by T of sexual behavior in male rats, but argue against a role of 5-HT in the neural control of lordosis behavior.", "PMID": 733836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1557", "title": "Attenuation of angiotensin-induced water intake in estrogen-treated rats.", "content": "Chronic treatment with either estradiol benzoate (31 and 57 microgram/kg/day) or ethynyl estradiol (30 and 72 microgram/kg/day) attenuated the drinking responses of female rats to acute administration of either isoproterenol (25 microgram/kg, SC) or synthetic angiotensin II (100 and 200 microgram/kg, IP). While these studies do not rule out the possibility that attenuation of isoproterenol-induced drink in estrogen-treated rats may be associated with a defect in renin release, attention is also apparently associated with a reduced responsiveness to angiotensin II. This may be related to reduced permeability of angiotensin II at the level of the circumventricular organs of the brain; to hyporesponsiveness of receptors for angiotensin II mediating thirst in the central nervous system, or to mechanism beyond the receptor that are responsible for the conscious behavioral changes which normally accompany angiotensin II-induced thirst.", "contents": "Attenuation of angiotensin-induced water intake in estrogen-treated rats. Chronic treatment with either estradiol benzoate (31 and 57 microgram/kg/day) or ethynyl estradiol (30 and 72 microgram/kg/day) attenuated the drinking responses of female rats to acute administration of either isoproterenol (25 microgram/kg, SC) or synthetic angiotensin II (100 and 200 microgram/kg, IP). While these studies do not rule out the possibility that attenuation of isoproterenol-induced drink in estrogen-treated rats may be associated with a defect in renin release, attention is also apparently associated with a reduced responsiveness to angiotensin II. This may be related to reduced permeability of angiotensin II at the level of the circumventricular organs of the brain; to hyporesponsiveness of receptors for angiotensin II mediating thirst in the central nervous system, or to mechanism beyond the receptor that are responsible for the conscious behavioral changes which normally accompany angiotensin II-induced thirst.", "PMID": 733837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1558", "title": "Enkephalin and other peptides reduce passiveness.", "content": "Enkephalin and other brain peptides previously have been shown to be active in the dopa potentiation test which may be considered an animal model of mental depression. A recently described model of passive immobility during swimming, also sensitive to tricyclic antidepressants, was therefore used to study a large number of naturally occurring peptides and some of their analogues. It was found that several enkephalins with no opiate activity after peripheral injection reduced the immobility and thus increased the activity of swimming rats. alpha-MSH, but not its 4--10 core or a 4--9 analogue, also caused significantly more swimming than did the diluent control. As we have previously found in several animal and clinical studies, a smaller dose of MIF-I was more effective than larger doses. The results confirm our concept of the CNS actions of brain peptides and support the suggestion that some of them, like the enkephalins, might be useful after peripheral administration in mental depression or other CNS disorders.", "contents": "Enkephalin and other peptides reduce passiveness. Enkephalin and other brain peptides previously have been shown to be active in the dopa potentiation test which may be considered an animal model of mental depression. A recently described model of passive immobility during swimming, also sensitive to tricyclic antidepressants, was therefore used to study a large number of naturally occurring peptides and some of their analogues. It was found that several enkephalins with no opiate activity after peripheral injection reduced the immobility and thus increased the activity of swimming rats. alpha-MSH, but not its 4--10 core or a 4--9 analogue, also caused significantly more swimming than did the diluent control. As we have previously found in several animal and clinical studies, a smaller dose of MIF-I was more effective than larger doses. The results confirm our concept of the CNS actions of brain peptides and support the suggestion that some of them, like the enkephalins, might be useful after peripheral administration in mental depression or other CNS disorders.", "PMID": 733838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1559", "title": "Neuropeptides and the blood-brain barrier in goldfish.", "content": "The general activity level of a goldfish is easily monitored by placing it in water to a depth of 2.5 cm in an aquarium on top of an activity meter. With this system, goldfish were administered a 5 microliter (80 microgram/kg) intracranial (IC) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of one of 21 compounds and tested for general activity. The results indicated that activity decreased significantly over time and the peptides differentially decreased activity, with the greatest alterations in activity produced by two new enkephalin analogs: D-Ala2, F5Phe4-enkephalin-NH2 and Nalpha Nepsilon-bis-(D-Ala2-enkephalin)-Lys-NH2. Overall, decreased activity began approximately 3 min after an IC injections and 6 min after an IP injection. The longer latency after IP injections may indicate the time required for the substance, either in its original or fragmented form, to reach and cross the blood-brain barrier and makes a primary peripheral effect unlikely. Most of the peptides or possibly their metabolites appeared to enter the brain since no significant difference in activity existed after IC and IP injections, with both producing reliable decreases from the control. In summary, peptides can exert behavioral effects after both IC and IP administration in goldfish.", "contents": "Neuropeptides and the blood-brain barrier in goldfish. The general activity level of a goldfish is easily monitored by placing it in water to a depth of 2.5 cm in an aquarium on top of an activity meter. With this system, goldfish were administered a 5 microliter (80 microgram/kg) intracranial (IC) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of one of 21 compounds and tested for general activity. The results indicated that activity decreased significantly over time and the peptides differentially decreased activity, with the greatest alterations in activity produced by two new enkephalin analogs: D-Ala2, F5Phe4-enkephalin-NH2 and Nalpha Nepsilon-bis-(D-Ala2-enkephalin)-Lys-NH2. Overall, decreased activity began approximately 3 min after an IC injections and 6 min after an IP injection. The longer latency after IP injections may indicate the time required for the substance, either in its original or fragmented form, to reach and cross the blood-brain barrier and makes a primary peripheral effect unlikely. Most of the peptides or possibly their metabolites appeared to enter the brain since no significant difference in activity existed after IC and IP injections, with both producing reliable decreases from the control. In summary, peptides can exert behavioral effects after both IC and IP administration in goldfish.", "PMID": 733839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1560", "title": "Effects of various periods of food deprivation on serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "Preliminary results indicated enhanced serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus of 24 hr food deprived rats as compared to non-deprived rats. In the present study, the periods of food deprivation were extended in ordered that the effects of 0. 24, 48 and 72 hr of food deprivation on serotonin turnover could be measured. One hr following an infusion of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine the lateral hypothalamus was perfused with physiological bacteriostatic saline for 40 min. Samples of perfusate, which corresponds to 75--90 min post-infusion, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled precursor and metabolites. The results indicate that serotonin turnover is enhanced as a function of hours of food deprivation.", "contents": "Effects of various periods of food deprivation on serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus. Preliminary results indicated enhanced serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus of 24 hr food deprived rats as compared to non-deprived rats. In the present study, the periods of food deprivation were extended in ordered that the effects of 0. 24, 48 and 72 hr of food deprivation on serotonin turnover could be measured. One hr following an infusion of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine the lateral hypothalamus was perfused with physiological bacteriostatic saline for 40 min. Samples of perfusate, which corresponds to 75--90 min post-infusion, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled precursor and metabolites. The results indicate that serotonin turnover is enhanced as a function of hours of food deprivation.", "PMID": 733840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1561", "title": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose-induced decrements in operant and reflex pain thresholds.", "content": "Acute exposure to many environmental stressors induces significant analgesia. The present study examined whether 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an antimetabolic glucose analogue, which induces glucoprivation and peripheral sympatho-adrenal discharge, would also produce analgesia as measured by either an operant liminal escape or a reflex tail-pinch procedure. In the liminal escape paradigm, 9 rats were tested at weekly intervals in 6 randomly selected testing conditions: 30 min pre-test injections of four 2-DG doses (100, 225, 350 and 700 mg/kg, IP) and 180 min pre-test injections of the 2 higher doses. Moderate analgesia occurred at the lower 2-DG doses 30 min after injection, while profound analgesia occurred at the higher doses. After 180 min, only the 700 mg/kg 2-DG dose produced moderate analgesia, which was further enhanced by food deprivation. Rats tested in the tail-pinch paradigm displayed a similar dose-dependent analgesia course. These results demonstrate that 2-DG decreases nociceptive sensitivity, possibly through stress-induced activation of an intrinsic pain-inhibitory system.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose-induced decrements in operant and reflex pain thresholds. Acute exposure to many environmental stressors induces significant analgesia. The present study examined whether 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an antimetabolic glucose analogue, which induces glucoprivation and peripheral sympatho-adrenal discharge, would also produce analgesia as measured by either an operant liminal escape or a reflex tail-pinch procedure. In the liminal escape paradigm, 9 rats were tested at weekly intervals in 6 randomly selected testing conditions: 30 min pre-test injections of four 2-DG doses (100, 225, 350 and 700 mg/kg, IP) and 180 min pre-test injections of the 2 higher doses. Moderate analgesia occurred at the lower 2-DG doses 30 min after injection, while profound analgesia occurred at the higher doses. After 180 min, only the 700 mg/kg 2-DG dose produced moderate analgesia, which was further enhanced by food deprivation. Rats tested in the tail-pinch paradigm displayed a similar dose-dependent analgesia course. These results demonstrate that 2-DG decreases nociceptive sensitivity, possibly through stress-induced activation of an intrinsic pain-inhibitory system.", "PMID": 733841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1562", "title": "Automated TV-based system for open field studies: effects of methamphetamine.", "content": "A method is described whereby open field behaviour of rats can be automatically registered using a TV camera, a video converter, an X-Y recorder and a papertape puncher. Use is made of the scanning properties of the TV camera to obtain the X and Y coordinates of the rat's position and to print this position on an X-Y recorder to obtain the running pattern. In addition, the X and Y coordinates at 1 sec intervals are punched on papertape. With computer processing of the tape, one can obtain--for any given period--the distance run, a frequency distribution of speeds, the number of entries into an inner field, the time spent in an inner field as well as the number of changes in corner positions. As an example the effects of 1 and 2 mg/kg methamphetamine are shown. This drug enhances all parameters measured in a dose-dependent fashion except the changes in corner positions which were not altered significantly.", "contents": "Automated TV-based system for open field studies: effects of methamphetamine. A method is described whereby open field behaviour of rats can be automatically registered using a TV camera, a video converter, an X-Y recorder and a papertape puncher. Use is made of the scanning properties of the TV camera to obtain the X and Y coordinates of the rat's position and to print this position on an X-Y recorder to obtain the running pattern. In addition, the X and Y coordinates at 1 sec intervals are punched on papertape. With computer processing of the tape, one can obtain--for any given period--the distance run, a frequency distribution of speeds, the number of entries into an inner field, the time spent in an inner field as well as the number of changes in corner positions. As an example the effects of 1 and 2 mg/kg methamphetamine are shown. This drug enhances all parameters measured in a dose-dependent fashion except the changes in corner positions which were not altered significantly.", "PMID": 733842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1563", "title": "Phencyclidine: effects on motor activity and brain biogenic amines in the guinea pig.", "content": "Previous reports suggesting that the behavioral response of the guinea pig to phencyclidine (PCP) administration is more similar to the effects of PCP observed in higher animals than those observed in mice and rats prompted us to investigate the effects of PC on spontaneous motor activity and brain biogenic amine levels in the guinea pig. Doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg PCP were found to significantly elevate spontaneous motor activity; however, 7.5 mg/kg PCP produced highly variable results which were not significantly different from control. The concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and norepinephrine were measured in the forebrain and hindbrain of previously drug naive animals 30 min after administration of 5 mg/kg PCP. As compared to saline injected control animals, PCP was observed to have no effect on any of the neurochemical determinants measured. Contrary to previous reports, these data suggest that PCP  produces behavioral effects in the guinea pig which are not unlike those observed in mice and rats. Furthermore, the effects which we report on spontaneous motor activity are not related to changes in the regional concentration of any of the neurochemical variables which were measured.", "contents": "Phencyclidine: effects on motor activity and brain biogenic amines in the guinea pig. Previous reports suggesting that the behavioral response of the guinea pig to phencyclidine (PCP) administration is more similar to the effects of PCP observed in higher animals than those observed in mice and rats prompted us to investigate the effects of PC on spontaneous motor activity and brain biogenic amine levels in the guinea pig. Doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg PCP were found to significantly elevate spontaneous motor activity; however, 7.5 mg/kg PCP produced highly variable results which were not significantly different from control. The concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and norepinephrine were measured in the forebrain and hindbrain of previously drug naive animals 30 min after administration of 5 mg/kg PCP. As compared to saline injected control animals, PCP was observed to have no effect on any of the neurochemical determinants measured. Contrary to previous reports, these data suggest that PCP  produces behavioral effects in the guinea pig which are not unlike those observed in mice and rats. Furthermore, the effects which we report on spontaneous motor activity are not related to changes in the regional concentration of any of the neurochemical variables which were measured.", "PMID": 733843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1564", "title": "Morphine and shuttlebox self-stimulation in the rat: tolerance studies.", "content": "Rats were trained to turn lateral hypothalamic electrical brain stimulation on and off by crossing back and forth in a shuttlebox. Injections of 10 mg/kg morphine doubled the amount of time animals left the stimulation ON without altering OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to this action during 5 daily trials. Injections of 20 mg/kg produced a 4- to 5-fold increase in average ON times together with a large increase in average OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to the ON time increase over 5 daily injections, but did partially develop to the OFF time increase. The ON time increase appears to be based on a mechanism separate from the analgesic action of morphine and from the OFF time increase. Differentiable neurological structures and receptor systems may mediate these actions.", "contents": "Morphine and shuttlebox self-stimulation in the rat: tolerance studies. Rats were trained to turn lateral hypothalamic electrical brain stimulation on and off by crossing back and forth in a shuttlebox. Injections of 10 mg/kg morphine doubled the amount of time animals left the stimulation ON without altering OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to this action during 5 daily trials. Injections of 20 mg/kg produced a 4- to 5-fold increase in average ON times together with a large increase in average OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to the ON time increase over 5 daily injections, but did partially develop to the OFF time increase. The ON time increase appears to be based on a mechanism separate from the analgesic action of morphine and from the OFF time increase. Differentiable neurological structures and receptor systems may mediate these actions.", "PMID": 733844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1565", "title": "Marijuana: dose effects on pulse rate, subjective estimates of intoxication, free recall and recognition memory.", "content": "The effect of marijuana on memory as measured by free recall and recognition, pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication was evaluated in 16 male volunteers. Marijuana containing 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg delta9-THC was administered to all subjects by smoking in 4 sessions separated by a 1 week interval. Free recall was reduced in a dose related manner by the drug, but recognition memory was unaffected. A 2 sec word presentation rate produced inferior recall in comparison to a 4 sec rate, but this variable did not interact with drug condition. Intrusion errors increased following intoxication but this effect was not systematically related to dosage of delta9-THC. Both pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication increased with dosage.", "contents": "Marijuana: dose effects on pulse rate, subjective estimates of intoxication, free recall and recognition memory. The effect of marijuana on memory as measured by free recall and recognition, pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication was evaluated in 16 male volunteers. Marijuana containing 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg delta9-THC was administered to all subjects by smoking in 4 sessions separated by a 1 week interval. Free recall was reduced in a dose related manner by the drug, but recognition memory was unaffected. A 2 sec word presentation rate produced inferior recall in comparison to a 4 sec rate, but this variable did not interact with drug condition. Intrusion errors increased following intoxication but this effect was not systematically related to dosage of delta9-THC. Both pulse rate and self ratings of intoxication increased with dosage.", "PMID": 733845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1566", "title": "Nitrous oxide-induced conditioned taste aversions in rats: the role of duration of drug exposure and its relation to the taste aversion-self-administration \"paradox\".", "content": "Inhalation by rats of nitrous oxide immediately after ingestion of a solution of 0.1% saccharin resulted in a conditioned avoidance of the solution following recovery from the drug (Conditioned Taste Aversion). With a constant duration of inhalation (30 min), aversive properties of nitrous oxide in this behavioural paradigm were related to concentration over the range 0-80%. At constant concentrations (70% and 80%), the aversive potency of nitrous oxide was directly related to duration of inhalation of the gas over the range 0-4 hr. These data provide the first direct support for the hypothesis [5,6] that a major determinant of aversive potency of a drug in the taste aversion paradigm is its duration of action. Different temporal components of drug action may mediate self-administration and conditioned aversion.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide-induced conditioned taste aversions in rats: the role of duration of drug exposure and its relation to the taste aversion-self-administration \"paradox\". Inhalation by rats of nitrous oxide immediately after ingestion of a solution of 0.1% saccharin resulted in a conditioned avoidance of the solution following recovery from the drug (Conditioned Taste Aversion). With a constant duration of inhalation (30 min), aversive properties of nitrous oxide in this behavioural paradigm were related to concentration over the range 0-80%. At constant concentrations (70% and 80%), the aversive potency of nitrous oxide was directly related to duration of inhalation of the gas over the range 0-4 hr. These data provide the first direct support for the hypothesis [5,6] that a major determinant of aversive potency of a drug in the taste aversion paradigm is its duration of action. Different temporal components of drug action may mediate self-administration and conditioned aversion.", "PMID": 733846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1567", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 fever in the crayfish Cambarus bartoni.", "content": "Groups of 10 crayfish were injected with prostaglandin E1, at 1 of 3 pharmacological doses (0.5, 0.1 or 0.05 mg), into the haemocoel, and individually allowed to thermoregulate in electronic shuttleboxes for 24 hr. The mean preferred temperature of each group was then compared with their mean preferred temperature for 24 hr prior to injection, and with the mean preferred temperature of 10 crayfish injected with pyrogen-free saline. Dosage-dependent increases in preferred temperature were observed in the crayfish injected with PGE1, ranging from 1 degrees C at the lowest dosage to 3,4 degrees C at the highest dosage, above the normal thermal preferendum for this species of 22.1 degrees C.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 fever in the crayfish Cambarus bartoni. Groups of 10 crayfish were injected with prostaglandin E1, at 1 of 3 pharmacological doses (0.5, 0.1 or 0.05 mg), into the haemocoel, and individually allowed to thermoregulate in electronic shuttleboxes for 24 hr. The mean preferred temperature of each group was then compared with their mean preferred temperature for 24 hr prior to injection, and with the mean preferred temperature of 10 crayfish injected with pyrogen-free saline. Dosage-dependent increases in preferred temperature were observed in the crayfish injected with PGE1, ranging from 1 degrees C at the lowest dosage to 3,4 degrees C at the highest dosage, above the normal thermal preferendum for this species of 22.1 degrees C.", "PMID": 733847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1568", "title": "Dual action effects of morphine on the electrical activity of the dorsal tegmentum.", "content": "The midbrain tegmentum has been identified as an important locus for development of negative reinforcement with electrical stimulation of the brain. It also plays a central role in the motivational-affective component of pain, and is a site of the analgesic action of morphine. The present study reports the effects of morphine on the electrical activity of areas of the dorsal tegmentum of rats that were also tested for the aversive effects of brain stimulation. The results of spectral analysis of the EEG indicated that IP injections of 16 mg/kg of morphine significantly depressed intensity of EEG, while 8 mg/kg of morphine tended to increase intensity. The results were interpreted in terms of the dual action hypothesis of morphine action and Winters' model of drug effects on electrical activity of the brain. It was concluded that morphine may produce complementary inhibitory and excitatory effects on the negative and positive reinforcement systems of the brain respectively.", "contents": "Dual action effects of morphine on the electrical activity of the dorsal tegmentum. The midbrain tegmentum has been identified as an important locus for development of negative reinforcement with electrical stimulation of the brain. It also plays a central role in the motivational-affective component of pain, and is a site of the analgesic action of morphine. The present study reports the effects of morphine on the electrical activity of areas of the dorsal tegmentum of rats that were also tested for the aversive effects of brain stimulation. The results of spectral analysis of the EEG indicated that IP injections of 16 mg/kg of morphine significantly depressed intensity of EEG, while 8 mg/kg of morphine tended to increase intensity. The results were interpreted in terms of the dual action hypothesis of morphine action and Winters' model of drug effects on electrical activity of the brain. It was concluded that morphine may produce complementary inhibitory and excitatory effects on the negative and positive reinforcement systems of the brain respectively.", "PMID": 733848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1569", "title": "Effects of catecholamine manipulations on three different self-stimulation behaviors.", "content": "Rats with self-stimulation electrodes in the medial part of lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the lateral part of LH were trained to bar press, to run in a continuous, square-shaped runway, and to move their tails from side to side while otherwise restrained, all using LH stimulation on an FI 2 sec schedule as the reinforcement. At low doses of pimozide (a dopaminergic blocker) or of FLA-57 (a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) different effects on rates of responding were observed on each of the three tasks at the two electrode placements, indicating that the rate reductions were not the results of specific performance effects of the drugs. The patterns of rate changes suggested that the effects of LH stimulation on behavior in the runway were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a dopaminergic system; that the effects of LH stimulation on tail movement were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a noradrenergic system; and that the effect of LH stimulation on bar pressing was mediated by both, or either of these substrates. These results suggest that the reinforcement of behavior by LH stimulation is flexibly mediated by at least two different neural systems.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamine manipulations on three different self-stimulation behaviors. Rats with self-stimulation electrodes in the medial part of lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the lateral part of LH were trained to bar press, to run in a continuous, square-shaped runway, and to move their tails from side to side while otherwise restrained, all using LH stimulation on an FI 2 sec schedule as the reinforcement. At low doses of pimozide (a dopaminergic blocker) or of FLA-57 (a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) different effects on rates of responding were observed on each of the three tasks at the two electrode placements, indicating that the rate reductions were not the results of specific performance effects of the drugs. The patterns of rate changes suggested that the effects of LH stimulation on behavior in the runway were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a dopaminergic system; that the effects of LH stimulation on tail movement were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a noradrenergic system; and that the effect of LH stimulation on bar pressing was mediated by both, or either of these substrates. These results suggest that the reinforcement of behavior by LH stimulation is flexibly mediated by at least two different neural systems.", "PMID": 733849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1570", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on schedule-induced escape.", "content": "Pigeons were trained to respond on a fixed-ratio schedule during which 90 responses produced 3 sec of grain reinforcement (FR 90). Concurrently, a separate key was available on which a response initiated a time-out from the FR schedule and turned off the discriminative stimuli associated with the FR. A second response on the same key terminated the time-out and reinstated the fixed ratio. The pigeons demonstrated a pattern of escape responding immediately following the grain reinforcement. d-Amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before a probe session. During the probe sessions grain presentation was decreased to 2 sec to generate maximum escape responding. The FR response rate showed a dose related increase with doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, while the same doses produced a dose related decrease in the rate of schedule-induced escape. The highest dose of 3.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine eliminated FR and schedule-induced escape responding in all but one animal. The drug effects on a topographically similar response from the same animal during the same session suggests differential effects on schedule-controlled and schedule-induced behavior.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on schedule-induced escape. Pigeons were trained to respond on a fixed-ratio schedule during which 90 responses produced 3 sec of grain reinforcement (FR 90). Concurrently, a separate key was available on which a response initiated a time-out from the FR schedule and turned off the discriminative stimuli associated with the FR. A second response on the same key terminated the time-out and reinstated the fixed ratio. The pigeons demonstrated a pattern of escape responding immediately following the grain reinforcement. d-Amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before a probe session. During the probe sessions grain presentation was decreased to 2 sec to generate maximum escape responding. The FR response rate showed a dose related increase with doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, while the same doses produced a dose related decrease in the rate of schedule-induced escape. The highest dose of 3.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine eliminated FR and schedule-induced escape responding in all but one animal. The drug effects on a topographically similar response from the same animal during the same session suggests differential effects on schedule-controlled and schedule-induced behavior.", "PMID": 733850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1571", "title": "Food and water intake, meal patterns and activity of obese and lean Zucker rats following chronic and acute treatment with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "A series of experiments investigated the effects of delta9-THC on food and water intakes and wheel-running activity of Zucker rats. Following chronic drug treatment (15 days), food and water intakes of all rats were suppressed, but intakes and body weights of the obese rats recovered more slowly than those of lean rats. Acute effects of the drug (24 hr) were examined using techniques of meal pattern analysis and were discussed in relation to known patterns of anorectic drug action. The drug-induced anorexia was both delayed and of short duration, with no rebound eating observed for either solid or liquid diets. Both feeding rate and meal size were reduced, but meal frequency was transiently increased. The time of onset of the first meal remained unchanged. The time course of the suppression of feeding was paralleled by a suppression in running-wheel activity. These findings suggest that the drug-induced reduction in food and water intake may be the result of a decreased level of arousal.", "contents": "Food and water intake, meal patterns and activity of obese and lean Zucker rats following chronic and acute treatment with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. A series of experiments investigated the effects of delta9-THC on food and water intakes and wheel-running activity of Zucker rats. Following chronic drug treatment (15 days), food and water intakes of all rats were suppressed, but intakes and body weights of the obese rats recovered more slowly than those of lean rats. Acute effects of the drug (24 hr) were examined using techniques of meal pattern analysis and were discussed in relation to known patterns of anorectic drug action. The drug-induced anorexia was both delayed and of short duration, with no rebound eating observed for either solid or liquid diets. Both feeding rate and meal size were reduced, but meal frequency was transiently increased. The time of onset of the first meal remained unchanged. The time course of the suppression of feeding was paralleled by a suppression in running-wheel activity. These findings suggest that the drug-induced reduction in food and water intake may be the result of a decreased level of arousal.", "PMID": 733851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1572", "title": "Pre-exposure to morphine and the attenuation of conditioned taste aversion in rats.", "content": "Three experiments were done using male Wistar rats to determine whether the mechanisms underlying the attenuation of a conditioned taste aversion to morphine by pre-exposure to the drug were similar to those involved in the development of tolerance to the analgesic response to morphine. This was tested by determining whether the effect of pre-exposure on conditioned taste aversion was situation-specific. In Experiment 1 it was found that having different environments for the pre-exposure injections and for the conditioning injections of morphine had no effect on the attenuation of the taste aversion. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 in which it was also found that the attenuation of the analgesic effect, tested for in the same animals, was specific to the environment in which repeated injections were given. It was concluded that the attenuation of conditioned taste aversion involved processes different from those responsible for the attenuation of the analgesic effect of morphine. Experiment 3 showed that pairing the pre-exposure injections of morphine with one distinctive taste stimulus prevented the attenuation of the conditioned taste aversion to a second taste stimulus. These results suggest that different associative processes are responsible for the two types of attenuation.", "contents": "Pre-exposure to morphine and the attenuation of conditioned taste aversion in rats. Three experiments were done using male Wistar rats to determine whether the mechanisms underlying the attenuation of a conditioned taste aversion to morphine by pre-exposure to the drug were similar to those involved in the development of tolerance to the analgesic response to morphine. This was tested by determining whether the effect of pre-exposure on conditioned taste aversion was situation-specific. In Experiment 1 it was found that having different environments for the pre-exposure injections and for the conditioning injections of morphine had no effect on the attenuation of the taste aversion. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 in which it was also found that the attenuation of the analgesic effect, tested for in the same animals, was specific to the environment in which repeated injections were given. It was concluded that the attenuation of conditioned taste aversion involved processes different from those responsible for the attenuation of the analgesic effect of morphine. Experiment 3 showed that pairing the pre-exposure injections of morphine with one distinctive taste stimulus prevented the attenuation of the conditioned taste aversion to a second taste stimulus. These results suggest that different associative processes are responsible for the two types of attenuation.", "PMID": 733852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1573", "title": "Cesium and rubidium salts: effects on voluntary intake of ethanol by the rat.", "content": "The effects of RbCl and CsCl on voluntary intake of ethanol solution by rats preferring ethanol solution 5% (w/w) over water as the drinking fluid was studied as a function of the dose given and the vehicle injected. Administration of RbCl or CsCl, 0.5 mEq/kg/day or 1.5 mEq/kg/day for three consecutive days, did not alter amounts of ethanol consumed. Repeated administration of RbCl or CsCl, 3.0 mEq/kg/day for three days, produced some moderate reduction in ethanol consumption. Simultaneous injection of RbCl (1.5 mEq/kg) and CsCl (1.5 mEq/kg) resulted in greater and profound lasting decrease in ethanol drinking. The later treatment did not alter specific activities of rat liver alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenase from saline treated controls. In general, dissolving the chloride salt of the alkali metals in saline resulted in greater effects on ethanol drinking than that determined after identical dose injected with water as the vehicle. The possible mechanism(s) underlying the effects of alkali metal salts used are suggested.", "contents": "Cesium and rubidium salts: effects on voluntary intake of ethanol by the rat. The effects of RbCl and CsCl on voluntary intake of ethanol solution by rats preferring ethanol solution 5% (w/w) over water as the drinking fluid was studied as a function of the dose given and the vehicle injected. Administration of RbCl or CsCl, 0.5 mEq/kg/day or 1.5 mEq/kg/day for three consecutive days, did not alter amounts of ethanol consumed. Repeated administration of RbCl or CsCl, 3.0 mEq/kg/day for three days, produced some moderate reduction in ethanol consumption. Simultaneous injection of RbCl (1.5 mEq/kg) and CsCl (1.5 mEq/kg) resulted in greater and profound lasting decrease in ethanol drinking. The later treatment did not alter specific activities of rat liver alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenase from saline treated controls. In general, dissolving the chloride salt of the alkali metals in saline resulted in greater effects on ethanol drinking than that determined after identical dose injected with water as the vehicle. The possible mechanism(s) underlying the effects of alkali metal salts used are suggested.", "PMID": 733853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1574", "title": "Effects of steroids on behavior, electrophysiology, water content and intracranial pressure in cerebral cytotoxic edema.", "content": "The effect of therapy with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (5.33 mg/kg/day) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg/kg/day) on grey matter of rabbits rendered edematous by a metabolic blocker, 6-aminonicotinamide, is presented. Methylprednisolone was observed to significantly reduce the water content of the grey matter (p less than 0.001), whereas dexamethasone had little effect. Both agents, however, were equally effective in reducing intracranial pressure (p less than 0.001) and improving intracranial elastance, when compared to untreated animals. However, in the dexamethasone-treated group, there was improved behavior and EEG findings in 50% of the animals when compared to the untreated controls, and similar improvement was present in less than 15% of the methylprednisolone group. The disparity between the effects on water content, behavior and EEG supports the thesis that in cerebral edema these agents have a metabolic effect out of proportion to their effect on tissue water.", "contents": "Effects of steroids on behavior, electrophysiology, water content and intracranial pressure in cerebral cytotoxic edema. The effect of therapy with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (5.33 mg/kg/day) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg/kg/day) on grey matter of rabbits rendered edematous by a metabolic blocker, 6-aminonicotinamide, is presented. Methylprednisolone was observed to significantly reduce the water content of the grey matter (p less than 0.001), whereas dexamethasone had little effect. Both agents, however, were equally effective in reducing intracranial pressure (p less than 0.001) and improving intracranial elastance, when compared to untreated animals. However, in the dexamethasone-treated group, there was improved behavior and EEG findings in 50% of the animals when compared to the untreated controls, and similar improvement was present in less than 15% of the methylprednisolone group. The disparity between the effects on water content, behavior and EEG supports the thesis that in cerebral edema these agents have a metabolic effect out of proportion to their effect on tissue water.", "PMID": 733854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1575", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance.", "content": "The acute effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on a repeated acquisition baseline with timeout from avoidance were investigated in two rats. Each session the animals acquired one of two different three-member response sequences. Each sequence member was associated with a different response lever. The first two correct responses of each sequence postponed shock for a fixed period of time. The third correct response initiated a signalled timeout (30 sec) from avoidance. Incorrect responses did not postpone shock. The baseline performance was characterized by a decrease in errors within each session, similar to patterns of repeated acquisition maintained by food. In comparison to control sessions, both d-amphetamine and cocaine increased errors and altered the pattern of within-session acquisition. d-Amphetamine increased the rate of sequence completion and the rate of shock delivery in both animals. Cocaine increased the rate of sequence completion in one animal and increased the rate of shock delivery for the other.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance. The acute effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on a repeated acquisition baseline with timeout from avoidance were investigated in two rats. Each session the animals acquired one of two different three-member response sequences. Each sequence member was associated with a different response lever. The first two correct responses of each sequence postponed shock for a fixed period of time. The third correct response initiated a signalled timeout (30 sec) from avoidance. Incorrect responses did not postpone shock. The baseline performance was characterized by a decrease in errors within each session, similar to patterns of repeated acquisition maintained by food. In comparison to control sessions, both d-amphetamine and cocaine increased errors and altered the pattern of within-session acquisition. d-Amphetamine increased the rate of sequence completion and the rate of shock delivery in both animals. Cocaine increased the rate of sequence completion in one animal and increased the rate of shock delivery for the other.", "PMID": 733855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1576", "title": "Perinatal methadone exposure and its influence on the behavioral ontogeny of rats.", "content": "The ontogeny of spontaneous motor and sensorimotor behaviors were evaluated daily from postnatal days 2 to 19 in rats maternally exposed to methadone (5 mg/kg) throughout gestation and/or lactation. In the methadone-treated groups, the age at which a specific behavior initially appeared for any group member and the ages at which 50% and a maximal (usually 100%) number of animals demonstrated a particular behavior was often delayed several days in comparison to controls. In addition, the time interval between the age of initial appearance and maximal achievement of a positive response was protracted. Rats subjected to methadone during either gestation or lactation exhibited the most retarded behavioral development. This study demonstrates that the timetable of behavioral maturation is altered in preweaning rats perinatally exposed to methadone, with the degree of response dependent on the timing and duration of opioid treatment. In addition, these results provide a functional correlate to our earlier observations of macroscopic and neurochemical changes in the brains of methadone-treated offspring.", "contents": "Perinatal methadone exposure and its influence on the behavioral ontogeny of rats. The ontogeny of spontaneous motor and sensorimotor behaviors were evaluated daily from postnatal days 2 to 19 in rats maternally exposed to methadone (5 mg/kg) throughout gestation and/or lactation. In the methadone-treated groups, the age at which a specific behavior initially appeared for any group member and the ages at which 50% and a maximal (usually 100%) number of animals demonstrated a particular behavior was often delayed several days in comparison to controls. In addition, the time interval between the age of initial appearance and maximal achievement of a positive response was protracted. Rats subjected to methadone during either gestation or lactation exhibited the most retarded behavioral development. This study demonstrates that the timetable of behavioral maturation is altered in preweaning rats perinatally exposed to methadone, with the degree of response dependent on the timing and duration of opioid treatment. In addition, these results provide a functional correlate to our earlier observations of macroscopic and neurochemical changes in the brains of methadone-treated offspring.", "PMID": 733856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1577", "title": "Activity of VIP, somatostatin and other peptides in the mouse vas deferens assay.", "content": "Non-opiate peptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin were tested for their effects on electrically induced contractions of the vas deferens. VIP(ED50 = 2.7 X 10(-8) M) and to a lesser extent somatostatin (ED50 = 5.2 X 10(-8) M) were found to be in the same general range of activity as enkephalin and the endorphins in this system. Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) exerted a biphasic effect, inhibiting the contractions at high concentrations but enhancing them at lower concentrations. A number of other natural occurring brain peptides were ineffective at concentrations of 1 X 10(-6) M. Several somatostatin analogues were tested and their activity on the vas deferens was found to more closely parallel their potency to inhibit the release of gastric acid than of growth hormone. In contrast to the brain opiates, however, the inhibitory effects of VIP, somatostatin and its analogues, and HPP were not reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The results suggest that the vas deferens can be readily used for evaluation of analogues of VIP, somatostatin, and other peptides.", "contents": "Activity of VIP, somatostatin and other peptides in the mouse vas deferens assay. Non-opiate peptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin were tested for their effects on electrically induced contractions of the vas deferens. VIP(ED50 = 2.7 X 10(-8) M) and to a lesser extent somatostatin (ED50 = 5.2 X 10(-8) M) were found to be in the same general range of activity as enkephalin and the endorphins in this system. Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) exerted a biphasic effect, inhibiting the contractions at high concentrations but enhancing them at lower concentrations. A number of other natural occurring brain peptides were ineffective at concentrations of 1 X 10(-6) M. Several somatostatin analogues were tested and their activity on the vas deferens was found to more closely parallel their potency to inhibit the release of gastric acid than of growth hormone. In contrast to the brain opiates, however, the inhibitory effects of VIP, somatostatin and its analogues, and HPP were not reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The results suggest that the vas deferens can be readily used for evaluation of analogues of VIP, somatostatin, and other peptides.", "PMID": 733857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1578", "title": "Effect of imipramine on serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "One hour following an infusion of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine, animals were injected with either 15 mg/kg imipramine hydrochloride or 0.9% NaCl and then the lateral hypothalamus was perfused for 40 min. Samples of perfusate were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine and metabolites. The results indicate that impramine hydrochloride 15 mg/kg decreases serotonin release and turnover in the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of imipramine on serotonin turnover in the lateral hypothalamus. One hour following an infusion of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine, animals were injected with either 15 mg/kg imipramine hydrochloride or 0.9% NaCl and then the lateral hypothalamus was perfused for 40 min. Samples of perfusate were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine and metabolites. The results indicate that impramine hydrochloride 15 mg/kg decreases serotonin release and turnover in the lateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 733858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1579", "title": "Automatic measurement of drinking in rats: effects of hypophysectomy.", "content": "A new apparatus for the continuous measurement of drinking in the rats was assembled. The principle of the device is as follows: a cartridge which makes water drops (0.05 ml) is inserted between a water tank and a drinking spout. When a rat drinks, water falls into the cartridge drop by drop and the number of drops is electrically counted. The total count of drops per day, as well as counts at definite intervals, can be atuomatically printed out. To test apparatus reliability and applicability, drinking behavior in hypophysectomized rats was investigated in the light and dark phases, alternating every 12 hr. Activity and feeding in these phases were also observed. In the sham-operated rats, the total daily water intake was 30-40 ml, which corresponded to 10-15% of the body weight, and 85-95% of the total daily drinking counts were recorded in the dark phase. In the hypophysectomized rats, a large amount of water was drunk immediately after the operation. However, the high rate of drinking rapidly returned to near the normal level within a few days. Drinking in the dark phase decreased to about 75% of the total daily, but synchronization with the light-dark cycle was still maintained. The daily patterns of activity and eating ran nearly parallel with the drinking behavior. These results indicate that our drinkometer could have extensive applications within many fields of research.", "contents": "Automatic measurement of drinking in rats: effects of hypophysectomy. A new apparatus for the continuous measurement of drinking in the rats was assembled. The principle of the device is as follows: a cartridge which makes water drops (0.05 ml) is inserted between a water tank and a drinking spout. When a rat drinks, water falls into the cartridge drop by drop and the number of drops is electrically counted. The total count of drops per day, as well as counts at definite intervals, can be atuomatically printed out. To test apparatus reliability and applicability, drinking behavior in hypophysectomized rats was investigated in the light and dark phases, alternating every 12 hr. Activity and feeding in these phases were also observed. In the sham-operated rats, the total daily water intake was 30-40 ml, which corresponded to 10-15% of the body weight, and 85-95% of the total daily drinking counts were recorded in the dark phase. In the hypophysectomized rats, a large amount of water was drunk immediately after the operation. However, the high rate of drinking rapidly returned to near the normal level within a few days. Drinking in the dark phase decreased to about 75% of the total daily, but synchronization with the light-dark cycle was still maintained. The daily patterns of activity and eating ran nearly parallel with the drinking behavior. These results indicate that our drinkometer could have extensive applications within many fields of research.", "PMID": 733859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1580", "title": "Self-administration of morphine in the rat: relative influence of fixed ratio and time-out.", "content": "Rats were offered 3.2 mg/kg of morphine sulfate on a continuous reinforcement schedule until the daily injection rate had stabilized. The effect of fixed ratio schedules of 4 and 8 were compared to imposing time-out periods of 5 and 10 sec immediately followed each injection. The fixed ratio schedules decreased the injection rate while the time-out schedules had no effect. The hypothesis that the effect of a fixed ratio schedule is a consequence of imposing a time-out period, allowing full effects of the injection to be sensed, is not supported.", "contents": "Self-administration of morphine in the rat: relative influence of fixed ratio and time-out. Rats were offered 3.2 mg/kg of morphine sulfate on a continuous reinforcement schedule until the daily injection rate had stabilized. The effect of fixed ratio schedules of 4 and 8 were compared to imposing time-out periods of 5 and 10 sec immediately followed each injection. The fixed ratio schedules decreased the injection rate while the time-out schedules had no effect. The hypothesis that the effect of a fixed ratio schedule is a consequence of imposing a time-out period, allowing full effects of the injection to be sensed, is not supported.", "PMID": 733860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1581", "title": "Hippocampal activation and incorporation of macromolecule precursors.", "content": "The effect of rhythmic slow wave activity (theta rhythm) on the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-fucose into the total proteins of different hippocampus areas was studied. The theta rhythm was elicited by electrical stimulation of medial septum nuclei. An increase in 3H-leucine incorporation into the total proteins of CA 3 and CA 1 sectors of the hippocampus was observed, whereas the stimulation had no influence on precursor incorporation into the complex CA 4/area dentata. In contrast to these findings 3H-fucose incorporation into hippocampal proteins was not influenced by electrical stimulation of the medial septum. These findings are discussed in comparison to the results obtained in a learning experiment, which revealed an increased incorporation of both leucine and focuse into hippocampal proteins.", "contents": "Hippocampal activation and incorporation of macromolecule precursors. The effect of rhythmic slow wave activity (theta rhythm) on the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-fucose into the total proteins of different hippocampus areas was studied. The theta rhythm was elicited by electrical stimulation of medial septum nuclei. An increase in 3H-leucine incorporation into the total proteins of CA 3 and CA 1 sectors of the hippocampus was observed, whereas the stimulation had no influence on precursor incorporation into the complex CA 4/area dentata. In contrast to these findings 3H-fucose incorporation into hippocampal proteins was not influenced by electrical stimulation of the medial septum. These findings are discussed in comparison to the results obtained in a learning experiment, which revealed an increased incorporation of both leucine and focuse into hippocampal proteins.", "PMID": 733861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1582", "title": "Steroidal derivatives. Part 1: some novel steroidal thiosemicarbazones. Their synthesis, anticancer and endocrinological activities.", "content": "The synthesis of several novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives of steroids, including estrogens and androgens, is described. Evaluation of the products in P 388 Lymphocytic Leukemia indicated no anticancer activity. The endocrinological screening showed that estrogenicity is slightly reduced but not abolished in the thiosemicarbazones derived from estrone-3-methyl ether (compounds 1, 2 and 4). The androgenic activity of the thiosemicarbazones derived from testosterone (compounds 7--9) was more pronounced than that of testosterone. Among the same thiosemicarbazone derivatives 7--9, only o-tolyl derivative 8 exhibited anabolic activity.", "contents": "Steroidal derivatives. Part 1: some novel steroidal thiosemicarbazones. Their synthesis, anticancer and endocrinological activities. The synthesis of several novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives of steroids, including estrogens and androgens, is described. Evaluation of the products in P 388 Lymphocytic Leukemia indicated no anticancer activity. The endocrinological screening showed that estrogenicity is slightly reduced but not abolished in the thiosemicarbazones derived from estrone-3-methyl ether (compounds 1, 2 and 4). The androgenic activity of the thiosemicarbazones derived from testosterone (compounds 7--9) was more pronounced than that of testosterone. Among the same thiosemicarbazone derivatives 7--9, only o-tolyl derivative 8 exhibited anabolic activity.", "PMID": 733869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1583", "title": "Synthesis and molluscicidal activity evaluation of some nitroquinolines.", "content": "Synthesis of some nitroquinoline acrylamides, nitrovinylquinolines and quinoline Mannich bases has been carried out. Screening of the synthesized compounds for molluscicidal activity is reported.", "contents": "Synthesis and molluscicidal activity evaluation of some nitroquinolines. Synthesis of some nitroquinoline acrylamides, nitrovinylquinolines and quinoline Mannich bases has been carried out. Screening of the synthesized compounds for molluscicidal activity is reported.", "PMID": 733870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1584", "title": "Kinetics of drug degradation. Part 58: a method of preparation and the stability of 3% aqueous indometacin solution.", "content": "A method was worked out which allows one to obtain 3% aqueous indometacin solution. The above can be done by solubilization of indometacin by means of ethyl carbamate and ethylurea in the concentration of 30% each and boiling the mixture for 30 s. The stability of indometacin in the above solution was checked with respect to elevated temperatures and exaggerated UV light conditions and compared with the stability of the same solution but without the solubilizing agents. It appears that the solubilizing agents diminish both the hydrolytic as well as the photochemical degradation processes of indometacin. 3% aqueous indometacin solution is stable for 25 months at 20 degrees C, and it is practically non-susceptible to the effects of diffused light for many years. The indometacin solution proposed shows low acidity (pH = 6.95). It is believed that the above solution can be introduced to everyday medical treatment.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug degradation. Part 58: a method of preparation and the stability of 3% aqueous indometacin solution. A method was worked out which allows one to obtain 3% aqueous indometacin solution. The above can be done by solubilization of indometacin by means of ethyl carbamate and ethylurea in the concentration of 30% each and boiling the mixture for 30 s. The stability of indometacin in the above solution was checked with respect to elevated temperatures and exaggerated UV light conditions and compared with the stability of the same solution but without the solubilizing agents. It appears that the solubilizing agents diminish both the hydrolytic as well as the photochemical degradation processes of indometacin. 3% aqueous indometacin solution is stable for 25 months at 20 degrees C, and it is practically non-susceptible to the effects of diffused light for many years. The indometacin solution proposed shows low acidity (pH = 6.95). It is believed that the above solution can be introduced to everyday medical treatment.", "PMID": 733872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1585", "title": "The in vitro adsorption of some antiepileptics on antacids.", "content": "The adsorption of the antiepileptics sulthiame, phenytoin, mephenytoin, mesuximide, phensuximide, ethosuximide, and primidone on various antacids or adsorbents was studied at 37 degrees C. The antacids or adsorbents used were magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide, bismuth oxidcarbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate. Magnesium trisilicate was found to be the strongest adsorbent for most of the antiepileptics tested. The other antacids or adsorbents were without an appreciable effect. Sulthiame exhibited the highest degree of interaction with magnesium trisilicate. Mesuximide, phensuximide and primidone showed intermediate adsorption properties. Mephenytoin and phenytoin had lower adsorption characters, while ethosuximide was the least adsorbed antiepileptic tested. The extent of elution was found to be inversely proportional to adsorption. Alkaline solution gave relatively higher eluting power than acid solution. The mechanism of adsorption of the various antiepileptics on antacids was discussed. The effect of magnesium trisilicate on the bioavailability of coadministered antiepileptics has still to be confirmed by in vivo testing.", "contents": "The in vitro adsorption of some antiepileptics on antacids. The adsorption of the antiepileptics sulthiame, phenytoin, mephenytoin, mesuximide, phensuximide, ethosuximide, and primidone on various antacids or adsorbents was studied at 37 degrees C. The antacids or adsorbents used were magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide, bismuth oxidcarbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate. Magnesium trisilicate was found to be the strongest adsorbent for most of the antiepileptics tested. The other antacids or adsorbents were without an appreciable effect. Sulthiame exhibited the highest degree of interaction with magnesium trisilicate. Mesuximide, phensuximide and primidone showed intermediate adsorption properties. Mephenytoin and phenytoin had lower adsorption characters, while ethosuximide was the least adsorbed antiepileptic tested. The extent of elution was found to be inversely proportional to adsorption. Alkaline solution gave relatively higher eluting power than acid solution. The mechanism of adsorption of the various antiepileptics on antacids was discussed. The effect of magnesium trisilicate on the bioavailability of coadministered antiepileptics has still to be confirmed by in vivo testing.", "PMID": 733874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1586", "title": "The effect of date of sowing and plant spacing on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.).", "content": "Wider spacing produced taller fennel plants. The compound umbels per plant increased as the distance between plants increased. The yield of seed per plant was greater in wider spacing. On the other hand, the medium space (30 cm) produced higher seed and oil contant per acre. Early sown plants produced taller plants, with higher compound umbels. The oil percentage was not affected while higher yield of seed and oil were significantly obtained.", "contents": "The effect of date of sowing and plant spacing on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Wider spacing produced taller fennel plants. The compound umbels per plant increased as the distance between plants increased. The yield of seed per plant was greater in wider spacing. On the other hand, the medium space (30 cm) produced higher seed and oil contant per acre. Early sown plants produced taller plants, with higher compound umbels. The oil percentage was not affected while higher yield of seed and oil were significantly obtained.", "PMID": 733879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1587", "title": "The effect of fertilizer treatments on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.).", "content": "Nitrogen fertilization gave higher number of compound umbels and increased oil percentage, seed yield and oil yield with increase in dose. Phosphorus and potassium produced significant increase in the previons aspects with the second dose only.", "contents": "The effect of fertilizer treatments on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Nitrogen fertilization gave higher number of compound umbels and increased oil percentage, seed yield and oil yield with increase in dose. Phosphorus and potassium produced significant increase in the previons aspects with the second dose only.", "PMID": 733880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1588", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rabbits with experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Serum protein binding and serum levels of antipyrine, phenytoin and phenylbutazone were measured in rabbits with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate. The kinetics of antipyrine are not altered in the uraemic rabbit. Serum protein binding of phenytoin and phenylbutazone is decreased and the volume of distribution of total drug is increased. The volume of distribution of free phenytoin is unchanged, that of free phenylbutazone is decreased in acute renal failure. The half-lives of phenytoin and phenylbutazone are unchanged, but the serum clearance is increased in experimental acute renal failure. The intrinsic clearance of free drug, i.e. the ability of the liver enzymes to metabolize the drug, is not altered for antipyrine, is increased for phenytoin and is decreased for phenylbutazone. It is difficult to extrapolate these data obtained in rabbits with acute renal failure to humans in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rabbits with experimental acute renal failure. Serum protein binding and serum levels of antipyrine, phenytoin and phenylbutazone were measured in rabbits with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate. The kinetics of antipyrine are not altered in the uraemic rabbit. Serum protein binding of phenytoin and phenylbutazone is decreased and the volume of distribution of total drug is increased. The volume of distribution of free phenytoin is unchanged, that of free phenylbutazone is decreased in acute renal failure. The half-lives of phenytoin and phenylbutazone are unchanged, but the serum clearance is increased in experimental acute renal failure. The intrinsic clearance of free drug, i.e. the ability of the liver enzymes to metabolize the drug, is not altered for antipyrine, is increased for phenytoin and is decreased for phenylbutazone. It is difficult to extrapolate these data obtained in rabbits with acute renal failure to humans in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 733890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1589", "title": "Evaluation of the antiasthmatic potential of oxarbazole in guinea pigs.", "content": "Oxarbazole, 9-benzoyl-2,3,4,9,-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1H-carbazole-3-carboxylic acid, inhibited bronchoconstriction induced by a crude SRS-A preparation or by bradykinin in dose-related manner in anesthetized guinea pigs. Oxarbazole was ineffective against bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, carbachol, serotonin, or PGF2alpha. Inhibition of bonchoconstriction induced by the crude SRS-A preparation by oxarbazole was unimpeded by the presence of beta-adrenergic- or cholinergic-blocking agents, but it could be overcome by increased doses of the SRS-A preparation.", "contents": "Evaluation of the antiasthmatic potential of oxarbazole in guinea pigs. Oxarbazole, 9-benzoyl-2,3,4,9,-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1H-carbazole-3-carboxylic acid, inhibited bronchoconstriction induced by a crude SRS-A preparation or by bradykinin in dose-related manner in anesthetized guinea pigs. Oxarbazole was ineffective against bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, carbachol, serotonin, or PGF2alpha. Inhibition of bonchoconstriction induced by the crude SRS-A preparation by oxarbazole was unimpeded by the presence of beta-adrenergic- or cholinergic-blocking agents, but it could be overcome by increased doses of the SRS-A preparation.", "PMID": 733892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1590", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital administration on levels of physiological antioxidants in rat liver.", "content": "Administration of phenobarbital to rats over a period of 5 days was shown to increase hepatic lipid peroxidation concomitant with induction of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductase. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increase in lipid peroxidation was due to a lowering in hepatic antioxidants. The results show that increased lipid peroxidation was not due to a decreased level of antioxidants since the fat-soluble antioxidants were unchanged and ascorbate, a water-soluble antioxidant, was elevated. The relationship of the increase in hepatic ascorbate to enhanced lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital administration on levels of physiological antioxidants in rat liver. Administration of phenobarbital to rats over a period of 5 days was shown to increase hepatic lipid peroxidation concomitant with induction of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductase. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increase in lipid peroxidation was due to a lowering in hepatic antioxidants. The results show that increased lipid peroxidation was not due to a decreased level of antioxidants since the fat-soluble antioxidants were unchanged and ascorbate, a water-soluble antioxidant, was elevated. The relationship of the increase in hepatic ascorbate to enhanced lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "PMID": 733893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1591", "title": "Edge contrast in ionography.", "content": "The effect of Mylar foil thickness on the appearance of ionography images has been investigated. Approximate expressions for the depletion width of strips and halfplanes of charge are given with supporting experimental measurements. In microdensitometer traces of charged strips and halfplanes the density is shown to be proportional to the vertical field profile of the charge pattern near the Mylar. This work suggests a simple means of altering edge contrast for ionography by using different thicknesses of Mylar. Ionography images of a hand phantom illustrate this effect.", "contents": "Edge contrast in ionography. The effect of Mylar foil thickness on the appearance of ionography images has been investigated. Approximate expressions for the depletion width of strips and halfplanes of charge are given with supporting experimental measurements. In microdensitometer traces of charged strips and halfplanes the density is shown to be proportional to the vertical field profile of the charge pattern near the Mylar. This work suggests a simple means of altering edge contrast for ionography by using different thicknesses of Mylar. Ionography images of a hand phantom illustrate this effect.", "PMID": 733895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1592", "title": "X-ray scatter data for diagnostic radiology.", "content": "The ratio of the scattered to the total X-ray fluence (scatter fraction) at the centre of the image plane for X-rays transmitted through polystyrene phantoms has been measured for X-ray energies of 32 and 69 keV, X-ray beam diameters from 4 to 40 cm, phantom thicknesses from 5 to 30 cm and phantom-to-image-plane separations from 0.3 to 40 cm. The experimental values for this ratio have less than a 10% variation for these two X-ray energies and the experimental data show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and available experimental results for low atomic number materials. Based on these results, simple curves are generated which give estimates (+/- 10%) of the scatter fraction for all combinations of the geometric parameters encountered in diagnostic radiology.", "contents": "X-ray scatter data for diagnostic radiology. The ratio of the scattered to the total X-ray fluence (scatter fraction) at the centre of the image plane for X-rays transmitted through polystyrene phantoms has been measured for X-ray energies of 32 and 69 keV, X-ray beam diameters from 4 to 40 cm, phantom thicknesses from 5 to 30 cm and phantom-to-image-plane separations from 0.3 to 40 cm. The experimental values for this ratio have less than a 10% variation for these two X-ray energies and the experimental data show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and available experimental results for low atomic number materials. Based on these results, simple curves are generated which give estimates (+/- 10%) of the scatter fraction for all combinations of the geometric parameters encountered in diagnostic radiology.", "PMID": 733896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1593", "title": "Electron contamination of a high-energy X-ray beam.", "content": "The Lorentz force on an electron is utilised to separate out the electron component from the open beam of a Clinac-18, operating in the X-ray mode. The experimental arrangement is such that the mixed beam (comprising the primary photons, the scattered photons and the contamination electrons) enters an external magnetic field, which is perpendicular to the central axis of the beam. The electron contribution is analysed as a function of collimator setting, depth and distance. Based on the data, one is led to believe that the shift in dmax with field size is due to a relative enhancement in the soft X-ray component as the collimator jaws are opened.", "contents": "Electron contamination of a high-energy X-ray beam. The Lorentz force on an electron is utilised to separate out the electron component from the open beam of a Clinac-18, operating in the X-ray mode. The experimental arrangement is such that the mixed beam (comprising the primary photons, the scattered photons and the contamination electrons) enters an external magnetic field, which is perpendicular to the central axis of the beam. The electron contribution is analysed as a function of collimator setting, depth and distance. Based on the data, one is led to believe that the shift in dmax with field size is due to a relative enhancement in the soft X-ray component as the collimator jaws are opened.", "PMID": 733897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1594", "title": "Combined cortical thickness and bone density determination by photon absorptiometry.", "content": "Bone cortical thickness and density were measured in rat femurs in vitro by a photon absorptiometry technique. A scan perpendicular to the long bone axis using photons from highly collimated 109Cd or 125I sources yielded the bone wall thickness and attenuation at mid-shaft. A second scan after the bone was rotated axially 90 degrees was taken to measure the wall or shaft thickness identically responsible for the mid-shaft attenuation of the first scan. The mid-shaft attenuation of the second scan was due to the bone thickness derived from the first scan; thus two complementary measurements are derived by this technique. The bone density is then directly calculated with an estimated accuracy of 10% (coefficient of variation) using empirically determined mass attenuation coefficients. Measurements of mass attenuation coefficients of ashed and dried samples were compared with calculated coefficients for estimated bone composition. Results indicate that the mass attenuation coefficient for bone in vivo can be well estimated such that bone density can be accurately derived from this technique.", "contents": "Combined cortical thickness and bone density determination by photon absorptiometry. Bone cortical thickness and density were measured in rat femurs in vitro by a photon absorptiometry technique. A scan perpendicular to the long bone axis using photons from highly collimated 109Cd or 125I sources yielded the bone wall thickness and attenuation at mid-shaft. A second scan after the bone was rotated axially 90 degrees was taken to measure the wall or shaft thickness identically responsible for the mid-shaft attenuation of the first scan. The mid-shaft attenuation of the second scan was due to the bone thickness derived from the first scan; thus two complementary measurements are derived by this technique. The bone density is then directly calculated with an estimated accuracy of 10% (coefficient of variation) using empirically determined mass attenuation coefficients. Measurements of mass attenuation coefficients of ashed and dried samples were compared with calculated coefficients for estimated bone composition. Results indicate that the mass attenuation coefficient for bone in vivo can be well estimated such that bone density can be accurately derived from this technique.", "PMID": 733899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1595", "title": "Radiobiological aspects of supralinear photographic emulsions.", "content": "Nuclear emulsions of the Ilford K series, exposed to X-rays from 15 to 150 kVp and systematically underdeveloped, exhibit supralinear blackness--exposure curves ranging from 1- to 4-hit in character, and whose shape is the same at all excitation voltages. Processing can be so adjusted that the curve shape is well represented by the alpha--beta model, and matches an experimental dose--response curve obtained with hamster cells after irradiation with gamma rays. The effective grain size of these emulsions is 1.3 micron when normalised to unit density material for comparison with the radiation sensitive elements of biological cells. With fractionated exposures, response curves which mimic Elkind recovery are produced.", "contents": "Radiobiological aspects of supralinear photographic emulsions. Nuclear emulsions of the Ilford K series, exposed to X-rays from 15 to 150 kVp and systematically underdeveloped, exhibit supralinear blackness--exposure curves ranging from 1- to 4-hit in character, and whose shape is the same at all excitation voltages. Processing can be so adjusted that the curve shape is well represented by the alpha--beta model, and matches an experimental dose--response curve obtained with hamster cells after irradiation with gamma rays. The effective grain size of these emulsions is 1.3 micron when normalised to unit density material for comparison with the radiation sensitive elements of biological cells. With fractionated exposures, response curves which mimic Elkind recovery are produced.", "PMID": 733900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1596", "title": "Calculated yields and slowing-down spectra for electrons in liquid water: implications for electron and photon RBE.", "content": "Detailed Monte Carlo calculations have been carried out of slowing-down spectra and yields for a number of end-points for electrons in liquid water. These investigations were made to study differences in physical effects of different low-LET radiations and implications for RBE. Initial electron energies from 1 keV to 1 MeV were used, and all secondary electrons were followed in the computations unitl their energies fell below 10 eV. Though there are substantial differences in the slowing-down spectra at energies near and above the K-shell ionisation potential of oxygen, the energy spectrum of electrons at lower energies is found to be essentially independent of the initial energy of the primary electron. The number of events per unit energy deposited is also essentially independent of the primary electron energy. Based on these calculations, there appears to be little basis for ascribing differences in RBE for low-LET radiations to differences in physical effects produced by secondary electrons of low energy (less than or equal to 1 keV).", "contents": "Calculated yields and slowing-down spectra for electrons in liquid water: implications for electron and photon RBE. Detailed Monte Carlo calculations have been carried out of slowing-down spectra and yields for a number of end-points for electrons in liquid water. These investigations were made to study differences in physical effects of different low-LET radiations and implications for RBE. Initial electron energies from 1 keV to 1 MeV were used, and all secondary electrons were followed in the computations unitl their energies fell below 10 eV. Though there are substantial differences in the slowing-down spectra at energies near and above the K-shell ionisation potential of oxygen, the energy spectrum of electrons at lower energies is found to be essentially independent of the initial energy of the primary electron. The number of events per unit energy deposited is also essentially independent of the primary electron energy. Based on these calculations, there appears to be little basis for ascribing differences in RBE for low-LET radiations to differences in physical effects produced by secondary electrons of low energy (less than or equal to 1 keV).", "PMID": 733904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1597", "title": "Energy dependence of W for alpha particles in N2, CO2, CH4, Ar, H2 and Rossi-type tissue-equivalent gases.", "content": "Average energy required to form an ion pair (W) was determined in N2, CO2, CH4, Ar, H2 and Rossi-type tissue-equivalent gas. Alpha particles from a 241Am source were used. W was determined at alpha energies of 5.37, 3.12, 1.08 and 0.46 MeV. The ratio of total ionisation produced (for fixed alpha particle energy) in experimental gas to that produced in argon was measured. This ratio was then multiplied by the previously determined W value for argon gas (26.29 eV per ion pair) to yield W for various experimental gases. Energy of the 241Am alpha particles was degraded by using air as an absorbing material. Empirical relations W = alpha + betaE-1/2 and W = alpha1 + beta1E-1 were fitted to the experimental data. Both functions fit reasonably well in the range 0.4--5.37 MeV. Below about 0.4 MeV the first function provides a better fit to the data of Boring et al. (1965).", "contents": "Energy dependence of W for alpha particles in N2, CO2, CH4, Ar, H2 and Rossi-type tissue-equivalent gases. Average energy required to form an ion pair (W) was determined in N2, CO2, CH4, Ar, H2 and Rossi-type tissue-equivalent gas. Alpha particles from a 241Am source were used. W was determined at alpha energies of 5.37, 3.12, 1.08 and 0.46 MeV. The ratio of total ionisation produced (for fixed alpha particle energy) in experimental gas to that produced in argon was measured. This ratio was then multiplied by the previously determined W value for argon gas (26.29 eV per ion pair) to yield W for various experimental gases. Energy of the 241Am alpha particles was degraded by using air as an absorbing material. Empirical relations W = alpha + betaE-1/2 and W = alpha1 + beta1E-1 were fitted to the experimental data. Both functions fit reasonably well in the range 0.4--5.37 MeV. Below about 0.4 MeV the first function provides a better fit to the data of Boring et al. (1965).", "PMID": 733905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1598", "title": "A simple and inexpensive method for the recording of scintillation camera data at low and moderate count rates.", "content": "In a small routine nuclear medicine department the majority of imaging on a gamma camera involves count rates within about 15 000 CPS. The analogue approach described enables images within this range to be recorded without loss of uniformity or resolution. The equipment needed is only two channels per isotope of an instrumentation recorder and simple additional pulse shaping circuitry. For information about an area of interest simple comparators and a pen recorder may be used. The major cost would be the instrumentation recorder (at present a suitable 40 kHz machine is available for about 3000 lbs.). The additional electronics may be quite easily built in a small department at nominal cost, and the rate meter and pen recorder are likely to be found in most departments. The approach has gross limitations and could not be used for studies above about 20 000 CPS, it would only be suitable for slow dynamic studies such as renograms, but the simplicity of the method, the immediate replay on site, and almost instant quantitative data after a patient study without any need for programming, together with the very low cost, make this system attractive for a small routine department without access to a digital computer.", "contents": "A simple and inexpensive method for the recording of scintillation camera data at low and moderate count rates. In a small routine nuclear medicine department the majority of imaging on a gamma camera involves count rates within about 15 000 CPS. The analogue approach described enables images within this range to be recorded without loss of uniformity or resolution. The equipment needed is only two channels per isotope of an instrumentation recorder and simple additional pulse shaping circuitry. For information about an area of interest simple comparators and a pen recorder may be used. The major cost would be the instrumentation recorder (at present a suitable 40 kHz machine is available for about 3000 lbs.). The additional electronics may be quite easily built in a small department at nominal cost, and the rate meter and pen recorder are likely to be found in most departments. The approach has gross limitations and could not be used for studies above about 20 000 CPS, it would only be suitable for slow dynamic studies such as renograms, but the simplicity of the method, the immediate replay on site, and almost instant quantitative data after a patient study without any need for programming, together with the very low cost, make this system attractive for a small routine department without access to a digital computer.", "PMID": 733909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1599", "title": "[Limitations of venous function diagnosis using laboratory apparatus - possibility of errors].", "content": "The authors discuss some questions concerning the limitations and the errors of methods involving the Sonar Doppler, Plethysmography and Phlebodynamics in phlebology diagnosis. The Doppler technique is the most useful one in detecting a valvular insufficiency or a venous obstruction of the thigh. Plethysmography is a simple method of detecting a pelvic or femoral thrombosis. It does not make it possible, on the level of the calf, to make a distinction between a recent thrombosis or a post-thrombotic state. It cannot be used when there is a large edema. It is inadequate for studying the function of the muscular pump of the calf, which can also be done by phlebodynamics. This method is now the most precise technique for quantitatively studying the total function of the muscular pump of the calf. It can be easily reproduced, and the effect of therapeutic measures can thus be anticipated.", "contents": "[Limitations of venous function diagnosis using laboratory apparatus - possibility of errors]. The authors discuss some questions concerning the limitations and the errors of methods involving the Sonar Doppler, Plethysmography and Phlebodynamics in phlebology diagnosis. The Doppler technique is the most useful one in detecting a valvular insufficiency or a venous obstruction of the thigh. Plethysmography is a simple method of detecting a pelvic or femoral thrombosis. It does not make it possible, on the level of the calf, to make a distinction between a recent thrombosis or a post-thrombotic state. It cannot be used when there is a large edema. It is inadequate for studying the function of the muscular pump of the calf, which can also be done by phlebodynamics. This method is now the most precise technique for quantitatively studying the total function of the muscular pump of the calf. It can be easily reproduced, and the effect of therapeutic measures can thus be anticipated.", "PMID": 733918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1600", "title": "[Direct measurement of venous pressure in the lower limbs. Methods and findings].", "content": "The authors discuss the determination of the venous pressure as a routine examination. They describe their method and specify in turn : -- the choice of the place of determination : the dorsal venous arch of the foot ; -- the choice of the type of overload : stepping on site with toes in extension ; -- the surrounding temperature : a diminution of the room temperature considerably affecting the filling time ; -- the investigation, for therapeutic purposes, of the causes of venous insufficiency, putting pneumatic cuffs at various levels. Finally the authors explain this method by means of some examples of results obtained.", "contents": "[Direct measurement of venous pressure in the lower limbs. Methods and findings]. The authors discuss the determination of the venous pressure as a routine examination. They describe their method and specify in turn : -- the choice of the place of determination : the dorsal venous arch of the foot ; -- the choice of the type of overload : stepping on site with toes in extension ; -- the surrounding temperature : a diminution of the room temperature considerably affecting the filling time ; -- the investigation, for therapeutic purposes, of the causes of venous insufficiency, putting pneumatic cuffs at various levels. Finally the authors explain this method by means of some examples of results obtained.", "PMID": 733919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1601", "title": "[Action of the venous pump of the foot in patients with acroangiodermatitis].", "content": "In 1965 Mali and Kuiper described acro-angiodermatitis or pseudo Kaposi. From clinical and histological viewpoints pseudo Kaposi looks exactly like Kaposi angiosarcoma. From a pathogenic viewpoint the authors describe pseudo Kaposi as a long term complication of chronic venous insufficiency. Other authors have described the existence of arterio-venous shunts. Mali and Kuiper have studied pseudo Kaposi with mercury gauge pletysmography. In conclusion the patients with pseudo Kaposi present an insufficiency not only of the muscular pump of the calf but also of the venous pump of the foot.", "contents": "[Action of the venous pump of the foot in patients with acroangiodermatitis]. In 1965 Mali and Kuiper described acro-angiodermatitis or pseudo Kaposi. From clinical and histological viewpoints pseudo Kaposi looks exactly like Kaposi angiosarcoma. From a pathogenic viewpoint the authors describe pseudo Kaposi as a long term complication of chronic venous insufficiency. Other authors have described the existence of arterio-venous shunts. Mali and Kuiper have studied pseudo Kaposi with mercury gauge pletysmography. In conclusion the patients with pseudo Kaposi present an insufficiency not only of the muscular pump of the calf but also of the venous pump of the foot.", "PMID": 733921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1602", "title": "[Doppler ultrasonic probe and oscillograph in phlebology practice].", "content": "The ultrasonic or Doppler probe must become a routine instrument in phlebology. It makes it possible to not only to demonstrate arterial circulatory disorders, but also to approximately estimate the level of secondary effects on the peripheral circulation. Once he knows that there is an arterial pathology, the phlebologist can then decide whether to apply a compressive bandage, to prescribe a degressive support stocking, to inject sclerosing drugs or to resort to foot surgery.", "contents": "[Doppler ultrasonic probe and oscillograph in phlebology practice]. The ultrasonic or Doppler probe must become a routine instrument in phlebology. It makes it possible to not only to demonstrate arterial circulatory disorders, but also to approximately estimate the level of secondary effects on the peripheral circulation. Once he knows that there is an arterial pathology, the phlebologist can then decide whether to apply a compressive bandage, to prescribe a degressive support stocking, to inject sclerosing drugs or to resort to foot surgery.", "PMID": 733916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1603", "title": "[Indications for noninvasive peripheral vascular explorations].", "content": "A rapid and partial review is done, including a rapid examination as was possible in May 1977. A brief description is given of the material used in most laboratories with reference to certain parameters. There follows a list of the circumstances in which they are advisable, that includes surgery, supra-aortic vessels, various circulatory bridles, juvenile arteriopathies, malformations, aneurysms, sympathectomy, venous thrombosis and devaluation... The functional valvular explorations, with pre-eminence of the Doppler, after many years of hesitant progress, have made rapid strides and are bond to improve with each month.", "contents": "[Indications for noninvasive peripheral vascular explorations]. A rapid and partial review is done, including a rapid examination as was possible in May 1977. A brief description is given of the material used in most laboratories with reference to certain parameters. There follows a list of the circumstances in which they are advisable, that includes surgery, supra-aortic vessels, various circulatory bridles, juvenile arteriopathies, malformations, aneurysms, sympathectomy, venous thrombosis and devaluation... The functional valvular explorations, with pre-eminence of the Doppler, after many years of hesitant progress, have made rapid strides and are bond to improve with each month.", "PMID": 733917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1604", "title": "[Indirect measurement of venous pressure in the lower limbs. Method, results and supplementary findings].", "content": "Following studies concerning plethysmography with a mercury gauge, the authors measure the changes in the volume of the foot accompanying the changes in venous pressure caused by active exercises. With this background the authors specify the relations between changes in venous pressure and changes in foot volume. Finally, they determine the fall in pressure caused by extension exercises of the toes. They conclude their work by a few additional remarks, commenting on the resting venous pressure upon assuming the horizontal position, the venous capacity, the arterial output, the draining venous output and the coefficient of capillary filtration.", "contents": "[Indirect measurement of venous pressure in the lower limbs. Method, results and supplementary findings]. Following studies concerning plethysmography with a mercury gauge, the authors measure the changes in the volume of the foot accompanying the changes in venous pressure caused by active exercises. With this background the authors specify the relations between changes in venous pressure and changes in foot volume. Finally, they determine the fall in pressure caused by extension exercises of the toes. They conclude their work by a few additional remarks, commenting on the resting venous pressure upon assuming the horizontal position, the venous capacity, the arterial output, the draining venous output and the coefficient of capillary filtration.", "PMID": 733920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1605", "title": "Response of delayed (K+) channels to the time-dependent clamping functions in squid giant axon. II. Descending ramps, hyperbolae, and exponentials.", "content": "Squid giant axons are voltage-clamped with decaying ramp, hyperbolic, and exponential potential functions to determine an input potential function that generates parametric current density vs. membrane potential (I-V) plots best approximating the I-V curves generated from the steady state delayed (K+) current densities at a series of step clamp potentials. The optimum potential function must produce consistent I-V plots over an extended range of decay periods. A five-millisecond step clamp at the largest depolarizing potential in the experiment insures identical initial conditions for all potential functions. Although all parametric I-V curves are sensitive to K+ accumulation in the periaxonal space, the alteration of the I-V curves due to this accumulation is minimized for the hyperbolic and exponential decay functions. The advantages of these functions for the rapid generation of I-V curves are discussed.", "contents": "Response of delayed (K+) channels to the time-dependent clamping functions in squid giant axon. II. Descending ramps, hyperbolae, and exponentials. Squid giant axons are voltage-clamped with decaying ramp, hyperbolic, and exponential potential functions to determine an input potential function that generates parametric current density vs. membrane potential (I-V) plots best approximating the I-V curves generated from the steady state delayed (K+) current densities at a series of step clamp potentials. The optimum potential function must produce consistent I-V plots over an extended range of decay periods. A five-millisecond step clamp at the largest depolarizing potential in the experiment insures identical initial conditions for all potential functions. Although all parametric I-V curves are sensitive to K+ accumulation in the periaxonal space, the alteration of the I-V curves due to this accumulation is minimized for the hyperbolic and exponential decay functions. The advantages of these functions for the rapid generation of I-V curves are discussed.", "PMID": 733936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1606", "title": "Discontinuous magnetic field effects (Barkhausen noise) in nucleic acids as evidence for room temperature organic superconduction.", "content": "Magnetization in fields of 2,000 to 9,000 gauss at room temperature generates low frequency noise in the microwave electrical conductivity of hydrated nucleic acids or dry melanin. The pattern of behavior observed for this noise suggests that it is analogous to Barkhausen noise observed during the penetration of bits of magnetic flux into type 2 superconductive metals. This implies that hydrated nucleic acids and dry melanin contain superconducting regions at room temperature.", "contents": "Discontinuous magnetic field effects (Barkhausen noise) in nucleic acids as evidence for room temperature organic superconduction. Magnetization in fields of 2,000 to 9,000 gauss at room temperature generates low frequency noise in the microwave electrical conductivity of hydrated nucleic acids or dry melanin. The pattern of behavior observed for this noise suggests that it is analogous to Barkhausen noise observed during the penetration of bits of magnetic flux into type 2 superconductive metals. This implies that hydrated nucleic acids and dry melanin contain superconducting regions at room temperature.", "PMID": 733937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1607", "title": "Prophylaxis of metastases formation by prolonged non-specific immunostimulation associated with heparin therapy.", "content": "In rats with Ehrlich ascites tumors, prolonged non-specific immunostimulation with a polymicrobial preparation significantly reduced metastases. Prolonged anticoagulant therapy with heparin was also shown to reduce metastases. Combined prolonged therapy with both agents reduced metastases significantly more than therapy with either agent alone.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of metastases formation by prolonged non-specific immunostimulation associated with heparin therapy. In rats with Ehrlich ascites tumors, prolonged non-specific immunostimulation with a polymicrobial preparation significantly reduced metastases. Prolonged anticoagulant therapy with heparin was also shown to reduce metastases. Combined prolonged therapy with both agents reduced metastases significantly more than therapy with either agent alone.", "PMID": 733938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1608", "title": "Heavy water effects on leaky heart muscle cells and actomyosin.", "content": "Heavy water inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction in barnacle and frog is thought to occur through inhibition of Ca release by SR. If this were so, D2O might be useful for studies on control of the inotropic state in mammalian myocardium. We therefore compared selected properties of mechanically disaggregated leaky myocardial fragments, and actomyosin, in D2O and H2O. At equal values of electrode-determined acidity the contraction frequency, initial velocity of 45Ca uptake, and equilibrium (Ca)i/(Ca)o of the myocardial fragments were all less when heavy water was used. For each of these parameters, and for actomyosin superprecipitation, the H2O and D2O acidity-response curves were similar but the D2O curve was shifted to the right. The actomyosin sedimentation rate was less in D2O than in H2O at near neutral acidity but not different under more acidic or basic conditions. Actomyosin ATPase showed an acidity-dependent increased activity in D2O. These results verify that heavy water inhibits contraction in mammalian myocardium, as is the case with invertebrate and frog skeletal muscle. The effect, however, cannot be attributed to inhibition of Ca release from SR.", "contents": "Heavy water effects on leaky heart muscle cells and actomyosin. Heavy water inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction in barnacle and frog is thought to occur through inhibition of Ca release by SR. If this were so, D2O might be useful for studies on control of the inotropic state in mammalian myocardium. We therefore compared selected properties of mechanically disaggregated leaky myocardial fragments, and actomyosin, in D2O and H2O. At equal values of electrode-determined acidity the contraction frequency, initial velocity of 45Ca uptake, and equilibrium (Ca)i/(Ca)o of the myocardial fragments were all less when heavy water was used. For each of these parameters, and for actomyosin superprecipitation, the H2O and D2O acidity-response curves were similar but the D2O curve was shifted to the right. The actomyosin sedimentation rate was less in D2O than in H2O at near neutral acidity but not different under more acidic or basic conditions. Actomyosin ATPase showed an acidity-dependent increased activity in D2O. These results verify that heavy water inhibits contraction in mammalian myocardium, as is the case with invertebrate and frog skeletal muscle. The effect, however, cannot be attributed to inhibition of Ca release from SR.", "PMID": 733939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1609", "title": "Amelioration of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity by orgotein (superoxide dismutase).", "content": "In rats, daily administration of subcutaneous dose of 2.5 mg/kg of orgotein, the pharmaceutical preparation of Zn-Cu superoxide dismutase, lowers the nephrotoxicity induced by a 5.0 mg/kg dose of the antitumor agent cis-platinum (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum II). The toxicity of cis-platinum was studied by comparative measurements of blood urea nitrogen and changes in body weight, and by comparative renal histology. In addition to their direct clinical applicability, these results support a role for pathologic levels of oxygen radicals in the etiology of the nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum.", "contents": "Amelioration of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity by orgotein (superoxide dismutase). In rats, daily administration of subcutaneous dose of 2.5 mg/kg of orgotein, the pharmaceutical preparation of Zn-Cu superoxide dismutase, lowers the nephrotoxicity induced by a 5.0 mg/kg dose of the antitumor agent cis-platinum (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum II). The toxicity of cis-platinum was studied by comparative measurements of blood urea nitrogen and changes in body weight, and by comparative renal histology. In addition to their direct clinical applicability, these results support a role for pathologic levels of oxygen radicals in the etiology of the nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum.", "PMID": 733940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1610", "title": "Tumor promoting phorbol diesters stimulate release of radioactivity from [3H]-arachidonic acid labeled- but not [14C]linoleic acid labeled-cells. Indomethacin inhibits the stimulated release from [3H] arachidonate labeled cells.", "content": "The tumor promoting phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, stimulates MDCK cells to deacylate cellular phospholipids and to produce prostaglandins when measured as the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites into the culture fluid. Indomethacin, at levels of 2.8 x 10(-8) to 2.8 x 10(-6) M, inhibits the release of radioactivity from [3H]arachidonate labeled cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate treatment in a concentration dependent manner. At these concentrations, the conversion of released [3H]arachidonic acid into prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and the production of PGE2 measured serologically also is suppressed in a concentration dependent manner. Indomethacin, at these levels, has no effect on the acylation of [3H]arachidonic acid into cellular lipids. The tumor promoting phorbol diester does not stimulate the release of radioactive materials from MDCK cells labeled with [14C]linoleic acid, although prostaglandin production by these cells is stimulated.", "contents": "Tumor promoting phorbol diesters stimulate release of radioactivity from [3H]-arachidonic acid labeled- but not [14C]linoleic acid labeled-cells. Indomethacin inhibits the stimulated release from [3H] arachidonate labeled cells. The tumor promoting phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, stimulates MDCK cells to deacylate cellular phospholipids and to produce prostaglandins when measured as the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites into the culture fluid. Indomethacin, at levels of 2.8 x 10(-8) to 2.8 x 10(-6) M, inhibits the release of radioactivity from [3H]arachidonate labeled cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate treatment in a concentration dependent manner. At these concentrations, the conversion of released [3H]arachidonic acid into prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and the production of PGE2 measured serologically also is suppressed in a concentration dependent manner. Indomethacin, at these levels, has no effect on the acylation of [3H]arachidonic acid into cellular lipids. The tumor promoting phorbol diester does not stimulate the release of radioactive materials from MDCK cells labeled with [14C]linoleic acid, although prostaglandin production by these cells is stimulated.", "PMID": 733976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1611", "title": "Adriamycin stimulates canine kidney (MDCK) cells to deacylate cellular lipids and to produce prostaglandins.", "content": "Dog kidney (MDCK) cells treated with adriamycin (0.5 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr, produced from 2 to 7 times more prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha when measured in culture media 24, 48 and 72 hrs after the treatment. Indomethacin (ID50 less than 2 x 10(-8) M) and cycloheximide (0.5 micrograms/ml) inhibited this adriamycin-stimulated prostaglandin production. The aglycone of adriamycin (0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/ml) had little stimulating effect. Treatment of [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled MDCK cells with adriamycin (0.5 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr also stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids during subsequent incubation. Altered morphology of MDCK cells resulted from such treatment with adriamycin; indomethacin did not inhibit this change, but cycloheximide did.", "contents": "Adriamycin stimulates canine kidney (MDCK) cells to deacylate cellular lipids and to produce prostaglandins. Dog kidney (MDCK) cells treated with adriamycin (0.5 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr, produced from 2 to 7 times more prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha when measured in culture media 24, 48 and 72 hrs after the treatment. Indomethacin (ID50 less than 2 x 10(-8) M) and cycloheximide (0.5 micrograms/ml) inhibited this adriamycin-stimulated prostaglandin production. The aglycone of adriamycin (0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/ml) had little stimulating effect. Treatment of [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled MDCK cells with adriamycin (0.5 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr also stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids during subsequent incubation. Altered morphology of MDCK cells resulted from such treatment with adriamycin; indomethacin did not inhibit this change, but cycloheximide did.", "PMID": 733977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1612", "title": "The effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial tissue has been investigated. Synovial explants were maintained in tissue culture for periods up to six days and PGE2 concentrations in culture were determined by radioimmunoassay. The more potent nonsteroidal inhibitors of PGE2 production and their IC50 (micrometer) values were indomethacin 0.005, flufenamic acid 0.2, flurbiprofen 0.6, ibuprofen 2.0 , naproxen 6.0, phenylbutazone 10.0, and aspirin 20.0. Drugs with weak or insignificant effects were hydroxychloroquin, acetaminophen, azathioprine, chloroquin, penicillamine, gold Na thiomalate, and Na salicylate. Glucocorticoids were potent inhibitors; dexamethasone 0.003, prednisolone 0.01, hydrocortisone 0.03; while mineralocorticoids deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone were inactive at 1.0 micrometer. There is a reasonably good correlation between the IC50 concentrations of the nonsteroidal inhibitors and their peak free plasma concentration achieved during therapy in man. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may contribute to the effects of many but not all anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "The effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial tissue. The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial tissue has been investigated. Synovial explants were maintained in tissue culture for periods up to six days and PGE2 concentrations in culture were determined by radioimmunoassay. The more potent nonsteroidal inhibitors of PGE2 production and their IC50 (micrometer) values were indomethacin 0.005, flufenamic acid 0.2, flurbiprofen 0.6, ibuprofen 2.0 , naproxen 6.0, phenylbutazone 10.0, and aspirin 20.0. Drugs with weak or insignificant effects were hydroxychloroquin, acetaminophen, azathioprine, chloroquin, penicillamine, gold Na thiomalate, and Na salicylate. Glucocorticoids were potent inhibitors; dexamethasone 0.003, prednisolone 0.01, hydrocortisone 0.03; while mineralocorticoids deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone were inactive at 1.0 micrometer. There is a reasonably good correlation between the IC50 concentrations of the nonsteroidal inhibitors and their peak free plasma concentration achieved during therapy in man. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may contribute to the effects of many but not all anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 733978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1613", "title": "The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on plasma renin activity and blood pressure in essential hypertension.", "content": "The influence of oral indomethacin treatment (75 mg daily for a week) on urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, plasma renin activity (PRA), blood pressure (BP) and electrolyte excretion (Na+ and K+) was studied in 21 patients with untreated essential hypertension (9 women and 12 men, aged from 40 to 45 years). PGF2alpha excretion and PRA were markedly suppressed by indomethacin in both sexes. A close correlation was found between the decreases in PGF2alpha excretion and PRA. 13,14dihydro-15keto-PGF2alpha (a metabolite of PGF2alpha) excretion also tended to be lowered during the indomethacin treatment. BP tended to increase but urine volume and electrolyte excretion were unchanged during the indomethacin period. The results suggest that in essential hypertension inhibition of the PG synthesis causes a concomitant suppression in PRA and may slightly increase BP.", "contents": "The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on plasma renin activity and blood pressure in essential hypertension. The influence of oral indomethacin treatment (75 mg daily for a week) on urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, plasma renin activity (PRA), blood pressure (BP) and electrolyte excretion (Na+ and K+) was studied in 21 patients with untreated essential hypertension (9 women and 12 men, aged from 40 to 45 years). PGF2alpha excretion and PRA were markedly suppressed by indomethacin in both sexes. A close correlation was found between the decreases in PGF2alpha excretion and PRA. 13,14dihydro-15keto-PGF2alpha (a metabolite of PGF2alpha) excretion also tended to be lowered during the indomethacin treatment. BP tended to increase but urine volume and electrolyte excretion were unchanged during the indomethacin period. The results suggest that in essential hypertension inhibition of the PG synthesis causes a concomitant suppression in PRA and may slightly increase BP.", "PMID": 733979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1614", "title": "Effect of exercise on human arterial and regional venous plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E.", "content": "Healthy male volunteers underwent catheterization of a brachial artery and subclavian, hepatic, renal, and femoral veins. Blood was sampled simultaneously from all catheters, at rest as well as during supine leg exercise at 130 W. Plasma PGE were extracted and purified, using silicic acid chromatography, and subsequently quantified, using RIA. At rest no release or uptake of PGE was observed in the arm, the splanchnic region, or the leg, but in the kidney an uptake was noted. During exercise a significant release of PGE developed in the arm and in the leg. The data support the hypothesis that vascular PGs play a role in the local adaptation of the circulatory system to exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on human arterial and regional venous plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E. Healthy male volunteers underwent catheterization of a brachial artery and subclavian, hepatic, renal, and femoral veins. Blood was sampled simultaneously from all catheters, at rest as well as during supine leg exercise at 130 W. Plasma PGE were extracted and purified, using silicic acid chromatography, and subsequently quantified, using RIA. At rest no release or uptake of PGE was observed in the arm, the splanchnic region, or the leg, but in the kidney an uptake was noted. During exercise a significant release of PGE developed in the arm and in the leg. The data support the hypothesis that vascular PGs play a role in the local adaptation of the circulatory system to exercise.", "PMID": 733980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1615", "title": "Tartrazine and prostaglandin-system.", "content": "Tartrazine, a dye largely employed for colouring foods, drinks, drugs and cosmetics, induces in some aspirin-sensitive subjects a bronchoconstriction similar to that caused by aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The interference of tartrazine on prostaglandin system of guinea pig lungs perfused with arachidonic acid has been studied. This compound is able to inhibit in the same manner the formation both of prostaglandins and of thromboxane A2 acting at the cyclooxygenase level as has already been demonstrated for aspirin and indomethacin. Preliminary experiments on aspirin asthmatic patients treated or not with tartrazine are discussed.", "contents": "Tartrazine and prostaglandin-system. Tartrazine, a dye largely employed for colouring foods, drinks, drugs and cosmetics, induces in some aspirin-sensitive subjects a bronchoconstriction similar to that caused by aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The interference of tartrazine on prostaglandin system of guinea pig lungs perfused with arachidonic acid has been studied. This compound is able to inhibit in the same manner the formation both of prostaglandins and of thromboxane A2 acting at the cyclooxygenase level as has already been demonstrated for aspirin and indomethacin. Preliminary experiments on aspirin asthmatic patients treated or not with tartrazine are discussed.", "PMID": 733981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1616", "title": "[Socio-dynamic aspects within the framework of multidimensional diagnosis of mental disease].", "content": "After a critical discussion of the traditional diagnosis of mental diseases, which is one-sidedly oriented toward the nosological model, and dissociation from the principle of exclusiveness of either somatically or psychosocially oriented approaches to the etiopathogenesis, the synthesis of these approaches is presented in the form of a multidimensional diagnosis which is orientated to the multifactorial universalgenesis concept and includes psychodynamic, sociodynamic, somatic, syndromatological, and nosological factors, thus providing a modern basis for both therapy and rehabilitation. Also discussed by the author in this paper are the sociodynamic aspects with their diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative consequences to sociopsychiatrically oriented psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Socio-dynamic aspects within the framework of multidimensional diagnosis of mental disease]. After a critical discussion of the traditional diagnosis of mental diseases, which is one-sidedly oriented toward the nosological model, and dissociation from the principle of exclusiveness of either somatically or psychosocially oriented approaches to the etiopathogenesis, the synthesis of these approaches is presented in the form of a multidimensional diagnosis which is orientated to the multifactorial universalgenesis concept and includes psychodynamic, sociodynamic, somatic, syndromatological, and nosological factors, thus providing a modern basis for both therapy and rehabilitation. Also discussed by the author in this paper are the sociodynamic aspects with their diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative consequences to sociopsychiatrically oriented psychotherapy.", "PMID": 733982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1617", "title": "[Performance of medical students on the short syndrome-test. On the recognition of functional psychoses in young highly intelligent adults].", "content": "Erzigkeit's accelerated syndrome test is used to determine the severity of functional psychoses. This test, by which the proficiency level of a subject may be ascertained, should be evaluated in dependence upon the subject's age and general level of intelligence. To correct for these quantities, the accelerated syndrome test includes combined standards for four age and three IQ levels (12 tables of standards). The quality of correction should be empirically verified here. A sample of sixty-three medical students (this sample was characterized by a very high degree of homogeneity in that the students were of the same age and also had the same IQ's) were used to show that the standardization of age and IQ in the accelerated syndrome test allows functional psychoses to be far more readily recognized than when no consideration is given to these variables. Classification by degrees of disorder should also be much more convincing than without the use of differential standardization.", "contents": "[Performance of medical students on the short syndrome-test. On the recognition of functional psychoses in young highly intelligent adults]. Erzigkeit's accelerated syndrome test is used to determine the severity of functional psychoses. This test, by which the proficiency level of a subject may be ascertained, should be evaluated in dependence upon the subject's age and general level of intelligence. To correct for these quantities, the accelerated syndrome test includes combined standards for four age and three IQ levels (12 tables of standards). The quality of correction should be empirically verified here. A sample of sixty-three medical students (this sample was characterized by a very high degree of homogeneity in that the students were of the same age and also had the same IQ's) were used to show that the standardization of age and IQ in the accelerated syndrome test allows functional psychoses to be far more readily recognized than when no consideration is given to these variables. Classification by degrees of disorder should also be much more convincing than without the use of differential standardization.", "PMID": 733983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1618", "title": "[Effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine on incidental memory and its relation to the introvert-extravert structure of personality].", "content": "A total of fifty-four test subjects divided into one control group and two experimental groups were used to study the effects of chlorpromazine and amphetamine upon the incidental memory, its accuracy, and possible dependence on the introversive or extroversive personality structure, respectively. It has been found that chlorpromazine tends to lessen the incidental memory in extent and increase the number of allomnesias or instances of inaccurate remembrance, whereas amphetamine has the effects of increasing the extent of the incidental memory and reducing the number of allomnesias. A comparison of the extent of the incidental memory with the structure of personality in respect of introversion or extroversion in the control group also showed significant differences, the incidental memory being of smaller extent in the case of introversion and greater extent in the case of extroversion.", "contents": "[Effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine on incidental memory and its relation to the introvert-extravert structure of personality]. A total of fifty-four test subjects divided into one control group and two experimental groups were used to study the effects of chlorpromazine and amphetamine upon the incidental memory, its accuracy, and possible dependence on the introversive or extroversive personality structure, respectively. It has been found that chlorpromazine tends to lessen the incidental memory in extent and increase the number of allomnesias or instances of inaccurate remembrance, whereas amphetamine has the effects of increasing the extent of the incidental memory and reducing the number of allomnesias. A comparison of the extent of the incidental memory with the structure of personality in respect of introversion or extroversion in the control group also showed significant differences, the incidental memory being of smaller extent in the case of introversion and greater extent in the case of extroversion.", "PMID": 733984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1619", "title": "[Concept of the management of sex deviation (methodology and current results)].", "content": "The problem of bettering sexually deviant persons who have already incurred several penalties is of major importance in social as well as forensic respects. Since the departure from accepted sexual norms is believed by scientists to be due not only to an abnormal disposition, but to distinctive traits acquired at a very early age as well, attempts at treatment with suitable means should not at once be regarded as useless. The authors present a concept that integratevely combines suggestive and behavior-therapeutical methods, that is standardized to a certain extent, and that has yielded encouraging results in addition to being anything but time-consuming. This paper is aimed at colleagues interested in trying to help perfect this concept.", "contents": "[Concept of the management of sex deviation (methodology and current results)]. The problem of bettering sexually deviant persons who have already incurred several penalties is of major importance in social as well as forensic respects. Since the departure from accepted sexual norms is believed by scientists to be due not only to an abnormal disposition, but to distinctive traits acquired at a very early age as well, attempts at treatment with suitable means should not at once be regarded as useless. The authors present a concept that integratevely combines suggestive and behavior-therapeutical methods, that is standardized to a certain extent, and that has yielded encouraging results in addition to being anything but time-consuming. This paper is aimed at colleagues interested in trying to help perfect this concept.", "PMID": 733985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1620", "title": "[Characteristics of group psychotherapy with adolescents].", "content": "This article discusses the phase-specifically conditioned characteristics of social relations and therapeutical consequences for outpatient group psychotherapy aimed at improving the perception of self and non-self, activating intact parts of the personality, and promoting the willingness to communicate freely and the ability to make decisions and be cooperative.", "contents": "[Characteristics of group psychotherapy with adolescents]. This article discusses the phase-specifically conditioned characteristics of social relations and therapeutical consequences for outpatient group psychotherapy aimed at improving the perception of self and non-self, activating intact parts of the personality, and promoting the willingness to communicate freely and the ability to make decisions and be cooperative.", "PMID": 733986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1621", "title": "[The cytocentrifuge in cerebrospinal fluid cytodiagnosis].", "content": "Cytocentrifugation enables high-quality liquor preparations rich in cells to be obtained, offering certain advantages over Sayk's sediment chamber method.", "contents": "[The cytocentrifuge in cerebrospinal fluid cytodiagnosis]. Cytocentrifugation enables high-quality liquor preparations rich in cells to be obtained, offering certain advantages over Sayk's sediment chamber method.", "PMID": 733987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1622", "title": "[Lumbar lipomeningocele (case report)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of spinal lipomeningocele at the L2 to L4 level, detailing the properties of growth, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and surgical therapy of such types of swelling.", "contents": "[Lumbar lipomeningocele (case report)]. The authors describe a case of spinal lipomeningocele at the L2 to L4 level, detailing the properties of growth, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and surgical therapy of such types of swelling.", "PMID": 733988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1623", "title": "[Anticonvulsive treatment and calcium metabolism].", "content": "In 31 children (12 boys and 19 girls), who were treated with at least two anticonvulsants, the calcium metabolism was followed for 2 years. Eight boys and 5 girls (13 cases) showed increased serum calcium and/or alkaline phosphatase values. Administration of vitamin D3 for a period of 3 months resulted only in partial regulation of hypocalcemia in boys, but had no effect whatsoever upon the alkaline phosphatase level. With the boys, the percentage of cases of disturbance of calcium metabolism was higher than with the girls. Roentgenologically detectable changes in long, tubular bones (especially the femur and tibia) could be observed in 6 patients. Among 200 consecutive roentgenograms available to the authors' laboratory, similar pictures were discovered in 3 patients. Two of them were not suffering from epilepsy, while one female patient had been taking antiepileptic drugs for 9 months only. The authors emphasize the importance of making laboratory examinations already before the commencement of antiepliptic medication.", "contents": "[Anticonvulsive treatment and calcium metabolism]. In 31 children (12 boys and 19 girls), who were treated with at least two anticonvulsants, the calcium metabolism was followed for 2 years. Eight boys and 5 girls (13 cases) showed increased serum calcium and/or alkaline phosphatase values. Administration of vitamin D3 for a period of 3 months resulted only in partial regulation of hypocalcemia in boys, but had no effect whatsoever upon the alkaline phosphatase level. With the boys, the percentage of cases of disturbance of calcium metabolism was higher than with the girls. Roentgenologically detectable changes in long, tubular bones (especially the femur and tibia) could be observed in 6 patients. Among 200 consecutive roentgenograms available to the authors' laboratory, similar pictures were discovered in 3 patients. Two of them were not suffering from epilepsy, while one female patient had been taking antiepileptic drugs for 9 months only. The authors emphasize the importance of making laboratory examinations already before the commencement of antiepliptic medication.", "PMID": 733990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1624", "title": "[Late results of injuries to the brachial plexus and its roots].", "content": "In 33 out 93 patients with injuries to the plexus brachialis and its radices, respectively, late results could be determined by reexaminations. These showed that after complete failure of a brachial nerve plexus no essential regeneration had occurred in 7 out of 11 patients. Of 7 patients with injuries to radices C5 - C7, 1 showed sufficient restitution. After lesion of C5/C6 and C4/C5, respectively, 2 out of 9 patients showed major residual symptoms. Lesions of fascicles or lower plexal portions resulted in distinct defects in 4 out of 6 cases.", "contents": "[Late results of injuries to the brachial plexus and its roots]. In 33 out 93 patients with injuries to the plexus brachialis and its radices, respectively, late results could be determined by reexaminations. These showed that after complete failure of a brachial nerve plexus no essential regeneration had occurred in 7 out of 11 patients. Of 7 patients with injuries to radices C5 - C7, 1 showed sufficient restitution. After lesion of C5/C6 and C4/C5, respectively, 2 out of 9 patients showed major residual symptoms. Lesions of fascicles or lower plexal portions resulted in distinct defects in 4 out of 6 cases.", "PMID": 733991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1625", "title": "[What does conservative therapy of \"idiopathic\" facial paresis accomplish?].", "content": "The results of conservative therapy in 160 patients with so-called idiopathic facial paralysis are reported. In 94.2% of the patients a complete or far extending normalisation took place. In incomplete paralysis the number of patients restored to health was about 96.1%, and 93.3% incomplete paralysis. We treated with salicyl-pyrazon-dervatives or combined with corticosteroids and with antibiotics resp. sulfonamids combined with corticosteroids. Physical therapy was applicated additionally in every case. Recovery did not depend from the sort of medicaments which were chosen.", "contents": "[What does conservative therapy of \"idiopathic\" facial paresis accomplish?]. The results of conservative therapy in 160 patients with so-called idiopathic facial paralysis are reported. In 94.2% of the patients a complete or far extending normalisation took place. In incomplete paralysis the number of patients restored to health was about 96.1%, and 93.3% incomplete paralysis. We treated with salicyl-pyrazon-dervatives or combined with corticosteroids and with antibiotics resp. sulfonamids combined with corticosteroids. Physical therapy was applicated additionally in every case. Recovery did not depend from the sort of medicaments which were chosen.", "PMID": 733992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1626", "title": "[Experience with the depot neuroleptic LyogenR-depot].", "content": "The authors report experience obtained with the use of Lyogen Depot in outpatient aftertreatment of schizophrenic psychoses. There has been observed a highly significant reduction in the number of relapses as compared with the time when this drug had not yet been available. A positive balance will be obtained especially in those cases in which it is possible for all patients to be systematically included in the dispensary treatment scheme.", "contents": "[Experience with the depot neuroleptic LyogenR-depot]. The authors report experience obtained with the use of Lyogen Depot in outpatient aftertreatment of schizophrenic psychoses. There has been observed a highly significant reduction in the number of relapses as compared with the time when this drug had not yet been available. A positive balance will be obtained especially in those cases in which it is possible for all patients to be systematically included in the dispensary treatment scheme.", "PMID": 733993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1627", "title": "[Neuropsychiatric and electroencephalographic studies of the course of patients accidentally struck by lightning].", "content": "Five patient (one adult and four children) hit by lightning strokes were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. One child died immediately after the accident. For the four survivors, data are available which were collected during several years' examinations. It was possible to confirm the results of previous investigations which showed that pathologic EEG changes can be associated with a weak neuropsychiatric symptomatology following the gradual disappearance of the acute lightning-stroke syndrome and can be observed even in the case of freedom from complaints and symptoms. Finally, the authors also deal with the problems associated with the making of statements by medical experts.", "contents": "[Neuropsychiatric and electroencephalographic studies of the course of patients accidentally struck by lightning]. Five patient (one adult and four children) hit by lightning strokes were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. One child died immediately after the accident. For the four survivors, data are available which were collected during several years' examinations. It was possible to confirm the results of previous investigations which showed that pathologic EEG changes can be associated with a weak neuropsychiatric symptomatology following the gradual disappearance of the acute lightning-stroke syndrome and can be observed even in the case of freedom from complaints and symptoms. Finally, the authors also deal with the problems associated with the making of statements by medical experts.", "PMID": 733994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1628", "title": "Establishing community services for the mentally ill: a summary of lessons learned.", "content": "In summary, the development of programs in the community serving the severely and chronically mentally ill is a political-sociological activity requiring a detailed working knowledge of the community to be involved, a clear understanding of objectives and specific agreements related to the program to be developed, adequate and stable funding, appropriate supportive and ancillary resources, significant bureaucratic skill and flexibility, adequate time for appropriate community education and feedback from key community leaders, a certain amount of clairvoyance in anticipating difficulties and unexpected problems, an immense amount of perseverance and, finally--and probably as important as any other single element--timing and luck.", "contents": "Establishing community services for the mentally ill: a summary of lessons learned. In summary, the development of programs in the community serving the severely and chronically mentally ill is a political-sociological activity requiring a detailed working knowledge of the community to be involved, a clear understanding of objectives and specific agreements related to the program to be developed, adequate and stable funding, appropriate supportive and ancillary resources, significant bureaucratic skill and flexibility, adequate time for appropriate community education and feedback from key community leaders, a certain amount of clairvoyance in anticipating difficulties and unexpected problems, an immense amount of perseverance and, finally--and probably as important as any other single element--timing and luck.", "PMID": 734002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1629", "title": "Therapist personality and treatment outcome: a test of the interaction hypothesis using the Campbell A-B scale.", "content": "The A-B scale was developed to distinguish therapists with a high rate of therapeutic improvement with schizophrenic patients from those with a low rate. The present study tests the hypothesis, developed by Whitehorn and Betz, expanded by McNair and Lorr, of an interaction between a therapist factor, i.e. the A-B score (identified in this study by the Campbell et al. revision of the Whitehorn and Betz A-B scale), patient diagnosis, and treatment outcome. An automated data system identified all of the adult patients treated by 42 therapists during their training at a psychiatric center containing inpatient and outpatient facilities. The patient group was broken down according to diagnosis and whether or not psychotropic drugs were a major treatment modality. Using a linear logistic regression model, the slope of the line specifying log odds of improvement in relation to therapist A-B was found to be significantly different for schizophrenics and neurotics treated without drugs. (No relationship to A-B was found for drug-treated patients.) For those therapists who had treated both neurotic and schizophrenic patients (N = 19) without drugs, A-B was found to be significantly associated (p = .075) with a measure of dependence between patient type and outcome. These two findings were consistent with the hypothesized relationship between the A-B dimension, patient diagnosis, and case outcome.", "contents": "Therapist personality and treatment outcome: a test of the interaction hypothesis using the Campbell A-B scale. The A-B scale was developed to distinguish therapists with a high rate of therapeutic improvement with schizophrenic patients from those with a low rate. The present study tests the hypothesis, developed by Whitehorn and Betz, expanded by McNair and Lorr, of an interaction between a therapist factor, i.e. the A-B score (identified in this study by the Campbell et al. revision of the Whitehorn and Betz A-B scale), patient diagnosis, and treatment outcome. An automated data system identified all of the adult patients treated by 42 therapists during their training at a psychiatric center containing inpatient and outpatient facilities. The patient group was broken down according to diagnosis and whether or not psychotropic drugs were a major treatment modality. Using a linear logistic regression model, the slope of the line specifying log odds of improvement in relation to therapist A-B was found to be significantly different for schizophrenics and neurotics treated without drugs. (No relationship to A-B was found for drug-treated patients.) For those therapists who had treated both neurotic and schizophrenic patients (N = 19) without drugs, A-B was found to be significantly associated (p = .075) with a measure of dependence between patient type and outcome. These two findings were consistent with the hypothesized relationship between the A-B dimension, patient diagnosis, and case outcome.", "PMID": 734005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1630", "title": "[Requirement and need of treatment - deliberations on psychiatric care (author's transl)].", "content": "The article defines the terms \"requirement\", \"need\" and \"need of treatment\", and explains their significance in the field of psychiatric care. The fundamentals of assessing the requirement are discussed, as well as the associated problems: recording and registration of patients in need of treatment, their readiness to undergo such treatment, and possible alternatives of hospitalisation. For establishing criteria required to determine the need treatment symptoms from two semi-standardised psychiatric interviews are examined for suitability (Present State Examination and Goldberg Interview); likewise, the severity of the disease, the stress from which the patient suffers, and the impairment of social relations, are also examined for suitability. It is suggested to take these criteria as basis and to operationalise the need of treatment on these lines. Relevant studies to assess the usefulness of these criteria are under way in two research projects of the Special Research Division 166 \"Psychiatric Epidemiology\".", "contents": "[Requirement and need of treatment - deliberations on psychiatric care (author's transl)]. The article defines the terms \"requirement\", \"need\" and \"need of treatment\", and explains their significance in the field of psychiatric care. The fundamentals of assessing the requirement are discussed, as well as the associated problems: recording and registration of patients in need of treatment, their readiness to undergo such treatment, and possible alternatives of hospitalisation. For establishing criteria required to determine the need treatment symptoms from two semi-standardised psychiatric interviews are examined for suitability (Present State Examination and Goldberg Interview); likewise, the severity of the disease, the stress from which the patient suffers, and the impairment of social relations, are also examined for suitability. It is suggested to take these criteria as basis and to operationalise the need of treatment on these lines. Relevant studies to assess the usefulness of these criteria are under way in two research projects of the Special Research Division 166 \"Psychiatric Epidemiology\".", "PMID": 734006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1631", "title": "[Diagnosis and psychiatric care.--First working report of the psychiatric outpatient hospital in the Steglitz Clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "The article begins with a review of the geographically unfavourable distribution of psychiatric ward beds in Berlin. This unfavourable distribution hampers therapeutic efforts. The authors describe and examine the work done in the Psychiatric Outpatient hospital which forms part of a university clinic in the Steglitz district of Berlin. 1517 case records are subjected to statistical evaluation. The article concludes with the demand for a new plan for distributing the psychiatric ward beds according to a more reasonable key based on subsectors in line with the requirements of the different districts of the city of Berlin.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and psychiatric care.--First working report of the psychiatric outpatient hospital in the Steglitz Clinic (author's transl)]. The article begins with a review of the geographically unfavourable distribution of psychiatric ward beds in Berlin. This unfavourable distribution hampers therapeutic efforts. The authors describe and examine the work done in the Psychiatric Outpatient hospital which forms part of a university clinic in the Steglitz district of Berlin. 1517 case records are subjected to statistical evaluation. The article concludes with the demand for a new plan for distributing the psychiatric ward beds according to a more reasonable key based on subsectors in line with the requirements of the different districts of the city of Berlin.", "PMID": 734008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1632", "title": "[The behaviour therapy and sociopsychiatric model used in Salzburg (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a behaviour therapy ward of the psychiatric hospital department, its origin, difficulties in the initial stages, and current mode of function. The transitory residential quarters and pertaining recreation centre are also described. In the Salzburg model, the behaviour therapy ward and the transitory residential quarters are a functional unit.", "contents": "[The behaviour therapy and sociopsychiatric model used in Salzburg (author's transl)]. The article reports on a behaviour therapy ward of the psychiatric hospital department, its origin, difficulties in the initial stages, and current mode of function. The transitory residential quarters and pertaining recreation centre are also described. In the Salzburg model, the behaviour therapy ward and the transitory residential quarters are a functional unit.", "PMID": 734009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1633", "title": "Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: disturbances in \"body image\" and \"satiety\".", "content": "Patients with anorexia nervosa have been shown previously to display distortions in body image perception. Bruch has postulated that these disturbances as well as disturbances in interoception are meaningfully related to the development of the syndrome. We hypothesized that disturbances in body image, as measured by a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, as measured by a satiety-aversion to sucrose test, should be demonstrable in anorexic patients vs. normal controls. Furthermore, these disturbances should be modifiable by external cues (looking at one's image in a mirror and ingesting isocaloric \"high\" and \"low\" calorie connotation meals). We also hypothesized that body image and interoceptive disturbances would be interrelated in the same individuals. Results indicated that patients with anorexia nervosa (N = 26) differed from normal controls (N = 16) in overestimating their body sizes (p = 0.06) and in failing to develop an aversion to the sucrose tastes (p less than 0.001). However, neither viewing one's image in a mirror nor ingesting both \"high and \"low\" calorie connotation meals altered body size perception. Intrasubject body size estimates were very stable from week to week for the anorexic subjects (r = +0.75, p less than 0.001) but less for the controls (r = +0.45, p less than 0.05). The data revealed that overestimation of body size was closely related to the failure to develop an aversion to sucrose tastes in anorexic patients.", "contents": "Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: disturbances in \"body image\" and \"satiety\". Patients with anorexia nervosa have been shown previously to display distortions in body image perception. Bruch has postulated that these disturbances as well as disturbances in interoception are meaningfully related to the development of the syndrome. We hypothesized that disturbances in body image, as measured by a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, as measured by a satiety-aversion to sucrose test, should be demonstrable in anorexic patients vs. normal controls. Furthermore, these disturbances should be modifiable by external cues (looking at one's image in a mirror and ingesting isocaloric \"high\" and \"low\" calorie connotation meals). We also hypothesized that body image and interoceptive disturbances would be interrelated in the same individuals. Results indicated that patients with anorexia nervosa (N = 26) differed from normal controls (N = 16) in overestimating their body sizes (p = 0.06) and in failing to develop an aversion to the sucrose tastes (p less than 0.001). However, neither viewing one's image in a mirror nor ingesting both \"high and \"low\" calorie connotation meals altered body size perception. Intrasubject body size estimates were very stable from week to week for the anorexic subjects (r = +0.75, p less than 0.001) but less for the controls (r = +0.45, p less than 0.05). The data revealed that overestimation of body size was closely related to the failure to develop an aversion to sucrose tastes in anorexic patients.", "PMID": 734025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1634", "title": "Adrenal activity in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Adrenocortical activity was studied in 19 emaciated women with anorexia nervosa. Relative to body size the patients' mean cortisol production rates of 0.591 mg/kg/day and 16.4 mg m2/day were significantly elevated compared to those of 0.322 mg/kg/day and 11.4 mg/m2/day for age and sex matched normal controls (p less than 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). The 24-hr mean plasma cortisol concentration in 18 patients was 10.6 microgram/dl and was significantly higher than that of the controls (6.8 microgram/dl, p less than 0.001). The average excretion of urinary free cortisol in nine patients was 205 microgram/day, significantly greater than that of 65 microgram/day in the controls (less than 0.01). Three patients underwent overnight suppression with 1 mg of dexamethasone and had inadequate responses. These data suggest that cortisol production is excessive in emaciated patients with anorexia nervosa due to a disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms regulating adrenocortical function. The excessive adrenal activity may reflect certain psychobiological disturbances as well as the effects of malnutrition.", "contents": "Adrenal activity in anorexia nervosa. Adrenocortical activity was studied in 19 emaciated women with anorexia nervosa. Relative to body size the patients' mean cortisol production rates of 0.591 mg/kg/day and 16.4 mg m2/day were significantly elevated compared to those of 0.322 mg/kg/day and 11.4 mg/m2/day for age and sex matched normal controls (p less than 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). The 24-hr mean plasma cortisol concentration in 18 patients was 10.6 microgram/dl and was significantly higher than that of the controls (6.8 microgram/dl, p less than 0.001). The average excretion of urinary free cortisol in nine patients was 205 microgram/day, significantly greater than that of 65 microgram/day in the controls (less than 0.01). Three patients underwent overnight suppression with 1 mg of dexamethasone and had inadequate responses. These data suggest that cortisol production is excessive in emaciated patients with anorexia nervosa due to a disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms regulating adrenocortical function. The excessive adrenal activity may reflect certain psychobiological disturbances as well as the effects of malnutrition.", "PMID": 734026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1635", "title": "The radiography of foreign bodies in the eye as carried out at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital.", "content": "An account is given of the following procedures at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital; (a) to show if a foreign body is present in the area of the eye; (b) to demonstrate its possible presence within the globe of the eye; (c) to localise its exact position within the globe, using the limbal ring technique.", "contents": "The radiography of foreign bodies in the eye as carried out at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital. An account is given of the following procedures at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital; (a) to show if a foreign body is present in the area of the eye; (b) to demonstrate its possible presence within the globe of the eye; (c) to localise its exact position within the globe, using the limbal ring technique.", "PMID": 734077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1636", "title": "[Roentgen diagnosis in cartilagenous damage of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Double contrast arthrography of the knee will visualize the menisci as well as the cartilage of the joint. Lesions of the cartilage may be caused by direct trauma, damage or surgery of the menisci, osteochondrosis dissecans, and osteochondronecrosis. For visualization of the femoro-patellar joint tangential caudo-cranial views (the so called \"D\u00e9fil\u00e9\" films) or \"faux profil\" projections should be performed. \"D\u00e9fil\u00e9\" views will permit optimal evaluation of form and function of the femoro-patellar joint to visualize luxation, pathologic pressure pattern, and the degree of possible chondromalcia. The possibility of quantitative determination of the thickness of the cartilagenous layer is helpful for indication and planning of surgery.", "contents": "[Roentgen diagnosis in cartilagenous damage of the knee joint (author's transl)]. Double contrast arthrography of the knee will visualize the menisci as well as the cartilage of the joint. Lesions of the cartilage may be caused by direct trauma, damage or surgery of the menisci, osteochondrosis dissecans, and osteochondronecrosis. For visualization of the femoro-patellar joint tangential caudo-cranial views (the so called \"D\u00e9fil\u00e9\" films) or \"faux profil\" projections should be performed. \"D\u00e9fil\u00e9\" views will permit optimal evaluation of form and function of the femoro-patellar joint to visualize luxation, pathologic pressure pattern, and the degree of possible chondromalcia. The possibility of quantitative determination of the thickness of the cartilagenous layer is helpful for indication and planning of surgery.", "PMID": 734120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1637", "title": "[Lateral view of the knee joint in soft tissue technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Soft tissue technique of the knee and normal anatomical findings are described. Five relatively radiolucent areas can be delineated distinctly as corpora adiposa from other connective tissues: 1. corpus adiposum infrapatellare, 2. suprapatellare, 3. praefemorale, 4. retrotibiale, 5. popliteale. A short description of pathological alterations follows.", "contents": "[Lateral view of the knee joint in soft tissue technique (author's transl)]. Soft tissue technique of the knee and normal anatomical findings are described. Five relatively radiolucent areas can be delineated distinctly as corpora adiposa from other connective tissues: 1. corpus adiposum infrapatellare, 2. suprapatellare, 3. praefemorale, 4. retrotibiale, 5. popliteale. A short description of pathological alterations follows.", "PMID": 734121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1638", "title": "[Form variant of trochanter minor as a sign of altered muscular action due to dysplasia coxae (author's transl)].", "content": "9 cases with variant of the form of the trochanter minor (double apex) are reported. A double insertion or a changed action of the iliopsoas muscle is discussed.", "contents": "[Form variant of trochanter minor as a sign of altered muscular action due to dysplasia coxae (author's transl)]. 9 cases with variant of the form of the trochanter minor (double apex) are reported. A double insertion or a changed action of the iliopsoas muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 734122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1639", "title": "[Roentgencinematographic studies on the mechanics of the tempero-mandibular joint. Function of the tempero-mandibular joints in patients fitted with full dentures (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations of the articular mechanics of the tempero-mandibular joint are an important element in gnathology. Graphically recorded movements of the condylus obtained by extra-oral mechanical aids, only give information about the projections of the articulatory pathways. Only roentgencinematography allows a profound study of the articular mechanics. The movements of the condylus can be analysed directly without interference. Studies on condylar pathways evaluated by roentgencinematography from waerers of full dentures who received two sets of dentures which fitted after different jaw relation determinations, confirmed that the movement of the condylus is controlled by neuromuscular mechanisms. The condylar pathway changes after removal of the dentures. The fitting of different dentures in a healthy stomatognatic system had no effect on the course of the pathway. In neuromuscular disorders the fitting of a full denture which can be made corresponding to the functional anatomical concept reflecting a suitable jaw relation determination according to Gerber, allows the articulation pathway to be altered. A therapeutic re-orientation of the pathological reflexes makes the improvement of the discomfort possible.", "contents": "[Roentgencinematographic studies on the mechanics of the tempero-mandibular joint. Function of the tempero-mandibular joints in patients fitted with full dentures (author's transl)]. Investigations of the articular mechanics of the tempero-mandibular joint are an important element in gnathology. Graphically recorded movements of the condylus obtained by extra-oral mechanical aids, only give information about the projections of the articulatory pathways. Only roentgencinematography allows a profound study of the articular mechanics. The movements of the condylus can be analysed directly without interference. Studies on condylar pathways evaluated by roentgencinematography from waerers of full dentures who received two sets of dentures which fitted after different jaw relation determinations, confirmed that the movement of the condylus is controlled by neuromuscular mechanisms. The condylar pathway changes after removal of the dentures. The fitting of different dentures in a healthy stomatognatic system had no effect on the course of the pathway. In neuromuscular disorders the fitting of a full denture which can be made corresponding to the functional anatomical concept reflecting a suitable jaw relation determination according to Gerber, allows the articulation pathway to be altered. A therapeutic re-orientation of the pathological reflexes makes the improvement of the discomfort possible.", "PMID": 734123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1640", "title": "[Roentgenological findings in muscular alterations of extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of roentgenological findings in muscular alterations of extremities based on the author's experiences and on the literature is presented. Following a description of the normal roentgen anatomy, the alterations in different diseases of interstitial lipomatosis are demonstrated. By roentgenological examinations different muscular lesions of the extremities can be differentiated and the clinical follow-up verified.", "contents": "[Roentgenological findings in muscular alterations of extremities (author's transl)]. A survey of roentgenological findings in muscular alterations of extremities based on the author's experiences and on the literature is presented. Following a description of the normal roentgen anatomy, the alterations in different diseases of interstitial lipomatosis are demonstrated. By roentgenological examinations different muscular lesions of the extremities can be differentiated and the clinical follow-up verified.", "PMID": 734124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1641", "title": "[Diagnosis of aortic aneurysms by computerized tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerized tomography has proved to be of great value in the assessment of aortic aneurysms; since it provides all necessary information about length, width, intraluminal thrombi, and calcification of the wall. Especially in cases of ruptured aneurysms the hemorrhage and its extent to retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal space can be well demonstrated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of aortic aneurysms by computerized tomography (author's transl)]. Computerized tomography has proved to be of great value in the assessment of aortic aneurysms; since it provides all necessary information about length, width, intraluminal thrombi, and calcification of the wall. Especially in cases of ruptured aneurysms the hemorrhage and its extent to retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal space can be well demonstrated.", "PMID": 734125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1642", "title": "[Typical forms of schizophrenia in old age].", "content": "Aside from typical forms of late schizophrenia which generally conform to the definition given by M. Bleuler, there also are psychoses appearing in old age which differ significantly from the atypical symptoms and consequently present certain diagnostic difficulties. This report contains descriptions of late manifestations in schizophrenic psychoses, which develop with a continuous or assault-like course with a prevalence of parnoial disorders. Paranoid delusions, in such cases, are characterized by aging traits (concrete and short-term delusions, exaggeration of the degree of superficial persecution and prejudice, and a limited number of people involved in the delusions). The development of such forms of late schizophrenia takes a slowly progressing course. The results of these studies, especially the psychopathological symptomatology, the genetic-constitutional background and the development and outcome of these psychoses are analyzed in detail. The data permit to consider such forms of psychose as atypical variants of late schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Typical forms of schizophrenia in old age]. Aside from typical forms of late schizophrenia which generally conform to the definition given by M. Bleuler, there also are psychoses appearing in old age which differ significantly from the atypical symptoms and consequently present certain diagnostic difficulties. This report contains descriptions of late manifestations in schizophrenic psychoses, which develop with a continuous or assault-like course with a prevalence of parnoial disorders. Paranoid delusions, in such cases, are characterized by aging traits (concrete and short-term delusions, exaggeration of the degree of superficial persecution and prejudice, and a limited number of people involved in the delusions). The development of such forms of late schizophrenia takes a slowly progressing course. The results of these studies, especially the psychopathological symptomatology, the genetic-constitutional background and the development and outcome of these psychoses are analyzed in detail. The data permit to consider such forms of psychose as atypical variants of late schizophrenia.", "PMID": 734137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1643", "title": "Schneider-negative schizophrenia and schizo-affective illness.", "content": "A slightly modified version of provisional research criteria for so-called 'schizo-affective and related psychosis', as recently published by the St. Louis Group, was used to investigate the case records of 116 Schneider-oriented first admissions of schizophrenics without first rank symptoms (Schneider-negative) who were hospitalized in a German center during the years 1962-1971. The sample contained 19.8% (23 cases) of research diagnosable schizo-affective illness as thus defined. 'Full' affective research criteria were satisfied by 13 of these schizo-affectives, and 10 were able to fulfill the 'adjusted' affective criteria assumed to be indicative of labile mixed mood states. The sample was then further analyzed in terms of 'schizophreniform' psychoses and 'atypical schizophrenia'. The findings seem to support the view that a non-negligible segment (23.3%) of Schneider-negative schizophrenia actually may represent either research diagnosable schizo-affective or affective disorders or satisfy criteria for both diagnoses.", "contents": "Schneider-negative schizophrenia and schizo-affective illness. A slightly modified version of provisional research criteria for so-called 'schizo-affective and related psychosis', as recently published by the St. Louis Group, was used to investigate the case records of 116 Schneider-oriented first admissions of schizophrenics without first rank symptoms (Schneider-negative) who were hospitalized in a German center during the years 1962-1971. The sample contained 19.8% (23 cases) of research diagnosable schizo-affective illness as thus defined. 'Full' affective research criteria were satisfied by 13 of these schizo-affectives, and 10 were able to fulfill the 'adjusted' affective criteria assumed to be indicative of labile mixed mood states. The sample was then further analyzed in terms of 'schizophreniform' psychoses and 'atypical schizophrenia'. The findings seem to support the view that a non-negligible segment (23.3%) of Schneider-negative schizophrenia actually may represent either research diagnosable schizo-affective or affective disorders or satisfy criteria for both diagnoses.", "PMID": 734138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1644", "title": "[Problems of bilinguism in psychotherapy].", "content": "The authors have attempted an introductory study of problems which are inherent to psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis conducted in the second language of a bilingual therapist. This situation seems to be more complex than is usually admitted in current literature. The main problem encountered by the authors in their personal practice stems from the fact that the process of identification becomes complex when the therapist is confronted with regressive and/or progressive shifts in the course of the treatment.", "contents": "[Problems of bilinguism in psychotherapy]. The authors have attempted an introductory study of problems which are inherent to psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis conducted in the second language of a bilingual therapist. This situation seems to be more complex than is usually admitted in current literature. The main problem encountered by the authors in their personal practice stems from the fact that the process of identification becomes complex when the therapist is confronted with regressive and/or progressive shifts in the course of the treatment.", "PMID": 734139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1645", "title": "An exploratory experimental study of the influence of patients' social background upon diagnostic process and outcome.", "content": "An experimental study of the diagnostic process investigated the influence of a patient's perceived social characteristics upon use of the psychosomatic diagnostic category. S's heard recordings of a diagnostic interview in which an ambiguous medical problem was presented. The perceived social characteristics of the patient were manipulated using accent variations. Results showed that the diagnosis of the same presented problem varied as a function of the perceived SES of the patient, and was related to a variety of differences in stereotyped attributions of personality and interview behaviour. An explanation is offered in terms of the relation between a patient's SES and the doctor's uncertainty in his relationship with the patient, the psychosomatic diagnosis being used as a means of coping with this uncertainty.", "contents": "An exploratory experimental study of the influence of patients' social background upon diagnostic process and outcome. An experimental study of the diagnostic process investigated the influence of a patient's perceived social characteristics upon use of the psychosomatic diagnostic category. S's heard recordings of a diagnostic interview in which an ambiguous medical problem was presented. The perceived social characteristics of the patient were manipulated using accent variations. Results showed that the diagnosis of the same presented problem varied as a function of the perceived SES of the patient, and was related to a variety of differences in stereotyped attributions of personality and interview behaviour. An explanation is offered in terms of the relation between a patient's SES and the doctor's uncertainty in his relationship with the patient, the psychosomatic diagnosis being used as a means of coping with this uncertainty.", "PMID": 734140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1646", "title": "Affective disorder in Asian immigrants.", "content": "Socio-cultural factors play a contributory role in presentation and symptomatology of affective illness. Cultural shock, communication barriers, fear of loss of racial identity, different child rearing attitudes and dietary restrictions may all contribute towards the manifestation of reactive depression. An understanding of the immigrant's background will greatly help the therapist in management of his patient.", "contents": "Affective disorder in Asian immigrants. Socio-cultural factors play a contributory role in presentation and symptomatology of affective illness. Cultural shock, communication barriers, fear of loss of racial identity, different child rearing attitudes and dietary restrictions may all contribute towards the manifestation of reactive depression. An understanding of the immigrant's background will greatly help the therapist in management of his patient.", "PMID": 734141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1647", "title": "Conflicting concepts of mental health in a multi-cultural society.", "content": "The paper challenges the claim that psychotherapy or any other form of treatment based solely on western concepts of mental health is applicable to patients whose basic concepts of life are non-western. Illustrations from actual case histories are given to show that some concepts of 'mental well-being', as seen in the western world, are totally meaningless in some other cultures. It especially draws attention to situations existing in parts of the U.K., which have a high proportion of inhabitants originating from other parts of the world, especially the eastern world, and suggests that any treatment for patients from different cultural backgrounds must take into account such differences; the treatment must have meaning and relevance to patients, especially in emotional terms. The paper implies a new reorientation for western-trained professionals who may be engaged in treating patients from varied cultural backgrounds.", "contents": "Conflicting concepts of mental health in a multi-cultural society. The paper challenges the claim that psychotherapy or any other form of treatment based solely on western concepts of mental health is applicable to patients whose basic concepts of life are non-western. Illustrations from actual case histories are given to show that some concepts of 'mental well-being', as seen in the western world, are totally meaningless in some other cultures. It especially draws attention to situations existing in parts of the U.K., which have a high proportion of inhabitants originating from other parts of the world, especially the eastern world, and suggests that any treatment for patients from different cultural backgrounds must take into account such differences; the treatment must have meaning and relevance to patients, especially in emotional terms. The paper implies a new reorientation for western-trained professionals who may be engaged in treating patients from varied cultural backgrounds.", "PMID": 734142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1648", "title": "[Lithium distribution in organs after lithium poisoning].", "content": "This paper describes the lithium distribution in the organs of two manic-depressive women who died following lithium intoxication. In both cases intoxication was observed during and after an acute phase of epidemic influenza accompanied by diarrhoea. The patients died from cerebral failure 5 and 7 days after receiving their last lithium dose. Death could not be prevented although NaCl infusions and haemodialyses were carried out. Only slight differences in lithium content were found when comparing extracerebral organs and serum. However, the brain accumulated considerable amounts of lithium ion. This reached toxic concentration in most of the brain areas of both patients. The highest values were found in the white matter, pointing to a lithium accumulation in lipid-enriched brain cells. The results were interpreted in connection with earlier findings of our group and other authors.", "contents": "[Lithium distribution in organs after lithium poisoning]. This paper describes the lithium distribution in the organs of two manic-depressive women who died following lithium intoxication. In both cases intoxication was observed during and after an acute phase of epidemic influenza accompanied by diarrhoea. The patients died from cerebral failure 5 and 7 days after receiving their last lithium dose. Death could not be prevented although NaCl infusions and haemodialyses were carried out. Only slight differences in lithium content were found when comparing extracerebral organs and serum. However, the brain accumulated considerable amounts of lithium ion. This reached toxic concentration in most of the brain areas of both patients. The highest values were found in the white matter, pointing to a lithium accumulation in lipid-enriched brain cells. The results were interpreted in connection with earlier findings of our group and other authors.", "PMID": 734143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1649", "title": "[A new method of measuring the system intrinsic variance of scintillation detectors (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method is described for the measurement of the system intrinsic variance of scintillation detectors. The system intrinsic variance can be obtained by subtracting the component of photomultiplier variance from the total (observed) variance of detector pulse amplitude; the former component has usually been determined by the use of a light pulser. In the present method, two photomultiplier tubes are optically coupled to a scintillator which is irradiated by a collimated beam of gamma-rays, and the system intrinsic variance is determined from the analysis of mutual correlation of pulse amplitude between the outputs of these two photomultiplier tubes. The method does not need the use of a light pulser, and is able to discriminate the effect of multiple interaction of gamma-rays in the scintillator. A preliminary experiment with a cylindrical NaI(Tl) crystal (4 cmphi X 10 cm) has been performed for a range of gamma-ray energy from 60 keV to 835 keV. The result is well consistent with ones reported by other authors using light pulsers.", "contents": "[A new method of measuring the system intrinsic variance of scintillation detectors (author's transl)]. A new method is described for the measurement of the system intrinsic variance of scintillation detectors. The system intrinsic variance can be obtained by subtracting the component of photomultiplier variance from the total (observed) variance of detector pulse amplitude; the former component has usually been determined by the use of a light pulser. In the present method, two photomultiplier tubes are optically coupled to a scintillator which is irradiated by a collimated beam of gamma-rays, and the system intrinsic variance is determined from the analysis of mutual correlation of pulse amplitude between the outputs of these two photomultiplier tubes. The method does not need the use of a light pulser, and is able to discriminate the effect of multiple interaction of gamma-rays in the scintillator. A preliminary experiment with a cylindrical NaI(Tl) crystal (4 cmphi X 10 cm) has been performed for a range of gamma-ray energy from 60 keV to 835 keV. The result is well consistent with ones reported by other authors using light pulsers.", "PMID": 734160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1650", "title": "A thin 4pibeta-counter operating by negative high voltage for the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence measurement.-Construction.", "content": "A thin 4pibeta-multiwire proportional counter was constructed to increase the gamma-ray counting efficiency in the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence method. This counter with a counting volume of 70 X 60 X 11 mm and 5 wires in one half was made of an insulator and negative high voltage was supplied to the inner wall being possessed of conductivity. Then the anodes were operated at the earth potential and compact preamplifiers with no coupling condenser were fixed at the side of each half to miniaturize a shielding system for background. From the experimental results in various conditions, good characteristics were obtained in the case that signals were taken out from the center anode and the others were used only for cleaning up excess charges.", "contents": "A thin 4pibeta-counter operating by negative high voltage for the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence measurement.-Construction. A thin 4pibeta-multiwire proportional counter was constructed to increase the gamma-ray counting efficiency in the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence method. This counter with a counting volume of 70 X 60 X 11 mm and 5 wires in one half was made of an insulator and negative high voltage was supplied to the inner wall being possessed of conductivity. Then the anodes were operated at the earth potential and compact preamplifiers with no coupling condenser were fixed at the side of each half to miniaturize a shielding system for background. From the experimental results in various conditions, good characteristics were obtained in the case that signals were taken out from the center anode and the others were used only for cleaning up excess charges.", "PMID": 734161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1651", "title": "[Caffeine-11C, ephedrine-11C and methylephedrine-11C: Synthesis and distribution in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Caffeine, ephedrine and methylephedrine were labeled with carbon-11 by the action of methyliodide-11C on theophylline, norephedrine and ephedrine, respectively. Caffeine-11C was prepared in 44 min with a radiochemical yield of 40%, ephedrine-11C in 45 min with a 11% radiochemical yield and methylephedrine-11C in 36 min with a 43% radiochemical yield. When injected in mice intravenously, these products show a high uptake in the liver, the kidney and the blood for caffeine-11C and in the liver and the kidney for ephedrine-11C and methylephedrine-11C. The brain uptake for these products was found to be 2.4 to 3.9% of the injected dose per gram at 5 min after injection. These studies in mice have demonstrated that these products are potentially useful agents for the dynamic studies of the brain.", "contents": "[Caffeine-11C, ephedrine-11C and methylephedrine-11C: Synthesis and distribution in mice (author's transl)]. Caffeine, ephedrine and methylephedrine were labeled with carbon-11 by the action of methyliodide-11C on theophylline, norephedrine and ephedrine, respectively. Caffeine-11C was prepared in 44 min with a radiochemical yield of 40%, ephedrine-11C in 45 min with a 11% radiochemical yield and methylephedrine-11C in 36 min with a 43% radiochemical yield. When injected in mice intravenously, these products show a high uptake in the liver, the kidney and the blood for caffeine-11C and in the liver and the kidney for ephedrine-11C and methylephedrine-11C. The brain uptake for these products was found to be 2.4 to 3.9% of the injected dose per gram at 5 min after injection. These studies in mice have demonstrated that these products are potentially useful agents for the dynamic studies of the brain.", "PMID": 734163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1652", "title": "Urinary carcinoembryonic like antigen levels in patients with urinary tract reconstruction using bowels.", "content": "Urine CEA levels of sixty six cystectomy patients with urinary tract reconstruction using the small or large bowel was evaluated. Most of them had abnormally high CEA levels regardless of bladder tumor recurrence. Ileal conduit cases showed higher CEA levels than those of colocystoplasty cases. We think this is probably due to difference of mucosal surface areas rather than of original location of the resected specimens, for the small bowel contains much wider mucosal surface in a length unit.", "contents": "Urinary carcinoembryonic like antigen levels in patients with urinary tract reconstruction using bowels. Urine CEA levels of sixty six cystectomy patients with urinary tract reconstruction using the small or large bowel was evaluated. Most of them had abnormally high CEA levels regardless of bladder tumor recurrence. Ileal conduit cases showed higher CEA levels than those of colocystoplasty cases. We think this is probably due to difference of mucosal surface areas rather than of original location of the resected specimens, for the small bowel contains much wider mucosal surface in a length unit.", "PMID": 734164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1653", "title": "[Standardisation of radioprotection dosimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to the need for reliable standardisation of the dosimetry of ionising radiations for the purposes of protection. The position in Italy and its deficiencies are examined, and organisational models adopted in other countries are described, along with ways in which suitable solutions to the Italian situation could be found.", "contents": "[Standardisation of radioprotection dosimetry (author's transl)]. Reference is made to the need for reliable standardisation of the dosimetry of ionising radiations for the purposes of protection. The position in Italy and its deficiencies are examined, and organisational models adopted in other countries are described, along with ways in which suitable solutions to the Italian situation could be found.", "PMID": 734177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1654", "title": "Photochemistry of visual pigments: an interpretation of spectral changes in terms of molecular associations and isomerization.", "content": "A unified view of the photochemical part of the visual process is presented. It is proposed that both conformational changes and changes in intermolecular interactions in the sequence that leads from rhodopsin through batho-lumi- and meta-I to meta-II- rhodopsin have to be considered in order to elucidate the mechanism of the visual process. The main intermolocular associations are assumed to be the hydrogen bond involving the nitrogen atom of the Schiff base and the interaction between a negative group and the beta-ionone ring. The two together can be used to explain the absorption wavelength of rhodopsin without actual protonation. The main line of thought is as follows: when light is absorbed the basicity of the Schiff base increases significantly. This triggers proton transfer in the H-bond. At the same time cis-trans isomerization begins but it only reaches the coplanar all-trans stage at metarhodopsin-II. Lumi-, meta-I and meta-II are way stations in the stepwise isomerization whereby the energy of the photon is used together with thermal energy. Batho- is probably still close to 11-cis which then becomes successively strained 13-cis and 15-cis. In vertebrate rhodopsins at the meta-II stage both the H-bond and the beta-ionone interaction are severed and meta-II becomes exposed to attack by water molecules. The importance of syn-anti isomerization on the C=N bond is emphasized. The irreversibility necessary for the production of a signal requires that the proton does not return to its original donor. The possible identity of the donor is discussed: it might be an amino acid or the polar part of a lipid. Relevant observations made on bacteriorhodopsin, squid rhodopsin and chicken iodopsin are discussed.", "contents": "Photochemistry of visual pigments: an interpretation of spectral changes in terms of molecular associations and isomerization. A unified view of the photochemical part of the visual process is presented. It is proposed that both conformational changes and changes in intermolecular interactions in the sequence that leads from rhodopsin through batho-lumi- and meta-I to meta-II- rhodopsin have to be considered in order to elucidate the mechanism of the visual process. The main intermolocular associations are assumed to be the hydrogen bond involving the nitrogen atom of the Schiff base and the interaction between a negative group and the beta-ionone ring. The two together can be used to explain the absorption wavelength of rhodopsin without actual protonation. The main line of thought is as follows: when light is absorbed the basicity of the Schiff base increases significantly. This triggers proton transfer in the H-bond. At the same time cis-trans isomerization begins but it only reaches the coplanar all-trans stage at metarhodopsin-II. Lumi-, meta-I and meta-II are way stations in the stepwise isomerization whereby the energy of the photon is used together with thermal energy. Batho- is probably still close to 11-cis which then becomes successively strained 13-cis and 15-cis. In vertebrate rhodopsins at the meta-II stage both the H-bond and the beta-ionone interaction are severed and meta-II becomes exposed to attack by water molecules. The importance of syn-anti isomerization on the C=N bond is emphasized. The irreversibility necessary for the production of a signal requires that the proton does not return to its original donor. The possible identity of the donor is discussed: it might be an amino acid or the polar part of a lipid. Relevant observations made on bacteriorhodopsin, squid rhodopsin and chicken iodopsin are discussed.", "PMID": 734197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1655", "title": "[Degeneration of the brush border in the midgut of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig].", "content": "The brush border of the intestinal epithelium is described in an actively feeding larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. It will persist intact after the appearance of the first signs of degeneration of the larval intestinal cells. It will then be invaginated inside the cell forming a \"microvillar dense body.\"", "contents": "[Degeneration of the brush border in the midgut of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig]. The brush border of the intestinal epithelium is described in an actively feeding larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. It will persist intact after the appearance of the first signs of degeneration of the larval intestinal cells. It will then be invaginated inside the cell forming a \"microvillar dense body.\"", "PMID": 734198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1656", "title": "[The use of tape recorders in classes with motor handicapped pupils (author's transl)].", "content": "It is demonstrated that physical disabilities involving motor deficits automatically result in communicative limitations which become particularly evident in calsses. As a rule, the consequences of a slow writing performance due to physical disability are a decrease in performance. The supply of intellectually normal but severely physically handicapped pupils with adequate technical aids designed to compensate for their disabilities is, therefore, a necessity which improves their educational opportunities. With the help of an adjusted and technically supplemented tape recorder it is demonstrated in how far a technical apparatus can become the \"tool\" of a special education teacher.", "contents": "[The use of tape recorders in classes with motor handicapped pupils (author's transl)]. It is demonstrated that physical disabilities involving motor deficits automatically result in communicative limitations which become particularly evident in calsses. As a rule, the consequences of a slow writing performance due to physical disability are a decrease in performance. The supply of intellectually normal but severely physically handicapped pupils with adequate technical aids designed to compensate for their disabilities is, therefore, a necessity which improves their educational opportunities. With the help of an adjusted and technically supplemented tape recorder it is demonstrated in how far a technical apparatus can become the \"tool\" of a special education teacher.", "PMID": 734211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1657", "title": "[Socio-ecological study of the therapeutic milieu in a modern rehabilitation centre (author's transl)].", "content": "The article presents a data survey carried out by means of a questionnaire, the \"ward atmosphere scale\" described by Moos (1966--1974), U.S.A. In Austria, the effects of socio-ecological influences are examined for the first time at the rehabilitation centre in Hochegg. The data refer to autumn 1975. At that time attempts were made at Hochegg rehabilitation centre to develop a staff-centred guidance style and a client-centred therapeutic milieu in the sense of a therapeutic community. The patients were offered therapeutic programmes which were to the greatest possible degree tailored to their individual needs whilst not interferring with the patients' spontaneity and personal initiative. The analysis of the variables used in Hochegg are illustrated and compared with the mean values of the American results. It is pointed out that studies of existing conditions performed in an endeavour to create more human working conditions, are met with disapprouval. The first results of the survey are intended to be used as the basis for the improvement of the questionnaire and are helpful in decision-making regarding the development of therapeutic styles which meet the needs of the patient, regarding staff management and architectural influences.", "contents": "[Socio-ecological study of the therapeutic milieu in a modern rehabilitation centre (author's transl)]. The article presents a data survey carried out by means of a questionnaire, the \"ward atmosphere scale\" described by Moos (1966--1974), U.S.A. In Austria, the effects of socio-ecological influences are examined for the first time at the rehabilitation centre in Hochegg. The data refer to autumn 1975. At that time attempts were made at Hochegg rehabilitation centre to develop a staff-centred guidance style and a client-centred therapeutic milieu in the sense of a therapeutic community. The patients were offered therapeutic programmes which were to the greatest possible degree tailored to their individual needs whilst not interferring with the patients' spontaneity and personal initiative. The analysis of the variables used in Hochegg are illustrated and compared with the mean values of the American results. It is pointed out that studies of existing conditions performed in an endeavour to create more human working conditions, are met with disapprouval. The first results of the survey are intended to be used as the basis for the improvement of the questionnaire and are helpful in decision-making regarding the development of therapeutic styles which meet the needs of the patient, regarding staff management and architectural influences.", "PMID": 734212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1658", "title": "Concentrations of phenethylamine in dog following single doses and during intravenous self-administration.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure is described which was used to measure concentrations of beta-phenethylamine (PEA) in dog plasma following single or multiple infusions. Plasma levels were determined immediately following drug infusions during PEA self-administration sessions. At a unit dose of 3 mg/kg/infusion the concentration of PEA ranged from 1 to 3.95 microgram/ml of plasma, and from 2.5 to 4.75 microgram/ml at a unit dose of 6 mg/kg/infusion. At the time of responding for another infusion the plasma concentration varied between 0.16 and 0.52 microgram/ml and between 0.08 and 0.26 microgram/ml, for the two doses, respectively. Whole-body concentrations of PEA during self-administration were estimated according to a one compartment, open model using experimentally determined plasma half-lives obtained from single dose studies and inter-infusion intervals. Relatively little accumulation of PEA was predicted according to this model which correlated well with the experimental data. During the course of a self-administration session plasma levels rose initially following the infusion and declined to relatively constant levels (\"response concentrations\") when a subsequent drug-seeking response was made. Significant differences in \"response concentrations\" were observed between dogs and between doses. It is suggested that this response pattern is related to the distribution and clearance rate of the drug from plasma and well-perfused tissues.", "contents": "Concentrations of phenethylamine in dog following single doses and during intravenous self-administration. A gas chromatographic procedure is described which was used to measure concentrations of beta-phenethylamine (PEA) in dog plasma following single or multiple infusions. Plasma levels were determined immediately following drug infusions during PEA self-administration sessions. At a unit dose of 3 mg/kg/infusion the concentration of PEA ranged from 1 to 3.95 microgram/ml of plasma, and from 2.5 to 4.75 microgram/ml at a unit dose of 6 mg/kg/infusion. At the time of responding for another infusion the plasma concentration varied between 0.16 and 0.52 microgram/ml and between 0.08 and 0.26 microgram/ml, for the two doses, respectively. Whole-body concentrations of PEA during self-administration were estimated according to a one compartment, open model using experimentally determined plasma half-lives obtained from single dose studies and inter-infusion intervals. Relatively little accumulation of PEA was predicted according to this model which correlated well with the experimental data. During the course of a self-administration session plasma levels rose initially following the infusion and declined to relatively constant levels (\"response concentrations\") when a subsequent drug-seeking response was made. Significant differences in \"response concentrations\" were observed between dogs and between doses. It is suggested that this response pattern is related to the distribution and clearance rate of the drug from plasma and well-perfused tissues.", "PMID": 734213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1659", "title": "Dextromethorphan: radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetics in the dog.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of the widely used non-narcotic antitussive agent, dextromethorphan (DM) in plasma and urine has been developed using an antiserum to DM which was obtained from rabbits following immunization with an albumin conjugate of (+)-3-methoxymorphinan-17-succinyloxyethyl. Specificity of the RIA was achieved by selective extraction of DM from its known metabolites into hexane at pH 6.5 with 86% recovery. Employing tritium labelled-DM as the radioligand the RIA had a limit of sensitivity of about 4 ng/ml of plasma using a 0.5 ml sample. Following I.V. administration of 2 mg/kg of DM to two dogs, the plasma levels of intact DM declined biexponentially; the terminal exponential phase having a half-life of 2.5-3.9 hr. The volume of distribution of the central compartment ranged from 5-6.4 l/kg while the metabolic clearance rate ranged from 2.5-2.6 1/hr/kg. Oral administration of 10 mg/kg of DM in gelatin capsule resulted in peak plasma levels of 50 and 92 ng/ml at 2 hr post-drug. Following both routes of administration, less than 3.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine as intact DM indicating almost complete biotransformation and/or alternate routes of excretion. In one human subject who received 0.5 mg/kg of DM P.O. in a syrup, the plasma levels were less than 1 ng/ml.", "contents": "Dextromethorphan: radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetics in the dog. A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of the widely used non-narcotic antitussive agent, dextromethorphan (DM) in plasma and urine has been developed using an antiserum to DM which was obtained from rabbits following immunization with an albumin conjugate of (+)-3-methoxymorphinan-17-succinyloxyethyl. Specificity of the RIA was achieved by selective extraction of DM from its known metabolites into hexane at pH 6.5 with 86% recovery. Employing tritium labelled-DM as the radioligand the RIA had a limit of sensitivity of about 4 ng/ml of plasma using a 0.5 ml sample. Following I.V. administration of 2 mg/kg of DM to two dogs, the plasma levels of intact DM declined biexponentially; the terminal exponential phase having a half-life of 2.5-3.9 hr. The volume of distribution of the central compartment ranged from 5-6.4 l/kg while the metabolic clearance rate ranged from 2.5-2.6 1/hr/kg. Oral administration of 10 mg/kg of DM in gelatin capsule resulted in peak plasma levels of 50 and 92 ng/ml at 2 hr post-drug. Following both routes of administration, less than 3.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine as intact DM indicating almost complete biotransformation and/or alternate routes of excretion. In one human subject who received 0.5 mg/kg of DM P.O. in a syrup, the plasma levels were less than 1 ng/ml.", "PMID": 734214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1660", "title": "Localization of 14C-angiotensin in rat brain after intravenous injection.", "content": "14C-angiotensin II (14C-AII) was infused into rats which were sacrificed 5, 15, 30, 60 min post infusion. Blood and brain samples were extracted and chromatographed on paper with standards of authentic 14C-AII and metabolites produced by the enzymatic degradation of the 14C-AII. Blood levels of both total radioactivity and 14C-angiotensin declined rapidly at first and slowly thereafter. Similarly total brain radioactivity also declined with time but 14C-angiotensin levels increased over the 60 min resulting in a large increase in the percentage of angiotensin found in the brain. Examination of the brain/blood ratio for 14C-angiotensin at each time point indicates that the brain reaches equilibrium with the blood (brain/blood = 1) at 30 min and remains unchanged at 60 min. This data suggests that intravenously injected 14C-angiotensin II can cross the blood brain barrier by a passive mechanism resulting in the binding of the hormone at central sites.", "contents": "Localization of 14C-angiotensin in rat brain after intravenous injection. 14C-angiotensin II (14C-AII) was infused into rats which were sacrificed 5, 15, 30, 60 min post infusion. Blood and brain samples were extracted and chromatographed on paper with standards of authentic 14C-AII and metabolites produced by the enzymatic degradation of the 14C-AII. Blood levels of both total radioactivity and 14C-angiotensin declined rapidly at first and slowly thereafter. Similarly total brain radioactivity also declined with time but 14C-angiotensin levels increased over the 60 min resulting in a large increase in the percentage of angiotensin found in the brain. Examination of the brain/blood ratio for 14C-angiotensin at each time point indicates that the brain reaches equilibrium with the blood (brain/blood = 1) at 30 min and remains unchanged at 60 min. This data suggests that intravenously injected 14C-angiotensin II can cross the blood brain barrier by a passive mechanism resulting in the binding of the hormone at central sites.", "PMID": 734215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1661", "title": "Effect of carpaine, a papaya alkaloid, on the circulatory function in the rat.", "content": "Carpaine is one of the major components of alkaloid of papaya leaves. Circulatory effects of carpaine were studied in Wistar male rats weighing 314 +/- 13 g, under pentabarbital (30 mg/kg) anesthesia. Increasing dosages of carpaine from 0.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg resulted in progressive decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure. Selective autonomic nervous blockade with atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg) or propranolol hydrochloride (8 mg/kg) did not alter the circulatory response to carpaine. Carpaine, 2 mg/kg, reduced cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, and cardiac power, but the calculated total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. It is concluded from these results that carpaine affects the myocardium directly. The effects of carpaine may be related to its macrocyclic dilactone structure, a possible cation chelating structure.", "contents": "Effect of carpaine, a papaya alkaloid, on the circulatory function in the rat. Carpaine is one of the major components of alkaloid of papaya leaves. Circulatory effects of carpaine were studied in Wistar male rats weighing 314 +/- 13 g, under pentabarbital (30 mg/kg) anesthesia. Increasing dosages of carpaine from 0.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg resulted in progressive decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure. Selective autonomic nervous blockade with atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg) or propranolol hydrochloride (8 mg/kg) did not alter the circulatory response to carpaine. Carpaine, 2 mg/kg, reduced cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, and cardiac power, but the calculated total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. It is concluded from these results that carpaine affects the myocardium directly. The effects of carpaine may be related to its macrocyclic dilactone structure, a possible cation chelating structure.", "PMID": 734216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1662", "title": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitory and anticonvulsant properties of some newer thiosemicarbazones.", "content": "Eight 4-aryl-1-(2,3,4-trihydroxy acetophenone)-3-thiosemicarbazones were synthesised and evaluated for their ability to inhibit rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO). All compounds exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of enzyme. The degree of enzyme inhibition was also evaluated on the basis of their I50 and I50/(S) values. Preincubation of these compounds with the enzyme system for varying lengths of time prior to the addition of substrate in no way altered their degree of inhibition. Kinetic study carried out with 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyacetophenone)-3-thiosemicarbazone revealed a competitive nature of inhibition. Anticonvulsant activity exhibited by these thiosemicarbazones (100mg/kg, i.p.) against pentylene-tetrazol-induced seizures ranged between 10-60%. Low toxicity possessed by these compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values ranging from 750 mg/kg to greater than 1000 mg/kg.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitory and anticonvulsant properties of some newer thiosemicarbazones. Eight 4-aryl-1-(2,3,4-trihydroxy acetophenone)-3-thiosemicarbazones were synthesised and evaluated for their ability to inhibit rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO). All compounds exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of enzyme. The degree of enzyme inhibition was also evaluated on the basis of their I50 and I50/(S) values. Preincubation of these compounds with the enzyme system for varying lengths of time prior to the addition of substrate in no way altered their degree of inhibition. Kinetic study carried out with 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3,4-trihydroxyacetophenone)-3-thiosemicarbazone revealed a competitive nature of inhibition. Anticonvulsant activity exhibited by these thiosemicarbazones (100mg/kg, i.p.) against pentylene-tetrazol-induced seizures ranged between 10-60%. Low toxicity possessed by these compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values ranging from 750 mg/kg to greater than 1000 mg/kg.", "PMID": 734217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1663", "title": "Formation in vivo of deuterated methylthio metabolites of naphthalene from L-methionine (methyl-d--3).", "content": "Studies were carried out with deuterated methionine (methyl-d--3) to determine if methylthio metabolites of naphthalene were formed in vivo by reaction with methionine-derived metabolites. Rats were maintained on a methionine-free diet for nine days followed by eight days on the same diet supplemented with L-methionine-d--3 prior to administration of naphthalene. When naphthalene metabolites isolated from urine were characterized by GC and GC-MS procedures, it was found that the incorporation of deuterium into the methylthio metabolites, as well as into a catechol methyl ether, was approximately 40%. These results show that the methyl group was derived from methionine.", "contents": "Formation in vivo of deuterated methylthio metabolites of naphthalene from L-methionine (methyl-d--3). Studies were carried out with deuterated methionine (methyl-d--3) to determine if methylthio metabolites of naphthalene were formed in vivo by reaction with methionine-derived metabolites. Rats were maintained on a methionine-free diet for nine days followed by eight days on the same diet supplemented with L-methionine-d--3 prior to administration of naphthalene. When naphthalene metabolites isolated from urine were characterized by GC and GC-MS procedures, it was found that the incorporation of deuterium into the methylthio metabolites, as well as into a catechol methyl ether, was approximately 40%. These results show that the methyl group was derived from methionine.", "PMID": 734218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1664", "title": "Reactions of the carcinogens 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(A)anthracene and 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(A)anthracene with DNA.", "content": "The carcinogen 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene reacts very poorly with DNA (2 mumoles hydrocarbon/mole DNA P) in the absence of enzymes whereas the carcinogen 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)-anthracene reacts readily with DNA (21.4 mumoles hydrocarbon/mole DNA DNA P). The high reactivity of the acetoxymethyl compound suggests it functions as an ultimate carcinogen whereas the low reactivity of the hydroxymethyl compound suggests that it requires further mebabolism to a reactive ester (e.g. sulfate) before it becomes an ultimate carcinogen. To test this hypothesis tritium labeled 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene was synthesized and reaction with calf thymus DNA studied in the presence and absence of a PAPS generating system. The results demonstrate that in the absence of a PAPS generating system and ATP, virtually no reaction with DNA could be detected. However, in the presence of the complete system, the radioactivity associated with phenol-extracted ethanol precipitated DNA was 27.5 mumoles of hydrocarbon/mole DNA P. The reaction with DNA was shown to be only partially dependent on sulfate ion which when omitted from the reaction mixture gave 22.7 mumoles of hydrocarbon/mole DNA P, whereas if ATP were omitted, no reaction occurred (0.4 mumoles/mole DNA P). However, if enzyme is omitted from the system, reaction occurs in the presence (44.8 mumoles/mole DNA P), but not in the absence of ATP. These data demonstrate that ATP mediates the reaction of this hydrocarbon with DNA, suggesting the formation of a reactive phosphate ester.", "contents": "Reactions of the carcinogens 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(A)anthracene and 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(A)anthracene with DNA. The carcinogen 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene reacts very poorly with DNA (2 mumoles hydrocarbon/mole DNA P) in the absence of enzymes whereas the carcinogen 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)-anthracene reacts readily with DNA (21.4 mumoles hydrocarbon/mole DNA DNA P). The high reactivity of the acetoxymethyl compound suggests it functions as an ultimate carcinogen whereas the low reactivity of the hydroxymethyl compound suggests that it requires further mebabolism to a reactive ester (e.g. sulfate) before it becomes an ultimate carcinogen. To test this hypothesis tritium labeled 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene was synthesized and reaction with calf thymus DNA studied in the presence and absence of a PAPS generating system. The results demonstrate that in the absence of a PAPS generating system and ATP, virtually no reaction with DNA could be detected. However, in the presence of the complete system, the radioactivity associated with phenol-extracted ethanol precipitated DNA was 27.5 mumoles of hydrocarbon/mole DNA P. The reaction with DNA was shown to be only partially dependent on sulfate ion which when omitted from the reaction mixture gave 22.7 mumoles of hydrocarbon/mole DNA P, whereas if ATP were omitted, no reaction occurred (0.4 mumoles/mole DNA P). However, if enzyme is omitted from the system, reaction occurs in the presence (44.8 mumoles/mole DNA P), but not in the absence of ATP. These data demonstrate that ATP mediates the reaction of this hydrocarbon with DNA, suggesting the formation of a reactive phosphate ester.", "PMID": 734219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1665", "title": "Trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) and human plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "These results for the first time document that the brief duration of action of the ganglionic blocker, Arfonad (trimethaphan camsylate), is not due to inactivation by plasma cholinesterase. Inhibition of the enzyme in vitro by Arfonad was not altered by prior incubation of the drug  in plasma at 37 degrees C for up to 16 hours nor by treatment with NaOH at 100 degrees C for 10 minutes. Both procedures inactivated succinylcholine. These results in vitro were confirmed in vivo by finding that the toxicity of Arfonad in mice was not significantly altered by these procedures whereas they rendered succinylcholine inocuous. Arfonad is a noncompetitive whereas succinylcholine is a competitive inhibitor of plasma cholinesterase using benzoylcholine as the substrate. The camphorsulfonate moiety of Arfonad was inactive in vitro but caused mild tremors in mice at relatively high doses.", "contents": "Trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) and human plasma cholinesterase. These results for the first time document that the brief duration of action of the ganglionic blocker, Arfonad (trimethaphan camsylate), is not due to inactivation by plasma cholinesterase. Inhibition of the enzyme in vitro by Arfonad was not altered by prior incubation of the drug  in plasma at 37 degrees C for up to 16 hours nor by treatment with NaOH at 100 degrees C for 10 minutes. Both procedures inactivated succinylcholine. These results in vitro were confirmed in vivo by finding that the toxicity of Arfonad in mice was not significantly altered by these procedures whereas they rendered succinylcholine inocuous. Arfonad is a noncompetitive whereas succinylcholine is a competitive inhibitor of plasma cholinesterase using benzoylcholine as the substrate. The camphorsulfonate moiety of Arfonad was inactive in vitro but caused mild tremors in mice at relatively high doses.", "PMID": 734220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1666", "title": "In vitro protein synthesis by inner membranes of rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "Prior investigation of the protein synthesizing properties of mitochondria involved the whole organelle. In order to better characterize these properties, the present study was concerned more specifically with the activity of the inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) which recent investigation has implicated as the primary location of mitochondrial ribosomes. To further define mitochondrial protein synthesis simultaneous experimentation was also conducted utilizing cytoplasmic ribosomes thus enabling both qualitative and quantitative comparison between the two systems. Results from this series of investigations reveal a dramatic amino acid incorporating ability by the IMM fraction of the brain mitochondria. This activity, in turn, was shown to be highly independent of exogenous sources of ATP, GTP, pH 5 enzymes, and cytoplasmic ribosomes. Furthermore, the addition of an exogenous source of messenger RNA, polyuridylic acid or (poly (U)) which resulted in an increased incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into polypeptide in the cytoplasmic system was found to have no effect on the IMM system. Upon comparison of the in vitro protein synthesizing properties of the IMM fraction with those of the cytoplasmic ribosomal system, it became evident that obvious differences existed in the degree of amino acid incorporation and in the sensitivity of this process to the various protein synthesizing inhibitors. Cytoplasmic ribosomes demonstrated a much greater [14C]leucine and [14C]phenylalanine incorporating activity than the IMM fraction. In addition, RNase and cyclohexamide had their greatest effect on the cytoplasmic system while the action of chloramphenicol was most potent on the IMM system. Although puromycin inhibited both protein synthesizing systems, this effect was greatest in the presence of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "contents": "In vitro protein synthesis by inner membranes of rat brain mitochondria. Prior investigation of the protein synthesizing properties of mitochondria involved the whole organelle. In order to better characterize these properties, the present study was concerned more specifically with the activity of the inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) which recent investigation has implicated as the primary location of mitochondrial ribosomes. To further define mitochondrial protein synthesis simultaneous experimentation was also conducted utilizing cytoplasmic ribosomes thus enabling both qualitative and quantitative comparison between the two systems. Results from this series of investigations reveal a dramatic amino acid incorporating ability by the IMM fraction of the brain mitochondria. This activity, in turn, was shown to be highly independent of exogenous sources of ATP, GTP, pH 5 enzymes, and cytoplasmic ribosomes. Furthermore, the addition of an exogenous source of messenger RNA, polyuridylic acid or (poly (U)) which resulted in an increased incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into polypeptide in the cytoplasmic system was found to have no effect on the IMM system. Upon comparison of the in vitro protein synthesizing properties of the IMM fraction with those of the cytoplasmic ribosomal system, it became evident that obvious differences existed in the degree of amino acid incorporation and in the sensitivity of this process to the various protein synthesizing inhibitors. Cytoplasmic ribosomes demonstrated a much greater [14C]leucine and [14C]phenylalanine incorporating activity than the IMM fraction. In addition, RNase and cyclohexamide had their greatest effect on the cytoplasmic system while the action of chloramphenicol was most potent on the IMM system. Although puromycin inhibited both protein synthesizing systems, this effect was greatest in the presence of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "PMID": 734221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1667", "title": "Identification of p-hydroxydiphenylmethane as a urinary and fecal metabolite of diphenylmethane in the rat.", "content": "The conversion of diphenylmethane to p-hydroxydiphenylmethane has been studied in laboratory rats. The urine of rats was found to contain 0.37 mole of unconjugated and 0.06 mole of conjugated p-hydroxydiphenylmethane. Rat feces was found to contain 0.06 mole of a mixture of unconjugated and conjugated p-hydroxydiphenylmethane.", "contents": "Identification of p-hydroxydiphenylmethane as a urinary and fecal metabolite of diphenylmethane in the rat. The conversion of diphenylmethane to p-hydroxydiphenylmethane has been studied in laboratory rats. The urine of rats was found to contain 0.37 mole of unconjugated and 0.06 mole of conjugated p-hydroxydiphenylmethane. Rat feces was found to contain 0.06 mole of a mixture of unconjugated and conjugated p-hydroxydiphenylmethane.", "PMID": 734222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1668", "title": "The structure of propranolol hemisuccinate.", "content": "1-(N-hemisuccinyl-N-isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propranolol, contaminated with a small amount of the N,O-dihemisuccinyl derivative, is formed when propranolol [1-isopropylamino-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propranolol] is allowed to react with succinic anhydride (pyridine, 70 degrees C, 5 hours). This conjugate, used by others for the preparation of an immunogen of propranolol for development of radioimmunoassay methodology for its sensitive quantitation, was previously assigned the O-hemisuccinate structure. The amide structure is assigned on the basis of comparison of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data obtained on the product of succinylation of propranolol with data from the model compounds O-acetylpropranolol, N-acetylpropranolol and N,O-diacetylpropranolol.", "contents": "The structure of propranolol hemisuccinate. 1-(N-hemisuccinyl-N-isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propranolol, contaminated with a small amount of the N,O-dihemisuccinyl derivative, is formed when propranolol [1-isopropylamino-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propranolol] is allowed to react with succinic anhydride (pyridine, 70 degrees C, 5 hours). This conjugate, used by others for the preparation of an immunogen of propranolol for development of radioimmunoassay methodology for its sensitive quantitation, was previously assigned the O-hemisuccinate structure. The amide structure is assigned on the basis of comparison of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data obtained on the product of succinylation of propranolol with data from the model compounds O-acetylpropranolol, N-acetylpropranolol and N,O-diacetylpropranolol.", "PMID": 734223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1669", "title": "Dopamine potentiates anaphylactic contraction of pulmonary vein of calf.", "content": "Isolated strips of pulmonary vein of antigen-sensitized calf contracted to histamine, serotonin and antigen. In the presence of subthreshold concentrations of dopamine (10(-6) M), anaphylactic contractions to antigen were enhanced, whereas responses to histamine and serotonin were not.", "contents": "Dopamine potentiates anaphylactic contraction of pulmonary vein of calf. Isolated strips of pulmonary vein of antigen-sensitized calf contracted to histamine, serotonin and antigen. In the presence of subthreshold concentrations of dopamine (10(-6) M), anaphylactic contractions to antigen were enhanced, whereas responses to histamine and serotonin were not.", "PMID": 734224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1670", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance identification of 2-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6beta-naltrexol as a minor naltrexone metabolite.", "content": "A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance comparison of synthetic and biological samples was used to identify unequivocally 2-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6beta-naltrexol as a minor naltrexone metabolite in humans. This study points up the increasing usefulness of natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in metabolism studies.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance identification of 2-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6beta-naltrexol as a minor naltrexone metabolite. A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance comparison of synthetic and biological samples was used to identify unequivocally 2-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6beta-naltrexol as a minor naltrexone metabolite in humans. This study points up the increasing usefulness of natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in metabolism studies.", "PMID": 734225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1671", "title": "Kinetics of pharmacologic response to cocaine.", "content": "Cocaine plasma concentration-response-time data obtained from the literature were analyzed by pharmacokinetic methods. The plasma concentration-time data yield an elimination half-life of approximately 1 hour and the data suggest that only about 20% of an oral dose of cocaine is absorbed intact into the systemic circulation. Response, as assessed by means of a relative \"high\" rating scale, declined linearly with time as predicted by theory. The rate of decline of response was found to be 0.0221 \"high\"/min. The rate of decline of response is a function of the apparent first-order elimination rate constant (K) of the drug and the slope of the response-log plasma concentration curve (m). A value for m of 4.2 \"high\" was calculated from the response-time data which agreed well with a value of 3.9 \"high\" for m determined from the slope of the response-log plasma concentration curve.", "contents": "Kinetics of pharmacologic response to cocaine. Cocaine plasma concentration-response-time data obtained from the literature were analyzed by pharmacokinetic methods. The plasma concentration-time data yield an elimination half-life of approximately 1 hour and the data suggest that only about 20% of an oral dose of cocaine is absorbed intact into the systemic circulation. Response, as assessed by means of a relative \"high\" rating scale, declined linearly with time as predicted by theory. The rate of decline of response was found to be 0.0221 \"high\"/min. The rate of decline of response is a function of the apparent first-order elimination rate constant (K) of the drug and the slope of the response-log plasma concentration curve (m). A value for m of 4.2 \"high\" was calculated from the response-time data which agreed well with a value of 3.9 \"high\" for m determined from the slope of the response-log plasma concentration curve.", "PMID": 734226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1672", "title": "The kinetics of amitriptyline following single oral dose administration to man.", "content": "Amitriptyline and its metabolite, nortriptyline, were measured in the plasma of eight humans for 96 hours following oral administration of a 75 mg dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride. Based on the 8 to 96 hour post dosing plasma concentration data, the terminal exponential half life of amitriptyline +/- S.D. was 22.4 +/- 4.3 hr. Based on the 24 to 96 hour concentration data, the \"apparent\" terminal half time of nortriptyline +/- S.D. was 26.0 +/- 7.4 hours for seven subjects. For these same seven subjects the relative area under the plasma concentration time curve of nortriptyline +/- S.D. was only 0.88 +/- 0.34 times that of amitriptyline. One subject whose apparent nortriptyline half time was 108 hours had a nortriptyline bioavailability 3.83 times that of amitriptyline. Average steady state plasma levels for 12 psychiatric patients who had received a 50 mg oral dose of amitriptyline three times a day for an average of 32 days could be predicted from the single dose plasma clearance of amitriptyline.", "contents": "The kinetics of amitriptyline following single oral dose administration to man. Amitriptyline and its metabolite, nortriptyline, were measured in the plasma of eight humans for 96 hours following oral administration of a 75 mg dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride. Based on the 8 to 96 hour post dosing plasma concentration data, the terminal exponential half life of amitriptyline +/- S.D. was 22.4 +/- 4.3 hr. Based on the 24 to 96 hour concentration data, the \"apparent\" terminal half time of nortriptyline +/- S.D. was 26.0 +/- 7.4 hours for seven subjects. For these same seven subjects the relative area under the plasma concentration time curve of nortriptyline +/- S.D. was only 0.88 +/- 0.34 times that of amitriptyline. One subject whose apparent nortriptyline half time was 108 hours had a nortriptyline bioavailability 3.83 times that of amitriptyline. Average steady state plasma levels for 12 psychiatric patients who had received a 50 mg oral dose of amitriptyline three times a day for an average of 32 days could be predicted from the single dose plasma clearance of amitriptyline.", "PMID": 734227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1673", "title": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior of lidocaine in the conscious dog.", "content": "The apparent steady state blood concentration of lidocaine in dogs depends on the animal's lidocaine treatment history. For example, an infusion of 50 microgram/Kg/min X 240 min followed immediately by an infusion of 125 microgram/Kg/min X 240 min yields steady state lidocaine levels which are consistent with a linear drug dispositional system. However, when the sequence of these infusions is reversed the apparent steady state level during the low infusion rate step is much greater than those predicted from the steady state level observed during the high infusion rate (assuming a linear dispositional model). These data suggest that high dose lidocaine infusion treatment alters the dog's ability to clear lidocaine during a subsequent low infusion rate treatment period.", "contents": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior of lidocaine in the conscious dog. The apparent steady state blood concentration of lidocaine in dogs depends on the animal's lidocaine treatment history. For example, an infusion of 50 microgram/Kg/min X 240 min followed immediately by an infusion of 125 microgram/Kg/min X 240 min yields steady state lidocaine levels which are consistent with a linear drug dispositional system. However, when the sequence of these infusions is reversed the apparent steady state level during the low infusion rate step is much greater than those predicted from the steady state level observed during the high infusion rate (assuming a linear dispositional model). These data suggest that high dose lidocaine infusion treatment alters the dog's ability to clear lidocaine during a subsequent low infusion rate treatment period.", "PMID": 734228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1674", "title": "PGE2: metabolic effects in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Some metabolic and haemodynamic responses to intravenous prostaglandin (PG) were studied in five healthy male volunteers, aged 27-40. Subjects, who fasted overnight, rested supine for for 30 min before any measurements were made. Control pulse rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded and 20ml venous blood drawn for analysis. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 5 microgram/min then began and was continued for 15 min; the dose was then increased to 7.5 microgram/min. Measurements were made during the infusion at 15 and 30 min and also 15 min after infusion was stopped. Pulse rate increased but blood pressure was unaffected by the infusion. Glycerol and FFA levels rose, whereas lactate and pyruvate levels fell during the infusion. The rise in glycerol level was significant at 30 min. The changes recorded were slight in clinical terms but the study provides a baseline for the screening of other PG analogues.", "contents": "PGE2: metabolic effects in healthy volunteers. Some metabolic and haemodynamic responses to intravenous prostaglandin (PG) were studied in five healthy male volunteers, aged 27-40. Subjects, who fasted overnight, rested supine for for 30 min before any measurements were made. Control pulse rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded and 20ml venous blood drawn for analysis. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 5 microgram/min then began and was continued for 15 min; the dose was then increased to 7.5 microgram/min. Measurements were made during the infusion at 15 and 30 min and also 15 min after infusion was stopped. Pulse rate increased but blood pressure was unaffected by the infusion. Glycerol and FFA levels rose, whereas lactate and pyruvate levels fell during the infusion. The rise in glycerol level was significant at 30 min. The changes recorded were slight in clinical terms but the study provides a baseline for the screening of other PG analogues.", "PMID": 734229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1675", "title": "Barbiturate and amphetamine activity in rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet.", "content": "Hexobarbital hypnosis and d-amphetamine toxicity were observed in rats fed a commercially available rat food preparation (lab chow) and in another two groups fed complete nutritionally defined diets with or without magnesium. Neither hexobarbital sleeping time nor hexobarbital blood concentration at awakening were affected after 4, 8 or 12 days of feeding the deficient diet. However, increased sensitivity to d-amphetamine was observed after 11 days of feeding the same magnesium deficient diet to other rats. The LD50 of d-amphetamine in magnesium deficient rats was less than 0.5 that recorded for the groups fed lab chow or the nutritionally defined diet with a magnesium supplement.", "contents": "Barbiturate and amphetamine activity in rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet. Hexobarbital hypnosis and d-amphetamine toxicity were observed in rats fed a commercially available rat food preparation (lab chow) and in another two groups fed complete nutritionally defined diets with or without magnesium. Neither hexobarbital sleeping time nor hexobarbital blood concentration at awakening were affected after 4, 8 or 12 days of feeding the deficient diet. However, increased sensitivity to d-amphetamine was observed after 11 days of feeding the same magnesium deficient diet to other rats. The LD50 of d-amphetamine in magnesium deficient rats was less than 0.5 that recorded for the groups fed lab chow or the nutritionally defined diet with a magnesium supplement.", "PMID": 734230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1676", "title": "Enhanced lethality and tissue levels of chloroquine in rats pretreated with pyrogen.", "content": "The lethality, and concentrations of chloroquine in plasma, brain liver and heart, in control and pyrogen-treated rats were investigated. Pyrogen treatment increased the lethality, the convulsive activity, plasma and myocardial concentrations of chloroquine significantly. The results suggest that the initiation of therapy with chloroquine in acute febrile conditions may require smaller than usual dosage.", "contents": "Enhanced lethality and tissue levels of chloroquine in rats pretreated with pyrogen. The lethality, and concentrations of chloroquine in plasma, brain liver and heart, in control and pyrogen-treated rats were investigated. Pyrogen treatment increased the lethality, the convulsive activity, plasma and myocardial concentrations of chloroquine significantly. The results suggest that the initiation of therapy with chloroquine in acute febrile conditions may require smaller than usual dosage.", "PMID": 734231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1677", "title": "The relationship between kanamycin ototoxicity and glucose transport.", "content": "The clinical utility of the aminoglycoside antibiotics is hampered by their well-known capacity to cause labyrinthine and renal damage. The mechanism by which these damages are produced is unknown. Attention was focused on the aminosugar moiety of these antibiotics by the finding of Owada (1962) which demonstrated that 3-aminoglucose is as ototoxic as its parent antibiotic, kanamycin. It is known that aminosugars compete with glucose for transport and that the sensory cells of the cochlea depend on glucose as a primary energy source. The hypothesis that grew out of these considerations was that kanamycin might be causing its ototoxicity by inhibiting glucose transport at one of several sites in the inner ear. To test this hypothesis the ototoxicity of kanamycin was determined in hyperglycemic animals. Hyperglycemia clearly and dramatically protects animals against ototoxicity as evidenced both by electrocochleographical and histological examination.", "contents": "The relationship between kanamycin ototoxicity and glucose transport. The clinical utility of the aminoglycoside antibiotics is hampered by their well-known capacity to cause labyrinthine and renal damage. The mechanism by which these damages are produced is unknown. Attention was focused on the aminosugar moiety of these antibiotics by the finding of Owada (1962) which demonstrated that 3-aminoglucose is as ototoxic as its parent antibiotic, kanamycin. It is known that aminosugars compete with glucose for transport and that the sensory cells of the cochlea depend on glucose as a primary energy source. The hypothesis that grew out of these considerations was that kanamycin might be causing its ototoxicity by inhibiting glucose transport at one of several sites in the inner ear. To test this hypothesis the ototoxicity of kanamycin was determined in hyperglycemic animals. Hyperglycemia clearly and dramatically protects animals against ototoxicity as evidenced both by electrocochleographical and histological examination.", "PMID": 734232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1678", "title": "Role of phospholipids in the development of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum associated with drug metabolism.", "content": "During development from fetal to adult age in the female rat the rapid increase of hepatic drug metabolizing activity was paralleled by changes in the production of membrane bound phospholipids. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine synthesis was raised in particular, and was associated with an enhanced activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase. This enzyme is responsible, in part, for phosphatidylcholine production by stepwise methylation. Phospholipid acyl components such as various unsaturated fatt acids also showed a sharp rise during development. These results demonstrated that maturation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum was correlated with an increased production of phosphatidylcholine that contained greater amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. It is therefore suggested that during maturation phospholipids are not only essential in providing the structural units of the membranes but they also act as organizers of enzyme function.", "contents": "Role of phospholipids in the development of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum associated with drug metabolism. During development from fetal to adult age in the female rat the rapid increase of hepatic drug metabolizing activity was paralleled by changes in the production of membrane bound phospholipids. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine synthesis was raised in particular, and was associated with an enhanced activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase. This enzyme is responsible, in part, for phosphatidylcholine production by stepwise methylation. Phospholipid acyl components such as various unsaturated fatt acids also showed a sharp rise during development. These results demonstrated that maturation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum was correlated with an increased production of phosphatidylcholine that contained greater amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. It is therefore suggested that during maturation phospholipids are not only essential in providing the structural units of the membranes but they also act as organizers of enzyme function.", "PMID": 734233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1679", "title": "The membrane effects of vitamin E, cholesterol and their acetates on peroxidative susceptibility.", "content": "Ox-brain phospholipid liposomes provide an organised membrane structure as well as a substrate for lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is a poor antioxidant outside the membrane but has considerable activity within. Inclusion of its acetate derivative confirmed the dual role of vitamin E as both a stabilising structural component and free-radical scavenger. Cholesterol similarly stabilises the membrane but does not appear to significantly protect by radical scavenging. Its functions are closely related to the amount and type of phospholipid present in the membrane. Changes in oxidative susceptibility following free-radical stress provide a sensitive measure of membrane structural organisation.", "contents": "The membrane effects of vitamin E, cholesterol and their acetates on peroxidative susceptibility. Ox-brain phospholipid liposomes provide an organised membrane structure as well as a substrate for lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is a poor antioxidant outside the membrane but has considerable activity within. Inclusion of its acetate derivative confirmed the dual role of vitamin E as both a stabilising structural component and free-radical scavenger. Cholesterol similarly stabilises the membrane but does not appear to significantly protect by radical scavenging. Its functions are closely related to the amount and type of phospholipid present in the membrane. Changes in oxidative susceptibility following free-radical stress provide a sensitive measure of membrane structural organisation.", "PMID": 734234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1680", "title": "Neuronal and liver protein synthesis in the developing offsprings following treatment of pregnant rats with ethanol or 1,3-butanediol.", "content": "Ethanol or 1,3-butanediol ingestion during pregnancy and lactation results in a marked inhibition of neuronal protein synthesis in the 18-day-old rat progeny, however the same treatment had a stimulatory effect on the amino acid incorporation by neuronal perikarya of 8-day-old pups. Liver protein synthesis in vitro, on the other hand, was enhanced in both 8-day and 18-day-old pups as a consequence of maternal ethanol consumption. This was attributable to increased amino-acylation in the liver pH 5 enzyme fraction.", "contents": "Neuronal and liver protein synthesis in the developing offsprings following treatment of pregnant rats with ethanol or 1,3-butanediol. Ethanol or 1,3-butanediol ingestion during pregnancy and lactation results in a marked inhibition of neuronal protein synthesis in the 18-day-old rat progeny, however the same treatment had a stimulatory effect on the amino acid incorporation by neuronal perikarya of 8-day-old pups. Liver protein synthesis in vitro, on the other hand, was enhanced in both 8-day and 18-day-old pups as a consequence of maternal ethanol consumption. This was attributable to increased amino-acylation in the liver pH 5 enzyme fraction.", "PMID": 734235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1681", "title": "In vivo metabolism of N-alkylamphetamines in the rat--the effect of N-alkyl chain length on oxidation of the aromatic ring.", "content": "In vivo metabolism of N-alkylated amphetamines in the rat produced 4-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-metabolites. The relative quantities of the phenolicmetabolites formed were dependent upon the length of the N-alkyl substituent.", "contents": "In vivo metabolism of N-alkylamphetamines in the rat--the effect of N-alkyl chain length on oxidation of the aromatic ring. In vivo metabolism of N-alkylated amphetamines in the rat produced 4-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-metabolites. The relative quantities of the phenolicmetabolites formed were dependent upon the length of the N-alkyl substituent.", "PMID": 734236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1682", "title": "Regional localization of methaqualone in rat brain.", "content": "Distribution of orally administered methaqualone-14C (25 mg/kg) in several rat brain areas was examined. Peak concentration attained at 1.5 hr. Among brain areas, highest concentration was measured in pineal gland (8.2 microgram/g). MTQ levels in the cortex, pituitary, hypothalamus and hippocampus ranged from 3 to 3.5 microgram/g, those in the mid-brain, medulla-pons, striatum and cerebellum from 2 to 2.5 microgram/g. Significant amounts of MTQ in all brain regions were still present at 3 hr. These results indicate that MTQ was somewhat uniformly distributed in various brain regions as a result of its lipophilic nature.", "contents": "Regional localization of methaqualone in rat brain. Distribution of orally administered methaqualone-14C (25 mg/kg) in several rat brain areas was examined. Peak concentration attained at 1.5 hr. Among brain areas, highest concentration was measured in pineal gland (8.2 microgram/g). MTQ levels in the cortex, pituitary, hypothalamus and hippocampus ranged from 3 to 3.5 microgram/g, those in the mid-brain, medulla-pons, striatum and cerebellum from 2 to 2.5 microgram/g. Significant amounts of MTQ in all brain regions were still present at 3 hr. These results indicate that MTQ was somewhat uniformly distributed in various brain regions as a result of its lipophilic nature.", "PMID": 734237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1683", "title": "Effects of cholinomimetic agents on pentobarbital anesthesia in mice.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of physostigmine, choline chloride, and neostigmine on pentobarbital anesthesia in mice, both when given before and after the administration of pentobarbital. Neostigmine and choline chloride had no effects. Physostigmine shortened the onset of pentobarbital anesthesia when given before pentobarbital but had no effects on the duration of anesthesia. However, when given after pentobarbital it shortened the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia. It seems unlikely that the above effects of physostigmine are dependent on the cholinergic system in the nervous system since neostigmine and choline chloride were without action. However, they may be due to the effects of physostigmine on the blood brain barrier permeability to pentobarbital.", "contents": "Effects of cholinomimetic agents on pentobarbital anesthesia in mice. We evaluated the effects of physostigmine, choline chloride, and neostigmine on pentobarbital anesthesia in mice, both when given before and after the administration of pentobarbital. Neostigmine and choline chloride had no effects. Physostigmine shortened the onset of pentobarbital anesthesia when given before pentobarbital but had no effects on the duration of anesthesia. However, when given after pentobarbital it shortened the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia. It seems unlikely that the above effects of physostigmine are dependent on the cholinergic system in the nervous system since neostigmine and choline chloride were without action. However, they may be due to the effects of physostigmine on the blood brain barrier permeability to pentobarbital.", "PMID": 734238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1684", "title": "Effect of furosemide on mesenteric blood flow in the dog.", "content": "Diuretic therapy has been implicated as a possible inciting factor in nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. In view of this possibility, the effect of furosemide on superior mesenteric arterial blood flow (MBF) was investigated using electromagnetic flow probes in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. After administration of furosemide, 1 mg/kg iv, MBF decreased by 44%. To assess the role of extracellular volume depletion induced by the diuresis in reducing MBF, volume depletion was prevented by infusing isotonic saline at a rate matching urine flow. In these experiments, MBF was not decreased by furosemide. Thus furosemide induces a marked decrease in mesenteric blood flow and this hemodynamic action involves a mechanism that is dependent upon the volume depletion induced by the drug.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on mesenteric blood flow in the dog. Diuretic therapy has been implicated as a possible inciting factor in nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. In view of this possibility, the effect of furosemide on superior mesenteric arterial blood flow (MBF) was investigated using electromagnetic flow probes in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. After administration of furosemide, 1 mg/kg iv, MBF decreased by 44%. To assess the role of extracellular volume depletion induced by the diuresis in reducing MBF, volume depletion was prevented by infusing isotonic saline at a rate matching urine flow. In these experiments, MBF was not decreased by furosemide. Thus furosemide induces a marked decrease in mesenteric blood flow and this hemodynamic action involves a mechanism that is dependent upon the volume depletion induced by the drug.", "PMID": 734239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1685", "title": "Effects of ethanol and dihydroergotoxine on mouse brain myelin components.", "content": "The effects of prolonged consumption of ethanol, dihydroergotoxine (Hydergine) and Hydergine-plus-ethanol on brain myelin components isolated from the medulla oblongata of mouse brain were examined. Based on protein content, the amount of myelin isolated from the brain tissue was not different with regard to the various treatments. However, there was a significant decrease (20%) in myelin phospholipid and cholesterol to protein ratios in the ethanol group as compared to controls and the Hydergine-treated group. On the contrary, the Hydergine and Hydergine-ethanol groups had higher cholesterol to phospholipid ratios than controls. In spite of the changes in membrane components, little change in acyl group composition of the phosphoglycerides was found in myelin.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol and dihydroergotoxine on mouse brain myelin components. The effects of prolonged consumption of ethanol, dihydroergotoxine (Hydergine) and Hydergine-plus-ethanol on brain myelin components isolated from the medulla oblongata of mouse brain were examined. Based on protein content, the amount of myelin isolated from the brain tissue was not different with regard to the various treatments. However, there was a significant decrease (20%) in myelin phospholipid and cholesterol to protein ratios in the ethanol group as compared to controls and the Hydergine-treated group. On the contrary, the Hydergine and Hydergine-ethanol groups had higher cholesterol to phospholipid ratios than controls. In spite of the changes in membrane components, little change in acyl group composition of the phosphoglycerides was found in myelin.", "PMID": 734240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1686", "title": "Effect of hyperoxia on imipramine uptake and metabolism by the isolated, perfused rat lung.", "content": "Imipramine (IMP) is a biologically active amine which is removed from the circulation by the lungs. We evaluated the effect of high partial pressures of O2 on pulmonary uptake and metabolism of IMP. Lungs from rats previously exposed to either air (controls) or 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 12-48 hr were isolated, ventilated and perfused via the pulmonary artery. Uptake of IMP was calculated from the arteriovenous difference of 14C-IMP across the lung and lung effluents and homogenates were analyzed for the presence of metabolites of IMP. IMP was avidly concentrated in the lungs of control rats by a saturable process, and this saturable uptake was not affected by 12-48 hr exposure to 100% O2. 14C-IMP was not metabolized by control of O2-exposed lungs.", "contents": "Effect of hyperoxia on imipramine uptake and metabolism by the isolated, perfused rat lung. Imipramine (IMP) is a biologically active amine which is removed from the circulation by the lungs. We evaluated the effect of high partial pressures of O2 on pulmonary uptake and metabolism of IMP. Lungs from rats previously exposed to either air (controls) or 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 12-48 hr were isolated, ventilated and perfused via the pulmonary artery. Uptake of IMP was calculated from the arteriovenous difference of 14C-IMP across the lung and lung effluents and homogenates were analyzed for the presence of metabolites of IMP. IMP was avidly concentrated in the lungs of control rats by a saturable process, and this saturable uptake was not affected by 12-48 hr exposure to 100% O2. 14C-IMP was not metabolized by control of O2-exposed lungs.", "PMID": 734241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1687", "title": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. II. Healthy young adults given synthetic amino acid mixtures.", "content": "The postprandial plasma amino acid response to test meals containing different amino acid mixtures was analysed in six young adults. The amount of amino acids given in each test meal was equivalent with 3.5 g of nitrogen. Each test meal also contained a large amount of carbohydrate (mainly as wheat starch). Five different amino acid mixtures were used, and the effects on the plasma amino acid response of different dietary levels of lysine, isoleucine and methionine were studied in detail. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both by a modified Longenecker and Hause procedure (PAA ratios) and by the procedure proposed by Graham and Placko (percentage changes in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios). The plasma amino acid response of lysine was found to be less sensitive to reductions in the dietary supply than the isoleucine and methionine responses evaluated by these procedures. The influence of altered levels of dietary supply on the postprandial plasma concentrations of isoleucine and methionine seemed to be specifically great at the intake levels where these essential amino acids become limiting for protein utilization according to the amino acid score of the test mixtures. The nutritional significance of the postprandial pattern and level of essential amino acids is discussed on basis of the present results. Experimental conditions and evaluation models are examined with regard to the use of single-meal plasma amino acid responses to assess the protein quality of human diets.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. II. Healthy young adults given synthetic amino acid mixtures. The postprandial plasma amino acid response to test meals containing different amino acid mixtures was analysed in six young adults. The amount of amino acids given in each test meal was equivalent with 3.5 g of nitrogen. Each test meal also contained a large amount of carbohydrate (mainly as wheat starch). Five different amino acid mixtures were used, and the effects on the plasma amino acid response of different dietary levels of lysine, isoleucine and methionine were studied in detail. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both by a modified Longenecker and Hause procedure (PAA ratios) and by the procedure proposed by Graham and Placko (percentage changes in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios). The plasma amino acid response of lysine was found to be less sensitive to reductions in the dietary supply than the isoleucine and methionine responses evaluated by these procedures. The influence of altered levels of dietary supply on the postprandial plasma concentrations of isoleucine and methionine seemed to be specifically great at the intake levels where these essential amino acids become limiting for protein utilization according to the amino acid score of the test mixtures. The nutritional significance of the postprandial pattern and level of essential amino acids is discussed on basis of the present results. Experimental conditions and evaluation models are examined with regard to the use of single-meal plasma amino acid responses to assess the protein quality of human diets.", "PMID": 734242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1688", "title": "[Side effects of proximal selection vagotomy on the esophagus. I. Effects on the esophageal blood circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the proximal selective vagotomy (PSV) with following skeletisation of parts of the esophagus on its circulation was investigated in an animal experimental study. Among the 6 dogs with PSV and skeletisation of the esophagus up to the upper thorax apertura one was seen with necrosis and perforation in the distal part of the esophagus. The last 5 dogs and the 4 dogs in which after the PSV only the denudation of the distal part of the esophagus was carried out no signs of circulatory disturbance were seen. The blood circulation in human esophagus, as described in the literature, and the transfer of the results from dogs to human is discussed. An enlarged skeletisation of the esophagus in order to improve the completeness of the PSV does not harm blood circulation.", "contents": "[Side effects of proximal selection vagotomy on the esophagus. I. Effects on the esophageal blood circulation (author's transl)]. The influence of the proximal selective vagotomy (PSV) with following skeletisation of parts of the esophagus on its circulation was investigated in an animal experimental study. Among the 6 dogs with PSV and skeletisation of the esophagus up to the upper thorax apertura one was seen with necrosis and perforation in the distal part of the esophagus. The last 5 dogs and the 4 dogs in which after the PSV only the denudation of the distal part of the esophagus was carried out no signs of circulatory disturbance were seen. The blood circulation in human esophagus, as described in the literature, and the transfer of the results from dogs to human is discussed. An enlarged skeletisation of the esophagus in order to improve the completeness of the PSV does not harm blood circulation.", "PMID": 734243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1689", "title": "[Side effects of proximal selective vagotomy on the esophagus. II. Experimental study of effects of the esophageal motility and the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the proximal selective vagotomy (PSV) with mobilisation of the esophagus of 6 cm or up to the upper thorax apertura on esophageal motility in a first group and mobilisation of 2 or 7 cm on the lower esophageal sphincter tone in a second group was investigated in canine experiments. The loss of coordinated peristalsis in the denuded segment causes a deterioration of esophageal passage. The degree of disturbance of swallowing depends on the length of the mobilisation. Reduction of lower esophageal pressure was observed. These reduction was not influenced by the extent of this motilisation. Acid reflux was not seen. Due to anatomical differences between these two species, these results cannot be readely transferred to human. Enlarged mobilisation of the esophagus for completion of PSV cannot be recommanded without reservation. Clinical studies are needed.", "contents": "[Side effects of proximal selective vagotomy on the esophagus. II. Experimental study of effects of the esophageal motility and the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)]. The influence of the proximal selective vagotomy (PSV) with mobilisation of the esophagus of 6 cm or up to the upper thorax apertura on esophageal motility in a first group and mobilisation of 2 or 7 cm on the lower esophageal sphincter tone in a second group was investigated in canine experiments. The loss of coordinated peristalsis in the denuded segment causes a deterioration of esophageal passage. The degree of disturbance of swallowing depends on the length of the mobilisation. Reduction of lower esophageal pressure was observed. These reduction was not influenced by the extent of this motilisation. Acid reflux was not seen. Due to anatomical differences between these two species, these results cannot be readely transferred to human. Enlarged mobilisation of the esophagus for completion of PSV cannot be recommanded without reservation. Clinical studies are needed.", "PMID": 734244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1690", "title": "Complement system in sodium taurocholate pancreatitis in the rat.", "content": "The role of the complement system was studied in Na-taurocholate pancreatitis in rats. Complement activity (CH 50) was determined at various times in the course of pancreatitis. Immediately after induction of acute pancreatitis, serum complement activity declined and massive C 3 deposits could be detected in the vicinity of acinar necroses and necrobioses. After a phase of recovery three to six hours postoperatively a second complement consumption occurred. Lethality rate increased as serum complement activity fell below 50% of preoperative values. The degree of C 3 deposition increased up to six hours. Decline of serum complement activity and deposition within the pancreas seemed to be correlated with histologically demonstrable tissue lesion. The first decline of complement activity in serum is thought to be caused by liberation of complement activating substances within the pancreas due to the detergent action of Na-taurocholate itself. The second decline, however, may be due to the liberation of complement activating and/or destroying enzymes into the blood stream.", "contents": "Complement system in sodium taurocholate pancreatitis in the rat. The role of the complement system was studied in Na-taurocholate pancreatitis in rats. Complement activity (CH 50) was determined at various times in the course of pancreatitis. Immediately after induction of acute pancreatitis, serum complement activity declined and massive C 3 deposits could be detected in the vicinity of acinar necroses and necrobioses. After a phase of recovery three to six hours postoperatively a second complement consumption occurred. Lethality rate increased as serum complement activity fell below 50% of preoperative values. The degree of C 3 deposition increased up to six hours. Decline of serum complement activity and deposition within the pancreas seemed to be correlated with histologically demonstrable tissue lesion. The first decline of complement activity in serum is thought to be caused by liberation of complement activating substances within the pancreas due to the detergent action of Na-taurocholate itself. The second decline, however, may be due to the liberation of complement activating and/or destroying enzymes into the blood stream.", "PMID": 734245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1691", "title": "[Contents of glycogen, glycolytic activity and contents of metabolites in the atrioventricular system of bovine hearts (author's transl)].", "content": "In the atrioventricular system (AVS) consisting of the compact node, the penetrating bundle and the branching bundles of about 250 bovine hearts there were made several studies: 1. In quickly removed and fixed specimens (distal AV-node, penetrating bundle) determination of a metabolic state with respect to glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP, creatinephosphate, total creatine, gluc-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetonphosphate and pyruvate. 2. Determination of glycogen contents and glygolytic activity in AVS and its parts for ischemic times up to three hours. 3. The determination of metabolic contents in samples of connective tissue in atrium and ventricle of bovine hearts. The AV-nodes are poor in glycogen comparable with glycogen content of central nervous system and other ganglia. Penetrating bundles of Hiss and branching bundle belong after liver to the glycogen richest parenchyma of animal tissues. Even after ischemia of 3 h only a part of glycogen was recovered as lactate. The greater part of glycogen must be considered as a structural element of Hiss bundle and branching bundles of the ventricles.", "contents": "[Contents of glycogen, glycolytic activity and contents of metabolites in the atrioventricular system of bovine hearts (author's transl)]. In the atrioventricular system (AVS) consisting of the compact node, the penetrating bundle and the branching bundles of about 250 bovine hearts there were made several studies: 1. In quickly removed and fixed specimens (distal AV-node, penetrating bundle) determination of a metabolic state with respect to glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP, creatinephosphate, total creatine, gluc-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetonphosphate and pyruvate. 2. Determination of glycogen contents and glygolytic activity in AVS and its parts for ischemic times up to three hours. 3. The determination of metabolic contents in samples of connective tissue in atrium and ventricle of bovine hearts. The AV-nodes are poor in glycogen comparable with glycogen content of central nervous system and other ganglia. Penetrating bundles of Hiss and branching bundle belong after liver to the glycogen richest parenchyma of animal tissues. Even after ischemia of 3 h only a part of glycogen was recovered as lactate. The greater part of glycogen must be considered as a structural element of Hiss bundle and branching bundles of the ventricles.", "PMID": 734246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1692", "title": "Analysis of the effects of pulsatile capillary blood flow and volume on gas exchange.", "content": "Blood flow into the pulmonary capillaries and the volume of blood within the capillary bed are both pulsatile with the cardiac cycle. We have developed a quantitative model of diffusional gas exchange in the lung to investigate the effects of coupling between these two time-varying parameters on lung O2 and CO2 exchange. For normal man breathing room air at rest, the computed results agree well with previous predictions for the constant flow and volume case, and for the case of pulsatile flow alone. When coupled time-varying pulmonary capillary blood flow and volume are included, using the best data available in the literature to define these parameters, diffusional O2 exchange is improved over the cases of pulsatile flow or volume alone, and closely approximates that obtained for the hypothetical constant flow and volume case. CO2 exchanges, and O2 exchange during hypoxia, are not affected by pulsatile flow and/or volume. These results suggest that O2 exchange is efficient in the presence of coupled blood flow and blood volume pulsations as they exist in the lung capillaries, and that these conditions may be optimal for gas exchange under certain physiological (or pathological) conditions.", "contents": "Analysis of the effects of pulsatile capillary blood flow and volume on gas exchange. Blood flow into the pulmonary capillaries and the volume of blood within the capillary bed are both pulsatile with the cardiac cycle. We have developed a quantitative model of diffusional gas exchange in the lung to investigate the effects of coupling between these two time-varying parameters on lung O2 and CO2 exchange. For normal man breathing room air at rest, the computed results agree well with previous predictions for the constant flow and volume case, and for the case of pulsatile flow alone. When coupled time-varying pulmonary capillary blood flow and volume are included, using the best data available in the literature to define these parameters, diffusional O2 exchange is improved over the cases of pulsatile flow or volume alone, and closely approximates that obtained for the hypothetical constant flow and volume case. CO2 exchanges, and O2 exchange during hypoxia, are not affected by pulsatile flow and/or volume. These results suggest that O2 exchange is efficient in the presence of coupled blood flow and blood volume pulsations as they exist in the lung capillaries, and that these conditions may be optimal for gas exchange under certain physiological (or pathological) conditions.", "PMID": 734248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1693", "title": "Effect of chemoreceptor denervation on the pulmonary vascular response to atelectasis.", "content": "Six dogs anesthetized with 30 mg/kg pentobarbital were ventilated after differential cannulation of the main stem bronchi. Following sternotomy, blood flow was monitored by electromagnetic flow probes on the left pulmonary artery (QL) and on the pulmonary trunk or aorta (QT). Following 10 min of bilateral 100% O2, QL was 37.4 +/- 5.8% of QT. When left lung atelectasis was induced while the right lung remained on 100% O2, PaO2 remained above 75 mm Hg and QL fell to 26.1 +/- 5.0% of QT. However, when the right lung was ventilated with room air while the left lung remained atelectatic, PaO2 fell to 50.0 +/- 2.6 mm Hg and QL rose to 36.7 +/- 6.2% of QT. Six dogs which had undergone peripheral chemoreceptor denervation prior to these experiments showed a similar decrease in perfusion of the atelectatic left lung when the right lung was ventilated with 100% O2, but did not increase blood flow to the atelectatic lung during systemic hypoxemia. Thus, the increased blood flow to the atelectatic lung which occurs during systemic hypoxemia appears to be mediated by the arterial chemoreceptors.", "contents": "Effect of chemoreceptor denervation on the pulmonary vascular response to atelectasis. Six dogs anesthetized with 30 mg/kg pentobarbital were ventilated after differential cannulation of the main stem bronchi. Following sternotomy, blood flow was monitored by electromagnetic flow probes on the left pulmonary artery (QL) and on the pulmonary trunk or aorta (QT). Following 10 min of bilateral 100% O2, QL was 37.4 +/- 5.8% of QT. When left lung atelectasis was induced while the right lung remained on 100% O2, PaO2 remained above 75 mm Hg and QL fell to 26.1 +/- 5.0% of QT. However, when the right lung was ventilated with room air while the left lung remained atelectatic, PaO2 fell to 50.0 +/- 2.6 mm Hg and QL rose to 36.7 +/- 6.2% of QT. Six dogs which had undergone peripheral chemoreceptor denervation prior to these experiments showed a similar decrease in perfusion of the atelectatic left lung when the right lung was ventilated with 100% O2, but did not increase blood flow to the atelectatic lung during systemic hypoxemia. Thus, the increased blood flow to the atelectatic lung which occurs during systemic hypoxemia appears to be mediated by the arterial chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 734249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1694", "title": "Dead space and tidal volume of the giraffe compared with some other mammals.", "content": "The ventilation, tidal volume and anatomical dead-space were measured in a living giraffe and compared with similar measurements in a camel, red deer, llama and man. The giraffe had a resting tidal volume of about 3.3 litres with a dead-space/tidal-volume ratio of 0.34. The giraffe breathes slowly, apparently because of the unusually small diameter of its trachea relative to its length, compared with known measurement in other mammals.", "contents": "Dead space and tidal volume of the giraffe compared with some other mammals. The ventilation, tidal volume and anatomical dead-space were measured in a living giraffe and compared with similar measurements in a camel, red deer, llama and man. The giraffe had a resting tidal volume of about 3.3 litres with a dead-space/tidal-volume ratio of 0.34. The giraffe breathes slowly, apparently because of the unusually small diameter of its trachea relative to its length, compared with known measurement in other mammals.", "PMID": 734250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1695", "title": "The contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to the hyperpnoea of exercise.", "content": "Oxygen breath tests have been applied to six normal subjects at rest and during steady state exercise on a bicycle ergometer (200, 400 and 600 kpm) to estimate the contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to total ventilation. The subjects were changed without their knowledge from air to 100% oxygen for 4--5 breaths, the fall in ventilation was recorded and expressed as a percentage of total ventilation (hypoxic drive). The average reflex hypoxic drive was 16.2% (SE +/- 2.6; n = 35) this remianed unaltered during all levels of steady state exercise. The maximum fall in ventilation occurred earlier in exercise (P less than 0.0005). At rest the maximum fall occurred on average 31.2 s (SE +/- 2.6) from the start of the first breath of oxygen. During the first level of steady state exercise the maximum fall occurred 19.4 s (SE +/- 0.5) from the start of the first breath of oxygen. It is concluded that the contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to the total ventilation is unaltered by exercise although a substantial part of the hyperpnoea can be accounted for by the presence of this drive.", "contents": "The contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to the hyperpnoea of exercise. Oxygen breath tests have been applied to six normal subjects at rest and during steady state exercise on a bicycle ergometer (200, 400 and 600 kpm) to estimate the contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to total ventilation. The subjects were changed without their knowledge from air to 100% oxygen for 4--5 breaths, the fall in ventilation was recorded and expressed as a percentage of total ventilation (hypoxic drive). The average reflex hypoxic drive was 16.2% (SE +/- 2.6; n = 35) this remianed unaltered during all levels of steady state exercise. The maximum fall in ventilation occurred earlier in exercise (P less than 0.0005). At rest the maximum fall occurred on average 31.2 s (SE +/- 2.6) from the start of the first breath of oxygen. During the first level of steady state exercise the maximum fall occurred 19.4 s (SE +/- 0.5) from the start of the first breath of oxygen. It is concluded that the contribution of the reflex hypoxic drive to the total ventilation is unaltered by exercise although a substantial part of the hyperpnoea can be accounted for by the presence of this drive.", "PMID": 734251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1696", "title": "Permeability and diffusion coefficient of oxygen in membranes for oxygen electrodes.", "content": "Oxygen diffusion coefficient and permeability in thin membranes of low-density polythene and laminated polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) are measured over the temperature range of about 20 to 30 degrees C. The diffusion coefficient is estimated from the time response of a large area platinum electrode covered with the membrane material and exposed to a sudden change in PO2. outside the membrane. The electrode is operated at a very low polarising voltage so that consumption of oxygen at the cathode surface is made negligible. This method is considered to be more reliable than that based on operating the electrode at more normal polarising voltages at which the boundary condition for oxygen tension at the cathode surface is often ill-defined. Oxygen permeability is estimated from the flux of oxygen across an area of membrane separating a nitrogen gas stream from one containing oxygen, the oxygen being measured with a platinum/zirconium oxide reversible cell. Diffusion coefficient in the membranes is very temperature dependent, whereas oxygen solubility is only weakly so. The diffusion coefficient at 25 degrees C is 0.28 +/- 0.06 . 10(-6) and 1.0 +/- 0.2 . 10(-6) cm2 . sec-1 for PTFE and polythene respectively. The corresponding values for permeability are 0.80 +/- 0.08 . 10(-7) and 0.43 +/- 0.04 . 10(-7) ml O2 atm-1 . cm-1 . sec-1.", "contents": "Permeability and diffusion coefficient of oxygen in membranes for oxygen electrodes. Oxygen diffusion coefficient and permeability in thin membranes of low-density polythene and laminated polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) are measured over the temperature range of about 20 to 30 degrees C. The diffusion coefficient is estimated from the time response of a large area platinum electrode covered with the membrane material and exposed to a sudden change in PO2. outside the membrane. The electrode is operated at a very low polarising voltage so that consumption of oxygen at the cathode surface is made negligible. This method is considered to be more reliable than that based on operating the electrode at more normal polarising voltages at which the boundary condition for oxygen tension at the cathode surface is often ill-defined. Oxygen permeability is estimated from the flux of oxygen across an area of membrane separating a nitrogen gas stream from one containing oxygen, the oxygen being measured with a platinum/zirconium oxide reversible cell. Diffusion coefficient in the membranes is very temperature dependent, whereas oxygen solubility is only weakly so. The diffusion coefficient at 25 degrees C is 0.28 +/- 0.06 . 10(-6) and 1.0 +/- 0.2 . 10(-6) cm2 . sec-1 for PTFE and polythene respectively. The corresponding values for permeability are 0.80 +/- 0.08 . 10(-7) and 0.43 +/- 0.04 . 10(-7) ml O2 atm-1 . cm-1 . sec-1.", "PMID": 734252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1697", "title": "Theory of gas exchange in the avian parabronchus.", "content": "To understand the distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the avian lung, a theoretical treatment of gas exchange in the parabronchus of the avian lung is described. The model is modified after Zeuthen (1942). In addition to bulk flow through the parabronchial lumen, diffusion through the air spaces of both the parabronchial lumen and air capillaries is treated. The relationship of PO2 and PCO2 within the blood capillaries, air capillaries, and parabronchial lumen to parabronchial blood flow and ventilation is graphically shown. The results indicate that the variations of PO2 and PCO2 along an air capillary are less than one torr under resting conditions. Removal of diffusion resistance within the air space of the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 0.1% at rest. At high or resting ventilation rates the partial pressure profile along the parabronchial lumen calculated considering bulk flow only agrees well with the profile calculated considering bulk flow and axial diffusion, but as the ventilation rate decreases there is increasingly large disagreement. Forward diffusion of O2 toward the parabronchus reduces pre-parabronchial PO2 and backward diffusion of CO2 from the parabronchus increases PCO2. Neglecting diffusion within the air spaces of both the lumen and the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 2% (CO2) or 6% (O2) at rest.", "contents": "Theory of gas exchange in the avian parabronchus. To understand the distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the avian lung, a theoretical treatment of gas exchange in the parabronchus of the avian lung is described. The model is modified after Zeuthen (1942). In addition to bulk flow through the parabronchial lumen, diffusion through the air spaces of both the parabronchial lumen and air capillaries is treated. The relationship of PO2 and PCO2 within the blood capillaries, air capillaries, and parabronchial lumen to parabronchial blood flow and ventilation is graphically shown. The results indicate that the variations of PO2 and PCO2 along an air capillary are less than one torr under resting conditions. Removal of diffusion resistance within the air space of the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 0.1% at rest. At high or resting ventilation rates the partial pressure profile along the parabronchial lumen calculated considering bulk flow only agrees well with the profile calculated considering bulk flow and axial diffusion, but as the ventilation rate decreases there is increasingly large disagreement. Forward diffusion of O2 toward the parabronchus reduces pre-parabronchial PO2 and backward diffusion of CO2 from the parabronchus increases PCO2. Neglecting diffusion within the air spaces of both the lumen and the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 2% (CO2) or 6% (O2) at rest.", "PMID": 734253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1698", "title": "[Systematic screening of hemoglobinopathies in blood donors in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)].", "content": "We report the results of a systematic survey carried on 8.961 healthy Guadeloupean blood donors, where we looked for hemoglobinopathies. The results are expressed in regard of the race and site of living (urban or rural) of the subjects. Of these 8.961 subjects, aged 18 to 60, 7.75% were sickle cell trait carriers, 2.36% were heterozygous for Hb C and 0,2% had a significant elevation of Hb F. Were also report some less frequent phenotypes : three Hb AD, five Hb SC, one Hb CC, two Hb SF, one Hb CF and one case of isolated Hb, A2 elevation. Two rare hemoglobinopathies are reported: a case of Hb Korle Bu associated with Hb S an a case of Hb N-Baltimore. Our datas regarding race and sex of Hb S and Hb C carriers are evaluated. These results are compared to previous studies carried on healthy blood donors in Guadeloups. Problems related to the detection of hemoglobin abnormalities in a blood transfusion center are reviewed.", "contents": "[Systematic screening of hemoglobinopathies in blood donors in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)]. We report the results of a systematic survey carried on 8.961 healthy Guadeloupean blood donors, where we looked for hemoglobinopathies. The results are expressed in regard of the race and site of living (urban or rural) of the subjects. Of these 8.961 subjects, aged 18 to 60, 7.75% were sickle cell trait carriers, 2.36% were heterozygous for Hb C and 0,2% had a significant elevation of Hb F. Were also report some less frequent phenotypes : three Hb AD, five Hb SC, one Hb CC, two Hb SF, one Hb CF and one case of isolated Hb, A2 elevation. Two rare hemoglobinopathies are reported: a case of Hb Korle Bu associated with Hb S an a case of Hb N-Baltimore. Our datas regarding race and sex of Hb S and Hb C carriers are evaluated. These results are compared to previous studies carried on healthy blood donors in Guadeloups. Problems related to the detection of hemoglobin abnormalities in a blood transfusion center are reviewed.", "PMID": 734306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1699", "title": "[Lewis antigen and diabetes].", "content": "The Lewis negative (Le a--b--) red blood cell phenotype was observed three times more frequently in 170 diabetics (29%) irrespective of their clinical type and in 27 non-diabetics low insulin responders to glucose than in 100 controls (10%). This difference could not be accounted for by factors influencing the serological typing (\"ABH secretion and ABO groups) nor by the geographic origin of the populations tested. The Lewis substances are primarly soluble antigens present in blood, saliva, others fluids and absorbed on red blood cells. In 50 diabetics saliva was also analysed. Blood cell and saliva results were concordant allowing to interpret the Lewis negative blood cell phenotype as reflecting the absence of Lewis antigen. The higher frequency of Lewis negative phenotype was not related to the severity or the duration of the diabetes and therefore was unlikely to depend on metabolic factors. The similarity between the results for juvenile and maturity onset diabetes seems to indicate that these two clinical types of diabetes are genetically related. Furthermore, the same results obtained in low insulin responders afford additional support for considering these subjects as potential diabetics. It probably indicates, in the diabetic population, an increased frequency of le/le genotype or of one or several genes inhibiting the expression of Le.", "contents": "[Lewis antigen and diabetes]. The Lewis negative (Le a--b--) red blood cell phenotype was observed three times more frequently in 170 diabetics (29%) irrespective of their clinical type and in 27 non-diabetics low insulin responders to glucose than in 100 controls (10%). This difference could not be accounted for by factors influencing the serological typing (\"ABH secretion and ABO groups) nor by the geographic origin of the populations tested. The Lewis substances are primarly soluble antigens present in blood, saliva, others fluids and absorbed on red blood cells. In 50 diabetics saliva was also analysed. Blood cell and saliva results were concordant allowing to interpret the Lewis negative blood cell phenotype as reflecting the absence of Lewis antigen. The higher frequency of Lewis negative phenotype was not related to the severity or the duration of the diabetes and therefore was unlikely to depend on metabolic factors. The similarity between the results for juvenile and maturity onset diabetes seems to indicate that these two clinical types of diabetes are genetically related. Furthermore, the same results obtained in low insulin responders afford additional support for considering these subjects as potential diabetics. It probably indicates, in the diabetic population, an increased frequency of le/le genotype or of one or several genes inhibiting the expression of Le.", "PMID": 734307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1700", "title": "[Detection of antitetanic antibodies. Technics (electrosyneresis, Laurell, latex) applied to a high-antibody population].", "content": "The human serum of about twenty years old men, recently vaccinated has been tested by Laurell's method (Mesnier and Piquet variant). Purified antitetanic equine serum from Pasteur Institute (P.I.) has been taken as reference. With 5 Lf tetanic toxoid from P.I. concentration we can trust in the results until 50 antitetanics I.U. For richer serum, a 10 Lf toxoid concentration must be used. Correspondance between Pasteur Institute serum and gamma TS (human specific immunoglobulins) is indicated. Technics of Laurell, latex and electroimmunodiffusion are compared. The way to obtain plasma pool with higher antitetanic titre than 8 I.U. from poor and rich plasma is mentionned. The highest rate of titre antibody after the first typhoid diphteria tetanic vaccinal injection is observed between the 11th and 21th day.", "contents": "[Detection of antitetanic antibodies. Technics (electrosyneresis, Laurell, latex) applied to a high-antibody population]. The human serum of about twenty years old men, recently vaccinated has been tested by Laurell's method (Mesnier and Piquet variant). Purified antitetanic equine serum from Pasteur Institute (P.I.) has been taken as reference. With 5 Lf tetanic toxoid from P.I. concentration we can trust in the results until 50 antitetanics I.U. For richer serum, a 10 Lf toxoid concentration must be used. Correspondance between Pasteur Institute serum and gamma TS (human specific immunoglobulins) is indicated. Technics of Laurell, latex and electroimmunodiffusion are compared. The way to obtain plasma pool with higher antitetanic titre than 8 I.U. from poor and rich plasma is mentionned. The highest rate of titre antibody after the first typhoid diphteria tetanic vaccinal injection is observed between the 11th and 21th day.", "PMID": 734308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1701", "title": "Physiotherapy: its prescription and implementation for orthopaedic out-patients.", "content": "During a three-month period, 1462 (29%) of the new out-patients seen by 18 orthopaedic surgeons were prescribed physiotherapy. The rates of referral among the surgeons ranged widely, from 15% to 56%, and the differing characteristics of the patients did not account for these variations. For specific conditions examined, physiotherapy appeared to be one of a range of possible therapies. The majority of prescriptions gave clinical details and specified the type of treatment, but its duration was specified in less than half; the frequency and aims of treatment were hardly ever given. Nearly 90% of the patients completed their course. Fourteen different types of treatment were applied, but only four of these--heat, exercises, electrical stimulation, and traction--were applied to more than 3% of the patients. Physiotherapists nearly always carried out the treatments prescribed and augmented them in nearly a quarter of cases, usually with heat and/or exercises.", "contents": "Physiotherapy: its prescription and implementation for orthopaedic out-patients. During a three-month period, 1462 (29%) of the new out-patients seen by 18 orthopaedic surgeons were prescribed physiotherapy. The rates of referral among the surgeons ranged widely, from 15% to 56%, and the differing characteristics of the patients did not account for these variations. For specific conditions examined, physiotherapy appeared to be one of a range of possible therapies. The majority of prescriptions gave clinical details and specified the type of treatment, but its duration was specified in less than half; the frequency and aims of treatment were hardly ever given. Nearly 90% of the patients completed their course. Fourteen different types of treatment were applied, but only four of these--heat, exercises, electrical stimulation, and traction--were applied to more than 3% of the patients. Physiotherapists nearly always carried out the treatments prescribed and augmented them in nearly a quarter of cases, usually with heat and/or exercises.", "PMID": 734310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1702", "title": "Copper--an index of erosive activity?", "content": "Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry the copper content of synovial fluid has been compared in rheumatoid and osteoarthrotic synovial fluids. Synovial fluid caeruloplasmin has been determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Both are significantly increased in the rheumatoid group. Serum copper, similarly estimated, shows a trend to greater elevation with increasing degree of rheumatoid erosion as assessed radiologically.", "contents": "Copper--an index of erosive activity? Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry the copper content of synovial fluid has been compared in rheumatoid and osteoarthrotic synovial fluids. Synovial fluid caeruloplasmin has been determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Both are significantly increased in the rheumatoid group. Serum copper, similarly estimated, shows a trend to greater elevation with increasing degree of rheumatoid erosion as assessed radiologically.", "PMID": 734311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1703", "title": "The synovial changes in post-traumatic synovitis and osteoarthritis.", "content": "The histopathologic appearances of post-traumatic synovitis and synovitis of osteoarthritis cover a limited range of changes and have features in common. Electron microscopy yields information complementary to that given by light microscopy. With these techniques, based on sufficient material, histological analysis linked with clinical observation will permit some degree of differentiation between the two conditions.", "contents": "The synovial changes in post-traumatic synovitis and osteoarthritis. The histopathologic appearances of post-traumatic synovitis and synovitis of osteoarthritis cover a limited range of changes and have features in common. Electron microscopy yields information complementary to that given by light microscopy. With these techniques, based on sufficient material, histological analysis linked with clinical observation will permit some degree of differentiation between the two conditions.", "PMID": 734312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1704", "title": "Indomethacin or prednisolone at night in rheumatoid arthritis?", "content": "Indomethacin, 100 mg orally, was compared with prednisolone, 5 mg, as addititional therapy at night, in a two-week, double-blind, between-patient study in twenty-four in-patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both therapies proved equally effective, and significantly lessened morning stiffness and increased grip strenght. Two patients with dyspepsia were discontinued from the indomethacin group. Using indomethacin at night avoided the central nervous system side-effects frequently seen with this compound.", "contents": "Indomethacin or prednisolone at night in rheumatoid arthritis? Indomethacin, 100 mg orally, was compared with prednisolone, 5 mg, as addititional therapy at night, in a two-week, double-blind, between-patient study in twenty-four in-patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both therapies proved equally effective, and significantly lessened morning stiffness and increased grip strenght. Two patients with dyspepsia were discontinued from the indomethacin group. Using indomethacin at night avoided the central nervous system side-effects frequently seen with this compound.", "PMID": 734314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1705", "title": "The gout patient in general practice.", "content": "A study of the clinical profile of gout-diagnosed patients was undertaken within general practice in Great Britain. At the time of the first attack of acute gouty arthritis, the mean age was 52.3 years and 15.6% of the total 1077 patients were female. Males had an earlier clinical onset than females and the average frequency of attacks of acute gouty arthritis was 0.91 per patient year. Ten per cent of the cases were believed to be secondary gout, with diuretic therapy the most frequent cause. The sample showed a highly significant association between gout and the higher social classes, a family history among blood relatives in 23% of cases, tophi were noted in 4.6% of cases where sought and 38.2% of cases were 10% or more overweight and significantly heavier than a non-gouty population. The great toe joint was most frequently involved, both in the first episode and in all acute episodes combined. The most frequently occurring associated chronic condition was hypertension which was present in 27.8% of cases. Renal stones occurred in 6.1% and renal impairment in 2.2%. Only 20.4% of the patients were referred to hospital, with the younger being referred more frequently than the older. Those with joint involvement other than the great toe had a greater chance of being referred, as did those who also had angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Allopurinol appeared to be the drug of choice for long-term control therapy and phenylbutazone for the acute attack.", "contents": "The gout patient in general practice. A study of the clinical profile of gout-diagnosed patients was undertaken within general practice in Great Britain. At the time of the first attack of acute gouty arthritis, the mean age was 52.3 years and 15.6% of the total 1077 patients were female. Males had an earlier clinical onset than females and the average frequency of attacks of acute gouty arthritis was 0.91 per patient year. Ten per cent of the cases were believed to be secondary gout, with diuretic therapy the most frequent cause. The sample showed a highly significant association between gout and the higher social classes, a family history among blood relatives in 23% of cases, tophi were noted in 4.6% of cases where sought and 38.2% of cases were 10% or more overweight and significantly heavier than a non-gouty population. The great toe joint was most frequently involved, both in the first episode and in all acute episodes combined. The most frequently occurring associated chronic condition was hypertension which was present in 27.8% of cases. Renal stones occurred in 6.1% and renal impairment in 2.2%. Only 20.4% of the patients were referred to hospital, with the younger being referred more frequently than the older. Those with joint involvement other than the great toe had a greater chance of being referred, as did those who also had angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Allopurinol appeared to be the drug of choice for long-term control therapy and phenylbutazone for the acute attack.", "PMID": 734315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1706", "title": "Azapropazone and renal function.", "content": "Renal concentrating ability was measured in two groups of arthritic patients. The first had received long-term therapy with azapropazone and the second with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Even after long periods of treatment, azapropazone did not adversely affect renal concentrating ability.", "contents": "Azapropazone and renal function. Renal concentrating ability was measured in two groups of arthritic patients. The first had received long-term therapy with azapropazone and the second with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Even after long periods of treatment, azapropazone did not adversely affect renal concentrating ability.", "PMID": 734316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1707", "title": "A comparison of axillary, elbow and Canadian crutches.", "content": "Crutches can be used by patients with injuries to the lower extremities in order to perform 'swing-through' gait. Because axillary crutches have been associated with axillary artery thrombosis and crutch palsy, they have to a large extent been superseded by elbow crutches. Canadian crutches combine many of the features of axillary and elbow crutches, and a study of the three types suggests that they have advantages in terms of energy cost.", "contents": "A comparison of axillary, elbow and Canadian crutches. Crutches can be used by patients with injuries to the lower extremities in order to perform 'swing-through' gait. Because axillary crutches have been associated with axillary artery thrombosis and crutch palsy, they have to a large extent been superseded by elbow crutches. Canadian crutches combine many of the features of axillary and elbow crutches, and a study of the three types suggests that they have advantages in terms of energy cost.", "PMID": 734317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1708", "title": "Standardization of anticoagulant control.", "content": "Oral anticoagulant treatment is widely administered, particularly for the management and prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism. Anticoagulant dosage requires laboratory monitoring. An international system of standardization of laboratory control is necessary. A system based on the provision of a standardized tissue extract of thromboplastin (British Comparative Thromboplastin) is described. This is used in laboratories in seventy countries including a representative group of Italian hospitals and is now recommended as the international reference preparation.", "contents": "Standardization of anticoagulant control. Oral anticoagulant treatment is widely administered, particularly for the management and prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism. Anticoagulant dosage requires laboratory monitoring. An international system of standardization of laboratory control is necessary. A system based on the provision of a standardized tissue extract of thromboplastin (British Comparative Thromboplastin) is described. This is used in laboratories in seventy countries including a representative group of Italian hospitals and is now recommended as the international reference preparation.", "PMID": 734318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1709", "title": "Immunological mechanisms of human platelet involvement.", "content": "Several immunological mechanisms of platelet involvement in inflammation are described. Basophils degranulate and release a platelet-activating factor (PAF) when challenged with anaphylotoxins, cationic proteins (CP) from polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as well as with specific antigens from atopic patients. PAF is a newly-discovered mediator of anaphylaxis present in rabbit and human basophils. This factor is a small phospholipid, probably a lyso-1-phosphatidylcholine with a significant aggregating activity on rabbit and human platelets. PAF is released, together with a small amount of arachidonic acid, from basophils in the presence of anaphylotoxins, CP and specific antigens from atopic patients. The already well-known direct interaction between immune complexes (Ics) and human platelets is compared here with the mechanism of PAF-induced aggregation. It is shown that the latter process of aggregation differs from the former. Human platelet aggregation starts more rapidly in the presence of PAF than of Ics. PAF-induced aggregation is ADP-independent as it is not affected by ADP inhibitors. On the contrary, Ic-dependent aggregation is brought about by endogenous ADP release and therefore inhibited by ADP inhibitors. The interaction between Ics and platelets leads to the release of CP. The latter produce a cascade reaction involving basophils which degranulate and release PAF. A self-maintaining mechanism of tissue injury is thus triggered.", "contents": "Immunological mechanisms of human platelet involvement. Several immunological mechanisms of platelet involvement in inflammation are described. Basophils degranulate and release a platelet-activating factor (PAF) when challenged with anaphylotoxins, cationic proteins (CP) from polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as well as with specific antigens from atopic patients. PAF is a newly-discovered mediator of anaphylaxis present in rabbit and human basophils. This factor is a small phospholipid, probably a lyso-1-phosphatidylcholine with a significant aggregating activity on rabbit and human platelets. PAF is released, together with a small amount of arachidonic acid, from basophils in the presence of anaphylotoxins, CP and specific antigens from atopic patients. The already well-known direct interaction between immune complexes (Ics) and human platelets is compared here with the mechanism of PAF-induced aggregation. It is shown that the latter process of aggregation differs from the former. Human platelet aggregation starts more rapidly in the presence of PAF than of Ics. PAF-induced aggregation is ADP-independent as it is not affected by ADP inhibitors. On the contrary, Ic-dependent aggregation is brought about by endogenous ADP release and therefore inhibited by ADP inhibitors. The interaction between Ics and platelets leads to the release of CP. The latter produce a cascade reaction involving basophils which degranulate and release PAF. A self-maintaining mechanism of tissue injury is thus triggered.", "PMID": 734319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1710", "title": "Non-specific count subtraction in radioimmunoassay (a criticism).", "content": "The radioimmunoassay (RIA) blank (Blk) value (as calssically determined) does not represent the real aspecific portion of the radioactivity because of the lack of both antigen and antiserum and the consequent total availability of free tracer, and is, therefore, unlike the standard and unknown tubes. Gastrin-RIA with bound-free separation by charcoal adsorption was chosen as example for providing evidence that the subtraction of such an empirical constant (Blk) from the dependent variable (the response) of a function (response versus dose) is analytically incorrect. Antigen-recovery and parallelism (serum dilution) tests were carried out, and the results obtained by the so-called \"Blk subtraction procedure\" (BS values) were compared with the corresponding values without Blk subtraction (BNS values). In the recovery test, the BS values were higher than the BNS values, but the former were higher than the expected values, whereas the latter showed a quantitative recovery. The same result was also found in the serum dilution test: the BNS values gave dilution curves more parallel to the BNS standard curve than did the BS values to the BS standard curve. It is concluded that the Blk subtraction procedure must be avoided in processing RIA results.", "contents": "Non-specific count subtraction in radioimmunoassay (a criticism). The radioimmunoassay (RIA) blank (Blk) value (as calssically determined) does not represent the real aspecific portion of the radioactivity because of the lack of both antigen and antiserum and the consequent total availability of free tracer, and is, therefore, unlike the standard and unknown tubes. Gastrin-RIA with bound-free separation by charcoal adsorption was chosen as example for providing evidence that the subtraction of such an empirical constant (Blk) from the dependent variable (the response) of a function (response versus dose) is analytically incorrect. Antigen-recovery and parallelism (serum dilution) tests were carried out, and the results obtained by the so-called \"Blk subtraction procedure\" (BS values) were compared with the corresponding values without Blk subtraction (BNS values). In the recovery test, the BS values were higher than the BNS values, but the former were higher than the expected values, whereas the latter showed a quantitative recovery. The same result was also found in the serum dilution test: the BNS values gave dilution curves more parallel to the BNS standard curve than did the BS values to the BS standard curve. It is concluded that the Blk subtraction procedure must be avoided in processing RIA results.", "PMID": 734321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1711", "title": "Collagen, elastin and sugar content in primary varicose veins.", "content": "The collagen, elastin and total sugar content was evaluated in 32 samples of saphenous varicose veins and in 34 controls. A significantly lower collagen and elastin content was found in the varicose samples. In addition, the total sugars and the soluble non-scleroproteins were found to be increased in varicose samples. The results are more significant when expressed as mg per unit surface of endothelium. Our findings support the hypothesis that the decrease in collagen and elastin content is a primary rather than a secondary change.", "contents": "Collagen, elastin and sugar content in primary varicose veins. The collagen, elastin and total sugar content was evaluated in 32 samples of saphenous varicose veins and in 34 controls. A significantly lower collagen and elastin content was found in the varicose samples. In addition, the total sugars and the soluble non-scleroproteins were found to be increased in varicose samples. The results are more significant when expressed as mg per unit surface of endothelium. Our findings support the hypothesis that the decrease in collagen and elastin content is a primary rather than a secondary change.", "PMID": 734320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1712", "title": "[Comparison of computer tomography with ultrasound in renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The following has been established in examinations under optimal conditions: 1. Ultrasound and CT scan appear to be of equal value in respect of validity and significance of information on the nature of findings, especially in connection with spaceoccupying processes, hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. However, CT supplies a better anatomical and topographical overall view of the situation. 2. CT scanning, is definitely superior in respect of significance of information on the extension and behaviour in respect of neighbouring organs. This is particularly evident in the visualisation of relapses after hyponephromas and in perirenal processes. 3. Computer tomography is clearly superior in the identification of renal aplasias and hypoplasias.", "contents": "[Comparison of computer tomography with ultrasound in renal disease (author's transl)]. The following has been established in examinations under optimal conditions: 1. Ultrasound and CT scan appear to be of equal value in respect of validity and significance of information on the nature of findings, especially in connection with spaceoccupying processes, hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. However, CT supplies a better anatomical and topographical overall view of the situation. 2. CT scanning, is definitely superior in respect of significance of information on the extension and behaviour in respect of neighbouring organs. This is particularly evident in the visualisation of relapses after hyponephromas and in perirenal processes. 3. Computer tomography is clearly superior in the identification of renal aplasias and hypoplasias.", "PMID": 734330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1713", "title": "[Possibilities of errors in the sonographic diagnosis of renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Artefacts or not completely visualised renal contours can lead to the erroneous diagnosis \"renal tumour\". This false diagnosis is mostly avoidable by means of accurate examination technique. Further radiological examination will be required only in exceptional cases. Incompletely visualisable parenchymal ridges with socalled incomplete multiple kidneys frequently create the impression of an intrarenal tumour and indicate the need for further clarification. There is a relatively high degree of uncertainty in intrarenal space-occupying processes below 2.5 cm diameter, as far as structural analysis is concerned. In such cases, provided a sufficiently strong clinical and roentgenological suspicion is sustained, angiography and, if necessary, exposure, should be recommended on a rather liberal basis.", "contents": "[Possibilities of errors in the sonographic diagnosis of renal tumours (author's transl)]. Artefacts or not completely visualised renal contours can lead to the erroneous diagnosis \"renal tumour\". This false diagnosis is mostly avoidable by means of accurate examination technique. Further radiological examination will be required only in exceptional cases. Incompletely visualisable parenchymal ridges with socalled incomplete multiple kidneys frequently create the impression of an intrarenal tumour and indicate the need for further clarification. There is a relatively high degree of uncertainty in intrarenal space-occupying processes below 2.5 cm diameter, as far as structural analysis is concerned. In such cases, provided a sufficiently strong clinical and roentgenological suspicion is sustained, angiography and, if necessary, exposure, should be recommended on a rather liberal basis.", "PMID": 734331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1714", "title": "[Sonographic renal diagnosis in paediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Sonography is a method without risk but of high diagnostic value. Hence, it is extremely well suited for paediatric examination. In our opinion, this method should rank first among all other examination methods when clarifying inflammatory conditions of kidneys and of the efferent urinary tract, whereas in all other problems sonography continues to rank second behind the urogram. Both examinations together, which account for a diagnostic safety of more than 95%, are employed to decide whether and to what extent other and more invasive and complicated measures will have to be taken.", "contents": "[Sonographic renal diagnosis in paediatrics (author's transl)]. Sonography is a method without risk but of high diagnostic value. Hence, it is extremely well suited for paediatric examination. In our opinion, this method should rank first among all other examination methods when clarifying inflammatory conditions of kidneys and of the efferent urinary tract, whereas in all other problems sonography continues to rank second behind the urogram. Both examinations together, which account for a diagnostic safety of more than 95%, are employed to decide whether and to what extent other and more invasive and complicated measures will have to be taken.", "PMID": 734332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1715", "title": "[Direct antegrade cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Direct antegrade cholangiography via transjugular access or as transcutaneous, transhepatic fine-needle cholangiography reduces the examination risk involved in the direct visualisation of the bile duct via needles of thick calibre. The article reports on the results obtained with 83 patients. Direct puncture of the bile duct by means of a fine needle is superior to transjugular antegrade cholangiography in respect of the required technical equipment and cost, and also as far as the proportion of accurate results is concerned, since visualisation of cholangiectasis will always be successful, whereas the visualisation of undilatated bile ducts can be effected in 50% of the examinations. Transvenous access should be chosen in such cases where liver tissue biopsy is necessary. Dilatation of the transcutaneous, transhepatic bile duct access via the temporary transcutaneous, transhepatic bile duct drainage, is necessary in those situations where the bile flow cannot be ensured by surgery, or where surgery is ruled out on account of the patient's general condition.", "contents": "[Direct antegrade cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the biliary tract (author's transl)]. Direct antegrade cholangiography via transjugular access or as transcutaneous, transhepatic fine-needle cholangiography reduces the examination risk involved in the direct visualisation of the bile duct via needles of thick calibre. The article reports on the results obtained with 83 patients. Direct puncture of the bile duct by means of a fine needle is superior to transjugular antegrade cholangiography in respect of the required technical equipment and cost, and also as far as the proportion of accurate results is concerned, since visualisation of cholangiectasis will always be successful, whereas the visualisation of undilatated bile ducts can be effected in 50% of the examinations. Transvenous access should be chosen in such cases where liver tissue biopsy is necessary. Dilatation of the transcutaneous, transhepatic bile duct access via the temporary transcutaneous, transhepatic bile duct drainage, is necessary in those situations where the bile flow cannot be ensured by surgery, or where surgery is ruled out on account of the patient's general condition.", "PMID": 734333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1716", "title": "[Initial X-ray manifestations of bronchial carcinoma. Possibilities and limitations of early diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of defining \"early diagnosis\" and difficulties, arising from multiform clinical and radiological manifestations in bronchial carcinoma are discussed. Different types of manifestations offer unequal chances for early detection. In demonstrating some typical cases, auxiliary diagnostic means and possibilities for more efficient radiological diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Initial X-ray manifestations of bronchial carcinoma. Possibilities and limitations of early diagnosis (author's transl)]. Problems of defining \"early diagnosis\" and difficulties, arising from multiform clinical and radiological manifestations in bronchial carcinoma are discussed. Different types of manifestations offer unequal chances for early detection. In demonstrating some typical cases, auxiliary diagnostic means and possibilities for more efficient radiological diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 734334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1717", "title": "[Circumscribed intrapulmonary densities following thoracic trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Intrapulmonary hematoma caused by blunt trauma to the chest may appear as round opacities of various size. The diagnosis depends on an exact case history and radiological follow up. 4 relevant cases are being presented. The incidence and pathogeneses are being discussed.", "contents": "[Circumscribed intrapulmonary densities following thoracic trauma (author's transl)]. Intrapulmonary hematoma caused by blunt trauma to the chest may appear as round opacities of various size. The diagnosis depends on an exact case history and radiological follow up. 4 relevant cases are being presented. The incidence and pathogeneses are being discussed.", "PMID": 734335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1718", "title": "The endocrine syndrome of occult tuberculosis.", "content": "Based on clinical observations made in the \"C.I. Parhon\" Institute of Endocrinology and in a clinic of catching diseases in Bucharest, the authors have isolated an endocrine syndrome of occult tuberculosis. The disease shows signs and symptoms of endocrine glands involvement. The paper presents the pathogenesis, epidemic spread and endocrino-tuberculostatic management.", "contents": "The endocrine syndrome of occult tuberculosis. Based on clinical observations made in the \"C.I. Parhon\" Institute of Endocrinology and in a clinic of catching diseases in Bucharest, the authors have isolated an endocrine syndrome of occult tuberculosis. The disease shows signs and symptoms of endocrine glands involvement. The paper presents the pathogenesis, epidemic spread and endocrino-tuberculostatic management.", "PMID": 734340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1719", "title": "Inhibitory action of pineal extract on LH and FSH.", "content": "The influence of melatonin-free pineal extract on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied. Administration of bovine pineal extract in intact rats was found to induce a statistically significant decrease of serum LH and FSH. The pineal extract also inhibited the 24-hour-post-castration rise of serum and pituitary LH and FSH in mature male rats. The stimulating effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on pituitary LH and FSH was also inhibited in intact animals. The antigonadotropic activity of melatonin-free pineal extract, melatonin and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of pineal extract on LH and FSH. The influence of melatonin-free pineal extract on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied. Administration of bovine pineal extract in intact rats was found to induce a statistically significant decrease of serum LH and FSH. The pineal extract also inhibited the 24-hour-post-castration rise of serum and pituitary LH and FSH in mature male rats. The stimulating effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on pituitary LH and FSH was also inhibited in intact animals. The antigonadotropic activity of melatonin-free pineal extract, melatonin and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) is discussed.", "PMID": 734341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1720", "title": "Changes in plasma lipids in hirsute women.", "content": "The changes in blood cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids and lipoproteinograms were examined in 40 women with hirsutism compared to 40 normal women of similar ages as control. The results show a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids in hirsutism. The lipoproteins, analysed according to Frederickson's classification show that while only 12% of the normal women came within type II A, in hirsutism the proportion was 50%. A proportion of 5% of normal women came within type II B whereas in hirsutism there were 28%. In conclusion, both types of blood lipoprotein alteration with atherogenic potential are significantly better represented in hirsutism cases.", "contents": "Changes in plasma lipids in hirsute women. The changes in blood cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids and lipoproteinograms were examined in 40 women with hirsutism compared to 40 normal women of similar ages as control. The results show a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids in hirsutism. The lipoproteins, analysed according to Frederickson's classification show that while only 12% of the normal women came within type II A, in hirsutism the proportion was 50%. A proportion of 5% of normal women came within type II B whereas in hirsutism there were 28%. In conclusion, both types of blood lipoprotein alteration with atherogenic potential are significantly better represented in hirsutism cases.", "PMID": 734342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1721", "title": "Fat cell size--body weight correlation in newborn.", "content": "Authors investigated the mean diameter of fat cells in 30 newborns weighing between 1500 g and 5400 g. A gradual increase of the mean diameter paralleling the body weight was observed. The highest values of the mean diameter exceeding 180 mu were found in overweight newborns from diabetic mothers.", "contents": "Fat cell size--body weight correlation in newborn. Authors investigated the mean diameter of fat cells in 30 newborns weighing between 1500 g and 5400 g. A gradual increase of the mean diameter paralleling the body weight was observed. The highest values of the mean diameter exceeding 180 mu were found in overweight newborns from diabetic mothers.", "PMID": 734343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1722", "title": "Occurrence of megakaryocytes in various vessels and their retention in the pulmonary capillaries in man.", "content": "A total of 17 patients with hypertension undergoing renal vein or adrenal vein catheterization were investigated in order to ascertain the number of megakaryocytes in blood from the inferior vena cava, the femoral artery and a cubital vein. On an average 11.9, 3.8, and 4.5 megakaryocytes per ml were found, respectively. In blood from the inferior vena cava, 30% of the megakaryocytes had copious cytoplasm, while megakaryocytes in arterial and cubital venous blood had sparse or no visible cytoplasm. It was demonstrated that 2/3 of the megakaryocytes were retained in the pulmonary circulation and that at least 70% of the platelets could derive from megakaryocytes in central venous blood or the pulmonary circulation. It was found that megakaryocytes pass through a life cycle in which the differentiation take place in the bone marrow, platelet release occurs mainly in central venous blood and in the pulmonary circulation and the destruction of the megakaryocyte nucleus take place outside the bone marrow, especially in the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "Occurrence of megakaryocytes in various vessels and their retention in the pulmonary capillaries in man. A total of 17 patients with hypertension undergoing renal vein or adrenal vein catheterization were investigated in order to ascertain the number of megakaryocytes in blood from the inferior vena cava, the femoral artery and a cubital vein. On an average 11.9, 3.8, and 4.5 megakaryocytes per ml were found, respectively. In blood from the inferior vena cava, 30% of the megakaryocytes had copious cytoplasm, while megakaryocytes in arterial and cubital venous blood had sparse or no visible cytoplasm. It was demonstrated that 2/3 of the megakaryocytes were retained in the pulmonary circulation and that at least 70% of the platelets could derive from megakaryocytes in central venous blood or the pulmonary circulation. It was found that megakaryocytes pass through a life cycle in which the differentiation take place in the bone marrow, platelet release occurs mainly in central venous blood and in the pulmonary circulation and the destruction of the megakaryocyte nucleus take place outside the bone marrow, especially in the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 734350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1723", "title": "Effects of prednisolone in 6 cases of glucocorticoid receptor-positive CLL.", "content": "The effect of treatment with prednisolone on clinical and laboratory variables was studied in 6 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The laboratory variables analyzed on the leukaemic cells were surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig), sheep red blood cell receptors (SRBC), proliferative activity (PI) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In all cases the CLL was of B-cell type and the leukaemic cells contained a significant amount of GR. 4 out of 6 patients had a progressive disease with increased PI. On treatment they went into clinical remission, which was paralleled by a reduction in the leukaemic B-cell number and in PI. The amount of GR was unaffected. In 2 patients with nonprogressive disease, prednisolone produced no clearcut effect on clinical or laboratory variables.", "contents": "Effects of prednisolone in 6 cases of glucocorticoid receptor-positive CLL. The effect of treatment with prednisolone on clinical and laboratory variables was studied in 6 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The laboratory variables analyzed on the leukaemic cells were surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig), sheep red blood cell receptors (SRBC), proliferative activity (PI) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In all cases the CLL was of B-cell type and the leukaemic cells contained a significant amount of GR. 4 out of 6 patients had a progressive disease with increased PI. On treatment they went into clinical remission, which was paralleled by a reduction in the leukaemic B-cell number and in PI. The amount of GR was unaffected. In 2 patients with nonprogressive disease, prednisolone produced no clearcut effect on clinical or laboratory variables.", "PMID": 734351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1724", "title": "Studies on human preleukaemia. IV. Clinical and prognostic significance of sideroblasts in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow.", "content": "The prognostic significance of the bone marrow sideroblasts found in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow was evaluated particularly to see if the sideroblasts might be a preleukaemic sign. The study includes 32 patients with abnormal sideroblasts; 14 had mainly ringed sideroblasts while 18 had mainly the intermediate or ferritin type. Basic erythrokinetic data (59Fe erythrocyte incorporation and erythroblast labelling indices) were similar in the two groups. The colony forming capacity (CFUc) was abnormal in 2 of 5 patients with ringed sideroblasts compared to 12 of 13 in the intermediate sideroblast group. Patients with mainly ringed sideroblasts had significantly longer duration of disease state, higher platelet and leucocyte counts, no increase in the percentage of bone marrow myeloblasts and did less often develop acute leukaemia. Thus aregenerative anaemias can be divided according to the type of abnormal sideroblasts in two groups with different risk of development of acute leukaemia. The ringed sideroblastic anaemia seems not to be a preleukaemic stage in the prospective sense in contrast to aregenerative anaemia with mainly intermediate sideroblasts.", "contents": "Studies on human preleukaemia. IV. Clinical and prognostic significance of sideroblasts in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow. The prognostic significance of the bone marrow sideroblasts found in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow was evaluated particularly to see if the sideroblasts might be a preleukaemic sign. The study includes 32 patients with abnormal sideroblasts; 14 had mainly ringed sideroblasts while 18 had mainly the intermediate or ferritin type. Basic erythrokinetic data (59Fe erythrocyte incorporation and erythroblast labelling indices) were similar in the two groups. The colony forming capacity (CFUc) was abnormal in 2 of 5 patients with ringed sideroblasts compared to 12 of 13 in the intermediate sideroblast group. Patients with mainly ringed sideroblasts had significantly longer duration of disease state, higher platelet and leucocyte counts, no increase in the percentage of bone marrow myeloblasts and did less often develop acute leukaemia. Thus aregenerative anaemias can be divided according to the type of abnormal sideroblasts in two groups with different risk of development of acute leukaemia. The ringed sideroblastic anaemia seems not to be a preleukaemic stage in the prospective sense in contrast to aregenerative anaemia with mainly intermediate sideroblasts.", "PMID": 734352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1725", "title": "Inhibition of myeloid differentiation by mature granulocytes can be reversed by humoral factors.", "content": "Human mature granulocytes added to in vivo diffusion chamber (DC) cultures of murine bone marrow cells (BMC) led to a late reduction of CFU-C, day 5, and proliferative granulocytes, day 6. Cell free DC fluid harvested on day 4 from chambers with BMC and mature granulocytes slightly reduced granulocyte formation in new DC cultures, but not more than DC fluid from control cultures (BMC). Mice which had carried chambers of either group for 4 d, were not different when used as hosts for new DC cultures. However, they were less able to stimulate cell growth in DC than untreated mice. Tranfer of DC to new host mice on day 2 completely reversed the inhibition by mature granulocytes which otherwise could be detected in numbers of CFU-C on day 5 and proliferative granulocytes on day 7. However, CFU-S numbers were reduced on day 5 following reimplantation indicating an increased differentiation of CFU-S. Transfer of DC as late as day 4, rapidly restored the granulocyte numbers in the granulocyte co-culture group suggesting that also more differentiated granulocytes were stimulated to further growth and differentiation. It is proposed that factors from mature granulocytes reversibly inhibit myeloid differentiation. Differentiation can again be induced by factors which reach the DC shortly after intraperitoneal implantation in a mouse.", "contents": "Inhibition of myeloid differentiation by mature granulocytes can be reversed by humoral factors. Human mature granulocytes added to in vivo diffusion chamber (DC) cultures of murine bone marrow cells (BMC) led to a late reduction of CFU-C, day 5, and proliferative granulocytes, day 6. Cell free DC fluid harvested on day 4 from chambers with BMC and mature granulocytes slightly reduced granulocyte formation in new DC cultures, but not more than DC fluid from control cultures (BMC). Mice which had carried chambers of either group for 4 d, were not different when used as hosts for new DC cultures. However, they were less able to stimulate cell growth in DC than untreated mice. Tranfer of DC to new host mice on day 2 completely reversed the inhibition by mature granulocytes which otherwise could be detected in numbers of CFU-C on day 5 and proliferative granulocytes on day 7. However, CFU-S numbers were reduced on day 5 following reimplantation indicating an increased differentiation of CFU-S. Transfer of DC as late as day 4, rapidly restored the granulocyte numbers in the granulocyte co-culture group suggesting that also more differentiated granulocytes were stimulated to further growth and differentiation. It is proposed that factors from mature granulocytes reversibly inhibit myeloid differentiation. Differentiation can again be induced by factors which reach the DC shortly after intraperitoneal implantation in a mouse.", "PMID": 734353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1726", "title": "Response to doxorubicin in hairy cell leukaemia.", "content": "A case of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) treated by single-agent chemotherapy after the failure of splenectomy is reported. The patient was treated with doxorubicin 50 mg on 4 occasions over an 8-day period. After 2 weeks of profound pancytopenia, substantial blood and bone marrow improvement ensued. This case demonstrates that HCL may in some case be treated successfully by intensive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Response to doxorubicin in hairy cell leukaemia. A case of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) treated by single-agent chemotherapy after the failure of splenectomy is reported. The patient was treated with doxorubicin 50 mg on 4 occasions over an 8-day period. After 2 weeks of profound pancytopenia, substantial blood and bone marrow improvement ensued. This case demonstrates that HCL may in some case be treated successfully by intensive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 734354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1727", "title": "Relations between accelerated sexual maturation and menstrual disorders.", "content": "The author demonstrates that the phenomenon of acceleration of sexual maturation is more frequent in urban areas. The factors having a part in determining this process are multiple: psychoemotional and audio-visual ones, and have an important role. The acceleration of sexual maturation has rather negative consequences, due to the significant increase of puberal menstrual troubles.", "contents": "Relations between accelerated sexual maturation and menstrual disorders. The author demonstrates that the phenomenon of acceleration of sexual maturation is more frequent in urban areas. The factors having a part in determining this process are multiple: psychoemotional and audio-visual ones, and have an important role. The acceleration of sexual maturation has rather negative consequences, due to the significant increase of puberal menstrual troubles.", "PMID": 734344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1728", "title": "Destruction of sensitized erythrocytes by human monocytes in vitro: effects of cytochalasin B, hydrocortisone and colchicine.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to characterize the destruction of sensitized erythrocytes by human blood monocytes in vitro. The incubation in vitro of human monocytes with 51Cr-labelled human erythrocytes sensitized with IgG rhesus alloantibodies anti-D (EAIgG anti-D) resulted in release of 51Cr from the erythrocytes (lysis) as well as uptake of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes by the monocytes (phagocytosis). The lysis of EAIgG anti-D by monocytes was not dependent on phagocytosis, because cytochalasin B, which inhibited phagocytosis of EAIgG, enhanced lysis. In contrast, hydrocortisone and colchicine inhibited lysis, but had no effect on phagocytosis. These agents did not affect binding of EAIgG anti-D to monocytes. The effect of these agents on lysis corresponded to their effect on release of lysosomal enzymes by monocytes. The release of lysosomal enzymes, when induced by EAIgG anti-D, was, likewise, enhanced by cytochalasin B and inhibited by hydrocortisone and colchicine. A significant correlation was found between lysosomal enzyme release and lysis. Together, these results strongly suggest that lysosomal enzymes, released by the monocytes when incubated with anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes, are responsible for the cytotoxic activity of these cells towards sensitized erythrocytes. The action of these enzymes only occurs over a short range, probably at the site of attachment of the erythrocyte, because only erythrocytes that were bound to the monocytes were lysed. The finding of other investigators that removal of monocytes from suspensions of human mononuclear leucocytes results in a strong reduction in the cytotoxic activity of these leucocytes towards sensitized erythrocytes in vitro. was confirmed.", "contents": "Destruction of sensitized erythrocytes by human monocytes in vitro: effects of cytochalasin B, hydrocortisone and colchicine. The purpose of this study was to characterize the destruction of sensitized erythrocytes by human blood monocytes in vitro. The incubation in vitro of human monocytes with 51Cr-labelled human erythrocytes sensitized with IgG rhesus alloantibodies anti-D (EAIgG anti-D) resulted in release of 51Cr from the erythrocytes (lysis) as well as uptake of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes by the monocytes (phagocytosis). The lysis of EAIgG anti-D by monocytes was not dependent on phagocytosis, because cytochalasin B, which inhibited phagocytosis of EAIgG, enhanced lysis. In contrast, hydrocortisone and colchicine inhibited lysis, but had no effect on phagocytosis. These agents did not affect binding of EAIgG anti-D to monocytes. The effect of these agents on lysis corresponded to their effect on release of lysosomal enzymes by monocytes. The release of lysosomal enzymes, when induced by EAIgG anti-D, was, likewise, enhanced by cytochalasin B and inhibited by hydrocortisone and colchicine. A significant correlation was found between lysosomal enzyme release and lysis. Together, these results strongly suggest that lysosomal enzymes, released by the monocytes when incubated with anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes, are responsible for the cytotoxic activity of these cells towards sensitized erythrocytes. The action of these enzymes only occurs over a short range, probably at the site of attachment of the erythrocyte, because only erythrocytes that were bound to the monocytes were lysed. The finding of other investigators that removal of monocytes from suspensions of human mononuclear leucocytes results in a strong reduction in the cytotoxic activity of these leucocytes towards sensitized erythrocytes in vitro. was confirmed.", "PMID": 734355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1729", "title": "De novo balanced translocation: 46, XX, t(13;20)(q34;p 11).", "content": "The authors present a family in which the father has brachymetacarpy and brachymetatarsy and the mother has a 13/20 translocation. A baby was born with multiple malformations similar to the trisomy syndrome for the short arms of chromosome 20. The genetic consequences of the translocation are discussed.", "contents": "De novo balanced translocation: 46, XX, t(13;20)(q34;p 11). The authors present a family in which the father has brachymetacarpy and brachymetatarsy and the mother has a 13/20 translocation. A baby was born with multiple malformations similar to the trisomy syndrome for the short arms of chromosome 20. The genetic consequences of the translocation are discussed.", "PMID": 734345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1730", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis: purification and characterization.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor antibody was measured in serum and IgG fractions from patients with myasthenia gravis using different analyses for antibody interfering with the toxin binding site and for antibody directed against other sites. No correlation was found between the concentration of receptor antibody as measured with the two assays. The different antibody activities also showed different isoelectric spectra. Receptor antibody was purified about 1000 times from IgG by affinity chromatography on a partially purified human skeletal muscle receptor preparation. The purified antibody was homogeneous in SDS-gel electrophroesis and showed a polyclonal pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Both kinds of light chains were demonstrated. The results imply that the acetylcholine receptor antibody found in myasthenia gravis is heterogeneous and of multiclonal origin.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis: purification and characterization. Acetylcholine receptor antibody was measured in serum and IgG fractions from patients with myasthenia gravis using different analyses for antibody interfering with the toxin binding site and for antibody directed against other sites. No correlation was found between the concentration of receptor antibody as measured with the two assays. The different antibody activities also showed different isoelectric spectra. Receptor antibody was purified about 1000 times from IgG by affinity chromatography on a partially purified human skeletal muscle receptor preparation. The purified antibody was homogeneous in SDS-gel electrophroesis and showed a polyclonal pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Both kinds of light chains were demonstrated. The results imply that the acetylcholine receptor antibody found in myasthenia gravis is heterogeneous and of multiclonal origin.", "PMID": 734356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1731", "title": "Demonstration of high-affinity binding sites for C3a anaphylatoxin on guinea-pig platelets.", "content": "3H-serotonin release from guinea-pig platelets was demonstrated to be the consequence of C3a binding to these cells. A Scatchard analysis of dose-response data of the 125I-C3a binding pattern to guinea-pig platelets pointed to the existence of binding sites with high and low affinity for the C3a molecule (HA and LA receptors). HA receptors are specific for C3a with intact C-terminal arginine. whereas C3adesarg only interacts with LA receptors. The release of serotonin may be induced by a combined reaction of C3a with HA receptors and LA receptors on the platelet membrane.", "contents": "Demonstration of high-affinity binding sites for C3a anaphylatoxin on guinea-pig platelets. 3H-serotonin release from guinea-pig platelets was demonstrated to be the consequence of C3a binding to these cells. A Scatchard analysis of dose-response data of the 125I-C3a binding pattern to guinea-pig platelets pointed to the existence of binding sites with high and low affinity for the C3a molecule (HA and LA receptors). HA receptors are specific for C3a with intact C-terminal arginine. whereas C3adesarg only interacts with LA receptors. The release of serotonin may be induced by a combined reaction of C3a with HA receptors and LA receptors on the platelet membrane.", "PMID": 734357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1732", "title": "Biological homogeneity, symptom heterogeneity, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "content": "Much biological research is directed at using biological variables to predict traditional symptom-based psychiatric categories. In this article, the authors discuss the need for a research strategy in which biological variables actually define psychiatric groups.", "contents": "Biological homogeneity, symptom heterogeneity, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Much biological research is directed at using biological variables to predict traditional symptom-based psychiatric categories. In this article, the authors discuss the need for a research strategy in which biological variables actually define psychiatric groups.", "PMID": 734358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1733", "title": "The diagnostic ambiguity of postpsychotic depression.", "content": "A clearly differentiated episode of depression in the aftermath of acute psychosis reportedly occurs in approximately 25 percent of all patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute schizophrenia. A comparison of premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and clinical course in patients with a postpsychotic depression following acute schizophrenic episodes and patients in the depressed phase of bipolar depressive illness suggests a high congruence between the two disorders. The results support the growing evidence that bipolar depressive illness is frequently misdiagnosed as acute schizophrenia.", "contents": "The diagnostic ambiguity of postpsychotic depression. A clearly differentiated episode of depression in the aftermath of acute psychosis reportedly occurs in approximately 25 percent of all patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute schizophrenia. A comparison of premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and clinical course in patients with a postpsychotic depression following acute schizophrenic episodes and patients in the depressed phase of bipolar depressive illness suggests a high congruence between the two disorders. The results support the growing evidence that bipolar depressive illness is frequently misdiagnosed as acute schizophrenia.", "PMID": 734359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1734", "title": "Psychotherapy with schizophrenics requires relevant training.", "content": "Secondary sources continue to cite a one-page preliminary note about the Michigan State Psychotherapy Project, ignoring fuller reports in print. Relevant experience and training are critical to quality control of psychotherapy in schizophrenia research. This investigation is unique in that \"experienced\" meant that the therapist had worked over 10 years specifically with schizophrenics, poor patients, and black patients. These relevantly experienced therapists supervised inexperienced therapists. Evaluations were \"blind,\" and thought disorder was objectively measured. Psychotherapy produced better overall functioning, less thought disorder, and shorter hospitalization, particularly in the long run, than medication. Adjunctive medication facilitated behavioral control, but slowed change in the thought disorder.", "contents": "Psychotherapy with schizophrenics requires relevant training. Secondary sources continue to cite a one-page preliminary note about the Michigan State Psychotherapy Project, ignoring fuller reports in print. Relevant experience and training are critical to quality control of psychotherapy in schizophrenia research. This investigation is unique in that \"experienced\" meant that the therapist had worked over 10 years specifically with schizophrenics, poor patients, and black patients. These relevantly experienced therapists supervised inexperienced therapists. Evaluations were \"blind,\" and thought disorder was objectively measured. Psychotherapy produced better overall functioning, less thought disorder, and shorter hospitalization, particularly in the long run, than medication. Adjunctive medication facilitated behavioral control, but slowed change in the thought disorder.", "PMID": 734360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1735", "title": "Speculating about cognitive experiments using schizophrenics.", "content": "Several models of selective attention are reviewed, emphasizing how breakdowns in various parts of each model could result in certain attentional deficits. It is concluded that some evidence suggests that the ability to mobilize attention may not be as impaired in schizophrenia as is the ability to choose which stimuli are appropriate for attention. If so, then in any cognitive experiment involving schizophrenics, any schizophrenic subject would be particularly distracted by certain extraneous stimuli, while other schizophrenic subjects would be particularly distracted by other stimuli. The importance of this possibility for cognitive research in schizophrenia is discussed.", "contents": "Speculating about cognitive experiments using schizophrenics. Several models of selective attention are reviewed, emphasizing how breakdowns in various parts of each model could result in certain attentional deficits. It is concluded that some evidence suggests that the ability to mobilize attention may not be as impaired in schizophrenia as is the ability to choose which stimuli are appropriate for attention. If so, then in any cognitive experiment involving schizophrenics, any schizophrenic subject would be particularly distracted by certain extraneous stimuli, while other schizophrenic subjects would be particularly distracted by other stimuli. The importance of this possibility for cognitive research in schizophrenia is discussed.", "PMID": 734361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1736", "title": "Dopamine supersensitivity, endorphin excess, and prostaglandin E1 deficiency: three aspects of the same schizophrenic elephant.", "content": "The author presents a hypothesis relating prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) deficiency to schizophrenia. The hypothesis is consistent with the importance of prolactin-stimulating properties in currently used antipsychotic drugs, the effect of prolactin on PGE1 synthesis, and the deficiency of PGE1 regulation in schizophrenic platelets. The author relates the PGE1 deficiency hypothesis to theories implicating dopamine and endorphins in the etiology of schizophrenia. A clinical trial in chronic schizophrenics has suggested the possible therapeutic efficacy of penicillin, a drug without dopamine-blocking actions which can stimulate PGE1 synthesis directly.", "contents": "Dopamine supersensitivity, endorphin excess, and prostaglandin E1 deficiency: three aspects of the same schizophrenic elephant. The author presents a hypothesis relating prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) deficiency to schizophrenia. The hypothesis is consistent with the importance of prolactin-stimulating properties in currently used antipsychotic drugs, the effect of prolactin on PGE1 synthesis, and the deficiency of PGE1 regulation in schizophrenic platelets. The author relates the PGE1 deficiency hypothesis to theories implicating dopamine and endorphins in the etiology of schizophrenia. A clinical trial in chronic schizophrenics has suggested the possible therapeutic efficacy of penicillin, a drug without dopamine-blocking actions which can stimulate PGE1 synthesis directly.", "PMID": 734362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1737", "title": "Social networks, the family, and the schizophrenic patient: introduction to the issue.", "content": "This article is an editor's introduction to the theme of a special issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin. The origin of the social network concept is described. Ideology, morale, structure, and the larger social context are identified as aspects of the social network to be examined in future research. Consumer organizations of schizophrenics and their families are described, and their potential for network formation and cooperation with organized psychiatry is discussed.", "contents": "Social networks, the family, and the schizophrenic patient: introduction to the issue. This article is an editor's introduction to the theme of a special issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin. The origin of the social network concept is described. Ideology, morale, structure, and the larger social context are identified as aspects of the social network to be examined in future research. Consumer organizations of schizophrenics and their families are described, and their potential for network formation and cooperation with organized psychiatry is discussed.", "PMID": 734364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1738", "title": "Social networks and schizophrenia.", "content": "This article suggests that social network concepts and methods can provide a unifying framework for social research on schizophrenia. A selective review of the literature indicates that a social network perspective is not only consistent with a range of other research approaches and findings, but may help resolve some basic and persistent methodological and conceptual problems. A theoretical model is briefly described which attributes a critical role in the onset and recurrence of schizophrenia to social network processes. Some examples are given of the potential contribution of social network variables to research and therapy in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Social networks and schizophrenia. This article suggests that social network concepts and methods can provide a unifying framework for social research on schizophrenia. A selective review of the literature indicates that a social network perspective is not only consistent with a range of other research approaches and findings, but may help resolve some basic and persistent methodological and conceptual problems. A theoretical model is briefly described which attributes a critical role in the onset and recurrence of schizophrenia to social network processes. Some examples are given of the potential contribution of social network variables to research and therapy in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 734365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1739", "title": "Schizophrenia and social networks: ex-patients in the inner city.", "content": "A high level of social contacts has been recognized as one of the main predictors of outcome in schizophrenia. However, a variety of issues concerning the sociability of schizophrenics still need to be clarified. Focusing on ex-mental patients residing in a large Manhattan hotel, an analysis is made of the relationship between several social network variables, psychopathology, and rehospitalization. The findings indicate that: (1) Schizophrenics have significantly fewer linkages than nonpsychotics, but even the most impaired schizophrenics are not totally isolated. (2) Within the schizophrenic spectrum there are differences with respect to network size, complexity, directionality, and interconnectedness. (3) Rehospitalization is dependent upon two factors, degree of psychopathology and hotel network size.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and social networks: ex-patients in the inner city. A high level of social contacts has been recognized as one of the main predictors of outcome in schizophrenia. However, a variety of issues concerning the sociability of schizophrenics still need to be clarified. Focusing on ex-mental patients residing in a large Manhattan hotel, an analysis is made of the relationship between several social network variables, psychopathology, and rehospitalization. The findings indicate that: (1) Schizophrenics have significantly fewer linkages than nonpsychotics, but even the most impaired schizophrenics are not totally isolated. (2) Within the schizophrenic spectrum there are differences with respect to network size, complexity, directionality, and interconnectedness. (3) Rehospitalization is dependent upon two factors, degree of psychopathology and hotel network size.", "PMID": 734366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1740", "title": "Support systems of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic Puerto Rican migrant women in New York City.", "content": "Analysis of the social networks and support systems of patients with varying degrees of emotional disturbance reveals models of naturally occurring support systems that can be used by mental health professionals for fostering, redeveloping, or building supports for chronic schizophrenic patients in their natural communities. As a demonstration, analysis is made of the social supports of 55 Puerto Rican migrant women with five degrees of emotional disturbance. Seven patterns of social support with associated family and emotional status variables emerge. These support system patterns range on a continuum from one which reflects the ideals of the culture found primarily among women who are symptom-free, through four variations that appear to be adaptations to deficits in the core support system (e.g., absence of husband, extended kin, or both) found predominantly among the nonschizophrenic but disturbed women, to two culturally deviant forms found almost exclusively among the schizophrenics. The salient finding of this analysis is that there is greater reliance upon neighbors, friends, and other non-kin than upon family among the schizophrenic women who lead their lives relatively successfully within the community. It is suggested that these non-kin supports be used in natural network therapy to reintegrate or maintain chronic schizophrenic patients in the Puerto Rican migrant community and that similar analyses be made of the support systems of patients from other communities.", "contents": "Support systems of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic Puerto Rican migrant women in New York City. Analysis of the social networks and support systems of patients with varying degrees of emotional disturbance reveals models of naturally occurring support systems that can be used by mental health professionals for fostering, redeveloping, or building supports for chronic schizophrenic patients in their natural communities. As a demonstration, analysis is made of the social supports of 55 Puerto Rican migrant women with five degrees of emotional disturbance. Seven patterns of social support with associated family and emotional status variables emerge. These support system patterns range on a continuum from one which reflects the ideals of the culture found primarily among women who are symptom-free, through four variations that appear to be adaptations to deficits in the core support system (e.g., absence of husband, extended kin, or both) found predominantly among the nonschizophrenic but disturbed women, to two culturally deviant forms found almost exclusively among the schizophrenics. The salient finding of this analysis is that there is greater reliance upon neighbors, friends, and other non-kin than upon family among the schizophrenic women who lead their lives relatively successfully within the community. It is suggested that these non-kin supports be used in natural network therapy to reintegrate or maintain chronic schizophrenic patients in the Puerto Rican migrant community and that similar analyses be made of the support systems of patients from other communities.", "PMID": 734367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1741", "title": "Restructuring parental attitudes--working with parents of the adult mentally ill.", "content": "The Thresholds parents group gives the parents of clients an opportunity that has rarely been presented to them. They are able to discuss openly, with their peers, many issues that have not been expressed previously except in the greatest privacy. Often their children's mental illness has been a well-kept secret or has been handled in a guilty and shamefaced way. They do not find it easy, as a rule, to discuss mental illness in the same way they might discuss diabetes or congenital heart disease. It is an enormous relief to be open about their problems with others who are in similar circumstances. The main issues addressed in the group are a redefinition of good parenting to include mutual disengagement, emancipation, and separation; reduction of parental guilt, with its consequent implications of parents getting more out of their own lives, and a reduction of manipulation; and the handling of management issues such as money, medication, visiting, parental expectations, holidays, siblings, and parents' united front. Parents of the emotionally ill are a much maligned group. Too often they are regarded by the mental health community as enemies and not allies. Too often the suffering that they have endured is ignored. Too often parents' strengths are overlooked by mental health professionals treating their offspring. And, finally, too often basic change in the parents is demanded as a prerequisite for meaningful change in the member.", "contents": "Restructuring parental attitudes--working with parents of the adult mentally ill. The Thresholds parents group gives the parents of clients an opportunity that has rarely been presented to them. They are able to discuss openly, with their peers, many issues that have not been expressed previously except in the greatest privacy. Often their children's mental illness has been a well-kept secret or has been handled in a guilty and shamefaced way. They do not find it easy, as a rule, to discuss mental illness in the same way they might discuss diabetes or congenital heart disease. It is an enormous relief to be open about their problems with others who are in similar circumstances. The main issues addressed in the group are a redefinition of good parenting to include mutual disengagement, emancipation, and separation; reduction of parental guilt, with its consequent implications of parents getting more out of their own lives, and a reduction of manipulation; and the handling of management issues such as money, medication, visiting, parental expectations, holidays, siblings, and parents' united front. Parents of the emotionally ill are a much maligned group. Too often they are regarded by the mental health community as enemies and not allies. Too often the suffering that they have endured is ignored. Too often parents' strengths are overlooked by mental health professionals treating their offspring. And, finally, too often basic change in the parents is demanded as a prerequisite for meaningful change in the member.", "PMID": 734368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1742", "title": "Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders.", "content": "Many motor commands in the nervous system are associated with corollary discharges which alter the excitability in both sensory and motor systems. These discharges may assist in the distinction between self-generated and externally produced movements; they also allow (or represent) monitoring of the motor commands before the effector response has occurred. Here, I hypothesize that this mechanism of control and integration is also present in thinking, which as Hughlings Jackson pointed out, may be considered the highest and most complex form of motor activity. I speculate that if corollary discharges are normally part of the motor mechanisms of thought, their derangement could produce many of the symptoms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders. Many motor commands in the nervous system are associated with corollary discharges which alter the excitability in both sensory and motor systems. These discharges may assist in the distinction between self-generated and externally produced movements; they also allow (or represent) monitoring of the motor commands before the effector response has occurred. Here, I hypothesize that this mechanism of control and integration is also present in thinking, which as Hughlings Jackson pointed out, may be considered the highest and most complex form of motor activity. I speculate that if corollary discharges are normally part of the motor mechanisms of thought, their derangement could produce many of the symptoms of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 734369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1743", "title": "[Electroencephalographic periodicity with asynchronous  variations in period duration in both hemispheres following acute cerebral anoxia].", "content": "The periodicity of paroxysmal wave complexes in EEG after acute cerebral anoxia with special reference to the dynamics of period duration (alteration of Zeitmass) is described in case 20 hours before isoelectric tracing. The completely asynchronous feature of paroxysmal events within certain limits of period duration in both hemispheres is a rare condition. Late and pure cortical electrogenesis is suggested. Short and long EEG- periods in similar and different pathological processes and functional states are compared with respect to topography of lesions. Subcortical interactions and extraneuronal influences upon periodicty are discussed. The parameters \"complex wave and periodicity\" in EEG and the dynamics respectively are a matter of serial investigations for better understanding pathophysiology and prognostic value.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic periodicity with asynchronous  variations in period duration in both hemispheres following acute cerebral anoxia]. The periodicity of paroxysmal wave complexes in EEG after acute cerebral anoxia with special reference to the dynamics of period duration (alteration of Zeitmass) is described in case 20 hours before isoelectric tracing. The completely asynchronous feature of paroxysmal events within certain limits of period duration in both hemispheres is a rare condition. Late and pure cortical electrogenesis is suggested. Short and long EEG- periods in similar and different pathological processes and functional states are compared with respect to topography of lesions. Subcortical interactions and extraneuronal influences upon periodicty are discussed. The parameters \"complex wave and periodicity\" in EEG and the dynamics respectively are a matter of serial investigations for better understanding pathophysiology and prognostic value.", "PMID": 734371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1744", "title": "[Possible explanation of the high degree of IQ variability in subjects with classical phenylketonuria].", "content": "Descriptions of cases of PKU presenting the plain metabolic defect but little or no brain damage are becoming more and more frequent. The author admits the existence of a genetic enzyme system independent of the PKU gene (X). It is probably acting in the brain cells, restoring more or less normal aminoacid balance at this level. Full enzymatic activity and optimal protection against the deleterious effect of phenylalanine would result from the homogenous gene (XX), somewhat lower activity from the heterozygous gene (Xx). Homozygous xx-individuals would lack the protecting enzyme and therefore be highly exposed to damage by phenylalanine. Hydroxylation of phenylalanine in brain tissue has been reported for several animal species by a series of authors who incriminate either a brain isoenzyme of phenylalanine hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. The main aim of this paper is to suggest search for such types of enzyme in human brain cells to all the workers having access to human brain tissue.", "contents": "[Possible explanation of the high degree of IQ variability in subjects with classical phenylketonuria]. Descriptions of cases of PKU presenting the plain metabolic defect but little or no brain damage are becoming more and more frequent. The author admits the existence of a genetic enzyme system independent of the PKU gene (X). It is probably acting in the brain cells, restoring more or less normal aminoacid balance at this level. Full enzymatic activity and optimal protection against the deleterious effect of phenylalanine would result from the homogenous gene (XX), somewhat lower activity from the heterozygous gene (Xx). Homozygous xx-individuals would lack the protecting enzyme and therefore be highly exposed to damage by phenylalanine. Hydroxylation of phenylalanine in brain tissue has been reported for several animal species by a series of authors who incriminate either a brain isoenzyme of phenylalanine hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. The main aim of this paper is to suggest search for such types of enzyme in human brain cells to all the workers having access to human brain tissue.", "PMID": 734372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1745", "title": "[So-called internuclear ophthalmoplegias. Electro-oculographic study].", "content": "A study is presented of three patients suffering from internuclear ophthalmoplegia without diplopia. The components of the nystagmus and the dysmetry of the oculomotor changes, as well as the difference in the respective speeds during abduction and adduction toward the side opposite to the lesion were recorded. A dysmetric component was found in the saccadic low amplitude movements (reading movements).", "contents": "[So-called internuclear ophthalmoplegias. Electro-oculographic study]. A study is presented of three patients suffering from internuclear ophthalmoplegia without diplopia. The components of the nystagmus and the dysmetry of the oculomotor changes, as well as the difference in the respective speeds during abduction and adduction toward the side opposite to the lesion were recorded. A dysmetric component was found in the saccadic low amplitude movements (reading movements).", "PMID": 734373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1746", "title": "Cell regulations of the cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the central nervous system.", "content": "After a survey of the composition and the possibilities of the differentiation of the liquor cytogram, the author reports upon the reaction types of the cerebrospinal fluid. Following the functional mechanisms of the cerebrospinal fluid cells (phagocytosis, digestion, thesaurismosis, formation of antibodies) are to be mentioned.", "contents": "Cell regulations of the cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the central nervous system. After a survey of the composition and the possibilities of the differentiation of the liquor cytogram, the author reports upon the reaction types of the cerebrospinal fluid. Following the functional mechanisms of the cerebrospinal fluid cells (phagocytosis, digestion, thesaurismosis, formation of antibodies) are to be mentioned.", "PMID": 734374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1747", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid spread of ependymomas].", "content": "A series of twentyseven ependymomas, four of which made subarachnoid implantation, is reported. Two of these were malignant, having their origin in the posterior fossa and two benign, having their origin in the spinal cord. The cytology in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases is described.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid spread of ependymomas]. A series of twentyseven ependymomas, four of which made subarachnoid implantation, is reported. Two of these were malignant, having their origin in the posterior fossa and two benign, having their origin in the spinal cord. The cytology in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases is described.", "PMID": 734375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1748", "title": "Kinetics of 99MTc-pertechnetate uptake in healthy and arthritic knees.", "content": "99mPertechnetate (99TcO-4) was injected intravenously in 7 healthy subjects and 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The uptake of isotope (99Tc) in both knee joint regions was traced continuously for 30 min from the time of injection. The isotope showed more rapid accumulation with increasing arthritic involvement of the knee, and the rate of uptake of 99TcO-4 in the knee region tallied with the clinical findings before and after treatment (14 RA patients). The findings indicate that the rate of 99TcO-4 uptake could serve as a useful complement to the more commonly used quantitative uptake of isotope. The two measures may possibly reflect different features of synovial inflammation.", "contents": "Kinetics of 99MTc-pertechnetate uptake in healthy and arthritic knees. 99mPertechnetate (99TcO-4) was injected intravenously in 7 healthy subjects and 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The uptake of isotope (99Tc) in both knee joint regions was traced continuously for 30 min from the time of injection. The isotope showed more rapid accumulation with increasing arthritic involvement of the knee, and the rate of uptake of 99TcO-4 in the knee region tallied with the clinical findings before and after treatment (14 RA patients). The findings indicate that the rate of 99TcO-4 uptake could serve as a useful complement to the more commonly used quantitative uptake of isotope. The two measures may possibly reflect different features of synovial inflammation.", "PMID": 734376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1749", "title": "Cardiac involvement in polymyositis.", "content": "Sixteen cases of polymyositis (PM) were treated at the Central Hospital, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Features of cardiac involvement were observed in 11 cases (69%). The heart diseases which developed or worsened after the onset of PM were grouped as follows: (1) Sole disturbance of conduction--one case, (2) congestive heart failure--four cases, (3) coronary heart disease with or without congestive heart failure--six cases. Three patients suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiography revealed arrhythmias in eight cases and disturbances of conduction in three. In one patient complete atrioventricular block and congestive heart failure necesssitated installation of an intracardiac pacemaker. In four patients congestive heart failure progressed to death. In two autopsied cases changes suggestive of PM were found in the heart muscle. Involvement of the heart in PM was prognostically a bad sign.", "contents": "Cardiac involvement in polymyositis. Sixteen cases of polymyositis (PM) were treated at the Central Hospital, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Features of cardiac involvement were observed in 11 cases (69%). The heart diseases which developed or worsened after the onset of PM were grouped as follows: (1) Sole disturbance of conduction--one case, (2) congestive heart failure--four cases, (3) coronary heart disease with or without congestive heart failure--six cases. Three patients suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiography revealed arrhythmias in eight cases and disturbances of conduction in three. In one patient complete atrioventricular block and congestive heart failure necesssitated installation of an intracardiac pacemaker. In four patients congestive heart failure progressed to death. In two autopsied cases changes suggestive of PM were found in the heart muscle. Involvement of the heart in PM was prognostically a bad sign.", "PMID": 734377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1750", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid pachymeningitis involving the entire thoracic region.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman developed a spinal cord compression syndrome due to rheumatoid pachymeningitis with a roentgenological block from T2 to T11. The dura was surgically split from T1 to T12 and carefully dissected away from the spinal cord and then left open without grafting. The patient imporved and 3 years after the operation the spinal subarachnoid space and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid were normal.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid pachymeningitis involving the entire thoracic region. A 67-year-old woman developed a spinal cord compression syndrome due to rheumatoid pachymeningitis with a roentgenological block from T2 to T11. The dura was surgically split from T1 to T12 and carefully dissected away from the spinal cord and then left open without grafting. The patient imporved and 3 years after the operation the spinal subarachnoid space and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid were normal.", "PMID": 734378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1751", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis contributing to lumbar spinal stenosis. Neurogenic intermittent claudication.", "content": "Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting the lumbar spine showed the clinical, roentgenological, and operative characteristics of lumbar spinal stenosis, which is a neurological complication of rheumatoid arthritis that can be treated by surgery. The clinical history is a prerequisite for suspicion of the syndrome, and lumbar myelography including roentgenograms of the extended lumbar spine may verify the diagnosis.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis contributing to lumbar spinal stenosis. Neurogenic intermittent claudication. Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting the lumbar spine showed the clinical, roentgenological, and operative characteristics of lumbar spinal stenosis, which is a neurological complication of rheumatoid arthritis that can be treated by surgery. The clinical history is a prerequisite for suspicion of the syndrome, and lumbar myelography including roentgenograms of the extended lumbar spine may verify the diagnosis.", "PMID": 734379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1752", "title": "Changing pattern of clinical features and prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The changing pattern of clinical features of and prognosis for 206 patients with SLE were studied. SLE patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and minimal change and focal proliferative glomerulonephritis observed by means of renal biopsy tended to increase in C (1972--76) group compared with A (1955--68) and B (1969--71) groups. SLE patients with lupus nephritis and central nervous system lupus treated with large doses of steroids or combined therapy of steroids and immunosuppressive agents also increased in the order C, B, and A group. The prognosis for group C patients was better than that for A and B group patients. However, there appeared to be an increasing incidence of complications unrelated to SLE, namely infection and perforated peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Changing pattern of clinical features and prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. The changing pattern of clinical features of and prognosis for 206 patients with SLE were studied. SLE patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and minimal change and focal proliferative glomerulonephritis observed by means of renal biopsy tended to increase in C (1972--76) group compared with A (1955--68) and B (1969--71) groups. SLE patients with lupus nephritis and central nervous system lupus treated with large doses of steroids or combined therapy of steroids and immunosuppressive agents also increased in the order C, B, and A group. The prognosis for group C patients was better than that for A and B group patients. However, there appeared to be an increasing incidence of complications unrelated to SLE, namely infection and perforated peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 734380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1753", "title": "Comparison of chemical, radiation and surgical synovectomy for knee joint synovitis.", "content": "In 66 patients with rheumatoid knee joint synovitis and hydrops and with only slight radiological destruction, local treatment of the knee was randomly performed either with osmic acid, radioactive yttrium or surgical synovectomy. After a one-year follow-up the clinical and radiological results were slightly better in patients who underwent surgical synovectomy than in other treatment groups. However, radiological osteoarthrosis had progressed more in synovectomized patients than in others. In 2 patients with radioactive yttrium a relapse requiring surgical synovectomy was seen. Because osmic acid is almost as effective as surgical synovectomy, is very cheap and easy to perform, it can be recommended as the first choice for local therapy in patients with corticosteroid-restant knee joint synovitis, in the early stage of the disease.", "contents": "Comparison of chemical, radiation and surgical synovectomy for knee joint synovitis. In 66 patients with rheumatoid knee joint synovitis and hydrops and with only slight radiological destruction, local treatment of the knee was randomly performed either with osmic acid, radioactive yttrium or surgical synovectomy. After a one-year follow-up the clinical and radiological results were slightly better in patients who underwent surgical synovectomy than in other treatment groups. However, radiological osteoarthrosis had progressed more in synovectomized patients than in others. In 2 patients with radioactive yttrium a relapse requiring surgical synovectomy was seen. Because osmic acid is almost as effective as surgical synovectomy, is very cheap and easy to perform, it can be recommended as the first choice for local therapy in patients with corticosteroid-restant knee joint synovitis, in the early stage of the disease.", "PMID": 734381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1754", "title": "Release of lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by soluble intermediate immune complexes.", "content": "The efficacy of soluble immune complexes (1C) of different sizes prepared in vitro or present in RA sera and synovial fluids to induce the release of beta-glucuronidase (BG) and neutral protease (NP) from PMN has been examined. Immune complexes of human HGG-rabbit anti-human HGG prepared in 5, 10 and 20 times excess of antigen equivalence were fractionated into three pools, PI (22S--13S), PII (13S--7S) and PIII (7S) using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. NP and BG-releasing activity was mostly associated with PII. Similar fractions were obtained from RA sera and synovial fluids. BG-releasing activity was again predominantly associated with PII. PII fractions from normal sera and from 2 non-RA IC disease sera showed less BG-releasing activity than the RA PII fractions. Negligible NP release was observed with all three serum pools. Further investigation demonstrated the presence of NP inhibitor(s) in PI and PII from human sera.", "contents": "Release of lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by soluble intermediate immune complexes. The efficacy of soluble immune complexes (1C) of different sizes prepared in vitro or present in RA sera and synovial fluids to induce the release of beta-glucuronidase (BG) and neutral protease (NP) from PMN has been examined. Immune complexes of human HGG-rabbit anti-human HGG prepared in 5, 10 and 20 times excess of antigen equivalence were fractionated into three pools, PI (22S--13S), PII (13S--7S) and PIII (7S) using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. NP and BG-releasing activity was mostly associated with PII. Similar fractions were obtained from RA sera and synovial fluids. BG-releasing activity was again predominantly associated with PII. PII fractions from normal sera and from 2 non-RA IC disease sera showed less BG-releasing activity than the RA PII fractions. Negligible NP release was observed with all three serum pools. Further investigation demonstrated the presence of NP inhibitor(s) in PI and PII from human sera.", "PMID": 734382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1755", "title": "Pneumothorax in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: consequence of coincidence?", "content": "A 25 year-old man, known to suffer from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, developed a left-sided pneumothorax. At thoracotomy, pulmonary blebs and bullae were found at the apex of the lung. Bullectomy with removal of adjacent lung tissue was performed. The histological and ultrastructural findings in the lung tissue must be regarded as non-specific. These findings do not reflect a direct cause-and-effect relationship, even in the presence of the inheritable connective tissue disorder.", "contents": "Pneumothorax in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: consequence of coincidence? A 25 year-old man, known to suffer from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, developed a left-sided pneumothorax. At thoracotomy, pulmonary blebs and bullae were found at the apex of the lung. Bullectomy with removal of adjacent lung tissue was performed. The histological and ultrastructural findings in the lung tissue must be regarded as non-specific. These findings do not reflect a direct cause-and-effect relationship, even in the presence of the inheritable connective tissue disorder.", "PMID": 734383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1756", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy with fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB) was performed during fiberoptic bronchoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance in 133 patients with diffuse or peripherally localized lung diseases without endobronchial lesions. Histological diagnosis consistent with the clinical course and roentgenographic appearance was obtained in 96 patients (72%). In four cases specimens were inadequate for histological evaluation (3%). In 33 cases a diagnosis was not possible even though the specimens were adequate for histological examination. The low complication rate in this series seems due to the selection of patients and the technique used.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy with fiberoptic bronchoscope. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB) was performed during fiberoptic bronchoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance in 133 patients with diffuse or peripherally localized lung diseases without endobronchial lesions. Histological diagnosis consistent with the clinical course and roentgenographic appearance was obtained in 96 patients (72%). In four cases specimens were inadequate for histological evaluation (3%). In 33 cases a diagnosis was not possible even though the specimens were adequate for histological examination. The low complication rate in this series seems due to the selection of patients and the technique used.", "PMID": 734384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1757", "title": "Pleural plaques in a health survey material. Frequency, development and exposure to asbestos.", "content": "All cases of pleural plaques discovered at mass X-ray screening in Uppsala County during 1970-1976 were collected. Case histories, including the history of exposure to asbestos and smoking habits, were taken. A total of 508 cases, 492 males and 16 females, were found. Eighty per cent were smokers, which was more than expected, and 80% confirmed exposure to asbestos. The frequency of pleural plaques was found to increase steadily with the years parallel to the increase in the use of asbestos which had started 30 years earlier. The pleural plaques showed gradual development and many finally calcified.", "contents": "Pleural plaques in a health survey material. Frequency, development and exposure to asbestos. All cases of pleural plaques discovered at mass X-ray screening in Uppsala County during 1970-1976 were collected. Case histories, including the history of exposure to asbestos and smoking habits, were taken. A total of 508 cases, 492 males and 16 females, were found. Eighty per cent were smokers, which was more than expected, and 80% confirmed exposure to asbestos. The frequency of pleural plaques was found to increase steadily with the years parallel to the increase in the use of asbestos which had started 30 years earlier. The pleural plaques showed gradual development and many finally calcified.", "PMID": 734385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1758", "title": "Associations between housing conditions, smoking habits and ventilatory lung function in men with clean jobs.", "content": "In 218 men, who had minimal occupational exposure to dusts, fumes, temperature variability, or physical exercise, the relation between housing conditions throughout life and lung function was analysed. The number of years spend in dwellings without central heating was significantly inversely associated with the level of FEV1 and MMEF, and significantly directly associated with closing capacity in per cent of TLC, CC%. Significant dose-response relationships between smoking habits and FEV1, MMEF, CC% and slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III) were found, whereas closing volume, CV%, was only correlated to age. The association between dwelling conditions and ventilatory capacity was independent of smoking habits. Tobacco smoking, however, moderated the association in as much as it was strengthened after standardisation for tobacco consumption. These data support the hypothesis that poor dwelling conditions during childhood and adolescence are associated with development of peripheral airways disease and expiratory airflow obstruction at middle age, and that comparisons of lung function between different occupational categories are incomplete and may be misleading if lifelong housing conditions or other factors reflecting socio-economic status are not taken into consideration.", "contents": "Associations between housing conditions, smoking habits and ventilatory lung function in men with clean jobs. In 218 men, who had minimal occupational exposure to dusts, fumes, temperature variability, or physical exercise, the relation between housing conditions throughout life and lung function was analysed. The number of years spend in dwellings without central heating was significantly inversely associated with the level of FEV1 and MMEF, and significantly directly associated with closing capacity in per cent of TLC, CC%. Significant dose-response relationships between smoking habits and FEV1, MMEF, CC% and slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III) were found, whereas closing volume, CV%, was only correlated to age. The association between dwelling conditions and ventilatory capacity was independent of smoking habits. Tobacco smoking, however, moderated the association in as much as it was strengthened after standardisation for tobacco consumption. These data support the hypothesis that poor dwelling conditions during childhood and adolescence are associated with development of peripheral airways disease and expiratory airflow obstruction at middle age, and that comparisons of lung function between different occupational categories are incomplete and may be misleading if lifelong housing conditions or other factors reflecting socio-economic status are not taken into consideration.", "PMID": 734386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1759", "title": "Clinical features, mortality and survival of patients with asbestosis.", "content": "This paper describes the characteristic clinical features, mortality and survival rate of 202 patients diagnosed as having asbestosis by the Institute of Occupational Health between 1934 and 1976. One hundred and thirty-three patients were subjected to a clinical reexamination. Major findings included breathlessness in 118 (88.7%), persistent sputum in 95 (71.4%), crepitations in 77 (58.0%) and finger clubbing in 43 (32.3%). Of the 95 patients with persistent sputum, 19 (20.0%) were nonsmokers. Of the 174 men registered as having asbestosis, 56 had died, whereas the expected  number of deaths among men of the same age in the Finnish general population was only 23.4. The respective figures for lung cancer were 19 observed and 2.1 expected. No excess mortality was found for other malignomas. Among men with asbestosis, the life expectancy was shorter for smokers than for non- and exsmokers.", "contents": "Clinical features, mortality and survival of patients with asbestosis. This paper describes the characteristic clinical features, mortality and survival rate of 202 patients diagnosed as having asbestosis by the Institute of Occupational Health between 1934 and 1976. One hundred and thirty-three patients were subjected to a clinical reexamination. Major findings included breathlessness in 118 (88.7%), persistent sputum in 95 (71.4%), crepitations in 77 (58.0%) and finger clubbing in 43 (32.3%). Of the 95 patients with persistent sputum, 19 (20.0%) were nonsmokers. Of the 174 men registered as having asbestosis, 56 had died, whereas the expected  number of deaths among men of the same age in the Finnish general population was only 23.4. The respective figures for lung cancer were 19 observed and 2.1 expected. No excess mortality was found for other malignomas. Among men with asbestosis, the life expectancy was shorter for smokers than for non- and exsmokers.", "PMID": 734387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1760", "title": "Radiographic and physiological findings in patients with asbestosis.", "content": "Radiographic and respiratory functional findings are reported for a series of 133 Finnish patients with asbestosis. Of these patients, 65 (49%) were found to have radiographically mild diffuse pulmonary fibrosis (profusion 0/1, 1/0 or 1/1), 48 (36%) moderate fibrosis (1/2, 2/1 or 2/2) and 20 (15%) diffuse fibrosis in an advanced stage (2/3 or more). The type of fibrosis was mostly irregular (110 = 83%). Fibrosis was typically the most advanced in the lower zones of the lungs. Of the 133 patients, 88 (66%) showed pleural changes and 78 (59%) pleural calcifications. The more severe the fibrosis, as seen in the radiographs, the greater the decrease in vital capacity (VC) and expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0). Transfer factor was generally impaired only in advanced cases of asbestosis (fibrosis 2/3 or more). In general, obstruction was not observed in this series. Pleural changes seemed to decrease VC and FEV1.0 when the fibrosis was mild (0/1, 1/0 or 1/1). They had no effect on diffusion capacity (TLco).", "contents": "Radiographic and physiological findings in patients with asbestosis. Radiographic and respiratory functional findings are reported for a series of 133 Finnish patients with asbestosis. Of these patients, 65 (49%) were found to have radiographically mild diffuse pulmonary fibrosis (profusion 0/1, 1/0 or 1/1), 48 (36%) moderate fibrosis (1/2, 2/1 or 2/2) and 20 (15%) diffuse fibrosis in an advanced stage (2/3 or more). The type of fibrosis was mostly irregular (110 = 83%). Fibrosis was typically the most advanced in the lower zones of the lungs. Of the 133 patients, 88 (66%) showed pleural changes and 78 (59%) pleural calcifications. The more severe the fibrosis, as seen in the radiographs, the greater the decrease in vital capacity (VC) and expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0). Transfer factor was generally impaired only in advanced cases of asbestosis (fibrosis 2/3 or more). In general, obstruction was not observed in this series. Pleural changes seemed to decrease VC and FEV1.0 when the fibrosis was mild (0/1, 1/0 or 1/1). They had no effect on diffusion capacity (TLco).", "PMID": 734388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1761", "title": "Sputum cytology of asbestosis patients.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen patients with asbestosis, 59% of whom were chronic cigarette smokers, were subjected to a cytological sputum examination which showed: 36 workers (31.6%) with squamous metaplasia, 20 (17.5%) with benigh columnar cell atypia, 5 (4.4%) with benign dysplasia, 2 with suspicious cells for carcinoma, and 1 with anaplastic (microcellular) carcinoma. Clinically and histologically five lung cancers were verified, two of which were cytologically false negatives. All asbestosis patients with lung cancer were chronic smokers. Of the 114 asbestosis patients, 49 (43.0%) had ferruginous bodies in their sputum. The workers from an asbestos quarry more frequently had ferruginous bodies in their specimens than the other patients. Radiographically moderate and severe asbestosis cases showed squamous metaplasia more frequently than those with radiographically slight asbestosis. Most of the detected cellular atypias represented reversible alterations of the respiratory epithelium. It is, however, important to screen the sputum of older (greater than 40 years of age) smoking asbestos workers with benign and suspicious cellular atypias regularly because these alterations may represent the first step int he pathway to bronchogenic cancer. The results of this study did not answer the question of whether bronchial cancer of patients with asbestosis is curable if detected early with cytological methods.", "contents": "Sputum cytology of asbestosis patients. One hundred and fourteen patients with asbestosis, 59% of whom were chronic cigarette smokers, were subjected to a cytological sputum examination which showed: 36 workers (31.6%) with squamous metaplasia, 20 (17.5%) with benigh columnar cell atypia, 5 (4.4%) with benign dysplasia, 2 with suspicious cells for carcinoma, and 1 with anaplastic (microcellular) carcinoma. Clinically and histologically five lung cancers were verified, two of which were cytologically false negatives. All asbestosis patients with lung cancer were chronic smokers. Of the 114 asbestosis patients, 49 (43.0%) had ferruginous bodies in their sputum. The workers from an asbestos quarry more frequently had ferruginous bodies in their specimens than the other patients. Radiographically moderate and severe asbestosis cases showed squamous metaplasia more frequently than those with radiographically slight asbestosis. Most of the detected cellular atypias represented reversible alterations of the respiratory epithelium. It is, however, important to screen the sputum of older (greater than 40 years of age) smoking asbestos workers with benign and suspicious cellular atypias regularly because these alterations may represent the first step int he pathway to bronchogenic cancer. The results of this study did not answer the question of whether bronchial cancer of patients with asbestosis is curable if detected early with cytological methods.", "PMID": 734389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1762", "title": "Psychological dysfunctions in lead-exposed workers. Relation to biological parameters of exposure.", "content": "Insidious neurotoxic effects of lead have been studied in a population of 42 lead-exposed workers and a reference group of 22 comparable workers with no lead exposure. The age of the individuals ranged from 18 to 50 years. The complete Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale, as well as psychomotor and memory tests, was included in the test battery. The exposure was assessed by means of the lead concentration in blood and hair and the ratio between zinc protoporphyrin and hemoglobin in the blood. Significant differences were found between the two groups of workers, especially concerning long-term memory, verbal and visuospatial abstraction, and psychomotor speed. Decreased performance in these tests was in most cases associated with indices of increased lead exposure, not only in the total population studied, but also within the lead-exposed group alone. Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin appeared to correlate better with the intellectual impairment than did hair lead, and thus these analyses are probably better predictors for neurotoxic effects of lead. Age and exposure time were not found to be significant confounding factors in this study.", "contents": "Psychological dysfunctions in lead-exposed workers. Relation to biological parameters of exposure. Insidious neurotoxic effects of lead have been studied in a population of 42 lead-exposed workers and a reference group of 22 comparable workers with no lead exposure. The age of the individuals ranged from 18 to 50 years. The complete Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale, as well as psychomotor and memory tests, was included in the test battery. The exposure was assessed by means of the lead concentration in blood and hair and the ratio between zinc protoporphyrin and hemoglobin in the blood. Significant differences were found between the two groups of workers, especially concerning long-term memory, verbal and visuospatial abstraction, and psychomotor speed. Decreased performance in these tests was in most cases associated with indices of increased lead exposure, not only in the total population studied, but also within the lead-exposed group alone. Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin appeared to correlate better with the intellectual impairment than did hair lead, and thus these analyses are probably better predictors for neurotoxic effects of lead. Age and exposure time were not found to be significant confounding factors in this study.", "PMID": 734390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1763", "title": "Neurophysiological effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents.", "content": "Neurophysiological effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents was studied among 102 car painters from 27 car repair garages in Helsinki. The reference group consisted of 102 age-matched railroad engineers from the Finnish State Railways. The mean age was 35 years and the exposure time ranged from 1 to 40 years (mean 14.8, SD 8.5). According to measurements the mean concentration of the solvent mixture was relatively low in the garages, namely, 31.8% of the Finnish threshold limit value (TLV), the range of separate components varying from 4 to 212% of the respective TLVs. The main components of about 20 organic solvents of the mixture were toluene, xylene, butyl acetate and white spirit. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of all the 102 exposed and 102 nonexposed subjects were studied, but electroneuromyographic measurements were made of only 59 car painters and 53 referents with a similar age distribution. Motor (MCV and CVSF) and sensory conduction (SCV) velocities, as well as motor distal latencies, were recorded from nerves in the upper and lower extremities. Abnormal EEGs were encountered in 32 car painters and 37 referents. The frequency of abnormal EEGs was in both groups higher than expected on the basis of EEG literature (about 10%). Twenty-six car painters had a complex of four common symptoms of disturbances in the central nervous system; the same symptom complex was found in 12 engineers. Forty-six percent of the car painters with this symptom complex had an abnormal EEG, while only 26% of those without this symptom complex had an abnormal EEG. Railroad engineers did not show such a tendency. Abnormally slow MCVs or SCVs and/or prolonged motor distal latencies were found in 12 of the 59 car painters but in none of the 53 engineers studied. Other authors have stressed that many solvents primarily cause neuropathy, while objective signs of central nervous involvement have been minor, if any. Our findings are similar; they showed slight positive signs of slowed nerve conduction velocities among the car painters and no increase in EEG abnormalities in comparison to the reference group of railroad engineers.", "contents": "Neurophysiological effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents. Neurophysiological effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents was studied among 102 car painters from 27 car repair garages in Helsinki. The reference group consisted of 102 age-matched railroad engineers from the Finnish State Railways. The mean age was 35 years and the exposure time ranged from 1 to 40 years (mean 14.8, SD 8.5). According to measurements the mean concentration of the solvent mixture was relatively low in the garages, namely, 31.8% of the Finnish threshold limit value (TLV), the range of separate components varying from 4 to 212% of the respective TLVs. The main components of about 20 organic solvents of the mixture were toluene, xylene, butyl acetate and white spirit. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of all the 102 exposed and 102 nonexposed subjects were studied, but electroneuromyographic measurements were made of only 59 car painters and 53 referents with a similar age distribution. Motor (MCV and CVSF) and sensory conduction (SCV) velocities, as well as motor distal latencies, were recorded from nerves in the upper and lower extremities. Abnormal EEGs were encountered in 32 car painters and 37 referents. The frequency of abnormal EEGs was in both groups higher than expected on the basis of EEG literature (about 10%). Twenty-six car painters had a complex of four common symptoms of disturbances in the central nervous system; the same symptom complex was found in 12 engineers. Forty-six percent of the car painters with this symptom complex had an abnormal EEG, while only 26% of those without this symptom complex had an abnormal EEG. Railroad engineers did not show such a tendency. Abnormally slow MCVs or SCVs and/or prolonged motor distal latencies were found in 12 of the 59 car painters but in none of the 53 engineers studied. Other authors have stressed that many solvents primarily cause neuropathy, while objective signs of central nervous involvement have been minor, if any. Our findings are similar; they showed slight positive signs of slowed nerve conduction velocities among the car painters and no increase in EEG abnormalities in comparison to the reference group of railroad engineers.", "PMID": 734391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1764", "title": "Biological indicators of exposure in styrene polymerization workers. Styrene in blood and adipose tissue and mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in urine.", "content": "The concentrations of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids, urinary metabolites of styrene, and styrene in blood were determined for 491 styrene polymerization workers. Styrene in subcutaneous fat was determined for 25 workers. The levels of styrene exposure were estimated to be less than 10 ppm, and urinary metabolite and blood styrene concentrations indicated that significant recent exposure (within 4 h) had occurred among workers in areas of styrene polymerization and styrene monomer production. Styrene analysis of subcutaneous fat suggested that the monomer may have been present for as long as 3 d after exposure, a time when urinary metabolites and blood styrene were almost invariably undetectable. All three biological parameters were correlated with recency of exposure and estimated intensity of exposure within job categories.", "contents": "Biological indicators of exposure in styrene polymerization workers. Styrene in blood and adipose tissue and mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in urine. The concentrations of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids, urinary metabolites of styrene, and styrene in blood were determined for 491 styrene polymerization workers. Styrene in subcutaneous fat was determined for 25 workers. The levels of styrene exposure were estimated to be less than 10 ppm, and urinary metabolite and blood styrene concentrations indicated that significant recent exposure (within 4 h) had occurred among workers in areas of styrene polymerization and styrene monomer production. Styrene analysis of subcutaneous fat suggested that the monomer may have been present for as long as 3 d after exposure, a time when urinary metabolites and blood styrene were almost invariably undetectable. All three biological parameters were correlated with recency of exposure and estimated intensity of exposure within job categories.", "PMID": 734395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1765", "title": "Effects of long-term oral administration of styrene to mice and rats.", "content": "Styrene monomer dissolved in olive oil was given orally to female O20 mice (1,350 mg/kg), C57 Bl mice (300 mg/kg) and BD IV rats (1,350 mg/kg) on the 17th day of gestation. Their offspring were treated weekly with styrene by stomach tube from the time of weaning throughout their life-span. The weekly doses used were 1,350 mg/kg for O20 mice, 300 mg/kg for C57 Bl mice, and 500 mg/kg for BD IV rats. Following the continuous oral administration of styrene for over 100 weeks, an increased and earlier appearance of lung tumors was observed in O20 mice. A few tumors rarely seen in controls were observed in BD IV styrene-treated rats, and a slightly increased incidence of liver tumors was found in C57 Bl mice. In both cases, however, the total incidence of tumors was not significantly different from that of the controls. The present results provide weak evidence of the carcinogenicity of styrene in one of the two strains of mice tested, when it is given at a high dose level.", "contents": "Effects of long-term oral administration of styrene to mice and rats. Styrene monomer dissolved in olive oil was given orally to female O20 mice (1,350 mg/kg), C57 Bl mice (300 mg/kg) and BD IV rats (1,350 mg/kg) on the 17th day of gestation. Their offspring were treated weekly with styrene by stomach tube from the time of weaning throughout their life-span. The weekly doses used were 1,350 mg/kg for O20 mice, 300 mg/kg for C57 Bl mice, and 500 mg/kg for BD IV rats. Following the continuous oral administration of styrene for over 100 weeks, an increased and earlier appearance of lung tumors was observed in O20 mice. A few tumors rarely seen in controls were observed in BD IV styrene-treated rats, and a slightly increased incidence of liver tumors was found in C57 Bl mice. In both cases, however, the total incidence of tumors was not significantly different from that of the controls. The present results provide weak evidence of the carcinogenicity of styrene in one of the two strains of mice tested, when it is given at a high dose level.", "PMID": 734398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1766", "title": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of styrene derivatives on sea urchin development.", "content": "The effects of styrene and some of its derivatives on the fertilization and differentiation of sea urchins was investigated. When one of the gametes was pretreated for a few minutes, it was ascertained that the test substances act on the haploid nucleus, producing specific changes in the differentiation of the embryo. By this test system directly acting, weak mutagens may be detected.", "contents": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of styrene derivatives on sea urchin development. The effects of styrene and some of its derivatives on the fertilization and differentiation of sea urchins was investigated. When one of the gametes was pretreated for a few minutes, it was ascertained that the test substances act on the haploid nucleus, producing specific changes in the differentiation of the embryo. By this test system directly acting, weak mutagens may be detected.", "PMID": 734399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1767", "title": "Monitoring of styrene exposure in the polyester industry.", "content": "Obtaining reliable results of exposure to styrene in field studies requires an appropriate methodology not only for analytical methods but also for the main strategy of conducting the surveys. This paper briefly describes how and why analytical methods for styrene in air, for its main metabolites in urine (mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids) and for critical biological function tests were either chosen from the literature or adapted or developed to fit our criteria of convenience and reliability. In a second step of the preparation of field studies, experimental exposures to styrene were carried out on volunteers so that the best indicators of exposure could be determined and data could be obtained on the elimination kinetics of the urinary metabolites and the quantitative relationships between exposure and the urinary concentrations of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Finally field investigations, including air and biological monitoring, complete industrial hygiene surveys and medical examinations, have been organized and are being carried out in the Swiss polyester industry. Preliminary results concerning biological monitoring are given.", "contents": "Monitoring of styrene exposure in the polyester industry. Obtaining reliable results of exposure to styrene in field studies requires an appropriate methodology not only for analytical methods but also for the main strategy of conducting the surveys. This paper briefly describes how and why analytical methods for styrene in air, for its main metabolites in urine (mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids) and for critical biological function tests were either chosen from the literature or adapted or developed to fit our criteria of convenience and reliability. In a second step of the preparation of field studies, experimental exposures to styrene were carried out on volunteers so that the best indicators of exposure could be determined and data could be obtained on the elimination kinetics of the urinary metabolites and the quantitative relationships between exposure and the urinary concentrations of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Finally field investigations, including air and biological monitoring, complete industrial hygiene surveys and medical examinations, have been organized and are being carried out in the Swiss polyester industry. Preliminary results concerning biological monitoring are given.", "PMID": 734400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1768", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide on human lymphocytes and Allium cepa.", "content": "Styrene and styrene oxide induce cytogenetic effects already at very low concentrations (0.01% v/v or even less); the effects are similar in both in vitro human lymphocytes and in vivo onion root tip cells (Allium cepa L.). It is characteristic that styrene treatment is more potent in causing chromosome breakage in both systems. In Allium styrene induced inhibition of mitotic spindle action as revealed by a strong c-mitotic effect. Also the number of micronuclei and nuclear bridges increased in both test systems, especially after styrene oxide treatment. Furthermore, the metaphase chromosome morphology in the cells treated with styrene oxide was strongly affected. In both systems, chromosome destruction was observed, or else the chromosome material was decondensed and resulted in a characteristic fuzzy appearance of Allium chromosomes or a banded appearance of human lymphocyte chromosomes. A specific effect of styrene oxide on the chromosomal proteins is thus suggested. The data obtained from the autoradiographic studies with Allium support the idea that [7--3H] styrene oxide binds irreversibly to the cytoplasmic and nuclear macromolecules.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide on human lymphocytes and Allium cepa. Styrene and styrene oxide induce cytogenetic effects already at very low concentrations (0.01% v/v or even less); the effects are similar in both in vitro human lymphocytes and in vivo onion root tip cells (Allium cepa L.). It is characteristic that styrene treatment is more potent in causing chromosome breakage in both systems. In Allium styrene induced inhibition of mitotic spindle action as revealed by a strong c-mitotic effect. Also the number of micronuclei and nuclear bridges increased in both test systems, especially after styrene oxide treatment. Furthermore, the metaphase chromosome morphology in the cells treated with styrene oxide was strongly affected. In both systems, chromosome destruction was observed, or else the chromosome material was decondensed and resulted in a characteristic fuzzy appearance of Allium chromosomes or a banded appearance of human lymphocyte chromosomes. A specific effect of styrene oxide on the chromosomal proteins is thus suggested. The data obtained from the autoradiographic studies with Allium support the idea that [7--3H] styrene oxide binds irreversibly to the cytoplasmic and nuclear macromolecules.", "PMID": 734401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1769", "title": "Acute biotoxic effect of styrene on rat liver. Correlation with enzyme-mediated mutagenicity of benzpyrene and acrylonitrile.", "content": "Styrene is commonly used in western Europe for the manufacture of plastics suitable for packaging foodstuffs. This report demonstrates that, injected intraperitoneally at a dose as low as 10 mg/kg, styrene modifies the catalytic properties of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by reducing its KM value. A similar effect is reported for two potent chemical carcinogens, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Ethylbenzene and benzo(e)pyrene and phenobarbital do not produce the same effect. Pretreatments of the rats with chemicals which modify aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase also increase the capacity of the liver enzymes to activate benzopyrene to a mutagenic intermediate in vitro, as measured by the Ames test for mutagenicity. Exposure to both styrene and the other modifiers of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes could thus influence the carcinogenic and toxic effects of chemicals which are activated by these enzymes. This hypothesis needs further investigation.", "contents": "Acute biotoxic effect of styrene on rat liver. Correlation with enzyme-mediated mutagenicity of benzpyrene and acrylonitrile. Styrene is commonly used in western Europe for the manufacture of plastics suitable for packaging foodstuffs. This report demonstrates that, injected intraperitoneally at a dose as low as 10 mg/kg, styrene modifies the catalytic properties of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by reducing its KM value. A similar effect is reported for two potent chemical carcinogens, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Ethylbenzene and benzo(e)pyrene and phenobarbital do not produce the same effect. Pretreatments of the rats with chemicals which modify aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase also increase the capacity of the liver enzymes to activate benzopyrene to a mutagenic intermediate in vitro, as measured by the Ames test for mutagenicity. Exposure to both styrene and the other modifiers of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes could thus influence the carcinogenic and toxic effects of chemicals which are activated by these enzymes. This hypothesis needs further investigation.", "PMID": 734402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1770", "title": "Neurotoxicity of styrene in occupational and experimental exposure.", "content": "Occupational styrene exposure caused an increased frequency of abnormal electroencephalograms which correlated to degree of exposure. No dose-response relationship could be shown concerning a slowing of nerve conduction velocities in workers exposed to styrene. Experimental exposure of rats to 300 ppm of styrene caused a transient increase in the nerve conduction velocity in 6 weeks, but in a comparison to control rats no difference was found in measurements performed on rats exposed for  8  and 11 weeks.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of styrene in occupational and experimental exposure. Occupational styrene exposure caused an increased frequency of abnormal electroencephalograms which correlated to degree of exposure. No dose-response relationship could be shown concerning a slowing of nerve conduction velocities in workers exposed to styrene. Experimental exposure of rats to 300 ppm of styrene caused a transient increase in the nerve conduction velocity in 6 weeks, but in a comparison to control rats no difference was found in measurements performed on rats exposed for  8  and 11 weeks.", "PMID": 734403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1771", "title": "Neurophysiological observations after chronic styrene exposure.", "content": "Thirty-three styrene exposed workers from three different industrial sites were examined with electroencephalography and motor and sensory neurography. The three groups had respective styrene exposures of clearly above the threshold limit value (50 ppm), at about this level, and clearly below it. The neurophysiological results were compared with those of a group of normal controls and a group of 17 patients judged to suffer from sequelae after long-term heavy exposure to organic solvents (mainly painters). Ten subjects in the styrene group presented signs of a mild sensory neuropathy with polyphasic sensory responses of a low amplitude. The same pattern was commonly found among the reference group heavily exposed to solvents. The ten subjects in the styrene group with mild polyneuropathy had a significantly higher age and significantly heavier styrene exposure than the rest of the group. Age difference could not explain the difference in the neurophysiological parameters, and therefore the contributing role of styrene exposure has to be considered. The electroencephalographic analysis showed no changes of the dominant alpha frequency. An increased amount of diffuse slow activity was seen in many of the heavily exposed mixed-solvent cases and was seen in some of the styrene-exposed cases without a clear relation to degree of exposure. An increased occurrence of fast activity in central and precentral areas of the brain was found in the styrene group, as well as in the mixed-solvent group. This pilot study indicates that the same type of neurophysiological changes from the strictly normal are seen among workers exposed to styrene as those found among a group of patients judged to suffer from sequelae after chronic exposure to various organic solvents. The neurophysiological \"profile\" is (a) sensory nerve responses with low amplitude and long duration, (b) somewhat low sensory conduction velocities, (c) close to normal motor neurographic findings, and (d) an increased amount of fast activity in central and precentral regions in the electroencephalogram in combination with normal occipital alpha activity.", "contents": "Neurophysiological observations after chronic styrene exposure. Thirty-three styrene exposed workers from three different industrial sites were examined with electroencephalography and motor and sensory neurography. The three groups had respective styrene exposures of clearly above the threshold limit value (50 ppm), at about this level, and clearly below it. The neurophysiological results were compared with those of a group of normal controls and a group of 17 patients judged to suffer from sequelae after long-term heavy exposure to organic solvents (mainly painters). Ten subjects in the styrene group presented signs of a mild sensory neuropathy with polyphasic sensory responses of a low amplitude. The same pattern was commonly found among the reference group heavily exposed to solvents. The ten subjects in the styrene group with mild polyneuropathy had a significantly higher age and significantly heavier styrene exposure than the rest of the group. Age difference could not explain the difference in the neurophysiological parameters, and therefore the contributing role of styrene exposure has to be considered. The electroencephalographic analysis showed no changes of the dominant alpha frequency. An increased amount of diffuse slow activity was seen in many of the heavily exposed mixed-solvent cases and was seen in some of the styrene-exposed cases without a clear relation to degree of exposure. An increased occurrence of fast activity in central and precentral areas of the brain was found in the styrene group, as well as in the mixed-solvent group. This pilot study indicates that the same type of neurophysiological changes from the strictly normal are seen among workers exposed to styrene as those found among a group of patients judged to suffer from sequelae after chronic exposure to various organic solvents. The neurophysiological \"profile\" is (a) sensory nerve responses with low amplitude and long duration, (b) somewhat low sensory conduction velocities, (c) close to normal motor neurographic findings, and (d) an increased amount of fast activity in central and precentral regions in the electroencephalogram in combination with normal occipital alpha activity.", "PMID": 734404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1772", "title": "Alcohol consumption and tolerance of workers exposed to styrene in relation to level of exposure and psychological symptoms and signs.", "content": "A group of 98 male workers occupationally exposed to styrene was interviewed for information on the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and changes in consumption frequency and tolerance. Alcohol consumption and changes in consumption were not compared to any reference data, but the changes in tolerance were. The styrene-exposed workers revealed a lowered tolerance somewhat more often than the unexposed group. Neither the duration nor the intensity of styrene exposure was related to any of the alcohol \"behavior\" variables. The amount of over-time work in exposure had a slight relationship to high alcohol consumption, but the interpretation of this relationship remains undecided. Subjective symptoms, like hand tremor and difficulties in staying asleep, were associated with the alcohol \"behavior\" variables, but these two symptoms were unrelated to intensity of styrene exposure. Of the psychological functions studied, lowered visuomotor speed showed a slight relationship to high alcohol consumption. Visuomotor inaccuracy, which had proved to be related to a high intensity of styrene exposure, revealed no connection with the alcohol \"behavior\" variables. It was concluded that alcohol consumption among styrene-exposed workers is not related to the same psychological symptoms and signs as styrene exposure.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and tolerance of workers exposed to styrene in relation to level of exposure and psychological symptoms and signs. A group of 98 male workers occupationally exposed to styrene was interviewed for information on the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and changes in consumption frequency and tolerance. Alcohol consumption and changes in consumption were not compared to any reference data, but the changes in tolerance were. The styrene-exposed workers revealed a lowered tolerance somewhat more often than the unexposed group. Neither the duration nor the intensity of styrene exposure was related to any of the alcohol \"behavior\" variables. The amount of over-time work in exposure had a slight relationship to high alcohol consumption, but the interpretation of this relationship remains undecided. Subjective symptoms, like hand tremor and difficulties in staying asleep, were associated with the alcohol \"behavior\" variables, but these two symptoms were unrelated to intensity of styrene exposure. Of the psychological functions studied, lowered visuomotor speed showed a slight relationship to high alcohol consumption. Visuomotor inaccuracy, which had proved to be related to a high intensity of styrene exposure, revealed no connection with the alcohol \"behavior\" variables. It was concluded that alcohol consumption among styrene-exposed workers is not related to the same psychological symptoms and signs as styrene exposure.", "PMID": 734405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1773", "title": "Morbidity among persons employed in styrene production, polymerization and processing plants.", "content": "BASF has been producing styrene and polystyrene since 1931. An investigation of morbidity was undertaken for 84 workers employed in the styrene plant and exposed for 1--36 years and 93 workers employed in the polystyrene plant and exposed for 1--38 years. In all groups the concentration of styrene in the atmosphere was measured at various points of the workplace. All workers underwent a thorough physical examination and also extensive laboratory tests, including the determination of urinary mandelic acid. The absenteeism and accident rates were also taken into consideration in both plants. Blood samples were also taken and mandelic acid tests made on a small group of 16 persons employed in polyester processing plants not attached to the BASF.", "contents": "Morbidity among persons employed in styrene production, polymerization and processing plants. BASF has been producing styrene and polystyrene since 1931. An investigation of morbidity was undertaken for 84 workers employed in the styrene plant and exposed for 1--36 years and 93 workers employed in the polystyrene plant and exposed for 1--38 years. In all groups the concentration of styrene in the atmosphere was measured at various points of the workplace. All workers underwent a thorough physical examination and also extensive laboratory tests, including the determination of urinary mandelic acid. The absenteeism and accident rates were also taken into consideration in both plants. Blood samples were also taken and mandelic acid tests made on a small group of 16 persons employed in polyester processing plants not attached to the BASF.", "PMID": 734406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1774", "title": "Some hygienic and clinical observations on styrene exposure.", "content": "Styrene exposure levels in the range of 100--300 ppm as an 8-h time-weighted average have been measured in small shops manufacturing glass fiber reinforced plastic products such as boats, steeping baths, etc. Exposure control through determinations of mandelic acid in the urine at the end of the workday has been found suitable and convenient. Over the years during the 1970s, there seems to have been amendments in the exposure situation in Sweden if judged from mandelic acid monitoring. More or less severe central nervous disturbances have been observed among the workers. Elevated levels of amino-transferases have been recorded but are of unclear long-term importance to liver function.", "contents": "Some hygienic and clinical observations on styrene exposure. Styrene exposure levels in the range of 100--300 ppm as an 8-h time-weighted average have been measured in small shops manufacturing glass fiber reinforced plastic products such as boats, steeping baths, etc. Exposure control through determinations of mandelic acid in the urine at the end of the workday has been found suitable and convenient. Over the years during the 1970s, there seems to have been amendments in the exposure situation in Sweden if judged from mandelic acid monitoring. More or less severe central nervous disturbances have been observed among the workers. Elevated levels of amino-transferases have been recorded but are of unclear long-term importance to liver function.", "PMID": 734407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1775", "title": "Thermal degradation products of homopolymer polystyrene in air.", "content": "Polystyrene without additional compounds was treated in a laboratory oven at elevated temperatures (200 degrees, 350 degrees, 500 degrees C) under slight air flow (0.7 l/min). The thermal degradation products appearing in different phases (gases, vapors, aerosols) were collected and analyzed by methods of chromatography. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the thermal degradation of the polymer to begin at 270 degrees C in air and stop at 425 degrees C. The main groups of vaporized compounds generated were monoalkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidized products, of which styrene monomer and benzaldehyde were the most abundant. Only trace amounts of carbon monoxide and aliphatic compounds (hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and acids) were produced. The aerosol produced, the amount of which increased as the temperature rose, contained mainly fragments of the polymer chain (e.g., dimers and trimers of styrene). The traces of styrene, cumene, and ethylbenzene that appeared at 200 degrees could represent residual compounds in the initial polymer and indicate the beginning of the thermal degradation. If proportional concentrations are kept as a criterion, the important products, from the point of view of industrial hygiene, were styrene, benzaldehyde, styrene oxide, acetophenone, and l-phenylethanol. The large amount of aerosol that appeared may also be of practical importance.", "contents": "Thermal degradation products of homopolymer polystyrene in air. Polystyrene without additional compounds was treated in a laboratory oven at elevated temperatures (200 degrees, 350 degrees, 500 degrees C) under slight air flow (0.7 l/min). The thermal degradation products appearing in different phases (gases, vapors, aerosols) were collected and analyzed by methods of chromatography. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the thermal degradation of the polymer to begin at 270 degrees C in air and stop at 425 degrees C. The main groups of vaporized compounds generated were monoalkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidized products, of which styrene monomer and benzaldehyde were the most abundant. Only trace amounts of carbon monoxide and aliphatic compounds (hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and acids) were produced. The aerosol produced, the amount of which increased as the temperature rose, contained mainly fragments of the polymer chain (e.g., dimers and trimers of styrene). The traces of styrene, cumene, and ethylbenzene that appeared at 200 degrees could represent residual compounds in the initial polymer and indicate the beginning of the thermal degradation. If proportional concentrations are kept as a criterion, the important products, from the point of view of industrial hygiene, were styrene, benzaldehyde, styrene oxide, acetophenone, and l-phenylethanol. The large amount of aerosol that appeared may also be of practical importance.", "PMID": 734408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1776", "title": "Health status of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers.", "content": "Styrene monomer is a greatly used chemical, chiefly in the production of polystyrene. A cross-sectional health survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the United States. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories and corroborated by spot air sampling, blood and fat styrene concentrations and levels of urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Statistically significant differences between the prevalence of abnormalities in high and low exposure groups were found for the following: history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, history of acute lower respiratory symptoms, peroneal nerve conduction velocities, relative lymphocytosis, and elevated gamma glutamyl transpetsidase. The following showed no distinct pattern in prevalence when analyzed by exposure group: chest radiographic changes; indices or restrictive, obstructive and small airway dysfunction; other hepatic and hematological parameters; carcinoembryonic antigen level; sputum cytopathology; radial nerve conduction velocities; and ophthalmological findings. Clinically significant abnormalities were rare.", "contents": "Health status of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Styrene monomer is a greatly used chemical, chiefly in the production of polystyrene. A cross-sectional health survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the United States. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories and corroborated by spot air sampling, blood and fat styrene concentrations and levels of urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Statistically significant differences between the prevalence of abnormalities in high and low exposure groups were found for the following: history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, history of acute lower respiratory symptoms, peroneal nerve conduction velocities, relative lymphocytosis, and elevated gamma glutamyl transpetsidase. The following showed no distinct pattern in prevalence when analyzed by exposure group: chest radiographic changes; indices or restrictive, obstructive and small airway dysfunction; other hepatic and hematological parameters; carcinoembryonic antigen level; sputum cytopathology; radial nerve conduction velocities; and ophthalmological findings. Clinically significant abnormalities were rare.", "PMID": 734409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1777", "title": "Survey of mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene at the BASF Ludwigshafen works.", "content": "A mortality survey of 1,960 employees currently or previously exposed to styrene at work has shown that the observed number of deaths from cancer or other causes is no higher than the number expected in the German population or in a group of BASF employees. Analyses of deaths occurring after a minimum period of five years in groups exposed for different durations (5 years, 10 years, 15 years, more than 15 years) indicated no increase in mortality with exposure time. This latter observation also applied to malignant tumors; therefore it may be inferred that prolonged exposure to styrene is not a cancer hazard.", "contents": "Survey of mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene at the BASF Ludwigshafen works. A mortality survey of 1,960 employees currently or previously exposed to styrene at work has shown that the observed number of deaths from cancer or other causes is no higher than the number expected in the German population or in a group of BASF employees. Analyses of deaths occurring after a minimum period of five years in groups exposed for different durations (5 years, 10 years, 15 years, more than 15 years) indicated no increase in mortality with exposure time. This latter observation also applied to malignant tumors; therefore it may be inferred that prolonged exposure to styrene is not a cancer hazard.", "PMID": 734410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1778", "title": "Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Initial findings.", "content": "A group of 560 individuals has been identified as employed on 1 May 1960 with at least five years seniority in a plant manufacturing styrene and polystyrene. In this plant workplace exposures included styrene, benzene and ethylbenzene, among other materials. All of the 560 individuals have been traced through 1975 and their vital status determined. Expected and observed deaths, by cause, were determined from 1 May 1960 or the tenth anniversary of employment in the plant through 31 December 1975. Over this relatively short period of time a deficit of deaths compared to that of the general population was observed (106.41 expected versus 83 observed). Among the 83 deaths, one was of leukemia, one of lymphoma and an additional death was accompanied by leukemia. A review of 361 additional death certificates revealed five additional cases of leukemia and four of lymphoma. The available information from the limited follow-up in time of the time of the cohort and from the randomly collected death certificates, while suggestive of a possible risk, is not definitive.", "contents": "Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Initial findings. A group of 560 individuals has been identified as employed on 1 May 1960 with at least five years seniority in a plant manufacturing styrene and polystyrene. In this plant workplace exposures included styrene, benzene and ethylbenzene, among other materials. All of the 560 individuals have been traced through 1975 and their vital status determined. Expected and observed deaths, by cause, were determined from 1 May 1960 or the tenth anniversary of employment in the plant through 31 December 1975. Over this relatively short period of time a deficit of deaths compared to that of the general population was observed (106.41 expected versus 83 observed). Among the 83 deaths, one was of leukemia, one of lymphoma and an additional death was accompanied by leukemia. A review of 361 additional death certificates revealed five additional cases of leukemia and four of lymphoma. The available information from the limited follow-up in time of the time of the cohort and from the randomly collected death certificates, while suggestive of a possible risk, is not definitive.", "PMID": 734411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1779", "title": "Mutagenicity study of workers employed in the styrene and polystyrene processing and manufacturing industry.", "content": "Mutagenicity studies were undertaken on lymphocytes from the following groups of persons exposed to styrene or polystyrene: one group from a styrene manufacturing plant, one from a polystyrene plant, and three from plants processing unsaturated polyester resins with different manufacturing methods. For all the groups the concentration of styrene in the atmosphere of the workplace was measured at various points and the amount of urinary mandelic acid was determined. In each case 100 metaphases were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations. The results were compared with reference groups.", "contents": "Mutagenicity study of workers employed in the styrene and polystyrene processing and manufacturing industry. Mutagenicity studies were undertaken on lymphocytes from the following groups of persons exposed to styrene or polystyrene: one group from a styrene manufacturing plant, one from a polystyrene plant, and three from plants processing unsaturated polyester resins with different manufacturing methods. For all the groups the concentration of styrene in the atmosphere of the workplace was measured at various points and the amount of urinary mandelic acid was determined. In each case 100 metaphases were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations. The results were compared with reference groups.", "PMID": 734412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1780", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene.", "content": "Workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics industry show a significant increase of chromosome aberrations, mainly chromosome breaks, in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The high incidence of aberrant lymphocytes (mean 15.1 +/- 4.8%; referents 2.0 +/- 1.3 %) was retained when the same men were reexamined one year later (mean 16.2 +/- 2.9 %). However, the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), a newly developed sensitive parameter for the detection of recombinational exchanges linked with DNA repair, was not significantly increased (mean 5.3 +/- 1.0 SCE/cell) in comparison to the referents (mean 4.4 +/- 0.6 SCE/cell). This finding suggests a specific role of styrene or its metabolites in inducing genetic lesions mainly manifesting themselves as chromosomal breaks.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene. Workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics industry show a significant increase of chromosome aberrations, mainly chromosome breaks, in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The high incidence of aberrant lymphocytes (mean 15.1 +/- 4.8%; referents 2.0 +/- 1.3 %) was retained when the same men were reexamined one year later (mean 16.2 +/- 2.9 %). However, the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), a newly developed sensitive parameter for the detection of recombinational exchanges linked with DNA repair, was not significantly increased (mean 5.3 +/- 1.0 SCE/cell) in comparison to the referents (mean 4.4 +/- 0.6 SCE/cell). This finding suggests a specific role of styrene or its metabolites in inducing genetic lesions mainly manifesting themselves as chromosomal breaks.", "PMID": 734413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1781", "title": "Possible metabolic interaction of styrene with organic solvents.", "content": "Excretion of metabolites of styrene (dose: 2.2 mmol/kg i.p.) in 24-h urine was suppressed when rats were coinjected intraperitoneally with either toluene or trichloroethylene (dose: 2.2--11.0 mmol/kg) in addition to styrene, while a coinjection of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methylchloroform, or acetone at an equimolar dose was ineffective in all cases. Suppressive effects of toluene and trichloroethylene were further confirmed by 6-h vapor exposure to (a) 0 to 1,300 ppm of toluene in addition to 150--170 ppm of styrene and (b) 0 to 4,000 ppm of trichloroethylene together with 100 or 150 ppm of styrene. The relationship between the amounts of three metabolites (i.e., phenylglyoxylic, mandelic and hippuric acids) in urine and styrene concentration in air was also determined.", "contents": "Possible metabolic interaction of styrene with organic solvents. Excretion of metabolites of styrene (dose: 2.2 mmol/kg i.p.) in 24-h urine was suppressed when rats were coinjected intraperitoneally with either toluene or trichloroethylene (dose: 2.2--11.0 mmol/kg) in addition to styrene, while a coinjection of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methylchloroform, or acetone at an equimolar dose was ineffective in all cases. Suppressive effects of toluene and trichloroethylene were further confirmed by 6-h vapor exposure to (a) 0 to 1,300 ppm of toluene in addition to 150--170 ppm of styrene and (b) 0 to 4,000 ppm of trichloroethylene together with 100 or 150 ppm of styrene. The relationship between the amounts of three metabolites (i.e., phenylglyoxylic, mandelic and hippuric acids) in urine and styrene concentration in air was also determined.", "PMID": 734415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1782", "title": "Interaction of styrene and acetone with drug biotransformation enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "In the presence of hepatic microsomes, styrene produced a type I difference spectrum, which demonstrates that styrene binds to the catalytic site of ferricytochrome P-450. A comparison of the binding parameters for the interaction of styrene with noninduced, phenobarbital-induced, and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes indicated that styrene is predominantly bound by cytochrome P-450 and not by cytochrome P-448. Inhalation exposure to a mixture of acetone (1,000 ppm, 6 h/d) and styrene (300 ppm, 6 h/d) for 5 d caused a distinct decrease in hepatic free nonprotein sulfhydryl groups. This decrease could be observed both with and without phenobarbital treatment. Acetone inhalation alone also enhanced ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in rats without pretreatments. Acetone inhalation also increased the cytochrome P-450 content of liver microsomes, but it had no effect on NADPH cytochrome c reductase or epoxide hydratase activity. Combined exposure to styrene and acetone enhanced NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity in nonphenobarbital-treated rats, but no effect was seen in the phenobarbital-treated animals. Phenobarbital treatment of animals can greatly modify the biotransformation and toxicity of styrene, phenobarbital inducible P-450 hemoprotein playing a predominant role in its metabolism. Simultaneous inhalation exposure to acetone also interacts with the metabolism of styrene.", "contents": "Interaction of styrene and acetone with drug biotransformation enzymes in rat liver. In the presence of hepatic microsomes, styrene produced a type I difference spectrum, which demonstrates that styrene binds to the catalytic site of ferricytochrome P-450. A comparison of the binding parameters for the interaction of styrene with noninduced, phenobarbital-induced, and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes indicated that styrene is predominantly bound by cytochrome P-450 and not by cytochrome P-448. Inhalation exposure to a mixture of acetone (1,000 ppm, 6 h/d) and styrene (300 ppm, 6 h/d) for 5 d caused a distinct decrease in hepatic free nonprotein sulfhydryl groups. This decrease could be observed both with and without phenobarbital treatment. Acetone inhalation alone also enhanced ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in rats without pretreatments. Acetone inhalation also increased the cytochrome P-450 content of liver microsomes, but it had no effect on NADPH cytochrome c reductase or epoxide hydratase activity. Combined exposure to styrene and acetone enhanced NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity in nonphenobarbital-treated rats, but no effect was seen in the phenobarbital-treated animals. Phenobarbital treatment of animals can greatly modify the biotransformation and toxicity of styrene, phenobarbital inducible P-450 hemoprotein playing a predominant role in its metabolism. Simultaneous inhalation exposure to acetone also interacts with the metabolism of styrene.", "PMID": 734416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1783", "title": "The role of glutathione in the toxicity of styrene.", "content": "The role of glutathione in the toxicity of styrene has been proposed based on the observations that glutathione inhibits the covalent binding of styrene and styrene oxide in vitro and that the administration of these compounds to animals decreases the glutathione content in the liver in vivo. In this study methionine (a precursor of reduced glutathione) or diethylmaleate (a depletor or reduced glutathione) was administered to hamsters concomitantly with styrene. Methionine protected the liver against the hepatotoxicity of styrene as indicated by the serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Diethylmaleate potentiated the hepatotoxic effect of styrene. A threshold value for hepatic glutathione of about 1 mmol/l was found for styrene toxicity. Cell damage occurred when the concentration of reduced glutathione in the liver has a central role in the development of cell damage caused by styrene.", "contents": "The role of glutathione in the toxicity of styrene. The role of glutathione in the toxicity of styrene has been proposed based on the observations that glutathione inhibits the covalent binding of styrene and styrene oxide in vitro and that the administration of these compounds to animals decreases the glutathione content in the liver in vivo. In this study methionine (a precursor of reduced glutathione) or diethylmaleate (a depletor or reduced glutathione) was administered to hamsters concomitantly with styrene. Methionine protected the liver against the hepatotoxicity of styrene as indicated by the serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Diethylmaleate potentiated the hepatotoxic effect of styrene. A threshold value for hepatic glutathione of about 1 mmol/l was found for styrene toxicity. Cell damage occurred when the concentration of reduced glutathione in the liver has a central role in the development of cell damage caused by styrene.", "PMID": 734417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1784", "title": "Effects of thermal degradation products of polystyrene on drug biotransformation and tissue glutathione in rat and mouse.", "content": "Rats and mice were exposed to the fumes of oxidative thermal degradation of polystyrene (350 degrees C). A decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) in both liver and lung was detected immediately after both the acute (mice, 3 h) and subacute (rats, 3 weeks) exposures were stopped. Later on an elevation in the amount of GSH due to the increased synthesis (rebound effect) could be seen. Cytochrome P-450 content in mouse liver was initially decreased after acute exposure, but the prolonged treatment doubled the amount of the P-450 hemoprotein in liver microsomes. After acute exposure 7-ethoxycoumarin 9-deethylase activity in mouse liver was doubled in 24 h. When the exposures were continued, this enhancement in ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity gradually disappeared. O-deethylase activity was also enhanced in rat liver and lung after subacute exposure. The exposures given had no effect on diphenyloxazole hydroxylase, and the effects on the conjugating enzymes (epoxide hydratase, UDPglucuronosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase)) were insignificant in rat liver.", "contents": "Effects of thermal degradation products of polystyrene on drug biotransformation and tissue glutathione in rat and mouse. Rats and mice were exposed to the fumes of oxidative thermal degradation of polystyrene (350 degrees C). A decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) in both liver and lung was detected immediately after both the acute (mice, 3 h) and subacute (rats, 3 weeks) exposures were stopped. Later on an elevation in the amount of GSH due to the increased synthesis (rebound effect) could be seen. Cytochrome P-450 content in mouse liver was initially decreased after acute exposure, but the prolonged treatment doubled the amount of the P-450 hemoprotein in liver microsomes. After acute exposure 7-ethoxycoumarin 9-deethylase activity in mouse liver was doubled in 24 h. When the exposures were continued, this enhancement in ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity gradually disappeared. O-deethylase activity was also enhanced in rat liver and lung after subacute exposure. The exposures given had no effect on diphenyloxazole hydroxylase, and the effects on the conjugating enzymes (epoxide hydratase, UDPglucuronosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase)) were insignificant in rat liver.", "PMID": 734418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1785", "title": "Arene oxides in styrene metabolism, a new perspective in styrene toxicity?", "content": "The metabolism of styrene was studied in the rat after intraperitoneal administration of the cold and the 14C-labeled compound. In addition to phenylethylene glycol, mandelic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid, phenolic metabolites, namely, 4-vinylphenol, p-hydroxymandelic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxyhippuric acid, were identified in the urine of the treated animals. These biotransformation products were characterized by mass spectrometry and by comparative thin layer chromatography with standard compounds. Results of covalent binding studies of 14C-phenylethylene glycol to rat liver microsomal proteins suggest that these phenolic compounds may be formed as a result of chemical rearrangements of unstable arene oxides, reactive intermediates possibly implicated in styrene toxicity.", "contents": "Arene oxides in styrene metabolism, a new perspective in styrene toxicity? The metabolism of styrene was studied in the rat after intraperitoneal administration of the cold and the 14C-labeled compound. In addition to phenylethylene glycol, mandelic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid, phenolic metabolites, namely, 4-vinylphenol, p-hydroxymandelic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxyhippuric acid, were identified in the urine of the treated animals. These biotransformation products were characterized by mass spectrometry and by comparative thin layer chromatography with standard compounds. Results of covalent binding studies of 14C-phenylethylene glycol to rat liver microsomal proteins suggest that these phenolic compounds may be formed as a result of chemical rearrangements of unstable arene oxides, reactive intermediates possibly implicated in styrene toxicity.", "PMID": 734419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1786", "title": "Styrene use and occupational exposure in the plastics industry.", "content": "The commercial production of styrene was started in the 1930s. Currently 7 million tons of styrene a year is made worldwide by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene or by a process in which styrene is produced as a coproduct with propylene oxide. An estimated 62% of the styrene monomer is consumed in the manufacture of polystyrene, 12% in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, 17% in styrene-butadiene rubber and latex, 7% in unsaturated polyester resins, and 2% in other applications. Occupational exposure to styrene occurs in monomer production and polymerization plants, during the fabrication of plastic products from monomeric or partly prepolymerized styrene, and during the transportation and handling of liquid styrene. Due to unreacted residual monomer or thermal degradation of the polymer, low concentrations of styrene can be detected during the use of plastic products. The most extensive and intensive exposure occurs in the reinforced plastics industry, in which over 200,000 workers are exposed to a styrene concentration typically ranging from 20 to 300 ppm.", "contents": "Styrene use and occupational exposure in the plastics industry. The commercial production of styrene was started in the 1930s. Currently 7 million tons of styrene a year is made worldwide by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene or by a process in which styrene is produced as a coproduct with propylene oxide. An estimated 62% of the styrene monomer is consumed in the manufacture of polystyrene, 12% in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, 17% in styrene-butadiene rubber and latex, 7% in unsaturated polyester resins, and 2% in other applications. Occupational exposure to styrene occurs in monomer production and polymerization plants, during the fabrication of plastic products from monomeric or partly prepolymerized styrene, and during the transportation and handling of liquid styrene. Due to unreacted residual monomer or thermal degradation of the polymer, low concentrations of styrene can be detected during the use of plastic products. The most extensive and intensive exposure occurs in the reinforced plastics industry, in which over 200,000 workers are exposed to a styrene concentration typically ranging from 20 to 300 ppm.", "PMID": 734420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1787", "title": "Accumulation of styrene monomer and neurochemical effects of long-term inhalation exposure in rats.", "content": "A simplified compartment model indicated that fat styrene content might be used as an index of the whole body styrene burden. Intermittent exposure of adult male rats to 300 ppm 5 d a week, 6 h daily for 1 to 11 weeks showed an initial steady increase in the fat styrene content up to the 4th week and an exponential decrease thereafter. This phenomenon might have resulted from the enhancement of styrene oxidation due to the prolonged exposure. The effect of the increased oxidation on the body styrene burden is theoretically doubled after 9.1 weeks of exposure. Neurochemical effects after that time might have resulted from an increased binding of styrene oxide in the cellular macromolecules, e.g., to their sulfhydryl groups. The activity of the metabolite towards the cellular constituents could very well explain the increased proteolysis possibly caused by lysosomal labilization. The present data also lend support to the theory of the importance of metabolic activation to styrene and other solvent toxicity.", "contents": "Accumulation of styrene monomer and neurochemical effects of long-term inhalation exposure in rats. A simplified compartment model indicated that fat styrene content might be used as an index of the whole body styrene burden. Intermittent exposure of adult male rats to 300 ppm 5 d a week, 6 h daily for 1 to 11 weeks showed an initial steady increase in the fat styrene content up to the 4th week and an exponential decrease thereafter. This phenomenon might have resulted from the enhancement of styrene oxidation due to the prolonged exposure. The effect of the increased oxidation on the body styrene burden is theoretically doubled after 9.1 weeks of exposure. Neurochemical effects after that time might have resulted from an increased binding of styrene oxide in the cellular macromolecules, e.g., to their sulfhydryl groups. The activity of the metabolite towards the cellular constituents could very well explain the increased proteolysis possibly caused by lysosomal labilization. The present data also lend support to the theory of the importance of metabolic activation to styrene and other solvent toxicity.", "PMID": 734421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1788", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in rats and humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic profile of inhaled styrene was examined in rats exposed to levels of 80, 200, 600 or 1,200 ppm for periods of up to 24 h. At levels up to 200 ppm for 6 h, styrene was cleared from the blood according to a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model, but at levels of 600 ppm and above the clearance was saturated. In going from 80 to 1,200 ppm (a 15-fold increase), the area under the blood concentration/time curves (AUC) increased by a factor or 112. Fat tissue was shown to comprise the second compartment of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It is suggested that saturation of styrene clearance is due mostly to saturation of the metabolic capacity for styrene. In humans exposed to 80 ppm of styrene for 6 h, styrene was cleared from the blood according to a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model similar to that for rats. A maximum blood concentration of 0.9 microgram/ml was reached at the end of the exposure. Most of the inhaled styrene was excreted in the urine as phenylglyoxylic and mandelic acids, and only a small amount as styrene in the expired air. Simulation of the pharmacokinetic model showed that no continued accumulation of styrene would occur during repeated, daily 8-h exposures to 80 ppm. These data reveal that the rat is a reasonable pharmacokinetic model for styrene in humans. At levels of exposure up to 200 ppm, styrene is cleared from the body very efficiently and will not continue to accumulate upon repeated exposure. But at levels of styrene sufficiently high to saturate the metabolic clearance capacity, the integrated dose (measured by the AUC) will be much greater than expected based on exposure levels alone. Therefore, the extrapolation of toxicity observed at high levels of styrene exposure to that expected at low levels may not be justified.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in rats and humans. The pharmacokinetic profile of inhaled styrene was examined in rats exposed to levels of 80, 200, 600 or 1,200 ppm for periods of up to 24 h. At levels up to 200 ppm for 6 h, styrene was cleared from the blood according to a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model, but at levels of 600 ppm and above the clearance was saturated. In going from 80 to 1,200 ppm (a 15-fold increase), the area under the blood concentration/time curves (AUC) increased by a factor or 112. Fat tissue was shown to comprise the second compartment of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It is suggested that saturation of styrene clearance is due mostly to saturation of the metabolic capacity for styrene. In humans exposed to 80 ppm of styrene for 6 h, styrene was cleared from the blood according to a two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model similar to that for rats. A maximum blood concentration of 0.9 microgram/ml was reached at the end of the exposure. Most of the inhaled styrene was excreted in the urine as phenylglyoxylic and mandelic acids, and only a small amount as styrene in the expired air. Simulation of the pharmacokinetic model showed that no continued accumulation of styrene would occur during repeated, daily 8-h exposures to 80 ppm. These data reveal that the rat is a reasonable pharmacokinetic model for styrene in humans. At levels of exposure up to 200 ppm, styrene is cleared from the body very efficiently and will not continue to accumulate upon repeated exposure. But at levels of styrene sufficiently high to saturate the metabolic clearance capacity, the integrated dose (measured by the AUC) will be much greater than expected based on exposure levels alone. Therefore, the extrapolation of toxicity observed at high levels of styrene exposure to that expected at low levels may not be justified.", "PMID": 734422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1789", "title": "Styrene, its metabolism and the evaluation of hazards in industry.", "content": "The main products of styrene biotransformation excreted in human urine are mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Phenylethylene oxide seems to be the first metabolite; this compound has been reported to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. The polarographic determination of mandelic acid has been used for about 20 years in Czechoslovakia as an exposure test for persons occupationally exposed to styrene. Only single cases of health damage have been reported to be due to styrene exposure during this time. Recently, however, elevated frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes have been observed in persons exposed to styrene in Czechoslovakia. The amount of phenylethylene oxide that can be formed in the human body during exposure to 50 ppm of styrene in air during a workshift is about 0.7 g. It would be hardly justifiable now to believe that styrene is not carcinogenic and mutagenic in man. The present Czechoslovakian maximum allowable concentration of styrene (200 mg/m3) should be reduced, and the concentration of 50 mg/m3 may be recommended as reasonable at this time. The corresponding biological limit value of mandelic acid might be 300 mg/l of urine from the last 2 h of the workshift.", "contents": "Styrene, its metabolism and the evaluation of hazards in industry. The main products of styrene biotransformation excreted in human urine are mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Phenylethylene oxide seems to be the first metabolite; this compound has been reported to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. The polarographic determination of mandelic acid has been used for about 20 years in Czechoslovakia as an exposure test for persons occupationally exposed to styrene. Only single cases of health damage have been reported to be due to styrene exposure during this time. Recently, however, elevated frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes have been observed in persons exposed to styrene in Czechoslovakia. The amount of phenylethylene oxide that can be formed in the human body during exposure to 50 ppm of styrene in air during a workshift is about 0.7 g. It would be hardly justifiable now to believe that styrene is not carcinogenic and mutagenic in man. The present Czechoslovakian maximum allowable concentration of styrene (200 mg/m3) should be reduced, and the concentration of 50 mg/m3 may be recommended as reasonable at this time. The corresponding biological limit value of mandelic acid might be 300 mg/l of urine from the last 2 h of the workshift.", "PMID": 734423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1790", "title": "[Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Psychological and neurological assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has identified 15 with definite evidence of non-focal cerebral involvement. During the period of neuropsychiatric disease, cerebral blood flow was measured using 15O2 brain scans and sera were tested for the presence of 2 brain-reactive antibodies: antineuronal and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. 12 patients had psychiatric symptoms, while 13 had various neurological abnormalities. Striking abnormalities in cerebral blood flow were observed in 12 patients. All sera contained at least one brain-reactive antibody; 13 contained antineuronal antibody, although there was an inconsistent association between clinical features and antibody titre, while 12 contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies. According to these investigations the nature of the neuropsychiatric abnormalities would depend on both vascular and immunopathogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. Psychological and neurological assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has identified 15 with definite evidence of non-focal cerebral involvement. During the period of neuropsychiatric disease, cerebral blood flow was measured using 15O2 brain scans and sera were tested for the presence of 2 brain-reactive antibodies: antineuronal and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. 12 patients had psychiatric symptoms, while 13 had various neurological abnormalities. Striking abnormalities in cerebral blood flow were observed in 12 patients. All sera contained at least one brain-reactive antibody; 13 contained antineuronal antibody, although there was an inconsistent association between clinical features and antibody titre, while 12 contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies. According to these investigations the nature of the neuropsychiatric abnormalities would depend on both vascular and immunopathogenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 734425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1791", "title": "[Influence of hormonal contraception on serum lipoproteins].", "content": "Cholesterol and triglyceride measurements in lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL) separated by preparative ultracentrifugation showed that women aged 20 to 29 using oral hormonal contraceptives had increased LDL triglycerides without significant changes in serum lipids. Among older women (aged 30 to 39), changes induced by hormonal contraception were more pronounced. Triglycerides were increased in VLDL and LDL, with a significant rise in serum triglycerides. The LDL cholesterol was elevated without significant changes in serum cholesterol. None of the women had overt hyperlipoproteinemia. Routine serum cholesterol and triglyceride measurements may not reveal the changes in cholesterol and triglyceride lipoprotein content which may play a role in the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease among women using the \"pill\".", "contents": "[Influence of hormonal contraception on serum lipoproteins]. Cholesterol and triglyceride measurements in lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL) separated by preparative ultracentrifugation showed that women aged 20 to 29 using oral hormonal contraceptives had increased LDL triglycerides without significant changes in serum lipids. Among older women (aged 30 to 39), changes induced by hormonal contraception were more pronounced. Triglycerides were increased in VLDL and LDL, with a significant rise in serum triglycerides. The LDL cholesterol was elevated without significant changes in serum cholesterol. None of the women had overt hyperlipoproteinemia. Routine serum cholesterol and triglyceride measurements may not reveal the changes in cholesterol and triglyceride lipoprotein content which may play a role in the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease among women using the \"pill\".", "PMID": 734426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1792", "title": "[Successful embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery].", "content": "Successful embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery in a 75-year-old man is reported. The decisive points in early diagnosis are discussed and the specific diagnostic methods for the correct decision are presented. The fulminant evolution of the disease leaves little time in which to decide. Early embolectomy brings about complete cure. It is a life-saving operation and there are no contraindications.", "contents": "[Successful embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery]. Successful embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery in a 75-year-old man is reported. The decisive points in early diagnosis are discussed and the specific diagnostic methods for the correct decision are presented. The fulminant evolution of the disease leaves little time in which to decide. Early embolectomy brings about complete cure. It is a life-saving operation and there are no contraindications.", "PMID": 734427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1793", "title": "[Blood pressure determination in children: normal values for a given age group].", "content": "Blood pressure was measured under standardized conditions in 151 first-grade schoolchildren. The values of this small sample were normally distributed and statistical analysis was therefore performed. The systolic blood pressure of boys and girls was 102.0 +/- 9 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure 69.5 +/- 7.3 mm Hg. Boys and girls were also analyzed separately. The data fit in very well those from the literature, and it is concluded that the values from the literature, especially those of the \"Task force of blood pressure control\", can be used with high probability for Berne and Switzerland as well. Additional findings: The skin thickness of all children and of girls correlates with blood pressure in the normal range. The family history with regard to risk factors is probably only of importance if precise questions are asked, since general inquiries about obesity, myocardial infarction, and hypertension did not yield useful results.", "contents": "[Blood pressure determination in children: normal values for a given age group]. Blood pressure was measured under standardized conditions in 151 first-grade schoolchildren. The values of this small sample were normally distributed and statistical analysis was therefore performed. The systolic blood pressure of boys and girls was 102.0 +/- 9 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure 69.5 +/- 7.3 mm Hg. Boys and girls were also analyzed separately. The data fit in very well those from the literature, and it is concluded that the values from the literature, especially those of the \"Task force of blood pressure control\", can be used with high probability for Berne and Switzerland as well. Additional findings: The skin thickness of all children and of girls correlates with blood pressure in the normal range. The family history with regard to risk factors is probably only of importance if precise questions are asked, since general inquiries about obesity, myocardial infarction, and hypertension did not yield useful results.", "PMID": 734428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1794", "title": "[Treatment of chronic renal insufficiency by hemofiltration. Clinical experiences during the first year of utilization in Geneva].", "content": "Seven ESRD patients were treated by hemofiltration (HF) for 3--4 months using an experimental HF machine and RP6 filters (Hospal). Ultrafiltration flow was 56--85 ml/min. Data of this treatment period were compared with a similar period of customary hemodialysis (HD). With HF, blood creatinine was identical but BUN was higher than with HD. Hematocrit, plasma sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatases, uric acid, and cholesterol did not differ during the two periods. HF did not produce a significant lowering of blood pressure. Clinical tolerance was markedly better with HF.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic renal insufficiency by hemofiltration. Clinical experiences during the first year of utilization in Geneva]. Seven ESRD patients were treated by hemofiltration (HF) for 3--4 months using an experimental HF machine and RP6 filters (Hospal). Ultrafiltration flow was 56--85 ml/min. Data of this treatment period were compared with a similar period of customary hemodialysis (HD). With HF, blood creatinine was identical but BUN was higher than with HD. Hematocrit, plasma sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatases, uric acid, and cholesterol did not differ during the two periods. HF did not produce a significant lowering of blood pressure. Clinical tolerance was markedly better with HF.", "PMID": 734429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1795", "title": "[Biology of breast cancer: current approaches to new treatment modalities].", "content": "After years of progress, there appear to be few new developments in the treatment of breast cancer at the present time. Aspects of breast cancer are discussed which might offer new therapeutic possibilities. The rather schematic management of the patient with breast cancer is less than well matched with the variable biology and the multitude of factors influencing risk and prognosis. Epidemiological, hereditary, and environmental, as well as endocrinological, immunological, and psychoneurological variables are believed to determine the spontaneous course of the disease and the therapeutic results. One way of improving treatment results is better evaluation of such biological factors in a given patient and variation of treatment plans according to individual needs.", "contents": "[Biology of breast cancer: current approaches to new treatment modalities]. After years of progress, there appear to be few new developments in the treatment of breast cancer at the present time. Aspects of breast cancer are discussed which might offer new therapeutic possibilities. The rather schematic management of the patient with breast cancer is less than well matched with the variable biology and the multitude of factors influencing risk and prognosis. Epidemiological, hereditary, and environmental, as well as endocrinological, immunological, and psychoneurological variables are believed to determine the spontaneous course of the disease and the therapeutic results. One way of improving treatment results is better evaluation of such biological factors in a given patient and variation of treatment plans according to individual needs.", "PMID": 734430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1796", "title": "[Incidence of lactose intolerance in postmenopausal osteoporosis].", "content": "The incidence of lactose intolerance was determined in 31 women with idiopathic postmenopausal osteoporosis. Nine subjects exhibited a pathological rise in blood glucose (less than 20 mg/100 ml) after receiving 50 g lactose. The absorption of glucose and galactose, xylose, and fat was normal in the 31 patients. Daily intake of calcium was below the normal range in 3 subjects with and in 6 subjects without lactose intolerance. The association between lactase deficiency and osteoporosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Incidence of lactose intolerance in postmenopausal osteoporosis]. The incidence of lactose intolerance was determined in 31 women with idiopathic postmenopausal osteoporosis. Nine subjects exhibited a pathological rise in blood glucose (less than 20 mg/100 ml) after receiving 50 g lactose. The absorption of glucose and galactose, xylose, and fat was normal in the 31 patients. Daily intake of calcium was below the normal range in 3 subjects with and in 6 subjects without lactose intolerance. The association between lactase deficiency and osteoporosis is stressed.", "PMID": 734431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1797", "title": "[Course and prognosis of reflux disease under conservative and surgical treatment].", "content": "Radiology, endoscopy and function tests were performed in 30 patients with primary reflux disease. Follow-up examinations were performed 3.2 +/- 1.5 years later. Esophagitis was more frequent in men. Severity of esophagitis correlated neither with the duration of symptoms before diagnosis nor with the results of function tests. Neither esophagitis nor function tests allowed a prediction on the long-term severity of symptoms. Episodic symptoms were more frequent in patients with esophagitis and constant symptoms more frequent in those without esophagitis. The indication for conservative and surgical treatment mainly depended on chance. Good therapeutic results were obtained in only 11 of 17 patients undergoing conservative treatment and in 9 of 13 patients undergoing surgical treatment. 6 patients of the surgical group had postfundoplication symptoms. Thus, the results of conservative and surgical treatment were quantitatively similar and rather disappointing.", "contents": "[Course and prognosis of reflux disease under conservative and surgical treatment]. Radiology, endoscopy and function tests were performed in 30 patients with primary reflux disease. Follow-up examinations were performed 3.2 +/- 1.5 years later. Esophagitis was more frequent in men. Severity of esophagitis correlated neither with the duration of symptoms before diagnosis nor with the results of function tests. Neither esophagitis nor function tests allowed a prediction on the long-term severity of symptoms. Episodic symptoms were more frequent in patients with esophagitis and constant symptoms more frequent in those without esophagitis. The indication for conservative and surgical treatment mainly depended on chance. Good therapeutic results were obtained in only 11 of 17 patients undergoing conservative treatment and in 9 of 13 patients undergoing surgical treatment. 6 patients of the surgical group had postfundoplication symptoms. Thus, the results of conservative and surgical treatment were quantitatively similar and rather disappointing.", "PMID": 734432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1798", "title": "Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in fish from an area polluted by industrial effluents.", "content": "The content of chlorinated fat-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in fish from an area polluted by industrial effluents. The fish species investigated were selected among those used for human consumption. For some samples, both the fillet and liver were investigated. For others the whole fish was used. The following compounds were analysed and quantified: Trichlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene, octachlorostyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls. The results idicate an appreciable accumulation in fish of the higher chlorinated compounds as pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene and octachlorostyrene. Other chlorinated hydrocarbons as decachlorobiphenyl, pentachloronaphthalene, hexachloronaphthalene and hexachlorostyrene were identified, but not quantified. The total content of fat-soluble chlorine was determined in some samples before and after sulphuric acid treatment. The content of chlorine in the identified and quantified compounds accounted for between 40 and 100 per cent of the total amount of chlorine present in the samples as persistent (sulphuric acid resistant) compounds.", "contents": "Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in fish from an area polluted by industrial effluents. The content of chlorinated fat-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in fish from an area polluted by industrial effluents. The fish species investigated were selected among those used for human consumption. For some samples, both the fillet and liver were investigated. For others the whole fish was used. The following compounds were analysed and quantified: Trichlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene, octachlorostyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls. The results idicate an appreciable accumulation in fish of the higher chlorinated compounds as pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene and octachlorostyrene. Other chlorinated hydrocarbons as decachlorobiphenyl, pentachloronaphthalene, hexachloronaphthalene and hexachlorostyrene were identified, but not quantified. The total content of fat-soluble chlorine was determined in some samples before and after sulphuric acid treatment. The content of chlorine in the identified and quantified compounds accounted for between 40 and 100 per cent of the total amount of chlorine present in the samples as persistent (sulphuric acid resistant) compounds.", "PMID": 734441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1799", "title": "Studies on the synthesis of polynucleotides--synthesis of a dodecaribonucleoside undecaphosphate and a hexadecaribonucleoside pentadecaphosphate.", "content": "This paper describes the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides by T4 RNA ligase and their identification. The products are a dodecaribonucleotide CpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA and a hexadecaribonucleotide ApUpUpC32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA, representing the 3'-end nucleotide sequences of the yeast alanine transfer RNA. Particular emphasis was placed on the conditions for the joining reaction, using oligoribonucleotides of defined sequence as the substrates. CpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA was synthesized with 32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA as the donor, and CpGpGpA as the acceptor in rather low ratio of acceptor to donor. Both the yield and purity of the joining product were above 90%. 32pCpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA was used in turn as the donor, and ApUpUpC as the acceptor for further synthesis of the hexadecaribonucleotide ApUpUpC32pCpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA with a yield of 60%.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis of polynucleotides--synthesis of a dodecaribonucleoside undecaphosphate and a hexadecaribonucleoside pentadecaphosphate. This paper describes the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides by T4 RNA ligase and their identification. The products are a dodecaribonucleotide CpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA and a hexadecaribonucleotide ApUpUpC32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA, representing the 3'-end nucleotide sequences of the yeast alanine transfer RNA. Particular emphasis was placed on the conditions for the joining reaction, using oligoribonucleotides of defined sequence as the substrates. CpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA was synthesized with 32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA as the donor, and CpGpGpA as the acceptor in rather low ratio of acceptor to donor. Both the yield and purity of the joining product were above 90%. 32pCpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA was used in turn as the donor, and ApUpUpC as the acceptor for further synthesis of the hexadecaribonucleotide ApUpUpC32pCpGpGpA32pCpUpCpGpUpCpCpA with a yield of 60%.", "PMID": 734440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1800", "title": "Campylobacter infections. First reports from Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town.", "content": "We report 10 cases of Campylobacter fetus infection, isolated during a 7-month period, which were all sensitive to erythromycin. The aetiology and epidemiology are discussed.", "contents": "Campylobacter infections. First reports from Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town. We report 10 cases of Campylobacter fetus infection, isolated during a 7-month period, which were all sensitive to erythromycin. The aetiology and epidemiology are discussed.", "PMID": 734547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1801", "title": "Dermal micro-angiopathy in patients with analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "Skin biopsy specimens of 10 patients suffering from analgesic nephropathy revealed a micro-angiopathy similar to that seen in the kidney and urinary tract of patients with this disease. It is considered to be part of a disseminated micro-angiopathy. Similar changes were not observed in normal controls or in patients suffering from chronic renal disease due to other causes.", "contents": "Dermal micro-angiopathy in patients with analgesic nephropathy. Skin biopsy specimens of 10 patients suffering from analgesic nephropathy revealed a micro-angiopathy similar to that seen in the kidney and urinary tract of patients with this disease. It is considered to be part of a disseminated micro-angiopathy. Similar changes were not observed in normal controls or in patients suffering from chronic renal disease due to other causes.", "PMID": 734548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1802", "title": "Tear-deficient keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical diagnosis of a common eye problem.", "content": "A chronic keratoconjunctivitis that is common under dry climatic conditions is described. A characteristic biomicroscopical appearance of the eye was found in 29 healthy patients with red, uncomfortable eyes and abnormal tear function. A diagnosis of tear-deficient keratoconjunctivitis can be made on the basis of these findings and treated effectively.", "contents": "Tear-deficient keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical diagnosis of a common eye problem. A chronic keratoconjunctivitis that is common under dry climatic conditions is described. A characteristic biomicroscopical appearance of the eye was found in 29 healthy patients with red, uncomfortable eyes and abnormal tear function. A diagnosis of tear-deficient keratoconjunctivitis can be made on the basis of these findings and treated effectively.", "PMID": 734549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1803", "title": "Some clinical aspects of geriatric surgery.", "content": "The relative frequency of surgical problems in the aged is discussed and some statistics based on experience are given. General rules in the management of the aged are suggested and the situation is analysed with stress on biological age and past influences. The increased importance in surgery of fluid loss as well as shock is discussed. A regimen for fluid replacement therapy is suggested. Problems in history-taking and the investigation of the elderly surgical patient are debated, and the value of ice as an anaesthetic agent for geriatric patients is discussed. Points about postoperative care are made. The problem of emergency surgery in the elderly, with emphasis on conservatism, is set out. The importance of avoiding complications, of reassurance and of optimism is stressed.", "contents": "Some clinical aspects of geriatric surgery. The relative frequency of surgical problems in the aged is discussed and some statistics based on experience are given. General rules in the management of the aged are suggested and the situation is analysed with stress on biological age and past influences. The increased importance in surgery of fluid loss as well as shock is discussed. A regimen for fluid replacement therapy is suggested. Problems in history-taking and the investigation of the elderly surgical patient are debated, and the value of ice as an anaesthetic agent for geriatric patients is discussed. Points about postoperative care are made. The problem of emergency surgery in the elderly, with emphasis on conservatism, is set out. The importance of avoiding complications, of reassurance and of optimism is stressed.", "PMID": 734550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1804", "title": "Precise biopsy investigation of the kidney using computed axial tomography.", "content": "Computed axial tomography (CAT) allows pinpoint renal localization for percutaneous renal biopsy. A method for using CAT is described. This method may also be used for accurate localization of masses in the retroperitoneal space, lung, kidney, liver, bone or pancreas.", "contents": "Precise biopsy investigation of the kidney using computed axial tomography. Computed axial tomography (CAT) allows pinpoint renal localization for percutaneous renal biopsy. A method for using CAT is described. This method may also be used for accurate localization of masses in the retroperitoneal space, lung, kidney, liver, bone or pancreas.", "PMID": 734551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1805", "title": "Fatal jaundice in pregnancy.", "content": "An epidemic of jaundice in pregnancy is described. The mortality during the first 2 years was 45%, but decreased as the epidemic waned. Biochemical, social and epidemiological investigations revealed that the cause was probably the hepatitis group A virus. No previous epidemics appear to have occurred in South Africa.", "contents": "Fatal jaundice in pregnancy. An epidemic of jaundice in pregnancy is described. The mortality during the first 2 years was 45%, but decreased as the epidemic waned. Biochemical, social and epidemiological investigations revealed that the cause was probably the hepatitis group A virus. No previous epidemics appear to have occurred in South Africa.", "PMID": 734552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1806", "title": "Hypnotherapy for the child with chronic eczema. A case report.", "content": "Chronic eczema in a child usually produces much discomfort and distress. Associated behaviour problems further complicate the issue. A comprehensive approach to treatment is therefore essential. Hypnotherapy may be a useful adjunct in the overall management. An illustrative case history is presented. Combining hypnotherapy with child guidance and medical treatment led to the relief of symptoms and improved behavioural pattern in a boy aged 10 years.", "contents": "Hypnotherapy for the child with chronic eczema. A case report. Chronic eczema in a child usually produces much discomfort and distress. Associated behaviour problems further complicate the issue. A comprehensive approach to treatment is therefore essential. Hypnotherapy may be a useful adjunct in the overall management. An illustrative case history is presented. Combining hypnotherapy with child guidance and medical treatment led to the relief of symptoms and improved behavioural pattern in a boy aged 10 years.", "PMID": 734553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1807", "title": "Acute renal failure among Blacks and Indians in South Africa.", "content": "This study of 150 patients suffering from acute renal failure (ARF) showed that the cause was medical in 98 patients, gynaecological in 26, surgical in 15 and obstetric in 11. In contrast to the findings of similar studies in Europe and the USA, the commonest medical causes of acute renal failure were nephrotoxins (mainly from herbal medicine) and infections. The commonest gynaecological cause of ARF was self-induced abortion. The relevant clinical and biochemical features are described. The overall mortality was 35%. Adverse factors affecting prognosis were septicaemia, jaundice, the cause of the ARF, and delay in beginning dialysis. While financial costs may prohibit the establishment of renal units for the treatment of chronic renal failure in many parts of Africa, ARF may easily be treated.", "contents": "Acute renal failure among Blacks and Indians in South Africa. This study of 150 patients suffering from acute renal failure (ARF) showed that the cause was medical in 98 patients, gynaecological in 26, surgical in 15 and obstetric in 11. In contrast to the findings of similar studies in Europe and the USA, the commonest medical causes of acute renal failure were nephrotoxins (mainly from herbal medicine) and infections. The commonest gynaecological cause of ARF was self-induced abortion. The relevant clinical and biochemical features are described. The overall mortality was 35%. Adverse factors affecting prognosis were septicaemia, jaundice, the cause of the ARF, and delay in beginning dialysis. While financial costs may prohibit the establishment of renal units for the treatment of chronic renal failure in many parts of Africa, ARF may easily be treated.", "PMID": 734561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1808", "title": "Forward progression of spermatozoa. Standardization of results.", "content": "The principal aim of this study was to determine whether subjective estimations of sperm velocity in our laboratory could readily be translated into objective figures. The technique for measuring the progression of human spermatozoa in seminal plasma in objective fashion was the one used by Janick and MacLeod in 1970. We therefore compared our objective figures with those of these authors and found a remarkable correlation between their values and ours. However, we went a step further and standardized the different objective values found in the study. Three simple equations were determined, by means of which each laboratory will be able to standardize their subject scale for forward progression of the spermatozoa.", "contents": "Forward progression of spermatozoa. Standardization of results. The principal aim of this study was to determine whether subjective estimations of sperm velocity in our laboratory could readily be translated into objective figures. The technique for measuring the progression of human spermatozoa in seminal plasma in objective fashion was the one used by Janick and MacLeod in 1970. We therefore compared our objective figures with those of these authors and found a remarkable correlation between their values and ours. However, we went a step further and standardized the different objective values found in the study. Three simple equations were determined, by means of which each laboratory will be able to standardize their subject scale for forward progression of the spermatozoa.", "PMID": 734562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1809", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function in patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function after secretin and cholecystokinin stimulation was examined in a group of patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and in a normal control group. The volume output, bicarbonate and amylase concentrations in the patient group were not significantly lower than in the control group. Taken individually, however, 3 out of 8 patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head had abnormal pancreatic function tests. In 4 patients there was a significant alcohol intake, with a history suggestive of acute pancreatitis in 2. This suggests that in some patients chronic pancreatitis may be a factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function in patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. Exocrine pancreatic function after secretin and cholecystokinin stimulation was examined in a group of patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and in a normal control group. The volume output, bicarbonate and amylase concentrations in the patient group were not significantly lower than in the control group. Taken individually, however, 3 out of 8 patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head had abnormal pancreatic function tests. In 4 patients there was a significant alcohol intake, with a history suggestive of acute pancreatitis in 2. This suggests that in some patients chronic pancreatitis may be a factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.", "PMID": 734563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1810", "title": "The five-year survival rate in urban patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "The 5-year survival of 253 patients with ovarian malignancy of epithelial origin is reviewed. Although this is closely related to the clinical stage at presentation, the overall survival is poor, because the majority present with disease which has spread beyond the pelvis. There are more deaths in the first 2 years after diagnosis; thereafter the survival curve gradually flattens off and becomes almost horizontal during the 4th and 5th years.", "contents": "The five-year survival rate in urban patients with ovarian carcinoma. The 5-year survival of 253 patients with ovarian malignancy of epithelial origin is reviewed. Although this is closely related to the clinical stage at presentation, the overall survival is poor, because the majority present with disease which has spread beyond the pelvis. There are more deaths in the first 2 years after diagnosis; thereafter the survival curve gradually flattens off and becomes almost horizontal during the 4th and 5th years.", "PMID": 734575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1811", "title": "Postpartum insertion of the combined multiload copper intra-uterine device (M L Cu 250).", "content": "The results obtained from postpartum insertion of the combined multiload copper intra-uterine device (M L Cu 250) are presented. The study was prompted by a pilot study in the Netherlands which showed that few expulsions occurred with \"postplacental\" insertion of the multiload intra-uterine device. Seventy-five patients had devices inserted between 6 and 72 hours postpartum, and the patients were followed up for 6 months after insertion, with an overall continuation rate of 77,6%. This study showed that the postpartum insertion of this device is a safe and acceptable form of contraception, particularly in patients who are unlikely to continue with other forms of contraception.", "contents": "Postpartum insertion of the combined multiload copper intra-uterine device (M L Cu 250). The results obtained from postpartum insertion of the combined multiload copper intra-uterine device (M L Cu 250) are presented. The study was prompted by a pilot study in the Netherlands which showed that few expulsions occurred with \"postplacental\" insertion of the multiload intra-uterine device. Seventy-five patients had devices inserted between 6 and 72 hours postpartum, and the patients were followed up for 6 months after insertion, with an overall continuation rate of 77,6%. This study showed that the postpartum insertion of this device is a safe and acceptable form of contraception, particularly in patients who are unlikely to continue with other forms of contraception.", "PMID": 734576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1812", "title": "Clinical and haematological problems associated with severe abruptio placentae.", "content": "A clinical study was done of 80 patients in whom abruptio placentae was severe enough to cause intra-uterine death of the fetus. Central venous pressure pressure was measured when ever possible to ensure adequate fluid replacement. Although the minority of the patients were shocked when admitted, blood replacement averaged 5 units per patient. The caesarean section incidence was 21%. Only 1 patient developed renal failure for which peritoneal dialysis was done. No maternal deaths occurred. Serial coagulation studies were done in 58 patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation was present in the majority. After delivery of the fetus, however, tests became normal.", "contents": "Clinical and haematological problems associated with severe abruptio placentae. A clinical study was done of 80 patients in whom abruptio placentae was severe enough to cause intra-uterine death of the fetus. Central venous pressure pressure was measured when ever possible to ensure adequate fluid replacement. Although the minority of the patients were shocked when admitted, blood replacement averaged 5 units per patient. The caesarean section incidence was 21%. Only 1 patient developed renal failure for which peritoneal dialysis was done. No maternal deaths occurred. Serial coagulation studies were done in 58 patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation was present in the majority. After delivery of the fetus, however, tests became normal.", "PMID": 734577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1813", "title": "Fetal heart rate changes associated with standard, segmental and modified segmental epidural block.", "content": "Three different techniques for epidural block were used and compared in an attempt to lower the incidence of fetal heart deterioration patterns occurring after the block. Segmental epidural block allowed of lower dosages of bupivacaine, but only when the patient knelt on all four was it possible to eliminate post-block fetal heart deterioration completely.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate changes associated with standard, segmental and modified segmental epidural block. Three different techniques for epidural block were used and compared in an attempt to lower the incidence of fetal heart deterioration patterns occurring after the block. Segmental epidural block allowed of lower dosages of bupivacaine, but only when the patient knelt on all four was it possible to eliminate post-block fetal heart deterioration completely.", "PMID": 734578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1814", "title": "An evaluation of routine midtrimester ultrasonic scanning.", "content": "In a 2-year period 1,987 patients had a combined ultrasonic A and B scan between 16 and 30 weeks' gestation. The ultrasonic assessment of gestational age was shown to be more accurate than a definite menstrual history in 19,5% of patients using parameters of birth weight for gestation and the time of onset of spontaneous labour. All 31 sets of twins in the series were diagnosed at the first scan. There were 2 perinatal deaths among the twins, a perinatal mortality of 3,2%. Four unsuspected anencephalic fetuses were diagnosed and these pregnancies were terminated before 28 weeks. Two unsuspected molar pregnancies were diagnosed and evacuated. There were 58 false-positive diagnoses of placenta praevia, and 2 cases were missed. The situation of the placenta as revealed by ultrasound bore no relationship to abruptio placentae, but there was a significant relationship between a low-lying placenta and a history of threatened aboriton.", "contents": "An evaluation of routine midtrimester ultrasonic scanning. In a 2-year period 1,987 patients had a combined ultrasonic A and B scan between 16 and 30 weeks' gestation. The ultrasonic assessment of gestational age was shown to be more accurate than a definite menstrual history in 19,5% of patients using parameters of birth weight for gestation and the time of onset of spontaneous labour. All 31 sets of twins in the series were diagnosed at the first scan. There were 2 perinatal deaths among the twins, a perinatal mortality of 3,2%. Four unsuspected anencephalic fetuses were diagnosed and these pregnancies were terminated before 28 weeks. Two unsuspected molar pregnancies were diagnosed and evacuated. There were 58 false-positive diagnoses of placenta praevia, and 2 cases were missed. The situation of the placenta as revealed by ultrasound bore no relationship to abruptio placentae, but there was a significant relationship between a low-lying placenta and a history of threatened aboriton.", "PMID": 734579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1815", "title": "A survey of obstetric anaesthesia in the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa.", "content": "In this report we analyse the results of a questionaire sent to 341 hospitals throughout the Republic and South West Africa, asking for details of their caesarean section rate and obstetric anesthetic techniques used. Non-specialist practitioners provided 90% of anaesthetic services in the 131 (38,4%) hospitals from which replies were received. General anaesthesia was used in preference to regional anaesthesia in 90% of these hospitals. Of the institutions surveyed, 24% used neither stomach emptying nor antacid therapy pre-operatively. These and other results pertaining to their choice of anaesthetic agents and techniques are presented and discussed.", "contents": "A survey of obstetric anaesthesia in the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa. In this report we analyse the results of a questionaire sent to 341 hospitals throughout the Republic and South West Africa, asking for details of their caesarean section rate and obstetric anesthetic techniques used. Non-specialist practitioners provided 90% of anaesthetic services in the 131 (38,4%) hospitals from which replies were received. General anaesthesia was used in preference to regional anaesthesia in 90% of these hospitals. Of the institutions surveyed, 24% used neither stomach emptying nor antacid therapy pre-operatively. These and other results pertaining to their choice of anaesthetic agents and techniques are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 734580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1816", "title": "Advantages of left over right lateral tilt for caesarean section.", "content": "The relative merits of right and left lateral tilt were assessed in 75 parturients at elective caesarean section. Significant maternal hypotension (aortocaval occlusion) occurred more frequently with rightward tilt (left hip supported). The clinical and biochemical status of the fetus was generally more favourable with left lateral tilt, as were the maternal-to-fetal blood gas gradients and relationships. The routine use of left lateral tilt is advocated.", "contents": "Advantages of left over right lateral tilt for caesarean section. The relative merits of right and left lateral tilt were assessed in 75 parturients at elective caesarean section. Significant maternal hypotension (aortocaval occlusion) occurred more frequently with rightward tilt (left hip supported). The clinical and biochemical status of the fetus was generally more favourable with left lateral tilt, as were the maternal-to-fetal blood gas gradients and relationships. The routine use of left lateral tilt is advocated.", "PMID": 734581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1817", "title": "The safety of amniocentesis in relation to site and method.", "content": "A method of low suprapubic amniocentesis after elevation of the fetal head during vaginal examination has been found to be a safe and valuable obstetric procedure. The incidence of the only complication in 1 362 consecutive amniocenteses, viz. rupture of the membranes, was similar to the spontaneous rate and could well be unrelated to the procedure. Failure to obtain amniotic fluid occurred in 13 patients and in a further 18 patients the amniotic fluid was blood-stained. High, peri-umbilical amniocentesis without ultrasonic control is not justified in obstetric practice because of the possible complications.", "contents": "The safety of amniocentesis in relation to site and method. A method of low suprapubic amniocentesis after elevation of the fetal head during vaginal examination has been found to be a safe and valuable obstetric procedure. The incidence of the only complication in 1 362 consecutive amniocenteses, viz. rupture of the membranes, was similar to the spontaneous rate and could well be unrelated to the procedure. Failure to obtain amniotic fluid occurred in 13 patients and in a further 18 patients the amniotic fluid was blood-stained. High, peri-umbilical amniocentesis without ultrasonic control is not justified in obstetric practice because of the possible complications.", "PMID": 734582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1818", "title": "The association between measured and clinically assessed amniotic fluid volume and fetal growth and nutrition.", "content": "A close correlation was found between amniotic fluid volume measured by using para-aminohippuric acid and the clinical assessment of volume. No correlation was found between measured amniotic fluid volume and fetal weight, length, or weight for gestational age.", "contents": "The association between measured and clinically assessed amniotic fluid volume and fetal growth and nutrition. A close correlation was found between amniotic fluid volume measured by using para-aminohippuric acid and the clinical assessment of volume. No correlation was found between measured amniotic fluid volume and fetal weight, length, or weight for gestational age.", "PMID": 734583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1819", "title": "Reversal of active labour. A case report.", "content": "The clinical course of primiparous patient who presented in premature labour at 31 weeks' gestation is described. Cervical dilatation was reversed from 9 cm and pregnancy continued for 6 days. The possible causes and mechanism are discussed and the implications are considered.", "contents": "Reversal of active labour. A case report. The clinical course of primiparous patient who presented in premature labour at 31 weeks' gestation is described. Cervical dilatation was reversed from 9 cm and pregnancy continued for 6 days. The possible causes and mechanism are discussed and the implications are considered.", "PMID": 734584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1820", "title": "Combined congenital diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint with contralateral distal femoral bifurcation and hemimelia of the medial structures. A case report.", "content": "A case of congenital bilateral lower limb deformities is presented. Diastasis of the distal tibia and fibula has the appearance of a severe clubfoot. Recognition of this condition and early surgical treatment are important. Tibial aplasia is best treated by disarticulation and early mobilization.", "contents": "Combined congenital diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint with contralateral distal femoral bifurcation and hemimelia of the medial structures. A case report. A case of congenital bilateral lower limb deformities is presented. Diastasis of the distal tibia and fibula has the appearance of a severe clubfoot. Recognition of this condition and early surgical treatment are important. Tibial aplasia is best treated by disarticulation and early mobilization.", "PMID": 734590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1821", "title": "Low back pain as the presenting symptom of renal artery aneurysm. A case report.", "content": "Hypertension of recent onset in a 29-year-old woman was associated with low pain radiating to the right groin. Angiography showed the presence of a large aneurysm of the right renal artery. Resection of the aneurysm and nephrectomy cured the hypertension.", "contents": "Low back pain as the presenting symptom of renal artery aneurysm. A case report. Hypertension of recent onset in a 29-year-old woman was associated with low pain radiating to the right groin. Angiography showed the presence of a large aneurysm of the right renal artery. Resection of the aneurysm and nephrectomy cured the hypertension.", "PMID": 734591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1822", "title": "Some clinical and cultural correlates of violent death.", "content": "Forty-one patients admitted to hospital over a 5-year period because of charges arising from their having caused a violent death were studied. Data pertaining to the victim, the weapon used and the locality are analysed. The diagnostic categories for the patients are set out and the course and outcome are followed. Implications for future management are discussed, with particular reference to relevant social and cultural factors.", "contents": "Some clinical and cultural correlates of violent death. Forty-one patients admitted to hospital over a 5-year period because of charges arising from their having caused a violent death were studied. Data pertaining to the victim, the weapon used and the locality are analysed. The diagnostic categories for the patients are set out and the course and outcome are followed. Implications for future management are discussed, with particular reference to relevant social and cultural factors.", "PMID": 734592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1823", "title": "Buccal smears and numerical sex chromosome anomalies.", "content": "The results of buccal smear examinations of patients in five institutes for mental retardates, a psychiatric hospital, a home for physically handicapped children, two schools for the deaf, a normal primary school and a newborn nursery are reported. Extra X chromosomes were found in 4/1 000 mentally retarded males, in 1,8/1 000 mentally ill patients and in 1,3/1 000 newborn females. Extra Y chromosomes were found in 1,5/1 000 males, and 3,6/1 000 males were noted to have non-fluorescing Y chromosomes, a normal variant.", "contents": "Buccal smears and numerical sex chromosome anomalies. The results of buccal smear examinations of patients in five institutes for mental retardates, a psychiatric hospital, a home for physically handicapped children, two schools for the deaf, a normal primary school and a newborn nursery are reported. Extra X chromosomes were found in 4/1 000 mentally retarded males, in 1,8/1 000 mentally ill patients and in 1,3/1 000 newborn females. Extra Y chromosomes were found in 1,5/1 000 males, and 3,6/1 000 males were noted to have non-fluorescing Y chromosomes, a normal variant.", "PMID": 734600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1824", "title": "[The role of chromosomes in the aetiology of human abortion].", "content": "Of 27 specimens of abortus tissue from first-trimester spontaneous abortions investigated, 26% had chromosome abnormalities. In contrast, the investigation showed that the incidence of chromosome abnormalities in 36 midtrimester cases was only 2,8%. Two of 19 ectopic pregnancies had abnormal chromosome complements.", "contents": "[The role of chromosomes in the aetiology of human abortion]. Of 27 specimens of abortus tissue from first-trimester spontaneous abortions investigated, 26% had chromosome abnormalities. In contrast, the investigation showed that the incidence of chromosome abnormalities in 36 midtrimester cases was only 2,8%. Two of 19 ectopic pregnancies had abnormal chromosome complements.", "PMID": 734601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1825", "title": "Pellet gun injuries of the eye.", "content": "A nationwide survey of pellet gun injuries to the eye, sustained over a 5-year period, was carried out. Eighty-seven cases were reported. Seventy-seven per cent were found to have a final visual acuity of 6/60 or worse on the Snellen chart. The pathological findings and possible steps to reduce the incidence of these injuries are discussed.", "contents": "Pellet gun injuries of the eye. A nationwide survey of pellet gun injuries to the eye, sustained over a 5-year period, was carried out. Eighty-seven cases were reported. Seventy-seven per cent were found to have a final visual acuity of 6/60 or worse on the Snellen chart. The pathological findings and possible steps to reduce the incidence of these injuries are discussed.", "PMID": 734602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1826", "title": "Impact of inflation on private pensions of retirees, 1970-74: findings from the retirement history study.", "content": "Many private pension plans have provided benefit increases or other forms of protection against inflation to their retired workers in recent years. This article, based on panel data from the Retirement History Study, examines the extent to which completely retired persons in their sixties benefited from these increases from 1970 to 1974. The private pension benefits of retirees rose slightly during the period, but their purchasing power declined sharply on account of the considerable growth in the inflation rate. Social security benefits, on the other hand, rose substantially more than the consumer price index. As a result, total retirement benefits largely maintained or nearly maintained their purchasing power.", "contents": "Impact of inflation on private pensions of retirees, 1970-74: findings from the retirement history study. Many private pension plans have provided benefit increases or other forms of protection against inflation to their retired workers in recent years. This article, based on panel data from the Retirement History Study, examines the extent to which completely retired persons in their sixties benefited from these increases from 1970 to 1974. The private pension benefits of retirees rose slightly during the period, but their purchasing power declined sharply on account of the considerable growth in the inflation rate. Social security benefits, on the other hand, rose substantially more than the consumer price index. As a result, total retirement benefits largely maintained or nearly maintained their purchasing power.", "PMID": 734604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1827", "title": "Response to recipiency under public assistance and SSI.", "content": "This research focuses on the attitudes, perceptions, and program preferences of aged and disabled persons who received public assistance in 1973 and supplemental security income payments in 1974. The Social Security Administration gathered the data in a nationwide survey of the low-income aged and disabled. Most respondents did not feel embarrassed or bothered about receiving public assistance in 1973 and were generally satisfied with their treatment by the welfare agency. Response to SSI in 1974 was even more favorable. Satisfaction with agency performance remained at a high level and feelings of embarrassment generally declined. SSI was preferred over public assistance by most respondents. Administrative efficiency and the size of cash benefits apparently were more important considerations than the degree of stigma perceived.", "contents": "Response to recipiency under public assistance and SSI. This research focuses on the attitudes, perceptions, and program preferences of aged and disabled persons who received public assistance in 1973 and supplemental security income payments in 1974. The Social Security Administration gathered the data in a nationwide survey of the low-income aged and disabled. Most respondents did not feel embarrassed or bothered about receiving public assistance in 1973 and were generally satisfied with their treatment by the welfare agency. Response to SSI in 1974 was even more favorable. Satisfaction with agency performance remained at a high level and feelings of embarrassment generally declined. SSI was preferred over public assistance by most respondents. Administrative efficiency and the size of cash benefits apparently were more important considerations than the degree of stigma perceived.", "PMID": 734605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1828", "title": "Burn rehabilitation-a team approach.", "content": "The team concept in the treatment of burned patients is an effective approach in caring for the physical, psychological, and social needs of the patient. Through the initiation of early rehabilitation services, long-term problems can be prevented and a quicker return to a meaningful life style is possible.", "contents": "Burn rehabilitation-a team approach. The team concept in the treatment of burned patients is an effective approach in caring for the physical, psychological, and social needs of the patient. Through the initiation of early rehabilitation services, long-term problems can be prevented and a quicker return to a meaningful life style is possible.", "PMID": 734608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1829", "title": "Problems and complications of burn shock resuscitation.", "content": "The problems and complications of the fluid resuscitation phase of the treatment of major thermal burns are many and varied. Emphasis has been placed on the most important organ system responses commonly observed in the first week after injury. The efficacy of treatment and the lack of available treatment are outlined. The mechanical complications occurring from poorly selected and monitored fluid administration sites, complications of monitoring, problems of constrictive edema (usually in the extremities), airway problems, respiratory care, and innumerable other technical aspects were purposely omitted. While these problems and complications are extremely important and occur commonly in our experience, they are in the realm of technical performance of good emergency and intensive care medicine and their optimal management does not affect the problems and complications of the residual organ systems.", "contents": "Problems and complications of burn shock resuscitation. The problems and complications of the fluid resuscitation phase of the treatment of major thermal burns are many and varied. Emphasis has been placed on the most important organ system responses commonly observed in the first week after injury. The efficacy of treatment and the lack of available treatment are outlined. The mechanical complications occurring from poorly selected and monitored fluid administration sites, complications of monitoring, problems of constrictive edema (usually in the extremities), airway problems, respiratory care, and innumerable other technical aspects were purposely omitted. While these problems and complications are extremely important and occur commonly in our experience, they are in the realm of technical performance of good emergency and intensive care medicine and their optimal management does not affect the problems and complications of the residual organ systems.", "PMID": 734611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1830", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in glaucoma: hazard or benefit for the chronic lunger?", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, of proven value in the longterm management of glaucoma, have a number of troublesome side effects, most of which are well-known. However, their potential hazards to patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have received little attention. The author reviews the physiological effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on carbon dioxide metabolism and the implications for the chronic lung patient. The untoward pulmonary complications associated with the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are of particular importance to ophthalmologists, since chronic lung disease and glaucoma, both common disorders in the elderly, frequently coexist in the same patient.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in glaucoma: hazard or benefit for the chronic lunger? Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, of proven value in the longterm management of glaucoma, have a number of troublesome side effects, most of which are well-known. However, their potential hazards to patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have received little attention. The author reviews the physiological effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on carbon dioxide metabolism and the implications for the chronic lung patient. The untoward pulmonary complications associated with the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are of particular importance to ophthalmologists, since chronic lung disease and glaucoma, both common disorders in the elderly, frequently coexist in the same patient.", "PMID": 734612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1831", "title": "A simplified stimulus value notation using preferred stimulus combinations for Goldmann quantitative perimetry.", "content": "In an effort to return to the simplicity intended by Goldmann, the authors propose adoption of a two-digit stimulus value (SV) nomenclature for defining targen area luminance and contrast on a properly standardized Goldmann-type perimeter. The system is designed to aid the examiner in target selection, mental interpolation and isopter construction, and to facilitate computer manipulation.", "contents": "A simplified stimulus value notation using preferred stimulus combinations for Goldmann quantitative perimetry. In an effort to return to the simplicity intended by Goldmann, the authors propose adoption of a two-digit stimulus value (SV) nomenclature for defining targen area luminance and contrast on a properly standardized Goldmann-type perimeter. The system is designed to aid the examiner in target selection, mental interpolation and isopter construction, and to facilitate computer manipulation.", "PMID": 734614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1832", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmologic dilemma: chronic optic neuritis?", "content": "A patient with an 8-month history of chronic progressive visual loss was referred to the Neuro-ophthalmology Consult Office of Washington University with a diagnosis of chronic optic neuritis. Previous diagnostic studies, including CAT scan, had been negative. Because chronic progressive visual loss is considered a hallmark of mass lesion, more vigorous investigation, including repeat CAT scans, was undertaken, leading to the diagnosis and removal of a 2 cm meningioma.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmologic dilemma: chronic optic neuritis? A patient with an 8-month history of chronic progressive visual loss was referred to the Neuro-ophthalmology Consult Office of Washington University with a diagnosis of chronic optic neuritis. Previous diagnostic studies, including CAT scan, had been negative. Because chronic progressive visual loss is considered a hallmark of mass lesion, more vigorous investigation, including repeat CAT scans, was undertaken, leading to the diagnosis and removal of a 2 cm meningioma.", "PMID": 734613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1833", "title": "Improved lensometry with a programmed calculator-lensometer combination.", "content": "The arithmetic associated with prescription calculation seems to be the major source of error and inefficiency in the performance of traditional lensometry. We have found that a programmed calculator used in combination with a lensometer achieves greater accuracy in less time than does the lensometer alone. This approach may be a useful alternative to the physician who does not wish to make a substantial investment in a fully automatic device.", "contents": "Improved lensometry with a programmed calculator-lensometer combination. The arithmetic associated with prescription calculation seems to be the major source of error and inefficiency in the performance of traditional lensometry. We have found that a programmed calculator used in combination with a lensometer achieves greater accuracy in less time than does the lensometer alone. This approach may be a useful alternative to the physician who does not wish to make a substantial investment in a fully automatic device.", "PMID": 734615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1834", "title": "Thromboplastin calibration. Experience of the Dutch reference laboratory for anticoagulant control.", "content": "Standardization of the thromboplastin most commonly used for anticoagulant control in The Netherlands has been achieved by the Dutch Reference Laboratory for Anticoagulant Control. The system established for control indicates the performance characteristics of each batch of thromboplastin in patients relative to a national calibration batch. Calibration constants were assessed according to an ICTH/ICSH proposal and with a reproducibility of approximately 2% (CV). With the use of a given calibration constant of the International Reference Preparation of Thromboplastin (1.0) and after assessment of the calibration constant of the National Reference Preparation in international terms (0.93), the accuracy of calibration with the various modifications of the calibration procedure is of the order of magnitude of 3% (CV). On the basis of the calibration protocol, physicians will be provided with correlation tables containing, for their convenience, prothrombin (thromboplastin) times in terms of the reference thromboplastin (uniform, i.e., batch-independent, prothrombin times), conventional prothrombin activity (percentages), and in due course with International Calibrated Ratios. With this approach current practice in the prescription of oral anticoagulants will be maintained. Opportunity is given, however, to aim at internationally proposed therapeutically optimal target values.", "contents": "Thromboplastin calibration. Experience of the Dutch reference laboratory for anticoagulant control. Standardization of the thromboplastin most commonly used for anticoagulant control in The Netherlands has been achieved by the Dutch Reference Laboratory for Anticoagulant Control. The system established for control indicates the performance characteristics of each batch of thromboplastin in patients relative to a national calibration batch. Calibration constants were assessed according to an ICTH/ICSH proposal and with a reproducibility of approximately 2% (CV). With the use of a given calibration constant of the International Reference Preparation of Thromboplastin (1.0) and after assessment of the calibration constant of the National Reference Preparation in international terms (0.93), the accuracy of calibration with the various modifications of the calibration procedure is of the order of magnitude of 3% (CV). On the basis of the calibration protocol, physicians will be provided with correlation tables containing, for their convenience, prothrombin (thromboplastin) times in terms of the reference thromboplastin (uniform, i.e., batch-independent, prothrombin times), conventional prothrombin activity (percentages), and in due course with International Calibrated Ratios. With this approach current practice in the prescription of oral anticoagulants will be maintained. Opportunity is given, however, to aim at internationally proposed therapeutically optimal target values.", "PMID": 734632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1835", "title": "The abnormal factor IX of hemophilia B+ variants.", "content": "A rather large proportion of the hemophilia B patients can be characterized as hemophilia B+ because of the presence in their plasma of a protein which is immunologically identical with human factor IX. In a group of 33 hemophilia B patients we found 14 cases of hemophilia B+ belonging to 11 independent pedigrees. The variant factor IX molecules of these families have been compared with respect to the following properties: 1) factor IX activity and its dependence on phospholipid concentration; 2) factor IX antigen; 3) prolongation of prothrombin time with an ox brain thromboplastin; 4) electrophoretic mobility; 5) Ca(+) binding capacity; 6) affinity for binding to heparin and 7) susceptibility of the factor IX antigen to contact-induced activation. In the study of these parameters the use of a precipitating antibody against highly purified human factor IX showed to be of great value. According to our criteria at least 7 different factor IX variants were present in the 11 families with hemophilia B+ studied. Because of this rather high heterogeneity a suitable nomenclature for subclassification of hemophilia B+ variants is proposed.", "contents": "The abnormal factor IX of hemophilia B+ variants. A rather large proportion of the hemophilia B patients can be characterized as hemophilia B+ because of the presence in their plasma of a protein which is immunologically identical with human factor IX. In a group of 33 hemophilia B patients we found 14 cases of hemophilia B+ belonging to 11 independent pedigrees. The variant factor IX molecules of these families have been compared with respect to the following properties: 1) factor IX activity and its dependence on phospholipid concentration; 2) factor IX antigen; 3) prolongation of prothrombin time with an ox brain thromboplastin; 4) electrophoretic mobility; 5) Ca(+) binding capacity; 6) affinity for binding to heparin and 7) susceptibility of the factor IX antigen to contact-induced activation. In the study of these parameters the use of a precipitating antibody against highly purified human factor IX showed to be of great value. According to our criteria at least 7 different factor IX variants were present in the 11 families with hemophilia B+ studied. Because of this rather high heterogeneity a suitable nomenclature for subclassification of hemophilia B+ variants is proposed.", "PMID": 734633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1836", "title": "The binding of calcium ions to bovine factor X by rate dialysis.", "content": "The binding of Ca+2 to bovine factor X (molecular weight of 74,000) (Yue und Gertler 1977) was studied by the technique of rate dialysis and with the use of 45Ca+2. The binding data are consistent with a model of sequential mechanism. One mole of Ca+2 binds to the glycoprotein with a dissociation constant of 5.2 X 10(-5) M and additional 39 +/- 4 moles of Ca+2 bind to this zymogen with a dissociation constant of 3.7 X 10(-3) M. The binding of the high affinity Ca+2 causes a functionally significant change in the zymogen, and (calcium) (factor X) complex is the real substrate in the activation process by the protease in Russell's viper venom.", "contents": "The binding of calcium ions to bovine factor X by rate dialysis. The binding of Ca+2 to bovine factor X (molecular weight of 74,000) (Yue und Gertler 1977) was studied by the technique of rate dialysis and with the use of 45Ca+2. The binding data are consistent with a model of sequential mechanism. One mole of Ca+2 binds to the glycoprotein with a dissociation constant of 5.2 X 10(-5) M and additional 39 +/- 4 moles of Ca+2 bind to this zymogen with a dissociation constant of 3.7 X 10(-3) M. The binding of the high affinity Ca+2 causes a functionally significant change in the zymogen, and (calcium) (factor X) complex is the real substrate in the activation process by the protease in Russell's viper venom.", "PMID": 734634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1837", "title": "Heparin from intestine and lung source administered in large dose to dogs with acute myocardial ischemia. Similar and dissimilar effects on electrocardiograms and adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "Intestinal mucosa heparin (IMH) and beef lung heparin (BLH) were infused into dogs subjected to myocardial ischemia by intermittent coronary artery occlusions. The IMH was from a mixture of beef, sheep, and pig intestinal mucosa. Initial control occlusion and recovery was followed by a second occlusion with 60,000 units of IMH or BLH added. Electrocardiographic S-T segment elevations (ST) were measured acutely. There were no significant differences in ST in non-ischemic myocardium before occlusions or with occlusions. In ischemic myocardium, IMH significantly lowered control ST 84% in amount (t = 6.1 p less than 0.00005), and 76% in number (t = 11.6 p less than 0.00001). BLH lowered control ST a significant, lesser, 36% in amount (t = 3.6 p less than 0.008), and 35% in number (t = 3.2 p less than 0.01). The difference between IMH and BLH in ischemic myocardium was a significant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were assayed after 90 min. ATP levels were 31% higher in both ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium in IMH-treated dogs than in BLH-treated. It was concluded that IMH and BLH are functionally different, and IMH was significantly more effective.", "contents": "Heparin from intestine and lung source administered in large dose to dogs with acute myocardial ischemia. Similar and dissimilar effects on electrocardiograms and adenosine triphosphate. Intestinal mucosa heparin (IMH) and beef lung heparin (BLH) were infused into dogs subjected to myocardial ischemia by intermittent coronary artery occlusions. The IMH was from a mixture of beef, sheep, and pig intestinal mucosa. Initial control occlusion and recovery was followed by a second occlusion with 60,000 units of IMH or BLH added. Electrocardiographic S-T segment elevations (ST) were measured acutely. There were no significant differences in ST in non-ischemic myocardium before occlusions or with occlusions. In ischemic myocardium, IMH significantly lowered control ST 84% in amount (t = 6.1 p less than 0.00005), and 76% in number (t = 11.6 p less than 0.00001). BLH lowered control ST a significant, lesser, 36% in amount (t = 3.6 p less than 0.008), and 35% in number (t = 3.2 p less than 0.01). The difference between IMH and BLH in ischemic myocardium was a significant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were assayed after 90 min. ATP levels were 31% higher in both ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium in IMH-treated dogs than in BLH-treated. It was concluded that IMH and BLH are functionally different, and IMH was significantly more effective.", "PMID": 734637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1838", "title": "Heparin-neutralizing activity, total progressive antithrombin and ethanol gel test in acute chest pain.", "content": "92 patients admitted to a cardiac monitoring unit with chest pain were investigated. The mean heparin-neutralizing activity of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction was found to be significantly different from the mean of 70 normal controls. However, there was considerable overlap between individual observations and the normal range. Only 5 of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction had antithrombin levels outside the normal range. In patients with a severe myocardial infarct tested on the 2nd and 3rd day after infarction there was s significant increase in the number of positive ethanol gel tests compared with the other patients studied.", "contents": "Heparin-neutralizing activity, total progressive antithrombin and ethanol gel test in acute chest pain. 92 patients admitted to a cardiac monitoring unit with chest pain were investigated. The mean heparin-neutralizing activity of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction was found to be significantly different from the mean of 70 normal controls. However, there was considerable overlap between individual observations and the normal range. Only 5 of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction had antithrombin levels outside the normal range. In patients with a severe myocardial infarct tested on the 2nd and 3rd day after infarction there was s significant increase in the number of positive ethanol gel tests compared with the other patients studied.", "PMID": 734638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1839", "title": "The effects of a combined alpha- and beta-blocking drug, labetalol, on some aspects of platelet function.", "content": "The effects of the combined alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent labetalol on human blood platelets as estimated by platelet aggregation, platelet count, bleeding time and platelet factor 3 activity were studied in 5 patients. The drug reduced adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. However, it did not influence the above platelet function test in therapeutic plasma concentrations in vivo.", "contents": "The effects of a combined alpha- and beta-blocking drug, labetalol, on some aspects of platelet function. The effects of the combined alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent labetalol on human blood platelets as estimated by platelet aggregation, platelet count, bleeding time and platelet factor 3 activity were studied in 5 patients. The drug reduced adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. However, it did not influence the above platelet function test in therapeutic plasma concentrations in vivo.", "PMID": 734639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1840", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effects of adrenaline and phentolamine on platelet function.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo effects of adrenaline (ADR) on platelet aggregation, on platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability and on platelet factor 4 (PF4) release were studied in man. Inhibitory action of an alpha-blocker, phentolamine (PHEN) was investigated in the same conditions. The threshold concentration (TC) of ADR inducing the typical two-phase response in aggregation tests when added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) varied in different pools of plasma, but always induced an evident PF4 release and increased PF3 availability. A further increase in both parameters was obtained with higher concentrations but without any significant dose/response correlation. Adding PHEN alone to PRP did not induce platelet aggregation or modify PF4 release induced by stirring, but it reduced PF3 availability. On the other hand, PHEN prevented the effects of ADR in different platelet tests, at appropriate concentrations. Intravenous infusion of ADR lowered the TC, and increased PF3 availability and PF4 release. In vivo administration of PHEN, in contrast, increased TC and reduced PF3 availability, while PF4 remained unchanged.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effects of adrenaline and phentolamine on platelet function. In vitro and in vivo effects of adrenaline (ADR) on platelet aggregation, on platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability and on platelet factor 4 (PF4) release were studied in man. Inhibitory action of an alpha-blocker, phentolamine (PHEN) was investigated in the same conditions. The threshold concentration (TC) of ADR inducing the typical two-phase response in aggregation tests when added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) varied in different pools of plasma, but always induced an evident PF4 release and increased PF3 availability. A further increase in both parameters was obtained with higher concentrations but without any significant dose/response correlation. Adding PHEN alone to PRP did not induce platelet aggregation or modify PF4 release induced by stirring, but it reduced PF3 availability. On the other hand, PHEN prevented the effects of ADR in different platelet tests, at appropriate concentrations. Intravenous infusion of ADR lowered the TC, and increased PF3 availability and PF4 release. In vivo administration of PHEN, in contrast, increased TC and reduced PF3 availability, while PF4 remained unchanged.", "PMID": 734640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1841", "title": "[Difference in susceptibility to mastitis between the Dutch-Friesian and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breeds of cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "A randomized study in the Netherlands showed that symptoms of mastitis were more common in animals of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed than they were in those of the Dutch-Friesian breed. The samples were taken at random from large groups of animals (approximately 10,000) of the dairy cattle population in the Netherlands, quarter samples being examined for the presence of the causative organisms of mastitis and cell counts being made. Differences between the two breeds were also observed in herds on the experimental farm \"'t Gen\" on which the animals were reared and kept in the same environment. Therefore, there is some justification in defining these differences as genetic. The results of the studies suggest that a group of animals showing lower cell counts during the first lactation will be less susceptible to mastitis. Studies in a cow-house of the Central Veterinary Institute revealed a significant difference in increase of the cell count between animals of the Dutch-Friesian breed and those of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed following intramammary injection of a staphylococcal beta toxin. Further analysis of the results of the randomized study showed that differences in susceptibility to mastitis do not become plainly apparent until later in life. In view of the results of these studies, it would seem advisable to pay more attention to differences in susceptibility to mastitis in stock-breeding.", "contents": "[Difference in susceptibility to mastitis between the Dutch-Friesian and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breeds of cattle (author's transl)]. A randomized study in the Netherlands showed that symptoms of mastitis were more common in animals of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed than they were in those of the Dutch-Friesian breed. The samples were taken at random from large groups of animals (approximately 10,000) of the dairy cattle population in the Netherlands, quarter samples being examined for the presence of the causative organisms of mastitis and cell counts being made. Differences between the two breeds were also observed in herds on the experimental farm \"'t Gen\" on which the animals were reared and kept in the same environment. Therefore, there is some justification in defining these differences as genetic. The results of the studies suggest that a group of animals showing lower cell counts during the first lactation will be less susceptible to mastitis. Studies in a cow-house of the Central Veterinary Institute revealed a significant difference in increase of the cell count between animals of the Dutch-Friesian breed and those of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed following intramammary injection of a staphylococcal beta toxin. Further analysis of the results of the randomized study showed that differences in susceptibility to mastitis do not become plainly apparent until later in life. In view of the results of these studies, it would seem advisable to pay more attention to differences in susceptibility to mastitis in stock-breeding.", "PMID": 734641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1842", "title": "Secular trends in height and weight of Japanese pupils.", "content": "In the city of Sendai, the height and weight of pupils at the ages of 11.5 to 12.0 years and 14.5 to 15.0 years have been measured in every spring and autumn since 1936. The analyses of the data summarized for 40 years revealed reduction in physique of the pupils in early 1940's and a marked growth acceleration in late 1940's till 1960's, followed by reduction in secular growth rates in late 1970's. The reduction is more prominent in the core part of the city. The results are compared with those from two extremes in Japan, i.e., megalopolitan areas and remote areas, and also those from European and North American countries.", "contents": "Secular trends in height and weight of Japanese pupils. In the city of Sendai, the height and weight of pupils at the ages of 11.5 to 12.0 years and 14.5 to 15.0 years have been measured in every spring and autumn since 1936. The analyses of the data summarized for 40 years revealed reduction in physique of the pupils in early 1940's and a marked growth acceleration in late 1940's till 1960's, followed by reduction in secular growth rates in late 1970's. The reduction is more prominent in the core part of the city. The results are compared with those from two extremes in Japan, i.e., megalopolitan areas and remote areas, and also those from European and North American countries.", "PMID": 734645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1843", "title": "Urinary excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline in a patient with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome.", "content": "The metabolism of ground substance in connective tissue of an 18-year-old boy with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome was studied. He had characteristic clinical and laboratory findings described by Lowe et al. such as growth retardation, mental deficiency, glaucoma, cataracta, decreased muscle tone, metabolic acidosis, aminoaciduria and osteomalacia. The urinary excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and of total hydroxyproline were 27 mg/day (as glucuronic acid) and 280 mg/day respectively on admission. Both values decreased to the upper limits of normal level transiently during treatment with alkali and vitamin D2. At that time, an improvement in bone abnormalities, a decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase, and an elevation of serum inorganic phosphate were observed. The therapy prevented him from progressive osteomalacia and cured him of it, but mucopolysacchariduria and hydroxyprolinuria did not disappear. Analytical electrophoresis on cellulose acetate sheets showed that urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were composed of undersulfated chondroitin 4-/6-sulfate and heparan sulfate with a ratio of 6:4, on admission. After oral administration of alkali, the excretion of heparan sulfate decreased and undersulfated chondroitin 4-/6-sulfate was determined as a main component of urinary acid glycosaminoglycans. The clinical and laboratory data in this case suggested that the increased excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and total hydroxyproline was caused by abnormal metabolism in connective tissues, especially by the bone abnormalities, in this syndrome.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline in a patient with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome. The metabolism of ground substance in connective tissue of an 18-year-old boy with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome was studied. He had characteristic clinical and laboratory findings described by Lowe et al. such as growth retardation, mental deficiency, glaucoma, cataracta, decreased muscle tone, metabolic acidosis, aminoaciduria and osteomalacia. The urinary excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and of total hydroxyproline were 27 mg/day (as glucuronic acid) and 280 mg/day respectively on admission. Both values decreased to the upper limits of normal level transiently during treatment with alkali and vitamin D2. At that time, an improvement in bone abnormalities, a decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase, and an elevation of serum inorganic phosphate were observed. The therapy prevented him from progressive osteomalacia and cured him of it, but mucopolysacchariduria and hydroxyprolinuria did not disappear. Analytical electrophoresis on cellulose acetate sheets showed that urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were composed of undersulfated chondroitin 4-/6-sulfate and heparan sulfate with a ratio of 6:4, on admission. After oral administration of alkali, the excretion of heparan sulfate decreased and undersulfated chondroitin 4-/6-sulfate was determined as a main component of urinary acid glycosaminoglycans. The clinical and laboratory data in this case suggested that the increased excretion of acid glycosaminoglycans and total hydroxyproline was caused by abnormal metabolism in connective tissues, especially by the bone abnormalities, in this syndrome.", "PMID": 734646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1844", "title": "Urinary acid glycosaminoglycans in a patient with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome.", "content": "An 18-year-old boy with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome excreted a large amount of acid glycosaminoglycans in urine. The identification and characterization of the acid glycosaminoglycans were carried out by the methods of preparative column electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, gelfiltration, paper chromatography of the chondroitinase digests and chemical analysis. On admission to hospital, the main components of the urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were undersulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate of large molecular weight and heparan sulfate. Three months after oral administration of the supplement of alkali, the excretion of heparan sulfate and the molecular size of chondroitin 4-sulfate decreased significantly, although the amount of urinary acid glycosaminoglycans remained at a high level (about 25 mg/day). The decrease of heparan sulfate and the shift to a smaller molecule of chondroitin 4-sulfate were coincident with the improvement in clinical and laboratory findings. These results suggest that the abnormal metabolism of acid glycosaminoglycans is a characteristic manifestation in this case and the studies on ground substance metabolism might be an important approach to the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Urinary acid glycosaminoglycans in a patient with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome. An 18-year-old boy with oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome excreted a large amount of acid glycosaminoglycans in urine. The identification and characterization of the acid glycosaminoglycans were carried out by the methods of preparative column electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, gelfiltration, paper chromatography of the chondroitinase digests and chemical analysis. On admission to hospital, the main components of the urinary acid glycosaminoglycans were undersulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate of large molecular weight and heparan sulfate. Three months after oral administration of the supplement of alkali, the excretion of heparan sulfate and the molecular size of chondroitin 4-sulfate decreased significantly, although the amount of urinary acid glycosaminoglycans remained at a high level (about 25 mg/day). The decrease of heparan sulfate and the shift to a smaller molecule of chondroitin 4-sulfate were coincident with the improvement in clinical and laboratory findings. These results suggest that the abnormal metabolism of acid glycosaminoglycans is a characteristic manifestation in this case and the studies on ground substance metabolism might be an important approach to the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 734647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1845", "title": "The effect of various hormones on the humoral immune response of murine lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and steroid hormones were tested for their direct effects on murine lymphocyte humoral response to sheep RBCs using an in vitro culture system. A significant increase in plaque forming cells (PFC) was induced by the addition of HCG at a dose of either 50 i.u. or 500 i.u. However, no increase was observed by the addition of steroid hormones. HCG may contribute to the success of fetal allografts by increasing the number of blocking antibodies in the early stages of pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of various hormones on the humoral immune response of murine lymphocytes in vitro. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and steroid hormones were tested for their direct effects on murine lymphocyte humoral response to sheep RBCs using an in vitro culture system. A significant increase in plaque forming cells (PFC) was induced by the addition of HCG at a dose of either 50 i.u. or 500 i.u. However, no increase was observed by the addition of steroid hormones. HCG may contribute to the success of fetal allografts by increasing the number of blocking antibodies in the early stages of pregnancy.", "PMID": 734648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1846", "title": "Early endoscopic features of stomach cancer and its mode of growth.", "content": "To establish the earliest sign of stomach cancer in endoscopy and to reveal the subsequent morphologic changes of the lesion, we studied retrospectively 41 cases of stomach cancer. The eariest sign  consisted of redness, small polypoid lesions, flat mucosa with slight unevenness and small depressed lesions. There was no clear correlation between the observation period and the size of cancer lesion in cases of early stomach cancer. In cases of advanced cancer, however, the observation period correlated with the size of cancer lesion to a certain extent, and the correlation between the area of cancer (Y cm2) and the observation period (X months) gave a linear equation of Y = 0.68X-3.13.", "contents": "Early endoscopic features of stomach cancer and its mode of growth. To establish the earliest sign of stomach cancer in endoscopy and to reveal the subsequent morphologic changes of the lesion, we studied retrospectively 41 cases of stomach cancer. The eariest sign  consisted of redness, small polypoid lesions, flat mucosa with slight unevenness and small depressed lesions. There was no clear correlation between the observation period and the size of cancer lesion in cases of early stomach cancer. In cases of advanced cancer, however, the observation period correlated with the size of cancer lesion to a certain extent, and the correlation between the area of cancer (Y cm2) and the observation period (X months) gave a linear equation of Y = 0.68X-3.13.", "PMID": 734649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1847", "title": "A new myelin-like laminated body found in two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations were made on lung tissue, broncho-pulmonary lavage fluid and sputum in 2 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Diagnosis was established by open lung biopsy in both cases. In Case 1 the electron microscopic samples were obtained from the surgical specimen. In Case 2 an electron microscopic observation was made only on the lavage fluid and sputum. The alveolar air spaces were full of amorphous or fine granular-appearing material intermingled with two kinds of laminated bodies (abbreviated to \"Lamella A\" and \"Lamella B\"). Lamella A, about 0.2 approximately 4 micrometer in diameter, presented a concentric laminated structure with approximately 300 A periodicity and was found in the alveolar air spaces, lung washings and sputum. It corresponded to what has hitherto been reported in the same disease and was always located outside the cells. Lamella B showed a laminated structure of high electron density, approximately 50 A in periodicity, usually looking like a concentric circle with a diameter of 0.5 micrometer or less. It was intensely stained with methenamine silver. It was mainly observed in mesenchymal cells of the alveolar septa and free macrophages in the alveolar air spaces, although it also occurred in the type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, the Lamella B could be found in the alveolar air spaces outside the cells and in the bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. This body has not been demonstrated previously and, although its significance in this disease is still uncertain, the structural similarity of the Lamella B to the intra-alveolar material suggests a possible role of it in the production of intra-alveolar material.", "contents": "A new myelin-like laminated body found in two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Electron microscopic observations were made on lung tissue, broncho-pulmonary lavage fluid and sputum in 2 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Diagnosis was established by open lung biopsy in both cases. In Case 1 the electron microscopic samples were obtained from the surgical specimen. In Case 2 an electron microscopic observation was made only on the lavage fluid and sputum. The alveolar air spaces were full of amorphous or fine granular-appearing material intermingled with two kinds of laminated bodies (abbreviated to \"Lamella A\" and \"Lamella B\"). Lamella A, about 0.2 approximately 4 micrometer in diameter, presented a concentric laminated structure with approximately 300 A periodicity and was found in the alveolar air spaces, lung washings and sputum. It corresponded to what has hitherto been reported in the same disease and was always located outside the cells. Lamella B showed a laminated structure of high electron density, approximately 50 A in periodicity, usually looking like a concentric circle with a diameter of 0.5 micrometer or less. It was intensely stained with methenamine silver. It was mainly observed in mesenchymal cells of the alveolar septa and free macrophages in the alveolar air spaces, although it also occurred in the type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, the Lamella B could be found in the alveolar air spaces outside the cells and in the bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. This body has not been demonstrated previously and, although its significance in this disease is still uncertain, the structural similarity of the Lamella B to the intra-alveolar material suggests a possible role of it in the production of intra-alveolar material.", "PMID": 734650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1848", "title": "Effect of estrogen upon the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the renin-angiotensin system in rats.", "content": "Administration of 1.5 mg/kg of estriol intramuscularly and 15 mg/kg of stilbestrol disulfate intraperitoneally daily for 15 days caused an increase in plasma renin substrate (PRS), accompanied by an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and a slight decrease in plasma renin concentration (PRC). Contrary to the slight suppression of PRC, juxtaglomerular granulation index (JGI) was significantly increased in rats treated by estrogen. In the rats which developed hypertension by estrogen PRA, PRC and JGI were a little higher than those in the rats which remained normotensive after the same estrogon treatment, but these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, it seems rather difficult to attribute the development of estrogen hypertension only to the quantitative changes in the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen upon the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the renin-angiotensin system in rats. Administration of 1.5 mg/kg of estriol intramuscularly and 15 mg/kg of stilbestrol disulfate intraperitoneally daily for 15 days caused an increase in plasma renin substrate (PRS), accompanied by an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and a slight decrease in plasma renin concentration (PRC). Contrary to the slight suppression of PRC, juxtaglomerular granulation index (JGI) was significantly increased in rats treated by estrogen. In the rats which developed hypertension by estrogen PRA, PRC and JGI were a little higher than those in the rats which remained normotensive after the same estrogon treatment, but these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, it seems rather difficult to attribute the development of estrogen hypertension only to the quantitative changes in the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 734651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1849", "title": "Enflurane-induced hypotension modifies transmural blood flow distribution in the canine left ventricle.", "content": "Coronary and systemic circulations, and contractility and oxygen consumption of the left ventricular myocardium were depressed as arterial enflurane concentration increased in acute experiments with 22 adult mongrel dogs. Uneven transmural blood flow in the left ventricular free wall did not appear and the inner/outer ratio remained near 1.0 until a very deep stage of the anesthesia was attained and as far as diastolic aortic pressure was maintained above 40 mmHg, according to the microsphere injection study. Once diastolic pressure fell below 35--40 mmHg, the ratios started to be reduced significantly. When arterial enflurane content reached 53.0 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml (mean +/- s.e.), the ratio became 0.84 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.001), and simultaneously calculated DPTI/TTI ratio also showed a significant redution from the control (0.79 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.001). The I/O and DPTI/TTI ratios, however, did not correlate significantly with each other until very deep enflurane anesthesia was attained. The lower limit of autoregulation of coronary vascular bed was suggested to be near 35--40 mmHg of diastolic aortic pressure during deep enflurane anesthesia in the dog. Among systolic time intervals measured directly during the study, PEP and ICT showed significant negative correlations with Vmax and LV dp/dt max, while LVET neither changed nor correlated significantly with stroke volume or other parameters representing myocardial contractility during the course of enflurane anesthesia.", "contents": "Enflurane-induced hypotension modifies transmural blood flow distribution in the canine left ventricle. Coronary and systemic circulations, and contractility and oxygen consumption of the left ventricular myocardium were depressed as arterial enflurane concentration increased in acute experiments with 22 adult mongrel dogs. Uneven transmural blood flow in the left ventricular free wall did not appear and the inner/outer ratio remained near 1.0 until a very deep stage of the anesthesia was attained and as far as diastolic aortic pressure was maintained above 40 mmHg, according to the microsphere injection study. Once diastolic pressure fell below 35--40 mmHg, the ratios started to be reduced significantly. When arterial enflurane content reached 53.0 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml (mean +/- s.e.), the ratio became 0.84 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.001), and simultaneously calculated DPTI/TTI ratio also showed a significant redution from the control (0.79 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.001). The I/O and DPTI/TTI ratios, however, did not correlate significantly with each other until very deep enflurane anesthesia was attained. The lower limit of autoregulation of coronary vascular bed was suggested to be near 35--40 mmHg of diastolic aortic pressure during deep enflurane anesthesia in the dog. Among systolic time intervals measured directly during the study, PEP and ICT showed significant negative correlations with Vmax and LV dp/dt max, while LVET neither changed nor correlated significantly with stroke volume or other parameters representing myocardial contractility during the course of enflurane anesthesia.", "PMID": 734652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1850", "title": "Morbid changes of the mandible in familial polyposis of the colon.", "content": "The study was made to ascertain whether the radiographs of the mandible of patients with familial polyposis of the colon show osteomas. Orthopantomography of the mandible was taken in 10 cases of familial polyposis of the colon and 6 cases of the unaffected family members. And radiographic and histological studies were performed in another autopsied case. As a result, radiographic studies revealed sclerotic masses of the mandible in 10 of the 11 cases. In some cases, the changes were also found in the maxilla. The number of sclerotic masses ranged from 2 to 11, and they were associated with odontomas in 2 cases and impacted teeth in one case. Two of the 6 unaffected family members were found to have one or two sclerotic masses. At autopsy of a case died of cancer of the sigmoid colon, a radiographic study of the excised mandible revealed 11 sclerotic masses measuring 5 mm in diameter each, as well as one impacted tooth. A bucco-lingual cross action through the mandible in the canine area revealed central osteomas. Histological examination showed the osteomas were composed primarily of mature, lamellar bony tissue.", "contents": "Morbid changes of the mandible in familial polyposis of the colon. The study was made to ascertain whether the radiographs of the mandible of patients with familial polyposis of the colon show osteomas. Orthopantomography of the mandible was taken in 10 cases of familial polyposis of the colon and 6 cases of the unaffected family members. And radiographic and histological studies were performed in another autopsied case. As a result, radiographic studies revealed sclerotic masses of the mandible in 10 of the 11 cases. In some cases, the changes were also found in the maxilla. The number of sclerotic masses ranged from 2 to 11, and they were associated with odontomas in 2 cases and impacted teeth in one case. Two of the 6 unaffected family members were found to have one or two sclerotic masses. At autopsy of a case died of cancer of the sigmoid colon, a radiographic study of the excised mandible revealed 11 sclerotic masses measuring 5 mm in diameter each, as well as one impacted tooth. A bucco-lingual cross action through the mandible in the canine area revealed central osteomas. Histological examination showed the osteomas were composed primarily of mature, lamellar bony tissue.", "PMID": 734653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1851", "title": "Cytologic changes of cervical cancer according to the degree of invasion.", "content": "Cellular samples (cervical scrapings) obtained with wooden spatulas from patients with carcinoma in situ, early invasive cancer, and advanced cancer of the uterine cervix were examined. The number of malignant cells in the preparation increased with extent of the lesion. The granular chromatin structures of the nuclei of abnormal cells were observed in almost all cases, and the occurrence of irregularly distributed coarsely granular chromatin increased gradually with the extent of the cancer. Hyperchromasia of malignant cell nuclei and irregular thickening of the nuclear envelope were seen in almost all cases of the lesions. The occurrence of malignant and dysplastic cells of the deep layer types decreased with progression of the lesion from carcinoma in situ to early invasive cancer, and to advanced cancer. There was also a relative increase in the ratio of malignant cells to dysplastic cells.", "contents": "Cytologic changes of cervical cancer according to the degree of invasion. Cellular samples (cervical scrapings) obtained with wooden spatulas from patients with carcinoma in situ, early invasive cancer, and advanced cancer of the uterine cervix were examined. The number of malignant cells in the preparation increased with extent of the lesion. The granular chromatin structures of the nuclei of abnormal cells were observed in almost all cases, and the occurrence of irregularly distributed coarsely granular chromatin increased gradually with the extent of the cancer. Hyperchromasia of malignant cell nuclei and irregular thickening of the nuclear envelope were seen in almost all cases of the lesions. The occurrence of malignant and dysplastic cells of the deep layer types decreased with progression of the lesion from carcinoma in situ to early invasive cancer, and to advanced cancer. There was also a relative increase in the ratio of malignant cells to dysplastic cells.", "PMID": 734654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1852", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VIII). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: general toxicology.", "content": "Details are given of studies carried out to compare the inhalation toxicity to rats of smoke from cigarettes modified to give a range of deliveries of particulate matter. Dosimetry work showed that under conditions similar to those used for subsequent toxicity experiments, smoke particulates deposited in the lower respiratory system within the approximate dose range of 500--700 microgram TPM/g lung tissue. Respiratory monitoring showed that the response of animals to a range of smoke exposure conditions was similar and did not change during the course of the experiments. This observation was confirmed by monitoring of blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels after exposure to smoke. During exposure to smoke the rate of respiration decreased to approximately 40% of the pre-exposure rate. Tidal volume, after an initial slight decrease, showed a progressive increase throughout the smoke exposure period. Bodyweight gain was reduced in those animals subjected to smoke exposures. True sham-smoked animals showed a body weight gain intermediate between that of smoke and cage control rats. The clear indications of such between-group differences in response to treatment, coupled with the indicators of consistent dosing of animals under the defined exposure conditions, form a sound basis for the interpretation of terminal pathology.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VIII). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: general toxicology. Details are given of studies carried out to compare the inhalation toxicity to rats of smoke from cigarettes modified to give a range of deliveries of particulate matter. Dosimetry work showed that under conditions similar to those used for subsequent toxicity experiments, smoke particulates deposited in the lower respiratory system within the approximate dose range of 500--700 microgram TPM/g lung tissue. Respiratory monitoring showed that the response of animals to a range of smoke exposure conditions was similar and did not change during the course of the experiments. This observation was confirmed by monitoring of blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels after exposure to smoke. During exposure to smoke the rate of respiration decreased to approximately 40% of the pre-exposure rate. Tidal volume, after an initial slight decrease, showed a progressive increase throughout the smoke exposure period. Bodyweight gain was reduced in those animals subjected to smoke exposures. True sham-smoked animals showed a body weight gain intermediate between that of smoke and cage control rats. The clear indications of such between-group differences in response to treatment, coupled with the indicators of consistent dosing of animals under the defined exposure conditions, form a sound basis for the interpretation of terminal pathology.", "PMID": 734679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1853", "title": "Teratogenic and dominant lethal studies of patulin in mice.", "content": "Teratogenicity of daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg of patulin on days 6 through 17 of pregnancy and mutagenic effects of acute i.p. exposure of 3.0 mg/kg of patulin on male germ cells were evaluated. Resorption of all implanted embryos occurred at 2.0 mg/kg/day of patulin, while a significant reduction in the average body weight of 19-day-old fetuses from patulin-treated mothers, compared to control fetuses, was noticed at 1.5 mg/kg/day without any lethal effects on the implanted embryos. Patulin was embryocidal, possibly fetotoxic but was neither teratogenic nor mutagenic to mice.", "contents": "Teratogenic and dominant lethal studies of patulin in mice. Teratogenicity of daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg of patulin on days 6 through 17 of pregnancy and mutagenic effects of acute i.p. exposure of 3.0 mg/kg of patulin on male germ cells were evaluated. Resorption of all implanted embryos occurred at 2.0 mg/kg/day of patulin, while a significant reduction in the average body weight of 19-day-old fetuses from patulin-treated mothers, compared to control fetuses, was noticed at 1.5 mg/kg/day without any lethal effects on the implanted embryos. Patulin was embryocidal, possibly fetotoxic but was neither teratogenic nor mutagenic to mice.", "PMID": 734680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1854", "title": "The oral toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-propanol hydrochloride (CL 88236) in rats.", "content": "1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol (CL 88236) was administered by oral gavage for 12 consecutive weeks to rats at dose levels of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. All levels gave rise to toxicological effects. Epididymal necrosis and/or atrophy of the seminiferous epithelium was found for some males with each dose of CL 88236. The kidney and liver weights of male and female rats given CL 88236 were higher than control values but no histological changes were found in these organs.", "contents": "The oral toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-propanol hydrochloride (CL 88236) in rats. 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol (CL 88236) was administered by oral gavage for 12 consecutive weeks to rats at dose levels of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. All levels gave rise to toxicological effects. Epididymal necrosis and/or atrophy of the seminiferous epithelium was found for some males with each dose of CL 88236. The kidney and liver weights of male and female rats given CL 88236 were higher than control values but no histological changes were found in these organs.", "PMID": 734681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1855", "title": "A circadian susceptibility/resistance rhythm for potassium cyanide in male BALB/cCr mice.", "content": "Circadian rhythms in mortality and/or survival time following a single intraperitoneal injection of a LD50 of potassium cyanide were studied. In two investigations, different but comparable subgroups of inbred male BALB/cCr mice were treated at 4-h intervals (under conditions standardized for chronobiologic study) during 24-h spans. Mice were observed for exact time-to-death during the first hour after treatment as well as overall mortality during the entire 24-h post-injection span following each KCN treatment timepoint. In both studies, mortality from KCN exhibited a 24-h rhythm. Highest mortality occurred in mice injected at 1600 (80% mortality) in Experiment 1 and 2000 (100% mortality) in Experiment II. Lowest mortality occurred at 0400 (40% mortality) in Experiment I and 0800 (30% mortality) in Experiment II. The need to consider the circadian organization of physiologic function when bioassaying toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "A circadian susceptibility/resistance rhythm for potassium cyanide in male BALB/cCr mice. Circadian rhythms in mortality and/or survival time following a single intraperitoneal injection of a LD50 of potassium cyanide were studied. In two investigations, different but comparable subgroups of inbred male BALB/cCr mice were treated at 4-h intervals (under conditions standardized for chronobiologic study) during 24-h spans. Mice were observed for exact time-to-death during the first hour after treatment as well as overall mortality during the entire 24-h post-injection span following each KCN treatment timepoint. In both studies, mortality from KCN exhibited a 24-h rhythm. Highest mortality occurred in mice injected at 1600 (80% mortality) in Experiment 1 and 2000 (100% mortality) in Experiment II. Lowest mortality occurred at 0400 (40% mortality) in Experiment I and 0800 (30% mortality) in Experiment II. The need to consider the circadian organization of physiologic function when bioassaying toxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 734682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1856", "title": "Effect of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on chemical constituents and enzymatic activity of rat liver.", "content": "Effect of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), was investigated on chemical constituents and activity of certain enzymes of rat liver. A significant increase in liver weight; total and relative to body weight; decrease in total, free and esterified cholesterol; and no change in dry weight, moisture; RNA, DNA, total lipids, phospholipids, pyruvic acid and lactic acid contents was observed in liver of DEHP-treated rats as compared to controls. Activity of 3 mitochondrial enzymes, malic dehydrogenase, cytochrome-c-oxidase and diaphorase were significantly decreased while that of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, RNAase and DNAase remained unaltered upon treatment. The results suggest that DEHP exerts its hepatotoxic effects by interfering with bioenergetics of the cell.", "contents": "Effect of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on chemical constituents and enzymatic activity of rat liver. Effect of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), was investigated on chemical constituents and activity of certain enzymes of rat liver. A significant increase in liver weight; total and relative to body weight; decrease in total, free and esterified cholesterol; and no change in dry weight, moisture; RNA, DNA, total lipids, phospholipids, pyruvic acid and lactic acid contents was observed in liver of DEHP-treated rats as compared to controls. Activity of 3 mitochondrial enzymes, malic dehydrogenase, cytochrome-c-oxidase and diaphorase were significantly decreased while that of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, RNAase and DNAase remained unaltered upon treatment. The results suggest that DEHP exerts its hepatotoxic effects by interfering with bioenergetics of the cell.", "PMID": 734683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1857", "title": "Carbon tetrachloride induced ultrastructural alterations in pancreatic acinar cells and in the hepatocytes. Similarities and differences.", "content": "We found that 14C from 14CCl4 gets covalently bound to rat pancreas and liver microsomal lipids. The intensity of this process in 320 times smaller in the former than in the latter organ. We did not detect any cytochrome P-450 (P-450) or ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity in pancreatic microsomes in contrast to the high content of those components occurring in liver. Similarly, CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation is observed in liver preparations but not in pancreas. There was no evidence for any histological alterations in pancreas 24 h after administration of a toxic dose causing marked cnetrolobular necrosis in liver. CCl4  causes profound ultrastructural alterations in the hepatocytes involving early the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex and the nuclear envelope and later the entire cell. In selected clones of pancreatic acinar cells we observed an intense dilatation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysome detachment from their membranes, the appearance of myelin figures and occasionally of large autophagic vacuoles. No alterations in other organelles were detected but a slight increase in the number of lipid droplets was observed. CH2Cl2 did not behave similarly.", "contents": "Carbon tetrachloride induced ultrastructural alterations in pancreatic acinar cells and in the hepatocytes. Similarities and differences. We found that 14C from 14CCl4 gets covalently bound to rat pancreas and liver microsomal lipids. The intensity of this process in 320 times smaller in the former than in the latter organ. We did not detect any cytochrome P-450 (P-450) or ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity in pancreatic microsomes in contrast to the high content of those components occurring in liver. Similarly, CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation is observed in liver preparations but not in pancreas. There was no evidence for any histological alterations in pancreas 24 h after administration of a toxic dose causing marked cnetrolobular necrosis in liver. CCl4  causes profound ultrastructural alterations in the hepatocytes involving early the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex and the nuclear envelope and later the entire cell. In selected clones of pancreatic acinar cells we observed an intense dilatation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysome detachment from their membranes, the appearance of myelin figures and occasionally of large autophagic vacuoles. No alterations in other organelles were detected but a slight increase in the number of lipid droplets was observed. CH2Cl2 did not behave similarly.", "PMID": 734684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1858", "title": "Effect of oral ethanol administration on choline and ethanolamine phosphorylating activities in liver and brain of mice.", "content": "The effect of intake of ethanol on choline- and ethanolamine kinase activities in liver and brain tissues of mice was studied over a period of 31 days. With a single dose of ethanol there was an initial slight increase in hepatic kinase activity, while brain kinase activity decreased. The activities returned to the normal level after 21 h. Intragastric intubation of 1 ml of 30% aqueous ethanol daily for 1 month to mice led to a decrease in activity of both enzymes in both tissues.", "contents": "Effect of oral ethanol administration on choline and ethanolamine phosphorylating activities in liver and brain of mice. The effect of intake of ethanol on choline- and ethanolamine kinase activities in liver and brain tissues of mice was studied over a period of 31 days. With a single dose of ethanol there was an initial slight increase in hepatic kinase activity, while brain kinase activity decreased. The activities returned to the normal level after 21 h. Intragastric intubation of 1 ml of 30% aqueous ethanol daily for 1 month to mice led to a decrease in activity of both enzymes in both tissues.", "PMID": 734685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1859", "title": "Long-term toxicity studies on Chocolate Brown HT in rats.", "content": "Groups of 48 males and 48 female rats were given diets containing 0 (control), 500, 2000 or 10,000 ppm Chocolate Brown HT for 2 years. These treatments had no adverse effect on mortality, body-weight gain, food or water consumption, haematology, renal function, serum constituents, organ weight or histopathology. From the incidence of tumours observed in the control and test animals it is concluded that Chocolate Brown HT did not exert any carcinogenic effect and that the no-untoward-effect level was 10,000 ppm.", "contents": "Long-term toxicity studies on Chocolate Brown HT in rats. Groups of 48 males and 48 female rats were given diets containing 0 (control), 500, 2000 or 10,000 ppm Chocolate Brown HT for 2 years. These treatments had no adverse effect on mortality, body-weight gain, food or water consumption, haematology, renal function, serum constituents, organ weight or histopathology. From the incidence of tumours observed in the control and test animals it is concluded that Chocolate Brown HT did not exert any carcinogenic effect and that the no-untoward-effect level was 10,000 ppm.", "PMID": 734686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1860", "title": "A comparison of iron histochemical methods for use on glycol methacrylate embedded tissues.", "content": "Four histochemical tests for iron and four procedures for its removal were investigated in regard to their suitability for glycol methacrylate embedded tissues. The HCl-ferrocyanide and chlorate hematoxylin methods were easily modified for plastic sections. The latter does not use iron-containing reagents. Desiderization was complete both after a fifteen minute exposure in 1% Na2S2O4 in 0.1 M acetate-HCl buffer (pH 4.5) and, if an acid method is preferred, after twelve hours in 5% oxalic acid. A six hour treatment in 3.7 N H2SO4 also removed all histochemical iron but was accompanied by a relatively greater loss of tissue basophilia.", "contents": "A comparison of iron histochemical methods for use on glycol methacrylate embedded tissues. Four histochemical tests for iron and four procedures for its removal were investigated in regard to their suitability for glycol methacrylate embedded tissues. The HCl-ferrocyanide and chlorate hematoxylin methods were easily modified for plastic sections. The latter does not use iron-containing reagents. Desiderization was complete both after a fifteen minute exposure in 1% Na2S2O4 in 0.1 M acetate-HCl buffer (pH 4.5) and, if an acid method is preferred, after twelve hours in 5% oxalic acid. A six hour treatment in 3.7 N H2SO4 also removed all histochemical iron but was accompanied by a relatively greater loss of tissue basophilia.", "PMID": 734687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1861", "title": "Heterogeneous negative chemography with human erythrocytes.", "content": "A negative chemographic effect, or fading of the latent image, has been found in autoradiographic studies of human red blood cells. The effect is heterogeneous, being restricted to a halo-shaped region over each cell.", "contents": "Heterogeneous negative chemography with human erythrocytes. A negative chemographic effect, or fading of the latent image, has been found in autoradiographic studies of human red blood cells. The effect is heterogeneous, being restricted to a halo-shaped region over each cell.", "PMID": 734688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1862", "title": "The in vivo metabolites of [14C] progesterone in bovine muscle and adipose tissue.", "content": "Muscle and adipose tissue were obtained from steers and dairy cows following subcutaneous administration of [14C] progesterone. Following extraction, purification and separation by column, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, various radioactive residues from these tissues were identified by their chromatographic mobility, crystallization to constant specific activity and mass spectra. Progesterone constituted 54% of free radioactivity extracted from muscle and 69 and 73% of radioactivity in the free and conjugated portions of extracts, respectively, from fat. Metabolites identified were: 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 9%, 0%, 0%, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 8%, 11%, 3%; 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one, 13%, 2%, 2%, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20one, 3%, 3%, 6%; 20 alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 0%, 2%, 3%; of radioactivity in muscle (free) and fat (free and conjugated fractions), respectively. Tentatively identified in fat extracts by chromatographic mobility were: 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 1%, 1% and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one, 0%, 2% of radioactivity in free and conjugated fractions, respectively. The average concentration of steroid in these animals due solely to treatment, calculated from the specific activity of the [14C] progesterone administered, was 3.4 and 18.1 ng/g in muscle and subcutaneous fat, respectively.", "contents": "The in vivo metabolites of [14C] progesterone in bovine muscle and adipose tissue. Muscle and adipose tissue were obtained from steers and dairy cows following subcutaneous administration of [14C] progesterone. Following extraction, purification and separation by column, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, various radioactive residues from these tissues were identified by their chromatographic mobility, crystallization to constant specific activity and mass spectra. Progesterone constituted 54% of free radioactivity extracted from muscle and 69 and 73% of radioactivity in the free and conjugated portions of extracts, respectively, from fat. Metabolites identified were: 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 9%, 0%, 0%, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 8%, 11%, 3%; 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one, 13%, 2%, 2%, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20one, 3%, 3%, 6%; 20 alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 0%, 2%, 3%; of radioactivity in muscle (free) and fat (free and conjugated fractions), respectively. Tentatively identified in fat extracts by chromatographic mobility were: 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 1%, 1% and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one, 0%, 2% of radioactivity in free and conjugated fractions, respectively. The average concentration of steroid in these animals due solely to treatment, calculated from the specific activity of the [14C] progesterone administered, was 3.4 and 18.1 ng/g in muscle and subcutaneous fat, respectively.", "PMID": 734691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1863", "title": "Competitive inhibition of specific steroid-protein binding: practical use of relative competition ratios for the derivation of equilibrium inhibition constants.", "content": "The relative competition ratio (RCR) is widely used to express the relative affinities of inhibitor(s) and agonist for a binding protein. The RCR is not a constant; it depends on the concentrations of binding sites and of radioactive hormone, and on the presence of nonsaturable binding component(s). According to the assay conditions used, equating the RCR value to the ratio Ka/Ki of the equilibrium association constants of agonist and inhibitor can lead to large errors. In the case of homogeneous non-interacting binding sites, simple correction factors permit one to calculate the ratio Ka/Ki from the measured RCR value. Calculations are given for the eventual contribution of nonsaturable binding components. Corrections can be unnecessary under well defined experimental conditions, where the bound fraction of hormone in absence of competitor is reduced by using a large dilution of binding protein and/or an increased concentration of radioactive hormone.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition of specific steroid-protein binding: practical use of relative competition ratios for the derivation of equilibrium inhibition constants. The relative competition ratio (RCR) is widely used to express the relative affinities of inhibitor(s) and agonist for a binding protein. The RCR is not a constant; it depends on the concentrations of binding sites and of radioactive hormone, and on the presence of nonsaturable binding component(s). According to the assay conditions used, equating the RCR value to the ratio Ka/Ki of the equilibrium association constants of agonist and inhibitor can lead to large errors. In the case of homogeneous non-interacting binding sites, simple correction factors permit one to calculate the ratio Ka/Ki from the measured RCR value. Calculations are given for the eventual contribution of nonsaturable binding components. Corrections can be unnecessary under well defined experimental conditions, where the bound fraction of hormone in absence of competitor is reduced by using a large dilution of binding protein and/or an increased concentration of radioactive hormone.", "PMID": 734692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1864", "title": "Intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and bone calcium mobilization in response to 25R,26 and 25S,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol in intact and nephrectomized rats.", "content": "Since intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) can be regarded as an expression of the hormone-like action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on the duodenal enterocyte we have investigated the potential biological activity of 25R and 25S,26-(OH)2D3 (two recently synthesized epimers of vitamin D3 metabolite) to promote intestinal CaBP production as compared to bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D and calcium-deficient rats. In our assay steroids exhibited a 72 hour calcemic response. Our results show a linear relationship between CaBP synthesis and the logarithm of the dose (130-2080 pmol dose range) of either 25R or 25S epimer. The CaBP response was comparable for both epimers. Similarly bone calcium mobilization response was dose related as a linear function of the logarithm of the administered dose. Again, calcemic response was comparable for both epimers. In our model these two epimers were about as active on intestine to increase CaBP amount as on bone to elevate serum calcium level. Bilateral nephrectomy abolished CaBP response to a large dose (1040 pmol) of either 25R or 25S epimer but did not abolish it to a 130 pmol dose of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and bone calcium mobilization in response to 25R,26 and 25S,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol in intact and nephrectomized rats. Since intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) can be regarded as an expression of the hormone-like action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on the duodenal enterocyte we have investigated the potential biological activity of 25R and 25S,26-(OH)2D3 (two recently synthesized epimers of vitamin D3 metabolite) to promote intestinal CaBP production as compared to bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D and calcium-deficient rats. In our assay steroids exhibited a 72 hour calcemic response. Our results show a linear relationship between CaBP synthesis and the logarithm of the dose (130-2080 pmol dose range) of either 25R or 25S epimer. The CaBP response was comparable for both epimers. Similarly bone calcium mobilization response was dose related as a linear function of the logarithm of the administered dose. Again, calcemic response was comparable for both epimers. In our model these two epimers were about as active on intestine to increase CaBP amount as on bone to elevate serum calcium level. Bilateral nephrectomy abolished CaBP response to a large dose (1040 pmol) of either 25R or 25S epimer but did not abolish it to a 130 pmol dose of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3.", "PMID": 734693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1865", "title": "Testosterone and 17-methyltestosterone from hyodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "The preparation of the title compounds from hyodeoxycholic acid is described. A modified Oppenauer oxidation using alumina in place of conventional alkoxide catalyst is outlined.", "contents": "Testosterone and 17-methyltestosterone from hyodeoxycholic acid. The preparation of the title compounds from hyodeoxycholic acid is described. A modified Oppenauer oxidation using alumina in place of conventional alkoxide catalyst is outlined.", "PMID": 734694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1866", "title": "The fluorometric assay of rat plasma corticosterone: evaluation of nonspecific fluorescence.", "content": "An analysis of 168 plasma samples from intact rats, one to 35 days of age, was performed using both brief and specific fluorometric procedures. The amount of fluorescence produced by the brief procedure which could be attributed to corticosterone ranged from a maximum of 72% to a minimum of 16% of the total fluorescence value. Corticosterone represented 50% or more of the brief assay value in only five out of 18 groups of animals assayed. Following statistical analysis of the nonspecific fluorescence, a significant variation was found due to the age of the animal. A highly significant increase in nonspecific fluorescence was found in 21-day old animals following histamine injection. It was concluded that the brief fluorometric assays for corticosterone were of little value if specificity was desired.", "contents": "The fluorometric assay of rat plasma corticosterone: evaluation of nonspecific fluorescence. An analysis of 168 plasma samples from intact rats, one to 35 days of age, was performed using both brief and specific fluorometric procedures. The amount of fluorescence produced by the brief procedure which could be attributed to corticosterone ranged from a maximum of 72% to a minimum of 16% of the total fluorescence value. Corticosterone represented 50% or more of the brief assay value in only five out of 18 groups of animals assayed. Following statistical analysis of the nonspecific fluorescence, a significant variation was found due to the age of the animal. A highly significant increase in nonspecific fluorescence was found in 21-day old animals following histamine injection. It was concluded that the brief fluorometric assays for corticosterone were of little value if specificity was desired.", "PMID": 734695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1867", "title": "Intraocular fate of dexamethasone disodium phosphate topically applied to the eyes of rabbits.", "content": "After instillation of 3H-dexamethasone into the eyes of a rabbit, 3H-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione was found in the aqueous humor. The same metabolite was also formed by incubating 3H-dexamethasone with the anterior ocular tissues of rabbit. Identification of 3H-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione was performed by its mobility on a thin layer plate and by proving its radiochemical homogeneity after recrystallization with the unlabeled sample which had been synthesized from dexamethasone by oxidation with sodium bismuthate. When dexamethasone disodium phosphate was instilled into rabbit's eyes, it was hydrolyzed to free dexamethasone and then metabolized to 9alpha-fluro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione.", "contents": "Intraocular fate of dexamethasone disodium phosphate topically applied to the eyes of rabbits. After instillation of 3H-dexamethasone into the eyes of a rabbit, 3H-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione was found in the aqueous humor. The same metabolite was also formed by incubating 3H-dexamethasone with the anterior ocular tissues of rabbit. Identification of 3H-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione was performed by its mobility on a thin layer plate and by proving its radiochemical homogeneity after recrystallization with the unlabeled sample which had been synthesized from dexamethasone by oxidation with sodium bismuthate. When dexamethasone disodium phosphate was instilled into rabbit's eyes, it was hydrolyzed to free dexamethasone and then metabolized to 9alpha-fluro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione.", "PMID": 734696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1868", "title": "Preparation of 3-epi-ecdysone and 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone.", "content": "3-Dehydro-ecdysone and 3-dehydro-20-hydroxyecdysone were prepared and characterized. Reduction of these compounds with NaBH4 gave 3-epi-ecdysone and 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, which were characterized fully by mass and p.m.r. spectrometry as well as by derivative formation.", "contents": "Preparation of 3-epi-ecdysone and 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone. 3-Dehydro-ecdysone and 3-dehydro-20-hydroxyecdysone were prepared and characterized. Reduction of these compounds with NaBH4 gave 3-epi-ecdysone and 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, which were characterized fully by mass and p.m.r. spectrometry as well as by derivative formation.", "PMID": 734697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1869", "title": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells.", "content": "The effects of glucocorticoids on the steroidogenesis of ovarian granulosa cells were investigated. Cortisol and dexamethasone inhibited the increase in aromatase activity induced by FSH in cultured rat granulosa cells. In the same cultures progesterone production was stimulated to a maximum of 167% of the control level. This differential effect of glucocorticoids on estrogen and progesterone production by the granulosa cells indicates that glucocorticoids exert specific inhibition of the induction of aromatase by FSH and do not cause a general suppression of granulosa cell activity. In contrast to their inhibition of the FSH induction of aromatase enzymes, glucocorticoids did not interfere with the activity of pre-existing aromatase enzymes. In granulosa cells containing full aromatase activity, treatment with cortisol and dexamethasone did not inhibit aromatization of androstenedione to estrogens whereas two known aromatase inhibitors (dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstene-3, 6, 17-trione) were effective. These results indicate that the glucocorticoids exert a selective inhibition of the FSH-induction of aromatase activity in rat granulosa cells by a mechanism other than directly interfering with the aromatization reaction.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells. The effects of glucocorticoids on the steroidogenesis of ovarian granulosa cells were investigated. Cortisol and dexamethasone inhibited the increase in aromatase activity induced by FSH in cultured rat granulosa cells. In the same cultures progesterone production was stimulated to a maximum of 167% of the control level. This differential effect of glucocorticoids on estrogen and progesterone production by the granulosa cells indicates that glucocorticoids exert specific inhibition of the induction of aromatase by FSH and do not cause a general suppression of granulosa cell activity. In contrast to their inhibition of the FSH induction of aromatase enzymes, glucocorticoids did not interfere with the activity of pre-existing aromatase enzymes. In granulosa cells containing full aromatase activity, treatment with cortisol and dexamethasone did not inhibit aromatization of androstenedione to estrogens whereas two known aromatase inhibitors (dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstene-3, 6, 17-trione) were effective. These results indicate that the glucocorticoids exert a selective inhibition of the FSH-induction of aromatase activity in rat granulosa cells by a mechanism other than directly interfering with the aromatization reaction.", "PMID": 734698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1870", "title": "5alpha-Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol as a major sterol of the male hamster reproductive tract.", "content": "Marked variations in the 3beta-hydroxysterol content of hamster spermatozoa were observed as they progress through the epididymis. Cholesterol is the major sterol of caputal spermatozoa while the concentration of precursors of cholesterol was higher than that of cholesterol in caudal spermatozoa. One of these precursors has been identified as desmosterol. A second sterol has now been identified as 5alpha-cholestra-7,24-dien-3beta-ol by GLC-MS and by NMR. Its concentration is approximately 3-fold higher than that of cholesterol. This 3beta-hydroxysterol is also found in epididymal tissue.", "contents": "5alpha-Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol as a major sterol of the male hamster reproductive tract. Marked variations in the 3beta-hydroxysterol content of hamster spermatozoa were observed as they progress through the epididymis. Cholesterol is the major sterol of caputal spermatozoa while the concentration of precursors of cholesterol was higher than that of cholesterol in caudal spermatozoa. One of these precursors has been identified as desmosterol. A second sterol has now been identified as 5alpha-cholestra-7,24-dien-3beta-ol by GLC-MS and by NMR. Its concentration is approximately 3-fold higher than that of cholesterol. This 3beta-hydroxysterol is also found in epididymal tissue.", "PMID": 734699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1871", "title": "Metabolism of (24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids and 27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid in guinea pigs.", "content": "[7beta-3H]-(24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids and [7beta-3H]-27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (C27 and C26 bile acids having the same nuclear configuration as cheno-deoxycholic acid and its precursor, 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic-acid) were synthesized and administered intraperitoneally to bile fistula guinea pigs. The biliary bile acids formed were hydrolyzed and analyzed by thin layer chromatography, and the metabolites were identified by the inverse isotope dilution method. The results showed that both (24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids were not metabolized by the liver and were excreted unchanged as their taurine and glycine conjugates whereas 27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid was converted to chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of (24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids and 27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid in guinea pigs. [7beta-3H]-(24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids and [7beta-3H]-27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (C27 and C26 bile acids having the same nuclear configuration as cheno-deoxycholic acid and its precursor, 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic-acid) were synthesized and administered intraperitoneally to bile fistula guinea pigs. The biliary bile acids formed were hydrolyzed and analyzed by thin layer chromatography, and the metabolites were identified by the inverse isotope dilution method. The results showed that both (24R and 24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids were not metabolized by the liver and were excreted unchanged as their taurine and glycine conjugates whereas 27-nor-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid was converted to chenodeoxycholic acid.", "PMID": 734700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1872", "title": "Steroid metabolism in human breast cancer cell lines.", "content": "The metabolism of 1,2-3H-androstenedione was studied in 2 cell lines, MCF-7 (estrogen responsive) and BT-20 (estrogen nonresponsive) over 48 hrs. Water soluble and unconjugated metabolites were separated by solvent partition and the former was submitted to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and enzyme hydrolysis. The resulting unconjugated steroids were separated by paper chromatography and identities were established by reverse isotope dilution. The unconjugated steroids initially obtained were separated by chromatography and identified by reverse isotope dilution. About 70% of the androstenedione was metabolized by both cell lines. However, the respective conversions to conjugates by MCF-7 and BT-20 were 31% and 0.32%. In the former, glucosiduronates predominated (94%) and consisted of androsterone (55%), etiocholanolone (9.4%) and androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol) (9.3%). Androsterone comprised most of the unconjugated metabolites in both cell lines. Androstanediol was found in both cell lines, 2% in MCF-7 and 12% in BT-20. Testosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one were isolated only from MCF-7. The metabolism of 3H-estriol was studied in a similar way. Both cell lines produced about equal amounts of estriol-3-sulfate (9%) and a compound with properties of estriol-3-glucosiduronate (0.15--0.5%). The results worthy of emphasis are: 1. The far greater conjugation of androgens exhibited by the MCF-7 cell lines as compared to the BT-20 cell lines; 2. In MCF-7, the high conversion of androstenedione to etiocholanolone (glucosiduronate form), a metabolite reported to form only in liver and sebaceous cysts; 3. The possible formation in both cell lines of estriol-3-glucosiduronate, normally a metabolite of the intestine.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism in human breast cancer cell lines. The metabolism of 1,2-3H-androstenedione was studied in 2 cell lines, MCF-7 (estrogen responsive) and BT-20 (estrogen nonresponsive) over 48 hrs. Water soluble and unconjugated metabolites were separated by solvent partition and the former was submitted to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and enzyme hydrolysis. The resulting unconjugated steroids were separated by paper chromatography and identities were established by reverse isotope dilution. The unconjugated steroids initially obtained were separated by chromatography and identified by reverse isotope dilution. About 70% of the androstenedione was metabolized by both cell lines. However, the respective conversions to conjugates by MCF-7 and BT-20 were 31% and 0.32%. In the former, glucosiduronates predominated (94%) and consisted of androsterone (55%), etiocholanolone (9.4%) and androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol) (9.3%). Androsterone comprised most of the unconjugated metabolites in both cell lines. Androstanediol was found in both cell lines, 2% in MCF-7 and 12% in BT-20. Testosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one were isolated only from MCF-7. The metabolism of 3H-estriol was studied in a similar way. Both cell lines produced about equal amounts of estriol-3-sulfate (9%) and a compound with properties of estriol-3-glucosiduronate (0.15--0.5%). The results worthy of emphasis are: 1. The far greater conjugation of androgens exhibited by the MCF-7 cell lines as compared to the BT-20 cell lines; 2. In MCF-7, the high conversion of androstenedione to etiocholanolone (glucosiduronate form), a metabolite reported to form only in liver and sebaceous cysts; 3. The possible formation in both cell lines of estriol-3-glucosiduronate, normally a metabolite of the intestine.", "PMID": 734701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1873", "title": "From one generation to the next: changes in fertility, family size preferences, and family planning in an Indian state between 1951 and 1975.", "content": "Over the last 25 years modernization in Karnataka, India, resulted in a large reduction in infant and child mortality, substantial increases in literacy, and initiation of an intensive family planning program. The drop in the birth rate during this period, however, was much less than would be anticipated under such circumstances. Two surveys carried out in 1951--52 and 1975 provide data on current and cumulative fertility, family size preferences, and knowledge and use of family planning. A comparison of these data leads to the conclusion that the level of family planning activities was not high enough to counteract the increase in the fertility of married women that was a consequence of modernization.", "contents": "From one generation to the next: changes in fertility, family size preferences, and family planning in an Indian state between 1951 and 1975. Over the last 25 years modernization in Karnataka, India, resulted in a large reduction in infant and child mortality, substantial increases in literacy, and initiation of an intensive family planning program. The drop in the birth rate during this period, however, was much less than would be anticipated under such circumstances. Two surveys carried out in 1951--52 and 1975 provide data on current and cumulative fertility, family size preferences, and knowledge and use of family planning. A comparison of these data leads to the conclusion that the level of family planning activities was not high enough to counteract the increase in the fertility of married women that was a consequence of modernization.", "PMID": 734702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1874", "title": "Contraceptive prevalence in Paraguay.", "content": "Contraceptive use, source of contraception, history of abortion, current pregnancy intention, and fertility rates are evaluated for a national sample of women using data from the Paraguay Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, conducted in 1977. The survey found that 15.5 percent of all women aged 15--44 and 23.6 percent of ever-married women were using effective contraceptive methods. The urban/rural difference in contraceptive use paralleled fertility differentials: over 40 percent of ever-married women were using contraception in Greater Asuncion and other urban areas compared with 15 percent in rural areas. Overall, the data indicate that high-parity rural women have the greatest need for family planning services in Paraguay.", "contents": "Contraceptive prevalence in Paraguay. Contraceptive use, source of contraception, history of abortion, current pregnancy intention, and fertility rates are evaluated for a national sample of women using data from the Paraguay Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, conducted in 1977. The survey found that 15.5 percent of all women aged 15--44 and 23.6 percent of ever-married women were using effective contraceptive methods. The urban/rural difference in contraceptive use paralleled fertility differentials: over 40 percent of ever-married women were using contraception in Greater Asuncion and other urban areas compared with 15 percent in rural areas. Overall, the data indicate that high-parity rural women have the greatest need for family planning services in Paraguay.", "PMID": 734703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1875", "title": "The effects of husband and wife education on family planning in rural Turkey.", "content": "The effect of two family planning educational approaches--husband-wife and wife-only--on contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice in the Etimesgut Health District are evaluated. Data collected for education and control groups show that husband-wife education was more effective than wife-only education and that wife-only education was more effective than the education received by the control group. Data collected from husbands and wives show that education had a positive effect on changing attitudes toward family planning. Most clear cut are findings that participation of men in the educational programs increased recruitment to the family planning program and decreased contraceptive discontinuation.", "contents": "The effects of husband and wife education on family planning in rural Turkey. The effect of two family planning educational approaches--husband-wife and wife-only--on contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice in the Etimesgut Health District are evaluated. Data collected for education and control groups show that husband-wife education was more effective than wife-only education and that wife-only education was more effective than the education received by the control group. Data collected from husbands and wives show that education had a positive effect on changing attitudes toward family planning. Most clear cut are findings that participation of men in the educational programs increased recruitment to the family planning program and decreased contraceptive discontinuation.", "PMID": 734704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1876", "title": "Chemotherapy of schistosomal colonic polyposis with oxamniquine.", "content": "Schistosomal polyposis of the colon is a common complication of schistosomiasis. In severe infections it may be associated with considerable morbidity. Surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Niridazole therapy is of limited therapeutic value because of its hepatotoxicity but oxaminiquine has been found to be effective and safe. Several dosage regimens have been tried but a total dose of 40 mg/kg over two days in two equally divided doses has been found to have an effective therapeutic action on the polypi, with correction of the anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and serum iron.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of schistosomal colonic polyposis with oxamniquine. Schistosomal polyposis of the colon is a common complication of schistosomiasis. In severe infections it may be associated with considerable morbidity. Surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Niridazole therapy is of limited therapeutic value because of its hepatotoxicity but oxaminiquine has been found to be effective and safe. Several dosage regimens have been tried but a total dose of 40 mg/kg over two days in two equally divided doses has been found to have an effective therapeutic action on the polypi, with correction of the anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and serum iron.", "PMID": 734715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1877", "title": "Mother-child relation in human schistosomiasis mansoni : skin test and cord blood reactivity to schistosomal antigens.", "content": "Reaction to schistosomal antigen was studied in children born to mothers infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Values of immediate (15 min) skin reactions were more elevated and values of delayed (24 h) skin reactions were significantly higher in children born to infected mothers than in children born to uninfected mothers. The macrophage migration inhibition test, done on cord blood cells, was positive to schistosomal antigen in 40% of children born to infected mothers and negative in all children born to uninfected mothers. These results suggest prenatal sensitization to schistosomal antigen in children born to mothers infected with S. mansoni.", "contents": "Mother-child relation in human schistosomiasis mansoni : skin test and cord blood reactivity to schistosomal antigens. Reaction to schistosomal antigen was studied in children born to mothers infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Values of immediate (15 min) skin reactions were more elevated and values of delayed (24 h) skin reactions were significantly higher in children born to infected mothers than in children born to uninfected mothers. The macrophage migration inhibition test, done on cord blood cells, was positive to schistosomal antigen in 40% of children born to infected mothers and negative in all children born to uninfected mothers. These results suggest prenatal sensitization to schistosomal antigen in children born to mothers infected with S. mansoni.", "PMID": 734716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1878", "title": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 20. An investigation of 23 anthelmintics using different screening techniques.", "content": "23 anthelmintics were tested against Brugia pahangi microfilariae and infective larvae in vitro and in Aedes aegypti infected with B. pahagi and jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with a B. pahangi/patei hybrid. There was little correlation between the results obtained in vitro and in infected insects and the results obtained in these tests gave no indication of the activity in jirds. Three of the compounds were macrofilaricidal in jirds and these were tested in cats infected with B. pahangi. One of these--5-benzamido-2(4-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole--was macrofilaricidal in cats and it is suggest that it should be tested in other filarial systems. It is concluded that the insect and in vitro tests are not good primary screens for filaricidal activity.", "contents": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 20. An investigation of 23 anthelmintics using different screening techniques. 23 anthelmintics were tested against Brugia pahangi microfilariae and infective larvae in vitro and in Aedes aegypti infected with B. pahagi and jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with a B. pahangi/patei hybrid. There was little correlation between the results obtained in vitro and in infected insects and the results obtained in these tests gave no indication of the activity in jirds. Three of the compounds were macrofilaricidal in jirds and these were tested in cats infected with B. pahangi. One of these--5-benzamido-2(4-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole--was macrofilaricidal in cats and it is suggest that it should be tested in other filarial systems. It is concluded that the insect and in vitro tests are not good primary screens for filaricidal activity.", "PMID": 734717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1879", "title": "Echinococcus multilocoularis infection in India: First case report proved at autopsy.", "content": "The occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis is reported in India for the first time. The patient was a young man, various clinical diagnoses were made and he finally died after an attempted membranotomy for suspected membranous obstruction in the inferior vena cava. Autopsy revealed classical E. multilocularis infection of the liver with direct spread of the inferior vena cava, the right atrium and through the diaphragm into the base of the left lung. It also had caused an outflow tract obstruction to the hepatic venous flow by direct physical pressure distorting the proximal intrahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. In addition the patient had multi-valvular lesions of rheumatic origin and a terminal infective endocarditis due to staphyloccal infection.", "contents": "Echinococcus multilocoularis infection in India: First case report proved at autopsy. The occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis is reported in India for the first time. The patient was a young man, various clinical diagnoses were made and he finally died after an attempted membranotomy for suspected membranous obstruction in the inferior vena cava. Autopsy revealed classical E. multilocularis infection of the liver with direct spread of the inferior vena cava, the right atrium and through the diaphragm into the base of the left lung. It also had caused an outflow tract obstruction to the hepatic venous flow by direct physical pressure distorting the proximal intrahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. In addition the patient had multi-valvular lesions of rheumatic origin and a terminal infective endocarditis due to staphyloccal infection.", "PMID": 734718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1880", "title": "Efficacy of medical treatment of schistosomal obstructive uropathy as determined by 131I-Hippuran renography.", "content": "Ten male patients with obstructive uropathy secondary to Schistosoma haematobium and with associated bacteriuria were evaluated with serial urograms, renograms and renal function tests (endogenous creatinine clearance, maximal urinary concentration and total hydrogen ion excretion) before and after medical treatment. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.2 months. Significant improvement was observed in the renograms and the renal function tests while the degree of obstructive uropathy as determined by urography remained essentially unchanged. Thus the renogram can be a more sensitive test for evaluating the efficacy of treatment in patients with schistosomal obstructive uropathy.", "contents": "Efficacy of medical treatment of schistosomal obstructive uropathy as determined by 131I-Hippuran renography. Ten male patients with obstructive uropathy secondary to Schistosoma haematobium and with associated bacteriuria were evaluated with serial urograms, renograms and renal function tests (endogenous creatinine clearance, maximal urinary concentration and total hydrogen ion excretion) before and after medical treatment. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.2 months. Significant improvement was observed in the renograms and the renal function tests while the degree of obstructive uropathy as determined by urography remained essentially unchanged. Thus the renogram can be a more sensitive test for evaluating the efficacy of treatment in patients with schistosomal obstructive uropathy.", "PMID": 734719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1881", "title": "Serum and urinary ribonuclease in children with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum and urinary RNase activity was determined in 15 normal children and in 52 children in various clinical stages of schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. The activity of serum RNase was compared with that of serum GOT, GPT and AP. The activity of serum and urinary RNase in the different schistosomal groups was significantly higher than in healthy children. The elevated levels of serum and urinary RNase activity were possibly due to malnutrition with tissue catabolism, zinc-deficiency and liver cell injury. Treatment with Astiban and protein-rich diet resulted in a significant decrease in serum and urinary RNase activity and an in significant drop in serum GOT, GPT and AP. Serum and urinary RNase appear to be more sensitive indices for evaluating the early metabolic disturbances in schistosomal patients than GOT, GPT or AP. Our findings also showed that the severity of cases could be graded according to the level of urinary RNase.", "contents": "Serum and urinary ribonuclease in children with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. Serum and urinary RNase activity was determined in 15 normal children and in 52 children in various clinical stages of schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. The activity of serum RNase was compared with that of serum GOT, GPT and AP. The activity of serum and urinary RNase in the different schistosomal groups was significantly higher than in healthy children. The elevated levels of serum and urinary RNase activity were possibly due to malnutrition with tissue catabolism, zinc-deficiency and liver cell injury. Treatment with Astiban and protein-rich diet resulted in a significant decrease in serum and urinary RNase activity and an in significant drop in serum GOT, GPT and AP. Serum and urinary RNase appear to be more sensitive indices for evaluating the early metabolic disturbances in schistosomal patients than GOT, GPT or AP. Our findings also showed that the severity of cases could be graded according to the level of urinary RNase.", "PMID": 734720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1882", "title": "Sporotrichosis in Sudan.", "content": "Two cases of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis are reported from Sudan in a boy aged four and a half years and a girl aged 16 years respectively. Diagnosis was based mainly on the clinical findings and the dramatic response to treatment with oral potassium iodine, as well as the histological finding of yeasts compatible with the yeast phase Sporothrix schenkii.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis in Sudan. Two cases of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis are reported from Sudan in a boy aged four and a half years and a girl aged 16 years respectively. Diagnosis was based mainly on the clinical findings and the dramatic response to treatment with oral potassium iodine, as well as the histological finding of yeasts compatible with the yeast phase Sporothrix schenkii.", "PMID": 734721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1883", "title": "Stable chimerism induced in noninbred rabbits by neonatal injection of spleen cells from alltoype-suppressed adult donors. II. Distribution of donor and recipient allotypes on blood lymphocytes, in serum immunoglobulins, and in specific antibodies.", "content": "Long-lasting and stable lymphoid cell chimerism has been noted in three littermates of a group of five rabbits given injections at birth of spleen cells of an allotype-suppressed adult rabbit. The chimeric state manifested itself by the simultaneous display of light and heavy chain markers directed by donor and recipient genotypes in serum immunoglobulins (Ig), on blood lymphocytes, and on antibody molecules made in response to stimulation with three test antigens. Although the genotypes of two of the chimeras were found to be a1a1/b9b9 and the third to be a1a1/b6b9, phenotypically all three were a1a2/b5b6b9. By all of the criteria used to analyze to distribution of allotypes, Ig with the recipients' own allotypes predominated over that controlled by the donor's genotype. With only minor deviations the same proportions of recipient to donor types prevailed in total serum Ig and in the antibody fractions tested.", "contents": "Stable chimerism induced in noninbred rabbits by neonatal injection of spleen cells from alltoype-suppressed adult donors. II. Distribution of donor and recipient allotypes on blood lymphocytes, in serum immunoglobulins, and in specific antibodies. Long-lasting and stable lymphoid cell chimerism has been noted in three littermates of a group of five rabbits given injections at birth of spleen cells of an allotype-suppressed adult rabbit. The chimeric state manifested itself by the simultaneous display of light and heavy chain markers directed by donor and recipient genotypes in serum immunoglobulins (Ig), on blood lymphocytes, and on antibody molecules made in response to stimulation with three test antigens. Although the genotypes of two of the chimeras were found to be a1a1/b9b9 and the third to be a1a1/b6b9, phenotypically all three were a1a2/b5b6b9. By all of the criteria used to analyze to distribution of allotypes, Ig with the recipients' own allotypes predominated over that controlled by the donor's genotype. With only minor deviations the same proportions of recipient to donor types prevailed in total serum Ig and in the antibody fractions tested.", "PMID": 734737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1884", "title": "IGA nephropathy in HLA-identical siblings.", "content": "This report describes a patient with end stage IgA nephropathy who received a renal transplant from his asymptomatic HLA-identical brother. A biopsy of the donor kidney performed at the time of transplantation showed evidence of widespread electron-dense mesangial deposits. On immunofluorescence these deposits stained with IgA, documenting clinically occult IgA nephropathy in this otherwise healthy donor. These findings are of particular interest in view of the association of IgA nephropathy with the HLA-Bw35 alloantigen, and raise the possibility that asymptomatic disease, already present in a donor kidney, may have accounted for what has previously been called \"recurrence\" of this disease in renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "IGA nephropathy in HLA-identical siblings. This report describes a patient with end stage IgA nephropathy who received a renal transplant from his asymptomatic HLA-identical brother. A biopsy of the donor kidney performed at the time of transplantation showed evidence of widespread electron-dense mesangial deposits. On immunofluorescence these deposits stained with IgA, documenting clinically occult IgA nephropathy in this otherwise healthy donor. These findings are of particular interest in view of the association of IgA nephropathy with the HLA-Bw35 alloantigen, and raise the possibility that asymptomatic disease, already present in a donor kidney, may have accounted for what has previously been called \"recurrence\" of this disease in renal allograft recipients.", "PMID": 734738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1885", "title": "Burns and epileptic fits associated with cysticercosis in mountain people of Irian Jaya.", "content": "The number of patients with burns, admitted to the hospital in Enarotali, Central highlands of Irian Jaya, New Guinea, Indonesia, markedly increased during the last years. Before 1973 only a few cases were hospitalized whereas from 1973 to 1976 157 cases were admitted. Most of the burns (74.5%) were classified as third and fourth degree burns. Clinical observation and stool examination revealed epileptic seizures, cysticercus-nodules and eggs or proglottids of Taenia in respectively 62.8%, 33.1% and 16.6% of the cases with burns. Among infants, burns were not associated with clinical manifestations of cerebral cysticercosis. In the age group of over 11 years 88 out of 121 cases had epileptic seizures before or during hospitalization. It is assumed that the increasing number of burns during the last years is caused by the high prevalence of cerebral cysticercosis.", "contents": "Burns and epileptic fits associated with cysticercosis in mountain people of Irian Jaya. The number of patients with burns, admitted to the hospital in Enarotali, Central highlands of Irian Jaya, New Guinea, Indonesia, markedly increased during the last years. Before 1973 only a few cases were hospitalized whereas from 1973 to 1976 157 cases were admitted. Most of the burns (74.5%) were classified as third and fourth degree burns. Clinical observation and stool examination revealed epileptic seizures, cysticercus-nodules and eggs or proglottids of Taenia in respectively 62.8%, 33.1% and 16.6% of the cases with burns. Among infants, burns were not associated with clinical manifestations of cerebral cysticercosis. In the age group of over 11 years 88 out of 121 cases had epileptic seizures before or during hospitalization. It is assumed that the increasing number of burns during the last years is caused by the high prevalence of cerebral cysticercosis.", "PMID": 734751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1886", "title": "Cysticercosis cerebri in Irian Jaya. A case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which epilepsy was caused by diffuse involvement of cysticerci in the cortical layer of both cerebral hemispheres. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. In the area of Irian Jaya cerebral cysticercosis should always be taken into consideration as the possible cause of epilepsy.", "contents": "Cysticercosis cerebri in Irian Jaya. A case report. A case is presented in which epilepsy was caused by diffuse involvement of cysticerci in the cortical layer of both cerebral hemispheres. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. In the area of Irian Jaya cerebral cysticercosis should always be taken into consideration as the possible cause of epilepsy.", "PMID": 734752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1887", "title": "The significance of migrant Fulani and human trypanosomiasis in Kainji Lake area of Nigeria.", "content": "The transhumance-route followed by the Fulani around Lake Kainji area of Nigeria is presented. Between January and February 1977 130 Fulanis were interviewed at different locations. Most respondents were between 20-60 years of age. In addition to cattle rearing, farming is practised among the Fulanis interviewed at Kaiama and Olli. Those interviewed at Faku practised pastoral transhumance. Less than 15% of the respondents had previous knowledge of human sleeping sickness. Although examination of blood films (thin and thick) did not reveal any blood trypanosome, the transhumance pastoral mobility will be an important factor in any outbreak of human trypanosomiasis around Kainji Lake area in future.", "contents": "The significance of migrant Fulani and human trypanosomiasis in Kainji Lake area of Nigeria. The transhumance-route followed by the Fulani around Lake Kainji area of Nigeria is presented. Between January and February 1977 130 Fulanis were interviewed at different locations. Most respondents were between 20-60 years of age. In addition to cattle rearing, farming is practised among the Fulanis interviewed at Kaiama and Olli. Those interviewed at Faku practised pastoral transhumance. Less than 15% of the respondents had previous knowledge of human sleeping sickness. Although examination of blood films (thin and thick) did not reveal any blood trypanosome, the transhumance pastoral mobility will be an important factor in any outbreak of human trypanosomiasis around Kainji Lake area in future.", "PMID": 734753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1888", "title": "Toxoplasmosis among the Ticuna Indians in the state of Amazonas, Brazil.", "content": "Results of a serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii among 408 Ticuna Indians from five villages in western Brazil are presented and compared with the results of 61 non-Indian inhabitants of the town of Codajas, Amazonas. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers greater than or equal to 64 were found in 39% of the Ticuna population as compared to 77% of the Codajas population. Prevalence rates of titers greater than or equal to 256 were 20.3% for Ticunas and 39.3% for Codajas. Prevalence rates of titers greater than or equal to 256 in Ticuna villages where dietary habits were most variable were higher and more similar to those of non-Indian populations than were the prevalence rates of this titer range in villages where the animal food source was predominantly fish.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis among the Ticuna Indians in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Results of a serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii among 408 Ticuna Indians from five villages in western Brazil are presented and compared with the results of 61 non-Indian inhabitants of the town of Codajas, Amazonas. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers greater than or equal to 64 were found in 39% of the Ticuna population as compared to 77% of the Codajas population. Prevalence rates of titers greater than or equal to 256 were 20.3% for Ticunas and 39.3% for Codajas. Prevalence rates of titers greater than or equal to 256 in Ticuna villages where dietary habits were most variable were higher and more similar to those of non-Indian populations than were the prevalence rates of this titer range in villages where the animal food source was predominantly fish.", "PMID": 734754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1889", "title": "Brugia malayi in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia: the effect of environmental changes of filarial endemicity.", "content": "A survey was conducted in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia and 813 persons from six villages examined for filariasis. Only eight had microfilaremia and one male person had elephantiasis. Comparing results obtained approximately ten years earlier and the present survey, there was a marked decrease in the microfilarial rate in Kresek, especially in Penameng, during the interim. There was no drug treatment, insecticide application or any dramatic population movement. The development of a well-organized irrigation system and the conversion of the swamps into rice-fields resulted in a decrease of breeding sites for Mansonia mosquitoes and subsequently a decrease in filariasis.", "contents": "Brugia malayi in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia: the effect of environmental changes of filarial endemicity. A survey was conducted in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia and 813 persons from six villages examined for filariasis. Only eight had microfilaremia and one male person had elephantiasis. Comparing results obtained approximately ten years earlier and the present survey, there was a marked decrease in the microfilarial rate in Kresek, especially in Penameng, during the interim. There was no drug treatment, insecticide application or any dramatic population movement. The development of a well-organized irrigation system and the conversion of the swamps into rice-fields resulted in a decrease of breeding sites for Mansonia mosquitoes and subsequently a decrease in filariasis.", "PMID": 734755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1890", "title": "Racial bias in intracranial arterial aneurysms?", "content": "Low incidence of intracranial arterial aneurysms has been reported from India, Iran, and many parts of Africa. From Enugu, Nigeria, five proven cases and two suspected cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms are reported over a three year period. Only one of these was situated in the anterior communicating artery, the others were in the region of the posterior communicating artery. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of aneurysms are reviewed. According to the experience reported intracranial aneurysm in Nigerians is not different from that in Caucasians. Research efforts should be focused on congenital factors rather than on the acquired ones which are common in Nigeria.", "contents": "Racial bias in intracranial arterial aneurysms? Low incidence of intracranial arterial aneurysms has been reported from India, Iran, and many parts of Africa. From Enugu, Nigeria, five proven cases and two suspected cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms are reported over a three year period. Only one of these was situated in the anterior communicating artery, the others were in the region of the posterior communicating artery. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of aneurysms are reviewed. According to the experience reported intracranial aneurysm in Nigerians is not different from that in Caucasians. Research efforts should be focused on congenital factors rather than on the acquired ones which are common in Nigeria.", "PMID": 734756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1891", "title": "Cardiovascular status and blood pressure in a population sample in Ghana--the Mamprobi survey.", "content": "In a medical survey of an urban population in Ghana, abnormal cardiovascular findings were present in 25% of the population aged from 15 to 64 years. This was largely due to hypertension and to cardiomegaly of obscure origin. The prevalence of valvular heart disease was comparatively low. Abnormal cardiovascular findings were commonest in the lowest third of the socio-economic stratum and next most frequent in the highest third. Abnormal findings were not related to smoking or drinking habits; these seem to be only marginally important in the population at present.", "contents": "Cardiovascular status and blood pressure in a population sample in Ghana--the Mamprobi survey. In a medical survey of an urban population in Ghana, abnormal cardiovascular findings were present in 25% of the population aged from 15 to 64 years. This was largely due to hypertension and to cardiomegaly of obscure origin. The prevalence of valvular heart disease was comparatively low. Abnormal cardiovascular findings were commonest in the lowest third of the socio-economic stratum and next most frequent in the highest third. Abnormal findings were not related to smoking or drinking habits; these seem to be only marginally important in the population at present.", "PMID": 734757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1892", "title": "Casual blood pressure in school children in Kaduna, Nigeria.", "content": "Casual blood pressure was measured in 600 healthy school children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Of these children, 21 (3.5%) had blood pressure more than two standard deviations above the mean for age. There was no significant difference in the pattern of mean blood pressure in both sexes.", "contents": "Casual blood pressure in school children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Casual blood pressure was measured in 600 healthy school children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Of these children, 21 (3.5%) had blood pressure more than two standard deviations above the mean for age. There was no significant difference in the pattern of mean blood pressure in both sexes.", "PMID": 734758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1893", "title": "Chloroquine induced haemolysis and acute renal failure in subjects with G-6-PD deficiency.", "content": "Three male children with G-6-PD deficiency developed intravascular haemolysis leading to acute renal insufficiency following the administration of chloroquine. In two cases chloroquine seemed to be the only offending agent. One child required peritoneal dialysis. All patients showed complete recovery. The prevalence of this deficiency in India is discussed.", "contents": "Chloroquine induced haemolysis and acute renal failure in subjects with G-6-PD deficiency. Three male children with G-6-PD deficiency developed intravascular haemolysis leading to acute renal insufficiency following the administration of chloroquine. In two cases chloroquine seemed to be the only offending agent. One child required peritoneal dialysis. All patients showed complete recovery. The prevalence of this deficiency in India is discussed.", "PMID": 734759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1894", "title": "Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Indonesian children.", "content": "A survey on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemic was performed in 1160 pediatric out-patients of the General Hospital in Surabaya. Criteria for anaemia were haemoglobin concentrations of less than 10, 11 and 12g% for the age groups of 6 months to 2 years (I), 2 to 5 years (II) and 5 to 12 years (III), respectively. Criteria for Fe-deficiency among the anaemic children were serum transferrin saturation of less than 16% and a bone marrow devoid of iron. In group I 12,8% of the children had Fe-deficiency anaemia, in group II 10,7% and in group III 7,6%. The over-all prevalence of anaemia was 14,2% and of iron deficiency anaemia 9,8%.", "contents": "Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Indonesian children. A survey on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemic was performed in 1160 pediatric out-patients of the General Hospital in Surabaya. Criteria for anaemia were haemoglobin concentrations of less than 10, 11 and 12g% for the age groups of 6 months to 2 years (I), 2 to 5 years (II) and 5 to 12 years (III), respectively. Criteria for Fe-deficiency among the anaemic children were serum transferrin saturation of less than 16% and a bone marrow devoid of iron. In group I 12,8% of the children had Fe-deficiency anaemia, in group II 10,7% and in group III 7,6%. The over-all prevalence of anaemia was 14,2% and of iron deficiency anaemia 9,8%.", "PMID": 734760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1895", "title": "Serum cholinesterase activity in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Serum cholinesterase was estimated in eight male and 18 female children, 4 to 12 years old, admitted to the paediatric ward of the Gadjah Mada University Hospital, Yogyakarta, with dengue haemorrhagic fever. The mean serum cholinesterase activity was low, i.e., 0.299 +/- 0.036 deltapH/hour (mean +/- s.e.m.).", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase activity in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. Serum cholinesterase was estimated in eight male and 18 female children, 4 to 12 years old, admitted to the paediatric ward of the Gadjah Mada University Hospital, Yogyakarta, with dengue haemorrhagic fever. The mean serum cholinesterase activity was low, i.e., 0.299 +/- 0.036 deltapH/hour (mean +/- s.e.m.).", "PMID": 734761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1896", "title": "Urban hospital and rural village smallpox in Bangladesh.", "content": "Smallpox mortality at Dacca, Bangladesh Infectious Diseases Hospital during 1972 and 1973 was 46 per cent. To determine if this was the actual rate within the population, data were compared to those collected from village populations in Noakhali District. Age/sex adjusted smallpox mortality for the rural population was 23 per 100 cases as compared to 52 per 100 for the hospital population. Analysis of the difference identified a selection bias of the hospital for severe disease.", "contents": "Urban hospital and rural village smallpox in Bangladesh. Smallpox mortality at Dacca, Bangladesh Infectious Diseases Hospital during 1972 and 1973 was 46 per cent. To determine if this was the actual rate within the population, data were compared to those collected from village populations in Noakhali District. Age/sex adjusted smallpox mortality for the rural population was 23 per 100 cases as compared to 52 per 100 for the hospital population. Analysis of the difference identified a selection bias of the hospital for severe disease.", "PMID": 734762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1897", "title": "Feeding practices, nutritional status and mortality in pre-school children in rural East Java, Indonesia.", "content": "During the dry season of 1975 and 1976 two nutrition surveys were carried out in nine regencies of the province of East Java, Indonesia. The objective was to assess the geographical prevalence, magnitude and severity of nutritional deficiencies, especially among mothers and children. In this paper childfeeding practices, nutritional status of pre-school children and child mortality are reported. In the rural areas surveyed breastfeeding is commonly practiced for a prolonged period. In the regencies along the south and north coast of East Java 90%, respectively 94% of children aged 19-24 months were still breastfed; in Sidoarjo, a relative 'surplus' area, the corresponding figure was 73% and on the island of Madura 51%. Even in age-group 25-47 months 34% still were nursed in Blitar-Trenggalek regency, 54% in Tuban-Lamongan, 23% in Sidoarjo and 15% in Madura. The variation in the breastfeeding period between the regencies is a matter of further investigation. In these rural areas the roles as competitor of powdered milk is a minor one. It was intriguing that 9% of the pregnant women still nursed their youngest child. Supplementary food was introduced at a very early age, i.e. in the first week. This was, however, insufficient to maintain adequate growth after the age of six months. According to weight-for-age severe malnutrition was diagnosed in respectively 1%, 4% and 10% of age-groups 0-5 months, 6-11 months and 1-3 years. The anthropometric data suggest that lack of calories is more influential than the deficit in protein. Age-specific mortality, according to age at death was about 21% in the perinatal and 16% in the neonatal period; from 1-11 months (inclusive) it was 31%, from 1.5 years 19% and till 12 years 8%.", "contents": "Feeding practices, nutritional status and mortality in pre-school children in rural East Java, Indonesia. During the dry season of 1975 and 1976 two nutrition surveys were carried out in nine regencies of the province of East Java, Indonesia. The objective was to assess the geographical prevalence, magnitude and severity of nutritional deficiencies, especially among mothers and children. In this paper childfeeding practices, nutritional status of pre-school children and child mortality are reported. In the rural areas surveyed breastfeeding is commonly practiced for a prolonged period. In the regencies along the south and north coast of East Java 90%, respectively 94% of children aged 19-24 months were still breastfed; in Sidoarjo, a relative 'surplus' area, the corresponding figure was 73% and on the island of Madura 51%. Even in age-group 25-47 months 34% still were nursed in Blitar-Trenggalek regency, 54% in Tuban-Lamongan, 23% in Sidoarjo and 15% in Madura. The variation in the breastfeeding period between the regencies is a matter of further investigation. In these rural areas the roles as competitor of powdered milk is a minor one. It was intriguing that 9% of the pregnant women still nursed their youngest child. Supplementary food was introduced at a very early age, i.e. in the first week. This was, however, insufficient to maintain adequate growth after the age of six months. According to weight-for-age severe malnutrition was diagnosed in respectively 1%, 4% and 10% of age-groups 0-5 months, 6-11 months and 1-3 years. The anthropometric data suggest that lack of calories is more influential than the deficit in protein. Age-specific mortality, according to age at death was about 21% in the perinatal and 16% in the neonatal period; from 1-11 months (inclusive) it was 31%, from 1.5 years 19% and till 12 years 8%.", "PMID": 734763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1898", "title": "Physical growth of Negro children in the Durban area.", "content": "Physical growth measurements from birth to 145 months in 5,743 urban Negro children in the Durban area have shown that the median weight of the youngest members is similar to or heavier than an international reference standard (Harvard), whereas older children are generally lighter. Length measurements up to 24 months are similar to the standard whereas older children are shorter. Head circumference is greater than international values at all ages measured. The prevalence of malnutrition, assessed by values less than the third Harvard centile for age, reached a peak incidence for height in the pre-school children and for weight in the older male school children. Decreases in height and weight in the Negro child probably reflect the damaging effects of an impoverished socio-economic environment on growth. The development of the young Negro child along reference centiles implies that such standards established in the 'developed world' are appropriate for assessment of adequate growth in South African Negro children of all ages.", "contents": "Physical growth of Negro children in the Durban area. Physical growth measurements from birth to 145 months in 5,743 urban Negro children in the Durban area have shown that the median weight of the youngest members is similar to or heavier than an international reference standard (Harvard), whereas older children are generally lighter. Length measurements up to 24 months are similar to the standard whereas older children are shorter. Head circumference is greater than international values at all ages measured. The prevalence of malnutrition, assessed by values less than the third Harvard centile for age, reached a peak incidence for height in the pre-school children and for weight in the older male school children. Decreases in height and weight in the Negro child probably reflect the damaging effects of an impoverished socio-economic environment on growth. The development of the young Negro child along reference centiles implies that such standards established in the 'developed world' are appropriate for assessment of adequate growth in South African Negro children of all ages.", "PMID": 734764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1899", "title": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. Viii. food resources and eating habits of the Akamba household.", "content": "In two ecologically dissimilar locations in Machakos District, Kenya, investigations were carried out on the nutritional state of infants, pre-school children and mothers in two different seasons. The methods applied and findings on the specific age groups are reported elsewhere. The results presented are observations made on factors conditioning the pattern of foods and food availability, food consumption, and household economy. In the year of study, harvests were fair. Corresponding, qualitatively good diets were observed in the two areas during both seasons. The relatively well-off households of small farmers in a mixed economy on the West side, consumed daily maize and beans only partly derived from their own fields. Household incomes, farm-and non-farm alike, were spent largely on the purchase of additional staple foods and milk, vegetables, fat and sugar. The poorer households in the Eastern part derived their daily foods (maize, legumes and milk) for the most part from own production; vegetables, fat and sugar were purchased and required a relatively large part of total income. In spite of the satisfactory food intake pattern, the latter people remain in a vulnerable situation; years of crop failure regularly occur and total income does not allow for increasing expenditure. Similarities and differences in respect of the food pattern now and half a century ago are described. Future prospects and constraints are discussed.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. Viii. food resources and eating habits of the Akamba household. In two ecologically dissimilar locations in Machakos District, Kenya, investigations were carried out on the nutritional state of infants, pre-school children and mothers in two different seasons. The methods applied and findings on the specific age groups are reported elsewhere. The results presented are observations made on factors conditioning the pattern of foods and food availability, food consumption, and household economy. In the year of study, harvests were fair. Corresponding, qualitatively good diets were observed in the two areas during both seasons. The relatively well-off households of small farmers in a mixed economy on the West side, consumed daily maize and beans only partly derived from their own fields. Household incomes, farm-and non-farm alike, were spent largely on the purchase of additional staple foods and milk, vegetables, fat and sugar. The poorer households in the Eastern part derived their daily foods (maize, legumes and milk) for the most part from own production; vegetables, fat and sugar were purchased and required a relatively large part of total income. In spite of the satisfactory food intake pattern, the latter people remain in a vulnerable situation; years of crop failure regularly occur and total income does not allow for increasing expenditure. Similarities and differences in respect of the food pattern now and half a century ago are described. Future prospects and constraints are discussed.", "PMID": 734765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1900", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the oocyte nucleus and cytoplasm in the mollusk, Littorina saxatilis. I. The structure of the meiotic chromosomes and of the products of their activity in the period of great oocyte growth].", "content": "At the beginning of the early diplotene, the chromosomes are getting despiralized and are seen to be made of a mass of fibrous material and chromocentres. During previtellogenesis the chromosomes are made of fibrilles 4--20 nm in diameter. At the beginning of vitellogenesis nucleolus-like bodies are seen to appear on bivalents made of granules (25--30 nm) and fine fibrilles. At the same time, in association with chromosomes a structure of irregular form was observed made of granules 25--30 nm in diameter and a string 20 nm in diameter. This structure is analogous to granular loops of the lampbrush chromosomes of the amphibia. During the large growth of the oocyte perichromatin and interchromatin granules are seen in the nuclei. By the end of the large growth numerous protein spheres, formed by fibrilles 12--13 nm in diameter are seen on the chromosomes. It is concluded that chromosomes of the L. saxatilis oocytes function as the lampbrush chromosomes of the amphibia and other animals having the solitary type oogenesis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the oocyte nucleus and cytoplasm in the mollusk, Littorina saxatilis. I. The structure of the meiotic chromosomes and of the products of their activity in the period of great oocyte growth]. At the beginning of the early diplotene, the chromosomes are getting despiralized and are seen to be made of a mass of fibrous material and chromocentres. During previtellogenesis the chromosomes are made of fibrilles 4--20 nm in diameter. At the beginning of vitellogenesis nucleolus-like bodies are seen to appear on bivalents made of granules (25--30 nm) and fine fibrilles. At the same time, in association with chromosomes a structure of irregular form was observed made of granules 25--30 nm in diameter and a string 20 nm in diameter. This structure is analogous to granular loops of the lampbrush chromosomes of the amphibia. During the large growth of the oocyte perichromatin and interchromatin granules are seen in the nuclei. By the end of the large growth numerous protein spheres, formed by fibrilles 12--13 nm in diameter are seen on the chromosomes. It is concluded that chromosomes of the L. saxatilis oocytes function as the lampbrush chromosomes of the amphibia and other animals having the solitary type oogenesis.", "PMID": 734766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1901", "title": "[Pathways of substance penetration into the neurosecretory axons in the posterior lobe of the rat hypophysis].", "content": "The penetration of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin into the neurosecretory axones in the rat's posterior pituitary has been studied with the electron microscope. Markers were revealed in neurosecretory granules, in empty vesicles of the same size, in neurotubules, in lamellar bodies and in the axoplasm. Markers were taken up from the extracellular space by micropinocytotic \"synaptic\" vesicles and probably by larger empty vesicles. It is supposed that the contents of these vesicles penetrate into the granules to take part in their maturation. Besides, the contents of synaptic vesicles probably penetrate into neurotubules and are retrogradally transported to perikaryons of neusecretory cells. Ferritin is taken up from axoplasm by lamellar bodies that possess lysosomal activity.", "contents": "[Pathways of substance penetration into the neurosecretory axons in the posterior lobe of the rat hypophysis]. The penetration of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin into the neurosecretory axones in the rat's posterior pituitary has been studied with the electron microscope. Markers were revealed in neurosecretory granules, in empty vesicles of the same size, in neurotubules, in lamellar bodies and in the axoplasm. Markers were taken up from the extracellular space by micropinocytotic \"synaptic\" vesicles and probably by larger empty vesicles. It is supposed that the contents of these vesicles penetrate into the granules to take part in their maturation. Besides, the contents of synaptic vesicles probably penetrate into neurotubules and are retrogradally transported to perikaryons of neusecretory cells. Ferritin is taken up from axoplasm by lamellar bodies that possess lysosomal activity.", "PMID": 734767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1902", "title": "[Sister chromatid exchanges under bromine incorporation into DNA cytosine nucleotides. II. Utilization of 3H-deoxycytidine as a DNA cytosine precursor].", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine (3H-Cdr) in the presence of thymidine (Tdr) into cultured human blood lymphocytes has been studied. The analysis of the label in interphase nuclei as well as in chromosomes at metaphase was carried out. The labeling was much higher when 3H-Cdr (0.5 to 1.0 C/ml, 2--4 x 10(-5) mM) was added to the cultures simultaneously with Tdr (4 x 10(-1) mM). This observation is considered as an indication that in the presence of high doses of Tdr exogeneous Cdr is utilized to synthesize cytosine of DNA rather than thymidine. During the first hours after its addition, the bulk of 3H-Cdr is eliminated from the culture medium. At 12 hrs of the incubation, the medium seems to be free of the nucleoside as shown particularly from the single chromatid localization of the label in chromosomes of the second mitosis. The incorporation into lymphocytes of 3H-Tdr administered in the same dose under the same conditions was registered for the whole period of observation (24 hrs). The data obtained are discussed in relation to lymphocyte catabolism of exogeneous nucleosides.", "contents": "[Sister chromatid exchanges under bromine incorporation into DNA cytosine nucleotides. II. Utilization of 3H-deoxycytidine as a DNA cytosine precursor]. The incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine (3H-Cdr) in the presence of thymidine (Tdr) into cultured human blood lymphocytes has been studied. The analysis of the label in interphase nuclei as well as in chromosomes at metaphase was carried out. The labeling was much higher when 3H-Cdr (0.5 to 1.0 C/ml, 2--4 x 10(-5) mM) was added to the cultures simultaneously with Tdr (4 x 10(-1) mM). This observation is considered as an indication that in the presence of high doses of Tdr exogeneous Cdr is utilized to synthesize cytosine of DNA rather than thymidine. During the first hours after its addition, the bulk of 3H-Cdr is eliminated from the culture medium. At 12 hrs of the incubation, the medium seems to be free of the nucleoside as shown particularly from the single chromatid localization of the label in chromosomes of the second mitosis. The incorporation into lymphocytes of 3H-Tdr administered in the same dose under the same conditions was registered for the whole period of observation (24 hrs). The data obtained are discussed in relation to lymphocyte catabolism of exogeneous nucleosides.", "PMID": 734768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1903", "title": "[Interrelationships of the neurosecretory cells and capillaries in the preoptic nucleus of the carp].", "content": "Three layers are tentatively recognized in the wall of a blood capillary of nucleus praeopticus (NP) of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L: the inner layer--endothelium, the middle layer--basement membrane with pericytes, and the outer broken layer containing mostly leucocytes and fibroblast-like cells. 1). The plasmalemma of the neurosecretory cells (NSC) makes a direct contact with a capillary: (a) with the plasmalemma of a sole-like process of the endothelial cell (0.1%), (b) with the basement membrane of the capillary (4.9%), (c) with the plasmalemma of the outer layer cells (41.3%). 2) The plasmalemma of the NSC is separated from the capillary by a glial process (53.7%). The first kind of the contact is frequent in the ventral part (3.7%), and the second one--in the dorsal part (29.4%) of NP. The different relations of the NSC--the capillary of the ventral and dorsal parts are due to heterochronism of their development in ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Interrelationships of the neurosecretory cells and capillaries in the preoptic nucleus of the carp]. Three layers are tentatively recognized in the wall of a blood capillary of nucleus praeopticus (NP) of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L: the inner layer--endothelium, the middle layer--basement membrane with pericytes, and the outer broken layer containing mostly leucocytes and fibroblast-like cells. 1). The plasmalemma of the neurosecretory cells (NSC) makes a direct contact with a capillary: (a) with the plasmalemma of a sole-like process of the endothelial cell (0.1%), (b) with the basement membrane of the capillary (4.9%), (c) with the plasmalemma of the outer layer cells (41.3%). 2) The plasmalemma of the NSC is separated from the capillary by a glial process (53.7%). The first kind of the contact is frequent in the ventral part (3.7%), and the second one--in the dorsal part (29.4%) of NP. The different relations of the NSC--the capillary of the ventral and dorsal parts are due to heterochronism of their development in ontogenesis.", "PMID": 734769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1904", "title": "[Effect of irradiation on early gametogenesis in Tilapia].", "content": "The 10 day old fries of Tilapia mossambica Peters were irradiated with 350 R dose. Dynamics of germ cells in control and after irradiation was studied. In 10 day old fry primordial germ cells and gonial cells were observed; in 15 days--mainly gonial cells were seen; in 20 days part of gonial cells move in the early prophase of meiosis; in 25 days gonial cells and oocytes of early prophase of meiosis are seen; in 30 days oogonial cells, oocytes of early prophase of meiosis and of previtellogenesis are observed. After irradiation of 13--14 day old fries some anomalies of mitosis were observed. But mass destruction of germ cells took place during the pachytene stage in 25 day old fries. The causes of the destruction of germ cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of irradiation on early gametogenesis in Tilapia]. The 10 day old fries of Tilapia mossambica Peters were irradiated with 350 R dose. Dynamics of germ cells in control and after irradiation was studied. In 10 day old fry primordial germ cells and gonial cells were observed; in 15 days--mainly gonial cells were seen; in 20 days part of gonial cells move in the early prophase of meiosis; in 25 days gonial cells and oocytes of early prophase of meiosis are seen; in 30 days oogonial cells, oocytes of early prophase of meiosis and of previtellogenesis are observed. After irradiation of 13--14 day old fries some anomalies of mitosis were observed. But mass destruction of germ cells took place during the pachytene stage in 25 day old fries. The causes of the destruction of germ cells are discussed.", "PMID": 734770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1905", "title": "[2-component nature of the displacement currents in a nerve fiber membrane: a kinetic and pharmacological analysis].", "content": "Asymmetrical displacement currents in the Ranvier node membrane were recorded in the normal Ringer and under the action of a neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthus eupeus venom and of the alcaloid aconitine. In the total displacement current (DC) at the beginning of the pulse (Ion), two-exponentially decaying components were extracted: a rapid component with the maximum time constant of decay about 70 microns, and a slower one with the time constant of decay--300 microns. At high negative levels of conditioning prepulse (Vc) (-130 divided by -145 mV), the maximum value of the charge transferred by the fast and slow components was estimated to be 2.6 x 10(-14) and 4.8 x 10(-14) C, respectively. The slow component of Ion decreased with lowering Vc and was inhibited by the scorpion neurotoxin and aconitine. The fast phase of Ion remained unchanged with decreasing Vc from -145 to -100 mV and toxin-treated axons. Aconitine evoked a shift in the curve relating the change displaced by the fast component to the membrane potential in the direction of hyperpolarization by 40--50 mV. The results obtained suggest that the fast and the slow components of DC are associated with the initial potential-dependent stages of the processes of channel activation and inactivation, respectively.", "contents": "[2-component nature of the displacement currents in a nerve fiber membrane: a kinetic and pharmacological analysis]. Asymmetrical displacement currents in the Ranvier node membrane were recorded in the normal Ringer and under the action of a neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthus eupeus venom and of the alcaloid aconitine. In the total displacement current (DC) at the beginning of the pulse (Ion), two-exponentially decaying components were extracted: a rapid component with the maximum time constant of decay about 70 microns, and a slower one with the time constant of decay--300 microns. At high negative levels of conditioning prepulse (Vc) (-130 divided by -145 mV), the maximum value of the charge transferred by the fast and slow components was estimated to be 2.6 x 10(-14) and 4.8 x 10(-14) C, respectively. The slow component of Ion decreased with lowering Vc and was inhibited by the scorpion neurotoxin and aconitine. The fast phase of Ion remained unchanged with decreasing Vc from -145 to -100 mV and toxin-treated axons. Aconitine evoked a shift in the curve relating the change displaced by the fast component to the membrane potential in the direction of hyperpolarization by 40--50 mV. The results obtained suggest that the fast and the slow components of DC are associated with the initial potential-dependent stages of the processes of channel activation and inactivation, respectively.", "PMID": 734771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1906", "title": "[Quantitative description of the process of cellular radiation inactivation. IX. Remarks on the relative biological effectiveness of ionizing radiations in the reproductive death of diploid and polyploid cells].", "content": "The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) has been considered for three kinds of cell radiation damages: subdamages (sublethals), one-track, and two-track lethal damages. In contrast to the \"dual theory\", which postulates the square relation between the lethal damage yield and the specific energy, it is assumed that the one-track lethal yield is linearly related to the specific energy per cell nucleus. As a result, the identical dependence has been obtained of both one-track lethals and subdamages on specific energy and absorbed dose. It is established that RBE for all three kinds of damages does not depend on the radiation dose. It is shown that RBE for subdamages and one-track lethals depends on LET of radiation only, and involves molecular parameters of sensitive cell structures. Within the limits of this assumption, the relations are general for all the types of eukaryotic cells. These can be used for a further development of the RBE theory, with spectra of LET, the track structure of charged particles, the contribution of delta-electrons etc being taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of the process of cellular radiation inactivation. IX. Remarks on the relative biological effectiveness of ionizing radiations in the reproductive death of diploid and polyploid cells]. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) has been considered for three kinds of cell radiation damages: subdamages (sublethals), one-track, and two-track lethal damages. In contrast to the \"dual theory\", which postulates the square relation between the lethal damage yield and the specific energy, it is assumed that the one-track lethal yield is linearly related to the specific energy per cell nucleus. As a result, the identical dependence has been obtained of both one-track lethals and subdamages on specific energy and absorbed dose. It is established that RBE for all three kinds of damages does not depend on the radiation dose. It is shown that RBE for subdamages and one-track lethals depends on LET of radiation only, and involves molecular parameters of sensitive cell structures. Within the limits of this assumption, the relations are general for all the types of eukaryotic cells. These can be used for a further development of the RBE theory, with spectra of LET, the track structure of charged particles, the contribution of delta-electrons etc being taken into consideration.", "PMID": 734772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1907", "title": "[Synaptogenesis in organotypic tissue cultures of the central nervous system].", "content": "The growth cones of differentiating neurone processes and developmental synaptic formation in organotypic rat hippocampus cultures have been studied with the electron microscope. The vesicular structures (\"growth\" and synaptic vesicle) appearing in growth cones and in terminal axonal boutons, even before specialized synaptic membrane formation, are the earliest indications of synaptogenesis. First immature synapses are formed on day 5--7 on the growth cones. Most of them represent passant axo-dendritic synapses, axo-somatic and axo-spine-dendritic appearing later. Electrophysiological investigations agree with morphological data, showing the stable spontaneous activity to correspond to the time periods when immature synapses are detected in the explants, while the formation of impulse flows of two types (single and packed discharges) exhibits a rapid increase of morphologically mature synapses in the process of cultivation.", "contents": "[Synaptogenesis in organotypic tissue cultures of the central nervous system]. The growth cones of differentiating neurone processes and developmental synaptic formation in organotypic rat hippocampus cultures have been studied with the electron microscope. The vesicular structures (\"growth\" and synaptic vesicle) appearing in growth cones and in terminal axonal boutons, even before specialized synaptic membrane formation, are the earliest indications of synaptogenesis. First immature synapses are formed on day 5--7 on the growth cones. Most of them represent passant axo-dendritic synapses, axo-somatic and axo-spine-dendritic appearing later. Electrophysiological investigations agree with morphological data, showing the stable spontaneous activity to correspond to the time periods when immature synapses are detected in the explants, while the formation of impulse flows of two types (single and packed discharges) exhibits a rapid increase of morphologically mature synapses in the process of cultivation.", "PMID": 734773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1908", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of mammalian somatic cell fusion under the action of polyethylene glycol].", "content": "An electron microscope study of heterokaryons and synkaryons, obtained after the treatment of suspension of human embryonic fibroblasts and cultured fibroblasts of Chinese hamster (clone M151) with polyethylene glycol (PEC, m. v. 6000) has shown that in 15 minutes after the administration of PEG, the cell agglutination and disappearance of plasma membranes between cells takes place. It is not obvious, however, how PER is passing through the cell envelope, but the similar action of PEF towards the inner cell membranes was observed. In the heterokaryons, the nuclear fusion may occur not only during mitosis but also in interphasic cells. Therefore heterokaryons transform to synkaryons extremely synchroneously. During 20 hours the majority, and during 48 hours all the heterokaryons are seen transformed to synkaryons.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of mammalian somatic cell fusion under the action of polyethylene glycol]. An electron microscope study of heterokaryons and synkaryons, obtained after the treatment of suspension of human embryonic fibroblasts and cultured fibroblasts of Chinese hamster (clone M151) with polyethylene glycol (PEC, m. v. 6000) has shown that in 15 minutes after the administration of PEG, the cell agglutination and disappearance of plasma membranes between cells takes place. It is not obvious, however, how PER is passing through the cell envelope, but the similar action of PEF towards the inner cell membranes was observed. In the heterokaryons, the nuclear fusion may occur not only during mitosis but also in interphasic cells. Therefore heterokaryons transform to synkaryons extremely synchroneously. During 20 hours the majority, and during 48 hours all the heterokaryons are seen transformed to synkaryons.", "PMID": 734774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1909", "title": "[Rhythms of the number and secretory activity of mouse goblet enterocytes under adequate and inverted feeding regimens].", "content": "The autocorrelation function followed by the definition of spectral density showed the appearance of infradian, circadian and ultradian components of biorhythms of the total number and secretory activity (accumulation and release) of the small intestine goblet enterocytes in the basal, medium and apical portions of the villi. Biorhythm changes were also observed after the inverted feeding. After the inverted (ecologically adequate) feeding, the circadium component of the rhythms was revealed for almost all the indices. The ultradian rhythms formed four ranges; within each of them the ultradian components of biorhythms increased in frequency in the basal-apical direction. After the morning (inverted) feeding, the circadian component was found to decrease in its power for the majority of indices, while the ultradian oscillations became of more complex spectral composition.", "contents": "[Rhythms of the number and secretory activity of mouse goblet enterocytes under adequate and inverted feeding regimens]. The autocorrelation function followed by the definition of spectral density showed the appearance of infradian, circadian and ultradian components of biorhythms of the total number and secretory activity (accumulation and release) of the small intestine goblet enterocytes in the basal, medium and apical portions of the villi. Biorhythm changes were also observed after the inverted feeding. After the inverted (ecologically adequate) feeding, the circadium component of the rhythms was revealed for almost all the indices. The ultradian rhythms formed four ranges; within each of them the ultradian components of biorhythms increased in frequency in the basal-apical direction. After the morning (inverted) feeding, the circadian component was found to decrease in its power for the majority of indices, while the ultradian oscillations became of more complex spectral composition.", "PMID": 734775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1910", "title": "[Determination of the permeability coefficients of spherical bilayer membranes for ions and nonelectrolytes].", "content": "A method for determining permeability of spherical lipid bilayer membranes for ions and nonelectrolytes is proposed. This method is based on measuring the quantity of substances penetrating inside some membrane limited volume. This method allows to measure the permeability coefficient of several substances in one membrane. Permeability coefficients have been measured in non-modified membranes for glucose. Li, K, and in membranes modified with amphotericin B for glucose, ribose and lactate.", "contents": "[Determination of the permeability coefficients of spherical bilayer membranes for ions and nonelectrolytes]. A method for determining permeability of spherical lipid bilayer membranes for ions and nonelectrolytes is proposed. This method is based on measuring the quantity of substances penetrating inside some membrane limited volume. This method allows to measure the permeability coefficient of several substances in one membrane. Permeability coefficients have been measured in non-modified membranes for glucose. Li, K, and in membranes modified with amphotericin B for glucose, ribose and lactate.", "PMID": 734776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1911", "title": "[Quantitative description of the process of cellular radiation inactivation. X. Closing remarks. Ways for further development of the concepts].", "content": "The series of communications to check the applicability of one of the most likely models of the loss of reproductive integrity of irradiated eukaryotic cells has been completed by this paper. Many radiobiologists accept the cytogenetic model but no one has analyzed mathematically its applicability. We have succeeded in explaining some significant experimental data and therefore our model is something more than a simple working hypothesis. In this paper the model is considered to prove its significance as the first approach to a more detailed study of the phenomenon.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of the process of cellular radiation inactivation. X. Closing remarks. Ways for further development of the concepts]. The series of communications to check the applicability of one of the most likely models of the loss of reproductive integrity of irradiated eukaryotic cells has been completed by this paper. Many radiobiologists accept the cytogenetic model but no one has analyzed mathematically its applicability. We have succeeded in explaining some significant experimental data and therefore our model is something more than a simple working hypothesis. In this paper the model is considered to prove its significance as the first approach to a more detailed study of the phenomenon.", "PMID": 734779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1912", "title": "[Polymorphism of a tumor cell population and selective processes. II. Change in the correlation of the numbers of 2 subpopulations of Ehrlich-Ich Ph ascites tumor cells in mice under the action of cell-free ascitic fluid and its fractions].", "content": "After repeated injections to mice of cell-free fluid the inhibition of growth of ascitic cell number was noticed already on the 5th day after transplantation of tumor. It was found that the inhibition of growth was due to the death of cells having 45 chromosomes, and containing A + B + 2C- and A + D + 2C-markers.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of a tumor cell population and selective processes. II. Change in the correlation of the numbers of 2 subpopulations of Ehrlich-Ich Ph ascites tumor cells in mice under the action of cell-free ascitic fluid and its fractions]. After repeated injections to mice of cell-free fluid the inhibition of growth of ascitic cell number was noticed already on the 5th day after transplantation of tumor. It was found that the inhibition of growth was due to the death of cells having 45 chromosomes, and containing A + B + 2C- and A + D + 2C-markers.", "PMID": 734778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1913", "title": "[Effect of local UV irradiation of the generative nucleus on the vegetative functions of the infusorian, Paramecium putrinum].", "content": "The influence of the generative nucleus on the vitality in three clones of Paramecium putrinum was studied. The selective functional inactivation of the micronucleus (MI) was achieved with a local ultraviolet microbeam. After irradiation of micronuclei these soon disappeared and the irradiated cells perished shortly afterwards. In the part of UV treated-subclones the macronucleus (MA) fragmentation was discovered. It is possible that the fragments of MA are some kind of functional replacement of the lost or damaged generative nucleus. That data obviously demonstrate the function of MI of P. putrinum during its vegetative growth.", "contents": "[Effect of local UV irradiation of the generative nucleus on the vegetative functions of the infusorian, Paramecium putrinum]. The influence of the generative nucleus on the vitality in three clones of Paramecium putrinum was studied. The selective functional inactivation of the micronucleus (MI) was achieved with a local ultraviolet microbeam. After irradiation of micronuclei these soon disappeared and the irradiated cells perished shortly afterwards. In the part of UV treated-subclones the macronucleus (MA) fragmentation was discovered. It is possible that the fragments of MA are some kind of functional replacement of the lost or damaged generative nucleus. That data obviously demonstrate the function of MI of P. putrinum during its vegetative growth.", "PMID": 734780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1914", "title": "[Centrioles in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes].", "content": "In immature megakaryocytes, centriolar complexes have been observed with 8, 16, or 32 centrioles. In maturing and trombopoetic megakaryocytes, such a centriolar complex is absent, and individual centrioles lie separately in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the quantitiy of centrioles in the centriolar complex correlates with the cell ploidy, and that only the cells with potential ability to divide have the centriolar complex.", "contents": "[Centrioles in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes]. In immature megakaryocytes, centriolar complexes have been observed with 8, 16, or 32 centrioles. In maturing and trombopoetic megakaryocytes, such a centriolar complex is absent, and individual centrioles lie separately in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the quantitiy of centrioles in the centriolar complex correlates with the cell ploidy, and that only the cells with potential ability to divide have the centriolar complex.", "PMID": 734782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1915", "title": "Molecular weight determination by scanning transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A scanning transmission electron microscope is employed to determine the mass of biological macromolecules. Elastically scattered electrons are collected by an annular detector that is capable of counting single electrons. Off-line processing of these dark field micrographs stored on a magnetic tape is accomplished by a mini-computer. It allows the number of electrons scattered by spherical or filamentous proteins to be evaluated. The calibration factor relating the number of scattered electrons to the mass of the protein is derived from scattering theory and is experimentally determined from biological macromolecules of known mass. Mass-loss kinetics of biological specimens due to the electron beam are measured for various protein structures. The application of this method is illustrated by determination of the mass of an oligometric protein (major phage T4 head protein) and the mass per unit length of a filamentous protein aggregate (F-pili). The unique possibilities of this new technique as well as its limitations are discussed.", "contents": "Molecular weight determination by scanning transmission electron microscopy. A scanning transmission electron microscope is employed to determine the mass of biological macromolecules. Elastically scattered electrons are collected by an annular detector that is capable of counting single electrons. Off-line processing of these dark field micrographs stored on a magnetic tape is accomplished by a mini-computer. It allows the number of electrons scattered by spherical or filamentous proteins to be evaluated. The calibration factor relating the number of scattered electrons to the mass of the protein is derived from scattering theory and is experimentally determined from biological macromolecules of known mass. Mass-loss kinetics of biological specimens due to the electron beam are measured for various protein structures. The application of this method is illustrated by determination of the mass of an oligometric protein (major phage T4 head protein) and the mass per unit length of a filamentous protein aggregate (F-pili). The unique possibilities of this new technique as well as its limitations are discussed.", "PMID": 734784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1916", "title": "Applications of electronically controlled illumination in the conventional transmission electron microscope.", "content": "A device used to produce electronic cone illumination in an analog fashion in the conventional transmission electron microscope has been applied to a number of materials problems which require special diffraction conditions not readily achieved in the microscope's normal operating mode. The device manipulates the primary beam tilt to produce a variety of virtual condenser aperture conditions, and hence electron diffraction patterns can be recorded which reflect the manner in which the direct beam is tilted during the exposure of a micrograph. For single crystalline material, the device provides an improvement over convergent-beam electron diffraction for systematic row reflections and allows direct observation of dynamical beam interactions. It has also been applied to imaging defects in thin crystalline films which would often be obscured under normal microscope conditions. The device allows the imaging of polycrystalline material and the selection of given diffraction orders to determine the orientation of crystallites in a large field of view. It can also modify amorphous patterns to extend the information contained in dark-field images beyond normal tilted-beam dark-field imaging. Control of the incident beam can be accomplished digitally for more varied beam manipulation requirements. A few cases of manipulation of diffraction patterns will be considered.", "contents": "Applications of electronically controlled illumination in the conventional transmission electron microscope. A device used to produce electronic cone illumination in an analog fashion in the conventional transmission electron microscope has been applied to a number of materials problems which require special diffraction conditions not readily achieved in the microscope's normal operating mode. The device manipulates the primary beam tilt to produce a variety of virtual condenser aperture conditions, and hence electron diffraction patterns can be recorded which reflect the manner in which the direct beam is tilted during the exposure of a micrograph. For single crystalline material, the device provides an improvement over convergent-beam electron diffraction for systematic row reflections and allows direct observation of dynamical beam interactions. It has also been applied to imaging defects in thin crystalline films which would often be obscured under normal microscope conditions. The device allows the imaging of polycrystalline material and the selection of given diffraction orders to determine the orientation of crystallites in a large field of view. It can also modify amorphous patterns to extend the information contained in dark-field images beyond normal tilted-beam dark-field imaging. Control of the incident beam can be accomplished digitally for more varied beam manipulation requirements. A few cases of manipulation of diffraction patterns will be considered.", "PMID": 734785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1917", "title": "Instrumentation for direct observation of frozen hydrated specimens in the electron microscope.", "content": "Instrumentation and techniques are described for the transfer and observation of frozen hydrated specimens in the transmission electron microscope. The transfer is accomplished without the complexity of a vacuum transfer device but also without significant sublimation of specimen ice or frosting. Examples are given of the transfer and observation of thin sections of rapidly frozen muscle and of rapidly frozen thin film preparations of isolated cells.", "contents": "Instrumentation for direct observation of frozen hydrated specimens in the electron microscope. Instrumentation and techniques are described for the transfer and observation of frozen hydrated specimens in the transmission electron microscope. The transfer is accomplished without the complexity of a vacuum transfer device but also without significant sublimation of specimen ice or frosting. Examples are given of the transfer and observation of thin sections of rapidly frozen muscle and of rapidly frozen thin film preparations of isolated cells.", "PMID": 734786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1918", "title": "A rapid preparation technique for studying highly water-swollen membranes with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) supplied with a cryo-unit.", "content": "In this study the cryo-unit is introduced as a new and useful instrument to investigate water-containing specimens with the SEM. Often water-containing biological specimens are studied, but in our case we used water-swollen polymer membranes. The results show that application of a cryo-unit permits the study of this material at low temperatures up to magnifications of about 10 000 times, while other techniques failed to give reproducible results.", "contents": "A rapid preparation technique for studying highly water-swollen membranes with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) supplied with a cryo-unit. In this study the cryo-unit is introduced as a new and useful instrument to investigate water-containing specimens with the SEM. Often water-containing biological specimens are studied, but in our case we used water-swollen polymer membranes. The results show that application of a cryo-unit permits the study of this material at low temperatures up to magnifications of about 10 000 times, while other techniques failed to give reproducible results.", "PMID": 734787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1919", "title": "The kangaroo rat as a model for type I decompression sickness.", "content": "This study involved 720 exposures of 70 kangaroo rats trapped in West Texas and showed that decompression-induced tail biting in this animal provides a good animal model for marginal limb bends in man. That this phenomenon can be reversed by recompression and pathological examination of the tail both indicated that a similar mechanism is probably involved in kangaroo rats and humans. Quantitatively, the most susceptible 20% of kangaroo rats can reproduce the no-stop decompression limits for man for exposure times ranging from 5 min to 8 h, for both air and helium-oxygen. Even the average minimum no-tail-biting depth of 46.2 fsw (2.40 ATA) for this species is much closer to the minimum bends depth of man than to the equivalent depth for other animals of its size, and is as good as the goats'. Its size and habits make the kangaroo rat much more convenient than other animals to use as a model for marginal decompression sickness, and particularly attractive economically for testing long helium-oxygen schedules and other means of decompression sickness prevention.", "contents": "The kangaroo rat as a model for type I decompression sickness. This study involved 720 exposures of 70 kangaroo rats trapped in West Texas and showed that decompression-induced tail biting in this animal provides a good animal model for marginal limb bends in man. That this phenomenon can be reversed by recompression and pathological examination of the tail both indicated that a similar mechanism is probably involved in kangaroo rats and humans. Quantitatively, the most susceptible 20% of kangaroo rats can reproduce the no-stop decompression limits for man for exposure times ranging from 5 min to 8 h, for both air and helium-oxygen. Even the average minimum no-tail-biting depth of 46.2 fsw (2.40 ATA) for this species is much closer to the minimum bends depth of man than to the equivalent depth for other animals of its size, and is as good as the goats'. Its size and habits make the kangaroo rat much more convenient than other animals to use as a model for marginal decompression sickness, and particularly attractive economically for testing long helium-oxygen schedules and other means of decompression sickness prevention.", "PMID": 734799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1920", "title": "Pressure reduction limits for rats subjected to various time/pressure exposures.", "content": "The impact of the combined effects of exposure time and hydrostatic pressure on pressure reduction is explored in this study. In Phase I of the study, excursion dives were made to 10, 20, and 30 ATA for 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 min. In Phase II, the animals were saturated at 1.3, 10, or 20 ATA for 60 min; each saturation exposure was followed by a 10-atm excursion dive of either 1, 5, 10, 20, or 40 min. The chamber gas mixture during all pressure exposures was 0.51 ATA oxygen, 0.79 ATA nitrogen, and the remainder helium. The subjects were 655 rats; during each pressure exposure 5 rats were exercised in a rotating cage. After each exposure, the rats were abruptly decompressed to a lesser pressure for observation and tabulation of the decompression sickness incidence. Results suggest that neither the starting saturation pressure nor the differential excursion pressure alters the time required for an animal to reach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. Pressure-reduction values, however, vary with both the exposure pressure and exposure time. These results will have a direct impact on the formulation of future decompression models.", "contents": "Pressure reduction limits for rats subjected to various time/pressure exposures. The impact of the combined effects of exposure time and hydrostatic pressure on pressure reduction is explored in this study. In Phase I of the study, excursion dives were made to 10, 20, and 30 ATA for 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 min. In Phase II, the animals were saturated at 1.3, 10, or 20 ATA for 60 min; each saturation exposure was followed by a 10-atm excursion dive of either 1, 5, 10, 20, or 40 min. The chamber gas mixture during all pressure exposures was 0.51 ATA oxygen, 0.79 ATA nitrogen, and the remainder helium. The subjects were 655 rats; during each pressure exposure 5 rats were exercised in a rotating cage. After each exposure, the rats were abruptly decompressed to a lesser pressure for observation and tabulation of the decompression sickness incidence. Results suggest that neither the starting saturation pressure nor the differential excursion pressure alters the time required for an animal to reach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. Pressure-reduction values, however, vary with both the exposure pressure and exposure time. These results will have a direct impact on the formulation of future decompression models.", "PMID": 734800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1921", "title": "Testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations in anesthetized rats previously exposed to air at 6 ATA.", "content": "Testicular blood flow and peripheral testosterone levels were measured in sodium pentobarbitone anesthetized adult rats within 3 h of exposure to air at 6 ATA for 24 h. The animals appeared clinically healthy and showed no signs of dehydration. The treated rats showed a small but significant reduction in arterial blood pressure, and blood flow to the testis, epididymis, ventral prostate, and kidneys was also reduced. Calculations of regional vascular resistance revealed a vasoconstriction in all organs studied. The plasma testosterone concentrations were also significantly reduced after hyperbaric exposure. It is suggested that this may be due partly to the reduction in testicular perfusion.", "contents": "Testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations in anesthetized rats previously exposed to air at 6 ATA. Testicular blood flow and peripheral testosterone levels were measured in sodium pentobarbitone anesthetized adult rats within 3 h of exposure to air at 6 ATA for 24 h. The animals appeared clinically healthy and showed no signs of dehydration. The treated rats showed a small but significant reduction in arterial blood pressure, and blood flow to the testis, epididymis, ventral prostate, and kidneys was also reduced. Calculations of regional vascular resistance revealed a vasoconstriction in all organs studied. The plasma testosterone concentrations were also significantly reduced after hyperbaric exposure. It is suggested that this may be due partly to the reduction in testicular perfusion.", "PMID": 734802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1922", "title": "Decompression sickness or cold injury?", "content": "This paper reports two cases involving divers who presented with painful hands and were treated for decompression sickness. Although treatment was successful, their symptoms and diving history suggest non-freezing cold injury, the so-called immersion hand, rather than decompression sickness. For long exposures or cases where the diver may have inadequate insulation, thermal protection of hands is recommended even in water as warm as 16 degrees C.", "contents": "Decompression sickness or cold injury? This paper reports two cases involving divers who presented with painful hands and were treated for decompression sickness. Although treatment was successful, their symptoms and diving history suggest non-freezing cold injury, the so-called immersion hand, rather than decompression sickness. For long exposures or cases where the diver may have inadequate insulation, thermal protection of hands is recommended even in water as warm as 16 degrees C.", "PMID": 734803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1923", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and corneal incision healing.", "content": "Corneal incision healing in the presence of daily or twice daily exposures to hyperbaric oxygen was compared in dogs to the natural course of such healing. Exposures lasted for 90 min and consisted of 60% oxygen administered at 60 fsw, an oxygen exposure of 2 ATA. Twenty corneas received such exposure, and 20 corneas were allowed to heal under natural conditions. Eyes were enucleated between 5 and 56 days after incision. The corneas were studied by gross observation and light microscopy. Uncomplicated and essentially comparable healing of the incisions occurred. There was a suggestion that superficial central clearing of the incision opacity occurred more quickly in the hyperbaric oxygen series.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and corneal incision healing. Corneal incision healing in the presence of daily or twice daily exposures to hyperbaric oxygen was compared in dogs to the natural course of such healing. Exposures lasted for 90 min and consisted of 60% oxygen administered at 60 fsw, an oxygen exposure of 2 ATA. Twenty corneas received such exposure, and 20 corneas were allowed to heal under natural conditions. Eyes were enucleated between 5 and 56 days after incision. The corneas were studied by gross observation and light microscopy. Uncomplicated and essentially comparable healing of the incisions occurred. There was a suggestion that superficial central clearing of the incision opacity occurred more quickly in the hyperbaric oxygen series.", "PMID": 734804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1924", "title": "Thermoregulation in surfers and nonsurfers immersed in cold water.", "content": "During immersion to the neck in 19 +/- 0.6 degrees C water, surfers maintained higher toe temperatures than nonsurfers. The Lewis hunting response was seen only in the toes of the surfers. The shivering response of the surfers occurred later and was of lesser intensity. Threefold increases in metabolic heat production (140 kcal/m2-h) above rest level were found in both groups. Rectal temperature changes were similar in both groups, with a mean decline of 1.2 degrees C over the 1-h exposure period. Individual changes in rectal temperature were negatively correlated to percent of body fat. An initial hyperventilation upon immersion was followed first by a decline and then by a rise to three times that of rest. A transient rise in heart rate (35 beats/min) occurred in the initial stage of immersion in both groups and subsequently fell to basal levels, rising slightly thereafter. Sinus arrhythmias were observed during the first few minutes of immersion. In nonsurfers, plasma cortisol approximated the decrease anticipated because of the circadian cycle but was elevated in the surfers. Plasma volume decreased 12.2% (surfers) and 17.6% (nonsurfers). Diuresis was observed in both groups, and was 3.2 and 5.0 ml/min for surfers and nonsurfers, respectively.", "contents": "Thermoregulation in surfers and nonsurfers immersed in cold water. During immersion to the neck in 19 +/- 0.6 degrees C water, surfers maintained higher toe temperatures than nonsurfers. The Lewis hunting response was seen only in the toes of the surfers. The shivering response of the surfers occurred later and was of lesser intensity. Threefold increases in metabolic heat production (140 kcal/m2-h) above rest level were found in both groups. Rectal temperature changes were similar in both groups, with a mean decline of 1.2 degrees C over the 1-h exposure period. Individual changes in rectal temperature were negatively correlated to percent of body fat. An initial hyperventilation upon immersion was followed first by a decline and then by a rise to three times that of rest. A transient rise in heart rate (35 beats/min) occurred in the initial stage of immersion in both groups and subsequently fell to basal levels, rising slightly thereafter. Sinus arrhythmias were observed during the first few minutes of immersion. In nonsurfers, plasma cortisol approximated the decrease anticipated because of the circadian cycle but was elevated in the surfers. Plasma volume decreased 12.2% (surfers) and 17.6% (nonsurfers). Diuresis was observed in both groups, and was 3.2 and 5.0 ml/min for surfers and nonsurfers, respectively.", "PMID": 734805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1925", "title": "Roles of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in compressed-air narcosis.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the roles of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in compressed-air narcosis, the effects on performance (mental function and manual dexterity) of adding CO2 in various concentrations to the inspired gas under three different conditions were studied in eight healthy male volunteers. The three conditions were: (1) air breathing at 1.3 ATA; (2) oxygen breathing at 1.7 ATA; and (3) air breathing at 8.0 ATA (same inspired O2 pressure as in (2)). By relating performance to the changes induced in end-tidal (alveolar) gas pressures, and comparing the data from the three conditions, we arrived at the following results and conclusions. A rise in O2 pressure to 1.65 ATA, or in N2 pressure to 6.3 ATA at a constant high PO2 level, caused a significant decrement of 10% in mental function but no consistent effect on psychomotor function. A rise in end-tidal PCO2 of 10 mmHg caused an impairment of approximately 10% in both mental and psychomotor functions. The results suggest that, at raised partial pressures, all three gases have narcotic properties, and that the mechanism of CO2 narcosis differs fundamentally from that of N2 and O2 narcosis.", "contents": "Roles of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in compressed-air narcosis. In an attempt to determine the roles of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in compressed-air narcosis, the effects on performance (mental function and manual dexterity) of adding CO2 in various concentrations to the inspired gas under three different conditions were studied in eight healthy male volunteers. The three conditions were: (1) air breathing at 1.3 ATA; (2) oxygen breathing at 1.7 ATA; and (3) air breathing at 8.0 ATA (same inspired O2 pressure as in (2)). By relating performance to the changes induced in end-tidal (alveolar) gas pressures, and comparing the data from the three conditions, we arrived at the following results and conclusions. A rise in O2 pressure to 1.65 ATA, or in N2 pressure to 6.3 ATA at a constant high PO2 level, caused a significant decrement of 10% in mental function but no consistent effect on psychomotor function. A rise in end-tidal PCO2 of 10 mmHg caused an impairment of approximately 10% in both mental and psychomotor functions. The results suggest that, at raised partial pressures, all three gases have narcotic properties, and that the mechanism of CO2 narcosis differs fundamentally from that of N2 and O2 narcosis.", "PMID": 734806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1926", "title": "Endocrine evaluation of the infertile male.", "content": "Hormonal evaluation of the infertile man can help to identify a treatable abnormality or to suggest, with a minimum of patient discomfort, that the infertility is not treatable. The need for testosterone replacement can also be determined. Impaired spermatogenesis associated with an elevated serum FSH concentration suggests primary damage to the seminiferous tubules, and a low serum testosterone concentration associated with an elevated serum LH concentration suggests primary damage to the Leydig cells. A low serum testosterone concentration associated with a serum LH concentration that is not high, on the other hand, indicates secondary hypogonadism, the result of pituitary or hypothalamic disease.", "contents": "Endocrine evaluation of the infertile male. Hormonal evaluation of the infertile man can help to identify a treatable abnormality or to suggest, with a minimum of patient discomfort, that the infertility is not treatable. The need for testosterone replacement can also be determined. Impaired spermatogenesis associated with an elevated serum FSH concentration suggests primary damage to the seminiferous tubules, and a low serum testosterone concentration associated with an elevated serum LH concentration suggests primary damage to the Leydig cells. A low serum testosterone concentration associated with a serum LH concentration that is not high, on the other hand, indicates secondary hypogonadism, the result of pituitary or hypothalamic disease.", "PMID": 734814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1927", "title": "The small-carrion penile prosthesis.", "content": "A normal state of erection can be achieved by bilateral, intracorporal implantation of the Small-Carrion penile prosthesis. This prosthesis gives adequate length and, more importantly for normal intercourse, normal width to the penis. Although the prosthesis is firm, it is flexible enough to keep the phallus inconspicuous under various types of undershorts, either in the normal position or against the abdominal wall. The fact that the patient will have a permanent erection has not been a deterrent. Furthermore, there have been no complaints about this postoperatively. Raz and Kaufman, Goodwin, Melman, Nellens et al., and others have reported excellent results with the use of the Small-Carrion prosthesis.", "contents": "The small-carrion penile prosthesis. A normal state of erection can be achieved by bilateral, intracorporal implantation of the Small-Carrion penile prosthesis. This prosthesis gives adequate length and, more importantly for normal intercourse, normal width to the penis. Although the prosthesis is firm, it is flexible enough to keep the phallus inconspicuous under various types of undershorts, either in the normal position or against the abdominal wall. The fact that the patient will have a permanent erection has not been a deterrent. Furthermore, there have been no complaints about this postoperatively. Raz and Kaufman, Goodwin, Melman, Nellens et al., and others have reported excellent results with the use of the Small-Carrion prosthesis.", "PMID": 734816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1928", "title": "Vasectomy and its microsurgical reversal.", "content": "In our series the overall pregnancy rate after vasovasostomy in an unselected group of early patients was 71%. Recovery of fertility correlated with the return of normal sperm counts and with the quality of vas fluid on the testicular side of obstruction at the time of vasovasostomy. The three most important factors in our group influencing return of fertility after vasovasostomy were a meticulous microscopic technique for reconnection, the duration of time the vas deferens has been obstructed, and the presence or absence of a sperm granuloma at the site of vasectomy. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the site of vasectomy virtually ensured the presence of good quality sperm in the vas fluid at the time of vasovasostomy. If all three of these factors are favorable, vasectomy may be reversible for more patients.", "contents": "Vasectomy and its microsurgical reversal. In our series the overall pregnancy rate after vasovasostomy in an unselected group of early patients was 71%. Recovery of fertility correlated with the return of normal sperm counts and with the quality of vas fluid on the testicular side of obstruction at the time of vasovasostomy. The three most important factors in our group influencing return of fertility after vasovasostomy were a meticulous microscopic technique for reconnection, the duration of time the vas deferens has been obstructed, and the presence or absence of a sperm granuloma at the site of vasectomy. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the site of vasectomy virtually ensured the presence of good quality sperm in the vas fluid at the time of vasovasostomy. If all three of these factors are favorable, vasectomy may be reversible for more patients.", "PMID": 734818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1929", "title": "The Warble Fly Orders.", "content": "The provisions and the operational aspects of the new Warble Fly Orders are described. The new Orders will apply between March 15 and July 31 and during this period owners of cattle showing visible or palpable signs of warbles must treat them with a systemic warble fly dressing. During this period no infested cattle may be moved, even to a slaughterhouse, unless they have been treated and are accompanied by a statutory declaration of treatment.", "contents": "The Warble Fly Orders. The provisions and the operational aspects of the new Warble Fly Orders are described. The new Orders will apply between March 15 and July 31 and during this period owners of cattle showing visible or palpable signs of warbles must treat them with a systemic warble fly dressing. During this period no infested cattle may be moved, even to a slaughterhouse, unless they have been treated and are accompanied by a statutory declaration of treatment.", "PMID": 734875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1930", "title": "A skeletal growth defect in the puma (Felis concolor).", "content": "Clinical and radiological signs shown by a young deformed puma cub, and the pathological findings following its euthanasia at eight months, are presented. These findings do not resemble those in the recognised nutritional bone diseases of the growing carnivore, but closely resemble an hereditary disease of the dog and, at least in one respect, an hereditary disease in man. This case may be an example of hereditary chondrodysplastic dwarfism in the puma. An unusual finding was the presence of iron in the cartilage of abnormal growth plates.", "contents": "A skeletal growth defect in the puma (Felis concolor). Clinical and radiological signs shown by a young deformed puma cub, and the pathological findings following its euthanasia at eight months, are presented. These findings do not resemble those in the recognised nutritional bone diseases of the growing carnivore, but closely resemble an hereditary disease of the dog and, at least in one respect, an hereditary disease in man. This case may be an example of hereditary chondrodysplastic dwarfism in the puma. An unusual finding was the presence of iron in the cartilage of abnormal growth plates.", "PMID": 734877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1931", "title": "[Serum antiprotease activity following parenteral administration of proteolytic enzymes, histamine and acetylcholine].", "content": "State of tryptic and antienzymatic activities of rabbit blood serum was studied after parenteral administration of trypsin, chymotrypsin, histamine, acetylcholine and kallikrein. Treatment with chymotrypsine led to the most favorable alterations in animals as compared with trypsin and kallikrein effects. Activity of trypsin was increased and the antienzymatic activity was decreased in blood serum after administration of histamine and acetylcholine. This suggests that antiprotease drugs may be used in therapy of diseases, accompanied by increase in content of histamine and acetylcholine.", "contents": "[Serum antiprotease activity following parenteral administration of proteolytic enzymes, histamine and acetylcholine]. State of tryptic and antienzymatic activities of rabbit blood serum was studied after parenteral administration of trypsin, chymotrypsin, histamine, acetylcholine and kallikrein. Treatment with chymotrypsine led to the most favorable alterations in animals as compared with trypsin and kallikrein effects. Activity of trypsin was increased and the antienzymatic activity was decreased in blood serum after administration of histamine and acetylcholine. This suggests that antiprotease drugs may be used in therapy of diseases, accompanied by increase in content of histamine and acetylcholine.", "PMID": 734973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1932", "title": "[Effect of hyperoxia combined with hydrocortisone administration on respiration of rat brain mitochondria].", "content": "After exposure of rats in oxygen atmosphere under pressure of 3 kgs/cm2 within 2 hrs phosphorylating respiration, respiratory control and the ratio ADP/O were decreased, while time of phosphorylation was increased in mitochondria of brain cortex. Content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was increased in blood plasma. Reaction of adrenal cortex to hyperbaric oxygenation was inhibited, if hydrocortisone was administered into animals within 1 hr before the treatment; in this case the patterns of mitochondrial function studied were similar to normal values.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperoxia combined with hydrocortisone administration on respiration of rat brain mitochondria]. After exposure of rats in oxygen atmosphere under pressure of 3 kgs/cm2 within 2 hrs phosphorylating respiration, respiratory control and the ratio ADP/O were decreased, while time of phosphorylation was increased in mitochondria of brain cortex. Content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was increased in blood plasma. Reaction of adrenal cortex to hyperbaric oxygenation was inhibited, if hydrocortisone was administered into animals within 1 hr before the treatment; in this case the patterns of mitochondrial function studied were similar to normal values.", "PMID": 734976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1933", "title": "[Changes in the kallikrein-kinin system of the blood during development of experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Bradikininogen, kallikreinogen, kallikrein, kininase I as well as blood BAEE-esterase and antitryptic activities were studied in development of extensive myocardial infarction in dogs. Some components of kinine system were activated already within 1 hr after ligation of coronary artery, maximal their activation was observed within 3 hrs. In this period content of bradikinin was distinctly decreased--up to 42% of the initial level, kallikrein was activated 8-8-fold, content of kallikreinogen was twice decreased and BAEE esterase activity of blood was increased moderately. Simultaneously, inhibition of kininase I by 30-40% and of antitryptic activity was observed. Gradual normalization of the patterns studied occurred further: kininase I--with 5 days, kallikreinogen, kallikrein and bradikinin--within 10 days of infarction development. Antitryptic activity of blood not only reached normal values but exceeded them within 2 days after the artery ligation. The data obtained suggest the hyperproduction of kinins; the possibility is discussed on the potentiation and prolongation of effect of these physiologically active polypeptides.", "contents": "[Changes in the kallikrein-kinin system of the blood during development of experimental myocardial infarct]. Bradikininogen, kallikreinogen, kallikrein, kininase I as well as blood BAEE-esterase and antitryptic activities were studied in development of extensive myocardial infarction in dogs. Some components of kinine system were activated already within 1 hr after ligation of coronary artery, maximal their activation was observed within 3 hrs. In this period content of bradikinin was distinctly decreased--up to 42% of the initial level, kallikrein was activated 8-8-fold, content of kallikreinogen was twice decreased and BAEE esterase activity of blood was increased moderately. Simultaneously, inhibition of kininase I by 30-40% and of antitryptic activity was observed. Gradual normalization of the patterns studied occurred further: kininase I--with 5 days, kallikreinogen, kallikrein and bradikinin--within 10 days of infarction development. Antitryptic activity of blood not only reached normal values but exceeded them within 2 days after the artery ligation. The data obtained suggest the hyperproduction of kinins; the possibility is discussed on the potentiation and prolongation of effect of these physiologically active polypeptides.", "PMID": 734974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1934", "title": "[Intracellular distribution of phosphoorganic cholinesterase inhibitors in rat brain].", "content": "Content of organophosphorous inhibitors (with the structure RO/CH3/P/O/SC2H4SC2H5) of cholinesterase as well as their hydrophobic properties (distribution coefficient in hexan/water system) were studied in subcellular fractions of rat brain. Relative content of organophosphorous inhibitors was distinctly decreased in supermicrosomal fraction with increase of hydrophobic properties of the fraction. Nuclear and mitochondrial fractions contained the more hydrophobic substances in relatively higher amount. When homogenate of supermicrosomal fraction was incubated at 37 degrees, own brain cholinesterase was not depressed by organophosphorous inhibitors, containing in the fraction at low concentration. The phenomenon exhibits that content of free organophosphorous inhibitors is distinctly lower in the subcellular fractions studied than amount of the inhibitors, extracted with chloroform.", "contents": "[Intracellular distribution of phosphoorganic cholinesterase inhibitors in rat brain]. Content of organophosphorous inhibitors (with the structure RO/CH3/P/O/SC2H4SC2H5) of cholinesterase as well as their hydrophobic properties (distribution coefficient in hexan/water system) were studied in subcellular fractions of rat brain. Relative content of organophosphorous inhibitors was distinctly decreased in supermicrosomal fraction with increase of hydrophobic properties of the fraction. Nuclear and mitochondrial fractions contained the more hydrophobic substances in relatively higher amount. When homogenate of supermicrosomal fraction was incubated at 37 degrees, own brain cholinesterase was not depressed by organophosphorous inhibitors, containing in the fraction at low concentration. The phenomenon exhibits that content of free organophosphorous inhibitors is distinctly lower in the subcellular fractions studied than amount of the inhibitors, extracted with chloroform.", "PMID": 734975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1935", "title": "[Role of the blood kinin system in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhagic syndrome in hemorrhagic vasculitis].", "content": "Total esterase activity of blood plasma from healthy persons was equal to 27.4 +/- 4.96 micrometer/ml/hr, activity of kallikrein--74.4 +/- 8.65 micrometer of hydrolysed substrate/hr/ml of blood plasma, inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein was 0.9 +/- 0.1 app. un. Total esterase activity of blood plasma, reflecting the activity of trypsin-like enzymes and kallikrein, was distinctly increased in patients with hemorrhagic vasculitis as compared with control group; content of prekallikrein and the inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein were decreased. In patients with severe forms of hemorrhagic vasculitis the most pronounced activation of blood kinine system was observed due to decrease in content of kallikrein and in the inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein.", "contents": "[Role of the blood kinin system in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhagic syndrome in hemorrhagic vasculitis]. Total esterase activity of blood plasma from healthy persons was equal to 27.4 +/- 4.96 micrometer/ml/hr, activity of kallikrein--74.4 +/- 8.65 micrometer of hydrolysed substrate/hr/ml of blood plasma, inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein was 0.9 +/- 0.1 app. un. Total esterase activity of blood plasma, reflecting the activity of trypsin-like enzymes and kallikrein, was distinctly increased in patients with hemorrhagic vasculitis as compared with control group; content of prekallikrein and the inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein were decreased. In patients with severe forms of hemorrhagic vasculitis the most pronounced activation of blood kinine system was observed due to decrease in content of kallikrein and in the inhibitory capacity of blood plasma towards kallikrein.", "PMID": 734977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1936", "title": "[Isolation and purification of angiotensinogen from swine and sheep plasma].", "content": "Angiotensinogen (a substrate of renin) was isolated from pig and sheep blood plasma. Content of angiotensinogen was estimated in the preparations obtained by an indirect biological method, which was based on estimation of an increase in blood pressure in rats, caused by angiotensin, liberated from angiotensinogen during incubation with renin. The preparation, obtained by ammonium sulphate fractionation of pig blood plasma, contained 0.4% of angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen was also isolated from sheep blood plasma using ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100; this preparation contained 10-13% of angiotensinogen.", "contents": "[Isolation and purification of angiotensinogen from swine and sheep plasma]. Angiotensinogen (a substrate of renin) was isolated from pig and sheep blood plasma. Content of angiotensinogen was estimated in the preparations obtained by an indirect biological method, which was based on estimation of an increase in blood pressure in rats, caused by angiotensin, liberated from angiotensinogen during incubation with renin. The preparation, obtained by ammonium sulphate fractionation of pig blood plasma, contained 0.4% of angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen was also isolated from sheep blood plasma using ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100; this preparation contained 10-13% of angiotensinogen.", "PMID": 734981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1937", "title": "[Importance of cooling after death for restoration of metabolism during resuscitation].", "content": "Incorporation of labelled metabolites into proteins, RNA and DNA was completely inhibited in rabbit tissues under conditions of prolonged hypothermia (10 degrees). The incorporation of labelled metabolites into all the biopolymers studied was restored after subsequent warming up to 38 degrees. Within 60-90 min after death of the animals due to acute anoxia, the labelled metabolites did not incorporate into protein, RNA and DNA. Artificial postmortal hypothermia (20 degrees) increased (by about 2.5-3-fold) the period of viability, during which reanimation is possible. The hypothermia enables subsequent restoration of the anabolic processes from the zero level.", "contents": "[Importance of cooling after death for restoration of metabolism during resuscitation]. Incorporation of labelled metabolites into proteins, RNA and DNA was completely inhibited in rabbit tissues under conditions of prolonged hypothermia (10 degrees). The incorporation of labelled metabolites into all the biopolymers studied was restored after subsequent warming up to 38 degrees. Within 60-90 min after death of the animals due to acute anoxia, the labelled metabolites did not incorporate into protein, RNA and DNA. Artificial postmortal hypothermia (20 degrees) increased (by about 2.5-3-fold) the period of viability, during which reanimation is possible. The hypothermia enables subsequent restoration of the anabolic processes from the zero level.", "PMID": 734984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1938", "title": "[Collagen metabolism in systemic scleroderma].", "content": "Rates of biosynthesis, maturation and degradation of collagen were studied in skin of patients with systemic sclerodermia. The rate of collagen biosynthesis was increased about 3-fold in most patients and in several persons--increased 4--6 fold. Collagen maturation was approximately twice increased in systemic sclerodermia. Content of collagen was decreased in skin of the patients and the rate of collagen degradation exceeded distinctly that of controls. The rate of collagen biosynthesis did not depend on the type of skin impairment. With development of sclerodermic disease maturation of collagen was increased and the rate of its degradation was, by contrast, decreased. The rate of collagen biosynthesis was the highest in chronic and progressive forms of sclerodermia. In subacute sclerodermia the rate of collagen biosynthesis was decreased as compared with chronic and progressive forms of the disease but it was higher than in normal state. Processes of biosynthesis and maturation of collagen were coupled, related to each other in subacute sclerodermia and in indurative skin. These processes were uncoupled in visually unimpaired skin under progressive and chronic sclerodermia.", "contents": "[Collagen metabolism in systemic scleroderma]. Rates of biosynthesis, maturation and degradation of collagen were studied in skin of patients with systemic sclerodermia. The rate of collagen biosynthesis was increased about 3-fold in most patients and in several persons--increased 4--6 fold. Collagen maturation was approximately twice increased in systemic sclerodermia. Content of collagen was decreased in skin of the patients and the rate of collagen degradation exceeded distinctly that of controls. The rate of collagen biosynthesis did not depend on the type of skin impairment. With development of sclerodermic disease maturation of collagen was increased and the rate of its degradation was, by contrast, decreased. The rate of collagen biosynthesis was the highest in chronic and progressive forms of sclerodermia. In subacute sclerodermia the rate of collagen biosynthesis was decreased as compared with chronic and progressive forms of the disease but it was higher than in normal state. Processes of biosynthesis and maturation of collagen were coupled, related to each other in subacute sclerodermia and in indurative skin. These processes were uncoupled in visually unimpaired skin under progressive and chronic sclerodermia.", "PMID": 734979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1939", "title": "[Collagen metabolism in Dupuytren's contracture].", "content": "Impairments in collagen metabolism were observed in patients with Dupuytren's contracture. These impairments were manifested as an increased excretion of hydroxyproline with urine and a decrease in content of the amino acid in tissues of aponeurosis palmaris of the patients. The alterations correlated with the damage caused by contracture. Increased catabolism of collagen appears to be the main reason of the metabolic impairments observed in Dupuytren's contracture, considering the opposite direction of changes in hydroxyproline content in urine and in aponeurosis palmaris of the patients. Impairments in collagen metabolism were of considerable importance in Dupuytren's contracture as demonstrated by the correlation between biochemical alterations and severity of the pathology. The Dupuytren's contracture might be considered as a disease affecting the connective tissue.", "contents": "[Collagen metabolism in Dupuytren's contracture]. Impairments in collagen metabolism were observed in patients with Dupuytren's contracture. These impairments were manifested as an increased excretion of hydroxyproline with urine and a decrease in content of the amino acid in tissues of aponeurosis palmaris of the patients. The alterations correlated with the damage caused by contracture. Increased catabolism of collagen appears to be the main reason of the metabolic impairments observed in Dupuytren's contracture, considering the opposite direction of changes in hydroxyproline content in urine and in aponeurosis palmaris of the patients. Impairments in collagen metabolism were of considerable importance in Dupuytren's contracture as demonstrated by the correlation between biochemical alterations and severity of the pathology. The Dupuytren's contracture might be considered as a disease affecting the connective tissue.", "PMID": 734986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1940", "title": "[Metabolism of L-albizziin in rat liver slices].", "content": "During incubation of rat liver slices with L-albizziin (L-alpha-amino-beta-ureidopropionic acid) formation of the UV-absorbing compound was observed. This compound was isolated from the incubating medium; it possessed two peaks of maximal absorption--at 206-207 nm and 264-265 nm, but a single minimal value at 242-243 nm. The presence of ribose as a constituent of the UV-absorbing compound was demonstrated. Two possible mechanisms explaining formation of the UV-absorbing compound were proposed: 1) metabolic conversion of L-albizziin, and 2) inhibition of purine biosynthesis de novo. The latter mechanism appears to be more probable.", "contents": "[Metabolism of L-albizziin in rat liver slices]. During incubation of rat liver slices with L-albizziin (L-alpha-amino-beta-ureidopropionic acid) formation of the UV-absorbing compound was observed. This compound was isolated from the incubating medium; it possessed two peaks of maximal absorption--at 206-207 nm and 264-265 nm, but a single minimal value at 242-243 nm. The presence of ribose as a constituent of the UV-absorbing compound was demonstrated. Two possible mechanisms explaining formation of the UV-absorbing compound were proposed: 1) metabolic conversion of L-albizziin, and 2) inhibition of purine biosynthesis de novo. The latter mechanism appears to be more probable.", "PMID": 734988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1941", "title": "[Relationship between age and the character of changes in several liver lipid metabolism indices in the early stages of experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Content of cholesterol, tryglycerides and phospholipids in blood and liver tissue as well as the rate of their biosynthesis in liver tissue were studied in young (8-12 months old) and old (42-48 months old) rabbits in normal state and in dynamics of experimental atherosclerosis within 10-15 and 25-30 days. The rate of biosynthesis of these lipids was decreased in liver tissue with ageing. In maintaining of animals at atherogenic diet the most distinct impairments of lipid metabolism were observed in 42-48 months old rabbits, especially in those of the 25-30 days group. Considerable accumulation of cholesterol in liver tissue of old rabbits was accompanied by inhibition of its biosynthesis and by more distinct hypercholesterolemia in blood.", "contents": "[Relationship between age and the character of changes in several liver lipid metabolism indices in the early stages of experimental atherosclerosis]. Content of cholesterol, tryglycerides and phospholipids in blood and liver tissue as well as the rate of their biosynthesis in liver tissue were studied in young (8-12 months old) and old (42-48 months old) rabbits in normal state and in dynamics of experimental atherosclerosis within 10-15 and 25-30 days. The rate of biosynthesis of these lipids was decreased in liver tissue with ageing. In maintaining of animals at atherogenic diet the most distinct impairments of lipid metabolism were observed in 42-48 months old rabbits, especially in those of the 25-30 days group. Considerable accumulation of cholesterol in liver tissue of old rabbits was accompanied by inhibition of its biosynthesis and by more distinct hypercholesterolemia in blood.", "PMID": 734983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1942", "title": "[Acrylonitrile stimulation of lipid peroxidation in rat liver].", "content": "Acrylonitrile stimulated slightly the lipid peroxidation in isolated microsomes and exhibited distinct prooxidative effect in postmitochondrial supernatant, containing microsomes and cell juice. Acrylonitrile did not form a complex with cytochrome P-450, possessing distinct spectral properties of the I or II types, and did not stimulate the oxygen utilization by microsomes in presence of NADPH. The hepatotoxic effect of acrylonitrile appears to be due to its property to stimulate the formation of lipid peroxides in hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Acrylonitrile stimulation of lipid peroxidation in rat liver]. Acrylonitrile stimulated slightly the lipid peroxidation in isolated microsomes and exhibited distinct prooxidative effect in postmitochondrial supernatant, containing microsomes and cell juice. Acrylonitrile did not form a complex with cytochrome P-450, possessing distinct spectral properties of the I or II types, and did not stimulate the oxygen utilization by microsomes in presence of NADPH. The hepatotoxic effect of acrylonitrile appears to be due to its property to stimulate the formation of lipid peroxides in hepatocytes.", "PMID": 734985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1943", "title": "[Acetylation of the 7-aminoderivative of nitrazepam by subcellular fractions of several organs and the blood of white rats].", "content": "Enzymes from mitochondria and soluble fraction of lungs, kidney and liver tissues as well as from blood cells were shown to acetylate 7-aminoderivative of nitrazepame (7-amino-5-phenyl-1-1,2-dihydro-3-N-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-on). The investigation was carried out using thin-layer and column chromatography, UV-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Acetylation of the substrate was inhibited in mitochondria but in soluble fraction the reaction was activated by equimolar concentrations of coenzyme A. The acetylating activity towards substrate was 1,000-fold higher in leukocytes than in erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Acetylation of the 7-aminoderivative of nitrazepam by subcellular fractions of several organs and the blood of white rats]. Enzymes from mitochondria and soluble fraction of lungs, kidney and liver tissues as well as from blood cells were shown to acetylate 7-aminoderivative of nitrazepame (7-amino-5-phenyl-1-1,2-dihydro-3-N-1,4-benzdiazepine-2-on). The investigation was carried out using thin-layer and column chromatography, UV-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Acetylation of the substrate was inhibited in mitochondria but in soluble fraction the reaction was activated by equimolar concentrations of coenzyme A. The acetylating activity towards substrate was 1,000-fold higher in leukocytes than in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 734989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1944", "title": "[Aspiration cytodiagnosis of breast tumors].", "content": "Aspiration biopsy cytology was employed by the authors in 250 cases for pathological changes in the mammary gland, in 183 cases the cytological investigation was followed by the histological one. The method proved to be of diagnostic value in 86% (sensitivity). Together with other methods of clinical diagnostics (palpation, mammography, xeromammography, thermography) the method concerned may widen the diagnostic opportunities and allows getting the information on the morphological nature of the tumor. Due to this, the practical application of this prompt, economic and devoid of any complications method seems to be rational. It is suggested to employ it routinely in the clinical practice.", "contents": "[Aspiration cytodiagnosis of breast tumors]. Aspiration biopsy cytology was employed by the authors in 250 cases for pathological changes in the mammary gland, in 183 cases the cytological investigation was followed by the histological one. The method proved to be of diagnostic value in 86% (sensitivity). Together with other methods of clinical diagnostics (palpation, mammography, xeromammography, thermography) the method concerned may widen the diagnostic opportunities and allows getting the information on the morphological nature of the tumor. Due to this, the practical application of this prompt, economic and devoid of any complications method seems to be rational. It is suggested to employ it routinely in the clinical practice.", "PMID": 735005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1945", "title": "[Clinical and immunological parallels in soft tissue tumors].", "content": "The authors report the results of studying the cell immunity by skin delayed hypersensitivity response to DNCB and tuberculin as well as the reactions of spontaneous rosette-formation, blasttransformation to PHA, inhibition of leucocyte migration in 88 patients with soft tissue sarcomas, in 12 patients with desmoids, the control group comprised 19 patients with benign soft tissue tumors. The study has indicated a reliably impaired cell immunity in patients with sarcomas.", "contents": "[Clinical and immunological parallels in soft tissue tumors]. The authors report the results of studying the cell immunity by skin delayed hypersensitivity response to DNCB and tuberculin as well as the reactions of spontaneous rosette-formation, blasttransformation to PHA, inhibition of leucocyte migration in 88 patients with soft tissue sarcomas, in 12 patients with desmoids, the control group comprised 19 patients with benign soft tissue tumors. The study has indicated a reliably impaired cell immunity in patients with sarcomas.", "PMID": 735006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1946", "title": "[X-ray studies in the early diagnosis of stomach cancer].", "content": "The work was undertaken to find out by means of serial roentgenological investigations of the stomach in specially high cancer risk age groups whether it is possible, using the mentioned method, to improve the results of early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Also, the following problems were discussed: reliability of the method in question for recognition of the early forms of gastric cancer, the rate of precision of the used technic, the possibility to employ the method as wide-scale search test.", "contents": "[X-ray studies in the early diagnosis of stomach cancer]. The work was undertaken to find out by means of serial roentgenological investigations of the stomach in specially high cancer risk age groups whether it is possible, using the mentioned method, to improve the results of early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Also, the following problems were discussed: reliability of the method in question for recognition of the early forms of gastric cancer, the rate of precision of the used technic, the possibility to employ the method as wide-scale search test.", "PMID": 735007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1947", "title": "[Classification of the cellular changes in the gastric mucosa].", "content": "Based on a comparative estimation of the cytological patterns with histological findings of the mucous membrane in patients having different gastric diseases as well as on the quantitation of the DNA in epithelial cell nuclei and karyometric findings, the author suggests a classification of gastric mucosa cells. Six classes are differentiated depending on the degree of cellular changes.", "contents": "[Classification of the cellular changes in the gastric mucosa]. Based on a comparative estimation of the cytological patterns with histological findings of the mucous membrane in patients having different gastric diseases as well as on the quantitation of the DNA in epithelial cell nuclei and karyometric findings, the author suggests a classification of gastric mucosa cells. Six classes are differentiated depending on the degree of cellular changes.", "PMID": 735008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1948", "title": "[Surgical diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cysts].", "content": "An analysis of the clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of 8 cases (out of 102) of malignant degeneration of pancreatic gland cysts is reported. Males--6, females--2, their age ranging from 23 to 52 years. Radical intervention was performed in 6 patients, in one case an internal drainage with the jejunum was made due to an erroneous histological and cytological conclusion, and in one case an external drainage of the cyst was performed. In 6 patients the diagnosis was established during the operative procedure. Due to diagnostic difficulties arising in malignant regeneration of pancreatic cysts the primary importance is attached to the intraoperative methods of investigation: urgent biopsy from different sites of the cyst, cytological assay and pancreatocystography.", "contents": "[Surgical diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cysts]. An analysis of the clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of 8 cases (out of 102) of malignant degeneration of pancreatic gland cysts is reported. Males--6, females--2, their age ranging from 23 to 52 years. Radical intervention was performed in 6 patients, in one case an internal drainage with the jejunum was made due to an erroneous histological and cytological conclusion, and in one case an external drainage of the cyst was performed. In 6 patients the diagnosis was established during the operative procedure. Due to diagnostic difficulties arising in malignant regeneration of pancreatic cysts the primary importance is attached to the intraoperative methods of investigation: urgent biopsy from different sites of the cyst, cytological assay and pancreatocystography.", "PMID": 735009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1949", "title": "[Malignant tumors in a region of endemic nephropathy].", "content": "In villages with endemic nephropathy (EN) high incidence and mortality rates of some urinary system tumors are reported. Age-adjusted incidences of renal pelvic and ureteral neoplasms were 46/10(5) in females and 27/10(5) in males; for urinary bladder tumors these figures were 16/10(5) and 35/10(5). The frequency of parenchymal kidney tumors was similar to that reported for the country as a whole. An increased relative risk of developing urinary system tumors was observed in patients with EN and with advancing age (only in women). Smoking did not relate to the occurrence of these neoplasms. No tumors of the urinary system were found in the investigated farm and domestic animals from the endemic region.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors in a region of endemic nephropathy]. In villages with endemic nephropathy (EN) high incidence and mortality rates of some urinary system tumors are reported. Age-adjusted incidences of renal pelvic and ureteral neoplasms were 46/10(5) in females and 27/10(5) in males; for urinary bladder tumors these figures were 16/10(5) and 35/10(5). The frequency of parenchymal kidney tumors was similar to that reported for the country as a whole. An increased relative risk of developing urinary system tumors was observed in patients with EN and with advancing age (only in women). Smoking did not relate to the occurrence of these neoplasms. No tumors of the urinary system were found in the investigated farm and domestic animals from the endemic region.", "PMID": 735010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1950", "title": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of epithelial bladder tumors].", "content": "Under study were the clinico-morphological features of epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder in 1452 patients subjected to surgery. There were differentiated three main clinico-anatomical forms of the tumor and its variants: exophitic (87.4%), endophitic (5.5%) and mixed--exophitic-endophitic ones (7.1%). The frequency and terms of recurrence were dependent on the clinico-anatomical form and stage of the tumor and its morphology. The frequency of recurrence of high-differentiated forms of the tumor made 26.9 +/- 3.0%, in low-differentiated and metaplastic forms--45--46%, in anaplastic cancer--62.8% +/- 15.4%.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of epithelial bladder tumors]. Under study were the clinico-morphological features of epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder in 1452 patients subjected to surgery. There were differentiated three main clinico-anatomical forms of the tumor and its variants: exophitic (87.4%), endophitic (5.5%) and mixed--exophitic-endophitic ones (7.1%). The frequency and terms of recurrence were dependent on the clinico-anatomical form and stage of the tumor and its morphology. The frequency of recurrence of high-differentiated forms of the tumor made 26.9 +/- 3.0%, in low-differentiated and metaplastic forms--45--46%, in anaplastic cancer--62.8% +/- 15.4%.", "PMID": 735011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1951", "title": "[Indications for the repeat operations in thyroid gland cancer].", "content": "In the clinic of head and neck tumors of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology during the period from 1962 to 1977 1417 patients were operated upon for thyroid tumors. Reoperations were performed in 198 patients (13.9%). The causes, which condition the necessity to perform reoperations, are discussed. The former are mainly due to violating of oncological principles of examination and surgical treatment of thyroid cancer patients in general surgery departments. The authors give a detailed analysis of indications to reoperations, which are based on an inadequate primary operation, the presence of a residual tumor in the thyroid and regional lymph nodes, as well as on thyroid scanning findings. The method of choice in repeat surgery should be extrafascial subtotal or total thyroidectomy with the revision of regional metastases zones and performing lymphadenectomy, if indicated.", "contents": "[Indications for the repeat operations in thyroid gland cancer]. In the clinic of head and neck tumors of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology during the period from 1962 to 1977 1417 patients were operated upon for thyroid tumors. Reoperations were performed in 198 patients (13.9%). The causes, which condition the necessity to perform reoperations, are discussed. The former are mainly due to violating of oncological principles of examination and surgical treatment of thyroid cancer patients in general surgery departments. The authors give a detailed analysis of indications to reoperations, which are based on an inadequate primary operation, the presence of a residual tumor in the thyroid and regional lymph nodes, as well as on thyroid scanning findings. The method of choice in repeat surgery should be extrafascial subtotal or total thyroidectomy with the revision of regional metastases zones and performing lymphadenectomy, if indicated.", "PMID": 735012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1952", "title": "[Effect of florenal on reproduction of influenza virus].", "content": "The antiviral, viricidal, and interferon-inducing activities of florenal (bisulphite derivative of 2-flourenylglyoxal) and its influence on RNA and protein synthesis were studied. The drug inhibited replication of A/WSN and A/Englang/42/72 influenza viruses in chick embryos infected with low doses of the viruses (10--1000 EID50), induced interferon production in cell culture and in chick embryos (16 and 32 units/ml, respectively) and showed viricidal activity in vitro. Florenal in concentrations 50 microgram/ml or higher reduced the level of RNA and protein synthesis both in non-infected and infected cells within the first 4--5 hours after its administration. It was not effective against influenza infection of white mice caused by A/England/42/72 virus.", "contents": "[Effect of florenal on reproduction of influenza virus]. The antiviral, viricidal, and interferon-inducing activities of florenal (bisulphite derivative of 2-flourenylglyoxal) and its influence on RNA and protein synthesis were studied. The drug inhibited replication of A/WSN and A/Englang/42/72 influenza viruses in chick embryos infected with low doses of the viruses (10--1000 EID50), induced interferon production in cell culture and in chick embryos (16 and 32 units/ml, respectively) and showed viricidal activity in vitro. Florenal in concentrations 50 microgram/ml or higher reduced the level of RNA and protein synthesis both in non-infected and infected cells within the first 4--5 hours after its administration. It was not effective against influenza infection of white mice caused by A/England/42/72 virus.", "PMID": 735015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1953", "title": "[Isolation and study of several properties of mycoplasma from Japanese quail embryos].", "content": "An agent isolated from Japanese quail embryos was found to be pathogenic for chick embryo and quail embryo fibroblast cultures, to cause hemadsorption and hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. Reproduction of the agent was inhibited by tetracycline and 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The agent incorporated both 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine and had a buoyant density in sucrose gradient of 1.22 g/ml. Mature mycoplasma forms were determined electron microscopically in gradient fractions in cell sections.", "contents": "[Isolation and study of several properties of mycoplasma from Japanese quail embryos]. An agent isolated from Japanese quail embryos was found to be pathogenic for chick embryo and quail embryo fibroblast cultures, to cause hemadsorption and hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. Reproduction of the agent was inhibited by tetracycline and 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The agent incorporated both 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine and had a buoyant density in sucrose gradient of 1.22 g/ml. Mature mycoplasma forms were determined electron microscopically in gradient fractions in cell sections.", "PMID": 735016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1954", "title": "[Isolation of hepatitis B (HBSAg) from donor blood plasma].", "content": "An original method for purification of HBsAg from the blood plasma of donors is described. Preparations have been obtained containing structures 22 nm in size the proteins of which form 9 bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and containing no detectable amounts of admixtures accompanying HBsAg. The purified HBsAg meets the requirements for test-antigens for radioimmuniassay and immune autoradiography. The reported method may be used for preparation of HBsAg under production conditions.", "contents": "[Isolation of hepatitis B (HBSAg) from donor blood plasma]. An original method for purification of HBsAg from the blood plasma of donors is described. Preparations have been obtained containing structures 22 nm in size the proteins of which form 9 bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and containing no detectable amounts of admixtures accompanying HBsAg. The purified HBsAg meets the requirements for test-antigens for radioimmuniassay and immune autoradiography. The reported method may be used for preparation of HBsAg under production conditions.", "PMID": 735017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1955", "title": "[Study of the demand for hospital rheumocardiological service among the elderly population of Gabrovo District].", "content": "The author presents the results from the one-year follow-up on the realized hospitalization and the additionally necessary ones, according to the expert assessment in case of diseases of circulation and blood organs and movement, being within the scope of the rheumocardiological attendance. He established that on the occasion of those diseases, a total of 4,19 cases of hospitalizations were realized in the various health institutions with 144.9 bed-days per 1000 population at the rheumocardiological departments and that Cabrovo district needs 75 rheumocardiological beds for the citizens over 14 years of age. Two variants are propsed for the distribution of the necessary beds according to levels of medical attendance. Preference is given to the second variant, according to which the distribution of the necessary 0.42 rheumocardiological beds per 1000 population could be at two levels (district level--0.4 0/00 and national level--0,012 0/00). The indices established for the needs could serve as a base for the elaboration of standards for the hospital rheumocardiological attendance.", "contents": "[Study of the demand for hospital rheumocardiological service among the elderly population of Gabrovo District]. The author presents the results from the one-year follow-up on the realized hospitalization and the additionally necessary ones, according to the expert assessment in case of diseases of circulation and blood organs and movement, being within the scope of the rheumocardiological attendance. He established that on the occasion of those diseases, a total of 4,19 cases of hospitalizations were realized in the various health institutions with 144.9 bed-days per 1000 population at the rheumocardiological departments and that Cabrovo district needs 75 rheumocardiological beds for the citizens over 14 years of age. Two variants are propsed for the distribution of the necessary beds according to levels of medical attendance. Preference is given to the second variant, according to which the distribution of the necessary 0.42 rheumocardiological beds per 1000 population could be at two levels (district level--0.4 0/00 and national level--0,012 0/00). The indices established for the needs could serve as a base for the elaboration of standards for the hospital rheumocardiological attendance.", "PMID": 735023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1956", "title": "[Increase in the effectiveness of anti-influenza immunization by use of a combination of inactivated and live vaccine].", "content": "The authors applied a new principle of effective immunization against influenza using a moderately attenuated live vaccine which after 5 passages in developing chick embryos had retained a high reproduction activity in the human upper respiratory tract, while the vaccines were not contagious for their susceptible contacts. The safety of intranasal adminstration of the new vaccine is achieved by giving it to primed subjects previously given oral immunization with the same vaccine or intranasal administration of the standard hyperattenuated vaccine. Since the current inactivated influenza vaccine is the standard hyperattenuated vaccine. Since the current inactivated influenza vaccine is not sufficiently effective epidemiologically, the authors use additionally a single intranasal administration of a highly immunogenic live vaccine. The combined immunization with killed and live influenza vaccines proved to cause no reactions and to be highly immunogenic. Intensive humoral immunity was observed to develop in 86% of vaccines, this genic. Intensive humoral immunity was observed to develop in 86% of vaccines, this figure exceeding considerably the results of administration of the inactivated vaccine alone.", "contents": "[Increase in the effectiveness of anti-influenza immunization by use of a combination of inactivated and live vaccine]. The authors applied a new principle of effective immunization against influenza using a moderately attenuated live vaccine which after 5 passages in developing chick embryos had retained a high reproduction activity in the human upper respiratory tract, while the vaccines were not contagious for their susceptible contacts. The safety of intranasal adminstration of the new vaccine is achieved by giving it to primed subjects previously given oral immunization with the same vaccine or intranasal administration of the standard hyperattenuated vaccine. Since the current inactivated influenza vaccine is the standard hyperattenuated vaccine. Since the current inactivated influenza vaccine is not sufficiently effective epidemiologically, the authors use additionally a single intranasal administration of a highly immunogenic live vaccine. The combined immunization with killed and live influenza vaccines proved to cause no reactions and to be highly immunogenic. Intensive humoral immunity was observed to develop in 86% of vaccines, this genic. Intensive humoral immunity was observed to develop in 86% of vaccines, this figure exceeding considerably the results of administration of the inactivated vaccine alone.", "PMID": 735019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1957", "title": "[Comparison of precordial electrocartography with pathologicoanatomic data on 20 patients with recent myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 20 patients with recent myocardial infarction, that died till the 40th day after the onset of the disease, a comparison is made of the data from the pathologoanatomical findings with the indices from the precordial electromapping. The changes in the ST segment of the precordial electromapping correlate, to a significant extent, to the weight of the infarction zone in patients with interior site of the myocardial infarction (sigmaST r = 0.89, p less than or equal to 0.01; nST r = 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.01). The indices from the precordial electromapping characterizing the changes in depolarization, are with a considerable less degree of correlation dependence to the weight of the enfarcted zone in the same patients (nQS r = 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.05; sigmaAR r/0.45, p less than or equal to 0.05). In patients with posterior and/or inferior site of the infarction the correlation dependence to the indices from the precordial electromapping is less manifested.", "contents": "[Comparison of precordial electrocartography with pathologicoanatomic data on 20 patients with recent myocardial infarct]. In 20 patients with recent myocardial infarction, that died till the 40th day after the onset of the disease, a comparison is made of the data from the pathologoanatomical findings with the indices from the precordial electromapping. The changes in the ST segment of the precordial electromapping correlate, to a significant extent, to the weight of the infarction zone in patients with interior site of the myocardial infarction (sigmaST r = 0.89, p less than or equal to 0.01; nST r = 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.01). The indices from the precordial electromapping characterizing the changes in depolarization, are with a considerable less degree of correlation dependence to the weight of the enfarcted zone in the same patients (nQS r = 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.62, p less than or equal to 0.05; sigmaAR r/0.45, p less than or equal to 0.05). In patients with posterior and/or inferior site of the infarction the correlation dependence to the indices from the precordial electromapping is less manifested.", "PMID": 735026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1958", "title": "[Preparatory extraction and study of the structural proteins of rabies virus].", "content": "A technology for preparation of purified concentrates of rabies virus has been developed permitting to use simultaneously dozens of liters of tissue culture virus-containing fluid for the preparation of a concentrate. When concentrated 10(4)-fold or more, the degree of virus purification relative soluble proteins was at least 8 X 10(6). The virus yield in purified preparations was approximately 500 microgram of protein per 10 1 of the original culture fluid. Purification and preparation of a surface antigen of rabies virus, protein G, was also carried out. The yield of this protein in the resulting preparations was about 170 microgram per 10 1 of the culture fluid, the degree of purity being about 90%. A re-evaluation of the set, characteristics, and localization of rabies virus structural proteins was done. According to the experimental results, virus nucleocapsids contain 3 classes of proteins: L (a minor components with molecular weight of approximately 200,000), N (the dominating component, approximately 54,000) and NS (an intermediate component, approximately 47,000). The inner layer of virus lipoprotein membrane consists of protein M molecules (approximately 21,000) and apparently of protein A molecules (approximately 43,000) which are likely to be of cellular actin. The external spikes (peplomers) of virus particles contain molecules of glycoprotein G (approximately 65,000). Thus, the experimental results permit a conclusion that previously assumed significant differences in the protein composition of rabies viruses on the one hand and the other rhabdoviruses on the other are non-existent.", "contents": "[Preparatory extraction and study of the structural proteins of rabies virus]. A technology for preparation of purified concentrates of rabies virus has been developed permitting to use simultaneously dozens of liters of tissue culture virus-containing fluid for the preparation of a concentrate. When concentrated 10(4)-fold or more, the degree of virus purification relative soluble proteins was at least 8 X 10(6). The virus yield in purified preparations was approximately 500 microgram of protein per 10 1 of the original culture fluid. Purification and preparation of a surface antigen of rabies virus, protein G, was also carried out. The yield of this protein in the resulting preparations was about 170 microgram per 10 1 of the culture fluid, the degree of purity being about 90%. A re-evaluation of the set, characteristics, and localization of rabies virus structural proteins was done. According to the experimental results, virus nucleocapsids contain 3 classes of proteins: L (a minor components with molecular weight of approximately 200,000), N (the dominating component, approximately 54,000) and NS (an intermediate component, approximately 47,000). The inner layer of virus lipoprotein membrane consists of protein M molecules (approximately 21,000) and apparently of protein A molecules (approximately 43,000) which are likely to be of cellular actin. The external spikes (peplomers) of virus particles contain molecules of glycoprotein G (approximately 65,000). Thus, the experimental results permit a conclusion that previously assumed significant differences in the protein composition of rabies viruses on the one hand and the other rhabdoviruses on the other are non-existent.", "PMID": 735018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1959", "title": "[Risk factors in ischemic heart disease patients].", "content": "Four hundred sixty patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were examined: 226 of them--with myocardial infarction; 38--stenocardia, 196--myocardiosclerosis. With age advancing all forms of IHD increase. The incidence of the followed up risk factors progessively increases. Hypertension has the greatest share--56.30 per cent out of all the subjects examined. Second place as regards incidence is occupied by the emotional stress--46.52 per cent. Further they are as follows: heredity--38.91 per cent; tobacco smoking--34.57 per cent, sedentary life--32,83 per cent, obesity--31.52 per cent, overfeeding--30 per cent, hypercholesterinemia--30 per cent, diabetes--17.61 per cent. The significance of the indicated risk factors alarmingly grows, consideration given to their combined effect. An average of 3.18 risk factors fall on patient. In patients with myocardial infarction they are more frequent and appear at an earlier age. Such an accumulation of the noxae upon the contemporary man requires the complex effors of the whole society.", "contents": "[Risk factors in ischemic heart disease patients]. Four hundred sixty patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were examined: 226 of them--with myocardial infarction; 38--stenocardia, 196--myocardiosclerosis. With age advancing all forms of IHD increase. The incidence of the followed up risk factors progessively increases. Hypertension has the greatest share--56.30 per cent out of all the subjects examined. Second place as regards incidence is occupied by the emotional stress--46.52 per cent. Further they are as follows: heredity--38.91 per cent; tobacco smoking--34.57 per cent, sedentary life--32,83 per cent, obesity--31.52 per cent, overfeeding--30 per cent, hypercholesterinemia--30 per cent, diabetes--17.61 per cent. The significance of the indicated risk factors alarmingly grows, consideration given to their combined effect. An average of 3.18 risk factors fall on patient. In patients with myocardial infarction they are more frequent and appear at an earlier age. Such an accumulation of the noxae upon the contemporary man requires the complex effors of the whole society.", "PMID": 735028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1960", "title": "[Echocardiographic dimensions of the right cavities of the heart in systolic overload of the right ventricle].", "content": "The echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle and the systolic pressure in the right ventricle were compared in 102 patients with different heart diseases. The data obtained are compared with the same echocardiographic parameters in 79 healthy subjects and 43 patients with volume loading of the right ventricle, a result of intraauricular defect, confirmed by cahteterization. The dchocardiographic dimensions of both right ventricle and auricle were proved not to be enlarged with the systolic loading of the right ventricle, when the right-ventricle function is compensated. Echocardiographic dimensions of the right heart cavities are enlarged with systolic loading of the right ventricle when the continuous diastolic pressure in the right ventricle raises and with the presence of clinical data for a right-ventricular cardiac insufficiency. The echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle are considerably enlarged with the volume loading of the right ventricle, regardless the absence of right-ventricular cardiac insufficiency. The echocardiography provides a possibility of determining the type of right-ventricle loading by a non-invasive method and of determining the presence of right-ventricular insufficuency.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic dimensions of the right cavities of the heart in systolic overload of the right ventricle]. The echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle and the systolic pressure in the right ventricle were compared in 102 patients with different heart diseases. The data obtained are compared with the same echocardiographic parameters in 79 healthy subjects and 43 patients with volume loading of the right ventricle, a result of intraauricular defect, confirmed by cahteterization. The dchocardiographic dimensions of both right ventricle and auricle were proved not to be enlarged with the systolic loading of the right ventricle, when the right-ventricle function is compensated. Echocardiographic dimensions of the right heart cavities are enlarged with systolic loading of the right ventricle when the continuous diastolic pressure in the right ventricle raises and with the presence of clinical data for a right-ventricular cardiac insufficiency. The echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle are considerably enlarged with the volume loading of the right ventricle, regardless the absence of right-ventricular cardiac insufficiency. The echocardiography provides a possibility of determining the type of right-ventricle loading by a non-invasive method and of determining the presence of right-ventricular insufficuency.", "PMID": 735029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1961", "title": "[Dermatoglyphic studies in primary and secondary hypogonadism].", "content": "A dermatoglyphic study was carried out on a group of patients with primary and secondary hypogonadism, the results being compared with a control group of healthy males and females. The analysis of the data reveals that the morphogenesis of the hand skin relie on those patients results from the interaction of the determinative effect of the sexual chromosome, the differentiating effect of the hormonal state and from the eventually suffered intralaterine infection. In this way certain aspects of the etiopathogenesis of the disease are revealed and the genetic value of the dermatoglyphic method is underlined.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphic studies in primary and secondary hypogonadism]. A dermatoglyphic study was carried out on a group of patients with primary and secondary hypogonadism, the results being compared with a control group of healthy males and females. The analysis of the data reveals that the morphogenesis of the hand skin relie on those patients results from the interaction of the determinative effect of the sexual chromosome, the differentiating effect of the hormonal state and from the eventually suffered intralaterine infection. In this way certain aspects of the etiopathogenesis of the disease are revealed and the genetic value of the dermatoglyphic method is underlined.", "PMID": 735031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1962", "title": "[HL-A antigens and diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Association of juvenile diabetes with antigen B8 and B15 was established with the comparison of the phenotype incidence of 28 HLA antigens from locus A and B among 1085 healthy control subjects and 200 patients with diabetes mellitus (74 with juvenile insulin-dependent type and 126 with insulin-independent diabetes in adults). Only the incidence of antigens B15 and Bw 21 was established to be increased in the cases of insulin-dependent type of diabetes in adults. That raises a new interest in the further study of the problem.", "contents": "[HL-A antigens and diabetes mellitus]. Association of juvenile diabetes with antigen B8 and B15 was established with the comparison of the phenotype incidence of 28 HLA antigens from locus A and B among 1085 healthy control subjects and 200 patients with diabetes mellitus (74 with juvenile insulin-dependent type and 126 with insulin-independent diabetes in adults). Only the incidence of antigens B15 and Bw 21 was established to be increased in the cases of insulin-dependent type of diabetes in adults. That raises a new interest in the further study of the problem.", "PMID": 735032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1963", "title": "[Characteristics of diabetic osteoarthropathy].", "content": "On the base of three observations, derived from a series of systematically followed up diabetics, the authors describe certain rare findings and peculiarities of the diabetic osteoarthropathy, being of diagnostic interest. The parallel X-ray, scintigraphic, functional and thermography investigations are of special significance, wherefrom an enhanced fixation of radionucleids and local hyperthermia in zones, coinciding with the roentgenologically established bone lesions, were found. The importance of the complex dynamic follow up of the osteo-articular changes in the late degenerative syndrome of diabetes is stressed upon.", "contents": "[Characteristics of diabetic osteoarthropathy]. On the base of three observations, derived from a series of systematically followed up diabetics, the authors describe certain rare findings and peculiarities of the diabetic osteoarthropathy, being of diagnostic interest. The parallel X-ray, scintigraphic, functional and thermography investigations are of special significance, wherefrom an enhanced fixation of radionucleids and local hyperthermia in zones, coinciding with the roentgenologically established bone lesions, were found. The importance of the complex dynamic follow up of the osteo-articular changes in the late degenerative syndrome of diabetes is stressed upon.", "PMID": 735033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1964", "title": "[Differential diagnostic value of the aVR lead].", "content": "The one-pole peripheral AVR lead reflects the changes in the electromotive power of the heart in a frontal plane in a reverse (mirror) image. In 620 subjects with healthy hearts, with the aid of an extended ECG method; the variants of the auricle-ventricle complex in AVR lead in norm and the separate heart positions, were studied. The pathologically changed P-wave was established to be presented by its typical forms (P-mitrale, P-pulmonale), but in a mirror image in AVR lead. The positive auricle wave in AVR is an important sign for the presence of right-auricular ectopic rhythm. In 80 patients with left-ventricular loading, pathologically enlarged S deflection was found. In 232 patients with fight-ventricular loading (mitral stenosis, chronic pulmonary heart), the increase of the amplitude of the deflection R AVR and the change in the ratio R/Q aVR over 1, is a valuable information about the degree of the right-ventricular loading. Those changes closely correlate with the changes in the ventricular complex with the right thoracic leads and with the spirographic and X-ray examinations. the role of AVR lend in the differential diagnostic determination of the additional deflection r'R'aVR1 V1 in certain forms of disturbed intraventricular conductivity is emphasized. AVR lead reacts dynamically with the separate sites of myocardial necrosis, with the appearance of unusual forms of the ventricular complex in AVR (increased first R deflection AVR in posterior-inferior myocardial infarction, occurence of rSr' forms in AvR in posterior-basal infarction and wide split ventricular complexes in anterior (anteriorseptal)infarction, complicated with a bundle blockade. Myocardial ischemia (subpericardial and subendocardial) is represented in A V R in an image reverse to the left thoracic leads. A general conclusion is drawn that the separate interpretation of the changes in AVR lead is not reasonable. Its differential diagnostic value grows only with its synchronic analysis with the rest peripheral and especially precordial leads.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic value of the aVR lead]. The one-pole peripheral AVR lead reflects the changes in the electromotive power of the heart in a frontal plane in a reverse (mirror) image. In 620 subjects with healthy hearts, with the aid of an extended ECG method; the variants of the auricle-ventricle complex in AVR lead in norm and the separate heart positions, were studied. The pathologically changed P-wave was established to be presented by its typical forms (P-mitrale, P-pulmonale), but in a mirror image in AVR lead. The positive auricle wave in AVR is an important sign for the presence of right-auricular ectopic rhythm. In 80 patients with left-ventricular loading, pathologically enlarged S deflection was found. In 232 patients with fight-ventricular loading (mitral stenosis, chronic pulmonary heart), the increase of the amplitude of the deflection R AVR and the change in the ratio R/Q aVR over 1, is a valuable information about the degree of the right-ventricular loading. Those changes closely correlate with the changes in the ventricular complex with the right thoracic leads and with the spirographic and X-ray examinations. the role of AVR lend in the differential diagnostic determination of the additional deflection r'R'aVR1 V1 in certain forms of disturbed intraventricular conductivity is emphasized. AVR lead reacts dynamically with the separate sites of myocardial necrosis, with the appearance of unusual forms of the ventricular complex in AVR (increased first R deflection AVR in posterior-inferior myocardial infarction, occurence of rSr' forms in AvR in posterior-basal infarction and wide split ventricular complexes in anterior (anteriorseptal)infarction, complicated with a bundle blockade. Myocardial ischemia (subpericardial and subendocardial) is represented in A V R in an image reverse to the left thoracic leads. A general conclusion is drawn that the separate interpretation of the changes in AVR lead is not reasonable. Its differential diagnostic value grows only with its synchronic analysis with the rest peripheral and especially precordial leads.", "PMID": 735034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1965", "title": "[Precordial electrocartography (mapping) in cardiac infarct].", "content": "After a detailed literature survey the authors share the results from the precordial electromapping with the registration of 30 points upon the chest in 34 patients with ischemic heart disease (30 with transmural infarction and 4 with intermediary syndrome). The following indices were followed up: sigmaST (the sum of the elevation of ST segment measured at 60 msec of the S deflection recording) and the index nST (the sum of the points with an elevation greater than 0.1 mV/1 mm). Both indices well correlate to the level of blood creatine phosphokinase, determined 24 hours after the examination. Due to the close degree of correlation dependence, the two indices are interchangable for the practice. The precordial electromapping reflects the degree of extent of the \"myocardial hypoxia\" as well as the degree of the disturbed biological activity of the tissues, affected by the myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Precordial electrocartography (mapping) in cardiac infarct]. After a detailed literature survey the authors share the results from the precordial electromapping with the registration of 30 points upon the chest in 34 patients with ischemic heart disease (30 with transmural infarction and 4 with intermediary syndrome). The following indices were followed up: sigmaST (the sum of the elevation of ST segment measured at 60 msec of the S deflection recording) and the index nST (the sum of the points with an elevation greater than 0.1 mV/1 mm). Both indices well correlate to the level of blood creatine phosphokinase, determined 24 hours after the examination. Due to the close degree of correlation dependence, the two indices are interchangable for the practice. The precordial electromapping reflects the degree of extent of the \"myocardial hypoxia\" as well as the degree of the disturbed biological activity of the tissues, affected by the myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 735035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1966", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory aspects of multiple plasmacytoma].", "content": "Clinical-laboratory observations were carried out on 40 patients with multiple plasmocytoma. Morbidity maximum was established to be during the fifth and sixth decade of life and that males are more frequently affected and bone manifestations are dominating initial symptoms. The anemic syndrome, the renal syndrome, erythrocyte sedimentation reaction and the data of the differential leukocyte count are discussed in details. Special attention is paid to the pathognomonic examinations in making the diagnosis: myelogram, electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis and bone roentgenography. The absence of changes in one of those examinations is concluded not to exclude the diagnosis multiple plasmocytoma as it is found in 10--20 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory aspects of multiple plasmacytoma]. Clinical-laboratory observations were carried out on 40 patients with multiple plasmocytoma. Morbidity maximum was established to be during the fifth and sixth decade of life and that males are more frequently affected and bone manifestations are dominating initial symptoms. The anemic syndrome, the renal syndrome, erythrocyte sedimentation reaction and the data of the differential leukocyte count are discussed in details. Special attention is paid to the pathognomonic examinations in making the diagnosis: myelogram, electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis and bone roentgenography. The absence of changes in one of those examinations is concluded not to exclude the diagnosis multiple plasmocytoma as it is found in 10--20 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 735036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1967", "title": "Physical child abuse: a review of all cases seen at Sacramento Medical Center in 1975.", "content": "This report presents physical, socioeconomic, demographic and follow-up information on all 18 cases of physical child abuse seen at the Sacramento Medical Center in 1975. Of the 18 abused children, 16 were initially discharged to Children's Protective Service; 13 were placed in foster homes. There were 17 alleged abusers; all were arrested; 12 came to trial; 8 were convicted. Preventive programs offer a less expensive approach and deserve the highest priority.", "contents": "Physical child abuse: a review of all cases seen at Sacramento Medical Center in 1975. This report presents physical, socioeconomic, demographic and follow-up information on all 18 cases of physical child abuse seen at the Sacramento Medical Center in 1975. Of the 18 abused children, 16 were initially discharged to Children's Protective Service; 13 were placed in foster homes. There were 17 alleged abusers; all were arrested; 12 came to trial; 8 were convicted. Preventive programs offer a less expensive approach and deserve the highest priority.", "PMID": 735043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1968", "title": "Herpes zoster.", "content": "Herpes zoster is a disorder frequently encountered in adults. The natural history is often poorly appreciated and management is frustrating. Recent studies have critically evaluated newer therapeutic modalities. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications and therapeutic alternatives of herpes zoster deserve review.", "contents": "Herpes zoster. Herpes zoster is a disorder frequently encountered in adults. The natural history is often poorly appreciated and management is frustrating. Recent studies have critically evaluated newer therapeutic modalities. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications and therapeutic alternatives of herpes zoster deserve review.", "PMID": 735044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1969", "title": "Chest radiography in intensive care units.", "content": "The role chest radiography plays in intensive care units (ICU) is unlike its role elsewhere because in the ICU a patient's underlying disease is usually known. Furthermore, additional diseases that develop in the ICU-such as pneumonia, hemorrhage, edema, lung collapse and effusion-often are radiographically indistinguishable. Nevertheless, an ICU radiograph of the chest is valuable, mainly in identifying such complications as malpositioned intravenous catheters, Swan-Ganz catheters, pacemakers, nasogastric tubes, endotracheal tubes, chest tubes, and mediastinal tubes, and ectopic gas related to mechanical ventilation. Understanding the limitations of the portable ICU chest film in the diagnosis of specific diseases and being alert to possible iatrogenic complications will increase the usefulness of ICU chest radiography.", "contents": "Chest radiography in intensive care units. The role chest radiography plays in intensive care units (ICU) is unlike its role elsewhere because in the ICU a patient's underlying disease is usually known. Furthermore, additional diseases that develop in the ICU-such as pneumonia, hemorrhage, edema, lung collapse and effusion-often are radiographically indistinguishable. Nevertheless, an ICU radiograph of the chest is valuable, mainly in identifying such complications as malpositioned intravenous catheters, Swan-Ganz catheters, pacemakers, nasogastric tubes, endotracheal tubes, chest tubes, and mediastinal tubes, and ectopic gas related to mechanical ventilation. Understanding the limitations of the portable ICU chest film in the diagnosis of specific diseases and being alert to possible iatrogenic complications will increase the usefulness of ICU chest radiography.", "PMID": 735045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1970", "title": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: impact on hospital mortality--a ten-year study.", "content": "The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a vital aspect of health care delivery in hospital was the basis for a ten-year study. All instances of cardiac arrest occurring outside the operating room and nursery were included. Variations in degrees of success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as related to the duration of the program, differences among varying subsets such as patients' type of illness and hospital location (emergency room, coronary care unit, intensive care unit or nursing floor) at the time of cardiopulmonary arrest, are presented. The relationship between cardiopulmonary resuscitation frequency and success with increasing instrumentation is reviewed. A simple technique for expressing effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on hospital mortality is presented. The study shows the ability of a community hospital to establish, maintain and document a high level cardiopulmonary resuscitation program.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: impact on hospital mortality--a ten-year study. The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a vital aspect of health care delivery in hospital was the basis for a ten-year study. All instances of cardiac arrest occurring outside the operating room and nursery were included. Variations in degrees of success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as related to the duration of the program, differences among varying subsets such as patients' type of illness and hospital location (emergency room, coronary care unit, intensive care unit or nursing floor) at the time of cardiopulmonary arrest, are presented. The relationship between cardiopulmonary resuscitation frequency and success with increasing instrumentation is reviewed. A simple technique for expressing effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on hospital mortality is presented. The study shows the ability of a community hospital to establish, maintain and document a high level cardiopulmonary resuscitation program.", "PMID": 735053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1971", "title": "Tempest from Tehachapi takes toll or Coccidioides conveyed aloft and afar.", "content": "New cases of acute primary coccidioidomycosis in large numbers resulted from a windstorm that blew through Kern County, California, on December 20, 1977. In most of these cases clinically apparent infections developed in early and mid-January 1978 and occurred not only in persons exposed directly to the dust raised by the windstorm but also among those in many areas to the north and west of Kern County. The exposure to the dustborne Coccidioides immitis was brief because of the arrival of drenching rains, but the continued heavy rainfall increased the potential for large numbers of cases of coccidioidomycosis to occur in the summer-fall season.", "contents": "Tempest from Tehachapi takes toll or Coccidioides conveyed aloft and afar. New cases of acute primary coccidioidomycosis in large numbers resulted from a windstorm that blew through Kern County, California, on December 20, 1977. In most of these cases clinically apparent infections developed in early and mid-January 1978 and occurred not only in persons exposed directly to the dust raised by the windstorm but also among those in many areas to the north and west of Kern County. The exposure to the dustborne Coccidioides immitis was brief because of the arrival of drenching rains, but the continued heavy rainfall increased the potential for large numbers of cases of coccidioidomycosis to occur in the summer-fall season.", "PMID": 735056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1972", "title": "Studies on compensatory adaptation of renal functions.", "content": "Changes in the excretion of water and electrolyte in one kidney after exclusion of its partner have been studied in anesthetized dogs and rabbits. Complete clamping of the contralateral kidney pedicle or ureter results in a rapid increase in the excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate. This response is also observed in denervated kidneys. Pretreatment with the loop inhibitor, furosemide, does not preclude adaptation which, however, is blunted by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of proximal sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption. Free-water reabsorption during hypertonic saline diuresis is normal in the remaining kidney. Compensatory adaptation, thus, appears to be located in the proximal tubule. The regulatory response to contralateral kidney exclusion is already fully developed in one-month-old rabbits. Compensatory adaptation of electrolyte excretion is not accounted for by changes in extracellular fluid volume, plasma composition, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, aldosterone or vasopressin.", "contents": "Studies on compensatory adaptation of renal functions. Changes in the excretion of water and electrolyte in one kidney after exclusion of its partner have been studied in anesthetized dogs and rabbits. Complete clamping of the contralateral kidney pedicle or ureter results in a rapid increase in the excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate. This response is also observed in denervated kidneys. Pretreatment with the loop inhibitor, furosemide, does not preclude adaptation which, however, is blunted by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of proximal sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption. Free-water reabsorption during hypertonic saline diuresis is normal in the remaining kidney. Compensatory adaptation, thus, appears to be located in the proximal tubule. The regulatory response to contralateral kidney exclusion is already fully developed in one-month-old rabbits. Compensatory adaptation of electrolyte excretion is not accounted for by changes in extracellular fluid volume, plasma composition, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, aldosterone or vasopressin.", "PMID": 735147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1973", "title": "Acute functional adaptation to nephron loss: micropuncture studies.", "content": "The renal and proximal tubule response to contralateral kidney exclusion was studied in a variety of circumstances. Recollection micropuncture studies were performed to assess the response to contralateral kidney clamping in the normal or a remnant kidney of the dog. Acute clamping of the contralateral kidney for a normal and unilateral remnant kidney resulted in marked reduction in proximal TF/P inulin ratios in the experimental kidney reflecting a 15 percent reduction in fluid reabsorption. Mean fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and water increased significantly in remnant kidney dogs but no significant change was observed in normal dogs except for potassium excretion. The marked reduction in proximal reabsorption occurred as soon as 5-15 minutes after contralateral kidney clamping and was compensated by distal reabsorption. Acute obstruction of the contralateral ureter results in a similar markedly reduced proximal tubular reabsorption. The reduction in proximal reabsorption induced by contralateral clamping occurred in the presence of reduced perfusion pressure and volume expansion and to some extent with renal denervation. When prostaglandin E(2) or acetycholine were infused prior to contralateral kidney clamping, proximal reabsorption remained at control levels and the contralateral clamping response was blocked. Similar blockade occurred after treatment with indomethacin. Acute reduction in nephron mass causes a marked depression of proximal tubular sodium and fluid absorption not obviously accounted for by hemodynamicphysical factors and humoral factors may be involved. The level of distal reabsorption to increased proximal delivery following contralateral clamping, determines the net urinary excretion.", "contents": "Acute functional adaptation to nephron loss: micropuncture studies. The renal and proximal tubule response to contralateral kidney exclusion was studied in a variety of circumstances. Recollection micropuncture studies were performed to assess the response to contralateral kidney clamping in the normal or a remnant kidney of the dog. Acute clamping of the contralateral kidney for a normal and unilateral remnant kidney resulted in marked reduction in proximal TF/P inulin ratios in the experimental kidney reflecting a 15 percent reduction in fluid reabsorption. Mean fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and water increased significantly in remnant kidney dogs but no significant change was observed in normal dogs except for potassium excretion. The marked reduction in proximal reabsorption occurred as soon as 5-15 minutes after contralateral kidney clamping and was compensated by distal reabsorption. Acute obstruction of the contralateral ureter results in a similar markedly reduced proximal tubular reabsorption. The reduction in proximal reabsorption induced by contralateral clamping occurred in the presence of reduced perfusion pressure and volume expansion and to some extent with renal denervation. When prostaglandin E(2) or acetycholine were infused prior to contralateral kidney clamping, proximal reabsorption remained at control levels and the contralateral clamping response was blocked. Similar blockade occurred after treatment with indomethacin. Acute reduction in nephron mass causes a marked depression of proximal tubular sodium and fluid absorption not obviously accounted for by hemodynamicphysical factors and humoral factors may be involved. The level of distal reabsorption to increased proximal delivery following contralateral clamping, determines the net urinary excretion.", "PMID": 735148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1974", "title": "Studies on possible mechanisms of early functional compensatory adaptation in the remaining kidney.", "content": "Two to 4 hours after unilateral renal exclusion in rats, urine flow rate from the remaining kidney had increased to twice the control level, whereas the filtration rate remained unchanged. After contralateral nephrectomy, NGFR was similar to that of controls, but fractional water reabsorption along proximal tubules decreased. Protein concentration in efferent arteriolar plasma, and hydrostatic pressure gradient between proximal tubules and peritubular capillaries were similar in experimental and control kidneys. Unilateral renal exclusion was followed by a rapid increase of blood pressure. Prevention of this rise depressed but did not abolish functional compensatory adaptation. The occurrence of compensatory adaptation was not affected by decreased renal perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Studies on possible mechanisms of early functional compensatory adaptation in the remaining kidney. Two to 4 hours after unilateral renal exclusion in rats, urine flow rate from the remaining kidney had increased to twice the control level, whereas the filtration rate remained unchanged. After contralateral nephrectomy, NGFR was similar to that of controls, but fractional water reabsorption along proximal tubules decreased. Protein concentration in efferent arteriolar plasma, and hydrostatic pressure gradient between proximal tubules and peritubular capillaries were similar in experimental and control kidneys. Unilateral renal exclusion was followed by a rapid increase of blood pressure. Prevention of this rise depressed but did not abolish functional compensatory adaptation. The occurrence of compensatory adaptation was not affected by decreased renal perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 735149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1975", "title": "Chronic reduction in renal mass: micropuncture studies of response to volume expansion and furosemide.", "content": "Chronic nephron loss is compensated by functional adaptations which preserve electrolyte homeostasis. The response to volume expansion and diuretics was tested in dogs. Three phase recollection micropuncture studies were performed to assess the response of the remnant kidney in various stages of renal failure to furosemide administration (10 mg/Kg) and graded volume expansion (3 percent and 10 percent body weight). After the diuretic maneuvers, mean fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and water rose progressively in normal dogs (Stage I), with a greater increase in the remnant kidneys in the presence (Stage II) and absence (Stage III) of the contralateral kidney. Proximal and distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios were depressed after 3 percent volume expansion. However, proximal TF/P (Inulin) was not further lowered after 10 percent volume expansion and furosemide administration, while distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios were progressively depressed. The distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios in Stage III were significantly lower than in Stage II under analogous conditions. Our results suggest that the adaptive increase in the response of sodium transport by the remnant kidney to the diuretic maneuvers occurs in the loop of Henle, both in the azotemic and the non-azotemic stage. Adaptation of potassium excretion, as revealed by distal micropuncture, took place in the azotemic Stage III. Chronic functional adaptation for electrolyte transport occurs even before azotemia in the distal nephron and includes the proximal tubule with azotemia.", "contents": "Chronic reduction in renal mass: micropuncture studies of response to volume expansion and furosemide. Chronic nephron loss is compensated by functional adaptations which preserve electrolyte homeostasis. The response to volume expansion and diuretics was tested in dogs. Three phase recollection micropuncture studies were performed to assess the response of the remnant kidney in various stages of renal failure to furosemide administration (10 mg/Kg) and graded volume expansion (3 percent and 10 percent body weight). After the diuretic maneuvers, mean fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and water rose progressively in normal dogs (Stage I), with a greater increase in the remnant kidneys in the presence (Stage II) and absence (Stage III) of the contralateral kidney. Proximal and distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios were depressed after 3 percent volume expansion. However, proximal TF/P (Inulin) was not further lowered after 10 percent volume expansion and furosemide administration, while distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios were progressively depressed. The distal TF/P (Inulin) ratios in Stage III were significantly lower than in Stage II under analogous conditions. Our results suggest that the adaptive increase in the response of sodium transport by the remnant kidney to the diuretic maneuvers occurs in the loop of Henle, both in the azotemic and the non-azotemic stage. Adaptation of potassium excretion, as revealed by distal micropuncture, took place in the azotemic Stage III. Chronic functional adaptation for electrolyte transport occurs even before azotemia in the distal nephron and includes the proximal tubule with azotemia.", "PMID": 735151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1976", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in dogs: single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "Kidney weight, length of superficial and juxtamedullary proximal tubules, glomerular diameter, kidney filtration rate and PAH clearance, sodium excretion and intrarenal distribution of filtration (with (14)C-ferrocyanide) were measured in the remaining hypertrophic kidneys of dogs 10 days after unilateral nephrectomy. Whereas kidney weight increased to 75 percent of the original total renal mass, proximal tubule length and mean glomerular diameter remained unchanged. PAH and creatinine clearance, and absolute, but not fractional, sodium excretion, rose significantly. The ratio superficial/juxtamedullary filtration rate remained unchanged, indicating parallel increases of filtration in both cortical regions of hypertrophied kidneys.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in dogs: single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Kidney weight, length of superficial and juxtamedullary proximal tubules, glomerular diameter, kidney filtration rate and PAH clearance, sodium excretion and intrarenal distribution of filtration (with (14)C-ferrocyanide) were measured in the remaining hypertrophic kidneys of dogs 10 days after unilateral nephrectomy. Whereas kidney weight increased to 75 percent of the original total renal mass, proximal tubule length and mean glomerular diameter remained unchanged. PAH and creatinine clearance, and absolute, but not fractional, sodium excretion, rose significantly. The ratio superficial/juxtamedullary filtration rate remained unchanged, indicating parallel increases of filtration in both cortical regions of hypertrophied kidneys.", "PMID": 735152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1977", "title": "Chronic reduction of renal mass: glomerular morphometry by electron microscopy.", "content": "Changes of glomerular volume in rats were measured up to 21 weeks following subtotal nephrectomy, using morphometric methods. A linear increase of glomerular volume was observed between 2 and 21 weeks after subtotal nephrectomy. This progressive increase in glomerular volume may reflect compensatory hemodynamic changes leading to an increased single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Chronic reduction of renal mass: glomerular morphometry by electron microscopy. Changes of glomerular volume in rats were measured up to 21 weeks following subtotal nephrectomy, using morphometric methods. A linear increase of glomerular volume was observed between 2 and 21 weeks after subtotal nephrectomy. This progressive increase in glomerular volume may reflect compensatory hemodynamic changes leading to an increased single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 735154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1978", "title": "Evidence of induction of new nephrons in immature kidneys undergoing hypertrophy.", "content": "Unilateral nephrectomy performed during the first days or weeks of life may or may not induce the development of new nephrons in the remaining kidney. Such an increase has been reported to occur, as discussed in this review, in newborn rats and mice, but not in guinea pigs. These observations are consistent with other data suggesting different patterns of compensatory adaptation in young and in old animals.", "contents": "Evidence of induction of new nephrons in immature kidneys undergoing hypertrophy. Unilateral nephrectomy performed during the first days or weeks of life may or may not induce the development of new nephrons in the remaining kidney. Such an increase has been reported to occur, as discussed in this review, in newborn rats and mice, but not in guinea pigs. These observations are consistent with other data suggesting different patterns of compensatory adaptation in young and in old animals.", "PMID": 735153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1979", "title": "A micropuncture study of HCO3 reabsorption by the hypertrophied proximal tubule.", "content": "In rats with renal failure produced by excision of one kidney and infarction of large portions of the other kidney, given a low calcium, high phosphorus diet for 2-3 weeks, GFR was reduced by 80 percent, the fractional excretion of sodium increased from 7 to 23 percent, that of bicarbonate from 16 to 23 percent and that of water from 4 to 13 percent. Single nephron GFR in the remaining nephrons was nearly doubled and end-proximal TF/P(In) was depressed from 2.3 to 1.8, and proximal TF/P(HCO3) from 0.52 to 0.35, the latter figure corresponding to an increase of absolute proximal HCO(3) reabsorption from 1.7 to 3.5 nEq/min or from 2.8 to 3.2 Eq/L of single nephron glomerular filtrate. Acute parathyroidectomy had no influence on the fall of GFR or the rise of SNGFR in the remaining nephrons and failed to cause any significant changes in proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption. Parathyroidectomy, on the other hand, practically prevented the rise of the fractional excretion of sodium and of water and inverted the rise of the fractional excretion of bicarbonate to a fall. The data are interpreted to indicate that secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure impairs distal nephron bicarbonate and sodium reabsorption and, thus, contributes to the maintenance of sodium balance, but could possibly aggravate acidosis.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of HCO3 reabsorption by the hypertrophied proximal tubule. In rats with renal failure produced by excision of one kidney and infarction of large portions of the other kidney, given a low calcium, high phosphorus diet for 2-3 weeks, GFR was reduced by 80 percent, the fractional excretion of sodium increased from 7 to 23 percent, that of bicarbonate from 16 to 23 percent and that of water from 4 to 13 percent. Single nephron GFR in the remaining nephrons was nearly doubled and end-proximal TF/P(In) was depressed from 2.3 to 1.8, and proximal TF/P(HCO3) from 0.52 to 0.35, the latter figure corresponding to an increase of absolute proximal HCO(3) reabsorption from 1.7 to 3.5 nEq/min or from 2.8 to 3.2 Eq/L of single nephron glomerular filtrate. Acute parathyroidectomy had no influence on the fall of GFR or the rise of SNGFR in the remaining nephrons and failed to cause any significant changes in proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption. Parathyroidectomy, on the other hand, practically prevented the rise of the fractional excretion of sodium and of water and inverted the rise of the fractional excretion of bicarbonate to a fall. The data are interpreted to indicate that secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure impairs distal nephron bicarbonate and sodium reabsorption and, thus, contributes to the maintenance of sodium balance, but could possibly aggravate acidosis.", "PMID": 735150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1980", "title": "Glomerulotubular dimensional readjustments during compensatory renal hypertrophy in the hypothyroid rat.", "content": "Although growth of tubules is arrested and that of glomeruli retarded by hypothyroidism in rats, unilateral nephrectomy has been found to elicit a vigorous compensatory hypertrophy of the hypothyroid kidney. Microdissection and measurement of the dimensions of glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules taken from the kidney removed first and from the hypertrophic contralateral organ removed two to three weeks later, disclosed a \"normalization\" of the typical glomerulotubular dimensional imbalance as a result of greater tubular than glomerular growth. A somewhat more striking but qualitatively identical response was observed in 9 euthyroid animals. Glomerular filtration rate and maximal glucose reabsorptive capacity (Tm(G)) increased in both euthyroid and hypothyroid animals in accord with the structural shifts.", "contents": "Glomerulotubular dimensional readjustments during compensatory renal hypertrophy in the hypothyroid rat. Although growth of tubules is arrested and that of glomeruli retarded by hypothyroidism in rats, unilateral nephrectomy has been found to elicit a vigorous compensatory hypertrophy of the hypothyroid kidney. Microdissection and measurement of the dimensions of glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules taken from the kidney removed first and from the hypertrophic contralateral organ removed two to three weeks later, disclosed a \"normalization\" of the typical glomerulotubular dimensional imbalance as a result of greater tubular than glomerular growth. A somewhat more striking but qualitatively identical response was observed in 9 euthyroid animals. Glomerular filtration rate and maximal glucose reabsorptive capacity (Tm(G)) increased in both euthyroid and hypothyroid animals in accord with the structural shifts.", "PMID": 735155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1981", "title": "[Kinetics of citric acid production in Candida lipolytica].", "content": "The kinetics of citrate and isocitrate accumulation by Candida lipolytica has been studied, with special emphasis of the carbon sources glucose and n-alkanes and the shifts from one carbon source to the other. The accumulation of the citric acids starts with the beginning of ideophase. Trophophase and ideophase behaviour is in parts different. Ideophase behaviour may be influenced by exogenic factors during growth. From the course of the curves for the citric acids two phases can be distinguished: The specific production rate of the first phase is higher than in the second phase (pi1 approximately 0.19 h-1; pi2 approximately 0.14 h-1). The influence of the carbon source on the course of the curves and the numeric value for the specific production rate is negligible. Alcane grown cells accumulate citric acids from added glucose and left-over n-alcanes simultaneously. When both substrates are added from the beginning only glucose is taken up for growth, for citric acid production both substances are utilized simultaneously. Glucose grown cells do not utilize alcanes for production of citric acids. Citric acids are accumulated only as long as glucose is available. Alcane uptake starts after addition of a nitrogen source.", "contents": "[Kinetics of citric acid production in Candida lipolytica]. The kinetics of citrate and isocitrate accumulation by Candida lipolytica has been studied, with special emphasis of the carbon sources glucose and n-alkanes and the shifts from one carbon source to the other. The accumulation of the citric acids starts with the beginning of ideophase. Trophophase and ideophase behaviour is in parts different. Ideophase behaviour may be influenced by exogenic factors during growth. From the course of the curves for the citric acids two phases can be distinguished: The specific production rate of the first phase is higher than in the second phase (pi1 approximately 0.19 h-1; pi2 approximately 0.14 h-1). The influence of the carbon source on the course of the curves and the numeric value for the specific production rate is negligible. Alcane grown cells accumulate citric acids from added glucose and left-over n-alcanes simultaneously. When both substrates are added from the beginning only glucose is taken up for growth, for citric acid production both substances are utilized simultaneously. Glucose grown cells do not utilize alcanes for production of citric acids. Citric acids are accumulated only as long as glucose is available. Alcane uptake starts after addition of a nitrogen source.", "PMID": 735163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1982", "title": "Characterization of the virulent actinophage S2.", "content": "The virulent actinophage S2 isolated from soil infects Streptomyces hygroscopicus 6599, S. lividans 66, and S. levoris 1331. Morphology of S2 was studied by electron microscopy. Influence of growth medium and temperature on multiplication of S2 has been studied qualitatively. S2 is more sensitive to UV irradiation on strain 66 than on 1331. In contrast to UV, hydroxylamine mutagenesis delivered 9 stable ts mutants which belong to 3 complementation groups. Most of the ts mutations isolated on 1331 were found to be host dependent, 8 of 9 mutants were found to be able to grow at 40 degrees C on strain 66 but none of them on 1331. Moreover 2 of the mutants were found to be much more heat sensitive in 6599 than in 1331, as indicated by the changes in half-life temperatures. The latent period of S2+ depends on temperature and germination state of the spores. Under optimal conditions we found 140 min. Ts2 and ts7 have been classified as a late and ts17 as an early mutant.", "contents": "Characterization of the virulent actinophage S2. The virulent actinophage S2 isolated from soil infects Streptomyces hygroscopicus 6599, S. lividans 66, and S. levoris 1331. Morphology of S2 was studied by electron microscopy. Influence of growth medium and temperature on multiplication of S2 has been studied qualitatively. S2 is more sensitive to UV irradiation on strain 66 than on 1331. In contrast to UV, hydroxylamine mutagenesis delivered 9 stable ts mutants which belong to 3 complementation groups. Most of the ts mutations isolated on 1331 were found to be host dependent, 8 of 9 mutants were found to be able to grow at 40 degrees C on strain 66 but none of them on 1331. Moreover 2 of the mutants were found to be much more heat sensitive in 6599 than in 1331, as indicated by the changes in half-life temperatures. The latent period of S2+ depends on temperature and germination state of the spores. Under optimal conditions we found 140 min. Ts2 and ts7 have been classified as a late and ts17 as an early mutant.", "PMID": 735164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1983", "title": "Oxygen and \"strictly anaerobic\" intestinal bacteria. II. Oxygen metabolism in strictly anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Oxygen metabolism of \"strictly anaerobic\" intestinal bacteria was investigated and compared in 25 strains. Washed cell suspensions of all the bacterial strains, in which growth in a medium initially equilibrated with a gas mixture consisting of 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2 was almost the same as under anaerobic conditions, absorbed O2 at high rate. Such O2 uptake was inhibited by NaN3. Most strains in which growth was inhibited either partially or completely in the same oxygenic condition absorbed O2 at a comparably low rate, and in many cases, such O2 uptake was not inhibited by NaN3. However, in a certain strain incapable of growth in the initial presence of dissolved O2, absorption of O2 was as high as that in some aerobic bacteria, and it was inhibited by NaN3. Little interrelationship was found between the degree of oxygen tolerance and the activities of NADH-peroxidase, H2O2-splitting reaction or superoxide dismutase. A slight interrelationship seems to be present in the case of NADH oxidase even though many exceptions were recognized. All the strains studied had the activities of superoxide dismutase, the absence of which has been regarded as the enzymatic basis of strict anaerobiosis of \"strictly anaerobic\" bacteria. Some strict anaerobes had high an activity of this enzyme as some aerobic bacteria. The differences in the levels of this activity seem to have some interrelationship not with differences in the degree of oxygen tolerance but with those in the genus to which every strain belongs taxonomically.", "contents": "Oxygen and \"strictly anaerobic\" intestinal bacteria. II. Oxygen metabolism in strictly anaerobic bacteria. Oxygen metabolism of \"strictly anaerobic\" intestinal bacteria was investigated and compared in 25 strains. Washed cell suspensions of all the bacterial strains, in which growth in a medium initially equilibrated with a gas mixture consisting of 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2 was almost the same as under anaerobic conditions, absorbed O2 at high rate. Such O2 uptake was inhibited by NaN3. Most strains in which growth was inhibited either partially or completely in the same oxygenic condition absorbed O2 at a comparably low rate, and in many cases, such O2 uptake was not inhibited by NaN3. However, in a certain strain incapable of growth in the initial presence of dissolved O2, absorption of O2 was as high as that in some aerobic bacteria, and it was inhibited by NaN3. Little interrelationship was found between the degree of oxygen tolerance and the activities of NADH-peroxidase, H2O2-splitting reaction or superoxide dismutase. A slight interrelationship seems to be present in the case of NADH oxidase even though many exceptions were recognized. All the strains studied had the activities of superoxide dismutase, the absence of which has been regarded as the enzymatic basis of strict anaerobiosis of \"strictly anaerobic\" bacteria. Some strict anaerobes had high an activity of this enzyme as some aerobic bacteria. The differences in the levels of this activity seem to have some interrelationship not with differences in the degree of oxygen tolerance but with those in the genus to which every strain belongs taxonomically.", "PMID": 735165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1984", "title": "The influence of age on the response to renal parenchymal loss.", "content": "The effect of age on compensatory hypertrophy and functional adaptation to loss of 75 percent of renal mass was studied in canine puppies. In one group of animals the surgery was done between 1-5 days after birth and in another group, at two months of age. All animals were studied six weeks later. Shamoperated littermates served as controls. The newborn puppies in the experimental group were able to grow and maintain homeostasis as well as their controls, whereas the older experimental animals grew poorly and had significantly higher levels of plasma creatinine than their sham-operated counterparts (p < .05). The increase in mass of the remaining kidney was twice as much in the newborn as in the older dogs. Functional adaptation, as expressed by GFR, was nearly complete in the young, but reached only about 45 percent of controls in the older age group (p<.005). The intrarenal blood flow distribution was similar for experimental and control animals in both groups studied. There were, however, marked differences in the pattern of single glomerular perfusion rates: whereas in the older dogs the increase was confined to the deeper nephrons, in the newborn an increase occurred in all zones of the kidney. These studies demonstrate that compensation for massive loss of renal tissue is complete when the injury is sustained in the immediate postnatal period but only partial when it occurs later on in life. A loss in the adaptive capacity of the superficial nephrons appears to account for this age-related difference.", "contents": "The influence of age on the response to renal parenchymal loss. The effect of age on compensatory hypertrophy and functional adaptation to loss of 75 percent of renal mass was studied in canine puppies. In one group of animals the surgery was done between 1-5 days after birth and in another group, at two months of age. All animals were studied six weeks later. Shamoperated littermates served as controls. The newborn puppies in the experimental group were able to grow and maintain homeostasis as well as their controls, whereas the older experimental animals grew poorly and had significantly higher levels of plasma creatinine than their sham-operated counterparts (p < .05). The increase in mass of the remaining kidney was twice as much in the newborn as in the older dogs. Functional adaptation, as expressed by GFR, was nearly complete in the young, but reached only about 45 percent of controls in the older age group (p<.005). The intrarenal blood flow distribution was similar for experimental and control animals in both groups studied. There were, however, marked differences in the pattern of single glomerular perfusion rates: whereas in the older dogs the increase was confined to the deeper nephrons, in the newborn an increase occurred in all zones of the kidney. These studies demonstrate that compensation for massive loss of renal tissue is complete when the injury is sustained in the immediate postnatal period but only partial when it occurs later on in life. A loss in the adaptive capacity of the superficial nephrons appears to account for this age-related difference.", "PMID": 735156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1985", "title": "The effects of functional adaptation of residual nephrons on the urinary excretion of drugs.", "content": "In patients with chronic renal failure due to glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis or polycystic kidneys the urinary clearance of free chloramphenicol (C(CHL)) was depressed proportionally to GFR (C(In)). The ordinate intercept of the regression line of C(CHL) on C(In), however, consistently was positive (+3 to +5 ml/min). The fractional excretion of chloramphenicol in renal failure increased from its normal value of 50 percent as an exponential function of the decrease of GFR, and as a linear function of the fractional excretion of water or of sodium. Dietary sodium restriction had no influence on C(CHL) in the patients, while water diuresis, in normal subjects, enhanced the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol. The data suggest that chloramphenicol is reabsorbed by back-diffusion and that increases of the rate of flow of urine and tubular fluid prevent back-diffusion.", "contents": "The effects of functional adaptation of residual nephrons on the urinary excretion of drugs. In patients with chronic renal failure due to glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis or polycystic kidneys the urinary clearance of free chloramphenicol (C(CHL)) was depressed proportionally to GFR (C(In)). The ordinate intercept of the regression line of C(CHL) on C(In), however, consistently was positive (+3 to +5 ml/min). The fractional excretion of chloramphenicol in renal failure increased from its normal value of 50 percent as an exponential function of the decrease of GFR, and as a linear function of the fractional excretion of water or of sodium. Dietary sodium restriction had no influence on C(CHL) in the patients, while water diuresis, in normal subjects, enhanced the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol. The data suggest that chloramphenicol is reabsorbed by back-diffusion and that increases of the rate of flow of urine and tubular fluid prevent back-diffusion.", "PMID": 735157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1986", "title": "Metabolic response to renal compensatory growth.", "content": "Forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy in young male Sprague-Dawley rats the concentrations of free methionine, alanine and tyrosine in renal cortical tissue were increased by 15-65 percent while the corresponding plasma concentrations decreased by 23-35 percent. The renal cortical concentrations of valine and leucine increased by 41 percent and 26 percent while plasma concentrations remained unchanged. The cortical concentrations of ornithine, serine and threonine remained unchanged while the plasma concentration decreased by approximately one-third. The total free amino acid contained in the cortex was not changed, while total free amino acids in plasma decreased by 7 percent. These data are thought to reflect an increased uptake of methionine and tyrosine into renal cells during compensatory hypertrophy, and an increased incorporation into renal protein of serine, threonine and ornithine. All these changes as well as all other biochemical changes accompanying compensatory hypertrophy with the exception of an increase of the RNA/DNA ratio were prevented by starvation for 48 hours after unilateral nephrectomy.In young male Sprague-Dawley rats and adult male Charles River mice, the incorporation of (14)C-choline into acid-insoluble phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) was already accelerated 5 minutes after contralateral nephrectomy and further rose to +68 \u00b1 7 percent within 20 minutes to 3 hours. Incorporation of (14)C-choline into phospholipids remained accelerated for two to three days and reflected increased rates of phospholipid synthesis rather than increased choline uptake. Three hours after unilateral nephrectomy in mice, incorporation of i.p. injected (14)C-choline into phospholipids was accelerated 25 percent. The rate of turnover of free labelled renal phospholipids was not accelerated during compensatory renal growth. The very early increase of choline incorporation into phospholipids after contralateral nephrectomy, therefore, appears to reflect an increased rate of synthesis of membrane material.", "contents": "Metabolic response to renal compensatory growth. Forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy in young male Sprague-Dawley rats the concentrations of free methionine, alanine and tyrosine in renal cortical tissue were increased by 15-65 percent while the corresponding plasma concentrations decreased by 23-35 percent. The renal cortical concentrations of valine and leucine increased by 41 percent and 26 percent while plasma concentrations remained unchanged. The cortical concentrations of ornithine, serine and threonine remained unchanged while the plasma concentration decreased by approximately one-third. The total free amino acid contained in the cortex was not changed, while total free amino acids in plasma decreased by 7 percent. These data are thought to reflect an increased uptake of methionine and tyrosine into renal cells during compensatory hypertrophy, and an increased incorporation into renal protein of serine, threonine and ornithine. All these changes as well as all other biochemical changes accompanying compensatory hypertrophy with the exception of an increase of the RNA/DNA ratio were prevented by starvation for 48 hours after unilateral nephrectomy.In young male Sprague-Dawley rats and adult male Charles River mice, the incorporation of (14)C-choline into acid-insoluble phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) was already accelerated 5 minutes after contralateral nephrectomy and further rose to +68 \u00b1 7 percent within 20 minutes to 3 hours. Incorporation of (14)C-choline into phospholipids remained accelerated for two to three days and reflected increased rates of phospholipid synthesis rather than increased choline uptake. Three hours after unilateral nephrectomy in mice, incorporation of i.p. injected (14)C-choline into phospholipids was accelerated 25 percent. The rate of turnover of free labelled renal phospholipids was not accelerated during compensatory renal growth. The very early increase of choline incorporation into phospholipids after contralateral nephrectomy, therefore, appears to reflect an increased rate of synthesis of membrane material.", "PMID": 735159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1987", "title": "[Differences in proline metabolism of a peptide alkaloid producing and a nonproducing strain of Claviceps purpurea].", "content": "Two strains (pepty 695 and pur 221) of Claviceps purpurea have been used to study the dependence of proline turnover on incubation time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) under different culture conditions (synthetic saccharose-citrate medium NL 720 and complex wort medium M 107) by means of tracer technique. In the saprophytically ergotoxine producing strain pepty 695 the proline is utilized in the protein and alkaloid biosyntheses. On the other hand, under non-producing conditions (M 10) the radioactivity of proline-14C is incorporated into many fractions and finally into CO2. In submerged culture (NL 720) the Claviceps strain pur 221 which does not produce ergolines uses proline only to a small extent in the protein biosynthesis, while most of this amino acid is not metabolized. The extent of uptake of proline is not correlated with the alkaloid synthesis. For comparison the turnover of L-glutamate-14C and D,L-ornithine-1-14C by strain pepty 695 cultivated in the NL 720 medium has been studied.", "contents": "[Differences in proline metabolism of a peptide alkaloid producing and a nonproducing strain of Claviceps purpurea]. Two strains (pepty 695 and pur 221) of Claviceps purpurea have been used to study the dependence of proline turnover on incubation time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) under different culture conditions (synthetic saccharose-citrate medium NL 720 and complex wort medium M 107) by means of tracer technique. In the saprophytically ergotoxine producing strain pepty 695 the proline is utilized in the protein and alkaloid biosyntheses. On the other hand, under non-producing conditions (M 10) the radioactivity of proline-14C is incorporated into many fractions and finally into CO2. In submerged culture (NL 720) the Claviceps strain pur 221 which does not produce ergolines uses proline only to a small extent in the protein biosynthesis, while most of this amino acid is not metabolized. The extent of uptake of proline is not correlated with the alkaloid synthesis. For comparison the turnover of L-glutamate-14C and D,L-ornithine-1-14C by strain pepty 695 cultivated in the NL 720 medium has been studied.", "PMID": 735169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1988", "title": "Messenger RNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "content": "Experiments that deal with the stability of messenger RNA (mRNA) in normal mouse kidney, and, to some extent, the stability of mRNA during renal growth will be described. We have found a population of mRNA in the cytoplasm of mouse kidney that is short-lived. Such a class of rapidly metabolized mRNA could play an adaptive role at the translational or cytoplasmic level in determining gene expression and may be important during the early phases of compensatory hypertrophy.", "contents": "Messenger RNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy. Experiments that deal with the stability of messenger RNA (mRNA) in normal mouse kidney, and, to some extent, the stability of mRNA during renal growth will be described. We have found a population of mRNA in the cytoplasm of mouse kidney that is short-lived. Such a class of rapidly metabolized mRNA could play an adaptive role at the translational or cytoplasmic level in determining gene expression and may be important during the early phases of compensatory hypertrophy.", "PMID": 735161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1989", "title": "Further studies on a renotropic system in rats.", "content": "Based upon many investigations, the existence of short-lived, specific, circulating substances which incite and/or regulate compensatory renal growth has been proposed. In our studies, we find that sera and plasma from unilaterally nephrectomized rats compared to sera and plasma from sham-operated rats stimulate the incorporation of (3)H-thymidine monophosphate, (3)H-thymidine and (14)C-uridine into the DNA of incubating rat kidney fragments. While extracts from growing rat kidneys are not excitatory, they produce a relative enhancement to incorporation of isotope into DNA when combined with sera from uninephrectomized rats-more than the sera do alone. The above is found also for the incorporation of (14)C-uridine into RNA of incubating rat kidney fragments. Sera from uninephrectomized rats fail to stimulate DNA synthesis in liver slices from rats but do so in the presence of extracts from growing kidneys. Renotropic factors in sera and extracts do not appear to work by diluting the isotopes, by enhancing transport, or by effecting overall metabolism of the renal cells. The above described serum and liver factors may play a role in compensatory renal growth.", "contents": "Further studies on a renotropic system in rats. Based upon many investigations, the existence of short-lived, specific, circulating substances which incite and/or regulate compensatory renal growth has been proposed. In our studies, we find that sera and plasma from unilaterally nephrectomized rats compared to sera and plasma from sham-operated rats stimulate the incorporation of (3)H-thymidine monophosphate, (3)H-thymidine and (14)C-uridine into the DNA of incubating rat kidney fragments. While extracts from growing rat kidneys are not excitatory, they produce a relative enhancement to incorporation of isotope into DNA when combined with sera from uninephrectomized rats-more than the sera do alone. The above is found also for the incorporation of (14)C-uridine into RNA of incubating rat kidney fragments. Sera from uninephrectomized rats fail to stimulate DNA synthesis in liver slices from rats but do so in the presence of extracts from growing kidneys. Renotropic factors in sera and extracts do not appear to work by diluting the isotopes, by enhancing transport, or by effecting overall metabolism of the renal cells. The above described serum and liver factors may play a role in compensatory renal growth.", "PMID": 735160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1990", "title": "[The current position in the preparations for active retirement in the socialist society of Schwerin county (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a survey of the preparations for active retirement in the socialist society. They report on a model experiment carried out in Schwerin county and its results on the health, mental and social conditions of the participating persons approaching pensionable age.", "contents": "[The current position in the preparations for active retirement in the socialist society of Schwerin county (author's transl)]. The authors present a survey of the preparations for active retirement in the socialist society. They report on a model experiment carried out in Schwerin county and its results on the health, mental and social conditions of the participating persons approaching pensionable age.", "PMID": 735173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1991", "title": "Role of solute excretion in prevention of norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure.", "content": "Infusion of 0.75 \u03bc g/kgbw/min norepinephrine (NE), for 40 minutes, into one renal artery in anesthetized dogs, induced acute renal failure (ARF). Subsequently there was nearly complete reversal of function within 8 weeks. Isotonic saline volume expansion, or renal vasodilation plus diuresis by acetylcholine (into renal artery: 20 \u03bcg/min) did not protect against this type of ARF. Volume expansion with either 5 or 20 percent mannitol partly prevented the fall of GFR 3 hours after NE, this protection being correlated with the magnitude of the osmolar clearance at the time of the insult. IV furosemide (10 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg/h; fluid losses replaced) afforded an even better protection. Proximal tubular necrosis in the \"protected\" kidneys was as severe as in non-protected kidneys. Glomerular cell morphology (scanning electron microscopy) was not altered by the 40-minute NE infusions. Functional \"protection\" appeared to depend on solute diuresis at the time of insult.", "contents": "Role of solute excretion in prevention of norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure. Infusion of 0.75 \u03bc g/kgbw/min norepinephrine (NE), for 40 minutes, into one renal artery in anesthetized dogs, induced acute renal failure (ARF). Subsequently there was nearly complete reversal of function within 8 weeks. Isotonic saline volume expansion, or renal vasodilation plus diuresis by acetylcholine (into renal artery: 20 \u03bcg/min) did not protect against this type of ARF. Volume expansion with either 5 or 20 percent mannitol partly prevented the fall of GFR 3 hours after NE, this protection being correlated with the magnitude of the osmolar clearance at the time of the insult. IV furosemide (10 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg/h; fluid losses replaced) afforded an even better protection. Proximal tubular necrosis in the \"protected\" kidneys was as severe as in non-protected kidneys. Glomerular cell morphology (scanning electron microscopy) was not altered by the 40-minute NE infusions. Functional \"protection\" appeared to depend on solute diuresis at the time of insult.", "PMID": 735158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1992", "title": "[The indication to neuro-surgical intervention in higher age (author's transl)].", "content": "Higher life expectancy has entailed the necessity of treating syndromes in the age group over 60 more frequently. Therapy also includes surgical intervention in general and neurosurgery in particular. References in literature and cases from our own hospital showed that the necessity of performing surgery was extended to include persons of advanced age. Growing life expectancy during the last few decades was accompanied by an improvement in surgical techniques, in the substitution therapy of age-dependent dysfunctions, and the development of careful up-to-date anaesthesia. Good interdisciplinary cooperation resulted in a decisive reduction of the intra- and post-operative mortality rate, even if patients of higher age groups who underwent the selected major neuro-surgical interventions yet have twice the mortality rate (24 per cent) of patients under 60 (11.4 per cent). Early diagnosis is the weakest link in this chain. Cerebral and spinal symptoms in older people are often attributed to age-dependent factors of the vascular system. The space--occupying process is often recognized too late. Once the function of the CNS has failed, even risky interventions cannot bring about a favourable change in the disease.", "contents": "[The indication to neuro-surgical intervention in higher age (author's transl)]. Higher life expectancy has entailed the necessity of treating syndromes in the age group over 60 more frequently. Therapy also includes surgical intervention in general and neurosurgery in particular. References in literature and cases from our own hospital showed that the necessity of performing surgery was extended to include persons of advanced age. Growing life expectancy during the last few decades was accompanied by an improvement in surgical techniques, in the substitution therapy of age-dependent dysfunctions, and the development of careful up-to-date anaesthesia. Good interdisciplinary cooperation resulted in a decisive reduction of the intra- and post-operative mortality rate, even if patients of higher age groups who underwent the selected major neuro-surgical interventions yet have twice the mortality rate (24 per cent) of patients under 60 (11.4 per cent). Early diagnosis is the weakest link in this chain. Cerebral and spinal symptoms in older people are often attributed to age-dependent factors of the vascular system. The space--occupying process is often recognized too late. Once the function of the CNS has failed, even risky interventions cannot bring about a favourable change in the disease.", "PMID": 735175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1993", "title": "[Problems of anaesthesia in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "In old age elective surgical procedures may be planned and the patient may be prepared for surgery. Emergency procedures however have a much higher risk. Beyond the 7th decade the mortality rate shows a steep rise and in the 9th decade mortality amounts to about 50%. In cases of intestinal obstruction and peritonitis with preoperative shock the mortality rate even reaches the 90% mark. The duration of surgery is of decisive importance and it should be as short as possible. Having an experienced anaesthetist at the disposal the anaesthetic procedure is of secondary importance only.", "contents": "[Problems of anaesthesia in old age (author's transl)]. In old age elective surgical procedures may be planned and the patient may be prepared for surgery. Emergency procedures however have a much higher risk. Beyond the 7th decade the mortality rate shows a steep rise and in the 9th decade mortality amounts to about 50%. In cases of intestinal obstruction and peritonitis with preoperative shock the mortality rate even reaches the 90% mark. The duration of surgery is of decisive importance and it should be as short as possible. Having an experienced anaesthetist at the disposal the anaesthetic procedure is of secondary importance only.", "PMID": 735176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1994", "title": "Effect of excess iodine supplement on serum total proteins, electrophoretic patterns and body weight of Fayoumi chickens.", "content": "Total proteins and their major fractions were determined in the serum of 135 males and females of Fayoumi chickens, 65 were used as controls and 70 were treated with excess iodine in the form of KI. Serum proteins increased significantly with the increase in age till the 90th day in normals, then decreased gradually. Excess iodine supplement decreased body weight, serum total proteins, alpha2- and beta-globulins in most of males, while in females the decrease was pronounced till the 90 days old. Albumin increased in females than in males in normals, while in the treated groups it decreased in all females and in some of males. A/G ratio decreased with maturation in normals, but in the treated groups it increased in males and decreased in most of females than those of controls.", "contents": "Effect of excess iodine supplement on serum total proteins, electrophoretic patterns and body weight of Fayoumi chickens. Total proteins and their major fractions were determined in the serum of 135 males and females of Fayoumi chickens, 65 were used as controls and 70 were treated with excess iodine in the form of KI. Serum proteins increased significantly with the increase in age till the 90th day in normals, then decreased gradually. Excess iodine supplement decreased body weight, serum total proteins, alpha2- and beta-globulins in most of males, while in females the decrease was pronounced till the 90 days old. Albumin increased in females than in males in normals, while in the treated groups it decreased in all females and in some of males. A/G ratio decreased with maturation in normals, but in the treated groups it increased in males and decreased in most of females than those of controls.", "PMID": 735193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1995", "title": "[Influence of date seed flour and cellulose on growth, food utilization and parameters of fat metabolism of growing and adult rats].", "content": "In experiments with growing and adult Wistar-rats, the influence of date-seed flour on growth, food intake/utilization and lipid metabolism was studied. Cellulose powder was used as control substance. Unlike cellulose the date-seed flour increased the food intake and the gained body weights of the animals. The food utilization impaired after supplying both date-seed flour and cellulose. Date-seed flour as source of crude fibers in the diet caused a higher increase of weight and volume of the faeces than equivalent amounts of cellulose. Cellulose fed animals showed a higher crude fiber content of the faeces. The crude fiber of date seeds is supposed to consist of compounds more easily digested than cellulose such as hemicelluloses. Date-seed flour led to a significant increase of serum total lipids and serum cholesterol of growing rats. In the liver of adult rats the neutral fats and total lipids were increased too. A clear fatty infiltration in the liver of growing rats was detected. Cellulose did not significantly influence the lipid metabolism of both growing and adult rats. There must be a certain compound in the date seeds causing this lipid anabolic effect, which is not compensated by their relatively high crude fiber-content.", "contents": "[Influence of date seed flour and cellulose on growth, food utilization and parameters of fat metabolism of growing and adult rats]. In experiments with growing and adult Wistar-rats, the influence of date-seed flour on growth, food intake/utilization and lipid metabolism was studied. Cellulose powder was used as control substance. Unlike cellulose the date-seed flour increased the food intake and the gained body weights of the animals. The food utilization impaired after supplying both date-seed flour and cellulose. Date-seed flour as source of crude fibers in the diet caused a higher increase of weight and volume of the faeces than equivalent amounts of cellulose. Cellulose fed animals showed a higher crude fiber content of the faeces. The crude fiber of date seeds is supposed to consist of compounds more easily digested than cellulose such as hemicelluloses. Date-seed flour led to a significant increase of serum total lipids and serum cholesterol of growing rats. In the liver of adult rats the neutral fats and total lipids were increased too. A clear fatty infiltration in the liver of growing rats was detected. Cellulose did not significantly influence the lipid metabolism of both growing and adult rats. There must be a certain compound in the date seeds causing this lipid anabolic effect, which is not compensated by their relatively high crude fiber-content.", "PMID": 735194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1996", "title": "[Comparison of metabolic effects of infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes].", "content": "The side effects of high dosed infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) in metabolically healthy volunteers have been studied. Infusions of glucose or fructose in high dose cause an increase in blood lactate levels. This effect, to a lesser degree, is observed with sorbitol. No effect, however, was seen with xylitol. Following the termination of the glucose infusions the lactate levels remain elevated, whereas after termination of the fructose infusions the lactate concentration is normalized within a short time. A decrease in the serum phosphate levels was observed for all the substances used. The most active were glucose and xylitol, followed by fructose and sorbitol, respectively. Similarly, all these substances cause an elevation of the serum bilirubin levels, though enzyme activities in serum remain unaffected. Xylitol had the greatest effect on bilirubin levels, however, glucose was also effective. The only side effect caused by the glucose substitutes was the stimulation of uric acid synthesis. In this respect xylitol was most effective. Some of metabolic effects of glucose and glucose substitutes are not yet clearly understood. However, even at very high doses these effects are not to be regarded as true \"side-effects\".", "contents": "[Comparison of metabolic effects of infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes]. The side effects of high dosed infusions of glucose and glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) in metabolically healthy volunteers have been studied. Infusions of glucose or fructose in high dose cause an increase in blood lactate levels. This effect, to a lesser degree, is observed with sorbitol. No effect, however, was seen with xylitol. Following the termination of the glucose infusions the lactate levels remain elevated, whereas after termination of the fructose infusions the lactate concentration is normalized within a short time. A decrease in the serum phosphate levels was observed for all the substances used. The most active were glucose and xylitol, followed by fructose and sorbitol, respectively. Similarly, all these substances cause an elevation of the serum bilirubin levels, though enzyme activities in serum remain unaffected. Xylitol had the greatest effect on bilirubin levels, however, glucose was also effective. The only side effect caused by the glucose substitutes was the stimulation of uric acid synthesis. In this respect xylitol was most effective. Some of metabolic effects of glucose and glucose substitutes are not yet clearly understood. However, even at very high doses these effects are not to be regarded as true \"side-effects\".", "PMID": 735195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1997", "title": "[Comparison of side effects of infusion of glucose and glucose substitutes at different doses].", "content": "Glucose, fructose, sorbitol or xylitol were infused for four hours at different dose levels to metabolically healthy volunteers. The metabolic effects of the so-called glucose substitutes were compared to that of glucose. Even at very high doses (2.0 g/kg bodyweight per hour) of infusion of glucose or fructose a steady state was attained. This, however, was not the case with xylitol or sorbitol at lower doses (i.e. 0.5 g/kg bodyweight per hour), where no steady state was reached. The blood glucose concentration is not influenced by any of the glucose substitutes. During infusion of very high doses of fructose a small increase in serum insulin level is found, however, without any alteration in blood glucose concentration. Glucose as well as glucose substitutes cause an immediate suppression of free fatty acid concentrations in serum. In case of glucose there is a manifold increase in fatty acid concentration after the infusion is terminated. On the other hand, the free fatty acid concentration remains low even several hours following termination of the high-dosed fructose infusion. Theoretically one would expect an increase in triglyceride concentration, at least at the high dosed carbohydrate infusions. In contrast to this theoretical expectation, in the case of glucose and of xylitol a significant reduction of triglyceride concentration in serum was observed. Fructose and sorbitol did not exhibit this effect. Glucose and fructose are well utilized in metabolically healthy subjects. The maximum turnover rates for both polyols are lower. Unlike glucose, the glucose substitutes obviously do not cause any serious disturbation in hormonal regulations. Only in the case of glucose, counterregulation is seen following the termination of the infusion.", "contents": "[Comparison of side effects of infusion of glucose and glucose substitutes at different doses]. Glucose, fructose, sorbitol or xylitol were infused for four hours at different dose levels to metabolically healthy volunteers. The metabolic effects of the so-called glucose substitutes were compared to that of glucose. Even at very high doses (2.0 g/kg bodyweight per hour) of infusion of glucose or fructose a steady state was attained. This, however, was not the case with xylitol or sorbitol at lower doses (i.e. 0.5 g/kg bodyweight per hour), where no steady state was reached. The blood glucose concentration is not influenced by any of the glucose substitutes. During infusion of very high doses of fructose a small increase in serum insulin level is found, however, without any alteration in blood glucose concentration. Glucose as well as glucose substitutes cause an immediate suppression of free fatty acid concentrations in serum. In case of glucose there is a manifold increase in fatty acid concentration after the infusion is terminated. On the other hand, the free fatty acid concentration remains low even several hours following termination of the high-dosed fructose infusion. Theoretically one would expect an increase in triglyceride concentration, at least at the high dosed carbohydrate infusions. In contrast to this theoretical expectation, in the case of glucose and of xylitol a significant reduction of triglyceride concentration in serum was observed. Fructose and sorbitol did not exhibit this effect. Glucose and fructose are well utilized in metabolically healthy subjects. The maximum turnover rates for both polyols are lower. Unlike glucose, the glucose substitutes obviously do not cause any serious disturbation in hormonal regulations. Only in the case of glucose, counterregulation is seen following the termination of the infusion.", "PMID": 735196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1998", "title": "Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and serum lipid pattern: A comparison between Indian immigrants and Danes.", "content": "A comparative data on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, serum cholesterol and serum fatty acid pattern between Indian immigrants and Danes have been presented. The erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Indian immigrants has been found to be significantly increased as compared to that in the Danish group when t-buthylhydroperoxide was used as a substrate. Also a significant correlation (R less than or equal to 0.09) was found in the GSH-Px activities in the Indian group with the three peroxides, viz., hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butylhydroperoxide, used. This correlation was, however, missing in the Danish group. Serum cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in the Indian group as compared to the Danes. Also total serum fatty acid patterns between the two groups differed considerably.", "contents": "Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and serum lipid pattern: A comparison between Indian immigrants and Danes. A comparative data on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, serum cholesterol and serum fatty acid pattern between Indian immigrants and Danes have been presented. The erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Indian immigrants has been found to be significantly increased as compared to that in the Danish group when t-buthylhydroperoxide was used as a substrate. Also a significant correlation (R less than or equal to 0.09) was found in the GSH-Px activities in the Indian group with the three peroxides, viz., hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butylhydroperoxide, used. This correlation was, however, missing in the Danish group. Serum cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in the Indian group as compared to the Danes. Also total serum fatty acid patterns between the two groups differed considerably.", "PMID": 735197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_1999", "title": "[New methods of chemotherapy also for extrapulmonary tuberculosis?].", "content": "The chemotherapy of all forms of tuberculosis is basically performed according to homogeneous principles. Different opinions exist within the extrapulmonary forms particularly with regard to the duration of the treatment. Here, the so-called long-term therapy is frequently still postulated with 18--24 months. But newly developed, highly effective antituberculotic medicaments do not only allow but actually demand a shortening of the time of treatment in interest of the patient. Apparantly rifampicin and also pyrazin amide are able to effect on the germs in rest -- the persisters. Up to now the last mentioned gave the actual rise for the long-term application. Under the notion short-term therapy on the one hand by the application of the preparations mentioned and on the other hand basing on the experiences in the medicamentous treatment of the pulmonary tuberculosis now in the same measure the possiblity of a total duration of the therapy of on an average twelve months develops for the extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis. Here, the two-phase regime is preferred with a continuous application of medicaments lasting for three months and following controlled phase with intermitting application of antituberculotics twice a week. The duration of application for rifampicin in these cases should neither trandgress nor be below three months.", "contents": "[New methods of chemotherapy also for extrapulmonary tuberculosis?]. The chemotherapy of all forms of tuberculosis is basically performed according to homogeneous principles. Different opinions exist within the extrapulmonary forms particularly with regard to the duration of the treatment. Here, the so-called long-term therapy is frequently still postulated with 18--24 months. But newly developed, highly effective antituberculotic medicaments do not only allow but actually demand a shortening of the time of treatment in interest of the patient. Apparantly rifampicin and also pyrazin amide are able to effect on the germs in rest -- the persisters. Up to now the last mentioned gave the actual rise for the long-term application. Under the notion short-term therapy on the one hand by the application of the preparations mentioned and on the other hand basing on the experiences in the medicamentous treatment of the pulmonary tuberculosis now in the same measure the possiblity of a total duration of the therapy of on an average twelve months develops for the extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis. Here, the two-phase regime is preferred with a continuous application of medicaments lasting for three months and following controlled phase with intermitting application of antituberculotics twice a week. The duration of application for rifampicin in these cases should neither trandgress nor be below three months.", "PMID": 735238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2000", "title": "[Female genital tuberculosis].", "content": "As one of the forms of extrapulmonary tuberculoses the genital tuberculosis of the woman is--despite regressing numbers of morbidity and mortality--a disease still existing, which is to be found at every age. The own results of examinations and experiences which could be obtained from 140 female patients with bacteriologically and histologically ascertained diagnosis are included into the actual survey of the clinic of the genital tuberculosis from the gynaecologists and obstetrician's point of view. These results, too, emphasize the necessity of a complex diagnosis, therapy and aftercare of the female genital tuberculosis, which together with the vast prophylactic tasks may only be coped with by a rational cooperation in the interdisciplinary scale.", "contents": "[Female genital tuberculosis]. As one of the forms of extrapulmonary tuberculoses the genital tuberculosis of the woman is--despite regressing numbers of morbidity and mortality--a disease still existing, which is to be found at every age. The own results of examinations and experiences which could be obtained from 140 female patients with bacteriologically and histologically ascertained diagnosis are included into the actual survey of the clinic of the genital tuberculosis from the gynaecologists and obstetrician's point of view. These results, too, emphasize the necessity of a complex diagnosis, therapy and aftercare of the female genital tuberculosis, which together with the vast prophylactic tasks may only be coped with by a rational cooperation in the interdisciplinary scale.", "PMID": 735239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2001", "title": "[Current viewpoints on osteoarticular tuberculosis].", "content": "Nowadays the osteoarticular tuberculosis is a disease of adult and senile age. Among my own patients were most frequently affected the spinal column (55.7%), the hip-joint (10.1%) and the knee-joint (9.4%). If other diagnostic methods fail, to the interest of an early ascertainment of the diagnosis the performance of a test excision should not be delayed. On modern conditions a conservative treatment is sufficient in most cases and achieves good results. Here, the chemotherapy follows the usual directives, in which cases on account of the lacking proof of causative organisms frequently must be issued from the probable position of resistance. Excluding early diagnosed, purely synovial tuberculoses of the joint in young patients, even nowadays every tuberculous skeletal focus needs immobilisation. In case that conservative therapy does not lead to an improvement of the findings, operative measures are indicated. Here, the removal of the focus is the first place. A final solution of the problem of the osteoarticular tuberculosis is to be expected above all within the general combat against tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Current viewpoints on osteoarticular tuberculosis]. Nowadays the osteoarticular tuberculosis is a disease of adult and senile age. Among my own patients were most frequently affected the spinal column (55.7%), the hip-joint (10.1%) and the knee-joint (9.4%). If other diagnostic methods fail, to the interest of an early ascertainment of the diagnosis the performance of a test excision should not be delayed. On modern conditions a conservative treatment is sufficient in most cases and achieves good results. Here, the chemotherapy follows the usual directives, in which cases on account of the lacking proof of causative organisms frequently must be issued from the probable position of resistance. Excluding early diagnosed, purely synovial tuberculoses of the joint in young patients, even nowadays every tuberculous skeletal focus needs immobilisation. In case that conservative therapy does not lead to an improvement of the findings, operative measures are indicated. Here, the removal of the focus is the first place. A final solution of the problem of the osteoarticular tuberculosis is to be expected above all within the general combat against tuberculosis.", "PMID": 735240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2002", "title": "[The current state of cutaneous tuberculosis].", "content": "Thirty-three years after the introduction of the chemotherapeutics and as result of massive prophylactic and preventive measures the tuberculosis of the skin shows a clear epidemiologic and clinical change. Nowadays the clinical picture of the tuberculosis of the skin restricts essentially to the classical forms of the lupous, verrucous and colliquative tubervulosis of the skin, the specific etiology and pathogenesis of which are ascertained. The so-called tuberculids should at present only be treated in a qualified sense in the chapter of tuberculosis of the skin. After a short description of the diagnostic possibilities and after a historical survey on former measures of treatment the present GDR standard in therapy is explained. The qualification for carrying on the isonicotinic acid hydrazide monotherapy in the tuberculosis cutis luposa and verrucosa is proved on the basis of bacteriological, pathologo-anatomical and clinical peculiarities of these forms of tuberculosis of the skin.", "contents": "[The current state of cutaneous tuberculosis]. Thirty-three years after the introduction of the chemotherapeutics and as result of massive prophylactic and preventive measures the tuberculosis of the skin shows a clear epidemiologic and clinical change. Nowadays the clinical picture of the tuberculosis of the skin restricts essentially to the classical forms of the lupous, verrucous and colliquative tubervulosis of the skin, the specific etiology and pathogenesis of which are ascertained. The so-called tuberculids should at present only be treated in a qualified sense in the chapter of tuberculosis of the skin. After a short description of the diagnostic possibilities and after a historical survey on former measures of treatment the present GDR standard in therapy is explained. The qualification for carrying on the isonicotinic acid hydrazide monotherapy in the tuberculosis cutis luposa and verrucosa is proved on the basis of bacteriological, pathologo-anatomical and clinical peculiarities of these forms of tuberculosis of the skin.", "PMID": 735241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2003", "title": "[Lactacidosis in guanide treatment--a current disease syndrome].", "content": "It is reported on two eldery female diabetics with severe lethal lactacidosis. The clinical picture as well as the laboratory constellation leave no room for doubt about it, though only in one case the estimation of lactate could be performed. A renal insufficiency as involving factor is to be supposed in the two cases. With the help of literature the essential points of view of the clinical picture are discussed and it is referred to its origin also under influence of buformin.", "contents": "[Lactacidosis in guanide treatment--a current disease syndrome]. It is reported on two eldery female diabetics with severe lethal lactacidosis. The clinical picture as well as the laboratory constellation leave no room for doubt about it, though only in one case the estimation of lactate could be performed. A renal insufficiency as involving factor is to be supposed in the two cases. With the help of literature the essential points of view of the clinical picture are discussed and it is referred to its origin also under influence of buformin.", "PMID": 735243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2004", "title": "[Indications and results of an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy of obesity].", "content": "Despite frequently good early successes the several therapeutic methods of obesity show in general unsatisfactory long-term results with large numbers of recidivations. Considering non-existing causal-therapeutic possibilities in the present paper in reported on a complex and differentiated therapeutic programme in 549 obese persons. After an initial subtotal fasting cure of ca. 100 kcal/a day with gradual increase of diet in more than half the obese persons an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy was performed. The indications resulted above all from the frequent syntropy with diabetes mellitus (28%), arterial hypertension (23%) and hyperlipidaemia (14%). In 122 test persons (adipose patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and extremely obese patients without essential factors of risk, respectively) a treatment with 2 x 50 microgram tri-iodothyronine--partly in combination with diuretics--was performed in intermittent and gradually decreasing dosage. Apart from a vast normalisation of the lipid parameters a reduction of weight from 32.6 +/- 14.8 kg could be achieved after 31 +/- 14 months. Of 131 adipose hypertensive patients 74 received additionally diuretics on account of increased water retention with also good long-term results concerning the reduction of weight and normalisation of blood pressure. The biguanides were a therapeutic enrichment particularly in the treatment of adipose elderly diabetics with obligatory diet. Apart from an improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance regularly a more intensive reduction of weight was obtained.", "contents": "[Indications and results of an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy of obesity]. Despite frequently good early successes the several therapeutic methods of obesity show in general unsatisfactory long-term results with large numbers of recidivations. Considering non-existing causal-therapeutic possibilities in the present paper in reported on a complex and differentiated therapeutic programme in 549 obese persons. After an initial subtotal fasting cure of ca. 100 kcal/a day with gradual increase of diet in more than half the obese persons an additional differentiated pharmacotherapy was performed. The indications resulted above all from the frequent syntropy with diabetes mellitus (28%), arterial hypertension (23%) and hyperlipidaemia (14%). In 122 test persons (adipose patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and extremely obese patients without essential factors of risk, respectively) a treatment with 2 x 50 microgram tri-iodothyronine--partly in combination with diuretics--was performed in intermittent and gradually decreasing dosage. Apart from a vast normalisation of the lipid parameters a reduction of weight from 32.6 +/- 14.8 kg could be achieved after 31 +/- 14 months. Of 131 adipose hypertensive patients 74 received additionally diuretics on account of increased water retention with also good long-term results concerning the reduction of weight and normalisation of blood pressure. The biguanides were a therapeutic enrichment particularly in the treatment of adipose elderly diabetics with obligatory diet. Apart from an improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance regularly a more intensive reduction of weight was obtained.", "PMID": 735244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2005", "title": "[Reproducibility of the answers of various groups of cardiovascular patients in a standardized questionnaire, differentiated by age and gender].", "content": "For the purpose of the valuation of a questionnaire developed by us for the anamnestic recognition of angiocardiopathies, which consists of 63 questions, a repeated interrogation was performed with 220 patients of different age and sex during 14 days. The average reproducibility of the yes/no-decisions was good and varied only slightly in the 8 groups of diseases (86.3--99.4%). The average degree of reproducibility referred to the sexes is nearly the same (94.7% and 95.5%, respectively). Referred to the age groups the highest reproducibility was established in the patients older than 60 years (95.7%) and the lowest in patients between 50 and 60 years (93.3%).", "contents": "[Reproducibility of the answers of various groups of cardiovascular patients in a standardized questionnaire, differentiated by age and gender]. For the purpose of the valuation of a questionnaire developed by us for the anamnestic recognition of angiocardiopathies, which consists of 63 questions, a repeated interrogation was performed with 220 patients of different age and sex during 14 days. The average reproducibility of the yes/no-decisions was good and varied only slightly in the 8 groups of diseases (86.3--99.4%). The average degree of reproducibility referred to the sexes is nearly the same (94.7% and 95.5%, respectively). Referred to the age groups the highest reproducibility was established in the patients older than 60 years (95.7%) and the lowest in patients between 50 and 60 years (93.3%).", "PMID": 735245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2006", "title": "[Comparative studies on the determination of uric acid with the continuous flow machine, the manual reduction method and the enzymatic color test].", "content": "The manual and automatised determination of uric acid by means of phosphotungstic acid as well as the enzymatic test are compared: 1. When the manual reduction method is performed in the deproteinisation losses of uric acid develop (too low pH-value, absorption). For the precipitation of protein the pH-value 3 must not be undercut. Use uranyl acetate (no trichloro-acetic acid). 2. By dialysing of serum the automatized method avoid errors in precipitation. On the other hand, the simultaneous determination of non-uric acid chromogens is valid as for the manual method. Therefore, the automatically established values are higher. 3. Normal regions for the automatized phosphotungstic acid method are: males 4.8--8.2, females 3.5--7.5 mg uric acid/100 ml serum. 4. Comparisons of the quality of the manual and automatized reduction method for the enzymatic colour test are performed: In the precision the methods tested achieve comparable results (VK 2.1--3.5). The investigations of the correctness by means of control sera achieved acceptable results. The enzymatic colour test gives, since scarcely influenced by pharmaca and nearly specifically, the most reliable results. When using reduction methods analytic and preanalytic sources of error (e.g. pharmaca) must vastly be excluded. The automatised reduction method gives the advantage that there do no more appear any losses of uric acid. There is another normal region for the methods tested.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the determination of uric acid with the continuous flow machine, the manual reduction method and the enzymatic color test]. The manual and automatised determination of uric acid by means of phosphotungstic acid as well as the enzymatic test are compared: 1. When the manual reduction method is performed in the deproteinisation losses of uric acid develop (too low pH-value, absorption). For the precipitation of protein the pH-value 3 must not be undercut. Use uranyl acetate (no trichloro-acetic acid). 2. By dialysing of serum the automatized method avoid errors in precipitation. On the other hand, the simultaneous determination of non-uric acid chromogens is valid as for the manual method. Therefore, the automatically established values are higher. 3. Normal regions for the automatized phosphotungstic acid method are: males 4.8--8.2, females 3.5--7.5 mg uric acid/100 ml serum. 4. Comparisons of the quality of the manual and automatized reduction method for the enzymatic colour test are performed: In the precision the methods tested achieve comparable results (VK 2.1--3.5). The investigations of the correctness by means of control sera achieved acceptable results. The enzymatic colour test gives, since scarcely influenced by pharmaca and nearly specifically, the most reliable results. When using reduction methods analytic and preanalytic sources of error (e.g. pharmaca) must vastly be excluded. The automatised reduction method gives the advantage that there do no more appear any losses of uric acid. There is another normal region for the methods tested.", "PMID": 735246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2007", "title": "[The origin of complex coagulopathies in sleeping pill poisonings].", "content": "About 80 per cent of haemostasis disorders were found by systematic examinations of the clotting potential in 130 unselected moderately severe up to severe intoxications by tablets (degree of severity II--IV according to Reed). These disorders are essentially corresponding to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, but provided an extreme case they also may lead to a combination with production-, defect-, and casualty-coagulopathy. Occurring disorders in coagulation are to be treated dependent on stages by heparinisation, in case of need directed haemosubstitution and provided that a hyperfibrinolysis is proved also by antifibrinolytics. In special cases a--not too late beginning--therapy with streptokinase should be taken into consideration. These measures are to be classified into an optimal therapy regimen of detoxication and the exertion of influence of vital functions.", "contents": "[The origin of complex coagulopathies in sleeping pill poisonings]. About 80 per cent of haemostasis disorders were found by systematic examinations of the clotting potential in 130 unselected moderately severe up to severe intoxications by tablets (degree of severity II--IV according to Reed). These disorders are essentially corresponding to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, but provided an extreme case they also may lead to a combination with production-, defect-, and casualty-coagulopathy. Occurring disorders in coagulation are to be treated dependent on stages by heparinisation, in case of need directed haemosubstitution and provided that a hyperfibrinolysis is proved also by antifibrinolytics. In special cases a--not too late beginning--therapy with streptokinase should be taken into consideration. These measures are to be classified into an optimal therapy regimen of detoxication and the exertion of influence of vital functions.", "PMID": 735247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2008", "title": "[Theory and critical aspects of the so-called steal effect of coronary dilators of the dipyridamole type].", "content": "The stenocardias appearing in the dipyridamol test are explained by the hypothesis of a steal effect. This notion is, concerning its contents, to be demarcated against other regulatory processes. With the help of a simple model can be made clear that the thesis of a steal effect stands in contradiction to haemodynamic basic conceptions and cannot be used for the explanation of the paradoxical effect of dipyridamol.", "contents": "[Theory and critical aspects of the so-called steal effect of coronary dilators of the dipyridamole type]. The stenocardias appearing in the dipyridamol test are explained by the hypothesis of a steal effect. This notion is, concerning its contents, to be demarcated against other regulatory processes. With the help of a simple model can be made clear that the thesis of a steal effect stands in contradiction to haemodynamic basic conceptions and cannot be used for the explanation of the paradoxical effect of dipyridamol.", "PMID": 735248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2009", "title": "[Experiences with ultrasound hepatography in the A picture method in the diagnosis of liver metastases].", "content": "In 600 patients by means of the A-picture method ultra-sound investigations of the liver were performed in order to find metastases of the liver. After an intermediate evaluation of 120 patients anatomical control findings by laparoscopy, operation and section are present. In 88% the result of the ultra-sound investigation proved as correct. False positive findings were provoked above all by the coarse-nodular liver cirrhosis. Despite certain restrictions the ultra-sound investigation of the liver is an important diagnostic remedy to find liver metastases, since it is painless, simple and harmless.", "contents": "[Experiences with ultrasound hepatography in the A picture method in the diagnosis of liver metastases]. In 600 patients by means of the A-picture method ultra-sound investigations of the liver were performed in order to find metastases of the liver. After an intermediate evaluation of 120 patients anatomical control findings by laparoscopy, operation and section are present. In 88% the result of the ultra-sound investigation proved as correct. False positive findings were provoked above all by the coarse-nodular liver cirrhosis. Despite certain restrictions the ultra-sound investigation of the liver is an important diagnostic remedy to find liver metastases, since it is painless, simple and harmless.", "PMID": 735249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2010", "title": "[Contribution to the differential diagnosis of lung infarct, pulmonary tuberculosis and lung neoplasms].", "content": "It is reported on the rare case of a symptom-free, atypically localised haemorrhagic pulmonary infarction without provable cause in a 52-year-old male. The patient became conspicuous on account of a plum-sized focal shadow in the right lateral upper field detected during a mass examination. The state was regarded as bronchial. carcinoma. Operation and following histological investigation of the resection preparation finally resulted in the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Contribution to the differential diagnosis of lung infarct, pulmonary tuberculosis and lung neoplasms]. It is reported on the rare case of a symptom-free, atypically localised haemorrhagic pulmonary infarction without provable cause in a 52-year-old male. The patient became conspicuous on account of a plum-sized focal shadow in the right lateral upper field detected during a mass examination. The state was regarded as bronchial. carcinoma. Operation and following histological investigation of the resection preparation finally resulted in the diagnosis.", "PMID": 735250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2011", "title": "[Treatment of diffuse lung fibrosis with D-penicillamine].", "content": "Pulmonary fibroses which are regarded as reactive final stage of a great number of pulmonary diseases apart from their unfavourable prognosis may also therapeutically be scarcely influenced. With D-penicillamine a remedy was found which first intervened directly into the collagenic metabolism. Mechanisms of action, therapy indications and side-effects are compiled taking into consideration a broad survey of literature. Together with the casuistic description of three cases of treatment of a pulmonary fibrosis with D-penicillamine is reported on won experiences. As criterion of the therapeutic effectivity the general condition, the X-ray findings, above all, however, functional parameters of the lungs are regarded. When the pros and cons of the expenditure and the high frequency of side-effects of D-penicillamine compared with the changing therapeutic results with this medicament are considered must also thought of the fact of an otherwise not existing possibility of an effective influencibility of the pulmonary fibrosis. Actual tendencies and experiments for the improvement of the fibrose therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of diffuse lung fibrosis with D-penicillamine]. Pulmonary fibroses which are regarded as reactive final stage of a great number of pulmonary diseases apart from their unfavourable prognosis may also therapeutically be scarcely influenced. With D-penicillamine a remedy was found which first intervened directly into the collagenic metabolism. Mechanisms of action, therapy indications and side-effects are compiled taking into consideration a broad survey of literature. Together with the casuistic description of three cases of treatment of a pulmonary fibrosis with D-penicillamine is reported on won experiences. As criterion of the therapeutic effectivity the general condition, the X-ray findings, above all, however, functional parameters of the lungs are regarded. When the pros and cons of the expenditure and the high frequency of side-effects of D-penicillamine compared with the changing therapeutic results with this medicament are considered must also thought of the fact of an otherwise not existing possibility of an effective influencibility of the pulmonary fibrosis. Actual tendencies and experiments for the improvement of the fibrose therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 735251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2012", "title": "[A simple method for the prediction of the time of onset of uremia in patients with chronic kidney failure].", "content": "Following a method described by Mitch and co-workers in patients with chronic retention of substances normally contained in the urine the reciprocal values of serum creatinine determinations were figured in the long-term course. Of 22 patients 20 showed an extensively linear decrease of 1/creatinine in the period, independently on the fact, whether a pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis or cystic kidneys were the basis disease. The correlation calculation confirms with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.842 in a dispersion of +/- 0.106 the connection mentioned so that possibilities of the prognosis for the moment of the dialysis and for an objective judgment of the therapeutic success are outlined.", "contents": "[A simple method for the prediction of the time of onset of uremia in patients with chronic kidney failure]. Following a method described by Mitch and co-workers in patients with chronic retention of substances normally contained in the urine the reciprocal values of serum creatinine determinations were figured in the long-term course. Of 22 patients 20 showed an extensively linear decrease of 1/creatinine in the period, independently on the fact, whether a pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis or cystic kidneys were the basis disease. The correlation calculation confirms with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.842 in a dispersion of +/- 0.106 the connection mentioned so that possibilities of the prognosis for the moment of the dialysis and for an objective judgment of the therapeutic success are outlined.", "PMID": 735252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2013", "title": "[Drug-induced readjustment of therapy-resistant hypertension].", "content": "By a combined vasodilator-[diisopropylamine (disostat), dihydralazine (depressan)] furosemide- (furesis-) infusion therapy was tried to achieve a new stabilisation of the blood pressure of therapy-refractory patients with hypertension. Propranolol (Obsidan) was additionally administered for the suppression of a sympathetic counter-regulation. On 3 patients is demonstrated how by a ten days' intensive decrease of the blood pressure and decrease of the extracellular fluid volume the therapy resistance may be interrupted and a repeated response to an oral antihypertensive standard therapy may be achieved.", "contents": "[Drug-induced readjustment of therapy-resistant hypertension]. By a combined vasodilator-[diisopropylamine (disostat), dihydralazine (depressan)] furosemide- (furesis-) infusion therapy was tried to achieve a new stabilisation of the blood pressure of therapy-refractory patients with hypertension. Propranolol (Obsidan) was additionally administered for the suppression of a sympathetic counter-regulation. On 3 patients is demonstrated how by a ten days' intensive decrease of the blood pressure and decrease of the extracellular fluid volume the therapy resistance may be interrupted and a repeated response to an oral antihypertensive standard therapy may be achieved.", "PMID": 735253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2014", "title": "[Gastric mucosal cysts as a histomorphological equivalent to polypoid gastric mucosal lesions].", "content": "Report on a 57-year-old female patient with numerous polypoid lesions of the gastric mucosa. This aspect has been described only recently and it is not listed in the scheme of classification of gastric polyps, usual up to now. This clinical picture is histomorphologically characterized by multiple cysts of varying size within an otherwise intact and non-inflammatory glandular body of the corpus mucosa. No relation to the so-called cystic gastritis can be detected. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. A doubtful hamartoma or a functional secretory disorder are discussed.", "contents": "[Gastric mucosal cysts as a histomorphological equivalent to polypoid gastric mucosal lesions]. Report on a 57-year-old female patient with numerous polypoid lesions of the gastric mucosa. This aspect has been described only recently and it is not listed in the scheme of classification of gastric polyps, usual up to now. This clinical picture is histomorphologically characterized by multiple cysts of varying size within an otherwise intact and non-inflammatory glandular body of the corpus mucosa. No relation to the so-called cystic gastritis can be detected. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. A doubtful hamartoma or a functional secretory disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 735254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2015", "title": "[Thyroid neoplasms and HL-A system].", "content": "In 40 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland and 301 healthy test persons who are no relatives 23 HLA-antigens of the locus A and B are typed. There was not found a statistically significant difference concerning the frequency of HLA-antigens between the two groups. The cause of the negative results of these examinations with regard to the relation between tumour and HLA is discussed.", "contents": "[Thyroid neoplasms and HL-A system]. In 40 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland and 301 healthy test persons who are no relatives 23 HLA-antigens of the locus A and B are typed. There was not found a statistically significant difference concerning the frequency of HLA-antigens between the two groups. The cause of the negative results of these examinations with regard to the relation between tumour and HLA is discussed.", "PMID": 735255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2016", "title": "[Possibility of the effect of a long-term activity as a welder on the development of a chronic obstructive airway syndrome].", "content": "On 62 welders and in a control group consisting of 90 test persons dynamic functional parameters of the lungs were established. In these cases welders older than 40 years after an activity lasting at least 2 decades gave references to a chronic obstructive disease of the respiratory tract, which after exclusion of other etiological factors may be regarded as a sequel of irritatively and toxically effecting welding fumes and gases.", "contents": "[Possibility of the effect of a long-term activity as a welder on the development of a chronic obstructive airway syndrome]. On 62 welders and in a control group consisting of 90 test persons dynamic functional parameters of the lungs were established. In these cases welders older than 40 years after an activity lasting at least 2 decades gave references to a chronic obstructive disease of the respiratory tract, which after exclusion of other etiological factors may be regarded as a sequel of irritatively and toxically effecting welding fumes and gases.", "PMID": 735256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2017", "title": "[Pathophysiologic and therapeutic problems of varicose leg ulcers from a dermatologic viewpoint].", "content": "At 90% ulcerations of the lower legs are venously conditioned. Prerequisite for the development are a pronounced varicosis or thromboses of the deep veins which finally lead to the varicose symptom complex (edema, pigmentations, dermatosclerosis, congestive eczema and ulcus cruris). Prerequisite for healing is the removal of the varicose veins by operations or varicosclerosation and tight dressing for the prevention of edemas. The treatment of congestive dermatosis has to be performed according to the principles of the treatment of eczemas, in which case here and also in the therapy of ulcus cruris should be proceeded possibly bland, in order to avoid sensibilisations. These appear above all after the application of externa which contain sulfonamides, antibiotics, Peruvian balsam as well as preservation remedies. A strong dispensarisation helps to prevent recidivations.", "contents": "[Pathophysiologic and therapeutic problems of varicose leg ulcers from a dermatologic viewpoint]. At 90% ulcerations of the lower legs are venously conditioned. Prerequisite for the development are a pronounced varicosis or thromboses of the deep veins which finally lead to the varicose symptom complex (edema, pigmentations, dermatosclerosis, congestive eczema and ulcus cruris). Prerequisite for healing is the removal of the varicose veins by operations or varicosclerosation and tight dressing for the prevention of edemas. The treatment of congestive dermatosis has to be performed according to the principles of the treatment of eczemas, in which case here and also in the therapy of ulcus cruris should be proceeded possibly bland, in order to avoid sensibilisations. These appear above all after the application of externa which contain sulfonamides, antibiotics, Peruvian balsam as well as preservation remedies. A strong dispensarisation helps to prevent recidivations.", "PMID": 735257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2018", "title": "[The retothel sarcoma of the stomach].", "content": "At the instance of a female patient with a retothelial sarcoma (immunoblastoma) of the stomach who after 2 1/2 years post operationem (local tumour excision) does not give a reference to an unfavourable course the author deals with the rarity of this gastric tumour. A  de\u00e1nite attitude is adopted to clinic and problem of the preoperative diagnostics of this rare gastric tumor as well as to the prognosis. By radiological and fiber-gastroscopic investigation of the stomach cannot always preoperatively made the diagnosis corresponding to the histologic structure of the tumour. Therefore, in this case the surgical intervention is aspired to. Postoperatively in patients with rare or malignant tumours of the stomach control examinations are regularly to be recommended. Altogether the prognosis of retothelial sarcomas of the stomach are not more unfavourable than those of the gastric carcinomas.", "contents": "[The retothel sarcoma of the stomach]. At the instance of a female patient with a retothelial sarcoma (immunoblastoma) of the stomach who after 2 1/2 years post operationem (local tumour excision) does not give a reference to an unfavourable course the author deals with the rarity of this gastric tumour. A  de\u00e1nite attitude is adopted to clinic and problem of the preoperative diagnostics of this rare gastric tumor as well as to the prognosis. By radiological and fiber-gastroscopic investigation of the stomach cannot always preoperatively made the diagnosis corresponding to the histologic structure of the tumour. Therefore, in this case the surgical intervention is aspired to. Postoperatively in patients with rare or malignant tumours of the stomach control examinations are regularly to be recommended. Altogether the prognosis of retothelial sarcomas of the stomach are not more unfavourable than those of the gastric carcinomas.", "PMID": 735258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2019", "title": "Influence of moderate hypothermia and deep local hypothermia with or without cardioplegia on intramyocardial oxygen tension during ischemic cardiac arrest.", "content": "The effect of ischemic cardiac arrest on intramyocardial oxygen tension (MpO2) in hearts of dogs under normothermia, moderate hypothermia as well as in heart in deep local hypothermia and in hearts subjected to deep local hypothermia combined with Bretschneider cardioplegia was examined. In the last mentioned condition the myocardial oxygen depletion was slowest and even at the end of 30 minutes of anoxia MpO2 was significantly higher in comparison with the other groups. Release of myocardial ischemia resulted in an immediate rise of MpO2 to overshoot levels in animals in normothermia and with deep local hypothermia alone, while in animals in moderate hypothermia and with combination of local hypothermia with cardioplegia reversed only to preanoxic values. On the basis of MpO2 measurements and of postischemic recovery of cardiac function the authors conclude that the combination of deep local hypothermia with cardioplegia is superior for myocardial protection to other used techniques.", "contents": "Influence of moderate hypothermia and deep local hypothermia with or without cardioplegia on intramyocardial oxygen tension during ischemic cardiac arrest. The effect of ischemic cardiac arrest on intramyocardial oxygen tension (MpO2) in hearts of dogs under normothermia, moderate hypothermia as well as in heart in deep local hypothermia and in hearts subjected to deep local hypothermia combined with Bretschneider cardioplegia was examined. In the last mentioned condition the myocardial oxygen depletion was slowest and even at the end of 30 minutes of anoxia MpO2 was significantly higher in comparison with the other groups. Release of myocardial ischemia resulted in an immediate rise of MpO2 to overshoot levels in animals in normothermia and with deep local hypothermia alone, while in animals in moderate hypothermia and with combination of local hypothermia with cardioplegia reversed only to preanoxic values. On the basis of MpO2 measurements and of postischemic recovery of cardiac function the authors conclude that the combination of deep local hypothermia with cardioplegia is superior for myocardial protection to other used techniques.", "PMID": 735259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2020", "title": "[Comparison of the effect of catecholamines on the blood flow in the coronary and in the femoral circulation].", "content": "The effect of adrenaline and noradrenalin on the coronary circulation was studied in narcotized dogs. In 14 dogs every 20 seconds the venous blood from coronary sinus was examined. In a second series of animals the blood flow in the coronary artery and in the femoral artery was recorded continuously after intraarterial, resp. intravenous injection of catecholamines. In some experiments a constant perfusion pressure in coronary and femoral systems was maintained by help of a stabilizing device. The results of these experiments unequivocally proved that application of catecholamine was always followed by dilatation of the myocardiac and constriction of femoral vascular system. In no case catecholamines caused initial vasoconstriction of coronary vessels. The reasons for that paradoxical efficacy are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effect of catecholamines on the blood flow in the coronary and in the femoral circulation]. The effect of adrenaline and noradrenalin on the coronary circulation was studied in narcotized dogs. In 14 dogs every 20 seconds the venous blood from coronary sinus was examined. In a second series of animals the blood flow in the coronary artery and in the femoral artery was recorded continuously after intraarterial, resp. intravenous injection of catecholamines. In some experiments a constant perfusion pressure in coronary and femoral systems was maintained by help of a stabilizing device. The results of these experiments unequivocally proved that application of catecholamine was always followed by dilatation of the myocardiac and constriction of femoral vascular system. In no case catecholamines caused initial vasoconstriction of coronary vessels. The reasons for that paradoxical efficacy are discussed.", "PMID": 735260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2021", "title": "[Reperfusion of the myocardium after acute ischemic lesion].", "content": "In a complex experimental study on 52 dogs the myocardium was examined after ischemia and reperfusion of various duration. Morphologic, metabolic, and functional findings proved that a short-term reperfusion after coronary occlusion for more than 2 hours has disadvantageous effects on the regression of ischemic lesions. During the early period (up to 3 days) this is caused by the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon. Combined qualitative and quantitative findings are required for correct appraisal of the ultrastructural alterations after reperfusion. In acute coronary occlusion, early revascularization after passing the crucial initial phase is advantageous, because the extent of myocardia necrosis is decreased by the prolonged reperfusion, thus leaving a larger myocardiac reserve in case of re-infarction. Clinical conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "[Reperfusion of the myocardium after acute ischemic lesion]. In a complex experimental study on 52 dogs the myocardium was examined after ischemia and reperfusion of various duration. Morphologic, metabolic, and functional findings proved that a short-term reperfusion after coronary occlusion for more than 2 hours has disadvantageous effects on the regression of ischemic lesions. During the early period (up to 3 days) this is caused by the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon. Combined qualitative and quantitative findings are required for correct appraisal of the ultrastructural alterations after reperfusion. In acute coronary occlusion, early revascularization after passing the crucial initial phase is advantageous, because the extent of myocardia necrosis is decreased by the prolonged reperfusion, thus leaving a larger myocardiac reserve in case of re-infarction. Clinical conclusions are drawn.", "PMID": 735261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2022", "title": "[Use of an automated venous occlusion plethysmograph for late postoperative studies on the arterial blood flow of the leg after use of the external iliac artery for retrograde perfusion].", "content": "The authors report on a new segment plethysmograph by help of which quick and completely automatic measuring of top flow is possible in high quality. The device is present as model for laboratory use and has proven good in practice. It was used, e.g., for the control of arterial blood supply in legs of patients who years ago were perfused via an external iliac artery during open heart surgery. Corresponding with the clinical findings, also by plethysmography no statistically significant differences of blood flow values were found in the legs with perfused or non-injured arteries.", "contents": "[Use of an automated venous occlusion plethysmograph for late postoperative studies on the arterial blood flow of the leg after use of the external iliac artery for retrograde perfusion]. The authors report on a new segment plethysmograph by help of which quick and completely automatic measuring of top flow is possible in high quality. The device is present as model for laboratory use and has proven good in practice. It was used, e.g., for the control of arterial blood supply in legs of patients who years ago were perfused via an external iliac artery during open heart surgery. Corresponding with the clinical findings, also by plethysmography no statistically significant differences of blood flow values were found in the legs with perfused or non-injured arteries.", "PMID": 735262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2023", "title": "[The effect of truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and pyloroplasty on the nitrogen balance in bionomal rat gastric surgery using the isotope labeled amino acid 15N-glycine].", "content": "By use of stable isotope labeled amin acid 15N-glycine the effects of truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and of pyloroplasty, which are comprised in the method of bionomic gastric operations, were studied separately. The assessment of nitrogen equilibrium in rats after only truncular vagotomy, only pyloroplasty, truncular vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty, and without surgery serving as controls yielded results as following: After truncular vagotomy the 15N equilibrium was worse than in the control animals or after pyloroplasty only. The cause of that is an enhanced nitrogen loss in urine. After truncular vagotomy with pyloroplasty, though, 15N excretion in feces was significantly higher than after only pyloroplasty. It may be concluded from these results that truncular vagotomy is primarily responsible for the disturbances in protein metabolism. Pyloroplasty in combination with truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy also causes a higher nitrogen excretion in the feces indeed.", "contents": "[The effect of truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and pyloroplasty on the nitrogen balance in bionomal rat gastric surgery using the isotope labeled amino acid 15N-glycine]. By use of stable isotope labeled amin acid 15N-glycine the effects of truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and of pyloroplasty, which are comprised in the method of bionomic gastric operations, were studied separately. The assessment of nitrogen equilibrium in rats after only truncular vagotomy, only pyloroplasty, truncular vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty, and without surgery serving as controls yielded results as following: After truncular vagotomy the 15N equilibrium was worse than in the control animals or after pyloroplasty only. The cause of that is an enhanced nitrogen loss in urine. After truncular vagotomy with pyloroplasty, though, 15N excretion in feces was significantly higher than after only pyloroplasty. It may be concluded from these results that truncular vagotomy is primarily responsible for the disturbances in protein metabolism. Pyloroplasty in combination with truncular subdiaphragmatic vagotomy also causes a higher nitrogen excretion in the feces indeed.", "PMID": 735263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2024", "title": "[Gastric motility and selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)].", "content": "In the era of selective vagotomy the gastric motility is increasingly important. Measuring methods are demonstrated as to electromyography, intraluminal pressure measuring, measuring of emptying using isotope labeled food, and serial X-ray technique with amplifier photography. Measurings were performed in 12 patients, before and 4 months after selective proximal vagotomy. The bioelectric gastric activity is hardly influenced by selective proximal vagotomy. Enhanced antral peristalsis (tonic and peristaltic contraction) and delayed emptying are observed in cases without pyloroplasty. The authors therefore recommend that preoperative examination of motility in combination with intraoperative findings should indicate the pyloroplasty.", "contents": "[Gastric motility and selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)]. In the era of selective vagotomy the gastric motility is increasingly important. Measuring methods are demonstrated as to electromyography, intraluminal pressure measuring, measuring of emptying using isotope labeled food, and serial X-ray technique with amplifier photography. Measurings were performed in 12 patients, before and 4 months after selective proximal vagotomy. The bioelectric gastric activity is hardly influenced by selective proximal vagotomy. Enhanced antral peristalsis (tonic and peristaltic contraction) and delayed emptying are observed in cases without pyloroplasty. The authors therefore recommend that preoperative examination of motility in combination with intraoperative findings should indicate the pyloroplasty.", "PMID": 735264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2025", "title": "[Measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis in vitro in the determination of non-specific cellular resistance in peritonitis].", "content": "First measurements of phagocytosis of neutrophilic leukocytes were made in 15 patients with peritonitis. All sorts of peritonitis were present. The measured values always show the summary of all present pathophysiologic and therapeutic influences on the phagocytic activity. It will be possible to estimate the patients resistance and the severity and prognosis of the illness. The higher risk of postoperative complications can be resulted by a reduced phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis in vitro in the determination of non-specific cellular resistance in peritonitis]. First measurements of phagocytosis of neutrophilic leukocytes were made in 15 patients with peritonitis. All sorts of peritonitis were present. The measured values always show the summary of all present pathophysiologic and therapeutic influences on the phagocytic activity. It will be possible to estimate the patients resistance and the severity and prognosis of the illness. The higher risk of postoperative complications can be resulted by a reduced phagocytosis.", "PMID": 735266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2026", "title": "[Role of leukocytes in the healing process in surgical wounds].", "content": "In the last period of time there has been stated that in human lysosomes of neutrophilic leukocytes an in ones of some experimental animals occur, which stimulate the growth of lymphocytes and fibroblasts in the study in vitro. With regard to this it was assumed that similar stimulating processes may take place in the surgical wounds. The experiments were carried out on guinea pigs which were wounded and afterwards the wounds were sutured and the allogenic proteins preparations were introduced into its in dose of 100 microgram as follows: lysosomal proteins of granulocytes, mixed and separated on the the DEAE-cellulose columns; lysosomal proteins of macrophages, the proteins isolated from plasma and nuclei both the granulocytes and macrophages. The evaluation of healing was based on the measurement of mechanical resistance of wounds adhesions and was completed with the pathomorphological examinations. It has been shown that the mixture of lysosomal proteins of granulocytes, intruduced into the wounds, caused the acceleration of the healing processes. After giving into the wounds some fractions of proteins which were separated on the colums with DEAE-cellulose, the stimulating processes of healing were seen, while after adding the other ones-the inhibiting processes. The protein with similar evidences were not show inside other structures studied of granulocytes and macrophages. The results obtained seem to support the supposition that in lysosomes of neutrophilic granulocytes there are the factors which regulate the repair processes in wounds.", "contents": "[Role of leukocytes in the healing process in surgical wounds]. In the last period of time there has been stated that in human lysosomes of neutrophilic leukocytes an in ones of some experimental animals occur, which stimulate the growth of lymphocytes and fibroblasts in the study in vitro. With regard to this it was assumed that similar stimulating processes may take place in the surgical wounds. The experiments were carried out on guinea pigs which were wounded and afterwards the wounds were sutured and the allogenic proteins preparations were introduced into its in dose of 100 microgram as follows: lysosomal proteins of granulocytes, mixed and separated on the the DEAE-cellulose columns; lysosomal proteins of macrophages, the proteins isolated from plasma and nuclei both the granulocytes and macrophages. The evaluation of healing was based on the measurement of mechanical resistance of wounds adhesions and was completed with the pathomorphological examinations. It has been shown that the mixture of lysosomal proteins of granulocytes, intruduced into the wounds, caused the acceleration of the healing processes. After giving into the wounds some fractions of proteins which were separated on the colums with DEAE-cellulose, the stimulating processes of healing were seen, while after adding the other ones-the inhibiting processes. The protein with similar evidences were not show inside other structures studied of granulocytes and macrophages. The results obtained seem to support the supposition that in lysosomes of neutrophilic granulocytes there are the factors which regulate the repair processes in wounds.", "PMID": 735267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2027", "title": "[Experimental study on the problem of wound contraction].", "content": "In several wounds primary closure by means of suturing should not be done. An open skin defect mostly heals by wound contraction. The effect of air temperature, infection, and disconnection of edge and bottom of the wound was studied in experiments on rabbitts. The authors found that low temperature slowed down the wound contraction and lengthened the healing period. The disconnection of wound edge and bottom inhibited the contraction, as did an infection. The importance of these findings for clinical practice is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the problem of wound contraction]. In several wounds primary closure by means of suturing should not be done. An open skin defect mostly heals by wound contraction. The effect of air temperature, infection, and disconnection of edge and bottom of the wound was studied in experiments on rabbitts. The authors found that low temperature slowed down the wound contraction and lengthened the healing period. The disconnection of wound edge and bottom inhibited the contraction, as did an infection. The importance of these findings for clinical practice is discussed.", "PMID": 735268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2028", "title": "[Dermatological incompatibility reaction to X5Cr-Ni-Mo 18.10 steel implants in animal experiments].", "content": "Metal allergy is surveyed in detail. Especially the development of eczema by means of metallic implantates containing chromium or nickel. The results from two series of experiments on guinea-pigs are presented. The first series proves that after preceding sensibilization by potassium bichromate or nickel-II-sulfate eczemas may be induced in the guinea-pig by X 5 Cr Ni Mo 18.10 steel implantates. Positive skin reactions in the patch test prove the possibility of sensibilization by X 5 Cr Ni Mo 18.10 steel in a second series of animals preoperatively negative.", "contents": "[Dermatological incompatibility reaction to X5Cr-Ni-Mo 18.10 steel implants in animal experiments]. Metal allergy is surveyed in detail. Especially the development of eczema by means of metallic implantates containing chromium or nickel. The results from two series of experiments on guinea-pigs are presented. The first series proves that after preceding sensibilization by potassium bichromate or nickel-II-sulfate eczemas may be induced in the guinea-pig by X 5 Cr Ni Mo 18.10 steel implantates. Positive skin reactions in the patch test prove the possibility of sensibilization by X 5 Cr Ni Mo 18.10 steel in a second series of animals preoperatively negative.", "PMID": 735269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2029", "title": "[Modification of the GAMBRO PF-3A perfusion machine for use in experimental research].", "content": "The presented modification of the GAMBRO perfusion device PF-3A can be successfully employed in experimental research. Exact measurements as to the course of perfusion can now be done.", "contents": "[Modification of the GAMBRO PF-3A perfusion machine for use in experimental research]. The presented modification of the GAMBRO perfusion device PF-3A can be successfully employed in experimental research. Exact measurements as to the course of perfusion can now be done.", "PMID": 735270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2030", "title": "[The influence of the continuous epidural anaesthesia on uteroplacental blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia causes a drop in maternal blood pressure by decreasing flow resistance in the peripheral vascular bed. By infusion of 1000 ml NaCl blood pressure can be kept constant. Our work shows, that dilatation of the peripheral vessels has a positive effect in patients with reduced uteroplacental flow, as it results in an augmentation of placental flow. In women with normal placental function such an effect could not be seen. The practical use of these results is illustraded by a case report.", "contents": "[The influence of the continuous epidural anaesthesia on uteroplacental blood flow (author's transl)]. Continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia causes a drop in maternal blood pressure by decreasing flow resistance in the peripheral vascular bed. By infusion of 1000 ml NaCl blood pressure can be kept constant. Our work shows, that dilatation of the peripheral vessels has a positive effect in patients with reduced uteroplacental flow, as it results in an augmentation of placental flow. In women with normal placental function such an effect could not be seen. The practical use of these results is illustraded by a case report.", "PMID": 735271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2031", "title": "[Medical care of pregnant women with beta-thalassaemia minor, including care during delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic and therapeutic problems connected with beta-thalassaemia minor during pregnancy are demonstrated by describing the cases of 26 women hospitalised during a total of 38 deliveries in the authors' clinic. All patients came from the Mediterranean area and showed the disease pattern of beta-thalassaemia minor both in the erythrocyte count and in haemoglobin electrophoresis. This aenemia, which is rather rare, reamined largely constant, with few exceptions. Iron substitution during pregnancy was effected only if an iron deficiency was found, the iron level in the serum being subjected to repeated control examinations. These risk pregnancies were controlled by CT scanning, mainly to detect any possible foetal hypoxia caused by aenemia. There was no increased incidence of deformities of the newborn, nor of premature births. However, there was a slight increase of the mean placental weight. This hypertrophy was probably the manifestation of a compensation mechanism. The proportion of slightly depressed newborn was also increased. The importance of examining the partner as well, is emphasised.", "contents": "[Medical care of pregnant women with beta-thalassaemia minor, including care during delivery (author's transl)]. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems connected with beta-thalassaemia minor during pregnancy are demonstrated by describing the cases of 26 women hospitalised during a total of 38 deliveries in the authors' clinic. All patients came from the Mediterranean area and showed the disease pattern of beta-thalassaemia minor both in the erythrocyte count and in haemoglobin electrophoresis. This aenemia, which is rather rare, reamined largely constant, with few exceptions. Iron substitution during pregnancy was effected only if an iron deficiency was found, the iron level in the serum being subjected to repeated control examinations. These risk pregnancies were controlled by CT scanning, mainly to detect any possible foetal hypoxia caused by aenemia. There was no increased incidence of deformities of the newborn, nor of premature births. However, there was a slight increase of the mean placental weight. This hypertrophy was probably the manifestation of a compensation mechanism. The proportion of slightly depressed newborn was also increased. The importance of examining the partner as well, is emphasised.", "PMID": 735272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2032", "title": "Pre-induction ripening of the cervix with extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in gel.", "content": "Pre-induction ripening of the unfavorable cervix was attempted in 104 normal term gravidas by means of a single extra-amniotic instillation of a viscous gel containing 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2. The procedure was highly successful and no adverse effect on mother or fetus was observed.", "contents": "Pre-induction ripening of the cervix with extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in gel. Pre-induction ripening of the unfavorable cervix was attempted in 104 normal term gravidas by means of a single extra-amniotic instillation of a viscous gel containing 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2. The procedure was highly successful and no adverse effect on mother or fetus was observed.", "PMID": 735273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2033", "title": "[Observations on prostaglandin effects with myometrium strips of human gravid uterus in vitro. Influence of diclofenac on contractions induced by prostaglandin (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Diclofenac (Voltaren) was studied on PGE2- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions of pregnant human myometrium in vitro. Tests to establish experimental conditions revealed that PGE2 and PGF2alpha affect the myometrium differently from I. and IInd trimenon uteri. PGF2alpha always induced contractions in corpus uteri as well as cervix strips. PGE2 relaxed myometrium strips obtained from superficial muscle layers and from cervix tissue and caused contractions in the myometrium from the central parts of the corpus uteri. Diclofenac (Voltaren) at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-4) M inhibited PGE2 and PGF2alpha-induced contractions. The inhibition was demonstrated by planimetric evaluation of the contractions curves. Contraction activity of I. and IInd trimenon myometrium strips was reduced by Diclofenac but not completely inhibited. From uteri at term, three contraction curves showed complete cessation of PGE2-and PGF2alpha-induced contractions by Diclofenac (10(-4) M). The dose-dependent reduction of myometrial contractions induced by exogen prostaglandins indicates that Diclofenac possesses a direct effect on PGE2 and PGF2alpha-induced contractile activity of the uterus.", "contents": "[Observations on prostaglandin effects with myometrium strips of human gravid uterus in vitro. Influence of diclofenac on contractions induced by prostaglandin (author's transl)]. The effect of Diclofenac (Voltaren) was studied on PGE2- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions of pregnant human myometrium in vitro. Tests to establish experimental conditions revealed that PGE2 and PGF2alpha affect the myometrium differently from I. and IInd trimenon uteri. PGF2alpha always induced contractions in corpus uteri as well as cervix strips. PGE2 relaxed myometrium strips obtained from superficial muscle layers and from cervix tissue and caused contractions in the myometrium from the central parts of the corpus uteri. Diclofenac (Voltaren) at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-4) M inhibited PGE2 and PGF2alpha-induced contractions. The inhibition was demonstrated by planimetric evaluation of the contractions curves. Contraction activity of I. and IInd trimenon myometrium strips was reduced by Diclofenac but not completely inhibited. From uteri at term, three contraction curves showed complete cessation of PGE2-and PGF2alpha-induced contractions by Diclofenac (10(-4) M). The dose-dependent reduction of myometrial contractions induced by exogen prostaglandins indicates that Diclofenac possesses a direct effect on PGE2 and PGF2alpha-induced contractile activity of the uterus.", "PMID": 735274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2034", "title": "[Obstetric conjugate diameter (conjuata vera obstetrica). New results obtained via ultrasonic measurements during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The obstetric conjugate diameter can be measured by means of ultrasonic devices, particularly those with slow production of the ultrasonic image (Kretz and others). The mean value of the conjugata vera obstetrica was 11.7 cm in the 382 measurements conducted by the authors. With 7.85% of the measurements, the obstetric conjugate diameter was below 11.0 cm. This means that a narrowed pelvis due to a shortened obstetric conjugate diameter was a relatively frequent occurrence, basing on a biparietal pelvic diameter of 10 cm at the time of delivery. During pregnancy and repeat pregnancy, no clinically significant increase of the obstetric conjugate diameter can be found. Ultrasonic examination is very suitable as a screening method to detect and identify complications in the mechanism of birth well in time before the onset of labour. The technique can be acquired relatively easily. Measurements are reproducible at any required rate, and will not disturb or molest the pregnant women. It does not involve any radiological load. Nevertheless, ultrasonic examination cannot be considered as the full successor to the x-ray film. In particular, lateral x-ray examination is still important in case of clinical suspicion of a \"long pelvis\" (according to Kirchhoff) or the rare forms of contracted pelvis, if a complication of the birth mechanism cannot be excluded despite normal obstetric conjugate diameter.", "contents": "[Obstetric conjugate diameter (conjuata vera obstetrica). New results obtained via ultrasonic measurements during pregnancy (author's transl)]. The obstetric conjugate diameter can be measured by means of ultrasonic devices, particularly those with slow production of the ultrasonic image (Kretz and others). The mean value of the conjugata vera obstetrica was 11.7 cm in the 382 measurements conducted by the authors. With 7.85% of the measurements, the obstetric conjugate diameter was below 11.0 cm. This means that a narrowed pelvis due to a shortened obstetric conjugate diameter was a relatively frequent occurrence, basing on a biparietal pelvic diameter of 10 cm at the time of delivery. During pregnancy and repeat pregnancy, no clinically significant increase of the obstetric conjugate diameter can be found. Ultrasonic examination is very suitable as a screening method to detect and identify complications in the mechanism of birth well in time before the onset of labour. The technique can be acquired relatively easily. Measurements are reproducible at any required rate, and will not disturb or molest the pregnant women. It does not involve any radiological load. Nevertheless, ultrasonic examination cannot be considered as the full successor to the x-ray film. In particular, lateral x-ray examination is still important in case of clinical suspicion of a \"long pelvis\" (according to Kirchhoff) or the rare forms of contracted pelvis, if a complication of the birth mechanism cannot be excluded despite normal obstetric conjugate diameter.", "PMID": 735275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2035", "title": "[Controlled vacuum extraction by measuring the pressure exercised by the truss (author's transl)].", "content": "The article explains a method for measuring the adhesivity between the anterior part of the foetus and the suction bulb of the vacuum extractor described by Malmstr\u00f6m (1). The cover plate of the suction bulb, which is fitted with an expanding measuring strip, is used for reading off the measurements. This enables a quantitative recording of the pressure existing between the foetal part and the truss which corresponds very closely with the adhesivity of the suction bulb to the anterior part of the foetus. The device allows control and recording by means of an instrument with indicator and scale and a recording device. In this manner, vacuum extraction can be subjected to continuous control, thus rendering this obstetric procedure safer and easier.", "contents": "[Controlled vacuum extraction by measuring the pressure exercised by the truss (author's transl)]. The article explains a method for measuring the adhesivity between the anterior part of the foetus and the suction bulb of the vacuum extractor described by Malmstr\u00f6m (1). The cover plate of the suction bulb, which is fitted with an expanding measuring strip, is used for reading off the measurements. This enables a quantitative recording of the pressure existing between the foetal part and the truss which corresponds very closely with the adhesivity of the suction bulb to the anterior part of the foetus. The device allows control and recording by means of an instrument with indicator and scale and a recording device. In this manner, vacuum extraction can be subjected to continuous control, thus rendering this obstetric procedure safer and easier.", "PMID": 735276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2036", "title": "[The acute puerperal inversion of uterus (inversio uteri puerperalis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of acute inversio uteri are discussed. Most important for the success of manual reposition and a postoperative process without complications is an instant therapy using beta-stimulators.", "contents": "[The acute puerperal inversion of uterus (inversio uteri puerperalis) (author's transl)]. Four cases of acute inversio uteri are discussed. Most important for the success of manual reposition and a postoperative process without complications is an instant therapy using beta-stimulators.", "PMID": 735277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2037", "title": "[Subungual malignant lentigo with longitudinal nail pigmentation--diagnosis and surgical treatment].", "content": "A subungual Lentigo maligna was found to be the cause of a longitudinal melanotic stripe in the thumbnail of a 45-year old male. Because of the possibility of a malignant process, a histological diagnosis must be made in all cases of pigmented nail stripes. The best procedure is complete excision of the lesion in a bloodless field, followed immediately by frozen section analysis. According to the result either a larger operation is made during the same session or the wound closed. This procedure enables a specific therapy of pigmented subungual lesions, and contributes to the early recognition and prophylaxis of subungual malignant melanomas.", "contents": "[Subungual malignant lentigo with longitudinal nail pigmentation--diagnosis and surgical treatment]. A subungual Lentigo maligna was found to be the cause of a longitudinal melanotic stripe in the thumbnail of a 45-year old male. Because of the possibility of a malignant process, a histological diagnosis must be made in all cases of pigmented nail stripes. The best procedure is complete excision of the lesion in a bloodless field, followed immediately by frozen section analysis. According to the result either a larger operation is made during the same session or the wound closed. This procedure enables a specific therapy of pigmented subungual lesions, and contributes to the early recognition and prophylaxis of subungual malignant melanomas.", "PMID": 735278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2038", "title": "[Hemodynamic results after tricuspid valvuloplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative hemodynamic studies were conducted at rest and during exercise in 24 patients who, in addition to mitral and/or aortic valve surgery, had De Vega's tricuspid anuloplasty. To determine the degree of tricuspid insufficiency (TI), right atrial pressure (PRA) tracings, biplane right ventricular cineangiograms, and ultrasonic Doppler flow patterns were obtained. 20 patients had postoperative by a mild to moderate TI, but after operation the TI had improved by one or more degrees in 14 cases. In addition, a mild to moderate tricuspid stenosis with pressure gradients from 2.0 to 7.8 mm Hg were found in 12 patients. There was no significant change in mean right atrial pressure (PRA) with 8.0 +/- 4.5 mm Hg preoperatively and 7.5 +/- 3.5 mmHg postoperatively at rest. During exercise PRA rose to 17.0 +/- 6.5 mmHg. This pressure increase is in part due to the persistent elevation of left atrial and pulmonary artery pressure, in part to the TI and the tricuspid stenosis. De Vega's anuloplasty does not answer the tricuspid challenge, since the results are unpredictable.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic results after tricuspid valvuloplasty (author's transl)]. Postoperative hemodynamic studies were conducted at rest and during exercise in 24 patients who, in addition to mitral and/or aortic valve surgery, had De Vega's tricuspid anuloplasty. To determine the degree of tricuspid insufficiency (TI), right atrial pressure (PRA) tracings, biplane right ventricular cineangiograms, and ultrasonic Doppler flow patterns were obtained. 20 patients had postoperative by a mild to moderate TI, but after operation the TI had improved by one or more degrees in 14 cases. In addition, a mild to moderate tricuspid stenosis with pressure gradients from 2.0 to 7.8 mm Hg were found in 12 patients. There was no significant change in mean right atrial pressure (PRA) with 8.0 +/- 4.5 mm Hg preoperatively and 7.5 +/- 3.5 mmHg postoperatively at rest. During exercise PRA rose to 17.0 +/- 6.5 mmHg. This pressure increase is in part due to the persistent elevation of left atrial and pulmonary artery pressure, in part to the TI and the tricuspid stenosis. De Vega's anuloplasty does not answer the tricuspid challenge, since the results are unpredictable.", "PMID": 735281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2039", "title": "[Hemodynamic comparison of Starr-Edwards, Lillehei-Kaster and homograft valves in the mitral position (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 patients with Starr-Edwards (SE) disc valves, 10 patients with Lillehei-Kaster (LK) valves, and 4 patients with fresh aortic homografts (HG) in the mitral position the hemodynamic qualities of the valves were studied. All three valve types in general showed similar results, but they differed clearly as far as special parameters are concerned. So SE valves had the highest pressure gradients, HG valves the lowest, whereas LK valves were in between. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that tilting disc valves implanted in the mitral position are the best compromise, since they are always available and their hemodynamic response can be tolerated.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic comparison of Starr-Edwards, Lillehei-Kaster and homograft valves in the mitral position (author's transl)]. In 16 patients with Starr-Edwards (SE) disc valves, 10 patients with Lillehei-Kaster (LK) valves, and 4 patients with fresh aortic homografts (HG) in the mitral position the hemodynamic qualities of the valves were studied. All three valve types in general showed similar results, but they differed clearly as far as special parameters are concerned. So SE valves had the highest pressure gradients, HG valves the lowest, whereas LK valves were in between. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that tilting disc valves implanted in the mitral position are the best compromise, since they are always available and their hemodynamic response can be tolerated.", "PMID": 735282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2040", "title": "[Opening areas of artificial valves (author's transl)].", "content": "The calculation of opening areas of artificial valves by the Gorlin-formula results only in small areas. This is why the converting factors of artificial valves are unknown. In addition, the flow characteristics are different from those of native valves and do not correspond to the conditions necessary for the Gorlin-formula. According to the narrowest flow diameter, however, in all artificial valves the areas can be calculated from volume-time curves and pressure gradients at the moment of maximum flow. In addition, in tilting disc valves the opening area can be estimated from the angle of the opening disc during time of steady flow.", "contents": "[Opening areas of artificial valves (author's transl)]. The calculation of opening areas of artificial valves by the Gorlin-formula results only in small areas. This is why the converting factors of artificial valves are unknown. In addition, the flow characteristics are different from those of native valves and do not correspond to the conditions necessary for the Gorlin-formula. According to the narrowest flow diameter, however, in all artificial valves the areas can be calculated from volume-time curves and pressure gradients at the moment of maximum flow. In addition, in tilting disc valves the opening area can be estimated from the angle of the opening disc during time of steady flow.", "PMID": 735283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2041", "title": "[Evaluation of regional myocardial dysfunction by echocardiographic pressure-dimension analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ecg, left ventricular pressure measured by micromanometer-tipped catheter, and dimension measured by echocardiography were simultaneously recorded in 24 patients with coronary artery disease and 9 normal subjects. In analogy to pressure-volume diagrams, pressure-dimension diagrams were constructed, the area in systole and diastole and the cycle efficiency calculated. In patients with coronary artery disease the normal rectangular shape of the pressure-dimension diagram shows two typical deviations: 1. a dimension decrease during isovolumetric contraction and dimension increase during isovolumic relaxation in 42% of the patients, in 31% in patients with stenosis of the right coronary artery, in 56% in patients with stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery, in 85% in patients with a reduced ejection fraction. 2. An exact reflected image was found only in patients with stenosis of the right coronary artery and reduced ventricular function in 23%. The abnormal dimension changes are the result of an asynchronized contraction and relaxation with inward movement of one part and outward movement of another part of the left ventricle. These changes are caused by ischemic or fibrous areas of the ventricle. Independent of left ventricular pressure and dimension changes we found that the cycle efficiency was useful to study regional myocardial work. It ranged from 81.7 +/- 2.5% in the normal subjects to 74.8 +/- 1.8% in patients with reduced ventricular function. From the diastolic part of the pressure-dimension diagram the regional compliance was calculated. Dependent on coronary artery disease the regional compliance was decreased even at rest.", "contents": "[Evaluation of regional myocardial dysfunction by echocardiographic pressure-dimension analysis (author's transl)]. Ecg, left ventricular pressure measured by micromanometer-tipped catheter, and dimension measured by echocardiography were simultaneously recorded in 24 patients with coronary artery disease and 9 normal subjects. In analogy to pressure-volume diagrams, pressure-dimension diagrams were constructed, the area in systole and diastole and the cycle efficiency calculated. In patients with coronary artery disease the normal rectangular shape of the pressure-dimension diagram shows two typical deviations: 1. a dimension decrease during isovolumetric contraction and dimension increase during isovolumic relaxation in 42% of the patients, in 31% in patients with stenosis of the right coronary artery, in 56% in patients with stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery, in 85% in patients with a reduced ejection fraction. 2. An exact reflected image was found only in patients with stenosis of the right coronary artery and reduced ventricular function in 23%. The abnormal dimension changes are the result of an asynchronized contraction and relaxation with inward movement of one part and outward movement of another part of the left ventricle. These changes are caused by ischemic or fibrous areas of the ventricle. Independent of left ventricular pressure and dimension changes we found that the cycle efficiency was useful to study regional myocardial work. It ranged from 81.7 +/- 2.5% in the normal subjects to 74.8 +/- 1.8% in patients with reduced ventricular function. From the diastolic part of the pressure-dimension diagram the regional compliance was calculated. Dependent on coronary artery disease the regional compliance was decreased even at rest.", "PMID": 735284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2042", "title": "[Cardiokymography: noninvasive assessment of the regional myocardial wall motion in the detection of coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiokymography is a technique to assess myocardial wall motion by means of an electromagnetic field induced over the left precordium. The normal cardiokymogram (CKG) is characterized predominantly by systolic inward movement. An abnormal contraction pattern--either at rest or provoked by a stress test--reveals a different tracing with decreased or absent systolic inward motion and/or systolic outward motion (bulging). In 50 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) the CKG was recorded before and after treadmill exercise test and the results compared to coronary angiography. Out of 33 patients with angiographically documented CAD (more than 50% luminal narrowing) 25 showed an abnormal CKG after exercise. There was one false positive postexercise CKG in the group of 17 patients without angiographically documented CAD. The CKG allows the qualitative assessment of regional myocardial wall motion, which is a sensitive and specific marker of ischemia. In conjunction with an ECG-stress test the CKG helps to detect the evolving ischemic abnormalities of myocardial contraction. The CKG represents a marker of ischemia independent of the ECG and helps to improve the diagnostic accuracy of stress testing for detection of CAD. The stress CKG is especially advantageous in those cases in which the interpretation of the stress ECG is difficult or even not possible. Its simple and inexpensive technique makes it a useful adjunct to the stress ECG in the diagnosis of CAD.", "contents": "[Cardiokymography: noninvasive assessment of the regional myocardial wall motion in the detection of coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. Cardiokymography is a technique to assess myocardial wall motion by means of an electromagnetic field induced over the left precordium. The normal cardiokymogram (CKG) is characterized predominantly by systolic inward movement. An abnormal contraction pattern--either at rest or provoked by a stress test--reveals a different tracing with decreased or absent systolic inward motion and/or systolic outward motion (bulging). In 50 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) the CKG was recorded before and after treadmill exercise test and the results compared to coronary angiography. Out of 33 patients with angiographically documented CAD (more than 50% luminal narrowing) 25 showed an abnormal CKG after exercise. There was one false positive postexercise CKG in the group of 17 patients without angiographically documented CAD. The CKG allows the qualitative assessment of regional myocardial wall motion, which is a sensitive and specific marker of ischemia. In conjunction with an ECG-stress test the CKG helps to detect the evolving ischemic abnormalities of myocardial contraction. The CKG represents a marker of ischemia independent of the ECG and helps to improve the diagnostic accuracy of stress testing for detection of CAD. The stress CKG is especially advantageous in those cases in which the interpretation of the stress ECG is difficult or even not possible. Its simple and inexpensive technique makes it a useful adjunct to the stress ECG in the diagnosis of CAD.", "PMID": 735285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2043", "title": "[R-wave augmentation in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 out of 419 successive myocardial infarctions an increase in R-wave amplitude compared to the pre-infarction ecg had been observed. It concerned to leads III, aVF and II in posterior and inferior infarctions. The alteration of R-wave amplitude was accompanied by a dextroversion of electrical heart axis in the frontal plane. Direction of inscription of QRS loop changed in most cases. R-wave increase was demonstrated in the first ecg after the beginning of subjective symptoms and disappeared within few hours or days in general. Clinical course was rather serious in the cases described. As a pathophysiological mechanism of the phenomenon mentioned above either the influence of an injury potential upon ecg pattern or the presence of left posterior conduction defect is discussed.", "contents": "[R-wave augmentation in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 18 out of 419 successive myocardial infarctions an increase in R-wave amplitude compared to the pre-infarction ecg had been observed. It concerned to leads III, aVF and II in posterior and inferior infarctions. The alteration of R-wave amplitude was accompanied by a dextroversion of electrical heart axis in the frontal plane. Direction of inscription of QRS loop changed in most cases. R-wave increase was demonstrated in the first ecg after the beginning of subjective symptoms and disappeared within few hours or days in general. Clinical course was rather serious in the cases described. As a pathophysiological mechanism of the phenomenon mentioned above either the influence of an injury potential upon ecg pattern or the presence of left posterior conduction defect is discussed.", "PMID": 735286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2044", "title": "[Pericarditis of the heart niches (author's transl)].", "content": "Pericarditis of the Niches of the Heart (PNH) is an inflammatory process, progressing in stages, at the base of the pericardium. It is acquired during life and results finally in the formation of callosities. Lymphozytes, plasma cells, blood capillaries, and histiozytes as collagen fibres of various density characterize the PNH histologically. In 104 (48%) of 216 examined pericardiums of all age groups, PNH could be shown. The frequency of occurrence increases with age. No correlation to any fundamental disease was found. Mechanical influences are the primary cause of the origin of PNH. The pulsations affecting the plica of the base of the pericard as well as frictional, tensional and shear forces may initiate the process via small lesions of the serosa.", "contents": "[Pericarditis of the heart niches (author's transl)]. Pericarditis of the Niches of the Heart (PNH) is an inflammatory process, progressing in stages, at the base of the pericardium. It is acquired during life and results finally in the formation of callosities. Lymphozytes, plasma cells, blood capillaries, and histiozytes as collagen fibres of various density characterize the PNH histologically. In 104 (48%) of 216 examined pericardiums of all age groups, PNH could be shown. The frequency of occurrence increases with age. No correlation to any fundamental disease was found. Mechanical influences are the primary cause of the origin of PNH. The pulsations affecting the plica of the base of the pericard as well as frictional, tensional and shear forces may initiate the process via small lesions of the serosa.", "PMID": 735292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2045", "title": "[Hemostaseological problems with artificial heart-valves (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of thrombo-embolic episodes in patients with artificial heart-valves has been reduced by means of improved material and of anticoagulation. Kinetic studies, however, indicate a correlation between the risk of thrombo-embolism and an increased platelet turnover. Therefore a therapy with platelet aggregation inhibitors has been recommended. In addition to an increased platelet turnover, other risk factors have been evaluated like the material, the number, and the position of the artificial valves, the time elapsed since surgery, cardiologic disease, and anamnestic criteria. We proposed a semiquantitative risk score taking in account all these risk factors to avoid unnecessary coagulation treatment and to recommend antiplatelet therapy, where necessary. This risk score could be a basis to evaluate controlled studies.", "contents": "[Hemostaseological problems with artificial heart-valves (author's transl)]. The risk of thrombo-embolic episodes in patients with artificial heart-valves has been reduced by means of improved material and of anticoagulation. Kinetic studies, however, indicate a correlation between the risk of thrombo-embolism and an increased platelet turnover. Therefore a therapy with platelet aggregation inhibitors has been recommended. In addition to an increased platelet turnover, other risk factors have been evaluated like the material, the number, and the position of the artificial valves, the time elapsed since surgery, cardiologic disease, and anamnestic criteria. We proposed a semiquantitative risk score taking in account all these risk factors to avoid unnecessary coagulation treatment and to recommend antiplatelet therapy, where necessary. This risk score could be a basis to evaluate controlled studies.", "PMID": 735293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2046", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes in patients with arterial hypertension after beta-receptor blockade with propranolol and metoprolol (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 patients with arterial hypertension the hemodynamics were determined with a Swan-Ganz-thermodilution catheter at rest and during supine ergometer exercise before and after 5 mg intravenous Propranolol (P) (10 pats.) respectively 10 mg of intravenous Metoprolol (9 pats.). During exercise, P caused a significantly higher increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP) (15.0 +/- 4.0 to 25.3 +/- 4.0 mm Hg), than M (10.9 +/- 4.8 to 17.4 +/- 5.5 mmHg) (p less than 0.025). There was a uniform reduction of the cardiac output (CO), after P and M. P caused a reduction of the CO by a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume, M through a significantly greater decrease in heart rate (p less than 0.0005), without a change in stroke volume (p less than 0.05). The changes in PCP and stroke volume give evidence of a more negative inotropic effect of P compared to M.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes in patients with arterial hypertension after beta-receptor blockade with propranolol and metoprolol (author's transl)]. In 19 patients with arterial hypertension the hemodynamics were determined with a Swan-Ganz-thermodilution catheter at rest and during supine ergometer exercise before and after 5 mg intravenous Propranolol (P) (10 pats.) respectively 10 mg of intravenous Metoprolol (9 pats.). During exercise, P caused a significantly higher increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP) (15.0 +/- 4.0 to 25.3 +/- 4.0 mm Hg), than M (10.9 +/- 4.8 to 17.4 +/- 5.5 mmHg) (p less than 0.025). There was a uniform reduction of the cardiac output (CO), after P and M. P caused a reduction of the CO by a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume, M through a significantly greater decrease in heart rate (p less than 0.0005), without a change in stroke volume (p less than 0.05). The changes in PCP and stroke volume give evidence of a more negative inotropic effect of P compared to M.", "PMID": 735294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2047", "title": "[The reproducibility of stroke-volume measurements by impedance cardiography. A critical analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "40 determinations of the stroke volume were carried out by impedance cardiography in one and the same subject. The stroke volume varied between 136 and 209 ml (x, x = 169 ml, S.D. = 17.5 ml). The mean error was in the same range as obtained by the Fick principle or by dye-dilution technique as referred to the literature. However, analysing the factors affecting the variability of the determined stroke volumes we may infer, the Kubicek formula for stroke volume is neither theoretically nor empirically sufficiently proved. A quantitative determination of the stroke volume or of any other circulatory quantity by the impedance cardiography seems to be impossible by our present method of procedure.", "contents": "[The reproducibility of stroke-volume measurements by impedance cardiography. A critical analysis (author's transl)]. 40 determinations of the stroke volume were carried out by impedance cardiography in one and the same subject. The stroke volume varied between 136 and 209 ml (x, x = 169 ml, S.D. = 17.5 ml). The mean error was in the same range as obtained by the Fick principle or by dye-dilution technique as referred to the literature. However, analysing the factors affecting the variability of the determined stroke volumes we may infer, the Kubicek formula for stroke volume is neither theoretically nor empirically sufficiently proved. A quantitative determination of the stroke volume or of any other circulatory quantity by the impedance cardiography seems to be impossible by our present method of procedure.", "PMID": 735295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2048", "title": "The detection of Hammondia hammondi in Australia and the identification of a free-living intermediate host.", "content": "A cat fed commercially prepared cat food and free-living rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) passed coccidian oocysts which were morphologically similar to Toxoplasma gondii. Mice dosed with these oocysts did not develop toxoplasmosis, but instead developed small, thin-walled parasitic cysts containing small bradyzoites in their striated muscles. These cysts measured 35 to 90 micron by 9 to 40 micron and they resembled cysts of Hammondia hammondi. Unlike T. gondii this coccidian parasite was shown to have an obligatory two-host cycle and consequently it is considered to be H. hammondi. This represents the first recorded detection of H. hammondi in Australia. The source of the H. hammondi infection was a Rattus rattus. This represents the first record of a natural intermediate host for H. hammondi.", "contents": "The detection of Hammondia hammondi in Australia and the identification of a free-living intermediate host. A cat fed commercially prepared cat food and free-living rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) passed coccidian oocysts which were morphologically similar to Toxoplasma gondii. Mice dosed with these oocysts did not develop toxoplasmosis, but instead developed small, thin-walled parasitic cysts containing small bradyzoites in their striated muscles. These cysts measured 35 to 90 micron by 9 to 40 micron and they resembled cysts of Hammondia hammondi. Unlike T. gondii this coccidian parasite was shown to have an obligatory two-host cycle and consequently it is considered to be H. hammondi. This represents the first recorded detection of H. hammondi in Australia. The source of the H. hammondi infection was a Rattus rattus. This represents the first record of a natural intermediate host for H. hammondi.", "PMID": 735301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2049", "title": "[Electron microscopic and morphometric investigations of the integument of Acanthocephala (Aschelminthes) (author's transl)].", "content": "The integument of the acanthocephalans Echinorhynchus gadi, Acanthocephalus lucii, Polymorphus minutus and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus have been investigated by stereoscan and transmission electron microscopy. The absorptive surface is considerably increased by invaginations of the outer plasma membrane (pore canals and vesicles). The rate of this enlargement has been calculated using morphometric methods. The values range from 20 to 62. The values are compared to values obtained from other gutless parasitic helminths and from the free-living rotifers which are presumably to be regarded as closely related to the acanthocephalans.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and morphometric investigations of the integument of Acanthocephala (Aschelminthes) (author's transl)]. The integument of the acanthocephalans Echinorhynchus gadi, Acanthocephalus lucii, Polymorphus minutus and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus have been investigated by stereoscan and transmission electron microscopy. The absorptive surface is considerably increased by invaginations of the outer plasma membrane (pore canals and vesicles). The rate of this enlargement has been calculated using morphometric methods. The values range from 20 to 62. The values are compared to values obtained from other gutless parasitic helminths and from the free-living rotifers which are presumably to be regarded as closely related to the acanthocephalans.", "PMID": 735302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2050", "title": "Effects of parasitism and stress on hemolymph protein of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica.", "content": "Effects of parasitism and stress on the protein concentration of hemolymph have been investigated using the rat lungworm Angiostromgylus cantonensis in the snail host Achatina fulica. The normal hemolymph protein concentration, averaging 1.77 g/100 ml in noninfected snails, did not show any reduction when the hosts were infected with third stage larvae. When the infected snails were bled repeatedly, protein concentration showed a significant decrease by 0.6 g/100 ml. Starved, infected snails were capable of maintaining their hemolymph protein level within the normal range. This treatment, however, in combination with frequent bleeding, caused much stress to the snails and reduced survival. The number of survivors depended on the frequency of bleeding and on the food level.", "contents": "Effects of parasitism and stress on hemolymph protein of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica. Effects of parasitism and stress on the protein concentration of hemolymph have been investigated using the rat lungworm Angiostromgylus cantonensis in the snail host Achatina fulica. The normal hemolymph protein concentration, averaging 1.77 g/100 ml in noninfected snails, did not show any reduction when the hosts were infected with third stage larvae. When the infected snails were bled repeatedly, protein concentration showed a significant decrease by 0.6 g/100 ml. Starved, infected snails were capable of maintaining their hemolymph protein level within the normal range. This treatment, however, in combination with frequent bleeding, caused much stress to the snails and reduced survival. The number of survivors depended on the frequency of bleeding and on the food level.", "PMID": 735303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2051", "title": "The use of deep frozen, stored bovine blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies.", "content": "A method of blood preparation is described which resulted in the successful rearing of Glossina p. palpalis with in vitro feeding. Cells of defibrinated bovine blood were washed in 0.89% NaCl solution prior to deep-freezing. Cells and serum were stored (--28 degrees C) for up to four months. For feeding, both components were mixed in the volumetric proportion 1 : 1. Adenosine triphosphate was added at a concentration of 10-3 M to stimulate uptake of blood. Survival rate and mean weight of puparia remained constant over three generations while productivity increased.", "contents": "The use of deep frozen, stored bovine blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. A method of blood preparation is described which resulted in the successful rearing of Glossina p. palpalis with in vitro feeding. Cells of defibrinated bovine blood were washed in 0.89% NaCl solution prior to deep-freezing. Cells and serum were stored (--28 degrees C) for up to four months. For feeding, both components were mixed in the volumetric proportion 1 : 1. Adenosine triphosphate was added at a concentration of 10-3 M to stimulate uptake of blood. Survival rate and mean weight of puparia remained constant over three generations while productivity increased.", "PMID": 735304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2052", "title": "[Alteration of enzyme activities in serum of Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "In experimental investigations on Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits, serum enzymatic studies have been carried out in correlation with the examination of parasitological and pathological parameters. The rabbits were orally infected with a single dose of either 100,000 or 250,000 sporulated oocysts. Increase of the activity of the sorbit dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) could be found first between 3 and 10 days after infection indicating the beginning of the acute phase of liver coccidiosis. The increase of the conjugated bilirubin and of the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) could be found not earlier than 10 days after infection and is to be explained as sign of disturbed efficiency of excretion. The various investigated parameters reached their peak of alteration about the end of the prepatent period and at the beginning of patency between 14 and 21 days after infection. The results emphasize the value and usefulness of serum enzymes, particularly the glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) and the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) with about 30fold activity, as indicators in the course of Eimeria stiedai infection of rabbits. The enzymes returned to physiological values at the end of the experiment, 42 days after infection. Significant differences could not be detected within the infected groups. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase (AP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), choline esterase (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and isoenzym 1 (alpha-HBDH) showed only slight alterations and proved to be no significant parameters for the pathophysiological evaluation of the liver coccidiosis.", "contents": "[Alteration of enzyme activities in serum of Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits (author's transl)]. In experimental investigations on Eimeria stiedai infected rabbits, serum enzymatic studies have been carried out in correlation with the examination of parasitological and pathological parameters. The rabbits were orally infected with a single dose of either 100,000 or 250,000 sporulated oocysts. Increase of the activity of the sorbit dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) could be found first between 3 and 10 days after infection indicating the beginning of the acute phase of liver coccidiosis. The increase of the conjugated bilirubin and of the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) could be found not earlier than 10 days after infection and is to be explained as sign of disturbed efficiency of excretion. The various investigated parameters reached their peak of alteration about the end of the prepatent period and at the beginning of patency between 14 and 21 days after infection. The results emphasize the value and usefulness of serum enzymes, particularly the glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) and the gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT) with about 30fold activity, as indicators in the course of Eimeria stiedai infection of rabbits. The enzymes returned to physiological values at the end of the experiment, 42 days after infection. Significant differences could not be detected within the infected groups. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase (AP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), choline esterase (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and isoenzym 1 (alpha-HBDH) showed only slight alterations and proved to be no significant parameters for the pathophysiological evaluation of the liver coccidiosis.", "PMID": 735305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2053", "title": "The formation and final structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria acervulina: a transmission and scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The formation and final structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria acervulina is described, based on a detailed electron microscope study of the maturing oocysts. After fertilization of the macrogametocyte the wall-forming bodies of type I progressively undergo disaggregation into smaller bodies and eventually move into spaces left by the pellicular membranes of the zygote, which simultaneously separate and elevate away from the zygote cytoplasm to form the outer layer of the oocyst wall. A newly formed membrane separates this layer from the cytoplasm. Following the formation of the outer layer, another membrane separates and elevates away from the cytoplasm, and the wall-forming bodies of type II, which by now have migrated to the periphery, move into the spaces and fuse together to form the inner layer of the oocyst wall. A newly formed membrane separates this layer from the cytoplasm. The wall of the young oocyst thus consists of two membrane-bound layers of approximately similar thickness; the outer layer being osmiophilic whilst the inner one is paler. An overlaying membrane covers the oocyst. The surface of the oocyst wall was smooth in appearance when viewed with the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "The formation and final structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria acervulina: a transmission and scanning electron microscope study. The formation and final structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria acervulina is described, based on a detailed electron microscope study of the maturing oocysts. After fertilization of the macrogametocyte the wall-forming bodies of type I progressively undergo disaggregation into smaller bodies and eventually move into spaces left by the pellicular membranes of the zygote, which simultaneously separate and elevate away from the zygote cytoplasm to form the outer layer of the oocyst wall. A newly formed membrane separates this layer from the cytoplasm. Following the formation of the outer layer, another membrane separates and elevates away from the cytoplasm, and the wall-forming bodies of type II, which by now have migrated to the periphery, move into the spaces and fuse together to form the inner layer of the oocyst wall. A newly formed membrane separates this layer from the cytoplasm. The wall of the young oocyst thus consists of two membrane-bound layers of approximately similar thickness; the outer layer being osmiophilic whilst the inner one is paler. An overlaying membrane covers the oocyst. The surface of the oocyst wall was smooth in appearance when viewed with the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 735306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2054", "title": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. III. Infections with sterile daughter cysts.", "content": "Daughter cysts 0.2-3.0 mm in diameter from secondary Echinococcus granulosus cysts, collected from mice one year after experimental infection, were transferred to fresh mice. The metacestodes developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9-14 months post infection. The average total growth of all cysts per mouse expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.25 +/- 0.03 per month. Thus, for the maintenance of the parasite in mice, daughter cysts can be used as successfully as protoscolices and small 'latent' cysts.", "contents": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. III. Infections with sterile daughter cysts. Daughter cysts 0.2-3.0 mm in diameter from secondary Echinococcus granulosus cysts, collected from mice one year after experimental infection, were transferred to fresh mice. The metacestodes developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9-14 months post infection. The average total growth of all cysts per mouse expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.25 +/- 0.03 per month. Thus, for the maintenance of the parasite in mice, daughter cysts can be used as successfully as protoscolices and small 'latent' cysts.", "PMID": 735307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2055", "title": "[Parasitic influences on undifferentiated tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The imaginal discs of chironomid larvae infected with mermithid nematodes provided a useful model for the study of parasitic effects upon undifferentiated tissue. Specific aberrations concerning mitotic rate, cell death, organogenesis, cell pattern differentiation and cell differentiation are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Parasitic influences on undifferentiated tissue (author's transl)]. The imaginal discs of chironomid larvae infected with mermithid nematodes provided a useful model for the study of parasitic effects upon undifferentiated tissue. Specific aberrations concerning mitotic rate, cell death, organogenesis, cell pattern differentiation and cell differentiation are described and discussed.", "PMID": 735308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2056", "title": "[Consciousness and evoked cerebral cortical electrical activity].", "content": "The analysis of the late positive wave (component P300) of an averaged evoked potential, recorded to visual stimuli in different experimental situations has shown that local activation of the cerebral cortex during conscious experience (Pavlovian \"light spot\") is of a dynamic nature and is determined by signal significance of stimuli and predominant voluntary activity. In cases when it is necessary to decide on the choice of reaction anterior areas of neocortex are activated. If the function of perception is dominating the local activation essentially occurs in corresponding cortical area at which the perceived stimulus is timed. The cortico-thalamo-cortical mechanism of focused attention and its role in providing for conscious human experience is discussed.", "contents": "[Consciousness and evoked cerebral cortical electrical activity]. The analysis of the late positive wave (component P300) of an averaged evoked potential, recorded to visual stimuli in different experimental situations has shown that local activation of the cerebral cortex during conscious experience (Pavlovian \"light spot\") is of a dynamic nature and is determined by signal significance of stimuli and predominant voluntary activity. In cases when it is necessary to decide on the choice of reaction anterior areas of neocortex are activated. If the function of perception is dominating the local activation essentially occurs in corresponding cortical area at which the perceived stimulus is timed. The cortico-thalamo-cortical mechanism of focused attention and its role in providing for conscious human experience is discussed.", "PMID": 735378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2057", "title": "[Transfer phenomenon in alimentary conditioned reflexes of dogs].", "content": "Experiments on transfer phenomenon in alimentary conditioned reflexes of instrumental variety were carried out on dogs in stands and in conditions of unrestrained locomotion. In either experimental condition, after one of classical conditioned reflexes was changed into instrumental one, all conditioned stimuli started to elicit the unstrumental reflex without its special elaboration. If an instrumental reflex was initially elaborated to one stimulus, and then classical reflexes were elaborated to other stimuli, then these stimuli started to elicite the instrumental reflex as soon as they became alimentary signals.", "contents": "[Transfer phenomenon in alimentary conditioned reflexes of dogs]. Experiments on transfer phenomenon in alimentary conditioned reflexes of instrumental variety were carried out on dogs in stands and in conditions of unrestrained locomotion. In either experimental condition, after one of classical conditioned reflexes was changed into instrumental one, all conditioned stimuli started to elicit the unstrumental reflex without its special elaboration. If an instrumental reflex was initially elaborated to one stimulus, and then classical reflexes were elaborated to other stimuli, then these stimuli started to elicite the instrumental reflex as soon as they became alimentary signals.", "PMID": 735380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2058", "title": "[Evoked potentials of the dog sensomotor cortex following systematic application of series of electrocutaneous stimuli].", "content": "Standard 5-member series of weak electro-cutaneous stimulations of the fore-paw were applied in chronic experiments to two dogs with implanted cortical electrodes. The stimuli caused no apparent motor reactions and were not reinforced by any other type of stimulation. Evoked potentials (EP) in the sensorimotor cortex were gradually forming in the course of experiments in such a way that the amplitude of averaged EPs to the extreme stimuli of the series became larger than those to the middle ones. The elaborated U-shaped dependence of the averaged EP amplitudes in the sensorimotor cortex on the ordinal number of the electrical stimuli correlates with the same EP dependence observed in the auditory cortex of dogs in response to series of clicks. The described form of EP organization in response to the stimuli of one modality facilitates the elaboration of the same type of organization in response to the stimuli of an other modality.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials of the dog sensomotor cortex following systematic application of series of electrocutaneous stimuli]. Standard 5-member series of weak electro-cutaneous stimulations of the fore-paw were applied in chronic experiments to two dogs with implanted cortical electrodes. The stimuli caused no apparent motor reactions and were not reinforced by any other type of stimulation. Evoked potentials (EP) in the sensorimotor cortex were gradually forming in the course of experiments in such a way that the amplitude of averaged EPs to the extreme stimuli of the series became larger than those to the middle ones. The elaborated U-shaped dependence of the averaged EP amplitudes in the sensorimotor cortex on the ordinal number of the electrical stimuli correlates with the same EP dependence observed in the auditory cortex of dogs in response to series of clicks. The described form of EP organization in response to the stimuli of one modality facilitates the elaboration of the same type of organization in response to the stimuli of an other modality.", "PMID": 735381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2059", "title": "[Lateral hypothalamus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus for an alimentary instrumental reflex].", "content": "Dynamics of the behavioral effects of LH-stimulation which was used as a conditioned stimulus of alimentary reflex, was recorded in dogs during reflex elaboration, extinction and restoration. Before the elaboration, LH-stimulation elicited either an alimentary instrumental relflex, previously established, or a searching, sniffing, licking, orienting reaction, in the majority of cases with variable latencies. Combination of stimulation and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement in short time stabilized the feeding response. Searching, sniffing, orienting reaction disappeared during the elaboration of the conditioned reflex. Elimination of food reinforcement led to extinction of the alimentary reflex to LH-stimulation. In some sessions full abolition of the feeding response was achieved. LH-stimulation inhibitory properties are assumed. The restoration of the alimentary response to LH-stimulation after single reinforcement demonstrated a high plasticity of this structure. The dynamics of the reflex elaboration, extinction and restoration was the same in response both to brain stimulation and to distant stimuli (sound and light). The implicit motivational properties of LH-stimulation were manifested in the ability to activate the feeding behavior in the satiated dogs.", "contents": "[Lateral hypothalamus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus for an alimentary instrumental reflex]. Dynamics of the behavioral effects of LH-stimulation which was used as a conditioned stimulus of alimentary reflex, was recorded in dogs during reflex elaboration, extinction and restoration. Before the elaboration, LH-stimulation elicited either an alimentary instrumental relflex, previously established, or a searching, sniffing, licking, orienting reaction, in the majority of cases with variable latencies. Combination of stimulation and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement in short time stabilized the feeding response. Searching, sniffing, orienting reaction disappeared during the elaboration of the conditioned reflex. Elimination of food reinforcement led to extinction of the alimentary reflex to LH-stimulation. In some sessions full abolition of the feeding response was achieved. LH-stimulation inhibitory properties are assumed. The restoration of the alimentary response to LH-stimulation after single reinforcement demonstrated a high plasticity of this structure. The dynamics of the reflex elaboration, extinction and restoration was the same in response both to brain stimulation and to distant stimuli (sound and light). The implicit motivational properties of LH-stimulation were manifested in the ability to activate the feeding behavior in the satiated dogs.", "PMID": 735382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2060", "title": "[Transcommissural afferent projections of the lemniscal and spino-reticulo-thalamic systems].", "content": "In cats with section of classic, contralateral somatosensory pathways of the fore-leg at the midbrain level an instrumental defensive reflex \"to this leg\" can be elaborated. This fact suggests that the intact ipsilateral afferent somatosensory pathways of the brain-stem transmit kinsthetic excitations. The electrophysiological study (acute experiments under nembutal anesthesia) of somatosensory projections of the fore-leg, contralateral to the midbrain section, revealed bilateral evoked responses in the somato-sensory cortical areas with a latency of 18-20 msec. These responses evidence bilateral afferent projections of the ipsilateral part of the spinoreticulo-thalamic system. They constitute the functional basis for the formation of this conditioned instrumental defensive reflex. The lemniscal system as well as the ipsilateral part of spino-reticulo-thalamic system send bilateral afferent projections to the somatosensory structures of the brain.", "contents": "[Transcommissural afferent projections of the lemniscal and spino-reticulo-thalamic systems]. In cats with section of classic, contralateral somatosensory pathways of the fore-leg at the midbrain level an instrumental defensive reflex \"to this leg\" can be elaborated. This fact suggests that the intact ipsilateral afferent somatosensory pathways of the brain-stem transmit kinsthetic excitations. The electrophysiological study (acute experiments under nembutal anesthesia) of somatosensory projections of the fore-leg, contralateral to the midbrain section, revealed bilateral evoked responses in the somato-sensory cortical areas with a latency of 18-20 msec. These responses evidence bilateral afferent projections of the ipsilateral part of the spinoreticulo-thalamic system. They constitute the functional basis for the formation of this conditioned instrumental defensive reflex. The lemniscal system as well as the ipsilateral part of spino-reticulo-thalamic system send bilateral afferent projections to the somatosensory structures of the brain.", "PMID": 735384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2061", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in rabbit sensomotor cortex synapses following stimulation of the reticular formation].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the synapses of sensorimotor cortex caused by short and protracted stimulations of mid-brain reticular formation with single electric pulses were studied in rabbits. The observed submicroscopic shift in synaptic apparatus is regarded as a process of enhancing the activity of the sensorimotor synaptic apparatus with involvement of new interneuronal connections. Structural-functional changes in the synaptic apparatus occured at all levels of the sensorimotor cortex, with the predominance of this process at the upper level (layers I-IV); this is probably due to the greater representation of non-specific afferent endings in the upper cortical layers.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in rabbit sensomotor cortex synapses following stimulation of the reticular formation]. Ultrastructural changes in the synapses of sensorimotor cortex caused by short and protracted stimulations of mid-brain reticular formation with single electric pulses were studied in rabbits. The observed submicroscopic shift in synaptic apparatus is regarded as a process of enhancing the activity of the sensorimotor synaptic apparatus with involvement of new interneuronal connections. Structural-functional changes in the synaptic apparatus occured at all levels of the sensorimotor cortex, with the predominance of this process at the upper level (layers I-IV); this is probably due to the greater representation of non-specific afferent endings in the upper cortical layers.", "PMID": 735385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2062", "title": "[Alteration of the slow cortical potential and neuronal activity during elaboration of conditioned reflexes in rabbits].", "content": "In experiments on alert rabbits it was shown that during the first blinking conditioned reflex to a sound, a slow negative potential appears in response to the conditioned signal in the auditory area of the cortex. At the cellular level, this correlates with the formation of polysensory neurone activity accompanied by a small increase in its action potential duration (generalization of excitation, depolarization). During stabilization of the reflex, its specialization, coordinative inhibition of other central responses related to narrowing of receptive areas, --a slow positive potential is evoked in EEG by the conditioned stimulus. At the cellular level correspondingly, a shift is observed from group discharges during intersignal periods to single rhythmic discharges in response to conditioned stimulation (concentration of excitation, lowering of excitability).", "contents": "[Alteration of the slow cortical potential and neuronal activity during elaboration of conditioned reflexes in rabbits]. In experiments on alert rabbits it was shown that during the first blinking conditioned reflex to a sound, a slow negative potential appears in response to the conditioned signal in the auditory area of the cortex. At the cellular level, this correlates with the formation of polysensory neurone activity accompanied by a small increase in its action potential duration (generalization of excitation, depolarization). During stabilization of the reflex, its specialization, coordinative inhibition of other central responses related to narrowing of receptive areas, --a slow positive potential is evoked in EEG by the conditioned stimulus. At the cellular level correspondingly, a shift is observed from group discharges during intersignal periods to single rhythmic discharges in response to conditioned stimulation (concentration of excitation, lowering of excitability).", "PMID": 735386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2063", "title": "[Activity of hypothalamic neurons during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "During elaboration of conditioned defensive reflex to combinations of acoustic and electro-cutaneous stimuli in alert rabbits 44% out of 86 neurones in the ventromedial nucleus and 42% out of 40 cells in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus elaborated conditioned responses. 71% of ventromedial neurones and 53% of perifornical cells (out of those that were conditioned) showed inhibitory responses while the rest demonstrated an activation. In half of the neurones that showed conditioned responses it was possible to elaborate differentiation and extinctive inhibition. Significant conditioned responses appeared following 20-30 pairings of sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation. Their extinction took place after 10-20 non-reinforcements. A correlation was found between conditioned activity of neurones in the ventromedial nucleus groups and changes in heart-rate. Different roles of lateral and medial nuclear groups of the hypothalamus in conditioning were shown. This may point to their participation, along with other brain structures, in the formation of respectively vegetative and motor components of the integrative behaviour.", "contents": "[Activity of hypothalamic neurons during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex]. During elaboration of conditioned defensive reflex to combinations of acoustic and electro-cutaneous stimuli in alert rabbits 44% out of 86 neurones in the ventromedial nucleus and 42% out of 40 cells in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus elaborated conditioned responses. 71% of ventromedial neurones and 53% of perifornical cells (out of those that were conditioned) showed inhibitory responses while the rest demonstrated an activation. In half of the neurones that showed conditioned responses it was possible to elaborate differentiation and extinctive inhibition. Significant conditioned responses appeared following 20-30 pairings of sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation. Their extinction took place after 10-20 non-reinforcements. A correlation was found between conditioned activity of neurones in the ventromedial nucleus groups and changes in heart-rate. Different roles of lateral and medial nuclear groups of the hypothalamus in conditioning were shown. This may point to their participation, along with other brain structures, in the formation of respectively vegetative and motor components of the integrative behaviour.", "PMID": 735387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2064", "title": "[Age characteristics of the strength of conditioned inhibition in dogs during food and defensive reinforcement].", "content": "Dynamics of internal inhibition intensity was studied in case of alimentary and defensive reinforcements in 1-2-months, 3-4-months and one-year-old puppies. In half of the animals the intensity of inhibition was estimated 2-5 times before they reached 4 years of age. The animals younger than one year of age showed weak, medium and strong inhibition with both types of reinforcement. The majority of animals showed different typological characteristics in experiments with alimentary and defensive reinforcements. In alimentary system the inhibition intensity after initial enhancement stabilizes or decreases. In defensive system, up to 3-4 years of age all experimental animals showed weak inhibition. The differences between alimentary and defensive systems become more pronounced with age.", "contents": "[Age characteristics of the strength of conditioned inhibition in dogs during food and defensive reinforcement]. Dynamics of internal inhibition intensity was studied in case of alimentary and defensive reinforcements in 1-2-months, 3-4-months and one-year-old puppies. In half of the animals the intensity of inhibition was estimated 2-5 times before they reached 4 years of age. The animals younger than one year of age showed weak, medium and strong inhibition with both types of reinforcement. The majority of animals showed different typological characteristics in experiments with alimentary and defensive reinforcements. In alimentary system the inhibition intensity after initial enhancement stabilizes or decreases. In defensive system, up to 3-4 years of age all experimental animals showed weak inhibition. The differences between alimentary and defensive systems become more pronounced with age.", "PMID": 735383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2065", "title": "[Evoked potentials to perception of photic stimuli of different intensity in normal subjects and optic nerve atrophy].", "content": "In 30 subjects with normal vision an increase in stimulus brightness (8 gradations) led to reduction in pick-latencies (PL) of II-VII waves and to an increase in their amplitudes (A), maximal in the IV positive wave with PL amounting to 102-109 msec. Atrophy of optical nerves produced an impairment of power processing of the signal and its temporal characteristics, a decline of A III, IV waves (especially pronounced in IV) and a tendency to an increase in A V and VI waves. Informational significance of PL waves and characteristics of information processing with impaired vision are discussed.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials to perception of photic stimuli of different intensity in normal subjects and optic nerve atrophy]. In 30 subjects with normal vision an increase in stimulus brightness (8 gradations) led to reduction in pick-latencies (PL) of II-VII waves and to an increase in their amplitudes (A), maximal in the IV positive wave with PL amounting to 102-109 msec. Atrophy of optical nerves produced an impairment of power processing of the signal and its temporal characteristics, a decline of A III, IV waves (especially pronounced in IV) and a tendency to an increase in A V and VI waves. Informational significance of PL waves and characteristics of information processing with impaired vision are discussed.", "PMID": 735389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2066", "title": "[Identification of transcallosal excitatory monosynaptic responses].", "content": "Criteria of identification of transcallosal monosynaptic responses recorded extracellularily in the sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere were studied in unanaesthetized, non-immobilized rabbits. It was found that major criteria by which a monosynaptic response differs from an antidromic one, are: absence of response blocking by a background impulse (the collision method), and comparatively low up to 200 Hz maximal frequency of paired stimuli reproduction. Criteria of a monosynaptic response, as compared to a polysynaptic one, are its stability, its low variability (0.1-0.2 msec with latency up to 10 msec) and relatively high (not less than 70-100 Hz) maximal frequency of paired stimuli reproduction.", "contents": "[Identification of transcallosal excitatory monosynaptic responses]. Criteria of identification of transcallosal monosynaptic responses recorded extracellularily in the sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere were studied in unanaesthetized, non-immobilized rabbits. It was found that major criteria by which a monosynaptic response differs from an antidromic one, are: absence of response blocking by a background impulse (the collision method), and comparatively low up to 200 Hz maximal frequency of paired stimuli reproduction. Criteria of a monosynaptic response, as compared to a polysynaptic one, are its stability, its low variability (0.1-0.2 msec with latency up to 10 msec) and relatively high (not less than 70-100 Hz) maximal frequency of paired stimuli reproduction.", "PMID": 735390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2067", "title": "[Effect of early motor training on evoked potentials of rat brain visual and sensomotor cortex].", "content": "Motor training (during 3-6 months) of rats in a treadmill started at the age of 1 month, leads to statistically significant increase in the activity of neuronal populations in the visual cortex judged by both latencies of primary responses and recovery cycles of responses to paired stimuli. It has been found that the significance of functional changes following locomotor training is more manifest in the recovery cycles than in the latencies of primary responses. The comparison of locomotor training effects in the visual cortex with those in the sensorimotor cortex reveals a more pronounced modulating influence of environment on the visual cortex. However the differences in these functional changes are more evident by absolute (msec) than by relative (%) cues.", "contents": "[Effect of early motor training on evoked potentials of rat brain visual and sensomotor cortex]. Motor training (during 3-6 months) of rats in a treadmill started at the age of 1 month, leads to statistically significant increase in the activity of neuronal populations in the visual cortex judged by both latencies of primary responses and recovery cycles of responses to paired stimuli. It has been found that the significance of functional changes following locomotor training is more manifest in the recovery cycles than in the latencies of primary responses. The comparison of locomotor training effects in the visual cortex with those in the sensorimotor cortex reveals a more pronounced modulating influence of environment on the visual cortex. However the differences in these functional changes are more evident by absolute (msec) than by relative (%) cues.", "PMID": 735392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2068", "title": "[Dynamics of cardiovascular functions in rats in the presence of the emotional reactions of self stimulation and avoidance].", "content": "Dynamics of arterial pressure and heart-rate was compared during positive and negative emotional reactions caused by stimulation of emotiogenic areas of hypothalamus in unrestrained rats. It was shown that negative emotional reactions as a rule are accompanied by development of hypertensive dynamics in arterial pressure leading to arterial hypertension. During positive emotional reactions pressor-depressory effects are more common which decreases the probability of summation of single hypertensive reactions and the development of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Dynamics of cardiovascular functions in rats in the presence of the emotional reactions of self stimulation and avoidance]. Dynamics of arterial pressure and heart-rate was compared during positive and negative emotional reactions caused by stimulation of emotiogenic areas of hypothalamus in unrestrained rats. It was shown that negative emotional reactions as a rule are accompanied by development of hypertensive dynamics in arterial pressure leading to arterial hypertension. During positive emotional reactions pressor-depressory effects are more common which decreases the probability of summation of single hypertensive reactions and the development of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 735388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2069", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of the functional characteristics of cortical input into the hippocampus of newborn rabbits].", "content": "Functional maturation of perforant pathway synapses on neurones of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata was examined in unanaesthetized rabbits 1 to 25 days of age, by means of extracellular recording of fiold potentials and of neuronal responses to electrical stimulation of the cortical afferent input. In the areas CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus, field potentials, activating and inhibitory neuronal responses to stimulation of the perforant pathway with single impulses were recorded from the first day of the postnatal life, while short-latency responses of the fascia dentata were revealed later--at the end of the first week or the beginning of the second week of life. The data obtained suggest that in rabbits, the synapses of the perforant pathway are functioning from the first days after birth. The postnatal development of the cortical afferent input to the hippocampus is related to the maturation of the dentate gyrus.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of the functional characteristics of cortical input into the hippocampus of newborn rabbits]. Functional maturation of perforant pathway synapses on neurones of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata was examined in unanaesthetized rabbits 1 to 25 days of age, by means of extracellular recording of fiold potentials and of neuronal responses to electrical stimulation of the cortical afferent input. In the areas CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus, field potentials, activating and inhibitory neuronal responses to stimulation of the perforant pathway with single impulses were recorded from the first day of the postnatal life, while short-latency responses of the fascia dentata were revealed later--at the end of the first week or the beginning of the second week of life. The data obtained suggest that in rabbits, the synapses of the perforant pathway are functioning from the first days after birth. The postnatal development of the cortical afferent input to the hippocampus is related to the maturation of the dentate gyrus.", "PMID": 735391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2070", "title": "[Residues of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) in infusions of cocoa and in chocolate (author's transl)].", "content": "With a sensitive method residues of 0.2--0.6 ppm ECH are found in commercial and bendtop infusions of cocoa and 1.8--5.6 ppm ECH in chocolate. The balance is established with time between ECH and ethylene oxide (EO) in the boiling infusion and the distillate depending on time. It is found that the ECH concentration in the infusion is reduced in 15 min to 1/7 by evaporation alone. No reaction to EO or ethylene glycol or other metabolites is detectable. For the determination alkali is added to the sample, followed by distillation of any formed EO into dilute sulfuric acid, where ethylene glycol is oxidized to formaldehyd according to Malaprade. This is distilled off for further enrichment and determined according to Bremanis by photometry at 570 nm. The determination for limit was to 0.01 ppm, the standard deviation is s = 0.0034 ppm (N = 30), the yield 99.8%. The sensitivity may be increased tenfold by increasing sample size.", "contents": "[Residues of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) in infusions of cocoa and in chocolate (author's transl)]. With a sensitive method residues of 0.2--0.6 ppm ECH are found in commercial and bendtop infusions of cocoa and 1.8--5.6 ppm ECH in chocolate. The balance is established with time between ECH and ethylene oxide (EO) in the boiling infusion and the distillate depending on time. It is found that the ECH concentration in the infusion is reduced in 15 min to 1/7 by evaporation alone. No reaction to EO or ethylene glycol or other metabolites is detectable. For the determination alkali is added to the sample, followed by distillation of any formed EO into dilute sulfuric acid, where ethylene glycol is oxidized to formaldehyd according to Malaprade. This is distilled off for further enrichment and determined according to Bremanis by photometry at 570 nm. The determination for limit was to 0.01 ppm, the standard deviation is s = 0.0034 ppm (N = 30), the yield 99.8%. The sensitivity may be increased tenfold by increasing sample size.", "PMID": 735415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2071", "title": "[The microflora of sour dough. IV. Communication: bacterial composition of sourdough starters genus Lactobacillus beijerinck (author's transl)].", "content": "The bacterial composition of three so called pure culture sourdough starters of varying origin was investigated. 245 isolates were obtained all belonging to the genus Beijerinck. According to their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics they were classified into the subgroups: Thermobacterium (L. acidophilus), Streptobacterium (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. farciminis, L. alimentarius) and Betabacterium (L. brevis, L. brevis var. lindneri, L buchneri, L. fermentum, L. fructi vorans). In the three sourdough starters the identified lactic organisms varied in number and proportion. In starter preparation \"A\" only the varieties L. fructi vorans and L. fermentum were present. Preparation \"B\" contained a great variety of microorganisms with L. brevis and L. brevis L. lindneri predominating. In starter \"C\" L. brevis, L. plantarum and L. alimentarius predominated.", "contents": "[The microflora of sour dough. IV. Communication: bacterial composition of sourdough starters genus Lactobacillus beijerinck (author's transl)]. The bacterial composition of three so called pure culture sourdough starters of varying origin was investigated. 245 isolates were obtained all belonging to the genus Beijerinck. According to their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics they were classified into the subgroups: Thermobacterium (L. acidophilus), Streptobacterium (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. farciminis, L. alimentarius) and Betabacterium (L. brevis, L. brevis var. lindneri, L buchneri, L. fermentum, L. fructi vorans). In the three sourdough starters the identified lactic organisms varied in number and proportion. In starter preparation \"A\" only the varieties L. fructi vorans and L. fermentum were present. Preparation \"B\" contained a great variety of microorganisms with L. brevis and L. brevis L. lindneri predominating. In starter \"C\" L. brevis, L. plantarum and L. alimentarius predominated.", "PMID": 735416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2072", "title": "[Use of flocculants for detection of viruses in fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydroxide flocs of iron, aluminium, zinc, and tin were tested for their capabilities of virus enrichment in fluids (such as water and liquid foods). The virus used was polio type II att. The flocculation with tin yielded the best results because it gave the highest recovery rates (90%) and good reproducibility. A satisfactory enrichment was also obtained with the flocculation with aluminium- and iron salts. The losses were 31 and 33%. The lowest recovery rates were obtained with nickel- and zinc flocculation (losses: 70 and 77%). The difficulties in filtering the flocs and eluting the virus with 3% beefextract could be overcome by centrifugation and dissolution of aluminium and iron flocs with sodium-potassium-tartrate (average recovery rates 5 and 27%). In addition we tested the flocculation in lemonade as a model fluid loaded with a high content of organic material which usually interfere with the formation of flocs and in consequence the enrichment of viruses. An enrichment of viruses in lemonade was possible only with previously prepared and aged flocs of tin and iron. The loss was 18 and 12% respectively.", "contents": "[Use of flocculants for detection of viruses in fluids (author's transl)]. Hydroxide flocs of iron, aluminium, zinc, and tin were tested for their capabilities of virus enrichment in fluids (such as water and liquid foods). The virus used was polio type II att. The flocculation with tin yielded the best results because it gave the highest recovery rates (90%) and good reproducibility. A satisfactory enrichment was also obtained with the flocculation with aluminium- and iron salts. The losses were 31 and 33%. The lowest recovery rates were obtained with nickel- and zinc flocculation (losses: 70 and 77%). The difficulties in filtering the flocs and eluting the virus with 3% beefextract could be overcome by centrifugation and dissolution of aluminium and iron flocs with sodium-potassium-tartrate (average recovery rates 5 and 27%). In addition we tested the flocculation in lemonade as a model fluid loaded with a high content of organic material which usually interfere with the formation of flocs and in consequence the enrichment of viruses. An enrichment of viruses in lemonade was possible only with previously prepared and aged flocs of tin and iron. The loss was 18 and 12% respectively.", "PMID": 735417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2073", "title": "Prevention--everybody's responsibility.", "content": "The importance of individual responsibility in many aspects of preventive medicine is emphasised in the introduction. A section on infectious disease as applied to Western society today follows with special mention of particular conditions such as turberculosis, influenza, rubella, gastro-intestinal diseases and Legionaire's Disease. The section on non-communicable disease is subdivided into coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms and chronic bronchitis. It includes some discussion of screening. Short sections on prevention in the elderly, pregnancy and early life, dental health, accidents, alcoholism and drug misuse follow. In the conclusions the difficulty of determining priorities for different societies and the importance of establishing cost effectiveness of preventive measures are covered. The relative importance of societal, governmental and individual preventive measures are described and the authors emphasise that any expensive screening programme must adhere to established criteria.", "contents": "Prevention--everybody's responsibility. The importance of individual responsibility in many aspects of preventive medicine is emphasised in the introduction. A section on infectious disease as applied to Western society today follows with special mention of particular conditions such as turberculosis, influenza, rubella, gastro-intestinal diseases and Legionaire's Disease. The section on non-communicable disease is subdivided into coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms and chronic bronchitis. It includes some discussion of screening. Short sections on prevention in the elderly, pregnancy and early life, dental health, accidents, alcoholism and drug misuse follow. In the conclusions the difficulty of determining priorities for different societies and the importance of establishing cost effectiveness of preventive measures are covered. The relative importance of societal, governmental and individual preventive measures are described and the authors emphasise that any expensive screening programme must adhere to established criteria.", "PMID": 735418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2074", "title": "[Results in prevention - a Swiss inventory].", "content": "A marked change of morbidity has taken place since the turn of the century. The chronic degenerative diseases contribute much more to general morbidity and death than the communicable diseases which were the main cause of death some 70 years ago. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures against communicable diseases were most successful, whereas no progress in the fight against chronic-degenerative diseases was observed. Endeavours to reduce morbidity and premature death have to be directed towards the behaviour and unhealthy habits of the population. As regards diseases with unknown causes early detection and early treatment have to be promoted in order to prevent a further increase of mortality.", "contents": "[Results in prevention - a Swiss inventory]. A marked change of morbidity has taken place since the turn of the century. The chronic degenerative diseases contribute much more to general morbidity and death than the communicable diseases which were the main cause of death some 70 years ago. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures against communicable diseases were most successful, whereas no progress in the fight against chronic-degenerative diseases was observed. Endeavours to reduce morbidity and premature death have to be directed towards the behaviour and unhealthy habits of the population. As regards diseases with unknown causes early detection and early treatment have to be promoted in order to prevent a further increase of mortality.", "PMID": 735419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2075", "title": "[Ethical aspects in prevention. Prevention as a moral obligation].", "content": "The principle of avoiding or reducing unnecessary suffering belongs to the ethics of our culture. According to the concepts of the World Health Organization (WHO), this means an extension of preventive medicine to the realm of education and biopolitics. Education has priority, and it is recommended to adopt as a definition of health the same concept that has been suggested as the aim of education by the Swiss Scientific Council: namely an \"ability of action\" which encompasses man in his biological, intellectual, ethical and emotional aspects.", "contents": "[Ethical aspects in prevention. Prevention as a moral obligation]. The principle of avoiding or reducing unnecessary suffering belongs to the ethics of our culture. According to the concepts of the World Health Organization (WHO), this means an extension of preventive medicine to the realm of education and biopolitics. Education has priority, and it is recommended to adopt as a definition of health the same concept that has been suggested as the aim of education by the Swiss Scientific Council: namely an \"ability of action\" which encompasses man in his biological, intellectual, ethical and emotional aspects.", "PMID": 735420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2076", "title": "[Economic aspects of prevention. Efficiency and structure of the health care system].", "content": "The structure of the health care system has been examined, the health care sector being defined as all measures taken to promote and preserve good health. A review of the international literature came to the following conclusions:--The correlation between medical care and health status is at most very limited.--The empirical evidence suggests that efficient preventive programs--both for primary and for secondary prevention--would be possible.--We therefore come to the conclusion that the division between medical care and prevention is not optimal and that furthering prevention at the cost of medical care would increase the efficiency of the health care sector. Conclusive statements concerning the efficiency of additional preventive measures are not possible with the research undertaken to date.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of prevention. Efficiency and structure of the health care system]. The structure of the health care system has been examined, the health care sector being defined as all measures taken to promote and preserve good health. A review of the international literature came to the following conclusions:--The correlation between medical care and health status is at most very limited.--The empirical evidence suggests that efficient preventive programs--both for primary and for secondary prevention--would be possible.--We therefore come to the conclusion that the division between medical care and prevention is not optimal and that furthering prevention at the cost of medical care would increase the efficiency of the health care sector. Conclusive statements concerning the efficiency of additional preventive measures are not possible with the research undertaken to date.", "PMID": 735421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2077", "title": "[Sociological aspects of modification of social behavior. Spontaneous action, social stress and individual life style].", "content": "To interest people in health behavior there are two different ways. First of all the way using the methods of mass communication or as some call it: \"social marketing\". But this raises the problems of defining the population that should be referred to and to overcome the resistance of social structure. So generally there are only few chances in succeeding. The other way would be that those people engaged in realizing preventive medicine would try to cooperate with existing groups, organizations or institutions. This seems to be far more successful. To reduce the number of \"arbeitsbedingte Krankheiten\" (sickness that mainly but not only depends on working conditions) special opportunities are offered by industrial firms.", "contents": "[Sociological aspects of modification of social behavior. Spontaneous action, social stress and individual life style]. To interest people in health behavior there are two different ways. First of all the way using the methods of mass communication or as some call it: \"social marketing\". But this raises the problems of defining the population that should be referred to and to overcome the resistance of social structure. So generally there are only few chances in succeeding. The other way would be that those people engaged in realizing preventive medicine would try to cooperate with existing groups, organizations or institutions. This seems to be far more successful. To reduce the number of \"arbeitsbedingte Krankheiten\" (sickness that mainly but not only depends on working conditions) special opportunities are offered by industrial firms.", "PMID": 735422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2078", "title": "[Legal aspects of prevention. The constitutional principle of optimal health protection].", "content": "With respect to the health services, a State founded upon the rule of law is in duty bound to act with restraint. Its aim should be to guarantee that public health is maintained in optimal fashion. For this purpose it must endeavour to exert an effective influence on environmental factors. The three main categories of activity with which the health services are concerned, i.e. protection of health, promotion of health, and health care should be governed by the principles inherent in a State based upon the rule of law. As regards preventive measures, this means that the State has to shape the environment and society in such a way as to meet the requirements of a modern system for the protection of public health, its objective in this context being to eliminate or minimise health risks. A rational government programme for the promotion of public health must also be designed to promote a more health-conscious pattern of behaviour in the population at large and to encourage those citizens requiring treatment to invoke the aid of the health care services without delay.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of prevention. The constitutional principle of optimal health protection]. With respect to the health services, a State founded upon the rule of law is in duty bound to act with restraint. Its aim should be to guarantee that public health is maintained in optimal fashion. For this purpose it must endeavour to exert an effective influence on environmental factors. The three main categories of activity with which the health services are concerned, i.e. protection of health, promotion of health, and health care should be governed by the principles inherent in a State based upon the rule of law. As regards preventive measures, this means that the State has to shape the environment and society in such a way as to meet the requirements of a modern system for the protection of public health, its objective in this context being to eliminate or minimise health risks. A rational government programme for the promotion of public health must also be designed to promote a more health-conscious pattern of behaviour in the population at large and to encourage those citizens requiring treatment to invoke the aid of the health care services without delay.", "PMID": 735423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2079", "title": "[Concrete approaches to the promotion of prevention. Health education in schools].", "content": "Society nowadays entrusts the school with formative tasks which earlier were exclusively the role of the family unit. Numerous such tasks are in relation with the integration of the individual in society. As they usually concern attitudes and behaviors which the youth must actively adopt for themselves (get impregnated with), the school cannot limit its action to transmitting knowledge. This is true in particular for health education. Good mental health of the students is the precondition of a positive attitude vis-\u00e0-vis physical wellbeing. It is important therefore to give adequate emphasis to mental health requirements in teacher training.", "contents": "[Concrete approaches to the promotion of prevention. Health education in schools]. Society nowadays entrusts the school with formative tasks which earlier were exclusively the role of the family unit. Numerous such tasks are in relation with the integration of the individual in society. As they usually concern attitudes and behaviors which the youth must actively adopt for themselves (get impregnated with), the school cannot limit its action to transmitting knowledge. This is true in particular for health education. Good mental health of the students is the precondition of a positive attitude vis-\u00e0-vis physical wellbeing. It is important therefore to give adequate emphasis to mental health requirements in teacher training.", "PMID": 735424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2080", "title": "[Communication theory and health education].", "content": "Health Education can be understood as a communication process, in which a communicator gives a message to receivers through a certain channel with a specific destination. The application of the results of communication research to problems of Health Education is difficult since, on the one hand, communication research does not sufficiently relate to the problems of Health Education and, on the other, the Health Educators often ignore the results of empirical research. Moreover, it is inherent in communication theory to overstimate knowledge as a vehicle of behavior change. The norms, laws and institutions of society often limit the possibilities of Health Education. Another limitation consists in the lack of information concerning many of the factors which cause health damaging behavior. The consequences of these considerations are that efficient Health Education has to be carried out not only on the personal but also on the societal level and that knowledge about the causes of health-injuring behavior must be improved. A model of integrated Health Education is presented.", "contents": "[Communication theory and health education]. Health Education can be understood as a communication process, in which a communicator gives a message to receivers through a certain channel with a specific destination. The application of the results of communication research to problems of Health Education is difficult since, on the one hand, communication research does not sufficiently relate to the problems of Health Education and, on the other, the Health Educators often ignore the results of empirical research. Moreover, it is inherent in communication theory to overstimate knowledge as a vehicle of behavior change. The norms, laws and institutions of society often limit the possibilities of Health Education. Another limitation consists in the lack of information concerning many of the factors which cause health damaging behavior. The consequences of these considerations are that efficient Health Education has to be carried out not only on the personal but also on the societal level and that knowledge about the causes of health-injuring behavior must be improved. A model of integrated Health Education is presented.", "PMID": 735425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2081", "title": "[Improving the effectiveness of health education].", "content": "Discussions concentrated on ways of influencing the behavior of healthy individuals. The following was concluded; 1. Health education is an interdisciplinary activity. It should not merely be aimed at the behavior of individuals but also respect and influence values and institutions of society as well as legislation. 2. Family and school are the most important fields of activity. 3. Health education should be based on experiences from communication sciences. 4. In school, health education should be integrated in as many subjects as possible. Of special importance are the example of the teachers and adequate preparation and training. 5. Health education cannot limit itself to giving information, it also must motivate to a healthy way of life. 6. Exchange of experiences and information in health education should be improved. In Switzerland this can be done by a working party of the Swiss Society for Social and Preventive Medicine. 7. The intervention trials of the Swiss National Research Program can provide important stimuli for innovative approaches to health education is Switzerland.", "contents": "[Improving the effectiveness of health education]. Discussions concentrated on ways of influencing the behavior of healthy individuals. The following was concluded; 1. Health education is an interdisciplinary activity. It should not merely be aimed at the behavior of individuals but also respect and influence values and institutions of society as well as legislation. 2. Family and school are the most important fields of activity. 3. Health education should be based on experiences from communication sciences. 4. In school, health education should be integrated in as many subjects as possible. Of special importance are the example of the teachers and adequate preparation and training. 5. Health education cannot limit itself to giving information, it also must motivate to a healthy way of life. 6. Exchange of experiences and information in health education should be improved. In Switzerland this can be done by a working party of the Swiss Society for Social and Preventive Medicine. 7. The intervention trials of the Swiss National Research Program can provide important stimuli for innovative approaches to health education is Switzerland.", "PMID": 735426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2082", "title": "[Health care for the population. Making prevention more popular].", "content": "In order to get the information about prevention issues to \"go through\" and to foster behavior modifications in the individuals, there is a need to disseminate in with the communication techniques used in the commercial sector in particular; in a way, the matter is to make prevention fashionable. At the institutional level, it is important to remove the obstacles which hinder or delay the availability and use to preventive services. This should be done in obtaining a real transparency of the health care system, especially as regards the type of care given, the equipment and the costs involved.", "contents": "[Health care for the population. Making prevention more popular]. In order to get the information about prevention issues to \"go through\" and to foster behavior modifications in the individuals, there is a need to disseminate in with the communication techniques used in the commercial sector in particular; in a way, the matter is to make prevention fashionable. At the institutional level, it is important to remove the obstacles which hinder or delay the availability and use to preventive services. This should be done in obtaining a real transparency of the health care system, especially as regards the type of care given, the equipment and the costs involved.", "PMID": 735427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2083", "title": "[Preventive health care of the population: current trends].", "content": "Within the overall costs of health services in Switzerland, it is estimated that the cost of all preventive services amount to 5%--2%. Even though detailed data on the provision of preventive services are missing, several new models allow for optimism in regard to redressing the balance between prevention and cure in the future.", "contents": "[Preventive health care of the population: current trends]. Within the overall costs of health services in Switzerland, it is estimated that the cost of all preventive services amount to 5%--2%. Even though detailed data on the provision of preventive services are missing, several new models allow for optimism in regard to redressing the balance between prevention and cure in the future.", "PMID": 735428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2084", "title": "[Prevention in medical services].", "content": "Report of a working party. The group agrees: 1. That the level of existing educational services in health care is not sufficient. New programmes with educational aims should be assisted by the creation of institutions, which would--develop  programs and strategies--coordinate with existing services--assist with their realization--evaluate the programs. 2. That there is a sensible minimal program of early detection, which can be provided without expensive technology. Insurance carriers should finance such a minimal program within their policies.", "contents": "[Prevention in medical services]. Report of a working party. The group agrees: 1. That the level of existing educational services in health care is not sufficient. New programmes with educational aims should be assisted by the creation of institutions, which would--develop  programs and strategies--coordinate with existing services--assist with their realization--evaluate the programs. 2. That there is a sensible minimal program of early detection, which can be provided without expensive technology. Insurance carriers should finance such a minimal program within their policies.", "PMID": 735429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2085", "title": "[Environment. Preventive health action in the creation of the environment].", "content": "The present quantitative importance of prevention is in Switzerland extremely low in comparison to the health budget of the national community. It has taken in recent years increasing place however in speeches and talks as well as in medical thinking. Prevention presently tends to be seen as a medical specialty among others and perhaps prefigures a new form of medicine, the object of which would be the societal body more than the body of the sick individual. In this perspective (would that be good?), a new type of physician-informatician-statistician might be trained, with the mission to manage and supervise the health status of the population. Preventive health action through the environment at large could fulfill an important role in the foreseeable developments. New health \"morals\" are currently emerging, which are bringing together numerous adepts. This might mean that the time of a \"health society\" (or health-determined society) is not far.", "contents": "[Environment. Preventive health action in the creation of the environment]. The present quantitative importance of prevention is in Switzerland extremely low in comparison to the health budget of the national community. It has taken in recent years increasing place however in speeches and talks as well as in medical thinking. Prevention presently tends to be seen as a medical specialty among others and perhaps prefigures a new form of medicine, the object of which would be the societal body more than the body of the sick individual. In this perspective (would that be good?), a new type of physician-informatician-statistician might be trained, with the mission to manage and supervise the health status of the population. Preventive health action through the environment at large could fulfill an important role in the foreseeable developments. New health \"morals\" are currently emerging, which are bringing together numerous adepts. This might mean that the time of a \"health society\" (or health-determined society) is not far.", "PMID": 735430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2086", "title": "[Preventive measures in the management of the environment].", "content": "The natural and the man made environment influence the wellbeing and the health of the population. The management of the environments aims at the improvement of health and the disposal of health risks. The physical and psycho-social environment has to be taken into consideration, especially in connection with work, housing, energy consumption and spare time activities. Laws concerning environmental protection and energy supply could contribute to improvement of the environment.", "contents": "[Preventive measures in the management of the environment]. The natural and the man made environment influence the wellbeing and the health of the population. The management of the environments aims at the improvement of health and the disposal of health risks. The physical and psycho-social environment has to be taken into consideration, especially in connection with work, housing, energy consumption and spare time activities. Laws concerning environmental protection and energy supply could contribute to improvement of the environment.", "PMID": 735431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2087", "title": "[Leisure time and sports. Sports for all ages].", "content": "Studies about life-time sport of different groups of population in Switzerland showed that 82% of 1990 apprentices in the town of Z\u00fcrich and 59% of young peasants were active in sports in their leisure time. On Saturdays, 45% of the inhabitants of Z\u00fcrich spent any hours with leisure time sport, on Sundays even 70% (including mountaineering). From seniors (80 years old), 63% were active in sports formerly in their life, from men dead before 65 years from the same factory only 44%.", "contents": "[Leisure time and sports. Sports for all ages]. Studies about life-time sport of different groups of population in Switzerland showed that 82% of 1990 apprentices in the town of Z\u00fcrich and 59% of young peasants were active in sports in their leisure time. On Saturdays, 45% of the inhabitants of Z\u00fcrich spent any hours with leisure time sport, on Sundays even 70% (including mountaineering). From seniors (80 years old), 63% were active in sports formerly in their life, from men dead before 65 years from the same factory only 44%.", "PMID": 735433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2088", "title": "[Medical significance and requirements of sports].", "content": "Kind and intensity of physical activity with preventive value of degenerative diseases are well known by sports medicine. The core of the problem is the transfer of established knowledge into action and the creation of attractive programs making physical activity an enjoyment and which let us forget the final objective, i.e. prevention of ill health.", "contents": "[Medical significance and requirements of sports]. Kind and intensity of physical activity with preventive value of degenerative diseases are well known by sports medicine. The core of the problem is the transfer of established knowledge into action and the creation of attractive programs making physical activity an enjoyment and which let us forget the final objective, i.e. prevention of ill health.", "PMID": 735434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2089", "title": "[Prevention in leisure time and sports].", "content": "Sport as leisure activity can make an essential contribution to fitness and quality of life. It has public health significance and its organization should not be left to chance or to individual and weak groups. Therefore a forum for casual discussion is needed which can enable the exchange of information on planned or existing projects, the cooperation in planning new programs, and thereby help to avoid unnecessary duplication.", "contents": "[Prevention in leisure time and sports]. Sport as leisure activity can make an essential contribution to fitness and quality of life. It has public health significance and its organization should not be left to chance or to individual and weak groups. Therefore a forum for casual discussion is needed which can enable the exchange of information on planned or existing projects, the cooperation in planning new programs, and thereby help to avoid unnecessary duplication.", "PMID": 735435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2090", "title": "[Healthy nutrition - prerequisite for life enjoyment and quality of life].", "content": "Bad nutritional habits can cause or enhance various, especially chronic, diseases. The right amount of calories, an adequate composition and the distribution of the meals over the day are the basis of good nutrition. A coordinating office could improve the information of our population, since many different professions must cooperate. Nutritions education must be improved. Industry, professional organisations, nutritionists, consumer organisations and specialists for communication must cooperate to solve the difficult problem of nutritional habits and to demonstrate that good nutrition can--as the gastrotonomy of the future--help to enjoy life.", "contents": "[Healthy nutrition - prerequisite for life enjoyment and quality of life]. Bad nutritional habits can cause or enhance various, especially chronic, diseases. The right amount of calories, an adequate composition and the distribution of the meals over the day are the basis of good nutrition. A coordinating office could improve the information of our population, since many different professions must cooperate. Nutritions education must be improved. Industry, professional organisations, nutritionists, consumer organisations and specialists for communication must cooperate to solve the difficult problem of nutritional habits and to demonstrate that good nutrition can--as the gastrotonomy of the future--help to enjoy life.", "PMID": 735436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2091", "title": "[Economic management. Why economic regulation of prevention?].", "content": "There is much lip service but little practical every day behavior aiming at prevention. Instructors and practitioners or health promotion and health protection experience much less recognition than the healers of diseases. Infrastructure and training for prevention let much to be desired. Only a political action on a higher level can give preventive measures the weight they deserve. Economic mechanisms seem the most appropriate way of regulation.", "contents": "[Economic management. Why economic regulation of prevention?]. There is much lip service but little practical every day behavior aiming at prevention. Instructors and practitioners or health promotion and health protection experience much less recognition than the healers of diseases. Infrastructure and training for prevention let much to be desired. Only a political action on a higher level can give preventive measures the weight they deserve. Economic mechanisms seem the most appropriate way of regulation.", "PMID": 735437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2092", "title": "[Proposals for economic regulatory mechanisms].", "content": "Economic mechanisms are needed to guarantee that longterm needs are not forgotten over short term benefits and desires. In traffic, variable costs (cost per mile) should be increased relative to fixed costs, traffic education should be supported and--where needed--fines for undesirable behavior should be introduced. Toxic substances should be taxed. As far as tobacco and alcohol consumption is concerned, abstinence or temperance should be rewarded. In medical care and medical education, prevention should be promoted by increased financial support.", "contents": "[Proposals for economic regulatory mechanisms]. Economic mechanisms are needed to guarantee that longterm needs are not forgotten over short term benefits and desires. In traffic, variable costs (cost per mile) should be increased relative to fixed costs, traffic education should be supported and--where needed--fines for undesirable behavior should be introduced. Toxic substances should be taxed. As far as tobacco and alcohol consumption is concerned, abstinence or temperance should be rewarded. In medical care and medical education, prevention should be promoted by increased financial support.", "PMID": 735438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2093", "title": "[Insurance system. Prevention from viewpoint of the insurer].", "content": "The purpose of an insurance must not be restricted to the payment of claims to those insured persons who suffered a loss, for loss prevention is much preferable to claim settlement. A whole range of different institutions and measures has been established by the Swiss insurers, in which many insurance branches participate. The loss preventing activities can be listed as follows:--Activities of the fire insurers to prevent and fight fires. This is the prevailing duty of the Consulting Agency for Fire Prevention (BfB) as well as the Fire Prevention Service for Industry and Trade (BVD).--Activities of the accident insurers to prevent accidents. The fight against accidents, mostly traffic accidents, in sports and at home is the foremost task of the Swiss Council for the Prevention of Accidents (BfU), an institution created by the Conference of Accident Insurance Managers (UDK) and the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA).--The Health Service in life insurance, after all the periodical medical examinations and consultations granted by many insurers to their insured persons, as well as the pamphlets aiming at health education published by several Companies and finally institutions and measures to promote fitness, e.g. VITA-Parcours.", "contents": "[Insurance system. Prevention from viewpoint of the insurer]. The purpose of an insurance must not be restricted to the payment of claims to those insured persons who suffered a loss, for loss prevention is much preferable to claim settlement. A whole range of different institutions and measures has been established by the Swiss insurers, in which many insurance branches participate. The loss preventing activities can be listed as follows:--Activities of the fire insurers to prevent and fight fires. This is the prevailing duty of the Consulting Agency for Fire Prevention (BfB) as well as the Fire Prevention Service for Industry and Trade (BVD).--Activities of the accident insurers to prevent accidents. The fight against accidents, mostly traffic accidents, in sports and at home is the foremost task of the Swiss Council for the Prevention of Accidents (BfU), an institution created by the Conference of Accident Insurance Managers (UDK) and the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA).--The Health Service in life insurance, after all the periodical medical examinations and consultations granted by many insurers to their insured persons, as well as the pamphlets aiming at health education published by several Companies and finally institutions and measures to promote fitness, e.g. VITA-Parcours.", "PMID": 735439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2094", "title": "[Observations on prevention legislation].", "content": "The proposed law should concentrate on prophylaxis and educational measures aimed at diseases of public health importance. It should stimulate action on the federal, cantonal and private level and the cooperation of all parties concerned. Where feasible and adequate, finances should be raised from those making preventive and curative actions necessary.", "contents": "[Observations on prevention legislation]. The proposed law should concentrate on prophylaxis and educational measures aimed at diseases of public health importance. It should stimulate action on the federal, cantonal and private level and the cooperation of all parties concerned. Where feasible and adequate, finances should be raised from those making preventive and curative actions necessary.", "PMID": 735441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2095", "title": "[Findings on the saddle and multangulum-naviculare joints in erosive polyarthritis].", "content": "The x-rays of 110 patients with erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis and the x-rays of 104 patients with non-erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis were compared in order to determine the frequency and the severity of arthrotic changes in the thumb-saddle and the multangulum-navicular joints. In erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis we found more characteristic arthrotic changes than in the non-erosive form. The more characteristic the erosive changes of the finger joints, the more extended the changes were in the thumb-saddle and the multangulum-navicular joints. Erosions of the carpal joints do occur during an erosive Heberdandan-Bouchard arthrosis, but seem to be very rare.", "contents": "[Findings on the saddle and multangulum-naviculare joints in erosive polyarthritis]. The x-rays of 110 patients with erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis and the x-rays of 104 patients with non-erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis were compared in order to determine the frequency and the severity of arthrotic changes in the thumb-saddle and the multangulum-navicular joints. In erosive Heberden-Bouchard arthrosis we found more characteristic arthrotic changes than in the non-erosive form. The more characteristic the erosive changes of the finger joints, the more extended the changes were in the thumb-saddle and the multangulum-navicular joints. Erosions of the carpal joints do occur during an erosive Heberdandan-Bouchard arthrosis, but seem to be very rare.", "PMID": 735452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2096", "title": "Effect of glycosaminoglycans on the detection of antibodies to collagen in synovial fluid.", "content": "Antibodies to collagen in the synovial fluid of RA patients were determined by radioimmuno assay using 14-C-labeled collagen and by passive hemagglutination with collagen coated erythrocytes. The effect of various glycosaminoglycans, possibly present in synovial fluid, on these two assays was investigated. None of the glycosaminoglycan preparations tested significantly changed either antibody titers or the amount of 14-C-radioactivity precipitated in radioimmunoassay. Digestion of the synovial fluid with chondroitinase ABC likewise had no effect on the results. It is therefore concluded that the glycosaminoglycans present in synovial fluid do not interact with native or denatured collagen under the experimental conditions existing in the determination of antibodies to collagen.", "contents": "Effect of glycosaminoglycans on the detection of antibodies to collagen in synovial fluid. Antibodies to collagen in the synovial fluid of RA patients were determined by radioimmuno assay using 14-C-labeled collagen and by passive hemagglutination with collagen coated erythrocytes. The effect of various glycosaminoglycans, possibly present in synovial fluid, on these two assays was investigated. None of the glycosaminoglycan preparations tested significantly changed either antibody titers or the amount of 14-C-radioactivity precipitated in radioimmunoassay. Digestion of the synovial fluid with chondroitinase ABC likewise had no effect on the results. It is therefore concluded that the glycosaminoglycans present in synovial fluid do not interact with native or denatured collagen under the experimental conditions existing in the determination of antibodies to collagen.", "PMID": 735453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2097", "title": "Acute autoimmune collagen-induced arthritis in rabbits.", "content": "Three groups of rabbits were investigated: I. 9 rabbits, immunized with rabbit collagen type I, received 1 intraarticular injection of same antigen in the right knee, and control preparations in the left knee. II. 4 rabbits, immunized with calf collagen type I, received the same intraarticular injections as in group I. III. 2 non-immunized rabbits received also the same intraarticular injections. Synovial fluid and synovium were obtained in all groups 18 hours after intraarticular injection. Knee-joints of all animals immunized and challenged intraarticularly with rabbit collagen showed strong cellular exsudation (mean 1.800 X 10(3) cells,) in contrast to control joints (mean 21 to 484 X 10(3) cells). Histologic investigation of synovium of group I animals showed in rabbit collagen injected knees in contrast to controls, vascular reactions with enlargement of small vessels, thikening of endothelial cells, perivascular infiltration and aggregation of polymorphonuclears in lumen of vessels. Intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in calf collagen immunized rabbits, induced a limited cellular exsudation, (mean 670 X 10(3) cells) which was lower than in rabbit collagen immunized animals, however also more pronounced than in control joints. Whilst results after intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in rabbit collagen immunized animals are interpreted as early signs of autoimmune arthritis, results after intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in calf collagen immunized animals are regarded as milder symptoms of synovitis induced by crossreactivity of antigens.", "contents": "Acute autoimmune collagen-induced arthritis in rabbits. Three groups of rabbits were investigated: I. 9 rabbits, immunized with rabbit collagen type I, received 1 intraarticular injection of same antigen in the right knee, and control preparations in the left knee. II. 4 rabbits, immunized with calf collagen type I, received the same intraarticular injections as in group I. III. 2 non-immunized rabbits received also the same intraarticular injections. Synovial fluid and synovium were obtained in all groups 18 hours after intraarticular injection. Knee-joints of all animals immunized and challenged intraarticularly with rabbit collagen showed strong cellular exsudation (mean 1.800 X 10(3) cells,) in contrast to control joints (mean 21 to 484 X 10(3) cells). Histologic investigation of synovium of group I animals showed in rabbit collagen injected knees in contrast to controls, vascular reactions with enlargement of small vessels, thikening of endothelial cells, perivascular infiltration and aggregation of polymorphonuclears in lumen of vessels. Intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in calf collagen immunized rabbits, induced a limited cellular exsudation, (mean 670 X 10(3) cells) which was lower than in rabbit collagen immunized animals, however also more pronounced than in control joints. Whilst results after intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in rabbit collagen immunized animals are interpreted as early signs of autoimmune arthritis, results after intraarticular injection of rabbit collagen in calf collagen immunized animals are regarded as milder symptoms of synovitis induced by crossreactivity of antigens.", "PMID": 735455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2098", "title": "[Xeroradiography in comparison to roentgen studies in gout, hyperuricemia and dyspurinia].", "content": "In 24 patients with gout and in 15 patients with clinical oligo- and polyarthritic syndromes associated with hyperuricemia and dyspurinia xeroradiographic examinations of the clinically affected joints and soft tissues were carried out. In 32 cases comparisons were made with the classic x-ray examinations. In most cases the findings correlated, particularly the rarifaction of the bone structure including cystic changes of fingers and toes. In advanced cases, particularly in the hallux, erosions occurred and at the same time the changes in the soft tissues were recorded. Cystic changes in the larger bones were better estimated by the classical x-ray examinations. The soft tissues are shown better xeroradiographically. Xeroradiography has the advantage that it can record the structure of bones and soft tissue at the same time.", "contents": "[Xeroradiography in comparison to roentgen studies in gout, hyperuricemia and dyspurinia]. In 24 patients with gout and in 15 patients with clinical oligo- and polyarthritic syndromes associated with hyperuricemia and dyspurinia xeroradiographic examinations of the clinically affected joints and soft tissues were carried out. In 32 cases comparisons were made with the classic x-ray examinations. In most cases the findings correlated, particularly the rarifaction of the bone structure including cystic changes of fingers and toes. In advanced cases, particularly in the hallux, erosions occurred and at the same time the changes in the soft tissues were recorded. Cystic changes in the larger bones were better estimated by the classical x-ray examinations. The soft tissues are shown better xeroradiographically. Xeroradiography has the advantage that it can record the structure of bones and soft tissue at the same time.", "PMID": 735456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2099", "title": "Osteoarthritic femoral head not invaded by an adjacent carcinomatous metastasis.", "content": "Anatomical studies of the upper part of a femur with a prostatic carcinoma metastasis not involving the remodelled territory of the osteoarthritic head are discussed. A more systematic study of the possible interaction between tumoral metastases and osteoarthritis is urged.", "contents": "Osteoarthritic femoral head not invaded by an adjacent carcinomatous metastasis. Anatomical studies of the upper part of a femur with a prostatic carcinoma metastasis not involving the remodelled territory of the osteoarthritic head are discussed. A more systematic study of the possible interaction between tumoral metastases and osteoarthritis is urged.", "PMID": 735457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2100", "title": "[Studies and computer analyses on the kinetics of nephrotropic contrast media in patients with different kidney function].", "content": "The local quantity of the contrast excretion depends on the filtration rate and the plasma level. Since the latter is influenced by dosage and kind of application from this result immediate practical consequences for the excretion urography, for which at present a large dose and the bolus injection are preferred.", "contents": "[Studies and computer analyses on the kinetics of nephrotropic contrast media in patients with different kidney function]. The local quantity of the contrast excretion depends on the filtration rate and the plasma level. Since the latter is influenced by dosage and kind of application from this result immediate practical consequences for the excretion urography, for which at present a large dose and the bolus injection are preferred.", "PMID": 735463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2101", "title": "[Possibilities of testing sex steroid effects in the uropoietic system].", "content": "Progesterone as the main representative of gestagen-effective sexual steroide does not cause allone a statistically significant dilation of the lumina of the ureters compared with the adequate values of the control urogrammes. The fact that in pregnant rabbits no dilation of the ureters and of the renal pelvis was to be found allows the suspicion that during the pregnancy of the animal species used there are other mechanical conditions than during the human gravidity.", "contents": "[Possibilities of testing sex steroid effects in the uropoietic system]. Progesterone as the main representative of gestagen-effective sexual steroide does not cause allone a statistically significant dilation of the lumina of the ureters compared with the adequate values of the control urogrammes. The fact that in pregnant rabbits no dilation of the ureters and of the renal pelvis was to be found allows the suspicion that during the pregnancy of the animal species used there are other mechanical conditions than during the human gravidity.", "PMID": 735464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2102", "title": "[Nature and incidence of causes of death in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "The study comprises 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their death rate and causes of death in comparison to an age- and sex-matched conrol group. The patients had died in the years from 1952 till 1977 and an autopsy was done on all of them in the University Institute of Pathology. Infections turned out to be the most common cause of death (48%), second in rank were various cardiac diseases (20%) while the percentage of other causes of death never exceeded 10 per cent. Possible relations between infections and their importance as a cause of death are discussed.", "contents": "[Nature and incidence of causes of death in chronic polyarthritis]. The study comprises 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their death rate and causes of death in comparison to an age- and sex-matched conrol group. The patients had died in the years from 1952 till 1977 and an autopsy was done on all of them in the University Institute of Pathology. Infections turned out to be the most common cause of death (48%), second in rank were various cardiac diseases (20%) while the percentage of other causes of death never exceeded 10 per cent. Possible relations between infections and their importance as a cause of death are discussed.", "PMID": 735459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2103", "title": "[Technical problems in the demonstration of prostatic hormones].", "content": "From this short description of the course of our experiments it becomes evident to every experimentator which diverse technical problems had to be mastered to get evaluable preparations. After extensive preliminary we are able since the beginning of this year to carry out the systematic elaboration of the entire bioptic material. On account of the long exposition time we, however, nowadays cannot yet demonstrate figures of radioactively labelled preparations.", "contents": "[Technical problems in the demonstration of prostatic hormones]. From this short description of the course of our experiments it becomes evident to every experimentator which diverse technical problems had to be mastered to get evaluable preparations. After extensive preliminary we are able since the beginning of this year to carry out the systematic elaboration of the entire bioptic material. On account of the long exposition time we, however, nowadays cannot yet demonstrate figures of radioactively labelled preparations.", "PMID": 735465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2104", "title": "[Temperature measurements and course in a kidney preservation unit].", "content": "It is reported on two models of organ containers in which the course of the temperature was measured and registered on different conditions. The principle of construction used allowed the resignation of a special isolation. The results show that behaviour and course of the temperature in the organ containers meet all requirements.", "contents": "[Temperature measurements and course in a kidney preservation unit]. It is reported on two models of organ containers in which the course of the temperature was measured and registered on different conditions. The principle of construction used allowed the resignation of a special isolation. The results show that behaviour and course of the temperature in the organ containers meet all requirements.", "PMID": 735466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2105", "title": "[Aliphatic diamines and histamine in the serum of patients with chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "The concentration of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine as well as spermidine and spermine was measured in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In comparison to normals there is no statistically significant difference in the concentration of putrescine and spermidine in blood serum of RA patients. Spermine which could be detected in all samples too did not show distinct abnormalities from healthy subjects. Histamine and cadaverine present in measurable amounts were only in particular cases. A relation between increased histamine and basophile count was not demonstrable. There is apparently no correlation between histidinemia which is reported in the literature for RA patients in blood serum and plasma, and histamine production in the blood.", "contents": "[Aliphatic diamines and histamine in the serum of patients with chronic polyarthritis]. The concentration of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine as well as spermidine and spermine was measured in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In comparison to normals there is no statistically significant difference in the concentration of putrescine and spermidine in blood serum of RA patients. Spermine which could be detected in all samples too did not show distinct abnormalities from healthy subjects. Histamine and cadaverine present in measurable amounts were only in particular cases. A relation between increased histamine and basophile count was not demonstrable. There is apparently no correlation between histidinemia which is reported in the literature for RA patients in blood serum and plasma, and histamine production in the blood.", "PMID": 735458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2106", "title": "[Course of cellular immunity in urologic neoplasms].", "content": "Apart from a purely qualitative evidence concerning the presence of a specific sensibilisation it is possible to estimate also its strength or the blocking factors appearing in the serum of tumour carriers by means of the electrophoresis mobility test. By this it seems to be possible to make an evidence concerning the immunological reaction position of the tumour patient with the possibility to make conclusions as to the prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "[Course of cellular immunity in urologic neoplasms]. Apart from a purely qualitative evidence concerning the presence of a specific sensibilisation it is possible to estimate also its strength or the blocking factors appearing in the serum of tumour carriers by means of the electrophoresis mobility test. By this it seems to be possible to make an evidence concerning the immunological reaction position of the tumour patient with the possibility to make conclusions as to the prognosis of the patient.", "PMID": 735468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2107", "title": "[Significance of immunosuppression for tumor growth and tumor propagation in an allogeneic study].", "content": "Summarizing we can establish that by an adequate intensive immunosuppression the successful performance of a tumour transplantation, even of a heterologous one, is possible. However, the tolerance of the heterologous tumour remains only for as long as there exists an immunosuppression. The following rejection is unequivical at the typical morphological picture. These finding should remind of the possible effects of the immunosuppression in the syngenic system, particularly in the tumour patients, and also of the fact that all immunosupressively acting measures in this group of patients must undergo a strong criticizm.", "contents": "[Significance of immunosuppression for tumor growth and tumor propagation in an allogeneic study]. Summarizing we can establish that by an adequate intensive immunosuppression the successful performance of a tumour transplantation, even of a heterologous one, is possible. However, the tolerance of the heterologous tumour remains only for as long as there exists an immunosuppression. The following rejection is unequivical at the typical morphological picture. These finding should remind of the possible effects of the immunosuppression in the syngenic system, particularly in the tumour patients, and also of the fact that all immunosupressively acting measures in this group of patients must undergo a strong criticizm.", "PMID": 735469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2108", "title": "[Design and construction of a kidney preservation unit (Laboratory Models LM 1 and LM 2) and its components].", "content": "By combination of the adequate construction elements (cryostate, warmth exchanger, roll pump) the laboratory model of unit for the preservation of kidneys for animal experimental investigations was established. For this purpose a special organ container made of piacryl was constructed in two models, which with double walls does not need a particular isolation and, therefore, is freely accessible for manipulations during the experiment. Measurings of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the temperature in the organ container resulted in a decrease of temperature of 5--6 degrees (single bottom of the container) or 1--2 degrees (double chilled bottom of the container). The report of the courses of temperature during an organ perfusion resulted in a constancy of the average temperature of 6--8 degrees. The kidney preservation unit has proved in a long-term experiment during 24 hours.", "contents": "[Design and construction of a kidney preservation unit (Laboratory Models LM 1 and LM 2) and its components]. By combination of the adequate construction elements (cryostate, warmth exchanger, roll pump) the laboratory model of unit for the preservation of kidneys for animal experimental investigations was established. For this purpose a special organ container made of piacryl was constructed in two models, which with double walls does not need a particular isolation and, therefore, is freely accessible for manipulations during the experiment. Measurings of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the temperature in the organ container resulted in a decrease of temperature of 5--6 degrees (single bottom of the container) or 1--2 degrees (double chilled bottom of the container). The report of the courses of temperature during an organ perfusion resulted in a constancy of the average temperature of 6--8 degrees. The kidney preservation unit has proved in a long-term experiment during 24 hours.", "PMID": 735470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2109", "title": "[Complications from reconstructive surgery in childhood].", "content": "When urogenital malformations were corrected standard operations have made their way which achieve good results in the hand of specialists. The most favourable form of the supravesical discharge of urine in children are different and, when judged, undergo a temporary change. Combinations of malformations, bad tendency of healing in inferior tissue, intervention in recidivations and complicated courses force to modified operation methods according to the situation. The courses of 4 problematical cases are described.", "contents": "[Complications from reconstructive surgery in childhood]. When urogenital malformations were corrected standard operations have made their way which achieve good results in the hand of specialists. The most favourable form of the supravesical discharge of urine in children are different and, when judged, undergo a temporary change. Combinations of malformations, bad tendency of healing in inferior tissue, intervention in recidivations and complicated courses force to modified operation methods according to the situation. The courses of 4 problematical cases are described.", "PMID": 735471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2110", "title": "[Congenital solitary cystic renal dysplasia in an adult].", "content": "Casuistics of a congenital solitary cystical renal dysplasia at adult age. Comparison and correspondence with the present literature. For adults the exstirpation is recommended, when there is no increased operative risk.", "contents": "[Congenital solitary cystic renal dysplasia in an adult]. Casuistics of a congenital solitary cystical renal dysplasia at adult age. Comparison and correspondence with the present literature. For adults the exstirpation is recommended, when there is no increased operative risk.", "PMID": 735472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2111", "title": "[Parapyelitic cysts--case contribution].", "content": "It is reported on 4 patients with intrahilary renal cysts. After references to etiology and difficulties in the diagnosis the case reports are given. In 3 out of 4 observations the cases in question were histologically dilations of the lymphatic vessels.", "contents": "[Parapyelitic cysts--case contribution]. It is reported on 4 patients with intrahilary renal cysts. After references to etiology and difficulties in the diagnosis the case reports are given. In 3 out of 4 observations the cases in question were histologically dilations of the lymphatic vessels.", "PMID": 735473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2112", "title": "[Frequency of diabetes mellitus and nature of treatment in urologic diseases].", "content": "In a comparative period of 20 years is reported on the frequency of diabetes mellitus in urological diseases. It was found that 0.87% of the patients suffer from a concomitant diabetes. The peak of the disease is between the 60th and 70th year. As to the distribution of sex was established that the concomitant diabetes is to be found more frequently in males (ratio 2.4: 1). The lethality in diabetics with a urological disease is with 9.4% more than twice as high as in the other urological patients (4.3%). At the top of the immediate causes of death is the cardiovascular failure (30.7%), followed by the pulmonary blood clot embolism and the uraemic coma with 15.4% each. A diabetic coma never appeared. In the analysis of the urological diseases with concomitant diabetes the lithiasis (34.4%) is in the first place; then follow the adenoma of the vesical cervix (32.4%), the chronic relapsing pyelonephritis (12.9%), and the malignant tumours (7.1%). Many urological forms of diseases appeared combined. In the investigation of the complications without lethal exitus which appeared in 25.1% of all cases with concomitant diabetes the cardiovascular failure is again in the first place, then follow thrombotic diseases, urea-nitrogen disturbances. Peculiarities in conduction and treatment of the diabetes mellitus are shown and a close collaboration between several specialities is considered necessary.", "contents": "[Frequency of diabetes mellitus and nature of treatment in urologic diseases]. In a comparative period of 20 years is reported on the frequency of diabetes mellitus in urological diseases. It was found that 0.87% of the patients suffer from a concomitant diabetes. The peak of the disease is between the 60th and 70th year. As to the distribution of sex was established that the concomitant diabetes is to be found more frequently in males (ratio 2.4: 1). The lethality in diabetics with a urological disease is with 9.4% more than twice as high as in the other urological patients (4.3%). At the top of the immediate causes of death is the cardiovascular failure (30.7%), followed by the pulmonary blood clot embolism and the uraemic coma with 15.4% each. A diabetic coma never appeared. In the analysis of the urological diseases with concomitant diabetes the lithiasis (34.4%) is in the first place; then follow the adenoma of the vesical cervix (32.4%), the chronic relapsing pyelonephritis (12.9%), and the malignant tumours (7.1%). Many urological forms of diseases appeared combined. In the investigation of the complications without lethal exitus which appeared in 25.1% of all cases with concomitant diabetes the cardiovascular failure is again in the first place, then follow thrombotic diseases, urea-nitrogen disturbances. Peculiarities in conduction and treatment of the diabetes mellitus are shown and a close collaboration between several specialities is considered necessary.", "PMID": 735475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2113", "title": "[Modification of the Aue 302 artificial kidney for use with the capillary kidney].", "content": "By installation of a warm water rotating pump type USp 20-KMR and the forming of a by-pass in the recirculation we could produce the underpressure necessary for the capillary dialysis. This underpressure can be regulated by opening and shutting of a valve. The consequence is the aimed ultrafiltration according to the weights of the dialysis patients. The construction is described in detail and demonstrated by photos.", "contents": "[Modification of the Aue 302 artificial kidney for use with the capillary kidney]. By installation of a warm water rotating pump type USp 20-KMR and the forming of a by-pass in the recirculation we could produce the underpressure necessary for the capillary dialysis. This underpressure can be regulated by opening and shutting of a valve. The consequence is the aimed ultrafiltration according to the weights of the dialysis patients. The construction is described in detail and demonstrated by photos.", "PMID": 735476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2114", "title": "[Clinical picture, treatment and prognosis of kidney pelvis and ureteral neoplasms].", "content": "It is reported on clinical and therapeutic measures in tumours of the upper urinary tracts. Diagnosis is often made too late, which, as we know, conditions a bad prognosis. Since we found malignant recidivations in papillomas and a stump recidivation in the carcinoma of the renal pelvis also in exclusive nephrectomy, we recommend the nephro-ureterectomy as a therapeutic measure.", "contents": "[Clinical picture, treatment and prognosis of kidney pelvis and ureteral neoplasms]. It is reported on clinical and therapeutic measures in tumours of the upper urinary tracts. Diagnosis is often made too late, which, as we know, conditions a bad prognosis. Since we found malignant recidivations in papillomas and a stump recidivation in the carcinoma of the renal pelvis also in exclusive nephrectomy, we recommend the nephro-ureterectomy as a therapeutic measure.", "PMID": 735477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2115", "title": "[Contribution to the atypical macroglia in nonhepatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequency and appearance of atypical macroglia in the frontal cortex and striatum in 400 human brains of cases with non-hepatogenic diseases were investigated and compared with results in 150 human brains of cases with severe liver diseases. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the non-hepatogenic (I---III) and hepatogenic (IV) groups were statistically significant. Evidence for the so-called Alzheimer-II-cells could only be obtained in metobolic disturbances of hepatogenic origin and in a few cases of cerebral coma.", "contents": "[Contribution to the atypical macroglia in nonhepatic diseases (author's transl)]. Frequency and appearance of atypical macroglia in the frontal cortex and striatum in 400 human brains of cases with non-hepatogenic diseases were investigated and compared with results in 150 human brains of cases with severe liver diseases. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the non-hepatogenic (I---III) and hepatogenic (IV) groups were statistically significant. Evidence for the so-called Alzheimer-II-cells could only be obtained in metobolic disturbances of hepatogenic origin and in a few cases of cerebral coma.", "PMID": 735490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2116", "title": "[Increased kidney cell proliferation caused by folic acid treatment after dichromate induced renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Folic acid is given intravenously to rats 5 to 10 days after a dichromate induced damage of the kidneys. These injection cause an additional damage in the function and structure of the kidneys, but on the other hand, they induce a cell proliferation detected by the increased uptake of thymidine. This cell proliferation in the kidney-tissue seems to be a part of specific reactions to the folic acid.", "contents": "[Increased kidney cell proliferation caused by folic acid treatment after dichromate induced renal failure (author's transl)]. Folic acid is given intravenously to rats 5 to 10 days after a dichromate induced damage of the kidneys. These injection cause an additional damage in the function and structure of the kidneys, but on the other hand, they induce a cell proliferation detected by the increased uptake of thymidine. This cell proliferation in the kidney-tissue seems to be a part of specific reactions to the folic acid.", "PMID": 735491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2117", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies on phagocytosis of iron particles by smooth muscle cells in experimental vascular injury induced by intravascular application of direct current (author's transl)].", "content": "In experimentally induced arterial thrombosis of minipigs caused by intravascular application of direct current iron deposits deriving from the steel wire electrode are found. Intimal proliferation can be observed 6 weeks after induction of thrombosis. Iron deposits are phagocytized by modified smooth muscle cells participating in intimal proliferation. These findings indicate that smooth muscle cells under certain conditions can realize functions of macrophages.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies on phagocytosis of iron particles by smooth muscle cells in experimental vascular injury induced by intravascular application of direct current (author's transl)]. In experimentally induced arterial thrombosis of minipigs caused by intravascular application of direct current iron deposits deriving from the steel wire electrode are found. Intimal proliferation can be observed 6 weeks after induction of thrombosis. Iron deposits are phagocytized by modified smooth muscle cells participating in intimal proliferation. These findings indicate that smooth muscle cells under certain conditions can realize functions of macrophages.", "PMID": 735493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2118", "title": "[Role of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the pathogenesis of human coronary arteriosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The ramus interventricularis anterior of the arteria coronaria cordis sinistra and the initial part of the arteria coronaria cordis dextra of 125 human patients aged between 20 and 90 years were studied for the occurrence and localisation of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the vessel walls. A correlation between a pronounced inflammatory cellular infiltration and the presence and degree of severity of coronary arteriosclerosis was established. An inflammatory or immunpathologic cause of coronary arteriosclerosis is rejected. The highest incidence of inflammatory infiltrates was observed in the adventitia within the plaque area. Isolated macrophages were found to be present in all vessel wall layers and age groups.", "contents": "[Role of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the pathogenesis of human coronary arteriosclerosis (author's transl)]. The ramus interventricularis anterior of the arteria coronaria cordis sinistra and the initial part of the arteria coronaria cordis dextra of 125 human patients aged between 20 and 90 years were studied for the occurrence and localisation of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the vessel walls. A correlation between a pronounced inflammatory cellular infiltration and the presence and degree of severity of coronary arteriosclerosis was established. An inflammatory or immunpathologic cause of coronary arteriosclerosis is rejected. The highest incidence of inflammatory infiltrates was observed in the adventitia within the plaque area. Isolated macrophages were found to be present in all vessel wall layers and age groups.", "PMID": 735495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2119", "title": "Effect of moisture level on nitrogen immobilization as affected by wheat straw decomposition in soil.", "content": "Samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil were amended with 2 per cent of wheat straw at three moisture levels (10, 20, and 30 per cent) and were provided with 160, 240, and 400 ppm of ammoniacal nitrogen. Amounts of total, ammonia, and nitrate were determined at different periods of incubation at 28 degrees C and immobilization of the total available nitrogen in the soil was calculated. Substantial amounts of the added nitrogen were immobilized in the soil as a result of the straw decomposition during the first month of incubation. The amount of inorganic nitrogen (NH4 + -N + NO3 - -N), bound within 75 days of incubation, was almost three times less than that immobilized within 30 days. Maximum quantity of nitrogen was immobilized at 30 and 20 per cent moisture levels at 30 and 75 days of incubation, respectively. Minimum immobilization was observed at 10 per cent moisture at almost all levels of nitrogen. The absolute amount of nitrogen immobilized increased in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen added, but the relative immobilization tended to decrease with the increased inorganic nitrogen the soil.", "contents": "Effect of moisture level on nitrogen immobilization as affected by wheat straw decomposition in soil. Samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil were amended with 2 per cent of wheat straw at three moisture levels (10, 20, and 30 per cent) and were provided with 160, 240, and 400 ppm of ammoniacal nitrogen. Amounts of total, ammonia, and nitrate were determined at different periods of incubation at 28 degrees C and immobilization of the total available nitrogen in the soil was calculated. Substantial amounts of the added nitrogen were immobilized in the soil as a result of the straw decomposition during the first month of incubation. The amount of inorganic nitrogen (NH4 + -N + NO3 - -N), bound within 75 days of incubation, was almost three times less than that immobilized within 30 days. Maximum quantity of nitrogen was immobilized at 30 and 20 per cent moisture levels at 30 and 75 days of incubation, respectively. Minimum immobilization was observed at 10 per cent moisture at almost all levels of nitrogen. The absolute amount of nitrogen immobilized increased in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen added, but the relative immobilization tended to decrease with the increased inorganic nitrogen the soil.", "PMID": 735500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2120", "title": "Effect of moisture and nitrogen levels on the decomposition of wheat straw in soil.", "content": "Two per cent of wheat straw was mixed with samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil, and its decomposition was studied at 10, 20, and 30 per cent moisture content of the soil with the addition of 160, 240, and 400 ppm of NH4 + -N. The overall decomposition, measured as CO2 production, and total carbon loss from the soil at 28 degrees C was enhanced by the added nitrogen at all levels of moisture in proportion to the quantity added. Maximum mineralization of the straw carbon was observed at 30 per cent moisture content but there was no significant difference between the amount of carbon mineralized at 20 and 30 per cent moisture levels. No stabilization of the substrate took place in the soil except at 240 and 400 ppm of applied nitrogen at 30 per cent moisture level towards the end of the incubation period. More straw carbon was mineralized when the soil samples were subjected to daily measurements of CO2 evolved than when CO2 measurements were made at intervals over the same period of incubation.", "contents": "Effect of moisture and nitrogen levels on the decomposition of wheat straw in soil. Two per cent of wheat straw was mixed with samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil, and its decomposition was studied at 10, 20, and 30 per cent moisture content of the soil with the addition of 160, 240, and 400 ppm of NH4 + -N. The overall decomposition, measured as CO2 production, and total carbon loss from the soil at 28 degrees C was enhanced by the added nitrogen at all levels of moisture in proportion to the quantity added. Maximum mineralization of the straw carbon was observed at 30 per cent moisture content but there was no significant difference between the amount of carbon mineralized at 20 and 30 per cent moisture levels. No stabilization of the substrate took place in the soil except at 240 and 400 ppm of applied nitrogen at 30 per cent moisture level towards the end of the incubation period. More straw carbon was mineralized when the soil samples were subjected to daily measurements of CO2 evolved than when CO2 measurements were made at intervals over the same period of incubation.", "PMID": 735501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2121", "title": "Urease activity in different soils of Egypt.", "content": "Samples from two depths (0--15 and 15--30 cm) of five Egyptian soils: sandy, calcareous, fertile alluvial, saline alluvial, and alkali alluvial were tested for urease activity. Samples were treated with farmyard manure at rates of 0 and 0.5% C, and moisture at levels of 50, 65, and 80% of the water holding capacity. The studied Egyptian soils showed different activities of urease. Decreases in the values were shown by depth of sampling and varied in their intensities according to soil type, except for saline soil which revealed an opposite trend by the higher activity of its sub-surface layer. Order of activity was the following: fertile, saline, alkali, calcareous, and sandy soil. Farmyard manure slightly increased the activity of the enzyme. Incubation of moistened samples revealed that the optimum moisture content was 50% of W.H.C. for the tested soils, except for saline which showed best results at 65% of W.H.C.", "contents": "Urease activity in different soils of Egypt. Samples from two depths (0--15 and 15--30 cm) of five Egyptian soils: sandy, calcareous, fertile alluvial, saline alluvial, and alkali alluvial were tested for urease activity. Samples were treated with farmyard manure at rates of 0 and 0.5% C, and moisture at levels of 50, 65, and 80% of the water holding capacity. The studied Egyptian soils showed different activities of urease. Decreases in the values were shown by depth of sampling and varied in their intensities according to soil type, except for saline soil which revealed an opposite trend by the higher activity of its sub-surface layer. Order of activity was the following: fertile, saline, alkali, calcareous, and sandy soil. Farmyard manure slightly increased the activity of the enzyme. Incubation of moistened samples revealed that the optimum moisture content was 50% of W.H.C. for the tested soils, except for saline which showed best results at 65% of W.H.C.", "PMID": 735502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2122", "title": "Isolation of Streptomyces finlayi from the rhizoplane of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum).", "content": "A representative strain (531) of green streptomycetes occurring in the root surface region of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) was identified as a typical strain of Streptomyces finlayi, a species which seems capable of living, in loose protocooperative or commensalistic association, also with soil invertebrates (Szab\u00f3 1974). In the aerial mycelium of strain 531, spore-chains both with a typical hairy sheath and without a sheath (smooth spores) were observed. According to our present and previous observations the release of spores after the disruption of the hairy sheath seems to be a frequently occurring phenomenon in the aerial mycelium of many strains of S. finlayi.", "contents": "Isolation of Streptomyces finlayi from the rhizoplane of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). A representative strain (531) of green streptomycetes occurring in the root surface region of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) was identified as a typical strain of Streptomyces finlayi, a species which seems capable of living, in loose protocooperative or commensalistic association, also with soil invertebrates (Szab\u00f3 1974). In the aerial mycelium of strain 531, spore-chains both with a typical hairy sheath and without a sheath (smooth spores) were observed. According to our present and previous observations the release of spores after the disruption of the hairy sheath seems to be a frequently occurring phenomenon in the aerial mycelium of many strains of S. finlayi.", "PMID": 735503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2123", "title": "Proteins and acids from petroleum.", "content": "The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil \"El-Alameen\" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions. The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction.", "contents": "Proteins and acids from petroleum. The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil \"El-Alameen\" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions. The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction.", "PMID": 735504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2124", "title": "[Structurally dependent effects of substituted thioureas on rna phage m 12 (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the agar diffusion method, thiourea as well as N-aryl-, N, N'-diaryl-, N-aryl-N'-alkyl-, N,N'-dialkyl-, and N-alkyl-substituted thiourea derivatives were examined for their effects on the system of Escherichia coli W 1665 F+/M 12. The compounds tested were found to produce more or less strongly inhibitive or promotive effects on the RNA phages and/or host bacteria. N-phenyl-N'-dibutyl thiourea, N-phenyl-N'-acetyl thiuorea, and N1,N1'-p-phenylene-bis-(N3-n-propyl thiourea) showed an intense inhibitory effect on M12. Quite obviously, the decisive intervention by these substances in the multiplication of viruses was by a replicative step subsequent to the adsorption of phages.", "contents": "[Structurally dependent effects of substituted thioureas on rna phage m 12 (author's transl)]. Using the agar diffusion method, thiourea as well as N-aryl-, N, N'-diaryl-, N-aryl-N'-alkyl-, N,N'-dialkyl-, and N-alkyl-substituted thiourea derivatives were examined for their effects on the system of Escherichia coli W 1665 F+/M 12. The compounds tested were found to produce more or less strongly inhibitive or promotive effects on the RNA phages and/or host bacteria. N-phenyl-N'-dibutyl thiourea, N-phenyl-N'-acetyl thiuorea, and N1,N1'-p-phenylene-bis-(N3-n-propyl thiourea) showed an intense inhibitory effect on M12. Quite obviously, the decisive intervention by these substances in the multiplication of viruses was by a replicative step subsequent to the adsorption of phages.", "PMID": 735505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2125", "title": "Effect of antibiotics, non-ionic detergents, and vitamins on the osmotic barriers of Micrococcus glutamicus.", "content": "The production of amino acids by the mutant strain, homoserine methionine deficient, of Micrococcus glutamicus, was studied through the elucidation of the role of chemical agent affecting the osmotic barriers. Penicillin was found to affect the cell wall integrity and to increase greatly the total amino acid content, especially in presence of high biotin content. Non-ionic detergents were found to affect the integrity of cytoplasmic membrane. The effect was not similar with the different types of detergents and not proportional to the increase of its concentration.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics, non-ionic detergents, and vitamins on the osmotic barriers of Micrococcus glutamicus. The production of amino acids by the mutant strain, homoserine methionine deficient, of Micrococcus glutamicus, was studied through the elucidation of the role of chemical agent affecting the osmotic barriers. Penicillin was found to affect the cell wall integrity and to increase greatly the total amino acid content, especially in presence of high biotin content. Non-ionic detergents were found to affect the integrity of cytoplasmic membrane. The effect was not similar with the different types of detergents and not proportional to the increase of its concentration.", "PMID": 735506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2126", "title": "Induced chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of Nigella sativa L. by mitomycin C.", "content": "A cytological study was carried out on root tips of Nigella sativa L. by treatment with Mitomycin C at 0.001% for six time intervals (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min). The chromosomal abnormalities were increasingly proportionate to the increase in time of treatment. The seedlings treated with a 0.001% concentration of Mitomycin C for 10 min. did not show any significant effect. At other time intervals, the effect was observed to be quite significant. Beyond 40 min. treatment almost all the cells would become sticky. Thirty minutes' treatment showed significant effect, inducing various types of chromosomal aberrations in the anaphase, such as bridges and fragments of 34.13% and 48.07%, respectively.", "contents": "Induced chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of Nigella sativa L. by mitomycin C. A cytological study was carried out on root tips of Nigella sativa L. by treatment with Mitomycin C at 0.001% for six time intervals (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min). The chromosomal abnormalities were increasingly proportionate to the increase in time of treatment. The seedlings treated with a 0.001% concentration of Mitomycin C for 10 min. did not show any significant effect. At other time intervals, the effect was observed to be quite significant. Beyond 40 min. treatment almost all the cells would become sticky. Thirty minutes' treatment showed significant effect, inducing various types of chromosomal aberrations in the anaphase, such as bridges and fragments of 34.13% and 48.07%, respectively.", "PMID": 735507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2127", "title": "Variability of requirements to fermentation media in Claviceps purpurea strains.", "content": "The alkaloid-synthesizing activity of the saprophytic Claviceps purpurea strains was variable. This fact was partly due to different requirements of the cultures to nutritional conditions. Not only single strains, but also formation of intra- and extracellular alkaloids differed in this respect. In case of extracellular alkaloids, the influence of medium was more expressive. A positive correlation between accumulation of cell polysaccharides and the level of intracellular alkaloids was evident. Constant or decreasing cell proteins were favourable for alkaloid formation.", "contents": "Variability of requirements to fermentation media in Claviceps purpurea strains. The alkaloid-synthesizing activity of the saprophytic Claviceps purpurea strains was variable. This fact was partly due to different requirements of the cultures to nutritional conditions. Not only single strains, but also formation of intra- and extracellular alkaloids differed in this respect. In case of extracellular alkaloids, the influence of medium was more expressive. A positive correlation between accumulation of cell polysaccharides and the level of intracellular alkaloids was evident. Constant or decreasing cell proteins were favourable for alkaloid formation.", "PMID": 735508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2128", "title": "[Endooesophageal prostheses and their complications (author's transl)].", "content": "After inserting an oesophageal prosthesis complications could be demonstrated in 53 cases (65%) from a total of 81 autopsies. Age distribution, tumour localisation and its relation to the development of local complications are analysed. Notwithstanding the high incidence of complications endoprostheses should be given preference to gastric fistulae.", "contents": "[Endooesophageal prostheses and their complications (author's transl)]. After inserting an oesophageal prosthesis complications could be demonstrated in 53 cases (65%) from a total of 81 autopsies. Age distribution, tumour localisation and its relation to the development of local complications are analysed. Notwithstanding the high incidence of complications endoprostheses should be given preference to gastric fistulae.", "PMID": 735509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2129", "title": "[Polyposis coli et recti familiaris (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1970 to 1977 we observed 35 patients with polypi of the colon and rectum, in 18 cases on the basis of heredity. We recommend total proctocolectomy and ileostomy making use of the reservoir technique after Kock. The operation should be performed not until the beginning of the third decade of life.", "contents": "[Polyposis coli et recti familiaris (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1977 we observed 35 patients with polypi of the colon and rectum, in 18 cases on the basis of heredity. We recommend total proctocolectomy and ileostomy making use of the reservoir technique after Kock. The operation should be performed not until the beginning of the third decade of life.", "PMID": 735510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2130", "title": "[Gastroscopy after gastric operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastroscopy after surgery of the stomach gives exact information about functional and morphological alterations. The aim of gastroscopy is to detect complications of the early postoperative period as well as of the later phase. Early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy for benign lesions is only possible by routine gastroscopy.", "contents": "[Gastroscopy after gastric operations (author's transl)]. Gastroscopy after surgery of the stomach gives exact information about functional and morphological alterations. The aim of gastroscopy is to detect complications of the early postoperative period as well as of the later phase. Early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy for benign lesions is only possible by routine gastroscopy.", "PMID": 735511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2131", "title": "[Annular pancreas (author's transl].", "content": "Eight cases of annular pancreas treated at the University Hospital of Hamburg between 1964 to 1977 are presented. In adults, the disease follows the pattern of chronic duodenal obstruction being often asymptomatic unless complications such as peptic ulceration, acute pancreatitis or bile duct obstruction occur. Preoperative diagnosis is only possible by using endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Attention is drawn to the frequent co-existence of other malformations of the gastro-intestinal tract. Treatment should consist of relief of any obstruction to the duodenum by a bypass gastrojejunostomy is recommeded in those cases having associated peptic ulcer. The division or resection of the annulus bears the risk of fistula formation. A brief review of the theories of the development of annular pancreas is given.", "contents": "[Annular pancreas (author's transl]. Eight cases of annular pancreas treated at the University Hospital of Hamburg between 1964 to 1977 are presented. In adults, the disease follows the pattern of chronic duodenal obstruction being often asymptomatic unless complications such as peptic ulceration, acute pancreatitis or bile duct obstruction occur. Preoperative diagnosis is only possible by using endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Attention is drawn to the frequent co-existence of other malformations of the gastro-intestinal tract. Treatment should consist of relief of any obstruction to the duodenum by a bypass gastrojejunostomy is recommeded in those cases having associated peptic ulcer. The division or resection of the annulus bears the risk of fistula formation. A brief review of the theories of the development of annular pancreas is given.", "PMID": 735512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2132", "title": "[Continuous internal splinting of the small intestine for prevention of postoperative ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "This procedure was mostly performed in cases of recurrent ileus. The high mortality rate is due to the severe underlying diseases or postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Continuous internal splinting of the small intestine for prevention of postoperative ileus (author's transl)]. This procedure was mostly performed in cases of recurrent ileus. The high mortality rate is due to the severe underlying diseases or postoperative complications.", "PMID": 735513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2133", "title": "[Fatal postoperative myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1965 and 1975 43384 operations were performed (including general surgical, vascular and traumatological operations). 79 patients (0,18%) died postoperatively due to myocardial infraction (all confirmed by autopsy). 67 cases (27 women, 40 men) between 51 and 90 years of age were analysed. 63% of these patients died during the first postoperative week. Due to the difficult clinical diagnosis clinical and pathological cause of death was only identical in 35%. The immediate postoperative ECG-monitoring of risk patients and cooperation with experienced cardiologists are emphasized.", "contents": "[Fatal postoperative myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1975 43384 operations were performed (including general surgical, vascular and traumatological operations). 79 patients (0,18%) died postoperatively due to myocardial infraction (all confirmed by autopsy). 67 cases (27 women, 40 men) between 51 and 90 years of age were analysed. 63% of these patients died during the first postoperative week. Due to the difficult clinical diagnosis clinical and pathological cause of death was only identical in 35%. The immediate postoperative ECG-monitoring of risk patients and cooperation with experienced cardiologists are emphasized.", "PMID": 735515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2134", "title": "[Surgery in haemophilic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with a total of 108 major surgical procedures in haemophilic patients of type A or type B, performed during the last 20 years. The principles of adequate substitution therapy are described, as well as the indications for surgery and the surgical technique. The importance of prolonged postoperative substitution therapy to avoid late haemorrhage and haematoma formation, is stressed. By combining substitution therapy with immuno-suppresive measures, it is also possible to operate on patients with inhibitors against factor VIII or IX. It is concluded that major surgery can be carried out even in severe haemophilia without significantly increased risk.", "contents": "[Surgery in haemophilic patients (author's transl)]. This paper deals with a total of 108 major surgical procedures in haemophilic patients of type A or type B, performed during the last 20 years. The principles of adequate substitution therapy are described, as well as the indications for surgery and the surgical technique. The importance of prolonged postoperative substitution therapy to avoid late haemorrhage and haematoma formation, is stressed. By combining substitution therapy with immuno-suppresive measures, it is also possible to operate on patients with inhibitors against factor VIII or IX. It is concluded that major surgery can be carried out even in severe haemophilia without significantly increased risk.", "PMID": 735516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2135", "title": "[Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers; results of treatment by probit analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treatment of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers given in death rates are checked critically. Analagous to burn injuries probit analysis gives more evidence in this field.", "contents": "[Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers; results of treatment by probit analysis (author's transl)]. The results of treatment of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers given in death rates are checked critically. Analagous to burn injuries probit analysis gives more evidence in this field.", "PMID": 735517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2136", "title": "[Operative therapy of the pilonidal sinus; 115 controlled patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The operative results of 115 patients with pilonidal sinus are described. The patients were controlled in 1977, 2 to 11 years after surgery. Only small, non-infected pilonidal sinuses should be radically excised followed by primary suture and Redon-drainage. For extended sinuses and for recurrences the best results are obtained when the wound is left open or marsupialisation is applied. Pilonidal sinus-abscesses should be incised. This simple procedure resulted in primary healing in 23% of our patients.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of the pilonidal sinus; 115 controlled patients (author's transl)]. The operative results of 115 patients with pilonidal sinus are described. The patients were controlled in 1977, 2 to 11 years after surgery. Only small, non-infected pilonidal sinuses should be radically excised followed by primary suture and Redon-drainage. For extended sinuses and for recurrences the best results are obtained when the wound is left open or marsupialisation is applied. Pilonidal sinus-abscesses should be incised. This simple procedure resulted in primary healing in 23% of our patients.", "PMID": 735518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2137", "title": "[Anaesthesiologic problems in outpatient surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients undergoing surgery in outpatient departments expect modern anaesthesia. However many surgeons doing outpatient surgery have not only to perform operations but also anaesthesia. 19376 outpatient operations were analysed in regard to the anaesthesia used.", "contents": "[Anaesthesiologic problems in outpatient surgery (author's transl)]. Patients undergoing surgery in outpatient departments expect modern anaesthesia. However many surgeons doing outpatient surgery have not only to perform operations but also anaesthesia. 19376 outpatient operations were analysed in regard to the anaesthesia used.", "PMID": 735519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2138", "title": "[Cryosurgery in carcinomas of the rectum and anus (author's transl)].", "content": "3 years of clinical experience in cryosurgical treatment of carcinomas of the rectum and anus and of malignant polypi is reported. Nearly all patients were in so a poor condition not to underwent conventional operations. In these cases cryosurgery offers an alternative to the usual local procedure of tumour resection.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery in carcinomas of the rectum and anus (author's transl)]. 3 years of clinical experience in cryosurgical treatment of carcinomas of the rectum and anus and of malignant polypi is reported. Nearly all patients were in so a poor condition not to underwent conventional operations. In these cases cryosurgery offers an alternative to the usual local procedure of tumour resection.", "PMID": 735520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2139", "title": "[Present views of limb replantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a review of current medical literature, the author presents observations concerning experimental replantation of limbs in animals and especially the pathophysiological processes after this operation. In the clinical part the indications, contraindications and favourable circumstances for performing this procedure are described. Conditions and technical difficulties that may appear during replantation procedures are represented.", "contents": "[Present views of limb replantation (author's transl)]. Based on a review of current medical literature, the author presents observations concerning experimental replantation of limbs in animals and especially the pathophysiological processes after this operation. In the clinical part the indications, contraindications and favourable circumstances for performing this procedure are described. Conditions and technical difficulties that may appear during replantation procedures are represented.", "PMID": 735524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2140", "title": "[Hemobilia and bilhemia complicating liver trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemobilia and bilhemia are typical complications of liver trauma which have been found more often during the last years. Today gastroduodenoscopy, retrograde cholangiography, selective angiography and scintillation scanning of the liver make an exact diagnosis possible. In the case of hemobilia a ligature of the corresponding artery might be successful, whereas in the case of bilhemia only partial resection of the liver leads to success.", "contents": "[Hemobilia and bilhemia complicating liver trauma (author's transl)]. Hemobilia and bilhemia are typical complications of liver trauma which have been found more often during the last years. Today gastroduodenoscopy, retrograde cholangiography, selective angiography and scintillation scanning of the liver make an exact diagnosis possible. In the case of hemobilia a ligature of the corresponding artery might be successful, whereas in the case of bilhemia only partial resection of the liver leads to success.", "PMID": 735525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2141", "title": "[Perforating wounds of the abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1972 to 1976 160 cases of perforating wounds of the abdomen were treated: 115 stab wounds, 45 gunshot wounds. Mortality rate in stab wounds came up to 4,34% and in gunshot wounds to 20%. Total mortality of all cases 8,75%.", "contents": "[Perforating wounds of the abdomen (author's transl)]. From 1972 to 1976 160 cases of perforating wounds of the abdomen were treated: 115 stab wounds, 45 gunshot wounds. Mortality rate in stab wounds came up to 4,34% and in gunshot wounds to 20%. Total mortality of all cases 8,75%.", "PMID": 735526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2142", "title": "[Acute ischaemia after osteosynthesis of the proximal thigh (author's transl)].", "content": "In consequence of the increasing osteosynthetic treatment of bone fractures we draw the attention to iatrogenic blood vessel injuries. Primary location is the proximal thigh. Most important is the clinical diagnosis of an acute ischaemia of the operated limb. An arteriographic diagnosis is not necessary, but the operation site should be explored immediately. Prevention of intraoperative lesions of great vessels consists of exact anatomic reposition of the bone fragments, a subtile osteosynthesis whereas the osteosynthesis material should not extend the bone cortex. Exact haemostasis should be performed, avoiding extending ligations. Intraoperative as well as postoperative control of peripheral pulses should never be omitted.", "contents": "[Acute ischaemia after osteosynthesis of the proximal thigh (author's transl)]. In consequence of the increasing osteosynthetic treatment of bone fractures we draw the attention to iatrogenic blood vessel injuries. Primary location is the proximal thigh. Most important is the clinical diagnosis of an acute ischaemia of the operated limb. An arteriographic diagnosis is not necessary, but the operation site should be explored immediately. Prevention of intraoperative lesions of great vessels consists of exact anatomic reposition of the bone fragments, a subtile osteosynthesis whereas the osteosynthesis material should not extend the bone cortex. Exact haemostasis should be performed, avoiding extending ligations. Intraoperative as well as postoperative control of peripheral pulses should never be omitted.", "PMID": 735527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2143", "title": "[General surgery following heart valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with heart valve replacement regarding further surgical treatment are sub-divided into 3 groups. 1) Patients after open or closed reconstruction of valves with sinus rhythm and no anticoagulation.--2) Arrhythmic patient of the same kind but under anticoagulation.--3) Patients with valve replacement, who are under anticoagulation if there is no vital contraindication.--Group 1 and 2 may be operated on at every general hospital, provided cardiological supervision can be practiced. Until now patients of group 3 should always be treated in a cardiosurgical centre.", "contents": "[General surgery following heart valve replacement (author's transl)]. Patients with heart valve replacement regarding further surgical treatment are sub-divided into 3 groups. 1) Patients after open or closed reconstruction of valves with sinus rhythm and no anticoagulation.--2) Arrhythmic patient of the same kind but under anticoagulation.--3) Patients with valve replacement, who are under anticoagulation if there is no vital contraindication.--Group 1 and 2 may be operated on at every general hospital, provided cardiological supervision can be practiced. Until now patients of group 3 should always be treated in a cardiosurgical centre.", "PMID": 735531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2144", "title": "[Ten-years analysis of cancer of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Today cancer of the breast is the most frequent fatal carcinoma of women. To detect breast carcinoma at an early stage, it is necessary to do mass screening and not to wait until women detect a nodule by chance in their breasts. In the last 2 years 530 women with diagnostically uncertain breast tumours were seen in the outpatient department, 79 of them turned out to be carcinomatous. From 1966 to 1975 246 women underwent a Halsted-Rotter procedure for breast carcinoma. The average age, histological findings and rate of survival are analysed.", "contents": "[Ten-years analysis of cancer of the female breast (author's transl)]. Today cancer of the breast is the most frequent fatal carcinoma of women. To detect breast carcinoma at an early stage, it is necessary to do mass screening and not to wait until women detect a nodule by chance in their breasts. In the last 2 years 530 women with diagnostically uncertain breast tumours were seen in the outpatient department, 79 of them turned out to be carcinomatous. From 1966 to 1975 246 women underwent a Halsted-Rotter procedure for breast carcinoma. The average age, histological findings and rate of survival are analysed.", "PMID": 735532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2145", "title": "[Uterine prostaglandins and dysmenorrhea].", "content": "In 44 patients a total of 83 determinations in the menstrual blood was performed under standardized conditions. -- The primary PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha were determined by RIA. Significant differences were found in the PGF 2 alpha concentration in menstrual blood between a group of healthy women and one of patients with dysmenorrhoea. -- In dysmenorrhoea the ration of the PGs investigated is shifted in favour of PGF 2 alpha. Indomethacin can decrease the PGF 2 alpha levels in dysmenorrhoea up to 15 per cent. -- All treated patients reported that their conditions had improved. -- Five out of seven women were completely without any complaints.", "contents": "[Uterine prostaglandins and dysmenorrhea]. In 44 patients a total of 83 determinations in the menstrual blood was performed under standardized conditions. -- The primary PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha were determined by RIA. Significant differences were found in the PGF 2 alpha concentration in menstrual blood between a group of healthy women and one of patients with dysmenorrhoea. -- In dysmenorrhoea the ration of the PGs investigated is shifted in favour of PGF 2 alpha. Indomethacin can decrease the PGF 2 alpha levels in dysmenorrhoea up to 15 per cent. -- All treated patients reported that their conditions had improved. -- Five out of seven women were completely without any complaints.", "PMID": 735539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2146", "title": "[Formation of primary prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha in the uterus and ovary. Studies on plasma concentrations in local blood vessels].", "content": "The blood vessels of uterus and ovary were prepared of 20 patients during abdominal hysteroophorectomy and blood samples were taken for determination of prostaglandins. -- Blood samples from vena cubitalis were taken as comparison example. -- The determination of prostaglandins was carried out radioimmunologically. -- The content of prostaglandins in the plasma of uterine vein for PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha with 315 and 324 pg/ml is higher than the comparison concentration in the uterine artery and cubital vein. Venous concentration in the ovary for PGE 1 with 408 pg/ml and PGF 2 alpha with 677 pg/ml are increased in opposition to the control value.", "contents": "[Formation of primary prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha in the uterus and ovary. Studies on plasma concentrations in local blood vessels]. The blood vessels of uterus and ovary were prepared of 20 patients during abdominal hysteroophorectomy and blood samples were taken for determination of prostaglandins. -- Blood samples from vena cubitalis were taken as comparison example. -- The determination of prostaglandins was carried out radioimmunologically. -- The content of prostaglandins in the plasma of uterine vein for PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha with 315 and 324 pg/ml is higher than the comparison concentration in the uterine artery and cubital vein. Venous concentration in the ovary for PGE 1 with 408 pg/ml and PGF 2 alpha with 677 pg/ml are increased in opposition to the control value.", "PMID": 735540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2147", "title": "[Climacterium in the woman professionally employed in agriculture].", "content": "Social-gynecological investigations of 1500 women working in different groups of Agricultural Cooperative Production of German Democratic Republic make it possible, to give a review on the occurrence and the treatment of climacterical diseases. Possible relations between working-groups, working-form, professional qualification and frequenzy of climacterical diseases are demonstrated. Finally fitness of working woman in climacteric is pointing out.", "contents": "[Climacterium in the woman professionally employed in agriculture]. Social-gynecological investigations of 1500 women working in different groups of Agricultural Cooperative Production of German Democratic Republic make it possible, to give a review on the occurrence and the treatment of climacterical diseases. Possible relations between working-groups, working-form, professional qualification and frequenzy of climacterical diseases are demonstrated. Finally fitness of working woman in climacteric is pointing out.", "PMID": 735541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2148", "title": "[Sex behavior and partnership problems of the woman in climacterium with reference to her occupation].", "content": "On consideration of familiar and professional changes sexual psychologic aspects of the woman during the climacteric are being discussed. -- Changes and disturbances in sexuality, lack of libido and failure of orgasm and changed positions to sexuality expecially under the influence of the professional activity of 92 climacteric woman are stated. -- Examinations of the climacteric women were performed by the interview-method.", "contents": "[Sex behavior and partnership problems of the woman in climacterium with reference to her occupation]. On consideration of familiar and professional changes sexual psychologic aspects of the woman during the climacteric are being discussed. -- Changes and disturbances in sexuality, lack of libido and failure of orgasm and changed positions to sexuality expecially under the influence of the professional activity of 92 climacteric woman are stated. -- Examinations of the climacteric women were performed by the interview-method.", "PMID": 735542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2149", "title": "[Experimental studies on the castration osteoporosis in the rat. II. Behavior of bone minerals].", "content": "In Wistar rats the bone mineral content of calcium magnesium, phosphor, sodium and potassium was investigated 10 months after complete ovarectomy. 20 of ovarectomized animals obtained in this time 0,65 mg ethinyloestradiolsulfonate/kg/month orally. The ovarectomy decreased significantly the content of calcium and magnesium of femur, humerus, vertebra thoracis and lumbalis. After therapy with the oestrogen these minerals were increased, but not significantly. These results did not correlate with the degree of histomorphometrically established osteoporosis. Phosphor, sodium and potassium were not changed significantly. The role of oestrogen dosis was discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the castration osteoporosis in the rat. II. Behavior of bone minerals]. In Wistar rats the bone mineral content of calcium magnesium, phosphor, sodium and potassium was investigated 10 months after complete ovarectomy. 20 of ovarectomized animals obtained in this time 0,65 mg ethinyloestradiolsulfonate/kg/month orally. The ovarectomy decreased significantly the content of calcium and magnesium of femur, humerus, vertebra thoracis and lumbalis. After therapy with the oestrogen these minerals were increased, but not significantly. These results did not correlate with the degree of histomorphometrically established osteoporosis. Phosphor, sodium and potassium were not changed significantly. The role of oestrogen dosis was discussed.", "PMID": 735544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2150", "title": "[Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Effect of radiogold therapy].", "content": "Five female patients with pseudomyxoma peritonaei in various stages of disease received one or more applications of 198Au intraperitoneally. In all cases the origin of the disease was the ovary. In these patients radioactive gold was given four weeks after the diagnosis was made at laparotomy. Results with this group of patients in gratifying since no recurrence has occured in two patients who were treated one year ago and in a third patient treated five years ago. -- In two other cases 198Au was administered after a recurrence after one year, the other patient had no response at all.", "contents": "[Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Effect of radiogold therapy]. Five female patients with pseudomyxoma peritonaei in various stages of disease received one or more applications of 198Au intraperitoneally. In all cases the origin of the disease was the ovary. In these patients radioactive gold was given four weeks after the diagnosis was made at laparotomy. Results with this group of patients in gratifying since no recurrence has occured in two patients who were treated one year ago and in a third patient treated five years ago. -- In two other cases 198Au was administered after a recurrence after one year, the other patient had no response at all.", "PMID": 735545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2151", "title": "[Adenomatoid tumor of the ovary and vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with an extraordinary case of an adenomatoid tumor in the ovary of a 61-year-old woman. Furthermore a description is given of such a tumor in the vagina of a 47-year-old female patient, this being in our opinion the first known case with this localization.", "contents": "[Adenomatoid tumor of the ovary and vagina (author's transl)]. This paper deals with an extraordinary case of an adenomatoid tumor in the ovary of a 61-year-old woman. Furthermore a description is given of such a tumor in the vagina of a 47-year-old female patient, this being in our opinion the first known case with this localization.", "PMID": 735546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2152", "title": "[Therapeutic results achieved in 1366 patients with corpus uteri carcinomas treated between 1946 and 1972].", "content": "A report is given on 1366 patients with tumour of the uterine body. A computer was used for evaluation purposes. The 5-year survival rate relating to all stages of the disease was 62.37%. The best results were obtained when surgery was combined with irradiation therapy.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results achieved in 1366 patients with corpus uteri carcinomas treated between 1946 and 1972]. A report is given on 1366 patients with tumour of the uterine body. A computer was used for evaluation purposes. The 5-year survival rate relating to all stages of the disease was 62.37%. The best results were obtained when surgery was combined with irradiation therapy.", "PMID": 735547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2153", "title": "Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS-vaccine.", "content": "The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation I.U.s did not as anticipated minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of Rabies antibody estaminations in the sera of HDCS vaccines. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws, unfortunately, diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the \"International Standard (I.S.)\" as a \"tertium comparationis\". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that  a pure IgG fraction of Rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation.", "contents": "Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS-vaccine. The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation I.U.s did not as anticipated minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of Rabies antibody estaminations in the sera of HDCS vaccines. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws, unfortunately, diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the \"International Standard (I.S.)\" as a \"tertium comparationis\". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that  a pure IgG fraction of Rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation.", "PMID": 735548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2154", "title": "Intestinal parasites of school children in urban and rural areas of Eastern Nigeria.", "content": "From October 1975 to March 1976 an epidemiological survey was carried out in Anambra and Imo states of Nigeria to determine the rate of intestinal worm and protozoan infections in school children. A total of 1742 children, out of which 813 from the urban and 929 from the rural school were screened of intestinal helminths and 1699 were also examined for intestinal protozoan infections. Concentration methods HCL-Ether centrifugation technique and Heidenhain's iron-hematoxylin staining method respectively were adopted for the identification of helminth eggs and protozoal cysts. 1405, i.e. 81% of the total number examined, eggs of one or more helminth species were detected. Carriage-rates of helminth infections were highest (87%) in children from the rural schools, in whom hookworm (90% of carriers) predominated. Besides high rates of hookworm, ascaris and trichuris infections, other parasites of public health importance (Schistosoma mansoni, Paragonimus uterobilateralis and Diphylobothrium latum) were detected. Significantly an increase in the rate of helminthic infections with age was noted in the survey. 55% of the 1699 children examined were carriers of cysts of one or more protozoa species. Higher carriage-rate (56%) of protozoan infections was noted in urban children. Comparatively lambliasis predominated in the urban children, while infection with E. histolytica was recorded slightly higher in rural children.", "contents": "Intestinal parasites of school children in urban and rural areas of Eastern Nigeria. From October 1975 to March 1976 an epidemiological survey was carried out in Anambra and Imo states of Nigeria to determine the rate of intestinal worm and protozoan infections in school children. A total of 1742 children, out of which 813 from the urban and 929 from the rural school were screened of intestinal helminths and 1699 were also examined for intestinal protozoan infections. Concentration methods HCL-Ether centrifugation technique and Heidenhain's iron-hematoxylin staining method respectively were adopted for the identification of helminth eggs and protozoal cysts. 1405, i.e. 81% of the total number examined, eggs of one or more helminth species were detected. Carriage-rates of helminth infections were highest (87%) in children from the rural schools, in whom hookworm (90% of carriers) predominated. Besides high rates of hookworm, ascaris and trichuris infections, other parasites of public health importance (Schistosoma mansoni, Paragonimus uterobilateralis and Diphylobothrium latum) were detected. Significantly an increase in the rate of helminthic infections with age was noted in the survey. 55% of the 1699 children examined were carriers of cysts of one or more protozoa species. Higher carriage-rate (56%) of protozoan infections was noted in urban children. Comparatively lambliasis predominated in the urban children, while infection with E. histolytica was recorded slightly higher in rural children.", "PMID": 735552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2155", "title": "Relative importance of enterotoxigenic and invasive enteropathogenic bacteria in infantile diarrhoea.", "content": "Swedish children and adults (648 patients) with acute diarrhoea were investigated for enterotoxigenic strains in stool cultures. A total number 74 strains were isolated from 28 patients and assayed in the rabbit intestinal loop test and the adrenal cell test. Only three of the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates belonged to classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli (EPEC). Two enterotoxigenic strains of Proteus morganii, two of Enterobacter hafniae and one of Citrobacter freundii were isolated. None of 67 EPEC strains were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in either of the two test systems. A number of Yersinia enterocolitica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from stool cultures often produced toxic effects in the cell test but no enterotoxin activity was detected for any of the strains investigated either in the adrenal cell test for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or the suckling mouse test for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). All EPEC isolates were also tested for ST and for invasive properties in the Sereny test; each isolate was negative in both test systems. It is concluded that production of LT and ST enterotoxin were common in stool isolates from Ethiopian children but a rare phenomenon among Swedish children with acute infantile diarrhoea. Isolation of aerobic stool bacteria with invasive properties seems to be uncommon both in Ethiopian and Swedish children. However, since both LT and ST as well as invasive properties seem to be very unstable genetic properties in many of these stool isolates improved sensitive methods for the last two properties will probably change this picture in the future.", "contents": "Relative importance of enterotoxigenic and invasive enteropathogenic bacteria in infantile diarrhoea. Swedish children and adults (648 patients) with acute diarrhoea were investigated for enterotoxigenic strains in stool cultures. A total number 74 strains were isolated from 28 patients and assayed in the rabbit intestinal loop test and the adrenal cell test. Only three of the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates belonged to classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli (EPEC). Two enterotoxigenic strains of Proteus morganii, two of Enterobacter hafniae and one of Citrobacter freundii were isolated. None of 67 EPEC strains were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in either of the two test systems. A number of Yersinia enterocolitica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from stool cultures often produced toxic effects in the cell test but no enterotoxin activity was detected for any of the strains investigated either in the adrenal cell test for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or the suckling mouse test for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). All EPEC isolates were also tested for ST and for invasive properties in the Sereny test; each isolate was negative in both test systems. It is concluded that production of LT and ST enterotoxin were common in stool isolates from Ethiopian children but a rare phenomenon among Swedish children with acute infantile diarrhoea. Isolation of aerobic stool bacteria with invasive properties seems to be uncommon both in Ethiopian and Swedish children. However, since both LT and ST as well as invasive properties seem to be very unstable genetic properties in many of these stool isolates improved sensitive methods for the last two properties will probably change this picture in the future.", "PMID": 735553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2156", "title": "Histoautoradiographic studies on the fate of 3H-thymidine labelled L-forms of E. rhusiopathiae in albino mice.", "content": "L-forms of Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae labelled with 3H-thymidine were intravenously administered to albino mice. Autoradiographic studies of the liver, kidney and spleen were undertaken at periods ranging from 2 minutes to 15 days. On the second minute following the administration of the radioactive material whole labelled microorganisms and chains of silver grains were recovered in the examined organs. Up to the 15th minute labels were observed also in the cells of the RES. Following the 30th minute the silver grains were positioned at a characteristic site in the Golgi region of the hepatocytes. At the same time in the kidney they were localized in the glomerular space and in the lumen of the renal tubules, whereas in the spleen - mainly around the megakaryocytes. By the 15th day labelling gradually diminished, single silver grains being found over some nuclei of megakaryocytes, liver and kidney parenchymal cells. The present study throws light over some aspects of the interrelationship between the micro- and macroorganism concerning the mechanisms of desintegration, elimination and the uptaking of labelled microbial DNA.", "contents": "Histoautoradiographic studies on the fate of 3H-thymidine labelled L-forms of E. rhusiopathiae in albino mice. L-forms of Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae labelled with 3H-thymidine were intravenously administered to albino mice. Autoradiographic studies of the liver, kidney and spleen were undertaken at periods ranging from 2 minutes to 15 days. On the second minute following the administration of the radioactive material whole labelled microorganisms and chains of silver grains were recovered in the examined organs. Up to the 15th minute labels were observed also in the cells of the RES. Following the 30th minute the silver grains were positioned at a characteristic site in the Golgi region of the hepatocytes. At the same time in the kidney they were localized in the glomerular space and in the lumen of the renal tubules, whereas in the spleen - mainly around the megakaryocytes. By the 15th day labelling gradually diminished, single silver grains being found over some nuclei of megakaryocytes, liver and kidney parenchymal cells. The present study throws light over some aspects of the interrelationship between the micro- and macroorganism concerning the mechanisms of desintegration, elimination and the uptaking of labelled microbial DNA.", "PMID": 735554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2157", "title": "Activity of sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim against Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "The author tested parallely 35 Bacteroides fragilis strains by the agar diffusion method and disk technique. A notable discrepancy appears between these two procedures. No regression line can be constructe and the inhibition diameter measurement is unable to class the strain in \"susceptible\" or \"resistant\". A literature review on this theme shows that the dissociation between these two techniques were more frequent with anaerobic strains than aerobic for SMX + TMP as others antibiotics. The MIC determination by an agar dilution is the only able to these studies.", "contents": "Activity of sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim against Bacteroides fragilis. The author tested parallely 35 Bacteroides fragilis strains by the agar diffusion method and disk technique. A notable discrepancy appears between these two procedures. No regression line can be constructe and the inhibition diameter measurement is unable to class the strain in \"susceptible\" or \"resistant\". A literature review on this theme shows that the dissociation between these two techniques were more frequent with anaerobic strains than aerobic for SMX + TMP as others antibiotics. The MIC determination by an agar dilution is the only able to these studies.", "PMID": 735555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2158", "title": "Reaction of the host to the tick bite III. The bite of viruliferous Ixodes ricinus female.", "content": "No distinct internal cement formation was observed at the penetration site of the mouth parts of Ixodes ricinus females during their feeding on golden hamsters. At 2 h, the chelicera were already deeply inserted into the dermal tissue. Beginning after 4 hours, the proliferation of collagen and conus formation became evident. The internal cell-free area was structureless and showed PAS positivity, while the outer collagen layer was rich in fibrocytes and negative for PAS staining. Both layers showed positivity when stained for collagen. The conus extending into the subdermal connective tissue was surrounded by an infiltrate of mononuclear and polynuclear leukocytes. The half-engorged females showed specific fluorescence of the TBE antigen in columnar epidermal cells. The penetration of the TBE virus into host tissue lasted probably only for a few hours, as virus was succesfully transmitted to golden hamsters during 2 h feeding of the viruliferous I. ricinus females.", "contents": "Reaction of the host to the tick bite III. The bite of viruliferous Ixodes ricinus female. No distinct internal cement formation was observed at the penetration site of the mouth parts of Ixodes ricinus females during their feeding on golden hamsters. At 2 h, the chelicera were already deeply inserted into the dermal tissue. Beginning after 4 hours, the proliferation of collagen and conus formation became evident. The internal cell-free area was structureless and showed PAS positivity, while the outer collagen layer was rich in fibrocytes and negative for PAS staining. Both layers showed positivity when stained for collagen. The conus extending into the subdermal connective tissue was surrounded by an infiltrate of mononuclear and polynuclear leukocytes. The half-engorged females showed specific fluorescence of the TBE antigen in columnar epidermal cells. The penetration of the TBE virus into host tissue lasted probably only for a few hours, as virus was succesfully transmitted to golden hamsters during 2 h feeding of the viruliferous I. ricinus females.", "PMID": 735556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2159", "title": "The isolation of Central European encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis) virus from Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks in southern-Germany.", "content": "During the years 1972--1976 a total of 14.692 ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus (L.), (2.738 adults and 11.954 nymphs) was collected. They were taken from five areas where human Central European encephalitis virus (CEE) infections had occurred. By means of, intracerebral (IC) and subcutaneous (SC) isolation experiments with suckling mice 19 agents, exhibiting the pathogenic characteristics of CEE virus, were isolated from these ticks. In neutralization tests with suckling mice these isolates could be identified as CEE virus strains. From the 14.692 ticks at least 1.29% were virus carriers as evidenced by the number of isolated virus strains. By the same reasoning at least 3.6% of the adults and 0.76% of the nymphs must have contained virus. We were successful in each of the five areas, rather distant from each other, to isolate the virus. The favorable ecological conditions for the main vector Ixodes ricinus in the Federal Republic of Germany give rise to the assumption that this medically important tick-borne disease might be permanently present in many areas.", "contents": "The isolation of Central European encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis) virus from Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks in southern-Germany. During the years 1972--1976 a total of 14.692 ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus (L.), (2.738 adults and 11.954 nymphs) was collected. They were taken from five areas where human Central European encephalitis virus (CEE) infections had occurred. By means of, intracerebral (IC) and subcutaneous (SC) isolation experiments with suckling mice 19 agents, exhibiting the pathogenic characteristics of CEE virus, were isolated from these ticks. In neutralization tests with suckling mice these isolates could be identified as CEE virus strains. From the 14.692 ticks at least 1.29% were virus carriers as evidenced by the number of isolated virus strains. By the same reasoning at least 3.6% of the adults and 0.76% of the nymphs must have contained virus. We were successful in each of the five areas, rather distant from each other, to isolate the virus. The favorable ecological conditions for the main vector Ixodes ricinus in the Federal Republic of Germany give rise to the assumption that this medically important tick-borne disease might be permanently present in many areas.", "PMID": 735557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2160", "title": "Immunochemistry of S. kentucky (8.20); its relations with S. emek (8.20), S. virginia (8) and S. newport (6.8).", "content": "Immunochemical studies of S. kentucky showed that the strain has an identical polysaccharide with S. emek with which it shares the same \"O\" factors 8.20, and a common proteinic carrier of the polysaccharide. Absorptions of anti-S. kentucky sera with proteins from S. virginia (\"O\" factor 8) did not influence the homologous precipitations or agglutinations, nor the cross-reactions with S. emek. In contrast, the absorptions of the anti-S. Kentucky sera with proteins from S. newport (6.8) caused a conspicuous modification in the precipitations of S. emek proteins against the absorbed serum; this coincided with a drastic fall in the agglutinating titer for the heterologous S. emek strain while the homologous agglutination was unchanged. The results underlined the role of the specific proteins as agglutinogens and, in addition, sustain Kauffmann's recommendation for the preparation of the, empirically established, monofactor serum 20.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of S. kentucky (8.20); its relations with S. emek (8.20), S. virginia (8) and S. newport (6.8). Immunochemical studies of S. kentucky showed that the strain has an identical polysaccharide with S. emek with which it shares the same \"O\" factors 8.20, and a common proteinic carrier of the polysaccharide. Absorptions of anti-S. kentucky sera with proteins from S. virginia (\"O\" factor 8) did not influence the homologous precipitations or agglutinations, nor the cross-reactions with S. emek. In contrast, the absorptions of the anti-S. Kentucky sera with proteins from S. newport (6.8) caused a conspicuous modification in the precipitations of S. emek proteins against the absorbed serum; this coincided with a drastic fall in the agglutinating titer for the heterologous S. emek strain while the homologous agglutination was unchanged. The results underlined the role of the specific proteins as agglutinogens and, in addition, sustain Kauffmann's recommendation for the preparation of the, empirically established, monofactor serum 20.", "PMID": 735558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2161", "title": "Observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B.", "content": "It is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques. The resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. The degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants. The higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal.", "contents": "Observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B. It is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques. The resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. The degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants. The higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal.", "PMID": 735559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2162", "title": "R plasmids coding for supra-levels of gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin resistance in Proteus morganii and P. mirabilis: high-level resistant strains from two hospitals.", "content": "Transfer of high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin resistance could be easily demonstrated in strains of P. morganii and P. mirabilis which emerged, in two hospitals, at the end of 1976. First such strains were demonstrated in a patient of a urological ward who died, in September 1976, from generalised sepsis caused by a high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin-resistant P. morganii. Since that event, at least nine such strains were isolated in 1976, and the presence of transferable resistant to the antibiotics listed plus other antibacterial substances including carbenicillin and more classical antibiotics could be demonstrated either by a high-frequence direct transfer to suitable recipient strains of Gentamycin or Tobramycin resistance, or by indirect selection, i.e. by analysis of exconjugants selected with kanamycin, streptomycin or carbenicillin. Further numerous strains of P. morganii highly resistant to gentamycin, tobramycin and sisomycin (M.I.C. over 128 mcg/ml) still emerge from wards in the two hospitals monitored and their transferability is under experimental study. It is stressed that, in order to demonstrate a transfer of gentamycin or tobramycin resistance in strains resistant to these substances, it is inevitable to examine properly also exconjugnants showing direct transfer to other, more classical antibiotics. We could not demonstrate, in our strains, any prodromal signs of resistance to netilmycin or amikacin.", "contents": "R plasmids coding for supra-levels of gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin resistance in Proteus morganii and P. mirabilis: high-level resistant strains from two hospitals. Transfer of high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin resistance could be easily demonstrated in strains of P. morganii and P. mirabilis which emerged, in two hospitals, at the end of 1976. First such strains were demonstrated in a patient of a urological ward who died, in September 1976, from generalised sepsis caused by a high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin-resistant P. morganii. Since that event, at least nine such strains were isolated in 1976, and the presence of transferable resistant to the antibiotics listed plus other antibacterial substances including carbenicillin and more classical antibiotics could be demonstrated either by a high-frequence direct transfer to suitable recipient strains of Gentamycin or Tobramycin resistance, or by indirect selection, i.e. by analysis of exconjugants selected with kanamycin, streptomycin or carbenicillin. Further numerous strains of P. morganii highly resistant to gentamycin, tobramycin and sisomycin (M.I.C. over 128 mcg/ml) still emerge from wards in the two hospitals monitored and their transferability is under experimental study. It is stressed that, in order to demonstrate a transfer of gentamycin or tobramycin resistance in strains resistant to these substances, it is inevitable to examine properly also exconjugnants showing direct transfer to other, more classical antibiotics. We could not demonstrate, in our strains, any prodromal signs of resistance to netilmycin or amikacin.", "PMID": 735560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2163", "title": "Adenovirus type 29--etiologic agent of human respiratory disease?", "content": "Isolation of adenovirus type 29 from nasopharyngeal swab and from stool sample of a 4-year-old boy with bronchopneumonia and the significant rise of type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies suggest the possible etiologica role of this adenovirus type in human respiratory disease.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 29--etiologic agent of human respiratory disease? Isolation of adenovirus type 29 from nasopharyngeal swab and from stool sample of a 4-year-old boy with bronchopneumonia and the significant rise of type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies suggest the possible etiologica role of this adenovirus type in human respiratory disease.", "PMID": 735562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2164", "title": "[Methods for the appraisal of the safety of antiseptics (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure is described, topical applications for testing dermal toxicity of antiseptics. The tests for irritancy are made on Guinea pigs: a closed patch test giving us a primary irritation index, and prolonged applications over periods of 90 days giving a superficial aggressivity index. The standard method of testing animals for irritation of the skin is that given in the J.O. April 21, 1971 for cosmetics, changed in order to apply it to antiseptics.", "contents": "[Methods for the appraisal of the safety of antiseptics (author's transl)]. A procedure is described, topical applications for testing dermal toxicity of antiseptics. The tests for irritancy are made on Guinea pigs: a closed patch test giving us a primary irritation index, and prolonged applications over periods of 90 days giving a superficial aggressivity index. The standard method of testing animals for irritation of the skin is that given in the J.O. April 21, 1971 for cosmetics, changed in order to apply it to antiseptics.", "PMID": 735563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2165", "title": "[On the usability of N-iodo compounds as disinfectants (author's transl)].", "content": "The usability of N-iodo compounds for disinfecting purposes has been investigated with the help of the equilibrium concentrations in aqueous solution, which have been calculated both with and without regard of the iodate formation, and the rate of iodate formation, which has been deduced from the latter. The following conclusions can be drawn: Fresh and diluted aqueous solutions of N-iodo compounds exhibit HOJ-concentrations corresponding with the sum HOJ + J2 ( = \"free halogene\") in pure iodine solutions, which let expect a similar bactericidal behaviour of this class of compounds. Compared with iodine solutions, however, a higher rate of iodate formation and therefore a less stability of these solutions can be established, which is caused by the throughout higher HOJ-concentration. Observing certain conditions (pH less than 7; C less than 10(-5) M/l) and unless a not to long interacting time is required the stability should be sufficient for disinfecting purposes. Of particular interest is the possibility to investigate, virtually in absence of molecular iodine, the bactericidal action of the HOJ. A common use in practice will depend on the costs, which, as far as the purchasable N-iodo-succinimide is concerned, are very high, hence it should not come at present into consideration as an alternative of the much more inexpensive elemental iodine.", "contents": "[On the usability of N-iodo compounds as disinfectants (author's transl)]. The usability of N-iodo compounds for disinfecting purposes has been investigated with the help of the equilibrium concentrations in aqueous solution, which have been calculated both with and without regard of the iodate formation, and the rate of iodate formation, which has been deduced from the latter. The following conclusions can be drawn: Fresh and diluted aqueous solutions of N-iodo compounds exhibit HOJ-concentrations corresponding with the sum HOJ + J2 ( = \"free halogene\") in pure iodine solutions, which let expect a similar bactericidal behaviour of this class of compounds. Compared with iodine solutions, however, a higher rate of iodate formation and therefore a less stability of these solutions can be established, which is caused by the throughout higher HOJ-concentration. Observing certain conditions (pH less than 7; C less than 10(-5) M/l) and unless a not to long interacting time is required the stability should be sufficient for disinfecting purposes. Of particular interest is the possibility to investigate, virtually in absence of molecular iodine, the bactericidal action of the HOJ. A common use in practice will depend on the costs, which, as far as the purchasable N-iodo-succinimide is concerned, are very high, hence it should not come at present into consideration as an alternative of the much more inexpensive elemental iodine.", "PMID": 735564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2166", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates. 4. Communication: azomethins of aliphatic aldehydes (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of azomethins was synthesized by the condensation of primary aliphatic and aromatic amins with aliphatic aldehydes. Structures and physical constants are listed in table 1 and 2. - The antimicrobial activity of these azomethins is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4), and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. - The different water-solubility of the azomethins was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier. - It may be shown that the azomethins have both bacterio- and fungistatic activity which resembles that of the corresponding aldehydes (table 4). The fungistatic activity against Trichophyton mentragrophytes shown by the results of the disk-test is remarkable. - The bactericidal power of the azomethins versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is quiet stronger than that of the corresponding aldehydes.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates. 4. Communication: azomethins of aliphatic aldehydes (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of azomethins was synthesized by the condensation of primary aliphatic and aromatic amins with aliphatic aldehydes. Structures and physical constants are listed in table 1 and 2. - The antimicrobial activity of these azomethins is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4), and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. - The different water-solubility of the azomethins was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier. - It may be shown that the azomethins have both bacterio- and fungistatic activity which resembles that of the corresponding aldehydes (table 4). The fungistatic activity against Trichophyton mentragrophytes shown by the results of the disk-test is remarkable. - The bactericidal power of the azomethins versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is quiet stronger than that of the corresponding aldehydes.", "PMID": 735565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2167", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 5. Communication: azomethins of benzaldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of benzylidene-amines (azomethins of benzyldehyde) was synthesized by condensation of primary amines with benzaldehyde. Structures and physical constants are shown in table 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity of these benzylidene-amines is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. The different hydrophilic behaviour was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier with 3% dioxane. The results show, that the germistatic activity of the benzylideneamines resembles or exceeds in some cases that of benzaldehyde (table 4). Some compounds show good fungistatic activity versus Trichophyton mentagrophytes (table 3). The bactericidal power versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is remarkable and quiet stronger than that of the benzaldehyde.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 5. Communication: azomethins of benzaldehyde (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of benzylidene-amines (azomethins of benzyldehyde) was synthesized by condensation of primary amines with benzaldehyde. Structures and physical constants are shown in table 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity of these benzylidene-amines is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. The different hydrophilic behaviour was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier with 3% dioxane. The results show, that the germistatic activity of the benzylideneamines resembles or exceeds in some cases that of benzaldehyde (table 4). Some compounds show good fungistatic activity versus Trichophyton mentagrophytes (table 3). The bactericidal power versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is remarkable and quiet stronger than that of the benzaldehyde.", "PMID": 735566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2168", "title": "Epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition studies on low-income population groups from a geographical area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning.", "content": "An epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition study, in an area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning, was made. In a pilot study on 100 subjects from Antofagasta Commune, water dietary intake was associated with age (r = 0.678; P less than 0.000005). In a dietary survey (N = 220), performed to measure the mean and median arsenic doses, by age groups, there was a significant correlation amongst males (r = 0.800; P = 0.00956) and females (r = -0.791; P = 0.01121). A nutritional assessment of a male population sample (N = 100), of labourers and their children, showed a negative per cent change for food energy in 9 of the 10 age groups, with a maximum negative value of -47.4 (11--12 year-old group), when compared with U.S. recommended daily dietary allowances. For total protein intake, all age groups exhibited a negative per cent change, reaching a maximum value of -27.8 (7--10 year-old group). Since two boys with chronic arsenical dermatosis and prekwashiorkor were drinking water with a mean arsenic concentration of 0.08 and 0.06 ppm, respectively, a maximum permissible concentration of arsenic in drinking water of 0.01 ppm has been recommended as an international safety standard.", "contents": "Epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition studies on low-income population groups from a geographical area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning. An epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition study, in an area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning, was made. In a pilot study on 100 subjects from Antofagasta Commune, water dietary intake was associated with age (r = 0.678; P less than 0.000005). In a dietary survey (N = 220), performed to measure the mean and median arsenic doses, by age groups, there was a significant correlation amongst males (r = 0.800; P = 0.00956) and females (r = -0.791; P = 0.01121). A nutritional assessment of a male population sample (N = 100), of labourers and their children, showed a negative per cent change for food energy in 9 of the 10 age groups, with a maximum negative value of -47.4 (11--12 year-old group), when compared with U.S. recommended daily dietary allowances. For total protein intake, all age groups exhibited a negative per cent change, reaching a maximum value of -27.8 (7--10 year-old group). Since two boys with chronic arsenical dermatosis and prekwashiorkor were drinking water with a mean arsenic concentration of 0.08 and 0.06 ppm, respectively, a maximum permissible concentration of arsenic in drinking water of 0.01 ppm has been recommended as an international safety standard.", "PMID": 735567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2169", "title": "[The identification of mineral oil pollutions by the combination of IR-and fluorescence spectroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "By evaluation of the quotient Q = intensity of fluorescence: intensity of C-H-vibration a relative number  has been obtained, which, independend of concentration and largely substance specific, enables to make more exact statements on identifying oil spills than those derived only from IR-spectroscopic measurement. The Q-values of 33 different mineral oil products have been calculated and are compared with the intensity ratio V of the asymetric CH2- and CH2-stretching bands and the absorbtivity of these bands, which commonly are used. Q, exhibiting values from 0,0015 to greater than 5000 has proved to be a very sensitive number while the maximum ratio of the V resp. absorptivity values was only 1:13. The scope of Q is discussed on the basic of three examples.", "contents": "[The identification of mineral oil pollutions by the combination of IR-and fluorescence spectroscopy (author's transl)]. By evaluation of the quotient Q = intensity of fluorescence: intensity of C-H-vibration a relative number  has been obtained, which, independend of concentration and largely substance specific, enables to make more exact statements on identifying oil spills than those derived only from IR-spectroscopic measurement. The Q-values of 33 different mineral oil products have been calculated and are compared with the intensity ratio V of the asymetric CH2- and CH2-stretching bands and the absorbtivity of these bands, which commonly are used. Q, exhibiting values from 0,0015 to greater than 5000 has proved to be a very sensitive number while the maximum ratio of the V resp. absorptivity values was only 1:13. The scope of Q is discussed on the basic of three examples.", "PMID": 735568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2170", "title": "[Numerical taxonomic studies on enterobacteria of surface-water (author's transl)].", "content": "435 enterobacterial strains of surface-water were tested in 35 physiological characters and classified numerically by a single-linkage procedure. The relations of similarity are shown in a \"Vernetzungsdiagramm\" (connected graph, Fig. 1). Tab. 1 specifies the characters of the taxa, which were formed graphically. The following facts are the result of this taxonomic classification: 1. 32% of the Escherichia group are KCN-positive. In addition it was found that 60% of the E. coli isolated from the faeces of wild ducks were KCN-positive. 2. The type strains of the species Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella aerogenes show a far reaching conformity in their physiological character. The splitting into two genera does not seem to be of significance any longer. 3. By reason of the \"Vernetzungsdiagramm\" and the table of characters (Tab. 1) we propose to regroup the genera Enterobacter and Erwinia. The genus Erwinia represented here by bacteria of the Herbicola-Lathyri-group is clearly divided into two groups. In the discussion we propose for Erwinia I the name of Enterobacter agglomerans and for Erwinia II the name of Enterobacter herbicola. 4. The taxa Kluyvera and Levinea are placed in the vicinity of Enterobacter cloacae and Erwinia II (Enterobacter herbicola), respectively.", "contents": "[Numerical taxonomic studies on enterobacteria of surface-water (author's transl)]. 435 enterobacterial strains of surface-water were tested in 35 physiological characters and classified numerically by a single-linkage procedure. The relations of similarity are shown in a \"Vernetzungsdiagramm\" (connected graph, Fig. 1). Tab. 1 specifies the characters of the taxa, which were formed graphically. The following facts are the result of this taxonomic classification: 1. 32% of the Escherichia group are KCN-positive. In addition it was found that 60% of the E. coli isolated from the faeces of wild ducks were KCN-positive. 2. The type strains of the species Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella aerogenes show a far reaching conformity in their physiological character. The splitting into two genera does not seem to be of significance any longer. 3. By reason of the \"Vernetzungsdiagramm\" and the table of characters (Tab. 1) we propose to regroup the genera Enterobacter and Erwinia. The genus Erwinia represented here by bacteria of the Herbicola-Lathyri-group is clearly divided into two groups. In the discussion we propose for Erwinia I the name of Enterobacter agglomerans and for Erwinia II the name of Enterobacter herbicola. 4. The taxa Kluyvera and Levinea are placed in the vicinity of Enterobacter cloacae and Erwinia II (Enterobacter herbicola), respectively.", "PMID": 735569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2171", "title": "[Preventive medical measures in the federal republic of germany. Present status and problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Following brief introductory remarks on the term \"preventive medicine\", an outline is presented of its evolvement during the last 20 years in the Health Services of the Federal Republic of Germany. Thereby, it becomes apparent that the development of single screening efforts, e.g. to detect unknown cases of diabetes and to make special model studies, especially in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, has led to comprehensive legal motherhood care, health care for young children, early detection of cancer, and detection of diabetes cases. Problems have arisen due to the generally very low utilization of preventive medical examinations and because of the question as to whether premorbid health conditions should be included in the preventive medical program additionally. Finally, indications are given for the necessity to examine possibilities of curtailing expenditures in the present preventive medical care program, or in some of its branches, without forfeiting the efficiency of the preventive measures. Thereby, it must be considered that these measures are benefiting only that part of the population which is socially insured. The claim to measures for health protection, however, should be available to the entire population as a basic human right.", "contents": "[Preventive medical measures in the federal republic of germany. Present status and problems (author's transl)]. Following brief introductory remarks on the term \"preventive medicine\", an outline is presented of its evolvement during the last 20 years in the Health Services of the Federal Republic of Germany. Thereby, it becomes apparent that the development of single screening efforts, e.g. to detect unknown cases of diabetes and to make special model studies, especially in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, has led to comprehensive legal motherhood care, health care for young children, early detection of cancer, and detection of diabetes cases. Problems have arisen due to the generally very low utilization of preventive medical examinations and because of the question as to whether premorbid health conditions should be included in the preventive medical program additionally. Finally, indications are given for the necessity to examine possibilities of curtailing expenditures in the present preventive medical care program, or in some of its branches, without forfeiting the efficiency of the preventive measures. Thereby, it must be considered that these measures are benefiting only that part of the population which is socially insured. The claim to measures for health protection, however, should be available to the entire population as a basic human right.", "PMID": 735571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2172", "title": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 1. Information: long time observation of a bitumen paint in a drinking-water-reservoir (author's transl)].", "content": "In a drinking water reservoir with a freshly applied bituminous coating a microbial settlement was found on the walls. Its development was observed over a period of 23 months. The slime on the walls consisted of bacteria and fungi and was secondarily colonized by protozoa and nematodes. The quantities of the microbial coating decreased during a 12 months time. In the beginning of the time of observation a high number of bacteria was found in the water. The carbon fixed by the microbes came from fossile sources to an amount of 90%.", "contents": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 1. Information: long time observation of a bitumen paint in a drinking-water-reservoir (author's transl)]. In a drinking water reservoir with a freshly applied bituminous coating a microbial settlement was found on the walls. Its development was observed over a period of 23 months. The slime on the walls consisted of bacteria and fungi and was secondarily colonized by protozoa and nematodes. The quantities of the microbial coating decreased during a 12 months time. In the beginning of the time of observation a high number of bacteria was found in the water. The carbon fixed by the microbes came from fossile sources to an amount of 90%.", "PMID": 735572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2173", "title": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 2. Information: experimental examination of bitumen paint under working conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "A bituminous coating material for drinking water reservoirs was applied on testing plates for a microbial examination. In function of the chlorine content of the water a microbial slime layer could be found on the testing plates. The amount of slime became less in course of the time or was not produced at all, when the plates were desiccated before the experiment for some months. A slime layer could never be observed on plates of asbestos cement and polyacryl as inert materials for comparison. Different microbial populations were observed.", "contents": "[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 2. Information: experimental examination of bitumen paint under working conditions (author's transl)]. A bituminous coating material for drinking water reservoirs was applied on testing plates for a microbial examination. In function of the chlorine content of the water a microbial slime layer could be found on the testing plates. The amount of slime became less in course of the time or was not produced at all, when the plates were desiccated before the experiment for some months. A slime layer could never be observed on plates of asbestos cement and polyacryl as inert materials for comparison. Different microbial populations were observed.", "PMID": 735573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2174", "title": "[Microbial growth on bitumen and chlorcaoutchouc under laboratory conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Formerly published examinations of coating materials for drinking water reservoirs under working conditions were extended to those under laboratory standard. The tests of bitumen, chlorcaoutchouc, asbestos cement and polyacryl delivered results comparable to those achieved under working conditions.", "contents": "[Microbial growth on bitumen and chlorcaoutchouc under laboratory conditions (author's transl)]. Formerly published examinations of coating materials for drinking water reservoirs under working conditions were extended to those under laboratory standard. The tests of bitumen, chlorcaoutchouc, asbestos cement and polyacryl delivered results comparable to those achieved under working conditions.", "PMID": 735574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2175", "title": "Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids.", "content": "Two peroxy acids, peracetic acid (PAA) and peroxy-monosulfuric acid or caro acid (CA) were tested as alternative bactericidal agents for the disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants and their action was compared with chlorine. PAA added in a concentration of 2000 and 400 ppm, commonly used in medicin, killed in a few minutes 99.9% or more of most bacteria of the effluents (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D, E) excepted staphylococci and micrococci (Fig 1, F) and endospores (Fig. 1, G). These effects were comparable with those obtained with 5 ppm chlorine. Although these results indicate a very good killing effect, such concentrations of PAA are not applicable in practice, as they lowered the pH and increased the BOD of the effluent. When PAA was added in smaller amounts (10 and 5 ppm) no change of the pH and only a negligible increase of the BOD (Table 1) occured. These concentrations with a contact time of 15 min, gave a very good reduction of most bacterial groups, varying between 96% (total count, Fig. 1 A) and 100% (group-D streptococci, Fig. 1 E). With 1 ppm PAA the bactericidal action was slower, but after 30 minutes contact time the effects were similar to these of 5 ppm. It was also demonstrated that the effect of PAA was not affected by the number of bacteria in the effluent before treatment (Table 2), but well by the BOD. The addition of the inorganic CA in high concentrations had only a disadvantageous effect on the pH of the effluent, but no effect was noted when it was added in concentrations of 10 ppm. In this concentration, contact times of 120 min were necessary to kill about 90% of most bacteria (Fig. 2), showing that CA was only a weak disinfectant with slow action. It may be concluded that 5 ppm PAA could be a good alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents with a high degree of purification.", "contents": "Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids. Two peroxy acids, peracetic acid (PAA) and peroxy-monosulfuric acid or caro acid (CA) were tested as alternative bactericidal agents for the disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants and their action was compared with chlorine. PAA added in a concentration of 2000 and 400 ppm, commonly used in medicin, killed in a few minutes 99.9% or more of most bacteria of the effluents (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D, E) excepted staphylococci and micrococci (Fig 1, F) and endospores (Fig. 1, G). These effects were comparable with those obtained with 5 ppm chlorine. Although these results indicate a very good killing effect, such concentrations of PAA are not applicable in practice, as they lowered the pH and increased the BOD of the effluent. When PAA was added in smaller amounts (10 and 5 ppm) no change of the pH and only a negligible increase of the BOD (Table 1) occured. These concentrations with a contact time of 15 min, gave a very good reduction of most bacterial groups, varying between 96% (total count, Fig. 1 A) and 100% (group-D streptococci, Fig. 1 E). With 1 ppm PAA the bactericidal action was slower, but after 30 minutes contact time the effects were similar to these of 5 ppm. It was also demonstrated that the effect of PAA was not affected by the number of bacteria in the effluent before treatment (Table 2), but well by the BOD. The addition of the inorganic CA in high concentrations had only a disadvantageous effect on the pH of the effluent, but no effect was noted when it was added in concentrations of 10 ppm. In this concentration, contact times of 120 min were necessary to kill about 90% of most bacteria (Fig. 2), showing that CA was only a weak disinfectant with slow action. It may be concluded that 5 ppm PAA could be a good alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents with a high degree of purification.", "PMID": 735575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2176", "title": "[Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. New aspects since the introduction of computer tomography].", "content": "Computed tomography has extended the diagnostic possibilities in intracerebral haemorrhages in a decisive manner. Owing to the more exact computer-tomographical diagnosis, especially with regard to the extension and localisation of the haemorrhage as well as the experience gained with simultaneous cerebral pressure measurement, surgical treatment of the haemorrhage can in most cases be carried out through a drilled hole in local anaesthesia. The prognosis of intracerebral haemorrhages is by no means unfavourable from the first, in case of haemorrhages of an unknown etiology in young adults it is even very good. That is why the operation should be carried out in good time. But even patients in a bad condition and cases with additional massive intraventricular bleeding are as such no contraindications.", "contents": "[Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. New aspects since the introduction of computer tomography]. Computed tomography has extended the diagnostic possibilities in intracerebral haemorrhages in a decisive manner. Owing to the more exact computer-tomographical diagnosis, especially with regard to the extension and localisation of the haemorrhage as well as the experience gained with simultaneous cerebral pressure measurement, surgical treatment of the haemorrhage can in most cases be carried out through a drilled hole in local anaesthesia. The prognosis of intracerebral haemorrhages is by no means unfavourable from the first, in case of haemorrhages of an unknown etiology in young adults it is even very good. That is why the operation should be carried out in good time. But even patients in a bad condition and cases with additional massive intraventricular bleeding are as such no contraindications.", "PMID": 735577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2177", "title": "[Acute isovolemic hemodilution during intracranial interventions with normo- and hypothermia].", "content": "In 50 neurosurgical patients (39 cerebral tumours and 11 aneurysms) isovloaemic haemodilution (HD) was carried out immediately before the operation. Of these, 37 were subsequently operated on with pharmacological-physical decrease in metabolism (30 to 32 degrees C) partly with arterial hypotension while 13 patients were operated on in normothermia without hypotension. A control group was formed of 50 patients with cerebral tumours who were operated on without HD in normothermia. 76 per cent of the operations could be carried out without transfusion of foreign blood. The mean values of the amounts of foreign blood were 120.0 ml in the HD-group as against 1344.0 ml in the control group. In the HD-group, dehydration measures could be completely renounced. Complications did not occur. Isovolaemic haemodilution, especially combined with pharmacological decrease in metabolism and controlled hypotension, can be recommended for all intracranial interventions involving greater risks.", "contents": "[Acute isovolemic hemodilution during intracranial interventions with normo- and hypothermia]. In 50 neurosurgical patients (39 cerebral tumours and 11 aneurysms) isovloaemic haemodilution (HD) was carried out immediately before the operation. Of these, 37 were subsequently operated on with pharmacological-physical decrease in metabolism (30 to 32 degrees C) partly with arterial hypotension while 13 patients were operated on in normothermia without hypotension. A control group was formed of 50 patients with cerebral tumours who were operated on without HD in normothermia. 76 per cent of the operations could be carried out without transfusion of foreign blood. The mean values of the amounts of foreign blood were 120.0 ml in the HD-group as against 1344.0 ml in the control group. In the HD-group, dehydration measures could be completely renounced. Complications did not occur. Isovolaemic haemodilution, especially combined with pharmacological decrease in metabolism and controlled hypotension, can be recommended for all intracranial interventions involving greater risks.", "PMID": 735578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2178", "title": "[Justification of bitemporal decompressive trepanation with duroplasty in severe closed craniocerebral injury].", "content": "In serious craniocerebral traumata in which the cerebral oedema cannot be controlled by conservative methods, the authors again recommend the performance of a bitemporal relieving trepanation reaching far in basal direction (adults 5 cm \u00f8, children 4 cm \u00f8). In case of closed traumata, the operation is started on the more affected side, in case of open injuries trepanation is first carried out on the other side. Detailed indications about the accompanying oedema treatment. The wide opened dura is covered with the temporalis fascia or with a free transplant.", "contents": "[Justification of bitemporal decompressive trepanation with duroplasty in severe closed craniocerebral injury]. In serious craniocerebral traumata in which the cerebral oedema cannot be controlled by conservative methods, the authors again recommend the performance of a bitemporal relieving trepanation reaching far in basal direction (adults 5 cm \u00f8, children 4 cm \u00f8). In case of closed traumata, the operation is started on the more affected side, in case of open injuries trepanation is first carried out on the other side. Detailed indications about the accompanying oedema treatment. The wide opened dura is covered with the temporalis fascia or with a free transplant.", "PMID": 735581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2179", "title": "[Meningiomas from the clinical viewpoint of first symptoms, duration of anamnesis and neurologic-ophthalmologic deficiency symptoms].", "content": "First symptoms, period of case history, neurological findings and ophthalmological findings were evaluated in 123 patients operated on because of meningiomas. Typical first symptoms were headache (42%), fits (30%) and impaired vision (28%). 70 per cent of the patients showed a case history period of up to two years, 11 per cent one of more than five years. In 25 per cent this period was less than six months. In two cases the symptoms set in an acute form. Paresis was found in cases of meningiomas of the falx convexity region. A papilledema was found in 41 per cent, reflex differences in 30 per cent and hemiparesis in 13 per cent of the patients. parasagittal (28 patients), falx (10 patients), convexity (31 patients), tentorium (6 patients), posterior cranial fossa (4 patients). Neither a short period of the case history nor the absence of neurological and ophthalmological changes can exclude a meningioma.", "contents": "[Meningiomas from the clinical viewpoint of first symptoms, duration of anamnesis and neurologic-ophthalmologic deficiency symptoms]. First symptoms, period of case history, neurological findings and ophthalmological findings were evaluated in 123 patients operated on because of meningiomas. Typical first symptoms were headache (42%), fits (30%) and impaired vision (28%). 70 per cent of the patients showed a case history period of up to two years, 11 per cent one of more than five years. In 25 per cent this period was less than six months. In two cases the symptoms set in an acute form. Paresis was found in cases of meningiomas of the falx convexity region. A papilledema was found in 41 per cent, reflex differences in 30 per cent and hemiparesis in 13 per cent of the patients. parasagittal (28 patients), falx (10 patients), convexity (31 patients), tentorium (6 patients), posterior cranial fossa (4 patients). Neither a short period of the case history nor the absence of neurological and ophthalmological changes can exclude a meningioma.", "PMID": 735582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2180", "title": "[Anabiosis and the problem of the development of life].", "content": "In passing to anabiosis the organisms can be dried down to a very low residual water content without losing their viability. On the base of this fact a conclusion is drawn that life-capable structures in their construction either do not imply water or imply it in an insignificant quantity. This is in agreement with the concept of initial formation of waterless \"termal proteinoids\" which can be considered as precursors of primitive life capable structures which later pass to functioning in interaction with water.", "contents": "[Anabiosis and the problem of the development of life]. In passing to anabiosis the organisms can be dried down to a very low residual water content without losing their viability. On the base of this fact a conclusion is drawn that life-capable structures in their construction either do not imply water or imply it in an insignificant quantity. This is in agreement with the concept of initial formation of waterless \"termal proteinoids\" which can be considered as precursors of primitive life capable structures which later pass to functioning in interaction with water.", "PMID": 735590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2181", "title": "[Microdissection study of the kidneys of reptiles living under different ecologic conditions].", "content": "Microdissectional studies on the kidneys of 24 reptilian species living in different habitats show that the relative length of the distal tubuli is higher in animals adapted to a limited water supply and to fresh-water basins, as compared to animals which have unlimited access to water. No regular changes in the length of proximal, intermediate and connective parts were observed. The increase in the length of the distal tubuli occurs simultaneously among different taxonomic groups of reptiles, indicating the existence of parallelism in evolution of their kidneys.", "contents": "[Microdissection study of the kidneys of reptiles living under different ecologic conditions]. Microdissectional studies on the kidneys of 24 reptilian species living in different habitats show that the relative length of the distal tubuli is higher in animals adapted to a limited water supply and to fresh-water basins, as compared to animals which have unlimited access to water. No regular changes in the length of proximal, intermediate and connective parts were observed. The increase in the length of the distal tubuli occurs simultaneously among different taxonomic groups of reptiles, indicating the existence of parallelism in evolution of their kidneys.", "PMID": 735592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2182", "title": "[Glycolysis in a pancreatic parasite of cattle, the trematode Eurytrema pancreaticum].", "content": "Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase activity in cytosol of E. pancreaticum is approximately 10 times higher than pyruvate kinase activity. Malate dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate to malate 27 times more actively than malate to oxaloacetate. The main end product of the glycolysis is presented by succinate. Probably, the most important glycolytic pathway in the trematode investigated is the fixation of CO2 to phosphoenol pyruvate to produce oxaloacetate.", "contents": "[Glycolysis in a pancreatic parasite of cattle, the trematode Eurytrema pancreaticum]. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase activity in cytosol of E. pancreaticum is approximately 10 times higher than pyruvate kinase activity. Malate dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate to malate 27 times more actively than malate to oxaloacetate. The main end product of the glycolysis is presented by succinate. Probably, the most important glycolytic pathway in the trematode investigated is the fixation of CO2 to phosphoenol pyruvate to produce oxaloacetate.", "PMID": 735591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2183", "title": "[External acetylcholinesterase in different brain regions of a number of vertebrates].", "content": "In different parts of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, mesencephalon, nucleus caudatus, cerebellum and medula oblongata) parallel studies have been made on the total activity of AChE in homogenates and the activity of external AChE in slices. It was shown that the share of the external AChE in all brain structures decreases from Cyclostomes to Mammals. The most significant decrease was found in the forebrain. Within the same species (albino rats), phylogentically young brain structures (forebrain) contain smaller amounts of the external AChE, as compared to phylogenetically more ancient ones.", "contents": "[External acetylcholinesterase in different brain regions of a number of vertebrates]. In different parts of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, mesencephalon, nucleus caudatus, cerebellum and medula oblongata) parallel studies have been made on the total activity of AChE in homogenates and the activity of external AChE in slices. It was shown that the share of the external AChE in all brain structures decreases from Cyclostomes to Mammals. The most significant decrease was found in the forebrain. Within the same species (albino rats), phylogentically young brain structures (forebrain) contain smaller amounts of the external AChE, as compared to phylogenetically more ancient ones.", "PMID": 735593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2184", "title": "[Formation of the ion-depositing function of rat tissues during ontogenesis].", "content": "In experiments on rats of two age groups (adult animals older 180 days and young ones ageing between 18 and 28 days), studies have been made of ion-accumulating function of various tissues. It was shown that after the administration to animals of salt load (10% solution of NaCl, 50 mg/kg of body weight) changes take place in the concentration of cations and in the content of dry material of the blood plasma. The pattern and the magnitude of these changes depend on the age of animals. Salt loading in adult animals resulted in the significant increase in tissue Na, insignificant increase in tissue K and the decrease in water content. Na-accumulating capacity is different in various tissues. In tissues of young rats, similar loading does not significantly affect the content of ions and water. It is suggested that ion-accumulating capacity of the tissues is absent in early postnatal ontogenesis of rats.", "contents": "[Formation of the ion-depositing function of rat tissues during ontogenesis]. In experiments on rats of two age groups (adult animals older 180 days and young ones ageing between 18 and 28 days), studies have been made of ion-accumulating function of various tissues. It was shown that after the administration to animals of salt load (10% solution of NaCl, 50 mg/kg of body weight) changes take place in the concentration of cations and in the content of dry material of the blood plasma. The pattern and the magnitude of these changes depend on the age of animals. Salt loading in adult animals resulted in the significant increase in tissue Na, insignificant increase in tissue K and the decrease in water content. Na-accumulating capacity is different in various tissues. In tissues of young rats, similar loading does not significantly affect the content of ions and water. It is suggested that ion-accumulating capacity of the tissues is absent in early postnatal ontogenesis of rats.", "PMID": 735594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2185", "title": "[Relationship between the spawning process and quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the neurosecretory elements of the neurohypophysis of female Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti sturgeon].", "content": "Quantitative studies have been made on functional condition of neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis of sturgeon females during upstream migration, soon after spawning and 3 or more weeks after the latter. Electronmicroscopically, within each of the 3 types if neurosecretory terminals (A1, A2, B) certain forms were distinguished which correspond to separate phases of the secretory cycle; relative amounts of these forms were determined. Functional correlation in the activity of peptide- (A1, A2) and monoaminergic (B) terminals was observed which reveals itself in synchronous increase of the activity of peptidergic and the decrease in the activity of monoaminergic terminals immediately after spawning. At later stages, inactivation of all the 3 types of terminals takes place. Functional significance of this correlation is discussed in relation to double (peptide- and adrenergic) control of the activity of visceral organs during realization of protective and adaptive reactions of the organism under such natural stress conditions, as spawning.", "contents": "[Relationship between the spawning process and quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the neurosecretory elements of the neurohypophysis of female Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti sturgeon]. Quantitative studies have been made on functional condition of neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis of sturgeon females during upstream migration, soon after spawning and 3 or more weeks after the latter. Electronmicroscopically, within each of the 3 types if neurosecretory terminals (A1, A2, B) certain forms were distinguished which correspond to separate phases of the secretory cycle; relative amounts of these forms were determined. Functional correlation in the activity of peptide- (A1, A2) and monoaminergic (B) terminals was observed which reveals itself in synchronous increase of the activity of peptidergic and the decrease in the activity of monoaminergic terminals immediately after spawning. At later stages, inactivation of all the 3 types of terminals takes place. Functional significance of this correlation is discussed in relation to double (peptide- and adrenergic) control of the activity of visceral organs during realization of protective and adaptive reactions of the organism under such natural stress conditions, as spawning.", "PMID": 735596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2186", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of depolarization (potassium) and acetylcholine contracture of Lampetra fluviatilis lamprey phasic muscle].", "content": "Acetylcholine (Ach) contractures of thin bundle from m. longitudinal linguae of the lamprey differs by several parameters from depolarization (potassium) contracture, although Ach similar to K ions totally depolarizes the surface membrane of muscle fibers. Maximum tension of Ach contracture is 30--100% higher than that of K contracture, maximum of both contractures being observed at the same membrane potential level (approximately -10mV). The rate of rise of Ach contracture is 10 times higher, whereas the latent period is 3 times shorter as compared with the same parameters of K contracture. At higher Ach concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) g/ml) the latent period of contracture is shorter than that of depolarization.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of depolarization (potassium) and acetylcholine contracture of Lampetra fluviatilis lamprey phasic muscle]. Acetylcholine (Ach) contractures of thin bundle from m. longitudinal linguae of the lamprey differs by several parameters from depolarization (potassium) contracture, although Ach similar to K ions totally depolarizes the surface membrane of muscle fibers. Maximum tension of Ach contracture is 30--100% higher than that of K contracture, maximum of both contractures being observed at the same membrane potential level (approximately -10mV). The rate of rise of Ach contracture is 10 times higher, whereas the latent period is 3 times shorter as compared with the same parameters of K contracture. At higher Ach concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) g/ml) the latent period of contracture is shorter than that of depolarization.", "PMID": 735598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2187", "title": "[Electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of ventral roots in motoneurons and Muller axons of Lampetra fluviatilis lampreys].", "content": "In experiments on isolated spinal cord of the lamprey, during stimulation of the ventral roots, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in motonuerons and Muller axons were recorded which are stable to the abssence of Ca and the presence of Mg in the perfusion fluid. With the increase in stimulation the EPSP gradually increased, persisting after the subtraction of extracellular field from the recorded intracellular response. The results obtained demonstrate that in the lamprey excitation may be transmitted electrotonically from activated motoneurons to the adjacent ones and to Muller axons. It is suggested that neighbour motoneurons interact via electric synapses which are formed by the returning collaterals of motor axons and by motoneurons, as well as via dendro-dendritic contacts.", "contents": "[Electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of ventral roots in motoneurons and Muller axons of Lampetra fluviatilis lampreys]. In experiments on isolated spinal cord of the lamprey, during stimulation of the ventral roots, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in motonuerons and Muller axons were recorded which are stable to the abssence of Ca and the presence of Mg in the perfusion fluid. With the increase in stimulation the EPSP gradually increased, persisting after the subtraction of extracellular field from the recorded intracellular response. The results obtained demonstrate that in the lamprey excitation may be transmitted electrotonically from activated motoneurons to the adjacent ones and to Muller axons. It is suggested that neighbour motoneurons interact via electric synapses which are formed by the returning collaterals of motor axons and by motoneurons, as well as via dendro-dendritic contacts.", "PMID": 735599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2188", "title": "[Effect of photoperiodic conditions on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory and sexual system of the mink Mustela vison].", "content": "Cytomorphological analysis of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) and gonads has been made in minks under the following photoperiodic conditions: 1) control--natural light conditions; 2) natural light conditions in combination with artificial illumination to make total daylight up to 17 hours for 2 weeks in November; 3) Daylight reduced to 8 hours from July to October; 4) Combination of the 3rd and the 2nd regimes. Any change in photoperiodic conditions listed above results in activation of both the HHNS and gonads. Preliminary keeping the minks under the conditions of reduced daylight for 3 months significantly increases the reactivity of both systems to additional illumination in November. It is suggested that peptide neurohormones pass not only to total blood circulation in the region of the posterior pituitary, but also in the region of the median eminense, --i.e. in capillaries of the portal vessels of the adenohypophysis.", "contents": "[Effect of photoperiodic conditions on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory and sexual system of the mink Mustela vison]. Cytomorphological analysis of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) and gonads has been made in minks under the following photoperiodic conditions: 1) control--natural light conditions; 2) natural light conditions in combination with artificial illumination to make total daylight up to 17 hours for 2 weeks in November; 3) Daylight reduced to 8 hours from July to October; 4) Combination of the 3rd and the 2nd regimes. Any change in photoperiodic conditions listed above results in activation of both the HHNS and gonads. Preliminary keeping the minks under the conditions of reduced daylight for 3 months significantly increases the reactivity of both systems to additional illumination in November. It is suggested that peptide neurohormones pass not only to total blood circulation in the region of the posterior pituitary, but also in the region of the median eminense, --i.e. in capillaries of the portal vessels of the adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 735595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2189", "title": "[Heterochronicity in the development of hearing in birds during ontogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on the development of hearing in the jackdaw Coloeus monedula and sea-gulls Larus canus and L. argenatus, by means of recording microphonic component of the cochlear potential under chronic experimental conditions. Special attention was paid to changes in the regions of maximum sensitivity of the microphonic component during avian growth. It was shown that the range of the perceived frequencies at the beginning of functioning of the auditory analyser coincides completely with the spectrum of parental feeding signals. Threshold parameters of the microphonic component in jackdaw nestlings differ from those of sea-gull embryos by more evident flatness. Narrow bands of the increased sensitivity which are typical of the threshold curves in sea-gull embryos essentially correlated with the chirps of embryos. These data suggest the influence of afferent stimulation on the development of the organ of hearing in birds.", "contents": "[Heterochronicity in the development of hearing in birds during ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on the development of hearing in the jackdaw Coloeus monedula and sea-gulls Larus canus and L. argenatus, by means of recording microphonic component of the cochlear potential under chronic experimental conditions. Special attention was paid to changes in the regions of maximum sensitivity of the microphonic component during avian growth. It was shown that the range of the perceived frequencies at the beginning of functioning of the auditory analyser coincides completely with the spectrum of parental feeding signals. Threshold parameters of the microphonic component in jackdaw nestlings differ from those of sea-gull embryos by more evident flatness. Narrow bands of the increased sensitivity which are typical of the threshold curves in sea-gull embryos essentially correlated with the chirps of embryos. These data suggest the influence of afferent stimulation on the development of the organ of hearing in birds.", "PMID": 735600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2190", "title": "[Effect of several cholinomimetic and anticholinesterase substances on the somatic musculature of the nematode Ascaris suum].", "content": "On the basis of discrete concentration--effect curves, quantitative evaluation of the effect of acetylcholine, propionylcholine, suberylcholine and carbacholine upon the strips of the spinal muscle of Ascaris was made. Anticholinesterase drugs, eserine and phosphacol, exhibit weak potentiation of the effect of acetycholine (by 2--6 times). The results obtained are discussed in relation to cholinoreceptive properties of muscles in higher animals.", "contents": "[Effect of several cholinomimetic and anticholinesterase substances on the somatic musculature of the nematode Ascaris suum]. On the basis of discrete concentration--effect curves, quantitative evaluation of the effect of acetylcholine, propionylcholine, suberylcholine and carbacholine upon the strips of the spinal muscle of Ascaris was made. Anticholinesterase drugs, eserine and phosphacol, exhibit weak potentiation of the effect of acetycholine (by 2--6 times). The results obtained are discussed in relation to cholinoreceptive properties of muscles in higher animals.", "PMID": 735601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2191", "title": "[Effect of benzodiazepines on the fluorescence of tryptophan in human serum albumin, hemoglobin and erythrocyte ghosts].", "content": "The binding of chlorodiazepoxide, demethyl-chlorodiazepoxide, demoxepam, medazepam, diazepam and oxazepam was investigated on human serum albumin (HSA), ghosts and hemoglobin by quenching the fluorescence of tryptophan. The tryptophan fluorescence is quenched in a dose-dependent manner by these benzodiazepines with the exception of demoxepan, diazepam and oxazepam on hemoglobin. The calculated binding constants are in the range of 10(4)1 . M-1. It is concluded from the quenching of tryptophan-fluorescence that benzodiazepines are bound in a tryptophan containing area of the proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of benzodiazepines on the fluorescence of tryptophan in human serum albumin, hemoglobin and erythrocyte ghosts]. The binding of chlorodiazepoxide, demethyl-chlorodiazepoxide, demoxepam, medazepam, diazepam and oxazepam was investigated on human serum albumin (HSA), ghosts and hemoglobin by quenching the fluorescence of tryptophan. The tryptophan fluorescence is quenched in a dose-dependent manner by these benzodiazepines with the exception of demoxepan, diazepam and oxazepam on hemoglobin. The calculated binding constants are in the range of 10(4)1 . M-1. It is concluded from the quenching of tryptophan-fluorescence that benzodiazepines are bound in a tryptophan containing area of the proteins.", "PMID": 735610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2192", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of ependymoastrocytoma histogenesis].", "content": "Electron-microscopy of tumours, diagnosed by light optics as ependymoastrocytomas, helped to ascertain the common features in the ultrastructural organization of their tumorous tissue: a complex of organ-specific signs of ependymomas is constantly manifested in all the scrutinized parts of the tumorous nodes. This makes it possible to regard ependymoastrocytomas as a variant of ependymomas and not tumours of a mixed origin.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of ependymoastrocytoma histogenesis]. Electron-microscopy of tumours, diagnosed by light optics as ependymoastrocytomas, helped to ascertain the common features in the ultrastructural organization of their tumorous tissue: a complex of organ-specific signs of ependymomas is constantly manifested in all the scrutinized parts of the tumorous nodes. This makes it possible to regard ependymoastrocytomas as a variant of ependymomas and not tumours of a mixed origin.", "PMID": 735605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2193", "title": "[Change in inorganic pyrophosphatase during maturation and aging of red blood cells from newborns].", "content": "The activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) of red blood cells (rbc) from newborns is about 40% higher than that of adults. To answer the question whether the higher activity was due to the enhanced reticulocyte count of the newborn's cell population, the rbc of both newborns and adults were separated into different density subpopulations by means of isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in dextran. To judge the quality of separation in the individual age populations of rbc, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and the reticulocyte count were determined. The activity fall of PPase during maturation and aging of rbc is stronger than that of G-6-PD. The density subpopulations of rbc from newborns and adults with equal reticulocyte counts show the same PPase activities yet different G-6-PD activities. Obviously, the higher PPase activity of a cell population of newborns is due to the higher proportion of reticulocytes. The inorganic PPase is well suited as a guiding criterion to judge the maturity and age of rbc of newborns.", "contents": "[Change in inorganic pyrophosphatase during maturation and aging of red blood cells from newborns]. The activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) of red blood cells (rbc) from newborns is about 40% higher than that of adults. To answer the question whether the higher activity was due to the enhanced reticulocyte count of the newborn's cell population, the rbc of both newborns and adults were separated into different density subpopulations by means of isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in dextran. To judge the quality of separation in the individual age populations of rbc, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and the reticulocyte count were determined. The activity fall of PPase during maturation and aging of rbc is stronger than that of G-6-PD. The density subpopulations of rbc from newborns and adults with equal reticulocyte counts show the same PPase activities yet different G-6-PD activities. Obviously, the higher PPase activity of a cell population of newborns is due to the higher proportion of reticulocytes. The inorganic PPase is well suited as a guiding criterion to judge the maturity and age of rbc of newborns.", "PMID": 735611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2194", "title": "[Hypoosmotic regulation in the marine cladoceran ratchet Penilia avirostris].", "content": "At average salinity of the environment 18.08% (-delta degrees C being equal to -0.99 degrees C) the depression of the hemolymph in P. avirostris is equal to -0.72 +/- 0.09 degrees C. Hypoosmotic regulation of marsupium fluid persists up to the formation of epipodites, after which the depression of this fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that special epipodite cells are involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of hypoosmotic mechanisms in the marine cladoceran and Artemia salina is noted.", "contents": "[Hypoosmotic regulation in the marine cladoceran ratchet Penilia avirostris]. At average salinity of the environment 18.08% (-delta degrees C being equal to -0.99 degrees C) the depression of the hemolymph in P. avirostris is equal to -0.72 +/- 0.09 degrees C. Hypoosmotic regulation of marsupium fluid persists up to the formation of epipodites, after which the depression of this fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that special epipodite cells are involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of hypoosmotic mechanisms in the marine cladoceran and Artemia salina is noted.", "PMID": 735602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2195", "title": "Organization of mammalian chromosomal DNA: supercoiled and folded circular DNA subunits from interphase cell nuclei.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells (line V79/4) in the G2 phase of the mitotic cycle were lysed onto neutral sucrose gradients and the released chromosomal DNA was characterized according to its size and shape by sedimentation velocity studies. Using the intercalating agent, ethidium bromide, in the gradients and the induction of DNA single- and double-strand breaks by irradiation, the DNA was proved to be released into the gradient in supercoiled circular subunits whose homogenous size corresponds to 2.8 . 10(9) Dalton. Supercoiling of these DNA subunits was found to be confined to smaller regions sized on the average about 9 . 10(7) Dalton and maintained by folding the DNA into loops. The average superhelix density was determined to be--0.09 turns per 10 base pairs of DNA. The functional aspects of the experimental findings are discussed in terms of replicative and transcriptional units.", "contents": "Organization of mammalian chromosomal DNA: supercoiled and folded circular DNA subunits from interphase cell nuclei. Chinese hamster cells (line V79/4) in the G2 phase of the mitotic cycle were lysed onto neutral sucrose gradients and the released chromosomal DNA was characterized according to its size and shape by sedimentation velocity studies. Using the intercalating agent, ethidium bromide, in the gradients and the induction of DNA single- and double-strand breaks by irradiation, the DNA was proved to be released into the gradient in supercoiled circular subunits whose homogenous size corresponds to 2.8 . 10(9) Dalton. Supercoiling of these DNA subunits was found to be confined to smaller regions sized on the average about 9 . 10(7) Dalton and maintained by folding the DNA into loops. The average superhelix density was determined to be--0.09 turns per 10 base pairs of DNA. The functional aspects of the experimental findings are discussed in terms of replicative and transcriptional units.", "PMID": 735613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2196", "title": "[Functional interactions between the rabbit hypothalamus and neocortex].", "content": "In acute experiments on rabbits under chloralose-nembutal anaesthesia, studies have been made on the distribution and the pattern of the evoked potentials (EP) in neocortical structures of the brain cortex during electrical stimulation of different hypothalamic nuclei. It was found that during stimulation of the supramammilar area of the hypothalamus, the focus of maximum activity of cortical responses of the negative-positive configuration is localised in the median parts of precentral agranular region. During stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area, the EP were of the positive-negative-positive type. Registration of the EP in different cortical layers during stimulation of the posterior hypothlamic nuclei showed that from 100 to 100 micrograms the amplitude of EP components decreases, whereas at the level of 600 mu the inversion of the EP takes place. At the depth of 1.800 mu the EP elicited by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus had a form of a positive oscillation with a long latent period. It is concluded that the posterior hypothalamic nuclei have a vast representation in rabbit neocortex, this representation being realized by both polysynaptic and olygosynaptic systems of connections.", "contents": "[Functional interactions between the rabbit hypothalamus and neocortex]. In acute experiments on rabbits under chloralose-nembutal anaesthesia, studies have been made on the distribution and the pattern of the evoked potentials (EP) in neocortical structures of the brain cortex during electrical stimulation of different hypothalamic nuclei. It was found that during stimulation of the supramammilar area of the hypothalamus, the focus of maximum activity of cortical responses of the negative-positive configuration is localised in the median parts of precentral agranular region. During stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area, the EP were of the positive-negative-positive type. Registration of the EP in different cortical layers during stimulation of the posterior hypothlamic nuclei showed that from 100 to 100 micrograms the amplitude of EP components decreases, whereas at the level of 600 mu the inversion of the EP takes place. At the depth of 1.800 mu the EP elicited by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus had a form of a positive oscillation with a long latent period. It is concluded that the posterior hypothalamic nuclei have a vast representation in rabbit neocortex, this representation being realized by both polysynaptic and olygosynaptic systems of connections.", "PMID": 735604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2197", "title": "[Individual differences in heart and respiration rate of subjects exposed to various sensomotor loads].", "content": "Three groups were established according to the reactivity of the heart and respiration rates in sensomotor tasks: Group 1: especially reacting by changes in heart rate during performance of the tasks; group 2: especially reacting by changes of the respiration rate during the tasks; group 3: subjects without differences in the changes of the heart and respiration rates. The group 1 (heart-rate-type) shows a significantly higher level of the heart rate already during the \"rest\" in comparison with the other groups and presents a larger increase during the sensomotor tasks, too. The respiration rate corresponds to group 3. In contrast to group 1, group 2 (respiration-rate-type) shows no differences in the level of the respiration rate during \"rest\", however, the increase in respiration rate is significantly greater than in the other groups during sensomotor tasks. In this group the heart rate corresponds to group 3. No significant differences between the groups were noted in the heart rate variability, in the results of the sensomotor tasks and the filling in of the INR- and VELA-questionnaires.", "contents": "[Individual differences in heart and respiration rate of subjects exposed to various sensomotor loads]. Three groups were established according to the reactivity of the heart and respiration rates in sensomotor tasks: Group 1: especially reacting by changes in heart rate during performance of the tasks; group 2: especially reacting by changes of the respiration rate during the tasks; group 3: subjects without differences in the changes of the heart and respiration rates. The group 1 (heart-rate-type) shows a significantly higher level of the heart rate already during the \"rest\" in comparison with the other groups and presents a larger increase during the sensomotor tasks, too. The respiration rate corresponds to group 3. In contrast to group 1, group 2 (respiration-rate-type) shows no differences in the level of the respiration rate during \"rest\", however, the increase in respiration rate is significantly greater than in the other groups during sensomotor tasks. In this group the heart rate corresponds to group 3. No significant differences between the groups were noted in the heart rate variability, in the results of the sensomotor tasks and the filling in of the INR- and VELA-questionnaires.", "PMID": 735614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2198", "title": "[Pneumoencephalographic picture of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid containing spaces of patients who have suffered severe craniocerebral injuries].", "content": "Dynamic X-ray follow-ups were conducted after pneumo-encephalography (PEG) of 28 patients who had suffered a severe craniocerebral trauma (intracranial hematoma, crushing of the brain), and those suffering from a post-traumatic disease of the brain. PEG was carried out in periods from 3 months to 3 years after the trauma had occurred. X-ray control was established immediately after the endolumbar infusion of air into the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces, and subsequently every 24 hours till the complete disappearance of air from the ventricles of the brain. Investigation showed that in most cases a more reliable picture of the size of the ventricles can be obtained not on the day that PEG is performed, but in remoter periods (24--48 hours). The internal hydrocephaly that occurs in most patients is evidently of aresorptive character. The expansion of subarachnoidal spaces, rather than their obliteration, is more characteristic of a traumatic disease of the brain, including post-traumatic epilepsy. These changes, however, are not pathognomonic for a complicated severe craniocerebral trauma.", "contents": "[Pneumoencephalographic picture of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid containing spaces of patients who have suffered severe craniocerebral injuries]. Dynamic X-ray follow-ups were conducted after pneumo-encephalography (PEG) of 28 patients who had suffered a severe craniocerebral trauma (intracranial hematoma, crushing of the brain), and those suffering from a post-traumatic disease of the brain. PEG was carried out in periods from 3 months to 3 years after the trauma had occurred. X-ray control was established immediately after the endolumbar infusion of air into the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces, and subsequently every 24 hours till the complete disappearance of air from the ventricles of the brain. Investigation showed that in most cases a more reliable picture of the size of the ventricles can be obtained not on the day that PEG is performed, but in remoter periods (24--48 hours). The internal hydrocephaly that occurs in most patients is evidently of aresorptive character. The expansion of subarachnoidal spaces, rather than their obliteration, is more characteristic of a traumatic disease of the brain, including post-traumatic epilepsy. These changes, however, are not pathognomonic for a complicated severe craniocerebral trauma.", "PMID": 735607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2199", "title": "[Intramedullary cholesteatomas].", "content": "Four cases are described of intramedullary cholesteatomas in the thoracic segment of the spine in patients from 14 to 42 years of age. Clinical observations noted the slow increase of symptoms of spinal compression in the form of asymmetric motor disorders and disturbances of sensibility. CSF blocks were found in all patients. Operations were performed on all female patients in whom a firm bulb-shaped thickening of the spine was determined. The spinal cord was dissected longitudinally and the tumour removed radically. The patients' movements were restored in periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years.", "contents": "[Intramedullary cholesteatomas]. Four cases are described of intramedullary cholesteatomas in the thoracic segment of the spine in patients from 14 to 42 years of age. Clinical observations noted the slow increase of symptoms of spinal compression in the form of asymmetric motor disorders and disturbances of sensibility. CSF blocks were found in all patients. Operations were performed on all female patients in whom a firm bulb-shaped thickening of the spine was determined. The spinal cord was dissected longitudinally and the tumour removed radically. The patients' movements were restored in periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years.", "PMID": 735609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2200", "title": "Investigations on changes of serum magnesium concentration after glucagon application in healthy humans.", "content": "The effect of intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon on serum magnesium concentration, potassium, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and blood glucose in healthy subjects has been studied. A significant decrease of the serum magnesium concentration was observed beginning 5 min after glucagon injection. There is a tendency of a slight but not statistically significant decrease of potassium level at 60 min. The beginning of the decrease of magnesium level was associated with the maximum of IRI-peak. In contrast to the discussed hypothesis that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia cause a shift for magnesium and potassium from the extracellular into the intracellular space we could demonstrate that hyperglycemia is not a necessary condition for the decreasing effect of glucagon on serum magnesium level.", "contents": "Investigations on changes of serum magnesium concentration after glucagon application in healthy humans. The effect of intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon on serum magnesium concentration, potassium, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and blood glucose in healthy subjects has been studied. A significant decrease of the serum magnesium concentration was observed beginning 5 min after glucagon injection. There is a tendency of a slight but not statistically significant decrease of potassium level at 60 min. The beginning of the decrease of magnesium level was associated with the maximum of IRI-peak. In contrast to the discussed hypothesis that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia cause a shift for magnesium and potassium from the extracellular into the intracellular space we could demonstrate that hyperglycemia is not a necessary condition for the decreasing effect of glucagon on serum magnesium level.", "PMID": 735615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2201", "title": "[Plasma levels of 3,3', 5'-T3 (reverse-T3) under various functional thyroid conditions].", "content": "Reverse T3 (r-T3) was measured in unextracted human plasma under different clinical conditions. The mean normal concentration was 0.20 ng/ml. In thyreotoxic patients r-T3 was elevated in the majority of the cases, however, it was normal in three cases of T3-toxicoses. Thyrectomized patients during different hormon substitution showed r-T3 levels corresponding to the T4 concentrations measured. Patients with severe chronic illnesses and low T3 showed normal to considerably elevated r-T3 levels. According to these results r-T3 is not of additional value in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders.", "contents": "[Plasma levels of 3,3', 5'-T3 (reverse-T3) under various functional thyroid conditions]. Reverse T3 (r-T3) was measured in unextracted human plasma under different clinical conditions. The mean normal concentration was 0.20 ng/ml. In thyreotoxic patients r-T3 was elevated in the majority of the cases, however, it was normal in three cases of T3-toxicoses. Thyrectomized patients during different hormon substitution showed r-T3 levels corresponding to the T4 concentrations measured. Patients with severe chronic illnesses and low T3 showed normal to considerably elevated r-T3 levels. According to these results r-T3 is not of additional value in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 735616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2202", "title": "[Pharmacological effect of pentacyanonitrosylferrate and similar complex compounds].", "content": "Comparative studies were performed on the spasmolytic and hypotensive effects of pentacyanoferrates with different ligands (NO, NO2, NOS, NH3, H2O) and of hexacyanoferrates and other nitrosyl compounds. Besides sodium nitroprusside, the nitro and thionitro complexes in equimolar doses were found to cause hypotension and relaxation of the aortic strip of rabbits contracted by adrenaline and spasmolytic effects on the contracted guinea pig ileum. The liberated nitrosyl cation or its secondary product, nitrous acid, is thought to be responsible for the pharmacodynamic effects of these complex compounds. This is in agreement with the fact that also other nitrosyl compounds (nitrosyl perchlorate, nitrosyl-bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobaltIII) and free undissociated nitrous acid produce transient spasmolytic effects. Pentacyanoaquoferrate and hexacyanoferrateIII exert, presumably because of the oxydation of sulfhydryl groups, spasmolytic effects in vitro. Accordingly, their effects are prevented in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds such as glutathion or dithioerythrit.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effect of pentacyanonitrosylferrate and similar complex compounds]. Comparative studies were performed on the spasmolytic and hypotensive effects of pentacyanoferrates with different ligands (NO, NO2, NOS, NH3, H2O) and of hexacyanoferrates and other nitrosyl compounds. Besides sodium nitroprusside, the nitro and thionitro complexes in equimolar doses were found to cause hypotension and relaxation of the aortic strip of rabbits contracted by adrenaline and spasmolytic effects on the contracted guinea pig ileum. The liberated nitrosyl cation or its secondary product, nitrous acid, is thought to be responsible for the pharmacodynamic effects of these complex compounds. This is in agreement with the fact that also other nitrosyl compounds (nitrosyl perchlorate, nitrosyl-bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobaltIII) and free undissociated nitrous acid produce transient spasmolytic effects. Pentacyanoaquoferrate and hexacyanoferrateIII exert, presumably because of the oxydation of sulfhydryl groups, spasmolytic effects in vitro. Accordingly, their effects are prevented in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds such as glutathion or dithioerythrit.", "PMID": 735617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2203", "title": "[Structural and immunochemical studies on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulins. IV. In vitro reassociation of carp immunoglobulin].", "content": "Mildly reduced high molecular immunoglobulin and antibody of carp with tetrameric structure, carbohydrate content of 6 to 7% and absence of J-chain can reassociate to native molecules. The disulphide bonds between subunits and polypeptide chains are sensitive and can be completly splitted by treatment with only 1 mM DTE. One half of the immunoglobulins retained their high molecular structure as expression of strong non-covalent bonds between subunits of the tetrameric molecule. The other half of immunoglobulins dissociate into HL-halfmolecules. We suppose that carps possess 2 \"typs of immunoglobulins\" which differ in the tendency to aggregate to high molecular immunoglobulins.", "contents": "[Structural and immunochemical studies on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulins. IV. In vitro reassociation of carp immunoglobulin]. Mildly reduced high molecular immunoglobulin and antibody of carp with tetrameric structure, carbohydrate content of 6 to 7% and absence of J-chain can reassociate to native molecules. The disulphide bonds between subunits and polypeptide chains are sensitive and can be completly splitted by treatment with only 1 mM DTE. One half of the immunoglobulins retained their high molecular structure as expression of strong non-covalent bonds between subunits of the tetrameric molecule. The other half of immunoglobulins dissociate into HL-halfmolecules. We suppose that carps possess 2 \"typs of immunoglobulins\" which differ in the tendency to aggregate to high molecular immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 735618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2204", "title": "Studies on lectins. XXXIV. The effect of thermal treatment on the lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esuclenta Moench).", "content": "The lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esculenta Moench) dissociates into subunits upon incubation of its solution at temperatures above 50 degrees C. The dissociation is accompanied by precipitation of the heavy subunit, release of Mn2+ from the protein molecule and an almost complete loss of erythroagglutinating activity. Addition of Mn2+ or D-glucose to the lectin solutions has a partially protective effect on the dissociation and inactivation.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XXXIV. The effect of thermal treatment on the lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esuclenta Moench). The lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esculenta Moench) dissociates into subunits upon incubation of its solution at temperatures above 50 degrees C. The dissociation is accompanied by precipitation of the heavy subunit, release of Mn2+ from the protein molecule and an almost complete loss of erythroagglutinating activity. Addition of Mn2+ or D-glucose to the lectin solutions has a partially protective effect on the dissociation and inactivation.", "PMID": 735619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2205", "title": "Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. II. Temperature dependence and species differences in substrate binding reaction.", "content": "Species dependencies and the temperature function of substrate binding reaction have been studied. The solubilized P-450 preparations from rat and rabbit, respectively, exhibit similar substrate binding characteristics with respect to rate constants and substrate specificity. The rabbit P-450 is more sensitive to preparational disintegration, this holds especially for aniline. In the Arrhenius plots a normal temperature dependence without breaks is observed. Iron ligands are bound with relatively low activation energies and negative entropies. The parameters increase for benzphetamine (type 1) and further for aniline (type 2), the latter substrate being entropically favoured too.", "contents": "Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. II. Temperature dependence and species differences in substrate binding reaction. Species dependencies and the temperature function of substrate binding reaction have been studied. The solubilized P-450 preparations from rat and rabbit, respectively, exhibit similar substrate binding characteristics with respect to rate constants and substrate specificity. The rabbit P-450 is more sensitive to preparational disintegration, this holds especially for aniline. In the Arrhenius plots a normal temperature dependence without breaks is observed. Iron ligands are bound with relatively low activation energies and negative entropies. The parameters increase for benzphetamine (type 1) and further for aniline (type 2), the latter substrate being entropically favoured too.", "PMID": 735623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2206", "title": "Aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in rat liver at different stages of its development.", "content": "Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase) activity has been measured in rat livers at different stages of their development and in intact and regenerating livers. The level of enzyme activity was found to be the highest in the earliest fetal livers (about 7 times higher than in the adult rat liver). Deproteinized by heating, supernatants of sheep liver homogenates were purified on a Sephadex G-25 column. The influence of deproteinized supernatant on ACTase activity in rat liver was measured. This influence depended on the amount of activating factor added to fresh homogenates. A different scope of activation of enzyme activity in rat liver caused by deproteinized supernatant was noticed. The greatest increase of enzyme activity under the influence of activating factor was obtained in the liver of young animals, mothers and old female rats, the smallest in fetuses and very young animals. A relatively smaller increase of enzyme activity was observed in regenerating livers under the same experimental conditions. In this article the role of natural ACTase activator is discussed.", "contents": "Aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in rat liver at different stages of its development. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase) activity has been measured in rat livers at different stages of their development and in intact and regenerating livers. The level of enzyme activity was found to be the highest in the earliest fetal livers (about 7 times higher than in the adult rat liver). Deproteinized by heating, supernatants of sheep liver homogenates were purified on a Sephadex G-25 column. The influence of deproteinized supernatant on ACTase activity in rat liver was measured. This influence depended on the amount of activating factor added to fresh homogenates. A different scope of activation of enzyme activity in rat liver caused by deproteinized supernatant was noticed. The greatest increase of enzyme activity under the influence of activating factor was obtained in the liver of young animals, mothers and old female rats, the smallest in fetuses and very young animals. A relatively smaller increase of enzyme activity was observed in regenerating livers under the same experimental conditions. In this article the role of natural ACTase activator is discussed.", "PMID": 735625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2207", "title": "[Catalytic mechanism of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV].", "content": "Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV isolated from pig kidney microsomes catalyses hydrolysis in a number of dipeptidylaryl-amides of types L-AS-L-Ala-R and L-AS-L-Pro-R. Kinetic studies involving two competing substrates suggest the probable existence of a catalytic centre for both groups of substrates. The speed-determining steps in enzymatic hydrolysis differ in the order L-AS-L-Pro-R and L-AS-L-Ala-R. The secondary enzymatic deuterium-isotopic effects in the hydrolysis of L-Ala-L-Ala-2-d1-pNA are fixed at KHM/KDM = 1.24 and VHmax/VDmax = 1.27. The existence of an acyl-enzyme mechanism is considered likely.", "contents": "[Catalytic mechanism of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV]. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV isolated from pig kidney microsomes catalyses hydrolysis in a number of dipeptidylaryl-amides of types L-AS-L-Ala-R and L-AS-L-Pro-R. Kinetic studies involving two competing substrates suggest the probable existence of a catalytic centre for both groups of substrates. The speed-determining steps in enzymatic hydrolysis differ in the order L-AS-L-Pro-R and L-AS-L-Ala-R. The secondary enzymatic deuterium-isotopic effects in the hydrolysis of L-Ala-L-Ala-2-d1-pNA are fixed at KHM/KDM = 1.24 and VHmax/VDmax = 1.27. The existence of an acyl-enzyme mechanism is considered likely.", "PMID": 735626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2208", "title": "[Ultrastructural and functional changes of rabbit myocardium after cholesterol feeding].", "content": "The myocardium was ultrastructurally investigated immediately after 12 weeks of feeding in one part of the animals and in the remaining animals 27--30 months after termination of the feeding period. At the same time, parameters of the myocardial contraction were measured immediately after the feeding at isolated trabeculae of the left ventricle and 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding at the left ventricle in situ. After the 12 weeks of feeding the morphometrically estimated intracellular lipid content rises from 0.23% (normal) to 5.26%. The mitochondria decline from 36.98% (normal) to 29.08%. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) changes in a vesicular or vacuolar manner respectively. The contractility index Vmax of isolated trabeculae decreases insignificantly. The resting potentiation and the diastolic stiffness are increased. 27--30 months after termination of feeding the lipid content and the mitochondria are normal in comparison to controls of the same age. The vacuolar changes of SR and its cellular portion are increased. The contractility index of the heart in situ max (dp/dt)/P is decreased insignificantly. The velocity of relaxation is enhanced in comparison with controls. By comparing ultrastructural and functional findings it can be seen that variations in the contraction performance are accompanied by stronger changes of the cellular structure immediately after the feeding than 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding. At this time continuing small alterations in the contraction performance of the heart in situ are observed in addition to the reversibility of various characteristics of damage together with an increase in the Ca++-transporting SR and its alterations.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and functional changes of rabbit myocardium after cholesterol feeding]. The myocardium was ultrastructurally investigated immediately after 12 weeks of feeding in one part of the animals and in the remaining animals 27--30 months after termination of the feeding period. At the same time, parameters of the myocardial contraction were measured immediately after the feeding at isolated trabeculae of the left ventricle and 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding at the left ventricle in situ. After the 12 weeks of feeding the morphometrically estimated intracellular lipid content rises from 0.23% (normal) to 5.26%. The mitochondria decline from 36.98% (normal) to 29.08%. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) changes in a vesicular or vacuolar manner respectively. The contractility index Vmax of isolated trabeculae decreases insignificantly. The resting potentiation and the diastolic stiffness are increased. 27--30 months after termination of feeding the lipid content and the mitochondria are normal in comparison to controls of the same age. The vacuolar changes of SR and its cellular portion are increased. The contractility index of the heart in situ max (dp/dt)/P is decreased insignificantly. The velocity of relaxation is enhanced in comparison with controls. By comparing ultrastructural and functional findings it can be seen that variations in the contraction performance are accompanied by stronger changes of the cellular structure immediately after the feeding than 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding. At this time continuing small alterations in the contraction performance of the heart in situ are observed in addition to the reversibility of various characteristics of damage together with an increase in the Ca++-transporting SR and its alterations.", "PMID": 735627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2209", "title": "[Muscle activity and heart rate during rhythmical work using a hand ergometer. II. Heart rate, mechanical and bioelectrical activity of muscles during work with different loads and in relation to endurance].", "content": "The study has been made to analyse changes in heart rate, in mechanical and bioelectrical muscle activity during thythmical handgrip contractions. Loads of 20% to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were applied. The working frequency was 30 cpm. With loads of 40%--100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) the following characteristic changes were obtained: Both the plane of the mechanogram and the duration of the mechanogram increased permanently. The heart rate rose to the end of the experiment and so did the EMGs of the flexor, the extensor, the brachioradial muscle and the muscle of the thenar. The rate of the rise (%/s) of all physiological functions was greatest during maximal load test and decreased with decreasing contraction strength. The endurance as a function of the force showed a parabolic curve. The physical endurance capacity of this rhythmical hand work is between 20% and 40% MVC.", "contents": "[Muscle activity and heart rate during rhythmical work using a hand ergometer. II. Heart rate, mechanical and bioelectrical activity of muscles during work with different loads and in relation to endurance]. The study has been made to analyse changes in heart rate, in mechanical and bioelectrical muscle activity during thythmical handgrip contractions. Loads of 20% to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were applied. The working frequency was 30 cpm. With loads of 40%--100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) the following characteristic changes were obtained: Both the plane of the mechanogram and the duration of the mechanogram increased permanently. The heart rate rose to the end of the experiment and so did the EMGs of the flexor, the extensor, the brachioradial muscle and the muscle of the thenar. The rate of the rise (%/s) of all physiological functions was greatest during maximal load test and decreased with decreasing contraction strength. The endurance as a function of the force showed a parabolic curve. The physical endurance capacity of this rhythmical hand work is between 20% and 40% MVC.", "PMID": 735629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2210", "title": "[Insulin binding to isolated cells].", "content": "Using mono-125I-insulin the hormone receptor binding on cultivated rat hepatocytes cultivated rat fibroblasts and freshly isolated adipocytes of wistar rat and man were characterized. No specific insulin binding was obtained in the case of long time cultivated hepatocytes. The fibroblasts show a low specific insulin binding with an affinity constant of K = 0.75. 10(9)M-1 and a binding capacity of q = 4000 binding sites per cell, and also an insulin response measureable by the lactate production. In agreement with a strong stimulation effect of insulin on the conversion of glucose to CO2 und triglycerides the freshly isolated adipocytes bind insulin with high affinity and capacity in comparison with the fibroblasts. For the high affinity population of insulin receptors at the adipocytes of wistar rat we found K = 2.8 . 10(9) M-1 and q = 22000 binding sites per cell, whereas 20 per cent of saturation of the receptors cause 90 per cent of the maximal stimulation effect on the bio-conversion of glucose. This shift of the binding curve to higher concentrations may be important for the ability of insulin to regulate the carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Insulin binding to isolated cells]. Using mono-125I-insulin the hormone receptor binding on cultivated rat hepatocytes cultivated rat fibroblasts and freshly isolated adipocytes of wistar rat and man were characterized. No specific insulin binding was obtained in the case of long time cultivated hepatocytes. The fibroblasts show a low specific insulin binding with an affinity constant of K = 0.75. 10(9)M-1 and a binding capacity of q = 4000 binding sites per cell, and also an insulin response measureable by the lactate production. In agreement with a strong stimulation effect of insulin on the conversion of glucose to CO2 und triglycerides the freshly isolated adipocytes bind insulin with high affinity and capacity in comparison with the fibroblasts. For the high affinity population of insulin receptors at the adipocytes of wistar rat we found K = 2.8 . 10(9) M-1 and q = 22000 binding sites per cell, whereas 20 per cent of saturation of the receptors cause 90 per cent of the maximal stimulation effect on the bio-conversion of glucose. This shift of the binding curve to higher concentrations may be important for the ability of insulin to regulate the carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 735628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2211", "title": "Toxicities and the rates of penetration of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate into the blood following different routes of intoxication.", "content": "Toxicities of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate were determined by i. v. (17.0 microgram/kg), i.m. (23.6 microgram/kg), i. p. (54.5 microgram/kg) and p. o. (121.9 microgram/kg) administration to female rats. Following intoxication with this compound (42 microgram/kg) at these routes of administration, acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood was continuously monitored and half-times of inhibition in vivo were determined. It appears from a comparison of inhibitions in vivo and in vitro that only a part of the dose administered is effective to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the blood vessel.", "contents": "Toxicities and the rates of penetration of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate into the blood following different routes of intoxication. Toxicities of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate were determined by i. v. (17.0 microgram/kg), i.m. (23.6 microgram/kg), i. p. (54.5 microgram/kg) and p. o. (121.9 microgram/kg) administration to female rats. Following intoxication with this compound (42 microgram/kg) at these routes of administration, acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood was continuously monitored and half-times of inhibition in vivo were determined. It appears from a comparison of inhibitions in vivo and in vitro that only a part of the dose administered is effective to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the blood vessel.", "PMID": 735630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2212", "title": "The influence of vasopressin on the regional uptake of [3H] orotic acid by rat brain.", "content": "After intracarotid injection in the rat followed by decapitation 15 s later, the uptake of the RNA precursor [3H] orotic acid by 18 brain region and by the anterior pituitary was measured. Simultaneously injected lysine-8-vasopressin (1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 muU per ml injection solution, respectively) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of tracer uptake by 7 regions, e.g. by the hippocampus. There are indications that especially in this region the blood-brain barrier permeability to the precursor was influenced by the peptide hormone.", "contents": "The influence of vasopressin on the regional uptake of [3H] orotic acid by rat brain. After intracarotid injection in the rat followed by decapitation 15 s later, the uptake of the RNA precursor [3H] orotic acid by 18 brain region and by the anterior pituitary was measured. Simultaneously injected lysine-8-vasopressin (1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 muU per ml injection solution, respectively) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of tracer uptake by 7 regions, e.g. by the hippocampus. There are indications that especially in this region the blood-brain barrier permeability to the precursor was influenced by the peptide hormone.", "PMID": 735632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2213", "title": "[Simultaneous comparison of periodograms and performance spectra to distinguish periodical from statistical curve portions of vegetative rhythms].", "content": "The differences between corresponding data of power spectral densities and quadrated periodograms were computed delimiting periodical and statistical parts of curves of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and respiration rhythms. The statistical parts of the curves show similar density distributions in the investigated frequency range as the periodical parts (power spectra). In patients with autonomic disorders these statistical parts of the curves are higher than in healthy volunteers.", "contents": "[Simultaneous comparison of periodograms and performance spectra to distinguish periodical from statistical curve portions of vegetative rhythms]. The differences between corresponding data of power spectral densities and quadrated periodograms were computed delimiting periodical and statistical parts of curves of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and respiration rhythms. The statistical parts of the curves show similar density distributions in the investigated frequency range as the periodical parts (power spectra). In patients with autonomic disorders these statistical parts of the curves are higher than in healthy volunteers.", "PMID": 735634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2214", "title": "[A new dynamic test with optimal multifrequent binary work-load patterns on the bicycle ergometer].", "content": "A new dynamic test with work-load changes on the bicycle ergometer is described using optimal multifrequent binary test signals, which are based on the theory of an active design of experiments. In comparison to step, impulse, ramp and sinusoidal work-load changes this new test includes the advantage that it provides good accuracy within a short time for measurement and evaluation. First results indicate the possibility of a good analysis of the dynamics of the heart rate response using linear models. Statements for approximation of the system in the frequency range lead to the estimation of time constant models, which allow a good estimation of the behaviour of the regulation of the heart rate.", "contents": "[A new dynamic test with optimal multifrequent binary work-load patterns on the bicycle ergometer]. A new dynamic test with work-load changes on the bicycle ergometer is described using optimal multifrequent binary test signals, which are based on the theory of an active design of experiments. In comparison to step, impulse, ramp and sinusoidal work-load changes this new test includes the advantage that it provides good accuracy within a short time for measurement and evaluation. First results indicate the possibility of a good analysis of the dynamics of the heart rate response using linear models. Statements for approximation of the system in the frequency range lead to the estimation of time constant models, which allow a good estimation of the behaviour of the regulation of the heart rate.", "PMID": 735635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2215", "title": "[Photically released trains of potentials following local application of ethosuximide into the corpus geniculatum laterale].", "content": "The influence of ethosuximide injected into the lateral geniculate body (LGB) on photically evoked afterdischarges (PhAD) and recruiting responses (PhR) after 0,3/s or 7/s light flash series was compared with the effect of intraperitoneally administered ethosuximide in freely moving albino rats with chronic electrodes. Whereas i. p. application of ethosuximide reduces or abolishes photically evoked afterdischarges and recruiting, administration into the LGB does not change these potentials or the photic evoked potential. This points to an action not immediately in the LGB.", "contents": "[Photically released trains of potentials following local application of ethosuximide into the corpus geniculatum laterale]. The influence of ethosuximide injected into the lateral geniculate body (LGB) on photically evoked afterdischarges (PhAD) and recruiting responses (PhR) after 0,3/s or 7/s light flash series was compared with the effect of intraperitoneally administered ethosuximide in freely moving albino rats with chronic electrodes. Whereas i. p. application of ethosuximide reduces or abolishes photically evoked afterdischarges and recruiting, administration into the LGB does not change these potentials or the photic evoked potential. This points to an action not immediately in the LGB.", "PMID": 735636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2216", "title": "[Influence of duration and depth of ether of brevinarcon narcosis on the cerebral acetylcholine content of rat].", "content": "For decapitation of rats in order to determine brain acetylcholine (Ach) content the animals may be anaesthesized slightly by ether no longer than for 2 min, since forebrain Ach content increases quickly up to about 170% throughout the following 3 min. The progress of brain Ach content up to its maximum level is decided both by duration and degree of cns depression: In the moment of most distinctly marked Brevinarcon -narcosis -- evident 2,5 min after i. v. injection (40 mg/kg) -- the forebrain Ach content merely is increased by about 15%, but when anaesthesia is reduced considerably again -- 2,5 min later -- the Ach content only reaches its maximum level.", "contents": "[Influence of duration and depth of ether of brevinarcon narcosis on the cerebral acetylcholine content of rat]. For decapitation of rats in order to determine brain acetylcholine (Ach) content the animals may be anaesthesized slightly by ether no longer than for 2 min, since forebrain Ach content increases quickly up to about 170% throughout the following 3 min. The progress of brain Ach content up to its maximum level is decided both by duration and degree of cns depression: In the moment of most distinctly marked Brevinarcon -narcosis -- evident 2,5 min after i. v. injection (40 mg/kg) -- the forebrain Ach content merely is increased by about 15%, but when anaesthesia is reduced considerably again -- 2,5 min later -- the Ach content only reaches its maximum level.", "PMID": 735637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2217", "title": "[Fluorescence-analytical studies of the reaction of several psychoactive drugs with membrane structures of the CNS].", "content": "The use of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) as an indicator of membrane conformational perturbations induced by psychoactive drugs was tested with regard to its specificity considering both chemical structure (phenothiazine, butyrophenone, phenylalkylhydrazine) and pharmacological activity (major transquilizers, antidepressants, antihistamines), on the one hand, and brain region (cortex, striatum, hippocampus) and subcellular structure of membranes (mitochondria, microsomes, synaptosomes), on the other. Not only a weak strengthening of ANS affinity to membrane constituents by chlorpromazine and promethazine (haloperidol and phenelzine were without effect), but also the alteration of membrane structure in such a way as to create additional ANS binding sites by chlorpromazine and to a smaller degree also by promethazine and haloperidol (phenelzine was without effect) resulting in a manifold increase in fluorescence indicated any relation to functional characteristics of biological material or properties of drugs. Apparent dissociation constants and membrane ANS binding sizes are reported.", "contents": "[Fluorescence-analytical studies of the reaction of several psychoactive drugs with membrane structures of the CNS]. The use of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) as an indicator of membrane conformational perturbations induced by psychoactive drugs was tested with regard to its specificity considering both chemical structure (phenothiazine, butyrophenone, phenylalkylhydrazine) and pharmacological activity (major transquilizers, antidepressants, antihistamines), on the one hand, and brain region (cortex, striatum, hippocampus) and subcellular structure of membranes (mitochondria, microsomes, synaptosomes), on the other. Not only a weak strengthening of ANS affinity to membrane constituents by chlorpromazine and promethazine (haloperidol and phenelzine were without effect), but also the alteration of membrane structure in such a way as to create additional ANS binding sites by chlorpromazine and to a smaller degree also by promethazine and haloperidol (phenelzine was without effect) resulting in a manifold increase in fluorescence indicated any relation to functional characteristics of biological material or properties of drugs. Apparent dissociation constants and membrane ANS binding sizes are reported.", "PMID": 735638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2218", "title": "Purification of acid proteinases from calf brain.", "content": "The purification was begun with acetone precipitation of minced brain tissue with subsequent proteinase extraction with 0.2 M sodium formate buffer (pH 3.5), reprecipitation with acetone and dialysis. Chromatographic separation on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-cellulose was carried out in that order. Upon ion-exchange chromatography multiple forms of acid proteinases emerged; two of them were obviously identical with cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5), and two of them exhibited properties of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).", "contents": "Purification of acid proteinases from calf brain. The purification was begun with acetone precipitation of minced brain tissue with subsequent proteinase extraction with 0.2 M sodium formate buffer (pH 3.5), reprecipitation with acetone and dialysis. Chromatographic separation on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-cellulose was carried out in that order. Upon ion-exchange chromatography multiple forms of acid proteinases emerged; two of them were obviously identical with cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5), and two of them exhibited properties of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).", "PMID": 735639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2219", "title": "A sequential extraction method for RNA from rabbit liver.", "content": "When naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate (NDS) and phenol-cresol were used for extraction of rRNA from rabbit liver approximately 80% of the extractable RNA was recovered. By subsequent treatment of the resulting insoluble interface with 4-aminosalicylate and triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonate (PAS-TIPNS) the remaining RNA was extracted. Subcellular fractionation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or sucrose density gradient analysis showed that this last fraction contrained 28s RNA from membrane-bound polysomes. Applying the sequential extraction method for isolation of poly(A)-containing mRNA showed that only a minor part of that RNA was extracted with NDS while the rest was recovered by PAS-TIPNS treatment of the interface. Thus, a purification of poly(A)-containing mRNA was possible when the sequential extraction method was used.", "contents": "A sequential extraction method for RNA from rabbit liver. When naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate (NDS) and phenol-cresol were used for extraction of rRNA from rabbit liver approximately 80% of the extractable RNA was recovered. By subsequent treatment of the resulting insoluble interface with 4-aminosalicylate and triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonate (PAS-TIPNS) the remaining RNA was extracted. Subcellular fractionation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or sucrose density gradient analysis showed that this last fraction contrained 28s RNA from membrane-bound polysomes. Applying the sequential extraction method for isolation of poly(A)-containing mRNA showed that only a minor part of that RNA was extracted with NDS while the rest was recovered by PAS-TIPNS treatment of the interface. Thus, a purification of poly(A)-containing mRNA was possible when the sequential extraction method was used.", "PMID": 735641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2220", "title": "[Experimental model for the study of the vascular system of the bronchial artery].", "content": "An experimental model was worked out for the isolated study of the vasculal system of the bronchial artery. The model allowed to study 1) the role of bronchiar circulation in the pathomechanism of the shock lung; 2) the effect of charges in fusion of the isolated circulation of the microstructure of the lungs; 3) the effect of changes in pH, CO2 level and O2 tension on the greater and lesser circulation, on ventilation, CO2 loss, and O2 uptake were studied.", "contents": "[Experimental model for the study of the vascular system of the bronchial artery]. An experimental model was worked out for the isolated study of the vasculal system of the bronchial artery. The model allowed to study 1) the role of bronchiar circulation in the pathomechanism of the shock lung; 2) the effect of charges in fusion of the isolated circulation of the microstructure of the lungs; 3) the effect of changes in pH, CO2 level and O2 tension on the greater and lesser circulation, on ventilation, CO2 loss, and O2 uptake were studied.", "PMID": 735642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2221", "title": "Ultrastructural investigation of the human hand after tendon and motor nerve injury.", "content": "Specimens of the affected muscles obtained during reconstructive surgery 4 to 16 weeks after injury of the tendon or of the motor nerve of the human hand were studied. After tenotomy the most serious lesions were displayed by the contractile elements which were homogeneous brittle and atrophied, and disintegrated independently of the functional units. The number of mitochondria decreased, the sarcoplasmic reticulum accumulated and the red and white muscle fibres could not be distinguished. After motor nerve injury the motor end plates were completely destroyed and Wallerian degeneration appeared. The contractile elements atrophied and were brittle. The number of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreased, the sarcoplasmic glycogen content was higher than normal, and often the cell nuclei occupied a central position.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigation of the human hand after tendon and motor nerve injury. Specimens of the affected muscles obtained during reconstructive surgery 4 to 16 weeks after injury of the tendon or of the motor nerve of the human hand were studied. After tenotomy the most serious lesions were displayed by the contractile elements which were homogeneous brittle and atrophied, and disintegrated independently of the functional units. The number of mitochondria decreased, the sarcoplasmic reticulum accumulated and the red and white muscle fibres could not be distinguished. After motor nerve injury the motor end plates were completely destroyed and Wallerian degeneration appeared. The contractile elements atrophied and were brittle. The number of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreased, the sarcoplasmic glycogen content was higher than normal, and often the cell nuclei occupied a central position.", "PMID": 735643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2222", "title": "[Vascular prostheses complications in autopsy material].", "content": "The early and late complications of vascular grafts in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Semmelweis University Medical School are discussed on the basis of a five year post mortem material. The mortality of the operations was 11.5%. Haemorrhage and infection are considered the most serious complications. The cause of the complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Vascular prostheses complications in autopsy material]. The early and late complications of vascular grafts in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Semmelweis University Medical School are discussed on the basis of a five year post mortem material. The mortality of the operations was 11.5%. Haemorrhage and infection are considered the most serious complications. The cause of the complications are discussed.", "PMID": 735644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2223", "title": "Stimulation of wound healing by means of laser rays. Part III--Investigation of the effect on immune competent cells.", "content": "The immune-suppressive action of laser rays was studied in directly irradiated human lymphocytes. It was found that the argon ion gas laser is more effective in the range between 488 and 501 nm than at other wavelengths and than the He--Ne laser (632 nm) of the same performance. It is assumed that the suppression of some undesirable immune reaction (auto-aggressive process) contributes to the stimulating effect of laser rays on wound healing.", "contents": "Stimulation of wound healing by means of laser rays. Part III--Investigation of the effect on immune competent cells. The immune-suppressive action of laser rays was studied in directly irradiated human lymphocytes. It was found that the argon ion gas laser is more effective in the range between 488 and 501 nm than at other wavelengths and than the He--Ne laser (632 nm) of the same performance. It is assumed that the suppression of some undesirable immune reaction (auto-aggressive process) contributes to the stimulating effect of laser rays on wound healing.", "PMID": 735645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2224", "title": "[Pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts].", "content": "Experience gained in connection with the diagnosis and removal of 33 pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts is described and compared with the pertaining data in the literature. The incidence, pathology, symptomatology, diagnostics and differential diagnostics of these cysts and the chances of conservative and surgical therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts]. Experience gained in connection with the diagnosis and removal of 33 pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts is described and compared with the pertaining data in the literature. The incidence, pathology, symptomatology, diagnostics and differential diagnostics of these cysts and the chances of conservative and surgical therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 735646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2225", "title": "[Ketamine in the induction of neuroleptoanesthesia].", "content": "The technique of ketamine-introduced neuroleptanaesthesia has been modified by altering the order of application of the drugs, and the following changes in the circulatory parameters are analyzed. In contrast data in the literature claiming that the direction of circulatory changes is a function of age, the correlation with the circulating blood volume is pointed out. The method has the advantage of shorting the time needed for the introduction of anaesthesia and of facilitating the detection and timely replacement of any eventual volume deficiency.", "contents": "[Ketamine in the induction of neuroleptoanesthesia]. The technique of ketamine-introduced neuroleptanaesthesia has been modified by altering the order of application of the drugs, and the following changes in the circulatory parameters are analyzed. In contrast data in the literature claiming that the direction of circulatory changes is a function of age, the correlation with the circulating blood volume is pointed out. The method has the advantage of shorting the time needed for the introduction of anaesthesia and of facilitating the detection and timely replacement of any eventual volume deficiency.", "PMID": 735647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2226", "title": "[Testicular torsion in the 15-year records of our clinic].", "content": "Six cases of testicular torsion treated in the last 15 years are described and attention is drawn to the importance of thorough examination and early treatment.", "contents": "[Testicular torsion in the 15-year records of our clinic]. Six cases of testicular torsion treated in the last 15 years are described and attention is drawn to the importance of thorough examination and early treatment.", "PMID": 735648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2227", "title": "Transient blood flow reduction induced by intra-arterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on rats.", "content": "Starch microspheres, degradable by endogenous blood amylase were selectively injected into the femoral and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively, to obtain temporary local ischemia in foot and gut of the rat. The experimental models are described. Studies with tracer microspheres demonstrated, that the blood flow in the foot and the small intestine immediately declined to near zero, but latter resumed control levels.", "contents": "Transient blood flow reduction induced by intra-arterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on rats. Starch microspheres, degradable by endogenous blood amylase were selectively injected into the femoral and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively, to obtain temporary local ischemia in foot and gut of the rat. The experimental models are described. Studies with tracer microspheres demonstrated, that the blood flow in the foot and the small intestine immediately declined to near zero, but latter resumed control levels.", "PMID": 735662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2228", "title": "Incidence of gallstones development after selective hepatic vagotomy.", "content": "The incidence of gallstone development after selective hepatic vagotomy was evaluated in a prospective study, comparing it with a control group. There were 26 subjects with normal gallbladder, who were studied 3 to 5 years later and compared with 22 patients with reflux esophagitis who were operated and followed in a similar way. In all patients a selective hepatic vagotomy was performed as part of the posterior gastropexy. All had oral cholecystograms before and after surgery. In normal subjects 2 of the 26 cases (7.7%) and in the operated patients 9 of the 22 (41%), showed gallstones during the second evaluation. This incidence is statistically different. The importance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of gallstones development after selective hepatic vagotomy. The incidence of gallstone development after selective hepatic vagotomy was evaluated in a prospective study, comparing it with a control group. There were 26 subjects with normal gallbladder, who were studied 3 to 5 years later and compared with 22 patients with reflux esophagitis who were operated and followed in a similar way. In all patients a selective hepatic vagotomy was performed as part of the posterior gastropexy. All had oral cholecystograms before and after surgery. In normal subjects 2 of the 26 cases (7.7%) and in the operated patients 9 of the 22 (41%), showed gallstones during the second evaluation. This incidence is statistically different. The importance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 735663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2229", "title": "Gastric polyps and precancerous mucosal changes after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Gastric polyps are considered to be rare. However, at endoscopy the prevalence of gastric polyps after partial gastrectomy was found to be 8.9% (30/336 patients) compared with 4.9% (20/407) in a clinical control material with a comparable age and sex distribution. Four patients with precancerous mucosal alterations were found in the operated group. Repeated endoscopic check-ups have at present been performed in 57.4% of these patients. In our experience the diagnostic accuracy with regard to malignancy is not entirely satisfactory. Histological examination of the surgical specimen from one of the 4 patients with precancerous changes showed a macroscopically invisible early carcinoma. Follow-up examinations (within 4 years) have in 5 out of 26 cases with sessile polyps disclosed carcinoma in 3 cases and precancerous changes or adenoma in another 2 cases. Careful re-examination of all patients with precancerous changes and gastric polyps is recommended.", "contents": "Gastric polyps and precancerous mucosal changes after partial gastrectomy. Gastric polyps are considered to be rare. However, at endoscopy the prevalence of gastric polyps after partial gastrectomy was found to be 8.9% (30/336 patients) compared with 4.9% (20/407) in a clinical control material with a comparable age and sex distribution. Four patients with precancerous mucosal alterations were found in the operated group. Repeated endoscopic check-ups have at present been performed in 57.4% of these patients. In our experience the diagnostic accuracy with regard to malignancy is not entirely satisfactory. Histological examination of the surgical specimen from one of the 4 patients with precancerous changes showed a macroscopically invisible early carcinoma. Follow-up examinations (within 4 years) have in 5 out of 26 cases with sessile polyps disclosed carcinoma in 3 cases and precancerous changes or adenoma in another 2 cases. Careful re-examination of all patients with precancerous changes and gastric polyps is recommended.", "PMID": 735664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2230", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of phenoxybenzamine and volume replacement in segmental ischemia of the rat small intestine.", "content": "Segmental ischemia of the small intestine in the rat was established by ligating the mesenteric arterial end arcades of 1/4 of the length of the small intestine. Regional and central blood flow was measured with the microsphere technique before and 2 h after induction of the ischemia. In one series of rats an i.v. infusion of 16 ml plasma per kg body weight (b.w.) was given during the experimental period, which maintained the central circulation. However, the impairment of blood supply to the whole small intestine caused by the segmental ischemia was not normalized. Two other series of rats were treated with either phenoxybenzamine alone, 3 mg.kg-1 b.w., or the same dosage of phenoxybenzamine plus plasma infusion (16 ml.kg-1 b.w.). The central circulation was deteriorated and the blood flow to the small intestine reduced in the rats receiving phenoxybenzamine alone. Both the central circulation and the blood supply to the non-ischemic parts of the intestine were maintained in rats treated with both phenoxybenzamine and plasma. Combined treatment with phenoxybenzamine and volume replacement thus seems to be valuable for limiting the secondary hemodynamic changes caused by segmental intestinal ischemia.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of phenoxybenzamine and volume replacement in segmental ischemia of the rat small intestine. Segmental ischemia of the small intestine in the rat was established by ligating the mesenteric arterial end arcades of 1/4 of the length of the small intestine. Regional and central blood flow was measured with the microsphere technique before and 2 h after induction of the ischemia. In one series of rats an i.v. infusion of 16 ml plasma per kg body weight (b.w.) was given during the experimental period, which maintained the central circulation. However, the impairment of blood supply to the whole small intestine caused by the segmental ischemia was not normalized. Two other series of rats were treated with either phenoxybenzamine alone, 3 mg.kg-1 b.w., or the same dosage of phenoxybenzamine plus plasma infusion (16 ml.kg-1 b.w.). The central circulation was deteriorated and the blood flow to the small intestine reduced in the rats receiving phenoxybenzamine alone. Both the central circulation and the blood supply to the non-ischemic parts of the intestine were maintained in rats treated with both phenoxybenzamine and plasma. Combined treatment with phenoxybenzamine and volume replacement thus seems to be valuable for limiting the secondary hemodynamic changes caused by segmental intestinal ischemia.", "PMID": 735665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2231", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of methylprednisolone in rats subjected to segmental intestinal ischemia.", "content": "Massive doses of methylprednisolone were given to rats subjected to segmental intestinal ischemis. The central and regional blood flows were studied with the microsphere technique. Ischemia was induced by ligating the arteries to 1/4 of the length of the small intestine. In rats subjected to 2 h of segmental intestinal ischemia methylprednisolone seemed to prevent the decrease in blood flow, previously noted in untreated rats, in the regions where the arteries were not occluded. When adequate volume replacement was given in combination with methylprednisolone, the blood flow in the ischemic region showed a slight improvement. The edema in the ischemic segments tended to be less marked in rats treated with methylprednisolone.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of methylprednisolone in rats subjected to segmental intestinal ischemia. Massive doses of methylprednisolone were given to rats subjected to segmental intestinal ischemis. The central and regional blood flows were studied with the microsphere technique. Ischemia was induced by ligating the arteries to 1/4 of the length of the small intestine. In rats subjected to 2 h of segmental intestinal ischemia methylprednisolone seemed to prevent the decrease in blood flow, previously noted in untreated rats, in the regions where the arteries were not occluded. When adequate volume replacement was given in combination with methylprednisolone, the blood flow in the ischemic region showed a slight improvement. The edema in the ischemic segments tended to be less marked in rats treated with methylprednisolone.", "PMID": 735666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2232", "title": "Inflammatory tumours in the rectum clinically simulating cancer.", "content": "Four patients were admitted to our department after discovery of a palpable mass in the rectal ampulla. All lesions were clinically interpreted as malignant neoplasms. Repeated examinations with biopsies showed nonspecific, inflammatory tumours in all cases. Inflammatory tumours of the rectum may occur in a number of diseases. The lesions in two patients may have their origin in the solitary ulcer of the rectum or colitis cystica profunda, while this diagnosis for certain was made in the fourth patient. The third described patient had a palpable mass in the rectal ampulla after a difficult urethral dilatation, and the mass gradually subsided without treatment. The clinical misinterpretation of inflammatory tumours as malignant neoplasms has been responsible for a considerable number of unnecessary surgical procedures.", "contents": "Inflammatory tumours in the rectum clinically simulating cancer. Four patients were admitted to our department after discovery of a palpable mass in the rectal ampulla. All lesions were clinically interpreted as malignant neoplasms. Repeated examinations with biopsies showed nonspecific, inflammatory tumours in all cases. Inflammatory tumours of the rectum may occur in a number of diseases. The lesions in two patients may have their origin in the solitary ulcer of the rectum or colitis cystica profunda, while this diagnosis for certain was made in the fourth patient. The third described patient had a palpable mass in the rectal ampulla after a difficult urethral dilatation, and the mass gradually subsided without treatment. The clinical misinterpretation of inflammatory tumours as malignant neoplasms has been responsible for a considerable number of unnecessary surgical procedures.", "PMID": 735668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2233", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis. The present author has found about 150 cases on going through the literature. The lipid filled \"foam cell\" is typical of the condition. The preoperative diagnosis is often renal carcinoma. The treatment is nephrectomy. It is important to make the diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary radical surgery. A unilateral non-functioning kidney with urinary tract infection (with or without calculi) should lead to the condition being suspected. The prognosis is good. Two new cases that both illustrate the condition well are presented.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A report of 2 cases. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis. The present author has found about 150 cases on going through the literature. The lipid filled \"foam cell\" is typical of the condition. The preoperative diagnosis is often renal carcinoma. The treatment is nephrectomy. It is important to make the diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary radical surgery. A unilateral non-functioning kidney with urinary tract infection (with or without calculi) should lead to the condition being suspected. The prognosis is good. Two new cases that both illustrate the condition well are presented.", "PMID": 735670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2234", "title": "The frequency and significance of postoperative plantar vein thrombosis judged by the 125I-fibrinogen test.", "content": "In 318 patients screening for the development of postoperative deep vein thrombosis was made with the 125I-fibrinogen test. In addition to the conventional measurements over the leg the planta pedis was also included. Of 221 legs with thrombosis 75 had an increased uptake in the planta pedis, but only in sixteen patients an isolated plantar thrombosis was found. In only eight of 70 thrombi there was evidence of a proximal extension of the plantar vein thrombosis. The time for the thrombosis debut did not differ between isolated plantar vein thrombi and more extensive thrombi; the majority beginning during the first four postoperative days.", "contents": "The frequency and significance of postoperative plantar vein thrombosis judged by the 125I-fibrinogen test. In 318 patients screening for the development of postoperative deep vein thrombosis was made with the 125I-fibrinogen test. In addition to the conventional measurements over the leg the planta pedis was also included. Of 221 legs with thrombosis 75 had an increased uptake in the planta pedis, but only in sixteen patients an isolated plantar thrombosis was found. In only eight of 70 thrombi there was evidence of a proximal extension of the plantar vein thrombosis. The time for the thrombosis debut did not differ between isolated plantar vein thrombi and more extensive thrombi; the majority beginning during the first four postoperative days.", "PMID": 735672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2235", "title": "Surgicel--an absorbable hemostatic material--in prevention of peritoneal adhesions in rats.", "content": "Forty rats were laparotomized and subjected to a standardized cecal trauma. In half the number of the rats, the injured cecum was embedded in oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel). In the remaining 20 rats, which served as controls, the cecum was left uncovered. The rats were sacrificed at 14 days after the operation and examined for intraperitoneal adhesions. Adhesions were significantly (p less than 0.001) less common in the group treated with oxidized regenerated cellulose. In a separate series eight rats were used for histological examination of the traumatized cecal wall. No macroscopic residuum of the implant was seen after one or two weeks. However, the histological examination demonstrated small remnants surrounded by ingrowing fibroblasts and inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Surgicel--an absorbable hemostatic material--in prevention of peritoneal adhesions in rats. Forty rats were laparotomized and subjected to a standardized cecal trauma. In half the number of the rats, the injured cecum was embedded in oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel). In the remaining 20 rats, which served as controls, the cecum was left uncovered. The rats were sacrificed at 14 days after the operation and examined for intraperitoneal adhesions. Adhesions were significantly (p less than 0.001) less common in the group treated with oxidized regenerated cellulose. In a separate series eight rats were used for histological examination of the traumatized cecal wall. No macroscopic residuum of the implant was seen after one or two weeks. However, the histological examination demonstrated small remnants surrounded by ingrowing fibroblasts and inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 735674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2236", "title": "Gastric emptying in duodenal ulcer patients before and after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and parietal cell vagotomy.", "content": "The gastric emptying of a liquid test meal containing 99Tcm-sulphur colloid was studied with a gamma camera in 24 duodenal ulcer patients. Studies were made before surgery, randomly chosen between truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and parietal cell vagotomy, and six weeks and one year after. Large variations in the emptying patterns were observed both between patients and in the same patients. No consistent change in the distribution of patterns were found between the three observation times and between the two surgical procedures. An initial rapid emptying was found in several studies and was observed both before and after operation and did not seem to be related to type of surgical procedure or to individual patients. The method applied did not allow a detailed study of this initial phase, which appears to be of a higher significance for the over-all emptying characteristics than the late exponential emptying, on which earlier investigators have been focused.", "contents": "Gastric emptying in duodenal ulcer patients before and after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and parietal cell vagotomy. The gastric emptying of a liquid test meal containing 99Tcm-sulphur colloid was studied with a gamma camera in 24 duodenal ulcer patients. Studies were made before surgery, randomly chosen between truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and parietal cell vagotomy, and six weeks and one year after. Large variations in the emptying patterns were observed both between patients and in the same patients. No consistent change in the distribution of patterns were found between the three observation times and between the two surgical procedures. An initial rapid emptying was found in several studies and was observed both before and after operation and did not seem to be related to type of surgical procedure or to individual patients. The method applied did not allow a detailed study of this initial phase, which appears to be of a higher significance for the over-all emptying characteristics than the late exponential emptying, on which earlier investigators have been focused.", "PMID": 735675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2237", "title": "Obstructive nephropathy with infection. A diagnostic pitfall.", "content": "Four patients with indistinct abdominal symptoms associated with fever are presented. In all cases the diagnosis proved to be obstructive nephropathy with infection. The proper treatment of the patients was delayed, essentially because of a non-investigative diagnostic attitude. The necessity of making a correct diagnosis in the early course of an acute abdominal disease with fever is emphasised and some investigations that may be of great value for reaching a precise diagnosis are indicated.", "contents": "Obstructive nephropathy with infection. A diagnostic pitfall. Four patients with indistinct abdominal symptoms associated with fever are presented. In all cases the diagnosis proved to be obstructive nephropathy with infection. The proper treatment of the patients was delayed, essentially because of a non-investigative diagnostic attitude. The necessity of making a correct diagnosis in the early course of an acute abdominal disease with fever is emphasised and some investigations that may be of great value for reaching a precise diagnosis are indicated.", "PMID": 735677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2238", "title": "Intussusception as a complication of partial gastrectomy. A case report.", "content": "The causes of postgastrectomy syndrome are multiple and differ in their relative frequency. Among the more unusual is intussusception of the small bowel into the stomach or into the jejunojejunostomy. We describe a patient with acute retrograde intussusception of the efferent loop into the jejunojejunostomy occurring 14 months after partial gastrectomy with Billroth II anastomosis. Several theories regarding etiology are mentioned, among them functional causes, mechanical causes and derangements in stomal function. In our case, the circulatory derangement might possibly be a causal factor. The diagnostic problems are discussed, and the importance of early diagnosis is pointed out. A chronic form of intussusception is mentioned by several authors. Often the differential diagnosis is difficult, but epigastric pain, vomiting--ultimately of blood--and a palpable mass, constitute a classic triad. X-ray and endoscopy are supplementary aids to the diagnosis. Several types of operative treatment have been used, but no operative procedure seems to be fully effective as a safeguard against recurrence.", "contents": "Intussusception as a complication of partial gastrectomy. A case report. The causes of postgastrectomy syndrome are multiple and differ in their relative frequency. Among the more unusual is intussusception of the small bowel into the stomach or into the jejunojejunostomy. We describe a patient with acute retrograde intussusception of the efferent loop into the jejunojejunostomy occurring 14 months after partial gastrectomy with Billroth II anastomosis. Several theories regarding etiology are mentioned, among them functional causes, mechanical causes and derangements in stomal function. In our case, the circulatory derangement might possibly be a causal factor. The diagnostic problems are discussed, and the importance of early diagnosis is pointed out. A chronic form of intussusception is mentioned by several authors. Often the differential diagnosis is difficult, but epigastric pain, vomiting--ultimately of blood--and a palpable mass, constitute a classic triad. X-ray and endoscopy are supplementary aids to the diagnosis. Several types of operative treatment have been used, but no operative procedure seems to be fully effective as a safeguard against recurrence.", "PMID": 735679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2239", "title": "Influence of duodenal intrinsic factor on the absorption of labelled vitamin B12.", "content": "The intrinsic factor activity of powdered hog duodenal mucosa was confirmed by measurements of the absorption of labelled vitamin B 12 (Schilling-test) in 7 cases of Addisonian pernicious anaemia. In view of the fact that, according to earlier studies of the authors based on a bacteriological test, human duodenal juice also exhibits an intrinsic factor activity, it is suggested that the duodenal intrinsic factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia. The results of the Schilling-test are critically reviewed in the  light of recent published evidence.", "contents": "Influence of duodenal intrinsic factor on the absorption of labelled vitamin B12. The intrinsic factor activity of powdered hog duodenal mucosa was confirmed by measurements of the absorption of labelled vitamin B 12 (Schilling-test) in 7 cases of Addisonian pernicious anaemia. In view of the fact that, according to earlier studies of the authors based on a bacteriological test, human duodenal juice also exhibits an intrinsic factor activity, it is suggested that the duodenal intrinsic factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia. The results of the Schilling-test are critically reviewed in the  light of recent published evidence.", "PMID": 735713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2240", "title": "[A surgeon's experiences in the treatment of stress ulcer with cimetidine].", "content": "61 patients with acute stress ulcers were treated with cimetidine. Additional surgical treatment was neccessary in 5 patients. 27 patients died from complications. In none of these patients the gastrointestinal haemorrhage caused the fatal outcome.", "contents": "[A surgeon's experiences in the treatment of stress ulcer with cimetidine]. 61 patients with acute stress ulcers were treated with cimetidine. Additional surgical treatment was neccessary in 5 patients. 27 patients died from complications. In none of these patients the gastrointestinal haemorrhage caused the fatal outcome.", "PMID": 735714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2241", "title": "[Treatment of stomach ulcer and of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with cimetidine].", "content": "The treatment of gastric ulcer by the H2-receptor-antagonist Cimetidine results in an ulcer healing rate of 60 to 80% during a 4 to 6 weeks therapy cure. In most studies Cimetidine is superior to placebo or equipotent to a high dose antacid regimen, the latter being accepted to be of beneficial effect on ulcer healing. In the Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome Cimetidine inhibits largely gastric acid hypersecretion and represents for the first time a true alternative to total gastrectomy.", "contents": "[Treatment of stomach ulcer and of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with cimetidine]. The treatment of gastric ulcer by the H2-receptor-antagonist Cimetidine results in an ulcer healing rate of 60 to 80% during a 4 to 6 weeks therapy cure. In most studies Cimetidine is superior to placebo or equipotent to a high dose antacid regimen, the latter being accepted to be of beneficial effect on ulcer healing. In the Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome Cimetidine inhibits largely gastric acid hypersecretion and represents for the first time a true alternative to total gastrectomy.", "PMID": 735716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2242", "title": "[Treatment of acute leukemia in adults with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine].", "content": "After treatment of acute leukaemia in adults with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine complete and partial remission was achieved in 50% of cases. In view of short-lasting remissions achieved maintenance treatment with other cytostatic agents was necessary. The authors called attention to the fact that in the cases with remission the counts of granulocytes and platelets increased early during cytostatic treatment and the number of blast cells fell rapidly. In cases without response to this treatment these early signs of normalization of peripheral blood morphotic elements were not observed.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute leukemia in adults with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine]. After treatment of acute leukaemia in adults with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine complete and partial remission was achieved in 50% of cases. In view of short-lasting remissions achieved maintenance treatment with other cytostatic agents was necessary. The authors called attention to the fact that in the cases with remission the counts of granulocytes and platelets increased early during cytostatic treatment and the number of blast cells fell rapidly. In cases without response to this treatment these early signs of normalization of peripheral blood morphotic elements were not observed.", "PMID": 735711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2243", "title": "[Lysozyme activity (LZM) and unsaturated vitamin B-12-binding capacity (NZW vit B-12) in the serum following prednisone administration in patients with bone marrow aplasia with pancotypenia].", "content": "In 18 patients with bone marrow aplasia with pancytopenia lysozyme activity and unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity in the serum were determined. These investigations, together with determinations of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear count, were done again after prednisone administration. In all cases a significant fall was found in the NZW vit B12 and LZM activity in the serum. A slight rise in the polymorphonuclear count in the 24th hour of the study was associated with a rise in the NZW wit. B12 in the serum, and decreased LZM activity. This confirmed the previously demonstrated complex character of corticosteroid action on the system of polymorphonuclears. These results point also to the usefulness of determination of unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity for evaluating the value of the total granulocyte pool in granulocytopenia.", "contents": "[Lysozyme activity (LZM) and unsaturated vitamin B-12-binding capacity (NZW vit B-12) in the serum following prednisone administration in patients with bone marrow aplasia with pancotypenia]. In 18 patients with bone marrow aplasia with pancytopenia lysozyme activity and unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity in the serum were determined. These investigations, together with determinations of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear count, were done again after prednisone administration. In all cases a significant fall was found in the NZW vit B12 and LZM activity in the serum. A slight rise in the polymorphonuclear count in the 24th hour of the study was associated with a rise in the NZW wit. B12 in the serum, and decreased LZM activity. This confirmed the previously demonstrated complex character of corticosteroid action on the system of polymorphonuclears. These results point also to the usefulness of determination of unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity for evaluating the value of the total granulocyte pool in granulocytopenia.", "PMID": 735710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2244", "title": "[Glutathione reductase activity in erythrocytes of rats with transplantable Morris 5123 hepatoma].", "content": "The activity of NADPH- and NADH-dependent erythrocyte glutathione reductase was determined in rats with Morris 5123 hepatoma at different stages of tumor development (10, 20, 30 and 40 days after transplantation). During the early stage of tumor growth the activity of glutathione reductase with either of these coenzymes was increased. In the late stage of the disease the activity of NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase fell below control values. The obtained results are discussed in the light of previous observations on the effects of this neoplasm on the metabolism of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Glutathione reductase activity in erythrocytes of rats with transplantable Morris 5123 hepatoma]. The activity of NADPH- and NADH-dependent erythrocyte glutathione reductase was determined in rats with Morris 5123 hepatoma at different stages of tumor development (10, 20, 30 and 40 days after transplantation). During the early stage of tumor growth the activity of glutathione reductase with either of these coenzymes was increased. In the late stage of the disease the activity of NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase fell below control values. The obtained results are discussed in the light of previous observations on the effects of this neoplasm on the metabolism of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 735712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2245", "title": "[Activation-dependent characteristics of the electroencephalogram during visual information processing: II Results of an automatic amplitude analysis based on momentary values of signal voltage (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG was recorded in 16 Ss. under conditions of a modified \"Konzentrations-Leistung-Test\" including four levels of performance (balanced change-over design), and histograms of the momentary values of the signal voltages (derivation F3/01) constructed for frequency bands 4...8 Hz, 8...13 Hz and 13...26 Hz. The type of performance affected significantly standard deviations and the excesses in all frequency bands (multivariate analysis of variance, F-Test). Similar to the results of an interval analysis (Activ. ner. sup. 18, 1976, p. 244), the differences in mean values indicated the preponderant relevance of perceptual factors (NEWMAN-KEULS-Test). Four characteristics showed a significant activation dependence: the standard deviations of the amplitude distributions in the frequency bands 4...8 Hz and 13...26 Hz, corresponding to the root-mean--square values of the signal voltages, as well as the excesses in the frequency bands 8...13 Hz and 13...26 Hz. Only and amplitude of the theta waves were influenced notably by mental arithmetics, significantly though only when this was done under conditions of time stress.", "contents": "[Activation-dependent characteristics of the electroencephalogram during visual information processing: II Results of an automatic amplitude analysis based on momentary values of signal voltage (author's transl)]. EEG was recorded in 16 Ss. under conditions of a modified \"Konzentrations-Leistung-Test\" including four levels of performance (balanced change-over design), and histograms of the momentary values of the signal voltages (derivation F3/01) constructed for frequency bands 4...8 Hz, 8...13 Hz and 13...26 Hz. The type of performance affected significantly standard deviations and the excesses in all frequency bands (multivariate analysis of variance, F-Test). Similar to the results of an interval analysis (Activ. ner. sup. 18, 1976, p. 244), the differences in mean values indicated the preponderant relevance of perceptual factors (NEWMAN-KEULS-Test). Four characteristics showed a significant activation dependence: the standard deviations of the amplitude distributions in the frequency bands 4...8 Hz and 13...26 Hz, corresponding to the root-mean--square values of the signal voltages, as well as the excesses in the frequency bands 8...13 Hz and 13...26 Hz. Only and amplitude of the theta waves were influenced notably by mental arithmetics, significantly though only when this was done under conditions of time stress.", "PMID": 735744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2246", "title": "Dissociation between motor potential and contingent negative variation after lesions of some basal ganglia in man: electrophysiological study of torticollis.", "content": "Studied slow cortical potentials associated with voluntary movements (\"readiness potential\", RP and \"motor potential\", MP) and discrimination tasks (contingent negative variation\", CNV, \"expectancy wave\", EW) in 11 normal subjects and 11 patients with torticollis (every person going through 2 experimental sessions). The following was found: 1. In torticollis-patients, the RP appeared as a complex, irregular wave with low--voltage, ataxic course. 2. The mean amplitude of the RP was significantly lower in the torticollis-group than in the control group. 3. The mean amplitude of the late positive component P2 of the MP was also significantly lower in torticollis-patients than in controls. 4. The CNV showed a high-voltage course in patients with torticollis. 5. The mean amplitude of the CNV was significantly higher in torticollis--patients than in controls. 6. The mean amplitude of the late positive component P2 after the resolution of the discrimination task was also higher in the torticollis--group than in the control group, but the difference did not reach the level of significance.--This marked dissociation between the adynamic RP-MP field generators and the very responsive CNV field generators is being interpreted partly as an electrophysiological symptom of impairment in programming and performance of sequential motor acts (in the case of the RP-MP), partly as a disruption of the control of emotional and affective processes, as well as non-specific (extralemniscal) afferences (in the case of the CNV) resulting from a basal ganglia lesion in torticollis.", "contents": "Dissociation between motor potential and contingent negative variation after lesions of some basal ganglia in man: electrophysiological study of torticollis. Studied slow cortical potentials associated with voluntary movements (\"readiness potential\", RP and \"motor potential\", MP) and discrimination tasks (contingent negative variation\", CNV, \"expectancy wave\", EW) in 11 normal subjects and 11 patients with torticollis (every person going through 2 experimental sessions). The following was found: 1. In torticollis-patients, the RP appeared as a complex, irregular wave with low--voltage, ataxic course. 2. The mean amplitude of the RP was significantly lower in the torticollis-group than in the control group. 3. The mean amplitude of the late positive component P2 of the MP was also significantly lower in torticollis-patients than in controls. 4. The CNV showed a high-voltage course in patients with torticollis. 5. The mean amplitude of the CNV was significantly higher in torticollis--patients than in controls. 6. The mean amplitude of the late positive component P2 after the resolution of the discrimination task was also higher in the torticollis--group than in the control group, but the difference did not reach the level of significance.--This marked dissociation between the adynamic RP-MP field generators and the very responsive CNV field generators is being interpreted partly as an electrophysiological symptom of impairment in programming and performance of sequential motor acts (in the case of the RP-MP), partly as a disruption of the control of emotional and affective processes, as well as non-specific (extralemniscal) afferences (in the case of the CNV) resulting from a basal ganglia lesion in torticollis.", "PMID": 735745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2247", "title": "Heart involvement in hepatolenticular degeneration.", "content": "The case of a 10-year-old boy with a mild abdominal form of hepatolenticular degeneration, showing clinical, laboratory and histological manifestations of heart involvement is reported. The microscopical examination of myocardial fragments collected by intracavitary puncture biopsy, using hematoxylin-eosine and the histochemical method with rubeanic acid, showed a medium degree of myocardial damage and the presence of copper deposition in the tissue. Copper concentration on a myocardial biopsy fragment was almost 10 times the normal heart content. Comments are made on the relationship of the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings with the degree of copper storage on the myocardium.", "contents": "Heart involvement in hepatolenticular degeneration. The case of a 10-year-old boy with a mild abdominal form of hepatolenticular degeneration, showing clinical, laboratory and histological manifestations of heart involvement is reported. The microscopical examination of myocardial fragments collected by intracavitary puncture biopsy, using hematoxylin-eosine and the histochemical method with rubeanic acid, showed a medium degree of myocardial damage and the presence of copper deposition in the tissue. Copper concentration on a myocardial biopsy fragment was almost 10 times the normal heart content. Comments are made on the relationship of the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings with the degree of copper storage on the myocardium.", "PMID": 735751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2248", "title": "Progressive supranuclear palsy: electomyographic examinations of eye muscles.", "content": "Electromyographic examination of vertical and lateral extraocular muscles was carried out in five patients suffering from progressive supranuclear palsy, and incapable of performing voluntary vertical eye movements. No evidence of a lower motor neurone lesion or paradoxical innervation of eye muscles was noted. Reciprocal inhibiton of antagonist vertical muscles though present in oculocephalic (doll's head) stimulation, was incomplete on attempted voluntary movement. This factor is held to be the probable immediate cause of the vertical gaze palsy.", "contents": "Progressive supranuclear palsy: electomyographic examinations of eye muscles. Electromyographic examination of vertical and lateral extraocular muscles was carried out in five patients suffering from progressive supranuclear palsy, and incapable of performing voluntary vertical eye movements. No evidence of a lower motor neurone lesion or paradoxical innervation of eye muscles was noted. Reciprocal inhibiton of antagonist vertical muscles though present in oculocephalic (doll's head) stimulation, was incomplete on attempted voluntary movement. This factor is held to be the probable immediate cause of the vertical gaze palsy.", "PMID": 735752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2249", "title": "Hyperthyroidism as a cause of persistent choreic movements.", "content": "A patient is described who had thyrotoxicosis more than 30 years ago and suffers since that time from presistent choreic movements. This case suggests for the first time that chorea induced by hyperthyroidism may outlast the endocrine disorder and become irreversible.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism as a cause of persistent choreic movements. A patient is described who had thyrotoxicosis more than 30 years ago and suffers since that time from presistent choreic movements. This case suggests for the first time that chorea induced by hyperthyroidism may outlast the endocrine disorder and become irreversible.", "PMID": 735753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2250", "title": "Methylcholanthrene induced murine primitive neuroectodermal tumor: ultrastructure and nuclear RNA polymerase activity.", "content": "The histology, ultrastructure, and nuclear RNA polymerase activity are described in a murine primitive neuroectodermal tumor derived by serial transplantation from a tumor originally induced with methylcholanthrene and classified as an ependymoblastoma. The light microscope and ultrastructural studies show that this tumor does not contain the distinguishing morphological features of differentiated ependymal cells which are also commonly seen in human ependymomas. One outstanding feature is the size and number of the nucleoli. The mean number of nucleoli/nucleus is 4 which is two to four times that of the normal neuroglial cell. The nucleolar diameter is about twice that found in normal neuroglial cells. The nucleolar diameter is about twice that found in normal neuroglial cells. The nuclear RNA synthesizing activity is the highest of the chemically induced animal tumors we have studied. The alpha amanitin inhibition is the lowest seen in any of these tumors which suggests that RNA polymerases inhibited by alpha amanitin contribute less to the total nuclear RNA synthesis. Adriamycin significantly inhibits the nuclear RNA polymerase activity of this tumor.", "contents": "Methylcholanthrene induced murine primitive neuroectodermal tumor: ultrastructure and nuclear RNA polymerase activity. The histology, ultrastructure, and nuclear RNA polymerase activity are described in a murine primitive neuroectodermal tumor derived by serial transplantation from a tumor originally induced with methylcholanthrene and classified as an ependymoblastoma. The light microscope and ultrastructural studies show that this tumor does not contain the distinguishing morphological features of differentiated ependymal cells which are also commonly seen in human ependymomas. One outstanding feature is the size and number of the nucleoli. The mean number of nucleoli/nucleus is 4 which is two to four times that of the normal neuroglial cell. The nucleolar diameter is about twice that found in normal neuroglial cells. The nucleolar diameter is about twice that found in normal neuroglial cells. The nuclear RNA synthesizing activity is the highest of the chemically induced animal tumors we have studied. The alpha amanitin inhibition is the lowest seen in any of these tumors which suggests that RNA polymerases inhibited by alpha amanitin contribute less to the total nuclear RNA synthesis. Adriamycin significantly inhibits the nuclear RNA polymerase activity of this tumor.", "PMID": 735755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2251", "title": "Flow-through cytometry of meningiomas and cultured meningioma cells.", "content": "Flow cytometric techniques were used to compare the DNA content, size and viability of meningioma cells obtained directly from surgical specimens with the same cells after a period of culture. Cells isolated from the original meningiomas and cells in primary culture was similar with regard to size and DNA content, regardless of the histologic subclassification of tumor. The cell populations were essentially diploid with a small proportion of tetraploid cells. Viable cells were smaller and more uniform in size than the nonviable cells. An increase in the number of cells having an elevated DNA content was seen with cultures repeatedly transferred. The latter results suggest that any transfer of information from long-term cultured meningioma cells to the in vivo situation must be done with caution.", "contents": "Flow-through cytometry of meningiomas and cultured meningioma cells. Flow cytometric techniques were used to compare the DNA content, size and viability of meningioma cells obtained directly from surgical specimens with the same cells after a period of culture. Cells isolated from the original meningiomas and cells in primary culture was similar with regard to size and DNA content, regardless of the histologic subclassification of tumor. The cell populations were essentially diploid with a small proportion of tetraploid cells. Viable cells were smaller and more uniform in size than the nonviable cells. An increase in the number of cells having an elevated DNA content was seen with cultures repeatedly transferred. The latter results suggest that any transfer of information from long-term cultured meningioma cells to the in vivo situation must be done with caution.", "PMID": 735756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2252", "title": "The perineurial and blood-nerve barriers in experimental diabetes.", "content": "The permeabilities of the blood-nerve barrier and the perineurial barrier were investigated in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats and in the mutant diabetic mouse [C57BL/Ks(db/db)]. In the mouse model both fluorescence and electron microscopic techniques were employed using Evans blue albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), respectively, as exogeneous tracers. In the rat models only HRP was used. Tracers were applied locally around the sciatic nerve in order to investigate the perineurial barrier, and systemically to detect changes in the blood nerve barrier. None of the models was found to show increased permeability across either of the barriers.", "contents": "The perineurial and blood-nerve barriers in experimental diabetes. The permeabilities of the blood-nerve barrier and the perineurial barrier were investigated in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats and in the mutant diabetic mouse [C57BL/Ks(db/db)]. In the mouse model both fluorescence and electron microscopic techniques were employed using Evans blue albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), respectively, as exogeneous tracers. In the rat models only HRP was used. Tracers were applied locally around the sciatic nerve in order to investigate the perineurial barrier, and systemically to detect changes in the blood nerve barrier. None of the models was found to show increased permeability across either of the barriers.", "PMID": 735757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2253", "title": "Redirected perforant and commissural of connections of eutopic and ectopic neurons in the hippocampus of methylazoxymethanol-acetate treated rats.", "content": "In an earlier study, it was reported that clusters of ectopic neurons developed postnatally in the hippocampus of rats which were exposed to Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) during fetal development (Singh, 1977b). This paper describes the perforant tract and commissural connections of hippocampal eutopic and ectopic neurons. These connections were traced with a reduced-silver method (Eager, 1970). Two observations of significance were made: (i) Ectopic neurons misplaced in stratum radiatum received terminals from axons in the perforant tract. The upper boundary for these redirected fibers was stratum pyramidale--approximately 350 mu outside the normal boundary which is situated near the hippocampal fissure. (ii) Ectopic neurons received a dramatically reduced commissural projection, compared with eutopic pyramidal neurons in Ammon's horn. Eutopic neurons in the hippocampus were found to receive afferent perforant tract and commissural fibers in the same way--i.e., density and distribution, as in control rats.", "contents": "Redirected perforant and commissural of connections of eutopic and ectopic neurons in the hippocampus of methylazoxymethanol-acetate treated rats. In an earlier study, it was reported that clusters of ectopic neurons developed postnatally in the hippocampus of rats which were exposed to Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) during fetal development (Singh, 1977b). This paper describes the perforant tract and commissural connections of hippocampal eutopic and ectopic neurons. These connections were traced with a reduced-silver method (Eager, 1970). Two observations of significance were made: (i) Ectopic neurons misplaced in stratum radiatum received terminals from axons in the perforant tract. The upper boundary for these redirected fibers was stratum pyramidale--approximately 350 mu outside the normal boundary which is situated near the hippocampal fissure. (ii) Ectopic neurons received a dramatically reduced commissural projection, compared with eutopic pyramidal neurons in Ammon's horn. Eutopic neurons in the hippocampus were found to receive afferent perforant tract and commissural fibers in the same way--i.e., density and distribution, as in control rats.", "PMID": 735758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2254", "title": "Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy with highly differentiated neural component. Light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A pigmented tumor was removed from the maxillar alveolar process of a 5-month-old boy. It was examined by light and electron microscopy and a diagnosis of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor was made. In addition to connective tissue, three main cell types were identified: undifferentiated (stem) cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells with processes forming an abundant neuropil. Numerous axo-dendritic and occasional axo-somatic synapses were observed. The neural component demonstrated better differentiation in this example than in any reported so far.", "contents": "Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy with highly differentiated neural component. Light and electron microscopic study. A pigmented tumor was removed from the maxillar alveolar process of a 5-month-old boy. It was examined by light and electron microscopy and a diagnosis of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor was made. In addition to connective tissue, three main cell types were identified: undifferentiated (stem) cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells with processes forming an abundant neuropil. Numerous axo-dendritic and occasional axo-somatic synapses were observed. The neural component demonstrated better differentiation in this example than in any reported so far.", "PMID": 735759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2255", "title": "[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with degeneration of thalamus and substantia nigra (author's transl)].", "content": "A 40-year-old man suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with symmetrical degeneration of the thalamus and the substantia nigra is reported. The distribution pattern of the  thalamic degeneration in the present case was characteristic in that the Nucleus centralis was the severest affected of the thalamic nuclei. As far as we know, there is no such case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the literature. Nosologically, this case may represent a form of combined heredosystemic degeneration.", "contents": "[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with degeneration of thalamus and substantia nigra (author's transl)]. A 40-year-old man suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with symmetrical degeneration of the thalamus and the substantia nigra is reported. The distribution pattern of the  thalamic degeneration in the present case was characteristic in that the Nucleus centralis was the severest affected of the thalamic nuclei. As far as we know, there is no such case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the literature. Nosologically, this case may represent a form of combined heredosystemic degeneration.", "PMID": 735760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2256", "title": "Schwann cells and peripheral nervous system myelin in the rat retina.", "content": "Within the retinal nerve fiber layer of a 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat, scattered aggregates of PNS myelinated axons have been found and described. We believe this is likely to represent a normal but rare phenomenon in the rat.", "contents": "Schwann cells and peripheral nervous system myelin in the rat retina. Within the retinal nerve fiber layer of a 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat, scattered aggregates of PNS myelinated axons have been found and described. We believe this is likely to represent a normal but rare phenomenon in the rat.", "PMID": 735761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2257", "title": "Ribosome-submembranous density complex. A new specialized cell unit.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of a malignant meningioma revealed an organelle complex composed of: (1) A band-like densification of the cell cytoplasm adjacent to and in contact with the cell membrane. (2) An arciform filament immediately subjacent to it, with concavity directed away from the cell membrane. (3) A row of regularly spaced ribosomes located in the concavity, but at some distance from the arciform filament. (4) A pericellular condensation of interstitial ground substance. Occasionally, a second, thinner filament was seen \"threading\" the ribosomes together. Its morphology was consistent with that described for messenger RNA . It is suggested that the ribosomes are engaged in the synthesis of proteins for other portions of the organelle complex and that the ultimate role of the specialized unit would be that of an attachment device.", "contents": "Ribosome-submembranous density complex. A new specialized cell unit. Ultrastructural study of a malignant meningioma revealed an organelle complex composed of: (1) A band-like densification of the cell cytoplasm adjacent to and in contact with the cell membrane. (2) An arciform filament immediately subjacent to it, with concavity directed away from the cell membrane. (3) A row of regularly spaced ribosomes located in the concavity, but at some distance from the arciform filament. (4) A pericellular condensation of interstitial ground substance. Occasionally, a second, thinner filament was seen \"threading\" the ribosomes together. Its morphology was consistent with that described for messenger RNA . It is suggested that the ribosomes are engaged in the synthesis of proteins for other portions of the organelle complex and that the ultimate role of the specialized unit would be that of an attachment device.", "PMID": 735762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2258", "title": "Effect of vehicle on pilocarpine-induced ocular hypotension.", "content": "The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol and castor oil vehicles on pilocarpine-induced hypotension was studied in 50 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Diurnal tension curves showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower and the maximum diurnal variation smaller during the treatment with oily drops of 2% and 4% pilocarpine instilled 2-3 times daily than when 2% and 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol was instilled 3-4 times daily. The differences were statistically significant. In long-term treatment no marked pilocarpine tolerance developed in cases treated with oily drops of pilocarpine. It is concluded that in the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma, the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine in an oily vehicle instilled 2-3 times daily is greater and more even than that of pilocarpine of corresponding strength in polyvinyl alcohol administered 3-4 times daily.", "contents": "Effect of vehicle on pilocarpine-induced ocular hypotension. The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol and castor oil vehicles on pilocarpine-induced hypotension was studied in 50 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Diurnal tension curves showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower and the maximum diurnal variation smaller during the treatment with oily drops of 2% and 4% pilocarpine instilled 2-3 times daily than when 2% and 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol was instilled 3-4 times daily. The differences were statistically significant. In long-term treatment no marked pilocarpine tolerance developed in cases treated with oily drops of pilocarpine. It is concluded that in the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma, the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine in an oily vehicle instilled 2-3 times daily is greater and more even than that of pilocarpine of corresponding strength in polyvinyl alcohol administered 3-4 times daily.", "PMID": 735763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2259", "title": "Effect of vehicle on pilocarpine-induced miosis.", "content": "To determine the effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and castor oil vehicles on the pilocarpine-induced miosis, we studied the miotic effect of 2% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 4 young and 10 elderly people and the miotic effect of 4% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 13 elderly people. The miosis developed fast within 15 min, and maximum miosis was rached within 1 h. Oily drops of pilocarpine induced stronger maximum miosis than corresponding PVA-drops. The pupil remained contracted to less than 50% of its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops for 3-4 h and after oily drops for 9 h and returned to its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops 9-10 h and after oily drops 20-24 h following administration. The difference in the effect between pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops was independent of the subjects' age.", "contents": "Effect of vehicle on pilocarpine-induced miosis. To determine the effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and castor oil vehicles on the pilocarpine-induced miosis, we studied the miotic effect of 2% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 4 young and 10 elderly people and the miotic effect of 4% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 13 elderly people. The miosis developed fast within 15 min, and maximum miosis was rached within 1 h. Oily drops of pilocarpine induced stronger maximum miosis than corresponding PVA-drops. The pupil remained contracted to less than 50% of its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops for 3-4 h and after oily drops for 9 h and returned to its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops 9-10 h and after oily drops 20-24 h following administration. The difference in the effect between pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops was independent of the subjects' age.", "PMID": 735764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2260", "title": "Disciform detachment of the macula. III. Secondary to inflammatory diseases.", "content": "The association of inflammatory diseases with disciform macular detachment is described in three patients. The first patient with seropositive syphilis developed juxtapapillary choroiditis, disciform detachment of the left macula progressing to a wide-spread area with atrophy of the choriocapillaris and pigment epithelium, corpuscular aggregations of retinal pigment, and white fibrous tissue between the choroid and retina. The second patient with fever, anorexia, fatigue, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and pulmonary changes developed choroiditis with disciform detachment of the left macula, one month later choroiditis with disciform detachment of the pigment epithelium in the right fundus, and two months later serofibrinous pleurisy which improved with tuberculostatic therapy suggesting tuberculous aetiology. The third patient, with puerperal sepsis in her past medical history, had peripapillary atrophic scars in both eyes with choroidal neovascularization and disciform detachment of the macula in the left eye.", "contents": "Disciform detachment of the macula. III. Secondary to inflammatory diseases. The association of inflammatory diseases with disciform macular detachment is described in three patients. The first patient with seropositive syphilis developed juxtapapillary choroiditis, disciform detachment of the left macula progressing to a wide-spread area with atrophy of the choriocapillaris and pigment epithelium, corpuscular aggregations of retinal pigment, and white fibrous tissue between the choroid and retina. The second patient with fever, anorexia, fatigue, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and pulmonary changes developed choroiditis with disciform detachment of the left macula, one month later choroiditis with disciform detachment of the pigment epithelium in the right fundus, and two months later serofibrinous pleurisy which improved with tuberculostatic therapy suggesting tuberculous aetiology. The third patient, with puerperal sepsis in her past medical history, had peripapillary atrophic scars in both eyes with choroidal neovascularization and disciform detachment of the macula in the left eye.", "PMID": 735765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2261", "title": "Lenticonus anterior and Alport's syndrome.", "content": "Six patients, from five families, five males and one female, suffering from lenticonus anterior are presented. Furthermore, all suffered from chronic nephritis and nerve deafness and must be considered cases of Alport's syndrome. As all cases with lenticonus anterior which have been published within the last 13 years likewise were affected with nerve deafness and/or chronic nephritis, the assumption is submitted that lenticonus anterior exists exclusively as a part of Alport's syndrome. It is pointed out that four patients had a weakened bilateral macula reflex with changes in pigmentation. Attention is drawn to the fact that patients with lenticonus anterior often have a cornea astigmatism of 2-3 D. A complete table of all reported patients with anterior lenticonus is presented.", "contents": "Lenticonus anterior and Alport's syndrome. Six patients, from five families, five males and one female, suffering from lenticonus anterior are presented. Furthermore, all suffered from chronic nephritis and nerve deafness and must be considered cases of Alport's syndrome. As all cases with lenticonus anterior which have been published within the last 13 years likewise were affected with nerve deafness and/or chronic nephritis, the assumption is submitted that lenticonus anterior exists exclusively as a part of Alport's syndrome. It is pointed out that four patients had a weakened bilateral macula reflex with changes in pigmentation. Attention is drawn to the fact that patients with lenticonus anterior often have a cornea astigmatism of 2-3 D. A complete table of all reported patients with anterior lenticonus is presented.", "PMID": 735766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2262", "title": "Optic disc cupping and prematurity. Large cups as a possible low birth weight sequel.", "content": "In a previous ophthalmic study of ex-prematures around the age of 10 years it was accidentally found that cupping of the optic disc was significantly more pronounced in children of a low birth weight (less than 2000 g) than in full-term controls (Fledelius 1976). This was true for cup size (cup/disc diameter ratio) as well as depth (as indicated by a visible cribriform plate). The present analyses make up an extension of the above study, with additional calculations based on some of its data. Within the ex-prematures (n = 268) the cup size did not seem to be related to birth weight, sex, or visual acuity. Eyes with myopia of prematurity were not especially 'loaded' with large cups. For the whole sample (including the 187 full-term control there was a weak association between cup size and refraction (and axial eye length). Larger cups occurred relatively more often in myopic eyes. Possible mechanisms behind early changes in disc are discussed (astroglial hypothesis--distension of disc--loss of retinal nerve fibers). It is felt that this new observation--large disc cupping as a possible low birth weight sequel--has to be substantiated by further clinical evidence, as statistical type 1 error (mass significance) cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Optic disc cupping and prematurity. Large cups as a possible low birth weight sequel. In a previous ophthalmic study of ex-prematures around the age of 10 years it was accidentally found that cupping of the optic disc was significantly more pronounced in children of a low birth weight (less than 2000 g) than in full-term controls (Fledelius 1976). This was true for cup size (cup/disc diameter ratio) as well as depth (as indicated by a visible cribriform plate). The present analyses make up an extension of the above study, with additional calculations based on some of its data. Within the ex-prematures (n = 268) the cup size did not seem to be related to birth weight, sex, or visual acuity. Eyes with myopia of prematurity were not especially 'loaded' with large cups. For the whole sample (including the 187 full-term control there was a weak association between cup size and refraction (and axial eye length). Larger cups occurred relatively more often in myopic eyes. Possible mechanisms behind early changes in disc are discussed (astroglial hypothesis--distension of disc--loss of retinal nerve fibers). It is felt that this new observation--large disc cupping as a possible low birth weight sequel--has to be substantiated by further clinical evidence, as statistical type 1 error (mass significance) cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 735767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2263", "title": "Ophthalmic artery pressure during retrobulbar anaesthesia.", "content": "Ophthalmic artery pressure recordings were performed before and after retrobulbar injection of 4.5 ml Xylocain-Exadrin by the use of Stepanik Arteriotonography. A 50% reduction in ophthalmic artery pulse pressure was found, which correlates well with the corresponding reduction in corneal indentation pulse amplitudes demonstrated by dynamic tonometry. The results demonstrate a shift from pulsatile towards non-pulsatile ocular blood flow. In two of the eight patients a pronounced reduction was also found in ocular perfusion pressure, indicating that retrobulbar anaesthesia may be hazardous in certain cases by initiating a major reduction in ocular blood supply. In order to minimize this hazard in eyes especially vulnerable to a reduction in ocular perfusion pressure, such as glaucomatous eyes, it is probably safest to perform retrobulbar anaesthesia with 2-3 ml of Xylocain 1% without the use of Exadrin (epinephrine).", "contents": "Ophthalmic artery pressure during retrobulbar anaesthesia. Ophthalmic artery pressure recordings were performed before and after retrobulbar injection of 4.5 ml Xylocain-Exadrin by the use of Stepanik Arteriotonography. A 50% reduction in ophthalmic artery pulse pressure was found, which correlates well with the corresponding reduction in corneal indentation pulse amplitudes demonstrated by dynamic tonometry. The results demonstrate a shift from pulsatile towards non-pulsatile ocular blood flow. In two of the eight patients a pronounced reduction was also found in ocular perfusion pressure, indicating that retrobulbar anaesthesia may be hazardous in certain cases by initiating a major reduction in ocular blood supply. In order to minimize this hazard in eyes especially vulnerable to a reduction in ocular perfusion pressure, such as glaucomatous eyes, it is probably safest to perform retrobulbar anaesthesia with 2-3 ml of Xylocain 1% without the use of Exadrin (epinephrine).", "PMID": 735768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2264", "title": "Uveitis in rabbits with pleural effusion disease. Clinical and histopathological observations.", "content": "Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by a virus-like agent. The disease was first described in the late sixties as a mortality problem among rabbits used for the propagation of Nichols' pathogenic Treponema pallidum in Scandinavian laboratories using the T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test for the serological diagnosis of syphilis. The iridocyclitis, described as a manifestation of PED, has been studied in detail in rabbits experimentally infected with the PED agent. All rabbits surviving the acute phase of infection developed a non-pyogenic, non-granulomatous anterior uveitis during the \"viraemic\" stage of infection. The ocular signs of disease culminated between days 3 and 6 and disappeared within 2 to 3 weeks. No recurrence of uveitis was observed during a 6-months observation period, nor by subsequent subcutaneous re-inoculation of the PED agent. Histologically, the uveal reaction was mild and regressed almost completely within 4 weeks. Discrete choroidal inflammatory foci occurred in some of the re-inoculated rabbits, but without changes in the anterior eye segment. The uveitis of pleural effusion disease in rabbits seems to be caused directly by the virus-like agent. It might possibly serve as a simple and reproducible model in further uveitis research.", "contents": "Uveitis in rabbits with pleural effusion disease. Clinical and histopathological observations. Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by a virus-like agent. The disease was first described in the late sixties as a mortality problem among rabbits used for the propagation of Nichols' pathogenic Treponema pallidum in Scandinavian laboratories using the T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test for the serological diagnosis of syphilis. The iridocyclitis, described as a manifestation of PED, has been studied in detail in rabbits experimentally infected with the PED agent. All rabbits surviving the acute phase of infection developed a non-pyogenic, non-granulomatous anterior uveitis during the \"viraemic\" stage of infection. The ocular signs of disease culminated between days 3 and 6 and disappeared within 2 to 3 weeks. No recurrence of uveitis was observed during a 6-months observation period, nor by subsequent subcutaneous re-inoculation of the PED agent. Histologically, the uveal reaction was mild and regressed almost completely within 4 weeks. Discrete choroidal inflammatory foci occurred in some of the re-inoculated rabbits, but without changes in the anterior eye segment. The uveitis of pleural effusion disease in rabbits seems to be caused directly by the virus-like agent. It might possibly serve as a simple and reproducible model in further uveitis research.", "PMID": 735769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2265", "title": "Visual evoked responses to pattern-reversal stimulation in patients with amblyopia and/or defective binocular functions.", "content": "The visual evoked responses to monocular and binocular pattern-reversal stimulation were recorded in ten normal subjects and in ten cases with amblyopia and/or defective binocular functions. Seven of the ten patients showed a considerable amplitude asymmetry to monocular stimulation or lack of normal increase of amplitude to binocular stimulation. Two patients displayed prolonged latency on stimulation of the amblyopic eye.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses to pattern-reversal stimulation in patients with amblyopia and/or defective binocular functions. The visual evoked responses to monocular and binocular pattern-reversal stimulation were recorded in ten normal subjects and in ten cases with amblyopia and/or defective binocular functions. Seven of the ten patients showed a considerable amplitude asymmetry to monocular stimulation or lack of normal increase of amplitude to binocular stimulation. Two patients displayed prolonged latency on stimulation of the amblyopic eye.", "PMID": 735770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2266", "title": "Binocular interaction studied with visual evoked responses (VER) in humans with normal or impaired binocular vision.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate binocular functions in an objective manner, visual evoked responses (VER) were recorded in sixteen subjects, six with normal binocular functions and ten with various degrees of squint and binocular impairment. The two eyes were stimulated monocularly or dioptically with a polaroid checker board pattern viewed through rotating polaroid discs. The rate of pattern reversal was 7 per sec for one eye and 10 per sec for the other, allowing stimulus locked responses to be recorded from each eye individually, even during dioptic viewing. In normal subjects the VER of each eye to binocular stimulation were reduced to half or less of the monocular value. The reduction was much smaller in humans with impaired binocular vision, at least for the dominant eye. In stereoblind subjects the response of the dominant eye was the same for monocular and binocular stimulation. The VER changes might reflect binocular interaction in visual cortex neurons, which probably are binocular in normal subjects but driven only from one eye in stereoblind subjects.", "contents": "Binocular interaction studied with visual evoked responses (VER) in humans with normal or impaired binocular vision. In an attempt to evaluate binocular functions in an objective manner, visual evoked responses (VER) were recorded in sixteen subjects, six with normal binocular functions and ten with various degrees of squint and binocular impairment. The two eyes were stimulated monocularly or dioptically with a polaroid checker board pattern viewed through rotating polaroid discs. The rate of pattern reversal was 7 per sec for one eye and 10 per sec for the other, allowing stimulus locked responses to be recorded from each eye individually, even during dioptic viewing. In normal subjects the VER of each eye to binocular stimulation were reduced to half or less of the monocular value. The reduction was much smaller in humans with impaired binocular vision, at least for the dominant eye. In stereoblind subjects the response of the dominant eye was the same for monocular and binocular stimulation. The VER changes might reflect binocular interaction in visual cortex neurons, which probably are binocular in normal subjects but driven only from one eye in stereoblind subjects.", "PMID": 735771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2267", "title": "Some observations on visual evoked responses (VER) to dichoptic stimulation.", "content": "The possibility that the interocular depression of VER seen with dioptic stimulation, might reflect alternate suppression or binocular rivalry, unnoticed by the test subjects, was investigated in VER experiments using dichoptic stimulation with patterns of dissimilar form. Red and blue grating and checker board patterns were produced on a colour TV screen. Appropriate filtering allowed the two eyes to be stimulated separately. Provided the patterns were dissimilar enough to produce binocular rivalry, no interocular depression was noticed in the VER. The interocular depression became larger as the patterns were made similar in size and reached a maximum for patterns identical in shape. Thus the interocular depression of the VERs reported for dioptic stimulation did not seeem to be related to binocular rivalry. The results also give electrophysiological support to the notion of spartial frequency and orientation selective channels in the human visual system.", "contents": "Some observations on visual evoked responses (VER) to dichoptic stimulation. The possibility that the interocular depression of VER seen with dioptic stimulation, might reflect alternate suppression or binocular rivalry, unnoticed by the test subjects, was investigated in VER experiments using dichoptic stimulation with patterns of dissimilar form. Red and blue grating and checker board patterns were produced on a colour TV screen. Appropriate filtering allowed the two eyes to be stimulated separately. Provided the patterns were dissimilar enough to produce binocular rivalry, no interocular depression was noticed in the VER. The interocular depression became larger as the patterns were made similar in size and reached a maximum for patterns identical in shape. Thus the interocular depression of the VERs reported for dioptic stimulation did not seeem to be related to binocular rivalry. The results also give electrophysiological support to the notion of spartial frequency and orientation selective channels in the human visual system.", "PMID": 735772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2268", "title": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the healing of experimental fractures in adult rats.", "content": "Unilateral tibial fractures were produced in adult, 1-year-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were then treated for 6 weeks with daily doses of 2.5 micrograms, 1.25 micrograms or 0.125 microgram 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3). The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of this treatment on the healing process of the fracture and on the composition of the fractured bone. The general effect of 2.5 micrograms of 1alpha-OH-D3 was a significant loss of body weight (20 per cent) and hypercalcaemia. The lower dose levels, however, did not affect the body weight, and with a dose of 0.125 microgram the serum calcium level did not increase significantly. The healing rate of the fractures increased in all treatment groups as compared with the controls. The water content of the fractured tibias increased in the rats treated with 2.5 micrograms doses but decreased in the other groups. On the other hand the mineral content increased in the groups treated with 1.25 micrograms and 0.125 microgram doses and decreased in the largest dose group. Furthermore the amount of organic material per wet weight increased with the 2.5 micrograms dose and was mainly unchanged in the other groups. The hydrated bone density and the cortical thickness of the tibia increased most significantly in the group treated with 0.125 microgram but the trabecular bone area of the periosteal callus did not increase significantly. The conclusion is drawn that treatment with small doses of 1alpha-OH-D3 has a beneficial effect on the healing rate and on the mineralization of the fracture callus, and on cortical bone formation.", "contents": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the healing of experimental fractures in adult rats. Unilateral tibial fractures were produced in adult, 1-year-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were then treated for 6 weeks with daily doses of 2.5 micrograms, 1.25 micrograms or 0.125 microgram 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3). The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of this treatment on the healing process of the fracture and on the composition of the fractured bone. The general effect of 2.5 micrograms of 1alpha-OH-D3 was a significant loss of body weight (20 per cent) and hypercalcaemia. The lower dose levels, however, did not affect the body weight, and with a dose of 0.125 microgram the serum calcium level did not increase significantly. The healing rate of the fractures increased in all treatment groups as compared with the controls. The water content of the fractured tibias increased in the rats treated with 2.5 micrograms doses but decreased in the other groups. On the other hand the mineral content increased in the groups treated with 1.25 micrograms and 0.125 microgram doses and decreased in the largest dose group. Furthermore the amount of organic material per wet weight increased with the 2.5 micrograms dose and was mainly unchanged in the other groups. The hydrated bone density and the cortical thickness of the tibia increased most significantly in the group treated with 0.125 microgram but the trabecular bone area of the periosteal callus did not increase significantly. The conclusion is drawn that treatment with small doses of 1alpha-OH-D3 has a beneficial effect on the healing rate and on the mineralization of the fracture callus, and on cortical bone formation.", "PMID": 735773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2269", "title": "Changes in calcium and hydroxyproline content of cortical bone after compression and neutral plate fixation.", "content": "Calcium and hydroxyproline content of intact rabbit tibio-fibular bone was assay chemically 1 day to 36 weeks after compression and neutral plate fixation with a 4-hole stainless steel ASIF/DCP plate. During the first three postoperative weeks calcium content of the cortical bone decreased by an almost significant amount (P less than 0.05); thereafter, calcium values remained subnormal but did not differ significantly from initial postoperative values. Hydroxyproline content increased steadily throughout the experiment (P less than 0.001). The changes in chemical composition of the bone were of the same magnitude after compression and neutral plate fixation. The results suggest that the cancellous transformation of cortical bone, known to take place under rigid plates, reflects an active remodelling process of the bone in which the calcium and hydroxyproline content changes only slightly.", "contents": "Changes in calcium and hydroxyproline content of cortical bone after compression and neutral plate fixation. Calcium and hydroxyproline content of intact rabbit tibio-fibular bone was assay chemically 1 day to 36 weeks after compression and neutral plate fixation with a 4-hole stainless steel ASIF/DCP plate. During the first three postoperative weeks calcium content of the cortical bone decreased by an almost significant amount (P less than 0.05); thereafter, calcium values remained subnormal but did not differ significantly from initial postoperative values. Hydroxyproline content increased steadily throughout the experiment (P less than 0.001). The changes in chemical composition of the bone were of the same magnitude after compression and neutral plate fixation. The results suggest that the cancellous transformation of cortical bone, known to take place under rigid plates, reflects an active remodelling process of the bone in which the calcium and hydroxyproline content changes only slightly.", "PMID": 735774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2270", "title": "Studies on mechanical strength of bone. I. Torsional strength of normal rabbit tibio-fibular bone.", "content": "A method is described for testing torsional strength in small cortical bones at low velocities. The linearity and precision of the testing equipment, and the effect of the dimensions and chemical composition of the bone on torsional properties are analysed. Rabbit tibio-fibular bones exhibited right-to-left differences in energy absorption capacity (up to 10.0 per cent), torsional rigidity (7.1 per cent), torque moment at fracture (6.3 per cent) and angular deformation (5.7 per cent). The scatter in energy absorption was more dependent on differences in angular deformation (strain) than on differences in torque moment (stress). No statistically significant dominance of either side could be observed. The biomechanical properties of the bones were dependent on the body weight of the test animal and the transverse dimensions of the bone, but were not influenced by the small variations measured in the chemical composition of normal bone.", "contents": "Studies on mechanical strength of bone. I. Torsional strength of normal rabbit tibio-fibular bone. A method is described for testing torsional strength in small cortical bones at low velocities. The linearity and precision of the testing equipment, and the effect of the dimensions and chemical composition of the bone on torsional properties are analysed. Rabbit tibio-fibular bones exhibited right-to-left differences in energy absorption capacity (up to 10.0 per cent), torsional rigidity (7.1 per cent), torque moment at fracture (6.3 per cent) and angular deformation (5.7 per cent). The scatter in energy absorption was more dependent on differences in angular deformation (strain) than on differences in torque moment (stress). No statistically significant dominance of either side could be observed. The biomechanical properties of the bones were dependent on the body weight of the test animal and the transverse dimensions of the bone, but were not influenced by the small variations measured in the chemical composition of normal bone.", "PMID": 735775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2271", "title": "Studies on mechanical strength of bone. II. Torsional strength of cortial bone after rigid plate fixation with and without compression.", "content": "Biomechanical properties of intact rabbit tibio-fibulae were investigated with torional loading 1 day to 36 weeks after fixation using 4-hole stainless steel ASIF/DCP plates with and without compression. During the first 12 weeks energy absorption and torque moment increased slightly as a result of subperiosteal new bone formation following application of the plates. There was a concomitant increase in the yielding properties of the bone, reflecting progressive porotic transformation. Thereafter, up to 36 weeks postoperatively, the values for energy absorption, torque moment and angular deformation gradually declined in both groups of bones. The differences between normal control bones and plated bones at 36 weeks were 70.1, 53.0 and 26.3 per cent, respectively. The decay of torsional strength was the same whether or not compression was used in the plate fixation. The results suggest that even in normal bone rigid plates induce a considerable loss of strength due to the cancellous transformation they are known to cause in cortical bone.", "contents": "Studies on mechanical strength of bone. II. Torsional strength of cortial bone after rigid plate fixation with and without compression. Biomechanical properties of intact rabbit tibio-fibulae were investigated with torional loading 1 day to 36 weeks after fixation using 4-hole stainless steel ASIF/DCP plates with and without compression. During the first 12 weeks energy absorption and torque moment increased slightly as a result of subperiosteal new bone formation following application of the plates. There was a concomitant increase in the yielding properties of the bone, reflecting progressive porotic transformation. Thereafter, up to 36 weeks postoperatively, the values for energy absorption, torque moment and angular deformation gradually declined in both groups of bones. The differences between normal control bones and plated bones at 36 weeks were 70.1, 53.0 and 26.3 per cent, respectively. The decay of torsional strength was the same whether or not compression was used in the plate fixation. The results suggest that even in normal bone rigid plates induce a considerable loss of strength due to the cancellous transformation they are known to cause in cortical bone.", "PMID": 735776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2272", "title": "Methods for testing the mechanical properties of the rat femur.", "content": "A modular apparatus to measure the bending and torsional properties of the rat femur is presented. Both intact femur diaphyses and diaphyseal fractures in different phases of healing can be tested. It is also possible to measure the bending-strength of the distal femur metaphysis and the epiphyseal plate. The apparatus can be used to investigate the effect of drugs and hormones on the remodelling of the rat femur.", "contents": "Methods for testing the mechanical properties of the rat femur. A modular apparatus to measure the bending and torsional properties of the rat femur is presented. Both intact femur diaphyses and diaphyseal fractures in different phases of healing can be tested. It is also possible to measure the bending-strength of the distal femur metaphysis and the epiphyseal plate. The apparatus can be used to investigate the effect of drugs and hormones on the remodelling of the rat femur.", "PMID": 735777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2273", "title": "Effects of oxytetracycline on the mechanical properties of bone and skin in young rats.", "content": "The influence of the tetracycline antibiotics on growing bones has been disputed. In the present study 58 young male rats were given intraperitoneal injections twice a day for 2 weeks; half of the rats received oxytetracycline and the other half placebo. The concentration of oxytetracycline in plasma was comparable with therapeutic levels in man. Compared with the control animals the oxytetracycline rats had, at the end of the medication period, a significantly lower weight (7 per cent), shorter bones (1--2 per cent), lower bending strength of both the tibia diaphysis (9 per cent) and the distal femur metaphysis (22 per cent) and even lower tensile strength of intact (17 per cent ) and sutured (27 per cent) skin. The effect oxytetracycline seems to be reversible as no differences between the two groups could be detected 1--3 weeks after the end of medication.", "contents": "Effects of oxytetracycline on the mechanical properties of bone and skin in young rats. The influence of the tetracycline antibiotics on growing bones has been disputed. In the present study 58 young male rats were given intraperitoneal injections twice a day for 2 weeks; half of the rats received oxytetracycline and the other half placebo. The concentration of oxytetracycline in plasma was comparable with therapeutic levels in man. Compared with the control animals the oxytetracycline rats had, at the end of the medication period, a significantly lower weight (7 per cent), shorter bones (1--2 per cent), lower bending strength of both the tibia diaphysis (9 per cent) and the distal femur metaphysis (22 per cent) and even lower tensile strength of intact (17 per cent ) and sutured (27 per cent) skin. The effect oxytetracycline seems to be reversible as no differences between the two groups could be detected 1--3 weeks after the end of medication.", "PMID": 735778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2274", "title": "Osteomyelitis after operative fracture treatment. A report of 62 cases treated with radical surgery and lincomycin (Lincocin).", "content": "During the years 1967--1975 a total of 62 patients were treated for postoperative osteomyelitis. The lower extremities had been fractured in 89 per cent of the cases and 54 per cent were closed injuries. The fractures, mostly caused by traffic accidents and falls, had been immobilized by plates in 30 and by intramedullary nails or pins in 25 patients. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 80 per cent, 68 per cent of them were resistant to penicillin, but in 84 per cent the organisms were highly lincomycin sensitive and only three patients with four osteomyelitic lesions presented lincomycin resistance. The treatment consisted chiefly of sequestrectomies and saucerizations supported by 3--12 months of lincomycin treatment. In 30 operations a closed irrigation-suction technique was used, perfusing the wound with lincomycin solution. Stable implants should be left in place until the fracture is clinically solid whereas unstable osteosyntheses should be replaced by rigid internal or extraskeletal fixation. At follow-up, the results were judged as good in 74 per cent, fair 8 per cent and poor 18 per cent. The amputation rate was 13 per cent. Plates should not be used in the treatment of comminuted tibial fractures with considerable soft tissue damage.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis after operative fracture treatment. A report of 62 cases treated with radical surgery and lincomycin (Lincocin). During the years 1967--1975 a total of 62 patients were treated for postoperative osteomyelitis. The lower extremities had been fractured in 89 per cent of the cases and 54 per cent were closed injuries. The fractures, mostly caused by traffic accidents and falls, had been immobilized by plates in 30 and by intramedullary nails or pins in 25 patients. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 80 per cent, 68 per cent of them were resistant to penicillin, but in 84 per cent the organisms were highly lincomycin sensitive and only three patients with four osteomyelitic lesions presented lincomycin resistance. The treatment consisted chiefly of sequestrectomies and saucerizations supported by 3--12 months of lincomycin treatment. In 30 operations a closed irrigation-suction technique was used, perfusing the wound with lincomycin solution. Stable implants should be left in place until the fracture is clinically solid whereas unstable osteosyntheses should be replaced by rigid internal or extraskeletal fixation. At follow-up, the results were judged as good in 74 per cent, fair 8 per cent and poor 18 per cent. The amputation rate was 13 per cent. Plates should not be used in the treatment of comminuted tibial fractures with considerable soft tissue damage.", "PMID": 735780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2275", "title": "Content and synthesis of nucleic acids in the cartilage in chondromalacia patellae.", "content": "The content and the synthesis of nucleic acids in chondromalacian, osteoarthritis and normal cartilage was compared. The chondromalacian cartilage differed from osteoarthritis in that the content of nucleic acids was less. Also, the cell density was less in chondromalacian than in normal cartilage as opposed to previous findings in osteoarthritis. The synthesis of DNA was greater in chondromalacian than in normal cartilage but less than in osteoarthritis. With regard to the RNA synthesis, however, the chondromalacian cartilage showed a higher rate than both normal and osteoarthritic cartilage.", "contents": "Content and synthesis of nucleic acids in the cartilage in chondromalacia patellae. The content and the synthesis of nucleic acids in chondromalacian, osteoarthritis and normal cartilage was compared. The chondromalacian cartilage differed from osteoarthritis in that the content of nucleic acids was less. Also, the cell density was less in chondromalacian than in normal cartilage as opposed to previous findings in osteoarthritis. The synthesis of DNA was greater in chondromalacian than in normal cartilage but less than in osteoarthritis. With regard to the RNA synthesis, however, the chondromalacian cartilage showed a higher rate than both normal and osteoarthritic cartilage.", "PMID": 735779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2276", "title": "The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into human bone tissue.", "content": "The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into normal bone was studied in 20 patients undergoing surgery for fracture in the trochanteric region of the femur. The antibiotic concentrations were determined in serum, bone marrow, and cancellous and cortical bone. For all three antibiotics the bone marrow concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the serum concentrations. In the eight patients receiving erythromycin, detectable concentrations were found in all the cancellous bone specimens (ranging from 1/7 to 1/2 of the serum concentration) and in three cortical bone specimens (ranging from 1/50 to 1/5 of the serum concentration). In the six patients receiving cefazolin, a detectable concentration was found in only one cancellous bone sample. In the six patients receiving methicillin, detectable concentrations were found only in the blood contaminated specimens of one cancellous and two cortical bone samples. However, by the method used, the recoveries of standard solutions of methicillin in cancellous and cortical bone were about 50 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into human bone tissue. The penetration of cefazolin, erythromycin and methicillin into normal bone was studied in 20 patients undergoing surgery for fracture in the trochanteric region of the femur. The antibiotic concentrations were determined in serum, bone marrow, and cancellous and cortical bone. For all three antibiotics the bone marrow concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the serum concentrations. In the eight patients receiving erythromycin, detectable concentrations were found in all the cancellous bone specimens (ranging from 1/7 to 1/2 of the serum concentration) and in three cortical bone specimens (ranging from 1/50 to 1/5 of the serum concentration). In the six patients receiving cefazolin, a detectable concentration was found in only one cancellous bone sample. In the six patients receiving methicillin, detectable concentrations were found only in the blood contaminated specimens of one cancellous and two cortical bone samples. However, by the method used, the recoveries of standard solutions of methicillin in cancellous and cortical bone were about 50 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively.", "PMID": 735781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2277", "title": "Methylmethacrylate hypersensitivity in a patient with cemented endoprosthesis. A case report.", "content": "A case of methylmethacrylate monomer hypersensitivity in a 76-year-old patient with a cemented endoprosthesis is reported. The accuracy of the method for preoperative testing of a patient's sensitivity is discussed.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate hypersensitivity in a patient with cemented endoprosthesis. A case report. A case of methylmethacrylate monomer hypersensitivity in a 76-year-old patient with a cemented endoprosthesis is reported. The accuracy of the method for preoperative testing of a patient's sensitivity is discussed.", "PMID": 735782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2278", "title": "Amputation after development of collateral circulation. An arteriographic study in rabbits.", "content": "The vascular changes in the amputation stump after amputation on an extremity which is vascularized by collaterals were studied by arteriography in adult rabbits. Amputation on the crus immediately after ligature of the femoral artery caused a retardation in the development of collaterals and a protracted vasoconstriction in the amputation stump. Osseous plugging of the medullary cavity in the amputation stump counteracted the vasoconstriction, and the development of collaterals was improved. When amputation on the crus was performed 3-6 days after ligature of the femoral artery, immediate function of the collaterals and a rapid dilatation of the arteries in the below knee amputation stump were seen, and 3--4 weeks postoperatively arteriovenous shunts developed in the stump. Amputation 7--10 weeks after ligature of the artery involved a more pronounced shunt development in the amputation stump. After amputation on the femur only slight differences were observed in the development of collaterals and the vascularization in the amputation stump compared with findings after amputation on the crus.", "contents": "Amputation after development of collateral circulation. An arteriographic study in rabbits. The vascular changes in the amputation stump after amputation on an extremity which is vascularized by collaterals were studied by arteriography in adult rabbits. Amputation on the crus immediately after ligature of the femoral artery caused a retardation in the development of collaterals and a protracted vasoconstriction in the amputation stump. Osseous plugging of the medullary cavity in the amputation stump counteracted the vasoconstriction, and the development of collaterals was improved. When amputation on the crus was performed 3-6 days after ligature of the femoral artery, immediate function of the collaterals and a rapid dilatation of the arteries in the below knee amputation stump were seen, and 3--4 weeks postoperatively arteriovenous shunts developed in the stump. Amputation 7--10 weeks after ligature of the artery involved a more pronounced shunt development in the amputation stump. After amputation on the femur only slight differences were observed in the development of collaterals and the vascularization in the amputation stump compared with findings after amputation on the crus.", "PMID": 735783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2279", "title": "Pneumatic tourniquet and limb blood flow.", "content": "The response of limb circulation to tourniquet ischaemia in the hind limb of the rabbit was studied. Muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of a local isotope technique using Xe133 as the tracer and the changes occuring after tourniquet ischaemia of 60--180 minutes duration were investigated. The results obtained suggest that even when the tourniquet time is extended to 3 hours, no blood flow occurs in the limb distal to the tourniquet when the cuff is inflated to 300 mmHg. In all animals a hyperaemic reaction was noticed after releasing the tourniquet, and peak reactive hyperaemia was registered 1 minute after the return of circulation. The magnitude of the reactive hyperaemia was independent of the length of tourniquet time. The hyperaemia was regularly of short duration and peak flow values were reached in 1 minute with the flow returning to normal or subnormal values after 5 minuutes. Phlebography studies in 12 rabbits after 120--240 minute tourniquet blockade showed only one thrombosis in a deep popliteal vein after the 240-minute tourniquet time.", "contents": "Pneumatic tourniquet and limb blood flow. The response of limb circulation to tourniquet ischaemia in the hind limb of the rabbit was studied. Muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of a local isotope technique using Xe133 as the tracer and the changes occuring after tourniquet ischaemia of 60--180 minutes duration were investigated. The results obtained suggest that even when the tourniquet time is extended to 3 hours, no blood flow occurs in the limb distal to the tourniquet when the cuff is inflated to 300 mmHg. In all animals a hyperaemic reaction was noticed after releasing the tourniquet, and peak reactive hyperaemia was registered 1 minute after the return of circulation. The magnitude of the reactive hyperaemia was independent of the length of tourniquet time. The hyperaemia was regularly of short duration and peak flow values were reached in 1 minute with the flow returning to normal or subnormal values after 5 minuutes. Phlebography studies in 12 rabbits after 120--240 minute tourniquet blockade showed only one thrombosis in a deep popliteal vein after the 240-minute tourniquet time.", "PMID": 735784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2280", "title": "Larsen's syndrome. Report of three cases in the one family, mother and two offspring.", "content": "Three cases are presented of the very rare Larsen's syndrome, being only the second report in the literature of concomitant involvement of parent (the mother in this instance) and offspring (two children) (see also Haberman et al. 1976). The only therapeutic procedure that is applicable, i.e., surgery, has given only mediocre results over an evolutive period of 8 to 9 years (in case C). We have not been able to demonstrate analytical or histological abnormalities that might provide a diagnostic clue, so that the aetiopathogeny of the disorder remains unknown.", "contents": "Larsen's syndrome. Report of three cases in the one family, mother and two offspring. Three cases are presented of the very rare Larsen's syndrome, being only the second report in the literature of concomitant involvement of parent (the mother in this instance) and offspring (two children) (see also Haberman et al. 1976). The only therapeutic procedure that is applicable, i.e., surgery, has given only mediocre results over an evolutive period of 8 to 9 years (in case C). We have not been able to demonstrate analytical or histological abnormalities that might provide a diagnostic clue, so that the aetiopathogeny of the disorder remains unknown.", "PMID": 735785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2281", "title": "Percutaneous pinning of supracondylar fractures of the humerus.", "content": "Six cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with two Kirschner wires inserted laterally through the capitellum of the humerus. This treatment has the same advantages as the commonly used percutaneous pinning with crossed Kirschner wires inserted through the epicondyles of the humerus, and it further eliminates the risk of damaging the ulnar nerve by the insertion of the medial Kirschner wire.", "contents": "Percutaneous pinning of supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Six cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with two Kirschner wires inserted laterally through the capitellum of the humerus. This treatment has the same advantages as the commonly used percutaneous pinning with crossed Kirschner wires inserted through the epicondyles of the humerus, and it further eliminates the risk of damaging the ulnar nerve by the insertion of the medial Kirschner wire.", "PMID": 735786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2282", "title": "Spondyloysis. The role of the posterior elements in resisting the intervertebral compressive force.", "content": "Compressive tests were carried out on cadaveric lumbar intervertebral joints, before and after the neural arch was fractured. The results show that although the neural arch can play some part in resisting the intervertebral compressive force, there is no bony contact between the downward projecting tips of the inferior articular processes and the laminae of the vertebra below.", "contents": "Spondyloysis. The role of the posterior elements in resisting the intervertebral compressive force. Compressive tests were carried out on cadaveric lumbar intervertebral joints, before and after the neural arch was fractured. The results show that although the neural arch can play some part in resisting the intervertebral compressive force, there is no bony contact between the downward projecting tips of the inferior articular processes and the laminae of the vertebra below.", "PMID": 735787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2283", "title": "Instability of the proximal tibio-fibular joint.", "content": "The proximal tibio-fibular joint consists of a joint cavity surrounded by a joint capsule (diarthrosis) forming a rather rigid joint. In patients who complain of pain and instability in the knee, the cause may sometimes be found in laxity of the proximal tibio-fibular joint. In these cases the abnormal movements of the fibular head are palpable and visible and can be demonstrated on X-ray films. The disease is not well known and is often overlooked. It can be differentiated by palpating the fibular head. In two patients the pain and disability were so severe that fusion of the proximal tibio-fibular joint was undertaken. This treatment seems to have been successful.", "contents": "Instability of the proximal tibio-fibular joint. The proximal tibio-fibular joint consists of a joint cavity surrounded by a joint capsule (diarthrosis) forming a rather rigid joint. In patients who complain of pain and instability in the knee, the cause may sometimes be found in laxity of the proximal tibio-fibular joint. In these cases the abnormal movements of the fibular head are palpable and visible and can be demonstrated on X-ray films. The disease is not well known and is often overlooked. It can be differentiated by palpating the fibular head. In two patients the pain and disability were so severe that fusion of the proximal tibio-fibular joint was undertaken. This treatment seems to have been successful.", "PMID": 735789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2284", "title": "Cone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.", "content": "An operation for arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint described previously has been performed on 85 toes in 68 patients over a 20-year period. The notes and X-rays have been reviewed to determine the incidence of bony fusion and to find out whether the operative position was maintained until union occurred. Arthrodesis was achieved in 83 (97.6 per cent) of the toes operated on. Where there had been no previous surgery to the metatarsophalangeal joint the incidence of bony union was 100 per cent. As determined by certain defined criteria there is a strong indication that the technique maintained the operative position until bony union occurred.", "contents": "Cone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. An operation for arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint described previously has been performed on 85 toes in 68 patients over a 20-year period. The notes and X-rays have been reviewed to determine the incidence of bony fusion and to find out whether the operative position was maintained until union occurred. Arthrodesis was achieved in 83 (97.6 per cent) of the toes operated on. Where there had been no previous surgery to the metatarsophalangeal joint the incidence of bony union was 100 per cent. As determined by certain defined criteria there is a strong indication that the technique maintained the operative position until bony union occurred.", "PMID": 735790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2285", "title": "Reflex bradycardia: a grave complication of oesophageal atresia repair.", "content": "Among 39 infants operated upon for oesophageal atresia in newborn age, 5 presented attacks of reflex bradycardia during meals. One patient died at the age of one and a half years. Four patients became symptom-free on atropine treatment. They are healthy and develop satisfactorily.", "contents": "Reflex bradycardia: a grave complication of oesophageal atresia repair. Among 39 infants operated upon for oesophageal atresia in newborn age, 5 presented attacks of reflex bradycardia during meals. One patient died at the age of one and a half years. Four patients became symptom-free on atropine treatment. They are healthy and develop satisfactorily.", "PMID": 735800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2286", "title": "The fetal alcohol syndrome: symptoms and pathogenesis.", "content": "The symptoms of the fetal alcohol syndrome and their frequency of appearance are described based on 41 reports in the literature and on own observations. Experimental evidence is presented proving the lack of cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of alcohol itself and the intensive cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of acetaldehyde. Responsibility for the fetal alcohol syndrome is ascribed to acetaldehyde at maternal blood concentrations surpassing 35 micrometer and it is suggested that the raised acetaldehyde level is due to an inherited or acquired defect of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Prospective mothers displaying acetaldehyde levels exceeding 30 micrometer after a drink should be advised against bearing a child.", "contents": "The fetal alcohol syndrome: symptoms and pathogenesis. The symptoms of the fetal alcohol syndrome and their frequency of appearance are described based on 41 reports in the literature and on own observations. Experimental evidence is presented proving the lack of cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of alcohol itself and the intensive cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of acetaldehyde. Responsibility for the fetal alcohol syndrome is ascribed to acetaldehyde at maternal blood concentrations surpassing 35 micrometer and it is suggested that the raised acetaldehyde level is due to an inherited or acquired defect of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Prospective mothers displaying acetaldehyde levels exceeding 30 micrometer after a drink should be advised against bearing a child.", "PMID": 735801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2287", "title": "Ambiguous genitals and the choice of gender.", "content": "In 8 children with ambiguous external genitals, sex chromosome, hormonal and histological examinations were performed. On this basis the registered sex and the surname of the child were changed from the registered male to female in 3 cases and from female to male in one case. Diagnosis and the decision about the gender are urgent tasks, since prolonged waiting may have serious consequences in psychosexual development.", "contents": "Ambiguous genitals and the choice of gender. In 8 children with ambiguous external genitals, sex chromosome, hormonal and histological examinations were performed. On this basis the registered sex and the surname of the child were changed from the registered male to female in 3 cases and from female to male in one case. Diagnosis and the decision about the gender are urgent tasks, since prolonged waiting may have serious consequences in psychosexual development.", "PMID": 735802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2288", "title": "The 1-hour D-xylose test in the diagnosis of villous atrophy.", "content": "The results obtained in 40 cases of intestinal mucosal biopsy and parallel 1-hour D-xylose test are presented. Of 40 patients, 15 had subtotal villous atrophy, while in 25 the villous structure was intact. Among the 15 patients with villous atrophy 10 gave D-xylose values of less than 20 mg per dl. In the control group all D-xylose values were above 20 mg per dl.", "contents": "The 1-hour D-xylose test in the diagnosis of villous atrophy. The results obtained in 40 cases of intestinal mucosal biopsy and parallel 1-hour D-xylose test are presented. Of 40 patients, 15 had subtotal villous atrophy, while in 25 the villous structure was intact. Among the 15 patients with villous atrophy 10 gave D-xylose values of less than 20 mg per dl. In the control group all D-xylose values were above 20 mg per dl.", "PMID": 735804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2289", "title": "The Hungarian congenital malformation monitoring system.", "content": "The Hungarian Congenital Malformation Monitor has been operating since 1973 in order to detect the temporal and regional clusters of 12 indicator congenital malformations as early as possible. This Monitor takes part in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring System. Three continuously increasing trends were detected in 1973--1976. They may be connected with the more complete notifications, although the increase of limb reduction deformities are only partly explained by this factor. Transitional (quarterly) significant clusters were observed in the case of anencephaly (1974, IV), spina bifida (1974, II; and 1975, III; 1976, III), cleft lip +/- cleft palate (1974, III). The possibility of three technical biases (changes in diagnosis, notification and evaluation of the given congenital malformation) has to be excluded before accepting the fact of a real epidemic. Subsequently, a case-control epidemiological study by personal interviews and with matched controls has to be performed.", "contents": "The Hungarian congenital malformation monitoring system. The Hungarian Congenital Malformation Monitor has been operating since 1973 in order to detect the temporal and regional clusters of 12 indicator congenital malformations as early as possible. This Monitor takes part in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring System. Three continuously increasing trends were detected in 1973--1976. They may be connected with the more complete notifications, although the increase of limb reduction deformities are only partly explained by this factor. Transitional (quarterly) significant clusters were observed in the case of anencephaly (1974, IV), spina bifida (1974, II; and 1975, III; 1976, III), cleft lip +/- cleft palate (1974, III). The possibility of three technical biases (changes in diagnosis, notification and evaluation of the given congenital malformation) has to be excluded before accepting the fact of a real epidemic. Subsequently, a case-control epidemiological study by personal interviews and with matched controls has to be performed.", "PMID": 735805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2290", "title": "Histochemical study on lipid metabolism in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "As a part of the series of studies on lipid metabolism in ischemic myocardium, the present study was attempted to analyse 29 infarcted hearts with acute or scar lesions by a routine histopathology and lipid histochemistry. The time after the onset of attack till death ranged from one day to years. Sixteen were of the acute form, less than 2 month-old, and 13 were of the chronic scarred form. Within the first day, fat deposition appeared in the survived muscle cells around the infarcts reaching the peak from 2 days to one week, but necrotized cells never contained fat droplets. Macrophages in granulation tissue in periphery of the infarcts tended to have significant fat droplets usually in 10 days to one month. Fat disappeared from the survived muscle cells and also from the scar later than 2 months. The survived cells around the infarcts might be degenerated with fat, probably triglyceride, which accumulated by a relative ischemia not severe enough to produce coagulation necrosis, and they bear some relationship with extension or limitation of size of infarcts.", "contents": "Histochemical study on lipid metabolism in acute myocardial infarction. As a part of the series of studies on lipid metabolism in ischemic myocardium, the present study was attempted to analyse 29 infarcted hearts with acute or scar lesions by a routine histopathology and lipid histochemistry. The time after the onset of attack till death ranged from one day to years. Sixteen were of the acute form, less than 2 month-old, and 13 were of the chronic scarred form. Within the first day, fat deposition appeared in the survived muscle cells around the infarcts reaching the peak from 2 days to one week, but necrotized cells never contained fat droplets. Macrophages in granulation tissue in periphery of the infarcts tended to have significant fat droplets usually in 10 days to one month. Fat disappeared from the survived muscle cells and also from the scar later than 2 months. The survived cells around the infarcts might be degenerated with fat, probably triglyceride, which accumulated by a relative ischemia not severe enough to produce coagulation necrosis, and they bear some relationship with extension or limitation of size of infarcts.", "PMID": 735809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2291", "title": "The mediation of macrophage reaction in inflammation, with special reference to IgG-derived chemotactic factor.", "content": "Three different macrophage chemotactic factors were separated from hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by DNP-ascaris extract or PPD. The amount of each factor seemed to be changeable according to the nature of inflammatory stimuli. The chemotactic activity of the factor a was completely absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-light chain antibodies, while that of the factors b and c was not absorbed by the antibodies. The factor a was produced from IgG by neutrophil neutral serine protease resembling elastase but failing to digest elastin-orcein; its chemotactic generation was accompanied by release of dialysable peptide(s) from the IgG molecule, suggesting a minor structural change of the IgG molecule. Production of leucoegresin or lymphocyte chemotactic factor by neutrophil neutral thiol protease from IgG molecule was discussed.", "contents": "The mediation of macrophage reaction in inflammation, with special reference to IgG-derived chemotactic factor. Three different macrophage chemotactic factors were separated from hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by DNP-ascaris extract or PPD. The amount of each factor seemed to be changeable according to the nature of inflammatory stimuli. The chemotactic activity of the factor a was completely absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-light chain antibodies, while that of the factors b and c was not absorbed by the antibodies. The factor a was produced from IgG by neutrophil neutral serine protease resembling elastase but failing to digest elastin-orcein; its chemotactic generation was accompanied by release of dialysable peptide(s) from the IgG molecule, suggesting a minor structural change of the IgG molecule. Production of leucoegresin or lymphocyte chemotactic factor by neutrophil neutral thiol protease from IgG molecule was discussed.", "PMID": 735810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2292", "title": "Malignant pheochromocytoma arising in the organ of Zuckerkandl--a clinicopathological study.", "content": "An autopsy case of malignant pheochromocytoma arising in the organ of Zuckerkandl is reported, of which distant metastases were found in the liver and lymph nodes. The biochemical and electron microscopic findings from the tumor tissue showed noradrenaline-secreting type. It was revealed that sex ratio in malignant pheochromocytoma was more prominent in the female, and the frequency of extra-adrenal origin was higher in malignant pheochromocytoma than in benign one from comparative study of reported cases of malignant pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Malignant pheochromocytoma arising in the organ of Zuckerkandl--a clinicopathological study. An autopsy case of malignant pheochromocytoma arising in the organ of Zuckerkandl is reported, of which distant metastases were found in the liver and lymph nodes. The biochemical and electron microscopic findings from the tumor tissue showed noradrenaline-secreting type. It was revealed that sex ratio in malignant pheochromocytoma was more prominent in the female, and the frequency of extra-adrenal origin was higher in malignant pheochromocytoma than in benign one from comparative study of reported cases of malignant pheochromocytoma.", "PMID": 735811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2293", "title": "Infantile convulsion suspected of pyridoxine responsive seizures.", "content": "A 6-month-old boy, having suffered repeated convulsive siezures since birth, died of severe epilepsy, the disease remaining unknown. However, when a brother, born after the death of the present case, displayed the same clinical symptoms and was diagnosed clinically as having pyridoxine dependent convulsion, the deceased became suspected of having been a case of familial pyridoxine dependency. Pathologically, bilateral cerebellar hemorrhages were found accompanied by subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhages. Histologically, neuronal loss and diffuse astrocyte hyperplasia were found in the brain: Beside marginal gliosis, proliferations of astroglia and glial fibers were found, especially in the pons, medulla oblongata, and cervical cord, although the fibrillary gliosis may be representative for a physiological intermediate state. Foamy cells were found in the lymph nodes, but not in the brain. Observed in the kidneys were substances deposited in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules and materials in the tubular lumen.", "contents": "Infantile convulsion suspected of pyridoxine responsive seizures. A 6-month-old boy, having suffered repeated convulsive siezures since birth, died of severe epilepsy, the disease remaining unknown. However, when a brother, born after the death of the present case, displayed the same clinical symptoms and was diagnosed clinically as having pyridoxine dependent convulsion, the deceased became suspected of having been a case of familial pyridoxine dependency. Pathologically, bilateral cerebellar hemorrhages were found accompanied by subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhages. Histologically, neuronal loss and diffuse astrocyte hyperplasia were found in the brain: Beside marginal gliosis, proliferations of astroglia and glial fibers were found, especially in the pons, medulla oblongata, and cervical cord, although the fibrillary gliosis may be representative for a physiological intermediate state. Foamy cells were found in the lymph nodes, but not in the brain. Observed in the kidneys were substances deposited in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules and materials in the tubular lumen.", "PMID": 735812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2294", "title": "Disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in a child--a case of Mycobacterium sculoflaseum.", "content": "A case of disseminated mycobacterial disease caused by mycobacterium sculoflaceum is presented in a three-year-old female. Atypical acid-fast organisms were found in cultures from the tissue of lymph node and bone marrow, gastric juice and feces. Histologically the mesenteric lymph nodes contained numerous large macrophages which had large numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Caseation necrosis was absent. Distinguishing features are the extensive involvement of lymph nodes and bones and the preference for intracellular presence of acid-fast bacilli. Up to the present in Japan there are only 17 reported cases of atypical mycobacteriosis in children.", "contents": "Disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in a child--a case of Mycobacterium sculoflaseum. A case of disseminated mycobacterial disease caused by mycobacterium sculoflaceum is presented in a three-year-old female. Atypical acid-fast organisms were found in cultures from the tissue of lymph node and bone marrow, gastric juice and feces. Histologically the mesenteric lymph nodes contained numerous large macrophages which had large numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Caseation necrosis was absent. Distinguishing features are the extensive involvement of lymph nodes and bones and the preference for intracellular presence of acid-fast bacilli. Up to the present in Japan there are only 17 reported cases of atypical mycobacteriosis in children.", "PMID": 735813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2295", "title": "Pseudosarcomatous carcinoma of the esophagus--reference to its histogenesis.", "content": "A case of pseudosarcomatous carcinoma of the esophagus with metastasis to lymph node was presented and the literature was reviewed briefly. Transition from carcinomatous to sarcomatous picture was noted and the presence of tonofibrils and desmosomes was demonstrated by electron microscope in the cells with sarcomatous features. These findings suggested an epithelial origin of the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcomatous carcinoma.", "contents": "Pseudosarcomatous carcinoma of the esophagus--reference to its histogenesis. A case of pseudosarcomatous carcinoma of the esophagus with metastasis to lymph node was presented and the literature was reviewed briefly. Transition from carcinomatous to sarcomatous picture was noted and the presence of tonofibrils and desmosomes was demonstrated by electron microscope in the cells with sarcomatous features. These findings suggested an epithelial origin of the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcomatous carcinoma.", "PMID": 735814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2296", "title": "Letterer-Siwe disease with lipid-containing vacuolated cells--an autopsy case.", "content": "A case of Letterer-Siwe disease of a 1-year-2-month-old boy, which clinicopathologically satisfied 7 out of the 8 characteristics of the disease by Siwe's criteria, excluding pathologic changes in the bone is reported. The vacuolated histiocytes appeared in the proliferating reticuloendothelial cells in this case; the cells were positive by general fat reaction; the fats consisted of cholesterol fats, phospholipids and neutral lipid. Electron microscopy showed the occurrence of lipid droplets with cholesterol crystals and atypical form of Langerhans cell granule. Granulomatous changes were found in the lymph nodes and spleen, and this case was also similar in part to chronic granulomatous disease; however, celoid and lipofuscin pigments were negative in the proliferating cells. Cytomegalic inclusion disease as a complication was found in the lungs and intestine, and bilirubin stones in the liver.", "contents": "Letterer-Siwe disease with lipid-containing vacuolated cells--an autopsy case. A case of Letterer-Siwe disease of a 1-year-2-month-old boy, which clinicopathologically satisfied 7 out of the 8 characteristics of the disease by Siwe's criteria, excluding pathologic changes in the bone is reported. The vacuolated histiocytes appeared in the proliferating reticuloendothelial cells in this case; the cells were positive by general fat reaction; the fats consisted of cholesterol fats, phospholipids and neutral lipid. Electron microscopy showed the occurrence of lipid droplets with cholesterol crystals and atypical form of Langerhans cell granule. Granulomatous changes were found in the lymph nodes and spleen, and this case was also similar in part to chronic granulomatous disease; however, celoid and lipofuscin pigments were negative in the proliferating cells. Cytomegalic inclusion disease as a complication was found in the lungs and intestine, and bilirubin stones in the liver.", "PMID": 735815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2297", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showing pituitary tumor with massive leukemic cell infiltration, and special reference to clinicopathological findings of CLL.", "content": "An autopsy case of a 33 years old doctor with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was reported. Two remissions were noted with chemotherapy and irradiation. The special characteristic of this case was the tumor formation in the sellar fossa similating a pituitary tumor which was considered as a type of meningeal leukemia, showing visual disturbance. Leukemic cell infiltration was hardly observed in any other organs. From the analysis of five cases of CLL, the author proposes that CLL may be classified into two types: the one is the severe type showing a short clinical course and the other is a mild one, showing a long clinical course. Details such as histopathological findings, cause of death and clinical findings were discussed.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showing pituitary tumor with massive leukemic cell infiltration, and special reference to clinicopathological findings of CLL. An autopsy case of a 33 years old doctor with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was reported. Two remissions were noted with chemotherapy and irradiation. The special characteristic of this case was the tumor formation in the sellar fossa similating a pituitary tumor which was considered as a type of meningeal leukemia, showing visual disturbance. Leukemic cell infiltration was hardly observed in any other organs. From the analysis of five cases of CLL, the author proposes that CLL may be classified into two types: the one is the severe type showing a short clinical course and the other is a mild one, showing a long clinical course. Details such as histopathological findings, cause of death and clinical findings were discussed.", "PMID": 735816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2298", "title": "Endolymphatic stromal myosis with autoradiographic observation.", "content": "A biopsy case of endolymphatic stromal myosis, a rare neoplasm of the uterus, which occurred in a 33-year-old female was described. The histology was typical and resembled stromal cells of proliferative phase endometrium. The tumor extended in the endometrium and diffusely infiltrated into the myometrium and the parametrium. However, 3H-thymidine labeling index was low suggesting slow growth of the tumor.", "contents": "Endolymphatic stromal myosis with autoradiographic observation. A biopsy case of endolymphatic stromal myosis, a rare neoplasm of the uterus, which occurred in a 33-year-old female was described. The histology was typical and resembled stromal cells of proliferative phase endometrium. The tumor extended in the endometrium and diffusely infiltrated into the myometrium and the parametrium. However, 3H-thymidine labeling index was low suggesting slow growth of the tumor.", "PMID": 735817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2299", "title": "Pathological studies on atrioventricular conduction disturbances.", "content": "A histopathological study was made on 150 autopsied hearts according to the method of Lev in order to investigate the correlation of conduction disturbances with the branching pattern of the bundle branches. Subsequently, the study of bundle branch block and A-V block cases revealed that no explicit correlation existed between histopathological changes and functional disturbances nor between disturbances in conduction (i.e. breakdown of the physiological mechanism) and histopathological findings.", "contents": "Pathological studies on atrioventricular conduction disturbances. A histopathological study was made on 150 autopsied hearts according to the method of Lev in order to investigate the correlation of conduction disturbances with the branching pattern of the bundle branches. Subsequently, the study of bundle branch block and A-V block cases revealed that no explicit correlation existed between histopathological changes and functional disturbances nor between disturbances in conduction (i.e. breakdown of the physiological mechanism) and histopathological findings.", "PMID": 735818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2300", "title": "Drug-induced lysosomal changes and nephrotoxicity in rats.", "content": "Lysosomal involvement in renal tubular lesions was studied mainly by electronmicroscopy after single and repeated administrations of cephacetrile, cephalothin, cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin and combine administrations of cephalothin and gentamicin or gentamicin and leupeptin in female Wistar rats. Large cytosomes of high density were increased due probably to either reabsorption and secretion of drugs or their metabolites. These cytosomes displaying acid phosphatase activity were demonstrated histochemically and were identified as heterolysosomes. In rats treated with cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin, disruption of lysosomal membrane was noted and regional cytoplasmic destruction was seen in the vicinity of the disrupted heterolysosomes. Necrotic epithelial cells and renal insufficiency were observed in these animals. On the other hand, neither destruction of lysosomes nor cell lesion was found in rats treated with cephacetrile or cephalothin. It was speculated that lysosomal destruction might be the cause of the cell lesions found in cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin treated rats.", "contents": "Drug-induced lysosomal changes and nephrotoxicity in rats. Lysosomal involvement in renal tubular lesions was studied mainly by electronmicroscopy after single and repeated administrations of cephacetrile, cephalothin, cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin and combine administrations of cephalothin and gentamicin or gentamicin and leupeptin in female Wistar rats. Large cytosomes of high density were increased due probably to either reabsorption and secretion of drugs or their metabolites. These cytosomes displaying acid phosphatase activity were demonstrated histochemically and were identified as heterolysosomes. In rats treated with cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin, disruption of lysosomal membrane was noted and regional cytoplasmic destruction was seen in the vicinity of the disrupted heterolysosomes. Necrotic epithelial cells and renal insufficiency were observed in these animals. On the other hand, neither destruction of lysosomes nor cell lesion was found in rats treated with cephacetrile or cephalothin. It was speculated that lysosomal destruction might be the cause of the cell lesions found in cephaloridine, gentamicin or leupeptin treated rats.", "PMID": 735819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2301", "title": "Morphological studies of the spleen in splenomegalic liver cirrhosis comparing with the spleen in idiopathic portal hypertension (so-called Banti's syndrome without liver cirrhosis).", "content": "Morphological changes of the spleen in splenomegalic liver cirrhosis (SLC) were studied. Comparisons with the normal spleen and the spleen of idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) were made by (1) light microscopy with histometry, (2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with histometry, and (3) SEM of the spleen vascular replica. Histometrical studies by light microscopy showed that in both SLC and IPH, the white pulp volume was decreased in random units of splenic tissue but increased in the whole spleen, whereas the red pulp volume was increased both in random units of splenic tissue and in the whole spleen. The increase in the total volume of the white pulp was less marked in SLC than in IPH. SEM histometry demonstrated in the red pulp an increase in small venous sinuses and narrowing of the Billroth cord in SLC and IPH. Narrowing of the Billroth cord was more marked in SLC than in IPH. SEM of the white pulp showed channels formed by reticulum cells around the central artery in SLC and IPH. The channels are thought to correspond to so-called \"follikul\u00e4re Fibroadenie\" or periarterial fibrosis. The spleen vascular replica demonstrated open arterial termination into the tissue spaces in the Billroth cord in SLC, IPH and the normal. Venous sinuses were arranged in bundles in SLC and IPH.", "contents": "Morphological studies of the spleen in splenomegalic liver cirrhosis comparing with the spleen in idiopathic portal hypertension (so-called Banti's syndrome without liver cirrhosis). Morphological changes of the spleen in splenomegalic liver cirrhosis (SLC) were studied. Comparisons with the normal spleen and the spleen of idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) were made by (1) light microscopy with histometry, (2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with histometry, and (3) SEM of the spleen vascular replica. Histometrical studies by light microscopy showed that in both SLC and IPH, the white pulp volume was decreased in random units of splenic tissue but increased in the whole spleen, whereas the red pulp volume was increased both in random units of splenic tissue and in the whole spleen. The increase in the total volume of the white pulp was less marked in SLC than in IPH. SEM histometry demonstrated in the red pulp an increase in small venous sinuses and narrowing of the Billroth cord in SLC and IPH. Narrowing of the Billroth cord was more marked in SLC than in IPH. SEM of the white pulp showed channels formed by reticulum cells around the central artery in SLC and IPH. The channels are thought to correspond to so-called \"follikul\u00e4re Fibroadenie\" or periarterial fibrosis. The spleen vascular replica demonstrated open arterial termination into the tissue spaces in the Billroth cord in SLC, IPH and the normal. Venous sinuses were arranged in bundles in SLC and IPH.", "PMID": 735820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2302", "title": "Congenital dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts associated with hepatic fibrosis and medullary sponge kidney--reconstruction and microdissection study.", "content": "An autopsy case of a four-year-old female with congenital dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts with bilateral medullary sponge kidney is presented. The liver and kidney were investigated by reconstruction with serial sections and the kidney was also studied by microdissection. In this case the dilatations of collecting tubules and intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts were observed. We regard these lesions as developmental anomalies since these sites of both organs are excretory ducts derived from the endoderm. The liver cirrhosis observed at autopsy had developed in the course of the disease because the liver architecture was well preserved in the biopsy material. The patient had fatal cholangitis without cholelithiasis.", "contents": "Congenital dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts associated with hepatic fibrosis and medullary sponge kidney--reconstruction and microdissection study. An autopsy case of a four-year-old female with congenital dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts with bilateral medullary sponge kidney is presented. The liver and kidney were investigated by reconstruction with serial sections and the kidney was also studied by microdissection. In this case the dilatations of collecting tubules and intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts were observed. We regard these lesions as developmental anomalies since these sites of both organs are excretory ducts derived from the endoderm. The liver cirrhosis observed at autopsy had developed in the course of the disease because the liver architecture was well preserved in the biopsy material. The patient had fatal cholangitis without cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 735821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2303", "title": "Fusiform aneurysm of basilar artery associated with bilateral choroidal cysts.", "content": "A case of large fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery and bilateral choroidal cysts in the lateral ventricles is reported. The pathogenesis of the choroidal cysts is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Fusiform aneurysm of basilar artery associated with bilateral choroidal cysts. A case of large fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery and bilateral choroidal cysts in the lateral ventricles is reported. The pathogenesis of the choroidal cysts is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 735822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2304", "title": "Cemented tungsten carbide pneumoconiosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of cemented tungsten carbide pneumoconiosis, the first lethal case in our country, is presented. A 28-year-old woman, who had been engaged in grinding presintered metallic matrix for four years, developed respiratory symptoms. X-ray examinations were indicative of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Corticosteroid therapy revealed only little effect. She expired five years after the onset of the symptoms. Postmortem examination showed nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis resulting in marked lung fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, crystals were observed in cytoplasm of presumable macrophages in the fibrotic lung tissue. Electron probe microanalysis of the lung tissue showed the presence of tungsten and other constituents of tungsten carbide except for cobalt. Metal analysis demonstrated a large amount of tungsten in the lung. Cobalt was detected tenfold of the normal value in the bone. In pathogenesis of the pneumoconiosis in the cemented tungsten carbide workers, toxicity of cobalt is most suspectable, and in addition, individual susceptibility may be also important.", "contents": "Cemented tungsten carbide pneumoconiosis. An autopsy case of cemented tungsten carbide pneumoconiosis, the first lethal case in our country, is presented. A 28-year-old woman, who had been engaged in grinding presintered metallic matrix for four years, developed respiratory symptoms. X-ray examinations were indicative of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Corticosteroid therapy revealed only little effect. She expired five years after the onset of the symptoms. Postmortem examination showed nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis resulting in marked lung fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, crystals were observed in cytoplasm of presumable macrophages in the fibrotic lung tissue. Electron probe microanalysis of the lung tissue showed the presence of tungsten and other constituents of tungsten carbide except for cobalt. Metal analysis demonstrated a large amount of tungsten in the lung. Cobalt was detected tenfold of the normal value in the bone. In pathogenesis of the pneumoconiosis in the cemented tungsten carbide workers, toxicity of cobalt is most suspectable, and in addition, individual susceptibility may be also important.", "PMID": 735823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2305", "title": "Fulminating lactose-positive Vibrio septicemia.", "content": "Recently cases of tissue invasion by as yet unnamed marine vibrios which were morphologically and biochemically similar to both Vibrio parahemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, but not identical with either of them, have been described. We have seen a patient who had serious widespread tissue infection with a halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium which was isolated from blood and leg lesions. The organism had the characteristics of the genus Vibrio, and lactose fermentation and ONPG reactions were positive. It also had a lower tolerance for sodium chloride in the nutrient broth compared with the above two vibrios. The isolate seems identical to the lactose positive (L+) Vibrio described by HOLLIS et al. (1976). Tissue infection resulting in severe necrotizing cellulitis and vasculitis was demonstrated at autopsy.", "contents": "Fulminating lactose-positive Vibrio septicemia. Recently cases of tissue invasion by as yet unnamed marine vibrios which were morphologically and biochemically similar to both Vibrio parahemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, but not identical with either of them, have been described. We have seen a patient who had serious widespread tissue infection with a halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium which was isolated from blood and leg lesions. The organism had the characteristics of the genus Vibrio, and lactose fermentation and ONPG reactions were positive. It also had a lower tolerance for sodium chloride in the nutrient broth compared with the above two vibrios. The isolate seems identical to the lactose positive (L+) Vibrio described by HOLLIS et al. (1976). Tissue infection resulting in severe necrotizing cellulitis and vasculitis was demonstrated at autopsy.", "PMID": 735824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2306", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis. A case report with study of three dimensional reconstruction of serial sections of the liver.", "content": "A patient who developed pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly with portal hypertension is described. Liver wedge biopsy at the time of operation showed typical histology of congenital hepatic fibrosis. Renal surgical biopsy revealed tubular ectasia. A continuous anastomosing network of the biliary tree was observed by reconstruction of serial sections of the liver. Some parts of the network were dilated and no isolated bile ducts were present.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis. A case report with study of three dimensional reconstruction of serial sections of the liver. A patient who developed pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly with portal hypertension is described. Liver wedge biopsy at the time of operation showed typical histology of congenital hepatic fibrosis. Renal surgical biopsy revealed tubular ectasia. A continuous anastomosing network of the biliary tree was observed by reconstruction of serial sections of the liver. Some parts of the network were dilated and no isolated bile ducts were present.", "PMID": 735825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2307", "title": "Diffuse infantile fibromatosis.", "content": "A boy 15 months old with diffuse infantile fibromatosis in the thigh is reported. A rapidly growing tumor in the right thigh was the only clinical manifestation, suggesting a malignant soft tissue tumor. Macroscopically, the lesion in the medial vastus muscle with an illdefined border gave a pepper and salt appearance. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by an abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts accompanied by some fibrosis, infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells, formation of lymphoid follicles, proliferation of capillaries and the presence of a small number of mature fat cells. No evidence of recurrence is found at present one and half years after operation.", "contents": "Diffuse infantile fibromatosis. A boy 15 months old with diffuse infantile fibromatosis in the thigh is reported. A rapidly growing tumor in the right thigh was the only clinical manifestation, suggesting a malignant soft tissue tumor. Macroscopically, the lesion in the medial vastus muscle with an illdefined border gave a pepper and salt appearance. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by an abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts accompanied by some fibrosis, infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells, formation of lymphoid follicles, proliferation of capillaries and the presence of a small number of mature fat cells. No evidence of recurrence is found at present one and half years after operation.", "PMID": 735826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2308", "title": "Sarcomatous variant of malignant histiocytosis; a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "The case is that of a 21-year-old female with mediastinal and subcutaneous, tumors composed of sarcomatous growth of poorly differentiated histiocytes defined by enzyme histochemical staining, ultrastructural observation and detection of surface markers. At autopsy neoplastic cells in the solid tumor became less cohesive and pleomorphic with erythrophagia, while features in the lymph node draining from the tumor was compatible with the criteria of malignant histiocytosis. The place where such a sarcomatous variant of malignant histiocytosis should be placed within other histiocytic tumors is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Sarcomatous variant of malignant histiocytosis; a case report and review of the literature. The case is that of a 21-year-old female with mediastinal and subcutaneous, tumors composed of sarcomatous growth of poorly differentiated histiocytes defined by enzyme histochemical staining, ultrastructural observation and detection of surface markers. At autopsy neoplastic cells in the solid tumor became less cohesive and pleomorphic with erythrophagia, while features in the lymph node draining from the tumor was compatible with the criteria of malignant histiocytosis. The place where such a sarcomatous variant of malignant histiocytosis should be placed within other histiocytic tumors is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 735827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2309", "title": "Malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma in an infant accompanying diabetes insipidus.", "content": "This report deals with a 1.5-year-old male infant terminating in viral pneumonia and \"diabetes insipidus\". The autopsy revealed malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma, invading the wall of the third ventricle, extending to the periventricular-, dorsomedial- and ventromedial area, skipping to the lateral area adjacent to the optic nerve, and permeating into the subarachnoid space of the cerebrum. At the onset of disease polydypsia and polyuria were marked followed by interstitial pneumonia with high fever, and later generalized tonic convulsion terminated in death. This case is peculiar in at least two respects. Firstly, this is the youngest reported case of malignant chromophobe adenoma. Secondly, the manifestation of diabetes insipidus is rare in chromophobe adenoma. The malignant adenoma probably occurred from the primitive gland rest of chromophobe cells in the posterior lobe becoming malignant during the course of growth development and destroyed the cells of the posterior lobe, resulting in diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "Malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma in an infant accompanying diabetes insipidus. This report deals with a 1.5-year-old male infant terminating in viral pneumonia and \"diabetes insipidus\". The autopsy revealed malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma, invading the wall of the third ventricle, extending to the periventricular-, dorsomedial- and ventromedial area, skipping to the lateral area adjacent to the optic nerve, and permeating into the subarachnoid space of the cerebrum. At the onset of disease polydypsia and polyuria were marked followed by interstitial pneumonia with high fever, and later generalized tonic convulsion terminated in death. This case is peculiar in at least two respects. Firstly, this is the youngest reported case of malignant chromophobe adenoma. Secondly, the manifestation of diabetes insipidus is rare in chromophobe adenoma. The malignant adenoma probably occurred from the primitive gland rest of chromophobe cells in the posterior lobe becoming malignant during the course of growth development and destroyed the cells of the posterior lobe, resulting in diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 735828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2310", "title": "Changes in the convulsion threshold and in the level of brain biogenic amines in rats chronically treated with phenobarbital or diazepam.", "content": "In experiments on 72 male Wistar rats, chronically treated with phenobarbital and diazepam, studies are made of the change in the convulsion threshold after sound stimulation during treatment and after withdrawal of the drugs. The level of biogenic amines in the brain at the end of the treatment (60th day) and after withdrawal of the drugs (3rd day) was also determined. The convulsion threshold was found to be considerably lower on the 3rd day after drug withdrawal in rats treated with phenobarbital and to a lesser extent (also on the 3rd day) in rats treated with diazepam. Serotonin level is considerably lower in both groups of animals. The significance of the disturbed correlation between serotonin and noradrenaline and particularly the sharp decrease of the serotonin level for the appearance of intensified convulsion activity is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the convulsion threshold and in the level of brain biogenic amines in rats chronically treated with phenobarbital or diazepam. In experiments on 72 male Wistar rats, chronically treated with phenobarbital and diazepam, studies are made of the change in the convulsion threshold after sound stimulation during treatment and after withdrawal of the drugs. The level of biogenic amines in the brain at the end of the treatment (60th day) and after withdrawal of the drugs (3rd day) was also determined. The convulsion threshold was found to be considerably lower on the 3rd day after drug withdrawal in rats treated with phenobarbital and to a lesser extent (also on the 3rd day) in rats treated with diazepam. Serotonin level is considerably lower in both groups of animals. The significance of the disturbed correlation between serotonin and noradrenaline and particularly the sharp decrease of the serotonin level for the appearance of intensified convulsion activity is discussed.", "PMID": 735829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2311", "title": "Character of the spike activity on both sides of duodenal transection depending on the regeneration of the intrinsic nervous system.", "content": "Experiments are carried out on dogs with transection of the duodenum followed by end-to-end anastomosis and chronically implanted silver ball-shaped electrodes on the muscle wall of the stomach and on the segments of the duodenum proximal and distal to the transection. Dissociation of the spike activity of the two duodenal segments is established after the operation. As early as the second week after the transection, parallel with this single group of spike potentials propagating through the anastomosis are also observed. With increasing the time interval from the operation propagation of the spike activity along the length of the muscle occurs more and more frequently. The difference in the percentage of spike activity of the two duodenal segments is greatest during the first and second months after the operation. At the beginning of the third month it decreases gradually to reach 10 per cent approximately during the fifth month after the operation. In preliminary vagotomized dogs the difference in the percentage of the spike activity is maintained around 20-30 per cent. In dogs with definitely separated segment of the duodenum this difference becomes great and there are no tendencies towards reduction even in the sixth month post operation. Histological studies of the material taken from the area of the anastomosis of animals at different post-transection periods, subjected to silver impregnation after the method of Bielschowsky-Gross, show regeneration of the severed nerve bundles of plexus myentericus Auerbachi. The restoration of the spreading of the spike activity along the length of the duodenum is associated with restoration of the nerve structures in the muscle wall of the duodenum.", "contents": "Character of the spike activity on both sides of duodenal transection depending on the regeneration of the intrinsic nervous system. Experiments are carried out on dogs with transection of the duodenum followed by end-to-end anastomosis and chronically implanted silver ball-shaped electrodes on the muscle wall of the stomach and on the segments of the duodenum proximal and distal to the transection. Dissociation of the spike activity of the two duodenal segments is established after the operation. As early as the second week after the transection, parallel with this single group of spike potentials propagating through the anastomosis are also observed. With increasing the time interval from the operation propagation of the spike activity along the length of the muscle occurs more and more frequently. The difference in the percentage of spike activity of the two duodenal segments is greatest during the first and second months after the operation. At the beginning of the third month it decreases gradually to reach 10 per cent approximately during the fifth month after the operation. In preliminary vagotomized dogs the difference in the percentage of the spike activity is maintained around 20-30 per cent. In dogs with definitely separated segment of the duodenum this difference becomes great and there are no tendencies towards reduction even in the sixth month post operation. Histological studies of the material taken from the area of the anastomosis of animals at different post-transection periods, subjected to silver impregnation after the method of Bielschowsky-Gross, show regeneration of the severed nerve bundles of plexus myentericus Auerbachi. The restoration of the spreading of the spike activity along the length of the duodenum is associated with restoration of the nerve structures in the muscle wall of the duodenum.", "PMID": 735830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2312", "title": "Cholinergic mechanisms in the learning and memory facilitating effect of the central stimulants. II. Influence of anticholinergic agents on the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine.", "content": "In experiments involving training of albino rats in a maze it has been found that strychnine (1 mg/kg) introduced 5 min before or immediately after training, improves learning and retention. Upon blocking of the central muscarine-sensitive cholinergic structures (scopolamine 2 mg/kg) and of the nicotine-sensitive structures (spasmolytin 20 mg/kg), the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine is not manifested. The realization of the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine requires optimum functional level of the activity of the central cholinergic system.", "contents": "Cholinergic mechanisms in the learning and memory facilitating effect of the central stimulants. II. Influence of anticholinergic agents on the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine. In experiments involving training of albino rats in a maze it has been found that strychnine (1 mg/kg) introduced 5 min before or immediately after training, improves learning and retention. Upon blocking of the central muscarine-sensitive cholinergic structures (scopolamine 2 mg/kg) and of the nicotine-sensitive structures (spasmolytin 20 mg/kg), the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine is not manifested. The realization of the learning and memory facilitating effect of strychnine requires optimum functional level of the activity of the central cholinergic system.", "PMID": 735831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2313", "title": "Cholinergic mechanisms in the learning and memory facilitating effect of the central stimulants. III. Influence of the anticholinergic agents on the learning and memory facilitating effect of amphetamine.", "content": "In experiments involving training of albino rats in a maze it has been established that amphetamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg introduced 15 min before learning has almost no effect, in a dose of 2 mg/kg it slightly deteriorates learning and retention, while in a dose of 1 mg/kg both learning and retention are markedly improved. However, introduced immediately after training, all three doses tested improve retention upon testing 24 hours and 14 days after training. Upon blocking of the central muscarine-sensitive cholinergic structures (scopolamine 2 mg/kg) and of the nicotine-sensitive structures (spasmolytin 20 mg/kg), the learning and memory facilitating effect of amphetamine is not manifested in the two experimental setups (introduction before and after training). The results resemble the case of independent administration of cholinolytics only, i.e. complete blocking of learning and memory induced by scopolamine and considerable deterioration induced by spasmolytin. The results obtained show that the realization of the learning and retention facilitating effect of amphetamine requires optimum functional level of the activity of the central cholinergic system.", "contents": "Cholinergic mechanisms in the learning and memory facilitating effect of the central stimulants. III. Influence of the anticholinergic agents on the learning and memory facilitating effect of amphetamine. In experiments involving training of albino rats in a maze it has been established that amphetamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg introduced 15 min before learning has almost no effect, in a dose of 2 mg/kg it slightly deteriorates learning and retention, while in a dose of 1 mg/kg both learning and retention are markedly improved. However, introduced immediately after training, all three doses tested improve retention upon testing 24 hours and 14 days after training. Upon blocking of the central muscarine-sensitive cholinergic structures (scopolamine 2 mg/kg) and of the nicotine-sensitive structures (spasmolytin 20 mg/kg), the learning and memory facilitating effect of amphetamine is not manifested in the two experimental setups (introduction before and after training). The results resemble the case of independent administration of cholinolytics only, i.e. complete blocking of learning and memory induced by scopolamine and considerable deterioration induced by spasmolytin. The results obtained show that the realization of the learning and retention facilitating effect of amphetamine requires optimum functional level of the activity of the central cholinergic system.", "PMID": 735832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2314", "title": "Influences between the contingent negative variation and the preceding readiness potential.", "content": "Contingent negative variation (CNV) is a slow negative shift in the potential, developing in the period of association between the warning and the imperative stimulus. The readiness potential (RP) resembles the CNV in morphology and amplitude and appears before the performance of a voluntary action. When RP precedes the appearance of the warning stimulus, CNV amplitude reaches considerably lower values. This phenomenon could be explained with the assumptions about a common neuronal pool of McAdam (1971) and with the \"ceiling\" hypothesis of Hamilton et al. (1973). The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of time intervals with different duration between RP and CNV. A decrease in the amplitude of CNV following RP has been found, without statistically significant differences depending on the interval between them. A more significant influence is observed on CNV morphology: in addition to a decrease in the amplitude, there is also a transition from type B to type A CNV when it is preceded by RP. Under conditions of a more complicated task involving combination with CNV, the RP itself shows lower values compared with the case of independent generation. This gives grounds for the conclusion that the complexity and the complex requirements of the task determine the value of the negatively directed slow-potential changes.", "contents": "Influences between the contingent negative variation and the preceding readiness potential. Contingent negative variation (CNV) is a slow negative shift in the potential, developing in the period of association between the warning and the imperative stimulus. The readiness potential (RP) resembles the CNV in morphology and amplitude and appears before the performance of a voluntary action. When RP precedes the appearance of the warning stimulus, CNV amplitude reaches considerably lower values. This phenomenon could be explained with the assumptions about a common neuronal pool of McAdam (1971) and with the \"ceiling\" hypothesis of Hamilton et al. (1973). The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of time intervals with different duration between RP and CNV. A decrease in the amplitude of CNV following RP has been found, without statistically significant differences depending on the interval between them. A more significant influence is observed on CNV morphology: in addition to a decrease in the amplitude, there is also a transition from type B to type A CNV when it is preceded by RP. Under conditions of a more complicated task involving combination with CNV, the RP itself shows lower values compared with the case of independent generation. This gives grounds for the conclusion that the complexity and the complex requirements of the task determine the value of the negatively directed slow-potential changes.", "PMID": 735833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2315", "title": "Interaction of visual evoked potentials in groups of stimuli with different interstimulus intervals in cats. I. Experimental design. Dispersion analysis.", "content": "Quantitative estimation of excitability is performed at present in a pair of stimuli by studying the so-called recovery cycles. Random mixing of the interstimulus intervals and their appropriate grouping (grouped pairs) can provide new information about the course of excitability in time. An experimental setup is described in which by planning of the experiment (BIB-design) the interstimulus intervals are randomized and all components of the evoked potentials (EP) are placed under equal conditions with respect to the influence of the preceding intervals. The effects of the interstimulus intervals simultaneously on different components of visual evoked potentials in cats are estimated by means of dispersion analysis. The results show the existence of a significant effect only on definite amplitudes of the EP (predominantly with great latencies). The interactions of the effects of definite interstimulus intervals are determined, which permits the assumption of an interaction among different components of EP.", "contents": "Interaction of visual evoked potentials in groups of stimuli with different interstimulus intervals in cats. I. Experimental design. Dispersion analysis. Quantitative estimation of excitability is performed at present in a pair of stimuli by studying the so-called recovery cycles. Random mixing of the interstimulus intervals and their appropriate grouping (grouped pairs) can provide new information about the course of excitability in time. An experimental setup is described in which by planning of the experiment (BIB-design) the interstimulus intervals are randomized and all components of the evoked potentials (EP) are placed under equal conditions with respect to the influence of the preceding intervals. The effects of the interstimulus intervals simultaneously on different components of visual evoked potentials in cats are estimated by means of dispersion analysis. The results show the existence of a significant effect only on definite amplitudes of the EP (predominantly with great latencies). The interactions of the effects of definite interstimulus intervals are determined, which permits the assumption of an interaction among different components of EP.", "PMID": 735834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2316", "title": "A rapid and sensitive assay for monoamine oxidase activity.", "content": "Based on the Berthelot reaction, a new sensitive and rapid procedure for monoamine oxidase (MAO) determination with substrate tyramine has been developed. The saturation with oxygen and the separation of ammonia from the substrate were omitted. At the end of incubation the samples were deproteinized with ethanol and consecutive centrifugation. The newly-formed ammonia is converted into the coloured compound indophenol, using the procedure of Fenton (1962). The indophenol concentration, respectively NH3 is determined by spectrophotometry at 625 nm, and calculated by comparison with a set of standard amounts of NH3. The enzyme activity is expressed as nanomoles ammonia, formed by 1 mg protein for 1 min. The method was tested for studying the relationship between the enzyme activity, time of incubation and protein concentration, as well as the effect of pargyline. The kinetics of MAO, using both liver and brain mitochondria as enzyme material was also studied. Considering the specificity, simplicity, versatility and rapid performance, the new method showed several advantages in comparison with the other known methods for MAO determination.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive assay for monoamine oxidase activity. Based on the Berthelot reaction, a new sensitive and rapid procedure for monoamine oxidase (MAO) determination with substrate tyramine has been developed. The saturation with oxygen and the separation of ammonia from the substrate were omitted. At the end of incubation the samples were deproteinized with ethanol and consecutive centrifugation. The newly-formed ammonia is converted into the coloured compound indophenol, using the procedure of Fenton (1962). The indophenol concentration, respectively NH3 is determined by spectrophotometry at 625 nm, and calculated by comparison with a set of standard amounts of NH3. The enzyme activity is expressed as nanomoles ammonia, formed by 1 mg protein for 1 min. The method was tested for studying the relationship between the enzyme activity, time of incubation and protein concentration, as well as the effect of pargyline. The kinetics of MAO, using both liver and brain mitochondria as enzyme material was also studied. Considering the specificity, simplicity, versatility and rapid performance, the new method showed several advantages in comparison with the other known methods for MAO determination.", "PMID": 735835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2317", "title": "Mean energy imparted in relation to the focus to object distance.", "content": "The relationship between the energy absorbed by the patient at the exposure of a radiographic image and the focus to object distance is analysed. It is found that the mean energy imparted, or the integral absorbed dose, is the same irrespective of the focus to object distance when the energy fluence and the field size are both normalized at the film plane. When the field size is kept constant within the object whilst the focus to object distance is varied a limited increase in the mean energy imparted occurs when the focus to object distance is decreased; this statement is valid for the focus to object distances which are usually applied in diagnostic radiology. When estimating radiation risks the importance of the focus to object distance is found to be of limited interest.", "contents": "Mean energy imparted in relation to the focus to object distance. The relationship between the energy absorbed by the patient at the exposure of a radiographic image and the focus to object distance is analysed. It is found that the mean energy imparted, or the integral absorbed dose, is the same irrespective of the focus to object distance when the energy fluence and the field size are both normalized at the film plane. When the field size is kept constant within the object whilst the focus to object distance is varied a limited increase in the mean energy imparted occurs when the focus to object distance is decreased; this statement is valid for the focus to object distances which are usually applied in diagnostic radiology. When estimating radiation risks the importance of the focus to object distance is found to be of limited interest.", "PMID": 735837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2318", "title": "Arterial and venous blood pressure and blood flow following femoral angiography with a new non-ionic contrast medium. An experimental investigation in dogs.", "content": "At femoral angiography in dogs the effects of a new non-ionic contrast medium (C29) were compared with those of one non-ionic medium (metrizamide) and one ionic medium (meglumine/sodium diatrizoate) in current use. In the leg subjected to angiography the pressure gradient over the peripheral vessels decreased and the femoral blood flow increased. The changes induced by the ionic medium were significantly greater than those induced by metrizamide and C29, whereas no significant difference between the two non-ionic media was recorded.", "contents": "Arterial and venous blood pressure and blood flow following femoral angiography with a new non-ionic contrast medium. An experimental investigation in dogs. At femoral angiography in dogs the effects of a new non-ionic contrast medium (C29) were compared with those of one non-ionic medium (metrizamide) and one ionic medium (meglumine/sodium diatrizoate) in current use. In the leg subjected to angiography the pressure gradient over the peripheral vessels decreased and the femoral blood flow increased. The changes induced by the ionic medium were significantly greater than those induced by metrizamide and C29, whereas no significant difference between the two non-ionic media was recorded.", "PMID": 735838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2319", "title": "Effect of intra-arterial CO2 insuffflation on occlusive arterial disease in the lower leg.", "content": "Twenty patients with a mean age of 79 years were followed over a period of 6 months after intra-arterial insufflation of CO2 in the lower extremity. All patients had severe peripheral occlusive arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis and were scheduled for amputation. A significant increase of the distal perfusion pressure was obtained in the majority of the cases resulting in pain relief and healing of ulcers and gangrenes.", "contents": "Effect of intra-arterial CO2 insuffflation on occlusive arterial disease in the lower leg. Twenty patients with a mean age of 79 years were followed over a period of 6 months after intra-arterial insufflation of CO2 in the lower extremity. All patients had severe peripheral occlusive arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis and were scheduled for amputation. A significant increase of the distal perfusion pressure was obtained in the majority of the cases resulting in pain relief and healing of ulcers and gangrenes.", "PMID": 735839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2320", "title": "Preoperative infusion of mitomycin-C in the bronchial artery in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Bronchial angiography was performed in 9 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The tumor-feeding vessel was identified and infused with 10 mg of mitomycin-C (MMC) diluted in saline. At operation after 28 to 48 days complete remission of the tumor had occurred in 2 patients, almost complete in one, partial remission in 2 and a marked regression in 2. In 2 patients no change was noted. No side effects except moderate malaise and slight fever occurred.", "contents": "Preoperative infusion of mitomycin-C in the bronchial artery in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Bronchial angiography was performed in 9 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The tumor-feeding vessel was identified and infused with 10 mg of mitomycin-C (MMC) diluted in saline. At operation after 28 to 48 days complete remission of the tumor had occurred in 2 patients, almost complete in one, partial remission in 2 and a marked regression in 2. In 2 patients no change was noted. No side effects except moderate malaise and slight fever occurred.", "PMID": 735840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2321", "title": "Myelography in lumbar spondylolisthesis.", "content": "Radiography and myelography of 41 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and radicular syndrome were analysed. The L5 olisthesis in several aspects differed from the L4 olisthesis. Root pocket amputation was the most common explanation for the radicular syndrome but sometimes present without clinical signs. In this series disc herniation was uncommon and its diagnosis difficult. Total or subtotal block of the subarachnoid space was also uncommon but this diagnosis enforced the indication for decompressive operation.", "contents": "Myelography in lumbar spondylolisthesis. Radiography and myelography of 41 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and radicular syndrome were analysed. The L5 olisthesis in several aspects differed from the L4 olisthesis. Root pocket amputation was the most common explanation for the radicular syndrome but sometimes present without clinical signs. In this series disc herniation was uncommon and its diagnosis difficult. Total or subtotal block of the subarachnoid space was also uncommon but this diagnosis enforced the indication for decompressive operation.", "PMID": 735841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2322", "title": "Quantitative cisternography.", "content": "By quantitative cisternography using a stationary detector system with correction for tissue background, an exponential elimination of 131I-HSA from the basal cisterns was demonstrated, allowing calculation of a biologic half time (BHT) of the clearance curve of a satisfactory level of reproducibility. 'Normal' range of BHT was calculated. Demented patients had significantly longer BHT. In 4 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus prolonged BHT turned normal after shunting, paralleled by marked clinical improvement, in contrast to previous findings in 4 patients with presenile dementia. The method is now being modified employing 111In-DTPA and a computer assisted gamma camera for regional dynamic analysis.", "contents": "Quantitative cisternography. By quantitative cisternography using a stationary detector system with correction for tissue background, an exponential elimination of 131I-HSA from the basal cisterns was demonstrated, allowing calculation of a biologic half time (BHT) of the clearance curve of a satisfactory level of reproducibility. 'Normal' range of BHT was calculated. Demented patients had significantly longer BHT. In 4 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus prolonged BHT turned normal after shunting, paralleled by marked clinical improvement, in contrast to previous findings in 4 patients with presenile dementia. The method is now being modified employing 111In-DTPA and a computer assisted gamma camera for regional dynamic analysis.", "PMID": 735843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2323", "title": "Lung ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic specificity compared to pulmonary angiography.", "content": "In 53 patients with possible pulmonary embolism, pulmonary abnormalities of 133Xe ventilation and 99Tcm albumin microsphere perfusion scintigraphy were compared with absence or presence of pulmonary emboli documented by concurrent pulmonary angiography. It was found that patients with combined scintigraphy considered as unlikely for pulmonary embolism (ventilation defect larger than perfusion defect) or indicative of pulmonary embolism (ventilation defect smaller than perfusion defect) provide high diagnostic specificity. Patients with equal ventilation-perfusion abnormalities (possible pulmonary embolism) require further evaluation by pulmonary angiography to ascertain diagnosis. Importantly, diagnostic accuracy, using ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and the quantified method of evaluation delineated, is preserved in patients with severe congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Lung ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic specificity compared to pulmonary angiography. In 53 patients with possible pulmonary embolism, pulmonary abnormalities of 133Xe ventilation and 99Tcm albumin microsphere perfusion scintigraphy were compared with absence or presence of pulmonary emboli documented by concurrent pulmonary angiography. It was found that patients with combined scintigraphy considered as unlikely for pulmonary embolism (ventilation defect larger than perfusion defect) or indicative of pulmonary embolism (ventilation defect smaller than perfusion defect) provide high diagnostic specificity. Patients with equal ventilation-perfusion abnormalities (possible pulmonary embolism) require further evaluation by pulmonary angiography to ascertain diagnosis. Importantly, diagnostic accuracy, using ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and the quantified method of evaluation delineated, is preserved in patients with severe congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 735845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2324", "title": "Ultrasonography and angiography in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A material of 130 consecutive patients with clinically possible abdominal aortic aneurysm was reviewed. All of them were examined by ultrasonography and 23 by abdominal aortography as well. Ultrasonography revealed aortic aneurysm in 42 patients. The management of this entity and the value of different diagnostic methods are discussed. The importance of ultrasonography as a non-invasive and accurate diagnostic aid is emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrasonography and angiography in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. A material of 130 consecutive patients with clinically possible abdominal aortic aneurysm was reviewed. All of them were examined by ultrasonography and 23 by abdominal aortography as well. Ultrasonography revealed aortic aneurysm in 42 patients. The management of this entity and the value of different diagnostic methods are discussed. The importance of ultrasonography as a non-invasive and accurate diagnostic aid is emphasized.", "PMID": 735847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2325", "title": "Left ventricle of the heart on conventional lateral chest films.", "content": "Segments of the left ventricular circumference were visible within the radiologic image of the heart on conventional full size lateral chest films of 122 patients; in 75 the findings were confirmed by cardioangiography. The presence of the epicardial fat layer and the locally varying thickness of the heart in the direction of the radiation are considered as main factors in the demonstration of the left ventricular outline. The clinical significance of the findings in shortly discussed.", "contents": "Left ventricle of the heart on conventional lateral chest films. Segments of the left ventricular circumference were visible within the radiologic image of the heart on conventional full size lateral chest films of 122 patients; in 75 the findings were confirmed by cardioangiography. The presence of the epicardial fat layer and the locally varying thickness of the heart in the direction of the radiation are considered as main factors in the demonstration of the left ventricular outline. The clinical significance of the findings in shortly discussed.", "PMID": 735848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2326", "title": "Effect of meglumine metrizoate and metrizamide on the microcirculation. Animal experiments.", "content": "Physiologic saline, meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque) and metrizamide (Amipaque) were injected into the ear artery of Wedder rabbits. The effect on the microcirculation in previously inserted ear chambers was recorded by cinematography. Following injection of the contrast media, the circulation was slow, followed by a phase with arteriolo-venular shunting and poor capillary circulation.", "contents": "Effect of meglumine metrizoate and metrizamide on the microcirculation. Animal experiments. Physiologic saline, meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque) and metrizamide (Amipaque) were injected into the ear artery of Wedder rabbits. The effect on the microcirculation in previously inserted ear chambers was recorded by cinematography. Following injection of the contrast media, the circulation was slow, followed by a phase with arteriolo-venular shunting and poor capillary circulation.", "PMID": 735849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2327", "title": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit in vitro.", "content": "The effect of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit was investigated. All the contrast media increased whole blood and plasma viscosity and reduced the hematocrit. The whole blood viscosity increased with increasing osmolality of the contrast medium solutions, whereas the plasma viscosity increased with increasing viscosity of the contrast medium solutions. The higher the osmolality of the contrast media, the lower the hematocrit became. The normal shear-thinning (decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) property of blood was reduced when contrast medium was added to the blood. At 50% volume ratio (contrast medium to blood), the ionic contrast media converted the blood into a shear-thickening (increasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) suspension, indicating a marked rigidification of the single red cell, while the non-ionic contrast medium still produced shear-thinning, indicating less rigidification of the red cell (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit in vitro. The effect of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit was investigated. All the contrast media increased whole blood and plasma viscosity and reduced the hematocrit. The whole blood viscosity increased with increasing osmolality of the contrast medium solutions, whereas the plasma viscosity increased with increasing viscosity of the contrast medium solutions. The higher the osmolality of the contrast media, the lower the hematocrit became. The normal shear-thinning (decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) property of blood was reduced when contrast medium was added to the blood. At 50% volume ratio (contrast medium to blood), the ionic contrast media converted the blood into a shear-thickening (increasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) suspension, indicating a marked rigidification of the single red cell, while the non-ionic contrast medium still produced shear-thinning, indicating less rigidification of the red cell (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 735850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2328", "title": "Facial bone scintigraphy. II. Diagnostic potential in neoplastic and inflammatory lesions.", "content": "From a series of about 200 facial bone scintigraphies, 32 patients were selected to demonstrate the uptake of 99Tcm-diphosphonate in various inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in the sinuses and oral cavity. The method was found of value in separating patients with inflammatory involvement of the bone from those without, as well as in assessing possible bone involvement in malignant lesions.", "contents": "Facial bone scintigraphy. II. Diagnostic potential in neoplastic and inflammatory lesions. From a series of about 200 facial bone scintigraphies, 32 patients were selected to demonstrate the uptake of 99Tcm-diphosphonate in various inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in the sinuses and oral cavity. The method was found of value in separating patients with inflammatory involvement of the bone from those without, as well as in assessing possible bone involvement in malignant lesions.", "PMID": 735852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2329", "title": "Mucosal protection during irradiation of exteriorized rat ileum. Effect of hypoxia induced by starch microspheres.", "content": "Transient hypoxia induced by intra-arterial injection of degradable starch microspheres was used for protection of exteriorized segments of the rat ileum. Microscopic evaluation of the injury to the mucosa gave a dose modification factor of 0.44 +/- 0.04, which corresponds to an oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.30. A similar factor was also found from measurements of the mucosal weight. No significant development of mucosal oedema could be demonstrated, neither in protected nor in non-protected segments.", "contents": "Mucosal protection during irradiation of exteriorized rat ileum. Effect of hypoxia induced by starch microspheres. Transient hypoxia induced by intra-arterial injection of degradable starch microspheres was used for protection of exteriorized segments of the rat ileum. Microscopic evaluation of the injury to the mucosa gave a dose modification factor of 0.44 +/- 0.04, which corresponds to an oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.30. A similar factor was also found from measurements of the mucosal weight. No significant development of mucosal oedema could be demonstrated, neither in protected nor in non-protected segments.", "PMID": 735853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2330", "title": "Biogenic amine response to whole body irradiation. Prevention by APTH.", "content": "60Co whole body irradiation with 154.8 mC/kg (600 R) resulted in a mortality of 50 per cent within two weeks. Administration of 1-acetyl-3-phenylamidine thiocarbamide hydrochloride (APTH) 30 min before irradiation prevented this mortality. Irradiation eliminated neurosecretory material from the perikaryons of the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons, whereas APTH counteracted this action. APTH also increased the synthesis of bioamines (5-hydroxytryptamine, catecholamine and acetylcholine).", "contents": "Biogenic amine response to whole body irradiation. Prevention by APTH. 60Co whole body irradiation with 154.8 mC/kg (600 R) resulted in a mortality of 50 per cent within two weeks. Administration of 1-acetyl-3-phenylamidine thiocarbamide hydrochloride (APTH) 30 min before irradiation prevented this mortality. Irradiation eliminated neurosecretory material from the perikaryons of the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons, whereas APTH counteracted this action. APTH also increased the synthesis of bioamines (5-hydroxytryptamine, catecholamine and acetylcholine).", "PMID": 735854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2331", "title": "Relation between severity of thyrotoxicosis and response to 131I therapy.", "content": "The relation between the severity of hyperthyroidism and response to 131I therapy was tested in a group of 45 patients 6 to 12 months after therapy. At following treatment 7 patients were hypothyroid, 13 euthyroid and 25 hyperthyroid. The absolute iodine uptake and gland size was significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group compared with the other groups. The radiation dose was similar in the groups, but the ratio between dose and uptake was significantly lower in the hyperthyroid group.", "contents": "Relation between severity of thyrotoxicosis and response to 131I therapy. The relation between the severity of hyperthyroidism and response to 131I therapy was tested in a group of 45 patients 6 to 12 months after therapy. At following treatment 7 patients were hypothyroid, 13 euthyroid and 25 hyperthyroid. The absolute iodine uptake and gland size was significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group compared with the other groups. The radiation dose was similar in the groups, but the ratio between dose and uptake was significantly lower in the hyperthyroid group.", "PMID": 735855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2332", "title": "Familial antithrombin III deficiency as pathogenesis of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "A family including 18 members with decreased antithrombin III (AT III), measured with both a biological and an immunochemical method, is described. The pattern found on crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using heparin in the agarose in the first run, was normal, though the peaks were low. This suggests decreased synthesis of a normal protein in the affected members. AT III deficiency occurred in both the paternal and the maternal branch, of the above 18 persons had had at least one thromboembolic episode. Some of the episodes had been precipitated by the presence or occurrence of some predisposing event or circumstance. This suggests the possible occurrence of a gene making some of the maternal family members more susceptible to certain trigger factors, such as surgery, infection, pregnancy, and the puerperium. The mode of inheritance filled all the criteria for autosomal dominant transmission. Prophylactic treatment, preferably oral anticoagulants and/or dextran, is recommended for all persons with a low AT III concentration in any situation known to increase the predisposition to thrombosis. The effect of heparin in these patients is impaired since the heparin co-factor, which is identical with AT III, is lowered.", "contents": "Familial antithrombin III deficiency as pathogenesis of deep venous thrombosis. A family including 18 members with decreased antithrombin III (AT III), measured with both a biological and an immunochemical method, is described. The pattern found on crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using heparin in the agarose in the first run, was normal, though the peaks were low. This suggests decreased synthesis of a normal protein in the affected members. AT III deficiency occurred in both the paternal and the maternal branch, of the above 18 persons had had at least one thromboembolic episode. Some of the episodes had been precipitated by the presence or occurrence of some predisposing event or circumstance. This suggests the possible occurrence of a gene making some of the maternal family members more susceptible to certain trigger factors, such as surgery, infection, pregnancy, and the puerperium. The mode of inheritance filled all the criteria for autosomal dominant transmission. Prophylactic treatment, preferably oral anticoagulants and/or dextran, is recommended for all persons with a low AT III concentration in any situation known to increase the predisposition to thrombosis. The effect of heparin in these patients is impaired since the heparin co-factor, which is identical with AT III, is lowered.", "PMID": 735880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2333", "title": "The effect of the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20.881 on kinins, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and catecholamines in relation to blood pressure in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Nine sodium replete hypertensive patients with normal or high plasma renin activity (PRA) were given SQ 20.881, 1 mg/kg intravenously BP fell significantly within 20 min and reached its lowest level after 60 min. Blood kinins showed a minor but significant decrease after 60 and 105 min. Plasma angiotensin II was markedly reduced after 15 and 60 min. PRA was significantly increased after 15-105 min. Plasma aldosterone was reduced at 60 min in eight patients and slightly increased in one. Plasma noradrenaline increased after 15 min, whereas adrenaline decreased after 60 min. These results indicate that the reduction of BP following inhibition of converting enzyme by SQ 20.881, 1 mg/kg, is not related to reduced degradation of kinins but rather to decreased formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II appears to be of importance for the maintenance of BP in sodium replete hypertensive patients with normal or high PRA.", "contents": "The effect of the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20.881 on kinins, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and catecholamines in relation to blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Nine sodium replete hypertensive patients with normal or high plasma renin activity (PRA) were given SQ 20.881, 1 mg/kg intravenously BP fell significantly within 20 min and reached its lowest level after 60 min. Blood kinins showed a minor but significant decrease after 60 and 105 min. Plasma angiotensin II was markedly reduced after 15 and 60 min. PRA was significantly increased after 15-105 min. Plasma aldosterone was reduced at 60 min in eight patients and slightly increased in one. Plasma noradrenaline increased after 15 min, whereas adrenaline decreased after 60 min. These results indicate that the reduction of BP following inhibition of converting enzyme by SQ 20.881, 1 mg/kg, is not related to reduced degradation of kinins but rather to decreased formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II appears to be of importance for the maintenance of BP in sodium replete hypertensive patients with normal or high PRA.", "PMID": 735881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2334", "title": "Interaction by cholestyramine on the uptake of hydrocortisone in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "An absolute reduction of the plasma cortisol levels and a delay of the peak concentrations were recorded in 10 healthy subjects, when a bile-sequestering anionic exchange resin, cholestyramine, was given prior to a single oral hydrocortisone dose, indicating that the resin interferes with the uptake of a neutral sterol in the human gastrointestinal tract. The possibility of a direct binding of drug to resin is supported by the affinity of hydrocortisone to cholestyramine in vitro, which was uninfluenced by the presence of sodium taurocholate. Cholestyramine significantly delayed the gastric emptying of a glucose solution, indicating that the resin not only decreases but also delays hydrocortisone absorption. Careful supervision is recommended when treatment with cholestyramine is given concomitant to neutral sterol drugs.", "contents": "Interaction by cholestyramine on the uptake of hydrocortisone in the gastrointestinal tract. An absolute reduction of the plasma cortisol levels and a delay of the peak concentrations were recorded in 10 healthy subjects, when a bile-sequestering anionic exchange resin, cholestyramine, was given prior to a single oral hydrocortisone dose, indicating that the resin interferes with the uptake of a neutral sterol in the human gastrointestinal tract. The possibility of a direct binding of drug to resin is supported by the affinity of hydrocortisone to cholestyramine in vitro, which was uninfluenced by the presence of sodium taurocholate. Cholestyramine significantly delayed the gastric emptying of a glucose solution, indicating that the resin not only decreases but also delays hydrocortisone absorption. Careful supervision is recommended when treatment with cholestyramine is given concomitant to neutral sterol drugs.", "PMID": 735882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2335", "title": "Properties and latencies of potentials evoked in postganglionic sympathetic nerves by electrical stimulation of aortic, sinus and hypoglossal nerves in cats.", "content": "The properties and latencies of potentials evoked in cardiac (CN) and renal (RN) sympathetic nerves by electrical stimulation of the sinus, aortic and hypoglossal nerves were studied in cats. Electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve evoked only excitatory responses in the sympathetic nerves. Electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve fibers evoked excitatory or inhibitory responses in sympathetic nerves. It was possible to evoke 4-5 Hz oscillations in CN and RN after electrical stimulation of the aortic and sinus nerve.-It is suggested that electrical stimulation of the baroafferents is partially responsible for \"post-excitatory inhibition\" in CN and RN. The central transmission time was the same for the aortic and sinus chemoreceptor reflex and for the somatosympathetic reflex. This period was shorter than the central transmission time of the aortic nerve baroreceptor reflex.", "contents": "Properties and latencies of potentials evoked in postganglionic sympathetic nerves by electrical stimulation of aortic, sinus and hypoglossal nerves in cats. The properties and latencies of potentials evoked in cardiac (CN) and renal (RN) sympathetic nerves by electrical stimulation of the sinus, aortic and hypoglossal nerves were studied in cats. Electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve evoked only excitatory responses in the sympathetic nerves. Electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve fibers evoked excitatory or inhibitory responses in sympathetic nerves. It was possible to evoke 4-5 Hz oscillations in CN and RN after electrical stimulation of the aortic and sinus nerve.-It is suggested that electrical stimulation of the baroafferents is partially responsible for \"post-excitatory inhibition\" in CN and RN. The central transmission time was the same for the aortic and sinus chemoreceptor reflex and for the somatosympathetic reflex. This period was shorter than the central transmission time of the aortic nerve baroreceptor reflex.", "PMID": 735883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2336", "title": "Effects of lesions in the amygdaloid nucleus centralis on acquisition and retention of avoidance reflexes in cats.", "content": "Acquisition and retention of bar-press avoidance responses after lesions of the lateral part of the amygdaloid nucleus centralis were investigated in 17 adult male cats. The lesions were administered either 10 days (5 cats), or 35 days (7 cats) before training. The remaining 5 cats served initially as intact controls and then, after extensive training, were given similar lesions to test for the effects on retention of the task. The lesions resulted in both retarded avoidance acquisition and a decreased proportion of short latency responses. A short post-operative pause resulted in stronger lesion effects on the length of training and deterioration in short-latency response performance, but a smaller effect on the increase in intertrial responding than was found after a long post-operative pause. The lesioned cats showed more oscillations between runs of escape and avoidance responses than normal, control cats. The immediate effect of lesions on well-trained avoidance reflexes consisted of a decrease in avoidance performance and marked prolongation of escape latencies. The deterioration in short-latency avoidance responding was irreversible in spite of extensive post-operative retraining.", "contents": "Effects of lesions in the amygdaloid nucleus centralis on acquisition and retention of avoidance reflexes in cats. Acquisition and retention of bar-press avoidance responses after lesions of the lateral part of the amygdaloid nucleus centralis were investigated in 17 adult male cats. The lesions were administered either 10 days (5 cats), or 35 days (7 cats) before training. The remaining 5 cats served initially as intact controls and then, after extensive training, were given similar lesions to test for the effects on retention of the task. The lesions resulted in both retarded avoidance acquisition and a decreased proportion of short latency responses. A short post-operative pause resulted in stronger lesion effects on the length of training and deterioration in short-latency response performance, but a smaller effect on the increase in intertrial responding than was found after a long post-operative pause. The lesioned cats showed more oscillations between runs of escape and avoidance responses than normal, control cats. The immediate effect of lesions on well-trained avoidance reflexes consisted of a decrease in avoidance performance and marked prolongation of escape latencies. The deterioration in short-latency avoidance responding was irreversible in spite of extensive post-operative retraining.", "PMID": 735884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2337", "title": "Effect of bilateral suprasylvian ablation on fear behavior elicited by hippocampal stimulation in cats.", "content": "Fear responses elicited by electrical stimulation in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus of cats, and the conditioned fear behavior established by pairing this stimulation with a neutral stimulus disappeared after bilateral ablation of the suprasylvian gyrus. The same reactions were not affected when the ectosylvian gyri were removed. The suprasylvian ablation did not impair conditioned classical defence reflexes when a noxious stimulation of the hind limb was used as an unconditioned stimulus. It is suggested that the suprasylvian association area plays an important role in fear produced by hippocampal stimulation but not in pain responses elicited by a noxious peripheral stimulus.", "contents": "Effect of bilateral suprasylvian ablation on fear behavior elicited by hippocampal stimulation in cats. Fear responses elicited by electrical stimulation in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus of cats, and the conditioned fear behavior established by pairing this stimulation with a neutral stimulus disappeared after bilateral ablation of the suprasylvian gyrus. The same reactions were not affected when the ectosylvian gyri were removed. The suprasylvian ablation did not impair conditioned classical defence reflexes when a noxious stimulation of the hind limb was used as an unconditioned stimulus. It is suggested that the suprasylvian association area plays an important role in fear produced by hippocampal stimulation but not in pain responses elicited by a noxious peripheral stimulus.", "PMID": 735885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2338", "title": "Can alternative schools succeed where Benjamin Spock, Spiro Agnew, and B. F. Skinner have failed?", "content": "This study sought to determine whether student behavior was as great a problem in a sample of 18 California alternative high schools. As a result of on-site observations and interviews with students and teachers, the authors concluded that discipline rarely was a major concern in the alternative schools. General agreement existed among both students and teachers. Fourteen possible reasons to account for the basic finding were hypothesized. The reasons included small school size, flexible schedules, frequent informal interaction between students and teachers, and fewer rules.", "contents": "Can alternative schools succeed where Benjamin Spock, Spiro Agnew, and B. F. Skinner have failed? This study sought to determine whether student behavior was as great a problem in a sample of 18 California alternative high schools. As a result of on-site observations and interviews with students and teachers, the authors concluded that discipline rarely was a major concern in the alternative schools. General agreement existed among both students and teachers. Fourteen possible reasons to account for the basic finding were hypothesized. The reasons included small school size, flexible schedules, frequent informal interaction between students and teachers, and fewer rules.", "PMID": 735913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2339", "title": "Counterattack on juvenile delinquency: a configurational approach.", "content": "This report on the Michigan Youth Services boys camping program suggests substantial attitudinal and behavioral improvement by all groups of participants. Squads strategically \"mixed\" with achievers, pre-delinquents, expelled/suspended, and wards of the court attended an intensive encampment for one week at Wurtsmith Air Force Base. Emphasis was placed on exposure to vocational opportunities, health care. recreation, fellowship, and leadership. From 1971 to 1973, 590 boys participated in this Air Force Community Action Program. Some suggestions are included for those attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of youth programs.", "contents": "Counterattack on juvenile delinquency: a configurational approach. This report on the Michigan Youth Services boys camping program suggests substantial attitudinal and behavioral improvement by all groups of participants. Squads strategically \"mixed\" with achievers, pre-delinquents, expelled/suspended, and wards of the court attended an intensive encampment for one week at Wurtsmith Air Force Base. Emphasis was placed on exposure to vocational opportunities, health care. recreation, fellowship, and leadership. From 1971 to 1973, 590 boys participated in this Air Force Community Action Program. Some suggestions are included for those attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of youth programs.", "PMID": 735914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2340", "title": "Are we helping?", "content": "Sometimes adolescents who could mature on their own become \"psychiatric patients\" because psychiatrists take them into treatment. In the process, some may be victimized by being made more dependent than necessary. Others may be helped, although they could have survived without therapy. A few are able to extract themselves after minimal contact has resolved their most critical problems. To be truly helpful, psychiatrists must be able to discern and support appropriate efforts by the adolescent to accomplish his/her own maturing and to resist holding on inappropriately.", "contents": "Are we helping? Sometimes adolescents who could mature on their own become \"psychiatric patients\" because psychiatrists take them into treatment. In the process, some may be victimized by being made more dependent than necessary. Others may be helped, although they could have survived without therapy. A few are able to extract themselves after minimal contact has resolved their most critical problems. To be truly helpful, psychiatrists must be able to discern and support appropriate efforts by the adolescent to accomplish his/her own maturing and to resist holding on inappropriately.", "PMID": 735916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2341", "title": "Youth in crisis: dimensions of self-destructive conduct among adolescent prisoners.", "content": "Self-mutilation and attempted suidcide among adolescent prisoners are explored in relation to concrete coping tests posed in prison and to self-esteem problems posed by failure of external (family) and internal (peer) support systems. Crisis sequences are traced using verbatim excerpts from interviews with self-destructive prisoners and conceptualized in terms of enduring adolescent needs and concerns. Some general observations regarding strategies of intervention with crisisprone prisoners are included.", "contents": "Youth in crisis: dimensions of self-destructive conduct among adolescent prisoners. Self-mutilation and attempted suidcide among adolescent prisoners are explored in relation to concrete coping tests posed in prison and to self-esteem problems posed by failure of external (family) and internal (peer) support systems. Crisis sequences are traced using verbatim excerpts from interviews with self-destructive prisoners and conceptualized in terms of enduring adolescent needs and concerns. Some general observations regarding strategies of intervention with crisisprone prisoners are included.", "PMID": 735917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2342", "title": "Identity diffusion and psycho-social defense mechanisms.", "content": "This paper attempts to delineate behaviors that can function as \"psycho-social\" defense mechanisms to ward off temporarily the anxiety and uncertainty of identity diffusion. Four categories are outlined: I. Escapes from identity uncertainty (e.g., immersion in intense immediate experiences); II. Adopting temporary substitute identities (e.g., purchasing items with \"ready-made personas\"); III. Acting to strengthen temporarily a weak identity (e.g., through risk-taking); IV. Striving to make an identity out of the meaninglessness of identity diffusion itself (e.g., through pointless fads). It is then suggested that one reason for youthful drug abuse is that drugs are so well-suited for providing most of these temporary defenses.", "contents": "Identity diffusion and psycho-social defense mechanisms. This paper attempts to delineate behaviors that can function as \"psycho-social\" defense mechanisms to ward off temporarily the anxiety and uncertainty of identity diffusion. Four categories are outlined: I. Escapes from identity uncertainty (e.g., immersion in intense immediate experiences); II. Adopting temporary substitute identities (e.g., purchasing items with \"ready-made personas\"); III. Acting to strengthen temporarily a weak identity (e.g., through risk-taking); IV. Striving to make an identity out of the meaninglessness of identity diffusion itself (e.g., through pointless fads). It is then suggested that one reason for youthful drug abuse is that drugs are so well-suited for providing most of these temporary defenses.", "PMID": 735920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2343", "title": "Action of physostigmine on inherited ataxias.", "content": "Physostigmine improved videotape scores of ataxia in patients with various inherited ataxias. This improvement occurred in 12 out of 12 patients when the drug was given as a single dose and in nine of 11 patients when the drug and placebo were given in a long-term, double-blind randomized trial. Patients report various mild to moderate clinical benefits after the sustained use of physostigmine for 6 to 36 months. Videotape scores showed an average of 30% numerical improvement in seven patients after 6 months' sustained treatment. The acute responses are not blocked by methylscopolamine, methylscopolamine did not make ataxia more severe, nor have any patients had fasciculations or changes in strength while on physostigmine. We therefore presume that a central cholinergic mechanism plays some role in the pathophysiology of the inherited ataxias. We do not have direct data on the site or nature of this mechanism. Further studies with other cholinergic agents are now required to investigate the effects and potential clinical efficacy of this class of compounds more completely than has been done up to now.", "contents": "Action of physostigmine on inherited ataxias. Physostigmine improved videotape scores of ataxia in patients with various inherited ataxias. This improvement occurred in 12 out of 12 patients when the drug was given as a single dose and in nine of 11 patients when the drug and placebo were given in a long-term, double-blind randomized trial. Patients report various mild to moderate clinical benefits after the sustained use of physostigmine for 6 to 36 months. Videotape scores showed an average of 30% numerical improvement in seven patients after 6 months' sustained treatment. The acute responses are not blocked by methylscopolamine, methylscopolamine did not make ataxia more severe, nor have any patients had fasciculations or changes in strength while on physostigmine. We therefore presume that a central cholinergic mechanism plays some role in the pathophysiology of the inherited ataxias. We do not have direct data on the site or nature of this mechanism. Further studies with other cholinergic agents are now required to investigate the effects and potential clinical efficacy of this class of compounds more completely than has been done up to now.", "PMID": 735925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2344", "title": "Ataxia and disorders of purine metabolism: defects in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and clinical ataxia.", "content": "A relationship between disordered metabolism of purines and the central nervous system has been established by the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In this disorder a virtually complete defect in the activity of HGPRT is associated with a syndrome of severe mental retardation, choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, and bizarre, self-mutilative behavior. In patients with partial defects in HGPRT, two have had symptoms that have been labeled spinocerebellar. Neither were appreciably ataxic, and the relationship between the symptoms and the enzyme defect remains to be established. Analysis of HGPRT in members of a large kindred with spinocerebellar degeneration revealed normal levels of the enzyme. These observations suggest that a relationship between the activity of HGPRT and clinical ataxia is remote.", "contents": "Ataxia and disorders of purine metabolism: defects in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and clinical ataxia. A relationship between disordered metabolism of purines and the central nervous system has been established by the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In this disorder a virtually complete defect in the activity of HGPRT is associated with a syndrome of severe mental retardation, choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, and bizarre, self-mutilative behavior. In patients with partial defects in HGPRT, two have had symptoms that have been labeled spinocerebellar. Neither were appreciably ataxic, and the relationship between the symptoms and the enzyme defect remains to be established. Analysis of HGPRT in members of a large kindred with spinocerebellar degeneration revealed normal levels of the enzyme. These observations suggest that a relationship between the activity of HGPRT and clinical ataxia is remote.", "PMID": 735927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2345", "title": "Joseph's disease: an autosomal dominant neurological disease in the Portuguese of the United States and the Azores Islands.", "content": "Our objective has been to trace Joseph's disease to its geographic origins and to determine the spectrum of clinical manifestations. This goal we have achieved by documenting type I and II disease within the Joseph and Sousa families. The major neuropathologic findings are a progressive neuronal loss involving the striatum, nigra, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The homozygote form of the disease produces type I disease with onset in early childhood of progressive dystonia, athetosis, and spasticity. Type I disease tends to have its onset by age 25 years in heterozygotes and lasts about 15 years on the average. Type II disease, which we consider the result of a single dose of the mutant gene, usually begins somewhat later and runs its course over a 20-year period. Type III disease documented in the Thomas family is the most benign. Its onset is often in the fifth decade, and it progresses slowly into the eighth decade. Patients may benefit from antiparkinson medication including dihydroxyphenylalanine and anticholinergic agents (e.g., amantadine). A molecular marker for the disease is being sought actively, and several interesting patterns have already been documented by means of patient fibroblast cultures and two-dimensional acrylamide gel protein separations. The mutant gene is clearly outside the HLA complex but may be linked to it. The only biochemical change noted thus far is a reduced CSF level of HVA that probably reflects the loss of dopamine-synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra and is thus a secondary effect of disease. Although the disease is a very old one which we can trace back to the early 19th century on the island of Flores, it may be recurring de novo by new gene mutations at an unstable gene locus in a genetically vulnerable population. Now that the spectrum of clinical expression has been identified and the mode of inheritance established as an autosomal dominant wherever the disease has been found, it is believed that its true incidence will become more evident by virtue of better detection and that the true incidence will actually increase because of increased assimilation of affected persons into other ethnic groups.", "contents": "Joseph's disease: an autosomal dominant neurological disease in the Portuguese of the United States and the Azores Islands. Our objective has been to trace Joseph's disease to its geographic origins and to determine the spectrum of clinical manifestations. This goal we have achieved by documenting type I and II disease within the Joseph and Sousa families. The major neuropathologic findings are a progressive neuronal loss involving the striatum, nigra, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The homozygote form of the disease produces type I disease with onset in early childhood of progressive dystonia, athetosis, and spasticity. Type I disease tends to have its onset by age 25 years in heterozygotes and lasts about 15 years on the average. Type II disease, which we consider the result of a single dose of the mutant gene, usually begins somewhat later and runs its course over a 20-year period. Type III disease documented in the Thomas family is the most benign. Its onset is often in the fifth decade, and it progresses slowly into the eighth decade. Patients may benefit from antiparkinson medication including dihydroxyphenylalanine and anticholinergic agents (e.g., amantadine). A molecular marker for the disease is being sought actively, and several interesting patterns have already been documented by means of patient fibroblast cultures and two-dimensional acrylamide gel protein separations. The mutant gene is clearly outside the HLA complex but may be linked to it. The only biochemical change noted thus far is a reduced CSF level of HVA that probably reflects the loss of dopamine-synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra and is thus a secondary effect of disease. Although the disease is a very old one which we can trace back to the early 19th century on the island of Flores, it may be recurring de novo by new gene mutations at an unstable gene locus in a genetically vulnerable population. Now that the spectrum of clinical expression has been identified and the mode of inheritance established as an autosomal dominant wherever the disease has been found, it is believed that its true incidence will become more evident by virtue of better detection and that the true incidence will actually increase because of increased assimilation of affected persons into other ethnic groups.", "PMID": 735930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2346", "title": "Hemorrhoids, fistulae and fissures: office and hospital management--a critical review.", "content": "We have tried to present a comprehensive survey of present-day management of hemorrhoids, fistulae and fissures, be it in the office or in the hospital. There is great socioeconomic pressure lately for cost-containment, which is apt to effect better medical judgment in the selection of type and place of management. Minor operations can and should be done, as always, on an outpatient basis. General anesthesia is not a minor matter and hemorrhoidectomy is not a minor operation. The major function of outpatient service in the management of anal disease is that of accurate and comprehensive diagnosis. Hundreds of patients come to us only because they fear cancer and it is not enough for us to hunt for and treat the vague little disorders of which they complain. The incidence of cancer of the colon rectum in this country just recently has slightly surpassed that of lung cancer. Adjuvant treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and their combinations) are promising but still in the investigational stage. Early diagnosis is our finest weapon with subsequent surgical management. The challenge and responsibility for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer is ours alone. We must first recognize it and then meet it firmly and squarely. We must feel for (digital rectal), look for (sigmoidoscopy), and search for (barium enema x-ray examination) colorectal cancer in all of our patients regardless of the insignificance of anal symptoms and anal findings. Our countrymen fear cancer. We have the devices to allay their fears or to cure their cancers if they are found early enough. We have a straightforward moral commitment and a national trust.", "contents": "Hemorrhoids, fistulae and fissures: office and hospital management--a critical review. We have tried to present a comprehensive survey of present-day management of hemorrhoids, fistulae and fissures, be it in the office or in the hospital. There is great socioeconomic pressure lately for cost-containment, which is apt to effect better medical judgment in the selection of type and place of management. Minor operations can and should be done, as always, on an outpatient basis. General anesthesia is not a minor matter and hemorrhoidectomy is not a minor operation. The major function of outpatient service in the management of anal disease is that of accurate and comprehensive diagnosis. Hundreds of patients come to us only because they fear cancer and it is not enough for us to hunt for and treat the vague little disorders of which they complain. The incidence of cancer of the colon rectum in this country just recently has slightly surpassed that of lung cancer. Adjuvant treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and their combinations) are promising but still in the investigational stage. Early diagnosis is our finest weapon with subsequent surgical management. The challenge and responsibility for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer is ours alone. We must first recognize it and then meet it firmly and squarely. We must feel for (digital rectal), look for (sigmoidoscopy), and search for (barium enema x-ray examination) colorectal cancer in all of our patients regardless of the insignificance of anal symptoms and anal findings. Our countrymen fear cancer. We have the devices to allay their fears or to cure their cancers if they are found early enough. We have a straightforward moral commitment and a national trust.", "PMID": 735938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2347", "title": "Renovascular hypertension.", "content": "In summary, renovascular surgery has evolved during the past 20 years to become a highly efficacious therapeutic modality provided proper patient selection is practiced. Surgical techniques are now well established, and with the advent of ex vivo techniques practically any extraparenchymal renal artery lesion may be repaired. At present, much investigative work is in progress in an attempt to develop better means of selecting patients who will benefit from renovascular surgery. The newer modifications of renal vein renin assays may permit better patient selection. Many factors must be weighted when considering medical versus surgical management of hypertension. Paramount among these must be the quality of life of the patient. The inconstancy of pressure control and the frequency of undesirable side effects in the more extreme medical regimens are the primary disadvantages of nonsurgial management. An aggressive surgical approach appears to be warranted in selected patients with atherosclerosis and in almost all patients with fibromuscular dysplasia.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension. In summary, renovascular surgery has evolved during the past 20 years to become a highly efficacious therapeutic modality provided proper patient selection is practiced. Surgical techniques are now well established, and with the advent of ex vivo techniques practically any extraparenchymal renal artery lesion may be repaired. At present, much investigative work is in progress in an attempt to develop better means of selecting patients who will benefit from renovascular surgery. The newer modifications of renal vein renin assays may permit better patient selection. Many factors must be weighted when considering medical versus surgical management of hypertension. Paramount among these must be the quality of life of the patient. The inconstancy of pressure control and the frequency of undesirable side effects in the more extreme medical regimens are the primary disadvantages of nonsurgial management. An aggressive surgical approach appears to be warranted in selected patients with atherosclerosis and in almost all patients with fibromuscular dysplasia.", "PMID": 735940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2348", "title": "Ulcers of the leg.", "content": "The catalog of possible causes of ulceration of the leg is unending. It has been the purpose of this article to cover in some detail those ulcers seen most commonly in Western Europe and America. Neoplastic ulcers, tropical ulcers, ulcers due to underlying bone disease, ulcers associated with blood dyscrasias, ulcers due to foreign bodies and self-inflicted injury, and injection ulcers all occur but are rare and are covered in detail elsehwere. In summary, it must be emphasized that an ulcer of the leg needs a correct diagnosis before appropriate treatment can be administered. Diagnosis often is difficult and far from obvious, requiring considerable care and clinical experience.", "contents": "Ulcers of the leg. The catalog of possible causes of ulceration of the leg is unending. It has been the purpose of this article to cover in some detail those ulcers seen most commonly in Western Europe and America. Neoplastic ulcers, tropical ulcers, ulcers due to underlying bone disease, ulcers associated with blood dyscrasias, ulcers due to foreign bodies and self-inflicted injury, and injection ulcers all occur but are rare and are covered in detail elsehwere. In summary, it must be emphasized that an ulcer of the leg needs a correct diagnosis before appropriate treatment can be administered. Diagnosis often is difficult and far from obvious, requiring considerable care and clinical experience.", "PMID": 735941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2349", "title": "Hormonal influences on gastric secretion.", "content": "Gastric secretion in response to a meal is stimulated by a variety of neurohumoral agents. Acidified chyme flowing into the duodenum evokes a series of events that bring about the neutralization of H+ or suppression of further acid secretion. The actions of several proven and putative stimulatory and inhibitory agents are summarized in Figure 8.", "contents": "Hormonal influences on gastric secretion. Gastric secretion in response to a meal is stimulated by a variety of neurohumoral agents. Acidified chyme flowing into the duodenum evokes a series of events that bring about the neutralization of H+ or suppression of further acid secretion. The actions of several proven and putative stimulatory and inhibitory agents are summarized in Figure 8.", "PMID": 735942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2350", "title": "Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon.", "content": "Diverticular disease of the colon now is recognized to be functional disease resulting from altered neuromuscular activity in the colon. Inflammatory complications, when they occur, usually result from inflammation around a single diverticulum. This may lead to the formation of a pericolic or pelvic abscess. Free perforation of these leads to purulent peritonitis. The original communication with the lumen of the bowel usually is obliterated. More rarely, with either rapid evolution or failure of the diverticular neck to obliterate, a free communication develops between the bowel lumen and the peritoneal cavity, leading to fecal peritonitis. Fecal peritonitis results in an extremely high mortality rate. The operative approach for a patient with perforated diverticular disease should be individualized and depends on the stage of the disease present, the general condition of the patient, the experience of the surgeon in colon surgery and the availability of facilities and personnel to provide intensive care. In larger institutions when these conditions are optimal, primary resection of the diseased bowel with or without anastomosis is becoming the procedure of choice. In smaller institutions or if conditions are not optimal, right transverse colostomy with drainage of the perforated segment can be relied on to control the disease with a mortality rate compared to that of primary resection. If free perforation and fecal peritonitis are present, exteriorization or primary resection of the perforated segment must be carried out. We would not recommend primary anastomosis under these circumstances.", "contents": "Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon. Diverticular disease of the colon now is recognized to be functional disease resulting from altered neuromuscular activity in the colon. Inflammatory complications, when they occur, usually result from inflammation around a single diverticulum. This may lead to the formation of a pericolic or pelvic abscess. Free perforation of these leads to purulent peritonitis. The original communication with the lumen of the bowel usually is obliterated. More rarely, with either rapid evolution or failure of the diverticular neck to obliterate, a free communication develops between the bowel lumen and the peritoneal cavity, leading to fecal peritonitis. Fecal peritonitis results in an extremely high mortality rate. The operative approach for a patient with perforated diverticular disease should be individualized and depends on the stage of the disease present, the general condition of the patient, the experience of the surgeon in colon surgery and the availability of facilities and personnel to provide intensive care. In larger institutions when these conditions are optimal, primary resection of the diseased bowel with or without anastomosis is becoming the procedure of choice. In smaller institutions or if conditions are not optimal, right transverse colostomy with drainage of the perforated segment can be relied on to control the disease with a mortality rate compared to that of primary resection. If free perforation and fecal peritonitis are present, exteriorization or primary resection of the perforated segment must be carried out. We would not recommend primary anastomosis under these circumstances.", "PMID": 735943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2351", "title": "[Results of school inspections in the county of Karl-Marx-Stadt (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the Health Protection in Childhood and Adolescence Research Project a hygienic inspection questionnaire was designed for schools. To test this questionnaire, 248 schools in 11 districts of the county of Karl-Marx-Stadt were inspected. From the ascertainments made, several instances are cited to point out the priorities of school hygiene.", "contents": "[Results of school inspections in the county of Karl-Marx-Stadt (author's transl)]. Within the Health Protection in Childhood and Adolescence Research Project a hygienic inspection questionnaire was designed for schools. To test this questionnaire, 248 schools in 11 districts of the county of Karl-Marx-Stadt were inspected. From the ascertainments made, several instances are cited to point out the priorities of school hygiene.", "PMID": 735946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2352", "title": "[Remarks on finding \"real\" sexual differential values--presented by the example of measurements of vital capacity (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations conducted over many years have lead to the proposal to use - on the basis of classes of equal stature - the \"female-male-index\" (Ifm) for anthropometric, physiological and physical-athletic measured or performance values, respectively, which correlate significantly with stature. A \"standard table for measurements of vital capacity by dry spirometer\" is used to present this method of applying the \"real\" sexual differential values.", "contents": "[Remarks on finding \"real\" sexual differential values--presented by the example of measurements of vital capacity (author's transl)]. Investigations conducted over many years have lead to the proposal to use - on the basis of classes of equal stature - the \"female-male-index\" (Ifm) for anthropometric, physiological and physical-athletic measured or performance values, respectively, which correlate significantly with stature. A \"standard table for measurements of vital capacity by dry spirometer\" is used to present this method of applying the \"real\" sexual differential values.", "PMID": 735947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2353", "title": "[Reliability, heritability, correlation in longitudinal studies (author's transl)].", "content": "An analogy exists between the mathematical models of psychological test theory and quantitative genetics, as well as between the parameters, reliability and heritability, derived from these models. With the same results, heritability and correlation in longitudinal studies are only different approaches to the same problem, the reliability of measurement in the long run, that is of fundamental consequence for personnel selection.", "contents": "[Reliability, heritability, correlation in longitudinal studies (author's transl)]. An analogy exists between the mathematical models of psychological test theory and quantitative genetics, as well as between the parameters, reliability and heritability, derived from these models. With the same results, heritability and correlation in longitudinal studies are only different approaches to the same problem, the reliability of measurement in the long run, that is of fundamental consequence for personnel selection.", "PMID": 735948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2354", "title": "[Organisation of bronchitis dispensaries-problems and present situation in the north-eastern region of the GDR (a pilot study of the bronchitis dispensary of the Pediatric Clinic, University of Greifswald) (author's transl)].", "content": "The dator on the care of children with CNSLD obtained from pediatricians working at out-patient departments in 15 districts of the Rostock and Neubrandenburg counties (in the north-eastern region of the GDR) are analyzed in a pilot study. This survey shows that there are 6 standard bronchitis dispensaries and on additional dispensary with highly specialized diagnostic equipment (Pediatric Clinic of the University of Greifswald) in 7 of the districts. In the remaining districts care of these children is provided within the framework of general medical outpatient care. 2% of the children having CNSLD only 36% receive medical treatment, which is a rather low percentage. This situation will be improved on the basis of better cooperation with the family doctors and the out-patient departments for lung diseases.", "contents": "[Organisation of bronchitis dispensaries-problems and present situation in the north-eastern region of the GDR (a pilot study of the bronchitis dispensary of the Pediatric Clinic, University of Greifswald) (author's transl)]. The dator on the care of children with CNSLD obtained from pediatricians working at out-patient departments in 15 districts of the Rostock and Neubrandenburg counties (in the north-eastern region of the GDR) are analyzed in a pilot study. This survey shows that there are 6 standard bronchitis dispensaries and on additional dispensary with highly specialized diagnostic equipment (Pediatric Clinic of the University of Greifswald) in 7 of the districts. In the remaining districts care of these children is provided within the framework of general medical outpatient care. 2% of the children having CNSLD only 36% receive medical treatment, which is a rather low percentage. This situation will be improved on the basis of better cooperation with the family doctors and the out-patient departments for lung diseases.", "PMID": 735949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2355", "title": "[Principles of classification and nomenclature in families with striking social peculiarities shown by an example of the district of Osterburg (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity of an uniform characterization for the so called \"families with social perculiarities\" is explained. Criterias and designations for this purpose are proposed and used in a survey in the district of Osterburg. It is shown, that social risks concentrate in villages. They increase with a rising number of children, especially in families with 5 and more children, and that the social burden of numerous children is \"infectious\" in respect of peculiarities. Alcoholism is the most negative of them. The most important tasks are the care of potators and of families with childbirth intervals of less than two years.", "contents": "[Principles of classification and nomenclature in families with striking social peculiarities shown by an example of the district of Osterburg (author's transl)]. The necessity of an uniform characterization for the so called \"families with social perculiarities\" is explained. Criterias and designations for this purpose are proposed and used in a survey in the district of Osterburg. It is shown, that social risks concentrate in villages. They increase with a rising number of children, especially in families with 5 and more children, and that the social burden of numerous children is \"infectious\" in respect of peculiarities. Alcoholism is the most negative of them. The most important tasks are the care of potators and of families with childbirth intervals of less than two years.", "PMID": 735950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2356", "title": "[On social diagnosis and prognosis concerning childhood--experiences in Czechoslovakia. Part I (author's transl)].", "content": "The term \"social\" is defined multidimensionally. For the child, the most important structural unit of the social environment is the family, whose normal function influences the child's development significantly. Familiar disturbances threaten or damage it. From these aspects a social prognosis can be derived. The intuitive assessment of a singular case should be replaced by an objective, generalizable method.", "contents": "[On social diagnosis and prognosis concerning childhood--experiences in Czechoslovakia. Part I (author's transl)]. The term \"social\" is defined multidimensionally. For the child, the most important structural unit of the social environment is the family, whose normal function influences the child's development significantly. Familiar disturbances threaten or damage it. From these aspects a social prognosis can be derived. The intuitive assessment of a singular case should be replaced by an objective, generalizable method.", "PMID": 735951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2357", "title": "[Group talk psychotherapy with adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors give a report about their experiences of five years on group talk psychotherapy with adolescents. The indication to take part in this method which is integrated in a multidimensional therapeutic concept, consists in psychosocial disturbances with crises. Mainly adolescents of 14-18 years of age are taken care of in the groups. Meetings take place once a week and last about 90 minutes each. We have to deal with open groups, e.g. the duration of participation is different depending on the patient's problems. New member to the group are admitted continuously, in most cases after clinical preparation. A rapid integration of new patients is possible through members who have already been in the therapeutic process for a certain time. In this paper the importance of the behaviour of the therapeutist is discussed too. Here more activity is necessary than in groups of adults.", "contents": "[Group talk psychotherapy with adolescents (author's transl)]. The authors give a report about their experiences of five years on group talk psychotherapy with adolescents. The indication to take part in this method which is integrated in a multidimensional therapeutic concept, consists in psychosocial disturbances with crises. Mainly adolescents of 14-18 years of age are taken care of in the groups. Meetings take place once a week and last about 90 minutes each. We have to deal with open groups, e.g. the duration of participation is different depending on the patient's problems. New member to the group are admitted continuously, in most cases after clinical preparation. A rapid integration of new patients is possible through members who have already been in the therapeutic process for a certain time. In this paper the importance of the behaviour of the therapeutist is discussed too. Here more activity is necessary than in groups of adults.", "PMID": 735952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2358", "title": "The physician's role in radiation protection.", "content": "Examinations which should not be regularly performed include: chest and lower back x-ray examinations in routine physical examinations; tuberculosis screening by chest radiography; chest x-rays for hospital admission of patients under age 40 (unless there is a clinical indication of chest disease); chest radiography in routine prenatal care, and mammographic examinations for women under age 50 who do not have symptoms or a positive history. X-ray examinations of possibly pregnant patients require appropriate measures to protect the fetus.", "contents": "The physician's role in radiation protection. Examinations which should not be regularly performed include: chest and lower back x-ray examinations in routine physical examinations; tuberculosis screening by chest radiography; chest x-rays for hospital admission of patients under age 40 (unless there is a clinical indication of chest disease); chest radiography in routine prenatal care, and mammographic examinations for women under age 50 who do not have symptoms or a positive history. X-ray examinations of possibly pregnant patients require appropriate measures to protect the fetus.", "PMID": 735985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2359", "title": "Evaluation of suicide risk.", "content": "The family physician has the unique opportunity to evaluate suicidal ideas, behavior and risk by using his demographic and medical knowledge, applying interview skills and involving the family and friends in the initial assessment. Having made an intelligent and complete assessment of the suicide threat, he can then select the most appropriate management for his patient, constantly keeping in mind the need to reevaluate for suicide risk at frequent intervals.", "contents": "Evaluation of suicide risk. The family physician has the unique opportunity to evaluate suicidal ideas, behavior and risk by using his demographic and medical knowledge, applying interview skills and involving the family and friends in the initial assessment. Having made an intelligent and complete assessment of the suicide threat, he can then select the most appropriate management for his patient, constantly keeping in mind the need to reevaluate for suicide risk at frequent intervals.", "PMID": 735986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2360", "title": "Orbital auscultation.", "content": "Orbital auscultation is recommended as a screening technique in patients with subjective bruit or tinnitus, persistent conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, headache, seizure disorder and other neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. It can reveal carotid-cavernous fistula, cerebral arteriovenous malformation, an intracranial mass which is producing increased intracerebral pressure, Paget's disease and other vascular abnormalities.", "contents": "Orbital auscultation. Orbital auscultation is recommended as a screening technique in patients with subjective bruit or tinnitus, persistent conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, headache, seizure disorder and other neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. It can reveal carotid-cavernous fistula, cerebral arteriovenous malformation, an intracranial mass which is producing increased intracerebral pressure, Paget's disease and other vascular abnormalities.", "PMID": 735987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2361", "title": "Frequency of sensitization to different pollen groups and results of specific immunotherapy.", "content": "Of all the diseases produced by the inhalation of allergens, it is perhaps pollinosis in which specific immunotherapy with pollen antigens is most indicated. For this reason, the present work studies the symptoms and the results of skin tests, before and after the completion of a correct and specific course of immunotherapy for three years. We selected 345 patients with a clear history of pollinosis, suffering from rhinitis (90.7%), conjunctivitis (71%), bronchial asthma (51%) and urticaria (4.3%). The most sensitizing pollens were those of grasses, which affected 97.68% of the patients, followed by flowers (70.14%), shrubs (59,13%) and trees (47.82%). Multiple pollen sensitizations were found in 88.2%, but only 27.24% were sensitive to grass pollens alone. After specific polyvalent treatment with aqueous extract a notable improvement was found in the results of the skin tests (73.8%) and in clinical symptoms (87%). On the other hand, we found a deterioration in the skin test results in 5.9% and a worsening of symptoms in 1.5%. These unfavourable results were probably due to the failure to include all sensitizing pollens in the immunotherapy extract. These results suggest to us that the only worthwhile treatment for pollinosis is immunotherapy based on a polyvalent and specific extract individually prepared, whether aqueous or depot type, according to the skin test results.", "contents": "Frequency of sensitization to different pollen groups and results of specific immunotherapy. Of all the diseases produced by the inhalation of allergens, it is perhaps pollinosis in which specific immunotherapy with pollen antigens is most indicated. For this reason, the present work studies the symptoms and the results of skin tests, before and after the completion of a correct and specific course of immunotherapy for three years. We selected 345 patients with a clear history of pollinosis, suffering from rhinitis (90.7%), conjunctivitis (71%), bronchial asthma (51%) and urticaria (4.3%). The most sensitizing pollens were those of grasses, which affected 97.68% of the patients, followed by flowers (70.14%), shrubs (59,13%) and trees (47.82%). Multiple pollen sensitizations were found in 88.2%, but only 27.24% were sensitive to grass pollens alone. After specific polyvalent treatment with aqueous extract a notable improvement was found in the results of the skin tests (73.8%) and in clinical symptoms (87%). On the other hand, we found a deterioration in the skin test results in 5.9% and a worsening of symptoms in 1.5%. These unfavourable results were probably due to the failure to include all sensitizing pollens in the immunotherapy extract. These results suggest to us that the only worthwhile treatment for pollinosis is immunotherapy based on a polyvalent and specific extract individually prepared, whether aqueous or depot type, according to the skin test results.", "PMID": 735982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2362", "title": "Allergic manifestation in Nigerian asthmatics.", "content": "Intracutaneous and inhalative provocation tests performed on 185 asthmatic Nigerian patients and 50 control patients using indigenous antigen extracts as well as imported ones showed that moulds, house dust and D. farinae are the most common allergens responsible for the patients' asthmatic symptoms. Food allergy, though present, does not play a significant role among the patients. Pollinosis is not a common symptom among the patients although the Nigerian pollens are believed to possess antigenic properties. Environmental factors were thought to be responsible for the scarcity of pollen allergy in Nigeria. The importance of making use of indigenous antigen for allergy tests in stressed as this would reveal the true allergic state of the people.", "contents": "Allergic manifestation in Nigerian asthmatics. Intracutaneous and inhalative provocation tests performed on 185 asthmatic Nigerian patients and 50 control patients using indigenous antigen extracts as well as imported ones showed that moulds, house dust and D. farinae are the most common allergens responsible for the patients' asthmatic symptoms. Food allergy, though present, does not play a significant role among the patients. Pollinosis is not a common symptom among the patients although the Nigerian pollens are believed to possess antigenic properties. Environmental factors were thought to be responsible for the scarcity of pollen allergy in Nigeria. The importance of making use of indigenous antigen for allergy tests in stressed as this would reveal the true allergic state of the people.", "PMID": 735983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2363", "title": "BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate: an interim report.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with a confirmed histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate received BCG immunotherapy in addition to conventional therapy. Patients receiving BCG exhibited significant changes in IgA, IgM, WBC's, acid phosphatase and in cutaneous hypersensitivity when compared to an age-related control group of prostatic cancer patients receiving only conventional therapy. Survival from the time of diagnosis was 8 months longer in patients receiving BCG. Side effects of BCG vaccination were minimal consisting of local inflammation and pruritus at the site of inoculation. There were no deaths of systemic reactions.", "contents": "BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate: an interim report. Twenty-eight patients with a confirmed histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate received BCG immunotherapy in addition to conventional therapy. Patients receiving BCG exhibited significant changes in IgA, IgM, WBC's, acid phosphatase and in cutaneous hypersensitivity when compared to an age-related control group of prostatic cancer patients receiving only conventional therapy. Survival from the time of diagnosis was 8 months longer in patients receiving BCG. Side effects of BCG vaccination were minimal consisting of local inflammation and pruritus at the site of inoculation. There were no deaths of systemic reactions.", "PMID": 735980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2364", "title": "The use of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of severe intrinsic bronchial asthma.", "content": "A group of 145 patients with severe intrinsic bronchial asthma symptoms was treated with repeated intramuscular injections of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) during an average period of two years. Kenalog was administered mainly to persons with persistent attacks of asthmatic dyspnea and frequent recurrent infections of the respiratory tract in which other drugs, including orally administered steroids, did not lead to any improvement in the asthmatic symptoms. The results of therapy were excellent (total disappearance of asthmatic manifestations) or good (considerable improvement of asthma symptoms) in 88.3% of treated cases, while in 11.7% of patients, Kenalog had no effect. In 13.8% of cases, side effects, especially weight gain, disturbances in menstruation, increase in blood pressure, edema and spontaneous echymoses were observed. The triamcinolone acetonide depot-preparation is, in the authors' opinion, highly effective in the management of severe intrinsic asthma cases, unsucessfully treated by other methods. The prolonged use of Kenalog can, however, like other steroids provoke, several side effects.", "contents": "The use of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of severe intrinsic bronchial asthma. A group of 145 patients with severe intrinsic bronchial asthma symptoms was treated with repeated intramuscular injections of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) during an average period of two years. Kenalog was administered mainly to persons with persistent attacks of asthmatic dyspnea and frequent recurrent infections of the respiratory tract in which other drugs, including orally administered steroids, did not lead to any improvement in the asthmatic symptoms. The results of therapy were excellent (total disappearance of asthmatic manifestations) or good (considerable improvement of asthma symptoms) in 88.3% of treated cases, while in 11.7% of patients, Kenalog had no effect. In 13.8% of cases, side effects, especially weight gain, disturbances in menstruation, increase in blood pressure, edema and spontaneous echymoses were observed. The triamcinolone acetonide depot-preparation is, in the authors' opinion, highly effective in the management of severe intrinsic asthma cases, unsucessfully treated by other methods. The prolonged use of Kenalog can, however, like other steroids provoke, several side effects.", "PMID": 735981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2365", "title": "Management of breech presentation and delivery.", "content": "Vaginal delivery of a fetus in breech position carries a risk three times that of vertex delivery. Patients must be carefully selected for vaginal delivery. The position should be that of a frank breech; the child should not be excessive in size; the mother's pelvis should be normal, and there should be no other complications of pregnancy. The fetal heart rate should be carefully monitored throughout labor. When patients with breech position are carefully studied, about two-thirds will be delivered by cesarean section.", "contents": "Management of breech presentation and delivery. Vaginal delivery of a fetus in breech position carries a risk three times that of vertex delivery. Patients must be carefully selected for vaginal delivery. The position should be that of a frank breech; the child should not be excessive in size; the mother's pelvis should be normal, and there should be no other complications of pregnancy. The fetal heart rate should be carefully monitored throughout labor. When patients with breech position are carefully studied, about two-thirds will be delivered by cesarean section.", "PMID": 735992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2366", "title": "Report on carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC).", "content": "In a carcinogenesis bioassay of the halogenated solvent 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride, or EDC), oral administration of the compound produced cancers in rats and mice. In male rats, dosage with EDC caused forestomach cancers, hemangiosarcomas (vascularized cancers) of multiple organs, and subcutaneous fibromas (cancers beneath the skin). Female rats exposed to EDC developed mammary (breast) cancers--in some high-dose animals as early as the 20th week of the study. The chemical also caused breast cancers as well as uterine cancers in female mice, and respiratory tract cancers in both male and female mice.", "contents": "Report on carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). In a carcinogenesis bioassay of the halogenated solvent 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride, or EDC), oral administration of the compound produced cancers in rats and mice. In male rats, dosage with EDC caused forestomach cancers, hemangiosarcomas (vascularized cancers) of multiple organs, and subcutaneous fibromas (cancers beneath the skin). Female rats exposed to EDC developed mammary (breast) cancers--in some high-dose animals as early as the 20th week of the study. The chemical also caused breast cancers as well as uterine cancers in female mice, and respiratory tract cancers in both male and female mice.", "PMID": 735995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2367", "title": "Hearing levels of aerospace workers as affected by duration of employment.", "content": "Studies of the audiograms of a sample of male aerospace workers to establish the relationship between hearing level and occupational exposure indicate that hearing levels at 4000 Hz of the sample are essentially the same as the general U. S. male population under age 45 but show a greater loss over age 45. Partial correlation studies relating hearing level changes to duration of employment, with age effects held constant, attribute this difference to factors other than occupational exposure. The correlation studies of the overall sample show a slight trend for increasing loss with longer durations of employment. The net effect is of no practical significance. Detailed age group correlation studies indicate that this age-related change occurs primarily in the under age 35 group, a factor of significance to hearing conservation activities.", "contents": "Hearing levels of aerospace workers as affected by duration of employment. Studies of the audiograms of a sample of male aerospace workers to establish the relationship between hearing level and occupational exposure indicate that hearing levels at 4000 Hz of the sample are essentially the same as the general U. S. male population under age 45 but show a greater loss over age 45. Partial correlation studies relating hearing level changes to duration of employment, with age effects held constant, attribute this difference to factors other than occupational exposure. The correlation studies of the overall sample show a slight trend for increasing loss with longer durations of employment. The net effect is of no practical significance. Detailed age group correlation studies indicate that this age-related change occurs primarily in the under age 35 group, a factor of significance to hearing conservation activities.", "PMID": 735997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2368", "title": "Biological monitoring of exposure to styrene by analysis of combined urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids.", "content": "Human volunteers were exposed in an experimental chamber to styrene (4 or 8 hours at 40 to 200 ppm) in order to obtain a quantitative relationship between exposure and urinary elimination of the metabolites mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids (MA and PGA). For the analysis of PGA a new GC-method was used, based on reductive transformation of the relatively instable PGA into MA, which is stable enough for shipping and handling until final processing. The analysis of the post-exposure elimination shows that spot urine sampled in the morning after exposure and analysed for the sum of MA and PGA is the most reliable index for reflecing a preceding exposure to styrene.", "contents": "Biological monitoring of exposure to styrene by analysis of combined urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Human volunteers were exposed in an experimental chamber to styrene (4 or 8 hours at 40 to 200 ppm) in order to obtain a quantitative relationship between exposure and urinary elimination of the metabolites mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids (MA and PGA). For the analysis of PGA a new GC-method was used, based on reductive transformation of the relatively instable PGA into MA, which is stable enough for shipping and handling until final processing. The analysis of the post-exposure elimination shows that spot urine sampled in the morning after exposure and analysed for the sum of MA and PGA is the most reliable index for reflecing a preceding exposure to styrene.", "PMID": 735998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2369", "title": "Establishing a protocol from laboratory studies to be used in field sampling operations.", "content": "A laboratory procedure is described that has been used in determining the breakdown products of plastic compounds used in injection molding operations. These compounds include polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, methyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon. Laboratory samples were generated at injection molding temperatures and collected on various solid sorbents. Detector tubes were used for qualitative information to indicate whether certain classes of compounds were present. Compounds identified from the analyses of these laboratory samples are listed. Qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectormetry (GC/MS) data obtained from charcoal tube samples collected at a tire molding and a rubber producing company are also presented.", "contents": "Establishing a protocol from laboratory studies to be used in field sampling operations. A laboratory procedure is described that has been used in determining the breakdown products of plastic compounds used in injection molding operations. These compounds include polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, methyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon. Laboratory samples were generated at injection molding temperatures and collected on various solid sorbents. Detector tubes were used for qualitative information to indicate whether certain classes of compounds were present. Compounds identified from the analyses of these laboratory samples are listed. Qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectormetry (GC/MS) data obtained from charcoal tube samples collected at a tire molding and a rubber producing company are also presented.", "PMID": 735999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2370", "title": "Body temperatures in relation to heart rate for workers wearing impermeable clothing in a hot environment.", "content": "Thermal reactions and heart rate were measured for men wearing impermeable clothing in a hot environment. Even at rest, the Ts increase was remarkable. At the 30th minute, Ts reached 37.2 +/- .4 degrees (+/- SD). Experimental walking (wearing impermeable clothes) occasioned significant (p less than .001) rises in thermal reactions and HR in comparison to control walking; Tr, Tb, Ts at the 30th minute were 38.4, 38.4, 38.1 degree C respectively, and HR was 162 beats/min. No plateau for these responses was reached during 30 minutes of experimental walking. Tr continued to rise after the subjects stopped exercising. The regression equation of Tr on HR in experimental walking differed from that of control walking. If Tr is used as an index for work safety, a lower Tr is needed under such severe conditions.", "contents": "Body temperatures in relation to heart rate for workers wearing impermeable clothing in a hot environment. Thermal reactions and heart rate were measured for men wearing impermeable clothing in a hot environment. Even at rest, the Ts increase was remarkable. At the 30th minute, Ts reached 37.2 +/- .4 degrees (+/- SD). Experimental walking (wearing impermeable clothes) occasioned significant (p less than .001) rises in thermal reactions and HR in comparison to control walking; Tr, Tb, Ts at the 30th minute were 38.4, 38.4, 38.1 degree C respectively, and HR was 162 beats/min. No plateau for these responses was reached during 30 minutes of experimental walking. Tr continued to rise after the subjects stopped exercising. The regression equation of Tr on HR in experimental walking differed from that of control walking. If Tr is used as an index for work safety, a lower Tr is needed under such severe conditions.", "PMID": 736000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2371", "title": "Comparison of respirable coal mine dust concentrations measured with an MRE and a newly-developed, two-stage impactor sampler.", "content": "The design and laboratory evaluation of a two-stage aerosol sampler using an impaction plate for removing particles above 10 micron, has been reported. The unit was developed to provide an alternative to the two-stage sampling head used on approved coal mine personal respirable dust samplers. The new device offers the potential of increasing the analytical accuracy of samples, and of providing a device more suitable to the mining community for use in their mandated dust sampling program. This paper describes the underground sampling program conducted to establish the factor for converting respirable dust concentrations measured with this device to equivalent concentrations measured with an Isleworth 113A gravimetric dust sampler (MRE). This study demonstrated that the use of the impactor sampling head provides a viable alternative to the currently used sampling head. The results showed that comparative measurements could be linearly related for MRE dust measurements ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mg/m3. The factor determined for converting measurements made with the new head to equivalent MRE measurements was approximately 0.5.", "contents": "Comparison of respirable coal mine dust concentrations measured with an MRE and a newly-developed, two-stage impactor sampler. The design and laboratory evaluation of a two-stage aerosol sampler using an impaction plate for removing particles above 10 micron, has been reported. The unit was developed to provide an alternative to the two-stage sampling head used on approved coal mine personal respirable dust samplers. The new device offers the potential of increasing the analytical accuracy of samples, and of providing a device more suitable to the mining community for use in their mandated dust sampling program. This paper describes the underground sampling program conducted to establish the factor for converting respirable dust concentrations measured with this device to equivalent concentrations measured with an Isleworth 113A gravimetric dust sampler (MRE). This study demonstrated that the use of the impactor sampling head provides a viable alternative to the currently used sampling head. The results showed that comparative measurements could be linearly related for MRE dust measurements ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mg/m3. The factor determined for converting measurements made with the new head to equivalent MRE measurements was approximately 0.5.", "PMID": 736001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2372", "title": "Chemical material handling guides.", "content": "A system has been developed for providing information regarding chemicals, their hazards, and safe handling requirements to employees of Johnson Wax. To initiate the development of a Chemical Material Handling Guide, physical, chemical, and toxicological information is acquired on the chemical raw material, intermediate, or finished product. The guide is prepared by members of a \"guides\" committee each of whom is responsible for completing one or more of its sections. The five major sections deal with identification, hazard ratings, protective equipment requirements, emergency procedures, and storage, handling and disposal requirements for the chemical material.", "contents": "Chemical material handling guides. A system has been developed for providing information regarding chemicals, their hazards, and safe handling requirements to employees of Johnson Wax. To initiate the development of a Chemical Material Handling Guide, physical, chemical, and toxicological information is acquired on the chemical raw material, intermediate, or finished product. The guide is prepared by members of a \"guides\" committee each of whom is responsible for completing one or more of its sections. The five major sections deal with identification, hazard ratings, protective equipment requirements, emergency procedures, and storage, handling and disposal requirements for the chemical material.", "PMID": 736002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2373", "title": "Pneumatic muffler noise.", "content": "Sixty-five commercial pneumatic mufflers in the size range of 1/8 to 3/8-inch American Standard Taper Pipe Thread (NPT) were evaluated for noise level as a function of air supply pressure and back pressure. Also, typical directivity pattern and spectral content were determined. A rating system has been devised, as well as individual prediction formulas, to rank order the mufflers and provide a capability of calculating expected noise levels for a given supply pressure. As this study reveals, noise reductions in excess of 40 dBA may be achieved by employing an efficient pneumatic muffler.", "contents": "Pneumatic muffler noise. Sixty-five commercial pneumatic mufflers in the size range of 1/8 to 3/8-inch American Standard Taper Pipe Thread (NPT) were evaluated for noise level as a function of air supply pressure and back pressure. Also, typical directivity pattern and spectral content were determined. A rating system has been devised, as well as individual prediction formulas, to rank order the mufflers and provide a capability of calculating expected noise levels for a given supply pressure. As this study reveals, noise reductions in excess of 40 dBA may be achieved by employing an efficient pneumatic muffler.", "PMID": 736003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2374", "title": "Simplified occupational noise hazard prediction for new equipment.", "content": "A simplified yet accurate method has been developed to predict noise hazards for new equipment by using only dB(A) noise levels, calculating power levels by the Two Surface Method and plotting a predicted noise isopleth. Noise levels can be accumulated for multiple sources. Room constants and other parameters can easily be varied to determine the most feasible and economical solution for noise problems.", "contents": "Simplified occupational noise hazard prediction for new equipment. A simplified yet accurate method has been developed to predict noise hazards for new equipment by using only dB(A) noise levels, calculating power levels by the Two Surface Method and plotting a predicted noise isopleth. Noise levels can be accumulated for multiple sources. Room constants and other parameters can easily be varied to determine the most feasible and economical solution for noise problems.", "PMID": 736004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2375", "title": "Phosphorus vapor exposure in phosphorus using plants.", "content": "Operator exposure to phosphorus in five areas in the five FMC using plants was documented primarily with area samplers. However, where significant levels of phosphorus vapors were found, personal sampling was also performed. Eight-hour time-weighted-average phosphorus exposure levels were estimated for operators in the phosphorus burning plants from the area measurements. Maintenance worker exposure was also studied. No worker was exposed to phosphorus concentrations above the current 0.1 mg/M3 threshold limit value (TLV).", "contents": "Phosphorus vapor exposure in phosphorus using plants. Operator exposure to phosphorus in five areas in the five FMC using plants was documented primarily with area samplers. However, where significant levels of phosphorus vapors were found, personal sampling was also performed. Eight-hour time-weighted-average phosphorus exposure levels were estimated for operators in the phosphorus burning plants from the area measurements. Maintenance worker exposure was also studied. No worker was exposed to phosphorus concentrations above the current 0.1 mg/M3 threshold limit value (TLV).", "PMID": 736005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2376", "title": "Behavioral versus process consultation interventions in school settings.", "content": "Teachers experiencing difficulties in managing disruptive, acting-out children in two parochial first-grade classes were provided either behavioral or process consultation. The behavioral intervention included discussions of behavior modification principles, feedback concerning contingent praise, and individualized behavioral interventions. In contrast, the process consultant used clarifying, supportive, and reflective responses to help the teacher better understand classroom difficulties and enhance her ability to work with problem children. Results of the interventions indicated that during consultation sessions and follow-up, problem behaviors were significantly reduced and attention to desirable behaviors significantly increased. The results were observed in three problem children in the classroom provided with behavioral consultation, and there only. Both teachers rated problem children as being less disruptive following program involvement. Significant positive relations were found between directly observed and teacher ratings of problem behaviors.", "contents": "Behavioral versus process consultation interventions in school settings. Teachers experiencing difficulties in managing disruptive, acting-out children in two parochial first-grade classes were provided either behavioral or process consultation. The behavioral intervention included discussions of behavior modification principles, feedback concerning contingent praise, and individualized behavioral interventions. In contrast, the process consultant used clarifying, supportive, and reflective responses to help the teacher better understand classroom difficulties and enhance her ability to work with problem children. Results of the interventions indicated that during consultation sessions and follow-up, problem behaviors were significantly reduced and attention to desirable behaviors significantly increased. The results were observed in three problem children in the classroom provided with behavioral consultation, and there only. Both teachers rated problem children as being less disruptive following program involvement. Significant positive relations were found between directly observed and teacher ratings of problem behaviors.", "PMID": 736006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2377", "title": "Self-disclosure in relation to psychotherapist expertise and ethnicity.", "content": "The self-disclosure styles of Mexican Americans and their possible role in the limited participation of Mexican Americans in mental health services were explored. Ninety-four Mexican American and 93 Anglo American junior college students listened to one of four therapist introductions, then responded to questionnaires designed to measure self disclosure and self acceptance. Both groups indicated a substantial willingness to disclose about themselves to therapists. Mexican Americans proved lower in self-disclosure scores than Anglo Americans. Mexican Americans were found to disclose less to Mexican American therapists than did Anglo Americans to Anglo American therapists. Sex differences in self-disclosure were negligible. Both Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans scored in the direction of high self-acceptance. The findings held for comparable socioeconomic levels.", "contents": "Self-disclosure in relation to psychotherapist expertise and ethnicity. The self-disclosure styles of Mexican Americans and their possible role in the limited participation of Mexican Americans in mental health services were explored. Ninety-four Mexican American and 93 Anglo American junior college students listened to one of four therapist introductions, then responded to questionnaires designed to measure self disclosure and self acceptance. Both groups indicated a substantial willingness to disclose about themselves to therapists. Mexican Americans proved lower in self-disclosure scores than Anglo Americans. Mexican Americans were found to disclose less to Mexican American therapists than did Anglo Americans to Anglo American therapists. Sex differences in self-disclosure were negligible. Both Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans scored in the direction of high self-acceptance. The findings held for comparable socioeconomic levels.", "PMID": 736007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2378", "title": "A community mental health innovation in mass media preventive education: the alternatives project.", "content": "An innovative mental health primary and secondary prevention program employing mass media was conducted in the Louisville metropolitan area. For 60 weeks during public service announcement time slots, 21 educational mental health and mental retardation messages were aired on local major radio and television stations. Three project goals were established: (a) improved mental health attitudes; (b) increased awareness of community mental health resources; and (c) increased utilization of community mental health resources. Systematic evaluation, based on data from client-initiated telephone contacts and surveys of the community, indicated that the project appeared to be successful in increasing awareness and utilization of community mental health resources. Positive change was indicated, overall, for attitudes related to cognitive structuring of problem situations. Attitudes related to behavioral resolution of problem situations appeared to be generally uninfluenced. Implications and future directions for the utilization of mass media in community mental health are discussed.", "contents": "A community mental health innovation in mass media preventive education: the alternatives project. An innovative mental health primary and secondary prevention program employing mass media was conducted in the Louisville metropolitan area. For 60 weeks during public service announcement time slots, 21 educational mental health and mental retardation messages were aired on local major radio and television stations. Three project goals were established: (a) improved mental health attitudes; (b) increased awareness of community mental health resources; and (c) increased utilization of community mental health resources. Systematic evaluation, based on data from client-initiated telephone contacts and surveys of the community, indicated that the project appeared to be successful in increasing awareness and utilization of community mental health resources. Positive change was indicated, overall, for attitudes related to cognitive structuring of problem situations. Attitudes related to behavioral resolution of problem situations appeared to be generally uninfluenced. Implications and future directions for the utilization of mass media in community mental health are discussed.", "PMID": 736008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2379", "title": "Communication skills training for paraprofessional helpers.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a training program for paraprofessional helpers. Twenty dormitory counselor candidates were given 20 hours of communication training while 15 other candidates were given no training. The results indicated that the trained subjects demonstrated significantly higher levels of empathy than the untrained subjects and that they maintained their level of empathy after 6 months. Results are discussed in terms of the lasting effects of the training program and the advantages of being able to use trainers with only limited experience.", "contents": "Communication skills training for paraprofessional helpers. The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a training program for paraprofessional helpers. Twenty dormitory counselor candidates were given 20 hours of communication training while 15 other candidates were given no training. The results indicated that the trained subjects demonstrated significantly higher levels of empathy than the untrained subjects and that they maintained their level of empathy after 6 months. Results are discussed in terms of the lasting effects of the training program and the advantages of being able to use trainers with only limited experience.", "PMID": 736009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2380", "title": "The effects of expectancy, professional identity, and behavior upon social rejection.", "content": "Psychiatric residents (n = 16) and undergraduate students (n = 32) listened to four recorded interviews. Each interview was designed to represent a particular combination of impulse control and distress. Two levels of mental illness expectancy were obtained by changing the context of the interviews. The subjects rated the interviewees on scales of social acceptance and psychopathology. Univariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate the data. The evidence indicated that an individual's behavior must be actually perceived as psychopathological before social rejection will occur.", "contents": "The effects of expectancy, professional identity, and behavior upon social rejection. Psychiatric residents (n = 16) and undergraduate students (n = 32) listened to four recorded interviews. Each interview was designed to represent a particular combination of impulse control and distress. Two levels of mental illness expectancy were obtained by changing the context of the interviews. The subjects rated the interviewees on scales of social acceptance and psychopathology. Univariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate the data. The evidence indicated that an individual's behavior must be actually perceived as psychopathological before social rejection will occur.", "PMID": 736010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2381", "title": "The impact of a community screening program on psychiatric hospital admissions.", "content": "A rural CMHC screening program significantly reduced admission rates to a state hospital compared with hospital-based screening. Personnel from CMHCs in three counties evaluated each potential admission to the hospital to evaluate their need for hospitalization. Hospital staff screened admissions from the remaining counties of the state. Both community and hospital screening resulted in significant reductions in admissions with community screening producing larger declines. Additional possible advantages of community screening for improved treatment outcomes, efficient utilization of community resources, and reduced costs are discussed.", "contents": "The impact of a community screening program on psychiatric hospital admissions. A rural CMHC screening program significantly reduced admission rates to a state hospital compared with hospital-based screening. Personnel from CMHCs in three counties evaluated each potential admission to the hospital to evaluate their need for hospitalization. Hospital staff screened admissions from the remaining counties of the state. Both community and hospital screening resulted in significant reductions in admissions with community screening producing larger declines. Additional possible advantages of community screening for improved treatment outcomes, efficient utilization of community resources, and reduced costs are discussed.", "PMID": 736011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2382", "title": "Alcoholic liver disease presenting with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. A combined clinical and pathological study.", "content": "Twenty patients with longstanding alcoholism and biopsy-proven alcoholic liver disease presented with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (in excess of four times the upper limit of normal). None had a past or present history to suggest pancreatitis or biliary tract disease, nor had any of these patients recently taken medication which could be implicated in cholestatic jaundice. Thirteen (65%) of this group either had radiologic or post mortem confirmation of nonobstructed biliary systems. The histologic findings in this group of patients were compared with those of a group of patients with alcoholic liver disease and normal or only mild elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. Significantly more hepatocellular necrosis (P less than 0.05), alcoholic hyaline (P less than 0.02), and cholestasis (P less than 0.002) were noted in the severely hyperphosphatasemic group. Minimal degrees of steatosis were found in both groups. These data indicate that intrahepatic cholestasis occurs in patients with alcoholic liver disease, and this may often be secondary to alcoholic hepatitis. Overemphasis has previously been given to alcoholic fatty liver as a cause of this syndrome.", "contents": "Alcoholic liver disease presenting with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. A combined clinical and pathological study. Twenty patients with longstanding alcoholism and biopsy-proven alcoholic liver disease presented with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (in excess of four times the upper limit of normal). None had a past or present history to suggest pancreatitis or biliary tract disease, nor had any of these patients recently taken medication which could be implicated in cholestatic jaundice. Thirteen (65%) of this group either had radiologic or post mortem confirmation of nonobstructed biliary systems. The histologic findings in this group of patients were compared with those of a group of patients with alcoholic liver disease and normal or only mild elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. Significantly more hepatocellular necrosis (P less than 0.05), alcoholic hyaline (P less than 0.02), and cholestasis (P less than 0.002) were noted in the severely hyperphosphatasemic group. Minimal degrees of steatosis were found in both groups. These data indicate that intrahepatic cholestasis occurs in patients with alcoholic liver disease, and this may often be secondary to alcoholic hepatitis. Overemphasis has previously been given to alcoholic fatty liver as a cause of this syndrome.", "PMID": 736013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2383", "title": "Bridging hepatic necrosis. Etiology and prognosis.", "content": "The probable etiology and outcome of bridging hepatic necrosis found on a liver biopsy performed within three months of the onset of clinical illness was evaluated in 42 consecutive patients with this finding. Eighteen of the patients (43%) had a probable drug etiology for their hepatitis. Ten patients had HBSAG-positive acute hepatitis. Fourteen patients had neither drug-induced disease nor proven HBSAg-positive hepatitis. One patient from the drug-induced group died, but the other 17 had complete clinical recovery. Eight of ten in the hepatitis B antigen-postive group cleared their antigen and had complete clinical recovery. Chronic hepatitis developed in two who remained persistently HGSAg positive. Eight of the patients in the group with unknown etiology recovered, while six developed evidence of active chronic liver disease. This incidence of active chronic liver disease is significantly greater than that found in the drug-induced group (P less than 0.02). We conclude that drug-induced hepatitiis accounts for a significant proportion of patients of acute hepatitis who have bridging hepatic necrosis on liver biopsy. However, in these drug-induced cases the finding of bridging hepatic necrosis does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of development of active chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Bridging hepatic necrosis. Etiology and prognosis. The probable etiology and outcome of bridging hepatic necrosis found on a liver biopsy performed within three months of the onset of clinical illness was evaluated in 42 consecutive patients with this finding. Eighteen of the patients (43%) had a probable drug etiology for their hepatitis. Ten patients had HBSAG-positive acute hepatitis. Fourteen patients had neither drug-induced disease nor proven HBSAg-positive hepatitis. One patient from the drug-induced group died, but the other 17 had complete clinical recovery. Eight of ten in the hepatitis B antigen-postive group cleared their antigen and had complete clinical recovery. Chronic hepatitis developed in two who remained persistently HGSAg positive. Eight of the patients in the group with unknown etiology recovered, while six developed evidence of active chronic liver disease. This incidence of active chronic liver disease is significantly greater than that found in the drug-induced group (P less than 0.02). We conclude that drug-induced hepatitiis accounts for a significant proportion of patients of acute hepatitis who have bridging hepatic necrosis on liver biopsy. However, in these drug-induced cases the finding of bridging hepatic necrosis does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of development of active chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 736015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2384", "title": "Mannitol and glucose: effects on gastric acid secretion and endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).", "content": "Serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide was measured in dogs prepared with Heidenhain pouches and Mann-Bollman fistulae following the intraduodenal (ID) infusion of isotonic saline, 20% glucose, or 20% mannitol. Following ID 20% glucose, serum GIP concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.05) between 30 and 120 min and there was a significant inhibition (P less than 0.05) of acid secretion in the Heidenhain pouches between 15 and 75 min. A good correlation (r = 0.925) was found between the rise in serum GIP and the inhibition of acid secretion. Although neither ID isotonic saline nor 20% mannitol stimulated GIP release, the latter produced a significant (P less than 0.05) inhibition of acid secretion between 60 and 105 min. We conclude: (1) the inhibitory effect of acid secretion following ID glucose is mediated in part by the release of endogenous GIP; (2) glucose and mannitol probably inhibit gastric acid secretion by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Mannitol and glucose: effects on gastric acid secretion and endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide was measured in dogs prepared with Heidenhain pouches and Mann-Bollman fistulae following the intraduodenal (ID) infusion of isotonic saline, 20% glucose, or 20% mannitol. Following ID 20% glucose, serum GIP concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.05) between 30 and 120 min and there was a significant inhibition (P less than 0.05) of acid secretion in the Heidenhain pouches between 15 and 75 min. A good correlation (r = 0.925) was found between the rise in serum GIP and the inhibition of acid secretion. Although neither ID isotonic saline nor 20% mannitol stimulated GIP release, the latter produced a significant (P less than 0.05) inhibition of acid secretion between 60 and 105 min. We conclude: (1) the inhibitory effect of acid secretion following ID glucose is mediated in part by the release of endogenous GIP; (2) glucose and mannitol probably inhibit gastric acid secretion by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 736016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2385", "title": "Effect of cholestyramine on bile acid kinetics in patients with portal cirrhosis of the liver. Evidence of a selective defect in the formation of cholic acid.", "content": "The kinetics of cholic acid (C) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) were studied in six patients with portal liver cirrhosis. The studies were conducted both before and after 5-6 weeks of treatment with cholestyramine (12 g/day). In keeping with previous observations, the pool size and formation of C showed subnormal values during the pretreatment period, while the production of CD was within normal limits. The pool sizes of C and CD did not change upon treatment with cholestyramine, but the mean total bile acid formation increased by a factor of about 2.5. The ratio between the amounts of C and CD synthesized remained essentially unchanged. Considering the therapeutic response previously observed in normal subjects and in patients with hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, the present results suggest a selective impairment of the biosynthesis of C in patients with portal liver cirrhosis. It is suggested that the primary defect may reside in the 12alpha-hydroxylase enzyme system.", "contents": "Effect of cholestyramine on bile acid kinetics in patients with portal cirrhosis of the liver. Evidence of a selective defect in the formation of cholic acid. The kinetics of cholic acid (C) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) were studied in six patients with portal liver cirrhosis. The studies were conducted both before and after 5-6 weeks of treatment with cholestyramine (12 g/day). In keeping with previous observations, the pool size and formation of C showed subnormal values during the pretreatment period, while the production of CD was within normal limits. The pool sizes of C and CD did not change upon treatment with cholestyramine, but the mean total bile acid formation increased by a factor of about 2.5. The ratio between the amounts of C and CD synthesized remained essentially unchanged. Considering the therapeutic response previously observed in normal subjects and in patients with hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, the present results suggest a selective impairment of the biosynthesis of C in patients with portal liver cirrhosis. It is suggested that the primary defect may reside in the 12alpha-hydroxylase enzyme system.", "PMID": 736017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2386", "title": "Increased canine jejunal absorption of water, glucose, and sodium with intestinal pacing.", "content": "Our aim was to determine if pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli could increase absorption from it. In four dogs, 75-cm loops of jejunum were isolated from the intestinal stream. After recovery, fluid was infused into the proximal stoma of the loop and effluent collected from the distal stoma for three consecutive 30-min periods. In the second period electrical stimuli were applied to the distal end of the loop to drive the pacesetter potentials of the loop, hence its contractions, backwards. The output of water, glucose, and sodium from the loop was decreased, and the transit of content through the loop was slowed during backward pacing. We conclude that pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli enhances absorption of water, glucose, and sodium from that segment.", "contents": "Increased canine jejunal absorption of water, glucose, and sodium with intestinal pacing. Our aim was to determine if pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli could increase absorption from it. In four dogs, 75-cm loops of jejunum were isolated from the intestinal stream. After recovery, fluid was infused into the proximal stoma of the loop and effluent collected from the distal stoma for three consecutive 30-min periods. In the second period electrical stimuli were applied to the distal end of the loop to drive the pacesetter potentials of the loop, hence its contractions, backwards. The output of water, glucose, and sodium from the loop was decreased, and the transit of content through the loop was slowed during backward pacing. We conclude that pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli enhances absorption of water, glucose, and sodium from that segment.", "PMID": 736018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2387", "title": "Juvenile and adenomatous gastrointestinal polyposis.", "content": "This is the fourth report of a case showing an association between juvenile and adenomatous polyposis. Starting at age 14, this patient underwent multiple polypectomies and gastrointestinal resections over a 15-year period. Although initial biopsies were diagnosed as juvenile polyps, later biopsies showed both adenomatous polyps and large polypoid masses with a mixture of juvenile and adenomatous features. Several typical small hyperplastic polyps were also found in the stomach. This case contrasts with the previous three cases in that the gastrointestinal tract is more widely involved and in that there is an unusual marked hyperplasia of argentaffin- and argyrophil-positive cells. The case reported here strengthens the relation between adenomatous polyposis and juvenile polyposis.", "contents": "Juvenile and adenomatous gastrointestinal polyposis. This is the fourth report of a case showing an association between juvenile and adenomatous polyposis. Starting at age 14, this patient underwent multiple polypectomies and gastrointestinal resections over a 15-year period. Although initial biopsies were diagnosed as juvenile polyps, later biopsies showed both adenomatous polyps and large polypoid masses with a mixture of juvenile and adenomatous features. Several typical small hyperplastic polyps were also found in the stomach. This case contrasts with the previous three cases in that the gastrointestinal tract is more widely involved and in that there is an unusual marked hyperplasia of argentaffin- and argyrophil-positive cells. The case reported here strengthens the relation between adenomatous polyposis and juvenile polyposis.", "PMID": 736020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2388", "title": "Intussusception of sigmoid colon in an adult. Spontaneous expulsion of sequestered bowel and restoration of bowel continuity.", "content": "A 67-year-old white man presented with bloody diarrhea and passed a 22-cm long segment of full-thickness sigmoid colon following a barium enema. He had advanced peripheral and cerebral vascular disease and had undergone pelvic irradiation for a bladder cancer five years previously. He recovered uneventfully from the bowel sloughage. This was apparently due to an intussusception of the sigmoid colon followed by the formation of adhesions between the edges of the adjacent viable bowel.", "contents": "Intussusception of sigmoid colon in an adult. Spontaneous expulsion of sequestered bowel and restoration of bowel continuity. A 67-year-old white man presented with bloody diarrhea and passed a 22-cm long segment of full-thickness sigmoid colon following a barium enema. He had advanced peripheral and cerebral vascular disease and had undergone pelvic irradiation for a bladder cancer five years previously. He recovered uneventfully from the bowel sloughage. This was apparently due to an intussusception of the sigmoid colon followed by the formation of adhesions between the edges of the adjacent viable bowel.", "PMID": 736021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2389", "title": "A historical and epidemiologic perspective on respiratory symptoms questionnaires.", "content": "Since 1960 the British Medical Research Council (MRC) standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms has been used in epidemiologic investigations of chronic respiratory diseases. This review describes the validity, reliability, and susceptibility to bias of the MRC questionnaire. The validity of the phlegm questions as a sensitive index of sputum production has been established but adequate validation of other symptom questions has been hindered by the absence of appropriate, independent criteria for comparison. Consistency of response averages 80 per cent for symptom questions and may reach 99 per cent for reporting of smoking habits. With proper use, the results of the MRC questionnaire are not biased by the observer, by the season of administration, or by method of administration. Modification of the questionnaire by individual investigators may lead to bias when comparisons are made between studies. Because a large literature based on the MRC questionnaire is now available, any new respiratory symptoms questionnaires should be compatible with the MRC questionnaire, and should be calibrated against it.", "contents": "A historical and epidemiologic perspective on respiratory symptoms questionnaires. Since 1960 the British Medical Research Council (MRC) standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms has been used in epidemiologic investigations of chronic respiratory diseases. This review describes the validity, reliability, and susceptibility to bias of the MRC questionnaire. The validity of the phlegm questions as a sensitive index of sputum production has been established but adequate validation of other symptom questions has been hindered by the absence of appropriate, independent criteria for comparison. Consistency of response averages 80 per cent for symptom questions and may reach 99 per cent for reporting of smoking habits. With proper use, the results of the MRC questionnaire are not biased by the observer, by the season of administration, or by method of administration. Modification of the questionnaire by individual investigators may lead to bias when comparisons are made between studies. Because a large literature based on the MRC questionnaire is now available, any new respiratory symptoms questionnaires should be compatible with the MRC questionnaire, and should be calibrated against it.", "PMID": 736023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2390", "title": "A comparison of 1960 and 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality in selected states.", "content": "Linked birth and infant death records from six states provided the opportunity for comparison of 1960 and 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality rates by weight, maternal age and live birth order. The data were analyzed by fitting linear models to the logarithm of the ratio of 1960 to 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality rates. Although there was substantial variability in these ratios by maternal age and birth order, the ratios were nearly constant for birth weights between 1001 and 4500 gm. The decline in mortality among low birth weight infants (2500 gm or less) accounted for over half of the overall decline in early neonatal mortality. The results obtained here are compared with earlier national studies and possible explanations for the decline are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of 1960 and 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality in selected states. Linked birth and infant death records from six states provided the opportunity for comparison of 1960 and 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality rates by weight, maternal age and live birth order. The data were analyzed by fitting linear models to the logarithm of the ratio of 1960 to 1973--1974 early neonatal mortality rates. Although there was substantial variability in these ratios by maternal age and birth order, the ratios were nearly constant for birth weights between 1001 and 4500 gm. The decline in mortality among low birth weight infants (2500 gm or less) accounted for over half of the overall decline in early neonatal mortality. The results obtained here are compared with earlier national studies and possible explanations for the decline are discussed.", "PMID": 736025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2391", "title": "Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality.", "content": "A multiple logistic regression analysis of 12,914 pregnancies and 10,523 live births, based on a mail survey of professional women in medicine, was carried out to determine the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking, and spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality. After controlling for interfering variables (age, exposure to trace anesthetic gases, pregnancy history, and mailing response), a statistically significant increase in risk associated with maternal cigarette smoking was found for spontaneous abortions and congenital abnormalities. The risk of spontaneous abortion for the heavy smoker is estimated to be as much as 1.7 times that of the nonsmoker in certain risk groups. The risk for congenital abnormality for babies born of smoking mothers is estimated to be as much as 2.3 times that of the nonsmoker, depending on age, pregnancy history, and other factors.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality. A multiple logistic regression analysis of 12,914 pregnancies and 10,523 live births, based on a mail survey of professional women in medicine, was carried out to determine the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking, and spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality. After controlling for interfering variables (age, exposure to trace anesthetic gases, pregnancy history, and mailing response), a statistically significant increase in risk associated with maternal cigarette smoking was found for spontaneous abortions and congenital abnormalities. The risk of spontaneous abortion for the heavy smoker is estimated to be as much as 1.7 times that of the nonsmoker in certain risk groups. The risk for congenital abnormality for babies born of smoking mothers is estimated to be as much as 2.3 times that of the nonsmoker, depending on age, pregnancy history, and other factors.", "PMID": 736026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2392", "title": "Oral contraceptives, smoking, and other factors in relation to risk of venous thromboembolic disease.", "content": "Analysis of data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study showed a significant increase in risk of venous thromboembolic disease in the absence of surgery, trauma, malignancy, pregnancy, and the puerperium for women with a previous history of thromboembolism, hypertension, diabetes, varicose veins, gallbladder disease, and cigarette smoking. Education, marital status, parity, use of noncontraceptive estrogens, and obesity were not associated with an increase in risk of the disease. When only cases of the disease in the absence of all known predisposing causes (idiopathic cases) were analyzed, both oral contraceptive use and smoking remained as independent risk factors; there was no evidence of a positive interaction between them.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives, smoking, and other factors in relation to risk of venous thromboembolic disease. Analysis of data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study showed a significant increase in risk of venous thromboembolic disease in the absence of surgery, trauma, malignancy, pregnancy, and the puerperium for women with a previous history of thromboembolism, hypertension, diabetes, varicose veins, gallbladder disease, and cigarette smoking. Education, marital status, parity, use of noncontraceptive estrogens, and obesity were not associated with an increase in risk of the disease. When only cases of the disease in the absence of all known predisposing causes (idiopathic cases) were analyzed, both oral contraceptive use and smoking remained as independent risk factors; there was no evidence of a positive interaction between them.", "PMID": 736027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2393", "title": "Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Pima Indians: a 19-fold greater incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota.", "content": "The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus were determined in 3733 Pima Indians aged 5 years or over by periodic examinations over a 10-year period. The examinations included modified glucose tolerance tests and medical record review. The age-sex adjusted prevalence rate was 21.1% (SE = 0.7%). Prevalence was low in childhood and plateaued at 40--50% in adults over 35 years of age. The age-sex adjusted incidence rate of 26.5 cases/1000 person-years (SE = 1.9) is the highest reported diabetes incidence known to the authors. Incidence increased from low levels in childhood to peak at age 40 (males) or 50 (females) and then gradually declined. Diabetes incidence was 19 times that in the predominantly white population of Rochester, Minnesota (95% confidence interval, 16 to 22 times). The high incidence rate was found despite using a more stringent diagnostic criterion than customarily employed, and was shown not be due to biased follow-up of subjects.", "contents": "Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Pima Indians: a 19-fold greater incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus were determined in 3733 Pima Indians aged 5 years or over by periodic examinations over a 10-year period. The examinations included modified glucose tolerance tests and medical record review. The age-sex adjusted prevalence rate was 21.1% (SE = 0.7%). Prevalence was low in childhood and plateaued at 40--50% in adults over 35 years of age. The age-sex adjusted incidence rate of 26.5 cases/1000 person-years (SE = 1.9) is the highest reported diabetes incidence known to the authors. Incidence increased from low levels in childhood to peak at age 40 (males) or 50 (females) and then gradually declined. Diabetes incidence was 19 times that in the predominantly white population of Rochester, Minnesota (95% confidence interval, 16 to 22 times). The high incidence rate was found despite using a more stringent diagnostic criterion than customarily employed, and was shown not be due to biased follow-up of subjects.", "PMID": 736028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2394", "title": "On the desirability of the Mantel-Haenszel summary measure in case-control studies of multifactor etiology of disease.", "content": "Interesting properties of Mantel-Haenszel summary measure with important consequences in retrospective epidemiologic investigations are derived directly from the functional form of the weight function. The concept of confounding is examined in the context of case-control studies evaluating the etiologic significance of exposure to more than one risk factor. The use of M-H summary measure is suggested for calculating adjusted risks in multifactor studies.", "contents": "On the desirability of the Mantel-Haenszel summary measure in case-control studies of multifactor etiology of disease. Interesting properties of Mantel-Haenszel summary measure with important consequences in retrospective epidemiologic investigations are derived directly from the functional form of the weight function. The concept of confounding is examined in the context of case-control studies evaluating the etiologic significance of exposure to more than one risk factor. The use of M-H summary measure is suggested for calculating adjusted risks in multifactor studies.", "PMID": 736029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2395", "title": "A case of red-cell adenosine deaminase overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia found in Japan.", "content": "A case of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia is reported here. This appears to be the second report. Proband is a 38-year-old Japanese male who had hemoglobin, 15.8 g/100 ml; reticulocyte count, 4.5%; serum indirect bilirubin, 4.9 mg/100 ml; 51Cr-labeled red cell half-life, 12 days; red cells showed moderate stomatocytosis. His red cell ADA activity showed 40-fold increase while that of the mother showed 4-fold increase. The mother was hematologically normal. The father had a normal enzyme activity. The proband and the mother showed slightly high serum uric acid levels. The proband's red cell showed: ATP, 628 nmoles/ml (normal, 1,010--1,550); adenine nucleotide pool, 46% of the normal mean; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content, 3,782 nmoles/ml (normal 4,170--5,300); increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, P50 of intact erythrocytes being 21.8 mmHg (normal, 24.1--26.1). Red cell glycolytic intermediates in the proband were low in general, and the rate of lactate production was low. Kinetic studies using crude hemolysate revealed a normal Km for adenosine, normal electrophoretic mobility but slightly abnormal pH curve and slightly low utilization of 2-deoxyadenosine. The ADA activity of lymphocytes was nearly normal.", "contents": "A case of red-cell adenosine deaminase overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia found in Japan. A case of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia is reported here. This appears to be the second report. Proband is a 38-year-old Japanese male who had hemoglobin, 15.8 g/100 ml; reticulocyte count, 4.5%; serum indirect bilirubin, 4.9 mg/100 ml; 51Cr-labeled red cell half-life, 12 days; red cells showed moderate stomatocytosis. His red cell ADA activity showed 40-fold increase while that of the mother showed 4-fold increase. The mother was hematologically normal. The father had a normal enzyme activity. The proband and the mother showed slightly high serum uric acid levels. The proband's red cell showed: ATP, 628 nmoles/ml (normal, 1,010--1,550); adenine nucleotide pool, 46% of the normal mean; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content, 3,782 nmoles/ml (normal 4,170--5,300); increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, P50 of intact erythrocytes being 21.8 mmHg (normal, 24.1--26.1). Red cell glycolytic intermediates in the proband were low in general, and the rate of lactate production was low. Kinetic studies using crude hemolysate revealed a normal Km for adenosine, normal electrophoretic mobility but slightly abnormal pH curve and slightly low utilization of 2-deoxyadenosine. The ADA activity of lymphocytes was nearly normal.", "PMID": 736030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2396", "title": "Effect of chloramphenicol on colony formation from erythrocytic precursors.", "content": "In the present experiments, we compare the behavior of erythropoietic precursors and granulocytic precurosors exposed to chloramphenicol. Subcutaneous injection of 20 mg of chloramphenicol sodium succinate on five successive days induced a reduction in the number of erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E) and erythropoietic burst-forming units (BFU-E) in murine marrow and spleen, while no change in number of granulocytic precursors (CFU-C) in murine hemopoietic organs was observed. In vitro studies demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of chloramphenicol or chloramphenicol sodium succinate in the colony formatin of all these precursors from murine and human bone marrow. However, erythropoietic burst formation of murine and human BFU-E was completely suppressed by the addition of chloramphenicol or chloramphenicol sodium succinate to the culture medium at therapeutic concentrations (20--40 microgram/ml). From the present results, it can be concluded that the reduced number of BFU-E in mice after injection of chloramphenicol sodium succinate resulted from the selective toxicity of chloramphenicol to BFU-E at therapeutic concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of chloramphenicol on colony formation from erythrocytic precursors. In the present experiments, we compare the behavior of erythropoietic precursors and granulocytic precurosors exposed to chloramphenicol. Subcutaneous injection of 20 mg of chloramphenicol sodium succinate on five successive days induced a reduction in the number of erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E) and erythropoietic burst-forming units (BFU-E) in murine marrow and spleen, while no change in number of granulocytic precursors (CFU-C) in murine hemopoietic organs was observed. In vitro studies demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of chloramphenicol or chloramphenicol sodium succinate in the colony formatin of all these precursors from murine and human bone marrow. However, erythropoietic burst formation of murine and human BFU-E was completely suppressed by the addition of chloramphenicol or chloramphenicol sodium succinate to the culture medium at therapeutic concentrations (20--40 microgram/ml). From the present results, it can be concluded that the reduced number of BFU-E in mice after injection of chloramphenicol sodium succinate resulted from the selective toxicity of chloramphenicol to BFU-E at therapeutic concentrations.", "PMID": 736031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2397", "title": "Effects of triiodothyronine on the anemia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "The present study was done in order to determine whether treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) would improve the anemia of chronic renal insufficiency. Four patients with stable renal failure and anemia were treated with 75 microgram/day of T3 for a period of four weeks. The patients were not in chronic dialysis, had normochromic normocytic anemia and hypocellular bone marrow, and showed no evidence of external blood loss during the study. They had received no iron, folic acid, or androgenic steroids for at least six months prior to the study. The administered dose of T3 was adequate to depress the serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); however, there was no detectable improvement in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, bone marrow cellularity, serum and erythrocyte folate determinations, serum iron (Fe), 59Fe half-life, plasma iron turnover rate, percentage Fe incorporated into red blood cells, or in the ratio of surface radioactive counting over bone marrow/liver and spleen. It is concluded that the experimental observations concerning direct bone marrow stimulation by T3 in anephric rats are probably not clinically applicable for the treatment of the anemia associated with uremia.", "contents": "Effects of triiodothyronine on the anemia of chronic renal failure. The present study was done in order to determine whether treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) would improve the anemia of chronic renal insufficiency. Four patients with stable renal failure and anemia were treated with 75 microgram/day of T3 for a period of four weeks. The patients were not in chronic dialysis, had normochromic normocytic anemia and hypocellular bone marrow, and showed no evidence of external blood loss during the study. They had received no iron, folic acid, or androgenic steroids for at least six months prior to the study. The administered dose of T3 was adequate to depress the serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); however, there was no detectable improvement in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, bone marrow cellularity, serum and erythrocyte folate determinations, serum iron (Fe), 59Fe half-life, plasma iron turnover rate, percentage Fe incorporated into red blood cells, or in the ratio of surface radioactive counting over bone marrow/liver and spleen. It is concluded that the experimental observations concerning direct bone marrow stimulation by T3 in anephric rats are probably not clinically applicable for the treatment of the anemia associated with uremia.", "PMID": 736033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2398", "title": "Proliferative function of cadaveric bone marrow cells.", "content": "The proliferative function of human and murine cadaveric bone marrow was studied using methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and the murine spleen colony technique. The study revealed persistence of hemopoietic functions for as long as 19 postmortem hours in cadaveric marrows of some patients. Studies of murine cadaveric marrows corresponded with those of human marrows. These results strongly suggest that human pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells survive in cadaveric marrows.", "contents": "Proliferative function of cadaveric bone marrow cells. The proliferative function of human and murine cadaveric bone marrow was studied using methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and the murine spleen colony technique. The study revealed persistence of hemopoietic functions for as long as 19 postmortem hours in cadaveric marrows of some patients. Studies of murine cadaveric marrows corresponded with those of human marrows. These results strongly suggest that human pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells survive in cadaveric marrows.", "PMID": 736034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2399", "title": "Control of hemoglobin synthesis in fetal erythroid cells by L-thyroxine.", "content": "Fetal mouse liver cells were incubated in the presence of L-thyroxine, Globin synthesis by cells from the 13th to 15th days of gestation was stimulated by the presence of the hormone. Although protein synthesis by cells from the 17th day of gestation was stimulated, the protein was not identified as globin. A tentative conclusion was drawn that fetal erythroid tissue may be preferentially stimulated by thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Control of hemoglobin synthesis in fetal erythroid cells by L-thyroxine. Fetal mouse liver cells were incubated in the presence of L-thyroxine, Globin synthesis by cells from the 13th to 15th days of gestation was stimulated by the presence of the hormone. Although protein synthesis by cells from the 17th day of gestation was stimulated, the protein was not identified as globin. A tentative conclusion was drawn that fetal erythroid tissue may be preferentially stimulated by thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 736035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2400", "title": "Demonstration of a platelet bypass mechanism in the clotting system using an acquired anticoagulant.", "content": "A lupus-type anticoagulant which causes strong inhibition of the partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), the stypven time, and the thrombin generation tests has been investigated. All tests for platelet function were normal, as were all specific coagulation factor assays with the exception of a slightly reduced factor XI in this patient. A diethylaminoethyl-cellulose-immunoglobulin (DEAE-cellulose-IgG) fractionation of the patient's plasma produced two peaks containing inhibitory activity in the PTTK test. The first of these peaks had a cloudy appearance, suggesting the presence of immunoglobulin aggregates. Studies with IgG aggregates prepared from normal IgG and from the patient's IgG demonstrated that such aggregates were not the cause of inhibition. It was possible to neutralize the inhibitory activity of the purified IgG but not platelet-poor plasma (PPP) with a rabbit anti-IgG. The inhibition of the patient's PPP in the thrombin generation, the contact product, and the stypven time tests were corrected by the inclusion in the test system of platelets activated either by aggregation due to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or formalin fixation and washing. These studies lend support to earlier findings that platelets interact at several sites in the coagulation cascade.", "contents": "Demonstration of a platelet bypass mechanism in the clotting system using an acquired anticoagulant. A lupus-type anticoagulant which causes strong inhibition of the partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), the stypven time, and the thrombin generation tests has been investigated. All tests for platelet function were normal, as were all specific coagulation factor assays with the exception of a slightly reduced factor XI in this patient. A diethylaminoethyl-cellulose-immunoglobulin (DEAE-cellulose-IgG) fractionation of the patient's plasma produced two peaks containing inhibitory activity in the PTTK test. The first of these peaks had a cloudy appearance, suggesting the presence of immunoglobulin aggregates. Studies with IgG aggregates prepared from normal IgG and from the patient's IgG demonstrated that such aggregates were not the cause of inhibition. It was possible to neutralize the inhibitory activity of the purified IgG but not platelet-poor plasma (PPP) with a rabbit anti-IgG. The inhibition of the patient's PPP in the thrombin generation, the contact product, and the stypven time tests were corrected by the inclusion in the test system of platelets activated either by aggregation due to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or formalin fixation and washing. These studies lend support to earlier findings that platelets interact at several sites in the coagulation cascade.", "PMID": 736036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2401", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside modulation of the mitotic index in treatment of adult acute leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-three unselected adult acute leukemic patients were treated with an initial intravenous pulse of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) 5 mg/kg. The mean mitotic index dropped from 7.7/1,000 to 2.8/1,000 at 4 hours after Ara-C pulse and rebounded to 6.7/1,000 at 18 hours. Infusions of Ara-C 7--10 mg/kg were given for 9 or 12 hours, depending on changes in the mitotic index. The group of responders (M1 or M2 marrows) could be predicted by the initial blast count in the marrow and the change in the mitotic index 18 hours after the Ara-C pulse. There were 9 (39%) complete and partial remissions. Six patients remained in remission more than 200 days. Since the changes in the mitotic indices induced by Ara-C were indistinguishable from those of another more successful trial, we infer that factors other than modulation of the cell cycle are critical to the success of this mode of therapy.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside modulation of the mitotic index in treatment of adult acute leukemia. Twenty-three unselected adult acute leukemic patients were treated with an initial intravenous pulse of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) 5 mg/kg. The mean mitotic index dropped from 7.7/1,000 to 2.8/1,000 at 4 hours after Ara-C pulse and rebounded to 6.7/1,000 at 18 hours. Infusions of Ara-C 7--10 mg/kg were given for 9 or 12 hours, depending on changes in the mitotic index. The group of responders (M1 or M2 marrows) could be predicted by the initial blast count in the marrow and the change in the mitotic index 18 hours after the Ara-C pulse. There were 9 (39%) complete and partial remissions. Six patients remained in remission more than 200 days. Since the changes in the mitotic indices induced by Ara-C were indistinguishable from those of another more successful trial, we infer that factors other than modulation of the cell cycle are critical to the success of this mode of therapy.", "PMID": 736037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2402", "title": "Genetic and demographic aspects of Nova Scotia Niemann-Pick disease (type D).", "content": "All known cases of Nova Scotia Niemann-Pick Disease (type D) were traced to a couple born in Nova Scotia in the late 1600s. It is speculated that this disease is the result of a single mutation in one of the ancestors of Yarmouth County French Acadians. In the district where most affected children lived, the heterozygote frequency was estimated to be between 10% and 26%.", "contents": "Genetic and demographic aspects of Nova Scotia Niemann-Pick disease (type D). All known cases of Nova Scotia Niemann-Pick Disease (type D) were traced to a couple born in Nova Scotia in the late 1600s. It is speculated that this disease is the result of a single mutation in one of the ancestors of Yarmouth County French Acadians. In the district where most affected children lived, the heterozygote frequency was estimated to be between 10% and 26%.", "PMID": 736041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2403", "title": "The Aymara of Western Bolivia. IV. Gene frequencies for eight blood groups and 19 protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems.", "content": "A total of 315 individuals, mainly of Aymara origin, from western Bolivia were examined for genetic variation at eight red cell antigen and 19 serum protein and red cell enzyme loci. The gene frequencies for polymorphic loci and the discovery of several rare variants are discussed in terms of previous work among the Aymara and the closely related Quechua. The effect of inclusion of related individuals in the sample on gene frequency, variance of gene frequency and genetic distance, is discussed.", "contents": "The Aymara of Western Bolivia. IV. Gene frequencies for eight blood groups and 19 protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems. A total of 315 individuals, mainly of Aymara origin, from western Bolivia were examined for genetic variation at eight red cell antigen and 19 serum protein and red cell enzyme loci. The gene frequencies for polymorphic loci and the discovery of several rare variants are discussed in terms of previous work among the Aymara and the closely related Quechua. The effect of inclusion of related individuals in the sample on gene frequency, variance of gene frequency and genetic distance, is discussed.", "PMID": 736042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2404", "title": "Phenotype dependence in the inhibition of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP) by folates.", "content": "Red cell acid phosphatase (ACP) is shown to be inhibited by folic acid and various folates. The degree of inhibition is phenotype dependent with a pattern of variation differing from that of the well recognized variation in red cell activity levels. The pattern of variation is ordered ACP1B less than ACP1A less than ACP1C in terms of the relative allelic contributions to the observed inhibition. This pattern correlates with previously observed patterns of risk for two hemolytic disorders and may thus provide a key to their understanding.", "contents": "Phenotype dependence in the inhibition of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP) by folates. Red cell acid phosphatase (ACP) is shown to be inhibited by folic acid and various folates. The degree of inhibition is phenotype dependent with a pattern of variation differing from that of the well recognized variation in red cell activity levels. The pattern of variation is ordered ACP1B less than ACP1A less than ACP1C in terms of the relative allelic contributions to the observed inhibition. This pattern correlates with previously observed patterns of risk for two hemolytic disorders and may thus provide a key to their understanding.", "PMID": 736044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2405", "title": "More on regulation: a reply to Stephen Weiner.", "content": "In Volume 3, Number 3 of this journal, Professor Havighurst wrote a brief Comment in which he observed that the function of health care cost-containment regulation is the rationing of health care resources, and argued that the fostering of health care consumers' and providers' free choice in the competitive marketplace is preferable to conventional cost-containment regulation as a mechanism for such rationing. He briefly outlined various reforms, including changes in federal tax treatment of health insurance premiums, aimed at implementing his approach. Subsequently, in a Comment in Volume 4, Number 1, Stephen M. Weiner, then Chairman of the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission, criticized Professor Havighurst's analysis by asserting that it failed to acknowledge the validity of regulation in the health care field; that it overemphasized free market economics; and that it failed to appreciate the essentially political nature of regulatory processes. Mr. Weiner argued that health care regulation is here to stay, and called for renewed efforts to clarify and implement appropriate relationships between health care regulation and (1) health care rationing, (2) health care planning, and (3) health care competition. In the Comment below, Professor Havighurst replies both to specific statements in, and the general direction of, Mr. Weiner's critique, asserting that it inaccurately represented the earlier Havighurst Comment in several important respects. Professor Havighurst states, for example, that, Mr. Weiner's opinion notwithstanding, Havighurst--both in his earlier Comment and in his other writings--has considered extensively the political nature of regulation, and, furthermore, has been constructive in his critiques of regulation. He charges Mr. Weiner with attempting to stifle debate on the question of the volume and direction of health care regulation, and suggests that Weiner's criticisms may reflect a bias against the individual's right to choose for himself and to have his preferences registered in the economic marketplace.", "contents": "More on regulation: a reply to Stephen Weiner. In Volume 3, Number 3 of this journal, Professor Havighurst wrote a brief Comment in which he observed that the function of health care cost-containment regulation is the rationing of health care resources, and argued that the fostering of health care consumers' and providers' free choice in the competitive marketplace is preferable to conventional cost-containment regulation as a mechanism for such rationing. He briefly outlined various reforms, including changes in federal tax treatment of health insurance premiums, aimed at implementing his approach. Subsequently, in a Comment in Volume 4, Number 1, Stephen M. Weiner, then Chairman of the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission, criticized Professor Havighurst's analysis by asserting that it failed to acknowledge the validity of regulation in the health care field; that it overemphasized free market economics; and that it failed to appreciate the essentially political nature of regulatory processes. Mr. Weiner argued that health care regulation is here to stay, and called for renewed efforts to clarify and implement appropriate relationships between health care regulation and (1) health care rationing, (2) health care planning, and (3) health care competition. In the Comment below, Professor Havighurst replies both to specific statements in, and the general direction of, Mr. Weiner's critique, asserting that it inaccurately represented the earlier Havighurst Comment in several important respects. Professor Havighurst states, for example, that, Mr. Weiner's opinion notwithstanding, Havighurst--both in his earlier Comment and in his other writings--has considered extensively the political nature of regulation, and, furthermore, has been constructive in his critiques of regulation. He charges Mr. Weiner with attempting to stifle debate on the question of the volume and direction of health care regulation, and suggests that Weiner's criticisms may reflect a bias against the individual's right to choose for himself and to have his preferences registered in the economic marketplace.", "PMID": 736046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2406", "title": "Report on the American Society of Hospital Attorneys of the American Hospital Association.", "content": "Since the time of its formation, the American Society of Hospital Attorneys has provided focus and leadership in the field of health law. It was, for example, the principal force in moving the American Bar Association in 1974 to recognize \"health care and hospital law\" as a field of law that can be listed in legal directories such as Martindale-Hubbell. It membership includes most of the leaders in the field of health law, including the elected and administrative heads of most other health law groups. Because it had a dedicated and active leadership, an extensive and diverse membership, and a unique relationship with the American Hospital Association, the Society with continue to play a major role in the development and exposition of \"health care and hospital\" law. In so doing, it will always attempt to hew to its original purpose: service to the attorneys representing the nation's hospitals, to enable them to better represent their client institutions.", "contents": "Report on the American Society of Hospital Attorneys of the American Hospital Association. Since the time of its formation, the American Society of Hospital Attorneys has provided focus and leadership in the field of health law. It was, for example, the principal force in moving the American Bar Association in 1974 to recognize \"health care and hospital law\" as a field of law that can be listed in legal directories such as Martindale-Hubbell. It membership includes most of the leaders in the field of health law, including the elected and administrative heads of most other health law groups. Because it had a dedicated and active leadership, an extensive and diverse membership, and a unique relationship with the American Hospital Association, the Society with continue to play a major role in the development and exposition of \"health care and hospital\" law. In so doing, it will always attempt to hew to its original purpose: service to the attorneys representing the nation's hospitals, to enable them to better represent their client institutions.", "PMID": 736047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2407", "title": "The \"brave new baby\" and the law: fashioning remedies for the victims of in vitro fertilization.", "content": "The birth of the world's first \"test-tube baby\", a child conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), raises serious medical, ethical, and legal problems. This Note explores the present controversy over the use of IVF and advocates federal regulation of the technique. Furthermore, this Note argues that, in order to deter unduly hazardous use of IVF and to compensate its victims, an experimenter should be subject to civil liability for either negligent, or willful and nonconsensual, destruction of an IVF conceptus, and held strictly liable when an IVF child is born with severe defects that are attributable to the use of the technique.", "contents": "The \"brave new baby\" and the law: fashioning remedies for the victims of in vitro fertilization. The birth of the world's first \"test-tube baby\", a child conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), raises serious medical, ethical, and legal problems. This Note explores the present controversy over the use of IVF and advocates federal regulation of the technique. Furthermore, this Note argues that, in order to deter unduly hazardous use of IVF and to compensate its victims, an experimenter should be subject to civil liability for either negligent, or willful and nonconsensual, destruction of an IVF conceptus, and held strictly liable when an IVF child is born with severe defects that are attributable to the use of the technique.", "PMID": 736048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2408", "title": "A systematic approach to medical technology curriculum development.", "content": "A systematic approach to medical technology curriculum development resulted from a multidisciplinary, federally funded, competency-based curriculum development project in the School of Allied Medical Professions at The Ohio State University. This approach includes processes for identifying medical technology competencies, evaluating the effectiveness of an ongoing curriculum, and developing a domain-referenced framework for organizing, sequencing, evaluating, and updating the requisite professional knowledge, skills, and attitudes.", "contents": "A systematic approach to medical technology curriculum development. A systematic approach to medical technology curriculum development resulted from a multidisciplinary, federally funded, competency-based curriculum development project in the School of Allied Medical Professions at The Ohio State University. This approach includes processes for identifying medical technology competencies, evaluating the effectiveness of an ongoing curriculum, and developing a domain-referenced framework for organizing, sequencing, evaluating, and updating the requisite professional knowledge, skills, and attitudes.", "PMID": 736052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2409", "title": "Pernicious anemia in childhood.", "content": "Two children from different families with pernicious anemia are described. The defect appears to be the lack of intrinsic factor in the acid gastric juice. The correct diagnosis and proper therapy are essential for insuring a normal growth and development. Studies performed in other members of both families failed to reveal any hematologic disorder. The prolonged and close follow-up of the first case enabled the authors to assist in the birth of a normal offspring.", "contents": "Pernicious anemia in childhood. Two children from different families with pernicious anemia are described. The defect appears to be the lack of intrinsic factor in the acid gastric juice. The correct diagnosis and proper therapy are essential for insuring a normal growth and development. Studies performed in other members of both families failed to reveal any hematologic disorder. The prolonged and close follow-up of the first case enabled the authors to assist in the birth of a normal offspring.", "PMID": 736053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2410", "title": "Smoking and its effect on mortality of the elderly.", "content": "The effects of smoking on the mortality experience of elderly populations are considered by comparing the mortality rates for elderly smokers, ex-smokers and nonsmokers. This question arose since a recent study, using similar data, suggested that there was no health benefit for elderly cigarette smokers who discontinue cigarette smoking. Although ultimately in the latter part of the life-span, the benefit which might be gained by giving up smoking would not increase life-span significantly, the present study shows that for all of the older age groups investigated, a lower mortality from all causes of death is observed for nonsmokers and ex-smokers compared with elderly smokers. Consequently, even though no direct evidence is available, from this or other studies, as to whether it is desirable for elderly smokers to discontinue smoking, because of the general consistency of the data for the younger and older age groups, it seems probable that giving up smoking represents a health benefit for most older smokers.", "contents": "Smoking and its effect on mortality of the elderly. The effects of smoking on the mortality experience of elderly populations are considered by comparing the mortality rates for elderly smokers, ex-smokers and nonsmokers. This question arose since a recent study, using similar data, suggested that there was no health benefit for elderly cigarette smokers who discontinue cigarette smoking. Although ultimately in the latter part of the life-span, the benefit which might be gained by giving up smoking would not increase life-span significantly, the present study shows that for all of the older age groups investigated, a lower mortality from all causes of death is observed for nonsmokers and ex-smokers compared with elderly smokers. Consequently, even though no direct evidence is available, from this or other studies, as to whether it is desirable for elderly smokers to discontinue smoking, because of the general consistency of the data for the younger and older age groups, it seems probable that giving up smoking represents a health benefit for most older smokers.", "PMID": 736054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2411", "title": "Iatrogenic prematurity due to elective termination of the uncomplicated pregnancy: a major perinatal health care problem.", "content": "In a series of 1,000 newborn infants referred to a regional neonatal center, 32 iatrogenically preterm infants were identified. All had been delivered following elective termination of uncomplicated, apparently term pregnancies, without prior documentation of fetal lung maturity or ultrasonic determination of fetal biparietal diameter. Associated acute morbidity included asphyxia neonatorum in 10, respiratory distress syndrome in 24, and pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in nine patients. One infant died. Hospital costs totaled $150,643, for a mean of $4,701 per patient. The unexpected premature births were associated with major parental grief reactions and alterations in their daily activities, Iatrogenic prematurity is a major regional health care problem which, when viewed on a national basis, may affect thousands of newborn infants and their families annually. Our data suggest the need for more accurate assessment of fetal maturity, before elective termination of pregnancy, by well-established techniques.", "contents": "Iatrogenic prematurity due to elective termination of the uncomplicated pregnancy: a major perinatal health care problem. In a series of 1,000 newborn infants referred to a regional neonatal center, 32 iatrogenically preterm infants were identified. All had been delivered following elective termination of uncomplicated, apparently term pregnancies, without prior documentation of fetal lung maturity or ultrasonic determination of fetal biparietal diameter. Associated acute morbidity included asphyxia neonatorum in 10, respiratory distress syndrome in 24, and pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in nine patients. One infant died. Hospital costs totaled $150,643, for a mean of $4,701 per patient. The unexpected premature births were associated with major parental grief reactions and alterations in their daily activities, Iatrogenic prematurity is a major regional health care problem which, when viewed on a national basis, may affect thousands of newborn infants and their families annually. Our data suggest the need for more accurate assessment of fetal maturity, before elective termination of pregnancy, by well-established techniques.", "PMID": 736060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2412", "title": "The single-unit delivery system--a safe alternative to home deliveries.", "content": "The need has arisen for the development of a health care/delivery system that can allow for a natural and personalized childbirth experience, within the safe confines of a modern obstetric unit. The single-unit delivery system (SUDS) is designed to achieve this objective by: strict prenatal screening of patients into low- and high-risk categories, utilization of a single room for the entire labor process, and close personalized supervision of women in \"normal\" labor by trained midwives/monitrixes. Physicians supervise the entire unit and are directly responsible for the management of all high-risk and complicated labors. The SUDS concept has been tried in clinical practice and has been proved to be an effective method of providing safe and satisfying obstetric care without compromising modern obstetric standards.", "contents": "The single-unit delivery system--a safe alternative to home deliveries. The need has arisen for the development of a health care/delivery system that can allow for a natural and personalized childbirth experience, within the safe confines of a modern obstetric unit. The single-unit delivery system (SUDS) is designed to achieve this objective by: strict prenatal screening of patients into low- and high-risk categories, utilization of a single room for the entire labor process, and close personalized supervision of women in \"normal\" labor by trained midwives/monitrixes. Physicians supervise the entire unit and are directly responsible for the management of all high-risk and complicated labors. The SUDS concept has been tried in clinical practice and has been proved to be an effective method of providing safe and satisfying obstetric care without compromising modern obstetric standards.", "PMID": 736061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2413", "title": "Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among hospital personnel.", "content": "An outbreak of illness due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurred among employees of a large hospital. The spectrum of disease ranged from severe upper respiratory infection to multilobed pneumonia. No unusual increase in the incidence of respiratory illness due to this organism was observed in the surrounding community during the period under investigation. It was not possible to identify any single area of the hospital frequented by enough of the involved personnel to explain the spread of the infection among the hospital's employees. This is the first outbreak of M pneumoniae disease to be reported among hospital personnel.", "contents": "Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among hospital personnel. An outbreak of illness due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurred among employees of a large hospital. The spectrum of disease ranged from severe upper respiratory infection to multilobed pneumonia. No unusual increase in the incidence of respiratory illness due to this organism was observed in the surrounding community during the period under investigation. It was not possible to identify any single area of the hospital frequented by enough of the involved personnel to explain the spread of the infection among the hospital's employees. This is the first outbreak of M pneumoniae disease to be reported among hospital personnel.", "PMID": 736056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2414", "title": "Antepartum fetal heart rate testing: the nonstress test.", "content": "Antepartum assessment of fetal well being relies heavily on the observation of RHR. Fetal stress testing was introduced in the early 1970's in an attempt to define the fetus at risk. The stress factor most widely used has been uterine contractions, which isolate the fetus from its oxygen supply, and in the compromised fetus would be anticipated to provoke late decelerations in the FHR. Although the contraction stress test or \"oxytocin challenge test\" is useful in evaluating fetal condition, it is time consuming, not easily quantitatable or repeatable, and many times difficult to interpret. An attractive alternate approach of antepartum FHR testing (AFHRT) is the \"nonstress\" test. The positive experience of European investigators has led to interest in this method of fetal assessment in North America. Investigation from the literature contrasting the \"stress\" versus \"nonstress\" methods is discussed and observations derived from 2 year experience at LAC/USC Medical Center are presented. A protocol for AFHRT currently being evaluated clinically is presented.", "contents": "Antepartum fetal heart rate testing: the nonstress test. Antepartum assessment of fetal well being relies heavily on the observation of RHR. Fetal stress testing was introduced in the early 1970's in an attempt to define the fetus at risk. The stress factor most widely used has been uterine contractions, which isolate the fetus from its oxygen supply, and in the compromised fetus would be anticipated to provoke late decelerations in the FHR. Although the contraction stress test or \"oxytocin challenge test\" is useful in evaluating fetal condition, it is time consuming, not easily quantitatable or repeatable, and many times difficult to interpret. An attractive alternate approach of antepartum FHR testing (AFHRT) is the \"nonstress\" test. The positive experience of European investigators has led to interest in this method of fetal assessment in North America. Investigation from the literature contrasting the \"stress\" versus \"nonstress\" methods is discussed and observations derived from 2 year experience at LAC/USC Medical Center are presented. A protocol for AFHRT currently being evaluated clinically is presented.", "PMID": 736062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2415", "title": "Case report: acute pancreatitis following corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy.", "content": "Several drugs have been implicated as causes of acute pancreatitis. This report presents four patients, three with lupus nephritis and one with membranous glomerulopathy, who developed acute pancreatitis while being treated with corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine. Two of the reported patients died with a hemorrhagic pancreatitis and one of the patients developed a pancreatic pseudocyst. The pathogenesis of corticosteroid and/or azathioprine-induced pancreatitis is discussed.", "contents": "Case report: acute pancreatitis following corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy. Several drugs have been implicated as causes of acute pancreatitis. This report presents four patients, three with lupus nephritis and one with membranous glomerulopathy, who developed acute pancreatitis while being treated with corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine. Two of the reported patients died with a hemorrhagic pancreatitis and one of the patients developed a pancreatic pseudocyst. The pathogenesis of corticosteroid and/or azathioprine-induced pancreatitis is discussed.", "PMID": 736057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2416", "title": "Case report: eosinophilic gastritis simulating a neoplasm.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic gastritis that presented with a gastric mass and simulated a malignancy is described. The patient underwent a gastric resection, developed a recurrence and then had a spontaneous remission. His radiographic, endoscopic, histologic, and electron microscopic findings are discussed. A review of the literature on eosinophilic gastroenteritis is included.", "contents": "Case report: eosinophilic gastritis simulating a neoplasm. A case of eosinophilic gastritis that presented with a gastric mass and simulated a malignancy is described. The patient underwent a gastric resection, developed a recurrence and then had a spontaneous remission. His radiographic, endoscopic, histologic, and electron microscopic findings are discussed. A review of the literature on eosinophilic gastroenteritis is included.", "PMID": 736058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2417", "title": "Case report: Hypophosphatemic hemolytic syndrome of alcoholics--a common city hospital problem.", "content": "This report describes three male alcoholics with acute hemolytic anemia secondary to hypophosphatemia who were seen within one year at a large city hospital. The basic etiologic association between low serum phosphorus and hemolytic disease was not initially appreciated in each instance.", "contents": "Case report: Hypophosphatemic hemolytic syndrome of alcoholics--a common city hospital problem. This report describes three male alcoholics with acute hemolytic anemia secondary to hypophosphatemia who were seen within one year at a large city hospital. The basic etiologic association between low serum phosphorus and hemolytic disease was not initially appreciated in each instance.", "PMID": 736059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2418", "title": "Comparison of partial-thickness and full-thickness filtration procedures in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "We compared the results of partial-thickness (trabeculectomy) vs full-thickness (trephine) filtration surgery when used as the primary surgical treatment of medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma. Prospectively acquired data were used from a series of patients who were examined and operated on by one surgeon. Both groups of data were gathered consecutively and concurrently. The choice of operation was made on the basis of the pressure level required for control of the glaucoma, the full-thickness procedure being chosen for eyes with the most advanced cupping and field loss. The partial-thickness group had a significantly higher postoperative pressure and signficiantly lower incidences of postoperative flat anterior chambers and identifiable filtration blebs.", "contents": "Comparison of partial-thickness and full-thickness filtration procedures in open-angle glaucoma. We compared the results of partial-thickness (trabeculectomy) vs full-thickness (trephine) filtration surgery when used as the primary surgical treatment of medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma. Prospectively acquired data were used from a series of patients who were examined and operated on by one surgeon. Both groups of data were gathered consecutively and concurrently. The choice of operation was made on the basis of the pressure level required for control of the glaucoma, the full-thickness procedure being chosen for eyes with the most advanced cupping and field loss. The partial-thickness group had a significantly higher postoperative pressure and signficiantly lower incidences of postoperative flat anterior chambers and identifiable filtration blebs.", "PMID": 736072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2419", "title": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy.", "content": "A 17-year-old boy had minor visual impairment, paracentral scotomata, and parafoveal retinal lesions following a presumed viral infection. Contact lens biomicroscopy demonstrated the retinal defects to be located at the level of the deep sensory retina. Fluorescein angiography revealed subtle areas of hypofluorescence which corresponded to the visible disturbances of the sensory retina. Follow-up examination three months later revealed persistent complaints of paracentral scotomata and persistent, but less recognizable retinal lesions. We believe the primary site of involvement to be the deep sensory retina.", "contents": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy. A 17-year-old boy had minor visual impairment, paracentral scotomata, and parafoveal retinal lesions following a presumed viral infection. Contact lens biomicroscopy demonstrated the retinal defects to be located at the level of the deep sensory retina. Fluorescein angiography revealed subtle areas of hypofluorescence which corresponded to the visible disturbances of the sensory retina. Follow-up examination three months later revealed persistent complaints of paracentral scotomata and persistent, but less recognizable retinal lesions. We believe the primary site of involvement to be the deep sensory retina.", "PMID": 736073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2420", "title": "Bare sclera closure in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Our modification of the limbal peritomy technique in retinal detachment surgery involved recession of the confunctiva 3 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus as the conjunctiva was closed. This recession offered some advantages over the standard nonrecessed method: fewer sutures were required; postoperative ophthalmoscopy was not impaired by conjunctiva swelling over the cornea; the eye was comfortable and quiet in appearance because there was no suture material or inflamed conjunctiva adjacent to the corneoscleral limbus. We have not encountered any disadvantages in several hundred cases.", "contents": "Bare sclera closure in retinal detachment surgery. Our modification of the limbal peritomy technique in retinal detachment surgery involved recession of the confunctiva 3 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus as the conjunctiva was closed. This recession offered some advantages over the standard nonrecessed method: fewer sutures were required; postoperative ophthalmoscopy was not impaired by conjunctiva swelling over the cornea; the eye was comfortable and quiet in appearance because there was no suture material or inflamed conjunctiva adjacent to the corneoscleral limbus. We have not encountered any disadvantages in several hundred cases.", "PMID": 736074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2421", "title": "A simplified scleral reinforcement technique.", "content": "A simplified scleral reinforcement technique performed on 52 eyes with myopic degeneration prevented further visual loss by strengthening of the sclera over the posterior pole. This scleral homograft was useful not only in older patients with high myopia and posterior staphyloma, but also in younger patients in whom the degenerative process could be stopped at an earlier stage. In all cases in which follow-up was possible, the visual acuity remained at the preoperative level before surgery was performed or it improved.", "contents": "A simplified scleral reinforcement technique. A simplified scleral reinforcement technique performed on 52 eyes with myopic degeneration prevented further visual loss by strengthening of the sclera over the posterior pole. This scleral homograft was useful not only in older patients with high myopia and posterior staphyloma, but also in younger patients in whom the degenerative process could be stopped at an earlier stage. In all cases in which follow-up was possible, the visual acuity remained at the preoperative level before surgery was performed or it improved.", "PMID": 736075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2422", "title": "Juxtapapillary retinochoroiditis with a psychiatric disorder possibly caused by toxoplasma.", "content": "A 32-year-old man suffered from juxtapapillary retinochoroiditis in the right eye and a psychiatric disorder. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was supported by the clinical ocular findings, serologic examinations, and isolation of the organism from the cerebrospinal fluid. As the retinochoroidal lesion absorbed, the psychiatric symptoms also disappeared during the course of six weeks.", "contents": "Juxtapapillary retinochoroiditis with a psychiatric disorder possibly caused by toxoplasma. A 32-year-old man suffered from juxtapapillary retinochoroiditis in the right eye and a psychiatric disorder. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was supported by the clinical ocular findings, serologic examinations, and isolation of the organism from the cerebrospinal fluid. As the retinochoroidal lesion absorbed, the psychiatric symptoms also disappeared during the course of six weeks.", "PMID": 736076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2423", "title": "Central retinal vascular occlusion associated with oral contraceptives.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman took oral contraceptives for four years. She developed a vascular glaucoma and one year later the eye was enucleated. No other apparent cause for the occlusion was present. The vascular occlusion consisted of a combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion with severe intimal hyperplasia. An intravascular granulomatous reaction is attributed to chronic vascular injury.", "contents": "Central retinal vascular occlusion associated with oral contraceptives. A 40-year-old woman took oral contraceptives for four years. She developed a vascular glaucoma and one year later the eye was enucleated. No other apparent cause for the occlusion was present. The vascular occlusion consisted of a combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion with severe intimal hyperplasia. An intravascular granulomatous reaction is attributed to chronic vascular injury.", "PMID": 736077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2424", "title": "Comparative clinical assessment of corneal sensation with a new aesthesiometer.", "content": "A new version of an aesthesiometer offers particular advantages such as portability without risk of damage to the filament, easy filament replacement, and an expanded stimulus range. We compared the performance of this new instrument to that of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in a clinical setting on herpetic patients. Using both instruments, we obtained paired measurements on the normal and diseased corneas from five test loci placed over the corneal surface. Statistical analysis of the normalized data showed that the data obtained by the new instrument were similar to those of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer.", "contents": "Comparative clinical assessment of corneal sensation with a new aesthesiometer. A new version of an aesthesiometer offers particular advantages such as portability without risk of damage to the filament, easy filament replacement, and an expanded stimulus range. We compared the performance of this new instrument to that of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in a clinical setting on herpetic patients. Using both instruments, we obtained paired measurements on the normal and diseased corneas from five test loci placed over the corneal surface. Statistical analysis of the normalized data showed that the data obtained by the new instrument were similar to those of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer.", "PMID": 736079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2425", "title": "Use of dilute drug solutions for routine cycloplegia and mydriasis.", "content": "Clinic patients and students were given several regular drops of commercial 10% phenylephrine HCl, and 1.0% cyclopentolate HCl or 1.0% tropicamide HCl. The drops were given three times at five-minute intervals. Mydriasis and cycloplegia were determined and compared with the results obtained by using one of the following: microdrops (0.005 or 0.01 ml) of a mixture of 5% phenylephrine HCl and 0.5% tropicamide HCl, or regular drops of mixtures of 1% phenylephrine HCl, or 0.4% hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide with 0.1% cyclopentolate HCl, or 0.1% tropicamide in a vehicle of 1.6% or 1.0% methylcellulose 400, or artificial tears or lubricants (Absorbobase, Contique, Isopto Tears, Liquifilm, Lyteers, Ultra Tears). Except for an initial lag in the production of mydriasis with the diluted mixtures, the results were similar for all preparations. The diluted solutions produced little ocular irritation or tearing.", "contents": "Use of dilute drug solutions for routine cycloplegia and mydriasis. Clinic patients and students were given several regular drops of commercial 10% phenylephrine HCl, and 1.0% cyclopentolate HCl or 1.0% tropicamide HCl. The drops were given three times at five-minute intervals. Mydriasis and cycloplegia were determined and compared with the results obtained by using one of the following: microdrops (0.005 or 0.01 ml) of a mixture of 5% phenylephrine HCl and 0.5% tropicamide HCl, or regular drops of mixtures of 1% phenylephrine HCl, or 0.4% hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide with 0.1% cyclopentolate HCl, or 0.1% tropicamide in a vehicle of 1.6% or 1.0% methylcellulose 400, or artificial tears or lubricants (Absorbobase, Contique, Isopto Tears, Liquifilm, Lyteers, Ultra Tears). Except for an initial lag in the production of mydriasis with the diluted mixtures, the results were similar for all preparations. The diluted solutions produced little ocular irritation or tearing.", "PMID": 736080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2426", "title": "Stereoscopic acuity measurement in aphakia.", "content": "We performed a variety of tests to assess binocular function on monocular aphakic patients wearing contact lenses, monocular pseudophakic patients, bilateral spectacle-wearing aphakic patients, bilateral aphakic contact lens wearers, and bilateral pseudophakic patients. Stereoscopic acuity levels at distance and near when visual acuity was at least 6/12 (20/40) provided the most useful data. Pseudophakic patients and contact lens wearers performed equally well and outperformed spectacle wearers. Implant patients did not have superior stereoscopic acuity.", "contents": "Stereoscopic acuity measurement in aphakia. We performed a variety of tests to assess binocular function on monocular aphakic patients wearing contact lenses, monocular pseudophakic patients, bilateral spectacle-wearing aphakic patients, bilateral aphakic contact lens wearers, and bilateral pseudophakic patients. Stereoscopic acuity levels at distance and near when visual acuity was at least 6/12 (20/40) provided the most useful data. Pseudophakic patients and contact lens wearers performed equally well and outperformed spectacle wearers. Implant patients did not have superior stereoscopic acuity.", "PMID": 736081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2427", "title": "Trauma to the lacrimal system in children.", "content": "We repaired damage to the lacrimal drainage system in a series of 393 children who had lacrimal obstruction caused by congenital obstruction or facial injuries. Delayed surgery for traumatic obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct in children, including infants, was successful in all cases.", "contents": "Trauma to the lacrimal system in children. We repaired damage to the lacrimal drainage system in a series of 393 children who had lacrimal obstruction caused by congenital obstruction or facial injuries. Delayed surgery for traumatic obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct in children, including infants, was successful in all cases.", "PMID": 736082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2428", "title": "New flat air injection cannula.", "content": "I developed a 6-mm long, flattened, 30-gauge air cannula with a polished tip for instillation and extraction of air and fluids from the anterior chamber during intraocular surgery. The polished flattened tip prevents Descemet's membrane detachments and the extra length allows easy instillation of air over an intraocular lens.", "contents": "New flat air injection cannula. I developed a 6-mm long, flattened, 30-gauge air cannula with a polished tip for instillation and extraction of air and fluids from the anterior chamber during intraocular surgery. The polished flattened tip prevents Descemet's membrane detachments and the extra length allows easy instillation of air over an intraocular lens.", "PMID": 736083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2429", "title": "Axial length and the Hirschberg test.", "content": "Axial lengths of 30 eyes (15 subjects), measured by ultrasonography, ranged from 20.6--26.3 mm. Using a fixed light source, each eye was photographed as monocular fixation was changed over an 8-deg range in 2-deg steps. Hirschberg ratios obtained from the photographs show a low correlation with axial length (0.07), and the mean value, 24 prism diopters per millimeter (S.D. = 7), further supports recent recommendations that the traditional ratio of 12 or 14/1 be replaced by a more correct ratio of 22/1.", "contents": "Axial length and the Hirschberg test. Axial lengths of 30 eyes (15 subjects), measured by ultrasonography, ranged from 20.6--26.3 mm. Using a fixed light source, each eye was photographed as monocular fixation was changed over an 8-deg range in 2-deg steps. Hirschberg ratios obtained from the photographs show a low correlation with axial length (0.07), and the mean value, 24 prism diopters per millimeter (S.D. = 7), further supports recent recommendations that the traditional ratio of 12 or 14/1 be replaced by a more correct ratio of 22/1.", "PMID": 736090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2430", "title": "Evaluation and control of Durasoft lens rotation.", "content": "Fifteen subjects forming three groups of refractive astigmats (astigmation less than 1.00 D., astigmatism greater than or equal to 1.00 D and less than 2.00 D, and astigmatism greater than or equal to 2.00 D) were fitted with spherical DuraSoft lenses. Rotation was assessed from slit-lamp photographs taken after 30 min and after 4 hr of lens wear. The results show that incorporating either a prism or a single truncation alone into a spherical DuraSoft lens suffices as a method of stabilization, stabilization being effectively achieved with this lens in subjects with refractive astigmatism less than 2.00 D.", "contents": "Evaluation and control of Durasoft lens rotation. Fifteen subjects forming three groups of refractive astigmats (astigmation less than 1.00 D., astigmatism greater than or equal to 1.00 D and less than 2.00 D, and astigmatism greater than or equal to 2.00 D) were fitted with spherical DuraSoft lenses. Rotation was assessed from slit-lamp photographs taken after 30 min and after 4 hr of lens wear. The results show that incorporating either a prism or a single truncation alone into a spherical DuraSoft lens suffices as a method of stabilization, stabilization being effectively achieved with this lens in subjects with refractive astigmatism less than 2.00 D.", "PMID": 736091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2431", "title": "Relative tensions in the extraocular muscles.", "content": "Two methods have been devised to assess the relative tensions required to point the eye in a given direction. One method uses an ophthalmotrope, which will assess the tensions and the lengths of the muscles. The second uses a computer program. In each method the direction of the eye is analyzed into components of elevation, azimuth, and cyclorotation. Such a combination of devices is needed in finding the patterns of innervation involved in Listing's law, cyclorotation associated with convergence, and also cocontraction associated with convergence.", "contents": "Relative tensions in the extraocular muscles. Two methods have been devised to assess the relative tensions required to point the eye in a given direction. One method uses an ophthalmotrope, which will assess the tensions and the lengths of the muscles. The second uses a computer program. In each method the direction of the eye is analyzed into components of elevation, azimuth, and cyclorotation. Such a combination of devices is needed in finding the patterns of innervation involved in Listing's law, cyclorotation associated with convergence, and also cocontraction associated with convergence.", "PMID": 736092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2432", "title": "Corneal-thickness response to ultra-thin Bausch & Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses.", "content": "A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a more favorable corneal-edema response for hard-to-fit patients might be expected from ultra-thin Bausch & Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses than from standard-thickness lenses because of the additional oxygen reportedly available to the cornea. Corneal edema was monitored by measuring changes in corneal thickness over 6 hr of lens wear with an electronic pachometry assembly. Statistical analysis showed significantly less edema for a group of hard-to-fit patients wearing ultra-thin lenses than for a group of successful patients fitted with standard-thickness lenses.", "contents": "Corneal-thickness response to ultra-thin Bausch & Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a more favorable corneal-edema response for hard-to-fit patients might be expected from ultra-thin Bausch & Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses than from standard-thickness lenses because of the additional oxygen reportedly available to the cornea. Corneal edema was monitored by measuring changes in corneal thickness over 6 hr of lens wear with an electronic pachometry assembly. Statistical analysis showed significantly less edema for a group of hard-to-fit patients wearing ultra-thin lenses than for a group of successful patients fitted with standard-thickness lenses.", "PMID": 736093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2433", "title": "Comparison of vision screening performed by optometrists and nurses.", "content": "The rates of patient referral by optometrists and nurses working independently and conjointly in vision screening of schoolchildren are compared. Very few studies in the literature have examined the difference in referral rate; this difference is important because of the shortage of qualified manpower to screen the large number of children in the present school population. The study determined that the nurses correctly referred a greater percentage of children following an educational program and collaboration with the optometrist, but this increase in referral was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Comparison of vision screening performed by optometrists and nurses. The rates of patient referral by optometrists and nurses working independently and conjointly in vision screening of schoolchildren are compared. Very few studies in the literature have examined the difference in referral rate; this difference is important because of the shortage of qualified manpower to screen the large number of children in the present school population. The study determined that the nurses correctly referred a greater percentage of children following an educational program and collaboration with the optometrist, but this increase in referral was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 736094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2434", "title": "The effect of light flashing at 9 Hertz on rivalry suppression.", "content": "The translid binocular interactor (TBI), which presents binocularly out-of-phase lights flashing at 9 Hz, was designed to reduce suppression of amblyopes. To determine the effect of such flashing lights on rivalry suppression, subjects who showed strong suppression during binocular rivalry were exposed to a modified form of the TBI for a total of 2 2/3 hr over 4 days. A similar group of subjects was exposed to steady binocular light. The modified TBI had no effect on rivalry suppression; the changes in suppression that did occur were equivalent in the two groups.", "contents": "The effect of light flashing at 9 Hertz on rivalry suppression. The translid binocular interactor (TBI), which presents binocularly out-of-phase lights flashing at 9 Hz, was designed to reduce suppression of amblyopes. To determine the effect of such flashing lights on rivalry suppression, subjects who showed strong suppression during binocular rivalry were exposed to a modified form of the TBI for a total of 2 2/3 hr over 4 days. A similar group of subjects was exposed to steady binocular light. The modified TBI had no effect on rivalry suppression; the changes in suppression that did occur were equivalent in the two groups.", "PMID": 736095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2435", "title": "Angioid streaks: a case report.", "content": "A case of vision loss in a patient with angioid streaks and pseudoxanthoma elasticum is described. Discussion includes the natural course and clinical appearance of the disease, the role of trauma, and recommended optometric management.", "contents": "Angioid streaks: a case report. A case of vision loss in a patient with angioid streaks and pseudoxanthoma elasticum is described. Discussion includes the natural course and clinical appearance of the disease, the role of trauma, and recommended optometric management.", "PMID": 736096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2436", "title": "Biofeedback of accommodation to reduce functional myopia: a case report.", "content": "A 30-yr-old man received biofeedback training of his accommodation to reduce his functional myopia. There were seven training sessions for a total time of 34 min. Each training session consisted of a baseline-level recording period followed by a feedback period, a second baseline-level recording period, and then a second feedback period. Reduction of the functional myopia was learned within a few minutes. Since the training was conducted in a dark environment, myopia reduction was not expected in an illuminated environment. Nonetheless, some generalization was demonstrated with a reduction in the subjective measures of myopia (about 1 D for the right eye, 0.50 D for the left eye) and improvement in unaided visual acuity (from about 20/50 to 20/30 for each eye).", "contents": "Biofeedback of accommodation to reduce functional myopia: a case report. A 30-yr-old man received biofeedback training of his accommodation to reduce his functional myopia. There were seven training sessions for a total time of 34 min. Each training session consisted of a baseline-level recording period followed by a feedback period, a second baseline-level recording period, and then a second feedback period. Reduction of the functional myopia was learned within a few minutes. Since the training was conducted in a dark environment, myopia reduction was not expected in an illuminated environment. Nonetheless, some generalization was demonstrated with a reduction in the subjective measures of myopia (about 1 D for the right eye, 0.50 D for the left eye) and improvement in unaided visual acuity (from about 20/50 to 20/30 for each eye).", "PMID": 736097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2437", "title": "Comparison of evoked potentials in the same hand in normal subjects and in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "The amplitude of the evoked median and ulnar sensory action potential (SAP) was measured in fifty normal volunteers (4) and median and ulnar SAP in opposite hands were compared. In addition, the amplitude of the median response was compared to the ulnar response. It was found that the lower limit of the range of observations for the median amplitude was 20 muV, the range of observations for the median/median SAP ratio was 50--100%, and that in only 3 observations out of 100 normal hands was the median/ulnar SAP ratio less than 80%. In a series of 60 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 22 had bilateral involvement. The median SAP was obtainable in 62 of these diagnosed cases of CTS. Forty of these 62 cases could be identified by one of the three amplitude criteria: median SAP of less than 20 muV; median/median amplitude percentage of less than 50%; or a median/ulnar amplitude of less than 80%.", "contents": "Comparison of evoked potentials in the same hand in normal subjects and in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The amplitude of the evoked median and ulnar sensory action potential (SAP) was measured in fifty normal volunteers (4) and median and ulnar SAP in opposite hands were compared. In addition, the amplitude of the median response was compared to the ulnar response. It was found that the lower limit of the range of observations for the median amplitude was 20 muV, the range of observations for the median/median SAP ratio was 50--100%, and that in only 3 observations out of 100 normal hands was the median/ulnar SAP ratio less than 80%. In a series of 60 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 22 had bilateral involvement. The median SAP was obtainable in 62 of these diagnosed cases of CTS. Forty of these 62 cases could be identified by one of the three amplitude criteria: median SAP of less than 20 muV; median/median amplitude percentage of less than 50%; or a median/ulnar amplitude of less than 80%.", "PMID": 736100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2438", "title": "Bioconverter for upper extremity rehabilitation.", "content": "The bioconverter is a simple instrument which uses the output of the Basmajian-Emory myotrainer to activate electrical devices, such as radios, television, etc. It can be used to assist in training by providing an acceptable and/or pleasurable stimulus (such as a radio) as muscle activation improves. The myotrainer contains adjustable sensitivity circuits, and the bioconverter has a pre-set holding circuit of 2, 4, or 6 seconds duration. A case of a deaf and blind patient is presented where the bioconverter is used to activate other sensory (skin) stimuli rather than audio-visual ones. The bioconverter can also be used in relaxation training. In this mode of operation the controlled equipment is on when no EMG is present and is turned off when too high an EMG level exists.", "contents": "Bioconverter for upper extremity rehabilitation. The bioconverter is a simple instrument which uses the output of the Basmajian-Emory myotrainer to activate electrical devices, such as radios, television, etc. It can be used to assist in training by providing an acceptable and/or pleasurable stimulus (such as a radio) as muscle activation improves. The myotrainer contains adjustable sensitivity circuits, and the bioconverter has a pre-set holding circuit of 2, 4, or 6 seconds duration. A case of a deaf and blind patient is presented where the bioconverter is used to activate other sensory (skin) stimuli rather than audio-visual ones. The bioconverter can also be used in relaxation training. In this mode of operation the controlled equipment is on when no EMG is present and is turned off when too high an EMG level exists.", "PMID": 736101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2439", "title": "The inheritance of palmar and hallucal dermatoglyphic patterns in fifty-four American Caucasian families.", "content": "We searched for single gene effects determining certain palmar and plantar patterns - two interdigital and the hypothenar areas, palmar main line sequence, and hallucal pattern. Our subjects were 108 parents from central Louisiana and 123 of their offspring; there were  127 females and 104 males. For the third and fourth interdigital areas, we classified for presence of a pattern (+) or no pattern (-). For the hypothenar area, we classified arch, anteform, and open field as no pattern (-) and other configurations as a pattern (+). Main line sequence we determined by the distal to proximal ordering of the five main lines. We analyzed the hallucal area by combining three loop patterns. Segregational analyses followed. For the third interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. For the fourth interdigital area, the frequency of + was 45%. We set out the six mating types by the bilateral occurence of pattern in each area and found similar results. The proportion of ++ offspring was highest with both ++ parents and diminished as the parents became increasingly more --. Evidence for genetic determination of six different main line sequences consisted of the proportion of related/(related + unrelated) which averaged 0.48. Parent-offspring occurrence of an accessory triradius and absence of the c triradius suggested monogenic control. Segregation of the hallucal patterns was less suggestive. We conclude that the results offer evidence for substantial genetic determination of palmar dermatoglyphics, and for some patterns possible monogenic determination.", "contents": "The inheritance of palmar and hallucal dermatoglyphic patterns in fifty-four American Caucasian families. We searched for single gene effects determining certain palmar and plantar patterns - two interdigital and the hypothenar areas, palmar main line sequence, and hallucal pattern. Our subjects were 108 parents from central Louisiana and 123 of their offspring; there were  127 females and 104 males. For the third and fourth interdigital areas, we classified for presence of a pattern (+) or no pattern (-). For the hypothenar area, we classified arch, anteform, and open field as no pattern (-) and other configurations as a pattern (+). Main line sequence we determined by the distal to proximal ordering of the five main lines. We analyzed the hallucal area by combining three loop patterns. Segregational analyses followed. For the third interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. For the fourth interdigital area, the frequency of + was 45%. We set out the six mating types by the bilateral occurence of pattern in each area and found similar results. The proportion of ++ offspring was highest with both ++ parents and diminished as the parents became increasingly more --. Evidence for genetic determination of six different main line sequences consisted of the proportion of related/(related + unrelated) which averaged 0.48. Parent-offspring occurrence of an accessory triradius and absence of the c triradius suggested monogenic control. Segregation of the hallucal patterns was less suggestive. We conclude that the results offer evidence for substantial genetic determination of palmar dermatoglyphics, and for some patterns possible monogenic determination.", "PMID": 736102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2440", "title": "Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Babylonian Jews.", "content": "One hundred eighty-eight Jewish individuals who either they or whose both parents were born in Iraq were typed for 7 blood groups (ABO, MNS, Rh, Kell, Duffy, P and Kidd), 12 red cell enzyme systems and 2 serum proteins. Iraqi Jews are characterized by a high frequency of A (in ABO), N (in MNS), low cde (Rh) and low Hp-1. Several rare electrophoretic variants were encountered: PGM1 6-1, PHI 3-1 and PHI 2-1, and an unidentified AK phenotype. No evidence of Negroid admixture was found in their gene pool. Comparisons with results previously obtained in Iraqi Jews show general similarities in frequencies while comparisons with neighboring non-Jewish populations suggest divergence in most systems investigated. The difficulties of assessing relationships on the basis of a few selected differences and the need for careful interpretations of similarities are emphasized.", "contents": "Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Babylonian Jews. One hundred eighty-eight Jewish individuals who either they or whose both parents were born in Iraq were typed for 7 blood groups (ABO, MNS, Rh, Kell, Duffy, P and Kidd), 12 red cell enzyme systems and 2 serum proteins. Iraqi Jews are characterized by a high frequency of A (in ABO), N (in MNS), low cde (Rh) and low Hp-1. Several rare electrophoretic variants were encountered: PGM1 6-1, PHI 3-1 and PHI 2-1, and an unidentified AK phenotype. No evidence of Negroid admixture was found in their gene pool. Comparisons with results previously obtained in Iraqi Jews show general similarities in frequencies while comparisons with neighboring non-Jewish populations suggest divergence in most systems investigated. The difficulties of assessing relationships on the basis of a few selected differences and the need for careful interpretations of similarities are emphasized.", "PMID": 736103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2441", "title": "Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Moroccan Jews.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-six Moroccan Jews now settled in Israel were typed for 7 blood groups, 12 red cell enzymes and 2 plasma protein systems. Their blood group picture is in agreement with results previously obtained on different samples of Moroccan Jews: rather high B in ABO, somewhat elevated frequencies of cDe and cDE in Rh and K in Kell. Differences in various blood markers exist between them and other North African Jewish communities. This fact, together with data on disease distribution and HLA frequencies, supports our assumption that Jews in the North African diaspora lived as small secluded isolates even within the same geographical zones. Comparisons with meager data on the neighboring non-Jewish populations do not disclose any resemblance to either Arab or Berber inhabitants of Morocco.", "contents": "Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Moroccan Jews. One hundred and ninety-six Moroccan Jews now settled in Israel were typed for 7 blood groups, 12 red cell enzymes and 2 plasma protein systems. Their blood group picture is in agreement with results previously obtained on different samples of Moroccan Jews: rather high B in ABO, somewhat elevated frequencies of cDe and cDE in Rh and K in Kell. Differences in various blood markers exist between them and other North African Jewish communities. This fact, together with data on disease distribution and HLA frequencies, supports our assumption that Jews in the North African diaspora lived as small secluded isolates even within the same geographical zones. Comparisons with meager data on the neighboring non-Jewish populations do not disclose any resemblance to either Arab or Berber inhabitants of Morocco.", "PMID": 736104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2442", "title": "ABO blood groups and fertility--with special reference to intrauterine selection due to materno-fetal incompatibility.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study whether there is differential fertility between different mating types of ABO blood group system. Selective force which is operating through maternal-fetal incompatibility has been observed in the differential fertility between compatible and incompatible mating groups in the present sample of 183 families of Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh,India. The differences in the mean numbers of pregnancies as well as living children between the two major mating groups, compatible and incompatible are significant. The fertility rates of O fathers and O mothers were significantly higher than those in matings in which neither parents belongs to O. The selection is operating to reduce the gene ratio of A and to increase the gene ratios of O and B in this sample.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and fertility--with special reference to intrauterine selection due to materno-fetal incompatibility. The purpose of the present investigation was to study whether there is differential fertility between different mating types of ABO blood group system. Selective force which is operating through maternal-fetal incompatibility has been observed in the differential fertility between compatible and incompatible mating groups in the present sample of 183 families of Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh,India. The differences in the mean numbers of pregnancies as well as living children between the two major mating groups, compatible and incompatible are significant. The fertility rates of O fathers and O mothers were significantly higher than those in matings in which neither parents belongs to O. The selection is operating to reduce the gene ratio of A and to increase the gene ratios of O and B in this sample.", "PMID": 736105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2443", "title": "Heritability of permanent tooth size.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full-siblings and half-siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent-offspring data. Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non-genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.", "contents": "Heritability of permanent tooth size. The aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full-siblings and half-siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent-offspring data. Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non-genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.", "PMID": 736106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2444", "title": "Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data.", "content": "Several different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.", "contents": "Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data. Several different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.", "PMID": 736107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2445", "title": "Sex discriminatory effectiveness using combinations of root lengths and crown diameters.", "content": "Using optical-scanner (OPTOCOM) and radiogrammetric measurements on mandibular permanent teeth, root length alone affords sex-discriminatory effectiveness equal to or exceeding conventional crown diameters. Combinations of root length and crown dimensions yield up to 80% accuracy in sexing with as few as two teeth, and discriminatory effectiveness of 87% with mandibular teeth alone.", "contents": "Sex discriminatory effectiveness using combinations of root lengths and crown diameters. Using optical-scanner (OPTOCOM) and radiogrammetric measurements on mandibular permanent teeth, root length alone affords sex-discriminatory effectiveness equal to or exceeding conventional crown diameters. Combinations of root length and crown dimensions yield up to 80% accuracy in sexing with as few as two teeth, and discriminatory effectiveness of 87% with mandibular teeth alone.", "PMID": 736108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2446", "title": "Activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior.", "content": "Electromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking. In the African apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable EMG potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. Our studies on the gluteal (Tuttle et al., '78) and thigh muscles of African apes partly confirm Kummer's ('75) prediction that considerable gluteal and hamstring activity would be required in order for them to stand bipedally with flexed hip and knee joints. The gorilla's thigh muscles exhibited considerable EMG activity during the stance phase and remarkably little activity during the swing phase of bipedal steps. The activity patterns of most thigh and gluteal muscles (Tuttle et al., '78) in the African apes are much more similar to those of bipedal gibbons than to their counterparts in man. The bipedal locomotor cycles of human subjects are accompanied by many more biphasic and triphasic EMG patterns in the thigh muscles than the locomotor cycles of other anthropoid primates are. The evolutionary anthropological significance of these findings should become clearer when they are complemented by EMG studies on human running, arboreal bipedalism and vertical climbing in apes, and central pattern generation in man and apes.", "contents": "Activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior. Electromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking. In the African apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable EMG potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. Our studies on the gluteal (Tuttle et al., '78) and thigh muscles of African apes partly confirm Kummer's ('75) prediction that considerable gluteal and hamstring activity would be required in order for them to stand bipedally with flexed hip and knee joints. The gorilla's thigh muscles exhibited considerable EMG activity during the stance phase and remarkably little activity during the swing phase of bipedal steps. The activity patterns of most thigh and gluteal muscles (Tuttle et al., '78) in the African apes are much more similar to those of bipedal gibbons than to their counterparts in man. The bipedal locomotor cycles of human subjects are accompanied by many more biphasic and triphasic EMG patterns in the thigh muscles than the locomotor cycles of other anthropoid primates are. The evolutionary anthropological significance of these findings should become clearer when they are complemented by EMG studies on human running, arboreal bipedalism and vertical climbing in apes, and central pattern generation in man and apes.", "PMID": 736109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2447", "title": "Distribution of HLA antigens in Polish and German populations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "content": "Gene and haplotype frequencies for HLA-A and HLA-B antigens were determined in Milwaukee blood donors of German and Polish descent. Gene frequencies for A25 and B18 were significantly higher in Poles than in Germans. Significant gametic associations were noted for A1-B8, A29-B12 and AW30-B13 in both populations. Gametic association for A3-B7 was only found in Germans, while the A25-B18 haplotype frequency was significantly increased in Poles. Since  the latter haplotype has also been found in Yugoslavs, Ukrainians and Czechs, it is possible that A25-B18 represents a Slavonic marker.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA antigens in Polish and German populations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Gene and haplotype frequencies for HLA-A and HLA-B antigens were determined in Milwaukee blood donors of German and Polish descent. Gene frequencies for A25 and B18 were significantly higher in Poles than in Germans. Significant gametic associations were noted for A1-B8, A29-B12 and AW30-B13 in both populations. Gametic association for A3-B7 was only found in Germans, while the A25-B18 haplotype frequency was significantly increased in Poles. Since  the latter haplotype has also been found in Yugoslavs, Ukrainians and Czechs, it is possible that A25-B18 represents a Slavonic marker.", "PMID": 736110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2448", "title": "Relationship between body size and long bone lengths in Pan and Gorilla.", "content": "Measurements of body length (vertex to heel) were abstracted from the field notes of Pan and Gorilla specimens from the Powell-Cotton Museum. Biocondylar femur and humerus length were measured on each skeleton and correlation coefficients with body length were computed. In both the separate sex and the combined sex samples of Gorilla, and in the combined sex sample of Pan, long bone lengths are significantly correlated with body size, but in Pan only 20% of the variance in body length is reflected in the long bone measurements.", "contents": "Relationship between body size and long bone lengths in Pan and Gorilla. Measurements of body length (vertex to heel) were abstracted from the field notes of Pan and Gorilla specimens from the Powell-Cotton Museum. Biocondylar femur and humerus length were measured on each skeleton and correlation coefficients with body length were computed. In both the separate sex and the combined sex samples of Gorilla, and in the combined sex sample of Pan, long bone lengths are significantly correlated with body size, but in Pan only 20% of the variance in body length is reflected in the long bone measurements.", "PMID": 736111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2449", "title": "Methods of isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The method of isoelectric focusing has been avoided by many workers because of expense, technical difficulty, and problems of interpretation. Inexpensive, easy, and interpretable results are possible using equipment and reagents commonly available. Methods which allow these results are presented and explained.", "contents": "Methods of isoelectric focusing. The method of isoelectric focusing has been avoided by many workers because of expense, technical difficulty, and problems of interpretation. Inexpensive, easy, and interpretable results are possible using equipment and reagents commonly available. Methods which allow these results are presented and explained.", "PMID": 736112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2450", "title": "The relationship of buccal pits to caries formation and tooth loss.", "content": "It is demonstrated that in mandibular molars there is a statistically significant tendency for teeth with buccal pits to be lost premortem more frequently than teeth without buccal pits. The mandibles of a large ossuary population (ca. 1600 A.D.) are examined with regard to buccal pitting, caries formation and premortem tooth loss. A log likelihood ratio test is used to test the relationship between age and frequency of buccal pits. A G-value of 20.84 (p less than 0.025) indicates that the frequency of pits is significantly higher among individuals under ca. 18 years. It is argued that caries formation is the mechanism through which the molars are lost, given high caries frequencies that approximate pitting frequencies in their distribution.", "contents": "The relationship of buccal pits to caries formation and tooth loss. It is demonstrated that in mandibular molars there is a statistically significant tendency for teeth with buccal pits to be lost premortem more frequently than teeth without buccal pits. The mandibles of a large ossuary population (ca. 1600 A.D.) are examined with regard to buccal pitting, caries formation and premortem tooth loss. A log likelihood ratio test is used to test the relationship between age and frequency of buccal pits. A G-value of 20.84 (p less than 0.025) indicates that the frequency of pits is significantly higher among individuals under ca. 18 years. It is argued that caries formation is the mechanism through which the molars are lost, given high caries frequencies that approximate pitting frequencies in their distribution.", "PMID": 736113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2451", "title": "Altitude, heredity and body proportions in northern Chile.", "content": "Recent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0-4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non-Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.", "contents": "Altitude, heredity and body proportions in northern Chile. Recent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0-4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non-Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.", "PMID": 736114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2452", "title": "Cherokee admixture and its estimation by the gene identity method: a critique.", "content": "A previous application to a Cherokee hybrid population of two methods for measuring admixture proportions by use of gene identity probabilities was examined. The results suggest that neither procedure has been correctly applied, and that underlying statistical difficulties limit their reliability.", "contents": "Cherokee admixture and its estimation by the gene identity method: a critique. A previous application to a Cherokee hybrid population of two methods for measuring admixture proportions by use of gene identity probabilities was examined. The results suggest that neither procedure has been correctly applied, and that underlying statistical difficulties limit their reliability.", "PMID": 736115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2453", "title": "The Krapina dental remains.", "content": "An analysis of age, specimen associations, demographic characteristics, and metric features is presented for the Krapina dental sample. A critical analysis of emergence criteria applicable to skeletal samples leads to an occlusal eruption schedule which can be used to determine wear rates. These are used to provide dental ages for the Krapina jaws and isolated teeth. A number of individual associations of isolated teeth with existing jaws and with each other result in an estimated individual count between 75 and 82. Demographic analysis indicates that the specimens do not accurately sample a living population; numerous adults as well as children under the age of three are not represented. Metric analysis indicates a moderate range of variation. The interproximal wear rates are low, and no evidence of tooth size associated differential survivorship can be demonstrated. The sample fits in a European evolutionary sequence of reducing posterior and expanding anterior permanent teeth, while the deciduous teeth seem to undergo expansion through the W\u00fcrm glaciation.", "contents": "The Krapina dental remains. An analysis of age, specimen associations, demographic characteristics, and metric features is presented for the Krapina dental sample. A critical analysis of emergence criteria applicable to skeletal samples leads to an occlusal eruption schedule which can be used to determine wear rates. These are used to provide dental ages for the Krapina jaws and isolated teeth. A number of individual associations of isolated teeth with existing jaws and with each other result in an estimated individual count between 75 and 82. Demographic analysis indicates that the specimens do not accurately sample a living population; numerous adults as well as children under the age of three are not represented. Metric analysis indicates a moderate range of variation. The interproximal wear rates are low, and no evidence of tooth size associated differential survivorship can be demonstrated. The sample fits in a European evolutionary sequence of reducing posterior and expanding anterior permanent teeth, while the deciduous teeth seem to undergo expansion through the W\u00fcrm glaciation.", "PMID": 736116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2454", "title": "Modeling of plasma disappearance of unlabeled insulin in man.", "content": "Fifty-two portal and 68 peripheral, brief infusions of unlabeled insulin were given to ambulant, nondiabetic patients. After intraportal insulin infusion (5--50 mU/kg), plasma clearance rate (PCR, dose/area of the incremental plasma insulin concentrations) decreased with increasing dose, varying from 32 to 14 ml-min-1-kg-1 at normoglycemia. After peripheral insulin infusion (5--30 mU/kg), PCR (mean value 15 ml-min-1-kg-1) showed no certain dose-dependence, but transfer rate constants and distribution volumes did. Despite a detectable reentry of insulin from one or more extravascular pools to the plasma pool, transfer rate constants or distribution volumes could not be accurately determined. The shortcomings of conventional noncompartmental and compartmental models did not appear to be due to the dose-dependence demonstrated. Instead, the limitations of these models were caused mainly by the difficulty of defining a proper base-line concentration and, in particular, by the imprecision of the experimental data, indicating that it will be difficult to find more appropriate models from data obtained with unlabeled insulin.", "contents": "Modeling of plasma disappearance of unlabeled insulin in man. Fifty-two portal and 68 peripheral, brief infusions of unlabeled insulin were given to ambulant, nondiabetic patients. After intraportal insulin infusion (5--50 mU/kg), plasma clearance rate (PCR, dose/area of the incremental plasma insulin concentrations) decreased with increasing dose, varying from 32 to 14 ml-min-1-kg-1 at normoglycemia. After peripheral insulin infusion (5--30 mU/kg), PCR (mean value 15 ml-min-1-kg-1) showed no certain dose-dependence, but transfer rate constants and distribution volumes did. Despite a detectable reentry of insulin from one or more extravascular pools to the plasma pool, transfer rate constants or distribution volumes could not be accurately determined. The shortcomings of conventional noncompartmental and compartmental models did not appear to be due to the dose-dependence demonstrated. Instead, the limitations of these models were caused mainly by the difficulty of defining a proper base-line concentration and, in particular, by the imprecision of the experimental data, indicating that it will be difficult to find more appropriate models from data obtained with unlabeled insulin.", "PMID": 736117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2455", "title": "Effect of prolonged anaerobiosis on 125I-insulin binding to rat soleus muscle: permissive effect of ATP.", "content": "The specific binding of 125I-insulin by rat soleus muscle was depressed when muscle ATP was depleted, either by prolonged anoxia or more rapidly with 2,4-dinitrophenol. Insulin binding was not eliminated in ATP-depleted muscle, but was reduced by 70--80%. Insulin binding by aerobic muscle could be resolved into two components; a high-affinity, low-capacity site (KD = 7.8 nM) and a low-affinity, high-capacity site (KD = 390 nM). The stimulatory effect of insulin on xylose uptake could be correlated with binding to the high-affinity site. These results indicate that there is some ATP-dependent process involved in the regulation of insulin binding by soleus muscle. It is suggested that this could be a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation system, acting either on the receptor itself or on some closely related membrane protein.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged anaerobiosis on 125I-insulin binding to rat soleus muscle: permissive effect of ATP. The specific binding of 125I-insulin by rat soleus muscle was depressed when muscle ATP was depleted, either by prolonged anoxia or more rapidly with 2,4-dinitrophenol. Insulin binding was not eliminated in ATP-depleted muscle, but was reduced by 70--80%. Insulin binding by aerobic muscle could be resolved into two components; a high-affinity, low-capacity site (KD = 7.8 nM) and a low-affinity, high-capacity site (KD = 390 nM). The stimulatory effect of insulin on xylose uptake could be correlated with binding to the high-affinity site. These results indicate that there is some ATP-dependent process involved in the regulation of insulin binding by soleus muscle. It is suggested that this could be a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation system, acting either on the receptor itself or on some closely related membrane protein.", "PMID": 736118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2456", "title": "Lactate metabolism in perfused rat lung.", "content": "Glucose utilization and lactate metabolism were studied in isolated rat lungs perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing either [U-14C]lactate, [U-14C]glucose, or [U-14C]alanine. Glucose uptake showed an apparent Km of 4.7 mM and a Vmax of 107 mumol-g dry wt-1-h-1. Lactate production under these conditions showed a Vmax of 82.9 mumol-g dry wt-1-h-1. At high circulating lactate level (7 mM), the perfused lung showed an increased capacity to utilize [U-14C]lactate with preferential incorporation into lung lipids. At equal molar concentration (5 mM) [U-14C]lactate was preferentially incorporated over [U-14C]glucose. Addition of 5 mM lactate to the perfusion medium did not affect lactate production. Perfused lungs from fasted rats showed higher lactate production, with increased amounts of [U-14C]alanine converted to lactate by the perfused lung, indicating lactate can also be derived from noncarbohydrate sources. These data show that under aerobic conditions the perfused lung can produce and utilize lactate simultaneously, and lactate can serve as a potential substrate for lung lipids.", "contents": "Lactate metabolism in perfused rat lung. Glucose utilization and lactate metabolism were studied in isolated rat lungs perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing either [U-14C]lactate, [U-14C]glucose, or [U-14C]alanine. Glucose uptake showed an apparent Km of 4.7 mM and a Vmax of 107 mumol-g dry wt-1-h-1. Lactate production under these conditions showed a Vmax of 82.9 mumol-g dry wt-1-h-1. At high circulating lactate level (7 mM), the perfused lung showed an increased capacity to utilize [U-14C]lactate with preferential incorporation into lung lipids. At equal molar concentration (5 mM) [U-14C]lactate was preferentially incorporated over [U-14C]glucose. Addition of 5 mM lactate to the perfusion medium did not affect lactate production. Perfused lungs from fasted rats showed higher lactate production, with increased amounts of [U-14C]alanine converted to lactate by the perfused lung, indicating lactate can also be derived from noncarbohydrate sources. These data show that under aerobic conditions the perfused lung can produce and utilize lactate simultaneously, and lactate can serve as a potential substrate for lung lipids.", "PMID": 736120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2457", "title": "Renal excretion of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in diabetes insipidus rats.", "content": "On the assumption that the antagonism between prostaglandin E2 and vasopressin might represent a negative feedback system, we evaluated the hypothesis that vasopressin stimulates, in vivo, the renal production of prostaglandins. For these studies we used Brattleboro homozygous rats with diabetes insipidus and Long-Evans rats for controls, Brattleboro homozygotes show a substantial reduction in the renal excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. Homozygotes excreted 39 +/- 5 ng/24 h prostaglandin E2 and 40 +/- 4 ng/24 h prostaglandin F2alpha, compared to 217 +/- 40 and 221 +/- 18 ng/24 h, respectively, in control rats (P less than 0.001). Therapy of homozygotes with vasopressin tannate in oil resulted in a prompt increase in the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. 1-Desamino-D-arginine vasopressin, a nonpressor analogue of vasopressin, also enhanced the renal production of prostaglandin E2. We conclude that vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) stimulates renal production and excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo. It is possible that this increment of prostaglandin synthesis serves a negative feedback function by modulating the action of vasopressin on the renal tubule.", "contents": "Renal excretion of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in diabetes insipidus rats. On the assumption that the antagonism between prostaglandin E2 and vasopressin might represent a negative feedback system, we evaluated the hypothesis that vasopressin stimulates, in vivo, the renal production of prostaglandins. For these studies we used Brattleboro homozygous rats with diabetes insipidus and Long-Evans rats for controls, Brattleboro homozygotes show a substantial reduction in the renal excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. Homozygotes excreted 39 +/- 5 ng/24 h prostaglandin E2 and 40 +/- 4 ng/24 h prostaglandin F2alpha, compared to 217 +/- 40 and 221 +/- 18 ng/24 h, respectively, in control rats (P less than 0.001). Therapy of homozygotes with vasopressin tannate in oil resulted in a prompt increase in the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. 1-Desamino-D-arginine vasopressin, a nonpressor analogue of vasopressin, also enhanced the renal production of prostaglandin E2. We conclude that vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) stimulates renal production and excretion of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo. It is possible that this increment of prostaglandin synthesis serves a negative feedback function by modulating the action of vasopressin on the renal tubule.", "PMID": 736121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2458", "title": "Role of thyroid gland in oxygen toxicity.", "content": "The effects of hyperoxia at ambient pressure on thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism have been assessed. Thyroidal activity was depressed in mice and rats by exposure to hyperoxia, due at least in part to a decrease in the rate of secretion of pituitary thyrotropin. The effects of hyperoxia on the peripheral deiodination of thyroxine (T4) were dependent on the concentration of oxygen employed and/or the duration of exposure; exposure to 40--80% oxygen for 96 h resulted in decreases in the rate of deiodination and in the deiodinative clearance of [125I]T4. Hyperoxia also resulted in a marked fall in the serum concentration of endogenous T4 and a decrease in T4-binding activity in serum. Many of these effects of hyperoxia were prevented by the concomitanat administration of large amounts of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate). These decreases in thyroid function and T4 metabolism were associated with a decrease in the rate of whole body oxygen consumption. Thus, the deleterious effects of oxygen in the rat were not due, even in part, to an oxygen-induced hyperthyroid state in the peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Role of thyroid gland in oxygen toxicity. The effects of hyperoxia at ambient pressure on thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism have been assessed. Thyroidal activity was depressed in mice and rats by exposure to hyperoxia, due at least in part to a decrease in the rate of secretion of pituitary thyrotropin. The effects of hyperoxia on the peripheral deiodination of thyroxine (T4) were dependent on the concentration of oxygen employed and/or the duration of exposure; exposure to 40--80% oxygen for 96 h resulted in decreases in the rate of deiodination and in the deiodinative clearance of [125I]T4. Hyperoxia also resulted in a marked fall in the serum concentration of endogenous T4 and a decrease in T4-binding activity in serum. Many of these effects of hyperoxia were prevented by the concomitanat administration of large amounts of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate). These decreases in thyroid function and T4 metabolism were associated with a decrease in the rate of whole body oxygen consumption. Thus, the deleterious effects of oxygen in the rat were not due, even in part, to an oxygen-induced hyperthyroid state in the peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 736122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2459", "title": "Synaptosomal [125I]triiodothyronine after intravenous [125I]thyroxine.", "content": "We administered [125I]thyroxine intravenously to adult male rats and measured uptake and subcellular distribution of the hormone and its metabolites in brain. Fractional brain uptake decreased after a large dose of iodothyronine, providing evidence for saturability of the uptake mechanism. Well-defined patterns of regional and subcellular labeling were noted within 1 h after [125I]thyroxine injection. Radioactivity in synaptosomes was always greater than in any other particle separated per gram of brain, increasing linearly relative to radioactivity in brain cytosol during the 1st h. Although [125I]triiodothyronine derived from [125I]thyroxine was not identified in serum at any time interval, it was measurable in synaptosomes within 20 min and in brain cytosol within 1 h after labeled hormone administration. Concentrations of the radioactive metabolite were twofold greater and ratios of [125I]triiodothyronine to [125I]thyroxine concentration were threefold greater in synaptosomes than in cytosol. Therefore, thyroxine may be converted to triiodothyronine within nerve terminals. Synaptosomal localization of iodothyronines and their metabolites may be relevant to the marked central and peripheral adrenergic nervous system effects of these aromatic amino acid hormones.", "contents": "Synaptosomal [125I]triiodothyronine after intravenous [125I]thyroxine. We administered [125I]thyroxine intravenously to adult male rats and measured uptake and subcellular distribution of the hormone and its metabolites in brain. Fractional brain uptake decreased after a large dose of iodothyronine, providing evidence for saturability of the uptake mechanism. Well-defined patterns of regional and subcellular labeling were noted within 1 h after [125I]thyroxine injection. Radioactivity in synaptosomes was always greater than in any other particle separated per gram of brain, increasing linearly relative to radioactivity in brain cytosol during the 1st h. Although [125I]triiodothyronine derived from [125I]thyroxine was not identified in serum at any time interval, it was measurable in synaptosomes within 20 min and in brain cytosol within 1 h after labeled hormone administration. Concentrations of the radioactive metabolite were twofold greater and ratios of [125I]triiodothyronine to [125I]thyroxine concentration were threefold greater in synaptosomes than in cytosol. Therefore, thyroxine may be converted to triiodothyronine within nerve terminals. Synaptosomal localization of iodothyronines and their metabolites may be relevant to the marked central and peripheral adrenergic nervous system effects of these aromatic amino acid hormones.", "PMID": 736123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2460", "title": "Hepatic transport kinetics and plasma disappearance curves: distributed modeling versus conventional approach.", "content": "The conventional approach to estimating hepatic transfer coefficients from the plasma disappearance curve ignores the effects of blood flow in the splanchnic and peripheral circulations. The effect of these simplifying assumptions on derived estimates of the rate constants has never been studied. To examine this problem we have constructed a distributed model that takes account of intrahepatic concentration profiles, nonuniform blood-flow distribution in the sinusoids, and delayed mixing in the peripheral circulation. Solutions to the new model constructed by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform afford a comparison between the new model and the conventional one. The sensitivity of the conventional equations to experimental error has also been evaluated. The results indicate that conventional estimates of the rate constants for hepatic uptake and cell-to-plasma efflux are subject to a systematic underestimate, the errors increasing rapidly with the initial extraction fraction. Estimates of the uptake constant obtained from the initial slope are especially susceptible to circulatory distortions and proved unacceptable even at low values of the initial extraction fraction. The liver content at 3 min did not in general provide a reliable index to these errors. In contrast to these problems, the conventional model returns generally accurate estimates of the steady-state plasma clearance and the rate constant for excretion.", "contents": "Hepatic transport kinetics and plasma disappearance curves: distributed modeling versus conventional approach. The conventional approach to estimating hepatic transfer coefficients from the plasma disappearance curve ignores the effects of blood flow in the splanchnic and peripheral circulations. The effect of these simplifying assumptions on derived estimates of the rate constants has never been studied. To examine this problem we have constructed a distributed model that takes account of intrahepatic concentration profiles, nonuniform blood-flow distribution in the sinusoids, and delayed mixing in the peripheral circulation. Solutions to the new model constructed by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform afford a comparison between the new model and the conventional one. The sensitivity of the conventional equations to experimental error has also been evaluated. The results indicate that conventional estimates of the rate constants for hepatic uptake and cell-to-plasma efflux are subject to a systematic underestimate, the errors increasing rapidly with the initial extraction fraction. Estimates of the uptake constant obtained from the initial slope are especially susceptible to circulatory distortions and proved unacceptable even at low values of the initial extraction fraction. The liver content at 3 min did not in general provide a reliable index to these errors. In contrast to these problems, the conventional model returns generally accurate estimates of the steady-state plasma clearance and the rate constant for excretion.", "PMID": 736124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2461", "title": "Disruptive effect of test meals on interdigestive motor complex in dogs.", "content": "The disruptive effect of food and food components on the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was studied in conscious dogs. Three types of test meals were fed, and the interval between feeding and the reappearance of the first phase III of the MMC was determined. When commercial dog food was used a linear relation was observed btween the quantity of food (expressed as kcal/kg body wt) and the duration of the disruption of the MMC. Equicaloric amounts of the three major food components disrupted the MMC pattern for periods of time that were related to the nature of the food: the effect of arachis oil lasted longer than that of sucrose and much longer than that of milk protein. Medium chain triglycerides had a potent disruptive effect. Mixtures of these food components produced a disruptive effect that could not be calculated from the individual effect of each component. Phase III of the first and second MMC after feeding started at a lower level of the intestine than after a long fast. The duration of disruption of the MMC after a meal depends much more on the physicochemical composition of the food than on its volume or amount of calories.", "contents": "Disruptive effect of test meals on interdigestive motor complex in dogs. The disruptive effect of food and food components on the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was studied in conscious dogs. Three types of test meals were fed, and the interval between feeding and the reappearance of the first phase III of the MMC was determined. When commercial dog food was used a linear relation was observed btween the quantity of food (expressed as kcal/kg body wt) and the duration of the disruption of the MMC. Equicaloric amounts of the three major food components disrupted the MMC pattern for periods of time that were related to the nature of the food: the effect of arachis oil lasted longer than that of sucrose and much longer than that of milk protein. Medium chain triglycerides had a potent disruptive effect. Mixtures of these food components produced a disruptive effect that could not be calculated from the individual effect of each component. Phase III of the first and second MMC after feeding started at a lower level of the intestine than after a long fast. The duration of disruption of the MMC after a meal depends much more on the physicochemical composition of the food than on its volume or amount of calories.", "PMID": 736125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2462", "title": "Role of gastrin and insulin in postprandial disruption of migrating complex in dogs.", "content": "The duration of the disruption of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) by various test meals in dogs was correlated with changes in serum gastrin and insulin levels. The test meals consisted of milk protein, sucrose, arachis oil and medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Intravenous infusions of glucose 20% were also used. Electrical activity of the small intestine was registered by means of electrodes implanted over the entire length of the gut. Hormones were assayed by radioimmunoassay techniques. The insulin level rose significantly after both the glucose infusion and the sucrose meal. The rise was small after the milk protein meal and nothing after arachis oil and MCT. Gastrin level was not changed by arachis oil or MCT and rose slightly after sucrose and milk protein. The MMC was not disrupted by glucose infusions, but was disrupted for 5--7 h by archis oil and for 6--12 h by MCT. We conclude that in dogs neither gastrin nor insulin have an important role in the mechanism of disruption of the MMC after feeding.", "contents": "Role of gastrin and insulin in postprandial disruption of migrating complex in dogs. The duration of the disruption of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) by various test meals in dogs was correlated with changes in serum gastrin and insulin levels. The test meals consisted of milk protein, sucrose, arachis oil and medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Intravenous infusions of glucose 20% were also used. Electrical activity of the small intestine was registered by means of electrodes implanted over the entire length of the gut. Hormones were assayed by radioimmunoassay techniques. The insulin level rose significantly after both the glucose infusion and the sucrose meal. The rise was small after the milk protein meal and nothing after arachis oil and MCT. Gastrin level was not changed by arachis oil or MCT and rose slightly after sucrose and milk protein. The MMC was not disrupted by glucose infusions, but was disrupted for 5--7 h by archis oil and for 6--12 h by MCT. We conclude that in dogs neither gastrin nor insulin have an important role in the mechanism of disruption of the MMC after feeding.", "PMID": 736126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2463", "title": "A basic relationship between gastric and duodenal motilities in chickens.", "content": "Chickens were chronically fitted with a duodenal cannula and pairs of electrodes implanted in the wall of the muscular stomach, duodenum and ileum. Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded in both fed and fasted conditions under a 12--12 h dark-light schedule. Two major patterns of activity were identified. The first consisted of spike bursts that propagated rapidly either aborally from the stomach or orally from the ileum. Aborad-propagated spike bursts were most frequent during the daytime; this circadian variation was abolished by vagotomy, which also increased the frequency of orad-propagated spike bursts. The second pattern was characterized by periods of repetitive spike bursts lasting 3--10 min and spreading aborally at a slower rate. In the fasted chicken, the daily frequency was increased and the period of repetitive spike bursts resembled the prolonged bursts of spike potentials recorded in the feline small intestine. The results suggest that the propulsion of digesta might depend on the ratio of spike bursts moving aborally from the stomach to those moving orally from the ileum. Both factors were influenced by the level of stomach activity.", "contents": "A basic relationship between gastric and duodenal motilities in chickens. Chickens were chronically fitted with a duodenal cannula and pairs of electrodes implanted in the wall of the muscular stomach, duodenum and ileum. Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded in both fed and fasted conditions under a 12--12 h dark-light schedule. Two major patterns of activity were identified. The first consisted of spike bursts that propagated rapidly either aborally from the stomach or orally from the ileum. Aborad-propagated spike bursts were most frequent during the daytime; this circadian variation was abolished by vagotomy, which also increased the frequency of orad-propagated spike bursts. The second pattern was characterized by periods of repetitive spike bursts lasting 3--10 min and spreading aborally at a slower rate. In the fasted chicken, the daily frequency was increased and the period of repetitive spike bursts resembled the prolonged bursts of spike potentials recorded in the feline small intestine. The results suggest that the propulsion of digesta might depend on the ratio of spike bursts moving aborally from the stomach to those moving orally from the ileum. Both factors were influenced by the level of stomach activity.", "PMID": 736127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2464", "title": "Folic acid transport by mammalian small intestine.", "content": "The unidirectional influx of folic acid across the mucosal border of hamster duodenum and rat jejunum was determined. Influx follows saturation kinetics, is sodium-dependent, and is inhibited by methotrexate and is sodium-dependent, and is inhbited by methotrexate and folinic acid in the mucosal bathing solution. In hamster duodenum, the maximal influx is 1.2 nmol/(cm2.h), and the folic acid concentration required to give a half maximal influx (Km) is 7.2 micron.. At mucosal folic acid concentration of 1.5 micron, influx is reduced at least 65% by removal of sodium from the bathing solution. The influx process is significantly inhibited by cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The possibility was evaluated that the acidic microclimate at the brush border regulates the rate of folic acid transport and that inhibition of transmural transport by sodium-free media, ouabain, and methotrexate is brought about indirectly by an increase in pH of the microclimate. The data favor the alternative concept of a sodium-dependent carrier mechanism for entry of folic acid into the cells. The information presented is consistent with active transport of folic acid by a sodium-gradient mechanism, but additional information will be necessary to substantiate such a model.", "contents": "Folic acid transport by mammalian small intestine. The unidirectional influx of folic acid across the mucosal border of hamster duodenum and rat jejunum was determined. Influx follows saturation kinetics, is sodium-dependent, and is inhibited by methotrexate and is sodium-dependent, and is inhbited by methotrexate and folinic acid in the mucosal bathing solution. In hamster duodenum, the maximal influx is 1.2 nmol/(cm2.h), and the folic acid concentration required to give a half maximal influx (Km) is 7.2 micron.. At mucosal folic acid concentration of 1.5 micron, influx is reduced at least 65% by removal of sodium from the bathing solution. The influx process is significantly inhibited by cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The possibility was evaluated that the acidic microclimate at the brush border regulates the rate of folic acid transport and that inhibition of transmural transport by sodium-free media, ouabain, and methotrexate is brought about indirectly by an increase in pH of the microclimate. The data favor the alternative concept of a sodium-dependent carrier mechanism for entry of folic acid into the cells. The information presented is consistent with active transport of folic acid by a sodium-gradient mechanism, but additional information will be necessary to substantiate such a model.", "PMID": 736128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2465", "title": "Regional differences in potassium content of smooth muscle from opossum esophagus.", "content": "Strips from the proximal part of the smooth muscle segment of opossum esophagus have a significantly higher potassium content (50 +/- 3 meq/kg) than those from the distal part (38 +/- 3 meq/kg). There are no significant differences between the two regions in content of sodium (65 +/- 4 meq/kg in proximal, 71 +/- 3 meq/kg in distal) or chloride (48 +/- 10 meq/kg in proximal, 42 +/- 5 meq/ kg in distal). The mean [14C]inulin uptake is 240 +/- 10 ml/kg in both proximal and distal strips. [14C]polyethylene glycol uptake is smaller and [14C]sucrose and [14C]mannitol uptake in both areas are larger than that of inulin. Intracellular potassium concentration (based on the inulin uptake as an estimate of the extracellular space volume) is significantly higher proximally (71 +/- 3 mM) than distally (52 +/- mM). Ouabain, 10(-4) M, increases the intracellular concentration of sodium and decreases the intracellular concentration of potassium in both the proximal and distal segment. The efflux of 86Rb, measured by a washout technique, is higher in the distal than in the proximal smooth muscle segment. A difference in membrane permeability to rubidium and hence, potassium between proximal and distal smooth muscle segments may account in part for the different intracellular potassium concentrations.", "contents": "Regional differences in potassium content of smooth muscle from opossum esophagus. Strips from the proximal part of the smooth muscle segment of opossum esophagus have a significantly higher potassium content (50 +/- 3 meq/kg) than those from the distal part (38 +/- 3 meq/kg). There are no significant differences between the two regions in content of sodium (65 +/- 4 meq/kg in proximal, 71 +/- 3 meq/kg in distal) or chloride (48 +/- 10 meq/kg in proximal, 42 +/- 5 meq/ kg in distal). The mean [14C]inulin uptake is 240 +/- 10 ml/kg in both proximal and distal strips. [14C]polyethylene glycol uptake is smaller and [14C]sucrose and [14C]mannitol uptake in both areas are larger than that of inulin. Intracellular potassium concentration (based on the inulin uptake as an estimate of the extracellular space volume) is significantly higher proximally (71 +/- 3 mM) than distally (52 +/- mM). Ouabain, 10(-4) M, increases the intracellular concentration of sodium and decreases the intracellular concentration of potassium in both the proximal and distal segment. The efflux of 86Rb, measured by a washout technique, is higher in the distal than in the proximal smooth muscle segment. A difference in membrane permeability to rubidium and hence, potassium between proximal and distal smooth muscle segments may account in part for the different intracellular potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 736131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2466", "title": "Interaction of caerulein and secretin on pancreatic size and composition in rat.", "content": "Rats were given injections of caerulein, secretin, or a combination of these two peptides subcutaneously 3 times daily for 5, 10, or 15 days. Caerulein produced significant dose- and time-dependent increases in pancreatic weight and content of DNA, RNA, protein, amylase, and trypsinogen. Secretin produced significant increases in pancreatic weight and content of RNA and lipase after 15 days of treatment. After only 5 days of treatment with a combination of secretin plus caerulein, pancreatic weight and content of RNA and protein more than doubled, and trypsinogen content increased more than fivefold. Comparing the averages across the 5-, 10-, and 15-day values, increases in weight, protein, and trypsinogen with the combination of secretin plus caerulein were significantly greater than the sum of the effects of the peptides given singly. Using increase in DNA content as an index of hyperplasia and increases in the ratios of pancreatic weight, RNA content, and protein content to DNA content as indices of hypertrophy, we concluded that caerulein produced both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of rat pancreatic acinar cells. Secretin markedly augmented the hypertrophic action of caerulein but did not alter its hyperplastic action.", "contents": "Interaction of caerulein and secretin on pancreatic size and composition in rat. Rats were given injections of caerulein, secretin, or a combination of these two peptides subcutaneously 3 times daily for 5, 10, or 15 days. Caerulein produced significant dose- and time-dependent increases in pancreatic weight and content of DNA, RNA, protein, amylase, and trypsinogen. Secretin produced significant increases in pancreatic weight and content of RNA and lipase after 15 days of treatment. After only 5 days of treatment with a combination of secretin plus caerulein, pancreatic weight and content of RNA and protein more than doubled, and trypsinogen content increased more than fivefold. Comparing the averages across the 5-, 10-, and 15-day values, increases in weight, protein, and trypsinogen with the combination of secretin plus caerulein were significantly greater than the sum of the effects of the peptides given singly. Using increase in DNA content as an index of hyperplasia and increases in the ratios of pancreatic weight, RNA content, and protein content to DNA content as indices of hypertrophy, we concluded that caerulein produced both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of rat pancreatic acinar cells. Secretin markedly augmented the hypertrophic action of caerulein but did not alter its hyperplastic action.", "PMID": 736132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2467", "title": "Cellular and paracellular calcium transport in rat ileum: effects of dietary calcium.", "content": "The mechanism of calcium transport and its modulation by dietary Ca restriction in rat ileum have been investigated employing an in vitro voltage-clamp technique. Ca fluxes directed from mucosa-to-serosa (J(Ca)ms) and serosa-to-mucosa (J(Ca)sm) exhibit components consistent with both cellular and paracellular pathways. The cellular Ca fluxes are both dependent on medium Na and are abolished at 10 degrees C. In addition, a cellular component of J(Ca)ms displays voltage dependence. A low-calcium diet, which induces the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, causes a marked increase in both cellular J(Ca)ms and Ca influx from media to cells with little absolute effect on the paracellular pathway. This evidence is consistent with the existence of electrogenic Na-Ca exchange pumps at both brush-border and basolateral membranes, driven in part by the Na electrochemical gradient. Dietary Ca conditioning may control the direction of net Ca transport by modulation of the saturable influx process at the brush border.", "contents": "Cellular and paracellular calcium transport in rat ileum: effects of dietary calcium. The mechanism of calcium transport and its modulation by dietary Ca restriction in rat ileum have been investigated employing an in vitro voltage-clamp technique. Ca fluxes directed from mucosa-to-serosa (J(Ca)ms) and serosa-to-mucosa (J(Ca)sm) exhibit components consistent with both cellular and paracellular pathways. The cellular Ca fluxes are both dependent on medium Na and are abolished at 10 degrees C. In addition, a cellular component of J(Ca)ms displays voltage dependence. A low-calcium diet, which induces the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, causes a marked increase in both cellular J(Ca)ms and Ca influx from media to cells with little absolute effect on the paracellular pathway. This evidence is consistent with the existence of electrogenic Na-Ca exchange pumps at both brush-border and basolateral membranes, driven in part by the Na electrochemical gradient. Dietary Ca conditioning may control the direction of net Ca transport by modulation of the saturable influx process at the brush border.", "PMID": 736134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2468", "title": "Kinetics of amylase release by dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas.", "content": "When incubated with a secretagogue such as cholecystokinin (CCK), dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas released substantially more amylase than did dispersed single acinar cells. With CCK the rate of amylase release from dispersed acini decreased after 5 min of incubation and remained constant for the subsequent 25 min. The magnitude of the reduction in the rate of amylase release after 5 min was greater with higher concentrations of CCK. With vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the rate of amylase release remained constant for at least 30 min. With CCK plus VIP, potentiation of the rate of amylase release occurred only during the first 15 min of incubation. After 15 min of incubation, the effects of the two peptides were additive. When dispersed acini were first incubated with CCK, potentiation of amylase release occurred only when VIP was added during the initial 10 min of incubation. In contrast, when cells were first incubated with VIP, potentiation of amylase release occurred when CCK was added as long as 30 min after VIP.", "contents": "Kinetics of amylase release by dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas. When incubated with a secretagogue such as cholecystokinin (CCK), dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas released substantially more amylase than did dispersed single acinar cells. With CCK the rate of amylase release from dispersed acini decreased after 5 min of incubation and remained constant for the subsequent 25 min. The magnitude of the reduction in the rate of amylase release after 5 min was greater with higher concentrations of CCK. With vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the rate of amylase release remained constant for at least 30 min. With CCK plus VIP, potentiation of the rate of amylase release occurred only during the first 15 min of incubation. After 15 min of incubation, the effects of the two peptides were additive. When dispersed acini were first incubated with CCK, potentiation of amylase release occurred only when VIP was added during the initial 10 min of incubation. In contrast, when cells were first incubated with VIP, potentiation of amylase release occurred when CCK was added as long as 30 min after VIP.", "PMID": 736135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2469", "title": "Interactions between volume expansion or diuretics and compensatory adaptation.", "content": "Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and Na excretion were measured 3--4 h after unilateral nephrectomy (1/2Nex) or sham operation in unanesthetized rats infused with isotonic saline (0.05--0.75 ml/min) and additionally injected with acetazolamind (20 mg/kg i.p.) or furosemide (5 mg/kg i.p., or 0.2 mg/kg i.v., or 2.0 mg/kg i.v.) or with both agents. Glomerular filtration rate of unilaterally nephrectomized rats averaged 50% of controls. Under all experimental conditions investigated, absolute water and Na excretions were similar in 1/2Nex and sham-operated rats. The fractional excretion (FE) of water and Na was increased 1.5- to 2.2-fold in 1/2Nex animals. The diuretic effects of volume expansion, of the two diuretic agents, and of contralateral nephrectomy consistently were additive. The \"compensatory\" increase of FESa following contralateral nephrectomy entailed a proportional increase of the diuretic effects of agents given subsequently. Urinary furosemide excretion 15 min after intravenous injection in unilaterally nephrectomized rats was smaller than in controls. The additivity of the diuretic effects of contralateral nephrectomy (\"compensatory adaptation\") and volume expansion and/or diuretic agents appears to be partly explained by different sites of action.", "contents": "Interactions between volume expansion or diuretics and compensatory adaptation. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and Na excretion were measured 3--4 h after unilateral nephrectomy (1/2Nex) or sham operation in unanesthetized rats infused with isotonic saline (0.05--0.75 ml/min) and additionally injected with acetazolamind (20 mg/kg i.p.) or furosemide (5 mg/kg i.p., or 0.2 mg/kg i.v., or 2.0 mg/kg i.v.) or with both agents. Glomerular filtration rate of unilaterally nephrectomized rats averaged 50% of controls. Under all experimental conditions investigated, absolute water and Na excretions were similar in 1/2Nex and sham-operated rats. The fractional excretion (FE) of water and Na was increased 1.5- to 2.2-fold in 1/2Nex animals. The diuretic effects of volume expansion, of the two diuretic agents, and of contralateral nephrectomy consistently were additive. The \"compensatory\" increase of FESa following contralateral nephrectomy entailed a proportional increase of the diuretic effects of agents given subsequently. Urinary furosemide excretion 15 min after intravenous injection in unilaterally nephrectomized rats was smaller than in controls. The additivity of the diuretic effects of contralateral nephrectomy (\"compensatory adaptation\") and volume expansion and/or diuretic agents appears to be partly explained by different sites of action.", "PMID": 736136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2470", "title": "Bidirectional sodium fluxes across the placenta of conscious sheep.", "content": "Conscious pregnant sheep in the last 3 wk of gestation were studied 1--3 days after surgery. Fetal plasma sodium concentration was significantly lower than maternal. A mean electrical potential difference (PD) of 34 +/- 4 (SE) mV (n = 24) was recorded between maternal and fetal intravascular catheters, the mother being positive with reference to fetus. Unidirectional fetomaternal (Jf leads to m) and maternofetal (Jm leads to f) sodium fluxes were determined by application of Fick's principle to uterine and umbilical circulations following injection of 22NaCl or 24NaCl to fetus or mother, respectively. Blood flows were measured by an antipyrine technique. Jm leads to f = 0.142 +/- 0.029 mmol/min (n = 10); Jf leads to m =0.137 +/- 0.015 mmol/min (n = 21). Jm leads to f increased as a linear function of calculated fetal weight. In seven sheep both Jm leads to f and Jf leads to m were measured in a single experiment. The measured ratio Jm leads to f/Jf leads to m was significantly different from the ratio predicted using Ussing's flux ratio equation. There is probably a transplacental sodium pump active in the direction fetus to mother.", "contents": "Bidirectional sodium fluxes across the placenta of conscious sheep. Conscious pregnant sheep in the last 3 wk of gestation were studied 1--3 days after surgery. Fetal plasma sodium concentration was significantly lower than maternal. A mean electrical potential difference (PD) of 34 +/- 4 (SE) mV (n = 24) was recorded between maternal and fetal intravascular catheters, the mother being positive with reference to fetus. Unidirectional fetomaternal (Jf leads to m) and maternofetal (Jm leads to f) sodium fluxes were determined by application of Fick's principle to uterine and umbilical circulations following injection of 22NaCl or 24NaCl to fetus or mother, respectively. Blood flows were measured by an antipyrine technique. Jm leads to f = 0.142 +/- 0.029 mmol/min (n = 10); Jf leads to m =0.137 +/- 0.015 mmol/min (n = 21). Jm leads to f increased as a linear function of calculated fetal weight. In seven sheep both Jm leads to f and Jf leads to m were measured in a single experiment. The measured ratio Jm leads to f/Jf leads to m was significantly different from the ratio predicted using Ussing's flux ratio equation. There is probably a transplacental sodium pump active in the direction fetus to mother.", "PMID": 736137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2471", "title": "Actions of adrenergic agonists on isolated excretory ducts of submandibular glands.", "content": "The effects of norepinephrine and isoproterenol on the transepithelial potential difference (PD) and the net transepithelial fluxes of Na, K, Cl, and HCO3 of the main ducts of the submandibular glands of rats and rabbits have been studied by microperfusion of ducts incubated in vitro in an artifical bathing medium. In the rabbit duct, both catecholamines caused depolarization and reduced transepithelial Na reabsorption at concentrations above 10(-29) M. In the rat duct, norepinephrine reduced PD and net Na reabsorption and, in addition, inhibited net K secretion at concentrations of 10(-7) M and above. Isoproterenol also depolarized the duct and reduced net K reabsorption, but at concentrations of 10(-9) M it stimulated net Na reabsorption, whereas at concentrations of 10(-4) M it inhibited Na reabsorption. The stimulation caused by isoproterenol at low concentrations could be blocked by prior administration of propranolol. The results suggest that electrolyte transport, by both rat and rabbit ducts, may be influenced not only by sympathetic nerve activity but also by physiological changes in the concentrations of circulating catecholamines. Inconsistencies in the literature regarding the sensitivity of the rabbit duct to catecholamines and the response of the rat duct to isoproterenol have now been resolved.", "contents": "Actions of adrenergic agonists on isolated excretory ducts of submandibular glands. The effects of norepinephrine and isoproterenol on the transepithelial potential difference (PD) and the net transepithelial fluxes of Na, K, Cl, and HCO3 of the main ducts of the submandibular glands of rats and rabbits have been studied by microperfusion of ducts incubated in vitro in an artifical bathing medium. In the rabbit duct, both catecholamines caused depolarization and reduced transepithelial Na reabsorption at concentrations above 10(-29) M. In the rat duct, norepinephrine reduced PD and net Na reabsorption and, in addition, inhibited net K secretion at concentrations of 10(-7) M and above. Isoproterenol also depolarized the duct and reduced net K reabsorption, but at concentrations of 10(-9) M it stimulated net Na reabsorption, whereas at concentrations of 10(-4) M it inhibited Na reabsorption. The stimulation caused by isoproterenol at low concentrations could be blocked by prior administration of propranolol. The results suggest that electrolyte transport, by both rat and rabbit ducts, may be influenced not only by sympathetic nerve activity but also by physiological changes in the concentrations of circulating catecholamines. Inconsistencies in the literature regarding the sensitivity of the rabbit duct to catecholamines and the response of the rat duct to isoproterenol have now been resolved.", "PMID": 736139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2472", "title": "Effect of decreased renal sympathetic nerve activity on renal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "content": "The effect of decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity on renal tubular sodium reabsorption was examined in anesthetized dogs. Reflex decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity were produced by left atrial distention and stellate ganglion stimulation. Both interventions produced significant decreases in directly recorded efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity of 42 and 36%, respectively. With renal perfusion pressure held constant, neither glomerular filtration rate nor renal blood flow were significantly altered, but significant and reversible increases in urine flow and sodium excretion occurred. These studies demonstrate that reflex decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity result in decreases in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without changes in renal hemodynamics.", "contents": "Effect of decreased renal sympathetic nerve activity on renal tubular sodium reabsorption. The effect of decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity on renal tubular sodium reabsorption was examined in anesthetized dogs. Reflex decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity were produced by left atrial distention and stellate ganglion stimulation. Both interventions produced significant decreases in directly recorded efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity of 42 and 36%, respectively. With renal perfusion pressure held constant, neither glomerular filtration rate nor renal blood flow were significantly altered, but significant and reversible increases in urine flow and sodium excretion occurred. These studies demonstrate that reflex decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity result in decreases in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without changes in renal hemodynamics.", "PMID": 736140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2473", "title": "Renal histamine H1 and H2 receptors: characterization and functional significance.", "content": "Canine experiments were designed to determine if both histamine H1 and H2 receptors are present in the renal circulation. Renal blood flow (RBF) increased steeply over the first minute of intra-arterial histamine infusion, then increased gradually to a plateau in 3--5 min. Infusion of either histamine + H2 antagonist or of H1 agonist produced the initial rapid increase in RBF, whereas infusion of either histamine + H1 antagonist or of H2 antagonist produced a slower but more sustained increase in RBF. Histamine significantly increased urine flow rate (V), chloride excretion, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Infusion of the H2 agonist also increased V and Cl excretion without affecting GFR. By contrast H1 agonist significantly reduced V and Cl excretion and tended to reduce GFR (P less than 0.1 greater than 0.05). Histamine, H1 agonist, and H2 agonist each increased inner cortical more than outer cortical blood flow. These data suggest that 1) H1 and H2 receptors are present in the renal vasculature, 2) changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution are not responsible for histamine-induced diuresis, and 3) H1 receptors are primarily postglomerular while H2 receptors exhibit both pre- and postglomerular distribution.", "contents": "Renal histamine H1 and H2 receptors: characterization and functional significance. Canine experiments were designed to determine if both histamine H1 and H2 receptors are present in the renal circulation. Renal blood flow (RBF) increased steeply over the first minute of intra-arterial histamine infusion, then increased gradually to a plateau in 3--5 min. Infusion of either histamine + H2 antagonist or of H1 agonist produced the initial rapid increase in RBF, whereas infusion of either histamine + H1 antagonist or of H2 antagonist produced a slower but more sustained increase in RBF. Histamine significantly increased urine flow rate (V), chloride excretion, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Infusion of the H2 agonist also increased V and Cl excretion without affecting GFR. By contrast H1 agonist significantly reduced V and Cl excretion and tended to reduce GFR (P less than 0.1 greater than 0.05). Histamine, H1 agonist, and H2 agonist each increased inner cortical more than outer cortical blood flow. These data suggest that 1) H1 and H2 receptors are present in the renal vasculature, 2) changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution are not responsible for histamine-induced diuresis, and 3) H1 receptors are primarily postglomerular while H2 receptors exhibit both pre- and postglomerular distribution.", "PMID": 736141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2474", "title": "Relative sodium-to-chloride permeability in the proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "Electrophysiological techniques were used in isolated perfused proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to examine the effect of changes in bath protein concentration on paracellular properties and of active salt transport on relative sodium-to-chloride permeability (PNa/PCl). Control transepithelial potential difference (PD) and NaCl dilution potentials were determined in tubules perfused and bathed with an ultrafiltrate-like solution. PNa/PCl was calculated from the NaCl dilution potential. In the first series of experiments PD and PNa/PCl were redetermined in the same PCT following three experimental maneuvers known to inhibit active salt transport. Addition of 10(-5) M ouabain to the bath, removal of luminal glucose and alanine, and removal of luminal glucose, alanine, bicarbonate, and acetate reduced PD but did not alter the NaCl dilution potential, and therefore PNa/PCl was constant. Constant PNa/PCl in these experiments suggests a) that lowering bath NaCl concentration does not change transcellular current flow, b) that PNa/PCl reflects the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway, and c) that the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway is independent of active salt transport. In the second set of experiments PD and PNA/PCl were redetermined following addition of protein to the bath. Neither PD nor PNa/PCl was altered. Analyses of these data argue against modulation of paracellular permeability by bath protein in the in vitro rabbit PCT and suggest that the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway is determined predominantly by junctional complexes rather than lateral intercellular spaces.", "contents": "Relative sodium-to-chloride permeability in the proximal convoluted tubule. Electrophysiological techniques were used in isolated perfused proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to examine the effect of changes in bath protein concentration on paracellular properties and of active salt transport on relative sodium-to-chloride permeability (PNa/PCl). Control transepithelial potential difference (PD) and NaCl dilution potentials were determined in tubules perfused and bathed with an ultrafiltrate-like solution. PNa/PCl was calculated from the NaCl dilution potential. In the first series of experiments PD and PNa/PCl were redetermined in the same PCT following three experimental maneuvers known to inhibit active salt transport. Addition of 10(-5) M ouabain to the bath, removal of luminal glucose and alanine, and removal of luminal glucose, alanine, bicarbonate, and acetate reduced PD but did not alter the NaCl dilution potential, and therefore PNa/PCl was constant. Constant PNa/PCl in these experiments suggests a) that lowering bath NaCl concentration does not change transcellular current flow, b) that PNa/PCl reflects the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway, and c) that the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway is independent of active salt transport. In the second set of experiments PD and PNA/PCl were redetermined following addition of protein to the bath. Neither PD nor PNa/PCl was altered. Analyses of these data argue against modulation of paracellular permeability by bath protein in the in vitro rabbit PCT and suggest that the ion selectivity of the paracellular pathway is determined predominantly by junctional complexes rather than lateral intercellular spaces.", "PMID": 736143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2475", "title": "Effect of exogenous and endogenous angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Rat kidneys were perfused with an artificial solution at constant pressure. The infusion of angiotensin II (AII) (1.5--6 ng min-1) reduced renal perfusate flow (RPF) from 36.6 +/- 2.4 to 19.3 +/- 1.4 ml min-1 (P less than 0.001) (n = 13); GFR rose from 0.48 +/- 0.06 to 0.63 +/- 0.04 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05), and filtration fraction (FF) rose accordingly from 0.015 +/- 0.002 to 0.033 +/- 0.003 (P greater than 0.01). The same results were obtained with purified renin substrate (synthetic tetradecapeptide, 100 ng min-1, n = 8); RPF fell from 31.5 +/- 2.9 to 17.2 +/- 2 ml min-1 (P less than 0.001), GFR rose from 0.36 +/- 0.05 to 0.51 +/- 0.04 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05), and FF increased from 0.021 +/- 0.002 to 0.034 +/- 0.006 (P less than 0.01). The effects of renin substrate were completely prevented by the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20,881 (3 X 10(-5) M). In another six experiments the effects of renin substrate at the same dose were fully reversed by addition of the analogue [Sar1,Ala8]AII. We interpret these findings to indicate that both exogenous and endogenous AII produce preferential vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole, increasing the driving force for ultrafiltration and thereby maintaining or increasing GFR in the face of a reduced plasma flow.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous and endogenous angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Rat kidneys were perfused with an artificial solution at constant pressure. The infusion of angiotensin II (AII) (1.5--6 ng min-1) reduced renal perfusate flow (RPF) from 36.6 +/- 2.4 to 19.3 +/- 1.4 ml min-1 (P less than 0.001) (n = 13); GFR rose from 0.48 +/- 0.06 to 0.63 +/- 0.04 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05), and filtration fraction (FF) rose accordingly from 0.015 +/- 0.002 to 0.033 +/- 0.003 (P greater than 0.01). The same results were obtained with purified renin substrate (synthetic tetradecapeptide, 100 ng min-1, n = 8); RPF fell from 31.5 +/- 2.9 to 17.2 +/- 2 ml min-1 (P less than 0.001), GFR rose from 0.36 +/- 0.05 to 0.51 +/- 0.04 ml min-1 (P less than 0.05), and FF increased from 0.021 +/- 0.002 to 0.034 +/- 0.006 (P less than 0.01). The effects of renin substrate were completely prevented by the converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20,881 (3 X 10(-5) M). In another six experiments the effects of renin substrate at the same dose were fully reversed by addition of the analogue [Sar1,Ala8]AII. We interpret these findings to indicate that both exogenous and endogenous AII produce preferential vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole, increasing the driving force for ultrafiltration and thereby maintaining or increasing GFR in the face of a reduced plasma flow.", "PMID": 736144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2476", "title": "Transcellular and paracellular tracer chloride fluxes in Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "Necturus proximal tubule lumen was filled with solutions of Na36Cl or [36Cl]tetramethylammonium ([36Cl]TMA) and the tracer disappearance was measured. With these tracers it was possible to differentiate between chloride fluxes across the cellular and the extracellular shunt pathways. Since it was previously shown that chloride does not enter tubule cells from the lumen unless Na is also present in the lumen, the [36Cl]TMA disappearance rate gave the shunt flux of chloride while the Na36Cl disappearance rate gave the sum of the transcellular and the shunt fluxes. The transcellular tracer chloride flux was unaffected by changes in the transepithelial potential difference, and the rate constant for the chloride flux from lumen to cell was identical to that previously reported for luminal sodium entry. These observations support the conclusion that a coupled transport of NaCl, in an electrically silent form, occurs across the luminal membrane of the Necturus proximal tubule cell. Shunt chloride flux was directly proportional to the electrical driving force, indicating diffusional chloride movement out of the lumen into the shunt pathway.", "contents": "Transcellular and paracellular tracer chloride fluxes in Necturus proximal tubule. Necturus proximal tubule lumen was filled with solutions of Na36Cl or [36Cl]tetramethylammonium ([36Cl]TMA) and the tracer disappearance was measured. With these tracers it was possible to differentiate between chloride fluxes across the cellular and the extracellular shunt pathways. Since it was previously shown that chloride does not enter tubule cells from the lumen unless Na is also present in the lumen, the [36Cl]TMA disappearance rate gave the shunt flux of chloride while the Na36Cl disappearance rate gave the sum of the transcellular and the shunt fluxes. The transcellular tracer chloride flux was unaffected by changes in the transepithelial potential difference, and the rate constant for the chloride flux from lumen to cell was identical to that previously reported for luminal sodium entry. These observations support the conclusion that a coupled transport of NaCl, in an electrically silent form, occurs across the luminal membrane of the Necturus proximal tubule cell. Shunt chloride flux was directly proportional to the electrical driving force, indicating diffusional chloride movement out of the lumen into the shunt pathway.", "PMID": 736146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2477", "title": "A model for transepithelial fluid transport.", "content": "A number of experimental observations which are not easily, or at all, accommodated within the framework of the natriocentric theory for transepithelial fluid transport are discussed. These are shown to be not merely accommodated but actually predicted by a simple model for fluid transport in which the major osmotic force leading to fluid transport derives from solutes other than NaCl. The model is then analyzed for feasibility in light of existing data relating to reflection coefficients for NaCl and hydraulic conductivity. Certain lines of evidence for specific active sodium transport are critically reexamined.", "contents": "A model for transepithelial fluid transport. A number of experimental observations which are not easily, or at all, accommodated within the framework of the natriocentric theory for transepithelial fluid transport are discussed. These are shown to be not merely accommodated but actually predicted by a simple model for fluid transport in which the major osmotic force leading to fluid transport derives from solutes other than NaCl. The model is then analyzed for feasibility in light of existing data relating to reflection coefficients for NaCl and hydraulic conductivity. Certain lines of evidence for specific active sodium transport are critically reexamined.", "PMID": 736147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2478", "title": "A network thermodynamic model of salt and water flow across the kidney proximal tubule.", "content": "This network thermodynamic model of kidney proximal tubule epithelium treats coupled salt and water flow across each component membrane of the epithelium. We investigate the effects of various relative internal parameter values on the concentration of transepithelial flow, the concentrations in the cell and interspace, and the distribution of flows between cellular and paracellular routes. Best fit is obtaine if the apical and basolateral membrane reflection coefficients (or) are equal. The measured transepithelial filtration coefficient, Lp, is a function not only of the component Lps but also of the internal concentrations, or's, and permeabilities. For the given system topology (i.e., connectedness), parameters of component membranes must be within a narrow range to be consistent with experimental results. The dependence of the concentration of transported fluid on the balance between the solute pump rate and the transepithelial volume flow driving force is shown. This has implications for the effects of peritubular or lumen oncotic pressure on salt and water flow. With Appendix B of this paper and a user's guide for a circuit-simulation package (e.g., SPICE or PCAP) the reader can perform similar network analyses of transport models himself.", "contents": "A network thermodynamic model of salt and water flow across the kidney proximal tubule. This network thermodynamic model of kidney proximal tubule epithelium treats coupled salt and water flow across each component membrane of the epithelium. We investigate the effects of various relative internal parameter values on the concentration of transepithelial flow, the concentrations in the cell and interspace, and the distribution of flows between cellular and paracellular routes. Best fit is obtaine if the apical and basolateral membrane reflection coefficients (or) are equal. The measured transepithelial filtration coefficient, Lp, is a function not only of the component Lps but also of the internal concentrations, or's, and permeabilities. For the given system topology (i.e., connectedness), parameters of component membranes must be within a narrow range to be consistent with experimental results. The dependence of the concentration of transported fluid on the balance between the solute pump rate and the transepithelial volume flow driving force is shown. This has implications for the effects of peritubular or lumen oncotic pressure on salt and water flow. With Appendix B of this paper and a user's guide for a circuit-simulation package (e.g., SPICE or PCAP) the reader can perform similar network analyses of transport models himself.", "PMID": 736148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2479", "title": "Myocardial perfusion and function during acute right ventricular systolic hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamics, myocardial function, and regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) were measured in 6 closed-chest ponies anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride before (control) and after creation of acute right ventricular systolic hypertension (RVSH) during normoxia and isocapnic hypoxia. The right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure during each RVSH approached 90 mmHg. There were significant alterations in the pattern of total ventricular MBG distribution in favor of the RV. Because RV myocardium received proportionate increments to its endocardium as well as epicardium, it is concluded that autoregulation in the RV coronary vascular bed had not been abolished even during hypoxia + RVSH. Marked increase in MBF to the right side of the septum during each RVSH with little change in perfusion to other regions suggests that RV contraction is supported by the right side of the septum. Because these increments occurred with decreased RV coronary driving pressure they were the consequence of compensatory coronary vasodilatation. The slow heart rate of the pony in the presence of a large coronary vasodilatory reserve may have been the major factor in allowing large increments in MBF to the stressed regions despite decreased coronary driving pressure.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion and function during acute right ventricular systolic hypertension. Hemodynamics, myocardial function, and regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) were measured in 6 closed-chest ponies anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride before (control) and after creation of acute right ventricular systolic hypertension (RVSH) during normoxia and isocapnic hypoxia. The right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure during each RVSH approached 90 mmHg. There were significant alterations in the pattern of total ventricular MBG distribution in favor of the RV. Because RV myocardium received proportionate increments to its endocardium as well as epicardium, it is concluded that autoregulation in the RV coronary vascular bed had not been abolished even during hypoxia + RVSH. Marked increase in MBF to the right side of the septum during each RVSH with little change in perfusion to other regions suggests that RV contraction is supported by the right side of the septum. Because these increments occurred with decreased RV coronary driving pressure they were the consequence of compensatory coronary vasodilatation. The slow heart rate of the pony in the presence of a large coronary vasodilatory reserve may have been the major factor in allowing large increments in MBF to the stressed regions despite decreased coronary driving pressure.", "PMID": 736150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2480", "title": "Acute cardiac ischemia and reperfusion: contractility, relaxation, and glycolysis.", "content": "The mechanical and metabolic effects of 3 min of complete global ischemia and 25 min of reperfusion were studied in the isolated rat heart. The decrease in contracile function was biphasic; a rapid 50% decline occurred in the first 10 s of ischemia, after which contractile function transiently stabilized and then fell at a slower rate. During reperfusion, recovery of relaxation was impaired relative to recovery of contractile function. A second period of ischemia and reflow produced changes in contractility, relaxation, and lactate production virtually identical to the initial one. In the absence of glycolytic blockade, tissue lactate accumulation developed, no contracture occurred, the pacing threshold did not increase, and reperfusion after 3 min of ischemia resulted in complete recovery of contractile function. Glycolytic blockade with 0.1 mM iodoacetate (IAA) prevented ischemic lactate production, accelerated the fall in contractility, caused irreversible contracture after 30 s of ischemia, an irreversible increase in pacing threshold within 3 min of ischemia, and poor recovery of contractile function with reperfusion. Thus during the first 3 min of severe ischemia, glycolysis exerted a net beneficial effect on myocardial function despite significant tissue lactate accumulation.", "contents": "Acute cardiac ischemia and reperfusion: contractility, relaxation, and glycolysis. The mechanical and metabolic effects of 3 min of complete global ischemia and 25 min of reperfusion were studied in the isolated rat heart. The decrease in contracile function was biphasic; a rapid 50% decline occurred in the first 10 s of ischemia, after which contractile function transiently stabilized and then fell at a slower rate. During reperfusion, recovery of relaxation was impaired relative to recovery of contractile function. A second period of ischemia and reflow produced changes in contractility, relaxation, and lactate production virtually identical to the initial one. In the absence of glycolytic blockade, tissue lactate accumulation developed, no contracture occurred, the pacing threshold did not increase, and reperfusion after 3 min of ischemia resulted in complete recovery of contractile function. Glycolytic blockade with 0.1 mM iodoacetate (IAA) prevented ischemic lactate production, accelerated the fall in contractility, caused irreversible contracture after 30 s of ischemia, an irreversible increase in pacing threshold within 3 min of ischemia, and poor recovery of contractile function with reperfusion. Thus during the first 3 min of severe ischemia, glycolysis exerted a net beneficial effect on myocardial function despite significant tissue lactate accumulation.", "PMID": 736151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2481", "title": "Accentuation of heart sounds in anemia: an effect of blood viscosity.", "content": "The effect of blood viscosity on the intensity of heart sounds was investigated in 25 anemic patients and 41 control subjects. Calibrated phonocardiograms showed that in anemic patients, the aortic component of the second sound was of greater amplitude (54 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3 dyn/cm2) (P less than 0.001). The pulmonary component of the second sound and the first sound were also of higher amplitude in anemic patients (both P less than 0.001). The viscosity of blood of anemic patients was lower (0.029 +/- 0.001 vs. 0.045 +/- 0.001 poise) (P less than 0.001). Blood pressure was comparable among the two groups. Sound produced by closure of a normal porcine valve in an in vitro flow system also showed an accentuated sound with liquids of lower viscosity. Augmented diastolic vibrations of the closed valve, shown by high-speed motion pictures, accompanied the accentuated sound. These observations suggest that the accentuated second sound in anemic patients results from the lower blood viscosity, which reduces the damping forces that act upon the semilunar valve as it vibrates after closure. The reduced damping would allow augmented vibrations that result in an accentuated sound.", "contents": "Accentuation of heart sounds in anemia: an effect of blood viscosity. The effect of blood viscosity on the intensity of heart sounds was investigated in 25 anemic patients and 41 control subjects. Calibrated phonocardiograms showed that in anemic patients, the aortic component of the second sound was of greater amplitude (54 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3 dyn/cm2) (P less than 0.001). The pulmonary component of the second sound and the first sound were also of higher amplitude in anemic patients (both P less than 0.001). The viscosity of blood of anemic patients was lower (0.029 +/- 0.001 vs. 0.045 +/- 0.001 poise) (P less than 0.001). Blood pressure was comparable among the two groups. Sound produced by closure of a normal porcine valve in an in vitro flow system also showed an accentuated sound with liquids of lower viscosity. Augmented diastolic vibrations of the closed valve, shown by high-speed motion pictures, accompanied the accentuated sound. These observations suggest that the accentuated second sound in anemic patients results from the lower blood viscosity, which reduces the damping forces that act upon the semilunar valve as it vibrates after closure. The reduced damping would allow augmented vibrations that result in an accentuated sound.", "PMID": 736154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2482", "title": "Cardiac output, GFR, and renal excretion rates during maintained volume load in rats.", "content": "The correlation among cardiac output (CO), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional tubular sodium rejection (TFRNa), and renal excretion rates of water and salt was investigated during ischemic blood volume expansion in rats. Initially circulating blood volume was equilibrated isovolemically with a reservoir volume of 6% albumin solution equal to one-third the estimated blood volume. Later the equilibrated reservoir contents were infused intravenously. CO was measured by thermodilution, GFR by inulin clearance. Significant linear correlations existed between GFR and the rates of urine flow (r = 0.90), sodium excretion (r = 0.75) and potassium excretion (r = 0.76) that prevailed 5--10 min after a given GFR change. The increased GFR was highly correlated with CO (r = 0.94), probably correlated with mean central venous pressure (r = 0.45), but not correlated with mean abdominal aortic blood pressure. The correlation between CO and time-delayed (5--10 min) TRFNa was also highly significant (r = 0.98). The saluresis appears to have been caused initially by increased tubular load and subsequently by decreased absolute tubular reabsorption.", "contents": "Cardiac output, GFR, and renal excretion rates during maintained volume load in rats. The correlation among cardiac output (CO), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional tubular sodium rejection (TFRNa), and renal excretion rates of water and salt was investigated during ischemic blood volume expansion in rats. Initially circulating blood volume was equilibrated isovolemically with a reservoir volume of 6% albumin solution equal to one-third the estimated blood volume. Later the equilibrated reservoir contents were infused intravenously. CO was measured by thermodilution, GFR by inulin clearance. Significant linear correlations existed between GFR and the rates of urine flow (r = 0.90), sodium excretion (r = 0.75) and potassium excretion (r = 0.76) that prevailed 5--10 min after a given GFR change. The increased GFR was highly correlated with CO (r = 0.94), probably correlated with mean central venous pressure (r = 0.45), but not correlated with mean abdominal aortic blood pressure. The correlation between CO and time-delayed (5--10 min) TRFNa was also highly significant (r = 0.98). The saluresis appears to have been caused initially by increased tubular load and subsequently by decreased absolute tubular reabsorption.", "PMID": 736155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2483", "title": "Constituents of chyme responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia.", "content": "While local venous outflow was measured in anesthetized dogs, various constituents of intestinal chyme were placed in the jejunal lumen to identify those responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia. Digested food and its supernatant increased local blood flow, whereas its precipitate, undigested food, and pancreatic enzymes did not. In the jejunum bile alone had no effect, but it markedly enhanced the hyperemic effect of digested food. Bile in the ileal lumen, however, increased local blood flow. At physiological postprandial concentrations in the jejunum, glucose, and micellar solutions of oleic acid and monoolein increased flow, but taurocholate and 16 common dietary amino acids did not. The hyperemic effect of lipids required the presence of taurocholate. Of the 16 amino acids, only Glu and Asp increased flow at 10 times the physiological concentrations (28 and 20 mM, respectively). The study indicates that the constituents of chyme responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia are the hydrolytic products of food, especially those of carbohydrates and fats and that bile plays an important role in the hyperemia.", "contents": "Constituents of chyme responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia. While local venous outflow was measured in anesthetized dogs, various constituents of intestinal chyme were placed in the jejunal lumen to identify those responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia. Digested food and its supernatant increased local blood flow, whereas its precipitate, undigested food, and pancreatic enzymes did not. In the jejunum bile alone had no effect, but it markedly enhanced the hyperemic effect of digested food. Bile in the ileal lumen, however, increased local blood flow. At physiological postprandial concentrations in the jejunum, glucose, and micellar solutions of oleic acid and monoolein increased flow, but taurocholate and 16 common dietary amino acids did not. The hyperemic effect of lipids required the presence of taurocholate. Of the 16 amino acids, only Glu and Asp increased flow at 10 times the physiological concentrations (28 and 20 mM, respectively). The study indicates that the constituents of chyme responsible for postprandial intestinal hyperemia are the hydrolytic products of food, especially those of carbohydrates and fats and that bile plays an important role in the hyperemia.", "PMID": 736156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2484", "title": "Effects of adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen delivery, and capillary fluid exchange.", "content": "Systemic arterial pressure, superior mesenteric arterial and venous pressures, blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen difference, lymph flow, and intestinal volume were monitored continuously from an autoperfused loop of cat ileum to determine the effects of locally infused adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen consumption, and capillary fluid exchange. The results indicate that adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine are vasodilators in the intestinal circulation. Local infusion of adenosine significantly reduces vascular resistance, but lymph flow, lymph oncotic pressure, and lymphatic protein flux remained unchanged from control, and the intestinal volume rapidly became constant after an initial blood volume shift. Intestinal oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both autoperfused and constant flow preparations. Pretreatment with aminophylline prevented the reduction in oxygen consumption and greatly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of adenosine. The reactive hyperemic response to 60-s arterial occlusions was virtually unchanged following aminophylline treatment. Adenosine depressed oxygen utilization of mucosal and muscularis strips in vitro and caused a significant redistribution of blood flow from the mucosal-submucosal layer to the muscularis in autoperfused preparations. The results of this study indicate that adenosine significantly reduces vascular resistance and oxygen consumption, yet does not alter fluid exchange in the small intestine.", "contents": "Effects of adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen delivery, and capillary fluid exchange. Systemic arterial pressure, superior mesenteric arterial and venous pressures, blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen difference, lymph flow, and intestinal volume were monitored continuously from an autoperfused loop of cat ileum to determine the effects of locally infused adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen consumption, and capillary fluid exchange. The results indicate that adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine are vasodilators in the intestinal circulation. Local infusion of adenosine significantly reduces vascular resistance, but lymph flow, lymph oncotic pressure, and lymphatic protein flux remained unchanged from control, and the intestinal volume rapidly became constant after an initial blood volume shift. Intestinal oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both autoperfused and constant flow preparations. Pretreatment with aminophylline prevented the reduction in oxygen consumption and greatly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of adenosine. The reactive hyperemic response to 60-s arterial occlusions was virtually unchanged following aminophylline treatment. Adenosine depressed oxygen utilization of mucosal and muscularis strips in vitro and caused a significant redistribution of blood flow from the mucosal-submucosal layer to the muscularis in autoperfused preparations. The results of this study indicate that adenosine significantly reduces vascular resistance and oxygen consumption, yet does not alter fluid exchange in the small intestine.", "PMID": 736159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2485", "title": "Effects of acute global ischemia on diastolic relaxation in canine hearts.", "content": "It is not known whether ventricular relaxation can be altered by ischemia independent of associated hemodynamic changes. The effect of acute myocardial ischemia on diastolic relaxation was studied under controlled hemodynamic conditions in 16 anesthetized dogs on right-heart bypass. In nine dogs, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was maintained constant throughout the experiments. Ischemia produced a significant prolongation of the isovolumetric relaxation period (IVRP) from 29 +/- 3 (SE) to 88 +/- 7 ms (P less than 0.01). Ischemia, per se, the associated decrease in contractility, or the fall in peak left ventricular pressure (LVP) may have contributed to the increase in IVRP. The latter was not the only mechanism involved, because in seven dogs studied with constant peak LVP, IVRP again was prolonged from 64 +/- 8 to 95 +/- 8 ms (P less than 0.01). Moreover, in five nonischemic hearts in which peak LVP was maintained constant, contractility was decreased by sodium pentobarbital to the same extent as with ischemia; IVRP did not change. Thus, the additional prolongation of the IVRP in the ischemia experiments is secondary to a direct effect of ischemia on the relaxation process of the myocardium.", "contents": "Effects of acute global ischemia on diastolic relaxation in canine hearts. It is not known whether ventricular relaxation can be altered by ischemia independent of associated hemodynamic changes. The effect of acute myocardial ischemia on diastolic relaxation was studied under controlled hemodynamic conditions in 16 anesthetized dogs on right-heart bypass. In nine dogs, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was maintained constant throughout the experiments. Ischemia produced a significant prolongation of the isovolumetric relaxation period (IVRP) from 29 +/- 3 (SE) to 88 +/- 7 ms (P less than 0.01). Ischemia, per se, the associated decrease in contractility, or the fall in peak left ventricular pressure (LVP) may have contributed to the increase in IVRP. The latter was not the only mechanism involved, because in seven dogs studied with constant peak LVP, IVRP again was prolonged from 64 +/- 8 to 95 +/- 8 ms (P less than 0.01). Moreover, in five nonischemic hearts in which peak LVP was maintained constant, contractility was decreased by sodium pentobarbital to the same extent as with ischemia; IVRP did not change. Thus, the additional prolongation of the IVRP in the ischemia experiments is secondary to a direct effect of ischemia on the relaxation process of the myocardium.", "PMID": 736160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2486", "title": "Survival and microvascular responses to hemorrhage with three anesthetic combinations.", "content": "The effects of different anesthetic combinations on the responses to hemorrhage were investigated while using a single fixed protocol. Small artery (x +/- SE = 112 +/- 3 micron)) and vein (172 +/- 5 micron) responses to hemorrhage were quantitated in the cremaster muscle of 38 Sprague-Dawley rats via closed-circuit television microscopy. Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), urethan (800 mg/kg), and alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg), or urethan (600 mg/kg) and alpha-chloralose (120 mg/kg). After a 15-min control period, arterial blood pressure was lowered to 30 mmHg and maintained at that level for 60 min via hemorrhage from the femoral artery. The hemorrhaged blood was then reinfused, and recovery was monitored for 30 min. Survival was monitored for 7 days. Rats with heavier body weights (greater than or equal to 160 g) had a significantly greater survival rate, 81%, than did the lighter weight rats (less than 160 g), with a 32% survival rate. There were, however, no statistical differences in survival or microvascular responses among rats anesthetized with the three combinations of anesthetics. The combined data for all rats were: survival, 53%; small artery constriction, 45 +/- 2%; and small vein constriction, 21 +/- 3%.", "contents": "Survival and microvascular responses to hemorrhage with three anesthetic combinations. The effects of different anesthetic combinations on the responses to hemorrhage were investigated while using a single fixed protocol. Small artery (x +/- SE = 112 +/- 3 micron)) and vein (172 +/- 5 micron) responses to hemorrhage were quantitated in the cremaster muscle of 38 Sprague-Dawley rats via closed-circuit television microscopy. Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), urethan (800 mg/kg), and alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg), or urethan (600 mg/kg) and alpha-chloralose (120 mg/kg). After a 15-min control period, arterial blood pressure was lowered to 30 mmHg and maintained at that level for 60 min via hemorrhage from the femoral artery. The hemorrhaged blood was then reinfused, and recovery was monitored for 30 min. Survival was monitored for 7 days. Rats with heavier body weights (greater than or equal to 160 g) had a significantly greater survival rate, 81%, than did the lighter weight rats (less than 160 g), with a 32% survival rate. There were, however, no statistical differences in survival or microvascular responses among rats anesthetized with the three combinations of anesthetics. The combined data for all rats were: survival, 53%; small artery constriction, 45 +/- 2%; and small vein constriction, 21 +/- 3%.", "PMID": 736162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2487", "title": "Reflex circulatory changes due to the afferent stimulation of cat pericoronary nerve.", "content": "Two different types of circulatory reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers in the left pericoronary nerves were studied in anesthetized cats. A depressor response (-32.5 mmHg) with bradycardia (-48.7 beats/min) in 21 of 31 cats was mediated by the C fibers in the right vagal cardiac nerve trunk. The efferent pathway for the bradycardia was in caudal cardiac branches of the right vagus. Neither sympathetic denervation to the heart nor atropine attenuated the hypotensive response significantly, suggesting that the depressor response results from reflex inhibition of peripheral sympathetic activity. A pressor reflex without heart rate change was observed either when the vagi were blocked or when the distribution of vagal afferents in the pericoronary nerve was considered to be small. The pressor reflex was mainly mediated by the afferent C fibers within the left cardiac sympathetic nerves. The depressor response was enhanced by sympathectomy, suggesting the sympathetic counteraction on the inhibitory vagal afferents, Similarly, an enhancement of the pressor reflex by vagal blockade was observed, indicating tonic vagal restraint on excitatory sympathetic reflexes.", "contents": "Reflex circulatory changes due to the afferent stimulation of cat pericoronary nerve. Two different types of circulatory reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers in the left pericoronary nerves were studied in anesthetized cats. A depressor response (-32.5 mmHg) with bradycardia (-48.7 beats/min) in 21 of 31 cats was mediated by the C fibers in the right vagal cardiac nerve trunk. The efferent pathway for the bradycardia was in caudal cardiac branches of the right vagus. Neither sympathetic denervation to the heart nor atropine attenuated the hypotensive response significantly, suggesting that the depressor response results from reflex inhibition of peripheral sympathetic activity. A pressor reflex without heart rate change was observed either when the vagi were blocked or when the distribution of vagal afferents in the pericoronary nerve was considered to be small. The pressor reflex was mainly mediated by the afferent C fibers within the left cardiac sympathetic nerves. The depressor response was enhanced by sympathectomy, suggesting the sympathetic counteraction on the inhibitory vagal afferents, Similarly, an enhancement of the pressor reflex by vagal blockade was observed, indicating tonic vagal restraint on excitatory sympathetic reflexes.", "PMID": 736163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2488", "title": "Ventricular performance and myocardial water content during hemodilution in dogs.", "content": "In dogs anesthetized with chloralose-urethan on right heart bypass, left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed at constant LV stroke work before and for up to 2.5 h after crystalloid hemodilution was established. Lowering the hematocrit from 43.3 +/- 1.3% to 13.6 +/- 1.7% (SE) did not significantly change LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) initially. After 80 min LVEDP increased slightly by 1.7 +/- 0.6 cmH2O (P less than 0.05) at a stroke work of 17.3 +/- 2.3 g.m. The value of dP/dt did not change significantly throughout. When LV function curves were generated by increasing cardiac output, the stroke work attained at an LVEDP of 10 cmH2O decreased with hemodilution from 23.9 +/- 3.5 to 20.8 +/- 3.9 g.m (NS). LV wall water content increased with hemodilution, from which it could be calculated that there was an 18.6% increase in LV mass. Thus, despite an increase in LV external girth demonstrated by LV circumferential gauges, it is possible that increased wall thickness due to the water gain resulted in little change or an actual decrease in LV end-diastolic volume. Thus, profound hemodilution can be attained with only slight depression of LV performance.", "contents": "Ventricular performance and myocardial water content during hemodilution in dogs. In dogs anesthetized with chloralose-urethan on right heart bypass, left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed at constant LV stroke work before and for up to 2.5 h after crystalloid hemodilution was established. Lowering the hematocrit from 43.3 +/- 1.3% to 13.6 +/- 1.7% (SE) did not significantly change LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) initially. After 80 min LVEDP increased slightly by 1.7 +/- 0.6 cmH2O (P less than 0.05) at a stroke work of 17.3 +/- 2.3 g.m. The value of dP/dt did not change significantly throughout. When LV function curves were generated by increasing cardiac output, the stroke work attained at an LVEDP of 10 cmH2O decreased with hemodilution from 23.9 +/- 3.5 to 20.8 +/- 3.9 g.m (NS). LV wall water content increased with hemodilution, from which it could be calculated that there was an 18.6% increase in LV mass. Thus, despite an increase in LV external girth demonstrated by LV circumferential gauges, it is possible that increased wall thickness due to the water gain resulted in little change or an actual decrease in LV end-diastolic volume. Thus, profound hemodilution can be attained with only slight depression of LV performance.", "PMID": 736164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2489", "title": "Analysis of myocardial and total body integral extraction ratios of rubidium-86.", "content": "Coronary blood flow (QM) measurement with radiorubidium (Rb) assumes that Rb distributes to the myocardium in proportion to flow. This assumption is correct if the integral myocardial Rb extraction ratio (ERM) equals total body extraction (ERTB). A right-heart-bypass preparation was employed to test the hypothesis that ERM = ERTB and to examine the determinants of Rb extraction. Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and arterial, coronary venous, and total body venous Rb concentrations were continuously measured for 4 min after injection. We found that ERM (0.56 +/- 0.01) was significantly less than ERTB (0.70 +/- 0.01), P less than 0.01 (n = 29) and concluded that Rb did not distribute in proportion to flow. We do not recommend this method for clinical use. ERM is flow dependent and ERRB is a function of the total cardiac output and the distribution of cardiac output. Before employing Rb in animal experiments, it is recommended that a preliminary study be performed comparing flow measured with Rb to an independent measure of blood flow.", "contents": "Analysis of myocardial and total body integral extraction ratios of rubidium-86. Coronary blood flow (QM) measurement with radiorubidium (Rb) assumes that Rb distributes to the myocardium in proportion to flow. This assumption is correct if the integral myocardial Rb extraction ratio (ERM) equals total body extraction (ERTB). A right-heart-bypass preparation was employed to test the hypothesis that ERM = ERTB and to examine the determinants of Rb extraction. Dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and arterial, coronary venous, and total body venous Rb concentrations were continuously measured for 4 min after injection. We found that ERM (0.56 +/- 0.01) was significantly less than ERTB (0.70 +/- 0.01), P less than 0.01 (n = 29) and concluded that Rb did not distribute in proportion to flow. We do not recommend this method for clinical use. ERM is flow dependent and ERRB is a function of the total cardiac output and the distribution of cardiac output. Before employing Rb in animal experiments, it is recommended that a preliminary study be performed comparing flow measured with Rb to an independent measure of blood flow.", "PMID": 736167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2490", "title": "Release of norepinephrine by sympathetic nerve stimulation from rabbit lungs.", "content": "Rabbit lungs were perfused via the pulmonary artery and norepinephrine (NE) measured in the outflows. The basal NE level was approximately 3 ng/min. Electrical stimulation (50 V, 1 ms, 10 Hz) of the sympathetic nerves doubled the NE release. Hexamethonium (10(-4) and 10(-5) M) had no effect on the release of NE. Administration of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline (70 mg/kg) resulted in a 20-fold NE increase by nerve stimulation, implying that the bulk of the amine does not reach the systemic circulation due to an active MAO. Methacholine (1 and 10 micrograms/ml) inhibited NE release by nerve stimulation. This inhibition was abolished by atropine (5 micrograms/ml). It is suggested that a muscarinic inhibitory mechanism may regulate the NE release in the lung. PGE2 (100 ng/ml), but not PGS2alpha, (100 ng/ml), depressed NE release during nerve stimulation, whereas indomethacin (10 mg/kg) enhanced NE release before, during, and after nerve stimulation in seemingly normal animals. This indicates the existence of another presynaptic inhibitory mechanism for NE release in the lung: a PGE-mediated inhibition.", "contents": "Release of norepinephrine by sympathetic nerve stimulation from rabbit lungs. Rabbit lungs were perfused via the pulmonary artery and norepinephrine (NE) measured in the outflows. The basal NE level was approximately 3 ng/min. Electrical stimulation (50 V, 1 ms, 10 Hz) of the sympathetic nerves doubled the NE release. Hexamethonium (10(-4) and 10(-5) M) had no effect on the release of NE. Administration of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline (70 mg/kg) resulted in a 20-fold NE increase by nerve stimulation, implying that the bulk of the amine does not reach the systemic circulation due to an active MAO. Methacholine (1 and 10 micrograms/ml) inhibited NE release by nerve stimulation. This inhibition was abolished by atropine (5 micrograms/ml). It is suggested that a muscarinic inhibitory mechanism may regulate the NE release in the lung. PGE2 (100 ng/ml), but not PGS2alpha, (100 ng/ml), depressed NE release during nerve stimulation, whereas indomethacin (10 mg/kg) enhanced NE release before, during, and after nerve stimulation in seemingly normal animals. This indicates the existence of another presynaptic inhibitory mechanism for NE release in the lung: a PGE-mediated inhibition.", "PMID": 736168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2491", "title": "Heterogeneity of oxygen delivery in normoxic and hypoxic states: a fluorometer study.", "content": "An on-line, real-time histogram display of heterogeneity of oxygen delivery to perfused and in situ organs is afforded by a flying-spot fluorometer that provides excitation for either oxidized flavoprotein of the mitochondrial space or reduced pyridine nucleotide of mitochondrial and cytosolic spaces. Emission from the two fluorochromes is acquired at 10(4) to 10(5) data points/s and histograms of the fluorescence intensity versus the number of occurrences of that intensity are displayed at 1--10 times per second. The histograms show alterations of the intensity and of the degree of heterogeneity of the redox states of perfused heart with model coronary occlusion, of perfused and in situ rat liver, and of rat and gerbil models of stroke. The percentage change of oxygen delivery to the intracellular space can be calculated from the areas under the histogram.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of oxygen delivery in normoxic and hypoxic states: a fluorometer study. An on-line, real-time histogram display of heterogeneity of oxygen delivery to perfused and in situ organs is afforded by a flying-spot fluorometer that provides excitation for either oxidized flavoprotein of the mitochondrial space or reduced pyridine nucleotide of mitochondrial and cytosolic spaces. Emission from the two fluorochromes is acquired at 10(4) to 10(5) data points/s and histograms of the fluorescence intensity versus the number of occurrences of that intensity are displayed at 1--10 times per second. The histograms show alterations of the intensity and of the degree of heterogeneity of the redox states of perfused heart with model coronary occlusion, of perfused and in situ rat liver, and of rat and gerbil models of stroke. The percentage change of oxygen delivery to the intracellular space can be calculated from the areas under the histogram.", "PMID": 736169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2492", "title": "Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure I: Detroit blacks.", "content": "Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black, 2) white, 3) low stress, population predominantly black, 4) white. A sample was drawn from each area of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. Results show that darker skin color, for black males especially, is related to higher pressure, independently of nine control variables (e.g., age, weight, socioeconomic status, etc.). However, younger black males (25-39 years of age) in high stress areas had higher pressure than counterparts in low stress areas, regardless of skin color and relative weight; for older black males (40-59 years of age) darker skin color was correlated with higher pressure, regardless of relative weight or stress area. For 35 blacks whose fathers were from the West Indies, pressures were higher than those with American-born fathers. These findings suggest that varied gene mixtures may be related to blood pressure levels and that skin color, an indicator of possible metabolic significance, combines with socially induced stress to induce higher blood pressures in lower class American blacks.", "contents": "Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure I: Detroit blacks. Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black, 2) white, 3) low stress, population predominantly black, 4) white. A sample was drawn from each area of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. Results show that darker skin color, for black males especially, is related to higher pressure, independently of nine control variables (e.g., age, weight, socioeconomic status, etc.). However, younger black males (25-39 years of age) in high stress areas had higher pressure than counterparts in low stress areas, regardless of skin color and relative weight; for older black males (40-59 years of age) darker skin color was correlated with higher pressure, regardless of relative weight or stress area. For 35 blacks whose fathers were from the West Indies, pressures were higher than those with American-born fathers. These findings suggest that varied gene mixtures may be related to blood pressure levels and that skin color, an indicator of possible metabolic significance, combines with socially induced stress to induce higher blood pressures in lower class American blacks.", "PMID": 736181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2493", "title": "Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure II: Detroit whites.", "content": "Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black and 2) white, and 3) low stress, population predominantly black and 4) white. A sample was drawn from each area of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. While lighter skin color showed a negligible relation to higher blood pressure, a four-category division of European national background based on a skin color cline in Europe from Northern areas to the Mediterranean was significantly associated with a nurse-rating of skin color. The rank order of this four category variable, white ethnicity, was related linearly to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure means. Respondents with parents from Mediterranean countries had the lowest pressures and those from Northern Europe had the highest. The relationship is stronger for women than men. The relationship was independent of nine other control variables including age, overweight, smoking etc., and high and low stress areas, although of greater magnitude for the high than low stress groups. In this article, findings in whites are compared with prior results in blacks. Findings suggest that physiological and biological correlates exist that can be explored profitably by future research.", "contents": "Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure II: Detroit whites. Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black and 2) white, and 3) low stress, population predominantly black and 4) white. A sample was drawn from each area of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. While lighter skin color showed a negligible relation to higher blood pressure, a four-category division of European national background based on a skin color cline in Europe from Northern areas to the Mediterranean was significantly associated with a nurse-rating of skin color. The rank order of this four category variable, white ethnicity, was related linearly to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure means. Respondents with parents from Mediterranean countries had the lowest pressures and those from Northern Europe had the highest. The relationship is stronger for women than men. The relationship was independent of nine other control variables including age, overweight, smoking etc., and high and low stress areas, although of greater magnitude for the high than low stress groups. In this article, findings in whites are compared with prior results in blacks. Findings suggest that physiological and biological correlates exist that can be explored profitably by future research.", "PMID": 736182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2494", "title": "Aquatic vegetation and water pollution control: public health implications.", "content": "Results obtained from pilot studies and the operation of a plant scale treatment facility located at the Williamson Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant at Austin, Texas, demonstrate that culture of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in shallow earthen basins is effective in the removal of algae, fecal coliform bacteria dn deleterious impurities from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Stabilization ponds followed by hyacinth culture constitute an economical, low energy treatment system which reduces significantly those potential health hazards associated with wastewaters. Harvested hyacinths represent a useful product which could be converted into compost, or used directly as a soil amendment.", "contents": "Aquatic vegetation and water pollution control: public health implications. Results obtained from pilot studies and the operation of a plant scale treatment facility located at the Williamson Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant at Austin, Texas, demonstrate that culture of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in shallow earthen basins is effective in the removal of algae, fecal coliform bacteria dn deleterious impurities from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Stabilization ponds followed by hyacinth culture constitute an economical, low energy treatment system which reduces significantly those potential health hazards associated with wastewaters. Harvested hyacinths represent a useful product which could be converted into compost, or used directly as a soil amendment.", "PMID": 736183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2495", "title": "Long-term effects of a cancer awareness program for community pharmacists.", "content": "A continuing education program resulted in a 52% improvement in the specified professional behaviors of community pharmacists within one month. However, surveyed effects were not permanent and decreased significantly within 18 months. Following a simple mailing of specially designed literature, desired behaviors again underwent significant improvement comparable to that attributed to the original continuing education program. A better understanding of professional behaviors as functions of time and different educational modes would be invaluable to educators in both academic and postgraduate programs.", "contents": "Long-term effects of a cancer awareness program for community pharmacists. A continuing education program resulted in a 52% improvement in the specified professional behaviors of community pharmacists within one month. However, surveyed effects were not permanent and decreased significantly within 18 months. Following a simple mailing of specially designed literature, desired behaviors again underwent significant improvement comparable to that attributed to the original continuing education program. A better understanding of professional behaviors as functions of time and different educational modes would be invaluable to educators in both academic and postgraduate programs.", "PMID": 736187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2496", "title": "Traumatic lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe in athletes.", "content": "In the 1972, 1973, and 1974 football seasons at the University of Arkansas, 74 players sustained sprains of the ankle, producing a total of 152 missed practices and 6 missed games. Although only 18 injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal joint complex were seen, these later resulted in 92 missed practices and 7 missed games. This injury has been a significant problem for both the university and for most other major institutions, judging from a 70% response to 94 questionnaires sent to trainers of 94 large colleges and universities throughout the United States. It is the researchers opinion that the artificial turf surface, particularly as it ages, the shoes, and shoe fitting are all possible contributors to the incidence of the problem. Nonoperative treatment, whose hallmark is rest, is the treatment of first choice. Taping and splinting with a 0.51-mm spring steel splint with reinforcement, both pre- and postinjury, are beneficial. Injections of steroids or any other attempt to return the still painful athlete to activity are contraindicated. Late surgery, particularly in the event of capsular ruptures, as well as early repair, can be of benefit. The need to re-evaluate the shoes and playing surfaces in the light of this and other injuries is emphasized.", "contents": "Traumatic lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe in athletes. In the 1972, 1973, and 1974 football seasons at the University of Arkansas, 74 players sustained sprains of the ankle, producing a total of 152 missed practices and 6 missed games. Although only 18 injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal joint complex were seen, these later resulted in 92 missed practices and 7 missed games. This injury has been a significant problem for both the university and for most other major institutions, judging from a 70% response to 94 questionnaires sent to trainers of 94 large colleges and universities throughout the United States. It is the researchers opinion that the artificial turf surface, particularly as it ages, the shoes, and shoe fitting are all possible contributors to the incidence of the problem. Nonoperative treatment, whose hallmark is rest, is the treatment of first choice. Taping and splinting with a 0.51-mm spring steel splint with reinforcement, both pre- and postinjury, are beneficial. Injections of steroids or any other attempt to return the still painful athlete to activity are contraindicated. Late surgery, particularly in the event of capsular ruptures, as well as early repair, can be of benefit. The need to re-evaluate the shoes and playing surfaces in the light of this and other injuries is emphasized.", "PMID": 736192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2497", "title": "The Cybex II evaluation of surgically repaired Achilles tendon ruptures.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with 33 complete ruptures of the Achilles tendon with surgical repair were evaluated with the Cybex II isokinetic unit. The evaluations were performed from 6 to 144 months postoperatively. The repaired Achilles tendon had a 16.5% loss of plantarflexion strength and a 17.5% loss of plantarflexion power. The early repairs had a smaller loss of strength and power than late repairs. Twenty-seven of the patients returned to their former level of sports activity.", "contents": "The Cybex II evaluation of surgically repaired Achilles tendon ruptures. Thirty-two patients with 33 complete ruptures of the Achilles tendon with surgical repair were evaluated with the Cybex II isokinetic unit. The evaluations were performed from 6 to 144 months postoperatively. The repaired Achilles tendon had a 16.5% loss of plantarflexion strength and a 17.5% loss of plantarflexion power. The early repairs had a smaller loss of strength and power than late repairs. Twenty-seven of the patients returned to their former level of sports activity.", "PMID": 736197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2498", "title": "Shoulder dislocation in Swedish ice hockey players.", "content": "1. Humeroscapular dislocation, primary or recurrent, is found in 8% of elite ice hockey players in Sweden. 2. The dislocation recurs in 90% of greater than 20-year-old players and the frequency diminishes with increasing age. 3. The duration of immobilization after the first dislocation bears no sure relation to the risk of recurrence. 4. In 80% of the cases, the operated shoulder was the one that predominates in ice hockey, usually the left. Of the 32 operated players, 30 have been able to continue with ice hockey and relatively marked postoperative loss of mobility has been tolerated well. 5. Even without an operation, a recurrent shoulder dislocation did not prevent one-third of the players from continuing with ice hockey.", "contents": "Shoulder dislocation in Swedish ice hockey players. 1. Humeroscapular dislocation, primary or recurrent, is found in 8% of elite ice hockey players in Sweden. 2. The dislocation recurs in 90% of greater than 20-year-old players and the frequency diminishes with increasing age. 3. The duration of immobilization after the first dislocation bears no sure relation to the risk of recurrence. 4. In 80% of the cases, the operated shoulder was the one that predominates in ice hockey, usually the left. Of the 32 operated players, 30 have been able to continue with ice hockey and relatively marked postoperative loss of mobility has been tolerated well. 5. Even without an operation, a recurrent shoulder dislocation did not prevent one-third of the players from continuing with ice hockey.", "PMID": 736198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2499", "title": "Injury potential in modern ice hockey.", "content": "The majority of the damaging forces to the soft tissue, bone, and articular joint structures of modern hockey players during the energetic activities involved in the game are attributable to impact action during high-speed motion. In addition, non-contact musculoligamentous injuries are common because of the complex forces that are involved. The injury potential of this sport is assessed indirectly from the force and motion involved. The experimental method of measuring the kinematic motion and the impact forces inherent to the sport are presented. Although hockey is a fast and furious game with high injury potential, fortunately the number of serious injuries is not as great as one might expect.", "contents": "Injury potential in modern ice hockey. The majority of the damaging forces to the soft tissue, bone, and articular joint structures of modern hockey players during the energetic activities involved in the game are attributable to impact action during high-speed motion. In addition, non-contact musculoligamentous injuries are common because of the complex forces that are involved. The injury potential of this sport is assessed indirectly from the force and motion involved. The experimental method of measuring the kinematic motion and the impact forces inherent to the sport are presented. Although hockey is a fast and furious game with high injury potential, fortunately the number of serious injuries is not as great as one might expect.", "PMID": 736199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2500", "title": "Patellar tendinitis (jumper's knee).", "content": "A jumper's knee is an overload lesion of patellar or quadriceps tendon near its insertion at the lower or upper pole of the patella. If conservative treatment fails, an operation can be performed in Phase 3 where disabling symptoms, are present. The necrotic tissue in the patellar tendon is excised. The early results of this surgery are encouraging.", "contents": "Patellar tendinitis (jumper's knee). A jumper's knee is an overload lesion of patellar or quadriceps tendon near its insertion at the lower or upper pole of the patella. If conservative treatment fails, an operation can be performed in Phase 3 where disabling symptoms, are present. The necrotic tissue in the patellar tendon is excised. The early results of this surgery are encouraging.", "PMID": 736196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2501", "title": "On the nature of stress fractures.", "content": "It is felt that stress fractures are caused by excessive, repetitive muscle forces acting across the affected bone. These fractures should be suspected in participants of athletic endeavors who present with a history of persistent, focal, activity-related pain regardless of their stage of physical conditioning. Associated physical findings are localized tenderness and swelling without evidence of a generalized systemic response. Bone scans and serial roentgenograms including specialized views may be required for documentation. Limitation of the athletic activity is the hallmark of the treatment program.", "contents": "On the nature of stress fractures. It is felt that stress fractures are caused by excessive, repetitive muscle forces acting across the affected bone. These fractures should be suspected in participants of athletic endeavors who present with a history of persistent, focal, activity-related pain regardless of their stage of physical conditioning. Associated physical findings are localized tenderness and swelling without evidence of a generalized systemic response. Bone scans and serial roentgenograms including specialized views may be required for documentation. Limitation of the athletic activity is the hallmark of the treatment program.", "PMID": 736201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2502", "title": "Proliferative serous tumors of the ovary. Histologic features and prognosis.", "content": "In reviewing all proliferative serous tumors of the ovary seen at Barnes Hospital from 1950 to 1974, we quantitated histologic characteristics and defined criteria for diagnosis in 55 borderline tumors, 13 well-differentiated cystadenocarcinomas, and 15 cystadenomas with unusual proliferative areas. This last type with focal proliferation behaved in a benign fashion and should be considered a variant of a simple cystadenoma. Stromal invasion was the only histologic feature which consistently distinguished carcinomas from the borderline tumors. The presence in some borderline tumors of severe cellular atypia, marked epithelial disorganization, frequent mitoses, and cribriform glands in the stroma neither signified carcinoma nor indicated poor prognosis. No patient with a Stage I borderline lesion died of tumor. Although the mortality of patients with Stage IIb or Stage III borderline tumors is high, tumor-related deaths rarely occurred before 5 years, and three patients lived more than 10 years. Borderline serous tumors are low-grade malignant neoplasms which differ from overt carcinomas in the excellent prognosis of Stage I lesions and in long survival even with widespread abdominal disease.", "contents": "Proliferative serous tumors of the ovary. Histologic features and prognosis. In reviewing all proliferative serous tumors of the ovary seen at Barnes Hospital from 1950 to 1974, we quantitated histologic characteristics and defined criteria for diagnosis in 55 borderline tumors, 13 well-differentiated cystadenocarcinomas, and 15 cystadenomas with unusual proliferative areas. This last type with focal proliferation behaved in a benign fashion and should be considered a variant of a simple cystadenoma. Stromal invasion was the only histologic feature which consistently distinguished carcinomas from the borderline tumors. The presence in some borderline tumors of severe cellular atypia, marked epithelial disorganization, frequent mitoses, and cribriform glands in the stroma neither signified carcinoma nor indicated poor prognosis. No patient with a Stage I borderline lesion died of tumor. Although the mortality of patients with Stage IIb or Stage III borderline tumors is high, tumor-related deaths rarely occurred before 5 years, and three patients lived more than 10 years. Borderline serous tumors are low-grade malignant neoplasms which differ from overt carcinomas in the excellent prognosis of Stage I lesions and in long survival even with widespread abdominal disease.", "PMID": 736209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2503", "title": "Jejunal perforation occurring in contact sports.", "content": "Two cases of jejunal rupture following blunt trauma, occurring in participants of contact sports, have been reported. Additionally, a possible mechanism of injury is described.", "contents": "Jejunal perforation occurring in contact sports. Two cases of jejunal rupture following blunt trauma, occurring in participants of contact sports, have been reported. Additionally, a possible mechanism of injury is described.", "PMID": 736204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2504", "title": "Cystadenofibromas of the ovary with epithelial atypia.", "content": "Epithelial atypia is rarely encountered in ovarian cystadenofibromas. Ten examples are reported with cytological features identical to serous tumors with low malignant potential. In two neoplasms the epithelium resembled an atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and one of these had squamous metaplasia. These two neoplasms probably qualify as endometrioid tumors of low malignant potential. None of the 10 patients had recurrence following excision of their neoplasm, and no similar patients have been encountered with neoplasms in more advanced stages. Even though aggressive behavior has not yet been established, the histologic features suggest a low degree of malignant potential and long-term follow-up of patients is warranted. Cystadenofibromas iwth epithelial atypia probably have less malignant potential than serous tumors of low malignant potential possessing the same epithelial characteristics because cystadenofibromas with atypia have less epithelial surface area and the epithelium is enveloped by connective tissue more than it is in serous tumors of low malignant potential.", "contents": "Cystadenofibromas of the ovary with epithelial atypia. Epithelial atypia is rarely encountered in ovarian cystadenofibromas. Ten examples are reported with cytological features identical to serous tumors with low malignant potential. In two neoplasms the epithelium resembled an atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and one of these had squamous metaplasia. These two neoplasms probably qualify as endometrioid tumors of low malignant potential. None of the 10 patients had recurrence following excision of their neoplasm, and no similar patients have been encountered with neoplasms in more advanced stages. Even though aggressive behavior has not yet been established, the histologic features suggest a low degree of malignant potential and long-term follow-up of patients is warranted. Cystadenofibromas iwth epithelial atypia probably have less malignant potential than serous tumors of low malignant potential possessing the same epithelial characteristics because cystadenofibromas with atypia have less epithelial surface area and the epithelium is enveloped by connective tissue more than it is in serous tumors of low malignant potential.", "PMID": 736210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2505", "title": "Solitary (localized) pleural mesothelioma. A light- and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Six solitary (localized) pleural mesotheliomas were studied by light and electron microscopy. All the lesions were benign and were composed mainly of fibrous tissue of variable cellularity with or without cystic spaces lined by round cells. The lining cells of the cysts and the adjoining round plump cells were interpreted as true neoplastic cells of the fibroblast type. Results of light- and electron-microscopic study of human mesothelial cells and fetal mesothelial cells of rats were compared. The cytoplasmic organelles of the tumor cells were generally scanty, though rough endoplasmic reticulum, sparse mitochondria, intracellular bundles of fibrils, and numerous polysomes were seen. Some tumor cells had junctional apparatus and basement membrane and showed interdigitation of the plasma membrane. These cells lined the cystic spaces irregularly and also proliferated into the surrounding fibrous tissue, where they assumed a spindle shape and resembled fibroblasts. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were similar to mesothelial and stromal cells of fetal rat pleura. We speculated that the solitary (localized) mesotheliomas were probably derived from coelomic epithelium and that tumor cells remained undifferentiated or revealed minimal differentiation toward mesothelial cells.", "contents": "Solitary (localized) pleural mesothelioma. A light- and electron-microscopic study. Six solitary (localized) pleural mesotheliomas were studied by light and electron microscopy. All the lesions were benign and were composed mainly of fibrous tissue of variable cellularity with or without cystic spaces lined by round cells. The lining cells of the cysts and the adjoining round plump cells were interpreted as true neoplastic cells of the fibroblast type. Results of light- and electron-microscopic study of human mesothelial cells and fetal mesothelial cells of rats were compared. The cytoplasmic organelles of the tumor cells were generally scanty, though rough endoplasmic reticulum, sparse mitochondria, intracellular bundles of fibrils, and numerous polysomes were seen. Some tumor cells had junctional apparatus and basement membrane and showed interdigitation of the plasma membrane. These cells lined the cystic spaces irregularly and also proliferated into the surrounding fibrous tissue, where they assumed a spindle shape and resembled fibroblasts. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were similar to mesothelial and stromal cells of fetal rat pleura. We speculated that the solitary (localized) mesotheliomas were probably derived from coelomic epithelium and that tumor cells remained undifferentiated or revealed minimal differentiation toward mesothelial cells.", "PMID": 736211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2506", "title": "Lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. A study of 26 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Based on a study of 26 cases and a review of the literature, lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be categorized into four clinicopathologic groups: focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach, focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine, focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the rectum, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. The focal lesions are single, variably circumscribed, and produce thickening of the wall of the affected part of the viscus. While a substantial number of the gastric lesions are associated with chronic peptic ulcers, ulceration is absent or insignificant in focal lesions located in the intestine. The extent of the infiltrate may range from involvement of the mucosa and submucosa only to infiltration of the full thickness of the wall. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract produces multiple discrete mucosal nodules in a variable segment of the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Gastric involvement is rare. The lymphoid infiltrate is confined to the lamina propria and superficial submucosa. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is most commonly encountered incidentally during radiologic examination or at autopsy, but it also occurs in association with hypogammaglobulinemia, especially late-onset acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be distinguished from malignant lymphoma by the polymorphic nature of the infiltrate, the absence of significant cytologic atypia, and the presence of reactive follicles within the lesion.", "contents": "Lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. A study of 26 cases and review of the literature. Based on a study of 26 cases and a review of the literature, lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be categorized into four clinicopathologic groups: focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach, focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine, focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the rectum, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. The focal lesions are single, variably circumscribed, and produce thickening of the wall of the affected part of the viscus. While a substantial number of the gastric lesions are associated with chronic peptic ulcers, ulceration is absent or insignificant in focal lesions located in the intestine. The extent of the infiltrate may range from involvement of the mucosa and submucosa only to infiltration of the full thickness of the wall. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract produces multiple discrete mucosal nodules in a variable segment of the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Gastric involvement is rare. The lymphoid infiltrate is confined to the lamina propria and superficial submucosa. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is most commonly encountered incidentally during radiologic examination or at autopsy, but it also occurs in association with hypogammaglobulinemia, especially late-onset acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be distinguished from malignant lymphoma by the polymorphic nature of the infiltrate, the absence of significant cytologic atypia, and the presence of reactive follicles within the lesion.", "PMID": 736212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2507", "title": "Ultrastructure of osteoclastoma-like giant cell tumor of thyroid.", "content": "An aggressive anaplastic tumor of the thyroid with osteoclastoma-like giant cells was studied by electron microscopy. The lack of junctional complexes or other obvious epithelial elements suggested mesenchymal origin. The giant cells resembled osteoclasts with respect to mitochondria, rough endoplastic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosome complexes and vacuoles, but the prominent nuclear golgi apparatus of giant cell tumors of bone was absent.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of osteoclastoma-like giant cell tumor of thyroid. An aggressive anaplastic tumor of the thyroid with osteoclastoma-like giant cells was studied by electron microscopy. The lack of junctional complexes or other obvious epithelial elements suggested mesenchymal origin. The giant cells resembled osteoclasts with respect to mitochondria, rough endoplastic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosome complexes and vacuoles, but the prominent nuclear golgi apparatus of giant cell tumors of bone was absent.", "PMID": 736213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2508", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma evolving into carcinosarcoma. A case study.", "content": "A rare lung tumor composed of contiguous foci of classical blastoma and carcinosarcoma with transitional features is described. Based on these observations and a review of the literature, we propose that pulmonary carcinosarcomas are composed of a heterogeneous population of tumors. This case supports the concept that blastomas are a distinctive subtype of carcinosarcomas. An unusual feature in the clinical presentation was the expectoration of an endobronchial portion of tumor.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma evolving into carcinosarcoma. A case study. A rare lung tumor composed of contiguous foci of classical blastoma and carcinosarcoma with transitional features is described. Based on these observations and a review of the literature, we propose that pulmonary carcinosarcomas are composed of a heterogeneous population of tumors. This case supports the concept that blastomas are a distinctive subtype of carcinosarcomas. An unusual feature in the clinical presentation was the expectoration of an endobronchial portion of tumor.", "PMID": 736214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2509", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma. Report of two cases in children.", "content": "Pulmonary blastoma is a rare tumor of the lung. Although it has been stated that this is predominantly a tumor of adults, a review of the 42 cases published to date reveals that it is a disease which occurs with some frequency in children. The tumor is relatively benign compared to pulmonary carcinosarcoma. Of the eight cases previously described in children, three are known to have survived and to be free of disease 10 months, 3 and 8 years after surgical resection. We report two additional cases of pulmonary blastoma in children followed for 34 and 26 months without any evidence of recurrence or metastases.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma. Report of two cases in children. Pulmonary blastoma is a rare tumor of the lung. Although it has been stated that this is predominantly a tumor of adults, a review of the 42 cases published to date reveals that it is a disease which occurs with some frequency in children. The tumor is relatively benign compared to pulmonary carcinosarcoma. Of the eight cases previously described in children, three are known to have survived and to be free of disease 10 months, 3 and 8 years after surgical resection. We report two additional cases of pulmonary blastoma in children followed for 34 and 26 months without any evidence of recurrence or metastases.", "PMID": 736215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2510", "title": "Enflurane nephrotoxicity and pre-existing renal dysfunction.", "content": "This study provides the first morphological evidence of significant structural damage following high doses of enflurane alone and confirms previous findings of transient renal functional abnormalities following high dosage enflurane. The study also indicates that enflurane may have a greater potential for renal toxicity in the presence of renal impairment. Treatment of Fischer 344 rats with a nephrotoxic dose of gentamicin prior to six hours of enflurane (GE) anaesthesia at 1 MAC resulted in increased serum concentration of the enflurance metabolite inorganic fluoride (GE, 43.9 +/- 1.5; E, 34.5 +/- 1.8 mu mol/L), increased urine flow rate and a greater degree of structural damage in renal proximal convoluted tubule cells than was observed with either gentamicin (G) or enflurane (E) alone. Treatment with gentamicin prior to enflurane also resulted in reduced urinary osmolality compared to enflurane or gentamicin alone (GE, 742 +/- 57; E, 1709 +/- 66; G, 985 +/- 32 m0sm/kg).", "contents": "Enflurane nephrotoxicity and pre-existing renal dysfunction. This study provides the first morphological evidence of significant structural damage following high doses of enflurane alone and confirms previous findings of transient renal functional abnormalities following high dosage enflurane. The study also indicates that enflurane may have a greater potential for renal toxicity in the presence of renal impairment. Treatment of Fischer 344 rats with a nephrotoxic dose of gentamicin prior to six hours of enflurane (GE) anaesthesia at 1 MAC resulted in increased serum concentration of the enflurance metabolite inorganic fluoride (GE, 43.9 +/- 1.5; E, 34.5 +/- 1.8 mu mol/L), increased urine flow rate and a greater degree of structural damage in renal proximal convoluted tubule cells than was observed with either gentamicin (G) or enflurane (E) alone. Treatment with gentamicin prior to enflurane also resulted in reduced urinary osmolality compared to enflurane or gentamicin alone (GE, 742 +/- 57; E, 1709 +/- 66; G, 985 +/- 32 m0sm/kg).", "PMID": 736249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2511", "title": "Local cerebral blood flow and the electrocorticogram during sodium nitroprusside hypotension.", "content": "Changes in local cerebral blood flow during sodium nitroprusside hypotension were measured using the hydrogen electrode technique. At mean arterial pressures from 90% to 50% of control values, local cerebral blood flow showed a significant decrease by 20%. When blood pressure was reduced below 50%, the local cerebral blood flow increased significantly and approached control levels. It is suggested that the flow increase may be due to local hypoxia. Associated with this increase were electrocorticogram changes indicative of hypoxia. The significant decrease in mean local cerebral blood flow and the large range of flows seen during mild hypotension indicate that autoregulation is impaired. During hypotension, intracranial pressure increased by, at most, 3 mm Hg. Cardiac output was usually unaffected and was never decreased by more than 20%.", "contents": "Local cerebral blood flow and the electrocorticogram during sodium nitroprusside hypotension. Changes in local cerebral blood flow during sodium nitroprusside hypotension were measured using the hydrogen electrode technique. At mean arterial pressures from 90% to 50% of control values, local cerebral blood flow showed a significant decrease by 20%. When blood pressure was reduced below 50%, the local cerebral blood flow increased significantly and approached control levels. It is suggested that the flow increase may be due to local hypoxia. Associated with this increase were electrocorticogram changes indicative of hypoxia. The significant decrease in mean local cerebral blood flow and the large range of flows seen during mild hypotension indicate that autoregulation is impaired. During hypotension, intracranial pressure increased by, at most, 3 mm Hg. Cardiac output was usually unaffected and was never decreased by more than 20%.", "PMID": 736250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2512", "title": "The surgical diathermy: principles of operation and safe use.", "content": "An understanding of the principles of operation and hazards of the surgical diathermy is necessary for the safety of the anaesthetized patient. The surgical diathermy performs its function by the application of high density radio frequency current which can be used to cut or coagulate tissue. Its improper use can result in electrical burns and even electrocution. The principles underlying its safe use are outlined, and detailed recommendations are made to ensure the patient's safety.", "contents": "The surgical diathermy: principles of operation and safe use. An understanding of the principles of operation and hazards of the surgical diathermy is necessary for the safety of the anaesthetized patient. The surgical diathermy performs its function by the application of high density radio frequency current which can be used to cut or coagulate tissue. Its improper use can result in electrical burns and even electrocution. The principles underlying its safe use are outlined, and detailed recommendations are made to ensure the patient's safety.", "PMID": 736252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2513", "title": "Mechanism of the hypertensive effect of droperidol in pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Droperidol is used in the anaesthetic management of pheochromocytoma because of its sedative, anti-dysrhythmic and alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking properties. However, droperidol when used in pheochromocytoma, has been reported to produce a paradoxical hypertensive response. In vitro experiments with perfused rabbit ear arteries using a histochemical fluorescence technique, showed droperidol to be an inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake into sympathetic nerve endings, and this uptake inhibition was dose related. The uptake inhibition effect did not, however, produce pressor changes in experiments simulating pheochromocytoma in cats. The hypertensive response to droperidol may be due to blockade of presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors and this possible mechanism of action is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of the hypertensive effect of droperidol in pheochromocytoma. Droperidol is used in the anaesthetic management of pheochromocytoma because of its sedative, anti-dysrhythmic and alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking properties. However, droperidol when used in pheochromocytoma, has been reported to produce a paradoxical hypertensive response. In vitro experiments with perfused rabbit ear arteries using a histochemical fluorescence technique, showed droperidol to be an inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake into sympathetic nerve endings, and this uptake inhibition was dose related. The uptake inhibition effect did not, however, produce pressor changes in experiments simulating pheochromocytoma in cats. The hypertensive response to droperidol may be due to blockade of presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors and this possible mechanism of action is discussed.", "PMID": 736253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2514", "title": "Topical cocaine/adrenaline combination in intransal surgery--is it necessary?", "content": "Topic adrenaline with cocaine has been used commonly for intranasal vasoconstriction to facilitate surgery and to control haemorrhage. Pharmacologically the drug combination is known to be a potentially dangerous interaction. This investigation studied whether either drug could be used separately rather than in combination, to achieve the same purposes. One hundred cases were randomized into four groups using 1:1000 Adrenaline, 5% Cocaine, 10% Cocaine and 5% Cocaine/1:1000 Adrenaline as the topical vasoconstriction regimes. The results showed that the vasoconstrictor effect was not significantly different within the four groups; topical 1:1000 Adrenaline resulted in more haemorrhage compared to the other three regimes; comparing the other three regimes the blood loss was not significantly different. The conclusion is that the Adrenaline/Cocaine mixture has no advantage and its potentially dangerous interaction makes it unnecessary and unjustified. Topical 5% Cocaine is recommended because it achieves the aims with the least side-effects.", "contents": "Topical cocaine/adrenaline combination in intransal surgery--is it necessary? Topic adrenaline with cocaine has been used commonly for intranasal vasoconstriction to facilitate surgery and to control haemorrhage. Pharmacologically the drug combination is known to be a potentially dangerous interaction. This investigation studied whether either drug could be used separately rather than in combination, to achieve the same purposes. One hundred cases were randomized into four groups using 1:1000 Adrenaline, 5% Cocaine, 10% Cocaine and 5% Cocaine/1:1000 Adrenaline as the topical vasoconstriction regimes. The results showed that the vasoconstrictor effect was not significantly different within the four groups; topical 1:1000 Adrenaline resulted in more haemorrhage compared to the other three regimes; comparing the other three regimes the blood loss was not significantly different. The conclusion is that the Adrenaline/Cocaine mixture has no advantage and its potentially dangerous interaction makes it unnecessary and unjustified. Topical 5% Cocaine is recommended because it achieves the aims with the least side-effects.", "PMID": 736254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2515", "title": "Effects of etomidate given in repeated doses.", "content": "Fifty fit, female patients were given four consecutive intravenous doses of etomidate 10 mg, so as to maintain sleep, after establishment of epidural block for postpartum sterilization. A matched group was given four doses of thiopentone 125 mg. Cumulative hypnotic effect, as judged by increasing sleep duration with second and subsequent doses, was much less with etomidate than with thiopentone. Etomidate did not depress blood pressure, whereas it fell progressively with successive doses of thiopentone. Injection pain was reported in 68% of patients receiving etomidate, and this tended to increase with successive doses; 12% also showed local inflammation at the injection site. Tremor, due to etomidate, was common, but did not increase with successive doses. Feelings of sleepiness, lasting several hours after waking, were more common after thiopentone than after etomidate.", "contents": "Effects of etomidate given in repeated doses. Fifty fit, female patients were given four consecutive intravenous doses of etomidate 10 mg, so as to maintain sleep, after establishment of epidural block for postpartum sterilization. A matched group was given four doses of thiopentone 125 mg. Cumulative hypnotic effect, as judged by increasing sleep duration with second and subsequent doses, was much less with etomidate than with thiopentone. Etomidate did not depress blood pressure, whereas it fell progressively with successive doses of thiopentone. Injection pain was reported in 68% of patients receiving etomidate, and this tended to increase with successive doses; 12% also showed local inflammation at the injection site. Tremor, due to etomidate, was common, but did not increase with successive doses. Feelings of sleepiness, lasting several hours after waking, were more common after thiopentone than after etomidate.", "PMID": 736255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2516", "title": "Ultrastructure of developing alveoli. I. The role of the interstitial fibroblast.", "content": "We examined the ultrastructural features of postnatal alveolar septal formation in rats from birth to 28 days of age. At birth, the rat lung consists of large saccules with thick walls and cellular interstitium. Interstitial cells have large oval nuclei with scant cytoplasm containing few organelles and scattered lipid droplets. These cells appear to be poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells not engaged in active protein synthesis or secretion. Between 5 and 15 days of age, saccule walls thin and many new alveolar septa form. Two types of interstitial fibroblasts are present: one which appears at the tips of newly formed septa has the characteristics of a myofibroblast and appears to be engaged in synthesis and secretion of elastin; the other fibroblast appears at the base of new septa, is filled with lipid and contains few other cytoplasmic organelles. After 15 days of age, alveolar walls become thinner, few new septa form and interstitial fibroblasts begin to resemble the dormant type of fibroblasts seen at birth. Thus, the process of postnatal alveolarization of lung parenchyma involves differentiation of the interstitial fibroblast and elastogenesis. The factors which control this process, the precise role of elastogenesis in alveolar septal formation, the origin and fate of the lipid filled fibroblast and the ultimate fate of the myofibroblast remain to be determined.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of developing alveoli. I. The role of the interstitial fibroblast. We examined the ultrastructural features of postnatal alveolar septal formation in rats from birth to 28 days of age. At birth, the rat lung consists of large saccules with thick walls and cellular interstitium. Interstitial cells have large oval nuclei with scant cytoplasm containing few organelles and scattered lipid droplets. These cells appear to be poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells not engaged in active protein synthesis or secretion. Between 5 and 15 days of age, saccule walls thin and many new alveolar septa form. Two types of interstitial fibroblasts are present: one which appears at the tips of newly formed septa has the characteristics of a myofibroblast and appears to be engaged in synthesis and secretion of elastin; the other fibroblast appears at the base of new septa, is filled with lipid and contains few other cytoplasmic organelles. After 15 days of age, alveolar walls become thinner, few new septa form and interstitial fibroblasts begin to resemble the dormant type of fibroblasts seen at birth. Thus, the process of postnatal alveolarization of lung parenchyma involves differentiation of the interstitial fibroblast and elastogenesis. The factors which control this process, the precise role of elastogenesis in alveolar septal formation, the origin and fate of the lipid filled fibroblast and the ultimate fate of the myofibroblast remain to be determined.", "PMID": 736269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2517", "title": "Unusual features of the nuclear envelope in human spermatogenic cells.", "content": "Different types of human germ cells show unusual features of the nuclear envelope. Spermatogonial nuclei demonstrate two kinds of modifications. The first one is a series of intranuclear flattened cisterns, parallel to each other and to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope. The second one is a nuclear envelope protrusion into the cytoplasm occupied by a double membrane-limited vesicle. Pores are found on the membrane of the vesicle facing the interior of the nucleus. In spermatocytes the nuclear pores are concentrated over certain areas and completely absent from others. In the regions where they are absent a single cytoplasmic cistern of rough endoplasmic reticulum is closely apposed to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Early modifications of the nuclear surface appear in spermatids before the attachment of the acrosomic vesicle and may indicate an active role of the nuclear envelope in the morphogenesis of the acrosome. In round spermatids nuclear pores are absent from the area which is first related to the Golgi and later covered by the acrosomal cap. Single or multiple layers of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are closely associated with the nuclear envelope over the pore rich areas. Frequently there are intranuclear accumulations of dense material adjacent to the annulate lamellae-nuclear pore complex. The chromatoid body is usually present on the cytoplasmic side of this complex. In the elongating spermatids most annulate lamellae are free in the cytoplasm, often in relation with Golgi and chromatoid body remnants near the axial filament. Few stacks of annulate lamellae are noted adjacent to the pore rich nuclear regions. It is suggested that the described modifications are related to an active nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction.", "contents": "Unusual features of the nuclear envelope in human spermatogenic cells. Different types of human germ cells show unusual features of the nuclear envelope. Spermatogonial nuclei demonstrate two kinds of modifications. The first one is a series of intranuclear flattened cisterns, parallel to each other and to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope. The second one is a nuclear envelope protrusion into the cytoplasm occupied by a double membrane-limited vesicle. Pores are found on the membrane of the vesicle facing the interior of the nucleus. In spermatocytes the nuclear pores are concentrated over certain areas and completely absent from others. In the regions where they are absent a single cytoplasmic cistern of rough endoplasmic reticulum is closely apposed to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Early modifications of the nuclear surface appear in spermatids before the attachment of the acrosomic vesicle and may indicate an active role of the nuclear envelope in the morphogenesis of the acrosome. In round spermatids nuclear pores are absent from the area which is first related to the Golgi and later covered by the acrosomal cap. Single or multiple layers of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are closely associated with the nuclear envelope over the pore rich areas. Frequently there are intranuclear accumulations of dense material adjacent to the annulate lamellae-nuclear pore complex. The chromatoid body is usually present on the cytoplasmic side of this complex. In the elongating spermatids most annulate lamellae are free in the cytoplasm, often in relation with Golgi and chromatoid body remnants near the axial filament. Few stacks of annulate lamellae are noted adjacent to the pore rich nuclear regions. It is suggested that the described modifications are related to an active nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction.", "PMID": 736270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2518", "title": "Attrition of the human Leydig cell population with advancing age.", "content": "Existing evidence suggests that the aging human male experiences a gradual decline in testosterone production, a phenomenon that should be reflected in the Leydig cell population of the testis. It has been proposed that Leydig cells diminish in number with increasing age, but conflicting claims characterize reports of this topic. We have reinvestigated this possibility by histometric analysis of perfused testes from 25 men ranging from 18 to 87 years of age. Average single Leydig cell volume (2,943 +/- 623 micrometer 3, X +/- S.D.) did not change significantly with increasing age (r = 0.24, P greater than 0.2), suggesting that surviving cells remain active. Total testis weight (43.5 +/- 13.9 g) also did not change with age (r = 0.04, P greater than 0.5). However, both total Leydig cell volume and the absolute number of Leydig cells per individual decreased significantly as functions of age (r = -0.71, P less than 0.002, and r = -0.61, P less than 0.005, respectively). Analysis of relationship between these two parameters indicates that the total volume of Leydig cell cytoplasm contained within the human testis is determined by the number of cells present. Our results show that a pair of young adult testes endowed with more than 700 million Leydig cells at 20 years of age may be expected to undergo an attrition rate of approximately 80 million cells per subsequent decade of life. Thus, Leydig cell attrition is an important correlate of declining androgen status in aging men.", "contents": "Attrition of the human Leydig cell population with advancing age. Existing evidence suggests that the aging human male experiences a gradual decline in testosterone production, a phenomenon that should be reflected in the Leydig cell population of the testis. It has been proposed that Leydig cells diminish in number with increasing age, but conflicting claims characterize reports of this topic. We have reinvestigated this possibility by histometric analysis of perfused testes from 25 men ranging from 18 to 87 years of age. Average single Leydig cell volume (2,943 +/- 623 micrometer 3, X +/- S.D.) did not change significantly with increasing age (r = 0.24, P greater than 0.2), suggesting that surviving cells remain active. Total testis weight (43.5 +/- 13.9 g) also did not change with age (r = 0.04, P greater than 0.5). However, both total Leydig cell volume and the absolute number of Leydig cells per individual decreased significantly as functions of age (r = -0.71, P less than 0.002, and r = -0.61, P less than 0.005, respectively). Analysis of relationship between these two parameters indicates that the total volume of Leydig cell cytoplasm contained within the human testis is determined by the number of cells present. Our results show that a pair of young adult testes endowed with more than 700 million Leydig cells at 20 years of age may be expected to undergo an attrition rate of approximately 80 million cells per subsequent decade of life. Thus, Leydig cell attrition is an important correlate of declining androgen status in aging men.", "PMID": 736271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2519", "title": "Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules, I. The normal testes.", "content": "The spermatogonial populations in ten normal adult mice were analyzed using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. The undifferentiated A spermatogonia as well as the six generations of differentiating spermatogonia were clearly identifiable on whole mounts. Description plus quantitation of these cell types revealed that they behaved in essentially the same manner as their counterparts in the rat. Single undifferentiated  A cells were classified as type As stem cell spermatogonia. They were distributed throughout the seminiferous epithelium, and by periodic mitoses, maintained their stock and furnished cells which would eventually differentiate. Although initially resembling the As spermatogonia, the progeny which were destined to differentiate were classified as type Aal spermatogonia because they were linked by cytoplasmic bridges, and because they usually underwent one or more synchronous mitotic divisions to form short chains of aligned cells. Ultimately, division of Aal cells were no longer seen, and the cells appeared to gradually acquire the typical morphological characteristics of A1 spermatogonia; these continued to differentiate according to the well-established pattern. It was concluded that the cyclic production of cohorts of A1 cells in this manner would ensure a continual supply of spermatogonia for differentiation.", "contents": "Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules, I. The normal testes. The spermatogonial populations in ten normal adult mice were analyzed using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. The undifferentiated A spermatogonia as well as the six generations of differentiating spermatogonia were clearly identifiable on whole mounts. Description plus quantitation of these cell types revealed that they behaved in essentially the same manner as their counterparts in the rat. Single undifferentiated  A cells were classified as type As stem cell spermatogonia. They were distributed throughout the seminiferous epithelium, and by periodic mitoses, maintained their stock and furnished cells which would eventually differentiate. Although initially resembling the As spermatogonia, the progeny which were destined to differentiate were classified as type Aal spermatogonia because they were linked by cytoplasmic bridges, and because they usually underwent one or more synchronous mitotic divisions to form short chains of aligned cells. Ultimately, division of Aal cells were no longer seen, and the cells appeared to gradually acquire the typical morphological characteristics of A1 spermatogonia; these continued to differentiate according to the well-established pattern. It was concluded that the cyclic production of cohorts of A1 cells in this manner would ensure a continual supply of spermatogonia for differentiation.", "PMID": 736272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2520", "title": "Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. II. The irradiated testes.", "content": "In adult male mice exposed to 300 R X-irradiation, the spermatogonial population was selectively killed except for the radioresistant type As stem cells. Type A spermatogonia were minimal two days after irradiation, when only 20% of the control population was present in stage 5-6; these were predominately single and paired undifferentiated cells. When multiple injections of 3HTdR were given between 2 and 3.5 days post-irradiation, 90-95% of these survivors in stages 4-6 became labeled. Enhanced proliferation of these stem cells, and at times when they were normally quiescent, led to restoration of all classes of spermatogonia by 11 days after irradiation. Several autoradiographic studies were undertaken to better characterize the radioresistant cells. In mice given single or multiple injections of 3HTdR prior to irradiation, there was appreciable retention of label by those type As spermatogonia that had originally incorporated 3HTdR in stages 2-4. This labeling pattern was identical to that of the long-cycling As stem cells in nonirradiated testes. Since the long-cycling As stem cells are thought to be characterized by a prolonged G1 or \"A-phase\" which is known to be a highly radioresistant portion of the cell cycle, it was clear why these cells could preferentially survive irradiation doses that killed other spermatogonial types. It was proposed that following germ cell depletion, as after irradiation injury, the long-cycling As survivors could be prematurely triggered from A-phase into DNA synthesis, thereby, initiating restoration of the germ cell population.", "contents": "Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. II. The irradiated testes. In adult male mice exposed to 300 R X-irradiation, the spermatogonial population was selectively killed except for the radioresistant type As stem cells. Type A spermatogonia were minimal two days after irradiation, when only 20% of the control population was present in stage 5-6; these were predominately single and paired undifferentiated cells. When multiple injections of 3HTdR were given between 2 and 3.5 days post-irradiation, 90-95% of these survivors in stages 4-6 became labeled. Enhanced proliferation of these stem cells, and at times when they were normally quiescent, led to restoration of all classes of spermatogonia by 11 days after irradiation. Several autoradiographic studies were undertaken to better characterize the radioresistant cells. In mice given single or multiple injections of 3HTdR prior to irradiation, there was appreciable retention of label by those type As spermatogonia that had originally incorporated 3HTdR in stages 2-4. This labeling pattern was identical to that of the long-cycling As stem cells in nonirradiated testes. Since the long-cycling As stem cells are thought to be characterized by a prolonged G1 or \"A-phase\" which is known to be a highly radioresistant portion of the cell cycle, it was clear why these cells could preferentially survive irradiation doses that killed other spermatogonial types. It was proposed that following germ cell depletion, as after irradiation injury, the long-cycling As survivors could be prematurely triggered from A-phase into DNA synthesis, thereby, initiating restoration of the germ cell population.", "PMID": 736273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2521", "title": "The effects of 5alpha-reduced androgens on maintenance and regeneration of prostate glands and seminal vesicles in castrated and hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The effects of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) were studied in rats hypophysectomized and treated daily for 30 days with the steroids, starting on the day of surgery (hypophysectomized, H) or 30 days following the removal of pituitary (hypophysectomized regressed, HR). The ability of 3beta-diol to maintain and restimulate the prostate glands and seminal vesicles of castrated (C) and castrated regressed (CR) rats, respectively, was also studied. This androgen (3beta-diol) was able to maintain as well as rejuvenate to some degree the sexual accessory glands of all treatment groups. The prostate glands and seminal vesicles in both castrated experimental groups showed increased stimulation with progressively higher dosages of 3beta-diol. At all dose levels, stimulation of seminal vesicles of CR rats was comparable to that of non-regressed castrates. The prostate glands, on the other hand, showed better maintenance in the higher dosage group. In H rats, the stimulation of sexual accessory glands by both androgens was not significantly different than normal controls. The seminal vesicles and prostate glands of HR rats treated with 3alpha-diol were well stimulated and comparable to those of H rats treated with 3alpha-diol. The seminal vesicles of HR rats treated with 3beta-diol were also well stimulated, though not to the extent as those with 3alpha-diol treatment. The prostate glands of the 3beta-diol treated HR rats were significantly smaller than those of the 3alpha-diol treatment group. However, these miniature glands were morphologically stimulated as evidenced by mitosis of parenchymal cells and accumulation of secretory products in the alveoli. This study clearly indicates that 3beta-diol is biologically active and the degree of stimulation varies with the animal preparation in which the androgens were tested.", "contents": "The effects of 5alpha-reduced androgens on maintenance and regeneration of prostate glands and seminal vesicles in castrated and hypophysectomized rats. The effects of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) were studied in rats hypophysectomized and treated daily for 30 days with the steroids, starting on the day of surgery (hypophysectomized, H) or 30 days following the removal of pituitary (hypophysectomized regressed, HR). The ability of 3beta-diol to maintain and restimulate the prostate glands and seminal vesicles of castrated (C) and castrated regressed (CR) rats, respectively, was also studied. This androgen (3beta-diol) was able to maintain as well as rejuvenate to some degree the sexual accessory glands of all treatment groups. The prostate glands and seminal vesicles in both castrated experimental groups showed increased stimulation with progressively higher dosages of 3beta-diol. At all dose levels, stimulation of seminal vesicles of CR rats was comparable to that of non-regressed castrates. The prostate glands, on the other hand, showed better maintenance in the higher dosage group. In H rats, the stimulation of sexual accessory glands by both androgens was not significantly different than normal controls. The seminal vesicles and prostate glands of HR rats treated with 3alpha-diol were well stimulated and comparable to those of H rats treated with 3alpha-diol. The seminal vesicles of HR rats treated with 3beta-diol were also well stimulated, though not to the extent as those with 3alpha-diol treatment. The prostate glands of the 3beta-diol treated HR rats were significantly smaller than those of the 3alpha-diol treatment group. However, these miniature glands were morphologically stimulated as evidenced by mitosis of parenchymal cells and accumulation of secretory products in the alveoli. This study clearly indicates that 3beta-diol is biologically active and the degree of stimulation varies with the animal preparation in which the androgens were tested.", "PMID": 736274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2522", "title": "Effects of testosterone enanthate on the structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat.", "content": "The histology and fine structure of the testis, epididymis and sex accessory glands were studied in young adult male rats administered testosterone enanthate, 120 microgram/100 g body weight, three times weekly for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. The weights of the testis and epididymis decreased, and animals treated for 11 weeks were infertile. Alterations were found in the seminiferous tubules of all rats treated for 8 or 12 weeks, including the presence of many degenerating germ cells and a large decrease or absence of late spermatids. Study of different stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium showed that the greatest number of degenerating germ cells, step 7 spermatids and pachytene primary spermatocytes, occurred at stages VII-VIII of the cycle. Some normal appearing spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and early spermatids remained in most seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contained many lipid droplets and lysosome-like bodies, and degenerating cells were surrounded by Sertoli cell cytoplasm. The Leydig cells of treated animals were greatly reduced in size. Sperm progressively disappeared from the lumen of the middle segment and proximal part of the terminal segment of the epididymis after treatment for 8 or 12 weeks. Changes in the middle segment also included the appearance of intraepithelial cavities containing debris, and the presence within the epithelium of phagocytic cells that resembled leukocytes. The lumen of the proximal part of the terminal segment was often collapsed, while in the distal part of the terminal segment, the lumen was filled with cellular debris and degenerating sperm. Organelles of the principal cells of the epididymal epithelium appeared to be qualitatively unaltered. The weight of the sex accessory glands remained close to normal, and the presence of normal ultrastructural features suggested that production of secretions continued.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone enanthate on the structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat. The histology and fine structure of the testis, epididymis and sex accessory glands were studied in young adult male rats administered testosterone enanthate, 120 microgram/100 g body weight, three times weekly for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. The weights of the testis and epididymis decreased, and animals treated for 11 weeks were infertile. Alterations were found in the seminiferous tubules of all rats treated for 8 or 12 weeks, including the presence of many degenerating germ cells and a large decrease or absence of late spermatids. Study of different stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium showed that the greatest number of degenerating germ cells, step 7 spermatids and pachytene primary spermatocytes, occurred at stages VII-VIII of the cycle. Some normal appearing spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and early spermatids remained in most seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contained many lipid droplets and lysosome-like bodies, and degenerating cells were surrounded by Sertoli cell cytoplasm. The Leydig cells of treated animals were greatly reduced in size. Sperm progressively disappeared from the lumen of the middle segment and proximal part of the terminal segment of the epididymis after treatment for 8 or 12 weeks. Changes in the middle segment also included the appearance of intraepithelial cavities containing debris, and the presence within the epithelium of phagocytic cells that resembled leukocytes. The lumen of the proximal part of the terminal segment was often collapsed, while in the distal part of the terminal segment, the lumen was filled with cellular debris and degenerating sperm. Organelles of the principal cells of the epididymal epithelium appeared to be qualitatively unaltered. The weight of the sex accessory glands remained close to normal, and the presence of normal ultrastructural features suggested that production of secretions continued.", "PMID": 736275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2523", "title": "Clinical experience with an alloplastic spermatocele.", "content": "During the last 4 years we succeeded in proving in experiments in rats and bulls that a cup-shaped silicone-dacron prosthesis may be used as Sperm-reservoir. Spermatozoa--aspirated from this reservoir and stored as pellets in liquid nitrogen over 6 weeks--induced pregnancies and normal births in 50 percent of inseminated cows. Because of aplasia or long stenosis of the vas deferens 26 prostheses (20 X 8 X 8 mm) were implanted upon the epididymis in 14 patients. Percutaneous aspirations up to 7 months after operation showed up to 105 million spermatozoa persingle aspiration. The number and the motility of the aspirated spermatozoa varied considerably from one puncture to the next. Quality and quantity of spermatozoa decreases in correlation with longer postoperative delays. Average aspiration-time was 3 months and positive sperm counts were obtained on an average for 2 months. Insemination of the patients' wives with the aspirate did not result in any pregnancy so far. In \"hopeless cases\" presenting excretory azoospermia and aplasia or long stenosis of the vas, we try to obtain maximal numbers of spermatozoa by early and frequent aspiration of the implanted alloplastic reservoir for well \"timed\" direct insemination and deepfreezing.", "contents": "Clinical experience with an alloplastic spermatocele. During the last 4 years we succeeded in proving in experiments in rats and bulls that a cup-shaped silicone-dacron prosthesis may be used as Sperm-reservoir. Spermatozoa--aspirated from this reservoir and stored as pellets in liquid nitrogen over 6 weeks--induced pregnancies and normal births in 50 percent of inseminated cows. Because of aplasia or long stenosis of the vas deferens 26 prostheses (20 X 8 X 8 mm) were implanted upon the epididymis in 14 patients. Percutaneous aspirations up to 7 months after operation showed up to 105 million spermatozoa persingle aspiration. The number and the motility of the aspirated spermatozoa varied considerably from one puncture to the next. Quality and quantity of spermatozoa decreases in correlation with longer postoperative delays. Average aspiration-time was 3 months and positive sperm counts were obtained on an average for 2 months. Insemination of the patients' wives with the aspirate did not result in any pregnancy so far. In \"hopeless cases\" presenting excretory azoospermia and aplasia or long stenosis of the vas, we try to obtain maximal numbers of spermatozoa by early and frequent aspiration of the implanted alloplastic reservoir for well \"timed\" direct insemination and deepfreezing.", "PMID": 736276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2524", "title": "Effect of various prostaglandins on the metabolism of fructose by epididymal and ejaculated ram spermatozoa in vitro.", "content": "The effects of a number of prostaglandins on the metabolism of fructose by epididymal and ejaculated ram spermatozoa were investigated using conventional Warburg techniques. Spermatozoa from the two sources were collected concurrently during electrical stimulation; the epididymal spermatozoa were harvested via a cannula inserted chronically into one vas deferens and thus were free from exposure to the seminal prostaglandins. In general, the metabolism of fructose by the spermatozoa was little affected by a wide range of prostaglandins at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml. Of the PGs present in semen, PGE2, PGE3 and PGF2alpha had no significant effects whereas PGE1 and PGF1alpha significantly increased lactate accumulation and the latter increased oxygen uptake, in both cases without significantly changing fructose utilization, fructose oxidized or CO2 production. Both 15-methyl-substituted PGE2 and PGF2alpha and their corresponding methyl esters failed to change fructose metabolism and it is unlikely therefore that the lack of response to PGE2 and PGF2alpha was due to their being metabolized by the spermatozoa during the incubation. Of a number of breakdown products tested, PGA1 and to a lesser extent PGA2 appeared to inhibit the Krebs tricarbocyclic acid cycle and 15-keto 13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha appeared to stimulate it. In general, epididymal spermatozoa responded to the PGs in the same way as ejaculated spermatozoa. Thus we did not confirm a suggestion in the literature that spermatozoa have lowered sensitivity to PGs in vitro once they have been in contact with the PGs in seminal plasma.", "contents": "Effect of various prostaglandins on the metabolism of fructose by epididymal and ejaculated ram spermatozoa in vitro. The effects of a number of prostaglandins on the metabolism of fructose by epididymal and ejaculated ram spermatozoa were investigated using conventional Warburg techniques. Spermatozoa from the two sources were collected concurrently during electrical stimulation; the epididymal spermatozoa were harvested via a cannula inserted chronically into one vas deferens and thus were free from exposure to the seminal prostaglandins. In general, the metabolism of fructose by the spermatozoa was little affected by a wide range of prostaglandins at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml. Of the PGs present in semen, PGE2, PGE3 and PGF2alpha had no significant effects whereas PGE1 and PGF1alpha significantly increased lactate accumulation and the latter increased oxygen uptake, in both cases without significantly changing fructose utilization, fructose oxidized or CO2 production. Both 15-methyl-substituted PGE2 and PGF2alpha and their corresponding methyl esters failed to change fructose metabolism and it is unlikely therefore that the lack of response to PGE2 and PGF2alpha was due to their being metabolized by the spermatozoa during the incubation. Of a number of breakdown products tested, PGA1 and to a lesser extent PGA2 appeared to inhibit the Krebs tricarbocyclic acid cycle and 15-keto 13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha appeared to stimulate it. In general, epididymal spermatozoa responded to the PGs in the same way as ejaculated spermatozoa. Thus we did not confirm a suggestion in the literature that spermatozoa have lowered sensitivity to PGs in vitro once they have been in contact with the PGs in seminal plasma.", "PMID": 736277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2525", "title": "Seminal fructose, citric acid and acid phosphatase before and after vasectomy in man.", "content": "Seminal fructose, citric acid and acid phosphatase were estimated from 23 healthy males before vasectomy and three months later. Each subject had children and the men volunteered for sterilization because other possibilities of contraception were inapplicable. Vasectomy was performed under local anesthesia in the conventional manner. Semen of all patients was azoospermic three months after vasectomy. In this study, the amounts of seminal fructose and citric acid were significantly higher after vasectomy than before operation. The activity of seminal acid phosphatase was a little less, but the difference was not significant. The increase of seminal fructose and citric acid could be explained by the lack of spermatozoa, which normally use them into their metabolism.", "contents": "Seminal fructose, citric acid and acid phosphatase before and after vasectomy in man. Seminal fructose, citric acid and acid phosphatase were estimated from 23 healthy males before vasectomy and three months later. Each subject had children and the men volunteered for sterilization because other possibilities of contraception were inapplicable. Vasectomy was performed under local anesthesia in the conventional manner. Semen of all patients was azoospermic three months after vasectomy. In this study, the amounts of seminal fructose and citric acid were significantly higher after vasectomy than before operation. The activity of seminal acid phosphatase was a little less, but the difference was not significant. The increase of seminal fructose and citric acid could be explained by the lack of spermatozoa, which normally use them into their metabolism.", "PMID": 736278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2526", "title": "A new anesthesia delivery system.", "content": "A prototype anesthesia delivery system has been developed to test the appropriateness of new technological design approaches. The objectives were to eliminate human-factors problems associated with present anesthesia apparatus and to lay a suitable technical foundation for the development of new techniques in anesthesia management. This prototype performs all the functions of a conventional anesthesia machine, as well as many monitoring and surveillance tasks. Eventual incorporation of new teaching functions, and additional monitoring and record-keeping activities, are intended. The system is fundamentally electronic with few moving parts. Reliability, safety, and clarity of operation were the primary criteria in selection and application of the specific technologies employed. The result is a promising first step in the development of a system oriented toward supporting rather than preoccupying the anesthestist.", "contents": "A new anesthesia delivery system. A prototype anesthesia delivery system has been developed to test the appropriateness of new technological design approaches. The objectives were to eliminate human-factors problems associated with present anesthesia apparatus and to lay a suitable technical foundation for the development of new techniques in anesthesia management. This prototype performs all the functions of a conventional anesthesia machine, as well as many monitoring and surveillance tasks. Eventual incorporation of new teaching functions, and additional monitoring and record-keeping activities, are intended. The system is fundamentally electronic with few moving parts. Reliability, safety, and clarity of operation were the primary criteria in selection and application of the specific technologies employed. The result is a promising first step in the development of a system oriented toward supporting rather than preoccupying the anesthestist.", "PMID": 736286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2527", "title": "Positive feedback of gonadotropins in males.", "content": "The influence of estradiol and progesterone upon serum LH and FSH has been evaluated in three groups of five normal adult males. These steroids were administered to ascertain whether the hypothalamus and pituitary in the male possesses the capability for acute release and positive feedback of gonadotropins, a well established characteristic of the hypothalamus and pituitary in the female. Suppression of circulating levels of gonadotropins occurred after the oral administration of 0.1 mg of ethinyl estradiol daily for three days to experimental group 1, and after 0.1 mg ethinyl estradiol given daily for nine days plus 1.0 mg given on day 10 to experimental group 2. Positive feedback of serum LH levels occurred in two of five men of experimental group 3 after they received 0.5 mg ethinyl estradiol orally daily for three days. Three men had a rise of FSH concentration between day 5 and 8 of the administration of this drug. Ten mg of progesterone (IM) given to these men after suppression with estradiol also produced a positive feedback of FSH in three and of LH in four of the five men.", "contents": "Positive feedback of gonadotropins in males. The influence of estradiol and progesterone upon serum LH and FSH has been evaluated in three groups of five normal adult males. These steroids were administered to ascertain whether the hypothalamus and pituitary in the male possesses the capability for acute release and positive feedback of gonadotropins, a well established characteristic of the hypothalamus and pituitary in the female. Suppression of circulating levels of gonadotropins occurred after the oral administration of 0.1 mg of ethinyl estradiol daily for three days to experimental group 1, and after 0.1 mg ethinyl estradiol given daily for nine days plus 1.0 mg given on day 10 to experimental group 2. Positive feedback of serum LH levels occurred in two of five men of experimental group 3 after they received 0.5 mg ethinyl estradiol orally daily for three days. Three men had a rise of FSH concentration between day 5 and 8 of the administration of this drug. Ten mg of progesterone (IM) given to these men after suppression with estradiol also produced a positive feedback of FSH in three and of LH in four of the five men.", "PMID": 736281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2528", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine during hypothermia in the cat.", "content": "To determine the effects of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine (dTc), serum, biliary, and urinary concentrations were determined and twitch tension monitored following intravenous administration of dTc, 0.7 mg/kg, at 39 (n = 5), 34 (n = 5), and 28 C (n = 6) in cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethane. Time from injection of dTc to maximum neuromuscular blockade was prolonged by hypothermia (28 C). Similarly, moderate (28 C) but not mild (34 C) hypothermia delayed recovery from paralysis. The serum half-life was prolonged 76% and the serum clearance rate decreased 60% by hypothermia (28 C). The combined biliary and urinary elimination of dTc was decreased 47% at 28 C compared with 34 and 39 C. The serum concentration of dTc necessary for neuromuscular blockade was less at 39 C (ED50 0.87 microgram/ml) than at 34 or 28 C (ED50 1.13 microgram/ml). It is concluded that, in vivo, hypothermia antagonizes a dTc-induced neuromuscular blockade but decreases the elimination of dTc. At 28 C the net effect is a prolongation of neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine during hypothermia in the cat. To determine the effects of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine (dTc), serum, biliary, and urinary concentrations were determined and twitch tension monitored following intravenous administration of dTc, 0.7 mg/kg, at 39 (n = 5), 34 (n = 5), and 28 C (n = 6) in cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethane. Time from injection of dTc to maximum neuromuscular blockade was prolonged by hypothermia (28 C). Similarly, moderate (28 C) but not mild (34 C) hypothermia delayed recovery from paralysis. The serum half-life was prolonged 76% and the serum clearance rate decreased 60% by hypothermia (28 C). The combined biliary and urinary elimination of dTc was decreased 47% at 28 C compared with 34 and 39 C. The serum concentration of dTc necessary for neuromuscular blockade was less at 39 C (ED50 0.87 microgram/ml) than at 34 or 28 C (ED50 1.13 microgram/ml). It is concluded that, in vivo, hypothermia antagonizes a dTc-induced neuromuscular blockade but decreases the elimination of dTc. At 28 C the net effect is a prolongation of neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 736287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2529", "title": "Effects on rabbit spermatogenesis following orthostatic collapse. Light microscope qualitative and quantitative studies.", "content": "Forty rabbits were submitted to orthostatic collapse, divided into 9 groups and sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, 4, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days following collapse. Ten animals were used as controls. The testis and epididymis were submitted to microscopic examination. The most striking change was necrosis of seminiferous cells which was most severe in the 24-hour group. The most susceptible cell to necrosis was the primary spermatocyte whilst spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were not damaged. Other frequent changes included hypertrophic spermatocytes, hypertrophic early spermatids, nonelongated late spermatids, nonelongated multinucleated late spermatids, multinucleated and binucleated early spermatids. A quantitative study done by counting tubular cross-sections with presence of the changes described showed a significant increase of frequency in the rabbits submitted to orthostatic collapse. The histological changes can be related primarily to the circulatory disturbance leading to oligaemia and consequently to anoxia and are strikingly similar to those following experimental ischemia of testis.", "contents": "Effects on rabbit spermatogenesis following orthostatic collapse. Light microscope qualitative and quantitative studies. Forty rabbits were submitted to orthostatic collapse, divided into 9 groups and sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, 4, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days following collapse. Ten animals were used as controls. The testis and epididymis were submitted to microscopic examination. The most striking change was necrosis of seminiferous cells which was most severe in the 24-hour group. The most susceptible cell to necrosis was the primary spermatocyte whilst spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were not damaged. Other frequent changes included hypertrophic spermatocytes, hypertrophic early spermatids, nonelongated late spermatids, nonelongated multinucleated late spermatids, multinucleated and binucleated early spermatids. A quantitative study done by counting tubular cross-sections with presence of the changes described showed a significant increase of frequency in the rabbits submitted to orthostatic collapse. The histological changes can be related primarily to the circulatory disturbance leading to oligaemia and consequently to anoxia and are strikingly similar to those following experimental ischemia of testis.", "PMID": 736282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2530", "title": "[Free fatty acid composition of human semen in different clinical diagnoses].", "content": "The composition of free fatty acids of human semen from different clinical diagnosis was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The major components were palmitic, stearic, myristic and oleic acid. The analyses indicate that the percentage composition of palmitic acid was distinctly lower in the group with azoospermia.", "contents": "[Free fatty acid composition of human semen in different clinical diagnoses]. The composition of free fatty acids of human semen from different clinical diagnosis was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The major components were palmitic, stearic, myristic and oleic acid. The analyses indicate that the percentage composition of palmitic acid was distinctly lower in the group with azoospermia.", "PMID": 736283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2531", "title": "[Experimental studies on the reaction of the vas deferens to different traumata].", "content": "In animal experiments the reaction of the ductus deferens to various traumata was studied. The investigations performed on 115 rats were to clarify the following problems: 1. Can a transient trauma, as occurring during preparation or roentgenographic visualization, cause a luminal obstruction? 2. How can vasectomy be done safely in such a manner that chances for a later vasovasotomy are not reduced more than necessary? The findings permit the following conclusions: 1. The surgical exposure of the ductus deferens as well as the checking of its permeability by means of x-ray contrast medium do not lead to a luminal obliteration when performed appropriately under surgical conditions in the course of a vasovasotomy. 2. Sterilization is achieved by partial vasoresection combined with intravasal fulguration. However, the ductus deferens remains understroyed not far from the defect; therefore, after resection of the scarred area a vasovasostomy would still be successful.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the reaction of the vas deferens to different traumata]. In animal experiments the reaction of the ductus deferens to various traumata was studied. The investigations performed on 115 rats were to clarify the following problems: 1. Can a transient trauma, as occurring during preparation or roentgenographic visualization, cause a luminal obstruction? 2. How can vasectomy be done safely in such a manner that chances for a later vasovasotomy are not reduced more than necessary? The findings permit the following conclusions: 1. The surgical exposure of the ductus deferens as well as the checking of its permeability by means of x-ray contrast medium do not lead to a luminal obliteration when performed appropriately under surgical conditions in the course of a vasovasotomy. 2. Sterilization is achieved by partial vasoresection combined with intravasal fulguration. However, the ductus deferens remains understroyed not far from the defect; therefore, after resection of the scarred area a vasovasostomy would still be successful.", "PMID": 736279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2532", "title": "The relationship between plasma FSH, testosterone levels and testicular histology in males with azoospermia.", "content": "The plasma FSH and testosterone levels were determined by the radioimmunological method in 27 men with azoospermia. The plasma FSH levels were elevated in the Sertoli-cell only syndrome and in the case of inhibited spermatogenesis. The plasma FSH level was normal in patients with normal spermatogenesis. The plasma testosterone level did not differ from the normal values in any of the above-mentioned groups of patients.", "contents": "The relationship between plasma FSH, testosterone levels and testicular histology in males with azoospermia. The plasma FSH and testosterone levels were determined by the radioimmunological method in 27 men with azoospermia. The plasma FSH levels were elevated in the Sertoli-cell only syndrome and in the case of inhibited spermatogenesis. The plasma FSH level was normal in patients with normal spermatogenesis. The plasma testosterone level did not differ from the normal values in any of the above-mentioned groups of patients.", "PMID": 736284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2533", "title": "Epididymal sperm reserve in Buffalo-bulls (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "Epididymal sperm reserve was determined in 6 sexually mature fertile buffalo-bulls having normal process of spermatogenesis. The relative distribution of spermatozoa in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis averaged 5.42, 0.75 and 11.45 billion respectively. Total epididymal sperm reserve per bull averaged 36.2 billion. In terms of percentage the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis contained 30.76, 4.25 and 64.99 per cent sperm respectively.", "contents": "Epididymal sperm reserve in Buffalo-bulls (Bubalus bubalis). Epididymal sperm reserve was determined in 6 sexually mature fertile buffalo-bulls having normal process of spermatogenesis. The relative distribution of spermatozoa in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis averaged 5.42, 0.75 and 11.45 billion respectively. Total epididymal sperm reserve per bull averaged 36.2 billion. In terms of percentage the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis contained 30.76, 4.25 and 64.99 per cent sperm respectively.", "PMID": 736280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2534", "title": "[Contribution on the parasite fauna of the GDR. 2. Studies of the incidence of helminths in roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus)].", "content": "The authors show the results of researches on the helminthofauna in roe deers from two different hunting-grounds. The results are compared with those of other authors in GDR and the Central European region. In roe deers 37 different helminths--1 species of Trematoda, 3 species of Cestoda and 33 species of Nematoda--are found up to till now in GDR. Finally some informations are given about the extense- and the intense-infection of the hosts.", "contents": "[Contribution on the parasite fauna of the GDR. 2. Studies of the incidence of helminths in roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus)]. The authors show the results of researches on the helminthofauna in roe deers from two different hunting-grounds. The results are compared with those of other authors in GDR and the Central European region. In roe deers 37 different helminths--1 species of Trematoda, 3 species of Cestoda and 33 species of Nematoda--are found up to till now in GDR. Finally some informations are given about the extense- and the intense-infection of the hosts.", "PMID": 736314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2535", "title": "[Developmental cycle of Stomylotrema vicarium].", "content": "With metacercariae encysted naturally in the visceral cavity of Megadytes glauca-larvae (Dityscidae), day old unfed chicken and a Belonopterus cayennensis were infected and adults of Stomylotrema vicarium Braun, 1901 obtained. Metacercariae and adults have an excretory bladder with lateral ramifications and 4 groups of 10, exceptionally 12 flame cells on each body side. Very young metacercariae without cysts presented a big stylet. A corresponding virgula-cercaria in Ampullaria canaliculata is supposed.", "contents": "[Developmental cycle of Stomylotrema vicarium]. With metacercariae encysted naturally in the visceral cavity of Megadytes glauca-larvae (Dityscidae), day old unfed chicken and a Belonopterus cayennensis were infected and adults of Stomylotrema vicarium Braun, 1901 obtained. Metacercariae and adults have an excretory bladder with lateral ramifications and 4 groups of 10, exceptionally 12 flame cells on each body side. Very young metacercariae without cysts presented a big stylet. A corresponding virgula-cercaria in Ampullaria canaliculata is supposed.", "PMID": 736315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2536", "title": "[Massive infestation of Goniocotes megalocephalus on an injured hazel-cock].", "content": "A strong infestation of Goniocotes megalocephalus [Mallophaga] on the adult male of Hazelgrouse (Tetrastes bonasia rupestris C. L.Brehm, 1831), which died gradually in cause of a trauma, is described. The result of examination and circumstances of it are dicussed. The poor condition of the bird caused by the trauma and its reduced activity during the winter season were probably the most important factors, on account of these the population of the parasites was increased.", "contents": "[Massive infestation of Goniocotes megalocephalus on an injured hazel-cock]. A strong infestation of Goniocotes megalocephalus [Mallophaga] on the adult male of Hazelgrouse (Tetrastes bonasia rupestris C. L.Brehm, 1831), which died gradually in cause of a trauma, is described. The result of examination and circumstances of it are dicussed. The poor condition of the bird caused by the trauma and its reduced activity during the winter season were probably the most important factors, on account of these the population of the parasites was increased.", "PMID": 736316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2537", "title": "[Influence of the hematocrit on the formation of Heinz bodies within the red cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The increased in vitro formation of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes exposed to oxidant agents (acetylphenylhydrazine) is an excellent screening test for the diagnosis of various congenital abnormalities of red blood cells (G-6-PD deficiency, unstable haemoglobins). This phenomenon is strongly dependent of the PCV of the test blood. Anemia by itself (hematocrit less than 30 p. cent) may be responsible for an increased formation of Heinz bodies even in the absence of any erythrocyte abnormality. This finding confirm that the results of the test are of value only if the PCV of blood samples is adjusted to 40 p. cent.", "contents": "[Influence of the hematocrit on the formation of Heinz bodies within the red cells (author's transl)]. The increased in vitro formation of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes exposed to oxidant agents (acetylphenylhydrazine) is an excellent screening test for the diagnosis of various congenital abnormalities of red blood cells (G-6-PD deficiency, unstable haemoglobins). This phenomenon is strongly dependent of the PCV of the test blood. Anemia by itself (hematocrit less than 30 p. cent) may be responsible for an increased formation of Heinz bodies even in the absence of any erythrocyte abnormality. This finding confirm that the results of the test are of value only if the PCV of blood samples is adjusted to 40 p. cent.", "PMID": 736319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2538", "title": "[Bamifylline. Conditions of its interference in the estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids. Method of estimation using Zimmermann's reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Bamifylline in therapeutic dosage may markedly disturb the determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids by Zimmermann's reaction, although the conditions of extraction and formation of this chromogenic substance are not always optimal for the metabolites of bamifylline. It is easy to suspect this interference as the chromogenic substance is produced as soon as the reagents are introduced, contrary to 17-oxosteroids, and it presents a more bluish colour. It is possible to separate completely both types of metabolite by washing the chloroform extracts with acid solutions which form salts with bamifylline and thus extract it. From these acid solutions, bamifylline may be recovered and estimated Zimmermann's reaction which is, for this purpose, modified.", "contents": "[Bamifylline. Conditions of its interference in the estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids. Method of estimation using Zimmermann's reaction (author's transl)]. Bamifylline in therapeutic dosage may markedly disturb the determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids by Zimmermann's reaction, although the conditions of extraction and formation of this chromogenic substance are not always optimal for the metabolites of bamifylline. It is easy to suspect this interference as the chromogenic substance is produced as soon as the reagents are introduced, contrary to 17-oxosteroids, and it presents a more bluish colour. It is possible to separate completely both types of metabolite by washing the chloroform extracts with acid solutions which form salts with bamifylline and thus extract it. From these acid solutions, bamifylline may be recovered and estimated Zimmermann's reaction which is, for this purpose, modified.", "PMID": 736320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2539", "title": "Monensin for the prevention of coccidiosis in calves.", "content": "Young calves (Holstein-Friesian) were inoculated with Eimeria bovis on the 3rd day after the start of 31 days' feeding of a ration containing added monensin in 2 dose levels: 16.5 g or 33 g/metric ton of feed. Monensin-treated calves were free of clinical signs of coccidiosis, but inoculated control calves developed diarrhea and had excessive oocyst discharge on days 19 to 28 after they were inoculated. Weight gains and feed efficiency in monensin-treated calves were equal or superior to those factors in noninoculated control calves for the 31-day period.", "contents": "Monensin for the prevention of coccidiosis in calves. Young calves (Holstein-Friesian) were inoculated with Eimeria bovis on the 3rd day after the start of 31 days' feeding of a ration containing added monensin in 2 dose levels: 16.5 g or 33 g/metric ton of feed. Monensin-treated calves were free of clinical signs of coccidiosis, but inoculated control calves developed diarrhea and had excessive oocyst discharge on days 19 to 28 after they were inoculated. Weight gains and feed efficiency in monensin-treated calves were equal or superior to those factors in noninoculated control calves for the 31-day period.", "PMID": 736327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2540", "title": "Bone-remodeling rates of the Beagle: a comparison between different sites on the same rib.", "content": "The standardized colony-raised male Beagle is being used more frequently for research purposes. The rib of this dog is an ideal bone on which to measure haversian bone-remodeling activity. To date there has been little indication as to whether there has existed any natural statistically significant differences in bone-remodeling rates along the length of the rib of this dog. To answer this question, standard samples were procured from the proximal, mid-shaft, and distal portions of the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th ribs after tetracycline labeling. It was found that there exist in the normal state statistically significant differences between the 3 portions on all the ribs examined, as refers to ratio of cortical to total bone area, number of osteoid seams, number of resorption spaces, activation frequency, and bone-formation rate. These differences are significant at the 0.001 level and may give rise to a wrong interpretation by the unwary investigator. The results of this investigation stress the importance of standardizing the biopsy site on the rib that is to be examined.", "contents": "Bone-remodeling rates of the Beagle: a comparison between different sites on the same rib. The standardized colony-raised male Beagle is being used more frequently for research purposes. The rib of this dog is an ideal bone on which to measure haversian bone-remodeling activity. To date there has been little indication as to whether there has existed any natural statistically significant differences in bone-remodeling rates along the length of the rib of this dog. To answer this question, standard samples were procured from the proximal, mid-shaft, and distal portions of the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th ribs after tetracycline labeling. It was found that there exist in the normal state statistically significant differences between the 3 portions on all the ribs examined, as refers to ratio of cortical to total bone area, number of osteoid seams, number of resorption spaces, activation frequency, and bone-formation rate. These differences are significant at the 0.001 level and may give rise to a wrong interpretation by the unwary investigator. The results of this investigation stress the importance of standardizing the biopsy site on the rib that is to be examined.", "PMID": 736329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2541", "title": "Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci of canine origin.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic staphylococci were isolated from cecum and rectum from 26 (5.8%) of 451 dogs. Of the 30 enterotoxigenic staphylococci isolated, 14 (46.7%) belonged to biotype E, which has been considered to be of canine origin (Baird-Parker's classification modified by H\u00e1jek and Mars\u00e1lek). They produced exclusively enterotoxin type C. This is the first evidence of enterotoxigenic staphylococci of canine origin.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci of canine origin. Enterotoxigenic staphylococci were isolated from cecum and rectum from 26 (5.8%) of 451 dogs. Of the 30 enterotoxigenic staphylococci isolated, 14 (46.7%) belonged to biotype E, which has been considered to be of canine origin (Baird-Parker's classification modified by H\u00e1jek and Mars\u00e1lek). They produced exclusively enterotoxin type C. This is the first evidence of enterotoxigenic staphylococci of canine origin.", "PMID": 736330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2542", "title": "Relationship of the patellar tendon reflex to the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve in the dog.", "content": "The lumbosacral plexuses of dogs were exposed, using a ventral abdominal approach. In 4 dogs, the ventral branches (VB) of the 4th, 5th, 6th, or 7th lumbar spinal nerves were severed bilaterally. In 4 other dogs, the VB of combinations of 3 of these lumbar spinal nerves were severed so that the branch of only 1 nerve was kept intact. Among many neurologic deficits seen, the reflex of the patellar tendon was absent if the VB of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve was severed and was present if the branch was left intact. This finding was confirmed in another 12 dogs in which the VG of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve was severed on 1 side and the VB of the 4th and 6th lumbar spinal nerves were severed on the opposite side. In 4 additional dogs, the dorsal and ventral roots of the 5th lumbar spinal cord segment were isolated by dorsal laminectomy. Severing the dorsal root caused loss of the patellar tendon reflex, whereas severing the ventral root resulted in hyporeflexia. These findings would suggest that the major afferent impulse elicited by tapping the patellar tendon reaches the spinal cord by way of the dorsal root of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve.", "contents": "Relationship of the patellar tendon reflex to the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve in the dog. The lumbosacral plexuses of dogs were exposed, using a ventral abdominal approach. In 4 dogs, the ventral branches (VB) of the 4th, 5th, 6th, or 7th lumbar spinal nerves were severed bilaterally. In 4 other dogs, the VB of combinations of 3 of these lumbar spinal nerves were severed so that the branch of only 1 nerve was kept intact. Among many neurologic deficits seen, the reflex of the patellar tendon was absent if the VB of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve was severed and was present if the branch was left intact. This finding was confirmed in another 12 dogs in which the VG of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve was severed on 1 side and the VB of the 4th and 6th lumbar spinal nerves were severed on the opposite side. In 4 additional dogs, the dorsal and ventral roots of the 5th lumbar spinal cord segment were isolated by dorsal laminectomy. Severing the dorsal root caused loss of the patellar tendon reflex, whereas severing the ventral root resulted in hyporeflexia. These findings would suggest that the major afferent impulse elicited by tapping the patellar tendon reaches the spinal cord by way of the dorsal root of the 5th lumbar spinal nerve.", "PMID": 736331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2543", "title": "Regulation by antibody of lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation: antibody inhibition of mitogenesis and release of lectin from cell surfaces.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the ways in which antibody regulates proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA). Equine lymphocytes were reacted with PHA or ConA for 1 to 10 hours, washed free of excess lectin, then cultured for 3 days and examined for proliferation and incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Both PHA and ConA induced lymphocytes to proliferate after short incubation periods. This response could be interrupted by the addition of antibody to the respective lectin. Total suppression of the proliferative response occurred if antibody was added within the first 2 hours after initial contact with PHA or ConA. Addition at times up to 48 hours produced either total or partial suppression. The removal of excess antibody 4 hours after addition to the culture did not reverse the suppression. Using radiolabeled ConA and PHA, it was observed that suppressive antibody inhibited the release of lectin from metabolically active lymphocytes and from surfaces where pinocytosis was not possible or was minimized. Antibody did not affect the rate of degradation of lectin by the cells. These results indicate that antibody attached to lectins, already bound to the lymphocyte surface, can terminate the lymphocyte response and retard the rate of release of lectin from the cell membrane.", "contents": "Regulation by antibody of lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation: antibody inhibition of mitogenesis and release of lectin from cell surfaces. Studies were conducted to determine the ways in which antibody regulates proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA). Equine lymphocytes were reacted with PHA or ConA for 1 to 10 hours, washed free of excess lectin, then cultured for 3 days and examined for proliferation and incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Both PHA and ConA induced lymphocytes to proliferate after short incubation periods. This response could be interrupted by the addition of antibody to the respective lectin. Total suppression of the proliferative response occurred if antibody was added within the first 2 hours after initial contact with PHA or ConA. Addition at times up to 48 hours produced either total or partial suppression. The removal of excess antibody 4 hours after addition to the culture did not reverse the suppression. Using radiolabeled ConA and PHA, it was observed that suppressive antibody inhibited the release of lectin from metabolically active lymphocytes and from surfaces where pinocytosis was not possible or was minimized. Antibody did not affect the rate of degradation of lectin by the cells. These results indicate that antibody attached to lectins, already bound to the lymphocyte surface, can terminate the lymphocyte response and retard the rate of release of lectin from the cell membrane.", "PMID": 736332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2544", "title": "Clinical pulmonary perfusion imaging in the dog.", "content": "Scintigraphic pulmonary perfusion imaging in the dog has been described for the clinically normal animal. The usefulness of this technique in the patient with pulmonary dysfunction was assessed by review of 76 consecutive clinical cases completed in a 6-month period. This review indicated that 3 basic patterns of perfusion defects are commonly seen in the dog. These were associated with (1) diffuse parenchymal metastatic disease, (2) mediastinal metastatic disease, and (3) heartworm disease. The technique has proved reliable as an aid in the staging of neoplastic disease and of some potential value in heartworm disease and is now performed on a routine basis at this institution for purposes of clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical pulmonary perfusion imaging in the dog. Scintigraphic pulmonary perfusion imaging in the dog has been described for the clinically normal animal. The usefulness of this technique in the patient with pulmonary dysfunction was assessed by review of 76 consecutive clinical cases completed in a 6-month period. This review indicated that 3 basic patterns of perfusion defects are commonly seen in the dog. These were associated with (1) diffuse parenchymal metastatic disease, (2) mediastinal metastatic disease, and (3) heartworm disease. The technique has proved reliable as an aid in the staging of neoplastic disease and of some potential value in heartworm disease and is now performed on a routine basis at this institution for purposes of clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 736333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2545", "title": "Serum glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in normal dogs.", "content": "Serum concentrations of glutamic acid decarboxylase, a nearly brain-specific enzyme, were determined in 290 samples from 29 normal Beagle dogs, using a modification of a fluorometric method. Mean glutamic acid decarboxylase activity was 214 micromoles/hr/L (units). Seemingly, 95% of clinically normal Beagles would have values between 93 and 335 units and 99% of the values would fall between 50 and 378 units.", "contents": "Serum glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in normal dogs. Serum concentrations of glutamic acid decarboxylase, a nearly brain-specific enzyme, were determined in 290 samples from 29 normal Beagle dogs, using a modification of a fluorometric method. Mean glutamic acid decarboxylase activity was 214 micromoles/hr/L (units). Seemingly, 95% of clinically normal Beagles would have values between 93 and 335 units and 99% of the values would fall between 50 and 378 units.", "PMID": 736335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2546", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus in the dog: a retrospective study of radiographic, epidemiologic, and clinical findings.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the dog, which were confirmed by cardiac catheterization, surgical exploration, or at necropsy, were reviewed. A machinery murmur, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular enlargement, and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly with an aortic and a pulmonary artery dilatation were consistent features. Surgical repair was successful in 65% of the dogs. The postoperative radiographic and electrocardiographic changes are described. A concomitant congenital defect was present in 2 dogs. The epidemiologic features of 532 dogs identified as having PDA and submitted to the National Cancer Institute's Veterinary Medical Data Program were reviewed. Miniature and Toy Poodles, Pomeranians, and Shetland Sheepdogs were identified as being at high risk for PDA. An excess of females over males was noticed.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus in the dog: a retrospective study of radiographic, epidemiologic, and clinical findings. Twenty-seven cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the dog, which were confirmed by cardiac catheterization, surgical exploration, or at necropsy, were reviewed. A machinery murmur, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular enlargement, and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly with an aortic and a pulmonary artery dilatation were consistent features. Surgical repair was successful in 65% of the dogs. The postoperative radiographic and electrocardiographic changes are described. A concomitant congenital defect was present in 2 dogs. The epidemiologic features of 532 dogs identified as having PDA and submitted to the National Cancer Institute's Veterinary Medical Data Program were reviewed. Miniature and Toy Poodles, Pomeranians, and Shetland Sheepdogs were identified as being at high risk for PDA. An excess of females over males was noticed.", "PMID": 736336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2547", "title": "Evoked cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials in the clinically normal dog.", "content": "Cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials (ECMP), evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the ulnar and sciatic nerves, were recorded and averaged in each of 38 anesthetized, clinically normal dogs. The amplitude, latency, duration, and form of the recordings were characterized and compared with results obtained when the recording needle was positioned laterally, rostrad, caudad, and superficially to the cisterna cerebellomedullaris and in the brainstem. Recordings were compared with averaged evoked cerebrocortical potentials (ECP). The ECMP and ECP recordings were compared in dogs maintained at light planes of anesthesia, following cardiac arrest, and following severance of the spinal cord at L1 (in 14 dogs). The ECMP recordings were found to have greater amplitude and to be more consistent, complex waveforms than the ECP. The method of recording the ECMP was found to be straightforward. Thus this method of ECMP recording appeared suitable for clinical application.", "contents": "Evoked cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials in the clinically normal dog. Cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials (ECMP), evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the ulnar and sciatic nerves, were recorded and averaged in each of 38 anesthetized, clinically normal dogs. The amplitude, latency, duration, and form of the recordings were characterized and compared with results obtained when the recording needle was positioned laterally, rostrad, caudad, and superficially to the cisterna cerebellomedullaris and in the brainstem. Recordings were compared with averaged evoked cerebrocortical potentials (ECP). The ECMP and ECP recordings were compared in dogs maintained at light planes of anesthesia, following cardiac arrest, and following severance of the spinal cord at L1 (in 14 dogs). The ECMP recordings were found to have greater amplitude and to be more consistent, complex waveforms than the ECP. The method of recording the ECMP was found to be straightforward. Thus this method of ECMP recording appeared suitable for clinical application.", "PMID": 736337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2548", "title": "Comparison of the averaged evoked cisterna cerebellomedullaris potential, cortical potential, and neurologic examination in the diagnosis of spinal cord injury of the dog.", "content": "Average cerebrocortical potentials (ECP) and cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials (ECMP), evoked by ulnar and sciatic nerve stimulation, were compared with neurologic examination to evaluate their accuracy in the diagnosis of the degree of experimental spinal injury in 24 Beagles. The dogs were divided into 2 equal groups. Various impact forces were applied to the spinal cord at L1 of 1 group of dogs and various degrees of compression forces were applied to the spinal cord at L1 of the other group of dogs. The degrees of functional loss in both groups of dogs extended from mild to complete. The dogs were untreated and monitored for 30 days after injury. A short-acting barbiturate was compared with a long-acting barbiturate as the means of anesthesia; both were found to permit similar production of ECP and ECMP. The ECMP was found to be a more sensitive, more easily interpreted, and more consistent means of evaluating the degree of spinal injury than the ECP or the neurologic examination.", "contents": "Comparison of the averaged evoked cisterna cerebellomedullaris potential, cortical potential, and neurologic examination in the diagnosis of spinal cord injury of the dog. Average cerebrocortical potentials (ECP) and cisterna cerebellomedullaris potentials (ECMP), evoked by ulnar and sciatic nerve stimulation, were compared with neurologic examination to evaluate their accuracy in the diagnosis of the degree of experimental spinal injury in 24 Beagles. The dogs were divided into 2 equal groups. Various impact forces were applied to the spinal cord at L1 of 1 group of dogs and various degrees of compression forces were applied to the spinal cord at L1 of the other group of dogs. The degrees of functional loss in both groups of dogs extended from mild to complete. The dogs were untreated and monitored for 30 days after injury. A short-acting barbiturate was compared with a long-acting barbiturate as the means of anesthesia; both were found to permit similar production of ECP and ECMP. The ECMP was found to be a more sensitive, more easily interpreted, and more consistent means of evaluating the degree of spinal injury than the ECP or the neurologic examination.", "PMID": 736338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2549", "title": "Pathogenesis of experimental pulmonary paragonimiasis in cats.", "content": "Specific-pathogen-free cats (n = 20) were inoculated orally with metacercariae of Paragonimus kellicotti and necropsied between 1 and 263 days later. The immature Paragonimus flukes excysted in the intestine, penetrated the intestinal wall, and migrated from the peritoneal cavity through the diaphragm to the pleural surface of lungs by postinoculation days (PID) 5 to 23. This migration resulted in multifocal eosinophilic peritonitis and myositis. The flukes entered the lung by penetration of the pleura, which resulted in multifocal pleural hemorrhage and eosinophilic pleuritis. Immature flukes developed in the subpleural alveolar tissue surrounded by intense eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. Communications developed between the fluke-containing subpleural cavities and adjacent bronchioles by PID 39, and ova from the sexually mature flukes entered the bronchioles. From PID 55 to 263, other prominent pulmonary lesions were peribronchiolar infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, hyperplasia of bronchioles and peribronchiolar glands, and chronic active eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia associated with degenerating Paragonimus ova in the alveolar tissue adjacent to cysts. The interior surface of the fluke-containing cysts became partially epithelialized by cells from communicating bronchioles.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of experimental pulmonary paragonimiasis in cats. Specific-pathogen-free cats (n = 20) were inoculated orally with metacercariae of Paragonimus kellicotti and necropsied between 1 and 263 days later. The immature Paragonimus flukes excysted in the intestine, penetrated the intestinal wall, and migrated from the peritoneal cavity through the diaphragm to the pleural surface of lungs by postinoculation days (PID) 5 to 23. This migration resulted in multifocal eosinophilic peritonitis and myositis. The flukes entered the lung by penetration of the pleura, which resulted in multifocal pleural hemorrhage and eosinophilic pleuritis. Immature flukes developed in the subpleural alveolar tissue surrounded by intense eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. Communications developed between the fluke-containing subpleural cavities and adjacent bronchioles by PID 39, and ova from the sexually mature flukes entered the bronchioles. From PID 55 to 263, other prominent pulmonary lesions were peribronchiolar infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, hyperplasia of bronchioles and peribronchiolar glands, and chronic active eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia associated with degenerating Paragonimus ova in the alveolar tissue adjacent to cysts. The interior surface of the fluke-containing cysts became partially epithelialized by cells from communicating bronchioles.", "PMID": 736340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2550", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune response in pigs given vaccinal and chronic hog cholera viruses.", "content": "Humoral immune response (seroneutralization) and cellular immune response (lymphocyte-stimulation test) were analyzed in pigs inoculated with low virulent strains of hog cholera virus or vaccinated with a live-virus vaccine. Vaccinated animals exhibited an intense neutralizing antibody production, but cellular immune response was not detected. Neutralizing antibodies were not found in infected pigs, but a brief cellular immune response (18 days after inoculation) was observed.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune response in pigs given vaccinal and chronic hog cholera viruses. Humoral immune response (seroneutralization) and cellular immune response (lymphocyte-stimulation test) were analyzed in pigs inoculated with low virulent strains of hog cholera virus or vaccinated with a live-virus vaccine. Vaccinated animals exhibited an intense neutralizing antibody production, but cellular immune response was not detected. Neutralizing antibodies were not found in infected pigs, but a brief cellular immune response (18 days after inoculation) was observed.", "PMID": 736342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2551", "title": "Ovine nasal adenopapilloma: incidence and clinicopathologic studies.", "content": "Nasal adenopapillomas were observed in 9 Y'anKasa and 1 Y'anKasa-Suffolk crossbred sheep (8 females and 2 males) over a 20-month period. The neoplasms originated from the epithelium of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone. Gross and histologic features and clinical signs were similar in all cases. Influence of sex, age, or genetics was not established.", "contents": "Ovine nasal adenopapilloma: incidence and clinicopathologic studies. Nasal adenopapillomas were observed in 9 Y'anKasa and 1 Y'anKasa-Suffolk crossbred sheep (8 females and 2 males) over a 20-month period. The neoplasms originated from the epithelium of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone. Gross and histologic features and clinical signs were similar in all cases. Influence of sex, age, or genetics was not established.", "PMID": 736344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2552", "title": "Evaluation of niridazole as a suppressant of cellular immunity in chickens.", "content": "Niridazole was administered by gavage to 5-week-old chickens at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight. The 2 larger dosage levels were toxic and resulted in the death of many of the recipients. The 50 mg/kg dosage level was not lethal, but depressed weight gain. Cellular immune functions were measured by responses of lymphocytes in whole blood to T-cell mitogens and by delayed hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin. Blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were reduced in niridazole-treated chickens with responses of controls. Wattle tests measuring delayed hypersensitivity were positive only in control chickens; reactions in niridazole-treated chickens did not differ from nonimmunized controls.", "contents": "Evaluation of niridazole as a suppressant of cellular immunity in chickens. Niridazole was administered by gavage to 5-week-old chickens at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight. The 2 larger dosage levels were toxic and resulted in the death of many of the recipients. The 50 mg/kg dosage level was not lethal, but depressed weight gain. Cellular immune functions were measured by responses of lymphocytes in whole blood to T-cell mitogens and by delayed hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin. Blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were reduced in niridazole-treated chickens with responses of controls. Wattle tests measuring delayed hypersensitivity were positive only in control chickens; reactions in niridazole-treated chickens did not differ from nonimmunized controls.", "PMID": 736345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2553", "title": "Efficacy of injectable and tablet formulations of praziquantel against mature Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "The efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given either intramuscularly or subcutaneously at dose levels of 5 or 8 mg/kg of body weight) and a tablet formulation (5 mg/kg) against mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound was efficacious (100% clearance) if injected via either route or if administered orally.", "contents": "Efficacy of injectable and tablet formulations of praziquantel against mature Echinococcus granulosus. The efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given either intramuscularly or subcutaneously at dose levels of 5 or 8 mg/kg of body weight) and a tablet formulation (5 mg/kg) against mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound was efficacious (100% clearance) if injected via either route or if administered orally.", "PMID": 736346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2554", "title": "Preliminary report of the distribution of [14C]penicillic acid in rats: autoradiographic technique.", "content": "The distribution of [14C]penicillic acid in rats was determined by autoradiographic technique. Adult male rats were given [14C]penicillic acid orally and IV. According to autoradiographic analyses 24 hours later, high levels of radioactivity were in liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, and caudal part of the intestine. The significance of bile as an excretory route for penicillic acid was confirmed by the results from IV administration of the compound.", "contents": "Preliminary report of the distribution of [14C]penicillic acid in rats: autoradiographic technique. The distribution of [14C]penicillic acid in rats was determined by autoradiographic technique. Adult male rats were given [14C]penicillic acid orally and IV. According to autoradiographic analyses 24 hours later, high levels of radioactivity were in liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, and caudal part of the intestine. The significance of bile as an excretory route for penicillic acid was confirmed by the results from IV administration of the compound.", "PMID": 736347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2555", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in hamsters.", "content": "Sixty hamsters were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: group 1--given only dexamethasone, group 2--given dexamethasone and exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, group 3--exposed to M paratuberculosis but not treated, and group 4--used as normal controls. Group 2 hamsters (treated with dexamethasone and exposed to the bacterium) had significantly higher bacterial counts in spleen and aggregated lymphatic nodules (Peyser's patches) than did those in group 3. None of the hamsters exposed to M paratuberculosis (groups 2 and 3) developed clinical signs of disease. All hamsters treated with the drug (groups 1 and 2) grew more slowly than did the hamsters not treated.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in hamsters. Sixty hamsters were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: group 1--given only dexamethasone, group 2--given dexamethasone and exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, group 3--exposed to M paratuberculosis but not treated, and group 4--used as normal controls. Group 2 hamsters (treated with dexamethasone and exposed to the bacterium) had significantly higher bacterial counts in spleen and aggregated lymphatic nodules (Peyser's patches) than did those in group 3. None of the hamsters exposed to M paratuberculosis (groups 2 and 3) developed clinical signs of disease. All hamsters treated with the drug (groups 1 and 2) grew more slowly than did the hamsters not treated.", "PMID": 736348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2556", "title": "Baylisascaris procyonis for testing anthelmintics against migratory ascarids.", "content": "Oral inoculation of mice with 340 embryonated eggs of the nematode, Baylisascaris procyonis, proved uniformly fatal as early as 13 days after inoculation and as late as 48 days. Mice given either 0.5% or 0.25% of pyrantel tartrate in dry feed were protected from cerebral migrations of the worm for 55 days. Treatment with pyrantel pamoate in the feed at the concentration of 0.2% given 7 days before inoculation and 5 days after inoculation also protected mice from migrations throughout the 55-day experiment. Embryonated eggs stored in 0.5% formalin in a 4-C refrigerator for 9 years have proved fatal to mice given doses of 340 eggs each.", "contents": "Baylisascaris procyonis for testing anthelmintics against migratory ascarids. Oral inoculation of mice with 340 embryonated eggs of the nematode, Baylisascaris procyonis, proved uniformly fatal as early as 13 days after inoculation and as late as 48 days. Mice given either 0.5% or 0.25% of pyrantel tartrate in dry feed were protected from cerebral migrations of the worm for 55 days. Treatment with pyrantel pamoate in the feed at the concentration of 0.2% given 7 days before inoculation and 5 days after inoculation also protected mice from migrations throughout the 55-day experiment. Embryonated eggs stored in 0.5% formalin in a 4-C refrigerator for 9 years have proved fatal to mice given doses of 340 eggs each.", "PMID": 736349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2557", "title": "Treatment and prognosis of lobar and segmental atelectasis in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Lobar atelectasis occurred in 30 (4.1 per cent) and segmental atelectasis occurred in 6 (0.8 per cent) of 728 patients with cystic fibrosis. The right lung was involved in all 11 patients less than 5 years of age and in 18 of 26 episodes in 19 older patients. Five of the younger patients died within 5 years of the initial episode. Bronchoscopy (with or without local lavage) performed in addition to intensified medical therapy did not appear to improve the outcome. Future studies of therapeutic measures (including bronchoscopy) for treatment of atelectasis complicating cystic fibrosis must include appropriate control patients who receive only medical therapy.", "contents": "Treatment and prognosis of lobar and segmental atelectasis in cystic fibrosis. Lobar atelectasis occurred in 30 (4.1 per cent) and segmental atelectasis occurred in 6 (0.8 per cent) of 728 patients with cystic fibrosis. The right lung was involved in all 11 patients less than 5 years of age and in 18 of 26 episodes in 19 older patients. Five of the younger patients died within 5 years of the initial episode. Bronchoscopy (with or without local lavage) performed in addition to intensified medical therapy did not appear to improve the outcome. Future studies of therapeutic measures (including bronchoscopy) for treatment of atelectasis complicating cystic fibrosis must include appropriate control patients who receive only medical therapy.", "PMID": 736353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2558", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in anergic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Twelve adults with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis who failed to respond to repeated skin tests with 250 TU of second-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin were studied using in vivo and in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity. All but 2 of the patients failed to respond to skin tests with candidin and histoplasmin, and only one could be sensitized with topical applications of dinitrochlorobenzene. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from these anergic patients, when cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and purified protein derivative, was significantly less than that of lymphocytes from tuberculin-positive control patients. During the course of therapy with isoniazid and streptomycin, 6 of the anergic patients converted spontaneously and reacted positively to purified protein derivative. This skin-test conversion was accompanied by a significant increase in the blastogenic response of lymphocytes from the converted patients when cultured with purified protein derivate. Tuberculin anergy in these 12 patients was not associated with progessive, disseminated disease. All patients responded successfully to the primary chemotherapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in anergic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Twelve adults with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis who failed to respond to repeated skin tests with 250 TU of second-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin were studied using in vivo and in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity. All but 2 of the patients failed to respond to skin tests with candidin and histoplasmin, and only one could be sensitized with topical applications of dinitrochlorobenzene. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from these anergic patients, when cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and purified protein derivative, was significantly less than that of lymphocytes from tuberculin-positive control patients. During the course of therapy with isoniazid and streptomycin, 6 of the anergic patients converted spontaneously and reacted positively to purified protein derivative. This skin-test conversion was accompanied by a significant increase in the blastogenic response of lymphocytes from the converted patients when cultured with purified protein derivate. Tuberculin anergy in these 12 patients was not associated with progessive, disseminated disease. All patients responded successfully to the primary chemotherapeutic regimen.", "PMID": 736354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2559", "title": "A study of co-positivity of three multipuncture techniques with intradermal PPD tuberculin.", "content": "One hundred thirty-five patients with a reaction of 10 mm or more of induration to 5 TU of intradermal PPD were simultaneously tested with 3 multipuncture techniques to determine the copositivity of the multiple puncture methods with the Mantoux method. Of the 3 multipuncture preparations used (Tine Test, Aplitest, and Mono-Vacc), the Mono-Vacc had 2 (1.5 per cent) false-negative result after 48 hours with only one remaining negative result after 72 hours; whereas the Tine-Test had 21 (15.5 per cent), and the Aplitest had 13 (9.6 per cent) false-negative reactions after 48 hours. Vesicular eruptions were not a commonly noted reaction to the multipuncture preparations. Of the 3 multipuncture preparations commercially available, Mono-Vacc is the preferred reagent because of its significantly lower incidence of false-negative reactions.", "contents": "A study of co-positivity of three multipuncture techniques with intradermal PPD tuberculin. One hundred thirty-five patients with a reaction of 10 mm or more of induration to 5 TU of intradermal PPD were simultaneously tested with 3 multipuncture techniques to determine the copositivity of the multiple puncture methods with the Mantoux method. Of the 3 multipuncture preparations used (Tine Test, Aplitest, and Mono-Vacc), the Mono-Vacc had 2 (1.5 per cent) false-negative result after 48 hours with only one remaining negative result after 72 hours; whereas the Tine-Test had 21 (15.5 per cent), and the Aplitest had 13 (9.6 per cent) false-negative reactions after 48 hours. Vesicular eruptions were not a commonly noted reaction to the multipuncture preparations. Of the 3 multipuncture preparations commercially available, Mono-Vacc is the preferred reagent because of its significantly lower incidence of false-negative reactions.", "PMID": 736355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2560", "title": "Responses to isoproterenol in a general population sample.", "content": "The response of forced expiratory flow to inhalation of isoproterenol was evaluated in a general population sample of 1,063 subjects. Percentage changes in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and in the maximal flow measured at 50 percent of the initial expired forced vital capacity appeared to be the best indicators of responsiveness to bronchodilator. Subjects with a history of asthma more often showed responsiveness than did the remainder of the population, even when their initial function was within normal limits. Over-all, a high proportion of subjects with abnormalities in baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 sec or maximal flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the forced vital capacity showed sufficient improvement after bronchodilator to cause their values after isoproterenol to fall within the normal range. The data suggest that responsiveness to bronchodilator aerosol may be a useful guide to the presence of bronchial reactivity in epidemiologic studies of obstructive airway diseases.", "contents": "Responses to isoproterenol in a general population sample. The response of forced expiratory flow to inhalation of isoproterenol was evaluated in a general population sample of 1,063 subjects. Percentage changes in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and in the maximal flow measured at 50 percent of the initial expired forced vital capacity appeared to be the best indicators of responsiveness to bronchodilator. Subjects with a history of asthma more often showed responsiveness than did the remainder of the population, even when their initial function was within normal limits. Over-all, a high proportion of subjects with abnormalities in baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 sec or maximal flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the forced vital capacity showed sufficient improvement after bronchodilator to cause their values after isoproterenol to fall within the normal range. The data suggest that responsiveness to bronchodilator aerosol may be a useful guide to the presence of bronchial reactivity in epidemiologic studies of obstructive airway diseases.", "PMID": 736356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2561", "title": "The role of hyperventilation in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "Significant bronchoconstriction, comparable in severity to that observed after moderate treadmill exercise, was induced in asthmatic children by voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation of 3-min and 10-min duration. In both hyperventilation and exercise, nasal breathing inhibited the bronchoconstrictive responses, whereas mouth breathing potentiated the bronchoconstrictive response. In the asthmatic children, 10 min of voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation did not represent a greater  bronchoconstrictive stimulus than did 10 min of exercise or 3 min of isocapnic hyperventilation. This study also showed that in normal children there was no measurable airway response after either voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation or moderate exercise. Finally, this study indicates that it is the stimulation of upper airway receptors by relatively cold and dry air, rather than hyperventilation per se, that provokes exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "The role of hyperventilation in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Significant bronchoconstriction, comparable in severity to that observed after moderate treadmill exercise, was induced in asthmatic children by voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation of 3-min and 10-min duration. In both hyperventilation and exercise, nasal breathing inhibited the bronchoconstrictive responses, whereas mouth breathing potentiated the bronchoconstrictive response. In the asthmatic children, 10 min of voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation did not represent a greater  bronchoconstrictive stimulus than did 10 min of exercise or 3 min of isocapnic hyperventilation. This study also showed that in normal children there was no measurable airway response after either voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation or moderate exercise. Finally, this study indicates that it is the stimulation of upper airway receptors by relatively cold and dry air, rather than hyperventilation per se, that provokes exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 736358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2562", "title": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation treated by nocturnal administration of O2.", "content": "A case of idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation is described. Although lung function was normal, the alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference was abnormally large for reasons which were unclear. Despite this, the patient's pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia were out of proportion to the relatively mild hypoxemia that he demonstrated while awake. Sleep was associated with severe hypoxemia, and administration of O2 during sleep produced CO2 retention. The patient did well on no treatment for 5 years, until respiratory infection precipitated severe hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. He was treated with O2, at first continuously then nocturnally (12 hours per day), with reversal of polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension. He was then treated with nocturnal O2 as an outpatient for 7 months and maintained his improvement. Nocturnal administration of O2 may be an effective treatment of some forms of primary hypoventilation.", "contents": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation treated by nocturnal administration of O2. A case of idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation is described. Although lung function was normal, the alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference was abnormally large for reasons which were unclear. Despite this, the patient's pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia were out of proportion to the relatively mild hypoxemia that he demonstrated while awake. Sleep was associated with severe hypoxemia, and administration of O2 during sleep produced CO2 retention. The patient did well on no treatment for 5 years, until respiratory infection precipitated severe hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. He was treated with O2, at first continuously then nocturnally (12 hours per day), with reversal of polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension. He was then treated with nocturnal O2 as an outpatient for 7 months and maintained his improvement. Nocturnal administration of O2 may be an effective treatment of some forms of primary hypoventilation.", "PMID": 736360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2563", "title": "Lactic acidosis presenting as acute respiratory failure.", "content": "Two patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure who developed acute lactic acidosis are described. The initial arterial blood gas values in both patients had the pattern of acute respiratory failure with no metabolic disturbance. It was the calculation of the \"anion gap\" that provided the clue to the presence of metabolic acidosis, which was then confirmed with the measurement of serum lactate. We emphasize that complete laboratory data and clinical information may be essential for accurate diagnosis and understanding of mixed acid-base disturbances and, hence, for initiation of appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis presenting as acute respiratory failure. Two patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure who developed acute lactic acidosis are described. The initial arterial blood gas values in both patients had the pattern of acute respiratory failure with no metabolic disturbance. It was the calculation of the \"anion gap\" that provided the clue to the presence of metabolic acidosis, which was then confirmed with the measurement of serum lactate. We emphasize that complete laboratory data and clinical information may be essential for accurate diagnosis and understanding of mixed acid-base disturbances and, hence, for initiation of appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 736361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2564", "title": "Simultaneous canine tracheal transport of different particles.", "content": "We describe a method to study simultaneously the transport of 2 different markers in the canine trachea. In our studies, we found that choice of radioisotopic label and variation in marker size from 3 to 180 micrometer did not affect the transport rate of basic anion exchange resin particles. Furthermore, anion exchange and acidic cation exchange particles of the same size had similar tracheal transport rates. This method may help to determine the influence of the physicochemical properties of markers on mucous transport.", "contents": "Simultaneous canine tracheal transport of different particles. We describe a method to study simultaneously the transport of 2 different markers in the canine trachea. In our studies, we found that choice of radioisotopic label and variation in marker size from 3 to 180 micrometer did not affect the transport rate of basic anion exchange resin particles. Furthermore, anion exchange and acidic cation exchange particles of the same size had similar tracheal transport rates. This method may help to determine the influence of the physicochemical properties of markers on mucous transport.", "PMID": 736362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2565", "title": "Indications for choledochoduodenostomy.", "content": "In summmary, at University Hospital of Jacksonville, we have performed 36 side-to-side choledochoduodenostomies over the past five years. We have repeatedly demonstrated that choledochoduodenostomy is the procedure of choice for obstructing or partially obstructing lesions of the distal or mid common bile duct, and our extensions of the original indications have not affected the morbidity or mortality as previously reported.", "contents": "Indications for choledochoduodenostomy. In summmary, at University Hospital of Jacksonville, we have performed 36 side-to-side choledochoduodenostomies over the past five years. We have repeatedly demonstrated that choledochoduodenostomy is the procedure of choice for obstructing or partially obstructing lesions of the distal or mid common bile duct, and our extensions of the original indications have not affected the morbidity or mortality as previously reported.", "PMID": 736368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2566", "title": "Complications associated with the Baker tube jejunostomy.", "content": "1. The jejunostomy route for the intraoperative insertion of a Baker tube carries significant and probably excessive risks. 2. Such risks can be greatly reduced by introducing the Baker tube through a cecostomy or a gastrostomy. When possible, introduction through an ileal stoma or through the rectum when an ileoproctostomy has been performed, is probably even better. 3. For most patients, the cecostomy approach, if performed with great care, will prove to be safe, convenient, and effective.", "contents": "Complications associated with the Baker tube jejunostomy. 1. The jejunostomy route for the intraoperative insertion of a Baker tube carries significant and probably excessive risks. 2. Such risks can be greatly reduced by introducing the Baker tube through a cecostomy or a gastrostomy. When possible, introduction through an ileal stoma or through the rectum when an ileoproctostomy has been performed, is probably even better. 3. For most patients, the cecostomy approach, if performed with great care, will prove to be safe, convenient, and effective.", "PMID": 736369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2567", "title": "Routine exteriorization in the treatment of civilian colon injuries: a reappraisal.", "content": "1. We have reviewed our experiences with colon injuries from 1972-76. 2. Mortality increases when there are more than four associated organ injuries, the principal cause of death being sepsis. 3. Primary closure in our institution has a mortality and morbidity comparable to most other series, but exteriorization of the colon wound has given the best results of any treatment. 4. We feel that solitary wounds of the colon, with only one or two associated injuries, with little fecal contamination, should be treated by closure plus exteriorization, with return to the peritoneal cavity (interiorization) at five to ten days.", "contents": "Routine exteriorization in the treatment of civilian colon injuries: a reappraisal. 1. We have reviewed our experiences with colon injuries from 1972-76. 2. Mortality increases when there are more than four associated organ injuries, the principal cause of death being sepsis. 3. Primary closure in our institution has a mortality and morbidity comparable to most other series, but exteriorization of the colon wound has given the best results of any treatment. 4. We feel that solitary wounds of the colon, with only one or two associated injuries, with little fecal contamination, should be treated by closure plus exteriorization, with return to the peritoneal cavity (interiorization) at five to ten days.", "PMID": 736371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2568", "title": "Details of technique and results of staging laparotomy in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The operative procedure for staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is described in detail. Of 18 patients undergoing this procedure, staging laparotomy changed the stage of disease and subsequent therapy in 38%. Complications of the operation were minor, occurring in only two patients. Abnormal lymphangiography and splenomegaly proved unreliable clinical diagnostic findings. Most disturbing was the 100% incidence of amenorrhea in the women receiving pelvic irradiation following oophoropexy.", "contents": "Details of technique and results of staging laparotomy in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The operative procedure for staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is described in detail. Of 18 patients undergoing this procedure, staging laparotomy changed the stage of disease and subsequent therapy in 38%. Complications of the operation were minor, occurring in only two patients. Abnormal lymphangiography and splenomegaly proved unreliable clinical diagnostic findings. Most disturbing was the 100% incidence of amenorrhea in the women receiving pelvic irradiation following oophoropexy.", "PMID": 736372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2569", "title": "Surgical implications of ovarian vein thrombosis.", "content": "Ovarian vein thrombosis, with rare exceptions, is a puerperal process that often mimicks appendicitis but may be recognized only in retrospect as a source of continued pulmonary embolization. Ovarian vein thrombosis may also accompany septic pelvic thrombophlebitis and constitute a life-threatening problem. Ovarian vein thrombosis probably exists in a subclinical form as well, and the relative infrequency of reports of this entity attest to the lack of clinical recognition rather than to its clinical rarity. Most instances of ovarian vein thrombosis will respond to antibiotics, anticoagulation, hydration and bed rest but, when septic in etiology, interruption of the vena cava and ovarian veins may be required. Acute appendicitis, the most frequent misdiagnosis, often leads to exploration, and careful resection of the affected vein in such patients generally results in cure.", "contents": "Surgical implications of ovarian vein thrombosis. Ovarian vein thrombosis, with rare exceptions, is a puerperal process that often mimicks appendicitis but may be recognized only in retrospect as a source of continued pulmonary embolization. Ovarian vein thrombosis may also accompany septic pelvic thrombophlebitis and constitute a life-threatening problem. Ovarian vein thrombosis probably exists in a subclinical form as well, and the relative infrequency of reports of this entity attest to the lack of clinical recognition rather than to its clinical rarity. Most instances of ovarian vein thrombosis will respond to antibiotics, anticoagulation, hydration and bed rest but, when septic in etiology, interruption of the vena cava and ovarian veins may be required. Acute appendicitis, the most frequent misdiagnosis, often leads to exploration, and careful resection of the affected vein in such patients generally results in cure.", "PMID": 736373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2570", "title": "Spontaneous (nontraumatic) perforation of the common bile duct: report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of non-traumatic perforation of the common bile duct are reported. Severe inflammatory reaction of the perforated site was a common and only histologic finding in those three patients. Timely diagnosis of the resulting choloperitoneum and prompt surgical treatment of the primary cause of biliary inflammation afforded long-term uncomplicated cure; the site of perforation healed spontaneously after simple external drainage of the newly formed bile cavity.", "contents": "Spontaneous (nontraumatic) perforation of the common bile duct: report of three cases. Three cases of non-traumatic perforation of the common bile duct are reported. Severe inflammatory reaction of the perforated site was a common and only histologic finding in those three patients. Timely diagnosis of the resulting choloperitoneum and prompt surgical treatment of the primary cause of biliary inflammation afforded long-term uncomplicated cure; the site of perforation healed spontaneously after simple external drainage of the newly formed bile cavity.", "PMID": 736375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2571", "title": "Acute intestinal ischemia.", "content": "The present mortality rate of more than 80% for patients with superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis or embolism will remain unacceptable until earlier diagnosis is achieved. Although leukocytosis is often an early feature and may seem elevated out of proportion to the severity of the illness, the later developments of abdominal rigidity, intestinal paralysis, and vascular collapse indicate transmural gangrene and peritonitis. At this stage, the eventual high mortality of acute ischemia is established whatever the urgency of the operation or the skill with which it is performed. The syndrome must be suspected immediately when a patient in an older age group complains of sudden abdominal pain in the presence of associated cardiac arrhythmia, valvular disease or congestive heart failure, particularly if other sites of peripheral embolization are identified.", "contents": "Acute intestinal ischemia. The present mortality rate of more than 80% for patients with superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis or embolism will remain unacceptable until earlier diagnosis is achieved. Although leukocytosis is often an early feature and may seem elevated out of proportion to the severity of the illness, the later developments of abdominal rigidity, intestinal paralysis, and vascular collapse indicate transmural gangrene and peritonitis. At this stage, the eventual high mortality of acute ischemia is established whatever the urgency of the operation or the skill with which it is performed. The syndrome must be suspected immediately when a patient in an older age group complains of sudden abdominal pain in the presence of associated cardiac arrhythmia, valvular disease or congestive heart failure, particularly if other sites of peripheral embolization are identified.", "PMID": 736376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2572", "title": "Effect of limiting post-shock pulmonary edema on mortality from bacterial pneumonia.", "content": "Dogs were subjected to hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated according to physiological parameters. Randomly selected dogs received a sublethal dose of intratracheal microorganisms. In comparing the results with those previously reported from our laboratory, in which animals received an 85% greater resuscitation of Ringer's lactate, it appears that pulmonary edema in the post-shock contaminated state can be limited. Furthermore, through minimization of pulmonary edema, pulmonary defenses appear to be improved and mortality from infection reduced.", "contents": "Effect of limiting post-shock pulmonary edema on mortality from bacterial pneumonia. Dogs were subjected to hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated according to physiological parameters. Randomly selected dogs received a sublethal dose of intratracheal microorganisms. In comparing the results with those previously reported from our laboratory, in which animals received an 85% greater resuscitation of Ringer's lactate, it appears that pulmonary edema in the post-shock contaminated state can be limited. Furthermore, through minimization of pulmonary edema, pulmonary defenses appear to be improved and mortality from infection reduced.", "PMID": 736378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2573", "title": "Vena caval interruption in pulmonary hypertensive canines.", "content": "Massive pulmonary embolism regularly causes a reduction in systemic arterial pressure. This is accompanied by an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. If right heart strain is sufficient, peripheral venous pressures also rise. Initial cardiac output and heart rate responses are variable, but with the progression of time, cardiac output almost uniformly falls. When either vena caval clipping or vena caval ligation are performed in the face ot these altered hemodynamics, there is a further reduction of systemic arterial pressure and cardiac output. After a period of 90 to 120 minutes, the effects of the two procedures appear to be equivalent. This is thought to be on the basis of opening of venous collateral pathways in the case of vena caval ligation. Therefore, when sufficient venous collaterals are present, the major determinant of the ultimate outcome is the impact of the embolus itself rather than the type of procedure used to interrupt the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Vena caval interruption in pulmonary hypertensive canines. Massive pulmonary embolism regularly causes a reduction in systemic arterial pressure. This is accompanied by an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. If right heart strain is sufficient, peripheral venous pressures also rise. Initial cardiac output and heart rate responses are variable, but with the progression of time, cardiac output almost uniformly falls. When either vena caval clipping or vena caval ligation are performed in the face ot these altered hemodynamics, there is a further reduction of systemic arterial pressure and cardiac output. After a period of 90 to 120 minutes, the effects of the two procedures appear to be equivalent. This is thought to be on the basis of opening of venous collateral pathways in the case of vena caval ligation. Therefore, when sufficient venous collaterals are present, the major determinant of the ultimate outcome is the impact of the embolus itself rather than the type of procedure used to interrupt the inferior vena cava.", "PMID": 736380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2574", "title": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa. Effects on Heidenhain pouch secretion.", "content": "Double denervated gastric pouches were constructed in dogs. One gastric pouch served as a control, and the other gastric pouch had its submucosa infiltrated with 25% ethyl alcohol (submucosal chemoneurolysis). Neurolysis of these gastric pouches did not alter their histological appearance but did eliminate their gastric secretory responses to histamine, meat and pentagastrin. The dogs exhibited elevated serum gastrin levels after feeding.", "contents": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa. Effects on Heidenhain pouch secretion. Double denervated gastric pouches were constructed in dogs. One gastric pouch served as a control, and the other gastric pouch had its submucosa infiltrated with 25% ethyl alcohol (submucosal chemoneurolysis). Neurolysis of these gastric pouches did not alter their histological appearance but did eliminate their gastric secretory responses to histamine, meat and pentagastrin. The dogs exhibited elevated serum gastrin levels after feeding.", "PMID": 736381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2575", "title": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa. Effects on surgically-induced gastric hypersecretion on the Heidenhain pouch.", "content": "Double denervated gastric pouches were constructed in dogs. One gastric pouch served as a control, and the other gastric pouch had its submucosa infiltrated with 25% ethyl alcohol, (submucosal chemoneurolysis). Neurolysis of these gastric pouches eliminated their gastric secretory responses to histamine, meat and pentagastrin without altering their histological appearance. Transplantation of 75% of the gastric antrum into the colon caused a hypergastrinemia and increased the sensitivity of the control gastric pouches to the various stimuli but had no such effect on those gastric pouches infiltrated with ethyl alcohol.", "contents": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa. Effects on surgically-induced gastric hypersecretion on the Heidenhain pouch. Double denervated gastric pouches were constructed in dogs. One gastric pouch served as a control, and the other gastric pouch had its submucosa infiltrated with 25% ethyl alcohol, (submucosal chemoneurolysis). Neurolysis of these gastric pouches eliminated their gastric secretory responses to histamine, meat and pentagastrin without altering their histological appearance. Transplantation of 75% of the gastric antrum into the colon caused a hypergastrinemia and increased the sensitivity of the control gastric pouches to the various stimuli but had no such effect on those gastric pouches infiltrated with ethyl alcohol.", "PMID": 736382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2576", "title": "[Inhibition of calcium absorption and conditions of its prolongation in the presence of carbohydrate].", "content": "Experiments were performed on adult rats. In situ ligatured ileal loops were injected with a solution 10 mM CaCl2 containing 45Ca either with or without L-xylose in concentrations of 25, 50 or 100 mM L-xylose. The rats were sacrified at either 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 hours after injection; the entire loop including the wall and content was removed. After ashing, the radioactivity of the loop was measured and the absorption coefficient of 45Ca was calculated. After half an hour, the absorption coefficient of the four solutions had about the same value. At this time, the 45Ca absorption was completed with the solution containing only calcium. With the solution containing pentose, the 45Ca absorption continued for a longer period of time. The maximal values of absorption coefficient were obtained after one hour with 25 and 50 mM L-xylose and after one and a half hour with 100 mM L-xylose; similarly, the maximal values increased in proportion to the concentration of pentose in the solution. The contents of the loops were fractionated successively by centrifugation, ultracentrifugation and two membrane ultrafiltration. No differences were observed between the repartition of 40Ca or 45Ca, either with or without 50 mM L-xylose. The stop or the lengthening of the absorption could be attributed to a possible influence of carbohydrate upon the mechanism of calcium transfer. This question is discussed from the point of relationship between the carbohydrate and the intestinal alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Inhibition of calcium absorption and conditions of its prolongation in the presence of carbohydrate]. Experiments were performed on adult rats. In situ ligatured ileal loops were injected with a solution 10 mM CaCl2 containing 45Ca either with or without L-xylose in concentrations of 25, 50 or 100 mM L-xylose. The rats were sacrified at either 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 hours after injection; the entire loop including the wall and content was removed. After ashing, the radioactivity of the loop was measured and the absorption coefficient of 45Ca was calculated. After half an hour, the absorption coefficient of the four solutions had about the same value. At this time, the 45Ca absorption was completed with the solution containing only calcium. With the solution containing pentose, the 45Ca absorption continued for a longer period of time. The maximal values of absorption coefficient were obtained after one hour with 25 and 50 mM L-xylose and after one and a half hour with 100 mM L-xylose; similarly, the maximal values increased in proportion to the concentration of pentose in the solution. The contents of the loops were fractionated successively by centrifugation, ultracentrifugation and two membrane ultrafiltration. No differences were observed between the repartition of 40Ca or 45Ca, either with or without 50 mM L-xylose. The stop or the lengthening of the absorption could be attributed to a possible influence of carbohydrate upon the mechanism of calcium transfer. This question is discussed from the point of relationship between the carbohydrate and the intestinal alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 736384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2577", "title": "[Tissue thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 in the aged rat. II. Effects of vitamin supplementation in the diet on the excretion of vitamins and its tissue levels].", "content": "Nine and twenty-one months old rats fed a balanced diet were given for 5 weeks an extra supplementation in thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6. Control animals were given the same diet but without vitamin extra supplementation. Fecal and urinary vitamin excretions were determined during this 5 weeks period. They were shown to be less important in older rats than in younger ones. Influence of aging and vitamin supplementation on the vitamin contents of organs and tissues were studied on these animals: previous results were confirmed [see LECLERC, Ann. nutrit, Aliment., 1976, 30, 10--25]. From these results and others published elsewhere, it is conclused that in older animals there could be an increased intestinal destruction of the above mentionned vitamin although changes in vitamin metabolism can be involved too.", "contents": "[Tissue thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 in the aged rat. II. Effects of vitamin supplementation in the diet on the excretion of vitamins and its tissue levels]. Nine and twenty-one months old rats fed a balanced diet were given for 5 weeks an extra supplementation in thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6. Control animals were given the same diet but without vitamin extra supplementation. Fecal and urinary vitamin excretions were determined during this 5 weeks period. They were shown to be less important in older rats than in younger ones. Influence of aging and vitamin supplementation on the vitamin contents of organs and tissues were studied on these animals: previous results were confirmed [see LECLERC, Ann. nutrit, Aliment., 1976, 30, 10--25]. From these results and others published elsewhere, it is conclused that in older animals there could be an increased intestinal destruction of the above mentionned vitamin although changes in vitamin metabolism can be involved too.", "PMID": 736385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2578", "title": "[Survey of contamination of food by 3, 4-benzopyrene. I. Demonstration of a universal method of determination. Application to the determination in complete meals in food emporia].", "content": "A versatile spectrofluorimetric method is proposed for the determination of 3,4-benzopyrene in foods and biological material. Recording the emission spectrum allows a reliable identification, and determination at a 0,2 ppb level, with 85 p. 100 recovery and good reproductibility. The time required for analysis is decreased, if compared to existing methods. As a test of its reliability, results of a survey on 3,4-benzopyrene content in canteen meals are presented. The values obtain are very low, generally below 1 ppb; their significance is discussed.", "contents": "[Survey of contamination of food by 3, 4-benzopyrene. I. Demonstration of a universal method of determination. Application to the determination in complete meals in food emporia]. A versatile spectrofluorimetric method is proposed for the determination of 3,4-benzopyrene in foods and biological material. Recording the emission spectrum allows a reliable identification, and determination at a 0,2 ppb level, with 85 p. 100 recovery and good reproductibility. The time required for analysis is decreased, if compared to existing methods. As a test of its reliability, results of a survey on 3,4-benzopyrene content in canteen meals are presented. The values obtain are very low, generally below 1 ppb; their significance is discussed.", "PMID": 736386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2579", "title": "[Nutritional value of fish flours made in laboratory from fishes of the Nosy-B\u00e9 area].", "content": "Several types of fish meals (principally from no commercializable Carangues) are made in a laboratory. They are tested for general composition, amino-acid composition, vitamin and mineral compositions. Two fish meals from Carangues are very interesting: they are white muscle meal (rich in proteins of good quality, poor in lipids and slightly rich in minerals) and the meal from fish without head and guts (not so rich in proteins but slightly richer in minerals). These fish meals have a variable interest regarding mineral and vitamin contents. All of them have a lack of methionin and cystin which is comparable to the defficiency mentioned in other fish meals by various authors.", "contents": "[Nutritional value of fish flours made in laboratory from fishes of the Nosy-B\u00e9 area]. Several types of fish meals (principally from no commercializable Carangues) are made in a laboratory. They are tested for general composition, amino-acid composition, vitamin and mineral compositions. Two fish meals from Carangues are very interesting: they are white muscle meal (rich in proteins of good quality, poor in lipids and slightly rich in minerals) and the meal from fish without head and guts (not so rich in proteins but slightly richer in minerals). These fish meals have a variable interest regarding mineral and vitamin contents. All of them have a lack of methionin and cystin which is comparable to the defficiency mentioned in other fish meals by various authors.", "PMID": 736388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2580", "title": "[Data on the quantity and quality of lipolytic bacteria in products with a meat base].", "content": "The numbers of lipolytic bacteria and their proportion, relatively to total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, were determined in 65 samples. Other analyses: psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, and enterotoxinogenic staphylococci were also made. The less modified products generally contained a low number of lipolytic bacteria. 101 isolates very lipolytic were obtained, 81 of which were Gram + bacteria and 20 were Gram --. It is hypothesized that in pork-meat preparations, Gram + bacteria, especially Bacillus and fecal steptococci, have a lipolytic action of greater importance than it is generally assumed.", "contents": "[Data on the quantity and quality of lipolytic bacteria in products with a meat base]. The numbers of lipolytic bacteria and their proportion, relatively to total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, were determined in 65 samples. Other analyses: psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, and enterotoxinogenic staphylococci were also made. The less modified products generally contained a low number of lipolytic bacteria. 101 isolates very lipolytic were obtained, 81 of which were Gram + bacteria and 20 were Gram --. It is hypothesized that in pork-meat preparations, Gram + bacteria, especially Bacillus and fecal steptococci, have a lipolytic action of greater importance than it is generally assumed.", "PMID": 736389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2581", "title": "Application of intraocular pressure reduction and regulation system.", "content": "In some patients undergoing intraocular procedures, the intraocular pressure may remain dangerously high immediately before surgical penetration of the anterior chamber despite all available measures. A mechanical device, called an \"Intraocular Pressure Reduction and Regulation System,\" has been devised as a means of reducing and regulating intraocular pressure immediately before and during intraocular procedures. The system has been used in selected glaucoma patients with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Application of intraocular pressure reduction and regulation system. In some patients undergoing intraocular procedures, the intraocular pressure may remain dangerously high immediately before surgical penetration of the anterior chamber despite all available measures. A mechanical device, called an \"Intraocular Pressure Reduction and Regulation System,\" has been devised as a means of reducing and regulating intraocular pressure immediately before and during intraocular procedures. The system has been used in selected glaucoma patients with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 736390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2582", "title": "Retinal embolization from endocarditis.", "content": "Arterial emboli, fragmentation of both the arterial and venous blood columns, and bilateral cherry red spot were seen in the fundus of a patient with progressive onset of visual loss. Initially, the patient, a 56-year-old housewife, was thought to have temporal arteritis. Her clinical condition worsened on steroids which was subsequently discontinued when 5 out of 6 blood cultures were reported positive. Showers of microemboli were responsible for her unusual fundus findings.", "contents": "Retinal embolization from endocarditis. Arterial emboli, fragmentation of both the arterial and venous blood columns, and bilateral cherry red spot were seen in the fundus of a patient with progressive onset of visual loss. Initially, the patient, a 56-year-old housewife, was thought to have temporal arteritis. Her clinical condition worsened on steroids which was subsequently discontinued when 5 out of 6 blood cultures were reported positive. Showers of microemboli were responsible for her unusual fundus findings.", "PMID": 736391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2583", "title": "Image magnification, contact lenses, and visual acuity.", "content": "The optics of image magnification are derived. Necessary criteria for contact lens dispensing are explained and well-known approximations are demonstrated, along with their inherent limitations. The image size with spectacle lenses is contrasted with that of the corresponding contact lens, and the simple relationship between the two is demonstrated. Thus, no tables of contact lens image magnification are necessary for the clinical practitioner. Visual acuity as commonly expressed is not an exact measurement, but rather indicates that the patient has visual acuity equal to or better than the line read, but poorer than the next smaller line on the chart. It is shown how contact lens/spectacle interchange may be of significant social and legal benefit to selected groups of patients.", "contents": "Image magnification, contact lenses, and visual acuity. The optics of image magnification are derived. Necessary criteria for contact lens dispensing are explained and well-known approximations are demonstrated, along with their inherent limitations. The image size with spectacle lenses is contrasted with that of the corresponding contact lens, and the simple relationship between the two is demonstrated. Thus, no tables of contact lens image magnification are necessary for the clinical practitioner. Visual acuity as commonly expressed is not an exact measurement, but rather indicates that the patient has visual acuity equal to or better than the line read, but poorer than the next smaller line on the chart. It is shown how contact lens/spectacle interchange may be of significant social and legal benefit to selected groups of patients.", "PMID": 736392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2584", "title": "Spontaneous luxation of the eyeball associated with branch thrombosis of the central retinal vein.", "content": "A report of a patient with spontaneous luxation of the globe and a branch thrombosis of the central retinal vein is presented. The causal relationship of the two phenomena is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous luxation of the eyeball associated with branch thrombosis of the central retinal vein. A report of a patient with spontaneous luxation of the globe and a branch thrombosis of the central retinal vein is presented. The causal relationship of the two phenomena is discussed.", "PMID": 736393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2585", "title": "Use of the argon aiming beam in visual function testing.", "content": "The aiming beam of the argon laser photocoagulator can be a useful tool in visual function testing. Applied with the slit lamp delivery system and fundus contact lens, it clearly documents the size of the blind spot surrounding the optic nerve head and the normal area of nonfunctional retina in the periphery. The size of pathologic field defects can be recorded on fundus photographs or retinal drawings by an observer. Safety precautions must be taken to protect all patients from excessive laser energy.", "contents": "Use of the argon aiming beam in visual function testing. The aiming beam of the argon laser photocoagulator can be a useful tool in visual function testing. Applied with the slit lamp delivery system and fundus contact lens, it clearly documents the size of the blind spot surrounding the optic nerve head and the normal area of nonfunctional retina in the periphery. The size of pathologic field defects can be recorded on fundus photographs or retinal drawings by an observer. Safety precautions must be taken to protect all patients from excessive laser energy.", "PMID": 736394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2586", "title": "Vertical pendular nystagmus in chronic myositis of medial and lateral rectus.", "content": "A 38-year-old white woman developed left medical rectus myositis possibly due to an immune response to mepivacaine (Carbocaine) injected around her upper left first molar. Ten months after resolution, a recurrence of left medial restus myositis and also left lateral rectus myositis occured after the injection of chemically related lidocaine (Xylocaine) in the same area. At this time, with gaze to the left, there appeared vertical pendular nystagmus of greater amplitude in the involved eye, in the absence of systemic neurologic or posterior fossa disease. This association of vertical pendular nystagmus with chronic myositis of the medial and lateral rectus, to my knowledge, has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Vertical pendular nystagmus in chronic myositis of medial and lateral rectus. A 38-year-old white woman developed left medical rectus myositis possibly due to an immune response to mepivacaine (Carbocaine) injected around her upper left first molar. Ten months after resolution, a recurrence of left medial restus myositis and also left lateral rectus myositis occured after the injection of chemically related lidocaine (Xylocaine) in the same area. At this time, with gaze to the left, there appeared vertical pendular nystagmus of greater amplitude in the involved eye, in the absence of systemic neurologic or posterior fossa disease. This association of vertical pendular nystagmus with chronic myositis of the medial and lateral rectus, to my knowledge, has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 736396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2587", "title": "Vitelliform lesions associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment.", "content": "Two patients with bilateral vitelliform macular lesions had normal electro-oculogram findings. The fluorescein angiograms showed retinal pigment epithelial detachment. Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with lipid and/or protein accumulation within the subpigment epithelial space represents another mechanism by which a lesion ophthalmoscopically similar to that seen in classical Best's disease can be produced.", "contents": "Vitelliform lesions associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment. Two patients with bilateral vitelliform macular lesions had normal electro-oculogram findings. The fluorescein angiograms showed retinal pigment epithelial detachment. Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with lipid and/or protein accumulation within the subpigment epithelial space represents another mechanism by which a lesion ophthalmoscopically similar to that seen in classical Best's disease can be produced.", "PMID": 736397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2588", "title": "Vitreous loss during intracapsular cataract extraction.", "content": "Among 448 patients operated upon for bilateral cataracts (896 eyes), vitreous was lost in 96 eyes, an incidence of 10.7%. The most striking difference between the whole group of eyes without vitreous loss (800 eyes) and those with vitreous loss is in the percentage of eyes able to perform a very good visual acuity postoperatively. An analysis of 50 cases losing vitreous unilaterally shows the following: (a) more than 80% of eyes with vitreous loss achieved a vision comparable to their fellow eyes; (b) 12% of eyes with vitreous loss achieved a poorer vision than their fellow eyes; and (c) fewer eyes with vitreous loss achieved a very good visual acuity as compared to their fellow eyes (8.7% to 11.1% in eyes with vitreous loss as compared to 21.5% to 22.2% of fellow eyes). The combination of vitreous loss with an accidental extracapsular cataract extraction had a worsening effect on the expected postoperative visual performance.", "contents": "Vitreous loss during intracapsular cataract extraction. Among 448 patients operated upon for bilateral cataracts (896 eyes), vitreous was lost in 96 eyes, an incidence of 10.7%. The most striking difference between the whole group of eyes without vitreous loss (800 eyes) and those with vitreous loss is in the percentage of eyes able to perform a very good visual acuity postoperatively. An analysis of 50 cases losing vitreous unilaterally shows the following: (a) more than 80% of eyes with vitreous loss achieved a vision comparable to their fellow eyes; (b) 12% of eyes with vitreous loss achieved a poorer vision than their fellow eyes; and (c) fewer eyes with vitreous loss achieved a very good visual acuity as compared to their fellow eyes (8.7% to 11.1% in eyes with vitreous loss as compared to 21.5% to 22.2% of fellow eyes). The combination of vitreous loss with an accidental extracapsular cataract extraction had a worsening effect on the expected postoperative visual performance.", "PMID": 736398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2589", "title": "Review of surgical results using bilateral lateral rectus recession for the correction of exodeviations.", "content": "The results of bilateral lateral rectus recession as the first procedure for the correction of exodeviations were reviewed. Thirty-six charts met the criteria used in this study. There was an overall success rate of 83% by judging satisfactory surgical results as no more than a 10 diopter esodeviation or exodeviation in the primary position at distance. The success rate for patients with an exodeviation of 40 diopters or less was 93% using our criteria. For exodeviations 45 diopters and greater the success rate was 50%. The factor of basic or divergence excess exodeviations did not seem significant in its correlation to satisfactory surgical results.", "contents": "Review of surgical results using bilateral lateral rectus recession for the correction of exodeviations. The results of bilateral lateral rectus recession as the first procedure for the correction of exodeviations were reviewed. Thirty-six charts met the criteria used in this study. There was an overall success rate of 83% by judging satisfactory surgical results as no more than a 10 diopter esodeviation or exodeviation in the primary position at distance. The success rate for patients with an exodeviation of 40 diopters or less was 93% using our criteria. For exodeviations 45 diopters and greater the success rate was 50%. The factor of basic or divergence excess exodeviations did not seem significant in its correlation to satisfactory surgical results.", "PMID": 736400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2590", "title": "Management of large angle exotropia.", "content": "Four cases of large angle exotropia secondary to third nerve palsy are presented. An effective technique involving recession of the lateral rectus and splitting and advancement of the medial rectus is presented.", "contents": "Management of large angle exotropia. Four cases of large angle exotropia secondary to third nerve palsy are presented. An effective technique involving recession of the lateral rectus and splitting and advancement of the medial rectus is presented.", "PMID": 736401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2591", "title": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "content": "Ten cases of painful ophthalmoplegia are reported. In all cases pain marked the onset of the disease; the condition was mostly unilateral. Recurrence and dramatic response to steroid therapy were more constant features than angiographic findings which may be completely normal. CAT permitted us to eliminate a tumor of the cavernous sinus in 7 cases, but in one case, which was operated, an aggravation followed surgery. Despite complete investigations of all patients, some questions remain unanswered. Is it an inflammatory or an allergic inflammatory process? (And the presence of antinuclear factor in an only case does not permit it to respond.) Why is the process confined to the superior orbital fissure? Mathew and Chandy tried to find a similarity between this syndrome and Bell's palsy although the 2 syndromes have not been shown to coexist. Is the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome comparable to the pseudotumor of the orbit? Although the dura mater is inserted on the border of the sphenoidal cleft, some patients may altern the 2 syndromes.", "contents": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Ten cases of painful ophthalmoplegia are reported. In all cases pain marked the onset of the disease; the condition was mostly unilateral. Recurrence and dramatic response to steroid therapy were more constant features than angiographic findings which may be completely normal. CAT permitted us to eliminate a tumor of the cavernous sinus in 7 cases, but in one case, which was operated, an aggravation followed surgery. Despite complete investigations of all patients, some questions remain unanswered. Is it an inflammatory or an allergic inflammatory process? (And the presence of antinuclear factor in an only case does not permit it to respond.) Why is the process confined to the superior orbital fissure? Mathew and Chandy tried to find a similarity between this syndrome and Bell's palsy although the 2 syndromes have not been shown to coexist. Is the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome comparable to the pseudotumor of the orbit? Although the dura mater is inserted on the border of the sphenoidal cleft, some patients may altern the 2 syndromes.", "PMID": 736403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2592", "title": "Keratoconus following contact lens wear.", "content": "While it can be stated that cases such as ours are examples of simultaneous development of keratoconus are otherwise predisposed individual rather than direct results of contact lens wear, it is still a disturbing development. Although inheritance patterns are vague if existent in keratoconus patients, it might fall on the ophthalmologist to prove that lens wear was not associated with the problem in a legal forum. With increasing attention to medicolegal problems, the burden of careful and reasonably close follow-up cannot be ignored in contact lens patients.", "contents": "Keratoconus following contact lens wear. While it can be stated that cases such as ours are examples of simultaneous development of keratoconus are otherwise predisposed individual rather than direct results of contact lens wear, it is still a disturbing development. Although inheritance patterns are vague if existent in keratoconus patients, it might fall on the ophthalmologist to prove that lens wear was not associated with the problem in a legal forum. With increasing attention to medicolegal problems, the burden of careful and reasonably close follow-up cannot be ignored in contact lens patients.", "PMID": 736404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2593", "title": "Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome.", "content": "Three middle-aged patients, 2 of whom are females, with unilateral trigeminal pain and associated isolated oculosympathetic paralysis are presented as characteristic of the benign form of Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome. Their nonprogressive course is representative of the fact that this syndrome is not likely to be caused by aneurysms or mass lesions, and suggests that neuroradiologic contrast studies are generally not initially required in the investigation of such patients. If atypical features are present, or the pain is protracted, further investigation may be warranted.", "contents": "Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome. Three middle-aged patients, 2 of whom are females, with unilateral trigeminal pain and associated isolated oculosympathetic paralysis are presented as characteristic of the benign form of Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome. Their nonprogressive course is representative of the fact that this syndrome is not likely to be caused by aneurysms or mass lesions, and suggests that neuroradiologic contrast studies are generally not initially required in the investigation of such patients. If atypical features are present, or the pain is protracted, further investigation may be warranted.", "PMID": 736405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2594", "title": "Metastatic tumor of the iris: case report.", "content": "The iris involvement in generalized carcinomatosis is less frequent than that of the ciliary body and choroid; its point of interest is that it might constitute the presenting sign of the general disease. The case of a 43-year-old man who had a metastasis of an anaplastic bronchus carcinoma in the iris and died of metastases 3 months after the appearance of the iris tumor, despite adequate chemotherapy, is reported.", "contents": "Metastatic tumor of the iris: case report. The iris involvement in generalized carcinomatosis is less frequent than that of the ciliary body and choroid; its point of interest is that it might constitute the presenting sign of the general disease. The case of a 43-year-old man who had a metastasis of an anaplastic bronchus carcinoma in the iris and died of metastases 3 months after the appearance of the iris tumor, despite adequate chemotherapy, is reported.", "PMID": 736406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2595", "title": "The prognosis of retinal detachment due to lattice degeneration.", "content": "In a series of 553 consecutive retinal detachments, 29% (120) were due to lattice degeneration. Forty-five percent of these were due to atrophic holes in the lattice degeneration and 55% were due to tears caused by traction posterior to or at the end of a patch of lattice. In phakic patients, retinal detachments due to atrophic holes were most common in young myopes. Detachments due to traction tears were seen in older, less myopic patients. The incidence of massive periretinal proliferation was less (5%) in detachments due to lattice degeneration than in detachments not due to lattice degeneration (6.5%).", "contents": "The prognosis of retinal detachment due to lattice degeneration. In a series of 553 consecutive retinal detachments, 29% (120) were due to lattice degeneration. Forty-five percent of these were due to atrophic holes in the lattice degeneration and 55% were due to tears caused by traction posterior to or at the end of a patch of lattice. In phakic patients, retinal detachments due to atrophic holes were most common in young myopes. Detachments due to traction tears were seen in older, less myopic patients. The incidence of massive periretinal proliferation was less (5%) in detachments due to lattice degeneration than in detachments not due to lattice degeneration (6.5%).", "PMID": 736407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2596", "title": "Limbal immunopathology of Mooren's ulcer.", "content": "A patient with a progressive Mooren's ulcer of the cornea was successfully treated utilizing a peritomy with limbal conjunctival excision and cryotherapy. The limbal conjunctiva contained a band of IgG beneath the epithelium as well as complement and fibrin in the wall of small blood vessels. This implies Mooren's ulcer is an immune mediated process.", "contents": "Limbal immunopathology of Mooren's ulcer. A patient with a progressive Mooren's ulcer of the cornea was successfully treated utilizing a peritomy with limbal conjunctival excision and cryotherapy. The limbal conjunctiva contained a band of IgG beneath the epithelium as well as complement and fibrin in the wall of small blood vessels. This implies Mooren's ulcer is an immune mediated process.", "PMID": 736408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2597", "title": "A successful treatment for aphakic cystoid macular edema.", "content": "Twenty-eight consecutive cases of aphakic cystoid macular edema in 16 patients were treated with corticosteroid drops. Enough medication was used in each occurrence to achieve intraocular pressure elevation. This increases the hydrostatic pressure on the retina thereby decreasing retinal swelling pressure and reversing the cystoid macular edema. Visual acuity improved in each instance after resolution of the cystoid macular edema.", "contents": "A successful treatment for aphakic cystoid macular edema. Twenty-eight consecutive cases of aphakic cystoid macular edema in 16 patients were treated with corticosteroid drops. Enough medication was used in each occurrence to achieve intraocular pressure elevation. This increases the hydrostatic pressure on the retina thereby decreasing retinal swelling pressure and reversing the cystoid macular edema. Visual acuity improved in each instance after resolution of the cystoid macular edema.", "PMID": 736409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2598", "title": "Ophthalmoscopic changes in a patient with Wilson's disease during long-term penicillamine therapy.", "content": "The development of retinal pigment epithelial defects in a young patient with Wilson's disease after long-term penicillamine therapy is described. It is hypothesized that decreased copper availability secondary to penicillamine therapy may result in defective elastin within the lamina of Bruch with resultant defects in the overlying retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Ophthalmoscopic changes in a patient with Wilson's disease during long-term penicillamine therapy. The development of retinal pigment epithelial defects in a young patient with Wilson's disease after long-term penicillamine therapy is described. It is hypothesized that decreased copper availability secondary to penicillamine therapy may result in defective elastin within the lamina of Bruch with resultant defects in the overlying retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 736410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2599", "title": "Epiphora following rhinoplasty.", "content": "Damage to the lacrimal drainage apparatus is probably a frequent occurrence during rhinoplasty and this may lead to a permanent occlusion of the drainage system with tearing. This fact is not well documented in the plastic surgery or ophthalmic literature. Four cases of epiphora following rhinoplasty are presented. The possible mechanism of the obstruction and the treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Epiphora following rhinoplasty. Damage to the lacrimal drainage apparatus is probably a frequent occurrence during rhinoplasty and this may lead to a permanent occlusion of the drainage system with tearing. This fact is not well documented in the plastic surgery or ophthalmic literature. Four cases of epiphora following rhinoplasty are presented. The possible mechanism of the obstruction and the treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 736411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2600", "title": "The penetration of antistaphylococcal antibiotics into the aqueous humor of rabbits.", "content": "A multiple dose schedule of antibiotic administration parallels the clinical therapeutic situation. However, most reported studies on the aqueous humor concentration of antibiotics have been carried out following single doses of drug. We administered 2 penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 2 cephalosporins, and gentamicin to rabbits over a 24 hour period. Samples of serum and aqueous humor were obtained after the first and after the fifth dose of antibiotic. Of the agents studied, only methicillin in multiple doses gave therapeutic concentrations in the aqueous humor of normal rabbits. It is proposed that any future studies of intraocular penetration of antimicrobials be designed to include single and multiple doses in normal and infected eyes.", "contents": "The penetration of antistaphylococcal antibiotics into the aqueous humor of rabbits. A multiple dose schedule of antibiotic administration parallels the clinical therapeutic situation. However, most reported studies on the aqueous humor concentration of antibiotics have been carried out following single doses of drug. We administered 2 penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 2 cephalosporins, and gentamicin to rabbits over a 24 hour period. Samples of serum and aqueous humor were obtained after the first and after the fifth dose of antibiotic. Of the agents studied, only methicillin in multiple doses gave therapeutic concentrations in the aqueous humor of normal rabbits. It is proposed that any future studies of intraocular penetration of antimicrobials be designed to include single and multiple doses in normal and infected eyes.", "PMID": 736412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2601", "title": "A new technique for the surgical repair of cyclodialysis induced hypotony.", "content": "A new technique for the treatment of cyclodialysis induced hypotony is presented along with the results achieved in 4 cases. The technique is best suited to large clefts, or those in which conservative therapy has failed. No serious sequelae resulting from the procedure were noted in any of our cases.", "contents": "A new technique for the surgical repair of cyclodialysis induced hypotony. A new technique for the treatment of cyclodialysis induced hypotony is presented along with the results achieved in 4 cases. The technique is best suited to large clefts, or those in which conservative therapy has failed. No serious sequelae resulting from the procedure were noted in any of our cases.", "PMID": 736414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2602", "title": "Expulsive hemorrhage: report of five cases.", "content": "Five cases of expulsive hemorrhage occurring over a period of one year were reviewed. Two cases occurred during a trabeculectomy procedure. There appear to be multiple factors playing a role in the etiology of expulsive hemorrhage. There was not a single common factor among these 5 cases, except for the conjectural presence of some kind of vascular disease. However, there were some important factors that may have played a role such as glaucoma, hypertension, vascular disease, and general anesthesia (and sudden decompression of the globe).", "contents": "Expulsive hemorrhage: report of five cases. Five cases of expulsive hemorrhage occurring over a period of one year were reviewed. Two cases occurred during a trabeculectomy procedure. There appear to be multiple factors playing a role in the etiology of expulsive hemorrhage. There was not a single common factor among these 5 cases, except for the conjectural presence of some kind of vascular disease. However, there were some important factors that may have played a role such as glaucoma, hypertension, vascular disease, and general anesthesia (and sudden decompression of the globe).", "PMID": 736415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2603", "title": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca following excision of a dermolipoma of the lacrimal gland.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman with subconjunctival mass of the superotemporal region of the globe was operated upon. The mass was found to be a dermolipoma of the lacrimal gland. The removal of the mass caused severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which could only be helped with frequent applications of artificial tears.", "contents": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca following excision of a dermolipoma of the lacrimal gland. A 20-year-old woman with subconjunctival mass of the superotemporal region of the globe was operated upon. The mass was found to be a dermolipoma of the lacrimal gland. The removal of the mass caused severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which could only be helped with frequent applications of artificial tears.", "PMID": 736416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2604", "title": "Ketamine anesthesia and intraocular pressure.", "content": "We studied the influence of intramuscular ketamine-narcosis on the intraocular pressure of rabbits. Tonography and indirect arterial pressure measurements were performed 5 to 10 minutes after the administration of the agent. The systolic arterial pressure did not change significantly, whereas the intraocular pressure significantly increased. The intraocular pressure increase was 7% on the average with a maximal increase of 20%. In more than half of the cases the arterial and intraocular pressures changed in the opposite directions which speaks for the role of other factors in enhancing these pressure alterations.", "contents": "Ketamine anesthesia and intraocular pressure. We studied the influence of intramuscular ketamine-narcosis on the intraocular pressure of rabbits. Tonography and indirect arterial pressure measurements were performed 5 to 10 minutes after the administration of the agent. The systolic arterial pressure did not change significantly, whereas the intraocular pressure significantly increased. The intraocular pressure increase was 7% on the average with a maximal increase of 20%. In more than half of the cases the arterial and intraocular pressures changed in the opposite directions which speaks for the role of other factors in enhancing these pressure alterations.", "PMID": 736417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2605", "title": "Sudden or fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo in children due to perilymph fistula.", "content": "Five cases are presented of children with rapid onset of sensorineural hearing loss, disequilibrium, or both, who were found at exploratory tympanotomy to have a perilymph fistula. Four of the children had histories suggesting that antecedent barotrauma or physical exertion contributed to the development of the fistula. One child with congenital unilateral craniosynostosis had a residual temporal bone abnormality on the same side as the perilymph fistula. Two children had identifiable anatomic abnormalities in the middle ear. A classification of perilymph fistula is proposed that describes a congenital, an acquired, and a combined type of fistula. Inner ear fluid dynamics and patency of the cochlear aqueduct appear to be important factors in pathogenesis. Children with unexplained fluctuating or sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss, and children with unexplained disequilibrium or vertigo should be suspected of having a perilymph fistula. The history can be singularly important in raising the suspicion that a perilymph fistula may be present. Although audiometric, vestibular, and radiographic studies can be helpful, there is no way to prove the presence or absence of a fistula without directly viewing the middle ear. Tympanotomy with repair of the fistula does not assure improvement in hearing.", "contents": "Sudden or fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo in children due to perilymph fistula. Five cases are presented of children with rapid onset of sensorineural hearing loss, disequilibrium, or both, who were found at exploratory tympanotomy to have a perilymph fistula. Four of the children had histories suggesting that antecedent barotrauma or physical exertion contributed to the development of the fistula. One child with congenital unilateral craniosynostosis had a residual temporal bone abnormality on the same side as the perilymph fistula. Two children had identifiable anatomic abnormalities in the middle ear. A classification of perilymph fistula is proposed that describes a congenital, an acquired, and a combined type of fistula. Inner ear fluid dynamics and patency of the cochlear aqueduct appear to be important factors in pathogenesis. Children with unexplained fluctuating or sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss, and children with unexplained disequilibrium or vertigo should be suspected of having a perilymph fistula. The history can be singularly important in raising the suspicion that a perilymph fistula may be present. Although audiometric, vestibular, and radiographic studies can be helpful, there is no way to prove the presence or absence of a fistula without directly viewing the middle ear. Tympanotomy with repair of the fistula does not assure improvement in hearing.", "PMID": 736419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2606", "title": "Delayed endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "Delayed endolymphatic hydrops is a disease entity that can be differentiated from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Typically it occurs in patients who have sustained a profound hearing loss in one ear, usually from infection or trauma, and then after a prolonged period of time develop either episodic vertigo from the same ear (ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops) or fluctuating hearing loss, also sometimes with episodic vertigo, in the opposite ear (contralateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops). The ipsilateral form of the disease may be treated by labyrinthectomy but no satisfactory therapy is available for the contralateral form of the disease.", "contents": "Delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Delayed endolymphatic hydrops is a disease entity that can be differentiated from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Typically it occurs in patients who have sustained a profound hearing loss in one ear, usually from infection or trauma, and then after a prolonged period of time develop either episodic vertigo from the same ear (ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops) or fluctuating hearing loss, also sometimes with episodic vertigo, in the opposite ear (contralateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops). The ipsilateral form of the disease may be treated by labyrinthectomy but no satisfactory therapy is available for the contralateral form of the disease.", "PMID": 736418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2607", "title": "Hypercholesterolemia and auditory dysfunction. Experimental studies.", "content": "Rabbits were used for the long-term study of auditory function associated with experimental hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Auditory dysfunction (threshold changes of sound evoked responses) was monitored with an electrode, chronically implanted into the contralateral inferior colliculus. Hypertension was created using the renal encapsulation technique. Auditory function in the hypertension trial demonstrated a dip at higher frequencies as well as improvement at lower frequencies. One gram of cholesterol fed daily for three months was capable of making rabbits atherosclerotic. Cholesterol-fed rabbits showed increasing auditory dysfunction over time at all frequencies. When experimental hypertension was combined with hypercholesterolemia, the auditory changes appeared additive. This work, although in preliminary stages, seems to provide experimental evidence that auditory dysfunction is associated with cholesterol diet.", "contents": "Hypercholesterolemia and auditory dysfunction. Experimental studies. Rabbits were used for the long-term study of auditory function associated with experimental hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Auditory dysfunction (threshold changes of sound evoked responses) was monitored with an electrode, chronically implanted into the contralateral inferior colliculus. Hypertension was created using the renal encapsulation technique. Auditory function in the hypertension trial demonstrated a dip at higher frequencies as well as improvement at lower frequencies. One gram of cholesterol fed daily for three months was capable of making rabbits atherosclerotic. Cholesterol-fed rabbits showed increasing auditory dysfunction over time at all frequencies. When experimental hypertension was combined with hypercholesterolemia, the auditory changes appeared additive. This work, although in preliminary stages, seems to provide experimental evidence that auditory dysfunction is associated with cholesterol diet.", "PMID": 736420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2608", "title": "Noise-induced hearing loss. A human temporal bone case report.", "content": "The histopathology of a case of profound hearing loss which seemed to be induced by noise exposure (explosions and drillings in a gold mine) is reported. The patient's only residual hearing was 250 Hz at 90 dB SPL in the right ear. The major histopathological findings were as follows: Bilateral absence or collapse of Corti's organ was observed in the middle and basal turns of the cochlea; however, in the remaining area (approximately 6.0 mm in range in the apical portion of the cochlea) Corti's organ was well-preserved with a moderate loss in number or atrophy of the hair cells. Bilateral marked decrease of the cochlear nerve was noted in the middle and basal turns; however, the nerve was well-preserved in the remaining apical portion (approximately 6.0 mm in range) of the cochlea. These pathological findings were somewhat less severe in the right cochlea than in the left. In general, there was good correlation between the profound hearing loss and the extensive pathological findings in Corti's organ. The residual hearing in the right ear would seem to be explained by the less severe pathological changes found in the apical portion of the right cochlea than in the left cochlea. In addition to noise exposure, other possible etiological factors contributing to this hearing loss are discussed. These include diabetes mellitus and presbycusis.", "contents": "Noise-induced hearing loss. A human temporal bone case report. The histopathology of a case of profound hearing loss which seemed to be induced by noise exposure (explosions and drillings in a gold mine) is reported. The patient's only residual hearing was 250 Hz at 90 dB SPL in the right ear. The major histopathological findings were as follows: Bilateral absence or collapse of Corti's organ was observed in the middle and basal turns of the cochlea; however, in the remaining area (approximately 6.0 mm in range in the apical portion of the cochlea) Corti's organ was well-preserved with a moderate loss in number or atrophy of the hair cells. Bilateral marked decrease of the cochlear nerve was noted in the middle and basal turns; however, the nerve was well-preserved in the remaining apical portion (approximately 6.0 mm in range) of the cochlea. These pathological findings were somewhat less severe in the right cochlea than in the left. In general, there was good correlation between the profound hearing loss and the extensive pathological findings in Corti's organ. The residual hearing in the right ear would seem to be explained by the less severe pathological changes found in the apical portion of the right cochlea than in the left cochlea. In addition to noise exposure, other possible etiological factors contributing to this hearing loss are discussed. These include diabetes mellitus and presbycusis.", "PMID": 736422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2609", "title": "Selected hearing impairment associated with pinealoma.", "content": "A 23-year-old Caucasian male entered the audiology clinic with a complaint of difficulty understanding speech, although speech sounds could be heard. Conventional clinical audiometry showed normal sensitivity bilaterally. The speech discrimination tests confirmed his inability to comprehend speech adequately. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometer tests revealed dramatically rapid temporary threshold shifts bilaterally. Subsequent physical examinations revealed a massive pinealoma. Thirteen days after completion of Torkildsen's procedure, all the auditory tests indicated normal auditory function in each ear.", "contents": "Selected hearing impairment associated with pinealoma. A 23-year-old Caucasian male entered the audiology clinic with a complaint of difficulty understanding speech, although speech sounds could be heard. Conventional clinical audiometry showed normal sensitivity bilaterally. The speech discrimination tests confirmed his inability to comprehend speech adequately. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometer tests revealed dramatically rapid temporary threshold shifts bilaterally. Subsequent physical examinations revealed a massive pinealoma. Thirteen days after completion of Torkildsen's procedure, all the auditory tests indicated normal auditory function in each ear.", "PMID": 736421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2610", "title": "Auditory prostheses research with multiple channel intracochlear stimulation in man.", "content": "Although single-channel electrode arrays implanted in the scala tympani of deaf patients are useful as an aid to lip reading and for distinguishing some environmental sounds, they do not transmit intelligible speech. However, multichannel electrode arrays, which take advantage of the cochlea's tonotopic organization, may be capable of generating the complex patterns of neural activity necessary for speech discrimination. In this study, multichannel electrodes were implanted in the cochleas of four volunteers, with access to the connecting wires made through the skin via a percutaneous connector. The major portion of the data presented is from two of these subjects: one has been bilaterally deaf since birth and the other has been unilaterally deaf for 15 years. Preliminary results of experiments with two more recently implanted subjects are described as well as experiments with a fifth volunteer who was implanted with five electrodes by House in 1969. Data on pitch and loudness discrimination as well as the effects of stimulation parameters on threshold, impedance, and electrode interaction are presented. Place pitch and periodicity pitch were observed in all five volunteers. The results of pitch-matching experiments with the unilaterally deaf volunteer were consistent with tonotopic maps of the cochlea, and experiments indicated that a pitch continuum may be achieved by combining place and periodicity pitch modulation. Preliminary experiments in tune recognition with one subject demonstrate his ability to recognize simple melodies based on periodicity pitch cues. These results, coupled with the finding that subjective sensations remain stable over the long-term, support the feasibility of providing artificial hearing with a multichannel cochlear stimulation system.", "contents": "Auditory prostheses research with multiple channel intracochlear stimulation in man. Although single-channel electrode arrays implanted in the scala tympani of deaf patients are useful as an aid to lip reading and for distinguishing some environmental sounds, they do not transmit intelligible speech. However, multichannel electrode arrays, which take advantage of the cochlea's tonotopic organization, may be capable of generating the complex patterns of neural activity necessary for speech discrimination. In this study, multichannel electrodes were implanted in the cochleas of four volunteers, with access to the connecting wires made through the skin via a percutaneous connector. The major portion of the data presented is from two of these subjects: one has been bilaterally deaf since birth and the other has been unilaterally deaf for 15 years. Preliminary results of experiments with two more recently implanted subjects are described as well as experiments with a fifth volunteer who was implanted with five electrodes by House in 1969. Data on pitch and loudness discrimination as well as the effects of stimulation parameters on threshold, impedance, and electrode interaction are presented. Place pitch and periodicity pitch were observed in all five volunteers. The results of pitch-matching experiments with the unilaterally deaf volunteer were consistent with tonotopic maps of the cochlea, and experiments indicated that a pitch continuum may be achieved by combining place and periodicity pitch modulation. Preliminary experiments in tune recognition with one subject demonstrate his ability to recognize simple melodies based on periodicity pitch cues. These results, coupled with the finding that subjective sensations remain stable over the long-term, support the feasibility of providing artificial hearing with a multichannel cochlear stimulation system.", "PMID": 736424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2611", "title": "[Two cases of superficial pemphigus induced by pyritinol (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyritinol is presently prescribed in rhumatoid polyarthritis because of its structural analogy to D-penicillamin. Only benign cutaneous side effects had been mentioned up to now. We report two cases of pemphigus occurring during pyritinol therapy given in one case for rhumatoid polyarthritis, in the other case for memory deficiency. Clinical aspect was that of a superficial pemphigus. The histologic picture was in some instances that of a superficial acantholysis, and in other instances, that of an eosinophilic spongiosis. Definite proof of pemphigus was shown by presence of anti-intercellular substance antibodies in the serum and in the skin of both patients.", "contents": "[Two cases of superficial pemphigus induced by pyritinol (author's transl)]. Pyritinol is presently prescribed in rhumatoid polyarthritis because of its structural analogy to D-penicillamin. Only benign cutaneous side effects had been mentioned up to now. We report two cases of pemphigus occurring during pyritinol therapy given in one case for rhumatoid polyarthritis, in the other case for memory deficiency. Clinical aspect was that of a superficial pemphigus. The histologic picture was in some instances that of a superficial acantholysis, and in other instances, that of an eosinophilic spongiosis. Definite proof of pemphigus was shown by presence of anti-intercellular substance antibodies in the serum and in the skin of both patients.", "PMID": 736425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2612", "title": "[Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this report, we wish to demonstrate histological and ultrastructural characteristics of transient acantholytic dermatosis, first described in 1970 by Grover. Papules on the upper part of the body and on the arms and thighs are noted in our two patients. They are small in size (2-4 mm) and encircled by an erythematous border; pruritus and vesicles with serous content are often present. The vesicles are follicular and tend to group. Biological and immunological studies are normal. Histological examination shows acantholysis and intraepidermal vesicles above which is hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis. In the dermis, inflammatory infiltrates are noted. Ultrastructural study reveals rarefaction of desmosomes and widening of intercellular spaces. Fragments of tonofibrils are also noted. Karyolysis is sometimes present. The dermis contains  A. Civatte's bodies. It is likely that this recently identified disease is less unfrequent than it appears to be.", "contents": "[Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover) (author's transl)]. In this report, we wish to demonstrate histological and ultrastructural characteristics of transient acantholytic dermatosis, first described in 1970 by Grover. Papules on the upper part of the body and on the arms and thighs are noted in our two patients. They are small in size (2-4 mm) and encircled by an erythematous border; pruritus and vesicles with serous content are often present. The vesicles are follicular and tend to group. Biological and immunological studies are normal. Histological examination shows acantholysis and intraepidermal vesicles above which is hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis. In the dermis, inflammatory infiltrates are noted. Ultrastructural study reveals rarefaction of desmosomes and widening of intercellular spaces. Fragments of tonofibrils are also noted. Karyolysis is sometimes present. The dermis contains  A. Civatte's bodies. It is likely that this recently identified disease is less unfrequent than it appears to be.", "PMID": 736426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2613", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the temporal bone in the chinchilla.", "content": "The chinchilla is of value in otological research for many reasons, including the surgical accessibility of the majority of structures within its temporal bone. This paper describes the anatomy of the chinchilla's temporal bone, and four surgical approaches to the labyrinth and ossicular chain, three through the bulla and the other via the external canal. No one approach reveals all the temporal bone structures, and each route is therefore more suited to some surgical procedures than others. The cochlea is particularly accessible for microsurgical procedures because it projects into the labyrinthine part of the bulla and because its bony capsule is thin. Surgery in the posterior cranial fossae is both hazardous and difficult; the hazard is bleeding from the venous sinuses which run within the occipital and temporal bones, and the difficulty is the limited access due to the intervening cerebellum and the closeness of the brain stem.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the temporal bone in the chinchilla. The chinchilla is of value in otological research for many reasons, including the surgical accessibility of the majority of structures within its temporal bone. This paper describes the anatomy of the chinchilla's temporal bone, and four surgical approaches to the labyrinth and ossicular chain, three through the bulla and the other via the external canal. No one approach reveals all the temporal bone structures, and each route is therefore more suited to some surgical procedures than others. The cochlea is particularly accessible for microsurgical procedures because it projects into the labyrinthine part of the bulla and because its bony capsule is thin. Surgery in the posterior cranial fossae is both hazardous and difficult; the hazard is bleeding from the venous sinuses which run within the occipital and temporal bones, and the difficulty is the limited access due to the intervening cerebellum and the closeness of the brain stem.", "PMID": 736423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2614", "title": "[Peri-navel intestinal patch-like choristia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an umbilical anomaly marked by confluent erythematous and crusted plaques, spreading beyond the navel limits and histologically regarded as a choristia that is to say a displacement of intestinal tissue within the epidermis. The ultrastructural study investigated the relationship between intestinal cells and keratinocytes. The authors believe that behaviour analogies exist between ectopic intestinal cells and Paget's cells.", "contents": "[Peri-navel intestinal patch-like choristia (author's transl)]. The authors describe an umbilical anomaly marked by confluent erythematous and crusted plaques, spreading beyond the navel limits and histologically regarded as a choristia that is to say a displacement of intestinal tissue within the epidermis. The ultrastructural study investigated the relationship between intestinal cells and keratinocytes. The authors believe that behaviour analogies exist between ectopic intestinal cells and Paget's cells.", "PMID": 736428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2615", "title": "[Allergy to betalactamins. Diagnosis in vivo and correlations with tests in vitro (lymphocyte transformation and specific IgE) (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the results of skin tests and tests in vitro (lymphocyte transformation L.T. and R.A.S.T. for specific IgE) in 21 patients allergic to penicillin or penicillin-derivates revealed that tests in vivo are more sensitive and reliable than L.T. and R.A.S.T. This discordance needs future research for more valuable tests in vitro, such as specific histamine-release by leucocytes or determination of IgG4 reagins by R.A.S.T. procedure. A method of diagnosis of betalactamin hypersensitivity by skin tests, including penicilloylpolylysine, benzyl-penicillin, ampicillin and cephalosporin, is suggested; this method was experienced in 21 patients and 23 control subjects and proved to be safe and reproducible.", "contents": "[Allergy to betalactamins. Diagnosis in vivo and correlations with tests in vitro (lymphocyte transformation and specific IgE) (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the results of skin tests and tests in vitro (lymphocyte transformation L.T. and R.A.S.T. for specific IgE) in 21 patients allergic to penicillin or penicillin-derivates revealed that tests in vivo are more sensitive and reliable than L.T. and R.A.S.T. This discordance needs future research for more valuable tests in vitro, such as specific histamine-release by leucocytes or determination of IgG4 reagins by R.A.S.T. procedure. A method of diagnosis of betalactamin hypersensitivity by skin tests, including penicilloylpolylysine, benzyl-penicillin, ampicillin and cephalosporin, is suggested; this method was experienced in 21 patients and 23 control subjects and proved to be safe and reproducible.", "PMID": 736429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2616", "title": "[Oral photochemotherapy in vitiligo (author's transl)].", "content": "33 patients with vitiligo were treated with total body artificial U.V.A. irradiations and systemic 8-MOP. Hexagonal upstanding light boxes containing 84 fluorescent bulbs were used as sources of U.V.A. Patients were treated for 2 months. Response to psoralen photochemotherapy was evaluated as follows: --excellent: greater than 90 p. 100 repigmentation; --good: 50 p. 100 to 90 p. 100 repigmentation; --fair: less than 50 p. 100 repigmentation; --no repigmentation. Excellent results were obtained in 5 patients (15 p. 100), good results in 9 patients (27 p. 100). 6 of the patients (18 p. 100) showed no response. There was no correlation between: --the age of the patients, --the extent of involvement, --the duration of vitiligo and response to therapy. Artificial U.V.A. sources and systemically administrated 8-MOP is at least as effective as 8-MOP + sunlight exposure.", "contents": "[Oral photochemotherapy in vitiligo (author's transl)]. 33 patients with vitiligo were treated with total body artificial U.V.A. irradiations and systemic 8-MOP. Hexagonal upstanding light boxes containing 84 fluorescent bulbs were used as sources of U.V.A. Patients were treated for 2 months. Response to psoralen photochemotherapy was evaluated as follows: --excellent: greater than 90 p. 100 repigmentation; --good: 50 p. 100 to 90 p. 100 repigmentation; --fair: less than 50 p. 100 repigmentation; --no repigmentation. Excellent results were obtained in 5 patients (15 p. 100), good results in 9 patients (27 p. 100). 6 of the patients (18 p. 100) showed no response. There was no correlation between: --the age of the patients, --the extent of involvement, --the duration of vitiligo and response to therapy. Artificial U.V.A. sources and systemically administrated 8-MOP is at least as effective as 8-MOP + sunlight exposure.", "PMID": 736430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2617", "title": "[Uncombable hair syndrome. Pili trianguli et canaliculi (author's transl)].", "content": "We present a general review of a new syndrome that we described in 1973, under the title \"cheveux incoiffables\" (uncombable half syndrome). The scanning electron microscopy shows two specific alterations of the hair: a triangular section and a longitudinal groove.", "contents": "[Uncombable hair syndrome. Pili trianguli et canaliculi (author's transl)]. We present a general review of a new syndrome that we described in 1973, under the title \"cheveux incoiffables\" (uncombable half syndrome). The scanning electron microscopy shows two specific alterations of the hair: a triangular section and a longitudinal groove.", "PMID": 736431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2618", "title": "[Congenital or acquired unilateral nevoid stellar telangiectasias. About 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on five personal cases (one neo-natal case, one in childhood, and three cases in pregnant women) and sixteen published cases, this study remind us of the essential caracteristics of unilateral nevoid telangiectasis. Prevalence in women is noticeable appearance during pregnancy, with complete regression during post-partum, is quasi constant. If their nosological place is not clear among the essential telangiectasias, they seem to be quite different from Hutchinson's serpiginious angioma (verrucous telangiectasis), from Osler-Rendu's disease, from Brocq's telangiectasias and from generalizated telangiectasias. The true signification of all these diseases is still completely unknown.", "contents": "[Congenital or acquired unilateral nevoid stellar telangiectasias. About 5 cases (author's transl)]. Based on five personal cases (one neo-natal case, one in childhood, and three cases in pregnant women) and sixteen published cases, this study remind us of the essential caracteristics of unilateral nevoid telangiectasis. Prevalence in women is noticeable appearance during pregnancy, with complete regression during post-partum, is quasi constant. If their nosological place is not clear among the essential telangiectasias, they seem to be quite different from Hutchinson's serpiginious angioma (verrucous telangiectasis), from Osler-Rendu's disease, from Brocq's telangiectasias and from generalizated telangiectasias. The true signification of all these diseases is still completely unknown.", "PMID": 736437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2619", "title": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with seronegative polyarthritis. Report of a case. Review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyoderma gangrenosum developed in a 45-year-old caucasian woman who had an 18 year past history of seronegative polyarthritis without any visceral or haematologic associated abnormalities. A literature review revealed only 12 reported cases. Extensive laboratory evaluation failed to detect alterations of the immune functions. The presence of a vasculitis with C3 deposits suggested that levamisole may have played a role in eliciting the lesion. Clofazimine, administered for a period of one month, was a relative failure.", "contents": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with seronegative polyarthritis. Report of a case. Review of the literature (author's transl)]. Pyoderma gangrenosum developed in a 45-year-old caucasian woman who had an 18 year past history of seronegative polyarthritis without any visceral or haematologic associated abnormalities. A literature review revealed only 12 reported cases. Extensive laboratory evaluation failed to detect alterations of the immune functions. The presence of a vasculitis with C3 deposits suggested that levamisole may have played a role in eliciting the lesion. Clofazimine, administered for a period of one month, was a relative failure.", "PMID": 736438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2620", "title": "Surgical experience with acute arterial occlusion in the upper extremities.", "content": "34 episodes of acute arterial occlusion in the upper limbs were treated surgically in 30 patients. In 32 cases the embolus was considered to have originated in the heart. In 27 cases the radial pulse was reestablished after the primary operative procedure and in 2 cases after an additional operative procedure. In 3 cases the pulse remained inpalpable and 2 amputations were needed. The earlier after the onset of the symptoms the operation was performed the better were the results. Two patients expired in the hospital during the first week after operation and there were 11 late deaths during the follow up period. The remaining 17 patients were followed for an average of 4.1 yrs. 15 of these patients have not shown any evidence of re-occlusion during the follow up period.", "contents": "Surgical experience with acute arterial occlusion in the upper extremities. 34 episodes of acute arterial occlusion in the upper limbs were treated surgically in 30 patients. In 32 cases the embolus was considered to have originated in the heart. In 27 cases the radial pulse was reestablished after the primary operative procedure and in 2 cases after an additional operative procedure. In 3 cases the pulse remained inpalpable and 2 amputations were needed. The earlier after the onset of the symptoms the operation was performed the better were the results. Two patients expired in the hospital during the first week after operation and there were 11 late deaths during the follow up period. The remaining 17 patients were followed for an average of 4.1 yrs. 15 of these patients have not shown any evidence of re-occlusion during the follow up period.", "PMID": 736483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2621", "title": "Gastroscopic reduction of afferent loop intragastric intussusception.", "content": "A case is presented of afferent loop intragastric intussusception diagnosed by gastroscopy 18 years after partial gastrectomy with retrocolic gastrojejunostomy. The intussusception was successfully reduced by means of the gastroscope. The symptoms were instantly relieved, with a symptom-free follow-up of 1/2 year. Provided that the intussuscepted segment appears viable it seems justified to aim initially to reduce jejuno-gastric intussusception with the aid of the gastroscope.", "contents": "Gastroscopic reduction of afferent loop intragastric intussusception. A case is presented of afferent loop intragastric intussusception diagnosed by gastroscopy 18 years after partial gastrectomy with retrocolic gastrojejunostomy. The intussusception was successfully reduced by means of the gastroscope. The symptoms were instantly relieved, with a symptom-free follow-up of 1/2 year. Provided that the intussuscepted segment appears viable it seems justified to aim initially to reduce jejuno-gastric intussusception with the aid of the gastroscope.", "PMID": 736484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2622", "title": "Acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy.", "content": "Seventeen cases of acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy were analysed. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, nausea and anorexia. The usual physical findings were direct abdominal tenderness and rectal tenderness. Correct diagnosis was more difficult when gestation was advanced. This was reflected both by the severity of the disease process found at operation and by the increasing foetal mortality rate. Delay in diagnosis and treatment is the main factor causing high maternal and foetal death rates, especially when pregnancy is advanced.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy. Seventeen cases of acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy were analysed. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, nausea and anorexia. The usual physical findings were direct abdominal tenderness and rectal tenderness. Correct diagnosis was more difficult when gestation was advanced. This was reflected both by the severity of the disease process found at operation and by the increasing foetal mortality rate. Delay in diagnosis and treatment is the main factor causing high maternal and foetal death rates, especially when pregnancy is advanced.", "PMID": 736485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2623", "title": "Precipitate labour.", "content": "In Turku University Central Hospital there were 4976 deliveries in the years 1974--75. Among them there were 106 spontaneous, nonaugmented labours with a duration of two hours or less, giving an incidence of 2.1% precipitate labour. The most important aetiological factor was multiparity. 35% of precipitate labours commenced with spontaneous rupture of the membranes. The incidence of prematurity after precipitate labour was 8.5% and thus significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than in a control group, where mothers were matched according to age and parity. After precipitate labour the newborn fared as well as those in the control groups. It is our conclusion therefore, that precipitate labour need not be considered as an intrapartum risk factor, when neonatal well-being is considered.", "contents": "Precipitate labour. In Turku University Central Hospital there were 4976 deliveries in the years 1974--75. Among them there were 106 spontaneous, nonaugmented labours with a duration of two hours or less, giving an incidence of 2.1% precipitate labour. The most important aetiological factor was multiparity. 35% of precipitate labours commenced with spontaneous rupture of the membranes. The incidence of prematurity after precipitate labour was 8.5% and thus significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than in a control group, where mothers were matched according to age and parity. After precipitate labour the newborn fared as well as those in the control groups. It is our conclusion therefore, that precipitate labour need not be considered as an intrapartum risk factor, when neonatal well-being is considered.", "PMID": 736486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2624", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography and cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "The diagnostic yields of intravenous cholangiography (IVC) and 99mTc-diethyl-IDA cholescintigraphy (CS) were compared in 50 patients; 19 had acute cholecystitis, 5 pancreatitis, 4 obstructive disease of the common bile duct, 5 chronic gallbladder disease, 6 parenchymal liver disease and 11 had other intra-abdominal diseases. The comparison of IVC and CS covered three aspects: the definition of the biliary tract structures, their morphologic changes and an assessment of bile flow through the cystic duct and the common bile duct. The definition of the main intrahepatic bile ducts was better with IVC; that of the common bile duct and the gallbladder was better with CS. Morphologic details such as calculi or local changes in duct calibre were detected only in IVC. Measurements of common bile duct calibre obtained from operative cholangiograms correlated better with those from the IVCs than with those from the CSs. CS was more sensitive in the diagnosis of cystic duct obstruction. Bile flow in the common bile duct was estimated in the cases where the gallbladder did not fill. Delayed emptying of the common bile duct was revealed in IVC in 1 and in CS in 3 out of 6 cases with disturbed bile flow. The morphologic findings in IVC gave indication of the obstructive condition in the 1 case with retarded flow and in 2 additional cases. CS provided functional information for which the concentration of the tracer was sufficient except in one case. IVC provided morphologic and functional information, but the excretion of the contrast medium was insufficient for a morphologic assessment of the common bile duct in 16 cases and for a functional assessment in 11 cases.", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography and cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. The diagnostic yields of intravenous cholangiography (IVC) and 99mTc-diethyl-IDA cholescintigraphy (CS) were compared in 50 patients; 19 had acute cholecystitis, 5 pancreatitis, 4 obstructive disease of the common bile duct, 5 chronic gallbladder disease, 6 parenchymal liver disease and 11 had other intra-abdominal diseases. The comparison of IVC and CS covered three aspects: the definition of the biliary tract structures, their morphologic changes and an assessment of bile flow through the cystic duct and the common bile duct. The definition of the main intrahepatic bile ducts was better with IVC; that of the common bile duct and the gallbladder was better with CS. Morphologic details such as calculi or local changes in duct calibre were detected only in IVC. Measurements of common bile duct calibre obtained from operative cholangiograms correlated better with those from the IVCs than with those from the CSs. CS was more sensitive in the diagnosis of cystic duct obstruction. Bile flow in the common bile duct was estimated in the cases where the gallbladder did not fill. Delayed emptying of the common bile duct was revealed in IVC in 1 and in CS in 3 out of 6 cases with disturbed bile flow. The morphologic findings in IVC gave indication of the obstructive condition in the 1 case with retarded flow and in 2 additional cases. CS provided functional information for which the concentration of the tracer was sufficient except in one case. IVC provided morphologic and functional information, but the excretion of the contrast medium was insufficient for a morphologic assessment of the common bile duct in 16 cases and for a functional assessment in 11 cases.", "PMID": 736487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2625", "title": "Blood pressure changes in the marginal artery of the colon following occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery.", "content": "The perfusion pressure in the marginal artery of the descending colon was measured continuously at laparotomy in eight patients and the effect of sudden occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery recorded. Three patients with ulcerative colitis, all in their early 30s, and five elderly patients with colonic or rectal carcinoma were studied. In all patients occlusion caused an initial and marked pressure drop, which remained reduced at a critically low level in two of the elderly patients. Such a reduction in perfusion pressure is probably still insufficient to interfere with the nourishment of the terminal part of the colon provided that the systemic pressure is kept at a normal level. However, since in many patients there is a sharp drop in systemic blood pressure during the recovery phase after surgery, it appears likely that the perfusion pressure in the marginal artery may in those cases be insufficient to maintain an adequate blood flow to the colon despite the inherent tendency of \"auto-regulation\" in this vascular bed. The results of the present study indicate that, contrary to previous belief, ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery may increase the risk of ischaemia in the terminal part of the descending colon, leading to anastomotic dehiscence after anterior resection, or sloughing after a \"pull-through\" operation. This complication could probably be prevented by a more generous resection of the sigmoid and descending colon, thus reducing the length of the anastomosis formed by the arc of Riolan and by careful maintenance of an adequate blood pressure during the recovery phase.", "contents": "Blood pressure changes in the marginal artery of the colon following occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery. The perfusion pressure in the marginal artery of the descending colon was measured continuously at laparotomy in eight patients and the effect of sudden occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery recorded. Three patients with ulcerative colitis, all in their early 30s, and five elderly patients with colonic or rectal carcinoma were studied. In all patients occlusion caused an initial and marked pressure drop, which remained reduced at a critically low level in two of the elderly patients. Such a reduction in perfusion pressure is probably still insufficient to interfere with the nourishment of the terminal part of the colon provided that the systemic pressure is kept at a normal level. However, since in many patients there is a sharp drop in systemic blood pressure during the recovery phase after surgery, it appears likely that the perfusion pressure in the marginal artery may in those cases be insufficient to maintain an adequate blood flow to the colon despite the inherent tendency of \"auto-regulation\" in this vascular bed. The results of the present study indicate that, contrary to previous belief, ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery may increase the risk of ischaemia in the terminal part of the descending colon, leading to anastomotic dehiscence after anterior resection, or sloughing after a \"pull-through\" operation. This complication could probably be prevented by a more generous resection of the sigmoid and descending colon, thus reducing the length of the anastomosis formed by the arc of Riolan and by careful maintenance of an adequate blood pressure during the recovery phase.", "PMID": 736488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2626", "title": "Caeruloplasmin: a plasma protein, enzyme, and antioxidant.", "content": "Multifunctional roles of the plasma protein, caeruloplasmin, have been briefly reviewed under three main headings. These are protein functions, enzymic activity, and antioxidant protection. As a plasma protein it is said to play a role in the transport of copper. Since some 95% of serum copper is associated with caeruloplasmin, measurement of the protein provides a useful guide to copper levels. Enzymic functions are related to its oxidase activity. Substrates commonly used for laboratory assay include non-biologically occurring aromatic amines and polyphenols. More recently, a physiological function has been proposed in which the enzyme oxidases iron from the ferrous to ferric state for binding to apotransferrin. This enzymic function of caeruloplasmin has been designated 'ferroxidase'. In vitro studies have shown that caeruloplasmin can inhibit the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty-acids. This function is in part related to its ferroxidase activity. No antioxidant activity has yet been demonstrated in vivo but this possibility is speculatively discussed.", "contents": "Caeruloplasmin: a plasma protein, enzyme, and antioxidant. Multifunctional roles of the plasma protein, caeruloplasmin, have been briefly reviewed under three main headings. These are protein functions, enzymic activity, and antioxidant protection. As a plasma protein it is said to play a role in the transport of copper. Since some 95% of serum copper is associated with caeruloplasmin, measurement of the protein provides a useful guide to copper levels. Enzymic functions are related to its oxidase activity. Substrates commonly used for laboratory assay include non-biologically occurring aromatic amines and polyphenols. More recently, a physiological function has been proposed in which the enzyme oxidases iron from the ferrous to ferric state for binding to apotransferrin. This enzymic function of caeruloplasmin has been designated 'ferroxidase'. In vitro studies have shown that caeruloplasmin can inhibit the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty-acids. This function is in part related to its ferroxidase activity. No antioxidant activity has yet been demonstrated in vivo but this possibility is speculatively discussed.", "PMID": 736489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2627", "title": "Serum deoxycytidylate deaminase activity after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The activity of serum deoxycytidylate deaminase, not hitherto reported to increase after myocardial infarction, has been investigated and the results have been related to other cardiac enzymes, including the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase. Deoxycytidylate deaminase was found to increase to maximum activity on the third day after infarction. It may therefore be added to the list of 'cardiac enzymes.", "contents": "Serum deoxycytidylate deaminase activity after myocardial infarction. The activity of serum deoxycytidylate deaminase, not hitherto reported to increase after myocardial infarction, has been investigated and the results have been related to other cardiac enzymes, including the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase. Deoxycytidylate deaminase was found to increase to maximum activity on the third day after infarction. It may therefore be added to the list of 'cardiac enzymes.", "PMID": 736490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2628", "title": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) values in 22 hyperthyroid patients did not differ significantly from those of controls matched for age, sex, and the time of year that plasma samples were taken. In the hyperthyroid group, plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than in controls, and an increase in bone type alkaline phosphatase occurred in 50%. In the 18 female hyperthyroid patients the plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase was significantly increased compared with controls. Mean values for plasma albumin, alanine transferase, and calcium showed no significant difference between hyperthyroid and control patients.", "contents": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in hyperthyroidism. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) values in 22 hyperthyroid patients did not differ significantly from those of controls matched for age, sex, and the time of year that plasma samples were taken. In the hyperthyroid group, plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than in controls, and an increase in bone type alkaline phosphatase occurred in 50%. In the 18 female hyperthyroid patients the plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase was significantly increased compared with controls. Mean values for plasma albumin, alanine transferase, and calcium showed no significant difference between hyperthyroid and control patients.", "PMID": 736491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2629", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of methotrexate: use of 75Se-labelled methotrexate.", "content": "75Se-labelled methotrexate has been used as the radiolabel in a radioimmunoassay for methotrexate and its use compared with that of 3H-methotrexate. The gamma-labelled drug has proved to be extremely reliable and easier to use than 3H-methotrexate. Results obtained with it compare well with those obtained with tritiated drug. There are practical advantages in using a gamma emitter, and it is suggested that the modified radioimmunoassay is invaluable for routine monitoring of methotrexate in patients undergoing chemotherapy with the drug.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of methotrexate: use of 75Se-labelled methotrexate. 75Se-labelled methotrexate has been used as the radiolabel in a radioimmunoassay for methotrexate and its use compared with that of 3H-methotrexate. The gamma-labelled drug has proved to be extremely reliable and easier to use than 3H-methotrexate. Results obtained with it compare well with those obtained with tritiated drug. There are practical advantages in using a gamma emitter, and it is suggested that the modified radioimmunoassay is invaluable for routine monitoring of methotrexate in patients undergoing chemotherapy with the drug.", "PMID": 736493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2630", "title": "Total urine oestriol by a modification of a commercial plasma oestriol kit.", "content": "An adaptation of a radioimmunoassay for plasma oestriol for assaying urine oestriol is presented. The method has been shown to be precise, reliable, and directly comparable with the manual spectrophotometric technique for urine oestriol.", "contents": "Total urine oestriol by a modification of a commercial plasma oestriol kit. An adaptation of a radioimmunoassay for plasma oestriol for assaying urine oestriol is presented. The method has been shown to be precise, reliable, and directly comparable with the manual spectrophotometric technique for urine oestriol.", "PMID": 736494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2631", "title": "Antibiotics in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "In 460 cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis 215 (47%) positive gallbladder bile cultures were obtained. In 73% of emergency operations bacteria were recovered, in 48% of early operations (p less than 0.001) and in 29% of late operations (p less than 0.001). In vitro concentrations of 8-16 mcg/ml of ampicillin or cephalothin inhibited in most cases the growth of E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococci, which comprised 75% of all strains isolated. One hour after intravenous infusion of 1 g ampicillin the mean serum level was 21 mcg/ml, the mean common duct level 16 mcg/ml and the mean gallbladder bile level 4.4 mcg/ml. In acute cholecystitis 2 g cephalothin gave mean concentrations of 14, 8, and 1.2 mcg/ml. Most of these patients had cystic duct obstruction both on intravenous cholegraphy and during operation. Control patients with patent cystic ducts who received ampicillin had mean gallbladder and common duct bile levels of 47 and 56 mcg/ml, and those receiving cephalothin 23 and 28 mcg/ml. It appears that adequate gallbladder bile concentrations of antibiotics are not attainable in acute cholecystitis because of the obstruction to the bile flow. The favourable results of prophylactic antibiotic treatment in reducing septic complications seem to depend more on adequate serum and tissue concentrations than on the concentration of antibiotics in the bile.", "contents": "Antibiotics in acute cholecystitis. In 460 cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis 215 (47%) positive gallbladder bile cultures were obtained. In 73% of emergency operations bacteria were recovered, in 48% of early operations (p less than 0.001) and in 29% of late operations (p less than 0.001). In vitro concentrations of 8-16 mcg/ml of ampicillin or cephalothin inhibited in most cases the growth of E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococci, which comprised 75% of all strains isolated. One hour after intravenous infusion of 1 g ampicillin the mean serum level was 21 mcg/ml, the mean common duct level 16 mcg/ml and the mean gallbladder bile level 4.4 mcg/ml. In acute cholecystitis 2 g cephalothin gave mean concentrations of 14, 8, and 1.2 mcg/ml. Most of these patients had cystic duct obstruction both on intravenous cholegraphy and during operation. Control patients with patent cystic ducts who received ampicillin had mean gallbladder and common duct bile levels of 47 and 56 mcg/ml, and those receiving cephalothin 23 and 28 mcg/ml. It appears that adequate gallbladder bile concentrations of antibiotics are not attainable in acute cholecystitis because of the obstruction to the bile flow. The favourable results of prophylactic antibiotic treatment in reducing septic complications seem to depend more on adequate serum and tissue concentrations than on the concentration of antibiotics in the bile.", "PMID": 736504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2632", "title": "Human atrial noradrenaline content, hypothermic ischaemic arrest and parameters of left ventricular function.", "content": "The noradrenaline (NA) content in tissue excised from the right atrium before and after hypothermic ischaemic arrest and subsequent coronary reperfusion was estimated biochemically and histochemically. The series consisted of 22 patients suffering from aortic valve disease. The NA concentration in the preoperative and postoperative samples was similar in all instances and it was clear that the right atrial myocardial NA content remained unchanged under conditions typical of an aortic valve replacement operation. The mean NA contents (microgram/g +/- SD) of the whole series before and after procedure were 2.0 +/- 1.1 and 2.2 +/- 1.5, respectively (p greater than 0.1 NS). Additionally, left heart catheterization was performed preoperatively in 11 patients with aortic valve disease, and certain left ventricular cardiocirculatory variables of contractility and failure were recorded. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the right atrial myocardial NA content and the left ventricular contractile state. However, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure presented a significant positive correlation with the NA content of right atrial myocardium (r = 0.65, p less than 0.02, n = 11). The problems encountered in weaning the heart off perfusion after aortic surgery can hardly be explained in terms of altered myocardial NA stores.", "contents": "Human atrial noradrenaline content, hypothermic ischaemic arrest and parameters of left ventricular function. The noradrenaline (NA) content in tissue excised from the right atrium before and after hypothermic ischaemic arrest and subsequent coronary reperfusion was estimated biochemically and histochemically. The series consisted of 22 patients suffering from aortic valve disease. The NA concentration in the preoperative and postoperative samples was similar in all instances and it was clear that the right atrial myocardial NA content remained unchanged under conditions typical of an aortic valve replacement operation. The mean NA contents (microgram/g +/- SD) of the whole series before and after procedure were 2.0 +/- 1.1 and 2.2 +/- 1.5, respectively (p greater than 0.1 NS). Additionally, left heart catheterization was performed preoperatively in 11 patients with aortic valve disease, and certain left ventricular cardiocirculatory variables of contractility and failure were recorded. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the right atrial myocardial NA content and the left ventricular contractile state. However, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure presented a significant positive correlation with the NA content of right atrial myocardium (r = 0.65, p less than 0.02, n = 11). The problems encountered in weaning the heart off perfusion after aortic surgery can hardly be explained in terms of altered myocardial NA stores.", "PMID": 736505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2633", "title": "Ergospirometry and coronary arteriography in young patients with angina pectoris or atypical chest pain.", "content": "A bicycle ergospirometric test was performed on 57 women and 26 men of age 40 or less in combination with coronary arteriography for angina pectoris or chest pain atypical for ischaemia severe enough to affect their working capacity. Nine men and 14 women had angina pectoris with coronary artery narrowings of 50% or more (Group I) and 5 men and 22 women had angina pectoris without obvious coronary artery narrowings (Group II). This means an incidence for coronary changes of 64% for men and 38% for women for angina pectoris. Group III consisted of 12 men and 21 women with a chest pain atypical for ischaemia and without coronary artery narrowings. Minor changes were found on angiographic examination in some patients. Four men and 11 women could not do the ergospirometry adequately. The patients with coronary artery narrowings had a lower maximal oxygen consumption than the others, even though only the mean values for the women showed a statistically significant difference. They also had lower maximal heart rates and their total work and maximum load were lower. The highest proportion of ST segment depressions of 0.5 mm or more was also found in the same patients. The pressure rate product did not show any clear difference with regard to the patient groups or the ST segment changes. As a purely diagnostic tool ergospirometry does not give more information about possible ischaemia in cases of chest pain than a routine upright bicycle test, but for following up patients with angina pectoris and evaluating treatment it gives valuable data about working capacity.", "contents": "Ergospirometry and coronary arteriography in young patients with angina pectoris or atypical chest pain. A bicycle ergospirometric test was performed on 57 women and 26 men of age 40 or less in combination with coronary arteriography for angina pectoris or chest pain atypical for ischaemia severe enough to affect their working capacity. Nine men and 14 women had angina pectoris with coronary artery narrowings of 50% or more (Group I) and 5 men and 22 women had angina pectoris without obvious coronary artery narrowings (Group II). This means an incidence for coronary changes of 64% for men and 38% for women for angina pectoris. Group III consisted of 12 men and 21 women with a chest pain atypical for ischaemia and without coronary artery narrowings. Minor changes were found on angiographic examination in some patients. Four men and 11 women could not do the ergospirometry adequately. The patients with coronary artery narrowings had a lower maximal oxygen consumption than the others, even though only the mean values for the women showed a statistically significant difference. They also had lower maximal heart rates and their total work and maximum load were lower. The highest proportion of ST segment depressions of 0.5 mm or more was also found in the same patients. The pressure rate product did not show any clear difference with regard to the patient groups or the ST segment changes. As a purely diagnostic tool ergospirometry does not give more information about possible ischaemia in cases of chest pain than a routine upright bicycle test, but for following up patients with angina pectoris and evaluating treatment it gives valuable data about working capacity.", "PMID": 736506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2634", "title": "Myocardial complications of immunisations.", "content": "Immunisation may induce myocardial complications. In this pilot study clinical, electrocardiographic, chemical and immunological findings have been studied during a six weeks' follow-up after routine immunisation (mumps, polio, tetanus, smallpox, diphtheria and type A meningococcal disease) among 234 Finnish conscripts at the beginning of their military service. Serial pattern of ECG changes suggestive of myocarditis was recorded in eight of the 234 conscripts one to two weeks after vaccination against smallpox and diphtheria. Changes were mainly minor ST segment elevations and T wave inversions and usually they disappeared in a few weeks. The ECG positives more often had a history of atopy, and their mean body temperatures and heart rates after the vaccinations were higher than among the other subjects (p less than 0.01). However, clinical myocarditis was never noted, nor were immunological or enzymological changes different among the ECG positives. Thus in 3% of the study population, evidence of postvaccinal myocarditis was noted, based on serial ECG patterns, but without any other evidence of cardiac disease.", "contents": "Myocardial complications of immunisations. Immunisation may induce myocardial complications. In this pilot study clinical, electrocardiographic, chemical and immunological findings have been studied during a six weeks' follow-up after routine immunisation (mumps, polio, tetanus, smallpox, diphtheria and type A meningococcal disease) among 234 Finnish conscripts at the beginning of their military service. Serial pattern of ECG changes suggestive of myocarditis was recorded in eight of the 234 conscripts one to two weeks after vaccination against smallpox and diphtheria. Changes were mainly minor ST segment elevations and T wave inversions and usually they disappeared in a few weeks. The ECG positives more often had a history of atopy, and their mean body temperatures and heart rates after the vaccinations were higher than among the other subjects (p less than 0.01). However, clinical myocarditis was never noted, nor were immunological or enzymological changes different among the ECG positives. Thus in 3% of the study population, evidence of postvaccinal myocarditis was noted, based on serial ECG patterns, but without any other evidence of cardiac disease.", "PMID": 736507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2635", "title": "The response of human platelets to hypotonic stress: direct measurement of volume change.", "content": "Human platelets stored at 22 degrees C were subjected to standard hypotonic stress at intervals up to five days after collection. Changes in light absorbance were recorded during the reaction, and size distribution was measured directly using a Coulter Model ZBI Counter and Channelyzer. Recovery following osmotic stress was measured by change in absorbance, as well as by change in platelet size distribution. Significant correlation was demonstrated between the two methods. By both measures, fresh platelets demonstrated substantial recovery following hypotonic stress, but platelets stored for five days had lost this ability. The requirements for intact sulphydryl groups and the lack of effect of colchicine were confirmed.", "contents": "The response of human platelets to hypotonic stress: direct measurement of volume change. Human platelets stored at 22 degrees C were subjected to standard hypotonic stress at intervals up to five days after collection. Changes in light absorbance were recorded during the reaction, and size distribution was measured directly using a Coulter Model ZBI Counter and Channelyzer. Recovery following osmotic stress was measured by change in absorbance, as well as by change in platelet size distribution. Significant correlation was demonstrated between the two methods. By both measures, fresh platelets demonstrated substantial recovery following hypotonic stress, but platelets stored for five days had lost this ability. The requirements for intact sulphydryl groups and the lack of effect of colchicine were confirmed.", "PMID": 736508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2636", "title": "Platelet and granulocyte pheresis.", "content": "The need for sophisticated component therapy has resulted in improved techniques for obtaining concentrates of platelets and granulocytes. The use of single donors as a source for these products is advisable to avoid multiple sensitizations. A method for obtaining large quantities of platelets has been established rather easily. Obtaining concentrated granulocytes represents a greater problem owing to the difficulty in separating granulocytes from red cells by differential centrifugation or sedimentation since the specific gravities are similar. Separation is easier by the use of hydroxyethyl starch. A modified solution of hydroxyethyl starch and sodium citrate was used with good results.", "contents": "Platelet and granulocyte pheresis. The need for sophisticated component therapy has resulted in improved techniques for obtaining concentrates of platelets and granulocytes. The use of single donors as a source for these products is advisable to avoid multiple sensitizations. A method for obtaining large quantities of platelets has been established rather easily. Obtaining concentrated granulocytes represents a greater problem owing to the difficulty in separating granulocytes from red cells by differential centrifugation or sedimentation since the specific gravities are similar. Separation is easier by the use of hydroxyethyl starch. A modified solution of hydroxyethyl starch and sodium citrate was used with good results.", "PMID": 736509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2637", "title": "Monoclonal gammopathy associated with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A 52-year-old white male with a 26 year history of multiple sclerosis developed a monoclonal gammopathy of the IgA class, with reciprocal depression of normal immunoglobulins. A bone marrow aspirate and biopsy showed a marked increase in plasma cells, many of which appeared immature. These findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma. The association of multiple myeloma with multiple sclerosis may not be coincidental. Mechanisms regarding this association are discussed.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammopathy associated with multiple sclerosis. A 52-year-old white male with a 26 year history of multiple sclerosis developed a monoclonal gammopathy of the IgA class, with reciprocal depression of normal immunoglobulins. A bone marrow aspirate and biopsy showed a marked increase in plasma cells, many of which appeared immature. These findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma. The association of multiple myeloma with multiple sclerosis may not be coincidental. Mechanisms regarding this association are discussed.", "PMID": 736511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2638", "title": "Effects of nickel chloride and nickel carbonyl upon glucose metabolism in rats.", "content": "Hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia and hyperinsulinemia were observed in fasting rats at 0.5 hr after ip injection of NiCl2 (68 mumole per kg). Infusion of somatostatin iv (0.5 mg per rat) did not prevent Ni(II)-mediated hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia or hyperinsulinemia. Exposure of rats to inhalation of Ni(CO)4 (1.2 to 6.4 mumole per liter of air per 15 min) caused acute hyperglycemia, similar to that observed after ip injection of NiCl2. Hyperglycemia induced by NiCl2 and Ni(CO)4 was not associated with inhibition of erythrocyte glycolysis measured in vitro by erythrocyte uptake of 1-14C-glucose and release of 14CO2. These findings indicate that Ni-induced hyperglycemia may be mediated by increased pancreatic release of glucagon, but that Ni stimulation of glucagon release differs from stimulation of glucagon release by arginine or epinephrine, since the Ni effect is not antagonized by somatostatin.", "contents": "Effects of nickel chloride and nickel carbonyl upon glucose metabolism in rats. Hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia and hyperinsulinemia were observed in fasting rats at 0.5 hr after ip injection of NiCl2 (68 mumole per kg). Infusion of somatostatin iv (0.5 mg per rat) did not prevent Ni(II)-mediated hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia or hyperinsulinemia. Exposure of rats to inhalation of Ni(CO)4 (1.2 to 6.4 mumole per liter of air per 15 min) caused acute hyperglycemia, similar to that observed after ip injection of NiCl2. Hyperglycemia induced by NiCl2 and Ni(CO)4 was not associated with inhibition of erythrocyte glycolysis measured in vitro by erythrocyte uptake of 1-14C-glucose and release of 14CO2. These findings indicate that Ni-induced hyperglycemia may be mediated by increased pancreatic release of glucagon, but that Ni stimulation of glucagon release differs from stimulation of glucagon release by arginine or epinephrine, since the Ni effect is not antagonized by somatostatin.", "PMID": 736512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2639", "title": "Theoretical analysis of ligand-binder complex formation: partial equilibrium and incubation time.", "content": "This report presents a theoretical model of the rate at which complex formation approaches equilibrium in competitive binding systems while ligand concentration varies. Three commonly encountered systems are examined in which binder concentrations (q) are fixed at 0.5/K, 3/K and 50/K, respectively. Our analysis of the incubation time for any particular fraction of reaction completeness shows that longest incubation times occur with the lowest ligand concentrations when q = 0.5/K. However, in systems where q = 3/K and q = 50/K, the longest incubation times correspond not to lowest ligand concentrations but to those approximating the concentration of binder. It is concluded that empirical determination of minimal incubation times for these latter two assay systems should be performed with ligand and binder in approximately equal concentrations.", "contents": "Theoretical analysis of ligand-binder complex formation: partial equilibrium and incubation time. This report presents a theoretical model of the rate at which complex formation approaches equilibrium in competitive binding systems while ligand concentration varies. Three commonly encountered systems are examined in which binder concentrations (q) are fixed at 0.5/K, 3/K and 50/K, respectively. Our analysis of the incubation time for any particular fraction of reaction completeness shows that longest incubation times occur with the lowest ligand concentrations when q = 0.5/K. However, in systems where q = 3/K and q = 50/K, the longest incubation times correspond not to lowest ligand concentrations but to those approximating the concentration of binder. It is concluded that empirical determination of minimal incubation times for these latter two assay systems should be performed with ligand and binder in approximately equal concentrations.", "PMID": 736513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2640", "title": "[Histofluorometric study of catecholamines of the external layer of median eminence in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the role of the Biogenic Amines of the Median Eminence (M. E.) in the ovulatory neuroendocrinological reflex in the female rabbit, we analysed by semi-quantitative histofluorometry (Zeiss) the post-co\u00eftum variations in formaldehyde induced fluorescence (Falck and Hillarp's technique) in the dopaminergic layer of the M. E. 116 female rabbits (62 control, 54 post-co\u00eftum) were examined. In all the animals the dopaminergic layer of the M.E. displayed variations in fluorescence, both in thickness and intensity, along the antero-posterior axis and lateraly. In this respect, these results partly recovered those reported in the Rat (Lofstrom, 1976). Moreover, in half of the post-co\u00eftum animals, from the 5 th min. up to the 30 th min, the intensity of the fluorescence was increased in the whole external layer. These results provide some evidence for a correlation between the variations in the Dopamine content of the M.E. and the involvement of the nervous mechanisms implied in the ovulatory neuroendocrinological reflex.", "contents": "[Histofluorometric study of catecholamines of the external layer of median eminence in the rabbit (author's transl)]. In order to study the role of the Biogenic Amines of the Median Eminence (M. E.) in the ovulatory neuroendocrinological reflex in the female rabbit, we analysed by semi-quantitative histofluorometry (Zeiss) the post-co\u00eftum variations in formaldehyde induced fluorescence (Falck and Hillarp's technique) in the dopaminergic layer of the M. E. 116 female rabbits (62 control, 54 post-co\u00eftum) were examined. In all the animals the dopaminergic layer of the M.E. displayed variations in fluorescence, both in thickness and intensity, along the antero-posterior axis and lateraly. In this respect, these results partly recovered those reported in the Rat (Lofstrom, 1976). Moreover, in half of the post-co\u00eftum animals, from the 5 th min. up to the 30 th min, the intensity of the fluorescence was increased in the whole external layer. These results provide some evidence for a correlation between the variations in the Dopamine content of the M.E. and the involvement of the nervous mechanisms implied in the ovulatory neuroendocrinological reflex.", "PMID": 736515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2641", "title": "[Low triiodothyronine syndrome in non thyroidal diseases. Distribution and serum TSH concentration studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Thyroid explorations were made in 57 patients complaining of serious illnesses in order to identify \"low T3 syndrome\". All these patients were clinically euthyroid as assessed by normal values of T4 concentration, RT3U ratio and FT4I. However, all the patients included in this study had significantly low serum T3 (42 +/- 29 ng/100 ml) and FT3I (0,44 +/- 0,30). Low T3 syndrome was particularly frequently seen in patients with cancer (8/10), hepatic cirrhosis (5/6), renal failure (6/7), old age (5/8) and in serious systemic diseases (6/12). Nevertheless, at adverse with other authors, we have observed less frequently the low T3 syndrome in anorexia nervosa (4/6) as well as during fasting (1/8). In 31 out of 35 patients with low or normal low T3 concentrations, the serum TSH values observed were within the normal limits in 28 cases. The etiologies of isolated decreased T3, mainly the deviation of peripheral conversion of T4 to reverse T3, are discussed. Normal metabolic state and normal TSH concentration encountered in the low T3 syndrome are equally commented.", "contents": "[Low triiodothyronine syndrome in non thyroidal diseases. Distribution and serum TSH concentration studies (author's transl)]. Thyroid explorations were made in 57 patients complaining of serious illnesses in order to identify \"low T3 syndrome\". All these patients were clinically euthyroid as assessed by normal values of T4 concentration, RT3U ratio and FT4I. However, all the patients included in this study had significantly low serum T3 (42 +/- 29 ng/100 ml) and FT3I (0,44 +/- 0,30). Low T3 syndrome was particularly frequently seen in patients with cancer (8/10), hepatic cirrhosis (5/6), renal failure (6/7), old age (5/8) and in serious systemic diseases (6/12). Nevertheless, at adverse with other authors, we have observed less frequently the low T3 syndrome in anorexia nervosa (4/6) as well as during fasting (1/8). In 31 out of 35 patients with low or normal low T3 concentrations, the serum TSH values observed were within the normal limits in 28 cases. The etiologies of isolated decreased T3, mainly the deviation of peripheral conversion of T4 to reverse T3, are discussed. Normal metabolic state and normal TSH concentration encountered in the low T3 syndrome are equally commented.", "PMID": 736516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2642", "title": "[The neurophysins (author's transl)].", "content": "The neurophysins are the carriers of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) along the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract. They are liberated when the hormones are released; their radioimmunoassay which are methodologically more simple than that of the active nonapeptides can be used in clinical practice. Moreover, the separate assay of each major neurophysins bring a specific index of the release of each hormone. The radioimmunoassay for circulating neurophysins appears to be useful for the differential diagnosis of polyuria, water retention and hypothalamic disease. The neurophysins are however devoided of any antidiuretic or oxytocic properties and their half-lives differ slightly from that of circulating hormones: therefore a basal level or values obtained in the course of an inhibitory test must be cautiously interpreted.", "contents": "[The neurophysins (author's transl)]. The neurophysins are the carriers of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) along the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract. They are liberated when the hormones are released; their radioimmunoassay which are methodologically more simple than that of the active nonapeptides can be used in clinical practice. Moreover, the separate assay of each major neurophysins bring a specific index of the release of each hormone. The radioimmunoassay for circulating neurophysins appears to be useful for the differential diagnosis of polyuria, water retention and hypothalamic disease. The neurophysins are however devoided of any antidiuretic or oxytocic properties and their half-lives differ slightly from that of circulating hormones: therefore a basal level or values obtained in the course of an inhibitory test must be cautiously interpreted.", "PMID": 736518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2643", "title": "Paired helical filaments in neurovisceral lipidosis (juvenile dystonic lipidosis).", "content": "Paired helical filaments, the ultrastructural substrate of Alzheimer neurofibrillary change, were found in great number in a 29-year-old patient with neurovisceral lipidosis. The abnormal filaments were frequently present in the distended neurons and axons. The clinical, pathological, and ultrastructural findings were consistent with juvenile dystonic lipidosis, which is considered to be a variant of type C Niemann-Pick disease. The association of Alzheimer neurofibrillary change and central nervous system lipidosis is reviewed.", "contents": "Paired helical filaments in neurovisceral lipidosis (juvenile dystonic lipidosis). Paired helical filaments, the ultrastructural substrate of Alzheimer neurofibrillary change, were found in great number in a 29-year-old patient with neurovisceral lipidosis. The abnormal filaments were frequently present in the distended neurons and axons. The clinical, pathological, and ultrastructural findings were consistent with juvenile dystonic lipidosis, which is considered to be a variant of type C Niemann-Pick disease. The association of Alzheimer neurofibrillary change and central nervous system lipidosis is reviewed.", "PMID": 736524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2644", "title": "The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: II. Late morbidity and mortality.", "content": "Three hundred sixty-four patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm at either the anterior (ACA) or posterior (PCA) communicating artery location and who were not surgically treated have been followed for up to 21 years in order to study the late morbidity and mortality. For patients surviving six months: (1) little improvement in morbidity was noted during the many years of subsequent follow-up; (2) in general, ACA patients fared better than PCA patients; (3) the neurological state on original admission was strongly correlated with the degree of morbidity; (4) other factors measured at time of original hemorrhage which adversely affected morbidity included the level of blood pressure or the presence of clot or spasm; (5) if deaths from late hemorrhage are excluded, cardiovascular causes account for the majority of subsequent deaths; and (6) the risk of dying from all causes is increased when compared to a population matched by age and sex.", "contents": "The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: II. Late morbidity and mortality. Three hundred sixty-four patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm at either the anterior (ACA) or posterior (PCA) communicating artery location and who were not surgically treated have been followed for up to 21 years in order to study the late morbidity and mortality. For patients surviving six months: (1) little improvement in morbidity was noted during the many years of subsequent follow-up; (2) in general, ACA patients fared better than PCA patients; (3) the neurological state on original admission was strongly correlated with the degree of morbidity; (4) other factors measured at time of original hemorrhage which adversely affected morbidity included the level of blood pressure or the presence of clot or spasm; (5) if deaths from late hemorrhage are excluded, cardiovascular causes account for the majority of subsequent deaths; and (6) the risk of dying from all causes is increased when compared to a population matched by age and sex.", "PMID": 736525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2645", "title": "Bihemispheric decreases of regional cerebral blood flow in dementia: correlation with age-matched normal controls.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by the xenon 133 inhalation method in 20 patients with senile and presenile dementia, and values were compared with flow data obtained in a series of 44 age-matched normal controls. The rCBF was reduced in patients with both presenile and senile dementia, and the degree of decrease exceeded the age-related rCBF decline in normal subjects. Similar rCBF reductions were observed in the left and right cerebral hemispheres and in general were homogeneously distributed in the various areas. The rCBF reductions in normal aging and in dementia may be associated with similar underlying cerebral morphological changes. Our findings suggest that the greater rCBF decreases in dementia compared with the values in age-matched controls may quantitatively reflect more severe pathological alterations in the brains of patients with intellectual deterioration.", "contents": "Bihemispheric decreases of regional cerebral blood flow in dementia: correlation with age-matched normal controls. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by the xenon 133 inhalation method in 20 patients with senile and presenile dementia, and values were compared with flow data obtained in a series of 44 age-matched normal controls. The rCBF was reduced in patients with both presenile and senile dementia, and the degree of decrease exceeded the age-related rCBF decline in normal subjects. Similar rCBF reductions were observed in the left and right cerebral hemispheres and in general were homogeneously distributed in the various areas. The rCBF reductions in normal aging and in dementia may be associated with similar underlying cerebral morphological changes. Our findings suggest that the greater rCBF decreases in dementia compared with the values in age-matched controls may quantitatively reflect more severe pathological alterations in the brains of patients with intellectual deterioration.", "PMID": 736526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2646", "title": "Lymphocyte activation in penicillin allergy: modification of the response to phytohaemagglutinin by benzylpenicilloylated human albumin.", "content": "Lymphocytes from twenty-six subjects, allergic or non-allergic to penicillin, were cultured together with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and penicillin. The antigen, benzylpenicilloylated human serum albumin (BPO-HSA), induced an enhanced proliferation with PHA in the allergic subjects, but a decreased proliferation with PHA in the non-allergic subjects treated by penicillin (p less than 0.01). The results are interpreted in terms of B- and T-cell regulations in the immune response of man to penicillin.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation in penicillin allergy: modification of the response to phytohaemagglutinin by benzylpenicilloylated human albumin. Lymphocytes from twenty-six subjects, allergic or non-allergic to penicillin, were cultured together with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and penicillin. The antigen, benzylpenicilloylated human serum albumin (BPO-HSA), induced an enhanced proliferation with PHA in the allergic subjects, but a decreased proliferation with PHA in the non-allergic subjects treated by penicillin (p less than 0.01). The results are interpreted in terms of B- and T-cell regulations in the immune response of man to penicillin.", "PMID": 736522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2647", "title": "The role of judges in life/death decisions for the neurologically impaired.", "content": "The Massachusetts supreme court has recently ruled that decisions about withholding care from hopelessly ill, legally incapacitated patients must be made by judges. It clearly rejected the view that families and attending physicians should be empowered to make such decisions. In this respect, the ruling contrasts with that of the Quinlan case and highlights the issue of whether judges or physicians and families are better able to make medically and morally sound decisions respecting this class of patients.", "contents": "The role of judges in life/death decisions for the neurologically impaired. The Massachusetts supreme court has recently ruled that decisions about withholding care from hopelessly ill, legally incapacitated patients must be made by judges. It clearly rejected the view that families and attending physicians should be empowered to make such decisions. In this respect, the ruling contrasts with that of the Quinlan case and highlights the issue of whether judges or physicians and families are better able to make medically and morally sound decisions respecting this class of patients.", "PMID": 736527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2648", "title": "Modification of murine lupus by sex hormones.", "content": "The effects of pre- and post-pubertal castration and testosterone administration on the course of murine lupus were studied in NZB/W F1 mice. Castration of males worsened their disease, whereas testosterone treatment of females ameliorated their autoimmune syndrome. Pre-pubertal treatment with testosterone caused a significant reduction in anti-DNA antibodies; in contrast, post-pubertal treatment had no effect, suggesting an age-dependent maturational event which is hormone-dependent. Finally, intact females were found to respond to testosterone treatment with prolonged survival, even when treatment was initiated after the onset of clinical disease.", "contents": "Modification of murine lupus by sex hormones. The effects of pre- and post-pubertal castration and testosterone administration on the course of murine lupus were studied in NZB/W F1 mice. Castration of males worsened their disease, whereas testosterone treatment of females ameliorated their autoimmune syndrome. Pre-pubertal treatment with testosterone caused a significant reduction in anti-DNA antibodies; in contrast, post-pubertal treatment had no effect, suggesting an age-dependent maturational event which is hormone-dependent. Finally, intact females were found to respond to testosterone treatment with prolonged survival, even when treatment was initiated after the onset of clinical disease.", "PMID": 736523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2649", "title": "Muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency: a case with enzyme deficiency in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "A further case of carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) deficiency in a young man is described, the defect being documented by direct enzyme assays of muscle biopsies. The finding of markedly reduced enzyme activity in the patient's cultured fibroblasts supports the concept that CPT deficiency is a systemic rather than an exclusively muscular condition.", "contents": "Muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency: a case with enzyme deficiency in cultured fibroblasts. A further case of carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) deficiency in a young man is described, the defect being documented by direct enzyme assays of muscle biopsies. The finding of markedly reduced enzyme activity in the patient's cultured fibroblasts supports the concept that CPT deficiency is a systemic rather than an exclusively muscular condition.", "PMID": 736528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2650", "title": "Tissue carnitine in Reye syndrome.", "content": "Skeletal muscle carnitine palmityltransferase and muscle or liver carnitine content were determined in biopsies from children during and after attacks of Reye syndrome. No consistent abnormality of enzyme or cofactor was found. Reye syndrome is biochemically distinct from the clinically similar syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency.", "contents": "Tissue carnitine in Reye syndrome. Skeletal muscle carnitine palmityltransferase and muscle or liver carnitine content were determined in biopsies from children during and after attacks of Reye syndrome. No consistent abnormality of enzyme or cofactor was found. Reye syndrome is biochemically distinct from the clinically similar syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency.", "PMID": 736529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2651", "title": "Venous angioma of the optic chiasm.", "content": "A 30-year-old man presented with decreased vision in the right eye of three weeks' duration. Examination indicated a chiasmal syndrome and evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. CAT scan showed a large suprasellar mass. Surgical intervention confirmed the presence of a globular lesion filled with blood clots involving mainly the right side of the optic chiasm. Following removal of the clots, the chiasm regained its shape and anatomical landmarks. Biopsy of the mass demonstrated a venous angioma located within the optic chiasm as well as recent and old bleeding. Following surgery the patient did well and recovered vision in the right eye, though a left homonymous hemianopia persisted.", "contents": "Venous angioma of the optic chiasm. A 30-year-old man presented with decreased vision in the right eye of three weeks' duration. Examination indicated a chiasmal syndrome and evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. CAT scan showed a large suprasellar mass. Surgical intervention confirmed the presence of a globular lesion filled with blood clots involving mainly the right side of the optic chiasm. Following removal of the clots, the chiasm regained its shape and anatomical landmarks. Biopsy of the mass demonstrated a venous angioma located within the optic chiasm as well as recent and old bleeding. Following surgery the patient did well and recovered vision in the right eye, though a left homonymous hemianopia persisted.", "PMID": 736530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2652", "title": "Downbeat nystagmus due to anticonvulsant toxicity.", "content": "Isolated downbeat nystagmus was observed in 2 patients on multiple anticonvulsant regimens. The nystagmus disappeared when phenytoin dosage was reduced. Electrooculographic analysis revealed impaired downward tracking, supporting the concept of \"pursuit\" nystagmus.", "contents": "Downbeat nystagmus due to anticonvulsant toxicity. Isolated downbeat nystagmus was observed in 2 patients on multiple anticonvulsant regimens. The nystagmus disappeared when phenytoin dosage was reduced. Electrooculographic analysis revealed impaired downward tracking, supporting the concept of \"pursuit\" nystagmus.", "PMID": 736531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2653", "title": "Destruction of the internal sagittal stratum and normal smooth pursuit.", "content": "Analysis of smooth pursuit by infrared oculography showed normal horizontal smooth eye movement gain in a patient with a unilateral parietooccipital hematoma that involved the internal sagittal stratum and the adjacent tapetum and visual radiation. Normal pursuit toward the lesion is attributed to commissural transfer of visual information from the normal cerebral hemisphere to the intact extrastriate cortex of the visually deprived hemisphere. This pathophysiological correlation indicates that the occiptiomesencephalic projections of the internal sagittal stratum and the peristriate interhemispheric connections of the tapetum are not necessary for smooth pursuit system function.", "contents": "Destruction of the internal sagittal stratum and normal smooth pursuit. Analysis of smooth pursuit by infrared oculography showed normal horizontal smooth eye movement gain in a patient with a unilateral parietooccipital hematoma that involved the internal sagittal stratum and the adjacent tapetum and visual radiation. Normal pursuit toward the lesion is attributed to commissural transfer of visual information from the normal cerebral hemisphere to the intact extrastriate cortex of the visually deprived hemisphere. This pathophysiological correlation indicates that the occiptiomesencephalic projections of the internal sagittal stratum and the peristriate interhemispheric connections of the tapetum are not necessary for smooth pursuit system function.", "PMID": 736532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2654", "title": "Serological studies of a host range mutant of a lactic streptococcal bacteriophage.", "content": "A host range mutant was isolated from a bacteriophage that attacked Streptococcus cremoris 114. The mutant was able to adsorb and grow on S. cremoris 266, where the parent phage could not. The mutant phage was unable to adsorb to the original bacterial host, S. cremoris 114. The change in host range was accompanied by an alteration in the neutralization antigen as shown by a change in neutralization rate by an anti-phage serum. Serum-blocking experiments confirmed the difference in neutralization antigen between parent and mutant phages. The two phages nevertheless had similar complement fixation antigens, confirming that one was a mutant derived from the other. A distinction between complement fixation and neutralization antigens, similar to that found for the coliphages and staphylococcal phages, has therefore been demonstrated for two lactic streptococcal phages.", "contents": "Serological studies of a host range mutant of a lactic streptococcal bacteriophage. A host range mutant was isolated from a bacteriophage that attacked Streptococcus cremoris 114. The mutant was able to adsorb and grow on S. cremoris 266, where the parent phage could not. The mutant phage was unable to adsorb to the original bacterial host, S. cremoris 114. The change in host range was accompanied by an alteration in the neutralization antigen as shown by a change in neutralization rate by an anti-phage serum. Serum-blocking experiments confirmed the difference in neutralization antigen between parent and mutant phages. The two phages nevertheless had similar complement fixation antigens, confirming that one was a mutant derived from the other. A distinction between complement fixation and neutralization antigens, similar to that found for the coliphages and staphylococcal phages, has therefore been demonstrated for two lactic streptococcal phages.", "PMID": 736537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2655", "title": "Occurrence of nitric and nitrous oxides in a coastal marine sediment.", "content": "The distribution of denitrification activity in a coastal marine sediment was determined by the acetylene inhibition technique and compared to concentration profiles of NO3-, NO2-, NO, and N2O. The bulk of the denitrification activity was associated with the accumulation of NO3- in the oxidized surface zone of the sediment, but a secondary denitrification zone was occasionally found in the deeper layers where oxidized patches had been introduced by the burrowing activity of the macrofauna. Maxima of NO and N2O were not associated with the peak activity of denitrification in the surface zone but were located at the lower edge of the activity profile. Significant accumulation of NO was found at the redox transition zone towards the deeper, sulfide-rich layers.", "contents": "Occurrence of nitric and nitrous oxides in a coastal marine sediment. The distribution of denitrification activity in a coastal marine sediment was determined by the acetylene inhibition technique and compared to concentration profiles of NO3-, NO2-, NO, and N2O. The bulk of the denitrification activity was associated with the accumulation of NO3- in the oxidized surface zone of the sediment, but a secondary denitrification zone was occasionally found in the deeper layers where oxidized patches had been introduced by the burrowing activity of the macrofauna. Maxima of NO and N2O were not associated with the peak activity of denitrification in the surface zone but were located at the lower edge of the activity profile. Significant accumulation of NO was found at the redox transition zone towards the deeper, sulfide-rich layers.", "PMID": 736538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2656", "title": "Nodule infection by bean yellow mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "Infection of root nodules of beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., by bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and the effect of the disease on the specific activity of the nodule are reported. Infectivity and serological microprecipitin assays with two sources of BYMV antiserum demonstrated that nodules from bean plants whose leaves had been inoculated with BYMV contain BYMV antigen. The disease reduced the fresh weights of tops, roots, and root nodules and induced premature nodule decay and/or nodule drop. The disease also reduced leghemoglobin content, on a plant weight basis, and N2 fixation rate, on an individual plant basis, as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. The increased leghemoglobin content per gram-nodule in BYMV-infected nodules relative to healthy nodules might be associated with multiplication of the virus in the nodule and/or unknown cellular effects derived from the BYMV-Rhizobium interaction.", "contents": "Nodule infection by bean yellow mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris. Infection of root nodules of beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., by bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and the effect of the disease on the specific activity of the nodule are reported. Infectivity and serological microprecipitin assays with two sources of BYMV antiserum demonstrated that nodules from bean plants whose leaves had been inoculated with BYMV contain BYMV antigen. The disease reduced the fresh weights of tops, roots, and root nodules and induced premature nodule decay and/or nodule drop. The disease also reduced leghemoglobin content, on a plant weight basis, and N2 fixation rate, on an individual plant basis, as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. The increased leghemoglobin content per gram-nodule in BYMV-infected nodules relative to healthy nodules might be associated with multiplication of the virus in the nodule and/or unknown cellular effects derived from the BYMV-Rhizobium interaction.", "PMID": 736539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2657", "title": "Production of xanthomegnin and viomellein by species of Aspergillus correlated with mycotoxicosis produced in mice.", "content": "By using thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, xanthomegnin and viomellein have been isolated and identified from species of the Aspergillus ochraceus group. A correlation was established between the occurrence of these fungal quinones in the fungal cultural products and the ability of these products to induce mycotoxicosis in mice. In addition, a method was employed to estimate the amount of xanthomegnin and viomellein produced by the fungi.", "contents": "Production of xanthomegnin and viomellein by species of Aspergillus correlated with mycotoxicosis produced in mice. By using thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, xanthomegnin and viomellein have been isolated and identified from species of the Aspergillus ochraceus group. A correlation was established between the occurrence of these fungal quinones in the fungal cultural products and the ability of these products to induce mycotoxicosis in mice. In addition, a method was employed to estimate the amount of xanthomegnin and viomellein produced by the fungi.", "PMID": 736540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2658", "title": "Distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants in nature.", "content": "A replica plating method for rapid quantitation of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria was developed. Leaf washings of plant samples from California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, and Wisconsin were tested for the presence of INA bacteria. Of the 95 plant species sampled, 74 were found to harbor INA bacteria. Only the conifers were, as a group, unlikely to harbor INA bacteria. All of the INA bacteria isolated resembled either Pseudomonas syringae or Erwinia herbicola. Sufficient numbers of INA bacteria were present on the samples to account for the ice nuclei associated with leaves that are necessary for freezing injury to occur. Numbers of INA bacteria were large enough to suggest that plant surfaces may constitute a significant source of atmospheric ice nuclei.", "contents": "Distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants in nature. A replica plating method for rapid quantitation of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria was developed. Leaf washings of plant samples from California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, and Wisconsin were tested for the presence of INA bacteria. Of the 95 plant species sampled, 74 were found to harbor INA bacteria. Only the conifers were, as a group, unlikely to harbor INA bacteria. All of the INA bacteria isolated resembled either Pseudomonas syringae or Erwinia herbicola. Sufficient numbers of INA bacteria were present on the samples to account for the ice nuclei associated with leaves that are necessary for freezing injury to occur. Numbers of INA bacteria were large enough to suggest that plant surfaces may constitute a significant source of atmospheric ice nuclei.", "PMID": 736541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2659", "title": "Microbial succession and mineral leaching in an artificial coal spoil.", "content": "An artificial pyritic coal spoil was prepared and examined over a period of 1.5 years for changes in the population of various physiological varieties of bacteria and also for mineral leaching. Heterotrophic bacteria were the first to dominate the spoil, acquiring a population of 10(7) cells per g within 2 weeks. Bacteria capable of utilizing choline sulfate as the sole source of energy comprised approximately 1% of the total heterotrophic bacteria. Sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria (Thiobacillus) and finally iron-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) increased in the population, the latter becoming the dominant species where acidity was greatest. Partition of species paralleled partition of acidity in the spoil. Maximum acidity (pH 2.6) and maximum population of T. ferrooxidans (greater than 10(7) cells per g) occurred at the summit. Molds (notably, Aspergillus), algae (Chlorococcales, Oscillatoria, Navicula), cilliated and flagellated protozoa, an arthropod (Podura aquatica), and a moss (aberrant Physcomitrium pyriforme) were observed. The mineral salts leached from the spoil, in decreasing order, were the sulfates of magnesium (predominantly hexahydrite), calcium (gypsum), sodium, aluminum (alunogenite), and iron.", "contents": "Microbial succession and mineral leaching in an artificial coal spoil. An artificial pyritic coal spoil was prepared and examined over a period of 1.5 years for changes in the population of various physiological varieties of bacteria and also for mineral leaching. Heterotrophic bacteria were the first to dominate the spoil, acquiring a population of 10(7) cells per g within 2 weeks. Bacteria capable of utilizing choline sulfate as the sole source of energy comprised approximately 1% of the total heterotrophic bacteria. Sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria (Thiobacillus) and finally iron-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) increased in the population, the latter becoming the dominant species where acidity was greatest. Partition of species paralleled partition of acidity in the spoil. Maximum acidity (pH 2.6) and maximum population of T. ferrooxidans (greater than 10(7) cells per g) occurred at the summit. Molds (notably, Aspergillus), algae (Chlorococcales, Oscillatoria, Navicula), cilliated and flagellated protozoa, an arthropod (Podura aquatica), and a moss (aberrant Physcomitrium pyriforme) were observed. The mineral salts leached from the spoil, in decreasing order, were the sulfates of magnesium (predominantly hexahydrite), calcium (gypsum), sodium, aluminum (alunogenite), and iron.", "PMID": 736542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2660", "title": "Survey of 1977 crop year preharvest corn for vomitoxin.", "content": "Fifty-two preharvest corn samples were collected in mid-October 1977 from 26 farms in a four-county area of northwest Ohio. Vomitoxin ranging from 0.5 to 10 microgram/g was found in 24 of the samples. Analysis for vomitoxin was by gas-liquid chromatography. Preceding harvest in northwest Ohio, unusual wet conditions prevailed, making it favorable for Fusarium growth. Gibberella zeae-infected kernels ranged from 2 to 50% of the kernels analyzed for 44 corn samples, and 8 corn samples showed no infection.", "contents": "Survey of 1977 crop year preharvest corn for vomitoxin. Fifty-two preharvest corn samples were collected in mid-October 1977 from 26 farms in a four-county area of northwest Ohio. Vomitoxin ranging from 0.5 to 10 microgram/g was found in 24 of the samples. Analysis for vomitoxin was by gas-liquid chromatography. Preceding harvest in northwest Ohio, unusual wet conditions prevailed, making it favorable for Fusarium growth. Gibberella zeae-infected kernels ranged from 2 to 50% of the kernels analyzed for 44 corn samples, and 8 corn samples showed no infection.", "PMID": 736543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2661", "title": "Toxicity of zinc to fungi, bacteria, and coliphages: influence of chloride ions.", "content": "A 10 mM concentration of Zn2+ decreased the survival of Escherichia coli; enhanced the survival of Bacillus cereus; did not significantly affect the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Norcardia corallina, and T1, T7, P1, and phi80 coliphages; completely inhibited mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani; and reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Cunninghamella echinulata, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride. The toxicity of zinc to the fungi, bacteria, and coliphages was unaffected, lessened, or increased by the addition of high concentrations of NaCl. The increased toxicity of zinc in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl was not a result of a synergistic interaction between Zn2+ and elevated osmotic pressures but of the formation of complex anionic ZnCl species that exerted greater toxicities than did cationic Zn2+. Conversely, the decrease in zinc toxicity with increasing concentrations of NaCl probably reflected the decrease in the levels of Zn2+ due to the formation of Zn-Cl species, which was less inhibitory to these microbes than was Zn2+. A. niger tolerated higher concentrations of zinc in the presence of NaCl at 37 than at 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Toxicity of zinc to fungi, bacteria, and coliphages: influence of chloride ions. A 10 mM concentration of Zn2+ decreased the survival of Escherichia coli; enhanced the survival of Bacillus cereus; did not significantly affect the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Norcardia corallina, and T1, T7, P1, and phi80 coliphages; completely inhibited mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani; and reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Cunninghamella echinulata, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride. The toxicity of zinc to the fungi, bacteria, and coliphages was unaffected, lessened, or increased by the addition of high concentrations of NaCl. The increased toxicity of zinc in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl was not a result of a synergistic interaction between Zn2+ and elevated osmotic pressures but of the formation of complex anionic ZnCl species that exerted greater toxicities than did cationic Zn2+. Conversely, the decrease in zinc toxicity with increasing concentrations of NaCl probably reflected the decrease in the levels of Zn2+ due to the formation of Zn-Cl species, which was less inhibitory to these microbes than was Zn2+. A. niger tolerated higher concentrations of zinc in the presence of NaCl at 37 than at 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 736544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2662", "title": "Ochratoxin A as the cause of spontaneous nephropathy in fattening pigs.", "content": "At a number of slaughters nephropathy and high ochratoxin A contents in kidneys have been observed in fattening pigs from two Swedish farms. In one herd the source of contamination was barley grown on the home farm and stored under such conditions that the growth of fungal species (Penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum) producing ochratoxin A occurred, with the subsequent formation of the toxin. In this case high ochratoxin A levels in fattening pigs were found during a period of about 18 months. In the second herd, where compounded feed was used, it was impossible to locate the source of contamination. It was presumed that a consignment of feed was damaged by rain during storage at the farm. Ochratoxin A was found in fattening pigs from this herd for a period of about 2 months. Ochratoxin A appeared in the kidneys of all investigated pigs. In some animals the livers, whole blood, and plasma were analyzed, too. The livers contained somewhat lower amounts of ochratoxin A than the kidneys, whereas the content in whole blood and plasma, respectively, was 5 and 13 times greater. Kidneys spontaneously contaminated with ochratoxin A, when stored for 10 months at -70 degrees C, showed no systematic decrease in toxin content.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A as the cause of spontaneous nephropathy in fattening pigs. At a number of slaughters nephropathy and high ochratoxin A contents in kidneys have been observed in fattening pigs from two Swedish farms. In one herd the source of contamination was barley grown on the home farm and stored under such conditions that the growth of fungal species (Penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum) producing ochratoxin A occurred, with the subsequent formation of the toxin. In this case high ochratoxin A levels in fattening pigs were found during a period of about 18 months. In the second herd, where compounded feed was used, it was impossible to locate the source of contamination. It was presumed that a consignment of feed was damaged by rain during storage at the farm. Ochratoxin A was found in fattening pigs from this herd for a period of about 2 months. Ochratoxin A appeared in the kidneys of all investigated pigs. In some animals the livers, whole blood, and plasma were analyzed, too. The livers contained somewhat lower amounts of ochratoxin A than the kidneys, whereas the content in whole blood and plasma, respectively, was 5 and 13 times greater. Kidneys spontaneously contaminated with ochratoxin A, when stored for 10 months at -70 degrees C, showed no systematic decrease in toxin content.", "PMID": 736545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2663", "title": "Isolation and characterization of plasmid DNA in Streptococcus cremoris.", "content": "Nine industrially important strains of Streptococcus cremoris (HP, AM(2), ML(1), WC, C(3), R(1), E(8), KH, and Wg(2)) were shown to possess a diversity of plasmid molecules. Molecular weights of plasmids were determined from their relative mobilities after agarose gel electrophoresis and via electron microscopy. To illustrate the varied plasmid sizes, strain HP contained plasmids of 26, 18, 8.5, 3.3, and 2 megadaltons (Mdal); strain ML(1) contained plasmids of 29, 18, 9, 4, 2.2, and 1.8 Mdal; and strain AM(2) had plasmids of 42, 27, 16, and 8.4 Mdal. The numbers of plasmids observed in the other strains were 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, and 4 for C(3), E(8), KH, R(1), WC, and Wg(2), respectively. A spontaneous proteinase-negative (Prt(-)) mutant of HP was missing the 8.5-Mdal plasmid, which suggests that in this strain proteinase activity could be linked to this particular plasmid. A lactose-negative (Lac(-)) Prt(-) mutant of ML(1) lacked the 2.2-Mdal plasmid. Under the conditions employed, antibiotic sensitivity and heavy-metal susceptibility did not correlate with the missing plasmid in Prt(-) HP or in the Lac(-) Prt(-) ML(1). Curing experiments with AM(2), using acridine dyes and elevated temperatures, did not yield Lac(-) variants. AM(2) was also cultured at high dilution rates in a chemostat for 168 h by using a buffered milk or lactic broth at 18 or 32 degrees C with no selection of Lac(-) derivatives. The inability to obtain Lac(-) variants under conditions known to facilitate plasmid elimination suggests that lactose metabolism is not plasmid-mediated in AM(2).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of plasmid DNA in Streptococcus cremoris. Nine industrially important strains of Streptococcus cremoris (HP, AM(2), ML(1), WC, C(3), R(1), E(8), KH, and Wg(2)) were shown to possess a diversity of plasmid molecules. Molecular weights of plasmids were determined from their relative mobilities after agarose gel electrophoresis and via electron microscopy. To illustrate the varied plasmid sizes, strain HP contained plasmids of 26, 18, 8.5, 3.3, and 2 megadaltons (Mdal); strain ML(1) contained plasmids of 29, 18, 9, 4, 2.2, and 1.8 Mdal; and strain AM(2) had plasmids of 42, 27, 16, and 8.4 Mdal. The numbers of plasmids observed in the other strains were 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, and 4 for C(3), E(8), KH, R(1), WC, and Wg(2), respectively. A spontaneous proteinase-negative (Prt(-)) mutant of HP was missing the 8.5-Mdal plasmid, which suggests that in this strain proteinase activity could be linked to this particular plasmid. A lactose-negative (Lac(-)) Prt(-) mutant of ML(1) lacked the 2.2-Mdal plasmid. Under the conditions employed, antibiotic sensitivity and heavy-metal susceptibility did not correlate with the missing plasmid in Prt(-) HP or in the Lac(-) Prt(-) ML(1). Curing experiments with AM(2), using acridine dyes and elevated temperatures, did not yield Lac(-) variants. AM(2) was also cultured at high dilution rates in a chemostat for 168 h by using a buffered milk or lactic broth at 18 or 32 degrees C with no selection of Lac(-) derivatives. The inability to obtain Lac(-) variants under conditions known to facilitate plasmid elimination suggests that lactose metabolism is not plasmid-mediated in AM(2).", "PMID": 736546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2664", "title": "New monitoring system for proteolysis in soil as influenced by selected herbicidal applications.", "content": "Proteolysis in soil (Regina heavy clay) was monitored by the gelatinolytic etching of developed color film emulsion, using a film immersion-slide carrier technique. Etching followed a sigmoid curve to completion. A total of 11 herbicides were tested for their potential influence on this proteolytic function. Eight caused some inhibition, and two were stimulative at 200 microliter of applied herbicide per liter. Eptam was found to stimulate at low concentrations and inhibit at higher concentrations (greater than 1,000 microliter of applied Eptam per liter).", "contents": "New monitoring system for proteolysis in soil as influenced by selected herbicidal applications. Proteolysis in soil (Regina heavy clay) was monitored by the gelatinolytic etching of developed color film emulsion, using a film immersion-slide carrier technique. Etching followed a sigmoid curve to completion. A total of 11 herbicides were tested for their potential influence on this proteolytic function. Eight caused some inhibition, and two were stimulative at 200 microliter of applied herbicide per liter. Eptam was found to stimulate at low concentrations and inhibit at higher concentrations (greater than 1,000 microliter of applied Eptam per liter).", "PMID": 736547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2665", "title": "D-Lyxose as a substrate for Streptomyces D-xylose isomerase.", "content": "Results are presented which show that the D-xylose isomerases present in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 are incapable of utilizing D-lyxose as a substrate. The implications of these findings as related to the use of D-lyxose in the selection of constitutive mutants are discussed.", "contents": "D-Lyxose as a substrate for Streptomyces D-xylose isomerase. Results are presented which show that the D-xylose isomerases present in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 are incapable of utilizing D-lyxose as a substrate. The implications of these findings as related to the use of D-lyxose in the selection of constitutive mutants are discussed.", "PMID": 736548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2666", "title": "Isolation of a unique marine bacterium capable of growth on a wide variety of polysaccharides from macroalgae.", "content": "A unique marine bacterium has been isolated which can be cultured on a variety of polysaccharides and cell wall preparations from red and brown algae.", "contents": "Isolation of a unique marine bacterium capable of growth on a wide variety of polysaccharides from macroalgae. A unique marine bacterium has been isolated which can be cultured on a variety of polysaccharides and cell wall preparations from red and brown algae.", "PMID": 736549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2667", "title": "Successful management of postoperative hemorrhage of the kidney by selective transcatheter embolization.", "content": "A case is reported where postoperative hemorrhage from the kidney was successfully managed by selective transcatheter embolization of the bleeding vessel. A review of the literature reveals that only three papers have been published dealing with selective embolization for controlling hemorrhage from the kidney. Our case is another illustration of the possibilities and usefulness of this method of treatment in the management of persistent postoperative hemorrhage.", "contents": "Successful management of postoperative hemorrhage of the kidney by selective transcatheter embolization. A case is reported where postoperative hemorrhage from the kidney was successfully managed by selective transcatheter embolization of the bleeding vessel. A review of the literature reveals that only three papers have been published dealing with selective embolization for controlling hemorrhage from the kidney. Our case is another illustration of the possibilities and usefulness of this method of treatment in the management of persistent postoperative hemorrhage.", "PMID": 736577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2668", "title": "The relationship between carcinoma of the rectum and hemorrhoids.", "content": "The suspected positive correlation between rectal carcinoma and hemorrhoids was examined in a retrospective study. In patients older than 50 a significant positive correlation could be demonstrated between rectal carcinoma and hemorrhoids. In the group of hemorrhoid patients described it could not be shown that rectal carcinoma was more frequent than in the normal population. In patients older than 40 with hemorrhoids a rectoscopy is always recommended. In this material the colonic enema did not contribute any diagnostic information from which therapeutic consequences could be inferred.", "contents": "The relationship between carcinoma of the rectum and hemorrhoids. The suspected positive correlation between rectal carcinoma and hemorrhoids was examined in a retrospective study. In patients older than 50 a significant positive correlation could be demonstrated between rectal carcinoma and hemorrhoids. In the group of hemorrhoid patients described it could not be shown that rectal carcinoma was more frequent than in the normal population. In patients older than 40 with hemorrhoids a rectoscopy is always recommended. In this material the colonic enema did not contribute any diagnostic information from which therapeutic consequences could be inferred.", "PMID": 736578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2669", "title": "Comparative follow-up study of conservative and surgical treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children.", "content": "The guiding principles of treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children are discussed. Up to the age of six years a Bryant or Weber bandage was used. In older children surgical treatment was preferred. The indications are outlined. Between 1959 and 1974 100 children with femoral shaft fractures were treated in the Maasziekenhuis, 21 percent received surgical treatment. In 92 cases follow-up was possible. For detection of changes X-ray examination is preferred. Significant deformities were not found. An increase in length by more than one centimeter of the fractured femur was seen in 22 percent of cases after conservative treatment, in 53.8 percent of cases after treatment with a medullary pin and in 16.6 percent after treatment with an AO-pressure plate. For surgical treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children the AO-plate appears to be preferable.", "contents": "Comparative follow-up study of conservative and surgical treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children. The guiding principles of treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children are discussed. Up to the age of six years a Bryant or Weber bandage was used. In older children surgical treatment was preferred. The indications are outlined. Between 1959 and 1974 100 children with femoral shaft fractures were treated in the Maasziekenhuis, 21 percent received surgical treatment. In 92 cases follow-up was possible. For detection of changes X-ray examination is preferred. Significant deformities were not found. An increase in length by more than one centimeter of the fractured femur was seen in 22 percent of cases after conservative treatment, in 53.8 percent of cases after treatment with a medullary pin and in 16.6 percent after treatment with an AO-pressure plate. For surgical treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children the AO-plate appears to be preferable.", "PMID": 736579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2670", "title": "An unusual scapular fracture.", "content": "This paper describes a fracture of the scapula, extending around the coracoid process and through the glenoid cavity. No humeral subluxation developed in this case. The diagnosis, complications and treatment of scapular fractures are discussed with reference to data from the literature.", "contents": "An unusual scapular fracture. This paper describes a fracture of the scapula, extending around the coracoid process and through the glenoid cavity. No humeral subluxation developed in this case. The diagnosis, complications and treatment of scapular fractures are discussed with reference to data from the literature.", "PMID": 736580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2671", "title": "Costochondritis of the costal arch.", "content": "Costochondritis is a rare and symptom-poor affliction which often remains unrecognized for a long time. The diagnosis depends upon the patient's history and the physician's acquaintance with the disease. Body temperature, X-ray examination including sinography, WBC count and bacterial examination may be non-informative. Local resection of the affected cartilage, excochleation, cauterisation, irrigation and antibiotic treatment most often lead only to recurrence of the ailment. The definitive treatment consists of total resection of one or both costal cartilaginous arches. The cases of two patients are described.", "contents": "Costochondritis of the costal arch. Costochondritis is a rare and symptom-poor affliction which often remains unrecognized for a long time. The diagnosis depends upon the patient's history and the physician's acquaintance with the disease. Body temperature, X-ray examination including sinography, WBC count and bacterial examination may be non-informative. Local resection of the affected cartilage, excochleation, cauterisation, irrigation and antibiotic treatment most often lead only to recurrence of the ailment. The definitive treatment consists of total resection of one or both costal cartilaginous arches. The cases of two patients are described.", "PMID": 736581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2672", "title": "Photoallergic urticaria induced by visible light. Additional cases and further studies.", "content": "Four patients with solar urticaria induced by visible light developed an urticarial wheal at the site of injection of their own serum, which previously had been exposed to light in vitro. The in vitro-irradiated patients' sera did not produce the urticarial response in normal control subjects. Direct passive transfer studies with the patients' sera yeilded positive results, while reverse passive transfer studies showed negative results. Based on the experimental data, the patients' conditions might be induced by an allergic mechanism in which a circulating photoallergen appears to be an etiologic factor. One of the patients demonstrated an urticarial reaction at the site of injection of in vitro-irradiated normal serum as well as his own serum. The urticaria formation was blocked by intradermal injection of epinephrine but not by local injection of antihistamines. The repeated exposures to light had a beneficial effect on wheal formation in all cases.", "contents": "Photoallergic urticaria induced by visible light. Additional cases and further studies. Four patients with solar urticaria induced by visible light developed an urticarial wheal at the site of injection of their own serum, which previously had been exposed to light in vitro. The in vitro-irradiated patients' sera did not produce the urticarial response in normal control subjects. Direct passive transfer studies with the patients' sera yeilded positive results, while reverse passive transfer studies showed negative results. Based on the experimental data, the patients' conditions might be induced by an allergic mechanism in which a circulating photoallergen appears to be an etiologic factor. One of the patients demonstrated an urticarial reaction at the site of injection of in vitro-irradiated normal serum as well as his own serum. The urticaria formation was blocked by intradermal injection of epinephrine but not by local injection of antihistamines. The repeated exposures to light had a beneficial effect on wheal formation in all cases.", "PMID": 736582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2673", "title": "Fate of pemphigus antibody following successful therapy. Preliminary evaluation of pemphigus antibody determinations to regulate therapy.", "content": "Six of 17 pemphigus patients (35%) treated during a six-year period with immunosuppressive agents and/or corticosteroids have had prolonged clinical and immunologic remissions off all therapy. All were treated until serum and tissue bound pemphigus antibodies could no longer be detected. The length of remission has ranged from 1 1/2 years to 4 years. Three of these six patients relapsed after being clinically and serologically free of pemphigus for 19, 20, and 48 months. Seven additional patients are clinically free of disease with insignificant pemphigus antibody titers of 10 or less. Therapy now is being discontinued gradually in these patients. This preliminary study demonstrates that (1) a large percentage of pemphigus patients may have a prolonged clinical and immunological remission after successful therapy; (2) maintenance therapy may not be required to preserve the remission; (3) monitoring serum and in vivo bound pemphigus antibody is of value in regulating therapy in pemphigus patients.", "contents": "Fate of pemphigus antibody following successful therapy. Preliminary evaluation of pemphigus antibody determinations to regulate therapy. Six of 17 pemphigus patients (35%) treated during a six-year period with immunosuppressive agents and/or corticosteroids have had prolonged clinical and immunologic remissions off all therapy. All were treated until serum and tissue bound pemphigus antibodies could no longer be detected. The length of remission has ranged from 1 1/2 years to 4 years. Three of these six patients relapsed after being clinically and serologically free of pemphigus for 19, 20, and 48 months. Seven additional patients are clinically free of disease with insignificant pemphigus antibody titers of 10 or less. Therapy now is being discontinued gradually in these patients. This preliminary study demonstrates that (1) a large percentage of pemphigus patients may have a prolonged clinical and immunological remission after successful therapy; (2) maintenance therapy may not be required to preserve the remission; (3) monitoring serum and in vivo bound pemphigus antibody is of value in regulating therapy in pemphigus patients.", "PMID": 736583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2674", "title": "Treatment of keratoacanthomas with intralesional fluorouracil.", "content": "Fourteen patients with 26 keratoacanthomas (KA) were treated weekly with intralesional injections of fluorouracil. Twenty-five lesions cleared in an average of three weeks (range, two to eight weeks) after an average of 2.8 injections. One KA failed to respond after five weekly injections and was excised. No recurrences or meaningful side effects were observed. It appears that treatment of KA with intralesional fluorouracil injections is a safe, effective, and convenient mode ot treatment yielding excellent cosmetic results.", "contents": "Treatment of keratoacanthomas with intralesional fluorouracil. Fourteen patients with 26 keratoacanthomas (KA) were treated weekly with intralesional injections of fluorouracil. Twenty-five lesions cleared in an average of three weeks (range, two to eight weeks) after an average of 2.8 injections. One KA failed to respond after five weekly injections and was excised. No recurrences or meaningful side effects were observed. It appears that treatment of KA with intralesional fluorouracil injections is a safe, effective, and convenient mode ot treatment yielding excellent cosmetic results.", "PMID": 736584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2675", "title": "Cutaneous plasmacytomas in myeloma. Relationship to tumor cell burden.", "content": "Solitary cutaneous plasmacytomas may occur as benign tumors that are confined to the skin, whereas multiple lesions are generally associated with systemic plasma cell disease. Cutaneous plasmacytomas developed in two patients with documented multiple myeloma; this development occurred late in the course of their disease at a time when their systemic plasma cell tumor burden was large-approximately 3 kg in mass, which represented 2 to 3 x 10(12) cells. The occurrence of cutaneous plasmacytomas in patients with multiple myeloma is generally late in the course of the disease and should be considered as a bad prognostic sign.", "contents": "Cutaneous plasmacytomas in myeloma. Relationship to tumor cell burden. Solitary cutaneous plasmacytomas may occur as benign tumors that are confined to the skin, whereas multiple lesions are generally associated with systemic plasma cell disease. Cutaneous plasmacytomas developed in two patients with documented multiple myeloma; this development occurred late in the course of their disease at a time when their systemic plasma cell tumor burden was large-approximately 3 kg in mass, which represented 2 to 3 x 10(12) cells. The occurrence of cutaneous plasmacytomas in patients with multiple myeloma is generally late in the course of the disease and should be considered as a bad prognostic sign.", "PMID": 736585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2676", "title": "Generalized pustular psoriasis precipitated by lithium carbonate.", "content": "Precipitation of generalized pustular psoriasis was manifested in a patient with previously stable psoriasis vulgaris following lithium carbonate therapy for manic-depressive psychosis. Methotrexate toxicity was observed during the acute stage of the illness, and photochemotherapy was the successful treatment. Further pustulation occurred when lithium carbonate therapy was reintroduced.", "contents": "Generalized pustular psoriasis precipitated by lithium carbonate. Precipitation of generalized pustular psoriasis was manifested in a patient with previously stable psoriasis vulgaris following lithium carbonate therapy for manic-depressive psychosis. Methotrexate toxicity was observed during the acute stage of the illness, and photochemotherapy was the successful treatment. Further pustulation occurred when lithium carbonate therapy was reintroduced.", "PMID": 736586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2677", "title": "Delayed cutaneous reaction to phytonadione.", "content": "A 63-year old man developed a delayed cutaneous reaction at the sites of intramuscular injections of a phytonadione (vitamin K) preparation. The patient was tested with the drug and its components by intradermal and epicutaneous application. Sensitivity to the pure phytonadione and not the other components of the preparation was documented by patch tests.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous reaction to phytonadione. A 63-year old man developed a delayed cutaneous reaction at the sites of intramuscular injections of a phytonadione (vitamin K) preparation. The patient was tested with the drug and its components by intradermal and epicutaneous application. Sensitivity to the pure phytonadione and not the other components of the preparation was documented by patch tests.", "PMID": 736587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2678", "title": "Cornoid lamella in pachyonychia congenita.", "content": "A 13-year-old white girl was admitted with pachyonychia congenita, Kumer and Loos type 1. In addition to all nails being distally elevated, plantar keratoses and bullae, and a scalloped tongue, the patient also had keratotic papules on the elbows and knees. A cornoid lamella was identified in the histologic examination of keratotic papule. The cornoid lamella, widely regarded as pathognomonic for porokeratosis (Mibeli) and its variants, may not be specific. This histologic marker should be sought in other localized disorders of keratinization.", "contents": "Cornoid lamella in pachyonychia congenita. A 13-year-old white girl was admitted with pachyonychia congenita, Kumer and Loos type 1. In addition to all nails being distally elevated, plantar keratoses and bullae, and a scalloped tongue, the patient also had keratotic papules on the elbows and knees. A cornoid lamella was identified in the histologic examination of keratotic papule. The cornoid lamella, widely regarded as pathognomonic for porokeratosis (Mibeli) and its variants, may not be specific. This histologic marker should be sought in other localized disorders of keratinization.", "PMID": 736589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2679", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis to 1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthraquinone. Caused by a felt-tip marker pen.", "content": "Adult allergic contact dermatitis to the black ink of a felt-tip marker pen occurred in two adult subjects. In both subjects the cutaneous reaction did not require photoactivation. Patch testing with the ingredients in the black ink demonstrated cutaneous sensitivity to the black dye. Further patch testing with the components of the black dye revealed cutaneous sensitivity in both subjects to the blue component, 1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthraquinone, commonly known as Colour Index Solvent Blue 36.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis to 1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthraquinone. Caused by a felt-tip marker pen. Adult allergic contact dermatitis to the black ink of a felt-tip marker pen occurred in two adult subjects. In both subjects the cutaneous reaction did not require photoactivation. Patch testing with the ingredients in the black ink demonstrated cutaneous sensitivity to the black dye. Further patch testing with the components of the black dye revealed cutaneous sensitivity in both subjects to the blue component, 1,4-bis(isopropylamino)anthraquinone, commonly known as Colour Index Solvent Blue 36.", "PMID": 736588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2680", "title": "Failure of flat warts to recur in electrosurgically altered skin.", "content": "Two men with recurring flat warts in the beard area have been observed for five and ten years, respectively. Both have depigmented patches at sites where flat warts had been removed by electrosurgical destruction. Crops of new warts appear periodically. These develop always on the normally pigmented skin and have never been found in the leukodermic areas. Flat warts have been observed repeatedly at the margin of depigmented and normal skin; these invariably enlarge toward the normal skin and never encroach on leukodermic skin. The failure of flat warts to develop in electrosurgically treated skin, if substantiated, would indicate that local tissue factors influence resistance to development of flat warts. Perhaps this phenomenon is similar to that reported in Darier's disease, where partial-thickness excision of involved skin has resulted in  resistance to recurrent disease.", "contents": "Failure of flat warts to recur in electrosurgically altered skin. Two men with recurring flat warts in the beard area have been observed for five and ten years, respectively. Both have depigmented patches at sites where flat warts had been removed by electrosurgical destruction. Crops of new warts appear periodically. These develop always on the normally pigmented skin and have never been found in the leukodermic areas. Flat warts have been observed repeatedly at the margin of depigmented and normal skin; these invariably enlarge toward the normal skin and never encroach on leukodermic skin. The failure of flat warts to develop in electrosurgically treated skin, if substantiated, would indicate that local tissue factors influence resistance to development of flat warts. Perhaps this phenomenon is similar to that reported in Darier's disease, where partial-thickness excision of involved skin has resulted in  resistance to recurrent disease.", "PMID": 736590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2681", "title": "Progressive interstitial lung disease from prolonged methotrexate therapy.", "content": "Progressive interstitial fibrosis with roentgenographic honeycombing developed in the case of a psoriatic patient who had been on a regimen of methotrexate for 18 years. Examination revealed a combined restrictive and obstructive defect in pulmonary mechanics and severe compromise of gas transfer across the pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane. Improvement in the level of arterial blood gases and pulmonary diffusing capacity occurred after discontinuation of methotrexate therapy. Interstitial fibrosis of the lung is a potential complication of methotrexate therapy for psoriasis.", "contents": "Progressive interstitial lung disease from prolonged methotrexate therapy. Progressive interstitial fibrosis with roentgenographic honeycombing developed in the case of a psoriatic patient who had been on a regimen of methotrexate for 18 years. Examination revealed a combined restrictive and obstructive defect in pulmonary mechanics and severe compromise of gas transfer across the pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane. Improvement in the level of arterial blood gases and pulmonary diffusing capacity occurred after discontinuation of methotrexate therapy. Interstitial fibrosis of the lung is a potential complication of methotrexate therapy for psoriasis.", "PMID": 736591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2682", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes in patients with psoriasis under photochemotherapy. A study of lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Lymphocyte-transformation by phytohaemagglutinine (PHA) was examined in 21 patients with generalized psoriasis during photochemotherapy (PUVA). Lymphocyte-transformation-tests (LTT) were performed before and after 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) medication, before and after the initial irradiation and before and after the first maintenance irradiation four to six weeks later. Spontaneous and PHA-induced lymphocyte-transformation was not altered by 8-MOP alone or in combination with UVA irradiation.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes in patients with psoriasis under photochemotherapy. A study of lymphocyte transformation. Lymphocyte-transformation by phytohaemagglutinine (PHA) was examined in 21 patients with generalized psoriasis during photochemotherapy (PUVA). Lymphocyte-transformation-tests (LTT) were performed before and after 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) medication, before and after the initial irradiation and before and after the first maintenance irradiation four to six weeks later. Spontaneous and PHA-induced lymphocyte-transformation was not altered by 8-MOP alone or in combination with UVA irradiation.", "PMID": 736599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2683", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigation on cutaneous leiomyosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 61-year old woman developed a tumourous nodule in her left leg. Fifteen years ago a similar tumour had been removed in the same localization. Histological examination performed on biopsy material showed bundles of predominantly fusiform tumour cells with nuclear pleomorphism and many mitotic figures. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma by demonstration of the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Cellular differentiation showed various degree ranging from smooth muscle cell type to dedifferentiated edematous tumour cells with scanty myofilaments. An important finding was the demonstration of multiple accumulated centrioles.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigation on cutaneous leiomyosarcoma (author's transl)]. A 61-year old woman developed a tumourous nodule in her left leg. Fifteen years ago a similar tumour had been removed in the same localization. Histological examination performed on biopsy material showed bundles of predominantly fusiform tumour cells with nuclear pleomorphism and many mitotic figures. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma by demonstration of the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Cellular differentiation showed various degree ranging from smooth muscle cell type to dedifferentiated edematous tumour cells with scanty myofilaments. An important finding was the demonstration of multiple accumulated centrioles.", "PMID": 736600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2684", "title": "Aminoterminal extension peptides from type I procollagen normalize excessive collagen synthesis of scleroderma fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from a skin biopsy of a patient with scleroderma in the sclerotic stage were shown to have a higher rate of DNA synthesis, and to synthesize more collagen than fibroblasts from a healthy control. The addition of procollagen peptides to the culture medium of scleroderma fibroblasts almost normalized the collagen synthesis. This observation indicates that the mechanism for the regulation of collagen synthesis by feed back inhibition of prollagen peptides is functioning in this disease. It is suggested that the level of biologically active procollagen peptides is lowered.", "contents": "Aminoterminal extension peptides from type I procollagen normalize excessive collagen synthesis of scleroderma fibroblasts. Fibroblasts derived from a skin biopsy of a patient with scleroderma in the sclerotic stage were shown to have a higher rate of DNA synthesis, and to synthesize more collagen than fibroblasts from a healthy control. The addition of procollagen peptides to the culture medium of scleroderma fibroblasts almost normalized the collagen synthesis. This observation indicates that the mechanism for the regulation of collagen synthesis by feed back inhibition of prollagen peptides is functioning in this disease. It is suggested that the level of biologically active procollagen peptides is lowered.", "PMID": 736601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2685", "title": "Photoprotective effect of a psoralen-UVA-induced tan.", "content": "To determine whether a tan produced by 8-MOP and UVA protects from subsequent solar light irradiation, volunteers were irradiated with unfiltered Xenon arc light before and 10 days after a 1 week's course of four 8-MOP-UVA treatments. Evaluation of the minimal erythema doses and of histological changes before and after 8-MOP-UVA treatment revealed that the 8-MOP-UVA induced tan protected against the erythemogenic and cell damaging effects of Xenon arc light. Unscheduled repair DNA synthesis, used as a measure for UVB-induced DNA damage and repair, was also investigated in skin irradiated with the Xenon arc before and after 8-MOP-UVA induced tanning. Both the number of grains per sparse labeled cell and the number of sparse labeled cells per 1000 cells, were found to be significantly lower in tanned skin; taking decreased unschedules repair DNA synthesis as a measure for decreased DNA-damage, these findings also demonstrate a photoprotective effect of the 8--MOP-UVA induced tan.", "contents": "Photoprotective effect of a psoralen-UVA-induced tan. To determine whether a tan produced by 8-MOP and UVA protects from subsequent solar light irradiation, volunteers were irradiated with unfiltered Xenon arc light before and 10 days after a 1 week's course of four 8-MOP-UVA treatments. Evaluation of the minimal erythema doses and of histological changes before and after 8-MOP-UVA treatment revealed that the 8-MOP-UVA induced tan protected against the erythemogenic and cell damaging effects of Xenon arc light. Unscheduled repair DNA synthesis, used as a measure for UVB-induced DNA damage and repair, was also investigated in skin irradiated with the Xenon arc before and after 8-MOP-UVA induced tanning. Both the number of grains per sparse labeled cell and the number of sparse labeled cells per 1000 cells, were found to be significantly lower in tanned skin; taking decreased unschedules repair DNA synthesis as a measure for decreased DNA-damage, these findings also demonstrate a photoprotective effect of the 8--MOP-UVA induced tan.", "PMID": 736602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2686", "title": "[Hexachlorbenzene (HCB) induced porphyria in rats. Influence of HCB-metabolites on the biosynthesis of heme (author's transl)].", "content": "Female adult Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or its metabolites, pentachlorobenzene (PCB) and pentachlorphenole (PCP). These chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons produced an increase in the liver cytochrome P-450 content in about the same degree, however, only the application of HCB showed an extremely high rise in the P-450 enzymatic activity expressed in terms of the O-dealkylation of 7-Ethoxycoumarine. No alteration was observed in the urinary porphyrin excretion in the PCB and PCP treated animals, whereas 60 days after the beginning of the HCB application a high level of porphyrins could be detected in the urine of the animals. It seems unlikely therefore that the HCB metabolites (PCB and PCP) are porphyrogenic agents. In addition, although induction of the liver cytochrome P-450 system was observed after PCP pretreatment of the rats over a period of 40 days, the consequent application of HCB did not influence the establishment of the experimental porphyria.", "contents": "[Hexachlorbenzene (HCB) induced porphyria in rats. Influence of HCB-metabolites on the biosynthesis of heme (author's transl)]. Female adult Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or its metabolites, pentachlorobenzene (PCB) and pentachlorphenole (PCP). These chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons produced an increase in the liver cytochrome P-450 content in about the same degree, however, only the application of HCB showed an extremely high rise in the P-450 enzymatic activity expressed in terms of the O-dealkylation of 7-Ethoxycoumarine. No alteration was observed in the urinary porphyrin excretion in the PCB and PCP treated animals, whereas 60 days after the beginning of the HCB application a high level of porphyrins could be detected in the urine of the animals. It seems unlikely therefore that the HCB metabolites (PCB and PCP) are porphyrogenic agents. In addition, although induction of the liver cytochrome P-450 system was observed after PCP pretreatment of the rats over a period of 40 days, the consequent application of HCB did not influence the establishment of the experimental porphyria.", "PMID": 736603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2687", "title": "[HLA antigen frequencies in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and morphea (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty three patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and 24 patients with morphea are typed for 30 antigens of the HLA-A and B series. There is an increase of the frequency of HLA-B8 in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (37% vs. 20% in controls: P less than 0.001, Pcorr. = n.s.). The increase of the HLA-B8 frequency seems to be most pronounced in patients with a diffuse form of progressive systemic sclerosis. 4 out of 5 patients are HLA-B8 positive (P = 0.00672). In patients with acrosclerosis is HLA-B8 only slightly increased (32%), but the increase is greater in male patients (44%) and in patients with an early onset of the disease (36%). With the exception of HLA-A1 there is no deviation of the frequencies of any other HLA antigen tested, especially not of HLA-Aw24. The number of patients with morphea is to small for statistical evaluation.", "contents": "[HLA antigen frequencies in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and morphea (author's transl)]. Forty three patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and 24 patients with morphea are typed for 30 antigens of the HLA-A and B series. There is an increase of the frequency of HLA-B8 in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (37% vs. 20% in controls: P less than 0.001, Pcorr. = n.s.). The increase of the HLA-B8 frequency seems to be most pronounced in patients with a diffuse form of progressive systemic sclerosis. 4 out of 5 patients are HLA-B8 positive (P = 0.00672). In patients with acrosclerosis is HLA-B8 only slightly increased (32%), but the increase is greater in male patients (44%) and in patients with an early onset of the disease (36%). With the exception of HLA-A1 there is no deviation of the frequencies of any other HLA antigen tested, especially not of HLA-Aw24. The number of patients with morphea is to small for statistical evaluation.", "PMID": 736604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2688", "title": "Collagen metabolism in granulating wounds of rat skin.", "content": "Collagen metabolism in granulating wounds of rat skin was studied with biochemical, isotopic and electron microscopical methods. Deposition of collagen in rat skin wounds was not only the result of an increase in collagen synthesis but it was also caused by a decrease in collagen degradation. Our investigations showed significant differences in the collagen turnover at different times of wound healing. Decreased collagen catabolism at the early stages of wound healing contributed decisively to collagen accumulation in the wound area. At later stages, during wound contraction and remodelling of the scar, the rate of collagen degradation rose. The above-mentioned results are discussed in the context of general criteria of scar formation.", "contents": "Collagen metabolism in granulating wounds of rat skin. Collagen metabolism in granulating wounds of rat skin was studied with biochemical, isotopic and electron microscopical methods. Deposition of collagen in rat skin wounds was not only the result of an increase in collagen synthesis but it was also caused by a decrease in collagen degradation. Our investigations showed significant differences in the collagen turnover at different times of wound healing. Decreased collagen catabolism at the early stages of wound healing contributed decisively to collagen accumulation in the wound area. At later stages, during wound contraction and remodelling of the scar, the rate of collagen degradation rose. The above-mentioned results are discussed in the context of general criteria of scar formation.", "PMID": 736605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2689", "title": "Long-term NO2 exposure of mice in the presence and absence of vitamin E. I. Effect on body weights and lipofuscin pigments.", "content": "Mice on diets deficient in vitamin E, normal diets, diets with high supplements of vitamin E, and diets supplemented with N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) were continuously exposed to 0.5 ppm or to 1.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or to filtered room air from weaning to 18 months of age. The effects of NO2 exposure on body weights, tissue weights, survival rates, and tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin (age) pigment concentrations were examined. Vitamin E deficiency resulted in lower body weights by 18 months of age; exposure to NO2 further increased this weight loss. With the exception of the kidney, tissue weights were not affected by NO2 exposure. Mice exposed to NO2 had lower survival rates than unexposed control animals. Tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment (LFP) concentrations in the uterus, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, brain, and heart were not afffected by NO2 exposure. Only in the liver did vitamin E deficiency lead to an increase in LFP concentration; it did not occur in any of the other tissues examined.", "contents": "Long-term NO2 exposure of mice in the presence and absence of vitamin E. I. Effect on body weights and lipofuscin pigments. Mice on diets deficient in vitamin E, normal diets, diets with high supplements of vitamin E, and diets supplemented with N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) were continuously exposed to 0.5 ppm or to 1.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or to filtered room air from weaning to 18 months of age. The effects of NO2 exposure on body weights, tissue weights, survival rates, and tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin (age) pigment concentrations were examined. Vitamin E deficiency resulted in lower body weights by 18 months of age; exposure to NO2 further increased this weight loss. With the exception of the kidney, tissue weights were not affected by NO2 exposure. Mice exposed to NO2 had lower survival rates than unexposed control animals. Tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment (LFP) concentrations in the uterus, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, brain, and heart were not afffected by NO2 exposure. Only in the liver did vitamin E deficiency lead to an increase in LFP concentration; it did not occur in any of the other tissues examined.", "PMID": 736610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2690", "title": "Long-term NO2 exposure of mice in the presence and absence of vitamin E. II. Effect of glutathione peroxidase.", "content": "One hundred and twenty female mice fed diets containing various levels of vitamin E were continuously exposed to 0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and filtered air for 17 months. Blood, lung, and liver tissues were assayed for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-peroxidase) activity. Exposure to 0.5 ppm NO2 did not affect blood and lung GSH-peroxidase activity; 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure, however, caused suppression of the enzyme. A combination of vitamin E deficiency and 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure resulted in the lowest GSH-peroxidase activities in the blood and lung. High levels of vitamin E in the diet resulted in elevated GSH-peroxidase in the blood and lung. Liver GSH-peroxidase activity was unaffected by either dietary vitamin E or NO2 exposure. No inverse relationship was found between GSH-peroxidase levels and concentrations of organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigments present in tissues.", "contents": "Long-term NO2 exposure of mice in the presence and absence of vitamin E. II. Effect of glutathione peroxidase. One hundred and twenty female mice fed diets containing various levels of vitamin E were continuously exposed to 0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and filtered air for 17 months. Blood, lung, and liver tissues were assayed for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-peroxidase) activity. Exposure to 0.5 ppm NO2 did not affect blood and lung GSH-peroxidase activity; 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure, however, caused suppression of the enzyme. A combination of vitamin E deficiency and 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure resulted in the lowest GSH-peroxidase activities in the blood and lung. High levels of vitamin E in the diet resulted in elevated GSH-peroxidase in the blood and lung. Liver GSH-peroxidase activity was unaffected by either dietary vitamin E or NO2 exposure. No inverse relationship was found between GSH-peroxidase levels and concentrations of organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigments present in tissues.", "PMID": 736611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2691", "title": "Increased blood lead levels in mentally retarded children in Greece.", "content": "In 60 children with mental retardation of unknown etiology, the whole blood lead, as well as the activity of the red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD), was measured. Thirty normal children and 30 with mental retardation of known etiology were used as controls. The lead values were found significantly higher in the study patients compared with both control groups  (P less than 0.001). The delta-ALAD activity in the 14 patients with blood lead levels greater than or equal to 40 microgram/dl, was significantly reduced compared with the normal controls (P less than 0.001) and the mentally retarded controls (P less than 0.01). In more than 20% of the patients with mental retardation of unknown etiology, indications of significant exposure to lead were found. There was no difference in blood lead values between children from cities and those from rural areas. The possible role of lead in the etiology of mental retardation is discussed.", "contents": "Increased blood lead levels in mentally retarded children in Greece. In 60 children with mental retardation of unknown etiology, the whole blood lead, as well as the activity of the red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD), was measured. Thirty normal children and 30 with mental retardation of known etiology were used as controls. The lead values were found significantly higher in the study patients compared with both control groups  (P less than 0.001). The delta-ALAD activity in the 14 patients with blood lead levels greater than or equal to 40 microgram/dl, was significantly reduced compared with the normal controls (P less than 0.001) and the mentally retarded controls (P less than 0.01). In more than 20% of the patients with mental retardation of unknown etiology, indications of significant exposure to lead were found. There was no difference in blood lead values between children from cities and those from rural areas. The possible role of lead in the etiology of mental retardation is discussed.", "PMID": 736612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2692", "title": "Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid as a biological indicator throughout penicillamine therapy in lead intoxication.", "content": "A group of 121 patients with occupational lead exposure was studied. Saturnism was confirmed in 42 of them. Patients were given D-penicillamine in doses of 0.75 and 1.5 g/day. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was selected as a toxicity biological indicator; its concentrations were quantified daily during therapy. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid is considered a good biological indicator throughout penicillamine therapy and also in the detection of lead intoxication. Likewise, the chelating test is considered an excellent method to confirm the diagnosis of lead poisoning.", "contents": "Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid as a biological indicator throughout penicillamine therapy in lead intoxication. A group of 121 patients with occupational lead exposure was studied. Saturnism was confirmed in 42 of them. Patients were given D-penicillamine in doses of 0.75 and 1.5 g/day. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was selected as a toxicity biological indicator; its concentrations were quantified daily during therapy. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid is considered a good biological indicator throughout penicillamine therapy and also in the detection of lead intoxication. Likewise, the chelating test is considered an excellent method to confirm the diagnosis of lead poisoning.", "PMID": 736614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2693", "title": "Log normal distribution of ovarian and placental steroid values in early human pregnancy.", "content": "Concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, 17OH-progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in individual serum samples obtained from a group of 304 women with normal gestations between the 4th and 17th week of pregnancy. Values obtained underwent statistical analysis in order to determine the arithmetic mean and the 95% normal range (+/- two standard deviations). It was noted hereby that the spread of values above the mean was greater than that below the mean, and that very often the mean minus two standard deviations was either close to zero or negative. Therefore, the data for each hormone were analyzed for normality of the distributions by the chi-square test. For each hormone the chi-square test was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from the normal distribution (Gaussian). Subsequently, linear transformation by rankit analysis revealed the log-normal distribution of our data. Furthermore, rankit analysis was used as a graphical method to delineate a useful clinical range, which includes the mean and meaningful 95% confidence limits for estradiol, progesterone, and 17OH-progesterone in early normal pregnancies.", "contents": "Log normal distribution of ovarian and placental steroid values in early human pregnancy. Concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, 17OH-progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in individual serum samples obtained from a group of 304 women with normal gestations between the 4th and 17th week of pregnancy. Values obtained underwent statistical analysis in order to determine the arithmetic mean and the 95% normal range (+/- two standard deviations). It was noted hereby that the spread of values above the mean was greater than that below the mean, and that very often the mean minus two standard deviations was either close to zero or negative. Therefore, the data for each hormone were analyzed for normality of the distributions by the chi-square test. For each hormone the chi-square test was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from the normal distribution (Gaussian). Subsequently, linear transformation by rankit analysis revealed the log-normal distribution of our data. Furthermore, rankit analysis was used as a graphical method to delineate a useful clinical range, which includes the mean and meaningful 95% confidence limits for estradiol, progesterone, and 17OH-progesterone in early normal pregnancies.", "PMID": 736619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2694", "title": "Occupational cancer in men exposed to dust and other environmental hazards.", "content": "Data using a series of approximately 14,000 patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute for Cancer Research between 1956 and 1965 have been analyzed for occupations cancer risks. A detailed epidemiological schedule involving occupational history, smoking, drinking, and various other etiological factors was taken prior to interview. A mass screening of these data for about 20 different sites of cancer and 50 suspect occupations was conducted, using age-adjusted relative risks. A number of relationships was found between particular occupations and cancers. This report gives a survey of these relationships for men in a subset of the occupations screened, i.e., those occupations where exposure to dust would be suspected. Unlike most previous occupational studies, this one has a broad focus on a set of occupations and cancer sites rather than a narrow focus on one specific occupation or cancer site. This broader survey provides useful insights into the role of occupational hazards in the overall public health problem of cancer and is not a substitute for intensive investigation of specific occupation-site relationships (which cannot be done here). It can, however, provide guidance on which relationships are likely to be of public health significance, and what directions the deeper investigations might take. This kind of perspective is provided for the 22 occupation-cancer-site combinations where the age-adjusted relative risk is significant at the 5% probability level.", "contents": "Occupational cancer in men exposed to dust and other environmental hazards. Data using a series of approximately 14,000 patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute for Cancer Research between 1956 and 1965 have been analyzed for occupations cancer risks. A detailed epidemiological schedule involving occupational history, smoking, drinking, and various other etiological factors was taken prior to interview. A mass screening of these data for about 20 different sites of cancer and 50 suspect occupations was conducted, using age-adjusted relative risks. A number of relationships was found between particular occupations and cancers. This report gives a survey of these relationships for men in a subset of the occupations screened, i.e., those occupations where exposure to dust would be suspected. Unlike most previous occupational studies, this one has a broad focus on a set of occupations and cancer sites rather than a narrow focus on one specific occupation or cancer site. This broader survey provides useful insights into the role of occupational hazards in the overall public health problem of cancer and is not a substitute for intensive investigation of specific occupation-site relationships (which cannot be done here). It can, however, provide guidance on which relationships are likely to be of public health significance, and what directions the deeper investigations might take. This kind of perspective is provided for the 22 occupation-cancer-site combinations where the age-adjusted relative risk is significant at the 5% probability level.", "PMID": 736613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2695", "title": "Experience with the split-thickness graft technique in congenital absence of the vagina.", "content": "Between 1961 and 1977 vaginoplasty was performed in 24 patients at the Zurich University Hospital, Department of Gynecology, using the split-thickness graft technique; in 22 cases the result was functionally satisfactory. Based on their experience and previous reports the authors describe the surgical technique and the follow-up measures designed to ensure a functionally and anatomically optimal result.", "contents": "Experience with the split-thickness graft technique in congenital absence of the vagina. Between 1961 and 1977 vaginoplasty was performed in 24 patients at the Zurich University Hospital, Department of Gynecology, using the split-thickness graft technique; in 22 cases the result was functionally satisfactory. Based on their experience and previous reports the authors describe the surgical technique and the follow-up measures designed to ensure a functionally and anatomically optimal result.", "PMID": 736620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2696", "title": "Smoking patterns by occupation, industry, sex, and race.", "content": "Patterns of prevalence, amount, and cessation of smoking are computed for occupations by socioeconomic class, sex, and race, based on a probability sample of 39,011 households collected by the 1970 Health Interview Survey. Smoking is most prevalent in blue-collar occupations, while a high proportion of professionals and managers who smoke, stop smoking. Within industries, substantially higher percentages of individuals smoke in lower prestige paying jobs, while more smokers quit in the higher prestige paying jobs. Smoking is most prevalent among women managers and professionals, and least among those employed in traditional work. One surprising and possibly very important finding is that white smokers smoke about 20% more cigarettes per day than black smokers. Not only would it seem unreasonable to ascribe the larger rate of lung disease among blacks than whites (especially cancer), to smoking when blacks smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than whites, but this same negative relationship points to occupational exposure as the possible major cause for lung cancer.", "contents": "Smoking patterns by occupation, industry, sex, and race. Patterns of prevalence, amount, and cessation of smoking are computed for occupations by socioeconomic class, sex, and race, based on a probability sample of 39,011 households collected by the 1970 Health Interview Survey. Smoking is most prevalent in blue-collar occupations, while a high proportion of professionals and managers who smoke, stop smoking. Within industries, substantially higher percentages of individuals smoke in lower prestige paying jobs, while more smokers quit in the higher prestige paying jobs. Smoking is most prevalent among women managers and professionals, and least among those employed in traditional work. One surprising and possibly very important finding is that white smokers smoke about 20% more cigarettes per day than black smokers. Not only would it seem unreasonable to ascribe the larger rate of lung disease among blacks than whites (especially cancer), to smoking when blacks smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than whites, but this same negative relationship points to occupational exposure as the possible major cause for lung cancer.", "PMID": 736615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2697", "title": "Morphological changes in the amniotic epithelium in relation to placental weight and fetal maturity.", "content": "A series of 52 placentas from the 36th week of gestation up to post-maturity was studied. The amniotic epithelium was studied with special regard to the morphological signs of maturation known to occur during this period. The results of the dating were compared with the presumed clinical age of the pregnancy and with the placental weight. A good correlation was found in 42.3% of the cases; the clinical age was overscored in 17.3% and underestimated in 40.4% of the subjects. No clear correlation was found between placental weight and histologic dating of the amniotic epithelium. The significance of the lipid laden amnios cells is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the amniotic epithelium in relation to placental weight and fetal maturity. A series of 52 placentas from the 36th week of gestation up to post-maturity was studied. The amniotic epithelium was studied with special regard to the morphological signs of maturation known to occur during this period. The results of the dating were compared with the presumed clinical age of the pregnancy and with the placental weight. A good correlation was found in 42.3% of the cases; the clinical age was overscored in 17.3% and underestimated in 40.4% of the subjects. No clear correlation was found between placental weight and histologic dating of the amniotic epithelium. The significance of the lipid laden amnios cells is discussed.", "PMID": 736622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2698", "title": "Nitrogen dioxide inhalation and human blood biochemistry.", "content": "Blood from ten young adult male humans, exposed to 1 ppm or 2 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 2.5--3.0 hr, was examined for evidence of biochemical changes. The experiments lasted three days. The subjects entered an environmental chamber, performed mild exercise, and completed a series of measurements of pulmonary physiology while breathing filtered air. Blood samples were then taken and analyzed. This regimen was repeated on the second and third day, except that the chamber atmosphere now contained 1 ppm or 2 ppm NO2. Paired group analyses were performed on the data. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the activity of the erythrocyte membrane enzyme acetylcholinesterase at both NO2 levels. Levels of peroxidized red blood cell lipids showed statistically significant elevations after inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 but not 1 ppm. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly elevated only after the second 2-ppm NO2 exposure. Small but statistically significant decreases were observed in both hemoglobin and hematocrit values after exposure to both NO2 levels. The experiment was repeated with NO2, (i.e., three days of filtered air) to detect possible effects of the experimental procedure. Decreases were again seen in hemoglobin and hematocrit, and acetyecholinesterase, although of smaller magnitude than when NO2 was inhaled. Other data showed random variations that were not additive over the three-day sham exposure period. It was concluded that significant blood biochemical changes resulted from NO2 inhalation, although the three-day experimental regimen independently produced changes that account for some of the apparent response.", "contents": "Nitrogen dioxide inhalation and human blood biochemistry. Blood from ten young adult male humans, exposed to 1 ppm or 2 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 2.5--3.0 hr, was examined for evidence of biochemical changes. The experiments lasted three days. The subjects entered an environmental chamber, performed mild exercise, and completed a series of measurements of pulmonary physiology while breathing filtered air. Blood samples were then taken and analyzed. This regimen was repeated on the second and third day, except that the chamber atmosphere now contained 1 ppm or 2 ppm NO2. Paired group analyses were performed on the data. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the activity of the erythrocyte membrane enzyme acetylcholinesterase at both NO2 levels. Levels of peroxidized red blood cell lipids showed statistically significant elevations after inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 but not 1 ppm. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly elevated only after the second 2-ppm NO2 exposure. Small but statistically significant decreases were observed in both hemoglobin and hematocrit values after exposure to both NO2 levels. The experiment was repeated with NO2, (i.e., three days of filtered air) to detect possible effects of the experimental procedure. Decreases were again seen in hemoglobin and hematocrit, and acetyecholinesterase, although of smaller magnitude than when NO2 was inhaled. Other data showed random variations that were not additive over the three-day sham exposure period. It was concluded that significant blood biochemical changes resulted from NO2 inhalation, although the three-day experimental regimen independently produced changes that account for some of the apparent response.", "PMID": 736616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2699", "title": "Effect of stress stimuli on glycogen level in the rat uterus.", "content": "Effect of prolonged exercise, acute cold exposure, and 24-h fasting on the glycogen level in the uterus of rats spayed and than treated with peanut oil or estradiol was investigated. It has been found that exercise increases significantly though transitorily the glycogen level in the uterus of the oil-treated group. Cold exposure resulted in significant reduction of the uterine glycogen level only in the oil-treated group. Fasting did not change the glycogen level in the uterus in the both groups. Five hours of swimming and fasting decreased significantly the blood glucose level.", "contents": "Effect of stress stimuli on glycogen level in the rat uterus. Effect of prolonged exercise, acute cold exposure, and 24-h fasting on the glycogen level in the uterus of rats spayed and than treated with peanut oil or estradiol was investigated. It has been found that exercise increases significantly though transitorily the glycogen level in the uterus of the oil-treated group. Cold exposure resulted in significant reduction of the uterine glycogen level only in the oil-treated group. Fasting did not change the glycogen level in the uterus in the both groups. Five hours of swimming and fasting decreased significantly the blood glucose level.", "PMID": 736623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2700", "title": "Mortality experience of arsenic-exposed workers.", "content": "The mortality experience of all pensioners from a copper smelter who were aged 65 or over between 1949 and 1973 has been studied. An index of arsenic exposure was developed for all operations in the plant for 1973. This was applied to all individuals studied so that a comparative measure could be made of each individual's working-life exposure to arsenic. The overall mortality of this cohort was 12.2% higher than for males living in the same area, of the same ages, and in the same time periods. The excess mortality was due chiefly to respiratory cancer where mortality was three times the expected. Because other contaminants were present in the atmosphere, it is not certain that arsenic was entirely responsible for the respiratory cancer observed, yet a close association with arsenic seems highly likely.", "contents": "Mortality experience of arsenic-exposed workers. The mortality experience of all pensioners from a copper smelter who were aged 65 or over between 1949 and 1973 has been studied. An index of arsenic exposure was developed for all operations in the plant for 1973. This was applied to all individuals studied so that a comparative measure could be made of each individual's working-life exposure to arsenic. The overall mortality of this cohort was 12.2% higher than for males living in the same area, of the same ages, and in the same time periods. The excess mortality was due chiefly to respiratory cancer where mortality was three times the expected. Because other contaminants were present in the atmosphere, it is not certain that arsenic was entirely responsible for the respiratory cancer observed, yet a close association with arsenic seems highly likely.", "PMID": 736617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2701", "title": "[Erythrocyte alteration in long standing labor inhibition with a beta-sympathicomimetic drug (Partusisten) (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative flow rate of the red blood cells in a hematocrit of 10% was measured with a 5 mu nuclepore filter system. The influence of Partusisten was determined by the alteration of the red blood cells. The in vitro concentration of 0.1 ng Partusisten/ml blood resulted in a relative improvement of the flow rate, which we also found in normal pregnancies. However, in a vivo concentration of 4 microgram intravenous Partusisten/min for 48 h, the red cell alteration properties decreased. After a greater time interval, the red blood cells alteration was about the same as in the pre-drug level. The uteroplacental perfusion changed in dependence to the concentration of the beta-mimetic drug (Partusisten). The presence of rigid red blood cells can be first seen in the microcirculation impairment. Depending on the concentration of Partusisten, a protective effect on the flow properties of the red blood cells could be achieved, which altered during pregnancy. However, in late gestosis, a lower dosage should be administered than in labor inhibition.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte alteration in long standing labor inhibition with a beta-sympathicomimetic drug (Partusisten) (author's transl)]. The relative flow rate of the red blood cells in a hematocrit of 10% was measured with a 5 mu nuclepore filter system. The influence of Partusisten was determined by the alteration of the red blood cells. The in vitro concentration of 0.1 ng Partusisten/ml blood resulted in a relative improvement of the flow rate, which we also found in normal pregnancies. However, in a vivo concentration of 4 microgram intravenous Partusisten/min for 48 h, the red cell alteration properties decreased. After a greater time interval, the red blood cells alteration was about the same as in the pre-drug level. The uteroplacental perfusion changed in dependence to the concentration of the beta-mimetic drug (Partusisten). The presence of rigid red blood cells can be first seen in the microcirculation impairment. Depending on the concentration of Partusisten, a protective effect on the flow properties of the red blood cells could be achieved, which altered during pregnancy. However, in late gestosis, a lower dosage should be administered than in labor inhibition.", "PMID": 736624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2702", "title": "[On the origin of islands and septa of the human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The maternal or foetal origin of septa and islands of the human placenta was examined by counting the sex chromatin in their nuclei (Barr bodies); the origin of the septa was, in addition, determined by counts of the Y-chromatin previously stained with quinacrine fluorescence. Histological investigations were made on preparations stained after Masson-Goldner (trichrom). The results showed that in most cases the upper parts of the septa are exclusively composed of trophoblastic cells, whereas the lower third is preponderantly composed of decidual elements. Purely trophoblastic septa are rare. Islands are trophoblastic. Islands in which both cell types are present, or decidual islands appear to be very rare.", "contents": "[On the origin of islands and septa of the human placenta (author's transl)]. The maternal or foetal origin of septa and islands of the human placenta was examined by counting the sex chromatin in their nuclei (Barr bodies); the origin of the septa was, in addition, determined by counts of the Y-chromatin previously stained with quinacrine fluorescence. Histological investigations were made on preparations stained after Masson-Goldner (trichrom). The results showed that in most cases the upper parts of the septa are exclusively composed of trophoblastic cells, whereas the lower third is preponderantly composed of decidual elements. Purely trophoblastic septa are rare. Islands are trophoblastic. Islands in which both cell types are present, or decidual islands appear to be very rare.", "PMID": 736625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2703", "title": "Health of workers exposed to 1, 1, 1,-trichloroethane: a matched-pair study.", "content": "An epidemiologic study of 151 matched pairs of employees was conducted in two adjacent textile plants, one of which used inhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a general cleaning solvent. Employees in the study population had exposures to the solvent for 6 yrs or less at varying concentrations which were measured by breathing zone sampling and personal monitoring. While cardiovascular and hepatic observations were of primary interest, other health parameters were also studied. Application of sensitive statistical techniques and careful examination of all data did not reveal any clinically pertinent findings that were associated with exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The statistically significant associations that were observed between health measures and nonexposure factors emphasize the need to consider age, sex, race, and other variables in designing epidemiologic studies.", "contents": "Health of workers exposed to 1, 1, 1,-trichloroethane: a matched-pair study. An epidemiologic study of 151 matched pairs of employees was conducted in two adjacent textile plants, one of which used inhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a general cleaning solvent. Employees in the study population had exposures to the solvent for 6 yrs or less at varying concentrations which were measured by breathing zone sampling and personal monitoring. While cardiovascular and hepatic observations were of primary interest, other health parameters were also studied. Application of sensitive statistical techniques and careful examination of all data did not reveal any clinically pertinent findings that were associated with exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The statistically significant associations that were observed between health measures and nonexposure factors emphasize the need to consider age, sex, race, and other variables in designing epidemiologic studies.", "PMID": 736618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2704", "title": "[The adenocarcinoma of the cervix: study of 81 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study deals with 81 primary adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix diagnosed and treated in the departement of gynecology and obstetrics of the University of Z\u00fcrich from 1950 through 1977. Clinical and morphological data such as patients age, character and duration of symptoms, clinical and anatomical stage, histological differentiation of the tumor and therapy were recorded and analysed in relation to patients survival. Of all these factors the stage of the tumor at time of diagnosis proved to have the highest prognostic significance.", "contents": "[The adenocarcinoma of the cervix: study of 81 cases (author's transl)]. The present study deals with 81 primary adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix diagnosed and treated in the departement of gynecology and obstetrics of the University of Z\u00fcrich from 1950 through 1977. Clinical and morphological data such as patients age, character and duration of symptoms, clinical and anatomical stage, histological differentiation of the tumor and therapy were recorded and analysed in relation to patients survival. Of all these factors the stage of the tumor at time of diagnosis proved to have the highest prognostic significance.", "PMID": 736626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2705", "title": "Hematological studies in induction of abortion by extra-amniotic administration of sulproston.", "content": "The prostaglandin E2 derivative, Sulproston, was administered extra-amniotically for the induction of abortion in an average dosage of 200 microgram, in ten patients. With a success rate of 50%, the subjective side effects were very slight. Temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and frequently of breathing did not change markedly. The ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation showed a tendency to increase but disaggregation remained the same. Spontaneous platelet aggregation according to Breddin did not change. The parameters examined of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system showed only a slight increase in fibrinolytic activity during and after induction of abortion. The remaining hematological parameters showed no changes.", "contents": "Hematological studies in induction of abortion by extra-amniotic administration of sulproston. The prostaglandin E2 derivative, Sulproston, was administered extra-amniotically for the induction of abortion in an average dosage of 200 microgram, in ten patients. With a success rate of 50%, the subjective side effects were very slight. Temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and frequently of breathing did not change markedly. The ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation showed a tendency to increase but disaggregation remained the same. Spontaneous platelet aggregation according to Breddin did not change. The parameters examined of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system showed only a slight increase in fibrinolytic activity during and after induction of abortion. The remaining hematological parameters showed no changes.", "PMID": 736628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2706", "title": "Effects of oral contraceptives on zinc and copper levels in human plasma and endometrium during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Effects of Ovulen-21, Demulen, Enovid-E and Ovral on zinc and copper levels in human plasma and endometrium during the menstrual cycle have been studied. Both plasma and endometrium copper levels were significantly elevated above the control values (P less than 0.001) in women taking oral contraceptives while the zinc levels remained reasonable constant.", "contents": "Effects of oral contraceptives on zinc and copper levels in human plasma and endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Effects of Ovulen-21, Demulen, Enovid-E and Ovral on zinc and copper levels in human plasma and endometrium during the menstrual cycle have been studied. Both plasma and endometrium copper levels were significantly elevated above the control values (P less than 0.001) in women taking oral contraceptives while the zinc levels remained reasonable constant.", "PMID": 736629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2707", "title": "[Specific glucocorticoid receptor activity in the lungs and concentration of corticosteroids in the plasma of newborn rabbits during the first hours of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine pure-bred albino New Zealand white rabbits were delivered on the 30th day of gestation (term 31 days) by Caesarean section. The concentration of dexamethasone binding receptors in the cytosol and nucleus of the lungs as well as the total plasma corticosteroid levels were measured in the newborns before the first breath, after 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after birth. The level of plasma corticosteroids increased after birth while the concentration of the receptors in the cytosol and nucleus decreased but was still present after 24 h as well as in the lungs of adult animals. A temporary increase in the concentration of the nuclear receptors after 1 and 2 h is explained by the translocation and binding of the abundantly produced steroid-receptor-complex to the nucleus. The stress of hypo- and hyperthermia on the newborns showed variable behaviour with respect to receptor activity. However, the relationship between the corticosteroid levels in the plasma and the concentrations of the receptors in the cytosol and the nucleus of the lungs was similar as in fetuses kept under \"physiological\" conditions. It may be concluded from these results that in the rabbit the specific glucocorticoid receptor activity in the lungs decreases after birth but is present throughout life.", "contents": "[Specific glucocorticoid receptor activity in the lungs and concentration of corticosteroids in the plasma of newborn rabbits during the first hours of life (author's transl)]. Nine pure-bred albino New Zealand white rabbits were delivered on the 30th day of gestation (term 31 days) by Caesarean section. The concentration of dexamethasone binding receptors in the cytosol and nucleus of the lungs as well as the total plasma corticosteroid levels were measured in the newborns before the first breath, after 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after birth. The level of plasma corticosteroids increased after birth while the concentration of the receptors in the cytosol and nucleus decreased but was still present after 24 h as well as in the lungs of adult animals. A temporary increase in the concentration of the nuclear receptors after 1 and 2 h is explained by the translocation and binding of the abundantly produced steroid-receptor-complex to the nucleus. The stress of hypo- and hyperthermia on the newborns showed variable behaviour with respect to receptor activity. However, the relationship between the corticosteroid levels in the plasma and the concentrations of the receptors in the cytosol and the nucleus of the lungs was similar as in fetuses kept under \"physiological\" conditions. It may be concluded from these results that in the rabbit the specific glucocorticoid receptor activity in the lungs decreases after birth but is present throughout life.", "PMID": 736630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2708", "title": "[Cell mediated immunity in cervical cancer patients: evaluation by in vitro leukocyte-migration-inhibition-assay (author's transl)].", "content": "Cellular mediated immune reactions (CMI) against tumour associated antigens are the demonstration of an interrelationship between tumour and tumour host. They are related to the stage and prognosis of the disease. 41 patients with cervical cancer were tested by leukocyte-migration-inhibition test. Cryostat sections of 10 micron of the tumour-tissue, gained by excision or curettage and histologically defined, were taken as tumour antigens. The test was performed in Sykes-Moore-Chamber as so-called one-way-test with the lymphocytes/leukocytes and macrophagen of the tumour patient. Reactions against autologous and homologous tumour tissue and against recall antigens (tuberculin and varidase) were tested. There was no overall diminution of cellular mediated immune reactions. CMI was demonstrated in 69.7% (inhibition in 30.3%, stimulation in 39.4%) in the autologous and in 51.3% in the homologous system (21.6% inhibition, 29.7% stimulation).", "contents": "[Cell mediated immunity in cervical cancer patients: evaluation by in vitro leukocyte-migration-inhibition-assay (author's transl)]. Cellular mediated immune reactions (CMI) against tumour associated antigens are the demonstration of an interrelationship between tumour and tumour host. They are related to the stage and prognosis of the disease. 41 patients with cervical cancer were tested by leukocyte-migration-inhibition test. Cryostat sections of 10 micron of the tumour-tissue, gained by excision or curettage and histologically defined, were taken as tumour antigens. The test was performed in Sykes-Moore-Chamber as so-called one-way-test with the lymphocytes/leukocytes and macrophagen of the tumour patient. Reactions against autologous and homologous tumour tissue and against recall antigens (tuberculin and varidase) were tested. There was no overall diminution of cellular mediated immune reactions. CMI was demonstrated in 69.7% (inhibition in 30.3%, stimulation in 39.4%) in the autologous and in 51.3% in the homologous system (21.6% inhibition, 29.7% stimulation).", "PMID": 736631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2709", "title": "[The so-called recanalisation of cotyledonary vessels with endangitis obliterans of placenta vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "With a graphic reconstruction on serial sections, performed with placentas which altogether showed so-called recanalisation, it is possible to work out the fact, that the recanalisation is an effect of the paravascular capillary network and with it to clarify the problem of the so-called recanalisation. It is proved, that the paravascular capillaries undertake compensatory hemodynamic functions and this undertaking of function prevents a complete occlusion of the cotyledonary vessels, so that you have to speak of restlumen and restflow but not of recanalisation. The endangitis obliterans of cotyledonary vessels is again unequivocally pointed out by this phenomenon as a intravital process.", "contents": "[The so-called recanalisation of cotyledonary vessels with endangitis obliterans of placenta vessels (author's transl)]. With a graphic reconstruction on serial sections, performed with placentas which altogether showed so-called recanalisation, it is possible to work out the fact, that the recanalisation is an effect of the paravascular capillary network and with it to clarify the problem of the so-called recanalisation. It is proved, that the paravascular capillaries undertake compensatory hemodynamic functions and this undertaking of function prevents a complete occlusion of the cotyledonary vessels, so that you have to speak of restlumen and restflow but not of recanalisation. The endangitis obliterans of cotyledonary vessels is again unequivocally pointed out by this phenomenon as a intravital process.", "PMID": 736632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2710", "title": "[Comparative high rising dose study of oral 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), and parenteral 16-alpha-17-beta-estrioldihemisuccinate (E3-suc) in their effects on serum levels of glutamate transaminase (GOT), pyruvate transaminase (GPT), leucine amino peptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and bilirubin in 30 hysterectomized and ovarectomized women (author's transl)].", "content": "30 hysterectomized and ovarectomized women were treated with three different estrogens: EE2 orally, E3 orally, and E3-suc intramuscularly. Each patient received one substance over 5 days doubling the dose every consecutive day, and switching to another estrogen after a treatment free interval of 2 days, rising the dosage of the second preparation twofold every consecutive day over another 5 days. Thus, each patient served as her own control with respect to 2 of the 3 tested estrogens. Six groups were required to test all sequences possible. The patients were allocated by random. GOT, GPT, LAP, AP and bilirubin were estimated daily over 2 weeks. The starting dose of EE2 was 0.25 mg, of E3 2 mg, and of E3-suc 2.5 mg. There were marked elevations of all serum enzymes during the week of EE2 treatment. If EE2 was given in the first week, and either E3 or E3-suc in the second one there was a prompt fall of all enzyme levels in spite of the approximately tenfold higher dose of the latter two estrogens. There were only minor elevations of the enzymes after oral E3 and parenteral E3-suc in some subjects and no differences of response between these two estrogens. Bilirubin reacted with an overall rise in the majority of patients irrespective of the type of estrogen.", "contents": "[Comparative high rising dose study of oral 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), and parenteral 16-alpha-17-beta-estrioldihemisuccinate (E3-suc) in their effects on serum levels of glutamate transaminase (GOT), pyruvate transaminase (GPT), leucine amino peptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and bilirubin in 30 hysterectomized and ovarectomized women (author's transl)]. 30 hysterectomized and ovarectomized women were treated with three different estrogens: EE2 orally, E3 orally, and E3-suc intramuscularly. Each patient received one substance over 5 days doubling the dose every consecutive day, and switching to another estrogen after a treatment free interval of 2 days, rising the dosage of the second preparation twofold every consecutive day over another 5 days. Thus, each patient served as her own control with respect to 2 of the 3 tested estrogens. Six groups were required to test all sequences possible. The patients were allocated by random. GOT, GPT, LAP, AP and bilirubin were estimated daily over 2 weeks. The starting dose of EE2 was 0.25 mg, of E3 2 mg, and of E3-suc 2.5 mg. There were marked elevations of all serum enzymes during the week of EE2 treatment. If EE2 was given in the first week, and either E3 or E3-suc in the second one there was a prompt fall of all enzyme levels in spite of the approximately tenfold higher dose of the latter two estrogens. There were only minor elevations of the enzymes after oral E3 and parenteral E3-suc in some subjects and no differences of response between these two estrogens. Bilirubin reacted with an overall rise in the majority of patients irrespective of the type of estrogen.", "PMID": 736633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2711", "title": "[Hormonal status of women after hysterectomy compared with controls (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma-FSH, -LH, -Estradiol-17beta, and -Progesterone were determined weekly in women aged between 28 and 43 years who had been hysterectomized 5-10 years before. The endocrine parameters were compared with those of women with a normal cycle and two groups of premenopausal women, the one showing a fixed hypergonadotropic state, the other slightly elevated but still cyclic fluctuations of FSH and normal LH values. After hysterectomy, normal ovulatory cycles were found in all women of up to 40 years, in 75% of those between 41 and 45 years and in 50% of those beyond 46 years. The average age of women with fluctuating or fixed hypergonadotropism was 2 years less in the hysterectomiced group. Thus, a certain acceleration of ovarian insufficiency caused by hysterectomy cannot be denied.", "contents": "[Hormonal status of women after hysterectomy compared with controls (author's transl)]. Plasma-FSH, -LH, -Estradiol-17beta, and -Progesterone were determined weekly in women aged between 28 and 43 years who had been hysterectomized 5-10 years before. The endocrine parameters were compared with those of women with a normal cycle and two groups of premenopausal women, the one showing a fixed hypergonadotropic state, the other slightly elevated but still cyclic fluctuations of FSH and normal LH values. After hysterectomy, normal ovulatory cycles were found in all women of up to 40 years, in 75% of those between 41 and 45 years and in 50% of those beyond 46 years. The average age of women with fluctuating or fixed hypergonadotropism was 2 years less in the hysterectomiced group. Thus, a certain acceleration of ovarian insufficiency caused by hysterectomy cannot be denied.", "PMID": 736634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2712", "title": "Clinical correlates of resectability and survival in gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The course of 201 patients with carcinoma of the stomach treated from 1962 through 1966 was followed with 97% determinacy for 10 years. The actual five year survival rate was 11%; the ten year rate was 7%. The mean duration of survival was 5.8 +/- 2.7 (S.D.) months. These results were similar to those reported for the period 1922-1926. Survival was strongly correlated with the surgeon's assessment after exploration. All patients alive after five years had operations thought to be curative, usually partial gastrectomies; the survival rate of this group was 24%. Gastroenterostomy was ineffectual palliation. Better results will require nonsurgical adjuncts, since the correlates of survival are those of minimally invasive cancer.", "contents": "Clinical correlates of resectability and survival in gastric carcinoma. The course of 201 patients with carcinoma of the stomach treated from 1962 through 1966 was followed with 97% determinacy for 10 years. The actual five year survival rate was 11%; the ten year rate was 7%. The mean duration of survival was 5.8 +/- 2.7 (S.D.) months. These results were similar to those reported for the period 1922-1926. Survival was strongly correlated with the surgeon's assessment after exploration. All patients alive after five years had operations thought to be curative, usually partial gastrectomies; the survival rate of this group was 24%. Gastroenterostomy was ineffectual palliation. Better results will require nonsurgical adjuncts, since the correlates of survival are those of minimally invasive cancer.", "PMID": 736648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2713", "title": "Management and survival of carcinoma of the colon: results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons.", "content": "Survey results of long- and short-term outcome audits of colon cancer in participating hospitals with cancer programs conducted during 1976-7 by the American College of Surgeons are presented. In the long-term audit of 38,621 cases reported by 327 hospitals in 46 states, the overall percentage of cases in localized stage (29.3%) is significantly lower than in the recent series from the National Cancer Institute. The observed survival was substantially lower than the survival rates published in recent smaller series; however, survival approaches the end results for the period 1967-1973. In the short-term audit, the analysis of 11,655 cases diagnosed in 1976 and reported by 491 hospitals from fifty states showed that while 41% of patients had symptoms for less than a month, only 29.5% were diagnosed in the localized stage. Surgery was the predominant treatment modality with an overall resectable rate of 83%. No difference was observed in the stage at diagnosis when the short-term audit (1976) was compared with that found in the long-term audit (1971). The results suggest that the early diagnosis of symptomatic patients may not always substantially improve the cure and survival rate. The screening of asymptomatic patients is suggested as the more promising approach to the substantial improvement of presently less than ideal end results.", "contents": "Management and survival of carcinoma of the colon: results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons. Survey results of long- and short-term outcome audits of colon cancer in participating hospitals with cancer programs conducted during 1976-7 by the American College of Surgeons are presented. In the long-term audit of 38,621 cases reported by 327 hospitals in 46 states, the overall percentage of cases in localized stage (29.3%) is significantly lower than in the recent series from the National Cancer Institute. The observed survival was substantially lower than the survival rates published in recent smaller series; however, survival approaches the end results for the period 1967-1973. In the short-term audit, the analysis of 11,655 cases diagnosed in 1976 and reported by 491 hospitals from fifty states showed that while 41% of patients had symptoms for less than a month, only 29.5% were diagnosed in the localized stage. Surgery was the predominant treatment modality with an overall resectable rate of 83%. No difference was observed in the stage at diagnosis when the short-term audit (1976) was compared with that found in the long-term audit (1971). The results suggest that the early diagnosis of symptomatic patients may not always substantially improve the cure and survival rate. The screening of asymptomatic patients is suggested as the more promising approach to the substantial improvement of presently less than ideal end results.", "PMID": 736649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2714", "title": "The surgical management of acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "A study of 103 cases of acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery is presented. The relation of site of occlusion to etiology, extent of infarction, and survival following resection and revascularization is described. Included is an analysis of the technical factors contributing to successful revascularization, the specific complications of revascularization, and the application of elective second look operations and angiographic techniques. The persistant high mortality (85% in this series) can probably be reduced but only by advances in these areas along with progress in the more general aspects of management of elderly patients with multiple system problems and failure.", "contents": "The surgical management of acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. A study of 103 cases of acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery is presented. The relation of site of occlusion to etiology, extent of infarction, and survival following resection and revascularization is described. Included is an analysis of the technical factors contributing to successful revascularization, the specific complications of revascularization, and the application of elective second look operations and angiographic techniques. The persistant high mortality (85% in this series) can probably be reduced but only by advances in these areas along with progress in the more general aspects of management of elderly patients with multiple system problems and failure.", "PMID": 736650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2715", "title": "A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark's and Breslow's staging methods.", "content": "A multifactorial analysis was used to identify the dominant prognostic variables affecting survival from a computerized data base of 339 melanoma patients treated at this institution during the past 17 years. Five of the 13 parameters examined simultaneously were found to independently influence five year survival rates: 1) pathological stage (I vs II, p = 0.0014), 2) lesion ulceration (present vs absent, p = 0.006), 3) surgical treatment (wide excision vs wide excision plus lymphadenectomy, p = 0.024), 4) melanoma thickness (p = 0.032), and 5) location (upper extremity vs lower extremity vs trunk vs head and neck, p = 0.038). Additional factors considered that had either indirect or no influence on survival rates were clinical stage of disease, age, sex, level of invasion, pigmentation, lymphocyte infiltration, growth pattern, and regression. Most of these latter variables derived their prognostic value from correlation with melanoma thickness, except sex which correlated with location (extremity lesions were more frequent on females, trunk lesions on males). This statistical analysis enabled us to derive a mathematical equation for predicting an individual patient's probability of five year survival. Three categories of risk were delineated by measuring tumor thickness (Breslow microstaging) in Stage I patients: 1) thin melanomas (<0.76 mm) were associated with localized disease and a 100% cure rate: 2) intermediate thickness melanomas (0.76-4.00 mm) had an increasing risk (up to 80%) of harboring regional and/or distant metastases and 3) thick melanomas (>/=4.00 mm) had a 80% risk of occult distant metastases at the time of initial presentation. The level of invasion (Clark's microstaging) correlated with survival, but was less predictive than measuring tumor thickness. Within each of Clark's Level II, III and IV groups, there were gradations of thickness with statistically different survival rates. Both microstaging methods (Breslow and Clark) were less predictive factors in patients with lymph node or distant metastases. Clinical trials evaluating alternative surgical treatments or adjunctive therapy modalities for melanoma patients should incorporate these parameters into their assessment, especially in Stage I (localized) disease where tumor thickness and the anatomical site of the primary melanoma are dominant prognostic factors.", "contents": "A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark's and Breslow's staging methods. A multifactorial analysis was used to identify the dominant prognostic variables affecting survival from a computerized data base of 339 melanoma patients treated at this institution during the past 17 years. Five of the 13 parameters examined simultaneously were found to independently influence five year survival rates: 1) pathological stage (I vs II, p = 0.0014), 2) lesion ulceration (present vs absent, p = 0.006), 3) surgical treatment (wide excision vs wide excision plus lymphadenectomy, p = 0.024), 4) melanoma thickness (p = 0.032), and 5) location (upper extremity vs lower extremity vs trunk vs head and neck, p = 0.038). Additional factors considered that had either indirect or no influence on survival rates were clinical stage of disease, age, sex, level of invasion, pigmentation, lymphocyte infiltration, growth pattern, and regression. Most of these latter variables derived their prognostic value from correlation with melanoma thickness, except sex which correlated with location (extremity lesions were more frequent on females, trunk lesions on males). This statistical analysis enabled us to derive a mathematical equation for predicting an individual patient's probability of five year survival. Three categories of risk were delineated by measuring tumor thickness (Breslow microstaging) in Stage I patients: 1) thin melanomas (<0.76 mm) were associated with localized disease and a 100% cure rate: 2) intermediate thickness melanomas (0.76-4.00 mm) had an increasing risk (up to 80%) of harboring regional and/or distant metastases and 3) thick melanomas (>/=4.00 mm) had a 80% risk of occult distant metastases at the time of initial presentation. The level of invasion (Clark's microstaging) correlated with survival, but was less predictive than measuring tumor thickness. Within each of Clark's Level II, III and IV groups, there were gradations of thickness with statistically different survival rates. Both microstaging methods (Breslow and Clark) were less predictive factors in patients with lymph node or distant metastases. Clinical trials evaluating alternative surgical treatments or adjunctive therapy modalities for melanoma patients should incorporate these parameters into their assessment, especially in Stage I (localized) disease where tumor thickness and the anatomical site of the primary melanoma are dominant prognostic factors.", "PMID": 736651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2716", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: a follow-up study of the contralateral non-operated carotid artery.", "content": "In a study of 103 patients surviving carotid endarterectomy, follow-up information was obtained from all patients over a period of time extending to four years. This was done so that better decisions could be made regarding recommendations for contralateral carotid surgery. In this follow-up study, only three patients had contralateral surgery. Three additional patients had events clearly in the territory supplied by the contralateral carotid artery, and no patient suffered a contralateral stroke. There were an additional four patients who suffered stroke in territory not supplied by the contralateral carotid artery. In addition, four patients experienced classical transient ischemic episodes referrable to the operated carotid artery and ten patients experienced nonclassical cerebral ischemia. Seven of the 103 patients died at times remote from the carotid surgery of nonstroke cause.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: a follow-up study of the contralateral non-operated carotid artery. In a study of 103 patients surviving carotid endarterectomy, follow-up information was obtained from all patients over a period of time extending to four years. This was done so that better decisions could be made regarding recommendations for contralateral carotid surgery. In this follow-up study, only three patients had contralateral surgery. Three additional patients had events clearly in the territory supplied by the contralateral carotid artery, and no patient suffered a contralateral stroke. There were an additional four patients who suffered stroke in territory not supplied by the contralateral carotid artery. In addition, four patients experienced classical transient ischemic episodes referrable to the operated carotid artery and ten patients experienced nonclassical cerebral ischemia. Seven of the 103 patients died at times remote from the carotid surgery of nonstroke cause.", "PMID": 736652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2717", "title": "A new nonpenetrating ballistic injury.", "content": "A new, nonpenetrating ballistic injury mechanism involving individuals protected by soft body armor is described. Experimental studies using laboratory animals have demonstrated that despite stopping missile penetration, the heart, liver, spleen, and spinal cord are vulnerable to injury. The rapid jolting force of an impacting bullet is contrasted with the usually encountered mechanisms producing blunt trauma injury. The experimental methodology used to assess a 20% increase in survival probability and an 80% decrease in the need for surgical intervention with a new soft body armor is reviewed. Five cases of ballistic assaults on law enforcement personnel protected by soft body armor are presented. Four emphasize the potentially lifesaving qualities of the armor, while the fifth indicates the need for torso encircling design. Hospitalization should follow all assaults, regardless of the innocuous appearance of the skin lesion and the apparent well being on the assaulted individual. Therapeutic guidelines for patient management are suggested.", "contents": "A new nonpenetrating ballistic injury. A new, nonpenetrating ballistic injury mechanism involving individuals protected by soft body armor is described. Experimental studies using laboratory animals have demonstrated that despite stopping missile penetration, the heart, liver, spleen, and spinal cord are vulnerable to injury. The rapid jolting force of an impacting bullet is contrasted with the usually encountered mechanisms producing blunt trauma injury. The experimental methodology used to assess a 20% increase in survival probability and an 80% decrease in the need for surgical intervention with a new soft body armor is reviewed. Five cases of ballistic assaults on law enforcement personnel protected by soft body armor are presented. Four emphasize the potentially lifesaving qualities of the armor, while the fifth indicates the need for torso encircling design. Hospitalization should follow all assaults, regardless of the innocuous appearance of the skin lesion and the apparent well being on the assaulted individual. Therapeutic guidelines for patient management are suggested.", "PMID": 736653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2718", "title": "Postoperative pneumoperitoneum: an unusual etiology.", "content": "Although postoperative pneumoperitoneum is a common finding, it is particularly disturbing when there is an increase in the amount of postoperative pneumoperitoneum or when the radiographic finding of pneumoperitoneum is accompanied by such physical findings as increased abdominal tenderness, peritoneal signs or paralytic ileus. Four patients operated upon at the Mount Sinai Hospital are presented. All patients underwent abdominal surgery for treatment of some form of inflammatory bowel disease and all were receiving systemic corticosteroids in the postoperative period. Abdominal findings of tenderness, ileus and peritoneal irritation developed shortly after the removal of Penrose drains in the postoperative period. Pneumoperitoneum was confirmed by abdominal roentgenographs. The first patient in this group underwent a laparotomy with essentially negative findings other than a freely open drain tract. The subsequent three patients were managed by close observation and frequent abdominal radiographs. These three patients had contrast roentgenographic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract to rule out perforation of a peptic ulcer, and in the patient upon whom reservoir ileostomy had been performed, a contrast study of the reservoir was performed. All patients recovered fully with this management and there were no sequelae. The mechanism for the appearance of pneumoperitoneum after removal of drains, particularly when the patient is receiving systemic corticosteroids, is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need to consider and rule out perforation of a hollow viscus in this situation before accepting drain removal as the sole cause of post-operative pneumoperitoneum.", "contents": "Postoperative pneumoperitoneum: an unusual etiology. Although postoperative pneumoperitoneum is a common finding, it is particularly disturbing when there is an increase in the amount of postoperative pneumoperitoneum or when the radiographic finding of pneumoperitoneum is accompanied by such physical findings as increased abdominal tenderness, peritoneal signs or paralytic ileus. Four patients operated upon at the Mount Sinai Hospital are presented. All patients underwent abdominal surgery for treatment of some form of inflammatory bowel disease and all were receiving systemic corticosteroids in the postoperative period. Abdominal findings of tenderness, ileus and peritoneal irritation developed shortly after the removal of Penrose drains in the postoperative period. Pneumoperitoneum was confirmed by abdominal roentgenographs. The first patient in this group underwent a laparotomy with essentially negative findings other than a freely open drain tract. The subsequent three patients were managed by close observation and frequent abdominal radiographs. These three patients had contrast roentgenographic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract to rule out perforation of a peptic ulcer, and in the patient upon whom reservoir ileostomy had been performed, a contrast study of the reservoir was performed. All patients recovered fully with this management and there were no sequelae. The mechanism for the appearance of pneumoperitoneum after removal of drains, particularly when the patient is receiving systemic corticosteroids, is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need to consider and rule out perforation of a hollow viscus in this situation before accepting drain removal as the sole cause of post-operative pneumoperitoneum.", "PMID": 736654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2719", "title": "Postmastectomy reconstruction.", "content": "Reconstructive surgery following mastectomy has had an increased acceptability with improved techniques and prostheses. Plastic reconstructive procedures following prophylactic mastectomy were performed in 104 patients and following mastectomy for cancer in 88 patients. Capsular contractions have not occurred with the use of a subpectoral pocket and detection of recurrent cancer is not hampered by the materials now used.", "contents": "Postmastectomy reconstruction. Reconstructive surgery following mastectomy has had an increased acceptability with improved techniques and prostheses. Plastic reconstructive procedures following prophylactic mastectomy were performed in 104 patients and following mastectomy for cancer in 88 patients. Capsular contractions have not occurred with the use of a subpectoral pocket and detection of recurrent cancer is not hampered by the materials now used.", "PMID": 736655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2720", "title": "Muscle blood flow following thermal injury.", "content": "Peripheral circulation is markedly increased during the hyperdynamic-hypermetabolic phase of thermal injury and appears to be directed primarily to the burn wound. To determine whether any portion of this extra blood flow reaches another major peripheral vascular bed, blood flow in the tibialis anterior muscle of the lower leg was measured by 133Xe clearance in ten hemodynamically stable, nonseptic burn patients (mean burn size = 42.5% total body surface) and five control subjects. Muscle blood flow was 3.52 +/- 0.26 ml/100 g.min (mean +/- S.E.M.) in these patients and 3.29 +/- 0.24 in controls, indicating that resting muscle perfusion was unaffected by the extent of total body surface injury, size of leg burn, or elevated rectal temperature (38.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C) of the patients. These results confirm the interpretations of previous studies suggesting that most of the increased peripheral blood flow following thermal injury is directed to the surface wound. Local and systemic factors responsible for the maintenance of muscle perfusion in the face of alterations in muscle metabolism following thermal injury are discussed.", "contents": "Muscle blood flow following thermal injury. Peripheral circulation is markedly increased during the hyperdynamic-hypermetabolic phase of thermal injury and appears to be directed primarily to the burn wound. To determine whether any portion of this extra blood flow reaches another major peripheral vascular bed, blood flow in the tibialis anterior muscle of the lower leg was measured by 133Xe clearance in ten hemodynamically stable, nonseptic burn patients (mean burn size = 42.5% total body surface) and five control subjects. Muscle blood flow was 3.52 +/- 0.26 ml/100 g.min (mean +/- S.E.M.) in these patients and 3.29 +/- 0.24 in controls, indicating that resting muscle perfusion was unaffected by the extent of total body surface injury, size of leg burn, or elevated rectal temperature (38.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C) of the patients. These results confirm the interpretations of previous studies suggesting that most of the increased peripheral blood flow following thermal injury is directed to the surface wound. Local and systemic factors responsible for the maintenance of muscle perfusion in the face of alterations in muscle metabolism following thermal injury are discussed.", "PMID": 736656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2721", "title": "Muscle and plasma amino acids after injury: the role of inactivity.", "content": "The amino acid pattern following total hip replacement is characterized by increases in muscle of the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), the aromatics (phenylalanine and tyrosine) as well as methionine. The nonessential amino acids in muscle tend to decline, glutamine having the most marked change. Plasma levels of the essential amino acids increase while the nonessentials tend to decrease. This pattern differs from that observed in other catabolic states (uremia, starvation, untreated diabetes) and is significantly different from the effects of inactivity and starvation combined. This suggests that injury can be characterized by a unique pattern of muscle and plasma amino acids.", "contents": "Muscle and plasma amino acids after injury: the role of inactivity. The amino acid pattern following total hip replacement is characterized by increases in muscle of the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), the aromatics (phenylalanine and tyrosine) as well as methionine. The nonessential amino acids in muscle tend to decline, glutamine having the most marked change. Plasma levels of the essential amino acids increase while the nonessentials tend to decrease. This pattern differs from that observed in other catabolic states (uremia, starvation, untreated diabetes) and is significantly different from the effects of inactivity and starvation combined. This suggests that injury can be characterized by a unique pattern of muscle and plasma amino acids.", "PMID": 736657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2722", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux was investigated in 80 patients with duodenal ulcer by analysis of symptomatology and the acid reflux test. Resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and postvagotomy reduction in basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion were also studied. Reflux symptoms were present in 40% of the patients, and this incidence was significantly reduced two months after vagotomy. In patients studied late after operation reflux symptoms were still less frequent than before operation, but not significant. After vagotomy, no significant changes in the fasting GESP or in gastroesophageal reflux as determined by the pH glass electrode were demonstrated. Thus, the decrease in reflux symptoms may be explained by the significant reduction in gastric acid secretion. Denervation of the cardia and the lower esophagus does not influence GESP or gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy. Gastroesophageal reflux was investigated in 80 patients with duodenal ulcer by analysis of symptomatology and the acid reflux test. Resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and postvagotomy reduction in basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion were also studied. Reflux symptoms were present in 40% of the patients, and this incidence was significantly reduced two months after vagotomy. In patients studied late after operation reflux symptoms were still less frequent than before operation, but not significant. After vagotomy, no significant changes in the fasting GESP or in gastroesophageal reflux as determined by the pH glass electrode were demonstrated. Thus, the decrease in reflux symptoms may be explained by the significant reduction in gastric acid secretion. Denervation of the cardia and the lower esophagus does not influence GESP or gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 736658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2723", "title": "A sequential, prospective analysis of immunologic abnormalities and infection following severe thermal injury.", "content": "A sequential, prospective analysis of humoral and cellular immune function was performed on 20 burn patients with injuries involving >/=45% total body surface area. Infected patients had significantly worse neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus 502A than did noninfected patients. Chemotaxis of neutrophils correlated poorly with infection although chemotaxis was frequently abnormal. The opsonic index of serum was depressed early after the burn but returned to nearly normal values by the fourth to the fourteenth postburn day. There was no difference between infected and noninfected patients. Serum levels of IgG, properdin and C3, while initially low, remained within the normal range after the ninth postburn day in both groups. Factor B levels rose rapidly during the first three weeks after injury to more than double normal levels in many patients. Suggestive evidence for consumption of opsonic protein occurred with five of 19 episodes of bacteremia. The responsiveness of isolated lymphocytes to PHA was normal. However, patients' sera were shown to significantly inhibit the responsiveness of normal lymphocytes to PHA. Analysis of immunologic profiles for individual patients indicates that abnormalities of neutrophil function are the most important acquired defect predisposing patients to the development of bacteremia following major thermal injury; abnormalities of opsonic action play a secondary but important role.", "contents": "A sequential, prospective analysis of immunologic abnormalities and infection following severe thermal injury. A sequential, prospective analysis of humoral and cellular immune function was performed on 20 burn patients with injuries involving >/=45% total body surface area. Infected patients had significantly worse neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus 502A than did noninfected patients. Chemotaxis of neutrophils correlated poorly with infection although chemotaxis was frequently abnormal. The opsonic index of serum was depressed early after the burn but returned to nearly normal values by the fourth to the fourteenth postburn day. There was no difference between infected and noninfected patients. Serum levels of IgG, properdin and C3, while initially low, remained within the normal range after the ninth postburn day in both groups. Factor B levels rose rapidly during the first three weeks after injury to more than double normal levels in many patients. Suggestive evidence for consumption of opsonic protein occurred with five of 19 episodes of bacteremia. The responsiveness of isolated lymphocytes to PHA was normal. However, patients' sera were shown to significantly inhibit the responsiveness of normal lymphocytes to PHA. Analysis of immunologic profiles for individual patients indicates that abnormalities of neutrophil function are the most important acquired defect predisposing patients to the development of bacteremia following major thermal injury; abnormalities of opsonic action play a secondary but important role.", "PMID": 736659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2724", "title": "Cancer risk in extensive ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Two hundred thirty-four patients with extensive ulcerative colitis from the city of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden have been followed up and the cumulative risk of development of cancer of the large bowel was estimated. These patients constitute all persons in this region who developed an extensive ulcerative colitis between 1951 and 1974. All patients were followed up until December 1975. The mean observation time was 8.5 years, median value six years. Fifteen patients developed carcinoma of the large bowel. Five of the 15 patients were still alive in December 1975. The expected number of colorectal carcinomas in a matched reference group was 0.49. The cumulative incidence of carcinoma 25 years after the onset of colitis for the whole group of patients was 34% and for those who developed the disease before 25 years of age it was 43%.", "contents": "Cancer risk in extensive ulcerative colitis. Two hundred thirty-four patients with extensive ulcerative colitis from the city of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden have been followed up and the cumulative risk of development of cancer of the large bowel was estimated. These patients constitute all persons in this region who developed an extensive ulcerative colitis between 1951 and 1974. All patients were followed up until December 1975. The mean observation time was 8.5 years, median value six years. Fifteen patients developed carcinoma of the large bowel. Five of the 15 patients were still alive in December 1975. The expected number of colorectal carcinomas in a matched reference group was 0.49. The cumulative incidence of carcinoma 25 years after the onset of colitis for the whole group of patients was 34% and for those who developed the disease before 25 years of age it was 43%.", "PMID": 736660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2725", "title": "A serological survey for Babesia in cattle in Scotland. III. The rates of acquisition and loss of antibody to Babesia and their effects on observed levels of antibody incidence.", "content": "Data for age and the incidence of antibody to Babesia divergens in cattle from areas of high and low endemicity have been analysed using three simple epidemiological models to estimate the rates of gain and loss of antibody. The models adequately described the observations but did not allow for an increased recovery rate attributable to acquired immunity in older animals. The rate of loss of babesial antibody in the absence of challenge was estimated directly from data for age and the incidence of antibody in Irish bred cattle located in nonendemic areas of Scotland. These data suggested an antibody loss rate of 0.25 per annum but did not provide firm evidence for the form of the antibody loss curve. Measurements of the titre of babesial antibody supported the conclusions drawn from studies of antibody incidence. In Irish bred cattle from non-endemic areas titres declined gradually over eight to ten years, whereas in cattle from an area of high endemicity, titres did not change appreciably with age. Cattle tested within one to three months of infection exhibited high titres.", "contents": "A serological survey for Babesia in cattle in Scotland. III. The rates of acquisition and loss of antibody to Babesia and their effects on observed levels of antibody incidence. Data for age and the incidence of antibody to Babesia divergens in cattle from areas of high and low endemicity have been analysed using three simple epidemiological models to estimate the rates of gain and loss of antibody. The models adequately described the observations but did not allow for an increased recovery rate attributable to acquired immunity in older animals. The rate of loss of babesial antibody in the absence of challenge was estimated directly from data for age and the incidence of antibody in Irish bred cattle located in nonendemic areas of Scotland. These data suggested an antibody loss rate of 0.25 per annum but did not provide firm evidence for the form of the antibody loss curve. Measurements of the titre of babesial antibody supported the conclusions drawn from studies of antibody incidence. In Irish bred cattle from non-endemic areas titres declined gradually over eight to ten years, whereas in cattle from an area of high endemicity, titres did not change appreciably with age. Cattle tested within one to three months of infection exhibited high titres.", "PMID": 736661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2726", "title": "The biochemical and serological taxonomy of Leishmania from the Aethiopian zoogeographical region of Africa.", "content": "The electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, G6PGH, 6PGDH were determined for 68 strains of Leishmania isolated in the Aethiopian zoogeographical region. Other characters determined were the DNA buoyant density of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA and the excreted factor serotype. The strains could be readily identified on the basis of these characters thus assisting in the elucidation of epidemiological problems. On the basis of these characters the strains could be divided into six groups. Three of the groups corresponded to L. donovani s.l., L. major and L. aethiopica. The three other groups identified at present have no specific name associated with them.", "contents": "The biochemical and serological taxonomy of Leishmania from the Aethiopian zoogeographical region of Africa. The electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, G6PGH, 6PGDH were determined for 68 strains of Leishmania isolated in the Aethiopian zoogeographical region. Other characters determined were the DNA buoyant density of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA and the excreted factor serotype. The strains could be readily identified on the basis of these characters thus assisting in the elucidation of epidemiological problems. On the basis of these characters the strains could be divided into six groups. Three of the groups corresponded to L. donovani s.l., L. major and L. aethiopica. The three other groups identified at present have no specific name associated with them.", "PMID": 736662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2727", "title": "The exsheathment and migration of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in mosquitoes of the Aedes scutellaris species complex.", "content": "Studies on the Aedes scutellaris complex of mosquitoes showed that refractory and susceptible species can be distinguished by reference to the proportion of Brugia pahangi microfilariae which reach the thorax within three hours of a feed. Migration ceased approximately 1 1/2 hours after feeding in refractory species, in which only 50% of the ingested worms reached the thorax, In susceptible species over 95% of the ingested microfilariae reached the thorax, and migration lasted for three hours after a feed. Differentiation could be achieved by studying the levels of exsheathment, but it is suggested that analysis of migration levels forms a reliable, accurate and quick method of distinguishing refractory from susceptible species.", "contents": "The exsheathment and migration of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in mosquitoes of the Aedes scutellaris species complex. Studies on the Aedes scutellaris complex of mosquitoes showed that refractory and susceptible species can be distinguished by reference to the proportion of Brugia pahangi microfilariae which reach the thorax within three hours of a feed. Migration ceased approximately 1 1/2 hours after feeding in refractory species, in which only 50% of the ingested worms reached the thorax, In susceptible species over 95% of the ingested microfilariae reached the thorax, and migration lasted for three hours after a feed. Differentiation could be achieved by studying the levels of exsheathment, but it is suggested that analysis of migration levels forms a reliable, accurate and quick method of distinguishing refractory from susceptible species.", "PMID": 736663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2728", "title": "Species differences in contractility of seminiferous tubules and tunica albuginea as related to sperm transport through the testis.", "content": "Frequency and depth of contractions and tonus--i.e., diameter of the tubule or shift of the baseline for the capsule--of both the seminiferous tubules and the tunica albuginea were quantified for rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster and ground squirrel tests. In the ground squirrel, contractility was measured prior to, during and after breeding. The rat testes had the strongest tubular contractions; those of the mouse, squirrel and rabbit exhibited intermediate values, and the hamster tests had the weakest tubular contractions. The rabbit tests exhibited the strongest, most well-developed rhythmical capsular contractions while the rat, mouse, hamster and squirrel tests showed no definite rhythmical contractions. Hamster tests apparently depend primarily upon fluid secretion by the seminiferous tubules for sperm transport through the tests to the epididymis, while the squirrel, rat and mouse tests utilize both fluid secretion and some tubular contractions. The rat apparently utilizes tubular contractions more so than the other rodents studied for sperm transport.", "contents": "Species differences in contractility of seminiferous tubules and tunica albuginea as related to sperm transport through the testis. Frequency and depth of contractions and tonus--i.e., diameter of the tubule or shift of the baseline for the capsule--of both the seminiferous tubules and the tunica albuginea were quantified for rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster and ground squirrel tests. In the ground squirrel, contractility was measured prior to, during and after breeding. The rat testes had the strongest tubular contractions; those of the mouse, squirrel and rabbit exhibited intermediate values, and the hamster tests had the weakest tubular contractions. The rabbit tests exhibited the strongest, most well-developed rhythmical capsular contractions while the rat, mouse, hamster and squirrel tests showed no definite rhythmical contractions. Hamster tests apparently depend primarily upon fluid secretion by the seminiferous tubules for sperm transport through the tests to the epididymis, while the squirrel, rat and mouse tests utilize both fluid secretion and some tubular contractions. The rat apparently utilizes tubular contractions more so than the other rodents studied for sperm transport.", "PMID": 736669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2729", "title": "Hyaluronidase release from guinea pig spermatozoa as affected by reproductive tract secretions and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Cauda epididymal sperm of mature guinea pigs were incubated (37 degrees, 5% CO2 in air). 10% of the total enzyme activity was released into the medium in 4 hr, 30% in 24 hr. Addition of lysolecithin resulted in rapid release of hyaluronidase. Vitamin C (0.54 mM), sodium fluoride (0.02 M), and cholesterol increased the rate of release whereas citrate (20 mM) diminished it. No effect upon hyaluronidase release was noted upon addition of KCN (10(-2)M), progesterone (250 microgram/ml), testosterone (500 microgram/ml), spermine (1.15 mg/ml), inositol (5.6 mM), or chloroquine phosphate (0.54 mM).", "contents": "Hyaluronidase release from guinea pig spermatozoa as affected by reproductive tract secretions and metabolic inhibitors. Cauda epididymal sperm of mature guinea pigs were incubated (37 degrees, 5% CO2 in air). 10% of the total enzyme activity was released into the medium in 4 hr, 30% in 24 hr. Addition of lysolecithin resulted in rapid release of hyaluronidase. Vitamin C (0.54 mM), sodium fluoride (0.02 M), and cholesterol increased the rate of release whereas citrate (20 mM) diminished it. No effect upon hyaluronidase release was noted upon addition of KCN (10(-2)M), progesterone (250 microgram/ml), testosterone (500 microgram/ml), spermine (1.15 mg/ml), inositol (5.6 mM), or chloroquine phosphate (0.54 mM).", "PMID": 736670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2730", "title": "Effects of pipecolinomethylhydroxyindane on testicular and adrenocortical function in rats.", "content": "Mature and young adult rats were treated with a single dose of 115 mg and 50 mg of pipecolinomethylhydroxyindane (PMHI) maleate per kg of body weight. Large intraperitoneal doses were toxic in mature rats and the growth of younger animals were retarded by the lower subcutaneous dose. In both instances, PMHI caused a rapid reduction in testis weight with arrested spermatogenesis. Atrophic changes to the ventral prostrate and the lowering of blood testosterone levels suggests that the actions of PMHI are not strictly confined to the seminiferous tubules. This was further substantiated by the demonstration of direct inhibition by PMHI of testicular androgenesis in vitro. The actions of PMHI on steroidogenesis may be readily reversible and, compared to tubular actions, are of a minor nature. There were no clear-cut adrenocortical responses to PMHI administration but there was some depression of adrenal gland weight, plasma corticosterone, and aldosterone.", "contents": "Effects of pipecolinomethylhydroxyindane on testicular and adrenocortical function in rats. Mature and young adult rats were treated with a single dose of 115 mg and 50 mg of pipecolinomethylhydroxyindane (PMHI) maleate per kg of body weight. Large intraperitoneal doses were toxic in mature rats and the growth of younger animals were retarded by the lower subcutaneous dose. In both instances, PMHI caused a rapid reduction in testis weight with arrested spermatogenesis. Atrophic changes to the ventral prostrate and the lowering of blood testosterone levels suggests that the actions of PMHI are not strictly confined to the seminiferous tubules. This was further substantiated by the demonstration of direct inhibition by PMHI of testicular androgenesis in vitro. The actions of PMHI on steroidogenesis may be readily reversible and, compared to tubular actions, are of a minor nature. There were no clear-cut adrenocortical responses to PMHI administration but there was some depression of adrenal gland weight, plasma corticosterone, and aldosterone.", "PMID": 736671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2731", "title": "Ultrastructure of acrosomal malformations in men with obstructive azoospermia.", "content": "Testicular biopsies from ten infertile men with obstructive azoospermia were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic analysis revealed normal testicular pattern with active spermatogenesis and many spermatozoa. At ultrastructural level the majority of early spermatids presented acrosomal abnormalities that become evident during the approach of the acrosomal vesicle to the anterior pole of the nucleus, and in subsequent maturational stages; these spermatids continue their development until mature spermatozoa with malformed acrosomes. The type of malformation was very similar in all cases observed and was associated with the same type of seminiferous tubule pattern in patients with the same type of azoospermia. The abnormalities at acrosomal level were related to an abnormal differentiation rather than to degenerative changes. Acrosomal disturbance did not influence nucleus morphology or chromatin condensation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of acrosomal malformations in men with obstructive azoospermia. Testicular biopsies from ten infertile men with obstructive azoospermia were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic analysis revealed normal testicular pattern with active spermatogenesis and many spermatozoa. At ultrastructural level the majority of early spermatids presented acrosomal abnormalities that become evident during the approach of the acrosomal vesicle to the anterior pole of the nucleus, and in subsequent maturational stages; these spermatids continue their development until mature spermatozoa with malformed acrosomes. The type of malformation was very similar in all cases observed and was associated with the same type of seminiferous tubule pattern in patients with the same type of azoospermia. The abnormalities at acrosomal level were related to an abnormal differentiation rather than to degenerative changes. Acrosomal disturbance did not influence nucleus morphology or chromatin condensation.", "PMID": 736672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2732", "title": "Fine structure and development of Sertoli junctions in human testis.", "content": "Complicated interdigitation-like junctions between the immature Sertoli cells were frequently observed in prepubertal testis (3--8-year-old). Tight or gap junctions could not be found. Subsurface cisternae appear in the testes of 7 and 8-year-old boys. In pubertal testis (11 to 13 years old), junctional specializations between Sertoli cells are composed of membrane fusions, bundles of microfilaments and associated cisternae. These tight junctions block the deep penetration of lanthanum into the seminiferous tubules. The lanthanum-filled Sertoli junctions show characteristic features of membrane fusions. In the seminiferous tubules spermatocytes were not present at 11 years of age but complete spermatogenesis was noted at 12-13 years of age. It is suggested that the human blood-testis barrier is estabilished shortly before or after the spermatogonia proliferate to give rise to primary spermatocytes.", "contents": "Fine structure and development of Sertoli junctions in human testis. Complicated interdigitation-like junctions between the immature Sertoli cells were frequently observed in prepubertal testis (3--8-year-old). Tight or gap junctions could not be found. Subsurface cisternae appear in the testes of 7 and 8-year-old boys. In pubertal testis (11 to 13 years old), junctional specializations between Sertoli cells are composed of membrane fusions, bundles of microfilaments and associated cisternae. These tight junctions block the deep penetration of lanthanum into the seminiferous tubules. The lanthanum-filled Sertoli junctions show characteristic features of membrane fusions. In the seminiferous tubules spermatocytes were not present at 11 years of age but complete spermatogenesis was noted at 12-13 years of age. It is suggested that the human blood-testis barrier is estabilished shortly before or after the spermatogonia proliferate to give rise to primary spermatocytes.", "PMID": 736673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2733", "title": "Serum LH and FSH following passive immunization against circulating testosterone in the intact male rat and in orchidectomized rats bearing subcutaneous silastic implants of testosterone.", "content": "Subcutaneous Silastic implants were designed to release quantities of testosterone approximating that produced by the rat testis and appropriate testosterone treatment was found to produce a physiologic inhibition of both LH and FSH secretion in orchidectomized rats. In rats bearing such testosterone implants, intravenous injection of an ovine anti-testosterone serum (0.3 cc) was sufficient to completely abolish the inhibitory effects of the testosterone implant for a period of 3 days as judged by the development of typical post-castration increases in serum LH and FSH. When this dose of antiserum was administered to intact adult male rats, the increases in serum LH on days 1, 2, and 3 post-injection were approximately 19%, 15%, and 11% of those observed in untreated castrates. Increases in serum FSH in antiserum injected rats followed a pattern similar to that for serum LH but the response was slightly greater (19%, 23%, and 22% of the castrate response) and there was no indication of a decreasing effect during the three days following injection. In these experiments, passive immunization against testosterone in intact male rats produced a clearcut stimulation of both LH and FSH release, but produced no data to support the suggestion that the intact testis can secrete nonsteroidal compounds capable of producing a differential inhibition of FSH secretion.", "contents": "Serum LH and FSH following passive immunization against circulating testosterone in the intact male rat and in orchidectomized rats bearing subcutaneous silastic implants of testosterone. Subcutaneous Silastic implants were designed to release quantities of testosterone approximating that produced by the rat testis and appropriate testosterone treatment was found to produce a physiologic inhibition of both LH and FSH secretion in orchidectomized rats. In rats bearing such testosterone implants, intravenous injection of an ovine anti-testosterone serum (0.3 cc) was sufficient to completely abolish the inhibitory effects of the testosterone implant for a period of 3 days as judged by the development of typical post-castration increases in serum LH and FSH. When this dose of antiserum was administered to intact adult male rats, the increases in serum LH on days 1, 2, and 3 post-injection were approximately 19%, 15%, and 11% of those observed in untreated castrates. Increases in serum FSH in antiserum injected rats followed a pattern similar to that for serum LH but the response was slightly greater (19%, 23%, and 22% of the castrate response) and there was no indication of a decreasing effect during the three days following injection. In these experiments, passive immunization against testosterone in intact male rats produced a clearcut stimulation of both LH and FSH release, but produced no data to support the suggestion that the intact testis can secrete nonsteroidal compounds capable of producing a differential inhibition of FSH secretion.", "PMID": 736674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2734", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase in the epididymis after vasectomy.", "content": "The activity of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase, was determined in the epididymis of control and vasectomized rats. Vasectomy did not cause changes in enzyme levels suggesting normal metabolic function in the epididymis.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase in the epididymis after vasectomy. The activity of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase, was determined in the epididymis of control and vasectomized rats. Vasectomy did not cause changes in enzyme levels suggesting normal metabolic function in the epididymis.", "PMID": 736675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2735", "title": "Testicular biopsy of secretory azoospermia: electron and light microscopic analysis.", "content": "The histological and ultrastructural features of testicular cells were examined in testes with secretory azoospermia in seven patients with germinal cell arrest, two with Sertoli-cell-only; and one with tubular hyalinization. Germinal cell arrest was characterized by the presence of spermatogonia AD, AP, B, and some primary spermatocytes: these cells had similar ultrastructural features typical of the adult normal testis. Sertoli cells contained large number of various lipid inclusions and lipofuscin bodies. The multilayered peritubular wall presented increased collagen fibers. The cytoplasm of Leydig cells was filled with dilated vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and precursors of Reinke crystalloids. A blockage in the seminiferous tubules occurred after puberty, when tubular components, peritubular wall and Leydig cells had reached maturity.", "contents": "Testicular biopsy of secretory azoospermia: electron and light microscopic analysis. The histological and ultrastructural features of testicular cells were examined in testes with secretory azoospermia in seven patients with germinal cell arrest, two with Sertoli-cell-only; and one with tubular hyalinization. Germinal cell arrest was characterized by the presence of spermatogonia AD, AP, B, and some primary spermatocytes: these cells had similar ultrastructural features typical of the adult normal testis. Sertoli cells contained large number of various lipid inclusions and lipofuscin bodies. The multilayered peritubular wall presented increased collagen fibers. The cytoplasm of Leydig cells was filled with dilated vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and precursors of Reinke crystalloids. A blockage in the seminiferous tubules occurred after puberty, when tubular components, peritubular wall and Leydig cells had reached maturity.", "PMID": 736676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2736", "title": "Fine structure and cytochemistry of the morphogenesis of round-headed human sperm.", "content": "Ejaculates and testicular biopsies of two infertile men were examined at ultrastructural and cytochemical levels. The two patients presented spermiograms in which all the spermatozoa had globular heads. Wide Golgi areas and large masses of annulatae lamellae were evident during spermatogenesis. Abnormal acrosomal vesicles were evident during early spermatid stage. Among the late spermatids, there was a small group characterized by a fibrous sheath showing considerable malformation, and \"spindle shaped body.\" In Sertoli cells, detached acrosomes undergoing degeneration were noted. Low TPPase activity was found in Golgi complex and in abnormal acrosomal vesicles of early spermatids. As regards acid phosphatase, was localized in spermatocytes and in early spermatids, but not in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa. Leydig cells had high phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Fine structure and cytochemistry of the morphogenesis of round-headed human sperm. Ejaculates and testicular biopsies of two infertile men were examined at ultrastructural and cytochemical levels. The two patients presented spermiograms in which all the spermatozoa had globular heads. Wide Golgi areas and large masses of annulatae lamellae were evident during spermatogenesis. Abnormal acrosomal vesicles were evident during early spermatid stage. Among the late spermatids, there was a small group characterized by a fibrous sheath showing considerable malformation, and \"spindle shaped body.\" In Sertoli cells, detached acrosomes undergoing degeneration were noted. Low TPPase activity was found in Golgi complex and in abnormal acrosomal vesicles of early spermatids. As regards acid phosphatase, was localized in spermatocytes and in early spermatids, but not in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa. Leydig cells had high phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 736677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2737", "title": "Carnitine-binding related supressed oxygen uptake by spermatozoa.", "content": "L-carnitine (25 mM) reduced oxygen uptake immediately by 40% in ejaculated bovine spermatozoa, but not in ejaculated human spermatozoa or in spermatozoa from bovine and rat epididymis. [3H]-L-carnitine was bound five times as much to ejaculated bovine spermatozoa as to bovine spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis and to human ejaculated spermatozoa. This indicates the presence of a factor in the accessory male sex organs which, through changes in the membrane and/or intracellulary, increases the [3H]-L-carnitine binding sites and makes the spermatozoa susceptible to carnitine inhibition.", "contents": "Carnitine-binding related supressed oxygen uptake by spermatozoa. L-carnitine (25 mM) reduced oxygen uptake immediately by 40% in ejaculated bovine spermatozoa, but not in ejaculated human spermatozoa or in spermatozoa from bovine and rat epididymis. [3H]-L-carnitine was bound five times as much to ejaculated bovine spermatozoa as to bovine spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis and to human ejaculated spermatozoa. This indicates the presence of a factor in the accessory male sex organs which, through changes in the membrane and/or intracellulary, increases the [3H]-L-carnitine binding sites and makes the spermatozoa susceptible to carnitine inhibition.", "PMID": 736679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2738", "title": "Metabolic changes induced in human spermatozoa by subagglutinating concentrations of specific antibodies.", "content": "The effects on sperm metabolism of subagglutinating concentrations of infertile female sera, containing antisperm antibody, were studied. Sera were selected by their differential agglutinating or immobilizing properties and by high titers of activity. Only the immobilizing antibodies were able to decrease sperm viability. Basal and succinate depending oxygen uptake, thus as progressive motility was decreased by sera producing mixed agglutination and more drastically by that producing immobilization independent of the presence of complement. The sera with head-to-head agglutination properties induced an increase in the above mentioned physiologic parameters. Tip of tail-to-tip of tail agglutinating sera having no effect on oxygen uptake were able to induce a significant increase in progressive motility. Conversion of 14C-Glucose to 14CO2 was decreased by sera that induced tip of tail-to-tip of tail agglutination and complement-independent immobilization. The sera which induced head-to=head agglutination and immobilization on the presence of complement, were without effect. None of the tested sera showed any acitivity over the conversion of 14C-Glucose to 14C-Lactate.", "contents": "Metabolic changes induced in human spermatozoa by subagglutinating concentrations of specific antibodies. The effects on sperm metabolism of subagglutinating concentrations of infertile female sera, containing antisperm antibody, were studied. Sera were selected by their differential agglutinating or immobilizing properties and by high titers of activity. Only the immobilizing antibodies were able to decrease sperm viability. Basal and succinate depending oxygen uptake, thus as progressive motility was decreased by sera producing mixed agglutination and more drastically by that producing immobilization independent of the presence of complement. The sera with head-to-head agglutination properties induced an increase in the above mentioned physiologic parameters. Tip of tail-to-tip of tail agglutinating sera having no effect on oxygen uptake were able to induce a significant increase in progressive motility. Conversion of 14C-Glucose to 14CO2 was decreased by sera that induced tip of tail-to-tip of tail agglutination and complement-independent immobilization. The sera which induced head-to=head agglutination and immobilization on the presence of complement, were without effect. None of the tested sera showed any acitivity over the conversion of 14C-Glucose to 14C-Lactate.", "PMID": 736680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2739", "title": "Endocrinological and physiological features after steroid treatment of male rats.", "content": "The effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), testosterone propionate (TP), ethinyl estradiol (EE), and ethynodiol diacetate (ED) treatments on sperm population in different segments of the male rat reproductive tract, reproductive organ weights, circulating androgens and fertility were studied. Ten microgram TP given for five days reduced the sperm population and organ weights. A marked reduction in the number of sperm and reproductive organ weights was observed in males orally treated with estrogens. Only long-term (20 days) treatment with Provera (1 mg/day) significantly reduced sperm population and reproductive organ weights. Combination of TP and Provera resulted in a more pronounced reduction in sperm counts and organ weights. Among steroids studied, estrogen was the only compound which suppressed fertility and circulating steroid levels.", "contents": "Endocrinological and physiological features after steroid treatment of male rats. The effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), testosterone propionate (TP), ethinyl estradiol (EE), and ethynodiol diacetate (ED) treatments on sperm population in different segments of the male rat reproductive tract, reproductive organ weights, circulating androgens and fertility were studied. Ten microgram TP given for five days reduced the sperm population and organ weights. A marked reduction in the number of sperm and reproductive organ weights was observed in males orally treated with estrogens. Only long-term (20 days) treatment with Provera (1 mg/day) significantly reduced sperm population and reproductive organ weights. Combination of TP and Provera resulted in a more pronounced reduction in sperm counts and organ weights. Among steroids studied, estrogen was the only compound which suppressed fertility and circulating steroid levels.", "PMID": 736678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2740", "title": "Hemodynamic mechanism of erection in the human penis.", "content": "Six infertile patients and one patient with ureteral calculus were studied to elucidate the intrapenial hemodynamics of erection. Xe-133 was infused into the corpus cavernosum and visual sexual stimulation (V.S.S.) provided to induce erection. Xe-133 clearance curves declined at a uniform rate in the nonerect penis without V.S.S. Xe-133 clearance curves for five patients with complete erection at V.S.S. indicated a sudden drop upon erection. Unlike previous reports, it was noted that penial erection can occur independently of a venous-return blocking mechanism.", "contents": "Hemodynamic mechanism of erection in the human penis. Six infertile patients and one patient with ureteral calculus were studied to elucidate the intrapenial hemodynamics of erection. Xe-133 was infused into the corpus cavernosum and visual sexual stimulation (V.S.S.) provided to induce erection. Xe-133 clearance curves declined at a uniform rate in the nonerect penis without V.S.S. Xe-133 clearance curves for five patients with complete erection at V.S.S. indicated a sudden drop upon erection. Unlike previous reports, it was noted that penial erection can occur independently of a venous-return blocking mechanism.", "PMID": 736681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2741", "title": "Immunoglobulin deposits and testis tubular membrane pathology in human sterility.", "content": "Immunoglobulin deposits were detected by IF technique on tubular membranes of sterile patients' testicular biopsies (40%). Positive staining was correlated with high-grade tubular membrane damages (15 over 23 M3, M4, M5 sections were positive, against 0 over 5 M0 sections).", "contents": "Immunoglobulin deposits and testis tubular membrane pathology in human sterility. Immunoglobulin deposits were detected by IF technique on tubular membranes of sterile patients' testicular biopsies (40%). Positive staining was correlated with high-grade tubular membrane damages (15 over 23 M3, M4, M5 sections were positive, against 0 over 5 M0 sections).", "PMID": 736682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2742", "title": "A new orchidometer.", "content": "A new orchidometer has been designed consisting of a plastic plate perforated with elliptical holes in which the testicle is fitted. The relationship between the longitudinal and the transversal diameters of the testis can be evaluated for all states of testicular growth.", "contents": "A new orchidometer. A new orchidometer has been designed consisting of a plastic plate perforated with elliptical holes in which the testicle is fitted. The relationship between the longitudinal and the transversal diameters of the testis can be evaluated for all states of testicular growth.", "PMID": 736683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2743", "title": "Sperm head surface area as an individual characteristic of a donor's sperm.", "content": "The mean surface area of the head of fixed and stained spermatozoa from 12 healthy, young donors was measured on 3 occasions separated by 8-day intervals. The mean area varied appreciably between individuals, and considerably less between samples from the same donor.", "contents": "Sperm head surface area as an individual characteristic of a donor's sperm. The mean surface area of the head of fixed and stained spermatozoa from 12 healthy, young donors was measured on 3 occasions separated by 8-day intervals. The mean area varied appreciably between individuals, and considerably less between samples from the same donor.", "PMID": 736684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2744", "title": "Arginine evaluation to verify sperm maturation in man.", "content": "A modified version of Sakaguchi's histochemical reaction is proposed for the evaluation of arginine content in spermatozoa as an index of sperm maturation. Results obtained with this procedure, compared with DNA and basic nuclear proteins determinations in the sperm cells from normal subjects and from patients with oligospermia, appear to confirm the usefulness of this technique.", "contents": "Arginine evaluation to verify sperm maturation in man. A modified version of Sakaguchi's histochemical reaction is proposed for the evaluation of arginine content in spermatozoa as an index of sperm maturation. Results obtained with this procedure, compared with DNA and basic nuclear proteins determinations in the sperm cells from normal subjects and from patients with oligospermia, appear to confirm the usefulness of this technique.", "PMID": 736685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2745", "title": "Pharmacological effects of a combination of butorphanol and acetaminophen.", "content": "Isobolographic analysis was used to study in mice the combined oral analgetic action of butorphanol, a new centrally acting analgetic, and acetaminophen, an antipyretic analgetic. Combinations of butorphanol-acetaminophen exhibited analgetic effects which were greater than were expected from just an additive analgetic action of each drug. Consequently, a significant synergistic effect occurred after the simultaneous oral administration of butorphanol and acetaminophen. Furthermore, oral administration of butorphanol-acetaminophen mixture to conscious dogs at approximately 20 times the recommended human dose resulted in little or no effect on aortic blood pressure and arterial blood pH,pCO2 and pO2. Heart rate was slightly reduced and this resulted in a small increase in the PR interval and a prolongation of the QT interval of the lead II surface electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of a combination of butorphanol and acetaminophen. Isobolographic analysis was used to study in mice the combined oral analgetic action of butorphanol, a new centrally acting analgetic, and acetaminophen, an antipyretic analgetic. Combinations of butorphanol-acetaminophen exhibited analgetic effects which were greater than were expected from just an additive analgetic action of each drug. Consequently, a significant synergistic effect occurred after the simultaneous oral administration of butorphanol and acetaminophen. Furthermore, oral administration of butorphanol-acetaminophen mixture to conscious dogs at approximately 20 times the recommended human dose resulted in little or no effect on aortic blood pressure and arterial blood pH,pCO2 and pO2. Heart rate was slightly reduced and this resulted in a small increase in the PR interval and a prolongation of the QT interval of the lead II surface electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 736686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2746", "title": "Pharmacology of budralazine, a new antihypertensive drug.", "content": "Antihypertensive and pharmacological properties of budralazine were examined in comparison with other antihypertensive drugs. Budralazine was orally effective against various types of hypertension in rats and it, like reserpine but unlike hydralazine, produced a much greater pressure reduction in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The drug was similar to reserpine and alpha-methyldopa but not to hydralazine in showing a gradually progressive action. At equihypotensive oral doses, budralazine was less potent than hydralazine in producing tachycardia in unrestrained SHR. After long-term therapy, it effectively prevented the development of hypertension in SHR to almost the same extent as did hydralazine. Budralazine failed to produce diuresis in SHR at antihypertensive doses but antagonized isolated rabbit aortic contractions induced by vasoconstrictors and decreased femoral arterial resistance in dogs. Thus, the antihypertensive budralazine is characterized by the ability to produce vasodilator, non-diuretic and weak cardiac stimulant effects.", "contents": "Pharmacology of budralazine, a new antihypertensive drug. Antihypertensive and pharmacological properties of budralazine were examined in comparison with other antihypertensive drugs. Budralazine was orally effective against various types of hypertension in rats and it, like reserpine but unlike hydralazine, produced a much greater pressure reduction in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The drug was similar to reserpine and alpha-methyldopa but not to hydralazine in showing a gradually progressive action. At equihypotensive oral doses, budralazine was less potent than hydralazine in producing tachycardia in unrestrained SHR. After long-term therapy, it effectively prevented the development of hypertension in SHR to almost the same extent as did hydralazine. Budralazine failed to produce diuresis in SHR at antihypertensive doses but antagonized isolated rabbit aortic contractions induced by vasoconstrictors and decreased femoral arterial resistance in dogs. Thus, the antihypertensive budralazine is characterized by the ability to produce vasodilator, non-diuretic and weak cardiac stimulant effects.", "PMID": 736687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2747", "title": "Subcutaneous administration of somatostatin analogs as a major factor in the enhancement of the duration of action.", "content": "Somatostatin and Des(Ala1Gly2)desaminol[Cys3]descarboxy-]Cys14[-]D-Trp8[dicarba3,14-somatostatin (Ia) are more potent inhibitors of glucagon, insulin and growth hormone release than the L-Trp8 analog (Ib). However when infused intravenously, these three compounds are equipotent but short-acting inhibitors of pentagastrin evoked gastric secretion in the dog. The duration of inhibition of equieffective antisecretory doses is significantly increased following subcutaneous administration 30 min prior to a food stimulus. The longest duration of antisecretory action is seen with the D-Trp8 analog (Ia) after subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "Subcutaneous administration of somatostatin analogs as a major factor in the enhancement of the duration of action. Somatostatin and Des(Ala1Gly2)desaminol[Cys3]descarboxy-]Cys14[-]D-Trp8[dicarba3,14-somatostatin (Ia) are more potent inhibitors of glucagon, insulin and growth hormone release than the L-Trp8 analog (Ib). However when infused intravenously, these three compounds are equipotent but short-acting inhibitors of pentagastrin evoked gastric secretion in the dog. The duration of inhibition of equieffective antisecretory doses is significantly increased following subcutaneous administration 30 min prior to a food stimulus. The longest duration of antisecretory action is seen with the D-Trp8 analog (Ia) after subcutaneous administration.", "PMID": 736688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2748", "title": "Study of in vitro effects of hydralazine metabolites--comparative evaluation of products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis and conjugation.", "content": "K+ contractures were induced in paired strips of rabbit aortic smooth muscle. The relationship between relaxant effects and the bath concentration of hydralazine acetone hydrazone (HA), 4-OH-hydralazine (HH) and phthalazine (P) was studied over the concentration range 10(-5)-10(-3)M. All compounds were active, HA = HH greater than P (p less than 0.05; n = 6) at concentrations in the range 10(-4)-10(-3M, HA greater than HH at a concentration of 10(-3M (pgreater than 0.01). The activity of HA did not depend on significant reconversion to hydralazine (H) in the bath ( less than 0.5%). A range of H derivatives may contribute to the hypotensive effects of administered H.", "contents": "Study of in vitro effects of hydralazine metabolites--comparative evaluation of products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis and conjugation. K+ contractures were induced in paired strips of rabbit aortic smooth muscle. The relationship between relaxant effects and the bath concentration of hydralazine acetone hydrazone (HA), 4-OH-hydralazine (HH) and phthalazine (P) was studied over the concentration range 10(-5)-10(-3)M. All compounds were active, HA = HH greater than P (p less than 0.05; n = 6) at concentrations in the range 10(-4)-10(-3M, HA greater than HH at a concentration of 10(-3M (pgreater than 0.01). The activity of HA did not depend on significant reconversion to hydralazine (H) in the bath ( less than 0.5%). A range of H derivatives may contribute to the hypotensive effects of administered H.", "PMID": 736689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2749", "title": "Effect of in vivo treatment by dexamethasone and indometacin on DNA synthesis in rat macrophages in culture stimulated by inflammatory exudate.", "content": "The acute inflammatory exudate obtained 4 hr after intrapleural injection of dextran in rats is able to induce DNA synthesis and division of normal rat macrophages in culture. The influence on this phenomenon of two types of pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone or indometacin has been investigated. Exudates of rats treated with dexamethasone decreased the DNA synthesis in control macrophages. On the contrary, exudates of rats treated with indometacin had no effect on this DNA synthesis. These results could be explained by the different actions of the two anti-inflammatory agents on cellular migration in pleural exudates. In macrophages harvested from rats treated with dexamethasone or indometacin the DNA synthesis induced by inflammatory exudates was decreased. This identical response elicited by these two agents could be related to their direct antimitotic activity on macrophages.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo treatment by dexamethasone and indometacin on DNA synthesis in rat macrophages in culture stimulated by inflammatory exudate. The acute inflammatory exudate obtained 4 hr after intrapleural injection of dextran in rats is able to induce DNA synthesis and division of normal rat macrophages in culture. The influence on this phenomenon of two types of pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone or indometacin has been investigated. Exudates of rats treated with dexamethasone decreased the DNA synthesis in control macrophages. On the contrary, exudates of rats treated with indometacin had no effect on this DNA synthesis. These results could be explained by the different actions of the two anti-inflammatory agents on cellular migration in pleural exudates. In macrophages harvested from rats treated with dexamethasone or indometacin the DNA synthesis induced by inflammatory exudates was decreased. This identical response elicited by these two agents could be related to their direct antimitotic activity on macrophages.", "PMID": 736690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2750", "title": "The effect of indoprofen on phenylquinone-writhing and prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The ability of indoprofen or sodium indoprofen to inhibit phenylquinone-writhing and renal prostaglandin synthesis was determined in mice following a single oral dose of either drug. Male mice (4/group) were treated with 1.5 mg/kg indoprofen or sodium indoprofen. Inhibition of phenylquinone-writhing was determined at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 hr post treatment. Animals were sacrificed and blood collected for determination of plasma indoprofen concentration. Kidneys were removed and prepared for determination of renal prostaglandin synthesis by an in vitro technique. Phenylquinone-writhing was significantly depressed by both preparations at 2 and 4 hr post treatment. Sodium indoprofen also significantly depressed writhing at 8 hr post treatment. Renal prostaglandin synthesis, like phenylquinone-writhing, was significantly depressed at 2 and 4 hr after drug treatment. Plasma indoprofen concentration was correlated with both inhibition of phenylquinone-wrighing and inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. When writhes were plotted versus prostaglandin synthesis, a positive correlation was observed suggesting a temporal relationship between inhibition of phenylquinone-writhing and inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of indoprofen on phenylquinone-writhing and prostaglandin synthesis. The ability of indoprofen or sodium indoprofen to inhibit phenylquinone-writhing and renal prostaglandin synthesis was determined in mice following a single oral dose of either drug. Male mice (4/group) were treated with 1.5 mg/kg indoprofen or sodium indoprofen. Inhibition of phenylquinone-writhing was determined at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 hr post treatment. Animals were sacrificed and blood collected for determination of plasma indoprofen concentration. Kidneys were removed and prepared for determination of renal prostaglandin synthesis by an in vitro technique. Phenylquinone-writhing was significantly depressed by both preparations at 2 and 4 hr post treatment. Sodium indoprofen also significantly depressed writhing at 8 hr post treatment. Renal prostaglandin synthesis, like phenylquinone-writhing, was significantly depressed at 2 and 4 hr after drug treatment. Plasma indoprofen concentration was correlated with both inhibition of phenylquinone-wrighing and inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. When writhes were plotted versus prostaglandin synthesis, a positive correlation was observed suggesting a temporal relationship between inhibition of phenylquinone-writhing and inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 736691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2751", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of substituted benzamides on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Study of metoclopramide, sulpiride, bromopride, tiapride and sultopride.", "content": "The effects of metoclopramide (Mcp), sulpiride (Sp) and some of their derivatives: bromopride (Br), tiapride (Ti) and sultopride (Stp) have been compared on the guinea-pig isolated ileum. 1. Br and Ti have, like Mcp, and indirect cholinergic stimulating effect on the intestinal smooth muscle. Sp and Stp are devoid of such an effect. 2. At high doses, all the benzamides have a direct inhibitory effect on the ileum. 3. Mcp, Br and Ti (10(-5)M) potentiate the responses of the ileum to acetylcholine (ACh). At high doses (10(-4)M) the effects of all benzamides on the responses to ACh as well as to histamine (H) are mostly inhibitory. 4. Mcp and Br (10(-5)M) inhibit the responses of the ileum to serotonin (5HT) while Ti, Sp and Stp potentiate them. 5. Neural pathways and calcium mechanisms are involved in the potentiations of ACh and 5HT responses since the enhancements observed are abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin or in the absence of Ca++.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of substituted benzamides on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Study of metoclopramide, sulpiride, bromopride, tiapride and sultopride. The effects of metoclopramide (Mcp), sulpiride (Sp) and some of their derivatives: bromopride (Br), tiapride (Ti) and sultopride (Stp) have been compared on the guinea-pig isolated ileum. 1. Br and Ti have, like Mcp, and indirect cholinergic stimulating effect on the intestinal smooth muscle. Sp and Stp are devoid of such an effect. 2. At high doses, all the benzamides have a direct inhibitory effect on the ileum. 3. Mcp, Br and Ti (10(-5)M) potentiate the responses of the ileum to acetylcholine (ACh). At high doses (10(-4)M) the effects of all benzamides on the responses to ACh as well as to histamine (H) are mostly inhibitory. 4. Mcp and Br (10(-5)M) inhibit the responses of the ileum to serotonin (5HT) while Ti, Sp and Stp potentiate them. 5. Neural pathways and calcium mechanisms are involved in the potentiations of ACh and 5HT responses since the enhancements observed are abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin or in the absence of Ca++.", "PMID": 736692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2752", "title": "Properties of two derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) capable of abolishing Cardiazol- and bicuculline-induced convulsions in the rat.", "content": "The gamma-NH2 function of GABA was blocked with either benzoyl group (BG1) or a pivaloyl (timethylacetyl) group (PG2). The two derivatives of GABA obtained by the synthetic procedure were chemically pure and fully characterized. Both 14C-BG1 and 14C-PG2, unlike 14-C-GABA, are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in rats after subcutaneous injection. BG1 reached its highest concentration in brain 5 min after injection and PG2 after 30 min. This difference appears to be related to the different hydrophobic character of the two compounds, measured after experiments of partition in a water ethylacetate system, and to the different rate of diffusion following subcutaneous administration. BG1 abolished pentetrazole- and bicuculine-induced convulsions in rat when injected 5 min before the administration of the convulsants and PG2 had similar effects when injected 30 min before convulsants. BG1 and PG2 had a slight inhibitory effect on GAD and both BG1 and PG2 acted as substrates for the action of proteolytic enzymes that convert the two compounds back to GABA. Toxicity of both BG1 and PG2 was practically undetectable in rat following administration of the compounds up to 1 g/kg. Glutamate oxidation by rat brain mitochondria was not affected by either BG1 or PG2.", "contents": "Properties of two derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) capable of abolishing Cardiazol- and bicuculline-induced convulsions in the rat. The gamma-NH2 function of GABA was blocked with either benzoyl group (BG1) or a pivaloyl (timethylacetyl) group (PG2). The two derivatives of GABA obtained by the synthetic procedure were chemically pure and fully characterized. Both 14C-BG1 and 14C-PG2, unlike 14-C-GABA, are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in rats after subcutaneous injection. BG1 reached its highest concentration in brain 5 min after injection and PG2 after 30 min. This difference appears to be related to the different hydrophobic character of the two compounds, measured after experiments of partition in a water ethylacetate system, and to the different rate of diffusion following subcutaneous administration. BG1 abolished pentetrazole- and bicuculine-induced convulsions in rat when injected 5 min before the administration of the convulsants and PG2 had similar effects when injected 30 min before convulsants. BG1 and PG2 had a slight inhibitory effect on GAD and both BG1 and PG2 acted as substrates for the action of proteolytic enzymes that convert the two compounds back to GABA. Toxicity of both BG1 and PG2 was practically undetectable in rat following administration of the compounds up to 1 g/kg. Glutamate oxidation by rat brain mitochondria was not affected by either BG1 or PG2.", "PMID": 736693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2753", "title": "Yohimbine-induced stimulus control in the rat.", "content": "Rats were first trained in a 2-lever operant test chamber using a fixed ratio 10 schedule of water reinforcement. Discrimination training was then begun. In sessions following the injection (i.p.) of yohimbine . HC1 (3 mg/kg), responses on 1 of the 2 levers were reinforced. In sessions following the injection of saline, responses on the remaining lever were reinforced. The distribution of responses between the 2 levers prior to reinforcement provided an index of discrimination. The criterion for stimulus control was set at 80% correct responses in each of five consecutive sessions. In a group of six rats, criterion performance was begun after a mean of 33 sessions. Cross tests were conducted in yohimbine-trained subjects with d-amphetamine, harmaline, and LSD. Each test drug yielded intermediate results, i.e., response distribution was significantly different from both the yohimbine and the saline training conditions. No significant antagonism of yohimbine-induced stimulus control was achieved with BC-105, phentolamine, or butaclamol, purported antagonists at serotonergic, alpha-adrenergic, and dopaminergic receptor sites, respectively.", "contents": "Yohimbine-induced stimulus control in the rat. Rats were first trained in a 2-lever operant test chamber using a fixed ratio 10 schedule of water reinforcement. Discrimination training was then begun. In sessions following the injection (i.p.) of yohimbine . HC1 (3 mg/kg), responses on 1 of the 2 levers were reinforced. In sessions following the injection of saline, responses on the remaining lever were reinforced. The distribution of responses between the 2 levers prior to reinforcement provided an index of discrimination. The criterion for stimulus control was set at 80% correct responses in each of five consecutive sessions. In a group of six rats, criterion performance was begun after a mean of 33 sessions. Cross tests were conducted in yohimbine-trained subjects with d-amphetamine, harmaline, and LSD. Each test drug yielded intermediate results, i.e., response distribution was significantly different from both the yohimbine and the saline training conditions. No significant antagonism of yohimbine-induced stimulus control was achieved with BC-105, phentolamine, or butaclamol, purported antagonists at serotonergic, alpha-adrenergic, and dopaminergic receptor sites, respectively.", "PMID": 736694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2754", "title": "Effect of isoniazid on the metabolism of 14C-diphenylhydantoin in rats.", "content": "The effect of isoniazid (INH, 0,5, 10 or 20 mg/kg; p.o.) on the metabolic disposition of 14C-diphenylhydantoin (DPH, 50 mg/kg; i.v.) was studied in rats for 5 hours. The disappearance rate of 14C from the blood was similar up to 2 hr, whereas at 3 hr the levels of 14C were significantly higher in 10 and 20 mg/kg INH-treated rats than the controls. While the urinary excretion remained virtually unaltered, the fecal excretion of 14C was significantly reduced in the presence of INH. Increasing doses of INH caused a corresponding increase in the concentration of 14C in the blood, plasma, liver, kidney, lung, brain, skeletal muscle, fat, heart, tests and spleen. At the end of 5 hr, about 74% of the radioactivity was present as unmetabolized DPH in the plasma of control animals; this was increased significantly in a dose-related manner by INH, reaching a concentration of 93% at the highest doses of INH administered. The results suggest that the INH-induced elevation of DPH-derived 14C in plasma and its marked accumulation in other tissues is due to inhibition of both the p-hydroxylation of DPH and the glucuronidation of its metabolites.", "contents": "Effect of isoniazid on the metabolism of 14C-diphenylhydantoin in rats. The effect of isoniazid (INH, 0,5, 10 or 20 mg/kg; p.o.) on the metabolic disposition of 14C-diphenylhydantoin (DPH, 50 mg/kg; i.v.) was studied in rats for 5 hours. The disappearance rate of 14C from the blood was similar up to 2 hr, whereas at 3 hr the levels of 14C were significantly higher in 10 and 20 mg/kg INH-treated rats than the controls. While the urinary excretion remained virtually unaltered, the fecal excretion of 14C was significantly reduced in the presence of INH. Increasing doses of INH caused a corresponding increase in the concentration of 14C in the blood, plasma, liver, kidney, lung, brain, skeletal muscle, fat, heart, tests and spleen. At the end of 5 hr, about 74% of the radioactivity was present as unmetabolized DPH in the plasma of control animals; this was increased significantly in a dose-related manner by INH, reaching a concentration of 93% at the highest doses of INH administered. The results suggest that the INH-induced elevation of DPH-derived 14C in plasma and its marked accumulation in other tissues is due to inhibition of both the p-hydroxylation of DPH and the glucuronidation of its metabolites.", "PMID": 736695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2755", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide-scopolamine combinations on shuttle-box avoidance performance of mice.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine, given separately, during training in the shuttle-box or in trained mice, improved avoidance responding. Avoidance facilitation was much more evident, especially in the initial phases of training, when the two drugs were combined.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide-scopolamine combinations on shuttle-box avoidance performance of mice. Chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine, given separately, during training in the shuttle-box or in trained mice, improved avoidance responding. Avoidance facilitation was much more evident, especially in the initial phases of training, when the two drugs were combined.", "PMID": 736696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2756", "title": "A study of the mechanism of transport of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat submaxillary gland in vitro.", "content": "In vitro studies on rat submaxillary gland slices with 3H-delta9-THC (3.6 X 10(-6)M) showed that this drug was transported into and accumulated by salivary tissue. Approximately 50% of the delta9-THC was firmly bound in or on the tissue. The uptake of 3H-delta9-THC was unchanged from control conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, 100% oxygen, 3.2 X 10(-6)M) when the metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-3)M) and cyanide (10(-3)M) were used or when oxygen was replaced by nitrogen. The efflux of 3H-delta9-THC from salivary gland slices increased following addition of an excess of unlabeled drug. These data suggest a passive transport process for the movement of delta9-THC into salivary tissue with a possible saturable binding site operating on or in the interior of the salivary cell.", "contents": "A study of the mechanism of transport of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. In vitro studies on rat submaxillary gland slices with 3H-delta9-THC (3.6 X 10(-6)M) showed that this drug was transported into and accumulated by salivary tissue. Approximately 50% of the delta9-THC was firmly bound in or on the tissue. The uptake of 3H-delta9-THC was unchanged from control conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, 100% oxygen, 3.2 X 10(-6)M) when the metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-3)M) and cyanide (10(-3)M) were used or when oxygen was replaced by nitrogen. The efflux of 3H-delta9-THC from salivary gland slices increased following addition of an excess of unlabeled drug. These data suggest a passive transport process for the movement of delta9-THC into salivary tissue with a possible saturable binding site operating on or in the interior of the salivary cell.", "PMID": 736697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2757", "title": "Effect of phthalate esters on drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rat liver.", "content": "Dibutyl-, di(2-ethylhexyl)-, di(3, 3, 5-trimethylhexyl)- and didecylphthalate (DBP, DEHP, TMHP, DDP) all caused an increase in the amount of hepatic cytochrome P=450, when administered intragastrically to rats. No statistically significant increase could be detected in the catalytic activities dependent on cytochrome P-450 (Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation, ethoxycoumarin deethylation). Dibutylphthalate inhibited these reactions, when added to the incubation in vitro. Phthalates caused an increase in the activities of epoxide hydratase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Conjugation of 0-aminophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone with glucuronic acid was increased after phthalate administration.", "contents": "Effect of phthalate esters on drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rat liver. Dibutyl-, di(2-ethylhexyl)-, di(3, 3, 5-trimethylhexyl)- and didecylphthalate (DBP, DEHP, TMHP, DDP) all caused an increase in the amount of hepatic cytochrome P=450, when administered intragastrically to rats. No statistically significant increase could be detected in the catalytic activities dependent on cytochrome P-450 (Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation, ethoxycoumarin deethylation). Dibutylphthalate inhibited these reactions, when added to the incubation in vitro. Phthalates caused an increase in the activities of epoxide hydratase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Conjugation of 0-aminophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone with glucuronic acid was increased after phthalate administration.", "PMID": 736698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2758", "title": "A selective tonic activation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle by substance P.", "content": "Mechanical and electrical activity of smooth muscle preparations from fundus, corpus, and antrum of guinea-pig stomach and from distal ileum of guinea-pig were recorded, and the effects of Substance P were examined. Substance P activated selectively the tonic activity of corpus, fundus, and ileum of guinea-pig before and after blockade of phasic contractions. The tonic activation of Substance P is accompanied by increasing of number and amplitude of spike discharges and by decreasing of amplitude of slow potentials in corpus. The tonic activation of Substance P is potentiated parallel with reduction of Ca++ up to 0.6 mmol.", "contents": "A selective tonic activation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle by substance P. Mechanical and electrical activity of smooth muscle preparations from fundus, corpus, and antrum of guinea-pig stomach and from distal ileum of guinea-pig were recorded, and the effects of Substance P were examined. Substance P activated selectively the tonic activity of corpus, fundus, and ileum of guinea-pig before and after blockade of phasic contractions. The tonic activation of Substance P is accompanied by increasing of number and amplitude of spike discharges and by decreasing of amplitude of slow potentials in corpus. The tonic activation of Substance P is potentiated parallel with reduction of Ca++ up to 0.6 mmol.", "PMID": 736699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2759", "title": "A modulating role of prostaglandins in responses of guinea-pig isolated ileum to various agonists.", "content": "Small doses of prostaglandin E2 (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ng/ml) and prostaglandin F2alpha (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ng/ml) significantly potentiated the responses of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to cholinergic substances, i.e. acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol and pilocarpine. All substances were applied from the serosal surface of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. The greatest potentiation of carbachol effect was obtained, and the smallest was the potentiation of pilocarpine effect. The same small doses or prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha did not influence the response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to histamine and nicotine.", "contents": "A modulating role of prostaglandins in responses of guinea-pig isolated ileum to various agonists. Small doses of prostaglandin E2 (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ng/ml) and prostaglandin F2alpha (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ng/ml) significantly potentiated the responses of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to cholinergic substances, i.e. acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol and pilocarpine. All substances were applied from the serosal surface of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. The greatest potentiation of carbachol effect was obtained, and the smallest was the potentiation of pilocarpine effect. The same small doses or prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha did not influence the response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to histamine and nicotine.", "PMID": 736700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2760", "title": "Reversal of adenine-induced depression of mouse locomotor activity by amphetamine.", "content": "Adenine (200 mg/kg) was found to depress locomotor activity in mice. Dl-, and d-amphetamine reversed the depression of locomotor activity produced by adenine while l-amphetamine was found to be incapable of reversing the adenine-induced depression. The stimulation of mouse locomotor activity caused by dl- and d-amphetamine in mice treated with adenine was less than that caused by equal dosage of these agents in mice not treated with adenine. Mice treated with adenine showed marked depletion of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, irrespective of whether or not they had been treated with d- or l-amphetamine, and whether or not these agents were capable of reversing adenine-induced depression of locomotor activity.", "contents": "Reversal of adenine-induced depression of mouse locomotor activity by amphetamine. Adenine (200 mg/kg) was found to depress locomotor activity in mice. Dl-, and d-amphetamine reversed the depression of locomotor activity produced by adenine while l-amphetamine was found to be incapable of reversing the adenine-induced depression. The stimulation of mouse locomotor activity caused by dl- and d-amphetamine in mice treated with adenine was less than that caused by equal dosage of these agents in mice not treated with adenine. Mice treated with adenine showed marked depletion of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, irrespective of whether or not they had been treated with d- or l-amphetamine, and whether or not these agents were capable of reversing adenine-induced depression of locomotor activity.", "PMID": 736702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2761", "title": "The influence of anti-inflammatory compounds on some effects of BCG in the rat.", "content": "In the rat, intravenous injection of BCG induced an increase in complement activity, oxidative activity towards paraphenylenediamine and serum haptoglobin level. A strong correlation was shown between oxidative activity and haptoglobin level. These increases were inhibited by glucocorticoids (cortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone) but not by two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indometacin, phenylbutazone). It is suggested that these BCG effects are related to the release of macrophage constituents and that this is inhibited by glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The influence of anti-inflammatory compounds on some effects of BCG in the rat. In the rat, intravenous injection of BCG induced an increase in complement activity, oxidative activity towards paraphenylenediamine and serum haptoglobin level. A strong correlation was shown between oxidative activity and haptoglobin level. These increases were inhibited by glucocorticoids (cortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone) but not by two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indometacin, phenylbutazone). It is suggested that these BCG effects are related to the release of macrophage constituents and that this is inhibited by glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 736703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2762", "title": "Acute cocaine intoxication in the conscious dog: pathophysiologic profile of acute lethality.", "content": "Cocaine HCl was infused intravenously to conscious mongrel dogs until death (0.5 mg/kg/min; 0.82 ml/min). All animals convulsed (mean convulsive dose: 12 +/- 1 mg/kg) and died approximately 42 min after the beginning of cocaine infusion (mean lethal dose: 21 +/- 2 mg/kg). All animals exhibited significant increases in arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, left ventricular pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory rate, minute volume, tidal volume, oxygen uptake, plasma glucose, blood lactate and body temperature. Statistically significant reductions from pre-drug control levels were observed in total peripheral resistance, arterial pH, and arterial pO2.", "contents": "Acute cocaine intoxication in the conscious dog: pathophysiologic profile of acute lethality. Cocaine HCl was infused intravenously to conscious mongrel dogs until death (0.5 mg/kg/min; 0.82 ml/min). All animals convulsed (mean convulsive dose: 12 +/- 1 mg/kg) and died approximately 42 min after the beginning of cocaine infusion (mean lethal dose: 21 +/- 2 mg/kg). All animals exhibited significant increases in arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, left ventricular pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory rate, minute volume, tidal volume, oxygen uptake, plasma glucose, blood lactate and body temperature. Statistically significant reductions from pre-drug control levels were observed in total peripheral resistance, arterial pH, and arterial pO2.", "PMID": 736704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2763", "title": "Influence of short-term administration of clofibrate on insulin and glucagon response to protein ingestion in man.", "content": "Nine normal and two mildly hypertriglyceridemic subjects were treated with 2 g of clofibrate per day for 8 days. A significant fall in serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentration was observed from the second day onwards whereas free fatty acid levels were minimally affected. Insulin and glucagon responses to the ingestion of 200 g of meat were tested before and at the end of clofibrate treatment. Insulin response was significantly depressed (-28 +/- 12%) by the drug whereas glucagon response was enhanced but not to a significant degree. The ratio between insulin response and glucagon response was decreased by 38 +/- 11% (p less than 0.01) after treatment. A positive correlation was observed between the effects of clofibrate on basal triglyceride concentration on one hand and the effects of the drug on insulin and insulin/glucagon response to the protein meal on the other hand. Since insulin and glucagon are known to influence triglyceride metabolism, our data are compatible with the concept that the hypotriglyceridemic effect of clofibrate is--at least partly--related to the observed changes in insulin and glucagon reactivity.", "contents": "Influence of short-term administration of clofibrate on insulin and glucagon response to protein ingestion in man. Nine normal and two mildly hypertriglyceridemic subjects were treated with 2 g of clofibrate per day for 8 days. A significant fall in serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentration was observed from the second day onwards whereas free fatty acid levels were minimally affected. Insulin and glucagon responses to the ingestion of 200 g of meat were tested before and at the end of clofibrate treatment. Insulin response was significantly depressed (-28 +/- 12%) by the drug whereas glucagon response was enhanced but not to a significant degree. The ratio between insulin response and glucagon response was decreased by 38 +/- 11% (p less than 0.01) after treatment. A positive correlation was observed between the effects of clofibrate on basal triglyceride concentration on one hand and the effects of the drug on insulin and insulin/glucagon response to the protein meal on the other hand. Since insulin and glucagon are known to influence triglyceride metabolism, our data are compatible with the concept that the hypotriglyceridemic effect of clofibrate is--at least partly--related to the observed changes in insulin and glucagon reactivity.", "PMID": 736705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2764", "title": "Effect of specific growth limitations on cell wall composition of Staphylococcus aureus H.", "content": "Conditions are described for the continuous culture of a derivative of Staphylococcus aureus H in a fully defined minimal medium in which cysteine is the sole amino acid. The effects of growth under various nutrient limitations on the composition and properties of the cell wall have been studied. The proportion of ribitol teichoic acid present in the wall, and the extent to which it is substituted with N-acetylglucosamine, varies in bacteria grown under different conditions as does the composition and extent of cross-linking of the peptidoglycan. Neither the derivative nor the original strain H produced teichuronic acid when grown under phosphate limitation.", "contents": "Effect of specific growth limitations on cell wall composition of Staphylococcus aureus H. Conditions are described for the continuous culture of a derivative of Staphylococcus aureus H in a fully defined minimal medium in which cysteine is the sole amino acid. The effects of growth under various nutrient limitations on the composition and properties of the cell wall have been studied. The proportion of ribitol teichoic acid present in the wall, and the extent to which it is substituted with N-acetylglucosamine, varies in bacteria grown under different conditions as does the composition and extent of cross-linking of the peptidoglycan. Neither the derivative nor the original strain H produced teichuronic acid when grown under phosphate limitation.", "PMID": 736712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2765", "title": "[Studies in fattening bulls on the regulation of phosphorus requirements by ad libitum intake].", "content": "Experimental studies into 21 fattening bulls have failed to support the assumption that phosphorus demand might be regulated by ad-libitum intake. A group feeding on lowphosphorus diet was compared to a normally fed control group. Both did not differ from one another regarding consumption of a high-phosphorus mineral mixture. Economically unjustifiable luxurious consumption rather must be expected, depending on taste, habit, and social eating behaviours.", "contents": "[Studies in fattening bulls on the regulation of phosphorus requirements by ad libitum intake]. Experimental studies into 21 fattening bulls have failed to support the assumption that phosphorus demand might be regulated by ad-libitum intake. A group feeding on lowphosphorus diet was compared to a normally fed control group. Both did not differ from one another regarding consumption of a high-phosphorus mineral mixture. Economically unjustifiable luxurious consumption rather must be expected, depending on taste, habit, and social eating behaviours.", "PMID": 736713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2766", "title": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 1. Studies in calves and heifers].", "content": "Studies into the half-life of monosaccharides as well as into the effects of intravenous infusion of sugar solutions (0.5 g/kg body weight of glucose, fructose, galactose, and invert sugar) on the concentration of various blood components were undertaken with six calves and five heads of young cattle. Half-life values of glucose and galactose were of nearly identical magnitude over the first weeks of age, whereas that of fructose was much longer on account of slower conversion. Infusion of invert sugar solution, therefore, cannot be recommended for calves during the first three weeks of age. Infusion of the above monosaccharides led to more or less strongly pronounced rise of insulin levels in the blood serum. More or less strongly marked pyruvate increase took place following infusion, if the pyruvate concentration in the blood plasma had been low before infusion. Lactate levels in the blood usually underwent little change, whereas the levels of free fatty acids and inorganic phosphate in the blood plasma usually were reduced.", "contents": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 1. Studies in calves and heifers]. Studies into the half-life of monosaccharides as well as into the effects of intravenous infusion of sugar solutions (0.5 g/kg body weight of glucose, fructose, galactose, and invert sugar) on the concentration of various blood components were undertaken with six calves and five heads of young cattle. Half-life values of glucose and galactose were of nearly identical magnitude over the first weeks of age, whereas that of fructose was much longer on account of slower conversion. Infusion of invert sugar solution, therefore, cannot be recommended for calves during the first three weeks of age. Infusion of the above monosaccharides led to more or less strongly pronounced rise of insulin levels in the blood serum. More or less strongly marked pyruvate increase took place following infusion, if the pyruvate concentration in the blood plasma had been low before infusion. Lactate levels in the blood usually underwent little change, whereas the levels of free fatty acids and inorganic phosphate in the blood plasma usually were reduced.", "PMID": 736715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2767", "title": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 2. Studies in cattle].", "content": "Monosaccharides were intravenously injected to eight adult heads of cattle, between 380 kg and 670 kg in live weight, to study, in the context of stress endurance, the half-life values of the sugars as well as monosaccharide effects upon concentrations of various blood components. The fructose concentration in the blood plasma went up temporarily following the infusion of glucose solution. Fructose infusion usually caused only little rise of the glucose concentration in blood plasma, with hypoglycaemia occurring quite often towards the end of an experimental period. The half-life values of sugar in blood plasma were between twelve and 29 and those of fructose between ten and 17 minutes. The rate of fructose conversion was higher than that of glucose conversion, but values were identical in some cases. The pyruvate concentration in the blood and the insulin level in blood plasma went up in response to infusion of monosaccharide solutions. Urine excretion of monosaccharides following invert sugar infusion was less than half of that in response to glucose infusion.", "contents": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 2. Studies in cattle]. Monosaccharides were intravenously injected to eight adult heads of cattle, between 380 kg and 670 kg in live weight, to study, in the context of stress endurance, the half-life values of the sugars as well as monosaccharide effects upon concentrations of various blood components. The fructose concentration in the blood plasma went up temporarily following the infusion of glucose solution. Fructose infusion usually caused only little rise of the glucose concentration in blood plasma, with hypoglycaemia occurring quite often towards the end of an experimental period. The half-life values of sugar in blood plasma were between twelve and 29 and those of fructose between ten and 17 minutes. The rate of fructose conversion was higher than that of glucose conversion, but values were identical in some cases. The pyruvate concentration in the blood and the insulin level in blood plasma went up in response to infusion of monosaccharide solutions. Urine excretion of monosaccharides following invert sugar infusion was less than half of that in response to glucose infusion.", "PMID": 736716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2768", "title": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep].", "content": "Monosaccharide half-life as well as the effects of intravenous infusion of 0.5 g/kg body weight glucose, fructose, and invert sugar solutions on insulin levels in blood plasma as well as on pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the blood were measured in two adult sheep weighing 72 kg and 65 kg. The half-life values for glucose were 16 minutes and 19 minutes and that for fructose 20 minutes. Glucose half-life, following infusion of invert sugar, was 35 minutes or 25 minutes, while that of fructose was 16 minutes in either case. Infusion of fructose solution was followed by a somewhat sizeable and prolonged rise of the glucose levels in blood plasma. Infusion of glucose solution resulted only in short-time increase of fructose concentrations in blood plasma. The highest insulin rise in blood plasma was found to have taken place in response to infusion of fructose solution. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations underwent merely minor changes. Reference is made to the potential benefit of using invertose solution in the treatment of ketosis (cf. second communication).", "contents": "[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep]. Monosaccharide half-life as well as the effects of intravenous infusion of 0.5 g/kg body weight glucose, fructose, and invert sugar solutions on insulin levels in blood plasma as well as on pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the blood were measured in two adult sheep weighing 72 kg and 65 kg. The half-life values for glucose were 16 minutes and 19 minutes and that for fructose 20 minutes. Glucose half-life, following infusion of invert sugar, was 35 minutes or 25 minutes, while that of fructose was 16 minutes in either case. Infusion of fructose solution was followed by a somewhat sizeable and prolonged rise of the glucose levels in blood plasma. Infusion of glucose solution resulted only in short-time increase of fructose concentrations in blood plasma. The highest insulin rise in blood plasma was found to have taken place in response to infusion of fructose solution. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations underwent merely minor changes. Reference is made to the potential benefit of using invertose solution in the treatment of ketosis (cf. second communication).", "PMID": 736717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2769", "title": "[Mineral content in the serum of young bulls in a bull rearing center].", "content": "Hygiene checks were applied to 97 young bulls of dairy breeds and 300 of beef breeds on a bull raising centre, between 1972 and 1975. Their normal blood serum levels of organic phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium were compared to the levels of the same minerals in feed rations. Blood serum values were compared also between animals with pathological changes in the supporting, locomotor, and genital systems as well as in sperma and pellet, on the one hand, and those without such changes, on the other. Also compared were sons of different fathers of the beef breed, with the view of elucidating certain peculiarities specific of blood lines.", "contents": "[Mineral content in the serum of young bulls in a bull rearing center]. Hygiene checks were applied to 97 young bulls of dairy breeds and 300 of beef breeds on a bull raising centre, between 1972 and 1975. Their normal blood serum levels of organic phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium were compared to the levels of the same minerals in feed rations. Blood serum values were compared also between animals with pathological changes in the supporting, locomotor, and genital systems as well as in sperma and pellet, on the one hand, and those without such changes, on the other. Also compared were sons of different fathers of the beef breed, with the view of elucidating certain peculiarities specific of blood lines.", "PMID": 736718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2770", "title": "[Radiochemical method for the determination of the activity of the gluconeogenetic key enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in swine livers].", "content": "Described in this paper is a technique for the determination of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, two key enzymes of gluconeogenesis in swine liver. The technique is based on measurement of radioactively labelled carbon incorporated in the common metabolite, oxalacetate. The optimum measuring conditions to establish the enzymes in liver homogenate and supernatant are reported and compared with data given by other authors. The found parameters of kinetic properties were in good agreement with the findings obtained from purified enzymes from swine liver.", "contents": "[Radiochemical method for the determination of the activity of the gluconeogenetic key enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in swine livers]. Described in this paper is a technique for the determination of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, two key enzymes of gluconeogenesis in swine liver. The technique is based on measurement of radioactively labelled carbon incorporated in the common metabolite, oxalacetate. The optimum measuring conditions to establish the enzymes in liver homogenate and supernatant are reported and compared with data given by other authors. The found parameters of kinetic properties were in good agreement with the findings obtained from purified enzymes from swine liver.", "PMID": 736719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2771", "title": "[Experimental study on cattle anemia due to immune antibodies. 3. Effects of anemia on the liver].", "content": "A characterisation in greater detail was undertaken of haemolytic anaemia caused by immune antibody and its effects on the liver of young cattle. Bioptate follow-up tests were applied to two animals, while bromosulphalein half-life and SGOT activity were determined in seven. Centrolobular liver necrosis was not reproducible. Some moderate liver cell damage was histologically detected. Certain responses recorded from the reticulohistiocytary part of the liver were interpreted as a consequence of aggravated damage to erythrocytes. The above moderate liver cell damage failed to produce statistically secured rises in bromosulphalein half-life nor SGOT activity.", "contents": "[Experimental study on cattle anemia due to immune antibodies. 3. Effects of anemia on the liver]. A characterisation in greater detail was undertaken of haemolytic anaemia caused by immune antibody and its effects on the liver of young cattle. Bioptate follow-up tests were applied to two animals, while bromosulphalein half-life and SGOT activity were determined in seven. Centrolobular liver necrosis was not reproducible. Some moderate liver cell damage was histologically detected. Certain responses recorded from the reticulohistiocytary part of the liver were interpreted as a consequence of aggravated damage to erythrocytes. The above moderate liver cell damage failed to produce statistically secured rises in bromosulphalein half-life nor SGOT activity.", "PMID": 736720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2772", "title": "[Use of copper for the support of physiological reproductive processes. 1. Copper level in the serum of castrated male swine after various applications of copper and copper compounds].", "content": "Various copper compounds (CuSO4, Cu-glycinate, Cu-lactate, Cu-citrate) were applied subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intravenously to 17 barrows, doses being up to 50 mg Cu, while doses between 0.5 g and 1.0 g CuSO4 were orally administered. Curves of copper levels in the serum then were checked at different times. In response to intravenous application, copper levels reached maximum values as early as after two minutes and dropped to the normal about 90 minutes from application. Subcutaneous and intramuscular applications had but little effect on serum copper levels, while oral administration actually had none at all.", "contents": "[Use of copper for the support of physiological reproductive processes. 1. Copper level in the serum of castrated male swine after various applications of copper and copper compounds]. Various copper compounds (CuSO4, Cu-glycinate, Cu-lactate, Cu-citrate) were applied subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intravenously to 17 barrows, doses being up to 50 mg Cu, while doses between 0.5 g and 1.0 g CuSO4 were orally administered. Curves of copper levels in the serum then were checked at different times. In response to intravenous application, copper levels reached maximum values as early as after two minutes and dropped to the normal about 90 minutes from application. Subcutaneous and intramuscular applications had but little effect on serum copper levels, while oral administration actually had none at all.", "PMID": 736721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2773", "title": "[Determination of enzyme activities in the synovial fluid of farm animals].", "content": "Reported in this paper are methods for spectrophotometric determination of the activities of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AspAT) and for colorimetric determination of the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) in the synovial fluid of farm animals. Optimum conditions are suggested, as a result of these studies, for reactions of those enzymes in synovial fluid. The behaviours of these enzymes in synovial fluid were compared to those in the blood serum of domestic animals and man and exhibited close agreement. The test-kits at present commercially available for applications in human medicine and used in the determination of LDH and AspAT activities are suitable also for the determination of enzyme activities in synovial fluid. Enzymes in synovial fluid are highly responsive and, even smallest amounts of synovial fluid, therefore, are sufficient for positive findings in laboratory diagnosis.", "contents": "[Determination of enzyme activities in the synovial fluid of farm animals]. Reported in this paper are methods for spectrophotometric determination of the activities of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AspAT) and for colorimetric determination of the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) in the synovial fluid of farm animals. Optimum conditions are suggested, as a result of these studies, for reactions of those enzymes in synovial fluid. The behaviours of these enzymes in synovial fluid were compared to those in the blood serum of domestic animals and man and exhibited close agreement. The test-kits at present commercially available for applications in human medicine and used in the determination of LDH and AspAT activities are suitable also for the determination of enzyme activities in synovial fluid. Enzymes in synovial fluid are highly responsive and, even smallest amounts of synovial fluid, therefore, are sufficient for positive findings in laboratory diagnosis.", "PMID": 736724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2774", "title": "[Use of invert sugar, fructose and sorbitol and on their effect on various plasma constituents after intravenous infusion in the dog].", "content": "Glucose and fructose half-lives following intravenous infusion of 1.0 or 0.5 g/body weight invertose solution (200 g/l) were established in six Beagle dogs. The average half-lives measured were 7.8 for glucose (variation between 6.0 and 13.5) and 7.5 for fructose (variation between 4.5 and 11.0), all values given in minutes. Administration of invertose instead of glucose for parenteral energy supply proved favourable in various respects. Infusion of invertose was temporarily followed by rises within physiological limits of lactate and pyruvate in the blood and of insulin concentrations in the blood plasma, whereas the levels of free fatty acids declined. A 25-per-cent fructose solution was infused (0.5 g/kg body weight) to three dogs, and the half-lives then measured were six, nine, and 13 minutes. The insulin concentration rose temporarily, while the free fatty acids went down. The same doses of sorbite gave half-lives of 15.5 or 17 minutes. Infusion was followed by temporary increase of fructose and insulin in the blood plasma.", "contents": "[Use of invert sugar, fructose and sorbitol and on their effect on various plasma constituents after intravenous infusion in the dog]. Glucose and fructose half-lives following intravenous infusion of 1.0 or 0.5 g/body weight invertose solution (200 g/l) were established in six Beagle dogs. The average half-lives measured were 7.8 for glucose (variation between 6.0 and 13.5) and 7.5 for fructose (variation between 4.5 and 11.0), all values given in minutes. Administration of invertose instead of glucose for parenteral energy supply proved favourable in various respects. Infusion of invertose was temporarily followed by rises within physiological limits of lactate and pyruvate in the blood and of insulin concentrations in the blood plasma, whereas the levels of free fatty acids declined. A 25-per-cent fructose solution was infused (0.5 g/kg body weight) to three dogs, and the half-lives then measured were six, nine, and 13 minutes. The insulin concentration rose temporarily, while the free fatty acids went down. The same doses of sorbite gave half-lives of 15.5 or 17 minutes. Infusion was followed by temporary increase of fructose and insulin in the blood plasma.", "PMID": 736723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2775", "title": "[Observation in a familial environment of interactions between very young children and their parents].", "content": "The interaction between very young children and their parents has been undertaken to complete earlier studies made during prolonged observations in the family home. Since 1970, several research workers collected data during fortnightly visits of variable duration. The data is briefly analysed taking into account the presence of the observers. Data was collected from families of patients with psychiatric disease and the results from those who had been seen by a Consultant were compared with those who had seen other workers. The difficulties of the first relationship are emphasised. The future of the work and possible improvements of the method are discussed as well as the educational and therapeutic consequencies.", "contents": "[Observation in a familial environment of interactions between very young children and their parents]. The interaction between very young children and their parents has been undertaken to complete earlier studies made during prolonged observations in the family home. Since 1970, several research workers collected data during fortnightly visits of variable duration. The data is briefly analysed taking into account the presence of the observers. Data was collected from families of patients with psychiatric disease and the results from those who had been seen by a Consultant were compared with those who had seen other workers. The difficulties of the first relationship are emphasised. The future of the work and possible improvements of the method are discussed as well as the educational and therapeutic consequencies.", "PMID": 736726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2776", "title": "[Unilateral interstitial emphysema in the newborn (apropos of 4 case reports)].", "content": "Four prematurely born neonates who where mechanically ventilated with CPAP for respiratory distress have developed severe unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Some particular circumstances can be pointed out in these cases. Spontaneous worsening is usual. Selective bronchial intubation protects the overinflated lung. It allowed total improvement of the lung function for the 3 cases who underwent this treatment. Although no major complications have been noticed, it is mandatory to suck out regularly bronchial secretions accumulated in the excluded lung.", "contents": "[Unilateral interstitial emphysema in the newborn (apropos of 4 case reports)]. Four prematurely born neonates who where mechanically ventilated with CPAP for respiratory distress have developed severe unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Some particular circumstances can be pointed out in these cases. Spontaneous worsening is usual. Selective bronchial intubation protects the overinflated lung. It allowed total improvement of the lung function for the 3 cases who underwent this treatment. Although no major complications have been noticed, it is mandatory to suck out regularly bronchial secretions accumulated in the excluded lung.", "PMID": 736727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2777", "title": "[Effects of prostaglandin in heart abnormalities with needed patency of the arterial canal (clinical and histological study)].", "content": "Eight infants with cardiac malformations that were dependent on the patency of the ductus, were treated with Prostaglandin E 1 to reverse the closure of the duct. There was clinical improvement in 7 out of the 8 infants, confirmed by improvement in oxygen saturation and/or blood gases. In four cases the opening of the duct was visualised by angiography immediately after the prostaglandin infusion. Side-effects observed were transient pyrexia, flush reactions, apnoeic spells and one case of renal shock. Microscopic examination revealed in the four cases studied conspicuous edema of the media of the dictus. Because of the edema, the ductal wall is friable which indirectly may account for the severe lesions observed in the ductal wall. Prostaglandine E1 has a place in paediatric cardiology but in view of the observations made on the ductal wall it seems advisable to administer the drug only in a low dose and for a short duration.", "contents": "[Effects of prostaglandin in heart abnormalities with needed patency of the arterial canal (clinical and histological study)]. Eight infants with cardiac malformations that were dependent on the patency of the ductus, were treated with Prostaglandin E 1 to reverse the closure of the duct. There was clinical improvement in 7 out of the 8 infants, confirmed by improvement in oxygen saturation and/or blood gases. In four cases the opening of the duct was visualised by angiography immediately after the prostaglandin infusion. Side-effects observed were transient pyrexia, flush reactions, apnoeic spells and one case of renal shock. Microscopic examination revealed in the four cases studied conspicuous edema of the media of the dictus. Because of the edema, the ductal wall is friable which indirectly may account for the severe lesions observed in the ductal wall. Prostaglandine E1 has a place in paediatric cardiology but in view of the observations made on the ductal wall it seems advisable to administer the drug only in a low dose and for a short duration.", "PMID": 736728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2778", "title": "[Recurrent hematuria in children].", "content": "Twenty-three children with recurrent macroscopic hematuria have been observed. Six children presented with glomerular disorder with mesangial deposits of IgG and IgA (Berger's disease). The hematuria episodes occurred in the 48 hours following an infection, more often respiratory. Renal functions were not impaired. On light microscopy, glomerular lesions were minimal, or were lesions of focal and segmental glomerulonephritis. Ten children seemed to have hereditary nephritis. In 5 cases, nephritis was accompanied by deafness (Alport's syndrome). In 5, nephritis was hereditary but isolated. The electron microscopy examination of basement membranes showed lesions consistent with Alport's syndrome. In cases of hereditary nephritis without deafness, basement membranes were less impaired. In 7 children, no specific etiology was found.", "contents": "[Recurrent hematuria in children]. Twenty-three children with recurrent macroscopic hematuria have been observed. Six children presented with glomerular disorder with mesangial deposits of IgG and IgA (Berger's disease). The hematuria episodes occurred in the 48 hours following an infection, more often respiratory. Renal functions were not impaired. On light microscopy, glomerular lesions were minimal, or were lesions of focal and segmental glomerulonephritis. Ten children seemed to have hereditary nephritis. In 5 cases, nephritis was accompanied by deafness (Alport's syndrome). In 5, nephritis was hereditary but isolated. The electron microscopy examination of basement membranes showed lesions consistent with Alport's syndrome. In cases of hereditary nephritis without deafness, basement membranes were less impaired. In 7 children, no specific etiology was found.", "PMID": 736729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2779", "title": "[Melitococcal hepatic encephalopathy].", "content": "A 5 year old child with brucellosis is described who developed severe liver disease with neuropsychiatric signs and electroencephalographic changes.", "contents": "[Melitococcal hepatic encephalopathy]. A 5 year old child with brucellosis is described who developed severe liver disease with neuropsychiatric signs and electroencephalographic changes.", "PMID": 736731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2780", "title": "[Factors influencing the administration of sedatives to infants and their significance].", "content": "An epidemiological survey on 1,100 young mothers has enabled the authors to carry out a study on how frequent it is for mothers to give sedatives to their infants under one year of age and on the way it can be linked with demographical, sociological and psychological factors. The longitudinal study---until they are 3---of a small group of babies has shown that practitionners asked to prescribe sedatives or sleeping pills for babies should consider it as a risk indicator.", "contents": "[Factors influencing the administration of sedatives to infants and their significance]. An epidemiological survey on 1,100 young mothers has enabled the authors to carry out a study on how frequent it is for mothers to give sedatives to their infants under one year of age and on the way it can be linked with demographical, sociological and psychological factors. The longitudinal study---until they are 3---of a small group of babies has shown that practitionners asked to prescribe sedatives or sleeping pills for babies should consider it as a risk indicator.", "PMID": 736735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2781", "title": "[Partial trisomy 11 revealed by labeling technics].", "content": "A standard karyotype was normal in 1968, when performed in a girl with multiple malformations. The same investigation was performed 7 years later with labelling techniques. It showed a partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome no. 11. This emphasizes the interest of a second karyotype in clinically suggestive cases, if the first has been performed before labelling techniques were used.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 11 revealed by labeling technics]. A standard karyotype was normal in 1968, when performed in a girl with multiple malformations. The same investigation was performed 7 years later with labelling techniques. It showed a partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome no. 11. This emphasizes the interest of a second karyotype in clinically suggestive cases, if the first has been performed before labelling techniques were used.", "PMID": 736730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2782", "title": "[Preventive treatment with theophylline of apnea in premature infants: clinical, pharmokinetic and neurophysiological study].", "content": "Apnoea is a major problem in the neonatal paediatrics and its prevention is as important as the prevention of neonatal anoxia. The present study has three aims: 1. The strict evaluation of the results of therapy with Theophylline. 2. The determination of the pharmacokinetics of Theophylline and the establishment of the therapeutic protocol. 3. The study of the relationship between blood theophylline levels, apnoea and the states of sleep using prolonged polygraphic recordings.", "contents": "[Preventive treatment with theophylline of apnea in premature infants: clinical, pharmokinetic and neurophysiological study]. Apnoea is a major problem in the neonatal paediatrics and its prevention is as important as the prevention of neonatal anoxia. The present study has three aims: 1. The strict evaluation of the results of therapy with Theophylline. 2. The determination of the pharmacokinetics of Theophylline and the establishment of the therapeutic protocol. 3. The study of the relationship between blood theophylline levels, apnoea and the states of sleep using prolonged polygraphic recordings.", "PMID": 736736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2783", "title": "[Electrolyte balance in a case of congenital chloride diarrhea].", "content": "A case of congenital chloride diarrhoea with metabolic alkalosis is reported in a 9-year-old boy who has intractable chronic diarrhoea with large watery stools from birth. Balance studies confirm the high fecal loss of chloride and the close relationship between chloride intake and fecal losses of electrolytes.", "contents": "[Electrolyte balance in a case of congenital chloride diarrhea]. A case of congenital chloride diarrhoea with metabolic alkalosis is reported in a 9-year-old boy who has intractable chronic diarrhoea with large watery stools from birth. Balance studies confirm the high fecal loss of chloride and the close relationship between chloride intake and fecal losses of electrolytes.", "PMID": 736732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2784", "title": "Recent results of in vitro drug prediction in human tumour chemotherapy.", "content": "To assess the clinical value of the organ culture drug prediction assay in the present study we summarize the results of two randomized trials in lung carcinoma (61 patients) and ovarian carcinoma (74 patients) comparing predicted and non-predicted or no surgical adjuvant chemotherapy. No real progress could be achieved by predicted cancer chemotherapy. The reasons of the negative results of our studies are discussed.", "contents": "Recent results of in vitro drug prediction in human tumour chemotherapy. To assess the clinical value of the organ culture drug prediction assay in the present study we summarize the results of two randomized trials in lung carcinoma (61 patients) and ovarian carcinoma (74 patients) comparing predicted and non-predicted or no surgical adjuvant chemotherapy. No real progress could be achieved by predicted cancer chemotherapy. The reasons of the negative results of our studies are discussed.", "PMID": 736748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2785", "title": "Electron microscope study on the hepatic sinusoidal wall and fat-storing cells in the bat.", "content": "The three cell types known to form the hepatic sinusoidal wall were electron microscopically observed in three kinds of bats captured in winter and summer. 1. The cytoplasmic extensions of sinusoidal endothelial cells consisted of continuous thicker parts (\"cytoplasmic processes\") and discontinuous thinner parts (\"sieve plates\"). The alternate disposition of the two parts was rather irregular, and the sizes, shapes and spacings of the fenestrae were variable. In the thinner parts with numerous small fenestrae, larger gaps were also mingled. The endothelium was simple-layered and devoid of basal lamina. Interendothelial junctions were found mainly between closely apposed margins of the \"cytoplasmic processes\" and agreed in structure with the \"junctional complex\" of WISSE (1970). 2. Kupffer cells, morphologically distinct from the endothelial cells, bulged strongly into the sinusoidal lumen. Provided with many microvillous pseudopods, they were stellate in appearance. They were fixed to the endothelial lining by small junctional areas which occurred between the Kupffer cell body and the \"cytoplasmic processes\" of the endothelium. 3. Fat-storing cells were located in the Disse's space. They generally contained only smaller amounts of lipid in a few droplets. So-called empty fat-storing cells were numerous, especially in winter bats. The perikaryonal cytoplasm revealed a large Golgi complex and well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. The three mesenchymal cell types of the sinusoidal wall possessed the centriole in common within the Golgi complex, but only the fat-storing cell was provided with the single cilium. Fat-storing cells extended cytoplasmic processes ramifying beneath the endothelial lining occasionally surrounding the sinusoids almost completely, and which seemed to reinforce the endothelial lining and to bring about the constriction of the sinusoid. In hypervitaminotic bats that daily received 6,000 I.U. vitamin A for three days, remarkable increase in size and number of lipid droplets was observed in slightly hypertrophic fat-storing cells, and the empty cells disappeared simulating an increased number of fat-storing cells. Suggestion was made of an antidotal function of fat-storing cells against excess vitamin A which might be considered a toxic agent in the broad sense. 4. The Disse's space of bat liver contained plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, the latter too often being under migration through the endothelial fenestrae.", "contents": "Electron microscope study on the hepatic sinusoidal wall and fat-storing cells in the bat. The three cell types known to form the hepatic sinusoidal wall were electron microscopically observed in three kinds of bats captured in winter and summer. 1. The cytoplasmic extensions of sinusoidal endothelial cells consisted of continuous thicker parts (\"cytoplasmic processes\") and discontinuous thinner parts (\"sieve plates\"). The alternate disposition of the two parts was rather irregular, and the sizes, shapes and spacings of the fenestrae were variable. In the thinner parts with numerous small fenestrae, larger gaps were also mingled. The endothelium was simple-layered and devoid of basal lamina. Interendothelial junctions were found mainly between closely apposed margins of the \"cytoplasmic processes\" and agreed in structure with the \"junctional complex\" of WISSE (1970). 2. Kupffer cells, morphologically distinct from the endothelial cells, bulged strongly into the sinusoidal lumen. Provided with many microvillous pseudopods, they were stellate in appearance. They were fixed to the endothelial lining by small junctional areas which occurred between the Kupffer cell body and the \"cytoplasmic processes\" of the endothelium. 3. Fat-storing cells were located in the Disse's space. They generally contained only smaller amounts of lipid in a few droplets. So-called empty fat-storing cells were numerous, especially in winter bats. The perikaryonal cytoplasm revealed a large Golgi complex and well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. The three mesenchymal cell types of the sinusoidal wall possessed the centriole in common within the Golgi complex, but only the fat-storing cell was provided with the single cilium. Fat-storing cells extended cytoplasmic processes ramifying beneath the endothelial lining occasionally surrounding the sinusoids almost completely, and which seemed to reinforce the endothelial lining and to bring about the constriction of the sinusoid. In hypervitaminotic bats that daily received 6,000 I.U. vitamin A for three days, remarkable increase in size and number of lipid droplets was observed in slightly hypertrophic fat-storing cells, and the empty cells disappeared simulating an increased number of fat-storing cells. Suggestion was made of an antidotal function of fat-storing cells against excess vitamin A which might be considered a toxic agent in the broad sense. 4. The Disse's space of bat liver contained plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, the latter too often being under migration through the endothelial fenestrae.", "PMID": 736751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2786", "title": "Endocrine cells in the pyloric region of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "The endocrine cells of the pyloric region of the Japanese quail have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The quail pyloric region is a narrow circular zone (about 2 mm in width) between the gizzard and the duodenum. The endocrine cells are concentrated in this region, and they are represented by argyrophil cells. At least five types of endocrine cells are identified in this region by electron microscopy. Type I cells are characterized by having round and large granules (350--550 nm in diameter) whose contents are high to moderate in electron density. Type II cells are characterized by their round and medium-sized granules (250--350 nm) which possess a dense core and a clear halo. Type III cells are characterized by the presence of round and small-cored granules (150--250 nm). Type IV cells contain round and large granules (350--550 nm) of high to low electron density. Type V cells are identified by the occurrence of microfilaments and polymorphous granules of high electron density. All five cell types are recognized as open type cells. The type I, II and III cells are located mainly in the lower half portion of pyloric glands, and the other cell types are located only in the upper half portion of the glands. The type I and II cells are found much more frequently than other cell types. The relationships between the endocrine cells in the quail pyloric region and those of the mammalian digestive tracts were discussed.", "contents": "Endocrine cells in the pyloric region of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The endocrine cells of the pyloric region of the Japanese quail have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The quail pyloric region is a narrow circular zone (about 2 mm in width) between the gizzard and the duodenum. The endocrine cells are concentrated in this region, and they are represented by argyrophil cells. At least five types of endocrine cells are identified in this region by electron microscopy. Type I cells are characterized by having round and large granules (350--550 nm in diameter) whose contents are high to moderate in electron density. Type II cells are characterized by their round and medium-sized granules (250--350 nm) which possess a dense core and a clear halo. Type III cells are characterized by the presence of round and small-cored granules (150--250 nm). Type IV cells contain round and large granules (350--550 nm) of high to low electron density. Type V cells are identified by the occurrence of microfilaments and polymorphous granules of high electron density. All five cell types are recognized as open type cells. The type I, II and III cells are located mainly in the lower half portion of pyloric glands, and the other cell types are located only in the upper half portion of the glands. The type I and II cells are found much more frequently than other cell types. The relationships between the endocrine cells in the quail pyloric region and those of the mammalian digestive tracts were discussed.", "PMID": 736752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2787", "title": "Histological observations on some of the endocrine glands in the ironfish, with special regard to the hypophysis.", "content": "Endocrine glands of the ironfish were studied light microscopically to elucidate the relationship between the races of the genus Carassius. The rostral pars distalis of the adenohypophysis consists mainly of acidophils corresponding to prolactin cells and lead-hematoxylin positive cells corresponding to corticotrophs (ACTH cells). The prolactin cells are obviously arranged in the form of follicles. The proximal pars distalis contains orangenophils (STH cells) and two types of basophils (TSH and GTH cells). In the pars intermedia, three types of cells are identified: periodic acid Schiff positive cells, lead-hematoxylin stainable cells and orangenophils containing PAS positive coarse granules. In addition, small agranular cells are seldom demonstrated in the entire adenohypophysis. A considerable amount of aldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory material is laden in the cells of the nucleus preopticus and in the pars nervosa. The nucleus lateralis tuberis is composed of three portions: pars anterior, pars posterior, and pars lateralis. The thyroid follicles found in the pharyngeal region and head kidney show a mild state of activity. The interrenal cells intermingled with the chromaffin cells have a considerable amount of eosinophil cytoplasm. Judging from the gonadal condition, the breeding season of the ironfish may extend to the end of July.", "contents": "Histological observations on some of the endocrine glands in the ironfish, with special regard to the hypophysis. Endocrine glands of the ironfish were studied light microscopically to elucidate the relationship between the races of the genus Carassius. The rostral pars distalis of the adenohypophysis consists mainly of acidophils corresponding to prolactin cells and lead-hematoxylin positive cells corresponding to corticotrophs (ACTH cells). The prolactin cells are obviously arranged in the form of follicles. The proximal pars distalis contains orangenophils (STH cells) and two types of basophils (TSH and GTH cells). In the pars intermedia, three types of cells are identified: periodic acid Schiff positive cells, lead-hematoxylin stainable cells and orangenophils containing PAS positive coarse granules. In addition, small agranular cells are seldom demonstrated in the entire adenohypophysis. A considerable amount of aldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory material is laden in the cells of the nucleus preopticus and in the pars nervosa. The nucleus lateralis tuberis is composed of three portions: pars anterior, pars posterior, and pars lateralis. The thyroid follicles found in the pharyngeal region and head kidney show a mild state of activity. The interrenal cells intermingled with the chromaffin cells have a considerable amount of eosinophil cytoplasm. Judging from the gonadal condition, the breeding season of the ironfish may extend to the end of July.", "PMID": 736753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2788", "title": "Differences in normal structure and reaction to adjuvant between the costal and the visceral pleura.", "content": "Visceral and costal pleurae of the rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy in the normal state, after India ink injection into the pleural cavity and in pleuritis induced by intrapleurally injected adjuvant. In normal rabbits, the mesothelial cells in the visceral pleura had more numerous microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles than in the costal pleura. The surface coat on the microvilli was much thicker in the former than in the latter. Intrapleurally injected India ink particles were phagocytosed by mesothelial cells and macrophages. The phagocytotic activity was more prominent on the costal side than on the visceral side. In rabbits with adjuvant induced pleuritis, the visceral pleura, but not the costal pleura, showed mushroom-like projections on the pleural surface which were composed of a fibrin mass mixed with phagocytotic macrophages and covered by proliferative mesothelial cells. These hitherto poorly known structures, which were formed, though less conspicuously, also after India ink administration, seemed to play an important role in the initial protection of the lung against foreign body invasions from the pleural cavity. With the progress of pleuritis, the mushroom-like projections changed into patchy granulation tissues which were well localized and did not exceed the elastic layer. In the costal pleura, apparently due to a poorer protective mechanism than in the visceral pleura, granulation tissue was formed much more extensively and diffusely. No signs of transformation of mesothelial cells into fibroblasts were recognized. Fat-containing cells closely resembling the Ito cells in the liver occurred in the submesothelial and subpleural layers of the visceral pleura.", "contents": "Differences in normal structure and reaction to adjuvant between the costal and the visceral pleura. Visceral and costal pleurae of the rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy in the normal state, after India ink injection into the pleural cavity and in pleuritis induced by intrapleurally injected adjuvant. In normal rabbits, the mesothelial cells in the visceral pleura had more numerous microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles than in the costal pleura. The surface coat on the microvilli was much thicker in the former than in the latter. Intrapleurally injected India ink particles were phagocytosed by mesothelial cells and macrophages. The phagocytotic activity was more prominent on the costal side than on the visceral side. In rabbits with adjuvant induced pleuritis, the visceral pleura, but not the costal pleura, showed mushroom-like projections on the pleural surface which were composed of a fibrin mass mixed with phagocytotic macrophages and covered by proliferative mesothelial cells. These hitherto poorly known structures, which were formed, though less conspicuously, also after India ink administration, seemed to play an important role in the initial protection of the lung against foreign body invasions from the pleural cavity. With the progress of pleuritis, the mushroom-like projections changed into patchy granulation tissues which were well localized and did not exceed the elastic layer. In the costal pleura, apparently due to a poorer protective mechanism than in the visceral pleura, granulation tissue was formed much more extensively and diffusely. No signs of transformation of mesothelial cells into fibroblasts were recognized. Fat-containing cells closely resembling the Ito cells in the liver occurred in the submesothelial and subpleural layers of the visceral pleura.", "PMID": 736754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2789", "title": "Taste buds in the vallate papillae of the rat studied with freeze-fracture preparation.", "content": "The taste bud of the vallate papillae of the rat has been examined in the electron microscope by using the freeze-fracture technique. Tight junctions as a junctional complex are located at the taste pore, and form a seal between the oral environment and the taste buds. Tight junctions are not only within the taste buds, but also are demonstrated in the granular cell layers of the surrounding lingual epithelium. The present finding suggests that tight junctions of the taste pore link with those of the lingual epithelium. Desmosomes are observed in the buds, but they are smaller in size than in the surrounding lingual epithelium. Besides these junctions, within the buds, gap junctions containing particle-free zones are demonstrated which are called a subcompartment type.", "contents": "Taste buds in the vallate papillae of the rat studied with freeze-fracture preparation. The taste bud of the vallate papillae of the rat has been examined in the electron microscope by using the freeze-fracture technique. Tight junctions as a junctional complex are located at the taste pore, and form a seal between the oral environment and the taste buds. Tight junctions are not only within the taste buds, but also are demonstrated in the granular cell layers of the surrounding lingual epithelium. The present finding suggests that tight junctions of the taste pore link with those of the lingual epithelium. Desmosomes are observed in the buds, but they are smaller in size than in the surrounding lingual epithelium. Besides these junctions, within the buds, gap junctions containing particle-free zones are demonstrated which are called a subcompartment type.", "PMID": 736755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2790", "title": "The training of coordination.", "content": "The training of coordination is generally considered a volitional activity, during which, by trial and perception of results, an individual selects the muscular activity resulting in the desired performance. This concept of volitionally directed complex coordination of multiple muscles with speed, skill, and strength does not stand the test of thorough evaluation. Attention is limited to 1 activity at a time, with the ability to shift attention not more frequently than 3 times per second. Only under special conditions can activity be limited to specific muscles during an untrained contraction without cocontraction of other muscles. However, with repeated practice of the desired activity, a pattern of performance is developed which can be carried out rapidly and forcefully without activation of other muscles. At that time, the consciousness is no longer directing the components of the activity but merely starting, maintaining, and stopping the performance. The development of these patterns, or engrams, by practice develops the capacity to automatically inhibit muscles that do not contribute to the performance of the desired pattern. The capacity for inhibition results in coordinated activation of the muscles contributing to the performance desired. Investigation of the development of coordination in many types of normal activities, as well as in neuromuscularly impaired patients, shows that engrams develop progressively by slow, precise practice of simple patterns, combined as they develop into more and more complex patterns, until the final skill is attained.", "contents": "The training of coordination. The training of coordination is generally considered a volitional activity, during which, by trial and perception of results, an individual selects the muscular activity resulting in the desired performance. This concept of volitionally directed complex coordination of multiple muscles with speed, skill, and strength does not stand the test of thorough evaluation. Attention is limited to 1 activity at a time, with the ability to shift attention not more frequently than 3 times per second. Only under special conditions can activity be limited to specific muscles during an untrained contraction without cocontraction of other muscles. However, with repeated practice of the desired activity, a pattern of performance is developed which can be carried out rapidly and forcefully without activation of other muscles. At that time, the consciousness is no longer directing the components of the activity but merely starting, maintaining, and stopping the performance. The development of these patterns, or engrams, by practice develops the capacity to automatically inhibit muscles that do not contribute to the performance of the desired pattern. The capacity for inhibition results in coordinated activation of the muscles contributing to the performance desired. Investigation of the development of coordination in many types of normal activities, as well as in neuromuscularly impaired patients, shows that engrams develop progressively by slow, precise practice of simple patterns, combined as they develop into more and more complex patterns, until the final skill is attained.", "PMID": 736762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2791", "title": "Significant events in the rehabilitation process: the spinal cord patient's point of view.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate significant events in the hospital phase of rehabilitation. Ten patients with high-level spinal cord injuries were studied 5 days a week for the entire length of their hospital stays (mean stay--109 days). Methods of identifying significant events through tape-recorded, daily logs were developed and found reliable at a level of 0.08 or higher. These events, with a net of days surrounding them, were grouped into categories, and evaluated against a control group of days--in which no significant events were identified. Four measures of depressive affect were evaluated: (1) a self report measure, (2) ratings by the hospital staff, (3) behavioral measure of verbal output, and (4) an endocrine measure, the 24-hour output of urinary tryptamine. Seventy-three percent of reactions on the dependent measures of depressive-elative affect were in the direction predicted by patient evaluations. Significant events were rank ordered according to their average rank on the 4 measures of depressive affect. There are advantages to a longitudinal, multimeasure approach to the rehabilitation career of chronically ill or injured patients.", "contents": "Significant events in the rehabilitation process: the spinal cord patient's point of view. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate significant events in the hospital phase of rehabilitation. Ten patients with high-level spinal cord injuries were studied 5 days a week for the entire length of their hospital stays (mean stay--109 days). Methods of identifying significant events through tape-recorded, daily logs were developed and found reliable at a level of 0.08 or higher. These events, with a net of days surrounding them, were grouped into categories, and evaluated against a control group of days--in which no significant events were identified. Four measures of depressive affect were evaluated: (1) a self report measure, (2) ratings by the hospital staff, (3) behavioral measure of verbal output, and (4) an endocrine measure, the 24-hour output of urinary tryptamine. Seventy-three percent of reactions on the dependent measures of depressive-elative affect were in the direction predicted by patient evaluations. Significant events were rank ordered according to their average rank on the 4 measures of depressive affect. There are advantages to a longitudinal, multimeasure approach to the rehabilitation career of chronically ill or injured patients.", "PMID": 736763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2792", "title": "Hemiplegic spasticity: neurophysiologic studies.", "content": "The excitability of segmental reflex pathways in normal subjects and in patients with hemiplegia has been examined by conditioning the monosynaptic H reflex with a 200 msec burst of vibration applied to the tendo Achilles. In 6 normal subjects, the burst of vibration produced a short-latency facilitation of soleus motoneurons (attributed to monosynaptic excitation) which was followed by a longer-latency inhibition. A similar response was observed in 8 patients with hemiplegia, but the late inhibition was significantly less. The loss of an inhibitory mechanism may contribute to the exaggerated reflexes observed in patients with hemiplegia.", "contents": "Hemiplegic spasticity: neurophysiologic studies. The excitability of segmental reflex pathways in normal subjects and in patients with hemiplegia has been examined by conditioning the monosynaptic H reflex with a 200 msec burst of vibration applied to the tendo Achilles. In 6 normal subjects, the burst of vibration produced a short-latency facilitation of soleus motoneurons (attributed to monosynaptic excitation) which was followed by a longer-latency inhibition. A similar response was observed in 8 patients with hemiplegia, but the late inhibition was significantly less. The loss of an inhibitory mechanism may contribute to the exaggerated reflexes observed in patients with hemiplegia.", "PMID": 736764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2793", "title": "[Brain atrophy in chronic alcoholism. Clinical and computer tomographic study].", "content": "Fifty chronic alcoholics (37 men and 13 women, ages 26--55, mean age 39.9 years) with different clinical syndromes (alcoholic psychosis, alcoholic encephalopathies) were studied by computerized cranial tomography. Cerebral atrophy was detected in 96% of all cases. Combined cortical and subcortical signs were encountered in almost all cases. Cortical atrophy seemed to be detectable more easily by CT than by pneumencephalography. The computerized tomographic findings were studied in their relations to age, sex, duration of abuse, clinical syndromes, frequency of relapse (and seizures, too), etc. Cerebral atrophy was correlated primarily with the subjects' age and the duration, and less with the intensity of alcoholism. The most distinct changes were found in delirium syndromes and, in cases with relapse of psychosis, especially in combination with seizures. Wernicke-Korsakow encephalopathies showed the widest third ventricles when combined with repeated syndromes of withdrawal in their case histories. Computerized tomographic examinations of ten patients during acute psychosis as well as 4 weeks later showed identical findings; transitory changes, e.g., cerebral edema, were not detected. Computerized cranial tomography appears to be extremely useful to study the numerous open questions concerning the pathogenetic role of age, duration, and severity of abuse with cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "[Brain atrophy in chronic alcoholism. Clinical and computer tomographic study]. Fifty chronic alcoholics (37 men and 13 women, ages 26--55, mean age 39.9 years) with different clinical syndromes (alcoholic psychosis, alcoholic encephalopathies) were studied by computerized cranial tomography. Cerebral atrophy was detected in 96% of all cases. Combined cortical and subcortical signs were encountered in almost all cases. Cortical atrophy seemed to be detectable more easily by CT than by pneumencephalography. The computerized tomographic findings were studied in their relations to age, sex, duration of abuse, clinical syndromes, frequency of relapse (and seizures, too), etc. Cerebral atrophy was correlated primarily with the subjects' age and the duration, and less with the intensity of alcoholism. The most distinct changes were found in delirium syndromes and, in cases with relapse of psychosis, especially in combination with seizures. Wernicke-Korsakow encephalopathies showed the widest third ventricles when combined with repeated syndromes of withdrawal in their case histories. Computerized tomographic examinations of ten patients during acute psychosis as well as 4 weeks later showed identical findings; transitory changes, e.g., cerebral edema, were not detected. Computerized cranial tomography appears to be extremely useful to study the numerous open questions concerning the pathogenetic role of age, duration, and severity of abuse with cerebral atrophy.", "PMID": 736766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2794", "title": "[Idiopathic blepharospasm. Clinical and electrophysiological investigations in 27 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic blepharospasm is reexamined and the differential diagnosis discussed on the basis of the signs and symptoms of 27 unpublished cases. As in tardive dyskinesia, middle-aged and elderly women are mostly affected. Contrary to general opinion, spontaneous improvement occurred in about one-fifth of the patients. The habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflexes (investigated electromyographically) was diminished in 52% of the patients. These and other symptoms indicate an organic cerebral lesion as the main cause of the disease. Similarities existing between blepharospasm and torticollis spasticus are discussed.", "contents": "[Idiopathic blepharospasm. Clinical and electrophysiological investigations in 27 patients (author's transl)]. Idiopathic blepharospasm is reexamined and the differential diagnosis discussed on the basis of the signs and symptoms of 27 unpublished cases. As in tardive dyskinesia, middle-aged and elderly women are mostly affected. Contrary to general opinion, spontaneous improvement occurred in about one-fifth of the patients. The habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflexes (investigated electromyographically) was diminished in 52% of the patients. These and other symptoms indicate an organic cerebral lesion as the main cause of the disease. Similarities existing between blepharospasm and torticollis spasticus are discussed.", "PMID": 736767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2795", "title": "[Investigation of the suitability of efficiency tests in evaluating endogenous depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Self-evaluation procedures are usually used to assess the severity of endogenous depression. In this respect, efficiency tests have hitherto been scarcely considered. A literary survey and our own empirical investigations suggest that self-evaluation procedures should mainly be used in mild and moderate endogenous depressions, and that these procedures give false results in severe and very severe depressions. Efficiency procedures seem not to differentiate well between 'normality' and 'mild depression,' but they become more reliable and valid for depressions of increasing severity. Self-evaluation and efficiency procedures should therefore not be substituted for each other; they should complement each other.", "contents": "[Investigation of the suitability of efficiency tests in evaluating endogenous depression (author's transl)]. Self-evaluation procedures are usually used to assess the severity of endogenous depression. In this respect, efficiency tests have hitherto been scarcely considered. A literary survey and our own empirical investigations suggest that self-evaluation procedures should mainly be used in mild and moderate endogenous depressions, and that these procedures give false results in severe and very severe depressions. Efficiency procedures seem not to differentiate well between 'normality' and 'mild depression,' but they become more reliable and valid for depressions of increasing severity. Self-evaluation and efficiency procedures should therefore not be substituted for each other; they should complement each other.", "PMID": 736768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2796", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. A ten-year experience.", "content": "The experience with proved pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Portland, Ore, for 1965 through 1975 is compared with the decade 1955 through 1965. Little difference is found in time of diagnosis, incidence of resection vs bypass or laparotomy, types of resection, and overall survival. However, operative mortality improved and survival after total pancreatectomy improved from seven to 23 months. Whipple resections leave residual pancreatic tumor in one third of patients. Combining fluorouracil and radiotherapy significantly increases survival after palliative bypass (15 months vs 7.4 months, P less than .02). Based on low operative mortality, improved survival, and avoidance or residual tumor, use of total pancreatectomy as the resection of choice is recommended.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. A ten-year experience. The experience with proved pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Portland, Ore, for 1965 through 1975 is compared with the decade 1955 through 1965. Little difference is found in time of diagnosis, incidence of resection vs bypass or laparotomy, types of resection, and overall survival. However, operative mortality improved and survival after total pancreatectomy improved from seven to 23 months. Whipple resections leave residual pancreatic tumor in one third of patients. Combining fluorouracil and radiotherapy significantly increases survival after palliative bypass (15 months vs 7.4 months, P less than .02). Based on low operative mortality, improved survival, and avoidance or residual tumor, use of total pancreatectomy as the resection of choice is recommended.", "PMID": 736771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2797", "title": "Silent perforations of the stomach and duodenum by needles.", "content": "We present a series of ten patients consecutively admitted to the hospital after swallowing 12 household sewing needles. Ten of these needles, one in each patient, had perforated either the stomach or the duodenum, but in no case did the perforation cause any abdominal symptoms or signs. Immediately after arrival in the emergency ward, the diagnosis was made in most cases by means of a diatrizoate meglumine swallow, which showed the tip of the needle protruding outside the gastrointestinal tract. In the first few cases, the diagnosis was made by finding the needle in the same position after repeated plain abdominal roentgenograms. This method, however, served to delay the diagnosis of perforation. All patients were operated on immediately after the diagnosis of perforation was made, except for two who had an additional ingested needle. Operation was delayed in these patients until the second needle was spontaneously eliminated. Perforation was confirmed by operation in all cases in the present series, the operative extraction of the needle was simple, and recovery was uneventful. The fact that patients may remain asymptomatic despite perforation of their stomach or duodenum by sharp, fine foreign bodies is no cause for procrastination of surgery, as severe complications may subsequently result.", "contents": "Silent perforations of the stomach and duodenum by needles. We present a series of ten patients consecutively admitted to the hospital after swallowing 12 household sewing needles. Ten of these needles, one in each patient, had perforated either the stomach or the duodenum, but in no case did the perforation cause any abdominal symptoms or signs. Immediately after arrival in the emergency ward, the diagnosis was made in most cases by means of a diatrizoate meglumine swallow, which showed the tip of the needle protruding outside the gastrointestinal tract. In the first few cases, the diagnosis was made by finding the needle in the same position after repeated plain abdominal roentgenograms. This method, however, served to delay the diagnosis of perforation. All patients were operated on immediately after the diagnosis of perforation was made, except for two who had an additional ingested needle. Operation was delayed in these patients until the second needle was spontaneously eliminated. Perforation was confirmed by operation in all cases in the present series, the operative extraction of the needle was simple, and recovery was uneventful. The fact that patients may remain asymptomatic despite perforation of their stomach or duodenum by sharp, fine foreign bodies is no cause for procrastination of surgery, as severe complications may subsequently result.", "PMID": 736772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2798", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock with and without acute renal failure.", "content": "Hemodynamic response to dopamine hydrochloride in septic shock with myocardial dysfunction was studied in ten patients with normal renal function (group 1) and in ten patients with acute renal failure (group 2). The control hemodynamic data were similar in the two groups. Dopamine in groups 1 and 2 induced significant (P less than .01) and similar increases in cardiac index and mean aortic pressure. Group 1 had a smaller increase in heart rate (+ 16%), than group 2 (+ 24%), but this difference was not significant. Stroke volume index had a significant increase in group 1 (+ 18%), whereas it did not increase significantly in group 2 (+ 4%); this difference of changes in stroke volume index between the two groups was significant (P less than .01). This phenomenon suggests an increased chronotropic effect and/or a reduced inotropic effect of dopamine in patients with septic shock and acute renal failure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock with and without acute renal failure. Hemodynamic response to dopamine hydrochloride in septic shock with myocardial dysfunction was studied in ten patients with normal renal function (group 1) and in ten patients with acute renal failure (group 2). The control hemodynamic data were similar in the two groups. Dopamine in groups 1 and 2 induced significant (P less than .01) and similar increases in cardiac index and mean aortic pressure. Group 1 had a smaller increase in heart rate (+ 16%), than group 2 (+ 24%), but this difference was not significant. Stroke volume index had a significant increase in group 1 (+ 18%), whereas it did not increase significantly in group 2 (+ 4%); this difference of changes in stroke volume index between the two groups was significant (P less than .01). This phenomenon suggests an increased chronotropic effect and/or a reduced inotropic effect of dopamine in patients with septic shock and acute renal failure.", "PMID": 736773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2799", "title": "Indications, management, and complications of percutaneous subclavian catheters. An audit.", "content": "A retrospective outcome-oriented audit was conducted to determine the complications associated with percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian catheters in a university hospital. The study is unique since patients having these catheters were not under the care of a select group of physicians and the patients were not restricted to a special nursing unit. One hundred and seventeen catheters were placed in 68 patients. Seventeen types of complications were audited. There were 13 complications (11%) identified as follows: pneumothorax, seven; subcutaneous emphysema, one; subclavian artery hematoma, one; pleural effusion, one; improper position, two; and sepsis, one. No mortality was associated with catheter placement. Pattern analysis suggested physician inexperience as an important cause of complications. The difficulties of establishing a retrospective audit based on documentation errors and omissions are discussed.", "contents": "Indications, management, and complications of percutaneous subclavian catheters. An audit. A retrospective outcome-oriented audit was conducted to determine the complications associated with percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian catheters in a university hospital. The study is unique since patients having these catheters were not under the care of a select group of physicians and the patients were not restricted to a special nursing unit. One hundred and seventeen catheters were placed in 68 patients. Seventeen types of complications were audited. There were 13 complications (11%) identified as follows: pneumothorax, seven; subcutaneous emphysema, one; subclavian artery hematoma, one; pleural effusion, one; improper position, two; and sepsis, one. No mortality was associated with catheter placement. Pattern analysis suggested physician inexperience as an important cause of complications. The difficulties of establishing a retrospective audit based on documentation errors and omissions are discussed.", "PMID": 736774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2800", "title": "Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Platelet aggregation during induction of anesthesia and following heparinization of patients.", "content": "Measurements of platelet count and platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine were made before and after administration of preanesthetic medications and at intervals during induction of anesthesia, before and after thoractomy, and before and after systemic heparinization in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operations. Substantial decreases in circulating platelet count occurred only after induction of anesthesia and following thoracotomy. There was no notable change in the percent of platelets involved in aggregation over the period studied, but the reactivity of platelets was increased after induction of anesthesia and after thoracotomy.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Platelet aggregation during induction of anesthesia and following heparinization of patients. Measurements of platelet count and platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine were made before and after administration of preanesthetic medications and at intervals during induction of anesthesia, before and after thoractomy, and before and after systemic heparinization in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operations. Substantial decreases in circulating platelet count occurred only after induction of anesthesia and following thoracotomy. There was no notable change in the percent of platelets involved in aggregation over the period studied, but the reactivity of platelets was increased after induction of anesthesia and after thoracotomy.", "PMID": 736775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2801", "title": "Pectus excavatum repair using autologous perichondrium for sternal support.", "content": "The support of the lower sternum following repair of pectus excavatum using autologous perichondrium from the lower costal cartilages to supplement the standard Ravitch's repair has been used effectively in 29 children during the past 14 years. This technique helps prevent recurrent sternal depression, particularly when the operation is performed in preadolescent children. Most adolescents and adults with pectus deformities as well as patients requiring reoperation will benefit from an internal prosthesis for the sternum that supplements the perichondrial support to reduce the frequency of subsequent sternal depression. Using the described operative technique, an excellent cosmetic and functional result was obtained in 27 children. Recurrent sternal depression of mild degree that occurred in two patients in the first four months postoperatively was related to trauma and possibly to decreased vascular supply to the lower sternum but neither required additional therapy. The internal mammary vessels should be preserved with the lower sternum whenever feasible.", "contents": "Pectus excavatum repair using autologous perichondrium for sternal support. The support of the lower sternum following repair of pectus excavatum using autologous perichondrium from the lower costal cartilages to supplement the standard Ravitch's repair has been used effectively in 29 children during the past 14 years. This technique helps prevent recurrent sternal depression, particularly when the operation is performed in preadolescent children. Most adolescents and adults with pectus deformities as well as patients requiring reoperation will benefit from an internal prosthesis for the sternum that supplements the perichondrial support to reduce the frequency of subsequent sternal depression. Using the described operative technique, an excellent cosmetic and functional result was obtained in 27 children. Recurrent sternal depression of mild degree that occurred in two patients in the first four months postoperatively was related to trauma and possibly to decreased vascular supply to the lower sternum but neither required additional therapy. The internal mammary vessels should be preserved with the lower sternum whenever feasible.", "PMID": 736776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2802", "title": "Tolerance of the human liver to prolonged normothermic ischemia. A biological study of 20 patients submitted to extensive hepatectomy.", "content": "To evaluate the biological tolerance of the human liver to prolonged warm ischemia, two groups of extensive hepatic resection for tumor were compared. Group 1 (11 patients) performed with short hepatic inflow occlusion (7 [mean] +/- 2 [SEM] minutes), and group 2 (nine patients) operated with use of complete hepatic vascular exclusion and prolonged warm liver ischemia (38 [mean] +/- 5 [SEM] minutes). Comparison of biological values, such as transaminase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen levels, the platelet count, prothrombin complex, and proaccelerin level, did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups. Therefore, the hepatic warm ischemia period may be, if needed, safely extended beyond the classical 15 minutes. It lasted 65 minutes in one case without adverse effect. These clinical observations parallel recent experimental work and should destroy the myth of the high sensitivity of the liver to warm ischemia.", "contents": "Tolerance of the human liver to prolonged normothermic ischemia. A biological study of 20 patients submitted to extensive hepatectomy. To evaluate the biological tolerance of the human liver to prolonged warm ischemia, two groups of extensive hepatic resection for tumor were compared. Group 1 (11 patients) performed with short hepatic inflow occlusion (7 [mean] +/- 2 [SEM] minutes), and group 2 (nine patients) operated with use of complete hepatic vascular exclusion and prolonged warm liver ischemia (38 [mean] +/- 5 [SEM] minutes). Comparison of biological values, such as transaminase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen levels, the platelet count, prothrombin complex, and proaccelerin level, did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups. Therefore, the hepatic warm ischemia period may be, if needed, safely extended beyond the classical 15 minutes. It lasted 65 minutes in one case without adverse effect. These clinical observations parallel recent experimental work and should destroy the myth of the high sensitivity of the liver to warm ischemia.", "PMID": 736777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2803", "title": "Congenital hepatic duct obstruction with perforate diaphragms.", "content": "A patient had obstruction of the right and left hepatic ducts secondary to perforate diaphragms at the junction with the common hepatic duct. Transhepatic cholangiograms of both the right and left lobes were required to define the presence of diaphragms at the junctions of right, left, and common hepatic ducts. Excision of the diaphragms relieved the obstruction. A distinction should be made between congenital nonobstructive and congenital obstructive cystic dilation of intrahepatic biliary radicals.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic duct obstruction with perforate diaphragms. A patient had obstruction of the right and left hepatic ducts secondary to perforate diaphragms at the junction with the common hepatic duct. Transhepatic cholangiograms of both the right and left lobes were required to define the presence of diaphragms at the junctions of right, left, and common hepatic ducts. Excision of the diaphragms relieved the obstruction. A distinction should be made between congenital nonobstructive and congenital obstructive cystic dilation of intrahepatic biliary radicals.", "PMID": 736778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2804", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Ultrasonographic diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Until changes of ureteric or vascular compromise are noted, retroperitoneal fibrosis usually goes unnoticed. When symptomatic retroperitoneal fibrosis has been associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, ureteral involvement has uniformly been present. Three cases demonstrate a new ultrasonographic picture that can aid in early identification of retroperitoneal fibrosis before complications are manifest. In patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms, routine sonography may identify unsuspected retroperitoneal fibrosis, a factor that may be important in preoperative planning for safe surgical intervention.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Ultrasonographic diagnosis and treatment. Until changes of ureteric or vascular compromise are noted, retroperitoneal fibrosis usually goes unnoticed. When symptomatic retroperitoneal fibrosis has been associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, ureteral involvement has uniformly been present. Three cases demonstrate a new ultrasonographic picture that can aid in early identification of retroperitoneal fibrosis before complications are manifest. In patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms, routine sonography may identify unsuspected retroperitoneal fibrosis, a factor that may be important in preoperative planning for safe surgical intervention.", "PMID": 736779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2805", "title": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Ultrasonic appearance.", "content": "Acute acalculos cholecystitis can be associated with severe electrical burns. Ultrasound can have a role in the evaluation of this problem.", "contents": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Ultrasonic appearance. Acute acalculos cholecystitis can be associated with severe electrical burns. Ultrasound can have a role in the evaluation of this problem.", "PMID": 736780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2806", "title": "Nitroprusside prevents adverse hemodynamic effects of vasopressin.", "content": "The influence of vasopressin and sodium nitroprusside on liver circulation was investigated in 18 dogs. Cardiac output was determined by the thermal dilution technique using a Swan-Ganz catheter. Hepatic artery and portal vein flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters. The infusion of vasopressin (0.01 unit/kg/min) caused a 13% increase in mean arterial pressure, a 38% decrease in cardiac output, a 57% decrease in portal blood flow, and a 35% decrease in portal pressure. Hepatic artery blood flow initially decreased, then increased, and eventually exceeded the baseline value by 25%. The addition of sodium nitroprusside infusion (10 microgram/kg/min) returned the mean arterial pressure to baseline value and increased cardiac output to 83% of baseline value. Portal blood flow remained unchanged, even though an additional decrease in portal pressure of 11% and a further increase in hepatic artery blood flow of 45% were observed. Nitroprusside minimizes the undesirable effects of vasopressin and augments the desirable ones in normal dogs. The combination of these drugs may be more beneficial to patients with esophageal and gastrointestinal bleeding than vasopressin alone.", "contents": "Nitroprusside prevents adverse hemodynamic effects of vasopressin. The influence of vasopressin and sodium nitroprusside on liver circulation was investigated in 18 dogs. Cardiac output was determined by the thermal dilution technique using a Swan-Ganz catheter. Hepatic artery and portal vein flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters. The infusion of vasopressin (0.01 unit/kg/min) caused a 13% increase in mean arterial pressure, a 38% decrease in cardiac output, a 57% decrease in portal blood flow, and a 35% decrease in portal pressure. Hepatic artery blood flow initially decreased, then increased, and eventually exceeded the baseline value by 25%. The addition of sodium nitroprusside infusion (10 microgram/kg/min) returned the mean arterial pressure to baseline value and increased cardiac output to 83% of baseline value. Portal blood flow remained unchanged, even though an additional decrease in portal pressure of 11% and a further increase in hepatic artery blood flow of 45% were observed. Nitroprusside minimizes the undesirable effects of vasopressin and augments the desirable ones in normal dogs. The combination of these drugs may be more beneficial to patients with esophageal and gastrointestinal bleeding than vasopressin alone.", "PMID": 736781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2807", "title": "All pustular nodules are not bacterial.", "content": "A case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was thought to represent bacterial pyoderma. Lack of recognition led to excessive costs and a delay in the institution of specific therapy. The differential and an approach to diagnosis of pus-containing nodules are discussed.", "contents": "All pustular nodules are not bacterial. A case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was thought to represent bacterial pyoderma. Lack of recognition led to excessive costs and a delay in the institution of specific therapy. The differential and an approach to diagnosis of pus-containing nodules are discussed.", "PMID": 736782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2808", "title": "Effect of dietary lead on placental blood flow and on fetal uptake of alpha-amino isobutyrate.", "content": "Large amounts of lead administered to pregnant mice can prevent implantation, cause embryonic death or retarded growth. Placental blood supply measured by injected radioactive microspheres is of the order of 23% of the cardiac output for a litter of eight mice on day 18 of pregnancy. In lead-treated animals, not only placental blood flow per embryo but also that per embryo weight is reduced. On the other hand, uptake of a non metabolizable amino acid, alpha amino isobutyrate is not altered by lead treatment. It is noteworthy that about 40% of this amino acid go to the embryo during pregnancy. In view of the normal substrate uptake at a reduced bloodflow it remains undecided whether an insufficient supply by the placenta or a reduction in hem synthesis described earlier is the factor responsible for the retardation in fetal growth.", "contents": "Effect of dietary lead on placental blood flow and on fetal uptake of alpha-amino isobutyrate. Large amounts of lead administered to pregnant mice can prevent implantation, cause embryonic death or retarded growth. Placental blood supply measured by injected radioactive microspheres is of the order of 23% of the cardiac output for a litter of eight mice on day 18 of pregnancy. In lead-treated animals, not only placental blood flow per embryo but also that per embryo weight is reduced. On the other hand, uptake of a non metabolizable amino acid, alpha amino isobutyrate is not altered by lead treatment. It is noteworthy that about 40% of this amino acid go to the embryo during pregnancy. In view of the normal substrate uptake at a reduced bloodflow it remains undecided whether an insufficient supply by the placenta or a reduction in hem synthesis described earlier is the factor responsible for the retardation in fetal growth.", "PMID": 736787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2809", "title": "Analysis of chromosomes of workers exposed to acrylonitrile.", "content": "Examination of 18 workers who had been exposed to acrylonitrile for 15.3 years on average and 18 workers who had not been exposed to acrylonitrile showed no difference in the incidence of chromosome aberrations; for each person concerned 100 metaphases were evaluated.", "contents": "Analysis of chromosomes of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. Examination of 18 workers who had been exposed to acrylonitrile for 15.3 years on average and 18 workers who had not been exposed to acrylonitrile showed no difference in the incidence of chromosome aberrations; for each person concerned 100 metaphases were evaluated.", "PMID": 736788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2810", "title": "Role of liver glutathione in 1,1-dichloroethylene metabolism and hepatotoxicity in intact rats and isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The liver glutathione content was measured after oral administration of 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride = VDC; dissolved in olive oil) and its significance for the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of VDC was investigated. After treatment with 1000 mg/kg VDC p.o., glutathione decreased to 33% of the control values within 4 h but returned to the control level after 24 h. An identical fall in glutathione after VDC administration was found to occur in animals which had been fasted for 18 h. In these animals the baseline values of glutathione were lowered by 21%. The depletion of glutathione was dependent on the dosage of VDC. The conversion rate of VDC by the isolated perfused livers was 7.64 mumoles/g liver after 3 h-perfusion, if 5000 ppm of VDC were supplied in the gas phase. Lowering the glutathione content to 15% of the normal value (by diethylmaleate, 25 mumoles added directly to the perfusate) resulted in a reduction of VDC conversion by 18%. Furthermore the viability (with the lactate/pyruvate ratio serving as the parameter) of the liver was distinctly depresesd. No effect on viability nor on metabolization rate was noted when perfusing the livers of 18-h fasted animals. The concentrations of the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in the perfusate failed to show an increase. These findings indicate that there is no correlation between the liver glutathione level and the increased lethality of VDC in fasted rats.", "contents": "Role of liver glutathione in 1,1-dichloroethylene metabolism and hepatotoxicity in intact rats and isolated perfused rat liver. The liver glutathione content was measured after oral administration of 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride = VDC; dissolved in olive oil) and its significance for the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of VDC was investigated. After treatment with 1000 mg/kg VDC p.o., glutathione decreased to 33% of the control values within 4 h but returned to the control level after 24 h. An identical fall in glutathione after VDC administration was found to occur in animals which had been fasted for 18 h. In these animals the baseline values of glutathione were lowered by 21%. The depletion of glutathione was dependent on the dosage of VDC. The conversion rate of VDC by the isolated perfused livers was 7.64 mumoles/g liver after 3 h-perfusion, if 5000 ppm of VDC were supplied in the gas phase. Lowering the glutathione content to 15% of the normal value (by diethylmaleate, 25 mumoles added directly to the perfusate) resulted in a reduction of VDC conversion by 18%. Furthermore the viability (with the lactate/pyruvate ratio serving as the parameter) of the liver was distinctly depresesd. No effect on viability nor on metabolization rate was noted when perfusing the livers of 18-h fasted animals. The concentrations of the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in the perfusate failed to show an increase. These findings indicate that there is no correlation between the liver glutathione level and the increased lethality of VDC in fasted rats.", "PMID": 736789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2811", "title": "Biochemical and toxicological effects of short-term, intermittent xylene inhalation exposure and combined ethanol intake.", "content": "Intermittent inhalation of 300 ppm of xylene vapour 6 h daily for 2 weeks caused a marked accumulation of the solvent in the perirenal fat. Simultaneous ethanol ingestion reduced the solvent load significantly although the perirenal xylene concentration increased in both test groups between the first and second week of exposure. Xylene inhalation enhanced hepatic and renal ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase activity about 1.5-fold. The combination of inhaled xylene and peroral ethanol showed a markedly potentiated effect on microsomal ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase activity especially in the kidneys. The enhanced monooxygenase activity was compatible with the decreased body solvent burden. Therefore, simultaneous ethanol intake might significantly modify the toxicological hazard in xylene exposure. Slightly increased proteolysis was detected in brain of animals in the xylene-ethanol experiment after the second week. Brain RNA content decreased after 2 weeks of exposure in the ethanol consuming animals. Xylene inhalation enhanced cerebral DT-diaphorase activity in both groups after 2 weeks of exposure. Ethanol intake also potentiated the behavioural effects caused by the solvent inhalation.", "contents": "Biochemical and toxicological effects of short-term, intermittent xylene inhalation exposure and combined ethanol intake. Intermittent inhalation of 300 ppm of xylene vapour 6 h daily for 2 weeks caused a marked accumulation of the solvent in the perirenal fat. Simultaneous ethanol ingestion reduced the solvent load significantly although the perirenal xylene concentration increased in both test groups between the first and second week of exposure. Xylene inhalation enhanced hepatic and renal ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase activity about 1.5-fold. The combination of inhaled xylene and peroral ethanol showed a markedly potentiated effect on microsomal ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase activity especially in the kidneys. The enhanced monooxygenase activity was compatible with the decreased body solvent burden. Therefore, simultaneous ethanol intake might significantly modify the toxicological hazard in xylene exposure. Slightly increased proteolysis was detected in brain of animals in the xylene-ethanol experiment after the second week. Brain RNA content decreased after 2 weeks of exposure in the ethanol consuming animals. Xylene inhalation enhanced cerebral DT-diaphorase activity in both groups after 2 weeks of exposure. Ethanol intake also potentiated the behavioural effects caused by the solvent inhalation.", "PMID": 736790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2812", "title": "Acetaldehyde level in the blood and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in trichloroethylene-treated rats.", "content": "The liver NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) activity and the acetaldehyde level in the blood during ethanol metabolism after trichloroethylene (trichlene) exposure were studied in rats. Trichlene inhalation caused large elevations in acetaldehyde levels during ethanol metabolism and caused decreases in the activity of the AldDH with a low Km value in mitochondrial and soluble fractions of liver cells. No significant effects were found in the activity of the high Km-enzyme in mitochondrial, soluble and microsomal fractions. Time course of inhibition of the mitochondrial low Km-enzyme and that of elevations in acetaldehyde levels during ethanol metabolism after trichlene exposure were similar. These findings suggest that acetaldehyde formed from ethanol in vivo is oxidized primarily by the mitochondrial low Km-enzyme.", "contents": "Acetaldehyde level in the blood and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in trichloroethylene-treated rats. The liver NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) activity and the acetaldehyde level in the blood during ethanol metabolism after trichloroethylene (trichlene) exposure were studied in rats. Trichlene inhalation caused large elevations in acetaldehyde levels during ethanol metabolism and caused decreases in the activity of the AldDH with a low Km value in mitochondrial and soluble fractions of liver cells. No significant effects were found in the activity of the high Km-enzyme in mitochondrial, soluble and microsomal fractions. Time course of inhibition of the mitochondrial low Km-enzyme and that of elevations in acetaldehyde levels during ethanol metabolism after trichlene exposure were similar. These findings suggest that acetaldehyde formed from ethanol in vivo is oxidized primarily by the mitochondrial low Km-enzyme.", "PMID": 736791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2813", "title": "Neurotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticides: predictions can be based on in vitro studies with hen and human enzymes.", "content": "The comparative inhibitory power of organophosphorus esters in vitro against hen brain acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase correlates with their comparative effects (death or delayed neuropathy) in vivo. Further comparisons of the in vitro effects seen with hen and human enzymes facilitates extrapolations to the human in vivo situation.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticides: predictions can be based on in vitro studies with hen and human enzymes. The comparative inhibitory power of organophosphorus esters in vitro against hen brain acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase correlates with their comparative effects (death or delayed neuropathy) in vivo. Further comparisons of the in vitro effects seen with hen and human enzymes facilitates extrapolations to the human in vivo situation.", "PMID": 736792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2814", "title": "Prevention of CeCl3-induced hepatotoxicity by hypolipidemic compounds.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with nafenopin, a hypolipidemic compound, prevents the lethality and hepatotoxicity induced by cerium chloride (CeCl3), a rare earth metal. The increase in hepatic triglycerides and the morphologic changes observed after 48 h of the CeCl3 injection (10 mg/kg) are completely abolished by nafenopin given for 4 days in doses of 250 mg/kg. However, an increase in the frequency of peroxisomes is noted in rats receiving nafenopin and CeCl3, attributable to the hypolipidemic drug pretreatment. In comparing the protective effect of nafenopin with that of CPIB (a structurally related compound) and lentysine (a structurally unrelated agent), it can be seen that nafenopin is about five times more active in decreasing liver triglycerides. The hepatic ultrastructure of rats pretreated with CPIB or lentysine is similar to that of CeCl3-treated controls.", "contents": "Prevention of CeCl3-induced hepatotoxicity by hypolipidemic compounds. Pretreatment of rats with nafenopin, a hypolipidemic compound, prevents the lethality and hepatotoxicity induced by cerium chloride (CeCl3), a rare earth metal. The increase in hepatic triglycerides and the morphologic changes observed after 48 h of the CeCl3 injection (10 mg/kg) are completely abolished by nafenopin given for 4 days in doses of 250 mg/kg. However, an increase in the frequency of peroxisomes is noted in rats receiving nafenopin and CeCl3, attributable to the hypolipidemic drug pretreatment. In comparing the protective effect of nafenopin with that of CPIB (a structurally related compound) and lentysine (a structurally unrelated agent), it can be seen that nafenopin is about five times more active in decreasing liver triglycerides. The hepatic ultrastructure of rats pretreated with CPIB or lentysine is similar to that of CeCl3-treated controls.", "PMID": 736793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2815", "title": "Comparison of the therapeutic effects of five antiviral agents on cutaneous herpesvirus infection in guinea pigs.", "content": "Cutaneous herpesvirus infection of guinea pigs has been evaluated as a model for testing antiviral compounds. Six infected sites on each animal can be used independently for local treatment. The severity of the infection has been graded in a score system. The cumulative scores during infection and the time to healing can be used to determine antiviral effects. The effects of adenine arabinoside, cytosine arabinoside, iododeoxyuridine, ribavirin and phosphonoacetic acid on the cutaneous infection was compared. Phosphonoacetic acid was the only compound with a good therapeutic activity against herpesvirus infection, causing a reduction of both the cumulative score and the time to healing. Phosphonoacetic acid was skin irritating at 2 per cent, but at 1 per cent, which still had a good therapeutic activity, skin irritation was seen only occasionally.", "contents": "Comparison of the therapeutic effects of five antiviral agents on cutaneous herpesvirus infection in guinea pigs. Cutaneous herpesvirus infection of guinea pigs has been evaluated as a model for testing antiviral compounds. Six infected sites on each animal can be used independently for local treatment. The severity of the infection has been graded in a score system. The cumulative scores during infection and the time to healing can be used to determine antiviral effects. The effects of adenine arabinoside, cytosine arabinoside, iododeoxyuridine, ribavirin and phosphonoacetic acid on the cutaneous infection was compared. Phosphonoacetic acid was the only compound with a good therapeutic activity against herpesvirus infection, causing a reduction of both the cumulative score and the time to healing. Phosphonoacetic acid was skin irritating at 2 per cent, but at 1 per cent, which still had a good therapeutic activity, skin irritation was seen only occasionally.", "PMID": 736794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2816", "title": "Growth and genetic stability of 4 temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in newborn ferrets.", "content": "Four temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were evaluated for growth and genetic stability in newborn ferrets. ts-1, the mutant previously tested in children as a possible live virus vaccine and found to be insufficiently attenuated for the upper respiratory tract, grew in the lungs of newborn ferrets to the same peak titer as wild type RS virus. In addition some genetic alteration of the ts-1 mutant occurred. Two more defective subclones of ts-1, ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16, were greatly restricted in growth in the ferret's lungs. ts-1 NG-16 was also restricted in the nasal turbinates, but ts-1 NG-1 grew to high titer in the nasal turbinates. Growth of ts-1 NG-1, however, was delayed 2 weeks compared to the growth of wild type virus. Genetic alteration occurred during growth of either subclone; the virus isolated was intermediate between wild type and input virus in plaque forming ability at restrictive temperatures. In no instance was wild type virus isolated from the ferrets infected with either subclone. ts-2, a plaque morphology mutant that does not fuse cells to form syncytia even at the permissive temperature of 32 degrees C, was restricted in growth in both the lungs and nasal turbinates, and genetically altered virus was not recovered from these animals. Of the mutants tested, ts-2 was the most restricted mutant in the newborn ferret and should be evaluated further as a candidate vaccine virus.", "contents": "Growth and genetic stability of 4 temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in newborn ferrets. Four temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were evaluated for growth and genetic stability in newborn ferrets. ts-1, the mutant previously tested in children as a possible live virus vaccine and found to be insufficiently attenuated for the upper respiratory tract, grew in the lungs of newborn ferrets to the same peak titer as wild type RS virus. In addition some genetic alteration of the ts-1 mutant occurred. Two more defective subclones of ts-1, ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16, were greatly restricted in growth in the ferret's lungs. ts-1 NG-16 was also restricted in the nasal turbinates, but ts-1 NG-1 grew to high titer in the nasal turbinates. Growth of ts-1 NG-1, however, was delayed 2 weeks compared to the growth of wild type virus. Genetic alteration occurred during growth of either subclone; the virus isolated was intermediate between wild type and input virus in plaque forming ability at restrictive temperatures. In no instance was wild type virus isolated from the ferrets infected with either subclone. ts-2, a plaque morphology mutant that does not fuse cells to form syncytia even at the permissive temperature of 32 degrees C, was restricted in growth in both the lungs and nasal turbinates, and genetically altered virus was not recovered from these animals. Of the mutants tested, ts-2 was the most restricted mutant in the newborn ferret and should be evaluated further as a candidate vaccine virus.", "PMID": 736795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2817", "title": "Host range mutants of an influenza A virus.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of fowl plague virus with a ts-lesion in segment 1 (ts 3, polymerase 1 gene) or segment 2 (ts 90, transport gene) do not form plaques on MDCK cells at the permissive temperature, while the wild type and ts-mutants of other groups are able to do so. This property is correlated with the ts-lesion, since revertants for the ts-lesion of ts 3 and ts 90 again form plaques on MDCK cells. The block on MDCK cells--at least for ts3--may be located in a late function, since viral RNA polymerase and hemagglutinin are formed in almost normal yields. MDCK cells infected with ts 3 or ts 90 exhibit a retarded cytopathic effect at 33 degrees C, but no cytopathic effect at 39 degrees C, at which temperature the infected cells can be passaged and super-infected with the wild type strain. Cells surviving the infection with ts 90 at 33 degrees C sometimes grow out again to a normal monolayer. It is suggested that the spread of virus is inhibited under these conditions.", "contents": "Host range mutants of an influenza A virus. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of fowl plague virus with a ts-lesion in segment 1 (ts 3, polymerase 1 gene) or segment 2 (ts 90, transport gene) do not form plaques on MDCK cells at the permissive temperature, while the wild type and ts-mutants of other groups are able to do so. This property is correlated with the ts-lesion, since revertants for the ts-lesion of ts 3 and ts 90 again form plaques on MDCK cells. The block on MDCK cells--at least for ts3--may be located in a late function, since viral RNA polymerase and hemagglutinin are formed in almost normal yields. MDCK cells infected with ts 3 or ts 90 exhibit a retarded cytopathic effect at 33 degrees C, but no cytopathic effect at 39 degrees C, at which temperature the infected cells can be passaged and super-infected with the wild type strain. Cells surviving the infection with ts 90 at 33 degrees C sometimes grow out again to a normal monolayer. It is suggested that the spread of virus is inhibited under these conditions.", "PMID": 736796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2818", "title": "Growth characteristics of influenza virus type C in avian hosts. Brief report.", "content": "Influenza virus type C could be propagated to high yield in primary chick embryo kidney cell culture (PCEK) provided that trypsin (2 microgram/ml) was used as a medium supplement. The virus could also be titrated by plaque assay using PCEK host cells and influenza C virus that had been plaque-purified in PCEK cells could then be serially passaged to high titer using the allantoic route of 10--11-day-old embryonated eggs.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of influenza virus type C in avian hosts. Brief report. Influenza virus type C could be propagated to high yield in primary chick embryo kidney cell culture (PCEK) provided that trypsin (2 microgram/ml) was used as a medium supplement. The virus could also be titrated by plaque assay using PCEK host cells and influenza C virus that had been plaque-purified in PCEK cells could then be serially passaged to high titer using the allantoic route of 10--11-day-old embryonated eggs.", "PMID": 736797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2819", "title": "[Comparative study of the lymphoid organs of rats aboard a space flight under weightless and artificial gravity conditions].", "content": "A comparative histological investigation of the thymus, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes has been performed in the rats flown for 18.5 days on board the biosatellite \"Cosmos-936\" under the conditions of weightlessness and artificial gravitation (acceleration 1 g) imitating terrestrial magnetism. It has been stated that in the animals that were under the conditions of weightless ness during the flight and were sacrificed 4.5--13 h after they have landed the Earth, accidental involution of lymphoid organs is noted with morphological signs in them of an acute stress in the form of massive degeneration of the thymus lymphocytes and neutrophilic infiltration of the spleen. In rats that during the flight were subjected to the effect of artificial gravitation there was noted neither involution of the lymphoid organs nor morphological signs of acute stress in them. One of the main cause of acute stress in the rats subjected to weightlessness during the space flight is supposed to be transition to the terrestrial gravitation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the lymphoid organs of rats aboard a space flight under weightless and artificial gravity conditions]. A comparative histological investigation of the thymus, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes has been performed in the rats flown for 18.5 days on board the biosatellite \"Cosmos-936\" under the conditions of weightlessness and artificial gravitation (acceleration 1 g) imitating terrestrial magnetism. It has been stated that in the animals that were under the conditions of weightless ness during the flight and were sacrificed 4.5--13 h after they have landed the Earth, accidental involution of lymphoid organs is noted with morphological signs in them of an acute stress in the form of massive degeneration of the thymus lymphocytes and neutrophilic infiltration of the spleen. In rats that during the flight were subjected to the effect of artificial gravitation there was noted neither involution of the lymphoid organs nor morphological signs of acute stress in them. One of the main cause of acute stress in the rats subjected to weightlessness during the space flight is supposed to be transition to the terrestrial gravitation.", "PMID": 736799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2820", "title": "[Morphofunctional analysis of the microcirculatory bed following sublethal dehydration of rats].", "content": "Sublethal dehydration is followed by a considerable weight loss, drop in rectal temperature, decreasing respiratory rate, increasing tachycardia and hematocrit. Sublethal stages of dehydration result in uniform changes in the dura mater, parietal peritoneum, small intestine mesentery, muscular part of the diaphragm, the renal capsule deformation, discomplexation of microvessel networks and structural changes of microvessel walls. Microvessel morphometry has demonstrated a certain decrease in diameters of all the parts in the objects studied. Maximal decrease of the diameter has been noted in capillary and postcapillary venular parts. The greatest changes in microvessel structure has been noted in the dura mater and in the serous sheets.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional analysis of the microcirculatory bed following sublethal dehydration of rats]. Sublethal dehydration is followed by a considerable weight loss, drop in rectal temperature, decreasing respiratory rate, increasing tachycardia and hematocrit. Sublethal stages of dehydration result in uniform changes in the dura mater, parietal peritoneum, small intestine mesentery, muscular part of the diaphragm, the renal capsule deformation, discomplexation of microvessel networks and structural changes of microvessel walls. Microvessel morphometry has demonstrated a certain decrease in diameters of all the parts in the objects studied. Maximal decrease of the diameter has been noted in capillary and postcapillary venular parts. The greatest changes in microvessel structure has been noted in the dura mater and in the serous sheets.", "PMID": 736800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2821", "title": "[Microangioarchitectonics and microtopography of the blood vessels of the human stomach].", "content": "The data of previous investigations on general principles of microarchitectonics of the human intraorganic gastric vessels have been checked. Peculiarities of branching and course of the stomach intraorganic vessels, arterio-venous anastomoses, twisted arterioles, sinusoid venules and veins confirm activity and variability of the organ's circulation at microcirculatory level. Certain slight differences in diameters and number of microvessels have been revealed in some anatomical parts of the serous membrane and submucous layer of the stomach. Maximal differences in vessel diameters of the microcirculatory bed and in number of capillaries per 1 mm2 have been revealed in the most active layers of the gastric wall--in muscular and mucous membranes. In the muscular membrane, large vessels and greater number of capillaries have been revealed in the area of the greater curvature and the pylorus. In the serous membrane in the pyloric area and in the area of the smaller curvature, microvessels have smaller diameters and the number of capillaries per square unit is less.", "contents": "[Microangioarchitectonics and microtopography of the blood vessels of the human stomach]. The data of previous investigations on general principles of microarchitectonics of the human intraorganic gastric vessels have been checked. Peculiarities of branching and course of the stomach intraorganic vessels, arterio-venous anastomoses, twisted arterioles, sinusoid venules and veins confirm activity and variability of the organ's circulation at microcirculatory level. Certain slight differences in diameters and number of microvessels have been revealed in some anatomical parts of the serous membrane and submucous layer of the stomach. Maximal differences in vessel diameters of the microcirculatory bed and in number of capillaries per 1 mm2 have been revealed in the most active layers of the gastric wall--in muscular and mucous membranes. In the muscular membrane, large vessels and greater number of capillaries have been revealed in the area of the greater curvature and the pylorus. In the serous membrane in the pyloric area and in the area of the smaller curvature, microvessels have smaller diameters and the number of capillaries per square unit is less.", "PMID": 736801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2822", "title": "[Structural organization of the intraorganic circulatory bed of the human gingiva].", "content": "By means of injected and noninjected methods, structural organization and morphological structure of some parts of the gum microcirculatory bed have been studied in 46 persons at the age of 22--76 years. It has been stated that a fixed gum is characterized by uneven vascular distribution and zonal modulation of the microcirculatory bed. Diffuse capillary surface per 1 mm2 of the fixed gum in persons at the age of 22--50 years is 0.20--0.28 mm2. The blood volume in vessels of the gum module is distributed between arterioles and precapillary arterioles (22.4%), capillaries (27.1%), venular vessels (50.5%). In the borderline parts of the fixed gum (free gum, mucous membrane of the transitional fold) there are typical capillaries of a loop-like form. In the vicinity of epithelial fixation, vascular glomeruli are situated. In the microhemocirculatory bed of the gum, precapillary sphincters and arteriolo-venular anastomoses are revealed.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the intraorganic circulatory bed of the human gingiva]. By means of injected and noninjected methods, structural organization and morphological structure of some parts of the gum microcirculatory bed have been studied in 46 persons at the age of 22--76 years. It has been stated that a fixed gum is characterized by uneven vascular distribution and zonal modulation of the microcirculatory bed. Diffuse capillary surface per 1 mm2 of the fixed gum in persons at the age of 22--50 years is 0.20--0.28 mm2. The blood volume in vessels of the gum module is distributed between arterioles and precapillary arterioles (22.4%), capillaries (27.1%), venular vessels (50.5%). In the borderline parts of the fixed gum (free gum, mucous membrane of the transitional fold) there are typical capillaries of a loop-like form. In the vicinity of epithelial fixation, vascular glomeruli are situated. In the microhemocirculatory bed of the gum, precapillary sphincters and arteriolo-venular anastomoses are revealed.", "PMID": 736802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2823", "title": "[Effect of experimental resection of the pancreas on the structure of lymph nodes at the root of the small intestine mesentery].", "content": "Resection of 2/3 mass of the pancreas preserving the ducts of the central portion is accompanied in dogs by certain changes in lymph nodes of the small intestine radix mesenterii. The operative trauma is followed by size decrease of the lymph nodes owing to degeneration and migration of lymphocytes. Absorbtion of decay products from the operative wound results in lymphocytic blasttransformation and proliferation. By the end of the first and beginning of the second month of the experiment, certain involution is noted in the lymph nodes. Further regeneration of the pancreatic stem and restoration of the lymph nodes structure develop nearly simultaneously.", "contents": "[Effect of experimental resection of the pancreas on the structure of lymph nodes at the root of the small intestine mesentery]. Resection of 2/3 mass of the pancreas preserving the ducts of the central portion is accompanied in dogs by certain changes in lymph nodes of the small intestine radix mesenterii. The operative trauma is followed by size decrease of the lymph nodes owing to degeneration and migration of lymphocytes. Absorbtion of decay products from the operative wound results in lymphocytic blasttransformation and proliferation. By the end of the first and beginning of the second month of the experiment, certain involution is noted in the lymph nodes. Further regeneration of the pancreatic stem and restoration of the lymph nodes structure develop nearly simultaneously.", "PMID": 736803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2824", "title": "[Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals].", "content": "Skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus, Phoca larga, Phoca kurilensis, Enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (Ursus arctos, Vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. Lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in Enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in Phocidae. In a typically water animal (Phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, the lumbar one is absent, the epidural space is developed better than in terrestrial and semiwater animals. In Phocidae, comparing terrestrial species, bringing together of the nerve fasciculi taking their origin from the spinal cord is observed, a powerful development of a \"horse tail\", elongation of nerve bands, going from the spinal cord to spinal ganglia. The relative length of the spinal cord in semiwater and water animals is less than in terrestrial ones. It is stated that differences in spinal cord construction and topography of the animals in question are closely connected with their environmental conditions, functional loading and locomotor peculiarities.", "contents": "[Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals]. Skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus, Phoca larga, Phoca kurilensis, Enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (Ursus arctos, Vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. Lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in Enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in Phocidae. In a typically water animal (Phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, the lumbar one is absent, the epidural space is developed better than in terrestrial and semiwater animals. In Phocidae, comparing terrestrial species, bringing together of the nerve fasciculi taking their origin from the spinal cord is observed, a powerful development of a \"horse tail\", elongation of nerve bands, going from the spinal cord to spinal ganglia. The relative length of the spinal cord in semiwater and water animals is less than in terrestrial ones. It is stated that differences in spinal cord construction and topography of the animals in question are closely connected with their environmental conditions, functional loading and locomotor peculiarities.", "PMID": 736804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2825", "title": "[Several important questions concerning the segmental structure of dog liver].", "content": "Anatomical structure of the dog liver has been studied in 82 isolated preparations. Besides the external surface of the organ, the study has been carried on in preparations of intraorganic branches of the portal vein, hepatic veins. Roentgenography of the portal vein and the hepatic artery has been performed. According to the external composition and intraorganic branching of the portal vein and the hepatic artery, two separate lobes--right and left--can be determined in the dog liver. The right lobe consists of two segments, the left one has five segments. Their classification is presented. From the left hepatic lobe, blood outflows along the hepatic veins which open into the posterior vena cava by their common orifice. The right portions of the fifth segment, segments 6, 7 are drained by veins having their own orifices. The hepatic artery has 3--4 branches: the left carrying blood to 1, 2, 3 segments, middle supplying with blood 4, 5 segments and gall bladder, one--two right branches going to 6, 7 segments.", "contents": "[Several important questions concerning the segmental structure of dog liver]. Anatomical structure of the dog liver has been studied in 82 isolated preparations. Besides the external surface of the organ, the study has been carried on in preparations of intraorganic branches of the portal vein, hepatic veins. Roentgenography of the portal vein and the hepatic artery has been performed. According to the external composition and intraorganic branching of the portal vein and the hepatic artery, two separate lobes--right and left--can be determined in the dog liver. The right lobe consists of two segments, the left one has five segments. Their classification is presented. From the left hepatic lobe, blood outflows along the hepatic veins which open into the posterior vena cava by their common orifice. The right portions of the fifth segment, segments 6, 7 are drained by veins having their own orifices. The hepatic artery has 3--4 branches: the left carrying blood to 1, 2, 3 segments, middle supplying with blood 4, 5 segments and gall bladder, one--two right branches going to 6, 7 segments.", "PMID": 736805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2826", "title": "[Several possible approaches to the interpretation of histoenzymatic reactions].", "content": "As a result of comparative histoenzymatic and electron microscopic investigations performed on the myocardium of the isolated heart, a close connection has been stated between a peculiar sedimentation of diphormasan granules and conditions of mitochondria in myocardial cells at different time of thermal cardiac ischemia. Four types of sedimentation of the products of histoenzymatic sedimentation have been revealed: diffuse-granular, granular, scattered and \"secondary\" diffuse. Their connection with peculiarities of energy metabolism of mitochondria and transmembrane transport is demonstrated. A possibility is suggested to use histoenzymatic reactions in order to determine vitality of conserved organs.", "contents": "[Several possible approaches to the interpretation of histoenzymatic reactions]. As a result of comparative histoenzymatic and electron microscopic investigations performed on the myocardium of the isolated heart, a close connection has been stated between a peculiar sedimentation of diphormasan granules and conditions of mitochondria in myocardial cells at different time of thermal cardiac ischemia. Four types of sedimentation of the products of histoenzymatic sedimentation have been revealed: diffuse-granular, granular, scattered and \"secondary\" diffuse. Their connection with peculiarities of energy metabolism of mitochondria and transmembrane transport is demonstrated. A possibility is suggested to use histoenzymatic reactions in order to determine vitality of conserved organs.", "PMID": 736806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2827", "title": "[Effect of age, sex and season factors on sudden death in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Statistical analysis of 525 cases of sudden death was done on the data of forensic medical examinations of cadavers of subjects suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD). In the structure of cases of sudden death in IHD the percentage of men was shown to be approximately twice as high as that of women. An increase in the percentage of women in older age groups and a stronger effect of the age factor in women on the frequency of sudden death in IHD were noted. There was a strong correlation between the frequency of sudden death in IHD and the heart mass. Most cases of sudden death in IHD were registered in the autumn-winter period.", "contents": "[Effect of age, sex and season factors on sudden death in ischemic heart disease]. Statistical analysis of 525 cases of sudden death was done on the data of forensic medical examinations of cadavers of subjects suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD). In the structure of cases of sudden death in IHD the percentage of men was shown to be approximately twice as high as that of women. An increase in the percentage of women in older age groups and a stronger effect of the age factor in women on the frequency of sudden death in IHD were noted. There was a strong correlation between the frequency of sudden death in IHD and the heart mass. Most cases of sudden death in IHD were registered in the autumn-winter period.", "PMID": 736809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2828", "title": "[Pathomorphology of the lungs and pleural capillaries in Hamman-Rich syndrome].", "content": "Morphological changes in the lungs in Hammen-Rich disease were studied. The developing pneumosclerosis in this disease was found to be associated with the inflammatory involvement of microvessels of the alveolar parenchyma. An adaptive rearrangement of pleural microcirculatory bed vessels under these conditions was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of the lungs and pleural capillaries in Hamman-Rich syndrome]. Morphological changes in the lungs in Hammen-Rich disease were studied. The developing pneumosclerosis in this disease was found to be associated with the inflammatory involvement of microvessels of the alveolar parenchyma. An adaptive rearrangement of pleural microcirculatory bed vessels under these conditions was demonstrated.", "PMID": 736810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2829", "title": "[Morphology of reserve cells of the excretory ducts of esophageal mucous glands in chronic esophagitis].", "content": "Morphological, cytophotometrical, and histochemical study of reserve cells of the excretory ducts of esophageal mucous glands in chronic esophagitis was done on autopsy material (189 cases). Chronic esophagites were found to be accompaned by diverse morphological changes of reserve cells manifested in the development of their focal and diffuse hyperplasia. The reserve cells of the esophageal epithelium were found to be capable to differentiate into the squamous and glandular epithelium. Chronic esophagites were shown to cause metabolic disorders in the nuclei of the reserve cells leading to changes in the chromosome set. In the opinion of the authors, their results are important for the elucidation of the nature of esophageal adenoacanthomas.", "contents": "[Morphology of reserve cells of the excretory ducts of esophageal mucous glands in chronic esophagitis]. Morphological, cytophotometrical, and histochemical study of reserve cells of the excretory ducts of esophageal mucous glands in chronic esophagitis was done on autopsy material (189 cases). Chronic esophagites were found to be accompaned by diverse morphological changes of reserve cells manifested in the development of their focal and diffuse hyperplasia. The reserve cells of the esophageal epithelium were found to be capable to differentiate into the squamous and glandular epithelium. Chronic esophagites were shown to cause metabolic disorders in the nuclei of the reserve cells leading to changes in the chromosome set. In the opinion of the authors, their results are important for the elucidation of the nature of esophageal adenoacanthomas.", "PMID": 736811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2830", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of epithelial tumors of the bladder by means of determination of their mitotic system].", "content": "The results of the study of the mitotic regimen (mitotic activity, ratio of mitosis phases and percentage of pathological mitoses) in epithelial tumours of the urinary bladder are presented. Different tumours of the urinary bladder were found to have their own mitotic regimen which may be used as an additional criterion in the diagnosis of epithelial tumours of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of epithelial tumors of the bladder by means of determination of their mitotic system]. The results of the study of the mitotic regimen (mitotic activity, ratio of mitosis phases and percentage of pathological mitoses) in epithelial tumours of the urinary bladder are presented. Different tumours of the urinary bladder were found to have their own mitotic regimen which may be used as an additional criterion in the diagnosis of epithelial tumours of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 736812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2831", "title": "[Trichinosis-induced myocarditis].", "content": "Trichinellosis myocarditis with the presence of juvenile forms of the parasite in the myocardium is an extremely rare pathology, according to the literature. The present observation refers to a woman of 43 who had been treated for a long time for rheumatism. In 1974, aortic valve failure was diagnosed and in September, 1976, she was sent for operative treatment. Three hours after admission she developed acute cardiac insufficiency and died. Trichinellosis myocarditis was diagnosed at autopsy.", "contents": "[Trichinosis-induced myocarditis]. Trichinellosis myocarditis with the presence of juvenile forms of the parasite in the myocardium is an extremely rare pathology, according to the literature. The present observation refers to a woman of 43 who had been treated for a long time for rheumatism. In 1974, aortic valve failure was diagnosed and in September, 1976, she was sent for operative treatment. Three hours after admission she developed acute cardiac insufficiency and died. Trichinellosis myocarditis was diagnosed at autopsy.", "PMID": 736813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2832", "title": "[Cerebellar infarct in hypertensive crisis].", "content": "The paper reports an unusual pathogenetic mechanism of the cerebral circulation disorder in hypertensive crisis. Cerebellar infarction developed as a result of compression in great occipitae foramen of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery which was a complication of a severe hypertensive crisis with cerebral edema and a shift of stem structures into the great occipitae foramen. Of great importance in the parthogenesis of infarction was a rarely occuring variant of the course of the right inferior posterior cerebellar artery.", "contents": "[Cerebellar infarct in hypertensive crisis]. The paper reports an unusual pathogenetic mechanism of the cerebral circulation disorder in hypertensive crisis. Cerebellar infarction developed as a result of compression in great occipitae foramen of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery which was a complication of a severe hypertensive crisis with cerebral edema and a shift of stem structures into the great occipitae foramen. Of great importance in the parthogenesis of infarction was a rarely occuring variant of the course of the right inferior posterior cerebellar artery.", "PMID": 736814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2833", "title": "[Brief clinico-anatomical sessions as a method of familiarization of the clinicians with autopsy materials].", "content": "To bring closer the results of autopsy work to clinical and polyclinical wards of united hospitals, the authors recommend that brief weekly clinico-anatomical analyses of the autopsy material for the week be held. They may be timed with weekly general hospital conferences, and be allotted 20--30 min. On the average, 3--4 cases should be analysed with demonstration of macropreparations, organocomplexes, a brief description of pathological changes and 2--4 min of clinical information.", "contents": "[Brief clinico-anatomical sessions as a method of familiarization of the clinicians with autopsy materials]. To bring closer the results of autopsy work to clinical and polyclinical wards of united hospitals, the authors recommend that brief weekly clinico-anatomical analyses of the autopsy material for the week be held. They may be timed with weekly general hospital conferences, and be allotted 20--30 min. On the average, 3--4 cases should be analysed with demonstration of macropreparations, organocomplexes, a brief description of pathological changes and 2--4 min of clinical information.", "PMID": 736815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2834", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of angiomyolipoma of the kidneys].", "content": "Eight cases of angiomyolipoma of the kidneys were studied. A variant of the tumour in which its vascular component consisted mostly of numerous primitive vascular fissures penetrating the smooth muscle tissue is described. In two cases, perivascular outgrowths of undifferentiated cells of apparently adventitial type were found. In most cases the mature fatty tissue of the tumour is found to have large multinucleate cells assume to be a manifestation of atypical differentiation of precursors of fatty cells. The smooth muscle tissue can be of a various degrees of maturity, and variants of angiomyolipoma may be distinguished in which the muscular component is represented either by highly a differentiated tissue, or by a immature tissue or combination of both.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of angiomyolipoma of the kidneys]. Eight cases of angiomyolipoma of the kidneys were studied. A variant of the tumour in which its vascular component consisted mostly of numerous primitive vascular fissures penetrating the smooth muscle tissue is described. In two cases, perivascular outgrowths of undifferentiated cells of apparently adventitial type were found. In most cases the mature fatty tissue of the tumour is found to have large multinucleate cells assume to be a manifestation of atypical differentiation of precursors of fatty cells. The smooth muscle tissue can be of a various degrees of maturity, and variants of angiomyolipoma may be distinguished in which the muscular component is represented either by highly a differentiated tissue, or by a immature tissue or combination of both.", "PMID": 736816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2835", "title": "[So-called medullary fibromas of the kidney].", "content": "This is the first description in the national literature of morphology of the so-called medullar fibromas of the human kidney which are considered to be hormonally-active (producing prostaglandines) tumours or tumour-like focal hyperplasias of interstitial cells of the kidney medullary layer.", "contents": "[So-called medullary fibromas of the kidney]. This is the first description in the national literature of morphology of the so-called medullar fibromas of the human kidney which are considered to be hormonally-active (producing prostaglandines) tumours or tumour-like focal hyperplasias of interstitial cells of the kidney medullary layer.", "PMID": 736817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2836", "title": "[Formation and destruction of the skin collagen structures in systemic scleroderma].", "content": "Histological, electron microscopic, and morphometric studies of skin biopsies from 70 patients with systemic sclerodermia showed an increase in biosynthetic processes both in the affected and nonaffected parts of the skin. Enhanced neofibrillogenesis was found only in areas of sclerodermic lesions. Abnormalities in newly formed collagen structures as well as splitting of newly formed collagen fibrillae into microfibrillae were observed. In unaffected skin areas two types of destruction of collagen fibrillae were observed: extracellular destruction and fibroplasia.", "contents": "[Formation and destruction of the skin collagen structures in systemic scleroderma]. Histological, electron microscopic, and morphometric studies of skin biopsies from 70 patients with systemic sclerodermia showed an increase in biosynthetic processes both in the affected and nonaffected parts of the skin. Enhanced neofibrillogenesis was found only in areas of sclerodermic lesions. Abnormalities in newly formed collagen structures as well as splitting of newly formed collagen fibrillae into microfibrillae were observed. In unaffected skin areas two types of destruction of collagen fibrillae were observed: extracellular destruction and fibroplasia.", "PMID": 736818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2837", "title": "[Cytomorphological classification of pretumorous lesions and squamous cell cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "A cytomorphological classification of pretumour lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix based on the determination of the degree of atypical condition and differentiation of the epithelium is proposed. This classification is an attempt to synthesize the previous cytological classifications with histological classifications of cervical lesions.", "contents": "[Cytomorphological classification of pretumorous lesions and squamous cell cancer of the cervix uteri]. A cytomorphological classification of pretumour lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix based on the determination of the degree of atypical condition and differentiation of the epithelium is proposed. This classification is an attempt to synthesize the previous cytological classifications with histological classifications of cervical lesions.", "PMID": 736820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2838", "title": "[Changes in the endometrium from the use of hormonal preparations and hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "The paper analyses changes in the uterine mucosa caused by the use of hormone drugs, including hormonal contraceptives and studied by light and electron microscopy. Special emphasis is given to changes caused by overdosage of the drugs. Long-term usage of estrogens and progesterone, both separately and particularly in combination, results in marked atrophy and slcerosis of not only uterine mucosa but also of the uterus itself. In women over 35, a long-term oral use of hormonal contraceptives may lead to the development of thromboses and thromboembolias. Therapeutic suggestions are given for different changes of the mucosa revealed by histological studies. A reliable diagnosis should be based on both morphological and functional aspects.", "contents": "[Changes in the endometrium from the use of hormonal preparations and hormonal contraceptives]. The paper analyses changes in the uterine mucosa caused by the use of hormone drugs, including hormonal contraceptives and studied by light and electron microscopy. Special emphasis is given to changes caused by overdosage of the drugs. Long-term usage of estrogens and progesterone, both separately and particularly in combination, results in marked atrophy and slcerosis of not only uterine mucosa but also of the uterus itself. In women over 35, a long-term oral use of hormonal contraceptives may lead to the development of thromboses and thromboembolias. Therapeutic suggestions are given for different changes of the mucosa revealed by histological studies. A reliable diagnosis should be based on both morphological and functional aspects.", "PMID": 736819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2839", "title": "[Primary cancer of the duodenum].", "content": "Two clinical observations of primary carcinoma of the descending branch of the duodenum in men of 39 and 58 operated for this disease are described. Histologically the tumor was papillary adenocarcinoma. No metastases into regional lymph nodes or internal organs were found. In the patient of 39 the carcinoma of the duodenum was accompanied by papillomatous outgrowths in the opening of the pancreatic duct.", "contents": "[Primary cancer of the duodenum]. Two clinical observations of primary carcinoma of the descending branch of the duodenum in men of 39 and 58 operated for this disease are described. Histologically the tumor was papillary adenocarcinoma. No metastases into regional lymph nodes or internal organs were found. In the patient of 39 the carcinoma of the duodenum was accompanied by papillomatous outgrowths in the opening of the pancreatic duct.", "PMID": 736821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2840", "title": "Freeze fracture aspects of the spiral limbus.", "content": "Replicas of the freeze fractured spiral limbus are studied in chinchillas. Zonulae occludentes are demonstrated between the interdental cells and the inner sulcus cells; gap junctions are described connecting interdental cells and inner sulcus cells to one another and they are found between the perilymphatic cells in the spiral limbus.", "contents": "Freeze fracture aspects of the spiral limbus. Replicas of the freeze fractured spiral limbus are studied in chinchillas. Zonulae occludentes are demonstrated between the interdental cells and the inner sulcus cells; gap junctions are described connecting interdental cells and inner sulcus cells to one another and they are found between the perilymphatic cells in the spiral limbus.", "PMID": 736822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2841", "title": "Equillibrium disorders with diffuse brain atrophy in long-term toluene sniffing.", "content": "A Japanese male who became habituated to sniffing toluene exhibited ataxia, tremor, incoordination and equilibrium disorders. There was pendular nystagmus with a normal caloric response. There were an inhibition of optokinetic nystagmus and a failure to follow over 0.1 Hz sine waves on eye tracking test. Angiogram and pneumoencephalogram revealed an atrophy of the midbrain and cerebrum, and degeneration of the cerebellum was suspected.", "contents": "Equillibrium disorders with diffuse brain atrophy in long-term toluene sniffing. A Japanese male who became habituated to sniffing toluene exhibited ataxia, tremor, incoordination and equilibrium disorders. There was pendular nystagmus with a normal caloric response. There were an inhibition of optokinetic nystagmus and a failure to follow over 0.1 Hz sine waves on eye tracking test. Angiogram and pneumoencephalogram revealed an atrophy of the midbrain and cerebrum, and degeneration of the cerebellum was suspected.", "PMID": 736823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2842", "title": "The etiology of neurosensory hearing defects in preterm infants.", "content": "We retrospectively investigated the influence of gestational age, perinatal risk, and the duration of incubator care periods in 193 surviving preterm infants with a gestational age between 28 and 36 weeks raised in our intensive care nursery incubators from 1965--1967. 24 (12.4%) of the children showed definite neurosensory hearing defects, which were particularly encountered in the high frequencies. No correlation could be substantiated between hearing difficulties and hyperbilirubinemia, streptomycin application and gestational age. This study does not support the assumption that the duration of noise exposure in currently used incubators is a major determinant for the development of deafness in otherwise healthy preterm infants. Our study did show, however, a strong correlation between the sum of all perinatal risk factors and neurosensory hearing loss.", "contents": "The etiology of neurosensory hearing defects in preterm infants. We retrospectively investigated the influence of gestational age, perinatal risk, and the duration of incubator care periods in 193 surviving preterm infants with a gestational age between 28 and 36 weeks raised in our intensive care nursery incubators from 1965--1967. 24 (12.4%) of the children showed definite neurosensory hearing defects, which were particularly encountered in the high frequencies. No correlation could be substantiated between hearing difficulties and hyperbilirubinemia, streptomycin application and gestational age. This study does not support the assumption that the duration of noise exposure in currently used incubators is a major determinant for the development of deafness in otherwise healthy preterm infants. Our study did show, however, a strong correlation between the sum of all perinatal risk factors and neurosensory hearing loss.", "PMID": 736824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2843", "title": "[Influence of thyroid state on noise-induced cochlea damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to pure tone noise (2.7 kHz, 130 dB, 1 h) and cochlear microphonic potentials were measured after 5 days. It is possible, to modify the resulting damage by experimentally altering the rate of metabolism by regulating the function of the thyroid gland. (table: see text) A hypofunction of the thyroid gland during sound exposure lessens, an over-function aggravates the damage. This effect possibly results from the influence on the metabolism exerted by the adenylic system. This conclusion leads to new viewpoints concerning prophylaxis, therapy and metaphylaxis in cases of noise deafness.", "contents": "[Influence of thyroid state on noise-induced cochlea damage (author's transl)]. Guinea pigs were exposed to pure tone noise (2.7 kHz, 130 dB, 1 h) and cochlear microphonic potentials were measured after 5 days. It is possible, to modify the resulting damage by experimentally altering the rate of metabolism by regulating the function of the thyroid gland. (table: see text) A hypofunction of the thyroid gland during sound exposure lessens, an over-function aggravates the damage. This effect possibly results from the influence on the metabolism exerted by the adenylic system. This conclusion leads to new viewpoints concerning prophylaxis, therapy and metaphylaxis in cases of noise deafness.", "PMID": 736825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2844", "title": "[Oxygen supply of middle- and inner ear in experimental tubar occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The mucosa of the middle ear is not only supplied with oxygen from the blood but also from the air space of the middle ear. 2. Under physiological conditions, the perilymph is supplied partially with oxygen from the tympanic cavity. When the PO2 in the middle ear falls below 57 mm Hg, a net diffusion flux of oxygen from the perilymph to the middle ear induces a loss of oxygen from the inner ear. 3. A negative pressure of 25 mm Hg generated in the middle ear, causes a transudate. Subsequently, slight disturbances of microcirculation should occur in the mucosal membrane (pO2-histogram). More pronounced negative pressure lead to very distinct disturbances of microcirculation and local oxygen supply.", "contents": "[Oxygen supply of middle- and inner ear in experimental tubar occlusion (author's transl)]. 1. The mucosa of the middle ear is not only supplied with oxygen from the blood but also from the air space of the middle ear. 2. Under physiological conditions, the perilymph is supplied partially with oxygen from the tympanic cavity. When the PO2 in the middle ear falls below 57 mm Hg, a net diffusion flux of oxygen from the perilymph to the middle ear induces a loss of oxygen from the inner ear. 3. A negative pressure of 25 mm Hg generated in the middle ear, causes a transudate. Subsequently, slight disturbances of microcirculation should occur in the mucosal membrane (pO2-histogram). More pronounced negative pressure lead to very distinct disturbances of microcirculation and local oxygen supply.", "PMID": 736826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2845", "title": "[Alcohol and balance disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The optokinetic, horizontal, per- and postrotatoric nystagmus was recorded before the consumption of alcoholic beverages by 20 young test persons as well as 2, 4, and 6 h later. The results showed that the most evident alterations cannot be recorded during the highest blood alcohol concentration but only 6 h after the consumption of alcohol. It was evaluated that the decomposition products of alcohol provoked the vestibular disorders.", "contents": "[Alcohol and balance disorders (author's transl)]. The optokinetic, horizontal, per- and postrotatoric nystagmus was recorded before the consumption of alcoholic beverages by 20 young test persons as well as 2, 4, and 6 h later. The results showed that the most evident alterations cannot be recorded during the highest blood alcohol concentration but only 6 h after the consumption of alcohol. It was evaluated that the decomposition products of alcohol provoked the vestibular disorders.", "PMID": 736827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2846", "title": "[One stage reconstruction of the trachea with an island flap (author's transl)].", "content": "After treatment of the tracheal or laryngo-tracheal stenosis and forming a groove or using Rethi's operation, putting a full thickness skin graft or mucosa into the posterior wall, we use a silicone rubber tube for dilatation. An island flap, pedicled upon the long muscles of the larynx is used for closing the defect in the anterior wall of the trachea. We treated four patients with this method, three left hospital with normal diameter of trachea and resistance between 17 and 20 mm H2O/1/s.", "contents": "[One stage reconstruction of the trachea with an island flap (author's transl)]. After treatment of the tracheal or laryngo-tracheal stenosis and forming a groove or using Rethi's operation, putting a full thickness skin graft or mucosa into the posterior wall, we use a silicone rubber tube for dilatation. An island flap, pedicled upon the long muscles of the larynx is used for closing the defect in the anterior wall of the trachea. We treated four patients with this method, three left hospital with normal diameter of trachea and resistance between 17 and 20 mm H2O/1/s.", "PMID": 736828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2847", "title": "Electron microscope study of basophilic cells in allergic nasal secretions.", "content": "In order to elucidate whether basophilic cells in nasal secretion belong to blood basophil or tissue mast cell, basophilic cells in the blood, nasal secretion, and nasal mucous membrane were electron microscopically observed in patients with house dust nasal allergy. The majority of basophilic cells in the nasal secretion was identical with the blood basophil in structure. The blood basophils pass through the vessels and emigrate in the mucous blanket in allergy.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of basophilic cells in allergic nasal secretions. In order to elucidate whether basophilic cells in nasal secretion belong to blood basophil or tissue mast cell, basophilic cells in the blood, nasal secretion, and nasal mucous membrane were electron microscopically observed in patients with house dust nasal allergy. The majority of basophilic cells in the nasal secretion was identical with the blood basophil in structure. The blood basophils pass through the vessels and emigrate in the mucous blanket in allergy.", "PMID": 736829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2848", "title": "First clinical experiences with hormone-therapy of pachydermia laryngis.", "content": "First clinical experiences with the anti-androgenic drug cyproterone-acetate in treatment of pachydermia laryngis are reported in eleven male and female patients. This endocrine therapy led to complete healing in four and to marked improvement in six patients. One did not respond. Evaluation of the endocrine state of these patients showed imbalance in the androgen/estrogen equilibrium. As the larynx constitutes a secondary sex characteristic and an endocrine target organ, the significance of endocrine factors for pathogenesis and therapy of epithelial changes on the vocal cords is discussed.", "contents": "First clinical experiences with hormone-therapy of pachydermia laryngis. First clinical experiences with the anti-androgenic drug cyproterone-acetate in treatment of pachydermia laryngis are reported in eleven male and female patients. This endocrine therapy led to complete healing in four and to marked improvement in six patients. One did not respond. Evaluation of the endocrine state of these patients showed imbalance in the androgen/estrogen equilibrium. As the larynx constitutes a secondary sex characteristic and an endocrine target organ, the significance of endocrine factors for pathogenesis and therapy of epithelial changes on the vocal cords is discussed.", "PMID": 736830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2849", "title": "Recognizing and helping narcotic addicts in general practice.", "content": "It is rare for many general practitioners to be consulted by a narcotic addict. It can be a disturbing experience. Those who practise in urban areas of low socioeconomic status where there is high youth unemployment are more likely to meet addicted young people, but the experiences are uneven, even in this context.", "contents": "Recognizing and helping narcotic addicts in general practice. It is rare for many general practitioners to be consulted by a narcotic addict. It can be a disturbing experience. Those who practise in urban areas of low socioeconomic status where there is high youth unemployment are more likely to meet addicted young people, but the experiences are uneven, even in this context.", "PMID": 736835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2850", "title": "Heroin addiction: what can the GP do?", "content": "This article is based on nine months as a casualty coordinator, and eighteen months of weekly GP sessions at a drug dependency unit--a limited experience which justifies no claim to expertise. However, I believe my former ignorance to be fairly typical, so that my comments may have value for GPs. Although the comments focus on heroin (this being by far the most common narcotic of addiction), I am aware that heroin fits into a long continuum of substance dependencies, perhaps offers an entry into that continuum for the clinician who seeks understanding of all dependencies. My object being to describe the landscape through the eyes of a GP taking his first real look, I shall concern myself with concepts and impressions rather than statistics and clinical details.", "contents": "Heroin addiction: what can the GP do? This article is based on nine months as a casualty coordinator, and eighteen months of weekly GP sessions at a drug dependency unit--a limited experience which justifies no claim to expertise. However, I believe my former ignorance to be fairly typical, so that my comments may have value for GPs. Although the comments focus on heroin (this being by far the most common narcotic of addiction), I am aware that heroin fits into a long continuum of substance dependencies, perhaps offers an entry into that continuum for the clinician who seeks understanding of all dependencies. My object being to describe the landscape through the eyes of a GP taking his first real look, I shall concern myself with concepts and impressions rather than statistics and clinical details.", "PMID": 736836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2851", "title": "The crying baby--why colic?", "content": "All babies cry, but the mother unable to satisfy her infant's distress may experience doubts as to her own mothering ability. Yet 'colic' is often used to explain away many problems of the infant. But to accept such a diagnosis denies mother and infant help at this difficult time.", "contents": "The crying baby--why colic? All babies cry, but the mother unable to satisfy her infant's distress may experience doubts as to her own mothering ability. Yet 'colic' is often used to explain away many problems of the infant. But to accept such a diagnosis denies mother and infant help at this difficult time.", "PMID": 736838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2852", "title": "Gastrointestinal pitfalls.", "content": "Gastrointestinal symptoms account for 15 to 30 per cent of patients presenting to first contact doctors. The disorders causing these are many and varied--some are rare but most are common. While a considerable depth of knowledge is necessary to suspect, diagnose and treat the rarer diseases, it is the common conditions which constitute the major problems in everyday practice. These problems usually result from inadequate clinical assessment, from a lack of logical thought, from incorrect teaching in undergraduate years and from an uncritical application of therapeutic methods which are not based on scientific fact.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal pitfalls. Gastrointestinal symptoms account for 15 to 30 per cent of patients presenting to first contact doctors. The disorders causing these are many and varied--some are rare but most are common. While a considerable depth of knowledge is necessary to suspect, diagnose and treat the rarer diseases, it is the common conditions which constitute the major problems in everyday practice. These problems usually result from inadequate clinical assessment, from a lack of logical thought, from incorrect teaching in undergraduate years and from an uncritical application of therapeutic methods which are not based on scientific fact.", "PMID": 736840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2853", "title": "Pitfalls in geriatric medicine.", "content": "Physiological deterioration complicates presentation of pathological processes in old age. Symptomatology is often misleading or absent, and handling of therapeutic substances complicated by poor excretion. It is important to realize that requirements change, and there must be flexibility of ideas of management of the aged.", "contents": "Pitfalls in geriatric medicine. Physiological deterioration complicates presentation of pathological processes in old age. Symptomatology is often misleading or absent, and handling of therapeutic substances complicated by poor excretion. It is important to realize that requirements change, and there must be flexibility of ideas of management of the aged.", "PMID": 736845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2854", "title": "Phenistix in screening.", "content": "Screening procedures have achieved notoriety in recent years because of their ability to detect diseases in their early phases and also because of their expense. This paper describes a little-known but simple urine screening test which, if used judiciously, may help with diagnosis and treatment, and yet remain relatively inexpensive.", "contents": "Phenistix in screening. Screening procedures have achieved notoriety in recent years because of their ability to detect diseases in their early phases and also because of their expense. This paper describes a little-known but simple urine screening test which, if used judiciously, may help with diagnosis and treatment, and yet remain relatively inexpensive.", "PMID": 736846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2855", "title": "Primary prevention in coronary heart disease: the role of an integrated medical, physical and psychological programme in a coronary prone population.", "content": "Coronary heart disease is a disease of epidemic proportions in our modern affluent society. Primary prevention by way of a multifrontal programme appears to offer the most effective and logical approcah to combating this disease. Effective implementation of this approach requires patients to undergo a comprehensive assessment. This establishes accurate coronary risk profiles, identifies AT RISK patients, and is the basis for planning a sound intervention programme.", "contents": "Primary prevention in coronary heart disease: the role of an integrated medical, physical and psychological programme in a coronary prone population. Coronary heart disease is a disease of epidemic proportions in our modern affluent society. Primary prevention by way of a multifrontal programme appears to offer the most effective and logical approcah to combating this disease. Effective implementation of this approach requires patients to undergo a comprehensive assessment. This establishes accurate coronary risk profiles, identifies AT RISK patients, and is the basis for planning a sound intervention programme.", "PMID": 736847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2856", "title": "The principles of antenatal care.", "content": "Good obstetric care begins with good antenatal care. The aims of antenatal care are no different from the general aims of obstetrics; namely, to produce a healthy baby, which is breast-fed by its healthy mother.", "contents": "The principles of antenatal care. Good obstetric care begins with good antenatal care. The aims of antenatal care are no different from the general aims of obstetrics; namely, to produce a healthy baby, which is breast-fed by its healthy mother.", "PMID": 736848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2857", "title": "Assessment of foetal welfare.", "content": "While the reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality remains a constant goal, the emphasis in modern obstetrics has shifted towards the assessment of foetal welfare in utero. However, if the clinician is to avoid ultimate confusion, he must temper the information which may be obtained from the numerous tests and techniques available with shrewd clinical judgement. In addition, in the current climate of economic audit, he must consider the cost of the investigations in pure monetary terms.", "contents": "Assessment of foetal welfare. While the reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality remains a constant goal, the emphasis in modern obstetrics has shifted towards the assessment of foetal welfare in utero. However, if the clinician is to avoid ultimate confusion, he must temper the information which may be obtained from the numerous tests and techniques available with shrewd clinical judgement. In addition, in the current climate of economic audit, he must consider the cost of the investigations in pure monetary terms.", "PMID": 736849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2858", "title": "Antenatal care: selection of the high risk patient.", "content": "Despite the best antenatal care, complications may arise during the course of any pregnancy, labour or puerperium. Some groups of women are more likely to develop complications. A method of detecting these high risk patients is discussed.", "contents": "Antenatal care: selection of the high risk patient. Despite the best antenatal care, complications may arise during the course of any pregnancy, labour or puerperium. Some groups of women are more likely to develop complications. A method of detecting these high risk patients is discussed.", "PMID": 736850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2859", "title": "The treatment of hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "Hypertensive disease in pregnancy remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Control of maternal hypertension with antihypertensive therapy improves maternal and foetal outcome. If the blood pressure is elevated in early pregnancy, complications are more likely to occur to both mother and foetus, and the outcome may not be favourable. In labour the threat of severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia is a constant hazard.", "contents": "The treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertensive disease in pregnancy remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Control of maternal hypertension with antihypertensive therapy improves maternal and foetal outcome. If the blood pressure is elevated in early pregnancy, complications are more likely to occur to both mother and foetus, and the outcome may not be favourable. In labour the threat of severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia is a constant hazard.", "PMID": 736851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2860", "title": "A survey of attitudes of obstetric patients to a new-old concept of postnatal care.", "content": "One hundred and thirty six mothers who were patients in a low dependency postnatal maternity unit were surveyed to assess their attitudes to this kind of care, and whether they preferred it to the more traditional acute care maternity unit. Their confidence in caring for their babies was also assessed. A three month follow-up study sought a retrospective opinion of the unit and measured the incidence of breast feeding. The findings indicated an overwhelming support for this kind of unit.", "contents": "A survey of attitudes of obstetric patients to a new-old concept of postnatal care. One hundred and thirty six mothers who were patients in a low dependency postnatal maternity unit were surveyed to assess their attitudes to this kind of care, and whether they preferred it to the more traditional acute care maternity unit. Their confidence in caring for their babies was also assessed. A three month follow-up study sought a retrospective opinion of the unit and measured the incidence of breast feeding. The findings indicated an overwhelming support for this kind of unit.", "PMID": 736853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2861", "title": "The use of drugs in pregnancy and labour.", "content": "The possibility of harmful effects from drug therapy during pregnancy should be constantly before the clinican. The ability of drugs to pass from mother to babe through the placenta must be remembered as errors in the administration of drugs during pregnancy can have disastrous consequences for the mother and/or baby.", "contents": "The use of drugs in pregnancy and labour. The possibility of harmful effects from drug therapy during pregnancy should be constantly before the clinican. The ability of drugs to pass from mother to babe through the placenta must be remembered as errors in the administration of drugs during pregnancy can have disastrous consequences for the mother and/or baby.", "PMID": 736852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2862", "title": "Student's viewpoint. The response of patients to students observing general practice.", "content": "Medical courses in Australia currently are encouraging students to observe general practice by way of short periods of attachment. The figures indicate that a significant proportion of the patients in the practice are going to be concerned about this, even though the exposure is very necessary. This article deals with the way that the 'three man consultation' can be fashioned in order to minimize discomfort of the patient, or unnecessary inhibition of the learning process for the student.", "contents": "Student's viewpoint. The response of patients to students observing general practice. Medical courses in Australia currently are encouraging students to observe general practice by way of short periods of attachment. The figures indicate that a significant proportion of the patients in the practice are going to be concerned about this, even though the exposure is very necessary. This article deals with the way that the 'three man consultation' can be fashioned in order to minimize discomfort of the patient, or unnecessary inhibition of the learning process for the student.", "PMID": 736854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2863", "title": "Refresher course for general practitioner obstetricians: report of a survey on needs and expectations.", "content": "A survey of 52 general practitioner obstetricians attending a refresher course was carried out, the aims of which were to assess their motivation for attending, their expections of the course, and whether the course fulfilled these expectations. The main motivations for attending were interest and preparation for the Dip Obst RCOG examination. The main expectations were to be acquainted with current developments and to have tuition in practical procedures. The general practitioner obstetricians were generally satisfied with the course; however, they would have preferred a greater emphasis on informal tutorials rather than formal lectures, and practical procedures rather than recent advances in physiology and neonatology.", "contents": "Refresher course for general practitioner obstetricians: report of a survey on needs and expectations. A survey of 52 general practitioner obstetricians attending a refresher course was carried out, the aims of which were to assess their motivation for attending, their expections of the course, and whether the course fulfilled these expectations. The main motivations for attending were interest and preparation for the Dip Obst RCOG examination. The main expectations were to be acquainted with current developments and to have tuition in practical procedures. The general practitioner obstetricians were generally satisfied with the course; however, they would have preferred a greater emphasis on informal tutorials rather than formal lectures, and practical procedures rather than recent advances in physiology and neonatology.", "PMID": 736855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2864", "title": "The necessity for information on medical manpower needs in Australia and its attainment.", "content": "Authorities of all descriptions have been shown to require reasonably accurate ongoing statistics on medical manpower so they can make satisfactory plans and arrangements for the future. It is submitted that this information is no less important for medical graduates in planning their own personal future careers. Methods of obtaining this statistical information have been reviewed, and recommendations made to support propositions already suggested for providing the information and resolving the problems both personal and national.", "contents": "The necessity for information on medical manpower needs in Australia and its attainment. Authorities of all descriptions have been shown to require reasonably accurate ongoing statistics on medical manpower so they can make satisfactory plans and arrangements for the future. It is submitted that this information is no less important for medical graduates in planning their own personal future careers. Methods of obtaining this statistical information have been reviewed, and recommendations made to support propositions already suggested for providing the information and resolving the problems both personal and national.", "PMID": 736856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2865", "title": "Duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Duodenal ulcer is a common disease which places heavy demands on health care costs. The aetiology is unknown, but its pathogenesis is related to acid secretion. The characteristic symptom is chronic epigastric pain which precedes meals, occurs one to three hours after food, and one to two hours after retiring. The pain is relieved by food or antacids. Barium meal remains the prime investigation, but flexible endoscopy allows accurate visualization of the ulcer particularly in a scarred deformed duodenum. Complications include haemorrhage, perforation and obstruction. Time-honoured therapy including diet, antacids and anticholinergics simply relieves pain, whilst newer drugs (Tagamet, De-Nol, and Duogastrone) are effective in healing the ulcer. Surgery is indicated for complications or inadequately relieved pain.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer is a common disease which places heavy demands on health care costs. The aetiology is unknown, but its pathogenesis is related to acid secretion. The characteristic symptom is chronic epigastric pain which precedes meals, occurs one to three hours after food, and one to two hours after retiring. The pain is relieved by food or antacids. Barium meal remains the prime investigation, but flexible endoscopy allows accurate visualization of the ulcer particularly in a scarred deformed duodenum. Complications include haemorrhage, perforation and obstruction. Time-honoured therapy including diet, antacids and anticholinergics simply relieves pain, whilst newer drugs (Tagamet, De-Nol, and Duogastrone) are effective in healing the ulcer. Surgery is indicated for complications or inadequately relieved pain.", "PMID": 736857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2866", "title": "Patients, doctors and medical education.", "content": "There is an increasing interpersonal distance between doctors and patients which is adversely affecting the quality of medical care. Solutions to the problem have been sought in the training of doctors, but these may not be effective until it is possible to undertake some mutual education of doctors and patients. Ways in which this could be done are discussed.", "contents": "Patients, doctors and medical education. There is an increasing interpersonal distance between doctors and patients which is adversely affecting the quality of medical care. Solutions to the problem have been sought in the training of doctors, but these may not be effective until it is possible to undertake some mutual education of doctors and patients. Ways in which this could be done are discussed.", "PMID": 736859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2867", "title": "Response to bidirectional and reverse selection for mating behavior in Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "Reported is a genetic analysis of mating behavior in male Japanese quail. Data were obtained from replicated experiments involving 12 generations of divergent selection for high and low cumulative number of completed matings (CNCM). No trait measured in the randombred control population changed significantly over time. Asymmetrical responses between the divergent lines were observed during various phases of selection. Reversed selection showed that additive genetic variance remains in the high lines. Small and unimportant were drift and error variances. Genetic and phenotypic relationships between CNCM and body weight were small but positive, while those between CNCM and relative aggressiveness were positive and intermediate. Also positive and intermediate were the correlations between CNCM and cloacal gland size.", "contents": "Response to bidirectional and reverse selection for mating behavior in Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. Reported is a genetic analysis of mating behavior in male Japanese quail. Data were obtained from replicated experiments involving 12 generations of divergent selection for high and low cumulative number of completed matings (CNCM). No trait measured in the randombred control population changed significantly over time. Asymmetrical responses between the divergent lines were observed during various phases of selection. Reversed selection showed that additive genetic variance remains in the high lines. Small and unimportant were drift and error variances. Genetic and phenotypic relationships between CNCM and body weight were small but positive, while those between CNCM and relative aggressiveness were positive and intermediate. Also positive and intermediate were the correlations between CNCM and cloacal gland size.", "PMID": 736872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2868", "title": "Nonlinear modeling of multistable perception.", "content": "Multistable figures show that the stimulus-percept relation is not a single valued function. We therefore propose a tentative nonlinear model on the hypothesis that the graph of this relation is the equilibrium set of a dynamic system. For simplicity and to obtain testable predictions, we consider a system whose bifurcations are gradient-like and thus generically described by the elementary catastrophes. We motivate this general model, and then show how, in conjunction with the principle of minimal singularity, it implies cusp catastrophe geometry in a specific perceptual example. Indeed, we argue for canonical cusp geometry in this case. The model incorporates naturally certain observed features of multistable perception, such as hysteresis and bias effects. Despite being a continuum model it is naturally compatible with the subjective dichotomy of bistable perception. The model makes testable predictions which may easily be extended to other specific examples of multistable perception.", "contents": "Nonlinear modeling of multistable perception. Multistable figures show that the stimulus-percept relation is not a single valued function. We therefore propose a tentative nonlinear model on the hypothesis that the graph of this relation is the equilibrium set of a dynamic system. For simplicity and to obtain testable predictions, we consider a system whose bifurcations are gradient-like and thus generically described by the elementary catastrophes. We motivate this general model, and then show how, in conjunction with the principle of minimal singularity, it implies cusp catastrophe geometry in a specific perceptual example. Indeed, we argue for canonical cusp geometry in this case. The model incorporates naturally certain observed features of multistable perception, such as hysteresis and bias effects. Despite being a continuum model it is naturally compatible with the subjective dichotomy of bistable perception. The model makes testable predictions which may easily be extended to other specific examples of multistable perception.", "PMID": 736877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2869", "title": "Analysis of mechanisms regulating the expression of parental alleles at the GPD locus in mule erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was examined by 13% starch gel electrophoresis in 74 mules (42 females and 32 males), 35 donkeys, and ten horses. The quantitative expression of the parental alleles at the Gpd locus varies greatly in female mules from the hemizygous expression of the maternal allele to that of the paternal. The data obtained indicate that the X chromosomes are randomly inactivated in females mules. No selective advantage of a cell population with a maternally (or paternally) derived X active was found in female mule erythrocytes. It is suggested that the phenotypic variability in the expression of the parental Gpd alleles is related to the random proportions established between cells having either a maternal or paternal X active in an initiator (stem) cell group giving rise to erythroid tissue. Initiator cell numbers estimated for erythroid tissue (six or seven) are close to those reported for human females and intergeneric fox hybrids. These numbers may vary depending on the duration of the time of determination and the division rate of initiator cells at determination.", "contents": "Analysis of mechanisms regulating the expression of parental alleles at the GPD locus in mule erythrocytes. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was examined by 13% starch gel electrophoresis in 74 mules (42 females and 32 males), 35 donkeys, and ten horses. The quantitative expression of the parental alleles at the Gpd locus varies greatly in female mules from the hemizygous expression of the maternal allele to that of the paternal. The data obtained indicate that the X chromosomes are randomly inactivated in females mules. No selective advantage of a cell population with a maternally (or paternally) derived X active was found in female mule erythrocytes. It is suggested that the phenotypic variability in the expression of the parental Gpd alleles is related to the random proportions established between cells having either a maternal or paternal X active in an initiator (stem) cell group giving rise to erythroid tissue. Initiator cell numbers estimated for erythroid tissue (six or seven) are close to those reported for human females and intergeneric fox hybrids. These numbers may vary depending on the duration of the time of determination and the division rate of initiator cells at determination.", "PMID": 736879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2870", "title": "Screening of inbred rat strains for electrophoretic protein polymorphisms.", "content": "Nineteen inbred strains of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) were investigated for genetic differences by starch and agarose gel electrophoretic techniques. For six out of 21 loci, interstrain differences were observed: Tf, 6PGD, Es-1, Es-4, Es-5, and Svp. The variants are briefly described and the allelic distributions are tabulated. The 6GPD locus was found to be linked neither to the major histocompatibility gene region nor to the coat color genes c, a, h.", "contents": "Screening of inbred rat strains for electrophoretic protein polymorphisms. Nineteen inbred strains of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) were investigated for genetic differences by starch and agarose gel electrophoretic techniques. For six out of 21 loci, interstrain differences were observed: Tf, 6PGD, Es-1, Es-4, Es-5, and Svp. The variants are briefly described and the allelic distributions are tabulated. The 6GPD locus was found to be linked neither to the major histocompatibility gene region nor to the coat color genes c, a, h.", "PMID": 736880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2871", "title": "Genetic regulation of liver alcohol dehydrogenase in Peromyscus.", "content": "Data from genetic crosses of Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus suggests that electrophoretic variants of liver alcohol dehydrogenase are coded by alleles at a single locus. These alleles, designated AdhF, AdhS, and AdhN, determine, respectively, the fast, slow, and not detectable (null) ADH electrophoretic phenotype. Heterozygotes (AdhF/AdhS) exhibit three bands on zymograms, suggesting a dimeric subunit structure for the enzyme. However, AdhF/AdhN and AdhS/AdhN animals exhibit a single band, suggesting that the AdhN allele does not produce a polypeptide subunit capable of dimerizing into an active molecule. Fast and slow electrophoretic phenotypes exhibit multiple bands which can be converted into single major fast and slow bands, respectively, upon treatment with oxidized or reduced NAD. Addition of NAD also stabilizes both the fast and slow enzyme to heat inactivation at 60 C for at least 30 min.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of liver alcohol dehydrogenase in Peromyscus. Data from genetic crosses of Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus suggests that electrophoretic variants of liver alcohol dehydrogenase are coded by alleles at a single locus. These alleles, designated AdhF, AdhS, and AdhN, determine, respectively, the fast, slow, and not detectable (null) ADH electrophoretic phenotype. Heterozygotes (AdhF/AdhS) exhibit three bands on zymograms, suggesting a dimeric subunit structure for the enzyme. However, AdhF/AdhN and AdhS/AdhN animals exhibit a single band, suggesting that the AdhN allele does not produce a polypeptide subunit capable of dimerizing into an active molecule. Fast and slow electrophoretic phenotypes exhibit multiple bands which can be converted into single major fast and slow bands, respectively, upon treatment with oxidized or reduced NAD. Addition of NAD also stabilizes both the fast and slow enzyme to heat inactivation at 60 C for at least 30 min.", "PMID": 736881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2872", "title": "Assignment of the gene for dipeptidase 2 to Mus musculus chromosome 18 by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for dipeptidase 2 to Mus musculus chromosome 18 by synteny testing and karyotypic analysis of Chinese hamster x mouse somatic cell hybrid clones. DIP-2 and chromosome 18 were expressed concordantly in 24/24 clones examined (ten primary clones and 14 secondary clones). Synteny testing indicated that DIP-2 was not expressed concordantly with the expression of any marker enzymes.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for dipeptidase 2 to Mus musculus chromosome 18 by somatic cell hybridization. Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for dipeptidase 2 to Mus musculus chromosome 18 by synteny testing and karyotypic analysis of Chinese hamster x mouse somatic cell hybrid clones. DIP-2 and chromosome 18 were expressed concordantly in 24/24 clones examined (ten primary clones and 14 secondary clones). Synteny testing indicated that DIP-2 was not expressed concordantly with the expression of any marker enzymes.", "PMID": 736882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2873", "title": "Survey of isoenzymes in the snail Cepaea nemoralis using different buffer/gel systems in polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis: validity of comparisons and effect of \"nothing dehydrogenase\" activity.", "content": "An investigation into isoenzymic analysis using four different buffer/gel systems was carried out. Fourteen different isoenzyme systems were surveyed on each buffer/gel system. It is shown that comparable results are not obtained between different systems. Previous workers in Cepaea nemoralis have used different buffer/gel systems from one another. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase and certain lactate and malate dehydrogenases are shown to behave similarly in three different systems. It is tentatively suggested that these isoenzymes may be genetically identical. \"Nothing dehydrogenase\" activity is demonstrated in gels stained for other dehydrogenases. It is suggested that nothing dehydrogenase activity may be attributable to glutamate or malate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Survey of isoenzymes in the snail Cepaea nemoralis using different buffer/gel systems in polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis: validity of comparisons and effect of \"nothing dehydrogenase\" activity. An investigation into isoenzymic analysis using four different buffer/gel systems was carried out. Fourteen different isoenzyme systems were surveyed on each buffer/gel system. It is shown that comparable results are not obtained between different systems. Previous workers in Cepaea nemoralis have used different buffer/gel systems from one another. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase and certain lactate and malate dehydrogenases are shown to behave similarly in three different systems. It is tentatively suggested that these isoenzymes may be genetically identical. \"Nothing dehydrogenase\" activity is demonstrated in gels stained for other dehydrogenases. It is suggested that nothing dehydrogenase activity may be attributable to glutamate or malate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 736883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2874", "title": "Identification and linkage relationships of three hexokinase genes in Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Four regions of hexokinase activity are detected by starch gel electrophoresis of adult Aedes aegypti. Three of the regions, Hk-2, Hk-3, and Hk-4, are produced by three tightly linked loci, located on the third chromosome 7.25 map units from the locus fuzzy. The three loci show developmental differences as well as differences in substrate specificity.", "contents": "Identification and linkage relationships of three hexokinase genes in Aedes aegypti. Four regions of hexokinase activity are detected by starch gel electrophoresis of adult Aedes aegypti. Three of the regions, Hk-2, Hk-3, and Hk-4, are produced by three tightly linked loci, located on the third chromosome 7.25 map units from the locus fuzzy. The three loci show developmental differences as well as differences in substrate specificity.", "PMID": 736884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2875", "title": "Genetic bases for protein polymorphism in Fundulus heteroclitus (L.).I. Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh-B), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-A), glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-B), and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-A).", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis has shown populations of F. heteroclitus to possess variants at four enzyme-coding loci: Ldh-B, Mdh-A, Gpi-B, and Pgm-A. Based on the phenotypic distribution in the F1 generation, each variant segregates as an autosomally inherited codominant allele. A pairwise comparison of the expected phenotypic classes among these loci showed no evidence of strong linkage; however, weak linkage could not be ruled out. Despite the considerable genetic divergence of populations from the geographical extremes of this species, offspring resulting from crosses between individuals from these localities show viabilities similar to those found for crosses of local populations.", "contents": "Genetic bases for protein polymorphism in Fundulus heteroclitus (L.).I. Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh-B), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-A), glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-B), and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-A). Electrophoretic analysis has shown populations of F. heteroclitus to possess variants at four enzyme-coding loci: Ldh-B, Mdh-A, Gpi-B, and Pgm-A. Based on the phenotypic distribution in the F1 generation, each variant segregates as an autosomally inherited codominant allele. A pairwise comparison of the expected phenotypic classes among these loci showed no evidence of strong linkage; however, weak linkage could not be ruled out. Despite the considerable genetic divergence of populations from the geographical extremes of this species, offspring resulting from crosses between individuals from these localities show viabilities similar to those found for crosses of local populations.", "PMID": 736885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2876", "title": "Biochemical genetics of Fundulus heterolitus (L.). I. Temporal and spatial variation in gene frequencies of Ldh-B, Mdh-A, Gpi-B, and Pgm-A.", "content": "Natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus show extensive spatial variation in gene frequencies at four unlinked polymorphic loci. Large clinal changes in gene frequencies were found for Ldh-B, Mdh-A, and Gpi-B, whereas the spatial variation for the Pgm-B locus was small. Since the geographical area over which these clines are found is characterized by a steep thermal gradient, the clines in gene frequency are correlated with a directional change in mean water temperature. Maximum gene diversity of these four loci was correlated with annual fluctuations in water temperature. Temporal stability of the allelic frequencies was established for a 2--4 year period.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of Fundulus heterolitus (L.). I. Temporal and spatial variation in gene frequencies of Ldh-B, Mdh-A, Gpi-B, and Pgm-A. Natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus show extensive spatial variation in gene frequencies at four unlinked polymorphic loci. Large clinal changes in gene frequencies were found for Ldh-B, Mdh-A, and Gpi-B, whereas the spatial variation for the Pgm-B locus was small. Since the geographical area over which these clines are found is characterized by a steep thermal gradient, the clines in gene frequency are correlated with a directional change in mean water temperature. Maximum gene diversity of these four loci was correlated with annual fluctuations in water temperature. Temporal stability of the allelic frequencies was established for a 2--4 year period.", "PMID": 736886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2877", "title": "Heterosis in a wild strain of Drosophila polymorpha with a lethal closely linked to the major esterase locus.", "content": "A laboratory population derived from a single wild inseminated female has a lethal so closely linked to the major esterase locus that in 3 years of observations no crossover products have been detected. Linkage with a chromosome inversion was excluded by cytological analysis. The heterozygotes are superior to the homozygotes in egg-adult viability, egg-laying rate, and longevity. Electrophoretic analysis of larvae, pupae, and 2-h-old adults shows that the specific phase for the lethal effect in homozygotes is the pupal stage.", "contents": "Heterosis in a wild strain of Drosophila polymorpha with a lethal closely linked to the major esterase locus. A laboratory population derived from a single wild inseminated female has a lethal so closely linked to the major esterase locus that in 3 years of observations no crossover products have been detected. Linkage with a chromosome inversion was excluded by cytological analysis. The heterozygotes are superior to the homozygotes in egg-adult viability, egg-laying rate, and longevity. Electrophoretic analysis of larvae, pupae, and 2-h-old adults shows that the specific phase for the lethal effect in homozygotes is the pupal stage.", "PMID": 736887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2878", "title": "The susceptibility of muscle phosphorylases a and b to digestion by a neutral proteinase from rat intestinal muscle. Comparison with the effects produced by pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "1. Phosphorylase b was inactivated three times more rapidly than phosphorylase a by a neutral, trypsin-like proteinase from rat intestinal muscle. Digestion of phosphorylase a produced a modified form which was deactivated by AMP. Removal of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor increased the rate of inactivation of the b form by about 3-fold but the subceptibility of apophosphorylase a was no different from the holo form. 2. The extent of proteolysis of both holoenzyme forms, as guaged by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, was limited and similar digestion patterns were obtained in both cases. 3. With (32)P-labelled phosphorylase a as substrate, the initial event in the inactivation was the release of a trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide from the N-terminus of the enzyme, leaving the original 100000 subunit form essentially unchanged. Subsequent proteolysis was restricted, producing derivatives of mol.wt. 85000, 70000 and 65000, none of which contained any radioactive label. 4. By treatment of inactivated phosphorylase b with carboxypeptidase B, it was shown that the intestinal muscle proteinase had cleaved approximately 3 -Lys-X and 3 -Arg-X bonds in the polypeptide. 5. The protective effects of various allosteric modulators of phosphorylase on the inactivation of the a and b forms were generally in agreement with the known roles of the modifiers. Glucose increased the susceptibility of phosphorylase a. 6. Inactivation of phosphorylase b by trypsin and chymotrypsin also resulted in limited proteolysis but, in both cases, the digestion patterns obtained on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels were different from each other and from the pattern obtained with the intestinal muscle proteinase. 7. Inactivation of phosphorylase b by the muscle proteinase is about 100 times more rapid than the effects produced by trypsin or chymotrypsin when the activities are compared on an equimolar basis. 8. Consideration is given to regulation of the rate of enzyme degradation intracellularly by modulation of the conformation and susceptibility of the enzyme via factors such as covalent modification, allosteric ligands and state of aggregation.", "contents": "The susceptibility of muscle phosphorylases a and b to digestion by a neutral proteinase from rat intestinal muscle. Comparison with the effects produced by pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin. 1. Phosphorylase b was inactivated three times more rapidly than phosphorylase a by a neutral, trypsin-like proteinase from rat intestinal muscle. Digestion of phosphorylase a produced a modified form which was deactivated by AMP. Removal of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor increased the rate of inactivation of the b form by about 3-fold but the subceptibility of apophosphorylase a was no different from the holo form. 2. The extent of proteolysis of both holoenzyme forms, as guaged by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, was limited and similar digestion patterns were obtained in both cases. 3. With (32)P-labelled phosphorylase a as substrate, the initial event in the inactivation was the release of a trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide from the N-terminus of the enzyme, leaving the original 100000 subunit form essentially unchanged. Subsequent proteolysis was restricted, producing derivatives of mol.wt. 85000, 70000 and 65000, none of which contained any radioactive label. 4. By treatment of inactivated phosphorylase b with carboxypeptidase B, it was shown that the intestinal muscle proteinase had cleaved approximately 3 -Lys-X and 3 -Arg-X bonds in the polypeptide. 5. The protective effects of various allosteric modulators of phosphorylase on the inactivation of the a and b forms were generally in agreement with the known roles of the modifiers. Glucose increased the susceptibility of phosphorylase a. 6. Inactivation of phosphorylase b by trypsin and chymotrypsin also resulted in limited proteolysis but, in both cases, the digestion patterns obtained on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels were different from each other and from the pattern obtained with the intestinal muscle proteinase. 7. Inactivation of phosphorylase b by the muscle proteinase is about 100 times more rapid than the effects produced by trypsin or chymotrypsin when the activities are compared on an equimolar basis. 8. Consideration is given to regulation of the rate of enzyme degradation intracellularly by modulation of the conformation and susceptibility of the enzyme via factors such as covalent modification, allosteric ligands and state of aggregation.", "PMID": 736888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2879", "title": "Circular-dichroic studies on the conformational behaviour of troponin and tropomyosin from bovine cardiac muscle.", "content": "Bovine cardiac troponin is similar to rabbit skeletal troponin with respect to secondary structure, amino acid composition and molecular weight of the subunits, but differs slightly with respect to biological activity and surface charges of the subunits. Previous circular-dichroic studies of the subunits and recombination of subunits have indicated significant Ca2+-induced delocalized conformational changes. Present studies of the native troponin complex are not in accord with such changes. Furthermore the formation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex in vitro results in no delocalized conformational changes, nor does it sensitize troponin to Ca2+-induced changes. It is suggested that the troponin complex cannot be dissociated into subunits without significant and irreversible conformational perturbation.", "contents": "Circular-dichroic studies on the conformational behaviour of troponin and tropomyosin from bovine cardiac muscle. Bovine cardiac troponin is similar to rabbit skeletal troponin with respect to secondary structure, amino acid composition and molecular weight of the subunits, but differs slightly with respect to biological activity and surface charges of the subunits. Previous circular-dichroic studies of the subunits and recombination of subunits have indicated significant Ca2+-induced delocalized conformational changes. Present studies of the native troponin complex are not in accord with such changes. Furthermore the formation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex in vitro results in no delocalized conformational changes, nor does it sensitize troponin to Ca2+-induced changes. It is suggested that the troponin complex cannot be dissociated into subunits without significant and irreversible conformational perturbation.", "PMID": 736889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2880", "title": "Genetic variants involving the major membrane sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocytes. Studies on erythrocytes of type Mk, Miltenberger class V and Mg.", "content": "1. Membranes from erythrocytes heterozygous for the Mk and Miltenberger Class V (Mi.V) condition and membranes from erythrocytes homozygous for the Mg condition were studied by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis by using the periodate/Schiff stain binding of radioiodinated lectins and labelling with lactoperoxidase. 2. Both the Mk and Mi.V conditions are associated with a decreased content of the major blood-group-MN-active sialoglycoprotein. 3. An unusual blood-group-M-active membrane component was found in Mi.V cells of appropriate genotype. No comparably component was found in Mk erythrocytes. 4. The Mg antigen appears to result from a modification of the MN-active sialoglycoprotein found in normal cells. Our results suggest that the Mg sialoglycoprotein contains fewer sialotetrasaccharides than does the normal sialglycoprotein. This may result from changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein. 5. The results are discussed in relation to differences in the antigenic properties of Mk, Mi.V and Mg cells and their possible influence on the structure of the surface of each of these cells.", "contents": "Genetic variants involving the major membrane sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocytes. Studies on erythrocytes of type Mk, Miltenberger class V and Mg. 1. Membranes from erythrocytes heterozygous for the Mk and Miltenberger Class V (Mi.V) condition and membranes from erythrocytes homozygous for the Mg condition were studied by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis by using the periodate/Schiff stain binding of radioiodinated lectins and labelling with lactoperoxidase. 2. Both the Mk and Mi.V conditions are associated with a decreased content of the major blood-group-MN-active sialoglycoprotein. 3. An unusual blood-group-M-active membrane component was found in Mi.V cells of appropriate genotype. No comparably component was found in Mk erythrocytes. 4. The Mg antigen appears to result from a modification of the MN-active sialoglycoprotein found in normal cells. Our results suggest that the Mg sialoglycoprotein contains fewer sialotetrasaccharides than does the normal sialglycoprotein. This may result from changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein. 5. The results are discussed in relation to differences in the antigenic properties of Mk, Mi.V and Mg cells and their possible influence on the structure of the surface of each of these cells.", "PMID": 736890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2881", "title": "Isolation of heavy satellite deoxyribonucleic acid from sea-urchin spermatozoa.", "content": "Two different methods were used to isolate high-molecular-weight heavy satellite DNA from the spermatozoa of the sea-urchin Lytechinus variegratus. Purification of satellite rDNA (ribosomal DNA) by selective denaturation of the spermatozoal DNA followed by a separation of the native and denatured DNA in an aqueous mixture of poly(ethylene glycol)/dextran is affected by the molecular weight of the spermatozoal DNA. Enrichment of satellite rDNA by selective precipitation of main-band DNA by poly-L-lysine is cumbersome but more suitable.", "contents": "Isolation of heavy satellite deoxyribonucleic acid from sea-urchin spermatozoa. Two different methods were used to isolate high-molecular-weight heavy satellite DNA from the spermatozoa of the sea-urchin Lytechinus variegratus. Purification of satellite rDNA (ribosomal DNA) by selective denaturation of the spermatozoal DNA followed by a separation of the native and denatured DNA in an aqueous mixture of poly(ethylene glycol)/dextran is affected by the molecular weight of the spermatozoal DNA. Enrichment of satellite rDNA by selective precipitation of main-band DNA by poly-L-lysine is cumbersome but more suitable.", "PMID": 736891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2882", "title": "Differential effects of non-ionic detergents on microsomal and sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase in cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. About 4 and 23% of the homogenate adenylate cyclase activity was recovered in the microsomal and sarcolemmal fractions isolated from guinea-pig heart ventricles. 2. Cardiac microsomal adenylate cyclase activity [basal as well as p[NH]ppG (guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate)- and NaF-stimulated] was increased over 2-fold in the presence of Lubrol-PX (0.01-0.1%). 3. The sarcolemmal enzyme, however, showed concentration-dependent inhibition caused by the detergent under all assay conditions, except when p[NH]ppG was included in the assay. In the latter case, the detergent (0.01-0.02%) caused a modest increase (30-45%) in enzyme activity. 4. Another non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, also stimulated the microsomal cyclase and inhibited the sarcolemmal enzyme. 5. With either membrane fraction, Lubrol-PX solubilized the enzyme when the detergent/membrane protein ratio was 2.5 (mumol of detergent/mg of protein). 6. The findings with homogenate and a washed particulate fraction resembled those obtained with sarcolemma, and those with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum resembled those with microsomal preparations. 7. p[NH]ppG, and to some extent NaF, protected the detergent-induced inactivation of the enzyme observed at higher detergent concentrations (0.5% Lubrol-PX and 0.05-0.5% Triton X-100). 8. In the absence of detergents, p[NH]ppG increased the basal enzyme activity about 2-fold in microsomal fractions, but did not appreciably stimulate the sarcolemmal enzyme. Isoproterenol, on the other hand, increased the sarcolemmal enzyme activity (>2-fold) in the presence of p[NH]ppG and caused only moderate stimulation (31%) of the microsomal enzyme under these conditions. 9. These findings support the view that, although the bulk of adenylate cyclase resides in heart sarcolemma (plasma membrane), the microsomal activity cannot be accounted for solely by contamination of the microsomal fraction with sarcolemma, as has been suggested by others [Besch, Jones & Watanabe (1976) Circ. Res.39, 586-595; Engelhard, Plut & Storm (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta451, 48-61]. Further, the results of this study show that cardiac sarcoplasmic-reticulum membranes possess this enzyme.", "contents": "Differential effects of non-ionic detergents on microsomal and sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase in cardiac muscle. 1. About 4 and 23% of the homogenate adenylate cyclase activity was recovered in the microsomal and sarcolemmal fractions isolated from guinea-pig heart ventricles. 2. Cardiac microsomal adenylate cyclase activity [basal as well as p[NH]ppG (guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate)- and NaF-stimulated] was increased over 2-fold in the presence of Lubrol-PX (0.01-0.1%). 3. The sarcolemmal enzyme, however, showed concentration-dependent inhibition caused by the detergent under all assay conditions, except when p[NH]ppG was included in the assay. In the latter case, the detergent (0.01-0.02%) caused a modest increase (30-45%) in enzyme activity. 4. Another non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, also stimulated the microsomal cyclase and inhibited the sarcolemmal enzyme. 5. With either membrane fraction, Lubrol-PX solubilized the enzyme when the detergent/membrane protein ratio was 2.5 (mumol of detergent/mg of protein). 6. The findings with homogenate and a washed particulate fraction resembled those obtained with sarcolemma, and those with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum resembled those with microsomal preparations. 7. p[NH]ppG, and to some extent NaF, protected the detergent-induced inactivation of the enzyme observed at higher detergent concentrations (0.5% Lubrol-PX and 0.05-0.5% Triton X-100). 8. In the absence of detergents, p[NH]ppG increased the basal enzyme activity about 2-fold in microsomal fractions, but did not appreciably stimulate the sarcolemmal enzyme. Isoproterenol, on the other hand, increased the sarcolemmal enzyme activity (>2-fold) in the presence of p[NH]ppG and caused only moderate stimulation (31%) of the microsomal enzyme under these conditions. 9. These findings support the view that, although the bulk of adenylate cyclase resides in heart sarcolemma (plasma membrane), the microsomal activity cannot be accounted for solely by contamination of the microsomal fraction with sarcolemma, as has been suggested by others [Besch, Jones & Watanabe (1976) Circ. Res.39, 586-595; Engelhard, Plut & Storm (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta451, 48-61]. Further, the results of this study show that cardiac sarcoplasmic-reticulum membranes possess this enzyme.", "PMID": 736892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2883", "title": "Release of two thioesterase domains from fatty acid synthetase by limited digestion with trypsin.", "content": "Limited digestion, with trypsin, of the fatty acid synthetase from rat mammary gland releases an enzymically active thioesterase component that, under denaturing conditions, consists of two major species of mol.wts. 35000 and 17500 and a minor species, mol.wt. 15,000. The 17500- and 150000-mol.wt. species are shown to originate from the 35000-mol.wt. species as a result of nicking by trypsin. The nicked polypeptides are enzymically active. The fatty acid synthetase is inhibited by [1,3-14C]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate, which is shown to bind to, and inactivate, two thioesterase active sites. When the [1,3-14C]di-isopropyl phosphate-labelled fatty acid synthetase is subjected to limited digestion with trypsin, all of the radioactivity is recovered in the isolated thioesterase component, i.e. in the 35000-mol.wt. polypeptide and its nicked products. Since the isolated thioesterase is shown to bind only one di-isopropyl phosphate residue per 35000-mol.wt. polypeptide, we conclude that the fatty acid synthetase has two thioesterase domains, both of which are removed by limited trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Release of two thioesterase domains from fatty acid synthetase by limited digestion with trypsin. Limited digestion, with trypsin, of the fatty acid synthetase from rat mammary gland releases an enzymically active thioesterase component that, under denaturing conditions, consists of two major species of mol.wts. 35000 and 17500 and a minor species, mol.wt. 15,000. The 17500- and 150000-mol.wt. species are shown to originate from the 35000-mol.wt. species as a result of nicking by trypsin. The nicked polypeptides are enzymically active. The fatty acid synthetase is inhibited by [1,3-14C]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate, which is shown to bind to, and inactivate, two thioesterase active sites. When the [1,3-14C]di-isopropyl phosphate-labelled fatty acid synthetase is subjected to limited digestion with trypsin, all of the radioactivity is recovered in the isolated thioesterase component, i.e. in the 35000-mol.wt. polypeptide and its nicked products. Since the isolated thioesterase is shown to bind only one di-isopropyl phosphate residue per 35000-mol.wt. polypeptide, we conclude that the fatty acid synthetase has two thioesterase domains, both of which are removed by limited trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 736893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2884", "title": "The specificity of the interaction of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A with natural and halogenated purine nucleotides.", "content": "The interaction between bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.4.22) and the purine nucleotides AMP, GMP, 6-chloropurine 5'-ribonucleotide and 8-bromoadenosine 5'-monophosphate was studied by u.v. difference spectroscopy. The stoicheiometry of the binding of the halogenated nucleotides to the enzyme shows a 1:1 ratio, as for the natural ones. The binding constants, Ka, for all four nucleotides at pH 5.5 were determined. They are within the same order of magnitude, though the nucleotides with a 6-amino group show a stronger interaction. The magnitude of the binding shows a reciprocal dependence on the ionic strength, which indicates an electrostatic interaction between ligand and enzyme. Finally, solvent-perturbation experiments show that all four nucleotides bind to the enzyme in a partially hydrophobic region. It is concluded that both halogenated and natural purine ribonucleotides interact in a similar manner with the enzyme molecule. The special synthesis and identification of 6-chloropurine 5'-ribonucleotide are discussed extensively. It is concluded that both halogenated and natural purine ribonucleotides interact in a similar manner with the enzyme molecule and thus the halogenated analogues are potential reagents for the affinity labelling of the purine-binding site.", "contents": "The specificity of the interaction of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A with natural and halogenated purine nucleotides. The interaction between bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.4.22) and the purine nucleotides AMP, GMP, 6-chloropurine 5'-ribonucleotide and 8-bromoadenosine 5'-monophosphate was studied by u.v. difference spectroscopy. The stoicheiometry of the binding of the halogenated nucleotides to the enzyme shows a 1:1 ratio, as for the natural ones. The binding constants, Ka, for all four nucleotides at pH 5.5 were determined. They are within the same order of magnitude, though the nucleotides with a 6-amino group show a stronger interaction. The magnitude of the binding shows a reciprocal dependence on the ionic strength, which indicates an electrostatic interaction between ligand and enzyme. Finally, solvent-perturbation experiments show that all four nucleotides bind to the enzyme in a partially hydrophobic region. It is concluded that both halogenated and natural purine ribonucleotides interact in a similar manner with the enzyme molecule. The special synthesis and identification of 6-chloropurine 5'-ribonucleotide are discussed extensively. It is concluded that both halogenated and natural purine ribonucleotides interact in a similar manner with the enzyme molecule and thus the halogenated analogues are potential reagents for the affinity labelling of the purine-binding site.", "PMID": 736894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2885", "title": "Studies on ram acrosin. Activation of proacrosin accompanying the isolation of acrosin from spermatozoa, and purification of the enzyme by affinity chromatography.", "content": "1. A previously described, freeze-dried, partially purified ram acrosin preparation was fractionated on a column of Sepharose linked to the acrosin inhibitor p-(p'-aminophenoxypropoxy)benzamidine. Two acrosin fractions were obtained. 2. beta-Acrosin was homogeneous, quite stable at low pH and very stable when freeze-dried. Its molecular weight is about 38000, and it contains about six sugar residues per molecule, but no sialic acid. psi-Acrosin consisted of at least three unstable forms of acrosin. 3. When the entire purification process, starting from collection of semen, was carried out as rapidly as possible, the yield of beta-acrosin was increased and very little psi-acrosin was obtained. 4. In fresh ram semen the acrosin is present as the intra-acrosomal zymogen, proacrosin. After its extraction from spermatozoa autoproteolytic reactions convert proacrosin into beta-acrosin; psi-acrosin appears to be breakdown products of beta-acrosin. 5. When beta-acrosin was passed through a column of Sepharose linked to the non-inhibitory deamidinated analogue of the inhibitor it behaved as a hydrophobic protein. This is consistent with our view that acrosin (as zymogen) occurs in spermatozoa as a membrane-bound protein. 6. Success in the isolation of pure acrosin in high yield calls for an affinity adsorbent with the appropriate subsidiary hydrophobic properties.", "contents": "Studies on ram acrosin. Activation of proacrosin accompanying the isolation of acrosin from spermatozoa, and purification of the enzyme by affinity chromatography. 1. A previously described, freeze-dried, partially purified ram acrosin preparation was fractionated on a column of Sepharose linked to the acrosin inhibitor p-(p'-aminophenoxypropoxy)benzamidine. Two acrosin fractions were obtained. 2. beta-Acrosin was homogeneous, quite stable at low pH and very stable when freeze-dried. Its molecular weight is about 38000, and it contains about six sugar residues per molecule, but no sialic acid. psi-Acrosin consisted of at least three unstable forms of acrosin. 3. When the entire purification process, starting from collection of semen, was carried out as rapidly as possible, the yield of beta-acrosin was increased and very little psi-acrosin was obtained. 4. In fresh ram semen the acrosin is present as the intra-acrosomal zymogen, proacrosin. After its extraction from spermatozoa autoproteolytic reactions convert proacrosin into beta-acrosin; psi-acrosin appears to be breakdown products of beta-acrosin. 5. When beta-acrosin was passed through a column of Sepharose linked to the non-inhibitory deamidinated analogue of the inhibitor it behaved as a hydrophobic protein. This is consistent with our view that acrosin (as zymogen) occurs in spermatozoa as a membrane-bound protein. 6. Success in the isolation of pure acrosin in high yield calls for an affinity adsorbent with the appropriate subsidiary hydrophobic properties.", "PMID": 736895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2886", "title": "Isolation of the C-fragment and C'-fragment of lipotropin from pig pituitary and C-fragment from brain.", "content": "Three novel peptides derived from lipotropin, the C-Fragment (residues 61-91), C'-Fragment (61-87) and N-Fragment (1-38), were isolated from pig pituitary, and the C-Fragment was shown to be present in brain. The experimental procedures developed for their isolation are described. The formation of each of the fragments involves enzymic cleavage of lipotropin at consecutive basic residues, with specificity identical with that involved in the activation of known prohormones. In brain assays C-Fragment exhibits a range of biological activities related to its ability to act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Isolation of the C-fragment and C'-fragment of lipotropin from pig pituitary and C-fragment from brain. Three novel peptides derived from lipotropin, the C-Fragment (residues 61-91), C'-Fragment (61-87) and N-Fragment (1-38), were isolated from pig pituitary, and the C-Fragment was shown to be present in brain. The experimental procedures developed for their isolation are described. The formation of each of the fragments involves enzymic cleavage of lipotropin at consecutive basic residues, with specificity identical with that involved in the activation of known prohormones. In brain assays C-Fragment exhibits a range of biological activities related to its ability to act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 736896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2887", "title": "beta-Bungarotoxin. Separation of two discrete proteins with different synaptic actions.", "content": "beta-Bungarotoxin, a specific presynaptic blocking agent, was prepared in two stages from the crude venom of Bungarus multicinctus by ion-exchange chromatography on the weakly acidic ion exchanger, CM-Sephadex, and on the strongly acidic ion exchanger, sulphopropyl-Sephadex. By these procedures it was purified to a single protein, which was shown by reduction to contain two polypeptide chains with mol.wts. of less than 15000. During purification of beta-bungarotoxin three other proteins were isolated. Two of these proteins have similar molecular weights, subunit structure and physiological properties to the major protein component. This latter is referred to as beta-bungarotoxin, since it has the same physiological properties as those described for unpurified beta-bungarotoxin by other workers. The first protein has very different physiological effects and biochemical properties from beta-bungarotoxin. This protein has a single class of polypeptide chains with an apparent molecular weight that is lower than the main beta-bungarotoxin protein, and appears to block synaptic transmission by a predominantly postsynaptic effect. It has been suggested [Oberg & Kelly (1976) J. Neurobiol. 7, 129-141] that the action of beta-bungarotoxin depends on its phospholipase A activity; however, in this preparation of the toxin less than 50 muunits of phospholipase A activity were detected (1 unit of activity is the amount of enzyme forming 1 mumol of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine/min per mg of protein).", "contents": "beta-Bungarotoxin. Separation of two discrete proteins with different synaptic actions. beta-Bungarotoxin, a specific presynaptic blocking agent, was prepared in two stages from the crude venom of Bungarus multicinctus by ion-exchange chromatography on the weakly acidic ion exchanger, CM-Sephadex, and on the strongly acidic ion exchanger, sulphopropyl-Sephadex. By these procedures it was purified to a single protein, which was shown by reduction to contain two polypeptide chains with mol.wts. of less than 15000. During purification of beta-bungarotoxin three other proteins were isolated. Two of these proteins have similar molecular weights, subunit structure and physiological properties to the major protein component. This latter is referred to as beta-bungarotoxin, since it has the same physiological properties as those described for unpurified beta-bungarotoxin by other workers. The first protein has very different physiological effects and biochemical properties from beta-bungarotoxin. This protein has a single class of polypeptide chains with an apparent molecular weight that is lower than the main beta-bungarotoxin protein, and appears to block synaptic transmission by a predominantly postsynaptic effect. It has been suggested [Oberg & Kelly (1976) J. Neurobiol. 7, 129-141] that the action of beta-bungarotoxin depends on its phospholipase A activity; however, in this preparation of the toxin less than 50 muunits of phospholipase A activity were detected (1 unit of activity is the amount of enzyme forming 1 mumol of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine/min per mg of protein).", "PMID": 736897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2888", "title": "beta-Bungarotoxin. The binding of [3H]pyridoxylated beta-bungarotoxin to a high-molecular-weight protein receptor.", "content": "beta-Bungarotoxin was labelled with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (incorporating 3H). The kinetics of beta-bungarotoxin binding to several tissue subfragments of nervous tissue was studied. The dissociation constant of 3H-pyridoxylated beta-bungarotoxin in this reaction was 0.21-0.37 micron and that of unlabelled beta-bungarotoxin was 25 nM. Hill [(1910) J. Physiol. (London) 40, iv-vii] and Scatchard [(1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 660-672] analyses demonstrated no co-operativity of binding and only a single class of receptor sites, consistent with a bimolecular association of beta-bungarotoxin and its receptor. The iodinated toxin was physiologically inactive. Toxin was bound in non-specific unsaturable fashion by glass and/or plastic. This low-affinity binding was corrected by addition of bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 30 mg/ml. A soluble protein receptor of beta-bungarotoxin was isolated and the mol.wt. is approx. 200000.", "contents": "beta-Bungarotoxin. The binding of [3H]pyridoxylated beta-bungarotoxin to a high-molecular-weight protein receptor. beta-Bungarotoxin was labelled with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (incorporating 3H). The kinetics of beta-bungarotoxin binding to several tissue subfragments of nervous tissue was studied. The dissociation constant of 3H-pyridoxylated beta-bungarotoxin in this reaction was 0.21-0.37 micron and that of unlabelled beta-bungarotoxin was 25 nM. Hill [(1910) J. Physiol. (London) 40, iv-vii] and Scatchard [(1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 660-672] analyses demonstrated no co-operativity of binding and only a single class of receptor sites, consistent with a bimolecular association of beta-bungarotoxin and its receptor. The iodinated toxin was physiologically inactive. Toxin was bound in non-specific unsaturable fashion by glass and/or plastic. This low-affinity binding was corrected by addition of bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 30 mg/ml. A soluble protein receptor of beta-bungarotoxin was isolated and the mol.wt. is approx. 200000.", "PMID": 736898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2889", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the subunits of bovine follitropin.", "content": "Highly purified bovine follitropin was dissociated into its alpha- and beta-subunits after treatment with 1 M-propionic acid. The dissociated subunits were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The isolated alpha- and beta-subunits were biologically inactive, but their recombinants regenerated 80% of the follitropin activity. The alpha-subunit of bovine follitropin recombined with the beta-subunits of bovine lutropin and thyrotropin to regenerate 70% of lutropin and 50% of thyrotropin activities respectively. The beta-subunit of bovine follitropin recombined with the alpha-subunit of either bovine lutropin or thyrotropin to regenerate about 75% of follitropin activity. Recombinations were monitored by specific radioligand-receptor assays and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The elution volumes of the alpha- and beta-subunits of bovine follitropin after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 were almost identical. The amino acid composition of bovine follitropin-alpha was low in histidine, arginine, isoleucine and leucine, but relatively high in lysine, threonine and glutamic acid. The bovine follitropin-beta contained one methionine residue and low amounts of histidine and phenylalanine, but relatively high in aspartic acid, threonine and glutamic acid. The N-terminal residues of the alpha- and beta-subunits of bovine follitropin were identified to be phenylalanine and glycine respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the subunits of bovine follitropin. Highly purified bovine follitropin was dissociated into its alpha- and beta-subunits after treatment with 1 M-propionic acid. The dissociated subunits were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The isolated alpha- and beta-subunits were biologically inactive, but their recombinants regenerated 80% of the follitropin activity. The alpha-subunit of bovine follitropin recombined with the beta-subunits of bovine lutropin and thyrotropin to regenerate 70% of lutropin and 50% of thyrotropin activities respectively. The beta-subunit of bovine follitropin recombined with the alpha-subunit of either bovine lutropin or thyrotropin to regenerate about 75% of follitropin activity. Recombinations were monitored by specific radioligand-receptor assays and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The elution volumes of the alpha- and beta-subunits of bovine follitropin after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 were almost identical. The amino acid composition of bovine follitropin-alpha was low in histidine, arginine, isoleucine and leucine, but relatively high in lysine, threonine and glutamic acid. The bovine follitropin-beta contained one methionine residue and low amounts of histidine and phenylalanine, but relatively high in aspartic acid, threonine and glutamic acid. The N-terminal residues of the alpha- and beta-subunits of bovine follitropin were identified to be phenylalanine and glycine respectively.", "PMID": 736899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2890", "title": "Purification and some properties of tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase from rabbit kidney cortex.", "content": "Two forms of tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) were purified from rabbit kidney cortex by a multiple-column-chromatography method. The basic form constituted 90% of the enzyme and migrated as a single band of protein on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The proteins contaminating the acidic form did not exceed 5% of the total protein. The specific activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 12 mumol/min per mg for the basic form and 0.7 mumol/min per mg for the acidic form. The basic form of the enzyme differs from the acidic form in its heat-stability, Km values, inhibition rates by tartrate and fluoride and substrate specificities. Relative to p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis rate, the acidic form hydrolysed a variety of physiological monophosphate esters, whereas the basic form hydrolysed only CMP and phosphoenolpyruvate. Bacterial neuraminidases had no effect on the activity and mobility of the acidic form on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Both forms have the same molecular weight (101000 +/- 4000) and are probably composed of two identical subunits. The question whether the two forms of the enzyme are different proteins or whether one is a modified form of the other is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase from rabbit kidney cortex. Two forms of tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) were purified from rabbit kidney cortex by a multiple-column-chromatography method. The basic form constituted 90% of the enzyme and migrated as a single band of protein on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The proteins contaminating the acidic form did not exceed 5% of the total protein. The specific activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 12 mumol/min per mg for the basic form and 0.7 mumol/min per mg for the acidic form. The basic form of the enzyme differs from the acidic form in its heat-stability, Km values, inhibition rates by tartrate and fluoride and substrate specificities. Relative to p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis rate, the acidic form hydrolysed a variety of physiological monophosphate esters, whereas the basic form hydrolysed only CMP and phosphoenolpyruvate. Bacterial neuraminidases had no effect on the activity and mobility of the acidic form on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Both forms have the same molecular weight (101000 +/- 4000) and are probably composed of two identical subunits. The question whether the two forms of the enzyme are different proteins or whether one is a modified form of the other is discussed.", "PMID": 736900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2891", "title": "Dissociation of fibronectin from gelatin-agarose by amino compounds.", "content": "Soluble fibronectin of human plasma was specifically dissociated at neutral pH from gelatin-agarose by several cationic amino compounds, notably the polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine, the basic amino acid arginine, and amino sugars. The neutral and acidic amino acids and the N-acetylated derivatives of amino sugars tested were ineffective. Gel-filtration experiments demonstrated that [14C]spermidine bound to fibronectin but not to gelatin.", "contents": "Dissociation of fibronectin from gelatin-agarose by amino compounds. Soluble fibronectin of human plasma was specifically dissociated at neutral pH from gelatin-agarose by several cationic amino compounds, notably the polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine, the basic amino acid arginine, and amino sugars. The neutral and acidic amino acids and the N-acetylated derivatives of amino sugars tested were ineffective. Gel-filtration experiments demonstrated that [14C]spermidine bound to fibronectin but not to gelatin.", "PMID": 736901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2892", "title": "Strong metal-oxygen interaction in uracils. X-ray crystal structure of bis-(1,3-dimethyluracil)dichlorocopper(II).", "content": "An X-ray structure determination showed that in the compound bis-(1,3-dimethyluracil)-dichlorocopper(II) the uracil moiety is strongly bonded to the metal via the O(4) atom. Changes in the i.r. spectra on metal binding are discussed. Details of the structural parameters have been deposited as Supplementary Publications SUP 50091 (3 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Strong metal-oxygen interaction in uracils. X-ray crystal structure of bis-(1,3-dimethyluracil)dichlorocopper(II). An X-ray structure determination showed that in the compound bis-(1,3-dimethyluracil)-dichlorocopper(II) the uracil moiety is strongly bonded to the metal via the O(4) atom. Changes in the i.r. spectra on metal binding are discussed. Details of the structural parameters have been deposited as Supplementary Publications SUP 50091 (3 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 736902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2893", "title": "Intermolecular specificity of pancreatic lipase in the lipolysis of triacylglycerols containing phytanic acid.", "content": "Treatment of mixtures of glycerol tripalmitate and rac-glycerol 1,2-dipalmitate 3-phytanate with pancreatic lipase demonstrated that phytanic acid retarded the release of palmitic acid esterified in the same triacylglycerol.", "contents": "Intermolecular specificity of pancreatic lipase in the lipolysis of triacylglycerols containing phytanic acid. Treatment of mixtures of glycerol tripalmitate and rac-glycerol 1,2-dipalmitate 3-phytanate with pancreatic lipase demonstrated that phytanic acid retarded the release of palmitic acid esterified in the same triacylglycerol.", "PMID": 736903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2894", "title": "Incorporation of [18O]water in the formation of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol by the p-cresol methylhydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "In the hydroxylation of the methyl group of p-cresol by an enzyme from Pseudomonas putida the oxygen atom is derived from water. Although a second reaction by the same enzyme converts the product, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, into the aldehyde, the alcohol is an enzyme-free intermediate.", "contents": "Incorporation of [18O]water in the formation of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol by the p-cresol methylhydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida. In the hydroxylation of the methyl group of p-cresol by an enzyme from Pseudomonas putida the oxygen atom is derived from water. Although a second reaction by the same enzyme converts the product, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, into the aldehyde, the alcohol is an enzyme-free intermediate.", "PMID": 736904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2895", "title": "The isolation and partial characterization of low-molecular-weight phosphorylated component of the non-histone proteins of mouse nuclei.", "content": "After labelling of mouse liver nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP in vitro, 10-20% of the radioactivity incorporated into the saline-soluble nuclear and HAP2 chromatin fractions was located in a low-molecular-weight component (component 10) with pI near 4.5 in urea. By using combinations of ion-exchange chromatography, preparative thin-layer isoelectric focusing and gel filtration, this component was isolated from both nuclear fractions. Recovery from the saline-soluble fraction was poor under conditions that allow endogenous phosphatases to be active. Component 10 was shown to be a phosphoprotein on the basis of enzyme-digestion experiments and the detection of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The 32P radioactivity did not appear to be associated with phosphorylated basic amino acids. Its molecular weight was determined by gel chromatography and electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels as approx. 10000, and tryptic digestion of the reduced carboxymethylated protein in urea yielded two 32P-labelled peptides. It has not been possible as yet to assign a function to component 10, though its similarity to other low-molecular-weight acidic proteins is discussed.", "contents": "The isolation and partial characterization of low-molecular-weight phosphorylated component of the non-histone proteins of mouse nuclei. After labelling of mouse liver nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP in vitro, 10-20% of the radioactivity incorporated into the saline-soluble nuclear and HAP2 chromatin fractions was located in a low-molecular-weight component (component 10) with pI near 4.5 in urea. By using combinations of ion-exchange chromatography, preparative thin-layer isoelectric focusing and gel filtration, this component was isolated from both nuclear fractions. Recovery from the saline-soluble fraction was poor under conditions that allow endogenous phosphatases to be active. Component 10 was shown to be a phosphoprotein on the basis of enzyme-digestion experiments and the detection of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The 32P radioactivity did not appear to be associated with phosphorylated basic amino acids. Its molecular weight was determined by gel chromatography and electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels as approx. 10000, and tryptic digestion of the reduced carboxymethylated protein in urea yielded two 32P-labelled peptides. It has not been possible as yet to assign a function to component 10, though its similarity to other low-molecular-weight acidic proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 736905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2896", "title": "Polypeptide linkages and resulting structural features as powerful chromogenic factors in the Lowry phenol reaction. Studies on a glycoprotein containing no Lowry phenol-reactive amino acids and on its desialylated and deglycosylated products.", "content": "With bovine serum albumin as the reference standard, the armadillo salivary-gland glycoprotein, although containing no chromogenic amino acids and only small amounts of colour-yielding peptides [Chou & Goldstein (1960) Biochem. J. 75, 100-115], is highly reactive in the Lowry phenol protein assay [Wu & Pigman (1977) Biochem. J. 161, 37-47]. After desialylation and Smith degradation of the glycoprotein, the Lowry phenol value increased by 13 and 30% respectively, which suggests that both sialic acid and N-acetylhexosamine exert shielding effects in this reaction. Acid hydrolysis for 30 min decreased the Lowry phenol value by more than 45%, which indicates that the peptide linkages and steric features affect the Lowry phenol reactivity. After hydrolysis for up to 6h, the remaining Lowry phenol value of the partially hydrolysed core protein paralleled the amount of unhydrolysed peptides, inferring that both acid-sensitive and acid-resistant chromophoric peptides are fairly evenly distributed along the whole polypeptide chain. As with bovine serum albumin, more than 80% of the colour yield obtained in the Lowry phenol assay with this glycoprotein is Cu2+-dependent.", "contents": "Polypeptide linkages and resulting structural features as powerful chromogenic factors in the Lowry phenol reaction. Studies on a glycoprotein containing no Lowry phenol-reactive amino acids and on its desialylated and deglycosylated products. With bovine serum albumin as the reference standard, the armadillo salivary-gland glycoprotein, although containing no chromogenic amino acids and only small amounts of colour-yielding peptides [Chou & Goldstein (1960) Biochem. J. 75, 100-115], is highly reactive in the Lowry phenol protein assay [Wu & Pigman (1977) Biochem. J. 161, 37-47]. After desialylation and Smith degradation of the glycoprotein, the Lowry phenol value increased by 13 and 30% respectively, which suggests that both sialic acid and N-acetylhexosamine exert shielding effects in this reaction. Acid hydrolysis for 30 min decreased the Lowry phenol value by more than 45%, which indicates that the peptide linkages and steric features affect the Lowry phenol reactivity. After hydrolysis for up to 6h, the remaining Lowry phenol value of the partially hydrolysed core protein paralleled the amount of unhydrolysed peptides, inferring that both acid-sensitive and acid-resistant chromophoric peptides are fairly evenly distributed along the whole polypeptide chain. As with bovine serum albumin, more than 80% of the colour yield obtained in the Lowry phenol assay with this glycoprotein is Cu2+-dependent.", "PMID": 736906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2897", "title": "Studies on the interaction between disulfiram and sheep liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "content": "The effect of disulfiram, [1-14C]disulfiram and some other thiol reagents on the activity of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase from sheep liver was studied. The results are consistent with a rapid covalent interaction between disulfiram and the enzyme, and inconsistent with the notion that disulfiram is a reversible competitive inhibitor of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. There is a non-linear relationship between loss of about 90% of the enzyme activity and amount of disulfiram added; possible reasons for this are discussed. The remaining approx. 10% of activity is relatively insensitive to disulfiram. It is found that modification of only a small number of groups (one to two) per tetrameric enzyme molecule is responsible for the observed loss of activity. The dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme is affected more severely by disulfiram than is the esterase activity. Negatively charged thiol reagents have little or no effect on cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine is an activator of the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction between disulfiram and sheep liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. The effect of disulfiram, [1-14C]disulfiram and some other thiol reagents on the activity of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase from sheep liver was studied. The results are consistent with a rapid covalent interaction between disulfiram and the enzyme, and inconsistent with the notion that disulfiram is a reversible competitive inhibitor of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. There is a non-linear relationship between loss of about 90% of the enzyme activity and amount of disulfiram added; possible reasons for this are discussed. The remaining approx. 10% of activity is relatively insensitive to disulfiram. It is found that modification of only a small number of groups (one to two) per tetrameric enzyme molecule is responsible for the observed loss of activity. The dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme is affected more severely by disulfiram than is the esterase activity. Negatively charged thiol reagents have little or no effect on cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase. 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine is an activator of the enzyme.", "PMID": 736907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2898", "title": "Heterogeneity in horse ferritins. A comparative study of surface charge, iron content and kinetics of iron uptake.", "content": "Horse ferritins from different organs show heterogeneity on electrofocusing in Ampholine gradients. Both ferritin and apoferritin from liver and spleen could be fractionated with respect to surface charge by serial precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. In the ferritin fractions, increasing iron content parallels increasing isoelectric point. After removal of their iron, those fractions which originally contained most iron accumulated added iron at the fastest rates. When unfractionated ferritins from different organs were compared the average isoelectric point increased in order spleen less than liver less than kidney less than heart. The order of initial rates of iron uptake by the apoferritins was spleen greater than kidney greater than heart and initial average iron contents also followed this order. The relatively low rates of iron accumulation by iron-poor molecules may have been due to structural alteration, to degradation, to activation of the iron-rich molecules or to other factors.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in horse ferritins. A comparative study of surface charge, iron content and kinetics of iron uptake. Horse ferritins from different organs show heterogeneity on electrofocusing in Ampholine gradients. Both ferritin and apoferritin from liver and spleen could be fractionated with respect to surface charge by serial precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. In the ferritin fractions, increasing iron content parallels increasing isoelectric point. After removal of their iron, those fractions which originally contained most iron accumulated added iron at the fastest rates. When unfractionated ferritins from different organs were compared the average isoelectric point increased in order spleen less than liver less than kidney less than heart. The order of initial rates of iron uptake by the apoferritins was spleen greater than kidney greater than heart and initial average iron contents also followed this order. The relatively low rates of iron accumulation by iron-poor molecules may have been due to structural alteration, to degradation, to activation of the iron-rich molecules or to other factors.", "PMID": 736908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2899", "title": "Studies on immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for immune complexes by means of the anti-antibody inhibition test; approximately 40% of these specimens were shown to contain immune complexes. To study the nature of antigens participating in the formation of complexes under investigation, the anti-antibody inhibition test was repeated after addition of various soluble antigens to the complex-positive rheumatoid arthritis sera. This resulted in conversion of some sera from inhibitory to noninhibitory. It was found that of 15 positive rheumatoid arthritis sera, 7 had complexes formed by heterophile, Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen and of 12 positive sera tested, 2 had complexes formed by human IgG.", "contents": "Studies on immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for immune complexes by means of the anti-antibody inhibition test; approximately 40% of these specimens were shown to contain immune complexes. To study the nature of antigens participating in the formation of complexes under investigation, the anti-antibody inhibition test was repeated after addition of various soluble antigens to the complex-positive rheumatoid arthritis sera. This resulted in conversion of some sera from inhibitory to noninhibitory. It was found that of 15 positive rheumatoid arthritis sera, 7 had complexes formed by heterophile, Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen and of 12 positive sera tested, 2 had complexes formed by human IgG.", "PMID": 736995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2900", "title": "A study of HLA antigens in adults with acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "By use of a microlymphocytotoxic assay to detect 32 HLA antigens of the A and B series, we examined 49 Mexican-American adults with acute rheumatic fever and contrasted the findings with 100 ethnically identical controls. Eighty-nine percent of the total possible antigens were identified. Strong associations between HLA antigens from either locus and acute rheumatic fever were not detected. These findings serve to emphasize the importance of nongenetic factors in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever and help clarify the role of HLA antigens in rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "A study of HLA antigens in adults with acute rheumatic fever. By use of a microlymphocytotoxic assay to detect 32 HLA antigens of the A and B series, we examined 49 Mexican-American adults with acute rheumatic fever and contrasted the findings with 100 ethnically identical controls. Eighty-nine percent of the total possible antigens were identified. Strong associations between HLA antigens from either locus and acute rheumatic fever were not detected. These findings serve to emphasize the importance of nongenetic factors in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever and help clarify the role of HLA antigens in rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 736996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2901", "title": "Androgenic status of males with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The female predominance among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the protective effects of androgens in the murine lupus model prompted us to assess the androgenic status of 12 men with the disease. Save for minor abnormalities explained by treatment or renal insufficiency, normal serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone levels were found. Hypogonadism or androgen deficiency was not evident.", "contents": "Androgenic status of males with systemic lupus erythematosus. The female predominance among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the protective effects of androgens in the murine lupus model prompted us to assess the androgenic status of 12 men with the disease. Save for minor abnormalities explained by treatment or renal insufficiency, normal serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone levels were found. Hypogonadism or androgen deficiency was not evident.", "PMID": 736997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2902", "title": "Antigen-induced arthritis. Decreased proteoglycan content and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage.", "content": "An arthritis was induced in rabbits immunized with human serum albumin by injection of antigen into the hind knee joint. Histological changes in the synovial membrane and an increase in polymorphonuclear granulocytes in the synovial fluid indicated an inflammatory response similar to that described with fibrin as antigen (1). The arthritis was accompanied by no significant change in the collagen content, but a marked decrease in the proteoglycan content of the cartilage was noted. Cartilage from inflamed joints generally exhibited a decreased ability to synthesize proteoglycan in vitro.", "contents": "Antigen-induced arthritis. Decreased proteoglycan content and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage. An arthritis was induced in rabbits immunized with human serum albumin by injection of antigen into the hind knee joint. Histological changes in the synovial membrane and an increase in polymorphonuclear granulocytes in the synovial fluid indicated an inflammatory response similar to that described with fibrin as antigen (1). The arthritis was accompanied by no significant change in the collagen content, but a marked decrease in the proteoglycan content of the cartilage was noted. Cartilage from inflamed joints generally exhibited a decreased ability to synthesize proteoglycan in vitro.", "PMID": 736998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2903", "title": "Ocular chrysiasis correlated with gold concentrations in the crystalline lens during chrysotherapy.", "content": "The eyes of 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received extended chrysotherapy (mean cumulative dose greater than 7 grams during a mean 6-year period) were examined biomicroscopically. Minute reddish-purple particles were seen in the cornea (corneal chrysiasis) in 5 and in the lens (lens chrysiasis) in 4 patients. Particulate deposits were absent in 11 other RA patients who had not received gold treatment. Seven crystalline lenses from 5 gold-treated patients were removed surgically because of incidental cataract formation and analyzed for gold content using neutron activation analysis. Although the mean lens gold concentration was higher in these patients than in non-gold-treated controls without RA (0.0073 microgram/grams versus 0.001 microgram/grams), the absolute gold level was markedly lower than that found in 25 diverse tissue analyzed previously. This finding is compatible with the absence of clinical gold-related lens disease or visual impairment.", "contents": "Ocular chrysiasis correlated with gold concentrations in the crystalline lens during chrysotherapy. The eyes of 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received extended chrysotherapy (mean cumulative dose greater than 7 grams during a mean 6-year period) were examined biomicroscopically. Minute reddish-purple particles were seen in the cornea (corneal chrysiasis) in 5 and in the lens (lens chrysiasis) in 4 patients. Particulate deposits were absent in 11 other RA patients who had not received gold treatment. Seven crystalline lenses from 5 gold-treated patients were removed surgically because of incidental cataract formation and analyzed for gold content using neutron activation analysis. Although the mean lens gold concentration was higher in these patients than in non-gold-treated controls without RA (0.0073 microgram/grams versus 0.001 microgram/grams), the absolute gold level was markedly lower than that found in 25 diverse tissue analyzed previously. This finding is compatible with the absence of clinical gold-related lens disease or visual impairment.", "PMID": 737001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2904", "title": "Interrelationship between stimulation of prostaglandin E and hyaluronate production by poly (I) . poly (C) and interferon in synovial fibroblast culture.", "content": "The interferon-inducer, polyinosinate . polycyctidylate [Poly (I) . Poly (C)] stimulated both prostaglandin E (PGE) and hyaluronic acid (HA) production by human cultured synovial fibroblasts. Increased accumulation of PGE in the medium was noted within 3 hours of culture, while accumulation of HA was observed only after a 24 hour lag period. The stimulation of PGE and HA production by Poly (I) . Poly (C) was prevented by aspirin and indomethacin. Human interferon was also effective in stimulating both PGE and HA production. Concomitant addition of cortisol to culture medium abrogated the stimulatory effect of Poly (I) . Poly (C) and interferon on both PGE and HA production. Exogenous PGE2, however, overcame the inhibitory effect of cortisol on HA production. The present results suggest that the stimulatory effect of both interferon and Poly (I) . Poly (C) on HA production may be mediated by PGE. Prostaglandins may thus play a role in the inflammatory process associated with viral infections.", "contents": "Interrelationship between stimulation of prostaglandin E and hyaluronate production by poly (I) . poly (C) and interferon in synovial fibroblast culture. The interferon-inducer, polyinosinate . polycyctidylate [Poly (I) . Poly (C)] stimulated both prostaglandin E (PGE) and hyaluronic acid (HA) production by human cultured synovial fibroblasts. Increased accumulation of PGE in the medium was noted within 3 hours of culture, while accumulation of HA was observed only after a 24 hour lag period. The stimulation of PGE and HA production by Poly (I) . Poly (C) was prevented by aspirin and indomethacin. Human interferon was also effective in stimulating both PGE and HA production. Concomitant addition of cortisol to culture medium abrogated the stimulatory effect of Poly (I) . Poly (C) and interferon on both PGE and HA production. Exogenous PGE2, however, overcame the inhibitory effect of cortisol on HA production. The present results suggest that the stimulatory effect of both interferon and Poly (I) . Poly (C) on HA production may be mediated by PGE. Prostaglandins may thus play a role in the inflammatory process associated with viral infections.", "PMID": 736999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2905", "title": "The amyloidosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis--comparative studies in Polish and American children. I. Levels of serum SAA protein.", "content": "Serum SAA concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay in 21 Polish children with amyloidosis secondary to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The results were compared to controls and children with JRA in Polish populations (where amyloidosis is a frequent complication of JRA) as well as to American children with JRA (where amyloidosis in JRA has been observed only sporadically) and American control children. No significant differences of SAA protein levels were found in the amyloidotic Polish children when compared to JRA Polish and American children. However, significantly higher levels of SAA protein were present in amyloidotic Polish children when compared to the control Polish and American group. High serum SAA protein concentration in JRA children did not necessarily correlate with the presence of secondary amyloidosis. Other mechanisms are probably involved in the development of amyloidosis.", "contents": "The amyloidosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis--comparative studies in Polish and American children. I. Levels of serum SAA protein. Serum SAA concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay in 21 Polish children with amyloidosis secondary to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The results were compared to controls and children with JRA in Polish populations (where amyloidosis is a frequent complication of JRA) as well as to American children with JRA (where amyloidosis in JRA has been observed only sporadically) and American control children. No significant differences of SAA protein levels were found in the amyloidotic Polish children when compared to JRA Polish and American children. However, significantly higher levels of SAA protein were present in amyloidotic Polish children when compared to the control Polish and American group. High serum SAA protein concentration in JRA children did not necessarily correlate with the presence of secondary amyloidosis. Other mechanisms are probably involved in the development of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 737000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2906", "title": "The satellite arthritis clinic.", "content": "For nine years an Arthritis Consultation Clinic has served a large community that did not have a rheumatologist. A university-based rheumatology section from another city, a local hospital, the United Way, a chapter of the Arthritis Foundation, and the County Medical Society have all contributed to the operation of the clinic. Such a clinic may be viewed as a stage in the regional development of rheumatologic care. Although primarily intended as a community service program, the clinic may also be useful in professional education on several levels.", "contents": "The satellite arthritis clinic. For nine years an Arthritis Consultation Clinic has served a large community that did not have a rheumatologist. A university-based rheumatology section from another city, a local hospital, the United Way, a chapter of the Arthritis Foundation, and the County Medical Society have all contributed to the operation of the clinic. Such a clinic may be viewed as a stage in the regional development of rheumatologic care. Although primarily intended as a community service program, the clinic may also be useful in professional education on several levels.", "PMID": 737004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2907", "title": "Marrow aplasia induced by colchicine. A case report.", "content": "A 70 year old male developed marrow aplasia and pancytopenia after receiving 10 mg of colchicine intravenously over a period of 5 days for acute gouty arthritis. Despite a fatal outcome, evidence of recovery of hematopoiesis was observed in the bone marrow 3 days after the last dose of the drug. The pathogenetic mechanism by which colchicine induced marrow aplasia in this patient remains unclear.", "contents": "Marrow aplasia induced by colchicine. A case report. A 70 year old male developed marrow aplasia and pancytopenia after receiving 10 mg of colchicine intravenously over a period of 5 days for acute gouty arthritis. Despite a fatal outcome, evidence of recovery of hematopoiesis was observed in the bone marrow 3 days after the last dose of the drug. The pathogenetic mechanism by which colchicine induced marrow aplasia in this patient remains unclear.", "PMID": 737005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2908", "title": "HLA-C locus antigens in HLA-B27 associated arthritis.", "content": "Frequencies of the HLA-C locus antigens, Cw1, Cw2, Cw3, and Cw4, were determined in 88 patients with spondylitic diseases and 88 matched and 64 B27-positive normal controls. Both Cw1 and Cw2 were significantly increased in B27-positive patients and B27-positive controls as compared to B27-negative patients and matched controls. Cw1 and Cw2 demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium with B27. Their absence in B27-negative patients suggests disease susceptibility is related to HLA-B.", "contents": "HLA-C locus antigens in HLA-B27 associated arthritis. Frequencies of the HLA-C locus antigens, Cw1, Cw2, Cw3, and Cw4, were determined in 88 patients with spondylitic diseases and 88 matched and 64 B27-positive normal controls. Both Cw1 and Cw2 were significantly increased in B27-positive patients and B27-positive controls as compared to B27-negative patients and matched controls. Cw1 and Cw2 demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium with B27. Their absence in B27-negative patients suggests disease susceptibility is related to HLA-B.", "PMID": 737011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2909", "title": "Involvement of prostaglandins from rheumatoid synovium in inhibition of articular cartilage metabolism.", "content": "Short term incubations of articular cartilage in media from cultures of rheumatoid synovial tissue result in marked inhibition of 3H-glycine and Na235SO4 incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble macromolecules by the cartilage segments with little effect on degradation of prelabeled cartilage matrix. This inhibition is time dependent and not observed in cartilage segments incubated in media derived from rheumatoid synovia cultured in the presence of indomethacin (a specific inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis). In addition, no indomethacin-sensitive cartilage inhibitory activity was detectable in media from cultures of normal synovia. The ether solubility of the majority of the inhibitory activity and the indomethacin sensitivity suggest that the inhibitor(s) are prostaglandins.", "contents": "Involvement of prostaglandins from rheumatoid synovium in inhibition of articular cartilage metabolism. Short term incubations of articular cartilage in media from cultures of rheumatoid synovial tissue result in marked inhibition of 3H-glycine and Na235SO4 incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble macromolecules by the cartilage segments with little effect on degradation of prelabeled cartilage matrix. This inhibition is time dependent and not observed in cartilage segments incubated in media derived from rheumatoid synovia cultured in the presence of indomethacin (a specific inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis). In addition, no indomethacin-sensitive cartilage inhibitory activity was detectable in media from cultures of normal synovia. The ether solubility of the majority of the inhibitory activity and the indomethacin sensitivity suggest that the inhibitor(s) are prostaglandins.", "PMID": 737014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2910", "title": "High prevalence of HLA-Cw1 and Cw2 antigens in spondylarthritis.", "content": "HLA-B27 is frequently, but not invariably, found in patients with spondylarthritic diseases. Recently it has been shown that HLA-C-locus antigens w1 and w2 (w1/2) are in linkage disequilibrium with B27. A group of 139 patients with seronegative arthritis or spondylitis has been studied to determine the clinical and radiographic features associated with these antigens. An increased frequency of spondylarthritis was present in HLA-B27-negative, Cw1/2-positive patients when compared with B27- and Cw1/2-negative patients (P less than 0.01). In addition, a large group of patients who did not fulfill accepted criteria for a specific spondylarthritic syndrome were identified; the frequency of both HLA-B27 and Cw1/2 was greater in these individuals than in healthy blood donors. Thus HLA-Cw1/2 are spondylitis-associated antigens. These findings suggest that the critical genetic locus is neither B27 nor Cw1/2 but is a closely linked gene.", "contents": "High prevalence of HLA-Cw1 and Cw2 antigens in spondylarthritis. HLA-B27 is frequently, but not invariably, found in patients with spondylarthritic diseases. Recently it has been shown that HLA-C-locus antigens w1 and w2 (w1/2) are in linkage disequilibrium with B27. A group of 139 patients with seronegative arthritis or spondylitis has been studied to determine the clinical and radiographic features associated with these antigens. An increased frequency of spondylarthritis was present in HLA-B27-negative, Cw1/2-positive patients when compared with B27- and Cw1/2-negative patients (P less than 0.01). In addition, a large group of patients who did not fulfill accepted criteria for a specific spondylarthritic syndrome were identified; the frequency of both HLA-B27 and Cw1/2 was greater in these individuals than in healthy blood donors. Thus HLA-Cw1/2 are spondylitis-associated antigens. These findings suggest that the critical genetic locus is neither B27 nor Cw1/2 but is a closely linked gene.", "PMID": 737012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2911", "title": "Complement-fixing hidden rheumatoid factor in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Fifteen to twenty percent of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) have positive latex fixation tests (LFT), whereas approximately 46% have previously been demonstrated to have hidden rheumatoid factors (RF), i.e., 19S IgM RF which can be detected by the LFT after acid separation of the IgM-containing fraction from serum. In this study, hidden RF were found in 59% of patients with seronegative JRA by use of a complement-dependent hemolytic assay. The median titer of JRA patients was 1:42, and in healthy and disease controls it was 1:7. The difference was significant at P less than 0.001. When data from patients with active disease were analyzed separately, the median titer for polyarticular JRA was 1:97 and for pauciarticular JRA, 1:91. The differences due to active disease were significant at P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively. The results demonstrate that the hemolytic assay is more sensitive than the LFT in determining the presence of hidden RF, and activity of disease correlates well with high hemolytic RF titers.", "contents": "Complement-fixing hidden rheumatoid factor in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen to twenty percent of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) have positive latex fixation tests (LFT), whereas approximately 46% have previously been demonstrated to have hidden rheumatoid factors (RF), i.e., 19S IgM RF which can be detected by the LFT after acid separation of the IgM-containing fraction from serum. In this study, hidden RF were found in 59% of patients with seronegative JRA by use of a complement-dependent hemolytic assay. The median titer of JRA patients was 1:42, and in healthy and disease controls it was 1:7. The difference was significant at P less than 0.001. When data from patients with active disease were analyzed separately, the median titer for polyarticular JRA was 1:97 and for pauciarticular JRA, 1:91. The differences due to active disease were significant at P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively. The results demonstrate that the hemolytic assay is more sensitive than the LFT in determining the presence of hidden RF, and activity of disease correlates well with high hemolytic RF titers.", "PMID": 737017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2912", "title": "Fate of antigen after intravenous and intraarticular injection into rabbits.", "content": "To determine the manner in which small protein antigens enter the synovium and are localized, horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000) was injected by intravenous and intraarticular routes. Passage of antigen from capillary lumen to joint space and vice versa occurred primarily across fenestrated vessels. Antigen localized to collagen fibers and lining cells. At low concentrations of antigen, antigen was taken up predominantly by marcophages, whereas at higher concentrations both macrophages and fibroblast-like lining cells accumulated antigen.", "contents": "Fate of antigen after intravenous and intraarticular injection into rabbits. To determine the manner in which small protein antigens enter the synovium and are localized, horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000) was injected by intravenous and intraarticular routes. Passage of antigen from capillary lumen to joint space and vice versa occurred primarily across fenestrated vessels. Antigen localized to collagen fibers and lining cells. At low concentrations of antigen, antigen was taken up predominantly by marcophages, whereas at higher concentrations both macrophages and fibroblast-like lining cells accumulated antigen.", "PMID": 737015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2913", "title": "Mechanisms of cellular interaction with monosodium urate crystals. IgG-dependent and IgG-independent platelet stimulation by urate crystals.", "content": "Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) stimulate suspensions of washed platelets or neutrophils. When MSU crystals are coated with IgG, as occurs in plasma, stimulation is markedly enhanced. These studies which use MSU-induced human platelet serotonin secretion as a model examine the nature of cellular recognition mechanisms for MSU crystals and IgG-coated MSU crystals. F(ab')2 fragments of specific anti-Fc antibody blocked and the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595 enhanced human platelet secretion induced by IgG-coated urate crystals. These agents had little effect on stimulation by uncoated crystals. This indicated that urate crystals stimulate platelets independently of fluid phase IgG. Urate crystals directly stimulated suspensions of washed rabbit platelets which lack Fc receptors. In contrast to human cells, stimulation was blocked by IgG. This again demonstrated IgG-independent cell stimulation by urate crystals. Calcium pyrophosphate dihyrate crystals could trigger human platelet secretion only when coated with IgG. This suggests that when crystals are coated with IgG, the surface-bound IgG alone may be the stimulus to the cell. This was supported by the finding that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a hydrogen acceptor, blocked human platelet stimulation by uncoated, but not IgG-coated, urate crystals. These data indicate that urate crystals (and potentially other surface or particles) can stimulate a mediator cell by at least two mechanisms: by direct stimulation without the mediation of adsorbed IgG or, when coated with IgG, by triggering the cell via immunoglobulin receptors.", "contents": "Mechanisms of cellular interaction with monosodium urate crystals. IgG-dependent and IgG-independent platelet stimulation by urate crystals. Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) stimulate suspensions of washed platelets or neutrophils. When MSU crystals are coated with IgG, as occurs in plasma, stimulation is markedly enhanced. These studies which use MSU-induced human platelet serotonin secretion as a model examine the nature of cellular recognition mechanisms for MSU crystals and IgG-coated MSU crystals. F(ab')2 fragments of specific anti-Fc antibody blocked and the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595 enhanced human platelet secretion induced by IgG-coated urate crystals. These agents had little effect on stimulation by uncoated crystals. This indicated that urate crystals stimulate platelets independently of fluid phase IgG. Urate crystals directly stimulated suspensions of washed rabbit platelets which lack Fc receptors. In contrast to human cells, stimulation was blocked by IgG. This again demonstrated IgG-independent cell stimulation by urate crystals. Calcium pyrophosphate dihyrate crystals could trigger human platelet secretion only when coated with IgG. This suggests that when crystals are coated with IgG, the surface-bound IgG alone may be the stimulus to the cell. This was supported by the finding that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a hydrogen acceptor, blocked human platelet stimulation by uncoated, but not IgG-coated, urate crystals. These data indicate that urate crystals (and potentially other surface or particles) can stimulate a mediator cell by at least two mechanisms: by direct stimulation without the mediation of adsorbed IgG or, when coated with IgG, by triggering the cell via immunoglobulin receptors.", "PMID": 737013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2914", "title": "Effects of diphosphonates on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and proteoglycan aggregation in normal adult articular cartilage.", "content": "The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and macromolecular organization of proteoglycans have been examined in normal adult canine cartilage. One to 500 micron of either compound produced reversible inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis to about 70% of control levels, whereas lower concentrations had no effect. Based on Sephadex G-200 chromatography, the average hydrodynamic size of glycosaminoglycans in diphosphonate-treated cartilage was similar to that of those in control cartilage. In most cases proteoglycan aggregates from diphosphonate-treated cartilage were smaller in hydrodynamic size than those from control cartilage, as judged by Sepharose 2B elution profiles. The size of purified proteoglycan subunits, obtained after dissociation of the aggregates with 4 M guanidinium chloride or after incubation of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase, was not affected by the diphosphonates. Furthermore, proteoglycans from diphosphonate-treated cartilage did not interact in vitro with hyaluronic acid, suggesting that diminished proteoglycan aggregation may have resulted from an abnormality in the hyaluronate-binding region of the proteoglycan core protein.", "contents": "Effects of diphosphonates on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and proteoglycan aggregation in normal adult articular cartilage. The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and macromolecular organization of proteoglycans have been examined in normal adult canine cartilage. One to 500 micron of either compound produced reversible inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis to about 70% of control levels, whereas lower concentrations had no effect. Based on Sephadex G-200 chromatography, the average hydrodynamic size of glycosaminoglycans in diphosphonate-treated cartilage was similar to that of those in control cartilage. In most cases proteoglycan aggregates from diphosphonate-treated cartilage were smaller in hydrodynamic size than those from control cartilage, as judged by Sepharose 2B elution profiles. The size of purified proteoglycan subunits, obtained after dissociation of the aggregates with 4 M guanidinium chloride or after incubation of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase, was not affected by the diphosphonates. Furthermore, proteoglycans from diphosphonate-treated cartilage did not interact in vitro with hyaluronic acid, suggesting that diminished proteoglycan aggregation may have resulted from an abnormality in the hyaluronate-binding region of the proteoglycan core protein.", "PMID": 737018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2915", "title": "Familial deficiency of two subunits of the first component of complement. C1r and C1s associated with a lupus erythematosus-like disease.", "content": "Complete absence of C1r and almost complete absence of C1s were found in 4 of 8 living siblings. Two of the 4 suffer from a syndrome that combines discoid lupus erythematosus and nondeforming rheumatoid-like arthritis; one of the siblings has mild nephritis. The other 2 C1 deficient family members are clinically well. Evidence from this and other families suggests that deficiency of C1 components or C4 is associated with higher risk of developing a lupus-like disease than is deficiency of C2.", "contents": "Familial deficiency of two subunits of the first component of complement. C1r and C1s associated with a lupus erythematosus-like disease. Complete absence of C1r and almost complete absence of C1s were found in 4 of 8 living siblings. Two of the 4 suffer from a syndrome that combines discoid lupus erythematosus and nondeforming rheumatoid-like arthritis; one of the siblings has mild nephritis. The other 2 C1 deficient family members are clinically well. Evidence from this and other families suggests that deficiency of C1 components or C4 is associated with higher risk of developing a lupus-like disease than is deficiency of C2.", "PMID": 737019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2916", "title": "Complement-fixing hidden rheumatoid factor in children with benign rheumatoid nodules.", "content": "Rheumatoid nodules have been described in many children without evidence of clinical disease. These have been referred to as benign rheumatoid nodules (BRN). Except for one report, no serological abnormalities have been demonstrated. Four children with BRN have been studied. By means of a hemolytic assay, high titers of hidden rheumatoid factor (RF) have been found in the blood, i.e., 19S IgM RF detected after acid separation of IgM-containing fraction from the serum. The median hidden RF titer of the children with BRN was 1:362 and in healthy and disease controls was 1:7. The difference was significant at P less than 0.001. The results indicate that patients with BRN have active complement-fixing 19S IgM RF in their serum. Thus the association of hidden RF with BRN raises the possibility that the deposition of immune complexes (19S IgM-7S IgG) leads to small vessel vasculitis and nodular formation.", "contents": "Complement-fixing hidden rheumatoid factor in children with benign rheumatoid nodules. Rheumatoid nodules have been described in many children without evidence of clinical disease. These have been referred to as benign rheumatoid nodules (BRN). Except for one report, no serological abnormalities have been demonstrated. Four children with BRN have been studied. By means of a hemolytic assay, high titers of hidden rheumatoid factor (RF) have been found in the blood, i.e., 19S IgM RF detected after acid separation of IgM-containing fraction from the serum. The median hidden RF titer of the children with BRN was 1:362 and in healthy and disease controls was 1:7. The difference was significant at P less than 0.001. The results indicate that patients with BRN have active complement-fixing 19S IgM RF in their serum. Thus the association of hidden RF with BRN raises the possibility that the deposition of immune complexes (19S IgM-7S IgG) leads to small vessel vasculitis and nodular formation.", "PMID": 737016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2917", "title": "Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis progressing to septic synovitis and eventual pyarthrosis. The vascular pathway.", "content": "A case suggesting sequential infection of bone, synovial membranes, and finally synovial fluid is presented. Hematogenous osteomyelitis manifests itself differently in children than in adults. In children, the avascular epiphyseal cartilage in the growing long bone is an effective barrier to the spread of bone infection to the joint. After obliteration of the growth plate, vascular anastomoses form between metaphysis and epiphysis, and at maturity the entire bone shares a common blood supply with the capsule and synovium of the adjacent joint. In the adult with acute osteomyelitis, contiguous joint infection should be anticipated. In septic arthritis, unless caused by penetrating trauma, the synovium must be infected before the joint fluid. Even when bacterial joint infection is present, repeated arthrocenteses may be required over several days to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis progressing to septic synovitis and eventual pyarthrosis. The vascular pathway. A case suggesting sequential infection of bone, synovial membranes, and finally synovial fluid is presented. Hematogenous osteomyelitis manifests itself differently in children than in adults. In children, the avascular epiphyseal cartilage in the growing long bone is an effective barrier to the spread of bone infection to the joint. After obliteration of the growth plate, vascular anastomoses form between metaphysis and epiphysis, and at maturity the entire bone shares a common blood supply with the capsule and synovium of the adjacent joint. In the adult with acute osteomyelitis, contiguous joint infection should be anticipated. In septic arthritis, unless caused by penetrating trauma, the synovium must be infected before the joint fluid. Even when bacterial joint infection is present, repeated arthrocenteses may be required over several days to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 737020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2918", "title": "Legionnaires' disease in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed a rapidly fatal pneumonia from which no visible or culturable organisms were found. Subsequent stains disclosed typical findings of Legionnaires' disease. A cutaneous portal of entry was suspected and a fulminant lung abscess developed, neither of which has been previously reported in Legionnaires' disease.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed a rapidly fatal pneumonia from which no visible or culturable organisms were found. Subsequent stains disclosed typical findings of Legionnaires' disease. A cutaneous portal of entry was suspected and a fulminant lung abscess developed, neither of which has been previously reported in Legionnaires' disease.", "PMID": 737021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2919", "title": "Echovirus-associated polyarthritis. Report of a case with synovial fluid and synovial histologic characterization.", "content": "A patient with fever, myalgias, and acute polyarthritis in whom echovirus 9 was isolated from throat and rectal swab specimens is described. All symptoms resolved spontaneously over a one week period except for the arthritis which required three months for complete recovery. A mildly inflammatory synovial fluid and histologic picture were observed. Attempts to isolate the virus from synovial fluid and synovium during acute illness were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Echovirus-associated polyarthritis. Report of a case with synovial fluid and synovial histologic characterization. A patient with fever, myalgias, and acute polyarthritis in whom echovirus 9 was isolated from throat and rectal swab specimens is described. All symptoms resolved spontaneously over a one week period except for the arthritis which required three months for complete recovery. A mildly inflammatory synovial fluid and histologic picture were observed. Attempts to isolate the virus from synovial fluid and synovium during acute illness were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 737022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2920", "title": "Transverse myelitis in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Neurologic disease is reported to occur in just 10% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Most commonly, this is manifested by mild trigeminal neuralgia. This report details the clinical and neuropathologic findings of transverse myelitis in a patient with MCTD. Neurologic features include progressive areflexic paraplegia with loss of bowel and bladder function. Neuropathologically there was thinning of the thoracic cord, widespread loss of axons and myelin sheaths, reactive astrocytosis, macrophage formation, vascular thickening with perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, and calcium deposits. This case demonstrates that severe neurologic disease unresponsive to therapy can occur in MCTD.", "contents": "Transverse myelitis in mixed connective tissue disease. Neurologic disease is reported to occur in just 10% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Most commonly, this is manifested by mild trigeminal neuralgia. This report details the clinical and neuropathologic findings of transverse myelitis in a patient with MCTD. Neurologic features include progressive areflexic paraplegia with loss of bowel and bladder function. Neuropathologically there was thinning of the thoracic cord, widespread loss of axons and myelin sheaths, reactive astrocytosis, macrophage formation, vascular thickening with perivascular chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, and calcium deposits. This case demonstrates that severe neurologic disease unresponsive to therapy can occur in MCTD.", "PMID": 737023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2921", "title": "[Use of an immunomodulator (levamisole) in HbsAg positive patients].", "content": "The results of some clinical trials performed with levamisole on 12 HBsAg-positive subjects, including 5 patients with aggressive chronic hepatitis, (ACH) 2 patients with persistent chronic hepatitis (PCH) and 5 healthy carriers are reported. Levamisole was administered in 2.5 mg/Kg/day doses for three consecutive days. During treatment prothrombin activity normalized in ACH and PCH as well as transaminases, the latter starting from the 4th week, even though a two-fourfold increase of the starting values was observed in the first weeks of disease. HBsAg, anti-HBs titres and immunocomplexes values did not show any significant variations, but for 1 case, while some immunological parameters (E, EA rosettes) normalized in those cases showing base- values lower than the norm.", "contents": "[Use of an immunomodulator (levamisole) in HbsAg positive patients]. The results of some clinical trials performed with levamisole on 12 HBsAg-positive subjects, including 5 patients with aggressive chronic hepatitis, (ACH) 2 patients with persistent chronic hepatitis (PCH) and 5 healthy carriers are reported. Levamisole was administered in 2.5 mg/Kg/day doses for three consecutive days. During treatment prothrombin activity normalized in ACH and PCH as well as transaminases, the latter starting from the 4th week, even though a two-fourfold increase of the starting values was observed in the first weeks of disease. HBsAg, anti-HBs titres and immunocomplexes values did not show any significant variations, but for 1 case, while some immunological parameters (E, EA rosettes) normalized in those cases showing base- values lower than the norm.", "PMID": 737040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2922", "title": "Correlations between anti-dsDNA antibodies, complement levels and clinical course in SLE patients treated with steroid pulse therapy.", "content": "In patients with SLE dsDNA binding activity, C3 and C4 levels are correlated with the clinical course of the nephritis. In fact the study of these serological parameters has a prognostic value in patients treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. This treatment can rapidly normalize an acute phase.", "contents": "Correlations between anti-dsDNA antibodies, complement levels and clinical course in SLE patients treated with steroid pulse therapy. In patients with SLE dsDNA binding activity, C3 and C4 levels are correlated with the clinical course of the nephritis. In fact the study of these serological parameters has a prognostic value in patients treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. This treatment can rapidly normalize an acute phase.", "PMID": 737041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2923", "title": "[Hepatitis B and non-B in our case reports of post-transfusional hepatitis].", "content": "The Authors examined 52 patients with post-transfusional hepatitis admitted in the Insitute of Infectious Diseases in Perugia, from 1971 to 1977. 30 (57.7%) patients had \"B\" hepatitis, 22 (42.3%) \"non B\" hepatitis. The incidence of anti-HBs antibodies in the two groups of patients suggests that they are partially protective against \"B\" hepatitis. \"B\" and \"non B\" hepatitis resulted clinically different only in the incubation period, 95.6 days (mean) for \"B\" hepatitis and 62.1 days (mean) for the \"non B\" hepatitis.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B and non-B in our case reports of post-transfusional hepatitis]. The Authors examined 52 patients with post-transfusional hepatitis admitted in the Insitute of Infectious Diseases in Perugia, from 1971 to 1977. 30 (57.7%) patients had \"B\" hepatitis, 22 (42.3%) \"non B\" hepatitis. The incidence of anti-HBs antibodies in the two groups of patients suggests that they are partially protective against \"B\" hepatitis. \"B\" and \"non B\" hepatitis resulted clinically different only in the incubation period, 95.6 days (mean) for \"B\" hepatitis and 62.1 days (mean) for the \"non B\" hepatitis.", "PMID": 737042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2924", "title": "[Salmonellosis in Cagliari].", "content": "The therapy (generally ineffective) and the prophylactic measures of \"Salmonellosis\" are examined critically during a period of three years, 1974 -- 1976, when a large increase of infection was present in children (without letal cases). The extension of mass-vaccination, particularly by oral treatment with microbic pap of attenuate living (or dead) stock that represent the most significant antigenic groups (4, 9, 3, 6, 7, 8) is suggested.", "contents": "[Salmonellosis in Cagliari]. The therapy (generally ineffective) and the prophylactic measures of \"Salmonellosis\" are examined critically during a period of three years, 1974 -- 1976, when a large increase of infection was present in children (without letal cases). The extension of mass-vaccination, particularly by oral treatment with microbic pap of attenuate living (or dead) stock that represent the most significant antigenic groups (4, 9, 3, 6, 7, 8) is suggested.", "PMID": 737043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2925", "title": "[Epidemiological surveillance of influenza in western Sicily in 1976-1977].", "content": "Two strains of influenza virus A/H3N2 antigenically similar to A/Victoria/3/75 have been isolated in Palermo in February 1977; a peak of extramortality has been observed in the same month, and a rise of HAI antibodies for A/H3N2 viruses in human serum samples, taken from apparently healthy subjects living Palermo, has been demonstrated between October 1976 and February 1977. Similar rise of antibody titers has also taken place in serum samples from two communities in Western Sicily (Favara, 30,000 inhabitants, Favignana, 3,000 inhabitants). Serum samples obtained in June 1977 showed a slight fall of antibody level in Palermo and in Favignana, whereas in Favara a further rise, in comparison to February, is consistent with the hypothesis of a delayed circulation of virus in that community. Reduction of HAI titers for H3N2 viruses was even more pronounced in October 1977 in all groups of serum samples tested. The importance of local surveillance of influenza and the assessment of herd immunity level is discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological surveillance of influenza in western Sicily in 1976-1977]. Two strains of influenza virus A/H3N2 antigenically similar to A/Victoria/3/75 have been isolated in Palermo in February 1977; a peak of extramortality has been observed in the same month, and a rise of HAI antibodies for A/H3N2 viruses in human serum samples, taken from apparently healthy subjects living Palermo, has been demonstrated between October 1976 and February 1977. Similar rise of antibody titers has also taken place in serum samples from two communities in Western Sicily (Favara, 30,000 inhabitants, Favignana, 3,000 inhabitants). Serum samples obtained in June 1977 showed a slight fall of antibody level in Palermo and in Favignana, whereas in Favara a further rise, in comparison to February, is consistent with the hypothesis of a delayed circulation of virus in that community. Reduction of HAI titers for H3N2 viruses was even more pronounced in October 1977 in all groups of serum samples tested. The importance of local surveillance of influenza and the assessment of herd immunity level is discussed.", "PMID": 737044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2926", "title": "[Electrophysiological responses of cerebellum after the administration of diphenylhydantoin (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were performed to see the mechanism of anticonvulsive action of Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) especially in relation to the cerebellum. 15 normal adult cats were divided into three groups. After the intravenous administration of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg/kg of DPH in each group, electrophysiological responses of the cerebellum with regard to Purkinje cell action potentials and the cerebellar electrocorticogram were observed for two hours. Purkinje cell action potentials were evaluated in its discharge rates, which were calculated with medical computer. The cerebellar electrocorticogram were analyzed with Fast Fourier Transform method especially in its Adrian rhythm (150--250). It has been demonstrated that Purkinje cell discharge rates increased extremely after a transient suppressed phase, but fast waves of the cerebellar electrocorticogram showed no remarkable changes following the administration of DPH. Plasma DPH concentration went up to  a toxic level immediately after DPH injection, but returned to the plateau level after ten to thirty minutes which gradually decreased for two hours. Distribution of DPH was always higher in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum. Recent experimental and clinical studies are suggesting that the cerebellum acts as one of the important intrinsic inhibitory system against epilepsy. Our results seem to imply that DPH exerts its anticonvulsive effect by potentiating inhibitory mechanism of Purkinje cells over the cerebral cortex. The cerebellar electrocorticogram and the Purkinje cell unit activities showed no definite correlative responses to DPH administration. This will suggest that cerebellar electrocorticogram is not the only reflection of the Purkinje cell activity but the total electrophysiological phenomena of the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological responses of cerebellum after the administration of diphenylhydantoin (author's transl)]. Experiments were performed to see the mechanism of anticonvulsive action of Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) especially in relation to the cerebellum. 15 normal adult cats were divided into three groups. After the intravenous administration of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg/kg of DPH in each group, electrophysiological responses of the cerebellum with regard to Purkinje cell action potentials and the cerebellar electrocorticogram were observed for two hours. Purkinje cell action potentials were evaluated in its discharge rates, which were calculated with medical computer. The cerebellar electrocorticogram were analyzed with Fast Fourier Transform method especially in its Adrian rhythm (150--250). It has been demonstrated that Purkinje cell discharge rates increased extremely after a transient suppressed phase, but fast waves of the cerebellar electrocorticogram showed no remarkable changes following the administration of DPH. Plasma DPH concentration went up to  a toxic level immediately after DPH injection, but returned to the plateau level after ten to thirty minutes which gradually decreased for two hours. Distribution of DPH was always higher in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum. Recent experimental and clinical studies are suggesting that the cerebellum acts as one of the important intrinsic inhibitory system against epilepsy. Our results seem to imply that DPH exerts its anticonvulsive effect by potentiating inhibitory mechanism of Purkinje cells over the cerebral cortex. The cerebellar electrocorticogram and the Purkinje cell unit activities showed no definite correlative responses to DPH administration. This will suggest that cerebellar electrocorticogram is not the only reflection of the Purkinje cell activity but the total electrophysiological phenomena of the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 737087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2927", "title": "Analysis of regional left ventricular wall movement by phased array echocardiography.", "content": "Images from standard two-dimensional echocardiographs do not lend themselves to the study of regional left ventricular wall movement because of poor definition of endocardium. An alternative method, based on a wide-angle phased array sector scanner has, therefore, been devised. Once the appropriate region of the heart has been identified, the scan rate is increased, and an array of 41 M-mode scans is produced, resulting in improved frequency response and endocardial definition. Each scan is digitised separately, and since their spatial orientation is known, the left ventricular image can be reconstituted by computer, and isometric or contour displays produced. Preliminary results, based on 40 patients, are presented showing examples of left ventricular wall movement. Regional abnormalities of amplitude or timing can be displayed with results similar to those of angiography, while disturbances of septal motion or wall thickness can be observed in greater detail than with other methods.", "contents": "Analysis of regional left ventricular wall movement by phased array echocardiography. Images from standard two-dimensional echocardiographs do not lend themselves to the study of regional left ventricular wall movement because of poor definition of endocardium. An alternative method, based on a wide-angle phased array sector scanner has, therefore, been devised. Once the appropriate region of the heart has been identified, the scan rate is increased, and an array of 41 M-mode scans is produced, resulting in improved frequency response and endocardial definition. Each scan is digitised separately, and since their spatial orientation is known, the left ventricular image can be reconstituted by computer, and isometric or contour displays produced. Preliminary results, based on 40 patients, are presented showing examples of left ventricular wall movement. Regional abnormalities of amplitude or timing can be displayed with results similar to those of angiography, while disturbances of septal motion or wall thickness can be observed in greater detail than with other methods.", "PMID": 737090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2928", "title": "A method for praecordial surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram.", "content": "A technique for praecordial surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram is described. This showed the area, time course, and severity of ST segment depression as projected onto the front of the chest after exercise. Twenty normal volunteers and 20 patients with coronary artery disease have been studied. No changes were seen after exercise in the normal subjects but areas of ST segment depression appeared in all 20 patients with angina pectoris. In 5 of the 20 patients with coronary artery disease, the exercise test was repeated on a later date. There were no significant differences in the area of severity of electrocardiographic abnormalities recorded during the two tests. This technique may prove to be useful for diagnosis and assessing medical and surgical treatments in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "A method for praecordial surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram. A technique for praecordial surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram is described. This showed the area, time course, and severity of ST segment depression as projected onto the front of the chest after exercise. Twenty normal volunteers and 20 patients with coronary artery disease have been studied. No changes were seen after exercise in the normal subjects but areas of ST segment depression appeared in all 20 patients with angina pectoris. In 5 of the 20 patients with coronary artery disease, the exercise test was repeated on a later date. There were no significant differences in the area of severity of electrocardiographic abnormalities recorded during the two tests. This technique may prove to be useful for diagnosis and assessing medical and surgical treatments in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 737091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2929", "title": "Effects of recording speed on precision of time-based polycardiographic measurements. Optimal paper speeds for measuring points and intervals.", "content": "Optimal paper speeds have not been established for all time-based measurements of the cardiac cycle by appropriately designed observer performance studies. In 10 subjects (5 normals and 5 cardiac patients) carotid pulse, phonocardiogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded on magnetic tape for measurement of all fiducial points for systolic time intervals, the systolic time intervals themselves, the pulse transmission time, cycle length (RR), qR time, and R-to-point versus q-to-point measurements at recording speeds of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mm/s. Tracings were coded numerically and randomised. Three observers measured all points and calculated intervals in a sequence determined by individual tables of random numbers. Left ventricular ejection time was the only calculation that could be made at 25 mm/s statistically equally well as at all other speeds. The smallest numerical observer differences occurred uniformly at 100 mm/s paper speed when all recording speeds were considered. However, after excluding the 25 mm/s speed there were no significant differences among point measurements. Measurements of points from R (rather than q) reduced observer variability. We conclude that for point measurements, for systolic time intervals, pulse transmission time, and RR interval, recording speed between 50 and 200 mm/s showed no statistical differences, though smallest numerical differences occurred at 100 mm/s. For LVET, 25 mm/s was satisfactory.", "contents": "Effects of recording speed on precision of time-based polycardiographic measurements. Optimal paper speeds for measuring points and intervals. Optimal paper speeds have not been established for all time-based measurements of the cardiac cycle by appropriately designed observer performance studies. In 10 subjects (5 normals and 5 cardiac patients) carotid pulse, phonocardiogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded on magnetic tape for measurement of all fiducial points for systolic time intervals, the systolic time intervals themselves, the pulse transmission time, cycle length (RR), qR time, and R-to-point versus q-to-point measurements at recording speeds of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mm/s. Tracings were coded numerically and randomised. Three observers measured all points and calculated intervals in a sequence determined by individual tables of random numbers. Left ventricular ejection time was the only calculation that could be made at 25 mm/s statistically equally well as at all other speeds. The smallest numerical observer differences occurred uniformly at 100 mm/s paper speed when all recording speeds were considered. However, after excluding the 25 mm/s speed there were no significant differences among point measurements. Measurements of points from R (rather than q) reduced observer variability. We conclude that for point measurements, for systolic time intervals, pulse transmission time, and RR interval, recording speed between 50 and 200 mm/s showed no statistical differences, though smallest numerical differences occurred at 100 mm/s. For LVET, 25 mm/s was satisfactory.", "PMID": 737092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2930", "title": "Observations on intravenous administration of lignocaine in patients with myocardial infarction.", "content": "Lignocaine was administered intravenously to 36 patients with acute myocardial infarction. A bolus of 100 mg followed by an infusion of 2 mg/minute failed to maintain plasma levels above 2 microgram/ml. A bolus of 100 mg followed by 4 mg/minute also failed to maintain satisfactory plasma concentrations during the first hour of therapy. A bolus of 75 mg was combined with an infusion of 10 mg/minute for 20 minutes followed by 1.5 mg/minute. Satisfactory plasma concentrations during the first hour were observed in 94 per cent of the estimations. No important adverse side effects occurred during the infusion of 10 mg/minute.", "contents": "Observations on intravenous administration of lignocaine in patients with myocardial infarction. Lignocaine was administered intravenously to 36 patients with acute myocardial infarction. A bolus of 100 mg followed by an infusion of 2 mg/minute failed to maintain plasma levels above 2 microgram/ml. A bolus of 100 mg followed by 4 mg/minute also failed to maintain satisfactory plasma concentrations during the first hour of therapy. A bolus of 75 mg was combined with an infusion of 10 mg/minute for 20 minutes followed by 1.5 mg/minute. Satisfactory plasma concentrations during the first hour were observed in 94 per cent of the estimations. No important adverse side effects occurred during the infusion of 10 mg/minute.", "PMID": 737094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2931", "title": "Atypical Wenckebach periodicity simulating Mobitz II AV block.", "content": "Eleven patients were studied and a total of 144 Wenckebach cycles in the AV node and 118 Wenckebach cycles in the His-Purkinje system were analysed to determine the incidence of typical and atypical Wenckebach periodicity, with particular emphasis on one variant of atypical Wenckebach that may simulate a Mobitz type II block. This pseudo-Mobitz II pattern was defined as a long Wenckebach cycle in which, at least, the last three beats of the cycle show relatively constant PR intervals (variation of no more than 0.02 s in surface leads and no more than 10 ms in His bundle electrograms) and in which the PR interval immediately following the blocked beat is shorter than the PR interval before the block by 0.04 s or more. Atypical Wenckebach cycles were found to be more common than the typical variety at both the AV node (67%) and His-Purkinje system (69%). The pseudo-Mobitz II pattern was seen in 19 per cent of atypical AV nodal Wenckebach periods and in 17 per cent of atypical His-Purkinje system Wenckebach cycles. The need to discern a 'classical' Mobitz II block from a pseudo-Mobitz II pattern, especially in the setting of an acute inferior myocardial infarction, is emphasised.", "contents": "Atypical Wenckebach periodicity simulating Mobitz II AV block. Eleven patients were studied and a total of 144 Wenckebach cycles in the AV node and 118 Wenckebach cycles in the His-Purkinje system were analysed to determine the incidence of typical and atypical Wenckebach periodicity, with particular emphasis on one variant of atypical Wenckebach that may simulate a Mobitz type II block. This pseudo-Mobitz II pattern was defined as a long Wenckebach cycle in which, at least, the last three beats of the cycle show relatively constant PR intervals (variation of no more than 0.02 s in surface leads and no more than 10 ms in His bundle electrograms) and in which the PR interval immediately following the blocked beat is shorter than the PR interval before the block by 0.04 s or more. Atypical Wenckebach cycles were found to be more common than the typical variety at both the AV node (67%) and His-Purkinje system (69%). The pseudo-Mobitz II pattern was seen in 19 per cent of atypical AV nodal Wenckebach periods and in 17 per cent of atypical His-Purkinje system Wenckebach cycles. The need to discern a 'classical' Mobitz II block from a pseudo-Mobitz II pattern, especially in the setting of an acute inferior myocardial infarction, is emphasised.", "PMID": 737095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2932", "title": "Histopathological correlates of sinoatrial disease.", "content": "Six hearts from patients suffering from rhythm disorders consistent with the diagnosis of sinoatrial disease were histologically examined. Four of the patients had shown a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, and the remaining two patients episodes of sinus arrest or sinoatrial block with a slow junctional escape rhythm. The rhythm disorders had occurred in the setting of chronic sinoatrial disease (3 cases), acute myocardial infarction (2 cases), and diphtheritic myocarditis (1 case). The abnormalities which were more consistently observed consisted of (1) total or subtotal destruction of the sinus node (6 cases); (2) total or subtotal destruction of the areas of nodal atrial continuity (5 cases); (3) inflammatory or degenerative changes of the nerves and ganglia surrounding the node (6 cases); (4) pathological changes in the atrial wall (5 cases). Chronic or acute lesions involving the AV node, the bundle of His, and its branches or their distal subdivisions were also found in all 6 hearts. The relationship between the observed pathological changes and the physiological disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Histopathological correlates of sinoatrial disease. Six hearts from patients suffering from rhythm disorders consistent with the diagnosis of sinoatrial disease were histologically examined. Four of the patients had shown a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, and the remaining two patients episodes of sinus arrest or sinoatrial block with a slow junctional escape rhythm. The rhythm disorders had occurred in the setting of chronic sinoatrial disease (3 cases), acute myocardial infarction (2 cases), and diphtheritic myocarditis (1 case). The abnormalities which were more consistently observed consisted of (1) total or subtotal destruction of the sinus node (6 cases); (2) total or subtotal destruction of the areas of nodal atrial continuity (5 cases); (3) inflammatory or degenerative changes of the nerves and ganglia surrounding the node (6 cases); (4) pathological changes in the atrial wall (5 cases). Chronic or acute lesions involving the AV node, the bundle of His, and its branches or their distal subdivisions were also found in all 6 hearts. The relationship between the observed pathological changes and the physiological disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 737096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2933", "title": "Continuous electrode monitoring of systolic time intervals during exercise.", "content": "Current systolic time interval techniques have limited clinical applicability since patient co-operation and attention to the carotid pulse and phonocardiogram transducers are required. Therefore only surface electrodes were used to monitor the electrocardiogram and electrical impedance cardiogram first derivative (dZ/dt) in the acquisition of the timing signals. dZ/dt motion artefacts were eliminated by computerised ensemble averaging, thus permitting uninterrupted data acquisition. We studied the continuous response of multistage treadmill exercise on 13 normal volunteers, since maximal distortion of noninvasive measurements occurs in dynamic exercise. The individual response trends were combined for 6 symbolic indices and each mean index had a high statistical significance (P less than 0.001). This new method surveys continuously ventricular performance with surface electrodes and therefore has the potential of monitoring the ventricular performance of critically ill patients.", "contents": "Continuous electrode monitoring of systolic time intervals during exercise. Current systolic time interval techniques have limited clinical applicability since patient co-operation and attention to the carotid pulse and phonocardiogram transducers are required. Therefore only surface electrodes were used to monitor the electrocardiogram and electrical impedance cardiogram first derivative (dZ/dt) in the acquisition of the timing signals. dZ/dt motion artefacts were eliminated by computerised ensemble averaging, thus permitting uninterrupted data acquisition. We studied the continuous response of multistage treadmill exercise on 13 normal volunteers, since maximal distortion of noninvasive measurements occurs in dynamic exercise. The individual response trends were combined for 6 symbolic indices and each mean index had a high statistical significance (P less than 0.001). This new method surveys continuously ventricular performance with surface electrodes and therefore has the potential of monitoring the ventricular performance of critically ill patients.", "PMID": 737097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2934", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on pulmonary circulation in patients with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E1 on pulmonary circulation and left ventricular performance have been studied in 20 patients with mitral valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. Prostaglandin E1 was administered intravenously over a period of 30 minutes. The dose used was 0.01 microgram/kg per min during the first 15 minutes and 0.02 microgram/kg per min subsequently. The first dose led only to an insignificant fall in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 in a dose of 0.02 microgram/kg per min resulted in a significant fall in the pulmonary arterial pressure (P less than 0.001), total pulmonary resistance (P less than 0.001), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0.001), and aortic pressure (P less than 0.01), and an increase in the pulmonary blood volume (P less than 0.01), cardiac index (P less than 0.01), and heart rate (P less than 0.05). No significant differences were noted in stroke volume index or left ventricular dP/dt at 50 mmHg after prostaglandin E1. These results indicate that exogenously administered prostaglandin E1 causes active vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed and has no inotropic action on the cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on pulmonary circulation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The effects of prostaglandin E1 on pulmonary circulation and left ventricular performance have been studied in 20 patients with mitral valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. Prostaglandin E1 was administered intravenously over a period of 30 minutes. The dose used was 0.01 microgram/kg per min during the first 15 minutes and 0.02 microgram/kg per min subsequently. The first dose led only to an insignificant fall in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 in a dose of 0.02 microgram/kg per min resulted in a significant fall in the pulmonary arterial pressure (P less than 0.001), total pulmonary resistance (P less than 0.001), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0.001), and aortic pressure (P less than 0.01), and an increase in the pulmonary blood volume (P less than 0.01), cardiac index (P less than 0.01), and heart rate (P less than 0.05). No significant differences were noted in stroke volume index or left ventricular dP/dt at 50 mmHg after prostaglandin E1. These results indicate that exogenously administered prostaglandin E1 causes active vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed and has no inotropic action on the cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 737098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2935", "title": "Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves. Clinicogenetic study of 41 families.", "content": "The families of 41 patients with surgically proved isolated bicuspid aortic valves were examined. There were 275 first degree relatives of whom 220 were living, and 188 (85.5%) of these were examined. Seven first degree relatives were found to have aortic valve disease, and in a further 11 there was 'doubtful' evidence of bicuspid aortic valves. In 6 families there was more than 1 affected member and in an additional 7 families there was 1 or more 'doubtful' first degree relative. The minimum family incidence was therefore 14.6 per cent, or 31.7 per cent if 'doubtful' cases were included. The inheritance is most probably multifactorial, but occasionally the condition may occur as an autosomal dominant. The difficulties of diagnosing bicuspid aortic valves before the development of obstruction of left ventricular outflow were encountered and are discussed. The association of a bicuspid aortic valve with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Marfan's syndrome was also noted.", "contents": "Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves. Clinicogenetic study of 41 families. The families of 41 patients with surgically proved isolated bicuspid aortic valves were examined. There were 275 first degree relatives of whom 220 were living, and 188 (85.5%) of these were examined. Seven first degree relatives were found to have aortic valve disease, and in a further 11 there was 'doubtful' evidence of bicuspid aortic valves. In 6 families there was more than 1 affected member and in an additional 7 families there was 1 or more 'doubtful' first degree relative. The minimum family incidence was therefore 14.6 per cent, or 31.7 per cent if 'doubtful' cases were included. The inheritance is most probably multifactorial, but occasionally the condition may occur as an autosomal dominant. The difficulties of diagnosing bicuspid aortic valves before the development of obstruction of left ventricular outflow were encountered and are discussed. The association of a bicuspid aortic valve with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Marfan's syndrome was also noted.", "PMID": 737099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2936", "title": "Spontaneous coronary artery perforation with tamponade. Demonstration by necropsy selective coronary arteriography.", "content": "Pericardial tamponade in a 51-year-old man after acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction was the result of spontaneous perforation of an atheromatous coronary artery. The value of a simple necropsy technique of selective coronary arteriography in demonstrating the lesion is described.", "contents": "Spontaneous coronary artery perforation with tamponade. Demonstration by necropsy selective coronary arteriography. Pericardial tamponade in a 51-year-old man after acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction was the result of spontaneous perforation of an atheromatous coronary artery. The value of a simple necropsy technique of selective coronary arteriography in demonstrating the lesion is described.", "PMID": 737101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2937", "title": "A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle.", "content": "A patient is described who presented with symptoms suggesting pericarditis and cardiac tamponade, and who was found at necropsy to have a rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle. The presenting features of right ventricular tumours are discussed and some useful pointers to the correct diagnosis suggested.", "contents": "A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle. A patient is described who presented with symptoms suggesting pericarditis and cardiac tamponade, and who was found at necropsy to have a rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle. The presenting features of right ventricular tumours are discussed and some useful pointers to the correct diagnosis suggested.", "PMID": 737102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2938", "title": "The significance of vertical mitosis in epidermis.", "content": "In normal epidermis mitosis usually occurs in a plane horizontal to the dermo-epidermal junction, both daughter cells then remaining basal while an adjacent non-mitotic cell is detached from the baseline and forced distally. The evidence now indicates that only cells in a certain intermitotic state, called GIb, can be thus detached, and that when such cells are not locally available the expanding mitosis is forced into the vertical axis. The higher the mitotic rate the shorter is the intermitotic interval, and therefore the less probable it becomes that GIb cells will be locally available for extrusion and the more probable that mitosis will take place vertically. At the highest mitotic rates, as in hair bulbs, all mitoses are vertical. The relation of these findings to epidermal structure and to epidermal cellular homeostasis is discussed.", "contents": "The significance of vertical mitosis in epidermis. In normal epidermis mitosis usually occurs in a plane horizontal to the dermo-epidermal junction, both daughter cells then remaining basal while an adjacent non-mitotic cell is detached from the baseline and forced distally. The evidence now indicates that only cells in a certain intermitotic state, called GIb, can be thus detached, and that when such cells are not locally available the expanding mitosis is forced into the vertical axis. The higher the mitotic rate the shorter is the intermitotic interval, and therefore the less probable it becomes that GIb cells will be locally available for extrusion and the more probable that mitosis will take place vertically. At the highest mitotic rates, as in hair bulbs, all mitoses are vertical. The relation of these findings to epidermal structure and to epidermal cellular homeostasis is discussed.", "PMID": 737126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2939", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "In a dermatoglyphic study of 101 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, comparison was made with their normal relatives and several random normal series. The results of the several comparisons are quite consistent, considering the nature of the data, for the all point to an attenuation of qualitative and quantitative digital and palmar traits in the patients. It is argued that these differences are associated with the disease itself, and that some of the female relatives have an inherited tendency to the disorder, but do not express it. The findings suggest the involvement of genetic factors in the aetiology, and possibly intrauterine environmental influences as well.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in dermatitis herpetiformis. In a dermatoglyphic study of 101 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, comparison was made with their normal relatives and several random normal series. The results of the several comparisons are quite consistent, considering the nature of the data, for the all point to an attenuation of qualitative and quantitative digital and palmar traits in the patients. It is argued that these differences are associated with the disease itself, and that some of the female relatives have an inherited tendency to the disorder, but do not express it. The findings suggest the involvement of genetic factors in the aetiology, and possibly intrauterine environmental influences as well.", "PMID": 737127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2940", "title": "Topical betamethasone 17-valerate is an anticorticosteroid in the rat. 1. Dermal atrophy.", "content": "In the albino rat, topical betamethasone 17-valerate acts as an anticorticosteroid. This steroid is inactive in a dermal atrophy assay over a dose range where betamethasone and hydrocortisone display atrophogenic activity. At appropriate concentrations betamethasone 17-valerate competitively inhibits the atrophogenic effects of both betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide. Since betamethasone and betamethasone 17-valerate penetrate rat skin in vivo at essentially the same rate, it is concluded that the latter compound is relatively resistant to hydrolysis during penetration, and that it binds to rat corticosteroid receptor proteins in such a manner as to prevent expression of corticosteroid activity. Therefore, the rat cannot be used as a model species to predict activity in man for this compound.", "contents": "Topical betamethasone 17-valerate is an anticorticosteroid in the rat. 1. Dermal atrophy. In the albino rat, topical betamethasone 17-valerate acts as an anticorticosteroid. This steroid is inactive in a dermal atrophy assay over a dose range where betamethasone and hydrocortisone display atrophogenic activity. At appropriate concentrations betamethasone 17-valerate competitively inhibits the atrophogenic effects of both betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide. Since betamethasone and betamethasone 17-valerate penetrate rat skin in vivo at essentially the same rate, it is concluded that the latter compound is relatively resistant to hydrolysis during penetration, and that it binds to rat corticosteroid receptor proteins in such a manner as to prevent expression of corticosteroid activity. Therefore, the rat cannot be used as a model species to predict activity in man for this compound.", "PMID": 737128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2941", "title": "Topical betamethasone 17-valerate is an anticorticosteroid in the rat. 2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-lymphocyte activities.", "content": "In the oxazolone-induced delayed hypersensitivity inflammation in the rat ear, betamethasone 17-valerate, in contrast to other topical corticosteroids, is incapable of suppressing oedema. When given in combination with triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone 17-valerate competitively antagonizes the anti-inflammatory action of the active steroid. When tested in the mouse, betamethasone 17-valerate behaved as an anti-inflammatory agent 15 and 80 times as potent as betamethasone and hydrocortisone respectively. In an in vivo lymphocyte culture system in which preincubation with corticosteroids prevents subsequent phytohaemagglutinin induced DNA synthesis, betamethasone 17-valerate was less active than even hydrocortisone when rat lymph node cells were used, but with human cell preparations it was more potent than either hydrocortisone or betamethasone. Betamethasone 17-valerate behaves uniquely in the rat as an anticorticosteroid; in mouse and in man the compound behaves as a normal corticosteroid.", "contents": "Topical betamethasone 17-valerate is an anticorticosteroid in the rat. 2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-lymphocyte activities. In the oxazolone-induced delayed hypersensitivity inflammation in the rat ear, betamethasone 17-valerate, in contrast to other topical corticosteroids, is incapable of suppressing oedema. When given in combination with triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone 17-valerate competitively antagonizes the anti-inflammatory action of the active steroid. When tested in the mouse, betamethasone 17-valerate behaved as an anti-inflammatory agent 15 and 80 times as potent as betamethasone and hydrocortisone respectively. In an in vivo lymphocyte culture system in which preincubation with corticosteroids prevents subsequent phytohaemagglutinin induced DNA synthesis, betamethasone 17-valerate was less active than even hydrocortisone when rat lymph node cells were used, but with human cell preparations it was more potent than either hydrocortisone or betamethasone. Betamethasone 17-valerate behaves uniquely in the rat as an anticorticosteroid; in mouse and in man the compound behaves as a normal corticosteroid.", "PMID": 737129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2942", "title": "Collagen sponge for leg ulcers.", "content": "Collagen sponge, reconstituted from bovine tendon, provides a porous matrix for the permeation of fibroblasts and capillaries and on theoretical grounds it should be ideal for stimulating granulation tissue in deep leg ulcers. A preliminary study in six patients has suggested that a collagen sponge dressin enhanced granulation, but subsequent re-epithelialization over the reconstituted collagen tended to be slower than usual.", "contents": "Collagen sponge for leg ulcers. Collagen sponge, reconstituted from bovine tendon, provides a porous matrix for the permeation of fibroblasts and capillaries and on theoretical grounds it should be ideal for stimulating granulation tissue in deep leg ulcers. A preliminary study in six patients has suggested that a collagen sponge dressin enhanced granulation, but subsequent re-epithelialization over the reconstituted collagen tended to be slower than usual.", "PMID": 737130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2943", "title": "Induction of mixed-function oxidases in mouse liver by psoralens.", "content": "8-methoxypsoralen, the most widely used psoralen in photochemotherapy, was shown to induce mixed-function oxidases. Induction of mixed-function oxidases in mouse liver was examined after mice were given a single dose of one of three psoralens. 8-methoxypsoralen clearly induced p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and slightly induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Psoralen and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen failed to induce either enzyme. These results represent the first enzyme induction studies on these clinically useful compounds. The studies may have relevance in understanding the clinical differences in skin photosensitizing activity and photochemotherapeutic effectiveness of the compounds in such diseases as psoriasis and vitiligo.", "contents": "Induction of mixed-function oxidases in mouse liver by psoralens. 8-methoxypsoralen, the most widely used psoralen in photochemotherapy, was shown to induce mixed-function oxidases. Induction of mixed-function oxidases in mouse liver was examined after mice were given a single dose of one of three psoralens. 8-methoxypsoralen clearly induced p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and slightly induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Psoralen and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen failed to induce either enzyme. These results represent the first enzyme induction studies on these clinically useful compounds. The studies may have relevance in understanding the clinical differences in skin photosensitizing activity and photochemotherapeutic effectiveness of the compounds in such diseases as psoriasis and vitiligo.", "PMID": 737131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2944", "title": "Evaluation of PUVA, topical corticosteroids and the combination of both in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "A total of 90 patients with psoriasis were treated either by photochemotherapy (PUVA) or by topical steroids under occlusion (TOC). In a third group of patients a combination of both regimens was applied. All patients received approximately 15 treatments of either type. During therapy, biopsies were taken in all treatment groups and the epidermal thickness was monitored planimetrically. After clearing of the skin the patients were left without treatment and the time of onset of new lesions was recorded. While TOC produced rapid clearing of the skin this was followed by early relapses (in 50% of the patients after 3 weeks).  PUVA reduced psoriatic hyperplasia more slowly; however, 50% of the patients remained free of psoriasis for approximately 10 weeks after clearance. Psoriasis treated with steroids under occlusion together with PUVA showed a significantly faster return of the skin to normal as compared to PUVA. As in PUVA-treated patients relapses occurred after approximately 12 weeks is this group. Therefore the combination of both treatments appears to be advantageous for rapid skin clearance and comparatively long remissions.", "contents": "Evaluation of PUVA, topical corticosteroids and the combination of both in the treatment of psoriasis. A total of 90 patients with psoriasis were treated either by photochemotherapy (PUVA) or by topical steroids under occlusion (TOC). In a third group of patients a combination of both regimens was applied. All patients received approximately 15 treatments of either type. During therapy, biopsies were taken in all treatment groups and the epidermal thickness was monitored planimetrically. After clearing of the skin the patients were left without treatment and the time of onset of new lesions was recorded. While TOC produced rapid clearing of the skin this was followed by early relapses (in 50% of the patients after 3 weeks).  PUVA reduced psoriatic hyperplasia more slowly; however, 50% of the patients remained free of psoriasis for approximately 10 weeks after clearance. Psoriasis treated with steroids under occlusion together with PUVA showed a significantly faster return of the skin to normal as compared to PUVA. As in PUVA-treated patients relapses occurred after approximately 12 weeks is this group. Therefore the combination of both treatments appears to be advantageous for rapid skin clearance and comparatively long remissions.", "PMID": 737132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2945", "title": "Trioxsalen bath plus UVA effective and safe in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with psoriasis were treated using a trioxsalen bath (50 mg/150 l of water) and long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) given in an ordinary PUVA-cabin. Good or excellent results were observed in 92% of the patients in the initial phase and in 63% during the maintenance treatment. Because of local side-effects the therapy was discontinued in two patients. One of them developed contact hypersensitivity to trioxsalen and the other developed blisters with such low doses of UVA that it was difficult to maintain the proper dose. The therapy was started with 0.28 J/cm2 of UVA and after an average of 18 treatments, when the average dose was 1.70 J/cm2, the patients were moved to maintenance treatment which took place at 1--4 week intervals. The therapy was well tolerated and cosmetically very acceptable. The final tan was even on all but the face, which remained untanned.", "contents": "Trioxsalen bath plus UVA effective and safe in the treatment of psoriasis. Seventy-four patients with psoriasis were treated using a trioxsalen bath (50 mg/150 l of water) and long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) given in an ordinary PUVA-cabin. Good or excellent results were observed in 92% of the patients in the initial phase and in 63% during the maintenance treatment. Because of local side-effects the therapy was discontinued in two patients. One of them developed contact hypersensitivity to trioxsalen and the other developed blisters with such low doses of UVA that it was difficult to maintain the proper dose. The therapy was started with 0.28 J/cm2 of UVA and after an average of 18 treatments, when the average dose was 1.70 J/cm2, the patients were moved to maintenance treatment which took place at 1--4 week intervals. The therapy was well tolerated and cosmetically very acceptable. The final tan was even on all but the face, which remained untanned.", "PMID": 737133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2946", "title": "TruCutR needle biopsy in asbestosis and silicosis: correlation of histological changes with radiographic changes and pulmonary function in 41 patients.", "content": "A percutaneous needle biopsy was performed with a TruCut needle on 41 patients with suspected pneumoconiosis. Patients selected for biopsy tended to have brief or unusual dust exposure, as well as questionable radiographic opacities. Sixteen had been exposed to asbestos, 13 to silica and 12 to mixed dust containing quartz, coal, iron, asbestos and talc. All patients in the asbestos group and most in the other two groups had a reduced transfer factor. Most patients in the asbestos group and about 25% of the other patients had restrictive ventilatory impairment. Chest radiographs were assessed according to standard films of the ILO U/C International Classification (International Labour Office, 1972). In 25 patients radiographic opacities were absent or acanty (categories 0--1/1). The dominant radiographic feature of many patients exposed to asbestos was a ground-glass appearance or a bilateral elevation of the diaphragm, or both, features difficult to assess according to the ILO U/C scheme. Most histological changes were those usually seen in pneumoconiosis. However, in only two patients with silicosis were silicotic nodules detected. The specimens of seven patients showed a granulomatous inflammation. The severity of alveolar wall involvement correlated well with the transfer factor value but poorly with radiographic changes. The profusion of radiographic opacities also correlated poorly with functional impairment. As a diagnostic tool the needle biopsy was valuable in asbestosis and slightly less so in mixed-dust fibrosis. The biopsy specimens showed changes compatible with asbestosis in 75% of the suspected cases and in 86% of those in which asbestosis was the final diagnosis. In the mixed-dust group pneumoconiosis was confirmed in 67% and 80%, respectively. In the diagnosis of silicosis an open biopsy is probably more reliable than a percutaneous one, particularly if radiographic changes are minimal. Histological changes in the needle biopsy specimen were compatible with silicosis in only 36% of the suspected cases and in 63% of those in which the final diagnosis was silicosis.", "contents": "TruCutR needle biopsy in asbestosis and silicosis: correlation of histological changes with radiographic changes and pulmonary function in 41 patients. A percutaneous needle biopsy was performed with a TruCut needle on 41 patients with suspected pneumoconiosis. Patients selected for biopsy tended to have brief or unusual dust exposure, as well as questionable radiographic opacities. Sixteen had been exposed to asbestos, 13 to silica and 12 to mixed dust containing quartz, coal, iron, asbestos and talc. All patients in the asbestos group and most in the other two groups had a reduced transfer factor. Most patients in the asbestos group and about 25% of the other patients had restrictive ventilatory impairment. Chest radiographs were assessed according to standard films of the ILO U/C International Classification (International Labour Office, 1972). In 25 patients radiographic opacities were absent or acanty (categories 0--1/1). The dominant radiographic feature of many patients exposed to asbestos was a ground-glass appearance or a bilateral elevation of the diaphragm, or both, features difficult to assess according to the ILO U/C scheme. Most histological changes were those usually seen in pneumoconiosis. However, in only two patients with silicosis were silicotic nodules detected. The specimens of seven patients showed a granulomatous inflammation. The severity of alveolar wall involvement correlated well with the transfer factor value but poorly with radiographic changes. The profusion of radiographic opacities also correlated poorly with functional impairment. As a diagnostic tool the needle biopsy was valuable in asbestosis and slightly less so in mixed-dust fibrosis. The biopsy specimens showed changes compatible with asbestosis in 75% of the suspected cases and in 86% of those in which asbestosis was the final diagnosis. In the mixed-dust group pneumoconiosis was confirmed in 67% and 80%, respectively. In the diagnosis of silicosis an open biopsy is probably more reliable than a percutaneous one, particularly if radiographic changes are minimal. Histological changes in the needle biopsy specimen were compatible with silicosis in only 36% of the suspected cases and in 63% of those in which the final diagnosis was silicosis.", "PMID": 737136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2947", "title": "The effect of acrylamide on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro.", "content": "Acrylamide (CH2CHCONH2), the vinyl monomer of the industrially useful polymer polyacrylamide, is a recognised neurotoxin. Investigation in our laboratory indicated that, in addition to its neurotoxic effect, acrylamide depressed human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) chemotaxis in vitro. As genetic or chemical inhibition of PMN phagocytic function frequently pre-disposes patients to repeated bacterila infections, the in vitro effects of acrylamide on several other human PMN functions were studied. Acrylamide in concentrations up to 37.5 mg/ml had no effect on trypan blue uptake. However, bacterial ingestion, killing, and induced chemiluminescence were depressed by pre-treatment with acrylamide (10 mg/ml). It seems unlikely that acrylamide exposure alters host resistance to bacterial infections, because (a) large doses of acrylamide are necessary to interfere with phagocytic functions, (b) acrylamide reacts readily with proteins on many tissue cells and may be made inaccessible or non-toxic to PMN'S and (C) PMNs have a rapid turnover rate in the body and non-functional cells would be rapidly replaced by functional cells.", "contents": "The effect of acrylamide on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro. Acrylamide (CH2CHCONH2), the vinyl monomer of the industrially useful polymer polyacrylamide, is a recognised neurotoxin. Investigation in our laboratory indicated that, in addition to its neurotoxic effect, acrylamide depressed human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) chemotaxis in vitro. As genetic or chemical inhibition of PMN phagocytic function frequently pre-disposes patients to repeated bacterila infections, the in vitro effects of acrylamide on several other human PMN functions were studied. Acrylamide in concentrations up to 37.5 mg/ml had no effect on trypan blue uptake. However, bacterial ingestion, killing, and induced chemiluminescence were depressed by pre-treatment with acrylamide (10 mg/ml). It seems unlikely that acrylamide exposure alters host resistance to bacterial infections, because (a) large doses of acrylamide are necessary to interfere with phagocytic functions, (b) acrylamide reacts readily with proteins on many tissue cells and may be made inaccessible or non-toxic to PMN'S and (C) PMNs have a rapid turnover rate in the body and non-functional cells would be rapidly replaced by functional cells.", "PMID": 737137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2948", "title": "The effects of water restriction and water loading on urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin.", "content": "Alterations in daily urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin, creatinine and total solutes following water restriction and water loading were examined in nine lead workers. Excretion of lead, ALA and total solutes was significantly decreased when urinary volume was reduced, showing that these values are dependent on urinary volume: conversely, excretion of coproporphyrin and creatinine was independent of urinary volume. Excretion of lead and total solutes was also dependent on creatinine excretion. The renal excretory mechanism of lead, ALA and coproporphyrin is discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "The effects of water restriction and water loading on urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin. Alterations in daily urinary excretion of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin, creatinine and total solutes following water restriction and water loading were examined in nine lead workers. Excretion of lead, ALA and total solutes was significantly decreased when urinary volume was reduced, showing that these values are dependent on urinary volume: conversely, excretion of coproporphyrin and creatinine was independent of urinary volume. Excretion of lead and total solutes was also dependent on creatinine excretion. The renal excretory mechanism of lead, ALA and coproporphyrin is discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 737138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2949", "title": "Blood styrene and urinary metabolites in styrene polymerisation.", "content": "The results of the analysis of blood and urine samples for styrene and its metabolites in 491 workers in a styrene polymerisation plant in the United States are reported. The levels of exposure to styrene were estimated to be less than 10 ppm, but nevertheless styrene and metabolites were detectable in more than 50% of workers in polymerisation jobs, within 4 h of exposure. Workers involved in the manufacture and purification of styrene from ethyl benzene also had detectable blood styrene and urinary metabolites in 83% of recently exposed subjects. The relationship between styrene in blood and in subcutaneous fat and urinary metabolites as pharmacokinetic variables is discussed.", "contents": "Blood styrene and urinary metabolites in styrene polymerisation. The results of the analysis of blood and urine samples for styrene and its metabolites in 491 workers in a styrene polymerisation plant in the United States are reported. The levels of exposure to styrene were estimated to be less than 10 ppm, but nevertheless styrene and metabolites were detectable in more than 50% of workers in polymerisation jobs, within 4 h of exposure. Workers involved in the manufacture and purification of styrene from ethyl benzene also had detectable blood styrene and urinary metabolites in 83% of recently exposed subjects. The relationship between styrene in blood and in subcutaneous fat and urinary metabolites as pharmacokinetic variables is discussed.", "PMID": 737139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2950", "title": "Urinary hippuric acid concentration after occupational exposure to toluene.", "content": "The results of industrial investigations have shown a correlation between the rate of hippuric acid excretion in a single urine sample collected after daily occupational exposure and the amount of toluene absorbed. The rate of hippuric acid excretion and the average concentration of toluene vapour during exposure time were also related. The quantitative range of the test has been limited to amounts exceeding 425 mg of toluene and concentrations exceeding 69 ppm of toluene in the air because of the physiological presence of hippuric acid in urine. The rate of hippuric acid excretion in urine depends on diuresis and is constant for urinary fractions with diuresis of 30 ml/h. The physiological excretion rate was 20 mg/h with a standard deviation +/- 4.3 mg/h, maximal physiological level 33 mg/h.", "contents": "Urinary hippuric acid concentration after occupational exposure to toluene. The results of industrial investigations have shown a correlation between the rate of hippuric acid excretion in a single urine sample collected after daily occupational exposure and the amount of toluene absorbed. The rate of hippuric acid excretion and the average concentration of toluene vapour during exposure time were also related. The quantitative range of the test has been limited to amounts exceeding 425 mg of toluene and concentrations exceeding 69 ppm of toluene in the air because of the physiological presence of hippuric acid in urine. The rate of hippuric acid excretion in urine depends on diuresis and is constant for urinary fractions with diuresis of 30 ml/h. The physiological excretion rate was 20 mg/h with a standard deviation +/- 4.3 mg/h, maximal physiological level 33 mg/h.", "PMID": 737140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2951", "title": "Mourning and the prevention of melancholia.", "content": "Freud suggested that a high level of ambivalence in the previous relationship between the bereaved and the deceased was likely to complicate the process of mourning, perhaps leading to melancholia. Within a study testing the effectiveness of preventive intervention, a subgroup of recently bereaved widows (n = 22) were rated as having had a highly ambivalent marital relationship with their spouses. Psychotherapeutic intervention to promote the resolution of the ambivalence within the mourning process was given to a randomly selected group of these women during the first three months following the husbands' deaths. All subjects were followed up independently by questionnaire 13 months after the death. Intervention subjects (n = 12) showed significantly better general health and a lower level of depressive illness than controls (n = 10).", "contents": "Mourning and the prevention of melancholia. Freud suggested that a high level of ambivalence in the previous relationship between the bereaved and the deceased was likely to complicate the process of mourning, perhaps leading to melancholia. Within a study testing the effectiveness of preventive intervention, a subgroup of recently bereaved widows (n = 22) were rated as having had a highly ambivalent marital relationship with their spouses. Psychotherapeutic intervention to promote the resolution of the ambivalence within the mourning process was given to a randomly selected group of these women during the first three months following the husbands' deaths. All subjects were followed up independently by questionnaire 13 months after the death. Intervention subjects (n = 12) showed significantly better general health and a lower level of depressive illness than controls (n = 10).", "PMID": 737142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2952", "title": "The reconstruction of childhood in psychoanalysis.", "content": "Reconstructions are defined as genetic propositions showing not only what happened to the individual in childhood, but also how he adopted his particular solutions to conflict situations in the past and how he continues to be guided today by that experience of the past. The relative neglect of environmental failures in psychoanalysis is traced to Freud's shift from physical to psychic reality, although the gains from this shift are acknowledged. The discussion of fantasy and historical fact proceeds to an examination of the case for and the case against the use of reconstructions, and the nature of memory in psychoanalysis. A clinical illustration leads to a synthesis of the conflicting views, emphasizing that both the analyst and the patient need to remain in touch with the past, the current life, and the transference relationship. The paper is concluded with the views of modern historians.", "contents": "The reconstruction of childhood in psychoanalysis. Reconstructions are defined as genetic propositions showing not only what happened to the individual in childhood, but also how he adopted his particular solutions to conflict situations in the past and how he continues to be guided today by that experience of the past. The relative neglect of environmental failures in psychoanalysis is traced to Freud's shift from physical to psychic reality, although the gains from this shift are acknowledged. The discussion of fantasy and historical fact proceeds to an examination of the case for and the case against the use of reconstructions, and the nature of memory in psychoanalysis. A clinical illustration leads to a synthesis of the conflicting views, emphasizing that both the analyst and the patient need to remain in touch with the past, the current life, and the transference relationship. The paper is concluded with the views of modern historians.", "PMID": 737143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2953", "title": "Psychological construing and thought disorder: another test of the 'difficulty' hypothesis.", "content": "Two versions of the grid test of thought disorder were derived which used similar elements, and were of equal difficulty, but one of which employed psychological, and the other non-psychological, constructs. They were administered to thought-disordered schizophrenic patients and to psychiatric and normal controls. On one measure (consistency), although not on the other (intensity), the results strongly supported the hypothesis that thought-disordered patients are maximally disordered in the area of psychological construing. The results support those of an earlier study (McPherson et al. 1975) and are compatible with those theories which postulate a role for social factors in the aetiology of thought disorder.", "contents": "Psychological construing and thought disorder: another test of the 'difficulty' hypothesis. Two versions of the grid test of thought disorder were derived which used similar elements, and were of equal difficulty, but one of which employed psychological, and the other non-psychological, constructs. They were administered to thought-disordered schizophrenic patients and to psychiatric and normal controls. On one measure (consistency), although not on the other (intensity), the results strongly supported the hypothesis that thought-disordered patients are maximally disordered in the area of psychological construing. The results support those of an earlier study (McPherson et al. 1975) and are compatible with those theories which postulate a role for social factors in the aetiology of thought disorder.", "PMID": 737144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2954", "title": "Objective constructs and cognitive structure.", "content": "Some relations between objective content and concrete structure in cognitive systems are examined in repertory grids completed by 58 individuals. Predictions that systems with objective content would show less discrimination, differentiation and integration were unconfirmed, results tending in the opposite direction to that hypothesized. There was a similar outcome for six measures of cognitive style as dependent variables. It it suggested that objective-subjective constructs and their concrete-abstract use should be further investigated with the expectation of finding more complex relations in individuals' cognitive systems.", "contents": "Objective constructs and cognitive structure. Some relations between objective content and concrete structure in cognitive systems are examined in repertory grids completed by 58 individuals. Predictions that systems with objective content would show less discrimination, differentiation and integration were unconfirmed, results tending in the opposite direction to that hypothesized. There was a similar outcome for six measures of cognitive style as dependent variables. It it suggested that objective-subjective constructs and their concrete-abstract use should be further investigated with the expectation of finding more complex relations in individuals' cognitive systems.", "PMID": 737145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2955", "title": "Contingency learning in chronic schizophrenia and its relevance to social motivation deficit.", "content": "The present study investigates the ability of chronic schizophrenic patients to learn to obtain social rewards when the incentive value of the contingent social event is known. From a group of 40 chronic patients tested for responsivity to social rewards, socially responsive and socially unresponsive patients were selected and compared on a learning task. Patients who were highly motivated to obtain social reinforcement did not emit the reinforced response during 300 learning trials any more frequently than did patients who were not motivated by social rewards. It was only when the experimental contingency was specified that responsive and unresponsive patients could be differentiated. The implications of these findings for social motivation theories of schizophrenia are discussed.", "contents": "Contingency learning in chronic schizophrenia and its relevance to social motivation deficit. The present study investigates the ability of chronic schizophrenic patients to learn to obtain social rewards when the incentive value of the contingent social event is known. From a group of 40 chronic patients tested for responsivity to social rewards, socially responsive and socially unresponsive patients were selected and compared on a learning task. Patients who were highly motivated to obtain social reinforcement did not emit the reinforced response during 300 learning trials any more frequently than did patients who were not motivated by social rewards. It was only when the experimental contingency was specified that responsive and unresponsive patients could be differentiated. The implications of these findings for social motivation theories of schizophrenia are discussed.", "PMID": 737147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2956", "title": "The hysterical personality--I. The healthy hysteric.", "content": "This paper examines the meaning and validity of 'hysterical personality disorders'. Theories and descriptions of hysterical personalities have been conflicting and often mutually incompatible, leading to a vague and imprecise nosology. No generally accepted specific inclusion criteria or follow-up studies are available; consequently, the diagnosis of 'hysterical personality disorder' has reflected adaptive as well as maladaptive traits. This paper critically examines the healthy dimension of Lazare's continuum of personality pathologies exhibiting hysterical traits. The continuum, in an attempt to reconcile the inconsistencies of this diagnosis, ranges from the relatively healthy (good, genital, true) hysteric, to the sick (bad, oral, 'so-called good') hysteric. But this paper concludes that here, too, evidence for diagnostic legitimacy is lacking. Women at the healthy end of the hysterical personality spectrum are best regarded as healthy and do not meet criteria for the diagnosis of a personality disorder.", "contents": "The hysterical personality--I. The healthy hysteric. This paper examines the meaning and validity of 'hysterical personality disorders'. Theories and descriptions of hysterical personalities have been conflicting and often mutually incompatible, leading to a vague and imprecise nosology. No generally accepted specific inclusion criteria or follow-up studies are available; consequently, the diagnosis of 'hysterical personality disorder' has reflected adaptive as well as maladaptive traits. This paper critically examines the healthy dimension of Lazare's continuum of personality pathologies exhibiting hysterical traits. The continuum, in an attempt to reconcile the inconsistencies of this diagnosis, ranges from the relatively healthy (good, genital, true) hysteric, to the sick (bad, oral, 'so-called good') hysteric. But this paper concludes that here, too, evidence for diagnostic legitimacy is lacking. Women at the healthy end of the hysterical personality spectrum are best regarded as healthy and do not meet criteria for the diagnosis of a personality disorder.", "PMID": 737148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2957", "title": "Cervical cancer and cytology screening in New Zealand.", "content": "Cytology screening, used in New Zealand since 1955 at an intensity comparable to that in Canada generally, has not favourably affected incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer; these have actually risen significantly in 20 to 34-year-old New Zealand women. Canadian claims that mortality falls are related to intensity of cytological screening are not justifiable, so that the significance of the 'pre-cancers' revealed by cytology and the value of population screening would seem to be doubtful.", "contents": "Cervical cancer and cytology screening in New Zealand. Cytology screening, used in New Zealand since 1955 at an intensity comparable to that in Canada generally, has not favourably affected incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer; these have actually risen significantly in 20 to 34-year-old New Zealand women. Canadian claims that mortality falls are related to intensity of cytological screening are not justifiable, so that the significance of the 'pre-cancers' revealed by cytology and the value of population screening would seem to be doubtful.", "PMID": 737153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2958", "title": "The pattern of presentation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in East Anglia 1960 to 1975.", "content": "Changes in the pattern of presentation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix between 1960 and 1975 were studied using the records of 3193 patients registered with the East Anglian Cancer Registration Bureau. Between 1963 and 1968, an increased registration rate for invasive tumours was largely attributable to increased registrations of Stage I and II lesions in the 35 to 49 age group. After 1970 the registration rate for lesions of all stages in this age group declined. Over the same period the 50 to 64 age group showed a tendency for an increased proportion of registrations to be of Stage I or II lesions. There was little change in pattern in the over-65 age group. The possible relation of these changes to the introduction of a cervical cytology screening programme and the implications for future screening policies are discussed.", "contents": "The pattern of presentation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in East Anglia 1960 to 1975. Changes in the pattern of presentation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix between 1960 and 1975 were studied using the records of 3193 patients registered with the East Anglian Cancer Registration Bureau. Between 1963 and 1968, an increased registration rate for invasive tumours was largely attributable to increased registrations of Stage I and II lesions in the 35 to 49 age group. After 1970 the registration rate for lesions of all stages in this age group declined. Over the same period the 50 to 64 age group showed a tendency for an increased proportion of registrations to be of Stage I or II lesions. There was little change in pattern in the over-65 age group. The possible relation of these changes to the introduction of a cervical cytology screening programme and the implications for future screening policies are discussed.", "PMID": 737154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2959", "title": "Distinction of benign from malignant ovarian cysts by ultrasound.", "content": "The ultrasonic characteristics of benign and malignant cystic ovarian tumours have been reviewed. The value of each of eight different ultrasonic features has been assessed and the specificity of each for confirmation or exclusion of malignancy is indicated. In combination they permit correct differentiation in 91 percent of cases.", "contents": "Distinction of benign from malignant ovarian cysts by ultrasound. The ultrasonic characteristics of benign and malignant cystic ovarian tumours have been reviewed. The value of each of eight different ultrasonic features has been assessed and the specificity of each for confirmation or exclusion of malignancy is indicated. In combination they permit correct differentiation in 91 percent of cases.", "PMID": 737155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2960", "title": "Significance of antepartum cardiotocography in normal pregnancy.", "content": "Antepartum cardiotocographs (CTGs) were obtained at weekly intervals from 34 weeks onwards and twice weekly from 40 weeks onwards in 91 strictly normal pregnancies. The Fischer score was used to assess the 594 CTGs obtained. Ominous patterns were not encountered but 7.2 per cent of CTGs showed a suspicious pattern. Absence of accelerations and an oscillatory amplitude of less than 10 beats/minute contributed to respectively 95 and 88 per cent of these patterns. The combination of reduced variability and absence of accelerations accounted for 84 per cent of suspicious CTGs. This pattern is compatible with normal pregnancy even when fetal movements are present. One-third (37 per cent) of perfectly normal pregnancies had a suspicious CTG on at least one occasion and in 9 per cent of cases it was found twice or more. This should be borne in mind when using antepartum CTG in the surveillance of high-risk pregnancy.", "contents": "Significance of antepartum cardiotocography in normal pregnancy. Antepartum cardiotocographs (CTGs) were obtained at weekly intervals from 34 weeks onwards and twice weekly from 40 weeks onwards in 91 strictly normal pregnancies. The Fischer score was used to assess the 594 CTGs obtained. Ominous patterns were not encountered but 7.2 per cent of CTGs showed a suspicious pattern. Absence of accelerations and an oscillatory amplitude of less than 10 beats/minute contributed to respectively 95 and 88 per cent of these patterns. The combination of reduced variability and absence of accelerations accounted for 84 per cent of suspicious CTGs. This pattern is compatible with normal pregnancy even when fetal movements are present. One-third (37 per cent) of perfectly normal pregnancies had a suspicious CTG on at least one occasion and in 9 per cent of cases it was found twice or more. This should be borne in mind when using antepartum CTG in the surveillance of high-risk pregnancy.", "PMID": 737157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2961", "title": "Secretion patterns of plasma-progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in early normal pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma levels of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were established from 4 to 16 weeks gestation by sampling 15 normal patients twice weekly. Apart from a peak at week 5, the mean levels of progesterone remained constant at about 24 ng/ml until week 10 and then rose progressively to 40 ng/ml at week 16.20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one remained within the 7 to 9 ng/ml range apart from a peak at week 5. A significant decrease in mean levels of 17-hydroxy-progesterone was noted from week 5 to a nadir of 3 ng/ml at week 11. It would appear that the main hormone production of progesterones in pregnancy has been taken over by the placental unit by the 10th week.", "contents": "Secretion patterns of plasma-progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in early normal pregnancy. Plasma levels of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were established from 4 to 16 weeks gestation by sampling 15 normal patients twice weekly. Apart from a peak at week 5, the mean levels of progesterone remained constant at about 24 ng/ml until week 10 and then rose progressively to 40 ng/ml at week 16.20 alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one remained within the 7 to 9 ng/ml range apart from a peak at week 5. A significant decrease in mean levels of 17-hydroxy-progesterone was noted from week 5 to a nadir of 3 ng/ml at week 11. It would appear that the main hormone production of progesterones in pregnancy has been taken over by the placental unit by the 10th week.", "PMID": 737158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2962", "title": "Secretion patterns of plasma-progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in early abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels were determined twice weekly up to 16 weeks gestation, where possible, in a twin pregnancy, in two patients who aborted spontaneously and in three patients who were treated with 'progesterone supplements' because of abnormal vaginal cytology. There was no correlation between vaginal smears and the plasms hormone levels and there was no evidence to suggest that progesterone supplements influenced clinical outcome. Compared with normal mean values the only difference was a significantly rise in progesterone and 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels in the twin pregnancy after the 12th week and a precipitate fall in all hormone levels just prior to abortion. Plasma hormone levels could not be used to predict outcome.", "contents": "Secretion patterns of plasma-progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in early abnormal pregnancy. Plasma progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels were determined twice weekly up to 16 weeks gestation, where possible, in a twin pregnancy, in two patients who aborted spontaneously and in three patients who were treated with 'progesterone supplements' because of abnormal vaginal cytology. There was no correlation between vaginal smears and the plasms hormone levels and there was no evidence to suggest that progesterone supplements influenced clinical outcome. Compared with normal mean values the only difference was a significantly rise in progesterone and 20alpha hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels in the twin pregnancy after the 12th week and a precipitate fall in all hormone levels just prior to abortion. Plasma hormone levels could not be used to predict outcome.", "PMID": 737159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2963", "title": "Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium.", "content": "The endothelium of the normal corneas of 67 human subjects was studied in vivo with the specular microscope in order to quantify the method as a means of sampling the cell density of the tissue. It was found that (1) axial cell counts of the endothelium are reproducible in the same cornea after an interval of time; (2) the cell counts of the centre and periphery of the same cornea are similar; (3) the axial cell counts of pairs of eyes are similar; and (4) there is a gradual reduction of cell number with increasing age. The significance of these data is discussed.", "contents": "Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium. The endothelium of the normal corneas of 67 human subjects was studied in vivo with the specular microscope in order to quantify the method as a means of sampling the cell density of the tissue. It was found that (1) axial cell counts of the endothelium are reproducible in the same cornea after an interval of time; (2) the cell counts of the centre and periphery of the same cornea are similar; (3) the axial cell counts of pairs of eyes are similar; and (4) there is a gradual reduction of cell number with increasing age. The significance of these data is discussed.", "PMID": 737161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2964", "title": "Effects of intraocular miotics on cultured bovine corneal endothelium.", "content": "Two cases of severe corneal oedema occurred after the use of intraocular pilocarpine. Experimental investigations were conducted with cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells exposed for 5 minutes to 1% pilocarpine solutions of varying composition. Cells were destroyed in solutions not isotonic with aqueous humour, and calcium-free ionic solutions caused loss of cell adhesion without loss of viability. Low pH or the presence of 1% pilocarpine had no detectable effects; 1% acetylcholine chloride in 5% mannitol (Miochol) also caused cell destruction, and this preparation was found to be considerably hypertonic. The minimum requirements for the formulation of intraocular miotics are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of intraocular miotics on cultured bovine corneal endothelium. Two cases of severe corneal oedema occurred after the use of intraocular pilocarpine. Experimental investigations were conducted with cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells exposed for 5 minutes to 1% pilocarpine solutions of varying composition. Cells were destroyed in solutions not isotonic with aqueous humour, and calcium-free ionic solutions caused loss of cell adhesion without loss of viability. Low pH or the presence of 1% pilocarpine had no detectable effects; 1% acetylcholine chloride in 5% mannitol (Miochol) also caused cell destruction, and this preparation was found to be considerably hypertonic. The minimum requirements for the formulation of intraocular miotics are discussed.", "PMID": 737162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2965", "title": "The reverse Wessely phenomenon: immune corneal rings following systemic immunisation.", "content": "Rabbits were hyperimmunised systemically over a 4-week period with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvants and were subsequently challenged systemically with a massive dose of BSA designed to produce serum sickness. Without any ocular manipulation a spontaneous corneal immune reaction was observed which we termed a 'reverse Wessely phenomenon'. It was due to a reversed sequence of antibody becoming sequestered in the cornea and later responding to antigen entering via the limbal circulation. In the stroma, lymphocytes were prominent and only few polymorphonuclear cells were found, but this may have been due to late sectioning of the corneas tested. The corneal ring formed at the limbus and migrated centripetally ahead of peripheral clouding, which is typical of the Wessely phenomenon. Possible relationships of this reaction with some autoimmune disorders are discussed.", "contents": "The reverse Wessely phenomenon: immune corneal rings following systemic immunisation. Rabbits were hyperimmunised systemically over a 4-week period with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvants and were subsequently challenged systemically with a massive dose of BSA designed to produce serum sickness. Without any ocular manipulation a spontaneous corneal immune reaction was observed which we termed a 'reverse Wessely phenomenon'. It was due to a reversed sequence of antibody becoming sequestered in the cornea and later responding to antigen entering via the limbal circulation. In the stroma, lymphocytes were prominent and only few polymorphonuclear cells were found, but this may have been due to late sectioning of the corneas tested. The corneal ring formed at the limbus and migrated centripetally ahead of peripheral clouding, which is typical of the Wessely phenomenon. Possible relationships of this reaction with some autoimmune disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 737163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2966", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of herpes simplex virus experimental disciform keratitis.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the endothelium of experimental disciform keratitis revealed corneal endothelial changes which distinguished disciform oedema from the more progressive stages of disciform keratitis. The endothelium of corneas with disciform oedema were wholly intact and characterised by subtle morphological alterations. In contrast, the more progressive stages of disciform keratitis were characterised by massive destruction and denudation of the endothelium. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of herpes simplex virus experimental disciform keratitis. Scanning electron microscopy of the endothelium of experimental disciform keratitis revealed corneal endothelial changes which distinguished disciform oedema from the more progressive stages of disciform keratitis. The endothelium of corneas with disciform oedema were wholly intact and characterised by subtle morphological alterations. In contrast, the more progressive stages of disciform keratitis were characterised by massive destruction and denudation of the endothelium. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 737164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2967", "title": "Acute follicular conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis due to herpes simplex virus in London.", "content": "During the 18 months January 1975 to June 1976, 25 cases of acute herpetic follicular conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis resembling adenovirus ocular infection presented in the External Eye Disease Clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in HEp2 cells in 22 patients, and the remaining 3 patients were identified by a minimum 4-fold rise in the level of antiherpes simplex virus antibody in their blood. No adenovirus was isolated from these patients, but complement fixation test for adenovirus was positive in 1 patient with cultural test positive for herpes simplex virus. Most patients were between 20 and 35 years old and the ratio of males to females was 12 to 13. At the initial visit the clinical features of disease were moderate to severe conjunctival papillary and follicular reasons with epithelial and subepithelial punctate keratitis but little systemic disease. In the absence of typical herpetic lesions of face, lids, or cornea the disease resembled adenovirus types 8 or 19 keratoconjunctivitis. Of these 25 patients 5 subsequently developed typical herpetic lesions of lids or cornea. In the remaining 20 cases the correct diagnosis could be made only by cultural or serological tests. Virological diagnosis provides a rational basis for antiherpetic chemotherapy, which appears to shorten the course of infection.", "contents": "Acute follicular conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis due to herpes simplex virus in London. During the 18 months January 1975 to June 1976, 25 cases of acute herpetic follicular conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis resembling adenovirus ocular infection presented in the External Eye Disease Clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in HEp2 cells in 22 patients, and the remaining 3 patients were identified by a minimum 4-fold rise in the level of antiherpes simplex virus antibody in their blood. No adenovirus was isolated from these patients, but complement fixation test for adenovirus was positive in 1 patient with cultural test positive for herpes simplex virus. Most patients were between 20 and 35 years old and the ratio of males to females was 12 to 13. At the initial visit the clinical features of disease were moderate to severe conjunctival papillary and follicular reasons with epithelial and subepithelial punctate keratitis but little systemic disease. In the absence of typical herpetic lesions of face, lids, or cornea the disease resembled adenovirus types 8 or 19 keratoconjunctivitis. Of these 25 patients 5 subsequently developed typical herpetic lesions of lids or cornea. In the remaining 20 cases the correct diagnosis could be made only by cultural or serological tests. Virological diagnosis provides a rational basis for antiherpetic chemotherapy, which appears to shorten the course of infection.", "PMID": 737165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2968", "title": "Studies on the effect of the lipid phase transition on the interaction of glucagon with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine.", "content": "Glucagon is found to interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine both above and below the phase transition temperature of the lipid. Above the phase transition temperature the interaction is manifested by an increase in the rate of vesicle aggregation and by an increased permeability of unilamellar vesicles to Eu3+ and to Fe(CN)3-6. However, no stable lipoprotein complex can be detected by gel filtration. Below the phase transition glucagon can form stable complexes with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine vesicles but cannot rapidly  rearrange these vesicles to disk-shaped particles until the phase transition temperature is approached. The energy of activation for the dissociation of glucagon from the disk-shaped lipoprotein particle is 29 kcal/mol at temperatures above 36 degrees C but increases markedly at lower temperatures, as the region of the lipid phase transition is approached. This increase in energy of activation at lower temperatures is most probably due to the larger amount of energy required to rearrange gel-state lipid in the transition state and provides an explanation for the unusual kinetic stability of the glucagon-dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine lipoprotein complex only at temperatures below the phase transition of the lipid.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of the lipid phase transition on the interaction of glucagon with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine. Glucagon is found to interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine both above and below the phase transition temperature of the lipid. Above the phase transition temperature the interaction is manifested by an increase in the rate of vesicle aggregation and by an increased permeability of unilamellar vesicles to Eu3+ and to Fe(CN)3-6. However, no stable lipoprotein complex can be detected by gel filtration. Below the phase transition glucagon can form stable complexes with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine vesicles but cannot rapidly  rearrange these vesicles to disk-shaped particles until the phase transition temperature is approached. The energy of activation for the dissociation of glucagon from the disk-shaped lipoprotein particle is 29 kcal/mol at temperatures above 36 degrees C but increases markedly at lower temperatures, as the region of the lipid phase transition is approached. This increase in energy of activation at lower temperatures is most probably due to the larger amount of energy required to rearrange gel-state lipid in the transition state and provides an explanation for the unusual kinetic stability of the glucagon-dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine lipoprotein complex only at temperatures below the phase transition of the lipid.", "PMID": 737167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2969", "title": "The Arrhenius plot behaviour of rat liver 5'-nucleotidase in different lipid environments.", "content": "The plasma membrane enzyme 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) was prepared from rat liver as a complex with sphingomyelin or in detergent-solubilized forms. Each preparation exhibited a Km and Arrhenius break temperature indistinguishable from that of 5'-nucleotidase in plasma membranes. Measurement of fatty acid profiles, cholesterol and phospholipid content however showed a very wide variation between these preparations. We conclude that the biphasic nature of the Arrhenius plot of 5'-nucleotidase may be a property of the enzyme rather than its lipid environment.", "contents": "The Arrhenius plot behaviour of rat liver 5'-nucleotidase in different lipid environments. The plasma membrane enzyme 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) was prepared from rat liver as a complex with sphingomyelin or in detergent-solubilized forms. Each preparation exhibited a Km and Arrhenius break temperature indistinguishable from that of 5'-nucleotidase in plasma membranes. Measurement of fatty acid profiles, cholesterol and phospholipid content however showed a very wide variation between these preparations. We conclude that the biphasic nature of the Arrhenius plot of 5'-nucleotidase may be a property of the enzyme rather than its lipid environment.", "PMID": 737168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2970", "title": "The relationship between calcium flux and beating in hyperpermeable heart muscle cells.", "content": "Beating hyperpermeable myocardial fragments, suspended in fresh medium, show a Ca uptake rate which greatly exceeds the release rate. Under these conditions, Ca influx and contraction frequency co-vary with temperature. Ca efflux, however, is not temperature responsive. In addition, influx, but not efflux, is ATP-dependent. This implies that influx, but not efflux, is a controlled process, the activity of which has the same determinants as does contraction. However, under conditions approximating the steady state, the Ca influx rate was found to decrease, while the efflux rate increased. This suggests the possibility, at least, that the source of contraction-activating Ca can vary with the prevailing conditions.", "contents": "The relationship between calcium flux and beating in hyperpermeable heart muscle cells. Beating hyperpermeable myocardial fragments, suspended in fresh medium, show a Ca uptake rate which greatly exceeds the release rate. Under these conditions, Ca influx and contraction frequency co-vary with temperature. Ca efflux, however, is not temperature responsive. In addition, influx, but not efflux, is ATP-dependent. This implies that influx, but not efflux, is a controlled process, the activity of which has the same determinants as does contraction. However, under conditions approximating the steady state, the Ca influx rate was found to decrease, while the efflux rate increased. This suggests the possibility, at least, that the source of contraction-activating Ca can vary with the prevailing conditions.", "PMID": 737169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2971", "title": "Chemical characterization of glomerular and tubular basement membranes of cattle of different ages.", "content": "Glomerular and tubular basement membranes were isolated from fetal, neonatal, young and adult bovine kidneys. An isolation method with sieves for both glomeruli and tubules from the same kidney was developed. A detergent procedure appeared to give purer glomerular and tubular basement membrane preparations than the generally used sonication method. No large differences were found in the composition of glomerular and tubular basement membrane of adult animals. Glomerular and tubular basement membrane preparations of the four age groups showed an increase with age of hydroxylysine and both 3- and 4-hydroxyproline. The most marked increases appeared at different stages of development, that of tubular basement membrane being between fetal and neonatal stages and glomerular basement membrane between 18 weeks old and adult animals. The ratio of 3- to 4-hydroxyproline increased considerably during development. Total imino acid content was higher for both types of basement membrane from adult than from young animals, while total content of hydroxylysine plus lysine remained fairly constant. The increase in hydroxylation of lysine was accompanied by a corresponding change in glucose and galactose content so that the ratio of galactose to hydroxylysine or glucose to galactose remained constant. Fucose content of both types of basement membranes was the same for all age groups but content of aminosugars and mannose gradually increased with age.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of glomerular and tubular basement membranes of cattle of different ages. Glomerular and tubular basement membranes were isolated from fetal, neonatal, young and adult bovine kidneys. An isolation method with sieves for both glomeruli and tubules from the same kidney was developed. A detergent procedure appeared to give purer glomerular and tubular basement membrane preparations than the generally used sonication method. No large differences were found in the composition of glomerular and tubular basement membrane of adult animals. Glomerular and tubular basement membrane preparations of the four age groups showed an increase with age of hydroxylysine and both 3- and 4-hydroxyproline. The most marked increases appeared at different stages of development, that of tubular basement membrane being between fetal and neonatal stages and glomerular basement membrane between 18 weeks old and adult animals. The ratio of 3- to 4-hydroxyproline increased considerably during development. Total imino acid content was higher for both types of basement membrane from adult than from young animals, while total content of hydroxylysine plus lysine remained fairly constant. The increase in hydroxylation of lysine was accompanied by a corresponding change in glucose and galactose content so that the ratio of galactose to hydroxylysine or glucose to galactose remained constant. Fucose content of both types of basement membranes was the same for all age groups but content of aminosugars and mannose gradually increased with age.", "PMID": 737170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2972", "title": "The structure of oriented sphingomyelin bilayers.", "content": "X-ray diffraction from oriented bilayers of sphingomyelin gave up to 14 orders of diffraction of a lamellar repeat of 68.5 A on the merididan and up to eight reflections, including a strong reflection at 4.2 A, on the equator. The diffraction spacings did not change when the sphingomyelin bilayers were exposed to different humidities. A direct analysis of the low resolution X-ray data, using deconvolution is presented. A comparison of the Patterson functions of sphingomyelin with those of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine suggests that the molecular structure of sphingomyelin in oriented bilayers resembles the structure of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Molecular model calculations for sphingomyelin bilayers have also been performed. Electron density profiles of sphingomyelin bilayers at resolution of about 6 A and about 2.5 A are presented. Our results indicate that the phosphorylcholine head group of sphingomyelin is in the plane of the membrane and at right angles to the hydrocarbon chains, the hydrocarbon chains are nearly parallel to each other, and there is only a limited, if any, interdigitation of the hydrocarbon chains of the adjacent sphingomyelin molecules in the bilayer.", "contents": "The structure of oriented sphingomyelin bilayers. X-ray diffraction from oriented bilayers of sphingomyelin gave up to 14 orders of diffraction of a lamellar repeat of 68.5 A on the merididan and up to eight reflections, including a strong reflection at 4.2 A, on the equator. The diffraction spacings did not change when the sphingomyelin bilayers were exposed to different humidities. A direct analysis of the low resolution X-ray data, using deconvolution is presented. A comparison of the Patterson functions of sphingomyelin with those of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine suggests that the molecular structure of sphingomyelin in oriented bilayers resembles the structure of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Molecular model calculations for sphingomyelin bilayers have also been performed. Electron density profiles of sphingomyelin bilayers at resolution of about 6 A and about 2.5 A are presented. Our results indicate that the phosphorylcholine head group of sphingomyelin is in the plane of the membrane and at right angles to the hydrocarbon chains, the hydrocarbon chains are nearly parallel to each other, and there is only a limited, if any, interdigitation of the hydrocarbon chains of the adjacent sphingomyelin molecules in the bilayer.", "PMID": 737171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2973", "title": "Calcium-induced aggregation and fusion of mixed phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles as studied by 31P NMR.", "content": "1. The transbilayer distribution of the phospholipids in sonicated egg phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles and the interaction of Ca2+ with these vesicles was studied by 31P NMR. 2. Over a wide composition range the bilayer of these vesicles has a symmetrical phospholipid composition. 3. With ratios of Ca2+ to phosphatidic acid in the outer monolayer of the vesicles up to 0.3, Ca2+ induces vesicle aggregation. The extent of aggregation is increased by the Ca2+ concentration in the medium and the outer monolayer concentration of phosphatidic acid. The vesicle aggregation can be fully reversed by chelating Ca2+. 4. When the ratio exceeds 0.5 Ca2+ induces vesicle fusion. The fusion is maximal for vesicles containing both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. The data suggest that Ca2+-induced lateral phase separations make the bilayer more susceptible to fusion.", "contents": "Calcium-induced aggregation and fusion of mixed phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles as studied by 31P NMR. 1. The transbilayer distribution of the phospholipids in sonicated egg phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles and the interaction of Ca2+ with these vesicles was studied by 31P NMR. 2. Over a wide composition range the bilayer of these vesicles has a symmetrical phospholipid composition. 3. With ratios of Ca2+ to phosphatidic acid in the outer monolayer of the vesicles up to 0.3, Ca2+ induces vesicle aggregation. The extent of aggregation is increased by the Ca2+ concentration in the medium and the outer monolayer concentration of phosphatidic acid. The vesicle aggregation can be fully reversed by chelating Ca2+. 4. When the ratio exceeds 0.5 Ca2+ induces vesicle fusion. The fusion is maximal for vesicles containing both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. The data suggest that Ca2+-induced lateral phase separations make the bilayer more susceptible to fusion.", "PMID": 737172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2974", "title": "Laser Raman studies of molecular interactions with phosphatidylcholine multilayers. II. Effects of mono- and divalent ions on bilayer structure.", "content": "Laser Raman spectroscopy was applied to characterize structural behavior of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multibilayer systems in the presence of several cations (K+, Na+, Cs+, Rb+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Ba2+) and anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO-3, SO2-3, SO2-4, S2O2-3, S2O2-8). To evaluate the Raman-spectroscopical data quantitatively, characteristic intensity ratios, lateral and trans order parameters were used and compared. It was shown that the different trans order parameters are rather sensitive to ion-polar head group interactions and thus, they cannot give unequivocal information on the trans-gauche isomerization of hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids. The observed effects of ions on Raman spectra of phospholipid multilayers could not be explained simply on the basis of electrostatic interactions. The possible involvement of other factors (changes in polarizability, hydrogen bonds, etc.) is also discussed. It was demonstrated that the order parameters defined in different ways may result in different effectiveness sequences of ions. Of monopositive ions Na+ was found to be the most effective to influence the bilayer structure. For dipositive ions, of which Ca2+ proved to be the most effective, concentration-dependent effectiveness sequences were obtained. A plausible interpretation and some consequences of the concentration-dependent two-step binding of divalent cations were also outlined. Bilayered phospholipid structures turned out to be more responsive to anions than to most cations investigated. Interdependent actions of cations and anions, as well as the possible relevance of the charge distribution on anions are postulated.", "contents": "Laser Raman studies of molecular interactions with phosphatidylcholine multilayers. II. Effects of mono- and divalent ions on bilayer structure. Laser Raman spectroscopy was applied to characterize structural behavior of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multibilayer systems in the presence of several cations (K+, Na+, Cs+, Rb+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Ba2+) and anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO-3, SO2-3, SO2-4, S2O2-3, S2O2-8). To evaluate the Raman-spectroscopical data quantitatively, characteristic intensity ratios, lateral and trans order parameters were used and compared. It was shown that the different trans order parameters are rather sensitive to ion-polar head group interactions and thus, they cannot give unequivocal information on the trans-gauche isomerization of hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids. The observed effects of ions on Raman spectra of phospholipid multilayers could not be explained simply on the basis of electrostatic interactions. The possible involvement of other factors (changes in polarizability, hydrogen bonds, etc.) is also discussed. It was demonstrated that the order parameters defined in different ways may result in different effectiveness sequences of ions. Of monopositive ions Na+ was found to be the most effective to influence the bilayer structure. For dipositive ions, of which Ca2+ proved to be the most effective, concentration-dependent effectiveness sequences were obtained. A plausible interpretation and some consequences of the concentration-dependent two-step binding of divalent cations were also outlined. Bilayered phospholipid structures turned out to be more responsive to anions than to most cations investigated. Interdependent actions of cations and anions, as well as the possible relevance of the charge distribution on anions are postulated.", "PMID": 737173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2975", "title": "Local osmotic coupling to the active trans-endothelial bicarbonate flux in the rabbit cornea.", "content": "The present experiments investigate HCO3-, Cl- and fluid fluxes across partially destromalised corneas. Although there is no net flux of Cl-, there is a net flux of HCO-3 across the endothelium from stromal side to aqueous side which is accompanied by a flux of water in the same  direction. Bulk phase osmosis cannot account for the initiation of the flux of fluid. Local osmotic coupling between ions and water is postulated to occur in the preparation. The exudate is hypertonic to the bathing Ringer solution.", "contents": "Local osmotic coupling to the active trans-endothelial bicarbonate flux in the rabbit cornea. The present experiments investigate HCO3-, Cl- and fluid fluxes across partially destromalised corneas. Although there is no net flux of Cl-, there is a net flux of HCO-3 across the endothelium from stromal side to aqueous side which is accompanied by a flux of water in the same  direction. Bulk phase osmosis cannot account for the initiation of the flux of fluid. Local osmotic coupling between ions and water is postulated to occur in the preparation. The exudate is hypertonic to the bathing Ringer solution.", "PMID": 737174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2976", "title": "Kinetics studies on the renal transport of probenecid in vitro.", "content": "1. The kinetic parameters of renal transport of probenecid have been assessed by studying the uptake of the drug in rabbit kidney tubules incubated in an electrolyte medium under various conditions. 2. The added compounds inhibited the uptake of probenecid both by kidney cortical slices and separated renal tubule preparations in the following order: p-aminohippurate less than phenol red less than bromophenol blue less than bromocresol green. A reversible competitive inhibitory effect of these organic anions on the renal accumulation of the drug was observed. 3. The Km for renal uptake of probenecid in separated tubules (0.04 mM) and the KI values calculated in this system for p-aminohippurate (0.5 mM), phenol red (0.09 mM), bromophenol blue (0.02 mM) and bromocresol green (0.015 mM) were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding KI value of probenecid and Km values of these compounds previously observed in various kidney tissue preparations. 4. On the basis of above mentioned findings, it is concluded that probenecid, p-aminohippurate and various phenolsulphonphthalein dyes are transported by the common renal organic anion transport system.", "contents": "Kinetics studies on the renal transport of probenecid in vitro. 1. The kinetic parameters of renal transport of probenecid have been assessed by studying the uptake of the drug in rabbit kidney tubules incubated in an electrolyte medium under various conditions. 2. The added compounds inhibited the uptake of probenecid both by kidney cortical slices and separated renal tubule preparations in the following order: p-aminohippurate less than phenol red less than bromophenol blue less than bromocresol green. A reversible competitive inhibitory effect of these organic anions on the renal accumulation of the drug was observed. 3. The Km for renal uptake of probenecid in separated tubules (0.04 mM) and the KI values calculated in this system for p-aminohippurate (0.5 mM), phenol red (0.09 mM), bromophenol blue (0.02 mM) and bromocresol green (0.015 mM) were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding KI value of probenecid and Km values of these compounds previously observed in various kidney tissue preparations. 4. On the basis of above mentioned findings, it is concluded that probenecid, p-aminohippurate and various phenolsulphonphthalein dyes are transported by the common renal organic anion transport system.", "PMID": 737176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2977", "title": "Protein synthesis on membrane-bound and free ribosomes in growing yeast.", "content": "1. A method for the study of membrane-binding of ribosomes and the rate of synthesis of protein on free and bound ribosomes has been examined critically. 'Brij 58' has been found to be more suitable for detaching ribosomes from membranes than 'Triton X-100' or sodium deoxycholate since it does not alter the structure or biological activity of the ribosomes. Triton and deoxycholate remove amino acid- and ribonucleotide-containing material from ribosomes, thus decreasing their activity during protein synthesis in a cell free system. 2. The rate of protein synthesis on membrane-bound and free ribosomes, the total amount of ribosomes, and the percentage distribution of free and membrane-bound ribosomes were determined in a culture of synchronously growing yeast cells. The results show that in all probability protein synthesis in yeast cells occurs mainly on membrane-bound ribosomes. Free ribosomes are considered here to be a ribosome pool which allows the cell to increase its rate of protein synthesis rapidly. Membrane-bound and free ribosomes are viewed as different functional states, one being a state of protein synthesis and the other a latent state.", "contents": "Protein synthesis on membrane-bound and free ribosomes in growing yeast. 1. A method for the study of membrane-binding of ribosomes and the rate of synthesis of protein on free and bound ribosomes has been examined critically. 'Brij 58' has been found to be more suitable for detaching ribosomes from membranes than 'Triton X-100' or sodium deoxycholate since it does not alter the structure or biological activity of the ribosomes. Triton and deoxycholate remove amino acid- and ribonucleotide-containing material from ribosomes, thus decreasing their activity during protein synthesis in a cell free system. 2. The rate of protein synthesis on membrane-bound and free ribosomes, the total amount of ribosomes, and the percentage distribution of free and membrane-bound ribosomes were determined in a culture of synchronously growing yeast cells. The results show that in all probability protein synthesis in yeast cells occurs mainly on membrane-bound ribosomes. Free ribosomes are considered here to be a ribosome pool which allows the cell to increase its rate of protein synthesis rapidly. Membrane-bound and free ribosomes are viewed as different functional states, one being a state of protein synthesis and the other a latent state.", "PMID": 737177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2978", "title": "Proteins bound to poly(A) sequences of polyribosomes from germinating wheat embryos.", "content": "A preparation of purified polyribosomes was isolated from wheat embryos germinating for 1 h with [3H]adenosine. Treatment of polyribosomes with pancreatic ribonuclease leads to the liberation of particles containing poly(A) sequences. Poly(A)-containing complexes show a heterogeneous distribution in the region 8--15 S. The ability of 8--15 S material to be absorbed to membrane filters under the conditions of low ionic strength and its sensitivity to pronase indicate that poly(A) sequences in polyribosomes are associated with protein. Analysis of this protein by electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel demonstrates the presence of two polypeptides with the molecular weights equal to 86,000 and 52,000.", "contents": "Proteins bound to poly(A) sequences of polyribosomes from germinating wheat embryos. A preparation of purified polyribosomes was isolated from wheat embryos germinating for 1 h with [3H]adenosine. Treatment of polyribosomes with pancreatic ribonuclease leads to the liberation of particles containing poly(A) sequences. Poly(A)-containing complexes show a heterogeneous distribution in the region 8--15 S. The ability of 8--15 S material to be absorbed to membrane filters under the conditions of low ionic strength and its sensitivity to pronase indicate that poly(A) sequences in polyribosomes are associated with protein. Analysis of this protein by electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel demonstrates the presence of two polypeptides with the molecular weights equal to 86,000 and 52,000.", "PMID": 737178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2979", "title": "Effect of ethidium bromide on the digestion of chromatin DNA with micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "Intercalation of ethidium bromide into DNA influences the rate of its digestion with micrococcal nuclease in opposite directions depending on whether it is free DNA or DNA in chromatin. In the case of free DNA the binding of ethidium bromide, starting from a very low concentration, results in the inhibition of the rate of digestion (increasing constantly with the increase of the ethidium bromide/nucleotide ratio). In contrast to free DNA the digestion rate as well as the overall amount of nuclease susceptible DNA is increased upon ethidium bromide binding to chromatin, with maximum enhancement around the saturation of intercalation sites. The saturation of intercalation sites in chromatin leads also to the disappearance of the typical micrococcal nuclease digestion pattern of DNA upon gel electrophoresis. Instead, a random cleavage pattern is observed. These data indicate that partial unwinding of chromatin DNA by ethidium bromide results in unmasking new sites for nuclease action. Interpretation of this finding in terms of the nucleosomal structure of chromatin and the mode of ethidium bromide binding to chromatin DNA indicates that newly unmasked sites are localized within the core particle DNA.", "contents": "Effect of ethidium bromide on the digestion of chromatin DNA with micrococcal nuclease. Intercalation of ethidium bromide into DNA influences the rate of its digestion with micrococcal nuclease in opposite directions depending on whether it is free DNA or DNA in chromatin. In the case of free DNA the binding of ethidium bromide, starting from a very low concentration, results in the inhibition of the rate of digestion (increasing constantly with the increase of the ethidium bromide/nucleotide ratio). In contrast to free DNA the digestion rate as well as the overall amount of nuclease susceptible DNA is increased upon ethidium bromide binding to chromatin, with maximum enhancement around the saturation of intercalation sites. The saturation of intercalation sites in chromatin leads also to the disappearance of the typical micrococcal nuclease digestion pattern of DNA upon gel electrophoresis. Instead, a random cleavage pattern is observed. These data indicate that partial unwinding of chromatin DNA by ethidium bromide results in unmasking new sites for nuclease action. Interpretation of this finding in terms of the nucleosomal structure of chromatin and the mode of ethidium bromide binding to chromatin DNA indicates that newly unmasked sites are localized within the core particle DNA.", "PMID": 737179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2980", "title": "Positioning of the A . T-rich regions in rat mitochondrial DNA by electron microscopy and analysis of the hysteresis of denaturation.", "content": "Intramolecular heterogeneity in the base composition of rat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was shown by a combination of an improved denaturation mapping technique using electron microscopy and analysis of high-resolution optical melting-renaturation profiles. Circular mtDNA starts to melt in one specific region and then forms loops in four other regions in random order. These five early melting regions are all located in one half of the molecule. The arrangement of the early melting regions in rat mtDNA bears a remarkable resemblance not only to those of mtDNAs from several species of Drosophila but also to those of several species of Drosophila but also to those of several plasmid DNAs and phage DNA.", "contents": "Positioning of the A . T-rich regions in rat mitochondrial DNA by electron microscopy and analysis of the hysteresis of denaturation. Intramolecular heterogeneity in the base composition of rat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was shown by a combination of an improved denaturation mapping technique using electron microscopy and analysis of high-resolution optical melting-renaturation profiles. Circular mtDNA starts to melt in one specific region and then forms loops in four other regions in random order. These five early melting regions are all located in one half of the molecule. The arrangement of the early melting regions in rat mtDNA bears a remarkable resemblance not only to those of mtDNAs from several species of Drosophila but also to those of several species of Drosophila but also to those of several plasmid DNAs and phage DNA.", "PMID": 737180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2981", "title": "The human spermatozoa genome. Analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics.", "content": "The physicochemical characteristics of the human spermatozoa DNA have been analyzed by means of analytical ultracentrifugation and reassociation kinetics and compared with DNA from a somatic human cell, the leukocyte. Human spermatozoa DNA is composed of a major (86.7%) and a minor (13.3%) component with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl corresponding to 1.697 and 1.704 g/cm3, respectively. The DNA obtained from leukocytes contained only the first component. Reassociation kinetics of sheared DNA showed that the most rapidly-renatured repeated sequences consituted 12.1% of the sperm genome and only 9.2% of leukocyte genome. On the contrary single copy sequences were more abundant in leukocyte (64%) than in spermatozoa (59%) DNA. Reassociation kinetics with long DNA fragments (2000 nucleotides) were clearly different between sperm and leukocyte DNA, indicating the presence in sperm cells of a specific cluster of highly repetitive DNA. This entity may play a role in giving the spermatozoa nucleus its characteristic properties, involving supercoiling, quasi crystal structure, stability, lack of transcription, etc. and secondarily may function as an early pairing mechanism during syngamy.", "contents": "The human spermatozoa genome. Analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics. The physicochemical characteristics of the human spermatozoa DNA have been analyzed by means of analytical ultracentrifugation and reassociation kinetics and compared with DNA from a somatic human cell, the leukocyte. Human spermatozoa DNA is composed of a major (86.7%) and a minor (13.3%) component with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl corresponding to 1.697 and 1.704 g/cm3, respectively. The DNA obtained from leukocytes contained only the first component. Reassociation kinetics of sheared DNA showed that the most rapidly-renatured repeated sequences consituted 12.1% of the sperm genome and only 9.2% of leukocyte genome. On the contrary single copy sequences were more abundant in leukocyte (64%) than in spermatozoa (59%) DNA. Reassociation kinetics with long DNA fragments (2000 nucleotides) were clearly different between sperm and leukocyte DNA, indicating the presence in sperm cells of a specific cluster of highly repetitive DNA. This entity may play a role in giving the spermatozoa nucleus its characteristic properties, involving supercoiling, quasi crystal structure, stability, lack of transcription, etc. and secondarily may function as an early pairing mechanism during syngamy.", "PMID": 737181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2982", "title": "Methylation of yeast tRNAPhe by enzymes from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "Pure yeast tRNAPhe was used as a substrate to compare the tRNA methylating activities in Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria, in the presence of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine. The resulting [Me-3H]-tRNAPhe was then analyzed, using the techniques of nucleotide sequence determination. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes catalyze the methylation (into m5C) of C48 present in the extra-loop, while chloroplast enzyme preparations catalyze the modification (into m1A) of A14 present in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNAPhe.", "contents": "Methylation of yeast tRNAPhe by enzymes from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris. Pure yeast tRNAPhe was used as a substrate to compare the tRNA methylating activities in Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria, in the presence of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine. The resulting [Me-3H]-tRNAPhe was then analyzed, using the techniques of nucleotide sequence determination. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes catalyze the methylation (into m5C) of C48 present in the extra-loop, while chloroplast enzyme preparations catalyze the modification (into m1A) of A14 present in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNAPhe.", "PMID": 737182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2983", "title": "Transcription of the non-repetitive genome in liver hypertrophy and the homology between nuclear RNA of normal and 12 H-regenerating liver.", "content": "The percentage of the non-repetitive genome transcribed and the complexity of nuclear RNA were estimated in normal and 12 h-regenerating rat liver. Nuclear RNA from normal or 12 h-regenerating liver hybridizes with approximately 6.1% of non-repetitive DNA (12.2% of the single-copy genome, assuming assymetric transcription). The estimated complexity of either of these nuclear RNA populations is 7.6 . 10(10) daltons, which is approximately 7 times higher than that calculated for polysomal mRNA. Cross hybridization experiments did not show differences between the nuclear RNA populations of normal and 12 h-regenerating liver. The results indicate that liver hypertropy (without hyperplasia) may be brought about without a large increase in the proportion of the non-repetitive genome transcribed.", "contents": "Transcription of the non-repetitive genome in liver hypertrophy and the homology between nuclear RNA of normal and 12 H-regenerating liver. The percentage of the non-repetitive genome transcribed and the complexity of nuclear RNA were estimated in normal and 12 h-regenerating rat liver. Nuclear RNA from normal or 12 h-regenerating liver hybridizes with approximately 6.1% of non-repetitive DNA (12.2% of the single-copy genome, assuming assymetric transcription). The estimated complexity of either of these nuclear RNA populations is 7.6 . 10(10) daltons, which is approximately 7 times higher than that calculated for polysomal mRNA. Cross hybridization experiments did not show differences between the nuclear RNA populations of normal and 12 h-regenerating liver. The results indicate that liver hypertropy (without hyperplasia) may be brought about without a large increase in the proportion of the non-repetitive genome transcribed.", "PMID": 737183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2984", "title": "Biosynthesis of low molecular weight RNA in mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "The low molecular weight RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse myeloma cells have been characterized. There are major nuclear species (other than 5-S and tRNA), four of which contain 'capped' 5' termini. There are three major small cytoplasmic RNAs none of which contain 'caps'. The biosynthesis of the nuclear species when studied using [3H]adenosine as an RNA precursor is characterized by a rapid, transient appearance in the cytoplasm, followed by fixation in the nucleus. Within 15 min, the amount in the cytoplasm has reached a steady-state level maintained for 60 min, while the accumulation in nuclei is linear after a short lag (less than 5 min). When biosynthesis is studied using [Me-3H]methionine as a precursor, much less labeled RNA is present in the cytoplasm, suggesting that methylation may immediately precede fixation into the nucleus.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of low molecular weight RNA in mouse myeloma cells. The low molecular weight RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse myeloma cells have been characterized. There are major nuclear species (other than 5-S and tRNA), four of which contain 'capped' 5' termini. There are three major small cytoplasmic RNAs none of which contain 'caps'. The biosynthesis of the nuclear species when studied using [3H]adenosine as an RNA precursor is characterized by a rapid, transient appearance in the cytoplasm, followed by fixation in the nucleus. Within 15 min, the amount in the cytoplasm has reached a steady-state level maintained for 60 min, while the accumulation in nuclei is linear after a short lag (less than 5 min). When biosynthesis is studied using [Me-3H]methionine as a precursor, much less labeled RNA is present in the cytoplasm, suggesting that methylation may immediately precede fixation into the nucleus.", "PMID": 737184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2985", "title": "Synthesis and properties of O6-methyldeoxyguanylic acid and its copolymers with deoxycytidylic acid.", "content": "This paper describes the synthesis of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine triphosphate (m6dGTP) and its copolymerization to high molecular weight polymer with deoxycytidylic acid. The monomer, m6dGTP, was synthesized from deoxyguanosine first protected by acetylation of the sugar hydroxyls, and then chlorinated in the 6-position with POCl3. The product, 6-chloro-3',5'-di-O-acetyl deoxyguanosine, was converted to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine with sodium methoxide and phosphorylated in the 5' position with carrot phosphotransferase. Monophosphate was converted chemically to the triphosphate and copolymerized with dCTP by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The resulting template, which contained O6-methylguanine, was tested for its ability to direct RNA synthesis by bacterial RNA polymerase. The presence of O6-methylguanine was shown to lead to the misincorporation of UMP in the product polymer, thus strengthening the hypothesis that O6-methylguanine is a promutagenic base.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of O6-methyldeoxyguanylic acid and its copolymers with deoxycytidylic acid. This paper describes the synthesis of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine triphosphate (m6dGTP) and its copolymerization to high molecular weight polymer with deoxycytidylic acid. The monomer, m6dGTP, was synthesized from deoxyguanosine first protected by acetylation of the sugar hydroxyls, and then chlorinated in the 6-position with POCl3. The product, 6-chloro-3',5'-di-O-acetyl deoxyguanosine, was converted to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine with sodium methoxide and phosphorylated in the 5' position with carrot phosphotransferase. Monophosphate was converted chemically to the triphosphate and copolymerized with dCTP by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The resulting template, which contained O6-methylguanine, was tested for its ability to direct RNA synthesis by bacterial RNA polymerase. The presence of O6-methylguanine was shown to lead to the misincorporation of UMP in the product polymer, thus strengthening the hypothesis that O6-methylguanine is a promutagenic base.", "PMID": 737185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2986", "title": "Electrostatic complexes of mitomycin C with nucleic acids and polyanions.", "content": "Reductively activated mitomycin C exhibits strong, non-covalent electrostatic binding to polyanions such as polyvinylsulfate and polyphosphate. The protonated C-2 amino group generated by the reduction is most likely responsible for this type of interaction. At moderate drug and salt concentrations only covalent binding to nucleic acids is observable. This is shown to be guanine-specific in DNA for the first time, as well as in synthetic polyribo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides at 10--20 times higher binding levels than previously tested. At higher mitomycin C concentration, however, strong non-covalent electrostatic binding to nucleic acids also occurs, resulting in a binding ratio up to 1 mol drug bound per mol mononucleotide, although this non-specific binding is relatively inhibited compared to polyvinylsulfate. Salts also have an inhibitory effect on the non-specific binding to nucleic acids. A series of mitomycin derivatives were compared for their binding and cross-linking abilities using DNA as substrate, with the following results: (a) the presence of a basic nitrogen . funtion at C-2 promotes binding, both covalent and electrostatic, presumably by kinetically facilitating the approach between positively charged nitrogen and DNA. (b) The aziridine ring is the major covalent binding site, indispensable for crosslinking and determines the guanine-specificity of the binding.", "contents": "Electrostatic complexes of mitomycin C with nucleic acids and polyanions. Reductively activated mitomycin C exhibits strong, non-covalent electrostatic binding to polyanions such as polyvinylsulfate and polyphosphate. The protonated C-2 amino group generated by the reduction is most likely responsible for this type of interaction. At moderate drug and salt concentrations only covalent binding to nucleic acids is observable. This is shown to be guanine-specific in DNA for the first time, as well as in synthetic polyribo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides at 10--20 times higher binding levels than previously tested. At higher mitomycin C concentration, however, strong non-covalent electrostatic binding to nucleic acids also occurs, resulting in a binding ratio up to 1 mol drug bound per mol mononucleotide, although this non-specific binding is relatively inhibited compared to polyvinylsulfate. Salts also have an inhibitory effect on the non-specific binding to nucleic acids. A series of mitomycin derivatives were compared for their binding and cross-linking abilities using DNA as substrate, with the following results: (a) the presence of a basic nitrogen . funtion at C-2 promotes binding, both covalent and electrostatic, presumably by kinetically facilitating the approach between positively charged nitrogen and DNA. (b) The aziridine ring is the major covalent binding site, indispensable for crosslinking and determines the guanine-specificity of the binding.", "PMID": 737186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2987", "title": "Excision repair in ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Cockayne syndrome, and Bloom's syndrome after treatment with ultraviolet radiation and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Excision repair of damage due to ultraviolet radiation, N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene and a combination of both agents was studied in normal human fibroblasts and various cells from cancer prone patients (ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Cockayne syndrome and Bloom's syndrome). Three methods giving similar results were used: unscheduled DNA synthesis by radioautography, photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into parental DNA during repari, and loss of sites sensitive to an ultraviolet endonuclease. All cell lines were proficient in repair of ultraviolet and acetoxy acetylaminofluorene damage and at saturation doses of both agents repair was additive. We interpret these data as indicating that the rate limiting step in excision repair of ultraviolet and acetoxy acetylaminofluorene is different and that there are different enzyme(s) working on incision of both types of damages.", "contents": "Excision repair in ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Cockayne syndrome, and Bloom's syndrome after treatment with ultraviolet radiation and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Excision repair of damage due to ultraviolet radiation, N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene and a combination of both agents was studied in normal human fibroblasts and various cells from cancer prone patients (ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Cockayne syndrome and Bloom's syndrome). Three methods giving similar results were used: unscheduled DNA synthesis by radioautography, photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into parental DNA during repari, and loss of sites sensitive to an ultraviolet endonuclease. All cell lines were proficient in repair of ultraviolet and acetoxy acetylaminofluorene damage and at saturation doses of both agents repair was additive. We interpret these data as indicating that the rate limiting step in excision repair of ultraviolet and acetoxy acetylaminofluorene is different and that there are different enzyme(s) working on incision of both types of damages.", "PMID": 737187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2988", "title": "Incorporation, metabolism and positional distribution of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in developing and mature brain. Comparison of elaidate and oleate administered intracerebrally.", "content": "Mixtures of [1-14C]elaidic acid and [9,10-3H]oleic acid, as well as [1-14C]elaidic or [1-14C]oleic acid alone, were administered by intracerebral injection to 10-day old and adult rats to examine the relative incorporation and metabolism of trans- and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in developing and mature brain. Rates and extents of total incorporation of label from trans- and cis-acid into complex lipids were similar. Maximum labeling of the neutral lipid, mainly triacylglycerol and cholesterol, occurred prior to 4 h after injection whereas phospholipid, mainly choline phosphoglyceride, was maximally labeled at 4--8 h after injection. The decrease in labeled phospholipid from 24 to 90 h was greater with elaidate than with oleate. At 8 h labeled elaidic acid was preferentially esterified in the 1-position of all phosphoglycerides whereas labeled oleic acid, in contrast to the positional distribution of endogenous oleate, was randomly distributed. Label from elaidate found in palmitate increased with time to 26% of the total recovered label by 48 h. Thus, although some of the trans-fatty acid is oxidized and its labeled carbon is redistributed, most is incorporated unaltered into complex lipid of brain at rates similar to those for its cis-isomer. The developing central nervous system, therefore, does not metabolically exclude the trans-acid, elaidic acid, from membrane lipids.", "contents": "Incorporation, metabolism and positional distribution of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in developing and mature brain. Comparison of elaidate and oleate administered intracerebrally. Mixtures of [1-14C]elaidic acid and [9,10-3H]oleic acid, as well as [1-14C]elaidic or [1-14C]oleic acid alone, were administered by intracerebral injection to 10-day old and adult rats to examine the relative incorporation and metabolism of trans- and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in developing and mature brain. Rates and extents of total incorporation of label from trans- and cis-acid into complex lipids were similar. Maximum labeling of the neutral lipid, mainly triacylglycerol and cholesterol, occurred prior to 4 h after injection whereas phospholipid, mainly choline phosphoglyceride, was maximally labeled at 4--8 h after injection. The decrease in labeled phospholipid from 24 to 90 h was greater with elaidate than with oleate. At 8 h labeled elaidic acid was preferentially esterified in the 1-position of all phosphoglycerides whereas labeled oleic acid, in contrast to the positional distribution of endogenous oleate, was randomly distributed. Label from elaidate found in palmitate increased with time to 26% of the total recovered label by 48 h. Thus, although some of the trans-fatty acid is oxidized and its labeled carbon is redistributed, most is incorporated unaltered into complex lipid of brain at rates similar to those for its cis-isomer. The developing central nervous system, therefore, does not metabolically exclude the trans-acid, elaidic acid, from membrane lipids.", "PMID": 737188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2989", "title": "Effect of intramolecular fatty acid distribution on aspects of triacylglycerol digestion and absorption studied in vitro.", "content": "The triacylglycerols from several natural sources have been used as substrates for in vitro assays of three different aspects of fat digestion and absorption. The triacylglycerol mixtures were chosen because they differed widely both in total fatty acid composition and in the intramolecular distribution of fatty acids. The assays were designed to test the rate of hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase, the ability to form insoluble calcium soaps during the hydrolysis, and the ability to form mixed micelles with bile during the hydrolysis. Differences in the rate of hydrolysis appeared to be related to the structure and the triacylglycerols from lard and human milk, both of which have palmitic acid esterified in the sn-2 position, were hydrolysed most rapidly. Similarly the ability to form calcium soaps was related to structure and those triacylglycerols which released saturated fatty acids on hydrolysis favoured calcium soap formation. While there was a range of abilities to form mixed micelles with bile no obvious correlation with structure was detected.", "contents": "Effect of intramolecular fatty acid distribution on aspects of triacylglycerol digestion and absorption studied in vitro. The triacylglycerols from several natural sources have been used as substrates for in vitro assays of three different aspects of fat digestion and absorption. The triacylglycerol mixtures were chosen because they differed widely both in total fatty acid composition and in the intramolecular distribution of fatty acids. The assays were designed to test the rate of hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase, the ability to form insoluble calcium soaps during the hydrolysis, and the ability to form mixed micelles with bile during the hydrolysis. Differences in the rate of hydrolysis appeared to be related to the structure and the triacylglycerols from lard and human milk, both of which have palmitic acid esterified in the sn-2 position, were hydrolysed most rapidly. Similarly the ability to form calcium soaps was related to structure and those triacylglycerols which released saturated fatty acids on hydrolysis favoured calcium soap formation. While there was a range of abilities to form mixed micelles with bile no obvious correlation with structure was detected.", "PMID": 737189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2990", "title": "Disialosyl paragloboside. A novel ganglioside isolated from human kidney.", "content": "A ceramide hexasaccharide was purified from the gangliosides of human kidney. Its structure was studied by methylation analysis, neuraminidase treatment, weak acid hydrolysis and chromium trioxide oxidation. The structure is suggested to be a disialosyl derivative of paragloboside: formula: (see text) Data indicating the possible existence of a corresponding trisialosyl derivative are also presented.", "contents": "Disialosyl paragloboside. A novel ganglioside isolated from human kidney. A ceramide hexasaccharide was purified from the gangliosides of human kidney. Its structure was studied by methylation analysis, neuraminidase treatment, weak acid hydrolysis and chromium trioxide oxidation. The structure is suggested to be a disialosyl derivative of paragloboside: formula: (see text) Data indicating the possible existence of a corresponding trisialosyl derivative are also presented.", "PMID": 737190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2991", "title": "Studies on the thromboxane synthesizing system in human platelet microsomes.", "content": "The thromboxane synthesizing system from human platelets has been characterized by using arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxide as indirect and direct substrates. The synthesis of thromboxanes from either substrates catalyzed by the microsomal fraction was monitored by measuring the formation of thromboxane B2 immunoreactivity. Both hemoglobin and phenolic compounds were required for the maximal synthesis of thromboxane B2 from arachidonic acid but not from prostaglandin endoperoxide. Studies on the kinetics of the formation of thromboxane B2 from either substrates indicated that the synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide intermediate is the rate-limiting step in the overall production of thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Effect of the microsomal protein concentrations on the rate of formation of thromboxane B2 showed concave upward relationship suggesting the possible involvement of endogenous stimulator(s) in thromboxane synthetase catalyzed reaction. A variety of compounds including sulfhydryl inhibitors, prostaglandin endoperoxide analog, prostaglandin antagonist, N-0164, and N-substituted imidazoles could directly inhibit the thromboxane synthetase, while nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs apparently affected the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase which catalyzes the synthesis of the immediate precursor of thromboxanes.", "contents": "Studies on the thromboxane synthesizing system in human platelet microsomes. The thromboxane synthesizing system from human platelets has been characterized by using arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxide as indirect and direct substrates. The synthesis of thromboxanes from either substrates catalyzed by the microsomal fraction was monitored by measuring the formation of thromboxane B2 immunoreactivity. Both hemoglobin and phenolic compounds were required for the maximal synthesis of thromboxane B2 from arachidonic acid but not from prostaglandin endoperoxide. Studies on the kinetics of the formation of thromboxane B2 from either substrates indicated that the synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide intermediate is the rate-limiting step in the overall production of thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Effect of the microsomal protein concentrations on the rate of formation of thromboxane B2 showed concave upward relationship suggesting the possible involvement of endogenous stimulator(s) in thromboxane synthetase catalyzed reaction. A variety of compounds including sulfhydryl inhibitors, prostaglandin endoperoxide analog, prostaglandin antagonist, N-0164, and N-substituted imidazoles could directly inhibit the thromboxane synthetase, while nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs apparently affected the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase which catalyzes the synthesis of the immediate precursor of thromboxanes.", "PMID": 737191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2992", "title": "Bioconversion of sitosterol to useful steroidal intermediates by mutants of Mycobacterium fortuitum.", "content": "A series of mutants which are blocked at various stages of the sterol degradative pathway have been isolated from the potent sterol degrader Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC-6842. Sitosterol bioconversions by these mutants result in the accumulation of a number of intermediate compounds, some of which are potentially useful as substrates in the manufacture of medically important steroids. These intermediates include androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, androsta-1,4-diene,3,17-dione, ring A-degraded tricyclic compounds and various 9alpha-hydroxy-steroids.", "contents": "Bioconversion of sitosterol to useful steroidal intermediates by mutants of Mycobacterium fortuitum. A series of mutants which are blocked at various stages of the sterol degradative pathway have been isolated from the potent sterol degrader Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC-6842. Sitosterol bioconversions by these mutants result in the accumulation of a number of intermediate compounds, some of which are potentially useful as substrates in the manufacture of medically important steroids. These intermediates include androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, androsta-1,4-diene,3,17-dione, ring A-degraded tricyclic compounds and various 9alpha-hydroxy-steroids.", "PMID": 737192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2993", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of rat liver cells resistant to 7-ketocholesterol.", "content": "Two clones of the rat liver cell line, GAI, were selected and propagated in 4 microgram/ml of the cholesterol analogue, 7-ketocholesterol. One of the variants was also found to be resistant to another toxic analogue, 25-hydroxycholesterol. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) activity was elevated in both variant clones, but was not increased substantially upon incubation of the cells in lipid-depleted medium. The reductase activity was increased 3-fold in the wild type cells under the same conditions. Incubation of the cells in lipid-depleted medium resulted in a 3-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis from [14C]acetate in all three types. In the presence of 2 microgram/ml 7-ketocholesterol, the reductase activity in all three cell lines decreased at an equal rate, but activity of the enzyme was still measurable after 48 h in the presence of the analogue. Sterol synthesis was reduced almost to zero in the wild type cells under these conditions, while the variant cells retained 12--15% of their capacity for sterol synthesis. These results are interpreted to indicate that 7-ketocholesterol, besides affecting sterol synthesis at the level to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, must also affect sterol synthesis at another step further along the synthetic pathway.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of rat liver cells resistant to 7-ketocholesterol. Two clones of the rat liver cell line, GAI, were selected and propagated in 4 microgram/ml of the cholesterol analogue, 7-ketocholesterol. One of the variants was also found to be resistant to another toxic analogue, 25-hydroxycholesterol. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) activity was elevated in both variant clones, but was not increased substantially upon incubation of the cells in lipid-depleted medium. The reductase activity was increased 3-fold in the wild type cells under the same conditions. Incubation of the cells in lipid-depleted medium resulted in a 3-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis from [14C]acetate in all three types. In the presence of 2 microgram/ml 7-ketocholesterol, the reductase activity in all three cell lines decreased at an equal rate, but activity of the enzyme was still measurable after 48 h in the presence of the analogue. Sterol synthesis was reduced almost to zero in the wild type cells under these conditions, while the variant cells retained 12--15% of their capacity for sterol synthesis. These results are interpreted to indicate that 7-ketocholesterol, besides affecting sterol synthesis at the level to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, must also affect sterol synthesis at another step further along the synthetic pathway.", "PMID": 737193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2994", "title": "Dynamics of a model for the variability of the interspike intervals in a retinal neuron.", "content": "Recently, a model has been proposed to explain the statistics of the variability of interspike intervals of ganglion cells in the retina of goldfish under steady-state stimulation. In this note, it is shown that the dynamical behaviour of the model, both under steady-state and dynamical stimuli, is characterized by input-invariance of the output random process after a time transformation. This allows to study the signal-processing properties of the model, and to test its applicability by a more complete experimental analysis.", "contents": "Dynamics of a model for the variability of the interspike intervals in a retinal neuron. Recently, a model has been proposed to explain the statistics of the variability of interspike intervals of ganglion cells in the retina of goldfish under steady-state stimulation. In this note, it is shown that the dynamical behaviour of the model, both under steady-state and dynamical stimuli, is characterized by input-invariance of the output random process after a time transformation. This allows to study the signal-processing properties of the model, and to test its applicability by a more complete experimental analysis.", "PMID": 737202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2995", "title": "Nonlinearities of the human ERG reflected by Wiener kernels.", "content": "The Electroretinograms (ERGs) of three subjects were represented by first- and second-order Wiener kernels using the analytical procedures previously reported for lower vertebrate (Marmarelis and Naka, 1973) and invertebrate (McCann, 1974) retinal studies. The variances between the kernel estimates were relatively small, yet the second-order kernels were relatively large. The significance of the nonlinearities reflected by each second-order kernel was assessed by comparing the predicted response to the white-noise stimulus obtained using a first-order kernel with that obtained using a second-order kernel.", "contents": "Nonlinearities of the human ERG reflected by Wiener kernels. The Electroretinograms (ERGs) of three subjects were represented by first- and second-order Wiener kernels using the analytical procedures previously reported for lower vertebrate (Marmarelis and Naka, 1973) and invertebrate (McCann, 1974) retinal studies. The variances between the kernel estimates were relatively small, yet the second-order kernels were relatively large. The significance of the nonlinearities reflected by each second-order kernel was assessed by comparing the predicted response to the white-noise stimulus obtained using a first-order kernel with that obtained using a second-order kernel.", "PMID": 737204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2996", "title": "A model for non-resolvable ambiguities.", "content": "The dynamical behavior of the perception of ambiguous figures arising from the essentially nonresolvable ambiguity built in the figures themselves is analysed. Two main features of it are explored, the initial transient and the rhythmic alternation of inversions of perspective following it. The initial transient is envisaged in terms of a symmetry breaking disorder-order transformation induced by the \"attention\" of the observer. The rhythmic inversions of the ordered structures are classified by a model based on an ideally non linear decision equation for binary systems originally proposed to schematize the observed behavior of neurons. Finally it is suggested that the phenomena relative to the perception of ambiguous figures could represent the simplest ones among more complex situations arising in perception, in concept formation, in the sensing of emotion and in communication in general.", "contents": "A model for non-resolvable ambiguities. The dynamical behavior of the perception of ambiguous figures arising from the essentially nonresolvable ambiguity built in the figures themselves is analysed. Two main features of it are explored, the initial transient and the rhythmic alternation of inversions of perspective following it. The initial transient is envisaged in terms of a symmetry breaking disorder-order transformation induced by the \"attention\" of the observer. The rhythmic inversions of the ordered structures are classified by a model based on an ideally non linear decision equation for binary systems originally proposed to schematize the observed behavior of neurons. Finally it is suggested that the phenomena relative to the perception of ambiguous figures could represent the simplest ones among more complex situations arising in perception, in concept formation, in the sensing of emotion and in communication in general.", "PMID": 737206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2997", "title": "An inference upon the neural network finding binocular correspondence.", "content": "Previously, the authors proposed a model of neural network extracting binocular parallax (Hirai and Fukushima, 1975). It is a multilayered network whose final layers consist of neural elements corresponding to \"binocular depth neurons\" found in monkey's visual cortex. The binocular depth neuron is selectively sensitive to a binocular stimulus with a specific amount of binocular parallax and does not respond to a monocular one. As described in the last chapter of the previous article (Hirai and Fukushima, 1975), when a binocular pair of input patterns consist of, for example, many vertical bars placed very closely to each other, the binocular depth neurons might respond not only to correct binocular pairs, but also to incorrect ones. Our present study is concentrated upon how the visual system finds correct binocular pairs or binocular correspondence. It is assumed that some neural network is cascaded after the binocular depth neurons and finds out correct binocular correspondence by eliminating the incorrect binocular pairs. In this article a model of such neural network is proposed. The performance of the model has been simulated on a digital computer. The results of the computer simulation show that this model finds binocular correspondence satisfactorily. It has been demonstrated by the computer simulation that this model also explains the mechanism of the hysteresis in the binocular depth perception reported by Fender and Julesz (1967).", "contents": "An inference upon the neural network finding binocular correspondence. Previously, the authors proposed a model of neural network extracting binocular parallax (Hirai and Fukushima, 1975). It is a multilayered network whose final layers consist of neural elements corresponding to \"binocular depth neurons\" found in monkey's visual cortex. The binocular depth neuron is selectively sensitive to a binocular stimulus with a specific amount of binocular parallax and does not respond to a monocular one. As described in the last chapter of the previous article (Hirai and Fukushima, 1975), when a binocular pair of input patterns consist of, for example, many vertical bars placed very closely to each other, the binocular depth neurons might respond not only to correct binocular pairs, but also to incorrect ones. Our present study is concentrated upon how the visual system finds correct binocular pairs or binocular correspondence. It is assumed that some neural network is cascaded after the binocular depth neurons and finds out correct binocular correspondence by eliminating the incorrect binocular pairs. In this article a model of such neural network is proposed. The performance of the model has been simulated on a digital computer. The results of the computer simulation show that this model finds binocular correspondence satisfactorily. It has been demonstrated by the computer simulation that this model also explains the mechanism of the hysteresis in the binocular depth perception reported by Fender and Julesz (1967).", "PMID": 737207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2998", "title": "[Mechanisms of non-specific prothrombin activation].", "content": "The review of different mechanisms of non-physiological non-specific prothrombin activation is given as compared with the specific activation by the factor Xa. The use of snake venom enzymes or staphylocoagulase makes possible the thrombin generation from pathological forms of prothrombin lacking of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and incapable of complete activation into thrombin by the specific activator, factor Xa. This fact stimulated the use of non-specific activators in medicine. Investigation of non-specific prothrombin activators made possible to reveal and to trace pathways of the formation of thrombin active site. It is demonstrated that prothrombin, like other serine proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen), has already formed active site. This site can be revealed under changes of the conformation of the prothrombin molecule due to the chemical modification or the complex formation with staphylocoagulase.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of non-specific prothrombin activation]. The review of different mechanisms of non-physiological non-specific prothrombin activation is given as compared with the specific activation by the factor Xa. The use of snake venom enzymes or staphylocoagulase makes possible the thrombin generation from pathological forms of prothrombin lacking of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and incapable of complete activation into thrombin by the specific activator, factor Xa. This fact stimulated the use of non-specific activators in medicine. Investigation of non-specific prothrombin activators made possible to reveal and to trace pathways of the formation of thrombin active site. It is demonstrated that prothrombin, like other serine proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen), has already formed active site. This site can be revealed under changes of the conformation of the prothrombin molecule due to the chemical modification or the complex formation with staphylocoagulase.", "PMID": 737209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_2999", "title": "[Ribonucleoprotein mRNA-containing cytoplasmic particles from mouse lymphocytes before and after injection of antigen].", "content": "In mouse spleen lymphocytes mRNA was discovered not only in poliribosomes but also in lighter RNP complexes having sedimentation coefficients of 80--120S and buyoant density of 1,40--1,52 g/cm3. The incorporation of 14C-pulse aminoacid lable has shown that the most active polypeptide synthesis takes place in light RNP-complexes and not in polyribosomes. The pattern and the contents of labeled mRNA-containing particules in spleen cytoplasm changed within different periods after the antigen injection. The greatest contents of these particles have been discovered on the second day after the antign injection, 3H- and 14C-radioactivity of RNP-complexes with higher sedimentation coefficients, and that of polyribosomes was increased; the optical density of polyribosomes peak was also increased. On the 4th day after the antigen injection contents of light RNP-complexes with higher sedimentation coefficients were decreased. On the 5th day the decrease of RNP-complexes contents was more pronounced. The changes of radioactive RNP-complexes contents in spleen cytoplasm at different periods of the immune response, which can be discovered during determined period of labling, are probably due to acceleration and then to retardation of the transition of light RNP complexes into polyribosomes. It, probably, reflects the existens in spleen lymphocytes mechanisms of translation regulation, irrespective of mRNA stability which are realized during immune reaction. Periods of the translation increasing or inhibiting in immune lymphocytes don't correspond to periods of increasing or decreasing of number of antibody synthesising cells in spleen.", "contents": "[Ribonucleoprotein mRNA-containing cytoplasmic particles from mouse lymphocytes before and after injection of antigen]. In mouse spleen lymphocytes mRNA was discovered not only in poliribosomes but also in lighter RNP complexes having sedimentation coefficients of 80--120S and buyoant density of 1,40--1,52 g/cm3. The incorporation of 14C-pulse aminoacid lable has shown that the most active polypeptide synthesis takes place in light RNP-complexes and not in polyribosomes. The pattern and the contents of labeled mRNA-containing particules in spleen cytoplasm changed within different periods after the antigen injection. The greatest contents of these particles have been discovered on the second day after the antign injection, 3H- and 14C-radioactivity of RNP-complexes with higher sedimentation coefficients, and that of polyribosomes was increased; the optical density of polyribosomes peak was also increased. On the 4th day after the antigen injection contents of light RNP-complexes with higher sedimentation coefficients were decreased. On the 5th day the decrease of RNP-complexes contents was more pronounced. The changes of radioactive RNP-complexes contents in spleen cytoplasm at different periods of the immune response, which can be discovered during determined period of labling, are probably due to acceleration and then to retardation of the transition of light RNP complexes into polyribosomes. It, probably, reflects the existens in spleen lymphocytes mechanisms of translation regulation, irrespective of mRNA stability which are realized during immune reaction. Periods of the translation increasing or inhibiting in immune lymphocytes don't correspond to periods of increasing or decreasing of number of antibody synthesising cells in spleen.", "PMID": 737210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3000", "title": "[Stimulation of nuclear membrane components and DNA biosynthesis in rat liver cells after inhibition of translation with cycloheximide].", "content": "After a drastic inhibition of protein synthesis (95%) in rat liver by cycloheximide (0.2-0.4 mg/100 g of body weight) the recovery and subsequently prolonged marked stimulation of proteins, lipids and DNA were found. The correlation of nuclear membrane proteins and lipids synthesis was observed in a recovery and stimulation phases. Nuclear DNA synthesis increases after the stimulation biosynthesis of nuclear membrane components (36-40 hours after cycloheximide injection). The changes of a phospholipid composition and structure organisation of nuclear membrane hydrophobic zones (by spin probe) were found in stimulated DNA synthesis (48-60 hours).", "contents": "[Stimulation of nuclear membrane components and DNA biosynthesis in rat liver cells after inhibition of translation with cycloheximide]. After a drastic inhibition of protein synthesis (95%) in rat liver by cycloheximide (0.2-0.4 mg/100 g of body weight) the recovery and subsequently prolonged marked stimulation of proteins, lipids and DNA were found. The correlation of nuclear membrane proteins and lipids synthesis was observed in a recovery and stimulation phases. Nuclear DNA synthesis increases after the stimulation biosynthesis of nuclear membrane components (36-40 hours after cycloheximide injection). The changes of a phospholipid composition and structure organisation of nuclear membrane hydrophobic zones (by spin probe) were found in stimulated DNA synthesis (48-60 hours).", "PMID": 737211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3001", "title": "[Mobility on peptide maps of peptides obtained by tryptic hydrolysis of lysozyme oxidized at the S-S-bonds].", "content": "The peptide map obtained by tryptic hydrolysis of the lysozyme oxidized at the S--S-bonds was characterized and compared with that of tryptic hydrolysis of the reduced lysozyme. It was shown that the mobility of peptides containing oxidized amino acid residues is decreased under electrophoresis and chromatographic treatment. Under a decrease in the peptide charge during oxidation, the changes in electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities show a correlation. In case when the peptide charge remains unchanged, only chromatographic mobility may be altered. It is demonstrated that the cystein residues significantly interfere with the effects of trypsin on the adjacent bonds.", "contents": "[Mobility on peptide maps of peptides obtained by tryptic hydrolysis of lysozyme oxidized at the S-S-bonds]. The peptide map obtained by tryptic hydrolysis of the lysozyme oxidized at the S--S-bonds was characterized and compared with that of tryptic hydrolysis of the reduced lysozyme. It was shown that the mobility of peptides containing oxidized amino acid residues is decreased under electrophoresis and chromatographic treatment. Under a decrease in the peptide charge during oxidation, the changes in electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities show a correlation. In case when the peptide charge remains unchanged, only chromatographic mobility may be altered. It is demonstrated that the cystein residues significantly interfere with the effects of trypsin on the adjacent bonds.", "PMID": 737212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3002", "title": "[Destruction of mRNA poly-A sequences by polynucleotide phosphorylase in rat liver microsomes].", "content": "A possible role of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) in the destruction of poly-A fragments located at the 3'-OH end of mRNA from rat liver polyribosomes was studied. Using hybridization of mRNP particles and mRNA with poly-U Sepharose 4B, it was found that polyribosomal PNPase in vitro destroys the poly-A sequences of approximately 25% of poly-A+ mRNA during the first minutes of incubation at a high rate. The destruction of the poly-A fragment of mRNA by PNPase is incomplete, since part of it is presumably protected by proteins firmly bound to the poly-A sequences of mRNA.", "contents": "[Destruction of mRNA poly-A sequences by polynucleotide phosphorylase in rat liver microsomes]. A possible role of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) in the destruction of poly-A fragments located at the 3'-OH end of mRNA from rat liver polyribosomes was studied. Using hybridization of mRNP particles and mRNA with poly-U Sepharose 4B, it was found that polyribosomal PNPase in vitro destroys the poly-A sequences of approximately 25% of poly-A+ mRNA during the first minutes of incubation at a high rate. The destruction of the poly-A fragment of mRNA by PNPase is incomplete, since part of it is presumably protected by proteins firmly bound to the poly-A sequences of mRNA.", "PMID": 737213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3003", "title": "[Possible biochemical mechanism of the toxic effects of barbiturates].", "content": "Administration of amytal or phenobarbital to rats results in inhibition of liver respiration determined by oxygen uptake in isolated tissue preparations. Increasing doses of phenobarbital cause an increase of inhibition of liver respiration. In vitro addition of vitamin K3 to liver preparations from rat treated by amytal or administration of vitamin K3 after barbiturate-induced intoxication reverses the inhibition of respiration. It is also shown that the lethal effects of amytal are significantly lowered after administration of vitamin K3. It is concluded that the toxic effects of barbiturates are partially due to the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration at the level of NADH-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Possible biochemical mechanism of the toxic effects of barbiturates]. Administration of amytal or phenobarbital to rats results in inhibition of liver respiration determined by oxygen uptake in isolated tissue preparations. Increasing doses of phenobarbital cause an increase of inhibition of liver respiration. In vitro addition of vitamin K3 to liver preparations from rat treated by amytal or administration of vitamin K3 after barbiturate-induced intoxication reverses the inhibition of respiration. It is also shown that the lethal effects of amytal are significantly lowered after administration of vitamin K3. It is concluded that the toxic effects of barbiturates are partially due to the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration at the level of NADH-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 737214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3004", "title": "[Modification of nucleases by soluble derivatives of polysaccharides].", "content": "Preparations of pancreatic RNAase, ribonuclease Act. rimosus and nuclease Ser. marcescens covalently bound to water-soluble derivatives of polysaccharides (m-aminobenzyl-oxymethyl ether of dextran and mannan, 4beta-oxyethylsulphonylanisol, 4beta-oxyethylsulphonylaniline, 3-Cl-2-oxypropyl ethers of dextran and dialdehydedextran) have been obtained. The yields and thermal stability of immobilized nucleases depend both upon the amount and nature of the functional groups which activate the polysaccharide. Polysaccharide aminoaryl ethers capable of binding to proteins by azocoupling present special interest in view of their utilization as modifying baskings. Regulation of effectiveness of the azocoupling reaction by means of structural changes of the diazocomponent and the reaction conditions were shown. All this allows to obtain immobilized enzymes with different physico-chemical properties.", "contents": "[Modification of nucleases by soluble derivatives of polysaccharides]. Preparations of pancreatic RNAase, ribonuclease Act. rimosus and nuclease Ser. marcescens covalently bound to water-soluble derivatives of polysaccharides (m-aminobenzyl-oxymethyl ether of dextran and mannan, 4beta-oxyethylsulphonylanisol, 4beta-oxyethylsulphonylaniline, 3-Cl-2-oxypropyl ethers of dextran and dialdehydedextran) have been obtained. The yields and thermal stability of immobilized nucleases depend both upon the amount and nature of the functional groups which activate the polysaccharide. Polysaccharide aminoaryl ethers capable of binding to proteins by azocoupling present special interest in view of their utilization as modifying baskings. Regulation of effectiveness of the azocoupling reaction by means of structural changes of the diazocomponent and the reaction conditions were shown. All this allows to obtain immobilized enzymes with different physico-chemical properties.", "PMID": 737215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3005", "title": "[Structural-functional analysis of the complex between phosphorylase B and adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate].", "content": "A complex of phosphorylase B with a tritium-containing AMP analogue, adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, was obtained. It is found on the basis of the results of the determination of N- and C-terminal amino acids, amino acid composition and sequence, that the peptide 1, modified by adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, corresponds to the fragment 185-191 in the primary structure of phosphorylase B, and is probably located in the allosteric center of the enzyme. The peptide 2, which is bound with the AMP analogue and corresponds to the fragment 795-798, is suggested to be located at the site of binding the second AMP molecule. The arginine residue 184 is discussed as a possible functional amino acid protein interacting with 5'-phosphate AMP group.", "contents": "[Structural-functional analysis of the complex between phosphorylase B and adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate]. A complex of phosphorylase B with a tritium-containing AMP analogue, adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, was obtained. It is found on the basis of the results of the determination of N- and C-terminal amino acids, amino acid composition and sequence, that the peptide 1, modified by adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, corresponds to the fragment 185-191 in the primary structure of phosphorylase B, and is probably located in the allosteric center of the enzyme. The peptide 2, which is bound with the AMP analogue and corresponds to the fragment 795-798, is suggested to be located at the site of binding the second AMP molecule. The arginine residue 184 is discussed as a possible functional amino acid protein interacting with 5'-phosphate AMP group.", "PMID": 737216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3006", "title": "[Phospholipid composition of lymphocytes from normal and leukemic blood, lymph, lymph nodes and spleen of cattle].", "content": "The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of lymphocytes from bovine blood, lymph, lymph-nodes and spleen were studied. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio in the normal lymphocytes of blood and spleen was found to be about two times higher than that in the normal lymphocytes from lymph and lymph-nodes. On lymphocytic leukemia the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of the blood lymphocytes decreased sharply, whereas that in lymph and lymph-nodes lymphocytes was unaffected.", "contents": "[Phospholipid composition of lymphocytes from normal and leukemic blood, lymph, lymph nodes and spleen of cattle]. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of lymphocytes from bovine blood, lymph, lymph-nodes and spleen were studied. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio in the normal lymphocytes of blood and spleen was found to be about two times higher than that in the normal lymphocytes from lymph and lymph-nodes. On lymphocytic leukemia the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of the blood lymphocytes decreased sharply, whereas that in lymph and lymph-nodes lymphocytes was unaffected.", "PMID": 737217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3007", "title": "[Kinetics and thermodynamics of heat inactivation of L-threonine-L-serine dehydratase from human liver].", "content": "It has been shown that heat inactivation of L-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities at 37; 45; 50 and 55 degrees C in human liver extracts (the liver was ectracted with buffer containing 1.10(-5) M of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) in course of time is practically identical, and characterizes by the same of values of activation energy of heat inactivation process, activation enthalpy of this process, activation free energy of that and activation enthalpy of the heat inactivation process. A rise of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate concentration (to 2.10(-4) M) in the buffer used for the liver extraction and hence in the medium in which the heat inactivation process was carried out stabilises L-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities against the inactivation at 55 degrees C. It has been concluded thatL-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities in human liver belong to the single protein or to two proteins having very like physico-chemical properties, and that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is essential for this enzyme not only as coenzyme but also it is necessary to support active and stable conformation of this oligomeric protein.", "contents": "[Kinetics and thermodynamics of heat inactivation of L-threonine-L-serine dehydratase from human liver]. It has been shown that heat inactivation of L-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities at 37; 45; 50 and 55 degrees C in human liver extracts (the liver was ectracted with buffer containing 1.10(-5) M of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) in course of time is practically identical, and characterizes by the same of values of activation energy of heat inactivation process, activation enthalpy of this process, activation free energy of that and activation enthalpy of the heat inactivation process. A rise of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate concentration (to 2.10(-4) M) in the buffer used for the liver extraction and hence in the medium in which the heat inactivation process was carried out stabilises L-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities against the inactivation at 55 degrees C. It has been concluded thatL-threonine- and L-serine dehydratase activities in human liver belong to the single protein or to two proteins having very like physico-chemical properties, and that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is essential for this enzyme not only as coenzyme but also it is necessary to support active and stable conformation of this oligomeric protein.", "PMID": 737218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3008", "title": "[Changes in the protein composition of nuclear membranes of canine kidneys induced by amphotericin B in vivo].", "content": "Intraveneous injection of amphotericin B significantly affects the protein composition of canine kidney nuclear membranes. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed that injection of this antibiotic results in a considerable loss or complete disappearance of the histone fractions H1 and H4 (depending on the dose) and a decrease in the content of fraction H3 in the membrane proteins. The fractionation spectrum of other nuclear membrane proteins also shows deviations from normal. One of possible reasons for that is the increased enzymatic degradation of the proteins. It is also probable that the changes in the protein composition of nuclear membranes are due to the presence of sodium deoxycholate in the antibiotic drug and may be accounted for by the nephrotoxic effect of polyenoic antibiotics.", "contents": "[Changes in the protein composition of nuclear membranes of canine kidneys induced by amphotericin B in vivo]. Intraveneous injection of amphotericin B significantly affects the protein composition of canine kidney nuclear membranes. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed that injection of this antibiotic results in a considerable loss or complete disappearance of the histone fractions H1 and H4 (depending on the dose) and a decrease in the content of fraction H3 in the membrane proteins. The fractionation spectrum of other nuclear membrane proteins also shows deviations from normal. One of possible reasons for that is the increased enzymatic degradation of the proteins. It is also probable that the changes in the protein composition of nuclear membranes are due to the presence of sodium deoxycholate in the antibiotic drug and may be accounted for by the nephrotoxic effect of polyenoic antibiotics.", "PMID": 737219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3009", "title": "[Chromatin RNA as a factor decreasing chromatin fragmentability under endonucleolysis].", "content": "Rat liver chromatin fragments obtained after the chromatin digestion with Ca,Mg-dependent intranuclear endonuclease were studied using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel concentration gradient. It is found that the content of large chromatin fragments decreases in the presence of exogenous RNAse. Possible structural role of RNA in the chramatin organization is discussed.", "contents": "[Chromatin RNA as a factor decreasing chromatin fragmentability under endonucleolysis]. Rat liver chromatin fragments obtained after the chromatin digestion with Ca,Mg-dependent intranuclear endonuclease were studied using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel concentration gradient. It is found that the content of large chromatin fragments decreases in the presence of exogenous RNAse. Possible structural role of RNA in the chramatin organization is discussed.", "PMID": 737220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3010", "title": "[Peptidase activity of Coccidioides immitis].", "content": "Glycyl-L-leucinehydrolase consisting of three molecular units was extracted from C. immitis solid cultural medium. During fractionation in polyacrylamide gel of the enzyme-containing extract a 50-fold purification of the enzyme isoform with molecular weight 12,800 is achieved. The enzyme is heat-stable, active in the narrow pH range and hydrolizes peptide bonds containing glycine. Its activity is not inhibited by none of the protease inhibitors tested.", "contents": "[Peptidase activity of Coccidioides immitis]. Glycyl-L-leucinehydrolase consisting of three molecular units was extracted from C. immitis solid cultural medium. During fractionation in polyacrylamide gel of the enzyme-containing extract a 50-fold purification of the enzyme isoform with molecular weight 12,800 is achieved. The enzyme is heat-stable, active in the narrow pH range and hydrolizes peptide bonds containing glycine. Its activity is not inhibited by none of the protease inhibitors tested.", "PMID": 737221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3011", "title": "[Regulation of the activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase, the enzyme of the first step of flavinogenesis in yeasts].", "content": "The kinetic properties and regulation of activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase, the enzyme of the first step of flavinogenesis in the Pichia guilliermondii yests, partially purified by gel-filtration were studied. It was found that the curve of the dependence of reaction rate on substrate concentration is non-hyperbolic. FAD inhibited the enzyme activity, while riboflavin and FMN had no such effect. In addition to FAD, 5'-AMP, 3',5'-AMP, ADP, ATP, NAD and NADP inhibited the enzyme activity. Under combined action of FAD and AMP on GTP-cyclohydrolase no synergetic or antagonistic effects of the inhibitors on the enzyme activity were observed. The enzyme appreciably lost its sensitivity to FAD and AMP after thermal treatment. The data obtained suggest that GTP-cyclohydrolase from P. guilliermondii is an allosteric enzyme, which is inhibited by the end product of flavinogenesis FAD, as well as by other 5'-AMP-containing nucleotides.", "contents": "[Regulation of the activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase, the enzyme of the first step of flavinogenesis in yeasts]. The kinetic properties and regulation of activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase, the enzyme of the first step of flavinogenesis in the Pichia guilliermondii yests, partially purified by gel-filtration were studied. It was found that the curve of the dependence of reaction rate on substrate concentration is non-hyperbolic. FAD inhibited the enzyme activity, while riboflavin and FMN had no such effect. In addition to FAD, 5'-AMP, 3',5'-AMP, ADP, ATP, NAD and NADP inhibited the enzyme activity. Under combined action of FAD and AMP on GTP-cyclohydrolase no synergetic or antagonistic effects of the inhibitors on the enzyme activity were observed. The enzyme appreciably lost its sensitivity to FAD and AMP after thermal treatment. The data obtained suggest that GTP-cyclohydrolase from P. guilliermondii is an allosteric enzyme, which is inhibited by the end product of flavinogenesis FAD, as well as by other 5'-AMP-containing nucleotides.", "PMID": 737222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3012", "title": "[Changes in the specificity of DNA methylation in cattle blood lymphocytes under chronic lymphoid leukemia].", "content": "Under conditions of chronic (spontaneous) lympholeucosis the amount of 5-methylcytosine in cattle blood lymphocyte DNA is decreased approximately by 30%. No other changes in the DNA (e. g. GC-content, Tm, amount of pyrimidine sequences differing in their lengths and composition) were observed. Thus, the decrease in the amount of 5-methylcytosine in lymphocyte DNA is due to a decrease in DNA methylation. This decrease is non-random and involves mainly the Pu-m5C-Pu sequences without affecting the long pyrimidine blocks. In nuclear extracts from lymphocytes of healthy animals the DNA-methylase activity having an optimum at pH 6,0 was found; the DNA-methylase activities found in the nuclear extracts of leukaemic cow lymphocytes had their optima at pH 5,5 and 7,5. In vitro the DNA-methylase activities of leukaemic lymphocytes nuclei methylate the cytosine residues of DNA in other sequences than enzyme(s) of the extracts from normal lymphocyte nuclei. Changes in the pattern of DNA-methylase activities as well as the decrease and distortions in the character of DNA methylation may underlie the disturbances in the regulation of transcription of genome and cause the transformation of cells under conditions of lympholeucosis.", "contents": "[Changes in the specificity of DNA methylation in cattle blood lymphocytes under chronic lymphoid leukemia]. Under conditions of chronic (spontaneous) lympholeucosis the amount of 5-methylcytosine in cattle blood lymphocyte DNA is decreased approximately by 30%. No other changes in the DNA (e. g. GC-content, Tm, amount of pyrimidine sequences differing in their lengths and composition) were observed. Thus, the decrease in the amount of 5-methylcytosine in lymphocyte DNA is due to a decrease in DNA methylation. This decrease is non-random and involves mainly the Pu-m5C-Pu sequences without affecting the long pyrimidine blocks. In nuclear extracts from lymphocytes of healthy animals the DNA-methylase activity having an optimum at pH 6,0 was found; the DNA-methylase activities found in the nuclear extracts of leukaemic cow lymphocytes had their optima at pH 5,5 and 7,5. In vitro the DNA-methylase activities of leukaemic lymphocytes nuclei methylate the cytosine residues of DNA in other sequences than enzyme(s) of the extracts from normal lymphocyte nuclei. Changes in the pattern of DNA-methylase activities as well as the decrease and distortions in the character of DNA methylation may underlie the disturbances in the regulation of transcription of genome and cause the transformation of cells under conditions of lympholeucosis.", "PMID": 737223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3013", "title": "[Interaction between polynucleotides and mitochondria from rat liver].", "content": "The interaction between labelled polynucleotides and the mitochondrial membrane was studied. It was shown that DNA and mRNA form a complex with the mitochondria and mitoplasts (i. e. mitochondria devoid of the outer membrane); this process does not depend on the energy state of mitochondria. Within the complex polynucleotides are accessible to the effects of nucleases. The complex formation strongly depends on the concentration of Mg2+ and is inhibited by Na+. It was found that polynucleotides are effectively bound to protein-free artificial membranes isolated from the total mitochondrial lipids. The data obtained suggest that in the presence of Mg2+ polynucleotides form a complex with the lipid components of the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Interaction between polynucleotides and mitochondria from rat liver]. The interaction between labelled polynucleotides and the mitochondrial membrane was studied. It was shown that DNA and mRNA form a complex with the mitochondria and mitoplasts (i. e. mitochondria devoid of the outer membrane); this process does not depend on the energy state of mitochondria. Within the complex polynucleotides are accessible to the effects of nucleases. The complex formation strongly depends on the concentration of Mg2+ and is inhibited by Na+. It was found that polynucleotides are effectively bound to protein-free artificial membranes isolated from the total mitochondrial lipids. The data obtained suggest that in the presence of Mg2+ polynucleotides form a complex with the lipid components of the mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 737224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3014", "title": "[Isolation of bacterial luminescence reaction inhibitor from Photobacterium sp. cells].", "content": "The factor having a strong inhibitory effect on bacterial luminescence was isolated from the luminous bacteria species Photobacterium sp. The inhibitor purified by gel filtration on the biogel and by DEAE chromatography was homogenous (single bound during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel), it reacted with coomassie brilliant blue and gave a positive Lowry reaction on protein. Molecular weight was about 30,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The absorption spectrum was characterised by the maximum at 209 nm and unexpressed maximum in the region of 260 nm. It was shown that the inhibitor had an efficient inhibitory effect on both partially- and highly purified luciferase preparations from different species of luminous bacteria, but it produced no effect on the activity of specific NADH: FMN-oxidoreductase.", "contents": "[Isolation of bacterial luminescence reaction inhibitor from Photobacterium sp. cells]. The factor having a strong inhibitory effect on bacterial luminescence was isolated from the luminous bacteria species Photobacterium sp. The inhibitor purified by gel filtration on the biogel and by DEAE chromatography was homogenous (single bound during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel), it reacted with coomassie brilliant blue and gave a positive Lowry reaction on protein. Molecular weight was about 30,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The absorption spectrum was characterised by the maximum at 209 nm and unexpressed maximum in the region of 260 nm. It was shown that the inhibitor had an efficient inhibitory effect on both partially- and highly purified luciferase preparations from different species of luminous bacteria, but it produced no effect on the activity of specific NADH: FMN-oxidoreductase.", "PMID": 737225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3015", "title": "[Oxidation of some substrates in the presence of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases and 4-anilino-5-methoxybenzoquinone-1,2 with transfer of reducing equivalents to oxygen].", "content": "A reaction sequence for oxidation of L-lactate, ethanol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and isocytrate by oxygen in the presence of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases and 4-anilino-5-methoxybenzoquinone-1,2 was studied. A complete reaction sequence includes (1) oxidoreduction of a corresponding substrate with a specific NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase and formation of NAD(P)H (2) reduction of AMOBQ, AMOBQHa formation in the oxidoreduction of NAD(P)H and AMOBQ, catalized by menadione reructase (EC 1.6.99.2); (3) oxygen reduction with AMOBQH2 in a spontaneous or enzymic reaction. AMOBQ plays a catalytic role in the transfer of reducing equivalents to oxygen in the above--menshioned systems. Possible biochemical mechanism for aminoaromatic ortho-benzoquinone derivatives is discussed.", "contents": "[Oxidation of some substrates in the presence of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases and 4-anilino-5-methoxybenzoquinone-1,2 with transfer of reducing equivalents to oxygen]. A reaction sequence for oxidation of L-lactate, ethanol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and isocytrate by oxygen in the presence of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases and 4-anilino-5-methoxybenzoquinone-1,2 was studied. A complete reaction sequence includes (1) oxidoreduction of a corresponding substrate with a specific NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase and formation of NAD(P)H (2) reduction of AMOBQ, AMOBQHa formation in the oxidoreduction of NAD(P)H and AMOBQ, catalized by menadione reructase (EC 1.6.99.2); (3) oxygen reduction with AMOBQH2 in a spontaneous or enzymic reaction. AMOBQ plays a catalytic role in the transfer of reducing equivalents to oxygen in the above--menshioned systems. Possible biochemical mechanism for aminoaromatic ortho-benzoquinone derivatives is discussed.", "PMID": 737226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3016", "title": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on phospholipase D interaction with mitochondrial membrane phospholipids].", "content": "Effect of phospholipase D and Ca2+ ions on mitochondrial polyenzyme systems is studied. Phospholipase D is found to have a lytic effect on mitochondrial membrane phospholipids both in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+ ions. Low Ca2+ concentrations stimulate the phospholipase D-membrane interaction, thus increasing the efficiency of the enzyme action. The degradation of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids or their heating result in a decrease of membrane binding with phospholipase D. The presence of Ca2+ protects the membranes from such a degradation. High Ca2+ concentrations cause a \"pseudo\" stabilization of mitochondrial polyenzyme systems with respect to phospholipase D. In fact, a decrease in phospholipase binding with mitochondrial membranes takes place at 30 mM and higher concentrations of CaCl2, which is due to the intensive phospholipid degradation at the initial reaction step. Optimal Ca2+ concentration range for the activation of phospholipase D is 2-5 mM. It does not coincide with Ca2+ concentration values necessary for the phospholipase activation with \"disorganized substrates\" (30-60 mM). Combined effect of Ca2+ and phospholipase D on outer and inner NADH oxidation pathway manifests differently. The inner pathway (the respiration chain) is more subjected to the lytic action of the enzyme, while the oxidation rate through the outer pathway increases under low phospholipase D concentrations, and the oxidation stops only under high enzyme concentration in the presence of Ca2+ ions. The data are also given, demonstrating that some effects, which have been early considered to be related to the effect of Ca2+ on mitochondria, are really due to changes under the lytic effect of endogenous phospholipases, Ca2+ being the enzyme activator.", "contents": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on phospholipase D interaction with mitochondrial membrane phospholipids]. Effect of phospholipase D and Ca2+ ions on mitochondrial polyenzyme systems is studied. Phospholipase D is found to have a lytic effect on mitochondrial membrane phospholipids both in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+ ions. Low Ca2+ concentrations stimulate the phospholipase D-membrane interaction, thus increasing the efficiency of the enzyme action. The degradation of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids or their heating result in a decrease of membrane binding with phospholipase D. The presence of Ca2+ protects the membranes from such a degradation. High Ca2+ concentrations cause a \"pseudo\" stabilization of mitochondrial polyenzyme systems with respect to phospholipase D. In fact, a decrease in phospholipase binding with mitochondrial membranes takes place at 30 mM and higher concentrations of CaCl2, which is due to the intensive phospholipid degradation at the initial reaction step. Optimal Ca2+ concentration range for the activation of phospholipase D is 2-5 mM. It does not coincide with Ca2+ concentration values necessary for the phospholipase activation with \"disorganized substrates\" (30-60 mM). Combined effect of Ca2+ and phospholipase D on outer and inner NADH oxidation pathway manifests differently. The inner pathway (the respiration chain) is more subjected to the lytic action of the enzyme, while the oxidation rate through the outer pathway increases under low phospholipase D concentrations, and the oxidation stops only under high enzyme concentration in the presence of Ca2+ ions. The data are also given, demonstrating that some effects, which have been early considered to be related to the effect of Ca2+ on mitochondria, are really due to changes under the lytic effect of endogenous phospholipases, Ca2+ being the enzyme activator.", "PMID": 737227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3017", "title": "[Specificity of neutral ribosomal protease].", "content": "The specificity of the ribosomal proteinase was studied using a variety of substrates: nascend peptides, ribosomal proteins, B-chain of insulin and some synthetic peptides (the heptapeptide Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys; the hexapeptide Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu and the CBZ-hexapeptide; the tripeptide Phe-His-Leu and the CBZ-tripeptide). It was shown that in the heptapeptide tested the enzyme cleaved most rapidly the Phe-Tyr bond; the Phe-Phe bond was cleaved less rapidly. The rest of the peptide bonds in the heptapeptide were also cleaved and by the end of the incubation the cleavage was complete. All the other substrates tested also underwent complete degradation. The data obtained allowed us to classify the enzyme with the group of endopeptidases with broad specificity of action. The possibility cannot be excluded that the broad specificity observed is due to the presence of more than one enzyme on the polyribosomes.", "contents": "[Specificity of neutral ribosomal protease]. The specificity of the ribosomal proteinase was studied using a variety of substrates: nascend peptides, ribosomal proteins, B-chain of insulin and some synthetic peptides (the heptapeptide Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys; the hexapeptide Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Phe-Leu and the CBZ-hexapeptide; the tripeptide Phe-His-Leu and the CBZ-tripeptide). It was shown that in the heptapeptide tested the enzyme cleaved most rapidly the Phe-Tyr bond; the Phe-Phe bond was cleaved less rapidly. The rest of the peptide bonds in the heptapeptide were also cleaved and by the end of the incubation the cleavage was complete. All the other substrates tested also underwent complete degradation. The data obtained allowed us to classify the enzyme with the group of endopeptidases with broad specificity of action. The possibility cannot be excluded that the broad specificity observed is due to the presence of more than one enzyme on the polyribosomes.", "PMID": 737228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3018", "title": "[Effect of melitten from bee venom on mitochondrial functions].", "content": "Effect of different concentrations of bee venom melittin on respiration, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and permeability of mitochondrial inner membranes for different ions is studied. Low melittin concentrations (1-2 mcM) increased in several times the rate of H+, K+, Na+ ions and Tris transport, in a lesser degree--bivalent ions and Cl- transport and did not affect the permeability for succrose. Thus, the uncoupling effect of low melittin concentrations on mitochondrial energetic apparatus is due to unspecific increase of inner membrane permeability. High melittin concentrations (50-100 mcM) inhibited mitochondrial respiration due to disturbances of membrane and organized respication complexes structures.", "contents": "[Effect of melitten from bee venom on mitochondrial functions]. Effect of different concentrations of bee venom melittin on respiration, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and permeability of mitochondrial inner membranes for different ions is studied. Low melittin concentrations (1-2 mcM) increased in several times the rate of H+, K+, Na+ ions and Tris transport, in a lesser degree--bivalent ions and Cl- transport and did not affect the permeability for succrose. Thus, the uncoupling effect of low melittin concentrations on mitochondrial energetic apparatus is due to unspecific increase of inner membrane permeability. High melittin concentrations (50-100 mcM) inhibited mitochondrial respiration due to disturbances of membrane and organized respication complexes structures.", "PMID": 737229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3019", "title": "[Creatine phosphate synthesis coupled to glycolytic reactions in heart cell cytosol].", "content": "It is shown that a cytosolic fraction of proteins from rat heart, containing all glycolytic enzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in natural proportions, catalyses in the presence of creatine (Cr) the intensive creatine phosphate (CP) synthesis coupled to glycolytic depletion of glucose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The ratio of CP to lactate produced was 1.0 in the case of PEP as glycolytic substrates. In the CP production process the CPK reaction was not the rate limiting step: the mass action ratio for CPK was equal to the apparent equilibrium constant for this reaction, and the maximal rate of the CPK reaction exceeded the observed rate of glycolysis by a factor 6. It is concluded that in such a system the components of the CPK reaction are in quasiequilibrium and the mechanism of CP synthesis can be considered to be a continuous decrease in ADP concentration due to its phosphorylation in the glycolytic reactions, ATP concentration being constant due to its continuous utilization and resynthesis, this leading to an increase in CP concentration. The possible role of the CPK system in regulation of glycolysis in muscle cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Creatine phosphate synthesis coupled to glycolytic reactions in heart cell cytosol]. It is shown that a cytosolic fraction of proteins from rat heart, containing all glycolytic enzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in natural proportions, catalyses in the presence of creatine (Cr) the intensive creatine phosphate (CP) synthesis coupled to glycolytic depletion of glucose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The ratio of CP to lactate produced was 1.0 in the case of PEP as glycolytic substrates. In the CP production process the CPK reaction was not the rate limiting step: the mass action ratio for CPK was equal to the apparent equilibrium constant for this reaction, and the maximal rate of the CPK reaction exceeded the observed rate of glycolysis by a factor 6. It is concluded that in such a system the components of the CPK reaction are in quasiequilibrium and the mechanism of CP synthesis can be considered to be a continuous decrease in ADP concentration due to its phosphorylation in the glycolytic reactions, ATP concentration being constant due to its continuous utilization and resynthesis, this leading to an increase in CP concentration. The possible role of the CPK system in regulation of glycolysis in muscle cells is discussed.", "PMID": 737230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3020", "title": "[Improved procedure for purification of aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol. Characterization of the enzyme].", "content": "The purification procedure reported includes fractionation of water extract from chicken hearts with ammonium sulfate, fractional precipitation with ethanol, chromatography on Whatman CM-52 cellulose and crystallization. Specific activity of the pure crystalline enzyme was 234 micromoles.min-1.mg-1, as determined in the coupled assay with malate dehydrogenase (pH 7.5; 25 degrees). The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and the circular dichroism spectrum was recorded in the 200-250 nm range. The spectrum shows two negative bands with extrema at 208 and 220 nm. From the circular dichroism data it is estimated that aspartate transaminase contains approximately 40% alpha-helix and 10% beta-structure.", "contents": "[Improved procedure for purification of aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol. Characterization of the enzyme]. The purification procedure reported includes fractionation of water extract from chicken hearts with ammonium sulfate, fractional precipitation with ethanol, chromatography on Whatman CM-52 cellulose and crystallization. Specific activity of the pure crystalline enzyme was 234 micromoles.min-1.mg-1, as determined in the coupled assay with malate dehydrogenase (pH 7.5; 25 degrees). The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and the circular dichroism spectrum was recorded in the 200-250 nm range. The spectrum shows two negative bands with extrema at 208 and 220 nm. From the circular dichroism data it is estimated that aspartate transaminase contains approximately 40% alpha-helix and 10% beta-structure.", "PMID": 737231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3021", "title": "[Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Chlorella].", "content": "Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase has been found in cells of thermophylic Chlorella strain Ch. pyrenoidosa 82T. The enzyme is active with its own ferredoxin and that of Spirulina. Glutamate synthase activity increases during nitrogen starvation and than decreases in the course of successive ammonium assimilation. The scheme of ammonium assimilation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa 82T cells is proposed.", "contents": "[Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Chlorella]. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase has been found in cells of thermophylic Chlorella strain Ch. pyrenoidosa 82T. The enzyme is active with its own ferredoxin and that of Spirulina. Glutamate synthase activity increases during nitrogen starvation and than decreases in the course of successive ammonium assimilation. The scheme of ammonium assimilation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa 82T cells is proposed.", "PMID": 737232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3022", "title": "[Comparative study in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species of mouse liver, Guelstein ascites hepatoma 22A and liver of tumor-bearing animals].", "content": "A comparative study on nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA-like RNA species from normal liver, malignant Guelstein hepatoma 22A and liver of tumor-bearing animals was carried out. The nuclear RNA's were found to be poorly and rapidly labelling, the latter comprising a lesser proportion in hepatoma as compared with a normal liver. The comparison of labelling rates of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species shows that the nucleus-to-cytoplasme RNA transport is accelerated in hepatoma. Besides, cytoplasmic DNA-like RNA's are more heterogeneous in hepatoma and liver of tumor-bearing animals than in normal liver cells.", "contents": "[Comparative study in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species of mouse liver, Guelstein ascites hepatoma 22A and liver of tumor-bearing animals]. A comparative study on nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA-like RNA species from normal liver, malignant Guelstein hepatoma 22A and liver of tumor-bearing animals was carried out. The nuclear RNA's were found to be poorly and rapidly labelling, the latter comprising a lesser proportion in hepatoma as compared with a normal liver. The comparison of labelling rates of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species shows that the nucleus-to-cytoplasme RNA transport is accelerated in hepatoma. Besides, cytoplasmic DNA-like RNA's are more heterogeneous in hepatoma and liver of tumor-bearing animals than in normal liver cells.", "PMID": 737233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3023", "title": "Balance of net base in the rat. IV. Effects of oral calcium and phosphate loading.", "content": "Mineral and net base balances were studied in groups of male weanling Wistar rats given oral loads of calcium chloride, monocalcium phosphate plus monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate plus monopotassium phosphate, respectively. A group of adult nongrowing rats loaded with calcium chloride was included for comparison. In response to CaCl2 loading, gastrointestinal net base absorption was inhibited due, largely, to luminal precipitation of tertiary phosphates of calcium and magnesium. In the weanling animal, however, a rise in the rate of renal net acid excretion matched the concomitant decrement in the rate of net base absorption, permitting of continued skeletal net base storage. Similarly, in the adult animals augmented renal net acid excretion offset a positive rate of gastrointestinal net acid absorption with a resultant (normal) zero net base balance. Loading with monocalcium phosphate and disodium phosphate at a constant oral net base intake did not influence the overall net base balance, but disodium phosphate loading caused significant sodium retention.", "contents": "Balance of net base in the rat. IV. Effects of oral calcium and phosphate loading. Mineral and net base balances were studied in groups of male weanling Wistar rats given oral loads of calcium chloride, monocalcium phosphate plus monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate plus monopotassium phosphate, respectively. A group of adult nongrowing rats loaded with calcium chloride was included for comparison. In response to CaCl2 loading, gastrointestinal net base absorption was inhibited due, largely, to luminal precipitation of tertiary phosphates of calcium and magnesium. In the weanling animal, however, a rise in the rate of renal net acid excretion matched the concomitant decrement in the rate of net base absorption, permitting of continued skeletal net base storage. Similarly, in the adult animals augmented renal net acid excretion offset a positive rate of gastrointestinal net acid absorption with a resultant (normal) zero net base balance. Loading with monocalcium phosphate and disodium phosphate at a constant oral net base intake did not influence the overall net base balance, but disodium phosphate loading caused significant sodium retention.", "PMID": 737234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3024", "title": "Source of fetal-stored lipids during maternal starvation in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of 48 h maternal starvation on the composition of fetal rabbit brown and white adipose tissue was examined. Compared with fed control rabbits, adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acids took on a composition more like that of maternal plasma free fatty acids (FFA), whose concentration more than doubled after 48 h starvation. It is concluded that maternal FFA contribution to the fetal lipids increases during starvation and certain fetal acids, in particular linoleic acid, may in the fed state be derived from maternal lipids other than the FFA.", "contents": "Source of fetal-stored lipids during maternal starvation in rabbits. The effect of 48 h maternal starvation on the composition of fetal rabbit brown and white adipose tissue was examined. Compared with fed control rabbits, adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acids took on a composition more like that of maternal plasma free fatty acids (FFA), whose concentration more than doubled after 48 h starvation. It is concluded that maternal FFA contribution to the fetal lipids increases during starvation and certain fetal acids, in particular linoleic acid, may in the fed state be derived from maternal lipids other than the FFA.", "PMID": 737235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3025", "title": "Basic cardiovascular parameters in the underweight neonatal swine.", "content": "Some hematological and cardiovascular parameters of the underweight neonatal piglets have been compared with normal-weight 1 and 7-day-old swine (Sus scrofa domestica). The underweight swine had a significantly lower leukocyte count, plasma protein level and blood glucose level, but a significantly higher plasma LDH level. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were significantly lower in the underweight group. Based on the observed results it was postulated that the piglets born with a low body weight could also be physiologically immature since the cardiovascular parameters measured approximated those reported for normal fetuses of the same weight. Further studies are required to ascertain if a functional immaturity persists in the neonatal animals.", "contents": "Basic cardiovascular parameters in the underweight neonatal swine. Some hematological and cardiovascular parameters of the underweight neonatal piglets have been compared with normal-weight 1 and 7-day-old swine (Sus scrofa domestica). The underweight swine had a significantly lower leukocyte count, plasma protein level and blood glucose level, but a significantly higher plasma LDH level. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were significantly lower in the underweight group. Based on the observed results it was postulated that the piglets born with a low body weight could also be physiologically immature since the cardiovascular parameters measured approximated those reported for normal fetuses of the same weight. Further studies are required to ascertain if a functional immaturity persists in the neonatal animals.", "PMID": 737236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3026", "title": "Cerebral oxidative metabolism during intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Cerebral oxidative metabolism during intrauterine growth retardation was investigated utilizing a pregnant-rat model. Dams were subjected to unilateral uterine artery ligation on the 17th day of gestation. At term, they were sacrificed by decapitation and the fetuses delivered by cesarean section. Body and brain weights of fetuses from ligated uterine segments were smaller than those of offspring from nonligated horns of the experimental rats or those from sham-operated dams. Blood glucose at birth was reduced by 25% in growth-retarded fetuses. Cerebral oxidative metabolites, including glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, and phosphocreatine, were not different from control levels. These findings suggest that neither tissue hypoxia nor deficient glucose delivery to brain can account for the stunted cerebral growth observed in fetuses following uterine artery ligation.", "contents": "Cerebral oxidative metabolism during intrauterine growth retardation. Cerebral oxidative metabolism during intrauterine growth retardation was investigated utilizing a pregnant-rat model. Dams were subjected to unilateral uterine artery ligation on the 17th day of gestation. At term, they were sacrificed by decapitation and the fetuses delivered by cesarean section. Body and brain weights of fetuses from ligated uterine segments were smaller than those of offspring from nonligated horns of the experimental rats or those from sham-operated dams. Blood glucose at birth was reduced by 25% in growth-retarded fetuses. Cerebral oxidative metabolites, including glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, and phosphocreatine, were not different from control levels. These findings suggest that neither tissue hypoxia nor deficient glucose delivery to brain can account for the stunted cerebral growth observed in fetuses following uterine artery ligation.", "PMID": 737237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3027", "title": "Effect of feeding on the cessation of transport of macromolecules by enterocytes of neonatal piglet intestine.", "content": "To elucidate further the role of digesta in the cessation of transport of macromolecules to the blood by enterocytes of neonatal piglet small intestine, a portion of the ileum was surgically isolated and vented to the exterior. The ability of this isolated intestine to transport macromolecules was compared with that of the intestine remaining in the digestive pathway in the same piglet. The isolated intestine ceased transporting macromolecules at the same time as the intestine in the digestive pathway, thus implicating a humoral signal that is responsible for the cessation of transport.", "contents": "Effect of feeding on the cessation of transport of macromolecules by enterocytes of neonatal piglet intestine. To elucidate further the role of digesta in the cessation of transport of macromolecules to the blood by enterocytes of neonatal piglet small intestine, a portion of the ileum was surgically isolated and vented to the exterior. The ability of this isolated intestine to transport macromolecules was compared with that of the intestine remaining in the digestive pathway in the same piglet. The isolated intestine ceased transporting macromolecules at the same time as the intestine in the digestive pathway, thus implicating a humoral signal that is responsible for the cessation of transport.", "PMID": 737238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3028", "title": "The developmental response of the ductus arteriosus to oxygen.", "content": "We studied the isometric contractile effects of increased PO2 on isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus (from three different gestational age groups). When rings were stretched to initial lengths that result in a maximal contractile response for rings in that age group, the oxygen-induced contraction was 5.91 +/- 0.72 g/mm2 (+/-SEM, n = 18) in animals older than 135 days, 5.55 +/- 1.23 g/mm2 (n = 18) in animals between 111 and 130 days, and 3.85 +/- 0.75 g/mm2 (n = 19) in animals between 87 and 110 days. Only in the most immature vessels could a decrease in the tissue's response to oxygen be observed.", "contents": "The developmental response of the ductus arteriosus to oxygen. We studied the isometric contractile effects of increased PO2 on isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus (from three different gestational age groups). When rings were stretched to initial lengths that result in a maximal contractile response for rings in that age group, the oxygen-induced contraction was 5.91 +/- 0.72 g/mm2 (+/-SEM, n = 18) in animals older than 135 days, 5.55 +/- 1.23 g/mm2 (n = 18) in animals between 111 and 130 days, and 3.85 +/- 0.75 g/mm2 (n = 19) in animals between 87 and 110 days. Only in the most immature vessels could a decrease in the tissue's response to oxygen be observed.", "PMID": 737239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3029", "title": "Is there a blood-brain relationship for saturated fatty acids during development?", "content": "Transport of subcutaneously injected [1-14C]-stearic acid through the blood-brain barrier is compared with endogenous biosynthesis (within the brain) during postnatal brain development in mice. The uptake is very important during glial cell multiplication and myelination; endogenous microsomal synthesis is most active during myelination, soluble de novo mechanism is prominent during cell multiplication (mitochondrial systems are not directly related to these events). A parallel is drawn between myelin fatty acids, microsomal synthesis and uptake from the blood.", "contents": "Is there a blood-brain relationship for saturated fatty acids during development? Transport of subcutaneously injected [1-14C]-stearic acid through the blood-brain barrier is compared with endogenous biosynthesis (within the brain) during postnatal brain development in mice. The uptake is very important during glial cell multiplication and myelination; endogenous microsomal synthesis is most active during myelination, soluble de novo mechanism is prominent during cell multiplication (mitochondrial systems are not directly related to these events). A parallel is drawn between myelin fatty acids, microsomal synthesis and uptake from the blood.", "PMID": 737240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3030", "title": "Integrated cardiovascular responses to combined somatic afferent stimulation in newborn piglets.", "content": "Heart rate, mean aortic pressure and arterial flow responses to interactions of afferent stimulation of the sciatic (SNS) and median nerve of the brachial plexus (BNS) were studied in 30 newborn piglets under halothane-N2O anesthesia. High frequency or intensity SNS or BNS stimulation resulted in pressor responses accompanied by significant increases in the femoral flow and carotid and renal resistance. Combined stimulation produced responses smaller than the estimated sum of the responses. Low frequency or intensity SNS or BNS resulted in depressor responses accompanied by significant decreases in mean femoral flow without change in heart rate; combined stimulation produced responses smaller than the estimated sum. When pressor and depressor patterns of stimulation were combined, pressor responses always dominated. The absence of facilitation to any combination of interactions implies that the cardiovascular regulatory system is not fully developed at birth and undergoes, therefore, postnatal maturation.", "contents": "Integrated cardiovascular responses to combined somatic afferent stimulation in newborn piglets. Heart rate, mean aortic pressure and arterial flow responses to interactions of afferent stimulation of the sciatic (SNS) and median nerve of the brachial plexus (BNS) were studied in 30 newborn piglets under halothane-N2O anesthesia. High frequency or intensity SNS or BNS stimulation resulted in pressor responses accompanied by significant increases in the femoral flow and carotid and renal resistance. Combined stimulation produced responses smaller than the estimated sum of the responses. Low frequency or intensity SNS or BNS resulted in depressor responses accompanied by significant decreases in mean femoral flow without change in heart rate; combined stimulation produced responses smaller than the estimated sum. When pressor and depressor patterns of stimulation were combined, pressor responses always dominated. The absence of facilitation to any combination of interactions implies that the cardiovascular regulatory system is not fully developed at birth and undergoes, therefore, postnatal maturation.", "PMID": 737241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3031", "title": "Influence of increasing age on lethality induced by carbon monoxide or hypoxic hypoxia.", "content": "Mice ranging in age from 2 to 150 days of age were exposed to 2,000 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) or 7.5% O2. 2-day-old mice were more resistant than older animals to the lethal effects of both CO and hypoxic hypoxia. The oldest age group (150 days) were also found to be more resistant than young adult mice to the lethal effects of both CO and hypoxic hypoxia. The role of body temperature in the age-dependent susceptibility was studied by altering the environmental temperature. Neonatal mice remained resistant to the lethal effects of CO until the environmental temperature reached 35 degrees C at which time the death rate of neonatal mice equaled that of the adult mice in 30 degrees C environment.", "contents": "Influence of increasing age on lethality induced by carbon monoxide or hypoxic hypoxia. Mice ranging in age from 2 to 150 days of age were exposed to 2,000 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) or 7.5% O2. 2-day-old mice were more resistant than older animals to the lethal effects of both CO and hypoxic hypoxia. The oldest age group (150 days) were also found to be more resistant than young adult mice to the lethal effects of both CO and hypoxic hypoxia. The role of body temperature in the age-dependent susceptibility was studied by altering the environmental temperature. Neonatal mice remained resistant to the lethal effects of CO until the environmental temperature reached 35 degrees C at which time the death rate of neonatal mice equaled that of the adult mice in 30 degrees C environment.", "PMID": 737242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3032", "title": "Isozyme profiles of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase in neonatal mouse hearts.", "content": "Isozyme profiles of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were determined in cardiac tissue of mice during postnatal development. LDH isozymes 1 and 5 showed a definite developmental change, achieving the adult values by 20 days of age, while the other three isozymes showed no change. During the first 2 postnatal weeks, a developmental change was seen in the activities of the 'mito' and MB isozymes of CPK, with the adult profile being established by day 20. CPK isozymes MM and BB did not change during this interval.", "contents": "Isozyme profiles of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase in neonatal mouse hearts. Isozyme profiles of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were determined in cardiac tissue of mice during postnatal development. LDH isozymes 1 and 5 showed a definite developmental change, achieving the adult values by 20 days of age, while the other three isozymes showed no change. During the first 2 postnatal weeks, a developmental change was seen in the activities of the 'mito' and MB isozymes of CPK, with the adult profile being established by day 20. CPK isozymes MM and BB did not change during this interval.", "PMID": 737243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3033", "title": "Dietary influences on fatty acid metabolism in the liver of the neonatal lamb.", "content": "A \"protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement was fed to ewes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy. The effect of this dietary supplement on the essential fatty acid composition of the liver phospholipids and associated changes in the liver delta9- and delta6-desaturase activities were investigated and compared with the effects of directly dosing the newborn lambs for 8 days with an unprotected polyunsaturated oil, maize oil. The maternal dietary supplement produced significant changes in the essential fatty acid composition of the neonatal lamb liver phospholipids. Although the liver delta6-desaturase activity in these animals was also significantly higher than in the lambs from control ewes, the delta9-desaturase was unaffected by maternal dietary supplementation. Direct dosing of the newborn lambs with maize oil failed to produce any signficant changes either in the liver phospholipid fatty acid composition or in the delta9- and delta6-desaturase activities. These results are discussed in terms of the dietary control of liver desaturase enzyme systems.", "contents": "Dietary influences on fatty acid metabolism in the liver of the neonatal lamb. A \"protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement was fed to ewes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy. The effect of this dietary supplement on the essential fatty acid composition of the liver phospholipids and associated changes in the liver delta9- and delta6-desaturase activities were investigated and compared with the effects of directly dosing the newborn lambs for 8 days with an unprotected polyunsaturated oil, maize oil. The maternal dietary supplement produced significant changes in the essential fatty acid composition of the neonatal lamb liver phospholipids. Although the liver delta6-desaturase activity in these animals was also significantly higher than in the lambs from control ewes, the delta9-desaturase was unaffected by maternal dietary supplementation. Direct dosing of the newborn lambs with maize oil failed to produce any signficant changes either in the liver phospholipid fatty acid composition or in the delta9- and delta6-desaturase activities. These results are discussed in terms of the dietary control of liver desaturase enzyme systems.", "PMID": 737245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3034", "title": "Effect of maternal glucose infusions on fatty acid transport across the placenta in rabbits.", "content": "Glucose infusions given intravenously to 28-day-pregnant rabbits increased maternal and fetal plasma immunoreactive insulin levels and decreased maternal concentrations of circulating free fatty acid (FFA). Fetal plasma FFA were only slightly depressed and umbilical venous-arterial concentration differences were unchanged both for total FFA and for individual fatty acids in the FFA fraction. The mean umbilical venous concentration was twice that of maternal levels in the infused group, but about the same concentration in untreated rabbits. It is concluded that the infused glucose, or the high insulin levels provoked by it, or both, caused an increased flow of FFA to the fetus, probably from sources other than the maternal plasma FFA.", "contents": "Effect of maternal glucose infusions on fatty acid transport across the placenta in rabbits. Glucose infusions given intravenously to 28-day-pregnant rabbits increased maternal and fetal plasma immunoreactive insulin levels and decreased maternal concentrations of circulating free fatty acid (FFA). Fetal plasma FFA were only slightly depressed and umbilical venous-arterial concentration differences were unchanged both for total FFA and for individual fatty acids in the FFA fraction. The mean umbilical venous concentration was twice that of maternal levels in the infused group, but about the same concentration in untreated rabbits. It is concluded that the infused glucose, or the high insulin levels provoked by it, or both, caused an increased flow of FFA to the fetus, probably from sources other than the maternal plasma FFA.", "PMID": 737246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3035", "title": "Pulmonary and circulatory function in preterm lambs treated with hydrocortisone in utero.", "content": "The effects of the in utero intravenous administration of hydrocortisone on postnatal lung function and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics were studied in preterm fetal lambs and compared with those of non-treated animals of similar gestational ages. The results indicate that steroid-induced changes in lung pressure volume curves, although statistically significant, did not render the pretreated fetuses capable of surviving without ventilatory assistance. In addition, the ductus arteriosus in the steroid-treated lambs at 2 h of age was functionally closed or constricted regardless of gestational age. In contrast, in the untreated lambs the ductus arteriosus was widely patent and, especially in lambs of less than 120 days gestation, there was invariably a large left-to-right ductal shunt.", "contents": "Pulmonary and circulatory function in preterm lambs treated with hydrocortisone in utero. The effects of the in utero intravenous administration of hydrocortisone on postnatal lung function and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics were studied in preterm fetal lambs and compared with those of non-treated animals of similar gestational ages. The results indicate that steroid-induced changes in lung pressure volume curves, although statistically significant, did not render the pretreated fetuses capable of surviving without ventilatory assistance. In addition, the ductus arteriosus in the steroid-treated lambs at 2 h of age was functionally closed or constricted regardless of gestational age. In contrast, in the untreated lambs the ductus arteriosus was widely patent and, especially in lambs of less than 120 days gestation, there was invariably a large left-to-right ductal shunt.", "PMID": 737247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3036", "title": "The development of DT-diaphorase in rat liver and its induction by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "The development of cytosolic DT-diaphorase--NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone, EC 1.6.99.2--and its induction by benzo(a)pyrene has been studied in rat liver. DT-diaphorase belongs to the late suckling cluster, because the largest increase in activity can be observed 18 days after birth. A considerable activity is present, however, in the neonatal period. The activity of the enzyme can be prematurely induced by benzo(a)pyrene. A lag phase of 10 h can be observed before the activity of DT-diaphorase starts to increase. This increase in activity proved to be sensitive to inhibitors of mixed-function oxydase and RNA and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The development of DT-diaphorase in rat liver and its induction by benzo(a)pyrene. The development of cytosolic DT-diaphorase--NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone, EC 1.6.99.2--and its induction by benzo(a)pyrene has been studied in rat liver. DT-diaphorase belongs to the late suckling cluster, because the largest increase in activity can be observed 18 days after birth. A considerable activity is present, however, in the neonatal period. The activity of the enzyme can be prematurely induced by benzo(a)pyrene. A lag phase of 10 h can be observed before the activity of DT-diaphorase starts to increase. This increase in activity proved to be sensitive to inhibitors of mixed-function oxydase and RNA and DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 737248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3037", "title": "Degradation of radioactively labelled protein in the small intestine of the suckling rat.", "content": "The absorption of 125I-labelled bovine IgG, after oral and intraluminal administration to young rats, has been followed by gel filtration and quantitatively by TCA precipitation. After intraluminal administration of the radioactive dose into the proximal small intestine most of the absorbed dose could be accounted for in a protein-bound form and the bulk of this radioactivity corresponded to native protein. Catabolism of the standard dose was far more efficient in the ileal regions of the small intestine, only 10% of the absorbed dose was transmitted as intact protein and large degradation products. Investigations on the attachment and release of labelled proteins from different sections of the small intestine of the young rat have also been recorded.", "contents": "Degradation of radioactively labelled protein in the small intestine of the suckling rat. The absorption of 125I-labelled bovine IgG, after oral and intraluminal administration to young rats, has been followed by gel filtration and quantitatively by TCA precipitation. After intraluminal administration of the radioactive dose into the proximal small intestine most of the absorbed dose could be accounted for in a protein-bound form and the bulk of this radioactivity corresponded to native protein. Catabolism of the standard dose was far more efficient in the ileal regions of the small intestine, only 10% of the absorbed dose was transmitted as intact protein and large degradation products. Investigations on the attachment and release of labelled proteins from different sections of the small intestine of the young rat have also been recorded.", "PMID": 737249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3038", "title": "Effect of thyroxine on permeability of the neonatal rat lung to drugs.", "content": "The effect of thyroxine (1-2 microgram/g i.p. on days 1-4 after birth) on development of adult-type permeability characteristics in the lung was investigated in rats 6-18 days of age. In both treated and control rats, the lipid-soluble drug procaine amide was absorbed at similar rates in all age groups. In contrast, in thyroxine-treated animals, pulmonary absorption rates for the lipid-insoluble compounds mannitol and p-aminohippuric acid declined to adult levels at age 6-12 days, 6 days earlier than in controls. Thyroxine treatment thus accelerates development of adult permeability characteristics in the pulmonary epithelium.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine on permeability of the neonatal rat lung to drugs. The effect of thyroxine (1-2 microgram/g i.p. on days 1-4 after birth) on development of adult-type permeability characteristics in the lung was investigated in rats 6-18 days of age. In both treated and control rats, the lipid-soluble drug procaine amide was absorbed at similar rates in all age groups. In contrast, in thyroxine-treated animals, pulmonary absorption rates for the lipid-insoluble compounds mannitol and p-aminohippuric acid declined to adult levels at age 6-12 days, 6 days earlier than in controls. Thyroxine treatment thus accelerates development of adult permeability characteristics in the pulmonary epithelium.", "PMID": 737250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3039", "title": "Differences in platelet monoamine oxidase activity in subgroups of schizophrenic and depressive disorders.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (i.e., without prominent symptoms of depressions or manias), and in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. MAO activity was significantly lower than control values in a subgroup of 16 patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (most of whom were paranoid) characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions. Platelet MAO activity was not reduced in 16 other nonaffective schizophrenic patients without auditory hallucinations. Platelet MAO activity was significantly higher than control values in a group of 8 depressed patients with schizophrenia-related depressions characterized by the presence of chronic asocial, eccentric, or bizarre behavior. These findings of differences in platelet MAO activity in clinically defined subgroups of nonaffective schizophrenic disorders and the schizophrenia-related depressive disorders may help to account for some of the discrepancies in findings among the various studies of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenic and affective disorders.", "contents": "Differences in platelet monoamine oxidase activity in subgroups of schizophrenic and depressive disorders. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (i.e., without prominent symptoms of depressions or manias), and in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. MAO activity was significantly lower than control values in a subgroup of 16 patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (most of whom were paranoid) characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions. Platelet MAO activity was not reduced in 16 other nonaffective schizophrenic patients without auditory hallucinations. Platelet MAO activity was significantly higher than control values in a group of 8 depressed patients with schizophrenia-related depressions characterized by the presence of chronic asocial, eccentric, or bizarre behavior. These findings of differences in platelet MAO activity in clinically defined subgroups of nonaffective schizophrenic disorders and the schizophrenia-related depressive disorders may help to account for some of the discrepancies in findings among the various studies of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenic and affective disorders.", "PMID": 737252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3040", "title": "Altered metabolism of the methionine methyl group in the leukocytes of patients with schizophrenia.", "content": "Previous work has indicated that abnormal methylation processes may be associated with schizophrenia. In this study, leukocytes from patients with schizophrenia were incubated with methyl-14C-L-methionine and the evolved 14CO2 measured. With increasing concentration of methionine, the evolved 14CO2 was lower in the patients than in normal control subjects. The incorporation of 14C into protein was the same in both groups, and when carboxyl-14C-L-methionine was used the evolved 14CO2 was the same in both groups, thus excluding the possibility that altered incorporation into protein or oxidation of the methionine molecule as a whole were responsible. The observed differences in methionine-methyl metabolism suggest that an abnormality in transmethylation processes or in oxidation of the methyl group to CO2 is associated with schizophrenia. That this occurs in a peripheral tissue indicates that the abnormality is not restricted to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Altered metabolism of the methionine methyl group in the leukocytes of patients with schizophrenia. Previous work has indicated that abnormal methylation processes may be associated with schizophrenia. In this study, leukocytes from patients with schizophrenia were incubated with methyl-14C-L-methionine and the evolved 14CO2 measured. With increasing concentration of methionine, the evolved 14CO2 was lower in the patients than in normal control subjects. The incorporation of 14C into protein was the same in both groups, and when carboxyl-14C-L-methionine was used the evolved 14CO2 was the same in both groups, thus excluding the possibility that altered incorporation into protein or oxidation of the methionine molecule as a whole were responsible. The observed differences in methionine-methyl metabolism suggest that an abnormality in transmethylation processes or in oxidation of the methyl group to CO2 is associated with schizophrenia. That this occurs in a peripheral tissue indicates that the abnormality is not restricted to the central nervous system.", "PMID": 737253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3041", "title": "Effect of methionine-loading on methyl group synthesis and activation in rat brain and liver.", "content": "Much greater increases in S-adenosylmethionine concentrations are observed in the liver in response to methionine-loading than in the brain due to differences in the methionine adenosyltransferase activities in these tissues. Liver methione adenosyltransferase exhibits a bimodal saturation curve with a nonlinear Line-weaver-Burk plot, indicating that high methionine concentrations are required for saturation. In the brain the methionine adenosyltransferase is saturated in vitro at a methionine concentration less than the normal physiological concentration. The increased S-adenosylmethionine concentrations in the livers of methionine-treated rats also account for the observed inhibition of N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in this tissue. No inhibition of this enzyme is observed in the brain of methionine treated animals. Nor are S-adenosylmethionine concentrations increased significantly in brain. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity responds to methionine-loading by decreasing in brain and increasing in liver.", "contents": "Effect of methionine-loading on methyl group synthesis and activation in rat brain and liver. Much greater increases in S-adenosylmethionine concentrations are observed in the liver in response to methionine-loading than in the brain due to differences in the methionine adenosyltransferase activities in these tissues. Liver methione adenosyltransferase exhibits a bimodal saturation curve with a nonlinear Line-weaver-Burk plot, indicating that high methionine concentrations are required for saturation. In the brain the methionine adenosyltransferase is saturated in vitro at a methionine concentration less than the normal physiological concentration. The increased S-adenosylmethionine concentrations in the livers of methionine-treated rats also account for the observed inhibition of N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in this tissue. No inhibition of this enzyme is observed in the brain of methionine treated animals. Nor are S-adenosylmethionine concentrations increased significantly in brain. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity responds to methionine-loading by decreasing in brain and increasing in liver.", "PMID": 737254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3042", "title": "Serotonin, folic acid, and uric acid metabolism in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders.", "content": "Metabolic compensation appears possible within the serotonergic, folate, purine system and it seems possible that clinical illness may result when the system can no longer compensate. For example, elevated serotonin, induced by stress accumulation of tryptophan, could be compensated by a lowered folate ratio, normalizing the beta-carboline index and preventing hallucinations. Conversely, deficient serotonin, induced by a psychological loss or transport deficit, could be compensated by raising the folate ratio, which would normalize the beta-carboline index and prevent further depression. Increased purine turnover would seemingly lower the folate ratio, compensating perhaps for hallucinatory activity or mania. Several genetic defects of enzymes or transport proteins could seemingly preclude normal compensations within the system.", "contents": "Serotonin, folic acid, and uric acid metabolism in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Metabolic compensation appears possible within the serotonergic, folate, purine system and it seems possible that clinical illness may result when the system can no longer compensate. For example, elevated serotonin, induced by stress accumulation of tryptophan, could be compensated by a lowered folate ratio, normalizing the beta-carboline index and preventing hallucinations. Conversely, deficient serotonin, induced by a psychological loss or transport deficit, could be compensated by raising the folate ratio, which would normalize the beta-carboline index and prevent further depression. Increased purine turnover would seemingly lower the folate ratio, compensating perhaps for hallucinatory activity or mania. Several genetic defects of enzymes or transport proteins could seemingly preclude normal compensations within the system.", "PMID": 737255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3043", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients.", "content": "The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 59 psychiatric patients has been analyzed by a highly sensitive radio-enzymatic assay. There was no sex difference in DBH, but there was a significant positive correlation with age. Probenecid administration had no effect on CSF DBH. DBH in CSF correlated positively (r = 0.60) with the plasma enzyme. Among patients hospitalized for major depressive disorder, unipolar or bipolar, schizo-affective disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or personality disorders there were no significant between-group differences. Among the patients with bipolar affective disorder, DBH activity from manic patients was significantly lower than that from depressed or euthymic patients. The results are discussed with reference to the theory that the amount of DBH in CSF may serve as an indicator of central noradrenergic activity.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients. The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 59 psychiatric patients has been analyzed by a highly sensitive radio-enzymatic assay. There was no sex difference in DBH, but there was a significant positive correlation with age. Probenecid administration had no effect on CSF DBH. DBH in CSF correlated positively (r = 0.60) with the plasma enzyme. Among patients hospitalized for major depressive disorder, unipolar or bipolar, schizo-affective disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or personality disorders there were no significant between-group differences. Among the patients with bipolar affective disorder, DBH activity from manic patients was significantly lower than that from depressed or euthymic patients. The results are discussed with reference to the theory that the amount of DBH in CSF may serve as an indicator of central noradrenergic activity.", "PMID": 737256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3044", "title": "N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in autopsied brain parts of chronic schizophrenics and controls and in vitro tryptoline formation.", "content": "We and others have shown that in vitro tryptoline (tetrahydro-beta-carboline) formation accounts for the apparent-N-methylating activity of a brain enzymatic preparation using 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) as a cofactor and tryptamines or catecholamines as substrates. This paper demonstrates that N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (methylene reductase) is responsible for this in vitro tryptoline formation with human brain enzymatic preparations. Others have described a folate-responsive psychosis which was associated with markedly reduced methylene reductase activity. Therefore, we also have examined this enzymatic activity in autopsied brains from chronic schizophrenics and controls. There were no statistically significant differences between activities for schizophrenics and controls in the six brain regions studied. Thus, although it is possible that some subgroup of schizophrenics may be characterized by abnormal methylene reductase activity, there does not appear to be a general association between the two.", "contents": "N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in autopsied brain parts of chronic schizophrenics and controls and in vitro tryptoline formation. We and others have shown that in vitro tryptoline (tetrahydro-beta-carboline) formation accounts for the apparent-N-methylating activity of a brain enzymatic preparation using 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) as a cofactor and tryptamines or catecholamines as substrates. This paper demonstrates that N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (methylene reductase) is responsible for this in vitro tryptoline formation with human brain enzymatic preparations. Others have described a folate-responsive psychosis which was associated with markedly reduced methylene reductase activity. Therefore, we also have examined this enzymatic activity in autopsied brains from chronic schizophrenics and controls. There were no statistically significant differences between activities for schizophrenics and controls in the six brain regions studied. Thus, although it is possible that some subgroup of schizophrenics may be characterized by abnormal methylene reductase activity, there does not appear to be a general association between the two.", "PMID": 737257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3045", "title": "Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "In both human Alzheimer's disease and aluminum encephalopathy of animals, changes are observed in neurofibrillary structures. We have found that brains from Alzheimer patients contain approximately 1.4 times the aluminum level found in a control series. Some possible methodological problems are discussed. We have proposed a plausible chemical mechanism for the changes of aluminum encephalopathy.", "contents": "Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease. In both human Alzheimer's disease and aluminum encephalopathy of animals, changes are observed in neurofibrillary structures. We have found that brains from Alzheimer patients contain approximately 1.4 times the aluminum level found in a control series. Some possible methodological problems are discussed. We have proposed a plausible chemical mechanism for the changes of aluminum encephalopathy.", "PMID": 737258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3046", "title": "EEG measures of functional tolerance to alcohol.", "content": "The literature suggests that alcohol ingestion produces characteristic alterations of sleep physiology and evoked response in alcoholics. Studies of alcohol withdrawal indicate that for some alcoholics residual functional tolerance remains apparent for an indefinite period. Low amounts of slow wave sleep (SWS) appear to be one of the physiological concomitants of the residual tolerance. Visual evoked responses were recorded from two small groups of inpatient alcoholics identified as normal or low SWS during a sober period. Alcohol ingestion produced no significant changes of evoked response parameters. Alcohol withdrawal produced significant augmentation of early component amplitude for the low SWS group only.  These data suggest that low SWS and augmented primary component amplitude may be physiological correlates of functional tolerance to alcohol.", "contents": "EEG measures of functional tolerance to alcohol. The literature suggests that alcohol ingestion produces characteristic alterations of sleep physiology and evoked response in alcoholics. Studies of alcohol withdrawal indicate that for some alcoholics residual functional tolerance remains apparent for an indefinite period. Low amounts of slow wave sleep (SWS) appear to be one of the physiological concomitants of the residual tolerance. Visual evoked responses were recorded from two small groups of inpatient alcoholics identified as normal or low SWS during a sober period. Alcohol ingestion produced no significant changes of evoked response parameters. Alcohol withdrawal produced significant augmentation of early component amplitude for the low SWS group only.  These data suggest that low SWS and augmented primary component amplitude may be physiological correlates of functional tolerance to alcohol.", "PMID": 737259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3047", "title": "EEG signs of brain impairment in alcoholism.", "content": "EEGs were recorded for two groups of chronic alcoholics who scored at opposite extremes on the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. The groups were matched in terms of age and drinking history variables and were compared to age-matched control subjects for left and right precentral (F-T) and postcentral (C-O) placements. Significant ANOVA findings were obtained primarily in high-frequency bands in the three group comparison. A significant linear trend was found for power as a function of degree of impairment from controls to moderately impaired alcoholics to severely impaired alcoholics in frequency bands above 14 Hz. The trend was most pronounced in the F-T derivations. Implications of the findings with respect to cortical atrophy in alcoholism are discussed.", "contents": "EEG signs of brain impairment in alcoholism. EEGs were recorded for two groups of chronic alcoholics who scored at opposite extremes on the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. The groups were matched in terms of age and drinking history variables and were compared to age-matched control subjects for left and right precentral (F-T) and postcentral (C-O) placements. Significant ANOVA findings were obtained primarily in high-frequency bands in the three group comparison. A significant linear trend was found for power as a function of degree of impairment from controls to moderately impaired alcoholics to severely impaired alcoholics in frequency bands above 14 Hz. The trend was most pronounced in the F-T derivations. Implications of the findings with respect to cortical atrophy in alcoholism are discussed.", "PMID": 737260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3048", "title": "Changes in cerebral hemispheric lateralization with hypnosis.", "content": "Cerebral hemisphere dominance was measured in 20 subjects before, during, and after hypnotic suggestion. During hypnosis, subjects demonstrated lower right ear/left hemisphere laterality scores on a dichotic listening task compared to pre- and posthypnosis periods. These results support the view that hypnosis facilitates greater participation of the right cerebral hemisphere in cognition and may partially account for several well known hypnotic effects.", "contents": "Changes in cerebral hemispheric lateralization with hypnosis. Cerebral hemisphere dominance was measured in 20 subjects before, during, and after hypnotic suggestion. During hypnosis, subjects demonstrated lower right ear/left hemisphere laterality scores on a dichotic listening task compared to pre- and posthypnosis periods. These results support the view that hypnosis facilitates greater participation of the right cerebral hemisphere in cognition and may partially account for several well known hypnotic effects.", "PMID": 737261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3049", "title": "Accelerated recovery of post-dialysis plasma carnitine fall by oral carnitine.", "content": "Plasma free carnitine in 6 chronic uremic patients fell 73% during hemodialysis. The recovery time was 6 h with placebo and only 2 h when dl carnitine (3 g oral) was taken at the end of dialysis.", "contents": "Accelerated recovery of post-dialysis plasma carnitine fall by oral carnitine. Plasma free carnitine in 6 chronic uremic patients fell 73% during hemodialysis. The recovery time was 6 h with placebo and only 2 h when dl carnitine (3 g oral) was taken at the end of dialysis.", "PMID": 737275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3050", "title": "A history of the Reed-Sternberg cell.", "content": "The diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease continues to depend upon the finding of Reed-Sternberg cells in an appropriate histological setting. The cellular origin of the Reed-Sternberg cell is, however, controversial, and the relationship of Hodgkin's disease to the \"non-Hodgkin\" lymphomas remains uncertain. In the last decade techniques derived from basic immunology have added a new dimension to our understanding of the cellular origin of the \"non-Hodgkin\" lymphomas. Our concepts of Hodgkin's disease may require modification along similar principles.", "contents": "A history of the Reed-Sternberg cell. The diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease continues to depend upon the finding of Reed-Sternberg cells in an appropriate histological setting. The cellular origin of the Reed-Sternberg cell is, however, controversial, and the relationship of Hodgkin's disease to the \"non-Hodgkin\" lymphomas remains uncertain. In the last decade techniques derived from basic immunology have added a new dimension to our understanding of the cellular origin of the \"non-Hodgkin\" lymphomas. Our concepts of Hodgkin's disease may require modification along similar principles.", "PMID": 737271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3051", "title": "Measure of total body water, using infrared spectrometry of heavy water.", "content": "The total body water can be assayed by the measurement of the diffusion space of heavy water. A well reproducible and inexpensive method is the infrared spectrometry, using two differential comparisons.", "contents": "Measure of total body water, using infrared spectrometry of heavy water. The total body water can be assayed by the measurement of the diffusion space of heavy water. A well reproducible and inexpensive method is the infrared spectrometry, using two differential comparisons.", "PMID": 737276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3052", "title": "alpha-Tocopherol pretreatment increases adriamycin bone marrow toxicity.", "content": "Alpha-tocopherol has been shown to increase survival duration and decrease cardiotoxicity and cell membrane lipid peroxidation in adriamycin treated leukemic mice. We have studied the interacting effects of free alpha-tocopherol-adriamycin or alpha-tocopherol acetate-adriamycin on the latter's inhibition of mouse bone marrow (NCFU) and P388 leukemic (LCFU) stem cell growth. Free alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol acetate, 85 IU, was given i.p. to normal or leukemic DBA/2 mice 24 hours prior to IV adriamycin, 2--12 mg/kg. NCFU and LCFU assays were carried out as previously described. Both free alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol acetate caused a significant ( p less than .02) increase in adriamycin toxicity to NCFU, whereas alpha-tocopherol acetate did not significantly increase adriamycin's inhibition of LCFU. We conclude that free alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol acetate may cause a potentiation of adriamycin's bone marrow toxicity.", "contents": "alpha-Tocopherol pretreatment increases adriamycin bone marrow toxicity. Alpha-tocopherol has been shown to increase survival duration and decrease cardiotoxicity and cell membrane lipid peroxidation in adriamycin treated leukemic mice. We have studied the interacting effects of free alpha-tocopherol-adriamycin or alpha-tocopherol acetate-adriamycin on the latter's inhibition of mouse bone marrow (NCFU) and P388 leukemic (LCFU) stem cell growth. Free alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol acetate, 85 IU, was given i.p. to normal or leukemic DBA/2 mice 24 hours prior to IV adriamycin, 2--12 mg/kg. NCFU and LCFU assays were carried out as previously described. Both free alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol acetate caused a significant ( p less than .02) increase in adriamycin toxicity to NCFU, whereas alpha-tocopherol acetate did not significantly increase adriamycin's inhibition of LCFU. We conclude that free alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol acetate may cause a potentiation of adriamycin's bone marrow toxicity.", "PMID": 737277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3053", "title": "An immunologic comparison between bone marrow and spleen-derived pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mouse : effect of rabbit anti-mouse brain serum.", "content": "We used rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS), with known activity against pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mice, to compare the proportions of CFU-S from bone marrow and spleen which express the brain-associated CFU-S antigen(s). Eighty percent of marrow and 77% of spleen-derived CFU-S were inactivated by RAMBS. This suggests that these two populations of CFU-S are antigenically similar with respect to the brain-associated CFU-S antigen(s); this is in contrast to functional differences which are known to exist between the two populations of CFU-S.", "contents": "An immunologic comparison between bone marrow and spleen-derived pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mouse : effect of rabbit anti-mouse brain serum. We used rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS), with known activity against pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mice, to compare the proportions of CFU-S from bone marrow and spleen which express the brain-associated CFU-S antigen(s). Eighty percent of marrow and 77% of spleen-derived CFU-S were inactivated by RAMBS. This suggests that these two populations of CFU-S are antigenically similar with respect to the brain-associated CFU-S antigen(s); this is in contrast to functional differences which are known to exist between the two populations of CFU-S.", "PMID": 737278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3054", "title": "Antiviral activity in sera of patients with influenza infection.", "content": "An interferon like activity was investigated in the sera of patients, very early during an Influenza A or B infection. A such substance was significantly more frequent among the patients who shed a Myxovirus Influenza than among the patients without virus isolation in the nasopharynx. The following relations are discussed : either is the interferon production merely associated without effect on the virus level? Or, on the other hand, in some cases is the rate or virus multiplication strictly directed by this interferon production? This study don't allowed to choose one of these hypothesis.", "contents": "Antiviral activity in sera of patients with influenza infection. An interferon like activity was investigated in the sera of patients, very early during an Influenza A or B infection. A such substance was significantly more frequent among the patients who shed a Myxovirus Influenza than among the patients without virus isolation in the nasopharynx. The following relations are discussed : either is the interferon production merely associated without effect on the virus level? Or, on the other hand, in some cases is the rate or virus multiplication strictly directed by this interferon production? This study don't allowed to choose one of these hypothesis.", "PMID": 737279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3055", "title": "Lymph nodes in congenital osteopetrosis of the op rat (ultrastructural study).", "content": "The electron microscopic study of lymph nodes from osteopetrotic op/op rats demonstrates the existence of an active lymphopoiesis and granulopoiesis. At an advanced stage of the disease, lymphopoiesis is associated to a granulopoiesis and to plasmacytosis.", "contents": "Lymph nodes in congenital osteopetrosis of the op rat (ultrastructural study). The electron microscopic study of lymph nodes from osteopetrotic op/op rats demonstrates the existence of an active lymphopoiesis and granulopoiesis. At an advanced stage of the disease, lymphopoiesis is associated to a granulopoiesis and to plasmacytosis.", "PMID": 737280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3056", "title": "The significance of ferritin in malignant diseases.", "content": "Ferritins are a group of isometric proteins having an important function in iron storage and metabolism and are found in high concentration in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Acidic isoferritins are found in human fetal liver, primary mammary, gastric and pancreatic carcinomas, and are termed carcinofetal ferritins. Elevated levels of serum ferritin were found in patients with various malignant diseases such as Hodgkin's disease, chronic myeloblastic, granulocytic and lymphatic leukemias and myeloblastosis, in patients with breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma, carcinoma of the gastro intestinal tract and germinal cell tumors of the testis. Recently a subpopulation of circulating T lymphocytes bearing surface ferritin was found in patients with breast cancer and untreated Hodgkin's disease. No such lymphocytes were demonstrated in normals or in patients with benign breast disease. The appearance of such subpopulation in the circulation is an early manifestation of the neoplastic disease, and its identification may provide a tool of potential diagnostic and prognostic importance in the management of Hodgkin's disease and breast cancer.", "contents": "The significance of ferritin in malignant diseases. Ferritins are a group of isometric proteins having an important function in iron storage and metabolism and are found in high concentration in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Acidic isoferritins are found in human fetal liver, primary mammary, gastric and pancreatic carcinomas, and are termed carcinofetal ferritins. Elevated levels of serum ferritin were found in patients with various malignant diseases such as Hodgkin's disease, chronic myeloblastic, granulocytic and lymphatic leukemias and myeloblastosis, in patients with breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma, carcinoma of the gastro intestinal tract and germinal cell tumors of the testis. Recently a subpopulation of circulating T lymphocytes bearing surface ferritin was found in patients with breast cancer and untreated Hodgkin's disease. No such lymphocytes were demonstrated in normals or in patients with benign breast disease. The appearance of such subpopulation in the circulation is an early manifestation of the neoplastic disease, and its identification may provide a tool of potential diagnostic and prognostic importance in the management of Hodgkin's disease and breast cancer.", "PMID": 737272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3057", "title": "A micromethod for the evaluation of hemoglobin A1c: technique and preliminary results.", "content": "A microtechnique of column chromatography on a Biorex 70 resin monitored by permanent recording of the effluent o.d., permits to obtain the percent of Hb A1C in an hemolyzate within 1.5 hr (in the place of 6 hrs in the usual techniques). This evaluation was carried out in 18 normal subjects and 32 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and was repeated several times in 10 patients. The average level in the normal subjects was 5.01% (3.2 to 6.1%), in the equilibrated patients with a glycemia under 2 g/l: 6.44% (5.74 to 7.14%) and in the poorly equilibrated patients: 8.9% (5.5 to 15.3%). Hemoglobin A1C appears as a valuable index of sugar metabolic equilibrium.", "contents": "A micromethod for the evaluation of hemoglobin A1c: technique and preliminary results. A microtechnique of column chromatography on a Biorex 70 resin monitored by permanent recording of the effluent o.d., permits to obtain the percent of Hb A1C in an hemolyzate within 1.5 hr (in the place of 6 hrs in the usual techniques). This evaluation was carried out in 18 normal subjects and 32 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and was repeated several times in 10 patients. The average level in the normal subjects was 5.01% (3.2 to 6.1%), in the equilibrated patients with a glycemia under 2 g/l: 6.44% (5.74 to 7.14%) and in the poorly equilibrated patients: 8.9% (5.5 to 15.3%). Hemoglobin A1C appears as a valuable index of sugar metabolic equilibrium.", "PMID": 737281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3058", "title": "Human peripheral Nullymphocytes: ultrastructural aspects of the \"K\" cell effect against a melanoma target cell.", "content": "A null cell fraction was isolated from human peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation followed by removal of mononuclear phagocytes, passage through Ig-antiIg columns and sedimentation of E-rosette forming T cells. In contrast to the T cell fraction in the Null cell population exhibited cytotoxic activity against antibody-sensitized human melanoma target cells (ADCC reaction). This activity could be attributed to a low affinity Fc-receptor bearing cells present in the Null cell preparation. At the ultrastructural level in 2 h ADCC reaction most tumor cells were surrounded by up to 10 lymphoid cells which showed narrow junctions with parallel plasma membranes and local evaginations of lymphoid cells into recessus of the target melanoma cells. The mononuclear cell type found in close contact with the antibody-sensitized target cells had the following morphological criteria: 8 to 10 mu diameter, irregular nucleus, discrete rough endoplasmic reticulum, isolated ribosomes, cytoplasmic organelles concentrated under a ruffling membrane in the contact area with the tumor cell.", "contents": "Human peripheral Nullymphocytes: ultrastructural aspects of the \"K\" cell effect against a melanoma target cell. A null cell fraction was isolated from human peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation followed by removal of mononuclear phagocytes, passage through Ig-antiIg columns and sedimentation of E-rosette forming T cells. In contrast to the T cell fraction in the Null cell population exhibited cytotoxic activity against antibody-sensitized human melanoma target cells (ADCC reaction). This activity could be attributed to a low affinity Fc-receptor bearing cells present in the Null cell preparation. At the ultrastructural level in 2 h ADCC reaction most tumor cells were surrounded by up to 10 lymphoid cells which showed narrow junctions with parallel plasma membranes and local evaginations of lymphoid cells into recessus of the target melanoma cells. The mononuclear cell type found in close contact with the antibody-sensitized target cells had the following morphological criteria: 8 to 10 mu diameter, irregular nucleus, discrete rough endoplasmic reticulum, isolated ribosomes, cytoplasmic organelles concentrated under a ruffling membrane in the contact area with the tumor cell.", "PMID": 737273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3059", "title": "Examination of transport equations pertaining to permeable elastic tubules such as Henle's loop.", "content": "The transport equations applicable to loops of Henle and similar elastic permeable tubules were re-examined to assess the effect of radial transport resistance in the lumen and tubule geometry on solute transport. Active transport at the wall as well as external gradients equivalent to a 2--1,000-fold concentration increase per centimeter of distance were considered. Wall permeabilities and active transport constants were varied up to 2 . 10(-2) cm/s. It is shown that for conditions applicable to the loop of Henle, resistance to radial solute transfer in the lumen is negligible, both for passive and active transmural transport with concomitant water flux, and that axial dispersion further reduces that resistance. These conclusions apply equally to conical and elliptical geometries likely to arise in loop operation. The validity of Poiseuille's equation for these geometries is discussed. Ii is concluded that the one-dimensional transport equations are a valid representation of loop operation.", "contents": "Examination of transport equations pertaining to permeable elastic tubules such as Henle's loop. The transport equations applicable to loops of Henle and similar elastic permeable tubules were re-examined to assess the effect of radial transport resistance in the lumen and tubule geometry on solute transport. Active transport at the wall as well as external gradients equivalent to a 2--1,000-fold concentration increase per centimeter of distance were considered. Wall permeabilities and active transport constants were varied up to 2 . 10(-2) cm/s. It is shown that for conditions applicable to the loop of Henle, resistance to radial solute transfer in the lumen is negligible, both for passive and active transmural transport with concomitant water flux, and that axial dispersion further reduces that resistance. These conclusions apply equally to conical and elliptical geometries likely to arise in loop operation. The validity of Poiseuille's equation for these geometries is discussed. Ii is concluded that the one-dimensional transport equations are a valid representation of loop operation.", "PMID": 737282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3060", "title": "Theory of fluorescence polarization in magnetically oriented photosynthetic systems.", "content": "Many cells and cell fragments are known to assume specific alignments with respect to an applied magnetic field. One indicator of this alignment is a difference between the intensities of fluorescence observed in polarizations parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic filed. We calculate these two intensities using a model that assumes axially symmetric membranes and that covers a wide variety of shapes from flat disk to right cylinder. The fluorescence is assumed to originate at chromophores randomly exicted but nonrandomly oriented in the membranes. The membrane alignment is assumed to be due to the net torque on a nonrandom distribution of diamagnetically anisotropic molecules. The predicted results are consistent with most magnetoorientation data from green cells, but we are able to show that Chlorella data are not consistent with the hypothesis that the membranes have, and maintain, a cuplike configuration.", "contents": "Theory of fluorescence polarization in magnetically oriented photosynthetic systems. Many cells and cell fragments are known to assume specific alignments with respect to an applied magnetic field. One indicator of this alignment is a difference between the intensities of fluorescence observed in polarizations parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic filed. We calculate these two intensities using a model that assumes axially symmetric membranes and that covers a wide variety of shapes from flat disk to right cylinder. The fluorescence is assumed to originate at chromophores randomly exicted but nonrandomly oriented in the membranes. The membrane alignment is assumed to be due to the net torque on a nonrandom distribution of diamagnetically anisotropic molecules. The predicted results are consistent with most magnetoorientation data from green cells, but we are able to show that Chlorella data are not consistent with the hypothesis that the membranes have, and maintain, a cuplike configuration.", "PMID": 737283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3061", "title": "Modeling rigor cross-bridge patterns in muscle I. Initial studies of the rigor lattice of insect flight muscle.", "content": "We have undertaken some computer modeling studies of the cross-bridge observed by Reedy in insect flight muscle so that we investigate the geometric parameters that influence the attachment patterns of cross-bridges to actin filaments. We find that the appearance of double chevrons along an actin filament indicates that the cross-bridges are able to reach 10--14 nm axially, and about 90 degrees around the actin filament. Between three and five actin monomers are therefore available along each turn of one strand of actin helix for labeling by cross-bridges from an adjacent myosin filament. Reedy's flared X of four bridges, which appears rotated 60 degrees at successive levels on the thick filament, depends on the orientation of the actin filaments in the whole lattice as well as on the range of movement in each cross-bridge. Fairly accurate chevrons and flared X groupings can be modeled with a six-stranded myosin surface lattice. The 116-nm long repeat appears in our models as \"beating\" of the 14.5-nm myosin repeat and the 38.5-nm actin period. Fourier transforms of the labeled actin filaments indicate that the cross-bridges attach to each actin filament on average of 14.5 nm apart. The transform is sensitive to changes in the ease with which the cross-bridge can be distorted in different directions.", "contents": "Modeling rigor cross-bridge patterns in muscle I. Initial studies of the rigor lattice of insect flight muscle. We have undertaken some computer modeling studies of the cross-bridge observed by Reedy in insect flight muscle so that we investigate the geometric parameters that influence the attachment patterns of cross-bridges to actin filaments. We find that the appearance of double chevrons along an actin filament indicates that the cross-bridges are able to reach 10--14 nm axially, and about 90 degrees around the actin filament. Between three and five actin monomers are therefore available along each turn of one strand of actin helix for labeling by cross-bridges from an adjacent myosin filament. Reedy's flared X of four bridges, which appears rotated 60 degrees at successive levels on the thick filament, depends on the orientation of the actin filaments in the whole lattice as well as on the range of movement in each cross-bridge. Fairly accurate chevrons and flared X groupings can be modeled with a six-stranded myosin surface lattice. The 116-nm long repeat appears in our models as \"beating\" of the 14.5-nm myosin repeat and the 38.5-nm actin period. Fourier transforms of the labeled actin filaments indicate that the cross-bridges attach to each actin filament on average of 14.5 nm apart. The transform is sensitive to changes in the ease with which the cross-bridge can be distorted in different directions.", "PMID": 737284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3062", "title": "A theoretical study of Na+ and Mg+2 binding to the carbonyl oxygen of N-methyl acetamide.", "content": "Molecular orbital calculations (CNDO/2) are reported for the interaction of Na+ and Mg+2 with the carbonyl of a model peptide moiety (N-methyl acetamide) as a function of the C--O ... Me distance and angle and with variation in the number of ligands for the purpose of determining the steepness of the distance dependence of the binding energy and for the purpose of determining the reduction of charge on the ion with increasing numbers of ligands. The greater energy derived on divalent ion binding and the steeper distance dependence indicate that selective, divalent over monovalent, ion binding will occur whenever the liganding system can provide a coordination shell of appropriate dimension. The calculations indicate that the preferred C--O ... Me angle is not 180 degrees. Of particular note is the decrease of charge on the cation on binding to N-methyl acetamide. One ligand bound to Na+ reduces the charge from 1.0 to 0.7 electron units and four ligands bound to Mg+2 reduces the charge from 2.0 to 0.7 electron units. This is of primary significance in carrier and channel mechanisms for cation permeation of lipid membranes; and although the numerical values are qualitative, the implication is for allowance of multiple occupancy of channels by monovalent cations.", "contents": "A theoretical study of Na+ and Mg+2 binding to the carbonyl oxygen of N-methyl acetamide. Molecular orbital calculations (CNDO/2) are reported for the interaction of Na+ and Mg+2 with the carbonyl of a model peptide moiety (N-methyl acetamide) as a function of the C--O ... Me distance and angle and with variation in the number of ligands for the purpose of determining the steepness of the distance dependence of the binding energy and for the purpose of determining the reduction of charge on the ion with increasing numbers of ligands. The greater energy derived on divalent ion binding and the steeper distance dependence indicate that selective, divalent over monovalent, ion binding will occur whenever the liganding system can provide a coordination shell of appropriate dimension. The calculations indicate that the preferred C--O ... Me angle is not 180 degrees. Of particular note is the decrease of charge on the cation on binding to N-methyl acetamide. One ligand bound to Na+ reduces the charge from 1.0 to 0.7 electron units and four ligands bound to Mg+2 reduces the charge from 2.0 to 0.7 electron units. This is of primary significance in carrier and channel mechanisms for cation permeation of lipid membranes; and although the numerical values are qualitative, the implication is for allowance of multiple occupancy of channels by monovalent cations.", "PMID": 737285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3063", "title": "Evidence for a discrete charge effect within lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "A high amplitude voltage step technique has been used to meausre the surface density of dipicrylamine anions adsorbed at the surfaces of lipid bilayer membranes. Accompanying low amplitude measurements have determined the relaxation time for transient current flow across the membranes, a parameter governed by the height of the central energy barrier which dipicrylamine anions must cross in moving from one membrane surface to the other. Measured relaxation times and surface charge densities have been related by a quasi-continuum model of the discrete charge effect, which predicts that the membrane central barrier height will increase with increasing density of adsorbed surface charge. The experimentally determined relationship is in satisfactory agreement with the predictions of the model. The model does not provide a complete description of the membrane/solution interface, however, because it cannot be applied to the description of previously measured isotherms for the adsorption of dipicrylamine anions onto bilayer membranes surfaces. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a discrete charge effect within lipid bilayer membranes. A high amplitude voltage step technique has been used to meausre the surface density of dipicrylamine anions adsorbed at the surfaces of lipid bilayer membranes. Accompanying low amplitude measurements have determined the relaxation time for transient current flow across the membranes, a parameter governed by the height of the central energy barrier which dipicrylamine anions must cross in moving from one membrane surface to the other. Measured relaxation times and surface charge densities have been related by a quasi-continuum model of the discrete charge effect, which predicts that the membrane central barrier height will increase with increasing density of adsorbed surface charge. The experimentally determined relationship is in satisfactory agreement with the predictions of the model. The model does not provide a complete description of the membrane/solution interface, however, because it cannot be applied to the description of previously measured isotherms for the adsorption of dipicrylamine anions onto bilayer membranes surfaces. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 737286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3064", "title": "Solution conformation of peptides by the intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effect experiment. Study of valinomycin-K+.", "content": "This study demonstrates how the intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiment can be employed quantitatively to select from a set of possible conformations for a peptide or a protein the particular conformation (or a group of conformations) most consistent with the data. This procedure is demonstrated on a model depsipeptide system--valinomycin K+ in CDCl3--for which the solution conformation has been inferred by other methods. The NOE enhancements are very sensitive to the conformations assumed by this antibiotic. It is shown that the set of conformations, collectively labeled as A2 (including the X-ray crystallographic structure) gives a very good description of the NOE enhancements. The structure proposed by Bystrov et al. (1977. Eur. J. Biochem. 78:63) for the uncomplexed valinomycin in nonpolar solvents is also consistent with the experimental data on the potassium complex. Using statistical hypothesis testing involving the Hamilton R-factor ratio criterion, all the other models have been rejected as inconsistent with the experimental data. A general formalism is presented for describing the NOE effects in isotropically reorienting molecules. The formalism is not restricted to the extreme narrowing limit of the rotational correlation times and hence applies to both small and large molecules. Some of the factors that can influence the NOE measurements, viz. anisotropic rotational diffusion, conformational averaging, and nuclear spin diffusion, have been considered in this study.", "contents": "Solution conformation of peptides by the intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effect experiment. Study of valinomycin-K+. This study demonstrates how the intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiment can be employed quantitatively to select from a set of possible conformations for a peptide or a protein the particular conformation (or a group of conformations) most consistent with the data. This procedure is demonstrated on a model depsipeptide system--valinomycin K+ in CDCl3--for which the solution conformation has been inferred by other methods. The NOE enhancements are very sensitive to the conformations assumed by this antibiotic. It is shown that the set of conformations, collectively labeled as A2 (including the X-ray crystallographic structure) gives a very good description of the NOE enhancements. The structure proposed by Bystrov et al. (1977. Eur. J. Biochem. 78:63) for the uncomplexed valinomycin in nonpolar solvents is also consistent with the experimental data on the potassium complex. Using statistical hypothesis testing involving the Hamilton R-factor ratio criterion, all the other models have been rejected as inconsistent with the experimental data. A general formalism is presented for describing the NOE effects in isotropically reorienting molecules. The formalism is not restricted to the extreme narrowing limit of the rotational correlation times and hence applies to both small and large molecules. Some of the factors that can influence the NOE measurements, viz. anisotropic rotational diffusion, conformational averaging, and nuclear spin diffusion, have been considered in this study.", "PMID": 737287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3065", "title": "Conformation of mononucleotides and dinucleoside monophosphates. P[H] and H[H] nuclear Overhauser effects.", "content": "The phosphorus-proton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) was used to investigate the quantitative distribution of rotamers about the C3'--O3' bond (phi') of 3'-AMP and 2',3'-cyclic-CMP and the C4'--C5', C5'--O5' bonds (psi, phi) of 5'-AMP. Phosphorus-proton and proton-proton NOE's were used to provide a qualitative insight into the backbone conformation and the glycosyl angle torsions of adenosylyl-(3' leads to 5')-adenosine (ApA). The major psi rotamer in 5'-AMP is the 60 degree (gg) form, while the major phi rotamer is the 180 degrees (g'g') form. The constrained model, 2',3'-cyclic-CMP, manifests the C3'endo furanose pucker predominantly. The results from these two models are consistent with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) J coupling analyses. The phi; distribution of 3'-AMP is dominated (77%) by the 180 degrees g- rotamer. The 3'-AMP results are consistent with phosphorus-hydrogen coupling constant analyses, but do not accord with phosphorus-carbon coupling constant results. The phosphorus-proton NOE reveals that the phosphorus of ApA occupies a region of conformation space not seen in 5'-AMP. The proton-proton NOE on APA shows a significant portion of syn rotamer in both X distributions and detects a cross-purine ring interaction consistent with base stacking known to exist in this system.", "contents": "Conformation of mononucleotides and dinucleoside monophosphates. P[H] and H[H] nuclear Overhauser effects. The phosphorus-proton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) was used to investigate the quantitative distribution of rotamers about the C3'--O3' bond (phi') of 3'-AMP and 2',3'-cyclic-CMP and the C4'--C5', C5'--O5' bonds (psi, phi) of 5'-AMP. Phosphorus-proton and proton-proton NOE's were used to provide a qualitative insight into the backbone conformation and the glycosyl angle torsions of adenosylyl-(3' leads to 5')-adenosine (ApA). The major psi rotamer in 5'-AMP is the 60 degree (gg) form, while the major phi rotamer is the 180 degrees (g'g') form. The constrained model, 2',3'-cyclic-CMP, manifests the C3'endo furanose pucker predominantly. The results from these two models are consistent with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) J coupling analyses. The phi; distribution of 3'-AMP is dominated (77%) by the 180 degrees g- rotamer. The 3'-AMP results are consistent with phosphorus-hydrogen coupling constant analyses, but do not accord with phosphorus-carbon coupling constant results. The phosphorus-proton NOE reveals that the phosphorus of ApA occupies a region of conformation space not seen in 5'-AMP. The proton-proton NOE on APA shows a significant portion of syn rotamer in both X distributions and detects a cross-purine ring interaction consistent with base stacking known to exist in this system.", "PMID": 737288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3066", "title": "Amide proton spin-lattice relaxation in polypeptides. A field-dependence study of the proton and nitrogen dipolar interactions in alumichrome.", "content": "The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation of all six amides of deferriferrichrome and of various alumichromes dissolved in hexadeutero-dimethylsulfoxide have been investigated at 100, 220, and 360 MHz. We find that, depending on the type of residue (glycyl or ornithyl), the amide proton relaxation rates are rather uniform in the metal-free cyclohexapeptide. In contrast, the (1)H spinlattice relaxation times (T(1)'s) are distinct in the Al(3+)-coordination derivative. Similar patterns are observed in a number of isomorphic alumichrome homologues that differ in single-site residue substitutions, indicating that the spin-lattice relaxation rate is mainly determined by dipole-dipole interactions within a rigid molecular framework rather than by the specific primary structures. Analysis of the data in terms of (1)H-(1)H distances (r) calculated from X-ray coordinates yields a satisfactory linear fit between T(1) (-1) and Sigmar(-6) at the three magnetic fields. Considering the very sensitive r-dependence of T(1), the agreement gives confidence, at a quantitative level, both on the fitness of the crystallographic model to represent the alumichromes' solution conformation and on the validity of assuming isotropic rotational motion for the globular metallopeptides. An extra contribution to the amide proton T(1) (-1) is proposed to mainly originate from the (1)H-(14)N dipolar interaction: this was supported by comparison with measurements on an (15)N-enriched peptide. The nitrogen dipolar contribution to the peptide proton relaxation is discussed in the context of {(1)H}-(1)H nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) studies because, especially at high fields, it can be dominant in determining the amide proton relaxation rates and hence result in a decreased effectiveness for the (1)H-(1)H dipolar mechanism to cause NOE's. From the slope and intersect values of T(1) (-1) vs. Sigmar(-6) linear plots, a number of independent estimates of tau(r), the rotational correlation time, were derived. These and the field-dependence of the T(1)'s yield a best estimate <tau(r)> approximately 0.37 ns, in good agreement with 0.38 ns [unk] <tau(r)> [unk] 0.41 ns, previously determined from (13)C and (15)N spin-lattice relaxation data.", "contents": "Amide proton spin-lattice relaxation in polypeptides. A field-dependence study of the proton and nitrogen dipolar interactions in alumichrome. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation of all six amides of deferriferrichrome and of various alumichromes dissolved in hexadeutero-dimethylsulfoxide have been investigated at 100, 220, and 360 MHz. We find that, depending on the type of residue (glycyl or ornithyl), the amide proton relaxation rates are rather uniform in the metal-free cyclohexapeptide. In contrast, the (1)H spinlattice relaxation times (T(1)'s) are distinct in the Al(3+)-coordination derivative. Similar patterns are observed in a number of isomorphic alumichrome homologues that differ in single-site residue substitutions, indicating that the spin-lattice relaxation rate is mainly determined by dipole-dipole interactions within a rigid molecular framework rather than by the specific primary structures. Analysis of the data in terms of (1)H-(1)H distances (r) calculated from X-ray coordinates yields a satisfactory linear fit between T(1) (-1) and Sigmar(-6) at the three magnetic fields. Considering the very sensitive r-dependence of T(1), the agreement gives confidence, at a quantitative level, both on the fitness of the crystallographic model to represent the alumichromes' solution conformation and on the validity of assuming isotropic rotational motion for the globular metallopeptides. An extra contribution to the amide proton T(1) (-1) is proposed to mainly originate from the (1)H-(14)N dipolar interaction: this was supported by comparison with measurements on an (15)N-enriched peptide. The nitrogen dipolar contribution to the peptide proton relaxation is discussed in the context of {(1)H}-(1)H nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) studies because, especially at high fields, it can be dominant in determining the amide proton relaxation rates and hence result in a decreased effectiveness for the (1)H-(1)H dipolar mechanism to cause NOE's. From the slope and intersect values of T(1) (-1) vs. Sigmar(-6) linear plots, a number of independent estimates of tau(r), the rotational correlation time, were derived. These and the field-dependence of the T(1)'s yield a best estimate <tau(r)> approximately 0.37 ns, in good agreement with 0.38 ns [unk] <tau(r)> [unk] 0.41 ns, previously determined from (13)C and (15)N spin-lattice relaxation data.", "PMID": 737289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3067", "title": "An inductively powered telemetry system for temperature, EKG, and activity monitoring.", "content": "An implant telemetry system for the simultaneous monitoring of temperature, activity, and EKG from small animals, such as rats, has recently been designed with the novel feature that instead of a battery the system is energized by an inductive field. A 250 kHz resonant coil surrounds the cage (30 X 30 X 20 cm) and provides the approximately 100 muW of power required to operate the implant transmitter while allowing the animal unrestrained movement in the cage. The implant can also be battery operated if desired RF transmission is in the 8-10 MHz band, which allows the use of a simple, essentially single IC chip, receiver.", "contents": "An inductively powered telemetry system for temperature, EKG, and activity monitoring. An implant telemetry system for the simultaneous monitoring of temperature, activity, and EKG from small animals, such as rats, has recently been designed with the novel feature that instead of a battery the system is energized by an inductive field. A 250 kHz resonant coil surrounds the cage (30 X 30 X 20 cm) and provides the approximately 100 muW of power required to operate the implant transmitter while allowing the animal unrestrained movement in the cage. The implant can also be battery operated if desired RF transmission is in the 8-10 MHz band, which allows the use of a simple, essentially single IC chip, receiver.", "PMID": 737291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3068", "title": "Discrete membrane surface charge distributions. Effect of fluctuations near individual channels.", "content": "Each gating mechanism controlling permeability in a membrane may be influenced by only a few charge binding sites on the membrane surface, so that fluctuations in the occupancy of these sites are important. Tow extreme cases arise. (a) The time scale of these fluctuations is much shorter than the gating time constant. Then the gating mechanisms are subject to a rapidly varying electric field. If the gating in the absence of these fluctuations obeys exponential kinetics, so does the gating in the presence of the fluctuations. Changes in surface charge do not simply shift the gating variable curves on the voltage axis, but also change their shape. Such effects are seen experimentally and cannot be explained in terms of conventional surface charge theory. If the activation curve in the absence of any surface charge binding is symmetric about the half-activation point, when some of the surface charge sites are occupied the activation curve is in general asymmetric. (b) The fluctuations occur much more slowly than the gating reaction. There are several pools of channels present with different time constant and activation curves. Again the activation curve is asymmetric about the half-activation point, and its shape is changed by alterations in the surface charge. The kinetics of gating of the whole population of channels are multiexponential.", "contents": "Discrete membrane surface charge distributions. Effect of fluctuations near individual channels. Each gating mechanism controlling permeability in a membrane may be influenced by only a few charge binding sites on the membrane surface, so that fluctuations in the occupancy of these sites are important. Tow extreme cases arise. (a) The time scale of these fluctuations is much shorter than the gating time constant. Then the gating mechanisms are subject to a rapidly varying electric field. If the gating in the absence of these fluctuations obeys exponential kinetics, so does the gating in the presence of the fluctuations. Changes in surface charge do not simply shift the gating variable curves on the voltage axis, but also change their shape. Such effects are seen experimentally and cannot be explained in terms of conventional surface charge theory. If the activation curve in the absence of any surface charge binding is symmetric about the half-activation point, when some of the surface charge sites are occupied the activation curve is in general asymmetric. (b) The fluctuations occur much more slowly than the gating reaction. There are several pools of channels present with different time constant and activation curves. Again the activation curve is asymmetric about the half-activation point, and its shape is changed by alterations in the surface charge. The kinetics of gating of the whole population of channels are multiexponential.", "PMID": 737290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3069", "title": "Activity monitoring in chronic illness: time out of bed for tetraplegics during comprehensive rehabilitation.", "content": "Unobtrusive longitudinal monitoring of what patients actually do during comprehensive rehabilitation represents a relatively unexplored but potentially very useful approach to functional evaluation. Recent advances in biomedical technology have created the possibility of supplementing and/or substituting a number of human observations with instrument-based measurements. This paper presents the first data obtained as part of a systematic research effort to explore the feasibility and utility of applying unobtrusive instrumentation to monitor selected patient activities over extended periods of time. The target activity studied was time out of bed for 36 spinal cord injury patients undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Measurements were made with a Rest Time Monitor (RTM) which provides a continuous, objective record of when a patient is out of bed, how often and for how long. Based on this experience, a 'standard' activity curve has been developed which is used as a reference in assessing the weekly progress of individual patients. Distinctive types of activity patterns are described in relation to how patients do clinically, and functionally during hospitalization and 12 months after discharge. In addition, data are presented which compare in-hospital activity patterns by level of injury, age and presence or absence of complications. This initial study suggests that longitudinal activity monitoring is a useful tool for clinical assessment and management and may help predict those patients who are most likely to develop pre- and postdischarge complications.", "contents": "Activity monitoring in chronic illness: time out of bed for tetraplegics during comprehensive rehabilitation. Unobtrusive longitudinal monitoring of what patients actually do during comprehensive rehabilitation represents a relatively unexplored but potentially very useful approach to functional evaluation. Recent advances in biomedical technology have created the possibility of supplementing and/or substituting a number of human observations with instrument-based measurements. This paper presents the first data obtained as part of a systematic research effort to explore the feasibility and utility of applying unobtrusive instrumentation to monitor selected patient activities over extended periods of time. The target activity studied was time out of bed for 36 spinal cord injury patients undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Measurements were made with a Rest Time Monitor (RTM) which provides a continuous, objective record of when a patient is out of bed, how often and for how long. Based on this experience, a 'standard' activity curve has been developed which is used as a reference in assessing the weekly progress of individual patients. Distinctive types of activity patterns are described in relation to how patients do clinically, and functionally during hospitalization and 12 months after discharge. In addition, data are presented which compare in-hospital activity patterns by level of injury, age and presence or absence of complications. This initial study suggests that longitudinal activity monitoring is a useful tool for clinical assessment and management and may help predict those patients who are most likely to develop pre- and postdischarge complications.", "PMID": 737292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3070", "title": "Telemetry of intracranial pressure.", "content": "In the care of patients with abnormal intracranial pressure, it is important to continuously and accurately measure the intracranial pressure so that treatment can be instituted. Strain gage pressure cells have successfully replaced the open-end manometer for chronic use but have lacked the stability for accurate long-term measurements. The system described uses a capacitive pressure transducer with excellent long-term stability. The transducer, electronics, and transmitter package can be implanted to telemeter the pressure transcutaneously, reducing the danger of infection by the elimination of transcutaneous leads. The pressure modulates the frequency of an oscillator in the 8-10 MHz region and provides an easily telemetered signal. To eliminate the problems of periodic battery replacement, the system is energized inductively by a coil placed externally over the implant device, so that the operating life is virtually unlimited.", "contents": "Telemetry of intracranial pressure. In the care of patients with abnormal intracranial pressure, it is important to continuously and accurately measure the intracranial pressure so that treatment can be instituted. Strain gage pressure cells have successfully replaced the open-end manometer for chronic use but have lacked the stability for accurate long-term measurements. The system described uses a capacitive pressure transducer with excellent long-term stability. The transducer, electronics, and transmitter package can be implanted to telemeter the pressure transcutaneously, reducing the danger of infection by the elimination of transcutaneous leads. The pressure modulates the frequency of an oscillator in the 8-10 MHz region and provides an easily telemetered signal. To eliminate the problems of periodic battery replacement, the system is energized inductively by a coil placed externally over the implant device, so that the operating life is virtually unlimited.", "PMID": 737293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3071", "title": "Bioconcentration ratio of diazinon by freshwater fish and snail.", "content": "The bioconcentration ratios of diazinon from water by freshwater fishes were generally larger than that of crayfish and snails. Among fishes, the bioconcentration ratio of diazinon by topmouth gudgeon was the highest value, 152 being average. However, elimination of diazinon from fish body was linearly rapid. The influence of test concentration centration ratio of diazinon in whole body of topmouth gudgeon was increased proportional to the body weight.", "contents": "Bioconcentration ratio of diazinon by freshwater fish and snail. The bioconcentration ratios of diazinon from water by freshwater fishes were generally larger than that of crayfish and snails. Among fishes, the bioconcentration ratio of diazinon by topmouth gudgeon was the highest value, 152 being average. However, elimination of diazinon from fish body was linearly rapid. The influence of test concentration centration ratio of diazinon in whole body of topmouth gudgeon was increased proportional to the body weight.", "PMID": 737338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3072", "title": "Lead and cadmium in hair as an indicator of body burden in rats of different age.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether hair values of lead and cadmium can be used as an indicator of the body burden of these metals in different age groups. The experiments were performed on rats aged 2 and 18 weeks, which received 203Pb and 115mCd by intraperitoneal injection. The whole body retention and the retention of these radioisotopes in the hair (including the skin) was determined 7 days later. Younger animals showed a higher retention in the whole body and hair of radioactive lead and cadmium. The hair values when expressed as the percentage of the whole body retention were for 203Pb the same in young and adult rats but for 115mCd they were 2 to 3 times higher in young animals than in adults. It is concluded that lead hair values are a good indicator of the total body burden in both age groups. However, the cadmium body burden of young animals would be greatly overestimated if based on hair values only. This findings might be relevant for interpreting results of hair concentrations of lead and cadmium in children.", "contents": "Lead and cadmium in hair as an indicator of body burden in rats of different age. The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether hair values of lead and cadmium can be used as an indicator of the body burden of these metals in different age groups. The experiments were performed on rats aged 2 and 18 weeks, which received 203Pb and 115mCd by intraperitoneal injection. The whole body retention and the retention of these radioisotopes in the hair (including the skin) was determined 7 days later. Younger animals showed a higher retention in the whole body and hair of radioactive lead and cadmium. The hair values when expressed as the percentage of the whole body retention were for 203Pb the same in young and adult rats but for 115mCd they were 2 to 3 times higher in young animals than in adults. It is concluded that lead hair values are a good indicator of the total body burden in both age groups. However, the cadmium body burden of young animals would be greatly overestimated if based on hair values only. This findings might be relevant for interpreting results of hair concentrations of lead and cadmium in children.", "PMID": 737339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3073", "title": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on photosynthetic oxygen evolution and respiration of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "In experiments with Chlorella pyrenoidosa it was shown that an exposure of these cells to HCB at a dose level of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm caused an inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution of 33.3, 42, and 51%, respectively. Respiration, however, was inhibited only slightly, if at all.", "contents": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on photosynthetic oxygen evolution and respiration of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In experiments with Chlorella pyrenoidosa it was shown that an exposure of these cells to HCB at a dose level of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm caused an inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution of 33.3, 42, and 51%, respectively. Respiration, however, was inhibited only slightly, if at all.", "PMID": 737341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3074", "title": "Histopathology and histochemistry of insects treated with chemosterilants. VII. On the corpora cardiaca of Periplaneta americana (L) treated with hempa.", "content": "The neurosecretory granules are reduced and intrinsic cells are damaged in the corpora cardiaca of the last instar nymphs of P. americana treated with hempa.", "contents": "Histopathology and histochemistry of insects treated with chemosterilants. VII. On the corpora cardiaca of Periplaneta americana (L) treated with hempa. The neurosecretory granules are reduced and intrinsic cells are damaged in the corpora cardiaca of the last instar nymphs of P. americana treated with hempa.", "PMID": 737343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3075", "title": "Mercury content in museum and recent specimens of chiroptera in Japan.", "content": "The mercury content of insectivorous Chiroptera caught in 1890, when mercurial pesticides had not yet been in use, and preserved in a museum in alcohol were compared with those caught in 1965--1967 or 1970--1975, during and after the use of mercurial pesticides, and kept frozen. The mercury content of the Chiroptera caught in 1890 was lower than that of those caught during or after the use of mercurial pesticides. Difference in mercury content between bats caught during and after use was not significant.", "contents": "Mercury content in museum and recent specimens of chiroptera in Japan. The mercury content of insectivorous Chiroptera caught in 1890, when mercurial pesticides had not yet been in use, and preserved in a museum in alcohol were compared with those caught in 1965--1967 or 1970--1975, during and after the use of mercurial pesticides, and kept frozen. The mercury content of the Chiroptera caught in 1890 was lower than that of those caught during or after the use of mercurial pesticides. Difference in mercury content between bats caught during and after use was not significant.", "PMID": 737347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3076", "title": "Persistence of fungicide Euparen on strawberry and/or in some canned products of strawberry.", "content": "There was studied the persistence of Euparen(dichlofluanid) on strawberry and in some canned products of strawberry, respectively. The rate of decrease of dichlofluanid residues on the leaves of strawberry is proceeding according to the first-order reaction kinetics in the initial 21 days. The content of dichlofluanid residues on strawberry treated twice with fungicide varies from 0.5 to 1.0 ppm, for strawberry sprayed three times from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm, respectively. The significant decay of dichlofluanid residues occurs during the technological procedures applied. The sensoric analysis of strawberry has proved the negative influence of the third spray of fungicide in the initial days. No significance differences between strawberry treated with fungicide and control has been found in flavor and taste of the canned products investigated.", "contents": "Persistence of fungicide Euparen on strawberry and/or in some canned products of strawberry. There was studied the persistence of Euparen(dichlofluanid) on strawberry and in some canned products of strawberry, respectively. The rate of decrease of dichlofluanid residues on the leaves of strawberry is proceeding according to the first-order reaction kinetics in the initial 21 days. The content of dichlofluanid residues on strawberry treated twice with fungicide varies from 0.5 to 1.0 ppm, for strawberry sprayed three times from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm, respectively. The significant decay of dichlofluanid residues occurs during the technological procedures applied. The sensoric analysis of strawberry has proved the negative influence of the third spray of fungicide in the initial days. No significance differences between strawberry treated with fungicide and control has been found in flavor and taste of the canned products investigated.", "PMID": 737348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3077", "title": "Paranoid states.", "content": "Paranoid states is a term that covers a number of different disorders in which persecutory and grandiose ideas and delusions constitute a significant part of the symptoms. The most important are those conditions that are now generally accepted as being members of the group of schizophrenias. These symptoms become more important in conditions of social isolation and sensory deprivation. They appear in some organic cerebral conditions and may colour any breakdown that develops in some types of personality.", "contents": "Paranoid states. Paranoid states is a term that covers a number of different disorders in which persecutory and grandiose ideas and delusions constitute a significant part of the symptoms. The most important are those conditions that are now generally accepted as being members of the group of schizophrenias. These symptoms become more important in conditions of social isolation and sensory deprivation. They appear in some organic cerebral conditions and may colour any breakdown that develops in some types of personality.", "PMID": 737362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3078", "title": "A pilot study on the use of visual field expanders.", "content": "The nature and magnitude of the visual difficulties of five volunteer patients with severely contracted visual field and high visual acuities was investigated by several techniques. These comprised a questionnaire providing a quantitative score of visual impairment, a specially devised visual search task, and an arbitrary method of estimating visual efficiency. Many aspects of visual impairment resulting from contract visual fields were revealed and discussed. Performance scores on the search task indicated that the field expander would probably be useful to a small number of cases for continuous wear, usually as a binocular bioptic system. Other cases might benefit from a clip-on or hand-held device for occasional use. Methods of manufacture and dispensing and difficulty in locating suitable patients were the major limiting factors in this study. The methods of assessment, and the optical system described in this study are worthy of further investigation and development for trial on a larger number of patients.", "contents": "A pilot study on the use of visual field expanders. The nature and magnitude of the visual difficulties of five volunteer patients with severely contracted visual field and high visual acuities was investigated by several techniques. These comprised a questionnaire providing a quantitative score of visual impairment, a specially devised visual search task, and an arbitrary method of estimating visual efficiency. Many aspects of visual impairment resulting from contract visual fields were revealed and discussed. Performance scores on the search task indicated that the field expander would probably be useful to a small number of cases for continuous wear, usually as a binocular bioptic system. Other cases might benefit from a clip-on or hand-held device for occasional use. Methods of manufacture and dispensing and difficulty in locating suitable patients were the major limiting factors in this study. The methods of assessment, and the optical system described in this study are worthy of further investigation and development for trial on a larger number of patients.", "PMID": 737377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3079", "title": "Panum's area explained in terms of known acuity mechanism.", "content": "Comparisons between the various types of binocular and monocular visual acuity thresholds are made in this study. The results obtained in monocular resolution and binocular diplopia experiments support LeGrand's view regarding Panum's area. Thus the physiological mechanism which appears to account for both monocular resolution and binocular diplopia thresholds could also account for a spatial tolerance which gives rise to Panum's area.", "contents": "Panum's area explained in terms of known acuity mechanism. Comparisons between the various types of binocular and monocular visual acuity thresholds are made in this study. The results obtained in monocular resolution and binocular diplopia experiments support LeGrand's view regarding Panum's area. Thus the physiological mechanism which appears to account for both monocular resolution and binocular diplopia thresholds could also account for a spatial tolerance which gives rise to Panum's area.", "PMID": 737378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3080", "title": "Resolution acuity in astigmats: evidence for a critical period in the human visual system.", "content": "Astigmats, who have been fully optically corrected, show an acuity configuration highly characteristic of the uncorrected astigmatism when they are tested with gratings of different orientations. This phenomenon, which is called meridional amblyopia, has been supposed to be neural in origin. This paper attempts to show that there is evidence for a critical period in the visual system of humans. In the experiment described here twelve astigmatic subjects were tested against a control group of six non-astigmatic (emmetropic) subjects. The astigmatic subjects differed in the ages at which they had been initially optically corrected. Square-wave gratings were used to test the subjects and measures of acuity for different orientations were recorded. It was found that those astigmatic subjects corrected above the age of seven showed the usual acuity decrement while those corrected below seven showed significantly smaller meridional amblyopia. The age of seven, therefore, was taken to mark the end of a critical period in the development of the human visual system, after which the system ceases to be structurally influenced by visual input.", "contents": "Resolution acuity in astigmats: evidence for a critical period in the human visual system. Astigmats, who have been fully optically corrected, show an acuity configuration highly characteristic of the uncorrected astigmatism when they are tested with gratings of different orientations. This phenomenon, which is called meridional amblyopia, has been supposed to be neural in origin. This paper attempts to show that there is evidence for a critical period in the visual system of humans. In the experiment described here twelve astigmatic subjects were tested against a control group of six non-astigmatic (emmetropic) subjects. The astigmatic subjects differed in the ages at which they had been initially optically corrected. Square-wave gratings were used to test the subjects and measures of acuity for different orientations were recorded. It was found that those astigmatic subjects corrected above the age of seven showed the usual acuity decrement while those corrected below seven showed significantly smaller meridional amblyopia. The age of seven, therefore, was taken to mark the end of a critical period in the development of the human visual system, after which the system ceases to be structurally influenced by visual input.", "PMID": 737379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3081", "title": "The refraction of the eye in the relation to spherical aberration and pupil size.", "content": "Available theoretical and experimental data on the dependence of the subjective refraction of the eye on spherical aberration and pupil size are reviewed and additional experimental results are presented. Under photopic conditions, refraction varies little (similar to 0.3 DS) with pupil diameter, even when substantial amounts of spherical aberration are present (similar to 1.0 DS). It is argued that this result may be attributed to the insensitivity of optimal focus to spherical aberration at the spatial frequencies involved in photopic refraction, to the Stiles-Crawford effect and to the influence of aberrations other than primary spherical aberration in the outer zones of the pupil. The signficance of these findings is indicated in relation to possible discrepancies between the results of objective and subjective refractions when large pupils are in use.", "contents": "The refraction of the eye in the relation to spherical aberration and pupil size. Available theoretical and experimental data on the dependence of the subjective refraction of the eye on spherical aberration and pupil size are reviewed and additional experimental results are presented. Under photopic conditions, refraction varies little (similar to 0.3 DS) with pupil diameter, even when substantial amounts of spherical aberration are present (similar to 1.0 DS). It is argued that this result may be attributed to the insensitivity of optimal focus to spherical aberration at the spatial frequencies involved in photopic refraction, to the Stiles-Crawford effect and to the influence of aberrations other than primary spherical aberration in the outer zones of the pupil. The signficance of these findings is indicated in relation to possible discrepancies between the results of objective and subjective refractions when large pupils are in use.", "PMID": 737383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3082", "title": "The effect of exposure time upon perceived size.", "content": "An experiment whereby a standard filled circle is exposed for 100-1000 msec on the tachistoscope for ten subjects. Each is asked to choose a comparison circle, which appears to be the same size, out of a series of eleven filled circles of various angular subtenses larger and smaller than the standard filled circle in the tachistoscope. The results indicate that exposure time has a role in the perception of size.", "contents": "The effect of exposure time upon perceived size. An experiment whereby a standard filled circle is exposed for 100-1000 msec on the tachistoscope for ten subjects. Each is asked to choose a comparison circle, which appears to be the same size, out of a series of eleven filled circles of various angular subtenses larger and smaller than the standard filled circle in the tachistoscope. The results indicate that exposure time has a role in the perception of size.", "PMID": 737384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3083", "title": "The effectiveness of a service for helping destitute men.", "content": "The effectiveness of a voluntary organization which aimed to help destitute men contacted by means of a 'soup run' was evaluated. The assessment was carried out in stages. At the end of each stage results were discussed with the organization and a set of recommendations for further action put forward. At the end of the first stage, it was agreed that the organization's aim should be restricted to attempting to help men settle in one of its houses (staffed by young volunteer workers) for a period of at least three months. A number of recommendations intended to achieve this result were unsuccessful. Following the setting up of a night shelter, it was observed that many men attended regularly. An assessment procedure was instituted which resulted in the selection of men who did settle in the houses for long periods, so much so that no further admissions became possible.", "contents": "The effectiveness of a service for helping destitute men. The effectiveness of a voluntary organization which aimed to help destitute men contacted by means of a 'soup run' was evaluated. The assessment was carried out in stages. At the end of each stage results were discussed with the organization and a set of recommendations for further action put forward. At the end of the first stage, it was agreed that the organization's aim should be restricted to attempting to help men settle in one of its houses (staffed by young volunteer workers) for a period of at least three months. A number of recommendations intended to achieve this result were unsuccessful. Following the setting up of a night shelter, it was observed that many men attended regularly. An assessment procedure was instituted which resulted in the selection of men who did settle in the houses for long periods, so much so that no further admissions became possible.", "PMID": 737385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3084", "title": "The prevalence of problem drinking and alcoholism in the West of Scotland.", "content": "A 10 per cent probability sample of the population of Clydebank was interviewed, using an indirect questionnaire, to assess the extent of alcohol-related disabilities. Eighty-two per cent of 4,397 persons gave information and weighted symptom-scoring analysis showed 5.0 per cent of adult males and 1.1 per cent of adult females could be classified as problem drinkers and 5.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent respectively could be labelled alcoholics. These figures are compared to existing Scottish and English alcoholism prevalence statistics.", "contents": "The prevalence of problem drinking and alcoholism in the West of Scotland. A 10 per cent probability sample of the population of Clydebank was interviewed, using an indirect questionnaire, to assess the extent of alcohol-related disabilities. Eighty-two per cent of 4,397 persons gave information and weighted symptom-scoring analysis showed 5.0 per cent of adult males and 1.1 per cent of adult females could be classified as problem drinkers and 5.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent respectively could be labelled alcoholics. These figures are compared to existing Scottish and English alcoholism prevalence statistics.", "PMID": 737386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3085", "title": "Stresses upon the relatives of head-injured patients.", "content": "As part of a prospective study of closed head injury, 54 relatives were interviewed within a month of the patient's accident and again six and twelve months later. The degree of stress on the relatives was measured by means of the Wakefield Depression Scale and by interview questions. The worst period of stress for the majority of relatives appeared to be during the first month after the accident. However, the degree of stress appeared to level off by the sixth month and no further diminution was found at twelve months. Stress was apparently mediated by the relatives' perception of personality changes and subjective defects. It was not affected by the severity of the head injury or associated disabilities, nor by whether the patient had resumed work and leisure activities. The nature of the stress is analysed and methods of alleviating it discussed.", "contents": "Stresses upon the relatives of head-injured patients. As part of a prospective study of closed head injury, 54 relatives were interviewed within a month of the patient's accident and again six and twelve months later. The degree of stress on the relatives was measured by means of the Wakefield Depression Scale and by interview questions. The worst period of stress for the majority of relatives appeared to be during the first month after the accident. However, the degree of stress appeared to level off by the sixth month and no further diminution was found at twelve months. Stress was apparently mediated by the relatives' perception of personality changes and subjective defects. It was not affected by the severity of the head injury or associated disabilities, nor by whether the patient had resumed work and leisure activities. The nature of the stress is analysed and methods of alleviating it discussed.", "PMID": 737387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3086", "title": "Actual practice of ECT in a health region of Britain.", "content": "A field study of 14 treatment centres found broad agreement between clinical practice and the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Memorandum on the use of ECT. Differences in electrode placement and anaesthetic agents and a poor standard of safety and reliability in the electrical equipment was noted.", "contents": "Actual practice of ECT in a health region of Britain. A field study of 14 treatment centres found broad agreement between clinical practice and the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Memorandum on the use of ECT. Differences in electrode placement and anaesthetic agents and a poor standard of safety and reliability in the electrical equipment was noted.", "PMID": 737388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3087", "title": "Recovery from ECT in elderly patients.", "content": "Nine elderly depressed patients were given ECT in courses which alternated unilateral and bilateral electrode placement; recovery times were measured. When compared with similar times for younger patients, recovery took on average five times as long from unilateral treatment and nine times as long from bilateral. Within the group, bilateral treatment took significantly longer for recovery than unilateral treatment and was significantly more sensitive to cumulative effect and interval effect.", "contents": "Recovery from ECT in elderly patients. Nine elderly depressed patients were given ECT in courses which alternated unilateral and bilateral electrode placement; recovery times were measured. When compared with similar times for younger patients, recovery took on average five times as long from unilateral treatment and nine times as long from bilateral. Within the group, bilateral treatment took significantly longer for recovery than unilateral treatment and was significantly more sensitive to cumulative effect and interval effect.", "PMID": 737389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3088", "title": "Violence and mental illness in a peasant society: characteristics of violent behaviours and 'Folk' use of restraints.", "content": "Thirty-five people labelled as baa (crazy or insane) were studied in Laos--a  country without psychiatrists or psychiatric institutions. Informant information was obtained for violence prior to becoming baa, violence during the course of their baa condition, and violence during the seven days prior to interview. Observation for violence was made for a one day period at the time of the interview. Use of restraints was also assessed. Subjects were significantly more apt to have assaulted others, posed a risk to themselves, and been restrained (although not incarcerated) during their baa condition as compared to their previous state. Those in early stages of their condition (two years or less) manifested more violence than those later in their condition. 'Folk' use of restraints was applied only after dangerous or violent behaviour had occurred. Restraints were released as soon as practicable, but there was an 'ascending' use of certain restraint measures if violence persisted.", "contents": "Violence and mental illness in a peasant society: characteristics of violent behaviours and 'Folk' use of restraints. Thirty-five people labelled as baa (crazy or insane) were studied in Laos--a  country without psychiatrists or psychiatric institutions. Informant information was obtained for violence prior to becoming baa, violence during the course of their baa condition, and violence during the seven days prior to interview. Observation for violence was made for a one day period at the time of the interview. Use of restraints was also assessed. Subjects were significantly more apt to have assaulted others, posed a risk to themselves, and been restrained (although not incarcerated) during their baa condition as compared to their previous state. Those in early stages of their condition (two years or less) manifested more violence than those later in their condition. 'Folk' use of restraints was applied only after dangerous or violent behaviour had occurred. Restraints were released as soon as practicable, but there was an 'ascending' use of certain restraint measures if violence persisted.", "PMID": 737390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3089", "title": "Undetermined deaths-suicide or accident?", "content": "A consecutive series of 110 undertermined deaths (U.D.) was compared with matched samples of suicides and accidents recorded in the same metropolitan Coroner's District. The hypothesis tested was that U.D. are mostly concealed suicides and will resemble known suicides more closely than accidents. The samples were compared on social and demographic variables, psychiatric and physical illness, evidence of suicide intent, information available to the Coroner and the circumstances of death. The results did not confirm the hypothesis. The study widens the investigation of the mortality of mental disorder from unnatural causes beyond the category of suicide.", "contents": "Undetermined deaths-suicide or accident? A consecutive series of 110 undertermined deaths (U.D.) was compared with matched samples of suicides and accidents recorded in the same metropolitan Coroner's District. The hypothesis tested was that U.D. are mostly concealed suicides and will resemble known suicides more closely than accidents. The samples were compared on social and demographic variables, psychiatric and physical illness, evidence of suicide intent, information available to the Coroner and the circumstances of death. The results did not confirm the hypothesis. The study widens the investigation of the mortality of mental disorder from unnatural causes beyond the category of suicide.", "PMID": 737391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3090", "title": "Humans and pets and attachment.", "content": "The bond between human and pet depends on their commonality as animals and their mutual need for attachment. Under abnormal circumstances of developmental frustration a human may displace an overdetermined need for attachment to the pet. The attachment relationship is pathological because of its defensive purpose, and its interruption can create enduring psychiatric reactions. The paper details the developmental determinants for this interaction.", "contents": "Humans and pets and attachment. The bond between human and pet depends on their commonality as animals and their mutual need for attachment. Under abnormal circumstances of developmental frustration a human may displace an overdetermined need for attachment to the pet. The attachment relationship is pathological because of its defensive purpose, and its interruption can create enduring psychiatric reactions. The paper details the developmental determinants for this interaction.", "PMID": 737392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3091", "title": "Lithium treatment of chronic cluster headaches.", "content": "On the basis of reports of reduced MAO activity in migraine and cluster headaches and on a report that lithium carbonate activates MAO, the authors administered lithium carbonate to two patients whose cluster headaches had brought them to the point of contemplating suicide. Both patients responded quite dramatically. Case 1 has now been virtually free of headaches for over two years and Case 2 has been in remission for over twelve months.", "contents": "Lithium treatment of chronic cluster headaches. On the basis of reports of reduced MAO activity in migraine and cluster headaches and on a report that lithium carbonate activates MAO, the authors administered lithium carbonate to two patients whose cluster headaches had brought them to the point of contemplating suicide. Both patients responded quite dramatically. Case 1 has now been virtually free of headaches for over two years and Case 2 has been in remission for over twelve months.", "PMID": 737393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3092", "title": "Obstructive jaundice and portal vein calcification.", "content": "Two patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction are described in whom calcification within the thrombus was identified during investigation for obstructive jaundice. Evidence from percutaneous cholangiography in one, and endoscopic cannulation of the common bile duct in the other, supported the view that the common bile duct was being partially compressed by the calcified cavernoma.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice and portal vein calcification. Two patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction are described in whom calcification within the thrombus was identified during investigation for obstructive jaundice. Evidence from percutaneous cholangiography in one, and endoscopic cannulation of the common bile duct in the other, supported the view that the common bile duct was being partially compressed by the calcified cavernoma.", "PMID": 737407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3093", "title": "Is pancreatogram interpretation reliable?--a study of observer variation and error.", "content": "Observer variation in the interpretation of endoscopic pancreatograms has been examined by asking four experienced observers to assess 40 sets of well-documented radiographs (from 20 patients with cancer and 20 with pancreatitis), both without (\"blind\") and with clinical details, each on three occasions. Individual consistency for \"blind\" diagnoses ranged from 61% to 78%, increasing significantly with clinical information. Overall diagnostic accuracy with clinical information varied from 52% to 83% for cancer, and from 87% to 95% for pancreatitis. However, unanimous and correct opinions were given by the four observers for only 53% of all cases, even when clinical details were provided. Clinical information changed the radiographic diagnosis in 43% of assessments, 83% of these changes leading to improved accuracy. ERCP gives direct information about the major pancreatic and biliary duct systems and often provides an accurate diagnosis. Caution must be exercised in relying upon radiological appearances alone.", "contents": "Is pancreatogram interpretation reliable?--a study of observer variation and error. Observer variation in the interpretation of endoscopic pancreatograms has been examined by asking four experienced observers to assess 40 sets of well-documented radiographs (from 20 patients with cancer and 20 with pancreatitis), both without (\"blind\") and with clinical details, each on three occasions. Individual consistency for \"blind\" diagnoses ranged from 61% to 78%, increasing significantly with clinical information. Overall diagnostic accuracy with clinical information varied from 52% to 83% for cancer, and from 87% to 95% for pancreatitis. However, unanimous and correct opinions were given by the four observers for only 53% of all cases, even when clinical details were provided. Clinical information changed the radiographic diagnosis in 43% of assessments, 83% of these changes leading to improved accuracy. ERCP gives direct information about the major pancreatic and biliary duct systems and often provides an accurate diagnosis. Caution must be exercised in relying upon radiological appearances alone.", "PMID": 737408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3094", "title": "Lateral subluxation of the atlas in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two patients with lateral subluxation of the atlas resulting from rheumatoid disease involving the upper cervical spine have been described. The deformity can be suspected on clinical grounds and in one of our two patients spinal cord damage was a sequel. Erosion of the opposing surfaces of the odontoid and lateral masses of the atlas with detachment of the transverse ligament and deeper fibres of the posterior longitudinal ligament appear to underlie this deformity. Radiological confirmation may require AP views with the head tilted to one or other side.", "contents": "Lateral subluxation of the atlas in rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients with lateral subluxation of the atlas resulting from rheumatoid disease involving the upper cervical spine have been described. The deformity can be suspected on clinical grounds and in one of our two patients spinal cord damage was a sequel. Erosion of the opposing surfaces of the odontoid and lateral masses of the atlas with detachment of the transverse ligament and deeper fibres of the posterior longitudinal ligament appear to underlie this deformity. Radiological confirmation may require AP views with the head tilted to one or other side.", "PMID": 737409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3095", "title": "A comparison of grey-scale image recording systems.", "content": "There is currently a rapid rise in the variety of image recording systems and recording media available for use with ultrasound and CT scanners. We have evaluated nine different systems and ten recording media and have compared their cost, convenience and performance. The choice of system in a particular department depends upon many factors, especially the number of images recorded and the reasons for recording them. We suggest that a busy department will probably require one of the more expensive automatic devices since these are the most convenient to use and have the lowest cost per image.", "contents": "A comparison of grey-scale image recording systems. There is currently a rapid rise in the variety of image recording systems and recording media available for use with ultrasound and CT scanners. We have evaluated nine different systems and ten recording media and have compared their cost, convenience and performance. The choice of system in a particular department depends upon many factors, especially the number of images recorded and the reasons for recording them. We suggest that a busy department will probably require one of the more expensive automatic devices since these are the most convenient to use and have the lowest cost per image.", "PMID": 737410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3096", "title": "Reduction of radiation dose to patients in xeroradiography.", "content": "A method for reducing the radiation dose received by the patient in xeroradiography is described. It is shown, theoretically, that a dose reduction of about 50% can be achieved, and measurements of skin exposure confirm reductions of this order. There is no appreciable loss of image quality, and the theory suggests that it may even be possible to enhance the visualization of soft tissue by this method.", "contents": "Reduction of radiation dose to patients in xeroradiography. A method for reducing the radiation dose received by the patient in xeroradiography is described. It is shown, theoretically, that a dose reduction of about 50% can be achieved, and measurements of skin exposure confirm reductions of this order. There is no appreciable loss of image quality, and the theory suggests that it may even be possible to enhance the visualization of soft tissue by this method.", "PMID": 737411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3097", "title": "The influence of size and radiopharmaceutical concentration ratio on the detection of abnormalities in clinical radionuclide imaging.", "content": "The effect of the size of an abnormality on its detectability was measured. The cylindrical abnormalities studied, with diameters ranging from 3 mm to 4 cm, were superimposed on a uniform background. To avoid artefacts produced by the imaging devices, the images were simulated by computer. The method of constant stimulus was used to determine the detectability of the abnormalities. By using a Perspex phantom filled with 99Tcm, measurements were made of the concentration ratio between abnormality and background which permitted detection of the abnormality. This allowed evaluation of the effectiveness of 99Tcm pertechnetate in the detection of small abnormalities. Assuming a concentration ratio between abnormal and normal tissue of 22.5:1, then at a depth of 50 mm in the brain a cylindrical abnormality of about 8 mm diameter was the smallest detectable under the chosen scanning conditions.", "contents": "The influence of size and radiopharmaceutical concentration ratio on the detection of abnormalities in clinical radionuclide imaging. The effect of the size of an abnormality on its detectability was measured. The cylindrical abnormalities studied, with diameters ranging from 3 mm to 4 cm, were superimposed on a uniform background. To avoid artefacts produced by the imaging devices, the images were simulated by computer. The method of constant stimulus was used to determine the detectability of the abnormalities. By using a Perspex phantom filled with 99Tcm, measurements were made of the concentration ratio between abnormality and background which permitted detection of the abnormality. This allowed evaluation of the effectiveness of 99Tcm pertechnetate in the detection of small abnormalities. Assuming a concentration ratio between abnormal and normal tissue of 22.5:1, then at a depth of 50 mm in the brain a cylindrical abnormality of about 8 mm diameter was the smallest detectable under the chosen scanning conditions.", "PMID": 737412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3098", "title": "The effect of chronic reductions in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen on the radiation response of an experimental tumour.", "content": "A previous study by the same authors has reported the effect of acute reductions in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) on tumour response to radiation. The results have been extended in the present paper to investigate tumour response to radiation in animals in which the PaO2 is chronically reduced. The purpose of these experiments was to simulate the condition of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in the presence of chronically low PaO2 values as might be expected in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Mice bearing transplantable KHT sarcomas were kept in a 12% O2 environment prior to (10--16 days), during and following the radiation treatment of their tumours. During the period of low PaO2 (about 50 mm Hg) exposure, the mice were found to increase their haemoglobin (Hg) levels by approximately 50%. Because of this increase, the response, determined using a growth delay assay of the tumours irradiated at reduced PaO2 was found to be the same as that observed for tumours in mice breathing air throughout the experiment. In mice with reduced PaO2 levels maintained at normal Hb concentrations by periodic bleeding, tumour response was found to be similar to that of mice with acute PaO2 reductions. These results indicate that chronic PaO2 reductions in the absence of Hb compensation may have a detrimental effect on the success of a radiation treatment.", "contents": "The effect of chronic reductions in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen on the radiation response of an experimental tumour. A previous study by the same authors has reported the effect of acute reductions in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) on tumour response to radiation. The results have been extended in the present paper to investigate tumour response to radiation in animals in which the PaO2 is chronically reduced. The purpose of these experiments was to simulate the condition of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in the presence of chronically low PaO2 values as might be expected in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Mice bearing transplantable KHT sarcomas were kept in a 12% O2 environment prior to (10--16 days), during and following the radiation treatment of their tumours. During the period of low PaO2 (about 50 mm Hg) exposure, the mice were found to increase their haemoglobin (Hg) levels by approximately 50%. Because of this increase, the response, determined using a growth delay assay of the tumours irradiated at reduced PaO2 was found to be the same as that observed for tumours in mice breathing air throughout the experiment. In mice with reduced PaO2 levels maintained at normal Hb concentrations by periodic bleeding, tumour response was found to be similar to that of mice with acute PaO2 reductions. These results indicate that chronic PaO2 reductions in the absence of Hb compensation may have a detrimental effect on the success of a radiation treatment.", "PMID": 737413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3099", "title": "The effect of vascular occlusion on the thermal sensitization of a mouse tumour.", "content": "The effect of occluding the blood supply to a mouse tumour (with a metal clamp) has been studied for both irradiation and heating. Local heat was applied by immersion in a water bath for one hour at 42.8 degrees C or for 15 minutes at 44.8 degrees C. Occlusion of the blood supply during heating has a profound cytotoxic effect on the tumour, even in the absence of irradiation. Most tumours treated with 42.8 degrees C for one hour under clamped conditions were locally controlled whether they were irradiated or not. Tumours heated with their blood supply unobstructed showed a lesser sensitivity to heat, seen as an increased sensitivity to X rays with a thermal enhancement ratio of 1.8--2.6. With the shorter period of more intense heat (44.8 degrees C for 15 min), the effect of increasing the clamping time before heating was studied. The proportion of tumours locally controlled increased from 33% if the clamp was applied immediately before heating to 83% if the clamp was present for 60 minutes before heating commenced. No cures were observed for heat applied immediately before clamping, or immediately after release of the clamp. Accumulation of metabolic products or pH changes are implicated as the factors which alter the thermal sensitivity of these tumour cells.", "contents": "The effect of vascular occlusion on the thermal sensitization of a mouse tumour. The effect of occluding the blood supply to a mouse tumour (with a metal clamp) has been studied for both irradiation and heating. Local heat was applied by immersion in a water bath for one hour at 42.8 degrees C or for 15 minutes at 44.8 degrees C. Occlusion of the blood supply during heating has a profound cytotoxic effect on the tumour, even in the absence of irradiation. Most tumours treated with 42.8 degrees C for one hour under clamped conditions were locally controlled whether they were irradiated or not. Tumours heated with their blood supply unobstructed showed a lesser sensitivity to heat, seen as an increased sensitivity to X rays with a thermal enhancement ratio of 1.8--2.6. With the shorter period of more intense heat (44.8 degrees C for 15 min), the effect of increasing the clamping time before heating was studied. The proportion of tumours locally controlled increased from 33% if the clamp was applied immediately before heating to 83% if the clamp was present for 60 minutes before heating commenced. No cures were observed for heat applied immediately before clamping, or immediately after release of the clamp. Accumulation of metabolic products or pH changes are implicated as the factors which alter the thermal sensitivity of these tumour cells.", "PMID": 737414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3100", "title": "Relief of lymph obstruction by use of a bridge of mesentery and ileum.", "content": "The background to the use of a bridge of ileum with its associated mesentery in the relief of lymphatic obstruction is described. A case report of the successful use of this method in a 22-year-old patient with lymphoedema praecox is presented. Following experience with further cases, it is suggested that, provided changes in the lymph channels and in the tissues of the affected limb are not irreversibly damaged, effective drainage through small gut lymphatics may be achieved.", "contents": "Relief of lymph obstruction by use of a bridge of mesentery and ileum. The background to the use of a bridge of ileum with its associated mesentery in the relief of lymphatic obstruction is described. A case report of the successful use of this method in a 22-year-old patient with lymphoedema praecox is presented. Following experience with further cases, it is suggested that, provided changes in the lymph channels and in the tissues of the affected limb are not irreversibly damaged, effective drainage through small gut lymphatics may be achieved.", "PMID": 737415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3101", "title": "Management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A series of 245 patients was operated upon for abdominal aortic aneurysm during the years 1969-77, of whom 162 were elective cases while in 83 the aneurysm was leaking or had ruptured. The hospital mortality for the latter group fell from 77 per cent at the beginning of the study period to 30 per cent at the end. For elective operations, hospital mortality averaged 9.3 per cent, though during the last 2 years there were no deaths in the 51 consecutive cases. Operative methods and postoperative treatment changed during the years of the study, with few excision-replacement grafts and greater use of the inlay technique, most of the latter being simple unbranched Dacron tubes. Early graft infection, the most important and serious surgical complication, caused 9 deaths, an overall incidence of 3.7 per cent, of which 8 were in patients who received no perioperative antibiotics and only 1 among the patients who did receive them. All deaths were in the inlay group. The reasons for this are discussed. Since July 1976 perioperative antibiotic treatment has been routine for all arterial prosthetic graft patients in our hospital.", "contents": "Management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. A series of 245 patients was operated upon for abdominal aortic aneurysm during the years 1969-77, of whom 162 were elective cases while in 83 the aneurysm was leaking or had ruptured. The hospital mortality for the latter group fell from 77 per cent at the beginning of the study period to 30 per cent at the end. For elective operations, hospital mortality averaged 9.3 per cent, though during the last 2 years there were no deaths in the 51 consecutive cases. Operative methods and postoperative treatment changed during the years of the study, with few excision-replacement grafts and greater use of the inlay technique, most of the latter being simple unbranched Dacron tubes. Early graft infection, the most important and serious surgical complication, caused 9 deaths, an overall incidence of 3.7 per cent, of which 8 were in patients who received no perioperative antibiotics and only 1 among the patients who did receive them. All deaths were in the inlay group. The reasons for this are discussed. Since July 1976 perioperative antibiotic treatment has been routine for all arterial prosthetic graft patients in our hospital.", "PMID": 737416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3102", "title": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The results of operation in 76 patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm are presented with an analysis of the cause of operative death. Overall mortality was 58 per cent and preoperative hypotension significantly increased mortality; deterioration while awaiting operation made a successful outcome particularly unlikely. No group could be identified, however, in which operation was without hope of saving life, and age alone should not contraindicate surgery.", "contents": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. The results of operation in 76 patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm are presented with an analysis of the cause of operative death. Overall mortality was 58 per cent and preoperative hypotension significantly increased mortality; deterioration while awaiting operation made a successful outcome particularly unlikely. No group could be identified, however, in which operation was without hope of saving life, and age alone should not contraindicate surgery.", "PMID": 737417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3103", "title": "Lumbar radiculopathy contralateral to upper lumbar disc herniation: report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of lumbar radiculopathy contralateral to an upper lumbar disc herniation are reported. This clinical syndrome is explained on the basis of prominent spondylotic changes and stenosis contralateral to the side of disc herniation associated with anatomical anomalies of lumbar nerve roots. The disc herniation causes displacement and impaction of the dural sac with the emerging nerve roots in a narrowed lateral recess.", "contents": "Lumbar radiculopathy contralateral to upper lumbar disc herniation: report of 3 cases. Three cases of lumbar radiculopathy contralateral to an upper lumbar disc herniation are reported. This clinical syndrome is explained on the basis of prominent spondylotic changes and stenosis contralateral to the side of disc herniation associated with anatomical anomalies of lumbar nerve roots. The disc herniation causes displacement and impaction of the dural sac with the emerging nerve roots in a narrowed lateral recess.", "PMID": 737418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3104", "title": "A review of 158 gunshot wounds to the chest.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-eight gunshot wounds to the chest treated at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, between August 1969 and July 1976 are reviewed. The place of open operation in the treatment is discussed.", "contents": "A review of 158 gunshot wounds to the chest. One hundred and fifty-eight gunshot wounds to the chest treated at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, between August 1969 and July 1976 are reviewed. The place of open operation in the treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 737419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3105", "title": "Cholecystectomy and a simple technique of operative cholangiography.", "content": "A simple, easily reproducible technique of operative cholangiography is described. The technique has three advantages: (a) there is no need to divide or ligate the cystic duct; (b) it demonstrates the cystic duct anatomy clearly and is particularly useful in demonstrating stones in that duct thus eliminating the hazard of the retained stone in the cystic duct stump; (c) it is possible to eliminate the problem of false positives due to air bubbles. A consecutive series of 442 cholecystectomy patients is reviewed. The overall operative mortality was 1.6 per cent; no death could be attributed to operative cholangiography. Thirty-five of 324 patients (10.8 per cent) with gallstones and no history of jaundice were shown to have unexpected abnormalities in the common bile duct.", "contents": "Cholecystectomy and a simple technique of operative cholangiography. A simple, easily reproducible technique of operative cholangiography is described. The technique has three advantages: (a) there is no need to divide or ligate the cystic duct; (b) it demonstrates the cystic duct anatomy clearly and is particularly useful in demonstrating stones in that duct thus eliminating the hazard of the retained stone in the cystic duct stump; (c) it is possible to eliminate the problem of false positives due to air bubbles. A consecutive series of 442 cholecystectomy patients is reviewed. The overall operative mortality was 1.6 per cent; no death could be attributed to operative cholangiography. Thirty-five of 324 patients (10.8 per cent) with gallstones and no history of jaundice were shown to have unexpected abnormalities in the common bile duct.", "PMID": 737420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3106", "title": "Common bile duct perfusion combined with operative cholangiography.", "content": "A series of 223 patients undergoing cholecystectomy has been studied. In 204 patients the common bile duct was perfused with saline at a pressure of 30 cm. The rate of flow has been analysed as a means of determining the presence of common bile duct stones, this being confirmed on the evidence of operative cholangiography or exploration of the duct. The results suggest that flow studies can be more consistently obtained than cholangiograms, which were not available for technical reasons in 8.0 per cent of patients in this series. The results of flow studies are comparable with those of cholangiography in confirming the normality of the common bile duct but are less reliable in detecting stones. The reliability is such that if radiological facilities are not available, flow studies are an acceptable alternative. In none of these patients was stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi detected. If this clinical entity does exist, it is rare and of little significance.", "contents": "Common bile duct perfusion combined with operative cholangiography. A series of 223 patients undergoing cholecystectomy has been studied. In 204 patients the common bile duct was perfused with saline at a pressure of 30 cm. The rate of flow has been analysed as a means of determining the presence of common bile duct stones, this being confirmed on the evidence of operative cholangiography or exploration of the duct. The results suggest that flow studies can be more consistently obtained than cholangiograms, which were not available for technical reasons in 8.0 per cent of patients in this series. The results of flow studies are comparable with those of cholangiography in confirming the normality of the common bile duct but are less reliable in detecting stones. The reliability is such that if radiological facilities are not available, flow studies are an acceptable alternative. In none of these patients was stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi detected. If this clinical entity does exist, it is rare and of little significance.", "PMID": 737421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3107", "title": "Disinfection of the skin of the abdomen.", "content": "The skin of the abdomen of 106 staff and 358 patients was sampled 5 min and 2 h after disinfection using contact plates. Control areas of skin were treated with water only or left untreated. A reduction of 99 per cent (log reduction factor = 2) or more in colony counts was obtained in 5 min with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol and alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and chloroxylenol/EDTA. Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.5 per cent) Savlon (5 per cent), povidone-iodine (10 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (X10 recommended concentration) also showed similar reductions. Weaker aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.05 per cent), Savlon (1 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (recommended concentration) were significantly less effective than the alcoholic and the most effective aqueous solutions, although all were more effective than water. Total bacterial counts were lower from the skin of female than from male staff and lower from staff than from patients. Pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacilli) were isolated from only one member of staff in small numbers and irregularly and rarely in large numbers from patients. Few pathogens were isolated after application of any of the disinfectants.", "contents": "Disinfection of the skin of the abdomen. The skin of the abdomen of 106 staff and 358 patients was sampled 5 min and 2 h after disinfection using contact plates. Control areas of skin were treated with water only or left untreated. A reduction of 99 per cent (log reduction factor = 2) or more in colony counts was obtained in 5 min with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol and alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and chloroxylenol/EDTA. Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.5 per cent) Savlon (5 per cent), povidone-iodine (10 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (X10 recommended concentration) also showed similar reductions. Weaker aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.05 per cent), Savlon (1 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (recommended concentration) were significantly less effective than the alcoholic and the most effective aqueous solutions, although all were more effective than water. Total bacterial counts were lower from the skin of female than from male staff and lower from staff than from patients. Pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacilli) were isolated from only one member of staff in small numbers and irregularly and rarely in large numbers from patients. Few pathogens were isolated after application of any of the disinfectants.", "PMID": 737422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3108", "title": "Cancer of the rectum following colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The case notes of all patients treated for ulcerative colitis by colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis at the Gordon Hospital under the care of Mr S. O. Aylett from 1952 to 1976 have been reviewed. Three hundred and seventy-four patients left hospital with an ileorectal anastomosis and have been followed for periods up to 23 years. Twenty-two patients are known to have developed a carcinoma of the rectum. Within 10 years of the onset of the disease, no rectal carcinoma was found in 3534 patient-years. The risk was 1 in 185 patient-years between the tenth and twentieth years and 1 in 115 patient-years between the twentieth and thirtieth years. The cumulative risk was 6 per cent (+/- 2 per cent) at 20 years and 15 per cent (+/- 4 per cent) at 30 years. The need for meticulous follow-up is emphasized. The finding of dysplasia in rectal mucosal biopsies will, it is hoped, identify the patient at particularly high risk and enable rectal excision to be undertaken before carcinoma develops.", "contents": "Cancer of the rectum following colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. The case notes of all patients treated for ulcerative colitis by colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis at the Gordon Hospital under the care of Mr S. O. Aylett from 1952 to 1976 have been reviewed. Three hundred and seventy-four patients left hospital with an ileorectal anastomosis and have been followed for periods up to 23 years. Twenty-two patients are known to have developed a carcinoma of the rectum. Within 10 years of the onset of the disease, no rectal carcinoma was found in 3534 patient-years. The risk was 1 in 185 patient-years between the tenth and twentieth years and 1 in 115 patient-years between the twentieth and thirtieth years. The cumulative risk was 6 per cent (+/- 2 per cent) at 20 years and 15 per cent (+/- 4 per cent) at 30 years. The need for meticulous follow-up is emphasized. The finding of dysplasia in rectal mucosal biopsies will, it is hoped, identify the patient at particularly high risk and enable rectal excision to be undertaken before carcinoma develops.", "PMID": 737423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3109", "title": "An androgen-associated hepatic adenoma in a trans-sexual.", "content": "A case is reported of an hepatic adenoma developing in a patient who had been taking testosterone for 3 years. There appears to be an association between various steroid preparations and hepatic neoplasia. Reports of such cases with all relevant data will allow a balanced assessment of the problem to be made.", "contents": "An androgen-associated hepatic adenoma in a trans-sexual. A case is reported of an hepatic adenoma developing in a patient who had been taking testosterone for 3 years. There appears to be an association between various steroid preparations and hepatic neoplasia. Reports of such cases with all relevant data will allow a balanced assessment of the problem to be made.", "PMID": 737424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3110", "title": "Congenital solitary cysts of the liver and spleen.", "content": "Three symptomatic cases of congenital solitary cyst are reported, one in the liver and two in the spleen. Recurrence of the hepatic cyst after partial excision and drainage was complicated by fistula formation between the cyst and the duodenum. The fistula was successfully closed at a second operation. Calcification of the cyst wall occurred in one of two epithelial cysts of the spleen in young women, which were treated by splenectomy. Besides their rarity, congenital solitary cysts of the liver and spleen have several other features in common. Isotopic and ultrasonic scanning assist diagnosis in both conditions.", "contents": "Congenital solitary cysts of the liver and spleen. Three symptomatic cases of congenital solitary cyst are reported, one in the liver and two in the spleen. Recurrence of the hepatic cyst after partial excision and drainage was complicated by fistula formation between the cyst and the duodenum. The fistula was successfully closed at a second operation. Calcification of the cyst wall occurred in one of two epithelial cysts of the spleen in young women, which were treated by splenectomy. Besides their rarity, congenital solitary cysts of the liver and spleen have several other features in common. Isotopic and ultrasonic scanning assist diagnosis in both conditions.", "PMID": 737425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3111", "title": "Progress of acute appendicitis: a study in children.", "content": "The results of six simple investigations are compared with the duration of the disease in 100 children with acute appendicitis. The results indicate that during the first day on which the appendix becomes inflamed the local defence mechanisms of the appendix are impaired sufficiently to allow invasion by the bacterial organisms in its lumen. This initially inflamed and subsequently infected appendix may develop in the manner indicated. Local and/or generalized complications may follow, i.e. acute appendicitis in its successive stages of development, which may be regarded as (a) inflamed, (b) infected and (c) complicated, and these changes take place at intervals of 1 day. Bacterial and faeoliths are present in the lumen of the appendix, whether inflamed or not, and it is suggested that they complicate the disease rather than being responsible for causing it.", "contents": "Progress of acute appendicitis: a study in children. The results of six simple investigations are compared with the duration of the disease in 100 children with acute appendicitis. The results indicate that during the first day on which the appendix becomes inflamed the local defence mechanisms of the appendix are impaired sufficiently to allow invasion by the bacterial organisms in its lumen. This initially inflamed and subsequently infected appendix may develop in the manner indicated. Local and/or generalized complications may follow, i.e. acute appendicitis in its successive stages of development, which may be regarded as (a) inflamed, (b) infected and (c) complicated, and these changes take place at intervals of 1 day. Bacterial and faeoliths are present in the lumen of the appendix, whether inflamed or not, and it is suggested that they complicate the disease rather than being responsible for causing it.", "PMID": 737426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3112", "title": "Should you drain a perforated appendix?", "content": "One hundred and three consecutive patients undergoing appendicectomy for perforated appendicitis were randomly allocated either to have an intraperitoneal drain inserted or not. The results of this trial lend no support to the advocates of drainage.", "contents": "Should you drain a perforated appendix? One hundred and three consecutive patients undergoing appendicectomy for perforated appendicitis were randomly allocated either to have an intraperitoneal drain inserted or not. The results of this trial lend no support to the advocates of drainage.", "PMID": 737427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3113", "title": "Talc granuloma of the ureter: a case report.", "content": "A patient presented with symptoms of ureteric colic. At laparotomy a ureteric stricture was found which was presumed to be tuberculous, but histological examination proved it to be a talc granuloma, the talc having been introduced as a glove powder 20 years previously during a hysterectomy operation.", "contents": "Talc granuloma of the ureter: a case report. A patient presented with symptoms of ureteric colic. At laparotomy a ureteric stricture was found which was presumed to be tuberculous, but histological examination proved it to be a talc granuloma, the talc having been introduced as a glove powder 20 years previously during a hysterectomy operation.", "PMID": 737428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3114", "title": "A fundoplication clamp.", "content": "An instrument is described which has been specially designed to facilitate the performance of the operation of fundoplication for the surgical treatment of oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "A fundoplication clamp. An instrument is described which has been specially designed to facilitate the performance of the operation of fundoplication for the surgical treatment of oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 737429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3115", "title": "Variations in number of births and perinatal mortality by day of week in England and Wales.", "content": "Analysis of the births that occurred in England and Wales during 1970-6 showed that they followed a seven-day cycle, being concentrated from Tuesdays to Fridays and least numerous on Sundays. This pattern became increasingly pronounced during the period examined. Relatively few births occurred on bank holidays, especially Christmas Day and Boxing Day. In general perinatal mortality was higher among babies born at weekends than among those born on weekdays. It is likely that the pattern seen in the numbers of births is associated to a large extent with elective intervention. It is not possible to draw any conclusions about the pattern seen in perinatal mortality as so far the analysis has been confined to crude rates.", "contents": "Variations in number of births and perinatal mortality by day of week in England and Wales. Analysis of the births that occurred in England and Wales during 1970-6 showed that they followed a seven-day cycle, being concentrated from Tuesdays to Fridays and least numerous on Sundays. This pattern became increasingly pronounced during the period examined. Relatively few births occurred on bank holidays, especially Christmas Day and Boxing Day. In general perinatal mortality was higher among babies born at weekends than among those born on weekdays. It is likely that the pattern seen in the numbers of births is associated to a large extent with elective intervention. It is not possible to draw any conclusions about the pattern seen in perinatal mortality as so far the analysis has been confined to crude rates.", "PMID": 737435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3116", "title": "Computed tomography of abdomen in staging and clinical management of lymphoma.", "content": "During July 1976 to Demember 1977, 150 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 138 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 45 cases 50 repeat examinations were conducted. Concurrent laparotomy and lymphography were performed on 68 and 56 patients respectively. The overall incidence of false-positive CT examinations as confirmed by laparotomy was 7.4%. In 18 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the abdomen there was good correlation between the two techniques. Of the 50 patients with Hodgkin's disease who underwent laparotomy, 17 had splenic disease and 14 minimally enlarged lymph nodes in 20 areas; CT, however, detected only four diseased spleens and five minimally enlarged lymph nodes. Nevertheless, CT often detected enlarged lymph nodes missed by lymphography and was 23% more efficient than lymphography in detecting unsuspected disease. CT also detected unsuspected disease in patients with relapse of lymphoma. CT may replace other non-invasive investigations of abdominal disease in patients with lymphoma and give a reliable guide to  prognosis. It does not, however, eliminate the need for laparotomy in staging Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Computed tomography of abdomen in staging and clinical management of lymphoma. During July 1976 to Demember 1977, 150 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 138 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 45 cases 50 repeat examinations were conducted. Concurrent laparotomy and lymphography were performed on 68 and 56 patients respectively. The overall incidence of false-positive CT examinations as confirmed by laparotomy was 7.4%. In 18 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the abdomen there was good correlation between the two techniques. Of the 50 patients with Hodgkin's disease who underwent laparotomy, 17 had splenic disease and 14 minimally enlarged lymph nodes in 20 areas; CT, however, detected only four diseased spleens and five minimally enlarged lymph nodes. Nevertheless, CT often detected enlarged lymph nodes missed by lymphography and was 23% more efficient than lymphography in detecting unsuspected disease. CT also detected unsuspected disease in patients with relapse of lymphoma. CT may replace other non-invasive investigations of abdominal disease in patients with lymphoma and give a reliable guide to  prognosis. It does not, however, eliminate the need for laparotomy in staging Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 737436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3117", "title": "Visual screening of pre-school children.", "content": "In an attempt to reduce the incidence of persistent amblyopia and related disorders, routine screening of the visual function of pre-school children has been introduced in Ayrshire, the tests being carried out by orthoptists. A pilot study confirmed the feasibility of the screening. Under the definitive scheme, whose first three months' results are presented, the children are examined as near as possible to their homes and the average attendance rate has been 86%. Thirty-seven of 442 children were referred to an ophthalmic clinic with suspected abnormalities (only one of which was not confirmed) that had not been picked up by the GP or welfare clinic. It is concluded that visual screening of pre-school children is administratively feasible and welcomed by parents, and that it can detect abnormalities missed by traditional procedures-which according to these results may be more than half of the total.", "contents": "Visual screening of pre-school children. In an attempt to reduce the incidence of persistent amblyopia and related disorders, routine screening of the visual function of pre-school children has been introduced in Ayrshire, the tests being carried out by orthoptists. A pilot study confirmed the feasibility of the screening. Under the definitive scheme, whose first three months' results are presented, the children are examined as near as possible to their homes and the average attendance rate has been 86%. Thirty-seven of 442 children were referred to an ophthalmic clinic with suspected abnormalities (only one of which was not confirmed) that had not been picked up by the GP or welfare clinic. It is concluded that visual screening of pre-school children is administratively feasible and welcomed by parents, and that it can detect abnormalities missed by traditional procedures-which according to these results may be more than half of the total.", "PMID": 737442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3118", "title": "Guar crispbread in the diabetic diet.", "content": "Nine diabetic patients who were receiving various treatments supplemented their normal home diets (two patients) or metabolic ward diets (seven patients) with guar crispbread for five days. Their mean urinary glucose excretion fell significantly by 38% during the last two days. A significant fall in fasting blood glucose concentration of 1.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/1 (19.8 +/- 7.2 mg/100 ml) was seen only in those who took guar after the control period. Over eight weeks' treatment insulin dosage was reduced by 21% in five patients, and home testing showed that glycosuria was reduced by 68% in six patients. Guar crispbread is likely to be a useful adjunct to diabetic treatment irrespective of the type of treatment or insulin dosage used.", "contents": "Guar crispbread in the diabetic diet. Nine diabetic patients who were receiving various treatments supplemented their normal home diets (two patients) or metabolic ward diets (seven patients) with guar crispbread for five days. Their mean urinary glucose excretion fell significantly by 38% during the last two days. A significant fall in fasting blood glucose concentration of 1.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/1 (19.8 +/- 7.2 mg/100 ml) was seen only in those who took guar after the control period. Over eight weeks' treatment insulin dosage was reduced by 21% in five patients, and home testing showed that glycosuria was reduced by 68% in six patients. Guar crispbread is likely to be a useful adjunct to diabetic treatment irrespective of the type of treatment or insulin dosage used.", "PMID": 737474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3119", "title": "Mortality among drug addicts in Greater London.", "content": "During January 1970 to December 1974, 134 deaths in people aged 10-50 years investigated by coroners in Greater London were recorded as being due to drug addiction. Over three-quarters of the addicts were under 30, and 105 (78%) were male; 55 (41%) were unknown to the Home Office. Barbiturate overdose accounted for over half of the deaths, though two-thirds of these were in people registered as addicts to notifiable drugs. Since the Home Office index is concerned with addiction to one class of drugs only, it fails to reflect accurately the prevalence of all serious forms of addiction. Owing to the continuous change in drug-taking behaviour, however, probably no one method of assessment can provide a complete picture, and thus complementary research methods are essential.", "contents": "Mortality among drug addicts in Greater London. During January 1970 to December 1974, 134 deaths in people aged 10-50 years investigated by coroners in Greater London were recorded as being due to drug addiction. Over three-quarters of the addicts were under 30, and 105 (78%) were male; 55 (41%) were unknown to the Home Office. Barbiturate overdose accounted for over half of the deaths, though two-thirds of these were in people registered as addicts to notifiable drugs. Since the Home Office index is concerned with addiction to one class of drugs only, it fails to reflect accurately the prevalence of all serious forms of addiction. Owing to the continuous change in drug-taking behaviour, however, probably no one method of assessment can provide a complete picture, and thus complementary research methods are essential.", "PMID": 737473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3120", "title": "Injuries in Rugby Union football.", "content": "In a prospective study of 185 players attached to 10 British rugby clubs, 151 injuries were recorded among 98 of them (53%) during a single season. Forwards sustained significantly more injuries than backs. The standard of rugby, players' body weights, degree of fitness, and presence of joint hypermobility did not affect the risk of injury. The leg was the most common site of injury. Head and neck injuries were significantly more common when play was static and on wet pitches. Scrummaging accounted for no neck injuries. Almost half the injuries occurred during the last quarter of games. Foul play might have caused as many as 47 (31%) of all reported injuries. Complete eradication of deliberately dangerous play would considerably reduce the high incidence of injuries in this sport.", "contents": "Injuries in Rugby Union football. In a prospective study of 185 players attached to 10 British rugby clubs, 151 injuries were recorded among 98 of them (53%) during a single season. Forwards sustained significantly more injuries than backs. The standard of rugby, players' body weights, degree of fitness, and presence of joint hypermobility did not affect the risk of injury. The leg was the most common site of injury. Head and neck injuries were significantly more common when play was static and on wet pitches. Scrummaging accounted for no neck injuries. Almost half the injuries occurred during the last quarter of games. Foul play might have caused as many as 47 (31%) of all reported injuries. Complete eradication of deliberately dangerous play would considerably reduce the high incidence of injuries in this sport.", "PMID": 737483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3121", "title": "How should a consultant spend his time?", "content": "The activities of a whole-time consultant psychiatrist with clinical, teaching, and administrative responsibilities were analysed over six weeks. With the exclusion of time spent on call at night and weekends he worked an average of 57.4 hours a week. Altogether 42.3% of his time was spent on clinical work, 25.5% on general administration, and 24.0% on tutorial activities. Although he discharged his duties as well as might reasonably be expected, his clinical work was thought to have suffered. Postgraduate activities and medical administrations are important in the ultimate care of patients, but the structure of the National Health Service does not enable a consultant to meet all these demands adequately.", "contents": "How should a consultant spend his time? The activities of a whole-time consultant psychiatrist with clinical, teaching, and administrative responsibilities were analysed over six weeks. With the exclusion of time spent on call at night and weekends he worked an average of 57.4 hours a week. Altogether 42.3% of his time was spent on clinical work, 25.5% on general administration, and 24.0% on tutorial activities. Although he discharged his duties as well as might reasonably be expected, his clinical work was thought to have suffered. Postgraduate activities and medical administrations are important in the ultimate care of patients, but the structure of the National Health Service does not enable a consultant to meet all these demands adequately.", "PMID": 737485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3122", "title": "Doctors, physiotherapists, and placebo pharmacology.", "content": "A seminar of physiotherapists studied the psychological aspects of their work. Difficulty with doctors rather than patients was unexpectedly prominent. The following factors were identified as contributing to their dissatisfaction: doctors misused physiotherapy as a placebo in cases of incurable and untreatable disease and mental problems; because they faced questions about diagnosis and prognosis that doctors escaped they learnt to avoid knowing the facts about their patients; using quasiscientific apparatus had tended to replace physical contact; they saw their psychological skill as illicit and unprofessional; and they were uncertain about their role as social workers. Nevertheless, they tended to idealise doctors, which sharpened gratification in collaborative work and helped to alleviate anxiety about death and disease, but tended to reinforce sexual stereotyping and the image of physiotherapy as \"unscientific,\" empirical, and intuititive (\"feminine\").", "contents": "Doctors, physiotherapists, and placebo pharmacology. A seminar of physiotherapists studied the psychological aspects of their work. Difficulty with doctors rather than patients was unexpectedly prominent. The following factors were identified as contributing to their dissatisfaction: doctors misused physiotherapy as a placebo in cases of incurable and untreatable disease and mental problems; because they faced questions about diagnosis and prognosis that doctors escaped they learnt to avoid knowing the facts about their patients; using quasiscientific apparatus had tended to replace physical contact; they saw their psychological skill as illicit and unprofessional; and they were uncertain about their role as social workers. Nevertheless, they tended to idealise doctors, which sharpened gratification in collaborative work and helped to alleviate anxiety about death and disease, but tended to reinforce sexual stereotyping and the image of physiotherapy as \"unscientific,\" empirical, and intuititive (\"feminine\").", "PMID": 737484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3123", "title": "Inactivation of gonococci by procaine penicillin in vivo. A pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study was carried out of 25 male volunteers with gonococcal urethritis. After intramuscular administration of 3 megaunits procaine penicillin and 1 g oral probenecid the urethral culture results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae remained positive up to five hours and thereafter became negative. These results may be useful in providing guidelines for advice on the duration of sexual abstinence following treatment. It is suggested that similar studies should be carried out in women.", "contents": "Inactivation of gonococci by procaine penicillin in vivo. A pilot study. A pilot study was carried out of 25 male volunteers with gonococcal urethritis. After intramuscular administration of 3 megaunits procaine penicillin and 1 g oral probenecid the urethral culture results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae remained positive up to five hours and thereafter became negative. These results may be useful in providing guidelines for advice on the duration of sexual abstinence following treatment. It is suggested that similar studies should be carried out in women.", "PMID": 737516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3124", "title": "Clinical experience in the use of cefuroxime in gonorrhoea.", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new antibiotic derived from cephalosporin-C which is very stable in the presence of beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative organisms, was used to treat 856 male patients and 340 female patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. In men the drug was used in three different doses, 1.5 g, 1 g, and 750 mg plus 1 g probenecid; in women 1 g and 750 mg cefuroxime plus 1 g probenecid was used. Cure rates ranged from 94.8% to 99.3%. The antibiotic was well tolerated and was free from side effects. Cefuroxime would be a valuable and efficient substitute for penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea due to beta-lactamase-producing strains of gonococci.", "contents": "Clinical experience in the use of cefuroxime in gonorrhoea. Cefuroxime, a new antibiotic derived from cephalosporin-C which is very stable in the presence of beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative organisms, was used to treat 856 male patients and 340 female patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. In men the drug was used in three different doses, 1.5 g, 1 g, and 750 mg plus 1 g probenecid; in women 1 g and 750 mg cefuroxime plus 1 g probenecid was used. Cure rates ranged from 94.8% to 99.3%. The antibiotic was well tolerated and was free from side effects. Cefuroxime would be a valuable and efficient substitute for penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea due to beta-lactamase-producing strains of gonococci.", "PMID": 737517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3125", "title": "Management of non-specific urethritis in men. Evaluation of six treatment regimens and effect of other factors including alcohol and sexual intercourse.", "content": "A trial comparing the efficacy of three different tetracyclines, each in two different dosage regimens, in the treatment of non-specific urethritis is described. There was a significant association between the retreatment rate and sexual intercourse. Age, race, duration of symptoms, previous infection, and indulgence in alcohol did not appear to influence the results whereas treatment of sexual contacts before resumption of sexual intercourse significantly reduced the retreatment rate. Single-dose treatment with doxycycline was shown to be ineffective. Treatment with doxycycline for seven days or triple tetracycline for seven days was less effective than triple tetracycline for 21 days or oxytetracyline for seven or 21 days, all of which gave the same success rate.", "contents": "Management of non-specific urethritis in men. Evaluation of six treatment regimens and effect of other factors including alcohol and sexual intercourse. A trial comparing the efficacy of three different tetracyclines, each in two different dosage regimens, in the treatment of non-specific urethritis is described. There was a significant association between the retreatment rate and sexual intercourse. Age, race, duration of symptoms, previous infection, and indulgence in alcohol did not appear to influence the results whereas treatment of sexual contacts before resumption of sexual intercourse significantly reduced the retreatment rate. Single-dose treatment with doxycycline was shown to be ineffective. Treatment with doxycycline for seven days or triple tetracycline for seven days was less effective than triple tetracycline for 21 days or oxytetracyline for seven or 21 days, all of which gave the same success rate.", "PMID": 737518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3126", "title": "A clinical and genetic study of spinal muscular atrophy of adult onset: the autosomal recessive form as a discrete disease entity.", "content": "A clinical and genetic study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) of adult onset is reported. A genetic analysis of all cases of SMA occurring over a ten-year period in North-east England (48 index cases) has shown that chronic proximal SMA of adult onset is a distinct clinical and genetic entity, and is not a variant of the more common and relatively benign late juvenile cases. Nine cases of SMA of adult onset have been studied, occurring in 6 families. The median age of clinical onset was 35 years and the mean age at initial medical presentation was 37 years. The sex ratio was 5:4 (males:females). The condition is relatively benign and there is no evidence to date that life expectancy is shortened; there is usually no premonitory evidence of muscular weakness in early adult life. The muscular involvement is relatively symmetrical and the distal musculature is well preserved; clinical progression of the disease is interrupted by periods of apparent arrest. No patient was able to walk completely unaided twenty years after the initial clinical onset; the median age of patients in the study was 61 years but only one was confined to a wheelchair. In the early stages the recessive form of familial motor neuron disease must be excluded. A segregation analysis of sibs born after index cases was undertaken (segregation ratio of 0.20). This finding is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance with an extended period during which the disease might initially present. The presence of new dominant mutations cannot be excluded, but is unlikely to account for more than 10% of cases. The carrier rate in the English population is estimated to be 1 in 300, with a gene frequency q = 0.00165. Prevalence is 0.32 per 100,000 in the general population. Empirical risks for genetic counselling are presented.", "contents": "A clinical and genetic study of spinal muscular atrophy of adult onset: the autosomal recessive form as a discrete disease entity. A clinical and genetic study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) of adult onset is reported. A genetic analysis of all cases of SMA occurring over a ten-year period in North-east England (48 index cases) has shown that chronic proximal SMA of adult onset is a distinct clinical and genetic entity, and is not a variant of the more common and relatively benign late juvenile cases. Nine cases of SMA of adult onset have been studied, occurring in 6 families. The median age of clinical onset was 35 years and the mean age at initial medical presentation was 37 years. The sex ratio was 5:4 (males:females). The condition is relatively benign and there is no evidence to date that life expectancy is shortened; there is usually no premonitory evidence of muscular weakness in early adult life. The muscular involvement is relatively symmetrical and the distal musculature is well preserved; clinical progression of the disease is interrupted by periods of apparent arrest. No patient was able to walk completely unaided twenty years after the initial clinical onset; the median age of patients in the study was 61 years but only one was confined to a wheelchair. In the early stages the recessive form of familial motor neuron disease must be excluded. A segregation analysis of sibs born after index cases was undertaken (segregation ratio of 0.20). This finding is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance with an extended period during which the disease might initially present. The presence of new dominant mutations cannot be excluded, but is unlikely to account for more than 10% of cases. The carrier rate in the English population is estimated to be 1 in 300, with a gene frequency q = 0.00165. Prevalence is 0.32 per 100,000 in the general population. Empirical risks for genetic counselling are presented.", "PMID": 737522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3127", "title": "Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia.", "content": "Long-latency auditory evoked potentials were recorded from two groups of patients, with and without dementia, and were compared with those from a population of normal subjects ranging in age from 15 to 76 years. A sequence of tones of two different frequencies (1000 Hz and 2000 Hz) was presented and each patient was asked to count the occurrences of the rare (P = 0.15) tones in the sequence. Evoked potential waveforms were averaged separately for the rare and frequent tone. Of the various evoked potential components elicited by the tones, the P3 component (latency 300-500 ms) was found to be the most sensitive to aging in normal subjects. It was also the only component which could be used to differentiate between the demented patients and the normal subjects or non-demented patients. The non-demented patients did not differ from normal in any waveform measure. The magnitude of the latency change of the P3 component in dementia relative to normal was sufficiently large that it may provide a practical and objective measure of dementia in a clinical setting.", "contents": "Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia. Long-latency auditory evoked potentials were recorded from two groups of patients, with and without dementia, and were compared with those from a population of normal subjects ranging in age from 15 to 76 years. A sequence of tones of two different frequencies (1000 Hz and 2000 Hz) was presented and each patient was asked to count the occurrences of the rare (P = 0.15) tones in the sequence. Evoked potential waveforms were averaged separately for the rare and frequent tone. Of the various evoked potential components elicited by the tones, the P3 component (latency 300-500 ms) was found to be the most sensitive to aging in normal subjects. It was also the only component which could be used to differentiate between the demented patients and the normal subjects or non-demented patients. The non-demented patients did not differ from normal in any waveform measure. The magnitude of the latency change of the P3 component in dementia relative to normal was sufficiently large that it may provide a practical and objective measure of dementia in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 737523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3128", "title": "Measurements of visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials elicited by reversing grating patterns were recorded in 35 patients with Parkinson's disease and in 26 controls. The average latency of evoked potentials in patients with Parkinson's disease exceeded by two standard deviations the average of the age-matched control group of other neurological patients. Over two-thirds of all patients with Parkinson's disease had abnormal latency. In these patients latency did not correlate with age. In 5 patients the latency became less prolonged on levodopa therapy, suggesting that catecholaminergic pathways have either indirect or direct effects on the generation of visual evoked potentials. Extrapyramidal connections of the visual cortex, as well as retinal dopaminergic neurons, require further study in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Measurements of visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease. Visual evoked potentials elicited by reversing grating patterns were recorded in 35 patients with Parkinson's disease and in 26 controls. The average latency of evoked potentials in patients with Parkinson's disease exceeded by two standard deviations the average of the age-matched control group of other neurological patients. Over two-thirds of all patients with Parkinson's disease had abnormal latency. In these patients latency did not correlate with age. In 5 patients the latency became less prolonged on levodopa therapy, suggesting that catecholaminergic pathways have either indirect or direct effects on the generation of visual evoked potentials. Extrapyramidal connections of the visual cortex, as well as retinal dopaminergic neurons, require further study in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 737524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3129", "title": "Epileptic brain damage: the role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism.", "content": "The possible role of systemic physiological changes (occurring secondarily during status epilepticus) in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been evaluated in rats. Animals were anaesthetized, paralysed and mechanically ventilated; sustained electrocortical seizure discharges were induced by the intravenous injection of bicuculline, 1.2 mg/kg. After two hours of seizure activity brains were fixed by perfusion for histology. Physiological variables were maintained within certain limits from the end of the initial seizure phase (approximate duration twenty minutes) until two hours after onset of seizure to provide six groups: (1) Standard: mean arterial pressure above 120 mmHg, no hypoxia or hypoglycaemia, rectal temperature close to 37 degrees C. (2) Moderate Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 70-75 mmHg. (3) Severe Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 50 mmHg. (4) Hypoxia: arterial oxygen tension at 50 mmHg. (5) Hypoglycaemia: non-fed animals, with blood glucose close to 3.0 mumol/g. (6) Hyperthermia: rectal temperature at 40 degrees C. Microvacuolation and ischaemic cell change were identified by light microscopy in scattered neurons in the cortex (principally in the outer layers) in animals in three groups (Standard, Severe Hypotension and Hyperthermia). Similar neuronal changes were seen in the hippocampus (predominantly in the h1 or Sommer sector) in the Standard and Hyperthermia Groups. It is tentatively proposed that neuronal damage in animals with unrestricted cerebral oxygen and glucose availability is due to oxidative mechanisms in cells with excessively enhanced neuronal activity and that lesions caused by failing energy production do not appear until severe degrees of hypoxia are reached.", "contents": "Epileptic brain damage: the role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism. The possible role of systemic physiological changes (occurring secondarily during status epilepticus) in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been evaluated in rats. Animals were anaesthetized, paralysed and mechanically ventilated; sustained electrocortical seizure discharges were induced by the intravenous injection of bicuculline, 1.2 mg/kg. After two hours of seizure activity brains were fixed by perfusion for histology. Physiological variables were maintained within certain limits from the end of the initial seizure phase (approximate duration twenty minutes) until two hours after onset of seizure to provide six groups: (1) Standard: mean arterial pressure above 120 mmHg, no hypoxia or hypoglycaemia, rectal temperature close to 37 degrees C. (2) Moderate Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 70-75 mmHg. (3) Severe Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 50 mmHg. (4) Hypoxia: arterial oxygen tension at 50 mmHg. (5) Hypoglycaemia: non-fed animals, with blood glucose close to 3.0 mumol/g. (6) Hyperthermia: rectal temperature at 40 degrees C. Microvacuolation and ischaemic cell change were identified by light microscopy in scattered neurons in the cortex (principally in the outer layers) in animals in three groups (Standard, Severe Hypotension and Hyperthermia). Similar neuronal changes were seen in the hippocampus (predominantly in the h1 or Sommer sector) in the Standard and Hyperthermia Groups. It is tentatively proposed that neuronal damage in animals with unrestricted cerebral oxygen and glucose availability is due to oxidative mechanisms in cells with excessively enhanced neuronal activity and that lesions caused by failing energy production do not appear until severe degrees of hypoxia are reached.", "PMID": 737525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3130", "title": "Efferent connections of the hippocampus and adjacent regions in the pigeon.", "content": "In this investigation, the projections of the dorsomedial (viz. hippocampus) and adjacent dorsolateral cortical mantle (viz. parahippocampus) of the pigeon telencephalon were studied with the use of 3H-amino acid radioautography. The results indicate that the fibers which arise from these cortical areas project to the septum. The projection to this structure is topographically organized in a crude manner along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampal complex. Fibers arising from rostral levels of the dorsomedial hippocampal complex project principally to central portions of the precommissural septum and to the nucleus of the diagonal band. Cells situated in the rostral parahippocampal area project to the entire region of the commissural and precommissural septum. Fibers arising from the caudal aspect of the dorsomedial cortical mantle project ipsilaterally to the dorsolateral septum and bilaterally to central portions of the postcommissural septum. However, fibers arising from more lateral parts of cortex terminate ipsilaterally along the entire longitudinal extent of the septum. Other classical projections of the hippocampal formation in the mammal which innervate the hypothalamus and thalamus could not be identified in the present study. Thus, it appears that the projections arising from both the hippocampal formation and adjacent lateral cortices of the pigeon correspond entirely to the precommissural fornix of the mammal.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the hippocampus and adjacent regions in the pigeon. In this investigation, the projections of the dorsomedial (viz. hippocampus) and adjacent dorsolateral cortical mantle (viz. parahippocampus) of the pigeon telencephalon were studied with the use of 3H-amino acid radioautography. The results indicate that the fibers which arise from these cortical areas project to the septum. The projection to this structure is topographically organized in a crude manner along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampal complex. Fibers arising from rostral levels of the dorsomedial hippocampal complex project principally to central portions of the precommissural septum and to the nucleus of the diagonal band. Cells situated in the rostral parahippocampal area project to the entire region of the commissural and precommissural septum. Fibers arising from the caudal aspect of the dorsomedial cortical mantle project ipsilaterally to the dorsolateral septum and bilaterally to central portions of the postcommissural septum. However, fibers arising from more lateral parts of cortex terminate ipsilaterally along the entire longitudinal extent of the septum. Other classical projections of the hippocampal formation in the mammal which innervate the hypothalamus and thalamus could not be identified in the present study. Thus, it appears that the projections arising from both the hippocampal formation and adjacent lateral cortices of the pigeon correspond entirely to the precommissural fornix of the mammal.", "PMID": 737527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3131", "title": "Efferent connections of the septal area in the pigeon.", "content": "The efferent connections of the septum in the pigeon were studied with the use of anterograde (3H-leucine autoradiography) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase histochemistry) transport methods. It was observed that the dorsal septum projects to the lateral hypothalamus, portions of the periventricular hypothalamus, dorsomedial thalamus and midbrain reticular formation. Fibers from the ventral half of the septum (i.e., nucleus of the diagonal band) project to medial and lateral sectors of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial thalamus, lateral habenular nucleus and midbrain tegmentum. In addition, fibers originating from this region also project to the hippocampal and parahippocampal cortices.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the septal area in the pigeon. The efferent connections of the septum in the pigeon were studied with the use of anterograde (3H-leucine autoradiography) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase histochemistry) transport methods. It was observed that the dorsal septum projects to the lateral hypothalamus, portions of the periventricular hypothalamus, dorsomedial thalamus and midbrain reticular formation. Fibers from the ventral half of the septum (i.e., nucleus of the diagonal band) project to medial and lateral sectors of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial thalamus, lateral habenular nucleus and midbrain tegmentum. In addition, fibers originating from this region also project to the hippocampal and parahippocampal cortices.", "PMID": 737528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3132", "title": "Morphological variation in the brain of the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.", "content": "The brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, displays an unusual amount of phenotypic variation within its central nervous system. These variations are expressed in terms of gross brain morphology, as evidenced by the occurrence of both highly lissencephalic and gyrencephalic neocortices in apparently normal adult animals; by displacement and asymmetry of certain internal structures, notably within the ventral thalamic nuclei; and by the inconstant occurrence of at least one cell group within the thalamus. These variations are described and discussed with reference to possible functional, ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance.", "contents": "Morphological variation in the brain of the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. The brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, displays an unusual amount of phenotypic variation within its central nervous system. These variations are expressed in terms of gross brain morphology, as evidenced by the occurrence of both highly lissencephalic and gyrencephalic neocortices in apparently normal adult animals; by displacement and asymmetry of certain internal structures, notably within the ventral thalamic nuclei; and by the inconstant occurrence of at least one cell group within the thalamus. These variations are described and discussed with reference to possible functional, ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance.", "PMID": 737529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3133", "title": "Effects of testosterone on the testes of sexually quiescent pheasants: evidence for a negative feedback mechanism.", "content": "1. The testicular response of sexually quiescent pheasants to testosterone was studied by injection of testosterone alone and in combination with chicken pituitary extract (CPE) for 20 d. 2. Testosterone alone caused a significant decrease in testicular weight, whereas CPE alone caused a significant increase. In combination testosterone and CPE caused no significant change in testicular weight, suggesting a suppression of the stimulatory effect of CPE by testosterone. The depressive effect of testosterone on testicular weight may be explained on the basis of negative feedback mechanism. 3. CPE alone stimulated the production of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes whereas testosterone, alone or with CPE, did not elicit such a response. The lack of response of the germinal epithelium to testosterone may indicate the ineffectiveness of the hormone in initiating spermatogenesis in pheasants.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone on the testes of sexually quiescent pheasants: evidence for a negative feedback mechanism. 1. The testicular response of sexually quiescent pheasants to testosterone was studied by injection of testosterone alone and in combination with chicken pituitary extract (CPE) for 20 d. 2. Testosterone alone caused a significant decrease in testicular weight, whereas CPE alone caused a significant increase. In combination testosterone and CPE caused no significant change in testicular weight, suggesting a suppression of the stimulatory effect of CPE by testosterone. The depressive effect of testosterone on testicular weight may be explained on the basis of negative feedback mechanism. 3. CPE alone stimulated the production of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes whereas testosterone, alone or with CPE, did not elicit such a response. The lack of response of the germinal epithelium to testosterone may indicate the ineffectiveness of the hormone in initiating spermatogenesis in pheasants.", "PMID": 737545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3134", "title": "Mean wall thickness of trabecular bone packets in the human iliac crest: changes with age.", "content": "The mean wall thickness (MWT) of packets of trabecular bone was measured in undecalcified iliac crest bone samples of 36 normal subjects (14 female and 22 male) under polarized light. The mean wall thickness was 49.7 +/- 8.7 microns at a mean age of 50.9 years. There existed a significant decrease of MWT with advancing age. With an appositional rate of 0.72 micron/day, the mean formation time of iliac trabecular bone packets is 69 days. The decrease of MWT with age corresponds to a decrease in bone formation at the basic multicellular unit (BMU) level with aging and can partly explain the physiological senile osteopenia.", "contents": "Mean wall thickness of trabecular bone packets in the human iliac crest: changes with age. The mean wall thickness (MWT) of packets of trabecular bone was measured in undecalcified iliac crest bone samples of 36 normal subjects (14 female and 22 male) under polarized light. The mean wall thickness was 49.7 +/- 8.7 microns at a mean age of 50.9 years. There existed a significant decrease of MWT with advancing age. With an appositional rate of 0.72 micron/day, the mean formation time of iliac trabecular bone packets is 69 days. The decrease of MWT with age corresponds to a decrease in bone formation at the basic multicellular unit (BMU) level with aging and can partly explain the physiological senile osteopenia.", "PMID": 737547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3135", "title": "Hyaluronate in articular cartilage: age-related changes.", "content": "Articular cartilage of fetal calves, calves, and steers together with normal and osteoarthrotic human cartilage was analyzed for hyaluronate. The hyaluronate content increased with maturation in healthy tissue, particularly in regions of maximum contact, but was low in diseased cartilage.", "contents": "Hyaluronate in articular cartilage: age-related changes. Articular cartilage of fetal calves, calves, and steers together with normal and osteoarthrotic human cartilage was analyzed for hyaluronate. The hyaluronate content increased with maturation in healthy tissue, particularly in regions of maximum contact, but was low in diseased cartilage.", "PMID": 737548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3136", "title": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on the osteoclastic pool, bone resorption and formation in rat alveolar bone.", "content": "The osteoclast number and its relation to parathyroid hormone have been studied in rat alveolar bone by quantitative histology and fluorescent labeling. The osteoclast number decreases 60 h after parathyroidectomy and remains constant for the next 132 h. Parathyroid hormone administration to parathyroidectomized animals 96 h after the operation induces an increase in osteoclast number within 12 h to somewhat above those of control animals. The elevated osteoclast counts remain constant for 60 h then rapidly fall over the next 24 h to the level seen in untreated parathyroidectomized animals. As determined by fluorescent labeling, normal alveolar bone resorption and formation were disturbed by parathyroidectomy, such that significant bone formation occurred for only 6 days after surgery, after which a quiescent state followed.", "contents": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on the osteoclastic pool, bone resorption and formation in rat alveolar bone. The osteoclast number and its relation to parathyroid hormone have been studied in rat alveolar bone by quantitative histology and fluorescent labeling. The osteoclast number decreases 60 h after parathyroidectomy and remains constant for the next 132 h. Parathyroid hormone administration to parathyroidectomized animals 96 h after the operation induces an increase in osteoclast number within 12 h to somewhat above those of control animals. The elevated osteoclast counts remain constant for 60 h then rapidly fall over the next 24 h to the level seen in untreated parathyroidectomized animals. As determined by fluorescent labeling, normal alveolar bone resorption and formation were disturbed by parathyroidectomy, such that significant bone formation occurred for only 6 days after surgery, after which a quiescent state followed.", "PMID": 737549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3137", "title": "Incorporation of tetracycline into impeded and unimpeded mandibular incisors of the mouse.", "content": "Twenty-four hours after a tetracycline injection, the unimpeded, and more rapidly erupting, mouse mandibular incisor contained 20% to 44% more tetracycline than the contralateral, uncut incisor. It was concluded that the increased tetracycline incorporation reflected a higher rate of mineralization associated with faster tooth formation in the unimpeded tooth. By measuring the amount of tetracycline which became incorporated at different times after an incisor was shortened, it was possible to investigate an early stage of the response of the incisor to cutting. A significant increase in the capacity of the tooth to incorporate tetracycline was detectable 4 h after shortening the tooth, and this was maximal after another 4 h.", "contents": "Incorporation of tetracycline into impeded and unimpeded mandibular incisors of the mouse. Twenty-four hours after a tetracycline injection, the unimpeded, and more rapidly erupting, mouse mandibular incisor contained 20% to 44% more tetracycline than the contralateral, uncut incisor. It was concluded that the increased tetracycline incorporation reflected a higher rate of mineralization associated with faster tooth formation in the unimpeded tooth. By measuring the amount of tetracycline which became incorporated at different times after an incisor was shortened, it was possible to investigate an early stage of the response of the incisor to cutting. A significant increase in the capacity of the tooth to incorporate tetracycline was detectable 4 h after shortening the tooth, and this was maximal after another 4 h.", "PMID": 737550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3138", "title": "Use of stable 48Ca in the clinical measurement of intestinal calcium absorption.", "content": "Measurements of intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency are fundamental for understanding calcium homeostasis in health and disease. Stable calcium isotopes are attractive tracers for such measurements, to avoid excessive radiation exposure to the subject and permit serial studies at short intervals. To realize this, we found it necessary to improve the sensitivity and precision of existing thermal neutron activation analyses for 48Ca. This report describes the details, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the improved method, and gives the results of studies in which intravenous 48Ca was used in conjunction with oral 47Ca to measure intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency in patients.", "contents": "Use of stable 48Ca in the clinical measurement of intestinal calcium absorption. Measurements of intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency are fundamental for understanding calcium homeostasis in health and disease. Stable calcium isotopes are attractive tracers for such measurements, to avoid excessive radiation exposure to the subject and permit serial studies at short intervals. To realize this, we found it necessary to improve the sensitivity and precision of existing thermal neutron activation analyses for 48Ca. This report describes the details, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the improved method, and gives the results of studies in which intravenous 48Ca was used in conjunction with oral 47Ca to measure intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency in patients.", "PMID": 737551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3139", "title": "On the nature of arterial and lung calcifications induced in cattle by Solanum glaucophyllum.", "content": "The chemical and crystalline composition of the mineral deposited in ossified arterial and lung tissues of cows affected by enteque seco (enteque ossificans) has been investigated. The arterial calcification precedes that of lung. The latter was observed only in animals with a calcification of the aorta above 150 mumoles Ca per gram of wet tissue. The mineral deposited in arterial and lung tissues appeared to be a poorly crystallized apatite; following incineration the diffraction patterns of carbonate apatite and magnesium whitlockite, respectively, were found.", "contents": "On the nature of arterial and lung calcifications induced in cattle by Solanum glaucophyllum. The chemical and crystalline composition of the mineral deposited in ossified arterial and lung tissues of cows affected by enteque seco (enteque ossificans) has been investigated. The arterial calcification precedes that of lung. The latter was observed only in animals with a calcification of the aorta above 150 mumoles Ca per gram of wet tissue. The mineral deposited in arterial and lung tissues appeared to be a poorly crystallized apatite; following incineration the diffraction patterns of carbonate apatite and magnesium whitlockite, respectively, were found.", "PMID": 737552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3140", "title": "Mechanism of osteoclastic bone resorption: a new hypothesis.", "content": "Osteoclastic bone resorption involves the solubilization of the mineral salts and the degradation of noncollagen bone matrix and collagen fibrils. As no recognizable collagen fibrils have ever been reported within cytoplasmic vacuoles in osteoclasts, it is generally assumed that the collagen fibrils are digested extracellularly in the resorption zone. The extent to which lysis occurs extracellularly and whether or not the osteoclasts phagocytose the degradation products remain to be established. In the present communication, a hypothesis is presented suggesting the possibility that osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the participation of two different cell types. According to this hypothesis, osteoclastic bone resorption is initiated by osteoclasts that demineralize areas of bone and degrade noncollagen bone matrix. After the osteoclasts have moved away or become partially detached from the demineralized site, the exposed collagen fibrils are phagocytosed by mononuclear, fibroblast-like or monocyte-derived cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of osteoclastic bone resorption: a new hypothesis. Osteoclastic bone resorption involves the solubilization of the mineral salts and the degradation of noncollagen bone matrix and collagen fibrils. As no recognizable collagen fibrils have ever been reported within cytoplasmic vacuoles in osteoclasts, it is generally assumed that the collagen fibrils are digested extracellularly in the resorption zone. The extent to which lysis occurs extracellularly and whether or not the osteoclasts phagocytose the degradation products remain to be established. In the present communication, a hypothesis is presented suggesting the possibility that osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the participation of two different cell types. According to this hypothesis, osteoclastic bone resorption is initiated by osteoclasts that demineralize areas of bone and degrade noncollagen bone matrix. After the osteoclasts have moved away or become partially detached from the demineralized site, the exposed collagen fibrils are phagocytosed by mononuclear, fibroblast-like or monocyte-derived cells.", "PMID": 737553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3141", "title": "Quantitative histology of bone: a computerized method of measuring the total mineral content of bone.", "content": "A comparatively simple quantitative method for assessing bone morphology has been evolved. Microradiographs of thin sections of mandible have been scanned with a Joyce-Loebl double beam recording microdensitometer with a scanning autodensidater attachment, using a white beam. For each image the optical densities for all the pixels (picture elements) were divided into 10 groups. The limits of the division were fixed by the maximum and minimum densities occurring within the image. A computer generated map was produced which indicated the spatial distribution of the pixels within each group to which an arbitrarily chosen shading was attached. The number of pixels within each group is also shown on the map. The computer map was compared with the photomicrograph and, where necessary, the original section. The fractional area of hard tissue was then readily determined using the numerical values of each group of pixels.", "contents": "Quantitative histology of bone: a computerized method of measuring the total mineral content of bone. A comparatively simple quantitative method for assessing bone morphology has been evolved. Microradiographs of thin sections of mandible have been scanned with a Joyce-Loebl double beam recording microdensitometer with a scanning autodensidater attachment, using a white beam. For each image the optical densities for all the pixels (picture elements) were divided into 10 groups. The limits of the division were fixed by the maximum and minimum densities occurring within the image. A computer generated map was produced which indicated the spatial distribution of the pixels within each group to which an arbitrarily chosen shading was attached. The number of pixels within each group is also shown on the map. The computer map was compared with the photomicrograph and, where necessary, the original section. The fractional area of hard tissue was then readily determined using the numerical values of each group of pixels.", "PMID": 737554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3142", "title": "Effect of testosterone therapy on bone formation in an osteoporotic hypogonadal male.", "content": "Osteoporosis has been reported to complicate androgen deficiency in males. Accordingly, we have evaluated an osteoporotic hypogonadal male with bone histomorphometry before and after 6 months of testosterone replacement. Androgen therapy resulted in increases in relative osteoid volum, total osteoid surface, linear extent of bone formation, and bone mineralization. The dramatic histological response to hormonal replacement confirms the importance of androgens in bone modeling and remodeling.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone therapy on bone formation in an osteoporotic hypogonadal male. Osteoporosis has been reported to complicate androgen deficiency in males. Accordingly, we have evaluated an osteoporotic hypogonadal male with bone histomorphometry before and after 6 months of testosterone replacement. Androgen therapy resulted in increases in relative osteoid volum, total osteoid surface, linear extent of bone formation, and bone mineralization. The dramatic histological response to hormonal replacement confirms the importance of androgens in bone modeling and remodeling.", "PMID": 737555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3143", "title": "Paget's disease of bone and hyperparathyroidism: coincidence or causal relationship?", "content": "We studied 173 patients with Paget's disease and 105 patients with hyperparathyroidism. Nine patients were found to have both disorders.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone and hyperparathyroidism: coincidence or causal relationship? We studied 173 patients with Paget's disease and 105 patients with hyperparathyroidism. Nine patients were found to have both disorders.", "PMID": 737556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3144", "title": "Types of \"H2O\" in human enamel and in precipitated apatites.", "content": "Types of \"H2O\" in human enamel and in precipitated apatites are characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. Changes in lattice parameters (principally in the a-axis dimensions) and in the character of the IR absorption bands are correlated with weight losses at pyrolysis temperatures of 100 degrees to 400 degrees C and with effect of rehydration and reignition of previously ignited samples. This study demonstrated that the loss of \"H2O\" below 200 degrees C is reversible and causes no significant change in the lattice parameter of these apatites, whereas loss of \"H2O\" between 200 degrees and 400 degrees C is irreversible and causes a contraction in the a-axis dimension. It is proposed that two general types of \"H2O\" are present in these apatites: (a) adsorbed H2O--characterized by reversibility, thermal instability below 200 degrees C, and lack of effect on lattice parameters; and (b) lattice H2O--characterized by irreversibility, thermal instability between 200 and 400 degrees C, and induction of expansion in the a-axis dimensions of human enamel and precipitated apatites. Lattice H2O is assumed to be due to H2O-for-OH and/or HPO4-for-PO4 substitutions in these apatites. Loss of adsorbed H2O caused sharpening of the OH absorption bands in the spectra of these apatites. Loss of lattice H2O caused the appearance of P-O-P absorption bands (due to the presence of P2O74- group) in precipitated apatites containing small amounts of CO32-.", "contents": "Types of \"H2O\" in human enamel and in precipitated apatites. Types of \"H2O\" in human enamel and in precipitated apatites are characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. Changes in lattice parameters (principally in the a-axis dimensions) and in the character of the IR absorption bands are correlated with weight losses at pyrolysis temperatures of 100 degrees to 400 degrees C and with effect of rehydration and reignition of previously ignited samples. This study demonstrated that the loss of \"H2O\" below 200 degrees C is reversible and causes no significant change in the lattice parameter of these apatites, whereas loss of \"H2O\" between 200 degrees and 400 degrees C is irreversible and causes a contraction in the a-axis dimension. It is proposed that two general types of \"H2O\" are present in these apatites: (a) adsorbed H2O--characterized by reversibility, thermal instability below 200 degrees C, and lack of effect on lattice parameters; and (b) lattice H2O--characterized by irreversibility, thermal instability between 200 and 400 degrees C, and induction of expansion in the a-axis dimensions of human enamel and precipitated apatites. Lattice H2O is assumed to be due to H2O-for-OH and/or HPO4-for-PO4 substitutions in these apatites. Loss of adsorbed H2O caused sharpening of the OH absorption bands in the spectra of these apatites. Loss of lattice H2O caused the appearance of P-O-P absorption bands (due to the presence of P2O74- group) in precipitated apatites containing small amounts of CO32-.", "PMID": 737557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3145", "title": "Intestinal calcium absorption, serum phosphate, and parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure and osteodystrophy before and during hemodialysis.", "content": "In 34 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), fractional 47calcium absorption (Fa47Ca) was measured by an external counting method. A significant correlation was found with impairment of renal function, as expressed by the creatinine clearance. There was also a significant correlation of Fa47Ca with the serum phosphate (SeP) level and of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) with renal function. When the relationship of both SeP and Fa47Ca with creatinine clearance was excluded, no partial correlation between SeP and Fa47Ca appeared to exist. A significant increase of Fa47Ca and serum Ca and a significant decrease of SeP and iPTH were found in 12 patients 2 to 15 months after they were put on intermittent hemodialysis. The possible influence of SeP on intestinal calcium absorption is discussed, and it is suggested that impairment of intestinal absorption of calcium is not a main factor in development of renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "Intestinal calcium absorption, serum phosphate, and parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure and osteodystrophy before and during hemodialysis. In 34 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), fractional 47calcium absorption (Fa47Ca) was measured by an external counting method. A significant correlation was found with impairment of renal function, as expressed by the creatinine clearance. There was also a significant correlation of Fa47Ca with the serum phosphate (SeP) level and of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) with renal function. When the relationship of both SeP and Fa47Ca with creatinine clearance was excluded, no partial correlation between SeP and Fa47Ca appeared to exist. A significant increase of Fa47Ca and serum Ca and a significant decrease of SeP and iPTH were found in 12 patients 2 to 15 months after they were put on intermittent hemodialysis. The possible influence of SeP on intestinal calcium absorption is discussed, and it is suggested that impairment of intestinal absorption of calcium is not a main factor in development of renal osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 737558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3146", "title": "Surface area of dental enamel, bone, and hydroxyapatite: chemisorption from solution.", "content": "The surface areas of three different samples of hydroxyapatite, samples of deproteinized bone, and samples of whole and deproteinized enamel were determined by adsorption of an adduct (the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with N-phe-nylglycine) from methylene chloride solution. In all cases, the surface areas of these samples agree well with those obtained by the BET (N2) method.", "contents": "Surface area of dental enamel, bone, and hydroxyapatite: chemisorption from solution. The surface areas of three different samples of hydroxyapatite, samples of deproteinized bone, and samples of whole and deproteinized enamel were determined by adsorption of an adduct (the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with N-phe-nylglycine) from methylene chloride solution. In all cases, the surface areas of these samples agree well with those obtained by the BET (N2) method.", "PMID": 737559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3147", "title": "Effect of chronic low-level cadmium intoxication on the Haversian remodeling system in dogs.", "content": "This experiment was carried out in order to determine whether the chronic administration of low doses of cadmium resulted in an alteration of the haversian bone remodeling system in dogs. Two pairs of littermate beagles were administered 25 ppm cadmium chloride in their drinking water for 6 months. Four beagles matched for age and sex from the same colony served as controls. By means of fluorescent labeling, we measured haversian bone remodeling parameters according to the techniques described by Frost. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant changes at the 0.01 level in: activation frequency, appositional rates, and number of osteoid seams. At the 0.05 level, significant differences were found in the number of resorption spaces and the bone formation rate. In the absence of other evidence indicative of an alteration in the internal milieu of the dogs, it is concluded that a direct toxic action of cadmium on the mechanisms of activation of cells responsible for the creation and formation of new haversian systems cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effect of chronic low-level cadmium intoxication on the Haversian remodeling system in dogs. This experiment was carried out in order to determine whether the chronic administration of low doses of cadmium resulted in an alteration of the haversian bone remodeling system in dogs. Two pairs of littermate beagles were administered 25 ppm cadmium chloride in their drinking water for 6 months. Four beagles matched for age and sex from the same colony served as controls. By means of fluorescent labeling, we measured haversian bone remodeling parameters according to the techniques described by Frost. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant changes at the 0.01 level in: activation frequency, appositional rates, and number of osteoid seams. At the 0.05 level, significant differences were found in the number of resorption spaces and the bone formation rate. In the absence of other evidence indicative of an alteration in the internal milieu of the dogs, it is concluded that a direct toxic action of cadmium on the mechanisms of activation of cells responsible for the creation and formation of new haversian systems cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 737560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3148", "title": "Plasma disappearance of rabbit alpha2HS-glycoprotein and its uptake by bone tissue.", "content": "Plasma alpha2HS-glycoprotein is specifically accumulated in calcified tissues. In the present studies this glycoprotein was isolated from plasma and after iodination with iodine-125 was injected intravenously into young rabbits. The tissue distribution and plasma disappearance rate of this radioactively labeled material were determined. Of the various tissues studied, bone showed the greatest retention of labeled glycoprotein expressed as percentage of the injected dose per gram tissue relative to the plasma content. The rate of loss of iodinated alpha2HS-glycoprotein from plasma was similar to that of alpha2HS-glycoprotein labeled endogenously by using 14C-glucosamine or 3H-glucosamine. The uptake of exogenously labeled 125I-alpha2HS-glycoprotein into bone tissue expressed as a percentage of the injected dose was similar to that of endogenously labeled 14C-alpha2HS-glycoprotein. These results suggest that the 125I-labeled material can be used to study further the metabolism of alpha2HS-glycoprotein by bone tissue.", "contents": "Plasma disappearance of rabbit alpha2HS-glycoprotein and its uptake by bone tissue. Plasma alpha2HS-glycoprotein is specifically accumulated in calcified tissues. In the present studies this glycoprotein was isolated from plasma and after iodination with iodine-125 was injected intravenously into young rabbits. The tissue distribution and plasma disappearance rate of this radioactively labeled material were determined. Of the various tissues studied, bone showed the greatest retention of labeled glycoprotein expressed as percentage of the injected dose per gram tissue relative to the plasma content. The rate of loss of iodinated alpha2HS-glycoprotein from plasma was similar to that of alpha2HS-glycoprotein labeled endogenously by using 14C-glucosamine or 3H-glucosamine. The uptake of exogenously labeled 125I-alpha2HS-glycoprotein into bone tissue expressed as a percentage of the injected dose was similar to that of endogenously labeled 14C-alpha2HS-glycoprotein. These results suggest that the 125I-labeled material can be used to study further the metabolism of alpha2HS-glycoprotein by bone tissue.", "PMID": 737562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3149", "title": "Correlation of lysozyme activity with proteoglycan biosynthesis in epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Pig epiphyseal cartilage (proximal ulna epiphysis) previously incubated into vitro in the presence of sodium [35S]sulfate or [3H]thymidine was either analyzed by autoradiography or separated into 9 morphologically defined consecutive layers and investigated for 35S-incorporation into the guanidinium chloride-extractable proteoglycans and for lysozyme activity. The lowest 35S incorporation and lysozyme activity were determined in the zone of resting cells, but there is a consecutive increase in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis and lysozyme activity toward the diaphyseal cartilage-bone junction, with the maximum at the lower columnar cell zone and a sharp reduction of both parameters at the hypertrophic zone. The maxima of 35S incorporation and [3H]thymidine incorporation do not coincide. The guanidinium chloride-soluble proteoglycans exhibit macromolecular polydispersity. Fractions excluded from as well as retarded by Sepharose 2B gel could be separated and were detected in all zones. The results indicate a correlation of proteoglycan biosynthesis and lysozyme activity in epiphyseal cartilage.", "contents": "Correlation of lysozyme activity with proteoglycan biosynthesis in epiphyseal cartilage. Pig epiphyseal cartilage (proximal ulna epiphysis) previously incubated into vitro in the presence of sodium [35S]sulfate or [3H]thymidine was either analyzed by autoradiography or separated into 9 morphologically defined consecutive layers and investigated for 35S-incorporation into the guanidinium chloride-extractable proteoglycans and for lysozyme activity. The lowest 35S incorporation and lysozyme activity were determined in the zone of resting cells, but there is a consecutive increase in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis and lysozyme activity toward the diaphyseal cartilage-bone junction, with the maximum at the lower columnar cell zone and a sharp reduction of both parameters at the hypertrophic zone. The maxima of 35S incorporation and [3H]thymidine incorporation do not coincide. The guanidinium chloride-soluble proteoglycans exhibit macromolecular polydispersity. Fractions excluded from as well as retarded by Sepharose 2B gel could be separated and were detected in all zones. The results indicate a correlation of proteoglycan biosynthesis and lysozyme activity in epiphyseal cartilage.", "PMID": 737563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3150", "title": "Tetracycline double-labeling of iliac trabecular bone in 41 normal adults.", "content": "A histomorphometric evaluation of the iliac crest trabecular bone remodeling was performed after tetracycline double-labeling in 41 normal Danes (12 males and 29 females) aged 19 to 56 years. The fraction of formative (osteoid covered) and resorptive surfaces was unrelated to age but higher in males than in females (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The appositional rate (0.65 +/- 0.12 micrometer/day) was unrelated to age and sex, whereas the fractional labeled surfaces were higher (P less than 0.01) in the males (0.18 +/- 0.08 micrometer2/micrometer2) than in the females (0.12 +/- 0.05 micrometer2/micrometer2), and among the females inversely related to age (R = -0.38, P less than 0.05). The bone formation rate at BMU level (0.50 +/- 0.20 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) was unrelated to sex, but among the females inversely related to age R = -0.49, P less than 0.01). The bone formation rate at tissue level was higher (P less than 0.02) in the males (0.13 +/- 0.07 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) than in the females (0.07 +/- 0.03 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) and among the females inversely correlated to age (R = -0.43, P less than 0.05). the age- and sex-dependent variations in the dynamic parameters underline the importance of a more elaborated normal material.", "contents": "Tetracycline double-labeling of iliac trabecular bone in 41 normal adults. A histomorphometric evaluation of the iliac crest trabecular bone remodeling was performed after tetracycline double-labeling in 41 normal Danes (12 males and 29 females) aged 19 to 56 years. The fraction of formative (osteoid covered) and resorptive surfaces was unrelated to age but higher in males than in females (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The appositional rate (0.65 +/- 0.12 micrometer/day) was unrelated to age and sex, whereas the fractional labeled surfaces were higher (P less than 0.01) in the males (0.18 +/- 0.08 micrometer2/micrometer2) than in the females (0.12 +/- 0.05 micrometer2/micrometer2), and among the females inversely related to age (R = -0.38, P less than 0.05). The bone formation rate at BMU level (0.50 +/- 0.20 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) was unrelated to sex, but among the females inversely related to age R = -0.49, P less than 0.01). The bone formation rate at tissue level was higher (P less than 0.02) in the males (0.13 +/- 0.07 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) than in the females (0.07 +/- 0.03 micrometer3/micrometer2/day) and among the females inversely correlated to age (R = -0.43, P less than 0.05). the age- and sex-dependent variations in the dynamic parameters underline the importance of a more elaborated normal material.", "PMID": 737565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3151", "title": "An immunological comparison of rye and calf histones.", "content": "The rye and calf histones were fractionated by differential solubility and exclusion chromatography. Antibodies were produced against histones H1, H2A, H2B, and H3 of both species and the extent of cross-reaction was measured by microcomplement fixation. The results allowed the identification of rye histones H2A and H2B. The near structural identity of the H3 histones was confirmed by the small immunological distance which indicated an amino acid difference of less than 2% between rye and calf. The interspecific differences found for both H2A and H2B were greater, the amino acid difference estimated from the immunological distance being between 10 and 20%. H1 gave no immunological cross-reaction, indicating a large (greater than 40%) difference in the structure of this protein in the two species. The extent of variation that a histone fraction shows between plant and animal species is probably related to its role in chromatin organization.", "contents": "An immunological comparison of rye and calf histones. The rye and calf histones were fractionated by differential solubility and exclusion chromatography. Antibodies were produced against histones H1, H2A, H2B, and H3 of both species and the extent of cross-reaction was measured by microcomplement fixation. The results allowed the identification of rye histones H2A and H2B. The near structural identity of the H3 histones was confirmed by the small immunological distance which indicated an amino acid difference of less than 2% between rye and calf. The interspecific differences found for both H2A and H2B were greater, the amino acid difference estimated from the immunological distance being between 10 and 20%. H1 gave no immunological cross-reaction, indicating a large (greater than 40%) difference in the structure of this protein in the two species. The extent of variation that a histone fraction shows between plant and animal species is probably related to its role in chromatin organization.", "PMID": 737566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3152", "title": "Enzymatic sulfation of steroids. V. Partial purification and some properties of sulfotransferase III, the major glucocorticoid sulfotransferase of liver cytosols from male rats.", "content": "This manuscript describes purification of sulfotransferase III (STIII), the major hepatic glucocorticoid sulfontransferase of male rats, 77.8 +/- 16 fold from cytosol. This represents a probable 250--345 fold enrichment, compared with homogenates. Purified STIII has a molecular weight of 61 500 +/- 2500 from Sephadex G-100 chromatography. It is markedly activated by 5 mM divalent Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Mg, Mn, and Ni salts; inhibited stronlgy by 5 mM divalent Zn and Cd; and unaffected by 8 mM ADP, ATP, and AMP. Comparison of the ability of purified STIII to sulfate equimolar cortisol, estradiol-17beta, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone suggests that the enzyme may sulfate glucocorticoid preferentially. However, its cortisol sulfotransferase activity is inhibited by a variety of steroids. Of these, dehydroepiandrosterone, dexamethasone, and progesterone were tested extensively. They were found to be competitive inhibitors. STIII has a sharp pH optimum at pH 6.0 +/- 0.1. However, it is routinely assayed at pH 6.8, as explained in the text. It exhibits a sequential mechanism and Km values of 6.82 +/- 1.2 and 6.28 +/- 0.64 micron for cortisol and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, respectively. It also possesses essential sulfhydryl groups, as shown by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition studies.", "contents": "Enzymatic sulfation of steroids. V. Partial purification and some properties of sulfotransferase III, the major glucocorticoid sulfotransferase of liver cytosols from male rats. This manuscript describes purification of sulfotransferase III (STIII), the major hepatic glucocorticoid sulfontransferase of male rats, 77.8 +/- 16 fold from cytosol. This represents a probable 250--345 fold enrichment, compared with homogenates. Purified STIII has a molecular weight of 61 500 +/- 2500 from Sephadex G-100 chromatography. It is markedly activated by 5 mM divalent Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Mg, Mn, and Ni salts; inhibited stronlgy by 5 mM divalent Zn and Cd; and unaffected by 8 mM ADP, ATP, and AMP. Comparison of the ability of purified STIII to sulfate equimolar cortisol, estradiol-17beta, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone suggests that the enzyme may sulfate glucocorticoid preferentially. However, its cortisol sulfotransferase activity is inhibited by a variety of steroids. Of these, dehydroepiandrosterone, dexamethasone, and progesterone were tested extensively. They were found to be competitive inhibitors. STIII has a sharp pH optimum at pH 6.0 +/- 0.1. However, it is routinely assayed at pH 6.8, as explained in the text. It exhibits a sequential mechanism and Km values of 6.82 +/- 1.2 and 6.28 +/- 0.64 micron for cortisol and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, respectively. It also possesses essential sulfhydryl groups, as shown by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition studies.", "PMID": 737567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3153", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the common Pacific starfish Pisaster ochraceous.", "content": "The sequence arrangement of the genomic DNA from the common sea star Pisaster ochraceous has been examined. Reassociation kinetics at DNA fragment lengths of 300 base pairs (bp) indicate the presence of at least three repetitive components in this DNA. The majority of these repetitive sequences are reiterated over the range from 10 to 100's. Approximately one-third of the nucleotides are found in repetitive sequences. Analysis of the reassociation kinetics of 3000-bp DNA fragments demonstrates the interspersion of repetitive and unique DNA sequences. The hyperchromicity of 3000-bp fragments reassociated to low Cot values (the product of moles of nucleotide per litre and time in seconds), and the size distribution of S1 nuclease resistant DNA duplex in these reassociation products, indicate a short-period interspersion pattern in the starfish genome. Repetitive segments (400 +/- 100 bp) are interspersed with longer unique DNA sequences. At a fragment length of 3000 bp the major fraction of the single-copy DNA is found in such an arrangement. In addition to short repetitive segments a substantial portion of the repetitive DNA nucleotides are found in segments excluded by Sepharose CL-2B (greater than or equal to 2000 bp). As much as one-quarter of the repetitive sequence nucleotides can be assigned to long segments.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the common Pacific starfish Pisaster ochraceous. The sequence arrangement of the genomic DNA from the common sea star Pisaster ochraceous has been examined. Reassociation kinetics at DNA fragment lengths of 300 base pairs (bp) indicate the presence of at least three repetitive components in this DNA. The majority of these repetitive sequences are reiterated over the range from 10 to 100's. Approximately one-third of the nucleotides are found in repetitive sequences. Analysis of the reassociation kinetics of 3000-bp DNA fragments demonstrates the interspersion of repetitive and unique DNA sequences. The hyperchromicity of 3000-bp fragments reassociated to low Cot values (the product of moles of nucleotide per litre and time in seconds), and the size distribution of S1 nuclease resistant DNA duplex in these reassociation products, indicate a short-period interspersion pattern in the starfish genome. Repetitive segments (400 +/- 100 bp) are interspersed with longer unique DNA sequences. At a fragment length of 3000 bp the major fraction of the single-copy DNA is found in such an arrangement. In addition to short repetitive segments a substantial portion of the repetitive DNA nucleotides are found in segments excluded by Sepharose CL-2B (greater than or equal to 2000 bp). As much as one-quarter of the repetitive sequence nucleotides can be assigned to long segments.", "PMID": 737568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3154", "title": "A graphical method for extracting rate constants from some enzyme-catalyzed reactions not monitored to completion.", "content": "A large number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be described by the equation y = At - B(1 - e-kt), where y is the amount of product formed, A is the slope of the linear portion of the curve, and B is a constant dependent on the mechanism of the reaction. The methods which are generally used to extract the rate constant, k, from absorbance-time data described by this equation require that the reaction be monitored for some 10 to 15 half-lives. We show herein that the rate constant k is readily obtained from a plot of (y'' - y') vs. (y' -y0) where y0, y', and y'' are the values of y at times t, t + deltat, and t + 2deltat. This graphical method is simple, reliable, and requires that the reaction be monitored for only three to five half-lives of the exponential phase of the reaction. We have used this method to measure the rate of activation of a mixed disulfide of papain and 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzoic acid in the presence of substrate.", "contents": "A graphical method for extracting rate constants from some enzyme-catalyzed reactions not monitored to completion. A large number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be described by the equation y = At - B(1 - e-kt), where y is the amount of product formed, A is the slope of the linear portion of the curve, and B is a constant dependent on the mechanism of the reaction. The methods which are generally used to extract the rate constant, k, from absorbance-time data described by this equation require that the reaction be monitored for some 10 to 15 half-lives. We show herein that the rate constant k is readily obtained from a plot of (y'' - y') vs. (y' -y0) where y0, y', and y'' are the values of y at times t, t + deltat, and t + 2deltat. This graphical method is simple, reliable, and requires that the reaction be monitored for only three to five half-lives of the exponential phase of the reaction. We have used this method to measure the rate of activation of a mixed disulfide of papain and 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzoic acid in the presence of substrate.", "PMID": 737569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3155", "title": "Arylalkylamines in the adrenal medulla.", "content": "The trace amines p-tyramine, m-tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine have been determined in the bovine adrenal medulla and the rat adrenal gland by the mass spectrometric integrated ion current technique, using the corresponding deuterated amines as internal standards. In the bovine adrenal medulla, these amines were present at levels ranging from 21.7 ng/g for tryptamine to 37.3 ng/g for phenylethylamine, while in the rat adrenal, they occurred in amounts ranging from 5.2 ng/g for m-tyramine to 11.4 ng/g for tryptamine. In the rat, intraperitoneal administration of pargyline (100 mg/kg) increased the adrenal levels of each of the trace amines. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and p-tyramine were significantly depleted by reserpine (3 or 10 mg/kg), but the level of m-tyramine was unaffected. It is suggested that the mode of uptake of the tyramine isomers into the adrenal medullary granules may depend on the position of the bydroxyl group relative to the side chain on the aromatic nucleus.", "contents": "Arylalkylamines in the adrenal medulla. The trace amines p-tyramine, m-tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine have been determined in the bovine adrenal medulla and the rat adrenal gland by the mass spectrometric integrated ion current technique, using the corresponding deuterated amines as internal standards. In the bovine adrenal medulla, these amines were present at levels ranging from 21.7 ng/g for tryptamine to 37.3 ng/g for phenylethylamine, while in the rat adrenal, they occurred in amounts ranging from 5.2 ng/g for m-tyramine to 11.4 ng/g for tryptamine. In the rat, intraperitoneal administration of pargyline (100 mg/kg) increased the adrenal levels of each of the trace amines. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and p-tyramine were significantly depleted by reserpine (3 or 10 mg/kg), but the level of m-tyramine was unaffected. It is suggested that the mode of uptake of the tyramine isomers into the adrenal medullary granules may depend on the position of the bydroxyl group relative to the side chain on the aromatic nucleus.", "PMID": 737570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3156", "title": "Plasma membrane associated proteins and glycoproteins of a temperature-sensitive hamster cell line (ts 3).", "content": "Hamster ts 3 cells grown at 32 and at 39 degrees C were compared for (a) cell phenotype and growth rates, (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of plasma membrane polypeptides, and (c) distribution of radioactivity in SDS-PAGE of plasma membrane glycopeptides metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and [3H]fucose. It was observed that ts 3 cells growing at 39 degrees C and having a normal phenotype contained increased amounts of a glycopeptide of about 250000 daltons and a polypeptide of about 200000 daltons, as compared with ts 3 cells grown at 32 degrees C and having a transformed phenotype. No other alterations of major significance were observed.", "contents": "Plasma membrane associated proteins and glycoproteins of a temperature-sensitive hamster cell line (ts 3). Hamster ts 3 cells grown at 32 and at 39 degrees C were compared for (a) cell phenotype and growth rates, (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of plasma membrane polypeptides, and (c) distribution of radioactivity in SDS-PAGE of plasma membrane glycopeptides metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and [3H]fucose. It was observed that ts 3 cells growing at 39 degrees C and having a normal phenotype contained increased amounts of a glycopeptide of about 250000 daltons and a polypeptide of about 200000 daltons, as compared with ts 3 cells grown at 32 degrees C and having a transformed phenotype. No other alterations of major significance were observed.", "PMID": 737571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3157", "title": "Acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA on rat liver polyribosomes.", "content": "Some properties of the known NH2-terminal acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA on rat liver polyribosomes were studied. Polyribosomes were incubated with [3H]acetyl-CoA and the products were separated into protein and peptidyl-tRNA fractions by an Ecteola-cellulose column procedure adapted for rapid, routine analysis of many samples, so that the characteristics of acetylation of the two fractions could be determined. Extraction of the polyribosomes with 0.5 MKC1--5mM Mg(OAc)2 solubilized acetyltransferase activity which could catalyze histone acetylation, and the extract when added back to the extracted could catalyze only a slight acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA free in solution isolated from polyribosomes by extraction with EDTA. These observations form the basis of any assay specific for the acetyl-CoA:peptidyl-tRNA N-acetyltransferase which is associated with rat liver polyribosomes.", "contents": "Acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA on rat liver polyribosomes. Some properties of the known NH2-terminal acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA on rat liver polyribosomes were studied. Polyribosomes were incubated with [3H]acetyl-CoA and the products were separated into protein and peptidyl-tRNA fractions by an Ecteola-cellulose column procedure adapted for rapid, routine analysis of many samples, so that the characteristics of acetylation of the two fractions could be determined. Extraction of the polyribosomes with 0.5 MKC1--5mM Mg(OAc)2 solubilized acetyltransferase activity which could catalyze histone acetylation, and the extract when added back to the extracted could catalyze only a slight acetylation of peptidyl-tRNA free in solution isolated from polyribosomes by extraction with EDTA. These observations form the basis of any assay specific for the acetyl-CoA:peptidyl-tRNA N-acetyltransferase which is associated with rat liver polyribosomes.", "PMID": 737572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3158", "title": "Mechanism of glucose transfer to steroids by rabbit liver microsomes.", "content": "The formation of the 3-glucosides of estrone, 17alpha-estradiol, or 17beta-estradiol by washed rabbit liver microsomes in the absence of UDP glucose (UDPG) was increased by the addition of crude lipid extracts of rabbit or pig liver and of dolichol or retinol. The reaction was stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Direct transfer of glucose to the steroid from added UDPG also occurred by a mechanism which was inhibited by metal ions. The two transferases can be separated from each other into the 105000 g pellet and supernatant respectively by treatment with detergents.", "contents": "Mechanism of glucose transfer to steroids by rabbit liver microsomes. The formation of the 3-glucosides of estrone, 17alpha-estradiol, or 17beta-estradiol by washed rabbit liver microsomes in the absence of UDP glucose (UDPG) was increased by the addition of crude lipid extracts of rabbit or pig liver and of dolichol or retinol. The reaction was stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Direct transfer of glucose to the steroid from added UDPG also occurred by a mechanism which was inhibited by metal ions. The two transferases can be separated from each other into the 105000 g pellet and supernatant respectively by treatment with detergents.", "PMID": 737573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3159", "title": "Symposium on trauma for the general surgeon. 1. An accident health care program: the organization and development of regional trauma units.", "content": "Fifteen thousand deaths, 3 million hospital bed--days and billions of dollars per year are the cost of dealing with accidents in Canada. Our present methods of caring for the seriously injured need revision. The available data on accidents, although extensive, are not sufficiently complete to allow clear definition of the Canadian accident profile. We are unable to explain why Canadians are subject to a 25% greater risk of motor vehicle accidents than are Americans. The development of a Canadian accident health care delivery and audit system is proposed that would provide an improved standard of health care and supply a data base for the advancement of effective programs for accident prevention. The system would include radio-equipped ambulance stations strategically located between regional trauma units, which would be equipped to care for the majority of injured patients. Those severely injured patients who could not be handled by the regional trauma units would be transferred to comprehensive trauma units established in the major referral centres. A trauma registry set up in every province would collect data on each patient and accident to provide an accurate provincial accident profile and a national trauma institute would correlate provincial data.", "contents": "Symposium on trauma for the general surgeon. 1. An accident health care program: the organization and development of regional trauma units. Fifteen thousand deaths, 3 million hospital bed--days and billions of dollars per year are the cost of dealing with accidents in Canada. Our present methods of caring for the seriously injured need revision. The available data on accidents, although extensive, are not sufficiently complete to allow clear definition of the Canadian accident profile. We are unable to explain why Canadians are subject to a 25% greater risk of motor vehicle accidents than are Americans. The development of a Canadian accident health care delivery and audit system is proposed that would provide an improved standard of health care and supply a data base for the advancement of effective programs for accident prevention. The system would include radio-equipped ambulance stations strategically located between regional trauma units, which would be equipped to care for the majority of injured patients. Those severely injured patients who could not be handled by the regional trauma units would be transferred to comprehensive trauma units established in the major referral centres. A trauma registry set up in every province would collect data on each patient and accident to provide an accurate provincial accident profile and a national trauma institute would correlate provincial data.", "PMID": 737586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3160", "title": "The general surgeon in the management of patients with multisystem trauma in a community hospital.", "content": "The general surgeon in a community hospital must assume the role of leader of the trauma team in managing patients with multisystem trauma. Initial resuscitative measures must be instituted to assure cardiopulmonary stability. Following this a complete assessment of the various body systems must be undertaken. The general surgeon will then be in a position to decide whether definitive treatment in the community hospital is possible or whether transfer is required. The basis resources of such a hospital in terms of medical expertise, support staff, laboratory and radiology facilities are all important considerations in making this decision. Most individuals with multisystem trauma can be managed in the community hospital.", "contents": "The general surgeon in the management of patients with multisystem trauma in a community hospital. The general surgeon in a community hospital must assume the role of leader of the trauma team in managing patients with multisystem trauma. Initial resuscitative measures must be instituted to assure cardiopulmonary stability. Following this a complete assessment of the various body systems must be undertaken. The general surgeon will then be in a position to decide whether definitive treatment in the community hospital is possible or whether transfer is required. The basis resources of such a hospital in terms of medical expertise, support staff, laboratory and radiology facilities are all important considerations in making this decision. Most individuals with multisystem trauma can be managed in the community hospital.", "PMID": 737588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3161", "title": "Management of critical emergencies in chest trauma.", "content": "Critical emergency cases of chest trauma are of three types: those caused by blunt trauma, thoracoabdominal injuries and penetrating injuries. The author describes the management of the most commonly encountered lesions in each of these three categories. All lesions resulting from chest trauma should be considered as a critical emergency until proven otherwise.", "contents": "Management of critical emergencies in chest trauma. Critical emergency cases of chest trauma are of three types: those caused by blunt trauma, thoracoabdominal injuries and penetrating injuries. The author describes the management of the most commonly encountered lesions in each of these three categories. All lesions resulting from chest trauma should be considered as a critical emergency until proven otherwise.", "PMID": 737589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3162", "title": "Management of pancreatic trauma.", "content": "The treatment of pancreatic injuries presents the surgeon with unusual diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Errors in the initial management of patients with injury to the pancreas may lead to life-threatening complications. The author suggests that only by maintaining a constant clinical suspicion of the presence of a pancreatic injury and by performing an orderly exploration of the pancreas when indicated can costly delays in treatment by avoided. A thoughtful approach to pancreatic drainage and resection will ensure optimal surgical care to the injured patient.", "contents": "Management of pancreatic trauma. The treatment of pancreatic injuries presents the surgeon with unusual diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Errors in the initial management of patients with injury to the pancreas may lead to life-threatening complications. The author suggests that only by maintaining a constant clinical suspicion of the presence of a pancreatic injury and by performing an orderly exploration of the pancreas when indicated can costly delays in treatment by avoided. A thoughtful approach to pancreatic drainage and resection will ensure optimal surgical care to the injured patient.", "PMID": 737590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3163", "title": "Rectal injuries.", "content": "Injuries to the rectum have always been associated with a high mortality. This was reduced when exteriorization was introduced, particularly when it was combined with prompt and effective resuscitative measures. Experience gained during the Vietnam war demonstrated the considerable benefit of washout of the distal rectal segment. The author describes the course of management he advises. After initial resuscitation, roentgenography of the pelvis and abdomen is necessary. Antibiotics should be administered preoperatively. Through a midline incision the rectal wounds are repaired and a proximal diverting colostomy is performed. The nonfunctioning bowel segment should then be thoroughly washed out. Careful search must be made for associated injuries that require attention.", "contents": "Rectal injuries. Injuries to the rectum have always been associated with a high mortality. This was reduced when exteriorization was introduced, particularly when it was combined with prompt and effective resuscitative measures. Experience gained during the Vietnam war demonstrated the considerable benefit of washout of the distal rectal segment. The author describes the course of management he advises. After initial resuscitation, roentgenography of the pelvis and abdomen is necessary. Antibiotics should be administered preoperatively. Through a midline incision the rectal wounds are repaired and a proximal diverting colostomy is performed. The nonfunctioning bowel segment should then be thoroughly washed out. Careful search must be made for associated injuries that require attention.", "PMID": 737591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3164", "title": "Tuberculous peritonitis in Manitoba.", "content": "Between Jan. 1, 1971 and June 30, 1976 the authors diagnosed tuberculous peritonitis in 17 patients. The basis for the diagnosis was a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the peritoneal fluid or nodules (nine patients) or the presence of caseating granulomas in biopsy specimens of the peritoneum (eight patients). Fifteen of the 17 patients were women. Eleven were North American Indians and eight of them suffered from alcoholism. The predominant symptoms of abdominal pain, progressive abdominal distension and vomiting, and abdominal tenderness on physical examination were present both in alcoholics and in nonalcoholics. However, only the former had demonstrable ascites. The mean time from admission to hospital until establishment of the diagnosis was 8.3 days in six nonalcoholics and 49 days in the alcoholics (P less than 0.01). The delay in making the diagnosis in the patients with alcoholism resulted from a tendency to attribute their fever to alcoholic hepatitis and the ascites to portal hypertension. The mean duration of hospitalization was 160.3 days for the alcoholics and only 41.5 days for the nonalcoholics. Two of the eight alcoholics died, one of hepatic failure and the other, 3 years after the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was made, of miliary tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculous peritonitis in Manitoba. Between Jan. 1, 1971 and June 30, 1976 the authors diagnosed tuberculous peritonitis in 17 patients. The basis for the diagnosis was a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the peritoneal fluid or nodules (nine patients) or the presence of caseating granulomas in biopsy specimens of the peritoneum (eight patients). Fifteen of the 17 patients were women. Eleven were North American Indians and eight of them suffered from alcoholism. The predominant symptoms of abdominal pain, progressive abdominal distension and vomiting, and abdominal tenderness on physical examination were present both in alcoholics and in nonalcoholics. However, only the former had demonstrable ascites. The mean time from admission to hospital until establishment of the diagnosis was 8.3 days in six nonalcoholics and 49 days in the alcoholics (P less than 0.01). The delay in making the diagnosis in the patients with alcoholism resulted from a tendency to attribute their fever to alcoholic hepatitis and the ascites to portal hypertension. The mean duration of hospitalization was 160.3 days for the alcoholics and only 41.5 days for the nonalcoholics. Two of the eight alcoholics died, one of hepatic failure and the other, 3 years after the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was made, of miliary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 737593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3165", "title": "Squamous cell papilloma of esophagus.", "content": "Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus is rare. Seven well-documented cases have been reported in the English literature. Three further cases are presented, in one of which symptoms were related to the tumour. Although there is no proof that this lesion is premalignant, coincident cancer must be excluded. In each of the authors' cases, endoscopic removal of the tumour was possible. The etiology of esophageal squamous cell papilloma has not been established.", "contents": "Squamous cell papilloma of esophagus. Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus is rare. Seven well-documented cases have been reported in the English literature. Three further cases are presented, in one of which symptoms were related to the tumour. Although there is no proof that this lesion is premalignant, coincident cancer must be excluded. In each of the authors' cases, endoscopic removal of the tumour was possible. The etiology of esophageal squamous cell papilloma has not been established.", "PMID": 737594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3166", "title": "Assessment of student experiences in technical procedures in surgical clerkship.", "content": "To determine the amount of exposure to technical procedures received by students at the New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, during their first surgical clerkship, a prospective study was carried out over a 3-year period. Students completing each 12-week clerkship filled in a questionnaire to indicate whether they had received exposure to a series of technical procedures. The study showed that students received relatively little experience in some important, though less commonly employed, techniques. It is therefore recommended that: (a) the instruction in technical procedures be carried out on a planned basis; (b) performance of some routine laboratory tests by students be curtailed to permit more time for technical experience in other areas; and (c) the dog laboratory be utilized for the teaching and practice of surgical procedures.", "contents": "Assessment of student experiences in technical procedures in surgical clerkship. To determine the amount of exposure to technical procedures received by students at the New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, during their first surgical clerkship, a prospective study was carried out over a 3-year period. Students completing each 12-week clerkship filled in a questionnaire to indicate whether they had received exposure to a series of technical procedures. The study showed that students received relatively little experience in some important, though less commonly employed, techniques. It is therefore recommended that: (a) the instruction in technical procedures be carried out on a planned basis; (b) performance of some routine laboratory tests by students be curtailed to permit more time for technical experience in other areas; and (c) the dog laboratory be utilized for the teaching and practice of surgical procedures.", "PMID": 737595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3167", "title": "[Effects of chronic and progressive obstruction of the main pancreatic duct on the epithelium of the ducts and the exocrine pancreatic tissue].", "content": "The alarming increase in the number of clinical cases of carcinoma of the pancreas provides the stimulation to search for an experimental model that produces chronic progressive obstruction of the main pancreatic duct. Fifteen mongrel dogs were studied for 1 to 11 weeks. To induce chronic progressive obstruction of the pancreatic duct, a cellophane tape was placed around the main duct adjacent to its entrance into the duodenum and tied over a needle with a diameter identical to that of the duct; the needle was then withdrawn. All minor ducts were identified by pancreatography and then ligated with 2-0 silk. Each animal was followed up by repeated ductal pancreatography and measurements of serum amylase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were also performed. On both gross and microscopic examination each animal demonstrated chronic pancreatitis with preservation of the islands of Langerhans. In the early period (4 to 7 days) complete ductal obstruction occurred as demonstrated by pancreatography and by elevated serum values for amylase (264% increase) and alkaline phosphatase (209% increase). In contrast to what is seen after acute ductal ligation, the ductal epithelial cells increased in number and height. At 4 weeks a new collateral ductal system had developed and serum amylase and alkaline phosphatase values had reverted to normal. This model is useful in studying the kinetics of pancreatic ductal regeneration and the pathophysiology associated with chronic pancreatic ductal obstruction.", "contents": "[Effects of chronic and progressive obstruction of the main pancreatic duct on the epithelium of the ducts and the exocrine pancreatic tissue]. The alarming increase in the number of clinical cases of carcinoma of the pancreas provides the stimulation to search for an experimental model that produces chronic progressive obstruction of the main pancreatic duct. Fifteen mongrel dogs were studied for 1 to 11 weeks. To induce chronic progressive obstruction of the pancreatic duct, a cellophane tape was placed around the main duct adjacent to its entrance into the duodenum and tied over a needle with a diameter identical to that of the duct; the needle was then withdrawn. All minor ducts were identified by pancreatography and then ligated with 2-0 silk. Each animal was followed up by repeated ductal pancreatography and measurements of serum amylase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were also performed. On both gross and microscopic examination each animal demonstrated chronic pancreatitis with preservation of the islands of Langerhans. In the early period (4 to 7 days) complete ductal obstruction occurred as demonstrated by pancreatography and by elevated serum values for amylase (264% increase) and alkaline phosphatase (209% increase). In contrast to what is seen after acute ductal ligation, the ductal epithelial cells increased in number and height. At 4 weeks a new collateral ductal system had developed and serum amylase and alkaline phosphatase values had reverted to normal. This model is useful in studying the kinetics of pancreatic ductal regeneration and the pathophysiology associated with chronic pancreatic ductal obstruction.", "PMID": 737596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3168", "title": "Efficacy of systemic heparinization in maintaining patency of the incised and cannulated brachial artery.", "content": "Alternate members of a group of 100 cardiac patients subjected to right and left heart catheterization studies and angiography received 5000 units of heparin intravenously prior to arterial cannulation. There was no instance of arterial occlusion among these 50 patients, while in 6 of the control group the incised brachial artery became occluded. No complications of heparinization were observed. It is recommended that, where no contra- indications exist, all patients subjected to brachial artery incision and cannulation receive systemic anticoagulation.", "contents": "Efficacy of systemic heparinization in maintaining patency of the incised and cannulated brachial artery. Alternate members of a group of 100 cardiac patients subjected to right and left heart catheterization studies and angiography received 5000 units of heparin intravenously prior to arterial cannulation. There was no instance of arterial occlusion among these 50 patients, while in 6 of the control group the incised brachial artery became occluded. No complications of heparinization were observed. It is recommended that, where no contra- indications exist, all patients subjected to brachial artery incision and cannulation receive systemic anticoagulation.", "PMID": 737597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3169", "title": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of intra-abdominal masses.", "content": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 51 patients with various intra-abdominal masses localized by palpation, radiologic studies, ultrasonography or radioisotope scanning. Biopsy specimens were considered positive for malignant disease in 35 (85%) of the 41 patients with such disease, including 26 (96%) of the 27 with metastases. There was one false-positive diagnosis of malignant disease from the biopsy specimens. Surgery became unnecessary as a result of aspiration biopsy in at least 12 patients. One patient showed evidence of intrahepatic bleeding during liver biopsy but recovered spontaneously, and the liver appeared normal at laparotomy 3 weeks later. Aspiration biopsy is an accurate, relatively painless, inexpensive and safe method of establishing a diagnosis of intraabdominal malignant disease. Considerable experience of the cytologist is necessary for good results.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of intra-abdominal masses. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 51 patients with various intra-abdominal masses localized by palpation, radiologic studies, ultrasonography or radioisotope scanning. Biopsy specimens were considered positive for malignant disease in 35 (85%) of the 41 patients with such disease, including 26 (96%) of the 27 with metastases. There was one false-positive diagnosis of malignant disease from the biopsy specimens. Surgery became unnecessary as a result of aspiration biopsy in at least 12 patients. One patient showed evidence of intrahepatic bleeding during liver biopsy but recovered spontaneously, and the liver appeared normal at laparotomy 3 weeks later. Aspiration biopsy is an accurate, relatively painless, inexpensive and safe method of establishing a diagnosis of intraabdominal malignant disease. Considerable experience of the cytologist is necessary for good results.", "PMID": 737606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3170", "title": "Pathophysiologic changes in obesity.", "content": "Obesity is the common expression of several diverse interacting genetic, familial and environmental factors. In addition to having hypertrophic fat cells because of inordinate triglyceride accumulation, many patients with childhood-onset obesity and those who are massively obese regardless of age at onset have an excessive number of adipocytes. Several endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities are associated with obesity. Triglyceride formation in and lipid mobilization from hypertrophic adipocytes are exaggerated. The increased availability of free fatty acids to the liver contributes to the excessive synthesis of triglycerides and very-low-density lipoproteins; thus, hypertriglyceridemia is frequently associated with obesity. Hepatic synthesis and biliary excretion of cholesterol are also increased. Most of the excess cholesterol is stored in fat cells. The plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins are decreased. Hyperinsulinemia, which is characteristically found in the obese, leads to a decreased number of insulin receptors in target cells. The relative insulin insensitivity of the obese frequently results in glucose intolerance. The endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities are correctable by an appropriate program of meal planning and physical activity.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic changes in obesity. Obesity is the common expression of several diverse interacting genetic, familial and environmental factors. In addition to having hypertrophic fat cells because of inordinate triglyceride accumulation, many patients with childhood-onset obesity and those who are massively obese regardless of age at onset have an excessive number of adipocytes. Several endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities are associated with obesity. Triglyceride formation in and lipid mobilization from hypertrophic adipocytes are exaggerated. The increased availability of free fatty acids to the liver contributes to the excessive synthesis of triglycerides and very-low-density lipoproteins; thus, hypertriglyceridemia is frequently associated with obesity. Hepatic synthesis and biliary excretion of cholesterol are also increased. Most of the excess cholesterol is stored in fat cells. The plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins are decreased. Hyperinsulinemia, which is characteristically found in the obese, leads to a decreased number of insulin receptors in target cells. The relative insulin insensitivity of the obese frequently results in glucose intolerance. The endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities are correctable by an appropriate program of meal planning and physical activity.", "PMID": 737617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3171", "title": "Medical complications of obesity.", "content": "Obesity leads to several complications that affect many body systems. This paper focuses mainly on the cardiovascular complications, which include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and stroke, and congestive heart failure; the last may be secondary not only to advanced coronary atherosclerosis, but also to other pathogenetic factors. The increased frequency of coronary heart disease in the obese is largely attributable to the commonly associated hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lipoprotein abnormalities, rather than the adiposity. The lipoprotein disorders that have a role in atherogenesis are decreased plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins and elevated plasma concentrations of low-density lipoproteins. Abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism are responsible for the increased frequency of cholelithiasis in obese persons. The factors that mediate the development of cardiovascular and gallbladder complications are correctable by an appropriate program of meal planning and physical activity.", "contents": "Medical complications of obesity. Obesity leads to several complications that affect many body systems. This paper focuses mainly on the cardiovascular complications, which include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and stroke, and congestive heart failure; the last may be secondary not only to advanced coronary atherosclerosis, but also to other pathogenetic factors. The increased frequency of coronary heart disease in the obese is largely attributable to the commonly associated hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lipoprotein abnormalities, rather than the adiposity. The lipoprotein disorders that have a role in atherogenesis are decreased plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins and elevated plasma concentrations of low-density lipoproteins. Abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism are responsible for the increased frequency of cholelithiasis in obese persons. The factors that mediate the development of cardiovascular and gallbladder complications are correctable by an appropriate program of meal planning and physical activity.", "PMID": 737618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3172", "title": "Protein diets for obesity: metabolic and clinical aspects.", "content": "The alleged benefits of protein diets remain unproven, since research data on the safety and long-term utility of protein products as the principal or only source of nutrients for weight reduction programs are as yet insufficient. First, it is uncertain whether the decreases in body protein turnover occurring with these diets are consistent with normal function over long periods, though net balance of protein is obtained. Second, the main advantage to the patient is the suppression of appetite by the ketoacidosis, but it is the ketoacidosis that causes many of the untoward effects. Third, the addition of carbohydrate to a protein diet does not mitigate the benefit of the protein and prevents most of the untoward effects. Fourth, there is clearly no advantage of \"predigested\" proteins (which are generally poorer in quality than normal high-protein foods) except for the psychologic factor of being given \"medication\" for the \"disease\" of obesity. Fifth, there is a distinct danger of deficiencies of micronutrients developing with prolonged consumption of unsupplemented diets. Sixth, the cardiac disorders associated with death in persons taking these diets have not been shown to be coincidental rather than a direct consequence of the diets.In the present state of understanding of protein diets, they should be supervised only by specially trained physicians in rigorous multidisciplinary programs, preferably those with ongoing research. Only individuals free from contraindications should be so treated. Until compelling data proving the safety and efficacy of these diets are forthcoming, the general public should be counselled against their use.", "contents": "Protein diets for obesity: metabolic and clinical aspects. The alleged benefits of protein diets remain unproven, since research data on the safety and long-term utility of protein products as the principal or only source of nutrients for weight reduction programs are as yet insufficient. First, it is uncertain whether the decreases in body protein turnover occurring with these diets are consistent with normal function over long periods, though net balance of protein is obtained. Second, the main advantage to the patient is the suppression of appetite by the ketoacidosis, but it is the ketoacidosis that causes many of the untoward effects. Third, the addition of carbohydrate to a protein diet does not mitigate the benefit of the protein and prevents most of the untoward effects. Fourth, there is clearly no advantage of \"predigested\" proteins (which are generally poorer in quality than normal high-protein foods) except for the psychologic factor of being given \"medication\" for the \"disease\" of obesity. Fifth, there is a distinct danger of deficiencies of micronutrients developing with prolonged consumption of unsupplemented diets. Sixth, the cardiac disorders associated with death in persons taking these diets have not been shown to be coincidental rather than a direct consequence of the diets.In the present state of understanding of protein diets, they should be supervised only by specially trained physicians in rigorous multidisciplinary programs, preferably those with ongoing research. Only individuals free from contraindications should be so treated. Until compelling data proving the safety and efficacy of these diets are forthcoming, the general public should be counselled against their use.", "PMID": 737619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3173", "title": "Behavioural treatment of obesity.", "content": "Behaviour modification is a promising method of therapy for obesity. Helping the patient to gain control over environmental stimuli and positive reinforcement for the acquisition of appropriate eating and exercise habits are the basis of most treatment programs. While behavioural approaches have, on the average, resulted in greater weight loss than traditional measures during active therapy, responses have been highly variable, and the eventual outcome remains to be established by long-term follow-up studies. The best results are probably achieved with a combination of behavioural therapy and other measures such as a formal exercise program. Since primary prevention may be critical to the overall control of obesity, behavioural approaches may also be applied to young children.", "contents": "Behavioural treatment of obesity. Behaviour modification is a promising method of therapy for obesity. Helping the patient to gain control over environmental stimuli and positive reinforcement for the acquisition of appropriate eating and exercise habits are the basis of most treatment programs. While behavioural approaches have, on the average, resulted in greater weight loss than traditional measures during active therapy, responses have been highly variable, and the eventual outcome remains to be established by long-term follow-up studies. The best results are probably achieved with a combination of behavioural therapy and other measures such as a formal exercise program. Since primary prevention may be critical to the overall control of obesity, behavioural approaches may also be applied to young children.", "PMID": 737620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3174", "title": "Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital.", "content": "The efficacy of measuring the transferrin saturation and the serum ferritin concentration to detect iron deficiency was determined under routine conditions in a general hospital. The tests were performed on 100 adult patients who consecutively underwent bone marrow aspiration for the appraisal of a wide range of clinical conditions. The absence of stainable reticuloendothelial iron in smears of the aspirate was used as the benchmark of iron deficiency. Of the 86 patients who were anemic 19 lacked hemosiderin in the bone marrow. The percentage of patients with iron deficiency who were correctly classified by the tests (i.e., the tests' sensitivity) was 84% for the transferrin saturation and 79% for the serum ferritin concentration, and the percentage of patients free of iron deficiency who were correctly classified by the tests (i.e., the tests' specificity) was 63% and 96% respectively. The predictive value of an abnormal (positive) result for the detection of iron deficiency was 39% for the transferrin saturation and 83% for the serum ferritin concentration, whereas the predictive value of a normal or high (negative) result for the exclusion of iron deficiency was 93% and 94% respectively. Measurement of the serum ferritin concentration was superior to measurement of the transferrin saturation only in its specificity. The former is of particular value in clinical settings where the prevalence of iron deficiency is low and conditions that increase the serum ferritin concentration out of proportion to the size of the body iron stores are infrequent.", "contents": "Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital. The efficacy of measuring the transferrin saturation and the serum ferritin concentration to detect iron deficiency was determined under routine conditions in a general hospital. The tests were performed on 100 adult patients who consecutively underwent bone marrow aspiration for the appraisal of a wide range of clinical conditions. The absence of stainable reticuloendothelial iron in smears of the aspirate was used as the benchmark of iron deficiency. Of the 86 patients who were anemic 19 lacked hemosiderin in the bone marrow. The percentage of patients with iron deficiency who were correctly classified by the tests (i.e., the tests' sensitivity) was 84% for the transferrin saturation and 79% for the serum ferritin concentration, and the percentage of patients free of iron deficiency who were correctly classified by the tests (i.e., the tests' specificity) was 63% and 96% respectively. The predictive value of an abnormal (positive) result for the detection of iron deficiency was 39% for the transferrin saturation and 83% for the serum ferritin concentration, whereas the predictive value of a normal or high (negative) result for the exclusion of iron deficiency was 93% and 94% respectively. Measurement of the serum ferritin concentration was superior to measurement of the transferrin saturation only in its specificity. The former is of particular value in clinical settings where the prevalence of iron deficiency is low and conditions that increase the serum ferritin concentration out of proportion to the size of the body iron stores are infrequent.", "PMID": 737638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3175", "title": "Patients of internists in hospital outpatient departments and in private practice.", "content": "To test the contention that patients in outpatient departments and private practices differ, variables were assessed that might affect both the process and the outcome of medical care. Two groups of 60 patients consulting nine Montreal internists who worked in both private practice and in an outpatient department of a university teaching hospital were surveyed. The internists served as their own controls. The two groups of patients were compared for 57 demographic, socioeconomic, access, utilization, attitudinal and current medical status variables. Financial factors were minimized by the existence of universal health insurance. The outpatient group was found to be older, less fluent in English, less likely to be employed, less educated, less wealthy, more dependent on public transportation, more disabled, more likely to use ambulatory services, more anxious about health, and more sceptical about physicians, yet more dependent on them than the private practice group. The outpatient group tended to have more active, significant medical conditions and to receive more prescriptions for medication than the private practice group, in contrast to the national patterns in the practice of internal medicine in the United States. Medical educators, researchers, administrators and providers of health care who have assumed that these two groups of patients are comparable must re-evaluate their practices.", "contents": "Patients of internists in hospital outpatient departments and in private practice. To test the contention that patients in outpatient departments and private practices differ, variables were assessed that might affect both the process and the outcome of medical care. Two groups of 60 patients consulting nine Montreal internists who worked in both private practice and in an outpatient department of a university teaching hospital were surveyed. The internists served as their own controls. The two groups of patients were compared for 57 demographic, socioeconomic, access, utilization, attitudinal and current medical status variables. Financial factors were minimized by the existence of universal health insurance. The outpatient group was found to be older, less fluent in English, less likely to be employed, less educated, less wealthy, more dependent on public transportation, more disabled, more likely to use ambulatory services, more anxious about health, and more sceptical about physicians, yet more dependent on them than the private practice group. The outpatient group tended to have more active, significant medical conditions and to receive more prescriptions for medication than the private practice group, in contrast to the national patterns in the practice of internal medicine in the United States. Medical educators, researchers, administrators and providers of health care who have assumed that these two groups of patients are comparable must re-evaluate their practices.", "PMID": 737639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3176", "title": "Carcinomatous pseudothyroiditis: a problem in differential diagnosis.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman presented with a painful, rapidly enlarging thyroid gland. The serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were initially at the upper limit of normal, and the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid was completely depressed. Although subacute thyroiditis was suspected, a biopsy specimen from the thyroid showed malignant disease and no evidence of inflammation. At the time of right subtotal lobectomy metastatic breast carcinoma was diagnosed. Thus, primary or secondary malignant disease of the thyroid can simulate thyroiditis and present a serious problem in differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Carcinomatous pseudothyroiditis: a problem in differential diagnosis. A 51-year-old woman presented with a painful, rapidly enlarging thyroid gland. The serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were initially at the upper limit of normal, and the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid was completely depressed. Although subacute thyroiditis was suspected, a biopsy specimen from the thyroid showed malignant disease and no evidence of inflammation. At the time of right subtotal lobectomy metastatic breast carcinoma was diagnosed. Thus, primary or secondary malignant disease of the thyroid can simulate thyroiditis and present a serious problem in differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 737640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3177", "title": "Human blood cells ultrastructural changes and mediator release after exposure to roentgenographic contrast media.", "content": "Adverse reactions to roentgenographic contrast media (RCM) are associated with the release of mediators including complement components (anaphylatoxins), histamine and serotonin. In an in vitro study of platelets and leukocytes from 20 healthy individuals, RCM-induced release of granules from basophils and platelets was correlated with the release of histamine and serotonin respectively. The release of histamine from basophils was augmented in the presence of exogenous complement; in contrast, the release of serotonin from platelets was not dependent on the addition of exogenous complement. Although individual differences were noted, iothalamate most effectively released serotonin, whereas diatrizoate most effectively released histamine.", "contents": "Human blood cells ultrastructural changes and mediator release after exposure to roentgenographic contrast media. Adverse reactions to roentgenographic contrast media (RCM) are associated with the release of mediators including complement components (anaphylatoxins), histamine and serotonin. In an in vitro study of platelets and leukocytes from 20 healthy individuals, RCM-induced release of granules from basophils and platelets was correlated with the release of histamine and serotonin respectively. The release of histamine from basophils was augmented in the presence of exogenous complement; in contrast, the release of serotonin from platelets was not dependent on the addition of exogenous complement. Although individual differences were noted, iothalamate most effectively released serotonin, whereas diatrizoate most effectively released histamine.", "PMID": 737641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3178", "title": "Mycetoma caused by Nocardia madurae.", "content": "Actinomycotic mycetoma was diagnosed in a woman from Jamaica living in Ontario. This is the first case reported in Canada in which the infection was caused by Nocardia madurae. Despite oral therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, local excision of newly appearing nodules was required periodically for clinical improvement. Laboratory procedures were modified to aid in identification of pathogenic actinomycetes.", "contents": "Mycetoma caused by Nocardia madurae. Actinomycotic mycetoma was diagnosed in a woman from Jamaica living in Ontario. This is the first case reported in Canada in which the infection was caused by Nocardia madurae. Despite oral therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, local excision of newly appearing nodules was required periodically for clinical improvement. Laboratory procedures were modified to aid in identification of pathogenic actinomycetes.", "PMID": 737642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3179", "title": "Increased blood level of prostaglandin-like substances during cardiopulmonary bypass in the dog.", "content": "Total heart-lung bypass (TBP) for open-heart surgery is often accompanied by a progressive reduction of systemic blood pressure. Since the lung is the main site of elimination of prostaglandins (PGs) from venous blood, TBP may lead to an increase in blood content of vasodilator PGs. TBP was performed in dogs and blood level of prostaglandinlike substances (PLS) was monitored continuously by a bio-assay method. The concentration of PLS increased during TBP to 0.8 ng.cm(-3) blood (in PGE2 equivalents). Restoration of normal circulation led to the disappearance of PLS from the blood. The increase in PLS during TBP was abolished by indomethacin. This was invariably accompanied by elevation of systemic blood pressure. It is suggested that an increased concentration of vasodilator PLS during TBP may contribute to the hypotension observed in total body perfusion.", "contents": "Increased blood level of prostaglandin-like substances during cardiopulmonary bypass in the dog. Total heart-lung bypass (TBP) for open-heart surgery is often accompanied by a progressive reduction of systemic blood pressure. Since the lung is the main site of elimination of prostaglandins (PGs) from venous blood, TBP may lead to an increase in blood content of vasodilator PGs. TBP was performed in dogs and blood level of prostaglandinlike substances (PLS) was monitored continuously by a bio-assay method. The concentration of PLS increased during TBP to 0.8 ng.cm(-3) blood (in PGE2 equivalents). Restoration of normal circulation led to the disappearance of PLS from the blood. The increase in PLS during TBP was abolished by indomethacin. This was invariably accompanied by elevation of systemic blood pressure. It is suggested that an increased concentration of vasodilator PLS during TBP may contribute to the hypotension observed in total body perfusion.", "PMID": 737665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3180", "title": "Responses of cultured heart cells to procainamide and lignocaine.", "content": "The effects of procainamide and lignocaine, in concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-2) mol.litre(-1), on the Na influx and contraction frequency of cultured heart cells were studied. Both drugs produced a prompt, dose-dependent reduction in Na influx which was significant (P less than 0.01) for all concentrations tested. Lignocaine affected only that portion of the Na influx which was also verapamil-sensitive, whereas procainamide suppressed in addition, the verapamil-insensitive influx. In addition both drugs produced a concomitant decrease in the spontaneous contraction frequency of the cells. A close linear correlation (r = 0.99) between verapamil-sensitive Na influx and contraction frequency, in the presence of both procainamide and lignocaine was found. From this, and previous studies indicating a dependency of contraction frequency on the inward verapamil-sensitive Na influx, it is suggested that the drugs modify the automaticity of this preparation by a primary influence on membrane Na exchange.", "contents": "Responses of cultured heart cells to procainamide and lignocaine. The effects of procainamide and lignocaine, in concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-2) mol.litre(-1), on the Na influx and contraction frequency of cultured heart cells were studied. Both drugs produced a prompt, dose-dependent reduction in Na influx which was significant (P less than 0.01) for all concentrations tested. Lignocaine affected only that portion of the Na influx which was also verapamil-sensitive, whereas procainamide suppressed in addition, the verapamil-insensitive influx. In addition both drugs produced a concomitant decrease in the spontaneous contraction frequency of the cells. A close linear correlation (r = 0.99) between verapamil-sensitive Na influx and contraction frequency, in the presence of both procainamide and lignocaine was found. From this, and previous studies indicating a dependency of contraction frequency on the inward verapamil-sensitive Na influx, it is suggested that the drugs modify the automaticity of this preparation by a primary influence on membrane Na exchange.", "PMID": 737666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3181", "title": "Functional development of cardiac sympathetic nerves in newborn dogs: evidence for asymmetrical development.", "content": "The functional development of cardiac sympathetic nerves was investigated in 52 puppies, 1 to 6 weeks of age. The effect of nerve stimulation on refractory period shortening at eight epicardial sites was used as criterion. Zero or minimal effect was observed at the first week of life for all the nerves tested, then a sharp increase of effect was observed at the second week, while at the third week, an unexpected decrease was observed for all nerves. At the fourth week, the effect increased again and remained high for the subsequent weeks. Thus functional sympathetic innervation of the heart is not complete at birth, but continues to develop throughout the first 6 weeks of life, following an irregular pattern of progression. The nonuniform maturation of cardiac nerves coupled with the localised distribution of the nerves may provide a basis for regional sympathetic imbalance and subsequent arrhythmiogenesis in early life.", "contents": "Functional development of cardiac sympathetic nerves in newborn dogs: evidence for asymmetrical development. The functional development of cardiac sympathetic nerves was investigated in 52 puppies, 1 to 6 weeks of age. The effect of nerve stimulation on refractory period shortening at eight epicardial sites was used as criterion. Zero or minimal effect was observed at the first week of life for all the nerves tested, then a sharp increase of effect was observed at the second week, while at the third week, an unexpected decrease was observed for all nerves. At the fourth week, the effect increased again and remained high for the subsequent weeks. Thus functional sympathetic innervation of the heart is not complete at birth, but continues to develop throughout the first 6 weeks of life, following an irregular pattern of progression. The nonuniform maturation of cardiac nerves coupled with the localised distribution of the nerves may provide a basis for regional sympathetic imbalance and subsequent arrhythmiogenesis in early life.", "PMID": 737667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3182", "title": "Monophasic action potentials, electrocardiograms and mechanical performance in normal and ischaemic epicardial segments of the pig ventricle in situ.", "content": "Few studies report simultaneous electrical and mechanical recordings from the epicardium of intact beating hearts in situ during ischaemia. We use suction to apply transducers and electrodes to areas of the epicardium. This interferes little with its behaviour and allows: i) free mobility over the surface; ii) simultaneous tridirectional length changes to be recorded and summed for an overall impression of mechanical behaviour, iii) detection of changes in direction of movement; iv) simultaneous recordings of monophasic action potential and epicardial ECG. During ischaemia we can detect impaired contraction with dyskinesis and a change in direction of epicardial forces. The action potential duration shortens and we have noted impaired conduction, inexitability and recordings consistent with re-entry leading to ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Monophasic action potentials, electrocardiograms and mechanical performance in normal and ischaemic epicardial segments of the pig ventricle in situ. Few studies report simultaneous electrical and mechanical recordings from the epicardium of intact beating hearts in situ during ischaemia. We use suction to apply transducers and electrodes to areas of the epicardium. This interferes little with its behaviour and allows: i) free mobility over the surface; ii) simultaneous tridirectional length changes to be recorded and summed for an overall impression of mechanical behaviour, iii) detection of changes in direction of movement; iv) simultaneous recordings of monophasic action potential and epicardial ECG. During ischaemia we can detect impaired contraction with dyskinesis and a change in direction of epicardial forces. The action potential duration shortens and we have noted impaired conduction, inexitability and recordings consistent with re-entry leading to ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 737668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3183", "title": "Percutaneous left ventricular catheterisation with an ultraminiature catheter-tip pressure transducer.", "content": "Percutaneous left ventricular catheterisation with a 4F (O.D. 1.33 mm) catheter-tip pressure transducer is described. The transducer is small enough so that it can be introduced through a short 4F arterial insertion sheath or a Brockenbrough Trans-septal catheter. Experience in 35 patients suggests that this ultraminiature catheter mounted pressure transducer is a valuable addition to the cardiac catheterisation laboratory.", "contents": "Percutaneous left ventricular catheterisation with an ultraminiature catheter-tip pressure transducer. Percutaneous left ventricular catheterisation with a 4F (O.D. 1.33 mm) catheter-tip pressure transducer is described. The transducer is small enough so that it can be introduced through a short 4F arterial insertion sheath or a Brockenbrough Trans-septal catheter. Experience in 35 patients suggests that this ultraminiature catheter mounted pressure transducer is a valuable addition to the cardiac catheterisation laboratory.", "PMID": 737669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3184", "title": "Vascular permeability to proteins and peptides in the mouse pineal gland.", "content": "The permeability of fenestrated capillaries in the mouse pineal gland to proteins and peptides was demonstrated by means of ultrastructural tracers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and microperoxidase (MP) were injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for approximately 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 1 or 2 h. The tissue was then fixed by vascular perfusion or by immersion with aldehydes. In all experiments a pronounced extravasation of HRP and MP occurred. Transendothelial vesicular transport seemed to have occurred across the fenestrated capillaries. The most pronounced tracer labeling of vesicles was found after 1 min of MP- or HRP-circulation. The vesicles were uncoated and more than 70% of the HRP- and MP-containing vesicles exhibited diameters between 50 and 110 nm. Furthermore, three other transcapillary pathways taken by the tracers are suggested: 1) via intercellular junctions, 2) through fenestrae and 3) via channels formed by fusion of vesicles with the luminal and abluminal cell membranes. Based on these results, it is assumed that the capillaries in the mouse pineal gland also permeable to peptides synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland.", "contents": "Vascular permeability to proteins and peptides in the mouse pineal gland. The permeability of fenestrated capillaries in the mouse pineal gland to proteins and peptides was demonstrated by means of ultrastructural tracers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and microperoxidase (MP) were injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for approximately 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 1 or 2 h. The tissue was then fixed by vascular perfusion or by immersion with aldehydes. In all experiments a pronounced extravasation of HRP and MP occurred. Transendothelial vesicular transport seemed to have occurred across the fenestrated capillaries. The most pronounced tracer labeling of vesicles was found after 1 min of MP- or HRP-circulation. The vesicles were uncoated and more than 70% of the HRP- and MP-containing vesicles exhibited diameters between 50 and 110 nm. Furthermore, three other transcapillary pathways taken by the tracers are suggested: 1) via intercellular junctions, 2) through fenestrae and 3) via channels formed by fusion of vesicles with the luminal and abluminal cell membranes. Based on these results, it is assumed that the capillaries in the mouse pineal gland also permeable to peptides synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland.", "PMID": 737703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3185", "title": "Changes in structure of ventral epidermis of Rana ridibunda during metamorphosis.", "content": "The organisation of the ventral epidermis organisation was followed throughout ontogenesis in Rana ridibunda. Epidermis of tadpoles with 2-3 limbs was organised into two layers: a stratum germinativum consisting of elongated columnar cells, and an outer stratum corneum consisting of two types of cuboid cells. Two types of cells can be distinguished; they are a light (clear) cell and a dark (dense) cell. In the 4-legged tadpoles the stratum corneum cells start to flatten and a replacement layer appeared underneath. A well-defined stratum germinativum is found and within it, epidermal glands. Moulting took place for the first time in tadpoles just before metamorphosis, and a well-organised stratum granulosum was formed still containing the two main types of epidermal glands. The flask cells appear in the juveniles for the first time, greatly increasing in numbers in the adult epidermis.", "contents": "Changes in structure of ventral epidermis of Rana ridibunda during metamorphosis. The organisation of the ventral epidermis organisation was followed throughout ontogenesis in Rana ridibunda. Epidermis of tadpoles with 2-3 limbs was organised into two layers: a stratum germinativum consisting of elongated columnar cells, and an outer stratum corneum consisting of two types of cuboid cells. Two types of cells can be distinguished; they are a light (clear) cell and a dark (dense) cell. In the 4-legged tadpoles the stratum corneum cells start to flatten and a replacement layer appeared underneath. A well-defined stratum germinativum is found and within it, epidermal glands. Moulting took place for the first time in tadpoles just before metamorphosis, and a well-organised stratum granulosum was formed still containing the two main types of epidermal glands. The flask cells appear in the juveniles for the first time, greatly increasing in numbers in the adult epidermis.", "PMID": 737704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3186", "title": "Selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones induced by capsaicin: glial changes.", "content": "Capsaicin treatment of newborn rats results in the degeneration of primary sensory neurones involved in the mediation of chemogenic pain. In the present study glial changes following the pharmacologically-induced degeneration of unmyelinated primary afferent fibres terminating in Rexed's laminae I and II of the spinal cord were investigated. Light microscopy revealed an increase in the number of phagocytic glial cells in this area, reaching a maximum at 24 h after the administration of capsaicin; they had almost completely disappeared by 72 h. At the ultrastructural level these cells were characterized by their elongate or irregular nuclei with a pronounced heterochromatin pattern, a moderately dense cytoplasmic matrix, hour-glass shaped mitochondria and very large numbers of heterogeneous dense bodies and lipid droplets. On the basis of these observations, these cells were considered to represent reactive microglial cells engaged in the phagocytosis of degenerated neuronal debris. The possible origin and mode of elimination of these elements from the central nervous tissue is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones induced by capsaicin: glial changes. Capsaicin treatment of newborn rats results in the degeneration of primary sensory neurones involved in the mediation of chemogenic pain. In the present study glial changes following the pharmacologically-induced degeneration of unmyelinated primary afferent fibres terminating in Rexed's laminae I and II of the spinal cord were investigated. Light microscopy revealed an increase in the number of phagocytic glial cells in this area, reaching a maximum at 24 h after the administration of capsaicin; they had almost completely disappeared by 72 h. At the ultrastructural level these cells were characterized by their elongate or irregular nuclei with a pronounced heterochromatin pattern, a moderately dense cytoplasmic matrix, hour-glass shaped mitochondria and very large numbers of heterogeneous dense bodies and lipid droplets. On the basis of these observations, these cells were considered to represent reactive microglial cells engaged in the phagocytosis of degenerated neuronal debris. The possible origin and mode of elimination of these elements from the central nervous tissue is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 737705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3187", "title": "Effects of colchicine on ultrastructure of the lactating mammary cell: membrane involvement and stress on the Golgi apparatus.", "content": "The effects of colchicine on ultrastructure of the lactating mammary cell in the rat and goat were studied by electron microscopy. Changes in tissue of the rat were examined over time (1, 2 and 4 h). The goat gland was evaluated by comparing ultrastructure of tissue at the time of maximum milk flow suppression induced by the drug with that of untreated tissue. Colchicine produced notable changes in the tissue of both species: 1) the secretion of lipid droplets and Golgi vesicle contents (exocytosis) was inhibited and the droplets and vesicles became randomly distributed throughout the cell, 2) the Golgi apparatus was significantly reduced in size, 3) casein and lipid continued to be synthesized as evidenced by greater numbers of secretory vesicles and increased sizes of casein micelles and lipid droplets, 4) secretory vesicles showed a propensity to cluster around lipid droplets, 5) isolated microtubules were found occasionally in the control tissue, ordinarily in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus, but rarely in the colchicine-treated tissue. These observations indicate that colchicine has two effects leading to suppression of exocytosis in the mammary cell: one involves early interference with capacity of secretory vesicle membranes to fuse and a further effect, related to higher concentrations of colchicine, causes intracellular disorganization and loss of polarity. Microtubules were not seen as directly involved in the mechanisms of exocytosis. The secretion of milk fat globules is coupled to exocytosis and thereby is also inhibited by colchicine.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on ultrastructure of the lactating mammary cell: membrane involvement and stress on the Golgi apparatus. The effects of colchicine on ultrastructure of the lactating mammary cell in the rat and goat were studied by electron microscopy. Changes in tissue of the rat were examined over time (1, 2 and 4 h). The goat gland was evaluated by comparing ultrastructure of tissue at the time of maximum milk flow suppression induced by the drug with that of untreated tissue. Colchicine produced notable changes in the tissue of both species: 1) the secretion of lipid droplets and Golgi vesicle contents (exocytosis) was inhibited and the droplets and vesicles became randomly distributed throughout the cell, 2) the Golgi apparatus was significantly reduced in size, 3) casein and lipid continued to be synthesized as evidenced by greater numbers of secretory vesicles and increased sizes of casein micelles and lipid droplets, 4) secretory vesicles showed a propensity to cluster around lipid droplets, 5) isolated microtubules were found occasionally in the control tissue, ordinarily in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus, but rarely in the colchicine-treated tissue. These observations indicate that colchicine has two effects leading to suppression of exocytosis in the mammary cell: one involves early interference with capacity of secretory vesicle membranes to fuse and a further effect, related to higher concentrations of colchicine, causes intracellular disorganization and loss of polarity. Microtubules were not seen as directly involved in the mechanisms of exocytosis. The secretion of milk fat globules is coupled to exocytosis and thereby is also inhibited by colchicine.", "PMID": 737706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3188", "title": "Myosatellite cells associated with different muscle fibre types in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.).", "content": "The incidence of myosatellite cells associated with \"white\" and \"red\" muscle fibres of the parietal muscle and \"red\" fibres of the craniovelar muscle was estimated by quantitative electron microscopy in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). Myosatellite cell nuclei constitute 3, 11 and 23% of the total number of nuclei inside the basal lamina of the three types of muscle fibres, respectively. However, the total number of nuclei is highest in \"white\" fibres, most of the nuclei belonging to striated muscle cells. Myosatellite cell profiles in transverse sections constitute 23, 41 and 61% of the number of muscle fibre profiles of the three types, respectively. The intervals between adjacent myosatellite cells are approximately 135 micrometer in \"white\" fibres, approximately 55 micrometer in \"red\" parietal fibres, and only approximately 25 micrometer in craniovelar fibres. Since craniovelar fibres are also comparatively thin, myosatellite cells constitute a significant fraction of the volume inside the basal lamina in these fibres. The myosatellite cells are approximately 30-50 micrometer long and up to 5 micrometer thick. Some myosatellite cells possess few organelles, whereas others appear to contain many free ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatus and lysosome-like bodies.", "contents": "Myosatellite cells associated with different muscle fibre types in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). The incidence of myosatellite cells associated with \"white\" and \"red\" muscle fibres of the parietal muscle and \"red\" fibres of the craniovelar muscle was estimated by quantitative electron microscopy in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). Myosatellite cell nuclei constitute 3, 11 and 23% of the total number of nuclei inside the basal lamina of the three types of muscle fibres, respectively. However, the total number of nuclei is highest in \"white\" fibres, most of the nuclei belonging to striated muscle cells. Myosatellite cell profiles in transverse sections constitute 23, 41 and 61% of the number of muscle fibre profiles of the three types, respectively. The intervals between adjacent myosatellite cells are approximately 135 micrometer in \"white\" fibres, approximately 55 micrometer in \"red\" parietal fibres, and only approximately 25 micrometer in craniovelar fibres. Since craniovelar fibres are also comparatively thin, myosatellite cells constitute a significant fraction of the volume inside the basal lamina in these fibres. The myosatellite cells are approximately 30-50 micrometer long and up to 5 micrometer thick. Some myosatellite cells possess few organelles, whereas others appear to contain many free ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatus and lysosome-like bodies.", "PMID": 737707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3189", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic mallard.", "content": "In the hypothalamus of the adult domestic mallard, small to medium-sized perikarya are stained specifically with rabbit antiserum against cyclic somatostatin (PAP technique of Sternberger). The somatostatin-immunoreactive material is located in neurons different from those containing immunoreactive LHRH, vasotocin or mesotocin. Somatostatin-containing perikarya are observed 1) in a chain-like arrangement extending from the area of the median division of the supraoptic nucleus to the caudal end of the paraventricular nucleus; 2) as single cells in the preoptic region; and 3) as a conspicuous formation in the optic tract division of the supraoptic nucleus. In the rostral portion of the median eminence, somatostatin-immunoreactive axons penetrate into the external zone. Fine accessory fiber bundles project to the neural lobe.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic mallard. In the hypothalamus of the adult domestic mallard, small to medium-sized perikarya are stained specifically with rabbit antiserum against cyclic somatostatin (PAP technique of Sternberger). The somatostatin-immunoreactive material is located in neurons different from those containing immunoreactive LHRH, vasotocin or mesotocin. Somatostatin-containing perikarya are observed 1) in a chain-like arrangement extending from the area of the median division of the supraoptic nucleus to the caudal end of the paraventricular nucleus; 2) as single cells in the preoptic region; and 3) as a conspicuous formation in the optic tract division of the supraoptic nucleus. In the rostral portion of the median eminence, somatostatin-immunoreactive axons penetrate into the external zone. Fine accessory fiber bundles project to the neural lobe.", "PMID": 737708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3190", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic nerve degeneration in the guinea pig uterus during pregnancy.", "content": "In the guinea pig myometrium, the adrenergic nerves selectively demonstrated at the ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-OH-DA, show varying degree of degeneration during pregnancy. The changes are more extensive in a late gestational stage (40-45 days) than in an early one (20-25 days), and are particularly evident in the uterus overlying the conceptus as compared to the regions between the fetuses. Scattered degenerative changes were also observed in myometrial specimens from virgin animals, but probably reflect the normal continuous turnover of axons.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic nerve degeneration in the guinea pig uterus during pregnancy. In the guinea pig myometrium, the adrenergic nerves selectively demonstrated at the ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-OH-DA, show varying degree of degeneration during pregnancy. The changes are more extensive in a late gestational stage (40-45 days) than in an early one (20-25 days), and are particularly evident in the uterus overlying the conceptus as compared to the regions between the fetuses. Scattered degenerative changes were also observed in myometrial specimens from virgin animals, but probably reflect the normal continuous turnover of axons.", "PMID": 737709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3191", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic autoradiography has been employed to define the neuroanatomical patterns of uptake and binding of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat. A dorsomedial continuum of arcuate and periventricular neurons selectively sequester 3HL-dopa 20 min following its intraventricular infusion. By 40 and 60 min following the infusion labelling of neurons is minimal and supports the notion of rapid degradation. Other cell compartments such as tanycytes demonstrate uptake of 3H L-dopa. The ultrastructural localization and distribution of radiolabelled L-dopa (or its metabolites) in the rodent hypothalamus is discussed with respect to mechanisms and cell compartments involved in neuroendocrine regulatory processes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat. Light and electron microscopic autoradiography has been employed to define the neuroanatomical patterns of uptake and binding of radiolabelled L-dopa in the endocrine hypothalamus of the rat. A dorsomedial continuum of arcuate and periventricular neurons selectively sequester 3HL-dopa 20 min following its intraventricular infusion. By 40 and 60 min following the infusion labelling of neurons is minimal and supports the notion of rapid degradation. Other cell compartments such as tanycytes demonstrate uptake of 3H L-dopa. The ultrastructural localization and distribution of radiolabelled L-dopa (or its metabolites) in the rodent hypothalamus is discussed with respect to mechanisms and cell compartments involved in neuroendocrine regulatory processes.", "PMID": 737710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3192", "title": "A comparative ultrastructural study of blood cells from nine insect orders.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of hemocytes from 9 different insect orders has led to the identification of 8 cell types: (1) Plasmatocytes, whose cytoplasm is filled with small dense lysosomes and large heterogeneous structures, are phagocytic cells. (2) Granulocytes, filled with uniformly electron dense granules, are involved in capsule formation. (3) Coagulocytes, which contain granules and structured globules and which possess a well developed RER, are involved in phagocytosis. (4) Spherule cells are filled with large spherical inclusions. (5) Oenocytoids are large cells with few cytoplasmic organelles. These 5 hemocyte types represent the majority of insect blood cells. (6) Prohemocytes, blastic cells which are one of the stem cells a hemocytes, are very few in number in each species investigated. (7) Thrombocytoids and (8) Prodocytes are restricted to a small number of insect species. The ultrastructural characteristics of these hemocyte types are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative ultrastructural study of blood cells from nine insect orders. An ultrastructural study of hemocytes from 9 different insect orders has led to the identification of 8 cell types: (1) Plasmatocytes, whose cytoplasm is filled with small dense lysosomes and large heterogeneous structures, are phagocytic cells. (2) Granulocytes, filled with uniformly electron dense granules, are involved in capsule formation. (3) Coagulocytes, which contain granules and structured globules and which possess a well developed RER, are involved in phagocytosis. (4) Spherule cells are filled with large spherical inclusions. (5) Oenocytoids are large cells with few cytoplasmic organelles. These 5 hemocyte types represent the majority of insect blood cells. (6) Prohemocytes, blastic cells which are one of the stem cells a hemocytes, are very few in number in each species investigated. (7) Thrombocytoids and (8) Prodocytes are restricted to a small number of insect species. The ultrastructural characteristics of these hemocyte types are discussed.", "PMID": 737711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3193", "title": "The eyes of mesopelagic crustaceans. III. Thysanopoda tricuspidata (Euphausiacea).", "content": "The compound eyes of the mesopelagic eupausiid Thysanopoda tricuspidata were investigated by light-, scanning-, and transmission electron microscopy. The eyes are spherical and have a diameter that corresponds to 1/6 of the carapace length. The hexagonal facets have strongly curved outer surfaces. Although there are four crystalline cone cells, only two participate in the formation of the cone, which is 90-120 micrometer long and appears to have a radial gradient of refractive index. The clear zone, separating dioptric structures and retinula, is only 90-120 micrometer wide. In it lie the very large oval nuclei of the seven retinula cells. Directly in front of the 70 micrometer long and 15 micrometer thick rhabdom a lens-like structure of 12 micrometer diameter is developed. This structure, known in only a very few arthropods, seems to be present in all species of Euphausiacea studied to date. It is believed that the rhabdom lens improves near-field vision and absolute light sensitivity. Rod-shaped pigment grains and mitochondria of the tubular type are found in the plasma of retinula cells. The position of the proximal screening pigment as well as the microvillar organization in the rhabdom are indicative of light-adapted material. The orthogonal alignment of rhabdovilli suggests polarization sensitivity. Behind each rabdom there is a cup-shaped homogenous structure of unknown, but possibly optical function. Finally, the structure and the function of the euphysiid eye are reviewed and the functional implications of individual components are discussed.", "contents": "The eyes of mesopelagic crustaceans. III. Thysanopoda tricuspidata (Euphausiacea). The compound eyes of the mesopelagic eupausiid Thysanopoda tricuspidata were investigated by light-, scanning-, and transmission electron microscopy. The eyes are spherical and have a diameter that corresponds to 1/6 of the carapace length. The hexagonal facets have strongly curved outer surfaces. Although there are four crystalline cone cells, only two participate in the formation of the cone, which is 90-120 micrometer long and appears to have a radial gradient of refractive index. The clear zone, separating dioptric structures and retinula, is only 90-120 micrometer wide. In it lie the very large oval nuclei of the seven retinula cells. Directly in front of the 70 micrometer long and 15 micrometer thick rhabdom a lens-like structure of 12 micrometer diameter is developed. This structure, known in only a very few arthropods, seems to be present in all species of Euphausiacea studied to date. It is believed that the rhabdom lens improves near-field vision and absolute light sensitivity. Rod-shaped pigment grains and mitochondria of the tubular type are found in the plasma of retinula cells. The position of the proximal screening pigment as well as the microvillar organization in the rhabdom are indicative of light-adapted material. The orthogonal alignment of rhabdovilli suggests polarization sensitivity. Behind each rabdom there is a cup-shaped homogenous structure of unknown, but possibly optical function. Finally, the structure and the function of the euphysiid eye are reviewed and the functional implications of individual components are discussed.", "PMID": 737712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3194", "title": "Regeneration of rabbit calcaneal tendon: a morphological and immunochemical study.", "content": "The regenerated tissue which fills the gap between the stumps of sectioned and unsutured rabbit calcaneal tendon was studied by immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopy from 2 days to 30 weeks after surgery. In the early stages, the newly formed tissue consisted of few connective tissue cells of variable shape dispersed in an abundant intercellular matrix. At 7 days after tenotomy most of the cells were spindle shaped and arranged along the major tendon axis. They showed a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex and bundles of thin and thick filaments. Moreover, they appeared intensely stained when treated with anti-actin and anti-myosin sera. The bulk of the intercellular matrix consisted of bundles of collagen fibers, mostly arranged parallel to the cells. In the subsequent stages the regenerating tissue became more compact, acquiring the morphological characteristics of tendon tissue. At 30 weeks after tenotomy, however, it did not show yet the typical texture of the normal adult tendon. The tenocytes were more numerous and less uniformly distributed, and contained a greater amount of ergastoplasm and contractile proteins. The collagen fibers were similar in size to those of the neonatal normal tendon and the elastic fibers appeared often immature.", "contents": "Regeneration of rabbit calcaneal tendon: a morphological and immunochemical study. The regenerated tissue which fills the gap between the stumps of sectioned and unsutured rabbit calcaneal tendon was studied by immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopy from 2 days to 30 weeks after surgery. In the early stages, the newly formed tissue consisted of few connective tissue cells of variable shape dispersed in an abundant intercellular matrix. At 7 days after tenotomy most of the cells were spindle shaped and arranged along the major tendon axis. They showed a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex and bundles of thin and thick filaments. Moreover, they appeared intensely stained when treated with anti-actin and anti-myosin sera. The bulk of the intercellular matrix consisted of bundles of collagen fibers, mostly arranged parallel to the cells. In the subsequent stages the regenerating tissue became more compact, acquiring the morphological characteristics of tendon tissue. At 30 weeks after tenotomy, however, it did not show yet the typical texture of the normal adult tendon. The tenocytes were more numerous and less uniformly distributed, and contained a greater amount of ergastoplasm and contractile proteins. The collagen fibers were similar in size to those of the neonatal normal tendon and the elastic fibers appeared often immature.", "PMID": 737713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3195", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (= Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced 'lanes' between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (= Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch). The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced 'lanes' between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.", "PMID": 737714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3196", "title": "Development of the blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase in the chick embryo.", "content": "One to 20 mg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the allantoic vein of chick embryos between the 7th to 21st day of incubation and its penetration from blood into the interstitium of cerebellum and spinal cord (upper thoracic) was examined by light and electron microscopy in order to study development of the blood-brain barrier. Until the 12th day of incubation (stage 38) the reaction products, indicating the presence of peroxidase, were distributed in every region of the intercellular spaces in both cerebellum and spinal cord, whereas in 13th and 14th day embryos (stage 39 and 40) they were observed only in the medullary regions. In the embryos after 15th day (stage 41) they filled only the intravascular lumen and some micropinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium. These results show that the blood-brain barrier to HRP develops roughly synchronously in various parts of the central nervous system and evolves independently of neurogenesis, the course of which differs considerably in the cerebellum and spinal cord.", "contents": "Development of the blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase in the chick embryo. One to 20 mg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the allantoic vein of chick embryos between the 7th to 21st day of incubation and its penetration from blood into the interstitium of cerebellum and spinal cord (upper thoracic) was examined by light and electron microscopy in order to study development of the blood-brain barrier. Until the 12th day of incubation (stage 38) the reaction products, indicating the presence of peroxidase, were distributed in every region of the intercellular spaces in both cerebellum and spinal cord, whereas in 13th and 14th day embryos (stage 39 and 40) they were observed only in the medullary regions. In the embryos after 15th day (stage 41) they filled only the intravascular lumen and some micropinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium. These results show that the blood-brain barrier to HRP develops roughly synchronously in various parts of the central nervous system and evolves independently of neurogenesis, the course of which differs considerably in the cerebellum and spinal cord.", "PMID": 737715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3197", "title": "The unit structure of the locust compound eye.", "content": "1. The ommatidium or functional unit of the locust compound eye comprises a compound corneal lens, 4 cone cells, 2 primary pigment cells, 16 secondary pigment cells and 8 retinula cells. 2. All retinula cells run the entire length from the cone to the basal lamina, although two, called the proximal cells, only contribute to the lowest third of the rhabdom, and one of either cell 6 or cell 7 on our arbitrary numbering system forms its axon one third the way up the ommatidium. 3. 84% of the 417 ommatidia examined had five cone cell processes. The position of three cone cell processes (cone threads) is almost invariable with respect to numbered retinula cells but the remaining threads can take any of three intercellular locations. 4. The position of these threads correlates with the number of the cell distally displaced from the rhabdom. We suggest that cone thread position in the developing ommatidium determines some features of retinula cells and we propose a simple model to account for this.", "contents": "The unit structure of the locust compound eye. 1. The ommatidium or functional unit of the locust compound eye comprises a compound corneal lens, 4 cone cells, 2 primary pigment cells, 16 secondary pigment cells and 8 retinula cells. 2. All retinula cells run the entire length from the cone to the basal lamina, although two, called the proximal cells, only contribute to the lowest third of the rhabdom, and one of either cell 6 or cell 7 on our arbitrary numbering system forms its axon one third the way up the ommatidium. 3. 84% of the 417 ommatidia examined had five cone cell processes. The position of three cone cell processes (cone threads) is almost invariable with respect to numbered retinula cells but the remaining threads can take any of three intercellular locations. 4. The position of these threads correlates with the number of the cell distally displaced from the rhabdom. We suggest that cone thread position in the developing ommatidium determines some features of retinula cells and we propose a simple model to account for this.", "PMID": 737716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3198", "title": "The effects of vinblastine on acinar cells of the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat.", "content": "The effects of vinblastine treatment on acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland were studied by electron microscopy. Experimental animals of both sexes were given single intraperitoneal injections of (1) vinblastine (4 mg/kg body weight) at 1 to 24 h before sacrifice; (2) pilocarpine (20 mg/kg b.w.) for 1 h; or (3) vinblastine for 1 h followed by pilocarpine for 1 h. Vinblastine treatment caused a number of changes including autophagocytosis, formation of intracisternal granules, and alteration of secretory granules. These changes varied in extent and onset between male and female rats. In addition, the Golgi apparatus was reduced in size and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were commonly observed. Moreover, vinblastine inhibited the pilocarpine-stimulated degranulation of the acinar cells. In view of the known anti-microtubular action of vinblastine, these results suggest that microtubules are involved in various aspects of the transport, packaging, and secretion of exportable proteins in the lacrimal gland. Additionally, autophagocytosis and alteration of secretory granules may partially result from the interaction of vinblastine with membranes.", "contents": "The effects of vinblastine on acinar cells of the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat. The effects of vinblastine treatment on acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland were studied by electron microscopy. Experimental animals of both sexes were given single intraperitoneal injections of (1) vinblastine (4 mg/kg body weight) at 1 to 24 h before sacrifice; (2) pilocarpine (20 mg/kg b.w.) for 1 h; or (3) vinblastine for 1 h followed by pilocarpine for 1 h. Vinblastine treatment caused a number of changes including autophagocytosis, formation of intracisternal granules, and alteration of secretory granules. These changes varied in extent and onset between male and female rats. In addition, the Golgi apparatus was reduced in size and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were commonly observed. Moreover, vinblastine inhibited the pilocarpine-stimulated degranulation of the acinar cells. In view of the known anti-microtubular action of vinblastine, these results suggest that microtubules are involved in various aspects of the transport, packaging, and secretion of exportable proteins in the lacrimal gland. Additionally, autophagocytosis and alteration of secretory granules may partially result from the interaction of vinblastine with membranes.", "PMID": 737717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3199", "title": "Analysis of intestinal cell proliferation after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. I. Stathmokinetic, labelling index, mitotic index, and cellular migration studies.", "content": "Guanethidine-induced sympathectomy in the rat during the neonatal period (injection of 20 microgram/g body weight every 48 h from day of birth until day 14) produces an absolute reduction in the number of sympathetic ganglion cells, but no significant alteration of body weight. Superior cervical ganglia show 79.8% fewer cell bodies at 15 days and 92.3% at 45 days; coeliac ganglia exhibit an 81.0% reduction at 15 days and 89.6% at 45 days in guanethidine-treated rats as compared to normal controls. The sympathetic ganglion cells that remain after treatment have an abnormal morphological appearance with distended mitochondria and depletion of endoplasmic reticulum. Sympathectomy produces a prolongation of the generation cycle time (Tc) as measured by the colchicine-induced mitotic arrest technique, and a decrease in labelling, mitotic, and migration indices. In addition, sympathectomy suppresses the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in mitotic activity. The general suppression of this activity in the intestinal epithelium is more pronounced in the jejunum and ileum than in the duodenum. Variation in the effectiveness of sympathectomy on the inhibition of intestinal cell proliferation may be related to segmental differences in cell proliferation, to segmental differences in innervation, and/or to segmental variation in the effectiveness of guanethidine.", "contents": "Analysis of intestinal cell proliferation after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. I. Stathmokinetic, labelling index, mitotic index, and cellular migration studies. Guanethidine-induced sympathectomy in the rat during the neonatal period (injection of 20 microgram/g body weight every 48 h from day of birth until day 14) produces an absolute reduction in the number of sympathetic ganglion cells, but no significant alteration of body weight. Superior cervical ganglia show 79.8% fewer cell bodies at 15 days and 92.3% at 45 days; coeliac ganglia exhibit an 81.0% reduction at 15 days and 89.6% at 45 days in guanethidine-treated rats as compared to normal controls. The sympathetic ganglion cells that remain after treatment have an abnormal morphological appearance with distended mitochondria and depletion of endoplasmic reticulum. Sympathectomy produces a prolongation of the generation cycle time (Tc) as measured by the colchicine-induced mitotic arrest technique, and a decrease in labelling, mitotic, and migration indices. In addition, sympathectomy suppresses the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in mitotic activity. The general suppression of this activity in the intestinal epithelium is more pronounced in the jejunum and ileum than in the duodenum. Variation in the effectiveness of sympathectomy on the inhibition of intestinal cell proliferation may be related to segmental differences in cell proliferation, to segmental differences in innervation, and/or to segmental variation in the effectiveness of guanethidine.", "PMID": 737718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3200", "title": "B-cells of the synovial membrane. II. Differentiation during development of the synovial cavity in the mouse.", "content": "Study of pre- and postnatal development of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the mouse shows that the synovial cavity (SC) forms before any differentiation of the synovial mesenchyme. The primitive cleft results from degradation of a thin vascular mesenchymal layer in direct contact with the chondrogenic layers. Differentiation of the synovial membrane coincides with clarification of the SC (3rd to 6th day of postnatal life). When dilatation of the SC occurs (6th to 8th day), the two intimal cells types (A- and B-cells) are well identified. The B-cells already show typical features at day 6; their content of typical dense secretory vesicles is comparable to that of the adult B-cells at day 13. The specific secretory function of B-cells could be correlated with the particular structure of the intimal interstitial tissue and could account for the origin of some protein(s) of the synovial fluid.", "contents": "B-cells of the synovial membrane. II. Differentiation during development of the synovial cavity in the mouse. Study of pre- and postnatal development of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the mouse shows that the synovial cavity (SC) forms before any differentiation of the synovial mesenchyme. The primitive cleft results from degradation of a thin vascular mesenchymal layer in direct contact with the chondrogenic layers. Differentiation of the synovial membrane coincides with clarification of the SC (3rd to 6th day of postnatal life). When dilatation of the SC occurs (6th to 8th day), the two intimal cells types (A- and B-cells) are well identified. The B-cells already show typical features at day 6; their content of typical dense secretory vesicles is comparable to that of the adult B-cells at day 13. The specific secretory function of B-cells could be correlated with the particular structure of the intimal interstitial tissue and could account for the origin of some protein(s) of the synovial fluid.", "PMID": 737719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3201", "title": "Morphological and functional changes in the tight junctions of the bile canaliculi induced by bile duct ligation.", "content": "Thin sections after bile duct ligation showed that the depth of tight junctions appeared to increase and that the distance between individual punctate contacts appeared to become irregular and wider than in controls. The freeze fracture replicas clearly demonstrated these changes in the tight junction morphology. Changes were noted most conspicuously in the tight junction three weeks after ligation. Measurements of the junctional morphology in control and ligated specimens showed that the junctional depth had increased two fold in the latter, whereas the number of strands had scarcely changed. Lanthanum tracer experiments showed that the tight junctions did not permit the passage of the tracer in normal nor ligated rats. It was concluded that the mechanism of obstructive jaundice could not be related to changes in junctional morphology causing increased junctional permeability.", "contents": "Morphological and functional changes in the tight junctions of the bile canaliculi induced by bile duct ligation. Thin sections after bile duct ligation showed that the depth of tight junctions appeared to increase and that the distance between individual punctate contacts appeared to become irregular and wider than in controls. The freeze fracture replicas clearly demonstrated these changes in the tight junction morphology. Changes were noted most conspicuously in the tight junction three weeks after ligation. Measurements of the junctional morphology in control and ligated specimens showed that the junctional depth had increased two fold in the latter, whereas the number of strands had scarcely changed. Lanthanum tracer experiments showed that the tight junctions did not permit the passage of the tracer in normal nor ligated rats. It was concluded that the mechanism of obstructive jaundice could not be related to changes in junctional morphology causing increased junctional permeability.", "PMID": 737720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3202", "title": "Gap junctions coupling photoreceptor axons in the first optic ganglion of the fly.", "content": "The first optic ganglion of the fly, the lamina ganglionaris, was investigated with the transmission electron microscope for the purpose of demonstrating possible electronic junctions. Within a cartridge, the six short receptor cell axons R1--R6 are extensively coupled by symmetrical gap junctions. This is mainly seen in the distal third of the first synaptic region where none or only a few lateral branches of the centrally lying L-fibres (L1, L2) penetrate the ring of six short receptor fibre endings. Gap junctions as found between R1--R6 are distinguished morphologically from chemically-mediated synapses by the closely apposed cell membranes. They exhibit only a 2--4 nm extracellular cleft. Unlike the chemical synapse the gap junction in the neuropile of the fly appears structurally symmetrical. No such gap junctions are found either between R-fibres and glial cells, interneurons and glial cells, between glial cells and between interneurones themselves, nor between the parallel long receptor axons R7/8, which bypass the lamina outside the cartridge. In accordance with electrophysiological data, it can now be argued that the six short receptor axons R1--R6 are electrically interconnected by symmetrical gap junctions.", "contents": "Gap junctions coupling photoreceptor axons in the first optic ganglion of the fly. The first optic ganglion of the fly, the lamina ganglionaris, was investigated with the transmission electron microscope for the purpose of demonstrating possible electronic junctions. Within a cartridge, the six short receptor cell axons R1--R6 are extensively coupled by symmetrical gap junctions. This is mainly seen in the distal third of the first synaptic region where none or only a few lateral branches of the centrally lying L-fibres (L1, L2) penetrate the ring of six short receptor fibre endings. Gap junctions as found between R1--R6 are distinguished morphologically from chemically-mediated synapses by the closely apposed cell membranes. They exhibit only a 2--4 nm extracellular cleft. Unlike the chemical synapse the gap junction in the neuropile of the fly appears structurally symmetrical. No such gap junctions are found either between R-fibres and glial cells, interneurons and glial cells, between glial cells and between interneurones themselves, nor between the parallel long receptor axons R7/8, which bypass the lamina outside the cartridge. In accordance with electrophysiological data, it can now be argued that the six short receptor axons R1--R6 are electrically interconnected by symmetrical gap junctions.", "PMID": 737722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3203", "title": "Ultrastructure of the ultimobranchial follicles of the laying chicken.", "content": "The ultimobranchial gland of the laying chicken consists of groups of C cells interspersed among a collection of intercommunicating follicles and ducts of variable size and shape. The epithelium lining this system ranges from squamous to columnar and includes stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar elements. Four cell types are distinguished in this epithelium: F, mucous, C, and basal cells. F cells show microvilli and microfilaments. Pinocytotic activity and images of fusion of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane are evident. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi complex are moderately developed. Dense bodies are encountered apically in some cells. Mucous cells possess microvilli and secretory material in the typical form of partially fused droplets. C cells contain secretory granules and are invariably separated from the follicular lumen by other cell types. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells contain filaments, RER, small Golgi complexes, free ribosomes and hemidesmosomes. The lumina contain flocculent or granular material, cellular debris and desquamated cells. Morphological evidence demonstrates that features of the pharyngeal epithelium are retained and that the majority of the cell types, with the exception of C cells, are presumably nonendocrine.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the ultimobranchial follicles of the laying chicken. The ultimobranchial gland of the laying chicken consists of groups of C cells interspersed among a collection of intercommunicating follicles and ducts of variable size and shape. The epithelium lining this system ranges from squamous to columnar and includes stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar elements. Four cell types are distinguished in this epithelium: F, mucous, C, and basal cells. F cells show microvilli and microfilaments. Pinocytotic activity and images of fusion of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane are evident. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi complex are moderately developed. Dense bodies are encountered apically in some cells. Mucous cells possess microvilli and secretory material in the typical form of partially fused droplets. C cells contain secretory granules and are invariably separated from the follicular lumen by other cell types. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells contain filaments, RER, small Golgi complexes, free ribosomes and hemidesmosomes. The lumina contain flocculent or granular material, cellular debris and desquamated cells. Morphological evidence demonstrates that features of the pharyngeal epithelium are retained and that the majority of the cell types, with the exception of C cells, are presumably nonendocrine.", "PMID": 737723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3204", "title": "Complete differentiation of adipocyte precursors. A culture system for studying the cellular nature of adipose tissue.", "content": "Evidence for the complete morphological maturation of precursor cells into adipocytes in vitro is presented. Cells were isolated from the stromal fraction of adipose tissue from adult humans and from rats and were grown in culture. Abdominal skin fibroblasts were used as controls. All cell strains were initially fusiform and replicated. On reaching monolayer confluency, they were transferred to an enriched growth medium in which the human and rat adipocyte precursors differentiated into a homogeneous population of cells, morphologically indistinguishable from mature adipocytes. In contrast, skin fibroblasts from the same person or animal, and grown under identical culture conditions, did not accumulate lipid and retained their fusiform contour. The same results were obtained in the first six subcultures that were studied. Thus, there is firm evidence that fat tissue of adult humans and rats contains adipocyte precursors that differentiate into mature fat cells. The culture system that has been described will facilitate the elucidation of the factors involved in replication and differentiation of adipocyte precursors.", "contents": "Complete differentiation of adipocyte precursors. A culture system for studying the cellular nature of adipose tissue. Evidence for the complete morphological maturation of precursor cells into adipocytes in vitro is presented. Cells were isolated from the stromal fraction of adipose tissue from adult humans and from rats and were grown in culture. Abdominal skin fibroblasts were used as controls. All cell strains were initially fusiform and replicated. On reaching monolayer confluency, they were transferred to an enriched growth medium in which the human and rat adipocyte precursors differentiated into a homogeneous population of cells, morphologically indistinguishable from mature adipocytes. In contrast, skin fibroblasts from the same person or animal, and grown under identical culture conditions, did not accumulate lipid and retained their fusiform contour. The same results were obtained in the first six subcultures that were studied. Thus, there is firm evidence that fat tissue of adult humans and rats contains adipocyte precursors that differentiate into mature fat cells. The culture system that has been described will facilitate the elucidation of the factors involved in replication and differentiation of adipocyte precursors.", "PMID": 737724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3205", "title": "The ultrastructure of campaniform sensilla on the eye of the cricket, Gryllus campestris.", "content": "The structure of the campaniform sensilla of the cricket eye was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Each sensillum is innervated by a single bipolar neuron. Its axon extends through the retina into a side-branch of the nervus tegumentarius. The dendrite extends through a cuticular channel to the surface of the cornea. The distal part of the dendrite, the sensory process, contains a tubular body and is attached to a cuticular cap which is obliquely inserted into the exocuticle between the corneal lenslets. Some particular structural features as well as the function of the campaniform sensillum of the cricket eye are discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of campaniform sensilla on the eye of the cricket, Gryllus campestris. The structure of the campaniform sensilla of the cricket eye was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Each sensillum is innervated by a single bipolar neuron. Its axon extends through the retina into a side-branch of the nervus tegumentarius. The dendrite extends through a cuticular channel to the surface of the cornea. The distal part of the dendrite, the sensory process, contains a tubular body and is attached to a cuticular cap which is obliquely inserted into the exocuticle between the corneal lenslets. Some particular structural features as well as the function of the campaniform sensillum of the cricket eye are discussed.", "PMID": 737725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3206", "title": "Occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions in the rat pineal gland.", "content": "Serial sections of 90 Sprague-Dawley rat brains with the pineal in situ were scanned to determine the occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions within the pineal gland and its surrounding leptomeningeal tissue. In 90% of the cases examined concretions were found in varying number and appearance, predominantly lying in the dorsal region of the pineal gland and in the distal portion of the pineal stalk. Discussing the hypothesis advanced by Lukaszyk and Reiter (1975) that the origin of pineal concretions may be related to a neurosecretory process involving a pineal carrier protein, called neuroepiphysin, it is thought that, in view of the intra- and extra-pineal occurrence of concretions, processes other than secretion should be considered. Since in the pineal organ lymphatics are lacking it may well be that, due to a reduced drainage of tissue fluid, the coagulation of intercellular organic debris mingled with minerals increases with age.", "contents": "Occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions in the rat pineal gland. Serial sections of 90 Sprague-Dawley rat brains with the pineal in situ were scanned to determine the occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions within the pineal gland and its surrounding leptomeningeal tissue. In 90% of the cases examined concretions were found in varying number and appearance, predominantly lying in the dorsal region of the pineal gland and in the distal portion of the pineal stalk. Discussing the hypothesis advanced by Lukaszyk and Reiter (1975) that the origin of pineal concretions may be related to a neurosecretory process involving a pineal carrier protein, called neuroepiphysin, it is thought that, in view of the intra- and extra-pineal occurrence of concretions, processes other than secretion should be considered. Since in the pineal organ lymphatics are lacking it may well be that, due to a reduced drainage of tissue fluid, the coagulation of intercellular organic debris mingled with minerals increases with age.", "PMID": 737726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3207", "title": "Cholinergic nerves in the thyroid gland.", "content": "The cholinergic innervation of the thyroid gland has been studied in the human. AChE positive nerve fibers are localized in the wall of the thyroid artery, arranged in two plexuses, a superficial (adventitial) and a deep one (medial). The glandular tissue is provided with cholinergic nerve fibers, localized between and around thyroid follicles. The present results suggest that the endocrine activity of the thyroid gland is also under the control of the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Cholinergic nerves in the thyroid gland. The cholinergic innervation of the thyroid gland has been studied in the human. AChE positive nerve fibers are localized in the wall of the thyroid artery, arranged in two plexuses, a superficial (adventitial) and a deep one (medial). The glandular tissue is provided with cholinergic nerve fibers, localized between and around thyroid follicles. The present results suggest that the endocrine activity of the thyroid gland is also under the control of the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 737727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3208", "title": "Elevated ejection fractions in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "The etiology of chest pain in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms has not been established. There has been no explanation for the association of electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and myocardial metabolic abnormalities consistent with myocardial ischemia observed in some patients with this disorder. Historical, clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic data of 45 patients (24 females, 21 males), mean age 47.5 years, with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms are reviewed. Left ventriculograms were analyzed utilizing the single-plane cineangiographic measurement of left ventricular volume. Systolic ejection fractions for the 45 patients ranged from 0.66 to 0.91 (mean 0.80 +/- 0.01 SEM). Ventricular volumes determined angiographically revealed mean end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of 83 +/- 5 ml and 18 +/- 2 ml, respectively. The mean changes in longitudinal and transverse segmental axis shortening that occurred during ventricular systole were 28.8% and 50.7%, respectively. These elevated values for ejection fraction, and reduced measurements of ventricular volumes, indicate that some patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms may have small hearts with hyperdynamic ventricular contraction. These findings suggest that hyperdynamic ventricular contraction may play a causative role in the development of transient, angina-like chest pain in these patients. The etiology of the proposed hyperdynamic ventricle is unknown, but it may be attributable to increased beta-sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium.", "contents": "Elevated ejection fractions in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. The etiology of chest pain in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms has not been established. There has been no explanation for the association of electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and myocardial metabolic abnormalities consistent with myocardial ischemia observed in some patients with this disorder. Historical, clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic data of 45 patients (24 females, 21 males), mean age 47.5 years, with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms are reviewed. Left ventriculograms were analyzed utilizing the single-plane cineangiographic measurement of left ventricular volume. Systolic ejection fractions for the 45 patients ranged from 0.66 to 0.91 (mean 0.80 +/- 0.01 SEM). Ventricular volumes determined angiographically revealed mean end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of 83 +/- 5 ml and 18 +/- 2 ml, respectively. The mean changes in longitudinal and transverse segmental axis shortening that occurred during ventricular systole were 28.8% and 50.7%, respectively. These elevated values for ejection fraction, and reduced measurements of ventricular volumes, indicate that some patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms may have small hearts with hyperdynamic ventricular contraction. These findings suggest that hyperdynamic ventricular contraction may play a causative role in the development of transient, angina-like chest pain in these patients. The etiology of the proposed hyperdynamic ventricle is unknown, but it may be attributable to increased beta-sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium.", "PMID": 737729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3209", "title": "Ergonovine testing for coronary artery spasm in patients with angiographic mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Coronary artery spasm (CAS) has been postulated to be a pathophysiologic mechanism in the production of ischemic-like chest pain and ECG changes in patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse syndrome. To evaluate the possible role of symptomatic CAS evoked by ergonovine maleate, this agent was administered (0.05 to 0.4 mg IV) to 24 patients with chest pain and mitral valve prolapse who had no significant (less than 50%) coronary artery obstruction. Symptoms, ECG and blood pressure changes were monitored in all patients following ergonovine administration. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, or double product. Six patients developed their typical chest pain. In two of these six with chest pain, ST segment shift greater than 1 mm were seen. Post-ergonovine left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and coronary angiographic changes were also studied in subgroup of 12 of these patients, including five of the six chest pain responders. In the five chest pain responders, pain was associated with a significant rise in LVEDP, whereas no significant change occurred in those patients not experiencing chest pain (p less than 0.01). Chest pain was also associated with significant CAS (greater than 50% lumen reduction) in two patients, each with ST segment shifts greater than 1 mm. In summary, ergonovine stimulation failed to evoke symptoms, ECG or blood pressure changes in three quarters of mitral valve prolapse patients studied. Six patients developed chest pain. Chest pain was assoicated with ECG changes characteristic of CAS in two of these patients, each with angiographic CAS. Thus, symptomatic CAS induced by ergonovine was absent in the majority of these 24 patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "contents": "Ergonovine testing for coronary artery spasm in patients with angiographic mitral valve prolapse. Coronary artery spasm (CAS) has been postulated to be a pathophysiologic mechanism in the production of ischemic-like chest pain and ECG changes in patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse syndrome. To evaluate the possible role of symptomatic CAS evoked by ergonovine maleate, this agent was administered (0.05 to 0.4 mg IV) to 24 patients with chest pain and mitral valve prolapse who had no significant (less than 50%) coronary artery obstruction. Symptoms, ECG and blood pressure changes were monitored in all patients following ergonovine administration. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, or double product. Six patients developed their typical chest pain. In two of these six with chest pain, ST segment shift greater than 1 mm were seen. Post-ergonovine left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and coronary angiographic changes were also studied in subgroup of 12 of these patients, including five of the six chest pain responders. In the five chest pain responders, pain was associated with a significant rise in LVEDP, whereas no significant change occurred in those patients not experiencing chest pain (p less than 0.01). Chest pain was also associated with significant CAS (greater than 50% lumen reduction) in two patients, each with ST segment shifts greater than 1 mm. In summary, ergonovine stimulation failed to evoke symptoms, ECG or blood pressure changes in three quarters of mitral valve prolapse patients studied. Six patients developed chest pain. Chest pain was assoicated with ECG changes characteristic of CAS in two of these patients, each with angiographic CAS. Thus, symptomatic CAS induced by ergonovine was absent in the majority of these 24 patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "PMID": 737730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3210", "title": "Artifact production with micromanometers used to record intracardiac pressure and sound.", "content": "In horses experimental right and left heart catheterization using a catheter with two microtransducers 9 cm apart, usually in a transvalval position produced pressure and sound artifacts that confounded the diagnosis. Most were probably due to malpositioning resulting in movement through a valve during recording or impingement on the valve cusps or the chordae tendineae or lodgement in the apex of the heart. The recognition of these artifacts is particularly important in studies of large animals in which catheter siting cannot be monitored by radiography.", "contents": "Artifact production with micromanometers used to record intracardiac pressure and sound. In horses experimental right and left heart catheterization using a catheter with two microtransducers 9 cm apart, usually in a transvalval position produced pressure and sound artifacts that confounded the diagnosis. Most were probably due to malpositioning resulting in movement through a valve during recording or impingement on the valve cusps or the chordae tendineae or lodgement in the apex of the heart. The recognition of these artifacts is particularly important in studies of large animals in which catheter siting cannot be monitored by radiography.", "PMID": 737731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3211", "title": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of Lutembacher syndrome.", "content": "In two patients with Lutembacher syndrome cardiac catheterization demonstrated a large atrial septal defect but no diastolic gradient across the mitral valve. Echocardiography was compatible with right ventricular volume overload and mitral stenosis. Surgical exploration of the mitral valve at the time of atrial septal defect correction is warranted when the echocardiogram is suggestive of mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of Lutembacher syndrome. In two patients with Lutembacher syndrome cardiac catheterization demonstrated a large atrial septal defect but no diastolic gradient across the mitral valve. Echocardiography was compatible with right ventricular volume overload and mitral stenosis. Surgical exploration of the mitral valve at the time of atrial septal defect correction is warranted when the echocardiogram is suggestive of mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 737732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3212", "title": "Transmural myocardial infarction in the absence of coronary arterial luminal narrowing in a young man with single coronary arterial anomaly.", "content": "Reported is a case of single coronary arterial anomaly (SCAA) with its origin from the right sinus of Valsalva as demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. No branches coursed between the great vessels. Electrocardiography and vectorcardiography were consistent with inferior wall myocardial infarction, although subsequent coronary arteriograms were free of luminal narrowing. While this is an infrequently recognized isolated coronary anomaly, it may carry significant risk of myocardial ishcemia. This risk may not depend alone upon the passage of a branch of SCAA between the great vessels. Evidence of precocious ischemic heart disease should alert the angiographer to look for anomalous coronary anatomy.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial infarction in the absence of coronary arterial luminal narrowing in a young man with single coronary arterial anomaly. Reported is a case of single coronary arterial anomaly (SCAA) with its origin from the right sinus of Valsalva as demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. No branches coursed between the great vessels. Electrocardiography and vectorcardiography were consistent with inferior wall myocardial infarction, although subsequent coronary arteriograms were free of luminal narrowing. While this is an infrequently recognized isolated coronary anomaly, it may carry significant risk of myocardial ishcemia. This risk may not depend alone upon the passage of a branch of SCAA between the great vessels. Evidence of precocious ischemic heart disease should alert the angiographer to look for anomalous coronary anatomy.", "PMID": 737733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3213", "title": "New performed catheter and method for retrograde left atrial or complete left heart catheterization.", "content": "Employing a new catheter and technique complete retrograde left heart catheterization was accomplished in 96 of 100 consecutive patients. These 96 patients included 37 with ischemic heart disease, 13 of 17 with isolated aortic valve deformities, 11 with isolated rheumatic mitral valve deformities, 10 with combined rheumatic aortic and mitral valve deformities, and 25 with other problems. The only failures were in 4(of 27) patients with aortic valve deformities. No untoward complications occurred. The retrograde catheterization fluoroscopy time was usually less than 2 minutes. The shortest time was 44 seconds, the longest, 6 minutes and 2 seconds. These data indicate that this new catheterization method achieves safe, reliable (when the aortic valve is not deformed), simple, and rapid complete left heart catheterization. They further indicate it may be useful in assessing patients with mitral stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and left-to-right shunt problems.", "contents": "New performed catheter and method for retrograde left atrial or complete left heart catheterization. Employing a new catheter and technique complete retrograde left heart catheterization was accomplished in 96 of 100 consecutive patients. These 96 patients included 37 with ischemic heart disease, 13 of 17 with isolated aortic valve deformities, 11 with isolated rheumatic mitral valve deformities, 10 with combined rheumatic aortic and mitral valve deformities, and 25 with other problems. The only failures were in 4(of 27) patients with aortic valve deformities. No untoward complications occurred. The retrograde catheterization fluoroscopy time was usually less than 2 minutes. The shortest time was 44 seconds, the longest, 6 minutes and 2 seconds. These data indicate that this new catheterization method achieves safe, reliable (when the aortic valve is not deformed), simple, and rapid complete left heart catheterization. They further indicate it may be useful in assessing patients with mitral stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and left-to-right shunt problems.", "PMID": 737734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3214", "title": "A new technique: right ventriculography using a preshaped catheter.", "content": "Right ventriculography with a preshaped catheter (J- or L-shaped) was evaluated in make the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Thirty normal subjects who did not have valvular disease showed no evidence of tricuspid regurgitation or premature ventricular contractions during injection except in one case. On the other hand, 24 patients with combined aortic and mitral valve disease showed mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation in 11 patients and severe tricuspid regurgitation in eight patients. Only two patients developed frequent run of premature ventricular contraction during injection. Seven patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation were found to have severe tricuspid regurgitation during surgery. No evidence of tricuspid regurgitation was found in all six patients with isolated aortic valve disease. We can conclude that right ventriculography by the preshaped catheter improves the diagnostic accuracy of tricuspid regurgitation and a grading system of tricuspid regurgitation by angiography is proposed.", "contents": "A new technique: right ventriculography using a preshaped catheter. Right ventriculography with a preshaped catheter (J- or L-shaped) was evaluated in make the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Thirty normal subjects who did not have valvular disease showed no evidence of tricuspid regurgitation or premature ventricular contractions during injection except in one case. On the other hand, 24 patients with combined aortic and mitral valve disease showed mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation in 11 patients and severe tricuspid regurgitation in eight patients. Only two patients developed frequent run of premature ventricular contraction during injection. Seven patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation were found to have severe tricuspid regurgitation during surgery. No evidence of tricuspid regurgitation was found in all six patients with isolated aortic valve disease. We can conclude that right ventriculography by the preshaped catheter improves the diagnostic accuracy of tricuspid regurgitation and a grading system of tricuspid regurgitation by angiography is proposed.", "PMID": 737735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3215", "title": "Origin and length of left main coronary artery: its relation to height, weight, sex, age, pattern of coronary distribution, and presence or absence of coronary artery disease.", "content": "The distance from the base of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery was measured in 54 patients. The length of the left main coronary artery and the pattern of arterial dominance were determined in the last 37 patients. These variables were correlated with height, weight, age, sex, and presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Average distance from the basis of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery was 19.4 +/- 2.7 mm. Average length of the left main coronary artery was 9.7 +/- 4.3 mm. There was a large inherent variability between distance from the base of left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery and height of the subjects. Other variables did not show positive correlation. Similar large variability was noticed between of the left main coronary artery and height of the subjects. Thus, from these observations it was not possible to predict the distance from the base of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery or the length of the left main coronary artery using height or any other variable. The importance of these findings in relation to coronary angiography is discussed.", "contents": "Origin and length of left main coronary artery: its relation to height, weight, sex, age, pattern of coronary distribution, and presence or absence of coronary artery disease. The distance from the base of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery was measured in 54 patients. The length of the left main coronary artery and the pattern of arterial dominance were determined in the last 37 patients. These variables were correlated with height, weight, age, sex, and presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Average distance from the basis of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery was 19.4 +/- 2.7 mm. Average length of the left main coronary artery was 9.7 +/- 4.3 mm. There was a large inherent variability between distance from the base of left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery and height of the subjects. Other variables did not show positive correlation. Similar large variability was noticed between of the left main coronary artery and height of the subjects. Thus, from these observations it was not possible to predict the distance from the base of the left coronary sinus to the origin of the left main coronary artery or the length of the left main coronary artery using height or any other variable. The importance of these findings in relation to coronary angiography is discussed.", "PMID": 737737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3216", "title": "Undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblast plasma membranes. II: Comparison of the morphological and biochemical characteristics of isolated plasma membranes.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblasts show a comparable phase and ultrastructural morphology. Both are agglutinated by Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, contain approx. 20 polypeptides and have a comparable intramembranous particle density and topography.", "contents": "Undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblast plasma membranes. II: Comparison of the morphological and biochemical characteristics of isolated plasma membranes. Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblasts show a comparable phase and ultrastructural morphology. Both are agglutinated by Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, contain approx. 20 polypeptides and have a comparable intramembranous particle density and topography.", "PMID": 737738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3217", "title": "Inhibition of kidney tubule induction by charged polymers.", "content": "Charged polymers, known to alter cell surface characteristics, reversibly inhibit the intercellular communication required in kidney tubule induction. This effect seems to be a function of their charge density. It is suggested that this effect is due to the formation of a molecular barrier between the interacting cell surfaces.", "contents": "Inhibition of kidney tubule induction by charged polymers. Charged polymers, known to alter cell surface characteristics, reversibly inhibit the intercellular communication required in kidney tubule induction. This effect seems to be a function of their charge density. It is suggested that this effect is due to the formation of a molecular barrier between the interacting cell surfaces.", "PMID": 737739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3218", "title": "Characterization of differentiation antigens of the mouse mammary epithelial cell (MME antigens) carried on the mouse milk fat globule.", "content": "The characterization of mouse mammary epithelial (MME) antigens from the mouse milk fat globule (MMFG) is described. Heterologous antisera against fat-free MMFG material identifies by indirect immunofluorescence techniques, cell-type-specific MME antigens on the surface of mouse mammary epithelial cells and MMFGs and not on cells of other tissues. Mammary epithelial cells of all mouse strains tested were positive. However, the intensity of staining differed. Specificity of anti-MME for MME antigens is demonstrated by competition and cross-absorption experiments. The MMFG is composed of 5 main proteinaceous components, 3 of which contain carbohydrate and which are shown to contain the specific MME antigens.", "contents": "Characterization of differentiation antigens of the mouse mammary epithelial cell (MME antigens) carried on the mouse milk fat globule. The characterization of mouse mammary epithelial (MME) antigens from the mouse milk fat globule (MMFG) is described. Heterologous antisera against fat-free MMFG material identifies by indirect immunofluorescence techniques, cell-type-specific MME antigens on the surface of mouse mammary epithelial cells and MMFGs and not on cells of other tissues. Mammary epithelial cells of all mouse strains tested were positive. However, the intensity of staining differed. Specificity of anti-MME for MME antigens is demonstrated by competition and cross-absorption experiments. The MMFG is composed of 5 main proteinaceous components, 3 of which contain carbohydrate and which are shown to contain the specific MME antigens.", "PMID": 737740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3219", "title": "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of cells grown in culture: dermatan sulfate disappearance in successive fibroblast subcultures.", "content": "Sulfated glycosaminoglycan content of primary cultures of guinea pig embryo fibroblast in reported. It is shown that changes of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occur in successive subcultures: 1) disappearance of dermatan sulfate and 2) a slight increase in the proportion of heparitin sulfate. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan composition of the mammalian cell established lines: VERO, SIRK, Hep-2, MK-2, BGM, IB-RS-11 (S6) and 3T6 is also reported. It is shown that chondroitin sulfate AC and/or heparitin sulfate are the main glycosaminoglycans of the established cell lines (except 3T6). A possible role of these glycosaminoglycans in cell biology is discussed.", "contents": "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of cells grown in culture: dermatan sulfate disappearance in successive fibroblast subcultures. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan content of primary cultures of guinea pig embryo fibroblast in reported. It is shown that changes of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occur in successive subcultures: 1) disappearance of dermatan sulfate and 2) a slight increase in the proportion of heparitin sulfate. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan composition of the mammalian cell established lines: VERO, SIRK, Hep-2, MK-2, BGM, IB-RS-11 (S6) and 3T6 is also reported. It is shown that chondroitin sulfate AC and/or heparitin sulfate are the main glycosaminoglycans of the established cell lines (except 3T6). A possible role of these glycosaminoglycans in cell biology is discussed.", "PMID": 737741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3220", "title": "Cell specific effect of ecdysone on RNA synthesis in the differentiated salivary gland of Acricotopus lucidus.", "content": "The influence of the steroid hormone ecdysone on the RNA metabolism of 2 cell types (main and anterior lobe) of the Acricotopus salivary gland has been investigated. Ecdysone has been found to increase the synthesis of 4S RNA and poly(A)+ RNA in the main lobe, while the anterior lobe remained unaffected by the same treatement. The stimulated poly(A)+ RNA is characterized by its relatively low cytoplasmic turnover. No evidence has been found for the stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in both cell types. Analysis of the metabolic stability of cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA after ecdysone administration revealed a different response of the main and anterior lobe cells. Only in the anterior lobe ecdysone causes a shortening of the lifetime of that part of poly(A)+ RNA which is peculiar in its early appearance and relatively low stability in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cell specific effect of ecdysone on RNA synthesis in the differentiated salivary gland of Acricotopus lucidus. The influence of the steroid hormone ecdysone on the RNA metabolism of 2 cell types (main and anterior lobe) of the Acricotopus salivary gland has been investigated. Ecdysone has been found to increase the synthesis of 4S RNA and poly(A)+ RNA in the main lobe, while the anterior lobe remained unaffected by the same treatement. The stimulated poly(A)+ RNA is characterized by its relatively low cytoplasmic turnover. No evidence has been found for the stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in both cell types. Analysis of the metabolic stability of cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA after ecdysone administration revealed a different response of the main and anterior lobe cells. Only in the anterior lobe ecdysone causes a shortening of the lifetime of that part of poly(A)+ RNA which is peculiar in its early appearance and relatively low stability in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 737742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3221", "title": "A quantitative assessment of the effect of medium composition on mouse myogenesis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of variations in medium horse serum (HS) and chick embryo extract on the extent of myogenesis in primary mouse muscle cultures was investigated. Seeding efficiency at 24 h in culture did not vary with medium composition, but total cell number at 8 days was diminished at low embryo extract concentrations. Five media from the range of 16 tested, supported significantly greater myogenesis. Within this group of 5, there was no difference in ability to support myogenesis. The effect of medium composition on myogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative assessment of the effect of medium composition on mouse myogenesis in vitro. The effect of variations in medium horse serum (HS) and chick embryo extract on the extent of myogenesis in primary mouse muscle cultures was investigated. Seeding efficiency at 24 h in culture did not vary with medium composition, but total cell number at 8 days was diminished at low embryo extract concentrations. Five media from the range of 16 tested, supported significantly greater myogenesis. Within this group of 5, there was no difference in ability to support myogenesis. The effect of medium composition on myogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 737743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3222", "title": "[Morphogenesis of Mikulicz's cells (electron-optic study)].", "content": "In a female aged 83 who had been living in Prague for years, a bioptic diagnosis of rhinoscleroma was made. The disease responded well to Septrin treatment. Electron microscopical examination confirmed the histiocytic origin of Mikulicz cells, but cast doubt upon the belief that the large phagocytic cysts in such cells developed by confluence of smaller vacuoles. The examination revealed that the large cystic formations only contained Klebsiellae and a dense finely granular material identical with that of the bacterial capsiles. The small vacuoles found in the vicinity of the large ones never contained bacteria and their contents was either coarsely granular of finely filamentous. Therefore it rather corresponded to degradation products of the original content of the larger phagocytic cysts. The final picture of the Mikulicz cell are macrophages with only small light rounded vacuoles containing mucoid but no Klebsiellae.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of Mikulicz's cells (electron-optic study)]. In a female aged 83 who had been living in Prague for years, a bioptic diagnosis of rhinoscleroma was made. The disease responded well to Septrin treatment. Electron microscopical examination confirmed the histiocytic origin of Mikulicz cells, but cast doubt upon the belief that the large phagocytic cysts in such cells developed by confluence of smaller vacuoles. The examination revealed that the large cystic formations only contained Klebsiellae and a dense finely granular material identical with that of the bacterial capsiles. The small vacuoles found in the vicinity of the large ones never contained bacteria and their contents was either coarsely granular of finely filamentous. Therefore it rather corresponded to degradation products of the original content of the larger phagocytic cysts. The final picture of the Mikulicz cell are macrophages with only small light rounded vacuoles containing mucoid but no Klebsiellae.", "PMID": 737793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3223", "title": "[Primary amyloidosis of the brain in 34-year-old man].", "content": "In a male aged 34 dying suddenly with symptoms of cerebral haemoarrhage, amyloid deposits were found in the vicinity of arterioles, venules, small arteries and veins. In the vicinity of lateral ventricles, particularly around the frontal horns, the amyloid formed compact masses macroscopically presenting as grayfish areas showing a distinctly firmer consistency. The perivascular aggregates strongly resembled those occurring in Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "[Primary amyloidosis of the brain in 34-year-old man]. In a male aged 34 dying suddenly with symptoms of cerebral haemoarrhage, amyloid deposits were found in the vicinity of arterioles, venules, small arteries and veins. In the vicinity of lateral ventricles, particularly around the frontal horns, the amyloid formed compact masses macroscopically presenting as grayfish areas showing a distinctly firmer consistency. The perivascular aggregates strongly resembled those occurring in Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 737794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3224", "title": "[Amyloidosis of the respiratory system].", "content": "Tumour-like amyloid deposits of the larynx and lungs were compared. The amyloid was shown to exhibit identical tinctorial properties, but there were more multinucleated cells in the laryngeal localization.", "contents": "[Amyloidosis of the respiratory system]. Tumour-like amyloid deposits of the larynx and lungs were compared. The amyloid was shown to exhibit identical tinctorial properties, but there were more multinucleated cells in the laryngeal localization.", "PMID": 737795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3225", "title": "[Morphological findings in RES modified by methylpalmitate].", "content": "Intravenous injections of methylpalmitate (MP) suspension in extreme doses of 3 g/kg of the animal's weight were seen developing in rats after 24 hours manifestations of phagocytosis in the cells of the red pulp of spleen followed by red pulp necrosis. Smaller doses of 1-1.5 g MP/kg of b.w. caused no pronounced morphological changes in the animal's organs.", "contents": "[Morphological findings in RES modified by methylpalmitate]. Intravenous injections of methylpalmitate (MP) suspension in extreme doses of 3 g/kg of the animal's weight were seen developing in rats after 24 hours manifestations of phagocytosis in the cells of the red pulp of spleen followed by red pulp necrosis. Smaller doses of 1-1.5 g MP/kg of b.w. caused no pronounced morphological changes in the animal's organs.", "PMID": 737797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3226", "title": "[Congenital radio-ulnar synostosis of children (author's transl)].", "content": "29 congenital radio-ulnar synostosis have been observed in 16 childrens. The authors review the clinical patterns of this affection: most often bilateral, it results in impossibility of pronosupination of the wrist which has but little functional consequence, if the hand is in an intermediary position. On the X-ray its almost always a superior radio-ulnar synostosis but the inferior radio-ulnar joint is abnormal and non functional. Only the children severely handicapped by a hand fixed in pronation should be operated upon. No good result can be hoped from a surgery that tries to restore pro-supination. The best surgical technique seems to be a simple horizontal osteotomy through the synostosis itself which allows a derotation of the forearm into the functional intermediary position. Severe complications can occur. Indications and technique must be very careful since this congenital abnormality is very well tolerated.", "contents": "[Congenital radio-ulnar synostosis of children (author's transl)]. 29 congenital radio-ulnar synostosis have been observed in 16 childrens. The authors review the clinical patterns of this affection: most often bilateral, it results in impossibility of pronosupination of the wrist which has but little functional consequence, if the hand is in an intermediary position. On the X-ray its almost always a superior radio-ulnar synostosis but the inferior radio-ulnar joint is abnormal and non functional. Only the children severely handicapped by a hand fixed in pronation should be operated upon. No good result can be hoped from a surgery that tries to restore pro-supination. The best surgical technique seems to be a simple horizontal osteotomy through the synostosis itself which allows a derotation of the forearm into the functional intermediary position. Severe complications can occur. Indications and technique must be very careful since this congenital abnormality is very well tolerated.", "PMID": 737820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3227", "title": "[About of 82 obstetrical astro-articular injuries of the new-born (excepting brachial plexus palsies). Limits of initial therapeutic aggression and follow-up of evolution, particulary concerning traumatic separation of upper femoral epiphysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstetrical fracture has not a bad character, because of quick healing and, above all, because of extraordinary modelling by growth. The authors record 33 fractures of long bones which confirm this good prognosis. 20 birth fractures of the clavicule associated with brachial plexus palsies are recorded on account of their pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic intricacies. Prognosis of obstetrical traumatic separation of the epiphysis (epiphysiolysis) would be more preoccupying. This feeling is not given off the series of 28 observations recorded which conern 13 upper humeral, 6 lower humeral epiphysis, 1 of 6 upper femoral and 1 lower femoral epiphysis, of upper and lower of tibia. Diagnosis is not so easy, helped, if necessary, by arthrography. The clinical aspect of \"pseudo-dislocation\" associated with periostal callus, early appearing (about on the 10th day) rectifies diagnosis. Early treatment, as little aggressive as possible, (essentially orthopedic management by tractions along the axis of limb, giving up an anatomy as close as possible to normality) avoids sequellae, not existing at shoulder nor elbow and, if they exist, extremely decreased at hip, and the surgical management of which is always delayed. Initially good result of one birth dislocation of cervical spine, precedently recorded is considerably impaired.", "contents": "[About of 82 obstetrical astro-articular injuries of the new-born (excepting brachial plexus palsies). Limits of initial therapeutic aggression and follow-up of evolution, particulary concerning traumatic separation of upper femoral epiphysis (author's transl)]. Obstetrical fracture has not a bad character, because of quick healing and, above all, because of extraordinary modelling by growth. The authors record 33 fractures of long bones which confirm this good prognosis. 20 birth fractures of the clavicule associated with brachial plexus palsies are recorded on account of their pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic intricacies. Prognosis of obstetrical traumatic separation of the epiphysis (epiphysiolysis) would be more preoccupying. This feeling is not given off the series of 28 observations recorded which conern 13 upper humeral, 6 lower humeral epiphysis, 1 of 6 upper femoral and 1 lower femoral epiphysis, of upper and lower of tibia. Diagnosis is not so easy, helped, if necessary, by arthrography. The clinical aspect of \"pseudo-dislocation\" associated with periostal callus, early appearing (about on the 10th day) rectifies diagnosis. Early treatment, as little aggressive as possible, (essentially orthopedic management by tractions along the axis of limb, giving up an anatomy as close as possible to normality) avoids sequellae, not existing at shoulder nor elbow and, if they exist, extremely decreased at hip, and the surgical management of which is always delayed. Initially good result of one birth dislocation of cervical spine, precedently recorded is considerably impaired.", "PMID": 737821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3228", "title": "[Epiphysiodesis in the treatment of discrepancies in length of the lower extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen children treated only by epiphysiodesis for inequality in the length of lower limbs were reviewed after maturity. The intention was to estimate the value of the predictions of growth used in this work and the effectiveness of the operation. The result of this procedure depends upon the accuracy in predicting the further growth in order to determine at what age the operation should be performed. The imperfect results of epiphysiodesis are attributable to prediction errors and to operation delay in some cases. Prediction can be made using only roentgenographic measurement of the femur and the tibia, skeletal age and growth charts of Green and Anderson. It is not necessary to make use of others factors such as the size of the child.", "contents": "[Epiphysiodesis in the treatment of discrepancies in length of the lower extremities (author's transl)]. Thirteen children treated only by epiphysiodesis for inequality in the length of lower limbs were reviewed after maturity. The intention was to estimate the value of the predictions of growth used in this work and the effectiveness of the operation. The result of this procedure depends upon the accuracy in predicting the further growth in order to determine at what age the operation should be performed. The imperfect results of epiphysiodesis are attributable to prediction errors and to operation delay in some cases. Prediction can be made using only roentgenographic measurement of the femur and the tibia, skeletal age and growth charts of Green and Anderson. It is not necessary to make use of others factors such as the size of the child.", "PMID": 737822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3229", "title": "[Liver inflammatory lesions masquerading tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report three unpublished cases of tumoral abscess of the liver in infants and children. Two different situations are considered:--clinical findings, laboratory tests and intraoperative examination can be more in favor of a tumor at times. Means of avoiding needless excisions are outlined.--two uncommon types of abscess are considered. One type has an areolar structure whereas the other is in fact inflammatory tumoral fibrosis. This abscess is a true tumor and must be treated accordingly. Pathological studies, etiology, bacteriology and clinical aspects of such abscess of the liver are reviewed.", "contents": "[Liver inflammatory lesions masquerading tumors (author's transl)]. The Authors report three unpublished cases of tumoral abscess of the liver in infants and children. Two different situations are considered:--clinical findings, laboratory tests and intraoperative examination can be more in favor of a tumor at times. Means of avoiding needless excisions are outlined.--two uncommon types of abscess are considered. One type has an areolar structure whereas the other is in fact inflammatory tumoral fibrosis. This abscess is a true tumor and must be treated accordingly. Pathological studies, etiology, bacteriology and clinical aspects of such abscess of the liver are reviewed.", "PMID": 737824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3230", "title": "[Use of arterio-venous fistulas for hemodialysis in children (author's transl].", "content": "From September 1977 till December 31st 1977, 21 arterio-venous fistulas were created in 18 children aged 6 to 15 years. Four early failures occured. The probability of fistula survival is 93% at 2 years for children treated only with hemodialysis. At the end of this same period of time, 62% of patients submitted to a combined treatment of hemodialysis followed by kidney transplantation have a functioning fistula. Overgrowth of the involved extremity, infection episodes and cardiac failure were not observed. One arteriovenous fistula is still functioning after 8 years.", "contents": "[Use of arterio-venous fistulas for hemodialysis in children (author's transl]. From September 1977 till December 31st 1977, 21 arterio-venous fistulas were created in 18 children aged 6 to 15 years. Four early failures occured. The probability of fistula survival is 93% at 2 years for children treated only with hemodialysis. At the end of this same period of time, 62% of patients submitted to a combined treatment of hemodialysis followed by kidney transplantation have a functioning fistula. Overgrowth of the involved extremity, infection episodes and cardiac failure were not observed. One arteriovenous fistula is still functioning after 8 years.", "PMID": 737823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3231", "title": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the bronchus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the unusual symptomatology presented by 2 cases of traumatic bronchial rupture in childhood. The first concerns a boy with rupture of the left superior bronchus revealed by a contra-lateral hemopneumothorax. The second cases concerns a young girl with rupture of the right main bronchus: wheezing appearing on the tenth day permitted the diagnosis. They emphasize the eventuality of partial bronchial lesions in cases of moderate and serious thoracic trauma in the child, which should be investigated by bronchoscopy the slightest doubt exists.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the bronchus (author's transl)]. The authors describe the unusual symptomatology presented by 2 cases of traumatic bronchial rupture in childhood. The first concerns a boy with rupture of the left superior bronchus revealed by a contra-lateral hemopneumothorax. The second cases concerns a young girl with rupture of the right main bronchus: wheezing appearing on the tenth day permitted the diagnosis. They emphasize the eventuality of partial bronchial lesions in cases of moderate and serious thoracic trauma in the child, which should be investigated by bronchoscopy the slightest doubt exists.", "PMID": 737825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3232", "title": "[Association of left diaphragmatic hernia, lung agenesia and esophageal atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "A literature study has been written about each failure concerning a very particular mishaping linking an agenesy of the left lung and of the left diaphragm to an esophagal atresia (type III). None similar case has been discovered in the literature. Concerning the diaphragmatic agenesies, the authors report several familial cases and outline the possibility of a genetic pathogeny.", "contents": "[Association of left diaphragmatic hernia, lung agenesia and esophageal atresia (author's transl)]. A literature study has been written about each failure concerning a very particular mishaping linking an agenesy of the left lung and of the left diaphragm to an esophagal atresia (type III). None similar case has been discovered in the literature. Concerning the diaphragmatic agenesies, the authors report several familial cases and outline the possibility of a genetic pathogeny.", "PMID": 737826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3233", "title": "[Dumping syndrome, a serious complication of Nissen's op\u00e9ration a report of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare complication of Nissen's operation is described on the basis of four cases. Appearing secondarily, its Clinical signs are hyperperistaltic diarrhea, without bacterial infection and a fall or levelling of the weight curve. Its constant features are:--acceleration of intestinal transit and principally of gastric evacuation;--a characteristic modification of glucose absorption and of the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test compared with the normal intravenous glucose tolerance test. Overload of dissacharides in the intestine and hypervagotony could explain the symptomatology, which responds with difficulty and sometimes only partially to a diet excluding rapidly absorbed surgars. This complication supervenes often in babies operated on at less than six months, and is an indication for post ponement of operation.", "contents": "[Dumping syndrome, a serious complication of Nissen's op\u00e9ration a report of four cases (author's transl)]. A rare complication of Nissen's operation is described on the basis of four cases. Appearing secondarily, its Clinical signs are hyperperistaltic diarrhea, without bacterial infection and a fall or levelling of the weight curve. Its constant features are:--acceleration of intestinal transit and principally of gastric evacuation;--a characteristic modification of glucose absorption and of the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test compared with the normal intravenous glucose tolerance test. Overload of dissacharides in the intestine and hypervagotony could explain the symptomatology, which responds with difficulty and sometimes only partially to a diet excluding rapidly absorbed surgars. This complication supervenes often in babies operated on at less than six months, and is an indication for post ponement of operation.", "PMID": 737827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3234", "title": "[Is separation of sternopagus conjoined twins possible? (author's transl)].", "content": "One case is reported of female sternopagus conjoined twins. One appeared normal, the other presented spina bifida with hydrocephalus. Separation was not made. Embryological study and postmorten findings demonstrate the actual impossibility of separation of sternopagus conjoined twins.", "contents": "[Is separation of sternopagus conjoined twins possible? (author's transl)]. One case is reported of female sternopagus conjoined twins. One appeared normal, the other presented spina bifida with hydrocephalus. Separation was not made. Embryological study and postmorten findings demonstrate the actual impossibility of separation of sternopagus conjoined twins.", "PMID": 737828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3235", "title": "Study of the value of CPK and LDH isoenzyme determinations in the differential diagnosis of ischemic chest pain.", "content": "1. One hundred consecutive patients admitted with ischemic chest pain to the Emergency Department of Vancouver General Hospital were studied. The diagnosis was based on clinical assessment, EKG changes and the total CPK and LDH activities. However, unknown to the clinician. CPK and LDH isozyme determinations were also carried out and their possible impact on the diagnosis and management of the patients was evaluated retrospectively. In 37 patients with definitive myocardial infarction by all the above mentioned criteria the isozyme dterminations were of no further help. Similarly, the isozyme analysis was of no value in 22 patients with negative findings. In 26 patients with normal or unchanged EKG but elevations in either LPK or LDH, the isozymes were not absolutely necessary for the diagnosis but would have been highly reassuring to the clinician. 2. In the remaining 15 patients, the isozyme analysis would have enabled the clinician to make diagnosis of myocardial damage in 12 and rule out myocardial infarction in 3.", "contents": "Study of the value of CPK and LDH isoenzyme determinations in the differential diagnosis of ischemic chest pain. 1. One hundred consecutive patients admitted with ischemic chest pain to the Emergency Department of Vancouver General Hospital were studied. The diagnosis was based on clinical assessment, EKG changes and the total CPK and LDH activities. However, unknown to the clinician. CPK and LDH isozyme determinations were also carried out and their possible impact on the diagnosis and management of the patients was evaluated retrospectively. In 37 patients with definitive myocardial infarction by all the above mentioned criteria the isozyme dterminations were of no further help. Similarly, the isozyme analysis was of no value in 22 patients with negative findings. In 26 patients with normal or unchanged EKG but elevations in either LPK or LDH, the isozymes were not absolutely necessary for the diagnosis but would have been highly reassuring to the clinician. 2. In the remaining 15 patients, the isozyme analysis would have enabled the clinician to make diagnosis of myocardial damage in 12 and rule out myocardial infarction in 3.", "PMID": 737846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3236", "title": "Children's housing and their health and physical development.", "content": "The housing conditions of children in the National Child Development Study were related to their health and their height at the age of 16. Although children in crowded homes missed more school for medical reasons, the only illness they reported more often than children in better conditions was bronchitis. Those with inadequate amenities did not miss more school, although they also reported more bronchitis, as well as bilious attacks. Children in council houses were shorter than those in owner-occupied homes, but the only difference in height related to the conditions of the home was that crowded boys were slightly shorter than those who were not crowded. There was therefore little evidence of an association between poor housing and either ill-health or retarded growth among Britain's 16-year-olds in the 1970s, and this was still the case for children who had spent longer periods of their childhood in unsatisfactory housing.", "contents": "Children's housing and their health and physical development. The housing conditions of children in the National Child Development Study were related to their health and their height at the age of 16. Although children in crowded homes missed more school for medical reasons, the only illness they reported more often than children in better conditions was bronchitis. Those with inadequate amenities did not miss more school, although they also reported more bronchitis, as well as bilious attacks. Children in council houses were shorter than those in owner-occupied homes, but the only difference in height related to the conditions of the home was that crowded boys were slightly shorter than those who were not crowded. There was therefore little evidence of an association between poor housing and either ill-health or retarded growth among Britain's 16-year-olds in the 1970s, and this was still the case for children who had spent longer periods of their childhood in unsatisfactory housing.", "PMID": 737840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3237", "title": "Simple and rapid system for screening and identification of reducing sugars in urine.", "content": "As part of our screening programme for metabolic disorders we needed a rapid, simple, inexpensive means to detect reducing sugars in urine, with a simple but precise test for their identification. Our system comprises a bismuth reduction test for reducing sugars, with unidimensional thin layer chromatography on silica gel and color development with diphenylamine--aniline for definitive identification.", "contents": "Simple and rapid system for screening and identification of reducing sugars in urine. As part of our screening programme for metabolic disorders we needed a rapid, simple, inexpensive means to detect reducing sugars in urine, with a simple but precise test for their identification. Our system comprises a bismuth reduction test for reducing sugars, with unidimensional thin layer chromatography on silica gel and color development with diphenylamine--aniline for definitive identification.", "PMID": 737847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3238", "title": "Playfulness and the development of divergent thinking abilities.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to extract from current literature about play those concepts which seem to have most significance in the psychomotor development of the young child. For the purposes of this paper physical education is limited to that physical activity which occurs within the confines of a school. Very brief reference is made to play in relation to sport and the wider context of present-day culture. The concept of mastery play and stimulus seeking are examined as part of the child's growing maturity and the question is posed whether playfulness shown at an early age may be associated with a particular style of thinking in later years.", "contents": "Playfulness and the development of divergent thinking abilities. The purpose of this paper is to extract from current literature about play those concepts which seem to have most significance in the psychomotor development of the young child. For the purposes of this paper physical education is limited to that physical activity which occurs within the confines of a school. Very brief reference is made to play in relation to sport and the wider context of present-day culture. The concept of mastery play and stimulus seeking are examined as part of the child's growing maturity and the question is posed whether playfulness shown at an early age may be associated with a particular style of thinking in later years.", "PMID": 737841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3239", "title": "Structuring movement experiences for pre-school children.", "content": "It is proposed that a conceptual framework should be used as a basis for the provision of movement experiences for young children. Developmental levels and classifications of movement are considered in order to structure environments that provide suitable opportunities for self-initiated movement for pre-school children.", "contents": "Structuring movement experiences for pre-school children. It is proposed that a conceptual framework should be used as a basis for the provision of movement experiences for young children. Developmental levels and classifications of movement are considered in order to structure environments that provide suitable opportunities for self-initiated movement for pre-school children.", "PMID": 737842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3240", "title": "A scheme for the evaluation of methods in clinical chemistry with particular application to those measuring enzyme activities. Part I: general considerations.", "content": "A 20-point system is presented whereby commercially produced clinical chemistry procedures, i.e., in vitro diagnostic kits, may be assessed for adequacy of packaging, labelling and enclosed literature. Criteria are given for the selection of a reference method to use in the test method evaluation and the design of a patient comparison study using these two methods is described. The importance of standards and calibration materials as they relate to accuracy and specificity is discussed. A procedure for assessing accuracy by recovery studies is outlined. A method for the assessment of precision on a within-day and a day-to-day basis is described.", "contents": "A scheme for the evaluation of methods in clinical chemistry with particular application to those measuring enzyme activities. Part I: general considerations. A 20-point system is presented whereby commercially produced clinical chemistry procedures, i.e., in vitro diagnostic kits, may be assessed for adequacy of packaging, labelling and enclosed literature. Criteria are given for the selection of a reference method to use in the test method evaluation and the design of a patient comparison study using these two methods is described. The importance of standards and calibration materials as they relate to accuracy and specificity is discussed. A procedure for assessing accuracy by recovery studies is outlined. A method for the assessment of precision on a within-day and a day-to-day basis is described.", "PMID": 737848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3241", "title": "A scheme for the evaluation of methods in clinical chemistry with particular application to those measuring enzyme activities. Part II: analysis of data and performance assessment.", "content": "Recommendations are made concerning the editing of day-to-day reproducibility data for establishment of precision in the evaluation of a clinical chemistry method. The concept of diagnostic and equalized diagnostic indices is introduced together with formulae for their generation from the usual precision and accuracy data acquired in method evaluations. These indices allow direct comparison of data obtained from procedures for measuring enzyme activities which employ a variety of experimental conditions and units in their protocols. The equalized diagnostic index permits assessment of the suitability of the normal range assignment. Permissible limits of variation (PLV) and permissible limits of discrepancy (PLD) have been developed empirically from detailed examination of data from method evaluations and proficiency testing surveys in the published literature. The application of the diagnostic indices and the two permissible limits of criteria have been illustrated using data from the assessment of 19 kits measuring CPK activity. The inconsistency of the correlation coefficient in method comparisons is confirmed.", "contents": "A scheme for the evaluation of methods in clinical chemistry with particular application to those measuring enzyme activities. Part II: analysis of data and performance assessment. Recommendations are made concerning the editing of day-to-day reproducibility data for establishment of precision in the evaluation of a clinical chemistry method. The concept of diagnostic and equalized diagnostic indices is introduced together with formulae for their generation from the usual precision and accuracy data acquired in method evaluations. These indices allow direct comparison of data obtained from procedures for measuring enzyme activities which employ a variety of experimental conditions and units in their protocols. The equalized diagnostic index permits assessment of the suitability of the normal range assignment. Permissible limits of variation (PLV) and permissible limits of discrepancy (PLD) have been developed empirically from detailed examination of data from method evaluations and proficiency testing surveys in the published literature. The application of the diagnostic indices and the two permissible limits of criteria have been illustrated using data from the assessment of 19 kits measuring CPK activity. The inconsistency of the correlation coefficient in method comparisons is confirmed.", "PMID": 737849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3242", "title": "Methods of assessment for use with the visually and mentally handicapped: a selective review.", "content": "Literature published during the last 15 years and concerning assessment techniques applicable to the visually and mentally handicapped is reviewed. Aspects of assessment considered include professional organisation of health teams, electrophysiological measures, psychometric methods and some experimental investigations. The value of more reliable behavioural observation relevant to the client's future practical training needs is stressed.", "contents": "Methods of assessment for use with the visually and mentally handicapped: a selective review. Literature published during the last 15 years and concerning assessment techniques applicable to the visually and mentally handicapped is reviewed. Aspects of assessment considered include professional organisation of health teams, electrophysiological measures, psychometric methods and some experimental investigations. The value of more reliable behavioural observation relevant to the client's future practical training needs is stressed.", "PMID": 737843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3243", "title": "Can we effectively assess hyperactivity in schools?", "content": "All too often, restless, fidgety children who do not sit still or pay attention at school, and who may be disruptive and difficult to manage, are labelled 'hyperactive' by their teachers. The legitimacy of such a diagnosis is seldom challenged. Just what, though, does a child have to do to be hyperactive? This article sets out to review some of the measures which have been employed and to look, in particular, at their relevance in the assessment of activity levels within the classroom.", "contents": "Can we effectively assess hyperactivity in schools? All too often, restless, fidgety children who do not sit still or pay attention at school, and who may be disruptive and difficult to manage, are labelled 'hyperactive' by their teachers. The legitimacy of such a diagnosis is seldom challenged. Just what, though, does a child have to do to be hyperactive? This article sets out to review some of the measures which have been employed and to look, in particular, at their relevance in the assessment of activity levels within the classroom.", "PMID": 737844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3244", "title": "Sample application position and the resolution of protein separation on the Beckman Microzone Electrophoretic System.", "content": "Many clinical laboratories use the Beckman Microzone electrophoretic system (Beckman Instruments Inc. Fullerton, CA 92634) for serum protein separation. Although detailed instruction is supplied in the manufacturer's manual (1) for protein separation, the effect of different sample application positions on the cellulose acetate membrane is not discussed. We have processed the serum specimen in various application positions and found that there is a definite relationship between the resolution of fractionated protein bands and the application position, particularly with specimens from patients with monoclonal gammonpathies. The resolution of the protein bands increases as the sample is applied closer to the anode end of the cellulose acetate strip. Although studies were carried out on the Beckman electrophoretic system, a similar application effect may be anticipated with other electrophoretic systems.", "contents": "Sample application position and the resolution of protein separation on the Beckman Microzone Electrophoretic System. Many clinical laboratories use the Beckman Microzone electrophoretic system (Beckman Instruments Inc. Fullerton, CA 92634) for serum protein separation. Although detailed instruction is supplied in the manufacturer's manual (1) for protein separation, the effect of different sample application positions on the cellulose acetate membrane is not discussed. We have processed the serum specimen in various application positions and found that there is a definite relationship between the resolution of fractionated protein bands and the application position, particularly with specimens from patients with monoclonal gammonpathies. The resolution of the protein bands increases as the sample is applied closer to the anode end of the cellulose acetate strip. Although studies were carried out on the Beckman electrophoretic system, a similar application effect may be anticipated with other electrophoretic systems.", "PMID": 737850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3245", "title": "Electroencephalography and computerized transaxial tomography in epilepsy diagnosis.", "content": "Over a 6-month period 89 patients with epileptic seizures were systematically examined by EEGs and CT. Forty-two percent of all cases showed pathological findings in CT compared to 89% with abnormal EEGs. CT is very useful in identifying organic lesions in the epileptic patient. CT identified 11 cases of supratentorial tumour which were correctly localized by EEG. In patients with seizures after trauma or encephalitis the EEG abnormalities were more than could be detected by CT. The EEG and CT findings in cerebrovascular disorders, alcoholism and other diseases are discussed. A remarkable result is the relatively high percentage of hydrocephalus (23%) in the group of cryptogenic epilepsy. Positive EEG findings as to epilepsy could be seen in 62% of the cases.", "contents": "Electroencephalography and computerized transaxial tomography in epilepsy diagnosis. Over a 6-month period 89 patients with epileptic seizures were systematically examined by EEGs and CT. Forty-two percent of all cases showed pathological findings in CT compared to 89% with abnormal EEGs. CT is very useful in identifying organic lesions in the epileptic patient. CT identified 11 cases of supratentorial tumour which were correctly localized by EEG. In patients with seizures after trauma or encephalitis the EEG abnormalities were more than could be detected by CT. The EEG and CT findings in cerebrovascular disorders, alcoholism and other diseases are discussed. A remarkable result is the relatively high percentage of hydrocephalus (23%) in the group of cryptogenic epilepsy. Positive EEG findings as to epilepsy could be seen in 62% of the cases.", "PMID": 737851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3246", "title": "Toxic encephalopathy from chlorobenzilate poisoning: report of a case.", "content": "Chlorobenzilate is an organochlorine insecticide with toxicity like those of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). A patient who developed toxic encephalopathy after exposure to chlorobenzilate mist, with associated clinical and EEG abnormalities, is briefly reported. Some unusual features of his clinical picture are pointed out.", "contents": "Toxic encephalopathy from chlorobenzilate poisoning: report of a case. Chlorobenzilate is an organochlorine insecticide with toxicity like those of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). A patient who developed toxic encephalopathy after exposure to chlorobenzilate mist, with associated clinical and EEG abnormalities, is briefly reported. Some unusual features of his clinical picture are pointed out.", "PMID": 737852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3247", "title": "The value of electroencephalographic recordings in dialysis encephalopathy: case-reports and review of literature.", "content": "The electroencephalographic abnormalities with dialysis dementia are described in five patients with this disorder. The tracings of all patients showed a mild to moderate slowing of the background rhythm, intermixed with paroxysmal and rhythmic waves, most prominent on the frontal areas. Epileptiform discharges were seen in only one record. Clinical features, hypotheses regarding pathogenesis, and treatment of this usually fatal encephalopathy are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The value of electroencephalographic recordings in dialysis encephalopathy: case-reports and review of literature. The electroencephalographic abnormalities with dialysis dementia are described in five patients with this disorder. The tracings of all patients showed a mild to moderate slowing of the background rhythm, intermixed with paroxysmal and rhythmic waves, most prominent on the frontal areas. Epileptiform discharges were seen in only one record. Clinical features, hypotheses regarding pathogenesis, and treatment of this usually fatal encephalopathy are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 737855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3248", "title": "Changes in otological teaching following analysis of failures in surgical technique.", "content": "An analysis was made of the results of mastoid surgery performed in the Professorial Unit of the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, between the years 1970 and 1974. Most of the surgery was performed by trainee surgeons at the end of the teaching programme. The incidence of unsatisfactory results was greater with open mastoid surgery than with closed mastoid surgery. The causes of failure were analysed, and the underlying defects in the teaching programme identified. The subsequent modification in the teaching methods that resulted are illustrated.", "contents": "Changes in otological teaching following analysis of failures in surgical technique. An analysis was made of the results of mastoid surgery performed in the Professorial Unit of the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, between the years 1970 and 1974. Most of the surgery was performed by trainee surgeons at the end of the teaching programme. The incidence of unsatisfactory results was greater with open mastoid surgery than with closed mastoid surgery. The causes of failure were analysed, and the underlying defects in the teaching programme identified. The subsequent modification in the teaching methods that resulted are illustrated.", "PMID": 737856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3249", "title": "The incidence, site, treatment and fate of labyrinthine fistula.", "content": "Although the incidence of labyrinthine fistula appears to be similar in most reported series, the number of patients reported to have a positive response to the fistula test do not. This may be due to a lack of uniformity in the performance of the test. The method of the author, the direction of eye movement and its diagnostic significance are described. The occurrence and mechanism of severe sensorineural hearing loss in 5 out of 20 patients in whom the matrix was removed accidently from the fistula during mastoidectomy is discussed.", "contents": "The incidence, site, treatment and fate of labyrinthine fistula. Although the incidence of labyrinthine fistula appears to be similar in most reported series, the number of patients reported to have a positive response to the fistula test do not. This may be due to a lack of uniformity in the performance of the test. The method of the author, the direction of eye movement and its diagnostic significance are described. The occurrence and mechanism of severe sensorineural hearing loss in 5 out of 20 patients in whom the matrix was removed accidently from the fistula during mastoidectomy is discussed.", "PMID": 737857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3250", "title": "The etiology of chronic otitis media.", "content": "Various current theories regarding the aetiology of chronic otitis media are considered in detail. The concept that it originates from an acute middle ear infection no longer appears tenable. Recent experimental work has demonstrated the role of invading skin causing invasive osteitis. It is postulated that in some instances osteitis may follow erosion of the metal skin and proceed to widespread chronic disease of the temporal bone. The important difference between obstruction and inadequacy of the Eustachian tube and the significance of the latter in chronic middle ear disease is emphsized. The Eustachian mechanism of cholesteatoma formation may best be studied by observing the development of retraction pockets following tympanoplasty.", "contents": "The etiology of chronic otitis media. Various current theories regarding the aetiology of chronic otitis media are considered in detail. The concept that it originates from an acute middle ear infection no longer appears tenable. Recent experimental work has demonstrated the role of invading skin causing invasive osteitis. It is postulated that in some instances osteitis may follow erosion of the metal skin and proceed to widespread chronic disease of the temporal bone. The important difference between obstruction and inadequacy of the Eustachian tube and the significance of the latter in chronic middle ear disease is emphsized. The Eustachian mechanism of cholesteatoma formation may best be studied by observing the development of retraction pockets following tympanoplasty.", "PMID": 737858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3251", "title": "Reconstruction of old radical cavities.", "content": "The methods as well as the primary and late results of 74 partial and 93 total reconstructions of old radical cavities were described. In partial reconstructions the tympanic cavity was reconstructed, but the cavity was not eliminated, as it was dry or could be kept dry. In total reconstructions the tympanic cavity and auditory canal were reconstructed, and in most cases the cavity was obliterated, either by muscle or by combined grafts of muscle, tragal cartilage, and homologous septal cartilage. On the basis of the late results, functionally 10--20% poorer than the  primary ones, the indications for reconstruction of old radical cavities were discussed. If there is chronic aural discharge, and if the cavity is lined with granulations, the ear can be rendered dry by total reconstruction in 90% of the cases.", "contents": "Reconstruction of old radical cavities. The methods as well as the primary and late results of 74 partial and 93 total reconstructions of old radical cavities were described. In partial reconstructions the tympanic cavity was reconstructed, but the cavity was not eliminated, as it was dry or could be kept dry. In total reconstructions the tympanic cavity and auditory canal were reconstructed, and in most cases the cavity was obliterated, either by muscle or by combined grafts of muscle, tragal cartilage, and homologous septal cartilage. On the basis of the late results, functionally 10--20% poorer than the  primary ones, the indications for reconstruction of old radical cavities were discussed. If there is chronic aural discharge, and if the cavity is lined with granulations, the ear can be rendered dry by total reconstruction in 90% of the cases.", "PMID": 737859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3252", "title": "Homograft stapes in middle ear surgery.", "content": "Descriptions are given of various uses of stapes homografts in tympanoplasty on ears with missing stapedial arch. The use of homograft stapes-incus assembly, placing the head of the homograft stapes on the patient's own footplate and on top of that an incus, is a method which at long sight has proved to afford better results than the use of an incus columella.", "contents": "Homograft stapes in middle ear surgery. Descriptions are given of various uses of stapes homografts in tympanoplasty on ears with missing stapedial arch. The use of homograft stapes-incus assembly, placing the head of the homograft stapes on the patient's own footplate and on top of that an incus, is a method which at long sight has proved to afford better results than the use of an incus columella.", "PMID": 737860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3253", "title": "Ossicular reconstruction in the absence of stapedial crura.", "content": "The reconstruction of the ossicular chain when the stapes crura are absent presents a difficult problem in achieving satisfactory functional results in the treatment of chronic oitis media by tympanoplasty. When the malleus handle is present, the cases have been treated mostly by repositioning part of an incus or a piece of cartilage between the malleus handle and the mobile footplate. The problem becomes more difficult in tympanoplastic management of old radical cavities with no ossicules apart from the stapes footplate. Apart of repositioning a part of incus or a cartilage strut between the fascial graft and the footplate, the author has tried, in the management of these cases during the last 3 years, a new \"umbrella type\" of prosthesis made entirely of tragal cartilage. This prosthesis enables a good resting surface for the new tympanic membrane and the hearing improvement seems to be greater than that resulting from other types of ossicular reconstruction.", "contents": "Ossicular reconstruction in the absence of stapedial crura. The reconstruction of the ossicular chain when the stapes crura are absent presents a difficult problem in achieving satisfactory functional results in the treatment of chronic oitis media by tympanoplasty. When the malleus handle is present, the cases have been treated mostly by repositioning part of an incus or a piece of cartilage between the malleus handle and the mobile footplate. The problem becomes more difficult in tympanoplastic management of old radical cavities with no ossicules apart from the stapes footplate. Apart of repositioning a part of incus or a cartilage strut between the fascial graft and the footplate, the author has tried, in the management of these cases during the last 3 years, a new \"umbrella type\" of prosthesis made entirely of tragal cartilage. This prosthesis enables a good resting surface for the new tympanic membrane and the hearing improvement seems to be greater than that resulting from other types of ossicular reconstruction.", "PMID": 737861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3254", "title": "Aeration in chronic otitis media.", "content": "The mastoid air cell system must be looked upon as an air reservoir. The tympanic membrane is an air pressure regulator. The smaller the air volume of the mastoid the more pronounced is the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane. The more inefficient the Eustachian tube function, the more pronounced is the tympanic membrane displacement. The significance of these factors must be considered not only when discussing the etiology of chronic otitis media including cholesteatoma, but also when it comes to selecting procedures in restoring middle ear anatomy and physiology in chronic middle ear surgical disease.", "contents": "Aeration in chronic otitis media. The mastoid air cell system must be looked upon as an air reservoir. The tympanic membrane is an air pressure regulator. The smaller the air volume of the mastoid the more pronounced is the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane. The more inefficient the Eustachian tube function, the more pronounced is the tympanic membrane displacement. The significance of these factors must be considered not only when discussing the etiology of chronic otitis media including cholesteatoma, but also when it comes to selecting procedures in restoring middle ear anatomy and physiology in chronic middle ear surgical disease.", "PMID": 737862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3255", "title": "Modified technique of tympanoplasty with functional results of 494 cases after 3 years.", "content": "This paper gives the functional preliminary and final results of tympanoplasty as modified by Khan in types I--III in the form of a comparison. We examined 494 patients who were operated according to our modified technique. It is emphasized that in reconstruction of the middle ear, the use of a prepared fascial graft, homograft incus cartilage and external auditory meatal flap is sufficient. The preliminary and final results were documented with the aid of audiograms which were described and critically appraised according to two different types of evaluation. The evaluation did not only include the hearing results of tympanoplasty, but also the change in individual frequencies for all types. According to our appraisal of the operations with regard to social hearing the functional results of operations performed in our clinic may be considered above average. The hearing gain achieved from the preliminary postoperative control to the final examination is especially satisfying, since it also includes an improvement in bone conduction values.", "contents": "Modified technique of tympanoplasty with functional results of 494 cases after 3 years. This paper gives the functional preliminary and final results of tympanoplasty as modified by Khan in types I--III in the form of a comparison. We examined 494 patients who were operated according to our modified technique. It is emphasized that in reconstruction of the middle ear, the use of a prepared fascial graft, homograft incus cartilage and external auditory meatal flap is sufficient. The preliminary and final results were documented with the aid of audiograms which were described and critically appraised according to two different types of evaluation. The evaluation did not only include the hearing results of tympanoplasty, but also the change in individual frequencies for all types. According to our appraisal of the operations with regard to social hearing the functional results of operations performed in our clinic may be considered above average. The hearing gain achieved from the preliminary postoperative control to the final examination is especially satisfying, since it also includes an improvement in bone conduction values.", "PMID": 737863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3256", "title": "External auditory canal cholesteatoma.", "content": "Cholesteatoma of the EAC is a rare otologic problem, particularly when keratosis obturans otica is excluded. The predominant features of EAC cholesteatoma are acute external symptoms, severe pain, recurrent physician visits, and paucity of X-ray findings. Poorly responding otitis externa should always alert the physician to the possibility of neoplasm, diabetes, or some other underlying condition which will not respond to just topical treatment. Cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal should also be considered in refractory cases of otitis externa. Three patients with EAC subperiosteal cholesteatoma are reviewed.", "contents": "External auditory canal cholesteatoma. Cholesteatoma of the EAC is a rare otologic problem, particularly when keratosis obturans otica is excluded. The predominant features of EAC cholesteatoma are acute external symptoms, severe pain, recurrent physician visits, and paucity of X-ray findings. Poorly responding otitis externa should always alert the physician to the possibility of neoplasm, diabetes, or some other underlying condition which will not respond to just topical treatment. Cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal should also be considered in refractory cases of otitis externa. Three patients with EAC subperiosteal cholesteatoma are reviewed.", "PMID": 737864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3257", "title": "Longterm results in cholesteatoma surgery.", "content": "From the results of 689 cases of cholesteatoma operated and followed over a period of 9 years, are discussed the respective indications of opened and closed techniques. The intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy is the preferred technique. It is undertaken on the understanding that it will be done in 2 stages over a 1-year interval. From the revised 460 cases, the presence of residual cholesteatoma was found in one out of 2 cases. Cause of high incidence are analyzed and commented. Retraction pockets or true recurrence of cholesteatoma whose incidence was 11% at the beginning of the series have practically disappeared since it was started to repair the tympanic frame with cartilage. Open techniques, modified radical mastoidectomy, with or without obliteration, are done when a 2-stage procedure is not possible. They are also indicated in particular cases related to the nature of the disease, mastoid pneumatization, condition of the attic wall or the patient's age. Auditory results do not show any significant difference between the open and closed techniques when the ossicular chain is complete or the stapes intact. However, in cases of subtotal ossicular defects, preservation of the tympanic frame provided the most favourable conditions for a functional restoration.", "contents": "Longterm results in cholesteatoma surgery. From the results of 689 cases of cholesteatoma operated and followed over a period of 9 years, are discussed the respective indications of opened and closed techniques. The intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy is the preferred technique. It is undertaken on the understanding that it will be done in 2 stages over a 1-year interval. From the revised 460 cases, the presence of residual cholesteatoma was found in one out of 2 cases. Cause of high incidence are analyzed and commented. Retraction pockets or true recurrence of cholesteatoma whose incidence was 11% at the beginning of the series have practically disappeared since it was started to repair the tympanic frame with cartilage. Open techniques, modified radical mastoidectomy, with or without obliteration, are done when a 2-stage procedure is not possible. They are also indicated in particular cases related to the nature of the disease, mastoid pneumatization, condition of the attic wall or the patient's age. Auditory results do not show any significant difference between the open and closed techniques when the ossicular chain is complete or the stapes intact. However, in cases of subtotal ossicular defects, preservation of the tympanic frame provided the most favourable conditions for a functional restoration.", "PMID": 737865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3258", "title": "Tympanoplasty and tuberculosis of the middle ear.", "content": "This report concerns 6 cases of middle ear tuberculosis. Typical clinical signs for this infection nowadays consist in a pale-coloured mucosa, spontaneous facial paresis, pneumatization of the mastoid and in a changing performation of the tympanic membrane. These signs can occur single or in combination. Under a specific chemotherapeutic treatment even in tuberculous infection of the middle ear tympanoplasty can be performed without danger for the newly transplanted tympanic membrane. One should consider tuberculous infection especially in cases when for apparently inexplicable reasons necrosis of the transplant occurs postoperatively.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty and tuberculosis of the middle ear. This report concerns 6 cases of middle ear tuberculosis. Typical clinical signs for this infection nowadays consist in a pale-coloured mucosa, spontaneous facial paresis, pneumatization of the mastoid and in a changing performation of the tympanic membrane. These signs can occur single or in combination. Under a specific chemotherapeutic treatment even in tuberculous infection of the middle ear tympanoplasty can be performed without danger for the newly transplanted tympanic membrane. One should consider tuberculous infection especially in cases when for apparently inexplicable reasons necrosis of the transplant occurs postoperatively.", "PMID": 737866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3259", "title": "Fistula of the lateral semicircular canal.", "content": "The principles enunciated by Adam Politzer concerning the management of fistula of the lateral semicircular canal are as true today as they were during his time, in spite of the advances made in otologic surgery during the past 25 years or more. If a fistula of the lateral semicircular canal is suspected or proven, the patient's hearing has a greater chance of being preserved if the fistula is left undisturbed. Several illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Fistula of the lateral semicircular canal. The principles enunciated by Adam Politzer concerning the management of fistula of the lateral semicircular canal are as true today as they were during his time, in spite of the advances made in otologic surgery during the past 25 years or more. If a fistula of the lateral semicircular canal is suspected or proven, the patient's hearing has a greater chance of being preserved if the fistula is left undisturbed. Several illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 737867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3260", "title": "The role of antibody in the inhibition of the growth of Meth.A tumour in syngeneic experiments in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro technique for detecting anti-tumour responses was studied and shown to involve non- T cells. Further examination of the effector mechanism revealed that tumour inhibition was antibody mediated, probably through complement dependent lysis; ADCC was considered unlikely. The amount of antibody involved was small, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence labelling of tumour cells, but was nevertheless effective in vitro and in causing regression of tumours in vivo. These findings may have important implications for the manipulation of the host responses to tumours.", "contents": "The role of antibody in the inhibition of the growth of Meth.A tumour in syngeneic experiments in vivo and in vitro. An in vitro technique for detecting anti-tumour responses was studied and shown to involve non- T cells. Further examination of the effector mechanism revealed that tumour inhibition was antibody mediated, probably through complement dependent lysis; ADCC was considered unlikely. The amount of antibody involved was small, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence labelling of tumour cells, but was nevertheless effective in vitro and in causing regression of tumours in vivo. These findings may have important implications for the manipulation of the host responses to tumours.", "PMID": 737892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3261", "title": "Migration inhibition of sensitized mouse spleen cells by cell-associated transplantation antigens: effect of method of antigen presentation.", "content": "The migration of specifically sensitized mouse spleen cells following exposure to allogeneic cells (antigen) in vitro was studied. The migration inhibition recorded when sensitized cells were admixed with allogeneic cells in capillary tubes (mix method) was compared to the inhibition observed when allogeneic cells were suspended in the culture chamber media (non-mix method). Specificity as well as a higher degree of migration inhibition were obtained using the mix method, suggesting that this method is superior to the nom-mix method.", "contents": "Migration inhibition of sensitized mouse spleen cells by cell-associated transplantation antigens: effect of method of antigen presentation. The migration of specifically sensitized mouse spleen cells following exposure to allogeneic cells (antigen) in vitro was studied. The migration inhibition recorded when sensitized cells were admixed with allogeneic cells in capillary tubes (mix method) was compared to the inhibition observed when allogeneic cells were suspended in the culture chamber media (non-mix method). Specificity as well as a higher degree of migration inhibition were obtained using the mix method, suggesting that this method is superior to the nom-mix method.", "PMID": 737893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3262", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on Toxoplasma gondii infection: reversal of the effect by passive immunization.", "content": "Treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight 24 hr prior to infection with an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii delays the appearance of antibody by about one week and results in 70% mortality. To discount other effects of CY besides inhibition of antibody synthesis, CY-treated infected mice were passively immunized with a pooled specific serum collected from chronically infected syngeneic animals. Passive immunization reversed the effect of CY treatment if the titre of antibody in recipients reached 1 : 512 or more, as measured by the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT). It is therefore suggested that antibody plays an important role in establishing an infection-immunity (premunition) in this system.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on Toxoplasma gondii infection: reversal of the effect by passive immunization. Treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight 24 hr prior to infection with an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii delays the appearance of antibody by about one week and results in 70% mortality. To discount other effects of CY besides inhibition of antibody synthesis, CY-treated infected mice were passively immunized with a pooled specific serum collected from chronically infected syngeneic animals. Passive immunization reversed the effect of CY treatment if the titre of antibody in recipients reached 1 : 512 or more, as measured by the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT). It is therefore suggested that antibody plays an important role in establishing an infection-immunity (premunition) in this system.", "PMID": 737894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3263", "title": "Reactivity of ovine lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen during pregnancy and in the immediate post-parturient period.", "content": "Lymphocytes from sheep in late pregnancy and at parturition showed markedly impaired proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro when cultures were supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS), as compared to the responses of lymphocytes from non-pregnant sheep, sheep at 40 days of gestation and sheep at 80 days of gestation. Similar responses to PHA were observed when the medium was supplemented with autologous plasma (AP), although the responses were of a lower order. In both cases elevated responses to PHA were apparent at 10 days post-parturition. The response with FBS was more marked than with AP. Progressive reduction of lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the presence of FBS and AP were less obvious, although it was still apparent that responses to PWM were depressed at 120 days of gestation and at parturition, when compared with lymphocyte responses during early pregnancy (at 40 days and 80 days of gestation). The difference was much more apparent with AP than with FBS and responses during early pregnancy were markedly higher than those with FBS. An increase in lymphocyte responsiveness to PWM 10 days post-parturition was evident whether FBS or AP was incorporated in the cultures. The response with FBS was again more marked than with AP.", "contents": "Reactivity of ovine lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen during pregnancy and in the immediate post-parturient period. Lymphocytes from sheep in late pregnancy and at parturition showed markedly impaired proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro when cultures were supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS), as compared to the responses of lymphocytes from non-pregnant sheep, sheep at 40 days of gestation and sheep at 80 days of gestation. Similar responses to PHA were observed when the medium was supplemented with autologous plasma (AP), although the responses were of a lower order. In both cases elevated responses to PHA were apparent at 10 days post-parturition. The response with FBS was more marked than with AP. Progressive reduction of lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the presence of FBS and AP were less obvious, although it was still apparent that responses to PWM were depressed at 120 days of gestation and at parturition, when compared with lymphocyte responses during early pregnancy (at 40 days and 80 days of gestation). The difference was much more apparent with AP than with FBS and responses during early pregnancy were markedly higher than those with FBS. An increase in lymphocyte responsiveness to PWM 10 days post-parturition was evident whether FBS or AP was incorporated in the cultures. The response with FBS was again more marked than with AP.", "PMID": 737895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3264", "title": "Reduced immunoglobulin concentration and impaired macrophage function in mice due to diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) depresses serum IgA and IgM concentrations and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) clearance in mice.", "contents": "Reduced immunoglobulin concentration and impaired macrophage function in mice due to diphenylhydantoin. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) depresses serum IgA and IgM concentrations and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) clearance in mice.", "PMID": 737896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3265", "title": "Stimulated autoantibody response and increased longevity in NZB/NZW mice treated with cyclophosphamide and tilorone.", "content": "The experiment described in this report was designed to study the effects of immunostimulatory therapy in cyclophosphamide-treated hybrid New Zealand mice. Autoantibodies, renal histology and neoplasms were studied in seventeen female NZB/NZW mice treated with daily injections of the potent immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide. Results were compared with fifteen female NZB/NZW mice who received both cyclophosphamide and tilorone, an interferon inducer which stimulates the immune system. Fifteen control mice received saline. The controls died with spontaneous arteritis and immune complex glomerulonephritis; their mean age at death was 46 weeks. In the cyclophosphamide group anti-DNA antibodies and renal disease were suppressed. Mean longevity was prolonged significantly to 80 weeks. Two mice died of iatrogenic causes, and the remaining fifteen mice died with neoplasms. Eleven mice had multiple neoplasms; a total of twenty-seven neoplasms appeared. In mice receiving combination therapy, autoantibody responses were not suppressed. Nevertheless, glomerulonephritis was controlled partially and the mean lifespan was prolonged to 82 weeks. Eighteen neoplasms appeared in ten mice in the combination treatment group, and five mice had more than one neoplasm. The appearance of lymphomas was delayed in mice receiving two drugs. It was concluded that concurrent therapy with tilorone stimulated autoantibody production and altered the expected pattern of neoplasia in cyclophosphamide-treated NZB/NZW mice.", "contents": "Stimulated autoantibody response and increased longevity in NZB/NZW mice treated with cyclophosphamide and tilorone. The experiment described in this report was designed to study the effects of immunostimulatory therapy in cyclophosphamide-treated hybrid New Zealand mice. Autoantibodies, renal histology and neoplasms were studied in seventeen female NZB/NZW mice treated with daily injections of the potent immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide. Results were compared with fifteen female NZB/NZW mice who received both cyclophosphamide and tilorone, an interferon inducer which stimulates the immune system. Fifteen control mice received saline. The controls died with spontaneous arteritis and immune complex glomerulonephritis; their mean age at death was 46 weeks. In the cyclophosphamide group anti-DNA antibodies and renal disease were suppressed. Mean longevity was prolonged significantly to 80 weeks. Two mice died of iatrogenic causes, and the remaining fifteen mice died with neoplasms. Eleven mice had multiple neoplasms; a total of twenty-seven neoplasms appeared. In mice receiving combination therapy, autoantibody responses were not suppressed. Nevertheless, glomerulonephritis was controlled partially and the mean lifespan was prolonged to 82 weeks. Eighteen neoplasms appeared in ten mice in the combination treatment group, and five mice had more than one neoplasm. The appearance of lymphomas was delayed in mice receiving two drugs. It was concluded that concurrent therapy with tilorone stimulated autoantibody production and altered the expected pattern of neoplasia in cyclophosphamide-treated NZB/NZW mice.", "PMID": 737897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3266", "title": "The immunogenicity of milk from various species for the guinea-pig.", "content": "Young guinea-pigs, sensitized and challenged by the parenteral administration of bovine and human milks, died of anaphylaxis while others, sensitized and challenged with guinea-pig milk, were unaffected. The type of milk fed to young guinea-pigs from birth did not alter the basic immunogenicity of cow's milk or the lack of immunogenicity of guinea-pig milk for the young guinea-pig.", "contents": "The immunogenicity of milk from various species for the guinea-pig. Young guinea-pigs, sensitized and challenged by the parenteral administration of bovine and human milks, died of anaphylaxis while others, sensitized and challenged with guinea-pig milk, were unaffected. The type of milk fed to young guinea-pigs from birth did not alter the basic immunogenicity of cow's milk or the lack of immunogenicity of guinea-pig milk for the young guinea-pig.", "PMID": 737898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3267", "title": "Increase in non-specific antibody mediated cytotoxicity in malarious mice.", "content": "The K cell activity in the spleens of mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi has been investigated. Chicken red cells coated with antibody were the target cells used. Increased K cell activity was found 6 to 15 days, but not 3 days, after infection with the malaria parasites.", "contents": "Increase in non-specific antibody mediated cytotoxicity in malarious mice. The K cell activity in the spleens of mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi has been investigated. Chicken red cells coated with antibody were the target cells used. Increased K cell activity was found 6 to 15 days, but not 3 days, after infection with the malaria parasites.", "PMID": 737899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3268", "title": "Factors influencing the secondary antibody response to flagellin in man.", "content": "The secondary antibody response to 5.0 microgram flagellin was studied by haemagglutination in 132 healthy or convalescent subjects given a primary challenge with 5.0 microgram flagellin from 1 to 44 months previously. The peak titre, expressed as total antibody, occurred at 2 weeks and was mainly immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The magnitude of the titre of total antibody was influenced predominantly by that of total antibody in the primary response (P less than 0.001), the interval between primary and secondary responses (P less than 0.005) and the subjects' age (P less than 0.05) and sex (P less than 0.08). Together these accounted for 23% of the variability observed in the secondary response, with total antibody titre in the primary response accounting for 11% of the variability. The titre of IgG antibody was likewise influenced by these four variables, but the influence of age or sex on IgG antibody was not statistically significant. In human vaccination programmes, choice of the appropriate interval between primary and booster inoculations could increase prophylactic effectiveness and, if two inoculations were to prove as effective as three, there would be reduced work and increased public acceptance. Moreover, the demonstrable capacity for responsiveness of aged and debilitated persons should encourage the wider use of appropriate prophylactic immunization in these groups.", "contents": "Factors influencing the secondary antibody response to flagellin in man. The secondary antibody response to 5.0 microgram flagellin was studied by haemagglutination in 132 healthy or convalescent subjects given a primary challenge with 5.0 microgram flagellin from 1 to 44 months previously. The peak titre, expressed as total antibody, occurred at 2 weeks and was mainly immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The magnitude of the titre of total antibody was influenced predominantly by that of total antibody in the primary response (P less than 0.001), the interval between primary and secondary responses (P less than 0.005) and the subjects' age (P less than 0.05) and sex (P less than 0.08). Together these accounted for 23% of the variability observed in the secondary response, with total antibody titre in the primary response accounting for 11% of the variability. The titre of IgG antibody was likewise influenced by these four variables, but the influence of age or sex on IgG antibody was not statistically significant. In human vaccination programmes, choice of the appropriate interval between primary and booster inoculations could increase prophylactic effectiveness and, if two inoculations were to prove as effective as three, there would be reduced work and increased public acceptance. Moreover, the demonstrable capacity for responsiveness of aged and debilitated persons should encourage the wider use of appropriate prophylactic immunization in these groups.", "PMID": 737900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3269", "title": "Activation of lymphocytes in CLL by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The mitogenic activity of protein A (PA), leucoagglutinin (LA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested in six cases of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), and the response to PA and LA in six healthy controls. The effect of foetal calf serum (FCS) and pooled human AB serum in the cultures was tested in two patients. The response to LA in the patients was about one tenth of that in the controls. The response to PA was strong both in patients and in healthy controls. However, in lymphocytes from CLL patients this response was serum-dependent, being very strong with FCS in the culture medium, but absent when the medium contained human AB serum. Lymphocytes from normal controls responded to PA in the presence of AB serum.", "contents": "Activation of lymphocytes in CLL by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The mitogenic activity of protein A (PA), leucoagglutinin (LA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested in six cases of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), and the response to PA and LA in six healthy controls. The effect of foetal calf serum (FCS) and pooled human AB serum in the cultures was tested in two patients. The response to LA in the patients was about one tenth of that in the controls. The response to PA was strong both in patients and in healthy controls. However, in lymphocytes from CLL patients this response was serum-dependent, being very strong with FCS in the culture medium, but absent when the medium contained human AB serum. Lymphocytes from normal controls responded to PA in the presence of AB serum.", "PMID": 737902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3270", "title": "Activation of the alternate complement pathway in Staph. aureus infective endocarditis and its relationship to thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with infective endocarditis (IE) are described, fourteen with Staph. aureus and ten with other organisms. Despite the acute nature of the infection, ten of the fourteen with Staph. aureus IE were hypocomplementaemic; six of these ten had normal levels of C4 associated with low C3 levels, suggesting activation of the alternate complement pathway. Factor B (C3PA) was also low in three of these six cases. In the ten patients with non-Staph. IE, three had hypocomplementaemia with low levels of C4, C3, and Factor B, probably due to C1 (classical pathway) activation with feedback activation of the alternate pathway. In addition, thrombocytopenia was noted in nine of the twenty-four patients and was associated with hypocomplementaemia; the degree of renal insufficiency noted in these patients also correlated with hypocomplementaemia. In Staph. aureus IE thrombocytopenia and hypocomplementaemia, occurring early in the course of the disease, may be due to a non-immune interaction of Staph. cell wall products (Protein A) with immunoglobulin, complement components, and thrombocytes.", "contents": "Activation of the alternate complement pathway in Staph. aureus infective endocarditis and its relationship to thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and acute glomerulonephritis. Twenty-four patients with infective endocarditis (IE) are described, fourteen with Staph. aureus and ten with other organisms. Despite the acute nature of the infection, ten of the fourteen with Staph. aureus IE were hypocomplementaemic; six of these ten had normal levels of C4 associated with low C3 levels, suggesting activation of the alternate complement pathway. Factor B (C3PA) was also low in three of these six cases. In the ten patients with non-Staph. IE, three had hypocomplementaemia with low levels of C4, C3, and Factor B, probably due to C1 (classical pathway) activation with feedback activation of the alternate pathway. In addition, thrombocytopenia was noted in nine of the twenty-four patients and was associated with hypocomplementaemia; the degree of renal insufficiency noted in these patients also correlated with hypocomplementaemia. In Staph. aureus IE thrombocytopenia and hypocomplementaemia, occurring early in the course of the disease, may be due to a non-immune interaction of Staph. cell wall products (Protein A) with immunoglobulin, complement components, and thrombocytes.", "PMID": 737901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3271", "title": "Longitudinal effects of clinical therapy and the edentulous state on the transformation of lymphocytes from patients with severe periodontitis.", "content": "Twenty dentulous subjects undergoing clinical therapy for severe periodontitis were used to determine the longitudinal effects of bacterial plaque reduction in vitro lymphocyte transformation. The therapy consisted of either complete extractions or partial extractions and periodontal surgery combined with rigorous oral hygiene. Prior to therapy lymphocytes from these subjects responded significantly to Streptolysin O (SLO) but were not transformed significantly by solubilized dental plaque. However, after therapy lymphocytes from these same subjects responded significantly to both solubilized dental plaque and SLO. This indicates that the severe periodontitis patients were specifically unresponsive to solubilized dental plaque prior to therapy. The mechanism of the unresponsiveness is not clear, but probably does not involve serum factors because supplementation of the lymphocyte cultures with pooled homologous plasma from individuals with gingivitis or moderate periodontitis (instead of the patient's autologous plasma) did not significantly change the mean lymphocyte responses to solubilized dental plaque. In addition, lymphocytes from eleven long-term (5--18 yr) edentulous subjects, who were free of oral inflammation, were significantly transformed by solubilized dental plaque. The latter lymphocyte responses and those of the treated periodontitis patients could be due either to the presence of low levels of oral bacteria in the edentulous mouth or to the lymphocyte transformation assay being a measure of previous antigen sensitization rather than current disease status. In either case, lymphocyte transformation to solubilized dental plaque is not a useful diagnostic tool in periodontitis, but should continue to be a valuable research tool for investigating pathological mechanisms in periodontitis.", "contents": "Longitudinal effects of clinical therapy and the edentulous state on the transformation of lymphocytes from patients with severe periodontitis. Twenty dentulous subjects undergoing clinical therapy for severe periodontitis were used to determine the longitudinal effects of bacterial plaque reduction in vitro lymphocyte transformation. The therapy consisted of either complete extractions or partial extractions and periodontal surgery combined with rigorous oral hygiene. Prior to therapy lymphocytes from these subjects responded significantly to Streptolysin O (SLO) but were not transformed significantly by solubilized dental plaque. However, after therapy lymphocytes from these same subjects responded significantly to both solubilized dental plaque and SLO. This indicates that the severe periodontitis patients were specifically unresponsive to solubilized dental plaque prior to therapy. The mechanism of the unresponsiveness is not clear, but probably does not involve serum factors because supplementation of the lymphocyte cultures with pooled homologous plasma from individuals with gingivitis or moderate periodontitis (instead of the patient's autologous plasma) did not significantly change the mean lymphocyte responses to solubilized dental plaque. In addition, lymphocytes from eleven long-term (5--18 yr) edentulous subjects, who were free of oral inflammation, were significantly transformed by solubilized dental plaque. The latter lymphocyte responses and those of the treated periodontitis patients could be due either to the presence of low levels of oral bacteria in the edentulous mouth or to the lymphocyte transformation assay being a measure of previous antigen sensitization rather than current disease status. In either case, lymphocyte transformation to solubilized dental plaque is not a useful diagnostic tool in periodontitis, but should continue to be a valuable research tool for investigating pathological mechanisms in periodontitis.", "PMID": 737903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3272", "title": "Damaged membrane fragments and immune complexes in the blood of patients with Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of centrifuged pellets of serum from patients with Behcet's syndrome and recurrent oral ulcers revealed the presence of a large number of membrane fragments. Some of these membranes showed numerous 10 nm holes that were identical to lesions produced by the action of complement. An attempt was made to correlate complement levels, antibodies and cellular immunity with the presence of the membrane fragments, without success. However, a significant correlation was found between the membranes and the IgG class of immune complexes. The finding of membrane fragments with complement-induced damage predominantly in the blood of patients with Behcet's syndrome, and the association with soluble immune complexes suggest that the latter may generate C5b-9 complexes which may bind to the surface of cells in result in cell lysis.", "contents": "Damaged membrane fragments and immune complexes in the blood of patients with Behcet's syndrome. Electron microscopic examination of centrifuged pellets of serum from patients with Behcet's syndrome and recurrent oral ulcers revealed the presence of a large number of membrane fragments. Some of these membranes showed numerous 10 nm holes that were identical to lesions produced by the action of complement. An attempt was made to correlate complement levels, antibodies and cellular immunity with the presence of the membrane fragments, without success. However, a significant correlation was found between the membranes and the IgG class of immune complexes. The finding of membrane fragments with complement-induced damage predominantly in the blood of patients with Behcet's syndrome, and the association with soluble immune complexes suggest that the latter may generate C5b-9 complexes which may bind to the surface of cells in result in cell lysis.", "PMID": 737904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3273", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in active Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Levels of immune complexes (IC) were determined by the Raji-cell and C1q-binding radioimmunoassays in the sera of eighteen patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Eight patients (44%) were found to have significantly elevated levels of IC (range 56 to 1600 microgram equivalent aliquots of heat aggregated IgG (AHG/ml) by the former test and nine by the latter (7 to 500 microgram equivalent AHG/ml). The presence of IC showed a significant correlation with disease activity score (P = 0.003, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test). Abnormal values of IC tended to remain abnormal when sera were retested after 1 year. There was no correlation between IC and duration of disease or any specific organ involvement. The IC were found predominantly in fractions of about 19S and greater when fractionated by sucrose density gradient or Sephadex column techniques. The results suggest the possibility that IC may contribute to the pathophysiology of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in active Beh\u00e7et's disease. Levels of immune complexes (IC) were determined by the Raji-cell and C1q-binding radioimmunoassays in the sera of eighteen patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Eight patients (44%) were found to have significantly elevated levels of IC (range 56 to 1600 microgram equivalent aliquots of heat aggregated IgG (AHG/ml) by the former test and nine by the latter (7 to 500 microgram equivalent AHG/ml). The presence of IC showed a significant correlation with disease activity score (P = 0.003, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test). Abnormal values of IC tended to remain abnormal when sera were retested after 1 year. There was no correlation between IC and duration of disease or any specific organ involvement. The IC were found predominantly in fractions of about 19S and greater when fractionated by sucrose density gradient or Sephadex column techniques. The results suggest the possibility that IC may contribute to the pathophysiology of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "PMID": 737905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3274", "title": "Immune complex detection and complement activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study of a radioimmunoassay using monoclonal rheumatoid factor, gel diffusion techniques and C4 activity.", "content": "Paired sera and synovial fluids from forty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis and twenty-five with other forms of arthritis were tested for immune complexes by a radioimmunoassay using monoclonal rheumatoid factor and gel diffusion procedures with monoclonal rheumatoid factor and C1q. Synovial fluid hemolytic C4 and C4 adjusted for IgG concentration were determined in both groups of patients. Immune complexes were detected at similar high frequencies in the rheumatoid synovial fluids by precipitin formation with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (68%) and C1q (71%). In contrast, immune complexes in rheumatoid sera were detected in low frequency by precipitin reactions with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (10%) and C1q (0%). Using the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay, thirty-one (63%) synovial fluids exceeded the mean non-RA binding activity by one standard deviation. Similarly, twenty-four (49%) rheumatoid sera exceeded the mean non-RA binding activity to one standard deviation. Synovial fluid C4 adjusted for IgG as well as IgG alone distinguished between the two groups of patients whereas the C4 values did not. The C4/IgG value showed a strong negative correlation with the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay and C1q precipitin formation.", "contents": "Immune complex detection and complement activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study of a radioimmunoassay using monoclonal rheumatoid factor, gel diffusion techniques and C4 activity. Paired sera and synovial fluids from forty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis and twenty-five with other forms of arthritis were tested for immune complexes by a radioimmunoassay using monoclonal rheumatoid factor and gel diffusion procedures with monoclonal rheumatoid factor and C1q. Synovial fluid hemolytic C4 and C4 adjusted for IgG concentration were determined in both groups of patients. Immune complexes were detected at similar high frequencies in the rheumatoid synovial fluids by precipitin formation with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (68%) and C1q (71%). In contrast, immune complexes in rheumatoid sera were detected in low frequency by precipitin reactions with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (10%) and C1q (0%). Using the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay, thirty-one (63%) synovial fluids exceeded the mean non-RA binding activity by one standard deviation. Similarly, twenty-four (49%) rheumatoid sera exceeded the mean non-RA binding activity to one standard deviation. Synovial fluid C4 adjusted for IgG as well as IgG alone distinguished between the two groups of patients whereas the C4 values did not. The C4/IgG value showed a strong negative correlation with the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay and C1q precipitin formation.", "PMID": 737907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3275", "title": "Selective decrease in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "With the use of two target cells (chicken erythrocytes and Chang cells), the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) was studied. Patients with active SLE had a significant reduction in ADCMC against Chang cells whereas cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes did not differ significantly from that of a control population. Similarly, a group of PSS patients with positive anti-DNP antibodies demonstrated a selective reduction in ADCMC against Chang cells. These findings support the concept that different effector cells mediate ADCMC against chicken erythrocytes and Chang cells, and indicate that in some patients with SLE and PSS there is a selective reduction or blockade of the ADCMC effector cell active against Chang cells.", "contents": "Selective decrease in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis. With the use of two target cells (chicken erythrocytes and Chang cells), the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) was studied. Patients with active SLE had a significant reduction in ADCMC against Chang cells whereas cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes did not differ significantly from that of a control population. Similarly, a group of PSS patients with positive anti-DNP antibodies demonstrated a selective reduction in ADCMC against Chang cells. These findings support the concept that different effector cells mediate ADCMC against chicken erythrocytes and Chang cells, and indicate that in some patients with SLE and PSS there is a selective reduction or blockade of the ADCMC effector cell active against Chang cells.", "PMID": 737908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3276", "title": "Defective yeast opsonization and C2 deficiency in atopic patients.", "content": "Twenty-seven per cent of atopic patients initially presenting with infantile eczema or hay fever were defective for yeast opsonization and 18% had low levels of C2; these deficiencies were mutually exclusive, suggesting that they are primary. Both defects were associated with each of four different atopic syndromes, some of which were related to certain HLA haplotypes.", "contents": "Defective yeast opsonization and C2 deficiency in atopic patients. Twenty-seven per cent of atopic patients initially presenting with infantile eczema or hay fever were defective for yeast opsonization and 18% had low levels of C2; these deficiencies were mutually exclusive, suggesting that they are primary. Both defects were associated with each of four different atopic syndromes, some of which were related to certain HLA haplotypes.", "PMID": 737910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3277", "title": "Effects of ageing, surface sialic acid and glycopeptides of erythrocytes on auto-rosettes in man.", "content": "Human red blood cells can bind in vitro to autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes forming auto-rosettes. The percentage of rosett-forming cells (A-RFC) depends on erythrocyte ageing in vivo. Old untreated cells given an A-RFC percentage lower as compared with the young ones. The same age groups of cells treated with neuraminidase show a parallel increase of A-RFC as compared with untreated cells. No significant difference is found between young and old cells with high concentrations of neuraminidase. The rosetting formation is inhibited by the pre-treatment of lymphocytes with erythrocyte glycopeptides released by trypsin. This suggests that auto-rosetting is mediated by erythrocyte surface glycopeptides in which sialic acid plays a role directly or not.", "contents": "Effects of ageing, surface sialic acid and glycopeptides of erythrocytes on auto-rosettes in man. Human red blood cells can bind in vitro to autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes forming auto-rosettes. The percentage of rosett-forming cells (A-RFC) depends on erythrocyte ageing in vivo. Old untreated cells given an A-RFC percentage lower as compared with the young ones. The same age groups of cells treated with neuraminidase show a parallel increase of A-RFC as compared with untreated cells. No significant difference is found between young and old cells with high concentrations of neuraminidase. The rosetting formation is inhibited by the pre-treatment of lymphocytes with erythrocyte glycopeptides released by trypsin. This suggests that auto-rosetting is mediated by erythrocyte surface glycopeptides in which sialic acid plays a role directly or not.", "PMID": 737912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3278", "title": "Cutaneous and vulvar melanoma: an update.", "content": "In conclusion, cutaneous malignant melanoma, regardless of site, is best managed by early recognition and appropriate conservative surgical treatment. Depth of tumor invasion at the time of definitive surgical intervention is the most accurate measure of prognosis. Radical surgical measures for deeply invasive high-risk primary lesions have yet to be proven effective in altering prognosis, and the patient's quality of life should be considered when such procedures are contemplated.", "contents": "Cutaneous and vulvar melanoma: an update. In conclusion, cutaneous malignant melanoma, regardless of site, is best managed by early recognition and appropriate conservative surgical treatment. Depth of tumor invasion at the time of definitive surgical intervention is the most accurate measure of prognosis. Radical surgical measures for deeply invasive high-risk primary lesions have yet to be proven effective in altering prognosis, and the patient's quality of life should be considered when such procedures are contemplated.", "PMID": 737922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3279", "title": "Antecedents of teenage pregnancy.", "content": "Antecedent factors operative in the causation of adolescent pregnancy include: The sexuality of contemporary society, especially the media. Prolongation of educational any vocational preparation in industrialized western society. Normal physical maturation at an early age. Peer and social pressure. Low expectations of life among minority and economically poor individuals. The conspiracy of silence surrounding sexuality and the inability of society to admit and deal realistically with the sexual activity of adolescents. Failure to provide sex education, clarification of values, family-life education, preparation for parenthood, and knowledge of birth-control and family-planning services targeted to teenagers, including adolescent males. Psychological and emotional problems. Failure to provide available and accessible early pregnancy-detection services with adequate counseling and support services. Failure to provide abortion services. Failure to provide supportive services to adolescents who have a child in order to prevent repeated pregnancy. Pregnancy, childbearing, and motherhood represent ultimate feminine fulfillment to many in our society, and unless attainable expectations and desirable alternatives are available, adolescents will continue to see little reason to postpone pregnancy and childbearing.", "contents": "Antecedents of teenage pregnancy. Antecedent factors operative in the causation of adolescent pregnancy include: The sexuality of contemporary society, especially the media. Prolongation of educational any vocational preparation in industrialized western society. Normal physical maturation at an early age. Peer and social pressure. Low expectations of life among minority and economically poor individuals. The conspiracy of silence surrounding sexuality and the inability of society to admit and deal realistically with the sexual activity of adolescents. Failure to provide sex education, clarification of values, family-life education, preparation for parenthood, and knowledge of birth-control and family-planning services targeted to teenagers, including adolescent males. Psychological and emotional problems. Failure to provide available and accessible early pregnancy-detection services with adequate counseling and support services. Failure to provide abortion services. Failure to provide supportive services to adolescents who have a child in order to prevent repeated pregnancy. Pregnancy, childbearing, and motherhood represent ultimate feminine fulfillment to many in our society, and unless attainable expectations and desirable alternatives are available, adolescents will continue to see little reason to postpone pregnancy and childbearing.", "PMID": 737924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3280", "title": "Meeting the special needs of pregnant teenagers.", "content": "There is no one best method of contraception for postpregnant teenagers. Most emphasis, however, needs to be on preventing unwanted teenage pregnancies. Contraceptive history must be considered in prescribing. Effective and continuing contraceptive use is enhanced by careful counseling and follow-up and sensitivity to the special needs of teenage users of contraceptives for support, reinstruction, reassurance, guarantee of privacy, and comfort in the clinical setting. Use of oral contraceptives or IUDs should be encouraged since their use-effectiveness in teenagers is so much greater than other methods. But even more important is acceptability to the teenager as this provides the greatest assurance that the method will be used effectively.", "contents": "Meeting the special needs of pregnant teenagers. There is no one best method of contraception for postpregnant teenagers. Most emphasis, however, needs to be on preventing unwanted teenage pregnancies. Contraceptive history must be considered in prescribing. Effective and continuing contraceptive use is enhanced by careful counseling and follow-up and sensitivity to the special needs of teenage users of contraceptives for support, reinstruction, reassurance, guarantee of privacy, and comfort in the clinical setting. Use of oral contraceptives or IUDs should be encouraged since their use-effectiveness in teenagers is so much greater than other methods. But even more important is acceptability to the teenager as this provides the greatest assurance that the method will be used effectively.", "PMID": 737928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3281", "title": "Radionuclide image patterns of hepatic metastasis and pyogenic abscess: difficulties in differential diagnosis.", "content": "A case of hepatic metastasis with a clinical differential diagnosis of amebic and bacterial abscess is presented. Hepatic scanning with 67Ga-citrate did not diagnostically differentiate the lesion. Hepatic arteriography combined with a therapeutic trial of metronidazole proved useful in defining the lesion. An understanding of the pathophysiologic process involved in 67Ga scanning of hepatic lesions suggests a non-invasive method of discriminating among these clinical diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "Radionuclide image patterns of hepatic metastasis and pyogenic abscess: difficulties in differential diagnosis. A case of hepatic metastasis with a clinical differential diagnosis of amebic and bacterial abscess is presented. Hepatic scanning with 67Ga-citrate did not diagnostically differentiate the lesion. Hepatic arteriography combined with a therapeutic trial of metronidazole proved useful in defining the lesion. An understanding of the pathophysiologic process involved in 67Ga scanning of hepatic lesions suggests a non-invasive method of discriminating among these clinical diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 737932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3282", "title": "Serial 67Ga-citrate imaging during treatment of acute osteomyelitis in childhood.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that abnormalities on 67Ga-citrate scans parallel the clinical course of acute osteomyelitis and revert to normal with successful antibiotic therapy, serial scans were performed in ten children. Scans improved markedly within the first two to four weeks of treatment, but abnormalities persisted at six or more weeks in over 50% of the cases, despite complete clinical resolutions of disease.", "contents": "Serial 67Ga-citrate imaging during treatment of acute osteomyelitis in childhood. To test the hypothesis that abnormalities on 67Ga-citrate scans parallel the clinical course of acute osteomyelitis and revert to normal with successful antibiotic therapy, serial scans were performed in ten children. Scans improved markedly within the first two to four weeks of treatment, but abnormalities persisted at six or more weeks in over 50% of the cases, despite complete clinical resolutions of disease.", "PMID": 737933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3283", "title": "Increased concentration of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate and 67Ga-citrate in extracranial bone metastases from pinealoma.", "content": "A rare case of extracranial bone metastases from pinealoma is reported. 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate and 67Ga-citrate scans were of great clinical value in confirming the presence of bone metastases. Bone lesions were positively delineated by both radionuclides, but the concentration of 67Ga-citrate was more extensive than that of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate.", "contents": "Increased concentration of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate and 67Ga-citrate in extracranial bone metastases from pinealoma. A rare case of extracranial bone metastases from pinealoma is reported. 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate and 67Ga-citrate scans were of great clinical value in confirming the presence of bone metastases. Bone lesions were positively delineated by both radionuclides, but the concentration of 67Ga-citrate was more extensive than that of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate.", "PMID": 737934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3284", "title": "Bone scan in Tietze's syndrome.", "content": "Bone scans of a 45-year-old man with Tietze's syndrome showed abnormal increased activity at the involved costochondral area. X-ray and biopsy examinations of the abnormal area did not reveal any abnormality.", "contents": "Bone scan in Tietze's syndrome. Bone scans of a 45-year-old man with Tietze's syndrome showed abnormal increased activity at the involved costochondral area. X-ray and biopsy examinations of the abnormal area did not reveal any abnormality.", "PMID": 737935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3285", "title": "Resolution of bone scan changes in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in untreated carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "The bone scan appearance of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) in patients with pulmonary neoplasms and a variety of other lesions has been described by several investigators. It is well known that after therapy, the bone scan changes resolve. This report deals with a patient who had no therapy for a pulmonary neoplasm. In a study done three months later, changes in his initial bone scan that had suggested pulmonary osteoarthropathy had resolved completely, even though the patient had no treatment for his carcinoma.", "contents": "Resolution of bone scan changes in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in untreated carcinoma of the lung. The bone scan appearance of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) in patients with pulmonary neoplasms and a variety of other lesions has been described by several investigators. It is well known that after therapy, the bone scan changes resolve. This report deals with a patient who had no therapy for a pulmonary neoplasm. In a study done three months later, changes in his initial bone scan that had suggested pulmonary osteoarthropathy had resolved completely, even though the patient had no treatment for his carcinoma.", "PMID": 737936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3286", "title": "Quantitative hepatic scintiangiography.", "content": "A new method has been developed which quantitatively assesses the relative arterial and portal venous blood flow in both normal and diseased liver tissue. Using a standard dedicated computer and routine clinical programs, the hepatic blood flow time/activity curve was analyzed. Specific indices were calculated: alpha1 represents aortic blood flow; alpha2, portal blood flow; alpha1/alpha2, the ratio of arterial to portal blood flow; and delta T, the difference in time between the peak of the arterial curve and the junction of the arterial and portal phases of the hepatic curve. Student's t-tests showed that these indices may be used to differentiate between the normal population and patients who have metastases or moderate to severe hepatocellular disease. Patients with early hepatocellular disease could not be differentiated from the normal population, but they could be separated from patients with more advanced hepatocellular disease. Patients with severe hepatocellular disease could not be separated from those with metastases. The most important uses of this technique may be in following a patient and determining when hepatocellular disease has become irreversible, and in following the course of treatment of a patient with metastatic disease to the liver.", "contents": "Quantitative hepatic scintiangiography. A new method has been developed which quantitatively assesses the relative arterial and portal venous blood flow in both normal and diseased liver tissue. Using a standard dedicated computer and routine clinical programs, the hepatic blood flow time/activity curve was analyzed. Specific indices were calculated: alpha1 represents aortic blood flow; alpha2, portal blood flow; alpha1/alpha2, the ratio of arterial to portal blood flow; and delta T, the difference in time between the peak of the arterial curve and the junction of the arterial and portal phases of the hepatic curve. Student's t-tests showed that these indices may be used to differentiate between the normal population and patients who have metastases or moderate to severe hepatocellular disease. Patients with early hepatocellular disease could not be differentiated from the normal population, but they could be separated from patients with more advanced hepatocellular disease. Patients with severe hepatocellular disease could not be separated from those with metastases. The most important uses of this technique may be in following a patient and determining when hepatocellular disease has become irreversible, and in following the course of treatment of a patient with metastatic disease to the liver.", "PMID": 737938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3287", "title": "Subdural empyema associated with an apparent regional hyperperfusion (luxury perfusion).", "content": "A patient with a subdural empyema demonstrated a late arterial \"blush\" during a 99mTc-pertechnetate cerebral dynamic flow study which \"washed out\" in the delayed images. Cerebral arteriography and subsequent autopsy documented inflammatory tissue surrounding the empyema, resulting in this scintigraphic pattern.", "contents": "Subdural empyema associated with an apparent regional hyperperfusion (luxury perfusion). A patient with a subdural empyema demonstrated a late arterial \"blush\" during a 99mTc-pertechnetate cerebral dynamic flow study which \"washed out\" in the delayed images. Cerebral arteriography and subsequent autopsy documented inflammatory tissue surrounding the empyema, resulting in this scintigraphic pattern.", "PMID": 737939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3288", "title": "The place of surgery in the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "content": "If the role of surgery has receded somewhat in other areas of gynaecological cancer, the reverse would seem to be true in ovarian cancer. The problem of the scope for increased surgical procedures outside the general run of gynaecological operations is high-lighted by the difficulty in achieving accurate preoperative diagnosis. Carcinoma of the ovary may well be found unexpectedly by the relatively inexperienced surgeon operating for a tumour presumed to be a fibroid uterus. Improvement in the survival of patients treated for cancer is only rarely the result of a single therapeutic advance. Generally it is achieved by the meticulous and individual application of multi-modal therapy. In this context careful and occasionally bold surgery remains a key treatment in the management of ovarian cancer.", "contents": "The place of surgery in the treatment of ovarian cancer. If the role of surgery has receded somewhat in other areas of gynaecological cancer, the reverse would seem to be true in ovarian cancer. The problem of the scope for increased surgical procedures outside the general run of gynaecological operations is high-lighted by the difficulty in achieving accurate preoperative diagnosis. Carcinoma of the ovary may well be found unexpectedly by the relatively inexperienced surgeon operating for a tumour presumed to be a fibroid uterus. Improvement in the survival of patients treated for cancer is only rarely the result of a single therapeutic advance. Generally it is achieved by the meticulous and individual application of multi-modal therapy. In this context careful and occasionally bold surgery remains a key treatment in the management of ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 737947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3289", "title": "The treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in the Mersey Regional Cancer Registry Area with some comments on incidence.", "content": "One thousand and twenty-four patients were registered with carcinoma in situ of the cervix at the Mersey Regional Cancer Registry from 1962 to 1973. The number of new cases reached a peak in the over-35s during 1968-70, but later in the under-35s. Fifty-five per cent of patients were treated initially by hysterectomy and 39% by cone biopsy or amputation. In the former group two patients developed invasive recurrence and one patient in situ recurrence. In the latter group one patient developed invasive recurrence and 15 patients developed in situ recurrence. This evidence is in agreement with other studies and supports the view that cone biopsy is an effective treatment for c. in situ of the cervix.", "contents": "The treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in the Mersey Regional Cancer Registry Area with some comments on incidence. One thousand and twenty-four patients were registered with carcinoma in situ of the cervix at the Mersey Regional Cancer Registry from 1962 to 1973. The number of new cases reached a peak in the over-35s during 1968-70, but later in the under-35s. Fifty-five per cent of patients were treated initially by hysterectomy and 39% by cone biopsy or amputation. In the former group two patients developed invasive recurrence and one patient in situ recurrence. In the latter group one patient developed invasive recurrence and 15 patients developed in situ recurrence. This evidence is in agreement with other studies and supports the view that cone biopsy is an effective treatment for c. in situ of the cervix.", "PMID": 737948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3290", "title": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of malignant lung lesions using the Chiba needle. An initial experience.", "content": "The fine gauge Chiba needle was evaluated in percutaneous aspiration biopsy in 20 patients with suspected malignant lung neoplasm. Adequate aspirate can be obtained with one biopsy. A confident cytological diagnosis of malignancy was made in 19 out of 20 patients. Most of the patients were elderly. Nine patients developed pneumothoraces which were small and asymptomatic. The needle is easy to handle and very acceptable to patients. This needle therefore appears to be very suitable for percutaneous aspiration biopsy of lung neoplasms and possibly other non-neoplastic lesions too. It promises to supersede the larger aspiration needles currently in use.", "contents": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of malignant lung lesions using the Chiba needle. An initial experience. The fine gauge Chiba needle was evaluated in percutaneous aspiration biopsy in 20 patients with suspected malignant lung neoplasm. Adequate aspirate can be obtained with one biopsy. A confident cytological diagnosis of malignancy was made in 19 out of 20 patients. Most of the patients were elderly. Nine patients developed pneumothoraces which were small and asymptomatic. The needle is easy to handle and very acceptable to patients. This needle therefore appears to be very suitable for percutaneous aspiration biopsy of lung neoplasms and possibly other non-neoplastic lesions too. It promises to supersede the larger aspiration needles currently in use.", "PMID": 737950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3291", "title": "Fluoroscopically controlled transbronchial biopsy of solitary peripheral pulmonary lesions using the fibreoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Experience of fluoroscopically controlled transbronchial biopsy using the fibreoptic bronchoscope in 30 patients with solitary lesions in the peripheral lung fields beyond bronchoscopic vision is described. At the time of submitting this paper for publication (30 January 1978) no account of the technique has been reported in the British literature. In 21 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma a positive biopsy diagnosis was obtained in 14 (67%). Five of seven patients (71%) with a final diagnosis of an inflammatory condition showed evidence of acute or chronic inflammation on biopsy. There were no complications. The procedure is indicated when a definitive diagnosis is required for management planning in clinically inoperable patients, or when a tissue diagnosis is particularly desired in an attempt to obviate the need for thoracotomy. The relative safety makes this the biopsy technique of choice for the evaluation of isolated peripheral pulmonary opacities.", "contents": "Fluoroscopically controlled transbronchial biopsy of solitary peripheral pulmonary lesions using the fibreoptic bronchoscope. Experience of fluoroscopically controlled transbronchial biopsy using the fibreoptic bronchoscope in 30 patients with solitary lesions in the peripheral lung fields beyond bronchoscopic vision is described. At the time of submitting this paper for publication (30 January 1978) no account of the technique has been reported in the British literature. In 21 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma a positive biopsy diagnosis was obtained in 14 (67%). Five of seven patients (71%) with a final diagnosis of an inflammatory condition showed evidence of acute or chronic inflammation on biopsy. There were no complications. The procedure is indicated when a definitive diagnosis is required for management planning in clinically inoperable patients, or when a tissue diagnosis is particularly desired in an attempt to obviate the need for thoracotomy. The relative safety makes this the biopsy technique of choice for the evaluation of isolated peripheral pulmonary opacities.", "PMID": 737951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3292", "title": "Duodenal loop widening in pancreatic diseases.", "content": "The magnitude of the duodenal loop in patients with a variety of pancreas-associated disease has been accurately measured and compared with those values encountered in a series of normal subjects in order to assess if any widening had occurred. Using a Student's t-test all the patients with pancreatic disease were indistinguishable from the control subjects at the 5% level, and the validity of this effect as a diagnostic tool is questioned.", "contents": "Duodenal loop widening in pancreatic diseases. The magnitude of the duodenal loop in patients with a variety of pancreas-associated disease has been accurately measured and compared with those values encountered in a series of normal subjects in order to assess if any widening had occurred. Using a Student's t-test all the patients with pancreatic disease were indistinguishable from the control subjects at the 5% level, and the validity of this effect as a diagnostic tool is questioned.", "PMID": 737952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3293", "title": "A clinical evaluation of isotope scanning, ultrasonography and computed tomography in pancreatic disease.", "content": "In a prospective study of 46 patients with suspected pancreatic disease the provisional diagnoses arrived at independently by isotope scanning (IS), ultrasonography (USS) and computed tomography (CT) have been compared. In the control group, IS and CT were associated with a higher false positive rate than USS; The isotope scan was abnormal in most patients with proven chronic pancreatitis and cancer. The results from USS and CT were similar when structural changes were present. USS was superior in diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma and was a convenient means to follow the progression of acute pancreatitis to final resolution or the development of a pseudocyst. CT proved especially useful in accurately delineating cysts, pseudocysts and calculi prior to planning surgery and in assessing disease in contiguous viscera.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of isotope scanning, ultrasonography and computed tomography in pancreatic disease. In a prospective study of 46 patients with suspected pancreatic disease the provisional diagnoses arrived at independently by isotope scanning (IS), ultrasonography (USS) and computed tomography (CT) have been compared. In the control group, IS and CT were associated with a higher false positive rate than USS; The isotope scan was abnormal in most patients with proven chronic pancreatitis and cancer. The results from USS and CT were similar when structural changes were present. USS was superior in diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma and was a convenient means to follow the progression of acute pancreatitis to final resolution or the development of a pseudocyst. CT proved especially useful in accurately delineating cysts, pseudocysts and calculi prior to planning surgery and in assessing disease in contiguous viscera.", "PMID": 737953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3294", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in primary biliary tract carcinoma.", "content": "The appearance of primary biliary tract carcinoma revealed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in 16 patients and surgically confirmed, are classified as to location, type of margin of the lesion and degree of obstruction. Differential diagnosis towards infiltrating tumour of the gallbladder is considered. The conclusion is drawn that endoscopic retrograde cholangiography will establish the diagnosis of malignancy of the biliary tract with an acceptable certainty.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in primary biliary tract carcinoma. The appearance of primary biliary tract carcinoma revealed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in 16 patients and surgically confirmed, are classified as to location, type of margin of the lesion and degree of obstruction. Differential diagnosis towards infiltrating tumour of the gallbladder is considered. The conclusion is drawn that endoscopic retrograde cholangiography will establish the diagnosis of malignancy of the biliary tract with an acceptable certainty.", "PMID": 737954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3295", "title": "Limitations of the cholecystogram.", "content": "There is a little doubt that the spontaneous passage of gallstones occurs sometimes without pain or jaundice. This is probably more frequent than is realised. While the cholecystogram is a reliable investigation and of great assistance to the clinician, occasionally a normal gallbladder will be demonstrated, when it has previously been the resting place of small gallstones. Four cases are described in which patients suffering clinically from cholelithiasis are shown to have a normal cholecystogram, but on repeat examinations gallstones are demonstrated in each case over intervals of one or two years. It is suggested that gallstones had been present in all these cases at the time of the initial symptoms, but could well have passed prior to the first examination.", "contents": "Limitations of the cholecystogram. There is a little doubt that the spontaneous passage of gallstones occurs sometimes without pain or jaundice. This is probably more frequent than is realised. While the cholecystogram is a reliable investigation and of great assistance to the clinician, occasionally a normal gallbladder will be demonstrated, when it has previously been the resting place of small gallstones. Four cases are described in which patients suffering clinically from cholelithiasis are shown to have a normal cholecystogram, but on repeat examinations gallstones are demonstrated in each case over intervals of one or two years. It is suggested that gallstones had been present in all these cases at the time of the initial symptoms, but could well have passed prior to the first examination.", "PMID": 737955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3296", "title": "Radiology in early slipped femoral capital epiphysis.", "content": "In a study of 38 hips showing only minor abnormality on the AP radiograph, it was found that the most reliable sign of an early slip was blurring of the junction between the metaphysis and the growth plate. The diagnosis could not be made on the AP film alone in 11% of cases and it is recommended that a routine lateral radiograph is obtained when slipped epiphysis is a clinical possibility. The importance of the radiologist in the early diagnosis of the condition is stressed and the causes of diagnostic delay are considered.", "contents": "Radiology in early slipped femoral capital epiphysis. In a study of 38 hips showing only minor abnormality on the AP radiograph, it was found that the most reliable sign of an early slip was blurring of the junction between the metaphysis and the growth plate. The diagnosis could not be made on the AP film alone in 11% of cases and it is recommended that a routine lateral radiograph is obtained when slipped epiphysis is a clinical possibility. The importance of the radiologist in the early diagnosis of the condition is stressed and the causes of diagnostic delay are considered.", "PMID": 737956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3297", "title": "Osteo-articular tuberculosis: its presentation in coloured races.", "content": "Four hundred and ninety-nine cases of osteo-articular tuberculosis have been analysed with special emphasis on the \"unusual\" presentation. Sclerotic bone reaction in association with active tuberculous osteitis is not at all uncommon and may occur in any affected bone. Maintenance of disc spaces with tuberculous spondylitis is not uncommon. Periosteal reactions, often very gross, occur commonly both in multicystic tuberculosis as well as in isolated lesions. Multiple bone involvement occurred in 8.2% of this series. Tomography delineates the total extent of involvement especially in central involvement of vertebral bodies. Healed tuberculosis may give rise to block vertebrae indistinguishable from the congenital type except for the absence of waisting at the level of fusion.", "contents": "Osteo-articular tuberculosis: its presentation in coloured races. Four hundred and ninety-nine cases of osteo-articular tuberculosis have been analysed with special emphasis on the \"unusual\" presentation. Sclerotic bone reaction in association with active tuberculous osteitis is not at all uncommon and may occur in any affected bone. Maintenance of disc spaces with tuberculous spondylitis is not uncommon. Periosteal reactions, often very gross, occur commonly both in multicystic tuberculosis as well as in isolated lesions. Multiple bone involvement occurred in 8.2% of this series. Tomography delineates the total extent of involvement especially in central involvement of vertebral bodies. Healed tuberculosis may give rise to block vertebrae indistinguishable from the congenital type except for the absence of waisting at the level of fusion.", "PMID": 737957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3298", "title": "Lethal chondrodysplasia punctata.", "content": "The radiological findings in five infants, with chondrodysplasia punctata, who died during the neonatal period are presented to illustrate the role of radiology in diagnosis and prognosis in this syndrome. Rhizomelic shortening of the limbs almost inevitably indicates an early demise. In the non-rhizomelic group, features such as excessive stippling and tracheal calcification are unreliable prognostic factors of early morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Lethal chondrodysplasia punctata. The radiological findings in five infants, with chondrodysplasia punctata, who died during the neonatal period are presented to illustrate the role of radiology in diagnosis and prognosis in this syndrome. Rhizomelic shortening of the limbs almost inevitably indicates an early demise. In the non-rhizomelic group, features such as excessive stippling and tracheal calcification are unreliable prognostic factors of early morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 737958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3299", "title": "Soft tissue radiography of the testes.", "content": "A technique of soft tissue radiography of the testes is presented. The normal radiological appearances are described, and also the radiological features seen in 75 patients with testicular lesions. Of these, 18 patients had malignant neoplasms and 57 patients had benign conditions. Testicular tumours appeared as very radio-opaque, quite sharply defined shadows. Benign conditions were less radio-opaque and often had ill-defined margins. A diagnostic accuracy of 88% was achieved in differentiating between testicular tumours and benign conditions.", "contents": "Soft tissue radiography of the testes. A technique of soft tissue radiography of the testes is presented. The normal radiological appearances are described, and also the radiological features seen in 75 patients with testicular lesions. Of these, 18 patients had malignant neoplasms and 57 patients had benign conditions. Testicular tumours appeared as very radio-opaque, quite sharply defined shadows. Benign conditions were less radio-opaque and often had ill-defined margins. A diagnostic accuracy of 88% was achieved in differentiating between testicular tumours and benign conditions.", "PMID": 737959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3300", "title": "Local complications of ascending phlebography.", "content": "In order to estimate the rate of local complications of phlebography we studied a one-year series of 477 patients. Half of the patients were examined with a comparatively highly concentrated contrast medium and half with a more diluted one. Eight patients had local complications, verified by biopsy and/or thermography and plethysmography. One had a deep vein thrombosis, five had a superficial thrombosis and two had a skin necrosis. There were more complications after the use of the more concentrated medium, six against two. The frequency of clinically significant complications to phlebography is rather low, but high enough to warrant attention to the risks of the method. The concentration of the contrast medium should be as low as possible, and the time that the vessels are exposed to the chemical trauma as short as possible. A hypothesis is brought forward that skin necrosis with slow healing could be secondary to arterial thrombosis caused by extravasal contrast injection.", "contents": "Local complications of ascending phlebography. In order to estimate the rate of local complications of phlebography we studied a one-year series of 477 patients. Half of the patients were examined with a comparatively highly concentrated contrast medium and half with a more diluted one. Eight patients had local complications, verified by biopsy and/or thermography and plethysmography. One had a deep vein thrombosis, five had a superficial thrombosis and two had a skin necrosis. There were more complications after the use of the more concentrated medium, six against two. The frequency of clinically significant complications to phlebography is rather low, but high enough to warrant attention to the risks of the method. The concentration of the contrast medium should be as low as possible, and the time that the vessels are exposed to the chemical trauma as short as possible. A hypothesis is brought forward that skin necrosis with slow healing could be secondary to arterial thrombosis caused by extravasal contrast injection.", "PMID": 737960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3301", "title": "Toxicology of poinsettia.", "content": "1. The acute oral LD50 of poinsettia in Sprague Dawley rats were greater than 25 gm/kg for all plant parts tested. 2. Exaggerated oral dosing over a five-day period with as much as 125 gm/kg total dose did not produce any gross or microscopic pathology in Sprague Dawley rats. 3. A five-day total diet study of poinsettia produced no gross pathology in Sprague Dawley rats. 4. Poinsettia latex induced no local toxicity when instilled into the buccal cavity of Sprague Dawley rats. 5. Poinsettia latex induced no damage when instilled into the eyes of albino rabbits. 6. Upon repeated exposures poinsettia exhibited mild skin irritation in the albino rabbit. It is not considered to be a primary irritant. 7. Poinsettia induced skin photosensitivity in albino rabbits.", "contents": "Toxicology of poinsettia. 1. The acute oral LD50 of poinsettia in Sprague Dawley rats were greater than 25 gm/kg for all plant parts tested. 2. Exaggerated oral dosing over a five-day period with as much as 125 gm/kg total dose did not produce any gross or microscopic pathology in Sprague Dawley rats. 3. A five-day total diet study of poinsettia produced no gross pathology in Sprague Dawley rats. 4. Poinsettia latex induced no local toxicity when instilled into the buccal cavity of Sprague Dawley rats. 5. Poinsettia latex induced no damage when instilled into the eyes of albino rabbits. 6. Upon repeated exposures poinsettia exhibited mild skin irritation in the albino rabbit. It is not considered to be a primary irritant. 7. Poinsettia induced skin photosensitivity in albino rabbits.", "PMID": 737986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3302", "title": "Effective use of organic solvents to remove drugs from biologic specimens.", "content": "While studies on the extraction of drugs by various organic solvents are numerous, very few direct comparisons of all the commonly used extraction solvents have been made. Review of the literature and some specific studies undertaken by the author show that the solvents more frequently used in toxicology are not all alike but vary with respect to type of drug being extracted. Hexane, 1-chlorobutane, dichloromethane, chloroform, isopropyl ether, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and 1-butanol all extract nonpolar drugs quite efficiently; drugs which have polar functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, imides, amides, esters, and sulfonamides require more polar solvents for their removal from aqueous solution in high yield. Ethyl ether and other ethers, ethyl acetate, and ketones are hydrogen bond acceptor molecules and therefore extract electron donor solutes more readily than chloroform, the most commonly used electron donor solvent. Alcohols such as 1-butanol are excellent general drug extractors but pose other problems such as odor and emulsion formation. Hexane, on the other end of the polarity scale, extracts polar solutes very poorly. Thus, chloroform and ethyl ether are the most versatile solvents, although dichloromethane and 1-chlorobutane are finding more use. Solvent costs and health hazards vary within the group of solvents discussed. 1-Chlorobutane and chloroform are relatively expensive, while ethyl ether, hexanes, and dichloromethane are less expensive. No solvent is 100% safe with respect to fire, explosion, and health hazard. While chloroform has the lowest TLV, a safety limit, some of the other solvents have higher vapor pressures. The most useful solvent for small volume extractions is chloroform or chloroform with a small percentage of an alcohol. Although poor recoveries are obtained for many drugs by the small volume extraction technique, more and more use of this approach is expected in the future.", "contents": "Effective use of organic solvents to remove drugs from biologic specimens. While studies on the extraction of drugs by various organic solvents are numerous, very few direct comparisons of all the commonly used extraction solvents have been made. Review of the literature and some specific studies undertaken by the author show that the solvents more frequently used in toxicology are not all alike but vary with respect to type of drug being extracted. Hexane, 1-chlorobutane, dichloromethane, chloroform, isopropyl ether, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and 1-butanol all extract nonpolar drugs quite efficiently; drugs which have polar functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, imides, amides, esters, and sulfonamides require more polar solvents for their removal from aqueous solution in high yield. Ethyl ether and other ethers, ethyl acetate, and ketones are hydrogen bond acceptor molecules and therefore extract electron donor solutes more readily than chloroform, the most commonly used electron donor solvent. Alcohols such as 1-butanol are excellent general drug extractors but pose other problems such as odor and emulsion formation. Hexane, on the other end of the polarity scale, extracts polar solutes very poorly. Thus, chloroform and ethyl ether are the most versatile solvents, although dichloromethane and 1-chlorobutane are finding more use. Solvent costs and health hazards vary within the group of solvents discussed. 1-Chlorobutane and chloroform are relatively expensive, while ethyl ether, hexanes, and dichloromethane are less expensive. No solvent is 100% safe with respect to fire, explosion, and health hazard. While chloroform has the lowest TLV, a safety limit, some of the other solvents have higher vapor pressures. The most useful solvent for small volume extractions is chloroform or chloroform with a small percentage of an alcohol. Although poor recoveries are obtained for many drugs by the small volume extraction technique, more and more use of this approach is expected in the future.", "PMID": 737987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3303", "title": "Ethylene and diethylene glycol toxicity.", "content": "1. Blood concentrations of ethylene and diethylene glycol were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats at varying intervals following oral dosages of the glycols. 2. Ethylene and diethylene glycol in rat blood stored under refrigeration at 4 degrees +/- 10 degrees C for a period of 30 days exhibited minimal concentration losses, contrary to previous reports. 3. The amount of oxalate in the blood and kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats doses with ethylene and diethylene glycol was quantitated. The animals dosed with ethylene glycol demonstrated significantly higher oxalate levels, particularly at 8 hr post-dosing, than similar animals dosed with diethylene glycol. 4. Ethylene glycol induced oxalate deposition within the kidney without significant histologic changes. Diethylene glycol induced histologic changes within the kidneys without kidney oxalate deposition. 5. Maximal kidney oxalate levels, following ethylene glycol dosage, occurred concurrently with peak blood oxalate concentrations. In the case of diethylene glycol, kidney oxalate levels did not peak until 4 hr after maximal blood oxalate levels. 6. Ethylene and diethylene glycol induced different modes of death in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "contents": "Ethylene and diethylene glycol toxicity. 1. Blood concentrations of ethylene and diethylene glycol were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats at varying intervals following oral dosages of the glycols. 2. Ethylene and diethylene glycol in rat blood stored under refrigeration at 4 degrees +/- 10 degrees C for a period of 30 days exhibited minimal concentration losses, contrary to previous reports. 3. The amount of oxalate in the blood and kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats doses with ethylene and diethylene glycol was quantitated. The animals dosed with ethylene glycol demonstrated significantly higher oxalate levels, particularly at 8 hr post-dosing, than similar animals dosed with diethylene glycol. 4. Ethylene glycol induced oxalate deposition within the kidney without significant histologic changes. Diethylene glycol induced histologic changes within the kidneys without kidney oxalate deposition. 5. Maximal kidney oxalate levels, following ethylene glycol dosage, occurred concurrently with peak blood oxalate concentrations. In the case of diethylene glycol, kidney oxalate levels did not peak until 4 hr after maximal blood oxalate levels. 6. Ethylene and diethylene glycol induced different modes of death in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "PMID": 737988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3304", "title": "Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. I. Comparison of different methods of inducing and measuring cutaneous sensitization.", "content": "Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with a 0.1% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the Draize intracutaneous method. The course of the induction process, the influence of the vehicles used and the extent to which the reactions are amenable to assessment according to objective criteria were examined. The sensitivity of the standardized Draize test was then compared with that of various other sensitization techniques, including: The intracutaneous test with adjuvant (optimization test) The maximization test according to Magnusson & Kligman (1969) The epidermal sensitization test The epidermal sensitization test with prior irritation of the contact site (by croton oil or sodium lauryl sulphate). Comparison of these methods revealed that either the additional application of adjuvant or prior irritation of the contact site augmented the degree of sensitization of DNCB just as greatly as the simultaneous use of adjuvant and prior irritation of the skin, (maximization test). The improved sensitization methods, and in particular the standardized optimization test, may prove to be of particular value for the study of so-called weak allergens.", "contents": "Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. I. Comparison of different methods of inducing and measuring cutaneous sensitization. Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with a 0.1% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the Draize intracutaneous method. The course of the induction process, the influence of the vehicles used and the extent to which the reactions are amenable to assessment according to objective criteria were examined. The sensitivity of the standardized Draize test was then compared with that of various other sensitization techniques, including: The intracutaneous test with adjuvant (optimization test) The maximization test according to Magnusson & Kligman (1969) The epidermal sensitization test The epidermal sensitization test with prior irritation of the contact site (by croton oil or sodium lauryl sulphate). Comparison of these methods revealed that either the additional application of adjuvant or prior irritation of the contact site augmented the degree of sensitization of DNCB just as greatly as the simultaneous use of adjuvant and prior irritation of the skin, (maximization test). The improved sensitization methods, and in particular the standardized optimization test, may prove to be of particular value for the study of so-called weak allergens.", "PMID": 738037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3305", "title": "Histologic aspects of patch test reactions in allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "Twenty subjects with allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with the responsible allergen applied to four fixed points on the back. Skin biopsies of the four sites were obtained after 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, fixed in neutral formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa and toluidine blue. Sections were examined and lymphomonocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils counted. In all cases the infiltrate consisted mainly of lymphomonocytes (80-82%); mast cells (5%) and basophils (0.2%) do not present clear variations within the given time. Eosinophils showed a definite numerical increase in six cases out of 20.", "contents": "Histologic aspects of patch test reactions in allergic contact dermatitis. Twenty subjects with allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with the responsible allergen applied to four fixed points on the back. Skin biopsies of the four sites were obtained after 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, fixed in neutral formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa and toluidine blue. Sections were examined and lymphomonocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils counted. In all cases the infiltrate consisted mainly of lymphomonocytes (80-82%); mast cells (5%) and basophils (0.2%) do not present clear variations within the given time. Eosinophils showed a definite numerical increase in six cases out of 20.", "PMID": 738038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3306", "title": "Contact urticaria from synthetic cassia oil and sorbic acid limited to the face.", "content": "A patient with contact urticaria with skin and respiratory symptoms was found to be sensitive to both sorbic acid and synthetic oil of cassia. The contact urticaria was only elicitable on intact skin of the face by open testing. The source of the patient's contactants was her shampoo and toothpaste.", "contents": "Contact urticaria from synthetic cassia oil and sorbic acid limited to the face. A patient with contact urticaria with skin and respiratory symptoms was found to be sensitive to both sorbic acid and synthetic oil of cassia. The contact urticaria was only elicitable on intact skin of the face by open testing. The source of the patient's contactants was her shampoo and toothpaste.", "PMID": 738039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3307", "title": "Comparison between 24- and 48-hour exposure time in patch testing.", "content": "A pilot study was performed to compare the results obtained by leaving the test substances recommended by ICDRG on the backs of the patients for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The Piril\u00e4 chamber test method was used. We got different results between the two methods of application time as reported, and intend to continue the study.", "contents": "Comparison between 24- and 48-hour exposure time in patch testing. A pilot study was performed to compare the results obtained by leaving the test substances recommended by ICDRG on the backs of the patients for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The Piril\u00e4 chamber test method was used. We got different results between the two methods of application time as reported, and intend to continue the study.", "PMID": 738040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3308", "title": "Outpatient anesthesia at the Ambulatory Surgery Center, Tucson Medical Center.", "content": "The safety, economy and acceptability of the concept of the ambulatory surgical facility have been proved; its future depends upon the support it receives from us as physicians. The role of the anesthesiologist in the short-stay surgical facility is also well established.", "contents": "Outpatient anesthesia at the Ambulatory Surgery Center, Tucson Medical Center. The safety, economy and acceptability of the concept of the ambulatory surgical facility have been proved; its future depends upon the support it receives from us as physicians. The role of the anesthesiologist in the short-stay surgical facility is also well established.", "PMID": 738049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3309", "title": "Nitrous-narcotic-relaxant anesthesia vs. volatile anesthesia in the adult surgical outpatient.", "content": "A review of the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous-narcotic-relaxant vs. inhaled volatile anesthesia for outpatients results in the following conclusion: For most anesthesiologists in most settings, inhaled volatile anesthesia (with or without supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents) is probably superior to nitrous-narcotic-relaxant anesthesia (Table 1). Every anesthesiologist administering anesthesia to adult surgical patients on an outpatient basis must evaluate the surgical procedure being performed and his own anesthetic skill in deciding which of these techniques is best suited to any particular patient. It is only by constant attention to all factors that we can continue to provide the finest in anesthetic care for adult outpatients.", "contents": "Nitrous-narcotic-relaxant anesthesia vs. volatile anesthesia in the adult surgical outpatient. A review of the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous-narcotic-relaxant vs. inhaled volatile anesthesia for outpatients results in the following conclusion: For most anesthesiologists in most settings, inhaled volatile anesthesia (with or without supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents) is probably superior to nitrous-narcotic-relaxant anesthesia (Table 1). Every anesthesiologist administering anesthesia to adult surgical patients on an outpatient basis must evaluate the surgical procedure being performed and his own anesthetic skill in deciding which of these techniques is best suited to any particular patient. It is only by constant attention to all factors that we can continue to provide the finest in anesthetic care for adult outpatients.", "PMID": 738053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3310", "title": "Constructional apraxia and visuoperceptive disabilities in relation to laterality of cerebral lesions.", "content": "The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether constructional apraxia is due to a visual perceptual disorder in right but not in left brain-damaged patients. In order to resolve this question, 36 normal controls and 73 brain-damaged patients with lesions restricted to the right (N = 30) or to the left (N = 43) cerebral hemisphere were given a graphomotor and a multiple choice version of the Benton Visual Retention Test. The graphomotor version of the V.R.T. was used as a test of constructional praxis, whereas the multiple choice version of the V.R.T. was used as a test of visual form discrimination. No difference was found between right and left brain-damaged patients with respect to incidence and severity of visuo-constructive and of visuo-perceptive disabilities. Contrary to the hypothesis, the relationship between perceptual and praxic tasks was higher in left than in right brain-damaged patients. The high level of correlation found between graphomotor and perceptual scores within the left hemispheric group was due chiefly to the poor performances obtained on both tasks by aphasic patients. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that the basis for visuoconstructive disturbances is a perceptual disorder, independently of the hemispheric side of lesion. The contrasting results of our intercorrelational study and of analogous studies reported in neuropsychological literature are interpreted as being due to sampling differences, in the absence of clearcut qualitative or quantitative differences between visuo-constructive disabilities of right and left brain-damaged patients.", "contents": "Constructional apraxia and visuoperceptive disabilities in relation to laterality of cerebral lesions. The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether constructional apraxia is due to a visual perceptual disorder in right but not in left brain-damaged patients. In order to resolve this question, 36 normal controls and 73 brain-damaged patients with lesions restricted to the right (N = 30) or to the left (N = 43) cerebral hemisphere were given a graphomotor and a multiple choice version of the Benton Visual Retention Test. The graphomotor version of the V.R.T. was used as a test of constructional praxis, whereas the multiple choice version of the V.R.T. was used as a test of visual form discrimination. No difference was found between right and left brain-damaged patients with respect to incidence and severity of visuo-constructive and of visuo-perceptive disabilities. Contrary to the hypothesis, the relationship between perceptual and praxic tasks was higher in left than in right brain-damaged patients. The high level of correlation found between graphomotor and perceptual scores within the left hemispheric group was due chiefly to the poor performances obtained on both tasks by aphasic patients. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that the basis for visuoconstructive disturbances is a perceptual disorder, independently of the hemispheric side of lesion. The contrasting results of our intercorrelational study and of analogous studies reported in neuropsychological literature are interpreted as being due to sampling differences, in the absence of clearcut qualitative or quantitative differences between visuo-constructive disabilities of right and left brain-damaged patients.", "PMID": 738057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3311", "title": "Problem-solving strategies and manifest brain asymmetry.", "content": "The dichhaptic stimulation procedures developed by Witelson (1974) for the study of brain lateralization in children were modified and extended for use with adults. Consistent with findings in children, an overall left hand advantage was found under conditions of simultaneous or dichhaptic stimulation, although it was not found under conditions of monohaptic stimulation. The major purpose of the study was to determine whether in adults hand differences (assumed to reflect hemisphere utilization) could be influenced by the use of differential problem-solving strategies. Half the Ss were instructed to approach the haptic learning and recognition problems in a \"sequential\" or \"analytic\" manner, and half to approach them in a \"holistic\" or \"Gestalt\" manner. The results indicated that the degree of left hand superiority was indeed influenced by this manipulation, although it is to be noted that the actual basis of the effect is unclear. The results were consistent with the idea that brain lateralization must be defined, not strictly by tasks, but by strategies used by subjects to perform the tasks used to detect and study that lateralization. It is suggested that this immensely complicates the issue of interpreting the origin and basis of individual and group differences in laterality effects.", "contents": "Problem-solving strategies and manifest brain asymmetry. The dichhaptic stimulation procedures developed by Witelson (1974) for the study of brain lateralization in children were modified and extended for use with adults. Consistent with findings in children, an overall left hand advantage was found under conditions of simultaneous or dichhaptic stimulation, although it was not found under conditions of monohaptic stimulation. The major purpose of the study was to determine whether in adults hand differences (assumed to reflect hemisphere utilization) could be influenced by the use of differential problem-solving strategies. Half the Ss were instructed to approach the haptic learning and recognition problems in a \"sequential\" or \"analytic\" manner, and half to approach them in a \"holistic\" or \"Gestalt\" manner. The results indicated that the degree of left hand superiority was indeed influenced by this manipulation, although it is to be noted that the actual basis of the effect is unclear. The results were consistent with the idea that brain lateralization must be defined, not strictly by tasks, but by strategies used by subjects to perform the tasks used to detect and study that lateralization. It is suggested that this immensely complicates the issue of interpreting the origin and basis of individual and group differences in laterality effects.", "PMID": 738058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3312", "title": "A cognitive approach to Korsakoff's syndrome.", "content": "Ten Korsakoff and ten alcoholic subjects were compared on their ability to take advantage of meaningful and linguistic factors in five verbal memory experiments. Korsakoff subjects were deficient in the use of visual imagery, in remembering random letters and in learning relatively easy paired-associates; there was a suggestion that they did not benefit from variation in word class. The effect of word frequency, the ability to remember very easy paired-associates, and possibly the effect of pronounceability were preserved. These findings were interpreted as supporting a model which emphasised the disruption of some higher cognitive structure whilst leaving intact simpler memory functions.", "contents": "A cognitive approach to Korsakoff's syndrome. Ten Korsakoff and ten alcoholic subjects were compared on their ability to take advantage of meaningful and linguistic factors in five verbal memory experiments. Korsakoff subjects were deficient in the use of visual imagery, in remembering random letters and in learning relatively easy paired-associates; there was a suggestion that they did not benefit from variation in word class. The effect of word frequency, the ability to remember very easy paired-associates, and possibly the effect of pronounceability were preserved. These findings were interpreted as supporting a model which emphasised the disruption of some higher cognitive structure whilst leaving intact simpler memory functions.", "PMID": 738059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3313", "title": "Reading reversals and developmental dyslexia: a further study.", "content": "The pattern of errors in reading isolated words was studied in two groups of children with respect, particularly, to reversals of letter sequence and letter orientation. One group (the Institute group) consisted of children 8 to 10 years old who had been diagnosed \"dyslexic\" according to medical and psychoeducational criteria. The other (the School group) included all the children in a second-year elementary school class (see Liberman, Shankweiler, Orlando, Harris and Berti, 1971) who fell into the lowest third on a standard test of reading achievement. Although the Institute children were somewhat poorer in word recognition than the backward readers selected purely on psychometric grounds, the groups did not differ significantly in the incidence of reversal errors. Also, for both groups, reversals represented a small proportion of the total number of reading errors. The performance of the two groups differed in two respects: in relation to directional bias in letter reversals and in the presence or absence of a significant correlation between letter-reversing and word-reversing tendencies. It was concluded from this that directional problems do not loom large in importance in most cases of reading backwardness, but may provide an additional source of difficulty for some dyslexic children. Other aspects of the error pattern were remarkably the same for both groups. The bulk of reading errors made by both groups reflect their common difficulties in phonemic segmentation of words in the lexicon, in phonetic recoding, and in mastery of the orthography--difficulties, in short, with linguistic characteristics of words rather than with their properties as visual patterns.", "contents": "Reading reversals and developmental dyslexia: a further study. The pattern of errors in reading isolated words was studied in two groups of children with respect, particularly, to reversals of letter sequence and letter orientation. One group (the Institute group) consisted of children 8 to 10 years old who had been diagnosed \"dyslexic\" according to medical and psychoeducational criteria. The other (the School group) included all the children in a second-year elementary school class (see Liberman, Shankweiler, Orlando, Harris and Berti, 1971) who fell into the lowest third on a standard test of reading achievement. Although the Institute children were somewhat poorer in word recognition than the backward readers selected purely on psychometric grounds, the groups did not differ significantly in the incidence of reversal errors. Also, for both groups, reversals represented a small proportion of the total number of reading errors. The performance of the two groups differed in two respects: in relation to directional bias in letter reversals and in the presence or absence of a significant correlation between letter-reversing and word-reversing tendencies. It was concluded from this that directional problems do not loom large in importance in most cases of reading backwardness, but may provide an additional source of difficulty for some dyslexic children. Other aspects of the error pattern were remarkably the same for both groups. The bulk of reading errors made by both groups reflect their common difficulties in phonemic segmentation of words in the lexicon, in phonetic recoding, and in mastery of the orthography--difficulties, in short, with linguistic characteristics of words rather than with their properties as visual patterns.", "PMID": 738060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3314", "title": "A developmental study of hemisphere specialization for recognition of faces in normal subjects.", "content": "In a developmental study of hemisphere lateralization for recognition of faces in normal subjects three groups of subjects (mean ages: 7 years 9 months; 13 years 10 months; and 19 years 6 months) were tested. The procedure was a go-no go reaction time task in which the subject responded to faces tachistoscopically presented to the right or left visual field. A left visual field superiority was found for the two older age groups, which is interpreted as a right hemisphere dominance for recognition of faces. However, the 7 and 8 year old group did not demonstrate a significant visual field difference. These results indicate that the hemisphere specialization (lateralization) for recognition of faces involves processes which develop with increasing age through childhood and is not well-established until some time after the age of 8 and before age 13.", "contents": "A developmental study of hemisphere specialization for recognition of faces in normal subjects. In a developmental study of hemisphere lateralization for recognition of faces in normal subjects three groups of subjects (mean ages: 7 years 9 months; 13 years 10 months; and 19 years 6 months) were tested. The procedure was a go-no go reaction time task in which the subject responded to faces tachistoscopically presented to the right or left visual field. A left visual field superiority was found for the two older age groups, which is interpreted as a right hemisphere dominance for recognition of faces. However, the 7 and 8 year old group did not demonstrate a significant visual field difference. These results indicate that the hemisphere specialization (lateralization) for recognition of faces involves processes which develop with increasing age through childhood and is not well-established until some time after the age of 8 and before age 13.", "PMID": 738061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3315", "title": "Handedness and the mental rotation of perceived patterns.", "content": "The present experiment investigated the effect of hemispheric dominance, as indicated by handedness, and perceptual processing. Displays containing two visual patterns were presented to right- and left-handed subjects who classified the two patterns as being the same or different. Also the two patterns in a display were in either an identical orientation or nonidentical orientations. Overall, left handers were faster than right handers at the \"same-different\" judgement. Additionally, latency increased with the angular discrepancy in orientation between patterns for both handedness groups but this increase was smaller for left handers than for right handers. Apparently, left handers evaluate overall perceptual similarity faster than right handers and they also mentally rotate perceived patterns of discrepant orientations faster than right handers. These findings contradict previous generalizations that left handers are deficient perceptually. Moreover, the present results support the position that left handers should be faster at global perceptual tasks because left handers have less neural distance than right handers mediating the transmission of information between the locus of perception and the locus of dominance.", "contents": "Handedness and the mental rotation of perceived patterns. The present experiment investigated the effect of hemispheric dominance, as indicated by handedness, and perceptual processing. Displays containing two visual patterns were presented to right- and left-handed subjects who classified the two patterns as being the same or different. Also the two patterns in a display were in either an identical orientation or nonidentical orientations. Overall, left handers were faster than right handers at the \"same-different\" judgement. Additionally, latency increased with the angular discrepancy in orientation between patterns for both handedness groups but this increase was smaller for left handers than for right handers. Apparently, left handers evaluate overall perceptual similarity faster than right handers and they also mentally rotate perceived patterns of discrepant orientations faster than right handers. These findings contradict previous generalizations that left handers are deficient perceptually. Moreover, the present results support the position that left handers should be faster at global perceptual tasks because left handers have less neural distance than right handers mediating the transmission of information between the locus of perception and the locus of dominance.", "PMID": 738062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3316", "title": "Simultaneous performance on verbal, nonverbal and motor tasks by right-handed adults.", "content": "A series of four dual task experiments was conducted in which different groups of right-handed Ss (N1 = 24; N2 = N3 = N4 = 18) simultaneously performed a repetitive finger tapping task in conjunction with: (a) a verbal fluency task (Experiment I); (b) listening to logical memory stories from the Weschler Memory Scale (Experiment II); (c) reading logical memory stories (Experiment III); and (d) scanning an array of faces (Experiment IV). Results indicated that all three verbal tasks produced significant asymmetrical depression in tapping performance, with the right hand being more disrupted then the left. The visuo-spatial task, however, exerted symmetrical bilateral depression of both hands. Performance on the cognitive tasks (number of words produced in the verbal fluency task; recall of stories either listened to or read, recognition of faces) was unaffected by simultaneous digital tapping.", "contents": "Simultaneous performance on verbal, nonverbal and motor tasks by right-handed adults. A series of four dual task experiments was conducted in which different groups of right-handed Ss (N1 = 24; N2 = N3 = N4 = 18) simultaneously performed a repetitive finger tapping task in conjunction with: (a) a verbal fluency task (Experiment I); (b) listening to logical memory stories from the Weschler Memory Scale (Experiment II); (c) reading logical memory stories (Experiment III); and (d) scanning an array of faces (Experiment IV). Results indicated that all three verbal tasks produced significant asymmetrical depression in tapping performance, with the right hand being more disrupted then the left. The visuo-spatial task, however, exerted symmetrical bilateral depression of both hands. Performance on the cognitive tasks (number of words produced in the verbal fluency task; recall of stories either listened to or read, recognition of faces) was unaffected by simultaneous digital tapping.", "PMID": 738063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3317", "title": "Sex and hemispheric differences in the recall of verbal and spatial information.", "content": "Arrays of four digits were presented in a 3 X 3 matrix for 80 msec to either the left or right visual field. Women recalled digits presented to the left and right visual fields equally well, while men recalled digits more accurately after presentation to the right visual field. Both men and women recalled the positions of the digits presented to the left and right visual fields equally well. Overall, men's recall of positions was superior to that of women. Handedness correlated only with recall of positions presented to the right visual field, positively for women and negatively for men.", "contents": "Sex and hemispheric differences in the recall of verbal and spatial information. Arrays of four digits were presented in a 3 X 3 matrix for 80 msec to either the left or right visual field. Women recalled digits presented to the left and right visual fields equally well, while men recalled digits more accurately after presentation to the right visual field. Both men and women recalled the positions of the digits presented to the left and right visual fields equally well. Overall, men's recall of positions was superior to that of women. Handedness correlated only with recall of positions presented to the right visual field, positively for women and negatively for men.", "PMID": 738064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3318", "title": "Reaction-time differences between the left and right hemispheres for face and letter discrimination in children and adults.", "content": "Twenty boys at each age level 7, 10, and 13 years and 20 adult males were tested for choice manual reaction times to photographs of faces or letter pairs tachistoscopically presented 3 1/2 degree to the left or 3 1/2 degree to the right of a central fixation point, in the left visual field (LVF) or the right visual field (RVF) respectively. All subjects were right-handed. Subjects were tested monocularly. They used a different hand and a different eye in the first and second half of trials. Eye order and hand order were randomized across subjects. Seven- and 10-year-olds were intermittently rewarded with a poker chip following fast correct responses. Analysis of correct reaction time scores indicated an overall LVF superiority for the speed of response to faces, but no significant field differences for responses to letter pairs. The interaction of these field-stimulus effects with age was not significant, suggesting that the obtained field effects with faces and letter pairs were consistent across the range of ages tested. The results of comparisons of field differences within individual subjects suggested a \"switchover\" from a left-field advantage with letter pairs at age 7  to a right-field advantage at the adult level; this tendency, however, was not significant. None of these results was influenced by the use of different hands or eyes or to frequencies of commission of errors. The results suggested that a left-field advantage in speed of response to familiarized faces is found as early as 7 years of age and does not change appreciably thereafter. The finding of a significant left-field advantage for faces in the 7-year-old  group represented an earlier age of left-field, right hemisphere lateralization for face stimuli than that previously obtained by other investigators. The failure to find over field differences with letter pairs was attributed to a possible tendency among subjects to process to letters visually (i.e., graphemically), a tendency which may have been more marked in the  7-year-old group due to the relative inexperience of children of this age with alphabetical material.", "contents": "Reaction-time differences between the left and right hemispheres for face and letter discrimination in children and adults. Twenty boys at each age level 7, 10, and 13 years and 20 adult males were tested for choice manual reaction times to photographs of faces or letter pairs tachistoscopically presented 3 1/2 degree to the left or 3 1/2 degree to the right of a central fixation point, in the left visual field (LVF) or the right visual field (RVF) respectively. All subjects were right-handed. Subjects were tested monocularly. They used a different hand and a different eye in the first and second half of trials. Eye order and hand order were randomized across subjects. Seven- and 10-year-olds were intermittently rewarded with a poker chip following fast correct responses. Analysis of correct reaction time scores indicated an overall LVF superiority for the speed of response to faces, but no significant field differences for responses to letter pairs. The interaction of these field-stimulus effects with age was not significant, suggesting that the obtained field effects with faces and letter pairs were consistent across the range of ages tested. The results of comparisons of field differences within individual subjects suggested a \"switchover\" from a left-field advantage with letter pairs at age 7  to a right-field advantage at the adult level; this tendency, however, was not significant. None of these results was influenced by the use of different hands or eyes or to frequencies of commission of errors. The results suggested that a left-field advantage in speed of response to familiarized faces is found as early as 7 years of age and does not change appreciably thereafter. The finding of a significant left-field advantage for faces in the 7-year-old  group represented an earlier age of left-field, right hemisphere lateralization for face stimuli than that previously obtained by other investigators. The failure to find over field differences with letter pairs was attributed to a possible tendency among subjects to process to letters visually (i.e., graphemically), a tendency which may have been more marked in the  7-year-old group due to the relative inexperience of children of this age with alphabetical material.", "PMID": 738065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3319", "title": "Paroxysmal alexia.", "content": "This report describes a case of paroxysmal alexia which progressed to a persistent syndrome of alexia without agraphia. The sequence of symptoms beginning with a sensation of eyeball movement followed by blurred vision in the affected eye, alexia and diminished awareness strongly implicates an ictal mechanism. Anatomical, physiological and psychological considerations suggest that the syndrome arose from functional disruption between the visual cortex and the dominant inferior parietal cortex.", "contents": "Paroxysmal alexia. This report describes a case of paroxysmal alexia which progressed to a persistent syndrome of alexia without agraphia. The sequence of symptoms beginning with a sensation of eyeball movement followed by blurred vision in the affected eye, alexia and diminished awareness strongly implicates an ictal mechanism. Anatomical, physiological and psychological considerations suggest that the syndrome arose from functional disruption between the visual cortex and the dominant inferior parietal cortex.", "PMID": 738066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3320", "title": "Depletion of awareness and double-simultaneous stimulation in split-brain man.", "content": "To examine depletion of awareness in six total split-brain patients response to two tactual stimuli applied at the same time was studied. Losses as well as errors in reporting location to one of the pair are present in all patients. This disorder is not seen in callosal patients in whom the splenium is preserved. The results are interpreted to follow the transection of a general consciousness circuit which lies towards the back of the brain.", "contents": "Depletion of awareness and double-simultaneous stimulation in split-brain man. To examine depletion of awareness in six total split-brain patients response to two tactual stimuli applied at the same time was studied. Losses as well as errors in reporting location to one of the pair are present in all patients. This disorder is not seen in callosal patients in whom the splenium is preserved. The results are interpreted to follow the transection of a general consciousness circuit which lies towards the back of the brain.", "PMID": 738067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3321", "title": "Differential finger movements and hand preference.", "content": "In an attempt to replicate a study by Kimura and Vanderwolf (1970), normal left-handed and right-handed subjects were asked to flex a single finger or pairs of fingers at the middle joint. Both hands were found to be equally proficient at this task and no differences between right- and left-handers were found. When left-handers were divided into inverters and non-inverters according to hand-writing posture, a left hand superiority was a found for the right-handed and the left-inverted subjects, while the left-non-inverters showed a right hand superiority. Paired finger flexion was found to be more useful in discriminating between the handedness groups. These findings support the idea that the neural mechanism for hand preference is not based on an asymmetry in the control of fine movement. They also support the theory that two separate groups of left-handers exist, and the they can be differentiated by their handwriting postures.", "contents": "Differential finger movements and hand preference. In an attempt to replicate a study by Kimura and Vanderwolf (1970), normal left-handed and right-handed subjects were asked to flex a single finger or pairs of fingers at the middle joint. Both hands were found to be equally proficient at this task and no differences between right- and left-handers were found. When left-handers were divided into inverters and non-inverters according to hand-writing posture, a left hand superiority was a found for the right-handed and the left-inverted subjects, while the left-non-inverters showed a right hand superiority. Paired finger flexion was found to be more useful in discriminating between the handedness groups. These findings support the idea that the neural mechanism for hand preference is not based on an asymmetry in the control of fine movement. They also support the theory that two separate groups of left-handers exist, and the they can be differentiated by their handwriting postures.", "PMID": 738068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3322", "title": "Comparison of radionuclide and computed tomography scanning in non-neoplastic intracranial disease.", "content": "In this comparison of computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide scanning (RN) in non-neoplastic disease, the CT and RN patterns in vascular occlusive disease, vascular anomalies, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infections, and trauma are described in detail. A retrospective evaluation of CT and RN findings in 514 patients provides a basis for determining which modality is more sensitive in a given disease entity. Illustrative cases demonstrate pertinent findings in both CT and RN scanning in the aforementioned disease categories.", "contents": "Comparison of radionuclide and computed tomography scanning in non-neoplastic intracranial disease. In this comparison of computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide scanning (RN) in non-neoplastic disease, the CT and RN patterns in vascular occlusive disease, vascular anomalies, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infections, and trauma are described in detail. A retrospective evaluation of CT and RN findings in 514 patients provides a basis for determining which modality is more sensitive in a given disease entity. Illustrative cases demonstrate pertinent findings in both CT and RN scanning in the aforementioned disease categories.", "PMID": 738069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3323", "title": "Low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa: differential diagnosis.", "content": "A wide variety of cystic appearing or low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa can so closely resemble one another as to render specific histologic diagnosis from CT scans alone fraught with error. Absorption coefficients often overlap and are too nonspecific to infer consistently accurate histologic diagnosis. It is virtually impossible to separate cystic from noncystic, benign from malignant, and neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions by absorption coefficients alone.", "contents": "Low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa: differential diagnosis. A wide variety of cystic appearing or low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa can so closely resemble one another as to render specific histologic diagnosis from CT scans alone fraught with error. Absorption coefficients often overlap and are too nonspecific to infer consistently accurate histologic diagnosis. It is virtually impossible to separate cystic from noncystic, benign from malignant, and neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions by absorption coefficients alone.", "PMID": 738070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3324", "title": "Evaluation of renal masses by ultrasound and computed tomography: a preliminary study.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were performed on fifty-two patients with renal masses. Both modalities were able to correctly demonstrate the renal mass with an equal degree of accuracy. Since renal ultrasound is a well established, economical and noninvasive technique, it should be the diagnostic procedure of choice to determine whether or not a mass demonstrated by intravenous urography is cystic or solid. However, if faster scanning times as well as lower patient cost could be accomplished, more widespread use of CT as a diagnostic modality for differentiation of renal masses could result.", "contents": "Evaluation of renal masses by ultrasound and computed tomography: a preliminary study. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were performed on fifty-two patients with renal masses. Both modalities were able to correctly demonstrate the renal mass with an equal degree of accuracy. Since renal ultrasound is a well established, economical and noninvasive technique, it should be the diagnostic procedure of choice to determine whether or not a mass demonstrated by intravenous urography is cystic or solid. However, if faster scanning times as well as lower patient cost could be accomplished, more widespread use of CT as a diagnostic modality for differentiation of renal masses could result.", "PMID": 738072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3325", "title": "Clinical usefulness of an enzyme strip for estimation of blood sugar (\"Dextrostix\") in a tropical medical practice: a 10-year experience.", "content": "A series of studies were carried out to assess the usefulness and accuracy of measuring blood sugar levels in a tropical medical practice using an enzyme test strip (\"Dextrostix\"). The results showed that the method is simple, accurate and reproducible, especially when the colour changes on the strips are interpreted electronically by the reflectance meter or Eyetone instrument. The results are independent of packed cell volume. Sequestrene-containing blood samples maintain a constant level of glucose for 5 hours. The Eyetone can be used for approximate determination of blood glucose levels greater than 400 mg per 100 ml by exposing the strips to blood for only 30 seconds and multiplying the result by two. Where there is no mains supply, the instrument can be operated from a car battery.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of an enzyme strip for estimation of blood sugar (\"Dextrostix\") in a tropical medical practice: a 10-year experience. A series of studies were carried out to assess the usefulness and accuracy of measuring blood sugar levels in a tropical medical practice using an enzyme test strip (\"Dextrostix\"). The results showed that the method is simple, accurate and reproducible, especially when the colour changes on the strips are interpreted electronically by the reflectance meter or Eyetone instrument. The results are independent of packed cell volume. Sequestrene-containing blood samples maintain a constant level of glucose for 5 hours. The Eyetone can be used for approximate determination of blood glucose levels greater than 400 mg per 100 ml by exposing the strips to blood for only 30 seconds and multiplying the result by two. Where there is no mains supply, the instrument can be operated from a car battery.", "PMID": 738075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3326", "title": "Diagnosis of gout in general practice.", "content": "In a general practice survey of gout, an analysis was made of the criteria relating to the diagnosis in 604 patients. Approximately 60% of diagnoses were made within 1 month of the patient presenting with symptoms; in the remainder, there was often a considerable time lag before diagnosis and half of these patients had been wrongly diagnosed initially. Of the total cases, approximately 8% were diagnosed in hospital and only about 20% of cases were referred for diagnosis or subsequent management advice. Most diagnoses were based on the presentation by the patient of a typical acute arthritis, and a raised serum urate level was used as a confirmatory factor. Few patients presented with tophi and response to colchicine was infrequently used in diagnosis, as were diagnostic X-rays or synovial fluid examination for crystals.", "contents": "Diagnosis of gout in general practice. In a general practice survey of gout, an analysis was made of the criteria relating to the diagnosis in 604 patients. Approximately 60% of diagnoses were made within 1 month of the patient presenting with symptoms; in the remainder, there was often a considerable time lag before diagnosis and half of these patients had been wrongly diagnosed initially. Of the total cases, approximately 8% were diagnosed in hospital and only about 20% of cases were referred for diagnosis or subsequent management advice. Most diagnoses were based on the presentation by the patient of a typical acute arthritis, and a raised serum urate level was used as a confirmatory factor. Few patients presented with tophi and response to colchicine was infrequently used in diagnosis, as were diagnostic X-rays or synovial fluid examination for crystals.", "PMID": 738076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3327", "title": "The effects on normal skin of adhesives from stoma appliances.", "content": "The irritancy of 7 adhesive plasters from different ostomy appliances was compared in 30 normal subjects. The adhesives were replaced both daily and weekly over a 21-day period. Using a clinical rating scale, the results slowed that \"Stomahesive\" had a significantly less irritating effect on the skin than the other plasters, both when removed daily and when removed weekly. The difference between daily and weekly removal reached statistical significance at the end of Weeks 2 and 3, and the results suggest that the nature of the adhesive is more important than the frequency of removal.", "contents": "The effects on normal skin of adhesives from stoma appliances. The irritancy of 7 adhesive plasters from different ostomy appliances was compared in 30 normal subjects. The adhesives were replaced both daily and weekly over a 21-day period. Using a clinical rating scale, the results slowed that \"Stomahesive\" had a significantly less irritating effect on the skin than the other plasters, both when removed daily and when removed weekly. The difference between daily and weekly removal reached statistical significance at the end of Weeks 2 and 3, and the results suggest that the nature of the adhesive is more important than the frequency of removal.", "PMID": 738077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3328", "title": "Diuretic effect of a combined preparation of frusemide and slow-release potassium chloride.", "content": "An open randomized crossover study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers to compare the diuretic effect of a single tablet combining 40 mg frusemide and a slow-release formulation of 600 mg potassium chloride with that of the two agents given in separate tablets. The results showed that both treatments had a similar effect on urinary volume and on sodium and potassium excretion, but the hourly urinary volumes during the first 6 hours suggested that the diuretic action of the combined formulation occurred slightly earlier after administration.", "contents": "Diuretic effect of a combined preparation of frusemide and slow-release potassium chloride. An open randomized crossover study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers to compare the diuretic effect of a single tablet combining 40 mg frusemide and a slow-release formulation of 600 mg potassium chloride with that of the two agents given in separate tablets. The results showed that both treatments had a similar effect on urinary volume and on sodium and potassium excretion, but the hourly urinary volumes during the first 6 hours suggested that the diuretic action of the combined formulation occurred slightly earlier after administration.", "PMID": 738078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3329", "title": "In vitro activity of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid against common urinary pathogens: a comparative study.", "content": "A study was carried out to compare the sensitivity of 500 bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. The results showed that whilst both antibacterial agents were similar in their bacterial spectrum they were not identical in terms of cross-sensitivity or resistance. Where there was a difference in sensitivity, this was always in flavour of oxolinic acid and was particularly evident in the case of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus (especially P. rettgeri), and to a lesser extent Citrobacter.", "contents": "In vitro activity of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid against common urinary pathogens: a comparative study. A study was carried out to compare the sensitivity of 500 bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. The results showed that whilst both antibacterial agents were similar in their bacterial spectrum they were not identical in terms of cross-sensitivity or resistance. Where there was a difference in sensitivity, this was always in flavour of oxolinic acid and was particularly evident in the case of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus (especially P. rettgeri), and to a lesser extent Citrobacter.", "PMID": 738079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3330", "title": "A simplified method to determine functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation.", "content": "We describe a nonrecirculating helium-rebreathing method providing rapid and simple measurement of the functional residual capacity (FRC) in spontaneously breathing subjects and patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Results of triplicate determinations in 24 normal subjects revealed a repeatability of +/- 5.2 percent of the measured FRC, results similar to those predicted for these subjects. Results in six additional subjects were not significantly different from those obtained with a standard method using helium equilibration in the pulmonary function laboratory. Triplicate determinations in eight patients after cardiac surgery demonstrated similar repeatability. In 22 other patients studied after open-heart surgery, the FRC fell more in those who could not be weaned than in those who could be weaned from the respirator. Since an increase in FRC is the goal of therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure, this method should be useful in determining the efficacy of a particular level of positive end-expiratory pressure.", "contents": "A simplified method to determine functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation. We describe a nonrecirculating helium-rebreathing method providing rapid and simple measurement of the functional residual capacity (FRC) in spontaneously breathing subjects and patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Results of triplicate determinations in 24 normal subjects revealed a repeatability of +/- 5.2 percent of the measured FRC, results similar to those predicted for these subjects. Results in six additional subjects were not significantly different from those obtained with a standard method using helium equilibration in the pulmonary function laboratory. Triplicate determinations in eight patients after cardiac surgery demonstrated similar repeatability. In 22 other patients studied after open-heart surgery, the FRC fell more in those who could not be weaned than in those who could be weaned from the respirator. Since an increase in FRC is the goal of therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure, this method should be useful in determining the efficacy of a particular level of positive end-expiratory pressure.", "PMID": 738086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3331", "title": "Failure of disposable domes to prevent septicemia acquired from contaminated pressure transducers.", "content": "Between January and June 1976, eight cases of primary bacteremia due to Enterobacter cloacae occurred in patients after open-heart surgery in a hospital in Connecticut. Epidemiologic studies implicated radial arterial catheters as the route of acquistion of E cloacae, and bacteriologic studies confirmed arterial pressure transducers as the sources of bacteria. Prospective studies indicated that the disposable domes from the pressure transducers did not prevent the spread of bacteria from contaminated transducers to the arterial catheters. This is the first report of transducer-acquired bacteremic infections occurring with the use of disposable domes. Although disposable domes may decrease the chances of cross-contamination of circuits for monitoring pressure, they do not, as previously thought, eliminate the risk of bacteremia from this source.", "contents": "Failure of disposable domes to prevent septicemia acquired from contaminated pressure transducers. Between January and June 1976, eight cases of primary bacteremia due to Enterobacter cloacae occurred in patients after open-heart surgery in a hospital in Connecticut. Epidemiologic studies implicated radial arterial catheters as the route of acquistion of E cloacae, and bacteriologic studies confirmed arterial pressure transducers as the sources of bacteria. Prospective studies indicated that the disposable domes from the pressure transducers did not prevent the spread of bacteria from contaminated transducers to the arterial catheters. This is the first report of transducer-acquired bacteremic infections occurring with the use of disposable domes. Although disposable domes may decrease the chances of cross-contamination of circuits for monitoring pressure, they do not, as previously thought, eliminate the risk of bacteremia from this source.", "PMID": 738087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3332", "title": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in acute cardiac disease.", "content": "The activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the serum was measured in patients with acute cardiac disorders who were admitted to a coronary care unit. The activity of the enzyme on admission was similar in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in those with other conditions; on discharge, the activity was reduced significantly. Patients with myocardial infarction had the greatest fall in the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Patients with multiple signs of sympathetic hyperactivity had significantly higher values for the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase on admission. Pain was found to significantly increase the activity of the enzyme. These data confirm findings that the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the serum reflects the intensity of sympathetic activity. The factors contributing to the elevated sympathetic activity in some patients with acute myocardial infarction seem to be nonspecific, but because of the ominous nature of increased sympathetic tone in this condition, it could be advantageous to identify these patients.", "contents": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in acute cardiac disease. The activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the serum was measured in patients with acute cardiac disorders who were admitted to a coronary care unit. The activity of the enzyme on admission was similar in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in those with other conditions; on discharge, the activity was reduced significantly. Patients with myocardial infarction had the greatest fall in the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Patients with multiple signs of sympathetic hyperactivity had significantly higher values for the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase on admission. Pain was found to significantly increase the activity of the enzyme. These data confirm findings that the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the serum reflects the intensity of sympathetic activity. The factors contributing to the elevated sympathetic activity in some patients with acute myocardial infarction seem to be nonspecific, but because of the ominous nature of increased sympathetic tone in this condition, it could be advantageous to identify these patients.", "PMID": 738089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3333", "title": "The esophageal obturator airway: a clinical comparison to ventilation with a mask and oropharyngeal airway.", "content": "We compared controlled ventilation with the esophageal obturator airway to ventilation with a conventional rubber mask and oropharyngeal airway in ten anesthetized patients. Measurements of exhaled tidal volume, mask-to-face fit (leakage of mask), supraglottic obstruction, and the operator's effort were all inferior using the esophageal obturator airway. No consistent peak airway pressure could be obtained with the esophageal obturator airway. Placement of the device was difficult in three of ten patients, and two of ten had inadvertent tracheal intubations. Edentulous patients were difficult to impossible to ventilate using the esophageal obturator airway.", "contents": "The esophageal obturator airway: a clinical comparison to ventilation with a mask and oropharyngeal airway. We compared controlled ventilation with the esophageal obturator airway to ventilation with a conventional rubber mask and oropharyngeal airway in ten anesthetized patients. Measurements of exhaled tidal volume, mask-to-face fit (leakage of mask), supraglottic obstruction, and the operator's effort were all inferior using the esophageal obturator airway. No consistent peak airway pressure could be obtained with the esophageal obturator airway. Placement of the device was difficult in three of ten patients, and two of ten had inadvertent tracheal intubations. Edentulous patients were difficult to impossible to ventilate using the esophageal obturator airway.", "PMID": 738091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3334", "title": "Changes in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange following thoracocentesis.", "content": "In nine patients with large pleural effusions, we studied the changes in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange that occurred in the first three hours following removal of 600 to 1,800 ml of fluid by thoracocentesis. There was a small but significant increase in the functional residual capacity and total lung capacity but no change in residual volume and vital capacity. Calculated pulmonary shunt fraction did not change. We could not relate the subjective improvements noted by patients after thoracocentesis to the changes in pulmonary volumes or blood gas levels.", "contents": "Changes in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange following thoracocentesis. In nine patients with large pleural effusions, we studied the changes in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange that occurred in the first three hours following removal of 600 to 1,800 ml of fluid by thoracocentesis. There was a small but significant increase in the functional residual capacity and total lung capacity but no change in residual volume and vital capacity. Calculated pulmonary shunt fraction did not change. We could not relate the subjective improvements noted by patients after thoracocentesis to the changes in pulmonary volumes or blood gas levels.", "PMID": 738092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3335", "title": "Changes in ventilation and perfusion in anesthetized dogs following lobar lavage with saline solution.", "content": "The therapeutic application of endobronchial lavage has been inhibited by concern regarding alterations in the exchange of gases, particularly hypoxemia, and by the technical complexity of the procedure. Using a cuffed fiberoptic bronchoscope with which lavage could be restricted to one lobe, we studied the sequence of alterations in the exchange of gases after lavage and the attendant disturbances in ventilation and perfusion in ten mongrel dogs following lobar lavage with 1,850 ml of physiologic saline solution. Sequential scintiphotographs of ventilation and perfusion and sequential measurements of arterial blood gas levels were obtained. Linkage of the computer to the scintillation camera allowed quantification of data on ventilation and perfusion from the lobar area of interest. Lavage induced a reduction in regional ventilation and perfusion in all dogs. The decline in ventilation preceded that in perfusion, and the computed ratio of ventilation over perfusion reached its lowest point during the first 30 minutes after lavage. The arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) declined in all dogs from a mean baseline value of 87 mm Hg to a mean value of 76 mm Hg at 30 minutes after lavage and gradually returned to a mean of 85 mm Hg by six hours after lavage. The lowest value for PaO2 occurred after balloon occlusion prior to lavage. Calculations of shunt showed a minimal increment in the intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt). In the normal dog, lobar lavage induces mild hypoxemia due to an imbalance of ventilation and perfusion that resolves within six hours.", "contents": "Changes in ventilation and perfusion in anesthetized dogs following lobar lavage with saline solution. The therapeutic application of endobronchial lavage has been inhibited by concern regarding alterations in the exchange of gases, particularly hypoxemia, and by the technical complexity of the procedure. Using a cuffed fiberoptic bronchoscope with which lavage could be restricted to one lobe, we studied the sequence of alterations in the exchange of gases after lavage and the attendant disturbances in ventilation and perfusion in ten mongrel dogs following lobar lavage with 1,850 ml of physiologic saline solution. Sequential scintiphotographs of ventilation and perfusion and sequential measurements of arterial blood gas levels were obtained. Linkage of the computer to the scintillation camera allowed quantification of data on ventilation and perfusion from the lobar area of interest. Lavage induced a reduction in regional ventilation and perfusion in all dogs. The decline in ventilation preceded that in perfusion, and the computed ratio of ventilation over perfusion reached its lowest point during the first 30 minutes after lavage. The arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) declined in all dogs from a mean baseline value of 87 mm Hg to a mean value of 76 mm Hg at 30 minutes after lavage and gradually returned to a mean of 85 mm Hg by six hours after lavage. The lowest value for PaO2 occurred after balloon occlusion prior to lavage. Calculations of shunt showed a minimal increment in the intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt). In the normal dog, lobar lavage induces mild hypoxemia due to an imbalance of ventilation and perfusion that resolves within six hours.", "PMID": 738093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3336", "title": "Pulmonary edema: physiologic approaches to management.", "content": "The integrity of the normal endothelial barrier is responsible for two of the three major safety factors preventing pulmonary edema. This is why edema due to increased pressure is usually not as severe as edema due to increased permeability. Management ought to follow sound physiologic principles. These principles are to lower microvascular hydrostatic pressure and to provide adequate supportive therapy. Positive end-expiratory pressure may improve arterial oxygen transport, but there is no evidence that it improves the balance of pulmonary fluid in edema. Raising the microvascular protein osmotic pressure may be beneficial in edema due to increased pressure but has no demonstrated rationale in edema due to increased permeability.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema: physiologic approaches to management. The integrity of the normal endothelial barrier is responsible for two of the three major safety factors preventing pulmonary edema. This is why edema due to increased pressure is usually not as severe as edema due to increased permeability. Management ought to follow sound physiologic principles. These principles are to lower microvascular hydrostatic pressure and to provide adequate supportive therapy. Positive end-expiratory pressure may improve arterial oxygen transport, but there is no evidence that it improves the balance of pulmonary fluid in edema. Raising the microvascular protein osmotic pressure may be beneficial in edema due to increased pressure but has no demonstrated rationale in edema due to increased permeability.", "PMID": 738094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3337", "title": "A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia vs accelerated A-V junctional rhythm in acute inferior myocardial infarction.", "content": "This report described initiation of A-V nodal reentrant tachyycardia in a patient with acute inferior myocardial infarction. The onset of tachycardia was preceded by an abortive A-V nodal Wenckebach periodicity. A-V nodal ischemia with or without vagotonia was implicated as the cause of induction of critical functional dissociation between the two A-V nodal conduction pathways. Since the tachycardia manifested its rate between 95-110 beats/min during the evolutionary phase of acute inferior myocardial infarction, it simulated, electrocardiographically, an accelerated A-V junctional rhythm. Analysis of the onset of tachcardia was of diagnostic importance.", "contents": "A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia vs accelerated A-V junctional rhythm in acute inferior myocardial infarction. This report described initiation of A-V nodal reentrant tachyycardia in a patient with acute inferior myocardial infarction. The onset of tachycardia was preceded by an abortive A-V nodal Wenckebach periodicity. A-V nodal ischemia with or without vagotonia was implicated as the cause of induction of critical functional dissociation between the two A-V nodal conduction pathways. Since the tachycardia manifested its rate between 95-110 beats/min during the evolutionary phase of acute inferior myocardial infarction, it simulated, electrocardiographically, an accelerated A-V junctional rhythm. Analysis of the onset of tachcardia was of diagnostic importance.", "PMID": 738096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3338", "title": "Knotting of central venous catheters: nonsurgical correction.", "content": "A complete knot occurred in a central venous catheter inserted through the subclavian vein. By passing a spring guidewire into the catheter under fluoroscopic control, the knot was easily untied leaving the catheter correctly in place.", "contents": "Knotting of central venous catheters: nonsurgical correction. A complete knot occurred in a central venous catheter inserted through the subclavian vein. By passing a spring guidewire into the catheter under fluoroscopic control, the knot was easily untied leaving the catheter correctly in place.", "PMID": 738097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3339", "title": "Late bronchopleural fistula and Hemophilus influenzae empyema complicating longstanding oleothorax: report of two cases.", "content": "Bronchopleural fistula and Hemophilus influenzae empyema developed in two patients with longstanding oleothorax. The first patient died after drainage with a pleurocutaneous flap, and a seven-rib thoracoplasty failed to resolve her infection. In the second, resection of the oleothorax cavity and left upper lobe resulted in cure.", "contents": "Late bronchopleural fistula and Hemophilus influenzae empyema complicating longstanding oleothorax: report of two cases. Bronchopleural fistula and Hemophilus influenzae empyema developed in two patients with longstanding oleothorax. The first patient died after drainage with a pleurocutaneous flap, and a seven-rib thoracoplasty failed to resolve her infection. In the second, resection of the oleothorax cavity and left upper lobe resulted in cure.", "PMID": 738098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3340", "title": "Simulation of pleural disease by disk space infection.", "content": "A young woman presented with the acute onset of pleuritic chest pain ahd pleural effusion which eventually proved to be secondary to an infected disk space. This complication most likely resulted from a paraspinal extension of the infection. Disk-space infection must be added to the differential diagnosis of acute pleural disease.", "contents": "Simulation of pleural disease by disk space infection. A young woman presented with the acute onset of pleuritic chest pain ahd pleural effusion which eventually proved to be secondary to an infected disk space. This complication most likely resulted from a paraspinal extension of the infection. Disk-space infection must be added to the differential diagnosis of acute pleural disease.", "PMID": 738099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3341", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic detection of aortic ring abscess in bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "The diagnosis of aortic ring abscess by cross-sectional echocardiography has not been reported. In this paper, a case of bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve extending to the aortic ring and the mitral valve is reported. The role of cross-sectional echocardiography in defining the anatomic distortion of the aortic valve in bacterial endocarditis and its complications is emphasized. This study would indicate that early diagnosis of aortic ring abscess is feasible by cross-sectional echocardiography.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic detection of aortic ring abscess in bacterial endocarditis. The diagnosis of aortic ring abscess by cross-sectional echocardiography has not been reported. In this paper, a case of bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve extending to the aortic ring and the mitral valve is reported. The role of cross-sectional echocardiography in defining the anatomic distortion of the aortic valve in bacterial endocarditis and its complications is emphasized. This study would indicate that early diagnosis of aortic ring abscess is feasible by cross-sectional echocardiography.", "PMID": 738100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3342", "title": "Idiopathic perforation of a porcine aortic bioprosthesis in the aortic position.", "content": "The report of a failure of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic xenograft bioprosthesis in the aortic position after 13 months is presented. Severe aortic regurgitation resulted from three \"idiopathic\" perforations in one of the cusps, and a linear tear in another cusp. Light and electron microscopy showed generalized degeneration of collagen thoughout the faulty valve. The absence of a platelet-fibrin coat on edges of the tear suggested a recent origin, compatible with cardiac catheter manipulation during unsuccessful attempts to cross the valve. The histopathologic data from this valve correlate with previously reported failures with formaldehyde preserved xenograft valves.", "contents": "Idiopathic perforation of a porcine aortic bioprosthesis in the aortic position. The report of a failure of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic xenograft bioprosthesis in the aortic position after 13 months is presented. Severe aortic regurgitation resulted from three \"idiopathic\" perforations in one of the cusps, and a linear tear in another cusp. Light and electron microscopy showed generalized degeneration of collagen thoughout the faulty valve. The absence of a platelet-fibrin coat on edges of the tear suggested a recent origin, compatible with cardiac catheter manipulation during unsuccessful attempts to cross the valve. The histopathologic data from this valve correlate with previously reported failures with formaldehyde preserved xenograft valves.", "PMID": 738101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3343", "title": "Myocardial infarction due to tumor embolization following pulmonary resection.", "content": "A fatal case of massive systemic tumor embolization, with involvement of the coronary arteries, which occurred following resection of a metastatic pulmonary fibroliposarcoma, is presented. Elevation of the cardiac specific creatine kinase isoenzyme (MB-CK) documented myocardial damage due to obstruction of the coronary arteries by tumor emboli. The preoperative computed tomography scan demonstrated contiguity between the pulmonary mass, the inferior pulmonary vein and left atrium. In future cases this finding should alert the surgeon that cardiopulmonary bypass and removal of the left artial extension of the tumor under direct vision may be required to prevent embolization during pulmonary resection.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction due to tumor embolization following pulmonary resection. A fatal case of massive systemic tumor embolization, with involvement of the coronary arteries, which occurred following resection of a metastatic pulmonary fibroliposarcoma, is presented. Elevation of the cardiac specific creatine kinase isoenzyme (MB-CK) documented myocardial damage due to obstruction of the coronary arteries by tumor emboli. The preoperative computed tomography scan demonstrated contiguity between the pulmonary mass, the inferior pulmonary vein and left atrium. In future cases this finding should alert the surgeon that cardiopulmonary bypass and removal of the left artial extension of the tumor under direct vision may be required to prevent embolization during pulmonary resection.", "PMID": 738102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3344", "title": "Left stellectomy in the long QT syndrome.", "content": "Recent investigations have reaffirmed the role of autonomic innervation of the heart in the genesis of certain cardiac arrhythmias. The long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been described for years, but only recently has evidence of its link to autonomic imbalance been established. A case of LQTS is presented with intraoperative evidence at the time of left stellectomy of life-threatening arrhythmias triggered by stimulation of this neural body. Removal of the left stellate ganglion normalized the electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and has rendered the patient asymptomatic since surgery. Left stellectomy may become definitive therapy for selected patients with the LQTS.", "contents": "Left stellectomy in the long QT syndrome. Recent investigations have reaffirmed the role of autonomic innervation of the heart in the genesis of certain cardiac arrhythmias. The long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been described for years, but only recently has evidence of its link to autonomic imbalance been established. A case of LQTS is presented with intraoperative evidence at the time of left stellectomy of life-threatening arrhythmias triggered by stimulation of this neural body. Removal of the left stellate ganglion normalized the electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and has rendered the patient asymptomatic since surgery. Left stellectomy may become definitive therapy for selected patients with the LQTS.", "PMID": 738103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3345", "title": "Correlation of phono- and apexcardiographic findings with tumor motion in left atrial myxoma.", "content": "We have analyzed the genesis of physical signs in a case of prolapsing left atrial myxoma by simultaneous phono-, apex- and M-mode echocardiography. Our findings confirm a direct relationship of tumor movements with notching in the upstroke of the apexcardiogram and with the protodiastolic \"tumor plop.\"", "contents": "Correlation of phono- and apexcardiographic findings with tumor motion in left atrial myxoma. We have analyzed the genesis of physical signs in a case of prolapsing left atrial myxoma by simultaneous phono-, apex- and M-mode echocardiography. Our findings confirm a direct relationship of tumor movements with notching in the upstroke of the apexcardiogram and with the protodiastolic \"tumor plop.\"", "PMID": 738104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3346", "title": "Left ventricular outflow obstruction produced by a pedunculated fibroma in a newborn: clinical, angiographic, echocardiographic and surgical observations.", "content": "An unusual case of a one-day-old infant with significant left ventricular outflow obstruction produced by a pedunculated fibroma is described. The clinical findings were indistinguishable from severe valvular or subvalvular aortic stenosis. The tumor was difficult to detect by echocardiography. It produced an echo-free widening of the left ventricular outflow tract. Left ventricular cineangiography clearly demonstrated a mobile mass beneath the aortic valve.", "contents": "Left ventricular outflow obstruction produced by a pedunculated fibroma in a newborn: clinical, angiographic, echocardiographic and surgical observations. An unusual case of a one-day-old infant with significant left ventricular outflow obstruction produced by a pedunculated fibroma is described. The clinical findings were indistinguishable from severe valvular or subvalvular aortic stenosis. The tumor was difficult to detect by echocardiography. It produced an echo-free widening of the left ventricular outflow tract. Left ventricular cineangiography clearly demonstrated a mobile mass beneath the aortic valve.", "PMID": 738105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3347", "title": "Double ventricular response to an extrastimulus in a patient with triple atrioventricular pathways.", "content": "A patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome was studied through recordings of the intracardiac potentials and programmed atrial stimulation. During programmed atrial stimulation at progressively shorter coupling intervals (A1-A2 intervals), the His deflection was always recorded after the ventricular complex. Thus, at coupling intervals between 295 and 250 msec, there was a double ventricular response, one through the accessory pathway (QRS complex of the Wolff-Parkinson-White morphologic pattern) and the other by the normal atrioventricular pathway (normal QRS complex or with pattern of left bundle-branch block). At a coupling interval of 295 msec, the atrio-His (A-H) interval increased from 200 to 350 msec. This fact and the presence of two distinct A2-H2 intervals are suggestive of the existence of dual atrioventricular pathways, coexisting functionally with a lateral accessory bypass (Kent's bundle).", "contents": "Double ventricular response to an extrastimulus in a patient with triple atrioventricular pathways. A patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome was studied through recordings of the intracardiac potentials and programmed atrial stimulation. During programmed atrial stimulation at progressively shorter coupling intervals (A1-A2 intervals), the His deflection was always recorded after the ventricular complex. Thus, at coupling intervals between 295 and 250 msec, there was a double ventricular response, one through the accessory pathway (QRS complex of the Wolff-Parkinson-White morphologic pattern) and the other by the normal atrioventricular pathway (normal QRS complex or with pattern of left bundle-branch block). At a coupling interval of 295 msec, the atrio-His (A-H) interval increased from 200 to 350 msec. This fact and the presence of two distinct A2-H2 intervals are suggestive of the existence of dual atrioventricular pathways, coexisting functionally with a lateral accessory bypass (Kent's bundle).", "PMID": 738106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3348", "title": "Cyanosis in uncomplicated atrial septal defect with normal right cardiac and pulmonary arterial pressures.", "content": "A patient with cyanosis in an uncomplicated ostium secundum atrial septal defect without pulmonary hypertension is described. There were no anatomic abnormalities in right-sided cardiac valves or venous return and no evidence of right ventricular hypoplasia or hypertrophy; however, the diastolic pressure curve suggested a decreased compliance. We suggest that this unusual finding may be a result of intrinsically abnormal right ventricular compliance.", "contents": "Cyanosis in uncomplicated atrial septal defect with normal right cardiac and pulmonary arterial pressures. A patient with cyanosis in an uncomplicated ostium secundum atrial septal defect without pulmonary hypertension is described. There were no anatomic abnormalities in right-sided cardiac valves or venous return and no evidence of right ventricular hypoplasia or hypertrophy; however, the diastolic pressure curve suggested a decreased compliance. We suggest that this unusual finding may be a result of intrinsically abnormal right ventricular compliance.", "PMID": 738107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3349", "title": "Disopyramide in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The effect of administration of disopyramide on the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation was studied in six patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The drug was given intravenously to five patients during intracardiac electrophysiologic studies and to a sixth patient during electrocardiographic monitoring in a coronary care unit. One patient with a very rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation underwent a second electrophysiologic study after oral treatment for four weeks with disopyramide. In all cases, administration of disopyramide reduced the mean ventricular rate and increased the shortest interval between consecutive preexcited ventricular complexes during atrial fibrillation. Therapy with disopyramide should therefore be useful in preventing ventricular fibrillation which can result from a rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation in patients with an accessory atrioventricular pathway. There has been no recurrence of paroxysmal tachycardia in the four patients who have been maintained on oral therapy with disopyramide.", "contents": "Disopyramide in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation. The effect of administration of disopyramide on the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation was studied in six patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The drug was given intravenously to five patients during intracardiac electrophysiologic studies and to a sixth patient during electrocardiographic monitoring in a coronary care unit. One patient with a very rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation underwent a second electrophysiologic study after oral treatment for four weeks with disopyramide. In all cases, administration of disopyramide reduced the mean ventricular rate and increased the shortest interval between consecutive preexcited ventricular complexes during atrial fibrillation. Therapy with disopyramide should therefore be useful in preventing ventricular fibrillation which can result from a rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation in patients with an accessory atrioventricular pathway. There has been no recurrence of paroxysmal tachycardia in the four patients who have been maintained on oral therapy with disopyramide.", "PMID": 738119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3350", "title": "Systolic time intervals in atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Forty patients with atrial fibrillation and 20 patients with congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm were studied. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 20 patients with atrial fibrillation in whom systolic time intervals were measured. Twenty to 50 beats were analyzed. Five of the patients had high-fidelity measurements of left ventricular pressure simultaneous with determination of systolic time intervals. Analysis of the systolic time intervals for the entire group showed that the preejection period lengthened at faster heart rates and that the left ventricular ejection time was relatively constant at slower heart rates. This resulted in a progressive increase in the ratio of preejection period over left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) as the heart rate increased. The rate of increase in PEP/LVET was minimal below a heart rate of 75 beats per minute. The increase in preejection period at faster heart rates is due to greater isovolumic developed pressure without a corresponding increase in left ventricular dp/dt. Group B consisted of 40 additional patients (20 with atrial fibrillation and 20 with sinus rhythm). In group B, the total electromechanical systole corrected for heart rate (QS2I) and the levels of digoxin in the blood were compared. The QS2I was significantly shorter in atrial fibrillation (497 +/- 5 msec vs 528 +/- 4 msec; P less than 0.01), while the levels of digoxin in the blood were identical (0.9 +/- 0.1 vs 1.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). The results of this study must be considered when systolic time intervals are to be employed in patients with atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in atrial fibrillation. Forty patients with atrial fibrillation and 20 patients with congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm were studied. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 20 patients with atrial fibrillation in whom systolic time intervals were measured. Twenty to 50 beats were analyzed. Five of the patients had high-fidelity measurements of left ventricular pressure simultaneous with determination of systolic time intervals. Analysis of the systolic time intervals for the entire group showed that the preejection period lengthened at faster heart rates and that the left ventricular ejection time was relatively constant at slower heart rates. This resulted in a progressive increase in the ratio of preejection period over left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) as the heart rate increased. The rate of increase in PEP/LVET was minimal below a heart rate of 75 beats per minute. The increase in preejection period at faster heart rates is due to greater isovolumic developed pressure without a corresponding increase in left ventricular dp/dt. Group B consisted of 40 additional patients (20 with atrial fibrillation and 20 with sinus rhythm). In group B, the total electromechanical systole corrected for heart rate (QS2I) and the levels of digoxin in the blood were compared. The QS2I was significantly shorter in atrial fibrillation (497 +/- 5 msec vs 528 +/- 4 msec; P less than 0.01), while the levels of digoxin in the blood were identical (0.9 +/- 0.1 vs 1.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). The results of this study must be considered when systolic time intervals are to be employed in patients with atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 738120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3351", "title": "Quantitative tracheal bacteriologic and cytologic studies in patients with long-term tracheostomies.", "content": "Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed on 28 tracheal aspirates from 16 clinically stable patients with tracheostomies. There were an average of six isolates per specimen, and the mean bacterial concentration was 106.9 organisms per milliliter. The numerically dominant bacteria were aerobic and facultative gramnegative bacilli. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from just nine specimens (32 percent); and, when present, these organisms were found in relatively low concentrations. Repeat cultures obtained 30 to 60 days later from the same patients showed substantial changes in flora, but the numerically dominant species tended to persist. Cultures of saliva and throat swabs collected at the time of tracheal aspiration showed that there was little correlation between the bacteriologic findings from the upper and lower airways. Cytologic studies indicated a mean of 12,900 cells per cubic millimeter of tracheal aspirate, with polymorphonuclear leukocytes being the predominant forms. No correlation could be found between the concentrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and quantitative bacterial counts. These studies indicate that tracheal aspirates from patients with stable tracheostomies harbor a complex, predominantly aerobic flora which is subject to change and bears little relationship to the flora of the adjacent upper airways. Our results also suggest that neither quantitative bacterial cultures nor cytologic analysis of these specimens would be helpful in distinguishing colonization from overt infection requiring antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Quantitative tracheal bacteriologic and cytologic studies in patients with long-term tracheostomies. Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed on 28 tracheal aspirates from 16 clinically stable patients with tracheostomies. There were an average of six isolates per specimen, and the mean bacterial concentration was 106.9 organisms per milliliter. The numerically dominant bacteria were aerobic and facultative gramnegative bacilli. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from just nine specimens (32 percent); and, when present, these organisms were found in relatively low concentrations. Repeat cultures obtained 30 to 60 days later from the same patients showed substantial changes in flora, but the numerically dominant species tended to persist. Cultures of saliva and throat swabs collected at the time of tracheal aspiration showed that there was little correlation between the bacteriologic findings from the upper and lower airways. Cytologic studies indicated a mean of 12,900 cells per cubic millimeter of tracheal aspirate, with polymorphonuclear leukocytes being the predominant forms. No correlation could be found between the concentrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and quantitative bacterial counts. These studies indicate that tracheal aspirates from patients with stable tracheostomies harbor a complex, predominantly aerobic flora which is subject to change and bears little relationship to the flora of the adjacent upper airways. Our results also suggest that neither quantitative bacterial cultures nor cytologic analysis of these specimens would be helpful in distinguishing colonization from overt infection requiring antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 738121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3352", "title": "Platelet-mediated pulmonary hypertension and hypoxia during pulmonary microembolism: reduction by platelet inhibition.", "content": "The literature indicates that vasoactive substances released from platelets contribute to the pulmonary pressor response and hypoxemia during pulmonary microembolism. Hence, removal of the platelets or inhibition of their function should reduce these effects. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the pulmonary effects of experimental embolism with glass beads in dogs rendered thrombocytopenic with platelet antiserum and to compare these effects to the effects in dogs pretreated with sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) or heparin, both substances that affect the function of platelets, probably by inhibiting the release of platelets. In all three groups the pulmonary hypertension was reduced by more than half, and hypoxemia was lessened or abolished. The results of this study indicate the platelets contribute to the effects of pulmonary microembolism and that administration of sulfinpyrazone or heparin reduces the embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension to the same extent as the depletion of platelets. Platelet-inhibiting drugs might therefore be useful prophylactically in human pulmonary microembolism.", "contents": "Platelet-mediated pulmonary hypertension and hypoxia during pulmonary microembolism: reduction by platelet inhibition. The literature indicates that vasoactive substances released from platelets contribute to the pulmonary pressor response and hypoxemia during pulmonary microembolism. Hence, removal of the platelets or inhibition of their function should reduce these effects. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the pulmonary effects of experimental embolism with glass beads in dogs rendered thrombocytopenic with platelet antiserum and to compare these effects to the effects in dogs pretreated with sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) or heparin, both substances that affect the function of platelets, probably by inhibiting the release of platelets. In all three groups the pulmonary hypertension was reduced by more than half, and hypoxemia was lessened or abolished. The results of this study indicate the platelets contribute to the effects of pulmonary microembolism and that administration of sulfinpyrazone or heparin reduces the embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension to the same extent as the depletion of platelets. Platelet-inhibiting drugs might therefore be useful prophylactically in human pulmonary microembolism.", "PMID": 738122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3353", "title": "Fracture of pacing electrode mimicking failure of pulse generator.", "content": "To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous fracture of a pacing electrode with decreased amplitude of the pacing artifact, failure to capture, and intact sensing. We postulate that the difference in impedance of the pacemaker for sensing and stimulation may account for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Fracture of pacing electrode mimicking failure of pulse generator. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous fracture of a pacing electrode with decreased amplitude of the pacing artifact, failure to capture, and intact sensing. We postulate that the difference in impedance of the pacemaker for sensing and stimulation may account for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 738125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3354", "title": "The alveolar air equation abbreviated.", "content": "The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms. The following shorter form has been derived: formula: see text (where PAO2, PEO2, and PIO2 are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired, gas, respectively, and VD/VT is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume). This shorter form is an algebraic identity of the classic equation. The shorter form involves the same assumptions and requires the same measurements as the traditional expressions but is more compact and easier to use in circumstances where VD/VT is measured routinely.", "contents": "The alveolar air equation abbreviated. The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms. The following shorter form has been derived: formula: see text (where PAO2, PEO2, and PIO2 are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired, gas, respectively, and VD/VT is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume). This shorter form is an algebraic identity of the classic equation. The shorter form involves the same assumptions and requires the same measurements as the traditional expressions but is more compact and easier to use in circumstances where VD/VT is measured routinely.", "PMID": 738126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3355", "title": "Tricuspid atresia with double-outlet left ventricle and bilateral conus.", "content": "The first case of tricuspid atresia with a double-outlet left ventricle, l-transposition of the great arteries [S,D,L], and bilateral conus in levocardia diagnosed correctly during life is reported. This case is unique and differs from the classic double-outlet left ventricle in that there is a bilateral conus.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia with double-outlet left ventricle and bilateral conus. The first case of tricuspid atresia with a double-outlet left ventricle, l-transposition of the great arteries [S,D,L], and bilateral conus in levocardia diagnosed correctly during life is reported. This case is unique and differs from the classic double-outlet left ventricle in that there is a bilateral conus.", "PMID": 738127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3356", "title": "\"Contarini's condition:\" bilateral pleural effusions with markedly different characteristics.", "content": "A leukemic patient presented with bilateral pleural effusions. The effusions were markedly different in their characteristics; left-sided staphylococcal empyema and right-sided lymphocytic effusion. To our knowledge, there are no cases of this type reported in the modern literature. The importance of bilateral diagnostic thoracocentesis in patients on immunosuppressant therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "\"Contarini's condition:\" bilateral pleural effusions with markedly different characteristics. A leukemic patient presented with bilateral pleural effusions. The effusions were markedly different in their characteristics; left-sided staphylococcal empyema and right-sided lymphocytic effusion. To our knowledge, there are no cases of this type reported in the modern literature. The importance of bilateral diagnostic thoracocentesis in patients on immunosuppressant therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 738128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3357", "title": "Systemic-pulmonary arterial supply in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: postmortem angiograms and histologic survey.", "content": "Postmortem angiographic and histologic studies of the pulmonary arterial circulation were performed in a patient with pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect. While the left lung was supplied by a closing ductus arteriosus, the right lung was supplied by two systemic pulmonary arteries arising from the descending aorta. The examination disclosed that systemic pulmonary arteries lead into the pulmonary vascular bed and the capillaries of the alveolar walls. According to these observations, such collateral circulation is to be considered functional. The pulmonary vascular bed, supplied by the ductus arteriosus and the stenotic systemic pulmonary artery, showed a thin muscular layer in the small arteries and arterioles. On the contrary, medial hypertrophy and severe intimal proliferation were observed in the pulmonary segments perfused by the other large unobstructed systemic pulmonary artery, thus proving that asymmetric pulmonary vascular disease may complicate the natural history of this malformation.", "contents": "Systemic-pulmonary arterial supply in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: postmortem angiograms and histologic survey. Postmortem angiographic and histologic studies of the pulmonary arterial circulation were performed in a patient with pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect. While the left lung was supplied by a closing ductus arteriosus, the right lung was supplied by two systemic pulmonary arteries arising from the descending aorta. The examination disclosed that systemic pulmonary arteries lead into the pulmonary vascular bed and the capillaries of the alveolar walls. According to these observations, such collateral circulation is to be considered functional. The pulmonary vascular bed, supplied by the ductus arteriosus and the stenotic systemic pulmonary artery, showed a thin muscular layer in the small arteries and arterioles. On the contrary, medial hypertrophy and severe intimal proliferation were observed in the pulmonary segments perfused by the other large unobstructed systemic pulmonary artery, thus proving that asymmetric pulmonary vascular disease may complicate the natural history of this malformation.", "PMID": 738129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3358", "title": "Varying ejection fractions of both ventricles in paradoxical pulses: demonstration by radionuclide study.", "content": "A noninvasive radionuclide study of the paradoxical pulse in pericardial effusion is described. The study shows complementary changes of the right and left ventricular ejection fractions in a patient with paradoxical pulse, supporting the theory that the inspiratory reduction of the left ventricular stroke volume is an immediate and direct result of the inspiratory increase of the right ventricular filling. The technique may be sensitive to detect early paradoxical pulse and cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Varying ejection fractions of both ventricles in paradoxical pulses: demonstration by radionuclide study. A noninvasive radionuclide study of the paradoxical pulse in pericardial effusion is described. The study shows complementary changes of the right and left ventricular ejection fractions in a patient with paradoxical pulse, supporting the theory that the inspiratory reduction of the left ventricular stroke volume is an immediate and direct result of the inspiratory increase of the right ventricular filling. The technique may be sensitive to detect early paradoxical pulse and cardiac tamponade.", "PMID": 738130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3359", "title": "Idiopathic bronchial stenosis in a young woman.", "content": "An 18-year-old white woman presented with a severe obstructive ventilatory defect. An evaluation revealed a stenotic lesion of the right bronchus intermedius and the left mainstem bronchus. Treatment with prednisone followed by beclomethasone resulted in a marked improvement in her condition.", "contents": "Idiopathic bronchial stenosis in a young woman. An 18-year-old white woman presented with a severe obstructive ventilatory defect. An evaluation revealed a stenotic lesion of the right bronchus intermedius and the left mainstem bronchus. Treatment with prednisone followed by beclomethasone resulted in a marked improvement in her condition.", "PMID": 738131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3360", "title": "Interdisciplinary training for child welfare and health.", "content": "Recognition of the symbiotic relationship of the child welfare and child health disciplines led to a project that developed and tested health concepts and methods curricula for child welfare administrators and research staff.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary training for child welfare and health. Recognition of the symbiotic relationship of the child welfare and child health disciplines led to a project that developed and tested health concepts and methods curricula for child welfare administrators and research staff.", "PMID": 738144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3361", "title": "Father-daughter incest: a clinical view from the corrections field.", "content": "Effective handling of court cases of incest involving a child calls for an understanding of the dynamics of the child's family. This paper outlines characteristics of the parents involved.", "contents": "Father-daughter incest: a clinical view from the corrections field. Effective handling of court cases of incest involving a child calls for an understanding of the dynamics of the child's family. This paper outlines characteristics of the parents involved.", "PMID": 738145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3362", "title": "Infant antecedents of cognitive functioning: a longitudinal study.", "content": "A follow-up investigation of 35 boys and 33 girls 10 years old who had been assessed originally at 4, 8, 13, and 27 months old did not reveal strong relations between infant variables such as attentiveness, vocal excitability, irritability or activity, on the one hand, and reflection-implusivity, intelligence quotient, or reading ability at age 10. A suggestive relation was found between assimilative smiling during infancy and a reflective attitude on the Matching Familiar Figures Test and between a slow tempo of play during infancy and longer response time on a specially constructed Embedded Figures Test at age 10. Although attentiveness during infancy predicted IQ and reading ability at age 10, both infancy and childhood variables were positively correlated with social class, suggesting that experiences associated with the social class of the parents, rather than particular infant qualities, were the more important predictors of the cognitive variables at age 10. Children with high EMG levels from the flexor forearm tended to be slightly more impulsive at age 10 and less attentive at 27 months, even when the effect of social class was removed.", "contents": "Infant antecedents of cognitive functioning: a longitudinal study. A follow-up investigation of 35 boys and 33 girls 10 years old who had been assessed originally at 4, 8, 13, and 27 months old did not reveal strong relations between infant variables such as attentiveness, vocal excitability, irritability or activity, on the one hand, and reflection-implusivity, intelligence quotient, or reading ability at age 10. A suggestive relation was found between assimilative smiling during infancy and a reflective attitude on the Matching Familiar Figures Test and between a slow tempo of play during infancy and longer response time on a specially constructed Embedded Figures Test at age 10. Although attentiveness during infancy predicted IQ and reading ability at age 10, both infancy and childhood variables were positively correlated with social class, suggesting that experiences associated with the social class of the parents, rather than particular infant qualities, were the more important predictors of the cognitive variables at age 10. Children with high EMG levels from the flexor forearm tended to be slightly more impulsive at age 10 and less attentive at 27 months, even when the effect of social class was removed.", "PMID": 738146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3363", "title": "Facilitation of infants' recognition memory.", "content": "Infant's recognition memory, defined by novelty preferences, was found to be improved by providing 5--7-month-old infants with discriminable but related targets during the familiarization period. Facilitation of recognition was found for both photos of faces and for abstract patterns. It was necessary to present only 1 associated stimulus along with the to-be-remembered target in order to aid recognition. Such facilitation was dependent upon the kind of related target shown for study and was more likely to be demonstrated when simultaneous rather than successive exposure to related instances was allowed.", "contents": "Facilitation of infants' recognition memory. Infant's recognition memory, defined by novelty preferences, was found to be improved by providing 5--7-month-old infants with discriminable but related targets during the familiarization period. Facilitation of recognition was found for both photos of faces and for abstract patterns. It was necessary to present only 1 associated stimulus along with the to-be-remembered target in order to aid recognition. Such facilitation was dependent upon the kind of related target shown for study and was more likely to be demonstrated when simultaneous rather than successive exposure to related instances was allowed.", "PMID": 738147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3364", "title": "Intermodal relationships in children's perception.", "content": "Since judgment of geographical slant requires the use of both optical and postural information, such judgments were used to determine whether intermodal relationships affect children's perception. First, third, and fifth graders made judgments of geographical slant of surfaces depicted in photographs either with or without postural inclination. The results indicate the existence of a linear mechanism which compensates for the effect of postural inclination. Compensation was about 50% of that expected from an ideal perceptual system and did not change with age. The present data are similar to those previously reported for adults and suggest that the compensation process develops early in childhood.", "contents": "Intermodal relationships in children's perception. Since judgment of geographical slant requires the use of both optical and postural information, such judgments were used to determine whether intermodal relationships affect children's perception. First, third, and fifth graders made judgments of geographical slant of surfaces depicted in photographs either with or without postural inclination. The results indicate the existence of a linear mechanism which compensates for the effect of postural inclination. Compensation was about 50% of that expected from an ideal perceptual system and did not change with age. The present data are similar to those previously reported for adults and suggest that the compensation process develops early in childhood.", "PMID": 738148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3365", "title": "Mother-child interaction in high-risk and contrast preschoolers of low socioeconomic status.", "content": "Children's activities with their mothers and the techniques used by mothers while interacting with their child were examined in older (30--46 months) and younger (12--27 months) low SES preschool children from high-risk (in terms of cultural-familial retardation) and contrast homes. Older high-risk children interacted less often with their mothers and spent less time in \"highly intellectual\" activities than did the contrast children. The mothers of older high-risk children, in comparison with the contrast group, engaged less often in didactic teaching, showed less encouragement of their child's activities, and their attempts to control their child's activities more often resulted in failure. The differences between younger high-risk and contrast groups however were nonsignificant. Implications for future home intervention programs for high-risk low SES children are discussed.", "contents": "Mother-child interaction in high-risk and contrast preschoolers of low socioeconomic status. Children's activities with their mothers and the techniques used by mothers while interacting with their child were examined in older (30--46 months) and younger (12--27 months) low SES preschool children from high-risk (in terms of cultural-familial retardation) and contrast homes. Older high-risk children interacted less often with their mothers and spent less time in \"highly intellectual\" activities than did the contrast children. The mothers of older high-risk children, in comparison with the contrast group, engaged less often in didactic teaching, showed less encouragement of their child's activities, and their attempts to control their child's activities more often resulted in failure. The differences between younger high-risk and contrast groups however were nonsignificant. Implications for future home intervention programs for high-risk low SES children are discussed.", "PMID": 738149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3366", "title": "Fetal malnutrition: an experimental study of its consequences on infant development in two caregiving environments.", "content": "Infants from low socioeconomic status families were randomly assigned to an instructional day-care program designed to prevent socioculturally caused mental retardation or to a nonintervention control group. This assignment procedure resulted in an equal distribution of full-term, full-birth-weight, fetally malnourished babies in 2 environments varying in intellectually supportive characteristics. The condition of fetal malnourishment was defined by infants having low ponderal indices (PI). At 3 months of age low-PI infants showed lower Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) scores than normal-PI infants, independent of the environment. In the control group low-PI infants still had lower MDI scores than normal-PI infants at 18 months of age. However, at that time in the day-care group, low-PI infants scored as well as normal-PI infants. These findings were replicated when the infants were 24 months of age with Stanford-Binet intelligence tests. Observations of mothers' involvement with their infants showed that, although all groups had similar amounts of maternal involvement when the babies were 6 months of age, the mothers of low-PI infants in the control group showed less involvement with their infants at 18 months of age than the other mothers. We suggest that this longitudinal study provides experimental evidence for a transactional model of development which emphasizes both newborn infant characteristics and environmental quality as cocontributors to the process of development.", "contents": "Fetal malnutrition: an experimental study of its consequences on infant development in two caregiving environments. Infants from low socioeconomic status families were randomly assigned to an instructional day-care program designed to prevent socioculturally caused mental retardation or to a nonintervention control group. This assignment procedure resulted in an equal distribution of full-term, full-birth-weight, fetally malnourished babies in 2 environments varying in intellectually supportive characteristics. The condition of fetal malnourishment was defined by infants having low ponderal indices (PI). At 3 months of age low-PI infants showed lower Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) scores than normal-PI infants, independent of the environment. In the control group low-PI infants still had lower MDI scores than normal-PI infants at 18 months of age. However, at that time in the day-care group, low-PI infants scored as well as normal-PI infants. These findings were replicated when the infants were 24 months of age with Stanford-Binet intelligence tests. Observations of mothers' involvement with their infants showed that, although all groups had similar amounts of maternal involvement when the babies were 6 months of age, the mothers of low-PI infants in the control group showed less involvement with their infants at 18 months of age than the other mothers. We suggest that this longitudinal study provides experimental evidence for a transactional model of development which emphasizes both newborn infant characteristics and environmental quality as cocontributors to the process of development.", "PMID": 738150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3367", "title": "Family interaction in abusive, neglectful, and normal families.", "content": "This study represents an attempt to discover whether there are distinctive patterns of day-to-day interactions that distinguish abusive and neglectful families from families with no known history of abusing or neglecting their children. Observational data collected in the homes of 17 abuse, 17 neglect, and 19 control families indicated that the abusive and neglectful parents demonstrated lower rates of interaction, overall, and were more likely to emphasize the negative in their relationships with their children. The implications of these data for further research and for intervention efforts are discussed.", "contents": "Family interaction in abusive, neglectful, and normal families. This study represents an attempt to discover whether there are distinctive patterns of day-to-day interactions that distinguish abusive and neglectful families from families with no known history of abusing or neglecting their children. Observational data collected in the homes of 17 abuse, 17 neglect, and 19 control families indicated that the abusive and neglectful parents demonstrated lower rates of interaction, overall, and were more likely to emphasize the negative in their relationships with their children. The implications of these data for further research and for intervention efforts are discussed.", "PMID": 738151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3368", "title": "Sex differences in responsiveness to infants: a developmental study of psychophysiological and behavioral responses.", "content": "Sex differences in responsiveness to infants were investigated by comparing physiological responses to infants with overt behavioral reactions. The former were assumed to be more biologically determined than the latter whereas overt behavioral responsiveness was presumed to be more affected by societal norms than were psychophysiological indices. The subjects were boys and girls in middle childhood and early adolescence. Psychophysiological indices showed that children, like parents, responded differentially to infant smiles and cries. As predicted, there were no sex differences on psychophysiological measures of responsiveness to babies. When permitted to interact with a baby, however, girls interacted more and ignored less than boys did. The results suggest that sex differences in overt responsiveness to babies are attributable to societal pressures rather than innate factors. Sex differences appear to wax and wane depending on the salience of sex stereotypy in differing developmental phases.", "contents": "Sex differences in responsiveness to infants: a developmental study of psychophysiological and behavioral responses. Sex differences in responsiveness to infants were investigated by comparing physiological responses to infants with overt behavioral reactions. The former were assumed to be more biologically determined than the latter whereas overt behavioral responsiveness was presumed to be more affected by societal norms than were psychophysiological indices. The subjects were boys and girls in middle childhood and early adolescence. Psychophysiological indices showed that children, like parents, responded differentially to infant smiles and cries. As predicted, there were no sex differences on psychophysiological measures of responsiveness to babies. When permitted to interact with a baby, however, girls interacted more and ignored less than boys did. The results suggest that sex differences in overt responsiveness to babies are attributable to societal pressures rather than innate factors. Sex differences appear to wax and wane depending on the salience of sex stereotypy in differing developmental phases.", "PMID": 738152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3369", "title": "The development of sibling relationships in infancy: a short-term longitudinal study.", "content": "24 infants and their preschool-aged siblings were observed in a laboratory playroom in the presence of their parents. Observations took place when the infants were 12 months old and again 6 months later. Analysis of the social behavior revealed that, at both ages, the children assumed differentiable roles in their interactions: The infants \"followed\" by observing and imitating while the preschoolers \"led\" by drawing the infants' attention and by assertive dominance. Over time, infants became increasingly willing to direct social behaviors toward their siblings. There was remarkable behavioral stability across time, with the infants' early propensities seemingly causally related to later pre-schoolers' behavior. Older girls directed more social behaviors to siblings than boys did. The amount of parent-directed behavior was affected by the number of adults present, whereas the amount of sibling-directed behavior was unaffected.", "contents": "The development of sibling relationships in infancy: a short-term longitudinal study. 24 infants and their preschool-aged siblings were observed in a laboratory playroom in the presence of their parents. Observations took place when the infants were 12 months old and again 6 months later. Analysis of the social behavior revealed that, at both ages, the children assumed differentiable roles in their interactions: The infants \"followed\" by observing and imitating while the preschoolers \"led\" by drawing the infants' attention and by assertive dominance. Over time, infants became increasingly willing to direct social behaviors toward their siblings. There was remarkable behavioral stability across time, with the infants' early propensities seemingly causally related to later pre-schoolers' behavior. Older girls directed more social behaviors to siblings than boys did. The amount of parent-directed behavior was affected by the number of adults present, whereas the amount of sibling-directed behavior was unaffected.", "PMID": 738153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3370", "title": "Young children's knowledge about visual perception: hiding objects from others.", "content": "Children of ages 2 1/2, 3, and 3 1/2 years were tested for their understanding of object hiding, believed to reflect an early developmental level of knowledge about visual perception. Even the youngest subjects could nonegocentrically hide an object by placing it on the opposite side of a screen from another person, even though placing it there necessarily left it unhidden from themselves. In contrast, there was a significant increase with age in the ability to achieve the same physical end state by placing the screen between the other person and the object. Most subjects at each age level correctly indicated that the other person could see the object when the experimenter interposed the screen between the child and the object but that the other person could not see the object when she placed the screen between the other person and the object. These and other recent findings indicate that children of this age can be both nonegocentric and skillful at estimating what other people do and do not see under various viewing conditions.", "contents": "Young children's knowledge about visual perception: hiding objects from others. Children of ages 2 1/2, 3, and 3 1/2 years were tested for their understanding of object hiding, believed to reflect an early developmental level of knowledge about visual perception. Even the youngest subjects could nonegocentrically hide an object by placing it on the opposite side of a screen from another person, even though placing it there necessarily left it unhidden from themselves. In contrast, there was a significant increase with age in the ability to achieve the same physical end state by placing the screen between the other person and the object. Most subjects at each age level correctly indicated that the other person could see the object when the experimenter interposed the screen between the child and the object but that the other person could not see the object when she placed the screen between the other person and the object. These and other recent findings indicate that children of this age can be both nonegocentric and skillful at estimating what other people do and do not see under various viewing conditions.", "PMID": 738154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3371", "title": "Spatial strategies in the counting of young children.", "content": "3--6-year-old children counted 7, 10, and 14 items arranged in columns or in rows. Developmental changes in spatial strategy and the relation of strategy to accuracy were examined. Increases with age in the organization of children's counting sequences were observed as they progressed from (a) a counting sequence based on the proximity of an item to the one previously counted, to (b) a sequence based on the exterior form of the array, to (c) a sequence based on the linear arrangement of items. The column or row arrangement of items did not affect strategy choice, but increasing the number of items caused some children to revert to a less organized count. Fewer errors were associated with more mature strategies at all ages.", "contents": "Spatial strategies in the counting of young children. 3--6-year-old children counted 7, 10, and 14 items arranged in columns or in rows. Developmental changes in spatial strategy and the relation of strategy to accuracy were examined. Increases with age in the organization of children's counting sequences were observed as they progressed from (a) a counting sequence based on the proximity of an item to the one previously counted, to (b) a sequence based on the exterior form of the array, to (c) a sequence based on the linear arrangement of items. The column or row arrangement of items did not affect strategy choice, but increasing the number of items caused some children to revert to a less organized count. Fewer errors were associated with more mature strategies at all ages.", "PMID": 738155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3372", "title": "Operativity and reversibility in children's understanding of pictorial sequences.", "content": "The role of reversibility in children's comprehension and memory for sequences of pictures was investigated. Bidirectionality in the ability to remember and infer antecedents and consequences was assessed. Preschoolers were significantly more accurate at identifying consequences of portrayed events than the antecedents. Kindergartners and older children correctly identified beginnings and endings of sequences with equal proficiency. This developmental shift from relatively unidirectional to reversible comprehension was observed both on trials involving figurative memory and operative inference judgments.", "contents": "Operativity and reversibility in children's understanding of pictorial sequences. The role of reversibility in children's comprehension and memory for sequences of pictures was investigated. Bidirectionality in the ability to remember and infer antecedents and consequences was assessed. Preschoolers were significantly more accurate at identifying consequences of portrayed events than the antecedents. Kindergartners and older children correctly identified beginnings and endings of sequences with equal proficiency. This developmental shift from relatively unidirectional to reversible comprehension was observed both on trials involving figurative memory and operative inference judgments.", "PMID": 738156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3373", "title": "A developmental study of the category effect in visual search.", "content": "Several studies have demonstrated that adults display a category effect in visual search paradigms. That is, when searching an array for the presence of a target letter, subjects detect the letter faster when the array is composed of numbers rather than letters, and vice versa. Groups of 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults searched for the presence of a target in fields of items that were either of the same or a different category (letter or number) than the target. Highly significant category effects were evident in the search times of all 3 age groups. While search times were found to decrease with development, there was no evidence of an increasing effect of category with age. It was concluded that the feature extraction process that mediates the category effect is fully automated by age 8.", "contents": "A developmental study of the category effect in visual search. Several studies have demonstrated that adults display a category effect in visual search paradigms. That is, when searching an array for the presence of a target letter, subjects detect the letter faster when the array is composed of numbers rather than letters, and vice versa. Groups of 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults searched for the presence of a target in fields of items that were either of the same or a different category (letter or number) than the target. Highly significant category effects were evident in the search times of all 3 age groups. While search times were found to decrease with development, there was no evidence of an increasing effect of category with age. It was concluded that the feature extraction process that mediates the category effect is fully automated by age 8.", "PMID": 738157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3374", "title": "Early cognitive development and its relation to maternal physiologic and behavioral responsiveness.", "content": "Data are presented which support the hypothesis that infant cognitive development is a function of maternal responsiveness to infant cues. 22 mothers whose physiologic responses to infant signals had been recorded at an earlier date participated in the follow-up study reported here. Mother-infant dyads were videotaped during a feeding session when the infant was 9 months of age. Behavioral data collected were the mother's responses to her infant's facial orientation. The statistic developed to index maternal sensitivity was the rate of maternal responding during infant gaze/the rate of responding during infant looking away. Development of the object concept was assessed at 15 months using the Uzgiris and Hunt scale. The data indicated that the development of the concept of the object is positively related to maternal behavioral sensitivity and that mothers who were behaviorally sensitive to infant cues earlier had exhibited physiologic responses to infant signals.", "contents": "Early cognitive development and its relation to maternal physiologic and behavioral responsiveness. Data are presented which support the hypothesis that infant cognitive development is a function of maternal responsiveness to infant cues. 22 mothers whose physiologic responses to infant signals had been recorded at an earlier date participated in the follow-up study reported here. Mother-infant dyads were videotaped during a feeding session when the infant was 9 months of age. Behavioral data collected were the mother's responses to her infant's facial orientation. The statistic developed to index maternal sensitivity was the rate of maternal responding during infant gaze/the rate of responding during infant looking away. Development of the object concept was assessed at 15 months using the Uzgiris and Hunt scale. The data indicated that the development of the concept of the object is positively related to maternal behavioral sensitivity and that mothers who were behaviorally sensitive to infant cues earlier had exhibited physiologic responses to infant signals.", "PMID": 738158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3375", "title": "The stability of children's fears.", "content": "The stability of fears in a group of 27 fourth-grade children over a 1-year period was investigated. The fears were obtained by individual interview and were coded according to the categories of Jersild and Holmes. The kinds of fears expressed by the children were similar to those found in other surveys. These fears were also found to be highly stable both in number and in kind. The implications of this high stability were discussed.", "contents": "The stability of children's fears. The stability of fears in a group of 27 fourth-grade children over a 1-year period was investigated. The fears were obtained by individual interview and were coded according to the categories of Jersild and Holmes. The kinds of fears expressed by the children were similar to those found in other surveys. These fears were also found to be highly stable both in number and in kind. The implications of this high stability were discussed.", "PMID": 738159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3376", "title": "Life cycle variation and regulation of macronuclear DNA content in Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "The mean DNA content of G2 macronuclei varies during the life cycle of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Early in the life cycle the mean is about 130 C; later it is about 94 C. In hybrids between strains A and B the decrease from 130 C to 94 C usually began after 60 fissions after conjugation. In B X B clones the decrease was complete by 50 fissions. The data suggest that there may be a genetic difference between strains A and B with respect to the onset of the decrease in DNA content. The downward regulation of the mean DNA content appears to be related to the mechanism which removes the variance in macronuclear DNA content which is added to macronuclei by unequal macronuclear division. Unequal macronuclear division regularly occurs at all stages of the life cycle, with larger macronuclei tending to divide more unequally. In the absence of regulation, unequal macronuclear division would constantly add variance to G1 macronuclei and their range would continue to increase. Analysis of the variances of G1 and G2 macronuclei suggests that at all stages of the life cycle the added variance is removed by acting upon nuclei which become too small or too large. According to this model, macronuclei with smaller amounts of DNA are regulated upward by an extra macronuclear S phase, while larger amounts are regulated downward by chromatin extrusion and the skipping of macronuclear S. The mean DNA content appears to change during the life cycle because  the thresholds at which macronuclei become too small or too large are readjusted. It is postulated that these thresholds are a function of gene dosage.", "contents": "Life cycle variation and regulation of macronuclear DNA content in Tetrahymena thermophila. The mean DNA content of G2 macronuclei varies during the life cycle of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Early in the life cycle the mean is about 130 C; later it is about 94 C. In hybrids between strains A and B the decrease from 130 C to 94 C usually began after 60 fissions after conjugation. In B X B clones the decrease was complete by 50 fissions. The data suggest that there may be a genetic difference between strains A and B with respect to the onset of the decrease in DNA content. The downward regulation of the mean DNA content appears to be related to the mechanism which removes the variance in macronuclear DNA content which is added to macronuclei by unequal macronuclear division. Unequal macronuclear division regularly occurs at all stages of the life cycle, with larger macronuclei tending to divide more unequally. In the absence of regulation, unequal macronuclear division would constantly add variance to G1 macronuclei and their range would continue to increase. Analysis of the variances of G1 and G2 macronuclei suggests that at all stages of the life cycle the added variance is removed by acting upon nuclei which become too small or too large. According to this model, macronuclei with smaller amounts of DNA are regulated upward by an extra macronuclear S phase, while larger amounts are regulated downward by chromatin extrusion and the skipping of macronuclear S. The mean DNA content appears to change during the life cycle because  the thresholds at which macronuclei become too small or too large are readjusted. It is postulated that these thresholds are a function of gene dosage.", "PMID": 738160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3377", "title": "Experimental hybridization within the genus Triturus (Urodela: Salamandridae). I. Spermatogenesis of F1 species hybrids, Triturus cristatus carnifex female x T. vulgaris meridionalis male.", "content": "The spermatogenesis of 9 F1 hybrids of Triturus cristatus carnifex female x T. vulgaris meridionalis male was studied in squash preparations of testicular fragments, treated by the C-staining method. The chromosome number of these hybrids was examined in spermatogonial metaphases and found to be diploid. The two parental sets were always recognized, which means that a regular, although heterospecific, amphimixis occurred (2n = nfemale + nmale). Meiotic prophase I is greatly altered owing to a failure of typical chromosome pairing and chiasma formation. At metaphase I and/or meta-anaphase I, the effects of the hybrid combination of the 2 specific parental sets are clearly visable. Most primary spermatocytes contain only univalents. A few show chromosome associations (bivalents, trivalents and, more rarely, quadrivalent chains) besides univalents. Such associations are of 2 types: (a) intragenomal associations = associations of 2 chromosomes by a terminal (a1) or subterminal chiasma (a2); (b) intergenomal associations = associations of 2 chromosomes by a terminal (b1) or subterminal chiasma (b2). Univalents segregate at random while the associations often lag on the equatorial plane or migrate entire to a spindle pole. Primary spermatocytes with chromosome multivalents can encounter greater difficulties in accomplishing the first cytokinesis. Secondary spermatocytes are numerically and qualitatively unbalanced; however, some of them undergo spermiogenesis and can give rise to a small number of sperms, generally abnormal and never united in bundles. --Problems related to the occurrence of \"anomalous\" chiasmata and of intra- and inter-genomal homologies are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental hybridization within the genus Triturus (Urodela: Salamandridae). I. Spermatogenesis of F1 species hybrids, Triturus cristatus carnifex female x T. vulgaris meridionalis male. The spermatogenesis of 9 F1 hybrids of Triturus cristatus carnifex female x T. vulgaris meridionalis male was studied in squash preparations of testicular fragments, treated by the C-staining method. The chromosome number of these hybrids was examined in spermatogonial metaphases and found to be diploid. The two parental sets were always recognized, which means that a regular, although heterospecific, amphimixis occurred (2n = nfemale + nmale). Meiotic prophase I is greatly altered owing to a failure of typical chromosome pairing and chiasma formation. At metaphase I and/or meta-anaphase I, the effects of the hybrid combination of the 2 specific parental sets are clearly visable. Most primary spermatocytes contain only univalents. A few show chromosome associations (bivalents, trivalents and, more rarely, quadrivalent chains) besides univalents. Such associations are of 2 types: (a) intragenomal associations = associations of 2 chromosomes by a terminal (a1) or subterminal chiasma (a2); (b) intergenomal associations = associations of 2 chromosomes by a terminal (b1) or subterminal chiasma (b2). Univalents segregate at random while the associations often lag on the equatorial plane or migrate entire to a spindle pole. Primary spermatocytes with chromosome multivalents can encounter greater difficulties in accomplishing the first cytokinesis. Secondary spermatocytes are numerically and qualitatively unbalanced; however, some of them undergo spermiogenesis and can give rise to a small number of sperms, generally abnormal and never united in bundles. --Problems related to the occurrence of \"anomalous\" chiasmata and of intra- and inter-genomal homologies are discussed.", "PMID": 738161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3378", "title": "Induction of triploidy in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii by heat shock or hydrostatic pressure: interpretation of the different types of ploidy using a chromosomal marker.", "content": "Eggs of diploid females of Pleurodeles waltii, fertilized artificially by waltlii sperm, have been submitted to increased temperature of hydrostatic pressure during the first hour of development. Of the resulting viable individuals about 95% were triploid, the remainder diploid or tetraploid. Other types of ploidy have been observed in abnormal embryos (n, 2n/4n, 5n, n/5n, 6n). Some of the treated eggs came from females with a marker chromosome (pericentric inversion). The karyotypes of the animals developing from such eggs confirm that triploidy results from retention of the second polar body and make it possible to interpret the origin of the other types of ploidy. From the results it can be envisaged how gynogenetic animals can be obtained from eggs inseminated by inactivated sperm and shock-treated to restore diploidy.", "contents": "Induction of triploidy in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii by heat shock or hydrostatic pressure: interpretation of the different types of ploidy using a chromosomal marker. Eggs of diploid females of Pleurodeles waltii, fertilized artificially by waltlii sperm, have been submitted to increased temperature of hydrostatic pressure during the first hour of development. Of the resulting viable individuals about 95% were triploid, the remainder diploid or tetraploid. Other types of ploidy have been observed in abnormal embryos (n, 2n/4n, 5n, n/5n, 6n). Some of the treated eggs came from females with a marker chromosome (pericentric inversion). The karyotypes of the animals developing from such eggs confirm that triploidy results from retention of the second polar body and make it possible to interpret the origin of the other types of ploidy. From the results it can be envisaged how gynogenetic animals can be obtained from eggs inseminated by inactivated sperm and shock-treated to restore diploidy.", "PMID": 738162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3379", "title": "Experimental gynogenesis in the newt species Pleurodeles waltlii and P. poireti.", "content": "Eggs of diploid females of Pleurodeles waltlii, inseminated by genetically inactivated sperm of Salamandra salamandra, have been treated by heat-shock or increased hydrostatic pressure during the first hour of their development. The resulting viable gynogenetic individuals show different degrees of ploidy although they mostly are diploid. The use of females with a pericentric inversion as a marker chromosome allow the chromosomal constitution to be clarified. Eggs of females heterozygous for a recessive semilethal mutation (ascite caudale, ac) subjected to the same experimental treatment gave 50% ac/ac embryos. Experiments with Pleurodeles poireti gave the same results as those with P. waltlii. These observations prove that gynogenetic Urodeles can be produced in large numbers. In their offspring the detection of inherent or spontaneous recessive mutations is greatly facilitated.", "contents": "Experimental gynogenesis in the newt species Pleurodeles waltlii and P. poireti. Eggs of diploid females of Pleurodeles waltlii, inseminated by genetically inactivated sperm of Salamandra salamandra, have been treated by heat-shock or increased hydrostatic pressure during the first hour of their development. The resulting viable gynogenetic individuals show different degrees of ploidy although they mostly are diploid. The use of females with a pericentric inversion as a marker chromosome allow the chromosomal constitution to be clarified. Eggs of females heterozygous for a recessive semilethal mutation (ascite caudale, ac) subjected to the same experimental treatment gave 50% ac/ac embryos. Experiments with Pleurodeles poireti gave the same results as those with P. waltlii. These observations prove that gynogenetic Urodeles can be produced in large numbers. In their offspring the detection of inherent or spontaneous recessive mutations is greatly facilitated.", "PMID": 738163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3380", "title": "\"Nodules\" in the achiasmatic meiosis of Bithynia (Mollusca, Prosobranchia).", "content": "In spermatocytes of Bithynia leachi and B. tentaculata, synaptonemal complexes with nodules in an achiasmatic meiosis were demonstrated for the first time by means of the spreading technique. The number and position of the nodules are different in each species and are independent of the length of the chromosomes. Although no crossing over occurs in Bithynia chiasma-like terminal connections of the chromosomes are preserved in diakinesis by the presence of the nodules. --Enzymatic treatments revealed information regarding their composition of alkaline proteins, RNA and DNA. In all proteolytic digestions the nodules more of less retain their position in the central region, while they disappear immediately if SCs are exposed to DNase. On the basis of the results a model of the composition and the function of nodules can be developed considering the concept of a lampbrush-organization of the chromosomes in early meiotic prophase.", "contents": "\"Nodules\" in the achiasmatic meiosis of Bithynia (Mollusca, Prosobranchia). In spermatocytes of Bithynia leachi and B. tentaculata, synaptonemal complexes with nodules in an achiasmatic meiosis were demonstrated for the first time by means of the spreading technique. The number and position of the nodules are different in each species and are independent of the length of the chromosomes. Although no crossing over occurs in Bithynia chiasma-like terminal connections of the chromosomes are preserved in diakinesis by the presence of the nodules. --Enzymatic treatments revealed information regarding their composition of alkaline proteins, RNA and DNA. In all proteolytic digestions the nodules more of less retain their position in the central region, while they disappear immediately if SCs are exposed to DNase. On the basis of the results a model of the composition and the function of nodules can be developed considering the concept of a lampbrush-organization of the chromosomes in early meiotic prophase.", "PMID": 738164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3381", "title": "Effect of galactose treatment in the puffing pattern of Chironomus thummi Balbiani rings.", "content": "Galactose feeding of Chironomus thummi larvae induces the regression of Balbiani ring c (BRc) and the full expansion of BRb, both localized in the IV salivary gland chromosome. This effect coincides with that described on BR2 and BR1 of Ch. pallidivittatus and Ch. tentans. The puffing changes of BRb and BRc throughout develoment have been studied and also show identical variations as in BR1 and BR2 of Ch. pallidivittatus and Ch. tentans. The similar behaviour of BRb and BR1, and of BRc and BR2 respectively after galactose treatment and throughout development strongly suggests that these BRs play the same physiological role in the three Chironomus species, with BRb = BR1 and BRc= BR2.", "contents": "Effect of galactose treatment in the puffing pattern of Chironomus thummi Balbiani rings. Galactose feeding of Chironomus thummi larvae induces the regression of Balbiani ring c (BRc) and the full expansion of BRb, both localized in the IV salivary gland chromosome. This effect coincides with that described on BR2 and BR1 of Ch. pallidivittatus and Ch. tentans. The puffing changes of BRb and BRc throughout develoment have been studied and also show identical variations as in BR1 and BR2 of Ch. pallidivittatus and Ch. tentans. The similar behaviour of BRb and BR1, and of BRc and BR2 respectively after galactose treatment and throughout development strongly suggests that these BRs play the same physiological role in the three Chironomus species, with BRb = BR1 and BRc= BR2.", "PMID": 738165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3382", "title": "Dictyostelium rDNA consists of non-chromosomal palindromic dimers containing 5S and 36S coding regions.", "content": "Restriction enzyme mapping of snap-back DNA has been used to show that the ribosomal DNA (rRNA genes and spacers) from Dictyostelium discoideum exists as 88 kb (kb=1,000 base pairs) linear palindromic dimers. Analysis of the mobility of total cell DNA in 0.15% agarose gels indicates that the majority of the rDNA is not covalently attached to chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Dictyostelium rDNA consists of non-chromosomal palindromic dimers containing 5S and 36S coding regions. Restriction enzyme mapping of snap-back DNA has been used to show that the ribosomal DNA (rRNA genes and spacers) from Dictyostelium discoideum exists as 88 kb (kb=1,000 base pairs) linear palindromic dimers. Analysis of the mobility of total cell DNA in 0.15% agarose gels indicates that the majority of the rDNA is not covalently attached to chromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 738167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3383", "title": "Localization of Drosophila nasutoides satellite DNAs in metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes of D. nasutoides were hybridized in situ with 3H-cRNA synthesized from the four satellites which make up 50--60% of the total DNA of this species. All four satellites were localized in the large, metacentric, heterochromatic chromosome four. They did not, however, appear to hybridize to centromeric or other constitutive heterochromatin, nor did they, with the exception of satellite I, seem to hybridize in the specific regions of chromosome four which, on the basis of C, Q, and H banding and AT contents, were predicted to contain some of these satellites.--Comparison of grain patterns with the results of fluorescent staining indicated that satellite-bearing heterochromatin was not always associated with other fractions of constitutive heterochromatin in interphase nuclei and was, at least partially, decondensed in some larger nuclei.", "contents": "Localization of Drosophila nasutoides satellite DNAs in metaphase chromosomes. Metaphase chromosomes of D. nasutoides were hybridized in situ with 3H-cRNA synthesized from the four satellites which make up 50--60% of the total DNA of this species. All four satellites were localized in the large, metacentric, heterochromatic chromosome four. They did not, however, appear to hybridize to centromeric or other constitutive heterochromatin, nor did they, with the exception of satellite I, seem to hybridize in the specific regions of chromosome four which, on the basis of C, Q, and H banding and AT contents, were predicted to contain some of these satellites.--Comparison of grain patterns with the results of fluorescent staining indicated that satellite-bearing heterochromatin was not always associated with other fractions of constitutive heterochromatin in interphase nuclei and was, at least partially, decondensed in some larger nuclei.", "PMID": 738168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3384", "title": "An artificial sphincter: a preliminary report.", "content": "A new method of providing continence to patients with fecal stomas is presented. The device, used as an artificial sphincter, consists of an inflatable Silastic balloon, which is implanted in the subcutaneous tissue around the stoma; it is easily handled by the patient. The artificial sphincter was used in six patients with colostomies. In all cases, satisfactory continence of the stoma was achieved, obviating the need to use enemas, bags or other appliances. In three patients subcutaneous infections developed around the prosthesis. In two cases, this was readily controlled; in one case, the prosthesis had to be removed. The other five patients are well and continent. None of the patients experienced pain or discomfort during use of the prosthesis. There has been no stomal ischemia.", "contents": "An artificial sphincter: a preliminary report. A new method of providing continence to patients with fecal stomas is presented. The device, used as an artificial sphincter, consists of an inflatable Silastic balloon, which is implanted in the subcutaneous tissue around the stoma; it is easily handled by the patient. The artificial sphincter was used in six patients with colostomies. In all cases, satisfactory continence of the stoma was achieved, obviating the need to use enemas, bags or other appliances. In three patients subcutaneous infections developed around the prosthesis. In two cases, this was readily controlled; in one case, the prosthesis had to be removed. The other five patients are well and continent. None of the patients experienced pain or discomfort during use of the prosthesis. There has been no stomal ischemia.", "PMID": 738170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3385", "title": "Wound infections after colectomy.", "content": "The records of 650 patients were analyzed to determine factors predisposing the patients to wound infections. Statistically significant increases in infections were found in association with Crohn's disease, stomas present preoperatively, serum albumin levels of less than 2.9 g/dl, operative blood losses greater than 1,200 ml or operative times longer than two hours, preoperative irradiation, and bowel preparations other than mechanical preparation and nonabsorbable antibiotics. Wound infection did not occur in patients who were prepared for the operation with the neomycin-erythromycin antibiotic regimen.", "contents": "Wound infections after colectomy. The records of 650 patients were analyzed to determine factors predisposing the patients to wound infections. Statistically significant increases in infections were found in association with Crohn's disease, stomas present preoperatively, serum albumin levels of less than 2.9 g/dl, operative blood losses greater than 1,200 ml or operative times longer than two hours, preoperative irradiation, and bowel preparations other than mechanical preparation and nonabsorbable antibiotics. Wound infection did not occur in patients who were prepared for the operation with the neomycin-erythromycin antibiotic regimen.", "PMID": 738171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3386", "title": "Conservative treatment of anal fissure: an unselected, retrospective and continuous study.", "content": "Three hundred and ninety-three patients who had anal fissures were followed continuously for approximately five years. More than 44 per cent of them were cured nonsurgically within a four-to-eight-week period. There was an 8 per cent complication rate, consisting of abscesses and fistulas, necessitating surgical treatment. The recurrence rate following healing was 27 per cent, but a third of these patients had recurrent fistulas that healed in response to further conservative treatment. The authors feel that conservative treatment of anal fissure is justified unless there is advanced anal stenosis.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of anal fissure: an unselected, retrospective and continuous study. Three hundred and ninety-three patients who had anal fissures were followed continuously for approximately five years. More than 44 per cent of them were cured nonsurgically within a four-to-eight-week period. There was an 8 per cent complication rate, consisting of abscesses and fistulas, necessitating surgical treatment. The recurrence rate following healing was 27 per cent, but a third of these patients had recurrent fistulas that healed in response to further conservative treatment. The authors feel that conservative treatment of anal fissure is justified unless there is advanced anal stenosis.", "PMID": 738173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3387", "title": "Lateral internal sphincterotomy.", "content": "Lateral internal sphincterotomy proved to be effective in 99 per cent of the 418 procedures in which it was performed. The complication rate of 5 per cent was an improvement over most of the rates reported in the medical literature and over our previous experience with posterior sphincterotomy and anoplasty. Anal wounds and fissures healed faster than with previous procedures. It is encouraging that this simple and rapid procedure has such great efficacy with a minimum of complications.", "contents": "Lateral internal sphincterotomy. Lateral internal sphincterotomy proved to be effective in 99 per cent of the 418 procedures in which it was performed. The complication rate of 5 per cent was an improvement over most of the rates reported in the medical literature and over our previous experience with posterior sphincterotomy and anoplasty. Anal wounds and fissures healed faster than with previous procedures. It is encouraging that this simple and rapid procedure has such great efficacy with a minimum of complications.", "PMID": 738174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3388", "title": "Colorectal infarction following resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Infarctions of the colon and rectum (incidences approximately 1 and 0.5 per cent, respectively) are caused by compromised collateral circulation to the colon and rectum, usually as a result of arteriosclerotic disease of the superior and inferior mesenteric arterial systems, as well as the hypogastric arteries. Patients who have colorectal ischemia after operations for abdominal aortic aneurysms have diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal pain, and distention. The diagnosis may be established by sigmoidoscopic examination. Treatment includes surgical removal of the compromised bowel and creation of a temporary or permanent end colostomy. Prevention of this complication is aided by preservation of primary and collateral circulation, avoidance of hypotension, and preoperative bowel preparation.", "contents": "Colorectal infarction following resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Infarctions of the colon and rectum (incidences approximately 1 and 0.5 per cent, respectively) are caused by compromised collateral circulation to the colon and rectum, usually as a result of arteriosclerotic disease of the superior and inferior mesenteric arterial systems, as well as the hypogastric arteries. Patients who have colorectal ischemia after operations for abdominal aortic aneurysms have diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal pain, and distention. The diagnosis may be established by sigmoidoscopic examination. Treatment includes surgical removal of the compromised bowel and creation of a temporary or permanent end colostomy. Prevention of this complication is aided by preservation of primary and collateral circulation, avoidance of hypotension, and preoperative bowel preparation.", "PMID": 738176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3389", "title": "Management of benign villous adenomas of the entire rectum.", "content": "While villous adenomas of the rectum are common, they rarely encompass the entire rectum to the dentate line. It is even more unusual to find a tumor of this size to be benign. Fluid and electrolyte deficits associated with this tumor add to the difficulty in management. The experienced surgeon should be aware of the various modes of treatment and be able safely to use the appropriate operation. It is as grave an injustice to the patient to treat a benign lesion as a malignancy as it is to remove the rectum for a benign villous adenoma.", "contents": "Management of benign villous adenomas of the entire rectum. While villous adenomas of the rectum are common, they rarely encompass the entire rectum to the dentate line. It is even more unusual to find a tumor of this size to be benign. Fluid and electrolyte deficits associated with this tumor add to the difficulty in management. The experienced surgeon should be aware of the various modes of treatment and be able safely to use the appropriate operation. It is as grave an injustice to the patient to treat a benign lesion as a malignancy as it is to remove the rectum for a benign villous adenoma.", "PMID": 738179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3390", "title": "Nonspecific ulcers of the colon.", "content": "Two cases of nonspecific cecal ulceration are presented. The lesions tend to occur in the right colon, produce pain or bleeding, and generally are best managed surgically. Etiology of the ulcers is unknown, but a vascular theory of origin is favored.", "contents": "Nonspecific ulcers of the colon. Two cases of nonspecific cecal ulceration are presented. The lesions tend to occur in the right colon, produce pain or bleeding, and generally are best managed surgically. Etiology of the ulcers is unknown, but a vascular theory of origin is favored.", "PMID": 738178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3391", "title": "[Contribution of Antioquia University to Latin American Dentistry].", "content": "The School of Dentistry of Antioquia University is one of the first institutions in Latin America to have developed and disseminated the ideas of integral clinical instruction and the delegation of functions to auxillary personnel. This article narrates some of the more important events that took place when these propositions were first advanced and put to the test. It also describes a few distinctive features of current clinical instruction at this School, including an evaluation system developed by members of the institution. The article comments on the trainig of auxiliary personnel and the scope of their functions. A brief review is given of the research on salt fluoridation that staff of Antioquia University have been conducting for several years in a number of Colombian towns. The results of this research to date are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution of Antioquia University to Latin American Dentistry]. The School of Dentistry of Antioquia University is one of the first institutions in Latin America to have developed and disseminated the ideas of integral clinical instruction and the delegation of functions to auxillary personnel. This article narrates some of the more important events that took place when these propositions were first advanced and put to the test. It also describes a few distinctive features of current clinical instruction at this School, including an evaluation system developed by members of the institution. The article comments on the trainig of auxiliary personnel and the scope of their functions. A brief review is given of the research on salt fluoridation that staff of Antioquia University have been conducting for several years in a number of Colombian towns. The results of this research to date are discussed.", "PMID": 738194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3392", "title": "[Programs for supervised professional practice and for rural oral health promoters in Guatemala].", "content": "The experiences of the programs of Supervised Professional Practice and for Rural Oral Health Promoters conducted by the School of Dentistry of San Carlos University in Guatemala are described. The first of these programs was designed to have students practice the profession during an eight-month academic period in hinterland towns under periodical supervision by their professors, and the second resulted as an unexpected offshoot during the initial stages of the program of Supervised Professional Practice in a northwestern district of Guatemala. The history and progress of both programs are described, some results are presented, and the salient features of university-community interaction, as exemplified by these programs, are discussed in terms of a theoretical model designed by one of the authors.", "contents": "[Programs for supervised professional practice and for rural oral health promoters in Guatemala]. The experiences of the programs of Supervised Professional Practice and for Rural Oral Health Promoters conducted by the School of Dentistry of San Carlos University in Guatemala are described. The first of these programs was designed to have students practice the profession during an eight-month academic period in hinterland towns under periodical supervision by their professors, and the second resulted as an unexpected offshoot during the initial stages of the program of Supervised Professional Practice in a northwestern district of Guatemala. The history and progress of both programs are described, some results are presented, and the salient features of university-community interaction, as exemplified by these programs, are discussed in terms of a theoretical model designed by one of the authors.", "PMID": 738195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3393", "title": "[Community laboratories as tools of scientific research on health society in Venezuela].", "content": "The School of Dentistry of Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, set up \"community laboratories\" to investigate alternative solutions to Venezuelan oral health problems. These academic-administrative units were used to make trial of different arrangements for the provision of dental care in different community situations. The purposes of the community laboratories were to design, develop, and compare comprehensive dental care systems, delegate functions to auxiliary personnel selected in the communities themselves, use simplified equipment, design techniques for reducing costs while maintaining quality, generate a methodology for community motivation, apply preventive techniques on a mass scale, offer the experience so acquired to the public services and to the profession at large, and supply information on the community essential for the design of curricula. The result has been highly encouraging because of the degree of community participation obtained and the salutary effect on student training and attitudes.", "contents": "[Community laboratories as tools of scientific research on health society in Venezuela]. The School of Dentistry of Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, set up \"community laboratories\" to investigate alternative solutions to Venezuelan oral health problems. These academic-administrative units were used to make trial of different arrangements for the provision of dental care in different community situations. The purposes of the community laboratories were to design, develop, and compare comprehensive dental care systems, delegate functions to auxiliary personnel selected in the communities themselves, use simplified equipment, design techniques for reducing costs while maintaining quality, generate a methodology for community motivation, apply preventive techniques on a mass scale, offer the experience so acquired to the public services and to the profession at large, and supply information on the community essential for the design of curricula. The result has been highly encouraging because of the degree of community participation obtained and the salutary effect on student training and attitudes.", "PMID": 738196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3394", "title": "[Dental education oriented to various socioeconomic conditions in Panama].", "content": "The current system of instruction in the School of Dentistry of the University of Panama is described. The object of the system is to prepare professional people capable of blending biological, techological, and social principles and applying them in different models of dental care for the solution of individual and collective oral health problems. The students take their clinical training in the metropolitan area (clinics on campus and in Santo Tom\u00e1s Hospital) in the heavily populated rural area (the community hospital and primary schools), and in the sparsely populated countryside (where they work with teams of three auxiliaries in prevention programs for schoolchildren and programs of care for teachers and lend support to community activities).", "contents": "[Dental education oriented to various socioeconomic conditions in Panama]. The current system of instruction in the School of Dentistry of the University of Panama is described. The object of the system is to prepare professional people capable of blending biological, techological, and social principles and applying them in different models of dental care for the solution of individual and collective oral health problems. The students take their clinical training in the metropolitan area (clinics on campus and in Santo Tom\u00e1s Hospital) in the heavily populated rural area (the community hospital and primary schools), and in the sparsely populated countryside (where they work with teams of three auxiliaries in prevention programs for schoolchildren and programs of care for teachers and lend support to community activities).", "PMID": 738197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3395", "title": "[The experience in dental education of Cayetano Heredia University of Peru].", "content": "This article describes the educational experience gained in the dentistry program of Cayetano Heredia University in Peru. The programs for professional and auxiliary personnel training were drawn up after analyzing the health needs of the population and the services required to meet them, which resulted in the elaboration of an original methodology and taxonomy. Learning is an integral experience, one that takes place in the dental clinic, the hospital, and the community. The curriculum includes the following components: units for the intensive learning of clinical functions, fewer preclinical activities, clinical training with the ongoing assistance of auxiliary staff, extended interaction with marginal urban communities, rural internships, and hospital externships. A summary account is given of the gains made, the difficulties encountered, and plans for devising in-service teaching approaches that more effectively meet the needs of the community.", "contents": "[The experience in dental education of Cayetano Heredia University of Peru]. This article describes the educational experience gained in the dentistry program of Cayetano Heredia University in Peru. The programs for professional and auxiliary personnel training were drawn up after analyzing the health needs of the population and the services required to meet them, which resulted in the elaboration of an original methodology and taxonomy. Learning is an integral experience, one that takes place in the dental clinic, the hospital, and the community. The curriculum includes the following components: units for the intensive learning of clinical functions, fewer preclinical activities, clinical training with the ongoing assistance of auxiliary staff, extended interaction with marginal urban communities, rural internships, and hospital externships. A summary account is given of the gains made, the difficulties encountered, and plans for devising in-service teaching approaches that more effectively meet the needs of the community.", "PMID": 738198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3396", "title": "[Training and use of dental manpower resources in Mexico].", "content": "The introductory section describes the general situation of dental care in Mexico, analyzes the prevailing service model (including the kind of work done by the dental professional and the technology he employs), and briefly reviews the evolution of dentistry in the country. There follows an account of a series of new approaches to service and manpower training in experimental implementation since 1972 in the stomatology curriculum at the Xochimilco campus of the Metropolitan Autonomous University, at the National School of Professional Studies at Zaragoza, in the School of Dentistry of Nuevo Le\u00f3n Autonomous University, Monterrey, and in the Dental Services at Ciudad Netzahualc\u00f3yotl. In each case, the background, characteristics, and objectives of the programs, and their evolution and prospects are described.", "contents": "[Training and use of dental manpower resources in Mexico]. The introductory section describes the general situation of dental care in Mexico, analyzes the prevailing service model (including the kind of work done by the dental professional and the technology he employs), and briefly reviews the evolution of dentistry in the country. There follows an account of a series of new approaches to service and manpower training in experimental implementation since 1972 in the stomatology curriculum at the Xochimilco campus of the Metropolitan Autonomous University, at the National School of Professional Studies at Zaragoza, in the School of Dentistry of Nuevo Le\u00f3n Autonomous University, Monterrey, and in the Dental Services at Ciudad Netzahualc\u00f3yotl. In each case, the background, characteristics, and objectives of the programs, and their evolution and prospects are described.", "PMID": 738199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3397", "title": "[The Ecuadorean experience: rural work as an axis for the provision of dental services].", "content": "This article discusses dental practice up to 1972 and the oral-dental epidemiologic profile in Ecuador. It is then proposed that the indices of oral-dental morbidity can be lowered by establishing a technical unit of national scope, shifting the orientation in the year of compulsory rural service required of dnetal school graduates, training and employing auxiliaries from the communities, adding research to the regular functions of the dentist, and centering the performance of dental services on rural work. Lastly, a detailed description is given of the national rural dentistry program and its operation from 1972 to 1976, and the gains made in the oral-dental care of population are reviewed.", "contents": "[The Ecuadorean experience: rural work as an axis for the provision of dental services]. This article discusses dental practice up to 1972 and the oral-dental epidemiologic profile in Ecuador. It is then proposed that the indices of oral-dental morbidity can be lowered by establishing a technical unit of national scope, shifting the orientation in the year of compulsory rural service required of dnetal school graduates, training and employing auxiliaries from the communities, adding research to the regular functions of the dentist, and centering the performance of dental services on rural work. Lastly, a detailed description is given of the national rural dentistry program and its operation from 1972 to 1976, and the gains made in the oral-dental care of population are reviewed.", "PMID": 738200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3398", "title": "[Inhibition of rat liver delta 4-3-ketosteroid-5 alpha-reductase by steroids in vitro].", "content": "The inhibition of the hydrogenation of testerone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in microsomes of female rat liver has been studied by progesterone-, testosterone- and estradiol derivatives. In the pregnane series, progesterone, 17alpha-OH-progesterone and its acetate were the strongest inhibitors. In the estradiol series, 3-hydroxy-compounds with a CH2X-substituent at 17alpha-position were stronger inhibitors than the respective 3-methoxy derivatives. The most potent inhibitor till now is an estradiol derivative with a SeCN group in 16alpha-position.", "contents": "[Inhibition of rat liver delta 4-3-ketosteroid-5 alpha-reductase by steroids in vitro]. The inhibition of the hydrogenation of testerone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in microsomes of female rat liver has been studied by progesterone-, testosterone- and estradiol derivatives. In the pregnane series, progesterone, 17alpha-OH-progesterone and its acetate were the strongest inhibitors. In the estradiol series, 3-hydroxy-compounds with a CH2X-substituent at 17alpha-position were stronger inhibitors than the respective 3-methoxy derivatives. The most potent inhibitor till now is an estradiol derivative with a SeCN group in 16alpha-position.", "PMID": 738209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3399", "title": "Abnormal growth hormone response in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and normal thyroid function.", "content": "Growth hormone (HGH) response to glucose-induced hyperglycemia and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in 13 obese adults without carbohydrate intolerance and with normal thyroid function were compared with 16 normal weight subjects. HGH levels measured 30 min after placing an indwelling needle in an antecubital vein were significantly lower in obese than in the non-obese controls. HGH concentrations were inversely related to the body weight in all subjects. In the obese group a suppression of serum HGH level was lacking during glucose-induced hyperglycemia and furthermore it was recorded that HGH response to insulin was significantly less as compared with controls. These data indicate that abnormal HGH response is a characteristic in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and normal thyroid function. HGH is a potent physiological stimulatory of lipolysis and it is thus tempting to speculate that an impaired HGH secretion leads to a diminished lipolysis and further deposition of excessive fat in obesity.", "contents": "Abnormal growth hormone response in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and normal thyroid function. Growth hormone (HGH) response to glucose-induced hyperglycemia and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in 13 obese adults without carbohydrate intolerance and with normal thyroid function were compared with 16 normal weight subjects. HGH levels measured 30 min after placing an indwelling needle in an antecubital vein were significantly lower in obese than in the non-obese controls. HGH concentrations were inversely related to the body weight in all subjects. In the obese group a suppression of serum HGH level was lacking during glucose-induced hyperglycemia and furthermore it was recorded that HGH response to insulin was significantly less as compared with controls. These data indicate that abnormal HGH response is a characteristic in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and normal thyroid function. HGH is a potent physiological stimulatory of lipolysis and it is thus tempting to speculate that an impaired HGH secretion leads to a diminished lipolysis and further deposition of excessive fat in obesity.", "PMID": 738210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3400", "title": "Some disturbances related to iodination and utilisation of thyroglobulin and 27 S iodoprotein in non-toxic multinodular goitre.", "content": "The relationships among the thyroid iodoproteins, their biosynthesis in vitro in thyroid slices and the histological structure of a multinodular, sporadic goitre was examined after strumectomy from a euthyroid 51-year-old woman. Using sedimentation methods 27S, thyroglobulin (TG), 12S and 3--8S proteins were found. Besides these, 4 to 5 other proteins with molecular weights between 165,000 and 36,000 daltons were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The concentration of soluble proteins was very low (3 mg/100 mg wet tissue), particularly TG (0.69 MG/100 MG). The sedimentation constant (18.3S) of goitrous TG was lower than mature 19S-TG and it was poorly iodinated (0.06% w/w). 27S iodoprotein was present in the goitre extract. Thyroid slices of goitre tissue incorporated 14C-leucine into proteins and synthesized TG and its subunits. Newly synthesized proteins were rapidly released from the microsomes. Pathohistologically, struma colloido-microfolliculare  with dystrophic-proliferative changes was noted. In the large follicles which were filled with colloid, dystrophic alterations in thyrocytes and desquamation of the follicular epithelium were observed. In conclusion, it is suggested that the presence of poorly iodinated, immature TG in nontoxic multinodular, sporadic goitre, in the absence of iodine deficiency, probably results in disturbances in the utilization of TG from the follicular lumen. In the follicular lumen under these conditions it is possible that 27S protein is formed from pre-existing poorly iodinated TG. These findings suggest that inability to resorb colloid may be a cause of nodule formation.", "contents": "Some disturbances related to iodination and utilisation of thyroglobulin and 27 S iodoprotein in non-toxic multinodular goitre. The relationships among the thyroid iodoproteins, their biosynthesis in vitro in thyroid slices and the histological structure of a multinodular, sporadic goitre was examined after strumectomy from a euthyroid 51-year-old woman. Using sedimentation methods 27S, thyroglobulin (TG), 12S and 3--8S proteins were found. Besides these, 4 to 5 other proteins with molecular weights between 165,000 and 36,000 daltons were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The concentration of soluble proteins was very low (3 mg/100 mg wet tissue), particularly TG (0.69 MG/100 MG). The sedimentation constant (18.3S) of goitrous TG was lower than mature 19S-TG and it was poorly iodinated (0.06% w/w). 27S iodoprotein was present in the goitre extract. Thyroid slices of goitre tissue incorporated 14C-leucine into proteins and synthesized TG and its subunits. Newly synthesized proteins were rapidly released from the microsomes. Pathohistologically, struma colloido-microfolliculare  with dystrophic-proliferative changes was noted. In the large follicles which were filled with colloid, dystrophic alterations in thyrocytes and desquamation of the follicular epithelium were observed. In conclusion, it is suggested that the presence of poorly iodinated, immature TG in nontoxic multinodular, sporadic goitre, in the absence of iodine deficiency, probably results in disturbances in the utilization of TG from the follicular lumen. In the follicular lumen under these conditions it is possible that 27S protein is formed from pre-existing poorly iodinated TG. These findings suggest that inability to resorb colloid may be a cause of nodule formation.", "PMID": 738211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3401", "title": "[Changed body composition by increased total body fat content in experimentally hypothyroid rats].", "content": "Total body fat content was determined in growing normal male Wistar rats and hypothyroidized animals 7 weeks after feeding with Methimazol (group MMI-HT), Methyl-thiouracil (group MTU-HT), and performance of radiothyroidectomy by 131-iodine (group R-HT), respectively. At the end of experiments there was an extreme hypothyroid state in all treated groups, verified by external signs, growth kinetics, serum cholesterol estimation and evaluation of the iodothyrosine pattern of the thyroid glands. Changed body composition resulted in all HT-groups from significant increase of total body fat content. The relation of constituents fat : protein : water of 1 : 2 : 6 in the KT-group was changed into 1 : 1 : 3 in the HT-groups. No differences were found between the different HT-groups. Our findings are in good agreement with altered metabolism of plasma lipids described by other authors showing the existence of a highly disturbed lipid metabolism in thyroid hormone deficiency.", "contents": "[Changed body composition by increased total body fat content in experimentally hypothyroid rats]. Total body fat content was determined in growing normal male Wistar rats and hypothyroidized animals 7 weeks after feeding with Methimazol (group MMI-HT), Methyl-thiouracil (group MTU-HT), and performance of radiothyroidectomy by 131-iodine (group R-HT), respectively. At the end of experiments there was an extreme hypothyroid state in all treated groups, verified by external signs, growth kinetics, serum cholesterol estimation and evaluation of the iodothyrosine pattern of the thyroid glands. Changed body composition resulted in all HT-groups from significant increase of total body fat content. The relation of constituents fat : protein : water of 1 : 2 : 6 in the KT-group was changed into 1 : 1 : 3 in the HT-groups. No differences were found between the different HT-groups. Our findings are in good agreement with altered metabolism of plasma lipids described by other authors showing the existence of a highly disturbed lipid metabolism in thyroid hormone deficiency.", "PMID": 738212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3402", "title": "The effect of lactation on thyroid activity of women.", "content": "The study comprised 12 lactating (L) women, 26 women who interruped the lactating during study (IL) and 6 women failing to lactate (NL). All women gave birth to normal fullterm infants after uneventfull pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Sampling was done during the 2nd day and 10th week after parturition. Lactating women showed more pronounced decrease of thyroxine, decreased thyroxine: triiodothyronine ratio and increased TSH level during the 10th week after parturition in comparison to IL group. The women on NL group showed similar changes as L women, but without increased level of TSH in comparison to IL ones. Results suggest the effect of lactation on the thyroid activity. This effect could be due to the loss of iodine and thyroid hormones to the milk.", "contents": "The effect of lactation on thyroid activity of women. The study comprised 12 lactating (L) women, 26 women who interruped the lactating during study (IL) and 6 women failing to lactate (NL). All women gave birth to normal fullterm infants after uneventfull pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Sampling was done during the 2nd day and 10th week after parturition. Lactating women showed more pronounced decrease of thyroxine, decreased thyroxine: triiodothyronine ratio and increased TSH level during the 10th week after parturition in comparison to IL group. The women on NL group showed similar changes as L women, but without increased level of TSH in comparison to IL ones. Results suggest the effect of lactation on the thyroid activity. This effect could be due to the loss of iodine and thyroid hormones to the milk.", "PMID": 738213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3403", "title": "Ten-year experience with DDAVP in treatment of diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Thirty patients with central diabetes insipidus were treated with 1-deamino-9-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) during the period of 3--10 years. DDAVP was applicated in 1--3 intranasal doses daily. The dosage varied between 7--42 microgram/24 h. The diuresis before the treatment ranged between 28,000--7,600 ml/24 h (mean 13,883 ml/24 h) and was decreased by DDAVP below 2000 ml/24 h in 21 patients (70%) and to 2000--4000 ml/24 h in 8 patients (26.6%). In a single case it was not possible to reduce the diuresis from 20,000 ml below 8,000 ml/24 h. Favourable properties of DDAVP: absence of reduction of potency, lack of important side-effects and prolonged action were not lost even in the course of the long term treatment. No harmful effects of DDAVP were noted. Blood count as well as renal function tests were not affected by the treatment. All the patients preferred DDAVP to their previous therapy.", "contents": "Ten-year experience with DDAVP in treatment of diabetes insipidus. Thirty patients with central diabetes insipidus were treated with 1-deamino-9-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) during the period of 3--10 years. DDAVP was applicated in 1--3 intranasal doses daily. The dosage varied between 7--42 microgram/24 h. The diuresis before the treatment ranged between 28,000--7,600 ml/24 h (mean 13,883 ml/24 h) and was decreased by DDAVP below 2000 ml/24 h in 21 patients (70%) and to 2000--4000 ml/24 h in 8 patients (26.6%). In a single case it was not possible to reduce the diuresis from 20,000 ml below 8,000 ml/24 h. Favourable properties of DDAVP: absence of reduction of potency, lack of important side-effects and prolonged action were not lost even in the course of the long term treatment. No harmful effects of DDAVP were noted. Blood count as well as renal function tests were not affected by the treatment. All the patients preferred DDAVP to their previous therapy.", "PMID": 738214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3404", "title": "Vasopressin release from incubated in situ posterior pituitary lobe after intraventricular injection of carbachol or atropine.", "content": "The vasopressin release rate from incubated in situ rats posterior pituitary lobe as observed following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solutions (3 x 0.1 ml/100 g b.w. contained 1.0 mmol NaCl and 0.1 mmol CaCl2 per 1 ml) was studied when influenced by intraventricular injections of 0.6 microgram carbachol or 240 microgram atropine sulphate, respectively. The increase in the release of vasopressin following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solution augmented by intraventricular injection of carbachol was found. Atropine was shown to be effective in preventing the vasopressin release caused by hypertonic solution. The effects of carbachol and atropine indicate that mediation at synapses in the nucleus supraopticus involved in the release of vasopressin induced by osmotic stimulation is cholinergic.", "contents": "Vasopressin release from incubated in situ posterior pituitary lobe after intraventricular injection of carbachol or atropine. The vasopressin release rate from incubated in situ rats posterior pituitary lobe as observed following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solutions (3 x 0.1 ml/100 g b.w. contained 1.0 mmol NaCl and 0.1 mmol CaCl2 per 1 ml) was studied when influenced by intraventricular injections of 0.6 microgram carbachol or 240 microgram atropine sulphate, respectively. The increase in the release of vasopressin following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solution augmented by intraventricular injection of carbachol was found. Atropine was shown to be effective in preventing the vasopressin release caused by hypertonic solution. The effects of carbachol and atropine indicate that mediation at synapses in the nucleus supraopticus involved in the release of vasopressin induced by osmotic stimulation is cholinergic.", "PMID": 738215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3405", "title": "Correlation among foetal number, corpora lutea and plasma progesterone in Rockland-Swiss mice.", "content": "The relationship among plasma progesterone, number of corpora lutea, and foetal number was assessed in Rockland-Swiss albino mice. While number of corpora lutea and foetal number were significantly correlated, neither was related to plasma progesterone level. This finding in the mouse is similar to results reported in the rabbit.", "contents": "Correlation among foetal number, corpora lutea and plasma progesterone in Rockland-Swiss mice. The relationship among plasma progesterone, number of corpora lutea, and foetal number was assessed in Rockland-Swiss albino mice. While number of corpora lutea and foetal number were significantly correlated, neither was related to plasma progesterone level. This finding in the mouse is similar to results reported in the rabbit.", "PMID": 738217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3406", "title": "Endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx.", "content": "Endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx using rigid endoscopes and the zoom-laryngoscope-epipharyngoscope after v. Stuckrad enhances the diagnostics in these regions considerably. These \"inaccessible\" regions, remote structures and niches can easily be visualized by angle-endoscopes with magnification. Not only diagnostic procedures are facilitated but also some therapeutical manipulations. Especially for the early detection of cancer as for follow-up control and photo-documentation the endoscopes are of particular importance.", "contents": "Endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx. Endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx using rigid endoscopes and the zoom-laryngoscope-epipharyngoscope after v. Stuckrad enhances the diagnostics in these regions considerably. These \"inaccessible\" regions, remote structures and niches can easily be visualized by angle-endoscopes with magnification. Not only diagnostic procedures are facilitated but also some therapeutical manipulations. Especially for the early detection of cancer as for follow-up control and photo-documentation the endoscopes are of particular importance.", "PMID": 738219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3407", "title": "Therapeutic endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "This paper is mainly concerned with describing and demonstrating the technique of paranasal endoscopies--maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal--, illustrated by diagrams. The improvement of technique in diagnosis and therapy of the paranasal sinuses has proved essentially successful. Indications for therapeutic endoscopy of paranasal sinuses are: 1. Purulent sinusitis. 2. Polypous and purulent sinusitis in children. 3. The so-called \"mucosinus\". 4. Removal of solitary cysts. 5. Removal of tooth fillings and roots. The different procedures are described.", "contents": "Therapeutic endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses. This paper is mainly concerned with describing and demonstrating the technique of paranasal endoscopies--maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal--, illustrated by diagrams. The improvement of technique in diagnosis and therapy of the paranasal sinuses has proved essentially successful. Indications for therapeutic endoscopy of paranasal sinuses are: 1. Purulent sinusitis. 2. Polypous and purulent sinusitis in children. 3. The so-called \"mucosinus\". 4. Removal of solitary cysts. 5. Removal of tooth fillings and roots. The different procedures are described.", "PMID": 738220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3408", "title": "Endonasal sinus surgery with endoscopical control: from radical operation to rehabilitation of the mucosa.", "content": "The radical operations of the paranasal sinuses with total removal of the diseased mucosa very often produced postoperative disability due to scar formation and nerve irritation. A new concept of endonasal sinus surgery is based on the reestablishment of paranasal draining, reventilation, and preservation of the lining mucosa. This became possible by a strictly endonasal approach using angle-optic endoscopes for the optical control of manipulations. The principles of endonasal antrostomy, ethmoidectomy, and infundibulotomy are outlined, and their preliminary results are given. The importance of long-range postoperative local treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Endonasal sinus surgery with endoscopical control: from radical operation to rehabilitation of the mucosa. The radical operations of the paranasal sinuses with total removal of the diseased mucosa very often produced postoperative disability due to scar formation and nerve irritation. A new concept of endonasal sinus surgery is based on the reestablishment of paranasal draining, reventilation, and preservation of the lining mucosa. This became possible by a strictly endonasal approach using angle-optic endoscopes for the optical control of manipulations. The principles of endonasal antrostomy, ethmoidectomy, and infundibulotomy are outlined, and their preliminary results are given. The importance of long-range postoperative local treatment is emphasized.", "PMID": 738221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3409", "title": "Magnifying endoscopic observation of the gastric mucosa, particularly in patients with atrophic gastritis.", "content": "The gastric mucosal surface was observed using the magnifying fibergastroscope (FGS-ML), and the fine gastric mucosal patterns, which were even smaller than one unit of gastric area, were examined at a magnification of about 30. For simplicification, we classified these patterns by magnifying endoscopy in the following ways; FP, FIP, FSP, SP and MP, modifying Yoshii's classification under the dissecting microscope. The FIP, which was found to have round and long elliptical gastric pits, is a new addition to our endoscopic classification. The relationship between the FIP and the intermediate zone was evaluated by superficial and histological studies of surgical and biopsy specimens. The width of the band of FIP seems to be related to the severity of atrophic gastritis. Also, the transformation of FP to FIP was assessed by comparing specimens taken from the resected and residual parts of the stomach, respectively. Moreover, it appears that severe gastritis occurs in the gastric mucosa which shows a FIP. Therefore, we consider that the FIP indicates the position of the atrophic border.", "contents": "Magnifying endoscopic observation of the gastric mucosa, particularly in patients with atrophic gastritis. The gastric mucosal surface was observed using the magnifying fibergastroscope (FGS-ML), and the fine gastric mucosal patterns, which were even smaller than one unit of gastric area, were examined at a magnification of about 30. For simplicification, we classified these patterns by magnifying endoscopy in the following ways; FP, FIP, FSP, SP and MP, modifying Yoshii's classification under the dissecting microscope. The FIP, which was found to have round and long elliptical gastric pits, is a new addition to our endoscopic classification. The relationship between the FIP and the intermediate zone was evaluated by superficial and histological studies of surgical and biopsy specimens. The width of the band of FIP seems to be related to the severity of atrophic gastritis. Also, the transformation of FP to FIP was assessed by comparing specimens taken from the resected and residual parts of the stomach, respectively. Moreover, it appears that severe gastritis occurs in the gastric mucosa which shows a FIP. Therefore, we consider that the FIP indicates the position of the atrophic border.", "PMID": 738222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3410", "title": "Significance of intraoperative fibercholangioscopy in the diagnosis of biliary tract disorders.", "content": "Intraoperative fibercholangioscopy allows direct inspection of the entire biliary tree up to the secondary distributaries. In 100 patients with suspected biliary tract pathology on account of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography the following findings were obtained: choledocholithiasis (solitary or multiple) in 66, biliary mud in 4, stricutres in 15, common bile duct carcinoma in 8, choledochal cyst in 1 and extrinsic lesions in 6. Peroral direct transpapillary cholangioscopy is still in an experimental stage but its results are promising.", "contents": "Significance of intraoperative fibercholangioscopy in the diagnosis of biliary tract disorders. Intraoperative fibercholangioscopy allows direct inspection of the entire biliary tree up to the secondary distributaries. In 100 patients with suspected biliary tract pathology on account of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography the following findings were obtained: choledocholithiasis (solitary or multiple) in 66, biliary mud in 4, stricutres in 15, common bile duct carcinoma in 8, choledochal cyst in 1 and extrinsic lesions in 6. Peroral direct transpapillary cholangioscopy is still in an experimental stage but its results are promising.", "PMID": 738223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3411", "title": "Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy in the detection of tumoral colonic lesions.", "content": "The fibrorectosigmoidocope Olympus TCF I S, has been systematically applied to the exploration of the distal colon (rectum and sigmoid) in patients with intestinal or digestive extra intestinal symptoms. In the first 300 patients the technical parameters of the method were tested: the fleet enema preparation was found excellent or satisfactory in 95% of examinations. The tolerance was good in 96% of examinations--the mean length of operation was 5.15 min--the mean length of colon examined was 48.5 cm, the distance of 50 cm being surpassed in 50% of patients. The efficacy in the detection of the lesions was tested in 476 patients. Tumoral colonic lesions were detected in 105 patients with a total of 125 adenomas and 31 cancers. In the area that could have been explored by a rigid rectosigmoidoscope (0-19 cm) we found 71 lesions (50 adenoma and 10 carcinoma), whereas beyond this limit (25-60 cm) 85 lesions (50 adenoma and 10 carcinoma).", "contents": "Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy in the detection of tumoral colonic lesions. The fibrorectosigmoidocope Olympus TCF I S, has been systematically applied to the exploration of the distal colon (rectum and sigmoid) in patients with intestinal or digestive extra intestinal symptoms. In the first 300 patients the technical parameters of the method were tested: the fleet enema preparation was found excellent or satisfactory in 95% of examinations. The tolerance was good in 96% of examinations--the mean length of operation was 5.15 min--the mean length of colon examined was 48.5 cm, the distance of 50 cm being surpassed in 50% of patients. The efficacy in the detection of the lesions was tested in 476 patients. Tumoral colonic lesions were detected in 105 patients with a total of 125 adenomas and 31 cancers. In the area that could have been explored by a rigid rectosigmoidoscope (0-19 cm) we found 71 lesions (50 adenoma and 10 carcinoma), whereas beyond this limit (25-60 cm) 85 lesions (50 adenoma and 10 carcinoma).", "PMID": 738225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3412", "title": "Endoscopic fistulotomy (EFT) for parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistula.", "content": "Up to now, surgery was the only possible treatment for choledochoduodenal fistulas, which are seen more often in Japan than in Europe. This paper presents the value and effect of endoscopic fistulotomy (EFT) as an alternative treatment in those cases. Parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistulas are abserved usually on the longitudinal fold of the papilla or on its oral side. The papillotome is inserted into the common bile duct through the orifice of the duodenal papilla, then the wall between its orifice and the fistula is cut to open widely the distal portion of the choledochus. EFT was performed successfully in 7 cases. The procedure led to a wide open stoma of the distal common bile duct with free bile outflow. Residual stones, a common occurrence in cases of parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistulas, may pass spontaneously after EFT or can be removed with a basket catheter. In cases of parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistula, EFT is a reliable method, especially in high-risk patients, and an alternative to surgical treatment.", "contents": "Endoscopic fistulotomy (EFT) for parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistula. Up to now, surgery was the only possible treatment for choledochoduodenal fistulas, which are seen more often in Japan than in Europe. This paper presents the value and effect of endoscopic fistulotomy (EFT) as an alternative treatment in those cases. Parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistulas are abserved usually on the longitudinal fold of the papilla or on its oral side. The papillotome is inserted into the common bile duct through the orifice of the duodenal papilla, then the wall between its orifice and the fistula is cut to open widely the distal portion of the choledochus. EFT was performed successfully in 7 cases. The procedure led to a wide open stoma of the distal common bile duct with free bile outflow. Residual stones, a common occurrence in cases of parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistulas, may pass spontaneously after EFT or can be removed with a basket catheter. In cases of parapapillary choledochoduodenal fistula, EFT is a reliable method, especially in high-risk patients, and an alternative to surgical treatment.", "PMID": 738226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3413", "title": "Right colon loop: a potential pitfall for total colonoscopy.", "content": "A right colon loop can occur during total colonoscopy. A light on the anterior abdominal wall in the right lower quadrant and a fluoroscopic view may imply that the tip of the colonoscope is in the cecum. The right colon loop can be documented by roentgenograms and the injection of a radioopaque solution. An arrest in embryological development with overdistension with air accounts for the right colon loop. An unrecognized right colon loop could account for a failure to see a cecal carcinoma.", "contents": "Right colon loop: a potential pitfall for total colonoscopy. A right colon loop can occur during total colonoscopy. A light on the anterior abdominal wall in the right lower quadrant and a fluoroscopic view may imply that the tip of the colonoscope is in the cecum. The right colon loop can be documented by roentgenograms and the injection of a radioopaque solution. An arrest in embryological development with overdistension with air accounts for the right colon loop. An unrecognized right colon loop could account for a failure to see a cecal carcinoma.", "PMID": 738227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3414", "title": "Boerhaave's syndrome: description of a case with endoscopic confirmation.", "content": "A rare case of spontaneous oesophageal rupture is reported. The clinical, radiological and endoscopic aspects of that specific syndrome are described, and possible pathogenetic factors are also considered.  Subsequently, appropriate radiological methods are reviewed and compared with the fiberendoscopic technique, the importance of which is outlined for diagnosis confirmation, right positioning of the rupture and correct surgical approach, Wherever possible,, immediate surgery is the proper therapy, as confirmed by literature.", "contents": "Boerhaave's syndrome: description of a case with endoscopic confirmation. A rare case of spontaneous oesophageal rupture is reported. The clinical, radiological and endoscopic aspects of that specific syndrome are described, and possible pathogenetic factors are also considered.  Subsequently, appropriate radiological methods are reviewed and compared with the fiberendoscopic technique, the importance of which is outlined for diagnosis confirmation, right positioning of the rupture and correct surgical approach, Wherever possible,, immediate surgery is the proper therapy, as confirmed by literature.", "PMID": 738228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3415", "title": "Kindling effect in the reptilian brain: motor and electrographic manifestations.", "content": "The extension of the kindling effect to the reptilian brain is reported with two experimental groups of lizards Lacerta galloti. The first group received daily stimulation in the telencephalic cortex at a current level sufficient to produce motor responses. These motor responses occurred only when the stimulus was applied, and disappeared when it was terminated. However, the threshold for evoking these motor responses decreased in 20 days of stimulation, and the responses evolved to stimulus-bound convulsions. In the second group, the stimulus was too low to produce motor responses, but it developed afterdischarges and spontaneous recurrent electrographic seizures that increased their duration with each stimulation. Reptilia are discussed as useful experimental animals for studying the kindling phenomenon.", "contents": "Kindling effect in the reptilian brain: motor and electrographic manifestations. The extension of the kindling effect to the reptilian brain is reported with two experimental groups of lizards Lacerta galloti. The first group received daily stimulation in the telencephalic cortex at a current level sufficient to produce motor responses. These motor responses occurred only when the stimulus was applied, and disappeared when it was terminated. However, the threshold for evoking these motor responses decreased in 20 days of stimulation, and the responses evolved to stimulus-bound convulsions. In the second group, the stimulus was too low to produce motor responses, but it developed afterdischarges and spontaneous recurrent electrographic seizures that increased their duration with each stimulation. Reptilia are discussed as useful experimental animals for studying the kindling phenomenon.", "PMID": 738229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3416", "title": "A neuropsychological battery for epilepsy.", "content": "The development of the Neuropsychological Battery for Epilepsy is presented. The tests are designed to be helpful in the evaluation of adult epileptics. The battery consists of General Measures which include tests in the areas of intellectual functioning, emotional status, and lateral dominance. The development of a series of 16 Discriminative Measures is presented in detail through the discussion of a pilot study, the principal investigation, and a cross-validational effort. In the principal study, 50 epileptics were individually paired with individuals having no history of neurological disease, and their performances on a wide range of ability measures were compared. Tests were eliminated if they did not appear sensitive to the brain-related problems of epileptics, if they demonstrated excessive duplication with other measures, or if they did not cross-validate with a new sample of 25 epileptic--normal pairs. The advantages of the battery were discussed, including coverage of areas previously not adequately assessed, elimination of tests with limited utility, greater uniformity and accuracy in the classification of individual subjects, and standardization of the tests with epileptics.", "contents": "A neuropsychological battery for epilepsy. The development of the Neuropsychological Battery for Epilepsy is presented. The tests are designed to be helpful in the evaluation of adult epileptics. The battery consists of General Measures which include tests in the areas of intellectual functioning, emotional status, and lateral dominance. The development of a series of 16 Discriminative Measures is presented in detail through the discussion of a pilot study, the principal investigation, and a cross-validational effort. In the principal study, 50 epileptics were individually paired with individuals having no history of neurological disease, and their performances on a wide range of ability measures were compared. Tests were eliminated if they did not appear sensitive to the brain-related problems of epileptics, if they demonstrated excessive duplication with other measures, or if they did not cross-validate with a new sample of 25 epileptic--normal pairs. The advantages of the battery were discussed, including coverage of areas previously not adequately assessed, elimination of tests with limited utility, greater uniformity and accuracy in the classification of individual subjects, and standardization of the tests with epileptics.", "PMID": 738230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3417", "title": "Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in rats.", "content": "Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral (TE) and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock were studied simultaneously in the same animal. The results obtained are as follows. All the antiepileptics used in this study depressed the TE seizure. Imipramine, biperiden, and lidocaine also depressed TE seizure, although they are not classified as antiepileptics. Phenobarbital, primidone, trimethadione, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazepam, clozapine, and imipramine had a depressant effect on electrographic seizures. However, phenytoin, ethotoin, phenacemide, and acetazolamide did not influence the electrographic seizure, in spite of having a strong effect on TE seizure. The present procedure, i.e., that of simultaneous observation of both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in the same animal, provides information which cannot be obtained from either behavior or EEG observation alone.", "contents": "Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in rats. Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral (TE) and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock were studied simultaneously in the same animal. The results obtained are as follows. All the antiepileptics used in this study depressed the TE seizure. Imipramine, biperiden, and lidocaine also depressed TE seizure, although they are not classified as antiepileptics. Phenobarbital, primidone, trimethadione, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazepam, clozapine, and imipramine had a depressant effect on electrographic seizures. However, phenytoin, ethotoin, phenacemide, and acetazolamide did not influence the electrographic seizure, in spite of having a strong effect on TE seizure. The present procedure, i.e., that of simultaneous observation of both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in the same animal, provides information which cannot be obtained from either behavior or EEG observation alone.", "PMID": 738231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3418", "title": "Chronically isolated cerebral hemisphere in the cat: effects of parenteral administration of penicillin.", "content": "Brain electrical activity (EEG) of cats with chronic, complete, neural isolation of the cortex of an entire cerebral hemisphere was studied prior to and following intramuscular administration of penicillin (250,000--300,000 units/kg). The most prominent feature of the isolated hemisphere's EEG during base-line recordings was irregular, aperiodic, slow-wave activity with intermittent sharp waves and occasional spike discharges. Following penicillin administration there was an increase in the number of spikes and sharp waves in the isolated hemisphere and an increase in amplitude of the background activity. Simultaneously recorded EEG activity of the intact hemisphere demonstrated the paroxysmal burts of sharp waves or spike-wave complexes that have been described previously in normal animals. There was complete independence of the electrical activity recorded from intact and isolated hemispheres. These results indicate that intramuscularly administered penicillin can exert a convulsant effect on cortical structures in the absence of subcortical connections, but the generalized epileptiform activity seen in normal animals is dependent on thalamocortical connections.", "contents": "Chronically isolated cerebral hemisphere in the cat: effects of parenteral administration of penicillin. Brain electrical activity (EEG) of cats with chronic, complete, neural isolation of the cortex of an entire cerebral hemisphere was studied prior to and following intramuscular administration of penicillin (250,000--300,000 units/kg). The most prominent feature of the isolated hemisphere's EEG during base-line recordings was irregular, aperiodic, slow-wave activity with intermittent sharp waves and occasional spike discharges. Following penicillin administration there was an increase in the number of spikes and sharp waves in the isolated hemisphere and an increase in amplitude of the background activity. Simultaneously recorded EEG activity of the intact hemisphere demonstrated the paroxysmal burts of sharp waves or spike-wave complexes that have been described previously in normal animals. There was complete independence of the electrical activity recorded from intact and isolated hemispheres. These results indicate that intramuscularly administered penicillin can exert a convulsant effect on cortical structures in the absence of subcortical connections, but the generalized epileptiform activity seen in normal animals is dependent on thalamocortical connections.", "PMID": 738232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3419", "title": "Plants as bioassay systems for monitoring atmospheric pollutants.", "content": "Plant species act as natural bioindicators of atmospheric pollutants. Plants can be used as bioassay systems for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. Plant injury symptoms, altered growth and reproductive pattern, changes in yield and/or productivity, and changes in species distribution can be used singly or in combination as monitoring devices. The results must be accepted as semiquantitative, but within that constraint, air quality can be sufficiently well defined to enable the setting of air quality standards. Genetic variability of higher plant species has yielded cultivars which display a range of tolerance to gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants. Asexual propagation of these cultivars provides pollutant-sensitive and pollutant-tolerant plant material which can be grown on selected sites for observation. Gymnosperm and Angiosperm species as well as species of lichens and mosses have been used to establish field monitoring networks in Europe, Canada, and the United States. White pine, shade tobacco, mosses, and lichens have proven particularly useful as bioassay tools. Pollen from pollutant-sensitive and pollutant-tolerant plant cultivars has also been used as a sensitive laboratory bioassay tool for studying air quality. Epiphytic mosses are particularly efficient as monitors of particulate pollutants, especially heavy metals, some of which may act as chemical mutagens. The cost, complexity, and lack of reliability of instrumented systems for air quality monitoring make imperative the need to develop successful plant bioassay systems for monitoring air quality.", "contents": "Plants as bioassay systems for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. Plant species act as natural bioindicators of atmospheric pollutants. Plants can be used as bioassay systems for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. Plant injury symptoms, altered growth and reproductive pattern, changes in yield and/or productivity, and changes in species distribution can be used singly or in combination as monitoring devices. The results must be accepted as semiquantitative, but within that constraint, air quality can be sufficiently well defined to enable the setting of air quality standards. Genetic variability of higher plant species has yielded cultivars which display a range of tolerance to gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants. Asexual propagation of these cultivars provides pollutant-sensitive and pollutant-tolerant plant material which can be grown on selected sites for observation. Gymnosperm and Angiosperm species as well as species of lichens and mosses have been used to establish field monitoring networks in Europe, Canada, and the United States. White pine, shade tobacco, mosses, and lichens have proven particularly useful as bioassay tools. Pollen from pollutant-sensitive and pollutant-tolerant plant cultivars has also been used as a sensitive laboratory bioassay tool for studying air quality. Epiphytic mosses are particularly efficient as monitors of particulate pollutants, especially heavy metals, some of which may act as chemical mutagens. The cost, complexity, and lack of reliability of instrumented systems for air quality monitoring make imperative the need to develop successful plant bioassay systems for monitoring air quality.", "PMID": 738233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3420", "title": "Bioaccumulation and detection of trace levels of cadmium in aquatic systems by Eichhornia crassipes.", "content": "The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) may be used as a sensitive biological indicator for continuously monitoring trace quantities of toxic heavy metals in aquatic systems. A river water system polluted with cadmium was simulated while other factors of temperature, day-night cycle, water quality, and light intensity remained constant. When the water hyacinth is maintained in river water containing 0.001 mg/l. of cadmium chloride, the plant's root system will concentrate this element at an average rate of 0.9, 1.4, and 3.0 mug Cd/g root dry weight after 24, 48, and 72 hr exposure periods, respectively. At a higher cadmium concentration of 0.01 mg/l., cadmium was concentrated in the roots much faster to levels of 6.8, 13.6, and 39.1 mug/g root after 4, 8, and 24 hr exposure periods, respectively. At initial concentrations of 0.05 mg/l. cadmium, the roots contained 29.5, 48.8, and 156 mug/g root following 4, 8, and 24 hr exposure periods, respectively. During these same time intervals, the water hyacinth sorbed 56.7, 153, and 281 mug/g root when the initial cadmium concentration was increased to 0.10 mg/l. The water hyacinth tops can also assist in the monitoring process when cadmium contamination levels are 0.10 mg/l. and greater. At this initial cadmium concentration, cadmium is translocated into the tops. After 8 hr, the tops averaged 1.1 mug/g top. After 24 hr, this concentration was increased to 6.1 mug/g top.", "contents": "Bioaccumulation and detection of trace levels of cadmium in aquatic systems by Eichhornia crassipes. The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) may be used as a sensitive biological indicator for continuously monitoring trace quantities of toxic heavy metals in aquatic systems. A river water system polluted with cadmium was simulated while other factors of temperature, day-night cycle, water quality, and light intensity remained constant. When the water hyacinth is maintained in river water containing 0.001 mg/l. of cadmium chloride, the plant's root system will concentrate this element at an average rate of 0.9, 1.4, and 3.0 mug Cd/g root dry weight after 24, 48, and 72 hr exposure periods, respectively. At a higher cadmium concentration of 0.01 mg/l., cadmium was concentrated in the roots much faster to levels of 6.8, 13.6, and 39.1 mug/g root after 4, 8, and 24 hr exposure periods, respectively. At initial concentrations of 0.05 mg/l. cadmium, the roots contained 29.5, 48.8, and 156 mug/g root following 4, 8, and 24 hr exposure periods, respectively. During these same time intervals, the water hyacinth sorbed 56.7, 153, and 281 mug/g root when the initial cadmium concentration was increased to 0.10 mg/l. The water hyacinth tops can also assist in the monitoring process when cadmium contamination levels are 0.10 mg/l. and greater. At this initial cadmium concentration, cadmium is translocated into the tops. After 8 hr, the tops averaged 1.1 mug/g top. After 24 hr, this concentration was increased to 6.1 mug/g top.", "PMID": 738234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3421", "title": "EMIC: a centralized source of chemical mutagenesis information.", "content": "In 1969, a group of scientists concerned with the health hazards posed by environmental mutagens formed the Environmental Mutagen Society to encourage interest in and the study of mutagens in the human environment. In order to deal effectively with this potential health problem, these scientists saw the need for a centralized source of published information on chemicals tested for mutagenicity and, therefore, set down as one of the immediate functions of the Society, the formation of a registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity. The Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC) was established at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to fill this information need by collecting, organizing, and making available the international literature on chemical mutagenesis. EMIC is now sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Cancer Institute. From a simple registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity, the scope and activities of EMIC have increased greatly. EMIC now processes all publications from the open literature dealing with the genetic effects of any environmental agent except those publications dealing exclusively with ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation.Growing concern for the long-term effects of chemical exposure on human health and interest in the relation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are placing ever-increasing demands on this Center. As a result of the early realization of the need for literature control, a modern, specialized information center now serves the information needs of mutagenesis workers and other interested persons around the world.", "contents": "EMIC: a centralized source of chemical mutagenesis information. In 1969, a group of scientists concerned with the health hazards posed by environmental mutagens formed the Environmental Mutagen Society to encourage interest in and the study of mutagens in the human environment. In order to deal effectively with this potential health problem, these scientists saw the need for a centralized source of published information on chemicals tested for mutagenicity and, therefore, set down as one of the immediate functions of the Society, the formation of a registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity. The Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC) was established at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to fill this information need by collecting, organizing, and making available the international literature on chemical mutagenesis. EMIC is now sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Cancer Institute. From a simple registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity, the scope and activities of EMIC have increased greatly. EMIC now processes all publications from the open literature dealing with the genetic effects of any environmental agent except those publications dealing exclusively with ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation.Growing concern for the long-term effects of chemical exposure on human health and interest in the relation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are placing ever-increasing demands on this Center. As a result of the early realization of the need for literature control, a modern, specialized information center now serves the information needs of mutagenesis workers and other interested persons around the world.", "PMID": 738236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3422", "title": "The current status of hazardous solid waste management.", "content": "Growth of the population and of industrialization, and substandard disposal of the increased waste products thus generated, have resulted in numerous documented cases of harm to human, plant, and animal health. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), its stated goals, and its intended means of implementation, are discussed relative to hazardous waste problems. Subtitle C of this Act, and the authority granted by it to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are explained. Standards and regulations have been imposed upon those responsible for generating and transporting hazardous wastes, to ensure the ultimate safe disposal of such wastes in environmentally suitable, properly licensed facilities.", "contents": "The current status of hazardous solid waste management. Growth of the population and of industrialization, and substandard disposal of the increased waste products thus generated, have resulted in numerous documented cases of harm to human, plant, and animal health. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), its stated goals, and its intended means of implementation, are discussed relative to hazardous waste problems. Subtitle C of this Act, and the authority granted by it to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are explained. Standards and regulations have been imposed upon those responsible for generating and transporting hazardous wastes, to ensure the ultimate safe disposal of such wastes in environmentally suitable, properly licensed facilities.", "PMID": 738237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3423", "title": "Hazards of solid waste management: bioethical problems, principles, and priorities.", "content": "The putative hazards of solid waste management cannot be evaluated without placing the problem within a cultural climate of crisis where some persons consider such by-products of \"high, hard technology\" to have raised unresolved moral and ethical issues. In order to assist scientific and technical efforts to protect public health and safety, a bioethical perspective requires us to examine three controversial aspects of policy-making about public safety. Failure to recognize the qualitative difference between two cognitive activities-risk-measurements (objective, scientific probabilities) and safety-judgments (subjective, shifting value priorities)-has had three unfortunate consequences. Sophisticated methods of risk analysis have been applied in a piecemeal, haphazard, ad hoc fashion within traditional institutions with the false expectation that incremental risk-reducing programs automatically ensure public health and safety. Ethical priorities require, first and foremost, a whole new field of data arranged for comparable risk-analyses. Critics of cost/risk/benefit quantifications attack the absurdity of \"putting a price on human life\" but have not been confronted with its threefold ethical justification. The widening discrepancy in risk-perceptions and loss of mutual confidence between scientific experts and ordinary citizens has placed a burden of social responsibility on members of the scientific and technical community to engage in more effective public education through the political process, notwithstanding advocates of a nonscientific adversary process. The urgency of effective public education has been demonstrated by the extent to which we have lost our historically balanced judgment about the alleged environmental hazards posed by advanced technology.", "contents": "Hazards of solid waste management: bioethical problems, principles, and priorities. The putative hazards of solid waste management cannot be evaluated without placing the problem within a cultural climate of crisis where some persons consider such by-products of \"high, hard technology\" to have raised unresolved moral and ethical issues. In order to assist scientific and technical efforts to protect public health and safety, a bioethical perspective requires us to examine three controversial aspects of policy-making about public safety. Failure to recognize the qualitative difference between two cognitive activities-risk-measurements (objective, scientific probabilities) and safety-judgments (subjective, shifting value priorities)-has had three unfortunate consequences. Sophisticated methods of risk analysis have been applied in a piecemeal, haphazard, ad hoc fashion within traditional institutions with the false expectation that incremental risk-reducing programs automatically ensure public health and safety. Ethical priorities require, first and foremost, a whole new field of data arranged for comparable risk-analyses. Critics of cost/risk/benefit quantifications attack the absurdity of \"putting a price on human life\" but have not been confronted with its threefold ethical justification. The widening discrepancy in risk-perceptions and loss of mutual confidence between scientific experts and ordinary citizens has placed a burden of social responsibility on members of the scientific and technical community to engage in more effective public education through the political process, notwithstanding advocates of a nonscientific adversary process. The urgency of effective public education has been demonstrated by the extent to which we have lost our historically balanced judgment about the alleged environmental hazards posed by advanced technology.", "PMID": 738238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3424", "title": "Hazardous solid waste from domestic wastewater treatment plants.", "content": "The treatment of liquid wastes in municipal sewage treatment plants creates significant quantities of solid residue for disposal. The potential hazard from these wastes requires that their characteristics be determined accurately to develop environmentally sound management criteria. It is readily recognized that the sludge characteristics vary with the type and degree of industrial activity within a wastewater collection system and that these characteristics play a significant role in determining whether the material has potential for beneficial reuse or if it must be directed to final disposal. This paper offers an overview of past and present practices of sewage sludge disposal, an indication of quantities produced, and experience with beneficial reuse. An estimated range of costs involved, expected environmental effects and potential for continued use is offered for each disposal or reuse system discussed.", "contents": "Hazardous solid waste from domestic wastewater treatment plants. The treatment of liquid wastes in municipal sewage treatment plants creates significant quantities of solid residue for disposal. The potential hazard from these wastes requires that their characteristics be determined accurately to develop environmentally sound management criteria. It is readily recognized that the sludge characteristics vary with the type and degree of industrial activity within a wastewater collection system and that these characteristics play a significant role in determining whether the material has potential for beneficial reuse or if it must be directed to final disposal. This paper offers an overview of past and present practices of sewage sludge disposal, an indication of quantities produced, and experience with beneficial reuse. An estimated range of costs involved, expected environmental effects and potential for continued use is offered for each disposal or reuse system discussed.", "PMID": 738239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3425", "title": "Municipal solid wastes and their disposal.", "content": "A brief overview is given of the sources, characteristics, and toxic constituents of municipal solid wastes. Several methods are presented for handling, treating, and disposal of solid wastes. Monitoring the landfill site is necessary; there has been a trend to recognize that municipal solid wastes may be hazardous and to provide separate secure handling, treatment, and disposal for their dangerous constituents. Under current state and Federal regulations, permits are being required to assure that proper handling of conventional solid wastes and more hazardous constituents are carefully managed.", "contents": "Municipal solid wastes and their disposal. A brief overview is given of the sources, characteristics, and toxic constituents of municipal solid wastes. Several methods are presented for handling, treating, and disposal of solid wastes. Monitoring the landfill site is necessary; there has been a trend to recognize that municipal solid wastes may be hazardous and to provide separate secure handling, treatment, and disposal for their dangerous constituents. Under current state and Federal regulations, permits are being required to assure that proper handling of conventional solid wastes and more hazardous constituents are carefully managed.", "PMID": 738240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3426", "title": "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company's hazardous waste program.", "content": "This paper discusses the present hazardous waste program of 3M Company (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company). 3M's definition of hazardous waste and the company's position on hazardous waste disposal are first considered. The company position is that wherever and whenever the disposal of a waste material threatens the environment or public safety, then that waste should be considered a hazardous waste and treated accordingly in terms of its handling and ultimate disposal. The generation of hazardous wastes and the differentiation of \"hazardous\" and \"nonhazardous\" wastes are described next. Handling of hazardous wastes from their generation to their disposal is then covered. This includes a definition of internal 3M terminology and a description of the hazard rating system used by the company. Finally, 3M disposal practices are presented. It is 3M's position that thermal destruction of hazardous wastes, where appropriate, is the best method for their disposal. With this in mind, 3M has constructed incineration facilities throughout the country. The rotary kiln incinerator at the 3M Chemolite plant in Cottage Grove, Minnesota is briefly described. Disposal of certain hazardous wastes in controlled secure land disposal sites is then briefly discussed.", "contents": "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company's hazardous waste program. This paper discusses the present hazardous waste program of 3M Company (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company). 3M's definition of hazardous waste and the company's position on hazardous waste disposal are first considered. The company position is that wherever and whenever the disposal of a waste material threatens the environment or public safety, then that waste should be considered a hazardous waste and treated accordingly in terms of its handling and ultimate disposal. The generation of hazardous wastes and the differentiation of \"hazardous\" and \"nonhazardous\" wastes are described next. Handling of hazardous wastes from their generation to their disposal is then covered. This includes a definition of internal 3M terminology and a description of the hazard rating system used by the company. Finally, 3M disposal practices are presented. It is 3M's position that thermal destruction of hazardous wastes, where appropriate, is the best method for their disposal. With this in mind, 3M has constructed incineration facilities throughout the country. The rotary kiln incinerator at the 3M Chemolite plant in Cottage Grove, Minnesota is briefly described. Disposal of certain hazardous wastes in controlled secure land disposal sites is then briefly discussed.", "PMID": 738241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3427", "title": "Hazardous solid waste from metallurgical industries.", "content": "Types of land disposed residuals from selected metal smelting and refining industries are described, as are the origin and disposition of land disposed residuals from the primary copper industry as an example. Quantities of land-disposed or stored residuals, including slags, sludges, and dusts, are given per unit of metal production for most primary and secondary metal smelting and refining industries. Assessments of the hazard potential of residuals are given. Present treatment and disposal of residuals are discussed and assessed for health and environmental protection. Possible technologies for protection of ground and surface water contamination are presented. These include lined lagoons, chemical fixation of sludge, and ground sealing. Possibilities of resource recovery from residuals are discussed. Data are presented showing attenuation of heavy metal ions and fluorides in selected soils. The leachability and mobility of smelting and refining residuals constituents, including heavy metals and fluorides, and other potential toxicants in specific soil, geologic, and hydrologic disposal environments must be carefully considered in setting disposal requirements.", "contents": "Hazardous solid waste from metallurgical industries. Types of land disposed residuals from selected metal smelting and refining industries are described, as are the origin and disposition of land disposed residuals from the primary copper industry as an example. Quantities of land-disposed or stored residuals, including slags, sludges, and dusts, are given per unit of metal production for most primary and secondary metal smelting and refining industries. Assessments of the hazard potential of residuals are given. Present treatment and disposal of residuals are discussed and assessed for health and environmental protection. Possible technologies for protection of ground and surface water contamination are presented. These include lined lagoons, chemical fixation of sludge, and ground sealing. Possibilities of resource recovery from residuals are discussed. Data are presented showing attenuation of heavy metal ions and fluorides in selected soils. The leachability and mobility of smelting and refining residuals constituents, including heavy metals and fluorides, and other potential toxicants in specific soil, geologic, and hydrologic disposal environments must be carefully considered in setting disposal requirements.", "PMID": 738242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3428", "title": "Impact of solid discharges from coal usage in the Southwest.", "content": "The Southwestern region of the United States is extremely wealthy in low sulfur coal resources which must be eventually utilized in response to national energy balance priorities. Fly ash and scrubber sludge can be safely disposed of using properly managed techniques to ensure that any potential impact from elements such as boron, molybdenum, or selenium is rendered insignificant. Alternative methods of solids utilization are presently being developed. Fly ash is presently being marketed commercially as an additive for concrete manufacture. Successful experiments have been completed to demonstrate the manufacture of commercial-grade wallboard from scrubber sludge. Also, greenhouse studies and field experiments have been conducted to demonstrate increased yields of selected crops grown on typical soils amended with fly ash in amounts ranging from 2% to 8%, by weight. These studies also indicate that barium and strontium may be good monitoring indices for determining atmospheric deposition of fly ash, due to their concentration ratios in soil and vegetation samples. Further studies are being conducted to confirm encouraging irrigation and crop-yield data obtained with fly ash amended soils. Finally, the composition of many fly ashes and soils are similar in the Southwest, and there are no anticipated solid discharges from coal usage which cannot be rendered insignificant with proper management of existing and emerging methods of treatment. Compared with the water availability impact of coal usage in the Southwest, the impact of solid waste discharges are insignificant.", "contents": "Impact of solid discharges from coal usage in the Southwest. The Southwestern region of the United States is extremely wealthy in low sulfur coal resources which must be eventually utilized in response to national energy balance priorities. Fly ash and scrubber sludge can be safely disposed of using properly managed techniques to ensure that any potential impact from elements such as boron, molybdenum, or selenium is rendered insignificant. Alternative methods of solids utilization are presently being developed. Fly ash is presently being marketed commercially as an additive for concrete manufacture. Successful experiments have been completed to demonstrate the manufacture of commercial-grade wallboard from scrubber sludge. Also, greenhouse studies and field experiments have been conducted to demonstrate increased yields of selected crops grown on typical soils amended with fly ash in amounts ranging from 2% to 8%, by weight. These studies also indicate that barium and strontium may be good monitoring indices for determining atmospheric deposition of fly ash, due to their concentration ratios in soil and vegetation samples. Further studies are being conducted to confirm encouraging irrigation and crop-yield data obtained with fly ash amended soils. Finally, the composition of many fly ashes and soils are similar in the Southwest, and there are no anticipated solid discharges from coal usage which cannot be rendered insignificant with proper management of existing and emerging methods of treatment. Compared with the water availability impact of coal usage in the Southwest, the impact of solid waste discharges are insignificant.", "PMID": 738243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3429", "title": "Solid wastes from nuclear power production.", "content": "Radioactivity in nuclear power effluents is negligible compared to that in retained wastes to be disposed of as solids. Two basic waste categories are those for which shallow disposal is accepted and those for which more extreme isolation is desired. The latter includes \"high level\" wastes and others contaminated with radionuclides with the unusual combined properties of long radioactive half-life and high specific radiotoxicity. The favored method for extreme isolation is emplacement in a deep stable geologic formation. Necessary technologies for waste treatment and disposal are considered available. The present program to implement these technologies is discussed, including the waste management significance of current policy on spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Recent difficulties with shallow disposal of waste are summarized.", "contents": "Solid wastes from nuclear power production. Radioactivity in nuclear power effluents is negligible compared to that in retained wastes to be disposed of as solids. Two basic waste categories are those for which shallow disposal is accepted and those for which more extreme isolation is desired. The latter includes \"high level\" wastes and others contaminated with radionuclides with the unusual combined properties of long radioactive half-life and high specific radiotoxicity. The favored method for extreme isolation is emplacement in a deep stable geologic formation. Necessary technologies for waste treatment and disposal are considered available. The present program to implement these technologies is discussed, including the waste management significance of current policy on spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Recent difficulties with shallow disposal of waste are summarized.", "PMID": 738244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3430", "title": "Hazardous solid wastes generated in the cleanup of air and water.", "content": "Air and water pollution control programs sometimes result in production of solid wastes that are difficult to manage. The sludges from sewage treatment plants and flue gas scrubbers are two examples. In many coastal communities, there is no alternative to ocean dumpling of sewage sludges for the foreseeable future. The use of sludges as soil conditioners, their conversion to fuels by pyrolysis, and other alternatives are frequently mentioned options, but they have not been demonstrated to be practical on a large scale. The Federal requirement that ocean dumping be terminated by 1981 presents the large seaboard population centers with a dilemma, due to the absence of economically feasible alternative methods of disposal. Another major solid waste problem is arising from the Federal policy that requires flue gas desulfurization on practically all power plants. This policy, designed to reduce sulfur oxide emissions, will require that vast quantities of sludge be stored. Their environmental impact is as yet not fully evaluated. Commercial use of the sulfur or sulfates produced in these processes may be possible, but its practicability on a large scale remains to be demonstrated.", "contents": "Hazardous solid wastes generated in the cleanup of air and water. Air and water pollution control programs sometimes result in production of solid wastes that are difficult to manage. The sludges from sewage treatment plants and flue gas scrubbers are two examples. In many coastal communities, there is no alternative to ocean dumpling of sewage sludges for the foreseeable future. The use of sludges as soil conditioners, their conversion to fuels by pyrolysis, and other alternatives are frequently mentioned options, but they have not been demonstrated to be practical on a large scale. The Federal requirement that ocean dumping be terminated by 1981 presents the large seaboard population centers with a dilemma, due to the absence of economically feasible alternative methods of disposal. Another major solid waste problem is arising from the Federal policy that requires flue gas desulfurization on practically all power plants. This policy, designed to reduce sulfur oxide emissions, will require that vast quantities of sludge be stored. Their environmental impact is as yet not fully evaluated. Commercial use of the sulfur or sulfates produced in these processes may be possible, but its practicability on a large scale remains to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 738245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3431", "title": "Introduction: utilization of higher plant systems as monitors of environmental mutagens.", "content": "Research over the past 10 years has clearly demonstrated the presence of mutagens among the numerous man-made and naturally occurring chemicals in our environment. These mutagens occur in all classes of chemicals, including foods, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, household and industrial chemicals as well as in pollutants of both air and water. More recently, a high correlation has been found between carcinogenic and mutagenic activity; at least 90-95% of chemical carcinogens are mutagens. There is a widespread expectation that the discovery of mutagenic activity in chemical screening programs may alert us not only to mutagenic potential in man, but carcinogenic potential as well. The types of genetic damage which can be produced are numerous and the specificity of chemical mutagens makes it possible for one type of effect to be produced predominantly or exclusively. Thus, any screening program must consist of a battery of tests capable of detecting nondisjunction, chromosome aberrations, gene mutations (point mutations as well as interstitial deletion), in addition to more subtle effects of DNA repair. In addition, since innocuous chemicals can be converted by mammalian metabolism to potent mutagens and carcinogens, these metabolites must be evaluated as well as the parent compounds. Chemicals such as air pollutants present particular problems for mutagenicity testing using conventional microbial assays. Some of these problems can be overcome by using various higher plant systems. The general utility of these systems needs to be evaluated in terms of the types of genetic damage which can be detected, relative sensitivity, and general utility for use in mutagen screening and monitoring.", "contents": "Introduction: utilization of higher plant systems as monitors of environmental mutagens. Research over the past 10 years has clearly demonstrated the presence of mutagens among the numerous man-made and naturally occurring chemicals in our environment. These mutagens occur in all classes of chemicals, including foods, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, household and industrial chemicals as well as in pollutants of both air and water. More recently, a high correlation has been found between carcinogenic and mutagenic activity; at least 90-95% of chemical carcinogens are mutagens. There is a widespread expectation that the discovery of mutagenic activity in chemical screening programs may alert us not only to mutagenic potential in man, but carcinogenic potential as well. The types of genetic damage which can be produced are numerous and the specificity of chemical mutagens makes it possible for one type of effect to be produced predominantly or exclusively. Thus, any screening program must consist of a battery of tests capable of detecting nondisjunction, chromosome aberrations, gene mutations (point mutations as well as interstitial deletion), in addition to more subtle effects of DNA repair. In addition, since innocuous chemicals can be converted by mammalian metabolism to potent mutagens and carcinogens, these metabolites must be evaluated as well as the parent compounds. Chemicals such as air pollutants present particular problems for mutagenicity testing using conventional microbial assays. Some of these problems can be overcome by using various higher plant systems. The general utility of these systems needs to be evaluated in terms of the types of genetic damage which can be detected, relative sensitivity, and general utility for use in mutagen screening and monitoring.", "PMID": 738246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3432", "title": "Landfill disposal systems.", "content": "The current status of landfill disposal of hazardous wastes in the United States is indicated by presenting descriptions of six operating landfills. These landfills illustrate the variety of techniques that exist in landfill disposal of hazardous wastes. Although some landfills more effectively isolate hazardous waste than others, all landfills must deal with the following problems. Leachate from hazardous waste landfills is generally highly polluted. Most landfills attempt to contain leachate at the site and prevent its discharge to surface or groundwaters. To retain leachate within a disposal area, subsurface barriers of materials such as concrete, asphalt, butyl rubber, vinyl, and clay are used. It is difficult to assure that these materials can seal a landfill indefinitely. When a subsurface barrier fails, the leachate enters the groundwater in a concentrated, narrow band which may bypass monitoring wells. Once a subsurface barrier has failed, repairs are time-consuming and costly, since the waste above the repair site may have to be removed. The central problem in landfill disposal is leachate control. Recent emphasis has been on developing subsurface barriers to contain the wastes and any leachate. Future emphasis should also be on techniques for removing water from hazardous wastes before they are placed in landfills, and on methods for preventing contact of the wastes with water during and after disposal operations. When leachate is eliminated, the problems of monitoring, and subsurface barrier failure and repair can be addressed, and a waste can be effectively isolated.A surface seal landfill design is recommended for maintaining the dry state of solid hazardous wastes and for controlling leachate. Any impervious liner is utilized over the top of the landfill to prevent surface water from seeping into the waste. The surface barrier is also the site where monitoring and maintenance activities are focused. Barrier failure can be detected by visual inspections and any repairs can be made without disturbing the waste. The surface seal landfill does not employ a subsurface barrier. The surface seal landfill successfully addresses each of the four environmental problems listed above, provided that this landfill design is utilized for dry wastes only and is located at a site which provides protection from groundwater and temporary perched water tables.", "contents": "Landfill disposal systems. The current status of landfill disposal of hazardous wastes in the United States is indicated by presenting descriptions of six operating landfills. These landfills illustrate the variety of techniques that exist in landfill disposal of hazardous wastes. Although some landfills more effectively isolate hazardous waste than others, all landfills must deal with the following problems. Leachate from hazardous waste landfills is generally highly polluted. Most landfills attempt to contain leachate at the site and prevent its discharge to surface or groundwaters. To retain leachate within a disposal area, subsurface barriers of materials such as concrete, asphalt, butyl rubber, vinyl, and clay are used. It is difficult to assure that these materials can seal a landfill indefinitely. When a subsurface barrier fails, the leachate enters the groundwater in a concentrated, narrow band which may bypass monitoring wells. Once a subsurface barrier has failed, repairs are time-consuming and costly, since the waste above the repair site may have to be removed. The central problem in landfill disposal is leachate control. Recent emphasis has been on developing subsurface barriers to contain the wastes and any leachate. Future emphasis should also be on techniques for removing water from hazardous wastes before they are placed in landfills, and on methods for preventing contact of the wastes with water during and after disposal operations. When leachate is eliminated, the problems of monitoring, and subsurface barrier failure and repair can be addressed, and a waste can be effectively isolated.A surface seal landfill design is recommended for maintaining the dry state of solid hazardous wastes and for controlling leachate. Any impervious liner is utilized over the top of the landfill to prevent surface water from seeping into the waste. The surface barrier is also the site where monitoring and maintenance activities are focused. Barrier failure can be detected by visual inspections and any repairs can be made without disturbing the waste. The surface seal landfill does not employ a subsurface barrier. The surface seal landfill successfully addresses each of the four environmental problems listed above, provided that this landfill design is utilized for dry wastes only and is located at a site which provides protection from groundwater and temporary perched water tables.", "PMID": 738247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3433", "title": "What is hazardous? What is safe?", "content": "The definition of an acceptable risk involves many facets most of which are outside the control of the decision maker, but they must be recognized if a proper definition is to be made. Six of the principal factors are stated and discussed. (1) nothing is absolutely safe; (2) each individual or group of individuals has his own standards by which he judges risk; (3) perceptions of risk vary with the conditions at any one time in history; (4) there must be a compensatory benefit for taking any risk; (5) societal perception of a risk may be different from the actual risk; and (6) safety is only one of the many factors that must be considered in the design of a product or service.", "contents": "What is hazardous? What is safe? The definition of an acceptable risk involves many facets most of which are outside the control of the decision maker, but they must be recognized if a proper definition is to be made. Six of the principal factors are stated and discussed. (1) nothing is absolutely safe; (2) each individual or group of individuals has his own standards by which he judges risk; (3) perceptions of risk vary with the conditions at any one time in history; (4) there must be a compensatory benefit for taking any risk; (5) societal perception of a risk may be different from the actual risk; and (6) safety is only one of the many factors that must be considered in the design of a product or service.", "PMID": 738248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3434", "title": "Elimination of the hazards from hazardous wastes.", "content": "The \"hazard\" associated with a waste essentially controls the overall engineering approach to finding suitable alternatives for solving potential disposal problems. It should be recognized that all factors affecting environmental equilibrium must be considered, including product sales, process design, financing, pre- and end-of-pipe treatment, residuals management, and ultimate bioaccumulation of residuals. To meet this challenge, a systems approach to waste treatment and residuals disposal provides a logical approach, but this management concept requires a thorough understanding of the important physical and chemical aspects of the problem, as well as many social implications of the resulting decisions. Thus waste management within a plant necessarily involves process control, pretreatment and end-of-pipe treatment. Further, it follows that residuals management from a disposal point-of-view must ultimately embrace what is called the \"multi-barrier concept.\" In essence, hazard elimination occurs in varying degrees during each phase of a properly engineered system.", "contents": "Elimination of the hazards from hazardous wastes. The \"hazard\" associated with a waste essentially controls the overall engineering approach to finding suitable alternatives for solving potential disposal problems. It should be recognized that all factors affecting environmental equilibrium must be considered, including product sales, process design, financing, pre- and end-of-pipe treatment, residuals management, and ultimate bioaccumulation of residuals. To meet this challenge, a systems approach to waste treatment and residuals disposal provides a logical approach, but this management concept requires a thorough understanding of the important physical and chemical aspects of the problem, as well as many social implications of the resulting decisions. Thus waste management within a plant necessarily involves process control, pretreatment and end-of-pipe treatment. Further, it follows that residuals management from a disposal point-of-view must ultimately embrace what is called the \"multi-barrier concept.\" In essence, hazard elimination occurs in varying degrees during each phase of a properly engineered system.", "PMID": 738249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3435", "title": "Exploratory monitoring of air pollutants for mutagenicity activity with the Tradescantia stamen hair system.", "content": "The Tradescantia genetic system developed by the late Dr. Arnold H. Sparrow for the study of effects of ionizing radiation is applicable to chemical mutagen detection. Early radiobiological data demonstrated that the stamen hairs were sensitive to as little as 0.25 rad of x-rays and that the number of cells showing a phenotypic change in pigmentation from blue to pink plateaus after approximately 21 days of chronic, low-level irradiation. Exposures to the air pollutants SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) and to vapors of mutagens such as 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) demonstrated the usefulness of the system as a detector of chemical mutagens. A significant number of phenotypic changes was observed following exposures to as little as 0.14 ppm of DBE. The maximum sensitivity of the system is obtained with long-term or chronic exposures because the response increases linearly in proportion to the duration of exposure up to 21 days. To monitor industrial sites for atmospheric mutagens a mobile laboratory was designed to support plant culture in the field. Environment-controlled growth chambers were installed in a trailer so that both ambient air fumigations and concurrent clean-air control exposures could be made. Sites monitored by the mobile laboratory were: Elizabeth, N. J.; Charleston, W. Va.; Birmingham, Ala.; Baton Rouge, La.; Houston, Tex.; Upland, Calif.; Magna, Utah; and Grand Canyon, Ariz. The latter site at Grand Canyon served as a clean air control study. Atmospheric contaminants from petroleum and chemical processing plants generated a significant number of phenotypic pigment changes that were 17 to 31% above the control levels; contaminants from steel and copper smelters, automotive combustion products and photochemical compounds were negative. Chemical analyses are underway to identify the atmospheric mutagens at the sites that showed a positive response.", "contents": "Exploratory monitoring of air pollutants for mutagenicity activity with the Tradescantia stamen hair system. The Tradescantia genetic system developed by the late Dr. Arnold H. Sparrow for the study of effects of ionizing radiation is applicable to chemical mutagen detection. Early radiobiological data demonstrated that the stamen hairs were sensitive to as little as 0.25 rad of x-rays and that the number of cells showing a phenotypic change in pigmentation from blue to pink plateaus after approximately 21 days of chronic, low-level irradiation. Exposures to the air pollutants SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) and to vapors of mutagens such as 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) demonstrated the usefulness of the system as a detector of chemical mutagens. A significant number of phenotypic changes was observed following exposures to as little as 0.14 ppm of DBE. The maximum sensitivity of the system is obtained with long-term or chronic exposures because the response increases linearly in proportion to the duration of exposure up to 21 days. To monitor industrial sites for atmospheric mutagens a mobile laboratory was designed to support plant culture in the field. Environment-controlled growth chambers were installed in a trailer so that both ambient air fumigations and concurrent clean-air control exposures could be made. Sites monitored by the mobile laboratory were: Elizabeth, N. J.; Charleston, W. Va.; Birmingham, Ala.; Baton Rouge, La.; Houston, Tex.; Upland, Calif.; Magna, Utah; and Grand Canyon, Ariz. The latter site at Grand Canyon served as a clean air control study. Atmospheric contaminants from petroleum and chemical processing plants generated a significant number of phenotypic pigment changes that were 17 to 31% above the control levels; contaminants from steel and copper smelters, automotive combustion products and photochemical compounds were negative. Chemical analyses are underway to identify the atmospheric mutagens at the sites that showed a positive response.", "PMID": 738250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3436", "title": "Use of haploid plants as bioassay for mutagens.", "content": "Results of a pilot program show that suspension cultured polyhaploid Nicotiana tabacum cells can be used to bioassay the effects of mutagens. Reproducible survival curves with significant regression coefficients are obtained. Putative mutation conferring resistance to amino acid analogs is significantly more frequent after exposure to mutagens; in contrast, habituants, cytokinin-independent clones, are significantly less frequent (although the variance of clone size increases!). The maximum spontaneous mutation rate is estimated at 3 X 10(-8); the equilibrium frequency of habituant cells in an otherwise nonhabituated culture is estimated at 5 X 10(-7). An evaluation of the system suggests changes in several and further characterization of other of the parameters involved. The use of haploid tobacco as an in vivo mutagen screen is briefly described, as is the importance of similar in vivo diploid systems for discriminating between various kinds of mutational processes.", "contents": "Use of haploid plants as bioassay for mutagens. Results of a pilot program show that suspension cultured polyhaploid Nicotiana tabacum cells can be used to bioassay the effects of mutagens. Reproducible survival curves with significant regression coefficients are obtained. Putative mutation conferring resistance to amino acid analogs is significantly more frequent after exposure to mutagens; in contrast, habituants, cytokinin-independent clones, are significantly less frequent (although the variance of clone size increases!). The maximum spontaneous mutation rate is estimated at 3 X 10(-8); the equilibrium frequency of habituant cells in an otherwise nonhabituated culture is estimated at 5 X 10(-7). An evaluation of the system suggests changes in several and further characterization of other of the parameters involved. The use of haploid tobacco as an in vivo mutagen screen is briefly described, as is the importance of similar in vivo diploid systems for discriminating between various kinds of mutational processes.", "PMID": 738251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3437", "title": "Screening aquatic ecosystems for mutagens with fern bioassays.", "content": "Recent researches on the royal fern, Osmunda regalis, have documented a high incidence of post-zygotic mutational damage in a population growing in a river heavily polluted with paper processing wastes, whereas genetic studies of nearby populations in nonpolluted environments failed to detect mutational damage. Intensive genetic and cytogenetic studies of mutation in O. regalis indicates that natural populations of homosporous ferns may be useful in situ bioassay systems for monitoring the presence of mutagens in aquatic ecosystems. Since these organisms are long-lived perennials with an ontogenetic system which stores mutational damage, they can be manipulated to give an integrated estimate of mutational damage for specified blocks of time (in units of years). Thus, the fern bioassay may be an inexpensive means of detecting both chronic low dose and episodic high dose inputs of mutagenic pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. The fern mutagen bioassay is based upon the detection of numerous categories of post-zygotic mutation load in natural fern populations. The frequency of sporophytic and embryonic lethals, leaf or root mutations, auxotrophic gametophytic mutations as well as numerous phenotypic alterations of gametophyte morphology can be routinely detected and quantified. In addition, various two-break chromosome aberrations (paracentric inversions, reciprocal translocations and ring chromosomes) can be readily screened for in the spore mother cells of many homosporous ferns.", "contents": "Screening aquatic ecosystems for mutagens with fern bioassays. Recent researches on the royal fern, Osmunda regalis, have documented a high incidence of post-zygotic mutational damage in a population growing in a river heavily polluted with paper processing wastes, whereas genetic studies of nearby populations in nonpolluted environments failed to detect mutational damage. Intensive genetic and cytogenetic studies of mutation in O. regalis indicates that natural populations of homosporous ferns may be useful in situ bioassay systems for monitoring the presence of mutagens in aquatic ecosystems. Since these organisms are long-lived perennials with an ontogenetic system which stores mutational damage, they can be manipulated to give an integrated estimate of mutational damage for specified blocks of time (in units of years). Thus, the fern bioassay may be an inexpensive means of detecting both chronic low dose and episodic high dose inputs of mutagenic pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. The fern mutagen bioassay is based upon the detection of numerous categories of post-zygotic mutation load in natural fern populations. The frequency of sporophytic and embryonic lethals, leaf or root mutations, auxotrophic gametophytic mutations as well as numerous phenotypic alterations of gametophyte morphology can be routinely detected and quantified. In addition, various two-break chromosome aberrations (paracentric inversions, reciprocal translocations and ring chromosomes) can be readily screened for in the spore mother cells of many homosporous ferns.", "PMID": 738252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3438", "title": "Effect of phenylhydrazine on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells.", "content": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was measured in the blood of rats poisoned by successive injections of phenylhydrazine (1 ml, 35 mmol). After 5 days of successive injections, more than 90% of the circulating blood cells consisted of reticulocytes and the enzyme activity also increased successively and reached a maximum corresponding to the number of reticulocytes. Thus delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity measured in the peripheral blood is mainly due to the percentage of circulating reticulocytes.", "contents": "Effect of phenylhydrazine on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was measured in the blood of rats poisoned by successive injections of phenylhydrazine (1 ml, 35 mmol). After 5 days of successive injections, more than 90% of the circulating blood cells consisted of reticulocytes and the enzyme activity also increased successively and reached a maximum corresponding to the number of reticulocytes. Thus delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity measured in the peripheral blood is mainly due to the percentage of circulating reticulocytes.", "PMID": 738253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3439", "title": "Effect of age and diet on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells.", "content": "ALA-D activity measured in the red blood cells of different species show considerable variations. Among the adult animals, rabbits have the highest activity and dogs, the lowest. It is a zinc-dependent enzyme and its activity is related to the age of the animals as well as the availability of zinc in the diet during the early growth period. Rats at partus have the highest ALA-D activity ever registered in any animal species and it decreases drastically during the early growth period. The red blood cells of newborn human babies have 50% higher ALA-D activity than that of adult man. When rats during their early growth period are fed on a diet containing 0.08 mmol zinc, there was a reduction in the enzyme activity whereas adult rats fed on diets containing higher and lower amounts of zinc did not show any change.", "contents": "Effect of age and diet on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. ALA-D activity measured in the red blood cells of different species show considerable variations. Among the adult animals, rabbits have the highest activity and dogs, the lowest. It is a zinc-dependent enzyme and its activity is related to the age of the animals as well as the availability of zinc in the diet during the early growth period. Rats at partus have the highest ALA-D activity ever registered in any animal species and it decreases drastically during the early growth period. The red blood cells of newborn human babies have 50% higher ALA-D activity than that of adult man. When rats during their early growth period are fed on a diet containing 0.08 mmol zinc, there was a reduction in the enzyme activity whereas adult rats fed on diets containing higher and lower amounts of zinc did not show any change.", "PMID": 738254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3440", "title": "Citrate and isocitrate utilization by rat ventral prostate mitochondria.", "content": "Isolated rat ventral prostate mitochondria preparations were capable of utilizing exogenous isocitrate with some resulting production of citrate. The prostate preparation did not utilize citrate or alphaKG. Citrate utilization via isocitrate seems to be limited by a unique aconitase activity which permits isocitrate to citrate but not citrate to isocitrate conversion. In contrast, kidney cortex mitochondria (under these same conditions) were capable of utilizing citrate, isocitrate, and alphaKG, and also converting isocitrate to citrate. The results support the view that citrate oxidation by prostate may be limited at the aconitase step, and thus may be a key step in accounting for the uniquely high citrate content of prostate.", "contents": "Citrate and isocitrate utilization by rat ventral prostate mitochondria. Isolated rat ventral prostate mitochondria preparations were capable of utilizing exogenous isocitrate with some resulting production of citrate. The prostate preparation did not utilize citrate or alphaKG. Citrate utilization via isocitrate seems to be limited by a unique aconitase activity which permits isocitrate to citrate but not citrate to isocitrate conversion. In contrast, kidney cortex mitochondria (under these same conditions) were capable of utilizing citrate, isocitrate, and alphaKG, and also converting isocitrate to citrate. The results support the view that citrate oxidation by prostate may be limited at the aconitase step, and thus may be a key step in accounting for the uniquely high citrate content of prostate.", "PMID": 738255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3441", "title": "Further studies on creatine kinase activity in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Creatine kinase (CK) was measured in muscle samples from 9 female and 9 male adult subjects using comparatively two procedures. The improved method, using N-acetylcysteine as activator gives results about 1.5 times higher than that with reduced glutathione. The significant correlation existing between activities of CK and hexosephosphate isomerase was confirmed using the improved method. There also exists a correlation between CK and enolase activity. In this respect, there are no differences between muscle samples from male and female subjects.", "contents": "Further studies on creatine kinase activity in human skeletal muscle. Creatine kinase (CK) was measured in muscle samples from 9 female and 9 male adult subjects using comparatively two procedures. The improved method, using N-acetylcysteine as activator gives results about 1.5 times higher than that with reduced glutathione. The significant correlation existing between activities of CK and hexosephosphate isomerase was confirmed using the improved method. There also exists a correlation between CK and enolase activity. In this respect, there are no differences between muscle samples from male and female subjects.", "PMID": 738256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3442", "title": "Electrophoretic properties and specificity of human gastric lipase.", "content": "Electrophoretic separation of gastric juice and the homogenate of stomach body mucosa on polyacrylamide gel followed by staining for esterolytic activity resulted in a characteristic zymogram composed of five activity bands located in the cathodal part of the electropherogram. This pattern was lacking in zymograms obtained for the homogenates of antral and duodenal mucosa. Lipolytic activity was confined to the same area of the gel where the five band pattern of esterolytic activity was localized. It was concluded that gastric juice and homogenate of stomach body mucosa contain one esterolytic enzyme of wide specificity, known as gastric lipase.", "contents": "Electrophoretic properties and specificity of human gastric lipase. Electrophoretic separation of gastric juice and the homogenate of stomach body mucosa on polyacrylamide gel followed by staining for esterolytic activity resulted in a characteristic zymogram composed of five activity bands located in the cathodal part of the electropherogram. This pattern was lacking in zymograms obtained for the homogenates of antral and duodenal mucosa. Lipolytic activity was confined to the same area of the gel where the five band pattern of esterolytic activity was localized. It was concluded that gastric juice and homogenate of stomach body mucosa contain one esterolytic enzyme of wide specificity, known as gastric lipase.", "PMID": 738257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3443", "title": "Effect of maternal protein deficiency on intrauterine development of small intestine with special reference to alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be greater in the fetus near term than in the progeny at birth. A set back in the orderly development of the enzyme was observed in the duodenum of pups born to protein-deficient mothers. Electrophoretic studies on polyacrylamide gel showed homogeneity of the enzyme in fetus and newborn pups. Severe intrauterine growth retardation was associated with reduced size of the enterocytes and their nuclei.", "contents": "Effect of maternal protein deficiency on intrauterine development of small intestine with special reference to alkaline phosphatase. Rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be greater in the fetus near term than in the progeny at birth. A set back in the orderly development of the enzyme was observed in the duodenum of pups born to protein-deficient mothers. Electrophoretic studies on polyacrylamide gel showed homogeneity of the enzyme in fetus and newborn pups. Severe intrauterine growth retardation was associated with reduced size of the enterocytes and their nuclei.", "PMID": 738258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3444", "title": "Relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase activity in human serum by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in myocardial infarction.", "content": "The relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase was investigated in human serum by saturation of apoaspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This stimulation depended on the time-course after injury and the peak level was attained later than the maximum value of aspartate aminotransferase activity.", "contents": "Relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase activity in human serum by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in myocardial infarction. The relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase was investigated in human serum by saturation of apoaspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This stimulation depended on the time-course after injury and the peak level was attained later than the maximum value of aspartate aminotransferase activity.", "PMID": 738259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3445", "title": "Enzymic, electrophoretic and immunoreactive properties of labeled MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase.", "content": "Purified MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase (CK) were labeled with Bolton-Hunter reagent. Labeling process did not affect their enzymic activity, although the labeled enzymes lost enzymic activity in storage. The labeled BB isoenzyme progressively changed its electrophoretic mobility, while labeled MM isoenzyme did not. Both labeled isoenzymes, however, maintained their immunoreactivity with their respective antisera. These results suggest that the enzymic and the immunoreactive sites of each CK isoenzyme are different and that BB isoenzyme, not MM isoenzyme, is electrophoretically unstable.", "contents": "Enzymic, electrophoretic and immunoreactive properties of labeled MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase. Purified MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase (CK) were labeled with Bolton-Hunter reagent. Labeling process did not affect their enzymic activity, although the labeled enzymes lost enzymic activity in storage. The labeled BB isoenzyme progressively changed its electrophoretic mobility, while labeled MM isoenzyme did not. Both labeled isoenzymes, however, maintained their immunoreactivity with their respective antisera. These results suggest that the enzymic and the immunoreactive sites of each CK isoenzyme are different and that BB isoenzyme, not MM isoenzyme, is electrophoretically unstable.", "PMID": 738260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3446", "title": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 2. Intracardiac, pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures.", "content": "The paper reports the changing pressure values during the cardiac cycle recorded from various chambers of the heart and great vessels using 2 catheter-mounted transducers, 9 cm apart. Pulse pressures are calculated. Transvalval pressure differences are determined taking account of the effect of hydrostatic pressure between the 2 sensors. The effects of some valvular lesions and arrhythmias and of changes in intrathoracic pressure are also described.", "contents": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 2. Intracardiac, pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures. The paper reports the changing pressure values during the cardiac cycle recorded from various chambers of the heart and great vessels using 2 catheter-mounted transducers, 9 cm apart. Pulse pressures are calculated. Transvalval pressure differences are determined taking account of the effect of hydrostatic pressure between the 2 sensors. The effects of some valvular lesions and arrhythmias and of changes in intrathoracic pressure are also described.", "PMID": 738261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3447", "title": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 3. Duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle.", "content": "The paper reports observations on the duration of various phases of the cardiac cycle using a bipole ECG record as a time base from which to measure the timing of pressure changes in the chambers of the heart and great vessels. From the findings the likely sequence of mechanical events during the cardiac cycle in the atria and ventricles is described.", "contents": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 3. Duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle. The paper reports observations on the duration of various phases of the cardiac cycle using a bipole ECG record as a time base from which to measure the timing of pressure changes in the chambers of the heart and great vessels. From the findings the likely sequence of mechanical events during the cardiac cycle in the atria and ventricles is described.", "PMID": 738262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3448", "title": "The effect of some anti-diarrhoeal drugs on intestinal transit and faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in the horse.", "content": "The effect of morphine, Tinct. opii, loperamide, pethidine and atropine on intestinal transit and the faecal and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes was studied in ponies. The rate of passage of a particulate marker was slowed by morphine, hastened then slowed by loperamide and Tinct. opii, and hastened by atropine. The liquid marker was slowed by Tinct. opii and hastened then slowed by the other drugs. Only loperamide decreased the faecal sodium excretion. This drug also decreased faecal water and weight; it appeared worthy of clinical trial in diarrhoea. Tinct. opii decreased by morphine, pethidine and atropine increased faecal water.", "contents": "The effect of some anti-diarrhoeal drugs on intestinal transit and faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in the horse. The effect of morphine, Tinct. opii, loperamide, pethidine and atropine on intestinal transit and the faecal and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes was studied in ponies. The rate of passage of a particulate marker was slowed by morphine, hastened then slowed by loperamide and Tinct. opii, and hastened by atropine. The liquid marker was slowed by Tinct. opii and hastened then slowed by the other drugs. Only loperamide decreased the faecal sodium excretion. This drug also decreased faecal water and weight; it appeared worthy of clinical trial in diarrhoea. Tinct. opii decreased by morphine, pethidine and atropine increased faecal water.", "PMID": 738263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3449", "title": "Heart rate during a defined exercise test in horses with heart and lung diseases.", "content": "During a gradually increasing exercise test heart rates were determined in healthy animals and in 2 groups of sick horse. These included 31 animals with a chronic pulmonary disorder and 5 with chronic heart disease. The alteration in heart rate was correlated with the clinical signs exhibited. In the horses with lung disease there was a close correlation between the stage of the diseases and the heart rate during the exercise test. In 3 animals with heart valve disease there was no apparent difference in heart rate compared with healthy horses. On the other hand the exercising heart rate of horses with atrial fibrillation showed a significant increase. The recovery rate of pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the results of gradually stepping up the exercise in horses with lung disease.", "contents": "Heart rate during a defined exercise test in horses with heart and lung diseases. During a gradually increasing exercise test heart rates were determined in healthy animals and in 2 groups of sick horse. These included 31 animals with a chronic pulmonary disorder and 5 with chronic heart disease. The alteration in heart rate was correlated with the clinical signs exhibited. In the horses with lung disease there was a close correlation between the stage of the diseases and the heart rate during the exercise test. In 3 animals with heart valve disease there was no apparent difference in heart rate compared with healthy horses. On the other hand the exercising heart rate of horses with atrial fibrillation showed a significant increase. The recovery rate of pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the results of gradually stepping up the exercise in horses with lung disease.", "PMID": 738264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3450", "title": "A report on clinical aspects and histopathology of sweet itch.", "content": "Sweet itch is an intensely pruritic dermatitis of horses recurring annually in Ireland from April to November. The tissue changes of sweet itch have similarities to immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions which occur in skin sensitised to the saliva of bloodsucking insects. There was subepidermal oedema, and marked eosinophilia; the blood vessels were tortuous and enlarged. Microfilaria were not found in serial sections of lesions of 5 affected horses. The histopathology of the immediate dermal remal reaction to the intradermal injection of Culicoides extract shows dermal vasodilation and eosinophil diapedesis. Seven horses challenged intradermally with whole extract of Culicoides, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanidae and saline, gave immediate reactions to Culicoides, 3 gave immediate reactions to Stomoxys calcitrans. Immediate and delayed reactions only occurred at the sites of challenge with Culicoides extract. Three normal ponies when challenged intradermally with extracts of biting flies, showed minimal dermal reactions.", "contents": "A report on clinical aspects and histopathology of sweet itch. Sweet itch is an intensely pruritic dermatitis of horses recurring annually in Ireland from April to November. The tissue changes of sweet itch have similarities to immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions which occur in skin sensitised to the saliva of bloodsucking insects. There was subepidermal oedema, and marked eosinophilia; the blood vessels were tortuous and enlarged. Microfilaria were not found in serial sections of lesions of 5 affected horses. The histopathology of the immediate dermal remal reaction to the intradermal injection of Culicoides extract shows dermal vasodilation and eosinophil diapedesis. Seven horses challenged intradermally with whole extract of Culicoides, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanidae and saline, gave immediate reactions to Culicoides, 3 gave immediate reactions to Stomoxys calcitrans. Immediate and delayed reactions only occurred at the sites of challenge with Culicoides extract. Three normal ponies when challenged intradermally with extracts of biting flies, showed minimal dermal reactions.", "PMID": 738265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3451", "title": "Changes in the caecal flora associated with the onset of laminitis.", "content": "Caecal fluid samples collected 8 and 24 hours after carbohydrate overload were quantitatively compared to control samples in terms of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Concomitant increases in lactic acid-producing bacteria and decreases in Gram negative bacteria were substantiated during the onset of acute laminitis. Progressive decreases in caecal fluid pH were also quantitated. Although endotoxin assays of caecal fluid and blood were not done, the caecal flora changes suggest its presence during the onset of acute laminitis.", "contents": "Changes in the caecal flora associated with the onset of laminitis. Caecal fluid samples collected 8 and 24 hours after carbohydrate overload were quantitatively compared to control samples in terms of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Concomitant increases in lactic acid-producing bacteria and decreases in Gram negative bacteria were substantiated during the onset of acute laminitis. Progressive decreases in caecal fluid pH were also quantitated. Although endotoxin assays of caecal fluid and blood were not done, the caecal flora changes suggest its presence during the onset of acute laminitis.", "PMID": 738266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3452", "title": "A histological study of macroscopically normal equine digital flexor tendons.", "content": "The normal appearance of the superficial (SFT) and deep (DFT) digital flexor tendons was described and the difference between their histological structures was emphasised. Further differences were recognised between different sites from the same tendon and between tendons in the fore and hind limbs of the same animal. Both of the tendons underwent changes with age but although a number of alterations in the histological appearance were described, a particular change, involving a patchy loss of stainable nuclei, was found at the common site of SFT injuries. While this appearance has been seen in injured tendons and described as tendon necrosis, the author warns that no cause and effect relationship has been established between the acellularity and the clinical lesions. Neither is it certain that the loss of tendon cells results in mechanical weakness of the tendon.", "contents": "A histological study of macroscopically normal equine digital flexor tendons. The normal appearance of the superficial (SFT) and deep (DFT) digital flexor tendons was described and the difference between their histological structures was emphasised. Further differences were recognised between different sites from the same tendon and between tendons in the fore and hind limbs of the same animal. Both of the tendons underwent changes with age but although a number of alterations in the histological appearance were described, a particular change, involving a patchy loss of stainable nuclei, was found at the common site of SFT injuries. While this appearance has been seen in injured tendons and described as tendon necrosis, the author warns that no cause and effect relationship has been established between the acellularity and the clinical lesions. Neither is it certain that the loss of tendon cells results in mechanical weakness of the tendon.", "PMID": 738267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3453", "title": "Control of ornithine decarboxylase activity in Physarum by polyamines.", "content": "The addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine, to cultures of Physarum polycephalum rapidly reduced the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, with maximal inhibition, 80-90%, occurring after 90 min. This response was not due to a decrease in enzyme molecules, but rather to the rapid conversion of the active enzyme to a stable, catalytically less active form. This response to exogenous polyamines was not accompanied by the appearance of a macromolecular inhibitor (antizyme) either free, or bound to the enzyme. Physiological levels of the polyamines were also found to inhibit this enzyme in vitro both competitively and non-competitively, and to promote complete yet reversible inactivation of this enzyme in the absence of reducing agents. The data suggest that the control of this enzyme by endogenous polyamine levels may be distinct from its response to exogenous polyamines.", "contents": "Control of ornithine decarboxylase activity in Physarum by polyamines. The addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine, to cultures of Physarum polycephalum rapidly reduced the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, with maximal inhibition, 80-90%, occurring after 90 min. This response was not due to a decrease in enzyme molecules, but rather to the rapid conversion of the active enzyme to a stable, catalytically less active form. This response to exogenous polyamines was not accompanied by the appearance of a macromolecular inhibitor (antizyme) either free, or bound to the enzyme. Physiological levels of the polyamines were also found to inhibit this enzyme in vitro both competitively and non-competitively, and to promote complete yet reversible inactivation of this enzyme in the absence of reducing agents. The data suggest that the control of this enzyme by endogenous polyamine levels may be distinct from its response to exogenous polyamines.", "PMID": 738271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3454", "title": "The rate of release of ATP from its complex with myosin.", "content": "An approach previously published from this laboratory for measurement of the rate of dissociation of ATP from its complex with myosin has been carefully evaluated. The procedure has been found valid, and the off constant (21 degrees C, 1=0.21 M, pH 7.0) is 1x 10(-4)s(-1). Other data for the rate of ATP binding give a Kd for myosin ATP of 6x10(-11) M. Reasons for the apparent discrepancy between this value and that reported by others have been examined. When various factors are appropriately taken into account, this discrepancy is eliminated.", "contents": "The rate of release of ATP from its complex with myosin. An approach previously published from this laboratory for measurement of the rate of dissociation of ATP from its complex with myosin has been carefully evaluated. The procedure has been found valid, and the off constant (21 degrees C, 1=0.21 M, pH 7.0) is 1x 10(-4)s(-1). Other data for the rate of ATP binding give a Kd for myosin ATP of 6x10(-11) M. Reasons for the apparent discrepancy between this value and that reported by others have been examined. When various factors are appropriately taken into account, this discrepancy is eliminated.", "PMID": 738273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3455", "title": "FAD is covalently attached to peptidyl-tRNA during cell-free synthesis of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase.", "content": "The process, by which FAD is attached covalently to the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase apoprotein in D-nicotine-induced cells of Arthrobacter oxidans was studied in vitro. [3H]Adenine-labelled FAD prepared biosynthetically in Clostridium kluyveri was incorporated into the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase molecule during cell-free translation. FAD rather than FMN or riboflavin was thus shown to be the flavin derivative transferred to the polypeptide chain. After short-term protein synthesis on ribosomes from induced A. oxidans cells in the presence of an Escherichia coli MRE 600 supernatant fraction and [adenine-2-3H]FAD, THE PEPTIDYL-TRNA fraction was separated from completed polypeptides. Labelled FAD was found to be covalently attached to the tRNA-bound polypeptides. Cleavage of the tRNA-peptide bond released labelled polypeptides the largest of which migrated as authentic 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results strongly suggest that FAD is incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chains of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during ribosomal translation.", "contents": "FAD is covalently attached to peptidyl-tRNA during cell-free synthesis of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase. The process, by which FAD is attached covalently to the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase apoprotein in D-nicotine-induced cells of Arthrobacter oxidans was studied in vitro. [3H]Adenine-labelled FAD prepared biosynthetically in Clostridium kluyveri was incorporated into the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase molecule during cell-free translation. FAD rather than FMN or riboflavin was thus shown to be the flavin derivative transferred to the polypeptide chain. After short-term protein synthesis on ribosomes from induced A. oxidans cells in the presence of an Escherichia coli MRE 600 supernatant fraction and [adenine-2-3H]FAD, THE PEPTIDYL-TRNA fraction was separated from completed polypeptides. Labelled FAD was found to be covalently attached to the tRNA-bound polypeptides. Cleavage of the tRNA-peptide bond released labelled polypeptides the largest of which migrated as authentic 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results strongly suggest that FAD is incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chains of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during ribosomal translation.", "PMID": 738274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3456", "title": "Purification of the elongation factors present in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-TUchl) have been purified from isolated spinach chloroplasts. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purifed proteins appear to be at least 70% pure. The molecular weight has been estimated to be 77000 and 45500 for EF-Gchl and EF-TUchl respectively. Chloroplast elongation factor T (EF-Tchl) has been only partially purified. Gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditons indicate that EF-T-chl is most probably composed of two polypeptides, one of which has an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of EF-TUchl. EF-TUchl appears to represent approximately 7% of the chloroplast soluble protein while EF-Gchl accounts for less than 1%. Just as in the case of the bacterial factors, EF-TUchl appears to be in excess as compared to EF-Gchl. Although no data were obtained on the concentration of EF-Tchl, it may be assumed that the three elongation factors represent approximately 10% of the chloroplast soluble protein.", "contents": "Purification of the elongation factors present in spinach chloroplasts. Elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-TUchl) have been purified from isolated spinach chloroplasts. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purifed proteins appear to be at least 70% pure. The molecular weight has been estimated to be 77000 and 45500 for EF-Gchl and EF-TUchl respectively. Chloroplast elongation factor T (EF-Tchl) has been only partially purified. Gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditons indicate that EF-T-chl is most probably composed of two polypeptides, one of which has an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of EF-TUchl. EF-TUchl appears to represent approximately 7% of the chloroplast soluble protein while EF-Gchl accounts for less than 1%. Just as in the case of the bacterial factors, EF-TUchl appears to be in excess as compared to EF-Gchl. Although no data were obtained on the concentration of EF-Tchl, it may be assumed that the three elongation factors represent approximately 10% of the chloroplast soluble protein.", "PMID": 738275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3457", "title": "The isolation and characterization of elongation factor eEF-Ts from Krebs-II mouse-ascites-tumor cells and its role in the elongation process.", "content": "A factor having activity similar to that described in other systems for the eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-Ts was isolated from the heavy, aggregate form of eEF-TH (formally named EF-1H). This protein has a molecular weight of 52000 under native conditions and of 25500 under denaturing conditions. It has been shown to stimulate eEF-Tu-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes and therefore eEF-Tu/eEF-G-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis by ribosomes and was found to stimulate GDP-GTP exchange in eEF-Tu . GDP complexes. In the course of this work, it was also demonstrated that the removal of deacylated tRNA from the ribosome is a GTP-dependent process. This report, therefore, adds further support to the concept that a third elongation factor, eEF-Ts, may be common to all systems in the eukaryotic domain.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of elongation factor eEF-Ts from Krebs-II mouse-ascites-tumor cells and its role in the elongation process. A factor having activity similar to that described in other systems for the eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-Ts was isolated from the heavy, aggregate form of eEF-TH (formally named EF-1H). This protein has a molecular weight of 52000 under native conditions and of 25500 under denaturing conditions. It has been shown to stimulate eEF-Tu-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes and therefore eEF-Tu/eEF-G-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis by ribosomes and was found to stimulate GDP-GTP exchange in eEF-Tu . GDP complexes. In the course of this work, it was also demonstrated that the removal of deacylated tRNA from the ribosome is a GTP-dependent process. This report, therefore, adds further support to the concept that a third elongation factor, eEF-Ts, may be common to all systems in the eukaryotic domain.", "PMID": 738276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3458", "title": "Studies on polypeptide-chain-elongation factors from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. 1. Purification and some properties of the purified factors.", "content": "Polypeptide chain elongation factors have been purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. By chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column, the factors were separated into two peaks; peak I contained a complex of EF-Tu and EF-Ts, while peak II was composed of EF-Tu.gdp and EF-G. These factors were subsequently purified to homogeneous states and crystallized. The EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex could be resolved into EF-Tu and EF-Ts by chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column in the presence of 8 M guanidine-HCl. The complex could be reconstituted from EF-Tu and the renatured EF-Ts. No immunological cross-reaction was detected between EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G from T. thermophilus and the antibodies to their corresponding Escherichia coli factors. The molecular weight of EF-Tu . GDP determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 49000 and 51000 respectively. On the other hand, the molecular weight of EF-Ts was estimated as 27000 and 64000, respectively, by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex gel filtration, suggesting that the protein existed probably as a dimer. The molecular weight of the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex determined by sedimentation equilibrium and by gel filtration, was 142000 and 220000, respectively. Since the molar ratio of EF-Tu to EF-Ts in the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex was one to one, it was suggested that the complex was composed of 2 mol each of EF-Tu and EF-Ts. The molecular weight of EF-G was estimated as 85000, 80000 and 78000 by equilibrium centrifugation, gel filtration, and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis respectively.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptide-chain-elongation factors from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. 1. Purification and some properties of the purified factors. Polypeptide chain elongation factors have been purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. By chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column, the factors were separated into two peaks; peak I contained a complex of EF-Tu and EF-Ts, while peak II was composed of EF-Tu.gdp and EF-G. These factors were subsequently purified to homogeneous states and crystallized. The EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex could be resolved into EF-Tu and EF-Ts by chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column in the presence of 8 M guanidine-HCl. The complex could be reconstituted from EF-Tu and the renatured EF-Ts. No immunological cross-reaction was detected between EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G from T. thermophilus and the antibodies to their corresponding Escherichia coli factors. The molecular weight of EF-Tu . GDP determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 49000 and 51000 respectively. On the other hand, the molecular weight of EF-Ts was estimated as 27000 and 64000, respectively, by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex gel filtration, suggesting that the protein existed probably as a dimer. The molecular weight of the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex determined by sedimentation equilibrium and by gel filtration, was 142000 and 220000, respectively. Since the molar ratio of EF-Tu to EF-Ts in the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex was one to one, it was suggested that the complex was composed of 2 mol each of EF-Tu and EF-Ts. The molecular weight of EF-G was estimated as 85000, 80000 and 78000 by equilibrium centrifugation, gel filtration, and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis respectively.", "PMID": 738277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3459", "title": "Physical evidence for the assembly of A and B chains of human placental collagen in a single triple helix.", "content": "Native collagen molecules containing A and B chains were isolated from pepsin-solubilised human chorionic and amniotic membrane extracts by fractional salt precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. They exhibited a circular dichroism spectrum, and a melting curve, characteristic for a triple-helical structure. Electron microscopical investigations of their segment-long-spacing crystallites revealed a molecule similar to those of the interstitial types I, II and III collagens. After denaturation, the A and B chains were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and were consistently recovered in a ratio of 1:2. Renaturation experiments indicated that only the B chains are able to reform triple-helical molecules which are stable under conditions in vivo. The data support a molecular formula A(B)2 for the native collagen molecule.", "contents": "Physical evidence for the assembly of A and B chains of human placental collagen in a single triple helix. Native collagen molecules containing A and B chains were isolated from pepsin-solubilised human chorionic and amniotic membrane extracts by fractional salt precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. They exhibited a circular dichroism spectrum, and a melting curve, characteristic for a triple-helical structure. Electron microscopical investigations of their segment-long-spacing crystallites revealed a molecule similar to those of the interstitial types I, II and III collagens. After denaturation, the A and B chains were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and were consistently recovered in a ratio of 1:2. Renaturation experiments indicated that only the B chains are able to reform triple-helical molecules which are stable under conditions in vivo. The data support a molecular formula A(B)2 for the native collagen molecule.", "PMID": 738278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3460", "title": "Complexity of polysomal polyadenylated RNA in undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Using cDNA probes, we have analysed the sequence complexity and the frequency distribution of the polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA from neuroblastoma cells at two different developmental states: either as round, immature neuroblasts, or as differentiated cells exhibiting the morphological properties of mature neurons. The total complexities measured for mRNA from undifferentiated and differentiated cells are identical and correspond to approximately 7000 average-sized sequences of 1750 nucleotides distributed in the same three abundance classes. We have determined the homology between the mRNA populations corresponding to the two developmental states by heterologous cross-hybridization: all the sequence from differentiated cells are present in the polysomes of undifferentiated cells. Conversely, the mRNA from differentiated cells fails to hybridize with about 15% of hybridizable cDNA corresponding to undifferentiated cells. This difference probably results from the disappearance of some mRNA species and may be related to the terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "Complexity of polysomal polyadenylated RNA in undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma cells. Using cDNA probes, we have analysed the sequence complexity and the frequency distribution of the polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA from neuroblastoma cells at two different developmental states: either as round, immature neuroblasts, or as differentiated cells exhibiting the morphological properties of mature neurons. The total complexities measured for mRNA from undifferentiated and differentiated cells are identical and correspond to approximately 7000 average-sized sequences of 1750 nucleotides distributed in the same three abundance classes. We have determined the homology between the mRNA populations corresponding to the two developmental states by heterologous cross-hybridization: all the sequence from differentiated cells are present in the polysomes of undifferentiated cells. Conversely, the mRNA from differentiated cells fails to hybridize with about 15% of hybridizable cDNA corresponding to undifferentiated cells. This difference probably results from the disappearance of some mRNA species and may be related to the terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.", "PMID": 738279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3461", "title": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Dissociation of bacteriophage PM2 into its morphological subunits.", "content": "The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was dissociated stepwise in 1 M NcCl (pH 7.2)with increasing urea concentrations. In 2 M urea the following substructures could be identified: (a) a nucleocapsid containing all of the viral lipid, the DNA, proteins III and IV, plus a fraction of protein II, and (b) a second substructure respresenting particles which contained all viral elements except protein I, the spike protein. In 4 M urea the viral nucleocapsid containing all of proteins III and IV, the DNA, plus a fraction of protein II, was isolated. Upon increasing the urea concentration further, this nucleocapsid is stable up to 8.5 M urea; in 9 M urea protein III was partly dissociated from the nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid in 4--8.5 M urea is stabilized by the addition of 0.1--3 M NaCl but dissociates if the NaCl concentration is less than 0.1 M. The nucleocapsid was also dissociated in 4--8.5 M urea at pH 4.5. The nucleocapsid structures and some intermediate morphological subunits have been analysed by physical methods, enabling us to draw some conclusions about the structure and hydration of the virus.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Dissociation of bacteriophage PM2 into its morphological subunits. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was dissociated stepwise in 1 M NcCl (pH 7.2)with increasing urea concentrations. In 2 M urea the following substructures could be identified: (a) a nucleocapsid containing all of the viral lipid, the DNA, proteins III and IV, plus a fraction of protein II, and (b) a second substructure respresenting particles which contained all viral elements except protein I, the spike protein. In 4 M urea the viral nucleocapsid containing all of proteins III and IV, the DNA, plus a fraction of protein II, was isolated. Upon increasing the urea concentration further, this nucleocapsid is stable up to 8.5 M urea; in 9 M urea protein III was partly dissociated from the nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid in 4--8.5 M urea is stabilized by the addition of 0.1--3 M NaCl but dissociates if the NaCl concentration is less than 0.1 M. The nucleocapsid was also dissociated in 4--8.5 M urea at pH 4.5. The nucleocapsid structures and some intermediate morphological subunits have been analysed by physical methods, enabling us to draw some conclusions about the structure and hydration of the virus.", "PMID": 738280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3462", "title": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Total reconstitution of bacteriophage PM2 in vitro.", "content": "The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was reconstituted stepwise from its purified denatured subunits. In the first step the nucleocapsid was reconstituted from the DNA and the two nucleocapsid proteins. Slight biochemical differences between reconstituted nucleocapsids and those isolated from native virus were seen. Combination of reconstituted nucleocapsid or nucleocapsid from virions with the coat and spike proteins in the presence of the viral lipids resulted in the formation of infectious virus in both cases. The reconstituted particles contained amounts of viral components similar to those in native virus, except for the lipid content. The amount of lipids present in the reconstituted particles was twice as high as the lipid content of native bacteriophage.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Total reconstitution of bacteriophage PM2 in vitro. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was reconstituted stepwise from its purified denatured subunits. In the first step the nucleocapsid was reconstituted from the DNA and the two nucleocapsid proteins. Slight biochemical differences between reconstituted nucleocapsids and those isolated from native virus were seen. Combination of reconstituted nucleocapsid or nucleocapsid from virions with the coat and spike proteins in the presence of the viral lipids resulted in the formation of infectious virus in both cases. The reconstituted particles contained amounts of viral components similar to those in native virus, except for the lipid content. The amount of lipids present in the reconstituted particles was twice as high as the lipid content of native bacteriophage.", "PMID": 738281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3463", "title": "Electrophoretic fractionation and translation in vitro of poly(rA)-containing RNA from maize endosperm. Evidence of two mRNAs coding for zein protein.", "content": "In the search for individual mRNAs coding for particular zein proteins, polysomal RNA was isolated from the endosperm of 22-days post-pollination maize kernels. This RNA was enriched for poly(rA)-containing RNAs and then submitted to preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. After electrophoresis, RNA fractions were eluted from the polyacrylamide gel and analyzed for zein mRNA activity by translation in vitro in the wheat germ system. The wheat germ system had previously been optimized for accurate translation of zein mRNAs. By a gel-electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated products from the translation reactions in vitro, it could conclusively be shown that the endosperm of developing maize kernels contains two separable mRNAs for zein, one coding for the 22000-Mr protein and one coding for the 19000-Mr protein.", "contents": "Electrophoretic fractionation and translation in vitro of poly(rA)-containing RNA from maize endosperm. Evidence of two mRNAs coding for zein protein. In the search for individual mRNAs coding for particular zein proteins, polysomal RNA was isolated from the endosperm of 22-days post-pollination maize kernels. This RNA was enriched for poly(rA)-containing RNAs and then submitted to preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. After electrophoresis, RNA fractions were eluted from the polyacrylamide gel and analyzed for zein mRNA activity by translation in vitro in the wheat germ system. The wheat germ system had previously been optimized for accurate translation of zein mRNAs. By a gel-electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated products from the translation reactions in vitro, it could conclusively be shown that the endosperm of developing maize kernels contains two separable mRNAs for zein, one coding for the 22000-Mr protein and one coding for the 19000-Mr protein.", "PMID": 738282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3464", "title": "Dynamic scintigraphy: calculatiion and imaging of regional distribution of quantitative parameters.", "content": "The theory and general method of calculation of the parametric (functional) images at dynamic studies is described briefly. This method is illustrated by a general program DYNAM. PARAM. PRESENT. created for Clincom apparatus. Moreover, the selection of parameters and algorithms for calculation, the problems associated with the filtration of data, the correction for dead time and for non-homogeneity are discussed. In addition to the general method, there are presented here the possible ways of application of the simplified methods of construction of the parametric images by means of algebraic operations between images in special cases. Some aspects of that method are completed by examples of practical parametric images of some organs.", "contents": "Dynamic scintigraphy: calculatiion and imaging of regional distribution of quantitative parameters. The theory and general method of calculation of the parametric (functional) images at dynamic studies is described briefly. This method is illustrated by a general program DYNAM. PARAM. PRESENT. created for Clincom apparatus. Moreover, the selection of parameters and algorithms for calculation, the problems associated with the filtration of data, the correction for dead time and for non-homogeneity are discussed. In addition to the general method, there are presented here the possible ways of application of the simplified methods of construction of the parametric images by means of algebraic operations between images in special cases. Some aspects of that method are completed by examples of practical parametric images of some organs.", "PMID": 738283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3465", "title": "Dynamic radionuclide phlebography. A clinical study in patients after total hip replacement.", "content": "Dynamic radionuclide phlebography was performed in 50 consecutive patients after total hip replacement to evaluate the diagnostic value of the method compared to contrast phlebography. The investigation was limited to the diagnosis of iliofemoral thrombi. A special injection technique was developed and flow curves, mean transit time and distribution of flow were recorded with a scintillation camera interfaced to a digital computer. Three principally different types of flow curves were observed. Mean transit time was of value in differentiating particle flow in the superficial veins from passage through the deep veins. Out of 15 legs with thrombi in the iliofemoral region, the distribution of flow was significantly changed in 12. Deep vein thrombosis in the lower leg did not influence mean transit time or distribution of flow in the iliofemora region. Extensive collateral flow was rare. Ninety per cent of the thrombi were asymptomatic. The method compares favorably with the 125 I fibrinogen method and cuff impedance phlebography, in diagnosing iliofemoral thrombi after total hip replacement.", "contents": "Dynamic radionuclide phlebography. A clinical study in patients after total hip replacement. Dynamic radionuclide phlebography was performed in 50 consecutive patients after total hip replacement to evaluate the diagnostic value of the method compared to contrast phlebography. The investigation was limited to the diagnosis of iliofemoral thrombi. A special injection technique was developed and flow curves, mean transit time and distribution of flow were recorded with a scintillation camera interfaced to a digital computer. Three principally different types of flow curves were observed. Mean transit time was of value in differentiating particle flow in the superficial veins from passage through the deep veins. Out of 15 legs with thrombi in the iliofemoral region, the distribution of flow was significantly changed in 12. Deep vein thrombosis in the lower leg did not influence mean transit time or distribution of flow in the iliofemora region. Extensive collateral flow was rare. Ninety per cent of the thrombi were asymptomatic. The method compares favorably with the 125 I fibrinogen method and cuff impedance phlebography, in diagnosing iliofemoral thrombi after total hip replacement.", "PMID": 738284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3466", "title": "Correlation between liver scintigraphy and computed tomography in the detection of liver metastases.", "content": "Parallel scintigraphic and computed tomographic (CT-scan) examinations of the liver were carried out during the same observation period in 55 cancer patients in whom the liver status could be microscopically and macroscopically documented with regard to presence or absence of metastases. Scintigraphy was realized by means of 198Au or 99mTc-colloid using a rectilinear scanner or a gamma-camera; CT-scan images of the liver were obtained by a standard commercial instrument before and after injection of a contrast product. The liver was found to be normal in 38 out of the 55 observed patients and a metastatic involvement was seen in 17 cases. In 45 out of 55 cases, there was concordance between the results obtained by the two investigation methods and discordance in 10 cases. The sensitivity is 97% for the scintigraphy,  94% for the CT-scan and 100% for the common negative results. The specificity can be established as 64% for the scintigraphy, 65% for the CT-scan and 74% for common positive findings. It seems therefore that these two techniques present the same efficiency in the detection of liver metastases and that the results obtained are only partly complementary.", "contents": "Correlation between liver scintigraphy and computed tomography in the detection of liver metastases. Parallel scintigraphic and computed tomographic (CT-scan) examinations of the liver were carried out during the same observation period in 55 cancer patients in whom the liver status could be microscopically and macroscopically documented with regard to presence or absence of metastases. Scintigraphy was realized by means of 198Au or 99mTc-colloid using a rectilinear scanner or a gamma-camera; CT-scan images of the liver were obtained by a standard commercial instrument before and after injection of a contrast product. The liver was found to be normal in 38 out of the 55 observed patients and a metastatic involvement was seen in 17 cases. In 45 out of 55 cases, there was concordance between the results obtained by the two investigation methods and discordance in 10 cases. The sensitivity is 97% for the scintigraphy,  94% for the CT-scan and 100% for the common negative results. The specificity can be established as 64% for the scintigraphy, 65% for the CT-scan and 74% for common positive findings. It seems therefore that these two techniques present the same efficiency in the detection of liver metastases and that the results obtained are only partly complementary.", "PMID": 738285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3467", "title": "The influence of serum folate on urinary excretion of vitamin B12.", "content": "It was found that in patients with decreased serum folate concentration, urinary excretion of vitamin B12 was increased in a statistically highly significant way with both oral administration of 58 Co-labeled vitamin B12 and with a 57Co-labeled vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex. This increased vitamin B12 excretion may account for some false normal Schilling test results. Furthermore, in folate deficiency, the intrinsic factor no longer seems required for vitamin B12 to pass the intestinal wall. It is also questionable whether vitamin B12 absorbed through the intestine under these circumstances could be properly metabolized. Besides statistical evidence, some clinical support for this theory is presented. These findings offer a possible clue for some literature reports that have lacked a satisfactory explanation.", "contents": "The influence of serum folate on urinary excretion of vitamin B12. It was found that in patients with decreased serum folate concentration, urinary excretion of vitamin B12 was increased in a statistically highly significant way with both oral administration of 58 Co-labeled vitamin B12 and with a 57Co-labeled vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex. This increased vitamin B12 excretion may account for some false normal Schilling test results. Furthermore, in folate deficiency, the intrinsic factor no longer seems required for vitamin B12 to pass the intestinal wall. It is also questionable whether vitamin B12 absorbed through the intestine under these circumstances could be properly metabolized. Besides statistical evidence, some clinical support for this theory is presented. These findings offer a possible clue for some literature reports that have lacked a satisfactory explanation.", "PMID": 738286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3468", "title": "113mIn-DTPA, a useful compound for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The binding of 113mIn to DTPA and a comparison between GFR estimated with 113mIn-DTPA and 125I-iothalamate.", "content": "For measurement of glomerular filtration rate the usefulness of diethyl traimino penta acic (DTPA) labelled with 113mIndium has been explored. The labelling procedure is very simple, since eluate from an 113mIn generator can be used directly for labelling DTP. The in vitro and in vivo binding of 113mIn to DTPA in competition with serum proteins was studied by gel-filtration. The radioactivity with the 113mIn-DTPA peak represented 100.6, 107.1 and 99.6% of the amount of radioactivity applied to the gel column for the in vivo studies, and 102.0 and 101.4% for the in vitro studies. Futhermore, the clearance of 113mIn-DTPA was compared to the clearance of 125I-iothalamate using the constant infusion technique. The clearance values were found to be nearly equal (r=0.996). It is concluded that 113mIn is almost entirely bound to DTPA after intravenous injection of the 113mIn-DTPA complex, and that the complex is a suitable agent for determination of glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "113mIn-DTPA, a useful compound for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The binding of 113mIn to DTPA and a comparison between GFR estimated with 113mIn-DTPA and 125I-iothalamate. For measurement of glomerular filtration rate the usefulness of diethyl traimino penta acic (DTPA) labelled with 113mIndium has been explored. The labelling procedure is very simple, since eluate from an 113mIn generator can be used directly for labelling DTP. The in vitro and in vivo binding of 113mIn to DTPA in competition with serum proteins was studied by gel-filtration. The radioactivity with the 113mIn-DTPA peak represented 100.6, 107.1 and 99.6% of the amount of radioactivity applied to the gel column for the in vivo studies, and 102.0 and 101.4% for the in vitro studies. Futhermore, the clearance of 113mIn-DTPA was compared to the clearance of 125I-iothalamate using the constant infusion technique. The clearance values were found to be nearly equal (r=0.996). It is concluded that 113mIn is almost entirely bound to DTPA after intravenous injection of the 113mIn-DTPA complex, and that the complex is a suitable agent for determination of glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 738287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3469", "title": "Detection of porencephaly by cerebral dynamic scanning.", "content": "Routine cerebral dynamic scanning in two patients revealed unilateral focal areas of decreased radionuclide activity between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries; the subsequent brain scans were normal. Both patients were shown to have porencephaly by isotope cisternography and computed tomography (CT) scans. When a focal avascular area is noted on cerebral dynamic scanning in the presence of normal static images, the possibility of a porencephalic cyst should be considered.", "contents": "Detection of porencephaly by cerebral dynamic scanning. Routine cerebral dynamic scanning in two patients revealed unilateral focal areas of decreased radionuclide activity between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries; the subsequent brain scans were normal. Both patients were shown to have porencephaly by isotope cisternography and computed tomography (CT) scans. When a focal avascular area is noted on cerebral dynamic scanning in the presence of normal static images, the possibility of a porencephalic cyst should be considered.", "PMID": 738288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3470", "title": "Preparation and purification of estriol, estradiol, and progesterone labeled with radioactive iodine.", "content": "Steroids labeled with radioactive isotopes are useful tracers for radio-immunoassay and for in vivo nuclear medecine purposes. We here report and discuss methods for direct labeling of the steroids estriol, estradiol, and progesterone with radioiodine-125 or -131. The purification procedure and some chemical and physical properties of the purified labeled materials are referred to and discussed.", "contents": "Preparation and purification of estriol, estradiol, and progesterone labeled with radioactive iodine. Steroids labeled with radioactive isotopes are useful tracers for radio-immunoassay and for in vivo nuclear medecine purposes. We here report and discuss methods for direct labeling of the steroids estriol, estradiol, and progesterone with radioiodine-125 or -131. The purification procedure and some chemical and physical properties of the purified labeled materials are referred to and discussed.", "PMID": 738289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3471", "title": "Dead-time correction in dynamic radionuclide studies by computer.", "content": "Several methods for the measurement of dead time and for evaluation of the dependencies required to correct dynamic studies for dead-time losses are described. Two program variants were written to produce time-activity curves in the selected areas of interest of the dynamic studies with computer's correction of dead-time losses; these variants are part of the system of programs for complex processing of scintigraphic studies set up for a Clincom instrument. The first variant performs correction on the basis of the registered count rate in the whole image, while the second variant makes us of the additional reference source positioned on the periphery of the camera visual field.", "contents": "Dead-time correction in dynamic radionuclide studies by computer. Several methods for the measurement of dead time and for evaluation of the dependencies required to correct dynamic studies for dead-time losses are described. Two program variants were written to produce time-activity curves in the selected areas of interest of the dynamic studies with computer's correction of dead-time losses; these variants are part of the system of programs for complex processing of scintigraphic studies set up for a Clincom instrument. The first variant performs correction on the basis of the registered count rate in the whole image, while the second variant makes us of the additional reference source positioned on the periphery of the camera visual field.", "PMID": 738290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3472", "title": "Performance characteristics of a gamma camera over a wide range of energies.", "content": "The problem of choosing which collimator to use for imaging a new isotope has been approached by collecting resolution and sensitivity data for a selected group of isotopes. These have been chosen to be readily available and to have generally a single gamma-ray only. Resolution and sensitivity plots for a low energy collimator and a high energy collimator are presented and their use with several isotopes of interest is discussed. The interpretation of recommedations in the literature on the choice of collimators for newly introduced isotopes would be considerably simpler if data in this format were commonly available.", "contents": "Performance characteristics of a gamma camera over a wide range of energies. The problem of choosing which collimator to use for imaging a new isotope has been approached by collecting resolution and sensitivity data for a selected group of isotopes. These have been chosen to be readily available and to have generally a single gamma-ray only. Resolution and sensitivity plots for a low energy collimator and a high energy collimator are presented and their use with several isotopes of interest is discussed. The interpretation of recommedations in the literature on the choice of collimators for newly introduced isotopes would be considerably simpler if data in this format were commonly available.", "PMID": 738291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3473", "title": "A simple methods for labeling BSP with 131I.", "content": "BSP was labeled with 131I using the Greenwood and Hunter method, which was rapid and simple. The chromatoelectrophoresis of the labeled compound showed that the labeling efficiency was 100%. Scintigraphic studies gave good results in accordance with radioactive BSP distribution reported in the literature.", "contents": "A simple methods for labeling BSP with 131I. BSP was labeled with 131I using the Greenwood and Hunter method, which was rapid and simple. The chromatoelectrophoresis of the labeled compound showed that the labeling efficiency was 100%. Scintigraphic studies gave good results in accordance with radioactive BSP distribution reported in the literature.", "PMID": 738292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3474", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in dogs. Drug sensitivity and resistance experimentally provoked by circulating blood volume alterations.", "content": "The effects of small circulating blood volume alterations on the SNP dosage required to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 70 mm Hg were studied in 6 anesthetized dogs; (A) normovolemia, (B) hypovolemia by arterial bleeding 7 ml/kg, and (C) hypervolemia by infusing 7 ml/kg whole blood. The animals became extremely SNP sensitive during hypovolemia and resistant during hypervolemia (SNP dosage A: 25.8, B: 14.7, C: 70.0 microgram/kg/min); these changes were accompanied by significant changes in cardiac output (A: 193, B: 142, C: 249 ml/kg/min). The intravenous administration of SNP with the aim of inducing hypotension generally causes a balanced pre- and afterload reduction. This balance is rather delicate and easily disturbed by small intravascular fluid changes leading to cardiac output and thus to SNP sensitivity changes. Slowly developing tachyphylaxis can be explained on the basis of such intercompartimental fluid shifts and a case of SNP tachyphylaxis reported in literature is discussed on the basis of overinfusion. SNP tachyphylaxis or resistance might be treated by preload reducing measures like phlebotomy or the administration of nitroglycerin.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in dogs. Drug sensitivity and resistance experimentally provoked by circulating blood volume alterations. The effects of small circulating blood volume alterations on the SNP dosage required to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 70 mm Hg were studied in 6 anesthetized dogs; (A) normovolemia, (B) hypovolemia by arterial bleeding 7 ml/kg, and (C) hypervolemia by infusing 7 ml/kg whole blood. The animals became extremely SNP sensitive during hypovolemia and resistant during hypervolemia (SNP dosage A: 25.8, B: 14.7, C: 70.0 microgram/kg/min); these changes were accompanied by significant changes in cardiac output (A: 193, B: 142, C: 249 ml/kg/min). The intravenous administration of SNP with the aim of inducing hypotension generally causes a balanced pre- and afterload reduction. This balance is rather delicate and easily disturbed by small intravascular fluid changes leading to cardiac output and thus to SNP sensitivity changes. Slowly developing tachyphylaxis can be explained on the basis of such intercompartimental fluid shifts and a case of SNP tachyphylaxis reported in literature is discussed on the basis of overinfusion. SNP tachyphylaxis or resistance might be treated by preload reducing measures like phlebotomy or the administration of nitroglycerin.", "PMID": 738293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3475", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in striated muscle after experimental tourniquet ischaemia and short reflow.", "content": "The effect of experimental tourniquet ischaemia on the fine structure of a rabbit's hind limb striated muscle was studied. The tourniquet time varied from 1 to 4 h. Samples were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle 30 min after releasing the tourniquet, the contralateral limb serving as the control. As the first sign of ischaemia, dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was observed after a tourniquet blockade of 1 h. After 4 h ischaemia myofibrillar components showed advanced degeneration. Ultrastructural alterations were distinct in the mitochondrial morphology. After 2 h, the mitochondria showed moderate but clear condensation. After 3 h many mitochondria showed high amplitude swelling and structural disorganization. Total blockade of the limb circulation up to 4 h effects the energy-producing organelles in the first place, especially sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules and mitochondria prior to the alterations in myofilaments. Ischaemia extended up to 3 h induces sublethal damage to the muscle cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in striated muscle after experimental tourniquet ischaemia and short reflow. The effect of experimental tourniquet ischaemia on the fine structure of a rabbit's hind limb striated muscle was studied. The tourniquet time varied from 1 to 4 h. Samples were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle 30 min after releasing the tourniquet, the contralateral limb serving as the control. As the first sign of ischaemia, dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was observed after a tourniquet blockade of 1 h. After 4 h ischaemia myofibrillar components showed advanced degeneration. Ultrastructural alterations were distinct in the mitochondrial morphology. After 2 h, the mitochondria showed moderate but clear condensation. After 3 h many mitochondria showed high amplitude swelling and structural disorganization. Total blockade of the limb circulation up to 4 h effects the energy-producing organelles in the first place, especially sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules and mitochondria prior to the alterations in myofilaments. Ischaemia extended up to 3 h induces sublethal damage to the muscle cells.", "PMID": 738295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3476", "title": "Lung function and morphology after hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma and regional ischemia in dogs.", "content": "Among 40 dogs submitted to 1 of 3 experimental shock procedures: hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma or regional ischemia, 24 dogs fulfilled the criteria of irreversible shock, based on survival or characteristic hemodynamic and metabolic changes. The 24 dogs were studied by measurements of lung function and hemodynamics. During the shock period no impairment of lung function was observed. The pulmonary shunting ratio fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. The macroscopical aspect of the lungs did not differ from that of 10 control dogs. The microscopical examination of the lungs, performed after infusion fixation, revealed only a higher granulocyte infiltration in traumatic shock and more severe congestion in hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Lung function and morphology after hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma and regional ischemia in dogs. Among 40 dogs submitted to 1 of 3 experimental shock procedures: hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma or regional ischemia, 24 dogs fulfilled the criteria of irreversible shock, based on survival or characteristic hemodynamic and metabolic changes. The 24 dogs were studied by measurements of lung function and hemodynamics. During the shock period no impairment of lung function was observed. The pulmonary shunting ratio fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. The macroscopical aspect of the lungs did not differ from that of 10 control dogs. The microscopical examination of the lungs, performed after infusion fixation, revealed only a higher granulocyte infiltration in traumatic shock and more severe congestion in hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 738294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3477", "title": "Specific effects of different food components on intestinal motility. Electromyographic study in dogs.", "content": "Interdigestive intestinal myoelectric activity is characterized by repetitive aborally migrating complexes which are inhibited by feeding. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of different food components on the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex and on the number of spike potentials during this period. 4 dogs were prepared for chronic recordings with electrodes implanted on the jejunum and an alimentary cannula placed into the duodenum. Glucose, peptides and lipids were given into the cannula at doses of 7.5 and 15 kcal/kg. The results indicated that the inhibition of the myoelectric complex was longer for lipids than for glucose and even longer than for peptides. When the caloric load was increased, the duration of inhibition was also increased. As concerns the spike potentials, their number was increased after administration of glucose and of peptides, whereas it was decreased after lipids. Lastly, the increase of the caloric load did not change the number of spike potentials significantly. These results indicated that the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex depended on both the nature and the caloric load of the food components, whereas the number of spike potentials was determined only by the composition of food.", "contents": "Specific effects of different food components on intestinal motility. Electromyographic study in dogs. Interdigestive intestinal myoelectric activity is characterized by repetitive aborally migrating complexes which are inhibited by feeding. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of different food components on the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex and on the number of spike potentials during this period. 4 dogs were prepared for chronic recordings with electrodes implanted on the jejunum and an alimentary cannula placed into the duodenum. Glucose, peptides and lipids were given into the cannula at doses of 7.5 and 15 kcal/kg. The results indicated that the inhibition of the myoelectric complex was longer for lipids than for glucose and even longer than for peptides. When the caloric load was increased, the duration of inhibition was also increased. As concerns the spike potentials, their number was increased after administration of glucose and of peptides, whereas it was decreased after lipids. Lastly, the increase of the caloric load did not change the number of spike potentials significantly. These results indicated that the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex depended on both the nature and the caloric load of the food components, whereas the number of spike potentials was determined only by the composition of food.", "PMID": 738296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3478", "title": "Treatment of bilateral renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. A review of 45 cases.", "content": "A particular type of kidney disease, the so-called Balkan nephropathy, is to be observed in some areas in Yugoslavia. This type of disease is very often associated with ureteral and pelvic tumors. 495 cases were observed (308 of pelvic and 187 of ureteral origin). Taking into consideration the frequency of bilaterality (9%) as well as of renal insufficiency (50%), we have been forced to preserve the kidney in tumoral cases instead of performing radical nephrectomy. The results on 45 bilateral pelvic and ureteral tumors are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Treatment of bilateral renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. A review of 45 cases. A particular type of kidney disease, the so-called Balkan nephropathy, is to be observed in some areas in Yugoslavia. This type of disease is very often associated with ureteral and pelvic tumors. 495 cases were observed (308 of pelvic and 187 of ureteral origin). Taking into consideration the frequency of bilaterality (9%) as well as of renal insufficiency (50%), we have been forced to preserve the kidney in tumoral cases instead of performing radical nephrectomy. The results on 45 bilateral pelvic and ureteral tumors are presented in this paper.", "PMID": 738297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3479", "title": "Sarcoma of the urinary bladder and prostate in children.", "content": "The survival rate has been improved for rhabdomyosarcoma of all sites in children by combining surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, very few children are alive today who have had sarcoma of the prostate. The prognosis appears to be better for sarcoma of the bladder than for sarcoma of the prostate. In our series all the children with prostatic sarcoma died within 7 months. 2 children with sarcoma of the bladder are cured.", "contents": "Sarcoma of the urinary bladder and prostate in children. The survival rate has been improved for rhabdomyosarcoma of all sites in children by combining surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, very few children are alive today who have had sarcoma of the prostate. The prognosis appears to be better for sarcoma of the bladder than for sarcoma of the prostate. In our series all the children with prostatic sarcoma died within 7 months. 2 children with sarcoma of the bladder are cured.", "PMID": 738298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3480", "title": "Angiographic study of renal vein involvement in renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "High dose selective renal arteriography was performed in 62 cases of renal cell carcinoma to study the patency of the renal vein trunk. Arteriographic findings were correlated with histopathology in all cases. In 35 cases of angiographic patency of the renal vein surgery always confirmed the findings. 11 false positive results were observed (the arteriographic diagnosis of venous involvement was not found at surgery). The authors believe that this method is easy and reliable; inferior cavagraphy is not necessary when arteriography shows the patency of the vein.", "contents": "Angiographic study of renal vein involvement in renal cell carcinoma. High dose selective renal arteriography was performed in 62 cases of renal cell carcinoma to study the patency of the renal vein trunk. Arteriographic findings were correlated with histopathology in all cases. In 35 cases of angiographic patency of the renal vein surgery always confirmed the findings. 11 false positive results were observed (the arteriographic diagnosis of venous involvement was not found at surgery). The authors believe that this method is easy and reliable; inferior cavagraphy is not necessary when arteriography shows the patency of the vein.", "PMID": 738299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3481", "title": "Echotomographic study in the diagnosis of the nonfunctioning kidney.", "content": "The results obtained from the nephrosonographic study of 61 functionally inactive kidneys of 57 patients are presented. Its usefulness as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of hydronephrosis, renal agenesis and retroperitoneal collections is stressed.", "contents": "Echotomographic study in the diagnosis of the nonfunctioning kidney. The results obtained from the nephrosonographic study of 61 functionally inactive kidneys of 57 patients are presented. Its usefulness as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of hydronephrosis, renal agenesis and retroperitoneal collections is stressed.", "PMID": 738300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3482", "title": "Renal calculus dissolution in immobilized patients.", "content": "13 patients presenting with immobilization stones are reported. Young males with an infection of the urinary tract are most commonly affected. In the case of phosphate stones, the infection of the urinary tract with an alkaline shift of the pH and an idiopathic hyperuricosuria play a decisive part together with temporary hyperphosphaturia and hypercalciuria. The importance of urea splitting bacteria in the urine for stone formation is stressed. Applied in time increase of fluid intake, specific antibiotics and allopurinol can lead to litholysis. If the urine of immobilized patients were monitored closely from the beginning of the hospitalisation for the above factors, and treated appropriately, urine calculi should be largely prevented.", "contents": "Renal calculus dissolution in immobilized patients. 13 patients presenting with immobilization stones are reported. Young males with an infection of the urinary tract are most commonly affected. In the case of phosphate stones, the infection of the urinary tract with an alkaline shift of the pH and an idiopathic hyperuricosuria play a decisive part together with temporary hyperphosphaturia and hypercalciuria. The importance of urea splitting bacteria in the urine for stone formation is stressed. Applied in time increase of fluid intake, specific antibiotics and allopurinol can lead to litholysis. If the urine of immobilized patients were monitored closely from the beginning of the hospitalisation for the above factors, and treated appropriately, urine calculi should be largely prevented.", "PMID": 738301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3483", "title": "Locomotion and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in infected urine. Reversal of PMN polarity.", "content": "The appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), fixed during locomotion and phagocytosis in deposits of infected urine, is described. By comparison with previous observations on vital PMNs, it is inferred that the anterior lamellipodium is the direction-choosing and prey-catching cell organelle. During phagocytosis the lamellipodium may assume such proportions that a reversal of cell polarity is produced, i.e., the lamellipodium forms the handle of a hand-mirror cell.", "contents": "Locomotion and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in infected urine. Reversal of PMN polarity. The appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), fixed during locomotion and phagocytosis in deposits of infected urine, is described. By comparison with previous observations on vital PMNs, it is inferred that the anterior lamellipodium is the direction-choosing and prey-catching cell organelle. During phagocytosis the lamellipodium may assume such proportions that a reversal of cell polarity is produced, i.e., the lamellipodium forms the handle of a hand-mirror cell.", "PMID": 738303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3484", "title": "Monosodium urate in urinary calculi.", "content": "In 3,000 calculi, monosodium urate was detected in 50 cases (1.66%). Infrared frequencies of monosodium urate are reported. In thin sections it appeared as long and thin fan-shaped or feather-like arranged crystals. Six calculi had monosodium urate as the sole component but all other cases were of mixed composition, with whewellite as the main secondary substance. The relative scarcity of monosodium urate cannot be explained by its high aqueous solubility because in urine the solubility decreases with increasing sodium concentration. Monosodium urate should be suspected in radiolucent calculi with neutral or light alkaline reaction and high uric acid and sodium concentrations in the patient's urine.", "contents": "Monosodium urate in urinary calculi. In 3,000 calculi, monosodium urate was detected in 50 cases (1.66%). Infrared frequencies of monosodium urate are reported. In thin sections it appeared as long and thin fan-shaped or feather-like arranged crystals. Six calculi had monosodium urate as the sole component but all other cases were of mixed composition, with whewellite as the main secondary substance. The relative scarcity of monosodium urate cannot be explained by its high aqueous solubility because in urine the solubility decreases with increasing sodium concentration. Monosodium urate should be suspected in radiolucent calculi with neutral or light alkaline reaction and high uric acid and sodium concentrations in the patient's urine.", "PMID": 738304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3485", "title": "Some influences of the contractile element on the visco-elastic properties of bladder wall strips.", "content": "The influence of the inhibition and stimulation of the active element of pig bladder wall on the stress-decrease curves, determined on bladder wall strips, has been investigated. The properties of the strips were investigated by stepwise straining. Stress-decrease curves were analysed in terms of a multi-exponential model. The reduced activity of the active element was found to decrease the spread of the exponents (relaxation constants) of the bladder wall. The smallest of the three relaxation constants did not, however, appear to be influenced by the active element.", "contents": "Some influences of the contractile element on the visco-elastic properties of bladder wall strips. The influence of the inhibition and stimulation of the active element of pig bladder wall on the stress-decrease curves, determined on bladder wall strips, has been investigated. The properties of the strips were investigated by stepwise straining. Stress-decrease curves were analysed in terms of a multi-exponential model. The reduced activity of the active element was found to decrease the spread of the exponents (relaxation constants) of the bladder wall. The smallest of the three relaxation constants did not, however, appear to be influenced by the active element.", "PMID": 738305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3486", "title": "Use of adhesive tissue for repair in experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas in dogs.", "content": "Experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas were successfully treated using the transvaginal approach and strengthening the bladder sutures with adhesive tissue. Despite inflammation of the surrounding tissues good results were obtained, without cystotomy, permanent catheterization and antibiotics.", "contents": "Use of adhesive tissue for repair in experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas in dogs. Experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas were successfully treated using the transvaginal approach and strengthening the bladder sutures with adhesive tissue. Despite inflammation of the surrounding tissues good results were obtained, without cystotomy, permanent catheterization and antibiotics.", "PMID": 738306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3487", "title": "Renal carcinoma in a child.", "content": "A case of renal carcinoma in the left kidney of a 9-year-old female with parahilar lymph node metastases, surviving 9 years after surgery, is described. Referring to data in the literature, symptoms of infantile renal carcinoma, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma in a child. A case of renal carcinoma in the left kidney of a 9-year-old female with parahilar lymph node metastases, surviving 9 years after surgery, is described. Referring to data in the literature, symptoms of infantile renal carcinoma, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 738307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3488", "title": "Massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation following retropubic prostatectomy.", "content": "The possibility of massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation for postprostatectomy bleeding is illustrated by this case report. Emergency measures to differentiate the arterial from the venous sources of such a hemorrhage and their influence on the subsequent management are discussed.", "contents": "Massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation following retropubic prostatectomy. The possibility of massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation for postprostatectomy bleeding is illustrated by this case report. Emergency measures to differentiate the arterial from the venous sources of such a hemorrhage and their influence on the subsequent management are discussed.", "PMID": 738308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3489", "title": "Operative procedures on male genitalia using a new 'infrapubic' approach.", "content": "The 'infrapubic' approach gives an excellent exposure for most bilateral operations on the scrotum as well as on the penile root.", "contents": "Operative procedures on male genitalia using a new 'infrapubic' approach. The 'infrapubic' approach gives an excellent exposure for most bilateral operations on the scrotum as well as on the penile root.", "PMID": 738309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3490", "title": "From clinical and research findings on memory to intervention programs.", "content": "Memory remediation for the elderly is in its infancy. This paper reviews the etiology of memory problems in the elderly and the current difficulties in evaluating memory complaints and memory functions. Recommendations for comprehensive intervention programs are included.", "contents": "From clinical and research findings on memory to intervention programs. Memory remediation for the elderly is in its infancy. This paper reviews the etiology of memory problems in the elderly and the current difficulties in evaluating memory complaints and memory functions. Recommendations for comprehensive intervention programs are included.", "PMID": 738310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3491", "title": "Problems in the clinical assessment of memory.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of clinical memory testing in the light of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of human memory. It recounts some of the purposes of memory testing and inadequacies in the tests currently available. A brief review of information processing theory and experimental findings with Korsakoff patients and aged normals provides a number of considerations that must be attended to in developing more adequate memory tests in the future.", "contents": "Problems in the clinical assessment of memory. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of clinical memory testing in the light of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of human memory. It recounts some of the purposes of memory testing and inadequacies in the tests currently available. A brief review of information processing theory and experimental findings with Korsakoff patients and aged normals provides a number of considerations that must be attended to in developing more adequate memory tests in the future.", "PMID": 738311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3492", "title": "Remembering the person: relations of individual difference variables to memory.", "content": "Individual differences in personality and temperament variables were examined in relation to measures of simple mental performance in an attempt to determine the effects of personality on cognitive functioning in the elderly. Shorter latencies in binary decision and choice reaction times, and in recognition memory and object naming tasks were found to be associated with greater trait anxiety and experiential openness. The need to include clinical assessments of memory impairment and measures of more global cognitive abilities and styles in future research on personality and mental performance was discussed, and ways in which information on personality variables might be incorporated into programs of intervention for memory impairment in the elderly were suggested.", "contents": "Remembering the person: relations of individual difference variables to memory. Individual differences in personality and temperament variables were examined in relation to measures of simple mental performance in an attempt to determine the effects of personality on cognitive functioning in the elderly. Shorter latencies in binary decision and choice reaction times, and in recognition memory and object naming tasks were found to be associated with greater trait anxiety and experiential openness. The need to include clinical assessments of memory impairment and measures of more global cognitive abilities and styles in future research on personality and mental performance was discussed, and ways in which information on personality variables might be incorporated into programs of intervention for memory impairment in the elderly were suggested.", "PMID": 738312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3493", "title": "Toward applying cognitive skill training to memory problems.", "content": "Four elements of a successful program of cognitive skill training for the elderly include: (a) the use of mnemonic aids for the memorization of new information; (b) the development of motivational techniques to enhance attention to materials and maintenance of cognitive skills acquired through training; (c) the design of techniques which utilize individual differences in abilities, personality, and cognitive style to enhance individual programs of cognitive skill training; and (d) the use of appropriate medical and/or psychiatric care when necessary.", "contents": "Toward applying cognitive skill training to memory problems. Four elements of a successful program of cognitive skill training for the elderly include: (a) the use of mnemonic aids for the memorization of new information; (b) the development of motivational techniques to enhance attention to materials and maintenance of cognitive skills acquired through training; (c) the design of techniques which utilize individual differences in abilities, personality, and cognitive style to enhance individual programs of cognitive skill training; and (d) the use of appropriate medical and/or psychiatric care when necessary.", "PMID": 738313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3494", "title": "Comments on Winn and Elias: testing the rehearsal deficit hypothesis.", "content": "Winn and Elias, [Experimental Aging Research, 1977, 3 (4)], recently tested a version of the rehearsal deficit hypothesis in which elderly adults are viewed as being less likely to rehearse spontaneously than are young adults. Since their results failed to support this variant of the deficit hypothesis, Winn and Elias concluded that elderly adults do not manifest a rehearsal deficit. The present position is that Winn and Elias's version of the deficit hypothesis is an untenable one. Their results actually supported an alternative version of the hypothesis that identifies deficit in terms of elaborative or mediational rehearsal.", "contents": "Comments on Winn and Elias: testing the rehearsal deficit hypothesis. Winn and Elias, [Experimental Aging Research, 1977, 3 (4)], recently tested a version of the rehearsal deficit hypothesis in which elderly adults are viewed as being less likely to rehearse spontaneously than are young adults. Since their results failed to support this variant of the deficit hypothesis, Winn and Elias concluded that elderly adults do not manifest a rehearsal deficit. The present position is that Winn and Elias's version of the deficit hypothesis is an untenable one. Their results actually supported an alternative version of the hypothesis that identifies deficit in terms of elaborative or mediational rehearsal.", "PMID": 738314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3495", "title": "A reply to Kausler: to rehearse or not to rehearse; was that our question?", "content": "A reply is made to criticisms by Kausler of a previous study by these authors. Two main points are discussed: the main thrust of the previous study and the use of the concept \"rehearsal deficit\". Suggestions for testing a specific rehearsal deficit hypothesis are given.", "contents": "A reply to Kausler: to rehearse or not to rehearse; was that our question? A reply is made to criticisms by Kausler of a previous study by these authors. Two main points are discussed: the main thrust of the previous study and the use of the concept \"rehearsal deficit\". Suggestions for testing a specific rehearsal deficit hypothesis are given.", "PMID": 738315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3496", "title": "Remote memory as a function of age and sex.", "content": "Memory for events which occurred between 1910 and 1969 was examined in individuals ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Two types of events were included: Those which represented happenings of historical significance and those which dealt with the entertainment world of the past. Men were found to recall historical items significantly better than women, while entertainment items were equally well recalled by the two sexes. Age of peak memory for past events from the entertainment world increased with the age of the item; individuals seemed to remember best those events which occurred in their youth or young adulthood. This pattern was not replicated with respect to the historical current events items; however, these items may be a biased test of remote memory in women.", "contents": "Remote memory as a function of age and sex. Memory for events which occurred between 1910 and 1969 was examined in individuals ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Two types of events were included: Those which represented happenings of historical significance and those which dealt with the entertainment world of the past. Men were found to recall historical items significantly better than women, while entertainment items were equally well recalled by the two sexes. Age of peak memory for past events from the entertainment world increased with the age of the item; individuals seemed to remember best those events which occurred in their youth or young adulthood. This pattern was not replicated with respect to the historical current events items; however, these items may be a biased test of remote memory in women.", "PMID": 738316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3497", "title": "Age differences in perceptual style, selective attention, and perceptual-motor reaction time.", "content": "One hundred seventy-five females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years, who were placed into one of seven age groups, were administered tasks measuring perceptual style, selective attention, simple choice, and complex reaction time. Multivariate and univariate analysis indicated there were significant differences between the age groups for all dependent measures. Trends manifest in the data suggest significant declines on the investigated information-processing ability measures begin in the late-40's. This finding appears to indicate an over-all general decline on all information-processing variables rather than selective drop-out of abilities. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Age differences in perceptual style, selective attention, and perceptual-motor reaction time. One hundred seventy-five females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years, who were placed into one of seven age groups, were administered tasks measuring perceptual style, selective attention, simple choice, and complex reaction time. Multivariate and univariate analysis indicated there were significant differences between the age groups for all dependent measures. Trends manifest in the data suggest significant declines on the investigated information-processing ability measures begin in the late-40's. This finding appears to indicate an over-all general decline on all information-processing variables rather than selective drop-out of abilities. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 738317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3498", "title": "Age, isometric knee extension strength, and fractionated resisted response time.", "content": "The relationship of age and a life style of physical activity with isometric knee extension strength and a simple and choice resisted response time was examined in 60 male subjects divided into four equal groups: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, Young Inactive. Each response measure consisted of a visual reaction time followed by a movement to a target. Reaction time was further fractionated into premotor and motor time components. Resistance was applied in reaction time trials via an electromagnet placed below the subject's heel. Although knee extension strength was lower in old groups, the Old Actives were 7.7 kg stronger than Old Inactives. Simple and choice total reaction time for all groups lengthened in the resisted condition due to an increased motor time component. Even though the resistance applied was a fixed 10% of maximum strength the increase in resisted motor time was greatest for the young groups and unrelated to physical activity level.", "contents": "Age, isometric knee extension strength, and fractionated resisted response time. The relationship of age and a life style of physical activity with isometric knee extension strength and a simple and choice resisted response time was examined in 60 male subjects divided into four equal groups: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, Young Inactive. Each response measure consisted of a visual reaction time followed by a movement to a target. Reaction time was further fractionated into premotor and motor time components. Resistance was applied in reaction time trials via an electromagnet placed below the subject's heel. Although knee extension strength was lower in old groups, the Old Actives were 7.7 kg stronger than Old Inactives. Simple and choice total reaction time for all groups lengthened in the resisted condition due to an increased motor time component. Even though the resistance applied was a fixed 10% of maximum strength the increase in resisted motor time was greatest for the young groups and unrelated to physical activity level.", "PMID": 738318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3499", "title": "Associative symmetry and item availability: evidence for qualitative age differences in acquisition strategies.", "content": "The concept of associative symmetry was investigated under three instructional conditions with standard instructional conditions producing associative asymmetry in old subjects and symmetry in young subjects. Analysis of response-stimulus item availability for young and old subjects led to the suggestion that young and old subjects utilize qualitatively different acquisition strategies to process information and that deficits in PA learning in old subjects may begin in the associative learning stage.", "contents": "Associative symmetry and item availability: evidence for qualitative age differences in acquisition strategies. The concept of associative symmetry was investigated under three instructional conditions with standard instructional conditions producing associative asymmetry in old subjects and symmetry in young subjects. Analysis of response-stimulus item availability for young and old subjects led to the suggestion that young and old subjects utilize qualitatively different acquisition strategies to process information and that deficits in PA learning in old subjects may begin in the associative learning stage.", "PMID": 738319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3500", "title": "Symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index in relationship to hypertension and age.", "content": "This study compared young and old hypertensive and normotensive subjects with respect to the number of symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). The hypertensive subjects had more physical and psychological complaints than did the normotensive subjects. Differences in symptoms reported between the blood pressure groups were not concentrated in one specific category (e.g., cardiovascular) but were distributed over several categories. Age did not influence the number of symptoms reported for either blood pressure group. The results were discussed in the context of the lack of specificity of symptoms reported by hypertensive subjects, and to what extent reported symptoms on the CMI are influenced by knowledge of one's blood pressure status.", "contents": "Symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index in relationship to hypertension and age. This study compared young and old hypertensive and normotensive subjects with respect to the number of symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). The hypertensive subjects had more physical and psychological complaints than did the normotensive subjects. Differences in symptoms reported between the blood pressure groups were not concentrated in one specific category (e.g., cardiovascular) but were distributed over several categories. Age did not influence the number of symptoms reported for either blood pressure group. The results were discussed in the context of the lack of specificity of symptoms reported by hypertensive subjects, and to what extent reported symptoms on the CMI are influenced by knowledge of one's blood pressure status.", "PMID": 738320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3501", "title": "Age-related differences in serial binary classification.", "content": "In a two-choice serial task, three groups of subjects with median ages of 37, 54, and 69 years pressed one response lever when the current signal was the same as its immediate predecessor in a sequence, and the other when it was not. Four classes of events-same signal/same response, same signal/different response, different signal/same response, different signal/different response-occurred equally often. The reaction times of subjects in the oldest group exceeded those of the two younger groups by a constant amount under all conditions; there was no evidence that stimulus or response repetition interacted with age. The data from all age groups support only the hypothesis that repeating a given signal is sufficient to produce the repetition effect in a choice reaction task.", "contents": "Age-related differences in serial binary classification. In a two-choice serial task, three groups of subjects with median ages of 37, 54, and 69 years pressed one response lever when the current signal was the same as its immediate predecessor in a sequence, and the other when it was not. Four classes of events-same signal/same response, same signal/different response, different signal/same response, different signal/different response-occurred equally often. The reaction times of subjects in the oldest group exceeded those of the two younger groups by a constant amount under all conditions; there was no evidence that stimulus or response repetition interacted with age. The data from all age groups support only the hypothesis that repeating a given signal is sufficient to produce the repetition effect in a choice reaction task.", "PMID": 738321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3502", "title": "National Institute on Aging cell-line repository.", "content": "The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established, under contract, a cell-line repository. This resource is designed to support NIA grantees, prospective grantees, and other laboratories engaged in cellular aging research. Services of the NIA Cell-Line Repository include storage and distribution of characterized, contaminant-free normal diploid and genetically-marked human cell-lines.", "contents": "National Institute on Aging cell-line repository. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established, under contract, a cell-line repository. This resource is designed to support NIA grantees, prospective grantees, and other laboratories engaged in cellular aging research. Services of the NIA Cell-Line Repository include storage and distribution of characterized, contaminant-free normal diploid and genetically-marked human cell-lines.", "PMID": 738322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3503", "title": "Investigation into the species-specific deacylation of penta-acetyl-gitoxin.", "content": "Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16 AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolities in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Investigation into the species-specific deacylation of penta-acetyl-gitoxin. Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16 AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolities in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 738349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3504", "title": "Plasma timolol levels after oral and intravenous administration.", "content": "The plasma kinetics of timolol administered orally and intravenously to 5 male subjects were examined. Bioavailability was reduced by 25% when the drug was taken orally. Mean plasma half-life after oral dosing was 4.86 h, and after intravenous administration it was 4.56 h; the difference was not significant. The volume of distribution was 3.5 1/k. It is suggested that timolol is little affected by the 'first pass effect', even though there is marked interindividual variation in availability and peak plasma level.", "contents": "Plasma timolol levels after oral and intravenous administration. The plasma kinetics of timolol administered orally and intravenously to 5 male subjects were examined. Bioavailability was reduced by 25% when the drug was taken orally. Mean plasma half-life after oral dosing was 4.86 h, and after intravenous administration it was 4.56 h; the difference was not significant. The volume of distribution was 3.5 1/k. It is suggested that timolol is little affected by the 'first pass effect', even though there is marked interindividual variation in availability and peak plasma level.", "PMID": 738350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3505", "title": "Serum and plasma concentrations of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance haemodialysis patients and normal subjects.", "content": "Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal fialure although there is probably little point in exceeding a  dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 5 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.", "contents": "Serum and plasma concentrations of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance haemodialysis patients and normal subjects. Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal fialure although there is probably little point in exceeding a  dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 5 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.", "PMID": 738351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3506", "title": "Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption.", "content": "Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, 'Medicoal' was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charcoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.", "contents": "Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption. Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, 'Medicoal' was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charcoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.", "PMID": 738352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3507", "title": "Effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on avoidance behavior and exploratory activity.", "content": "The effect of graded doses of D-amphetamine and haloperidol were tested on retention of a one trial learning passive avoidance response, on extinction of pole-jumping active avoidance behavior and on open-field activity. Low doses of amphetamine (10 microgram/animal) increased passive avoidance latency when given s.c. 1 h prior to the retention test. Higher doses (20 and 1000 microgram/animal) caused a bimodal distribution of avoidance latencies. Haloperidol (0.03 or 1.0 microgram/animal) significantly attenuated passive avoidance behavior. Amphetamine caused a delay of extinction of pole-jumping avoidance behavior in a dose-dependent manner (10, 30 or 90 microgram per rat). Conversely, haloperidol induced a dose-dependent facilitation of extinction (0.03 or 0.1 microgram per rat). Open-field activity was not significantly affected by 30 microgram amphetamine or 0.03 microgram haloperidol; 90 microgram amphetamine significantly increased rearing activity and 0.1 microgram haloperidol decreased ambulation. The data show that passive and active avoidance behavior are sensitive measures to test the activity of psychomotor stimulant and neuroleptic drugs. Exploratory behavior allows more specific behavioral effects to be dissociated from locomotor influences.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on avoidance behavior and exploratory activity. The effect of graded doses of D-amphetamine and haloperidol were tested on retention of a one trial learning passive avoidance response, on extinction of pole-jumping active avoidance behavior and on open-field activity. Low doses of amphetamine (10 microgram/animal) increased passive avoidance latency when given s.c. 1 h prior to the retention test. Higher doses (20 and 1000 microgram/animal) caused a bimodal distribution of avoidance latencies. Haloperidol (0.03 or 1.0 microgram/animal) significantly attenuated passive avoidance behavior. Amphetamine caused a delay of extinction of pole-jumping avoidance behavior in a dose-dependent manner (10, 30 or 90 microgram per rat). Conversely, haloperidol induced a dose-dependent facilitation of extinction (0.03 or 0.1 microgram per rat). Open-field activity was not significantly affected by 30 microgram amphetamine or 0.03 microgram haloperidol; 90 microgram amphetamine significantly increased rearing activity and 0.1 microgram haloperidol decreased ambulation. The data show that passive and active avoidance behavior are sensitive measures to test the activity of psychomotor stimulant and neuroleptic drugs. Exploratory behavior allows more specific behavioral effects to be dissociated from locomotor influences.", "PMID": 738353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3508", "title": "Effects of pimozide on the response of smooth muscle to non-dopamine agonists and calcium.", "content": "Pimozide inhibits acetylcholine and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum and noradrenaline-induced contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens in a non-competitive manner. In order to explore the nature of this inhibitory effect, we investigated pimozide's effects on calcium-induced contractions of deplorized guinea-pig ileum. In this case the antagonism elicited was competitive. Therefore caution is indicated in the use of pimozide to provide indirect proof of the existence of peripheral dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Effects of pimozide on the response of smooth muscle to non-dopamine agonists and calcium. Pimozide inhibits acetylcholine and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum and noradrenaline-induced contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens in a non-competitive manner. In order to explore the nature of this inhibitory effect, we investigated pimozide's effects on calcium-induced contractions of deplorized guinea-pig ileum. In this case the antagonism elicited was competitive. Therefore caution is indicated in the use of pimozide to provide indirect proof of the existence of peripheral dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 738354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3509", "title": "Substance P and opioid interaction on stimulated and non-stimulated guinea pig ileum.", "content": "In the past, substance P (SP) has been suggested to be both an opiate agonist and an antagonist. It therfore seemed appropriate to examine potential interactions of SP and opioids on guinea pig ileum. On non-stimulated ileal strips SP caused a dose responsive increase in contraction. Pretreatment of the tissue with morphine (3, 30, 300, 3000 nM), enkephalin (1.42, 14.2, 142, 1420 nM), naloxone (5nM), or atropine (0.144 micron) did not significantly alter the spasmogenic effect of SP. On stimulated guinea pig ileum, whereas morphine and enkephalin inhibited the electrically induced twitch, SP adminstration resulted in contraction of the tissue. Additionally, neither strongly effective non sub-threshold doses of SP antagonized the effects of the narcotics. These data are discussed in terms of separate receptors mediating the effects of the opiates and SP on guinea pig ileum.", "contents": "Substance P and opioid interaction on stimulated and non-stimulated guinea pig ileum. In the past, substance P (SP) has been suggested to be both an opiate agonist and an antagonist. It therfore seemed appropriate to examine potential interactions of SP and opioids on guinea pig ileum. On non-stimulated ileal strips SP caused a dose responsive increase in contraction. Pretreatment of the tissue with morphine (3, 30, 300, 3000 nM), enkephalin (1.42, 14.2, 142, 1420 nM), naloxone (5nM), or atropine (0.144 micron) did not significantly alter the spasmogenic effect of SP. On stimulated guinea pig ileum, whereas morphine and enkephalin inhibited the electrically induced twitch, SP adminstration resulted in contraction of the tissue. Additionally, neither strongly effective non sub-threshold doses of SP antagonized the effects of the narcotics. These data are discussed in terms of separate receptors mediating the effects of the opiates and SP on guinea pig ileum.", "PMID": 738356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3510", "title": "Coronary vasospastic action of thromboxane A2 in isolated, working guinea pig hearts.", "content": "The effects of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) on isolated, working guinea pig heart and left ventricular papillary muscle preparations were investigated. TXA2 was generated by the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) with indomethacin-treated horse platelet microsomes (IPM). TXA2 caused dose-dependently a considerable decrease in the coronary flow, left ventricular systolic pressure and left ventricular dp/dt in the perfused heart, while the similar effects of PGH2 were transient and weaker than those of TXA2. These effects of TXA2 disappeared after the TXA2-generating system was left standing at 37 degree C for 3 min. When IPM in the TXA2-generating system was pretreated with a TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, L-8027, the enhanced cardiac responses induced by the mixture of IPM and PGH2 disappeared. TXA2 had no direct effect on the contractile force of the papillary muscle. These results suggest that TXA2 has a specific coronary vasopastic action without a direct inotropic effect.", "contents": "Coronary vasospastic action of thromboxane A2 in isolated, working guinea pig hearts. The effects of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) on isolated, working guinea pig heart and left ventricular papillary muscle preparations were investigated. TXA2 was generated by the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) with indomethacin-treated horse platelet microsomes (IPM). TXA2 caused dose-dependently a considerable decrease in the coronary flow, left ventricular systolic pressure and left ventricular dp/dt in the perfused heart, while the similar effects of PGH2 were transient and weaker than those of TXA2. These effects of TXA2 disappeared after the TXA2-generating system was left standing at 37 degree C for 3 min. When IPM in the TXA2-generating system was pretreated with a TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, L-8027, the enhanced cardiac responses induced by the mixture of IPM and PGH2 disappeared. TXA2 had no direct effect on the contractile force of the papillary muscle. These results suggest that TXA2 has a specific coronary vasopastic action without a direct inotropic effect.", "PMID": 738358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3511", "title": "Effect of terbutaline sulphate on ovarian, uterine and maternal placental blood flow in the anesthetized guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of terbutaline sulphage, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on uteroplacental blood flow was studied in the guinea pig during late pregnancy. Organ blood flows and cardiac output were assessed by the radioactive microsphere technique. Infusion of terbutaline at a rate of 2nmol min-1 kg-1 body weight caused a significant increase in cardiac output and in the perfusion of the uterus and ovaries, but there was no significant alteration in maternal placental blood flow. When the infusion rate was increased tenfold, there was also a significant rise in the blood supply to the bronchi, urinary bladder, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Maternal placental blood flow was not adversely affected even by this large dose of the drug, although there was a significant reduction in the placental share of the cardiac output.", "contents": "Effect of terbutaline sulphate on ovarian, uterine and maternal placental blood flow in the anesthetized guinea pig. The effect of terbutaline sulphage, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on uteroplacental blood flow was studied in the guinea pig during late pregnancy. Organ blood flows and cardiac output were assessed by the radioactive microsphere technique. Infusion of terbutaline at a rate of 2nmol min-1 kg-1 body weight caused a significant increase in cardiac output and in the perfusion of the uterus and ovaries, but there was no significant alteration in maternal placental blood flow. When the infusion rate was increased tenfold, there was also a significant rise in the blood supply to the bronchi, urinary bladder, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Maternal placental blood flow was not adversely affected even by this large dose of the drug, although there was a significant reduction in the placental share of the cardiac output.", "PMID": 738359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3512", "title": "Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in conscious and morphine--chloralose-anesthetized dogs: anesthetic influence on drug action.", "content": "Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in conscious dogs and in those anesthetized with morphine (3 mg/kg, i.m.) plus alpha-chloralose (100 mg/kg i.v.) were evaluated in this study. A decrease in the heart rate, cardiac output (PBF) and a concomitant increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular stroke work (RVSW) observed in conscious animals following the administration of delta 9-THC were qualitatively similar to the effects reported in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital; however, unlike in the pentobarbital group, hypotensive effects to THC were not evident in the consious animals. In contrast, the effect of delta 9-THC in morphine--chloralose dogs were different; in this group delta 9-THC administration resulted in increases in the heart rate the PBF, and significant reductions in PAR, PVR and RVSW. Further, a decrease in the arterial blood pressure noted following THC administration was closely associated with a reduction in the total peripheral resistance in the morphine--chloralose group. The results of this study indicated that the pulmonary effects of THC in dogs may be related to its actions on the heart rate and differ qualitatively as well as quantitatively depending on the anesthetic used.", "contents": "Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in conscious and morphine--chloralose-anesthetized dogs: anesthetic influence on drug action. Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in conscious dogs and in those anesthetized with morphine (3 mg/kg, i.m.) plus alpha-chloralose (100 mg/kg i.v.) were evaluated in this study. A decrease in the heart rate, cardiac output (PBF) and a concomitant increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular stroke work (RVSW) observed in conscious animals following the administration of delta 9-THC were qualitatively similar to the effects reported in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital; however, unlike in the pentobarbital group, hypotensive effects to THC were not evident in the consious animals. In contrast, the effect of delta 9-THC in morphine--chloralose dogs were different; in this group delta 9-THC administration resulted in increases in the heart rate the PBF, and significant reductions in PAR, PVR and RVSW. Further, a decrease in the arterial blood pressure noted following THC administration was closely associated with a reduction in the total peripheral resistance in the morphine--chloralose group. The results of this study indicated that the pulmonary effects of THC in dogs may be related to its actions on the heart rate and differ qualitatively as well as quantitatively depending on the anesthetic used.", "PMID": 738360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3513", "title": "Analysis of feeding suppression produced by perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol.", "content": "The effects on feeding of perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol were examined in hungry rats. In pargyline-pretreated subjects, both dopamine and epinephrine significantly suppressed food intake, at doses as low as 31 ng for dopamine and 150 ng for epinephrine (the latter injected with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocker). This effect was reliably strengthened by inhibiting catecholamine deamination or presynaptic catecholamine uptake. Perifornical injections of amphetamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and phenmetrazine also suppressed feeding. The magnitude of this effect in individual animals was positively correlated with the effect produced by catecholamine agonists. Moreover, this effect of mazindol was partially antagonized by perifornical injection of dopaminergic and beta-adrenoceptor blockers. The effects of amphetamine and epinephrine were abolished by these drugs, while dopamine's effect was selectively inhibited by the dopaminergic antagonist. Serotonergic antagonists produced no change. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that perifornical hypothalamic catecholamine neurons, through dopaminergic receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, are involved in inhibiting feeding behavior, as well as in mediating the anorexic action of the amphetamines and mazindol.", "contents": "Analysis of feeding suppression produced by perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol. The effects on feeding of perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol were examined in hungry rats. In pargyline-pretreated subjects, both dopamine and epinephrine significantly suppressed food intake, at doses as low as 31 ng for dopamine and 150 ng for epinephrine (the latter injected with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocker). This effect was reliably strengthened by inhibiting catecholamine deamination or presynaptic catecholamine uptake. Perifornical injections of amphetamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and phenmetrazine also suppressed feeding. The magnitude of this effect in individual animals was positively correlated with the effect produced by catecholamine agonists. Moreover, this effect of mazindol was partially antagonized by perifornical injection of dopaminergic and beta-adrenoceptor blockers. The effects of amphetamine and epinephrine were abolished by these drugs, while dopamine's effect was selectively inhibited by the dopaminergic antagonist. Serotonergic antagonists produced no change. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that perifornical hypothalamic catecholamine neurons, through dopaminergic receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, are involved in inhibiting feeding behavior, as well as in mediating the anorexic action of the amphetamines and mazindol.", "PMID": 738361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3514", "title": "Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine in the rabbit.", "content": "Acute effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 400--900 microgram kg-1 intracisternally, i.c.i.) consisted of bradycardia and hypertension, maximal 2--3 h after injection and preceded after some doses by a phase of hypotension. This pattern was obtained in completely conscious rabbits and after propanidid and sodium pentobarbitone anesthesia. After 600 microgram kg-1 i.c.i. 6-OHDA the peak rise in blood pressure (25 +/- 3.8 mm Hg) was due to a rise in peripheral resistance involving particularly renal and intestinal beds. Suprapontine mechanisms contributed to both hypertension and bradycardia. Giving pontine rabbits 6-OHDA elicited a short-latency fall in blood pressure, resembling the hypotensive phase in intact animals. Chronic effects 7 days after 600 microgram kg-1 included a rapid loss of 10% of body weight associated with reduction in food and water intake. To avoid secondary circulatory effects the rabbits were artificially fed, halving the weight loss. At 7 days blood pressure had fallen by 7.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg probably owing to this residual weight loss. From experiments involving administration of phenotolamine and clonidine in intact rabbits and the responses of pontine animals it is likely that both descending and ascending catecholaminergic pathways have inhibitory effects on blood pressure, though some of the pathways may also be excitatory. Absence of specific chronic circulatory changes may be due to compensation through parallel pathways involving other transmitters.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine in the rabbit. Acute effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 400--900 microgram kg-1 intracisternally, i.c.i.) consisted of bradycardia and hypertension, maximal 2--3 h after injection and preceded after some doses by a phase of hypotension. This pattern was obtained in completely conscious rabbits and after propanidid and sodium pentobarbitone anesthesia. After 600 microgram kg-1 i.c.i. 6-OHDA the peak rise in blood pressure (25 +/- 3.8 mm Hg) was due to a rise in peripheral resistance involving particularly renal and intestinal beds. Suprapontine mechanisms contributed to both hypertension and bradycardia. Giving pontine rabbits 6-OHDA elicited a short-latency fall in blood pressure, resembling the hypotensive phase in intact animals. Chronic effects 7 days after 600 microgram kg-1 included a rapid loss of 10% of body weight associated with reduction in food and water intake. To avoid secondary circulatory effects the rabbits were artificially fed, halving the weight loss. At 7 days blood pressure had fallen by 7.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg probably owing to this residual weight loss. From experiments involving administration of phenotolamine and clonidine in intact rabbits and the responses of pontine animals it is likely that both descending and ascending catecholaminergic pathways have inhibitory effects on blood pressure, though some of the pathways may also be excitatory. Absence of specific chronic circulatory changes may be due to compensation through parallel pathways involving other transmitters.", "PMID": 738362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3515", "title": "Effect of tryptophan on hepatic nuclear free and engaged RNA-polymerases in young and adult rats.", "content": "Whereas in young rats (2 weeks old), administration of typtophan produced marked enhancement in the activity of both engaged and free polymerases of nuclei, in adult rats (10 weeks old) only the engaged polymerases showed higher activities following tryptophan force-feeding.", "contents": "Effect of tryptophan on hepatic nuclear free and engaged RNA-polymerases in young and adult rats. Whereas in young rats (2 weeks old), administration of typtophan produced marked enhancement in the activity of both engaged and free polymerases of nuclei, in adult rats (10 weeks old) only the engaged polymerases showed higher activities following tryptophan force-feeding.", "PMID": 738386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3516", "title": "Characterization of ribosomal RNA from insect eqqs (Euscelis plebejus, Cicadina; Smittia spec., Chironomidae, Diptera).", "content": "The molecular weights of ribosomal RNAs from eggs of 2 different insect species and of their mitochondrial rRNA were determined. By denaturating conditions, the 28 S rRNA from both insect eggs is converted to 18 S products.", "contents": "Characterization of ribosomal RNA from insect eqqs (Euscelis plebejus, Cicadina; Smittia spec., Chironomidae, Diptera). The molecular weights of ribosomal RNAs from eggs of 2 different insect species and of their mitochondrial rRNA were determined. By denaturating conditions, the 28 S rRNA from both insect eggs is converted to 18 S products.", "PMID": 738387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3517", "title": "The density and chemical composition of fish muscle.", "content": "The relationship between the density of muscle from Coregonus pollan Thompson and its chemical composition has a parabolic nature which makes prediction of fat or dry matter content from density impossible.", "contents": "The density and chemical composition of fish muscle. The relationship between the density of muscle from Coregonus pollan Thompson and its chemical composition has a parabolic nature which makes prediction of fat or dry matter content from density impossible.", "PMID": 738388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3518", "title": "Purification of acidic Z protein from human liver.", "content": "Preparation of Z protein from human liver is described. Z protein consists of 2 forms which have different isoelectric points, pI 5.8 and pI 8.7 respectively. The acidic Z protein has a molecular weight of about 11,000 and has binding affinity for BSP using gel filtration.", "contents": "Purification of acidic Z protein from human liver. Preparation of Z protein from human liver is described. Z protein consists of 2 forms which have different isoelectric points, pI 5.8 and pI 8.7 respectively. The acidic Z protein has a molecular weight of about 11,000 and has binding affinity for BSP using gel filtration.", "PMID": 738389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3519", "title": "The antifertility action of alpha-chlorohydrin: enzyme inhibition by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate.", "content": "Preparations of the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase are shown to be inhibited by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate (II) in a competitive and non-competitive manner, respectively. alpha-Chlorohydrin (I), glycidol and epi-chlorohydrin have no inhibitory activities suggesting that their antifertility actions are due to their metabolism in vivo to alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate.", "contents": "The antifertility action of alpha-chlorohydrin: enzyme inhibition by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate. Preparations of the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase are shown to be inhibited by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate (II) in a competitive and non-competitive manner, respectively. alpha-Chlorohydrin (I), glycidol and epi-chlorohydrin have no inhibitory activities suggesting that their antifertility actions are due to their metabolism in vivo to alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate.", "PMID": 738390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3520", "title": "Partial purification and some properties of a nucleoside phosphotransferase of chick embryos.", "content": "A nucleoside phosphotransferase purified about 40fold from chick embryos utilizes efficiently as phosphate donors deoxyribonucleoside and pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates, whereas the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside appear to be the preferred acceptors of phosphate. The enzyme is very unstable to heat, dilution and dialysis. A marked enhancement in the stability is caused by nucleotides and it seems associated with the formation of an aggregated state of the protein.", "contents": "Partial purification and some properties of a nucleoside phosphotransferase of chick embryos. A nucleoside phosphotransferase purified about 40fold from chick embryos utilizes efficiently as phosphate donors deoxyribonucleoside and pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates, whereas the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside appear to be the preferred acceptors of phosphate. The enzyme is very unstable to heat, dilution and dialysis. A marked enhancement in the stability is caused by nucleotides and it seems associated with the formation of an aggregated state of the protein.", "PMID": 738391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3521", "title": "Age-dependent response of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of rat to testosterone.", "content": "The effects of time and various doses of testosterone on the responsiveness of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of 7-, 38- and 78-week-old rats were studied. The activity of the enzyme increases in 78-week-old rats. Castration decreases the enzyme activity at all ages. Maximum increase in the enzyme activity is seen with 50 and 100 microgram of testosterone 4 h after administration of hormone to castrated rats. No further time and dose-dependent effect is observed. The magnitude of increase for the enzyme is higher at the age of 38 weeks and decreases in 78-week-old rats.", "contents": "Age-dependent response of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of rat to testosterone. The effects of time and various doses of testosterone on the responsiveness of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of 7-, 38- and 78-week-old rats were studied. The activity of the enzyme increases in 78-week-old rats. Castration decreases the enzyme activity at all ages. Maximum increase in the enzyme activity is seen with 50 and 100 microgram of testosterone 4 h after administration of hormone to castrated rats. No further time and dose-dependent effect is observed. The magnitude of increase for the enzyme is higher at the age of 38 weeks and decreases in 78-week-old rats.", "PMID": 738392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3522", "title": "Voltage-clamp analysis of the sodium and potassium currents in skeletal muscle fibres treated with 4-aminopyridine.", "content": "External application of low concentrations of 4-aminopyridine blocks potassium currents without affecting sodium currents in pieces of single frog skeletal muscle fibres. The blockade of potassium currents was voltage-dependent, being partially relieved on depolarization.", "contents": "Voltage-clamp analysis of the sodium and potassium currents in skeletal muscle fibres treated with 4-aminopyridine. External application of low concentrations of 4-aminopyridine blocks potassium currents without affecting sodium currents in pieces of single frog skeletal muscle fibres. The blockade of potassium currents was voltage-dependent, being partially relieved on depolarization.", "PMID": 738393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3523", "title": "RNA polymerisation capacity and permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates of nuclei from livers of whole-body X-irradiated rats.", "content": "For 4--18 h following whole-body X-irradiation of rats, liver nuclei showed a progressive increase in the permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates (as assessed in vitro using tritiated uridine triphosphate (UTP) and in the capacity to polymerise RNA in vitro (Mg++-containing and Mn++/(NH4)2SO4-containing assay systems).", "contents": "RNA polymerisation capacity and permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates of nuclei from livers of whole-body X-irradiated rats. For 4--18 h following whole-body X-irradiation of rats, liver nuclei showed a progressive increase in the permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates (as assessed in vitro using tritiated uridine triphosphate (UTP) and in the capacity to polymerise RNA in vitro (Mg++-containing and Mn++/(NH4)2SO4-containing assay systems).", "PMID": 738394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3524", "title": "Inhibition of plasminogen activator production in organ cultures by cycloheximide.", "content": "The production of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in rat tongue organ cultures is strongly inhibitied by low concentrations of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. TPA production is fully resumed after the removal of cycloheximide from the culture medium.", "contents": "Inhibition of plasminogen activator production in organ cultures by cycloheximide. The production of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in rat tongue organ cultures is strongly inhibitied by low concentrations of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. TPA production is fully resumed after the removal of cycloheximide from the culture medium.", "PMID": 738395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3525", "title": "Effects of selective removal of the salivary glands on taste bud cells in the vallate papilla of the rat.", "content": "The in-block removal of the main salivary glands produced a significant increase in the rate of development of the intermediate type of taste bud cells. Such effect was reproduced by removal of submaxillary-sublingual glands. Removal of parotid glands was not effective.", "contents": "Effects of selective removal of the salivary glands on taste bud cells in the vallate papilla of the rat. The in-block removal of the main salivary glands produced a significant increase in the rate of development of the intermediate type of taste bud cells. Such effect was reproduced by removal of submaxillary-sublingual glands. Removal of parotid glands was not effective.", "PMID": 738396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3526", "title": "Difference in resistance of subunits A and B of Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) to treatment with pronase.", "content": "Disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, performed on choleragen after incubation with pronase, only showed the band corresponding to the B subunit, while the A subunit was lost. When examined in immunodiffusion, the digested choleragen was still able to precipitate with specific antibodies. On the other hand, toxicity was considerably reduced.", "contents": "Difference in resistance of subunits A and B of Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) to treatment with pronase. Disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, performed on choleragen after incubation with pronase, only showed the band corresponding to the B subunit, while the A subunit was lost. When examined in immunodiffusion, the digested choleragen was still able to precipitate with specific antibodies. On the other hand, toxicity was considerably reduced.", "PMID": 738397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3527", "title": "A correlation of responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the intestine and kidney to changes of impulse in postganglionic nerves under pressor reflexes.", "content": "The responses of resistance vessels of the intestine and kidney were induced by high amplitude impulses (over 15 muV), while those of capacitance vessels in these organs were induced by low amplitude impulses (15 muV and lower) of postganglionic sympathetic fibres.", "contents": "A correlation of responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the intestine and kidney to changes of impulse in postganglionic nerves under pressor reflexes. The responses of resistance vessels of the intestine and kidney were induced by high amplitude impulses (over 15 muV), while those of capacitance vessels in these organs were induced by low amplitude impulses (15 muV and lower) of postganglionic sympathetic fibres.", "PMID": 738398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3528", "title": "Unequal distribution of calcium and magnesium of snail neuron.", "content": "Ca and Mg contents of snail neuron differ depending on the cell type. Ca and Mg near the cell membrane are not equally distributed in the isolated neuron. Ca is almost twice as dense in the axonhillock region than in the cell body. The Mg distribution pattern is the reverse of that of Ca.", "contents": "Unequal distribution of calcium and magnesium of snail neuron. Ca and Mg contents of snail neuron differ depending on the cell type. Ca and Mg near the cell membrane are not equally distributed in the isolated neuron. Ca is almost twice as dense in the axonhillock region than in the cell body. The Mg distribution pattern is the reverse of that of Ca.", "PMID": 738399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3529", "title": "Motilities of isolated and aggregated mice; a difference in ultradian rhythmicity.", "content": "Isolated mice display higher locomotor activity and greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than aggregated mice. Ultradian motility rhythms can be shown to differ both quantitatively and qualitatively between isolated and aggregated mice.", "contents": "Motilities of isolated and aggregated mice; a difference in ultradian rhythmicity. Isolated mice display higher locomotor activity and greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than aggregated mice. Ultradian motility rhythms can be shown to differ both quantitatively and qualitatively between isolated and aggregated mice.", "PMID": 738400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3530", "title": "Transplantation of brain tissue in the brain of adult rats.", "content": "Brain tissues obtained from rat embryos were transplanted in the forebrain and/or cerebellum of the adult rats. The transplants survived, grew and achieved normal cellular and cytoarchitectural differentiation. They had become anatomically integrated with the host brain. The animals did not show any obviously detectable abnormal behavior or pathology of the brain. The transplants survived as long as the animals did suggesting that they had become a part and parcel of the host brain.", "contents": "Transplantation of brain tissue in the brain of adult rats. Brain tissues obtained from rat embryos were transplanted in the forebrain and/or cerebellum of the adult rats. The transplants survived, grew and achieved normal cellular and cytoarchitectural differentiation. They had become anatomically integrated with the host brain. The animals did not show any obviously detectable abnormal behavior or pathology of the brain. The transplants survived as long as the animals did suggesting that they had become a part and parcel of the host brain.", "PMID": 738401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3531", "title": "The influence of GABA on discharges of cortical epileptogenic focus.", "content": "GABA, when applied locally, acted similarly on both primary and mirror cortical focus: the negative component of the spike discharge was suppressed or inverted in polarity, whereas the late slow negative wave was strongly potentiated. Recordings from deep cortical layers suggested a different origin of these 2 surface-negative components of focal discharges.", "contents": "The influence of GABA on discharges of cortical epileptogenic focus. GABA, when applied locally, acted similarly on both primary and mirror cortical focus: the negative component of the spike discharge was suppressed or inverted in polarity, whereas the late slow negative wave was strongly potentiated. Recordings from deep cortical layers suggested a different origin of these 2 surface-negative components of focal discharges.", "PMID": 738402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3532", "title": "A rapid method for measuring the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for estimating the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes by a Florisil column technique following the uptake of 14C-oleic acid was established. Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by PHA and inhibitions caused by Tween 20 or Tween 80 and heating were evaluated easily with this method.", "contents": "A rapid method for measuring the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes. A rapid and simple method for estimating the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes by a Florisil column technique following the uptake of 14C-oleic acid was established. Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by PHA and inhibitions caused by Tween 20 or Tween 80 and heating were evaluated easily with this method.", "PMID": 738403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3533", "title": "Bone marrow in male and female rats.", "content": "Sex differences of high significance in the marrow weight relative to femur volume, as well as to body weight, were found in adult rats. A positive significant correlation was found between the femur volume and the marrow volume in both sexes, while a negative significant correlation between femur density and the marrow content (mg/mm3) exists only in male rats.", "contents": "Bone marrow in male and female rats. Sex differences of high significance in the marrow weight relative to femur volume, as well as to body weight, were found in adult rats. A positive significant correlation was found between the femur volume and the marrow volume in both sexes, while a negative significant correlation between femur density and the marrow content (mg/mm3) exists only in male rats.", "PMID": 738404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3534", "title": "The effect of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) on mouse brain development.", "content": "PTC--when dispensed during the whole fetal development--causes a disturbance of brain development in new born mice. This disturbance in manifested by a reduction of the cell number, a reduced protein content and a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain.", "contents": "The effect of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) on mouse brain development. PTC--when dispensed during the whole fetal development--causes a disturbance of brain development in new born mice. This disturbance in manifested by a reduction of the cell number, a reduced protein content and a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain.", "PMID": 738405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3535", "title": "Interaction between azapropazone and warfarin.", "content": "In vitro studies, using 2 separate techniques, have shown that the anti-inflammatory agent azapropazone caused displacement of warfarin from its plasma albumin binding and it is therfore suggested that such a displacement mechanism may be involved in the reported clinical interaction between these 2 drugs.", "contents": "Interaction between azapropazone and warfarin. In vitro studies, using 2 separate techniques, have shown that the anti-inflammatory agent azapropazone caused displacement of warfarin from its plasma albumin binding and it is therfore suggested that such a displacement mechanism may be involved in the reported clinical interaction between these 2 drugs.", "PMID": 738406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3536", "title": "An approach for the in vitro screening of drugs for activity against leprosy.", "content": "Slow growing strains of mycobacteria isolated from leprous tissues present a characteristic resistance pattern to antibacterial agents that is comparable to drug sensitivity of M. leprae in man.", "contents": "An approach for the in vitro screening of drugs for activity against leprosy. Slow growing strains of mycobacteria isolated from leprous tissues present a characteristic resistance pattern to antibacterial agents that is comparable to drug sensitivity of M. leprae in man.", "PMID": 738407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3537", "title": "GABA-mimetic action of etomidate.", "content": "A comparison of antagonism by bicuculline or strychnine of the effects of GABA or etomidate on rat isolated superior cervical ganglia, frog isolated hemisected spinal cords and rat central neurones in vivo indicates that etomidate has GABA-mimetic actions.", "contents": "GABA-mimetic action of etomidate. A comparison of antagonism by bicuculline or strychnine of the effects of GABA or etomidate on rat isolated superior cervical ganglia, frog isolated hemisected spinal cords and rat central neurones in vivo indicates that etomidate has GABA-mimetic actions.", "PMID": 738408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3538", "title": "Dissolution of gallstones in hamsters by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.", "content": "Addition of 0.05--0.20% of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid to a lithogenic hamster diet resulted in a marked reduction in the incidence of gallstones in hamsters.", "contents": "Dissolution of gallstones in hamsters by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid. Addition of 0.05--0.20% of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid to a lithogenic hamster diet resulted in a marked reduction in the incidence of gallstones in hamsters.", "PMID": 738409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3539", "title": "Stereoselectivity of oxotremorine antagonists containing a chiral pyrrolidine group.", "content": "Oxotremorine (Ia) and its succinimide analogue (IIa) have been substituted in the pyrrolidine ring with a methyl group in the 2- or 3-positions. The compounds are oxotremorine antagonists. The 2-methyl-substituted enantiomers show stereoselectivity, the S-isomers being the most active.", "contents": "Stereoselectivity of oxotremorine antagonists containing a chiral pyrrolidine group. Oxotremorine (Ia) and its succinimide analogue (IIa) have been substituted in the pyrrolidine ring with a methyl group in the 2- or 3-positions. The compounds are oxotremorine antagonists. The 2-methyl-substituted enantiomers show stereoselectivity, the S-isomers being the most active.", "PMID": 738410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3540", "title": "Renal accumulation of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in the rat.", "content": "Free and total concentrations of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin were measured separately in the rat kidney after equal weight by weight doses. The accumulation of aminoglycosides followed the order amikacin less than tobramycin less than gentamycin. The ratio between free and total aminoglycosides was similar (about 0.6) in all 3 aminoglycosides and independent on the length of administration.", "contents": "Renal accumulation of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in the rat. Free and total concentrations of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin were measured separately in the rat kidney after equal weight by weight doses. The accumulation of aminoglycosides followed the order amikacin less than tobramycin less than gentamycin. The ratio between free and total aminoglycosides was similar (about 0.6) in all 3 aminoglycosides and independent on the length of administration.", "PMID": 738411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3541", "title": "Membrane interiorization by phagocytosing macrophages--an ultrastructural morphometric approach.", "content": "Stereological methods have been used to quantify selected membrane compartments of normal and activated rat peritoneal macrophages, before and after phagocytosis of latex beads. Despite being rounder, activated cells are more efficient phagocytes: 30 min after latex challenge they suffer a greater nett depletion of plasma membrane and sequester more and larger phagocytic vacuoles. However, phagocytosis of latex is not the major route of membrane interiorization.", "contents": "Membrane interiorization by phagocytosing macrophages--an ultrastructural morphometric approach. Stereological methods have been used to quantify selected membrane compartments of normal and activated rat peritoneal macrophages, before and after phagocytosis of latex beads. Despite being rounder, activated cells are more efficient phagocytes: 30 min after latex challenge they suffer a greater nett depletion of plasma membrane and sequester more and larger phagocytic vacuoles. However, phagocytosis of latex is not the major route of membrane interiorization.", "PMID": 738412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3542", "title": "Correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their spectral characteristics.", "content": "A correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their UV-absorption characteristics has been established. It is found that chemical carcinogens have absorption maxima in the wavelength region of 206--248 nm. On the basis of revealed correlation, a mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis is proposed.", "contents": "Correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their spectral characteristics. A correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their UV-absorption characteristics has been established. It is found that chemical carcinogens have absorption maxima in the wavelength region of 206--248 nm. On the basis of revealed correlation, a mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis is proposed.", "PMID": 738413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3543", "title": "Quantitative aspects of structural changes in chorioallantoic placenta of the rat during its development.", "content": "Volume analysis of chorioallantoic placenta of the rat from day 12 through day 22 of fetal development shows quantitatively the changes in volume density of fetal and maternal parts, and changes of volume fractions of structural components along with the increase of absolute volume of the placenta.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of structural changes in chorioallantoic placenta of the rat during its development. Volume analysis of chorioallantoic placenta of the rat from day 12 through day 22 of fetal development shows quantitatively the changes in volume density of fetal and maternal parts, and changes of volume fractions of structural components along with the increase of absolute volume of the placenta.", "PMID": 738414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3544", "title": "Anatomical identification of the presumed electroreceptors of two air breathing catfishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis.", "content": "Histological preparations for light microscopy have revealed for the first time the structure of the electrorecoptor of Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis, the 2 Indian air-breathing catfishes. These sensory organs are found to resemble the ampullary organs of many weakly electric and nonelectric electroreceptive teleost.", "contents": "Anatomical identification of the presumed electroreceptors of two air breathing catfishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis. Histological preparations for light microscopy have revealed for the first time the structure of the electrorecoptor of Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis, the 2 Indian air-breathing catfishes. These sensory organs are found to resemble the ampullary organs of many weakly electric and nonelectric electroreceptive teleost.", "PMID": 738415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3545", "title": "Binding of fluoresceinated lectins to normal and dinitrofluorobenzene treated human leucocytes.", "content": "Using fluoresceinated lectins we have shown the receptor distribution on normal human granulocytes and lymphocytes following tagging with 1-fluoro- 2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). DNP-tagged cells exhibited strong, smooth membrane staining and produced smaller patches dispersed uniformly over the entire cell surface.", "contents": "Binding of fluoresceinated lectins to normal and dinitrofluorobenzene treated human leucocytes. Using fluoresceinated lectins we have shown the receptor distribution on normal human granulocytes and lymphocytes following tagging with 1-fluoro- 2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). DNP-tagged cells exhibited strong, smooth membrane staining and produced smaller patches dispersed uniformly over the entire cell surface.", "PMID": 738416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3546", "title": "[The participation of the proximal convoluted tubule in the formation of the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle in the mouse (Mus musculus)].", "content": "The epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule participates in the formation of the parietal layer in the area of the urinary pole, as can already be observed in the first renal corpuscles of the mouse fetus. Sexual hormones do not seem to have any influence on this structural characteristic, neither during prenatal nor postnatal life.", "contents": "[The participation of the proximal convoluted tubule in the formation of the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle in the mouse (Mus musculus)]. The epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule participates in the formation of the parietal layer in the area of the urinary pole, as can already be observed in the first renal corpuscles of the mouse fetus. Sexual hormones do not seem to have any influence on this structural characteristic, neither during prenatal nor postnatal life.", "PMID": 738417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3547", "title": "Degeneration of unmyelinated axons in the dental root canal induced by 6-OH-dopamine.", "content": "The pulpal nerve fibres of feline incisors were examined ultrastructurally after i.v. administration of 6-OH-dopamine. The presence of degenerating unmyelinated fibres at this site provides conclusive morphological evidence that sympathetic fibres enter the dental pulp.", "contents": "Degeneration of unmyelinated axons in the dental root canal induced by 6-OH-dopamine. The pulpal nerve fibres of feline incisors were examined ultrastructurally after i.v. administration of 6-OH-dopamine. The presence of degenerating unmyelinated fibres at this site provides conclusive morphological evidence that sympathetic fibres enter the dental pulp.", "PMID": 738419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3548", "title": "The timing of cyclophosphamide therapy in tumor-bearing rats affects the resistance to tumor challenge in survivors.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide given to rats 2 or 5 days after an injection of Yoshida ascites sarcoma cured approximately the same proportion of animals, but the resistance to a subsequent tumor challenge was found only in rats treated with the drug 5 days after tumor injection.", "contents": "The timing of cyclophosphamide therapy in tumor-bearing rats affects the resistance to tumor challenge in survivors. Cyclophosphamide given to rats 2 or 5 days after an injection of Yoshida ascites sarcoma cured approximately the same proportion of animals, but the resistance to a subsequent tumor challenge was found only in rats treated with the drug 5 days after tumor injection.", "PMID": 738420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3549", "title": "Radioprotective effect of a protein free parathyroid extract.", "content": "The radioprotective effect of a bovine protein-free parathyroid extract was studied in rats, being administered orally after irradiation. A significant increase in survival was found after treatment compared to conrols. It is assumed that the extract contains a new, probably as yet unknown bioactive agent responsible for the radioprotection.", "contents": "Radioprotective effect of a protein free parathyroid extract. The radioprotective effect of a bovine protein-free parathyroid extract was studied in rats, being administered orally after irradiation. A significant increase in survival was found after treatment compared to conrols. It is assumed that the extract contains a new, probably as yet unknown bioactive agent responsible for the radioprotection.", "PMID": 738421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3550", "title": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on rat carotid body chief cells.", "content": "Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in concentrations high enough to cause degeneration of perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals has no morphological effect on the catecholamine-storing cells of the rat carotid body. Uptake of 6-OHDA by carotid body chief cells may be more selective than that exhibited by small-intensely-fluorescent cells and other catecholamine-storing cells which are affected by 6-OHDA. Alternatively, the sustentacular cells which envelope the chief cells may provide an effective barrier against the uptake of 6-OHDA.", "contents": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on rat carotid body chief cells. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in concentrations high enough to cause degeneration of perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals has no morphological effect on the catecholamine-storing cells of the rat carotid body. Uptake of 6-OHDA by carotid body chief cells may be more selective than that exhibited by small-intensely-fluorescent cells and other catecholamine-storing cells which are affected by 6-OHDA. Alternatively, the sustentacular cells which envelope the chief cells may provide an effective barrier against the uptake of 6-OHDA.", "PMID": 738422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3551", "title": "The occurrence of small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in human sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "Small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were found histochemically in lumbar sympathetic ganglia (L2) obtained from sympathectomy of 3 patients suffering from chronic occlusive diseases of leg arteries. 3 types of SIF cells were distinguished. These cells will probably contain dopamine.", "contents": "The occurrence of small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in human sympathetic ganglia. Small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were found histochemically in lumbar sympathetic ganglia (L2) obtained from sympathectomy of 3 patients suffering from chronic occlusive diseases of leg arteries. 3 types of SIF cells were distinguished. These cells will probably contain dopamine.", "PMID": 738423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3552", "title": "Testing the clockface model of amphibian limb regeneration.", "content": "Contrary to the predictions of the clockface model, rotating a regenerate by 90 degrees produces duplications identical to those resulting from 180 degrees axial reversals. Exchanging regenerates between arms indicates the presence of 2 determined transverse axes.", "contents": "Testing the clockface model of amphibian limb regeneration. Contrary to the predictions of the clockface model, rotating a regenerate by 90 degrees produces duplications identical to those resulting from 180 degrees axial reversals. Exchanging regenerates between arms indicates the presence of 2 determined transverse axes.", "PMID": 738424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3553", "title": "Suppression of humoral immune response in mice by administration of high molecular levan.", "content": "High molecular levan, a polyfructoside, has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the primary immune response to sheep red cells (SE) in Balb/c mice, when given as from 1--2 days prior to the antigen injection. A slight stimulation of the immune response was observed when levan was given shortly before or 1 day after the antigen.", "contents": "Suppression of humoral immune response in mice by administration of high molecular levan. High molecular levan, a polyfructoside, has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the primary immune response to sheep red cells (SE) in Balb/c mice, when given as from 1--2 days prior to the antigen injection. A slight stimulation of the immune response was observed when levan was given shortly before or 1 day after the antigen.", "PMID": 738425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3554", "title": "Evidence for the existence of an agent in the serum of the cyclic hematopoietic dog which influences hemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "Serum samples collected through the cycle of a cyclic hematopoietic (CH) dog under reduced atmospheric conditions, were assayed for their ability to affect hemoglobin synthesis by normal canine bone marrow. Varying levels of hemoglobin synthesis in the presence of different serum samples suggest an agent cycles in the serum of CH dogs which influences hemoglobin synthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of an agent in the serum of the cyclic hematopoietic dog which influences hemoglobin synthesis. Serum samples collected through the cycle of a cyclic hematopoietic (CH) dog under reduced atmospheric conditions, were assayed for their ability to affect hemoglobin synthesis by normal canine bone marrow. Varying levels of hemoglobin synthesis in the presence of different serum samples suggest an agent cycles in the serum of CH dogs which influences hemoglobin synthesis.", "PMID": 738429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3555", "title": "Migration of lymphoid cells to the bone marrow of rat following eradication of cells in DNA synthesis and in mitosis.", "content": "Eradication of replicating bone marrow cells of rat by means of combined administration of single doses of hydroxyurea and vinblastin is followed within 9--10 h by an inflow of lymphoid cells of extramedullary origin in the range of 13,200,000/femur. The rat bone marrow with a high content of lymphoid cells was previously shown to be concentrated in stem cells. The factor(s) which convey the 'information' of decrease of replicating marrow cells to extramedullary sites is at present unknown.", "contents": "Migration of lymphoid cells to the bone marrow of rat following eradication of cells in DNA synthesis and in mitosis. Eradication of replicating bone marrow cells of rat by means of combined administration of single doses of hydroxyurea and vinblastin is followed within 9--10 h by an inflow of lymphoid cells of extramedullary origin in the range of 13,200,000/femur. The rat bone marrow with a high content of lymphoid cells was previously shown to be concentrated in stem cells. The factor(s) which convey the 'information' of decrease of replicating marrow cells to extramedullary sites is at present unknown.", "PMID": 738430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3556", "title": "On the mechanism of immunosympathectomy.", "content": "The effects in vivo and in vitro of the antiserum to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) are independent of the presence of complement. These results are consistent with the view that the antiserum acts by neutralizing endogenous NGF.", "contents": "On the mechanism of immunosympathectomy. The effects in vivo and in vitro of the antiserum to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) are independent of the presence of complement. These results are consistent with the view that the antiserum acts by neutralizing endogenous NGF.", "PMID": 738431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3557", "title": "Effect of borax on testis of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane Jerdon.", "content": "Borax was injected at a dose level of 250 mg/kg b. wt for 16 days (total dose 4 g/kg b. wt) s.c. to active adult male gerbils. Borax caused several degenerative changes in the testes, of which giant cell formation, pyknosis and exfoliation are prominent. The increased activity of phosphatases was also noticed.", "contents": "Effect of borax on testis of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane Jerdon. Borax was injected at a dose level of 250 mg/kg b. wt for 16 days (total dose 4 g/kg b. wt) s.c. to active adult male gerbils. Borax caused several degenerative changes in the testes, of which giant cell formation, pyknosis and exfoliation are prominent. The increased activity of phosphatases was also noticed.", "PMID": 738433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3558", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D or puromycin on microsomal testosterone hydroxylase activity enhanced by testosterone in female rat liver.", "content": "The injection of testosterone propionate for 4 successive days into female rats resulted in an increase of the in vitro conversion of the hydroxylated testosterones from testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction, but no change in the content of microsomal cytochrome P-450 occurred. Actinomycin D or puromycin, which was administered for 4 days with injections of testosterone propionate, prevented the enzyme induction.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D or puromycin on microsomal testosterone hydroxylase activity enhanced by testosterone in female rat liver. The injection of testosterone propionate for 4 successive days into female rats resulted in an increase of the in vitro conversion of the hydroxylated testosterones from testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction, but no change in the content of microsomal cytochrome P-450 occurred. Actinomycin D or puromycin, which was administered for 4 days with injections of testosterone propionate, prevented the enzyme induction.", "PMID": 738434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3559", "title": "Influence of pinealectomy on serum estrogen and progesterone levels in blind-anosmic female rats.", "content": "Previous studies show that the suppression of gonadal function in blind-anosmic rats is dependent on the pineal gland. The present results demonstrate that in young female rats both the pineal gland and dual sensory deprivation have additional independent antigonadal effects.", "contents": "Influence of pinealectomy on serum estrogen and progesterone levels in blind-anosmic female rats. Previous studies show that the suppression of gonadal function in blind-anosmic rats is dependent on the pineal gland. The present results demonstrate that in young female rats both the pineal gland and dual sensory deprivation have additional independent antigonadal effects.", "PMID": 738436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3560", "title": "On a rabbit hyperlipemia induced by a fungic galactomannane peptide.", "content": "I.v. injection into rabbits of a fungic galactomannane peptide isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus oryzae induced the apparition, 20 h later, of an hypertriglyceridemia, with a concomittant decrease of about 70% of the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity. The same effect had been obtained earlier with a carbohydrate-rich fraction purified from a crude papain preparation. The 2 fractions are compared.", "contents": "On a rabbit hyperlipemia induced by a fungic galactomannane peptide. I.v. injection into rabbits of a fungic galactomannane peptide isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus oryzae induced the apparition, 20 h later, of an hypertriglyceridemia, with a concomittant decrease of about 70% of the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity. The same effect had been obtained earlier with a carbohydrate-rich fraction purified from a crude papain preparation. The 2 fractions are compared.", "PMID": 738437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3561", "title": "[Phytotoxicity of di,sec.butylamides of halogenoalkoxybenzoic acids].", "content": "N,N-di,sec.butylamides of halogenated alkoxybenzoic acids were prepared and tested for phytotoxic activity. The corresponding acids and a series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylamides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid were studied in parallel. The phytotoxicity of these substances was tested against seven representative weeds and some crop plants using both pre- and post-emergence test at doses of 6 kg/ha or lower. The amides studied proved more strongly phytotoxic on absorption through the root than through the foliage. Furthermore selective phytotoxic activity against two important infesting graminacae, Echinochloa crus-galli R.S. and Setaria glauca L. was observed. Some of these compounds showed low toxicity or were tolerated by crop plants. The results obtained with this series of amides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid confirm the importance of the sec.butyl group on N for the appearance of selective phytotoxicity.", "contents": "[Phytotoxicity of di,sec.butylamides of halogenoalkoxybenzoic acids]. N,N-di,sec.butylamides of halogenated alkoxybenzoic acids were prepared and tested for phytotoxic activity. The corresponding acids and a series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylamides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid were studied in parallel. The phytotoxicity of these substances was tested against seven representative weeds and some crop plants using both pre- and post-emergence test at doses of 6 kg/ha or lower. The amides studied proved more strongly phytotoxic on absorption through the root than through the foliage. Furthermore selective phytotoxic activity against two important infesting graminacae, Echinochloa crus-galli R.S. and Setaria glauca L. was observed. Some of these compounds showed low toxicity or were tolerated by crop plants. The results obtained with this series of amides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid confirm the importance of the sec.butyl group on N for the appearance of selective phytotoxicity.", "PMID": 738441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3562", "title": "[Selective phytotoxic activity of N,N-di,sec.butylamides of aminobenzoic acids mono-, di- and tri-substituted on the nucleus].", "content": "N,N-di,sec.butylaminobenzamides, mono-, di- or trisubstituted on the nucleus with methyl and/or halogen groups were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity. The corresponding benzoic acids and series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylamides of 2-amino-3-bromo-5-methyl-, 2-amino-3,5-dibromo, 2-amino-3,5-dichloro- and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids were studied in parallel. Both pre- and post-emergence phytotoxicity tests were carried out with doses of 6 kg/ha or less on seven representative weeds and some plants of agricultural interest. The series of N,N-di,sec.butylamides studied proved to be effectively phytotoxic on absorption through either the roots or the foliage. As regards the effect of substitution in the nucleus on the phytotoxicity of these amides, 3,5-dihalogenation proved important. The results also showed: 1) the importance of two sec.butyl groups on the amide nitrogen for the appearance of selective phytotoxicity against two grass weeds; 2) the different behaviour of the two acids (XXIa) and (XXIIa) in comparison with the corresponding di,sec.butylamides (XXI) and (XXII); 3) the importance of derivative (IL) which was highly active against graminaceous weeds but showed low phytotoxicity against crop plants, graminaceous ones included.", "contents": "[Selective phytotoxic activity of N,N-di,sec.butylamides of aminobenzoic acids mono-, di- and tri-substituted on the nucleus]. N,N-di,sec.butylaminobenzamides, mono-, di- or trisubstituted on the nucleus with methyl and/or halogen groups were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity. The corresponding benzoic acids and series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylamides of 2-amino-3-bromo-5-methyl-, 2-amino-3,5-dibromo, 2-amino-3,5-dichloro- and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids were studied in parallel. Both pre- and post-emergence phytotoxicity tests were carried out with doses of 6 kg/ha or less on seven representative weeds and some plants of agricultural interest. The series of N,N-di,sec.butylamides studied proved to be effectively phytotoxic on absorption through either the roots or the foliage. As regards the effect of substitution in the nucleus on the phytotoxicity of these amides, 3,5-dihalogenation proved important. The results also showed: 1) the importance of two sec.butyl groups on the amide nitrogen for the appearance of selective phytotoxicity against two grass weeds; 2) the different behaviour of the two acids (XXIa) and (XXIIa) in comparison with the corresponding di,sec.butylamides (XXI) and (XXII); 3) the importance of derivative (IL) which was highly active against graminaceous weeds but showed low phytotoxicity against crop plants, graminaceous ones included.", "PMID": 738442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3563", "title": "[Research on substances with antiblastic activity. LXI. Synthesis of 6-amino- and 7-amino-9-keto-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives].", "content": "Intramolecular cyclization of 1-(2-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)pyrrole afforded 7-nitro-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole, which was then reduced to 7-amino-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole. The same procedure was adopted for the synthesis of 6-amino-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole starting from 1-(2-carboxy-5-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. The preparation of some N-acylderivatives of the above cited aminoketones is reported. These compounds shall be subjected to biological screening against Leukemia L 1210 as a simple analogues of Mitomycin C.", "contents": "[Research on substances with antiblastic activity. LXI. Synthesis of 6-amino- and 7-amino-9-keto-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives]. Intramolecular cyclization of 1-(2-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)pyrrole afforded 7-nitro-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole, which was then reduced to 7-amino-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole. The same procedure was adopted for the synthesis of 6-amino-9-oxo-9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole starting from 1-(2-carboxy-5-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. The preparation of some N-acylderivatives of the above cited aminoketones is reported. These compounds shall be subjected to biological screening against Leukemia L 1210 as a simple analogues of Mitomycin C.", "PMID": 738445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3564", "title": "[2-amino-3,5-dichloro-benzoic acid and 3-amino-2,5-dichloro-benzoic acid derivatives with phytotoxic action].", "content": "Derivatives of 2-amino-3,5-dichloro- and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids have been prepared in order to extend previous research regarding the phytotoxicity of these two acids and of the corresponding N,N-di,sec.butylamides. The methyl esters of the two acids, the corresponding acids acetylated on the amino group and their respective methyl esters, and the N,N-di,sec.butylamides acetylated or formylated on the amino group were prepared. All these compounds were subjected to pre- and post-emergence tests using seven representative weeds, using doses of 6 kg/ha and, where substances proved active, at lower doses also. The results showed the importance of the N,N-di,sec.butylamide of 2-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid which, in contrast to the other derivatives tested, shows selective activity. For 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids and the amides tested, it was confirmed that only the acid shows marked generic phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests. It should be noted that the methyl ester of 3-acetylamino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid shows selective phytotoxicity activity.", "contents": "[2-amino-3,5-dichloro-benzoic acid and 3-amino-2,5-dichloro-benzoic acid derivatives with phytotoxic action]. Derivatives of 2-amino-3,5-dichloro- and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids have been prepared in order to extend previous research regarding the phytotoxicity of these two acids and of the corresponding N,N-di,sec.butylamides. The methyl esters of the two acids, the corresponding acids acetylated on the amino group and their respective methyl esters, and the N,N-di,sec.butylamides acetylated or formylated on the amino group were prepared. All these compounds were subjected to pre- and post-emergence tests using seven representative weeds, using doses of 6 kg/ha and, where substances proved active, at lower doses also. The results showed the importance of the N,N-di,sec.butylamide of 2-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid which, in contrast to the other derivatives tested, shows selective activity. For 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids and the amides tested, it was confirmed that only the acid shows marked generic phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests. It should be noted that the methyl ester of 3-acetylamino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid shows selective phytotoxicity activity.", "PMID": 738447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3565", "title": "[Structure-activity relationship in reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by phosphoric esters. XII. Hydroxyiminomethylalkylpyridine iodomethylate].", "content": "2-Hydroxyiminomethyl-4-alkylpyridine methiodides were prepared and tested for their in vitro reactivating potency on phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase. They were also tested as in vivo protecting agents: only one of the compounds, 4-methyl-2-hydroxyiminopyridine, offered a greater protection from DFP than 2-PAM, the others had little to no effect.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationship in reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by phosphoric esters. XII. Hydroxyiminomethylalkylpyridine iodomethylate]. 2-Hydroxyiminomethyl-4-alkylpyridine methiodides were prepared and tested for their in vitro reactivating potency on phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase. They were also tested as in vivo protecting agents: only one of the compounds, 4-methyl-2-hydroxyiminopyridine, offered a greater protection from DFP than 2-PAM, the others had little to no effect.", "PMID": 738450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3566", "title": "[Cardiovascular action of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. VII].", "content": "A series of dimethylamino-, diethylamino-, pyrrolidyl- and morpholylalkyl derivatives of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (compounds I leads to XX) was prepared and tested for cardiovascular activity. It was found that substitution of the alkyl group with the above mentioned groups in 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives in most cases causes marked dissociation of hypotensive activity from bradycardial activity and also disappearance or great reduction in the effect on differential pressure. It was also found that hypotensive activity is particularly dependent on the nature of the basic chain in the two components: length of the carbon chain between the two nitrogens and nature of the basic grouping. For the first component a chain of three carbon atoms seems the most effective and for the second the diethylamino group seems the most favourable. In addition, substituents in the benzene ring influence hypotensive activity, often positively, and 6,7-dichlorosubstitution in some compounds also affects the increase of differential pressure.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular action of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. VII]. A series of dimethylamino-, diethylamino-, pyrrolidyl- and morpholylalkyl derivatives of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (compounds I leads to XX) was prepared and tested for cardiovascular activity. It was found that substitution of the alkyl group with the above mentioned groups in 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives in most cases causes marked dissociation of hypotensive activity from bradycardial activity and also disappearance or great reduction in the effect on differential pressure. It was also found that hypotensive activity is particularly dependent on the nature of the basic chain in the two components: length of the carbon chain between the two nitrogens and nature of the basic grouping. For the first component a chain of three carbon atoms seems the most effective and for the second the diethylamino group seems the most favourable. In addition, substituents in the benzene ring influence hypotensive activity, often positively, and 6,7-dichlorosubstitution in some compounds also affects the increase of differential pressure.", "PMID": 738452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3567", "title": "[Reaction of ortho-ortho-dimethylphenacyl-halides with formamide. Formation of 4(5)-(ortho-ortho-dimethylbenzoyl)imidazoles].", "content": "Reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenacyl halides with formamide did not produce the expected 4(5)-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)imidazole, but 4(5)-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoyl)imidazole (VII) was isolated as the major product together with 5-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)oxazole (III), alpha-formylamino-2,3,5,6-tetramethylacetophenone (IV) and alpha-chloro-beta-amino-vinyl 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl ketone (IX) as by-products. The corresponding mesitylene derivatives gave analogous results, whereas 4(5)-(2-methylphenyl)imidazole was obtained from 2-methylphenacyl bromide as expected according to the Bredereck's reaction. The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by element analysis, mass, I.R., U.V. and N.M.R. spectra, and by chemical reactivity.", "contents": "[Reaction of ortho-ortho-dimethylphenacyl-halides with formamide. Formation of 4(5)-(ortho-ortho-dimethylbenzoyl)imidazoles]. Reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenacyl halides with formamide did not produce the expected 4(5)-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)imidazole, but 4(5)-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoyl)imidazole (VII) was isolated as the major product together with 5-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)oxazole (III), alpha-formylamino-2,3,5,6-tetramethylacetophenone (IV) and alpha-chloro-beta-amino-vinyl 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl ketone (IX) as by-products. The corresponding mesitylene derivatives gave analogous results, whereas 4(5)-(2-methylphenyl)imidazole was obtained from 2-methylphenacyl bromide as expected according to the Bredereck's reaction. The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by element analysis, mass, I.R., U.V. and N.M.R. spectra, and by chemical reactivity.", "PMID": 738454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3568", "title": "[Correlative analysis in the study of enzyme-ligand interactions].", "content": "A comprehensive study on enzyme ligand interactions by QSAR techniques is discussed. Thirteen correlation equations are presented which relate activity of 1086 ligands of isolated chloroplasts, chymotrypsin, dihydrofolate reductase, xanthine oxidase and guanine deaminase to their chemical structures. Two kinds of space within and on the surface of an enzyme are defined by means of pi and MR constants. Emphasis is put on the use of indicator variables as a means of rationalizing special enzyme-ligand interactions. The use of such studies for drug development is discussed.", "contents": "[Correlative analysis in the study of enzyme-ligand interactions]. A comprehensive study on enzyme ligand interactions by QSAR techniques is discussed. Thirteen correlation equations are presented which relate activity of 1086 ligands of isolated chloroplasts, chymotrypsin, dihydrofolate reductase, xanthine oxidase and guanine deaminase to their chemical structures. Two kinds of space within and on the surface of an enzyme are defined by means of pi and MR constants. Emphasis is put on the use of indicator variables as a means of rationalizing special enzyme-ligand interactions. The use of such studies for drug development is discussed.", "PMID": 738455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3569", "title": "[Bicyclic piperazine homologues XIV (1). Synthesis and analgesic activity of 3,8-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.1.] octane derivatives].", "content": "The synthesis of two new series of 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane derivatives is described. The first series includes some 3-(or 8)-allyl and 3-(or 8)-(3,3-dimethylallyl) derivatives of 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane and 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-one. The second series includes some esters and carbamates of 3-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl)butyl-3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane. Two new 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane derivatives structurally related to propoxyphene are also described. Some pharmacological data of these compounds are reported.", "contents": "[Bicyclic piperazine homologues XIV (1). Synthesis and analgesic activity of 3,8-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.1.] octane derivatives]. The synthesis of two new series of 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane derivatives is described. The first series includes some 3-(or 8)-allyl and 3-(or 8)-(3,3-dimethylallyl) derivatives of 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane and 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-one. The second series includes some esters and carbamates of 3-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl)butyl-3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane. Two new 3,8-diazabicyclo [3.2.1] octane derivatives structurally related to propoxyphene are also described. Some pharmacological data of these compounds are reported.", "PMID": 738456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3570", "title": "[Alkylation of delta 6-octalone-1].", "content": "In connection with the synthesis of shwarone (II), a sesquiterpinoid with interesting pharmacological properties, some results on the alkylation in the 9-position of the model substance delta6-octalone-1 (VI) are reported. Methylation, especially if carried out in polar aprotic solvents, gives mainly the trans derivative, this being the type needed for synthesis of compound (II); alkylation with allylbromides and propargyl gives mainly the cis isomer.", "contents": "[Alkylation of delta 6-octalone-1]. In connection with the synthesis of shwarone (II), a sesquiterpinoid with interesting pharmacological properties, some results on the alkylation in the 9-position of the model substance delta6-octalone-1 (VI) are reported. Methylation, especially if carried out in polar aprotic solvents, gives mainly the trans derivative, this being the type needed for synthesis of compound (II); alkylation with allylbromides and propargyl gives mainly the cis isomer.", "PMID": 738457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3571", "title": "[Bromination of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide].", "content": "The bromination of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (1) in N,N-dimethylformamide has been studied. Depending on the operating conditions the reaction produces 7-bromo-3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (II) or 5,7-diabromo-3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (III). Derivatives halogenated at the nitrogen were not isolated in any of the experiments.", "contents": "[Bromination of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide]. The bromination of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (1) in N,N-dimethylformamide has been studied. Depending on the operating conditions the reaction produces 7-bromo-3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (II) or 5,7-diabromo-3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (III). Derivatives halogenated at the nitrogen were not isolated in any of the experiments.", "PMID": 738458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3572", "title": "[Reactions of potassium salts and methyl esters of some aroylhydrazino-carbodithioic acids].", "content": "In continuation of previous research designed to obtain compounds of pharmacological interest, the following substances were prepared, from the potassium salts (I-III) and from the methyl esters (IV-VI) of some aroylhydrazinocarbodithioic acids, derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole (VII-XV), of 3-aminorhodanine (XVI-XVIII), of 1,2,4-triazole (XIX-XXI), of 7H-(1,2,4)-triazol[3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine (XXII-XXIV) and of 1,3,4-thiadiazole (XXV-XXX). The compounds have present in the molecule a nucleus and radical which have produced marked biological activity in other series of compounds. To date some of the above compounds have shown antibacterial, antimycotic and antimitotic activity.", "contents": "[Reactions of potassium salts and methyl esters of some aroylhydrazino-carbodithioic acids]. In continuation of previous research designed to obtain compounds of pharmacological interest, the following substances were prepared, from the potassium salts (I-III) and from the methyl esters (IV-VI) of some aroylhydrazinocarbodithioic acids, derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole (VII-XV), of 3-aminorhodanine (XVI-XVIII), of 1,2,4-triazole (XIX-XXI), of 7H-(1,2,4)-triazol[3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine (XXII-XXIV) and of 1,3,4-thiadiazole (XXV-XXX). The compounds have present in the molecule a nucleus and radical which have produced marked biological activity in other series of compounds. To date some of the above compounds have shown antibacterial, antimycotic and antimitotic activity.", "PMID": 738459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3573", "title": "What will 1984 be like? Socioeconomic implications of recent twists in age structure.", "content": "Since 1940, under conditions of restricted immigration and high and sustained growth in aggregate demand, shifts in the relative number of younger versus older adults have had a pervasive impact on American life. Before 1960, younger males were in increasingly short supply and their relative economic position substantially improved; after 1960, the opposite was true. Since the early sixties, as the relative condition of young adults has deteriorated, marriage has been increasingly deferred and fertility reduced. The labor force participation of young women has risen at above average rates, and that of older women has risen at below average rates. Changes in the age structure of the working age population have also contributed to a combination of rising unemployment and accelerating inflation. Cohort divorce rates, suicide among young males, crime rates, and political alienation have worsened. The rise in college enrollment rates has been interrupted, and SAT scores have declined. In contrast, in the period 1940-1960, changes in these various magnitudes were typically of a more favorable sort. The United States is now at the start of a new period of growing scarcity of young adults as a result of the birth rate decline that set in after 1960. This implies that the 1980s will see a turnaround or amelioration in a wide variety of these social, political, and economic conditions, some of which have been taken as symptomatic of a hardening social malaise.", "contents": "What will 1984 be like? Socioeconomic implications of recent twists in age structure. Since 1940, under conditions of restricted immigration and high and sustained growth in aggregate demand, shifts in the relative number of younger versus older adults have had a pervasive impact on American life. Before 1960, younger males were in increasingly short supply and their relative economic position substantially improved; after 1960, the opposite was true. Since the early sixties, as the relative condition of young adults has deteriorated, marriage has been increasingly deferred and fertility reduced. The labor force participation of young women has risen at above average rates, and that of older women has risen at below average rates. Changes in the age structure of the working age population have also contributed to a combination of rising unemployment and accelerating inflation. Cohort divorce rates, suicide among young males, crime rates, and political alienation have worsened. The rise in college enrollment rates has been interrupted, and SAT scores have declined. In contrast, in the period 1940-1960, changes in these various magnitudes were typically of a more favorable sort. The United States is now at the start of a new period of growing scarcity of young adults as a result of the birth rate decline that set in after 1960. This implies that the 1980s will see a turnaround or amelioration in a wide variety of these social, political, and economic conditions, some of which have been taken as symptomatic of a hardening social malaise.", "PMID": 738471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3574", "title": "A model of fertility by planning status.", "content": "Data from the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies are used to produce classifications of births and exposure to births by planning status for real and synthetic marriage cohorts, covering the experience of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Indices of reproductive input (three ends, three means, and three conditions) and of conventional reproductive output (such as the mean number of unintended births) are derived from these observations. The outputs are expressed as deterministic equations in terms of the inputs; this permits the study of the structure of fertility determination. The model provides a parsimonious description of the sources of change in fertility and an instrument of possible use in policy.", "contents": "A model of fertility by planning status. Data from the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies are used to produce classifications of births and exposure to births by planning status for real and synthetic marriage cohorts, covering the experience of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Indices of reproductive input (three ends, three means, and three conditions) and of conventional reproductive output (such as the mean number of unintended births) are derived from these observations. The outputs are expressed as deterministic equations in terms of the inputs; this permits the study of the structure of fertility determination. The model provides a parsimonious description of the sources of change in fertility and an instrument of possible use in policy.", "PMID": 738472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3575", "title": "The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior in a Filipino migrant sample.", "content": "The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior was studied by analyzing data collected from cross-sectional groups of Filipino migrants who had lived in the United States for varying lengths of time, in conjunction with data from a comparison group of Caucasians from the Filipinos' neighborhoods. With increasing number of years lived in the United States, Filipino migrants' fertility-related knowledge, attitudes, and desires became increasingly similar to those of the Caucasian group, but their contraceptive behavior did not. While approximately equal numbers of Filipinos and Caucasians were contracepting, Filipino couples regardless of duration of stay in the United States were using less effective methods with less regularity. Despite these contraceptive behavior patterns, Filipino migrants perceived that they would have 0.32 fewer children in the United States than they would have had had they remained in the Philippines. By far the most predominant reason given by Filipino respondents for changing fertility patterns in the United States was the difficulty of obtaining child care in the new environment.", "contents": "The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior in a Filipino migrant sample. The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior was studied by analyzing data collected from cross-sectional groups of Filipino migrants who had lived in the United States for varying lengths of time, in conjunction with data from a comparison group of Caucasians from the Filipinos' neighborhoods. With increasing number of years lived in the United States, Filipino migrants' fertility-related knowledge, attitudes, and desires became increasingly similar to those of the Caucasian group, but their contraceptive behavior did not. While approximately equal numbers of Filipinos and Caucasians were contracepting, Filipino couples regardless of duration of stay in the United States were using less effective methods with less regularity. Despite these contraceptive behavior patterns, Filipino migrants perceived that they would have 0.32 fewer children in the United States than they would have had had they remained in the Philippines. By far the most predominant reason given by Filipino respondents for changing fertility patterns in the United States was the difficulty of obtaining child care in the new environment.", "PMID": 738473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3576", "title": "The relationship between apartment living and fertility for blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans in Racine, Wisconsin.", "content": "Recently published data from a sample of Bogot\u00e1, Colombia public housing residents  show that apartment dwellers, but not house dwellers, reduced their fertility in a tight housing market. We propose that the utility-cost theory of fertility accounts for this finding, and, using this theory, we predict that (a) apartment residents will not decrease their fertility in an open housing market and (b) higher fertility will be associated with larger dwellings. Longitudinal data from a sample of Midwest urban blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans support both predictions. The substantive implications are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between apartment living and fertility for blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans in Racine, Wisconsin. Recently published data from a sample of Bogot\u00e1, Colombia public housing residents  show that apartment dwellers, but not house dwellers, reduced their fertility in a tight housing market. We propose that the utility-cost theory of fertility accounts for this finding, and, using this theory, we predict that (a) apartment residents will not decrease their fertility in an open housing market and (b) higher fertility will be associated with larger dwellings. Longitudinal data from a sample of Midwest urban blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans support both predictions. The substantive implications are discussed.", "PMID": 738474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3577", "title": "Age, biological factors, and socioeconomic determinants of fertility: a new measure of cumulative fertility for use in the empirical analysis of family size.", "content": "To influence the number of children ever born to a woman, socioeconomic variables must operate through behavioral and biological mechanisms such as the age at marriage, the level of fertility in the absence of deliberate fertility control, and the level of control exerted to reduce fertility within marriage. In this paper, we propose a new measure of cumulative fertility which is standardized for the age-fecundity relationship and for exposure to the risk of conception associated with duration of marriage. A simple model of fertility behavior which incorporates some of the mechanisms through which socioeconomic factors may affect fertility is developed and applied to data from the United States to demonstrate the properties of alternative measures of family size. The results indicate that use of the new measure allows more precise estimates of socioeconomic fertility relationships than would be obtained with children ever born or by sample stratification.", "contents": "Age, biological factors, and socioeconomic determinants of fertility: a new measure of cumulative fertility for use in the empirical analysis of family size. To influence the number of children ever born to a woman, socioeconomic variables must operate through behavioral and biological mechanisms such as the age at marriage, the level of fertility in the absence of deliberate fertility control, and the level of control exerted to reduce fertility within marriage. In this paper, we propose a new measure of cumulative fertility which is standardized for the age-fecundity relationship and for exposure to the risk of conception associated with duration of marriage. A simple model of fertility behavior which incorporates some of the mechanisms through which socioeconomic factors may affect fertility is developed and applied to data from the United States to demonstrate the properties of alternative measures of family size. The results indicate that use of the new measure allows more precise estimates of socioeconomic fertility relationships than would be obtained with children ever born or by sample stratification.", "PMID": 738475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3578", "title": "Estimating the intrinsic rate of increase of a population from the average numbers of younger and older sisters.", "content": "Based on stable population theory, a mathematical relationship is developed between the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of a population and the ratio (Z) of the average number of younger sisters ever born to the average number of older sisters ever born, for a random sample of women in the population. This mathematical formula is then converted into a technique for estimating r from data on numbers of sisters. The extent to which the technique may be generalizable to actual populations is discussed.", "contents": "Estimating the intrinsic rate of increase of a population from the average numbers of younger and older sisters. Based on stable population theory, a mathematical relationship is developed between the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of a population and the ratio (Z) of the average number of younger sisters ever born to the average number of older sisters ever born, for a random sample of women in the population. This mathematical formula is then converted into a technique for estimating r from data on numbers of sisters. The extent to which the technique may be generalizable to actual populations is discussed.", "PMID": 738476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3579", "title": "The Demeny-Shorter and three-census methods for correcting age data.", "content": "This paper presents, tests, applies, and compares methods that utilize age data collected at consecutive censuses to examine and adjust for age and coverage errors. The Demeny-Shorter method, for example, was devised for this purpose, and its flexibility in regard to census coverage errors is examined. The Demeny-Shorter method is found difficult to apply directly, so a method based on the same idea as the Demeny-Shorter method  but utilizing age data from three, instead of two, successive censuses is presented and discussed as a possible alternative. This three-census method is applied to data from Turkey's censuses and, in some cases, found to be better than the Demeny-Shorter method, because the former allows for and estimates the likely changes in census coverage and different patterns of age errors in successive censuses. Unfortunately, the three-census method cannot be applied to data from most developing countries on account of a lack of the requisite series of censuses.", "contents": "The Demeny-Shorter and three-census methods for correcting age data. This paper presents, tests, applies, and compares methods that utilize age data collected at consecutive censuses to examine and adjust for age and coverage errors. The Demeny-Shorter method, for example, was devised for this purpose, and its flexibility in regard to census coverage errors is examined. The Demeny-Shorter method is found difficult to apply directly, so a method based on the same idea as the Demeny-Shorter method  but utilizing age data from three, instead of two, successive censuses is presented and discussed as a possible alternative. This three-census method is applied to data from Turkey's censuses and, in some cases, found to be better than the Demeny-Shorter method, because the former allows for and estimates the likely changes in census coverage and different patterns of age errors in successive censuses. Unfortunately, the three-census method cannot be applied to data from most developing countries on account of a lack of the requisite series of censuses.", "PMID": 738477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3580", "title": "Adjustment of rates using multiplicative models.", "content": "By the conception of an underlying multiplicative model for cross-classified data, a statistical method for the adjustment of rates is suggested. This method rests upon the multiplicative definition of interaction in cross-classifications and can lead to results different from those obtained from the more usual methods (e.g., Kitagawa, 1964). Comparisons with alternative approaches are made, and illustrative applications to data are provided.", "contents": "Adjustment of rates using multiplicative models. By the conception of an underlying multiplicative model for cross-classified data, a statistical method for the adjustment of rates is suggested. This method rests upon the multiplicative definition of interaction in cross-classifications and can lead to results different from those obtained from the more usual methods (e.g., Kitagawa, 1964). Comparisons with alternative approaches are made, and illustrative applications to data are provided.", "PMID": 738478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3581", "title": "An evaluation of Brass mortality estimates under conditions of declining mortality.", "content": "An evaluation of the Brass childhood mortality estimates under conditions of declining mortality shows them to overestimate current mortality. Error increases as the rate of mortality decline increases, as the childhood age up to which cumulative mortality is being estimated increases, and as age at onset of childbearing decreases. We use the results to develop a method for correcting the Brass estimates for the effects of quasistability. The method requires an estimate of the rate of mortality decline within the population in addition to information on the pattern of childbearing in the population.", "contents": "An evaluation of Brass mortality estimates under conditions of declining mortality. An evaluation of the Brass childhood mortality estimates under conditions of declining mortality shows them to overestimate current mortality. Error increases as the rate of mortality decline increases, as the childhood age up to which cumulative mortality is being estimated increases, and as age at onset of childbearing decreases. We use the results to develop a method for correcting the Brass estimates for the effects of quasistability. The method requires an estimate of the rate of mortality decline within the population in addition to information on the pattern of childbearing in the population.", "PMID": 738480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3582", "title": "Dynamics of some special populations with NRR = 1.", "content": "We discuss two special cases of population dynamics with changing vital rates subject to the constraint NRR = 1 and consider the specifics of ergodicity and stationarity. By restricting the number of age groups to two, we can make explicit the way weak ergodicity works. When mortality is constant and the period NRR = 1, a life-table stationary population eventually results; everything of demographic interest (except age-specific fertility and the cohort NRR) is asymptotically constant. With changing mortality, but both period and cohort NRR = 1, only weak ergodicity holds, and everything changes over time.", "contents": "Dynamics of some special populations with NRR = 1. We discuss two special cases of population dynamics with changing vital rates subject to the constraint NRR = 1 and consider the specifics of ergodicity and stationarity. By restricting the number of age groups to two, we can make explicit the way weak ergodicity works. When mortality is constant and the period NRR = 1, a life-table stationary population eventually results; everything of demographic interest (except age-specific fertility and the cohort NRR) is asymptotically constant. With changing mortality, but both period and cohort NRR = 1, only weak ergodicity holds, and everything changes over time.", "PMID": 738481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3583", "title": "Population movement and city-suburb redistribution: an analytic framework.", "content": "This paper introduces an analytic framework that can be used to assess the relationships between individual movement differentials and place characteristics, on the one hand, and aggregate mobility levels and city-suburb population change (in size or composition), on the other. Application of this framework using census data for individual metropolitan areas allows the analyst to decompose population changes due to net migration into contributing mobility streams and their component rates which are subject to unique community and individual influences. The paper provides both theoretical and empirical rationale for the framework, illustrates its use with 1970 census data, and discusses its implications for empirical research on city-suburb population redistribution.", "contents": "Population movement and city-suburb redistribution: an analytic framework. This paper introduces an analytic framework that can be used to assess the relationships between individual movement differentials and place characteristics, on the one hand, and aggregate mobility levels and city-suburb population change (in size or composition), on the other. Application of this framework using census data for individual metropolitan areas allows the analyst to decompose population changes due to net migration into contributing mobility streams and their component rates which are subject to unique community and individual influences. The paper provides both theoretical and empirical rationale for the framework, illustrates its use with 1970 census data, and discusses its implications for empirical research on city-suburb population redistribution.", "PMID": 738482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3584", "title": "Metropolitan deconcentration: subareal in-migration and central city to ring mobility patterns among southern SMSAs.", "content": "The analysis of in-migration streams and subareal residential mobility patterns for moves made between 1965 and 1970 in SMSAs in the East South Central and South Atlantic census divisions indicates that, despite their historical contexts, these metropolitan areas now show spatial differentiation patterns similar to those of the great cities of the Northeast. The white population has increased in ring areas primarily because of in-migration rates; the black population in the central cities has increased primarily because of in-migration rates to those subareas. Little variation in these patterns across SMSA size categories was apparent.", "contents": "Metropolitan deconcentration: subareal in-migration and central city to ring mobility patterns among southern SMSAs. The analysis of in-migration streams and subareal residential mobility patterns for moves made between 1965 and 1970 in SMSAs in the East South Central and South Atlantic census divisions indicates that, despite their historical contexts, these metropolitan areas now show spatial differentiation patterns similar to those of the great cities of the Northeast. The white population has increased in ring areas primarily because of in-migration rates; the black population in the central cities has increased primarily because of in-migration rates to those subareas. Little variation in these patterns across SMSA size categories was apparent.", "PMID": 738483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3585", "title": "Population trends of nonmetropolitan cities and villages in subregions of the United States.", "content": "This is a comparison of the 1950-1970 trends in population size of U.S. nonmetropolitan cities and villages among 26 homogeneous subregions. There are wide variations in the proportion of the nonmetropolitan population in incorporated places, and, though this proportion generally increased over the 1950-1970 period, decentralizing tendencies also are evident. There was most often a decline in the differential between the growth rate of incorporated places and of open country over the two decades. The positive association between initial size of place and growth, present in half of the subregions in the 1950s and indicative of population centralization, was found only in the Corn Belt, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain subregions in the 1960s. There were regionally distinctive differences in all variables considered; most notably, the percent of places growing ranged 50 percentage points over the 26 subregions. The extent of subregional variation revealed by this analysis indicates how differences in physiography, climate, history, and economy continue to be reflected in settlement trends which are obscured when larger regional groupings are used.", "contents": "Population trends of nonmetropolitan cities and villages in subregions of the United States. This is a comparison of the 1950-1970 trends in population size of U.S. nonmetropolitan cities and villages among 26 homogeneous subregions. There are wide variations in the proportion of the nonmetropolitan population in incorporated places, and, though this proportion generally increased over the 1950-1970 period, decentralizing tendencies also are evident. There was most often a decline in the differential between the growth rate of incorporated places and of open country over the two decades. The positive association between initial size of place and growth, present in half of the subregions in the 1950s and indicative of population centralization, was found only in the Corn Belt, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain subregions in the 1960s. There were regionally distinctive differences in all variables considered; most notably, the percent of places growing ranged 50 percentage points over the 26 subregions. The extent of subregional variation revealed by this analysis indicates how differences in physiography, climate, history, and economy continue to be reflected in settlement trends which are obscured when larger regional groupings are used.", "PMID": 738484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3586", "title": "A short note on the Taeuber paradox.", "content": "When the force of mortality is reduced by a constant fraction delta at every age, the relative increase in life expectancy e(0) can be measured by deltaH, where H is determined by the l(a) values of the life table. Although H is not easily reducible in terms of the well-known life table parameters, it has been shown that it can be approximately estimated by 2 - e(0)/a in which a is the average age of the stationary population. It has been found that, for a given value of delta, the relative gain in life expectancy is less appreciable in countries with larger values of e(0).", "contents": "A short note on the Taeuber paradox. When the force of mortality is reduced by a constant fraction delta at every age, the relative increase in life expectancy e(0) can be measured by deltaH, where H is determined by the l(a) values of the life table. Although H is not easily reducible in terms of the well-known life table parameters, it has been shown that it can be approximately estimated by 2 - e(0)/a in which a is the average age of the stationary population. It has been found that, for a given value of delta, the relative gain in life expectancy is less appreciable in countries with larger values of e(0).", "PMID": 738485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3587", "title": "Calculating life tables by estimating Chiang's a from observed rates.", "content": "A simple, accurate method of life table construction is advanced based upon a new way to estimate Chiang's nax (the average number of years lived in the x to x + n age interval by those dying  in the interval). The estimate for nax leads immediately to an expression for  lx+n (the survivors to age x + n) in terms of lx and the known mortality rates for the interval x to x+n and the two adjacent intervals. The complete solution for the basic life table is given. The proposed method and five other easily applied methods are then compared against the standard provided by the U.S. life tables for 1969-1971. The results attest to the excellent performance and high degree of accuracy of the proposed method. Finally, extensions of the method to multiple decrement and associated single decrement life tables are briefly described.", "contents": "Calculating life tables by estimating Chiang's a from observed rates. A simple, accurate method of life table construction is advanced based upon a new way to estimate Chiang's nax (the average number of years lived in the x to x + n age interval by those dying  in the interval). The estimate for nax leads immediately to an expression for  lx+n (the survivors to age x + n) in terms of lx and the known mortality rates for the interval x to x+n and the two adjacent intervals. The complete solution for the basic life table is given. The proposed method and five other easily applied methods are then compared against the standard provided by the U.S. life tables for 1969-1971. The results attest to the excellent performance and high degree of accuracy of the proposed method. Finally, extensions of the method to multiple decrement and associated single decrement life tables are briefly described.", "PMID": 738486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3588", "title": "Indigenous labor supply, sustenance organization, and population redistribution in nonmetropolitan America: an extension of the ecological theory of migration.", "content": "The ecological theory of migration asserts that change in sustenance organization, to the extent that it produces changes in the opportunities for living, necessitates a change in population size. Migration may thus be viewed as a demographic response to the populations's need to reestablish a balance between its size and sustenance organization, thus attaining its best possible living standard. However, the levels of net in- or out-migration needed to restore the balance should be affected by the degree of positive or negative growth of the indigenous labor force population. We thus test the hypothesis that changes in opportunities for living will be balanced by net changes in the number of persons in the labor force, where this is a function of both indigenous labor supply and net migration.", "contents": "Indigenous labor supply, sustenance organization, and population redistribution in nonmetropolitan America: an extension of the ecological theory of migration. The ecological theory of migration asserts that change in sustenance organization, to the extent that it produces changes in the opportunities for living, necessitates a change in population size. Migration may thus be viewed as a demographic response to the populations's need to reestablish a balance between its size and sustenance organization, thus attaining its best possible living standard. However, the levels of net in- or out-migration needed to restore the balance should be affected by the degree of positive or negative growth of the indigenous labor force population. We thus test the hypothesis that changes in opportunities for living will be balanced by net changes in the number of persons in the labor force, where this is a function of both indigenous labor supply and net migration.", "PMID": 738487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3589", "title": "Evidence for a role of endorphins in stress- and suckling-induced prolactin release in the rat.", "content": "Injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone completely prevented the rise of serum prolactin induced by ether stress in intact male rats. Naloxone also led to a 50--95% inhibition of the marked elevation of plasma prolactin levels induced by suckling. These data suggest that endogenous opiates (endorphins) are involved in the stimulation of prolactin release induced by both stress and suckling in the rat.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of endorphins in stress- and suckling-induced prolactin release in the rat. Injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone completely prevented the rise of serum prolactin induced by ether stress in intact male rats. Naloxone also led to a 50--95% inhibition of the marked elevation of plasma prolactin levels induced by suckling. These data suggest that endogenous opiates (endorphins) are involved in the stimulation of prolactin release induced by both stress and suckling in the rat.", "PMID": 738523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3590", "title": "Effect of several androgens, cyproterone acetate or estrogen-progesterone on the prolactin-releasing activity of arginine vasotocin in castrated male rats.", "content": "Intravenous (iv) administration of 5 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) into urethane-anesthetized, castrated male rats had no effect on plasma prolactin titers as compared to the rise in prolactin levels observed in intact AVT-treated rats. However, when castrated rats were first treated for two days with 2.5 mg/day of testosterone propionate and then challenged with a 5-microgram dose of AVT, the prolactin surge values obtained were comparable to those seen in intact AVT-treated rats. Conversely, treatment of intact rats for two days with 25 mg/day of the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, blocked the prolactin-releasing activity of AVT. In a separate experiment, treatment of castrated rats for two days with 2.5 mg/day of testosterone, androsterone or 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate and 25 mg progesterone, completely restored the prolactin-releasing activity of AVT. Similar treatment with 2.5 mg/day of androstenedione or dihydrotestosterone was without effect in restoring this response to AVT. It is concluded that the presence of gonadal steroids is essential to the action of AVT in provoking the release of prolactin in urethane-anesthetized male rats.", "contents": "Effect of several androgens, cyproterone acetate or estrogen-progesterone on the prolactin-releasing activity of arginine vasotocin in castrated male rats. Intravenous (iv) administration of 5 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) into urethane-anesthetized, castrated male rats had no effect on plasma prolactin titers as compared to the rise in prolactin levels observed in intact AVT-treated rats. However, when castrated rats were first treated for two days with 2.5 mg/day of testosterone propionate and then challenged with a 5-microgram dose of AVT, the prolactin surge values obtained were comparable to those seen in intact AVT-treated rats. Conversely, treatment of intact rats for two days with 25 mg/day of the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, blocked the prolactin-releasing activity of AVT. In a separate experiment, treatment of castrated rats for two days with 2.5 mg/day of testosterone, androsterone or 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate and 25 mg progesterone, completely restored the prolactin-releasing activity of AVT. Similar treatment with 2.5 mg/day of androstenedione or dihydrotestosterone was without effect in restoring this response to AVT. It is concluded that the presence of gonadal steroids is essential to the action of AVT in provoking the release of prolactin in urethane-anesthetized male rats.", "PMID": 738524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3591", "title": "Interations of gonadotropins with corpus luteum membranes. VII. Association of hCG-binding and adenylate cyclase activities with rabbit corpus luteum plasma-membranes.", "content": "Previous studies with rat luteal cell plasma membranes indicated a dissociation of hCG binding sites and adenylate cyclase activity. The hormone binding sites were associated with a light membrane (d 1.13) fraction derived from the microvillous surface while the cyclase enzyme was associated with a heavy membrane (d 1.17) fraction derived from the basolateral surface of the cell. In this study of plasma membranes from 8-day pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea both hCG binding and adenylate cyclase activity were associated with a light membrane (d 1.13) fraction. No heavy membrane material was detected.", "contents": "Interations of gonadotropins with corpus luteum membranes. VII. Association of hCG-binding and adenylate cyclase activities with rabbit corpus luteum plasma-membranes. Previous studies with rat luteal cell plasma membranes indicated a dissociation of hCG binding sites and adenylate cyclase activity. The hormone binding sites were associated with a light membrane (d 1.13) fraction derived from the microvillous surface while the cyclase enzyme was associated with a heavy membrane (d 1.17) fraction derived from the basolateral surface of the cell. In this study of plasma membranes from 8-day pseudopregnant rabbit corpora lutea both hCG binding and adenylate cyclase activity were associated with a light membrane (d 1.13) fraction. No heavy membrane material was detected.", "PMID": 738525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3592", "title": "Prolactin secretion in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Serum prolactin levels were determined following stimulation by sulpiride in 20 patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis and 10 normal controls. Prolactin response was essentially the same in the two groups. Only 5 cirrhotics, all with ascites, showed a lower prolactin response after sulpiride stimulation. This was interpreted as a consequence of a rapid prolactin escape from blood into the ascitic fluid, as it was shown to be the case in 2 of these patients. It is concluded that prolactin secretion in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis is essentially normal. The higher prolactin levels found by others in alcoholic cirrhosis could be the result of a direct effect of alcohol on hypothalamic structures involved in prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Prolactin secretion in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis. Serum prolactin levels were determined following stimulation by sulpiride in 20 patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis and 10 normal controls. Prolactin response was essentially the same in the two groups. Only 5 cirrhotics, all with ascites, showed a lower prolactin response after sulpiride stimulation. This was interpreted as a consequence of a rapid prolactin escape from blood into the ascitic fluid, as it was shown to be the case in 2 of these patients. It is concluded that prolactin secretion in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis is essentially normal. The higher prolactin levels found by others in alcoholic cirrhosis could be the result of a direct effect of alcohol on hypothalamic structures involved in prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 738536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3593", "title": "A stereological and biochemical study of the human liver in uncomplicated cholelithiasis.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of needle liver biopsies of patients with untreated, uncomplicated cholelithiasis has been performed to better evaluate eventual changes occurring under medical therapy of gallstones. With the light microscope, the intensity of parenchymal steatosis was variable among the patients but the mean volume density of lipid droplets was significantly increased as compared to normal subjects. In addition, there was a significant increase in the volume density of lipocytes (fat-storing cells) without an increase in the number per square area, suggesting a hypertrophy of individual cells. The data obtained by ultrastructural morphometry show a significant increase in the surface density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes, a significant increase of the mitochondrial volume density together with the presence of curled mitochondrial cristae and a slight, inconstant intracellular and intracanalicular bile retention. No qualitative or quantitative changes were observed at the level of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The activity of the microsomal enzyme NADPH-cytochrome c reductase as evaluated on liver biopsy material was in the normal range. Some of the features observed in this group of patients are reminiscent of alterations previously described in human or experimental cholestasis and suggest that they might depend on a common underlying disturbance in cholesterol and bile salt metabolism.", "contents": "A stereological and biochemical study of the human liver in uncomplicated cholelithiasis. A quantitative analysis of needle liver biopsies of patients with untreated, uncomplicated cholelithiasis has been performed to better evaluate eventual changes occurring under medical therapy of gallstones. With the light microscope, the intensity of parenchymal steatosis was variable among the patients but the mean volume density of lipid droplets was significantly increased as compared to normal subjects. In addition, there was a significant increase in the volume density of lipocytes (fat-storing cells) without an increase in the number per square area, suggesting a hypertrophy of individual cells. The data obtained by ultrastructural morphometry show a significant increase in the surface density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes, a significant increase of the mitochondrial volume density together with the presence of curled mitochondrial cristae and a slight, inconstant intracellular and intracanalicular bile retention. No qualitative or quantitative changes were observed at the level of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The activity of the microsomal enzyme NADPH-cytochrome c reductase as evaluated on liver biopsy material was in the normal range. Some of the features observed in this group of patients are reminiscent of alterations previously described in human or experimental cholestasis and suggest that they might depend on a common underlying disturbance in cholesterol and bile salt metabolism.", "PMID": 738537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3594", "title": "The role of bile acids in determining ileal flow rates in normal subjects and following ileostomy.", "content": "The possibility that intraluminal bile acid concentrations contribute to fluid and electrolyte movement in the normal ileum, and that alterations following ileostomy aid ileostomy adaptation, has been investigated. A significant correlation between the concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid plus deoxycholic acid, and volume flow through the normal ileum and ileostomy effluent volume was found. However, the regression lines relating bile acid concentrations to volume flow in the two groups were clearly separated, indication that factors besides altered bile acid metabolism are predominant in ileostomy adaptation.", "contents": "The role of bile acids in determining ileal flow rates in normal subjects and following ileostomy. The possibility that intraluminal bile acid concentrations contribute to fluid and electrolyte movement in the normal ileum, and that alterations following ileostomy aid ileostomy adaptation, has been investigated. A significant correlation between the concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid plus deoxycholic acid, and volume flow through the normal ileum and ileostomy effluent volume was found. However, the regression lines relating bile acid concentrations to volume flow in the two groups were clearly separated, indication that factors besides altered bile acid metabolism are predominant in ileostomy adaptation.", "PMID": 738538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3595", "title": "Inhibition of human colonic adenylate cyclase by RMI 12330 A.", "content": "RMI 12330 A, a compound of the lactamamide series, is a potent inhibitor of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)- and prostaglandin (PG)-stimulated colonic secretion in the rat. This substance was tested on the adenylate cyclase system in human colonic mucosa. RMI 12330 A inhibited PGE2-, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2- as well as VIP-sensitive adenylate cyclases in a dose-related manner. Half-maximal inhibition of hormone-stimulated enzyme activities occurred at a lactamimide concentration of about 0.15 mM. Lactamimide inhibition was non-competitive. Our results are compatible with the concept of RMI 12330 A acting as an inhibitor of colonic secretion via inhibition of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Since basal, NaF- and guanylyl-imidodiphosphate-stimulated enzyme activities were also affected by this compound, we may conclude that RMI 12330 A is a non-specific inhibitor of the human colonic adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "Inhibition of human colonic adenylate cyclase by RMI 12330 A. RMI 12330 A, a compound of the lactamamide series, is a potent inhibitor of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)- and prostaglandin (PG)-stimulated colonic secretion in the rat. This substance was tested on the adenylate cyclase system in human colonic mucosa. RMI 12330 A inhibited PGE2-, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2- as well as VIP-sensitive adenylate cyclases in a dose-related manner. Half-maximal inhibition of hormone-stimulated enzyme activities occurred at a lactamimide concentration of about 0.15 mM. Lactamimide inhibition was non-competitive. Our results are compatible with the concept of RMI 12330 A acting as an inhibitor of colonic secretion via inhibition of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Since basal, NaF- and guanylyl-imidodiphosphate-stimulated enzyme activities were also affected by this compound, we may conclude that RMI 12330 A is a non-specific inhibitor of the human colonic adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 738539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3596", "title": "The effect of L-amino acids given intravenously on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in dogs.", "content": "L-Amino acid solution given intravenously in Heidenhain pouch dogs resulted in marked changes of both basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretions. During a 1-hour amino acid infusion, a significant augmentation of pentagastrin-induced secretion was observed. A significant increase of secretion during amino acid infusion was also found in dogs not infused with pentagastrin. Absolute values of HCl output were much higher in dogs in which secretion was stimulated by a combination of pentagastrin and amino acids than by amino acids alone. This increase was followed by a fall of gastric secretion in response to pentagastrin.", "contents": "The effect of L-amino acids given intravenously on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in dogs. L-Amino acid solution given intravenously in Heidenhain pouch dogs resulted in marked changes of both basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretions. During a 1-hour amino acid infusion, a significant augmentation of pentagastrin-induced secretion was observed. A significant increase of secretion during amino acid infusion was also found in dogs not infused with pentagastrin. Absolute values of HCl output were much higher in dogs in which secretion was stimulated by a combination of pentagastrin and amino acids than by amino acids alone. This increase was followed by a fall of gastric secretion in response to pentagastrin.", "PMID": 738540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3597", "title": "Acute gastritis in cats. Effect of water lavage and local hypothermia on gastric blood flow.", "content": "In the present investigation gastric blood flow was determined in cat stomachs with acute inflammation during continuous local irrigation with ice water (4 degrees C) or water at body temperature (37 degrees C). Acute gastritis was induced by a 10% acetic acid solution and gastric mucosal and muscularis blood flow were measured by means of gamma-labelled microspheres. The mucosa and muscularis blood flow remained essentially unchanged during irrigation either with ice water or warm water during the observation time of 2 h. The difference in gastric blood flow between the ice-water and warm-water-irrigated groups was not significant.", "contents": "Acute gastritis in cats. Effect of water lavage and local hypothermia on gastric blood flow. In the present investigation gastric blood flow was determined in cat stomachs with acute inflammation during continuous local irrigation with ice water (4 degrees C) or water at body temperature (37 degrees C). Acute gastritis was induced by a 10% acetic acid solution and gastric mucosal and muscularis blood flow were measured by means of gamma-labelled microspheres. The mucosa and muscularis blood flow remained essentially unchanged during irrigation either with ice water or warm water during the observation time of 2 h. The difference in gastric blood flow between the ice-water and warm-water-irrigated groups was not significant.", "PMID": 738541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3598", "title": "Induction of colonic adenocarcinomas by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine intrarectally administered in rats.", "content": "Multiple colorectal adenocarcinomas were found in Sprague-Dawley rats after intrarectal injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). These lesions along with mild hyperplasia of the surrounding mucosa developed within 34 weeks after either 3 or 8 injections of 250 mg DMH/kg body weight.", "contents": "Induction of colonic adenocarcinomas by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine intrarectally administered in rats. Multiple colorectal adenocarcinomas were found in Sprague-Dawley rats after intrarectal injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). These lesions along with mild hyperplasia of the surrounding mucosa developed within 34 weeks after either 3 or 8 injections of 250 mg DMH/kg body weight.", "PMID": 738542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3599", "title": "Development of exocrine cells of the pancreas and parotid gland in rats. Relation between morphological and biochemical changes.", "content": "Electron microphotographs showed that pancreatic acinar cells contain many dense zymogen granules in the fetal stage (day 21 of gestation), both dense and less dense granules in the infant stage (day 10 after birth) and again only dense granules in the adult stage. Injection of dexamethasone in the infant stage greatly increased the number of dense granules, and slightly increased the total number of granules, whereas its injection in the weanling stage (day 24 after birth) did not increase the total number of zymogen granules or their density. Parotid acinar cells contain many zymogen granules of low density in the weanling stage (day 24 after birth), and granules of low density with dense spots in the adult stage. Injection of dexamethasone in the weanling stage increased the number of adult-type zymogen granules, but did not increase the total number of granules. The developmental change in amylase activity was parallel with the change in the high-density areas in zymogen granules, and the latter seemed to be influenced by the serum glucocorticoid level.", "contents": "Development of exocrine cells of the pancreas and parotid gland in rats. Relation between morphological and biochemical changes. Electron microphotographs showed that pancreatic acinar cells contain many dense zymogen granules in the fetal stage (day 21 of gestation), both dense and less dense granules in the infant stage (day 10 after birth) and again only dense granules in the adult stage. Injection of dexamethasone in the infant stage greatly increased the number of dense granules, and slightly increased the total number of granules, whereas its injection in the weanling stage (day 24 after birth) did not increase the total number of zymogen granules or their density. Parotid acinar cells contain many zymogen granules of low density in the weanling stage (day 24 after birth), and granules of low density with dense spots in the adult stage. Injection of dexamethasone in the weanling stage increased the number of adult-type zymogen granules, but did not increase the total number of granules. The developmental change in amylase activity was parallel with the change in the high-density areas in zymogen granules, and the latter seemed to be influenced by the serum glucocorticoid level.", "PMID": 738543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3600", "title": "Acute and chronic pancreatitis in the rat caused by a closed duodenal loop.", "content": "A closed duodenal loop was created by the obstruction of the duodenum on either side of the common bile duct. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis developed within 24 h with interlobular oedema, marked acinar cell necrosis, intra-abdominal fat necrosis and ascites. Plasma amylase activity was greatly increased together with a marked decrease in albumin. There was a temporary abnormality of liver function tests due to obstruction of bile. When the duodenal obstruction was released and the animals allowed to survive there was at 3 weeks a marked reduction in the pancreatic acinar cells with fibrosis and areas of necrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. Plasma amylase activity was normal but there was an increase in total plasma protein at 3 weeks. This technique of a closed duodenal loop in the rat gives a simple, reliable and economic experimental model for studies on acute and chronic fibrotic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Acute and chronic pancreatitis in the rat caused by a closed duodenal loop. A closed duodenal loop was created by the obstruction of the duodenum on either side of the common bile duct. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis developed within 24 h with interlobular oedema, marked acinar cell necrosis, intra-abdominal fat necrosis and ascites. Plasma amylase activity was greatly increased together with a marked decrease in albumin. There was a temporary abnormality of liver function tests due to obstruction of bile. When the duodenal obstruction was released and the animals allowed to survive there was at 3 weeks a marked reduction in the pancreatic acinar cells with fibrosis and areas of necrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. Plasma amylase activity was normal but there was an increase in total plasma protein at 3 weeks. This technique of a closed duodenal loop in the rat gives a simple, reliable and economic experimental model for studies on acute and chronic fibrotic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 738544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3601", "title": "Protein digestion and jejunal dipeptidase activity in rats fed a normal protein alcohol diet during 6 months.", "content": "Protein digestion was studied in pair-fed rats receiving an adequate (protein 12% and alcohol 35% of calories) diet during 24 weeks. No differences in fecal nitrogen excretion were observed between the alcohol-treated and control rats. At the 24th week the rats were sacrificed and jejunal mucosa dipeptidase activity was studied. No differences were found either between controls and alcohol-treated animals.", "contents": "Protein digestion and jejunal dipeptidase activity in rats fed a normal protein alcohol diet during 6 months. Protein digestion was studied in pair-fed rats receiving an adequate (protein 12% and alcohol 35% of calories) diet during 24 weeks. No differences in fecal nitrogen excretion were observed between the alcohol-treated and control rats. At the 24th week the rats were sacrificed and jejunal mucosa dipeptidase activity was studied. No differences were found either between controls and alcohol-treated animals.", "PMID": 738545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3602", "title": "The endocrine pancreas of the fetus from diabetic pregnant rat.", "content": "Diabetes was induced in female rats by streptozotocin administration prior to mating. Pregnant rats were divided into \"severe diabetics\" (blood glucose concentration above 300 mg/100 ml) and \"mild diabetics\" (blood glucose ranging from 100 to 200 mg/100 ml). When compared to control fetuses, fetuses from severely diabetic mothers showed a slight decrease of body weight on days 20.5 and 21.5. Fetal pancreatic insulin stores and plasma insulin concentrations were decreased at 19.5, 20.5 and 21.5 days. The insulin response to glucose was impaired both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, fetuses from mildly diabetic females showed no change in body weight. Pancreatic and plasma insulin concentrations were increased at 19.5, 20.5 and 21.5 days. The response of the beta cells of term fetuses of mild diabetics to glucose stimulation was enhanced in vitro. These results are consistent with the hyperglycaemia-hyperinsulinaemia theory with regard to the fetuses from mildly diabetic rats and with an impairment of insulin biosynthesis and release in fetuses from severely diabetic females.", "contents": "The endocrine pancreas of the fetus from diabetic pregnant rat. Diabetes was induced in female rats by streptozotocin administration prior to mating. Pregnant rats were divided into \"severe diabetics\" (blood glucose concentration above 300 mg/100 ml) and \"mild diabetics\" (blood glucose ranging from 100 to 200 mg/100 ml). When compared to control fetuses, fetuses from severely diabetic mothers showed a slight decrease of body weight on days 20.5 and 21.5. Fetal pancreatic insulin stores and plasma insulin concentrations were decreased at 19.5, 20.5 and 21.5 days. The insulin response to glucose was impaired both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, fetuses from mildly diabetic females showed no change in body weight. Pancreatic and plasma insulin concentrations were increased at 19.5, 20.5 and 21.5 days. The response of the beta cells of term fetuses of mild diabetics to glucose stimulation was enhanced in vitro. These results are consistent with the hyperglycaemia-hyperinsulinaemia theory with regard to the fetuses from mildly diabetic rats and with an impairment of insulin biosynthesis and release in fetuses from severely diabetic females.", "PMID": 738549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3603", "title": "In vitro bioactivity of insulin analogues: lipogenic and anti-lipolytic potency and their interaction with the effect of native insulin.", "content": "This paper presents a survey of the biological potencies of a variety of naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic insulin analogues and a study of the joint biological action of some of these materials with native insulin. Biological activity was tested on isolated rat fat cells using lipogenesis from glucose as the metabolic index. A brief comparison using inhibition of fat cell lipolysis was included. The results indicated: 1. Analogue potencies varied considerably (0.4-100% insulin activity). Values obtained were mainly confirmatory but included two further B1-modified materials and a tricarbamylated insulin. The results supported previous indications on the relative roles of the A1, B1, and B29 residues of insulin for hormone activity. 2. Analogue bioactivities, whether assessed by stimulation of lipogenesis or inhibition of lipolysis, were similar for the four materials tested in both systems. The response of fat cells with respect to both metabolic indices occurred over a comparable range of insulin concentrations, with half maximal effects at 30-35 pmol 1(-1) insulin. 3. The presence of modified insulins appeared to alter the biological action of native insulin in vitro. Small effects of both potentiation and antagonism were identified.", "contents": "In vitro bioactivity of insulin analogues: lipogenic and anti-lipolytic potency and their interaction with the effect of native insulin. This paper presents a survey of the biological potencies of a variety of naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic insulin analogues and a study of the joint biological action of some of these materials with native insulin. Biological activity was tested on isolated rat fat cells using lipogenesis from glucose as the metabolic index. A brief comparison using inhibition of fat cell lipolysis was included. The results indicated: 1. Analogue potencies varied considerably (0.4-100% insulin activity). Values obtained were mainly confirmatory but included two further B1-modified materials and a tricarbamylated insulin. The results supported previous indications on the relative roles of the A1, B1, and B29 residues of insulin for hormone activity. 2. Analogue bioactivities, whether assessed by stimulation of lipogenesis or inhibition of lipolysis, were similar for the four materials tested in both systems. The response of fat cells with respect to both metabolic indices occurred over a comparable range of insulin concentrations, with half maximal effects at 30-35 pmol 1(-1) insulin. 3. The presence of modified insulins appeared to alter the biological action of native insulin in vitro. Small effects of both potentiation and antagonism were identified.", "PMID": 738550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3604", "title": "[Correlations between studies with plain radiography and with cineventriculography in subjects with prior myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 86 subjects wiht healed myocardial infarction the reliability of cardiothoracic ratio (C/T), of the left half-diameter (EDTS/m2) and of the overall subjective evaluation of a standard chest X-Ray plate has been tested by comparison to quantitative data drawn by selective cineventriculography. C/T and EDTS/m2 are scarcely reliable, whereas subjective evaluation allowed a separation among different groups of patients, though with wide overlap. Right anterior oblique and lateral views, and the evaluation of the third aortic arch were more useful than left anterior oblique and lowered apex.", "contents": "[Correlations between studies with plain radiography and with cineventriculography in subjects with prior myocardial infarct]. In 86 subjects wiht healed myocardial infarction the reliability of cardiothoracic ratio (C/T), of the left half-diameter (EDTS/m2) and of the overall subjective evaluation of a standard chest X-Ray plate has been tested by comparison to quantitative data drawn by selective cineventriculography. C/T and EDTS/m2 are scarcely reliable, whereas subjective evaluation allowed a separation among different groups of patients, though with wide overlap. Right anterior oblique and lateral views, and the evaluation of the third aortic arch were more useful than left anterior oblique and lowered apex.", "PMID": 738558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3605", "title": "[The oxygen pulse for evaluation of the response to exercise in rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "A program of physical conditioning for the rehabilitation of the patients affected by myocardial infarction is founded on a preliminary ergometric evaluation and on following examinations of the effects of the prescribed treatment. Submaximal ergometric stress tests utilizing non invasive methods which contain sufficient information about the cardiocirculatory response to the physical effort are required.  Sixteen patients underwent hemodynamic evaluation, during ergometric stress test, two months after myocardial infarction. A statistical analysis of the results shows a significant correlation between stroke volume and oxygen pulse. The oxygen pulse, under an increasing effort, describes a curve; the end of its ascending limb may be regarded as the point of the maximal stroke volume. The workload where the curve of oxygen pulse changes the slope can be used as the caloric expense which should be safely attained during the physical conditioning.", "contents": "[The oxygen pulse for evaluation of the response to exercise in rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarct]. A program of physical conditioning for the rehabilitation of the patients affected by myocardial infarction is founded on a preliminary ergometric evaluation and on following examinations of the effects of the prescribed treatment. Submaximal ergometric stress tests utilizing non invasive methods which contain sufficient information about the cardiocirculatory response to the physical effort are required.  Sixteen patients underwent hemodynamic evaluation, during ergometric stress test, two months after myocardial infarction. A statistical analysis of the results shows a significant correlation between stroke volume and oxygen pulse. The oxygen pulse, under an increasing effort, describes a curve; the end of its ascending limb may be regarded as the point of the maximal stroke volume. The workload where the curve of oxygen pulse changes the slope can be used as the caloric expense which should be safely attained during the physical conditioning.", "PMID": 738559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3606", "title": "[Electrophysiological aspects of ectopic atrial tachycardia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with supraventricular tachycardia who underwent an electrophysiological study the ectopic atrial origin of the tachycardia could be demonstrated by the intracavitary localization of the earliest depolarized point (six cases in the right atrium and four cases in the left). Vagal stimulation and/or the i.v. infection of ATP induced or increased the degree of AV block during tachycardia; in five cases ATP interrupted the tachycardia. On the basis of their clinical and electrophysiological behavior, the patients were divided into two groups. In the first one (6 patients) tachycardia was persistent, started following late atrial beats with the same morphology of the subsequent and showed a progressive initial rate increase (warm-up phenomenon); programmed atrial stimulation failed to start and interrupt it. In the second group (4 patients) tachycardia was paroxysmal or repetitive, started following early atrial beats and could be induced and interrupted by programmed atrial stimulation. With respect to the electrophysiological characteristics of each group the authors try to define the possible mechanism responsible for the tachycardia (automaticity and micro-reentry).", "contents": "[Electrophysiological aspects of ectopic atrial tachycardia (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with supraventricular tachycardia who underwent an electrophysiological study the ectopic atrial origin of the tachycardia could be demonstrated by the intracavitary localization of the earliest depolarized point (six cases in the right atrium and four cases in the left). Vagal stimulation and/or the i.v. infection of ATP induced or increased the degree of AV block during tachycardia; in five cases ATP interrupted the tachycardia. On the basis of their clinical and electrophysiological behavior, the patients were divided into two groups. In the first one (6 patients) tachycardia was persistent, started following late atrial beats with the same morphology of the subsequent and showed a progressive initial rate increase (warm-up phenomenon); programmed atrial stimulation failed to start and interrupt it. In the second group (4 patients) tachycardia was paroxysmal or repetitive, started following early atrial beats and could be induced and interrupted by programmed atrial stimulation. With respect to the electrophysiological characteristics of each group the authors try to define the possible mechanism responsible for the tachycardia (automaticity and micro-reentry).", "PMID": 738560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3607", "title": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of ventricular tachycardia by right and left ventricle endocardial mapping (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) have been studied by unipolar recordings of 7 endocardial points of the left ventricle (LV) and 6 endocardial points of the right ventricle (RV) in order to record if possible: 1) where the VT arose; 2) a continuous electrical activity during the sistodiastolic phase of the intracardiac ECG [late potentials (LP)], suggesting the reciprocating mechanism of VT. All the patients underwent cardiac catheterization with left and/or right ventriculography. A coronary arteriography was performed in four cases. Four patients had no evidence of heart disease; one patient had aortic stenosis; one patient had two vessels coronary disease and extensive ipo-akinesis of the LV; two patients had dyskinetic areas of the RV. In all the cases it was possible to identify where the VT arose by means of recordings during spontaneous VT episodes (the sites of origin of the VTs were stated in the points where the intracardiac QRS began with an intrinsic deflection), or by means of asyncronous ventricular stimulation (the sites of origin of the VTs were stated in the points where the ventricular stimulation reproduced a surface ECG similar to the one recorded during spontaneous VT). The fact that the site of origin of the VT is never in the same point of the earliest endocardial activation during sinus rhythm and the fact that this site is located in a zone with rich terminations of the conduction system, suggest the reciprocating VT may develop in a circuit, with both conduction and myocardial tissue.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of ventricular tachycardia by right and left ventricle endocardial mapping (author's transl)]. Eight patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) have been studied by unipolar recordings of 7 endocardial points of the left ventricle (LV) and 6 endocardial points of the right ventricle (RV) in order to record if possible: 1) where the VT arose; 2) a continuous electrical activity during the sistodiastolic phase of the intracardiac ECG [late potentials (LP)], suggesting the reciprocating mechanism of VT. All the patients underwent cardiac catheterization with left and/or right ventriculography. A coronary arteriography was performed in four cases. Four patients had no evidence of heart disease; one patient had aortic stenosis; one patient had two vessels coronary disease and extensive ipo-akinesis of the LV; two patients had dyskinetic areas of the RV. In all the cases it was possible to identify where the VT arose by means of recordings during spontaneous VT episodes (the sites of origin of the VTs were stated in the points where the intracardiac QRS began with an intrinsic deflection), or by means of asyncronous ventricular stimulation (the sites of origin of the VTs were stated in the points where the ventricular stimulation reproduced a surface ECG similar to the one recorded during spontaneous VT). The fact that the site of origin of the VT is never in the same point of the earliest endocardial activation during sinus rhythm and the fact that this site is located in a zone with rich terminations of the conduction system, suggest the reciprocating VT may develop in a circuit, with both conduction and myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 738561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3608", "title": "[Ventricular pre-excitation in old age associated with severe troubles of a-v conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe two cases of old people with syncopal crises in which the appearance of ventricular pre-excitement (WPW) is a new phenomenon associated with the progressing of severe troubles in A-V conduction, sometimes only shown by endocavitary electrophysiologic test. The appearance of accessory pathways latent or functionally dumb up to that time might be a substitutive mechanism in the attempt of counterbalacing serious deficiences of A-V conduction. In these patients special care is necessary in the use of antiarrhythmic drugs and in the interpretation of syncopal troubles in order to prescribe a correct therapy.", "contents": "[Ventricular pre-excitation in old age associated with severe troubles of a-v conduction (author's transl)]. The Authors describe two cases of old people with syncopal crises in which the appearance of ventricular pre-excitement (WPW) is a new phenomenon associated with the progressing of severe troubles in A-V conduction, sometimes only shown by endocavitary electrophysiologic test. The appearance of accessory pathways latent or functionally dumb up to that time might be a substitutive mechanism in the attempt of counterbalacing serious deficiences of A-V conduction. In these patients special care is necessary in the use of antiarrhythmic drugs and in the interpretation of syncopal troubles in order to prescribe a correct therapy.", "PMID": 738562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3609", "title": "[Segmental anatomic diagnosis in congenital cardiac anomalies. I. Anatomic criteria for the identification of the cardiac cavities (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomical features are illustrated for the identification of the cardiac chambers. Essential and accessory morphological structures are recognized. The identification of the atrial cavities is based upon the anatomy of the free walls (crista terminalis, size and shape of the atrial appendages). On the contrary, the identification of the ventricles is founded on the septal morphology (trabecula septo-marginalis on the morphological right side, smooth basal septum on the morphological left side, presence or absence of septal insertions of the atrio-ventricular value apparatus). Finally, no essential feature can be applied to the identification of the great arteries.", "contents": "[Segmental anatomic diagnosis in congenital cardiac anomalies. I. Anatomic criteria for the identification of the cardiac cavities (author's transl)]. Anatomical features are illustrated for the identification of the cardiac chambers. Essential and accessory morphological structures are recognized. The identification of the atrial cavities is based upon the anatomy of the free walls (crista terminalis, size and shape of the atrial appendages). On the contrary, the identification of the ventricles is founded on the septal morphology (trabecula septo-marginalis on the morphological right side, smooth basal septum on the morphological left side, presence or absence of septal insertions of the atrio-ventricular value apparatus). Finally, no essential feature can be applied to the identification of the great arteries.", "PMID": 738563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3610", "title": "[The estimated risk of coronary heart disease in four working population groups: the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "Within four middle-aged population groups enrolled in the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, a theoretic estimation of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence in 5 years has been made on the basis of some risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, physical activity at work, body mass index), employing four different solutions of the multiple longistic function (MLF) derived from previous population studies and a simple risk score adopted by the WHO European Collaborative Group to which this study belongs. The use of different MLF solutions provides rather different levels of estimated incidence, but the ranking and the relative risk between population groups are substancially constant and little dependent on the different solutions. Moreover, an acceptable similarity has been found in terms of estimated risk between the pool of the treatment and that of the control population groups (ratio between 0.97 and 1.09). A reasonable hypothesis indicates that in the absence of preventive action the annual incidence of severe CHD (hard criteria) should be around 6 per 1,000. The estimation of the relative risk within single population groups allows to identify strata of people with different risk, which suggests, again in the absence of any preventive action, a concentration of 25-30% of all new cases of disease in a 10% of the population and about 40-45% in a 20% of the same.", "contents": "[The estimated risk of coronary heart disease in four working population groups: the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (author's transl)]. Within four middle-aged population groups enrolled in the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, a theoretic estimation of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence in 5 years has been made on the basis of some risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, physical activity at work, body mass index), employing four different solutions of the multiple longistic function (MLF) derived from previous population studies and a simple risk score adopted by the WHO European Collaborative Group to which this study belongs. The use of different MLF solutions provides rather different levels of estimated incidence, but the ranking and the relative risk between population groups are substancially constant and little dependent on the different solutions. Moreover, an acceptable similarity has been found in terms of estimated risk between the pool of the treatment and that of the control population groups (ratio between 0.97 and 1.09). A reasonable hypothesis indicates that in the absence of preventive action the annual incidence of severe CHD (hard criteria) should be around 6 per 1,000. The estimation of the relative risk within single population groups allows to identify strata of people with different risk, which suggests, again in the absence of any preventive action, a concentration of 25-30% of all new cases of disease in a 10% of the population and about 40-45% in a 20% of the same.", "PMID": 738566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3611", "title": "[Coronary collateral circulation in coronary atherosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The coronary collateral circulation of 162 patients suffering from atherosclerosis and coronary insufficiency (coronary artery disease) was studied. It was found to be present in 44 patients, or 27.1%; homocoronary in 9%, intercoronary in 90.9%. As other Authors have previously reported, anastomotic circulation is more developed when the coronary occlusion exceeds 75%. Not one of the 44 cases with normal coronary arteries or occlusion inferior to 75% presented collateral circulation. In addition, it was found to be present more frequently in cases with three branch lesions. The time of insurgence of coronary insufficiency seems to condition the development of anastomotic circulation which appears more frequently when the symptoms have been present for more than 5 years (43.9%). Anastomotic circulation is also found more frequently (48.4%) in patients who have suffered myocardial infarction and who have angina. Collateral circulation was not found in any of the 46 patients with unstable isolated angina; this seems to show the importance, in its pathogenesis, of the functional factor (spasm). In conclusion, we may say that anastomotic circulation is more developed: 1) in cases of severe occlusive lesions (in severe coronary occlusive disease/atherosclerosis) (85%);2) in three branch lesions; 3) in cases of long standing symptomatology; 4) in stable angina and in angina  t infarction.", "contents": "[Coronary collateral circulation in coronary atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. The coronary collateral circulation of 162 patients suffering from atherosclerosis and coronary insufficiency (coronary artery disease) was studied. It was found to be present in 44 patients, or 27.1%; homocoronary in 9%, intercoronary in 90.9%. As other Authors have previously reported, anastomotic circulation is more developed when the coronary occlusion exceeds 75%. Not one of the 44 cases with normal coronary arteries or occlusion inferior to 75% presented collateral circulation. In addition, it was found to be present more frequently in cases with three branch lesions. The time of insurgence of coronary insufficiency seems to condition the development of anastomotic circulation which appears more frequently when the symptoms have been present for more than 5 years (43.9%). Anastomotic circulation is also found more frequently (48.4%) in patients who have suffered myocardial infarction and who have angina. Collateral circulation was not found in any of the 46 patients with unstable isolated angina; this seems to show the importance, in its pathogenesis, of the functional factor (spasm). In conclusion, we may say that anastomotic circulation is more developed: 1) in cases of severe occlusive lesions (in severe coronary occlusive disease/atherosclerosis) (85%);2) in three branch lesions; 3) in cases of long standing symptomatology; 4) in stable angina and in angina  t infarction.", "PMID": 738569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3612", "title": "[Left ventricular-right atrial communication. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects: report of 16 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "16 cases of left ventricular-right atrial communication are reported. The most consistent clinical features, suggestive of this condition, were: auscultatory findings of V.S.D., electrocardiographic patterns of right atrial enlargement and biventricular hypertrophy, considerable right atrial enlargement coexisting with signs of left-sided cardiac enlargement and increased polmonary vascularity to Xray examination, echocardiographic fluttering of the tricuspid valve. Cardiac catheterization revealed an increased oxygen content in the right atrial or ventricular blood without the passage of the catheter through an A.S.D. The definitive diagnosis was established by left ventricular angiocardiography which demonstrated immediate opacification of a dilated right atrium through a septal defect; the location of the septal defect in the cardiac septum was attempted. In patients who suffered from a large left to right shunt were recommended for surgical treatment also in view of the relatively bad tolerance of this defect and low operative risk. There were two deaths: one baby died of early congestive failure. 9 cases were operated upon with one immediate postoperative death. The remaining, controlled by clinic follow-up, had good results.", "contents": "[Left ventricular-right atrial communication. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects: report of 16 cases (author's transl)]. 16 cases of left ventricular-right atrial communication are reported. The most consistent clinical features, suggestive of this condition, were: auscultatory findings of V.S.D., electrocardiographic patterns of right atrial enlargement and biventricular hypertrophy, considerable right atrial enlargement coexisting with signs of left-sided cardiac enlargement and increased polmonary vascularity to Xray examination, echocardiographic fluttering of the tricuspid valve. Cardiac catheterization revealed an increased oxygen content in the right atrial or ventricular blood without the passage of the catheter through an A.S.D. The definitive diagnosis was established by left ventricular angiocardiography which demonstrated immediate opacification of a dilated right atrium through a septal defect; the location of the septal defect in the cardiac septum was attempted. In patients who suffered from a large left to right shunt were recommended for surgical treatment also in view of the relatively bad tolerance of this defect and low operative risk. There were two deaths: one baby died of early congestive failure. 9 cases were operated upon with one immediate postoperative death. The remaining, controlled by clinic follow-up, had good results.", "PMID": 738571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3613", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of disopyramide and procainamide in open-chest animals].", "content": "Hemodynamic effects of two antiarrhythmic agents, disopyramide and procainamide, have been evaluated in anesthetized open-chest healthy pigs after random administration. At therapeutic plasma concentrations none of these agents proved to have deleterious hemodynamic effects. The most important action was observed after disopyramide infusion and consisted in significant bradycardia which confirmed the known effect on sinus node automaticity of the drug. Left ventricular dp/dt, an index of cardiac contractility, was unchanged after infusion of both drugs. On the ECG intervals, only procainamide provoked a significant prolongation of QTc. It is concluded that at therapeutic dosage disopyramide does not present deleterious hemodynamic effects in animals and proves to be a valid alternative to other traditional antiarrhythmic agents.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of disopyramide and procainamide in open-chest animals]. Hemodynamic effects of two antiarrhythmic agents, disopyramide and procainamide, have been evaluated in anesthetized open-chest healthy pigs after random administration. At therapeutic plasma concentrations none of these agents proved to have deleterious hemodynamic effects. The most important action was observed after disopyramide infusion and consisted in significant bradycardia which confirmed the known effect on sinus node automaticity of the drug. Left ventricular dp/dt, an index of cardiac contractility, was unchanged after infusion of both drugs. On the ECG intervals, only procainamide provoked a significant prolongation of QTc. It is concluded that at therapeutic dosage disopyramide does not present deleterious hemodynamic effects in animals and proves to be a valid alternative to other traditional antiarrhythmic agents.", "PMID": 738572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3614", "title": "[Presence of bites in VCGrams of a high coronary risk population (author's transl)].", "content": "The association between the presence of areas of myocardial fibrosis and the appearance of unexpected DEVIATIONS OF THE QRS loop-outline on the vectorcardiographic tracing (bites) has been reported. In order to re-evaluate the correlation between the presence of bites and the possible existence of scars we have studied 511 patients. On the basis of clinical data, laboratory data, rest and exercise electrocardiograms, the subjects have been divided into four groups; 195 normal subjects; 267 with ischemic heart disease, 16 with arterial hypertension and 33 with diabetes mellitus (the last two groups as representative of subjects with higher risk for myocardial ischemia). Bites in at least one plane were detected in 9.7% of normal subjects, 27.8% of ischemic patients, 56.3% of hypertensive patients and 18.2% of diabetics (less than 0.001). The genesis of bites and reliability of the diagnostic criteria are discussed. With more restrictive criteria the frequency in the normal subjects falls to 1%, while in the other three groups it remains much higher (10.1%-12.5%-6.1%).", "contents": "[Presence of bites in VCGrams of a high coronary risk population (author's transl)]. The association between the presence of areas of myocardial fibrosis and the appearance of unexpected DEVIATIONS OF THE QRS loop-outline on the vectorcardiographic tracing (bites) has been reported. In order to re-evaluate the correlation between the presence of bites and the possible existence of scars we have studied 511 patients. On the basis of clinical data, laboratory data, rest and exercise electrocardiograms, the subjects have been divided into four groups; 195 normal subjects; 267 with ischemic heart disease, 16 with arterial hypertension and 33 with diabetes mellitus (the last two groups as representative of subjects with higher risk for myocardial ischemia). Bites in at least one plane were detected in 9.7% of normal subjects, 27.8% of ischemic patients, 56.3% of hypertensive patients and 18.2% of diabetics (less than 0.001). The genesis of bites and reliability of the diagnostic criteria are discussed. With more restrictive criteria the frequency in the normal subjects falls to 1%, while in the other three groups it remains much higher (10.1%-12.5%-6.1%).", "PMID": 738576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3615", "title": "[Conventional echocardiography in the differential diagnosis between rupture of the ventricular septum and mitral regurgitation complicating myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In three patients with myocardial infarction complicated by rupture of the ventricular septum the AA. looked for characteristic echocardiographic signs, to be used in a  differential diagnosis with mitralic insufficiency from the dysfunction of the papillary muscles. The partial disagreement between the facts ascertained (slight increase in the dimensions of the left atrium, inconstant behaviour of the dimension of the right ventricle), and those observed by other authors can be explained considering the multiplicity of the pathophysiological moments capable of influencing the echocardiographical picture: from the location and extension of the myocardial necrosis to the entity of the left-right shunt, from the coexistance of a hypertensive cardiomyopathy or of a pregressive myocardial infarction to the modalities of intraventricular diffusion of the electric stimulus, from the type of treatment (cardioactive supportive) to the time intervals between myocardial infaction -- rupture of the septum -- echocardiographic examination. The AA. conclude that M-mode echocardiodiography is not very helpful to the physician who must interpret a systolic murmur from punctal and/or mesocardial regurgitation in a subject with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Conventional echocardiography in the differential diagnosis between rupture of the ventricular septum and mitral regurgitation complicating myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In three patients with myocardial infarction complicated by rupture of the ventricular septum the AA. looked for characteristic echocardiographic signs, to be used in a  differential diagnosis with mitralic insufficiency from the dysfunction of the papillary muscles. The partial disagreement between the facts ascertained (slight increase in the dimensions of the left atrium, inconstant behaviour of the dimension of the right ventricle), and those observed by other authors can be explained considering the multiplicity of the pathophysiological moments capable of influencing the echocardiographical picture: from the location and extension of the myocardial necrosis to the entity of the left-right shunt, from the coexistance of a hypertensive cardiomyopathy or of a pregressive myocardial infarction to the modalities of intraventricular diffusion of the electric stimulus, from the type of treatment (cardioactive supportive) to the time intervals between myocardial infaction -- rupture of the septum -- echocardiographic examination. The AA. conclude that M-mode echocardiodiography is not very helpful to the physician who must interpret a systolic murmur from punctal and/or mesocardial regurgitation in a subject with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 738578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3616", "title": "[Disturbancies of iron utilization: chronic anaemia, sideroblastic anaemia, and residual endothelial siderosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Knowledge of disturbancies of iron utilization has been considerably extended by histochemical-ultrastructural findings and the results of immunoradiometric assays for serum ferritin. -- In chronic anaemia due to infections or neoplastic diseases hyposideraemia and normal unsaturated iron binding capacity were associated with increased iron retention in macrophages and slightly to highly increased serum ferritin (500--4000 ng/ml). -- 117 patients with sideroblastic anaemia formed a heterogenous group of diverse aetiology. The iron granules of ringed sideroblasts contained nonferritin iron in mitochondria. At diagnosis, a normal iron status was found in single cases. More frequently, praelatent and latent iron overload with ferritin levels up to more than 2000 ng/ml were observed. Manifest iron overload with tissue damage was mostly the result of numerous transfusions (ferritin 4700 bis 9500 ng/ml). -- After i.v. application of colloidal iron endothelial siderosis was a regular finding. The typical uniform granules representing nonferritin-iron in lysosomes disappeared in the course of 1--3 years completely. In contrast, the colloidal iron taken up simultaneously by the macrophages was rapidly transformed into ferritin and easily used up for haemoglobin synthesis when required. The corresponding increase of serum ferritin up to maximal 4000 mg/ml was dose related. Continued blood losses lead to residual endothelial siderosis after exhaustion of macrophageal iron and recurrence of iron deficiency anaemia. The serum ferritin fell to low levels (0--12 ng/ml) as observed in untreated cases.", "contents": "[Disturbancies of iron utilization: chronic anaemia, sideroblastic anaemia, and residual endothelial siderosis (author's transl)]. Knowledge of disturbancies of iron utilization has been considerably extended by histochemical-ultrastructural findings and the results of immunoradiometric assays for serum ferritin. -- In chronic anaemia due to infections or neoplastic diseases hyposideraemia and normal unsaturated iron binding capacity were associated with increased iron retention in macrophages and slightly to highly increased serum ferritin (500--4000 ng/ml). -- 117 patients with sideroblastic anaemia formed a heterogenous group of diverse aetiology. The iron granules of ringed sideroblasts contained nonferritin iron in mitochondria. At diagnosis, a normal iron status was found in single cases. More frequently, praelatent and latent iron overload with ferritin levels up to more than 2000 ng/ml were observed. Manifest iron overload with tissue damage was mostly the result of numerous transfusions (ferritin 4700 bis 9500 ng/ml). -- After i.v. application of colloidal iron endothelial siderosis was a regular finding. The typical uniform granules representing nonferritin-iron in lysosomes disappeared in the course of 1--3 years completely. In contrast, the colloidal iron taken up simultaneously by the macrophages was rapidly transformed into ferritin and easily used up for haemoglobin synthesis when required. The corresponding increase of serum ferritin up to maximal 4000 mg/ml was dose related. Continued blood losses lead to residual endothelial siderosis after exhaustion of macrophageal iron and recurrence of iron deficiency anaemia. The serum ferritin fell to low levels (0--12 ng/ml) as observed in untreated cases.", "PMID": 738633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3617", "title": "Effect of estrogen treatment on coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. With special reference to cold activation of factor VII.", "content": "Estriol (E3) and estradiol (E2) was given to 81 women with perimenopausal complaints. Venous blood was sampled before and after 2 weeks' treatment. In plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis the most marked estrogen effects were seen within the extrinsic coagulation system, with increased Thrombotest and Normotest activities. The incidence of cold activation of factor VII showed a marked increase after treatment with 6 mg of E2 or 8 mg of E3. The cold activation of factor VII was correlated to an activation of the plasma kallikrein system, as revealed by the peptidase activity of plasma kallikrein. The treatment with E2 and E3 induced changes also in the plasma proteolytic capacity, and in some proteinase inhibitors (antithrombin III, Cl inactivator). Like the effects within the plasma coagulation and kallikrein systems, these effects were similar to those reported after treatment with ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, and diethylstilbestrol, and in pregnancy. The conclusion is drawn, therefore, that the coagulation and fibrinolytic effects of E2 and E3 are basically similar to those of other estrogens, the differences between the various estrogens being more of a quantitative than of a qualitative nature. For the changes described, no absolute dose dependency could be found. Thus, treatment with E2 and E3 should be submitted to the same precautions as treatment with other estrogens.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen treatment on coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. With special reference to cold activation of factor VII. Estriol (E3) and estradiol (E2) was given to 81 women with perimenopausal complaints. Venous blood was sampled before and after 2 weeks' treatment. In plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis the most marked estrogen effects were seen within the extrinsic coagulation system, with increased Thrombotest and Normotest activities. The incidence of cold activation of factor VII showed a marked increase after treatment with 6 mg of E2 or 8 mg of E3. The cold activation of factor VII was correlated to an activation of the plasma kallikrein system, as revealed by the peptidase activity of plasma kallikrein. The treatment with E2 and E3 induced changes also in the plasma proteolytic capacity, and in some proteinase inhibitors (antithrombin III, Cl inactivator). Like the effects within the plasma coagulation and kallikrein systems, these effects were similar to those reported after treatment with ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, and diethylstilbestrol, and in pregnancy. The conclusion is drawn, therefore, that the coagulation and fibrinolytic effects of E2 and E3 are basically similar to those of other estrogens, the differences between the various estrogens being more of a quantitative than of a qualitative nature. For the changes described, no absolute dose dependency could be found. Thus, treatment with E2 and E3 should be submitted to the same precautions as treatment with other estrogens.", "PMID": 738649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3618", "title": "Metronidazole and facultative anaerobes.", "content": "The influence of metronidazole on some strains of facultatively anaerobic bacteria was studied. In high doses similar to those used for local treatment the growth of some strains was clearly suppressed, moreover there was an inhibition of hemolysis in hemolytic strains even when they were found to be resistant to the drug. Results are of particular importance for clinical problems as they might explain a number of alterations in the microbial flora of the vagina during and after therapy with metronidazole.", "contents": "Metronidazole and facultative anaerobes. The influence of metronidazole on some strains of facultatively anaerobic bacteria was studied. In high doses similar to those used for local treatment the growth of some strains was clearly suppressed, moreover there was an inhibition of hemolysis in hemolytic strains even when they were found to be resistant to the drug. Results are of particular importance for clinical problems as they might explain a number of alterations in the microbial flora of the vagina during and after therapy with metronidazole.", "PMID": 738650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3619", "title": "The 'LH/HCG test', a valuable aid in the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy.", "content": "174 patients with suspected tubal pregnancy were thoroughly examined. The diagnosis was confirmed in 102 women. As the usual noninvasive and invasive examination methods proved to be rather inaccurate, a new procedure, the 'LH/HCG test', was evaluated. Results were positive in all our cases. It was therefore concluded that this assay should receive primary consideration when tubal pregnancy is in question.", "contents": "The 'LH/HCG test', a valuable aid in the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy. 174 patients with suspected tubal pregnancy were thoroughly examined. The diagnosis was confirmed in 102 women. As the usual noninvasive and invasive examination methods proved to be rather inaccurate, a new procedure, the 'LH/HCG test', was evaluated. Results were positive in all our cases. It was therefore concluded that this assay should receive primary consideration when tubal pregnancy is in question.", "PMID": 738651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3620", "title": "The assessment of digital vessel disease by dynamic hand scanning.", "content": "A method of assessing hand and digital vessel perfusion is described. It involves an intravenous injection of Tc99m pertechnetate with monitoring of the isotope uptake in the hands and fingers by a gamma camera equipped with a small computer. The technique allows visual evaluation of the arterial supply and a means of quantifying digital perfusion. An evaluation of the technique in normal hands, in patients with digital vessel disease from vibration trauma, Raynaud's and embolism from an ulnar artery aneurysm is described. The potential of the technique in quantifying response to treatment is illustrated by sequential isotope hand scans in a patient treated for obliterative disease of the fingers.", "contents": "The assessment of digital vessel disease by dynamic hand scanning. A method of assessing hand and digital vessel perfusion is described. It involves an intravenous injection of Tc99m pertechnetate with monitoring of the isotope uptake in the hands and fingers by a gamma camera equipped with a small computer. The technique allows visual evaluation of the arterial supply and a means of quantifying digital perfusion. An evaluation of the technique in normal hands, in patients with digital vessel disease from vibration trauma, Raynaud's and embolism from an ulnar artery aneurysm is described. The potential of the technique in quantifying response to treatment is illustrated by sequential isotope hand scans in a patient treated for obliterative disease of the fingers.", "PMID": 738652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3621", "title": "Observations on the joints of the hand.", "content": "Thirty-two hands (sixty-eighty years) were dissected to study configuration and spatial setting of the articular surfaces of the joints of the thumb in order to note the features which are associated with deviation, torsion and rotatory movements. Four varieties of the trapezial surface were encountered in the carpometacarpal joint: saddle-shaped, triangular, ovoid and semicylindrical. The last exhibited marked osteoarthrosis with formation of osteophytes.", "contents": "Observations on the joints of the hand. Thirty-two hands (sixty-eighty years) were dissected to study configuration and spatial setting of the articular surfaces of the joints of the thumb in order to note the features which are associated with deviation, torsion and rotatory movements. Four varieties of the trapezial surface were encountered in the carpometacarpal joint: saddle-shaped, triangular, ovoid and semicylindrical. The last exhibited marked osteoarthrosis with formation of osteophytes.", "PMID": 738653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3622", "title": "Simultaneous double toe transfer for severely disabled hands.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which a severely damaged hand was reconstructed by the simultaneous transfer of two toes using microvascular techniques. A two year evaluation of the functional result is made in both cases. Conventional reconstructive methods have little place in the reconstruction of these severe disabilities.", "contents": "Simultaneous double toe transfer for severely disabled hands. Two cases are presented in which a severely damaged hand was reconstructed by the simultaneous transfer of two toes using microvascular techniques. A two year evaluation of the functional result is made in both cases. Conventional reconstructive methods have little place in the reconstruction of these severe disabilities.", "PMID": 738654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3623", "title": "Repair of the established post traumatic boutonni\u00e8re deformity.", "content": "A technique is described for the repair of the chronic, post traumatic, uncomplicated boutonni\u00e8re deformity which has given consistently good results. The fundamental steps are: Mobilisation and reefing of the lengthened middle slip; Kirschner wire fixation of the proximal joint in full extension and replacement of the mobilised lateral slips with the distal joint flexed approximately 45 degrees.", "contents": "Repair of the established post traumatic boutonni\u00e8re deformity. A technique is described for the repair of the chronic, post traumatic, uncomplicated boutonni\u00e8re deformity which has given consistently good results. The fundamental steps are: Mobilisation and reefing of the lengthened middle slip; Kirschner wire fixation of the proximal joint in full extension and replacement of the mobilised lateral slips with the distal joint flexed approximately 45 degrees.", "PMID": 738655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3624", "title": "The A.O. small fragment set in hand fractures.", "content": "The use of the A.O. small fragment set in fractures of the hand is discussed. Problems in phalangeal fractures have been encountered but the equipment has been valuable in certain diaphyseal and articular fractures of the metacarpals. The advantages and disadvantages have been weighed.", "contents": "The A.O. small fragment set in hand fractures. The use of the A.O. small fragment set in fractures of the hand is discussed. Problems in phalangeal fractures have been encountered but the equipment has been valuable in certain diaphyseal and articular fractures of the metacarpals. The advantages and disadvantages have been weighed.", "PMID": 738656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3625", "title": "Biodegradable cuff an adjunct to peripheral nerve repair: a study in dogs.", "content": "This is a report of a study in which cuffs of biodegradable copolymers were placed about ulnar and peroneal nerves in legs of ten adult mongrel dogs. The results were evaluated by clinical response, electromyographic observations, nerve conduction studies, and light microscopic examination.", "contents": "Biodegradable cuff an adjunct to peripheral nerve repair: a study in dogs. This is a report of a study in which cuffs of biodegradable copolymers were placed about ulnar and peroneal nerves in legs of ten adult mongrel dogs. The results were evaluated by clinical response, electromyographic observations, nerve conduction studies, and light microscopic examination.", "PMID": 738657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3626", "title": "Some results using triamcinolone on immobilized joints.", "content": "The frequency and causes of joint stiffness are reviewed. The most sophisticated repair may be for naught if the joints stiffen. Treatment of the established condition leaves much to be desired. Since mobility cannot be maintained during many postoperative periods and during the treatment of many conditions, any aid to prophylaxis is desirable especially if the side effects are negligible. Steroids have been chosen because of their influence on collagen metabolism and because much is known of their toxicity and side effects. The drug was first given into the knee joints of rats where it was found effective in preventing joint stiffness in joints immobilized three weeks. In view of the animal success, fourteen patients with thenar pedicles have had a single dose of triamcinolone injected into the peri-articular tissues of their proximal interphalangeal joints at the time of construction of the pedicle. Follow up observation shows all patients to have complete proximal interphalangeal joint extension and flexion to 95 degrees. Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Some results using triamcinolone on immobilized joints. The frequency and causes of joint stiffness are reviewed. The most sophisticated repair may be for naught if the joints stiffen. Treatment of the established condition leaves much to be desired. Since mobility cannot be maintained during many postoperative periods and during the treatment of many conditions, any aid to prophylaxis is desirable especially if the side effects are negligible. Steroids have been chosen because of their influence on collagen metabolism and because much is known of their toxicity and side effects. The drug was first given into the knee joints of rats where it was found effective in preventing joint stiffness in joints immobilized three weeks. In view of the animal success, fourteen patients with thenar pedicles have had a single dose of triamcinolone injected into the peri-articular tissues of their proximal interphalangeal joints at the time of construction of the pedicle. Follow up observation shows all patients to have complete proximal interphalangeal joint extension and flexion to 95 degrees. Side effects were minimal.", "PMID": 738658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3627", "title": "Tuberculosis of the hand.", "content": "Eleven cases of tuberculous infection affecting the hand are presented. The age incidence, clinical presentations and investigations are discussed. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radical synovectomy and early mobilisation. Hand function after surgery in the follow-up period of three to twenty-one months was very satisfactory with the exception of three cases which presented at a very late stage with secondary involvement of the wrists. The confusion that exists while using such terms as \"Tuberculous Dactylitis\" and \"Tuberculous Tenosynovitis\" is discussed. An alternative suggestion is made that \"Tuberculosis of the Hand\" be used.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the hand. Eleven cases of tuberculous infection affecting the hand are presented. The age incidence, clinical presentations and investigations are discussed. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radical synovectomy and early mobilisation. Hand function after surgery in the follow-up period of three to twenty-one months was very satisfactory with the exception of three cases which presented at a very late stage with secondary involvement of the wrists. The confusion that exists while using such terms as \"Tuberculous Dactylitis\" and \"Tuberculous Tenosynovitis\" is discussed. An alternative suggestion is made that \"Tuberculosis of the Hand\" be used.", "PMID": 738660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3628", "title": "Maffucci's syndrome.", "content": "A case is reported of Maffucci's Syndrome with multiple enchondromata involving the left ring finger and subcutaneous haemangiomata in the left thenar eminence, treated by surgical excision.", "contents": "Maffucci's syndrome. A case is reported of Maffucci's Syndrome with multiple enchondromata involving the left ring finger and subcutaneous haemangiomata in the left thenar eminence, treated by surgical excision.", "PMID": 738661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3629", "title": "Soft tissue stretching with magnets.", "content": "Various clinical conditions require soft tissue elongation that can later host a bone graft. The possibility of stretching the soft tissues by magnetic force was tested on the forearm of dogs. The results are encouraging, provided certain precautions are taken and the pull exerted is not too great.", "contents": "Soft tissue stretching with magnets. Various clinical conditions require soft tissue elongation that can later host a bone graft. The possibility of stretching the soft tissues by magnetic force was tested on the forearm of dogs. The results are encouraging, provided certain precautions are taken and the pull exerted is not too great.", "PMID": 738665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3630", "title": "Subcutaneous ring anaesthesia in the prevention of tourniquet pain in hand surgery.", "content": "A simple method for achieving satisfactory regional anaesthesia for a wide range of hand surgery is presented. It entails separate attention to the two aims of regional anaesthesia, namely analgesia of the tourniquet and of the operative site. This study of 149 patients indicated that (a) subcutaneous ring anaesthesia produced excellent tourniquet analgesia, both in the forearm as well as the upper arm; (b) a tourniquet applied to the forearm provided excellent regional ischaemia in 98% of our cases, contrary to what has been previously accepted. The advantages of this method are its safety and simplicity even for the relatively untrained surgeon. It also obviates the need for brachial plexus blocks, intravenous regional or general anaesthesia with all their drawbacks.", "contents": "Subcutaneous ring anaesthesia in the prevention of tourniquet pain in hand surgery. A simple method for achieving satisfactory regional anaesthesia for a wide range of hand surgery is presented. It entails separate attention to the two aims of regional anaesthesia, namely analgesia of the tourniquet and of the operative site. This study of 149 patients indicated that (a) subcutaneous ring anaesthesia produced excellent tourniquet analgesia, both in the forearm as well as the upper arm; (b) a tourniquet applied to the forearm provided excellent regional ischaemia in 98% of our cases, contrary to what has been previously accepted. The advantages of this method are its safety and simplicity even for the relatively untrained surgeon. It also obviates the need for brachial plexus blocks, intravenous regional or general anaesthesia with all their drawbacks.", "PMID": 738666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3631", "title": "Cerebral massive hemorrhage in congophilic angiopathy and its medicolegal significance.", "content": "The principles of a special type of senile cerebromeningeal angiopathy, these days usually named \"congophilic angiopathy\", are demonstrated on the basis of eight cases, complicated by spontaneous massive intracranial hemorrhages in seven and late traumatic hemorrhage in one of them. The occurrence of massive hemorrhages associated with congophilic angiopathy has until now only rarely been reported. The medicolegal significance of this vascular disease is emphasized by the eighth, traumatic, case, which became forensically relevant; the late massive hemorrhage had to be regarded as significantly favoured by amyloid angionecrosis, which is the main feature of congophilic angiopathy.", "contents": "Cerebral massive hemorrhage in congophilic angiopathy and its medicolegal significance. The principles of a special type of senile cerebromeningeal angiopathy, these days usually named \"congophilic angiopathy\", are demonstrated on the basis of eight cases, complicated by spontaneous massive intracranial hemorrhages in seven and late traumatic hemorrhage in one of them. The occurrence of massive hemorrhages associated with congophilic angiopathy has until now only rarely been reported. The medicolegal significance of this vascular disease is emphasized by the eighth, traumatic, case, which became forensically relevant; the late massive hemorrhage had to be regarded as significantly favoured by amyloid angionecrosis, which is the main feature of congophilic angiopathy.", "PMID": 738679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3632", "title": "[Early prognosis in patients with recent myocardial infarct].", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed in a total of 50 patients suffering from acute transmural myocardial infarction. The aim of these studies was to find hemodynamic parameters permitting at an early stage a reliable prognosis. Our results show that only by combining hemodynamic parameters an accurate prognosis can be made before the onset of cardiogenic shock. The most reliable statement can be made by means of cardiac work index and cardiac work.", "contents": "[Early prognosis in patients with recent myocardial infarct]. Hemodynamic studies were performed in a total of 50 patients suffering from acute transmural myocardial infarction. The aim of these studies was to find hemodynamic parameters permitting at an early stage a reliable prognosis. Our results show that only by combining hemodynamic parameters an accurate prognosis can be made before the onset of cardiogenic shock. The most reliable statement can be made by means of cardiac work index and cardiac work.", "PMID": 738686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3633", "title": "The role of the forensic pathologist in the investigation of fatal traffic accidents--the Finnish system.", "content": "In Finland about one-half of the fatal traffic accidents are investigated by special Boards of Inquiry. The cumulating data serves multidisciplinary sciences, juridical and insurance purposes and legislation. The participating physicians benefit from the systematic work of the Boards in many ways. As an example of the results a list of causes of accidents is shown.", "contents": "The role of the forensic pathologist in the investigation of fatal traffic accidents--the Finnish system. In Finland about one-half of the fatal traffic accidents are investigated by special Boards of Inquiry. The cumulating data serves multidisciplinary sciences, juridical and insurance purposes and legislation. The participating physicians benefit from the systematic work of the Boards in many ways. As an example of the results a list of causes of accidents is shown.", "PMID": 738680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3634", "title": "Ninety-five percent probability of paternity with HLA, ABO and haptoglobins.", "content": "Using HLA tissue typing as the basic genetic test along with ABO and haptoglobin typing, it is generally possible either to exclude a putative father conclusively or, in nonexclusion cases, to assign a greater than 95% probability of paternity. In 22 of 53 nonexclusion cases, the putative father had a probability of paternity above 99% based on these genetic tests.", "contents": "Ninety-five percent probability of paternity with HLA, ABO and haptoglobins. Using HLA tissue typing as the basic genetic test along with ABO and haptoglobin typing, it is generally possible either to exclude a putative father conclusively or, in nonexclusion cases, to assign a greater than 95% probability of paternity. In 22 of 53 nonexclusion cases, the putative father had a probability of paternity above 99% based on these genetic tests.", "PMID": 738682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3635", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin findings in burnt bodies.", "content": "The often observed absence of carboxyhaemoglobin in burnt (charred) bodies is re-discussed in the light of two new cases in which the inhalation of very hot gases obviously led to reflex breathing and circulation arrest. (Macro and microscopic evaluations of the upper respiratory tract can give significant information as to whether a person was still alive at the time of the fire outbreak.) In the cadaver blood of people who survived a given period after a fire, high methaemoglobin values (up to 37%) were found. This was caused by the inhalation of nitrogen oxides that were produced by burning plastic.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin findings in burnt bodies. The often observed absence of carboxyhaemoglobin in burnt (charred) bodies is re-discussed in the light of two new cases in which the inhalation of very hot gases obviously led to reflex breathing and circulation arrest. (Macro and microscopic evaluations of the upper respiratory tract can give significant information as to whether a person was still alive at the time of the fire outbreak.) In the cadaver blood of people who survived a given period after a fire, high methaemoglobin values (up to 37%) were found. This was caused by the inhalation of nitrogen oxides that were produced by burning plastic.", "PMID": 738683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3636", "title": "[Transcervical extraamniotic Rivanol instillation as a method of avoiding complications in pregnancy interruption].", "content": "The number of abortions performed is steadily increasing. According to information available to date from the Federal Statistics Office in the Federal Republic of Germany, pregnancies are still largely terminated by means of cervical dilatation with Hegar dilatators and subsequent curettage. Almost half of all abortions are performed in young women who have not yet given birth. In a great number of cases these patients have a gracile, rigid cervical os which has to be opened abruptly in a few minutes with Hegar's dilatators, often under asserting quite some force. This can result in lacerations of the cervix, cervical insufficiency, inflammation and cicatrization. The transcervical extraamnial Rivanol instillation seems to be a method for avoiding these early and the serious late complications ensuing. Using this method--an alternative to the Prostaglandine application, with its even more serious secondary effects and contraindications--the highest possible degree of success can be achieved in avoiding cervical injuries and in reducing inflammation in the pelvis minor to a minimum, which could later on lead to sterility.", "contents": "[Transcervical extraamniotic Rivanol instillation as a method of avoiding complications in pregnancy interruption]. The number of abortions performed is steadily increasing. According to information available to date from the Federal Statistics Office in the Federal Republic of Germany, pregnancies are still largely terminated by means of cervical dilatation with Hegar dilatators and subsequent curettage. Almost half of all abortions are performed in young women who have not yet given birth. In a great number of cases these patients have a gracile, rigid cervical os which has to be opened abruptly in a few minutes with Hegar's dilatators, often under asserting quite some force. This can result in lacerations of the cervix, cervical insufficiency, inflammation and cicatrization. The transcervical extraamnial Rivanol instillation seems to be a method for avoiding these early and the serious late complications ensuing. Using this method--an alternative to the Prostaglandine application, with its even more serious secondary effects and contraindications--the highest possible degree of success can be achieved in avoiding cervical injuries and in reducing inflammation in the pelvis minor to a minimum, which could later on lead to sterility.", "PMID": 738689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3637", "title": "[Extraamniotic induction of abortion with a new prostaglandin E-2 derivative].", "content": "First clinical results are reported of a new prostaglandin-E2-derivative (16-phenoxy-prostaglandin-E2-methylsulfonylamide = SHB 286) as abortifacient using the extraamniotic route of application. Upon investigation in animals this prostaglandin-E2-derivative proved to be more tissue-selective and more potent in inducing abortion than the naturally occurring prostaglandins. Prostaglandin SHB 286(50 or 100 microgram) was applicated to 31 patients for legal abortion and to 7 patients with a missed abortion. The mean instillation-abortion time was 14.2 and 13.7 h respectively. 96% of the patients had a complete or incomplete abortion after 24 hours. Severe local or systemic side effects did not occur and the patients did not need any further medication.", "contents": "[Extraamniotic induction of abortion with a new prostaglandin E-2 derivative]. First clinical results are reported of a new prostaglandin-E2-derivative (16-phenoxy-prostaglandin-E2-methylsulfonylamide = SHB 286) as abortifacient using the extraamniotic route of application. Upon investigation in animals this prostaglandin-E2-derivative proved to be more tissue-selective and more potent in inducing abortion than the naturally occurring prostaglandins. Prostaglandin SHB 286(50 or 100 microgram) was applicated to 31 patients for legal abortion and to 7 patients with a missed abortion. The mean instillation-abortion time was 14.2 and 13.7 h respectively. 96% of the patients had a complete or incomplete abortion after 24 hours. Severe local or systemic side effects did not occur and the patients did not need any further medication.", "PMID": 738690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3638", "title": "[Treatment of motor dysfunction of the urinary bladder].", "content": "Symptoms and objective characteristics of 86 female patients with bladder instability and uninhibited detrusor contractions suffering from urgency incontinence were analyzed. The subjective and objective response to a six week-parasympathicolytic treatment with Emepronium-Bromide (Cetiprin) was examined and the results are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of motor dysfunction of the urinary bladder]. Symptoms and objective characteristics of 86 female patients with bladder instability and uninhibited detrusor contractions suffering from urgency incontinence were analyzed. The subjective and objective response to a six week-parasympathicolytic treatment with Emepronium-Bromide (Cetiprin) was examined and the results are discussed.", "PMID": 738692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3639", "title": "[Side-reactions in peptide synthesis, III. Synthesis and characterization of Nin-tert-butylated tryptophan derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "It was possible to elucidate a side reaction which had long been assumed to occur during the acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups based on a ter-butyl moiety, by synthesizing Nin-tert-butyltryptophan in different ways. It was found to be absolutely identical with a \"modified tryptophan\" which was isolated after the total synthesis of a gastrin analogue; Nin-tert-butyl-tryptophan peptides are formed as the main products of a tert-butylation reaction, the mechanism of which is not very clear yet. The proof for a Nin-tert-butylation of tryptophan was obtained by spectroscopic methods, in particular mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "[Side-reactions in peptide synthesis, III. Synthesis and characterization of Nin-tert-butylated tryptophan derivatives (author's transl)]. It was possible to elucidate a side reaction which had long been assumed to occur during the acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups based on a ter-butyl moiety, by synthesizing Nin-tert-butyltryptophan in different ways. It was found to be absolutely identical with a \"modified tryptophan\" which was isolated after the total synthesis of a gastrin analogue; Nin-tert-butyl-tryptophan peptides are formed as the main products of a tert-butylation reaction, the mechanism of which is not very clear yet. The proof for a Nin-tert-butylation of tryptophan was obtained by spectroscopic methods, in particular mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "PMID": 738695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3640", "title": "[Side-reactions in peptide synthesis, IV. Charactertzation of C- and C,N-teri-butylated tryptophan derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides Nin-tert-butylated tryptophan derivatives, other tert-butyl-tryptophan analoga are also found as a result of side-reactions accurring during the acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups being based on a tert-butyl moiety. C-mono-substitution could be detected as well as di- and tri-substitution. All these tert-butylated tryptophans could be isolated in a pure form from the tert-butylation mixture either free or as derivatives and could unequivocally be identified in particular by means of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "[Side-reactions in peptide synthesis, IV. Charactertzation of C- and C,N-teri-butylated tryptophan derivatives (author's transl)]. Besides Nin-tert-butylated tryptophan derivatives, other tert-butyl-tryptophan analoga are also found as a result of side-reactions accurring during the acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups being based on a tert-butyl moiety. C-mono-substitution could be detected as well as di- and tri-substitution. All these tert-butylated tryptophans could be isolated in a pure form from the tert-butylation mixture either free or as derivatives and could unequivocally be identified in particular by means of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "PMID": 738696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3641", "title": "[Direct tert-butylation of tryptophan: preparation of 2,5,7-tri-tert-butyltryptophan (author's transl)].", "content": "The tert-butylation of free tryptophan under simulated conditions of acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups being based on a tert-butyl moiety does finally yield the tri-substituted amino acid as a main product, namely 2,5,7-tri-tert-butyltryptophan. The structural elucidation of this substance and other tert-butylated products, which were isolated mostly in a pure form, was achieved by means of spectroscopic methods, in particular mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "[Direct tert-butylation of tryptophan: preparation of 2,5,7-tri-tert-butyltryptophan (author's transl)]. The tert-butylation of free tryptophan under simulated conditions of acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups being based on a tert-butyl moiety does finally yield the tri-substituted amino acid as a main product, namely 2,5,7-tri-tert-butyltryptophan. The structural elucidation of this substance and other tert-butylated products, which were isolated mostly in a pure form, was achieved by means of spectroscopic methods, in particular mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "PMID": 738697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3642", "title": "[tert-Butylation of the tryptophan indole ring during the removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group (author's transl)].", "content": "The tert-butylation of the tryptophan indole ring during the removal of tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups under different conditions was studied. The incorporation of tert-butyl groups was measured by a 1H-NMR technique. It was established, that the rate and specificity of the tert-butylation is highly dependent on the character of the cleaving reagents used and on the environment of the tryptophan residue in the peptide chain.", "contents": "[tert-Butylation of the tryptophan indole ring during the removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group (author's transl)]. The tert-butylation of the tryptophan indole ring during the removal of tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups under different conditions was studied. The incorporation of tert-butyl groups was measured by a 1H-NMR technique. It was established, that the rate and specificity of the tert-butylation is highly dependent on the character of the cleaving reagents used and on the environment of the tryptophan residue in the peptide chain.", "PMID": 738698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3643", "title": "Secretin/cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion of trypsinogen and trypsin inhibitor in pure human pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization.", "content": "Pure pancreatic juice was collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla of Vater from 10 fasting patients without known pancreatic disease. Secretin was given intravenously as a bolus dose at the beginning of the examination and cholecystokinin was given in the same way 15 min later. The juice was siphoned for 25 min and collected in 1-min fractions. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, PSTI, and trypsinogen were measured by an immunochemical method. Secretin produced an increase in hydrogencarbonate and a decrease in chloride secretion. Cholecystokinin caused a prompt increase in the concentration of both PSTI and trypsinogen. The ratio between these was constant, suggesting a strictly parallel secretion. The effect of cholecystokinin on secretion of total protein when given as bolus dose was of short duration, with a half-life of action of about 3.5 min.", "contents": "Secretin/cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion of trypsinogen and trypsin inhibitor in pure human pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization. Pure pancreatic juice was collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla of Vater from 10 fasting patients without known pancreatic disease. Secretin was given intravenously as a bolus dose at the beginning of the examination and cholecystokinin was given in the same way 15 min later. The juice was siphoned for 25 min and collected in 1-min fractions. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, PSTI, and trypsinogen were measured by an immunochemical method. Secretin produced an increase in hydrogencarbonate and a decrease in chloride secretion. Cholecystokinin caused a prompt increase in the concentration of both PSTI and trypsinogen. The ratio between these was constant, suggesting a strictly parallel secretion. The effect of cholecystokinin on secretion of total protein when given as bolus dose was of short duration, with a half-life of action of about 3.5 min.", "PMID": 738699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3644", "title": "Peptide esters and nitroanilides as substrates for the assay of human urinary kallikrein.", "content": "Ac-Phe-ArgOMe is hydrolyzed much faster than are Bz-ArgOEt, Z-ArgOMe, or Ac-Gly-ArgOMe by the kallikrein from human urine. The synthesis of Ac-Phe-ArgOEt is described. Hydrolysis of this substrate can be conveniently monitored by a coupled spectrophotometric procedure. Increase in absorbance is linear with time and proportional to the amount of kallikrein up to a deltaA366 of at least 0.22/10 min. This assay for human urinary kallikrein is 46-fold more sensitive than that based on Bz-ArgOEt and 38-fold more sensitive than that with D-Val-Leu-Arg-p-nitroanilide. A number of other arginine p-nitroanilides are hydrolyzed by this enzyme at still lower rates. The assay of human urinary kallikrein with D-Val-Leu-ArgOEt is about a factor of two less sensitive than the assay with Ac-Phe-ArgOEt. This also holds for Z-TyrONp, which displays a rapid spontaneous hydrolysis. Furthermore, the rate of the enzymic reaction with Z-TyrONp drops off rapidly.", "contents": "Peptide esters and nitroanilides as substrates for the assay of human urinary kallikrein. Ac-Phe-ArgOMe is hydrolyzed much faster than are Bz-ArgOEt, Z-ArgOMe, or Ac-Gly-ArgOMe by the kallikrein from human urine. The synthesis of Ac-Phe-ArgOEt is described. Hydrolysis of this substrate can be conveniently monitored by a coupled spectrophotometric procedure. Increase in absorbance is linear with time and proportional to the amount of kallikrein up to a deltaA366 of at least 0.22/10 min. This assay for human urinary kallikrein is 46-fold more sensitive than that based on Bz-ArgOEt and 38-fold more sensitive than that with D-Val-Leu-Arg-p-nitroanilide. A number of other arginine p-nitroanilides are hydrolyzed by this enzyme at still lower rates. The assay of human urinary kallikrein with D-Val-Leu-ArgOEt is about a factor of two less sensitive than the assay with Ac-Phe-ArgOEt. This also holds for Z-TyrONp, which displays a rapid spontaneous hydrolysis. Furthermore, the rate of the enzymic reaction with Z-TyrONp drops off rapidly.", "PMID": 738700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3645", "title": "Disulfide bridges in the middle part of human fibrinogen.", "content": "Human fibrinogen contains 29 disulfide bridges per molecule. The amino acid sequences around all half-cystine residues are known. When fibrinogen is cleaved by cyanogen bromide five disulfide-containing fragments are formed. The second-largest of them is derived from the middle part of all three peptide chains, it is monomeric and contains 345 amino acid residues, 12 of which are half-cystines. The arrangement of the six disulfide bonds was determined by analysing sequences and amino acid compositions of subfragments isolated after cleavage with trypsin, thermolysin and staphylococcal protease and after clearage of the disulfide bonds. All half-cystine residues were found to be linked in unique pairs. Six half-cystine residues, two in each of the three peptide chains and forming the -Cys-X-X-X-Cys- sequences, were shown to connect the chains in a ring-like structure, similar to the one in the N-terminal part of the molecule. The remaining six half-cystine residues were found to connect two sections of the gamma-chain in a loop-like structure and four sections of the beta-chain in a loop-inside-a-loop-like structure, the inner beta-chain loop being homologous to the gamma-chain loop.", "contents": "Disulfide bridges in the middle part of human fibrinogen. Human fibrinogen contains 29 disulfide bridges per molecule. The amino acid sequences around all half-cystine residues are known. When fibrinogen is cleaved by cyanogen bromide five disulfide-containing fragments are formed. The second-largest of them is derived from the middle part of all three peptide chains, it is monomeric and contains 345 amino acid residues, 12 of which are half-cystines. The arrangement of the six disulfide bonds was determined by analysing sequences and amino acid compositions of subfragments isolated after cleavage with trypsin, thermolysin and staphylococcal protease and after clearage of the disulfide bonds. All half-cystine residues were found to be linked in unique pairs. Six half-cystine residues, two in each of the three peptide chains and forming the -Cys-X-X-X-Cys- sequences, were shown to connect the chains in a ring-like structure, similar to the one in the N-terminal part of the molecule. The remaining six half-cystine residues were found to connect two sections of the gamma-chain in a loop-like structure and four sections of the beta-chain in a loop-inside-a-loop-like structure, the inner beta-chain loop being homologous to the gamma-chain loop.", "PMID": 738701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3646", "title": "Purification and properties of 3-cis-2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase) from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The mitochondrial enzyme 3-cis-2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, responsible for the positional and geometric isomerization of beta,gamma-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA intermediates arising during beta-oxidation of unsaturated long chain fatty acids, has been isolated from rat liver, purified to homogeneity by a heat step and a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographic procedures. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30,000, as determined by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isomerase has a strong tendency to form a dimer. It elutes from a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column with an apparent Mr = 60000. The basic isoelectric point, pI 9.0-9.2, is due to its high content in basic amino acids. The amino acid composition determined by the ninhydrin and o-phthalaldehyde detection method is presented.", "contents": "Purification and properties of 3-cis-2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase) from rat liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial enzyme 3-cis-2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, responsible for the positional and geometric isomerization of beta,gamma-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA intermediates arising during beta-oxidation of unsaturated long chain fatty acids, has been isolated from rat liver, purified to homogeneity by a heat step and a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographic procedures. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30,000, as determined by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isomerase has a strong tendency to form a dimer. It elutes from a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column with an apparent Mr = 60000. The basic isoelectric point, pI 9.0-9.2, is due to its high content in basic amino acids. The amino acid composition determined by the ninhydrin and o-phthalaldehyde detection method is presented.", "PMID": 738702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3647", "title": "Preparation and properties of acetylcholinesterase from the sea mussel Mytilus edulis.", "content": "The large-scale isolation of an acetylcholinesterase from the haemolymph of the sea mussel mytilus edulis by means of fractional (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing is described. The yield is about 20% of the initial enzyme activity with a specific activity of 1727 nkat/mg protein. Purification steps are followed by disc electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing and immunoelectrophoresis, showing the enzyme to be homogeneous with an isoelectric point of 4.81 +/- 0.02 and to have an apparent molecular weight of 245,000, which is composed by six equal subunits as judged by C- and N-terminal amino acid analysis. The acetylcholinesterase is a metalloprotein containing three Fe2 ions per subunit (molecular weight 40625); this consists of 351 amino acid and six sugar residues, but contains no sialic acid. As calculated from CD data, the enzyme has about 55% helical structure.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of acetylcholinesterase from the sea mussel Mytilus edulis. The large-scale isolation of an acetylcholinesterase from the haemolymph of the sea mussel mytilus edulis by means of fractional (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing is described. The yield is about 20% of the initial enzyme activity with a specific activity of 1727 nkat/mg protein. Purification steps are followed by disc electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing and immunoelectrophoresis, showing the enzyme to be homogeneous with an isoelectric point of 4.81 +/- 0.02 and to have an apparent molecular weight of 245,000, which is composed by six equal subunits as judged by C- and N-terminal amino acid analysis. The acetylcholinesterase is a metalloprotein containing three Fe2 ions per subunit (molecular weight 40625); this consists of 351 amino acid and six sugar residues, but contains no sialic acid. As calculated from CD data, the enzyme has about 55% helical structure.", "PMID": 738703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3648", "title": "Cytoplasmic control of histone messenger RNA translation is not mediated through protein phosphorylation.", "content": "It was investigated whether the cytoplasmic control of histone synthesis, i.e. the selective and rapid degradation of histone mRNA following interruption of DNA replication, is linked to the phosphorylation of specific proteins of the translational apparatus or other cytoplasmic proteins. No specific protein phosphorylation was observed when synchronized HeLa cells in the S-phase were blocked with hydroxyurea or cytosine arabinoside and pulse-labeled simultaneously with [32P]orthophosphate. Protein phosphorylation was also studied in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems (S16 extracts) from blocked and unblocked S-phase cells under a variety of conditions. No protein could be detected that becomes specifically phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in a cell-free system derived from S-phase cells in which DNA replication and histone mRNA translation was interrupted with hydroxyurea.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic control of histone messenger RNA translation is not mediated through protein phosphorylation. It was investigated whether the cytoplasmic control of histone synthesis, i.e. the selective and rapid degradation of histone mRNA following interruption of DNA replication, is linked to the phosphorylation of specific proteins of the translational apparatus or other cytoplasmic proteins. No specific protein phosphorylation was observed when synchronized HeLa cells in the S-phase were blocked with hydroxyurea or cytosine arabinoside and pulse-labeled simultaneously with [32P]orthophosphate. Protein phosphorylation was also studied in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems (S16 extracts) from blocked and unblocked S-phase cells under a variety of conditions. No protein could be detected that becomes specifically phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in a cell-free system derived from S-phase cells in which DNA replication and histone mRNA translation was interrupted with hydroxyurea.", "PMID": 738704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3649", "title": "The pathophysiology of sodium balance.", "content": "Whether deficit or surfeit, sodium imbalance responds best to management based on an understanding of the underlying mechanisms that have gone awry. A review of the kidney's role in normal sodium homeostasis lays the groundwork for rational therapeutic approaches to correcting the pathophysiology of the major depletion and retention states. Clinical implications and management principles of various disease entities are discussed.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of sodium balance. Whether deficit or surfeit, sodium imbalance responds best to management based on an understanding of the underlying mechanisms that have gone awry. A review of the kidney's role in normal sodium homeostasis lays the groundwork for rational therapeutic approaches to correcting the pathophysiology of the major depletion and retention states. Clinical implications and management principles of various disease entities are discussed.", "PMID": 738707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3650", "title": "Familial mediterranean fever: a status report.", "content": "The recent discovery that an age-old drug, colchicine, can control this enigmatic, often unrecognized, recurrent disease means that most affected individuals can now lead virtually normal lives. The research leading to this advance is described, as are the essentials of diagnosis, colchicine's possible mechanisms of action, and the relative merits of chronic vs intermittent colchicine therapy in the abortion of impending attacks.", "contents": "Familial mediterranean fever: a status report. The recent discovery that an age-old drug, colchicine, can control this enigmatic, often unrecognized, recurrent disease means that most affected individuals can now lead virtually normal lives. The research leading to this advance is described, as are the essentials of diagnosis, colchicine's possible mechanisms of action, and the relative merits of chronic vs intermittent colchicine therapy in the abortion of impending attacks.", "PMID": 738709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3651", "title": "Differential diagnosis of osteopenia.", "content": "Differentiating the demineralizing bone diseases, especially osteoporosis from osteomalacia, is difficult but clinically rewarding, since the latter is highly treatable. Bone biopsy can detect the 20% of osteoporotic patients who also have osteomalacia.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of osteopenia. Differentiating the demineralizing bone diseases, especially osteoporosis from osteomalacia, is difficult but clinically rewarding, since the latter is highly treatable. Bone biopsy can detect the 20% of osteoporotic patients who also have osteomalacia.", "PMID": 738713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3652", "title": "Electroshock therapy: myths and realities.", "content": "The methodology of the 1940s provided the data base for the myths that grew up around electroshock therapy. Since then indications have been refined and techniques drastically revised--as with many other medical treatments. When administered for carefully defined indications, in the proper setting by an experienced team, and with appropriate safeguards, EST is safe, effective, and often the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Electroshock therapy: myths and realities. The methodology of the 1940s provided the data base for the myths that grew up around electroshock therapy. Since then indications have been refined and techniques drastically revised--as with many other medical treatments. When administered for carefully defined indications, in the proper setting by an experienced team, and with appropriate safeguards, EST is safe, effective, and often the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 738714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3653", "title": "Chromosomal and histological changes in the reproductive organs of infertile men.", "content": "The chromosomal changes in the process of spermatogenesis in 27 infertile men have been examined. Normal chromosomal meiotic activity was found in 44% of cases, various chromosomal anomalies were seen in 18%, and no cells in meiosis were detected in 37% of cases.", "contents": "Chromosomal and histological changes in the reproductive organs of infertile men. The chromosomal changes in the process of spermatogenesis in 27 infertile men have been examined. Normal chromosomal meiotic activity was found in 44% of cases, various chromosomal anomalies were seen in 18%, and no cells in meiosis were detected in 37% of cases.", "PMID": 738715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3654", "title": "Recombinant chromosome as a result of pericentric inversion of X chromosome.", "content": "A structural X chromosome abnormality was found in the karyotype of a tall patient with gonadal dysgenesis and with no extragenital anomalies. Based on her mother's karyotype, which showed a pericentric inversion of the X chromosome: 46,X,inv(X)(p22q24), as well as from G and R banding, we concluded that the abnormal X chromosome of our patient was a recombinant chromosome that had originated as a result of one crossing over in the inversion loop during gametogenesis in her mother. The recombinant X chromosome had a partial delection of Xq and a partial duplication of Xp: 46,X,rec(S),dup p,inv(X)(p22q24). After BUDR incorporation, the abnormal X chromosome of the patient and that of her mother showed a late replication. The karyotype-phenotype correlation and the nonrandom inactivation of the inverted X chromosome in the mother are discussed.", "contents": "Recombinant chromosome as a result of pericentric inversion of X chromosome. A structural X chromosome abnormality was found in the karyotype of a tall patient with gonadal dysgenesis and with no extragenital anomalies. Based on her mother's karyotype, which showed a pericentric inversion of the X chromosome: 46,X,inv(X)(p22q24), as well as from G and R banding, we concluded that the abnormal X chromosome of our patient was a recombinant chromosome that had originated as a result of one crossing over in the inversion loop during gametogenesis in her mother. The recombinant X chromosome had a partial delection of Xq and a partial duplication of Xp: 46,X,rec(S),dup p,inv(X)(p22q24). After BUDR incorporation, the abnormal X chromosome of the patient and that of her mother showed a late replication. The karyotype-phenotype correlation and the nonrandom inactivation of the inverted X chromosome in the mother are discussed.", "PMID": 738716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3655", "title": "Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 1 with a note on reproductive risks.", "content": "An inversion of chromosome 1 was found in three normal members of a two generation family. G- and C-banding studies revealed inv(1)(p13q23). The problems encountered in counseling such normal carriers are discussed.", "contents": "Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 1 with a note on reproductive risks. An inversion of chromosome 1 was found in three normal members of a two generation family. G- and C-banding studies revealed inv(1)(p13q23). The problems encountered in counseling such normal carriers are discussed.", "PMID": 738717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3656", "title": "Quantitative analysis of high-resolution trypsin-giemsa bands on human prometaphase chromosomes.", "content": "We have constructed ideograms of human prometaphase chromosomes from synchronized and from standard 72-h lymphocyte cultures. G banding was achieved by a trypsin-Giemsa (or Wright's stain) method. In addition to light (white) and dark (black) bands, we have distinguished three different shades of grey. This distinction is essential for proper identification of the increasing number of bands displayed by high-resolution chromosomes. The relative amount of chromatin in each category of staining intensity has been calculated and expressed as 'light value.' The ideograms represent the maximal number of bands discernible with some consistency on prometaphase chromosomes, i.e., 721 euchromatic and 62 'variable' heterochromatic or heteromorphic bands. The ideograms are based on measurements. On selected printed copies of each chromosome derived from different cells and different individuals, the relative width of each band was measured in relation to the length of the respective chromosome arm. The measurements per chromosome were averaged and used for construction of the ideograms. The distance of each border between bands or sub-bands from the centromere has been calculated on a relative scale, with positions 0 at the centromere and 1.0 at the p terminus of q terminus. The numbering system for bands and sub-bands follows the Paris Conference (1971) recommendations.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of high-resolution trypsin-giemsa bands on human prometaphase chromosomes. We have constructed ideograms of human prometaphase chromosomes from synchronized and from standard 72-h lymphocyte cultures. G banding was achieved by a trypsin-Giemsa (or Wright's stain) method. In addition to light (white) and dark (black) bands, we have distinguished three different shades of grey. This distinction is essential for proper identification of the increasing number of bands displayed by high-resolution chromosomes. The relative amount of chromatin in each category of staining intensity has been calculated and expressed as 'light value.' The ideograms represent the maximal number of bands discernible with some consistency on prometaphase chromosomes, i.e., 721 euchromatic and 62 'variable' heterochromatic or heteromorphic bands. The ideograms are based on measurements. On selected printed copies of each chromosome derived from different cells and different individuals, the relative width of each band was measured in relation to the length of the respective chromosome arm. The measurements per chromosome were averaged and used for construction of the ideograms. The distance of each border between bands or sub-bands from the centromere has been calculated on a relative scale, with positions 0 at the centromere and 1.0 at the p terminus of q terminus. The numbering system for bands and sub-bands follows the Paris Conference (1971) recommendations.", "PMID": 738718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3657", "title": "PGM1 subtyping by means of acid starch gel electrophoresis.", "content": "'PGM1 subtyping' can be clearly demonstrated by horizontal electrophoresis in acid starch gel. Because of the different cathodal mobilities of PGM1-gene products, the allelic superscripts for PGM1 were designated as 1F, 1S, and 2F, 2S, respectively. Gene frequencies of a population sample from Southwestern Germany are presented. They fit in well with other, previously published data on this matter.", "contents": "PGM1 subtyping by means of acid starch gel electrophoresis. 'PGM1 subtyping' can be clearly demonstrated by horizontal electrophoresis in acid starch gel. Because of the different cathodal mobilities of PGM1-gene products, the allelic superscripts for PGM1 were designated as 1F, 1S, and 2F, 2S, respectively. Gene frequencies of a population sample from Southwestern Germany are presented. They fit in well with other, previously published data on this matter.", "PMID": 738719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3658", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of influenza virus infection on male germ cells of mice.", "content": "Swiss albino male mice were administered two doses (1 and 2 HA units) of influenza A2 Hong Kong/68 virus IP. The incidence of chromosomal anomalies in spermatocytes was analysed at various times post infection and was found to be significantly higher than in controls, indicating that the influenza virus had induced these anomalies.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of influenza virus infection on male germ cells of mice. Swiss albino male mice were administered two doses (1 and 2 HA units) of influenza A2 Hong Kong/68 virus IP. The incidence of chromosomal anomalies in spermatocytes was analysed at various times post infection and was found to be significantly higher than in controls, indicating that the influenza virus had induced these anomalies.", "PMID": 738720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3659", "title": "Polymorphism of human salivary amylase: a preliminary communication.", "content": "Variation of human salivary amylase isoenzymes was investigated by isoelectric focusing on thin-layer polyacrylamide gel. Preliminary studies indicate a genetic polymorphism.", "contents": "Polymorphism of human salivary amylase: a preliminary communication. Variation of human salivary amylase isoenzymes was investigated by isoelectric focusing on thin-layer polyacrylamide gel. Preliminary studies indicate a genetic polymorphism.", "PMID": 738721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3660", "title": "Isochromosome 17q in two cases of acute blast transformation in myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Two cases of acute blast cell transformation in myeloproliferative disorders associated with a dicentric 17q isochromosome are reported. In both cases, the karyotypes also included a Philadelphia 9q;22q translocation, and in one case, an additional chromosome 8 (trisomy 8).", "contents": "Isochromosome 17q in two cases of acute blast transformation in myeloproliferative disorders. Two cases of acute blast cell transformation in myeloproliferative disorders associated with a dicentric 17q isochromosome are reported. In both cases, the karyotypes also included a Philadelphia 9q;22q translocation, and in one case, an additional chromosome 8 (trisomy 8).", "PMID": 738722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3661", "title": "A case of trisomy 22 with a probable Robertsonian translocation 21/22.", "content": "A 2-year-old girl with a prabable trisomy-22 translocation is described. The principal clinical symptoms described by the authors who have reported cases with proved trisomy 22 are presented. A probable 46,XX,-21,+t(21q;22q) karyotype was established in the patient. The proband's clinical picture is compared with other trisomy 22 cases described in the literature. The incidence of this trisomy among the human population is discussed.", "contents": "A case of trisomy 22 with a probable Robertsonian translocation 21/22. A 2-year-old girl with a prabable trisomy-22 translocation is described. The principal clinical symptoms described by the authors who have reported cases with proved trisomy 22 are presented. A probable 46,XX,-21,+t(21q;22q) karyotype was established in the patient. The proband's clinical picture is compared with other trisomy 22 cases described in the literature. The incidence of this trisomy among the human population is discussed.", "PMID": 738723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3662", "title": "Partial trisomy 2q and familial translocation t(2;18)(q31;p11).", "content": "This report describes a malformed infant with distal 2q trisomy/distal 18p monosomy due to adjacent segregation of a familial t(2;18). The rearrangement was present in four generations, and linkage studies were performed.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 2q and familial translocation t(2;18)(q31;p11). This report describes a malformed infant with distal 2q trisomy/distal 18p monosomy due to adjacent segregation of a familial t(2;18). The rearrangement was present in four generations, and linkage studies were performed.", "PMID": 738724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3663", "title": "10p- syndrome associated with multiple chromosomal abnormalities.", "content": "A karyotype with six de novo autosomal abnormalities in chromosomes 2,4,9,10,12, and 13 was identified in a 7-year-old boy with mental retardation and other minor malformations. The G- and C-banding techniques revealed an equilibrated translocation between autosomes 2 and 4 and between autosomes 9 and 13. One chromosome 10 has lost genetic material from its short arms, probably because of an interstitial deletion. An unidentified chromosomal fragment has become inserted in the long arms of an autosome 12. The G bands demonstrate that genetic material inserted in the autosome 12 is not the genetic material deleted from the autosome 10. The propositus presents clinical features similar to the reported cases with 10p- syndrome. Nevertheless it is not possible to establish the influence of the genetic material inserted in autosome 12 on the propositus' phenotype.", "contents": "10p- syndrome associated with multiple chromosomal abnormalities. A karyotype with six de novo autosomal abnormalities in chromosomes 2,4,9,10,12, and 13 was identified in a 7-year-old boy with mental retardation and other minor malformations. The G- and C-banding techniques revealed an equilibrated translocation between autosomes 2 and 4 and between autosomes 9 and 13. One chromosome 10 has lost genetic material from its short arms, probably because of an interstitial deletion. An unidentified chromosomal fragment has become inserted in the long arms of an autosome 12. The G bands demonstrate that genetic material inserted in the autosome 12 is not the genetic material deleted from the autosome 10. The propositus presents clinical features similar to the reported cases with 10p- syndrome. Nevertheless it is not possible to establish the influence of the genetic material inserted in autosome 12 on the propositus' phenotype.", "PMID": 738725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3664", "title": "Cytogenetic and histologic analyses of spontaneous abortions.", "content": "In a study of spontaneous abortions the correlations between karyotype (166 cases), anamnestic data, and macroscopic and histologic findings in placentas (107 cases) and embryos (73 cases) were analyzed. The main results were: 1. The rate of chromosomal aberrations was 39%. Trisomies predominated (60%), followed by monosomy X (20%), triploidies (14%), and structural aberrations (6%). 2. In trisomies a clear prevalence of female sex constitution (2:1) was observed. In normal karyotypes a slight prevalence of females was seen (1.2:1). 3. With increasing maternal age, more trisomies were found in the abortions. 4. Women whose index abortion had a normal karyotype had a history of fewer births but more abortions. 5. Trisomies of acrocentric chromosomes were mainly chorionic sacs with an embryo, while trisomies of the other autosomes resulted in intact empty sacs. 6. The average developmental stage of the embryos was 5 weeks, with a mean gestational age of 14 weeks. Gross malformations were found in 58% of the embryos.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and histologic analyses of spontaneous abortions. In a study of spontaneous abortions the correlations between karyotype (166 cases), anamnestic data, and macroscopic and histologic findings in placentas (107 cases) and embryos (73 cases) were analyzed. The main results were: 1. The rate of chromosomal aberrations was 39%. Trisomies predominated (60%), followed by monosomy X (20%), triploidies (14%), and structural aberrations (6%). 2. In trisomies a clear prevalence of female sex constitution (2:1) was observed. In normal karyotypes a slight prevalence of females was seen (1.2:1). 3. With increasing maternal age, more trisomies were found in the abortions. 4. Women whose index abortion had a normal karyotype had a history of fewer births but more abortions. 5. Trisomies of acrocentric chromosomes were mainly chorionic sacs with an embryo, while trisomies of the other autosomes resulted in intact empty sacs. 6. The average developmental stage of the embryos was 5 weeks, with a mean gestational age of 14 weeks. Gross malformations were found in 58% of the embryos.", "PMID": 738727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3665", "title": "Systematic analysis of 95 reciprocal translocations of autosomes.", "content": "The statistical analysis of 95 cases of reciprocal translocations involving autosomes detected among about 10,000 patients studied with the R-banding technique gives the following information: 1. An excess of break points exists for chromosome arms 4p,9p, 10q, 21q, and 22q and a deficiency for 1p, 2p, and 6q. Furthermore, there are relatively more break points in the small arms than in the large arms, when the translocation is ascertained through an unbalanced translocation carrier. Except for chromosome 22, an ascertainment bias explain this non random distribution. 2. An excess of telomeric break points exists in all cases of translocations ascertained through unbalanced carriers, and an excess of centromeric break point exists in the case of 3:1 and 1:3 segregations only. These excesses are also explained by an ascertainment bias. 3. The break points are located usually at the junction of the bands (interfaces). 4. The size of the chromosomal imbalance varies in the ascertainment classes. It is very large in cases ascertained through balanced carriers (at least one break point is far from the telomere), large in cases ascertained through abortion, and relatively moderate in cases ascertained through unbalanced translocation carriers (at least one break point is juxta telomeric). 5. An excess of balanced reciprocal translocations exists in our sample of mentally retarded and malformed children (position effect?). 6. An excess of balanced reciprocal translocations (not involving chromosome 21) exists among the trisomics 21 and their parents (interchromosomal effect?). 7. A large excess of maternal transmission exists in cases of 3:1 segregation of reciprocal translocation.", "contents": "Systematic analysis of 95 reciprocal translocations of autosomes. The statistical analysis of 95 cases of reciprocal translocations involving autosomes detected among about 10,000 patients studied with the R-banding technique gives the following information: 1. An excess of break points exists for chromosome arms 4p,9p, 10q, 21q, and 22q and a deficiency for 1p, 2p, and 6q. Furthermore, there are relatively more break points in the small arms than in the large arms, when the translocation is ascertained through an unbalanced translocation carrier. Except for chromosome 22, an ascertainment bias explain this non random distribution. 2. An excess of telomeric break points exists in all cases of translocations ascertained through unbalanced carriers, and an excess of centromeric break point exists in the case of 3:1 and 1:3 segregations only. These excesses are also explained by an ascertainment bias. 3. The break points are located usually at the junction of the bands (interfaces). 4. The size of the chromosomal imbalance varies in the ascertainment classes. It is very large in cases ascertained through balanced carriers (at least one break point is far from the telomere), large in cases ascertained through abortion, and relatively moderate in cases ascertained through unbalanced translocation carriers (at least one break point is juxta telomeric). 5. An excess of balanced reciprocal translocations exists in our sample of mentally retarded and malformed children (position effect?). 6. An excess of balanced reciprocal translocations (not involving chromosome 21) exists among the trisomics 21 and their parents (interchromosomal effect?). 7. A large excess of maternal transmission exists in cases of 3:1 segregation of reciprocal translocation.", "PMID": 738728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3666", "title": "Studies on H-Y antigen in different cell fractions of the testis during pubescence: immature germ cells are H-Y antigen negative.", "content": "Various cell types of the rat testis during pubescence, including germ, Sertoli, and Leydig cells, were partially enriched. The fractions were tested for the presence, binding, and secretion of H-Y antigen. The main results are: Immature germ cells are H-Y antigen-negative until the late diploid stages, and late primary spermatocytes or spermatids become positive; the somatic cells of the gonad are positive at all ages examined (18 days old to adulthood). Secretion of H-Y antigen is restricted to the Sertoli cell fraction. Binding of externally supplied antigen takes place on Leydig cells; the Sertoli cell surface will be saturated because of active secretion; there is no binding to germ cells. Thus, immature germ cells seem to be the only H-Y antigen-negative cells of the male organism, and the Sertoli cells seem to be the only ones to secrete H-Y antigen.", "contents": "Studies on H-Y antigen in different cell fractions of the testis during pubescence: immature germ cells are H-Y antigen negative. Various cell types of the rat testis during pubescence, including germ, Sertoli, and Leydig cells, were partially enriched. The fractions were tested for the presence, binding, and secretion of H-Y antigen. The main results are: Immature germ cells are H-Y antigen-negative until the late diploid stages, and late primary spermatocytes or spermatids become positive; the somatic cells of the gonad are positive at all ages examined (18 days old to adulthood). Secretion of H-Y antigen is restricted to the Sertoli cell fraction. Binding of externally supplied antigen takes place on Leydig cells; the Sertoli cell surface will be saturated because of active secretion; there is no binding to germ cells. Thus, immature germ cells seem to be the only H-Y antigen-negative cells of the male organism, and the Sertoli cells seem to be the only ones to secrete H-Y antigen.", "PMID": 738729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3667", "title": "A genetic study of two French Guiana Amerindian populations. I. Serum proteins and red cell enzymes.", "content": "Phenotypes and gene frequencies are presented for 20 serum and erythrocyte proteins in two Amerindian populations of inner French Guiana. No genetic variability was detected in 12 of these systems. Heterozygosity was calculated for the others and the reasons for its variation are discussed.", "contents": "A genetic study of two French Guiana Amerindian populations. I. Serum proteins and red cell enzymes. Phenotypes and gene frequencies are presented for 20 serum and erythrocyte proteins in two Amerindian populations of inner French Guiana. No genetic variability was detected in 12 of these systems. Heterozygosity was calculated for the others and the reasons for its variation are discussed.", "PMID": 738730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3668", "title": "XO/XY mosaicism and non-fluorescing Y chromosome in a male.", "content": "An adult male of short stature and with underdeveloped external genitalia is described, who carried out a number of sexual assaults on young women. He proved to have XO/XY mosaicism and a non-fluorescing Y chromosome. It was considered to be a terminal deletion on morphological grounds. It is suggested, on the evidence of the small number of XO/XY mosaics examined by appropriate staining methods, that an abnormal Y chromosome, whether terminally deleted or non-fluorescing owing to an altered chemical state, predisposes to anaphase lagging and non-disjunction. Of eleven reported cases of XO/XY mosaicism with a non-fluorescing Y chromosome, this is the fifth of male phenotype. The severe behaviour disturbance of early onset is considered to be probably causally associated with the chromosome anomaly.", "contents": "XO/XY mosaicism and non-fluorescing Y chromosome in a male. An adult male of short stature and with underdeveloped external genitalia is described, who carried out a number of sexual assaults on young women. He proved to have XO/XY mosaicism and a non-fluorescing Y chromosome. It was considered to be a terminal deletion on morphological grounds. It is suggested, on the evidence of the small number of XO/XY mosaics examined by appropriate staining methods, that an abnormal Y chromosome, whether terminally deleted or non-fluorescing owing to an altered chemical state, predisposes to anaphase lagging and non-disjunction. Of eleven reported cases of XO/XY mosaicism with a non-fluorescing Y chromosome, this is the fifth of male phenotype. The severe behaviour disturbance of early onset is considered to be probably causally associated with the chromosome anomaly.", "PMID": 738732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3669", "title": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 due to a familial translocation t(1;10) (q32;q26).", "content": "A new case of partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 1 was observed in a newborn female, who died at age 26 days. The father was a proven carrier of a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 10.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 due to a familial translocation t(1;10) (q32;q26). A new case of partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 1 was observed in a newborn female, who died at age 26 days. The father was a proven carrier of a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 10.", "PMID": 738733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3670", "title": "Partial distal trisomy 13q resulting from familial reciprocal 5/13 translocation.", "content": "A female infant with partial trisomy 13, 46,XX,der(5),t(5;13) (p15;q22)mat, for the distal part of the long arm is reported. The clinical and autopsy findings were similar to those of complete trisomy 13, except for harelip and cleft palate, and sloping forehead. Fetal hemoglobin and nuclear appendages in polymorphonuclear leukocytes were normal. Loci for these traits are discussed.", "contents": "Partial distal trisomy 13q resulting from familial reciprocal 5/13 translocation. A female infant with partial trisomy 13, 46,XX,der(5),t(5;13) (p15;q22)mat, for the distal part of the long arm is reported. The clinical and autopsy findings were similar to those of complete trisomy 13, except for harelip and cleft palate, and sloping forehead. Fetal hemoglobin and nuclear appendages in polymorphonuclear leukocytes were normal. Loci for these traits are discussed.", "PMID": 738734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3671", "title": "Partial deletion of the X chromosome in gonadal dysgenesis 46,X,del(X)(p22) identified by BudR treatment.", "content": "In this report we describe a deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome in a 16-year-old female with gonadal dysgenesis. The breakpoint was localized by BUdR treatment and acridine orange staining in region 2, band 2. Of the examined cells, 3% showed an early replication of the deleted X chromosome.", "contents": "Partial deletion of the X chromosome in gonadal dysgenesis 46,X,del(X)(p22) identified by BudR treatment. In this report we describe a deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome in a 16-year-old female with gonadal dysgenesis. The breakpoint was localized by BUdR treatment and acridine orange staining in region 2, band 2. Of the examined cells, 3% showed an early replication of the deleted X chromosome.", "PMID": 738735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3672", "title": "The effect of amphotericin B-deoxycholate on proliferation and protein synthesis in human skin fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Cultures of adult human skin fibroblasts were grown in the presence of the recommended antifungal dose (3 microgram per ml) of amphotericin B-deoxycholate. A reduction in cell culture growth, measured as DNA content and protein content per culture, was observed. However, radioisotope incorporation into noncollagen protein and, to a lesser extent, collagen protein was enhanced. These effects were due to amphotericin B, not to deoxycholate. These observations were made under several growth conditions and indicate that cell proliferation or isotope-labeling studies in fibroblasts in the presence of amphotericin B-deoxycholate are susceptible to errors in interpretation.", "contents": "The effect of amphotericin B-deoxycholate on proliferation and protein synthesis in human skin fibroblast cultures. Cultures of adult human skin fibroblasts were grown in the presence of the recommended antifungal dose (3 microgram per ml) of amphotericin B-deoxycholate. A reduction in cell culture growth, measured as DNA content and protein content per culture, was observed. However, radioisotope incorporation into noncollagen protein and, to a lesser extent, collagen protein was enhanced. These effects were due to amphotericin B, not to deoxycholate. These observations were made under several growth conditions and indicate that cell proliferation or isotope-labeling studies in fibroblasts in the presence of amphotericin B-deoxycholate are susceptible to errors in interpretation.", "PMID": 738737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3673", "title": "Evidence for clonal attenuation of growth potential in HeLa cells.", "content": "The growth of primary clones and serial subclones of HeLa cells and of diploid human fibroblast-like cells were compared both in the presence and absence of feeder layers; the latter had no significant effects upon the results. Clones and subclones of both cell types displayed great heterogeneity in growth rates, typically with a bimodality of growth distributions. Serial passages of clones selected on the basis of superior rates of proliferation showed attentuation of growth potentials; the extent of such attentuations was much less in the case of HeLa cells, suggesting at least one possible basis for the differences in long-term growth potential between these two classes of cell lines.", "contents": "Evidence for clonal attenuation of growth potential in HeLa cells. The growth of primary clones and serial subclones of HeLa cells and of diploid human fibroblast-like cells were compared both in the presence and absence of feeder layers; the latter had no significant effects upon the results. Clones and subclones of both cell types displayed great heterogeneity in growth rates, typically with a bimodality of growth distributions. Serial passages of clones selected on the basis of superior rates of proliferation showed attentuation of growth potentials; the extent of such attentuations was much less in the case of HeLa cells, suggesting at least one possible basis for the differences in long-term growth potential between these two classes of cell lines.", "PMID": 738739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3674", "title": "Cellular requirements for the formation of EA rosettes by human monocytes.", "content": "The binding of sensitized red cells to Fc receptors in human monocytes was studied by evaluating the effects of various pharmacological reagents and other treatments on EA rosette formation. Cytochalasin B and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited rosette formation in a dose-dependent manner. Sodium azide and incubation at 4 degrees also inhibited rosette formation, while at 37 degrees increased numbers of RBCs bound to the monocytes. The microtubular poisons, vinblastine and colchicine at high concentrations resulted in decreased adherence of monocytes and inhibition of rosette formation, while at low concentrations of colchicine, enhanced rosette formation was sometimes observed. Contrary to the effects on rosette formation, binding of [125I] IgG to monocyte monolayers was not altered by treatment of the monocytes with drugs. Magnesium ions were required to promote monocyte adherence, but both magnesium and calcium were needed for the best rosette formation. We conclude that the formation of EA rosettes is dependent not merely on binding of IgG to the Fc receptor but requires metabolically active monocytes, an intact cytostructure and suitable environmental conditions (temperature and cation concentration).", "contents": "Cellular requirements for the formation of EA rosettes by human monocytes. The binding of sensitized red cells to Fc receptors in human monocytes was studied by evaluating the effects of various pharmacological reagents and other treatments on EA rosette formation. Cytochalasin B and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited rosette formation in a dose-dependent manner. Sodium azide and incubation at 4 degrees also inhibited rosette formation, while at 37 degrees increased numbers of RBCs bound to the monocytes. The microtubular poisons, vinblastine and colchicine at high concentrations resulted in decreased adherence of monocytes and inhibition of rosette formation, while at low concentrations of colchicine, enhanced rosette formation was sometimes observed. Contrary to the effects on rosette formation, binding of [125I] IgG to monocyte monolayers was not altered by treatment of the monocytes with drugs. Magnesium ions were required to promote monocyte adherence, but both magnesium and calcium were needed for the best rosette formation. We conclude that the formation of EA rosettes is dependent not merely on binding of IgG to the Fc receptor but requires metabolically active monocytes, an intact cytostructure and suitable environmental conditions (temperature and cation concentration).", "PMID": 738764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3675", "title": "Growth characteristics of PHA-induced colonies in primary and secondary agar culture.", "content": "PHA-induced colonies were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MC) grown in agar-medium. When the colonies were harvested from mass cultures, pooled as single cell suspensions and plated again in presence of PHA, they failed to generate new colonies unless they were seeded on an underlayer containing uncultured blood MC. Cytogenetic studies indicate that most secondary colonies were derived from primary colonies. Autologous as well as heterologous feeder cells were able to promote the growth of secondary colonies. No granulocyte (G) or macrophage (M) colony formation was observed in secondary cultures. These experiments show that the progenitors of PHA-induced colonies differ from G or M CFCs and that they are still detected in these colonies which contain 82 +/- 12% T-cells. In contrast, colony formation requires the presence of factor(s) provided by cooperating cells (CC) which are no longer detected in primary colonies and this is associated with a depletion in non-T elements from the initial MC population.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of PHA-induced colonies in primary and secondary agar culture. PHA-induced colonies were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MC) grown in agar-medium. When the colonies were harvested from mass cultures, pooled as single cell suspensions and plated again in presence of PHA, they failed to generate new colonies unless they were seeded on an underlayer containing uncultured blood MC. Cytogenetic studies indicate that most secondary colonies were derived from primary colonies. Autologous as well as heterologous feeder cells were able to promote the growth of secondary colonies. No granulocyte (G) or macrophage (M) colony formation was observed in secondary cultures. These experiments show that the progenitors of PHA-induced colonies differ from G or M CFCs and that they are still detected in these colonies which contain 82 +/- 12% T-cells. In contrast, colony formation requires the presence of factor(s) provided by cooperating cells (CC) which are no longer detected in primary colonies and this is associated with a depletion in non-T elements from the initial MC population.", "PMID": 738765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3676", "title": "Migration of human lymphocytes. II. Variation of lymphocyte distribution.", "content": "Variations in the distribution of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes from several donors and from one donor on several occasions have been determined after their injection into carbon-treated mice and reasons for the variation discussed. Natural alteration of the lymphocyte surface (leukaemic lymphocytes) or induced change (trypsin-treatment) reduced lymph node localisation as did treatment with formalin, sodium azide and antilymphocyte globulin. We have concluded that the presence of radioactivity in the lymph nodes is due to the presence of viable, metabolically active lymphocytes with normal surfaces capable of interacting with the endothelium of the post-capillary venules.", "contents": "Migration of human lymphocytes. II. Variation of lymphocyte distribution. Variations in the distribution of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes from several donors and from one donor on several occasions have been determined after their injection into carbon-treated mice and reasons for the variation discussed. Natural alteration of the lymphocyte surface (leukaemic lymphocytes) or induced change (trypsin-treatment) reduced lymph node localisation as did treatment with formalin, sodium azide and antilymphocyte globulin. We have concluded that the presence of radioactivity in the lymph nodes is due to the presence of viable, metabolically active lymphocytes with normal surfaces capable of interacting with the endothelium of the post-capillary venules.", "PMID": 738766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3677", "title": "Activation of human platelets by platelet activating factor (PAF) derived from sensitized rabbit basophils.", "content": "Rabbit basophil-derived platelet activating factor (PAF), a mediator of anaphylaxis, induces the aggregation and release of serotonin from rabbit platelets. In the present study, we report that PAF obtained by challenge of specifically sensitized rabbit basophils induced the noncytotoxic release of serotonin from human platelets; maximal extent of release ranged between 34-46%. This release was unaltered in the presence of indomethacin, indicating that such secretion was not a consequence of contaminating arachidonic acid; further, as previously demonstrated with platelets of rabbit origin, it was markedly independent of a requirement for an intact prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway. In contrast to its effect upon rabbit platelets, rabbit PAF did not induce aggregation of human platelets, suggesting that the aggregation and secretion reactions induced by this agent are separable and that this cross-species activation may be incomplete. Whether this is a result of the differential ability of rabbit PAF to bind to and activate rabbit as compared to human platelets or to the existence of a family of PAF molecules is not yet known. The capacity of PAF to participate in a secretory event involving human platelets lends support to the belief that PAF may play an important ubiquitous role in the cooperative, leucocyte-dependent, release of vasoactive amines which results in increased vascular permeability.", "contents": "Activation of human platelets by platelet activating factor (PAF) derived from sensitized rabbit basophils. Rabbit basophil-derived platelet activating factor (PAF), a mediator of anaphylaxis, induces the aggregation and release of serotonin from rabbit platelets. In the present study, we report that PAF obtained by challenge of specifically sensitized rabbit basophils induced the noncytotoxic release of serotonin from human platelets; maximal extent of release ranged between 34-46%. This release was unaltered in the presence of indomethacin, indicating that such secretion was not a consequence of contaminating arachidonic acid; further, as previously demonstrated with platelets of rabbit origin, it was markedly independent of a requirement for an intact prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway. In contrast to its effect upon rabbit platelets, rabbit PAF did not induce aggregation of human platelets, suggesting that the aggregation and secretion reactions induced by this agent are separable and that this cross-species activation may be incomplete. Whether this is a result of the differential ability of rabbit PAF to bind to and activate rabbit as compared to human platelets or to the existence of a family of PAF molecules is not yet known. The capacity of PAF to participate in a secretory event involving human platelets lends support to the belief that PAF may play an important ubiquitous role in the cooperative, leucocyte-dependent, release of vasoactive amines which results in increased vascular permeability.", "PMID": 738767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3678", "title": "Influence of a synthetic adjuvant (MDP) on qualitative and quantitative changes of serum globulins.", "content": "Administered to guinea-pig, a synthetic compound, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), has been previously shown to substitute for Mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant. Moreover, MDP increases the humoral immune response even when administered in an aqueous solution to mice. In the present report, it was demonstrated that administered to guinea-pig in a water-in-oil emulsion, MDP or active analogues favoured the production of IgG2 antibodies against ovalbumin. In contrast, derivatives of MDP which had no adjuvant activity failed to induce this particular class of immunoglobulins. MDP without antigen, in contrast with LPS or FCA, did not induce changes in immunoglobulin levels in mice. Administered in mice with an antigen, MDP induces an increase of IgG1 although the immunoglobulin levels are lower than those observed after immunization with adjuvants injected in a water-in-oil emulsion.", "contents": "Influence of a synthetic adjuvant (MDP) on qualitative and quantitative changes of serum globulins. Administered to guinea-pig, a synthetic compound, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), has been previously shown to substitute for Mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant. Moreover, MDP increases the humoral immune response even when administered in an aqueous solution to mice. In the present report, it was demonstrated that administered to guinea-pig in a water-in-oil emulsion, MDP or active analogues favoured the production of IgG2 antibodies against ovalbumin. In contrast, derivatives of MDP which had no adjuvant activity failed to induce this particular class of immunoglobulins. MDP without antigen, in contrast with LPS or FCA, did not induce changes in immunoglobulin levels in mice. Administered in mice with an antigen, MDP induces an increase of IgG1 although the immunoglobulin levels are lower than those observed after immunization with adjuvants injected in a water-in-oil emulsion.", "PMID": 738768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3679", "title": "Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The compound gave a hexouronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with hyaluronidase. It was associated with small amounts of proteins, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The compound gave a hexouronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with hyaluronidase. It was associated with small amounts of proteins, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine.", "PMID": 738782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3680", "title": "Gastric acid secretion, calcitonin and secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients undergoing regular dialysis therapy (RDT).", "content": "Fortyseven uremic patients on RDT underwent a gastric secretion study and a contemporary evaluation of serum levels of Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (iP), Magnesium (Mg), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), immunoreactive gastrin (Gas), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT). Secretory test (pentagastrin 6 microgram/kg) was performed in the morning, after 12 hours of fasting, in the interdialytic interval. Female patients, male patients on RDT from less 1 year and hyposecretor patients were excluded from the study. On the basis of these criteria 25 normal or hypersecretor males between 20 and 55 years old were selected. A significant positive correlation was found between PTH and CT, while a negative significant correlation was found between CT and BAO and CT and PAO. Similarly, a significant negative correlation was found between PTH and BAO and PTH and PAO. Multiple regression study showed that the negative influence of CT on BAO and PAO is more relevant than the positive influence of PTH. These data suggest that PTH and CT are involved in gastric acid secretion in uremia. Since the inhibitory effect of CT is prevailing on the stimulating effect of PTH, patients with higher levels of PTH and CT have a lower gastric acid secretion. CT might therefore be considered as a protective factor against hypersecretion in uremia.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion, calcitonin and secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients undergoing regular dialysis therapy (RDT). Fortyseven uremic patients on RDT underwent a gastric secretion study and a contemporary evaluation of serum levels of Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (iP), Magnesium (Mg), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), immunoreactive gastrin (Gas), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT). Secretory test (pentagastrin 6 microgram/kg) was performed in the morning, after 12 hours of fasting, in the interdialytic interval. Female patients, male patients on RDT from less 1 year and hyposecretor patients were excluded from the study. On the basis of these criteria 25 normal or hypersecretor males between 20 and 55 years old were selected. A significant positive correlation was found between PTH and CT, while a negative significant correlation was found between CT and BAO and CT and PAO. Similarly, a significant negative correlation was found between PTH and BAO and PTH and PAO. Multiple regression study showed that the negative influence of CT on BAO and PAO is more relevant than the positive influence of PTH. These data suggest that PTH and CT are involved in gastric acid secretion in uremia. Since the inhibitory effect of CT is prevailing on the stimulating effect of PTH, patients with higher levels of PTH and CT have a lower gastric acid secretion. CT might therefore be considered as a protective factor against hypersecretion in uremia.", "PMID": 738794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3681", "title": "New declotting catheters for arterio-venous shunts.", "content": "Clotting is a serious problem in patients with A-V shunts. Balloon Embolectomy catheters or irrigating devices are frequently unsuccessful in declotting shunts, resulting in surgical revision of the shunt. Frequent surgical revisions reduce sites of vascular access, making it difficult to perform adequate hemodialysis. New instruments, constructed mainly of stainless steel, have been devised and used to declot A-V shunts. The instruments have been devised for specific purposes and labeled as follows: (1) Explanding Mesh, (2) Helix and (3) Rotating Cutter. These instruments will dislodge and remove organized clots, snare and cut fibrin \"flaps\", open and enlarge the vessel lumens. They have been used successfully in removing vascular obstructions adjacent to the vessel tips of the shunt or at the site of anastamosis of the shunt and vessel. These are the most common sites of obstruction. By prolonging shunt life we have been able to decrease the number of shunt revisions.", "contents": "New declotting catheters for arterio-venous shunts. Clotting is a serious problem in patients with A-V shunts. Balloon Embolectomy catheters or irrigating devices are frequently unsuccessful in declotting shunts, resulting in surgical revision of the shunt. Frequent surgical revisions reduce sites of vascular access, making it difficult to perform adequate hemodialysis. New instruments, constructed mainly of stainless steel, have been devised and used to declot A-V shunts. The instruments have been devised for specific purposes and labeled as follows: (1) Explanding Mesh, (2) Helix and (3) Rotating Cutter. These instruments will dislodge and remove organized clots, snare and cut fibrin \"flaps\", open and enlarge the vessel lumens. They have been used successfully in removing vascular obstructions adjacent to the vessel tips of the shunt or at the site of anastamosis of the shunt and vessel. These are the most common sites of obstruction. By prolonging shunt life we have been able to decrease the number of shunt revisions.", "PMID": 738795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3682", "title": "High density tissue culture on microporous membranes perfused by blood: report of a new bioartificial system.", "content": "A new tissue culture system has been developed to support high density cell growth using the sheep as the host. Cellular nutrition is provided by plasma solutes as they diffuse from arterial blood across microporous polycarbonate membranes into a device attached to an arteriovenous shunt. Culture chambers are constructed with transparent polycarbonate to allow photomicroscopy of the tissue in situ. System performance is demonstrated by the high density growth of fetal sheep thymus allografts and rat soft tissue sarcoma xenografts.", "contents": "High density tissue culture on microporous membranes perfused by blood: report of a new bioartificial system. A new tissue culture system has been developed to support high density cell growth using the sheep as the host. Cellular nutrition is provided by plasma solutes as they diffuse from arterial blood across microporous polycarbonate membranes into a device attached to an arteriovenous shunt. Culture chambers are constructed with transparent polycarbonate to allow photomicroscopy of the tissue in situ. System performance is demonstrated by the high density growth of fetal sheep thymus allografts and rat soft tissue sarcoma xenografts.", "PMID": 738796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3683", "title": "The effect of radiolabeling of human fibrinogen on its adsorption behaviour on a polystyrene surface.", "content": "Human fibrinogen (HFB) was labeled with different radioactive labels (Technetium -99m and iodine -125) in various ways. Characterization by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods did not show differences between the labeled and the nonlabeled proteins. The effect of the label and the labeling method on the adsorption behaviour of 99mTc and 125I labeled HFB at a polystyrene surface was investigated. In all cases labeled HFB showed preferential adsorption as compared to nonlabeled HFB. The preferential adsorption was expressed in terms of a factor \u00f8 (van der Scheer et al. 1978a), which will be 1, when no preferential adsorption occurs. 99mTc - and 125I - HFB showed \u00f8 values from 1.48 - 1.88. It is concluded that only meaningful adsorption experiments with labeled proteins can be performed when the possible occurrence of preferential adsorption has been investigated by appropriate methods. The results of prior work on protein adsorption at biomaterials using radiolabeled proteins have to be reconsidered.", "contents": "The effect of radiolabeling of human fibrinogen on its adsorption behaviour on a polystyrene surface. Human fibrinogen (HFB) was labeled with different radioactive labels (Technetium -99m and iodine -125) in various ways. Characterization by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods did not show differences between the labeled and the nonlabeled proteins. The effect of the label and the labeling method on the adsorption behaviour of 99mTc and 125I labeled HFB at a polystyrene surface was investigated. In all cases labeled HFB showed preferential adsorption as compared to nonlabeled HFB. The preferential adsorption was expressed in terms of a factor \u00f8 (van der Scheer et al. 1978a), which will be 1, when no preferential adsorption occurs. 99mTc - and 125I - HFB showed \u00f8 values from 1.48 - 1.88. It is concluded that only meaningful adsorption experiments with labeled proteins can be performed when the possible occurrence of preferential adsorption has been investigated by appropriate methods. The results of prior work on protein adsorption at biomaterials using radiolabeled proteins have to be reconsidered.", "PMID": 738797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3684", "title": "A reversible method for sound analysis adapted to bio-acoustical experiments.", "content": "The paper describes a method of sound analysis, 'modulation analysis', its implementation on a minicomputer PDP12 and some aspects of its application in bioacoustical experiments. Modulation analysis reversibly resolves a given sound signal into time-courses of amplitude and carrier frequency. Since time is preserved as the independent variable the method provides a suitable basis for the computer modification of sounds. Problems of practical performance are discussed with regard to sounds of birds and insects. Further, the use of sound modification in a neurophysiological study of the hearing system of birds is described.", "contents": "A reversible method for sound analysis adapted to bio-acoustical experiments. The paper describes a method of sound analysis, 'modulation analysis', its implementation on a minicomputer PDP12 and some aspects of its application in bioacoustical experiments. Modulation analysis reversibly resolves a given sound signal into time-courses of amplitude and carrier frequency. Since time is preserved as the independent variable the method provides a suitable basis for the computer modification of sounds. Problems of practical performance are discussed with regard to sounds of birds and insects. Further, the use of sound modification in a neurophysiological study of the hearing system of birds is described.", "PMID": 738800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3685", "title": "[An automated study of EEG: a method of detection of non-stationary points].", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to present an automatic method of signal analysis. To help physicians in their diagnostics, this method is implemented on a minicomputer in order to detect non-stationary points in electroencephalograms. The signal is modelled with an autoregressive filter. The parameters of this filter are adapted at each step. Identification gives the best model in the sense of a cost function representing the mean square error of noise, which is estimated during the optimisation time-window. The cost function is expressed by a quadratic formula. This allows the use of a fast algorithm, the 'conjugate gradient method'. An original statistical test is developed to detect non-stationary points in the signal. The performance of this method is tested with artificial data to determine the sensitivity of method parameters. Detection using real data is presented.", "contents": "[An automated study of EEG: a method of detection of non-stationary points]. The purpose of this paper is to present an automatic method of signal analysis. To help physicians in their diagnostics, this method is implemented on a minicomputer in order to detect non-stationary points in electroencephalograms. The signal is modelled with an autoregressive filter. The parameters of this filter are adapted at each step. Identification gives the best model in the sense of a cost function representing the mean square error of noise, which is estimated during the optimisation time-window. The cost function is expressed by a quadratic formula. This allows the use of a fast algorithm, the 'conjugate gradient method'. An original statistical test is developed to detect non-stationary points in the signal. The performance of this method is tested with artificial data to determine the sensitivity of method parameters. Detection using real data is presented.", "PMID": 738801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3686", "title": "Computer analysis of interacting dopaminergic and cholinergic control mechanisms in the extrapyramidal system.", "content": "The experimental results of many authors suggest that the output activity of the extrapyramidal motor control system depends on a balance between the levels present of the chemical transmitters dopamine and acetylcholine. In this paper it is proposed that these results are best explained by two feedback regulatory systems interconnected with positive interaction--in the sense of the relative gain array (Bristol, 1966). Using the computer-aided design procedure CAIAD, a simple two-input two-output model is simulated so as to give responses similar to those observed when dopaminergic or cholinergic drugs are applied. The effect of reducing the gain in one control loop corresponds to the effect of lesioning part of the extrapyramidal system in the brain. In addition, the effect of an anti-schizophrenic drug such as haloperidol is interpreted as a disturbance input on one of the interacting paths.", "contents": "Computer analysis of interacting dopaminergic and cholinergic control mechanisms in the extrapyramidal system. The experimental results of many authors suggest that the output activity of the extrapyramidal motor control system depends on a balance between the levels present of the chemical transmitters dopamine and acetylcholine. In this paper it is proposed that these results are best explained by two feedback regulatory systems interconnected with positive interaction--in the sense of the relative gain array (Bristol, 1966). Using the computer-aided design procedure CAIAD, a simple two-input two-output model is simulated so as to give responses similar to those observed when dopaminergic or cholinergic drugs are applied. The effect of reducing the gain in one control loop corresponds to the effect of lesioning part of the extrapyramidal system in the brain. In addition, the effect of an anti-schizophrenic drug such as haloperidol is interpreted as a disturbance input on one of the interacting paths.", "PMID": 738802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3687", "title": "An interface to input analogue signals to a digital computer.", "content": "An electrical control unit is described which permits analogue signals from most sources to be made compatible with, and optimise the use of, an A/D converter. This circuitry enables the signal to be offset, relative to the electrical zero, and to be reset to zero using a push button. Extension of this unit has enabled mechanical movement, such as rotation of a shaft, to be measured. In order to make the most efficient use of the A/D converter the gain of the output can be varied.", "contents": "An interface to input analogue signals to a digital computer. An electrical control unit is described which permits analogue signals from most sources to be made compatible with, and optimise the use of, an A/D converter. This circuitry enables the signal to be offset, relative to the electrical zero, and to be reset to zero using a push button. Extension of this unit has enabled mechanical movement, such as rotation of a shaft, to be measured. In order to make the most efficient use of the A/D converter the gain of the output can be varied.", "PMID": 738803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3688", "title": "The detection and identification of unknown halogenated compounds in environmental samples.", "content": "A new method is described in which the mass spectrometer is an element specific detector for a gas chromatograph. The elements investigated in this study are F, Cl, Br, J, S  and N, but the method might be applied to other elements as well. The molecules coming from the gas chromatograph are atomized in a microwave induced discharge, located in the interface between the gaschromatograph and the mass spectrometer. Unknown compounds containing specific elements can be detected and their retention times can be determined. The method is applied to samples of surface water, fat of a grebe and human adipose tissue for halogenated compounds. Unknown halogenated compounds were found. A number of them were identified in samples of surface water.", "contents": "The detection and identification of unknown halogenated compounds in environmental samples. A new method is described in which the mass spectrometer is an element specific detector for a gas chromatograph. The elements investigated in this study are F, Cl, Br, J, S  and N, but the method might be applied to other elements as well. The molecules coming from the gas chromatograph are atomized in a microwave induced discharge, located in the interface between the gaschromatograph and the mass spectrometer. Unknown compounds containing specific elements can be detected and their retention times can be determined. The method is applied to samples of surface water, fat of a grebe and human adipose tissue for halogenated compounds. Unknown halogenated compounds were found. A number of them were identified in samples of surface water.", "PMID": 738804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3689", "title": "The role of suggestion in the psychoanalytic therapies.", "content": "The concept of suggestion in the psychoanalytic therapies is considered as it appears in the literature and in current practice. Bibring's definition of the technique of suggestion is extended differentiating overt and covert suggestion from the effects of unconscious transference fantasies. The use of suggestion as a technique is viewed as antithetical to the aims of exploratory psychoanalytic therapy and presents serious problems in the resolution of transference issues when it is used either inadvertently or as a parameter of the therapy.", "contents": "The role of suggestion in the psychoanalytic therapies. The concept of suggestion in the psychoanalytic therapies is considered as it appears in the literature and in current practice. Bibring's definition of the technique of suggestion is extended differentiating overt and covert suggestion from the effects of unconscious transference fantasies. The use of suggestion as a technique is viewed as antithetical to the aims of exploratory psychoanalytic therapy and presents serious problems in the resolution of transference issues when it is used either inadvertently or as a parameter of the therapy.", "PMID": 738805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3690", "title": "Gradients in analyzability.", "content": "A discussion of \"Some Communicative Properties of the Bipersonal Field\" by Robert Langs, M.D. In response to Dr. Langs' delineation of the bipersonal field concept and his clinical elaboration of a triad of disorders which are graded into classifications of descending analyzability: Types A,B, and C fields. I confirm his thesis and endeavor to demonstrate some underlying foundations of his categorical assumptions, namely the conceptions of projective identification, of the intactness of the background object of primary identification, the conception of a dual-track theory of infantile development in order to delineate the parallel between the separated self and the continuation of primary identification, and the postulation of manic and schizoid types of narcissistic character disorders (Types B and C respectively). All of these conceptions are vicissitudes of the varying ways in which patients confront the depressive position of separation-individuation with rapprochement and, thereby, conform to a gradient in which symbolization interpretations can be utilized in analytic treatment.", "contents": "Gradients in analyzability. A discussion of \"Some Communicative Properties of the Bipersonal Field\" by Robert Langs, M.D. In response to Dr. Langs' delineation of the bipersonal field concept and his clinical elaboration of a triad of disorders which are graded into classifications of descending analyzability: Types A,B, and C fields. I confirm his thesis and endeavor to demonstrate some underlying foundations of his categorical assumptions, namely the conceptions of projective identification, of the intactness of the background object of primary identification, the conception of a dual-track theory of infantile development in order to delineate the parallel between the separated self and the continuation of primary identification, and the postulation of manic and schizoid types of narcissistic character disorders (Types B and C respectively). All of these conceptions are vicissitudes of the varying ways in which patients confront the depressive position of separation-individuation with rapprochement and, thereby, conform to a gradient in which symbolization interpretations can be utilized in analytic treatment.", "PMID": 738806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3691", "title": "Some therapeutic factors in psychoanalysis.", "content": "Several aspects of the patient-analyst interaction play an important part in the success or failure of analysis. Examining the unconscious and conscious attitude of the analyst in the therapeutic process clarifies the source of the analyst's difficulties in functioning successfully in his professional role. In the attitude which the analyst adopts toward his patients, it is essential, for example, to differentiate antitherapeutic factors such as the tendency of the analyst to collude with his patients from such therapeutic factors as sensitivity, receptiveness, and openness to the patients non verbal and verbal communications. These help the analyst to understand the patients on the level of object relation and ego function which is most meaningful to him. The analyst's peace of mind and his capacity to contain and bring together the patients fragmented mental state is of particular importance in the treatment of borderline and psychotic patients. Certain features in the patient's personality, such as the capacity for early object relations, sensitivity, and capacity for observation and perception, seem to contribute to a more open therapeutic interaction between patient and analyst. Nevertheless, difficulties in the interaction between patient and analyst remain and are a serious threat to the successful function of the psychoanalytic process.", "contents": "Some therapeutic factors in psychoanalysis. Several aspects of the patient-analyst interaction play an important part in the success or failure of analysis. Examining the unconscious and conscious attitude of the analyst in the therapeutic process clarifies the source of the analyst's difficulties in functioning successfully in his professional role. In the attitude which the analyst adopts toward his patients, it is essential, for example, to differentiate antitherapeutic factors such as the tendency of the analyst to collude with his patients from such therapeutic factors as sensitivity, receptiveness, and openness to the patients non verbal and verbal communications. These help the analyst to understand the patients on the level of object relation and ego function which is most meaningful to him. The analyst's peace of mind and his capacity to contain and bring together the patients fragmented mental state is of particular importance in the treatment of borderline and psychotic patients. Certain features in the patient's personality, such as the capacity for early object relations, sensitivity, and capacity for observation and perception, seem to contribute to a more open therapeutic interaction between patient and analyst. Nevertheless, difficulties in the interaction between patient and analyst remain and are a serious threat to the successful function of the psychoanalytic process.", "PMID": 738807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3692", "title": "Concerning transference and countertransference.", "content": "This paper is presented primarily for its historical interest. The author's first attempted publication in psychiatry or psychoanalysis, it was submitted successively to two publications in 1949, rejected by each, and filed away until now. In it, the author suggests that transference phenomena constitute projections, and that all projective manifestations-including transference reactions-have some real basis in the analyst's behavior and represent, therefore, distortions in degree only. The latter of these two suggestions implies a degree of emotional participation by the analyst which is not adequately described by the classical view of him as manifesting sympathetic interest, and nothing else, toward the patient. It has been the writer's experience that the analyst actually does feel, and manifest in various ways, a great variety of emotions during the analytic hour. The analytic usefulness of this actual richness of emotional participation, by the analyst, is detailed.", "contents": "Concerning transference and countertransference. This paper is presented primarily for its historical interest. The author's first attempted publication in psychiatry or psychoanalysis, it was submitted successively to two publications in 1949, rejected by each, and filed away until now. In it, the author suggests that transference phenomena constitute projections, and that all projective manifestations-including transference reactions-have some real basis in the analyst's behavior and represent, therefore, distortions in degree only. The latter of these two suggestions implies a degree of emotional participation by the analyst which is not adequately described by the classical view of him as manifesting sympathetic interest, and nothing else, toward the patient. It has been the writer's experience that the analyst actually does feel, and manifest in various ways, a great variety of emotions during the analytic hour. The analytic usefulness of this actual richness of emotional participation, by the analyst, is detailed.", "PMID": 738808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3693", "title": "Responses to creativity in psychoanalysts.", "content": "A discussion of \"Concerning Transference and Countertransference\" by Harold Searles, M.D. Searles's study, written and rejected for publication in 1948-49 contains six original contributions to these subjects. They include the definition of determinants of transference in the immediate analytic interaction, the role of projection in transference and its evocation by the analyst, its basis in actual traits of the analyst which are exaggerated, and its expression as an effort to elicit confirmatory responses. Searles also details the fullness of the analyst's participation in the therapeutic interaction and the constructive usage of countertransference reactions. The negative responses to Searles's creativity prompt the thesis that every professional has a wish to both accept and destroy the innovator and his innovations. Factors include envy, a dread of inner turmoil, impingements on countertransference defenses, and deviations in the conditions of training analysts. These reactions are paralleled by refractoriness to the patient's unconscious creativity and efforts to cure the analyst. The manifestations of these hostile reactions and the innovator's responses to them are discussed.", "contents": "Responses to creativity in psychoanalysts. A discussion of \"Concerning Transference and Countertransference\" by Harold Searles, M.D. Searles's study, written and rejected for publication in 1948-49 contains six original contributions to these subjects. They include the definition of determinants of transference in the immediate analytic interaction, the role of projection in transference and its evocation by the analyst, its basis in actual traits of the analyst which are exaggerated, and its expression as an effort to elicit confirmatory responses. Searles also details the fullness of the analyst's participation in the therapeutic interaction and the constructive usage of countertransference reactions. The negative responses to Searles's creativity prompt the thesis that every professional has a wish to both accept and destroy the innovator and his innovations. Factors include envy, a dread of inner turmoil, impingements on countertransference defenses, and deviations in the conditions of training analysts. These reactions are paralleled by refractoriness to the patient's unconscious creativity and efforts to cure the analyst. The manifestations of these hostile reactions and the innovator's responses to them are discussed.", "PMID": 738809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3694", "title": "Deviation from confidentiality and the therapeutic holding environment.", "content": "It is an accepted premise that certain ground rules of treatment are crucial to successful outcome. One such ground rule, confidentiality, has been replaced by such deviations as contact with relatives of the patient and with arrangements for other professionals to be involved with the patient. This last deviation is discussed in relationship to the \"secret self\" and the boundaries of the bipersonal field. During the in-patient treatment of a borderline personality, deviations from confidentiality incited an aggressivized reaction, a mixture of transference and nontransference leading to acting in and acting out. This failure to maintain the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship led the \"secret self\" to fear annihilation; the distance of the \"rapprocher\" was increased; and the \"non-ego\" reached a crisis. This patienterminated treatment prematurely. Some implications of this deviation from confidentiality for other settings are discussed.", "contents": "Deviation from confidentiality and the therapeutic holding environment. It is an accepted premise that certain ground rules of treatment are crucial to successful outcome. One such ground rule, confidentiality, has been replaced by such deviations as contact with relatives of the patient and with arrangements for other professionals to be involved with the patient. This last deviation is discussed in relationship to the \"secret self\" and the boundaries of the bipersonal field. During the in-patient treatment of a borderline personality, deviations from confidentiality incited an aggressivized reaction, a mixture of transference and nontransference leading to acting in and acting out. This failure to maintain the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship led the \"secret self\" to fear annihilation; the distance of the \"rapprocher\" was increased; and the \"non-ego\" reached a crisis. This patienterminated treatment prematurely. Some implications of this deviation from confidentiality for other settings are discussed.", "PMID": 738810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3695", "title": "Interpretations couched in mythical imagery.", "content": "Conventional guidelines favor terse, mundane, unambiguous phrasing of interpretations, and the use of fanciful interpretations is rare in psychoanalytic literature. Some theoreticians have advocated interpretations that have multiple meanings and evoke primitive sensory and emotional responses. The latter functions can be served by metaphorical and especially by mythical interpretations, and their use in analytic therapy is suggested. Mythical interpretations tend to help the patient experience and express the forbidden and irrational; they imply that the therapist has a deep understanding of the patient. These effects are attributable to the psychodynamic determinants of myths and their cultural functions. Mythical interpretations further tend to provide implicit gratification to the patient, foster regression, and influence the patient's perception of and response to the therapist. Indications for use have yet to be worked out beyond preliminary speculations, and countertransference possibilities appear substantial. All of these considerations bear on the therapist's discretionary use of mythical interpretations.", "contents": "Interpretations couched in mythical imagery. Conventional guidelines favor terse, mundane, unambiguous phrasing of interpretations, and the use of fanciful interpretations is rare in psychoanalytic literature. Some theoreticians have advocated interpretations that have multiple meanings and evoke primitive sensory and emotional responses. The latter functions can be served by metaphorical and especially by mythical interpretations, and their use in analytic therapy is suggested. Mythical interpretations tend to help the patient experience and express the forbidden and irrational; they imply that the therapist has a deep understanding of the patient. These effects are attributable to the psychodynamic determinants of myths and their cultural functions. Mythical interpretations further tend to provide implicit gratification to the patient, foster regression, and influence the patient's perception of and response to the therapist. Indications for use have yet to be worked out beyond preliminary speculations, and countertransference possibilities appear substantial. All of these considerations bear on the therapist's discretionary use of mythical interpretations.", "PMID": 738812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3696", "title": "Dream analysis in the treatment of an eleven-year-old boy.", "content": "The treatment of an eleven-year-old boy with severe enuresis, facial tic, marked social maladjustment, passivity, and effeminacy was guided by the following principles: (1) Personality development was set in motion by encouraging age- and gender-appropriate behavior, by providing and identification model, and by upholding values which reflect normal male behavior. (2) Unconscious pathogenic forces were mobilized, analyzed, and resolved. (3) Environmental factors which facilitated growth were added and those which inhibited growth were removed. (4) The doctor took a clear stand for health and against sickness. (5) Responsibility for the conduct, progress and outcome of treatment rested with the doctor. The treatment was therefore guided by a synthesis of three conceptual models: developmental, analytic, and medical. The patient was seen for one hundred hours over a two-and-one-half-year period. Dream analysis provided the primary means by which unconscious conflicts were brought into consciousness.", "contents": "Dream analysis in the treatment of an eleven-year-old boy. The treatment of an eleven-year-old boy with severe enuresis, facial tic, marked social maladjustment, passivity, and effeminacy was guided by the following principles: (1) Personality development was set in motion by encouraging age- and gender-appropriate behavior, by providing and identification model, and by upholding values which reflect normal male behavior. (2) Unconscious pathogenic forces were mobilized, analyzed, and resolved. (3) Environmental factors which facilitated growth were added and those which inhibited growth were removed. (4) The doctor took a clear stand for health and against sickness. (5) Responsibility for the conduct, progress and outcome of treatment rested with the doctor. The treatment was therefore guided by a synthesis of three conceptual models: developmental, analytic, and medical. The patient was seen for one hundred hours over a two-and-one-half-year period. Dream analysis provided the primary means by which unconscious conflicts were brought into consciousness.", "PMID": 738813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3697", "title": "Dreams: royal road but challenging journey.", "content": "A discussion of \"Dream Analysis in the Treatment of an Eleven-Year-Old Boy\" by Harold M. Voth, M.D. This discussion endeavors to make three points: (1) Advances in ego psychology have led to a shift in technique from the content interpretation of dreams to the ego-defense analysis of intrapsychic conflict, using dreams and associations to them as raw data in that process. Questions are raised as to how thoroughly Dr. Voth completed this process with his patient. (2) Transference and countertransference elements seem to have been overlooked; there is evidence of the mutual expression of transference-countertransference issues within the relationship. (3) Perhaps it is better to describe what Dr. Voth offered the young patient as a corrective emotional experience, rather than as a truly psychoanalytic one.", "contents": "Dreams: royal road but challenging journey. A discussion of \"Dream Analysis in the Treatment of an Eleven-Year-Old Boy\" by Harold M. Voth, M.D. This discussion endeavors to make three points: (1) Advances in ego psychology have led to a shift in technique from the content interpretation of dreams to the ego-defense analysis of intrapsychic conflict, using dreams and associations to them as raw data in that process. Questions are raised as to how thoroughly Dr. Voth completed this process with his patient. (2) Transference and countertransference elements seem to have been overlooked; there is evidence of the mutual expression of transference-countertransference issues within the relationship. (3) Perhaps it is better to describe what Dr. Voth offered the young patient as a corrective emotional experience, rather than as a truly psychoanalytic one.", "PMID": 738814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3698", "title": "Developmental considerations in the psychotherapy of latency-age children.", "content": "A discussion of \"Dream Analysis in the Treatment of an Eleven-Year-Old Boy\" by Harold M. Voth, M.D. An investigation of the role of memory in free association is presented. It is described that the mode of registration and recall (sensory images and/or words and/or abstractions) differs in the child of latency age from that in the adult. The child in the latency-age period undergoes a marked series of developmental changes in the elements used in memory organization. To the extent that these differences in the mode of manifestation of memory exist, there are differences between the free associations of the child and the free associations of the adult. Children do free associate. It is necessary to understand the principles which govern age-appropriate memory elements in the child before these free associations can be used therapeutically. The memory organizations, memory modes, and the theory of their ontogenesis is presented, followed by clinical examples of the application of this theoretical material in the psychotherapy of children.", "contents": "Developmental considerations in the psychotherapy of latency-age children. A discussion of \"Dream Analysis in the Treatment of an Eleven-Year-Old Boy\" by Harold M. Voth, M.D. An investigation of the role of memory in free association is presented. It is described that the mode of registration and recall (sensory images and/or words and/or abstractions) differs in the child of latency age from that in the adult. The child in the latency-age period undergoes a marked series of developmental changes in the elements used in memory organization. To the extent that these differences in the mode of manifestation of memory exist, there are differences between the free associations of the child and the free associations of the adult. Children do free associate. It is necessary to understand the principles which govern age-appropriate memory elements in the child before these free associations can be used therapeutically. The memory organizations, memory modes, and the theory of their ontogenesis is presented, followed by clinical examples of the application of this theoretical material in the psychotherapy of children.", "PMID": 738815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3699", "title": "Psychodynamic conflicts in hearing children of deaf parents.", "content": "A case study documents the consequences of parental deafness on the personality development of hearing children. Of central dynamic significance are unacknowledged feelings of resentment generated by (1) acute feelings of humiliation experienced about the parents' imperfections, (2) identity confusion resulting from the parents' suspicious attitude toward the hearing world, and (3) the inevitable role-reversal resulting from the parents' handicapped status. The possibility of taking triumphant pleasure in more fortunate life circumstances evokes intense guilt and forms the basis for a conflictual attitude toward success. A proclivity toward guilt appears to be an outstanding psychological characteristic of children of handicapped parents, irrespective of the nature of the handicap. Some relevant variables include: greater resentment due to unavoidable early frustrations, a reluctance to direct aggression outward, despair about making reparations to parents seen as damaged by the child's aggression, and absence of external controls on the expression hostility (victories are easy). Some parallels are noted between conflicts displayed in hearing children of deaf parents and children of immigrant parents.", "contents": "Psychodynamic conflicts in hearing children of deaf parents. A case study documents the consequences of parental deafness on the personality development of hearing children. Of central dynamic significance are unacknowledged feelings of resentment generated by (1) acute feelings of humiliation experienced about the parents' imperfections, (2) identity confusion resulting from the parents' suspicious attitude toward the hearing world, and (3) the inevitable role-reversal resulting from the parents' handicapped status. The possibility of taking triumphant pleasure in more fortunate life circumstances evokes intense guilt and forms the basis for a conflictual attitude toward success. A proclivity toward guilt appears to be an outstanding psychological characteristic of children of handicapped parents, irrespective of the nature of the handicap. Some relevant variables include: greater resentment due to unavoidable early frustrations, a reluctance to direct aggression outward, despair about making reparations to parents seen as damaged by the child's aggression, and absence of external controls on the expression hostility (victories are easy). Some parallels are noted between conflicts displayed in hearing children of deaf parents and children of immigrant parents.", "PMID": 738816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3700", "title": "Oedipus was not the son of Laius and Jocasta.", "content": "Neurotics have family-romance fantasies, which they sometimes take to be real and which make them think that their parents are not really their parents. They have other unconscious fantasies in which they feel that their sexual objects are really their parents and in which trivial acts acquire the value of incest and parricide. From these psychoanalytic findings we can interpret the Oedipus legend as a special manifestation of the family romance which has arisen from guilt feelings and an intense desire for punishment. Oedipus fantasies the rulers of Thebes to be his parents and takes his behavior toward them as both incestuous and parricidal. As a displacement on the adult level, the Oedipus legend symbolizes the genital situation of the child both before and during the creation of the superego. As Oedipus was happy in his love life before the plagues afflicted Thebes, the child enjoys, during his infancy, sexual pleasure with his mother and rejects his father as his rival. Later just as Oedipus did, the child learns from his parents and from the rest of his environment, that his incestuous and parricidal behavior is dreadful and that he must feel very guilty and be punished severely. The child also learns this must be repressed: He must no longer perceive these things. In the legend this is symbolized by Oedipus blinding himself. The usual interpretation of the Oedipus legend, which wrongly believes that he really committed incest and parricide, does not take into account the distortions of judgement and preception which guilt feelings can give rise to.", "contents": "Oedipus was not the son of Laius and Jocasta. Neurotics have family-romance fantasies, which they sometimes take to be real and which make them think that their parents are not really their parents. They have other unconscious fantasies in which they feel that their sexual objects are really their parents and in which trivial acts acquire the value of incest and parricide. From these psychoanalytic findings we can interpret the Oedipus legend as a special manifestation of the family romance which has arisen from guilt feelings and an intense desire for punishment. Oedipus fantasies the rulers of Thebes to be his parents and takes his behavior toward them as both incestuous and parricidal. As a displacement on the adult level, the Oedipus legend symbolizes the genital situation of the child both before and during the creation of the superego. As Oedipus was happy in his love life before the plagues afflicted Thebes, the child enjoys, during his infancy, sexual pleasure with his mother and rejects his father as his rival. Later just as Oedipus did, the child learns from his parents and from the rest of his environment, that his incestuous and parricidal behavior is dreadful and that he must feel very guilty and be punished severely. The child also learns this must be repressed: He must no longer perceive these things. In the legend this is symbolized by Oedipus blinding himself. The usual interpretation of the Oedipus legend, which wrongly believes that he really committed incest and parricide, does not take into account the distortions of judgement and preception which guilt feelings can give rise to.", "PMID": 738817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3701", "title": "Oedipus: history, legends, plays, complexes.", "content": "A discussion of \"Oedipus Was Not the Son of Laius and Jocasta\" by Angel Garma, M.D. The thesis that Oedipus was not the son of the Theban royal pair but his Corinthian \"foster parents\" raises questions as to which Oedipus is under discussion--one of several different \"historical\" and legendary accounts, the hero of the plays of Sophocles, or the synthesized \"Oedipuses\" of millions of individual and ethnic fantasies. Oedipuses, in whom the particular variant described by Dr. Garma can be discerned, certainly abound and should be included among the many possibilities to be considered.", "contents": "Oedipus: history, legends, plays, complexes. A discussion of \"Oedipus Was Not the Son of Laius and Jocasta\" by Angel Garma, M.D. The thesis that Oedipus was not the son of the Theban royal pair but his Corinthian \"foster parents\" raises questions as to which Oedipus is under discussion--one of several different \"historical\" and legendary accounts, the hero of the plays of Sophocles, or the synthesized \"Oedipuses\" of millions of individual and ethnic fantasies. Oedipuses, in whom the particular variant described by Dr. Garma can be discerned, certainly abound and should be included among the many possibilities to be considered.", "PMID": 738818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3702", "title": "The role of the superego in exhibitionism.", "content": "The exhibitionist's relationship to his superego is a definitive feature of his general psychopathology of which the exhibitionistic act is only one manifestation. This relationship involves a compelling and persistent active defiance of those aspects of the superego which impose moral and ethical restrictions on behavior and a pervasive resistance to those aspects of the superego which demand adequate standards of functioning and conduct. Some of the implications of this as regards the treatment of exhibitionists are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the superego in exhibitionism. The exhibitionist's relationship to his superego is a definitive feature of his general psychopathology of which the exhibitionistic act is only one manifestation. This relationship involves a compelling and persistent active defiance of those aspects of the superego which impose moral and ethical restrictions on behavior and a pervasive resistance to those aspects of the superego which demand adequate standards of functioning and conduct. Some of the implications of this as regards the treatment of exhibitionists are discussed.", "PMID": 738819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3703", "title": "Transsexualism and a new type of psychosurgery.", "content": "A discussion of \"The Transsexual Wish in a Psychotic Character\" by Katherine MacVicar, M.D. Patients in increasing numbers are seeking sex-reassignment surgery. The topic receives coverage in both the lay and professional press; many advocate surgery as the only \"cure\". Clinical study reveals that these patients have borderline personality organization and are seeking to discard bad and aggressive features and to replace them with a new idealized perfection. Surgical procedures in these cases can usefully be conceptualized as a new type of psychosurgery.", "contents": "Transsexualism and a new type of psychosurgery. A discussion of \"The Transsexual Wish in a Psychotic Character\" by Katherine MacVicar, M.D. Patients in increasing numbers are seeking sex-reassignment surgery. The topic receives coverage in both the lay and professional press; many advocate surgery as the only \"cure\". Clinical study reveals that these patients have borderline personality organization and are seeking to discard bad and aggressive features and to replace them with a new idealized perfection. Surgical procedures in these cases can usefully be conceptualized as a new type of psychosurgery.", "PMID": 738821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3704", "title": "Transsexualism and psychosis.", "content": "A discussion of \"The Transsexual Wish in a Psychotic Character\" by Katherine MacVicar, M.D. This paper reviews some of the major reports gradually emerging in the psychoanalytic literature which validate the belief that beneath the desire \"to change sex\" may lie serious, if not overwhelming, psychopathology-even of a psychotic nature. Transsexual wishes may arise from oedipal conflict, preoedipal fixation, or schizophrenic processes. This paper briefly describes the mechanisms involved in the development of psychotic reactions in those schizophrenics who desire and undergo sexual transformation surgery.", "contents": "Transsexualism and psychosis. A discussion of \"The Transsexual Wish in a Psychotic Character\" by Katherine MacVicar, M.D. This paper reviews some of the major reports gradually emerging in the psychoanalytic literature which validate the belief that beneath the desire \"to change sex\" may lie serious, if not overwhelming, psychopathology-even of a psychotic nature. Transsexual wishes may arise from oedipal conflict, preoedipal fixation, or schizophrenic processes. This paper briefly describes the mechanisms involved in the development of psychotic reactions in those schizophrenics who desire and undergo sexual transformation surgery.", "PMID": 738822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3705", "title": "The transsexual wish in a psychotic character.", "content": "The case discussed here illustrates one type of transsexual wish. The paper clarifies the dynamic considerations and treatment process in a patient who was psychotic and who, from time to time, wished to change his sex. One of the patient's chief difficulties was an inability to regulate adequately the intrapsychic distance between the self and objects. In the relatively nonpsychotic state, the patient used coercive behavior and splitting to establish a tenuous balance between fusing with the object and losing it entirely. When these defenses were adequate, the patient did not experience wishes to be a woman. However, when threatened with the loss of an important internal object (the mother or therapist), the patient would attempt to fuse with the object by experiencing strong transsexual wishes. The wish thus served to stabilize and control internal objects at a comfortable distance. The wish also served a restitutive function, holding off a frightening psychotic state; a loss of an important object threatened the patient with feelings of fragmentation. It was thus somewhat similar to a delusion or hallucination.", "contents": "The transsexual wish in a psychotic character. The case discussed here illustrates one type of transsexual wish. The paper clarifies the dynamic considerations and treatment process in a patient who was psychotic and who, from time to time, wished to change his sex. One of the patient's chief difficulties was an inability to regulate adequately the intrapsychic distance between the self and objects. In the relatively nonpsychotic state, the patient used coercive behavior and splitting to establish a tenuous balance between fusing with the object and losing it entirely. When these defenses were adequate, the patient did not experience wishes to be a woman. However, when threatened with the loss of an important internal object (the mother or therapist), the patient would attempt to fuse with the object by experiencing strong transsexual wishes. The wish thus served to stabilize and control internal objects at a comfortable distance. The wish also served a restitutive function, holding off a frightening psychotic state; a loss of an important object threatened the patient with feelings of fragmentation. It was thus somewhat similar to a delusion or hallucination.", "PMID": 738820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3706", "title": "Treatment problems of the hospitalized physician.", "content": "Treatment problems arise both when the physician or other health care professional must be hospitalized for psychiatric disturbance and, even prior to hospitalization, in the process by which the physician comes to recognize and accept in himself an emotional illness of severe proportions. Hospitalization can represent a severe narcissistic trauma, which entails a radical role reversal (from caretaker to patient) and severely undermines the physician-patient's sense of personal and professional identity. Conflicts around these issues tend to become externalized within the hospital setting up characteristic patterns of conflict within the therapy (between patient and therapist) and within the ward community (between patient and ward staff, as well as between treating physician and ward staff). The expression of these conflicts and patterns of interaction are discussed in two cases-both psychotic and suicidal physicians-who, though the patterns of resistance and externalization took divergent forms, nonetheless expressed the same underlying issues.", "contents": "Treatment problems of the hospitalized physician. Treatment problems arise both when the physician or other health care professional must be hospitalized for psychiatric disturbance and, even prior to hospitalization, in the process by which the physician comes to recognize and accept in himself an emotional illness of severe proportions. Hospitalization can represent a severe narcissistic trauma, which entails a radical role reversal (from caretaker to patient) and severely undermines the physician-patient's sense of personal and professional identity. Conflicts around these issues tend to become externalized within the hospital setting up characteristic patterns of conflict within the therapy (between patient and therapist) and within the ward community (between patient and ward staff, as well as between treating physician and ward staff). The expression of these conflicts and patterns of interaction are discussed in two cases-both psychotic and suicidal physicians-who, though the patterns of resistance and externalization took divergent forms, nonetheless expressed the same underlying issues.", "PMID": 738825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3707", "title": "The perils of homology.", "content": "A discussion of \"Treatment Problems of the Hospitalized Physician\" by W. W. Meissner, S.J., M.D. and Peter Wohlauer, M.D. Meissner and Wohlauer's paper describing the difficulties attendant upon the treatment of hospitalized physicians has implications for other homologous therapist/patient pairs. Therapists who include ethnic, racial, or ideological characteristics in their professional identifies must be prepared to deal with transference and countertransference problems which arise because of their similarities to their patients. A distinction between self-involved and self-effacing empathy is useful in understanding these vicissitudes of homologous treatment.", "contents": "The perils of homology. A discussion of \"Treatment Problems of the Hospitalized Physician\" by W. W. Meissner, S.J., M.D. and Peter Wohlauer, M.D. Meissner and Wohlauer's paper describing the difficulties attendant upon the treatment of hospitalized physicians has implications for other homologous therapist/patient pairs. Therapists who include ethnic, racial, or ideological characteristics in their professional identifies must be prepared to deal with transference and countertransference problems which arise because of their similarities to their patients. A distinction between self-involved and self-effacing empathy is useful in understanding these vicissitudes of homologous treatment.", "PMID": 738827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3708", "title": "Oedipal grief.", "content": "This paper concerns a common clinical picture, one that is seen particularly clearly in young men. It is a picture which, within a traditional psychoanalytic framework, has much to do with that set of mental structures referred to as the superego and with the patterns which follow from the oedipal period of development. Using two case examples, this paper suggests the outlines of a treatment strategy and looks at some of the theoretical issues involved (in particular, the contribution of an object relations emphasis to classical theory). It argues for the importance of grief in the oedipal dilemma and suggests that the role of grief in the formation and maintenance of morbid conscience can overshadow that more familiar explanation, the struggle with one's own forbidden wishes.", "contents": "Oedipal grief. This paper concerns a common clinical picture, one that is seen particularly clearly in young men. It is a picture which, within a traditional psychoanalytic framework, has much to do with that set of mental structures referred to as the superego and with the patterns which follow from the oedipal period of development. Using two case examples, this paper suggests the outlines of a treatment strategy and looks at some of the theoretical issues involved (in particular, the contribution of an object relations emphasis to classical theory). It argues for the importance of grief in the oedipal dilemma and suggests that the role of grief in the formation and maintenance of morbid conscience can overshadow that more familiar explanation, the struggle with one's own forbidden wishes.", "PMID": 738823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3709", "title": "A developmental view of identifications resulting from maternal impingements.", "content": "This paper attempts to understand in early developmental terms one of a group of patients who demonstrate a powerful identification with a conflicted aspect of their mother. In addition to the strong identification with the maternal pathology, the group is characterized by a history of maternal impingements (Winnicott) through which the infants were exposed to the conflicted psychological state of the mother. A case history of a psychoanalytic psychotherapy emphasizes the vicissitudes of the transference and countertransference. The patient presented had been exposed to premature awareness of separateness from the mother as a result of the maternal impingements. The identification with the maternal pathology is seen primarily as a defensive attempt to create the illusion that the characteristics of the impingements were actually a creation of the patient herself. This defensive identification was strengthened by the mother's inability to be responsive to the patient, except in so far as the patient entered into the \"beam\" of the maternal pathology. Parts of the work of Melanie Klein, Winnicott and Greenacre which make up the theoretical context for the developmental formulation of the type of identification under discussion are presented and several clinical implications of the developmental formulation are discussed.", "contents": "A developmental view of identifications resulting from maternal impingements. This paper attempts to understand in early developmental terms one of a group of patients who demonstrate a powerful identification with a conflicted aspect of their mother. In addition to the strong identification with the maternal pathology, the group is characterized by a history of maternal impingements (Winnicott) through which the infants were exposed to the conflicted psychological state of the mother. A case history of a psychoanalytic psychotherapy emphasizes the vicissitudes of the transference and countertransference. The patient presented had been exposed to premature awareness of separateness from the mother as a result of the maternal impingements. The identification with the maternal pathology is seen primarily as a defensive attempt to create the illusion that the characteristics of the impingements were actually a creation of the patient herself. This defensive identification was strengthened by the mother's inability to be responsive to the patient, except in so far as the patient entered into the \"beam\" of the maternal pathology. Parts of the work of Melanie Klein, Winnicott and Greenacre which make up the theoretical context for the developmental formulation of the type of identification under discussion are presented and several clinical implications of the developmental formulation are discussed.", "PMID": 738828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3710", "title": "Oedipal grief: mourning or melancholia?", "content": "A discussion of \"Oedipal Grief\" by Robert May, Ph.D. A clinical syndrome seen in late adolescent men, oedipal grief refers to a depressive state sustained by a vengeful conscience and a pattern of self-punitive acting out. The psychopathology of this syndrome is clarified and differentiated sharply from the normal developmental process of grieving the loss of an idealized oedipal father. As a form of developmental melancholia, the repressed ambivalence and weakening of the ego in this syndrome is highlighted. May's reconceptualization of the structural-instinctual model of the superego and ego ideal is then critically reviewed; his tendency to reduce oedipal to preoedipal developmental phenomena is noted. A more developmentally differentiated theoretical model is suggested in terms of the incomplete internalization of the functions of self-control and self-esteem in the type of adolescent personality organization which underlies, and is perpetuated by, the psychopathology in the oedipal grief syndrome. The main task of brief psychotherapy is thus to promote the ego's capacity to tolerate increased inner conflict so that a developmental shift toward greater internalization can take place. The skillful treatment conducted by May is reinterpreted in these terms; and the therapeutic facilitation of adolescent grieving is placed in the context of structural-developmental change.", "contents": "Oedipal grief: mourning or melancholia? A discussion of \"Oedipal Grief\" by Robert May, Ph.D. A clinical syndrome seen in late adolescent men, oedipal grief refers to a depressive state sustained by a vengeful conscience and a pattern of self-punitive acting out. The psychopathology of this syndrome is clarified and differentiated sharply from the normal developmental process of grieving the loss of an idealized oedipal father. As a form of developmental melancholia, the repressed ambivalence and weakening of the ego in this syndrome is highlighted. May's reconceptualization of the structural-instinctual model of the superego and ego ideal is then critically reviewed; his tendency to reduce oedipal to preoedipal developmental phenomena is noted. A more developmentally differentiated theoretical model is suggested in terms of the incomplete internalization of the functions of self-control and self-esteem in the type of adolescent personality organization which underlies, and is perpetuated by, the psychopathology in the oedipal grief syndrome. The main task of brief psychotherapy is thus to promote the ego's capacity to tolerate increased inner conflict so that a developmental shift toward greater internalization can take place. The skillful treatment conducted by May is reinterpreted in these terms; and the therapeutic facilitation of adolescent grieving is placed in the context of structural-developmental change.", "PMID": 738824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3711", "title": "Paradox and metaphor: transitional phenomena in the operations of the work ego.", "content": "Transitional phenomenon, paradox, metaphor, and empathic process are examined with emphasis on discerning what impels the work ego, or autonomous analyzing functions of the analyst, to move alternatively between evenly hovering attention and verbal intervention. The study is based on the premise that there are interfaces, which it attempts to clarify and broaden, between aspects of the psychoanalytic and literary perceptions of human experience, as these latter have been traditionally epitomized and structured in paradox and metaphor. Paradox and metaphor are seen as forms adapted from literature and rhetoric which represent, indicate, and focus on dilemmas, predicaments, and conflicts of living. Provisionally, I conclude that they are adaptive and defensive processes, directed against primitive affects deriving from the separation-individuation period of child development, that they are closely linked with and expressive of adult forms of transitional phenomena and processes associated with the stresses and conflicts of the same period, and that they constitute an important segment of the data from which the work ego draws its stimuli and information. I offer clinical vignettes and literary instances illustrating these connections.", "contents": "Paradox and metaphor: transitional phenomena in the operations of the work ego. Transitional phenomenon, paradox, metaphor, and empathic process are examined with emphasis on discerning what impels the work ego, or autonomous analyzing functions of the analyst, to move alternatively between evenly hovering attention and verbal intervention. The study is based on the premise that there are interfaces, which it attempts to clarify and broaden, between aspects of the psychoanalytic and literary perceptions of human experience, as these latter have been traditionally epitomized and structured in paradox and metaphor. Paradox and metaphor are seen as forms adapted from literature and rhetoric which represent, indicate, and focus on dilemmas, predicaments, and conflicts of living. Provisionally, I conclude that they are adaptive and defensive processes, directed against primitive affects deriving from the separation-individuation period of child development, that they are closely linked with and expressive of adult forms of transitional phenomena and processes associated with the stresses and conflicts of the same period, and that they constitute an important segment of the data from which the work ego draws its stimuli and information. I offer clinical vignettes and literary instances illustrating these connections.", "PMID": 738830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3712", "title": "Failure and recovery: a mythic approach to treatment issues in hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "A discussion of \"Ttreatment Problems of the Hospitalized Physician\" by W. W. Meissner, S. J., M.D. and Peter Wohlauer, M.D. Both Camus, in The Fall, and Conrad, in Lord Jim, have elaborated their own mythic versions about what happens to someone who has failed or fallen from grace. Hospitalized psychiatric patients have in some sense fallen from grace, most poignantly if they are physicians. The therapist who attempts to help them recover is on the horns of a dilemma. If he takes the pessimistic point of view implicit in Conrad's story, he will try to cure or at least mitigate the basic flaw which he believes is responsible for the failure thus risking a protracted and possibly pointless regression. On the other hand, if he ignores the tendency that some one who has fallen from grace has to recover in his own way-the theme depicted by Camus-his own self-esteem as a therapist will be in jeopardy and he himself may end up as the failure.", "contents": "Failure and recovery: a mythic approach to treatment issues in hospitalized psychiatric patients. A discussion of \"Ttreatment Problems of the Hospitalized Physician\" by W. W. Meissner, S. J., M.D. and Peter Wohlauer, M.D. Both Camus, in The Fall, and Conrad, in Lord Jim, have elaborated their own mythic versions about what happens to someone who has failed or fallen from grace. Hospitalized psychiatric patients have in some sense fallen from grace, most poignantly if they are physicians. The therapist who attempts to help them recover is on the horns of a dilemma. If he takes the pessimistic point of view implicit in Conrad's story, he will try to cure or at least mitigate the basic flaw which he believes is responsible for the failure thus risking a protracted and possibly pointless regression. On the other hand, if he ignores the tendency that some one who has fallen from grace has to recover in his own way-the theme depicted by Camus-his own self-esteem as a therapist will be in jeopardy and he himself may end up as the failure.", "PMID": 738826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3713", "title": "Four questions. A discussion of \"Introjection and the Idealizing Transference\".", "content": "A discussion of \"introjection and the Idealizing Transference\" by Theodore L. Dorpat, M.D. The analysis of a patient with a narcissistic disorder is the basis for Dr. Dorpat's thesis that introjections (i.e., object representations) of the analyst as a real person are the basis for subsequent identifications resulting in changes in the self. I disagree with his characterization of the material as representing an idealizing transference. I believe it is better understood as an example of an alter ego or twinship transference. His material demonstrates the crucial role of the analyst as a self-object in the transference, rather than as a real person. The hypothesis that a patient changes as a result of identification with the analyst suggests possible countertransference pitfalls: a rationalized expression of the analyst's unconscious archaic fantasies or the enhancement of the analyst's self-esteem. The perception of such identifications could reflect the personal experience of the analysand who seeks to acquire the characteristics of the training analyst, or they could be apparent rather than real, the result of other therapeutic factors. Dr. Dorpat's paper provides an excellent opportunity  for consideration of these issues, but, at present, such introjection-internalization sequences cannot be accepted as scientific formulations.", "contents": "Four questions. A discussion of \"Introjection and the Idealizing Transference\". A discussion of \"introjection and the Idealizing Transference\" by Theodore L. Dorpat, M.D. The analysis of a patient with a narcissistic disorder is the basis for Dr. Dorpat's thesis that introjections (i.e., object representations) of the analyst as a real person are the basis for subsequent identifications resulting in changes in the self. I disagree with his characterization of the material as representing an idealizing transference. I believe it is better understood as an example of an alter ego or twinship transference. His material demonstrates the crucial role of the analyst as a self-object in the transference, rather than as a real person. The hypothesis that a patient changes as a result of identification with the analyst suggests possible countertransference pitfalls: a rationalized expression of the analyst's unconscious archaic fantasies or the enhancement of the analyst's self-esteem. The perception of such identifications could reflect the personal experience of the analysand who seeks to acquire the characteristics of the training analyst, or they could be apparent rather than real, the result of other therapeutic factors. Dr. Dorpat's paper provides an excellent opportunity  for consideration of these issues, but, at present, such introjection-internalization sequences cannot be accepted as scientific formulations.", "PMID": 738831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3714", "title": "Projective identification and maternal impingment.", "content": "A discussion of \"A Developmental View of Identification Resulting from Maternal Impingement\" by Thomas H. Ogden, M.D. Dr. Ogden has tried to integrate two very different Kleinian formulations about (1) early infant development and (2) adult mental relationships (both called projective identification) with Winnicott's ideas about the ways in which any mother introduces her own version of consensual reality to her infant and influences the qualities of the infant's first, and forever basic, mental relationship (called impingement). I will use his report to demonstrate some clinical disadvantages and distortions of the psychoanalytic theory of human development which I believe are inherent in these two technical terms.", "contents": "Projective identification and maternal impingment. A discussion of \"A Developmental View of Identification Resulting from Maternal Impingement\" by Thomas H. Ogden, M.D. Dr. Ogden has tried to integrate two very different Kleinian formulations about (1) early infant development and (2) adult mental relationships (both called projective identification) with Winnicott's ideas about the ways in which any mother introduces her own version of consensual reality to her infant and influences the qualities of the infant's first, and forever basic, mental relationship (called impingement). I will use his report to demonstrate some clinical disadvantages and distortions of the psychoanalytic theory of human development which I believe are inherent in these two technical terms.", "PMID": 738829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3715", "title": "Unconscious symbiotic fantasy: a ubiquitous therapeutic agent.", "content": "Evidence is presented that supports the proposition that the deliberate or inadvertent activation of unconscious fantasies of symbiotic gratification can have an ameliorative effect on psychopathology of various kinds. The evidence includes (1) clinically based reports scattered in the psychoanalytic literature on the role of symbiotic gratification in everyday living, in nonanalytic therapies viewed as effecting transference improvements, in meditation, in group activity therapies, and in psychoanalytic treatment, and (2) data from a large number of laboratory experiments coonducted with double-blind procedures and other stringent investigatory controls. In addition to providing powerful support for the clinically derived proposition, the laboratory results allow for extending that proposition and for a more precise delineation of the fantasy that produces symptom amelioration, which when expressed in its verbal form, is most often conveyed by the words Mommy and I are one.", "contents": "Unconscious symbiotic fantasy: a ubiquitous therapeutic agent. Evidence is presented that supports the proposition that the deliberate or inadvertent activation of unconscious fantasies of symbiotic gratification can have an ameliorative effect on psychopathology of various kinds. The evidence includes (1) clinically based reports scattered in the psychoanalytic literature on the role of symbiotic gratification in everyday living, in nonanalytic therapies viewed as effecting transference improvements, in meditation, in group activity therapies, and in psychoanalytic treatment, and (2) data from a large number of laboratory experiments coonducted with double-blind procedures and other stringent investigatory controls. In addition to providing powerful support for the clinically derived proposition, the laboratory results allow for extending that proposition and for a more precise delineation of the fantasy that produces symptom amelioration, which when expressed in its verbal form, is most often conveyed by the words Mommy and I are one.", "PMID": 738832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3716", "title": "On the verification of psychoanalytic concepts by extraclinical techniques.", "content": "A discussion of \"Unconscious Symbiotic Fantasy: A Ubiquitous Therapeutic Agent\" by Lloyd H. Silverman, Ph.D. Extraclinical research on propositions derived from the psychoanalytic process are useful and complementary. The rigor of statistical, reproducible experimental approaches adds strength to analytic knowledge. Caution is recommended, however, in interpreting results, because each method has its own natural yield and significance. The effect of stimulating unconscious symbiotic fantasies as inferred from clinical settings and transferred to an experimental model might be examined from the standpoint of situational and propositional homology, adequacy of methods of verification, experimental bias, and interpretation of the results. Dr. Silverman and his colleague's work is discussed from the vantage points outlined.", "contents": "On the verification of psychoanalytic concepts by extraclinical techniques. A discussion of \"Unconscious Symbiotic Fantasy: A Ubiquitous Therapeutic Agent\" by Lloyd H. Silverman, Ph.D. Extraclinical research on propositions derived from the psychoanalytic process are useful and complementary. The rigor of statistical, reproducible experimental approaches adds strength to analytic knowledge. Caution is recommended, however, in interpreting results, because each method has its own natural yield and significance. The effect of stimulating unconscious symbiotic fantasies as inferred from clinical settings and transferred to an experimental model might be examined from the standpoint of situational and propositional homology, adequacy of methods of verification, experimental bias, and interpretation of the results. Dr. Silverman and his colleague's work is discussed from the vantage points outlined.", "PMID": 738833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3717", "title": "An hypothesis about heroin addiction, murder, prostitution, and suicide: acting out parenting conflicts.", "content": "From interviews with forty subjects, we have developed a preliminary hypothesis which can be refined and deepened and then tested by psychotherapeutic investigation. These murderers, prostitutes, heroin addicts and successful suicides all demonstrated various aspects of difficulty with their capacity for reciprocal tenderness. This arose from their experiences of exploitation and derprivation with their own parents. Their unique characteristics included primitive rage, insatiable demands and capacity for unconflicted manipulation. These characteristics colored the expression of their intrapsychic conflict between the wish to parent successfully and the fear of perpetrating their own childhood experiences upon their children.", "contents": "An hypothesis about heroin addiction, murder, prostitution, and suicide: acting out parenting conflicts. From interviews with forty subjects, we have developed a preliminary hypothesis which can be refined and deepened and then tested by psychotherapeutic investigation. These murderers, prostitutes, heroin addicts and successful suicides all demonstrated various aspects of difficulty with their capacity for reciprocal tenderness. This arose from their experiences of exploitation and derprivation with their own parents. Their unique characteristics included primitive rage, insatiable demands and capacity for unconflicted manipulation. These characteristics colored the expression of their intrapsychic conflict between the wish to parent successfully and the fear of perpetrating their own childhood experiences upon their children.", "PMID": 738834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3718", "title": "The analytic introject and ego development.", "content": "A discussion of \"Introjection and the Idealizing Transference\" by Theodore L. Dorpat, M.D. Ego defects during analysis can be converted into defensive adaptations and then become legitimate analytic material. Two clinical vignettes of patients suffering from an inability to maintain mental representations without reinforcement from external percepts are presented. These patients suffered from an inability to internalize experiences with the outer world and external objects. The resulting ego impoverishment was experienced as tormenting feelings of inadequacy and helpless vulnerability. In treatment, these feelings caused the analyst to feel the same hopelessness the patient did. The analyst, once he regained the analytic composure to view all of the patient's productions in terms of their transference potential and adaptive significance, became a synthesizing force. His presence, in essence, held the patient together. The patient gradually was enable to internalize the analyst as a unifying modality and form an analytic introject. The formation of analytic introject is the outcome of specific clinical interactions. The author discusses the interplay of counter-transference frustration and structuralizing interpretations, even what might be considered wrong interpretations, and stresses the various factors during treatment involved in the acquisition of psychic structure in a particular clinical context.", "contents": "The analytic introject and ego development. A discussion of \"Introjection and the Idealizing Transference\" by Theodore L. Dorpat, M.D. Ego defects during analysis can be converted into defensive adaptations and then become legitimate analytic material. Two clinical vignettes of patients suffering from an inability to maintain mental representations without reinforcement from external percepts are presented. These patients suffered from an inability to internalize experiences with the outer world and external objects. The resulting ego impoverishment was experienced as tormenting feelings of inadequacy and helpless vulnerability. In treatment, these feelings caused the analyst to feel the same hopelessness the patient did. The analyst, once he regained the analytic composure to view all of the patient's productions in terms of their transference potential and adaptive significance, became a synthesizing force. His presence, in essence, held the patient together. The patient gradually was enable to internalize the analyst as a unifying modality and form an analytic introject. The formation of analytic introject is the outcome of specific clinical interactions. The author discusses the interplay of counter-transference frustration and structuralizing interpretations, even what might be considered wrong interpretations, and stresses the various factors during treatment involved in the acquisition of psychic structure in a particular clinical context.", "PMID": 738835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3719", "title": "Morphometric study of the reversibility of testicle alterations in rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "In a previous paper, Lamano Carvalho et al. [4] demonstrated that administration of excess vitamin A doses to adult rats causes decreased testicle mass, focal lesions in the seminal tubule epithelium, and reduction in the relative volume of interstitial tissue and in the nuclear volumes of Leydig cells. The hypervitaminotic animals also showed alterations in the rhythm of spermatogenesis and reduced hypophysary LH levels. In order to determine the possible reversibility of these alterations, the authors allowed the hypervitaminotic animals to recover for 50 or 100 days. After both recovery periods. the focal lesions in the germinal epithelium were still unreversed. On the other hand, the nuclear volume of Leydig cells and the rhythm of spermatogenesis, as well as hypophysary LH levels reverted to normal during the 50 day recovery period.", "contents": "Morphometric study of the reversibility of testicle alterations in rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A. In a previous paper, Lamano Carvalho et al. [4] demonstrated that administration of excess vitamin A doses to adult rats causes decreased testicle mass, focal lesions in the seminal tubule epithelium, and reduction in the relative volume of interstitial tissue and in the nuclear volumes of Leydig cells. The hypervitaminotic animals also showed alterations in the rhythm of spermatogenesis and reduced hypophysary LH levels. In order to determine the possible reversibility of these alterations, the authors allowed the hypervitaminotic animals to recover for 50 or 100 days. After both recovery periods. the focal lesions in the germinal epithelium were still unreversed. On the other hand, the nuclear volume of Leydig cells and the rhythm of spermatogenesis, as well as hypophysary LH levels reverted to normal during the 50 day recovery period.", "PMID": 738845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3720", "title": "The effect of supplemental vitamin E on vitamin A serum levels in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Effects of the ingestion of vitamin E with vitamin A on the serum levels of these vitamins and the urinary creatine to creatinine ratios of 18 children with cystic fibrosis disease of the pancreas (CF) was studied. After the daily ingestion for two months of a specially prepared capsule containing 5000 IU vitamin A palmitate and 100 mg d alpha-tocopherol acetate in aqueous dispersible form there was a significant increase in vitamin A as well as vitamin E levels of serum taken 3 1/2 hr postprandially. Creatine to creatinine ratios in single voiding of urine decreased.", "contents": "The effect of supplemental vitamin E on vitamin A serum levels in cystic fibrosis. Effects of the ingestion of vitamin E with vitamin A on the serum levels of these vitamins and the urinary creatine to creatinine ratios of 18 children with cystic fibrosis disease of the pancreas (CF) was studied. After the daily ingestion for two months of a specially prepared capsule containing 5000 IU vitamin A palmitate and 100 mg d alpha-tocopherol acetate in aqueous dispersible form there was a significant increase in vitamin A as well as vitamin E levels of serum taken 3 1/2 hr postprandially. Creatine to creatinine ratios in single voiding of urine decreased.", "PMID": 738846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3721", "title": "[The vitamin B 1 nutritional status of the pregnant rat and its litter as a function of dietary thiamine supply].", "content": "Influence of the dietary supply in thiamine on the vitamin nutritional status of the gestating female rat and of the litter. Four groups of gestating female rats were fed diet containing respectively 2, 4, 6, 8 mg of thiamine par kg. In every group, urinary excretion of thiamine was found to be stable up to the 16th day of gestation and then to decrease markedly during the 5 last days. This result and those concerning the changes in vitamin excretion, as related to the dietary intake, support the hypothesis that thiamine requirement is strongly higher at the end of the gestating period. On the other hand, measurements of thiamine concentration in tissues show that, when thiamine is given in suboptimal quantity, it is priorly fixed by the foetus at the expense of the maternal organs particulary of the liver.", "contents": "[The vitamin B 1 nutritional status of the pregnant rat and its litter as a function of dietary thiamine supply]. Influence of the dietary supply in thiamine on the vitamin nutritional status of the gestating female rat and of the litter. Four groups of gestating female rats were fed diet containing respectively 2, 4, 6, 8 mg of thiamine par kg. In every group, urinary excretion of thiamine was found to be stable up to the 16th day of gestation and then to decrease markedly during the 5 last days. This result and those concerning the changes in vitamin excretion, as related to the dietary intake, support the hypothesis that thiamine requirement is strongly higher at the end of the gestating period. On the other hand, measurements of thiamine concentration in tissues show that, when thiamine is given in suboptimal quantity, it is priorly fixed by the foetus at the expense of the maternal organs particulary of the liver.", "PMID": 738847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3722", "title": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy.", "content": "The vitamin B6 nutriture was determined during pregnancy beginning at month II until term by means of determination of pyridoxal phosphate in serum of 16 healthy pregnant women. During pregnancy, a biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency occurs gradually. The most significant decrease of pyridoxal phosphate parallels the time of most intensive growth and energy retention of the fetus. Vitamin B6 nutriture of mothers at the onset of pregnancy as well as the decrease of pyridoxal phosphate during pregnancy are in a positive correlation with birth weight of newborns. The most important mechanism leading to maternal vitamin B6 deficiency seems to be the active diaplacental transport of pyridoxal phosphate from mother to fetus. A vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy is necessary.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy. The vitamin B6 nutriture was determined during pregnancy beginning at month II until term by means of determination of pyridoxal phosphate in serum of 16 healthy pregnant women. During pregnancy, a biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency occurs gradually. The most significant decrease of pyridoxal phosphate parallels the time of most intensive growth and energy retention of the fetus. Vitamin B6 nutriture of mothers at the onset of pregnancy as well as the decrease of pyridoxal phosphate during pregnancy are in a positive correlation with birth weight of newborns. The most important mechanism leading to maternal vitamin B6 deficiency seems to be the active diaplacental transport of pyridoxal phosphate from mother to fetus. A vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy is necessary.", "PMID": 738848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3723", "title": "Stereological composition of the liver of biotin deficient and control chicks.", "content": "In an ultrastructural and stereological study the livers of 28-day-old chicks, fed either a biotin-deficient or a supplemented diet, were investigated. The biotin-deficient chicks showed the known dermal lesions and were significantly retarded in growth. About 30% less hepatocytic nuclei per unit volume liver were found in the deficient chicks than in the controls. In biotin deficiency mainly the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the mitochondria were affected. RER was diminished in volume and surface density, whereas in mitochondria only the surface densities of the outer and inner membrane were reduced. The reduction of RER is in agreement with the known reduction of protein synthesis in biotin deficiency.", "contents": "Stereological composition of the liver of biotin deficient and control chicks. In an ultrastructural and stereological study the livers of 28-day-old chicks, fed either a biotin-deficient or a supplemented diet, were investigated. The biotin-deficient chicks showed the known dermal lesions and were significantly retarded in growth. About 30% less hepatocytic nuclei per unit volume liver were found in the deficient chicks than in the controls. In biotin deficiency mainly the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the mitochondria were affected. RER was diminished in volume and surface density, whereas in mitochondria only the surface densities of the outer and inner membrane were reduced. The reduction of RER is in agreement with the known reduction of protein synthesis in biotin deficiency.", "PMID": 738849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3724", "title": "Intestinal ascorbic acid transport following diets of high or low ascorbic acid content.", "content": "Active transport of ascorbic acid in ileum is mediated by a carrier mechanism at the brush border membrane. This mechanism may show compensatory changes in activity in response to alterations of dietary ascorbic acid content. The unidirectional influx of ascorbic acid across the brush border into epithelial cells of guinea pig ileum was determined in vitro. Influx was significantly reduced in scorbutic animals and following 14 or 28 days of high doses (5 or 25 times normal) of ascorbic acid. The transport rate was reduced by intramuscular administration of ascorbic acid, suggesting that the transport mechanism may respond to circulating levels of the vitamin.", "contents": "Intestinal ascorbic acid transport following diets of high or low ascorbic acid content. Active transport of ascorbic acid in ileum is mediated by a carrier mechanism at the brush border membrane. This mechanism may show compensatory changes in activity in response to alterations of dietary ascorbic acid content. The unidirectional influx of ascorbic acid across the brush border into epithelial cells of guinea pig ileum was determined in vitro. Influx was significantly reduced in scorbutic animals and following 14 or 28 days of high doses (5 or 25 times normal) of ascorbic acid. The transport rate was reduced by intramuscular administration of ascorbic acid, suggesting that the transport mechanism may respond to circulating levels of the vitamin.", "PMID": 738851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3725", "title": "Vitamin C value of fruit mixture containing fresh orange juice.", "content": "A 70--80% decrease in the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) level was found in a mixture of fresh orange juice, apple, and banana prepared under aerobic conditions as compared with the level present in identical quantities of each individual ingredient. Since it was determined that this decrease was caused mainly by the presence of the banana, we suggest that the latter not be added to fresh orange juice which serves as an important source of vitamin C for infants.", "contents": "Vitamin C value of fruit mixture containing fresh orange juice. A 70--80% decrease in the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) level was found in a mixture of fresh orange juice, apple, and banana prepared under aerobic conditions as compared with the level present in identical quantities of each individual ingredient. Since it was determined that this decrease was caused mainly by the presence of the banana, we suggest that the latter not be added to fresh orange juice which serves as an important source of vitamin C for infants.", "PMID": 738852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3726", "title": "[Biochemical and hematological measures for determination of folate status in humans. 1. Relation between serum folate and segmentation of neutrophil granulocytes].", "content": "In a study on 130 student volunteers the segmentation of neutrophil granulocytes was measured. The serum folate concentration was used as biochemical reference. Both parameters indicate the state of folate supply or the degree of folate deficiency, respectively. Considering the haematologic response as an objective criterion only 71% of the examines showed an adequate folate status. 11% were found \"deficient\" and 18% were in a marginal state of folate supply. This result was confirmed by repeating the experiment. Further studies are to include folate concentration of erythrocytes and urine concentration of formiminoglutamic acid.", "contents": "[Biochemical and hematological measures for determination of folate status in humans. 1. Relation between serum folate and segmentation of neutrophil granulocytes]. In a study on 130 student volunteers the segmentation of neutrophil granulocytes was measured. The serum folate concentration was used as biochemical reference. Both parameters indicate the state of folate supply or the degree of folate deficiency, respectively. Considering the haematologic response as an objective criterion only 71% of the examines showed an adequate folate status. 11% were found \"deficient\" and 18% were in a marginal state of folate supply. This result was confirmed by repeating the experiment. Further studies are to include folate concentration of erythrocytes and urine concentration of formiminoglutamic acid.", "PMID": 738853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3727", "title": "[Biochemical and hematological measures for determination of folate status in humans. 2. Comparative determination of folate in blood and in erythrocytes].", "content": "Criteria to judge the folate supply have been evaluated in previous studies. The present study is examining parameters to estimate the degree of folate deficiency. Serum folate levels and erythrocyte folate concentrations were measured in 116 volunteers (patients). The erythrocyte folate is to a large extend independent of exterior supply and is lowered only in severe chronic deficiency. Low levels of erythrocyte folate indicate longstanding undersupply. Our experiments show that folate concentration of greater than 250 ng per ml erythrocytes indicate adequate supply. Concentrations below this limit are characteristic for chronic folate deficiency. To confirm this statement further studies will take into account the urine concentration of formiminoglutamic acid.", "contents": "[Biochemical and hematological measures for determination of folate status in humans. 2. Comparative determination of folate in blood and in erythrocytes]. Criteria to judge the folate supply have been evaluated in previous studies. The present study is examining parameters to estimate the degree of folate deficiency. Serum folate levels and erythrocyte folate concentrations were measured in 116 volunteers (patients). The erythrocyte folate is to a large extend independent of exterior supply and is lowered only in severe chronic deficiency. Low levels of erythrocyte folate indicate longstanding undersupply. Our experiments show that folate concentration of greater than 250 ng per ml erythrocytes indicate adequate supply. Concentrations below this limit are characteristic for chronic folate deficiency. To confirm this statement further studies will take into account the urine concentration of formiminoglutamic acid.", "PMID": 738854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3728", "title": "Chromium status of the aged.", "content": "Plasma chromium levels in the aged ranged from 0.5--22.1 ng/ml and revealed no relationship with serum cholesterol or fasting blood glucose levels. Plasma chromium values showed no consistent relationship with age and were not affected by sex.", "contents": "Chromium status of the aged. Plasma chromium levels in the aged ranged from 0.5--22.1 ng/ml and revealed no relationship with serum cholesterol or fasting blood glucose levels. Plasma chromium values showed no consistent relationship with age and were not affected by sex.", "PMID": 738855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3729", "title": "Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on the oxidoreductase activity of human blood cells and certain chemical properties of saliva and serum.", "content": "The effect of xylitol on the activity of certain oxidoreductases of human granulocytes, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The effect of xylitol consumption on certain chemical properties of serum and whole saliva was also investigated. Short-term peroral administration of 0.6 g xylitol or glucose per kg body weight and day had a similar effect on leucocyte peroxidase levels. 0.07-0.2 M xylitol and glucose did not differ in their effects on leucocyte peroxidase levels in vitro either. Peroral administration of xylitol increased the whole saliva lactoperoxidase levels compared to glucose administration, but the differences were not significant. The results suggested that although the consumption of xylitol may under certain circumstances increase the peroxidatic capacity of saliva, that of leucocytes is not significantly affected.", "contents": "Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on the oxidoreductase activity of human blood cells and certain chemical properties of saliva and serum. The effect of xylitol on the activity of certain oxidoreductases of human granulocytes, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The effect of xylitol consumption on certain chemical properties of serum and whole saliva was also investigated. Short-term peroral administration of 0.6 g xylitol or glucose per kg body weight and day had a similar effect on leucocyte peroxidase levels. 0.07-0.2 M xylitol and glucose did not differ in their effects on leucocyte peroxidase levels in vitro either. Peroral administration of xylitol increased the whole saliva lactoperoxidase levels compared to glucose administration, but the differences were not significant. The results suggested that although the consumption of xylitol may under certain circumstances increase the peroxidatic capacity of saliva, that of leucocytes is not significantly affected.", "PMID": 738856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3730", "title": "Effect of adjuvant-arthritis on collagen metabolism.", "content": "In albino rats with adjuvant arthritis, the metabolism of skin collagen was studied. This skin samples were taken from 21 to 49 days after the injection of Freund's adjuvant. Glycine-1-C14 was given 5h before sacrifice of the animals. The analyses of skins showed that compared to uninflammed skins, the adjuvant arthritis group had an increase in neutral-salt soluble collagen and acid soluble collagen contents. But the total and insoluble collagen contents were found to be decreased. The incorporation of C14 glycine into skin collagen and the free glycine content of skins were also decreased. There was no significant change in the total nitrogen, RNA and DNA contents of skins. The analyses of urine at weekly intervals showed an increased value of urinary total, free and non-dialysable hydroxyproline in arthritic group. The results suggest that there is an alteration in the metabolism of collagen.", "contents": "Effect of adjuvant-arthritis on collagen metabolism. In albino rats with adjuvant arthritis, the metabolism of skin collagen was studied. This skin samples were taken from 21 to 49 days after the injection of Freund's adjuvant. Glycine-1-C14 was given 5h before sacrifice of the animals. The analyses of skins showed that compared to uninflammed skins, the adjuvant arthritis group had an increase in neutral-salt soluble collagen and acid soluble collagen contents. But the total and insoluble collagen contents were found to be decreased. The incorporation of C14 glycine into skin collagen and the free glycine content of skins were also decreased. There was no significant change in the total nitrogen, RNA and DNA contents of skins. The analyses of urine at weekly intervals showed an increased value of urinary total, free and non-dialysable hydroxyproline in arthritic group. The results suggest that there is an alteration in the metabolism of collagen.", "PMID": 738857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3731", "title": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of di- and polyamines in human urine.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of di- and polyamines in human urine has been developed. The di- and polyamines have been extracted from standard solutions or from urine by a butanolic method modified to improve its sensitivity in relation to the low concentration of the amines in human normal urine. The quantitation is controlled by using two internal standards: 1,6-diaminohexane for Putrescine and Cadaverine, l-ephedrine for Spermidine and Spermine. Distilled water was the final solvent injected into the GLC column and the detector response was linear between 5 and 100 ng.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of di- and polyamines in human urine. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of di- and polyamines in human urine has been developed. The di- and polyamines have been extracted from standard solutions or from urine by a butanolic method modified to improve its sensitivity in relation to the low concentration of the amines in human normal urine. The quantitation is controlled by using two internal standards: 1,6-diaminohexane for Putrescine and Cadaverine, l-ephedrine for Spermidine and Spermine. Distilled water was the final solvent injected into the GLC column and the detector response was linear between 5 and 100 ng.", "PMID": 738858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3732", "title": "The relation between therapy and herpes zoster in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The rate of occurrence of herpes zoster (HZ) was analyzed by the life table method in 108 Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients, diagnosed and treated during the years 1969 to 1976. Three groups, divided according to the degree of severity of the disease, were compared. The cumulative rate of occurrence of HZ at the end of the third year after diagnosis was higher in the group with intermediately extensive disease than in that with the most extensive disease (35 vs. 23%), but the difference was not significant. At the end of the fifth year, the rate was almost identical in both groups (35.3 and 35.6%, respectively). The group with the least severe form of HD had a very low HZ rate (2.2%), which was significantly different from the other two groups and close to the rate reported for normal populations. The five-year mortality rate was 0.0, 20.3 and 40.6%, respectively, in the three groups. These findings were interpreted to mean that in more advanced stages of HD, therapy and not the severity of the disease is the main factor determining the incidence of HZ. Extended field irradiation followed by a few courses of combined chemotherapy appear to have an effect similar to that of prolonged chemotherapy.", "contents": "The relation between therapy and herpes zoster in Hodgkin's disease. The rate of occurrence of herpes zoster (HZ) was analyzed by the life table method in 108 Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients, diagnosed and treated during the years 1969 to 1976. Three groups, divided according to the degree of severity of the disease, were compared. The cumulative rate of occurrence of HZ at the end of the third year after diagnosis was higher in the group with intermediately extensive disease than in that with the most extensive disease (35 vs. 23%), but the difference was not significant. At the end of the fifth year, the rate was almost identical in both groups (35.3 and 35.6%, respectively). The group with the least severe form of HD had a very low HZ rate (2.2%), which was significantly different from the other two groups and close to the rate reported for normal populations. The five-year mortality rate was 0.0, 20.3 and 40.6%, respectively, in the three groups. These findings were interpreted to mean that in more advanced stages of HD, therapy and not the severity of the disease is the main factor determining the incidence of HZ. Extended field irradiation followed by a few courses of combined chemotherapy appear to have an effect similar to that of prolonged chemotherapy.", "PMID": 738866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3733", "title": "Hodgkin's disease of the lung.", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings in 16 patients with Hodgkin's disease involving the lung are reviewed. Lung involvement was evident at initial presentation in 11 patients and appeared during the course of the disease in five patients. All the patients had hilar as well as mediastinal lymphadenopathy; most of them--14 of 16--had the nodular sclerosis type of the disease. Patients with these combined findings are apparently more likely to develop lung lesions. Seven of the 11 patients with lung involvement at presentation were symptomatic and received combined chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy. The lung lesions responded completely in 10 of the 11 patients, and in one they cleared slowly after more than a year of treatment. The question remains open as to whether an asymptomatic patient in the high-risk group, as described above, should receive either adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the lung on the prophylactic basis. Our own policy is to add chemotherapy as an adjuvant to female patients and to males who have children.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease of the lung. The clinical and radiological findings in 16 patients with Hodgkin's disease involving the lung are reviewed. Lung involvement was evident at initial presentation in 11 patients and appeared during the course of the disease in five patients. All the patients had hilar as well as mediastinal lymphadenopathy; most of them--14 of 16--had the nodular sclerosis type of the disease. Patients with these combined findings are apparently more likely to develop lung lesions. Seven of the 11 patients with lung involvement at presentation were symptomatic and received combined chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy. The lung lesions responded completely in 10 of the 11 patients, and in one they cleared slowly after more than a year of treatment. The question remains open as to whether an asymptomatic patient in the high-risk group, as described above, should receive either adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the lung on the prophylactic basis. Our own policy is to add chemotherapy as an adjuvant to female patients and to males who have children.", "PMID": 738867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3734", "title": "Effect of alloxan and insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "8 and 24 hours after alloxan administration, diabetic rat brain shows decreased glycogen content, significantly increased FDP, triose phosphates, pyruvate and lactate levels, a large rise in glucose and a 27% activation of anaerobic lactate production from glycogen. 48 hours after alloxan administration there is a recovery of glycogen and a fall in lactate levels. ATP and AMP levels are unchanged 8 and 24 hours after alloxan administration but the former is increased and the latter decreased 48 hours posttreatment. Insulin given to rats 8 hours after alloxan treatment reverses glycogen, FDP, triose phosphates, pyruvate and lactate levels seen in the diabetic rat brain. In addition the increament in glucose is reduced by half and the rate of anaerobic lactate formation from glycogen is restored to control values. G-6-P levels, unaffected by alloxan or insulin alone, are significantly lowered in animals which received insulin after alloxan. Phosphorylase, HK, PFK, ALD, GAPDH, PK, LDH and Glycogen synthetase activities are not modified in rat brain by administration of alloxan or insulin or both.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan and insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in rat brain. 8 and 24 hours after alloxan administration, diabetic rat brain shows decreased glycogen content, significantly increased FDP, triose phosphates, pyruvate and lactate levels, a large rise in glucose and a 27% activation of anaerobic lactate production from glycogen. 48 hours after alloxan administration there is a recovery of glycogen and a fall in lactate levels. ATP and AMP levels are unchanged 8 and 24 hours after alloxan administration but the former is increased and the latter decreased 48 hours posttreatment. Insulin given to rats 8 hours after alloxan treatment reverses glycogen, FDP, triose phosphates, pyruvate and lactate levels seen in the diabetic rat brain. In addition the increament in glucose is reduced by half and the rate of anaerobic lactate formation from glycogen is restored to control values. G-6-P levels, unaffected by alloxan or insulin alone, are significantly lowered in animals which received insulin after alloxan. Phosphorylase, HK, PFK, ALD, GAPDH, PK, LDH and Glycogen synthetase activities are not modified in rat brain by administration of alloxan or insulin or both.", "PMID": 738860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3735", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in Israel, 1970--73: evaluation of laboratory data.", "content": "Sera from 7,506 patients were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by the Sabin-Feldman dye test and the results were analyzed according to antibody level, by reason for referral, age and sex. Low antibody levels (less than 1:256) were found in 24.7% and significant titers (greater than or equal to 1:256), in 9.96%. The highest prevalence of significant antibody titers was in patients with lymphadenopathy (15.4%). The prevalence of significant titers was high in the age range of 5 to 19 years, whereas the prevalence of low titers rose with age. Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 29% of a control group of 554 apparently healthy adult women, but only in 2.7% was the titer significant.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in Israel, 1970--73: evaluation of laboratory data. Sera from 7,506 patients were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by the Sabin-Feldman dye test and the results were analyzed according to antibody level, by reason for referral, age and sex. Low antibody levels (less than 1:256) were found in 24.7% and significant titers (greater than or equal to 1:256), in 9.96%. The highest prevalence of significant antibody titers was in patients with lymphadenopathy (15.4%). The prevalence of significant titers was high in the age range of 5 to 19 years, whereas the prevalence of low titers rose with age. Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 29% of a control group of 554 apparently healthy adult women, but only in 2.7% was the titer significant.", "PMID": 738868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3736", "title": "Fractionation of brain cytosoluble glycoproteins by hydroxylapatite-cellulose gel column chromatography.", "content": "A simple, rapid and reproducible procedure for fractionation of cytosoluble glycoproteins from calf brain has been developed.  1) The main steps of this procedure were ammonium sulphate fractionation and column chromatography on hydroxylapatite-cellulose gel, six well defined different subfractions being finally obtained. 2) Subfractions, I, II and III were the richest in carbohydrate (15-35 microgram/mg protein) and in N-acetylneuraminic acid; subfraction IV the poorest in carbohydrate; subfractions V and VI the richest in mannose; subfraction VI the richest in fucose. All subfractions contained glucose. The different subfractions had very similar aminoacid composition. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of proteins and glycoproteins contained in the different subfractions was different and indicated a certain degree of heterogeneity. 3) The contamination by gangliosides of the first three subfractions was appreciably low and ranged within 1.5-6% (in terms of ganglioside bound NeuNac/glycoprotein bound NenNAC). Subfractions IV, V and VI, the poorest in protein linked carbohydrates, carried higher ganglioside contamination.", "contents": "Fractionation of brain cytosoluble glycoproteins by hydroxylapatite-cellulose gel column chromatography. A simple, rapid and reproducible procedure for fractionation of cytosoluble glycoproteins from calf brain has been developed.  1) The main steps of this procedure were ammonium sulphate fractionation and column chromatography on hydroxylapatite-cellulose gel, six well defined different subfractions being finally obtained. 2) Subfractions, I, II and III were the richest in carbohydrate (15-35 microgram/mg protein) and in N-acetylneuraminic acid; subfraction IV the poorest in carbohydrate; subfractions V and VI the richest in mannose; subfraction VI the richest in fucose. All subfractions contained glucose. The different subfractions had very similar aminoacid composition. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of proteins and glycoproteins contained in the different subfractions was different and indicated a certain degree of heterogeneity. 3) The contamination by gangliosides of the first three subfractions was appreciably low and ranged within 1.5-6% (in terms of ganglioside bound NeuNac/glycoprotein bound NenNAC). Subfractions IV, V and VI, the poorest in protein linked carbohydrates, carried higher ganglioside contamination.", "PMID": 738862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3737", "title": "Isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica from clinical cases in Northern Israel.", "content": "Bacteriologic data and some clinical and epidemiologic aspects concerning 53 clinical cases associated with Yersinia enterocolitica are described. This is the first published report of human cases of Y. enterocolitica infection in Israel. Seventy-eight isolates of Y. enterocolitica were obtained from stool cultures of these cases, with 94% on SS agar plates. The isolation of the organism, including its differentiation from related bacteria, is discussed. In 88% of 50 cases, the organisms were of serotype 0:3, biotype 4, phage type VIII and in 12%, serotype 0:1, 2a, 3, biotype 3, phage type XI. Sensitivity in vitro to antibacterial drugs and evaluation of the serologic diagnosis are also considered. With two exceptions, all 53 patients had acute enteritis, clinically similar to shigellosis. The cases came from towns and villages throughout northern Israel and were detected from July 1976 to November 1977. Children under five years of age were 76%  of the cases. Five cases appeared in two small institutional outbreaks. It is suggested that infection probably occurs in other parts of the country as well, and that difficulty in laboratory diagnosis is the reason for the lack of reported cases.", "contents": "Isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica from clinical cases in Northern Israel. Bacteriologic data and some clinical and epidemiologic aspects concerning 53 clinical cases associated with Yersinia enterocolitica are described. This is the first published report of human cases of Y. enterocolitica infection in Israel. Seventy-eight isolates of Y. enterocolitica were obtained from stool cultures of these cases, with 94% on SS agar plates. The isolation of the organism, including its differentiation from related bacteria, is discussed. In 88% of 50 cases, the organisms were of serotype 0:3, biotype 4, phage type VIII and in 12%, serotype 0:1, 2a, 3, biotype 3, phage type XI. Sensitivity in vitro to antibacterial drugs and evaluation of the serologic diagnosis are also considered. With two exceptions, all 53 patients had acute enteritis, clinically similar to shigellosis. The cases came from towns and villages throughout northern Israel and were detected from July 1976 to November 1977. Children under five years of age were 76%  of the cases. Five cases appeared in two small institutional outbreaks. It is suggested that infection probably occurs in other parts of the country as well, and that difficulty in laboratory diagnosis is the reason for the lack of reported cases.", "PMID": 738869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3738", "title": "Time dependent changes induced by external perturbations on a low molecular weight RNA.", "content": "The behaviour of a soluble RNA (MW 19,000) extracted from calf thymus was studied in a partially aqueous solvent. A mixture of dioxane and an aqueous solution of 50 mM NaCl (10:1) was used to dissolve the RNA and the slow optical changes of the solution depending on time and RNA concentration were followed. The relaxation of the RNA was measured after a T-jump in the dioxane-NaCl solvent with an addition of 7 mM methyl red at 470 nm. The relaxation time was measured after experiments carried out with different RNA concentration and the rate process appears to be independent of the RNA concentration.", "contents": "Time dependent changes induced by external perturbations on a low molecular weight RNA. The behaviour of a soluble RNA (MW 19,000) extracted from calf thymus was studied in a partially aqueous solvent. A mixture of dioxane and an aqueous solution of 50 mM NaCl (10:1) was used to dissolve the RNA and the slow optical changes of the solution depending on time and RNA concentration were followed. The relaxation of the RNA was measured after a T-jump in the dioxane-NaCl solvent with an addition of 7 mM methyl red at 470 nm. The relaxation time was measured after experiments carried out with different RNA concentration and the rate process appears to be independent of the RNA concentration.", "PMID": 738859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3739", "title": "Experience in reimplantation of amputated digits.", "content": "Reimplantation was attempted in 24 of 30 amputated fingers in 16 patients; 17 attempts were successful. The indications for surgery, the operative technique postoperative complications and results are discussed. It should be stressed that revival of the amputated digits does not necessarily mean functional success, and a careful evaluation of the results is needed. Organization of the reimplantation service is very important for achieving better results in this branch of surgery.", "contents": "Experience in reimplantation of amputated digits. Reimplantation was attempted in 24 of 30 amputated fingers in 16 patients; 17 attempts were successful. The indications for surgery, the operative technique postoperative complications and results are discussed. It should be stressed that revival of the amputated digits does not necessarily mean functional success, and a careful evaluation of the results is needed. Organization of the reimplantation service is very important for achieving better results in this branch of surgery.", "PMID": 738870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3740", "title": "Purification of renal rat kallikrein and chemical relations with urinary rat kallikrein.", "content": "A highly purified kallikrein from rat kidney was obtained by a multi-step purification procedure including gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on Whatman CM-32 and DE-32 celluloses and Sephadex G-100 superfine. Molecular weight of 40,000 was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. On the purified enzyme the aminoacid analysis was determined. Some chemical differences between renal kallikrein and the most abundant rat urinary kallikrein were illustrated.", "contents": "Purification of renal rat kallikrein and chemical relations with urinary rat kallikrein. A highly purified kallikrein from rat kidney was obtained by a multi-step purification procedure including gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on Whatman CM-32 and DE-32 celluloses and Sephadex G-100 superfine. Molecular weight of 40,000 was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. On the purified enzyme the aminoacid analysis was determined. Some chemical differences between renal kallikrein and the most abundant rat urinary kallikrein were illustrated.", "PMID": 738861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3741", "title": "Demand for general practitioner and internist services.", "content": "Demand equations for general-practitioner and internist visits were estimated from 1970 CHAS-NORC survey data on health-service utilization and expenditure. Because a large proportion of respondents reported zero visits, observations were grouped according to cross-classified independent variables and regression analyses were performed using group means as data. The results showed significant differences between demand equations for general-practitioner visits and those for internist visits. Of potential importance was an apparent substitution of internists for general practitioners as ability to pay (income or insurance coverage) increased. Own-price elasticities were low for both general practitioners and internists but were even lower for the latter (0.1 to 0.02) than the former (0.2 to 0.3). The demand for services of the two specialties also differed with respect to disability days, age, sex, residence, and race.", "contents": "Demand for general practitioner and internist services. Demand equations for general-practitioner and internist visits were estimated from 1970 CHAS-NORC survey data on health-service utilization and expenditure. Because a large proportion of respondents reported zero visits, observations were grouped according to cross-classified independent variables and regression analyses were performed using group means as data. The results showed significant differences between demand equations for general-practitioner visits and those for internist visits. Of potential importance was an apparent substitution of internists for general practitioners as ability to pay (income or insurance coverage) increased. Own-price elasticities were low for both general practitioners and internists but were even lower for the latter (0.1 to 0.02) than the former (0.2 to 0.3). The demand for services of the two specialties also differed with respect to disability days, age, sex, residence, and race.", "PMID": 738894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3742", "title": "Insurance coverage and access: implications for health policy.", "content": "Data are presented from a recent survey of the United States population comparing the characteristics and levels of access to medical care of persons under 65 years who have group or individual private health insurance, public health insurance, or no third-party coverage. The uninsured group appeared to fall between the privately insured and publicly insured groups on measures of social and economic status. Persons with publicly subsidized forms of insurance coverage utilized services at the highest rates, and uninsured persons used them at the lowest rates. Neither of these groups was as satisfied with the convenience or the quality of the care it obtained as the privately insured group. Implications of these findings for national health insurance and other health policy initiatives are discussed.", "contents": "Insurance coverage and access: implications for health policy. Data are presented from a recent survey of the United States population comparing the characteristics and levels of access to medical care of persons under 65 years who have group or individual private health insurance, public health insurance, or no third-party coverage. The uninsured group appeared to fall between the privately insured and publicly insured groups on measures of social and economic status. Persons with publicly subsidized forms of insurance coverage utilized services at the highest rates, and uninsured persons used them at the lowest rates. Neither of these groups was as satisfied with the convenience or the quality of the care it obtained as the privately insured group. Implications of these findings for national health insurance and other health policy initiatives are discussed.", "PMID": 738895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3743", "title": "A model for regional obstetric bed planning.", "content": "Utilization of obstetric beds is often inefficient because of the randomness inherent in the occurrence of births. In an effort to increase efficiency, obstetric units admit certain types of nonobstetric patients when beds are available. However, legal and practical restrictions on such admissions make it difficult to estimate the potential increase in efficiency. A stochastic model was developed to forecast the allocation of nonobstetric patient days to the OB unit and to predict the effect of such allocations on demand for obstetric beds as well as beds in other units of the hospital. The model was tested with data from six hospitals, and its possible use in decisions on the merger of units and decertification of beds was explored.", "contents": "A model for regional obstetric bed planning. Utilization of obstetric beds is often inefficient because of the randomness inherent in the occurrence of births. In an effort to increase efficiency, obstetric units admit certain types of nonobstetric patients when beds are available. However, legal and practical restrictions on such admissions make it difficult to estimate the potential increase in efficiency. A stochastic model was developed to forecast the allocation of nonobstetric patient days to the OB unit and to predict the effect of such allocations on demand for obstetric beds as well as beds in other units of the hospital. The model was tested with data from six hospitals, and its possible use in decisions on the merger of units and decertification of beds was explored.", "PMID": 738896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3744", "title": "Predicting the response time of an urban ambulance system.", "content": "Response time, i.e., the time from dispatch of an ambulance to its arrival at the scene of an emergency, is an important measure of performance in an urban ambulance system. We developed a model that predicts the entire distribution of response time, explicitly accounting for the rate and spatial distribution of demand, variable ambulance velocities, and queueing effects. We tested the model using data sampled from 3,936 ambulance runs in Houston and achieved close agreement between empirical and predicted distributions of response time. Our use of probability theory to predict response times yielded a model that complements those previously reported for planning and evaluating urban ambulance systems.", "contents": "Predicting the response time of an urban ambulance system. Response time, i.e., the time from dispatch of an ambulance to its arrival at the scene of an emergency, is an important measure of performance in an urban ambulance system. We developed a model that predicts the entire distribution of response time, explicitly accounting for the rate and spatial distribution of demand, variable ambulance velocities, and queueing effects. We tested the model using data sampled from 3,936 ambulance runs in Houston and achieved close agreement between empirical and predicted distributions of response time. Our use of probability theory to predict response times yielded a model that complements those previously reported for planning and evaluating urban ambulance systems.", "PMID": 738897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3745", "title": "Hereditary fructose intolerance in early childhood: a major diagnostic challenge. Survey of 20 symptomatic cases.", "content": "Twenty infants and young children with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) were admitted to hospital. None was diagnosed at admission. Referals were for vomiting of unknown aetiology (16X), pyloric stenosis or hiatus hernia (5X), toxic condition (3X), and hepatomegaly of unknown origin (5X). Feeding difficulties (20X), vomiting (18X), and failure to thrive (16X) were leading symptoms. The most frequent clinical findings were hepatomegaly (18X), pallor (14X), haemorrhages (13X). Ascites, oliguria, tachypnoea, fever, splenomegaly and rickets were less frequent. Laboratory findings were indicative of disturbed hepatic and renal tubular function and also of disturbed intermediary metabolism (hypokaliaemia, hypophosphataemia). However, hypoglycaemia was found in only 4 out of 15 patients tested. Differential diagnosis after hospital admission centered on metabolic disorders such as glycogenoses, galactosaemia, tyrosinosis, or Wilson's disease. Hepatitis, toxic hepatosis, liver tumour, intrauterine infection and sepsis were also considered. Eleven children had first ingested fructose within the first 6 weeks of life. The diagnosis was usually established only many weeks or months after first fructose intake and appearance of symptoms. This documents how difficult the diagnosis of this disease can be both in practice and in hospital. The course was severe in 11 children and lethal in 4. In only 5 patients was the course mild. The 16 survivors are doing well under fructose-exclusion diet. Irreversible visual impairment after intraocular haemorrhage occurred once. In each case HFI could have been suspected immediately, had a detailed nutritional history been taken. Practising paediatricians should know the composition of commonly used infant formulae. They should never prescribe sugared condensed milk for intractable vomiting prior to excluding HFI. Solution for intravenous infusion containing fructose and sorbitol are life-threatening for undiagnosed HFI patients.", "contents": "Hereditary fructose intolerance in early childhood: a major diagnostic challenge. Survey of 20 symptomatic cases. Twenty infants and young children with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) were admitted to hospital. None was diagnosed at admission. Referals were for vomiting of unknown aetiology (16X), pyloric stenosis or hiatus hernia (5X), toxic condition (3X), and hepatomegaly of unknown origin (5X). Feeding difficulties (20X), vomiting (18X), and failure to thrive (16X) were leading symptoms. The most frequent clinical findings were hepatomegaly (18X), pallor (14X), haemorrhages (13X). Ascites, oliguria, tachypnoea, fever, splenomegaly and rickets were less frequent. Laboratory findings were indicative of disturbed hepatic and renal tubular function and also of disturbed intermediary metabolism (hypokaliaemia, hypophosphataemia). However, hypoglycaemia was found in only 4 out of 15 patients tested. Differential diagnosis after hospital admission centered on metabolic disorders such as glycogenoses, galactosaemia, tyrosinosis, or Wilson's disease. Hepatitis, toxic hepatosis, liver tumour, intrauterine infection and sepsis were also considered. Eleven children had first ingested fructose within the first 6 weeks of life. The diagnosis was usually established only many weeks or months after first fructose intake and appearance of symptoms. This documents how difficult the diagnosis of this disease can be both in practice and in hospital. The course was severe in 11 children and lethal in 4. In only 5 patients was the course mild. The 16 survivors are doing well under fructose-exclusion diet. Irreversible visual impairment after intraocular haemorrhage occurred once. In each case HFI could have been suspected immediately, had a detailed nutritional history been taken. Practising paediatricians should know the composition of commonly used infant formulae. They should never prescribe sugared condensed milk for intractable vomiting prior to excluding HFI. Solution for intravenous infusion containing fructose and sorbitol are life-threatening for undiagnosed HFI patients.", "PMID": 738900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3746", "title": "Low serum somatomedin activity in celiac disease. A misleading aspect in growth failure from asymptomatic celiac disease.", "content": "In 4 children with celiac disease, aged 7 months to 11 years, serum somatomedin activities (SMA) were consistently low: less than 0.40 U/ml (N greater than 0.50 U/ml). Basal plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were not elevated and increased normally under arginine-insulin stimulation in 3 patients. Human GH administration at a dosage which usually determines an increase of serum SMA in children with GH deficiency (4 mg/day/2 days) did not modify significantly the low serum SMA. However, in 1 child a clear-cut increase of serum SMA (0.22-0.82 U/ml) was noted under a higher dosage of human GH (8 mg/day/2 days). In 3 patients serum SMA was studied 3 weeks to 4 months after starting the gluten-free diet and was found to be normal. A limitation of the somatomedin generation unrelated to a deficit in GH secretion and probably resistant to GH appears therefore to be present in celiac disease. The rapid normalization of serum SMA under gluten-free diet suggests that the low serum SMA is induced through some unknown hormonal or metabolic signal by the protein malabsorption and/or the nutritional deficiency present in celiac disease.", "contents": "Low serum somatomedin activity in celiac disease. A misleading aspect in growth failure from asymptomatic celiac disease. In 4 children with celiac disease, aged 7 months to 11 years, serum somatomedin activities (SMA) were consistently low: less than 0.40 U/ml (N greater than 0.50 U/ml). Basal plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were not elevated and increased normally under arginine-insulin stimulation in 3 patients. Human GH administration at a dosage which usually determines an increase of serum SMA in children with GH deficiency (4 mg/day/2 days) did not modify significantly the low serum SMA. However, in 1 child a clear-cut increase of serum SMA (0.22-0.82 U/ml) was noted under a higher dosage of human GH (8 mg/day/2 days). In 3 patients serum SMA was studied 3 weeks to 4 months after starting the gluten-free diet and was found to be normal. A limitation of the somatomedin generation unrelated to a deficit in GH secretion and probably resistant to GH appears therefore to be present in celiac disease. The rapid normalization of serum SMA under gluten-free diet suggests that the low serum SMA is induced through some unknown hormonal or metabolic signal by the protein malabsorption and/or the nutritional deficiency present in celiac disease.", "PMID": 738901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3747", "title": "Further studies on lymphocyte beta-glucuronidase abnormality in cystic fibrosis. Possible relations to carboxypeptidase B-like activity.", "content": "The presence in the serum of both cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygotes and heterozygotes of a factor inhibiting the response of lymphocyte lysosome beta-glucuronidase activity to in vitro phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation is confirmed. Studying lymphocyte beta-glucuronidase activity on PHA stimulation represents a way to confirm CF diagnosis and to screen CF heterozygotes. For technical complexity, however, the method cannot be used for mass screening, but it can be useful for confirming the diagnosis in suspected cases. Relationships between serum factor inhibiting the effect of PHA on beta-glucuronidase, ciliary dyskinesia factor and carboxypeptidase B-like activity are discussed.", "contents": "Further studies on lymphocyte beta-glucuronidase abnormality in cystic fibrosis. Possible relations to carboxypeptidase B-like activity. The presence in the serum of both cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygotes and heterozygotes of a factor inhibiting the response of lymphocyte lysosome beta-glucuronidase activity to in vitro phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation is confirmed. Studying lymphocyte beta-glucuronidase activity on PHA stimulation represents a way to confirm CF diagnosis and to screen CF heterozygotes. For technical complexity, however, the method cannot be used for mass screening, but it can be useful for confirming the diagnosis in suspected cases. Relationships between serum factor inhibiting the effect of PHA on beta-glucuronidase, ciliary dyskinesia factor and carboxypeptidase B-like activity are discussed.", "PMID": 738902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3748", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia in childhood cirrhosis.", "content": "Circulating insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay in ten children with cirrhosis of the liver and in 6 age-matched controls. They were found to be elevated in cirrhotics during fasting as well as at 1/2, 1, 1 1/2 and 2 h during the oral glucose tolerance test. These determinations were also carried out in two children with extrahepatic portal hypertension to show the possible role of portal systemic shunts for the elevated serum insulin levels. We believe that the hyperinsulinemia of these patients was related to decreased insulin degradation by the liver as well as to portal-systemic shunting.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia in childhood cirrhosis. Circulating insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay in ten children with cirrhosis of the liver and in 6 age-matched controls. They were found to be elevated in cirrhotics during fasting as well as at 1/2, 1, 1 1/2 and 2 h during the oral glucose tolerance test. These determinations were also carried out in two children with extrahepatic portal hypertension to show the possible role of portal systemic shunts for the elevated serum insulin levels. We believe that the hyperinsulinemia of these patients was related to decreased insulin degradation by the liver as well as to portal-systemic shunting.", "PMID": 738903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3749", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and their relation to the control of juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus were studied over a period of six months. During this time their metabolic control was classified and the relation between the blood concentration of the glycosylated hemoglobins Hb A1a + b + c and the degree of diabetic control was established. 12 out of 37 diabetic children were under good control, whereas 6 patients were poorly controlled. Well controlled children had low concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobins, within the range of non-diabetic subjects. Those under poor control showed an almost twofold increase of the concentration of these minor hemoglobins. Hb A1a + b + c levels of 8 newly diagnosed diabetics were also extremely elevated. Since the hemoglobin-sugar linkage is irreversible, these components remains much longer elevated than the blood glucose itself. It is concluded that the determination of Hb A1a + b + c levels is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the efficiency of diabetic therapy in addition to blood and urinary glucose measurements.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and their relation to the control of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus were studied over a period of six months. During this time their metabolic control was classified and the relation between the blood concentration of the glycosylated hemoglobins Hb A1a + b + c and the degree of diabetic control was established. 12 out of 37 diabetic children were under good control, whereas 6 patients were poorly controlled. Well controlled children had low concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobins, within the range of non-diabetic subjects. Those under poor control showed an almost twofold increase of the concentration of these minor hemoglobins. Hb A1a + b + c levels of 8 newly diagnosed diabetics were also extremely elevated. Since the hemoglobin-sugar linkage is irreversible, these components remains much longer elevated than the blood glucose itself. It is concluded that the determination of Hb A1a + b + c levels is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the efficiency of diabetic therapy in addition to blood and urinary glucose measurements.", "PMID": 738904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3750", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of pseudocroup].", "content": "Based on 14 paediatric case histories we present a hypothesis--to our knowledge for the first time--concerning the role of psychogenetic factors for the occurrence of pseudocroup attacks. Anxieties, insecurity and impaired ability to communicate with each other characterize the relationship of the patient and his mother. The developing independence of the child is hindered. The frightening pseudocroup attack tightens mother and child close together, allows a regression to an early childhood state of mother-child relationship, and demonstrates in a pathological way their interdependence and the dangers of autonomy.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of pseudocroup]. Based on 14 paediatric case histories we present a hypothesis--to our knowledge for the first time--concerning the role of psychogenetic factors for the occurrence of pseudocroup attacks. Anxieties, insecurity and impaired ability to communicate with each other characterize the relationship of the patient and his mother. The developing independence of the child is hindered. The frightening pseudocroup attack tightens mother and child close together, allows a regression to an early childhood state of mother-child relationship, and demonstrates in a pathological way their interdependence and the dangers of autonomy.", "PMID": 738905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3751", "title": "[Isolated right ventricular hypoplasia].", "content": "A 2-day-old female infant was presented with severe cyanosis without cardiac failure. The ECG revealed a normal axis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Chest X-ray examination showed a slightly but uncharacteristically enlarged heart. Cardiac catheterization and angiography showed isolated right ventricular hypoplasia with atrial septal defect. A large right to left shunt at atrial level produced marked systemic arterial desaturation. Up to the age of now nine months the patient remained in good health without cardiac failure. The clinical findings and surgical treatment of this rare malformation are discussed. Differential diagnosis with clinically similar malformations such as tricuspid atresia type 1 B or pulmonary atresia type 1 (with intact ventricular septum) is impossible without angiography.", "contents": "[Isolated right ventricular hypoplasia]. A 2-day-old female infant was presented with severe cyanosis without cardiac failure. The ECG revealed a normal axis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Chest X-ray examination showed a slightly but uncharacteristically enlarged heart. Cardiac catheterization and angiography showed isolated right ventricular hypoplasia with atrial septal defect. A large right to left shunt at atrial level produced marked systemic arterial desaturation. Up to the age of now nine months the patient remained in good health without cardiac failure. The clinical findings and surgical treatment of this rare malformation are discussed. Differential diagnosis with clinically similar malformations such as tricuspid atresia type 1 B or pulmonary atresia type 1 (with intact ventricular septum) is impossible without angiography.", "PMID": 738906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3752", "title": "Calcium-binding sites as determined by electron microscope X-ray microanalysis in the electrocytes of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "Application of the Oschman and Wall technique to slices of non-stimulated electric organs of Torpedo marmorata reveals electron-dense deposits along the uninnervated and innervated membranes and in mitochondria of the electrocytes as well as in synaptic vesicles of the nerve terminals. As identified by X-ray microprobe analysis, the area containing these deposits reveal higher concentrations of calcium than the other probed regions in which they are lacking. The deposits generally occur in the form of rounded corpuscles, of about 10--20 nm in diameter in the plasma membranes to 30 nm in synaptic vesicles. In mitochondria, they can reach 100 nm or more. These results are briefly discussed with regard to previous data concerning calcium involvement in cholinergic transmission and its possible role in ionic regulation of the electrocyte.", "contents": "Calcium-binding sites as determined by electron microscope X-ray microanalysis in the electrocytes of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Application of the Oschman and Wall technique to slices of non-stimulated electric organs of Torpedo marmorata reveals electron-dense deposits along the uninnervated and innervated membranes and in mitochondria of the electrocytes as well as in synaptic vesicles of the nerve terminals. As identified by X-ray microprobe analysis, the area containing these deposits reveal higher concentrations of calcium than the other probed regions in which they are lacking. The deposits generally occur in the form of rounded corpuscles, of about 10--20 nm in diameter in the plasma membranes to 30 nm in synaptic vesicles. In mitochondria, they can reach 100 nm or more. These results are briefly discussed with regard to previous data concerning calcium involvement in cholinergic transmission and its possible role in ionic regulation of the electrocyte.", "PMID": 738907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3753", "title": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography: the in-vacuo coating technique.", "content": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography (FFA) was introduced in 1976 as a new method for electron microscopic autoradiography of diffusible compounds (Fisher and Branton, Rix et al.). With the original technique, the film monolayer was applied to the cold specimen in a cryostat at atmospheric pressure. Coating under these conditions did not exclude the risk of artifacts, mainly due to uncontrolled ice contamination of the cold specimen surface. A new method has been developed for coating the frozen specimen, immediately after replication, in the maintained vacuum of the freeze-fracture unit. Two main components of the new technique are described in detail, a specially designed coating device, and the use of spreading substances, promoting adhesion of the film in vacuo. Using this technique artifacts so far inherent in the FFA method can be eliminated.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography: the in-vacuo coating technique. Freeze-fracture autoradiography (FFA) was introduced in 1976 as a new method for electron microscopic autoradiography of diffusible compounds (Fisher and Branton, Rix et al.). With the original technique, the film monolayer was applied to the cold specimen in a cryostat at atmospheric pressure. Coating under these conditions did not exclude the risk of artifacts, mainly due to uncontrolled ice contamination of the cold specimen surface. A new method has been developed for coating the frozen specimen, immediately after replication, in the maintained vacuum of the freeze-fracture unit. Two main components of the new technique are described in detail, a specially designed coating device, and the use of spreading substances, promoting adhesion of the film in vacuo. Using this technique artifacts so far inherent in the FFA method can be eliminated.", "PMID": 738908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3754", "title": "Intracellular and intramitochondrial binding of lanthanum in dark degenerating midgut cells of a collembolan (insect).", "content": "Lanthanum is known to be a marker of extracellular spaces. Intracellular organelles are always devoid of stain. But dark and damaged cells may be entered by the marker, as studied at the cellular level, using the electron probe X-ray microanalyser. The technique may be used to detect increased permeability at a stage when no fine structural abnormality is discernible.", "contents": "Intracellular and intramitochondrial binding of lanthanum in dark degenerating midgut cells of a collembolan (insect). Lanthanum is known to be a marker of extracellular spaces. Intracellular organelles are always devoid of stain. But dark and damaged cells may be entered by the marker, as studied at the cellular level, using the electron probe X-ray microanalyser. The technique may be used to detect increased permeability at a stage when no fine structural abnormality is discernible.", "PMID": 738909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3755", "title": "Influence of autolysis on rat gastric endocrine cells. Histochemical and electron microscopical study.", "content": "In the present study histochemical parameters of the rat gastric endocrine cells were followed up in the course of 24-h autolysis, and their ultrastructure was studied during autolysis lasting for 60 min. The autolysis occurred at 37 degrees C. In the light microscope, with the histochemical methods applied, only EC, ECL and G cells could be identified during the one-hour autolysis. With the autolysis proceeding for 6 and 12 h, only argyrophil method according to Grimelius (1968) enabled visualization of gastric argyrophilic cells. After 24 h of autolysis, none of the methods applied (not even the Grimelius method) proved to be adequate for successful demonstration of the gastric endocrine cells. In the course of 60-min autolysis, electron microscopic examination provided identification of the EC, ECL, AL, D1, and G cells with the characteristical ultrastructural appearance of granules. The granules of the endocrine cells (G cells included) were found to be considerably resistant to autolysis. The effect of 60-min autolysis did not induce granule \"emiocytosis\" or dissolution of granule content. Autolysis exceeding five minutes resulted in damage of the mitochondria of different degrees and in dilatation of the profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (particularly in G and AL cells). The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the feasibility of in vitro experimental stimulation since the endocrine granules have proved to be resistant to the effects of simultaneously developing autolysis.", "contents": "Influence of autolysis on rat gastric endocrine cells. Histochemical and electron microscopical study. In the present study histochemical parameters of the rat gastric endocrine cells were followed up in the course of 24-h autolysis, and their ultrastructure was studied during autolysis lasting for 60 min. The autolysis occurred at 37 degrees C. In the light microscope, with the histochemical methods applied, only EC, ECL and G cells could be identified during the one-hour autolysis. With the autolysis proceeding for 6 and 12 h, only argyrophil method according to Grimelius (1968) enabled visualization of gastric argyrophilic cells. After 24 h of autolysis, none of the methods applied (not even the Grimelius method) proved to be adequate for successful demonstration of the gastric endocrine cells. In the course of 60-min autolysis, electron microscopic examination provided identification of the EC, ECL, AL, D1, and G cells with the characteristical ultrastructural appearance of granules. The granules of the endocrine cells (G cells included) were found to be considerably resistant to autolysis. The effect of 60-min autolysis did not induce granule \"emiocytosis\" or dissolution of granule content. Autolysis exceeding five minutes resulted in damage of the mitochondria of different degrees and in dilatation of the profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (particularly in G and AL cells). The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the feasibility of in vitro experimental stimulation since the endocrine granules have proved to be resistant to the effects of simultaneously developing autolysis.", "PMID": 738910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3756", "title": "The location of non-specific esterase in human lung macrophages. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The non-specific carboxyl (serine) esterase of the human pulmonary alveolar macrophage was localized ultrastructurally using alpha-naphthyl acetate and hexazotized pararosanilin. The reaction product principally outlined the outer side of the plasma membrane. Consequently, this esterase is an ectoenzyme which may function as mediator of cell response to injurious agents from the outside.", "contents": "The location of non-specific esterase in human lung macrophages. An ultrastructural study. The non-specific carboxyl (serine) esterase of the human pulmonary alveolar macrophage was localized ultrastructurally using alpha-naphthyl acetate and hexazotized pararosanilin. The reaction product principally outlined the outer side of the plasma membrane. Consequently, this esterase is an ectoenzyme which may function as mediator of cell response to injurious agents from the outside.", "PMID": 738911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3757", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the normal and retino-deprived optic tectum of the quail. Light and electron microscopic histochemistry and biochemical determination.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase localization has been studied by electron microscopic histochemistry in the quail optic tectum. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that the different neuronal types in the tectum possess the metabolic pathways for AChE synthesis to different degrees. From the site of synthesis in cell bodies the enzyme spreads towards areas of neuropil. In the neuropil of AChE-rich areas a balance seems to exist between enzyme stored in dendrites (and sometimes axon terminals) and enzyme released into the extracellular spaces. Precise identification of cholinergic synapses by means of AChE localization is in most cases impossible, due to extensive spread of the enzyme through the extracellular compartments of the neuropil. Unilateral ocular ablation causes disappearance of the stratum opticum and decrease in thickness of the superficial tectal layers in the contralateral optic tectum, but only minor modifications in AChE localization. This finding is in agreement with biochemical results which show equivalence of the relative concentration of AChE in the right and left optic tectum 1 or 2 months after ablation of the right eye. The experimental evidence suggests that cholinergic mechanisms are not related to the discharge of retinal afferents on receptive tectal neurons, but more likely to intrinsic neural circuits which might be involved in the modulation of tectal activity.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the normal and retino-deprived optic tectum of the quail. Light and electron microscopic histochemistry and biochemical determination. Acetylcholinesterase localization has been studied by electron microscopic histochemistry in the quail optic tectum. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that the different neuronal types in the tectum possess the metabolic pathways for AChE synthesis to different degrees. From the site of synthesis in cell bodies the enzyme spreads towards areas of neuropil. In the neuropil of AChE-rich areas a balance seems to exist between enzyme stored in dendrites (and sometimes axon terminals) and enzyme released into the extracellular spaces. Precise identification of cholinergic synapses by means of AChE localization is in most cases impossible, due to extensive spread of the enzyme through the extracellular compartments of the neuropil. Unilateral ocular ablation causes disappearance of the stratum opticum and decrease in thickness of the superficial tectal layers in the contralateral optic tectum, but only minor modifications in AChE localization. This finding is in agreement with biochemical results which show equivalence of the relative concentration of AChE in the right and left optic tectum 1 or 2 months after ablation of the right eye. The experimental evidence suggests that cholinergic mechanisms are not related to the discharge of retinal afferents on receptive tectal neurons, but more likely to intrinsic neural circuits which might be involved in the modulation of tectal activity.", "PMID": 738912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3758", "title": "Meldola blue: a new electron carrier for the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases (SDH, LDH, G-6-PDH).", "content": "A new electron carrier, Meldolar Blue (8-dimethylamino-2,3-benzophenoxazine; Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Deutsche Patentschrift P 1959410) was tested for its usefulness in the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenase activity in adrenal cortex, liver, heart muscle of guinea pig and human oviduct and compared with PMS. For demonstrating SDH activity Meldola Blue (MB) is as efficient as PMS. A decisive advantage of MB as compared with PMS is its low sensitivity to light exposure, facilitating direct visualisation of histochemical reaction processes. Generally, a high diffusion rate of reduced electron carriers (PMS and MB) from the section into the incubation medium (PVA) leads to a loss of reduction equivalents, particularly in the demonstration of NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH) with lower TNBT concentrations. However, no inhibition of SDH-, LDH- and G-6-PDH activities was observed with incubation media containing the tested concentrations of PMS and MB.", "contents": "Meldola blue: a new electron carrier for the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases (SDH, LDH, G-6-PDH). A new electron carrier, Meldolar Blue (8-dimethylamino-2,3-benzophenoxazine; Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Deutsche Patentschrift P 1959410) was tested for its usefulness in the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenase activity in adrenal cortex, liver, heart muscle of guinea pig and human oviduct and compared with PMS. For demonstrating SDH activity Meldola Blue (MB) is as efficient as PMS. A decisive advantage of MB as compared with PMS is its low sensitivity to light exposure, facilitating direct visualisation of histochemical reaction processes. Generally, a high diffusion rate of reduced electron carriers (PMS and MB) from the section into the incubation medium (PVA) leads to a loss of reduction equivalents, particularly in the demonstration of NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH) with lower TNBT concentrations. However, no inhibition of SDH-, LDH- and G-6-PDH activities was observed with incubation media containing the tested concentrations of PMS and MB.", "PMID": 738913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3759", "title": "The effect of spatial separation of speech and noise sources on the optimal setting of the master hearing aid.", "content": "The sound fields in which hearing aid evaluations are performed with tests of speech discrimination are far from standardized. This investigation was concerned with the nature of the sound field in terms of separation of speech and noise sources as related to the optimal setting of a master hearing aid as indicated by listener performance scores on tests of speech discrimination in noise. Two sound fields were used in this investigation, one with speech and noise from the same source and another with speech and noise sources separated by 90 degrees and 45 degrees off the axis of the midsagittal plane of the listener. The repeatability of the optimal setting of the master hearing aid from one configuration to the other and the resolution available in each sound field, were of prime interest. The data indicated that the sound field configuration has no bearing on the optimal setting of the master hearing aid. The data did indicate that maximum resolution was available in the case of speech and noise from the same source.", "contents": "The effect of spatial separation of speech and noise sources on the optimal setting of the master hearing aid. The sound fields in which hearing aid evaluations are performed with tests of speech discrimination are far from standardized. This investigation was concerned with the nature of the sound field in terms of separation of speech and noise sources as related to the optimal setting of a master hearing aid as indicated by listener performance scores on tests of speech discrimination in noise. Two sound fields were used in this investigation, one with speech and noise from the same source and another with speech and noise sources separated by 90 degrees and 45 degrees off the axis of the midsagittal plane of the listener. The repeatability of the optimal setting of the master hearing aid from one configuration to the other and the resolution available in each sound field, were of prime interest. The data indicated that the sound field configuration has no bearing on the optimal setting of the master hearing aid. The data did indicate that maximum resolution was available in the case of speech and noise from the same source.", "PMID": 738914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3760", "title": "The use of masking level differences in the identification of children with perceptual problems.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether masking level differences (MLD's) could differentiate between normal children and children with suspected auditory processing problems. MLD's for speech and 500-Hz tones were measured for an experimental group consisting of 24 normal-hearing children suspected of having auditory perceptual dysfunction. Fourteen children with normal auditory processing abilities and 11 normal-hearing adults comprised the control groups. Results indicated that (1) there was no difference between MLD's for \"normal\" children and normal adults; (2) there was no difference between speech MLD's for the two groups of children; however, (3) tonal MLD's for the children with suspected auditory perceptual problems were significantly lower than those for the normal groups. Using a cut-off tonal MLD of 7 dB, 79% of the experimental group were positively identified whereas only 12% of the normals were identified. The tonal MLD can be a strong addition to a central test battery, especially because it can be used with nonverbal children who cannot complete many tests because of limited linguistic skills.", "contents": "The use of masking level differences in the identification of children with perceptual problems. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether masking level differences (MLD's) could differentiate between normal children and children with suspected auditory processing problems. MLD's for speech and 500-Hz tones were measured for an experimental group consisting of 24 normal-hearing children suspected of having auditory perceptual dysfunction. Fourteen children with normal auditory processing abilities and 11 normal-hearing adults comprised the control groups. Results indicated that (1) there was no difference between MLD's for \"normal\" children and normal adults; (2) there was no difference between speech MLD's for the two groups of children; however, (3) tonal MLD's for the children with suspected auditory perceptual problems were significantly lower than those for the normal groups. Using a cut-off tonal MLD of 7 dB, 79% of the experimental group were positively identified whereas only 12% of the normals were identified. The tonal MLD can be a strong addition to a central test battery, especially because it can be used with nonverbal children who cannot complete many tests because of limited linguistic skills.", "PMID": 738915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3761", "title": "Acoustic impedance values in the elderly.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of age on acoustic impedance values in the elderly. Pure tone, otoscopic, and impedance testing were conducted with subjects from 20 to 29, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years of age. Results revealed a slight, but nonsignificant, tendency for static compliance values to decrease with age, suggesting that the use of separate compliance norms for the elderly may not be warranted.", "contents": "Acoustic impedance values in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of age on acoustic impedance values in the elderly. Pure tone, otoscopic, and impedance testing were conducted with subjects from 20 to 29, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years of age. Results revealed a slight, but nonsignificant, tendency for static compliance values to decrease with age, suggesting that the use of separate compliance norms for the elderly may not be warranted.", "PMID": 738916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3762", "title": "Reliability of tympanometric measures obtained with children.", "content": "Conductance and susceptance measurements at probe frequencies of 220 and 660 Hz from eleven children's ears at intervals of 1 min, 10 min, 1 day, and 1 week (7 to 10 days) were obtained utilizing the Grason-Stadler Otoadmittance Meter model 1720. All test-retest correlation coefficients were found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05); therefore, reliability of tympanometric measures using this instrument with children seems to be adequate for clinical use.", "contents": "Reliability of tympanometric measures obtained with children. Conductance and susceptance measurements at probe frequencies of 220 and 660 Hz from eleven children's ears at intervals of 1 min, 10 min, 1 day, and 1 week (7 to 10 days) were obtained utilizing the Grason-Stadler Otoadmittance Meter model 1720. All test-retest correlation coefficients were found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05); therefore, reliability of tympanometric measures using this instrument with children seems to be adequate for clinical use.", "PMID": 738917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3763", "title": "Listener-assessed intelligibility of hearing aid-processed speech.", "content": "The capacity of listeners to yield reliable and valid preferences for hearing aid-processed speech was evaluated by the method of paired comparisons. Discourse by a male talker with General American dialect was processed by five hearing aids under conditions of quiet and a background of multitalker babble. Hearing aid-processed Revised Central Institute for the Deaf Sentences spoken by the same male talker and embedded in the same multitalker background were used as stimuli in establishing criterion intelligibility performance. All stimuli were tape-recorded and delivered via monaural earphone to 90 normal listeners. Test-retest results revealed reliability coefficients of 0.94 and 0.65 on the paired-comparison condition in quiet and in babble, respectively. A low-positive relationship was observed between responses on the two subjective tasks. Essentially negligible correlations were found between subjective preferences on these individual conditions and performance on the sentence task. General conditions are hypothesized under which paired-comparison judgments of intelligibility might be expected to correspond favorably with objective performance.", "contents": "Listener-assessed intelligibility of hearing aid-processed speech. The capacity of listeners to yield reliable and valid preferences for hearing aid-processed speech was evaluated by the method of paired comparisons. Discourse by a male talker with General American dialect was processed by five hearing aids under conditions of quiet and a background of multitalker babble. Hearing aid-processed Revised Central Institute for the Deaf Sentences spoken by the same male talker and embedded in the same multitalker background were used as stimuli in establishing criterion intelligibility performance. All stimuli were tape-recorded and delivered via monaural earphone to 90 normal listeners. Test-retest results revealed reliability coefficients of 0.94 and 0.65 on the paired-comparison condition in quiet and in babble, respectively. A low-positive relationship was observed between responses on the two subjective tasks. Essentially negligible correlations were found between subjective preferences on these individual conditions and performance on the sentence task. General conditions are hypothesized under which paired-comparison judgments of intelligibility might be expected to correspond favorably with objective performance.", "PMID": 738919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3764", "title": "Ventriculostomy for removal of foreign bodies from sarus cranes.", "content": "Of 7 captive sarus cranes (Grus antigone) that ingested foreign metallic objects, 3 became ill, and 1 of the 3 died. Clinical signs included difficulty in standing, sitting on hocks, and diarrhea. A surgical approach was developed, using pigeons as models, to open the gizzard for removal of the foreign bodies. The surgery was performed successfully 3 times on 2 of the cranes that had signs of illness.", "contents": "Ventriculostomy for removal of foreign bodies from sarus cranes. Of 7 captive sarus cranes (Grus antigone) that ingested foreign metallic objects, 3 became ill, and 1 of the 3 died. Clinical signs included difficulty in standing, sitting on hocks, and diarrhea. A surgical approach was developed, using pigeons as models, to open the gizzard for removal of the foreign bodies. The surgery was performed successfully 3 times on 2 of the cranes that had signs of illness.", "PMID": 738925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3765", "title": "The effect of middle ear disorders on noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "Two groups of subjects, 50 noise-exposed and 50 non-noise-exposed, both with unilateral conductive hearing loss, were studied in terms of the amount of conductive hearing loss and difference in the bone conduction thresholds at 4 kHz between the two ears. The results support the hypothesis that middle ear disorders provide the ear some protection from noise-induced hearing loss.", "contents": "The effect of middle ear disorders on noise-induced hearing loss. Two groups of subjects, 50 noise-exposed and 50 non-noise-exposed, both with unilateral conductive hearing loss, were studied in terms of the amount of conductive hearing loss and difference in the bone conduction thresholds at 4 kHz between the two ears. The results support the hypothesis that middle ear disorders provide the ear some protection from noise-induced hearing loss.", "PMID": 738920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3766", "title": "Mycotic keratitis in a reticulated python.", "content": "An adult male python was observed to have an inflamed right eye. After several weeks of antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy, a granulomatous mass was noticed on the cornea. The condition became progressively worse and the eye was enucleated. The histologic diagnosis was granulomatous mycotic keratitis with panophthalmitis.", "contents": "Mycotic keratitis in a reticulated python. An adult male python was observed to have an inflamed right eye. After several weeks of antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy, a granulomatous mass was noticed on the cornea. The condition became progressively worse and the eye was enucleated. The histologic diagnosis was granulomatous mycotic keratitis with panophthalmitis.", "PMID": 738926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3767", "title": "Suspected transportation-associated myopathy in a dolphin.", "content": "A pacific bottle-nosed dolphin became depressed and immobile following 22.5 hours of transportation. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased, suggesting muscle damage. Though a definitive diagnosis was not reached, the condition in the dolphin was similar to that of capture myopathy in wild terrestrial animals.", "contents": "Suspected transportation-associated myopathy in a dolphin. A pacific bottle-nosed dolphin became depressed and immobile following 22.5 hours of transportation. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased, suggesting muscle damage. Though a definitive diagnosis was not reached, the condition in the dolphin was similar to that of capture myopathy in wild terrestrial animals.", "PMID": 738928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3768", "title": "Fibrous osteodystrophy in a wild dolphin.", "content": "Skeletal lesions observed during necropsy of a wild mature male dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were consistent with fibrous osteodystrophy when examined microscopically. The lesions were pronounced in the ribs, scapulae, and pelvis, with no apparent skull or vertebral involvement. Whether the cause was nutritional or nonnutritional was not determined.", "contents": "Fibrous osteodystrophy in a wild dolphin. Skeletal lesions observed during necropsy of a wild mature male dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were consistent with fibrous osteodystrophy when examined microscopically. The lesions were pronounced in the ribs, scapulae, and pelvis, with no apparent skull or vertebral involvement. Whether the cause was nutritional or nonnutritional was not determined.", "PMID": 738929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3769", "title": "Comparison of anesthetic agents in the sea otter.", "content": "Five anesthetic agents (C1744, etorphine, fentanyl, ketamine hydrochloride, and halothane) were tested to establish the dosage of a safe, effective, short-acting anesthetic for use in the sea otter. Etorphine, at a dosage of 0.75 mg per adult otter and used in conjunction with diazepam, at a dosage of 1.25 mg per adult otter, met most of the requirements for use under field conditions. Halothane, administered through an anesthetic machine, proved to be effective for use in a veterinary hospital.", "contents": "Comparison of anesthetic agents in the sea otter. Five anesthetic agents (C1744, etorphine, fentanyl, ketamine hydrochloride, and halothane) were tested to establish the dosage of a safe, effective, short-acting anesthetic for use in the sea otter. Etorphine, at a dosage of 0.75 mg per adult otter and used in conjunction with diazepam, at a dosage of 1.25 mg per adult otter, met most of the requirements for use under field conditions. Halothane, administered through an anesthetic machine, proved to be effective for use in a veterinary hospital.", "PMID": 738930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3770", "title": "Hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: review and recent findings.", "content": "In a 5-year study (1972-1977) of microbial agents isolated from both clinically normal and diseased marine mammals, it was shown that certain disease agents are widespread in a diversity of ocean populations and that some are also transmissible to a number of terrestrial mammal species. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been isolated repeatedly from 2 species of pinnipeds (Zalophus californianus califonianus and Callorhinus ursinus). Some of the more important bacterial pathogens for land mammals that were isolated from wild marine mammals are Pseudomonas mallei, Clostridium chauvoei, C novyi, Neisseria mucosa var heidelbergensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp, and Pasteurella multocida. Numerous serotypes of viruses classified as caliciviruses were isolated from a variety of marine mammals. Some of these are known to infect several land mammal species including swine horses, and primates. For this reason., precautions should be taken to ensure that disease agents shed by captive marine mammals are not transmitted to susceptible terrestrial mammals, including animal handlers and other human beings.", "contents": "Hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: review and recent findings. In a 5-year study (1972-1977) of microbial agents isolated from both clinically normal and diseased marine mammals, it was shown that certain disease agents are widespread in a diversity of ocean populations and that some are also transmissible to a number of terrestrial mammal species. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been isolated repeatedly from 2 species of pinnipeds (Zalophus californianus califonianus and Callorhinus ursinus). Some of the more important bacterial pathogens for land mammals that were isolated from wild marine mammals are Pseudomonas mallei, Clostridium chauvoei, C novyi, Neisseria mucosa var heidelbergensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp, and Pasteurella multocida. Numerous serotypes of viruses classified as caliciviruses were isolated from a variety of marine mammals. Some of these are known to infect several land mammal species including swine horses, and primates. For this reason., precautions should be taken to ensure that disease agents shed by captive marine mammals are not transmitted to susceptible terrestrial mammals, including animal handlers and other human beings.", "PMID": 738931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3771", "title": "Meningoencephalitis secondary to otitis in a gorilla.", "content": "An adult female gorilla died following a 13-day illness and was necropsied. Gross and microscopic findings included a 2-cm straw deep in the external auditory meatus, suppurative otitis media and interna, and suppurative meningoencephalitis. Proteus mirabilis was cultured from the internal acoustic pore.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis secondary to otitis in a gorilla. An adult female gorilla died following a 13-day illness and was necropsied. Gross and microscopic findings included a 2-cm straw deep in the external auditory meatus, suppurative otitis media and interna, and suppurative meningoencephalitis. Proteus mirabilis was cultured from the internal acoustic pore.", "PMID": 738932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3772", "title": "Cesarean delivery in a gorilla.", "content": "A mature lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) in the Los Angeles Zoo had destroyed 3 successive infants. To avoid a recurrence, active intervention was instituted during its 4th pregnancy. The period of gestation was estimated by physical examination, radiography, and amniocentesis. Intrauterine growth was followed by serial ultrasonographic cephalometry. When fetal maturity was achieved, as determined by amniotic fluid phospholipid profile, the fetus was delivered by cesarean section.", "contents": "Cesarean delivery in a gorilla. A mature lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) in the Los Angeles Zoo had destroyed 3 successive infants. To avoid a recurrence, active intervention was instituted during its 4th pregnancy. The period of gestation was estimated by physical examination, radiography, and amniocentesis. Intrauterine growth was followed by serial ultrasonographic cephalometry. When fetal maturity was achieved, as determined by amniotic fluid phospholipid profile, the fetus was delivered by cesarean section.", "PMID": 738933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3773", "title": "Endodontic surgery for treatment of a fistulated molar abscess in an orangutan.", "content": "An adult Bornean orangutan was treated for bacterial labyrinthitis, which was a sequela to a molar abscess and maxillary sinusitis. Antibiotic therapy and endodontic surgery led to complete remission of clinical signs.", "contents": "Endodontic surgery for treatment of a fistulated molar abscess in an orangutan. An adult Bornean orangutan was treated for bacterial labyrinthitis, which was a sequela to a molar abscess and maxillary sinusitis. Antibiotic therapy and endodontic surgery led to complete remission of clinical signs.", "PMID": 738934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3774", "title": "Suppurative arthritis in an infant orangutan.", "content": "A 12-day-old male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) was removed from its mother because of oral ulcers and reluctance to suckle. Close examination revealed ulcerations extended to the mandibular bone. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the oral lesions. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the infection progressed to septicemia, with suppurative arthritis of the left coxofemoral and right radiohumeral joints. Treatment included removal of synovial exudate by aspiration, indwelling drains, and arthrotomy. Antibiotics were administered systemically and by joint irrigation. The infant responded well to the treatment, which lasted for approximately 2 months.", "contents": "Suppurative arthritis in an infant orangutan. A 12-day-old male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) was removed from its mother because of oral ulcers and reluctance to suckle. Close examination revealed ulcerations extended to the mandibular bone. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the oral lesions. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the infection progressed to septicemia, with suppurative arthritis of the left coxofemoral and right radiohumeral joints. Treatment included removal of synovial exudate by aspiration, indwelling drains, and arthrotomy. Antibiotics were administered systemically and by joint irrigation. The infant responded well to the treatment, which lasted for approximately 2 months.", "PMID": 738935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3775", "title": "Cystinuria in a maned wolf.", "content": "A renal calculus composed principally of the amino acid, cystine, was found in an 8-year-old male maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Cystine crystals were found in the urine sediment. The renal clearance of 10 amino acids was abnormal, whereas reabsorption of others was normal. The renal clearance of cystine, lysine, ornithine, and arginine exceeded the filtered load. The renal tubular handling of glucose, phosphate, sodium, potassium, and uric acid was identical to that for the clinically normal dog. These findings indicated an isolated renal tubular defect for cystine and other amino acids.", "contents": "Cystinuria in a maned wolf. A renal calculus composed principally of the amino acid, cystine, was found in an 8-year-old male maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Cystine crystals were found in the urine sediment. The renal clearance of 10 amino acids was abnormal, whereas reabsorption of others was normal. The renal clearance of cystine, lysine, ornithine, and arginine exceeded the filtered load. The renal tubular handling of glucose, phosphate, sodium, potassium, and uric acid was identical to that for the clinically normal dog. These findings indicated an isolated renal tubular defect for cystine and other amino acids.", "PMID": 738937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3776", "title": "Evaluation of xylazine for chemical restraint of captive arctic wolves.", "content": "Xylazine at dosages of 2.7 to 3.9 mg/kg of body weight was administered to 23 captive arctic wolves. The optimal dosage was higher for excited and socialized adults and lower for juveniles than for unexcited unsocialized adults. Mean time to initial effect was 2.5 minutes and mean time to sternal recumbency was 3.7 minutes. Maximal effect was achieved within 15 minutes, with adequate sedation lasting 30 to 60 minutes. Mean recovery time was longer for old (greater than 7-year-old) adults than for young (2- to 3-year-old) ones (2.4 vs 1.7 hours). Induction of and recovery from barbiturate anesthesia was smooth and quiet. Although a few adverse reactions were found, the use of xylazine with physical restraint was an excellent combination for many clinical procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of xylazine for chemical restraint of captive arctic wolves. Xylazine at dosages of 2.7 to 3.9 mg/kg of body weight was administered to 23 captive arctic wolves. The optimal dosage was higher for excited and socialized adults and lower for juveniles than for unexcited unsocialized adults. Mean time to initial effect was 2.5 minutes and mean time to sternal recumbency was 3.7 minutes. Maximal effect was achieved within 15 minutes, with adequate sedation lasting 30 to 60 minutes. Mean recovery time was longer for old (greater than 7-year-old) adults than for young (2- to 3-year-old) ones (2.4 vs 1.7 hours). Induction of and recovery from barbiturate anesthesia was smooth and quiet. Although a few adverse reactions were found, the use of xylazine with physical restraint was an excellent combination for many clinical procedures.", "PMID": 738938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3777", "title": "Capillaria hepatica infection in coyotes of Louisiana.", "content": "Capillaria hepatica infection was diagnosed by histologic examination in 21 of 71 (30%) coyotes in Louisiana. All infected coyotes were at least 1 year old, and most (19 of 21) were more than 2 year years old. Capillaria hepatica was not found in any livers from 31 red foxes and 20 gray foxes examined.", "contents": "Capillaria hepatica infection in coyotes of Louisiana. Capillaria hepatica infection was diagnosed by histologic examination in 21 of 71 (30%) coyotes in Louisiana. All infected coyotes were at least 1 year old, and most (19 of 21) were more than 2 year years old. Capillaria hepatica was not found in any livers from 31 red foxes and 20 gray foxes examined.", "PMID": 738939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3778", "title": "Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in the gray fox.", "content": "Four gray fox became anorectic and developed diarrhea. Their condition worsened until death. Diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and the demonstration of Bacillus piliformis in the liver.", "contents": "Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in the gray fox. Four gray fox became anorectic and developed diarrhea. Their condition worsened until death. Diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and the demonstration of Bacillus piliformis in the liver.", "PMID": 738940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3779", "title": "Chronic frontal sinusitis and osteolysis in desert bighorn sheep.", "content": "Chronic frontal sinusitis and osteolysis in a herd of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) in Zion National Park, Utah, was attributed to bacterial infection secondary to aberrant nasal bot migration. Analysis of skulls and live adult sheep (equal to 1 year old) showed that 9 to 22 animals were affected. One ram and 1 ewe were treated by trephination and irrigation. Treatment was successful for the ewe, but not for the ram. Radiography, thermography, and blood profiles were used in an attempt to find a way to diagnose sinusitis in its early stages; at this point, only thermography shows promise.", "contents": "Chronic frontal sinusitis and osteolysis in desert bighorn sheep. Chronic frontal sinusitis and osteolysis in a herd of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) in Zion National Park, Utah, was attributed to bacterial infection secondary to aberrant nasal bot migration. Analysis of skulls and live adult sheep (equal to 1 year old) showed that 9 to 22 animals were affected. One ram and 1 ewe were treated by trephination and irrigation. Treatment was successful for the ewe, but not for the ram. Radiography, thermography, and blood profiles were used in an attempt to find a way to diagnose sinusitis in its early stages; at this point, only thermography shows promise.", "PMID": 738941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3780", "title": "Brucellosis in feral swine in Florida.", "content": "Serums from 95 feral swine trapped in Glades County, Florida, were tested for brucella antibodies, using the standard tube, card, rivanol, and complement-fixation tests. Fifty (53%) of the animals were seropositive to at least 1 test. The standard tube test detected 98% of the serums positive to any of the 4 procedures. The prevalence of brucella antibodies was significantly lower (P less than 0.0005) in feral swine less than 6 months old than in those greater than or equal to 6 months old. The prevalences by sex were similar. Necropsies were performed on 9 of the feral swine. Brucella suis, biotype 1, was recovered from all 9, with lymph nodes being the tissues most commonly infected. Only the standard tube test detected brucella antibodies in all 9 culture-positive animals.", "contents": "Brucellosis in feral swine in Florida. Serums from 95 feral swine trapped in Glades County, Florida, were tested for brucella antibodies, using the standard tube, card, rivanol, and complement-fixation tests. Fifty (53%) of the animals were seropositive to at least 1 test. The standard tube test detected 98% of the serums positive to any of the 4 procedures. The prevalence of brucella antibodies was significantly lower (P less than 0.0005) in feral swine less than 6 months old than in those greater than or equal to 6 months old. The prevalences by sex were similar. Necropsies were performed on 9 of the feral swine. Brucella suis, biotype 1, was recovered from all 9, with lymph nodes being the tissues most commonly infected. Only the standard tube test detected brucella antibodies in all 9 culture-positive animals.", "PMID": 738942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3781", "title": "Poisoning of palm doves with dibutyltin dilaurate.", "content": "Dibutyltin dilaurate was inadvertently introduced into dairy feed which was consumed by wild palm doves (Streptopelia senegaleniss). About 150 dead and dying doves were found within several days. Extremely high concentrations of tin were found in samples of liver and skeletal muscle in these birds. A sample of the feed, which was found to contain about 2,500 ppm tin, was fed exclusively to 2 normal palm doves. On the 8th day of feeding, one dove died and the other was moribund. High concentrations of tin (27 to 141 ppm) were found in the livers of poisoned birds. Signs of poisoning in both the naturally occurring and experimentally induced poisonings were severe depression and yellow diarrhea.", "contents": "Poisoning of palm doves with dibutyltin dilaurate. Dibutyltin dilaurate was inadvertently introduced into dairy feed which was consumed by wild palm doves (Streptopelia senegaleniss). About 150 dead and dying doves were found within several days. Extremely high concentrations of tin were found in samples of liver and skeletal muscle in these birds. A sample of the feed, which was found to contain about 2,500 ppm tin, was fed exclusively to 2 normal palm doves. On the 8th day of feeding, one dove died and the other was moribund. High concentrations of tin (27 to 141 ppm) were found in the livers of poisoned birds. Signs of poisoning in both the naturally occurring and experimentally induced poisonings were severe depression and yellow diarrhea.", "PMID": 738943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3782", "title": "Systemic fungal infections in cats.", "content": "Pneumonia and ileitis due to Aspergillus spp was diagnosed at necropsy in an adult female cat. In a 2nd cat, Aspergillus spp caused acute focal necrotizing pneumonia. A 3rd cat had severe necrotizing colitis caused by a phycomycete. Two of the cats had clinical signs and pathologic lesion compatible with feline panleukopenia, which probably increase their susceptiblity to fungal infection. The ability of Aspergillus spp and phycomycetes to invade tissue was probably enhance by prolonged treatment of the cats with antibiotics.", "contents": "Systemic fungal infections in cats. Pneumonia and ileitis due to Aspergillus spp was diagnosed at necropsy in an adult female cat. In a 2nd cat, Aspergillus spp caused acute focal necrotizing pneumonia. A 3rd cat had severe necrotizing colitis caused by a phycomycete. Two of the cats had clinical signs and pathologic lesion compatible with feline panleukopenia, which probably increase their susceptiblity to fungal infection. The ability of Aspergillus spp and phycomycetes to invade tissue was probably enhance by prolonged treatment of the cats with antibiotics.", "PMID": 738944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3783", "title": "Pulmonary aspergilloma in a rat.", "content": "Small grayish white nodules were observed in the lungs of a young female rat. Microscopically, the pulmonary nodules were composed of granulomatous tissue and septate branching mycelia. The organism was identified as Aspergillus sp by direct fluorescent antibody technique.", "contents": "Pulmonary aspergilloma in a rat. Small grayish white nodules were observed in the lungs of a young female rat. Microscopically, the pulmonary nodules were composed of granulomatous tissue and septate branching mycelia. The organism was identified as Aspergillus sp by direct fluorescent antibody technique.", "PMID": 738945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3784", "title": "Clinical and pathologic conditions of female nude (athymic) mice in two conventional maintained colonies.", "content": "Two colonies of female outbred nude (athymic) mice were maintained by conventional standards of husbandry, but with special sanitary methods and segregation from other rodents. A total of 1,526 mice entered the colonies. Of these, 802 were untreated and most remained healthy. Necropsies were performed on 312 untreated mice that were sick and were killed or died naturally, and the tissues were examined microscopically. Clinical and pathologic conditions in the untreated mice included subcutaneous abscessation, dermatitis, subcutaneous edema due to glomerulonephritis (nephrotic syndrome), rectal prolapse, and lymphomas and other neoplasms.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic conditions of female nude (athymic) mice in two conventional maintained colonies. Two colonies of female outbred nude (athymic) mice were maintained by conventional standards of husbandry, but with special sanitary methods and segregation from other rodents. A total of 1,526 mice entered the colonies. Of these, 802 were untreated and most remained healthy. Necropsies were performed on 312 untreated mice that were sick and were killed or died naturally, and the tissues were examined microscopically. Clinical and pathologic conditions in the untreated mice included subcutaneous abscessation, dermatitis, subcutaneous edema due to glomerulonephritis (nephrotic syndrome), rectal prolapse, and lymphomas and other neoplasms.", "PMID": 738946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3785", "title": "Production of a novel red pigment, rubrolone, by Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and partial purification.", "content": "A taxonomic study of Streptomyces X-14077 (NRRL 8144), which produces a water-soluble purple-red pigment complex, revealed it to be a new species which has been named Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. The pigment complex was produced in deep culture fermentation and isolated by solvent extraction and concentration. The major pigment component, rubrolone, has low toxicity and may have potential as a food coloring agent. It appears to be devoid of antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Production of a novel red pigment, rubrolone, by Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and partial purification. A taxonomic study of Streptomyces X-14077 (NRRL 8144), which produces a water-soluble purple-red pigment complex, revealed it to be a new species which has been named Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. The pigment complex was produced in deep culture fermentation and isolated by solvent extraction and concentration. The major pigment component, rubrolone, has low toxicity and may have potential as a food coloring agent. It appears to be devoid of antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 738965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3786", "title": "Production of a novel red pigment, rubrolone, by Streptomyces echinoruber Sp. Nov. II. Chemistry and structure elucidation.", "content": "Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. produces several red pigments. The major component, rubrolone, has been identified as 8(R),9(R),10(S),10a(R)-tetrahydro-9,10,10a,11-tetrahydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1-propyl-6aH(S)-pyrano[2\",3\":5',4]furo[2',3':5,6]azuleno[2,3-c]pyridine-5,13-dione (1) by single crystal X-ray analysis of a suitable derivative. A second pigment, B, is probably structurally closely related.", "contents": "Production of a novel red pigment, rubrolone, by Streptomyces echinoruber Sp. Nov. II. Chemistry and structure elucidation. Streptomyces echinoruber sp. nov. produces several red pigments. The major component, rubrolone, has been identified as 8(R),9(R),10(S),10a(R)-tetrahydro-9,10,10a,11-tetrahydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1-propyl-6aH(S)-pyrano[2\",3\":5',4]furo[2',3':5,6]azuleno[2,3-c]pyridine-5,13-dione (1) by single crystal X-ray analysis of a suitable derivative. A second pigment, B, is probably structurally closely related.", "PMID": 738966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3787", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of SCE-963, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs.", "content": "A single dose of 20 mg/kg of SCE-963 [7beta-]2-(aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid] was administered subcutaneously to mice, intramuscularly to rats, rabbits and dogs. Plasma and tissue levels of SCE-963 reached a peak in 15 approximately 30 minutes after administration. In mice, rats and dogs, SCE-963 was distributed at high concentration in the descending order in the kidney, liver, plasma, lung and spleen, and in rabbits, in the kidney, plasma, lung, liver and spleen. The SCE-963 levels in the liver of mice, rats and dogs were higher than those of cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin. The plasma and tissue levels of SCE-963 in mice and rats diminished rapidly, but those in rabbits and dogs declined gradually. SCE-963 was mainly excreted in the urine. The rate of excretion of SCE-963 in the bile was two to three times higher than that of cefazolin.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of SCE-963, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. A single dose of 20 mg/kg of SCE-963 [7beta-]2-(aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid] was administered subcutaneously to mice, intramuscularly to rats, rabbits and dogs. Plasma and tissue levels of SCE-963 reached a peak in 15 approximately 30 minutes after administration. In mice, rats and dogs, SCE-963 was distributed at high concentration in the descending order in the kidney, liver, plasma, lung and spleen, and in rabbits, in the kidney, plasma, lung, liver and spleen. The SCE-963 levels in the liver of mice, rats and dogs were higher than those of cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin. The plasma and tissue levels of SCE-963 in mice and rats diminished rapidly, but those in rabbits and dogs declined gradually. SCE-963 was mainly excreted in the urine. The rate of excretion of SCE-963 in the bile was two to three times higher than that of cefazolin.", "PMID": 738967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3788", "title": "Anaerobic susceptibility tests. Evaluation of the stability of antimicrobials in Wilkens-Chalgren broth and the effect of media prereduction.", "content": "The stability of eight antimicrobial agents in WILKENS-CHALGREN broth was evaluated. The activities of only carbenicillin and benzyl penicillin were significantly decreased after storage for eight weeks at--20 degrees C. Anaerobic reduction of the susceptibility testing broth prior to inoculation was found to be unnecessary.", "contents": "Anaerobic susceptibility tests. Evaluation of the stability of antimicrobials in Wilkens-Chalgren broth and the effect of media prereduction. The stability of eight antimicrobial agents in WILKENS-CHALGREN broth was evaluated. The activities of only carbenicillin and benzyl penicillin were significantly decreased after storage for eight weeks at--20 degrees C. Anaerobic reduction of the susceptibility testing broth prior to inoculation was found to be unnecessary.", "PMID": 738968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3789", "title": "Patient and physician characteristics influencing medical decisions in asthma.", "content": "The present study explores the complex interplay of objective indices of illness-severity and personal characteristics of patients and physicians as they influence judged illness-severity and medical decisions concerning length of hospitalization and intensity of prescribed oral corticosteroids in a chronic asthmatic population. The results indicate that, depending on the physician's personal characteristics, he may: a) confuse his patient's psychological physical distress, resulting in medical judgment and decisions being influenced by patient personality; b) accurately distinguish between psychological physical distress but treat a psychological problem as though it were a medical problem; c) judge and treat the patient's illness objectively, regardless of the patient's personality. These findings stress the importance of expanding the present biomedical model of medicine to include a better appreciation of how social, psychological, and behavioral factors influence the medical decisions about treatment and the resulting outcome.", "contents": "Patient and physician characteristics influencing medical decisions in asthma. The present study explores the complex interplay of objective indices of illness-severity and personal characteristics of patients and physicians as they influence judged illness-severity and medical decisions concerning length of hospitalization and intensity of prescribed oral corticosteroids in a chronic asthmatic population. The results indicate that, depending on the physician's personal characteristics, he may: a) confuse his patient's psychological physical distress, resulting in medical judgment and decisions being influenced by patient personality; b) accurately distinguish between psychological physical distress but treat a psychological problem as though it were a medical problem; c) judge and treat the patient's illness objectively, regardless of the patient's personality. These findings stress the importance of expanding the present biomedical model of medicine to include a better appreciation of how social, psychological, and behavioral factors influence the medical decisions about treatment and the resulting outcome.", "PMID": 738983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3790", "title": "Development of an audiometry data processing system.", "content": "The development was reported of an electronic data processing system of computerized automatic audiometry and of Bekesy audiometry. This system using a microcomputer has the following features: (1) The large amount of data obtained through (a) automatic audiometry, (b) Bekesy audiometry (measurement at fixed or continuous frequency plus test practice, and (c) the Temporal Tone-Decay test can be stored on-line in real time, and are processed and displayed off-line at any time. (2) When retrieved, the output format of these audiometric data is of the same pattern as the conventional audiogram. (3) The output pattern on the CRT graphic display can be hard-copied whenever desired. (4) The system can be operated manually in the same way as the conventional method. (5) The SISI and DL tests can be executed manually and the resultant data keyed into computer storage. And (6) The operation from the data input to the retrieval output is performed interpretively through the CRT display, so that anyone even without special computer or audiological training can operate it at any time.", "contents": "Development of an audiometry data processing system. The development was reported of an electronic data processing system of computerized automatic audiometry and of Bekesy audiometry. This system using a microcomputer has the following features: (1) The large amount of data obtained through (a) automatic audiometry, (b) Bekesy audiometry (measurement at fixed or continuous frequency plus test practice, and (c) the Temporal Tone-Decay test can be stored on-line in real time, and are processed and displayed off-line at any time. (2) When retrieved, the output format of these audiometric data is of the same pattern as the conventional audiogram. (3) The output pattern on the CRT graphic display can be hard-copied whenever desired. (4) The system can be operated manually in the same way as the conventional method. (5) The SISI and DL tests can be executed manually and the resultant data keyed into computer storage. And (6) The operation from the data input to the retrieval output is performed interpretively through the CRT display, so that anyone even without special computer or audiological training can operate it at any time.", "PMID": 738985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3791", "title": "Stimulus factors which influence the perceived externalization of sound presented through headphones.", "content": "Several experimental conditions were arranged to study the influence of binaural difference cues on the externalization of sound. Broadband, high- and low-pass noise bursts were generated in a sound-treated but not echo-free room and tape recorded from electret microphones placed at the entrance to the ear canals in a live model. The tapes were processed in special ways in an attempt to dissociate the binaural differences in time, intensity, and spectrum which normally appear together and congruently when listening to a sound 90 degrees off midline. These variously processed tapes of trains of noise bursts were played back via headphones to 12 normal-hearing Ss; they were asked to estimate the apparent distance of the acoustic image. No significant differences in distance judgments were found among listening conditions which consisted of: (1) interaural differences in time, intensity, and spectrum (i.e., simulating free-field listening); (2) interaural differences in time and spectrum only; and (3) interaural differences in time only. With respect to interaural time differences, it was found in a second experiment with 16 normal-hearing Ss that differences in time of stimulus arrival promoted externalization of sound, since when these were eliminated (leaving only interaural differences in the ongoing aspects of the fine structure of the stimuli) all sounds appeared significantly nearer the head. A consistent finding was that high-pass noise bursts appeared nearer the head than low-pass noise bursts irrespective of the conditions of stimulus presentation.", "contents": "Stimulus factors which influence the perceived externalization of sound presented through headphones. Several experimental conditions were arranged to study the influence of binaural difference cues on the externalization of sound. Broadband, high- and low-pass noise bursts were generated in a sound-treated but not echo-free room and tape recorded from electret microphones placed at the entrance to the ear canals in a live model. The tapes were processed in special ways in an attempt to dissociate the binaural differences in time, intensity, and spectrum which normally appear together and congruently when listening to a sound 90 degrees off midline. These variously processed tapes of trains of noise bursts were played back via headphones to 12 normal-hearing Ss; they were asked to estimate the apparent distance of the acoustic image. No significant differences in distance judgments were found among listening conditions which consisted of: (1) interaural differences in time, intensity, and spectrum (i.e., simulating free-field listening); (2) interaural differences in time and spectrum only; and (3) interaural differences in time only. With respect to interaural time differences, it was found in a second experiment with 16 normal-hearing Ss that differences in time of stimulus arrival promoted externalization of sound, since when these were eliminated (leaving only interaural differences in the ongoing aspects of the fine structure of the stimuli) all sounds appeared significantly nearer the head. A consistent finding was that high-pass noise bursts appeared nearer the head than low-pass noise bursts irrespective of the conditions of stimulus presentation.", "PMID": 738986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3792", "title": "Choice reaction-time of natural speech as affected by adaptation.", "content": "Ss judged a pair of consonants as \"same\" or \"different.\" There were 15 consonant pairs each judged by a separate group of 10 college students. For 5 of the pairs, judgments were preceded by an adaptation exposure to one of the consonants in the pair, at the rate of 1/sec for 2 min. The choice reaction time (CRT) was noted in msec for every response of each S. \"Same\" judgments were uniformly faster. Some support was given for a differential mediation of transient and steady-state acoustic speech cues in short-term storage, as demonstrated by a tendency for fricative consonants to yield faster CRTs than stop consonants. A post-adaptation increase in CRT was demonstrated; however, this effect was general and not selective for the repeated consonant. The implications of this research for theories of speech perception and for further investigation are (1) that the CRT procedure is appropriate for making inferences about the temporal aspects of the acoustic speech storage mechanism, (2) that the CRT and adaptation procedures can be combined to make judgments regarding the neural mechanisms of speech perception, and (3) that there are different memory storage modes for different types of speech information.", "contents": "Choice reaction-time of natural speech as affected by adaptation. Ss judged a pair of consonants as \"same\" or \"different.\" There were 15 consonant pairs each judged by a separate group of 10 college students. For 5 of the pairs, judgments were preceded by an adaptation exposure to one of the consonants in the pair, at the rate of 1/sec for 2 min. The choice reaction time (CRT) was noted in msec for every response of each S. \"Same\" judgments were uniformly faster. Some support was given for a differential mediation of transient and steady-state acoustic speech cues in short-term storage, as demonstrated by a tendency for fricative consonants to yield faster CRTs than stop consonants. A post-adaptation increase in CRT was demonstrated; however, this effect was general and not selective for the repeated consonant. The implications of this research for theories of speech perception and for further investigation are (1) that the CRT procedure is appropriate for making inferences about the temporal aspects of the acoustic speech storage mechanism, (2) that the CRT and adaptation procedures can be combined to make judgments regarding the neural mechanisms of speech perception, and (3) that there are different memory storage modes for different types of speech information.", "PMID": 738987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3793", "title": "Distinctive features for short-term memory of consonants in noise.", "content": "Wickelgren's (1966) short-term memory paradigm was used to investigate distinctive features of consonants in noise; 18 English consonants paired with the vowel /a/ were presented to 3 normal listeners in a CV context. Ss were tested in a quiet sound field at most comfortable listening level in experimental conditions of (1) quiet, (2) speech and noise at 0, (3) --5, and (4) --10 db S/N. Errors in auditory perception were eliminated from the data analysis and only errors in short-term memory recall were used as input to INDSCAL analysis. Results revealed that few errors were made in the quiet condition, but that all the noise conditions had deleterious effects on features.", "contents": "Distinctive features for short-term memory of consonants in noise. Wickelgren's (1966) short-term memory paradigm was used to investigate distinctive features of consonants in noise; 18 English consonants paired with the vowel /a/ were presented to 3 normal listeners in a CV context. Ss were tested in a quiet sound field at most comfortable listening level in experimental conditions of (1) quiet, (2) speech and noise at 0, (3) --5, and (4) --10 db S/N. Errors in auditory perception were eliminated from the data analysis and only errors in short-term memory recall were used as input to INDSCAL analysis. Results revealed that few errors were made in the quiet condition, but that all the noise conditions had deleterious effects on features.", "PMID": 738988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3794", "title": "Hearing threshold for a decaying oscillatory waveform.", "content": "Hearing thresholds for a damped wave signal are measured at 8 frequencies from .35 -- 4 kc/s, and compared with hearing thresholds for pure-tone signals of the same frequencies. Hearing threshold for a damped wave signal is expressed in peak db re 20 uPa. Differences range somewhat irregularly from 8.6 to 19.6 db in favor of pure-tone signals. The difference between both threshold levels is described by a simple model.", "contents": "Hearing threshold for a decaying oscillatory waveform. Hearing thresholds for a damped wave signal are measured at 8 frequencies from .35 -- 4 kc/s, and compared with hearing thresholds for pure-tone signals of the same frequencies. Hearing threshold for a damped wave signal is expressed in peak db re 20 uPa. Differences range somewhat irregularly from 8.6 to 19.6 db in favor of pure-tone signals. The difference between both threshold levels is described by a simple model.", "PMID": 738989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3795", "title": "Purification and enzymatic properties of rat serum carboxylesterase.", "content": "Rat serum carboxylesterase [carboxylic ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1] was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, QAE Sephadex A-50 and brushite, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This purified enzyme was shown to be a single protein band on slab gel electrophoresis and its final specific activity was 49.5 units/mg protein. This enzyme was very sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) but not to p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), eserine, o-iodosobenzoate, NaF or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The pH profile of the reactions catalysed by this enzyme showed broad optimum between pH 6.0 and 8.8. The activity of purified enzyme was not affected by Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ at 1 mM concentration. The molecular weight measured by gel filtration was approximately 84,000 and the isoelectric point was 4.4. The enzymatic properties were not changed by neuraminidase treatment with regard to heat stability, pH optimum, sensitivity to metal ions and inhibitors, and Km values for p-nitrophenylesters of different acyl C-chain length.", "contents": "Purification and enzymatic properties of rat serum carboxylesterase. Rat serum carboxylesterase [carboxylic ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1] was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, QAE Sephadex A-50 and brushite, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This purified enzyme was shown to be a single protein band on slab gel electrophoresis and its final specific activity was 49.5 units/mg protein. This enzyme was very sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) but not to p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), eserine, o-iodosobenzoate, NaF or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The pH profile of the reactions catalysed by this enzyme showed broad optimum between pH 6.0 and 8.8. The activity of purified enzyme was not affected by Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ at 1 mM concentration. The molecular weight measured by gel filtration was approximately 84,000 and the isoelectric point was 4.4. The enzymatic properties were not changed by neuraminidase treatment with regard to heat stability, pH optimum, sensitivity to metal ions and inhibitors, and Km values for p-nitrophenylesters of different acyl C-chain length.", "PMID": 738990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3796", "title": "Inducible effect of colchicine on alkaline phosphatase in rat liver in vivo.", "content": "A single injection of colchicine, 1 mg/kg body weight, remarkably increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase in rat livers, followed by its increase in serum. Combination of bile duct ligation with colchicine administration had an additional effect on the alkaline phosphatase level above those induced by the individual treatments alone. Treatment with cycloheximide significantly inhibited the inducible effect of colchicine on the enzyme suggesting that protein synthesis is prerequisite to the elevation of the alkaline phosphatase caused by colchicine treatment.", "contents": "Inducible effect of colchicine on alkaline phosphatase in rat liver in vivo. A single injection of colchicine, 1 mg/kg body weight, remarkably increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase in rat livers, followed by its increase in serum. Combination of bile duct ligation with colchicine administration had an additional effect on the alkaline phosphatase level above those induced by the individual treatments alone. Treatment with cycloheximide significantly inhibited the inducible effect of colchicine on the enzyme suggesting that protein synthesis is prerequisite to the elevation of the alkaline phosphatase caused by colchicine treatment.", "PMID": 738991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3797", "title": "Simple hydrazidation method for carboxymethyl groups on cross-linked dextran.", "content": "A novel method for the use of CM-Sephadex in affinity chromatography is described. This method involves a carbodiimide-mediated synthesis of a lactone derivative, which is subsequently hydrazinolyzed to CM-Sephadex hydrazide. More than 90% of the carboxyl groups was converted to the hydrazide form by this method without any discernible degradation of the Sephadex beads. The hydrazide beads were further converted to the axide form and coupled with D-arginine and D-phenylalanine derivatives. These Sephadex derivatives contained more than 0.5 mmol of each amino acid per g dry beads and were found to be effective and specific adsorbents for carboxypeptidase B. This CM-Sephadex hydrazide should be useful in affinity chromatography because the resulting specific adsorbents involve stable amide coupling linkages and retain the physical properties of their precursor, Sephadex, which are favorable for column operation.", "contents": "Simple hydrazidation method for carboxymethyl groups on cross-linked dextran. A novel method for the use of CM-Sephadex in affinity chromatography is described. This method involves a carbodiimide-mediated synthesis of a lactone derivative, which is subsequently hydrazinolyzed to CM-Sephadex hydrazide. More than 90% of the carboxyl groups was converted to the hydrazide form by this method without any discernible degradation of the Sephadex beads. The hydrazide beads were further converted to the axide form and coupled with D-arginine and D-phenylalanine derivatives. These Sephadex derivatives contained more than 0.5 mmol of each amino acid per g dry beads and were found to be effective and specific adsorbents for carboxypeptidase B. This CM-Sephadex hydrazide should be useful in affinity chromatography because the resulting specific adsorbents involve stable amide coupling linkages and retain the physical properties of their precursor, Sephadex, which are favorable for column operation.", "PMID": 738992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3798", "title": "Acid phospholipase A1 requiring phospholipids or Triton X-100 in the cytosol of cultured cells.", "content": "A new type of soluble phospholipase A1 [EC 3.1.1.32] was found in the supernatant fraction (cytosol) obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 x g for 90 min of homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose of FL cells and several other cultured cells (L-132 cells, Vero cells, and BEK-1 cells). Phospholipase A1 in FL cell cytosol showed activity only in the presence of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, or certain phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin,  phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, among which phosphatidylinositol was the most active stimulator of the activity. This soluble enzyme in FL cells acted optimally at acidic pH like lysosomal acid phospholipases A1 and A2, which were recovered in the soluble subfraction of the lysosomal fraction. The acid phospholipase A1 in the cytosol was shown to be different from the lysosomal phospholipase A1 on the following counts: (1) the cytosol enzyme showed activity on the addition of phospholipids or Triton X-100, whereas lysosomal phospholipase A1 was present in the active form even in the absence of these activators; (2) no release of the lysosomal acid phosphatase and Triton X-100-independent phospholipase A1 or A2 into the cytosol occurred during cell fractionation; (3) the heat stabilities of these two enzymes as well as the effects of detergents on them were different. Similar Triton X-100-dependent enzyme activity was also found in the cytosol of several rat tissues.", "contents": "Acid phospholipase A1 requiring phospholipids or Triton X-100 in the cytosol of cultured cells. A new type of soluble phospholipase A1 [EC 3.1.1.32] was found in the supernatant fraction (cytosol) obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 x g for 90 min of homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose of FL cells and several other cultured cells (L-132 cells, Vero cells, and BEK-1 cells). Phospholipase A1 in FL cell cytosol showed activity only in the presence of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, or certain phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin,  phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, among which phosphatidylinositol was the most active stimulator of the activity. This soluble enzyme in FL cells acted optimally at acidic pH like lysosomal acid phospholipases A1 and A2, which were recovered in the soluble subfraction of the lysosomal fraction. The acid phospholipase A1 in the cytosol was shown to be different from the lysosomal phospholipase A1 on the following counts: (1) the cytosol enzyme showed activity on the addition of phospholipids or Triton X-100, whereas lysosomal phospholipase A1 was present in the active form even in the absence of these activators; (2) no release of the lysosomal acid phosphatase and Triton X-100-independent phospholipase A1 or A2 into the cytosol occurred during cell fractionation; (3) the heat stabilities of these two enzymes as well as the effects of detergents on them were different. Similar Triton X-100-dependent enzyme activity was also found in the cytosol of several rat tissues.", "PMID": 738993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3799", "title": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. XI. Interaction of 8-substituted FMNH2 with luciferase.", "content": "The interaction of bacterial luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum with reduced flavin was investigated using various 8-substituted FMNH2 analogs. Flavins tested were FMNH2 and FMNH2 substituted at the 8 position with HO-, CH3O-, C2H5O-, Cl-, Br-, I-, H2N-, (CH3)HN-, and (ch3)2n. 8-ch30-, c2h5o-, cl-, and Br-FMNH2 showed luminescent activity in the luciferase reaction with emission peaks at various wavelengths. 8-HO- and I-FMNH2 were competitive inhibitors toward FMNH2 in the luminescent reaction. 8-Amino analogs of FMNH2 showed no luminescent or inhibitor activity. The dissociation constant of the luciferase-FMNH2 analog complex was determined kinetically as a substrate or inhibitor constant. A contribution of the imino group at position 5 in the isoalloxazine ring to the FMNH2 binding to luciferase was suggested by a Hammett plot of the dissociation constants.", "contents": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. XI. Interaction of 8-substituted FMNH2 with luciferase. The interaction of bacterial luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum with reduced flavin was investigated using various 8-substituted FMNH2 analogs. Flavins tested were FMNH2 and FMNH2 substituted at the 8 position with HO-, CH3O-, C2H5O-, Cl-, Br-, I-, H2N-, (CH3)HN-, and (ch3)2n. 8-ch30-, c2h5o-, cl-, and Br-FMNH2 showed luminescent activity in the luciferase reaction with emission peaks at various wavelengths. 8-HO- and I-FMNH2 were competitive inhibitors toward FMNH2 in the luminescent reaction. 8-Amino analogs of FMNH2 showed no luminescent or inhibitor activity. The dissociation constant of the luciferase-FMNH2 analog complex was determined kinetically as a substrate or inhibitor constant. A contribution of the imino group at position 5 in the isoalloxazine ring to the FMNH2 binding to luciferase was suggested by a Hammett plot of the dissociation constants.", "PMID": 738995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3800", "title": "Properties of serum lipase in patients with various pancreatic diseases. Analysis by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method) in combination with gel-filtration and iso-electrofocusing techniques.", "content": "Very low levels of lipase can easily be measured by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method), using BAL-tributyrate (BALB) as a substrate, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a chromogenic SH reagent, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride as an inhibitor of esterases and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. The BALB-DTNB method has a higher sensitivity than the conventional serum lipase assay methods, and proved useful for analyzing the properties of serum lipases in combination with gel-filtration on a Sephacryl S 200 column and isoelectrofocusing in an Ampholine column. Serum samples containing high levels of lipases from patients with pancreatic diseases or patients in whom the pancreatic exocrine gland had been stimulated by injecting caerulein and secretin were analyzed by these methods. The lipolytic profiles obtained indicated the presence of a lipase with an estimated molecular weight of 46,000 and isoelectric points of 7.4, 6.8, or/and 6.4. A lipase with properties similar to those of the serum lipase was found to be present in human pancreatic juice.", "contents": "Properties of serum lipase in patients with various pancreatic diseases. Analysis by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method) in combination with gel-filtration and iso-electrofocusing techniques. Very low levels of lipase can easily be measured by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method), using BAL-tributyrate (BALB) as a substrate, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a chromogenic SH reagent, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride as an inhibitor of esterases and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. The BALB-DTNB method has a higher sensitivity than the conventional serum lipase assay methods, and proved useful for analyzing the properties of serum lipases in combination with gel-filtration on a Sephacryl S 200 column and isoelectrofocusing in an Ampholine column. Serum samples containing high levels of lipases from patients with pancreatic diseases or patients in whom the pancreatic exocrine gland had been stimulated by injecting caerulein and secretin were analyzed by these methods. The lipolytic profiles obtained indicated the presence of a lipase with an estimated molecular weight of 46,000 and isoelectric points of 7.4, 6.8, or/and 6.4. A lipase with properties similar to those of the serum lipase was found to be present in human pancreatic juice.", "PMID": 738996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3801", "title": "Some characteristics of a new glycopeptidase acting on aspartylglycosylamine linkages.", "content": "A new type of glycopeptidase hydrolyzing beta-aspartylglycosylamine linkages was partially purified from almond emulsin by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DE 52. The enzyme degraded stem bromelain glycopeptide, Asn-Asn(Man3,Xyl1,Fuc1,GlcNAc2)-Glu-Ser-Ser, to yield equimolar amounts of intact oligosaccharide, peptide (Asn-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ser), and ammonia. The Km value for the stem bromelain glycopeptide was 4 mM, and the optimum pH was 5.2. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by 10 mM Cu2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+. Thiol inhibitors and actinomycete protease inhibitors had no effect. The glycopeptides used as substrates were prepared from stem bromelain, ovalbumin or ovotransferrin. The enzyme hydrolyzed glycopeptides with 3-11 amino acid residues, whereas it did not hydrolyze glycopeptides with 1-2 amino acid residues. Furthermore, Asn-oligosaccharide was not inhibitory to the enzyme.", "contents": "Some characteristics of a new glycopeptidase acting on aspartylglycosylamine linkages. A new type of glycopeptidase hydrolyzing beta-aspartylglycosylamine linkages was partially purified from almond emulsin by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DE 52. The enzyme degraded stem bromelain glycopeptide, Asn-Asn(Man3,Xyl1,Fuc1,GlcNAc2)-Glu-Ser-Ser, to yield equimolar amounts of intact oligosaccharide, peptide (Asn-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ser), and ammonia. The Km value for the stem bromelain glycopeptide was 4 mM, and the optimum pH was 5.2. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by 10 mM Cu2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+. Thiol inhibitors and actinomycete protease inhibitors had no effect. The glycopeptides used as substrates were prepared from stem bromelain, ovalbumin or ovotransferrin. The enzyme hydrolyzed glycopeptides with 3-11 amino acid residues, whereas it did not hydrolyze glycopeptides with 1-2 amino acid residues. Furthermore, Asn-oligosaccharide was not inhibitory to the enzyme.", "PMID": 738997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3802", "title": "Formation of interchain disulfide bonds in Bence Jones proteins and Fab(t) fragments of immunoglobulin G through thiol-disulfide interchange.", "content": "The formation of interchain disulfide bonds from partially reduced Bence Jones protein (Nag, type lambda) and Fab(t) fragments of IgG1 myeloma proteins was studied in the presence of various disulfide reagents. The results could be well explained in terms of the scheme proposed previously (Kishida et al. (1976) J. Biochem. 79, 91-105). In this scheme, it was assumed that two kinds of intermediate, which form mixed disulfides with either of the paired thiol groups, are produced. For type lambda Bence Jones proteins, only one of the two intermediates can form the inter L-L disulfide bond. The fraction of intermediate having the ability to form the inter L-L disulfide bond was estimated to be 72% of the total Nag protein and was the same irrespective of the kind of disulfide reagent examined. For Fab(t), on the other hand, both intermediates equally can form the inter Fd-L disulfide bond. On the basis of the results with cystamine, it was shown that the formation of an inter Fd-L disulfide bond from the intermediate proceeds about 100 times as rapidly as that of an inter L-L disulfide bond.", "contents": "Formation of interchain disulfide bonds in Bence Jones proteins and Fab(t) fragments of immunoglobulin G through thiol-disulfide interchange. The formation of interchain disulfide bonds from partially reduced Bence Jones protein (Nag, type lambda) and Fab(t) fragments of IgG1 myeloma proteins was studied in the presence of various disulfide reagents. The results could be well explained in terms of the scheme proposed previously (Kishida et al. (1976) J. Biochem. 79, 91-105). In this scheme, it was assumed that two kinds of intermediate, which form mixed disulfides with either of the paired thiol groups, are produced. For type lambda Bence Jones proteins, only one of the two intermediates can form the inter L-L disulfide bond. The fraction of intermediate having the ability to form the inter L-L disulfide bond was estimated to be 72% of the total Nag protein and was the same irrespective of the kind of disulfide reagent examined. For Fab(t), on the other hand, both intermediates equally can form the inter Fd-L disulfide bond. On the basis of the results with cystamine, it was shown that the formation of an inter Fd-L disulfide bond from the intermediate proceeds about 100 times as rapidly as that of an inter L-L disulfide bond.", "PMID": 738998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3803", "title": "Content and composition of the gangliosides of forebrain, brain stem and cerebellum of the rat during normal and restricted growth.", "content": "The effect of undernutrition was studied on the content and composition of the gangliosides of forebrain, brain stem, and cerebellum of Wistar rats. Undernourishment from before birth upto 21 days of age did not produce any significant change in the content of gangliosides in any brain area, but when continued upto 121 days it resulted in a significant decrease of the lipids in each of these brain regions. At this age the different ganglioside fractions were, however, affected differently in the different brain areas. Thus the accumulation of the ganglioside GD1a was most affected in the forebrain, of ganglioside GD1b in the brain stem, and of ganglioside GT1 in the cerebellum. These were the largest fractions of total gangliosides in the respective brain areas at 121 days of age. The results suggest that the brain may be vulnerable to undernourishment at any time when a biochemical process in development of the tissue is in progress.", "contents": "Content and composition of the gangliosides of forebrain, brain stem and cerebellum of the rat during normal and restricted growth. The effect of undernutrition was studied on the content and composition of the gangliosides of forebrain, brain stem, and cerebellum of Wistar rats. Undernourishment from before birth upto 21 days of age did not produce any significant change in the content of gangliosides in any brain area, but when continued upto 121 days it resulted in a significant decrease of the lipids in each of these brain regions. At this age the different ganglioside fractions were, however, affected differently in the different brain areas. Thus the accumulation of the ganglioside GD1a was most affected in the forebrain, of ganglioside GD1b in the brain stem, and of ganglioside GT1 in the cerebellum. These were the largest fractions of total gangliosides in the respective brain areas at 121 days of age. The results suggest that the brain may be vulnerable to undernourishment at any time when a biochemical process in development of the tissue is in progress.", "PMID": 738999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3804", "title": "Determination of sites in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b modified by an adenosine 5'-monophosphate analog, N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyladenosine-5'-phosphate.", "content": "To identify the residues modified by radioactive N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyladenosine-5'-phosphate in phosphorylase b, the peptic peptides of the modified enzyme were purified. Two radioactive peptides were isolated, each of which had a cysteine residue modified. The cysteine residue involved in the AMP site was determined to be cystein-317 and the other eactive cysteine residue was cysteine-171.", "contents": "Determination of sites in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b modified by an adenosine 5'-monophosphate analog, N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyladenosine-5'-phosphate. To identify the residues modified by radioactive N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyladenosine-5'-phosphate in phosphorylase b, the peptic peptides of the modified enzyme were purified. Two radioactive peptides were isolated, each of which had a cysteine residue modified. The cysteine residue involved in the AMP site was determined to be cystein-317 and the other eactive cysteine residue was cysteine-171.", "PMID": 739000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3805", "title": "In vivo effect of androgen and cycloheximide on the RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of rat ventral prostates.", "content": "Castration results in a rapid decrease in the activity of RNA polymerase I (or A) of isolated nuclei of rat prostates. The decrease was mainly ascribed to the diminution in the number of in vivo initiated RNA chains. The \"free form\" activity of the enzyme, however, which was estimated by the use of exogenous template and actinomycin D, increased 24 h after castration, then dropped rapidly. The administration of testosterone to castrated rats caused an increase in the activities of both RNA polymerases I and II (or B), which started 2 h and reached the maximum 12 h after the administration. No initial rise in RNA polymerase II activity was observed during the first 2 h. The administration of cycloheximide to normal rats caused a very rapid decrease of the activity of template-bound RNA polymerase I of isolated prostatic nuclei (t1/2=1.7 h), while the \"free form\" activity of the enzyme did not appreciably change until 3 h. The androgen-stimulated increase in the \"engaged form\" of the RNA polymerase I of isolated nuclei was completely abolished by the administration of cyclohexmide 60 min before killing. Based on the results obtained, the role of protein(s) with a rapid turn-over which is/are androgen-dependent and presumably participating in the control of preibosomal RNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "In vivo effect of androgen and cycloheximide on the RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of rat ventral prostates. Castration results in a rapid decrease in the activity of RNA polymerase I (or A) of isolated nuclei of rat prostates. The decrease was mainly ascribed to the diminution in the number of in vivo initiated RNA chains. The \"free form\" activity of the enzyme, however, which was estimated by the use of exogenous template and actinomycin D, increased 24 h after castration, then dropped rapidly. The administration of testosterone to castrated rats caused an increase in the activities of both RNA polymerases I and II (or B), which started 2 h and reached the maximum 12 h after the administration. No initial rise in RNA polymerase II activity was observed during the first 2 h. The administration of cycloheximide to normal rats caused a very rapid decrease of the activity of template-bound RNA polymerase I of isolated prostatic nuclei (t1/2=1.7 h), while the \"free form\" activity of the enzyme did not appreciably change until 3 h. The androgen-stimulated increase in the \"engaged form\" of the RNA polymerase I of isolated nuclei was completely abolished by the administration of cyclohexmide 60 min before killing. Based on the results obtained, the role of protein(s) with a rapid turn-over which is/are androgen-dependent and presumably participating in the control of preibosomal RNA synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 739001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3806", "title": "Biochemical studies on rat liver Golgi apparatus. IV. Effects of various treatments in vivo on the Golgi apparatus.", "content": "The effects of various treatments in vivo on the intracellular contents of the Golgi apparatus and microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum) in rat liver were studied. Partial hepatectomy increased the content of Golgi apparatus. Laparotmy also increased the content of Golgi apparatus, but to a lesser extent than partial hepatectomy. In contrast, the content of microsomes remained unchanged by these treatments. On the other hand, the plasma seromucoid content was markedly increased by laparotomy, but unchanged by partial hepatectomy. Papain administration also caused an increase in the content of Golgi apparatus. The contents of both organelles were increased by the injection of phenobarbital. These results indicate that the control mechanisms of proliferation of Golgi apparatus are different from those of endoplasmic reticulum. These findings are discussed in relation to the functions of the Golgi apparatus, and it is suggested that  the major function of the organelle at a given time is determined by the major metabolic demands at that time.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on rat liver Golgi apparatus. IV. Effects of various treatments in vivo on the Golgi apparatus. The effects of various treatments in vivo on the intracellular contents of the Golgi apparatus and microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum) in rat liver were studied. Partial hepatectomy increased the content of Golgi apparatus. Laparotmy also increased the content of Golgi apparatus, but to a lesser extent than partial hepatectomy. In contrast, the content of microsomes remained unchanged by these treatments. On the other hand, the plasma seromucoid content was markedly increased by laparotomy, but unchanged by partial hepatectomy. Papain administration also caused an increase in the content of Golgi apparatus. The contents of both organelles were increased by the injection of phenobarbital. These results indicate that the control mechanisms of proliferation of Golgi apparatus are different from those of endoplasmic reticulum. These findings are discussed in relation to the functions of the Golgi apparatus, and it is suggested that  the major function of the organelle at a given time is determined by the major metabolic demands at that time.", "PMID": 739003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3807", "title": "Nature of tryptic attack on cytochrome b5 and further evidence for the two-domain structure of the cytochrome molecule.", "content": "Rabbit cytochrome b5 was incorporated into single-walled phosphatidylcholine liposomes, and the cytochrome b5-liposome complex thus formed was digested with trypsin. Protein chemical characterization indicated that the main products formed were 1) a hydrophilic (heme-containing) fragment of the cytochrome corresponding to the sequence consisting of the masked NH2-terminus through residue 88, 2) a hydrophobic peptide which spans residue 91 to the COOH-terminus (residue 133), and 3) a dipeptide, seryl-lysine, derived from residues 89 and 90. The hydrophobic peptide was obtained in the form of its complex with liposomes. It was concluded that trypsin cleaved rather specifically the peptide bonds between residues 88 and 89 (Arg-Ser) and between residues 90 and 91 (Lys-Leu). Tryptic digestion of free, unbound cytochrome b5 also resulted in the cleavage of the same peptide bonds. These results are not consistent with the proposal of Visser et al. (Visser, L., Robinson, N.C., & Tanford, C. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1194-1199) that the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains of cytochrome b5 are connected to each other by a link peptide consisting of some 15 amino acid residues and that this link peptide  can be cut out by the action of trypsin. The circular dichroism spectrum of intact cytochrome b5 or its complex with liposomes in the far-ultraviolet region was closely similar to the sum of the spectra of the hydrophilic fragment and the hydrophobic peptide (or its complex with liposomes). This indicates that the tryptic cleavage of the cytochrome molecule does not induce any significant changes in the conformations of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of the molecule and thus provides further evidence that the three-dimensional structures of the two domains are independent of each other.", "contents": "Nature of tryptic attack on cytochrome b5 and further evidence for the two-domain structure of the cytochrome molecule. Rabbit cytochrome b5 was incorporated into single-walled phosphatidylcholine liposomes, and the cytochrome b5-liposome complex thus formed was digested with trypsin. Protein chemical characterization indicated that the main products formed were 1) a hydrophilic (heme-containing) fragment of the cytochrome corresponding to the sequence consisting of the masked NH2-terminus through residue 88, 2) a hydrophobic peptide which spans residue 91 to the COOH-terminus (residue 133), and 3) a dipeptide, seryl-lysine, derived from residues 89 and 90. The hydrophobic peptide was obtained in the form of its complex with liposomes. It was concluded that trypsin cleaved rather specifically the peptide bonds between residues 88 and 89 (Arg-Ser) and between residues 90 and 91 (Lys-Leu). Tryptic digestion of free, unbound cytochrome b5 also resulted in the cleavage of the same peptide bonds. These results are not consistent with the proposal of Visser et al. (Visser, L., Robinson, N.C., & Tanford, C. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1194-1199) that the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains of cytochrome b5 are connected to each other by a link peptide consisting of some 15 amino acid residues and that this link peptide  can be cut out by the action of trypsin. The circular dichroism spectrum of intact cytochrome b5 or its complex with liposomes in the far-ultraviolet region was closely similar to the sum of the spectra of the hydrophilic fragment and the hydrophobic peptide (or its complex with liposomes). This indicates that the tryptic cleavage of the cytochrome molecule does not induce any significant changes in the conformations of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of the molecule and thus provides further evidence that the three-dimensional structures of the two domains are independent of each other.", "PMID": 739004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3808", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit small intestine.", "content": "Complex saccharides were extracted with 0.9% NaCl at 0 degrees C from rabbit small intestine, then fractionated with cetylpryridinium chloride (CPC), followed by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography and by GEON-zone electrophoresis. An acidic glycoprotein (Fr. A-1) thus obtained was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoreses on cellulose acetate membrane and on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel, as well as by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. It contained 40.0% protein, 52.7% carbohydrate, and 1.6% sulfate. The principal sugars in the sulfated glycoprotein were galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid. Small quantities of mannose, L-fucose, and glucose were also present. Glutamic acid, threonine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, leucine, proline, glycine, valine, and histidine were the major amino acids of the protein moiety. Small amounts of other basic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids and aromatic amino acids were also present.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit small intestine. Complex saccharides were extracted with 0.9% NaCl at 0 degrees C from rabbit small intestine, then fractionated with cetylpryridinium chloride (CPC), followed by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography and by GEON-zone electrophoresis. An acidic glycoprotein (Fr. A-1) thus obtained was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoreses on cellulose acetate membrane and on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel, as well as by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. It contained 40.0% protein, 52.7% carbohydrate, and 1.6% sulfate. The principal sugars in the sulfated glycoprotein were galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid. Small quantities of mannose, L-fucose, and glucose were also present. Glutamic acid, threonine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, leucine, proline, glycine, valine, and histidine were the major amino acids of the protein moiety. Small amounts of other basic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids and aromatic amino acids were also present.", "PMID": 739005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3809", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a novel ganglioside, monosialosyl pentahexaosyl ceramide from human brain.", "content": "A novel monosialosyl ganglioside was isolated from human brain in a yield of 2.1 nmol of the lipid-bound sialic acid per g of wet weight (0.09% of total lipid-bound sialic acid). The ganglioside was resistant to the action of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. By treatment with N-acetylhexosaminidase, methylation analysis, CrO3 oxidation, and partial acid hydrolysis, the structure of this ganglioside was determined to be; GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-3)GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-4)Glc(beta, 1-1)ceramide. (formula: see text). The treatment of the ganglioside with 1 N formic acid at 80 degrees C for 2 h produced mainly gangliotetraosyl ceramide, suggesting that the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was more labile on formic acid treatment than galactose at nonreducing terminal.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a novel ganglioside, monosialosyl pentahexaosyl ceramide from human brain. A novel monosialosyl ganglioside was isolated from human brain in a yield of 2.1 nmol of the lipid-bound sialic acid per g of wet weight (0.09% of total lipid-bound sialic acid). The ganglioside was resistant to the action of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. By treatment with N-acetylhexosaminidase, methylation analysis, CrO3 oxidation, and partial acid hydrolysis, the structure of this ganglioside was determined to be; GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-3)GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-4)Glc(beta, 1-1)ceramide. (formula: see text). The treatment of the ganglioside with 1 N formic acid at 80 degrees C for 2 h produced mainly gangliotetraosyl ceramide, suggesting that the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was more labile on formic acid treatment than galactose at nonreducing terminal.", "PMID": 739007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3810", "title": "GM3 ganglioside in various tissues of rabbit. Tissue-specific distribution of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing GM31.", "content": "Molecular species and concentrations of GM3 ganglioside in rabbit tissues, brain, thymus, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, kidney, testis, muscle, and erythrocytes were determined. The highest concentration was found in lung (431.7 nmol/g wet tissue). With the exceptions of brain, thymus, and erythrocytes, GM3 was the dominant ganglioside and comprised more than 50% of the total gangliosides. In brain and thymus, GM3 composed 0.76% and 17.28% of the total gangliosides, respectively. The sialic acid composition of GM3 was determined by mild methanolysis and neuraminidase treatment combined with either permethylation or trimethylsilylation. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid-containing GM3 was found in thymus, lung, kidney, and intestine in addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing GM3, but N-acetylneuraminic acid was the sole sialic acid of GM3 in the other tissues. Sixty-four percent of the thymus GM3 consisted of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. High concentrations of C-20 sphingosine and stearic acid were characteristic for brain GM3 and the major long chain base of the other tissues was C-18 spingosine. The fatty acid composition of GM3 varied in each tissue. The difference in mobility on a thin-layer plate was due to the difference in its molecular constitution, being derived from a combination of fatty acid, long chain base, and sialic acid.", "contents": "GM3 ganglioside in various tissues of rabbit. Tissue-specific distribution of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing GM31. Molecular species and concentrations of GM3 ganglioside in rabbit tissues, brain, thymus, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, kidney, testis, muscle, and erythrocytes were determined. The highest concentration was found in lung (431.7 nmol/g wet tissue). With the exceptions of brain, thymus, and erythrocytes, GM3 was the dominant ganglioside and comprised more than 50% of the total gangliosides. In brain and thymus, GM3 composed 0.76% and 17.28% of the total gangliosides, respectively. The sialic acid composition of GM3 was determined by mild methanolysis and neuraminidase treatment combined with either permethylation or trimethylsilylation. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid-containing GM3 was found in thymus, lung, kidney, and intestine in addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing GM3, but N-acetylneuraminic acid was the sole sialic acid of GM3 in the other tissues. Sixty-four percent of the thymus GM3 consisted of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. High concentrations of C-20 sphingosine and stearic acid were characteristic for brain GM3 and the major long chain base of the other tissues was C-18 spingosine. The fatty acid composition of GM3 varied in each tissue. The difference in mobility on a thin-layer plate was due to the difference in its molecular constitution, being derived from a combination of fatty acid, long chain base, and sialic acid.", "PMID": 739008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3811", "title": "Modification of papain with tetranitromethane.", "content": "Papain [EC 3.4.22.2] polymerizes readily upon treatment with tetranitromethane (TNM) by forming intermolecular covalent linkages through its tyrosine residues (Tsukamoto, S. & Ohno, M. (1974) J. Biochem. 75, 1377-1380). Polymerization occurred optimally at pH 9.0 with S-sulfenylsulfonate papain. Circular dichroic spectra of polymerized papains showed a small change in ellipticity when compared with that of unmodified papain. Esterolytic activity of the modified enzyme toward benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) was almost fully retained, at least up to the formation of hexamer, with an unchanged Km value. Spectrophotometric and amino acid analyses indicated that two or three tyrosine residues are involved in intermolecular crosslinks depending on the amount of TNM used. The tyrosine residues nitrated were identified as those at positions 61, 116, 103, and 4, the extent of nitration decreasing in this order. When activated papain was treated with increasing molar ratios of TNM, an essential sulfhydryl function was first oxidized and, at a 2-fold molar excess of the reagent, restoration of activity was no longer observed even after addition of dithiothreitol (DTT). The evidence obtained in the present study eliminates the possibility of inactivation due to nitration of a tryptophan residue, which had been suggested previously.", "contents": "Modification of papain with tetranitromethane. Papain [EC 3.4.22.2] polymerizes readily upon treatment with tetranitromethane (TNM) by forming intermolecular covalent linkages through its tyrosine residues (Tsukamoto, S. & Ohno, M. (1974) J. Biochem. 75, 1377-1380). Polymerization occurred optimally at pH 9.0 with S-sulfenylsulfonate papain. Circular dichroic spectra of polymerized papains showed a small change in ellipticity when compared with that of unmodified papain. Esterolytic activity of the modified enzyme toward benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) was almost fully retained, at least up to the formation of hexamer, with an unchanged Km value. Spectrophotometric and amino acid analyses indicated that two or three tyrosine residues are involved in intermolecular crosslinks depending on the amount of TNM used. The tyrosine residues nitrated were identified as those at positions 61, 116, 103, and 4, the extent of nitration decreasing in this order. When activated papain was treated with increasing molar ratios of TNM, an essential sulfhydryl function was first oxidized and, at a 2-fold molar excess of the reagent, restoration of activity was no longer observed even after addition of dithiothreitol (DTT). The evidence obtained in the present study eliminates the possibility of inactivation due to nitration of a tryptophan residue, which had been suggested previously.", "PMID": 739010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3812", "title": "Involvement of an acidic protein in regulation of smooth muscle contraction by the tropomyosin-leiotonin system.", "content": "An acidic Ca-binding protein of about 18,000 dalton, different from both modulator protein and troponin C, was found to be involved in the regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle contraction by the tropomyosin-leiotonin system.", "contents": "Involvement of an acidic protein in regulation of smooth muscle contraction by the tropomyosin-leiotonin system. An acidic Ca-binding protein of about 18,000 dalton, different from both modulator protein and troponin C, was found to be involved in the regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle contraction by the tropomyosin-leiotonin system.", "PMID": 739011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3813", "title": "The occurrence of an inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease in rat liver.", "content": "The occurrence of a novel and specific inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease in rat liver has been demonstrated. The partially purified product is a heat-stable and acid-stable protein of an approximate molecular weight of 3x10(5), and readily inactivated by tryptic digestion. The inhibition of Ca2+-dependent protease is not a result of the binding of Ca2+ by the inhibitor.", "contents": "The occurrence of an inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease in rat liver. The occurrence of a novel and specific inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent neutral protease in rat liver has been demonstrated. The partially purified product is a heat-stable and acid-stable protein of an approximate molecular weight of 3x10(5), and readily inactivated by tryptic digestion. The inhibition of Ca2+-dependent protease is not a result of the binding of Ca2+ by the inhibitor.", "PMID": 739012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3814", "title": "Surface chemical analysis of Avcothane and Biomer by Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy.", "content": "During the solvent casting process, one side of the polymer film is exposed to air while the other side is in contact with a substrate, used as a mold. We have studied the effect of this difference in exposure during casting on the chemical composition of two types of segmented polyurethane, Biomer and Avcothane, by using Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy. Also, a depth-composition profile was obtained by placing a thin barrier film between the reflection plate and the polymer film. In Avcothane, the air side, which is the blood-contact side, contains a greater amount of the soft segment than the substrate side, and this is more  pronounced in the layer closer to the surface. The anisotropy in composition is more drastic when the silicone content is compared. In a layer about 1.5 mu thick, one can detect a greater amount of silicone in the substrate side than in the air side. However, when one averages the concentration in a layer of about 0.8 microns the trend in reversed; i.e., the greater amount of silicone is now present in the air side than in the substrate side. In Biomer films, the anisotropy in chemical composition is less pronounced. Only a modest increase in the relative content of the soft segment/hard segment is observed in the air side when a depth-composition profile is obtained.", "contents": "Surface chemical analysis of Avcothane and Biomer by Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy. During the solvent casting process, one side of the polymer film is exposed to air while the other side is in contact with a substrate, used as a mold. We have studied the effect of this difference in exposure during casting on the chemical composition of two types of segmented polyurethane, Biomer and Avcothane, by using Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy. Also, a depth-composition profile was obtained by placing a thin barrier film between the reflection plate and the polymer film. In Avcothane, the air side, which is the blood-contact side, contains a greater amount of the soft segment than the substrate side, and this is more  pronounced in the layer closer to the surface. The anisotropy in composition is more drastic when the silicone content is compared. In a layer about 1.5 mu thick, one can detect a greater amount of silicone in the substrate side than in the air side. However, when one averages the concentration in a layer of about 0.8 microns the trend in reversed; i.e., the greater amount of silicone is now present in the air side than in the substrate side. In Biomer films, the anisotropy in chemical composition is less pronounced. Only a modest increase in the relative content of the soft segment/hard segment is observed in the air side when a depth-composition profile is obtained.", "PMID": 739013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3815", "title": "Evaluation of a precipitation hardened wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-titanium alloy for surgical implants.", "content": "A Co-Ni-Cr-Ti precipitation hardening alloy is evaluated for use as a surgical implant alloy. Static and fatigue strength studies indicate that the alloy is equivalent, or superior to, present implant alloys. In vitro and in vivo corrosion studies indicate that the material has good general corrosion resistance but may be susceptible to crevice corrosion. However, there appear to be no inherent difficulties in using precipitation hardened alloys for surgical implants and therefore it may be possible to develop a new class of materials possessing ultra-high strength and excellent corrosion resistance for use in surgical implant applications.", "contents": "Evaluation of a precipitation hardened wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-titanium alloy for surgical implants. A Co-Ni-Cr-Ti precipitation hardening alloy is evaluated for use as a surgical implant alloy. Static and fatigue strength studies indicate that the alloy is equivalent, or superior to, present implant alloys. In vitro and in vivo corrosion studies indicate that the material has good general corrosion resistance but may be susceptible to crevice corrosion. However, there appear to be no inherent difficulties in using precipitation hardened alloys for surgical implants and therefore it may be possible to develop a new class of materials possessing ultra-high strength and excellent corrosion resistance for use in surgical implant applications.", "PMID": 739014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3816", "title": "Evaluation of couple/crevice corrosion by prosthetic alloys under in vivo conditions.", "content": "Alloys of cast Co-Cr-Mo, wrought Co-Cr-W, wrought, Co-Ni-Cr-Mo(MP35N), Ti-60% Al-4% V, and graphite were incorporated in specimens which simulated both a couple and a crevice corrosion condition. These specimens were implanted in a dog for 30 months. Post-sacrifice examination showed no substantial evidence of corrosion activity on the surfaces of the metals except for a tarnish film on the titanium alloy specimens. The presence of the tarnish film is taken as more evidence of corrosion activity and this correlated with a thicker average fibrous membrane, cellular activity in and near the fibrous membrane, and some increased vascularity. These must be regarded as preliminary observations.", "contents": "Evaluation of couple/crevice corrosion by prosthetic alloys under in vivo conditions. Alloys of cast Co-Cr-Mo, wrought Co-Cr-W, wrought, Co-Ni-Cr-Mo(MP35N), Ti-60% Al-4% V, and graphite were incorporated in specimens which simulated both a couple and a crevice corrosion condition. These specimens were implanted in a dog for 30 months. Post-sacrifice examination showed no substantial evidence of corrosion activity on the surfaces of the metals except for a tarnish film on the titanium alloy specimens. The presence of the tarnish film is taken as more evidence of corrosion activity and this correlated with a thicker average fibrous membrane, cellular activity in and near the fibrous membrane, and some increased vascularity. These must be regarded as preliminary observations.", "PMID": 739015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3817", "title": "Adhesion of synthetic organic polymer to soft tissue. III. Effect of some monofunctional compounds.", "content": "Previous work in this series has shown that some aromatic and n-alkyl isocynates can significantly improve the adhesion of a fast-setting polyurethane prepolymer to internal tissue. In the present study, several acyl or aroyl anhydrides, chlorides, and a triaryl chloroalkane have been found to effect various degrees of improvement in the adhesion of fast-setting prepolymer to tissue. To determine the influence of minor structural changes on adhesion, the isomers of methyl phenyl isocynate and chlorobenzoyl chloride were investigated. The isomers were found to give the same extent of improvement in adhesion of the prepolymer as the parent compound without the methyl or chloro substituents. Among all the reactive monofunctional compounds studied, benzoyl chloride and its chlorobenzoyl derivatives are the most effective. When primed on tissue or admixed as little as a 3% additive in some polymer preparations, these aroyl chlorides can promote the adhesion of many ordinary adhesives to internal tissue. The effectiveness is attributed to the modification of hydrophilic tissue surface by the hydrophobic benzoyl group attached to tissue after reaction. The prosthetic benzoyl group makes the tissue/polymer interface more compatible and the compatibility results in good adhesion.", "contents": "Adhesion of synthetic organic polymer to soft tissue. III. Effect of some monofunctional compounds. Previous work in this series has shown that some aromatic and n-alkyl isocynates can significantly improve the adhesion of a fast-setting polyurethane prepolymer to internal tissue. In the present study, several acyl or aroyl anhydrides, chlorides, and a triaryl chloroalkane have been found to effect various degrees of improvement in the adhesion of fast-setting prepolymer to tissue. To determine the influence of minor structural changes on adhesion, the isomers of methyl phenyl isocynate and chlorobenzoyl chloride were investigated. The isomers were found to give the same extent of improvement in adhesion of the prepolymer as the parent compound without the methyl or chloro substituents. Among all the reactive monofunctional compounds studied, benzoyl chloride and its chlorobenzoyl derivatives are the most effective. When primed on tissue or admixed as little as a 3% additive in some polymer preparations, these aroyl chlorides can promote the adhesion of many ordinary adhesives to internal tissue. The effectiveness is attributed to the modification of hydrophilic tissue surface by the hydrophobic benzoyl group attached to tissue after reaction. The prosthetic benzoyl group makes the tissue/polymer interface more compatible and the compatibility results in good adhesion.", "PMID": 739016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3818", "title": "Corrosion behavior of structural phases in high copper dental amalgam.", "content": "The effects of crevice corrosion on the major structural phases of a high copper dental amalgam were studied in vitro. Three kinds of samples were used: (1) amalgam prepared from a high copper, single composition alloy, (2) annealed ingots of the Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases, and (3) high copper, single composition alloy tablets electroplated with mercury. Specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope before and after the exposure to a corrosion environment. The Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases were least affected by corrosion. The Ag-Hg-Sn phase (gamma1) slowly deteriorated, but the attack was nonuniform. The Cu6Sn5 phase exhibited good corrosion resistance, better than that of gamma1 phase. Particles of a tin rich phase of uncertain origin were observed on some of the samples after long exposures.", "contents": "Corrosion behavior of structural phases in high copper dental amalgam. The effects of crevice corrosion on the major structural phases of a high copper dental amalgam were studied in vitro. Three kinds of samples were used: (1) amalgam prepared from a high copper, single composition alloy, (2) annealed ingots of the Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases, and (3) high copper, single composition alloy tablets electroplated with mercury. Specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope before and after the exposure to a corrosion environment. The Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases were least affected by corrosion. The Ag-Hg-Sn phase (gamma1) slowly deteriorated, but the attack was nonuniform. The Cu6Sn5 phase exhibited good corrosion resistance, better than that of gamma1 phase. Particles of a tin rich phase of uncertain origin were observed on some of the samples after long exposures.", "PMID": 739017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3819", "title": "Ferrographic analysis of wear particles in arthroplastic joints.", "content": "Analysis of aspirated synovial fluid appears to be a useful method for the study of the rates, mechanisms, and biological responses to wear in surgical joint replacements. Ferrography, an industrial technique of magnetic separation of particulate matter from samples of lubricating solutions, allows separation of wear debris from synovial fluid. Bichromatic microscopy and SEM X-ray analysis permit identification of metallic particles from arthroplastic joints. Polarized light microscopy characterizes and differentiates polyethylene and polymethacrylate debris. The number and morphology of the wear particles in synovial specimens from arthroplastic joints correlate with the rate and the mechanisms of wear, as confirmed by examination of the implant and the adjacent synovial tissue.", "contents": "Ferrographic analysis of wear particles in arthroplastic joints. Analysis of aspirated synovial fluid appears to be a useful method for the study of the rates, mechanisms, and biological responses to wear in surgical joint replacements. Ferrography, an industrial technique of magnetic separation of particulate matter from samples of lubricating solutions, allows separation of wear debris from synovial fluid. Bichromatic microscopy and SEM X-ray analysis permit identification of metallic particles from arthroplastic joints. Polarized light microscopy characterizes and differentiates polyethylene and polymethacrylate debris. The number and morphology of the wear particles in synovial specimens from arthroplastic joints correlate with the rate and the mechanisms of wear, as confirmed by examination of the implant and the adjacent synovial tissue.", "PMID": 739018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3820", "title": "A study of the normal range of strain, strain rate, and stiffness of tendon.", "content": "This paper describes the result of an investigation of strains and strain rates which normally occur in the tendons of the equine foreleg and presents stress-strain curves and moduli for the tendons at these rates. It has previously been demonstrated that resistance to flexion of the joints of the distal part of the equine foreleg is provided by a passive system of tendons and ligaments. It is therefore possible, using a large displacement, high-rate testing machine, to duplicate in the laboratory the strain rates and forces which are normally produced in the tendons of the foreleg of the running horse. To carry out tendon tests, legs were mounted in the test machine. The superficial flexor tendon was exposed and fitted with an extensometer and a buckle-type force transducer. Stress-strain curve were obtained for 13 tendons. It is shown that strains to 12% and strain rates to 200%/sec occur normally in the superficial flexor tendon. Stress strain curves and tangent modulus are presented for strains from 0 to 10% at rates from 5 to 100%/sec. Tendon modulus is found to be essentially rate in dependent in this range.", "contents": "A study of the normal range of strain, strain rate, and stiffness of tendon. This paper describes the result of an investigation of strains and strain rates which normally occur in the tendons of the equine foreleg and presents stress-strain curves and moduli for the tendons at these rates. It has previously been demonstrated that resistance to flexion of the joints of the distal part of the equine foreleg is provided by a passive system of tendons and ligaments. It is therefore possible, using a large displacement, high-rate testing machine, to duplicate in the laboratory the strain rates and forces which are normally produced in the tendons of the foreleg of the running horse. To carry out tendon tests, legs were mounted in the test machine. The superficial flexor tendon was exposed and fitted with an extensometer and a buckle-type force transducer. Stress-strain curve were obtained for 13 tendons. It is shown that strains to 12% and strain rates to 200%/sec occur normally in the superficial flexor tendon. Stress strain curves and tangent modulus are presented for strains from 0 to 10% at rates from 5 to 100%/sec. Tendon modulus is found to be essentially rate in dependent in this range.", "PMID": 739019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3821", "title": "Wear characteristics of UHMW polyethylene: a method for accurately measuring extremely low wear rates.", "content": "The wear of UHMW polyethylene bearing against 316 stainless steel or cobalt chrome alloy was measured using a 12-channel wear tester especially developed for the evaluation of candidate materials for prosthetic joints. The coefficient of friction and wear rate was determined as a function of lubricant, contact stress, and metallic surface roughness in tests lasting two to three million cycles, the equivalent of several years' use of a prosthesis. Wear was determined from the weight loss of the polyethylene specimens corrected for the effect of fluid absorption. The friction and wear processes in blood serum differed markedly from those in saline solution or distilled water. Only serum lubrication produced wear surfaces resembling those observed on removed prostheses. The experimental method provided a very accurate reproducible measurement of polyethylene wear. The long-term wear rates were proportional to load and sliding distance and were much lower than expected from previously published data. Although the polyethylene wear rate increased with increasing surface roughness, wear was not severe except with very coarse metal surfaces. The data obtained in these studies forms a basis for the subsequent comparative evaluation of potentially superior materials for prosthetic joints.", "contents": "Wear characteristics of UHMW polyethylene: a method for accurately measuring extremely low wear rates. The wear of UHMW polyethylene bearing against 316 stainless steel or cobalt chrome alloy was measured using a 12-channel wear tester especially developed for the evaluation of candidate materials for prosthetic joints. The coefficient of friction and wear rate was determined as a function of lubricant, contact stress, and metallic surface roughness in tests lasting two to three million cycles, the equivalent of several years' use of a prosthesis. Wear was determined from the weight loss of the polyethylene specimens corrected for the effect of fluid absorption. The friction and wear processes in blood serum differed markedly from those in saline solution or distilled water. Only serum lubrication produced wear surfaces resembling those observed on removed prostheses. The experimental method provided a very accurate reproducible measurement of polyethylene wear. The long-term wear rates were proportional to load and sliding distance and were much lower than expected from previously published data. Although the polyethylene wear rate increased with increasing surface roughness, wear was not severe except with very coarse metal surfaces. The data obtained in these studies forms a basis for the subsequent comparative evaluation of potentially superior materials for prosthetic joints.", "PMID": 739020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3822", "title": "Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "The case of a 38-year-old female with fibromuscular hyperplasia of the abdominal aorta causing a leg ulcer is presented. The correct diagnosis was not recognized before or during operation and the lesion was treated as atherosclerosis. This would appear to be the first reported case of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the aorta resulting in clinical impedence of flow.", "contents": "Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the abdominal aorta. The case of a 38-year-old female with fibromuscular hyperplasia of the abdominal aorta causing a leg ulcer is presented. The correct diagnosis was not recognized before or during operation and the lesion was treated as atherosclerosis. This would appear to be the first reported case of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the aorta resulting in clinical impedence of flow.", "PMID": 739024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3823", "title": "A gut and mesentery pedicle for bridging lymphatic obstruction: experimental studies.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out in the pig. Small bowel and its mesentery are rich in lymphatics. A pedicle of ileum (opened and denuded of its mucosa) and its mesentery has been used to bypass lymphatic obstruction. Diversion of lymphatic drainage from the lower limb into the lymphatics of the bridge has been demonstrated lymphographically in the living animals and also by post mortem injection studies.", "contents": "A gut and mesentery pedicle for bridging lymphatic obstruction: experimental studies. Experiments have been carried out in the pig. Small bowel and its mesentery are rich in lymphatics. A pedicle of ileum (opened and denuded of its mucosa) and its mesentery has been used to bypass lymphatic obstruction. Diversion of lymphatic drainage from the lower limb into the lymphatics of the bridge has been demonstrated lymphographically in the living animals and also by post mortem injection studies.", "PMID": 739029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3824", "title": "The origin of Raynaud's phenomenon.", "content": "107 patients presenting Raynaud's phenomenon attacks were studied. It has been demonstrated by means of arteriographies that in pallid phase of Raynaud's phenomenon attacks not only the digital but also the radial ulnar and interosseous arteries are in spasm. In the cyanotic phase of Raynaud's phenomenon the natural arteriovenous anastomoses are widely open bringing about peripheral skin ischemia. On the assumption that the opening of arteriovenous anastomoses in Raynaud's phenomenon attacks is due to injury of that part of the peripheral nerve which lies in contact with the cervical vertebral column all 107 studied patients were submitted to detailed cervical vertebral column X-ray examinations. In 103 patients i.e. in 96.3% characteristic degenerative changes of cervical vertebrae were recognised. In 100 controls who never had neither Raynaud's phenomenon attacks nor cervico-brachial neuritis the same type of degenerative changes were found in 10% only. The authors presume that the Raynaud's phenomenon attacks are due to peripheral mixed nerve or their roots injury. The blue phase of Raynaud's phenomenon attacks is due to opening of arteriovenous anastomoses.", "contents": "The origin of Raynaud's phenomenon. 107 patients presenting Raynaud's phenomenon attacks were studied. It has been demonstrated by means of arteriographies that in pallid phase of Raynaud's phenomenon attacks not only the digital but also the radial ulnar and interosseous arteries are in spasm. In the cyanotic phase of Raynaud's phenomenon the natural arteriovenous anastomoses are widely open bringing about peripheral skin ischemia. On the assumption that the opening of arteriovenous anastomoses in Raynaud's phenomenon attacks is due to injury of that part of the peripheral nerve which lies in contact with the cervical vertebral column all 107 studied patients were submitted to detailed cervical vertebral column X-ray examinations. In 103 patients i.e. in 96.3% characteristic degenerative changes of cervical vertebrae were recognised. In 100 controls who never had neither Raynaud's phenomenon attacks nor cervico-brachial neuritis the same type of degenerative changes were found in 10% only. The authors presume that the Raynaud's phenomenon attacks are due to peripheral mixed nerve or their roots injury. The blue phase of Raynaud's phenomenon attacks is due to opening of arteriovenous anastomoses.", "PMID": 739033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3825", "title": "[Sclerodystrophy of the sphincter of Oddi (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1,645 biliary operation carried out between 1952 and 1974, the authors count 177 organic stenoses of the Oddi region. They recall the authenticity of chronic odditis, the pathological substratum of which is Oddi sclerodystrophy, a primary and progressive lesion. They emphasise the radiomanodebimetric criteria. The risk of an error of interpretation was 2% in this series. After discussing the etiopathogenesis and the physiopathological consequences of Oddi sclerodystrophy, they discuss the therapeutic choice between sphincterotomy and choledoco-duodenostomy. Temporary gall bladder drainage is only of interest in inflammatory labile manifestations without sclerodystrophy. The interest of diagnosis and initial surgical treatment of the lesion is that the classical post-cholecystectomy syndrome almost disappears.", "contents": "[Sclerodystrophy of the sphincter of Oddi (author's transl)]. Among 1,645 biliary operation carried out between 1952 and 1974, the authors count 177 organic stenoses of the Oddi region. They recall the authenticity of chronic odditis, the pathological substratum of which is Oddi sclerodystrophy, a primary and progressive lesion. They emphasise the radiomanodebimetric criteria. The risk of an error of interpretation was 2% in this series. After discussing the etiopathogenesis and the physiopathological consequences of Oddi sclerodystrophy, they discuss the therapeutic choice between sphincterotomy and choledoco-duodenostomy. Temporary gall bladder drainage is only of interest in inflammatory labile manifestations without sclerodystrophy. The interest of diagnosis and initial surgical treatment of the lesion is that the classical post-cholecystectomy syndrome almost disappears.", "PMID": 739040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3826", "title": "[A rare abdominal emergency: acute phlegmonous gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of a series of recent observations and a personal case, the authors recall that acute phlegmonous gastritis is a rare disease usually secondary to a bucco-pharyngeal infective focus, characterised by an acute abdominal syndrome accompanied by a very severe infective context. Only laparotomy leads to the diagnosis. Since antibiotics, the mortality has regressed from more than 80% to less than 50%. The prognosis of the antral forms is much less serious than that of the diffuse forms with mortalities of 28% and 71% respectively. In antral gastritis the best therapeutic attitude is early antibiotic therapy associated with 2/3 gastrectomy.", "contents": "[A rare abdominal emergency: acute phlegmonous gastritis (author's transl)]. In the light of a series of recent observations and a personal case, the authors recall that acute phlegmonous gastritis is a rare disease usually secondary to a bucco-pharyngeal infective focus, characterised by an acute abdominal syndrome accompanied by a very severe infective context. Only laparotomy leads to the diagnosis. Since antibiotics, the mortality has regressed from more than 80% to less than 50%. The prognosis of the antral forms is much less serious than that of the diffuse forms with mortalities of 28% and 71% respectively. In antral gastritis the best therapeutic attitude is early antibiotic therapy associated with 2/3 gastrectomy.", "PMID": 739041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3827", "title": "[Isolated rupture of the pericardium after closed trauma of the thorax (author's transl)].", "content": "Rupture of the pericardium after closed trauma of the thorax is rare. There are two main clinical presentations: one of severe thoracic trauma with hemothorax requiring an operation which permits the diagnosis, the other of pain and pericardial signs on auscultation which should attract attention. The treatment requires closure of the pericardial tear as a routine owing to the risk of fatal complications due to dislocation of the heart.", "contents": "[Isolated rupture of the pericardium after closed trauma of the thorax (author's transl)]. Rupture of the pericardium after closed trauma of the thorax is rare. There are two main clinical presentations: one of severe thoracic trauma with hemothorax requiring an operation which permits the diagnosis, the other of pain and pericardial signs on auscultation which should attract attention. The treatment requires closure of the pericardial tear as a routine owing to the risk of fatal complications due to dislocation of the heart.", "PMID": 739042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3828", "title": "Prosthetic replacement of the superior vena cava after resection for malignant mediastinal tumour.", "content": "The authors describe a case of malignant neoplasm of the mediastinum affecting the S.V.C. and the right lung. Radical removal of the neoplasm involved a right pneumonectomy and resection of the S.V.C. Replacement of the latter with a prosthesis in K Dacron double velour was successful--a success which has lasted 5 months to date.", "contents": "Prosthetic replacement of the superior vena cava after resection for malignant mediastinal tumour. The authors describe a case of malignant neoplasm of the mediastinum affecting the S.V.C. and the right lung. Radical removal of the neoplasm involved a right pneumonectomy and resection of the S.V.C. Replacement of the latter with a prosthesis in K Dacron double velour was successful--a success which has lasted 5 months to date.", "PMID": 739036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3829", "title": "[Perforation of the abdominal esophagus and peritonitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation of the abdominal esophagus is not exceptional, either after endoscopy of the esophagus or after surgery of hiatus hernia. The clinical symptoms are not always clear especially during surgery. Immediate diagnosis is however essential for any delay in treatment causes the mortality to rise from 15% to more than 60% for repairs carried out under septic conditions. The best surgical attitude is difficult to determine under these conditions.", "contents": "[Perforation of the abdominal esophagus and peritonitis (author's transl)]. Perforation of the abdominal esophagus is not exceptional, either after endoscopy of the esophagus or after surgery of hiatus hernia. The clinical symptoms are not always clear especially during surgery. Immediate diagnosis is however essential for any delay in treatment causes the mortality to rise from 15% to more than 60% for repairs carried out under septic conditions. The best surgical attitude is difficult to determine under these conditions.", "PMID": 739043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3830", "title": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve by a benign tumour of the elbow region. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three cases of a rare disorder : compression of the posterior motor branch of the radial nerve (ramus profundus n. radialis) by a benign tumor of the region of the elbow, in one case by a lipoma, in the other cases by a pseudocyst. Surgical removal was successful in all three cases. The authors review the literature concerning compression of the posterior interosseous nerve (ramus profundus n. radialis) by lipomas and pseudocysts. Apart from two cases treated at a late stage, surgery permitted complete functional recovery in all the other published cases. This emphasises the interest of early radiological diagnosis and of routine operation even the etiology does not appear obvious, especially as surgery is beneficial in the treatment of the tumour itself.", "contents": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve by a benign tumour of the elbow region. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. The authors report three cases of a rare disorder : compression of the posterior motor branch of the radial nerve (ramus profundus n. radialis) by a benign tumor of the region of the elbow, in one case by a lipoma, in the other cases by a pseudocyst. Surgical removal was successful in all three cases. The authors review the literature concerning compression of the posterior interosseous nerve (ramus profundus n. radialis) by lipomas and pseudocysts. Apart from two cases treated at a late stage, surgery permitted complete functional recovery in all the other published cases. This emphasises the interest of early radiological diagnosis and of routine operation even the etiology does not appear obvious, especially as surgery is beneficial in the treatment of the tumour itself.", "PMID": 739044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3831", "title": "[Gastro-omental cystic lymphangiomas. General review and report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Omental and gastric lymphangioma : a general review of cases and two personal cases. Lesser omentum tumors are rare. They exceptionnally arise from the stomach. Pathologic fractures : there are three types of lymphangioma simplex, cavernous and combined cystic ones. Microscopic examination shows that cysts are lined with endothelium and the wall is infiltrated by lymphocytes. Lymphangioma frequently occur in childhood (stomacal tumors excepted). Symptoms are those observed either in abdominal tumors, or in ascitis or in acute abdominal disease. The diagnosis is not established per-operatively. Surgical treatment consists in resection of the cyst or in simple drainage. Post-operative prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "[Gastro-omental cystic lymphangiomas. General review and report of two cases (author's transl)]. Omental and gastric lymphangioma : a general review of cases and two personal cases. Lesser omentum tumors are rare. They exceptionnally arise from the stomach. Pathologic fractures : there are three types of lymphangioma simplex, cavernous and combined cystic ones. Microscopic examination shows that cysts are lined with endothelium and the wall is infiltrated by lymphocytes. Lymphangioma frequently occur in childhood (stomacal tumors excepted). Symptoms are those observed either in abdominal tumors, or in ascitis or in acute abdominal disease. The diagnosis is not established per-operatively. Surgical treatment consists in resection of the cyst or in simple drainage. Post-operative prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 739046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3832", "title": "[Arterio-venous fistula of the left renal pedicle after nephrectomy. Possibilities and interest of early diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study a new case of arterio-venous fistula of the left renal pedicle after nephrectomy for trauma. The interest of this case resides in the existence of a right para-umbilical pulsating mass which corresponds to systolic expansion of the inferior vena cava. This sign, which disappeared after corrective operation has the advantage of orienting towards an abdominal vascular condition. In fact, the diagnosis of iatrogenic arterio-venous fistula was made very early : 6 weeks after nephrectomy. The lesion was treated by the purely abdominal route, in the absence of marked peri-aneurysmal fibrosis. Complete removal of the fistula and of the afferent and efferent vessels corrects recent hypertension and prevents later heart failure.", "contents": "[Arterio-venous fistula of the left renal pedicle after nephrectomy. Possibilities and interest of early diagnosis (author's transl)]. The authors study a new case of arterio-venous fistula of the left renal pedicle after nephrectomy for trauma. The interest of this case resides in the existence of a right para-umbilical pulsating mass which corresponds to systolic expansion of the inferior vena cava. This sign, which disappeared after corrective operation has the advantage of orienting towards an abdominal vascular condition. In fact, the diagnosis of iatrogenic arterio-venous fistula was made very early : 6 weeks after nephrectomy. The lesion was treated by the purely abdominal route, in the absence of marked peri-aneurysmal fibrosis. Complete removal of the fistula and of the afferent and efferent vessels corrects recent hypertension and prevents later heart failure.", "PMID": 739047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3833", "title": "[Synovial hemangioma of the knee. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemangioma of the synovial membrane is encountered in young adults in the form of a palpable articular tumour. The muscle wasting in the quadriceps is out of proportion with the clinical signs and should lead one to suspect the diagnosis. Lengthening of the limb on the side of the lesion by arterio-venous shunt is not rare. Histologically, hemangioma is a vascular tumour and there is the same difficulty in classification as for all vascular tumours. Synovectomy removing the tumour is the operation of choice. Relapse is possible leading to total removal of the synovial membrane. Complementary radiotherapy does not have a clearly defined place in treatment.", "contents": "[Synovial hemangioma of the knee. Report of one case (author's transl)]. Hemangioma of the synovial membrane is encountered in young adults in the form of a palpable articular tumour. The muscle wasting in the quadriceps is out of proportion with the clinical signs and should lead one to suspect the diagnosis. Lengthening of the limb on the side of the lesion by arterio-venous shunt is not rare. Histologically, hemangioma is a vascular tumour and there is the same difficulty in classification as for all vascular tumours. Synovectomy removing the tumour is the operation of choice. Relapse is possible leading to total removal of the synovial membrane. Complementary radiotherapy does not have a clearly defined place in treatment.", "PMID": 739048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3834", "title": "Myotonia dystrophica with heart involvement: an electron microscopic study of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.", "content": "The electron microscopic features of the striated skeletal muscle, the striated cardiac muscle, and the smooth muscle from a woman who had been suffering for many years from myotonia dystrophica with cardiac involvement are described. The skeletal muscle was studied at two different stages of the disease. In the first material the main changes consisted of centrally situated nuclei, disorganisation of the sarcomeres, and focal disruption of the Z-line. The satellite cells were well represented. Three years later atrophy and degenerative, necrotic changes of the skeletal muscle were evident. The satellite cells were absent. Few changes were seen in the striated cardiac muscle. These consisted of slight interstitial fibrosis and large accumulations of mitochondria with intramitochondrial dense granules. The smooth muscle cells of the oesophagus showed disorientated filaments and mild degenerative changes. It is concluded that the skeletal muscle was more severely affected than the other types of muscle.", "contents": "Myotonia dystrophica with heart involvement: an electron microscopic study of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. The electron microscopic features of the striated skeletal muscle, the striated cardiac muscle, and the smooth muscle from a woman who had been suffering for many years from myotonia dystrophica with cardiac involvement are described. The skeletal muscle was studied at two different stages of the disease. In the first material the main changes consisted of centrally situated nuclei, disorganisation of the sarcomeres, and focal disruption of the Z-line. The satellite cells were well represented. Three years later atrophy and degenerative, necrotic changes of the skeletal muscle were evident. The satellite cells were absent. Few changes were seen in the striated cardiac muscle. These consisted of slight interstitial fibrosis and large accumulations of mitochondria with intramitochondrial dense granules. The smooth muscle cells of the oesophagus showed disorientated filaments and mild degenerative changes. It is concluded that the skeletal muscle was more severely affected than the other types of muscle.", "PMID": 739051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3835", "title": "Human nails and body iron.", "content": "The iron content of human nails has been measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and compared with other measurements of iron status including the bone marrow. Four groups of individuals were studied: 40 healthy laboratory staff, five iron-deficient subjects before and during iron therapy, four patients at various stages of treatment with iron, and 15 postmortem cases. The iron status of the individual was reflected by the amount of iron present in nail samples. Nail sampling is proposed as a cheap, noninvasive method of assessing the iron status of the individual.", "contents": "Human nails and body iron. The iron content of human nails has been measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and compared with other measurements of iron status including the bone marrow. Four groups of individuals were studied: 40 healthy laboratory staff, five iron-deficient subjects before and during iron therapy, four patients at various stages of treatment with iron, and 15 postmortem cases. The iron status of the individual was reflected by the amount of iron present in nail samples. Nail sampling is proposed as a cheap, noninvasive method of assessing the iron status of the individual.", "PMID": 739052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3836", "title": "Diagnosis of Bacteroides fragilis infection with counter-immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "In a study of 188 patients and 109 controls, the detection of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used as a diagnostic aid in human infections with Bacteroides fragilis. It was found that positive results indicated current infection and negative results were not conclusive. The method used was simple, rapid, and easily performed in a routine laboratory, but further work is needed to enhance antigen potency.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Bacteroides fragilis infection with counter-immunoelectrophoresis. In a study of 188 patients and 109 controls, the detection of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used as a diagnostic aid in human infections with Bacteroides fragilis. It was found that positive results indicated current infection and negative results were not conclusive. The method used was simple, rapid, and easily performed in a routine laboratory, but further work is needed to enhance antigen potency.", "PMID": 739053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3837", "title": "Serological diagnosis of Bacteroides fragilis infections by a complement fixation test.", "content": "Paired specimens of serum from patients from whom Bacteroides fragilis had been isolated were tested by complement fixation against a crude B. fragilis antigen. A high titre or a rise in titre to B. fragilis was obtained in each of five patients with infection after abdominal surgery but in none of 11 patients with postpartum pyrexia nor in nine with vaginitis.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of Bacteroides fragilis infections by a complement fixation test. Paired specimens of serum from patients from whom Bacteroides fragilis had been isolated were tested by complement fixation against a crude B. fragilis antigen. A high titre or a rise in titre to B. fragilis was obtained in each of five patients with infection after abdominal surgery but in none of 11 patients with postpartum pyrexia nor in nine with vaginitis.", "PMID": 739054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3838", "title": "Propionibacteria as a cause of shunt and postneurosurgical infections.", "content": "Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from postoperative specimens from nine neurosurgical patients. The role of P. acnes in postneurosurgical infection is discussed.", "contents": "Propionibacteria as a cause of shunt and postneurosurgical infections. Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from postoperative specimens from nine neurosurgical patients. The role of P. acnes in postneurosurgical infection is discussed.", "PMID": 739055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3839", "title": "Platelet function, factor VIII, fibrinogen, and fibrinolysis in Nigerians and Europeans in relation to atheroma and thrombosis.", "content": "Platelet function, factor VIII, fibrinogen levels, and fibrinolysis were studied in Europeans and in two groups of Nigerians living in Zaria, northern Nigeria, in order to see whether differences could help to explain the low incidence of atheroma and thrombosis in Nigerians. We confirmed the relative thrombocytopenia and observed a rapid disaggregation after ADP-induced platelet aggregation in Nigerians. The most striking difference was a reduced or absent ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in Nigerian platelet-rich plasma, probably due to a plasma component interacting with the von Willebrand activity (VWF), since factor VIII coagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen, and isolated VWF were normal or high by European standards. Group II (rural population), but not group I (senior university staff in Zaria) of the Nigerians, tended to have high serum fibrinogen concentrations. Spontaneous fibrinolytic activity was enhanced in most Nigerians compared to the Europeans and was normally increased after venostasis in proportion to the initial activity. Fibrinolysis and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation values for the Nigerians in group I were intermediate between European and Nigerian in the group II values, suggesting that differences were due more to environmental than to genetic factors.Relative thrombocytopenia, disaggregation after ADP-induced aggregation, inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and active fibrinolysis help to explain the infrequency of thrombotic disease in Africans. Also the low incidence of atheroma may follow from less platelet adherence and less platelet release of mitogenic factors, which cause intimal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Platelet function, factor VIII, fibrinogen, and fibrinolysis in Nigerians and Europeans in relation to atheroma and thrombosis. Platelet function, factor VIII, fibrinogen levels, and fibrinolysis were studied in Europeans and in two groups of Nigerians living in Zaria, northern Nigeria, in order to see whether differences could help to explain the low incidence of atheroma and thrombosis in Nigerians. We confirmed the relative thrombocytopenia and observed a rapid disaggregation after ADP-induced platelet aggregation in Nigerians. The most striking difference was a reduced or absent ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in Nigerian platelet-rich plasma, probably due to a plasma component interacting with the von Willebrand activity (VWF), since factor VIII coagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen, and isolated VWF were normal or high by European standards. Group II (rural population), but not group I (senior university staff in Zaria) of the Nigerians, tended to have high serum fibrinogen concentrations. Spontaneous fibrinolytic activity was enhanced in most Nigerians compared to the Europeans and was normally increased after venostasis in proportion to the initial activity. Fibrinolysis and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation values for the Nigerians in group I were intermediate between European and Nigerian in the group II values, suggesting that differences were due more to environmental than to genetic factors.Relative thrombocytopenia, disaggregation after ADP-induced aggregation, inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and active fibrinolysis help to explain the infrequency of thrombotic disease in Africans. Also the low incidence of atheroma may follow from less platelet adherence and less platelet release of mitogenic factors, which cause intimal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 739056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3840", "title": "Failure of factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (Feiba) to secure haemostasis in haemophilic patients with antibodies.", "content": "Factor IX concentrates have been widely advocated in the treatment of haemophilic patients with factor VIII inhibitors. Five such patients were given the 'activated' factor IX concentrate--factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (Feiba)--for 14 separate bleeding episodes. In six of the episodes, including two with external blood loss, bleeding progressed in spite of treatment. In none of the other eight episodes was there a prompt response, and it was not possible to ascribe a definite therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Failure of factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (Feiba) to secure haemostasis in haemophilic patients with antibodies. Factor IX concentrates have been widely advocated in the treatment of haemophilic patients with factor VIII inhibitors. Five such patients were given the 'activated' factor IX concentrate--factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (Feiba)--for 14 separate bleeding episodes. In six of the episodes, including two with external blood loss, bleeding progressed in spite of treatment. In none of the other eight episodes was there a prompt response, and it was not possible to ascribe a definite therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 739057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3841", "title": "Ristocetin and the thrombin clotting time.", "content": "The addition of the antibiotic ristocetin to plasma accelerated the thrombin clotting time (TCT) in 20 out of 22 subjects. Prior incubation of ristocetin with thrombin or plasma did not alter its effect on the TCT. Ristocetin accelerated clotting greatly at low but not at high levels of thrombin. A simple linear correlation between heparin concentrations and the TCT was demonstrated when ristocetin at 2.5 mg per ml was added to plasma containing between 0.05 and 0.5 unit of heparin per ml. There are implications for assay procedures involving heparin and the TCT.", "contents": "Ristocetin and the thrombin clotting time. The addition of the antibiotic ristocetin to plasma accelerated the thrombin clotting time (TCT) in 20 out of 22 subjects. Prior incubation of ristocetin with thrombin or plasma did not alter its effect on the TCT. Ristocetin accelerated clotting greatly at low but not at high levels of thrombin. A simple linear correlation between heparin concentrations and the TCT was demonstrated when ristocetin at 2.5 mg per ml was added to plasma containing between 0.05 and 0.5 unit of heparin per ml. There are implications for assay procedures involving heparin and the TCT.", "PMID": 739058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3842", "title": "Patterns of nasalance in a sample of normal gerontologic subjects.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate velopharyngeal adequacy in gerontologic subjects using an acoustic analysis strategy. Sixty normal older subjects (30 male, 30 female), ranging in age from 50 to 80, read three passages developed by Fletcher (1976) that differ in number of nasal sounds. In addition, all subjects sustained the vowel /a/. The speech samples were analyzed using TONAR II, which calculates the ratio of nasal sound pressure level to nasal + oral sound pressure level (nasalance). Tonagrams (plots of nasalance over time) were obtained from all subjects. Results demonstrated that older subjects generally evidenced abnormally high nasalance values for the Zoo Passage (contains no nasal sounds). In addition, females exhibited significantly higher nasalance values than males. Inspection of the tonagrams revealed three abnormal acoustic patterns: (1) pervasively high nasalance, (2) momentary loss of velar control, (3) progressive deterioration in velar control. These results are discussed with reference to known neuroanatomical changes associated with advancing age.", "contents": "Patterns of nasalance in a sample of normal gerontologic subjects. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate velopharyngeal adequacy in gerontologic subjects using an acoustic analysis strategy. Sixty normal older subjects (30 male, 30 female), ranging in age from 50 to 80, read three passages developed by Fletcher (1976) that differ in number of nasal sounds. In addition, all subjects sustained the vowel /a/. The speech samples were analyzed using TONAR II, which calculates the ratio of nasal sound pressure level to nasal + oral sound pressure level (nasalance). Tonagrams (plots of nasalance over time) were obtained from all subjects. Results demonstrated that older subjects generally evidenced abnormally high nasalance values for the Zoo Passage (contains no nasal sounds). In addition, females exhibited significantly higher nasalance values than males. Inspection of the tonagrams revealed three abnormal acoustic patterns: (1) pervasively high nasalance, (2) momentary loss of velar control, (3) progressive deterioration in velar control. These results are discussed with reference to known neuroanatomical changes associated with advancing age.", "PMID": 739062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3843", "title": "Does the stigma shape the stutterer?", "content": "The Woods and Williams' (1976) study of Iowans' stereotypes about stuttering males was replicated using 11 speech clinicians and 16 classroom teachers in Virginia. Ratings of 23 possible characteristics were obtained for four hypothetical concepts (typical 8-year-old male, typical 8-year-old male stutter, typical adult male, and typical adult male stutterer) using a semantic differential format. The results of the Woods and Williams' (1976) research were confirmed. Stutters were expected by all rating groups to be more nonassertive, tense, insecure, and afraid to talk than nonstutterers. Not only were stereotype differences within professional groups quite small from one geographical region to the other, but classroom teachers held particularly unfavorable stereotypes of the stuttering boy in both studies. These results suggest the possibility that listener reactions could shape the stutterer's behavior.", "contents": "Does the stigma shape the stutterer? The Woods and Williams' (1976) study of Iowans' stereotypes about stuttering males was replicated using 11 speech clinicians and 16 classroom teachers in Virginia. Ratings of 23 possible characteristics were obtained for four hypothetical concepts (typical 8-year-old male, typical 8-year-old male stutter, typical adult male, and typical adult male stutterer) using a semantic differential format. The results of the Woods and Williams' (1976) research were confirmed. Stutters were expected by all rating groups to be more nonassertive, tense, insecure, and afraid to talk than nonstutterers. Not only were stereotype differences within professional groups quite small from one geographical region to the other, but classroom teachers held particularly unfavorable stereotypes of the stuttering boy in both studies. These results suggest the possibility that listener reactions could shape the stutterer's behavior.", "PMID": 739063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3844", "title": "A comparative study of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing young adults--verbal and nonverbal abilities.", "content": "This report describes the results of a study comparing three groups of hearing-impaired young adults with a group of normal-hearing young adults on various measures of perceptual and memory abilities. Twelve paper-and-pencil tests representing intellectual capacity, closure, association, nonverbal short-term memory, and verbal short-term memory were used as dependent variables. Results show that there was no difference between the four groups of subjects except for tests requiring some verbal facility.", "contents": "A comparative study of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing young adults--verbal and nonverbal abilities. This report describes the results of a study comparing three groups of hearing-impaired young adults with a group of normal-hearing young adults on various measures of perceptual and memory abilities. Twelve paper-and-pencil tests representing intellectual capacity, closure, association, nonverbal short-term memory, and verbal short-term memory were used as dependent variables. Results show that there was no difference between the four groups of subjects except for tests requiring some verbal facility.", "PMID": 739064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3845", "title": "A comparison of techniques for measuring intelligibility of dysarthric speech.", "content": "Eight techniques for quantifying intelligibility of dysarthric speech were compared. Eight dysarthric speakers who represented a wide range of severity were recorded producing single words and sentences. Thirty-two college students performed the following intelligibility quantification tasks: percentage estimates, rating scale estimates, work and sentence transcriptions, word and sentence completions, and word and sentence multiple-choice tasks. Intelligibility scores for transcriptions were compared to estimates and to other objective tasks with the following results: (1) all measurement techniques, except word completion, rank ordered speakers similarly to transcriptions, (2) mean estimates of intelligibility closely parallel transcription scores, but dispersion of listener estimates was large, and (3) objective tasks form a hierarchy with speakers receiving lowest scores on transcriptions, intermediate scores on completions, and highest scores on multiple-choice tasks. Mean scores for words and sentences were similar. Implications of results for clinical management of dysarthria are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of techniques for measuring intelligibility of dysarthric speech. Eight techniques for quantifying intelligibility of dysarthric speech were compared. Eight dysarthric speakers who represented a wide range of severity were recorded producing single words and sentences. Thirty-two college students performed the following intelligibility quantification tasks: percentage estimates, rating scale estimates, work and sentence transcriptions, word and sentence completions, and word and sentence multiple-choice tasks. Intelligibility scores for transcriptions were compared to estimates and to other objective tasks with the following results: (1) all measurement techniques, except word completion, rank ordered speakers similarly to transcriptions, (2) mean estimates of intelligibility closely parallel transcription scores, but dispersion of listener estimates was large, and (3) objective tasks form a hierarchy with speakers receiving lowest scores on transcriptions, intermediate scores on completions, and highest scores on multiple-choice tasks. Mean scores for words and sentences were similar. Implications of results for clinical management of dysarthria are discussed.", "PMID": 739065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3846", "title": "Listeners' impressions of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between speech of hearing-impaired children and listeners' ratings of the speakers' intelligence, achievement, personality, and appearance as a function of whether or not speakers wore hearing aids. Stimuli consisted of (1) tape-recorded speech samples of 12 speakers (4 normal hearing, 4 hard of hearing, and 4 deaf) and (2) two photographic slides of each speaker--one depicting him wearing a hearing aid and another depicting him not wearing a hearing aid. Listeners used a semantic differential scale to rate the stimuli. Analysis shows that there is a systematic increase in \"less desirable\" ratings with severity of hearing loss and that responses are more negative when the speaker wore a hearing aid.", "contents": "Listeners' impressions of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children. This study investigated the relationship between speech of hearing-impaired children and listeners' ratings of the speakers' intelligence, achievement, personality, and appearance as a function of whether or not speakers wore hearing aids. Stimuli consisted of (1) tape-recorded speech samples of 12 speakers (4 normal hearing, 4 hard of hearing, and 4 deaf) and (2) two photographic slides of each speaker--one depicting him wearing a hearing aid and another depicting him not wearing a hearing aid. Listeners used a semantic differential scale to rate the stimuli. Analysis shows that there is a systematic increase in \"less desirable\" ratings with severity of hearing loss and that responses are more negative when the speaker wore a hearing aid.", "PMID": 739066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3847", "title": "A clinical prototype for auditory memory span.", "content": "An initial examination of an experimental test for auditory memory span was administered to 12 children (ages 5,6 to 7,0) with moderate to severe functional articulation problems. The experimental retention test (ERT), based on a minimal-pairs, distinctive feature paradigm, correlated significantly with three indices of articulatory performance: consonantal intelligibility, total sounds in error, and total number of misarticulations. Descriptive data are presented for clinical evaluation and further test development.", "contents": "A clinical prototype for auditory memory span. An initial examination of an experimental test for auditory memory span was administered to 12 children (ages 5,6 to 7,0) with moderate to severe functional articulation problems. The experimental retention test (ERT), based on a minimal-pairs, distinctive feature paradigm, correlated significantly with three indices of articulatory performance: consonantal intelligibility, total sounds in error, and total number of misarticulations. Descriptive data are presented for clinical evaluation and further test development.", "PMID": 739067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3848", "title": "Auditory pattern recognition abilities of aphasic and normal subjects: a preliminary study.", "content": "A comparison of the ability of aphasic and normal subjects to recognize three element auditory patterns of duration was made under the following conditions: monaural right, monaural left; split left leading and split right leading: dichotic. There were eight possible combinations of elements for each condition. In all conditions the normal group clearly outperformed the aphasic subjects with practically no overlap in their performances. Implications of using nonlinguistic stimuli for testing aphasic individuals, assessing progress, and training in pattern recognition is discussed.", "contents": "Auditory pattern recognition abilities of aphasic and normal subjects: a preliminary study. A comparison of the ability of aphasic and normal subjects to recognize three element auditory patterns of duration was made under the following conditions: monaural right, monaural left; split left leading and split right leading: dichotic. There were eight possible combinations of elements for each condition. In all conditions the normal group clearly outperformed the aphasic subjects with practically no overlap in their performances. Implications of using nonlinguistic stimuli for testing aphasic individuals, assessing progress, and training in pattern recognition is discussed.", "PMID": 739068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3849", "title": "The fit between journals and theses.", "content": "The titles of a substantial sample of articles related to speech pathology and audiology over a period of 21 years were catalogued under one or more of 10 categories, e.g., normal audition, defective phonation, and the like. The titles of theses and dissertations in this field of six universities of Ohio over the same period were also catalogued. The articles appeared in 17 journals. The journals were treated as seven groups of \"related\" journals. The total output of journals was stable over the period studied; a \"group\" of journals tended to be consistent with itself over successive 3-year periods; the seven groups of journals tended to be unique, and not to replicate each other. The topics treated in the journals were accepted as a criterion for contemporaneousness. The student output of the universities varied in contemporaneousness from one school to another, ranging upward to r = 0.98 (10 categories). The overall correlation between the student and the journal outputs was r = 0.79.", "contents": "The fit between journals and theses. The titles of a substantial sample of articles related to speech pathology and audiology over a period of 21 years were catalogued under one or more of 10 categories, e.g., normal audition, defective phonation, and the like. The titles of theses and dissertations in this field of six universities of Ohio over the same period were also catalogued. The articles appeared in 17 journals. The journals were treated as seven groups of \"related\" journals. The total output of journals was stable over the period studied; a \"group\" of journals tended to be consistent with itself over successive 3-year periods; the seven groups of journals tended to be unique, and not to replicate each other. The topics treated in the journals were accepted as a criterion for contemporaneousness. The student output of the universities varied in contemporaneousness from one school to another, ranging upward to r = 0.98 (10 categories). The overall correlation between the student and the journal outputs was r = 0.79.", "PMID": 739069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3850", "title": "Auditory semantic, syntactic, and retention errors made by aphasic subjects on the Token Test.", "content": "The Token Test was administered to 25 mild aphasic and 25 matched normal subjects for the purpose of determining the linguistic nature of the auditory verbal comprehension error responses. As was expected, the aphasic subjects obtained significantly poorer scores on the Token Test than did the normal subjects, with minimal overlap between the two groups. In Parts I-IV, the errors were exclusively semantic, and reflected only the amount of required verbal memory. In Part V, the syntactic structures vary, and the aphasic subjects showed a similar pattern of difficulty as did the normal subjects. Syntactic errors were more prevalent than semantic errors in Part V, suggesting that syntactic complexity was the most important factor in verbal comprehension on this part. In comparison to previous research utilizing the Token Test with normal children, the aphasic subjects in the present study generally had high error rates on the same items as did the children.", "contents": "Auditory semantic, syntactic, and retention errors made by aphasic subjects on the Token Test. The Token Test was administered to 25 mild aphasic and 25 matched normal subjects for the purpose of determining the linguistic nature of the auditory verbal comprehension error responses. As was expected, the aphasic subjects obtained significantly poorer scores on the Token Test than did the normal subjects, with minimal overlap between the two groups. In Parts I-IV, the errors were exclusively semantic, and reflected only the amount of required verbal memory. In Part V, the syntactic structures vary, and the aphasic subjects showed a similar pattern of difficulty as did the normal subjects. Syntactic errors were more prevalent than semantic errors in Part V, suggesting that syntactic complexity was the most important factor in verbal comprehension on this part. In comparison to previous research utilizing the Token Test with normal children, the aphasic subjects in the present study generally had high error rates on the same items as did the children.", "PMID": 739070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3851", "title": "Membrane oxygenators for acute respiratory insufficiency. Clinical use in 11 patients.", "content": "Extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO) was used in 11 patients with acute respiratory insufficiency who did not respond to conventional treatment. By pass was veno-arterial in every case, seven times with femoral artery return, three times with axillary artery return, and once with both femoral and axillary return. Five patients died on ECMO. Six patients were taken off ECMO and two of them are long-term survivors. In nine cases ECMO allowed short-term control of respiratory failure. The respective roles of oxygen supply from ECMO and the haemodynamic changes incurred by its use are discussed. Although use of ECMO for long periods seems less hazardous now, present results are restricted by the lack of therapy for the underlying pulmonary lesions.", "contents": "Membrane oxygenators for acute respiratory insufficiency. Clinical use in 11 patients. Extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO) was used in 11 patients with acute respiratory insufficiency who did not respond to conventional treatment. By pass was veno-arterial in every case, seven times with femoral artery return, three times with axillary artery return, and once with both femoral and axillary return. Five patients died on ECMO. Six patients were taken off ECMO and two of them are long-term survivors. In nine cases ECMO allowed short-term control of respiratory failure. The respective roles of oxygen supply from ECMO and the haemodynamic changes incurred by its use are discussed. Although use of ECMO for long periods seems less hazardous now, present results are restricted by the lack of therapy for the underlying pulmonary lesions.", "PMID": 739075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3852", "title": "Acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Comparative light and electron microscopic study of 19 cases. Pathogenic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Comparative light and electron microscopic studies of the lung were performed in 19 cases of diffuse acute interstitial fibrosis with various etiologies. Our observations emphasize the relation between hyaline membranes (HM) and the evolution of fibrosis. HM formation is due to fibrinous exudates and epithelial necrosis. This phenomenon recurs during the evolution of the disease and appears to be responsible for new waves of fibrosis. Its pathogenesis (humoral or neurovascular ...) remains hypothetical. Modifications of the alveolar epithelium consecutive to septal fibrosis can be clearly distinguished from \"fibrinoid necrosis\" -type lesions, which results in HM. The formation of HM is accompanied by fibroblastic stimulation which proceeds in spite of epithelial regeneration. The exact stimulus for the proliferation and collagen hypersecretion of fibroblasts remains to be determined. The use, in association with corticosteroid treatment, of a structural analogue of L lysine, acexamic acid, to impede collagenesis reveals encouraging perspectives for improved therapy.", "contents": "Acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Comparative light and electron microscopic study of 19 cases. Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Comparative light and electron microscopic studies of the lung were performed in 19 cases of diffuse acute interstitial fibrosis with various etiologies. Our observations emphasize the relation between hyaline membranes (HM) and the evolution of fibrosis. HM formation is due to fibrinous exudates and epithelial necrosis. This phenomenon recurs during the evolution of the disease and appears to be responsible for new waves of fibrosis. Its pathogenesis (humoral or neurovascular ...) remains hypothetical. Modifications of the alveolar epithelium consecutive to septal fibrosis can be clearly distinguished from \"fibrinoid necrosis\" -type lesions, which results in HM. The formation of HM is accompanied by fibroblastic stimulation which proceeds in spite of epithelial regeneration. The exact stimulus for the proliferation and collagen hypersecretion of fibroblasts remains to be determined. The use, in association with corticosteroid treatment, of a structural analogue of L lysine, acexamic acid, to impede collagenesis reveals encouraging perspectives for improved therapy.", "PMID": 739076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3853", "title": "A rationale for epidural analgesia in the treatment of multiple rib fractures.", "content": "Thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) is described as an alternative to controlled ventilation in patients presenting with multiple rib fractures. Lung mechanics were especially studied in 6 patients selected from a total of 49. The average ICU stay for this group was 4.5 days (2-11) and the mean age 55.7 years. The EA group was compared with 51 patients primarily ventilated who had an average stay in the ICU of 9.8 days and a mean age of 44.7 years. Mean number of rib fractures of the ventilated group at 6.5 was almost equal to the mean of 6.8 in the EA group. There was a difference in the number of associated fractures, 98 in the ventilated group compared to 35 in the EA group. Severe pulmonary and cerebral contusion were the two most important factors in enforcing the need to ventilate. The success of the method is evidenced by the increase in functional residual capacity (FRC), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), vital capacity (VC), the decrease of airway resistance (R) and a significantly increase of PaO2 (p less than 0,001) for the EA group with a balanced fluid therapy. All this accounts for the clinical observation of diminishing paradoxical movement of the flail segment.", "contents": "A rationale for epidural analgesia in the treatment of multiple rib fractures. Thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) is described as an alternative to controlled ventilation in patients presenting with multiple rib fractures. Lung mechanics were especially studied in 6 patients selected from a total of 49. The average ICU stay for this group was 4.5 days (2-11) and the mean age 55.7 years. The EA group was compared with 51 patients primarily ventilated who had an average stay in the ICU of 9.8 days and a mean age of 44.7 years. Mean number of rib fractures of the ventilated group at 6.5 was almost equal to the mean of 6.8 in the EA group. There was a difference in the number of associated fractures, 98 in the ventilated group compared to 35 in the EA group. Severe pulmonary and cerebral contusion were the two most important factors in enforcing the need to ventilate. The success of the method is evidenced by the increase in functional residual capacity (FRC), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), vital capacity (VC), the decrease of airway resistance (R) and a significantly increase of PaO2 (p less than 0,001) for the EA group with a balanced fluid therapy. All this accounts for the clinical observation of diminishing paradoxical movement of the flail segment.", "PMID": 739077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3854", "title": "Massive digoxin intoxication in childhood.", "content": "In a 10 year old boy 8 hours after taking about 16 mg beta-acetyl-digoxin a maximum serum digoxin level of 31.8 ng/ml was measured radioimmunologically. This is the highest digitalis level in childhood described to date. The serum potassium level rose to 7.4 mmol/l. Complete atrio-ventricular block, and salves of ventricular premature beats were the most serious rhythm disturbances. The absence of life threatening rhythm disturbances is attributed to the early use of diphenylhydantoin in small frequent doses.", "contents": "Massive digoxin intoxication in childhood. In a 10 year old boy 8 hours after taking about 16 mg beta-acetyl-digoxin a maximum serum digoxin level of 31.8 ng/ml was measured radioimmunologically. This is the highest digitalis level in childhood described to date. The serum potassium level rose to 7.4 mmol/l. Complete atrio-ventricular block, and salves of ventricular premature beats were the most serious rhythm disturbances. The absence of life threatening rhythm disturbances is attributed to the early use of diphenylhydantoin in small frequent doses.", "PMID": 739078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3855", "title": "The hazard of acute epiglottitis.", "content": "This report is based on a 3 1/2 year's study of 33 cases of acute epiglottitis with 3 child deaths. Suspicion of acute epiglottitis in children with respiratory distress is always an indication for rapid direct laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia with intubation, and preparation for tracheotomy and bronchoscopy. Should the diagnosis of acute epiglottitis not be excluded during this procedure, then a free airway should be ensured by endotracheal intubation, even in cases of apparently less severe character, where the procedure would seem to be more prophylactic than therapeutic. Intubation is often very difficult. It is concluded that the patient should be received at the hospital by an E.N.T.--anaesthetic team conversant with the treatment of this potential killer.", "contents": "The hazard of acute epiglottitis. This report is based on a 3 1/2 year's study of 33 cases of acute epiglottitis with 3 child deaths. Suspicion of acute epiglottitis in children with respiratory distress is always an indication for rapid direct laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia with intubation, and preparation for tracheotomy and bronchoscopy. Should the diagnosis of acute epiglottitis not be excluded during this procedure, then a free airway should be ensured by endotracheal intubation, even in cases of apparently less severe character, where the procedure would seem to be more prophylactic than therapeutic. Intubation is often very difficult. It is concluded that the patient should be received at the hospital by an E.N.T.--anaesthetic team conversant with the treatment of this potential killer.", "PMID": 739079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3856", "title": "Acute miliary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure.", "content": "A 42 year old pregnant woman was admitted in acute respiratory failure. Viral pneumonia was suspected and oxygen therapy, CPAP, water restriction and diuretics were started with good response. She remained febrile and had an abnormal chest X-ray, a diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis was confirmed by transbronchial fibreoptic lung biopsy.", "contents": "Acute miliary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure. A 42 year old pregnant woman was admitted in acute respiratory failure. Viral pneumonia was suspected and oxygen therapy, CPAP, water restriction and diuretics were started with good response. She remained febrile and had an abnormal chest X-ray, a diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis was confirmed by transbronchial fibreoptic lung biopsy.", "PMID": 739080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3857", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome precipitated by massive salicylate poisoning.", "content": "Pulmonary oedema has been reported in severe cases of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) poisoning. Liberal use of intravenous fluids, to establish a forced diuresis, is usually thought to be the precipitating cause. A case of severe ASA poisoning and respiratory failure was found to have increased pulmonary vascular resistance and signs of intravascular hypercoagulability. The patient recovered rapidly on mechanical ventilation with a positive endexpiratory pressure of 18 cm H2O and systemic steroids.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome precipitated by massive salicylate poisoning. Pulmonary oedema has been reported in severe cases of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) poisoning. Liberal use of intravenous fluids, to establish a forced diuresis, is usually thought to be the precipitating cause. A case of severe ASA poisoning and respiratory failure was found to have increased pulmonary vascular resistance and signs of intravascular hypercoagulability. The patient recovered rapidly on mechanical ventilation with a positive endexpiratory pressure of 18 cm H2O and systemic steroids.", "PMID": 739081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3858", "title": "Acoustic determinants of phrase boundary perception.", "content": "How three supersegmental variables (amplitude, pitch contour, and duration pattern) influence phrase boundary perception was investigated in two studies. Listeners located the phrase boundary in ambiguous algebraic expressions, such as \"(A plus E) times O\" and A plus (E times O).\" In one experiment, two values of each of three variables (appropriate or neutral) were orthogonally varied, using linear predictive coding analysis-synthesis procedures. There was a total of eight manipulations for each expression. In the other, the three suprasegmental variables were exchanged between the two alternative meanings of an expression, yielding a total of eight manipulations for each expression. Results from the two studies were consistent in showing that listeners use all three cues, and just these three to parse such utterances. That is, it was possible to completely shift the meaning of an expression uttered with one meaning into its alternate meaning by exchanging all three variables. In both studies, the effects of duration pattern and pitch contour were additive in total proportion correct. Possible models of how listeners process pitch and duration information independently in making a parsing decision are discussed.", "contents": "Acoustic determinants of phrase boundary perception. How three supersegmental variables (amplitude, pitch contour, and duration pattern) influence phrase boundary perception was investigated in two studies. Listeners located the phrase boundary in ambiguous algebraic expressions, such as \"(A plus E) times O\" and A plus (E times O).\" In one experiment, two values of each of three variables (appropriate or neutral) were orthogonally varied, using linear predictive coding analysis-synthesis procedures. There was a total of eight manipulations for each expression. In the other, the three suprasegmental variables were exchanged between the two alternative meanings of an expression, yielding a total of eight manipulations for each expression. Results from the two studies were consistent in showing that listeners use all three cues, and just these three to parse such utterances. That is, it was possible to completely shift the meaning of an expression uttered with one meaning into its alternate meaning by exchanging all three variables. In both studies, the effects of duration pattern and pitch contour were additive in total proportion correct. Possible models of how listeners process pitch and duration information independently in making a parsing decision are discussed.", "PMID": 739094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3859", "title": "Longitudinal study of hearing in children: baseline data concerning auditory thresholds, noise exposure, and biological factors.", "content": "Serial auditory thresholds are being recorded at six-month intervals from 224 children and youths aged 4--18 years. The data from the first year show girls have lower threshold levels than boys, especially from 12--17 years, and, in both sexes, those aged 12--17 years have lower thresholds than those aged 6--11 years. Median total noise exposure scores tend to be higher in boys than girls, especially after 10 years of age, but these scores are not significantly correlated with auditory thresholds levels. The incidence of exposure to events associated with noise increases markedly in teenage boys and is related to auditory threshold levels. There are no significant associations between auditory thresholds levels and responses to general health questions or attained stature, but there are associations with meatal abnormalities. There is suggestive evidence, particularly in girls, that rapid maturation is associated with lower threshold levels, especially at lower frequencies.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of hearing in children: baseline data concerning auditory thresholds, noise exposure, and biological factors. Serial auditory thresholds are being recorded at six-month intervals from 224 children and youths aged 4--18 years. The data from the first year show girls have lower threshold levels than boys, especially from 12--17 years, and, in both sexes, those aged 12--17 years have lower thresholds than those aged 6--11 years. Median total noise exposure scores tend to be higher in boys than girls, especially after 10 years of age, but these scores are not significantly correlated with auditory thresholds levels. The incidence of exposure to events associated with noise increases markedly in teenage boys and is related to auditory threshold levels. There are no significant associations between auditory thresholds levels and responses to general health questions or attained stature, but there are associations with meatal abnormalities. There is suggestive evidence, particularly in girls, that rapid maturation is associated with lower threshold levels, especially at lower frequencies.", "PMID": 739095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3860", "title": "Subjective loudness of N-wave sonic booms.", "content": "A loudspeaker-driven simulation booth with extended rise-time capability (down to 0.22 ms) has been used for subjective loudness tests of N-wave sonic booms. The test series compared signatures over a range of  0.22--10 ms in rise time, 100--250 ms in duration and 0.5--2.5 psf (24--120 Pa) in peak overpressure. In one sequence, the tradeoff between rise time and overpressure was measured for equal loudness; in another, the tradeoff between duration and overpressure. For equal loudness 10-ms rise time required 8-dB higher overpressure than for 1-ms rise time. Duration had little effect in the range 100--200 ms, but at 250 ms noticeably enhanced the loudness. These results confirm those measured by Shepherd and Sutherland made at 1-ms rise time and above (except for the anomalous enhancement at 250-ms duration), and extend the measurements down to 0.22 ms. There is also good agreement with theoretical predictions (Johnson-Robinson, Zepler-Harel methods) except for the 10-ms rise time and 250-ms duration cases.", "contents": "Subjective loudness of N-wave sonic booms. A loudspeaker-driven simulation booth with extended rise-time capability (down to 0.22 ms) has been used for subjective loudness tests of N-wave sonic booms. The test series compared signatures over a range of  0.22--10 ms in rise time, 100--250 ms in duration and 0.5--2.5 psf (24--120 Pa) in peak overpressure. In one sequence, the tradeoff between rise time and overpressure was measured for equal loudness; in another, the tradeoff between duration and overpressure. For equal loudness 10-ms rise time required 8-dB higher overpressure than for 1-ms rise time. Duration had little effect in the range 100--200 ms, but at 250 ms noticeably enhanced the loudness. These results confirm those measured by Shepherd and Sutherland made at 1-ms rise time and above (except for the anomalous enhancement at 250-ms duration), and extend the measurements down to 0.22 ms. There is also good agreement with theoretical predictions (Johnson-Robinson, Zepler-Harel methods) except for the 10-ms rise time and 250-ms duration cases.", "PMID": 739096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3861", "title": "Subjective loudness of \"minimized\" sonic boom waveforms.", "content": "For very long supersonic aircraft the \"midfield\" sonic boom signature may not have evolved fully into an N wave at ground level. Thus in current boom minimization techniques the shape of the aircraft may be tailored to optimize this midfield wave form for reduced subjective loudness. The present investigation tests a family of \"flat-top\" waveforms cited by Darden: all but one have a front shock height (deltapSH) less than the peak amplitude (deltapMAX). For equal subjective loudness, \"flat top\" vs N wave (peak overpressure deltapN), the peak amplitude of the \"flat top\" signature was found to be substantially higher than that of the N wave; thus for equal peak amplitude the \"flat-top\" signature was quieter. The results for equal loudness were well fitted by an emperical law deltapSH + 0.11deltapMAX = deltapN; the equivalence shows how the front shock amplitude (deltapSH) dominates the loudness. All this was found compatible with predictions by the method of Johnson and Robinson.", "contents": "Subjective loudness of \"minimized\" sonic boom waveforms. For very long supersonic aircraft the \"midfield\" sonic boom signature may not have evolved fully into an N wave at ground level. Thus in current boom minimization techniques the shape of the aircraft may be tailored to optimize this midfield wave form for reduced subjective loudness. The present investigation tests a family of \"flat-top\" waveforms cited by Darden: all but one have a front shock height (deltapSH) less than the peak amplitude (deltapMAX). For equal subjective loudness, \"flat top\" vs N wave (peak overpressure deltapN), the peak amplitude of the \"flat top\" signature was found to be substantially higher than that of the N wave; thus for equal peak amplitude the \"flat-top\" signature was quieter. The results for equal loudness were well fitted by an emperical law deltapSH + 0.11deltapMAX = deltapN; the equivalence shows how the front shock amplitude (deltapSH) dominates the loudness. All this was found compatible with predictions by the method of Johnson and Robinson.", "PMID": 739097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3862", "title": "Growth function for human response to large-amplitude impulse noise.", "content": "The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed the use of C-weighted day/night level for the assessment of impulse noise such as the noise resulting from sonic boom, blast noise (artillery, armor, demolition, etc.) and other large-amplitude impulse sources. One remaining question pertaining to the use of C-weighting has been the growth function for human response to impulse noise. This question arises because work by Kryter and by Young using peak values and/or small amplitudes exhibited growth functions of 6--7dB for a doubling of annoyance, while the growth function for human response to common sources (planes, vehicles, etc.) increases by about 10 dB for a doubling of annoyance. Kyter's and Young's data are reanalyzed herein by using C-weighting and by including only large-amplitude data. This reanalysis results in a growth function for human response to impulse noise which increases by about 10 dB for a doubling of annoyance. This equality of growth function between common A-weighted noise and C-weighted impulse noise further supports the use of C-weighted day/night level for assessment of sonic boom, blast noise, or other large-amplitude impulse noises having similar spectral content.", "contents": "Growth function for human response to large-amplitude impulse noise. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed the use of C-weighted day/night level for the assessment of impulse noise such as the noise resulting from sonic boom, blast noise (artillery, armor, demolition, etc.) and other large-amplitude impulse sources. One remaining question pertaining to the use of C-weighting has been the growth function for human response to impulse noise. This question arises because work by Kryter and by Young using peak values and/or small amplitudes exhibited growth functions of 6--7dB for a doubling of annoyance, while the growth function for human response to common sources (planes, vehicles, etc.) increases by about 10 dB for a doubling of annoyance. Kyter's and Young's data are reanalyzed herein by using C-weighting and by including only large-amplitude data. This reanalysis results in a growth function for human response to impulse noise which increases by about 10 dB for a doubling of annoyance. This equality of growth function between common A-weighted noise and C-weighted impulse noise further supports the use of C-weighted day/night level for assessment of sonic boom, blast noise, or other large-amplitude impulse noises having similar spectral content.", "PMID": 739098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3863", "title": "Stiffness gradient along the basilar membrane as a basis for spatial frequency analysis within the cochlea.", "content": "Stiffness z of the basilar membrane of the house mouse against a displacement by sound was calculated from data on width and thickness of the membrane. Three functions of the kind log10z = ax + b were obtained which equally express the stiffness change in dependence on the locus x on the basilar membrane. These functions were compared with the one for frequency representation. The result is that the spatial distribution of displacement maxima for frequencies and of stiffness follows the same kind of place-dependent functions over a large portion of the basilar membrane. From this it can be concluded empirically that the frequency and stiffness (calculated from width and thickness of the basilar membrane) scales along the cochlea are generally proportional to each other and that stiffness is a dominant factor for the determination of the locus of the displacement maximum for a given frequency.", "contents": "Stiffness gradient along the basilar membrane as a basis for spatial frequency analysis within the cochlea. Stiffness z of the basilar membrane of the house mouse against a displacement by sound was calculated from data on width and thickness of the membrane. Three functions of the kind log10z = ax + b were obtained which equally express the stiffness change in dependence on the locus x on the basilar membrane. These functions were compared with the one for frequency representation. The result is that the spatial distribution of displacement maxima for frequencies and of stiffness follows the same kind of place-dependent functions over a large portion of the basilar membrane. From this it can be concluded empirically that the frequency and stiffness (calculated from width and thickness of the basilar membrane) scales along the cochlea are generally proportional to each other and that stiffness is a dominant factor for the determination of the locus of the displacement maximum for a given frequency.", "PMID": 739099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3864", "title": "These glasses are terrible!", "content": "In summary, listen to the patient's complaints, try to identify the problem, suggest what can be done to solve the problem and assure the patient that his visual comfort is your primary concern.", "contents": "These glasses are terrible! In summary, listen to the patient's complaints, try to identify the problem, suggest what can be done to solve the problem and assure the patient that his visual comfort is your primary concern.", "PMID": 739106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3865", "title": "[The evolution of perinatal pathology and its prevention in France. The national enquiries by INSERM in 1972-1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Two national enquiries were carried out in France by INSERM in 1972 and in 1975-76 in order to review the efficiency of using medical discoveries and health programmes. The first was carried out on a representative sample of 11,254 deliveries and the second on a representative sample of 4,685 deliveries. The perinatal mortality rate and the prematurity rate have gone down quite definitely, while on the other hand the birth weight has stayed more or less identically the same and the number of small-for-dates babies has not become less and in fact there is a slight tendency for a rise in the number. Antenatal care has improved considerably for most women, without the idea of high risk factors having really become integrated. The number of maternity units with fewer than 15 beds has considerably dropped,  especially in the private sector. Monitoring of labour and of the newborn has shown a certain progress. These changes exist in a family context which is evolving with more planned pregnancies and a slight improvement in the social and cultural conditions of parents.", "contents": "[The evolution of perinatal pathology and its prevention in France. The national enquiries by INSERM in 1972-1976 (author's transl)]. Two national enquiries were carried out in France by INSERM in 1972 and in 1975-76 in order to review the efficiency of using medical discoveries and health programmes. The first was carried out on a representative sample of 11,254 deliveries and the second on a representative sample of 4,685 deliveries. The perinatal mortality rate and the prematurity rate have gone down quite definitely, while on the other hand the birth weight has stayed more or less identically the same and the number of small-for-dates babies has not become less and in fact there is a slight tendency for a rise in the number. Antenatal care has improved considerably for most women, without the idea of high risk factors having really become integrated. The number of maternity units with fewer than 15 beds has considerably dropped,  especially in the private sector. Monitoring of labour and of the newborn has shown a certain progress. These changes exist in a family context which is evolving with more planned pregnancies and a slight improvement in the social and cultural conditions of parents.", "PMID": 739121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3866", "title": "[Blue naevus of the cervix. 3 case histories (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomo-pathological features of 3 cases of blue naevi of the cervix are presented and discussed together with the literature. Blue naevi of the cervix are localised in the chorion of the endocervical mucus and sometimes even in a polyp, and can be multiple. They are different from benign melanosis or melanocytes which are found in the basal portion of the malpighian epithelium of the exocervix or the vagina. The blue naevus and benign melanosis can rarely give rise to primitive malignant melanomas of the cervix.", "contents": "[Blue naevus of the cervix. 3 case histories (author's transl)]. Anatomo-pathological features of 3 cases of blue naevi of the cervix are presented and discussed together with the literature. Blue naevi of the cervix are localised in the chorion of the endocervical mucus and sometimes even in a polyp, and can be multiple. They are different from benign melanosis or melanocytes which are found in the basal portion of the malpighian epithelium of the exocervix or the vagina. The blue naevus and benign melanosis can rarely give rise to primitive malignant melanomas of the cervix.", "PMID": 739122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3867", "title": "[Serial complement (C3 and CH 50) and immunoglobulin levels in toxaemic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The fraction of complement C3, the total complement activity and the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins have been estimated in the third trimester of pregnancy in 70 control pregnant women and in 38 hypertensive pregnant women who presented either with \"pure toxaemia\" or with \"superimposed toxaemia\". The level of IgG is definitely but not significantly lowered in cases of \"pure toxaemia\". The other parameters that were studied showed no notable changes in comparison with control pregnant women.", "contents": "[Serial complement (C3 and CH 50) and immunoglobulin levels in toxaemic pregnancy (author's transl)]. The fraction of complement C3, the total complement activity and the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins have been estimated in the third trimester of pregnancy in 70 control pregnant women and in 38 hypertensive pregnant women who presented either with \"pure toxaemia\" or with \"superimposed toxaemia\". The level of IgG is definitely but not significantly lowered in cases of \"pure toxaemia\". The other parameters that were studied showed no notable changes in comparison with control pregnant women.", "PMID": 739123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3868", "title": "[A case of doubly differentiated epithelioma of the cervix (a mixed carcinoma) (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a clinical case of doubly differentiated epithelioma of the cervix, we have reviewed the histological, epidemiological and clinico-pathological characteristics of this epithelioma. This lesion, which is particularly found in young patients, is often associated with pregnancy, and has a strong predilection for lymphatic spread. Finally, this tumour is very aggressive and seems to respond neither to radiotherapy nor to surgery.", "contents": "[A case of doubly differentiated epithelioma of the cervix (a mixed carcinoma) (author's transl)]. Following a clinical case of doubly differentiated epithelioma of the cervix, we have reviewed the histological, epidemiological and clinico-pathological characteristics of this epithelioma. This lesion, which is particularly found in young patients, is often associated with pregnancy, and has a strong predilection for lymphatic spread. Finally, this tumour is very aggressive and seems to respond neither to radiotherapy nor to surgery.", "PMID": 739125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3869", "title": "[Breast cancer diagnosed in the pre-clinical stage with the phenomena of histological regression (author's transl)].", "content": "The discovery of carcinomatous cells in a discharge from a breast, without any other clinical, mammographic or thermographic sign, allowed the removal of a carcinoma in its pre-clinical stage. The histological study in a series of cuts showed a carcinoma that was still intraductal and which showed signs of cellular regression accompanied by marked peri-canalicular sclerosis associated with inflammatory infiltration. This observation allows commentaries to be made concerning the immunological process that goes with carcinoma in its intra-epithelial stage and permits the possibility of predicting an advance in the understanding and treatment of carcinomata which should be diagnosed very early.", "contents": "[Breast cancer diagnosed in the pre-clinical stage with the phenomena of histological regression (author's transl)]. The discovery of carcinomatous cells in a discharge from a breast, without any other clinical, mammographic or thermographic sign, allowed the removal of a carcinoma in its pre-clinical stage. The histological study in a series of cuts showed a carcinoma that was still intraductal and which showed signs of cellular regression accompanied by marked peri-canalicular sclerosis associated with inflammatory infiltration. This observation allows commentaries to be made concerning the immunological process that goes with carcinoma in its intra-epithelial stage and permits the possibility of predicting an advance in the understanding and treatment of carcinomata which should be diagnosed very early.", "PMID": 739124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3870", "title": "[300 breech delivery in continuity (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study of 300 breech deliveries in continuity, the authors after a review of the principal attitudes and of the results of other publications; bring their attitude and their results, by a more detailed analysis of cases and specially the small for date--the preterm deliveries and the breech associated with multiple pregnancy, because these associated risks are the most important. Systematic casarian section must not be systematic on term breechs if obstetrical explorations are normal--in these cases 60 0/0 of trials labor perform well with a minimal morbidity and with mortality no account. In the other hand, in cases where risk increase cesarian section is the best solution.", "contents": "[300 breech delivery in continuity (author's transl)]. In this study of 300 breech deliveries in continuity, the authors after a review of the principal attitudes and of the results of other publications; bring their attitude and their results, by a more detailed analysis of cases and specially the small for date--the preterm deliveries and the breech associated with multiple pregnancy, because these associated risks are the most important. Systematic casarian section must not be systematic on term breechs if obstetrical explorations are normal--in these cases 60 0/0 of trials labor perform well with a minimal morbidity and with mortality no account. In the other hand, in cases where risk increase cesarian section is the best solution.", "PMID": 739127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3871", "title": "[Epidural anaesthesia associated with induction of labour. A clinical study. Electronic monitoring of the physical and biological parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "73 case histories of induction of labour under epidural anaesthesia have been studied very thoroughly from the different parameters of the uterine contractions as well as the fetal heart rate and the acid base balance of the fetus. From this study it is clear that the basal tone, the intensity and the frequency of contractions and the activity of the uterus are increased in comparison with different studies of normal labour. This increase however is within physiological limits and does not change in any marked way the cardiac rhythm nor the acid base balance of the fetus. The Apgar score at birth is equal to or above 8 in 89 p. 100 of cases at 1 minute and in 100 p. 100 of cases at 5 minutes. Finally, in the last phases of the labour dilatation is quicker than in normal delivery. It follows therefore that maternal comfort has not been bought at the expense of the fetus.", "contents": "[Epidural anaesthesia associated with induction of labour. A clinical study. Electronic monitoring of the physical and biological parameters (author's transl)]. 73 case histories of induction of labour under epidural anaesthesia have been studied very thoroughly from the different parameters of the uterine contractions as well as the fetal heart rate and the acid base balance of the fetus. From this study it is clear that the basal tone, the intensity and the frequency of contractions and the activity of the uterus are increased in comparison with different studies of normal labour. This increase however is within physiological limits and does not change in any marked way the cardiac rhythm nor the acid base balance of the fetus. The Apgar score at birth is equal to or above 8 in 89 p. 100 of cases at 1 minute and in 100 p. 100 of cases at 5 minutes. Finally, in the last phases of the labour dilatation is quicker than in normal delivery. It follows therefore that maternal comfort has not been bought at the expense of the fetus.", "PMID": 739129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3872", "title": "[Autoradiographic detection of tritiated choline chloride in brain tissue. A method of microscopic detection in paraffin sections].", "content": "It is presented a autoradiographic method for microscopical detection of 3H-choline chloride activity after intraventricular application in freeze-dried and paraffin-embedded brain sections. The 10 micrometer thick sections are treated with diethyl ether and than exposed during 90 days above calcium chloride at 4 degree C using the sandwich technique (with stripping film). After separate film explanation and section staining the film and the brain sections are mounted together.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic detection of tritiated choline chloride in brain tissue. A method of microscopic detection in paraffin sections]. It is presented a autoradiographic method for microscopical detection of 3H-choline chloride activity after intraventricular application in freeze-dried and paraffin-embedded brain sections. The 10 micrometer thick sections are treated with diethyl ether and than exposed during 90 days above calcium chloride at 4 degree C using the sandwich technique (with stripping film). After separate film explanation and section staining the film and the brain sections are mounted together.", "PMID": 739137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3873", "title": "Dendritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segment of the spinal cord in the cat 1. The range dendrites of the central region neurons.", "content": "Spinal cords of kittens and mature cats were examined at the levels of L1 and L2 segments. Using Golgi impregnation method it has been stated that dendrites of the small and medium neurons lying in the central region of the intermediate gray ramify mainly within the region in question. Some of them, however, penetrate the neighbouring regions. The dendrites of large neurons reach the lamina III (according to Rexed's division), paramedially the white commisure, the intermediomedial as well as the thoracic nuclei. These dendrites reach even the lateral horns of the spinal cord (laterally) and the motor nuclei (ventrally).", "contents": "Dendritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segment of the spinal cord in the cat 1. The range dendrites of the central region neurons. Spinal cords of kittens and mature cats were examined at the levels of L1 and L2 segments. Using Golgi impregnation method it has been stated that dendrites of the small and medium neurons lying in the central region of the intermediate gray ramify mainly within the region in question. Some of them, however, penetrate the neighbouring regions. The dendrites of large neurons reach the lamina III (according to Rexed's division), paramedially the white commisure, the intermediomedial as well as the thoracic nuclei. These dendrites reach even the lateral horns of the spinal cord (laterally) and the motor nuclei (ventrally).", "PMID": 739138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3874", "title": "[Antenatal diagnosis. A psychological study. I. The intervention of doctors in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Antenatal diagnosis enables certain fetal abnormalities to be detected \"in utero\", and in particular mongolism. This examination is often undertaken in the process of medical attention in pregnancy. This explains why interviews with pregnant women about this far from ordinary act have become so superficial. Men and women react differently to this take-over. The former take part in a scientific discussion, the latter, who are more closely involved, which is to say with their whole bodies, set themselves against both good and bad doctors and often try to resist this test. We have attempted to understand the meaning of wanting to or not wanting to know the sex of the child in this context before its birth, and what happens to the wish to have a child after this kind of medical care.", "contents": "[Antenatal diagnosis. A psychological study. I. The intervention of doctors in pregnancy (author's transl)]. Antenatal diagnosis enables certain fetal abnormalities to be detected \"in utero\", and in particular mongolism. This examination is often undertaken in the process of medical attention in pregnancy. This explains why interviews with pregnant women about this far from ordinary act have become so superficial. Men and women react differently to this take-over. The former take part in a scientific discussion, the latter, who are more closely involved, which is to say with their whole bodies, set themselves against both good and bad doctors and often try to resist this test. We have attempted to understand the meaning of wanting to or not wanting to know the sex of the child in this context before its birth, and what happens to the wish to have a child after this kind of medical care.", "PMID": 739126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3875", "title": "Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex. III. Some dynamical aspects.", "content": "In this paper we analyse our data from the quantitative cytoarchitectonic study of motor and sensory areas 10--4--3 and 2(Leuba and coll., 1977) and of visual and auditory area 5--17--18a--18--41 and 20 (Heumann and coll., 1977). The analysis of neuronal densities and cortical depths shows the following facts during the postnatal maturation: 1. Generally the sequence of maturation of the cortical layers is the same in the 9 studied areas: first layers I. and V, then VIb and VIa followed by III and IV and finally II. 2. This sequence is the same between 5 and 10 days as between 10 and 30 days. Still the maturation is much faster between 5 and 10 days. After 30 day differences between the layers are not very important. 3. For layers I, V and VI our 9 areas show an approximately similar degree of development from 5 days on. 4. Layers II, III and IV are in a faster period of development between 5 and 10 days. At this moment and for these layers, areas 17, 2, 3, 4 and 10 are less well developed than areas 41, 20, 18 and 18a. 5. One can thus consider that in mice the maturation of the areas seems to be more correlated with their localization than with their function. Effectively areas 41, 20 and 18a are in the vicinity of the rhinal fissure and a maturational gradient may start in this fissure. 6. In terms of neuronal densities and cortical depths an adult aspect of the layers and of the areas seems to be reached around 30 days. But some other phenomena of maturation exist after 30 days.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex. III. Some dynamical aspects. In this paper we analyse our data from the quantitative cytoarchitectonic study of motor and sensory areas 10--4--3 and 2(Leuba and coll., 1977) and of visual and auditory area 5--17--18a--18--41 and 20 (Heumann and coll., 1977). The analysis of neuronal densities and cortical depths shows the following facts during the postnatal maturation: 1. Generally the sequence of maturation of the cortical layers is the same in the 9 studied areas: first layers I. and V, then VIb and VIa followed by III and IV and finally II. 2. This sequence is the same between 5 and 10 days as between 10 and 30 days. Still the maturation is much faster between 5 and 10 days. After 30 day differences between the layers are not very important. 3. For layers I, V and VI our 9 areas show an approximately similar degree of development from 5 days on. 4. Layers II, III and IV are in a faster period of development between 5 and 10 days. At this moment and for these layers, areas 17, 2, 3, 4 and 10 are less well developed than areas 41, 20, 18 and 18a. 5. One can thus consider that in mice the maturation of the areas seems to be more correlated with their localization than with their function. Effectively areas 41, 20 and 18a are in the vicinity of the rhinal fissure and a maturational gradient may start in this fissure. 6. In terms of neuronal densities and cortical depths an adult aspect of the layers and of the areas seems to be reached around 30 days. But some other phenomena of maturation exist after 30 days.", "PMID": 739139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3876", "title": "[The outlook and the quality of pregnancies resulting from treatment with clomiphene citrate and chorionic gonadotrophin. 53 consecutive cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 53 pregnancies which were the result of induction of ovulation using a standard treatment with 100 mg of clomiphene citrate and 3 injections of 1,500 I.U. of H.C.G. showed no increase in the risk of fetal malformation. Before treatment this same group of women has a high risk of spontaneous abortion (43p. 100). After treatment in 53 conceptions 7 ended with an abortion which, is 13p. 100. The risks which follow this treatment are above all dominated by the definite increase in twin pregnancies and in prematurity which follows from this factor.", "contents": "[The outlook and the quality of pregnancies resulting from treatment with clomiphene citrate and chorionic gonadotrophin. 53 consecutive cases (author's transl)]. The study of 53 pregnancies which were the result of induction of ovulation using a standard treatment with 100 mg of clomiphene citrate and 3 injections of 1,500 I.U. of H.C.G. showed no increase in the risk of fetal malformation. Before treatment this same group of women has a high risk of spontaneous abortion (43p. 100). After treatment in 53 conceptions 7 ended with an abortion which, is 13p. 100. The risks which follow this treatment are above all dominated by the definite increase in twin pregnancies and in prematurity which follows from this factor.", "PMID": 739128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3877", "title": "[Embryonal development of the brain of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). I. Formation of the shape of the brain, the migration mode and phase and the structure of the diencephalon].", "content": "Brain structure of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula has been studied on the basis of a series of embryonic stages. The incubation time was 157 days in average (under constant conditions of 15 centigrades and density of 1.026). 1. The first predominant characters of the external brain shape are the optic tectum, cerebellum, telencephali hemispheres and oculomotor root. In addition, the brain axis is characterized by new flexures in the cerebellar and prosencephalic level. A nuchal flexure in absent. 2. The ontogenetic pattern of the matrix layer differs in different brain parts. Generally, ventral columns develop earlier than dorsal ones. Matrix development and cell proliferation occur especially late in the cerebellum. For the most part the results agree with findings by KAHLE (1951) concerning the human brain. The telencephalon is an exception and shows a developmental retardation, while a regular development is observed in Scyliorhinus. 3. The hypothalamus overlaps the other regions of the diencephalon. The ventral thalamus is small, a dorsal thalamus is not observed. The pretectal region is remarkably differentiated and contains a rich set of nuclei. 4. The epithalamus is asymmetrical; a phenomenon that occurs after hatch. The left habenula is distinctly larger than the right-one.", "contents": "[Embryonal development of the brain of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). I. Formation of the shape of the brain, the migration mode and phase and the structure of the diencephalon]. Brain structure of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula has been studied on the basis of a series of embryonic stages. The incubation time was 157 days in average (under constant conditions of 15 centigrades and density of 1.026). 1. The first predominant characters of the external brain shape are the optic tectum, cerebellum, telencephali hemispheres and oculomotor root. In addition, the brain axis is characterized by new flexures in the cerebellar and prosencephalic level. A nuchal flexure in absent. 2. The ontogenetic pattern of the matrix layer differs in different brain parts. Generally, ventral columns develop earlier than dorsal ones. Matrix development and cell proliferation occur especially late in the cerebellum. For the most part the results agree with findings by KAHLE (1951) concerning the human brain. The telencephalon is an exception and shows a developmental retardation, while a regular development is observed in Scyliorhinus. 3. The hypothalamus overlaps the other regions of the diencephalon. The ventral thalamus is small, a dorsal thalamus is not observed. The pretectal region is remarkably differentiated and contains a rich set of nuclei. 4. The epithalamus is asymmetrical; a phenomenon that occurs after hatch. The left habenula is distinctly larger than the right-one.", "PMID": 739140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3878", "title": "[Embryonal development of the brain of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). II. The optic tectum and its stratification].", "content": "The stratification of the optic tectum of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula is comparable to patterns of other vertebrates. Thus it is possible to homologize part of the cortex layers with those described by P. RAMON (1896) and HUBER & CROSBY (1933b). 1. As for other vertebrates, it makes sense to collect the large number of zones (layers) into three groups: periventricular, central and superficial. 2. Ramon's periventricular zones 1--3 are distinct; fibrous zone 4 and cellular zone 5 are partially mixed. The central zones (6, 7) are mixed. All superficial zones are recognized, with the exception of zone 14, which was not found. 3. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus develops in the early embryo.", "contents": "[Embryonal development of the brain of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). II. The optic tectum and its stratification]. The stratification of the optic tectum of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula is comparable to patterns of other vertebrates. Thus it is possible to homologize part of the cortex layers with those described by P. RAMON (1896) and HUBER & CROSBY (1933b). 1. As for other vertebrates, it makes sense to collect the large number of zones (layers) into three groups: periventricular, central and superficial. 2. Ramon's periventricular zones 1--3 are distinct; fibrous zone 4 and cellular zone 5 are partially mixed. The central zones (6, 7) are mixed. All superficial zones are recognized, with the exception of zone 14, which was not found. 3. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus develops in the early embryo.", "PMID": 739141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3879", "title": "[Quantitative age-dependent variations in dendritic spines in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and fascia dentata) of the albino mouse].", "content": "The dendritic spines of the apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 and of granule cells in Fascia Dentata were investigated in 19 stages of age, from the 10th to the 190th postnatal day. The results were statistically evaluated. In CA1 and CA3 a first increase in the number of spines (with a maximum at 35 days) is followed by a subsequent decrease up to the 65th day and a further increase up to the 190th day. This developmental pattern is found in the apical dendrites of CA1 and CA3 in all its investigated segments. On the contrary the basal dendrites differ from this pattern. The spines in the Fascia Dentata show a rapid increase up to the 15th postnatal day followed by a slow but constant increase up the end of our study.", "contents": "[Quantitative age-dependent variations in dendritic spines in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and fascia dentata) of the albino mouse]. The dendritic spines of the apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 and of granule cells in Fascia Dentata were investigated in 19 stages of age, from the 10th to the 190th postnatal day. The results were statistically evaluated. In CA1 and CA3 a first increase in the number of spines (with a maximum at 35 days) is followed by a subsequent decrease up to the 65th day and a further increase up to the 190th day. This developmental pattern is found in the apical dendrites of CA1 and CA3 in all its investigated segments. On the contrary the basal dendrites differ from this pattern. The spines in the Fascia Dentata show a rapid increase up to the 15th postnatal day followed by a slow but constant increase up the end of our study.", "PMID": 739142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3880", "title": "Dendritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segment of the spinal cord in the cat. 2. The range of dendrites of the paramedial region neurons.", "content": "The lumbar segments (L1 and L2) of spinal cords in 8 kittens and 6 mature cats were examined using several modifications of Golgi method. Within the paramedial region two groups of neurons were distinguished (besides the thoracic nucleus), i.e. the intermediomedial nucleus and paracommissural neuronal group. Small cells of the both groups send their dendrites in the relatively short distances over the nuclei. Medium cells dendrites of the intermediomedial nucleus penetrate the thoracic nucleus, the central region of the intermediate gray, the lamina VII, and the white commissure. Dendrites of the paracommisural cells penetrate the lateral horn as far as motor nuclei, the intermediomedial nucleus, sometimes the thoracic nucleus, the central and lateral regions of the intermediate gray as well as the white commissure. Possible afferent connections of these neurons with various centers of the cord, with supraspinal centers as well as with peripheral afferents are discussed.", "contents": "Dendritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segment of the spinal cord in the cat. 2. The range of dendrites of the paramedial region neurons. The lumbar segments (L1 and L2) of spinal cords in 8 kittens and 6 mature cats were examined using several modifications of Golgi method. Within the paramedial region two groups of neurons were distinguished (besides the thoracic nucleus), i.e. the intermediomedial nucleus and paracommissural neuronal group. Small cells of the both groups send their dendrites in the relatively short distances over the nuclei. Medium cells dendrites of the intermediomedial nucleus penetrate the thoracic nucleus, the central region of the intermediate gray, the lamina VII, and the white commissure. Dendrites of the paracommisural cells penetrate the lateral horn as far as motor nuclei, the intermediomedial nucleus, sometimes the thoracic nucleus, the central and lateral regions of the intermediate gray as well as the white commissure. Possible afferent connections of these neurons with various centers of the cord, with supraspinal centers as well as with peripheral afferents are discussed.", "PMID": 739143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3881", "title": "Alcohol abuse among lesbians: a descriptive study.", "content": "Intensive interviews with 10 lesbian alcohol abusers revealed strong dependency needs, low self-esteem, and a high incidence of depression. Drinking increased power-related behaviors, enhanced self-esteem, and for many subjects increased feelings of depression. The findings suggest that lesbians with alcohol problems need (a) therapists who will accept their sexual orientation and (b) treatment that will help them increase their sense of power and self-esteem without alcohol.", "contents": "Alcohol abuse among lesbians: a descriptive study. Intensive interviews with 10 lesbian alcohol abusers revealed strong dependency needs, low self-esteem, and a high incidence of depression. Drinking increased power-related behaviors, enhanced self-esteem, and for many subjects increased feelings of depression. The findings suggest that lesbians with alcohol problems need (a) therapists who will accept their sexual orientation and (b) treatment that will help them increase their sense of power and self-esteem without alcohol.", "PMID": 739144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3882", "title": "On \"doing\" and \"being\" gay: sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity.", "content": "The possible relationships between sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity are examined within a symbolic interactionist frame-work. The presence or absence of definitions of homosexuality, the nature of these definitions, and the rules learned by the individual for their application to himself and others determined how he perceived his feelings, his behavior, and his sexual identity. The identity histories of the men illustrate how the peer groups in which they were socialized and the behavior of their friends prevented them from defining their behavior in terms of the \"homosexual pattern.\" They began to reinterpret their behavior as \"homosexual\" when they perceived changes in the behavior and definitions of their behavior by their friends, or when they came into contact with self-defined homosexuals.", "contents": "On \"doing\" and \"being\" gay: sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity. The possible relationships between sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity are examined within a symbolic interactionist frame-work. The presence or absence of definitions of homosexuality, the nature of these definitions, and the rules learned by the individual for their application to himself and others determined how he perceived his feelings, his behavior, and his sexual identity. The identity histories of the men illustrate how the peer groups in which they were socialized and the behavior of their friends prevented them from defining their behavior in terms of the \"homosexual pattern.\" They began to reinterpret their behavior as \"homosexual\" when they perceived changes in the behavior and definitions of their behavior by their friends, or when they came into contact with self-defined homosexuals.", "PMID": 739145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3883", "title": "The relationship of perceived societal hostility, conformity, and psychological adjustment in homosexual males.", "content": "The present study examined the relationship between the perception by homosexual males of positive or negative societal reaction to homosexuality (PSR), their degree of conformity to heterosexual norms, and their degree of psychological adjustment. In this study respondents with high PSR were those who perceived negative societal reaction to homosexuality. Respondents with low PSR were those who perceived positive societal reaction. The study differentiated between the effects of putative societal reaction and actual societal reaction and was based on a three-group sample of homosexual men who (a) were, (b) had been, or (c) had never been heterosexually married. Findings showed that putative societal reaction was a critical variable producing conformity and psychological maladjustment in homosexual males.", "contents": "The relationship of perceived societal hostility, conformity, and psychological adjustment in homosexual males. The present study examined the relationship between the perception by homosexual males of positive or negative societal reaction to homosexuality (PSR), their degree of conformity to heterosexual norms, and their degree of psychological adjustment. In this study respondents with high PSR were those who perceived negative societal reaction to homosexuality. Respondents with low PSR were those who perceived positive societal reaction. The study differentiated between the effects of putative societal reaction and actual societal reaction and was based on a three-group sample of homosexual men who (a) were, (b) had been, or (c) had never been heterosexually married. Findings showed that putative societal reaction was a critical variable producing conformity and psychological maladjustment in homosexual males.", "PMID": 739146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3884", "title": "Androgyny scores of matched homosexual and heterosexual males.", "content": "Twenty-sex white homosexual males and 26 white heterosexual males were matched on age, education, occupational level, and sampling frame. One-half of the pairs were volunteers, and one-half were paid for participating. Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny scores were obtained on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The homosexual sample was \"androgynous\", and the heterosexual sample was highly \"masculine sex typed,\" by definition (Bem, 1974). This difference was tested by a derived \"androgynyscore\" and was significant (p less than .05).", "contents": "Androgyny scores of matched homosexual and heterosexual males. Twenty-sex white homosexual males and 26 white heterosexual males were matched on age, education, occupational level, and sampling frame. One-half of the pairs were volunteers, and one-half were paid for participating. Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny scores were obtained on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The homosexual sample was \"androgynous\", and the heterosexual sample was highly \"masculine sex typed,\" by definition (Bem, 1974). This difference was tested by a derived \"androgynyscore\" and was significant (p less than .05).", "PMID": 739147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3885", "title": "Effects of psychological distress on perceptions of physical health and use of medical and psychiatric facilities.", "content": "Psychological distress not only contributes to bodily symptoms but also affects the way people perceive their physical health status and their use of medical care. Reporting on a program of research, this paper reviews evidence that psychological distress is an important component of illness behavior and response and must be taken into account in the appropriate organization of medical services.", "contents": "Effects of psychological distress on perceptions of physical health and use of medical and psychiatric facilities. Psychological distress not only contributes to bodily symptoms but also affects the way people perceive their physical health status and their use of medical care. Reporting on a program of research, this paper reviews evidence that psychological distress is an important component of illness behavior and response and must be taken into account in the appropriate organization of medical services.", "PMID": 739148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3886", "title": "The stress interview: unfinished business.", "content": "The stress interview, once a common method of psychophysiological research, is today unused because of concerns for research design and ethical issues. As it almost uniquely allows direct structured observations of bodily responses to stress in man it ought to be revived, incorporating modern instrumentation, current methods of refinement of subjective judgments, and now-conventional ethical safeguards. A considerable range of prospective applications to current needs in gastrointestinal research is presented, and the ethical justification for such studies is reviewed. The potential gains far outweight the small risks which would be incurred.", "contents": "The stress interview: unfinished business. The stress interview, once a common method of psychophysiological research, is today unused because of concerns for research design and ethical issues. As it almost uniquely allows direct structured observations of bodily responses to stress in man it ought to be revived, incorporating modern instrumentation, current methods of refinement of subjective judgments, and now-conventional ethical safeguards. A considerable range of prospective applications to current needs in gastrointestinal research is presented, and the ethical justification for such studies is reviewed. The potential gains far outweight the small risks which would be incurred.", "PMID": 739149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3887", "title": "Conspicuous in its absence: the lack of positive conditions as a source of stress.", "content": "Sress research has concentrated on the presence of negative conditions as a source of stress and largely has ignored stress reactions that result from a lack of positive conditions. In an attempt to demonstrate the seriousness of this omission of stress theory, for samples of students (N = 84) and professionals (N = 205) the presence of negative and absence of positive life and work features were each related to the experiences of life and work tedium and satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Two hypotheses were proposed: that the presence of negative and lack of positive life and work features are (1) both significantly related to tedium and satisfaction/dissatisfaction and (2) are independent of each other. The hypotheses were confirmed for both samples except in the case of work satisfaction/dissatisfaction, which was related only to the lack of positive features. These results highlight the need in stress research to consider lack of positive conditions as a source of stress.", "contents": "Conspicuous in its absence: the lack of positive conditions as a source of stress. Sress research has concentrated on the presence of negative conditions as a source of stress and largely has ignored stress reactions that result from a lack of positive conditions. In an attempt to demonstrate the seriousness of this omission of stress theory, for samples of students (N = 84) and professionals (N = 205) the presence of negative and absence of positive life and work features were each related to the experiences of life and work tedium and satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Two hypotheses were proposed: that the presence of negative and lack of positive life and work features are (1) both significantly related to tedium and satisfaction/dissatisfaction and (2) are independent of each other. The hypotheses were confirmed for both samples except in the case of work satisfaction/dissatisfaction, which was related only to the lack of positive features. These results highlight the need in stress research to consider lack of positive conditions as a source of stress.", "PMID": 739150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3888", "title": "Behavioral and environmental aspects of hypertension.", "content": "Relationships of behavioral and environmental influences on the development and maintenance of hypertension have been reviewed. The evidence for such influences arises from studies in five areas, namely, retrospective correlations between emotional events and hypertensive disease; acute changes in blood pressure with stress in animals and man; chronic blood pressure change following stress in animals and man; changes in blood pressure produced by behavioral modifications; and the personality patterns and particular behaviors of hypertensive subjects. Data from these studies have been briefly but critically reviewed with emphasis on the interreactive nature of the environmental, behavioral, genetic and other biological factors which eventuate in hypertension. It is emphasized that the issue for the future is not whether behavioral factors play any role in hypertension but rather to what extent, under what circumstances, and in which individuals behavioral factors are acting as important pressor stimuli in the overall homeostatic distortions that result in hypertension.", "contents": "Behavioral and environmental aspects of hypertension. Relationships of behavioral and environmental influences on the development and maintenance of hypertension have been reviewed. The evidence for such influences arises from studies in five areas, namely, retrospective correlations between emotional events and hypertensive disease; acute changes in blood pressure with stress in animals and man; chronic blood pressure change following stress in animals and man; changes in blood pressure produced by behavioral modifications; and the personality patterns and particular behaviors of hypertensive subjects. Data from these studies have been briefly but critically reviewed with emphasis on the interreactive nature of the environmental, behavioral, genetic and other biological factors which eventuate in hypertension. It is emphasized that the issue for the future is not whether behavioral factors play any role in hypertension but rather to what extent, under what circumstances, and in which individuals behavioral factors are acting as important pressor stimuli in the overall homeostatic distortions that result in hypertension.", "PMID": 739151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3889", "title": "Use of enteric vaccines in protection against chlamydial infections of the genital tract and the eye of guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs in a test group were fed living guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) organisms classified as Chlamydia psittaci in 60% yolk-sac suspensions as enteric vaccines, while animals in a control group received uninfected yolk sac. Seven test animals and 14 control animals were challenged 11 or 22 days later with 1,000 50% infectious doses of GPIC organisms in either the conjunctiva or the vagina. Evidence of protection from mucosal infection in both sites was noted in test animals. Clinically, the disease was less severe, and microbiologically, lower percentages of mucosal cells were infected. The results suggest that enteric vaccination against mucosal infections of the eye and the genital tract with chlamydial agents is possible.", "contents": "Use of enteric vaccines in protection against chlamydial infections of the genital tract and the eye of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs in a test group were fed living guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) organisms classified as Chlamydia psittaci in 60% yolk-sac suspensions as enteric vaccines, while animals in a control group received uninfected yolk sac. Seven test animals and 14 control animals were challenged 11 or 22 days later with 1,000 50% infectious doses of GPIC organisms in either the conjunctiva or the vagina. Evidence of protection from mucosal infection in both sites was noted in test animals. Clinically, the disease was less severe, and microbiologically, lower percentages of mucosal cells were infected. The results suggest that enteric vaccination against mucosal infections of the eye and the genital tract with chlamydial agents is possible.", "PMID": 739153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3890", "title": "Granulocyte function and levels of immunoglobulins and complement in patients admitted for withdrawal from alcohol.", "content": "Chronic alcoholics who had been drinking heavily until admission for withdrawal from alcohol were studied to determine their level of granulocyte function, immunoglobulin concentration, and complement system activity. Although most had some mild derangement in results of liver function tests, serum albumin concentrations were normal, and there was no clinical evidence of malnutrition or cirrhosis. Granulocyte adherence was slightly depressed in two subjects (52.4% and 54.1%; normal, 76.0% +/- 12%), although mean adherence for the group was normal. Mean chemotaxis was significantly below normal (2,103 vs. 7,943 counts per min), and the impairment was related to a defect or inhibitor in the serum of patients. Phagocytic activity was less than half that of control subjects in two alcoholics, but mean values were not depressed. Bactericidal activity was normal in all. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and total hemolytic complement activity were above the normal range for the group. The general inhibition of chemotaxis or the occasional defects in other granulocyte functions may contribute to the difficulty that alcoholics have with infection.", "contents": "Granulocyte function and levels of immunoglobulins and complement in patients admitted for withdrawal from alcohol. Chronic alcoholics who had been drinking heavily until admission for withdrawal from alcohol were studied to determine their level of granulocyte function, immunoglobulin concentration, and complement system activity. Although most had some mild derangement in results of liver function tests, serum albumin concentrations were normal, and there was no clinical evidence of malnutrition or cirrhosis. Granulocyte adherence was slightly depressed in two subjects (52.4% and 54.1%; normal, 76.0% +/- 12%), although mean adherence for the group was normal. Mean chemotaxis was significantly below normal (2,103 vs. 7,943 counts per min), and the impairment was related to a defect or inhibitor in the serum of patients. Phagocytic activity was less than half that of control subjects in two alcoholics, but mean values were not depressed. Bactericidal activity was normal in all. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and total hemolytic complement activity were above the normal range for the group. The general inhibition of chemotaxis or the occasional defects in other granulocyte functions may contribute to the difficulty that alcoholics have with infection.", "PMID": 739154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3891", "title": "Effect of protein A on the antistaphylococcal defence mechanisms of the murine lung.", "content": "The importance of IgG attached to protein A in the initial reaction of inspired Staphylococcus aureus and alveolar macrophages was studied by infecting unimmunized mice with aerosols of S. aureus strains 566 and Wood 46 with high and low protein A content. At 2, 4, and 8 hr after infection, the presence of IgG attached to S. aureus and rates of staphylococcal ingestion and killing by macrophages were determined. IgG was detected by staining of sections of the right lung with fluorescein-labeled goat antibody to mouse IgG. For S. aureus strain 566, 25%--40% of the total number of bacteria, as determined in equivalently sized subjacent sections stained by the Brown and Brenn tissue gram stain, contained attached IgG. A few S. aureus strain Wood 46 were surrounded by dimly fluorescing complexes. Since rates of bacterial ingestion and killing were similar for both strains in this in vivo model of infection, IgG binding to protein A does not affect the bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages.", "contents": "Effect of protein A on the antistaphylococcal defence mechanisms of the murine lung. The importance of IgG attached to protein A in the initial reaction of inspired Staphylococcus aureus and alveolar macrophages was studied by infecting unimmunized mice with aerosols of S. aureus strains 566 and Wood 46 with high and low protein A content. At 2, 4, and 8 hr after infection, the presence of IgG attached to S. aureus and rates of staphylococcal ingestion and killing by macrophages were determined. IgG was detected by staining of sections of the right lung with fluorescein-labeled goat antibody to mouse IgG. For S. aureus strain 566, 25%--40% of the total number of bacteria, as determined in equivalently sized subjacent sections stained by the Brown and Brenn tissue gram stain, contained attached IgG. A few S. aureus strain Wood 46 were surrounded by dimly fluorescing complexes. Since rates of bacterial ingestion and killing were similar for both strains in this in vivo model of infection, IgG binding to protein A does not affect the bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages.", "PMID": 739155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3892", "title": "Reflux nephropathy and chronic atrophic pyelonephritis: a review.", "content": "Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis is associated with vesicoureteric reflux in infancy. Reflux disappears during childhood in 50% of cases. It is more commonly detected in infants (49%) and children (26%) with infection than in adults (4.4%). Severe reflux may persist in adults and is usually (94%) associated with scarring. Patients with end-stage renal failure due to pyelonephritis are much younger than patients with end-stage renal failure due to other causes. The incidence of reflux according to sex is equal in infancy, but after infancy both pyelonephritic scarring and reflux are far more common in females. Infection is the likely cause of progressive scarring in females. Hypertension is associated with chronic atrophic pyelonephritis. Proteinuria is the worst prognostic feature in patients with reflux nephropathy and pyelonephritic scarring. Intrarenal reflux determines the site of scarring. The role of surgical correction of vesicoureteric reflux remains uncertain, but meticulous control of infection appears to prevent progressive scarring.", "contents": "Reflux nephropathy and chronic atrophic pyelonephritis: a review. Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis is associated with vesicoureteric reflux in infancy. Reflux disappears during childhood in 50% of cases. It is more commonly detected in infants (49%) and children (26%) with infection than in adults (4.4%). Severe reflux may persist in adults and is usually (94%) associated with scarring. Patients with end-stage renal failure due to pyelonephritis are much younger than patients with end-stage renal failure due to other causes. The incidence of reflux according to sex is equal in infancy, but after infancy both pyelonephritic scarring and reflux are far more common in females. Infection is the likely cause of progressive scarring in females. Hypertension is associated with chronic atrophic pyelonephritis. Proteinuria is the worst prognostic feature in patients with reflux nephropathy and pyelonephritic scarring. Intrarenal reflux determines the site of scarring. The role of surgical correction of vesicoureteric reflux remains uncertain, but meticulous control of infection appears to prevent progressive scarring.", "PMID": 739156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3893", "title": "Antibody to Tamm-Horsfall protein in patients with urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux, which are often associated with urinary tract infections, may lead to progressive renal damage. Relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of this process, and a need exists for noninvasive methods of its detection in its early stages. Because urine is refluxed into the venous and lymphatic drainage of the kidney in severe vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction, an immune response to urinary tract components might play a role in the pathophysiology of progressive renal damage and serve as a serologic marker for its presence. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for a protein found only in the urine (Tamm-Horsfall protein [THP]) was developed and used to measure antibody to THP in the serum of 60 subjects. Significant elevations of antibody to THP were observed in five of 15 patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract and in one of 10 patients with infection alone, when these patients were compared with 12 healthy control subjects. Similar elevations of antibody to THP were not seen in uninfected patients with urinary tract obstruction or in patients with low-grade vesicoureteral reflux or sepsis of nonrenal origin. These results suggest that the measurement of antibody to THP might be useful in the identification of patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Antibody to Tamm-Horsfall protein in patients with urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux. Urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux, which are often associated with urinary tract infections, may lead to progressive renal damage. Relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of this process, and a need exists for noninvasive methods of its detection in its early stages. Because urine is refluxed into the venous and lymphatic drainage of the kidney in severe vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction, an immune response to urinary tract components might play a role in the pathophysiology of progressive renal damage and serve as a serologic marker for its presence. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for a protein found only in the urine (Tamm-Horsfall protein [THP]) was developed and used to measure antibody to THP in the serum of 60 subjects. Significant elevations of antibody to THP were observed in five of 15 patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract and in one of 10 patients with infection alone, when these patients were compared with 12 healthy control subjects. Similar elevations of antibody to THP were not seen in uninfected patients with urinary tract obstruction or in patients with low-grade vesicoureteral reflux or sepsis of nonrenal origin. These results suggest that the measurement of antibody to THP might be useful in the identification of patients with obstruction and infection of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 739157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3894", "title": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus: a frequent cause of acute urinary tract infection among female outpatients.", "content": "The frequency of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, formerly Micrococcus subgroup 3, as the cause of bacteriuria is reported. Of 787 consecutive female outpatients with signs of bacteriuria, 173 (22.0%) yielded S. saprophyticus, predominantly in pure culture and in high counts. In the age group 16--25 years, this organism was demonstrated in no less than 42.3%. In hospitalized women and in men with signs of bacteriuria, on the other hand, S. saprophyticus was a rare finding (0.9% and 0.5%, respectively). The figures in female outpatients aged 15--30 years were similar over a three-year period, but higher during summer and fall as compared with those in winter and spring. The patients regularly had rather severe symptoms of acute urinary tract infections with dysuria and often loid pain. Hematuria and pyuria were common. All strains of S. saprophyticus had a fairly even and high susceptibility to antimicrobial agents except nalidixic acid. Recurrent infections were common. The origin of this infection is still obscure.", "contents": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus: a frequent cause of acute urinary tract infection among female outpatients. The frequency of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, formerly Micrococcus subgroup 3, as the cause of bacteriuria is reported. Of 787 consecutive female outpatients with signs of bacteriuria, 173 (22.0%) yielded S. saprophyticus, predominantly in pure culture and in high counts. In the age group 16--25 years, this organism was demonstrated in no less than 42.3%. In hospitalized women and in men with signs of bacteriuria, on the other hand, S. saprophyticus was a rare finding (0.9% and 0.5%, respectively). The figures in female outpatients aged 15--30 years were similar over a three-year period, but higher during summer and fall as compared with those in winter and spring. The patients regularly had rather severe symptoms of acute urinary tract infections with dysuria and often loid pain. Hematuria and pyuria were common. All strains of S. saprophyticus had a fairly even and high susceptibility to antimicrobial agents except nalidixic acid. Recurrent infections were common. The origin of this infection is still obscure.", "PMID": 739158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3895", "title": "Bacteremic superinfections of patients with bacteremia: occurrence, bacteriology, mortality, and duration of hospitalization at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972.", "content": "During the course of hospitalization of 6,414 patients with bacteremic infections identified at Boston City Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts) during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, 6.0% developed verified bacteremic superinfections with organisms not isolated or identified in the primary bacteremic infection. Analysis of these cases reemphasizes the increasing occurrence of serious hospital-acquired infections despite the successive introduction and intensive use of a large number of effective antibacterial agents. The bacteremic superinfections, like the primary hospital-acquired bacteremias, increased in incidence over the years, particularly since 1961; they were more frequent and were associated with a higher mortality rate and longer duration of hospital stay in the primary hospital-acquired cases than in the patients in whom bacteremia was considered to be community-acquired. The organisms in superinfections were similar to those in primary hospital-acquired bacteremias. Superinfection was more frequent among the patients who died than among the survivors.", "contents": "Bacteremic superinfections of patients with bacteremia: occurrence, bacteriology, mortality, and duration of hospitalization at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. During the course of hospitalization of 6,414 patients with bacteremic infections identified at Boston City Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts) during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, 6.0% developed verified bacteremic superinfections with organisms not isolated or identified in the primary bacteremic infection. Analysis of these cases reemphasizes the increasing occurrence of serious hospital-acquired infections despite the successive introduction and intensive use of a large number of effective antibacterial agents. The bacteremic superinfections, like the primary hospital-acquired bacteremias, increased in incidence over the years, particularly since 1961; they were more frequent and were associated with a higher mortality rate and longer duration of hospital stay in the primary hospital-acquired cases than in the patients in whom bacteremia was considered to be community-acquired. The organisms in superinfections were similar to those in primary hospital-acquired bacteremias. Superinfection was more frequent among the patients who died than among the survivors.", "PMID": 739159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3896", "title": "Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. II. Mass treatment with a single oral dose of metrifonate.", "content": "Determination of the efficacy of mass treatment of schistosomiasis is usually based on the rate of cure. However, schistosomes do not multiply in the human host, disease tends to cluster in the small proportion of individuals with heavy infections, and reinfection continually occurs in endemic areas. Thus drastic reduction in worm burdens can be a reasonable goal for mass treatment campaigns. The standard dose and regimen of metrifonate for the treatment of schistosomiasis haematobia is 7.5 mg/kg administered in three doses two weeks apart. This treatment results in a cure rate of approximately 50% and a reduction in egg output of 94.5%. In the present study, 72 infected children with egg counts before treatment that averaged from 0.1 to 2,334/10 ml of urine were treated with a single oral dose of 10 mg of metrifonate/kg: the cure rate was 22%, and the reduction in egg output was 96.5%. No side effects were recorded.", "contents": "Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. II. Mass treatment with a single oral dose of metrifonate. Determination of the efficacy of mass treatment of schistosomiasis is usually based on the rate of cure. However, schistosomes do not multiply in the human host, disease tends to cluster in the small proportion of individuals with heavy infections, and reinfection continually occurs in endemic areas. Thus drastic reduction in worm burdens can be a reasonable goal for mass treatment campaigns. The standard dose and regimen of metrifonate for the treatment of schistosomiasis haematobia is 7.5 mg/kg administered in three doses two weeks apart. This treatment results in a cure rate of approximately 50% and a reduction in egg output of 94.5%. In the present study, 72 infected children with egg counts before treatment that averaged from 0.1 to 2,334/10 ml of urine were treated with a single oral dose of 10 mg of metrifonate/kg: the cure rate was 22%, and the reduction in egg output was 96.5%. No side effects were recorded.", "PMID": 739160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3897", "title": "Containment of hepatitis B virus infection in a hemodialysis unit.", "content": "The unsuspected introduction of a carrier of hepatitis B virus into a hepatitis-free hemodialysis unit coincided with a routine serologic survey in early April 1976. Thus the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody was known for the 42 patients and 23 personnel at risk. Control consisted of isolating the patient identified as a carrier seven days after admission. Immune globulin was not given to potentially exposed persons. During a 15-month period, only one case of icteric hepatitis B occurred, in a nurse who was probably infected through defective gloves while attending the carrier in isolation. Monthy serologic tests showed that none of the other personnel and patients became infected with hepatitis B virus. This limited spread of hepatitis B indicated that isolation of the carrier was an effective preventive measure in given setting.", "contents": "Containment of hepatitis B virus infection in a hemodialysis unit. The unsuspected introduction of a carrier of hepatitis B virus into a hepatitis-free hemodialysis unit coincided with a routine serologic survey in early April 1976. Thus the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody was known for the 42 patients and 23 personnel at risk. Control consisted of isolating the patient identified as a carrier seven days after admission. Immune globulin was not given to potentially exposed persons. During a 15-month period, only one case of icteric hepatitis B occurred, in a nurse who was probably infected through defective gloves while attending the carrier in isolation. Monthy serologic tests showed that none of the other personnel and patients became infected with hepatitis B virus. This limited spread of hepatitis B indicated that isolation of the carrier was an effective preventive measure in given setting.", "PMID": 739161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3898", "title": "Carotenoid pigments and the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "Carotenoid pigments protect photosynthetic organisms against photosensitization by their own chlorophyll. This photoprotective function of carotenoids was utilized in the treatment of a human photosensitivity disease, erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "contents": "Carotenoid pigments and the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Carotenoid pigments protect photosynthetic organisms against photosensitization by their own chlorophyll. This photoprotective function of carotenoids was utilized in the treatment of a human photosensitivity disease, erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "PMID": 739162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3899", "title": "Paraquat-induced changes in the rate of collagen biosynthesis by rat lung explants.", "content": "Paraquat, bipyridilium herbicide know to cause pulmonary fibrosis, was injected IP into rats. The rate of synthesis of collagen by lung minces from these and control rats was evaluated by measuring the rate of synthesis of hydroxyproline, a specific marker for collagen in lung. Synthesis was measured by incubating lung minces with radioactive proline for various amounts of time, after which proline specific activity and labeled hydroxyproline were determined. The size of the proline pool within the lung minces was significantly elevated in minces from rats that had been injected with paraquat, thus causing the specific activity of the [3H]proline precursor to be lower in these lungs than in those from control animals. Lung minces from rats administered paraquat made more collagen than did those from uninjected controls. The actual increase in rate of collagen synthesis correlated well with other independent estimates of paraquat-induced damage to the lungs.", "contents": "Paraquat-induced changes in the rate of collagen biosynthesis by rat lung explants. Paraquat, bipyridilium herbicide know to cause pulmonary fibrosis, was injected IP into rats. The rate of synthesis of collagen by lung minces from these and control rats was evaluated by measuring the rate of synthesis of hydroxyproline, a specific marker for collagen in lung. Synthesis was measured by incubating lung minces with radioactive proline for various amounts of time, after which proline specific activity and labeled hydroxyproline were determined. The size of the proline pool within the lung minces was significantly elevated in minces from rats that had been injected with paraquat, thus causing the specific activity of the [3H]proline precursor to be lower in these lungs than in those from control animals. Lung minces from rats administered paraquat made more collagen than did those from uninjected controls. The actual increase in rate of collagen synthesis correlated well with other independent estimates of paraquat-induced damage to the lungs.", "PMID": 739165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3900", "title": "In vitro assessment of interaction of blood with model surfaces.", "content": "An in vitro system for the assessment of blood compatibility of artificial surfaces is described. Anticoagulated human whole blood was pumped through columns of beads and then analyzed for evidence of platelet retention and the release of platelet constitutents. Platelets were retained on the columns by adhesion to the beads and by aggregation. Experiments were conducted with PVAc, PC, PMA and PS beads to provide data on the reproducibility of the system and the effects of anticoagulants and RBC concentration on platelet adhesion and release. The system is versatile, inexpensive, reproducibile, and also suitable for studies of the effects of pharmacologic agents and other aspects of platelet-artificial surface interaction.", "contents": "In vitro assessment of interaction of blood with model surfaces. An in vitro system for the assessment of blood compatibility of artificial surfaces is described. Anticoagulated human whole blood was pumped through columns of beads and then analyzed for evidence of platelet retention and the release of platelet constitutents. Platelets were retained on the columns by adhesion to the beads and by aggregation. Experiments were conducted with PVAc, PC, PMA and PS beads to provide data on the reproducibility of the system and the effects of anticoagulants and RBC concentration on platelet adhesion and release. The system is versatile, inexpensive, reproducibile, and also suitable for studies of the effects of pharmacologic agents and other aspects of platelet-artificial surface interaction.", "PMID": 739169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3901", "title": "Inhibitors of erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E) in sera of azotemic patients with anemia of renal disease.", "content": "A number of potentially toxic compounds accumulate in the sera of patients with end-stage renal disease, and some have been demonstrated to inhibit erythropoiesis. In vitro CFU-E and BFU-E erythroid colony growth was compared in the presence of sera from patients with anemia of renal insufficiency and normal human subjects with the use of plasma clot cultures of normal rabbit bone marrows. In studies of sera from nine undialyzed patients with anemia of renal insufficiency and seven normal human subjects, all undialyzed sera from the anemic uremic patients produced a significant (p less than 0.001) inhibition of both CFU-E and BFU-E. A marked reduction in the inhibitor of CFU-E was seen in the sera of three out of four patients following intermittent hemodialysis. Creatinine, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidinosuccinic acid, and guanidinobutyric acid did not affect the number of CFU-E in normal rabbit bone marrow cultures. These data suggest that uremic toxins in the sera of undialyzed anemic uremic patients inhibit erythropoiesis, are partially removed by regular hemodialysis, and may play an important role in the mechanism of the anemia associated with renal insufficiency. These inhibitors of CFU-E do not appear to be creatinine or guanidine derivatives.", "contents": "Inhibitors of erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E) in sera of azotemic patients with anemia of renal disease. A number of potentially toxic compounds accumulate in the sera of patients with end-stage renal disease, and some have been demonstrated to inhibit erythropoiesis. In vitro CFU-E and BFU-E erythroid colony growth was compared in the presence of sera from patients with anemia of renal insufficiency and normal human subjects with the use of plasma clot cultures of normal rabbit bone marrows. In studies of sera from nine undialyzed patients with anemia of renal insufficiency and seven normal human subjects, all undialyzed sera from the anemic uremic patients produced a significant (p less than 0.001) inhibition of both CFU-E and BFU-E. A marked reduction in the inhibitor of CFU-E was seen in the sera of three out of four patients following intermittent hemodialysis. Creatinine, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidinosuccinic acid, and guanidinobutyric acid did not affect the number of CFU-E in normal rabbit bone marrow cultures. These data suggest that uremic toxins in the sera of undialyzed anemic uremic patients inhibit erythropoiesis, are partially removed by regular hemodialysis, and may play an important role in the mechanism of the anemia associated with renal insufficiency. These inhibitors of CFU-E do not appear to be creatinine or guanidine derivatives.", "PMID": 739170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3902", "title": "Kidney metabolism of acetaminophen and phenacetin.", "content": "The metabolism of acetaminophen and phenacetin by rabbit kidney slices was investigated. Phenacetin, like aspirin, inhibited [131I] Hippuran accumulation by the organic acid transport system. Phenacetin exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition with a K1 of 0.5 mM; acetaminophen at concentrations as high as 1 mM did not alter organic acid transport. [3H] acetaminophen slice: media ratios of approximately 1 or less suggested that acetaminophen entered cortex and outer and inner medullary slices by diffusion rather than active transport. Approximately 95% of the acetaminophen within the slices readily diffused out into the media. The chromatographic patterns of this material were similar to that of the incubation media. The acetaminophen remaining within the slices was acid-precipitable and not extractable with organic solvents. This covalent binding of acetaminophen was inhibited by glutathione. More acetaminophen was bound in the renal medullar than cortex. These data suggest that the renal metabolism of acetaminophen observed in this in vitro study may be related to the nephritis observed in analgesic abuse.", "contents": "Kidney metabolism of acetaminophen and phenacetin. The metabolism of acetaminophen and phenacetin by rabbit kidney slices was investigated. Phenacetin, like aspirin, inhibited [131I] Hippuran accumulation by the organic acid transport system. Phenacetin exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition with a K1 of 0.5 mM; acetaminophen at concentrations as high as 1 mM did not alter organic acid transport. [3H] acetaminophen slice: media ratios of approximately 1 or less suggested that acetaminophen entered cortex and outer and inner medullary slices by diffusion rather than active transport. Approximately 95% of the acetaminophen within the slices readily diffused out into the media. The chromatographic patterns of this material were similar to that of the incubation media. The acetaminophen remaining within the slices was acid-precipitable and not extractable with organic solvents. This covalent binding of acetaminophen was inhibited by glutathione. More acetaminophen was bound in the renal medullar than cortex. These data suggest that the renal metabolism of acetaminophen observed in this in vitro study may be related to the nephritis observed in analgesic abuse.", "PMID": 739171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3903", "title": "Stability of hemoglobin solution during extended storage.", "content": "Hemoglobin solution, proposed as a blood substitute, must be stable for a long period of time in order to be stockpiled and be readily available when massive clinical transfusions are required. Hemoglobin solutions, prepared by crystallization and maintained in blood bags under sterile conditions, were stored at -20 degrees, 4 degrees, and 25 degrees C. At several intervals, methemoglobin content, p50, n values, osmolality, oxygen capacity, Na, K, and pH were assayed. Solutions maintained at -20 degrees C demonstrated no alterations in these parameters after 2 years of storage. Solutions kept at 4 degrees C remained stable for 12 months. After 12 months and especially after 18 months, deterioration was evident inthe refrigerator-stored solutions, as demonstrated by an increase in methemoglobin content and a decrease in P50. Attempts to store hemoglobin in liquid form at room temperature without alterations in structure and function of hemoglobin were unsuccessful. The characteristics of hemoglobin prepared from fresh or outdated blood were essentially the same.", "contents": "Stability of hemoglobin solution during extended storage. Hemoglobin solution, proposed as a blood substitute, must be stable for a long period of time in order to be stockpiled and be readily available when massive clinical transfusions are required. Hemoglobin solutions, prepared by crystallization and maintained in blood bags under sterile conditions, were stored at -20 degrees, 4 degrees, and 25 degrees C. At several intervals, methemoglobin content, p50, n values, osmolality, oxygen capacity, Na, K, and pH were assayed. Solutions maintained at -20 degrees C demonstrated no alterations in these parameters after 2 years of storage. Solutions kept at 4 degrees C remained stable for 12 months. After 12 months and especially after 18 months, deterioration was evident inthe refrigerator-stored solutions, as demonstrated by an increase in methemoglobin content and a decrease in P50. Attempts to store hemoglobin in liquid form at room temperature without alterations in structure and function of hemoglobin were unsuccessful. The characteristics of hemoglobin prepared from fresh or outdated blood were essentially the same.", "PMID": 739172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3904", "title": "Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance.", "content": "Calcium balance as a function of both intake and absorption of calcium fromthe diet was measured 274 times in 168 normal perimenopausal women, and comparisons made between groups of women segregated according to menopausal and estrogen therapy status. As previously reported, there is a statistically significant positive correlation between calcium balance and both calcium intake and calcium absorption. In 207 studies in premenopausal women calcium balance averaged -0.0199 gm/day, whereas in 41 studies in postmenopausal women untreated with estrogen, calcium balance averaged -0.043 gm/day (p less than 0.02). The balance difference was due approximately equally to decreased absorption from the diet and to increased urinary excretion. Twenty-six estrogen-treated postmenopausal women exhibited balance performance indistinguishable from that of the premenopausal group. In 16 women who were studied twice, 5 years apart, and who went through menopause between studies, calcium balance shifted by -0.0307 gm/day (p less than 0.05) as compared with 72 women also studied twice, but without change in menstrual status, in whom mean balance did not change significantly. Calcium intake requirement for zero balance was calculated for both the estrogen-replete and estrogen-deprived groups. Premenopausal and treated postmenopausal women exhibited an intake requirement of 0.990 gm/day Ca, whereas the untreated postmenopausal women had an apparent requirement of 1.504 gm/day (p less than 0.01). We conclude that there is a specific, estrogen-related shift in calcium performance across menopause and that the reason for the positive effect of estrogen on balance and intake requirement is a combination of enhancement of intestinal absorption efficiency and improved renal calcium conservation.", "contents": "Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance. Calcium balance as a function of both intake and absorption of calcium fromthe diet was measured 274 times in 168 normal perimenopausal women, and comparisons made between groups of women segregated according to menopausal and estrogen therapy status. As previously reported, there is a statistically significant positive correlation between calcium balance and both calcium intake and calcium absorption. In 207 studies in premenopausal women calcium balance averaged -0.0199 gm/day, whereas in 41 studies in postmenopausal women untreated with estrogen, calcium balance averaged -0.043 gm/day (p less than 0.02). The balance difference was due approximately equally to decreased absorption from the diet and to increased urinary excretion. Twenty-six estrogen-treated postmenopausal women exhibited balance performance indistinguishable from that of the premenopausal group. In 16 women who were studied twice, 5 years apart, and who went through menopause between studies, calcium balance shifted by -0.0307 gm/day (p less than 0.05) as compared with 72 women also studied twice, but without change in menstrual status, in whom mean balance did not change significantly. Calcium intake requirement for zero balance was calculated for both the estrogen-replete and estrogen-deprived groups. Premenopausal and treated postmenopausal women exhibited an intake requirement of 0.990 gm/day Ca, whereas the untreated postmenopausal women had an apparent requirement of 1.504 gm/day (p less than 0.01). We conclude that there is a specific, estrogen-related shift in calcium performance across menopause and that the reason for the positive effect of estrogen on balance and intake requirement is a combination of enhancement of intestinal absorption efficiency and improved renal calcium conservation.", "PMID": 739173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3905", "title": "Menopausal changes in bone remodeling.", "content": "Bone remodeling was measured by a calcium-kinetic method in 151 normal perimenopausal women, and the effect of estrogen status on remodeling level and skeletal balance was determined. Premenopausal women exhibited remodeling rates of 0.337 gm/day Ca for mineral accretion and 0.358 gm/day Ca for mineral resorption. The difference between the two rates (computed skeletal balance) was -0.021 gm/day Ca. Postmenopausal women treated with estrogen in a mean dose of 0.0188 mg equivalents of ethinyl estradiol exhibited values for accretion and resorption (0.332 and 0.351 gm/day Ca), essentially identical with those of the premenopausal group. However, untreated postmenopausal women exhibited remodeling rates of 0.387 gm/day Ca for accretion and 0.425 gm/day Ca for resorption, with a computed skeletal balance of -0.038 gm/day Ca. These values were significantly higher than those of either the premenopausal or treated postmenopausal groups. Paired studies across menopause in 15 of the women demonstrated a rise in remodeling rates virtually identical to that estimated from the differences between groups. Estrogen loss at menopause is thus associated with an apparent partial release from an inhibition of skeletal resorption, and this release is, in whole or part, responsible for the negative skeletal balance shift associated with the postmenopausal years.", "contents": "Menopausal changes in bone remodeling. Bone remodeling was measured by a calcium-kinetic method in 151 normal perimenopausal women, and the effect of estrogen status on remodeling level and skeletal balance was determined. Premenopausal women exhibited remodeling rates of 0.337 gm/day Ca for mineral accretion and 0.358 gm/day Ca for mineral resorption. The difference between the two rates (computed skeletal balance) was -0.021 gm/day Ca. Postmenopausal women treated with estrogen in a mean dose of 0.0188 mg equivalents of ethinyl estradiol exhibited values for accretion and resorption (0.332 and 0.351 gm/day Ca), essentially identical with those of the premenopausal group. However, untreated postmenopausal women exhibited remodeling rates of 0.387 gm/day Ca for accretion and 0.425 gm/day Ca for resorption, with a computed skeletal balance of -0.038 gm/day Ca. These values were significantly higher than those of either the premenopausal or treated postmenopausal groups. Paired studies across menopause in 15 of the women demonstrated a rise in remodeling rates virtually identical to that estimated from the differences between groups. Estrogen loss at menopause is thus associated with an apparent partial release from an inhibition of skeletal resorption, and this release is, in whole or part, responsible for the negative skeletal balance shift associated with the postmenopausal years.", "PMID": 739174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3906", "title": "Temperature cycling preserves platelet shape and enhances in vitro test scores during storage at 4 degrees.", "content": "Platelets stored at 4 degrees develop morphological changes which precede decreases in in vitro aggregation and recovery from hypotonic shock. Platelets maintained at 4 degrees for 60 min lack microtubules and lose their discoid shape as a result of the formation of pseudopodia. Exposure to continuous cold for 24 hr causes irreversible platelet shape changes and induces spontaneous aggregation. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of platelet microtubules showed that platelets lost their ability to reassemble microtubules after 24 hr of continuous storage at 4 degrees. However, interruption of continuous cold storage with short, repeated pulses of 37 degrees (temperature cycling) extended microtubule reassembly capabilities for 72 hr and maintained platelet shape change capabilities. A comparison of platelets stored continuously at 4 degrees with those stored by temperature cycling showed that temperature-cycled platelets possessed improved aggregation responses and significantly improved recoveries from hypotonic shock. These data indicate that 37 degrees reactivation pulses during cold storage provide platelets with markedly improved morphology and in vitro test scores and suggest that temperature cycling may be used to extend blood bank storage of platelets.", "contents": "Temperature cycling preserves platelet shape and enhances in vitro test scores during storage at 4 degrees. Platelets stored at 4 degrees develop morphological changes which precede decreases in in vitro aggregation and recovery from hypotonic shock. Platelets maintained at 4 degrees for 60 min lack microtubules and lose their discoid shape as a result of the formation of pseudopodia. Exposure to continuous cold for 24 hr causes irreversible platelet shape changes and induces spontaneous aggregation. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of platelet microtubules showed that platelets lost their ability to reassemble microtubules after 24 hr of continuous storage at 4 degrees. However, interruption of continuous cold storage with short, repeated pulses of 37 degrees (temperature cycling) extended microtubule reassembly capabilities for 72 hr and maintained platelet shape change capabilities. A comparison of platelets stored continuously at 4 degrees with those stored by temperature cycling showed that temperature-cycled platelets possessed improved aggregation responses and significantly improved recoveries from hypotonic shock. These data indicate that 37 degrees reactivation pulses during cold storage provide platelets with markedly improved morphology and in vitro test scores and suggest that temperature cycling may be used to extend blood bank storage of platelets.", "PMID": 739175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3907", "title": "Modulation of granulopoiesis: opposing roles of prostaglandins F and E.", "content": "CSF-dependent myeloid colony growth can be augmented or inhibited by a number of modulating factors. PGs of the E series are known to inhibit colony formation. The antagonistic actions of PGE and PGF in many biological systems prompted us to compare their effects on myelopoiesis in vitro. PGF2alpha at an optimal concentration of 1 x 10(-9)M increased colony formation by 50% over that stimulated by CSF alone. Similar augmentation was also observed from 16,16-dimethyl PGF2alpha, PGF1alpha, 6-keto PGF1alpha, and MIX. In contrast PGE1, PGE2, and 15(S),15-methyl PGE1 inhibited colony growth. Simulation by PGF reflected an absolute increase in granulocytic colonies, whereas inhibition by PGE affected both granulocyte and macrophage colony formation. The relative levels of PGE and PGF may play a determining role in the modulation of granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Modulation of granulopoiesis: opposing roles of prostaglandins F and E. CSF-dependent myeloid colony growth can be augmented or inhibited by a number of modulating factors. PGs of the E series are known to inhibit colony formation. The antagonistic actions of PGE and PGF in many biological systems prompted us to compare their effects on myelopoiesis in vitro. PGF2alpha at an optimal concentration of 1 x 10(-9)M increased colony formation by 50% over that stimulated by CSF alone. Similar augmentation was also observed from 16,16-dimethyl PGF2alpha, PGF1alpha, 6-keto PGF1alpha, and MIX. In contrast PGE1, PGE2, and 15(S),15-methyl PGE1 inhibited colony growth. Simulation by PGF reflected an absolute increase in granulocytic colonies, whereas inhibition by PGE affected both granulocyte and macrophage colony formation. The relative levels of PGE and PGF may play a determining role in the modulation of granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 739176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3908", "title": "Experimental radiation pneumonitis: changes in physiology of the alveolar surface.", "content": "Mice received 2400 rads in two fractions to the thorax; 4 months later at a time when deaths began, mechanical and biochemical properties of the lungs were studied and compared to those of littermate controls. The principal mechanical change was a large increase in the elastance of the alveolar surface element and abnormal surface tension properties of the AF. Alveolar fluid phospholipid content and saturation were only minimally change; however the alveolar fluid contained a large excess of protein, possibly of circulatory origin. The latter may explain the fall in compliance of the alveolar surface and hence of the lung in radiation pneumonitis. A small increase in elastance of the lung tissue element was also found; this correlated with a decrease in lung volume and a small increase in lung hydroxyproline content. These changes may signify the early development of radiation fibrosis. Other features of this model are the frequent occurrence of pleural effusions and the presence of increased numbers of alveolar macrophages in the alveolar lavage.", "contents": "Experimental radiation pneumonitis: changes in physiology of the alveolar surface. Mice received 2400 rads in two fractions to the thorax; 4 months later at a time when deaths began, mechanical and biochemical properties of the lungs were studied and compared to those of littermate controls. The principal mechanical change was a large increase in the elastance of the alveolar surface element and abnormal surface tension properties of the AF. Alveolar fluid phospholipid content and saturation were only minimally change; however the alveolar fluid contained a large excess of protein, possibly of circulatory origin. The latter may explain the fall in compliance of the alveolar surface and hence of the lung in radiation pneumonitis. A small increase in elastance of the lung tissue element was also found; this correlated with a decrease in lung volume and a small increase in lung hydroxyproline content. These changes may signify the early development of radiation fibrosis. Other features of this model are the frequent occurrence of pleural effusions and the presence of increased numbers of alveolar macrophages in the alveolar lavage.", "PMID": 739177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3909", "title": "Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses. A retrospective clinical and histological study.", "content": "Clinical and radiological findings in 112 patients with muco/pyocele in the paranasal sinuses are presented. The modified Lynch-Howarth operation gave a primary cure rate of 82% which is satisfactory compared with other reports. Histological examination of the mucocele membranes and anamnestic information support the theory that a mucocele develops secondary to obstruction of the sinus outlet.", "contents": "Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses. A retrospective clinical and histological study. Clinical and radiological findings in 112 patients with muco/pyocele in the paranasal sinuses are presented. The modified Lynch-Howarth operation gave a primary cure rate of 82% which is satisfactory compared with other reports. Histological examination of the mucocele membranes and anamnestic information support the theory that a mucocele develops secondary to obstruction of the sinus outlet.", "PMID": 739180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3910", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of foreign bodies in the oesophagus.", "content": "In a group of patients suspected of harbouring a foreign body in the oesophagus, the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic examination is found to be high. Only 1 of 243 patients examined by radiography presented a false negative result.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of foreign bodies in the oesophagus. In a group of patients suspected of harbouring a foreign body in the oesophagus, the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic examination is found to be high. Only 1 of 243 patients examined by radiography presented a false negative result.", "PMID": 739182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3911", "title": "'Otorrhagia'. A symptom of posterior auricular artery aneurysm.", "content": "There are many reports regarding aneurysms of the external carotid artery and its branches, but the case presented in this paper, of an aneurysm of the posterior auricular artery, is a unique one.", "contents": "'Otorrhagia'. A symptom of posterior auricular artery aneurysm. There are many reports regarding aneurysms of the external carotid artery and its branches, but the case presented in this paper, of an aneurysm of the posterior auricular artery, is a unique one.", "PMID": 739183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3912", "title": "Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with ear involvement.", "content": "A 52-year-old man with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia had a sudden onset of pain and bleeding from the left ear and an associated decrease in hearing acuity on that side. Examination revealed a friable mass that filled the middle ear and protruded through a perforated tympanic membrane. Special staining of a tissue specimen of the mass revealed myeloid metaplasia. Otorhinolaryngologists should be aware of the fact that the ear can be involved in hematopoietic disorders.", "contents": "Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with ear involvement. A 52-year-old man with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia had a sudden onset of pain and bleeding from the left ear and an associated decrease in hearing acuity on that side. Examination revealed a friable mass that filled the middle ear and protruded through a perforated tympanic membrane. Special staining of a tissue specimen of the mass revealed myeloid metaplasia. Otorhinolaryngologists should be aware of the fact that the ear can be involved in hematopoietic disorders.", "PMID": 739184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3913", "title": "Congenital midline sinuses of the dorsum of the nose.", "content": "Three cases of mid-line dorsal nasal sinuses are reported, together with their mode of surgical management. The embryologic origin of this malformation is discussed, relating their presence to a double fronto-nasal process instead of one.", "contents": "Congenital midline sinuses of the dorsum of the nose. Three cases of mid-line dorsal nasal sinuses are reported, together with their mode of surgical management. The embryologic origin of this malformation is discussed, relating their presence to a double fronto-nasal process instead of one.", "PMID": 739185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3914", "title": "Ipsilateral absence of tonsil and microtia with ectopic salivary gland. A case report.", "content": "This case of congenital unilateral absence of the faucial tonsil and microtia, with atresia of the external auditory canal, and an ectopic salivary gland has not been reported previously; it differs from other congenital abnormalities reported earlier.", "contents": "Ipsilateral absence of tonsil and microtia with ectopic salivary gland. A case report. This case of congenital unilateral absence of the faucial tonsil and microtia, with atresia of the external auditory canal, and an ectopic salivary gland has not been reported previously; it differs from other congenital abnormalities reported earlier.", "PMID": 739187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3915", "title": "A massive sublingual--cervical dermoid.", "content": "An unusual case of a massive sublingual-cervical dermoid is presented. The salient features of the condition in relation to its incidence, embryology, pathology, symptomatology and management are discussed.", "contents": "A massive sublingual--cervical dermoid. An unusual case of a massive sublingual-cervical dermoid is presented. The salient features of the condition in relation to its incidence, embryology, pathology, symptomatology and management are discussed.", "PMID": 739188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3916", "title": "A systems approach to planning large-scale, integrated health care facilities.", "content": "This paper presents an overview of a systems approach being implemented within the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP) for the planning of large-scale, integrated health care facilities. This approach was motivated by the increasing change and complexity of factors, both external and internal to KPMCP, that now require more systematic treatment and that before were handled by more intuitive approaches. Among others, these factors include dealing with increasing regulation from government agencies and accommodating the active participation of knowledgeable personnel to ensure the continuation of a progressive and innovative system. Described within, along with more general issues, are various computer models, based upon Kaiser concepts and data that have been developed to facilitate the effective allocation of resources.", "contents": "A systems approach to planning large-scale, integrated health care facilities. This paper presents an overview of a systems approach being implemented within the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP) for the planning of large-scale, integrated health care facilities. This approach was motivated by the increasing change and complexity of factors, both external and internal to KPMCP, that now require more systematic treatment and that before were handled by more intuitive approaches. Among others, these factors include dealing with increasing regulation from government agencies and accommodating the active participation of knowledgeable personnel to ensure the continuation of a progressive and innovative system. Described within, along with more general issues, are various computer models, based upon Kaiser concepts and data that have been developed to facilitate the effective allocation of resources.", "PMID": 739190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3917", "title": "An input-output model for resources planning in a medical care system.", "content": "As medical care delivery systems grow in complexity, the understanding of interaction between entities within the system becomes a key aspect in resource planning. The model presented in this paper is geared to aiding resource planning both at the community or regional level and at the medical facility level. At the regional level the problem is related to the elimination of duplication and the sharing of services. At the medical facility level the concern is the balancing of the supply and demand of services among the departments. The framework of the model is a directed graph with nodes representing the service entities and branches representing the interrelationships. At the regional level, entities are hospitals, clinics, and centralized supportive units, such as the data center or the central laboratory. At the medical center level, entities are generally departments within the facility. An iterative procedure is used to simulate the propagation effect of a change on all entities. The model at the medical center level, as implemented in a minicomputer system was applied to a real problem. The results strongly correlated with another, independent study.", "contents": "An input-output model for resources planning in a medical care system. As medical care delivery systems grow in complexity, the understanding of interaction between entities within the system becomes a key aspect in resource planning. The model presented in this paper is geared to aiding resource planning both at the community or regional level and at the medical facility level. At the regional level the problem is related to the elimination of duplication and the sharing of services. At the medical facility level the concern is the balancing of the supply and demand of services among the departments. The framework of the model is a directed graph with nodes representing the service entities and branches representing the interrelationships. At the regional level, entities are hospitals, clinics, and centralized supportive units, such as the data center or the central laboratory. At the medical center level, entities are generally departments within the facility. An iterative procedure is used to simulate the propagation effect of a change on all entities. The model at the medical center level, as implemented in a minicomputer system was applied to a real problem. The results strongly correlated with another, independent study.", "PMID": 739191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3918", "title": "An illustration of the technique of canonical analysis.", "content": "The use of a multivariate statistical technique, canonical analysis, for the assignment of patients to diagnostic categories is presented. The classification of thyroid status using clinical findings is investigated to exemplify the application of the technique. Emphasis is placed on the stages in the data analysis that are generic in examining any set of medical data for the purpose of automatically classifying patients.", "contents": "An illustration of the technique of canonical analysis. The use of a multivariate statistical technique, canonical analysis, for the assignment of patients to diagnostic categories is presented. The classification of thyroid status using clinical findings is investigated to exemplify the application of the technique. Emphasis is placed on the stages in the data analysis that are generic in examining any set of medical data for the purpose of automatically classifying patients.", "PMID": 739192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3919", "title": "A multivariate data reduction system.", "content": "The problem of predictive diagnosis based on laboratory data is approached from a mathematical standpoint. A descriptive system is introduced which examines the current information about a clinical problem and identifies best predictors of the problem. Algorithms are described for the assessment of current diagnostic ability, the evaluation of new laboratory tests, and the identification of patients to study for the development of new procedures. The laboratory approach to the predictive diagnosis of iron deficiency is chosen as an example of the system.", "contents": "A multivariate data reduction system. The problem of predictive diagnosis based on laboratory data is approached from a mathematical standpoint. A descriptive system is introduced which examines the current information about a clinical problem and identifies best predictors of the problem. Algorithms are described for the assessment of current diagnostic ability, the evaluation of new laboratory tests, and the identification of patients to study for the development of new procedures. The laboratory approach to the predictive diagnosis of iron deficiency is chosen as an example of the system.", "PMID": 739193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3920", "title": "Accumulation and depletion of vanadium in selected tissues of rats treated with vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the distribution and effects of selected vanadium (V) salts in male rats following continuous ingestion. Wistar rats were continuously fed drinking water ad. Lib. containing 5 and 50 ppm V as vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate for a 3 month period. At the end of the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th week, blood, kidney, liver, bone, muscle, and digestive tract were collected and analyzed for V utilizing flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, the decline of vanadium residues in tissues after 6 weeks of continuous exposure was studied in selected groups. At the 5 and 50 ppm levels, V had no significant effect on body weights or hematocrit values. In the tissues of animals given 5 ppm of V salt, the V contents were essentially the same as those in controls. The tissues of animals given 50 ppm of V salt showed increased levels of vanadium. Kidney had the highest concentration, followed by bone, liver, and muscle. In general, the tissue concentrations of V in animals given 50 ppm as sodium orthovanadate were higher than those exposed to similar levels as vanadyl sulfate. The V concentration in kidney of the animals given 50 ppm sodium orthovanadate continued to rise until the 9th week of sampling, whereas the V content of other tissues analyzed for the treated animals plateaued from the 3rd week. The concentration of V in tissues after cessation of exposure declined rapidly except in the bone. After 6 weeks of the depletion phase the concentration of vanadium in animals given vanadyl sulfate returned to control values except in bone and kidneys. The animals exposed to sodium orthovanadate contained relatively high concentrations of V even after a 6 week depletion phase.", "contents": "Accumulation and depletion of vanadium in selected tissues of rats treated with vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate. Experiments were conducted to determine the distribution and effects of selected vanadium (V) salts in male rats following continuous ingestion. Wistar rats were continuously fed drinking water ad. Lib. containing 5 and 50 ppm V as vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate for a 3 month period. At the end of the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th week, blood, kidney, liver, bone, muscle, and digestive tract were collected and analyzed for V utilizing flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, the decline of vanadium residues in tissues after 6 weeks of continuous exposure was studied in selected groups. At the 5 and 50 ppm levels, V had no significant effect on body weights or hematocrit values. In the tissues of animals given 5 ppm of V salt, the V contents were essentially the same as those in controls. The tissues of animals given 50 ppm of V salt showed increased levels of vanadium. Kidney had the highest concentration, followed by bone, liver, and muscle. In general, the tissue concentrations of V in animals given 50 ppm as sodium orthovanadate were higher than those exposed to similar levels as vanadyl sulfate. The V concentration in kidney of the animals given 50 ppm sodium orthovanadate continued to rise until the 9th week of sampling, whereas the V content of other tissues analyzed for the treated animals plateaued from the 3rd week. The concentration of V in tissues after cessation of exposure declined rapidly except in the bone. After 6 weeks of the depletion phase the concentration of vanadium in animals given vanadyl sulfate returned to control values except in bone and kidneys. The animals exposed to sodium orthovanadate contained relatively high concentrations of V even after a 6 week depletion phase.", "PMID": 739212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3921", "title": "Postnatal endocrine dysfunction resulting from prenatal exposure to carbofuran, diazinon or chlordane.", "content": "Prenatal exposure to pesticides of three different classes initiated persistent postnatal endocrine dysfunction. Adrenal function and hepatic metabolism of corticosterone were studied in adult hybrid mice exposed during development to either an organophosphate (Diazinon), a carbamate (Carbofuran), or an organochlorine (Chlordane). Animals were exposed to relatively low levels of the toxins in utero and neonatally via the mothers' milk. Exposure to lower doses of the anticholinesterase compounds, Diazinon or Carbofuran, resulted in impairment of hepatic metabolism of corticosterone in vitro due to a loss in reductive capacity per unit liver weight. Plasma levels of corticosterone were also elevated in these animals, but without a concomitant increase in adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro. The effects of exposure to Chlordane were more complex. In male animals, exposure to lower doses of chlordane resulted in an increase in plasma corticosterone levels without an apparent increase in hepatic metabolism of corticosterone or adrenal steroidogenesis. In contrast, side-chain metabolism of corticosterone was decreased in female mice exposed to Chlordane. Similar effects on pituitary-adrenal function were not evident for the offspring of mice exposed to higher doses of the toxins. Possible mechanisms for this non-linear dose-response are discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal endocrine dysfunction resulting from prenatal exposure to carbofuran, diazinon or chlordane. Prenatal exposure to pesticides of three different classes initiated persistent postnatal endocrine dysfunction. Adrenal function and hepatic metabolism of corticosterone were studied in adult hybrid mice exposed during development to either an organophosphate (Diazinon), a carbamate (Carbofuran), or an organochlorine (Chlordane). Animals were exposed to relatively low levels of the toxins in utero and neonatally via the mothers' milk. Exposure to lower doses of the anticholinesterase compounds, Diazinon or Carbofuran, resulted in impairment of hepatic metabolism of corticosterone in vitro due to a loss in reductive capacity per unit liver weight. Plasma levels of corticosterone were also elevated in these animals, but without a concomitant increase in adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro. The effects of exposure to Chlordane were more complex. In male animals, exposure to lower doses of chlordane resulted in an increase in plasma corticosterone levels without an apparent increase in hepatic metabolism of corticosterone or adrenal steroidogenesis. In contrast, side-chain metabolism of corticosterone was decreased in female mice exposed to Chlordane. Similar effects on pituitary-adrenal function were not evident for the offspring of mice exposed to higher doses of the toxins. Possible mechanisms for this non-linear dose-response are discussed.", "PMID": 739215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3922", "title": "Quality assurance for pathology in rodent carcinogenesis tests.", "content": "A large scale national carcinogenesis testing program requires quality assurance procedures for each scientific discipline, including pathology. The NCl Carcinogenesis Testing Program's pathology procedures involve the necropsy examination, histology, histopathologic diagnosis, data recording, and report writing. Each phase of the program requires specific quality assurance procedures, some of which are clerical, others scientific. In the latter case, a consensus from a group of pathologists serves to resolve differences of opinion. Only with the implementation of quality assurance procedures will the confidence in these tests be assured and quality maintained. Subsequently, modifications to established protocols may be discussed and accurately evaluated.", "contents": "Quality assurance for pathology in rodent carcinogenesis tests. A large scale national carcinogenesis testing program requires quality assurance procedures for each scientific discipline, including pathology. The NCl Carcinogenesis Testing Program's pathology procedures involve the necropsy examination, histology, histopathologic diagnosis, data recording, and report writing. Each phase of the program requires specific quality assurance procedures, some of which are clerical, others scientific. In the latter case, a consensus from a group of pathologists serves to resolve differences of opinion. Only with the implementation of quality assurance procedures will the confidence in these tests be assured and quality maintained. Subsequently, modifications to established protocols may be discussed and accurately evaluated.", "PMID": 739216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3923", "title": "Dietary protein levels and aflatoxin B metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "In an attempt to understand dietary protein effects upon aflatoxin B1-induced liver cancer in rainbow trout, the activities of several suspected aflatoxin B1 metabolizing enzyme systems were studied relative to protein intake. Fish fed diets containing 32 percent, 52  percent and 62 percent fish protein concentrate (FPC) were examined for hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and in vitro cytochrome c reductase, glutathione-S-epoxide transferase (GTr), epoxide hydrase (EH) and aldrin epoxidase (AE) activity. In addition, aflatoxin B1 conversion to aflatoxicol (AFL) was examined. A direct correlation was observed between increased FPC intake and cytochrome P-450 content and AFL production, with increases of 14 percent and 41 percent respectively. With increased FPC intake, decreases in EH (15 percent), GRr (20 percent), cytochrome c reductase (13 percent) and AE (50 percent) activities were noted. These findings are discussed in relation to AFB feeding trials reported earlier.", "contents": "Dietary protein levels and aflatoxin B metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In an attempt to understand dietary protein effects upon aflatoxin B1-induced liver cancer in rainbow trout, the activities of several suspected aflatoxin B1 metabolizing enzyme systems were studied relative to protein intake. Fish fed diets containing 32 percent, 52  percent and 62 percent fish protein concentrate (FPC) were examined for hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and in vitro cytochrome c reductase, glutathione-S-epoxide transferase (GTr), epoxide hydrase (EH) and aldrin epoxidase (AE) activity. In addition, aflatoxin B1 conversion to aflatoxicol (AFL) was examined. A direct correlation was observed between increased FPC intake and cytochrome P-450 content and AFL production, with increases of 14 percent and 41 percent respectively. With increased FPC intake, decreases in EH (15 percent), GRr (20 percent), cytochrome c reductase (13 percent) and AE (50 percent) activities were noted. These findings are discussed in relation to AFB feeding trials reported earlier.", "PMID": 739217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3924", "title": "Hematologic changes in the rat during and after exposure to carbon monoxide.", "content": "Rats were continuously exposed to 500 p.p.m. CO for 42 days. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit ratio, and erythrocyte count increased rapidly, with initial increases appearing after 4-7 days. Values of these parameters reached a plateau after 25-30 days of exposure 50 percent, 44 percent, and 42 percent above controls, respectively. Reticulocyte count peaked 600 percent above controls 7-10 days after initial exposure. This was reflected in the blood indices, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). MCHC fell 6 percent by the fifth day of exposure, while MCH and MCV increased 11 percent and 16 percent respectively, by the seventh day. MCHC returned to control by the thirteenth day, while MCH and MCV remained elevated until the twenty-fifth day of CO exposure. During \"stable\" polycythemia both MCHC and MCH were depressed, while MCV was slightly elevated above the controls. Platelet count declined substantially within 20-25 days of exposure. Hb, Hct ratio and RBC count fell to control values in the time interval between 10 and 30 days post exposure. This was accompanied by transient fall in reticulocyte count from 2.5 percent (control value) to 0.1-0,2 percent between the twelfth and twenty-sixth day after exposure. Platelet count returned to the control value when polycythemia had subsided.", "contents": "Hematologic changes in the rat during and after exposure to carbon monoxide. Rats were continuously exposed to 500 p.p.m. CO for 42 days. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit ratio, and erythrocyte count increased rapidly, with initial increases appearing after 4-7 days. Values of these parameters reached a plateau after 25-30 days of exposure 50 percent, 44 percent, and 42 percent above controls, respectively. Reticulocyte count peaked 600 percent above controls 7-10 days after initial exposure. This was reflected in the blood indices, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). MCHC fell 6 percent by the fifth day of exposure, while MCH and MCV increased 11 percent and 16 percent respectively, by the seventh day. MCHC returned to control by the thirteenth day, while MCH and MCV remained elevated until the twenty-fifth day of CO exposure. During \"stable\" polycythemia both MCHC and MCH were depressed, while MCV was slightly elevated above the controls. Platelet count declined substantially within 20-25 days of exposure. Hb, Hct ratio and RBC count fell to control values in the time interval between 10 and 30 days post exposure. This was accompanied by transient fall in reticulocyte count from 2.5 percent (control value) to 0.1-0,2 percent between the twelfth and twenty-sixth day after exposure. Platelet count returned to the control value when polycythemia had subsided.", "PMID": 739219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3925", "title": "The dose-dependent fate of 1,4-dioxane in rats.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the fate of dioxane in rats at doses equivalent to those given in toxicological studies conducted previously. The results show that the fate of dioxane in rats is markedly dose-dependent due to a limited capacity to metabolize dioxane to beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA). The pharmacokinetic data collected in support of these conclusions include plasma concentration-time curves for dioxane given to rats intravenously at dose levels from 3 to 1000 mg/kg and an inhalation study of 50 ppm dioxane vapors for 6 hr. The plasma curves at low doses by each route were linear, with half life values of about 1 hr. As the dose was increased above 10 mg/kg the plasma clearance rate decreased, the fraction of the dose excreted as HEAA decreased, and the fraction of the dose excreted as dioxane per se in the urine and expired in the breath increased. These data could be described by a one-compartment open system model with parallel first order (urinary and pulmonary excretion) and Michaelis-Menten (metabolism) type elimination kinetics. At saturation, the maximum velocity of the metabolism of dioxane ato HEAA was about 18 mg/kg/hr. Multiple daily oral doses of 1000 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg, were excreted more rapidly than equivalent single doses, indicating that at high daily doses dioxane induced its own metabolism. The correlation of the dose-dependent fate of dioxane with the results of toxicological studies in rats supports the conclusion that there is an apparent threshold for the toxic effects of dioxane which coincides with saturation of the metabolic pathway for its detoxification.", "contents": "The dose-dependent fate of 1,4-dioxane in rats. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the fate of dioxane in rats at doses equivalent to those given in toxicological studies conducted previously. The results show that the fate of dioxane in rats is markedly dose-dependent due to a limited capacity to metabolize dioxane to beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA). The pharmacokinetic data collected in support of these conclusions include plasma concentration-time curves for dioxane given to rats intravenously at dose levels from 3 to 1000 mg/kg and an inhalation study of 50 ppm dioxane vapors for 6 hr. The plasma curves at low doses by each route were linear, with half life values of about 1 hr. As the dose was increased above 10 mg/kg the plasma clearance rate decreased, the fraction of the dose excreted as HEAA decreased, and the fraction of the dose excreted as dioxane per se in the urine and expired in the breath increased. These data could be described by a one-compartment open system model with parallel first order (urinary and pulmonary excretion) and Michaelis-Menten (metabolism) type elimination kinetics. At saturation, the maximum velocity of the metabolism of dioxane ato HEAA was about 18 mg/kg/hr. Multiple daily oral doses of 1000 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg, were excreted more rapidly than equivalent single doses, indicating that at high daily doses dioxane induced its own metabolism. The correlation of the dose-dependent fate of dioxane with the results of toxicological studies in rats supports the conclusion that there is an apparent threshold for the toxic effects of dioxane which coincides with saturation of the metabolic pathway for its detoxification.", "PMID": 739213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3926", "title": "Parathion toxicity in perinatal rats born to spontaneously hypertensive dams.", "content": "Placental transfer and fetal toxicity of pesticides have been documented in normotensive rats but no reports appear in the literature regarding the susceptibility of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) perinates to pesticide challenge. This report describes the effects of prolonged parathion exposure to perinatal rats born to hypertensive dams. Ninety day old, spontaneously hypertensive (WKY strain) male and female rats were bred and vaginal plugs were used to determine that copulation had occurred. Parathion (0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 mg/kg) suspended in peanut oil was administered daily to the dam via oral intubation from day one of gestation to day fifteen of lactation, a total of thirty-seven days. On day twenty-four post partum the perinates were examined. Male and female SHR perinates exhibited a significant reduction in plasma cholinesterase at the 1.00 mg/kg dose level. Changes in relative organ weights, hematological parameters and serum enzymes were found. Heart rate was significantly reduced at the 0.01 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg dose levels. The results of this study indicate that exposure of SHR dams to parathion during gestation and lactation resulted in toxicological effects in the perinate basically similar to those seen in normotensive perinates.", "contents": "Parathion toxicity in perinatal rats born to spontaneously hypertensive dams. Placental transfer and fetal toxicity of pesticides have been documented in normotensive rats but no reports appear in the literature regarding the susceptibility of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) perinates to pesticide challenge. This report describes the effects of prolonged parathion exposure to perinatal rats born to hypertensive dams. Ninety day old, spontaneously hypertensive (WKY strain) male and female rats were bred and vaginal plugs were used to determine that copulation had occurred. Parathion (0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 mg/kg) suspended in peanut oil was administered daily to the dam via oral intubation from day one of gestation to day fifteen of lactation, a total of thirty-seven days. On day twenty-four post partum the perinates were examined. Male and female SHR perinates exhibited a significant reduction in plasma cholinesterase at the 1.00 mg/kg dose level. Changes in relative organ weights, hematological parameters and serum enzymes were found. Heart rate was significantly reduced at the 0.01 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg dose levels. The results of this study indicate that exposure of SHR dams to parathion during gestation and lactation resulted in toxicological effects in the perinate basically similar to those seen in normotensive perinates.", "PMID": 739214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3927", "title": "Metabolite levels, redox states, and gluconeogenic enzyme activities in livers of rats fed diets containing 1,3-butanediol.", "content": "Fat-free diets containing 1,3-butanediol (BD) were fed to rats. The concentration of metabolites in quick-frozen liver and the activities of kidney and liver gluconeogenic enzymes were examined. The free pyridine and adenine nucleotide ratios were calculated from measured intermediary metabolites. The concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, and glucose were significantly decreased in rats fed BD, while the acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were increased in the BD-fed rats. The ratios of the free cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] and [NADP+]/[NADPH] were significantly decreased. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was significantly increased in both kidney and liver of rats fed BD. These changes in metabolite levels and enzyme activities paralleled the effects seen in mild starvation, and were similar to reported changes observed when dietary fat was present.", "contents": "Metabolite levels, redox states, and gluconeogenic enzyme activities in livers of rats fed diets containing 1,3-butanediol. Fat-free diets containing 1,3-butanediol (BD) were fed to rats. The concentration of metabolites in quick-frozen liver and the activities of kidney and liver gluconeogenic enzymes were examined. The free pyridine and adenine nucleotide ratios were calculated from measured intermediary metabolites. The concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, and glucose were significantly decreased in rats fed BD, while the acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were increased in the BD-fed rats. The ratios of the free cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] and [NADP+]/[NADPH] were significantly decreased. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was significantly increased in both kidney and liver of rats fed BD. These changes in metabolite levels and enzyme activities paralleled the effects seen in mild starvation, and were similar to reported changes observed when dietary fat was present.", "PMID": 739218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3928", "title": "Effects of pesticides on metabolism of steroid hormone by rodent liver microsomes.", "content": "Liver microsomal steroid hydroxylating enzymes and prostatic testosterone-5alpha-reductase were studied in rat and mouse. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides tended to inhibit liver steroid hydroxylations, while carbofuran slightly stimulated them. Neither species was consistently more sensitive to pesticide effects than the other. All the pesticides bound to cytochrome P-450, producing Type I spectral changes. Values of Ks ranged from 1.9 to 8.7 mM for organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. Affinity for carbofuran was much lower (Ks=100-200mM).", "contents": "Effects of pesticides on metabolism of steroid hormone by rodent liver microsomes. Liver microsomal steroid hydroxylating enzymes and prostatic testosterone-5alpha-reductase were studied in rat and mouse. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides tended to inhibit liver steroid hydroxylations, while carbofuran slightly stimulated them. Neither species was consistently more sensitive to pesticide effects than the other. All the pesticides bound to cytochrome P-450, producing Type I spectral changes. Values of Ks ranged from 1.9 to 8.7 mM for organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. Affinity for carbofuran was much lower (Ks=100-200mM).", "PMID": 739223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3929", "title": "Asbestos fibers in wines: relation to filtration process.", "content": "Asbestos fibers have been counted, using the transmission electron microscope, in 42 wines from France and abroad. 15 samples were found to be significantly positive for chrysotile asbestos. Concentrations were in the range of 2 to 60 x 10(6) fibers/liter. Technical inquiries have shown that the asbestos content of the wines was related to the process by which they were filtered. On the other side, it has been tested that if one abolished the use of asbestos for filtering wines, they would not be altered from the oenological point of view.", "contents": "Asbestos fibers in wines: relation to filtration process. Asbestos fibers have been counted, using the transmission electron microscope, in 42 wines from France and abroad. 15 samples were found to be significantly positive for chrysotile asbestos. Concentrations were in the range of 2 to 60 x 10(6) fibers/liter. Technical inquiries have shown that the asbestos content of the wines was related to the process by which they were filtered. On the other side, it has been tested that if one abolished the use of asbestos for filtering wines, they would not be altered from the oenological point of view.", "PMID": 739220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3930", "title": "Degradation of cadmium-thionein in rat liver and kidney.", "content": "3H-cystine and 115mCd were incorporated into hepatic and renal cadmium-thionein in response to a subcutaneous administration of 4.4 micronmol of Cd2+ containing 115mCd. Cadmium-thionein bound 115mCd reached a plateau by 24 hrs. and 72 hrs. after the Cd2+ injection in liver and kidney, respectively. The half-life (t 1/2) of 3-H-labeled hepatic cadmium-thionein was 3.5 days, whereas the average t 1/2 of the soluble proteins was 3.7 days. The t 1/2 of the soluble renal proteins was 3.8 days. In marked contrast, the 115mCd content of both hepatic and renal cadmium-thionein was virtually unchanged even 9 days after administration of this radionuclide. These data indicate that the protein moiety of metallothionein is degraded, although there appears to be a concomitant rebinding of Cd2+ to nascent thionein polypeptide chains. Thus the lack of metallothionein degradation, per se, does not account for the long-term retention of Cd2+ in liver and kidney during chronic exposure.", "contents": "Degradation of cadmium-thionein in rat liver and kidney. 3H-cystine and 115mCd were incorporated into hepatic and renal cadmium-thionein in response to a subcutaneous administration of 4.4 micronmol of Cd2+ containing 115mCd. Cadmium-thionein bound 115mCd reached a plateau by 24 hrs. and 72 hrs. after the Cd2+ injection in liver and kidney, respectively. The half-life (t 1/2) of 3-H-labeled hepatic cadmium-thionein was 3.5 days, whereas the average t 1/2 of the soluble proteins was 3.7 days. The t 1/2 of the soluble renal proteins was 3.8 days. In marked contrast, the 115mCd content of both hepatic and renal cadmium-thionein was virtually unchanged even 9 days after administration of this radionuclide. These data indicate that the protein moiety of metallothionein is degraded, although there appears to be a concomitant rebinding of Cd2+ to nascent thionein polypeptide chains. Thus the lack of metallothionein degradation, per se, does not account for the long-term retention of Cd2+ in liver and kidney during chronic exposure.", "PMID": 739225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3931", "title": "Monitoring and risk assessment by means of alkyl groups in hemoglobin in persons occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide.", "content": "In persons occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide, i.e. under the conditions described by Dunkelberg and Hartmetz (1977), the degree of alkylation in histidine of hemoglobin was determined. Quantitative determination of N-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)histidine by mass fragmentography and by ion-exchange amino-acid analysis gave consistent results. Data are in agreement with the fast elimination from tissues (lambda = 4.6 hr-1, i.e. biological half-life about 9 min) found in the mouse. At the respiration rate of light work, and exposure dose of 1 ppm/hr results in a tissue dose that is estimated to involve a risk amounting to 1.101 mrad-equivalents of stochastic effects with a genetic mechanism.", "contents": "Monitoring and risk assessment by means of alkyl groups in hemoglobin in persons occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide. In persons occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide, i.e. under the conditions described by Dunkelberg and Hartmetz (1977), the degree of alkylation in histidine of hemoglobin was determined. Quantitative determination of N-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)histidine by mass fragmentography and by ion-exchange amino-acid analysis gave consistent results. Data are in agreement with the fast elimination from tissues (lambda = 4.6 hr-1, i.e. biological half-life about 9 min) found in the mouse. At the respiration rate of light work, and exposure dose of 1 ppm/hr results in a tissue dose that is estimated to involve a risk amounting to 1.101 mrad-equivalents of stochastic effects with a genetic mechanism.", "PMID": 739221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3932", "title": "Chronic mercuric chloride intoxication in the digestive system of Channa punctatus.", "content": "The effect of a sublethal concentration (0.30 mg/l) of mercuric chloride exposure on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, trypsin, and pepsin has been examined at intervals of 7, 15, and 30 days in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus. An inhibition in the activity of all the above enzymes was noted after the first week of treatment. Treatment of the fishes for 15 days resulted in a marked increase in activity of all the enzymes. A slight fall in enzyme activity was recorded after 30 days, but the overall activity was higher than in control fishes.", "contents": "Chronic mercuric chloride intoxication in the digestive system of Channa punctatus. The effect of a sublethal concentration (0.30 mg/l) of mercuric chloride exposure on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, trypsin, and pepsin has been examined at intervals of 7, 15, and 30 days in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus. An inhibition in the activity of all the above enzymes was noted after the first week of treatment. Treatment of the fishes for 15 days resulted in a marked increase in activity of all the enzymes. A slight fall in enzyme activity was recorded after 30 days, but the overall activity was higher than in control fishes.", "PMID": 739222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3933", "title": "The effects in rats and guinea pigs from six months exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination.", "content": "Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone, 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist, or their combination for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for six months. Exposure-related microscopic alterations were seen in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to ozone alone or in combination with sulfuric acid mist. No other microscopic lesions were present in either rats or guinea pigs. No biologically meaningful synergistic effects were noted in animals exposed to the combination of ozone and sulfuric mist.", "contents": "The effects in rats and guinea pigs from six months exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination. Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone, 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist, or their combination for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for six months. Exposure-related microscopic alterations were seen in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to ozone alone or in combination with sulfuric acid mist. No other microscopic lesions were present in either rats or guinea pigs. No biologically meaningful synergistic effects were noted in animals exposed to the combination of ozone and sulfuric mist.", "PMID": 739227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3934", "title": "Alterations of rat intestinal disaccharide absorption by bile or conjugated bile acids.", "content": "Taurocholate showed different effects on the jejunal sucrose absorption, depending on the concentration of the bile acid: 3 mmol/l taurocholate inhibited to a small extent (-7%), 10 mmol/l taurocholate had no effect and 30 mmol/l taurocholate increased the sucrose absorption by 17%. The sucrose hydrolysis was augmented by 20% in the presence of 30 mmol/l taurocholate. 2 mmol/l taurochenodeoxycholate caused an increase of sucrose hydrolysis(+ 37%) as well as of sucrose absorption (+ 12%) in the jejunum. Pooled rat bile induced a 21% inhibition of the sucrose hydrolysis, while the sucrose absorption was unchanged. The jejunal maltose hydrolysis was unaffected by 3 mmol/l taurocholate, whereas 10 or 30 mmol/l caused a minimal increase (+ 3%). The absorption of the resulting glucose was reduced to 84--92%. In the ileum 10 mmol/l taurocholate did not change the sucrose hydrolysis and absorption, whereas 2 mmol/l taurochenodeoxycholate induced a 30% decrease. The investigated bile acids had no effect on the microscopic structure of the small intestinal mucosa. Hypertonic solutions caused an accumulation and exfoliation of PAS-positive material at the top of the villi, independent of the presence or absence of bile acids.", "contents": "Alterations of rat intestinal disaccharide absorption by bile or conjugated bile acids. Taurocholate showed different effects on the jejunal sucrose absorption, depending on the concentration of the bile acid: 3 mmol/l taurocholate inhibited to a small extent (-7%), 10 mmol/l taurocholate had no effect and 30 mmol/l taurocholate increased the sucrose absorption by 17%. The sucrose hydrolysis was augmented by 20% in the presence of 30 mmol/l taurocholate. 2 mmol/l taurochenodeoxycholate caused an increase of sucrose hydrolysis(+ 37%) as well as of sucrose absorption (+ 12%) in the jejunum. Pooled rat bile induced a 21% inhibition of the sucrose hydrolysis, while the sucrose absorption was unchanged. The jejunal maltose hydrolysis was unaffected by 3 mmol/l taurocholate, whereas 10 or 30 mmol/l caused a minimal increase (+ 3%). The absorption of the resulting glucose was reduced to 84--92%. In the ileum 10 mmol/l taurocholate did not change the sucrose hydrolysis and absorption, whereas 2 mmol/l taurochenodeoxycholate induced a 30% decrease. The investigated bile acids had no effect on the microscopic structure of the small intestinal mucosa. Hypertonic solutions caused an accumulation and exfoliation of PAS-positive material at the top of the villi, independent of the presence or absence of bile acids.", "PMID": 739234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3935", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on oxygen consumption, glycolysis and lipid metabolism of diabetic rat testis. Ascorbic acid and diabetes, I.", "content": "Alloxan diabetes caused a marked stimulation of endogenous oxygen uptake by rat testis tissues. However, the oxygen uptake in the presence of added glucose or pyruvate as substrate was significantly reduced. The ability of the testis tissues to utilize these substrates and to produce lactate was significantly inhibited in the diabetic animals. Alloxan diabetes also increased the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in rat testis tissues. Treatment of the diabetic rats with ascorbic acid caused more or less a normalization of all the parameters tested.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on oxygen consumption, glycolysis and lipid metabolism of diabetic rat testis. Ascorbic acid and diabetes, I. Alloxan diabetes caused a marked stimulation of endogenous oxygen uptake by rat testis tissues. However, the oxygen uptake in the presence of added glucose or pyruvate as substrate was significantly reduced. The ability of the testis tissues to utilize these substrates and to produce lactate was significantly inhibited in the diabetic animals. Alloxan diabetes also increased the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in rat testis tissues. Treatment of the diabetic rats with ascorbic acid caused more or less a normalization of all the parameters tested.", "PMID": 739235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3936", "title": "Evaluation of a degradation method for nitrosamine wastes.", "content": "Nitrosamines are being used with increasing frequency in biomedical laboratories. Disposal of these potentially carcinogenic compounds requires a decontamination procedure that is simple, efficient, and economical. Degradation of nitrosamine wastes by alkaline reduction and the analytical techniques for evaluating this method have been explored. Efficiencies of degradation vary from 9.0 to greater than 99.9 percent of a group of ten nitrosamines.", "contents": "Evaluation of a degradation method for nitrosamine wastes. Nitrosamines are being used with increasing frequency in biomedical laboratories. Disposal of these potentially carcinogenic compounds requires a decontamination procedure that is simple, efficient, and economical. Degradation of nitrosamine wastes by alkaline reduction and the analytical techniques for evaluating this method have been explored. Efficiencies of degradation vary from 9.0 to greater than 99.9 percent of a group of ten nitrosamines.", "PMID": 739229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3937", "title": "Effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin metabolism in the rat.", "content": "To clarify the effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin and mineral metabolism, Wistar rats were separated into two groups and fed two different diets, one a normal diet and the another a manganese-supplemented diet. After three weeks on these dietary regimens, the rats on the manganese-supplemented diet manifested the following abnormalities: blood pressure was decreased; brain serotonin was decreased; L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity in brain was decreased. Manganese levels in heart, lung, and kidney increased, whereas sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium levels in the brainstem decreased.", "contents": "Effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin metabolism in the rat. To clarify the effect of subacute manganese feeding on serotonin and mineral metabolism, Wistar rats were separated into two groups and fed two different diets, one a normal diet and the another a manganese-supplemented diet. After three weeks on these dietary regimens, the rats on the manganese-supplemented diet manifested the following abnormalities: blood pressure was decreased; brain serotonin was decreased; L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity in brain was decreased. Manganese levels in heart, lung, and kidney increased, whereas sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium levels in the brainstem decreased.", "PMID": 739224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3938", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of D-mannitol in body fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid, highly reproducible method is described for the determination of mannitol in body fluids. The method is based on the gas chromatography of the n-butylborate derivative. Recovery is greater than 90%, and the variation coefficient within the series is 1--3%.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of D-mannitol in body fluids (author's transl)]. A rapid, highly reproducible method is described for the determination of mannitol in body fluids. The method is based on the gas chromatography of the n-butylborate derivative. Recovery is greater than 90%, and the variation coefficient within the series is 1--3%.", "PMID": 739236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3939", "title": "Blood pressure and lead levels in children.", "content": "Blood lead and hypertension are associated in adults. We attempted to duplicate this finding in a presumably more susceptible group of children. Small but statistically significant negative corelations were found between blood pressure and lead levels in these children. This indicated to us that the proposed positive relationship did not exist, and that the failure to detect such a relationship was not due to small sample size.", "contents": "Blood pressure and lead levels in children. Blood lead and hypertension are associated in adults. We attempted to duplicate this finding in a presumably more susceptible group of children. Small but statistically significant negative corelations were found between blood pressure and lead levels in these children. This indicated to us that the proposed positive relationship did not exist, and that the failure to detect such a relationship was not due to small sample size.", "PMID": 739230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3940", "title": "[Mass spectrometry and combined techniques in medicine, clinical chemistry and clinical biochemistry. Report on the conference at the Medizinische Klinik of the University of T\u00fcbingen on November 14--15, 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "Mass spectrometry, especially in combination with gas chromatography, is the most flexible and powerful analytical technique available today for organic substances, with the exception of macromolecules. It is distinguished by vary high sensitivity combined with high specificity, and enables the identification and quantification of substances in biological material even in very low concentration. The conference was divided into five sessions: Main areas of application, Hormones and active substances, Profile analyses, Methodical and theoretical aspects, Pharmacological and toxicological applications. It was the goal of the symposium to gather scientists and clinicians and to define the scope and place of mass spectrometry in clinical chemical and medical research, and in routine analysis, and to identify the kind of problems it can help to solve.", "contents": "[Mass spectrometry and combined techniques in medicine, clinical chemistry and clinical biochemistry. Report on the conference at the Medizinische Klinik of the University of T\u00fcbingen on November 14--15, 1977 (author's transl)]. Mass spectrometry, especially in combination with gas chromatography, is the most flexible and powerful analytical technique available today for organic substances, with the exception of macromolecules. It is distinguished by vary high sensitivity combined with high specificity, and enables the identification and quantification of substances in biological material even in very low concentration. The conference was divided into five sessions: Main areas of application, Hormones and active substances, Profile analyses, Methodical and theoretical aspects, Pharmacological and toxicological applications. It was the goal of the symposium to gather scientists and clinicians and to define the scope and place of mass spectrometry in clinical chemical and medical research, and in routine analysis, and to identify the kind of problems it can help to solve.", "PMID": 739237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3941", "title": "A controlled field trial of physiological responses to organophosphate residues in farm workers.", "content": "Blood acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) activity and urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) excretion were measured in a group of 15 male agriculture field workers during a five-day thinning operation in a Northern California peach orchard. Eight men were randomly assigned to work in a Guthion-treated plot, and seven men to work in an adjoining plot free from organophosphate residues. Foliage samples were taken to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. The daily mean percent change in the ACHE and in the PCHE activity was less than -10.0 percent of baseline values for each group of men. Mean ACHE activity of workers in the Guthion treated plot was different from that of workers in the control plot on the fifth exposure day. The mean PCHE activity of workers in the Guthion treated plot was not different from that of workers in the control plot. Daily group-mean urinary metabolite excretion levels for workers exposed to Guthion residues were highly correlated with their daily group-mean percent change in ACHE activity. No urinary metabolites were detected in workers in the control plot. Decay in Guthion residues was markedly slower in this trial than in a comparable study conducted one year previously, emphasizing the difficulty in setting re-entry intervals based on time elapsed from pesticide application. Suggestions were made to extend the time interval of future studies on the human health effects of organophosphate residue exposure, and to further refine urinary metabolite surveillance methods toward the goal of establishing a threshold level of metabolites which would correspond to meaningful exposure to these pesticides residues.", "contents": "A controlled field trial of physiological responses to organophosphate residues in farm workers. Blood acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) activity and urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) excretion were measured in a group of 15 male agriculture field workers during a five-day thinning operation in a Northern California peach orchard. Eight men were randomly assigned to work in a Guthion-treated plot, and seven men to work in an adjoining plot free from organophosphate residues. Foliage samples were taken to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. The daily mean percent change in the ACHE and in the PCHE activity was less than -10.0 percent of baseline values for each group of men. Mean ACHE activity of workers in the Guthion treated plot was different from that of workers in the control plot on the fifth exposure day. The mean PCHE activity of workers in the Guthion treated plot was not different from that of workers in the control plot. Daily group-mean urinary metabolite excretion levels for workers exposed to Guthion residues were highly correlated with their daily group-mean percent change in ACHE activity. No urinary metabolites were detected in workers in the control plot. Decay in Guthion residues was markedly slower in this trial than in a comparable study conducted one year previously, emphasizing the difficulty in setting re-entry intervals based on time elapsed from pesticide application. Suggestions were made to extend the time interval of future studies on the human health effects of organophosphate residue exposure, and to further refine urinary metabolite surveillance methods toward the goal of establishing a threshold level of metabolites which would correspond to meaningful exposure to these pesticides residues.", "PMID": 739228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3942", "title": "A computer-based toxicology search system.", "content": "An interactive computer search system, based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals (NIOSH-RTECS) has been developed. This system permits the location and retrieval of specified toxicity data defined by test animal, dosage method, toxicity level, and compound identity. All available toxicity data for a given chemical substance, identified by name or structure, may be retrieved using either the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number or the RTECS Accession Number for that compound. The search system is running upon an international computer network, and may be used by anyone interested on a fee-for-service basis.", "contents": "A computer-based toxicology search system. An interactive computer search system, based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals (NIOSH-RTECS) has been developed. This system permits the location and retrieval of specified toxicity data defined by test animal, dosage method, toxicity level, and compound identity. All available toxicity data for a given chemical substance, identified by name or structure, may be retrieved using either the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number or the RTECS Accession Number for that compound. The search system is running upon an international computer network, and may be used by anyone interested on a fee-for-service basis.", "PMID": 739231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3943", "title": "Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of neonatal exposure to lead in rats.", "content": "Locomotor activity, lead content and concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in discrete brain regions were examined in rats given a fixed oral dose (50 microgram/pup) of inorganic lead from birth till weaning and then kept on water containing 80 ppm lead until either 8 or 12 weeks of age. Lead-exposed animals showed an increase (by 74 and 93 percent, respectively) in locomotor activity at 6 and 8 weeks of age. By 12 weeks, the motor activity returned to control values both in animals which were withdrawn from lead treatment at 8 weeks of age and in those continued on lead. Lead levels in brain at 8 weeks of age were highest in hypothalamus and striatum. Significant decreases in cortical NE, DA and 5-HT, mildbrain DA, striatal NE and hypothalamic DA and 5-HT were found in brains of 8 week-old hyperactive rats; in contrast, NE levels in the midbrain were elevated. Whereas the decreases in 5-HT remained unchanged, alterations in regional concentration of catecholamines were no longer evident in lead-exposed animals whose motor activity returned to normal by 12 weeks of age or in rats withdrawn from lead at age of 8 weeks. Alterations in regional levels of NE and DA appear to be associated with lead-induced increase in locomotor activity, while changes in 5-HT metabolism may result from a non-specific toxic effect of the metal.", "contents": "Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of neonatal exposure to lead in rats. Locomotor activity, lead content and concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in discrete brain regions were examined in rats given a fixed oral dose (50 microgram/pup) of inorganic lead from birth till weaning and then kept on water containing 80 ppm lead until either 8 or 12 weeks of age. Lead-exposed animals showed an increase (by 74 and 93 percent, respectively) in locomotor activity at 6 and 8 weeks of age. By 12 weeks, the motor activity returned to control values both in animals which were withdrawn from lead treatment at 8 weeks of age and in those continued on lead. Lead levels in brain at 8 weeks of age were highest in hypothalamus and striatum. Significant decreases in cortical NE, DA and 5-HT, mildbrain DA, striatal NE and hypothalamic DA and 5-HT were found in brains of 8 week-old hyperactive rats; in contrast, NE levels in the midbrain were elevated. Whereas the decreases in 5-HT remained unchanged, alterations in regional concentration of catecholamines were no longer evident in lead-exposed animals whose motor activity returned to normal by 12 weeks of age or in rats withdrawn from lead at age of 8 weeks. Alterations in regional levels of NE and DA appear to be associated with lead-induced increase in locomotor activity, while changes in 5-HT metabolism may result from a non-specific toxic effect of the metal.", "PMID": 739226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3944", "title": "Trends and aspects in clinical chemistry.", "content": "This paper first seeks to evaluate current trends in methodology and technology and discusses possible implications for the future of clinical chemistry, whose range and diversity of tasks are carefully defined. It is thought that the remarkable development in the field of immunological methods, in the general sense of the work, will continue for the years to come. One other principle, which it is predicted will play an increasing role, is thermometry for the determination of enthalpy. Similarly, new developments in the fields of bio- and chemoluminescence offer interesting possibilities. The impact of the computer in clinical chemistry is also discused. Secondly, the double role of clinical chemistry as a diagnostic speciality and as an academic field is analyzed. On the one hand, the need for closer cooperation both with other diagnostic subspecialities and with other medical clinical disciplines is stressed. In particular, newly organized Departments of Laboratory Medicine encompassing microbiology, cytology, nuclear medicine, toxicology etc. might contribute greatly to interdisciplinary understanding. On the other hand, problems of clinical medicine and of certain areas within biological research should be at the center of interest of the future research-oriented clinical chemist.", "contents": "Trends and aspects in clinical chemistry. This paper first seeks to evaluate current trends in methodology and technology and discusses possible implications for the future of clinical chemistry, whose range and diversity of tasks are carefully defined. It is thought that the remarkable development in the field of immunological methods, in the general sense of the work, will continue for the years to come. One other principle, which it is predicted will play an increasing role, is thermometry for the determination of enthalpy. Similarly, new developments in the fields of bio- and chemoluminescence offer interesting possibilities. The impact of the computer in clinical chemistry is also discused. Secondly, the double role of clinical chemistry as a diagnostic speciality and as an academic field is analyzed. On the one hand, the need for closer cooperation both with other diagnostic subspecialities and with other medical clinical disciplines is stressed. In particular, newly organized Departments of Laboratory Medicine encompassing microbiology, cytology, nuclear medicine, toxicology etc. might contribute greatly to interdisciplinary understanding. On the other hand, problems of clinical medicine and of certain areas within biological research should be at the center of interest of the future research-oriented clinical chemist.", "PMID": 739238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3945", "title": "Cerium tissue/organ distribution and alterations in open field and exploratory behavior following acute exposure of the mouse to cerium (citrate).", "content": "Cerium chloride (1:3 complex with sodium citrate) was administered to male Swiss mice (6 to 8 weeks old) either intragastrically or subcutaneously at the 7 day LD5 or LD25 level. Open field behavior (ambulations, rearings) was quantified and tissue/organ Ce levels determined at 4 hr., 1, 3 or 7 days post administration. Via the i.g. route, Ce was poorly absorbed resulting in no observable behavioral alterations and no correlations between behavior and tissue levels. Via the s.c. route, Ce significantly (p less than 0.05) depressed ambulations and rearings, mainly at short times following administration of the LD25 dose. Analogous findings were obtained in a separate study of exploratory behavior. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between open field behavior and tissue Ce levels: thus, rearings were inversely correlated with lung, stomach, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem Ce levels and ambulations were inversely correlated with liver, kidney, lung, blood, stomach, intestine, muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem levels. Spleen Ce levels and ambulations were directly correlated and it is speculated that the spleen may serve a protective function in the case of Ce intoxication.", "contents": "Cerium tissue/organ distribution and alterations in open field and exploratory behavior following acute exposure of the mouse to cerium (citrate). Cerium chloride (1:3 complex with sodium citrate) was administered to male Swiss mice (6 to 8 weeks old) either intragastrically or subcutaneously at the 7 day LD5 or LD25 level. Open field behavior (ambulations, rearings) was quantified and tissue/organ Ce levels determined at 4 hr., 1, 3 or 7 days post administration. Via the i.g. route, Ce was poorly absorbed resulting in no observable behavioral alterations and no correlations between behavior and tissue levels. Via the s.c. route, Ce significantly (p less than 0.05) depressed ambulations and rearings, mainly at short times following administration of the LD25 dose. Analogous findings were obtained in a separate study of exploratory behavior. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between open field behavior and tissue Ce levels: thus, rearings were inversely correlated with lung, stomach, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem Ce levels and ambulations were inversely correlated with liver, kidney, lung, blood, stomach, intestine, muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem levels. Spleen Ce levels and ambulations were directly correlated and it is speculated that the spleen may serve a protective function in the case of Ce intoxication.", "PMID": 739232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3946", "title": "N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) as a photoaffinity probe for identifying membrane components containing the modifier site of the human red blood cell anion exchange system.", "content": "Exposure of cells to intense light with the photoactivatable reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine), present in the external medium results in irreversible inhibition of chloride or sulfate exchange. This irreversible inhibition seems to result from covalent reaction with the same sites to which NAP-taurine binds reversibly in the dark. As shown in the preceding paper, high chloride concentrations decrease the reversible inhibition by NAP-taurine in the dark, in a manner suggesting that NAP-taurine and chloride compete for the modifier site of the anion transport system. In a similar fashion, high chloride concentrations in the medium during exposure to light cause a decrease in both the irreversible binding of NAP-taurine to the membrane and the inhibition of chloride exchange. Most of the chloride-sensitive irreversibly bound NAP-taurine is found in the 95,000 dalton polypeptide known as band 3 and, after pronase treatment of intact cells, in the 65,000 dalton fragment of this protein produced by proteolytic cleavage. After chymotrypsin treatment of ghosts, the NAP-taurine is localized in the 17,000 dalton transmembrane portion of this fragment. Although the possible involvement of minor labeled proteins cannot be rigorously excluded, the modifier site labeled by external NAP-taurine appears, therefore, to be located in the same portion of the 95,000 dalton polypeptide as is the transport site.", "contents": "N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) as a photoaffinity probe for identifying membrane components containing the modifier site of the human red blood cell anion exchange system. Exposure of cells to intense light with the photoactivatable reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine), present in the external medium results in irreversible inhibition of chloride or sulfate exchange. This irreversible inhibition seems to result from covalent reaction with the same sites to which NAP-taurine binds reversibly in the dark. As shown in the preceding paper, high chloride concentrations decrease the reversible inhibition by NAP-taurine in the dark, in a manner suggesting that NAP-taurine and chloride compete for the modifier site of the anion transport system. In a similar fashion, high chloride concentrations in the medium during exposure to light cause a decrease in both the irreversible binding of NAP-taurine to the membrane and the inhibition of chloride exchange. Most of the chloride-sensitive irreversibly bound NAP-taurine is found in the 95,000 dalton polypeptide known as band 3 and, after pronase treatment of intact cells, in the 65,000 dalton fragment of this protein produced by proteolytic cleavage. After chymotrypsin treatment of ghosts, the NAP-taurine is localized in the 17,000 dalton transmembrane portion of this fragment. Although the possible involvement of minor labeled proteins cannot be rigorously excluded, the modifier site labeled by external NAP-taurine appears, therefore, to be located in the same portion of the 95,000 dalton polypeptide as is the transport site.", "PMID": 739256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3947", "title": "Asymmetry of the red cell anion exchange system. Different mechanisms of reversible inhibition by N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) at the inside and outside of the membrane.", "content": "In the dark, the photoaffinity reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine), acts as a reversible inhibitor of red cell anion exchange when it is present either within the cell or in the external solution. A detailed analysis of the inhibition kinetics, however, reveals substantial differences in the responses to the probe at the two sides of the membrane. On the inside of the cell, NAP-taurine is a relatively low affinity inhibitor of chloride exchange (Ki = 370 microM). Both the effects of chloride on NAP-taurine inhibition and the affinity of NAP-taurine for the system as a substrate are consistent with the concept that internal NAP-taurine competes with chloride for the substrate site of the anion exchange system. External NAP-taurine, on the other hand, is a far more potent inhibitor of chloride exchange (Ki = 20 microM). It acts at a site of considerably lower affinity for chloride than the substrate site, probably the modifier site, at which halide anions are reported to cause a noncompetitive inhibition of chloride transport. NAP-taurine therefore seems to interact preferentially with either the substrate or modifier site of the transport system, depending on the side of the membrane at which it is present. It is suggested that the modifier site is accessible to NAP-taurine only from the outside whereas the transport site may be accessible from either side.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the red cell anion exchange system. Different mechanisms of reversible inhibition by N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) at the inside and outside of the membrane. In the dark, the photoaffinity reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine), acts as a reversible inhibitor of red cell anion exchange when it is present either within the cell or in the external solution. A detailed analysis of the inhibition kinetics, however, reveals substantial differences in the responses to the probe at the two sides of the membrane. On the inside of the cell, NAP-taurine is a relatively low affinity inhibitor of chloride exchange (Ki = 370 microM). Both the effects of chloride on NAP-taurine inhibition and the affinity of NAP-taurine for the system as a substrate are consistent with the concept that internal NAP-taurine competes with chloride for the substrate site of the anion exchange system. External NAP-taurine, on the other hand, is a far more potent inhibitor of chloride exchange (Ki = 20 microM). It acts at a site of considerably lower affinity for chloride than the substrate site, probably the modifier site, at which halide anions are reported to cause a noncompetitive inhibition of chloride transport. NAP-taurine therefore seems to interact preferentially with either the substrate or modifier site of the transport system, depending on the side of the membrane at which it is present. It is suggested that the modifier site is accessible to NAP-taurine only from the outside whereas the transport site may be accessible from either side.", "PMID": 739255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3948", "title": "Filament interaction monitored by light scattering in skinned fibers.", "content": "The intensity of light scattered by chemically skinned rabbit psoas fibers in relaxed, rigor, and activated states was monitored at 90 degrees to the incident beam. In the relaxed state, scattering varied in proportion to the volume of muscle in the beam. Scattering increased to 2.3 times the resting value when rigor was induced by withdrawal of MgATP or when the myofibrils were activated by the caffeine-induced release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The rigor-induced increase in scattering decreased monotonically when MgATP was reintroduced stepwise (0-100 microM). This decrease in scattering was accompanied by an increase in tension up to an optimum MgATP level of approximately 10 microM, and then tension decreased at higher concentrations (10-100 microM). The increase in scattering during both rigor and activation was dependent upon fiber length. At lengths when thick-thin filament overlap was near zero, the light signal due to rigor and activation fell to within 10% of the signal for the relaxed fiber at that length. The signal during rigor increased only minimally (approximately 10%) when stretch (approximately 1%) was applied. This increase in signal was small despite a measured 5- to 10-fold increase in tension and an estimated twofold increase in stiffness. Thus, the increased light scattering caused by rigor and activation depends on filament overlap and not tension, stiffness, or substrate binding.", "contents": "Filament interaction monitored by light scattering in skinned fibers. The intensity of light scattered by chemically skinned rabbit psoas fibers in relaxed, rigor, and activated states was monitored at 90 degrees to the incident beam. In the relaxed state, scattering varied in proportion to the volume of muscle in the beam. Scattering increased to 2.3 times the resting value when rigor was induced by withdrawal of MgATP or when the myofibrils were activated by the caffeine-induced release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The rigor-induced increase in scattering decreased monotonically when MgATP was reintroduced stepwise (0-100 microM). This decrease in scattering was accompanied by an increase in tension up to an optimum MgATP level of approximately 10 microM, and then tension decreased at higher concentrations (10-100 microM). The increase in scattering during both rigor and activation was dependent upon fiber length. At lengths when thick-thin filament overlap was near zero, the light signal due to rigor and activation fell to within 10% of the signal for the relaxed fiber at that length. The signal during rigor increased only minimally (approximately 10%) when stretch (approximately 1%) was applied. This increase in signal was small despite a measured 5- to 10-fold increase in tension and an estimated twofold increase in stiffness. Thus, the increased light scattering caused by rigor and activation depends on filament overlap and not tension, stiffness, or substrate binding.", "PMID": 739257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3949", "title": "Myofilament-generated tension oscillations during partial calcium activation and activation dependence of the sarcomere length-tension relation of skinned cardiac cells.", "content": "During partial Ca2+ activation, skinned cardiac cells with sarcoplasmic reticulum destroyed by detergent developed spontaneous tension oscillations consisting of cycles (0.1-1 Hz) of rapid decrease of tension corresponding to the yield of some sarcomeres and slow redevelopment of tension corresponding to the reshortening of these sarcomeres. Such myofilament-generated tension oscillations were never observed during the full activation induced by a saturating [free Ca2+] or during the rigor tension induced by decreasing [MgATP] in the absence of free Ca2+ or when the mean sarcomere length (SL) of the preparation was greater than 3.10 microm during partial Ca2+ activation. A stiff parallel elastic element borne by a structure that could be digested by elastase hindered the study of the SL--active tension diagram in 8-13-microm-wide skinned cells from the rat ventricle, but this study was possible in 2-7-microm-wide myofibril bundles from the frog or dog ventricle. During rigor the tension decreased linearly when SL was increased from 2.35 to 3.80 microm. During full Ca2+ activation the tension decreased by less than 20% when SL was increased from 2.35 to approximately 3.10 microm. During partial Ca2+ activation the tension increased when SL was increased from 2.35 to 3.00 microm. From this observation of an apparent increase in the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ induced by increasing SL during partial Ca2+ activation, a model was proposed that describes the tension oscillations and permits the derivation of the maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax). Vmax was increased by increasing [free Ca2+] or decreasing [free Mg2+] but not by increasing SL.", "contents": "Myofilament-generated tension oscillations during partial calcium activation and activation dependence of the sarcomere length-tension relation of skinned cardiac cells. During partial Ca2+ activation, skinned cardiac cells with sarcoplasmic reticulum destroyed by detergent developed spontaneous tension oscillations consisting of cycles (0.1-1 Hz) of rapid decrease of tension corresponding to the yield of some sarcomeres and slow redevelopment of tension corresponding to the reshortening of these sarcomeres. Such myofilament-generated tension oscillations were never observed during the full activation induced by a saturating [free Ca2+] or during the rigor tension induced by decreasing [MgATP] in the absence of free Ca2+ or when the mean sarcomere length (SL) of the preparation was greater than 3.10 microm during partial Ca2+ activation. A stiff parallel elastic element borne by a structure that could be digested by elastase hindered the study of the SL--active tension diagram in 8-13-microm-wide skinned cells from the rat ventricle, but this study was possible in 2-7-microm-wide myofibril bundles from the frog or dog ventricle. During rigor the tension decreased linearly when SL was increased from 2.35 to 3.80 microm. During full Ca2+ activation the tension decreased by less than 20% when SL was increased from 2.35 to approximately 3.10 microm. During partial Ca2+ activation the tension increased when SL was increased from 2.35 to 3.00 microm. From this observation of an apparent increase in the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ induced by increasing SL during partial Ca2+ activation, a model was proposed that describes the tension oscillations and permits the derivation of the maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax). Vmax was increased by increasing [free Ca2+] or decreasing [free Mg2+] but not by increasing SL.", "PMID": 739258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3950", "title": "[Chromosome 5q-- in the medullar cells of a patient with anaemia which later developed into acute non-differentiated leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the observation of a 76-year-old man who since 1974 had a persistent anaemia considered as a pre-leukaemic state. The patient was hospitalized in May 1977 with fever and severe asthenia. The laboratory results indicated a probable diagnosis of acute non-differentiated leukaemia of stem cells. In spite of treatment, the anaemia grew worse, the leukocytosis accompanied by blast cells became more pronounced, a massive thrombopenia occurred and the patient died in irreversible shock. Cytogenetic examination done on a medullar culture revealed the presence in all the cells of a chromosome No. 5 with the long arms deleted : 46,XY,5q--. This rare medullar anomaly was reported for the first time in 1974-1975 by the Louvain school (Van den Berghe, Sokal, et al.) in a group of refractory anaemias. It has also been described in association with other chromosomal aberrations, in anaemias or other hemopathies which all developed into acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The clinical evolution and the cytogenetic data of the patient presented here are compared with those of other cases of 5q-- published in the literature, and the significance of this 5q-- chromosome aberration in hemopathies is discussed.", "contents": "[Chromosome 5q-- in the medullar cells of a patient with anaemia which later developed into acute non-differentiated leukaemia (author's transl)]. The authors report the observation of a 76-year-old man who since 1974 had a persistent anaemia considered as a pre-leukaemic state. The patient was hospitalized in May 1977 with fever and severe asthenia. The laboratory results indicated a probable diagnosis of acute non-differentiated leukaemia of stem cells. In spite of treatment, the anaemia grew worse, the leukocytosis accompanied by blast cells became more pronounced, a massive thrombopenia occurred and the patient died in irreversible shock. Cytogenetic examination done on a medullar culture revealed the presence in all the cells of a chromosome No. 5 with the long arms deleted : 46,XY,5q--. This rare medullar anomaly was reported for the first time in 1974-1975 by the Louvain school (Van den Berghe, Sokal, et al.) in a group of refractory anaemias. It has also been described in association with other chromosomal aberrations, in anaemias or other hemopathies which all developed into acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The clinical evolution and the cytogenetic data of the patient presented here are compared with those of other cases of 5q-- published in the literature, and the significance of this 5q-- chromosome aberration in hemopathies is discussed.", "PMID": 739259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3951", "title": "Inherited parital duplication deficiency of chromosome 15 (p12;q22).", "content": "Description of a boy aged 20 months presenting growth and mental retardation as well as several minor anomalies : brachycephaly, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, dystopia canthorum, broad nose, low set ears and short fingers. Chromosome analysis revealed an abnormal No. 15 with duplication of the distal half segment of its long arm (q22 leads to qter) and deficiency of the distal band of its short arm (p13). This anomaly was inherited by recombination aneusomy of a pericentric inversion carried by his mother : inv(15) (p12;q22).", "contents": "Inherited parital duplication deficiency of chromosome 15 (p12;q22). Description of a boy aged 20 months presenting growth and mental retardation as well as several minor anomalies : brachycephaly, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, dystopia canthorum, broad nose, low set ears and short fingers. Chromosome analysis revealed an abnormal No. 15 with duplication of the distal half segment of its long arm (q22 leads to qter) and deficiency of the distal band of its short arm (p13). This anomaly was inherited by recombination aneusomy of a pericentric inversion carried by his mother : inv(15) (p12;q22).", "PMID": 739260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3952", "title": "[Screening for heterozygotes in a large family suffering from Steinert's disease with varying clinical manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with 4 probands, our study for the early detection of heterozygotes enabled us to investigate a family suffering from myotonic dystrophy, through 8 generations. Out of 274 family members, 209 are still living, 101 of whom were examined by us personally. We discovered, in all, 12 patients with Steinert's disease (one of which was a childhood case), 14 with a \"forme fruste\" (two of which were infantile cases) and 2 patients with only a myotonic cataract. The clinical picture varied a great deal amongst the patients, but showed in general a rather benign evolution. With respect to diagnostic methods, most of the 24 secondary cases were detected through clinical examination preceded by a good case history (6 out of the 8 classical forms, and all the 14 \"formes frustes\"). Slit lamp examination was indispensable for the recognition of the first changes in the lenses of two young adults and, likewise, for the detection of two isolated myotonic cataracts. The electromyography showed characteristic anomalies in 3 patients; in addition, non-specific alterations existed in 3 other patients who showed only slight signs of the disease. Neither the gammaglobulins nor the ABH secretion factors were of any diagnostic aid in this family. Our investigation is relevant in the context of the prevention of hereditary conditions, in particular Steinert's disease. Indeed, owing to the early recognition of the heterozygotes, an adequate genetic prognosis can be given in due time to the family members at risk.", "contents": "[Screening for heterozygotes in a large family suffering from Steinert's disease with varying clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. Starting with 4 probands, our study for the early detection of heterozygotes enabled us to investigate a family suffering from myotonic dystrophy, through 8 generations. Out of 274 family members, 209 are still living, 101 of whom were examined by us personally. We discovered, in all, 12 patients with Steinert's disease (one of which was a childhood case), 14 with a \"forme fruste\" (two of which were infantile cases) and 2 patients with only a myotonic cataract. The clinical picture varied a great deal amongst the patients, but showed in general a rather benign evolution. With respect to diagnostic methods, most of the 24 secondary cases were detected through clinical examination preceded by a good case history (6 out of the 8 classical forms, and all the 14 \"formes frustes\"). Slit lamp examination was indispensable for the recognition of the first changes in the lenses of two young adults and, likewise, for the detection of two isolated myotonic cataracts. The electromyography showed characteristic anomalies in 3 patients; in addition, non-specific alterations existed in 3 other patients who showed only slight signs of the disease. Neither the gammaglobulins nor the ABH secretion factors were of any diagnostic aid in this family. Our investigation is relevant in the context of the prevention of hereditary conditions, in particular Steinert's disease. Indeed, owing to the early recognition of the heterozygotes, an adequate genetic prognosis can be given in due time to the family members at risk.", "PMID": 739261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3953", "title": "[Non-fluorescent Y chromosome in a 45,X/46,XY mosaic (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 18-year-old boy with small testes and deficient growth is reported. Histological examinations revealed an abnormal structure of the testicular tissue. The X chromatin test in buccal smears and the Y chromatin test in peripheral blood lymphocytes were negative. By chromosomal studies a 45,X/46,XY mosaicism was diagnosed. The Y chromosome did not show the typical fluorescence. Autoradiographic as well as Q- and G-banding techniques were performed in both the patient and his father. The patient's Y chromosome was shorter than his father's one, but longer than the non-fluorescent part of the paternal Y. The autoradiographic grain counts, Q- and G-band patterns showed a difference between the proband's Y chromosome and that of the father. The mechanism of the observed aberration is discussed.", "contents": "[Non-fluorescent Y chromosome in a 45,X/46,XY mosaic (author's transl)]. The case of a 18-year-old boy with small testes and deficient growth is reported. Histological examinations revealed an abnormal structure of the testicular tissue. The X chromatin test in buccal smears and the Y chromatin test in peripheral blood lymphocytes were negative. By chromosomal studies a 45,X/46,XY mosaicism was diagnosed. The Y chromosome did not show the typical fluorescence. Autoradiographic as well as Q- and G-banding techniques were performed in both the patient and his father. The patient's Y chromosome was shorter than his father's one, but longer than the non-fluorescent part of the paternal Y. The autoradiographic grain counts, Q- and G-band patterns showed a difference between the proband's Y chromosome and that of the father. The mechanism of the observed aberration is discussed.", "PMID": 739262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3954", "title": "Supernumerary small chromosomal anomaly: report of three cases including one with a familial inversion of chromosome 5.", "content": "Three cases of a small supernumerary chromosomal anomaly of essentially unknown origin associated with wide variability of clinical expression are reported. Case II has, in addition, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 5, which enables us to propose a mechanism, involving an unsuccessful crossing over, for the origin of the supernumerary chromosome.", "contents": "Supernumerary small chromosomal anomaly: report of three cases including one with a familial inversion of chromosome 5. Three cases of a small supernumerary chromosomal anomaly of essentially unknown origin associated with wide variability of clinical expression are reported. Case II has, in addition, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 5, which enables us to propose a mechanism, involving an unsuccessful crossing over, for the origin of the supernumerary chromosome.", "PMID": 739263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3955", "title": "Two mechanisms for spreading depression in the chicken retina.", "content": "Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain spreading depression (SD): one based on a release of glutamate (Van Harreveld, 1959), and the other on a release of potassium (Grafstein 1956) from neuronal elements. Both glutamate and KCl cause transparency changes in the retina, comparable to those occurring in this tissue during SD. The glutamate effect is inhibited by MgCl2 (10mM), in contrast to the transparency change due to KCl which is not affected by Mg++. Also SD is usually inhibited by MgCl2 which suggests that such SDs are based on a glutamate release. Impairment of the tissue metabolism promotes SDs which are insensitive to MgCl2. The resulting failure of the mechanisms that transport K+ and glutamate which leak out of the intracellular compartment back into the cells and fibers, seems to be involved in the generation of Mg++ insensitive SDs. This may facilitate either K-based SDs or glutamate-based SDs since the inhibitory effect of Mg++ is counteracted by an enhanced glutamate concentration. Both proposed mechanisms for SD seem to be possible under special circumstances.", "contents": "Two mechanisms for spreading depression in the chicken retina. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain spreading depression (SD): one based on a release of glutamate (Van Harreveld, 1959), and the other on a release of potassium (Grafstein 1956) from neuronal elements. Both glutamate and KCl cause transparency changes in the retina, comparable to those occurring in this tissue during SD. The glutamate effect is inhibited by MgCl2 (10mM), in contrast to the transparency change due to KCl which is not affected by Mg++. Also SD is usually inhibited by MgCl2 which suggests that such SDs are based on a glutamate release. Impairment of the tissue metabolism promotes SDs which are insensitive to MgCl2. The resulting failure of the mechanisms that transport K+ and glutamate which leak out of the intracellular compartment back into the cells and fibers, seems to be involved in the generation of Mg++ insensitive SDs. This may facilitate either K-based SDs or glutamate-based SDs since the inhibitory effect of Mg++ is counteracted by an enhanced glutamate concentration. Both proposed mechanisms for SD seem to be possible under special circumstances.", "PMID": 739264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3956", "title": "Lack of limb motor asymmetry in the neonate.", "content": "Neonates were examined for evidence of lateralization of motor function. The stepping test was done and the foot that moved first was recorded. The reaction of both arms to avoid an obstacle was also tested. No evidence for lateralization was found. Previous studies in the neonate have shown asymmetry of anatomical structures subserving language, and functional asymmetry of auditory functions and head position. However, the development of limb handedness occurs only at a later age.", "contents": "Lack of limb motor asymmetry in the neonate. Neonates were examined for evidence of lateralization of motor function. The stepping test was done and the foot that moved first was recorded. The reaction of both arms to avoid an obstacle was also tested. No evidence for lateralization was found. Previous studies in the neonate have shown asymmetry of anatomical structures subserving language, and functional asymmetry of auditory functions and head position. However, the development of limb handedness occurs only at a later age.", "PMID": 739265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3957", "title": "The brain-specific S-100 protein on neuronal cell membranes.", "content": "The S-100 protein has been localized to the neuronal plasma membranes of isolated Deiters' neurons by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to the protein and by immunoelectron microscopy using peroxidase-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum. In the present study this is shown also by incubating neurons with Sepharose 4B or methylacrylate spherules to which were coupled anti-S-100 antibodies. The specificity of the antiserum is discussed in the text. The technique described can be used to study the topography of antigenic characteristics of nerve cells by using antisera insolubilized on spherules of suitable size.", "contents": "The brain-specific S-100 protein on neuronal cell membranes. The S-100 protein has been localized to the neuronal plasma membranes of isolated Deiters' neurons by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to the protein and by immunoelectron microscopy using peroxidase-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum. In the present study this is shown also by incubating neurons with Sepharose 4B or methylacrylate spherules to which were coupled anti-S-100 antibodies. The specificity of the antiserum is discussed in the text. The technique described can be used to study the topography of antigenic characteristics of nerve cells by using antisera insolubilized on spherules of suitable size.", "PMID": 739266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3958", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of avirulent and virulent Semliki forest virus in the brains of different ages of mice.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of brains infected with avirulent and virulent strains of Semliki forest virus (SFV) were performed in 2-7, 14, 19, and 21-28 day old mice. Mature virus particles, dense clumps of fine granules, spherules and advanced stages of viral development i.e. cytopathic vacuoles, Type II (CPV II) are seen in the brains at all ages with the virulent strain which is pathogenic to all age group of mice. In the avirulent strain infection which is pathogenic to mice below 15 days old, no mature virus particles or advanced stages of viral development are seen in 19 day old and adult mice in spite of high virus titres. However, dense clumps of fine granules and spherules are seen which seem to have the capacity to develop into lethal highly infectious mature virus when reinoculated into 2-7 day old mice. It is suggested that the dense clumps of fine granules and spherules are very early viral forms, which are seen in all age groups of mice. The cut-off mechanism in pathogenicity of the avirulent strain occurs in mice around 14 days old. Though some mature virus particles and advanced viral developmental stages are seen in these mice they were much less frequent compared to baby mice. Lymphoblastic type cells are numerous in this age group. These cells are seen more frequently in all ages of mice infected with the avirulent strain as compared to the virulent strain. These mononuclear cells can have an immunological role and may play a part in limiting the process of viral maturation and hence preventing death. Polymorphs and macrophages are rare with the avirulent infection but are the predominant infiltrating cells in the virulent strain infections. With the avirulent infections the astrocytes show hypertrophy and intranuclear inclusions are seen in them.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of avirulent and virulent Semliki forest virus in the brains of different ages of mice. Ultrastructural studies of brains infected with avirulent and virulent strains of Semliki forest virus (SFV) were performed in 2-7, 14, 19, and 21-28 day old mice. Mature virus particles, dense clumps of fine granules, spherules and advanced stages of viral development i.e. cytopathic vacuoles, Type II (CPV II) are seen in the brains at all ages with the virulent strain which is pathogenic to all age group of mice. In the avirulent strain infection which is pathogenic to mice below 15 days old, no mature virus particles or advanced stages of viral development are seen in 19 day old and adult mice in spite of high virus titres. However, dense clumps of fine granules and spherules are seen which seem to have the capacity to develop into lethal highly infectious mature virus when reinoculated into 2-7 day old mice. It is suggested that the dense clumps of fine granules and spherules are very early viral forms, which are seen in all age groups of mice. The cut-off mechanism in pathogenicity of the avirulent strain occurs in mice around 14 days old. Though some mature virus particles and advanced viral developmental stages are seen in these mice they were much less frequent compared to baby mice. Lymphoblastic type cells are numerous in this age group. These cells are seen more frequently in all ages of mice infected with the avirulent strain as compared to the virulent strain. These mononuclear cells can have an immunological role and may play a part in limiting the process of viral maturation and hence preventing death. Polymorphs and macrophages are rare with the avirulent infection but are the predominant infiltrating cells in the virulent strain infections. With the avirulent infections the astrocytes show hypertrophy and intranuclear inclusions are seen in them.", "PMID": 739267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3959", "title": "Ischaemic brain damage in fatal non-missile head injuries.", "content": "The incidence and distribution of ischaemic brain damage in a consecutive series of 151 patients who died as a result of a non-missile head injury in the Institute of Neurological Sciences was determined on the basis of a comprehensive neuropathological and neurohistological examination. Ischaemic damage was identified in 138 cases (91%) even after excluding cases who only had necrosis and infarction related to contusions or fat embolism, and infarction in the brain stem of the type conventionally associated with raised intracranial pressure. The ischaemic damage was assessed as severe in 37 (27%), moderately severe in 59 (43%) and mild in 42 (30%), and in the 138 cases with ischaemic brain damage it was found more frequently in the hippocampus (122 cases; 81%), and in the basal ganglia (119 cases; 79%) than in the cerebral cortex (70 cases; 46%) and in the cerebellum (67 cases; 44%). There were statistically significant correlations between ischaemic brain damage and either an episode of hypoxia or of raised intracranial pressure. From the nature of the brain damage it seems likely that much of it was due to a reduction in the cerebral perfusion pressure. This study has shown that ischaemic brain damage is common after head injury, that at least a proportion of it is probably avoidable, and that it is more important as a cause of mortality and morbidity after head injury than has been hitherto realised.", "contents": "Ischaemic brain damage in fatal non-missile head injuries. The incidence and distribution of ischaemic brain damage in a consecutive series of 151 patients who died as a result of a non-missile head injury in the Institute of Neurological Sciences was determined on the basis of a comprehensive neuropathological and neurohistological examination. Ischaemic damage was identified in 138 cases (91%) even after excluding cases who only had necrosis and infarction related to contusions or fat embolism, and infarction in the brain stem of the type conventionally associated with raised intracranial pressure. The ischaemic damage was assessed as severe in 37 (27%), moderately severe in 59 (43%) and mild in 42 (30%), and in the 138 cases with ischaemic brain damage it was found more frequently in the hippocampus (122 cases; 81%), and in the basal ganglia (119 cases; 79%) than in the cerebral cortex (70 cases; 46%) and in the cerebellum (67 cases; 44%). There were statistically significant correlations between ischaemic brain damage and either an episode of hypoxia or of raised intracranial pressure. From the nature of the brain damage it seems likely that much of it was due to a reduction in the cerebral perfusion pressure. This study has shown that ischaemic brain damage is common after head injury, that at least a proportion of it is probably avoidable, and that it is more important as a cause of mortality and morbidity after head injury than has been hitherto realised.", "PMID": 739268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3960", "title": "Metabolic implications of distal atrophy. Carbohydrate metabolism in centronuclear myopathy.", "content": "Centronuclear myopathy, like myotonic dystrophy, is characterized by muscle wasting and type 1 fiber atrophy. To determine whether this disorder might include a derangement in carbohydrate metabolism similar to that in myotonic dystrophy, 3 comparably wasted patients with centronuclear myopathy, myotonic dystrophy, and neurogenic atrophy were investigated. The patient with centronuclear myopathy had mild glucose intolerance and hypoinsulinemia after oral glucose ingestion in bold contrast to the normal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia observed in the myotonic dystrophy patient. No abnormality was seen in oral glucose tolerance in the patient with neurogenic atrophy, and all 3 patients had normal insulin tolerance. Forearm insulin infusion demonstrated normal stimulation of muscle glucose uptake in the patients with centronuclear myopathy and neurogenic atrophy in contrast to the markedly diminished response to insulin seen in the patient with myotonic dystrophy. These data indicate that neither distal wasting or type 1 fiber atrophy are responsible for the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Metabolic implications of distal atrophy. Carbohydrate metabolism in centronuclear myopathy. Centronuclear myopathy, like myotonic dystrophy, is characterized by muscle wasting and type 1 fiber atrophy. To determine whether this disorder might include a derangement in carbohydrate metabolism similar to that in myotonic dystrophy, 3 comparably wasted patients with centronuclear myopathy, myotonic dystrophy, and neurogenic atrophy were investigated. The patient with centronuclear myopathy had mild glucose intolerance and hypoinsulinemia after oral glucose ingestion in bold contrast to the normal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia observed in the myotonic dystrophy patient. No abnormality was seen in oral glucose tolerance in the patient with neurogenic atrophy, and all 3 patients had normal insulin tolerance. Forearm insulin infusion demonstrated normal stimulation of muscle glucose uptake in the patients with centronuclear myopathy and neurogenic atrophy in contrast to the markedly diminished response to insulin seen in the patient with myotonic dystrophy. These data indicate that neither distal wasting or type 1 fiber atrophy are responsible for the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 739270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3961", "title": "Are x-rays the ultimate? Proton (heavy ion) radiography in neurologic diagnosis.", "content": "Radiations other than those of the electromagnetic spectrum or of sound may be used for neurologic diagnosis. These consist of beams of sub-atomic particles, particularly of protons and other heavy ions. With these beams radiographs of unusually high contrast are obtained for the visualization and differentiation of the soft body tissues at very low doses (down to approximately two orders of magnitude less than with x-rays). The method is practical for use in hospitals and has potential for screening purposes. The properties of these and other sub-atomic particles are reviewed for their diagnostic and basic research potential.", "contents": "Are x-rays the ultimate? Proton (heavy ion) radiography in neurologic diagnosis. Radiations other than those of the electromagnetic spectrum or of sound may be used for neurologic diagnosis. These consist of beams of sub-atomic particles, particularly of protons and other heavy ions. With these beams radiographs of unusually high contrast are obtained for the visualization and differentiation of the soft body tissues at very low doses (down to approximately two orders of magnitude less than with x-rays). The method is practical for use in hospitals and has potential for screening purposes. The properties of these and other sub-atomic particles are reviewed for their diagnostic and basic research potential.", "PMID": 739271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3962", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence of \"abortive\" regeneration in murine muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Triceps and gastrocnemius muscles from dystrophic (129 ReJ dy/dy) and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy at different stages in development (birth to 6 months). A qualitative assessment was made of the incidence and success of regeneration. Mitotic figures were seen in satellite cells in two-week-old dystrophic muscle. Well-differentiated myotubes were seen in dystrophic muscles at all ages but the incidence of regeneration was greatly reduced in the older dystrophic muscles. Myotubes in areas of regeneration up to two months of age frequently showed atypical or degenerative features. It is concluded that regeneration of dystrophic mouse muscle proceeds normally to the myotube stage after which differentiation becomes aberrant and degeneration may occur. This \"abortive\" regeneration probably contributes to the progression of the myopathy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence of \"abortive\" regeneration in murine muscular dystrophy. Triceps and gastrocnemius muscles from dystrophic (129 ReJ dy/dy) and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy at different stages in development (birth to 6 months). A qualitative assessment was made of the incidence and success of regeneration. Mitotic figures were seen in satellite cells in two-week-old dystrophic muscle. Well-differentiated myotubes were seen in dystrophic muscles at all ages but the incidence of regeneration was greatly reduced in the older dystrophic muscles. Myotubes in areas of regeneration up to two months of age frequently showed atypical or degenerative features. It is concluded that regeneration of dystrophic mouse muscle proceeds normally to the myotube stage after which differentiation becomes aberrant and degeneration may occur. This \"abortive\" regeneration probably contributes to the progression of the myopathy.", "PMID": 739272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3963", "title": "Abnormal neuronal migration, deranged cerebral cortical organization, and diffuse white matter astrocytosis of human fetal brain: a major effect of methylmercury poisoning in utero.", "content": "Detailed clinical and neuropathological studies have been made in two fullterm newborn human infants who were exposed to methylmercury in utero as a result of maternal ingestion of methylmercury-contaminated bread in early phases of pregnancy. High levels of mercury were detected in various regions of the brain at autopsy. Study of the brains revealed a disturbance in the development in both cases, consisting essentially of an incomplete or abnormal migration of neurons to the cerebellar and cerebral cortices, and deranged cortical organization of the cerebrum. There were numerous heterotopic neurons, both isolated and in groups, in the white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum and the laminar cortical pattern of the laminar cortical pattern of the cerebrum was disturbed in many regions as was shown by the irregular groupings and the deranged alignment of cortical. Prominent in the white matter of the cerebrum and the cerebellum was diffuse gemistocytic astrocytosis accompanied by an accumulation of mercury grains in their cytoplasm. These findings indicate a high degree of vulnerability of human fetal brain to maternal intoxication by methylmercury. A major effect appears to be related to faulty development and not to destructive focal neuronal damage as has been observed in mercury intoxicaiton in adults and children exposed postnatally.", "contents": "Abnormal neuronal migration, deranged cerebral cortical organization, and diffuse white matter astrocytosis of human fetal brain: a major effect of methylmercury poisoning in utero. Detailed clinical and neuropathological studies have been made in two fullterm newborn human infants who were exposed to methylmercury in utero as a result of maternal ingestion of methylmercury-contaminated bread in early phases of pregnancy. High levels of mercury were detected in various regions of the brain at autopsy. Study of the brains revealed a disturbance in the development in both cases, consisting essentially of an incomplete or abnormal migration of neurons to the cerebellar and cerebral cortices, and deranged cortical organization of the cerebrum. There were numerous heterotopic neurons, both isolated and in groups, in the white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum and the laminar cortical pattern of the laminar cortical pattern of the cerebrum was disturbed in many regions as was shown by the irregular groupings and the deranged alignment of cortical. Prominent in the white matter of the cerebrum and the cerebellum was diffuse gemistocytic astrocytosis accompanied by an accumulation of mercury grains in their cytoplasm. These findings indicate a high degree of vulnerability of human fetal brain to maternal intoxication by methylmercury. A major effect appears to be related to faulty development and not to destructive focal neuronal damage as has been observed in mercury intoxicaiton in adults and children exposed postnatally.", "PMID": 739273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3964", "title": "Splanchnic preganglionic neurons in man. III. Morphometry of myelinated fibers of rami communicantes.", "content": "The myelinated fiber (MF) composition of T6-T8 Rami Communicantes were obtained in 9 healthy persons of various ages. The textbook picture that distal rami (DR) contain all of the myelinated fibers and therefore are white, while proximal rami (PR) contain none of them and therefore are grey must be modified. We found that DR usually contained abundant MFs and that PR concordance was found between segmental numbers of intermediolateral nuclei cytons, ventral root small myelinated fibers (SMFs), and rami total small MFs to suggest that both rami probably contain the distal myelinated axons of preganglionic autonomic fibers. Finally, there was an attrition of total MFs of rami with age, similar to what we had previously found for ILC cytons and for root SMFs. The decrease in number of pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons with age is thought to be of sufficient magnitude to account for the dysautonomia of the elderly.", "contents": "Splanchnic preganglionic neurons in man. III. Morphometry of myelinated fibers of rami communicantes. The myelinated fiber (MF) composition of T6-T8 Rami Communicantes were obtained in 9 healthy persons of various ages. The textbook picture that distal rami (DR) contain all of the myelinated fibers and therefore are white, while proximal rami (PR) contain none of them and therefore are grey must be modified. We found that DR usually contained abundant MFs and that PR concordance was found between segmental numbers of intermediolateral nuclei cytons, ventral root small myelinated fibers (SMFs), and rami total small MFs to suggest that both rami probably contain the distal myelinated axons of preganglionic autonomic fibers. Finally, there was an attrition of total MFs of rami with age, similar to what we had previously found for ILC cytons and for root SMFs. The decrease in number of pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons with age is thought to be of sufficient magnitude to account for the dysautonomia of the elderly.", "PMID": 739274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3965", "title": "The number and sizes of reconstructed peripheral autonomic, sensory and motor neurons in a case or dysautonomia.", "content": "Motor, spinal ganglion, intermediolateral and sympathetic trunk neurons were reconstructed by morphometric sampling of their cell bodies at L5 and T7 segments and at various levels of spinal roots and peripheral nerves in a 31-year-old patient with dysautonomia and compared to reference cases. The patient had strikingly fewer intermediate motoneuron column neurons and intermediate ventral root axons (probably gamma motoneurons), spinal ganglion neurons, preganglionic autonomic neurons and sympathetic trunk neurons that did controls (approximately 10--30% of reference values). The striking agreement between selective absence of intermediate-diameter cytons (Ci) and of intermediate diameter myelinated fibers (Ai), which are thought to be gamma efferent, of L5 motoneuron columns provides further confirmation to our previous suggestion that the Ci peak of motoneuron columns are somas of gamma efferent neurons. The number and size of alpha motoneuron cell bodies and their proximal axons were like those of controls but their distal axons were probably atrophic. This finding probably explains the small reduction in maximum conduction velocity of motor nerve fibers found in this disorder. The brunt of the pathologic process in this disorder has been borne by intermediate and small neurons preferentially.", "contents": "The number and sizes of reconstructed peripheral autonomic, sensory and motor neurons in a case or dysautonomia. Motor, spinal ganglion, intermediolateral and sympathetic trunk neurons were reconstructed by morphometric sampling of their cell bodies at L5 and T7 segments and at various levels of spinal roots and peripheral nerves in a 31-year-old patient with dysautonomia and compared to reference cases. The patient had strikingly fewer intermediate motoneuron column neurons and intermediate ventral root axons (probably gamma motoneurons), spinal ganglion neurons, preganglionic autonomic neurons and sympathetic trunk neurons that did controls (approximately 10--30% of reference values). The striking agreement between selective absence of intermediate-diameter cytons (Ci) and of intermediate diameter myelinated fibers (Ai), which are thought to be gamma efferent, of L5 motoneuron columns provides further confirmation to our previous suggestion that the Ci peak of motoneuron columns are somas of gamma efferent neurons. The number and size of alpha motoneuron cell bodies and their proximal axons were like those of controls but their distal axons were probably atrophic. This finding probably explains the small reduction in maximum conduction velocity of motor nerve fibers found in this disorder. The brunt of the pathologic process in this disorder has been borne by intermediate and small neurons preferentially.", "PMID": 739275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3966", "title": "Effects of neurotoxic industrial solvents on cultured neuroblastoma cells: methyl n-butyl ketone, n-hexane and derivatives.", "content": "The neurotoxic effects of the commercial organic solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK), recently discovered to cause profound peripheral neuropathy in man, were studied in neuronal-like cells in tissue culture. These agents are known to induce marked proliferation of 10nm neurofilaments in peripheral and central axons of both humans and rats. In a murine neuroblastoma cell line, previously reported to show filamentous hyperplasia when exposed to aluminum ions, both MBK and n-hexane induced a highly reproducible series of cytotoxic effects at the light and electron microscopic levels and caused dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation. In contrast, two closely related but clinically non-toxic solvents, methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone, caused little or no cytopathological or growth inhibiting effects. MBK and its major water soluble derivative, 2,5-hexane dione (HD), produced identical cytotoxic changes in vitro, supporting the postulate that HD is the toxically active agent in victims exposed to MBK. Although MBKlthought MBK and n-hexand adversely affected the extension of maintenance of neuritic processes, electron microscopy and immunofluorescent reaction failed to reveal any proliferation of 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments in the intoxicated cells. Also, these agents had no deleterious effect on in vitro brain microtubule polymerization. In contrast, aluminum ions produced a doserelated inhibition of neurotubule assembly, similar to that seen with the filament-inducing agents colchicine and vinblastine. The results suggest that the fibrous cytoskeleton may not be the primary or essential target of MBK n-hexane and related human neurotoxins.", "contents": "Effects of neurotoxic industrial solvents on cultured neuroblastoma cells: methyl n-butyl ketone, n-hexane and derivatives. The neurotoxic effects of the commercial organic solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK), recently discovered to cause profound peripheral neuropathy in man, were studied in neuronal-like cells in tissue culture. These agents are known to induce marked proliferation of 10nm neurofilaments in peripheral and central axons of both humans and rats. In a murine neuroblastoma cell line, previously reported to show filamentous hyperplasia when exposed to aluminum ions, both MBK and n-hexane induced a highly reproducible series of cytotoxic effects at the light and electron microscopic levels and caused dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation. In contrast, two closely related but clinically non-toxic solvents, methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone, caused little or no cytopathological or growth inhibiting effects. MBK and its major water soluble derivative, 2,5-hexane dione (HD), produced identical cytotoxic changes in vitro, supporting the postulate that HD is the toxically active agent in victims exposed to MBK. Although MBKlthought MBK and n-hexand adversely affected the extension of maintenance of neuritic processes, electron microscopy and immunofluorescent reaction failed to reveal any proliferation of 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments in the intoxicated cells. Also, these agents had no deleterious effect on in vitro brain microtubule polymerization. In contrast, aluminum ions produced a doserelated inhibition of neurotubule assembly, similar to that seen with the filament-inducing agents colchicine and vinblastine. The results suggest that the fibrous cytoskeleton may not be the primary or essential target of MBK n-hexane and related human neurotoxins.", "PMID": 739276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3967", "title": "Polyneuropathies and CNS protein metabolism. III. Changes in protein synthesis rate induced by acrylamide intoxication.", "content": "A defect in neuronal protein metabolism has been proposed as one of the primary, molecular events underlying the development of polyneuropathies of the dying back type. Using acrylamide-intoxication as an experimental model to study these polyneuropathies, changes in leucine-incorporation into proteins disability. Proteinsynthesis rates were determined in vivo using flooding concentrations of [1-14C]valine as the precusor. Under conditions of acute and of chronic intoxication, a decrease in synthesis rate was measured preceding the loss of functional ability. Similar changes in protein synthesis rate were observed in peripheral tissues such as heart muscle and liver showing the general toxicity of acrylamide. Methylene bisacrylamide, that was used to discriminate between the neurotoxic action of acrylamide and its systemic effects, interfered with protein synthesis rates in a comparable way. No change in protein synthesis rate was observed under in vitro conditions suggesting that the interference of acrylamide with the synthetic machinery for protein synthesis in vivo is mediated by one or more as yet unknown indirect factors.", "contents": "Polyneuropathies and CNS protein metabolism. III. Changes in protein synthesis rate induced by acrylamide intoxication. A defect in neuronal protein metabolism has been proposed as one of the primary, molecular events underlying the development of polyneuropathies of the dying back type. Using acrylamide-intoxication as an experimental model to study these polyneuropathies, changes in leucine-incorporation into proteins disability. Proteinsynthesis rates were determined in vivo using flooding concentrations of [1-14C]valine as the precusor. Under conditions of acute and of chronic intoxication, a decrease in synthesis rate was measured preceding the loss of functional ability. Similar changes in protein synthesis rate were observed in peripheral tissues such as heart muscle and liver showing the general toxicity of acrylamide. Methylene bisacrylamide, that was used to discriminate between the neurotoxic action of acrylamide and its systemic effects, interfered with protein synthesis rates in a comparable way. No change in protein synthesis rate was observed under in vitro conditions suggesting that the interference of acrylamide with the synthetic machinery for protein synthesis in vivo is mediated by one or more as yet unknown indirect factors.", "PMID": 739278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3968", "title": "Brain ultrastructure in Reye's disease. II. Acute injury and recovery processes in three children.", "content": "Acute and recovery biopsies of three patients with Reye's Disease are described. Pleomorphic changes of neuronal mitochondria were identified in all of the acute biopsies, similar in appearance to the characteristic alterations of hepatic mitochondria. Distinctive myelin bleb formation may be directly attributable to the mitochondrial injury. The mitochondrial lesion is reversible. There is morphologic evidence for regeneration and repair of myelin; but the presence of myelin ovoids at long intervals after recovery indicates a loss of some myelinated fibers. The neuronal mitochondrial changes, pleomorphism with matrix expansion, and myelin bleb formation, reflect a specific biochemical injury be attributable to ischemic injury secondary to brain edema.", "contents": "Brain ultrastructure in Reye's disease. II. Acute injury and recovery processes in three children. Acute and recovery biopsies of three patients with Reye's Disease are described. Pleomorphic changes of neuronal mitochondria were identified in all of the acute biopsies, similar in appearance to the characteristic alterations of hepatic mitochondria. Distinctive myelin bleb formation may be directly attributable to the mitochondrial injury. The mitochondrial lesion is reversible. There is morphologic evidence for regeneration and repair of myelin; but the presence of myelin ovoids at long intervals after recovery indicates a loss of some myelinated fibers. The neuronal mitochondrial changes, pleomorphism with matrix expansion, and myelin bleb formation, reflect a specific biochemical injury be attributable to ischemic injury secondary to brain edema.", "PMID": 739277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3969", "title": "Starch granulomata of the endocardium.", "content": "Two cases of granuloma of the endocardium following cardic catherterisation are described. In each case the granuloma consisted essentially of macrophages associated with intracellular and extracellular starch granules, derived presumably from the glove powder used at operation. No previous cases of this condition have been found in the literature.", "contents": "Starch granulomata of the endocardium. Two cases of granuloma of the endocardium following cardic catherterisation are described. In each case the granuloma consisted essentially of macrophages associated with intracellular and extracellular starch granules, derived presumably from the glove powder used at operation. No previous cases of this condition have been found in the literature.", "PMID": 739285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3970", "title": "Myoepithelial differentiation and basal lamina deposition in fibroadenoma and adenosis of the breast.", "content": "Sixteen cases of breast fibroadenomas and 11 of adenosis were studied ultrastructurally; emphasis was placed on the patterns of myoepithelial differentiation and the number and appearance of the basal laminae. Ducts of both fibroadenomas and adenosis showed well differentiated, peripherally arranged myoepithelial elements with conspicuous cytoplasmic filaments and numerous hemidesmosomes; focal myoepithelial multilayering occurred. Myoepithelial cells exhibited complex, convoluted cytoplasmic processes extending into the stroma and resulting in the formation of pseudocysts containing stromal material. Basal lamina deposition was invariably found; basal lamina reduplication was extremely frequent. Basal lamina discontinuities with cytoplasmic processes extending directly into the stroma were seen in adenosis. Myoepithelial features and conspicuous basal lamina deposition indicate advanced differentiation and correlate well with the benign prognosis of these lesions. The focal basal lamina gaps in adenosis may be significant in the long-term evolution of this and similar dysplastic processes.", "contents": "Myoepithelial differentiation and basal lamina deposition in fibroadenoma and adenosis of the breast. Sixteen cases of breast fibroadenomas and 11 of adenosis were studied ultrastructurally; emphasis was placed on the patterns of myoepithelial differentiation and the number and appearance of the basal laminae. Ducts of both fibroadenomas and adenosis showed well differentiated, peripherally arranged myoepithelial elements with conspicuous cytoplasmic filaments and numerous hemidesmosomes; focal myoepithelial multilayering occurred. Myoepithelial cells exhibited complex, convoluted cytoplasmic processes extending into the stroma and resulting in the formation of pseudocysts containing stromal material. Basal lamina deposition was invariably found; basal lamina reduplication was extremely frequent. Basal lamina discontinuities with cytoplasmic processes extending directly into the stroma were seen in adenosis. Myoepithelial features and conspicuous basal lamina deposition indicate advanced differentiation and correlate well with the benign prognosis of these lesions. The focal basal lamina gaps in adenosis may be significant in the long-term evolution of this and similar dysplastic processes.", "PMID": 739286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3971", "title": "Splenic lipofuscinosis in mice.", "content": "Autopsy examination of young adult mice revealed a characteristic pigmentation of the anterior splenic pole occurring in a high proportion (8-34 per cent) of three mouse strains and two sublines. Histological studies identified the pigment as lipofuscin and electron microscopy provided supporting evidence. Preliminary results are consistent with the hypothesis that lipofuscin may represent non metabolisable debris from cellular breakdown associated with lysosomal activity.", "contents": "Splenic lipofuscinosis in mice. Autopsy examination of young adult mice revealed a characteristic pigmentation of the anterior splenic pole occurring in a high proportion (8-34 per cent) of three mouse strains and two sublines. Histological studies identified the pigment as lipofuscin and electron microscopy provided supporting evidence. Preliminary results are consistent with the hypothesis that lipofuscin may represent non metabolisable debris from cellular breakdown associated with lysosomal activity.", "PMID": 739287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3972", "title": "Angiogenic activity in culture supernatant of antigen-stimulated lymph node cells.", "content": "The culture supernatant of antigen- and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymph node cells contained angiogenic activity when applied to hamster cheek pouch vascular membranes. New capillary growth was observed about 7 days after such application. This activity was generated by culturing lymph node cells with antigens for at least 12 hr, while migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was detected in the culture supernatant of 6 hr cultures. The angiogenic activity was separated from blastogenic activity, clot-promoting activity and antibody activity. However, it was not completely separated from MIF by gel-filtration. The molecular weight of the angiogenic activity was estimated to be between 35,000 and 55,000 daltons.", "contents": "Angiogenic activity in culture supernatant of antigen-stimulated lymph node cells. The culture supernatant of antigen- and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymph node cells contained angiogenic activity when applied to hamster cheek pouch vascular membranes. New capillary growth was observed about 7 days after such application. This activity was generated by culturing lymph node cells with antigens for at least 12 hr, while migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was detected in the culture supernatant of 6 hr cultures. The angiogenic activity was separated from blastogenic activity, clot-promoting activity and antibody activity. However, it was not completely separated from MIF by gel-filtration. The molecular weight of the angiogenic activity was estimated to be between 35,000 and 55,000 daltons.", "PMID": 739288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3973", "title": "Eosinophilic infiltrates in carcinoma of the urinary bladder unassociated with schistosomiasis.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-four biopsies from 151 patients with urinary bladder neoplasms have been studied in order to investigate the incidence of and possible causes for the infiltration of eosinophils. Cases of schistosomiasis were excluded from this study. Of these biopsies, 16 showed a heavy infiltrate 26 a moderate, 61 minimal and 121 no eosinophilic infiltrate. No correlation could be found between the degree of infiltrate and age, sex or tumour type. There was some statistically significant correlation between the eosinophilic infiltrate and stromal invasion and/or tumour necrosis. There was a strong statistical correlation between this infiltrate and previous trauma (biopsy) which was supported by the study of bladder biopsies from patients without neoplasms.", "contents": "Eosinophilic infiltrates in carcinoma of the urinary bladder unassociated with schistosomiasis. Two hundred and twenty-four biopsies from 151 patients with urinary bladder neoplasms have been studied in order to investigate the incidence of and possible causes for the infiltration of eosinophils. Cases of schistosomiasis were excluded from this study. Of these biopsies, 16 showed a heavy infiltrate 26 a moderate, 61 minimal and 121 no eosinophilic infiltrate. No correlation could be found between the degree of infiltrate and age, sex or tumour type. There was some statistically significant correlation between the eosinophilic infiltrate and stromal invasion and/or tumour necrosis. There was a strong statistical correlation between this infiltrate and previous trauma (biopsy) which was supported by the study of bladder biopsies from patients without neoplasms.", "PMID": 739289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3974", "title": "A teratoma of the lung containing thymic tissue.", "content": "A case of a benign, cystic intrapulmonary teratoma occurring in the left lobe of a 63-yr-old female is described and the typical clinical symptoms and distinguishing X-ray appearances which may be helpful in diagnosing this rare tumour are mentioned. The connection between the tumor and the segmental bronchus clearly established the true intrapulmonary nature of the lesion in this case and the unusual finding of thymic tissue within the wall supports previous speculation regarding the possible thymic origin of these neoplasms.", "contents": "A teratoma of the lung containing thymic tissue. A case of a benign, cystic intrapulmonary teratoma occurring in the left lobe of a 63-yr-old female is described and the typical clinical symptoms and distinguishing X-ray appearances which may be helpful in diagnosing this rare tumour are mentioned. The connection between the tumor and the segmental bronchus clearly established the true intrapulmonary nature of the lesion in this case and the unusual finding of thymic tissue within the wall supports previous speculation regarding the possible thymic origin of these neoplasms.", "PMID": 739290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3975", "title": "The growth of embryonic brain tissue transplanted subcutaneously in rats.", "content": "An acute inflammatory exudate possesses mitogenic activity in that it is able to induce both DNA synthesis and proliferation of macrophages in vitro. This activity is reduced however if the inflammatory exudate is obtained from irradiated rats (900 r). Transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated rats does not reverse this reduction. On the contrary the decrease of mitogenic activity is more pronounced. On the other hand transfer of thymic syngeneic cells not only restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate from irradiated rats but increases it. Transfer of both types of cell together fully restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non-specific inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "The growth of embryonic brain tissue transplanted subcutaneously in rats. An acute inflammatory exudate possesses mitogenic activity in that it is able to induce both DNA synthesis and proliferation of macrophages in vitro. This activity is reduced however if the inflammatory exudate is obtained from irradiated rats (900 r). Transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated rats does not reverse this reduction. On the contrary the decrease of mitogenic activity is more pronounced. On the other hand transfer of thymic syngeneic cells not only restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate from irradiated rats but increases it. Transfer of both types of cell together fully restores the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non-specific inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 739291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3976", "title": "Development of Tetrapetalonema marmosetae to the infective stage in Culicoides hollensis and C. furens.", "content": "Development of the microfilaria of Tetrapetalonema marmosetae to the infective stage is described in 2 species of biting midges, Culicoides furens and C. hollensis. Development takes place in the thoracic muscles where the microfilaria requires 8 days to reach the third, or infective, stage. These observations suggest that species of Culicoides are the probable natural vectors of T. marmosetae in enzootic areas and that possibly a wide range of midges will serve as suitable vectors for the parasite in the laboratory. The elucidation of the life cycle, the first for a filaria from a neotropical primate, opens the way for the maintenance of this parasite in the laboratory and provides another useful tool for experimental study.", "contents": "Development of Tetrapetalonema marmosetae to the infective stage in Culicoides hollensis and C. furens. Development of the microfilaria of Tetrapetalonema marmosetae to the infective stage is described in 2 species of biting midges, Culicoides furens and C. hollensis. Development takes place in the thoracic muscles where the microfilaria requires 8 days to reach the third, or infective, stage. These observations suggest that species of Culicoides are the probable natural vectors of T. marmosetae in enzootic areas and that possibly a wide range of midges will serve as suitable vectors for the parasite in the laboratory. The elucidation of the life cycle, the first for a filaria from a neotropical primate, opens the way for the maintenance of this parasite in the laboratory and provides another useful tool for experimental study.", "PMID": 739292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3977", "title": "The spin method for recovering tissue larvae and its use in evaluating C57BL/6 mice as a model for the study of resistance to infection with Ascaris suum.", "content": "A centrifugation method for recovering tissue larvae is described and is proven to be superior to both Baerman and tissue digest methods for recovering larvae of Ascaris suum from the liver and lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice. Using the spin method for harvesting larvae, C57BL/6 mice were evaluated for their suitability in studies on specific host immunity to infection with A. suum.", "contents": "The spin method for recovering tissue larvae and its use in evaluating C57BL/6 mice as a model for the study of resistance to infection with Ascaris suum. A centrifugation method for recovering tissue larvae is described and is proven to be superior to both Baerman and tissue digest methods for recovering larvae of Ascaris suum from the liver and lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice. Using the spin method for harvesting larvae, C57BL/6 mice were evaluated for their suitability in studies on specific host immunity to infection with A. suum.", "PMID": 739293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3978", "title": "Patent Toxocara canis infection in ascarid-naive dogs.", "content": "The effect of feeding different numbers of Toxocara canis eggs on patent intestinal infections was studied in 45 ascarid-naive 62--64-day-old pups and 6 adult dogs. Twenty-four of 25 pups fed 10 to 1,000 eggs developed patent intestinal infections, whereas none of the 20 pups fed 10,000 eggs developed patent intestinal infection. Three of 6 presumably ascarid-naive dogs, 7, 10, and 52 months old fed 100 eggs each, developed intestinal infections.", "contents": "Patent Toxocara canis infection in ascarid-naive dogs. The effect of feeding different numbers of Toxocara canis eggs on patent intestinal infections was studied in 45 ascarid-naive 62--64-day-old pups and 6 adult dogs. Twenty-four of 25 pups fed 10 to 1,000 eggs developed patent intestinal infections, whereas none of the 20 pups fed 10,000 eggs developed patent intestinal infection. Three of 6 presumably ascarid-naive dogs, 7, 10, and 52 months old fed 100 eggs each, developed intestinal infections.", "PMID": 739294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3979", "title": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis: cultivation of free-living stages.", "content": "Successful cultivation of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from hatched first-stage to third-stage larvae was achieved in media containing NCTC 135, chick embryo extract, fetal calf serum, and either lactalbumin hydrolysate or freshly prepared baker's yeast extract. Medium Tc5, containing yeast extract, was the simplest medium with optimal results. Cultured third-stage larvae were able to produce patent infections in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis: cultivation of free-living stages. Successful cultivation of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from hatched first-stage to third-stage larvae was achieved in media containing NCTC 135, chick embryo extract, fetal calf serum, and either lactalbumin hydrolysate or freshly prepared baker's yeast extract. Medium Tc5, containing yeast extract, was the simplest medium with optimal results. Cultured third-stage larvae were able to produce patent infections in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 739295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3980", "title": "Comparative efficacy of fenbendazole, dichlorvos, and levamisole HCI against gastrointestinal nematodes of pigs.", "content": "Forty-two weanling pigs raised under similar management conditions were used to compare the effectiveness of fenbendazole, dichlorvos, and levamisole HCl against Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Hyostrongylus rubidus, and Strongyloides ransomi. All three drugs were given in the feed. Eleven pigs served as unmedicated controls; 11 pigs received fenbendazole (3 mg/kg) on days 1, 2, and 3; 10 pigs received dichlorvos (17 mg/kg) on day 3; and 10 pigs received levamisole HCl (8 mg/kg) on day 3. Fecal specimens from all 11 pigs were collected before and after anthelmintic treatment and examined for nematode eggs. All pigs were killed on day 7, and residual nematodes were counted. The calculated efficacies against the above species, respectively, were: fenbendazole, 99.9, 100, 92.4, 66.0, 99.9, and 0%; dichlorvos, 99.4, 99.9, 100, 99.9, 99.9, and 86.9%; levamisole HCl, 97.1, 99.7, 97.9, 26.1, 94.4, and 99.9%.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of fenbendazole, dichlorvos, and levamisole HCI against gastrointestinal nematodes of pigs. Forty-two weanling pigs raised under similar management conditions were used to compare the effectiveness of fenbendazole, dichlorvos, and levamisole HCl against Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Hyostrongylus rubidus, and Strongyloides ransomi. All three drugs were given in the feed. Eleven pigs served as unmedicated controls; 11 pigs received fenbendazole (3 mg/kg) on days 1, 2, and 3; 10 pigs received dichlorvos (17 mg/kg) on day 3; and 10 pigs received levamisole HCl (8 mg/kg) on day 3. Fecal specimens from all 11 pigs were collected before and after anthelmintic treatment and examined for nematode eggs. All pigs were killed on day 7, and residual nematodes were counted. The calculated efficacies against the above species, respectively, were: fenbendazole, 99.9, 100, 92.4, 66.0, 99.9, and 0%; dichlorvos, 99.4, 99.9, 100, 99.9, 99.9, and 86.9%; levamisole HCl, 97.1, 99.7, 97.9, 26.1, 94.4, and 99.9%.", "PMID": 739296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3981", "title": "Trial of avermectin B1a, mebendazole and melarsoprol against pre-cardiac Dirofilaria immitis in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo).", "content": "Avermectin B1a was found active against the pre-cardiac stage of Dirofilaria immitis in ferrets. The drug was given orally, at 0.2 mg/kg, on days 38--42 of infection. At necropsy, 5 1/2 months after inoculation, worms were almost totally absent from the hearts of these ferrets. The efficacy of melarsoprol against developing Dirofilaria, which has been demonstrated in dogs by other workers, was demonstrated in ferrets given oral doses, at 100 mg/kg, on days 38--42 of infection. The reported efficacy of mebendazole was not evident in the ferret host in this study, probably because the treatment (100 mg/kg, orally, on days 38--42) was shorter and later than that reported for dogs.", "contents": "Trial of avermectin B1a, mebendazole and melarsoprol against pre-cardiac Dirofilaria immitis in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Avermectin B1a was found active against the pre-cardiac stage of Dirofilaria immitis in ferrets. The drug was given orally, at 0.2 mg/kg, on days 38--42 of infection. At necropsy, 5 1/2 months after inoculation, worms were almost totally absent from the hearts of these ferrets. The efficacy of melarsoprol against developing Dirofilaria, which has been demonstrated in dogs by other workers, was demonstrated in ferrets given oral doses, at 100 mg/kg, on days 38--42 of infection. The reported efficacy of mebendazole was not evident in the ferret host in this study, probably because the treatment (100 mg/kg, orally, on days 38--42) was shorter and later than that reported for dogs.", "PMID": 739297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3982", "title": "Sleeping sickness: in vitro cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei from the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans.", "content": "Two strains of Trypanosoma brucei were propagated from the salivary glands of 5 Glossina morsitans for more than 200 days on a bovine embryonic spleen feeder layer using buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum. In the first 2 to 3 weeks of cultivation the density of parasites in the salivary glands and culture medium remained constant probably because of defective binary fission. The parasites were infective to rodents only on days 17 and 25. Electron microscopic examination of the parasites on 6 different occasions revealed that they were similar to the immature metatrypomastigotes of T. brucei described in the salivary glands of infected tsetse flies.", "contents": "Sleeping sickness: in vitro cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei from the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans. Two strains of Trypanosoma brucei were propagated from the salivary glands of 5 Glossina morsitans for more than 200 days on a bovine embryonic spleen feeder layer using buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum. In the first 2 to 3 weeks of cultivation the density of parasites in the salivary glands and culture medium remained constant probably because of defective binary fission. The parasites were infective to rodents only on days 17 and 25. Electron microscopic examination of the parasites on 6 different occasions revealed that they were similar to the immature metatrypomastigotes of T. brucei described in the salivary glands of infected tsetse flies.", "PMID": 739298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3983", "title": "Immunoconglutinin associated with nonspecific acquired resistance in malaria, babesiosis, and other anemia-inducing infections.", "content": "Rats recovered from infectious anemias had an acquired nonspecific resistance. Recovery from trypanosomal and babesial infections enhanced the resistance to infections with filterable rat infectious anemia (RIA) agent, and recovery from RIA made rats more resistant to plasmodial, babesial and trypanosomal infections. The resistance was manifested after challenge by reduced parasitemia accompanied by significant anemia, which became evident 2 or 3 days earlier in recovered rats than in controls. Mortality of the recovered rats was less than that of the controls. Immunoconglutinin (IK) was detected with high titers in animals during the acute stage of each infection and remained present with lower titers after recovery. After the recovered rats were challenged with a heterologous agent, the existing IK titers became elevated earlier and usually were higher than those of the controls. However, the infections also stimulated production of cold-active hemagglutinin (CAH). It was therefore not clear that the resistance could be attributed to IK. The nature of antigen-antibody complexes that may have fixed complement and stimulate IK is discussed. However, a specific complex was not implicated.", "contents": "Immunoconglutinin associated with nonspecific acquired resistance in malaria, babesiosis, and other anemia-inducing infections. Rats recovered from infectious anemias had an acquired nonspecific resistance. Recovery from trypanosomal and babesial infections enhanced the resistance to infections with filterable rat infectious anemia (RIA) agent, and recovery from RIA made rats more resistant to plasmodial, babesial and trypanosomal infections. The resistance was manifested after challenge by reduced parasitemia accompanied by significant anemia, which became evident 2 or 3 days earlier in recovered rats than in controls. Mortality of the recovered rats was less than that of the controls. Immunoconglutinin (IK) was detected with high titers in animals during the acute stage of each infection and remained present with lower titers after recovery. After the recovered rats were challenged with a heterologous agent, the existing IK titers became elevated earlier and usually were higher than those of the controls. However, the infections also stimulated production of cold-active hemagglutinin (CAH). It was therefore not clear that the resistance could be attributed to IK. The nature of antigen-antibody complexes that may have fixed complement and stimulate IK is discussed. However, a specific complex was not implicated.", "PMID": 739299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3984", "title": "Isospora neorivolta SP. N. from the domestic dog.", "content": "The endogenous development of canine Isospora rivolta (Mahrt, J Protozool 14: 754--759, 1967) was compared with the development of I. ohioensis (Dubey, Parasitology, 1978, In press) in intestines of dogs. A new name, Isospora neorivolta, is proposed for the canine I. rivolta because of developmental differences from I. ohioensis. The major difference between these 2 coccidia is their site of development. Isospora neorivolta develops predominantly in the lamina propria of the posterior half of the small intestine, whereas I. ohioensis develops only in the epithelium and infection occurs throughout the small intestine. Additional information on the development of I. neorivolta in dogs is given.", "contents": "Isospora neorivolta SP. N. from the domestic dog. The endogenous development of canine Isospora rivolta (Mahrt, J Protozool 14: 754--759, 1967) was compared with the development of I. ohioensis (Dubey, Parasitology, 1978, In press) in intestines of dogs. A new name, Isospora neorivolta, is proposed for the canine I. rivolta because of developmental differences from I. ohioensis. The major difference between these 2 coccidia is their site of development. Isospora neorivolta develops predominantly in the lamina propria of the posterior half of the small intestine, whereas I. ohioensis develops only in the epithelium and infection occurs throughout the small intestine. Additional information on the development of I. neorivolta in dogs is given.", "PMID": 739301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3985", "title": "Structure and composition of the oocyst wall of Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Oocyst walls were purified from unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Analysis of the purified material indicated a composition of 67% peptide, 14% lipid, and 19% carbohydrate. The likely physical arrangement of the components places the lipid in a 10 nm thick outer layer, covering a 90 nm thick layer of glycoprotein. The protein component of the structure was dissociated using thiol reagents under denaturing conditions, and was shown to consist of a repeating subunit of approximately 10,000 daltons. The results suggest an explanation for the physical and mechanical resistance of the oocyst wall, as well as possible mechanisms for excystation of sporulated oocysts.", "contents": "Structure and composition of the oocyst wall of Eimeria tenella. Oocyst walls were purified from unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Analysis of the purified material indicated a composition of 67% peptide, 14% lipid, and 19% carbohydrate. The likely physical arrangement of the components places the lipid in a 10 nm thick outer layer, covering a 90 nm thick layer of glycoprotein. The protein component of the structure was dissociated using thiol reagents under denaturing conditions, and was shown to consist of a repeating subunit of approximately 10,000 daltons. The results suggest an explanation for the physical and mechanical resistance of the oocyst wall, as well as possible mechanisms for excystation of sporulated oocysts.", "PMID": 739302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3986", "title": "Quasilistrophorus microticolus gen. n. et sp. n. (Acari: Listrophoridae) from North American microtine rodents.", "content": "The authors describe a new genus and a new species Quasilistrophorus microticolus (Acari: Listrophoridae) from Arborimus from Oregon and Synaptomys from Indiana.", "contents": "Quasilistrophorus microticolus gen. n. et sp. n. (Acari: Listrophoridae) from North American microtine rodents. The authors describe a new genus and a new species Quasilistrophorus microticolus (Acari: Listrophoridae) from Arborimus from Oregon and Synaptomys from Indiana.", "PMID": 739303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3987", "title": "Normal development of Schistosomatium douthitti in the snail Lymnaea catascopium.", "content": "Schistosomatium douthitti miracidia are ingested by Lymnaea catascopium snails and penetrate the host's esophageal wall. Mother sporocysts develop adjacent to the esophagus and salivary glands. The increase greatly in size, become irregular in shape, and contain daughter sporocysts by 8 days. Development of daughter sporocysts is synchronous; most are released from mother sporocysts 16--20 days postexposure. Mother sporocysts then collapse, but may persist for the life of the infected snail. Some daughter sporocysts travel to the digestive gland via the arterial system; others traverse the connective tissue separating cephalopedal and visceral sinuses to reach the digestive gland. Cercarial embryo production begins while daughter sporocysts are still within mother sporocysts, and may continue for over 400 days. Once released from daughter sporocysts, cercariae move from the visceral sinus to the visceral vein and are carried into the mantle where they rupture the ventral mantle epithelium and escape from the molluscan host.", "contents": "Normal development of Schistosomatium douthitti in the snail Lymnaea catascopium. Schistosomatium douthitti miracidia are ingested by Lymnaea catascopium snails and penetrate the host's esophageal wall. Mother sporocysts develop adjacent to the esophagus and salivary glands. The increase greatly in size, become irregular in shape, and contain daughter sporocysts by 8 days. Development of daughter sporocysts is synchronous; most are released from mother sporocysts 16--20 days postexposure. Mother sporocysts then collapse, but may persist for the life of the infected snail. Some daughter sporocysts travel to the digestive gland via the arterial system; others traverse the connective tissue separating cephalopedal and visceral sinuses to reach the digestive gland. Cercarial embryo production begins while daughter sporocysts are still within mother sporocysts, and may continue for over 400 days. Once released from daughter sporocysts, cercariae move from the visceral sinus to the visceral vein and are carried into the mantle where they rupture the ventral mantle epithelium and escape from the molluscan host.", "PMID": 739317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3988", "title": "Studies on putative adult worm-derived vaccines and adjuvants for protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal transfer of viable adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni did not confer protection against a challenge infection to recipient mice. Antigens of schistosome origin were evaluated for their ability, with and without concomitantly administered nonspecific adjuvants, to stimulate protective immunity against S. mansoni. Freshly perfused ground worms or a putative membrane antigen extracted with 0.5 M KC1 from adult worms, when injected together with Corynebacterium parvum (or in a single experiment with poly [A : U]), resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden of a challenge infection with S. mansoni as compared with that of untreated controls. The membrane antigen was maintained carefully at low temperatures in buffers capable of retarding enzymatic degradation while it was being prepared.", "contents": "Studies on putative adult worm-derived vaccines and adjuvants for protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Intraperitoneal transfer of viable adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni did not confer protection against a challenge infection to recipient mice. Antigens of schistosome origin were evaluated for their ability, with and without concomitantly administered nonspecific adjuvants, to stimulate protective immunity against S. mansoni. Freshly perfused ground worms or a putative membrane antigen extracted with 0.5 M KC1 from adult worms, when injected together with Corynebacterium parvum (or in a single experiment with poly [A : U]), resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden of a challenge infection with S. mansoni as compared with that of untreated controls. The membrane antigen was maintained carefully at low temperatures in buffers capable of retarding enzymatic degradation while it was being prepared.", "PMID": 739318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3989", "title": "Effects of stressful conditions on the development and movement of reproductive cells in Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Adult S. japonicum exposed to 3H-thymidine to label reproductive cells were cultured in vitro, maintained intraperitoneally, or transplanted as unisexual infections to hamsters. Daily samples were taken, processed for autoradiography, and observed for abnormal morphological and developmental characteristics. By day 5 of in vitro culture in Medium 199 and calf serum, all worms were dead. The vitelline system was the most sensitive to culture conditions and labeled vitelline cells never moved from the gland area. No labeled sperm were produced by males and evidence of deterioration of the testes was apparent by day 2. Degenerative changes of the ovary were the last to appear, on day 3. Most adults transplanted to the peritoneal cavity of hamsters were dead by day 3, but some lived for 6 days. No movement or development of reproductive cells was detected in these worms. An intense cellular reaction directed against the tegument was observed as early as day 1. Males transplanted in groups to the hepatic portal system were maintained normally in vivo and produced labeled sperm in 6 days. Females handled similarly showed degenerative changes in their genitalia by day 2, but most were alive after 6 days.", "contents": "Effects of stressful conditions on the development and movement of reproductive cells in Schistosoma japonicum. Adult S. japonicum exposed to 3H-thymidine to label reproductive cells were cultured in vitro, maintained intraperitoneally, or transplanted as unisexual infections to hamsters. Daily samples were taken, processed for autoradiography, and observed for abnormal morphological and developmental characteristics. By day 5 of in vitro culture in Medium 199 and calf serum, all worms were dead. The vitelline system was the most sensitive to culture conditions and labeled vitelline cells never moved from the gland area. No labeled sperm were produced by males and evidence of deterioration of the testes was apparent by day 2. Degenerative changes of the ovary were the last to appear, on day 3. Most adults transplanted to the peritoneal cavity of hamsters were dead by day 3, but some lived for 6 days. No movement or development of reproductive cells was detected in these worms. An intense cellular reaction directed against the tegument was observed as early as day 1. Males transplanted in groups to the hepatic portal system were maintained normally in vivo and produced labeled sperm in 6 days. Females handled similarly showed degenerative changes in their genitalia by day 2, but most were alive after 6 days.", "PMID": 739319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3990", "title": "The life cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti in cats.", "content": "Migration and development of Paragonimus kellicotti were studied in cats killed between 1 and 265 days after feeding 15--20 metacercariae from the hearts of naturally infected crayfish. Metacercariae excysted in the intestine and appeared in the peritoneal cavity within 24 hr. Some young flukes penetrated the diaphragm and migrated to the pleural cavity during the first week, but the majority penetrated the pleura between 10 and 14 days. No flukes were found in the pleural cavity after 23 days postinfection. By 4 weeks postinfection, the flukes were well established within lung parenchyma, mainly in the right caudal lobe, where most of their growth occurred. Eggs first were seen in flukes on the 34th day postinfection and in feces 2 days later. Estimated daily ova production ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 eggs/fluke/day.", "contents": "The life cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti in cats. Migration and development of Paragonimus kellicotti were studied in cats killed between 1 and 265 days after feeding 15--20 metacercariae from the hearts of naturally infected crayfish. Metacercariae excysted in the intestine and appeared in the peritoneal cavity within 24 hr. Some young flukes penetrated the diaphragm and migrated to the pleural cavity during the first week, but the majority penetrated the pleura between 10 and 14 days. No flukes were found in the pleural cavity after 23 days postinfection. By 4 weeks postinfection, the flukes were well established within lung parenchyma, mainly in the right caudal lobe, where most of their growth occurred. Eggs first were seen in flukes on the 34th day postinfection and in feces 2 days later. Estimated daily ova production ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 eggs/fluke/day.", "PMID": 739320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3991", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinicopathological study of the eyes.", "content": "This paper described the clinicopathological findings in a patient who died of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. During his seven-month hospitalization, we had the opportunity to study the evolution of the disease and especially the variability of the ocular findings. The patient was presenting with a right exotropia and later developed chorioretinal changes in the fundus. The pathological examinations of both eyes revealed undescribed details, mostly in the anterior segments of the eyes, namely lacy vacuolization of the pigment epithelium of the iris, vacuolization of the nonpigmentary ciliary epithelium, and proliferation of the ciliary pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinicopathological study of the eyes. This paper described the clinicopathological findings in a patient who died of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. During his seven-month hospitalization, we had the opportunity to study the evolution of the disease and especially the variability of the ocular findings. The patient was presenting with a right exotropia and later developed chorioretinal changes in the fundus. The pathological examinations of both eyes revealed undescribed details, mostly in the anterior segments of the eyes, namely lacy vacuolization of the pigment epithelium of the iris, vacuolization of the nonpigmentary ciliary epithelium, and proliferation of the ciliary pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 739322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3992", "title": "Ocular findings in a patient with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome: a case report.", "content": "A four-year-old female child with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome has been presented. She demonstrated ptosis, exotropia, and decreased vision with unilateral high myopia. Unlike the Werdnig-Hoffman type of spinal muscular dystrophy Kugelberg-Welander disease has a protracted, somewhat benign course, necessitating proper evaluation and care of the ocular problems of these patients. The most common among these problems are the presence of severe to moderate ptosis and strabismus which appears usually to be an exotropia.", "contents": "Ocular findings in a patient with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome: a case report. A four-year-old female child with Kugelberg-Welander syndrome has been presented. She demonstrated ptosis, exotropia, and decreased vision with unilateral high myopia. Unlike the Werdnig-Hoffman type of spinal muscular dystrophy Kugelberg-Welander disease has a protracted, somewhat benign course, necessitating proper evaluation and care of the ocular problems of these patients. The most common among these problems are the presence of severe to moderate ptosis and strabismus which appears usually to be an exotropia.", "PMID": 739321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3993", "title": "Free floating pigment cyst of the anterior chamber ten years after miotic therapy.", "content": "A free-floating pigment cyst has been present in the anterior chamber of the eye of a 14-year-old patient with numerous pigment nodules on the border of both pupils for about ten years. As a small child this patient has been treated very successfully with miotics for accommodative esotropia.", "contents": "Free floating pigment cyst of the anterior chamber ten years after miotic therapy. A free-floating pigment cyst has been present in the anterior chamber of the eye of a 14-year-old patient with numerous pigment nodules on the border of both pupils for about ten years. As a small child this patient has been treated very successfully with miotics for accommodative esotropia.", "PMID": 739326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3994", "title": "Congenital mobile vitreous cyst.", "content": "A case of a mobile vitreous cyst occurring in an asymptomatic five-year-old child is presented. A review of the literature shows this to be an uncommon finding best explained as a remnant of the primary vitreous. We believe our patient in this case to be the youngest reported, and supports the congenital, nonpathologic nature of the cyst.", "contents": "Congenital mobile vitreous cyst. A case of a mobile vitreous cyst occurring in an asymptomatic five-year-old child is presented. A review of the literature shows this to be an uncommon finding best explained as a remnant of the primary vitreous. We believe our patient in this case to be the youngest reported, and supports the congenital, nonpathologic nature of the cyst.", "PMID": 739325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3995", "title": "Orbital hemangiopericytoma: a report of a three-year-old child.", "content": "A case of orbital hemangiopericytoma is described in a three-year-old child. Its clinical and microscopic differentiating features from other ocular and orbital tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Orbital hemangiopericytoma: a report of a three-year-old child. A case of orbital hemangiopericytoma is described in a three-year-old child. Its clinical and microscopic differentiating features from other ocular and orbital tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 739327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3996", "title": "The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in the overacting inferior oblique muscle.", "content": "The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in normal eye muscles of fetuses, children, and adults in overacting inferior oblique muscles of children was studied and compared. No significant differences were found between LDH isoenzyme activity in the horizontal and vertical recti. Isoenzyme fractions, by percentage, were distributed in these muscles in the order of III greater than IV greater than II greater than V greater than I. A significant difference, however, was noted between the LDH isoenzyme patterns of the inferior oblique muscle in normal adults and children. The percentages were in the orders of III greater than II greater than IV greater than V greater than I, and III greater than IV greater than II greater than V greater than I, respectively. The isoenzyme pattern in the overacting inferior oblique muscles of children was in the order of III greather than II greater than IV greater than V greater than I, identical to that of the adult control group. In addition, the overacting inferior oblique muscle of the children contained more H than M subunit than did the rectus muscle or the normal inferior oblique muscle of children by comparison.", "contents": "The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in the overacting inferior oblique muscle. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in normal eye muscles of fetuses, children, and adults in overacting inferior oblique muscles of children was studied and compared. No significant differences were found between LDH isoenzyme activity in the horizontal and vertical recti. Isoenzyme fractions, by percentage, were distributed in these muscles in the order of III greater than IV greater than II greater than V greater than I. A significant difference, however, was noted between the LDH isoenzyme patterns of the inferior oblique muscle in normal adults and children. The percentages were in the orders of III greater than II greater than IV greater than V greater than I, and III greater than IV greater than II greater than V greater than I, respectively. The isoenzyme pattern in the overacting inferior oblique muscles of children was in the order of III greather than II greater than IV greater than V greater than I, identical to that of the adult control group. In addition, the overacting inferior oblique muscle of the children contained more H than M subunit than did the rectus muscle or the normal inferior oblique muscle of children by comparison.", "PMID": 739328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3997", "title": "Refraction in premature babies: a prospective study.", "content": "Refraction in 67 premature babies was examined and followed during seven years. There was continuous changing of refraction towards emmetropia in all refraction groups. Fifty-four percent of myopic eyes remained myopic at the age of seven years but in all the eyes myopia was of lower degree than at birth. In our series there was no relationship between myopia and RLF.", "contents": "Refraction in premature babies: a prospective study. Refraction in 67 premature babies was examined and followed during seven years. There was continuous changing of refraction towards emmetropia in all refraction groups. Fifty-four percent of myopic eyes remained myopic at the age of seven years but in all the eyes myopia was of lower degree than at birth. In our series there was no relationship between myopia and RLF.", "PMID": 739329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3998", "title": "Congenital Horner's syndrome and thoracic neuroblastoma.", "content": "A two-month-old girl presented with a right Horner's syndrome as the only manifestation of a primary thoracic neuroblastoma. The early diagnosis of this condition allows a cure rate approaching 100 percent. Ophthalmologists should exclude thoracic neuroblastoma in children with Horner's syndrome.", "contents": "Congenital Horner's syndrome and thoracic neuroblastoma. A two-month-old girl presented with a right Horner's syndrome as the only manifestation of a primary thoracic neuroblastoma. The early diagnosis of this condition allows a cure rate approaching 100 percent. Ophthalmologists should exclude thoracic neuroblastoma in children with Horner's syndrome.", "PMID": 739323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_3999", "title": "Congenital hereditary sex-linked retinoschisis.", "content": "A case of juvenile idiopathic sex-linked retinoschisis in a six-month-old child was followed for seven years. The familiar occurrence in males was in agreement with the sex-linked inheritance. The appearance at an early age in the left eye confirmed the congenital nature of the disease and the possibility that the ophthalmoscopic features might be present at birth, at least monocularly. In the right eye the ophthalmoscopial normaility of the vitreous as well as the early and severe abnormality of the electroretinographic findings (normal \"a\" wave, microvolted \"b\" photopic wave, extinct \"b\" scotopic wave and presence of only the first wavelet of the oscillatory potentials) at the initial stage of maculopathy induced the author to suppose that there might be primarily a tapeto-retinal heredodegeneration and that the pseudocystic degeneration of the inner layers could be a secondary manifestation of the disease.", "contents": "Congenital hereditary sex-linked retinoschisis. A case of juvenile idiopathic sex-linked retinoschisis in a six-month-old child was followed for seven years. The familiar occurrence in males was in agreement with the sex-linked inheritance. The appearance at an early age in the left eye confirmed the congenital nature of the disease and the possibility that the ophthalmoscopic features might be present at birth, at least monocularly. In the right eye the ophthalmoscopial normaility of the vitreous as well as the early and severe abnormality of the electroretinographic findings (normal \"a\" wave, microvolted \"b\" photopic wave, extinct \"b\" scotopic wave and presence of only the first wavelet of the oscillatory potentials) at the initial stage of maculopathy induced the author to suppose that there might be primarily a tapeto-retinal heredodegeneration and that the pseudocystic degeneration of the inner layers could be a secondary manifestation of the disease.", "PMID": 739324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4000", "title": "Simultaneous 4-muscle surgery in V-esotropia.", "content": "Simultaneous, bilateral and symmetrical surgery was performed on 60 patients with V-esotropia. The results following one surgical procedure were evaluated. The patients were subdivided into three equal groups. A bilateral recession of the medial recti was performed in all three groups. In the first two groups a weakening of both inferior obliques, either by recession or by myectomy at insertion, was performed. In the third group only horizontal muscle surgery was done. Satisfactory results were achieved in 48 out of 60 patients following one surgical procedure. Consecutive esotropia was present in eight and exotropia in four patients. In cases of V-esotropia with marked overaction of both inferior obliques, a simultaneous 4-muscle surgery is recommended in order to minimize the number of surgical procedures.", "contents": "Simultaneous 4-muscle surgery in V-esotropia. Simultaneous, bilateral and symmetrical surgery was performed on 60 patients with V-esotropia. The results following one surgical procedure were evaluated. The patients were subdivided into three equal groups. A bilateral recession of the medial recti was performed in all three groups. In the first two groups a weakening of both inferior obliques, either by recession or by myectomy at insertion, was performed. In the third group only horizontal muscle surgery was done. Satisfactory results were achieved in 48 out of 60 patients following one surgical procedure. Consecutive esotropia was present in eight and exotropia in four patients. In cases of V-esotropia with marked overaction of both inferior obliques, a simultaneous 4-muscle surgery is recommended in order to minimize the number of surgical procedures.", "PMID": 739330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4001", "title": "An expedient lid retracter.", "content": "An expedient lid retractor may be fashioned from a paper clip.", "contents": "An expedient lid retracter. An expedient lid retractor may be fashioned from a paper clip.", "PMID": 739332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4002", "title": "A new approach to ocular moisture chambers.", "content": "A new approach is presented to the problem of moisture chamber spectacles for the treatment of the dry eye. This moisture chamber relies on soft polyurethane sidewalls, form fitting and flanged to avoid pressure at right angles to the skin surface. The result is a comfortable moisture chamber which has been used successfully by an eight-year-old patient for nine months. This has allowed the child to return to school with best visual acuity (aphakic) without a single recurrence of corneal erosion.", "contents": "A new approach to ocular moisture chambers. A new approach is presented to the problem of moisture chamber spectacles for the treatment of the dry eye. This moisture chamber relies on soft polyurethane sidewalls, form fitting and flanged to avoid pressure at right angles to the skin surface. The result is a comfortable moisture chamber which has been used successfully by an eight-year-old patient for nine months. This has allowed the child to return to school with best visual acuity (aphakic) without a single recurrence of corneal erosion.", "PMID": 739331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4003", "title": "Ketamine anesthesia in strabismus surgery.", "content": "Because of the conflicting opinions in the ophthalmic literature concerning the efficacy of Ketamine anesthesia in strabismus surgery, we decided to report out experience in 44 children operated upon between the ages of six months and six years. Satisfactory anesthesia was achieved in all cases except two who required intubation and inhalation technique in order to complete the surgery. No serious side effects were observed during or after the surgery. Its ease of administration, freedom from side effects, and satisfactory anesthesia, make Ketamine our primary anesthetic choice for strabismus surgery in children.", "contents": "Ketamine anesthesia in strabismus surgery. Because of the conflicting opinions in the ophthalmic literature concerning the efficacy of Ketamine anesthesia in strabismus surgery, we decided to report out experience in 44 children operated upon between the ages of six months and six years. Satisfactory anesthesia was achieved in all cases except two who required intubation and inhalation technique in order to complete the surgery. No serious side effects were observed during or after the surgery. Its ease of administration, freedom from side effects, and satisfactory anesthesia, make Ketamine our primary anesthetic choice for strabismus surgery in children.", "PMID": 739335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4004", "title": "Posterior choroidal involvement in Letterer-Siwe disease.", "content": "A five-year-old child with Letterer-Siwe disease in remission was found to have decreased vision in on eye produced by a choroidal mass and secondary retinal detachment with cystic degeneration. Echography confirmed a vascularized disciform-like mass with possible involvement of the optic nerve. Florescein angiography showed a well vascularized, intensely staining lesion, with optic disc edema, destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium and cystoid macular edema.", "contents": "Posterior choroidal involvement in Letterer-Siwe disease. A five-year-old child with Letterer-Siwe disease in remission was found to have decreased vision in on eye produced by a choroidal mass and secondary retinal detachment with cystic degeneration. Echography confirmed a vascularized disciform-like mass with possible involvement of the optic nerve. Florescein angiography showed a well vascularized, intensely staining lesion, with optic disc edema, destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium and cystoid macular edema.", "PMID": 739337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4005", "title": "Megalocornea in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.", "content": "A nine-month-old girl with nonketotic hyperglycinemia and bilateral enlargement of the corneas is reported. There was no evidence of elevated intraocular pressure or iridocorneal angle anomalies. The corneas have remained clear and lusterous without tears in Descemet's membrane. The possibility that the elevated glycine level may play a part in the buphthalmia of this patient is discussed in light of what is known about the effect or excessive dietary glycine on the developing chick eye. Further ophthalmologic study of patients with various forms of glycinemia might provide further understanding of the ways in which the developing eye may enlarge.", "contents": "Megalocornea in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. A nine-month-old girl with nonketotic hyperglycinemia and bilateral enlargement of the corneas is reported. There was no evidence of elevated intraocular pressure or iridocorneal angle anomalies. The corneas have remained clear and lusterous without tears in Descemet's membrane. The possibility that the elevated glycine level may play a part in the buphthalmia of this patient is discussed in light of what is known about the effect or excessive dietary glycine on the developing chick eye. Further ophthalmologic study of patients with various forms of glycinemia might provide further understanding of the ways in which the developing eye may enlarge.", "PMID": 739339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4006", "title": "Unusual case of acute orbital cellulitis.", "content": "A three and one-half year-old female who presented with orbital cellulitis and leukocoria is described. Enucleation was performed as the eye was microophthalmic, blind, and painful. Histopathologic study revealed uveitis with total retinal detachment. The etiology of the retinal detachment was indeterminable. The differential diagnosis of orbital cellulitis in children is reviewed.", "contents": "Unusual case of acute orbital cellulitis. A three and one-half year-old female who presented with orbital cellulitis and leukocoria is described. Enucleation was performed as the eye was microophthalmic, blind, and painful. Histopathologic study revealed uveitis with total retinal detachment. The etiology of the retinal detachment was indeterminable. The differential diagnosis of orbital cellulitis in children is reviewed.", "PMID": 739334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4007", "title": "Congenital Leber amaurosis, keratoconus, and mental retardation in familial juvenile nephronophtisis.", "content": "Two siblings suffering from congenital Leber amaurosis were found to be affected also by juvenile nephronophtisis. Keratoconus in one child and mental retardation in the other developed during their later growth. An extensive laboratory study showed normal results but revealed an impaired urinary concentrating ability. The hereditary pattern operating in this complex disease was found to be consistent with an autosomal recessive trait.", "contents": "Congenital Leber amaurosis, keratoconus, and mental retardation in familial juvenile nephronophtisis. Two siblings suffering from congenital Leber amaurosis were found to be affected also by juvenile nephronophtisis. Keratoconus in one child and mental retardation in the other developed during their later growth. An extensive laboratory study showed normal results but revealed an impaired urinary concentrating ability. The hereditary pattern operating in this complex disease was found to be consistent with an autosomal recessive trait.", "PMID": 739340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4008", "title": "Catecholamine metabolites in the aqueous of retinoblastoma.", "content": "The aqueous humor of five patients with histologically proven retinoblastoma were analyzed for the main catabolic products of norephinephrine and epinephrine. In each case, there were no detectable levels of normethanephrine, metanephrine, vanilmandelic acid (VMA), and 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy phenoglycol. The techniques are sensitive to 1 microgram/ml but will not detect the presence of homovanillic acid (HVA).", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolites in the aqueous of retinoblastoma. The aqueous humor of five patients with histologically proven retinoblastoma were analyzed for the main catabolic products of norephinephrine and epinephrine. In each case, there were no detectable levels of normethanephrine, metanephrine, vanilmandelic acid (VMA), and 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy phenoglycol. The techniques are sensitive to 1 microgram/ml but will not detect the presence of homovanillic acid (HVA).", "PMID": 739336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4009", "title": "Ocular findings in children with homozygous sickle cell anemia in Nigeria.", "content": "The ophthalmological findings in 91 Nigerian children with homozygous sickle cell anemia is reported. While the most constant sign was abnormality of the conjunctival vasculature, seen in 74(81%) of the patients, retinal lesions were found in a total of 53(58%) patients. Only tortuosity of major vessels was seen in some patients but several others had more than one type of retinal lesion.", "contents": "Ocular findings in children with homozygous sickle cell anemia in Nigeria. The ophthalmological findings in 91 Nigerian children with homozygous sickle cell anemia is reported. While the most constant sign was abnormality of the conjunctival vasculature, seen in 74(81%) of the patients, retinal lesions were found in a total of 53(58%) patients. Only tortuosity of major vessels was seen in some patients but several others had more than one type of retinal lesion.", "PMID": 739341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4010", "title": "Retinopathy of prematurity in the intensive care nursery.", "content": "Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia) is once again a problem of major concern to neonatalogists and ophthalmologists. Infants of low birth weight and gestational age seem to be most at risk. The clinical course of the disease is reviewed and a classification, simplistic in its approach, is presented. The discovery of retinopathy of prematurity in an infant should stimulate the ophthalmologist to follow the course of the disease very carefully. Preliminary experience may indicate that intervention on behalf of the infant is possible.", "contents": "Retinopathy of prematurity in the intensive care nursery. Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia) is once again a problem of major concern to neonatalogists and ophthalmologists. Infants of low birth weight and gestational age seem to be most at risk. The clinical course of the disease is reviewed and a classification, simplistic in its approach, is presented. The discovery of retinopathy of prematurity in an infant should stimulate the ophthalmologist to follow the course of the disease very carefully. Preliminary experience may indicate that intervention on behalf of the infant is possible.", "PMID": 739343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4011", "title": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Two patients with the combination of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and diabetes insipidus are reported. One patient also had absence of the septum pellucidum (septo-optic dysplasia), which previously has been associated primarily with abnormalities of anterior pituitary function.", "contents": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with diabetes insipidus. Two patients with the combination of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia and diabetes insipidus are reported. One patient also had absence of the septum pellucidum (septo-optic dysplasia), which previously has been associated primarily with abnormalities of anterior pituitary function.", "PMID": 739338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4012", "title": "Posttraumatic subgaleal hematoma extending into the orbit as a cause of permanent blindness.", "content": "A delayed subgaleal hematoma developing after blunt head trauma extended into the right orbit to form a subperiosteal hematoma on the orbital roof. Permanent blindness was found in the involved eye six days after the injury.", "contents": "Posttraumatic subgaleal hematoma extending into the orbit as a cause of permanent blindness. A delayed subgaleal hematoma developing after blunt head trauma extended into the right orbit to form a subperiosteal hematoma on the orbital roof. Permanent blindness was found in the involved eye six days after the injury.", "PMID": 739344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4013", "title": "Lens opacities in thalassemia.", "content": "This is the first case report of cataracts in patients with thalassemia major. Desferrioxamine, an iron-chelating agent is being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of transfusion-induced iron overload. There has been some concern in the literature about possible cataract formation with use of this drug. It is therefore important to document any lens opacities seen prior to administration of desferrioxamine, or record the appearance of lens opacities after its use. The possible eitology of these lens opacities is discussed.", "contents": "Lens opacities in thalassemia. This is the first case report of cataracts in patients with thalassemia major. Desferrioxamine, an iron-chelating agent is being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of transfusion-induced iron overload. There has been some concern in the literature about possible cataract formation with use of this drug. It is therefore important to document any lens opacities seen prior to administration of desferrioxamine, or record the appearance of lens opacities after its use. The possible eitology of these lens opacities is discussed.", "PMID": 739345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4014", "title": "Duane's retraction syndrome associated with muscular dystrophy.", "content": "A case of unilateral type I Duane's syndrome associated with muscular dystrophy is presented. The diagnosis of muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) is firmly established by clinical, biochemical, electrophysiological, and histological observations. The ocular anomali is clearly distinguished from other congenital disorders of eye movements. The combination of these two congenital anomalities is considered to be quite rare.", "contents": "Duane's retraction syndrome associated with muscular dystrophy. A case of unilateral type I Duane's syndrome associated with muscular dystrophy is presented. The diagnosis of muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) is firmly established by clinical, biochemical, electrophysiological, and histological observations. The ocular anomali is clearly distinguished from other congenital disorders of eye movements. The combination of these two congenital anomalities is considered to be quite rare.", "PMID": 739346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4015", "title": "Psychogenic amblyopia in children.", "content": "Forty-three children with unexplainable low visual acuity were diagnosed to have psychogenic amblyopia. Twenty-eight children returned after a mean interval of 20 months. Sixteen children had a normal visual acuity, but 12 children again presented themselves with a low visual acuity that normalized rapidly under the influence of the same kind of persuasion that was used in the first examination. Psychological tests did not confirm the hypothesis of hysteria but the neurosomatic score was significantly high. The results of the psychological tests and the interviews of the parents suggest a neurotic conflict not on the basis of an oedipal conflict but on the basis of a conflict between the wish to express feelings of hostility and the wish not to lose the love of the parents.", "contents": "Psychogenic amblyopia in children. Forty-three children with unexplainable low visual acuity were diagnosed to have psychogenic amblyopia. Twenty-eight children returned after a mean interval of 20 months. Sixteen children had a normal visual acuity, but 12 children again presented themselves with a low visual acuity that normalized rapidly under the influence of the same kind of persuasion that was used in the first examination. Psychological tests did not confirm the hypothesis of hysteria but the neurosomatic score was significantly high. The results of the psychological tests and the interviews of the parents suggest a neurotic conflict not on the basis of an oedipal conflict but on the basis of a conflict between the wish to express feelings of hostility and the wish not to lose the love of the parents.", "PMID": 739348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4016", "title": "Congenital (infantile) esotropia: psychiatric aspects.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that the general apperance of the child plays a profound role in the developing parent-child relationship. The manifest and obvious ocular misalignment present in the child with congenital (infantile) esotropia is one barrier to the eye contact necessary for a proper relationship to take place. The early correction of esotropia removes the barrier to the normal development of parent-child relationship.", "contents": "Congenital (infantile) esotropia: psychiatric aspects. There is increasing evidence that the general apperance of the child plays a profound role in the developing parent-child relationship. The manifest and obvious ocular misalignment present in the child with congenital (infantile) esotropia is one barrier to the eye contact necessary for a proper relationship to take place. The early correction of esotropia removes the barrier to the normal development of parent-child relationship.", "PMID": 739347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4017", "title": "Ocular cysticercosis.", "content": "Eight cases of ocular cysticercosis are reported. A rare case of cysticercus in the anterior chamber, and another case with bilateral involvement and two cysts in one eye are reported. The reasons for its prevalence in this region are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular cysticercosis. Eight cases of ocular cysticercosis are reported. A rare case of cysticercus in the anterior chamber, and another case with bilateral involvement and two cysts in one eye are reported. The reasons for its prevalence in this region are discussed.", "PMID": 739350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4018", "title": "Bilateral acute dacryocystitis in a premature infant.", "content": "A premature infant with bilateral acute purulent dacryocystitis was presented. The possibility of a contamination before delivery was raised. Treatment with antibiotics proved to be helpful in curing the disease.", "contents": "Bilateral acute dacryocystitis in a premature infant. A premature infant with bilateral acute purulent dacryocystitis was presented. The possibility of a contamination before delivery was raised. Treatment with antibiotics proved to be helpful in curing the disease.", "PMID": 739349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4019", "title": "Antipodean squint.", "content": "Strabismic cases which are exotropic fixing with one eye, and esotropic fixing with the other eye are rare and a result of anisometropia, unequal accommodation, paresis or restriction, and previous ocular muscle surgery. Three cases of antipodean squint are reported without known etiology factor. An extensive survey of experts in the field of strabismus was unable to document other similar cases where a cause could not be determined.", "contents": "Antipodean squint. Strabismic cases which are exotropic fixing with one eye, and esotropic fixing with the other eye are rare and a result of anisometropia, unequal accommodation, paresis or restriction, and previous ocular muscle surgery. Three cases of antipodean squint are reported without known etiology factor. An extensive survey of experts in the field of strabismus was unable to document other similar cases where a cause could not be determined.", "PMID": 739353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4020", "title": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in an adult: case report with fluorescein angiographic findings.", "content": "The clinical features and fluorescein angiographic findings of an 18-year-old man with PHPV are reported. The case is unusual in that the eye survived into adulthood. The lens resorbed spontaneously, thereby permitting study of the retrolental mass by fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein leakage from the  persistent vessels was very slow but present, thus indicating a probable disruption of the endothelial tight junctions of the tunica vasculosa lentis.", "contents": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in an adult: case report with fluorescein angiographic findings. The clinical features and fluorescein angiographic findings of an 18-year-old man with PHPV are reported. The case is unusual in that the eye survived into adulthood. The lens resorbed spontaneously, thereby permitting study of the retrolental mass by fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein leakage from the  persistent vessels was very slow but present, thus indicating a probable disruption of the endothelial tight junctions of the tunica vasculosa lentis.", "PMID": 739354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4021", "title": "Vernal conjunctivitis in Nigerian children.", "content": "Vernal conjunctivitis in 92 Nigerian children are reported. Males are more affected than females. Majority of the patients are in the first decade of life. The disease is usually chronic and palpebral form is twice as common as the limbal. More patients are seen in the early wet season and only in about 10 percent is a history of atopic diseases obtained. The variations of this disease in this series may be due to geographical rather than racial factors.", "contents": "Vernal conjunctivitis in Nigerian children. Vernal conjunctivitis in 92 Nigerian children are reported. Males are more affected than females. Majority of the patients are in the first decade of life. The disease is usually chronic and palpebral form is twice as common as the limbal. More patients are seen in the early wet season and only in about 10 percent is a history of atopic diseases obtained. The variations of this disease in this series may be due to geographical rather than racial factors.", "PMID": 739351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4022", "title": "Vertical offsets of the horizontal recti.", "content": "The results of an analysis of the surgery performed to correct both horizontal and vertical strabismus in patients without fusion potential is presented. Recession and resection of the horizontal recti combined with vertical offsets was the procedure employed. These results indicate that both esotropia and exotropia along with a coexisting hypertropia can be made cosmetically acceptable by this procedure.", "contents": "Vertical offsets of the horizontal recti. The results of an analysis of the surgery performed to correct both horizontal and vertical strabismus in patients without fusion potential is presented. Recession and resection of the horizontal recti combined with vertical offsets was the procedure employed. These results indicate that both esotropia and exotropia along with a coexisting hypertropia can be made cosmetically acceptable by this procedure.", "PMID": 739352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4023", "title": "Macular cysts and holes.", "content": "The ocular findings in an eight-year-old Negro male with unilateral axial myopia and bilateral macular cysts and holes are presented. Normal psychophysical, electrophysiologic, and angiographic findings were noted despite obvious anatomic changes. The constellation of observed findings in this patient appears to be unique.", "contents": "Macular cysts and holes. The ocular findings in an eight-year-old Negro male with unilateral axial myopia and bilateral macular cysts and holes are presented. Normal psychophysical, electrophysiologic, and angiographic findings were noted despite obvious anatomic changes. The constellation of observed findings in this patient appears to be unique.", "PMID": 739355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4024", "title": "Cryptophthalmos with an orbital cyst and profound mental and motor retardation.", "content": "The cryptophthalmos syndrome generally consists of cryptophthalmia, dyscephaly (cleft lip and palate, nasal and ear defects, meningoencephaloceles, etc.), syndactyly, and urogenital malformations. This disorder is rare. Approximately 55 cases have been reported, with only a few described in the American literature. A three-year-old boy with this rare syndrome is described. Major clinical findings include: asymmetric bilateral cryptophthalmos, unilateral orbital cyst of the nasofrontal area, bilateral anophthalmos, right choanal atresia, right microtia, right auditory canal atresia, hypodontia, ankyloglossia, cartilaginous synchondroses of the cervical vertebrae, and bilateral acetabular dysplasia. Striking features of this case, in addition to the above, were profound mental and motor retardation. Syndactyly and renal anomalies were not observed.", "contents": "Cryptophthalmos with an orbital cyst and profound mental and motor retardation. The cryptophthalmos syndrome generally consists of cryptophthalmia, dyscephaly (cleft lip and palate, nasal and ear defects, meningoencephaloceles, etc.), syndactyly, and urogenital malformations. This disorder is rare. Approximately 55 cases have been reported, with only a few described in the American literature. A three-year-old boy with this rare syndrome is described. Major clinical findings include: asymmetric bilateral cryptophthalmos, unilateral orbital cyst of the nasofrontal area, bilateral anophthalmos, right choanal atresia, right microtia, right auditory canal atresia, hypodontia, ankyloglossia, cartilaginous synchondroses of the cervical vertebrae, and bilateral acetabular dysplasia. Striking features of this case, in addition to the above, were profound mental and motor retardation. Syndactyly and renal anomalies were not observed.", "PMID": 739357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4025", "title": "Optic nerve hypoplasia.", "content": "Optic nerve hypoplasia is rarely met in otherwise normal eyes. Three unilateral cases of patients with small optic disks, reduced visual acuity, and convergent squint on the affected eye are presented. The anomaly is probably caused by failure of development of the ganglion cell layer of the retina causing a small optic nerve head with normal central vessels. Inheritance or induction by drugs could not be found in our cases.", "contents": "Optic nerve hypoplasia. Optic nerve hypoplasia is rarely met in otherwise normal eyes. Three unilateral cases of patients with small optic disks, reduced visual acuity, and convergent squint on the affected eye are presented. The anomaly is probably caused by failure of development of the ganglion cell layer of the retina causing a small optic nerve head with normal central vessels. Inheritance or induction by drugs could not be found in our cases.", "PMID": 739356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4026", "title": "Ophthalmological findings of muscular dystrophies: a survey of 53 cases.", "content": "An ophthalmological survey of 53 cases of muscular dystrophies is presented. Patients were classified into a congenital type of dystrophies (21 cases) and a Duchenne type of dystrophies (32 cases). High incidence of myopia, weakness of the orbicularis oculi, lacking of Bell's reflex and blinking at rare intervals are found in congenital dystrophies. No pigmentary retinal degeneration was found and cataracts were rare. Atrophy of optic nerve is seen in several cases of congenital dystrophies. This fact is considered to suggest that congenital muscular dystrophies are not only a myogenic disorder but also involve the central nervous system with degenerative changes.", "contents": "Ophthalmological findings of muscular dystrophies: a survey of 53 cases. An ophthalmological survey of 53 cases of muscular dystrophies is presented. Patients were classified into a congenital type of dystrophies (21 cases) and a Duchenne type of dystrophies (32 cases). High incidence of myopia, weakness of the orbicularis oculi, lacking of Bell's reflex and blinking at rare intervals are found in congenital dystrophies. No pigmentary retinal degeneration was found and cataracts were rare. Atrophy of optic nerve is seen in several cases of congenital dystrophies. This fact is considered to suggest that congenital muscular dystrophies are not only a myogenic disorder but also involve the central nervous system with degenerative changes.", "PMID": 739358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4027", "title": "The natural course of congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.", "content": "In order to establish the rate of spontaneous resolution of congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, 50 infants, referred from a local pediatric group practice over a period of five years, were followed from the time of first symptoms until 8 to 13 months of age. Among the 50 infants, 65 nasolacrimal ducts were blocked and 58 ducts in 44 patients opened spontaneously. Only seven ducts in six patients required probing for relief of the obstruction. During the same period another seven patients from various referral sources were seen because of noninflammatory swelling of the lacrimal sac at birth. These patients were also found to have nasolacrimal duct obstruction, but early surgical intervention was required in six of the seven patients to relieve the distention of the sac.", "contents": "The natural course of congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. In order to establish the rate of spontaneous resolution of congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, 50 infants, referred from a local pediatric group practice over a period of five years, were followed from the time of first symptoms until 8 to 13 months of age. Among the 50 infants, 65 nasolacrimal ducts were blocked and 58 ducts in 44 patients opened spontaneously. Only seven ducts in six patients required probing for relief of the obstruction. During the same period another seven patients from various referral sources were seen because of noninflammatory swelling of the lacrimal sac at birth. These patients were also found to have nasolacrimal duct obstruction, but early surgical intervention was required in six of the seven patients to relieve the distention of the sac.", "PMID": 739359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4028", "title": "The management of persistent congenital occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct: after unsuccessful probing.", "content": "Persistence of congenital occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct in spite of apparently successful probings is usually due to separation of the nasal mucosa in the region of the exit of this duct and failure to rupture the membrane that causes the occlusion. Cutting of this membrane through a nasal speculum is a simple method that often leads to a permanent cure.", "contents": "The management of persistent congenital occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct: after unsuccessful probing. Persistence of congenital occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct in spite of apparently successful probings is usually due to separation of the nasal mucosa in the region of the exit of this duct and failure to rupture the membrane that causes the occlusion. Cutting of this membrane through a nasal speculum is a simple method that often leads to a permanent cure.", "PMID": 739360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4029", "title": "Infantile glaucoma associated with contralateral esotropia.", "content": "A 20-month-old white male was first seen with an esotropia at four months of age by his pediatrician. The esotropia had been present by history since early in life. After pediatric evaluation, which demonstrated delayed motor development, he was referred for ophthalmic consultation. A comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation established the diagnoses of infantile glaucoma and myopia of the preferred eye, and esotropia and amblyopia of the emmetropic eye. The infantile glaucoma was surgically treated and amblyopia reversed following patching of the glaucomatous eye. Orthophoria was achieved. Esotropia may be the presenting manifestation of unilateral infantile glaucoma of the contralateral eye. Comprehensive appraisal should include pediatric, neurologic, and ophthalmic evaluation.", "contents": "Infantile glaucoma associated with contralateral esotropia. A 20-month-old white male was first seen with an esotropia at four months of age by his pediatrician. The esotropia had been present by history since early in life. After pediatric evaluation, which demonstrated delayed motor development, he was referred for ophthalmic consultation. A comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation established the diagnoses of infantile glaucoma and myopia of the preferred eye, and esotropia and amblyopia of the emmetropic eye. The infantile glaucoma was surgically treated and amblyopia reversed following patching of the glaucomatous eye. Orthophoria was achieved. Esotropia may be the presenting manifestation of unilateral infantile glaucoma of the contralateral eye. Comprehensive appraisal should include pediatric, neurologic, and ophthalmic evaluation.", "PMID": 739366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4030", "title": "The use of the ophthalmological services during the preschool age, ocular findings and family background.", "content": "The series consists of 12,059 children followed-up since their mothers' pregnancy. Of these children, 5.2 percent had visited an ophthalmological department during their first five years. Visits were significantly more frequent among the children of social classes I to III than among those of class IV and the farmers', and thus the frequencies of the diseases based on diagnoses given in the ophthalmological departments were also higher in social classes I to III. These children clearly had the best opportunities to have their diseases diagnosed at an early age. Squint was the most common diagnosis with the prevalence being 18.4 per thousand for the children in social classes I to III and 15.9 for the total series. The second largest group consisted of children without any positive ocular finding. These were mainly risk children having some other disease. The third most common diagnosis was dacryostenosis--its incidence in social classes I to III being 9.4 per thousand and that in the total series 7.9 per thousand. Squint correlated negatively with birth weight and was more common among children with some other disease, especially some nervous or mental disease. Dacryostenosis correlated positively with gestational age. If the mother smoked during the pregnancy she was more likely to give birth to a child with squint and less likely to bear a child with dacryostenosis.", "contents": "The use of the ophthalmological services during the preschool age, ocular findings and family background. The series consists of 12,059 children followed-up since their mothers' pregnancy. Of these children, 5.2 percent had visited an ophthalmological department during their first five years. Visits were significantly more frequent among the children of social classes I to III than among those of class IV and the farmers', and thus the frequencies of the diseases based on diagnoses given in the ophthalmological departments were also higher in social classes I to III. These children clearly had the best opportunities to have their diseases diagnosed at an early age. Squint was the most common diagnosis with the prevalence being 18.4 per thousand for the children in social classes I to III and 15.9 for the total series. The second largest group consisted of children without any positive ocular finding. These were mainly risk children having some other disease. The third most common diagnosis was dacryostenosis--its incidence in social classes I to III being 9.4 per thousand and that in the total series 7.9 per thousand. Squint correlated negatively with birth weight and was more common among children with some other disease, especially some nervous or mental disease. Dacryostenosis correlated positively with gestational age. If the mother smoked during the pregnancy she was more likely to give birth to a child with squint and less likely to bear a child with dacryostenosis.", "PMID": 739361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4031", "title": "Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.", "content": "Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is characterized by the replacement of normal contractile muscle tissue by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands in varying degrees. The clinical entities which result from the fibrous replacement can be classified under the following headings: general fibrosis syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle with blepharoptosis strabismus fixus, vertical retraction syndrome and congenital unilateral fibrosis, enophthalmos, and blepharoptosis. Genetic factors may or may not be apparent. One pedigree with general fibrosis syndrome was traced through five generations. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated replacement of normal muscles by collagen and dense fibrous tissue with occasional areas of degenerated skeletal muscle. The surgical management attempts to achieve some functional readjustment of the ocular and lid position as well as the abnormal head posture. The surgical results were considered satisfactory when compared with the original position of the eyes and the backward head tilt.", "contents": "Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is characterized by the replacement of normal contractile muscle tissue by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands in varying degrees. The clinical entities which result from the fibrous replacement can be classified under the following headings: general fibrosis syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle with blepharoptosis strabismus fixus, vertical retraction syndrome and congenital unilateral fibrosis, enophthalmos, and blepharoptosis. Genetic factors may or may not be apparent. One pedigree with general fibrosis syndrome was traced through five generations. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated replacement of normal muscles by collagen and dense fibrous tissue with occasional areas of degenerated skeletal muscle. The surgical management attempts to achieve some functional readjustment of the ocular and lid position as well as the abnormal head posture. The surgical results were considered satisfactory when compared with the original position of the eyes and the backward head tilt.", "PMID": 739362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4032", "title": "Monozygotic twins discordant for Duane's retraction syndrome.", "content": "Monozygotic twin boys discordant for the occurence of Duane's retraction syndrome are presented. This appears to be the first report of such discordance between monozygotic twins. The theoretic problems which this situation poses for the explanation of the acquisition of Duane's retraction syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins discordant for Duane's retraction syndrome. Monozygotic twin boys discordant for the occurence of Duane's retraction syndrome are presented. This appears to be the first report of such discordance between monozygotic twins. The theoretic problems which this situation poses for the explanation of the acquisition of Duane's retraction syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 739363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4033", "title": "Veridicality of cognitive mapping of stressor effects: sex differences.", "content": "In order to examine the veracity of judgment-questionnaire data regarding the effects of confronting a stressor in various contexts, judgments based on the imagined consequences of these encounters were scaled for both male and female subjects using individual-differences multidimensional scaling analyses. A parallel experiment was then carried out where a second group of subjects were directly exposed to the spectrum of stressor-context combinations previously judged. The two experiments substantially differed with respect to the inferences suggested by their results: while there were no apparent sex differences in the configuration of judgment responses, there were appreciable sex differences in response to the direct stress; other effects were predicted according to the judgment-scaling results but were not obtained upon direct stressor exposure. The study extended past results of equivocal veracity of conclusions drawn from personality questionnaires, ratings and inventories to the domain of stress reactions. The role of antecedent cognitive structuring of threatening situations along stress-relevant dimensions in determining response to direct threat was discussed. Discussion also focused on the configuration of sex differences over the several measures of response to the direct stressor. It was suggested that the stressor was more potent for females leading to increased cognitive coping efforts on their part. The effect of these efforts was the eventual reduction of their subjective stress to the level of that displayed by males.", "contents": "Veridicality of cognitive mapping of stressor effects: sex differences. In order to examine the veracity of judgment-questionnaire data regarding the effects of confronting a stressor in various contexts, judgments based on the imagined consequences of these encounters were scaled for both male and female subjects using individual-differences multidimensional scaling analyses. A parallel experiment was then carried out where a second group of subjects were directly exposed to the spectrum of stressor-context combinations previously judged. The two experiments substantially differed with respect to the inferences suggested by their results: while there were no apparent sex differences in the configuration of judgment responses, there were appreciable sex differences in response to the direct stress; other effects were predicted according to the judgment-scaling results but were not obtained upon direct stressor exposure. The study extended past results of equivocal veracity of conclusions drawn from personality questionnaires, ratings and inventories to the domain of stress reactions. The role of antecedent cognitive structuring of threatening situations along stress-relevant dimensions in determining response to direct threat was discussed. Discussion also focused on the configuration of sex differences over the several measures of response to the direct stressor. It was suggested that the stressor was more potent for females leading to increased cognitive coping efforts on their part. The effect of these efforts was the eventual reduction of their subjective stress to the level of that displayed by males.", "PMID": 739373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4034", "title": "Acquired \"double elevator\" palsy and polycythemia vera.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman had the acute onset of vertical diplopia. Examination revealed that she had a \"double elevator\" palsy of the fixing left eye which resulted in a right hypertropia. During the medical evaluation of the patient it was established that she had polycythemia vera. It is suggested that the ocular movement disorder seen in this patient resulted from a small lesion adjacent to and including the right superior rectus subnucleus. The increased blood viscosity resulting from the patient's polycythemic state may have been a significant predisposition in the development of an occlusive vascular episode involving this area of the midbrain.", "contents": "Acquired \"double elevator\" palsy and polycythemia vera. A 67-year-old woman had the acute onset of vertical diplopia. Examination revealed that she had a \"double elevator\" palsy of the fixing left eye which resulted in a right hypertropia. During the medical evaluation of the patient it was established that she had polycythemia vera. It is suggested that the ocular movement disorder seen in this patient resulted from a small lesion adjacent to and including the right superior rectus subnucleus. The increased blood viscosity resulting from the patient's polycythemic state may have been a significant predisposition in the development of an occlusive vascular episode involving this area of the midbrain.", "PMID": 739364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4035", "title": "Congenital third nerve palsy with amblyopia of the contralateral eye.", "content": "A child with congenital third nerve palsy using the palsied eye for fixation is presented. Apparently, amblyopia developed in the secondarily deviating eye. This is the first case report of which we are aware with such a disturbance, ie, primary ocular motor palsy in one eye and sensory amblyopia in the other.", "contents": "Congenital third nerve palsy with amblyopia of the contralateral eye. A child with congenital third nerve palsy using the palsied eye for fixation is presented. Apparently, amblyopia developed in the secondarily deviating eye. This is the first case report of which we are aware with such a disturbance, ie, primary ocular motor palsy in one eye and sensory amblyopia in the other.", "PMID": 739365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4036", "title": "Further comments on criteria for reimbursement for psychological assessments.", "content": "Bruhn (1978) has offered some comments about criteria for CHAMPUS reimbursement. These criteria are CHAMPUS-specific and subject to modification for other health plans. Deviations are subject to peer review and may be approved for reimbursement. Expert opinion is widely solicited to justify the criteria.", "contents": "Further comments on criteria for reimbursement for psychological assessments. Bruhn (1978) has offered some comments about criteria for CHAMPUS reimbursement. These criteria are CHAMPUS-specific and subject to modification for other health plans. Deviations are subject to peer review and may be approved for reimbursement. Expert opinion is widely solicited to justify the criteria.", "PMID": 739375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4037", "title": "The usefulness of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale--a rebuttal.", "content": "In rebuttal to the recent article by Garwood (1977), this paper presents a framework for evaluating the usefulness of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale for predicting success in psychotherapy. A critical review of the research findings cited by Garwood is presented, followed by a discussion of the overall usefulness of the instrument as a predictive measure in light of the framework suggested. It is concluded the scale is not yet proven to be of great clinical usefulness, as its degree of discriminability is not great enough for basing clinical judgments.", "contents": "The usefulness of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale--a rebuttal. In rebuttal to the recent article by Garwood (1977), this paper presents a framework for evaluating the usefulness of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale for predicting success in psychotherapy. A critical review of the research findings cited by Garwood is presented, followed by a discussion of the overall usefulness of the instrument as a predictive measure in light of the framework suggested. It is concluded the scale is not yet proven to be of great clinical usefulness, as its degree of discriminability is not great enough for basing clinical judgments.", "PMID": 739376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4038", "title": "Tuberculous panophthalmitis.", "content": "The case of a one-year-old Nigerian with tuberculous panophthalmitis is reported. He presented initially with a localised episceleral mass which was thought to be retinoblastoma due to rapid spread over the fundus induced by subconjunctival depromedrol. Histological examination of the enucleated eye showed that the lesion was due to tuberculosis. The subsequent favorable response of the ocular and radiological chest lesions to antituberculous therapy was quite remarkable. In contrast, there was an adverse response to radiotherapy which had followed enucleation on the strong suspicion of retinoblastoma. Not unnaturally, ocular tuberculosis was not thought of because of the rarity of ocular involvement with this disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case of its type reported from the African Continent.", "contents": "Tuberculous panophthalmitis. The case of a one-year-old Nigerian with tuberculous panophthalmitis is reported. He presented initially with a localised episceleral mass which was thought to be retinoblastoma due to rapid spread over the fundus induced by subconjunctival depromedrol. Histological examination of the enucleated eye showed that the lesion was due to tuberculosis. The subsequent favorable response of the ocular and radiological chest lesions to antituberculous therapy was quite remarkable. In contrast, there was an adverse response to radiotherapy which had followed enucleation on the strong suspicion of retinoblastoma. Not unnaturally, ocular tuberculosis was not thought of because of the rarity of ocular involvement with this disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case of its type reported from the African Continent.", "PMID": 739370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4039", "title": "The Dream Incident Technique as a measure of unresolved problems.", "content": "The Dream Incident Technique is a psychometric technique that uses dream associations as its basic data. The scales of the DIT are believed to provide information about unresolved problems on a level below that of full conscious awareness. The paper discusses factor analyses of the Technique, data concerning its reliability and studies which offer some support for the validity of the Technique.", "contents": "The Dream Incident Technique as a measure of unresolved problems. The Dream Incident Technique is a psychometric technique that uses dream associations as its basic data. The scales of the DIT are believed to provide information about unresolved problems on a level below that of full conscious awareness. The paper discusses factor analyses of the Technique, data concerning its reliability and studies which offer some support for the validity of the Technique.", "PMID": 739377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4040", "title": "Experimenter effects on responses to double-entendre words.", "content": "The present study examines the possibility that experimenters may contribute to a subject's desire to defend against sexual expression by investigating the interaction between sex of experimenter and sex of subject on response to double-entendre words. The results indicated that subjects are more likely to provide nonsexual words when tested by an opposite-sex experimenter, although this effect is significant only for male subjects, and female experimenters, in general, elicit longer latencies to double-entendre words. These findings were discussed in terms of the dynamics operating within the type of experimental settings used to study human sexual behavior. Implications of these findings for personality assessment are also addressed.", "contents": "Experimenter effects on responses to double-entendre words. The present study examines the possibility that experimenters may contribute to a subject's desire to defend against sexual expression by investigating the interaction between sex of experimenter and sex of subject on response to double-entendre words. The results indicated that subjects are more likely to provide nonsexual words when tested by an opposite-sex experimenter, although this effect is significant only for male subjects, and female experimenters, in general, elicit longer latencies to double-entendre words. These findings were discussed in terms of the dynamics operating within the type of experimental settings used to study human sexual behavior. Implications of these findings for personality assessment are also addressed.", "PMID": 739378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4041", "title": "Traumatic hypopituitarism associated with bitemporal hemianopia in a prepuberal child.", "content": "The case of a boy affected by post-traumatic hypopituitarism associated with bitemporal hemianopia is described. While traumatic bitemporal hemianopia is not an extraordinary occurence, traumatic injuries have been rarely reported among the causes of hypopituitarism. This may be because the cranial trauma in most of the cases is too severe to permit survival. After having considered the diagnostic problems the authors briefly review the peculiar vascular supply to the chiasma and anterior diencephalon and try to consider the pathogenetic mechanism of the syndrome. Direct contusion necrosis and direct intraparenchymal hemorrage in the chiasma and in the hypophysis or hypothalamus are considered the most probable causal factors; however, the concomitant occurence of chiasmal and hypopituitary injury might be explained by a single transient compressive mechanism either on the tubero-hypophysial arteries or on the smaller vessels of the infundibular network. The difficulty of ascertaining both the pathogenetic mechanism and the seat of the endocrine lesions on the basis of the clinical signs is stressed.", "contents": "Traumatic hypopituitarism associated with bitemporal hemianopia in a prepuberal child. The case of a boy affected by post-traumatic hypopituitarism associated with bitemporal hemianopia is described. While traumatic bitemporal hemianopia is not an extraordinary occurence, traumatic injuries have been rarely reported among the causes of hypopituitarism. This may be because the cranial trauma in most of the cases is too severe to permit survival. After having considered the diagnostic problems the authors briefly review the peculiar vascular supply to the chiasma and anterior diencephalon and try to consider the pathogenetic mechanism of the syndrome. Direct contusion necrosis and direct intraparenchymal hemorrage in the chiasma and in the hypophysis or hypothalamus are considered the most probable causal factors; however, the concomitant occurence of chiasmal and hypopituitary injury might be explained by a single transient compressive mechanism either on the tubero-hypophysial arteries or on the smaller vessels of the infundibular network. The difficulty of ascertaining both the pathogenetic mechanism and the seat of the endocrine lesions on the basis of the clinical signs is stressed.", "PMID": 739369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4042", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation of the orbit and palate.", "content": "A patient was reported in which orbital and retinal arteriovenous malformations were noted. The value of oral examination in discovery of another palatal arteriovenous malformation is discussed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation of the orbit and palate. A patient was reported in which orbital and retinal arteriovenous malformations were noted. The value of oral examination in discovery of another palatal arteriovenous malformation is discussed.", "PMID": 739367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4043", "title": "Clinical correlates of the PRF Androgyny scale in an alcoholic population.", "content": "Clinical correlates of the PRF Andro were examined in an alcoholic population. Measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Symptom checklist--90, the Cornell Medical Index and Rotter's Locus of Control. Of 28 possible relationships, only five measures were found to be weakly associated with androgynous subtypes. Androgynous subtypes appear largely unrelated to the psychological and physical health of alcoholics.", "contents": "Clinical correlates of the PRF Androgyny scale in an alcoholic population. Clinical correlates of the PRF Andro were examined in an alcoholic population. Measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Symptom checklist--90, the Cornell Medical Index and Rotter's Locus of Control. Of 28 possible relationships, only five measures were found to be weakly associated with androgynous subtypes. Androgynous subtypes appear largely unrelated to the psychological and physical health of alcoholics.", "PMID": 739379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4044", "title": "Nasal heterotopia of the macula with persistent hyaloid vessel.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman presented with nasal dragging of the disc and nasal ectopia of the macula due to persistent hyaloid vessels. The causes of this entity are presented. Patients with strabismus should have ophthalmoscopic fundus exam to rule out ectopic maculae.", "contents": "Nasal heterotopia of the macula with persistent hyaloid vessel. A 22-year-old woman presented with nasal dragging of the disc and nasal ectopia of the macula due to persistent hyaloid vessels. The causes of this entity are presented. Patients with strabismus should have ophthalmoscopic fundus exam to rule out ectopic maculae.", "PMID": 739368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4045", "title": "[Intracranial pressure. IV - Relationships with post capillary vascular pressures (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have demonstrated experimentally in dogs that, in all cases, the cortical venous pressure (Pvco) is higher than the intracranial pressure (PIC), which always remains higher than the sagittal sinus venous pressure (PSLS). The difference between Pvco and PIC remains statistically equal to 8 mm Hg and can be explained by the \"Vascular Waterfall\" phenomenon; during Queckenstedt's test, the intracranial venous volume does not change, and is not the cause for the increase of PIC; this increase is due to the constancy of the difference between PIC and PSLS, which is induced by the resorption of CSF through the arachno\u00efd villi. Increases in Pvco and PIC are shown to be equal to 70% and &2% respectively of the change in PSLS. Any other factor that increases PIC (injections in the cisterna magna, pharmacological effects) does not change PSLS, which remains equal to zero. As long as the cerebral blood flow is constant, the increase in cerebro-vascular resistance of the veins at the site of their junction to the sagittal sinus must be compensated upstream by a vasodilatation, which leads to a new distribution of the pressures along the cerebro-vascular bed.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure. IV - Relationships with post capillary vascular pressures (author's transl)]. The authors have demonstrated experimentally in dogs that, in all cases, the cortical venous pressure (Pvco) is higher than the intracranial pressure (PIC), which always remains higher than the sagittal sinus venous pressure (PSLS). The difference between Pvco and PIC remains statistically equal to 8 mm Hg and can be explained by the \"Vascular Waterfall\" phenomenon; during Queckenstedt's test, the intracranial venous volume does not change, and is not the cause for the increase of PIC; this increase is due to the constancy of the difference between PIC and PSLS, which is induced by the resorption of CSF through the arachno\u00efd villi. Increases in Pvco and PIC are shown to be equal to 70% and &2% respectively of the change in PSLS. Any other factor that increases PIC (injections in the cisterna magna, pharmacological effects) does not change PSLS, which remains equal to zero. As long as the cerebral blood flow is constant, the increase in cerebro-vascular resistance of the veins at the site of their junction to the sagittal sinus must be compensated upstream by a vasodilatation, which leads to a new distribution of the pressures along the cerebro-vascular bed.", "PMID": 739402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4046", "title": "[Effects of hypertonic solutions on the excitation-contraction coupling of the skeletal muscle fibre of the crab. II. Ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were performed to investigate the modifications of electrical activity and the loss of contraction by examination of the ultrastructure. These alterations were obtained with a control physiological solution (artificial sea water, ASW) which was made hypertonic by adding sucrose, glycerol, choline chloride or urea. 1. Under these conditions, the ultrastructural results show that: a) all those substances induce a modification of the coupling junction (either diad or triad). This modification can explain the inhibition of the mechanical phenomenon; b) sucrose (Figs. 6C and 6D) and glycerol (Figs. 4A and 4B) induce alterations of the surface membrane and of the tubular system (less important with glycerol). They can explain the decrease of the resting potential and the abolishment or the modification of the action potential; c) in contrast, choline chloride (Figs. 7A to 7E) and urea (Figs. 9A to 9F) only modify the organisation of the coupling junction. The action potential is maintained. 2. A short exposure of the fibre in an isotonic sucrose solution (Figs. 5A to 5D) deeply modifies the tubular system, particularly, in cutting it off from the sarcolemma. 3. Choline chloride and urea produce similar changes in the ultrastructure but as urea is not ionized, it can be added to the ASW to investigate the electrical phenomenon which cannot be modified by contraction.", "contents": "[Effects of hypertonic solutions on the excitation-contraction coupling of the skeletal muscle fibre of the crab. II. Ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)]. Experiments were performed to investigate the modifications of electrical activity and the loss of contraction by examination of the ultrastructure. These alterations were obtained with a control physiological solution (artificial sea water, ASW) which was made hypertonic by adding sucrose, glycerol, choline chloride or urea. 1. Under these conditions, the ultrastructural results show that: a) all those substances induce a modification of the coupling junction (either diad or triad). This modification can explain the inhibition of the mechanical phenomenon; b) sucrose (Figs. 6C and 6D) and glycerol (Figs. 4A and 4B) induce alterations of the surface membrane and of the tubular system (less important with glycerol). They can explain the decrease of the resting potential and the abolishment or the modification of the action potential; c) in contrast, choline chloride (Figs. 7A to 7E) and urea (Figs. 9A to 9F) only modify the organisation of the coupling junction. The action potential is maintained. 2. A short exposure of the fibre in an isotonic sucrose solution (Figs. 5A to 5D) deeply modifies the tubular system, particularly, in cutting it off from the sarcolemma. 3. Choline chloride and urea produce similar changes in the ultrastructure but as urea is not ionized, it can be added to the ASW to investigate the electrical phenomenon which cannot be modified by contraction.", "PMID": 739403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4047", "title": "Is the rhythm amplitude related to the ability to phase-shift circadian rhythms of shift-workers?", "content": "The magnitude of the circadian acrophase adjustment deltaphi to a phase shift of socio-ecologic synchronizers (as in shift-work) varies from subject to subject. According to J. Aschoff, the ability to adjust rapidly to a phase-shift could be associated with having a small amplitude for certain circadian rhythms. To test this hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (r) between the mean circadian rhythm amplitude A and the acrophase shift deltaphi (measured after the first night-shift) were calculated from estimates of chronobiological time series analyses (Halberg's single cosinor method). Data were obtained from two groups of selected shift-workers (20 and 5 subjects, respectively). A negative correlation between A and deltaphi (the smaller the amplitude, the greater the delpaphi) was observed in the circadian rhythms of the following variables: oral temperature (r = .63;P less than .01), peak expiratory flow (r = . 53: P less than . 01), and urinary 17-OHCS (r = . 60; P less than . 01), but not for other variables such as : grip strength, urinary K+ and Na+. The small amplitude of certain circadian rhythms could be considered as an index of an individual's ability to phase-shift easily. However, chronobiological characteristics, other than the small circadian rhythm ampliture, remain to be identified, for both a better detection of one's ability to do shift-work and a better knowledge for practical applications.", "contents": "Is the rhythm amplitude related to the ability to phase-shift circadian rhythms of shift-workers? The magnitude of the circadian acrophase adjustment deltaphi to a phase shift of socio-ecologic synchronizers (as in shift-work) varies from subject to subject. According to J. Aschoff, the ability to adjust rapidly to a phase-shift could be associated with having a small amplitude for certain circadian rhythms. To test this hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (r) between the mean circadian rhythm amplitude A and the acrophase shift deltaphi (measured after the first night-shift) were calculated from estimates of chronobiological time series analyses (Halberg's single cosinor method). Data were obtained from two groups of selected shift-workers (20 and 5 subjects, respectively). A negative correlation between A and deltaphi (the smaller the amplitude, the greater the delpaphi) was observed in the circadian rhythms of the following variables: oral temperature (r = .63;P less than .01), peak expiratory flow (r = . 53: P less than . 01), and urinary 17-OHCS (r = . 60; P less than . 01), but not for other variables such as : grip strength, urinary K+ and Na+. The small amplitude of certain circadian rhythms could be considered as an index of an individual's ability to phase-shift easily. However, chronobiological characteristics, other than the small circadian rhythm ampliture, remain to be identified, for both a better detection of one's ability to do shift-work and a better knowledge for practical applications.", "PMID": 739404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4048", "title": "[O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation in the awake rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Resting ventilation, arterial pH and gas tensions in the arterial blood and ventilatory responses to transient O2 inhalation were studied by plethysmography, under normoxic and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.12) conditions, in the awake rat before and after chronic bilateral denervation of the carotid bodies. 1. In the intact rat, the O2-chemoreflex drive of ventilation controlled about 50% of the normoxic minute volume, and 85% in hypoxia. 2. Chronic bilateral carotid body denervation reduced the chemoreflex drive to half, and was accompanied by a hypoventilation with arterial hypercapnia. 3. In acute hypoxia hyperventilation was reduced in carotid-body denervated animals, and was accompanied by a light respiratory insufficiency. These results suggest that the rat has a powerful arterial chemoreflex drive of breathing which is essential in determining the eupneic level of ventilation in acute hypoxia.", "contents": "[O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation in the awake rat (author's transl)]. Resting ventilation, arterial pH and gas tensions in the arterial blood and ventilatory responses to transient O2 inhalation were studied by plethysmography, under normoxic and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.12) conditions, in the awake rat before and after chronic bilateral denervation of the carotid bodies. 1. In the intact rat, the O2-chemoreflex drive of ventilation controlled about 50% of the normoxic minute volume, and 85% in hypoxia. 2. Chronic bilateral carotid body denervation reduced the chemoreflex drive to half, and was accompanied by a hypoventilation with arterial hypercapnia. 3. In acute hypoxia hyperventilation was reduced in carotid-body denervated animals, and was accompanied by a light respiratory insufficiency. These results suggest that the rat has a powerful arterial chemoreflex drive of breathing which is essential in determining the eupneic level of ventilation in acute hypoxia.", "PMID": 739405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4049", "title": "[Patterns of motor innervation of the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus Les.) deep lateral muscle fibres (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Some patterns of the motor innervation of the Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) deep lateral muscle have been investigated using the Koelle method of demonstrating cholinesterase activity and intracellular recordings. 2. In the superficial region of the muscle, facing the visceral cavity, neuro-muscular junctions are located in the middle part of the muscle fibres. Stimulating the motor nerve with shocks of increasing amplitude evokes first end-plate potentials and then typical propagated action potentials. This result supports the occurrence of at least two motor axons at each junction. 3. In the deep region of the muscle, neuro-muscular junction are confined to the ends of the muscle fibres. Individual fibres show two junctions, one at each end. Stimulating one of the two terminal junctions initiates action potentials which are propagated up to the other end of the muscle fibre.", "contents": "[Patterns of motor innervation of the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus Les.) deep lateral muscle fibres (author's transl)]. 1. Some patterns of the motor innervation of the Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) deep lateral muscle have been investigated using the Koelle method of demonstrating cholinesterase activity and intracellular recordings. 2. In the superficial region of the muscle, facing the visceral cavity, neuro-muscular junctions are located in the middle part of the muscle fibres. Stimulating the motor nerve with shocks of increasing amplitude evokes first end-plate potentials and then typical propagated action potentials. This result supports the occurrence of at least two motor axons at each junction. 3. In the deep region of the muscle, neuro-muscular junction are confined to the ends of the muscle fibres. Individual fibres show two junctions, one at each end. Stimulating one of the two terminal junctions initiates action potentials which are propagated up to the other end of the muscle fibre.", "PMID": 739406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4050", "title": "Scheduled-training of cats to a simple reaction time performance.", "content": "Cats were trained to release a lever at the onset of a sound, using a simple reaction time paradigm with different foreperiods. The training of the subjects was controlled by a PDP 8/L computer with a training schedule that avoided the problems of manual shaping except for the preliminary step, the lever press. This schedule successfully trained the cats in about 6 daily sessions up to the reaction time paradigm with a 3 sec criterion. In contrast, a programme designed to reduce the criterion value so as to induce the subjects to perform shorter latency movements failed because the cats learned to control it through an escape procedure.", "contents": "Scheduled-training of cats to a simple reaction time performance. Cats were trained to release a lever at the onset of a sound, using a simple reaction time paradigm with different foreperiods. The training of the subjects was controlled by a PDP 8/L computer with a training schedule that avoided the problems of manual shaping except for the preliminary step, the lever press. This schedule successfully trained the cats in about 6 daily sessions up to the reaction time paradigm with a 3 sec criterion. In contrast, a programme designed to reduce the criterion value so as to induce the subjects to perform shorter latency movements failed because the cats learned to control it through an escape procedure.", "PMID": 739407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4051", "title": "Isospora gallicolumbae sp. n. from Beccari's ground dove (Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori) in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Isospora gallicolumbae sp. n. is described from Beccari's ground dove, Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori, in Papua New Guinea. The ellipsoidal oocysts average 16.0 times 20.0 micron. The oocyst wall is light green, single-layered (approximately 0.8 micron), and becomes distorted within 10 min in sugar solution. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 8.0 times 12.0 micron, with prominent conical Stieda body. Sporocyst residuum is a spherical mass (approximately 5.0 micron) of lighter and darker granules. This is the first species of Isospora reported from a host in the avian order Columbiformes.", "contents": "Isospora gallicolumbae sp. n. from Beccari's ground dove (Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori) in Papua New Guinea. Isospora gallicolumbae sp. n. is described from Beccari's ground dove, Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori, in Papua New Guinea. The ellipsoidal oocysts average 16.0 times 20.0 micron. The oocyst wall is light green, single-layered (approximately 0.8 micron), and becomes distorted within 10 min in sugar solution. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 8.0 times 12.0 micron, with prominent conical Stieda body. Sporocyst residuum is a spherical mass (approximately 5.0 micron) of lighter and darker granules. This is the first species of Isospora reported from a host in the avian order Columbiformes.", "PMID": 739408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4052", "title": "Fine structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria nieschulzi.", "content": "Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron-lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogenous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75-128) and 176 (135-204) nm thick, respectively. The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures (18-34) nm thick.", "contents": "Fine structure of the oocyst wall of Eimeria nieschulzi. Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron-lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogenous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75-128) and 176 (135-204) nm thick, respectively. The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures (18-34) nm thick.", "PMID": 739409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4053", "title": "Ultrastructure of excystment of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.", "content": "The excystation of sporozoites from intact Toxoplasma gondii oocysts or mechanically released sporocysts was studied by light and electron microscopy. Both intact oocysts and free sporocysts excysted in 5% bovine bile in 0.9% NaCl solution after 30-60 min incubation at 37C. Sporozoites were first activated in either intact sporocysts or oocysts within 2-12 min of incubation in bile. Sporozoites escaped from sporocysts through 4 plate-like sutures in the sporocyst wall, and from the oocyst as the oocyst wall ruptured at one or more points.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of excystment of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. The excystation of sporozoites from intact Toxoplasma gondii oocysts or mechanically released sporocysts was studied by light and electron microscopy. Both intact oocysts and free sporocysts excysted in 5% bovine bile in 0.9% NaCl solution after 30-60 min incubation at 37C. Sporozoites were first activated in either intact sporocysts or oocysts within 2-12 min of incubation in bile. Sporozoites escaped from sporocysts through 4 plate-like sutures in the sporocyst wall, and from the oocyst as the oocyst wall ruptured at one or more points.", "PMID": 739410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4054", "title": "Lectin analysis of Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream trypomastigote and culture procyclic surface saccharides by agglutination and electron microscopic technics.", "content": "Living, intact bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture procyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense were tested for aggulination with the lectins concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose binding protein (FBP). Similar experiments were conducted with living bloodstream and culture forms treated with trypsin or dextranase. Parasites were incubated for 30 min at 25 C in various concentrations of each lectin, then examined for agglutination by dark-field microscopy. Control preparations consisted of parasites incubated alone or with 0.5 M of the specific competing sugar, with or without the corresponding lectin. Electron-microscopic localization of lectin binding sites on the surface of intact and dextranase-treated bloodstream and intact culture forms was accomplished with Con A, reacted with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and then diaminobenzidine (DAB). In addition, FBP and SBA were coupled to HRP, then utilized for the localization of binding saccharides on the surface of bloodstream forms by the DAB technic. Similar studies were conducted with culture procyclics incubated with WGA-, SBA-, PP- or FBP-HRP conjugates and then reacted with DAB. Controls were utilized to confirm the sugar specificity of all positive reactions. Intact living bloodstream forms were agglutinated in a concentration-dependent manner with all the lectins tested. Agglutination levels were scored as Con A greater than FBP greater than WGA = PP = SBA. Sugars resembling alpha-D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and alpha-L-fucose are evidently present on the surface of the parasites. No agglutination was noted in any control preparations. Identical lectin-induced agglutinations were obtained with trypsin- or dextranase-treated bloodstream forms. Trypsin disrupted but did not entirely remove the surface coat of bloodstream forms, while dextranase did not alter the ultrastructure of the parasites. Con A-, SBA- and FBP-binding saccharides were distributed uniformly on the surface coat of intact bloodstream forms; a similar distribution of Con A receptors was noted also on the surface of dextranase-treated cells. No lectin-binding saccharides were visualized by electron microscopy on any control preparations. Intact, trypsin- or dextranase-treated, procyclics were agglutinated in a concentration-dependent fashion by Con A and WGA, but not by the other lectins tested. Control preparations did not agglutinate and the enzymes did not affect the ultrastructure of the parasites. Con A- and WGA-specifically binding saccharides were uniformly distributed on intact procyclics and control preparations were lectin-negative. Thus, T. congolense procyclics retained surface saccharides resembling alpha-D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine but lost sugars resembling N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (or D-galactose) and alpha-L-fucose...", "contents": "Lectin analysis of Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream trypomastigote and culture procyclic surface saccharides by agglutination and electron microscopic technics. Living, intact bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture procyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense were tested for aggulination with the lectins concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose binding protein (FBP). Similar experiments were conducted with living bloodstream and culture forms treated with trypsin or dextranase. Parasites were incubated for 30 min at 25 C in various concentrations of each lectin, then examined for agglutination by dark-field microscopy. Control preparations consisted of parasites incubated alone or with 0.5 M of the specific competing sugar, with or without the corresponding lectin. Electron-microscopic localization of lectin binding sites on the surface of intact and dextranase-treated bloodstream and intact culture forms was accomplished with Con A, reacted with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and then diaminobenzidine (DAB). In addition, FBP and SBA were coupled to HRP, then utilized for the localization of binding saccharides on the surface of bloodstream forms by the DAB technic. Similar studies were conducted with culture procyclics incubated with WGA-, SBA-, PP- or FBP-HRP conjugates and then reacted with DAB. Controls were utilized to confirm the sugar specificity of all positive reactions. Intact living bloodstream forms were agglutinated in a concentration-dependent manner with all the lectins tested. Agglutination levels were scored as Con A greater than FBP greater than WGA = PP = SBA. Sugars resembling alpha-D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and alpha-L-fucose are evidently present on the surface of the parasites. No agglutination was noted in any control preparations. Identical lectin-induced agglutinations were obtained with trypsin- or dextranase-treated bloodstream forms. Trypsin disrupted but did not entirely remove the surface coat of bloodstream forms, while dextranase did not alter the ultrastructure of the parasites. Con A-, SBA- and FBP-binding saccharides were distributed uniformly on the surface coat of intact bloodstream forms; a similar distribution of Con A receptors was noted also on the surface of dextranase-treated cells. No lectin-binding saccharides were visualized by electron microscopy on any control preparations. Intact, trypsin- or dextranase-treated, procyclics were agglutinated in a concentration-dependent fashion by Con A and WGA, but not by the other lectins tested. Control preparations did not agglutinate and the enzymes did not affect the ultrastructure of the parasites. Con A- and WGA-specifically binding saccharides were uniformly distributed on intact procyclics and control preparations were lectin-negative. Thus, T. congolense procyclics retained surface saccharides resembling alpha-D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine but lost sugars resembling N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (or D-galactose) and alpha-L-fucose...", "PMID": 739411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4055", "title": "Mutants of Acanthamoeba castellanii resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and oligomycin.", "content": "Cell lines of Acanthamoeba castellanii resistant to erythromycin (EryR), chloramphenicol (CapR), and oligomycin (OliR) have been isolated. These may be the first such mutants for A. castellanii. These mutants have been phenotypically stable for 2 years, surviving storage and vegetative multiplication in the absence of drugs. Resistance was specific for each drug, but double mutants (e.g. EryRCapR) were obtained by stepwise selection. Mutant frequencies were determined in multiwell plates; less than 10 colony forming units (CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in wild-type populations 12 days after incubation in 500 microgram Ery/ml, 2.5 mg Cap/ml, or 15 microgram Oli/ml. After 30 days, averages of 100 CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in Ery and Cap, whereas, frequencies for Oli remained unchanged. Frequencies for EryR and CapR were consistent with rates of recovery from these drugs in batch cultures. We were unable to obtain spontaneous mutants resistant to cycloheximide, emetine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or ethidium bromide. EryR, CapR and OliR could be mitochondria mutants.", "contents": "Mutants of Acanthamoeba castellanii resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and oligomycin. Cell lines of Acanthamoeba castellanii resistant to erythromycin (EryR), chloramphenicol (CapR), and oligomycin (OliR) have been isolated. These may be the first such mutants for A. castellanii. These mutants have been phenotypically stable for 2 years, surviving storage and vegetative multiplication in the absence of drugs. Resistance was specific for each drug, but double mutants (e.g. EryRCapR) were obtained by stepwise selection. Mutant frequencies were determined in multiwell plates; less than 10 colony forming units (CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in wild-type populations 12 days after incubation in 500 microgram Ery/ml, 2.5 mg Cap/ml, or 15 microgram Oli/ml. After 30 days, averages of 100 CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in Ery and Cap, whereas, frequencies for Oli remained unchanged. Frequencies for EryR and CapR were consistent with rates of recovery from these drugs in batch cultures. We were unable to obtain spontaneous mutants resistant to cycloheximide, emetine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or ethidium bromide. EryR, CapR and OliR could be mitochondria mutants.", "PMID": 739412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4056", "title": "Some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi.", "content": "Rabbit Encephalitozoon cuniculi were propagated in vitro using rabbit choroid plexus (RCP) cells. The organisms reached maximum titer and numbers by 15 days. The source and in vitro passage level of RCP cells moderately influenced the sensitivity of the cells to infection. Cells less than 1 week old were significantly less sensitive than older cells. A moderate increase in infectivity for RCP cells was demonstrated with increasing organism passage level in vitro. Rabbit E. cuniculi were not affected by penicillin-streptomycin or gentamicin in the culture medium. The organism survived more than 9 days in buffer at 37 C and least 24 days at 4 and 20 C. Storage at -70 C or in liquid nitrogen was successful for at least 6 months. Encephalitozoon cuniculi survived 60 but not 120 min at 56 C. They were killed after 10 min of autoclaving and by 2% (v/v) Lysol, 10% (v/v) formalin and 70% (v/v) ethyl alcohol. The organisms survived at least 24 h at pH 9 or pH 4 and were not affected by sonication, freezing and thawing, or distilled water but lost significant infectivity after 24 h in CsCl or 40% (w/v) sucrose.", "contents": "Some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Rabbit Encephalitozoon cuniculi were propagated in vitro using rabbit choroid plexus (RCP) cells. The organisms reached maximum titer and numbers by 15 days. The source and in vitro passage level of RCP cells moderately influenced the sensitivity of the cells to infection. Cells less than 1 week old were significantly less sensitive than older cells. A moderate increase in infectivity for RCP cells was demonstrated with increasing organism passage level in vitro. Rabbit E. cuniculi were not affected by penicillin-streptomycin or gentamicin in the culture medium. The organism survived more than 9 days in buffer at 37 C and least 24 days at 4 and 20 C. Storage at -70 C or in liquid nitrogen was successful for at least 6 months. Encephalitozoon cuniculi survived 60 but not 120 min at 56 C. They were killed after 10 min of autoclaving and by 2% (v/v) Lysol, 10% (v/v) formalin and 70% (v/v) ethyl alcohol. The organisms survived at least 24 h at pH 9 or pH 4 and were not affected by sonication, freezing and thawing, or distilled water but lost significant infectivity after 24 h in CsCl or 40% (w/v) sucrose.", "PMID": 739413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4057", "title": "Differences in the life cycles between a vaccine strain and an unmodified strain of Babesia bovis (Babes, 1889) in the tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini).", "content": "Developmental forms of 2 strains of Babesia bovis (Babes) were studied in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). One strain (designated T) was shown to be infective for the tick, and the other (NT) to have lost infectivity for the tick, because of repeated blood passaging in cattle. Parasites of the 2 strains in gut contents of adult female ticks were similar during the first 16 h post-repletion (PR), but thereafter their structure differed. From 16-64 h PR, the majority of T strain parasites were spherical and without processes. During the next 32 h elongate forms and vermicules developed. Fission bodies were seen within epithelial cells of the gut by 96 h PR. T-strain parasites in gut contents decreased in number from approximately 96 h and were difficult to find at 144 h, the time of the final observation. In contrast, NT strains parasites were plentiful throughout the period of observation. They were predominantly spherical, ranging in diameter from 1.5 to 15 micron. Forms with obvious processes measuring up to 81 micron in length were seen in large numbers at seemingly regular intervals from 16-44 h PR, suggesting that a process of development and divisions was being repeated. No vermicules or fission bodies were seen. T-strain, but not NT strain parasites, were seen in hemolymph and ova of the ticks and in their larval progeny. It is suggested that continuous blood passaging of the NT strain had resulted in selection of parasites incapable of penetrating gut epithelial cells of the tick.", "contents": "Differences in the life cycles between a vaccine strain and an unmodified strain of Babesia bovis (Babes, 1889) in the tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Developmental forms of 2 strains of Babesia bovis (Babes) were studied in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). One strain (designated T) was shown to be infective for the tick, and the other (NT) to have lost infectivity for the tick, because of repeated blood passaging in cattle. Parasites of the 2 strains in gut contents of adult female ticks were similar during the first 16 h post-repletion (PR), but thereafter their structure differed. From 16-64 h PR, the majority of T strain parasites were spherical and without processes. During the next 32 h elongate forms and vermicules developed. Fission bodies were seen within epithelial cells of the gut by 96 h PR. T-strain parasites in gut contents decreased in number from approximately 96 h and were difficult to find at 144 h, the time of the final observation. In contrast, NT strains parasites were plentiful throughout the period of observation. They were predominantly spherical, ranging in diameter from 1.5 to 15 micron. Forms with obvious processes measuring up to 81 micron in length were seen in large numbers at seemingly regular intervals from 16-44 h PR, suggesting that a process of development and divisions was being repeated. No vermicules or fission bodies were seen. T-strain, but not NT strain parasites, were seen in hemolymph and ova of the ticks and in their larval progeny. It is suggested that continuous blood passaging of the NT strain had resulted in selection of parasites incapable of penetrating gut epithelial cells of the tick.", "PMID": 739414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4058", "title": "Eimeria tenella: vitamin requirements for development in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells.", "content": "Development of Eimeria tenella was studied in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells maintained in Medium 199 lacking each of the following: vitamin A, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, Ca pantothenate, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, riboflavin, thiamin, ascorbic acid, calciferol, alpha-tocopherol, and menadione. Data obtained concerning numbers of mature schizonts or total numbers of parasites or both indicated that all of the vitamins are needed for 1st- and 2nd-generation schizogony, and all except calciferol and folic acid are needed for gametogony.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella: vitamin requirements for development in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells. Development of Eimeria tenella was studied in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells maintained in Medium 199 lacking each of the following: vitamin A, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, Ca pantothenate, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, riboflavin, thiamin, ascorbic acid, calciferol, alpha-tocopherol, and menadione. Data obtained concerning numbers of mature schizonts or total numbers of parasites or both indicated that all of the vitamins are needed for 1st- and 2nd-generation schizogony, and all except calciferol and folic acid are needed for gametogony.", "PMID": 739415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4059", "title": "An audit of prescribing by peer review.", "content": "This study describes how a group of general practitioners were made aware of their own prescribing habits. This was done by analysing carbon copies of prescriptions and reporting the analysis to a meeting of the doctors. The effects of this knowledge on subsequent prescribing were monitored.", "contents": "An audit of prescribing by peer review. This study describes how a group of general practitioners were made aware of their own prescribing habits. This was done by analysing carbon copies of prescriptions and reporting the analysis to a meeting of the doctors. The effects of this knowledge on subsequent prescribing were monitored.", "PMID": 739454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4060", "title": "Prescribing costs and patterns of prescribing in general practice.", "content": "Prescriptions issued by 14 general practitioners during December 1974 were examined to elicit possible determinants of differences in doctors' prescribing costs per registered patient. Higher costs were associated with a generally increased prescribing rate but differences were particularly marked for certain drug groups (such as anti-rheumatic drugs). Costs were not related to list size, size of practice unit, urbanization, proportion of elderly patients, or date of qualification of the doctor, and the cost differences were too large to be accounted for by differences in morbidity. The frequency of prescription of drugs considered to be undesirable was also not associated with level of costs.An index of quality of prescribing was constructed. No relationship was found between scores on this index and any of the practice variables studied, nor was there any relationship with high-cost prescribers.", "contents": "Prescribing costs and patterns of prescribing in general practice. Prescriptions issued by 14 general practitioners during December 1974 were examined to elicit possible determinants of differences in doctors' prescribing costs per registered patient. Higher costs were associated with a generally increased prescribing rate but differences were particularly marked for certain drug groups (such as anti-rheumatic drugs). Costs were not related to list size, size of practice unit, urbanization, proportion of elderly patients, or date of qualification of the doctor, and the cost differences were too large to be accounted for by differences in morbidity. The frequency of prescription of drugs considered to be undesirable was also not associated with level of costs.An index of quality of prescribing was constructed. No relationship was found between scores on this index and any of the practice variables studied, nor was there any relationship with high-cost prescribers.", "PMID": 739455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4061", "title": "Drug advertising and prescribing.", "content": "A study of the amount of drug advertisements received by general practitioners and the amount of the drugs practitioners prescribed showed a strong correlation of 0.80. Analysis suggests that a straight line graphic relationship provides the best fit for the results obtained.FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE QUANTITY OF ADVERTISING IN RELATION TO THE AMOUNT OF PRESCRIBING REVEALED TWO GROUPS OF DRUGS: those which were relatively more and those which were relatively less often advertised in proportion to the number of prescriptions issued for them.", "contents": "Drug advertising and prescribing. A study of the amount of drug advertisements received by general practitioners and the amount of the drugs practitioners prescribed showed a strong correlation of 0.80. Analysis suggests that a straight line graphic relationship provides the best fit for the results obtained.FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE QUANTITY OF ADVERTISING IN RELATION TO THE AMOUNT OF PRESCRIBING REVEALED TWO GROUPS OF DRUGS: those which were relatively more and those which were relatively less often advertised in proportion to the number of prescriptions issued for them.", "PMID": 739456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4062", "title": "Errors on doctors' prescriptions.", "content": "All prescriptions dispensed by one pharmacist during one month were examined for errors. Only 5.1 per cent of 2,237 prescription forms contained an error which meant the pharmacist had to contact the doctor. Thirty-seven per cent of prescriptions were either wholly or partly written by the receptionist. There was considerable variation between doctors and this varied from zero to 64 per cent; 4.0 per cent of prescriptions written by the doctor contained errors while those written by the receptionist were almost twice as likely (seven per cent) to do so. The majority of mistakes were obvious and trivial but five were potentially serious.It is recommended that if doctors expect their receptionists to write prescriptions they should ensure that they are adequately trained to do so. The pharmacist can be a valued and trusted colleague who serves to protect patients from doctors' errors.", "contents": "Errors on doctors' prescriptions. All prescriptions dispensed by one pharmacist during one month were examined for errors. Only 5.1 per cent of 2,237 prescription forms contained an error which meant the pharmacist had to contact the doctor. Thirty-seven per cent of prescriptions were either wholly or partly written by the receptionist. There was considerable variation between doctors and this varied from zero to 64 per cent; 4.0 per cent of prescriptions written by the doctor contained errors while those written by the receptionist were almost twice as likely (seven per cent) to do so. The majority of mistakes were obvious and trivial but five were potentially serious.It is recommended that if doctors expect their receptionists to write prescriptions they should ensure that they are adequately trained to do so. The pharmacist can be a valued and trusted colleague who serves to protect patients from doctors' errors.", "PMID": 739457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4063", "title": "Mental state and other prognostic factors in femoral fractures of the elderly.", "content": "Fifty elderly patients with fractured femurs were followed up for six months. A hospital stay of less than 28 days and a good prefracture mental state were such important favourable prognostic factors that their absence made the outlook poor and carried clear implications concerning management.", "contents": "Mental state and other prognostic factors in femoral fractures of the elderly. Fifty elderly patients with fractured femurs were followed up for six months. A hospital stay of less than 28 days and a good prefracture mental state were such important favourable prognostic factors that their absence made the outlook poor and carried clear implications concerning management.", "PMID": 739459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4064", "title": "The prevalence and diagnosis of headache in an urban practice.", "content": "During a six-month study, one person in every 24 of the practice population consulted us about headache. There were more than twice as many females as males, and the largest group of females was in the 20 to 40 year age group.The majority of patients were managed entirely in the practice; only 10.4 per cent were investigated and four per cent were referred to hospital. The commonest cause was tension. Two patients had headaches due to serious pathology and one of these died.", "contents": "The prevalence and diagnosis of headache in an urban practice. During a six-month study, one person in every 24 of the practice population consulted us about headache. There were more than twice as many females as males, and the largest group of females was in the 20 to 40 year age group.The majority of patients were managed entirely in the practice; only 10.4 per cent were investigated and four per cent were referred to hospital. The commonest cause was tension. Two patients had headaches due to serious pathology and one of these died.", "PMID": 739461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4065", "title": "How much child psychiatry does a general practitioner do?", "content": "Eleven general practitioners recorded information on relevant psychological and social factors on 1,127 consecutive attendances of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. The proportion of 'pure' psychological problems was low (3.5 per cent of all attendances), but in 25.7 per cent of attendances a psychological component to the presenting problem existed. Non-specific 'emotional' problems were the most frequent psychological symptoms noted, but management problems in infancy and early childhood were also common. There were significant differences between practitioners in the proportion of 'purely physical' diagnoses made and in action taken at the time of attendance. The findings suggest that paediatric training of general practitioners should contain a considerable child psychiatric component.", "contents": "How much child psychiatry does a general practitioner do? Eleven general practitioners recorded information on relevant psychological and social factors on 1,127 consecutive attendances of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. The proportion of 'pure' psychological problems was low (3.5 per cent of all attendances), but in 25.7 per cent of attendances a psychological component to the presenting problem existed. Non-specific 'emotional' problems were the most frequent psychological symptoms noted, but management problems in infancy and early childhood were also common. There were significant differences between practitioners in the proportion of 'purely physical' diagnoses made and in action taken at the time of attendance. The findings suggest that paediatric training of general practitioners should contain a considerable child psychiatric component.", "PMID": 739464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4066", "title": "Difficulties in consultations reported by doctors in general practice.", "content": "General-practitioner trainers in Scotland responded to a questionnaire on difficulties in consultation significantly more readily than did non-trainers. Their answers to some questions were significantly different.Trainer and trainee views of difficulties in communication with different types of patients and situations are broadly similar. Because of this similarity of views, the experienced doctor can plan an approach to training which is valid for the inexperienced trainee. He may, however, modify his estimate of the degree of difficulty for the trainee of consultation by involving some categories, for example, adolescents (easier for the trainee), dying patients (more difficult), patients of socioeconomic status which is different to that of the doctor (more difficult).SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONSULTATION MERIT SPECIAL ATTENTION: techniques such as those appropriate to ending the interview and discovering the patient's reasons for seeking medical help.While trainees' problems associated with lack of familiarity with patients and their circumstances are likely to decrease with time spent in the teaching practice, adequate records can help to diminish the trainees' insecurity.This survey confirms the need to continue to focus attention on patient management as a component of training as relevant as the detailed diagnosis and treatment of disease.", "contents": "Difficulties in consultations reported by doctors in general practice. General-practitioner trainers in Scotland responded to a questionnaire on difficulties in consultation significantly more readily than did non-trainers. Their answers to some questions were significantly different.Trainer and trainee views of difficulties in communication with different types of patients and situations are broadly similar. Because of this similarity of views, the experienced doctor can plan an approach to training which is valid for the inexperienced trainee. He may, however, modify his estimate of the degree of difficulty for the trainee of consultation by involving some categories, for example, adolescents (easier for the trainee), dying patients (more difficult), patients of socioeconomic status which is different to that of the doctor (more difficult).SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONSULTATION MERIT SPECIAL ATTENTION: techniques such as those appropriate to ending the interview and discovering the patient's reasons for seeking medical help.While trainees' problems associated with lack of familiarity with patients and their circumstances are likely to decrease with time spent in the teaching practice, adequate records can help to diminish the trainees' insecurity.This survey confirms the need to continue to focus attention on patient management as a component of training as relevant as the detailed diagnosis and treatment of disease.", "PMID": 739465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4067", "title": "Doctors' attitudes to information systems: a survey of Derbyshire general practitioners.", "content": "This paper describes the results of a survey of all 365 general practitioners in Derbyshire. It deals in particular with their attitudes to information systems and the factors which affect them. The results show that there is much more interest in continuous data collection from primary care than is often supposed. This is particularly so among younger general practitioners. The survey thus describes the possible interest in information recording amongst a typical population of general practitioners.", "contents": "Doctors' attitudes to information systems: a survey of Derbyshire general practitioners. This paper describes the results of a survey of all 365 general practitioners in Derbyshire. It deals in particular with their attitudes to information systems and the factors which affect them. The results show that there is much more interest in continuous data collection from primary care than is often supposed. This is particularly so among younger general practitioners. The survey thus describes the possible interest in information recording amongst a typical population of general practitioners.", "PMID": 739466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4068", "title": "The work of a clinical psychologist in primary care.", "content": "The data presented suggest that general practitioners would be likely to refer a large number of patients with diverse problems to clinical psychologists working in health centres. Compared with a centrally organized clinical psychology service, the work of the primary care psychologist is likely to offer the following advantages:1. Access to psychological help for patients with a need for such help, but who could not attend a central clinic owing to problems associated with travel, work, physical disability, or even a presenting problem such as agoraphobia.2. Greater continuity of care of patients.3. Increased communication between the psychologist and members of the primary care teams.4. Possibility of the psychologist seeing the patient earlier, before the problems have become entrenched.5. Less need for referral to other agencies.6. Reduced stigma for the patient.7. Development of new therapeutic approaches relevant to problems presenting in primary care.8. More flexible and more relevant therapy due to seeing the patients in their home setting.9. Greater therapeutic involvement of the patient's family.10. Reduced costs and inconvenience for the patient's family.11. Reduced administrative and ambulance service costs.While these points do not overcome the need for a formal evaluation of the work of psychologists in primary care, they do suggest that there are advantages in this type of service over the services which are currently available and that a full evaluation would be worth undertaking.", "contents": "The work of a clinical psychologist in primary care. The data presented suggest that general practitioners would be likely to refer a large number of patients with diverse problems to clinical psychologists working in health centres. Compared with a centrally organized clinical psychology service, the work of the primary care psychologist is likely to offer the following advantages:1. Access to psychological help for patients with a need for such help, but who could not attend a central clinic owing to problems associated with travel, work, physical disability, or even a presenting problem such as agoraphobia.2. Greater continuity of care of patients.3. Increased communication between the psychologist and members of the primary care teams.4. Possibility of the psychologist seeing the patient earlier, before the problems have become entrenched.5. Less need for referral to other agencies.6. Reduced stigma for the patient.7. Development of new therapeutic approaches relevant to problems presenting in primary care.8. More flexible and more relevant therapy due to seeing the patients in their home setting.9. Greater therapeutic involvement of the patient's family.10. Reduced costs and inconvenience for the patient's family.11. Reduced administrative and ambulance service costs.While these points do not overcome the need for a formal evaluation of the work of psychologists in primary care, they do suggest that there are advantages in this type of service over the services which are currently available and that a full evaluation would be worth undertaking.", "PMID": 739467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4069", "title": "Some suggestions for teaching about cooperation between social work and general practice. From the Standing Liaison Committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the British Association of Social Workers.", "content": "This discussion document emphasizes the importance of co-operation between general practitioners and social workers during their training. Sample aims and objectives suitable for trainees in both professions are listed and discussed.", "contents": "Some suggestions for teaching about cooperation between social work and general practice. From the Standing Liaison Committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the British Association of Social Workers. This discussion document emphasizes the importance of co-operation between general practitioners and social workers during their training. Sample aims and objectives suitable for trainees in both professions are listed and discussed.", "PMID": 739468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4070", "title": "Social work in general practice.", "content": "A questionnaire seeking details of working arrangements and problems encountered was circulated to social workers working in general practice.THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES WERE: insufficient preparation for the scheme, poor communication between general practitioners and social workers, and the inadequate provision of facilities for social workers in practice premises.Most of the respondents had not experienced big difficulties. Two thirds had enjoyed a rewarding professional experience, which is a testimonial to interdisciplinary co-operation.", "contents": "Social work in general practice. A questionnaire seeking details of working arrangements and problems encountered was circulated to social workers working in general practice.THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES WERE: insufficient preparation for the scheme, poor communication between general practitioners and social workers, and the inadequate provision of facilities for social workers in practice premises.Most of the respondents had not experienced big difficulties. Two thirds had enjoyed a rewarding professional experience, which is a testimonial to interdisciplinary co-operation.", "PMID": 739469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4071", "title": "Why standards?", "content": "My experiences of growing up in a general practitioner's home and practice led me to want to be a general practitioner myself.The early 1950s were critical years for general practice. Three developments - the foundation and work of the College, the introduction of vocational training, and the development of postgraduate medical centres - have led to its revival.The next main change may well be the interest in, and development of, clinical standards. In my opinion this ought to be done by general practitioners themselves rather than by society via the Ombudsman.", "contents": "Why standards? My experiences of growing up in a general practitioner's home and practice led me to want to be a general practitioner myself.The early 1950s were critical years for general practice. Three developments - the foundation and work of the College, the introduction of vocational training, and the development of postgraduate medical centres - have led to its revival.The next main change may well be the interest in, and development of, clinical standards. In my opinion this ought to be done by general practitioners themselves rather than by society via the Ombudsman.", "PMID": 739471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4072", "title": "A clinical trial of indomethacin and ibuprofen in dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Forty patients with primary dysmenorrhea were treated with antiprostaglandin agents. Seventeen were treated with indomethacin, with 71% obtaining significant relief. Of 23 treated with ibuprofen, 87% obtained significant relief. Nausea occurred in 49%, vomiting in 23% and stool frequency in 35%. All of these gastro-intestinal symptoms were relieved by both drugs. Ibuprofen was free of side effects, but four patients had headaches or peculiar psychic effects on indomethacin.", "contents": "A clinical trial of indomethacin and ibuprofen in dysmenorrhea. Forty patients with primary dysmenorrhea were treated with antiprostaglandin agents. Seventeen were treated with indomethacin, with 71% obtaining significant relief. Of 23 treated with ibuprofen, 87% obtained significant relief. Nausea occurred in 49%, vomiting in 23% and stool frequency in 35%. All of these gastro-intestinal symptoms were relieved by both drugs. Ibuprofen was free of side effects, but four patients had headaches or peculiar psychic effects on indomethacin.", "PMID": 739472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4073", "title": "An infected ovarian hematoma as the presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and an associated coagulation defect presented with the clinical picture of an inflammatory pelvic mass. The laboratory data led to the diagnosis of SLE. A laparotomy revealed an infected hematoma of the left ovary. The SLE-induced coagulation deficit may have caused an intraovarian hematoma at the time of ovulation that became infected secondarily and led to an inflammatory pelvic mass as the first sign of SLE.", "contents": "An infected ovarian hematoma as the presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and an associated coagulation defect presented with the clinical picture of an inflammatory pelvic mass. The laboratory data led to the diagnosis of SLE. A laparotomy revealed an infected hematoma of the left ovary. The SLE-induced coagulation deficit may have caused an intraovarian hematoma at the time of ovulation that became infected secondarily and led to an inflammatory pelvic mass as the first sign of SLE.", "PMID": 739473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4074", "title": "Cervical hemangioma: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of cervical hemangioma is reported. This is a rare lesion of the uterine cervix, is not usually large and characteristically has a deep wine-red color. A review of the world literature indicates that all such hemangiomas that have been reported are benign. It is thought from this information that they may be treated conservatively.", "contents": "Cervical hemangioma: a case report and review of the literature. A case of cervical hemangioma is reported. This is a rare lesion of the uterine cervix, is not usually large and characteristically has a deep wine-red color. A review of the world literature indicates that all such hemangiomas that have been reported are benign. It is thought from this information that they may be treated conservatively.", "PMID": 739474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4075", "title": "Further treatment after conization.", "content": "Conization was performed on 1,500 patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. One hundred and seventy-five needed further treatment, 165 because of residual disease and 10 because of a recurrence. This finding indicates a recurrence frequency similar to the incidence of carcinoma in situ in a normal population.", "contents": "Further treatment after conization. Conization was performed on 1,500 patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. One hundred and seventy-five needed further treatment, 165 because of residual disease and 10 because of a recurrence. This finding indicates a recurrence frequency similar to the incidence of carcinoma in situ in a normal population.", "PMID": 739475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4076", "title": "Midtrimester abortion utilizing intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria and oxytocin.", "content": "The combined use of 40 mg of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha, followed immediately by the insertion  of one or more laminaria tents, and of a high-dose oxytocin infusion of 166 milliiunits per minute is a safe, effective, and efficient regime for midtrimester abortion. In 100 consecutive patients between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation, no failures occurred. The mean injection-abortion time was 15.7 hours. Six patients required the reinjection of 20 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha at 24 hours. The placenta was removed with instruments after four hours in 19 patients and done electively in seven patients in less than four hours. Physician-patient contacts were minimized, for all the abortion-initiating techniques were accomplished concomitantly, as opposed to regimes with laminaria pretreatment, or deliberately staggered prostaglandin injections were used. Most of the patients were able to be discharged after one day in the hospital. Thus, the patients' inconvenience and expense were minimized, with no sacrifice in safety.", "contents": "Midtrimester abortion utilizing intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria and oxytocin. The combined use of 40 mg of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha, followed immediately by the insertion  of one or more laminaria tents, and of a high-dose oxytocin infusion of 166 milliiunits per minute is a safe, effective, and efficient regime for midtrimester abortion. In 100 consecutive patients between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation, no failures occurred. The mean injection-abortion time was 15.7 hours. Six patients required the reinjection of 20 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha at 24 hours. The placenta was removed with instruments after four hours in 19 patients and done electively in seven patients in less than four hours. Physician-patient contacts were minimized, for all the abortion-initiating techniques were accomplished concomitantly, as opposed to regimes with laminaria pretreatment, or deliberately staggered prostaglandin injections were used. Most of the patients were able to be discharged after one day in the hospital. Thus, the patients' inconvenience and expense were minimized, with no sacrifice in safety.", "PMID": 739476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4077", "title": "Genital tuberculosis and reproductive function.", "content": "Interesting hypotheses about the effects of genital tuberculosis on reproductive function are that diseased men may in rare instances transmit the condition to their female partners and that diseased women are usually sterile unless they conceived and gave birth before the onset of their lesions. These two hypotheses were reviewed with the help of biopsy materials obtained from the Igbos of Nigeria and were considered, as a whole, to be valid in this West African ethnic group.", "contents": "Genital tuberculosis and reproductive function. Interesting hypotheses about the effects of genital tuberculosis on reproductive function are that diseased men may in rare instances transmit the condition to their female partners and that diseased women are usually sterile unless they conceived and gave birth before the onset of their lesions. These two hypotheses were reviewed with the help of biopsy materials obtained from the Igbos of Nigeria and were considered, as a whole, to be valid in this West African ethnic group.", "PMID": 739479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4078", "title": "Occult pregnancy as a factor in unexplained infertility.", "content": "Occult pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that terminates so soon after blastocyst formation that there is no clinical suspicion of its occurrence. A series of seven patients with unexplained infertility were studied by means of a specific hCG assay. Two of these other wise randomly selected patients showed the presence of occult pregnancies, as evidenced by positive titers, whereas five did not in the one cycle studied. The significance of this finding is discussed. It is suggested that a search for occult pregnancy may eventually form part of a routine infertility investigation.", "contents": "Occult pregnancy as a factor in unexplained infertility. Occult pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that terminates so soon after blastocyst formation that there is no clinical suspicion of its occurrence. A series of seven patients with unexplained infertility were studied by means of a specific hCG assay. Two of these other wise randomly selected patients showed the presence of occult pregnancies, as evidenced by positive titers, whereas five did not in the one cycle studied. The significance of this finding is discussed. It is suggested that a search for occult pregnancy may eventually form part of a routine infertility investigation.", "PMID": 739480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4079", "title": "Pregnancy complicated by pelvic abscess.", "content": "Tuboovarian abscess in pregnancy is a rare occurrence. The case presented and discussed is one in which a tuboovarian abscess was diagnosed and managed conservatively, with subsequent delivery of a viable infant.", "contents": "Pregnancy complicated by pelvic abscess. Tuboovarian abscess in pregnancy is a rare occurrence. The case presented and discussed is one in which a tuboovarian abscess was diagnosed and managed conservatively, with subsequent delivery of a viable infant.", "PMID": 739481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4080", "title": "Tubal ectopic pregnancy with contralateral corpus luteum: a report of five cases.", "content": "In a series of 92 ectopic tubal pregnancies studied pathologically, 5 cases were associated with contralateral corpus luteum. Berlind's theory of ovum transmigration in the etiology of tubal pregnancy is revived and brought into line with Iffy's delayed ovulation-reflux hypothesis. The need for further delineation of etiologic factors is stressed, especially with a view to prevention.", "contents": "Tubal ectopic pregnancy with contralateral corpus luteum: a report of five cases. In a series of 92 ectopic tubal pregnancies studied pathologically, 5 cases were associated with contralateral corpus luteum. Berlind's theory of ovum transmigration in the etiology of tubal pregnancy is revived and brought into line with Iffy's delayed ovulation-reflux hypothesis. The need for further delineation of etiologic factors is stressed, especially with a view to prevention.", "PMID": 739483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4081", "title": "Requests for abortion and outcomes of pregnancy in Jerusalem, Israel.", "content": "Outcomes of pregnancy were examined for 480 women who requested abortions at a Jerusalem hospital during the years 1972 to 1975. Of 149 women denied abortions, 80 apparently obtained illegal ones. Since illegal abortions performed by physicians are easily and safely obtained in Israel, the liberalization of Israel's abortion laws will not have a major impact upon Israel's population growth.", "contents": "Requests for abortion and outcomes of pregnancy in Jerusalem, Israel. Outcomes of pregnancy were examined for 480 women who requested abortions at a Jerusalem hospital during the years 1972 to 1975. Of 149 women denied abortions, 80 apparently obtained illegal ones. Since illegal abortions performed by physicians are easily and safely obtained in Israel, the liberalization of Israel's abortion laws will not have a major impact upon Israel's population growth.", "PMID": 739486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4082", "title": "Connective tissue disease and hyperviscosity syndrome with cryoprotein and immune complexes. Report of a case with autopsy findings and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is reported of chronic polyarthritis, hepatitis and hyperviscosity syndrome associated with the presence of intermediate and high molecular weight plasma complexes, a mixed cryoprotein and widespread endarteritis obliterans of small muscular arteries. The features of this case are compared with those of other reported cases of connective tissue disease associated with hyperviscosity syndrome.", "contents": "Connective tissue disease and hyperviscosity syndrome with cryoprotein and immune complexes. Report of a case with autopsy findings and review of the literature. A case is reported of chronic polyarthritis, hepatitis and hyperviscosity syndrome associated with the presence of intermediate and high molecular weight plasma complexes, a mixed cryoprotein and widespread endarteritis obliterans of small muscular arteries. The features of this case are compared with those of other reported cases of connective tissue disease associated with hyperviscosity syndrome.", "PMID": 739492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4083", "title": "Nail lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Unusual nail changes have been observed in 42 of 165 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed at the Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Canada, over the past seven years. These changes had almost the same frequency as mucous membrane ulcerations seen in 31% of the patients. Nail changes were associated with active disease in 39 of the 42 patients. Patients with nail changes had a significantly higher incidence of Raynaud's phenomenon and mucous membrane ulcerations than patients without these changes. There was no increased incidence of other skin manifestations or of systemic vasculitis in these patients. Thus, nail changes may be an additional helpful criterion in the diagnosis of SLE.", "contents": "Nail lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. Unusual nail changes have been observed in 42 of 165 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed at the Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Canada, over the past seven years. These changes had almost the same frequency as mucous membrane ulcerations seen in 31% of the patients. Nail changes were associated with active disease in 39 of the 42 patients. Patients with nail changes had a significantly higher incidence of Raynaud's phenomenon and mucous membrane ulcerations than patients without these changes. There was no increased incidence of other skin manifestations or of systemic vasculitis in these patients. Thus, nail changes may be an additional helpful criterion in the diagnosis of SLE.", "PMID": 739493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4084", "title": "A systematic survey of the HLA B27 prevalence in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.", "content": "HLA B27 has been tested systematically in 246 patients attending a rheumatology clinic for chronic inflammatory arthritis or spondylitis. Patients were allocated to nine groups: typical ankylosing spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis with moderate involvement without peripheral arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis with moderate involvement and with peripheral arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, Yersinia arthritis, arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Except for seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, a significant association with HLA B27 antigen was found in all groups. In the seronegative rheumatoid arthritis group HLA B27 was present in 40% of the cases in contrast to 5.6% of the seropositive rheumatoid arthritis cases. These data confirm that a wide range of the so called \"seronegative arthropathies\" are associated with HLA B27 and suggest that sex and HLA B27 antigen are important factors in the manifestation of rheumatic disease. Women had less severe spondylitic changes but more peripheral arthritis of the small joints. Ankylosing spondylitis in its various forms had a comparable sex distribution despite relatively mild disease in females. The mean age of onset in the HLA B27 associated diseases was found to be significantly lower than in the seropositive rheumatoid arthritis group.", "contents": "A systematic survey of the HLA B27 prevalence in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. HLA B27 has been tested systematically in 246 patients attending a rheumatology clinic for chronic inflammatory arthritis or spondylitis. Patients were allocated to nine groups: typical ankylosing spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis with moderate involvement without peripheral arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis with moderate involvement and with peripheral arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, Yersinia arthritis, arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Except for seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, a significant association with HLA B27 antigen was found in all groups. In the seronegative rheumatoid arthritis group HLA B27 was present in 40% of the cases in contrast to 5.6% of the seropositive rheumatoid arthritis cases. These data confirm that a wide range of the so called \"seronegative arthropathies\" are associated with HLA B27 and suggest that sex and HLA B27 antigen are important factors in the manifestation of rheumatic disease. Women had less severe spondylitic changes but more peripheral arthritis of the small joints. Ankylosing spondylitis in its various forms had a comparable sex distribution despite relatively mild disease in females. The mean age of onset in the HLA B27 associated diseases was found to be significantly lower than in the seropositive rheumatoid arthritis group.", "PMID": 739494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4085", "title": "Human rights and distributive justice in health care delivery.", "content": "This paper was first presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Christian Ethics, Toronto School of Theology, Toronto, Ontario in January 1977. Robert Shelton aims to focus on the concept of 'right to health care,' its related principle, 'distributive justice' in an attempt to suggest 'where we are' at present and where we perhaps ought to be heading. The paper is divided into three parts, which in their turn explore the moral grounds, the US general public's policy and the part justice and government are likely to play in the development and distribution of health care. He concludes by highlighting 'omissions', an intentional one of his own and the other a major gap in the literature.", "contents": "Human rights and distributive justice in health care delivery. This paper was first presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Christian Ethics, Toronto School of Theology, Toronto, Ontario in January 1977. Robert Shelton aims to focus on the concept of 'right to health care,' its related principle, 'distributive justice' in an attempt to suggest 'where we are' at present and where we perhaps ought to be heading. The paper is divided into three parts, which in their turn explore the moral grounds, the US general public's policy and the part justice and government are likely to play in the development and distribution of health care. He concludes by highlighting 'omissions', an intentional one of his own and the other a major gap in the literature.", "PMID": 739512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4086", "title": "Patients, doctors and experimentation: doubts about the Declaration of Helsinki.", "content": "The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki offers guidelines to doctors engaged in biomedical research with human subjects. The fundamental distinction of the Declaration is between clinical research combined with professional care and non-clinical scientific research. If hospital patients are the experimental subjects, then the former research must be carried out by the patient's own doctor, whereas the latter research must not be; it must be carried out by other doctors. The relevance of the distinction between the patient's own doctor and other doctors is challenged and an alternative conception of the patient-doctor relationship is drawn, together with an alternative justification, based on the work of Hans Jonas, of the use of patients in research. Finally, the political nature of the patient-doctor relationship is mentioned, and it is claimed that the alternative conception of this relationship developed in the paper is more in line with the ethical principles of the Hippocratic tradition.", "contents": "Patients, doctors and experimentation: doubts about the Declaration of Helsinki. The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki offers guidelines to doctors engaged in biomedical research with human subjects. The fundamental distinction of the Declaration is between clinical research combined with professional care and non-clinical scientific research. If hospital patients are the experimental subjects, then the former research must be carried out by the patient's own doctor, whereas the latter research must not be; it must be carried out by other doctors. The relevance of the distinction between the patient's own doctor and other doctors is challenged and an alternative conception of the patient-doctor relationship is drawn, together with an alternative justification, based on the work of Hans Jonas, of the use of patients in research. Finally, the political nature of the patient-doctor relationship is mentioned, and it is claimed that the alternative conception of this relationship developed in the paper is more in line with the ethical principles of the Hippocratic tradition.", "PMID": 739514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4087", "title": "Dying while living: a critique of allowing-to-die legislation.", "content": "Several US states are enacting 'right-to-die' laws, in the wake of the Karen Quinlan case. But the way such a law is drafted may cast doubt on a patient's existing common law right to control all aspects of his own treatment; it may give legal sanction to a lower standard of medical care that society at present expects from doctors; and it may lead to conflict between the patient's directive and his doctor's clinical judgement which cannot readily be resolved. The laws themselves are categorised as a) legalising active killing or b) defining rights of patients to control treatment or c) assigning to others the rights to control treatment where the patient is not competent. The California law is discussed critically. The conclusion is that such legislation is not a satisfactory answer to the ethical problem of euthanasia.", "contents": "Dying while living: a critique of allowing-to-die legislation. Several US states are enacting 'right-to-die' laws, in the wake of the Karen Quinlan case. But the way such a law is drafted may cast doubt on a patient's existing common law right to control all aspects of his own treatment; it may give legal sanction to a lower standard of medical care that society at present expects from doctors; and it may lead to conflict between the patient's directive and his doctor's clinical judgement which cannot readily be resolved. The laws themselves are categorised as a) legalising active killing or b) defining rights of patients to control treatment or c) assigning to others the rights to control treatment where the patient is not competent. The California law is discussed critically. The conclusion is that such legislation is not a satisfactory answer to the ethical problem of euthanasia.", "PMID": 739516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4088", "title": "Case conference. Fain would I change that note.", "content": "The recording and transmission of medical information poses many problems. The patient generally rarely sees his or her notes and possibly gives little thought to how or what is recorded, trusting that the doctor 'knows best' and will be noting, in a professional manner, that which will be useful for the diagnosis. In two cases presented, one of the patients sees her notes and is very upset by what she reads, the other requests that certain information be deleted from her case record. The actions of the doctors and patients were discussed in a preliminary conference at a recent postgraduate meeting. All the names in this Case conference have been changed.", "contents": "Case conference. Fain would I change that note. The recording and transmission of medical information poses many problems. The patient generally rarely sees his or her notes and possibly gives little thought to how or what is recorded, trusting that the doctor 'knows best' and will be noting, in a professional manner, that which will be useful for the diagnosis. In two cases presented, one of the patients sees her notes and is very upset by what she reads, the other requests that certain information be deleted from her case record. The actions of the doctors and patients were discussed in a preliminary conference at a recent postgraduate meeting. All the names in this Case conference have been changed.", "PMID": 739518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4089", "title": "Estimation of proportion of new mutants among cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Using a number of different methods, it is confirmed that approximately one third of all cases of X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy are new mutants, the remainder being sons of carriers.", "contents": "Estimation of proportion of new mutants among cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Using a number of different methods, it is confirmed that approximately one third of all cases of X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy are new mutants, the remainder being sons of carriers.", "PMID": 739522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4090", "title": "The Gardner syndrome: a cell culture study on kindred 109.", "content": "In vitro studies on skin cultures established from 49 members from Kindred 109, in whom the Gardner syndrome was first delineated, showed that increased in vitro tetraploidy occurred only in those cultures derived from branches with the full expression of the Gardner gene (colorectal polyps with multiple extracolorectal benign tumours) and not in those derived from branches showing only extracolorectal lesions. Increased in vitro tetraploidy appeared to identify only those family members at risk who had, or would ultimately be expected to show, full expression of the Gardner gene including colorectal polyps which become malignant.", "contents": "The Gardner syndrome: a cell culture study on kindred 109. In vitro studies on skin cultures established from 49 members from Kindred 109, in whom the Gardner syndrome was first delineated, showed that increased in vitro tetraploidy occurred only in those cultures derived from branches with the full expression of the Gardner gene (colorectal polyps with multiple extracolorectal benign tumours) and not in those derived from branches showing only extracolorectal lesions. Increased in vitro tetraploidy appeared to identify only those family members at risk who had, or would ultimately be expected to show, full expression of the Gardner gene including colorectal polyps which become malignant.", "PMID": 739523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4091", "title": "Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma syndrome.", "content": "A family is described showing concordance for malignant melanoma and a cutaneous phenotype characterised by multiple large moles of variable size and colour (reddish-brown to bright red) with pigmentary leakage. Transmission of the cutaneous phenotype in the subject family, and in several others currently under investigation, shows an inheritance pattern consistent with a simple autosomal dominant factor. This cutaneous phenotype signifying melanoma risk may now be added to an increasing body of knowledge dealing with cancer-related genodermatoses.", "contents": "Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma syndrome. A family is described showing concordance for malignant melanoma and a cutaneous phenotype characterised by multiple large moles of variable size and colour (reddish-brown to bright red) with pigmentary leakage. Transmission of the cutaneous phenotype in the subject family, and in several others currently under investigation, shows an inheritance pattern consistent with a simple autosomal dominant factor. This cutaneous phenotype signifying melanoma risk may now be added to an increasing body of knowledge dealing with cancer-related genodermatoses.", "PMID": 739524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4092", "title": "Spontaneous regression of metastatic malignant melanoma in 2 sibs with xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "The clinical and pathology findings in 2 sibs with xeroderma pigmentosum (XDP), complicated by metastatic malignant melanoma which underwent spontaneous regression, are described. The pathology of one of these patients showed features of possible spontaneous regression, namely foamy histiocytes, capillary proliferation, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate which was devoid of malignant cells, suggesting the possibility that an immunological mechanism was at work. It was of interest that a recent review of 27 cases of spontaneous regression of metastatic melanoma since 1900 contained a patient with XDP. Adding our 2 cases, at least 10% of the spontaneous regressions of metastatic melanoma occurred in patients with XDP. This unusual association raised the question that the genotype for XDP may possibly foster control of metastatic malignant melanoma in some as yet unknown way.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of metastatic malignant melanoma in 2 sibs with xeroderma pigmentosum. The clinical and pathology findings in 2 sibs with xeroderma pigmentosum (XDP), complicated by metastatic malignant melanoma which underwent spontaneous regression, are described. The pathology of one of these patients showed features of possible spontaneous regression, namely foamy histiocytes, capillary proliferation, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate which was devoid of malignant cells, suggesting the possibility that an immunological mechanism was at work. It was of interest that a recent review of 27 cases of spontaneous regression of metastatic melanoma since 1900 contained a patient with XDP. Adding our 2 cases, at least 10% of the spontaneous regressions of metastatic melanoma occurred in patients with XDP. This unusual association raised the question that the genotype for XDP may possibly foster control of metastatic malignant melanoma in some as yet unknown way.", "PMID": 739525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4093", "title": "The Marden-Walker syndrome.", "content": "The characteristic facies, joint contractures, muscular hypotonia, and growth and developmental delay of the Marden-Walker syndrome were present in a 19-month-old boy. Extensive evaluation of the neuromuscular system failed to identify a specific abnormality. Electromyography was normal with low amplitude. Light and electron microscopy of a skeletal muscle biopsy was normal. Histochemical study of this biopsy material was also normal. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "The Marden-Walker syndrome. The characteristic facies, joint contractures, muscular hypotonia, and growth and developmental delay of the Marden-Walker syndrome were present in a 19-month-old boy. Extensive evaluation of the neuromuscular system failed to identify a specific abnormality. Electromyography was normal with low amplitude. Light and electron microscopy of a skeletal muscle biopsy was normal. Histochemical study of this biopsy material was also normal. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 739527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4094", "title": "Trisomy 16p in a liveborn infant and a review of partial and full trisomy 16.", "content": "An abnormal female infant, who survived for 10 months with almost complete trisomy 16p and monosomy of sub-band 21q22.3, is described. The chromosome anomaly was the result of an unbalanced segregation of a maternal balanced translocation t(16;21)(p11;q22.3). The partial monosomy was considered to have had little or no adverse phenotypic effect. Cases with trisomy of chromosome 16 material are reviewed. It appears that while full trisomy 16 always results in early spontaneous abortion, trisomy 16p or 16q may be compatible with limited postnatal survival.", "contents": "Trisomy 16p in a liveborn infant and a review of partial and full trisomy 16. An abnormal female infant, who survived for 10 months with almost complete trisomy 16p and monosomy of sub-band 21q22.3, is described. The chromosome anomaly was the result of an unbalanced segregation of a maternal balanced translocation t(16;21)(p11;q22.3). The partial monosomy was considered to have had little or no adverse phenotypic effect. Cases with trisomy of chromosome 16 material are reviewed. It appears that while full trisomy 16 always results in early spontaneous abortion, trisomy 16p or 16q may be compatible with limited postnatal survival.", "PMID": 739528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4095", "title": "Segregation of an insertional chromosome rearrangement in 3 generations.", "content": "The interstitial deletion of a segment of chromosome 13, 13q21 leads to 13q22, and its inversion and insertion into the long arm of chromosome 3 at breakpoint q12, was found to segregate in 3 generations of a family. Segregation of this 3 break rearrangement gave rise to individuals monosomic, trisomic, or balanced for the involved segment. Monosomy for 13q21 leads to 13q22 was associated with mental retardation, expressive aphasia, microcephaly, hand abnormalities, and short stature. Partially trisomic individuals had normal mentality, extremely high arched palate, and mild dysmorphic features. There was no evidence for retinoblastoma in the individuals examined. The balanced carriers were normal. Comparison of monosomic individuals with one previous report of a similar deletion reveals marked phenotypic similarities.", "contents": "Segregation of an insertional chromosome rearrangement in 3 generations. The interstitial deletion of a segment of chromosome 13, 13q21 leads to 13q22, and its inversion and insertion into the long arm of chromosome 3 at breakpoint q12, was found to segregate in 3 generations of a family. Segregation of this 3 break rearrangement gave rise to individuals monosomic, trisomic, or balanced for the involved segment. Monosomy for 13q21 leads to 13q22 was associated with mental retardation, expressive aphasia, microcephaly, hand abnormalities, and short stature. Partially trisomic individuals had normal mentality, extremely high arched palate, and mild dysmorphic features. There was no evidence for retinoblastoma in the individuals examined. The balanced carriers were normal. Comparison of monosomic individuals with one previous report of a similar deletion reveals marked phenotypic similarities.", "PMID": 739529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4096", "title": "Pericentric inversions inv(2)(p11q13) and inv(2)(p13q11) in 2 unrelated families.", "content": "Pericentric inversions in chromosome 2 were traced in 2 unrelated North American black families. In the case of inv(2)(p13q11) no effect on reproduction was observed. In the case of inv(2)(p11q13) some reproductive abnormalities were noted which might be related to the inversion.", "contents": "Pericentric inversions inv(2)(p11q13) and inv(2)(p13q11) in 2 unrelated families. Pericentric inversions in chromosome 2 were traced in 2 unrelated North American black families. In the case of inv(2)(p13q11) no effect on reproduction was observed. In the case of inv(2)(p11q13) some reproductive abnormalities were noted which might be related to the inversion.", "PMID": 739530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4097", "title": "47,XX,+der(18),t(9;18)(p24;q21) mat: a distinct partial trisomy 18q--syndrome?", "content": "A moderately retarded girl had a 47,XX,+der(18),t(9;18)(p24;q21)mat abnormality that was inherited from her mother, who had a 46,XX,t(9;18)(p24;q21) karyotype in most cells, and a minor cell line of 47,XX,+der(18),-t(9;18)(p24;q21). Her dysmorphic features--bilateral epicanthic folds, low-set, abnormal ears, low posterior hairline, clinodactyly of the 5th fingers, and broad great toes--were similar to those of other patients with an additional number 18 chromosome in which all or most of the long arm was missing, thus raising the possibility of a distinct syndrome.", "contents": "47,XX,+der(18),t(9;18)(p24;q21) mat: a distinct partial trisomy 18q--syndrome? A moderately retarded girl had a 47,XX,+der(18),t(9;18)(p24;q21)mat abnormality that was inherited from her mother, who had a 46,XX,t(9;18)(p24;q21) karyotype in most cells, and a minor cell line of 47,XX,+der(18),-t(9;18)(p24;q21). Her dysmorphic features--bilateral epicanthic folds, low-set, abnormal ears, low posterior hairline, clinodactyly of the 5th fingers, and broad great toes--were similar to those of other patients with an additional number 18 chromosome in which all or most of the long arm was missing, thus raising the possibility of a distinct syndrome.", "PMID": 739531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4098", "title": "The phenotype Ae1B: a probable result of chimerism.", "content": "An apparently normal healthy adult with the blood group phenotype Ae1B is described. The unusual ABO group is apparently the result of chimerism, the proportion of the minor population of cells being so small as to be only detectable by absorption and elution techniques.", "contents": "The phenotype Ae1B: a probable result of chimerism. An apparently normal healthy adult with the blood group phenotype Ae1B is described. The unusual ABO group is apparently the result of chimerism, the proportion of the minor population of cells being so small as to be only detectable by absorption and elution techniques.", "PMID": 739532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4099", "title": "Absent left hemidiaphragm, arhinencephaly, and cardiac malformations.", "content": "An infant is reported with absent left hemidiaphragm, hydrocephalus, arhinencephaly, and cardiovascular anomalies. The parents are second cousins.", "contents": "Absent left hemidiaphragm, arhinencephaly, and cardiac malformations. An infant is reported with absent left hemidiaphragm, hydrocephalus, arhinencephaly, and cardiovascular anomalies. The parents are second cousins.", "PMID": 739533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4100", "title": "An iterative approach to the analysis of EM autoradiographs. I. The method.", "content": "An iterative scheme is described for determing the most appropriate \"model\" for dividing micrographs of EM autoradiographs into identified items of known relative specific activities in such a way that the dispersion of silver grains over the autoradiographs is fully and satisfactorily explained. A trial model is first set up for which, using a square matrix of estimates of notional cross-fire between the chosen items, a \"solution\" is obtained. The quality of the model is then tested using extended cross-fire data contained in rectangular matrix. If the model is shown to be unsatisfactory, an improved model (of tissue subdivision) is postulated and the whole process repeated until the model is deemed to be satisfactory. The computations are such that the data can be processed rapidly on the laboratory bench using a small machine. The logical estimation of errors is facilitated by this approach.", "contents": "An iterative approach to the analysis of EM autoradiographs. I. The method. An iterative scheme is described for determing the most appropriate \"model\" for dividing micrographs of EM autoradiographs into identified items of known relative specific activities in such a way that the dispersion of silver grains over the autoradiographs is fully and satisfactorily explained. A trial model is first set up for which, using a square matrix of estimates of notional cross-fire between the chosen items, a \"solution\" is obtained. The quality of the model is then tested using extended cross-fire data contained in rectangular matrix. If the model is shown to be unsatisfactory, an improved model (of tissue subdivision) is postulated and the whole process repeated until the model is deemed to be satisfactory. The computations are such that the data can be processed rapidly on the laboratory bench using a small machine. The logical estimation of errors is facilitated by this approach.", "PMID": 739536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4101", "title": "An iterative approach to the analysis of EM autoradiographs. II. Estimates of sample sizes and confidence limits.", "content": "The errors inherent in EM autoradiography are discussed and certain of them deemed to be of particular practical significance in the quantitative assessment of preparations. A method is described for estimating the standard errors attributable to each of several sources of variation and thence for obtaining the overall standard error value to be attached to relative activity estimates obtained in the method of Downs & Williams (1978). In an appendix, a fully worked example is given illustrating clearly the strategy of the method and the magnitudes of error estimates that are to be attached to the final specific activity values.", "contents": "An iterative approach to the analysis of EM autoradiographs. II. Estimates of sample sizes and confidence limits. The errors inherent in EM autoradiography are discussed and certain of them deemed to be of particular practical significance in the quantitative assessment of preparations. A method is described for estimating the standard errors attributable to each of several sources of variation and thence for obtaining the overall standard error value to be attached to relative activity estimates obtained in the method of Downs & Williams (1978). In an appendix, a fully worked example is given illustrating clearly the strategy of the method and the magnitudes of error estimates that are to be attached to the final specific activity values.", "PMID": 739537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4102", "title": "A photoelastic substrate technique for dynamic measurements of forces exerted by moving organisms.", "content": "The forces produced by small moving organisms have been quantitatively measured by having the organisms move on a polymeric substrate which transduces the applied stress into an optical birefringence signal (photoelastic effect). The optical signal can be rigorously interpreted to give static force measurements, and by calibrating the substrate empirically, dynamic measurements are obtained. The technique measures stresses, forces applied to an area, so it is not possible to determine ultimate sensitivity of the technique for measurements of forces without regard to area. The technique is especially useful when small forces are exerted over very small areas as, for example, may be the situation with moving tissue cells. The technique is noninvasive, requires minimal equipment, and is easily performed on microscopes adapted for polarized light measurements. Gelatin has the highest sensitivity and adaptability as a photoelastic substrate.", "contents": "A photoelastic substrate technique for dynamic measurements of forces exerted by moving organisms. The forces produced by small moving organisms have been quantitatively measured by having the organisms move on a polymeric substrate which transduces the applied stress into an optical birefringence signal (photoelastic effect). The optical signal can be rigorously interpreted to give static force measurements, and by calibrating the substrate empirically, dynamic measurements are obtained. The technique measures stresses, forces applied to an area, so it is not possible to determine ultimate sensitivity of the technique for measurements of forces without regard to area. The technique is especially useful when small forces are exerted over very small areas as, for example, may be the situation with moving tissue cells. The technique is noninvasive, requires minimal equipment, and is easily performed on microscopes adapted for polarized light measurements. Gelatin has the highest sensitivity and adaptability as a photoelastic substrate.", "PMID": 739538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4103", "title": "Thermodynamics of peptide bond formation at clay mineral surfaces.", "content": "The possibility of surface catalysed condensation of unsubstituted amino acids on kaolinite in aqueous systems at elevated temperatures was investigated; no evidence of clay catalysed polycondensation has been found. The thermodynamic feasibility of the hypothetical lysine/dilysine condensation reaction in the temperature-range up to 90 degrees C was evaluated for a range of experimental conditions by the combination of measured free energies of lysine/dilysine cation exchange on kaolinite and on montmorillonite, and free energies for the analogous condensation reaction in homogeneous solution. The results indicate that, in spite of the high selectivity of the clays for the adsorption of cation dimers from dilute solutions, the thermodynamic barrier to the surface condensation of unsubstituted amino acids on clay minerals in aqueous systems up to 90 degrees C is not lower than it is in homogeneous solution.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of peptide bond formation at clay mineral surfaces. The possibility of surface catalysed condensation of unsubstituted amino acids on kaolinite in aqueous systems at elevated temperatures was investigated; no evidence of clay catalysed polycondensation has been found. The thermodynamic feasibility of the hypothetical lysine/dilysine condensation reaction in the temperature-range up to 90 degrees C was evaluated for a range of experimental conditions by the combination of measured free energies of lysine/dilysine cation exchange on kaolinite and on montmorillonite, and free energies for the analogous condensation reaction in homogeneous solution. The results indicate that, in spite of the high selectivity of the clays for the adsorption of cation dimers from dilute solutions, the thermodynamic barrier to the surface condensation of unsubstituted amino acids on clay minerals in aqueous systems up to 90 degrees C is not lower than it is in homogeneous solution.", "PMID": 739550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4104", "title": "Evolution of acid phosphatase-1 in the genus Drosophilia. Immunological studies.", "content": "The enzyme acid phosphatase-1 was partially purified from 10 Drosophila species. Four antisera were produced and the ten enzymes were reacted against each serum. The method used to quantitate the reactions involved the electrophoretic separation of antigen-antibody complexes from uncomplexed enzyme, followed by densitometry of the free enzyme. Immunological distances were used to obtain correlation coefficients for all pairwise combinations of the 10 species. From these correlation coefficients, a dendrogram was constructed which is very similar to one diagramming the presumed phylogenetic relationships of the ten species. In addition, the data indicate acid phosphatase-1 has evolved at different rates in different lineages within the genus. A preliminary estimate of the unit evolutionary period for this enzyme is 3.25 million years. The method of determining immunological distances which was used in this study is compared to the method of microcomplement fixation in the Discussion.", "contents": "Evolution of acid phosphatase-1 in the genus Drosophilia. Immunological studies. The enzyme acid phosphatase-1 was partially purified from 10 Drosophila species. Four antisera were produced and the ten enzymes were reacted against each serum. The method used to quantitate the reactions involved the electrophoretic separation of antigen-antibody complexes from uncomplexed enzyme, followed by densitometry of the free enzyme. Immunological distances were used to obtain correlation coefficients for all pairwise combinations of the 10 species. From these correlation coefficients, a dendrogram was constructed which is very similar to one diagramming the presumed phylogenetic relationships of the ten species. In addition, the data indicate acid phosphatase-1 has evolved at different rates in different lineages within the genus. A preliminary estimate of the unit evolutionary period for this enzyme is 3.25 million years. The method of determining immunological distances which was used in this study is compared to the method of microcomplement fixation in the Discussion.", "PMID": 739551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4105", "title": "Theoretical considerations of the sensitivity of quantitative subunit hybridization.", "content": "The theoretical basis of the quantitative subunit hybridization technique and its ability to measure evolutionary amino acid substitutions is examined. Homospecific:heterospecific enzyme ratios found after subunit reassociation depend upon K1.2, the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the heterospecific enzyme. It is shown that if this constant is near the geometric mean of the two homospecific enzyme dissociation constants, as it should be in enzymes whose subunits pair isologously, the quantitative subunit hybridization method will not detect most changes in the subunit contact regions of homologous proteins.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations of the sensitivity of quantitative subunit hybridization. The theoretical basis of the quantitative subunit hybridization technique and its ability to measure evolutionary amino acid substitutions is examined. Homospecific:heterospecific enzyme ratios found after subunit reassociation depend upon K1.2, the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the heterospecific enzyme. It is shown that if this constant is near the geometric mean of the two homospecific enzyme dissociation constants, as it should be in enzymes whose subunits pair isologously, the quantitative subunit hybridization method will not detect most changes in the subunit contact regions of homologous proteins.", "PMID": 739553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4106", "title": "Heteropolynucleotides as templates for non-enzymatic polymerizations.", "content": "We have studied a number of condensation reactions involving ImpU, ImpT, ImpC, ImpA, ImpG, ImpUgG and ImpCpA as activated nucleotide donors and a variety of homo- and hetero-polynucleotides as templates. We did not not obtain any evidence of a template effect with ImpU and ImpT, but observed some condensation of ImpC with GpG on appropriate templates. ImpA and ImpG take part in a number of more or less efficient template-directed reactions, as do ImpUpG and ImpCpA. Our results suggest that, on the primitive Earth, pyrimidine nucleotides could most easily have been incorporated into polymers as constituents of short oligomers, which contained one or more purine nucleotide. The linkage of the product depends strongly on the nature of the substrates; the percentage of the natural 3'-5'-linkage was, in some cases, less than 10% and, in others, as high as 70%. Wobble-pairing was often very effective in promoting condensations, suggesting that transition mutations would have been very frequent in prebiotic polynucleotide replication.", "contents": "Heteropolynucleotides as templates for non-enzymatic polymerizations. We have studied a number of condensation reactions involving ImpU, ImpT, ImpC, ImpA, ImpG, ImpUgG and ImpCpA as activated nucleotide donors and a variety of homo- and hetero-polynucleotides as templates. We did not not obtain any evidence of a template effect with ImpU and ImpT, but observed some condensation of ImpC with GpG on appropriate templates. ImpA and ImpG take part in a number of more or less efficient template-directed reactions, as do ImpUpG and ImpCpA. Our results suggest that, on the primitive Earth, pyrimidine nucleotides could most easily have been incorporated into polymers as constituents of short oligomers, which contained one or more purine nucleotide. The linkage of the product depends strongly on the nature of the substrates; the percentage of the natural 3'-5'-linkage was, in some cases, less than 10% and, in others, as high as 70%. Wobble-pairing was often very effective in promoting condensations, suggesting that transition mutations would have been very frequent in prebiotic polynucleotide replication.", "PMID": 739554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4107", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in ventricular and cisternal CSF of dogs: effect of chlorpromazine.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in dog plasma is significantly higher than in either ventricular or cisternal CSF. However, since protein levels in plasma are about 100-fold higher than in CSF, the specific activity of AChE is lower in plasma than in CSF. Acetylcholinesterase activity in plasma represents only 22% of total cholinesterase (ChE) activity, while preliminary findings indicate that in ventricular CSF it is 50-60%. Acetylcholinesterase activity in ventricular CSF is significantly lower than in cisternal CSF. Chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg, intravenous), a drug which increases acetylcholine turnover, increased AChE-specific activity in all dogs. Our results support the hypothesis of a neuronal origin of AChE activity in CSF.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in ventricular and cisternal CSF of dogs: effect of chlorpromazine. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in dog plasma is significantly higher than in either ventricular or cisternal CSF. However, since protein levels in plasma are about 100-fold higher than in CSF, the specific activity of AChE is lower in plasma than in CSF. Acetylcholinesterase activity in plasma represents only 22% of total cholinesterase (ChE) activity, while preliminary findings indicate that in ventricular CSF it is 50-60%. Acetylcholinesterase activity in ventricular CSF is significantly lower than in cisternal CSF. Chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg, intravenous), a drug which increases acetylcholine turnover, increased AChE-specific activity in all dogs. Our results support the hypothesis of a neuronal origin of AChE activity in CSF.", "PMID": 739556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4108", "title": "Biochemical markers of ethanol effects on brain.", "content": "Because sialic acid is a potential biochemical marker of membrane development or alteration, we compared acute and chronic ethanol effects on sialic acid. Experiments were conducted with 50 adult male Wistar rats (approximately 400 gm), housed in groups of five. Rats drank ad libitum a vitamin-fortified diet (Nutrament) that was adulterated with ethanol; ethanol intake averaged for each rat 10-18 gm/kg/day. Controls were fed an equal total volume, made isocaloric with sucrose. Rats were sacrificed weekly for four weeks, and an acute challenge dose of ethanol (2 gm/kg, intraperitoneally) was given 45 minutes before sacrifice of both control and ethanol-consuming rats. Some controls were challenged only with saline. We replicated our earlier findings of regional differences in sialic acid and in cerebellar deoxyribose (measured as a necessary adjunct in the autoanalyzer modification of the Warren-Delmotte methods). In the saline-challenged controls, levels of both compounds were higher at four weeks than after one week. Similar increases occurred also in the chronic ethanol-consuming group, but not in the ethanol-challenged controls, which had significantly lower values. Results in saline-challenged controls suggest that the chronic treatment either 1) created a tolerance which protected cells from damage by the challenge dose of ethanol, or 2) killed neurons, thus promoting proliferation of glial cells.", "contents": "Biochemical markers of ethanol effects on brain. Because sialic acid is a potential biochemical marker of membrane development or alteration, we compared acute and chronic ethanol effects on sialic acid. Experiments were conducted with 50 adult male Wistar rats (approximately 400 gm), housed in groups of five. Rats drank ad libitum a vitamin-fortified diet (Nutrament) that was adulterated with ethanol; ethanol intake averaged for each rat 10-18 gm/kg/day. Controls were fed an equal total volume, made isocaloric with sucrose. Rats were sacrificed weekly for four weeks, and an acute challenge dose of ethanol (2 gm/kg, intraperitoneally) was given 45 minutes before sacrifice of both control and ethanol-consuming rats. Some controls were challenged only with saline. We replicated our earlier findings of regional differences in sialic acid and in cerebellar deoxyribose (measured as a necessary adjunct in the autoanalyzer modification of the Warren-Delmotte methods). In the saline-challenged controls, levels of both compounds were higher at four weeks than after one week. Similar increases occurred also in the chronic ethanol-consuming group, but not in the ethanol-challenged controls, which had significantly lower values. Results in saline-challenged controls suggest that the chronic treatment either 1) created a tolerance which protected cells from damage by the challenge dose of ethanol, or 2) killed neurons, thus promoting proliferation of glial cells.", "PMID": 739557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4109", "title": "Ethanol tolerance: evidence of \"protective\" effects on brains of adult rats.", "content": "Previous research with two biochemical markers of acute ethanol damage (sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose) raised the possibility that tolerance developed by chronic ingestion of ethanol could protect brain cells from \"damaging\" effects of large, acute doses of ethanol. However, this hypothesis required demonstration that chronic consumption was not damaging. This issue was investigated histologically in adult rats that voluntarily consumed massive doses of ethanol daily (range of 11 to 18 gm/kg/rat/day) for 28 days. By all indices (thickness measures of neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar molecular layer; and specific cell counts of neocortex and cerebellum), none of the ethanol-exposed rats, even those with intentional nutritional deficiencies, revealed any physical sign of damage compared to control rats.", "contents": "Ethanol tolerance: evidence of \"protective\" effects on brains of adult rats. Previous research with two biochemical markers of acute ethanol damage (sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose) raised the possibility that tolerance developed by chronic ingestion of ethanol could protect brain cells from \"damaging\" effects of large, acute doses of ethanol. However, this hypothesis required demonstration that chronic consumption was not damaging. This issue was investigated histologically in adult rats that voluntarily consumed massive doses of ethanol daily (range of 11 to 18 gm/kg/rat/day) for 28 days. By all indices (thickness measures of neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar molecular layer; and specific cell counts of neocortex and cerebellum), none of the ethanol-exposed rats, even those with intentional nutritional deficiencies, revealed any physical sign of damage compared to control rats.", "PMID": 739558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4110", "title": "Studies on the effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on the properties of rat brain ribosomes.", "content": "Previous observations have demonstrated decreased in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis by brain ribosomal systems following long-term ethanol ingestion. For further investigation of the properties of brain ribosomes, the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits were successfully isolated from control and chronic 10% ethanol-drinking rats. For a successful dissociation of ribosomes into subunits NH4Cl, puromycin and a high-salt treatment at 10 degrees C were essential with a critical concentration of Mg2+ since ribosomes could not be resolved at less than 7 mM Mg2+. Analysis of the A260 profile of the subunits on the sucrose gradients showed no significant differences between the control and ethanol-ingesting groups. Studies on 3H-labeled ribosomes following in vivo RNA labeling showed correspondence of the radioactive profiles from the incorporation of [5(-3) H) orotic acid into RNA with the sucrose gradient absorbance profile of 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, active reassociation of both subunits occurred at 37 degrees C as demonstrated by the increased [14 C]-phenylalanine incorporation in the presence of poly(U). Results further showed that the poly(U)-dependent [14C]phenylalanine incorporation was significantly reduced by the subunits from the ethanol-ingesting animals. These findings suggest that long-term ingestion of ethanol caused functional changes in the properties of brain ribosomes, specifically on the reassociation process of the two subunits.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on the properties of rat brain ribosomes. Previous observations have demonstrated decreased in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis by brain ribosomal systems following long-term ethanol ingestion. For further investigation of the properties of brain ribosomes, the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits were successfully isolated from control and chronic 10% ethanol-drinking rats. For a successful dissociation of ribosomes into subunits NH4Cl, puromycin and a high-salt treatment at 10 degrees C were essential with a critical concentration of Mg2+ since ribosomes could not be resolved at less than 7 mM Mg2+. Analysis of the A260 profile of the subunits on the sucrose gradients showed no significant differences between the control and ethanol-ingesting groups. Studies on 3H-labeled ribosomes following in vivo RNA labeling showed correspondence of the radioactive profiles from the incorporation of [5(-3) H) orotic acid into RNA with the sucrose gradient absorbance profile of 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, active reassociation of both subunits occurred at 37 degrees C as demonstrated by the increased [14 C]-phenylalanine incorporation in the presence of poly(U). Results further showed that the poly(U)-dependent [14C]phenylalanine incorporation was significantly reduced by the subunits from the ethanol-ingesting animals. These findings suggest that long-term ingestion of ethanol caused functional changes in the properties of brain ribosomes, specifically on the reassociation process of the two subunits.", "PMID": 739560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4111", "title": "Histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the medulla oblongata and pons of squirrel (Funambulus palmarum).", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been investigated in a series of sections passing through the medulla oblongata and pons of the squirrel brain. A comparison of the two enzymes has given an interesting picture of their selective localization in the different nuclei. Marked AChE activity has been observed in the cranial nerve nuclei. BChE activity in various nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons is variable and occurs diffusely between the cells. Possible reasons pertaining to marked variation in AChE and BChE contents of various nuclei and fiber tracts have been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the medulla oblongata and pons of squirrel (Funambulus palmarum). The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been investigated in a series of sections passing through the medulla oblongata and pons of the squirrel brain. A comparison of the two enzymes has given an interesting picture of their selective localization in the different nuclei. Marked AChE activity has been observed in the cranial nerve nuclei. BChE activity in various nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons is variable and occurs diffusely between the cells. Possible reasons pertaining to marked variation in AChE and BChE contents of various nuclei and fiber tracts have been discussed.", "PMID": 739561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4112", "title": "Biochemical decomposition of coal-tar dyes. I. Biochemical decomposition and identification of decomposed products.", "content": "Biochemical degradation test of food coal-tar dyes using sludge was studied in order to evaluate their safety. It was found that some dyes were little decomposed under aerobic condition but four azo dyes were readily decomposed under anaerobic condition. These were Food Yellow No. 4, No. 5, and Food Red No. 2, No. 102. Decomposed products of these four azo dyes by sludge under anaerobic condition were identified as sulfonilic, naphthionic acids and so on.", "contents": "Biochemical decomposition of coal-tar dyes. I. Biochemical decomposition and identification of decomposed products. Biochemical degradation test of food coal-tar dyes using sludge was studied in order to evaluate their safety. It was found that some dyes were little decomposed under aerobic condition but four azo dyes were readily decomposed under anaerobic condition. These were Food Yellow No. 4, No. 5, and Food Red No. 2, No. 102. Decomposed products of these four azo dyes by sludge under anaerobic condition were identified as sulfonilic, naphthionic acids and so on.", "PMID": 739562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4113", "title": "Biochemical decomposition of coal-tar dyes. II. Acute toxicity of coal-tar dyes and their decomposed products.", "content": "Twenty kinds of coal-tar dyes were subjected to median tolerance limit (TLm) test by use of Himedaka (Oryzias latipes) for the comparision of their acute toxicities. It became clear that 4 kinds of halogens substituted xanthene compounds dyes showed strong acute toxicities. From the fact that uranine had the lower acute toxicity than halogens substituted compounds and the toxicities of these 4 dyes increased through irradiation, it was assumed that halogen atoms in dyes might be responsible for these strong acute toxicities to fish.", "contents": "Biochemical decomposition of coal-tar dyes. II. Acute toxicity of coal-tar dyes and their decomposed products. Twenty kinds of coal-tar dyes were subjected to median tolerance limit (TLm) test by use of Himedaka (Oryzias latipes) for the comparision of their acute toxicities. It became clear that 4 kinds of halogens substituted xanthene compounds dyes showed strong acute toxicities. From the fact that uranine had the lower acute toxicity than halogens substituted compounds and the toxicities of these 4 dyes increased through irradiation, it was assumed that halogen atoms in dyes might be responsible for these strong acute toxicities to fish.", "PMID": 739563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4114", "title": "Testosterone-induced focal myocarditis in rats. I. Morphological and biochemical studies with special reference to pathogenetical mechanism and species differences.", "content": "Focal myocarditis characterized by interstitial edema, round cell infiltration and fibrosis occurred in rats given a subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days or longer. Biochemical analysis showed a two to five time increase of deoxycorticosterone and a moderate decrease of corticosterone in blood plasma of these rats as well as in those treated with 50 mg/kg of testosterone propionate for 15 days. It was also shown that myocarditis did not occur in adrenalectomized rats after administration of testosterone propionate 50 mg/kg for 30 days, while subcutaneous injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate in a dose of 15 mg/kg for 30 days invariably produced cardiac lesions in both adrenalectomized rats and sham-operated rats. Regarding species difference, administration of testosterone did not produced either a high blood level of deoxycorticosterone or focal myocarditis in guinea pigs or rabbits. From these results, it is concluded that focal myocarditis in rats after administration of large amounts of testosterone propionate is related to the elevation of deoxycorticosterone in blood plasma but not to the direct effects of testosterone propionate on the myocardium.", "contents": "Testosterone-induced focal myocarditis in rats. I. Morphological and biochemical studies with special reference to pathogenetical mechanism and species differences. Focal myocarditis characterized by interstitial edema, round cell infiltration and fibrosis occurred in rats given a subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days or longer. Biochemical analysis showed a two to five time increase of deoxycorticosterone and a moderate decrease of corticosterone in blood plasma of these rats as well as in those treated with 50 mg/kg of testosterone propionate for 15 days. It was also shown that myocarditis did not occur in adrenalectomized rats after administration of testosterone propionate 50 mg/kg for 30 days, while subcutaneous injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate in a dose of 15 mg/kg for 30 days invariably produced cardiac lesions in both adrenalectomized rats and sham-operated rats. Regarding species difference, administration of testosterone did not produced either a high blood level of deoxycorticosterone or focal myocarditis in guinea pigs or rabbits. From these results, it is concluded that focal myocarditis in rats after administration of large amounts of testosterone propionate is related to the elevation of deoxycorticosterone in blood plasma but not to the direct effects of testosterone propionate on the myocardium.", "PMID": 739564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4115", "title": "Testosterone-indued focal myocarditis in rats. II. Morphological and biochemical observations of the adrenal in relation to the pathogenetical mechanism of cardiac lesions.", "content": "Correlative morphological and biochemical studies were made on the adrenal of rats treated with daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days. Histologically, there is a thinning of the zona fasciculata with a decrease of cell numbers, swelling of the cell body and the occurrence of large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopic examination revealed swelling of mitochondria with reduction of cristae and hypertrophy of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with cluster formation or whirl-like arrangement. In in vitro biochemical experiments, it was noted that conversion of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone or 18-hydroxydeoxy-corticosterone was decreased to 45% of the control level in the testosterone-treated group.", "contents": "Testosterone-indued focal myocarditis in rats. II. Morphological and biochemical observations of the adrenal in relation to the pathogenetical mechanism of cardiac lesions. Correlative morphological and biochemical studies were made on the adrenal of rats treated with daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days. Histologically, there is a thinning of the zona fasciculata with a decrease of cell numbers, swelling of the cell body and the occurrence of large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopic examination revealed swelling of mitochondria with reduction of cristae and hypertrophy of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with cluster formation or whirl-like arrangement. In in vitro biochemical experiments, it was noted that conversion of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone or 18-hydroxydeoxy-corticosterone was decreased to 45% of the control level in the testosterone-treated group.", "PMID": 739565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4116", "title": "Toxicity of heavy metals and insecticides on slime mold Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Toxicity of heavy metals and insecticides on the slime mold Physarum polycephalum was investigated in order to examine and estimate with ease the toxicity of environmental and occupational contaminants and also to study the effects of various agents on the cell membrane. Changes in survival time and in membrane potential of the slime mold were measured using a double chamber method. The results obtained suggest that their toxicity for the slime mold is accompanied by some change in the cell membrane, and that studies on toxicity for various chemical substances in the slime mold can be used as a screening method.", "contents": "Toxicity of heavy metals and insecticides on slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Toxicity of heavy metals and insecticides on the slime mold Physarum polycephalum was investigated in order to examine and estimate with ease the toxicity of environmental and occupational contaminants and also to study the effects of various agents on the cell membrane. Changes in survival time and in membrane potential of the slime mold were measured using a double chamber method. The results obtained suggest that their toxicity for the slime mold is accompanied by some change in the cell membrane, and that studies on toxicity for various chemical substances in the slime mold can be used as a screening method.", "PMID": 739566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4117", "title": "Effect of single exposure to toluene on Sidman avoidance response in rats.", "content": "Effects of single exposure to toluene on Sidman avoidance response in rats were studied. The animals, in which the behavioral base line had been established, were exposed 0, 1,000 and 3,000 ppm of toluene vapor for 4 hours and the effects on the behavioral pattern were investigated using Sidman avoidance test for one hour after the termination of toluene exposure. 1) Exposure to 0 or 1,000 ppm of toluene did not produce marked change on the operant behavior. After the exposure to 3,000 ppm, the animals produced increased responses with shortening of the inter-response-time (IRT) and no changes in shock counts from the beginning to the 50 min. zone of the Sidman avoidance test when compared with those before exposure. The behavioral change indicated here appears to be caused by a temporary breakdown of the established timing of lever pressing. 2) The effect of toluene on the operant behavior was strongest immediately after the termination of the exposure and the behavior recovered in about an hour. This result suggested that toluene is rapidly transfered to and removed from the brain.", "contents": "Effect of single exposure to toluene on Sidman avoidance response in rats. Effects of single exposure to toluene on Sidman avoidance response in rats were studied. The animals, in which the behavioral base line had been established, were exposed 0, 1,000 and 3,000 ppm of toluene vapor for 4 hours and the effects on the behavioral pattern were investigated using Sidman avoidance test for one hour after the termination of toluene exposure. 1) Exposure to 0 or 1,000 ppm of toluene did not produce marked change on the operant behavior. After the exposure to 3,000 ppm, the animals produced increased responses with shortening of the inter-response-time (IRT) and no changes in shock counts from the beginning to the 50 min. zone of the Sidman avoidance test when compared with those before exposure. The behavioral change indicated here appears to be caused by a temporary breakdown of the established timing of lever pressing. 2) The effect of toluene on the operant behavior was strongest immediately after the termination of the exposure and the behavior recovered in about an hour. This result suggested that toluene is rapidly transfered to and removed from the brain.", "PMID": 739567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4118", "title": "Acute thallotoxicosis: neuropathological and spectrophotometric studies on an autopsy case.", "content": "Acute thallotoxicosis has been studied in an autopsy case with characteristic neurological symptoms. Pathologic findings were composed of a rarefaction in cerebral white matter, swelling and fragmentation in peripheral nerve fibers and some chromatolytic changes in neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord. Trace amounts of thallous salt were measured in the tissues from the brain, liver and kidney using spectrophotometric technique. The locus of thallium affection is assumed to be a mitochondrial membrane with a specific affinity to the thallous ion.", "contents": "Acute thallotoxicosis: neuropathological and spectrophotometric studies on an autopsy case. Acute thallotoxicosis has been studied in an autopsy case with characteristic neurological symptoms. Pathologic findings were composed of a rarefaction in cerebral white matter, swelling and fragmentation in peripheral nerve fibers and some chromatolytic changes in neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord. Trace amounts of thallous salt were measured in the tissues from the brain, liver and kidney using spectrophotometric technique. The locus of thallium affection is assumed to be a mitochondrial membrane with a specific affinity to the thallous ion.", "PMID": 739568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4119", "title": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. XIII. Hematological changes in mice by a single and repeated administrations of trichothecenes.", "content": "A single or repeated administration of trichothecene mycotoxins to mice induced leukocytosis and leukopenia. Acute and sub-acute toxicosis of trichothecenes was characterized by hematological and pathological observations.", "contents": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. XIII. Hematological changes in mice by a single and repeated administrations of trichothecenes. A single or repeated administration of trichothecene mycotoxins to mice induced leukocytosis and leukopenia. Acute and sub-acute toxicosis of trichothecenes was characterized by hematological and pathological observations.", "PMID": 739569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4120", "title": "Oral hyperpigmentation and occult malignancy--report of a case.", "content": "Melanocytes exist in the oral and laryngeal mucosa capable of responding with a hyperpigmentation response to occult malignancy. Such a case is presented and its differentiation from other disease processes is discussed.", "contents": "Oral hyperpigmentation and occult malignancy--report of a case. Melanocytes exist in the oral and laryngeal mucosa capable of responding with a hyperpigmentation response to occult malignancy. Such a case is presented and its differentiation from other disease processes is discussed.", "PMID": 739570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4121", "title": "Bilateral paroxysmal positioning nystagmus.", "content": "The term \"bilateral paroxysmal positioning nystagmus\" (BPPN) refers to the occurrence of paroxysmal positioning nystagmus when the patient's head is placed in both right and left head-hanging positions. BPPN was found in at least 15% of 114 patients with benign positional vertigo. Head injury, central nervous system disease or both were causative in over half of patients with the finding. In some instances, paroxysmal positional nystagmus may be found when the abnormal ear (side) is uppermost rather than directed toward the floor; this fact may have important implications if singular neurectomy is to be performed.", "contents": "Bilateral paroxysmal positioning nystagmus. The term \"bilateral paroxysmal positioning nystagmus\" (BPPN) refers to the occurrence of paroxysmal positioning nystagmus when the patient's head is placed in both right and left head-hanging positions. BPPN was found in at least 15% of 114 patients with benign positional vertigo. Head injury, central nervous system disease or both were causative in over half of patients with the finding. In some instances, paroxysmal positional nystagmus may be found when the abnormal ear (side) is uppermost rather than directed toward the floor; this fact may have important implications if singular neurectomy is to be performed.", "PMID": 739571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4122", "title": "Absolute and relative reliability of several response parameters used in vestibular assessment.", "content": "This experiment investigated the reliability of five indices used to express the magnitude of induced vestibular nystagmus. The investigation was undertaken because information concerning the reliability of the various response parameters when caloric testing is repeated on the same subject is limited. Electronystagmographic assessments of the nystagmus response to the Fitzgerald-Hallpike test were obtained from 16 subjects on three occasions with equal intervals of time between occasions. The data were statistically treated with an analysis of variance technique that allows the generation of correlation coefficients. The findings showed that speed of the slow phase, total beats, culmination frequency, and total amplitude reliably express the magnitude of induced nystagmus on repeated tests. Duration of the induced reaction was not as reliable as the other indices on repeated testing. In addition, difference scores were more repeatable than absolute scores and the caution that must be maintained when using correlation coefficient analyses to estimate reliability is highlighted.", "contents": "Absolute and relative reliability of several response parameters used in vestibular assessment. This experiment investigated the reliability of five indices used to express the magnitude of induced vestibular nystagmus. The investigation was undertaken because information concerning the reliability of the various response parameters when caloric testing is repeated on the same subject is limited. Electronystagmographic assessments of the nystagmus response to the Fitzgerald-Hallpike test were obtained from 16 subjects on three occasions with equal intervals of time between occasions. The data were statistically treated with an analysis of variance technique that allows the generation of correlation coefficients. The findings showed that speed of the slow phase, total beats, culmination frequency, and total amplitude reliably express the magnitude of induced nystagmus on repeated tests. Duration of the induced reaction was not as reliable as the other indices on repeated testing. In addition, difference scores were more repeatable than absolute scores and the caution that must be maintained when using correlation coefficient analyses to estimate reliability is highlighted.", "PMID": 739572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4123", "title": "A case of progressive supranuclear palsy--neurotological findings and etiology.", "content": "The eye movements of a case of progressive supranuclear palsy were recorded over a period of time with the aid of electronystagmography. The etiology of this syndrome is not clearly understood as yet. In this case, however, we cannot neglect the influence of solvent intoxication.", "contents": "A case of progressive supranuclear palsy--neurotological findings and etiology. The eye movements of a case of progressive supranuclear palsy were recorded over a period of time with the aid of electronystagmography. The etiology of this syndrome is not clearly understood as yet. In this case, however, we cannot neglect the influence of solvent intoxication.", "PMID": 739573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4124", "title": "[Audiovestibular study in Friedreich's ataxia].", "content": "A preliminary report is presented of the audiovestibular findings in 16 cases of typical Friedreich ataxia. Many ENG abnormalities of the central type were found, the most frequent being square waves, ocular dysmetria, and disorganized pursuit of the pendulum. The other abnormal findings were less frequent or less specific. Peripheral vestibular  and auditory impairment were not the rule. Eventually, the electronystagmogram could become an early paraclinical screening test of Friedreich's disease.", "contents": "[Audiovestibular study in Friedreich's ataxia]. A preliminary report is presented of the audiovestibular findings in 16 cases of typical Friedreich ataxia. Many ENG abnormalities of the central type were found, the most frequent being square waves, ocular dysmetria, and disorganized pursuit of the pendulum. The other abnormal findings were less frequent or less specific. Peripheral vestibular  and auditory impairment were not the rule. Eventually, the electronystagmogram could become an early paraclinical screening test of Friedreich's disease.", "PMID": 739574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4125", "title": "Clinical investigation of the alteration in the middle ear impedance in patients with intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Marked pulsation occurring during middle ear impedance measurements may be caused by an intracranial hypertension sydnrome, with pulsations being transmitted to the middle ear by a variety of preformed natural pathways. Impedancemetry is a useful technique for diagnosing and following the syndrome.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of the alteration in the middle ear impedance in patients with intracranial hypertension. Marked pulsation occurring during middle ear impedance measurements may be caused by an intracranial hypertension sydnrome, with pulsations being transmitted to the middle ear by a variety of preformed natural pathways. Impedancemetry is a useful technique for diagnosing and following the syndrome.", "PMID": 739575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4126", "title": "A re-appraisal of intrinsic laryngeal muscle action.", "content": "Anatomical dissection and electrical stimulation of three intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the lateral cricoarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid, have demonstrated findings that contradict current teaching on laryngeal muscle action. The posterior cricoarytenoid and the thyroarytenoid muscles demonstrated complexities of movement which have not been previously described. Both have three forces of action capable of moving the arytenoid cartilage in three directions. These directions of movement were dependent upon the finite anatomy of the cricoarytenoid joint. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, because of its attachments and the direction of its fibres, acts as both an abductor and a dynamic ligament in arytenoid cartilage movement.", "contents": "A re-appraisal of intrinsic laryngeal muscle action. Anatomical dissection and electrical stimulation of three intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the lateral cricoarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid, have demonstrated findings that contradict current teaching on laryngeal muscle action. The posterior cricoarytenoid and the thyroarytenoid muscles demonstrated complexities of movement which have not been previously described. Both have three forces of action capable of moving the arytenoid cartilage in three directions. These directions of movement were dependent upon the finite anatomy of the cricoarytenoid joint. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, because of its attachments and the direction of its fibres, acts as both an abductor and a dynamic ligament in arytenoid cartilage movement.", "PMID": 739577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4127", "title": "Hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis--a comparison of aqueous extracts and Allpyral by means of rhinomanometry.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were hyposensitized with aqueous extracts (23 patients) and Allpyral extracts (33 patients). The clinical course was appraised objectively on the basis of rhinomanometry findings at examinations performed before hyposensitization and one year later. There was no essential difference between the two groups of patients as regards the relief of symptoms. A reduction of nasal congestion was recorded in 54 and 58% of the patients, respectively. Complications were less severe and less frequent in the Allpyral group.", "contents": "Hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis--a comparison of aqueous extracts and Allpyral by means of rhinomanometry. Fifty-six patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were hyposensitized with aqueous extracts (23 patients) and Allpyral extracts (33 patients). The clinical course was appraised objectively on the basis of rhinomanometry findings at examinations performed before hyposensitization and one year later. There was no essential difference between the two groups of patients as regards the relief of symptoms. A reduction of nasal congestion was recorded in 54 and 58% of the patients, respectively. Complications were less severe and less frequent in the Allpyral group.", "PMID": 739576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4128", "title": "Otolaryngological manpower III--February 1978.", "content": "The number of otolaryngologists in Canada appears to have dropped dramatically since 1975. Immigration regulations may further compound this and may also seriously threaten the viability of some of our teaching programs. A system that would allow us to continuously monitor our ability to provide optimum health care in otolaryngology should be developed by the Canadian Otolaryngological Society (COS) as a permanent \"agency\" of the Secretariat. Such a manpower information source backed by hard statistical data would enable the specialty itself to advise government agencies, the Royal College, provincial licensing boards, and otolaryngologists seeking placement of the present state of the nation.", "contents": "Otolaryngological manpower III--February 1978. The number of otolaryngologists in Canada appears to have dropped dramatically since 1975. Immigration regulations may further compound this and may also seriously threaten the viability of some of our teaching programs. A system that would allow us to continuously monitor our ability to provide optimum health care in otolaryngology should be developed by the Canadian Otolaryngological Society (COS) as a permanent \"agency\" of the Secretariat. Such a manpower information source backed by hard statistical data would enable the specialty itself to advise government agencies, the Royal College, provincial licensing boards, and otolaryngologists seeking placement of the present state of the nation.", "PMID": 739578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4129", "title": "Lesions associated with Philometroides huronensis (Nematoda: Philometridae) in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni).", "content": "Lesions associated with Philometroides huronensis in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) of southern Ontario occurred during the spring (April-June) and were related to the development and release of first-stage larvae from the gravid nematode. With movement of the subgravid female into the membranous region of the fin, subepidermal tissues were mechanically disrupted and compacted near the nematode. Gravid females were encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Release of first-stage larvae from the gravid nematode was facilitated by a cutaneous opening, disruption of the fibrous capsule and rupture of the nematode. An acute local inflammatory response was associated with this function. Spent nematodes were sequestered and resorbed.", "contents": "Lesions associated with Philometroides huronensis (Nematoda: Philometridae) in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Lesions associated with Philometroides huronensis in the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) of southern Ontario occurred during the spring (April-June) and were related to the development and release of first-stage larvae from the gravid nematode. With movement of the subgravid female into the membranous region of the fin, subepidermal tissues were mechanically disrupted and compacted near the nematode. Gravid females were encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Release of first-stage larvae from the gravid nematode was facilitated by a cutaneous opening, disruption of the fibrous capsule and rupture of the nematode. An acute local inflammatory response was associated with this function. Spent nematodes were sequestered and resorbed.", "PMID": 739580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4130", "title": "Bone marrow and hematologic values of wild raccoons.", "content": "Blood and bone marrow samples were obtained from wild raccoons in the State of Connecticut to determine leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and peripheral blood and bone marrow differential counts. Calculations were made to determine mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.", "contents": "Bone marrow and hematologic values of wild raccoons. Blood and bone marrow samples were obtained from wild raccoons in the State of Connecticut to determine leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and peripheral blood and bone marrow differential counts. Calculations were made to determine mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.", "PMID": 739581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4131", "title": "The parasite fauna of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina.", "content": "Twelve American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were obtained from three different areas of South Carolina. One species of pentastome (Sebekia oxycephala), two species of nematodes (Dujardinascaris waltoni and Multicaecum tenuicolle), four species of trematodes (Polycotyle ornata, Acanthostomum coronarium, Archaeodiplostomum acetabulatum and Pseudocrocodilicola americaniense) and one species of hemogregarine (Haemogregarina crocodilnorum) were recovered. Polycotyle ornata was observed only in alligators from Par Pond while P. americaniense was found in Par Pond and coastal hosts, A. acetabulatum from Kiawah Island and coastal alligators, and A. coronarium only at Kiawah Island. These patterns suggest disjunct distributions for the trematode species in South Carolina alligators. The other parasites were found in alligators from all three locations. The only parasite observed to initiate damage or lesions in the alligator was the pentastome.", "contents": "The parasite fauna of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina. Twelve American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) were obtained from three different areas of South Carolina. One species of pentastome (Sebekia oxycephala), two species of nematodes (Dujardinascaris waltoni and Multicaecum tenuicolle), four species of trematodes (Polycotyle ornata, Acanthostomum coronarium, Archaeodiplostomum acetabulatum and Pseudocrocodilicola americaniense) and one species of hemogregarine (Haemogregarina crocodilnorum) were recovered. Polycotyle ornata was observed only in alligators from Par Pond while P. americaniense was found in Par Pond and coastal hosts, A. acetabulatum from Kiawah Island and coastal alligators, and A. coronarium only at Kiawah Island. These patterns suggest disjunct distributions for the trematode species in South Carolina alligators. The other parasites were found in alligators from all three locations. The only parasite observed to initiate damage or lesions in the alligator was the pentastome.", "PMID": 739582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4132", "title": "Cerebrospinal parelaphostronglylosis in llamas.", "content": "Four of 11 llamas (Lama guanicoe) from a ranch near Houston, Texas developed clinical signs of a neurologic disease. Tissues from 2 of the 4 llamas were submitted for microscopic examination. Lesions in the central nervous system of both llamas appeared to have been caused by a migrating parasite. An adult nematode having morphologic features of the meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was found in the brain of one llama. The findings suggest that the neurologic disease in the llamas were caused by P. tenuis.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal parelaphostronglylosis in llamas. Four of 11 llamas (Lama guanicoe) from a ranch near Houston, Texas developed clinical signs of a neurologic disease. Tissues from 2 of the 4 llamas were submitted for microscopic examination. Lesions in the central nervous system of both llamas appeared to have been caused by a migrating parasite. An adult nematode having morphologic features of the meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was found in the brain of one llama. The findings suggest that the neurologic disease in the llamas were caused by P. tenuis.", "PMID": 739583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4133", "title": "Pancreatic duct adenoma and strangulation of the small intestine in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).", "content": "A 16 year-old female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) died in a zoological garden following a period of insidious weight loss. Necropsy revealed a loop of intestine strangulated by a fibrous ring connected to a pancreatic mass. Histopathologic diagnosis of the latter was pancreatic duct adenoma.", "contents": "Pancreatic duct adenoma and strangulation of the small intestine in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). A 16 year-old female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) died in a zoological garden following a period of insidious weight loss. Necropsy revealed a loop of intestine strangulated by a fibrous ring connected to a pancreatic mass. Histopathologic diagnosis of the latter was pancreatic duct adenoma.", "PMID": 739584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4134", "title": "Haematologic parameters on various species of strigiformes and falconiformes.", "content": "Normal mean values for packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, total protein and mean corpuscular volume were obtained from 37 species of Strigiformes and Falconiformes representing 207 individuals.", "contents": "Haematologic parameters on various species of strigiformes and falconiformes. Normal mean values for packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, total protein and mean corpuscular volume were obtained from 37 species of Strigiformes and Falconiformes representing 207 individuals.", "PMID": 739585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4135", "title": "Activities of dichlorvos or disophenol against the hookworm (Uncinaria lucasi) and sucking lice of northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska.", "content": "One controlled and six critical tests were conducted in July, 1977 with northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) to determine the efficacies of a single dose of dichlorvos capsules at 29.3 to 32.8 mg/kg, tablets at 10.5 to 11.5 mg/kg, or disophenol at 9.9 mg/kg given subcutaneously against natural infections of adult Uncinaria lucasi. In the controlled test, 20 pups were treated and 10 pups were nontreated. Removal of hookworms in this test was 99% for five pups receiving dichlorvos capsules, 99% for five pups receiving dichlorvos tablets, and 77% for 10 pups receiving disophenol. Also, both formulations of dichlorvos and the formulation of disophenol were highly active against natural infestations of two species of sucking lice (Proechinophthirus fluctus and Antarctopthirus callorhini). In critical tests with four pups treated with dichlorvos capsules at 28.6 to 30.6 mg/kg, removal of hookworms was uniformly 100%. Disophenol at 9.9 mg/kg removed 100% and less than 1% of hookworms in two pups, respectively, in critical tests.", "contents": "Activities of dichlorvos or disophenol against the hookworm (Uncinaria lucasi) and sucking lice of northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska. One controlled and six critical tests were conducted in July, 1977 with northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) to determine the efficacies of a single dose of dichlorvos capsules at 29.3 to 32.8 mg/kg, tablets at 10.5 to 11.5 mg/kg, or disophenol at 9.9 mg/kg given subcutaneously against natural infections of adult Uncinaria lucasi. In the controlled test, 20 pups were treated and 10 pups were nontreated. Removal of hookworms in this test was 99% for five pups receiving dichlorvos capsules, 99% for five pups receiving dichlorvos tablets, and 77% for 10 pups receiving disophenol. Also, both formulations of dichlorvos and the formulation of disophenol were highly active against natural infestations of two species of sucking lice (Proechinophthirus fluctus and Antarctopthirus callorhini). In critical tests with four pups treated with dichlorvos capsules at 28.6 to 30.6 mg/kg, removal of hookworms was uniformly 100%. Disophenol at 9.9 mg/kg removed 100% and less than 1% of hookworms in two pups, respectively, in critical tests.", "PMID": 739586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4136", "title": "Normal fasting plasma glucose levels in some birds of prey.", "content": "Blood samples taken from five great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), eight red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), four marsh hawks (Circus cyaneus), two prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), five golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and five white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) that had been fasted for 24 h were used to determine plasma levels of glucose by the glucose oxidase method. The mean plasma glucose levels were: great horned owls 374.6 mg/100 ml, red-tailed hawks 346.5 mg/00 ml, marsh hawks 369.3 mg/100 ml, prairie falcons 414.5 mg/100 ml, golden eagles 368.4 mg/100 ml, and white Leghorn chickens 218.2 mg/100 ml. The plasma glucose levels obtained for the raptorial birds in this study were considerably higher than those found for the chickens. These values are discussed in relation to the carnivorous food habits of raptors.", "contents": "Normal fasting plasma glucose levels in some birds of prey. Blood samples taken from five great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), eight red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), four marsh hawks (Circus cyaneus), two prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), five golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and five white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) that had been fasted for 24 h were used to determine plasma levels of glucose by the glucose oxidase method. The mean plasma glucose levels were: great horned owls 374.6 mg/100 ml, red-tailed hawks 346.5 mg/00 ml, marsh hawks 369.3 mg/100 ml, prairie falcons 414.5 mg/100 ml, golden eagles 368.4 mg/100 ml, and white Leghorn chickens 218.2 mg/100 ml. The plasma glucose levels obtained for the raptorial birds in this study were considerably higher than those found for the chickens. These values are discussed in relation to the carnivorous food habits of raptors.", "PMID": 739587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4137", "title": "Rabies antibody prevalence and virus tissue tropism in wild carnivores in Virginia.", "content": "Carnivores trapped in a rabies control program in Virginia were examined for rabies virus and serum neutralizing antibody. Local antibody prevalence ranged from 0% to 29% in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Rabies virus was pantropic in naturally infected gray foxes and a bobcat (Lynx rufus).", "contents": "Rabies antibody prevalence and virus tissue tropism in wild carnivores in Virginia. Carnivores trapped in a rabies control program in Virginia were examined for rabies virus and serum neutralizing antibody. Local antibody prevalence ranged from 0% to 29% in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Rabies virus was pantropic in naturally infected gray foxes and a bobcat (Lynx rufus).", "PMID": 739588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4138", "title": "Serologic and hematologic values of bison in Colorado.", "content": "Recent economic and aesthetic interest in North American bison (Bison bison) has lead to increased interstate transport of these animals. Serologic and hematologic standards for bison are needed to detect disease in transported animals as well as within herds. This paper describes variation in blood physiological parameters in bison caused by variations in diet and season. Blood was taken from six bison and analyzed for serologic and hematologic parameters. Significant variation was found in blood urea nitrogen, chloride, cholesterol, creatinine, eosinophil, glucose, hemoglobin, lactic dehydrogenase, leukocyte, packed cell volume, potassium, serum globulin, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, SGPT, and sodium levels between animals receiving a high energy-high nitrogen diet and animals receiving a low energy-low nitrogen diet.", "contents": "Serologic and hematologic values of bison in Colorado. Recent economic and aesthetic interest in North American bison (Bison bison) has lead to increased interstate transport of these animals. Serologic and hematologic standards for bison are needed to detect disease in transported animals as well as within herds. This paper describes variation in blood physiological parameters in bison caused by variations in diet and season. Blood was taken from six bison and analyzed for serologic and hematologic parameters. Significant variation was found in blood urea nitrogen, chloride, cholesterol, creatinine, eosinophil, glucose, hemoglobin, lactic dehydrogenase, leukocyte, packed cell volume, potassium, serum globulin, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, SGPT, and sodium levels between animals receiving a high energy-high nitrogen diet and animals receiving a low energy-low nitrogen diet.", "PMID": 739589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4139", "title": "Anesthesia in the coyote using a combination of ketamine and xylazine.", "content": "Ketamine and xylazine were combined to provide anesthesia for coyotes. The drugs were tested in eight adult animals divided equally by sex. A dosage combining 5.5 mg./kg. of each drug provided effective anesthesia for periods from 45 to 60 min.", "contents": "Anesthesia in the coyote using a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Ketamine and xylazine were combined to provide anesthesia for coyotes. The drugs were tested in eight adult animals divided equally by sex. A dosage combining 5.5 mg./kg. of each drug provided effective anesthesia for periods from 45 to 60 min.", "PMID": 739590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4140", "title": "Methoxyflurane anesthesia in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns.", "content": "Methoxyflurane inhalation was used a total of 58 times to anesthetize 23 hand-reared mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns ranging from 25 to 85 days of age. Induction, maintenance, and recovery times were recorded for 28 anesthetizations. Induction time was unrelated to age and averaged 3 +/- 1 min (X +/- SD). Recovery time was longest in the youngest fawns and varied with the depth but not with the length of anesthesia. Induction and recovery were smooth, the depth of anesthesia was easily controlled, and analgesia and muscle relaxation was excellent. No adverse effects or complications were encountered.", "contents": "Methoxyflurane anesthesia in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns. Methoxyflurane inhalation was used a total of 58 times to anesthetize 23 hand-reared mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns ranging from 25 to 85 days of age. Induction, maintenance, and recovery times were recorded for 28 anesthetizations. Induction time was unrelated to age and averaged 3 +/- 1 min (X +/- SD). Recovery time was longest in the youngest fawns and varied with the depth but not with the length of anesthesia. Induction and recovery were smooth, the depth of anesthesia was easily controlled, and analgesia and muscle relaxation was excellent. No adverse effects or complications were encountered.", "PMID": 739591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4141", "title": "[Dose-response relationships at different exposure levels. Re-examination in establishing no-effect levels (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study dose-response and dose-effect relationships were examined with reference to no-effect levels using observed data from three groups of lead workers who had been exposed to three different concentrations of lead. Blood lead concentration (PbB) was used for \"dose\" and ALA concentration in urine (ALAU) and rate for 5 mg/l or greater of ALAU were used as \"effect\" and \"response\" respectively. Dose-effect and dose-response relationships between PbB and ALAU of these three different exposure populations indicated three different curves although theoretically they should all have indicated a similar curve. This means that \"effect\" or \"response\" for the highest exposure group was higher than that for the lowest exposure group on the same \"dose\" level. This difference is statistically explained for the most part by variations in the determinations of \"dose\" (PbB) as well as \"effect\" or \"response\" (ALAU). In view of the above results, it would seem that re-examination is required in establishing criteria of no-effect levels for dose-response relationships of various environmental chemicals.", "contents": "[Dose-response relationships at different exposure levels. Re-examination in establishing no-effect levels (author's transl)]. In this study dose-response and dose-effect relationships were examined with reference to no-effect levels using observed data from three groups of lead workers who had been exposed to three different concentrations of lead. Blood lead concentration (PbB) was used for \"dose\" and ALA concentration in urine (ALAU) and rate for 5 mg/l or greater of ALAU were used as \"effect\" and \"response\" respectively. Dose-effect and dose-response relationships between PbB and ALAU of these three different exposure populations indicated three different curves although theoretically they should all have indicated a similar curve. This means that \"effect\" or \"response\" for the highest exposure group was higher than that for the lowest exposure group on the same \"dose\" level. This difference is statistically explained for the most part by variations in the determinations of \"dose\" (PbB) as well as \"effect\" or \"response\" (ALAU). In view of the above results, it would seem that re-examination is required in establishing criteria of no-effect levels for dose-response relationships of various environmental chemicals.", "PMID": 739637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4142", "title": "The chemical receptive mechanism in the lateral-line organ.", "content": "Stimulating effects of various mono- and divalent cations on the lateral-line organ were theoretically analysed by use of the site binding chemical adsorption model with the principle of \"hard and soft acids and bases.\" A linear relation between the softness parameter and the logarithmic value of the intrinsic association constant was obtained for the cations of Na, K, Tl, Ag, Ca, Mg, and Cd. The order of effectiveness of these cations agreed with that of the intrinsic association constant. Using these values for various cations, the critical concentration of divalent cations necessary to supress the effect of monovalent cations was calculated and compared with the experimental values. The calculated concentration of the hard divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), which suppressed the effect of the hard monovalent cations (K+, Na+), agreed with the experimental concentration. The same relations were obtained between the suppressive effect of a soft divalent and a soft monovalent cation. The chemical adsorption of Ag+ on the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an X-ray microprobe analyser in order to get further confirmation of this model. Silver applied to the lateral-line organ was found around a kinocilium but not in the hair cells of the lateral-line organ. Thus chemical adsorption of the cation on the surface of the receptor membrane was directly proved.", "contents": "The chemical receptive mechanism in the lateral-line organ. Stimulating effects of various mono- and divalent cations on the lateral-line organ were theoretically analysed by use of the site binding chemical adsorption model with the principle of \"hard and soft acids and bases.\" A linear relation between the softness parameter and the logarithmic value of the intrinsic association constant was obtained for the cations of Na, K, Tl, Ag, Ca, Mg, and Cd. The order of effectiveness of these cations agreed with that of the intrinsic association constant. Using these values for various cations, the critical concentration of divalent cations necessary to supress the effect of monovalent cations was calculated and compared with the experimental values. The calculated concentration of the hard divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), which suppressed the effect of the hard monovalent cations (K+, Na+), agreed with the experimental concentration. The same relations were obtained between the suppressive effect of a soft divalent and a soft monovalent cation. The chemical adsorption of Ag+ on the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an X-ray microprobe analyser in order to get further confirmation of this model. Silver applied to the lateral-line organ was found around a kinocilium but not in the hair cells of the lateral-line organ. Thus chemical adsorption of the cation on the surface of the receptor membrane was directly proved.", "PMID": 739683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4143", "title": "Electrophysiological studies of two types of thalamo-cortical neurones and their responses to stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation.", "content": "1. Thalamo-cortical (T-C) neurones projecting their axons to the motor cortex were recorded intra- or extra-cellularly in the anterior ventral and lateral ventral nuclear complex of the thalamus in lightly nembutalized cats. The T-C neurones were identified as responding antidromically to stimulation of the motor cortex, and were examined in connection with effects of stimulation of the centrum medianumparafascicular complex (CM), pallidum (Pal), cerebellar nuclei (CN) and mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). 2. The T-C neurones were classified into two groups, A and B. The A-group neurones responded neither to stimulation of CM nor to that of Pal. By contrast, the B-group neurones were activated from either CM, Pal or both. The effect of RF stimulation was facilitatory in many of the A-group neurones whereas it was mostly inhibitory in the B-group neurones. CN stimulation activated most of the T-C neurones in both A and B groups. 3. The A-group neurones were categorized as the deep T-C neurones mediating the deep T-C response of the cortex (the early surface-positive-deep-negative component of the augmenting response) and the B-group neurones as the superficial T-C neurones mediating the superficial T-C response of the cortex (the recruiting response and the late surface-negative-deep-positive component of the augmenting response). Desynchronization of electrocorticograms in response to RF stimulation was suggested to result from inhibition of the superficial T-C neurones and facilitation of the deep T-C neurones.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies of two types of thalamo-cortical neurones and their responses to stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation. 1. Thalamo-cortical (T-C) neurones projecting their axons to the motor cortex were recorded intra- or extra-cellularly in the anterior ventral and lateral ventral nuclear complex of the thalamus in lightly nembutalized cats. The T-C neurones were identified as responding antidromically to stimulation of the motor cortex, and were examined in connection with effects of stimulation of the centrum medianumparafascicular complex (CM), pallidum (Pal), cerebellar nuclei (CN) and mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). 2. The T-C neurones were classified into two groups, A and B. The A-group neurones responded neither to stimulation of CM nor to that of Pal. By contrast, the B-group neurones were activated from either CM, Pal or both. The effect of RF stimulation was facilitatory in many of the A-group neurones whereas it was mostly inhibitory in the B-group neurones. CN stimulation activated most of the T-C neurones in both A and B groups. 3. The A-group neurones were categorized as the deep T-C neurones mediating the deep T-C response of the cortex (the early surface-positive-deep-negative component of the augmenting response) and the B-group neurones as the superficial T-C neurones mediating the superficial T-C response of the cortex (the recruiting response and the late surface-negative-deep-positive component of the augmenting response). Desynchronization of electrocorticograms in response to RF stimulation was suggested to result from inhibition of the superficial T-C neurones and facilitation of the deep T-C neurones.", "PMID": 739684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4144", "title": "Comparative aspects of membrane properties and innervation of longitudinal and circular muscle layers of rabbit jejunum.", "content": "Longitudinal muscle of the rabbit jejunum usually generated burst discharges, whereas circular muscle mainly generated slow potential change. Membrane potential was higher, and the space and time constants were larger in circular muscle than in longitudinal muscle. Current-voltage relationship exhibited anomalous rectification by depolarization of membrane in longitudinal muscle cells, and delayed rectification in most circular muscle. Excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) were recorded from both muscles and inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) were recorded from only circular muscle. The e.j.p.s consisted of muscarinic e.j.p.s and atropineresistant e.j.p.s, but only the latter were recorded from circular muscle. The i.j.p.s were not affected by either or both alpha- and beta-blockers, but were blocked by TTX. From mechanical and electrical responses of both muscle layers induced by field stimulation, it was postulated that four different types of nerve fibres innervate the jejunum muscles: (I) cholinergic excitatory nerves, (II) non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves (or purinergic nerves), (III) non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic excitatory nerves and (IV) adrenergic inhibitory nerves. In the longitudinal muscle, (I) was dominant, but (II) was also found. In the circular muscle all four types were found to exist. Effects of adrenergic nerve stimulation on the membrane potential was not detected by stimulation below 10 Hz, although externally applied noradrenaline at 5.9 X 10(-8)m had a relaxing effect.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of membrane properties and innervation of longitudinal and circular muscle layers of rabbit jejunum. Longitudinal muscle of the rabbit jejunum usually generated burst discharges, whereas circular muscle mainly generated slow potential change. Membrane potential was higher, and the space and time constants were larger in circular muscle than in longitudinal muscle. Current-voltage relationship exhibited anomalous rectification by depolarization of membrane in longitudinal muscle cells, and delayed rectification in most circular muscle. Excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) were recorded from both muscles and inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) were recorded from only circular muscle. The e.j.p.s consisted of muscarinic e.j.p.s and atropineresistant e.j.p.s, but only the latter were recorded from circular muscle. The i.j.p.s were not affected by either or both alpha- and beta-blockers, but were blocked by TTX. From mechanical and electrical responses of both muscle layers induced by field stimulation, it was postulated that four different types of nerve fibres innervate the jejunum muscles: (I) cholinergic excitatory nerves, (II) non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves (or purinergic nerves), (III) non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic excitatory nerves and (IV) adrenergic inhibitory nerves. In the longitudinal muscle, (I) was dominant, but (II) was also found. In the circular muscle all four types were found to exist. Effects of adrenergic nerve stimulation on the membrane potential was not detected by stimulation below 10 Hz, although externally applied noradrenaline at 5.9 X 10(-8)m had a relaxing effect.", "PMID": 739685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4145", "title": "Tissue specificity of inhibitory action of excess thyroid hormone on creatine transport in the rat.", "content": "Tissue specificities in inhibitory action of excess triiodothyronine (T3) on creatine uptake from the plasma and the effect of denervation of the muscle on the inhibitory action were studied in rats with the use of radioactive creatine. The uptake of radioactive creatine of all muscles studied significantly diminished after T3 (100 microgram/100 g, s.c.) injection, while that of brain was not affected by T3 treatment. Tissue specificity of the T3 action on creatine uptake was consistent with that of previously known T3 action on oxygen consumption. The responses to inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake were not different in different types of the skeletal muscles. Although the uptake of radioactive creatine of denervated muscles was significantly lower than that of controls, inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake was similarly observed in denervated muscles as well as in normal ones. The results indicate that T3 has a direct effect on muscle cell per se and the inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake by the muscle is closely related to T3 action on the energy-requiring process in cell membrane.", "contents": "Tissue specificity of inhibitory action of excess thyroid hormone on creatine transport in the rat. Tissue specificities in inhibitory action of excess triiodothyronine (T3) on creatine uptake from the plasma and the effect of denervation of the muscle on the inhibitory action were studied in rats with the use of radioactive creatine. The uptake of radioactive creatine of all muscles studied significantly diminished after T3 (100 microgram/100 g, s.c.) injection, while that of brain was not affected by T3 treatment. Tissue specificity of the T3 action on creatine uptake was consistent with that of previously known T3 action on oxygen consumption. The responses to inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake were not different in different types of the skeletal muscles. Although the uptake of radioactive creatine of denervated muscles was significantly lower than that of controls, inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake was similarly observed in denervated muscles as well as in normal ones. The results indicate that T3 has a direct effect on muscle cell per se and the inhibitory action of T3 on creatine uptake by the muscle is closely related to T3 action on the energy-requiring process in cell membrane.", "PMID": 739686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4146", "title": "The effects of phenylephrine in various ionic environments on the circular muscle of mid-pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "In 12-15-day pregnant rat myometrium, spikes of the longitudinal muscle were discharged spontaneously in burst, while the circular muscle had predominantly a plateau potential. In the longitudinal muscle, phenylephrine (10(-7) g/ml) slightly decreased the duration of the burst discharge and suppressed the contraction by beta-adrenoreceptor stimulation. In the circular muscle, phenylephrine (10(-7) g/ml) prolonged the duration of the plateau potential leading to an increase in tension without changing the amplitude of plateau, membrane potential and membrane conductance by alpha-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The effects of phenylephrine on the circular muscle in various ionic environments were observed. In K-free solution, spike generation ceased but phenylephrine depolarized the membrane, generated the prepotential with spikes and prolonged plateau duration. In low-Ca solution, spontaneous spike generation ceased and electrically evoked spikes showed short plateau duration. Phenylephrine restored the membrane activity and prolonged the plateau duration. Excess Ca showed either prolonged (less than 5mM) or reduced (greater than 8mM) the plateau duration, but phenylephrine consistently prolonged plateau duration. When Cl was replaced with either Br or benzene sulphonate, the former prolonged plateau duration and increased the excitability, whereas the latter reduced plateau duration and suppressed the spontaneous activity. Phenylephrine prolonged plateau duration in both Cl-deficient solutions. When NaCl was replaced by choline-Cl, leaving 15.7 mM Na remaining in NaHCO3 buffer, phenylephrine action completely ceased. The ionic mechanism involved in phenylephrine action is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of phenylephrine in various ionic environments on the circular muscle of mid-pregnant rat myometrium. In 12-15-day pregnant rat myometrium, spikes of the longitudinal muscle were discharged spontaneously in burst, while the circular muscle had predominantly a plateau potential. In the longitudinal muscle, phenylephrine (10(-7) g/ml) slightly decreased the duration of the burst discharge and suppressed the contraction by beta-adrenoreceptor stimulation. In the circular muscle, phenylephrine (10(-7) g/ml) prolonged the duration of the plateau potential leading to an increase in tension without changing the amplitude of plateau, membrane potential and membrane conductance by alpha-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The effects of phenylephrine on the circular muscle in various ionic environments were observed. In K-free solution, spike generation ceased but phenylephrine depolarized the membrane, generated the prepotential with spikes and prolonged plateau duration. In low-Ca solution, spontaneous spike generation ceased and electrically evoked spikes showed short plateau duration. Phenylephrine restored the membrane activity and prolonged the plateau duration. Excess Ca showed either prolonged (less than 5mM) or reduced (greater than 8mM) the plateau duration, but phenylephrine consistently prolonged plateau duration. When Cl was replaced with either Br or benzene sulphonate, the former prolonged plateau duration and increased the excitability, whereas the latter reduced plateau duration and suppressed the spontaneous activity. Phenylephrine prolonged plateau duration in both Cl-deficient solutions. When NaCl was replaced by choline-Cl, leaving 15.7 mM Na remaining in NaHCO3 buffer, phenylephrine action completely ceased. The ionic mechanism involved in phenylephrine action is discussed.", "PMID": 739687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4147", "title": "Effects of catecholamines on the circular muscle of rat myometria at term during pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of catecholamines on the circular muscle of myometria in pregnant rats at term (21st and 22nd days) were investigated by recording electrical and mechanical responses. Slow potentials were found to be the dominant activity in the morning on the 21st day of pregnancy, and spike potentials were manifested on the 22nd day. The alpha-excitation of catecholamines in the circular muscle was represented by mechanical potentiation, prolongation of the slow potential and depolarization of the membrane. In contrast, the beta-inhibition was mechanical inhibition, depression of the slow potential and hyperpolarization. Noradrenaline at a concentration of 6 X 10(-6M caused excitatory action in the circular muscle on the 21st day of pregnancy, while the effect became inhibitory on the 22nd day of pregnancy. Results obtained by the use of adrenergic agonists and antagonists led to the conclusion that the reversal of the effect of noradrenaline could be ascribed largely to the enhancement of the beta-action, the mechanism of which was brought about probably through the endogenous change in the steroid hormone secretion at the very end of pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines on the circular muscle of rat myometria at term during pregnancy. The effects of catecholamines on the circular muscle of myometria in pregnant rats at term (21st and 22nd days) were investigated by recording electrical and mechanical responses. Slow potentials were found to be the dominant activity in the morning on the 21st day of pregnancy, and spike potentials were manifested on the 22nd day. The alpha-excitation of catecholamines in the circular muscle was represented by mechanical potentiation, prolongation of the slow potential and depolarization of the membrane. In contrast, the beta-inhibition was mechanical inhibition, depression of the slow potential and hyperpolarization. Noradrenaline at a concentration of 6 X 10(-6M caused excitatory action in the circular muscle on the 21st day of pregnancy, while the effect became inhibitory on the 22nd day of pregnancy. Results obtained by the use of adrenergic agonists and antagonists led to the conclusion that the reversal of the effect of noradrenaline could be ascribed largely to the enhancement of the beta-action, the mechanism of which was brought about probably through the endogenous change in the steroid hormone secretion at the very end of pregnancy.", "PMID": 739688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4148", "title": "Intracellular recordings from the motor cortex during EEG arousal in unanaesthetized brain preparations of the cat.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from 92 neurones in the precruciate cortex of enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 and midpontine pretrigeminal preparations of the cat. 2. All but only one of these cells showed appreciable changes in the membrane potential during the transition from the cortical slow wave phase to the EEG arousal occurring spontaneously or induced by stimulating the midbrain reticular formation. Thus, 38 cells were depolarized (D-type cells), 48 cells hyperpolarized (H-type cells) and 5 cells showed an early hyperpolarization and a later depolarization (mixed type). 3. The latency of intracellular responses to reticular stimulation was shorter in the D-type cells than the H-type or mixed-type cells, and shorter for each of the D- and H-types in the cells of the superficial layers than those of the deep layers. 4. The D-type cells were distributed widely through laminae I to V, but the majority was sampled in lamina II. The H-type cells were located in laminae III-VI with the mode at the upper half of lamina III. The mixed-type cells were mostly located in laminge V and VI. 5. Antidromically identified slow pyramidal tract (PT) cells n=9) all belonged to the D-type, and fast PT cells either to the H- (n=11) or the mixed type (n=4). 6. These results suggest that the EEG arousal is a state composed of both excitatory and inhibitory responses of cortical cells which are processed from the superficial to the deep layers.", "contents": "Intracellular recordings from the motor cortex during EEG arousal in unanaesthetized brain preparations of the cat. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from 92 neurones in the precruciate cortex of enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 and midpontine pretrigeminal preparations of the cat. 2. All but only one of these cells showed appreciable changes in the membrane potential during the transition from the cortical slow wave phase to the EEG arousal occurring spontaneously or induced by stimulating the midbrain reticular formation. Thus, 38 cells were depolarized (D-type cells), 48 cells hyperpolarized (H-type cells) and 5 cells showed an early hyperpolarization and a later depolarization (mixed type). 3. The latency of intracellular responses to reticular stimulation was shorter in the D-type cells than the H-type or mixed-type cells, and shorter for each of the D- and H-types in the cells of the superficial layers than those of the deep layers. 4. The D-type cells were distributed widely through laminae I to V, but the majority was sampled in lamina II. The H-type cells were located in laminae III-VI with the mode at the upper half of lamina III. The mixed-type cells were mostly located in laminge V and VI. 5. Antidromically identified slow pyramidal tract (PT) cells n=9) all belonged to the D-type, and fast PT cells either to the H- (n=11) or the mixed type (n=4). 6. These results suggest that the EEG arousal is a state composed of both excitatory and inhibitory responses of cortical cells which are processed from the superficial to the deep layers.", "PMID": 739689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4149", "title": "An intracellular analysis of EEG arousal in cat motor cortex.", "content": "1. Changes in the resting potential and the effective membrane resistance were measured in 77 cells in cat precruciate cortex during the transition from cortical slow wave phase to EEG arousal. 2. These 77 neurones were classified into the recipient cells of the following five different actions on the EEG arousal: (1) postsynaptic excitation (E cells), (2) postsynaptic inhbition (I cells), (3) disinhibition (DI cells), (4) disfacilitation (DF cells) and (5) disfacilitation followed by excitation (DF-E cells). 3. The location of E cells ranged from laminae I to V, but the majority was found in lamina II. Most I cells were located in the upper half of lamina III, and a few in lamina V. DF, DI and DF-E cells existed deeply from the lower half of lamina III to laminae V-VI. 4. Slow pyramidal tract (PT) cells (n = 6) all belonged to the E cell group, whereas fast PT cells were divided into the DF (n = 10) and DF-E cell groups (n = 4). 5. It is postulated that the EEG arousal is initiated with a direct excitation of laminae I-II cells, followed by excitation and inhibition to the upper lamina III cells and further processed to laminae III-VI cells with indirect excitation, inhibition, disinhibition and disfacilitation. The model of four vertical transmission relays is proposed to depict the casade pattern of information being processed through the cortex during the EEG arousal.", "contents": "An intracellular analysis of EEG arousal in cat motor cortex. 1. Changes in the resting potential and the effective membrane resistance were measured in 77 cells in cat precruciate cortex during the transition from cortical slow wave phase to EEG arousal. 2. These 77 neurones were classified into the recipient cells of the following five different actions on the EEG arousal: (1) postsynaptic excitation (E cells), (2) postsynaptic inhbition (I cells), (3) disinhibition (DI cells), (4) disfacilitation (DF cells) and (5) disfacilitation followed by excitation (DF-E cells). 3. The location of E cells ranged from laminae I to V, but the majority was found in lamina II. Most I cells were located in the upper half of lamina III, and a few in lamina V. DF, DI and DF-E cells existed deeply from the lower half of lamina III to laminae V-VI. 4. Slow pyramidal tract (PT) cells (n = 6) all belonged to the E cell group, whereas fast PT cells were divided into the DF (n = 10) and DF-E cell groups (n = 4). 5. It is postulated that the EEG arousal is initiated with a direct excitation of laminae I-II cells, followed by excitation and inhibition to the upper lamina III cells and further processed to laminae III-VI cells with indirect excitation, inhibition, disinhibition and disfacilitation. The model of four vertical transmission relays is proposed to depict the casade pattern of information being processed through the cortex during the EEG arousal.", "PMID": 739690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4150", "title": "[The effects of cue stimuli on the reaction times of mentally retarded children: an examination of the temporal factor and the spatial factor (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the covert behavior performed by retardates during the warning intervals of simple RT task, cue stimuli consisting of a combination of the mode of the temporal presentation (regular vs. irregular) and the mode of spatial presentation (regular vs. irregular), were introduced in the warning interval. Retarded and normal children performed under these conditions. For retardates the spatial regularity was more effective than the temporal regularity. For normals there was little RT difference among the four experimental conditions. Retardates had minimized RT under the condition in which the cue stimuli were presented regularly in the spatial order. These results suggested the difference in the covert behavior performed by retardates and normals.", "contents": "[The effects of cue stimuli on the reaction times of mentally retarded children: an examination of the temporal factor and the spatial factor (author's transl)]. To investigate the covert behavior performed by retardates during the warning intervals of simple RT task, cue stimuli consisting of a combination of the mode of the temporal presentation (regular vs. irregular) and the mode of spatial presentation (regular vs. irregular), were introduced in the warning interval. Retarded and normal children performed under these conditions. For retardates the spatial regularity was more effective than the temporal regularity. For normals there was little RT difference among the four experimental conditions. Retardates had minimized RT under the condition in which the cue stimuli were presented regularly in the spatial order. These results suggested the difference in the covert behavior performed by retardates and normals.", "PMID": 739691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4151", "title": "[A study of psychological stress: observations of serial performance under the stress induced experimentally by different kind of procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper aims to investigate the common changes observed in serial performance irrespective of any stressors experimentally prepared, examining the relations between common changes under stress and personal types of performance. Sixty-six students served as subjects. Measurements of serial reaction time, variance in speed of performance, blockings, corrections, errors, omissions and repetitions were made on simple color naming (experimentally non-stress), competitive color naming (stressor, incongruent stimuli) and high-speed color naming (stressor, controlled high-speed). The results showed that stressors of different kinds induced common changes and the indices of stress implied magnified features of personal types of performance. These findings were discussed in terms of Selye's theory of stress.", "contents": "[A study of psychological stress: observations of serial performance under the stress induced experimentally by different kind of procedures (author's transl)]. This paper aims to investigate the common changes observed in serial performance irrespective of any stressors experimentally prepared, examining the relations between common changes under stress and personal types of performance. Sixty-six students served as subjects. Measurements of serial reaction time, variance in speed of performance, blockings, corrections, errors, omissions and repetitions were made on simple color naming (experimentally non-stress), competitive color naming (stressor, incongruent stimuli) and high-speed color naming (stressor, controlled high-speed). The results showed that stressors of different kinds induced common changes and the indices of stress implied magnified features of personal types of performance. These findings were discussed in terms of Selye's theory of stress.", "PMID": 739692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4152", "title": "[Experimental studies of the esophageal blood flow on the pathogenesis of achalasia (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of achalasia, adult mongrel dogs were used for experimental research on the blood flow to the esophagus following bilateral cervical vagotomy. The control group consisted of forty dogs which were subjected to acute experiment. Thirty dogs were sacrificed for induced-achalasia-like animal. However only seven of them were eligible for this study. The measurement of the blood flow was taken from two sites of the esophagus by using the thermoelectrical method, the upper one was located at 2 cm distal to V. hemiazygos, the lower one 2 cm proximal to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. On adrenaline loading, an increasing blood flow to the esophagus was observed in the control group. 2. A decreasing blood flow was demonstrated in the achalasia-like group. 3. The disagreement of the above two measurements could be abolished on administration of an alpha blocking agent; phentolamine. Accordingly, a decreasing blood flow to the esophagus on adrenaline loading in achalasia-like group in contrast to the control one greatly suggested that the abnormality of the blood flow to the esophagus might predispose to the pathogenesis of the achalasia.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the esophageal blood flow on the pathogenesis of achalasia (author's transl)]. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of achalasia, adult mongrel dogs were used for experimental research on the blood flow to the esophagus following bilateral cervical vagotomy. The control group consisted of forty dogs which were subjected to acute experiment. Thirty dogs were sacrificed for induced-achalasia-like animal. However only seven of them were eligible for this study. The measurement of the blood flow was taken from two sites of the esophagus by using the thermoelectrical method, the upper one was located at 2 cm distal to V. hemiazygos, the lower one 2 cm proximal to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. On adrenaline loading, an increasing blood flow to the esophagus was observed in the control group. 2. A decreasing blood flow was demonstrated in the achalasia-like group. 3. The disagreement of the above two measurements could be abolished on administration of an alpha blocking agent; phentolamine. Accordingly, a decreasing blood flow to the esophagus on adrenaline loading in achalasia-like group in contrast to the control one greatly suggested that the abnormality of the blood flow to the esophagus might predispose to the pathogenesis of the achalasia.", "PMID": 739700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4153", "title": "[Electromyographical study on the residual stomach following proximal gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the antral gastric vagi and the pyloric sphincter on the residual stomach following proximal gastrectomy were studied electromyographically, using adult mongrel dogs. At the first stage of surgery, proximal gastrectomy was performed preserving the bilateral antral gastric vagi followed by esophagogastrostomy by end-to-side anastomosis. The residual stomach was equipped with four bipolar silver needle electrodes and two waterproof strain gauges on the wall of the stomach. At the second and third stage of surgery, the same dog subsequently underwent trancal vagotomy and pyloromyotomy at 4 weeks intervals. Following proximal vagotomy, the interval of the BER in fasting was prolonged. Dysrhythmia was observed quite frequently, and the amplitude and rhythmicity of contractile activities of the residual stomach became lowered and distorted, however, after feeding the interval of the EBR was shortened and dysrhythmia was altered to a regular rhythmic pattern. Frequent episodes of vomiting were observed following over feeding. Subsequent trancal vagotomy showed increased incidence of dysrhythmia in fasting, and gave no favourable effects on the vomiting episodes or the amount of feeding. After pyloromyotomy, the amount of feeding could be increased by about 50% from the original optimal amount.", "contents": "[Electromyographical study on the residual stomach following proximal gastrectomy (author's transl)]. The role of the antral gastric vagi and the pyloric sphincter on the residual stomach following proximal gastrectomy were studied electromyographically, using adult mongrel dogs. At the first stage of surgery, proximal gastrectomy was performed preserving the bilateral antral gastric vagi followed by esophagogastrostomy by end-to-side anastomosis. The residual stomach was equipped with four bipolar silver needle electrodes and two waterproof strain gauges on the wall of the stomach. At the second and third stage of surgery, the same dog subsequently underwent trancal vagotomy and pyloromyotomy at 4 weeks intervals. Following proximal vagotomy, the interval of the BER in fasting was prolonged. Dysrhythmia was observed quite frequently, and the amplitude and rhythmicity of contractile activities of the residual stomach became lowered and distorted, however, after feeding the interval of the EBR was shortened and dysrhythmia was altered to a regular rhythmic pattern. Frequent episodes of vomiting were observed following over feeding. Subsequent trancal vagotomy showed increased incidence of dysrhythmia in fasting, and gave no favourable effects on the vomiting episodes or the amount of feeding. After pyloromyotomy, the amount of feeding could be increased by about 50% from the original optimal amount.", "PMID": 739701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4154", "title": "[An electromyographic study of the stomach after selective proximal vagotomy in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "To clarify the gastric motor function after selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) by electromygoraphy in dogs, I designed the following experimental groups; Group I is the control, untreated dogs; Group II is SPV operated dogs; Group III is selective antral vagotomy (SAV) operated dogs. The gastric electromyogram was taken from fasted food stimulated, and insulin stimulated dogs in each groups, and the recording was begun two weeks after the operation. The results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no significant differences in discharge intervals before and after food and insulin stimulation in all groups. 2) The propagation velocity was delayed markedly in SPV- and SAV-operated dogs compared to the untreated dogs before stimulation. 3) It seemed to be that the delay of propagation velocity at fasting, was more prominent in SAV than in SPV. Therefore, it is suggested that antral branch might play an important role on the gastric motor function.", "contents": "[An electromyographic study of the stomach after selective proximal vagotomy in dogs (author's transl)]. To clarify the gastric motor function after selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) by electromygoraphy in dogs, I designed the following experimental groups; Group I is the control, untreated dogs; Group II is SPV operated dogs; Group III is selective antral vagotomy (SAV) operated dogs. The gastric electromyogram was taken from fasted food stimulated, and insulin stimulated dogs in each groups, and the recording was begun two weeks after the operation. The results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no significant differences in discharge intervals before and after food and insulin stimulation in all groups. 2) The propagation velocity was delayed markedly in SPV- and SAV-operated dogs compared to the untreated dogs before stimulation. 3) It seemed to be that the delay of propagation velocity at fasting, was more prominent in SAV than in SPV. Therefore, it is suggested that antral branch might play an important role on the gastric motor function.", "PMID": 739702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4155", "title": "[Effect of synthetic motilin on gastric motility (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the synthetic motilin on the gastric motility were investigated in the dogs with innervated antral pouches in fasting state. The results were as follows: 1) The synthetic motilin stimulated markedly the gastric motor activity in both the contraction pressure and the frequency of the peristalsis. 2) Tetragastrin produced more regular and higher frequent contractions compared with synthetic motilin, but acted to weaker the contraction pressure. 3) In simultaneous administration of the synthetic motilin and the tetragastrin, the synthetic motilin acted more strongly in the contraction pressure, on the other hand tetragastrin in the frequency of the peristalsis. 4) The peristaltic contractions induced by synthetic motilin were completely abolished by the administration of the atropine sulfate. 5) Under medical vagotomy, synthetic motilin was not able to produce any peristatlic contractions, but tetragastrin stimulated strongly the gastric motility.", "contents": "[Effect of synthetic motilin on gastric motility (author's transl)]. The effects of the synthetic motilin on the gastric motility were investigated in the dogs with innervated antral pouches in fasting state. The results were as follows: 1) The synthetic motilin stimulated markedly the gastric motor activity in both the contraction pressure and the frequency of the peristalsis. 2) Tetragastrin produced more regular and higher frequent contractions compared with synthetic motilin, but acted to weaker the contraction pressure. 3) In simultaneous administration of the synthetic motilin and the tetragastrin, the synthetic motilin acted more strongly in the contraction pressure, on the other hand tetragastrin in the frequency of the peristalsis. 4) The peristaltic contractions induced by synthetic motilin were completely abolished by the administration of the atropine sulfate. 5) Under medical vagotomy, synthetic motilin was not able to produce any peristatlic contractions, but tetragastrin stimulated strongly the gastric motility.", "PMID": 739703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4156", "title": "[The initiation and propagation of canine pelviureteral contraction studied through visual observation and simultaneous electromyographic recording (author's transl)].", "content": "The initiation and the propagation of the ureteral peristalsis were studied through the visual observation and the simultaneous recording of action potentials at both renal pelvis and ureter. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The contraction waves were seen to arise at the proximal end of the renal pelvis. Each wave moved from its origin across the adjacent part of the renal pelvis toward the pelviureteric junction forming a crescentric wave front centering the pelviureteric junction. But some waves failed to propagate not only at the pelviureteric junction but also within the renal pelvis. 2) By electromyographic study, pacemaker potentials were recorded clearly at the proximal end of the pelvis and the interval of the discharge was constant throughout the recording period. Some of the electrical waves failed to conduct within the renal pelvis as well as at the pelviureteric junction.", "contents": "[The initiation and propagation of canine pelviureteral contraction studied through visual observation and simultaneous electromyographic recording (author's transl)]. The initiation and the propagation of the ureteral peristalsis were studied through the visual observation and the simultaneous recording of action potentials at both renal pelvis and ureter. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The contraction waves were seen to arise at the proximal end of the renal pelvis. Each wave moved from its origin across the adjacent part of the renal pelvis toward the pelviureteric junction forming a crescentric wave front centering the pelviureteric junction. But some waves failed to propagate not only at the pelviureteric junction but also within the renal pelvis. 2) By electromyographic study, pacemaker potentials were recorded clearly at the proximal end of the pelvis and the interval of the discharge was constant throughout the recording period. Some of the electrical waves failed to conduct within the renal pelvis as well as at the pelviureteric junction.", "PMID": 739704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4157", "title": "Glomerular permeability: transfer of native ferritin in glomeruli with decreased anionic sites.", "content": "Polycations induce loss of fixed anionic sites in the glomerular capillary wall and epithelial changes similar to those reported in proteinuric conditions. To investigate whether such alterations are accompanied by an increase in glomerular permeability, the distribution of anionic ferritin was studied in kidneys perfused with a polycation (protamine sulfate). Cortical biopsies were examined by light and electron microscopy. Glomerular anionic sites were studied by the colloidal iron reaction. In kidneys perfused with protamine, whether or not pretreated with heparin, there was a marked decrease in glomerular polyanion, a flattening and loss of foot processes, and a significant increase in number of ferritin molecules beyond the inner aspect of the glomerular basement membrane, relative to controls. When protamine-treated kidneys were reperfused with heparin, there was restoration of glomerular polyanion, nearly complete reversion of epithelial changes, formation of protamine-heparin complexes in the capillary wall, and a ferritin distribution comparable to that of controls. These results provide additional evidence evidence of the restrictive role of the glomerular polyanion with respect to the filtration of anionic proteins.", "contents": "Glomerular permeability: transfer of native ferritin in glomeruli with decreased anionic sites. Polycations induce loss of fixed anionic sites in the glomerular capillary wall and epithelial changes similar to those reported in proteinuric conditions. To investigate whether such alterations are accompanied by an increase in glomerular permeability, the distribution of anionic ferritin was studied in kidneys perfused with a polycation (protamine sulfate). Cortical biopsies were examined by light and electron microscopy. Glomerular anionic sites were studied by the colloidal iron reaction. In kidneys perfused with protamine, whether or not pretreated with heparin, there was a marked decrease in glomerular polyanion, a flattening and loss of foot processes, and a significant increase in number of ferritin molecules beyond the inner aspect of the glomerular basement membrane, relative to controls. When protamine-treated kidneys were reperfused with heparin, there was restoration of glomerular polyanion, nearly complete reversion of epithelial changes, formation of protamine-heparin complexes in the capillary wall, and a ferritin distribution comparable to that of controls. These results provide additional evidence evidence of the restrictive role of the glomerular polyanion with respect to the filtration of anionic proteins.", "PMID": 739759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4158", "title": "Topography and numerical densities of intramembrane particles in chemical carcinogen-induced urinary bladder carcinomas in Fischer rats.", "content": "Integral membrane proteins are visualized as intramembrane particles (IMP) at the cleaved surfaces of freeze-fractured plasma membranes. Topographical distributions of the IMP of the urinary bladder epithelial cells membranes in normal Fischer rat bladder and noninvasive and invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide (FANFT)-induced bladder tumors are shown to be significantly different. Using several statistical methods that test IMP topography vis-a-vis the Poisson (random) hypothesis, it is demonstrated that IMP are mathematically randomly distributed in the large majority of plasma membranes of cells in normal rat bladder epithelium and in invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide tumors. In noninvasive rat bladder carcinomas, IMP are in a lattice-like arrangement in half of the tumor cells and randomly distributed in the remainder. IMP numerical densities are also altered in the course of neoplastic transformation. IMP are equally increased above control values in both noninvasive and invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide tumors. Although transformation into noninvasive tumors is associated with increased numbers of IMP, there is no evidence that this parameter is specifically related to tumor biologic behavior in this model system.", "contents": "Topography and numerical densities of intramembrane particles in chemical carcinogen-induced urinary bladder carcinomas in Fischer rats. Integral membrane proteins are visualized as intramembrane particles (IMP) at the cleaved surfaces of freeze-fractured plasma membranes. Topographical distributions of the IMP of the urinary bladder epithelial cells membranes in normal Fischer rat bladder and noninvasive and invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide (FANFT)-induced bladder tumors are shown to be significantly different. Using several statistical methods that test IMP topography vis-a-vis the Poisson (random) hypothesis, it is demonstrated that IMP are mathematically randomly distributed in the large majority of plasma membranes of cells in normal rat bladder epithelium and in invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide tumors. In noninvasive rat bladder carcinomas, IMP are in a lattice-like arrangement in half of the tumor cells and randomly distributed in the remainder. IMP numerical densities are also altered in the course of neoplastic transformation. IMP are equally increased above control values in both noninvasive and invasive N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)formamide tumors. Although transformation into noninvasive tumors is associated with increased numbers of IMP, there is no evidence that this parameter is specifically related to tumor biologic behavior in this model system.", "PMID": 739760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4159", "title": "Central nervous system demyelination and remyelination in the mouse: an ultrastructural study of cuprizone toxicity.", "content": "Male weanling mice (Biobreeding Laboratories) exposed to the drug Cuprizone (biscyclohexanone, oxaldihydrazone) in the diet for periods of 6 weeks and longer, consistently showed almost complete demyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle. The demyelination was primary and followed degeneration of oligodendrocytes and their processes, whereas axons remained intact. After formation of myelinic vacuoles and removal of myelin by macrophages and astrocytes, the axons became invested with astroglial processes. As part of the glial response to demyelination, numerous reactive or immature cells appeared, some of which were identified as being either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic in nature. Some mature oligodendrocytes survived. When allowed to recover on a normal diet, remyelination began within a week, and progressed until all axons were myelinated. The mechanism of remyelination appeared similar to the spiral wrapping mechanism seen in normal development. The myelinating cell in all cases was the mature oligodendrocyte. Sources for these oligodendrocytes include residual surviving oligodendrocytes, differentiation of immature forms, and possibly the perineuronal satellite cell. The sheaths eventually reached a thickness approximately half that of normal development, with a disturbed relationship between myelin thickness and axon diameter. A visual impression of shortened internodal length was obtained. It is concluded that the Cuprizone model is an excellent situation in which to study the cellular mechanisms of demyelination and remyelination.", "contents": "Central nervous system demyelination and remyelination in the mouse: an ultrastructural study of cuprizone toxicity. Male weanling mice (Biobreeding Laboratories) exposed to the drug Cuprizone (biscyclohexanone, oxaldihydrazone) in the diet for periods of 6 weeks and longer, consistently showed almost complete demyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle. The demyelination was primary and followed degeneration of oligodendrocytes and their processes, whereas axons remained intact. After formation of myelinic vacuoles and removal of myelin by macrophages and astrocytes, the axons became invested with astroglial processes. As part of the glial response to demyelination, numerous reactive or immature cells appeared, some of which were identified as being either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic in nature. Some mature oligodendrocytes survived. When allowed to recover on a normal diet, remyelination began within a week, and progressed until all axons were myelinated. The mechanism of remyelination appeared similar to the spiral wrapping mechanism seen in normal development. The myelinating cell in all cases was the mature oligodendrocyte. Sources for these oligodendrocytes include residual surviving oligodendrocytes, differentiation of immature forms, and possibly the perineuronal satellite cell. The sheaths eventually reached a thickness approximately half that of normal development, with a disturbed relationship between myelin thickness and axon diameter. A visual impression of shortened internodal length was obtained. It is concluded that the Cuprizone model is an excellent situation in which to study the cellular mechanisms of demyelination and remyelination.", "PMID": 739762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4160", "title": "The epithelial cell component of the thymuses of aged female BN/Bi rats: a light microscopic, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Thymuses of virgin female BN/Bi rats of various ages were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and autoradiography. The thymuses appeared to undergo a normal involution during the first 2 years of life. In rats 2 to 4 years of age, there was an apparent proliferation of epithelial cords and tubules suggestive of a true hyperplasia. The appearance of these epithelial cords and tubules in the otherwise atrophied thymuses of old animals (more than 30 months of age) is described. The predominant epithelial cell type, containing dark apical granules, showed morphologic evidence of secretion. 3H-leucine labeling confirmed active protein synthesis and secretion by these cells. Lymphocytes and macrophages were identified within the lumina and between the epithelial cells of the epithelial cords and tubules suggesting that they were able to migrate into and probably out of these structures.", "contents": "The epithelial cell component of the thymuses of aged female BN/Bi rats: a light microscopic, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic study. Thymuses of virgin female BN/Bi rats of various ages were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and autoradiography. The thymuses appeared to undergo a normal involution during the first 2 years of life. In rats 2 to 4 years of age, there was an apparent proliferation of epithelial cords and tubules suggestive of a true hyperplasia. The appearance of these epithelial cords and tubules in the otherwise atrophied thymuses of old animals (more than 30 months of age) is described. The predominant epithelial cell type, containing dark apical granules, showed morphologic evidence of secretion. 3H-leucine labeling confirmed active protein synthesis and secretion by these cells. Lymphocytes and macrophages were identified within the lumina and between the epithelial cells of the epithelial cords and tubules suggesting that they were able to migrate into and probably out of these structures.", "PMID": 739763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4161", "title": "Pathologic changes in the lungs of oxygen-adapted rats: a morphometric analysis.", "content": "Animals exposed to 85 per cent O2 for 5 or more days acquire the ability to survive for prolonged periods in 100 per cent O2. The basis of this acquired \"tolerance\" is poorly understood, but it has been proposed to be related to biochemical changes occurring in the lung cells. In order to quantify the structural changes that occur in the lungs of oxygen-adapted rats, rats were exposed to 85 per cent O2 for 7 days and then studied using morphometric techniques. The oxygen-adapted rats had a normal number of alveolar type I epithelial cells and a moderate increase in the number of alveolar type II cells. The alveolar type I epithelium was intact over the entire alveolar surface and appeared to have a normal ultrastructure, whereas alveolar type II cells demonstrated occasional changes in mitochondrial structure. In the interstitial compartment, there was a large increase in the number of interstitial cells and a significant increase in the noncellular components of the interstitium. The major area of pulmonary damage occurred in the vascular compartment, where entire segments of the capillary bed were lost and the total number of endothelial cells decreased by 45 per cent. A significant change in pulmonary vascular hemodynamics was suggested by a 49 per cent decrease in total capillary lumen volume and a decrease in the hematocrit of blood in the pulmonary capillary lumen to 57 per cent of the value found in aortic blood.", "contents": "Pathologic changes in the lungs of oxygen-adapted rats: a morphometric analysis. Animals exposed to 85 per cent O2 for 5 or more days acquire the ability to survive for prolonged periods in 100 per cent O2. The basis of this acquired \"tolerance\" is poorly understood, but it has been proposed to be related to biochemical changes occurring in the lung cells. In order to quantify the structural changes that occur in the lungs of oxygen-adapted rats, rats were exposed to 85 per cent O2 for 7 days and then studied using morphometric techniques. The oxygen-adapted rats had a normal number of alveolar type I epithelial cells and a moderate increase in the number of alveolar type II cells. The alveolar type I epithelium was intact over the entire alveolar surface and appeared to have a normal ultrastructure, whereas alveolar type II cells demonstrated occasional changes in mitochondrial structure. In the interstitial compartment, there was a large increase in the number of interstitial cells and a significant increase in the noncellular components of the interstitium. The major area of pulmonary damage occurred in the vascular compartment, where entire segments of the capillary bed were lost and the total number of endothelial cells decreased by 45 per cent. A significant change in pulmonary vascular hemodynamics was suggested by a 49 per cent decrease in total capillary lumen volume and a decrease in the hematocrit of blood in the pulmonary capillary lumen to 57 per cent of the value found in aortic blood.", "PMID": 739764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4162", "title": "Women alcoholics' responses to Scale 4 of the MMPI.", "content": "Responses to three items of Scale 4 of the MMPI accounted for the significant difference between the mean scores of women alcoholics and women psychiatric outpatients. Factor analysis of alcoholics' responses yielded six interpretable factors.", "contents": "Women alcoholics' responses to Scale 4 of the MMPI. Responses to three items of Scale 4 of the MMPI accounted for the significant difference between the mean scores of women alcoholics and women psychiatric outpatients. Factor analysis of alcoholics' responses yielded six interpretable factors.", "PMID": 739767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4163", "title": "Sex roles and drinking among adolescent girls.", "content": "Attitudes toward traditional feminine ideals did not distinguish adolescent girls who drink from those who do not drink. However, among White, Black and Spanish-American girls who drink, rejection of traditional femininity was associated with drinking more, more symptomatically, and with more problem consequences.", "contents": "Sex roles and drinking among adolescent girls. Attitudes toward traditional feminine ideals did not distinguish adolescent girls who drink from those who do not drink. However, among White, Black and Spanish-American girls who drink, rejection of traditional femininity was associated with drinking more, more symptomatically, and with more problem consequences.", "PMID": 739768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4164", "title": "Alcohol and rape in Winnipeg, 1966-1975.", "content": "Either victim or rapist or both were drinking prior to 72% of the rapes occurring in Winnipeg from 1966 through 1975, and the presence of alcohol increased the likelihood that the victim would be injured prior to sexual intercourse.", "contents": "Alcohol and rape in Winnipeg, 1966-1975. Either victim or rapist or both were drinking prior to 72% of the rapes occurring in Winnipeg from 1966 through 1975, and the presence of alcohol increased the likelihood that the victim would be injured prior to sexual intercourse.", "PMID": 739769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4165", "title": "Autonomic nervous system concomitants of short-term abstinence in alcoholics; Pupillometric studies. II.", "content": "During rest, stress and homeostatic recovery, drinking and nondrinking alcoholics showed impaired pupillary contraction, but the pupillary dilation in drinking alcoholics was slower and more attenuated than that in nondrinking alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "contents": "Autonomic nervous system concomitants of short-term abstinence in alcoholics; Pupillometric studies. II. During rest, stress and homeostatic recovery, drinking and nondrinking alcoholics showed impaired pupillary contraction, but the pupillary dilation in drinking alcoholics was slower and more attenuated than that in nondrinking alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "PMID": 739770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4166", "title": "Slowing of short-term memory scanning in alcoholics.", "content": "Hospitalized alcoholics taking disulfiram were found to process information in short-term memory at a slower rate than hospitalized controls, although short-term memory capacity was similar in the two groups.", "contents": "Slowing of short-term memory scanning in alcoholics. Hospitalized alcoholics taking disulfiram were found to process information in short-term memory at a slower rate than hospitalized controls, although short-term memory capacity was similar in the two groups.", "PMID": 739771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4167", "title": "The influence of ethanol on learned and reflexive heart rate responses of rats during classical aversive conditioning.", "content": "An unconditioned response was produced in rats by electric shock and resulted in a biphasic deceleration-acceleration of heart rate after 2.4 g of ethanol per kg. A monophasic acceleration occurred with saline and 0.8 g of ethanol per kg.", "contents": "The influence of ethanol on learned and reflexive heart rate responses of rats during classical aversive conditioning. An unconditioned response was produced in rats by electric shock and resulted in a biphasic deceleration-acceleration of heart rate after 2.4 g of ethanol per kg. A monophasic acceleration occurred with saline and 0.8 g of ethanol per kg.", "PMID": 739772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4168", "title": "Variability of the blood:breath alcohol ratio in vivo.", "content": "The blood:breath alcohol ratio, commonly used to translate the result of breath alcohol analysis into the co-existing blood alcohol concentration, varies from person to person and within one person over time.", "contents": "Variability of the blood:breath alcohol ratio in vivo. The blood:breath alcohol ratio, commonly used to translate the result of breath alcohol analysis into the co-existing blood alcohol concentration, varies from person to person and within one person over time.", "PMID": 739773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4169", "title": "A comparison of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test in a sample of problem drinkers.", "content": "In a sample of problem drinkers, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test performed best with subjects who identified themselves as alcoholics, whereas the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale worked best with patients in the more advanced stages of alcoholism.", "contents": "A comparison of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test in a sample of problem drinkers. In a sample of problem drinkers, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test performed best with subjects who identified themselves as alcoholics, whereas the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale worked best with patients in the more advanced stages of alcoholism.", "PMID": 739774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4170", "title": "Differentiation of alcoholics by family history.", "content": "Alcoholics having a family history of alcoholism tended to drink at an earlier age and to have more social and personal problems than do alcoholics not having a family history of alcoholism.", "contents": "Differentiation of alcoholics by family history. Alcoholics having a family history of alcoholism tended to drink at an earlier age and to have more social and personal problems than do alcoholics not having a family history of alcoholism.", "PMID": 739775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4171", "title": "Psychometric assessment of alcoholism in convicted felons.", "content": "Felons' scores on the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test tended to be positively correlated with their scores on clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personaltiy Inventory.", "contents": "Psychometric assessment of alcoholism in convicted felons. Felons' scores on the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test tended to be positively correlated with their scores on clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personaltiy Inventory.", "PMID": 739776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4172", "title": "Pre- and posttraining MMPI scores of women alcoholism counselors.", "content": "The scores of women alcoholism counselors on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory before and after completion of an intensive training program showed little change in basic personality configuration.", "contents": "Pre- and posttraining MMPI scores of women alcoholism counselors. The scores of women alcoholism counselors on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory before and after completion of an intensive training program showed little change in basic personality configuration.", "PMID": 739777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4173", "title": "Cannabis in the treatment of alcoholism.", "content": "Cannabis, alone or in conjunction with disulfiram, was not particularly effective in inducing alcoholics to enter or remain in treatment.", "contents": "Cannabis in the treatment of alcoholism. Cannabis, alone or in conjunction with disulfiram, was not particularly effective in inducing alcoholics to enter or remain in treatment.", "PMID": 739778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4174", "title": "Alcohol problems in several midwestern homosexual communities.", "content": "According to their scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, close to one-third of the homosexual men surveyed in four urban areas of Kansas were alcoholics.", "contents": "Alcohol problems in several midwestern homosexual communities. According to their scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, close to one-third of the homosexual men surveyed in four urban areas of Kansas were alcoholics.", "PMID": 739779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4175", "title": "Expectancy of alcoholism in a midwestern population.", "content": "The morbidity risk of alcoholism among men in a Midwestern population varied between 5.4 and 7.2%, depending on the criteria used. Among women the morbidity risk was about 0.4%.", "contents": "Expectancy of alcoholism in a midwestern population. The morbidity risk of alcoholism among men in a Midwestern population varied between 5.4 and 7.2%, depending on the criteria used. Among women the morbidity risk was about 0.4%.", "PMID": 739780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4176", "title": "Prediction of cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics; a study of health insurance records.", "content": "During a 5-year period, alcoholics having few periods of mental illness interfering with their capacity to work were socially more stable but had more signs of cerebral dysfunction than did alcoholics having more periods of such illness.", "contents": "Prediction of cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics; a study of health insurance records. During a 5-year period, alcoholics having few periods of mental illness interfering with their capacity to work were socially more stable but had more signs of cerebral dysfunction than did alcoholics having more periods of such illness.", "PMID": 739781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4177", "title": "Ethanol metabolism and memory impairment in American Indian and white women social drinkers.", "content": "American Indian women metabolized a moderate dose of ethanol significantly more rapidly than did White women of similar age, education, weight and drinking history; however, the two groups demonstrated a similar memory decrement due to ethanol.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism and memory impairment in American Indian and white women social drinkers. American Indian women metabolized a moderate dose of ethanol significantly more rapidly than did White women of similar age, education, weight and drinking history; however, the two groups demonstrated a similar memory decrement due to ethanol.", "PMID": 739782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4178", "title": "Evidence of active transport (filtration?) of plasma proteins across the capillary walls in muscle and subcutis.", "content": "Under slight lymphatic stasis (tilting the body 15 degrees) we measured the arrival of locally injected I-albumin to the plasma pool. From 30 min. to 90 min. after the injection the return rate was zero i.e. local back transport in the two tissues studied viz.muscle and subcutaneous fat is very small. Compared to a suggested steady state total 131 I-albumin clearance of 1.7%/hour in the horizontal body position we conclude that maximally one percent of the interstitial albumin can have a local transendothetial escape i.e. can be handled by passive forces as is diffusion and pinocytosis. As passive flux is proportional to the concentration and the interstitial albumin comcentration is about half the plasma concentration then also diffusion and or pinocytosis from the plasma of albumin is negligble in the resting normal man. We suggest filtration through big leaks as the main mechanism for transendothelial protein transport.", "contents": "Evidence of active transport (filtration?) of plasma proteins across the capillary walls in muscle and subcutis. Under slight lymphatic stasis (tilting the body 15 degrees) we measured the arrival of locally injected I-albumin to the plasma pool. From 30 min. to 90 min. after the injection the return rate was zero i.e. local back transport in the two tissues studied viz.muscle and subcutaneous fat is very small. Compared to a suggested steady state total 131 I-albumin clearance of 1.7%/hour in the horizontal body position we conclude that maximally one percent of the interstitial albumin can have a local transendothetial escape i.e. can be handled by passive forces as is diffusion and pinocytosis. As passive flux is proportional to the concentration and the interstitial albumin comcentration is about half the plasma concentration then also diffusion and or pinocytosis from the plasma of albumin is negligble in the resting normal man. We suggest filtration through big leaks as the main mechanism for transendothelial protein transport.", "PMID": 739784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4179", "title": "Intra- and extravascular distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin in man.", "content": "The plasma proteins are constantly shuttling between intravascular and extravascular mass of a specific plasma protein is determined by its individual rate of synthesis and the mean total time it spends in plasma. The ratio of intravascular to total mass (distribution ratio) is determined by the relative rate, at which it passes from plasma to interstitial spaces (transcapillary escape rate: TER) and the relative return rate via lymph. TER in a specific organ depends on the local leakiness of the microvasculature. The overall value in normal man varies with the molecular weight of the protein being about 5%/h of the intravascular albumin mass, 3%/h for IgG and less than 1%/h for IgM. The higher the TER, the lower is the intravascular fraction. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, burns, myxedema and certain types of liver cirrhosis will increase TER. In hypertension and diabetes this may be compensated for by an increased lymphatic return rate. Hypoproteinemia due to malnutrition or urinary or gastrointestinal loss is accompanied by a shift from the extravascular to the intravascular space.", "contents": "Intra- and extravascular distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin in man. The plasma proteins are constantly shuttling between intravascular and extravascular mass of a specific plasma protein is determined by its individual rate of synthesis and the mean total time it spends in plasma. The ratio of intravascular to total mass (distribution ratio) is determined by the relative rate, at which it passes from plasma to interstitial spaces (transcapillary escape rate: TER) and the relative return rate via lymph. TER in a specific organ depends on the local leakiness of the microvasculature. The overall value in normal man varies with the molecular weight of the protein being about 5%/h of the intravascular albumin mass, 3%/h for IgG and less than 1%/h for IgM. The higher the TER, the lower is the intravascular fraction. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, burns, myxedema and certain types of liver cirrhosis will increase TER. In hypertension and diabetes this may be compensated for by an increased lymphatic return rate. Hypoproteinemia due to malnutrition or urinary or gastrointestinal loss is accompanied by a shift from the extravascular to the intravascular space.", "PMID": 739785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4180", "title": "Protein concentration in lymph.", "content": "A brief review is given on the problem of protein concentration in lymph versus protein concentration in interstitial fluid. The possibility of a concentrating ability of the lymphatics is discussed in the light of recent investigations. It is concluded that the final answer to the problem is not known, but that substantial evidence indicate that the protein concentration in lymph and in the interstitial fluid from which the lymph originate is similar.", "contents": "Protein concentration in lymph. A brief review is given on the problem of protein concentration in lymph versus protein concentration in interstitial fluid. The possibility of a concentrating ability of the lymphatics is discussed in the light of recent investigations. It is concluded that the final answer to the problem is not known, but that substantial evidence indicate that the protein concentration in lymph and in the interstitial fluid from which the lymph originate is similar.", "PMID": 739786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4181", "title": "Immune proteins, enzymes and electrolytes in human peripheral lymph.", "content": "Values of various biochemical constituents of leg lymph in 27 normal men have been presented. Concentration of immunoglobulins, complement proteins, acute phase reactants, enzymes, electrolytes and other small molecular weight substances were measured.", "contents": "Immune proteins, enzymes and electrolytes in human peripheral lymph. Values of various biochemical constituents of leg lymph in 27 normal men have been presented. Concentration of immunoglobulins, complement proteins, acute phase reactants, enzymes, electrolytes and other small molecular weight substances were measured.", "PMID": 739787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4182", "title": "C1q-binding substances in peripheral lymph in bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Peripheral leg lymph has been studied for the presence of C1q-binding substances by the I-C1q binding radioassay in six male patients with untreated bronchial carcinoma. In serum, this assay is highly specific for antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes). Three of the patients had immune complexes in serum, and they all also had C1q-binding substances in peripheral lymph. The C1q-binding activity was quite similar in serum and peripheral lymph. In the other three patients, immune complexes were not found in serum, but in ome of them, moderate amounts of C1q-binding substances were found in peripheral lymph. The results suggest that immune complexes may be found in peripheral lymph in cancer patients in about the same amounts as in serum. However, formal proof is lacking that the C1q-binding substances of peripheral lymph are real immune complexes.", "contents": "C1q-binding substances in peripheral lymph in bronchial carcinoma. Peripheral leg lymph has been studied for the presence of C1q-binding substances by the I-C1q binding radioassay in six male patients with untreated bronchial carcinoma. In serum, this assay is highly specific for antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes). Three of the patients had immune complexes in serum, and they all also had C1q-binding substances in peripheral lymph. The C1q-binding activity was quite similar in serum and peripheral lymph. In the other three patients, immune complexes were not found in serum, but in ome of them, moderate amounts of C1q-binding substances were found in peripheral lymph. The results suggest that immune complexes may be found in peripheral lymph in cancer patients in about the same amounts as in serum. However, formal proof is lacking that the C1q-binding substances of peripheral lymph are real immune complexes.", "PMID": 739789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4183", "title": "Immune proteins and other biochemical constituents of peripheral lymph in patients with malignancy and postirradiation lymphedema.", "content": "Concentration of immunoglobulins and complement proteins were studied in a group of 33 patients with localized tumors and lymphoproliferative disorders. Generally, low levels have been found, in many cases below the lowest limit of the control group. The reductions in concentration were more pronounced in patients with lympho-proliferative disorders than with solid tumors. The most reduced were IgM, C1g and total complement hemolytic activity. In a group of 8 patients with lymphedema of lower extremity complicating therapy for uterine cancer an increase of IgM and IgA and decrease in hemolytic activity were found. This indicates to the existence of a chronic inflammatory process, typical for tissues deprived lymphatic outflow.", "contents": "Immune proteins and other biochemical constituents of peripheral lymph in patients with malignancy and postirradiation lymphedema. Concentration of immunoglobulins and complement proteins were studied in a group of 33 patients with localized tumors and lymphoproliferative disorders. Generally, low levels have been found, in many cases below the lowest limit of the control group. The reductions in concentration were more pronounced in patients with lympho-proliferative disorders than with solid tumors. The most reduced were IgM, C1g and total complement hemolytic activity. In a group of 8 patients with lymphedema of lower extremity complicating therapy for uterine cancer an increase of IgM and IgA and decrease in hemolytic activity were found. This indicates to the existence of a chronic inflammatory process, typical for tissues deprived lymphatic outflow.", "PMID": 739790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4184", "title": "Distribution of methotrexate between plasma and peripheral lymph in man.", "content": "The distribution of methotrexate (MTX) to interstitial fluid has been studied by determination of MTX in peripheral lymph from the leg and in plasma after parenteral administration to 6 patients. Peak concentrations of MTX in lymph appear 0.5 to 3.25 h after peak concentrations in plasma. Maximal concentrations in lymph are 16 to 48% lower than in plasma. MTX concentration ratios lymph/plasma were higher than 1.0 (1.0-2.8) in 4 patients, and lower than 1.0 (0.2-0.8) in 2 patients. 12 to 34% of MTX was protein bound in lymph, but the variation in the ratio of bound to free MTX per g lymph protein was only 0.13 to 0.18. The patients with a lymph/plasma MTX ratio above 1.0 will have high and favourable MTX concentrations for distribution to tumours in peripheral tissue, while in the patients with a low ratio conditions for distribution are less favourable. The results indicate that pharmacokinetics of MTX are in accordance with a two or multicompartment model with varying distribution characteristics. The present observations indicate that distribution of MTX is blood flow limited, but the influence of permeability cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Distribution of methotrexate between plasma and peripheral lymph in man. The distribution of methotrexate (MTX) to interstitial fluid has been studied by determination of MTX in peripheral lymph from the leg and in plasma after parenteral administration to 6 patients. Peak concentrations of MTX in lymph appear 0.5 to 3.25 h after peak concentrations in plasma. Maximal concentrations in lymph are 16 to 48% lower than in plasma. MTX concentration ratios lymph/plasma were higher than 1.0 (1.0-2.8) in 4 patients, and lower than 1.0 (0.2-0.8) in 2 patients. 12 to 34% of MTX was protein bound in lymph, but the variation in the ratio of bound to free MTX per g lymph protein was only 0.13 to 0.18. The patients with a lymph/plasma MTX ratio above 1.0 will have high and favourable MTX concentrations for distribution to tumours in peripheral tissue, while in the patients with a low ratio conditions for distribution are less favourable. The results indicate that pharmacokinetics of MTX are in accordance with a two or multicompartment model with varying distribution characteristics. The present observations indicate that distribution of MTX is blood flow limited, but the influence of permeability cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 739791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4185", "title": "Interstitial handling of aminoglycoside antibiotics and radiographic contrast media in the kidney.", "content": "Lymphatics of the mammalian kidney originate in the loose connective tissue around large blood vessels. This paravasal tissue drains the interstitum. The intarenal lymphatic system consists of interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar vessels according to the architecture of the arterial system. The interlobar vessels drain into the hilar lymph vessels. Capsular lymphatics are connected with the interlobular lymphatics inconsistantly. The renal medulla is drained by the venous vasa recta exclusively--there are no lymphaties in the medulla. Lymphatic fluid is mainly formed along the small renal veins as vascular transudate. After i.v. bolus injection concentrations of aminoglycosidic antibiotics in renal lymph reflect plasma values closely. Radiographic contrast media in renal lymph also showed a close correlation with plasma values with some indication of tubular secretion.", "contents": "Interstitial handling of aminoglycoside antibiotics and radiographic contrast media in the kidney. Lymphatics of the mammalian kidney originate in the loose connective tissue around large blood vessels. This paravasal tissue drains the interstitum. The intarenal lymphatic system consists of interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar vessels according to the architecture of the arterial system. The interlobar vessels drain into the hilar lymph vessels. Capsular lymphatics are connected with the interlobular lymphatics inconsistantly. The renal medulla is drained by the venous vasa recta exclusively--there are no lymphaties in the medulla. Lymphatic fluid is mainly formed along the small renal veins as vascular transudate. After i.v. bolus injection concentrations of aminoglycosidic antibiotics in renal lymph reflect plasma values closely. Radiographic contrast media in renal lymph also showed a close correlation with plasma values with some indication of tubular secretion.", "PMID": 739792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4186", "title": "Recirculation of lymphocytes: its role in implementing immune responses in the skin.", "content": "A number of recent investigations have suggested that the subset of lymphocytes which migrate into nonlymphoid tissue to appear in peripheral lymph may be partly different from the major recirculating pool migrating through lymphoid tissues. We report results on the migrating from the blood of thoracic duct lymphocytes labelled with Cr and three subsets-accredited recirculators, activated lymphocytes and long-lived lymphocytes. The localization of these populations was studied in normal skin, in a contact sensitivity lesion and in a site of non-immune inflammation. All four populations localized in the contact sensitivity lesion in increased numbers compared to normal skin but long-lived lymphocytes appeared to discriminate between cell-mediated immunity and non-immune inflammation; activated lymphocytes migrated most efficiently into the non-immune inflammatory site (Table 4).", "contents": "Recirculation of lymphocytes: its role in implementing immune responses in the skin. A number of recent investigations have suggested that the subset of lymphocytes which migrate into nonlymphoid tissue to appear in peripheral lymph may be partly different from the major recirculating pool migrating through lymphoid tissues. We report results on the migrating from the blood of thoracic duct lymphocytes labelled with Cr and three subsets-accredited recirculators, activated lymphocytes and long-lived lymphocytes. The localization of these populations was studied in normal skin, in a contact sensitivity lesion and in a site of non-immune inflammation. All four populations localized in the contact sensitivity lesion in increased numbers compared to normal skin but long-lived lymphocytes appeared to discriminate between cell-mediated immunity and non-immune inflammation; activated lymphocytes migrated most efficiently into the non-immune inflammatory site (Table 4).", "PMID": 739793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4187", "title": "Cells in peripheral leg lymph of normal men.", "content": "The cells of human peripheral lymph collected from leg lymphatic of healthy volunteers have been studied by light- and electron microscopy. More than 80% of the cells were lymphocytes. The rest of the cells were neutrophils, monocytes, phagocytes, intermediate forms between lymphocytes and monocytes, erythrocytes and large cells. Ultrastructurally these large cells had many features in common with the Langerhans cells of normal epidermis and may represent this cell type or a closely related one.", "contents": "Cells in peripheral leg lymph of normal men. The cells of human peripheral lymph collected from leg lymphatic of healthy volunteers have been studied by light- and electron microscopy. More than 80% of the cells were lymphocytes. The rest of the cells were neutrophils, monocytes, phagocytes, intermediate forms between lymphocytes and monocytes, erythrocytes and large cells. Ultrastructurally these large cells had many features in common with the Langerhans cells of normal epidermis and may represent this cell type or a closely related one.", "PMID": 739794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4188", "title": "Lymphocyte migration through the walls of the post-capillary venules.", "content": "The results of morphological analyses of the direction of the lymphocyte traffic through the walls of the HE-venules are conflicting. The aim of this paper is to provide a short analytical review of the evidence available for the bi-directional hypothesis and for the uni-directional hypothesis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte migration through the walls of the post-capillary venules. The results of morphological analyses of the direction of the lymphocyte traffic through the walls of the HE-venules are conflicting. The aim of this paper is to provide a short analytical review of the evidence available for the bi-directional hypothesis and for the uni-directional hypothesis.", "PMID": 739795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4189", "title": "Influence of corticosteroids on lymphocyte recirculation.", "content": "The effect of corticosteroids on cell kinetics and cell size distribution in the circulating lymphocyte population of the steroid sensitive rat and the steroid resistant guinea pig were studied. A single high steroid dose (prednisolone) induced a rapid depression of the lymphocyte level both in normal and thymectomized animals of both species and a restitution within one day. The returning cell population showed the the same size distribution and label index profile as before involution. The main effect of a single steroid dose seems to be a \"trapping\" of lymphocytes with redistribution from the circulation to some tissues. The difference between the two species seems to be quantitative with a more pronounced trapping mechanism in the sensitive rat but a certain degree of lymphocytolysis cannot be excluded in this species. The steroid action seems to be on both T- and B-lymphocytes and the restitution of cell levels after acute involution is independent of an intact thymic function. The same course of events was observed in the normal rat after stress, but not in the thymectomized rat.", "contents": "Influence of corticosteroids on lymphocyte recirculation. The effect of corticosteroids on cell kinetics and cell size distribution in the circulating lymphocyte population of the steroid sensitive rat and the steroid resistant guinea pig were studied. A single high steroid dose (prednisolone) induced a rapid depression of the lymphocyte level both in normal and thymectomized animals of both species and a restitution within one day. The returning cell population showed the the same size distribution and label index profile as before involution. The main effect of a single steroid dose seems to be a \"trapping\" of lymphocytes with redistribution from the circulation to some tissues. The difference between the two species seems to be quantitative with a more pronounced trapping mechanism in the sensitive rat but a certain degree of lymphocytolysis cannot be excluded in this species. The steroid action seems to be on both T- and B-lymphocytes and the restitution of cell levels after acute involution is independent of an intact thymic function. The same course of events was observed in the normal rat after stress, but not in the thymectomized rat.", "PMID": 739796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4190", "title": "Whole body localization of intravenously injected lymphoblasts in normal rats.", "content": "Total body distribution of IUDR labeled thoracic duct, mesenteric and peripheral lymph node blasts was investigated, after i.v. injection into normal syngeneic rats. Donors of immunoblasts were stimulated with SRBC 1 week before transfer of cells. Lymphoblasts, irrespective of the source of origin, accumulated preferentially in small intestine, lungs, skin and muscles. There was an evident difference in the whole body distribution pattern of injected thoracic duct and lymph node blasts, what points to the different behaviour of normally circulating immunoblasts. Only minor differences in distribution kinetics and sites of accumulation were found between mesenteric and peripheral blast cells. We put forward a hypothesis that immunoblasts behave like effector cells and their preferential localization in small gut, lungs, and skin may be mediated by antigens \"physiologically\" present on the surgace of tissue with direct contact with the external environment.", "contents": "Whole body localization of intravenously injected lymphoblasts in normal rats. Total body distribution of IUDR labeled thoracic duct, mesenteric and peripheral lymph node blasts was investigated, after i.v. injection into normal syngeneic rats. Donors of immunoblasts were stimulated with SRBC 1 week before transfer of cells. Lymphoblasts, irrespective of the source of origin, accumulated preferentially in small intestine, lungs, skin and muscles. There was an evident difference in the whole body distribution pattern of injected thoracic duct and lymph node blasts, what points to the different behaviour of normally circulating immunoblasts. Only minor differences in distribution kinetics and sites of accumulation were found between mesenteric and peripheral blast cells. We put forward a hypothesis that immunoblasts behave like effector cells and their preferential localization in small gut, lungs, and skin may be mediated by antigens \"physiologically\" present on the surgace of tissue with direct contact with the external environment.", "PMID": 739797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4191", "title": "Developmental changes in rat adrenocortical cell membrane potential.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials of zona fasciculata-reticularis cells of the rat adrenal gland varied with age. The mean membrane potentials of newborn rat adrenal cells was -56.4 +/- 0.7 mV in the first week of life. The mean potential increased slightly to -61.9 +/- 0.8 mV in the second week and then decreased with age to a mean of -38.5 +/- 0.8 mV in 25--50 week old rats and of -25.9 +/- 1.9 mV in 100 week old rats. The changes in membrane potential may correlate with the indices of adrenocortical growth and activity.", "contents": "Developmental changes in rat adrenocortical cell membrane potential. Resting membrane potentials of zona fasciculata-reticularis cells of the rat adrenal gland varied with age. The mean membrane potentials of newborn rat adrenal cells was -56.4 +/- 0.7 mV in the first week of life. The mean potential increased slightly to -61.9 +/- 0.8 mV in the second week and then decreased with age to a mean of -38.5 +/- 0.8 mV in 25--50 week old rats and of -25.9 +/- 1.9 mV in 100 week old rats. The changes in membrane potential may correlate with the indices of adrenocortical growth and activity.", "PMID": 739798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4192", "title": "Comparison of RNA synthesis by liver nuclei from rats of various ages.", "content": "RNA synthesis was studied in nuclei isolated from male Fischer F344 rats of various ages. Both the initial rate and the extent of RNA synthesis were determined in two distinct media that result in the preferential synthesis of either mRNA or rRNA by hepatocytes. Synthesis of mRNA and rRNA, as determined by [3H]-UMP incorporation into acid-insoluble material, was shown to increase 1.6- to 3-fold from 3- to 6-months. The increase in RNA synthesis during maturation was followed by a 1.6 to 2.7-fold decrease from 6- to 31-months of age depending upon the assay medium and time of incubation. The age-related changes in RNA synthesis by rat liver nuclei were shown not to be due to changes in RNase activity, UTP uptake, or UTP degradation. RNA synthesized by liver nuclei from rats of various ages was characterized by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Slight age-related differences in the size distribution of RNA isolated from liver nuclei were observed when nuclei from rats of various ages were incubated with [3H]-UTP in either assay medium.", "contents": "Comparison of RNA synthesis by liver nuclei from rats of various ages. RNA synthesis was studied in nuclei isolated from male Fischer F344 rats of various ages. Both the initial rate and the extent of RNA synthesis were determined in two distinct media that result in the preferential synthesis of either mRNA or rRNA by hepatocytes. Synthesis of mRNA and rRNA, as determined by [3H]-UMP incorporation into acid-insoluble material, was shown to increase 1.6- to 3-fold from 3- to 6-months. The increase in RNA synthesis during maturation was followed by a 1.6 to 2.7-fold decrease from 6- to 31-months of age depending upon the assay medium and time of incubation. The age-related changes in RNA synthesis by rat liver nuclei were shown not to be due to changes in RNase activity, UTP uptake, or UTP degradation. RNA synthesized by liver nuclei from rats of various ages was characterized by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Slight age-related differences in the size distribution of RNA isolated from liver nuclei were observed when nuclei from rats of various ages were incubated with [3H]-UTP in either assay medium.", "PMID": 739799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4193", "title": "Hypodiploidy and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in the elderly.", "content": "Chromosome analyses and Ig level determinations were carried out on seventeen aged men and women, 83--100 years of age. In men, significant correlations were found between hypodiploidy and IgA (gamma = 0.95) and between monosomy C and IgG (gamma = 0.79) while in women, monosomy G and IgG were significantly correlated (gamma = 0.73). The emergence of significant correlations between chromosome loss and Ig levels in this study provides support for  a relationship between age-associated chromosomal changes in T cells and the immunologic response of B cells.", "contents": "Hypodiploidy and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in the elderly. Chromosome analyses and Ig level determinations were carried out on seventeen aged men and women, 83--100 years of age. In men, significant correlations were found between hypodiploidy and IgA (gamma = 0.95) and between monosomy C and IgG (gamma = 0.79) while in women, monosomy G and IgG were significantly correlated (gamma = 0.73). The emergence of significant correlations between chromosome loss and Ig levels in this study provides support for  a relationship between age-associated chromosomal changes in T cells and the immunologic response of B cells.", "PMID": 739800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4194", "title": "Nucleolar changes in senescing WI-38 cells.", "content": "Changes in the area, dry mass and morphology of nucleoli were studied during in vitro aging of WI-38 cells. Interferometric methods were used for nucleolar dry mass determinations. The results show that there is (1) an increase in the fraction of cells with one large nucleolus per nucleus, 17% at population doubling 27.3 vs. 93% at population doubling 41.2, (2) an increase in mean nucleolar dry mass (583% at the last doubling), and (3) an increase in mean nucleolar area (236% at the last doubling) with in vitro senescence of WI-38 fibroblast cells. A strong correlation (r = 0.92) between nucleolar dry mass and nucleolar area was demonstrated.", "contents": "Nucleolar changes in senescing WI-38 cells. Changes in the area, dry mass and morphology of nucleoli were studied during in vitro aging of WI-38 cells. Interferometric methods were used for nucleolar dry mass determinations. The results show that there is (1) an increase in the fraction of cells with one large nucleolus per nucleus, 17% at population doubling 27.3 vs. 93% at population doubling 41.2, (2) an increase in mean nucleolar dry mass (583% at the last doubling), and (3) an increase in mean nucleolar area (236% at the last doubling) with in vitro senescence of WI-38 fibroblast cells. A strong correlation (r = 0.92) between nucleolar dry mass and nucleolar area was demonstrated.", "PMID": 739801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4195", "title": "Fatty acid pattern and cholesterol in skeletal muscle of men aged 22 to 73.", "content": "In order to examine the relationship between fatty acid distribution of skeletal muscle membranes and age, a needle biopsy was performed on the vastus lateralis muscle of 20 healthy, non-obese males, ranging in age from 22 to 73 years. The muscle sample was homogenized, centrifuged at 100,000 x g, and the resulting pellet was saponified and acidified. The fatty acids and cholesterol were removed by a single hexane extraction and analyzed by gas--liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection. All subjects regardless of age had no consistent differences in the fatty acid profiles and cholesterol composition in the tissue. Correlation coefficients indicated no significant relationship between the age of the individual and any of the analyzed lipids. The results of this study indicated that aging may not be reflected by gross changes in the composition of structural lipids in the cell.", "contents": "Fatty acid pattern and cholesterol in skeletal muscle of men aged 22 to 73. In order to examine the relationship between fatty acid distribution of skeletal muscle membranes and age, a needle biopsy was performed on the vastus lateralis muscle of 20 healthy, non-obese males, ranging in age from 22 to 73 years. The muscle sample was homogenized, centrifuged at 100,000 x g, and the resulting pellet was saponified and acidified. The fatty acids and cholesterol were removed by a single hexane extraction and analyzed by gas--liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection. All subjects regardless of age had no consistent differences in the fatty acid profiles and cholesterol composition in the tissue. Correlation coefficients indicated no significant relationship between the age of the individual and any of the analyzed lipids. The results of this study indicated that aging may not be reflected by gross changes in the composition of structural lipids in the cell.", "PMID": 739802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4196", "title": "Age related alterations in the chromosomal proteins from human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins from human diploid fibroblasts of different in vitro ages were extracted and subjected to SDS--polycrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were taken from cells maintained in three distinct culture states: preconfluent (log phase of growth), confluent (stationary phase of growth), and arrested (presumptive G0 phase). Age associated alterations in the incorporation of radioactive amino acids were detected in the fractionated proteins in every culture state but were less pronounced during the arrested state. Age related difference detected under growth conditions may reflect variations in the proliferative nature of the populations. Differences seen during the arrested state may be indicative of basic changes in the chromosomal protein complement of different age populations.", "contents": "Age related alterations in the chromosomal proteins from human diploid fibroblasts. Histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins from human diploid fibroblasts of different in vitro ages were extracted and subjected to SDS--polycrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were taken from cells maintained in three distinct culture states: preconfluent (log phase of growth), confluent (stationary phase of growth), and arrested (presumptive G0 phase). Age associated alterations in the incorporation of radioactive amino acids were detected in the fractionated proteins in every culture state but were less pronounced during the arrested state. Age related difference detected under growth conditions may reflect variations in the proliferative nature of the populations. Differences seen during the arrested state may be indicative of basic changes in the chromosomal protein complement of different age populations.", "PMID": 739803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4197", "title": "The distribution and lipid composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins of young and old rat plasma.", "content": "The lipoproteins of young and old Wistar rats differ markedly in distribution and chemical composition. The major differences are: (1) the presence of high levels of free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids in the lipoproteins of old rat plasma when lipids are analyzed/100 ml of plasma. However, the ratio of total cholesterol to protein mass indicates the presence of comparable cholesterol pools in all lipoprotein fractions of young and old rats excepting the d 1.063--1.21 fraction where a higher cholesterol pool in old rats is indicated. (2) The amount of sphingomyelin increases in lipoprotein fractions of old rat plasma thereby actually decreasing the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in these plasma fractions. (2) Unsaturated fatty acids predominate in young rat plasma lipoproteins, and saturated fatty acids predominate in old rat lipoprotein fractions. The ratio of polyunsaturated (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) to saturated (palmitic, stearic) fatty acids in young rat sera was 0.89 and in old rat sera, 0.55.", "contents": "The distribution and lipid composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins of young and old rat plasma. The lipoproteins of young and old Wistar rats differ markedly in distribution and chemical composition. The major differences are: (1) the presence of high levels of free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids in the lipoproteins of old rat plasma when lipids are analyzed/100 ml of plasma. However, the ratio of total cholesterol to protein mass indicates the presence of comparable cholesterol pools in all lipoprotein fractions of young and old rats excepting the d 1.063--1.21 fraction where a higher cholesterol pool in old rats is indicated. (2) The amount of sphingomyelin increases in lipoprotein fractions of old rat plasma thereby actually decreasing the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in these plasma fractions. (2) Unsaturated fatty acids predominate in young rat plasma lipoproteins, and saturated fatty acids predominate in old rat lipoprotein fractions. The ratio of polyunsaturated (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) to saturated (palmitic, stearic) fatty acids in young rat sera was 0.89 and in old rat sera, 0.55.", "PMID": 739804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4198", "title": "[Histological classification of early gastric cancer in 300 cases - clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Early gastric cancers of 300 patients were evaluated using the Lauren approach of histological classification, that is to say distinguishing between a diffuse and an intestinal type of cancer. It turned out, that the role of gastritis in the pathogenesis of early gastric cancer is rather ill defined. A high percentage of early cancers of the diffuse type were found in gastric mucosa showing no inflammatory changes whatsoever. From the point of view of pathogenesis both types of cancer have to be considered as separate nosological entities. This difference is most obvious during the early stages of development. Therapeutical consequences will certainly have to be drawn in the future from this subdivision for patients at risque. Early gastric cancer presents in a high percentage of cases at first as an ulcerative lesion; this stresses the importance of careful gastroscopic and bioptic examination of patients with gastric ulcera, and of frequent examinations of these patients.", "contents": "[Histological classification of early gastric cancer in 300 cases - clinical significance (author's transl)]. Early gastric cancers of 300 patients were evaluated using the Lauren approach of histological classification, that is to say distinguishing between a diffuse and an intestinal type of cancer. It turned out, that the role of gastritis in the pathogenesis of early gastric cancer is rather ill defined. A high percentage of early cancers of the diffuse type were found in gastric mucosa showing no inflammatory changes whatsoever. From the point of view of pathogenesis both types of cancer have to be considered as separate nosological entities. This difference is most obvious during the early stages of development. Therapeutical consequences will certainly have to be drawn in the future from this subdivision for patients at risque. Early gastric cancer presents in a high percentage of cases at first as an ulcerative lesion; this stresses the importance of careful gastroscopic and bioptic examination of patients with gastric ulcera, and of frequent examinations of these patients.", "PMID": 739808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4199", "title": "[End-to-side mesenteric caval in children - significance of blood flow physics in defining the surgical procedure preoperatively (author's transl)].", "content": "Elevated blood pressure of the portal circulation in children may be lowered to defined levels by end-to-side shunting of the mesenteric and the portal vein. The question is, whether an optimal geometry of the ellipsoid anastomosis can be calculated preoperatively. A simplified model of the shunt system is presented using electric and hydraulic analogs of the real blood flow physics. It is not taken into account in this model, that there are two capillary beds connected in series in the portal circulation, which both exhibit high blood flow resistance. Shunt resistance as being calculated on the basis of this model in 6 children, and real shunt resistance as being measured in these patients intraoperatively actually turned out to be in the same order of magnitude inspite of the handicaps of the model. Thus to our opinion the calculations presented are suited to determine preoperatively the optimal geometry of an ellipsoid shunt anastomosis intended to lower blood pressure in the portal circulation to levels as desired.", "contents": "[End-to-side mesenteric caval in children - significance of blood flow physics in defining the surgical procedure preoperatively (author's transl)]. Elevated blood pressure of the portal circulation in children may be lowered to defined levels by end-to-side shunting of the mesenteric and the portal vein. The question is, whether an optimal geometry of the ellipsoid anastomosis can be calculated preoperatively. A simplified model of the shunt system is presented using electric and hydraulic analogs of the real blood flow physics. It is not taken into account in this model, that there are two capillary beds connected in series in the portal circulation, which both exhibit high blood flow resistance. Shunt resistance as being calculated on the basis of this model in 6 children, and real shunt resistance as being measured in these patients intraoperatively actually turned out to be in the same order of magnitude inspite of the handicaps of the model. Thus to our opinion the calculations presented are suited to determine preoperatively the optimal geometry of an ellipsoid shunt anastomosis intended to lower blood pressure in the portal circulation to levels as desired.", "PMID": 739809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4200", "title": "[Umbilical collateral circulation in liver cirrhosis - Cruveilhier-v. Baumgarten syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Embryonal development and anatomy of the liver are shortly discussed; they do explain collateral circulation in liver cirrhosis. A case report is given of a patient with umbilical collateral circulation (Cruveilhier-v. Baumgarten syndrome), exhibiting impressive clinical and radiological findings. Such an umbilical collateral circulation will develop in up to 21% of all patients with an intrahepatic block. This is only one variant - not prone to complications by the way - of a multitude of different portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis. Therefore it should not be talked about as an independent syndrome.", "contents": "[Umbilical collateral circulation in liver cirrhosis - Cruveilhier-v. Baumgarten syndrome (author's transl)]. Embryonal development and anatomy of the liver are shortly discussed; they do explain collateral circulation in liver cirrhosis. A case report is given of a patient with umbilical collateral circulation (Cruveilhier-v. Baumgarten syndrome), exhibiting impressive clinical and radiological findings. Such an umbilical collateral circulation will develop in up to 21% of all patients with an intrahepatic block. This is only one variant - not prone to complications by the way - of a multitude of different portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis. Therefore it should not be talked about as an independent syndrome.", "PMID": 739810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4201", "title": "[Liver cirrhosis in Israel (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of death caused by cirrhosis of the liver has increased in Israel during the last 20 years as it has in other parts of the world; still the incidence is much lower than in most countries. Increasing alcoholism and higher rates of hepatitis probably play a role, however in many cases the cause of cirrhosis remains in the dark.", "contents": "[Liver cirrhosis in Israel (author's transl)]. The incidence of death caused by cirrhosis of the liver has increased in Israel during the last 20 years as it has in other parts of the world; still the incidence is much lower than in most countries. Increasing alcoholism and higher rates of hepatitis probably play a role, however in many cases the cause of cirrhosis remains in the dark.", "PMID": 739811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4202", "title": "[Minerals in normal and cirrhotic liver. The pathology of mineral dependent athrocytic liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc were measured in postmortem specimens of liver, muscle and brain tissue by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentrations varied markedly in normal liver specimens from person to person, but not in other organ specimens. Copper concentrations in specimens from cirrhotic livers were normal in most cases, however at the upper limit of normal in about 20% of the cases evaluated. Concentrations of zinc and iron were lower than normal in cirrhotic livers. Mineral concentrations were higher by a factor of 10-20 in liver specimens of patients with hemochromatosis or M. Wilson than in normals. Iron overloading as a consequence of therapy (secondary hemochromatosis) and liver changes due to longtime artificially elevated plasma copper levels may imitate the adult form of the \"classic\" mineral storage diseases mentioned. Thus \"athrocytotic\" liver cirrhosis, being caused or accompanied by metal excess has to be considered as a polyetiological syndrome.", "contents": "[Minerals in normal and cirrhotic liver. The pathology of mineral dependent athrocytic liver cirrhosis]. Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc were measured in postmortem specimens of liver, muscle and brain tissue by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentrations varied markedly in normal liver specimens from person to person, but not in other organ specimens. Copper concentrations in specimens from cirrhotic livers were normal in most cases, however at the upper limit of normal in about 20% of the cases evaluated. Concentrations of zinc and iron were lower than normal in cirrhotic livers. Mineral concentrations were higher by a factor of 10-20 in liver specimens of patients with hemochromatosis or M. Wilson than in normals. Iron overloading as a consequence of therapy (secondary hemochromatosis) and liver changes due to longtime artificially elevated plasma copper levels may imitate the adult form of the \"classic\" mineral storage diseases mentioned. Thus \"athrocytotic\" liver cirrhosis, being caused or accompanied by metal excess has to be considered as a polyetiological syndrome.", "PMID": 739812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4203", "title": "[Absorption and oxidation rate of arginine and malate (author's transl)].", "content": "Six normal volunteers received L-Arginin and DL-Malat p.o. in order to test absorption and utilisation of these compounds. Both compounds are almost completely reabsorbed from the intestine and then metabolized. Only about 2% of the arginine applied are recovered in the urine. 15% of arginine and 45% of malate applied are metabolized within 8 hours. If absorption is unimpaired oral therapy of hyperammoniemia would require application of the malate-arginine solution for every 3 hours, if constant plasma levels are to be achieved.", "contents": "[Absorption and oxidation rate of arginine and malate (author's transl)]. Six normal volunteers received L-Arginin and DL-Malat p.o. in order to test absorption and utilisation of these compounds. Both compounds are almost completely reabsorbed from the intestine and then metabolized. Only about 2% of the arginine applied are recovered in the urine. 15% of arginine and 45% of malate applied are metabolized within 8 hours. If absorption is unimpaired oral therapy of hyperammoniemia would require application of the malate-arginine solution for every 3 hours, if constant plasma levels are to be achieved.", "PMID": 739813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4204", "title": "[Radiolucent pigment gallstones (author's transl)].", "content": "Pigment gallstones may be subdivided into three different types: radiolucent and radioopaque stones in the gallbladder and radiolucent stones in the common bile duct. 35 of our patients had radiolucent pigment stones in the gallbladder; 21 of these were followed for years by repeated X-ray examination. There is only little enlargement of these stones as time passes by, however the number of these stones increases continuously. Chemical analysis could be done on such stones in 24 cases. The stones were composed of granular calcium bilirubinate and of asphalt-like products derived from abnormal bilirubin degradation. 5 patients had pigment stones in the common bile duct. These stones contained little cholesterol and exhibited a spongy microstructure characterized by small tubules with a diameter of 1 micrometer. They contained more lipids and bilirubin than the stones collected from the gallbladder and on extraction with organic solvents no asphalt-like residues could be obtained.", "contents": "[Radiolucent pigment gallstones (author's transl)]. Pigment gallstones may be subdivided into three different types: radiolucent and radioopaque stones in the gallbladder and radiolucent stones in the common bile duct. 35 of our patients had radiolucent pigment stones in the gallbladder; 21 of these were followed for years by repeated X-ray examination. There is only little enlargement of these stones as time passes by, however the number of these stones increases continuously. Chemical analysis could be done on such stones in 24 cases. The stones were composed of granular calcium bilirubinate and of asphalt-like products derived from abnormal bilirubin degradation. 5 patients had pigment stones in the common bile duct. These stones contained little cholesterol and exhibited a spongy microstructure characterized by small tubules with a diameter of 1 micrometer. They contained more lipids and bilirubin than the stones collected from the gallbladder and on extraction with organic solvents no asphalt-like residues could be obtained.", "PMID": 739814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4205", "title": "[Gallstone composition and dissolution by chenodesoxycholic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "208 gallstones were collected in sequence and subjected to chemical analysis. Only 10.6% of these stones turned out to be purely composed by cholesterol and only these can be considered to be suited for therapy with chenodesoxycholic acid (CDC). Gallstones composed exclusively by cholesterol cannot be identified in vivo; therapy with CDS has to be followed closely by multiple X-ray and laboratory examinations; in addition there are many relapses after therapy with CDC. For these reasons we still tend to prefer surgery as the therapy of choice in gallstone disease.", "contents": "[Gallstone composition and dissolution by chenodesoxycholic acid (author's transl)]. 208 gallstones were collected in sequence and subjected to chemical analysis. Only 10.6% of these stones turned out to be purely composed by cholesterol and only these can be considered to be suited for therapy with chenodesoxycholic acid (CDC). Gallstones composed exclusively by cholesterol cannot be identified in vivo; therapy with CDS has to be followed closely by multiple X-ray and laboratory examinations; in addition there are many relapses after therapy with CDC. For these reasons we still tend to prefer surgery as the therapy of choice in gallstone disease.", "PMID": 739815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4206", "title": "[Retroperitoneal perforation of the gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation of the gallbladder into the retroperitoneum is a very rare event. A case report is given of a 71 year old patient suffering from acute cholecystitis. A perforation occurred and a retroperitoneal abscess developed. Cholecystectomy, appendectomy and retroperitoneal drainage were performed, and the patient recovered. A review from the literature is given covering 6 other cases.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal perforation of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. Perforation of the gallbladder into the retroperitoneum is a very rare event. A case report is given of a 71 year old patient suffering from acute cholecystitis. A perforation occurred and a retroperitoneal abscess developed. Cholecystectomy, appendectomy and retroperitoneal drainage were performed, and the patient recovered. A review from the literature is given covering 6 other cases.", "PMID": 739816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4207", "title": "[Effect of mixture of nitric and chlorine oxides on lymphocyte acid phosphatase activity in rats].", "content": "In rats chronically exposed to the mixture of nitric (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) oxides acid phosphatase activity (AcP) in peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as its intracellular distribution, were studied using Barka and Anderson's cytochemical method. Depressive effects of these compounds upon lymphocytic system were found in form of lymphocytopenia and a decrease in AcP--negative lymphocytes percentage. Evaluation of intracellular AcP distribution indicated that the mixture of nitric and chlorine oxides intensified enzyme diffusion from lysosomal granules into cytoplasm. The authors believe that lymphocytopenia results from the reduction in B lymphocytes number. At the same time they consider the contribution of these changes to immune reactions of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of mixture of nitric and chlorine oxides on lymphocyte acid phosphatase activity in rats]. In rats chronically exposed to the mixture of nitric (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) oxides acid phosphatase activity (AcP) in peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as its intracellular distribution, were studied using Barka and Anderson's cytochemical method. Depressive effects of these compounds upon lymphocytic system were found in form of lymphocytopenia and a decrease in AcP--negative lymphocytes percentage. Evaluation of intracellular AcP distribution indicated that the mixture of nitric and chlorine oxides intensified enzyme diffusion from lysosomal granules into cytoplasm. The authors believe that lymphocytopenia results from the reduction in B lymphocytes number. At the same time they consider the contribution of these changes to immune reactions of the organism.", "PMID": 739893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4208", "title": "[Effect of chronic inhalation of carbon disulfide intoxication on the content of various lipid metabolism indices in rat serum, aorta and cardiac muscle. I. Total fats, triglycerides, free fatty acids in serum, free and esterified cholesterol in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle].", "content": "Fatty compounds were examined in blood serum, aorta and cardiac muscle of rats exposed to carbon disulphide in low (0.44 mg/l) and high (0.8 mg/l) concentration for 3 and 6 months in the toxicological chamber. The content of total lipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids in serum was determined using methods adopted in laboratory diagnostics. Separation of neutral fats in serum and tissue was done using thin--layer chromatography and free and esterified cholesterol was quantitatively determined by colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis of the results was based on the Student's test. In the rats intoxicated with CS2 increased content of total fats, triglycerides, free fatty acids in serum and cholesterol in cardiac muscle was found; these changes are not statistically significant. Statistically significant increase of free and esterified cholesterol was found in serum and aorta of the rats intoxicated with CS2. These changes were found mostly in rats intoxicated for 3 and 6 months with low concentrations of CS2.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic inhalation of carbon disulfide intoxication on the content of various lipid metabolism indices in rat serum, aorta and cardiac muscle. I. Total fats, triglycerides, free fatty acids in serum, free and esterified cholesterol in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle]. Fatty compounds were examined in blood serum, aorta and cardiac muscle of rats exposed to carbon disulphide in low (0.44 mg/l) and high (0.8 mg/l) concentration for 3 and 6 months in the toxicological chamber. The content of total lipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids in serum was determined using methods adopted in laboratory diagnostics. Separation of neutral fats in serum and tissue was done using thin--layer chromatography and free and esterified cholesterol was quantitatively determined by colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis of the results was based on the Student's test. In the rats intoxicated with CS2 increased content of total fats, triglycerides, free fatty acids in serum and cholesterol in cardiac muscle was found; these changes are not statistically significant. Statistically significant increase of free and esterified cholesterol was found in serum and aorta of the rats intoxicated with CS2. These changes were found mostly in rats intoxicated for 3 and 6 months with low concentrations of CS2.", "PMID": 739894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4209", "title": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on hemostasis in rabbits. II. Platelet adhesiveness].", "content": "Rabbits were exposed to carbon disulphide vapour in toxocological chamber. Increased platelet adhesiveness was found in exposed animals, dependent on CS2 concentration in the chamber and duration of intoxication. The authors suggest that the increased platelet adhesiveness may result from lipid metabolism disturbances.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on hemostasis in rabbits. II. Platelet adhesiveness]. Rabbits were exposed to carbon disulphide vapour in toxocological chamber. Increased platelet adhesiveness was found in exposed animals, dependent on CS2 concentration in the chamber and duration of intoxication. The authors suggest that the increased platelet adhesiveness may result from lipid metabolism disturbances.", "PMID": 739895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4210", "title": "[Early diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the clinic of acute intoxications].", "content": "An attempt to early diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in persons acutely intoxicated with exogenic compounds was undertaken. The investigation involved 56 persons, aged 12--72, in this -- 20 females. In 21 persons intoxicated with carbon monoxide, organic solvents, metallic compounds and Amanita phalloides DIC syndrome was was found, the diagnosis being established -- in 14 persons -- in the subclinic phase. The diagnosis of DIC syndrome was based on results of clinical examination and hemostasis system examinations, enabling to evaluate the effect of free thrombin upon fibrinogen, fibrin and thrombocytes. Clinical observations and results of laboratory test indicate that only early diagnosis of DIC syndrome and thereby an instant inculcation of heparin therapy allow to gain complete remission of hemostatic disturbances in acutely intoxicated persons.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the clinic of acute intoxications]. An attempt to early diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in persons acutely intoxicated with exogenic compounds was undertaken. The investigation involved 56 persons, aged 12--72, in this -- 20 females. In 21 persons intoxicated with carbon monoxide, organic solvents, metallic compounds and Amanita phalloides DIC syndrome was was found, the diagnosis being established -- in 14 persons -- in the subclinic phase. The diagnosis of DIC syndrome was based on results of clinical examination and hemostasis system examinations, enabling to evaluate the effect of free thrombin upon fibrinogen, fibrin and thrombocytes. Clinical observations and results of laboratory test indicate that only early diagnosis of DIC syndrome and thereby an instant inculcation of heparin therapy allow to gain complete remission of hemostatic disturbances in acutely intoxicated persons.", "PMID": 739896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4211", "title": "[Occupational diseases in Poland in the years 1971--1977].", "content": "The authors present results of analysis of occupational diseases morbidity in Poland in the past 7 years. Data included in individual occupational disease card provided information source. The analysis, apart from general coefficients of occupational diseases prevalence involved: age, sex, duration of exposure to occupational hazard inducing a disease, type of the hazard, and distribution of diseases throughout the country according to voivodeships and branches of national economy. From the material presented, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. Occupational diseases prevalence in Poland in the years 1971--1977 was slightly decreasing. 2. The greatest coefficients of occupational diseases morbidity resulted from: occupational hearing impairments, infectious and invasing diseases, intoxications, pneumoconioses, vibration disease and diseases of skin and mucous membranes. 3. Most occupational diseases found in Poland in the years 1971--1977 resulted from long-lasting occupational exposure to a hazard. 4. The greatest occupational diseases morbidity in Poland in the period concerned, was that of persons aged 40--59.", "contents": "[Occupational diseases in Poland in the years 1971--1977]. The authors present results of analysis of occupational diseases morbidity in Poland in the past 7 years. Data included in individual occupational disease card provided information source. The analysis, apart from general coefficients of occupational diseases prevalence involved: age, sex, duration of exposure to occupational hazard inducing a disease, type of the hazard, and distribution of diseases throughout the country according to voivodeships and branches of national economy. From the material presented, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. Occupational diseases prevalence in Poland in the years 1971--1977 was slightly decreasing. 2. The greatest coefficients of occupational diseases morbidity resulted from: occupational hearing impairments, infectious and invasing diseases, intoxications, pneumoconioses, vibration disease and diseases of skin and mucous membranes. 3. Most occupational diseases found in Poland in the years 1971--1977 resulted from long-lasting occupational exposure to a hazard. 4. The greatest occupational diseases morbidity in Poland in the period concerned, was that of persons aged 40--59.", "PMID": 739897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4212", "title": "[Effect of occupational environment on the occurrence of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases among workers engaged in the production of superphosphates].", "content": "The paper was aimed at establishment of the contribution of work conditions to etiology of chronic bronchitis, asthmatic symptoms and lung ventilation disturbances. The investigation involved 354 men producing superphosphate in the Sulphur Processing Plant in Mach\u00f3w near Tarnborzeg and the control group of 276 workers from the same plant but little exposed to industrial dusts. The analysis of mean FEV1 indices with different smoking habits, respiratory tract symptoms and work environment, was based on so called corrected i.e. standardized mean values, with regard to age and increase based on multiple regression equations. In the workers producing superphosphate much more frequent chronic bronchitis (PNO), asthmatic syndrome (ZA) and lung ventilation disturbances were found. Corrected FEV1 arithmetic means in those with PNO and ZA symptoms were significantly lower in those from superphosphate division than in the control group. In addition, in the superphosphate division a significant linear trend of the proportion of lung ventilation disturbances cases, depending on symptoms category, was found. These results reveal harmful effect of air pollution in work environment upon health status of the exposed workers.", "contents": "[Effect of occupational environment on the occurrence of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases among workers engaged in the production of superphosphates]. The paper was aimed at establishment of the contribution of work conditions to etiology of chronic bronchitis, asthmatic symptoms and lung ventilation disturbances. The investigation involved 354 men producing superphosphate in the Sulphur Processing Plant in Mach\u00f3w near Tarnborzeg and the control group of 276 workers from the same plant but little exposed to industrial dusts. The analysis of mean FEV1 indices with different smoking habits, respiratory tract symptoms and work environment, was based on so called corrected i.e. standardized mean values, with regard to age and increase based on multiple regression equations. In the workers producing superphosphate much more frequent chronic bronchitis (PNO), asthmatic syndrome (ZA) and lung ventilation disturbances were found. Corrected FEV1 arithmetic means in those with PNO and ZA symptoms were significantly lower in those from superphosphate division than in the control group. In addition, in the superphosphate division a significant linear trend of the proportion of lung ventilation disturbances cases, depending on symptoms category, was found. These results reveal harmful effect of air pollution in work environment upon health status of the exposed workers.", "PMID": 739898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4213", "title": "[Problems arising from the health status evaluation and certification of diseases developed in countries with different climatic conditions].", "content": "Based on the Polish regulations, the authors present problems and difficulties in qualification for business departures into the tropics, as well as diagnostic and certification procedures related to those whose health has been injured during their business trip to the tropics. The authors postulate a greater attention to be paid to this problem and explanation of some doubts resulting from interpretation of operative regulations.", "contents": "[Problems arising from the health status evaluation and certification of diseases developed in countries with different climatic conditions]. Based on the Polish regulations, the authors present problems and difficulties in qualification for business departures into the tropics, as well as diagnostic and certification procedures related to those whose health has been injured during their business trip to the tropics. The authors postulate a greater attention to be paid to this problem and explanation of some doubts resulting from interpretation of operative regulations.", "PMID": 739899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4214", "title": "[Biochemical polymorphism in a population exposed to environmental pollutants. Importance of studying the problem].", "content": "Genetically conditioned interpersonal differences in reactions to identical doses of medicines make us suppose that some of those exposed to environmental pollutants are at a special risk. This is revealed by detection of some biochemical differences in blood, conditioning a special susceptibility to the effect of some toxic substances. Another method is the so called loading test, aimed at observing the personal reaction to innoxious doses of medicines or toxicants. Recently, biochemical tests have been regarded more and more valid; these tests allow to foresee what medicine metabolism will be like in organism and consequently, how extensive the potential risk of the given person is.", "contents": "[Biochemical polymorphism in a population exposed to environmental pollutants. Importance of studying the problem]. Genetically conditioned interpersonal differences in reactions to identical doses of medicines make us suppose that some of those exposed to environmental pollutants are at a special risk. This is revealed by detection of some biochemical differences in blood, conditioning a special susceptibility to the effect of some toxic substances. Another method is the so called loading test, aimed at observing the personal reaction to innoxious doses of medicines or toxicants. Recently, biochemical tests have been regarded more and more valid; these tests allow to foresee what medicine metabolism will be like in organism and consequently, how extensive the potential risk of the given person is.", "PMID": 739900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4215", "title": "[Health conditions of workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products].", "content": "Results of 5-year periodic examinations and SDH, LAP and GGTP activity in blood serum of 207 workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products were analysed. In addition, in the selected groups, the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins, complement C3 fraction and alpha2 macroglobulins were determined. Results of objective and enzymatic examinations indicate a slight toxic liver lesion. No significant changes in albuminous fractions were found, except a significant reduction in alpha2 macroglobulins.", "contents": "[Health conditions of workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products]. Results of 5-year periodic examinations and SDH, LAP and GGTP activity in blood serum of 207 workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products were analysed. In addition, in the selected groups, the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins, complement C3 fraction and alpha2 macroglobulins were determined. Results of objective and enzymatic examinations indicate a slight toxic liver lesion. No significant changes in albuminous fractions were found, except a significant reduction in alpha2 macroglobulins.", "PMID": 739901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4216", "title": "[Clinical value of ammonia determination in venous blood in chronic cor pulmonale].", "content": "The authors have examined 43 workers of the Warszawa works: 20 healthy persons and 23 with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome. An increased ammonia level in venous blood, above 48 gamma %, was found in those with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome with simultaneous circulatory insufficiency. Ammonia level in the blood of those with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome but without circulatory insufficiency was normal. These studies indicate that the increase of ammonia concentration in venous blood in chronic pulmocardiac syndrome results from disturbance in hepatic cell function, intensified during circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Clinical value of ammonia determination in venous blood in chronic cor pulmonale]. The authors have examined 43 workers of the Warszawa works: 20 healthy persons and 23 with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome. An increased ammonia level in venous blood, above 48 gamma %, was found in those with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome with simultaneous circulatory insufficiency. Ammonia level in the blood of those with chronic pulmocardiac syndrome but without circulatory insufficiency was normal. These studies indicate that the increase of ammonia concentration in venous blood in chronic pulmocardiac syndrome results from disturbance in hepatic cell function, intensified during circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 739902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4217", "title": "In vitro induction of antibody-dependent cytotoxic macrophages by the local anesthetic lidocaine.", "content": "Normal macrophages were activated to antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector cells by in vitro treatment with the local anesthetic lidocaine. Experiments on the dose-response and time course of the effect oflidocaine showed that incubation of normal macrophages with 10 mM lidocaine for 10 min at 28 C was enough for induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The activation by lidocaine was accompanied by enhanced phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with anti-SRBC antiserum, but not enhanced ingestion of polystyrene latex particles (PLP). These findings suggest that lidocaine, which has various effects on cell membranes, induces some perturbation of macrophage membranes, resulting in activation of Fc receptor functions in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis.", "contents": "In vitro induction of antibody-dependent cytotoxic macrophages by the local anesthetic lidocaine. Normal macrophages were activated to antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector cells by in vitro treatment with the local anesthetic lidocaine. Experiments on the dose-response and time course of the effect oflidocaine showed that incubation of normal macrophages with 10 mM lidocaine for 10 min at 28 C was enough for induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The activation by lidocaine was accompanied by enhanced phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with anti-SRBC antiserum, but not enhanced ingestion of polystyrene latex particles (PLP). These findings suggest that lidocaine, which has various effects on cell membranes, induces some perturbation of macrophage membranes, resulting in activation of Fc receptor functions in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis.", "PMID": 739908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4218", "title": "Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia.", "content": "The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.", "contents": "Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia. The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.", "PMID": 739910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4219", "title": "Syphilis in Australian aborigines in the northern territory.", "content": "A marked increase in the incidence of syphilis in Australian Aborigines in the Northern Territory has occurred in recent years. A total of 287 syphilis notifications relating to Aborigines in the north west of the Northern Territory during the 12-month period from June, 1976, to May, 1977, are analysed. An outline of how the Northern Territory Medical Service plans to deal with the situation is described.", "contents": "Syphilis in Australian aborigines in the northern territory. A marked increase in the incidence of syphilis in Australian Aborigines in the Northern Territory has occurred in recent years. A total of 287 syphilis notifications relating to Aborigines in the north west of the Northern Territory during the 12-month period from June, 1976, to May, 1977, are analysed. An outline of how the Northern Territory Medical Service plans to deal with the situation is described.", "PMID": 739911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4220", "title": "Severe pancreaticoduodenal injury.", "content": "A case where a patient suffered major pancreaticoduodenal injury as a result of a road accident and required pancreaticoduodenectomy is described. Investigative procedures are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of treating such patients in centres with full support facilities, and with experienced and available staff members.", "contents": "Severe pancreaticoduodenal injury. A case where a patient suffered major pancreaticoduodenal injury as a result of a road accident and required pancreaticoduodenectomy is described. Investigative procedures are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of treating such patients in centres with full support facilities, and with experienced and available staff members.", "PMID": 739925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4221", "title": "The organization of a human milk bank in a North Q ueensland hospital.", "content": "The development of a human milk bank with nursing mothers as donors of human milk is described. Breast milk is collected manually, and as aseptically as possible, by the mother in the privacy of her home, and the milk is transported frozen to the milk bank by a member of the Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia. A sample of expressed milk is also collected and sent to the Microbiology Department of the Australian Government Health Laboratory for bacteriological examination. The milk bank is suitably located in the paediatric ward of the Townsville General Hospital. Human milk which has been classed as bacteriologically safe is given untreated to hospitalized infants in preference to formula milk. The result is a human milk bank which is administered under medical and microbiological control.", "contents": "The organization of a human milk bank in a North Q ueensland hospital. The development of a human milk bank with nursing mothers as donors of human milk is described. Breast milk is collected manually, and as aseptically as possible, by the mother in the privacy of her home, and the milk is transported frozen to the milk bank by a member of the Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia. A sample of expressed milk is also collected and sent to the Microbiology Department of the Australian Government Health Laboratory for bacteriological examination. The milk bank is suitably located in the paediatric ward of the Townsville General Hospital. Human milk which has been classed as bacteriologically safe is given untreated to hospitalized infants in preference to formula milk. The result is a human milk bank which is administered under medical and microbiological control.", "PMID": 739930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4222", "title": "Coronary risk factor screening and long-term follow up: year 1 of the Sydney Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Programme.", "content": "Ten thousand self-referred Sydney inhabitants were screened for major coronary risk factors over one year. Individual \"problems\" were referred to general practitioners for further assessment and treatment. Seventy-four per cent of subjects have attended a general practitioner where relevant. For subjects under 65 years, 29% had unsuspected hyperlipidaemia, 11% had unsuspected hypertension, and 0.6% had unsuspected diabetes. Nineteen per cent of subjects reported a past history of hypertension, of whom 46% appeared to be well-controlled (diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mmHg). The numbers of cigarette smokers fell with increasing age. Considering hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking in subjects under 40 years of age, 10.4% of males and 4.9% of females had two or more coronary risk factors. Three hundred and fifty-four subjects selected at random, who claimed to be receiving treatment as a result of initial screening were invited for retesting eight and 15 months later. Significant falls were noted in body weight, blood pressure, and plasma cholesterol readings.", "contents": "Coronary risk factor screening and long-term follow up: year 1 of the Sydney Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Programme. Ten thousand self-referred Sydney inhabitants were screened for major coronary risk factors over one year. Individual \"problems\" were referred to general practitioners for further assessment and treatment. Seventy-four per cent of subjects have attended a general practitioner where relevant. For subjects under 65 years, 29% had unsuspected hyperlipidaemia, 11% had unsuspected hypertension, and 0.6% had unsuspected diabetes. Nineteen per cent of subjects reported a past history of hypertension, of whom 46% appeared to be well-controlled (diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mmHg). The numbers of cigarette smokers fell with increasing age. Considering hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking in subjects under 40 years of age, 10.4% of males and 4.9% of females had two or more coronary risk factors. Three hundred and fifty-four subjects selected at random, who claimed to be receiving treatment as a result of initial screening were invited for retesting eight and 15 months later. Significant falls were noted in body weight, blood pressure, and plasma cholesterol readings.", "PMID": 739932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4223", "title": "Control of oral anticoagulants by the prothrombin time: a plea for uniformity.", "content": "Six trromboplastins commonly used for prothrombin time determinations were studied. Prothrombin times of patients who were receiving oral anticoagulant therapy varied widely, depending on the origin of the thromboplastins. The therapeutic range which is recommended with one thromboplastin is often quite different from that recommended with another, and as a result, the therapeutic ranges of different institutions may show no overlap. Management of patients and comparison of therapeutic results would be facilitated if all thromboplastins in use in Australia were standardized by comparison with the Australian Reference Thromboplastin.", "contents": "Control of oral anticoagulants by the prothrombin time: a plea for uniformity. Six trromboplastins commonly used for prothrombin time determinations were studied. Prothrombin times of patients who were receiving oral anticoagulant therapy varied widely, depending on the origin of the thromboplastins. The therapeutic range which is recommended with one thromboplastin is often quite different from that recommended with another, and as a result, the therapeutic ranges of different institutions may show no overlap. Management of patients and comparison of therapeutic results would be facilitated if all thromboplastins in use in Australia were standardized by comparison with the Australian Reference Thromboplastin.", "PMID": 739933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4224", "title": "Changing mortality from ischaemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "From 1969 to 1976 there was a significant reduction in mortality for various forms of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in inpatients at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. The mortality rate for all forms of IHD fell from 22.9% to 8.8% in men, and from 26.7% to 14.5% in women; the rate for acute myocardial infarction fell from 28.5% to 16.1% in men, and from 38.4% to 25.1% in women; and the mortality rate for chronic IHD fell from 13.2% to 1.1% in men, and from 13.8% to 2.0% in women. A less marked decrease in mortality from acute myocardial infarction occurred in the general population. Numbers of hospital patients increased within each category of IHD. Admission of patients with less severe illness and changes in age and sex distribution may partially account for the observed reduction in hospital mortality.", "contents": "Changing mortality from ischaemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. From 1969 to 1976 there was a significant reduction in mortality for various forms of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in inpatients at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. The mortality rate for all forms of IHD fell from 22.9% to 8.8% in men, and from 26.7% to 14.5% in women; the rate for acute myocardial infarction fell from 28.5% to 16.1% in men, and from 38.4% to 25.1% in women; and the mortality rate for chronic IHD fell from 13.2% to 1.1% in men, and from 13.8% to 2.0% in women. A less marked decrease in mortality from acute myocardial infarction occurred in the general population. Numbers of hospital patients increased within each category of IHD. Admission of patients with less severe illness and changes in age and sex distribution may partially account for the observed reduction in hospital mortality.", "PMID": 739934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4225", "title": "Perhexiline maleate neurotoxicity and weight loss.", "content": "Ten Caucasian patients with perhexiline maleate neurotoxicosis and weight loss are presented. Weight loss preceded symptomatic neuropathy which was detected on electromyography in one patient. Weight loss and neuropathy may be marked, but clinical improvement follows drug withdrawal.", "contents": "Perhexiline maleate neurotoxicity and weight loss. Ten Caucasian patients with perhexiline maleate neurotoxicosis and weight loss are presented. Weight loss preceded symptomatic neuropathy which was detected on electromyography in one patient. Weight loss and neuropathy may be marked, but clinical improvement follows drug withdrawal.", "PMID": 739935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4226", "title": "Ocular manifestations and complications of acute methyl alcohol intoxication.", "content": "The ocular manifestations of acute methyl alcohol intoxication were studied in 24 men during an outbreak in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The visual acuity, pupillary reactions to light, fundal appearances and visual fields were recorded in all patients within 72 hours of ingestion of methanol and again three months later. Three groups were identified. Nine patients had no ocular abnormality (Group 1). Seven patients had only transient ocular abnormalities (Group 2). Eight patients had permanent ocular abnormalities (Group 3). Transient abnormalities included peripapillary oedema, optic disc hyperaemia, diminished pupillary reactions to light, and central scotomata. Permanent ocular abnormalities included optic disc pallor, attenuation of arterioles, sheathing of arterioles, diminished pupillary reaction to light, diminished visual acuity, central scotomata, and other nerve fibre bundle defects. Complete blindness occurred in two patients, while severe visula deficit resulted in four others. The incidence of permanent ocular abnormalities was found to correlate with the incidence of metabolic acidosis (P less than 0.01), and with the stated volume of methanol consumed (P less than 0.05). An inverse correlation was found between stated volume of methanol consumed and onset of blurred vision. The difficulties in management and rehabilitation of these patients are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations and complications of acute methyl alcohol intoxication. The ocular manifestations of acute methyl alcohol intoxication were studied in 24 men during an outbreak in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The visual acuity, pupillary reactions to light, fundal appearances and visual fields were recorded in all patients within 72 hours of ingestion of methanol and again three months later. Three groups were identified. Nine patients had no ocular abnormality (Group 1). Seven patients had only transient ocular abnormalities (Group 2). Eight patients had permanent ocular abnormalities (Group 3). Transient abnormalities included peripapillary oedema, optic disc hyperaemia, diminished pupillary reactions to light, and central scotomata. Permanent ocular abnormalities included optic disc pallor, attenuation of arterioles, sheathing of arterioles, diminished pupillary reaction to light, diminished visual acuity, central scotomata, and other nerve fibre bundle defects. Complete blindness occurred in two patients, while severe visula deficit resulted in four others. The incidence of permanent ocular abnormalities was found to correlate with the incidence of metabolic acidosis (P less than 0.01), and with the stated volume of methanol consumed (P less than 0.05). An inverse correlation was found between stated volume of methanol consumed and onset of blurred vision. The difficulties in management and rehabilitation of these patients are discussed.", "PMID": 739940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4227", "title": "Coronary artery disease in young Australian women.", "content": "Over a 12-year period, from 1965 to 1977, 43 women under 46 years of age were documented with angiographic evidence of coronary atherosclerosis at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Twenty-five of the women were able to be followed up at a mean interval of 31 months. This group of young women with coronary artery disease was compared with an age-matched control group of 660 \"healthy\" women drawn from the general population. Hyperlipidaemia was present in 72% of patients and in 13% of controls. Seventy-three percent of patients were regular cigarette smokers compared with 21% of controls. Only one patient out of 43 showed neither hyperlipikaemia, nor hypertension, nor smoked cigarettes, and multiple risk factors were commonly present. The level of high density or alpha-lipoprotein was significantly reduced in young women with coronary artery disease. These results highlight the presence of classical risk factors in these young women, as well as the importance of alpha-lipoproteins.", "contents": "Coronary artery disease in young Australian women. Over a 12-year period, from 1965 to 1977, 43 women under 46 years of age were documented with angiographic evidence of coronary atherosclerosis at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Twenty-five of the women were able to be followed up at a mean interval of 31 months. This group of young women with coronary artery disease was compared with an age-matched control group of 660 \"healthy\" women drawn from the general population. Hyperlipidaemia was present in 72% of patients and in 13% of controls. Seventy-three percent of patients were regular cigarette smokers compared with 21% of controls. Only one patient out of 43 showed neither hyperlipikaemia, nor hypertension, nor smoked cigarettes, and multiple risk factors were commonly present. The level of high density or alpha-lipoprotein was significantly reduced in young women with coronary artery disease. These results highlight the presence of classical risk factors in these young women, as well as the importance of alpha-lipoproteins.", "PMID": 739944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4228", "title": "Hypertension after ingestion of Trimolets.", "content": "A 21-year-old nurse presented with severe headache after ingesting one phenylpropanolamine (Trimolets) tablet. Examination revealed hypertension. Although no specific therapy was administered to the patient, her blood pressure normalized within a few hours of admission to hospital and has remained normal since. The patient declined rechallenge with the suspected drug.", "contents": "Hypertension after ingestion of Trimolets. A 21-year-old nurse presented with severe headache after ingesting one phenylpropanolamine (Trimolets) tablet. Examination revealed hypertension. Although no specific therapy was administered to the patient, her blood pressure normalized within a few hours of admission to hospital and has remained normal since. The patient declined rechallenge with the suspected drug.", "PMID": 739945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4229", "title": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "A case of a 29-year-old man who developed a renal arteriovenous fistula after a gunshot injury is reported. The patient presented with renovascular hypertension associated with high putput cardiac failure, both of which were reversed by surgery.", "contents": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula. A case of a 29-year-old man who developed a renal arteriovenous fistula after a gunshot injury is reported. The patient presented with renovascular hypertension associated with high putput cardiac failure, both of which were reversed by surgery.", "PMID": 739946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4230", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate with rectal symptoms.", "content": "An unusual case of a carcinoma of the prostate where the patient presented with rectal symptoms is described. A good initial response to oestrogen therapy occurred, with loss of perineal pain and rectal bleeding an improvement in urinary stream.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate with rectal symptoms. An unusual case of a carcinoma of the prostate where the patient presented with rectal symptoms is described. A good initial response to oestrogen therapy occurred, with loss of perineal pain and rectal bleeding an improvement in urinary stream.", "PMID": 739947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4231", "title": "Cold-sensitivity of a double mutant strain combining two ribosomal mutations in the ascomycete Podospora anserina.", "content": "A double mutant strain combining two ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to cycloheximide exhibits a cold-sensitive phenotype. At low temperature the biosynthesis of the 60S subunit is impaired. Genetic analysis of cold-resistant revertants have shown that this double mutant strain can be used efficiently to isolate new ribosomal mutations.", "contents": "Cold-sensitivity of a double mutant strain combining two ribosomal mutations in the ascomycete Podospora anserina. A double mutant strain combining two ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to cycloheximide exhibits a cold-sensitive phenotype. At low temperature the biosynthesis of the 60S subunit is impaired. Genetic analysis of cold-resistant revertants have shown that this double mutant strain can be used efficiently to isolate new ribosomal mutations.", "PMID": 739974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4232", "title": "Localization of 4S RNA genes on the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.", "content": "The genes coding for 4S RNA have been localized on the physical map of the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardii by hybridizing 32P-labelled 4S RNA to EcoRI, BamHI, Bg1II and Hind III chloroplast DNA digests and to hybrid plasmids containing EcoRI and Bam HI chloroplast DNA fragments. At least 10 EcoRI and 7 Bam HI fragments carry sequences coding for 4S RNA. These genes are interspersed throughout the genome. The spacer between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes, which is repeated twice per chloroplast DNA molecule, codes for at least one 4S RNA, shown to be transcribed from the same strand as the ribosomal RNAs.", "contents": "Localization of 4S RNA genes on the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. The genes coding for 4S RNA have been localized on the physical map of the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardii by hybridizing 32P-labelled 4S RNA to EcoRI, BamHI, Bg1II and Hind III chloroplast DNA digests and to hybrid plasmids containing EcoRI and Bam HI chloroplast DNA fragments. At least 10 EcoRI and 7 Bam HI fragments carry sequences coding for 4S RNA. These genes are interspersed throughout the genome. The spacer between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes, which is repeated twice per chloroplast DNA molecule, codes for at least one 4S RNA, shown to be transcribed from the same strand as the ribosomal RNAs.", "PMID": 739975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4233", "title": "Evidence for a near UV-induced photoproduct of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in bacteriophage T4 that can be recognized by endonuclease V.", "content": "Non-photoreactivable endonuclease V-sensitive sites have been detected in the DNA of wild type bacteriophage T4 irradiated with near UV light (320 nm). Such sites were not detected in the DNA of (a) wild type T4 irradiated with far UV (254 nm) or (B) in T4 mutants in which non-glucosylated 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine (5HMC) or cytosine replaces glucosylated 5HMC normally present in T4, irradiated with 320 nm or 254 nm light. Although the non-photoreactivable sites accounted for approximately 50% of the endonuclease V-sensitive sites in the DNA of glucosylated T4 irradiated with near UV, there was very little difference in the sensitivities of T4 containing glucosylated 5HMC, non-glucosylated 5HMC and cytosine to near UV (313 nm). We propose that the photoproduct responsible for the non-photoreactivable, but endonuclease V-sensitive, sites in glucosylated DNA is formed from glucosylated 5HMC and that a similar photoproduct is formed from non-glucosylated 5HMC or cytosine in the appropriate phage strains. We further propose that the glucosylated 5HMC photoproduct is non-photoreactivable whereas the cytosine and non-glucosylated 5HMC photoproducts are photoreactivable and are therefore possibly cyclobutane dimers.", "contents": "Evidence for a near UV-induced photoproduct of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in bacteriophage T4 that can be recognized by endonuclease V. Non-photoreactivable endonuclease V-sensitive sites have been detected in the DNA of wild type bacteriophage T4 irradiated with near UV light (320 nm). Such sites were not detected in the DNA of (a) wild type T4 irradiated with far UV (254 nm) or (B) in T4 mutants in which non-glucosylated 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine (5HMC) or cytosine replaces glucosylated 5HMC normally present in T4, irradiated with 320 nm or 254 nm light. Although the non-photoreactivable sites accounted for approximately 50% of the endonuclease V-sensitive sites in the DNA of glucosylated T4 irradiated with near UV, there was very little difference in the sensitivities of T4 containing glucosylated 5HMC, non-glucosylated 5HMC and cytosine to near UV (313 nm). We propose that the photoproduct responsible for the non-photoreactivable, but endonuclease V-sensitive, sites in glucosylated DNA is formed from glucosylated 5HMC and that a similar photoproduct is formed from non-glucosylated 5HMC or cytosine in the appropriate phage strains. We further propose that the glucosylated 5HMC photoproduct is non-photoreactivable whereas the cytosine and non-glucosylated 5HMC photoproducts are photoreactivable and are therefore possibly cyclobutane dimers.", "PMID": 739976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4234", "title": "Reversible tenfod reduction in mitochondria DNA content of human cells treated with ethidium bromide.", "content": "Cells of the human line VA2-B in suspension culture have been treated with very low concentrations of ethidium bromide for the purpose of reducing the amount of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) per cell. Cells maintained in the presence of 5 ng/ml ethidium bromide grew at a normal rate for three days; thereafter, their doubling time gradually increased to a stable value of about 60 h. In these cells, the rate of 3H thymidine incorporation into mit-DNA decreased very rapidly to approximately 60% of the normal, and remained thereafter at this level, while the amount of mit-DNA per cell stabilized around a level of 70--80% of the control. In cells long-term treated with 5 ng/ml ethidium bromide, the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis was about 35% of the normal, and the cytochrome c oxidase activity about 50% of the control. Cells treated with 20 ng/ml of the drug underwent 3--4 cell doublings at control rates, then gradually stopped growing, and eventually died. In these cells, the rate of incorporation of 3H thymidine into mit-DNA was reduced to 50% of the control value after 10 min treatment with ethidium bromide, and became barely detectable after three cell doublings. At this time, the cells had on the average less than 10% of the control amount of mit-DNA, the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis was reduced to 3% of the normal, and the specific activities of cytochrome c oxidase and rutamycin-sensitive ATPase were less than 20% of the control values. In spite of these marked changes, the cells exhibited only a 20--30% loss in cell viability, as estimated by cloning efficiency, after three days of exposure to the drug. Cells treated with ethidium bromide at 20 ng/ml for three days, and then transferred to drug-free medium, recovered a near-to-normal growth rate and cloning efficiency and a near-to-normal rate of synthesis and amount of mit-DNA in about five days.", "contents": "Reversible tenfod reduction in mitochondria DNA content of human cells treated with ethidium bromide. Cells of the human line VA2-B in suspension culture have been treated with very low concentrations of ethidium bromide for the purpose of reducing the amount of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) per cell. Cells maintained in the presence of 5 ng/ml ethidium bromide grew at a normal rate for three days; thereafter, their doubling time gradually increased to a stable value of about 60 h. In these cells, the rate of 3H thymidine incorporation into mit-DNA decreased very rapidly to approximately 60% of the normal, and remained thereafter at this level, while the amount of mit-DNA per cell stabilized around a level of 70--80% of the control. In cells long-term treated with 5 ng/ml ethidium bromide, the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis was about 35% of the normal, and the cytochrome c oxidase activity about 50% of the control. Cells treated with 20 ng/ml of the drug underwent 3--4 cell doublings at control rates, then gradually stopped growing, and eventually died. In these cells, the rate of incorporation of 3H thymidine into mit-DNA was reduced to 50% of the control value after 10 min treatment with ethidium bromide, and became barely detectable after three cell doublings. At this time, the cells had on the average less than 10% of the control amount of mit-DNA, the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis was reduced to 3% of the normal, and the specific activities of cytochrome c oxidase and rutamycin-sensitive ATPase were less than 20% of the control values. In spite of these marked changes, the cells exhibited only a 20--30% loss in cell viability, as estimated by cloning efficiency, after three days of exposure to the drug. Cells treated with ethidium bromide at 20 ng/ml for three days, and then transferred to drug-free medium, recovered a near-to-normal growth rate and cloning efficiency and a near-to-normal rate of synthesis and amount of mit-DNA in about five days.", "PMID": 739978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4235", "title": "Characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage PM2: membrane mutants.", "content": "In an effort to understand the genetic regulation of membrane morphogenesis, twenty-nine temperature-sensitive mutants of the membrane-containing bacteriophage PM2 were isolated. Characterization at restrictive temperature revealed groups showing no lysis (Groups I--IV), partial lysis (Groups V--VIII), and full lysis (groups IX--XII) of the host Pseudomonas BAL-31. When the cell lysis data are considered in conjunction with data on stimulation of viral DNA synthesis, at least six mutant groups are defined. Analysis by gel electrophoresis of the pattern of viral proteins synthesized under restrictive conditions further divides the mutants into twelve groups. Temperature shift experiments delineate early, intermediate and late mutants. Complementation data support some of these groupings. The observed low levels of complementation and recombination are discussed in terms of gene product/genome restriction, bound to the membrane at the site of infection. It is of particular interest to membrane morphogenesis that under restrictive conditions late mutants in Groups II, III and IV make empty-appearing vesicles inside the cell that are the size of virus membranes as seen in thin sections of cells in the electron microscope. Mutants ts 1 (Group II) and ts 12 (Group III) show defects in their ability to incorporate into membranes viral structural proteins sp 13 and sp 6.6. The possibility is discussed that either of these proteins control the size and shape of the viral membrane.", "contents": "Characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage PM2: membrane mutants. In an effort to understand the genetic regulation of membrane morphogenesis, twenty-nine temperature-sensitive mutants of the membrane-containing bacteriophage PM2 were isolated. Characterization at restrictive temperature revealed groups showing no lysis (Groups I--IV), partial lysis (Groups V--VIII), and full lysis (groups IX--XII) of the host Pseudomonas BAL-31. When the cell lysis data are considered in conjunction with data on stimulation of viral DNA synthesis, at least six mutant groups are defined. Analysis by gel electrophoresis of the pattern of viral proteins synthesized under restrictive conditions further divides the mutants into twelve groups. Temperature shift experiments delineate early, intermediate and late mutants. Complementation data support some of these groupings. The observed low levels of complementation and recombination are discussed in terms of gene product/genome restriction, bound to the membrane at the site of infection. It is of particular interest to membrane morphogenesis that under restrictive conditions late mutants in Groups II, III and IV make empty-appearing vesicles inside the cell that are the size of virus membranes as seen in thin sections of cells in the electron microscope. Mutants ts 1 (Group II) and ts 12 (Group III) show defects in their ability to incorporate into membranes viral structural proteins sp 13 and sp 6.6. The possibility is discussed that either of these proteins control the size and shape of the viral membrane.", "PMID": 739979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4236", "title": "Comparative properties of rat liver chromatin in situ and in vitro at early stages after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "The binding of acridine orange and ethidium bromide to rat liver chromatin increases by 30% one hour after partial hepatectomy, returns to the control level by the second hour and increases again by the sixth hour. The changes described were found in investigations carried out on whole cells, on isolated nuclei, and on chromatin preparation in vitro. Increased ligand binding disappears after the treatment of the one-hour chromatin with a 0.3 M NaCl solution, but such a treatment does not change the binding of ligands to chromatin obtained six hours after hepatectomy. The one-hour chromatin is characterized by elongation of distances between individual nucleosomes whereas the two-hour chromatin is the same as in control.", "contents": "Comparative properties of rat liver chromatin in situ and in vitro at early stages after partial hepatectomy. The binding of acridine orange and ethidium bromide to rat liver chromatin increases by 30% one hour after partial hepatectomy, returns to the control level by the second hour and increases again by the sixth hour. The changes described were found in investigations carried out on whole cells, on isolated nuclei, and on chromatin preparation in vitro. Increased ligand binding disappears after the treatment of the one-hour chromatin with a 0.3 M NaCl solution, but such a treatment does not change the binding of ligands to chromatin obtained six hours after hepatectomy. The one-hour chromatin is characterized by elongation of distances between individual nucleosomes whereas the two-hour chromatin is the same as in control.", "PMID": 739980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4237", "title": "Effects of chloramphenicol on the postreplication repair and sister recombinational DNA exchanges in ultraviolet-irradiated Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "The filling of about one third of postreplication DNA gaps in u.v.-irradiated Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 is blocked by chloramphenicol (CA) added just before irradiation. Addition of CA 15 min after u.v.-irradiation does not prevent the complete repair of the gaps. U.v.-sensitive M. luteus mutants (ML 6 and ML 15) are identified as defective in different steps of inducible postreplication DNA repair (PRR). PRR in unexcising M. luteus strain G7 is accompanied by the transfer of about 20% of pyrimidine dimers from parental to daughter DNA strands, which indicates the existance of recombinational pathway of PRR. Recombinational PRR in M. luteus is not inhibited by CA.", "contents": "Effects of chloramphenicol on the postreplication repair and sister recombinational DNA exchanges in ultraviolet-irradiated Micrococcus luteus. The filling of about one third of postreplication DNA gaps in u.v.-irradiated Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 is blocked by chloramphenicol (CA) added just before irradiation. Addition of CA 15 min after u.v.-irradiation does not prevent the complete repair of the gaps. U.v.-sensitive M. luteus mutants (ML 6 and ML 15) are identified as defective in different steps of inducible postreplication DNA repair (PRR). PRR in unexcising M. luteus strain G7 is accompanied by the transfer of about 20% of pyrimidine dimers from parental to daughter DNA strands, which indicates the existance of recombinational pathway of PRR. Recombinational PRR in M. luteus is not inhibited by CA.", "PMID": 739981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4238", "title": "Cleavage of pre-mRNA sequences by ribonucleases bound to nuclear RNP particles of rat liver.", "content": "The 30S nuclear RNP particles from rat liver have been shown to split the double-stranded- (ds) and single-stranded (ss) sequences of nuclear pre-mRNA. Experiments performed in vitro have demonstrated that 1) a 5'-exonuclease and an endonuclease specific for double-stranded pre-mRNA sequences exist in the 30S pre-mRNP particles; 2) in dsRNA monophosphorylated 5'-termini arose in the course of incubation with 30S RNP and most of the products remained double-stranded. The analysis of terminal pNp nucleotides revealed a relatively high ratio of pPyp in the cleaved dsRNA, whereas the nucleosides in 5'-terminal pNp of ssRNA showed nearly random distribution. Our results provide a possible explanation for the appearance of pNp termini during the processing of nuclear pre-mRNA of mammalian cells.", "contents": "Cleavage of pre-mRNA sequences by ribonucleases bound to nuclear RNP particles of rat liver. The 30S nuclear RNP particles from rat liver have been shown to split the double-stranded- (ds) and single-stranded (ss) sequences of nuclear pre-mRNA. Experiments performed in vitro have demonstrated that 1) a 5'-exonuclease and an endonuclease specific for double-stranded pre-mRNA sequences exist in the 30S pre-mRNP particles; 2) in dsRNA monophosphorylated 5'-termini arose in the course of incubation with 30S RNP and most of the products remained double-stranded. The analysis of terminal pNp nucleotides revealed a relatively high ratio of pPyp in the cleaved dsRNA, whereas the nucleosides in 5'-terminal pNp of ssRNA showed nearly random distribution. Our results provide a possible explanation for the appearance of pNp termini during the processing of nuclear pre-mRNA of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 739982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4239", "title": "Organization, replication and modification of the human genome: differential methylation of two classes of HeLa nuclear DNA separated on Ag+--Cs2SO4 gradients.", "content": "HeLa nuclear DNA sediments as a single peak, in neutral CsCl, while it is separated in a heavier and a lighter components, in alkaline Ag+--Cs2SO4. The heavy fraction, on the average, represents about 20% of the total DNA. CsCl analytical ultracentrifugation shows that heavy DNA bands at 1.715 g/cm3 and contains 53% GC (10% of the total GC), whereas light DNA bands at 1.703 g/cm3 and contains 40% GC (32% of the total GC). Coherently, Tm values in 0.1 x SSC are 82.5 degrees C, for heavy DNA, and 72.5 degrees C, for light DNA. After treatment with [3H-methyl-S-adenosyl-L-methionine in isolated nuclei, the concentration of labelled 5-methylcytosine was found to be highest in the more dense regions of the heavy peak and in the less dense regions of the light peak. Exposure to ultrasound modifies the quantitative relationship of the two peaks and improves the separation of supermethylated AT- and GC-rich DNAs. Four possible triplets as sites for DNA-methylase recognition are discussed.", "contents": "Organization, replication and modification of the human genome: differential methylation of two classes of HeLa nuclear DNA separated on Ag+--Cs2SO4 gradients. HeLa nuclear DNA sediments as a single peak, in neutral CsCl, while it is separated in a heavier and a lighter components, in alkaline Ag+--Cs2SO4. The heavy fraction, on the average, represents about 20% of the total DNA. CsCl analytical ultracentrifugation shows that heavy DNA bands at 1.715 g/cm3 and contains 53% GC (10% of the total GC), whereas light DNA bands at 1.703 g/cm3 and contains 40% GC (32% of the total GC). Coherently, Tm values in 0.1 x SSC are 82.5 degrees C, for heavy DNA, and 72.5 degrees C, for light DNA. After treatment with [3H-methyl-S-adenosyl-L-methionine in isolated nuclei, the concentration of labelled 5-methylcytosine was found to be highest in the more dense regions of the heavy peak and in the less dense regions of the light peak. Exposure to ultrasound modifies the quantitative relationship of the two peaks and improves the separation of supermethylated AT- and GC-rich DNAs. Four possible triplets as sites for DNA-methylase recognition are discussed.", "PMID": 739983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4240", "title": "A new high sensitive analytical micro-scale procedure for chromosomal proteins.", "content": "Utilizing male rat liver cells we describe a method for isolating and fractionating chromosomal proteins. About 99% of chromosomal proteins was dissociated using a three step dissociation procedure. DNA was removed by sedimentation and the histone fractions were separated from the non-histone chromosomal proteins by Bio Rex 70 chromatography. The non-histone chromosomal proteins were fractionated by micro-gradient electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, which proved to be superior to the electrophoretic procedures currently in use. The histones were further separated on polyacrylamide-SDS slab gels using a micro-two-dimensional electrophoretic system. The high resolution of these fractionation procedures greatly enhances the possibility of observing small changes in proteins which may play a role in gene regulation.", "contents": "A new high sensitive analytical micro-scale procedure for chromosomal proteins. Utilizing male rat liver cells we describe a method for isolating and fractionating chromosomal proteins. About 99% of chromosomal proteins was dissociated using a three step dissociation procedure. DNA was removed by sedimentation and the histone fractions were separated from the non-histone chromosomal proteins by Bio Rex 70 chromatography. The non-histone chromosomal proteins were fractionated by micro-gradient electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, which proved to be superior to the electrophoretic procedures currently in use. The histones were further separated on polyacrylamide-SDS slab gels using a micro-two-dimensional electrophoretic system. The high resolution of these fractionation procedures greatly enhances the possibility of observing small changes in proteins which may play a role in gene regulation.", "PMID": 739984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4241", "title": "The effect of the messenger RNA concentration on the competitive inhibition of translation by cap-analogues.", "content": "Inhibition of translation of several mRNA species in a micrococcal nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues was compared with the competition between two mRNAs. Inhibition characteristics were very similar, only complete mRNA molecules inhibited at concentrations 150 times lower than m7 G5'ppp5'G. The inhibition of mRNA translation by cap analogues could be neutralized by the addition of extra mRNA in a manner predicted from the competitive nature of the inhibition by cap analogues.", "contents": "The effect of the messenger RNA concentration on the competitive inhibition of translation by cap-analogues. Inhibition of translation of several mRNA species in a micrococcal nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues was compared with the competition between two mRNAs. Inhibition characteristics were very similar, only complete mRNA molecules inhibited at concentrations 150 times lower than m7 G5'ppp5'G. The inhibition of mRNA translation by cap analogues could be neutralized by the addition of extra mRNA in a manner predicted from the competitive nature of the inhibition by cap analogues.", "PMID": 739985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4242", "title": "Separation of nucleosomes containing histones H1 and H5.", "content": "Hen erythrocyte chromatin was digested with staphylococcal nuclease and fractionated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Instead of the three bands described for mouse carcinoma chromatin, four main discrete components (MN1, MN2, MN2E  and MN3) were resolved in the mononucleosome fraction of erythrocyte chromatin. MN2 contained all five histones and a DNA fragment of 165--180 base pairs. MN2E comprised four nucleosomal histones plus histone H5 (but not H1) and a DNA fragment of 170--190 base pairs. The relatively nuclease resistant MN3 fraction of erythrocyte nucleosomes contained H1 but no H5 histone. A more accurate analysis of the MN2 fraction in mouse carcinoma nucleosomes revealed some additional microheterogeneity depending on the presence of two different subfractions of H1.", "contents": "Separation of nucleosomes containing histones H1 and H5. Hen erythrocyte chromatin was digested with staphylococcal nuclease and fractionated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Instead of the three bands described for mouse carcinoma chromatin, four main discrete components (MN1, MN2, MN2E  and MN3) were resolved in the mononucleosome fraction of erythrocyte chromatin. MN2 contained all five histones and a DNA fragment of 165--180 base pairs. MN2E comprised four nucleosomal histones plus histone H5 (but not H1) and a DNA fragment of 170--190 base pairs. The relatively nuclease resistant MN3 fraction of erythrocyte nucleosomes contained H1 but no H5 histone. A more accurate analysis of the MN2 fraction in mouse carcinoma nucleosomes revealed some additional microheterogeneity depending on the presence of two different subfractions of H1.", "PMID": 739986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4243", "title": "[Spectral-luminescent properties of separate aggregated forms of pigments in solutions].", "content": "The aggregated forms of protochlorophyll a (PChl), 4-vinyl-protochlorophyll a (4VPChl) and chlorophyll a (Chl) in binar mixtures of dioxane-water was investigated. The aggregates are oligomer particles of pigment molecules having considerable degrees of fluorescence polarisation which points to their ordered structure. Two types of fluorescent associates I and II have been discovered. By its electronic spectrum I is similar to the molecular pigment but has smaller quantum yield B congruent to 10(-2) and the lifetime of fluorescence tau congruent to 3--4.10(-9) sec. Associates of type I spontaneously transform into associates  of type II which have narrower bands of electronic spectrum than the monomer, very low B congruent to 10(-3)--10(-4) and tau congruent to 2--4.10(-10) sec. In contrast with the decreasing of B and the band intensities in CD spectrum conditioned by rotational strength increase by factor of 100 under transformation from I to II. It follows from these data that the antibatic connection possibly exists between excitation deactivation in associates and their optical activity. From data on splitting the associate CD spectra of type I and II the excitation interaction energy V12 congruent to 75 cm-1 was estimated. The reasons of increasing of rotational strength under transformation from I to II and the overturn of the sign dependence of bands in CD spectrum in some cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Spectral-luminescent properties of separate aggregated forms of pigments in solutions]. The aggregated forms of protochlorophyll a (PChl), 4-vinyl-protochlorophyll a (4VPChl) and chlorophyll a (Chl) in binar mixtures of dioxane-water was investigated. The aggregates are oligomer particles of pigment molecules having considerable degrees of fluorescence polarisation which points to their ordered structure. Two types of fluorescent associates I and II have been discovered. By its electronic spectrum I is similar to the molecular pigment but has smaller quantum yield B congruent to 10(-2) and the lifetime of fluorescence tau congruent to 3--4.10(-9) sec. Associates of type I spontaneously transform into associates  of type II which have narrower bands of electronic spectrum than the monomer, very low B congruent to 10(-3)--10(-4) and tau congruent to 2--4.10(-10) sec. In contrast with the decreasing of B and the band intensities in CD spectrum conditioned by rotational strength increase by factor of 100 under transformation from I to II. It follows from these data that the antibatic connection possibly exists between excitation deactivation in associates and their optical activity. From data on splitting the associate CD spectra of type I and II the excitation interaction energy V12 congruent to 75 cm-1 was estimated. The reasons of increasing of rotational strength under transformation from I to II and the overturn of the sign dependence of bands in CD spectrum in some cases are discussed.", "PMID": 739987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4244", "title": "[Modification of the retina photoreceptor membranes and temperature stability of rhodopsin].", "content": "The effect of modification of photoreceptor membranes of the bovine retina on the termodynamical parameters that characterize heat denaturation of rodopsin was studied. The highest increase of the rate constant and the corresponding maximal drop of the free energy change of heat denaturation of the pigment were obtained by using 7 M urea or 25% Triton X-100 in the presence of 5.10(-4) M EDTA. After chipping off one third of the protein from the rodopsin molecule by papain treatment a significant decrease of the slope of the Arrenius curve and a maximal decrease of entropy change compared to the parameters known for heat denaturation of the pigment in native photoreceptor membranes were found. Modification of the lipid components of the photoreceptor membranes (treatment with Triton X-100 and phospholipase C) reduced the thermostability of rodopsin. Maximal changes were obtained at Triton X-100 concentrations 0.1--1%, further concentration increas (1--25%) did not lead to significant changes. Phospholipase C treatment resulted in a decrease of free energy change and an increase of entropy change without affecting entalpy changes, accompaning the heat denaturation of rodopsin. Bivalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) increased the termostability of rodopsin both in photoreceptor membranes and in solutions to 25% Triton X-100.", "contents": "[Modification of the retina photoreceptor membranes and temperature stability of rhodopsin]. The effect of modification of photoreceptor membranes of the bovine retina on the termodynamical parameters that characterize heat denaturation of rodopsin was studied. The highest increase of the rate constant and the corresponding maximal drop of the free energy change of heat denaturation of the pigment were obtained by using 7 M urea or 25% Triton X-100 in the presence of 5.10(-4) M EDTA. After chipping off one third of the protein from the rodopsin molecule by papain treatment a significant decrease of the slope of the Arrenius curve and a maximal decrease of entropy change compared to the parameters known for heat denaturation of the pigment in native photoreceptor membranes were found. Modification of the lipid components of the photoreceptor membranes (treatment with Triton X-100 and phospholipase C) reduced the thermostability of rodopsin. Maximal changes were obtained at Triton X-100 concentrations 0.1--1%, further concentration increas (1--25%) did not lead to significant changes. Phospholipase C treatment resulted in a decrease of free energy change and an increase of entropy change without affecting entalpy changes, accompaning the heat denaturation of rodopsin. Bivalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) increased the termostability of rodopsin both in photoreceptor membranes and in solutions to 25% Triton X-100.", "PMID": 739988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4245", "title": "[ESR study of electron transport in photosynthetic systems. VII. Effects of temperature on the processes of electron transport between two photosystems and the structural state of the chloroplast membrane].", "content": "Redox transients of P700 in bean chloroplasts induced by far-red continuous light and brief flashes (t1/2 = 7 musec) of white light were studied under various temperatures. It has been shown that light-induced electron transport between two photosystems occurs at temperatures from -5 degrees to 45 degrees. At temperature interval 5 divided by 30 degrees photosystem 2 donates electrons to P700+ in response to the flash with the maximum efficiency. The number of electrons donated from photosystem 2 does not depend on the temperature in the range 5 divided by 30 degrees. The rate of electron transport between photosystems increases when the temperature is increased from -5 degrees to 20 degrees and does not depend on the temperature above 20 degrees. Structural states of the lipid region of the thylakoid membrane were studied by the spin label method. It was shown that the flexibility and the rate of molecular motion of different spin-labeled fatty acids were increased after temperature variations from -10 degrees to 50 degrees. A correlation between the structural state of the lipid region of thylakoid membrane and the rate of electron transport was found.", "contents": "[ESR study of electron transport in photosynthetic systems. VII. Effects of temperature on the processes of electron transport between two photosystems and the structural state of the chloroplast membrane]. Redox transients of P700 in bean chloroplasts induced by far-red continuous light and brief flashes (t1/2 = 7 musec) of white light were studied under various temperatures. It has been shown that light-induced electron transport between two photosystems occurs at temperatures from -5 degrees to 45 degrees. At temperature interval 5 divided by 30 degrees photosystem 2 donates electrons to P700+ in response to the flash with the maximum efficiency. The number of electrons donated from photosystem 2 does not depend on the temperature in the range 5 divided by 30 degrees. The rate of electron transport between photosystems increases when the temperature is increased from -5 degrees to 20 degrees and does not depend on the temperature above 20 degrees. Structural states of the lipid region of the thylakoid membrane were studied by the spin label method. It was shown that the flexibility and the rate of molecular motion of different spin-labeled fatty acids were increased after temperature variations from -10 degrees to 50 degrees. A correlation between the structural state of the lipid region of thylakoid membrane and the rate of electron transport was found.", "PMID": 739991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4246", "title": "[Unwinding effect of F1 gene 5 protein on double-stranded polynucleotides and DNA].", "content": "The effect of gene 5 protein from bacteriophage f1 on melting of double-stranded polynucleotides and DNAs has been investigated using the UV-spectroscopy method. A dependence of the melting temperature of polynucleotide (DNA)-gene 5 protein complexes upon the polynucleotide (DNA) GC-pair content has been detected. Using experimental data and examining some model systems we came to the supposition that the lowering of melting temperature of polynucleotide (DNA) induced by this protein is probably stipulated by intercalation of the protein tyrosyl residues into one of the chains of polynucleotide (DNA) double helix.", "contents": "[Unwinding effect of F1 gene 5 protein on double-stranded polynucleotides and DNA]. The effect of gene 5 protein from bacteriophage f1 on melting of double-stranded polynucleotides and DNAs has been investigated using the UV-spectroscopy method. A dependence of the melting temperature of polynucleotide (DNA)-gene 5 protein complexes upon the polynucleotide (DNA) GC-pair content has been detected. Using experimental data and examining some model systems we came to the supposition that the lowering of melting temperature of polynucleotide (DNA) induced by this protein is probably stipulated by intercalation of the protein tyrosyl residues into one of the chains of polynucleotide (DNA) double helix.", "PMID": 739992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4247", "title": "[Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction: the straightening of the bent actomyosin bond].", "content": "A new molecular mechanism of muscle contraction is considered based on the cyclochelate oxyphosphorane structure of the long-lived intermediate in myosin-catalyzed ATP. Mg hydrolysis proposed earlier by the author. The mechanism implies the steric cleavage of the actomyosin bond by the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP.Mg tightly binding to myosin; the myosin-catalyzed addition of water to the gamma-phosphoryl group to give oxyphosphorane group which sterically allows the formation of a more weak bent (deformed) actomyosin bond; the actin-catalyzed breakdown of the tightly bound oxyphosphorane intermediate into weakly bound products; the straightening of the bent actomyosin bond with the active change of an angle of myosin head attachment, the liberation of the weakly bound products and the displacement of the actin filament. The data are given in favour of an oxyphosphorane structure of the long-lived intermediate.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction: the straightening of the bent actomyosin bond]. A new molecular mechanism of muscle contraction is considered based on the cyclochelate oxyphosphorane structure of the long-lived intermediate in myosin-catalyzed ATP. Mg hydrolysis proposed earlier by the author. The mechanism implies the steric cleavage of the actomyosin bond by the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP.Mg tightly binding to myosin; the myosin-catalyzed addition of water to the gamma-phosphoryl group to give oxyphosphorane group which sterically allows the formation of a more weak bent (deformed) actomyosin bond; the actin-catalyzed breakdown of the tightly bound oxyphosphorane intermediate into weakly bound products; the straightening of the bent actomyosin bond with the active change of an angle of myosin head attachment, the liberation of the weakly bound products and the displacement of the actin filament. The data are given in favour of an oxyphosphorane structure of the long-lived intermediate.", "PMID": 739989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4248", "title": "[Nonribosomal ribonucleoprotein particles in preparations of nonhistone proteins extracted from pigeon erythroblast chromatin].", "content": "Two proteins were isolated from preparations of weakly bound nonhistone proteins, obtained from highly purified chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl. These two protein residues from chromatin RNP-particles have the buoyant density of 1.41 g/cm3 as shown by centrifugation in CsCl gradients and contain heterogeneous fast labelling nuclear RNA. According to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the molecular weights of these proteins are 70000 and 43000 daltons.", "contents": "[Nonribosomal ribonucleoprotein particles in preparations of nonhistone proteins extracted from pigeon erythroblast chromatin]. Two proteins were isolated from preparations of weakly bound nonhistone proteins, obtained from highly purified chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl. These two protein residues from chromatin RNP-particles have the buoyant density of 1.41 g/cm3 as shown by centrifugation in CsCl gradients and contain heterogeneous fast labelling nuclear RNA. According to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the molecular weights of these proteins are 70000 and 43000 daltons.", "PMID": 739990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4249", "title": "[Amino oxyadsorbents. New type of adsorbents for affinity chromatography: purification of tRNA-methylases from rat nephron on aminooxybutylcellulose with immobilized tRNA].", "content": "A new type of sorbents for affinity chromatography is suggested and used to purify tRNA methylases. tRNA was immobilized on aminooxybutylcellulose via the oxidized 3'-end. In order to bind other enzymes specific for nucleic acids in general, e. g. nucleases, and to achieve a higher degree of purification the crude enzyme preparation was treated with rRNA immobilized on aminooxybutycellulose. The sequential application of two sorbents mentioned allows to get an approximately two hundred fold purification of total tRNA methylases. In a separate experiment the possibility of individual tRNA methylase fractionation by means of elution with a NACl gradient was shown; the degree of purification for some methylases was more than a thousand fold.", "contents": "[Amino oxyadsorbents. New type of adsorbents for affinity chromatography: purification of tRNA-methylases from rat nephron on aminooxybutylcellulose with immobilized tRNA]. A new type of sorbents for affinity chromatography is suggested and used to purify tRNA methylases. tRNA was immobilized on aminooxybutylcellulose via the oxidized 3'-end. In order to bind other enzymes specific for nucleic acids in general, e. g. nucleases, and to achieve a higher degree of purification the crude enzyme preparation was treated with rRNA immobilized on aminooxybutycellulose. The sequential application of two sorbents mentioned allows to get an approximately two hundred fold purification of total tRNA methylases. In a separate experiment the possibility of individual tRNA methylase fractionation by means of elution with a NACl gradient was shown; the degree of purification for some methylases was more than a thousand fold.", "PMID": 739996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4250", "title": "[Interaction of cardiotoxin from the venom of the cobra Naja naja oxiana with phospholipid membrane model systems].", "content": "Surface activity of cardiotoxin from the venom of cobra Naia naja oxiana and an acetylated analog of the cardiotoxin was investigated on the water-air interface. The interaction of these substances with lipid monolayers and bimolecular membrane was also studied. It was shown that on the water-air interface cardiotoxin can form two different types of monolayers with different conformations of molecules. Cardiotoxin is found to form complexes with phospholipids due to interaction of positive charges of amino groups of lysin with phosphate groups of lipid molecules. One molecule of toxin is able to complex up to 10 molecules of lipid. The complex formed has a high surface activity, much more than that of the pure protein. Cardiotoxin increases the anion conductivity of bimolecular membranes. The nature of this phenomen is studied. A hypothetical mechanism of biological activity of caridotoxin is offered. It is supposed that not cardiotoxin as that, but its complex with phospholipid is the active agent.", "contents": "[Interaction of cardiotoxin from the venom of the cobra Naja naja oxiana with phospholipid membrane model systems]. Surface activity of cardiotoxin from the venom of cobra Naia naja oxiana and an acetylated analog of the cardiotoxin was investigated on the water-air interface. The interaction of these substances with lipid monolayers and bimolecular membrane was also studied. It was shown that on the water-air interface cardiotoxin can form two different types of monolayers with different conformations of molecules. Cardiotoxin is found to form complexes with phospholipids due to interaction of positive charges of amino groups of lysin with phosphate groups of lipid molecules. One molecule of toxin is able to complex up to 10 molecules of lipid. The complex formed has a high surface activity, much more than that of the pure protein. Cardiotoxin increases the anion conductivity of bimolecular membranes. The nature of this phenomen is studied. A hypothetical mechanism of biological activity of caridotoxin is offered. It is supposed that not cardiotoxin as that, but its complex with phospholipid is the active agent.", "PMID": 739993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4251", "title": "[Comparative theoretic analysis of an open reaction S1 goes to and comes from S2 E(R,T) in which the oligomeric enzyme E(R,T) is isosterically or allosterically activated by the product S2].", "content": "In connection with evolutionary aspects of the mechanisms of allosteric regulation of cell metabolism, a mathematical model of an open reaction leads to S1 E(R,T) in equilibrium S2 leads to involving product activation of the olygomeric enzyme E(R,T) whose protomers undergo the concerted conformational transitions R in equilibrium T, has been analysed. Two activation mechanisms, isosteric and allosteric, were considered. Both mechanisms produce qualitatively the same effects: the input characteristic of the reaction possesses hysteresis, which causes multiple steady states and self-oscillations. In the case of isosteric activation, only a small fraction of the maximum enzyme activity is utilized because of the strong competition between S1 and S2 for the active sites. In the case of allosteric regulation, this competition may almost completely be eliminated and the enzyme activity may be utilized with high efficiency, provided the affinity of S2 for the allosteric sites is at least an order of magnitude higher than for the active sites. Qualitative similarity between the two cases of product activation, in spite of their great quantitative discrepancy, favours the hypothesis that the mechanisms of isosteric regulation were the direct precursors of the homological allosteric regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "[Comparative theoretic analysis of an open reaction S1 goes to and comes from S2 E(R,T) in which the oligomeric enzyme E(R,T) is isosterically or allosterically activated by the product S2]. In connection with evolutionary aspects of the mechanisms of allosteric regulation of cell metabolism, a mathematical model of an open reaction leads to S1 E(R,T) in equilibrium S2 leads to involving product activation of the olygomeric enzyme E(R,T) whose protomers undergo the concerted conformational transitions R in equilibrium T, has been analysed. Two activation mechanisms, isosteric and allosteric, were considered. Both mechanisms produce qualitatively the same effects: the input characteristic of the reaction possesses hysteresis, which causes multiple steady states and self-oscillations. In the case of isosteric activation, only a small fraction of the maximum enzyme activity is utilized because of the strong competition between S1 and S2 for the active sites. In the case of allosteric regulation, this competition may almost completely be eliminated and the enzyme activity may be utilized with high efficiency, provided the affinity of S2 for the allosteric sites is at least an order of magnitude higher than for the active sites. Qualitative similarity between the two cases of product activation, in spite of their great quantitative discrepancy, favours the hypothesis that the mechanisms of isosteric regulation were the direct precursors of the homological allosteric regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 739997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4252", "title": "[Regulatory reversible enzymic reactions. Theoretical analysis].", "content": "A mathematical model has been derived and analysed describing the relationship between the rate of an enzymic reaction S1 E(R,T)A in equilibrium S2 and concentrations of substrates S1 and S2 and their analogue A capable of reversible binding to active sites of an olygomeric enzyme E(R, T). The conditions have been presented for the model to describe various types of kinetic curves, sygmoidal, curves with extremuma and intermediate plateau. The regions of parameter values have been estimated within which isosteric product activation can be observed in reactions S1 in equilibrium E(R,T) S2 and S1 E(R,T) in equilibrium S2. Two phenomena registered in experiments with olygomeric enzymes have been interpreted in the model terms, namely, the undirectional influence of isosteric and allosteric effectors on the rates of forward and reverse reactions and occurence of a reversible enzymic reaction in thermodynamically unfavourable direction. The results presented are shown to be valid for multisubstrate reactions catalysed by olygomeric enzyme E(R, T).", "contents": "[Regulatory reversible enzymic reactions. Theoretical analysis]. A mathematical model has been derived and analysed describing the relationship between the rate of an enzymic reaction S1 E(R,T)A in equilibrium S2 and concentrations of substrates S1 and S2 and their analogue A capable of reversible binding to active sites of an olygomeric enzyme E(R, T). The conditions have been presented for the model to describe various types of kinetic curves, sygmoidal, curves with extremuma and intermediate plateau. The regions of parameter values have been estimated within which isosteric product activation can be observed in reactions S1 in equilibrium E(R,T) S2 and S1 E(R,T) in equilibrium S2. Two phenomena registered in experiments with olygomeric enzymes have been interpreted in the model terms, namely, the undirectional influence of isosteric and allosteric effectors on the rates of forward and reverse reactions and occurence of a reversible enzymic reaction in thermodynamically unfavourable direction. The results presented are shown to be valid for multisubstrate reactions catalysed by olygomeric enzyme E(R, T).", "PMID": 739998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4253", "title": "[Study of electron transfer in pigment-protein complexes of photosystem I].", "content": "The electron transfer processes occuring in SDS chlorophyll--protein complexes of photosystem I were studied by flash photolysis. Transient species with lifetime about 5.10(-5) sec were found to be produced on flash excitation of complex buffer solutions. The transient absorption spectrum of the short-lived species measured in the absence of SDS resembles that of P+700. This spectrum was similar with that of chlorophyll anion radical (chl-) when SDS was added to the solution. It is assumed that the charge separation in chlorophyll--protein complexes leads to formation of the primary reduced acceptor X-. The chl-species arised as a result of electron transfer from X- to monomeric form of chl a.", "contents": "[Study of electron transfer in pigment-protein complexes of photosystem I]. The electron transfer processes occuring in SDS chlorophyll--protein complexes of photosystem I were studied by flash photolysis. Transient species with lifetime about 5.10(-5) sec were found to be produced on flash excitation of complex buffer solutions. The transient absorption spectrum of the short-lived species measured in the absence of SDS resembles that of P+700. This spectrum was similar with that of chlorophyll anion radical (chl-) when SDS was added to the solution. It is assumed that the charge separation in chlorophyll--protein complexes leads to formation of the primary reduced acceptor X-. The chl-species arised as a result of electron transfer from X- to monomeric form of chl a.", "PMID": 739995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4254", "title": "[Comparative study of slow 1H to 3H exchange in synthetic polynucleotides of A- and B-type conformations].", "content": "The rate of 1H leads to 3H exchange between water and C(8)H-groups of purinic residues in synthetic polynucleotides in wide temperature range measured. At temperatures below their Tm the rate of the exchange is shown to be lower as compared with that in corresponding mononucleotides. In the case of polynucleotides of A-conformation (poly(A).poly(U), poly(A).2poly(U) and poly(dA).2poly(dT), and poly(G).poly(C) the exchange is retarded by a factor of 5.7--7.5, whereas in the case of those of B-conformation (poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA--dT).poly(dA--dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC)) the exchange is retarded only by a factor of 2.3--2.5. Assuming the ylide mechanism of exchange the retardation is interpreted as a consequence of sterical hidrance in polynucleotides helical structure, which hampers contacts between purinic C(8)H-groups and OH-ions of solvent. Analysis of atomic arrangement around C(8)H-group and interatomic distances calculated on the basis of published atomic coordinates support our general conclusion that the sterical hindrance is more significant in the A-form as compared with that in the B-form. Elucidated correlation between the degree of the retardation in purine-containing polynucleotides and their conformation in solution allows to estimatf the type of conformation of polynucleotide with unknown structure on account of the slow 1H leads to 3H exchange data.", "contents": "[Comparative study of slow 1H to 3H exchange in synthetic polynucleotides of A- and B-type conformations]. The rate of 1H leads to 3H exchange between water and C(8)H-groups of purinic residues in synthetic polynucleotides in wide temperature range measured. At temperatures below their Tm the rate of the exchange is shown to be lower as compared with that in corresponding mononucleotides. In the case of polynucleotides of A-conformation (poly(A).poly(U), poly(A).2poly(U) and poly(dA).2poly(dT), and poly(G).poly(C) the exchange is retarded by a factor of 5.7--7.5, whereas in the case of those of B-conformation (poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA--dT).poly(dA--dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC)) the exchange is retarded only by a factor of 2.3--2.5. Assuming the ylide mechanism of exchange the retardation is interpreted as a consequence of sterical hidrance in polynucleotides helical structure, which hampers contacts between purinic C(8)H-groups and OH-ions of solvent. Analysis of atomic arrangement around C(8)H-group and interatomic distances calculated on the basis of published atomic coordinates support our general conclusion that the sterical hindrance is more significant in the A-form as compared with that in the B-form. Elucidated correlation between the degree of the retardation in purine-containing polynucleotides and their conformation in solution allows to estimatf the type of conformation of polynucleotide with unknown structure on account of the slow 1H leads to 3H exchange data.", "PMID": 739999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4255", "title": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoproteins. II. Myoglobin and its complexes].", "content": "Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of non-equilibrium states of myoglobin and its complexes formed by reduction oxidased forms of proteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of high spin and low spin ferroforms were observed for nonequilibrium states of myoglobin and its complex with fluorine, the content of the high spin form is larger in the complex. Two intense peaks were found in the alpha-band region of absorption spectra of myoglobin and its spectra with F-, OH- and imidazole. This effect is due to lowering of the active centre's symmetry. Similarity of spectral characteristics of low spin ferroforms of these complexes was explained by the strong influence of distal histidine. The low temperature reduction of azide and cyanide complexes of myoglobin led to formation of nonequilibrium low spin ferroforms whose spectra demonstrate the presence of N3- and CN- in heme iron's coordination sphere. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium systems were investigated.", "contents": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoproteins. II. Myoglobin and its complexes]. Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of non-equilibrium states of myoglobin and its complexes formed by reduction oxidased forms of proteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of high spin and low spin ferroforms were observed for nonequilibrium states of myoglobin and its complex with fluorine, the content of the high spin form is larger in the complex. Two intense peaks were found in the alpha-band region of absorption spectra of myoglobin and its spectra with F-, OH- and imidazole. This effect is due to lowering of the active centre's symmetry. Similarity of spectral characteristics of low spin ferroforms of these complexes was explained by the strong influence of distal histidine. The low temperature reduction of azide and cyanide complexes of myoglobin led to formation of nonequilibrium low spin ferroforms whose spectra demonstrate the presence of N3- and CN- in heme iron's coordination sphere. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium systems were investigated.", "PMID": 740000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4256", "title": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoproteins. III. Complexes of peroxidase].", "content": "Absorption and magnetic curcular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of peroxidase  and its complexes with F-, N3-, CN- produced by reduction of oxidased forms of proteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of high spin and low spin ferroforms were found in nonequilibrium states of peroxidase and complexes with F- and N3-, the content of the high spin ferroform increasing as follows: N3- complex less than peroxidase less than fluorine complex. Only low spin ferroforms was found after low temperature reduction of the cyanide complex. The existence of the low spin ferroform in equilibrium states of peroxidase and its complex with F- was explained by location of iron near the porphyrine plane. In the case of azide and cyanide complexes the existence of the low spin form is due to the presence of these ligands in heme iron's coordination sphere. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium forms was investigated and a possible mechanism of the process is proposed.", "contents": "[Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoproteins. III. Complexes of peroxidase]. Absorption and magnetic curcular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of peroxidase  and its complexes with F-, N3-, CN- produced by reduction of oxidased forms of proteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of high spin and low spin ferroforms were found in nonequilibrium states of peroxidase and complexes with F- and N3-, the content of the high spin ferroform increasing as follows: N3- complex less than peroxidase less than fluorine complex. Only low spin ferroforms was found after low temperature reduction of the cyanide complex. The existence of the low spin ferroform in equilibrium states of peroxidase and its complex with F- was explained by location of iron near the porphyrine plane. In the case of azide and cyanide complexes the existence of the low spin form is due to the presence of these ligands in heme iron's coordination sphere. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium forms was investigated and a possible mechanism of the process is proposed.", "PMID": 740001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4257", "title": "Schooling, environment, and cognitive development: a cross-cultural study.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of schooling and general environmental conditions on the development of memory and cognitive skills in young children. The subjects were 824 5- and 6-year-old children living in jungle villages and in slum settlements of Lima, Peru. Half of the children in both the jungle and city were Mestizo, and half were Quechua Indians. Some 6-year-olds of each cultural group and in each location attended school; others did not. Memory tasks were presented in different modes of representation, that is, verbal, pictorial, and enactive; and cognitive tasks in \"concrete\" and \"abstract\" versions. A sample of parents in each group was interviewed concerning environmental conditions. In addition, samples of upper-middle-class children in Lima and poor children in Detroit were tested to assess the generality of the findings. Attendance at school was related to improvement in performance on all tasks. Improvement was equivalent for both locations, both cultural groups, and each social class. Attendance at school also was accompanied by reduced within-group variability on some tasks and by greater differentiation of cognitive processes within children. Location and cultural group interacted differentially by task according to a complex pattern of relations. There were no indications that the organization of memory or cognitive processes differed as a function of social class, age, location, or cultural group. The results were interpreted in terms of children's opportunities to acquire specific memory and cognitive skills from schooling and from their general experience in a particular environment.", "contents": "Schooling, environment, and cognitive development: a cross-cultural study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of schooling and general environmental conditions on the development of memory and cognitive skills in young children. The subjects were 824 5- and 6-year-old children living in jungle villages and in slum settlements of Lima, Peru. Half of the children in both the jungle and city were Mestizo, and half were Quechua Indians. Some 6-year-olds of each cultural group and in each location attended school; others did not. Memory tasks were presented in different modes of representation, that is, verbal, pictorial, and enactive; and cognitive tasks in \"concrete\" and \"abstract\" versions. A sample of parents in each group was interviewed concerning environmental conditions. In addition, samples of upper-middle-class children in Lima and poor children in Detroit were tested to assess the generality of the findings. Attendance at school was related to improvement in performance on all tasks. Improvement was equivalent for both locations, both cultural groups, and each social class. Attendance at school also was accompanied by reduced within-group variability on some tasks and by greater differentiation of cognitive processes within children. Location and cultural group interacted differentially by task according to a complex pattern of relations. There were no indications that the organization of memory or cognitive processes differed as a function of social class, age, location, or cultural group. The results were interpreted in terms of children's opportunities to acquire specific memory and cognitive skills from schooling and from their general experience in a particular environment.", "PMID": 740004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4258", "title": "An experimental analysis of some procedures to teach priming and reinforcement skills to preschool teachers.", "content": "This Monograph reports the results of teaching preschool teachers to be successful at increasing desired behaviors of their children, thus becoming successful teachers. Five teacher-training techniques were examined experimentally under single-subject designs: written assignments, feedback from viewing graphs, on-the-spot feedback from a wireless radio (Bug-in-the-Ear), feedback from an observer, and self-counting. Those teaching procedures that included prompt and frequent information to the teacher about the behavior under study were the most effective techniques. Self-counting, in which the teacher tallied the number of times she emitted the behavior of either priming or reinforcing social or verbal behavior of a child (or children), and observer feedback, in which the observer reported to the teacher periodically during the hour the frequency of her behavior, were the most reliable teaching techniques. The other procedures, while less reliable than self-counting and observer feedback, were effective with some teachers. Maintenance of teacher behavior across settings was examined with a group of Head Start teachers, and maintenance of teacher behaviors across different child behaviors and different children was examined with three student teachers. The results indicated that teaching was more likely to maintain if it occurred in the teacher's home setting rather than at another site. In all cases, when generalization occurred across settings, time, or children, the frequency of the teacher's behavior was not as high as when the relevant behavior had been trained directly. Results supported the proposal that it is possible to define effective teacher behavior, not just characterize it, as it occurs in the classroom, and that effectiveness can be measured by defining and observing the child behaviors to which teacher behaviors are directed.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of some procedures to teach priming and reinforcement skills to preschool teachers. This Monograph reports the results of teaching preschool teachers to be successful at increasing desired behaviors of their children, thus becoming successful teachers. Five teacher-training techniques were examined experimentally under single-subject designs: written assignments, feedback from viewing graphs, on-the-spot feedback from a wireless radio (Bug-in-the-Ear), feedback from an observer, and self-counting. Those teaching procedures that included prompt and frequent information to the teacher about the behavior under study were the most effective techniques. Self-counting, in which the teacher tallied the number of times she emitted the behavior of either priming or reinforcing social or verbal behavior of a child (or children), and observer feedback, in which the observer reported to the teacher periodically during the hour the frequency of her behavior, were the most reliable teaching techniques. The other procedures, while less reliable than self-counting and observer feedback, were effective with some teachers. Maintenance of teacher behavior across settings was examined with a group of Head Start teachers, and maintenance of teacher behaviors across different child behaviors and different children was examined with three student teachers. The results indicated that teaching was more likely to maintain if it occurred in the teacher's home setting rather than at another site. In all cases, when generalization occurred across settings, time, or children, the frequency of the teacher's behavior was not as high as when the relevant behavior had been trained directly. Results supported the proposal that it is possible to define effective teacher behavior, not just characterize it, as it occurs in the classroom, and that effectiveness can be measured by defining and observing the child behaviors to which teacher behaviors are directed.", "PMID": 740005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4259", "title": "Scanning-electron microscopy of chromosome aberrations.", "content": "This study is the first report of scanning-electron microscopy of isolated and purified metaphase chromosomes containing drug-induced aberrations. The technique reported allows high resolution topological examination of chromosomal aberrations which may pass undetected with conventional techniques.", "contents": "Scanning-electron microscopy of chromosome aberrations. This study is the first report of scanning-electron microscopy of isolated and purified metaphase chromosomes containing drug-induced aberrations. The technique reported allows high resolution topological examination of chromosomal aberrations which may pass undetected with conventional techniques.", "PMID": 740006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4260", "title": "Use of the beta-binomial distribution in dominant-lethal testing for \"weak mutagenic activity: part 2.", "content": "Experiments in Dominant-Lethal Testing have been simulated on the computer to estimate the type I error rates and the power of the Beta-Binomial test under various models. (1) The mating ratio is one; and p, the probability that an implant will die, is distributed over the couples. (2) The mating ratio is larger than one; and p is distributed over the males, the females mated to the same male being binomial observations of the value p supplied by the male. (3) The mating ratio is larger than one; and p is distributed over the females. The average rates of dead implants have been set at 0.08 and 0.10 for the control and treatment groups, respectively, and a nominal level of significance equal to 0.05 has been chosen. The type I error rate of the traditional chi-square test has also been estimated. A by-product of these simulations is the behaviour of the estimates alpha and beta of the beta-distribution parameters, which discloses that, in the actual experiments with mice, p is distributed over the females. Our results lead to the recommendations that, for a given number of animals per group, a mating ratio larger than one should be adopted and that the males should be considered as the experimental units for the calculations. With 300 and 450 animals per group, average powers of 0.72 and 0.85 are reached, respectively, for the chosen increment of 2% in the rate of dead implants. Under these models, the type I error rate of the traditional chi-square test may grow to 0.30 for the nominal level of 0.05.", "contents": "Use of the beta-binomial distribution in dominant-lethal testing for \"weak mutagenic activity: part 2. Experiments in Dominant-Lethal Testing have been simulated on the computer to estimate the type I error rates and the power of the Beta-Binomial test under various models. (1) The mating ratio is one; and p, the probability that an implant will die, is distributed over the couples. (2) The mating ratio is larger than one; and p is distributed over the males, the females mated to the same male being binomial observations of the value p supplied by the male. (3) The mating ratio is larger than one; and p is distributed over the females. The average rates of dead implants have been set at 0.08 and 0.10 for the control and treatment groups, respectively, and a nominal level of significance equal to 0.05 has been chosen. The type I error rate of the traditional chi-square test has also been estimated. A by-product of these simulations is the behaviour of the estimates alpha and beta of the beta-distribution parameters, which discloses that, in the actual experiments with mice, p is distributed over the females. Our results lead to the recommendations that, for a given number of animals per group, a mating ratio larger than one should be adopted and that the males should be considered as the experimental units for the calculations. With 300 and 450 animals per group, average powers of 0.72 and 0.85 are reached, respectively, for the chosen increment of 2% in the rate of dead implants. Under these models, the type I error rate of the traditional chi-square test may grow to 0.30 for the nominal level of 0.05.", "PMID": 740007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4261", "title": "Modification of UV-induced mutation frequencies in Chinese hamster cells by dose fractionation, cycloheximide and caffeine treatments.", "content": "Chinese hamster (V79) cells were irradiated with a fractionated regime of ultraviolet light (UV1 + UV2). The fractionation of a UV dose always increased the colony-forming ability but reduced (or it did not change) the mutation frequencies. Treatment with cycloheximide between the two UV irradiations resulted in two types of effects, depending on the protocols used. Long exposures to cycloheximide (i.e., greater than 6 h) for the entire period between UV1 and UV2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide (i.e., 3 h) long before UV2 always resulted in reduced colony-forming ability and enhanced or unchanged mutation frequencies. Exposure to cycloheximide for the entire period in the short fractionated regime (i.e., 4 h) between UV1 and UV2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide just prior to UV2 tended to give the opposite effects. Caffeine treatment before UV2, with or without UV1, significantly increased the mutation frequencies. These results suggest that an error-free postreplication repair system exists in Chinese hamster cells which is inhibitable by particular cycloheximide or caffeine treatments.", "contents": "Modification of UV-induced mutation frequencies in Chinese hamster cells by dose fractionation, cycloheximide and caffeine treatments. Chinese hamster (V79) cells were irradiated with a fractionated regime of ultraviolet light (UV1 + UV2). The fractionation of a UV dose always increased the colony-forming ability but reduced (or it did not change) the mutation frequencies. Treatment with cycloheximide between the two UV irradiations resulted in two types of effects, depending on the protocols used. Long exposures to cycloheximide (i.e., greater than 6 h) for the entire period between UV1 and UV2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide (i.e., 3 h) long before UV2 always resulted in reduced colony-forming ability and enhanced or unchanged mutation frequencies. Exposure to cycloheximide for the entire period in the short fractionated regime (i.e., 4 h) between UV1 and UV2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide just prior to UV2 tended to give the opposite effects. Caffeine treatment before UV2, with or without UV1, significantly increased the mutation frequencies. These results suggest that an error-free postreplication repair system exists in Chinese hamster cells which is inhibitable by particular cycloheximide or caffeine treatments.", "PMID": 740008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4262", "title": "[Complementarily addressed alkylation and cleavage of T7 phage DNA adjacent to the oligothymidylic sequences].", "content": "Effect of temperature and reagent excess on the alkylation of the T7 phage DNA by an alkylating derivative of hexaadenylate that containes a modifying group on the 3'-terminus has been studied. Under condition of saturation at 20 degrees the reagent covalently binds adjacent to the 133 5'-PuN2--4Tn greater than or equal to 4 sequences in the T7 DNA; at 40 degrees the reagent alkylates 24 5'-PuN2Tn greater than or equal to 6 sequences. DNA containing specific apurinic sites has been prepared due to elimination of the alkylated purines. This DNA has been cleaved at the apurinic sites and specific DNA fragments have been obtained. Three types of DNA fragments are formed due to alkylation at 20 degrees: one fragment with 26,500 nucleotides in length, seven fragments with 4500 nucleotides in length and 103--111 fragments with an average length of 190 nucleotides. Alkylation at 40 degrees with following apurinization and cleavage yields 21--23 fragments with the lengths: 1--31,500; 1--19,000; 3--9500 and 17--19 with 1100 nucleotides in average.", "contents": "[Complementarily addressed alkylation and cleavage of T7 phage DNA adjacent to the oligothymidylic sequences]. Effect of temperature and reagent excess on the alkylation of the T7 phage DNA by an alkylating derivative of hexaadenylate that containes a modifying group on the 3'-terminus has been studied. Under condition of saturation at 20 degrees the reagent covalently binds adjacent to the 133 5'-PuN2--4Tn greater than or equal to 4 sequences in the T7 DNA; at 40 degrees the reagent alkylates 24 5'-PuN2Tn greater than or equal to 6 sequences. DNA containing specific apurinic sites has been prepared due to elimination of the alkylated purines. This DNA has been cleaved at the apurinic sites and specific DNA fragments have been obtained. Three types of DNA fragments are formed due to alkylation at 20 degrees: one fragment with 26,500 nucleotides in length, seven fragments with 4500 nucleotides in length and 103--111 fragments with an average length of 190 nucleotides. Alkylation at 40 degrees with following apurinization and cleavage yields 21--23 fragments with the lengths: 1--31,500; 1--19,000; 3--9500 and 17--19 with 1100 nucleotides in average.", "PMID": 740002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4263", "title": "Absence of interaction between X-rays and UV light in inducing ouabain- and thioguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated with X-rays at times from 0 to 17 h before being irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. No synergism was observed between the two radiations for the production of mutants resistant to either ouabain or 6-thioguanine. These experiments were designed to test whether X-rays induced an error-prone repair system that would increase the frequency of mutations produced by UV light, but no such system was detected.", "contents": "Absence of interaction between X-rays and UV light in inducing ouabain- and thioguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated with X-rays at times from 0 to 17 h before being irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. No synergism was observed between the two radiations for the production of mutants resistant to either ouabain or 6-thioguanine. These experiments were designed to test whether X-rays induced an error-prone repair system that would increase the frequency of mutations produced by UV light, but no such system was detected.", "PMID": 740009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4264", "title": "Induction of 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutations in synchronized Syrian hamster cell cultures during different periods of the S phase.", "content": "Cells of a transformed Syrian hamster line, BP6T, were synchronized by a period of growth in low serum with a subsequent blockage of the cells at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea. This method provided cells with nearly 100% synchrony, although approximately 20% of the cells were non-cycling. The cells were then treated with 10(-5) M 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 1 of 5 1-h periods during the S phase and subsequently irradiated with near-ultraviolet light for 5 min. The BrdU plus irradiation treatment induced 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants while BrdU alone or irradiation alone was not mutagenic. 6-Thioguanine-resistant mutants were induced only during early S phase by BrdU plus irradiation treatment. Ouabain-resistant mutants, however, were induced in a biphasic pattern, during early S phase and also during late S phase. The induction of ouabain-resistant mutants at two distinct periods of S phase suggests the presence of two loci for the gene(s) of Na+/K+ ATPase.", "contents": "Induction of 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutations in synchronized Syrian hamster cell cultures during different periods of the S phase. Cells of a transformed Syrian hamster line, BP6T, were synchronized by a period of growth in low serum with a subsequent blockage of the cells at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea. This method provided cells with nearly 100% synchrony, although approximately 20% of the cells were non-cycling. The cells were then treated with 10(-5) M 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 1 of 5 1-h periods during the S phase and subsequently irradiated with near-ultraviolet light for 5 min. The BrdU plus irradiation treatment induced 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants while BrdU alone or irradiation alone was not mutagenic. 6-Thioguanine-resistant mutants were induced only during early S phase by BrdU plus irradiation treatment. Ouabain-resistant mutants, however, were induced in a biphasic pattern, during early S phase and also during late S phase. The induction of ouabain-resistant mutants at two distinct periods of S phase suggests the presence of two loci for the gene(s) of Na+/K+ ATPase.", "PMID": 740010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4265", "title": "Enhancement of repair replication in mammalian cells by hydroxyurea.", "content": "The effect of hydroxyurea on DNA repair replication has been studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mitotic cells were treated with UV irradiation, methyl methanesulfonate or nitrogen mustard and incuated in the presence of each of the 4 [3H] deoxyribonucleosides plus BrdUrd and FdUrd for 2 h. The amount of repair replication was quantitated on CsCl gradients and similar values were obtained for each nucleoside. In all cases addition of HU during the incubation period increased these values approximately 2-fold. Following MMS treatment, pool sizes for each of the nucleosides were estimated by varying the amount of exogenously supplied nucleoside. They were found to be insensitive to the addition of HU and it is concluded that the increased incorporation of [3H]deoxyribonucleosides in the presence of HU reflects an increased amount of repair replication.", "contents": "Enhancement of repair replication in mammalian cells by hydroxyurea. The effect of hydroxyurea on DNA repair replication has been studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mitotic cells were treated with UV irradiation, methyl methanesulfonate or nitrogen mustard and incuated in the presence of each of the 4 [3H] deoxyribonucleosides plus BrdUrd and FdUrd for 2 h. The amount of repair replication was quantitated on CsCl gradients and similar values were obtained for each nucleoside. In all cases addition of HU during the incubation period increased these values approximately 2-fold. Following MMS treatment, pool sizes for each of the nucleosides were estimated by varying the amount of exogenously supplied nucleoside. They were found to be insensitive to the addition of HU and it is concluded that the increased incorporation of [3H]deoxyribonucleosides in the presence of HU reflects an increased amount of repair replication.", "PMID": 740011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4266", "title": "Detection of alkylating agents by the analysis of amino acid residues in hemoglobin and urine. 1. The in vivo and in vitro effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, hycanthone methanesulfonate, and naltrexone.", "content": "The effect of alkylating agents on the amino acid composition of rat and human hemoglobin has been examined. Because the amino acid compositions of these proteins are well established, the changes in the molar ratios of specific amino acids could be monitored in purified hemoglobin samples. Ratios of histidine, which is readily attacked by alkylating agents, to proline, which is not, were consistent in hemoglobin purified from untreated blood samples from 14 rats and 25 human subjects. Treatment of hemoglobin in vitro or in vivo with methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, or hycanthone methanesulfonate resulted in a loss of histidine residues relative to proline or phenylalanine. The decrease in histidine content increased with treatment dose and time and reached a maximum at about 15% of total histidine. Treatment of rats with methyl methanesulfonate or hycanthone methanesulfonate resulted in increased urinary excretion of methyl histidines.", "contents": "Detection of alkylating agents by the analysis of amino acid residues in hemoglobin and urine. 1. The in vivo and in vitro effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, hycanthone methanesulfonate, and naltrexone. The effect of alkylating agents on the amino acid composition of rat and human hemoglobin has been examined. Because the amino acid compositions of these proteins are well established, the changes in the molar ratios of specific amino acids could be monitored in purified hemoglobin samples. Ratios of histidine, which is readily attacked by alkylating agents, to proline, which is not, were consistent in hemoglobin purified from untreated blood samples from 14 rats and 25 human subjects. Treatment of hemoglobin in vitro or in vivo with methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, or hycanthone methanesulfonate resulted in a loss of histidine residues relative to proline or phenylalanine. The decrease in histidine content increased with treatment dose and time and reached a maximum at about 15% of total histidine. Treatment of rats with methyl methanesulfonate or hycanthone methanesulfonate resulted in increased urinary excretion of methyl histidines.", "PMID": 740012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4267", "title": "Determination of radiation equivalence of the chemical furylfuramide (AF-2) for the induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast and estimation of genetic risk to the Japanese population.", "content": "Dose--effect relationships for the induction of gene conversion by AF-2 in diploid yeast have been established. On the basis of these, the rec value for AF-2 for induction of gene conversion has been calculated to be 0.085 microgram/ml.h. This compares well with the rec values obtained with other test systems and other genetic end-points. The genetic burden to the Japanese population due to consumption of AF-2 is estimated to be equivalent to 55 millirec. However, uncertainties in the consumption of AF-2 per person and its metabolic detoxication tend to lower this value to, probably, a small fraction of that due to natural background ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Determination of radiation equivalence of the chemical furylfuramide (AF-2) for the induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast and estimation of genetic risk to the Japanese population. Dose--effect relationships for the induction of gene conversion by AF-2 in diploid yeast have been established. On the basis of these, the rec value for AF-2 for induction of gene conversion has been calculated to be 0.085 microgram/ml.h. This compares well with the rec values obtained with other test systems and other genetic end-points. The genetic burden to the Japanese population due to consumption of AF-2 is estimated to be equivalent to 55 millirec. However, uncertainties in the consumption of AF-2 per person and its metabolic detoxication tend to lower this value to, probably, a small fraction of that due to natural background ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 740013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4268", "title": "Sister-chromatid exchange induction by sodium selenite: dependence on the presence of red blood cells or red blood cell lysate.", "content": "Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) induction was studied in both short-term and long-term cell cultures. The ability of Na2SeO3 to induce SCEs was found to depend on the culture conditions employed. Concentrations of Na2SeO3 (7.90 X 10(-6) M and greater) that produced elevated SCE frequencies in whole blood cultures resulted in control level SCE frequencies (6-8 SCEs/cell) in Ficoll-Hypaque--purified lymphocyte cultures. However, whole blood and purified lymphocyte cultures were equally sensitive to SCE induction by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF). Analysis of different whole blood components showed that the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), and specifically RBC lysate, was a prerequisite for Na2SeO3 SCE induction in purified lymphocyte cultures. The SCE frequencies of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP12RO) and normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines were also found to be unaffected by Na2SeO3 concentrations that produced elevated SCE frequencies in whole blood cultures. Incubation of these latter two cell types with Na2SeO3 and RBC lysate resulted in SCE frequencies comparable to those in Na2SeO3-exposed whole blood cultures.", "contents": "Sister-chromatid exchange induction by sodium selenite: dependence on the presence of red blood cells or red blood cell lysate. Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) induction was studied in both short-term and long-term cell cultures. The ability of Na2SeO3 to induce SCEs was found to depend on the culture conditions employed. Concentrations of Na2SeO3 (7.90 X 10(-6) M and greater) that produced elevated SCE frequencies in whole blood cultures resulted in control level SCE frequencies (6-8 SCEs/cell) in Ficoll-Hypaque--purified lymphocyte cultures. However, whole blood and purified lymphocyte cultures were equally sensitive to SCE induction by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF). Analysis of different whole blood components showed that the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), and specifically RBC lysate, was a prerequisite for Na2SeO3 SCE induction in purified lymphocyte cultures. The SCE frequencies of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP12RO) and normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines were also found to be unaffected by Na2SeO3 concentrations that produced elevated SCE frequencies in whole blood cultures. Incubation of these latter two cell types with Na2SeO3 and RBC lysate resulted in SCE frequencies comparable to those in Na2SeO3-exposed whole blood cultures.", "PMID": 740014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4269", "title": "Colicin K acts by forming voltage-dependent channels in phospholipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "The bactericidal action of colicins K, E1, Ia, and other functionally related colicins involves disruption of active transport and leakage of ions from the cell. We show that a single colicin K molecule can form a voltage-dependent, relatively nonselective, ion-permeable channel of a few picosiemens conductance in a planar phospholipid bilayer membrane. In a membrane containing many of these channels, the ratio of the number of conducting to nonconducting channels changes e-fold per 3.7 mV. We suggest that the physiological effects of colicin K and functionally related colicins result from their ability to form ion-permeable channels in the bacterial plasma membrane.", "contents": "Colicin K acts by forming voltage-dependent channels in phospholipid bilayer membranes. The bactericidal action of colicins K, E1, Ia, and other functionally related colicins involves disruption of active transport and leakage of ions from the cell. We show that a single colicin K molecule can form a voltage-dependent, relatively nonselective, ion-permeable channel of a few picosiemens conductance in a planar phospholipid bilayer membrane. In a membrane containing many of these channels, the ratio of the number of conducting to nonconducting channels changes e-fold per 3.7 mV. We suggest that the physiological effects of colicin K and functionally related colicins result from their ability to form ion-permeable channels in the bacterial plasma membrane.", "PMID": 740032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4270", "title": "[Co-carcinogens or modulators of carcinogenesis. New aspects of the etiology of human tumors and of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis].", "content": "Within the last 10 years numerous new and typical exogenous cocarcinogens were identified chemically as well as biologically and characterized biochemically as initiation or tumor promoters. They are highly irritant diterpene esters of plant origin. Promoters of this type were recently detected also in the Euphorbiacea Croton flavens L., the multiple use of which for stimulants according to local habits was previously held responsible for the unusually high rate of esophageal cancer on Curacao. This detection confirms for the first time that in the etiology of human cancer besides solitary carcinogens (first-order carcinogenic risk factors) also cocarcinogens of the promoter type have to be considered (second-order carcinogenic risk factors). -- The active principles of the diterpene ester type are the strongest promoters known so far; they are noninitiators and nonmutagens. Of the manyfold biochemical activities of these promoters the three most actual are: the TPA molecule does not require activation by metabolic alteration, it releases very  rapidly prostaglandin E2 from cellular membranes and it activates latent DNA-viral genoms.", "contents": "[Co-carcinogens or modulators of carcinogenesis. New aspects of the etiology of human tumors and of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis]. Within the last 10 years numerous new and typical exogenous cocarcinogens were identified chemically as well as biologically and characterized biochemically as initiation or tumor promoters. They are highly irritant diterpene esters of plant origin. Promoters of this type were recently detected also in the Euphorbiacea Croton flavens L., the multiple use of which for stimulants according to local habits was previously held responsible for the unusually high rate of esophageal cancer on Curacao. This detection confirms for the first time that in the etiology of human cancer besides solitary carcinogens (first-order carcinogenic risk factors) also cocarcinogens of the promoter type have to be considered (second-order carcinogenic risk factors). -- The active principles of the diterpene ester type are the strongest promoters known so far; they are noninitiators and nonmutagens. Of the manyfold biochemical activities of these promoters the three most actual are: the TPA molecule does not require activation by metabolic alteration, it releases very  rapidly prostaglandin E2 from cellular membranes and it activates latent DNA-viral genoms.", "PMID": 740037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4271", "title": "Development of inactivated vaccine for Akabane disease.", "content": "Virus inactivated by formalin or beta-propiolactone was superior to that inactivated by ether and heating in immunogenicity to mice. There were no significant differences in the antibody response of mice among such adjuvants as aluminum phosphate gel, aluminum hydroxide gel, and sodium arginate gel. When cattle were immunized with vaccine inactivated by formalin and adsorbed to aluminum phosphate gel, an excellent effect was obtained by injection with two doses of 3 ml each given at a 4-week interval. It was also suggested that mice and guinea pigs might be available for the potency test of vaccine. When calves and pregnant goats were injected with vaccine in the same manner as mentioned above, they were prevented from viremia and fetal infection caused by challenge virus. Even when stored at 4 degrees C for 12 months, vaccine was found to retain its stabilized immunogenicity. When pregnant cows were injected with vaccine in the field, the positive rate of neutralizing antibody was 88.5% in the 2 months after the first injection. When other pregnant cows were injected twice with vaccine, this rate was 34.6, 100, 65.4, and 45.8% in the 1, 2, 6, and 10 months, respectively, after the first injection. In another experiment, the antibody levels attained declined rather rapidly in several months. A single dose of vaccine given one year later provoked a rapid antibody response. The vaccination caused no clinical symptoms, abnormal birth, or decrease in milk yield in these cows.", "contents": "Development of inactivated vaccine for Akabane disease. Virus inactivated by formalin or beta-propiolactone was superior to that inactivated by ether and heating in immunogenicity to mice. There were no significant differences in the antibody response of mice among such adjuvants as aluminum phosphate gel, aluminum hydroxide gel, and sodium arginate gel. When cattle were immunized with vaccine inactivated by formalin and adsorbed to aluminum phosphate gel, an excellent effect was obtained by injection with two doses of 3 ml each given at a 4-week interval. It was also suggested that mice and guinea pigs might be available for the potency test of vaccine. When calves and pregnant goats were injected with vaccine in the same manner as mentioned above, they were prevented from viremia and fetal infection caused by challenge virus. Even when stored at 4 degrees C for 12 months, vaccine was found to retain its stabilized immunogenicity. When pregnant cows were injected with vaccine in the field, the positive rate of neutralizing antibody was 88.5% in the 2 months after the first injection. When other pregnant cows were injected twice with vaccine, this rate was 34.6, 100, 65.4, and 45.8% in the 1, 2, 6, and 10 months, respectively, after the first injection. In another experiment, the antibody levels attained declined rather rapidly in several months. A single dose of vaccine given one year later provoked a rapid antibody response. The vaccination caused no clinical symptoms, abnormal birth, or decrease in milk yield in these cows.", "PMID": 740047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4272", "title": "The effect of acute and chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain total 3methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol.", "content": "The effect of acute (single dose), short-term (4 days), and chronic treatment (21 days) with two tricyclic antidepressants desipramine and amitriptyline on brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was examined in the rat. Amitriptyline had no effect on brain total MHPG irrespective of the duration of the treatment and did not interfere with the lowering effect of clonidine on brain total MHPG. Acute and short-term desipramine treatment decreased brain total MHPG in rats, while chronic desipramine treatment increased it. The differential effect of acute and chronic treatment of desipramine on the brain total MHPG was further demonstrated by the lack of interference with the lowering effect of clonidine on brain total MHPG by one single dose of desipramine; partial interference after 4 days and complete interference after 21 days of desipramine treatment.", "contents": "The effect of acute and chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain total 3methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. The effect of acute (single dose), short-term (4 days), and chronic treatment (21 days) with two tricyclic antidepressants desipramine and amitriptyline on brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was examined in the rat. Amitriptyline had no effect on brain total MHPG irrespective of the duration of the treatment and did not interfere with the lowering effect of clonidine on brain total MHPG. Acute and short-term desipramine treatment decreased brain total MHPG in rats, while chronic desipramine treatment increased it. The differential effect of acute and chronic treatment of desipramine on the brain total MHPG was further demonstrated by the lack of interference with the lowering effect of clonidine on brain total MHPG by one single dose of desipramine; partial interference after 4 days and complete interference after 21 days of desipramine treatment.", "PMID": 740048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4273", "title": "Neurotensin and its amide analogue [Gln4]-neurotensin: effects on brain monoamine turnover.", "content": "Intracerebroventricularly administered neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin (50-200 microgram) increased the formation of Dopa in different brain regions of rats after inhibition of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. For both neuropeptides these increases were dose dependent (20-150%). In the corpus striatum [Gln4]-neurotensin was twice as active as neurotensin and it tended to be more active also in other brain regions. The brain tyrosine concentrations were also increased. [Gln4]-neurotensin (100-200 microgram) following inhibition of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, increased the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan in all brain regions by 30-60%. In contrast, neurotensin was completely inactive. In both cases the brain tryptophan concentrations were increased. Both neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin also accelerated the disappearance of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine after inhibition of monoamine synthesis. These results show an increased brain monoamine turnover induced by both neuropeptides.", "contents": "Neurotensin and its amide analogue [Gln4]-neurotensin: effects on brain monoamine turnover. Intracerebroventricularly administered neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin (50-200 microgram) increased the formation of Dopa in different brain regions of rats after inhibition of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. For both neuropeptides these increases were dose dependent (20-150%). In the corpus striatum [Gln4]-neurotensin was twice as active as neurotensin and it tended to be more active also in other brain regions. The brain tyrosine concentrations were also increased. [Gln4]-neurotensin (100-200 microgram) following inhibition of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, increased the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan in all brain regions by 30-60%. In contrast, neurotensin was completely inactive. In both cases the brain tryptophan concentrations were increased. Both neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin also accelerated the disappearance of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine after inhibition of monoamine synthesis. These results show an increased brain monoamine turnover induced by both neuropeptides.", "PMID": 740049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4274", "title": "The effects of a permanent and selective depletion of brain catecholamines on the antinociceptive action of morphine.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine was given to newborn mice. After 60 days their brains were deficient in noradrenaline and dopamine while morphine's antinociceptive action was reduced. 6-Hydroxydopa was administered to adult mice. This depleted brain noradrenaline and reduced morphine's antinociceptive action. Newborn rats received 6-hydroxydopa. After 60 days morphine's antinociceptive action was potentiated, brain noradrenaline was reduced while dopamine had increased. Adult rats were treated with 6-hydroxydopa. This reduced brain noradrenaline but did not affect morphine's antinociceptive action. Guanethidine, which depletes noradrenaline in the peripheral nervous sytem, was given to newborn animals of both species. It had no effect on morphine's antinociceptive action. It is concluded that in the mouse the antinociceptive action of morphine relies in part on normal brain noradrenaline function and dopamine is not directly involved. In the rat morphine's action is affected by neurotoxic drugs which alter brain dopamine function.", "contents": "The effects of a permanent and selective depletion of brain catecholamines on the antinociceptive action of morphine. 6-Hydroxydopamine was given to newborn mice. After 60 days their brains were deficient in noradrenaline and dopamine while morphine's antinociceptive action was reduced. 6-Hydroxydopa was administered to adult mice. This depleted brain noradrenaline and reduced morphine's antinociceptive action. Newborn rats received 6-hydroxydopa. After 60 days morphine's antinociceptive action was potentiated, brain noradrenaline was reduced while dopamine had increased. Adult rats were treated with 6-hydroxydopa. This reduced brain noradrenaline but did not affect morphine's antinociceptive action. Guanethidine, which depletes noradrenaline in the peripheral nervous sytem, was given to newborn animals of both species. It had no effect on morphine's antinociceptive action. It is concluded that in the mouse the antinociceptive action of morphine relies in part on normal brain noradrenaline function and dopamine is not directly involved. In the rat morphine's action is affected by neurotoxic drugs which alter brain dopamine function.", "PMID": 740050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4275", "title": "A possible reason for the phalloidin tolerance of hepatoma cells.", "content": "In contrast to normal liver cells, AS-30D hepatoma cells are insensitive to phalloidin. The lack of the typical phalloidin response in the latter cells is not due to a deficiency of contractile proteins. Actin prepared from hepatoma cells is able to form filamentous structures and is stabilized in a manner similar to muscle actin. Isolated liver cells were exposed to a medium containing phalloidin and removed after 20 min by centrifugation. The supernatant was incubated again with fresh cells. The procedure was repeated four times. The phalloidin response decreased to about 19% of the control because of the uptake of phalloidin during each incubation. When the same procedure was carried out with AS-30D hepatoma cells, and aliquots of the supernatants were tested with hepatocytes no marked decrease of the phalloidin response was seen. This indicates that hepatoma cells do not consume the toxin as do normal liver cells.", "contents": "A possible reason for the phalloidin tolerance of hepatoma cells. In contrast to normal liver cells, AS-30D hepatoma cells are insensitive to phalloidin. The lack of the typical phalloidin response in the latter cells is not due to a deficiency of contractile proteins. Actin prepared from hepatoma cells is able to form filamentous structures and is stabilized in a manner similar to muscle actin. Isolated liver cells were exposed to a medium containing phalloidin and removed after 20 min by centrifugation. The supernatant was incubated again with fresh cells. The procedure was repeated four times. The phalloidin response decreased to about 19% of the control because of the uptake of phalloidin during each incubation. When the same procedure was carried out with AS-30D hepatoma cells, and aliquots of the supernatants were tested with hepatocytes no marked decrease of the phalloidin response was seen. This indicates that hepatoma cells do not consume the toxin as do normal liver cells.", "PMID": 740053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4276", "title": "Increased digitoxin cleavage by liver microsomes of spironolactone-pretreated rats.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with spironolactone caused an fourfold increased cleavage rate of the sugar chain of digitoxin (dt-3) in vitro yielding digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside. This was due to an enhanced, cyt. P450 dependent, formation of 15'-dehydro-dt-3, the intermediate which has to be formed before the terminal sugar can be split off. The second reaction catalysed by microsomal monoxygenases, the 12-beta-hydroxylation, was only increased by a factor 2. In contrast to the effects of spironolactone no increase of metabolism could be observed after phenobarbital pretreatment. From our results it may be concluded that the enhanced dt-3 metabolism in vivo is mainly caused by spironolactone inducible monoxygenases which catalyse the oxidation of the terminal sugar.", "contents": "Increased digitoxin cleavage by liver microsomes of spironolactone-pretreated rats. Pretreatment of rats with spironolactone caused an fourfold increased cleavage rate of the sugar chain of digitoxin (dt-3) in vitro yielding digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside. This was due to an enhanced, cyt. P450 dependent, formation of 15'-dehydro-dt-3, the intermediate which has to be formed before the terminal sugar can be split off. The second reaction catalysed by microsomal monoxygenases, the 12-beta-hydroxylation, was only increased by a factor 2. In contrast to the effects of spironolactone no increase of metabolism could be observed after phenobarbital pretreatment. From our results it may be concluded that the enhanced dt-3 metabolism in vivo is mainly caused by spironolactone inducible monoxygenases which catalyse the oxidation of the terminal sugar.", "PMID": 740054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4277", "title": "Cell proliferation kinetics and nuclear morphology in endometrial cancer under progesteron treatment.", "content": "Cell proliferation kinetics by using the double labeling with 3HTdR--14CTdR, and nuclear morphology were studied in 20 patients with endometrial cancer who were given progesteron as a preliminary therapeutic measure. Results of these studies indicate that we have to face the fact that in all histological types of endometrial cancer considerable variations in the amount of tumor cells undergoing secretory conversion occur due to the primary heterogeneity of the tumor cell population.", "contents": "Cell proliferation kinetics and nuclear morphology in endometrial cancer under progesteron treatment. Cell proliferation kinetics by using the double labeling with 3HTdR--14CTdR, and nuclear morphology were studied in 20 patients with endometrial cancer who were given progesteron as a preliminary therapeutic measure. Results of these studies indicate that we have to face the fact that in all histological types of endometrial cancer considerable variations in the amount of tumor cells undergoing secretory conversion occur due to the primary heterogeneity of the tumor cell population.", "PMID": 740055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4278", "title": "Antilymphoid activity of leptospiral exoproducts.", "content": "Intraperitoneal application of supernatant fluid of L. patoc caused a pronounced and transient fall in peripheral lymphocyte count of Syrian hamsters. Pathogenic and possible cancerologic aspects of this findings are discussed.", "contents": "Antilymphoid activity of leptospiral exoproducts. Intraperitoneal application of supernatant fluid of L. patoc caused a pronounced and transient fall in peripheral lymphocyte count of Syrian hamsters. Pathogenic and possible cancerologic aspects of this findings are discussed.", "PMID": 740056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4279", "title": "Cytotoxic and cancerostatic effect of 1,4-dithiaanthraquinone-2,3-dicarbonitrile.", "content": "1,4-Dithiaanthraquinone-2,3-dicarbonitrile (DTA) has been found to exert a considerable cytostatic effect especially on some of the investigated types of eukaryotic cells, concretely on the HeLa cells, moulds, yeasts, protozoa and algae. In cells of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) DTA after a short exposition causes a parallel inhibition of incorporation of 14C-adenine and 14C-valine, in proportion to its rising concentration. The inhibition of biosynthetic processes thus made manifest, is probably a consequence of the primary DTA intervention into the energy metabolism of EAC cells, particularly in glycolysis. The effect of DTA in concentrations capable of bringing about full inhibition of glucose consumption or lactate formation in EAC cells also results in a loss of their transplantability. On the other hand, DTA also exerts a cancerostatic effect on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and cancerostatic effect of 1,4-dithiaanthraquinone-2,3-dicarbonitrile. 1,4-Dithiaanthraquinone-2,3-dicarbonitrile (DTA) has been found to exert a considerable cytostatic effect especially on some of the investigated types of eukaryotic cells, concretely on the HeLa cells, moulds, yeasts, protozoa and algae. In cells of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) DTA after a short exposition causes a parallel inhibition of incorporation of 14C-adenine and 14C-valine, in proportion to its rising concentration. The inhibition of biosynthetic processes thus made manifest, is probably a consequence of the primary DTA intervention into the energy metabolism of EAC cells, particularly in glycolysis. The effect of DTA in concentrations capable of bringing about full inhibition of glucose consumption or lactate formation in EAC cells also results in a loss of their transplantability. On the other hand, DTA also exerts a cancerostatic effect on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.", "PMID": 740057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4280", "title": "Cellular mechanisms of the radiomodifying effect of hypothermia.", "content": "The irradiation of experimental tumors with a dose of 2000--2500 rad (20--25 J/kg) under hypothermia promoted an inhibition of the growth to a greater degree than the irradiation under normal conditions. In Guerin's tumor the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis was more expressed after the irradiation under hypothermic conditions than under the irradiation, and/or hypothermia alone. After the irradiation of the Guerin's tumor under hypothermia the cells were synchronized during the presynthetic phase of the cycle (block G1-S), and the effect of synchronization was more expressed in the tumor than in the normal tissue. The irradiation under hypothermia decreased the proliferative pool to a greater degree than the irradiation and/or hypothermia alone.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms of the radiomodifying effect of hypothermia. The irradiation of experimental tumors with a dose of 2000--2500 rad (20--25 J/kg) under hypothermia promoted an inhibition of the growth to a greater degree than the irradiation under normal conditions. In Guerin's tumor the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis was more expressed after the irradiation under hypothermic conditions than under the irradiation, and/or hypothermia alone. After the irradiation of the Guerin's tumor under hypothermia the cells were synchronized during the presynthetic phase of the cycle (block G1-S), and the effect of synchronization was more expressed in the tumor than in the normal tissue. The irradiation under hypothermia decreased the proliferative pool to a greater degree than the irradiation and/or hypothermia alone.", "PMID": 740058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4281", "title": "Some characteristics of karyotype changes in the NK/Ly ascites tumor during its growth.", "content": "The NK/Ly ascites tumor has been studied with respect to the karyotype and its changes during tumor growth. The numeric stem line of the tumor cells is 43. The chromosome markers are as follows: a large metacentric chromosome, a large submetacentric chromosome with the long arm divided or, in a few cases, not divided by achromatic space, a large telocentric chromosome with a well-visible achromatic space which divides its long arm into two sections, and 1--2 extremely small chromosomes. The combination of the large metacentric chromosome, the large submetacentric chromosome with achromatic space, and of 1--2 extremely small chromosomes is modal. With the NK/Ly tumor growth, the number of modal cells decreases, while the variability in the number of chromosomes in the cells increases, i.e. their number is diminishing, and so is the percentage of cells with the modal combination of chromosome markers. On the 12th day of tumor growth, no clearly visible stem line can be noticed. The observed karyotype changes may be considered, alongside with other causes, to be due to longer period of the cell cycle during the NK/Ly ascites tumor growth.", "contents": "Some characteristics of karyotype changes in the NK/Ly ascites tumor during its growth. The NK/Ly ascites tumor has been studied with respect to the karyotype and its changes during tumor growth. The numeric stem line of the tumor cells is 43. The chromosome markers are as follows: a large metacentric chromosome, a large submetacentric chromosome with the long arm divided or, in a few cases, not divided by achromatic space, a large telocentric chromosome with a well-visible achromatic space which divides its long arm into two sections, and 1--2 extremely small chromosomes. The combination of the large metacentric chromosome, the large submetacentric chromosome with achromatic space, and of 1--2 extremely small chromosomes is modal. With the NK/Ly tumor growth, the number of modal cells decreases, while the variability in the number of chromosomes in the cells increases, i.e. their number is diminishing, and so is the percentage of cells with the modal combination of chromosome markers. On the 12th day of tumor growth, no clearly visible stem line can be noticed. The observed karyotype changes may be considered, alongside with other causes, to be due to longer period of the cell cycle during the NK/Ly ascites tumor growth.", "PMID": 740059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4282", "title": "Growth characteristics of the RL-67 lung tumor -- a new model for experimental therapy of metastatic processes.", "content": "Implantation of the RL-67 tumor in to the limb muscle of C57Bl strain mice resulted in the tumor growth at the site of implantation and the metastatic process became manifest predominantly in the lungs of all animals. A direct correlation was established between the primary tumor and its metastases. The number of metastases on the 20th day after the transplantation amounted to about 60. The mean survival time of the tumor-bearing mice was approximately 24 days. Seven different substances were administered intraperitoneally to tumor-bearing animals and their effect on the tumor and its metastases was established. It was found out that heparin and carboxymethyldextran led approximately to a 50% decrease in the number of lung metastases in comparison with the controls. A certain \"prophylactic\" effect on metastases was achieved with Bleomycin. The data of the biological and histological studies suggested that the RL-67 lung tumor may be used as a suitable model for investigation of the factors influencing the tumor metastases.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of the RL-67 lung tumor -- a new model for experimental therapy of metastatic processes. Implantation of the RL-67 tumor in to the limb muscle of C57Bl strain mice resulted in the tumor growth at the site of implantation and the metastatic process became manifest predominantly in the lungs of all animals. A direct correlation was established between the primary tumor and its metastases. The number of metastases on the 20th day after the transplantation amounted to about 60. The mean survival time of the tumor-bearing mice was approximately 24 days. Seven different substances were administered intraperitoneally to tumor-bearing animals and their effect on the tumor and its metastases was established. It was found out that heparin and carboxymethyldextran led approximately to a 50% decrease in the number of lung metastases in comparison with the controls. A certain \"prophylactic\" effect on metastases was achieved with Bleomycin. The data of the biological and histological studies suggested that the RL-67 lung tumor may be used as a suitable model for investigation of the factors influencing the tumor metastases.", "PMID": 740060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4283", "title": "Protein synthesis in tumor host. I. Enhanced peptide elongation in transplantable tumors and host liver.", "content": "Protein synthesis was significantly enhanced in subcellular systems containing ribosomes and cytosol from the liver of Walker tumor-bearing rats from the second week following the tumor transplantation and this enhancement persisted for the whole period of tumor growth. Homologous systems from Zajdela hepatoma and host liver showed a markedly increased poly(U)-dependent peptide elongation when compared with normal liver tissue. A stimulation of polyphenylalanine synthesis resulted from the addition of cytosols from tumors or host liver to ribosomes from normal rat liver. Similar results were found for the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Ribosomes from tumors and host liver are more active in peptide elongation than particles from normal liver tissue. A more than 10-fold stimulation of phenylalanine polymerization resulted from the addition of poly(U) to ribosomes from Zajdela hepatoma whereas only less than 2-fold enhancement was found when using ribosomes from normal or host liver. Hepatoma ribosomes apparently contain only a low proportion of polyribosomes carrying natural message. Enhanced protein synthesis in tumors and host liver is apparently due, in particular, to an increased activity of soluble factors required for protein synthesis and less due to an increased activity of ribosomes.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in tumor host. I. Enhanced peptide elongation in transplantable tumors and host liver. Protein synthesis was significantly enhanced in subcellular systems containing ribosomes and cytosol from the liver of Walker tumor-bearing rats from the second week following the tumor transplantation and this enhancement persisted for the whole period of tumor growth. Homologous systems from Zajdela hepatoma and host liver showed a markedly increased poly(U)-dependent peptide elongation when compared with normal liver tissue. A stimulation of polyphenylalanine synthesis resulted from the addition of cytosols from tumors or host liver to ribosomes from normal rat liver. Similar results were found for the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Ribosomes from tumors and host liver are more active in peptide elongation than particles from normal liver tissue. A more than 10-fold stimulation of phenylalanine polymerization resulted from the addition of poly(U) to ribosomes from Zajdela hepatoma whereas only less than 2-fold enhancement was found when using ribosomes from normal or host liver. Hepatoma ribosomes apparently contain only a low proportion of polyribosomes carrying natural message. Enhanced protein synthesis in tumors and host liver is apparently due, in particular, to an increased activity of soluble factors required for protein synthesis and less due to an increased activity of ribosomes.", "PMID": 740061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4284", "title": "Differences in uptake of aminoacids by patients with various forms of cancer.", "content": "The serum concentrations of alphaaminonitrogen (AAN), lysine, valine and leucines were determined before and within the period of 24 hr after the administration of Trophysan (10% solution of glucose containing a mixture of aminoacids) in 100 patients with cancer (17 with gastrointestinal carcinoma, 34 with uterus carcinoma, stages I to III; 8 with breast carcinoma, stages II and III; 15 with bronchogenic carcinoma, 10 with various localizations and 15 with metastatic cancer) and in 22 patients with benign tumors. A significant decrease in the serum content of AAN, valine and lysine was noted in patients with cancer (stages I to III) at 24 hours after the administration of Trophysan. This effect was absent for the patients with benign tumors. The enhanced uptake of aminoacids found in patients with cancer is probable the result of the negative nitrogen balance associated with the malignant state.", "contents": "Differences in uptake of aminoacids by patients with various forms of cancer. The serum concentrations of alphaaminonitrogen (AAN), lysine, valine and leucines were determined before and within the period of 24 hr after the administration of Trophysan (10% solution of glucose containing a mixture of aminoacids) in 100 patients with cancer (17 with gastrointestinal carcinoma, 34 with uterus carcinoma, stages I to III; 8 with breast carcinoma, stages II and III; 15 with bronchogenic carcinoma, 10 with various localizations and 15 with metastatic cancer) and in 22 patients with benign tumors. A significant decrease in the serum content of AAN, valine and lysine was noted in patients with cancer (stages I to III) at 24 hours after the administration of Trophysan. This effect was absent for the patients with benign tumors. The enhanced uptake of aminoacids found in patients with cancer is probable the result of the negative nitrogen balance associated with the malignant state.", "PMID": 740062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4285", "title": "Effect of cytostatics on some platelet functions in vitro. VI. Vinblastine.", "content": "The influence of vinblastine upon principal functions of blood platelets in vitro (adhesion, aggregation, platelet release reaction, membrane stabilization) has been followed using an extended system of laboratory examinations. The authors have found that the concentration of vinblastine which is higher than the average therapeutic dose (10(-5)M) inhibits the functional ability of platelets so that it may cause a thrombopatic disorder.", "contents": "Effect of cytostatics on some platelet functions in vitro. VI. Vinblastine. The influence of vinblastine upon principal functions of blood platelets in vitro (adhesion, aggregation, platelet release reaction, membrane stabilization) has been followed using an extended system of laboratory examinations. The authors have found that the concentration of vinblastine which is higher than the average therapeutic dose (10(-5)M) inhibits the functional ability of platelets so that it may cause a thrombopatic disorder.", "PMID": 740063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4286", "title": "Influence of heparin and defibrase on transplantability of syngeneic tumors in mice.", "content": "It had been previously demonstrated that fibrin clot might have an important role in the growth of malignant tumors and in metastasis formation. For this reason an attempt had been made to find out whether inhibition of fibrin formation by heparin or fibrinolysis induced by defibrase could limit tumor growth. Male mice of inbred strain were challenged with suspension of tumor cells. For anticoagulation and/or fibrinolytic therapy two different schedules were used. The treatment was started either simultaneously with the tumor transplantation, or one week prior to the injection of tumor cells. The size of tumors was bigger in the group of treated animals, when compared with the controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, frequency of implanted tumors was significantly higher in animals with heparin and defibrase treatment or pretreatment.", "contents": "Influence of heparin and defibrase on transplantability of syngeneic tumors in mice. It had been previously demonstrated that fibrin clot might have an important role in the growth of malignant tumors and in metastasis formation. For this reason an attempt had been made to find out whether inhibition of fibrin formation by heparin or fibrinolysis induced by defibrase could limit tumor growth. Male mice of inbred strain were challenged with suspension of tumor cells. For anticoagulation and/or fibrinolytic therapy two different schedules were used. The treatment was started either simultaneously with the tumor transplantation, or one week prior to the injection of tumor cells. The size of tumors was bigger in the group of treated animals, when compared with the controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, frequency of implanted tumors was significantly higher in animals with heparin and defibrase treatment or pretreatment.", "PMID": 740064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4287", "title": "Estrogenic effect in vaginal smears in cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Values of karyopyknotic index (KPI) in a series of 37 uterine cervix cancer patients were significantly increased when compared with the same groups of 61 healthy women. Radiosensitivity of the tumors was accompanied by subsequent decreasing in the KPI values while in all radioresistent cases as well as in all early recurrences persistence of initial high KPI values could be proved. Significant differences in the kinetics of KPI changes during and after radiation in the group of praemenopausal and postmenopausal patients support suggestion for non ovarian origin of this estrogen like activity.", "contents": "Estrogenic effect in vaginal smears in cancer of the uterine cervix. Values of karyopyknotic index (KPI) in a series of 37 uterine cervix cancer patients were significantly increased when compared with the same groups of 61 healthy women. Radiosensitivity of the tumors was accompanied by subsequent decreasing in the KPI values while in all radioresistent cases as well as in all early recurrences persistence of initial high KPI values could be proved. Significant differences in the kinetics of KPI changes during and after radiation in the group of praemenopausal and postmenopausal patients support suggestion for non ovarian origin of this estrogen like activity.", "PMID": 740065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4288", "title": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity in children with nephrotic syndrome and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Plasma factor VIII procoagulant activity has been shown to be significantly elevated in 32 children with the nephrotic syndrome. This increase is more marked in those with obvious glomerular lesions on histology than in patients with minimal change nephropathy. Fluctuations in factor VIII levels corresponded to changes in the clinical condition of the nephrotic syndrome. In 28 children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, 4 patients with the highest factor VIII levels recovered between 7 and 60 days of onset of disease whereas the remainder did so in less than 7 days. Factor VIII levels may reflect the extent of immunopathological injury to glomerular capillaries and be useful in management of children with glomerular disease.", "contents": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity in children with nephrotic syndrome and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Plasma factor VIII procoagulant activity has been shown to be significantly elevated in 32 children with the nephrotic syndrome. This increase is more marked in those with obvious glomerular lesions on histology than in patients with minimal change nephropathy. Fluctuations in factor VIII levels corresponded to changes in the clinical condition of the nephrotic syndrome. In 28 children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, 4 patients with the highest factor VIII levels recovered between 7 and 60 days of onset of disease whereas the remainder did so in less than 7 days. Factor VIII levels may reflect the extent of immunopathological injury to glomerular capillaries and be useful in management of children with glomerular disease.", "PMID": 740089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4289", "title": "Screening uremic 'toxins' using bromsulfophthalein clearance by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The kinetics of bromosulfophthalein clearance from plasma, secretion into bile, and, by difference, storage in hepatic cells, were determined, using normal livers and blood from normal rats in the isolated perfused rat liver system. Two suspected uremic 'toxins', urea and guanidinosuccinic acid, were then administered in order to determine if either of these substances would independently alter the kinetics under study. Results indicated that these two compounds have little or no  effect on liver function on an acute basis. However, because of the excellent reproducibility obtained, it is believed that this method can be of significant use in the further screening of substances from uremic patients which may be interfering seriously with liver functions.", "contents": "Screening uremic 'toxins' using bromsulfophthalein clearance by the isolated perfused rat liver. The kinetics of bromosulfophthalein clearance from plasma, secretion into bile, and, by difference, storage in hepatic cells, were determined, using normal livers and blood from normal rats in the isolated perfused rat liver system. Two suspected uremic 'toxins', urea and guanidinosuccinic acid, were then administered in order to determine if either of these substances would independently alter the kinetics under study. Results indicated that these two compounds have little or no  effect on liver function on an acute basis. However, because of the excellent reproducibility obtained, it is believed that this method can be of significant use in the further screening of substances from uremic patients which may be interfering seriously with liver functions.", "PMID": 740090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4290", "title": "Changes in copper and ceruloplasmin in chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Serum copper and ceruloplasmin as well as other parameters in 68 patients with chronic renal insufficiency were studied. It was found that chronic renal insufficiency increases neither the serum copper nor the serum ceruloplasmin. In the group on hemodialysis, there is a progressive increase of copper and ceruloplasmin in serum due to a liberation of 44.44% of the copper content of the membranes. In the group on periodic peritoneal dialysis, there is also an increase of serum copper during the dialysis. We do not have an explanation for this finding.", "contents": "Changes in copper and ceruloplasmin in chronic renal insufficiency treated by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin as well as other parameters in 68 patients with chronic renal insufficiency were studied. It was found that chronic renal insufficiency increases neither the serum copper nor the serum ceruloplasmin. In the group on hemodialysis, there is a progressive increase of copper and ceruloplasmin in serum due to a liberation of 44.44% of the copper content of the membranes. In the group on periodic peritoneal dialysis, there is also an increase of serum copper during the dialysis. We do not have an explanation for this finding.", "PMID": 740091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4291", "title": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage in chronically hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "Patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis have an increased incidence of spontaneous bleeding from various parts of the body. In this paper we describe 5 patients who developed spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage. All patients were receiving anticoagulants (Coumadin and/or heparin) at the time of bleeding. Clinically, retroperitoneal hemorrhage was evident in the interdialytic period. Presenting symptoms and signs included sudden and progressive onset of pain in the abdomen, flank, back, thigh or hip associated with a drop in blood pressure and hematocrit in the absence of obvious blood loss. Subsequently ecchymosis, swelling and/or mass were observed. Abdominal X-rays showed absent psoas shadows. Treatment included blood transfusions, discontinuation of Coumadin and/or heparin, the use of regional heparinization for hemodialysis and occasionally peritoneal dialysis. Surgical exploration was not required in any case and all 5 patients recovered. Anticoagulation therapy and platelet dysfunction may be contributory causes.", "contents": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage in chronically hemodialyzed patients. Patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis have an increased incidence of spontaneous bleeding from various parts of the body. In this paper we describe 5 patients who developed spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage. All patients were receiving anticoagulants (Coumadin and/or heparin) at the time of bleeding. Clinically, retroperitoneal hemorrhage was evident in the interdialytic period. Presenting symptoms and signs included sudden and progressive onset of pain in the abdomen, flank, back, thigh or hip associated with a drop in blood pressure and hematocrit in the absence of obvious blood loss. Subsequently ecchymosis, swelling and/or mass were observed. Abdominal X-rays showed absent psoas shadows. Treatment included blood transfusions, discontinuation of Coumadin and/or heparin, the use of regional heparinization for hemodialysis and occasionally peritoneal dialysis. Surgical exploration was not required in any case and all 5 patients recovered. Anticoagulation therapy and platelet dysfunction may be contributory causes.", "PMID": 740093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4292", "title": "Hemosiderosis secondary to chronic parenteral iron therapy in maintenance hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Autopsy data on 24 chronic maintenance hemodialysis patients who had received varying doses of parenteral iron as the iron-dextran complex were reviewed for evidence of iron overload (hemosiderosis) and tissue fibrosis or organ dysfunction (hemochromatosis). Hemosiderosis was frequent in patients who received high total doses of iron but absent in those who received little or no iron. The degree of tissue iron did not increase with increased iron administration above a total of 2.5 g. Hemochromatosis or organ dysfunction secondary to tissue iron deposition was not noted in any patient. Chronic parenteral iron administration may improve anemia and result in tissue iron deposition but does not lead to hemochromatosis.", "contents": "Hemosiderosis secondary to chronic parenteral iron therapy in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Autopsy data on 24 chronic maintenance hemodialysis patients who had received varying doses of parenteral iron as the iron-dextran complex were reviewed for evidence of iron overload (hemosiderosis) and tissue fibrosis or organ dysfunction (hemochromatosis). Hemosiderosis was frequent in patients who received high total doses of iron but absent in those who received little or no iron. The degree of tissue iron did not increase with increased iron administration above a total of 2.5 g. Hemochromatosis or organ dysfunction secondary to tissue iron deposition was not noted in any patient. Chronic parenteral iron administration may improve anemia and result in tissue iron deposition but does not lead to hemochromatosis.", "PMID": 740092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4293", "title": "Effect of arginine or creatinine administration on the urinary excretion of methylguanidine.", "content": "The metabolic pathway of methylguanidine (MG) is mainly speculated from the change in urinary excretion of MG in the arginine (Arg)-injected normal rat, the creatinine (Cr)-injected normal rat, and the Arg-injected uremic rat. 15N-Arg was ingested to 2 uremic patients. Arg administration resulted in marked increase in urinary MG excretion both in the uremic rat and patient, but not in the normal rat. In the first phase of the 15N-Arg ingestion experiment, a rapid rise of 15N atom percent excess of urinary MG was observed in the uremic patient. In the second phase of this study, after 24 h of 15N-Arg ingestion, the 15N atom percent excess of urinary Cr and that of MG closely paralleled. These findings imply that there might be two metabolic origins of MG: one is a formation of MG from Arg itself or an Arg metabolite other than Cr, the other a pathway producing MG via Cr. The former is compatible with the hypothesis by Cohen.", "contents": "Effect of arginine or creatinine administration on the urinary excretion of methylguanidine. The metabolic pathway of methylguanidine (MG) is mainly speculated from the change in urinary excretion of MG in the arginine (Arg)-injected normal rat, the creatinine (Cr)-injected normal rat, and the Arg-injected uremic rat. 15N-Arg was ingested to 2 uremic patients. Arg administration resulted in marked increase in urinary MG excretion both in the uremic rat and patient, but not in the normal rat. In the first phase of the 15N-Arg ingestion experiment, a rapid rise of 15N atom percent excess of urinary MG was observed in the uremic patient. In the second phase of this study, after 24 h of 15N-Arg ingestion, the 15N atom percent excess of urinary Cr and that of MG closely paralleled. These findings imply that there might be two metabolic origins of MG: one is a formation of MG from Arg itself or an Arg metabolite other than Cr, the other a pathway producing MG via Cr. The former is compatible with the hypothesis by Cohen.", "PMID": 740094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4294", "title": "Modular single-needle haemodialysis; ultrafiltration characteristics.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo work has been carried out examining a modular single-needle system for fistula haemodialysis. Ultrafiltration characteristics of the single-needle system are defined and conclusions upon flow patterns are reached. Applying the mean blood pressure formula to the extracorporeal system pressures, the transmembrane pressure can be calculated and the ultrafiltration rate forecast. High transmembrane pressures can be modified, with sacrifice of blood flow, by amendment of the blood flow phase durations.", "contents": "Modular single-needle haemodialysis; ultrafiltration characteristics. In vitro and in vivo work has been carried out examining a modular single-needle system for fistula haemodialysis. Ultrafiltration characteristics of the single-needle system are defined and conclusions upon flow patterns are reached. Applying the mean blood pressure formula to the extracorporeal system pressures, the transmembrane pressure can be calculated and the ultrafiltration rate forecast. High transmembrane pressures can be modified, with sacrifice of blood flow, by amendment of the blood flow phase durations.", "PMID": 740095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4295", "title": "Bleeding in renal failure: altered platelet function in chronic uraemia only partially corrected by haemodialysis.", "content": "Bleeding time, blood loss and platelet retention by glass beads, measured by standardized techniques, were significantly altered in  a group of 30 non-thrombocytopenic patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Bleeding time or blood loss did not correlate with platelet retention either before or after haemodialysis. No correlation could be found between the above tests and a number of biochemical parameters characterizing the uraemic condition. Haemodialysis only partially corrected the abnormal bleeding time, blood loss and platelet retention. These tests were still significantly different after haemodialysis from those of 30 normal subjects. It is suggested that some non-dialyzable material could play an important role in the aetiology of uraemic bleeding.", "contents": "Bleeding in renal failure: altered platelet function in chronic uraemia only partially corrected by haemodialysis. Bleeding time, blood loss and platelet retention by glass beads, measured by standardized techniques, were significantly altered in  a group of 30 non-thrombocytopenic patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Bleeding time or blood loss did not correlate with platelet retention either before or after haemodialysis. No correlation could be found between the above tests and a number of biochemical parameters characterizing the uraemic condition. Haemodialysis only partially corrected the abnormal bleeding time, blood loss and platelet retention. These tests were still significantly different after haemodialysis from those of 30 normal subjects. It is suggested that some non-dialyzable material could play an important role in the aetiology of uraemic bleeding.", "PMID": 740096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4296", "title": "Metacarpal cortical thickness in uremic patients on regular hemodialysis.", "content": "Metacarpal cortical thickness was measured in 83 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing periodic hemodialysis. Patients were dialyzed twice weekly, 8--9h per session, with a calcium concentration in dialysate of 6.5 mg/dl. Supplements of calcium, vitamin D (5,000 I.U. a day), steroid anabolic hormones, and aluminium hydroxyde were administered to all patients. They were on a normal protein intake and unrestricted physical activity. The results show that the young males have a reduction in cortical thickness as compared to age-matched controls, and that there is a progressive loss in cortical width as the length of dialysis increases. This bone loss is statistically significant in males during their first 18 months of dialysis.", "contents": "Metacarpal cortical thickness in uremic patients on regular hemodialysis. Metacarpal cortical thickness was measured in 83 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing periodic hemodialysis. Patients were dialyzed twice weekly, 8--9h per session, with a calcium concentration in dialysate of 6.5 mg/dl. Supplements of calcium, vitamin D (5,000 I.U. a day), steroid anabolic hormones, and aluminium hydroxyde were administered to all patients. They were on a normal protein intake and unrestricted physical activity. The results show that the young males have a reduction in cortical thickness as compared to age-matched controls, and that there is a progressive loss in cortical width as the length of dialysis increases. This bone loss is statistically significant in males during their first 18 months of dialysis.", "PMID": 740097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4297", "title": "Serum erythropoietin concentration in anephric patients.", "content": "In 13 bilateral nephrectomized patients serum erythropoietin (SEp) activity could be measured quantitatively by use of the highly sensitive fetal mouse liver cell assay. SEp concentration in the majority of the cases was below the mean of normal controls. There was a significant positive correlation between SEp levels and hematocrits, suggesting erythropoietin (Ep) deficiency to be a causative factor in the anemia of the anephric state. Androgen therapy stimulated extrarenal Ep production in all of 5 anephric patients studied.", "contents": "Serum erythropoietin concentration in anephric patients. In 13 bilateral nephrectomized patients serum erythropoietin (SEp) activity could be measured quantitatively by use of the highly sensitive fetal mouse liver cell assay. SEp concentration in the majority of the cases was below the mean of normal controls. There was a significant positive correlation between SEp levels and hematocrits, suggesting erythropoietin (Ep) deficiency to be a causative factor in the anemia of the anephric state. Androgen therapy stimulated extrarenal Ep production in all of 5 anephric patients studied.", "PMID": 740098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4298", "title": "Nephroptosis and kidney function.", "content": "We have investigated the influence of renal mobility on both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, in order to evaluate its role as a potential intermediate cause of hypertension. In 25 untreated patients we compared between recumbent and upright position the relative change in the following five parameters: effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal mobility, peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure. We found a positive correlation between the degree of renal mobility and an observed decrease in ERPF. On the other hand, no relation was found between the former and an observed decrease in GFR. The PRA appeared to rise following the decrease of the ERPF. These observations suggest that renal mobility adds to the orthostatic reduction in renal blood flow.", "contents": "Nephroptosis and kidney function. We have investigated the influence of renal mobility on both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, in order to evaluate its role as a potential intermediate cause of hypertension. In 25 untreated patients we compared between recumbent and upright position the relative change in the following five parameters: effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal mobility, peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure. We found a positive correlation between the degree of renal mobility and an observed decrease in ERPF. On the other hand, no relation was found between the former and an observed decrease in GFR. The PRA appeared to rise following the decrease of the ERPF. These observations suggest that renal mobility adds to the orthostatic reduction in renal blood flow.", "PMID": 740099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4299", "title": "Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with indomethacin.", "content": "In 25 patients with nephrotic syndromes of different origin, indomethacin caused an immediate decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary protein excretion. This effect of indomethacin on GFR and proteinuria was more pronounced when the renin-angiotensin system was stimulated by a low-sodium diet and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily, and resulted in a significant rise in serum albumin. Withdrawal of indomethacin after 1--3 years of administration was followed by an increase in proteinuria to pretreatment levels in 9 out of 15 patients. A harmful renal effect of long-term indomethacin administration was found to be unlikely. The results suggest that the steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome can be treated symptomatically by indomethacin.", "contents": "Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with indomethacin. In 25 patients with nephrotic syndromes of different origin, indomethacin caused an immediate decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary protein excretion. This effect of indomethacin on GFR and proteinuria was more pronounced when the renin-angiotensin system was stimulated by a low-sodium diet and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily, and resulted in a significant rise in serum albumin. Withdrawal of indomethacin after 1--3 years of administration was followed by an increase in proteinuria to pretreatment levels in 9 out of 15 patients. A harmful renal effect of long-term indomethacin administration was found to be unlikely. The results suggest that the steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome can be treated symptomatically by indomethacin.", "PMID": 740100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4300", "title": "Evidence of possible association of nephrolithiasis and nephroptosis.", "content": "Two separate populations, one consisting of 100 patients with renal stones and one consisting of 81 patients with nephroptosis were examined to determine whether an association may exist between excessive renal mobility and renal stone formation. The statistical analysis of the data suggests a direct relationship between nephroptosis and the occurrence of renal stones.", "contents": "Evidence of possible association of nephrolithiasis and nephroptosis. Two separate populations, one consisting of 100 patients with renal stones and one consisting of 81 patients with nephroptosis were examined to determine whether an association may exist between excessive renal mobility and renal stone formation. The statistical analysis of the data suggests a direct relationship between nephroptosis and the occurrence of renal stones.", "PMID": 740101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4301", "title": "Charcoal hemoperfusion for chronic renal failure.", "content": "16 patients with end-stage renal disease were treated with a fixed-bed, uncoated-charcoal hemoperfusion device, used either alone or in series with a hemodialyzer. 3 patients had one of their thrice weekly dialyses replaced by one 3 hour combined treatment for up to 6 months, and 3 patients had 150-min combined treatments thrice weekly for up to 5 months. The procedure was well tolerated. Transient hypotension occurred and interfered with fluid removal by ultrafiltration. Platelet counts were reduced, but there was no clinical bleeding. Pretreatment of the device with albumin provided no advantage over heparinized saline, and dextran caused a more severe reduction in the platelet count. The changes in platelets, white blood cells, and hematocrit were transient and noncumulative. Considerable amounts of creatinine and uric acid were removed. Regular charcoal hemoperfusion appears to be safe, and long-term studies of clinical efficacy are indicated.", "contents": "Charcoal hemoperfusion for chronic renal failure. 16 patients with end-stage renal disease were treated with a fixed-bed, uncoated-charcoal hemoperfusion device, used either alone or in series with a hemodialyzer. 3 patients had one of their thrice weekly dialyses replaced by one 3 hour combined treatment for up to 6 months, and 3 patients had 150-min combined treatments thrice weekly for up to 5 months. The procedure was well tolerated. Transient hypotension occurred and interfered with fluid removal by ultrafiltration. Platelet counts were reduced, but there was no clinical bleeding. Pretreatment of the device with albumin provided no advantage over heparinized saline, and dextran caused a more severe reduction in the platelet count. The changes in platelets, white blood cells, and hematocrit were transient and noncumulative. Considerable amounts of creatinine and uric acid were removed. Regular charcoal hemoperfusion appears to be safe, and long-term studies of clinical efficacy are indicated.", "PMID": 740102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4302", "title": "Chronic hemodynamic effects of propranolol treatment in dialysis-refractory hypertension.", "content": "The hemodynamic mechanism of the hypotensive effect of propranolol was studied by quantitative radiocardiography in 8 patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension. Propranolol treatment brought about a decrease in mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistances. The cardiac index was slightly reduced only in the early stage of the treatment. No significant difference was found between patients on treatments lasting longer than 3 months and patients with dialysis-controlled hypertension. The results show that propranolol can be used safely as the sole antihypertensive agent in patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension.", "contents": "Chronic hemodynamic effects of propranolol treatment in dialysis-refractory hypertension. The hemodynamic mechanism of the hypotensive effect of propranolol was studied by quantitative radiocardiography in 8 patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension. Propranolol treatment brought about a decrease in mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistances. The cardiac index was slightly reduced only in the early stage of the treatment. No significant difference was found between patients on treatments lasting longer than 3 months and patients with dialysis-controlled hypertension. The results show that propranolol can be used safely as the sole antihypertensive agent in patients with dialysis-resistant hypertension.", "PMID": 740103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4303", "title": "Glomerular injury in malignant nephrosclerosis.", "content": "Electron microscopic analysis of subendothelial and mesangial alterations in the glomeruli was performed in 15 cases of malignant nephrosclerosis (MNS). 8 cases showed segmental or diffuse subendothelial accumulation of proteinaceous 'fibrinoid' material associated with thickening of glomerular basement membranes. 2 of these cases also showed similar deposits in the mesangium. When severe, this mesangial insudation resulted in almost complete replacement and destruction of the mesangial matrix. Endothelial injury with alteration of glomerular microcirculation and secondary intravascular coagulation is believed to play a role in the development of the glomerular lesions in MNS.", "contents": "Glomerular injury in malignant nephrosclerosis. Electron microscopic analysis of subendothelial and mesangial alterations in the glomeruli was performed in 15 cases of malignant nephrosclerosis (MNS). 8 cases showed segmental or diffuse subendothelial accumulation of proteinaceous 'fibrinoid' material associated with thickening of glomerular basement membranes. 2 of these cases also showed similar deposits in the mesangium. When severe, this mesangial insudation resulted in almost complete replacement and destruction of the mesangial matrix. Endothelial injury with alteration of glomerular microcirculation and secondary intravascular coagulation is believed to play a role in the development of the glomerular lesions in MNS.", "PMID": 740104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4304", "title": "Renal lesions in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Many patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), even in the absence of intrinsic renal disease, are found to have abnormal urine, with persistent proteinuria, cylindruria, microhematuria and leukocyturia. The kidneys of 12 necropsy cases with CP showed mild to moderate arterial and arteriolar nephrosclerosis and no other significant changes. Renal biopsies were performed in 10 patients with CP without evidence of systemic disease or intrinsic renal disease, but with persistent urinary abnormalities. By light microscopy, mild arterial and arteriolar nephrosclerosis was present in 5 instances. In 1 patient, evidence of the reparative phase of acute tubular necrosis was noted. In 5 biopsies, electron microscopy revealed minimal to mild increase in mesangial matrix. Mild thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was found in three instances but there was no clear-cut evidence of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The presence of subendothelial electron-lucent material in 3 cases suggests the possibility of previous subclinical episodes of intravascular coagulation. The most consistent finding was the presence of lipid material in the cytoplasm of glomerular and tubular cells. The renal lesions associated with CP are mild, nonspecific and nonprogressive. Various pathogenetic factors can be invoked to account for their presence and for the urinary abnormalities found in patients with CP.", "contents": "Renal lesions in chronic pancreatitis. Many patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), even in the absence of intrinsic renal disease, are found to have abnormal urine, with persistent proteinuria, cylindruria, microhematuria and leukocyturia. The kidneys of 12 necropsy cases with CP showed mild to moderate arterial and arteriolar nephrosclerosis and no other significant changes. Renal biopsies were performed in 10 patients with CP without evidence of systemic disease or intrinsic renal disease, but with persistent urinary abnormalities. By light microscopy, mild arterial and arteriolar nephrosclerosis was present in 5 instances. In 1 patient, evidence of the reparative phase of acute tubular necrosis was noted. In 5 biopsies, electron microscopy revealed minimal to mild increase in mesangial matrix. Mild thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was found in three instances but there was no clear-cut evidence of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The presence of subendothelial electron-lucent material in 3 cases suggests the possibility of previous subclinical episodes of intravascular coagulation. The most consistent finding was the presence of lipid material in the cytoplasm of glomerular and tubular cells. The renal lesions associated with CP are mild, nonspecific and nonprogressive. Various pathogenetic factors can be invoked to account for their presence and for the urinary abnormalities found in patients with CP.", "PMID": 740105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4305", "title": "Effects of in vivo and in vitro dialysis on plasma transaminase activity.", "content": "The effects of dialysis on plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were investigated. GOT was measured using Autoanalyzer (SMA) and kinetic (Karmen) methods. Hemodialysis of uremic subjects was associated with a significant increase of GOT (SMA) and GPT (SMA). In contrast, hemodialysis had no effect on GOT (Karmen). However, the SMA method is influenced by substances affecting the blank value. Therefore, the results suggest that the increase in transaminase activities measured by the SMA method are not due to true increases in enzyme activities. Plasma from dialysis patients, obtained prior to hemodialysis, was also dialyzed in vitro. In vitro dialysis of uremic plasma significantly increased GOT (SMA), GOT (Karmen) and GPT vitro dialysis of uremic plasma significantly increased GOT (SMA), OGT (Karmen) and GPT (SMA). The results suggest that an inhibitor of transaminase activity may accumulate in renal failure. In vitro dialysis may remove this inhibitor and thus increase true transaminase activity.", "contents": "Effects of in vivo and in vitro dialysis on plasma transaminase activity. The effects of dialysis on plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were investigated. GOT was measured using Autoanalyzer (SMA) and kinetic (Karmen) methods. Hemodialysis of uremic subjects was associated with a significant increase of GOT (SMA) and GPT (SMA). In contrast, hemodialysis had no effect on GOT (Karmen). However, the SMA method is influenced by substances affecting the blank value. Therefore, the results suggest that the increase in transaminase activities measured by the SMA method are not due to true increases in enzyme activities. Plasma from dialysis patients, obtained prior to hemodialysis, was also dialyzed in vitro. In vitro dialysis of uremic plasma significantly increased GOT (SMA), GOT (Karmen) and GPT vitro dialysis of uremic plasma significantly increased GOT (SMA), OGT (Karmen) and GPT (SMA). The results suggest that an inhibitor of transaminase activity may accumulate in renal failure. In vitro dialysis may remove this inhibitor and thus increase true transaminase activity.", "PMID": 740106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4306", "title": "Calcium and sodium excretion in rats in response to prolonged treatment with polythiazide.", "content": "The hypocalciuric response to prolonged polythiazide (PTZ) administration has been investigated in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. After 3 control days, PTZ was given for 6 days (0.1 mg/100 g body weight . 24 h p.o.). In both groups, calcium excretion fell on day 1 of PTZ and remained depressed thereafter. In the intact rats, this decrease was associated with increased sodium excretion and urine output on treatment day 1. In the TPTX rats, hypocalciuria occurred without change in sodium excretion or body weight; urine output increased on the first 2 days. Thus PTZ can reduce calcium excretion in the absence of parathyroid hormone, changes in sodium excretion, and changes in body weight (an estimate of body fluid balance with constant food intake).", "contents": "Calcium and sodium excretion in rats in response to prolonged treatment with polythiazide. The hypocalciuric response to prolonged polythiazide (PTZ) administration has been investigated in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. After 3 control days, PTZ was given for 6 days (0.1 mg/100 g body weight . 24 h p.o.). In both groups, calcium excretion fell on day 1 of PTZ and remained depressed thereafter. In the intact rats, this decrease was associated with increased sodium excretion and urine output on treatment day 1. In the TPTX rats, hypocalciuria occurred without change in sodium excretion or body weight; urine output increased on the first 2 days. Thus PTZ can reduce calcium excretion in the absence of parathyroid hormone, changes in sodium excretion, and changes in body weight (an estimate of body fluid balance with constant food intake).", "PMID": 740107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4307", "title": "Indomethacin and lysine acetylsalicylate in rats with autologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Biochemical and morphological studies.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin and lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA) were compared in rats in which autologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis had been induced. The aim of this study was to offer support to the hypothesis that indomethacin might reduce proteinuria through increased synthesis of glomerular basement membrane by the podocytes. Both drugs were injected intraperitoneally at the dosage of 4 mg/kg body weight daily during a 6-day period into 40 rats rendered nephritic by rabbit nephrotoxic serum injection. Rats treated with indomethacin showed a marked decrease of proteinuria (tested by the 3% sulfosalicylic aicd method) and a clear ultrastructural picture of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of podocytes. Rats given L-ASA showed only a slight correction of proteinuria and less specific ultrastructural modification. These observations suggest that indomethacin decreases proteinuria in nephritic rats not only through its anti-inflammatory activity, but possible also by a peculiar mechanism, namely an increase in podocytic basement membrane synthesis.", "contents": "Indomethacin and lysine acetylsalicylate in rats with autologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Biochemical and morphological studies. The effects of indomethacin and lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA) were compared in rats in which autologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis had been induced. The aim of this study was to offer support to the hypothesis that indomethacin might reduce proteinuria through increased synthesis of glomerular basement membrane by the podocytes. Both drugs were injected intraperitoneally at the dosage of 4 mg/kg body weight daily during a 6-day period into 40 rats rendered nephritic by rabbit nephrotoxic serum injection. Rats treated with indomethacin showed a marked decrease of proteinuria (tested by the 3% sulfosalicylic aicd method) and a clear ultrastructural picture of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of podocytes. Rats given L-ASA showed only a slight correction of proteinuria and less specific ultrastructural modification. These observations suggest that indomethacin decreases proteinuria in nephritic rats not only through its anti-inflammatory activity, but possible also by a peculiar mechanism, namely an increase in podocytic basement membrane synthesis.", "PMID": 740108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4308", "title": "Effect of experimental chronic renal failure upon the synthesis of thyroid hormones in rats.", "content": "The authors utilized two groups of adult male rats to study the effect of chronic-uremic toxemia on the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The control group was sham operated, while the other group had about 70--80% of the left kidney tissue surgically excised and a total right nephrectomy performed 10 days later. At the 90th day after the second operation, 8 muCi of 131I were injected intraperitoneally and 24 h later the thyroid was excised and hydrolyzed enzymatically for a period of 14 h at 37 degrees C. The percentages of iodinated components were then calculated after radiochromatographic separation on paper. The group of experimental rats by this time showed significant increases of plasma urea and creatinine, and an absence of acidosis. The results suggest that monoidotyrosine concentration is increased and diiodothyronine decreased in the experimental group of rats with renal failure. This might indicate a toxic metabolic blockage in the transformation of monoiodotyrosine to diiodothyronine.", "contents": "Effect of experimental chronic renal failure upon the synthesis of thyroid hormones in rats. The authors utilized two groups of adult male rats to study the effect of chronic-uremic toxemia on the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The control group was sham operated, while the other group had about 70--80% of the left kidney tissue surgically excised and a total right nephrectomy performed 10 days later. At the 90th day after the second operation, 8 muCi of 131I were injected intraperitoneally and 24 h later the thyroid was excised and hydrolyzed enzymatically for a period of 14 h at 37 degrees C. The percentages of iodinated components were then calculated after radiochromatographic separation on paper. The group of experimental rats by this time showed significant increases of plasma urea and creatinine, and an absence of acidosis. The results suggest that monoidotyrosine concentration is increased and diiodothyronine decreased in the experimental group of rats with renal failure. This might indicate a toxic metabolic blockage in the transformation of monoiodotyrosine to diiodothyronine.", "PMID": 740110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4309", "title": "The pathogenetic significance of intravascular coagulation in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Serum and urine fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), FDP clearances, and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentrations of rats challenged with glycerol-induced myohemoglobinuria were measured serially over a period of 4 days. The results obtained in animals that developed acute renal failure (ARF) were compared with those obtained in rats made refractory to renal failure by long-term salt loading or recent recovery from prior renal failure. Only the rats susceptible to ARF experienced a major rise in serum FDP concentration. Urine FDP excretion rose most markedly in the same rats but, being elevated in all groups. showed the utilization of fibrinogen whether serum FDP values increased or not. The results obtained might reflect differences in the degree of intravascular coagulation which are pathogenetically important. It is possible, however, that increased serum FDP concentrations found exclusively in rats with ARF are the results rather than the cause of impaired filtration, and that reduced tubular absorption may at least partly account for the high urinary FDP excretion observed in this model of experimental acute renal failure.", "contents": "The pathogenetic significance of intravascular coagulation in experimental acute renal failure. Serum and urine fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), FDP clearances, and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentrations of rats challenged with glycerol-induced myohemoglobinuria were measured serially over a period of 4 days. The results obtained in animals that developed acute renal failure (ARF) were compared with those obtained in rats made refractory to renal failure by long-term salt loading or recent recovery from prior renal failure. Only the rats susceptible to ARF experienced a major rise in serum FDP concentration. Urine FDP excretion rose most markedly in the same rats but, being elevated in all groups. showed the utilization of fibrinogen whether serum FDP values increased or not. The results obtained might reflect differences in the degree of intravascular coagulation which are pathogenetically important. It is possible, however, that increased serum FDP concentrations found exclusively in rats with ARF are the results rather than the cause of impaired filtration, and that reduced tubular absorption may at least partly account for the high urinary FDP excretion observed in this model of experimental acute renal failure.", "PMID": 740111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4310", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of glomerular basement membrane in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis.", "content": "Degradation and synthesis of the collagen portion (CLP) of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in glomeruli of rats with nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) were determined in vivo and in vitro. Degradation of CLP in rats with NTN was only increased during the first 24 h after induction of NTN. After 24 h, the half-life of CLP in NTN rats (16.9 days) was not significantly different from that in the controls 15.6 days). The loss of CLP during the first 24 h is accompanied by an increased synthesis, measured in vivo and in vitro. The increased synthesis, however, does not seem to be sufficiently high to result in accumulation of CLP-like material in NTN. Since degradation and synthesis of CLP was not altered during the later phase of NTN, it is unlikely that chronic proteinuria is the result of an ongoing abnormal turnover of CLP.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of glomerular basement membrane in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis. Degradation and synthesis of the collagen portion (CLP) of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in glomeruli of rats with nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) were determined in vivo and in vitro. Degradation of CLP in rats with NTN was only increased during the first 24 h after induction of NTN. After 24 h, the half-life of CLP in NTN rats (16.9 days) was not significantly different from that in the controls 15.6 days). The loss of CLP during the first 24 h is accompanied by an increased synthesis, measured in vivo and in vitro. The increased synthesis, however, does not seem to be sufficiently high to result in accumulation of CLP-like material in NTN. Since degradation and synthesis of CLP was not altered during the later phase of NTN, it is unlikely that chronic proteinuria is the result of an ongoing abnormal turnover of CLP.", "PMID": 740113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4311", "title": "Natriuresis-induced protection in acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure without renal cortical renin content depletion in the rat.", "content": "The interrelationships of renal cortical renin content RCRC, sodium chloride excreting and the severity of renal failure were studied in the glycerol-induced acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure model in the rat. Protocols were designed to increase sodium chloride excretion without necessarily resulting in RCRC depletion. Our data fail to demonstrate a relationship between RCRC and severity of renal failure, but they demonstrate an excellent inverse correlation between the sodium chloride excretion of the animals in the 24 h prior to glycerol administration and the severity of resulitng renal failure. The protection of long-term saline-drinking animals should properly be ascribed to the associated natriuresis which develops much before RCRC depletion during the time course of saline drinking. The exact mechanism by which natriuresis exerts its protective effect needs further elucidation, but our data argue against a major role for RCRC in the pathogenesis of acute experimental renal failure.", "contents": "Natriuresis-induced protection in acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure without renal cortical renin content depletion in the rat. The interrelationships of renal cortical renin content RCRC, sodium chloride excreting and the severity of renal failure were studied in the glycerol-induced acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure model in the rat. Protocols were designed to increase sodium chloride excretion without necessarily resulting in RCRC depletion. Our data fail to demonstrate a relationship between RCRC and severity of renal failure, but they demonstrate an excellent inverse correlation between the sodium chloride excretion of the animals in the 24 h prior to glycerol administration and the severity of resulitng renal failure. The protection of long-term saline-drinking animals should properly be ascribed to the associated natriuresis which develops much before RCRC depletion during the time course of saline drinking. The exact mechanism by which natriuresis exerts its protective effect needs further elucidation, but our data argue against a major role for RCRC in the pathogenesis of acute experimental renal failure.", "PMID": 740114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4312", "title": "Elevation of rat erythrocyte nucleotide levels following acute renal failure induced by glycerol or mercuric chloride.", "content": "Biochemical changes in the blood following induction of renal failure by glycerol or mercuric chloride have been studied in 16 rats. Plasma creatinine, urea and Pi levels indicated that renal impairment followed the same time course in both renal failure models, with the severest effects on day 3 and returning to normal by day 7. Erythrocyte ATP and guanine triphosphate (GTP) levels were significantly elevated above contorl values on day 1 and remained elevated in both models. ATP/ADP and GTP/GDP ratios also increased in both models. In renal failure the increased purine 'salvage' in the erythrocyte may be attributed to accumulation of purine metabolites in the serum associated with increased P-ribose-PP levels due to elevated cellular Pi. Nucleotide changes in both these models are analogous to those found in chronic renal failure in man.", "contents": "Elevation of rat erythrocyte nucleotide levels following acute renal failure induced by glycerol or mercuric chloride. Biochemical changes in the blood following induction of renal failure by glycerol or mercuric chloride have been studied in 16 rats. Plasma creatinine, urea and Pi levels indicated that renal impairment followed the same time course in both renal failure models, with the severest effects on day 3 and returning to normal by day 7. Erythrocyte ATP and guanine triphosphate (GTP) levels were significantly elevated above contorl values on day 1 and remained elevated in both models. ATP/ADP and GTP/GDP ratios also increased in both models. In renal failure the increased purine 'salvage' in the erythrocyte may be attributed to accumulation of purine metabolites in the serum associated with increased P-ribose-PP levels due to elevated cellular Pi. Nucleotide changes in both these models are analogous to those found in chronic renal failure in man.", "PMID": 740115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4313", "title": "Morphometric studies on glomeruli in the congenital nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Morphometric studies were performed on glomeruli in two kidneys of a 13-month-old patient with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) and two control kidneys from an 11-month-old child. The mean diameter of the glomeruli in the diseased kidneys was abnormally large for the patient's age and the mean glomerular volume about twice the normal. The number of glomeruli, counted using a statistico-geometrical method, was 74% higher than in the control kidneys, a finding which is in accordance with a previous result obtained using a different counting method. The total glomerular volume per kidney in the CNF patient was about 3 times the normal for that age, almost equalling that in a 7-year-old individual.", "contents": "Morphometric studies on glomeruli in the congenital nephrotic syndrome. Morphometric studies were performed on glomeruli in two kidneys of a 13-month-old patient with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) and two control kidneys from an 11-month-old child. The mean diameter of the glomeruli in the diseased kidneys was abnormally large for the patient's age and the mean glomerular volume about twice the normal. The number of glomeruli, counted using a statistico-geometrical method, was 74% higher than in the control kidneys, a finding which is in accordance with a previous result obtained using a different counting method. The total glomerular volume per kidney in the CNF patient was about 3 times the normal for that age, almost equalling that in a 7-year-old individual.", "PMID": 740116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4314", "title": "Polkissen cells and their possible role in renin secretion.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the renal polkissen cells revealed evidence of their participation in the renin angiotensin system. An unusual feature of the cell is the presence of polar nuclear bags (vacuolization) with attached ribosomes. Significantly, a good correlation was observed between vacuolization and plasma renin activity. The latter was created by differing experimental settings, namely restricted sodium intake, hemorrhage, or reduced renal perfusion pressure. These data, plus the finding of secretory granules in these cells, are interpreted as evidence that the polkissen cells are in some way concerned with the regulation of secretion of renin.", "contents": "Polkissen cells and their possible role in renin secretion. An electron microscopic study of the renal polkissen cells revealed evidence of their participation in the renin angiotensin system. An unusual feature of the cell is the presence of polar nuclear bags (vacuolization) with attached ribosomes. Significantly, a good correlation was observed between vacuolization and plasma renin activity. The latter was created by differing experimental settings, namely restricted sodium intake, hemorrhage, or reduced renal perfusion pressure. These data, plus the finding of secretory granules in these cells, are interpreted as evidence that the polkissen cells are in some way concerned with the regulation of secretion of renin.", "PMID": 740117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4315", "title": "Intravenous urography in experimental acute renal failure. Nephrograms and pyelograms in saline-loaded rats.", "content": "We studied renal opacification during intravenous urography in 20 rats subjected to glycerol-induced acute renal failure, with and without prior saline loading. Animals drinking saline suffered less severe renal impairment (mean plasma creatinine 175 mumol/l) than those drinking tap water (mean 341 mumol/l). Nephrograms occurred during intravenous urography in 19 rats at all levels of renal impairment, but were only followed by pyelograms in 8 with mild plasma creatinine elevation (mean 84 mumol/l). The occurrence of a pyelogram was determined not by whether an animal was drinking saline or tap water, but only by the level of renal impairment. The presence of the nephrogram throughout the range of functional impairment in acute renal failure argues against glomerular filtration as the principal route by which contrast medium reaches the nephron to produce this clinically very useful sign.", "contents": "Intravenous urography in experimental acute renal failure. Nephrograms and pyelograms in saline-loaded rats. We studied renal opacification during intravenous urography in 20 rats subjected to glycerol-induced acute renal failure, with and without prior saline loading. Animals drinking saline suffered less severe renal impairment (mean plasma creatinine 175 mumol/l) than those drinking tap water (mean 341 mumol/l). Nephrograms occurred during intravenous urography in 19 rats at all levels of renal impairment, but were only followed by pyelograms in 8 with mild plasma creatinine elevation (mean 84 mumol/l). The occurrence of a pyelogram was determined not by whether an animal was drinking saline or tap water, but only by the level of renal impairment. The presence of the nephrogram throughout the range of functional impairment in acute renal failure argues against glomerular filtration as the principal route by which contrast medium reaches the nephron to produce this clinically very useful sign.", "PMID": 740118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4316", "title": "Chromic acid poisoning treated with acute hemodialysis.", "content": "Poisoning with chromium compounds is rare, but often serious. The symptoms are quite characteristic, the most dramatic of these being circulatory collapse, hepatic and renal failure. A case is reported where an 18-year-old woman ingested 5 g of chromic acid. She was treated with acute hemodialysis and forced diuresis, and survived with surprisingly few symptoms of poisoning.", "contents": "Chromic acid poisoning treated with acute hemodialysis. Poisoning with chromium compounds is rare, but often serious. The symptoms are quite characteristic, the most dramatic of these being circulatory collapse, hepatic and renal failure. A case is reported where an 18-year-old woman ingested 5 g of chromic acid. She was treated with acute hemodialysis and forced diuresis, and survived with surprisingly few symptoms of poisoning.", "PMID": 740119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4317", "title": "[Neurotraumatology of sportive origin (author's transl)].", "content": "In our Statistics, accidents in sports represent only 2,3% of the trauma cases hospitalized in the neurosurgical service of Marseille La Timone; of these cases 57% are cranio-cerebral injuries, 43% are vertebral or spinal cord injuries. The type and severity of trauma are of course directly related to the type of sport concerned. Cranio cerebral and spinal cord injuries occur with the same frequency in rugby. Horse back riding and foot-ball are responsible for severe cranio-cerebral injuries (respectively 90% and 92% of the total number of these accidents). Diving is the cause of spinal cord injuries in 79% of the cases. Close supervision of accident victims and systematic and technical analysis of accidents related with sports practice should improve the safety for both amateurs and professionals.", "contents": "[Neurotraumatology of sportive origin (author's transl)]. In our Statistics, accidents in sports represent only 2,3% of the trauma cases hospitalized in the neurosurgical service of Marseille La Timone; of these cases 57% are cranio-cerebral injuries, 43% are vertebral or spinal cord injuries. The type and severity of trauma are of course directly related to the type of sport concerned. Cranio cerebral and spinal cord injuries occur with the same frequency in rugby. Horse back riding and foot-ball are responsible for severe cranio-cerebral injuries (respectively 90% and 92% of the total number of these accidents). Diving is the cause of spinal cord injuries in 79% of the cases. Close supervision of accident victims and systematic and technical analysis of accidents related with sports practice should improve the safety for both amateurs and professionals.", "PMID": 740121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4318", "title": "[Traumatic atlanto-axial dislocation. (About two cases with late clinical manifestations) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of atlanto axial dislocation with late neurological manifestations are reported and the very few cases of the literature are reviewed. The clinical signs are non specific. Excellent lateral tomography must demonstrate the abnormal space between atlas and axis. Surgical treatment includes bone fusion after reduction of the dislocation by cautious skull-traction. The results are excellent if the operation is performed before the onset of severe neurological deficits.", "contents": "[Traumatic atlanto-axial dislocation. (About two cases with late clinical manifestations) (author's transl)]. Two cases of atlanto axial dislocation with late neurological manifestations are reported and the very few cases of the literature are reviewed. The clinical signs are non specific. Excellent lateral tomography must demonstrate the abnormal space between atlas and axis. Surgical treatment includes bone fusion after reduction of the dislocation by cautious skull-traction. The results are excellent if the operation is performed before the onset of severe neurological deficits.", "PMID": 740122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4319", "title": "[4 cases of traumatic cerebral aneurysms are reported (author's transl)].", "content": "Among them: one aneurysm of the meningeal artery and 2 cases of aneurysm of cortical arteries. The delay between trauma--mild or severe--is variable: eight days to 3 weeks. Cerebral angiography is the only diagnostic procedure which can identify these traumatic aneurysms. Surgical treatment is discussed.", "contents": "[4 cases of traumatic cerebral aneurysms are reported (author's transl)]. Among them: one aneurysm of the meningeal artery and 2 cases of aneurysm of cortical arteries. The delay between trauma--mild or severe--is variable: eight days to 3 weeks. Cerebral angiography is the only diagnostic procedure which can identify these traumatic aneurysms. Surgical treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 740123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4320", "title": "[Radicular artery thrombosis after cervical anterior approach for cervico-brachial neuralgia (author's transl)].", "content": "An anterior cervical approach completed by a bone graft is performed on a man suffering from cervico brachial neuralgia which did not improve by medical treatment and rest. During four months, the post operative course is excellent, with complete disappearance of pain and regression of the pre-existing neurological deficit. At the end of this period, the appearance of a major deficit within the field of the concerned root led to a selective brachial angiogram which revealed the existence of a radicular artery thrombosis.", "contents": "[Radicular artery thrombosis after cervical anterior approach for cervico-brachial neuralgia (author's transl)]. An anterior cervical approach completed by a bone graft is performed on a man suffering from cervico brachial neuralgia which did not improve by medical treatment and rest. During four months, the post operative course is excellent, with complete disappearance of pain and regression of the pre-existing neurological deficit. At the end of this period, the appearance of a major deficit within the field of the concerned root led to a selective brachial angiogram which revealed the existence of a radicular artery thrombosis.", "PMID": 740124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4321", "title": "Effect of calcium on brain metabolism in vitro.", "content": "In attempts to distinguish between direct and indirect effects of Ca on brain cell metabolism, respiration, glycolysis, ATP, phosphocreatine, incorporation of [14C] leucine into protein, and accumulation of 45Ca was determined in brain slices. Incubation was carried out in normal salt-balanced medium, in high-potassium-or ouabain-containing medium under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Calcium ions inhibited slightly glycolysis and respiration in normal medium and activated amino acid incorporation into proteins. Levels of ATP and phosphocreatine remained normal. The effects were interpreted as due to a stabilization of plasma membranes by Ca ions to prevent their spontaneous depolarization. Incubation of slices in high-potassium and ouabain media in aerobic conditions in the presence of Ca resulted in activation of respiration and glycolysis, decrease of ATP and phosphocreatine levels, and inhibition of amino acid incorporation into proteins. The disturbances in energy metabolism, caused by the respiration-linked Ca uptake in brain mitochondria and concomitant inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, may lead to the inhibition of amino acid incorporation into proteins. An increase in Ca levels in the cytoplasm may only be expected in anaerobic conditions during the incubation in high-potassium and ouabain media. This is manifested by a direct inhibition of glycolysis by Ca ions and a drastic decrease of ATP and phosphocreatine in slices. The results suggest that stimulation of aerobic glycolysis and inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis by Ca may explain the unknown mechanism of the so-called \"reversed Pasteur effect\" of brain slices incubated in high-potassium media.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on brain metabolism in vitro. In attempts to distinguish between direct and indirect effects of Ca on brain cell metabolism, respiration, glycolysis, ATP, phosphocreatine, incorporation of [14C] leucine into protein, and accumulation of 45Ca was determined in brain slices. Incubation was carried out in normal salt-balanced medium, in high-potassium-or ouabain-containing medium under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Calcium ions inhibited slightly glycolysis and respiration in normal medium and activated amino acid incorporation into proteins. Levels of ATP and phosphocreatine remained normal. The effects were interpreted as due to a stabilization of plasma membranes by Ca ions to prevent their spontaneous depolarization. Incubation of slices in high-potassium and ouabain media in aerobic conditions in the presence of Ca resulted in activation of respiration and glycolysis, decrease of ATP and phosphocreatine levels, and inhibition of amino acid incorporation into proteins. The disturbances in energy metabolism, caused by the respiration-linked Ca uptake in brain mitochondria and concomitant inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, may lead to the inhibition of amino acid incorporation into proteins. An increase in Ca levels in the cytoplasm may only be expected in anaerobic conditions during the incubation in high-potassium and ouabain media. This is manifested by a direct inhibition of glycolysis by Ca ions and a drastic decrease of ATP and phosphocreatine in slices. The results suggest that stimulation of aerobic glycolysis and inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis by Ca may explain the unknown mechanism of the so-called \"reversed Pasteur effect\" of brain slices incubated in high-potassium media.", "PMID": 740125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4322", "title": "A possible mechanism for cholesteryl ester formation during demyelination: lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rat brain.", "content": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity has been examined in the rat by using a brain homogenate preparation as the phospholipid substrate and blood plasma as the enzyme source. LCAT activity was detected on using 60 mul of serum onwards. Successive experiments have also shown that LCAT activity is present in the edematous rat brain tissue homogenate when incubated with inactivated rat plasma as substrate. The results are discussed in relation to cholesteryl ester accumulation in brain during demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "A possible mechanism for cholesteryl ester formation during demyelination: lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rat brain. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity has been examined in the rat by using a brain homogenate preparation as the phospholipid substrate and blood plasma as the enzyme source. LCAT activity was detected on using 60 mul of serum onwards. Successive experiments have also shown that LCAT activity is present in the edematous rat brain tissue homogenate when incubated with inactivated rat plasma as substrate. The results are discussed in relation to cholesteryl ester accumulation in brain during demyelinating diseases.", "PMID": 740126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4323", "title": "Increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity elicited by reserpine in the peripheral and central monoaminergic systems of the rat.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased about tenfold in adrenal glands and in brain regions preponderantly containing aminergic neurons, by a single dose of 16 mumol/kg of reserpine. Maximal enzyme activity in the adrenal glands was observed at about 8 hr after reserpine administration. The ornithine decarboxylase activity-time curves in the brain regions showed a concomitant polyphasic course, with the highest maximum at 12 hr postinjection. Ornithine decarboxylase induction is discussed as an early event in the cascade of molecular events preceding the induction of cell typic enzymes.", "contents": "Increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity elicited by reserpine in the peripheral and central monoaminergic systems of the rat. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased about tenfold in adrenal glands and in brain regions preponderantly containing aminergic neurons, by a single dose of 16 mumol/kg of reserpine. Maximal enzyme activity in the adrenal glands was observed at about 8 hr after reserpine administration. The ornithine decarboxylase activity-time curves in the brain regions showed a concomitant polyphasic course, with the highest maximum at 12 hr postinjection. Ornithine decarboxylase induction is discussed as an early event in the cascade of molecular events preceding the induction of cell typic enzymes.", "PMID": 740127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4324", "title": "Uptake and release of meta-tyramine, para-tyramine, and dopamine in rat striatal slices.", "content": "The uptakes of high-affinity concentrations (10(-8)M) of meta-tyramine (m-TA), para-tyramine (p-TA), and dopamine (DA) into rat striatal slices have been shown to be inhibited by DNP and ouabain. We now demonstrate that cocaine (5 x 10(-6)M) and low concentrations of sodium ion (26 x 10(-3)M) also reduced these uptakes. The spontaneous efflux and the release [induced by an elevated concentration of potassium ion (5 x 10(-2)M)] of each of the previously accumulated amines were studied in the presence and absence of added calcium ions. The spontaneous efflux of each amine (especially the tyramines) was enhanced by the absence of calcium ions. Part of this enhancement seemed to be due to an inhibition of a calcium-dependent reuptake. The elevated concentration of potassium ion proved to be an effective releaser of each amine; and for DA, such release was decreased by the removal of calcium. For m- and p-TA, however, the removal of calcium either did not reduce or completely abolished the releases depending upon the duration of the calcium removal. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Uptake and release of meta-tyramine, para-tyramine, and dopamine in rat striatal slices. The uptakes of high-affinity concentrations (10(-8)M) of meta-tyramine (m-TA), para-tyramine (p-TA), and dopamine (DA) into rat striatal slices have been shown to be inhibited by DNP and ouabain. We now demonstrate that cocaine (5 x 10(-6)M) and low concentrations of sodium ion (26 x 10(-3)M) also reduced these uptakes. The spontaneous efflux and the release [induced by an elevated concentration of potassium ion (5 x 10(-2)M)] of each of the previously accumulated amines were studied in the presence and absence of added calcium ions. The spontaneous efflux of each amine (especially the tyramines) was enhanced by the absence of calcium ions. Part of this enhancement seemed to be due to an inhibition of a calcium-dependent reuptake. The elevated concentration of potassium ion proved to be an effective releaser of each amine; and for DA, such release was decreased by the removal of calcium. For m- and p-TA, however, the removal of calcium either did not reduce or completely abolished the releases depending upon the duration of the calcium removal. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 740128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4325", "title": "Cholinergic systems in muscle and brain in vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "Rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 7--8 weeks postweaning showed no change in brain weight or the activity in brain of various enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Body and muscle weights were markedly reduced. Muscle choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were significantly elevated on a protein basis, but the total amount of choline acetyltransferase/muscle was essentially normal and total acetylcholinesterase activity was slightly reduced. Total carnitine acetyltransferase and butyrylcholinesterase activities were markedly decreased. The results are quite different from those found in hereditary murine muscular dystrophy and suggest a myogenic etiology for the vitamin E-deficiency-induced condition.", "contents": "Cholinergic systems in muscle and brain in vitamin E-deficient rats. Rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 7--8 weeks postweaning showed no change in brain weight or the activity in brain of various enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Body and muscle weights were markedly reduced. Muscle choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were significantly elevated on a protein basis, but the total amount of choline acetyltransferase/muscle was essentially normal and total acetylcholinesterase activity was slightly reduced. Total carnitine acetyltransferase and butyrylcholinesterase activities were markedly decreased. The results are quite different from those found in hereditary murine muscular dystrophy and suggest a myogenic etiology for the vitamin E-deficiency-induced condition.", "PMID": 740130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4326", "title": "Transcallosal approach to the anterior ventricular system.", "content": "Using an anterior transcallosal approach, we operated upon 25 patients with lateral and 3rd ventricular lesions. The facility of this route is discussed, and the operative technique is presented.", "contents": "Transcallosal approach to the anterior ventricular system. Using an anterior transcallosal approach, we operated upon 25 patients with lateral and 3rd ventricular lesions. The facility of this route is discussed, and the operative technique is presented.", "PMID": 740132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4327", "title": "Human malignant gliomas treated with chemotherapy: a pathological study.", "content": "Twenty-one malignant cerebral tumors treated with chemotherapy after operation or clinical diagnosis were studied. The brains were cut in coronal slices that were embedded in paraffin. The histological picture of the whole tumor and of the adjacent normal tissue was carefully investigated, and it was compared with the histological features noted on biopsy. The general characteristics of glioblastoma, including wide central necrosis, were present in all of the cases. No specific alterations referable to chemotherapy were found. The increase of monstrous cells and the decrease of mitoses, although observable in some areas, were not of general importance. There was a statistical relationship between the occurrence of reactive astrocytes with bizarre nuclei and repeated chemotherapy or length of time after radiotherapy.", "contents": "Human malignant gliomas treated with chemotherapy: a pathological study. Twenty-one malignant cerebral tumors treated with chemotherapy after operation or clinical diagnosis were studied. The brains were cut in coronal slices that were embedded in paraffin. The histological picture of the whole tumor and of the adjacent normal tissue was carefully investigated, and it was compared with the histological features noted on biopsy. The general characteristics of glioblastoma, including wide central necrosis, were present in all of the cases. No specific alterations referable to chemotherapy were found. The increase of monstrous cells and the decrease of mitoses, although observable in some areas, were not of general importance. There was a statistical relationship between the occurrence of reactive astrocytes with bizarre nuclei and repeated chemotherapy or length of time after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 740133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4328", "title": "Pediatric posterior fossa tumors: hazards of the \"preoperative\" shunt.", "content": "Many neurosurgeons recommend a \"preoperative\" shunt for children with posterior fossa tumors. It has been reported that the definitive surgery is simplified and the postoperative course is more benign as a result of the cerebrospinal fluid diversion. The present report documents complications as a result of upward herniation and hemorrhage within the tumor after shunt placement. On the basis of this experience, we conclude that a shunt is potentially hazardous and should be restricted to that selected group of patients who are acutely ill from increased intracranial pressure that is refractory to temporizing pharmacological management.", "contents": "Pediatric posterior fossa tumors: hazards of the \"preoperative\" shunt. Many neurosurgeons recommend a \"preoperative\" shunt for children with posterior fossa tumors. It has been reported that the definitive surgery is simplified and the postoperative course is more benign as a result of the cerebrospinal fluid diversion. The present report documents complications as a result of upward herniation and hemorrhage within the tumor after shunt placement. On the basis of this experience, we conclude that a shunt is potentially hazardous and should be restricted to that selected group of patients who are acutely ill from increased intracranial pressure that is refractory to temporizing pharmacological management.", "PMID": 740134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4329", "title": "The development of paediatric neuroradiology.", "content": "The development of paediatric neuroradiology is a specific persuasion within neuroradiology and has increased in scope and significance throughout the last ten years. The emergence of computed tomography has altered the indications for types of neuroradiological procedures in infants and children. The sophistication, accuracy, and safety of standard neuroradiological procedures have been increased by the accuracy and safety of computed tomography, particularly in the premature infant. There is a growing need for education and instruction in paediatric neuroradiological techniques and paediatric neuroradiological diseases within the neuroradiological fraternity as a whole.", "contents": "The development of paediatric neuroradiology. The development of paediatric neuroradiology is a specific persuasion within neuroradiology and has increased in scope and significance throughout the last ten years. The emergence of computed tomography has altered the indications for types of neuroradiological procedures in infants and children. The sophistication, accuracy, and safety of standard neuroradiological procedures have been increased by the accuracy and safety of computed tomography, particularly in the premature infant. There is a growing need for education and instruction in paediatric neuroradiological techniques and paediatric neuroradiological diseases within the neuroradiological fraternity as a whole.", "PMID": 740141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4330", "title": "The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of brain tumors in infants and children.", "content": "CT has considerably facilitated the diagnosis of intracranial tumors, especially in infants and children. The authors review their experience with a series of 260 children with proven brain tumors. In most cases CT is so conclusive that other diagnostic techniques are no longer often needed. Pneumoencephalography in particular has largely been replaced by CT in recent years in the authors' departments, and the frequency of central ventriculography with contrast material has decreased substantially. Particular diagnostic difficulties with regard to tumors near to or within the caudal brain stem, some posterior fossa tumors, small vermian tumors, and tumors of the cerebral hemispheres are discussed.", "contents": "The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of brain tumors in infants and children. CT has considerably facilitated the diagnosis of intracranial tumors, especially in infants and children. The authors review their experience with a series of 260 children with proven brain tumors. In most cases CT is so conclusive that other diagnostic techniques are no longer often needed. Pneumoencephalography in particular has largely been replaced by CT in recent years in the authors' departments, and the frequency of central ventriculography with contrast material has decreased substantially. Particular diagnostic difficulties with regard to tumors near to or within the caudal brain stem, some posterior fossa tumors, small vermian tumors, and tumors of the cerebral hemispheres are discussed.", "PMID": 740142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4331", "title": "Colonic ileus complicating laminectomy.", "content": "Colonic ileus is an unusual form of adynamic ileus that often mimics true intestinal obstruction and that, if not recognized and adequately treated, may be fatal. We have encountered three patients in whom this syndrome followed apparently uncomplicated laminectomy for herniated disc or spinal stenosis. Two of our three patients required abdominal exploration for diagnosis and treatment of the complication. At operation, a large distended colon without volvulus or tumor was found. Cecostomy was performed in both patients. The third patient was treated conservatively. All three patients recovered without sequelae. The pathogenesis of the illness is unknown, but the most widely held view is that ileus results from increased sympathetic activity that inhibits the bowel. Conservative management consisting of correction of any fluid or electrolyte abnormalities, continuous gastric suction via nasogastric tube, and placement of a rectal tube may relieve the symptoms. Patients should, however, be followed carefully and, if distention of the cecum exceeds 12 cm, a decompressive operation is indicated.", "contents": "Colonic ileus complicating laminectomy. Colonic ileus is an unusual form of adynamic ileus that often mimics true intestinal obstruction and that, if not recognized and adequately treated, may be fatal. We have encountered three patients in whom this syndrome followed apparently uncomplicated laminectomy for herniated disc or spinal stenosis. Two of our three patients required abdominal exploration for diagnosis and treatment of the complication. At operation, a large distended colon without volvulus or tumor was found. Cecostomy was performed in both patients. The third patient was treated conservatively. All three patients recovered without sequelae. The pathogenesis of the illness is unknown, but the most widely held view is that ileus results from increased sympathetic activity that inhibits the bowel. Conservative management consisting of correction of any fluid or electrolyte abnormalities, continuous gastric suction via nasogastric tube, and placement of a rectal tube may relieve the symptoms. Patients should, however, be followed carefully and, if distention of the cecum exceeds 12 cm, a decompressive operation is indicated.", "PMID": 740136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4332", "title": "Magnification angiography of the small vessels in cerebrovascular disease in advanced age.", "content": "Vascular changes in the cerebral arterioles (150 - 500 mu) were demonstrated by means of magnification serial cerebral angiography (focal spot 0.15 mm) in a consecutive series of 25 hypertensive patients of advanced age suffering from cerebrovascular disease. The changes identified were: (a) arteriosclerotic lesions, (b) arteriolar occlusion, and (c) miliary aneurysms. The enhancement of vascular details obtained is essential to arrive at exact diagnosis and accurate clinical management.", "contents": "Magnification angiography of the small vessels in cerebrovascular disease in advanced age. Vascular changes in the cerebral arterioles (150 - 500 mu) were demonstrated by means of magnification serial cerebral angiography (focal spot 0.15 mm) in a consecutive series of 25 hypertensive patients of advanced age suffering from cerebrovascular disease. The changes identified were: (a) arteriosclerotic lesions, (b) arteriolar occlusion, and (c) miliary aneurysms. The enhancement of vascular details obtained is essential to arrive at exact diagnosis and accurate clinical management.", "PMID": 740143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4333", "title": "Subdural empyema in Africans in Rhodesia.", "content": "Subdural empyema was encountered in 44 African patients in Rhodesia during the period from 1970 to 1974. Subdural empyema seems to be a relatively frequent occurrence in Africans. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were below the age of 20 years, and males predominated. More than half of the patients had either a history or evidence of an infectious process outside the central nervous system, and about 60% demonstrated focal neurological signs. The diagnosis was confirmed by either surgery or postmortem examination. Cultures of available specimens were positive in 50%. The predominant organisms identified were Streptococcus, followed by Staphylococcus. Surgical treatment consisted mainly of multiple burr holes, drainage of the empyema, and irrigation. The mortality rate in this study was 59%, and some recognizable contributing factors are elaborated. In the discussion the authors compare these observations with pertinent reviews from the literature. Some of these findings correlate well with other reports, whereas other observations are attributed to factors partly inherent in the socio-economic structure of the African population in Rhodesia.", "contents": "Subdural empyema in Africans in Rhodesia. Subdural empyema was encountered in 44 African patients in Rhodesia during the period from 1970 to 1974. Subdural empyema seems to be a relatively frequent occurrence in Africans. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were below the age of 20 years, and males predominated. More than half of the patients had either a history or evidence of an infectious process outside the central nervous system, and about 60% demonstrated focal neurological signs. The diagnosis was confirmed by either surgery or postmortem examination. Cultures of available specimens were positive in 50%. The predominant organisms identified were Streptococcus, followed by Staphylococcus. Surgical treatment consisted mainly of multiple burr holes, drainage of the empyema, and irrigation. The mortality rate in this study was 59%, and some recognizable contributing factors are elaborated. In the discussion the authors compare these observations with pertinent reviews from the literature. Some of these findings correlate well with other reports, whereas other observations are attributed to factors partly inherent in the socio-economic structure of the African population in Rhodesia.", "PMID": 740138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4334", "title": "An automated tumor resection device for neurological surgery.", "content": "A pneumatically activated cutting probe has been designed for the neurosurgical removal of nervous system tumors or diseased tissue. The hand-held probe is formed of concentric slender tubes, one reciprocating inside the other. A scalpel-sharp edge on the tip of the inner tube moves in a shear motion past a stationary port on one side near the distal end of the outer tube. The reciprocating motion of the inner tube is provided by a pneumatic power source housed in a separate control console.", "contents": "An automated tumor resection device for neurological surgery. A pneumatically activated cutting probe has been designed for the neurosurgical removal of nervous system tumors or diseased tissue. The hand-held probe is formed of concentric slender tubes, one reciprocating inside the other. A scalpel-sharp edge on the tip of the inner tube moves in a shear motion past a stationary port on one side near the distal end of the outer tube. The reciprocating motion of the inner tube is provided by a pneumatic power source housed in a separate control console.", "PMID": 740139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4335", "title": "Angiography of the external carotid to internal carotid anastomosis.", "content": "The EC/IC bypass is being performed more and more, and angiography is essential as part of the postoperative evaluation. This review of 41 patients points out the need for selective external carotid angiography in those cases where intracranial vessels fill spontaneously at the same time as the shunt. However, 8 of 11 cases showed the superficial temporal artery to be larger on the selective external carotid angiogram than in the common carotid study done during the same session. In two cases undergoing staged occlusive procedures as treatment for giant aneurysm, the external carotid artery leading to an EC/IC was occluded as an angiographic complication without neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "Angiography of the external carotid to internal carotid anastomosis. The EC/IC bypass is being performed more and more, and angiography is essential as part of the postoperative evaluation. This review of 41 patients points out the need for selective external carotid angiography in those cases where intracranial vessels fill spontaneously at the same time as the shunt. However, 8 of 11 cases showed the superficial temporal artery to be larger on the selective external carotid angiogram than in the common carotid study done during the same session. In two cases undergoing staged occlusive procedures as treatment for giant aneurysm, the external carotid artery leading to an EC/IC was occluded as an angiographic complication without neurologic sequelae.", "PMID": 740144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4336", "title": "Giant intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation: clinical characteristics and diagnosis by computed tomography.", "content": "The computed tomography (CT) characteristics and clinical features of giant (globoid) aneurysms of the anterior circulation are reviewed. These lesions appear on the CT scan as smoothly encapsulated ovoid masses, within which a partially patent lumen is seen after the infusion of iodinated contrast material. With careful analysis of the CT scan it may be possible to differentiate giant internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery aneurysms from other parasellar and hemispheric lesions.", "contents": "Giant intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation: clinical characteristics and diagnosis by computed tomography. The computed tomography (CT) characteristics and clinical features of giant (globoid) aneurysms of the anterior circulation are reviewed. These lesions appear on the CT scan as smoothly encapsulated ovoid masses, within which a partially patent lumen is seen after the infusion of iodinated contrast material. With careful analysis of the CT scan it may be possible to differentiate giant internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery aneurysms from other parasellar and hemispheric lesions.", "PMID": 740135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4337", "title": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: a reversible cause of clinical deterioration.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) developed approximately 7 days after a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 63-year-old woman with an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. The hyponatremia associated with this syndrome resulted in a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition and focal neurological signs, which simulated the clinical deterioration after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage that is often caused by other intracranial pathological conditions. The focal neurological signs in particular are likely to be interpreted as indicating one of these other conditions. Prompt recognition and treatment of the SIADH resulted in prompt improvement, and we were then able to proceed with the planned craniotomy for the aneurysm. The syndrome and its importance are discussed.", "contents": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: a reversible cause of clinical deterioration. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) developed approximately 7 days after a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 63-year-old woman with an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. The hyponatremia associated with this syndrome resulted in a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition and focal neurological signs, which simulated the clinical deterioration after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage that is often caused by other intracranial pathological conditions. The focal neurological signs in particular are likely to be interpreted as indicating one of these other conditions. Prompt recognition and treatment of the SIADH resulted in prompt improvement, and we were then able to proceed with the planned craniotomy for the aneurysm. The syndrome and its importance are discussed.", "PMID": 740140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4338", "title": "Infarction and circulation in cerebrum. Effect of recanalization and/or collateral circulation on the lesion and prognosis.", "content": "Findings of computed tomography (CT) and angiography in supratentorial cerebral infarction associated with complete stroke were compared with regard to prognosis. It was found that the extent of low-density areas on CT was perfectly in accordance with the areas of occluded arteries on angiograms. However, the low-density areas on CT were always smaller than the areas involved angiographically when early recanalization and/or collateral circulation were carried out within 2 to 3 days of onset. It was also found that smaller low-density areas only had favorable effect. We concluded that the prognosis was better with early recanalization and/or collateral circulation, despite the general acceptance of its poor prognostic implication.", "contents": "Infarction and circulation in cerebrum. Effect of recanalization and/or collateral circulation on the lesion and prognosis. Findings of computed tomography (CT) and angiography in supratentorial cerebral infarction associated with complete stroke were compared with regard to prognosis. It was found that the extent of low-density areas on CT was perfectly in accordance with the areas of occluded arteries on angiograms. However, the low-density areas on CT were always smaller than the areas involved angiographically when early recanalization and/or collateral circulation were carried out within 2 to 3 days of onset. It was also found that smaller low-density areas only had favorable effect. We concluded that the prognosis was better with early recanalization and/or collateral circulation, despite the general acceptance of its poor prognostic implication.", "PMID": 740145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4339", "title": "Comparison of angiographic and CT findings between patients with multi-infarct dementia and those with dementia due to primary neuronal degeneration.", "content": "The CT and angiographic appearances in multi-infarct dementia have been compared with those of primary neuronal degeneration. It was possible to make a CT or angiographic diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia in about 40% of patients diagnosed by the ischaemic scoring method of Hachinski et al.", "contents": "Comparison of angiographic and CT findings between patients with multi-infarct dementia and those with dementia due to primary neuronal degeneration. The CT and angiographic appearances in multi-infarct dementia have been compared with those of primary neuronal degeneration. It was possible to make a CT or angiographic diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia in about 40% of patients diagnosed by the ischaemic scoring method of Hachinski et al.", "PMID": 740146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4340", "title": "Clinical considerations concerning detection of venous air embolism.", "content": "Venous air embolism during neurosurgical procedures (detected by Doppler Ultrasound and aspiration via a right atrial catheter) was noted in 100 of 400 patients in the sitting position, 5 of 60 patients in the lateral position, 7 of 48 patients in the supine position, and 1 of 10 individuals monitored in the prone position. We confirmed venous air embolism in many of these cases by using serial technetium-macroaggregated albumin lung scans. Gravitational gradients from the venous portal of entrance to the right side of the heart were as small as 5.0 cm, with aspiration of 200 ml of air occurring. Doppler ultrasonic air bubble detection and aspiration through a previously inserted right atrial catheter are critical factors in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Clinical considerations concerning detection of venous air embolism. Venous air embolism during neurosurgical procedures (detected by Doppler Ultrasound and aspiration via a right atrial catheter) was noted in 100 of 400 patients in the sitting position, 5 of 60 patients in the lateral position, 7 of 48 patients in the supine position, and 1 of 10 individuals monitored in the prone position. We confirmed venous air embolism in many of these cases by using serial technetium-macroaggregated albumin lung scans. Gravitational gradients from the venous portal of entrance to the right side of the heart were as small as 5.0 cm, with aspiration of 200 ml of air occurring. Doppler ultrasonic air bubble detection and aspiration through a previously inserted right atrial catheter are critical factors in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 740137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4341", "title": "Basiparallel cut by pneumoencephalotomography and cerebellar atrophy.", "content": "The basiparallel cut is a nearly horizontal slice of the posterior fossa used in air study and the structures are observed on a plane parallel to the clivus. Total shrinkage of the cerebellum, with or without fourth ventricle dilatation, was found in cases of olivopontocerebellar atrophy, some intoxications, and a few senile subjects. Some atrophy of paleocerebellar portions was seen in Holmes-type degeneration. Another pattern was symmetric shrinkage of neocerebellar lobules and relatively specific for the cases of 'multiple system atrophy' such as progressive supranuclear palsy, striatonigral degeneration, Marie's ataxia, etc. Loss of the superior cerebellar peduncle was clearly demonstrated in this view.", "contents": "Basiparallel cut by pneumoencephalotomography and cerebellar atrophy. The basiparallel cut is a nearly horizontal slice of the posterior fossa used in air study and the structures are observed on a plane parallel to the clivus. Total shrinkage of the cerebellum, with or without fourth ventricle dilatation, was found in cases of olivopontocerebellar atrophy, some intoxications, and a few senile subjects. Some atrophy of paleocerebellar portions was seen in Holmes-type degeneration. Another pattern was symmetric shrinkage of neocerebellar lobules and relatively specific for the cases of 'multiple system atrophy' such as progressive supranuclear palsy, striatonigral degeneration, Marie's ataxia, etc. Loss of the superior cerebellar peduncle was clearly demonstrated in this view.", "PMID": 740147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4342", "title": "The CT scan appearance of the brain in the normal elderly population: a correlative study.", "content": "Atrophy of the brain as depicted on CT scan was correlated with social and psychological testing in 100 selected volunteers with no known neurologic or psychiatric impairment. The data indicated cognitive impairment based on psychometric test results in those with atrophy, independent of its severity. No organic or biochemical changes could be found that could explain these findings. Repeat examinations at 1-year intervals are planned to evaluate the evolution of these findings.", "contents": "The CT scan appearance of the brain in the normal elderly population: a correlative study. Atrophy of the brain as depicted on CT scan was correlated with social and psychological testing in 100 selected volunteers with no known neurologic or psychiatric impairment. The data indicated cognitive impairment based on psychometric test results in those with atrophy, independent of its severity. No organic or biochemical changes could be found that could explain these findings. Repeat examinations at 1-year intervals are planned to evaluate the evolution of these findings.", "PMID": 740148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4343", "title": "Cerebellar atrophy: the differential diagnosis by computerized tomography.", "content": "Seven patients with cerebellar atrophy were studied by computerized tomography. The radiographic findings were varied. They included enlargement of the lateral cisterns, loss of superior cerebellar vermian substance with prominence of the superior cerebellar cisterns, and fourth ventricle enlargements. The patterns of posterior fossa atrophy may suggest the etiology.", "contents": "Cerebellar atrophy: the differential diagnosis by computerized tomography. Seven patients with cerebellar atrophy were studied by computerized tomography. The radiographic findings were varied. They included enlargement of the lateral cisterns, loss of superior cerebellar vermian substance with prominence of the superior cerebellar cisterns, and fourth ventricle enlargements. The patterns of posterior fossa atrophy may suggest the etiology.", "PMID": 740149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4344", "title": "The evaluation of occipital lobe atrophy by computerized tomography before consideration of vertebral artery reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Occipital lobe atrophy can be identified on CT. In a review of 90 selected cases with brain ischemia symptoms, 45 cases were found to have hindbrain ischemia with symptoms of vertigo and/or 'blurred vision.' Ten cases (22%) had normal CT studies and 35 cases (78%) had abnormal CT studies. The CT brain scan of the cerebellum and occipital lobes has a place in determining whether a patient with clinical hindbrain ischemia is a candidate for angiography and vertebral artery bypass surgery.", "contents": "The evaluation of occipital lobe atrophy by computerized tomography before consideration of vertebral artery reconstructive surgery. Occipital lobe atrophy can be identified on CT. In a review of 90 selected cases with brain ischemia symptoms, 45 cases were found to have hindbrain ischemia with symptoms of vertigo and/or 'blurred vision.' Ten cases (22%) had normal CT studies and 35 cases (78%) had abnormal CT studies. The CT brain scan of the cerebellum and occipital lobes has a place in determining whether a patient with clinical hindbrain ischemia is a candidate for angiography and vertebral artery bypass surgery.", "PMID": 740150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4345", "title": "Computed tomography in meningitis.", "content": "Computed tomography in 34 cases of meningitis has revealed a spectrum of findings. In acute cases these include enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces, generalized contrast enhancement of the meninges and ependyma, sterile and pyogenic subdural collections, cortical infarction, and cerebral necrosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography in meningitis. Computed tomography in 34 cases of meningitis has revealed a spectrum of findings. In acute cases these include enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces, generalized contrast enhancement of the meninges and ependyma, sterile and pyogenic subdural collections, cortical infarction, and cerebral necrosis.", "PMID": 740151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4346", "title": "A statistical method for determining the proportions of gray matter, white matter, and CSF using computed tomography.", "content": "The brain may be considered as a collection of volume elements (voxels) containing unknown proportions of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If one assumes that (1) the attenuation coefficients for voxels with the same proportions of GM, WM, and CSF follow a Gaussian distribution whose mean is a weighted average of the mean attenuation coefficients of pure GM, WM, and CSF and (2) the voxel-to-voxel variation in proportion follows a Dirichlet probability distribution, then the overall proportions of GM, WM, and CSF can be calculated by optimizing the parameters of a compound Dirichlet-Gaussian distribution. This approach permits a quantitative analysis of the compartmental composition of the brain and may be useful in the evaluation of patients with cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and leukoencephalopathy.", "contents": "A statistical method for determining the proportions of gray matter, white matter, and CSF using computed tomography. The brain may be considered as a collection of volume elements (voxels) containing unknown proportions of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If one assumes that (1) the attenuation coefficients for voxels with the same proportions of GM, WM, and CSF follow a Gaussian distribution whose mean is a weighted average of the mean attenuation coefficients of pure GM, WM, and CSF and (2) the voxel-to-voxel variation in proportion follows a Dirichlet probability distribution, then the overall proportions of GM, WM, and CSF can be calculated by optimizing the parameters of a compound Dirichlet-Gaussian distribution. This approach permits a quantitative analysis of the compartmental composition of the brain and may be useful in the evaluation of patients with cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and leukoencephalopathy.", "PMID": 740152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4347", "title": "Cerebrovascular Doppler examination and cerebral angiography--alternative or complementary?", "content": "Obstructions in the extracranial cerebral arteries can be detected noninvasively by directional Doppler ultrasound technique using 'indirect' and 'direct' criteria. The indirect criteria are based on measurement of flow in the common carotid and in the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery before and after the common carotid artery and branches of the external carotid artery are compressed. With the direct criteria, internal and external carotid artery are differentiated by diastolic flow, and local inhomogenetics of flow (turbulence) are detected. Flow in the vertebral artery is picked up transorally in the oropharynx. The Doppler examination was used in 2230 patients of whom 436 underwent angiography. The results of Doppler and angiography correlated in more than 90% of the cases.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular Doppler examination and cerebral angiography--alternative or complementary? Obstructions in the extracranial cerebral arteries can be detected noninvasively by directional Doppler ultrasound technique using 'indirect' and 'direct' criteria. The indirect criteria are based on measurement of flow in the common carotid and in the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery before and after the common carotid artery and branches of the external carotid artery are compressed. With the direct criteria, internal and external carotid artery are differentiated by diastolic flow, and local inhomogenetics of flow (turbulence) are detected. Flow in the vertebral artery is picked up transorally in the oropharynx. The Doppler examination was used in 2230 patients of whom 436 underwent angiography. The results of Doppler and angiography correlated in more than 90% of the cases.", "PMID": 740153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4348", "title": "Doppler ultrasound evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Carotid Doppler examination was compared with arteriographic findings in 125 patients. The results demonstrated exact correlation in 87% of vessels studied. Clinically significant errors occurred at a rate of 4.5%. Clinically insignificant errors (8.5%) were usually the result of wall disease being mistaken for nonhemodynamically significant stenosis.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Carotid Doppler examination was compared with arteriographic findings in 125 patients. The results demonstrated exact correlation in 87% of vessels studied. Clinically significant errors occurred at a rate of 4.5%. Clinically insignificant errors (8.5%) were usually the result of wall disease being mistaken for nonhemodynamically significant stenosis.", "PMID": 740154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4349", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms in geriatric patients: angiographic features and angioautotomographic analyses.", "content": "The angiographic investigation of intracranial aneurysms in geriatric patients was made by conventional cerebral angiography and angioautomography. Analyses were based on 49 aneurysms in 38 patients aged over 60 who had 24 (49.0%) large aneurysms of maximum diameter over 100 mm. This contrasted strongly with the aneurysms of patients aged under 60, only 14.4% of which were large. Cerebral angioautotomography had a particular diagnostic value for such large aneurysms, revealing not only the stalks and the whole shapes of aneurysms, but also the normal parent arteries which were hidden on conventional cerebral angiography.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms in geriatric patients: angiographic features and angioautotomographic analyses. The angiographic investigation of intracranial aneurysms in geriatric patients was made by conventional cerebral angiography and angioautomography. Analyses were based on 49 aneurysms in 38 patients aged over 60 who had 24 (49.0%) large aneurysms of maximum diameter over 100 mm. This contrasted strongly with the aneurysms of patients aged under 60, only 14.4% of which were large. Cerebral angioautotomography had a particular diagnostic value for such large aneurysms, revealing not only the stalks and the whole shapes of aneurysms, but also the normal parent arteries which were hidden on conventional cerebral angiography.", "PMID": 740155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4350", "title": "The clival-perpendicular or modified Water's view in compound tomography.", "content": "The air gap type of CT scanner with tilting gantry allows the use of head positions other than the standard semi-axial. The modified Water's or clival-perpendicular position is especially useful in the diagnosis of posterior fossa disease. The position offers a view that is approximately coronal to the clivus and tentorium. The clival-perpendicular view easily separates the supra- and infratentorial compartments. It also helps to differentiate extra- and intra-axial lesions and to locate the fourth ventricle, and it gives far better vertical orientation of posterior fossa pathology.", "contents": "The clival-perpendicular or modified Water's view in compound tomography. The air gap type of CT scanner with tilting gantry allows the use of head positions other than the standard semi-axial. The modified Water's or clival-perpendicular position is especially useful in the diagnosis of posterior fossa disease. The position offers a view that is approximately coronal to the clivus and tentorium. The clival-perpendicular view easily separates the supra- and infratentorial compartments. It also helps to differentiate extra- and intra-axial lesions and to locate the fourth ventricle, and it gives far better vertical orientation of posterior fossa pathology.", "PMID": 740156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4351", "title": "An angiographic study of brain swelling in cerebral infarction.", "content": "In order to assess the characteristics of brain swelling due to infarction, 322 angiograms in patients with cerebral infarction have been reviewed. The rate of incidence of swelling related to time from onset, sequential angiographic changes, and factors contributing to the phenomenon are presented. Some clinical and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "An angiographic study of brain swelling in cerebral infarction. In order to assess the characteristics of brain swelling due to infarction, 322 angiograms in patients with cerebral infarction have been reviewed. The rate of incidence of swelling related to time from onset, sequential angiographic changes, and factors contributing to the phenomenon are presented. Some clinical and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 740157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4352", "title": "The diagnosis of cerebral atrophy on the basis of cerebral angiogram.", "content": "An increased distance between brain surface, represented by the terminal arterial branches, and skull causes the appearance of a broad avascular band in the carotid angiogram, which--apart from other criteria--has been valued as a sign of cerebral atrophy. We investigated 54 patients (ages 60-79 years) suffering from cerebrovascular disease. Carotid angiographies of the afflicted hemispheres were carried out within 4 to 90 days after the stroke. The distance between vessels and skull was measured in frontal and lateral projection. We evaluated statistically the impact on this distance of alterations in extracranial vessel walls, number of attacks, severity of stroke, and patient's age. The results are compared to those of CAT. Only limited correlations have been found between the above-mentioned parameters and the distance between vessels and skull. Thus the distance is only of limited diagnostic value for the verification of senile cerebral atrophy on a vascular basis.", "contents": "The diagnosis of cerebral atrophy on the basis of cerebral angiogram. An increased distance between brain surface, represented by the terminal arterial branches, and skull causes the appearance of a broad avascular band in the carotid angiogram, which--apart from other criteria--has been valued as a sign of cerebral atrophy. We investigated 54 patients (ages 60-79 years) suffering from cerebrovascular disease. Carotid angiographies of the afflicted hemispheres were carried out within 4 to 90 days after the stroke. The distance between vessels and skull was measured in frontal and lateral projection. We evaluated statistically the impact on this distance of alterations in extracranial vessel walls, number of attacks, severity of stroke, and patient's age. The results are compared to those of CAT. Only limited correlations have been found between the above-mentioned parameters and the distance between vessels and skull. Thus the distance is only of limited diagnostic value for the verification of senile cerebral atrophy on a vascular basis.", "PMID": 740158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4353", "title": "Comparative study of intracranial aneurysms in advanced age.", "content": "A correlative angiographic and clinical analysis of 108 intracranial subdural aneurysms in patients from 60 to 84 years of age is presented. Angiographically defined spasm was present in about 54% of the cases. Spasm grades I and II had no apparent influence on clinical course, and grades III and IV were in some instances associated with arterial occlusion and infarction. There was no clear evidence that the spasm was related to hypertension, and no relationship could be established between preoperative and postoperative spasm. Atherosclerotic alterations in some cases were combined with a persistent narrowing of the arterial lumen.", "contents": "Comparative study of intracranial aneurysms in advanced age. A correlative angiographic and clinical analysis of 108 intracranial subdural aneurysms in patients from 60 to 84 years of age is presented. Angiographically defined spasm was present in about 54% of the cases. Spasm grades I and II had no apparent influence on clinical course, and grades III and IV were in some instances associated with arterial occlusion and infarction. There was no clear evidence that the spasm was related to hypertension, and no relationship could be established between preoperative and postoperative spasm. Atherosclerotic alterations in some cases were combined with a persistent narrowing of the arterial lumen.", "PMID": 740159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4354", "title": "Evaluation of cerebral infarction by computed tomography with special emphasis on microinfarction.", "content": "Computed tomography has proved to be the most effective mode of evaluating cerebral infarction in 143 documented cases. This was especially true when multiple focal infarcts were present. The incidence of contrast enhancement in acute infarcts was 88%. Concomitant acute and old infarcts were observed in 20% of cases. In the acute stage of stroke, radionuclide studies are preferable to contrast angiography since the latter may aggravate the pre-existing focal ischemia. Follow-up CT and radionuclide scans were extremely useful in confirming the diagnosis and demonstrating various postinfarction sequelae.", "contents": "Evaluation of cerebral infarction by computed tomography with special emphasis on microinfarction. Computed tomography has proved to be the most effective mode of evaluating cerebral infarction in 143 documented cases. This was especially true when multiple focal infarcts were present. The incidence of contrast enhancement in acute infarcts was 88%. Concomitant acute and old infarcts were observed in 20% of cases. In the acute stage of stroke, radionuclide studies are preferable to contrast angiography since the latter may aggravate the pre-existing focal ischemia. Follow-up CT and radionuclide scans were extremely useful in confirming the diagnosis and demonstrating various postinfarction sequelae.", "PMID": 740160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4355", "title": "Classification of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage by means of computed tomography.", "content": "This classification concerns the size and site of the intracerebral hematoma and the existence and degree of the intraventricular hemorrhage examined in 144 cases, with regard to the prognosis quod vitam et functionem.", "contents": "Classification of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage by means of computed tomography. This classification concerns the size and site of the intracerebral hematoma and the existence and degree of the intraventricular hemorrhage examined in 144 cases, with regard to the prognosis quod vitam et functionem.", "PMID": 740161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4356", "title": "Comparative study of computed tomography (CT) and carotid angiography (CAG) in stroke patients.", "content": "The findings in CT and CAG were compared in 173 stroke patients to evaluate dependability in the localization of cerebral arterial occlusion and of infarction by CT, and to test the reliability of the angiographic and clinical diagnosis of a space-occupying lesion in patients diagnosed clinically as stroke cases.", "contents": "Comparative study of computed tomography (CT) and carotid angiography (CAG) in stroke patients. The findings in CT and CAG were compared in 173 stroke patients to evaluate dependability in the localization of cerebral arterial occlusion and of infarction by CT, and to test the reliability of the angiographic and clinical diagnosis of a space-occupying lesion in patients diagnosed clinically as stroke cases.", "PMID": 740162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4357", "title": "[Topographic correlation of angiographic and CT findings in cerebrovascular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of correlating ischemic lesions of the brain with the cerebral vessel involved originate in the axial scanning direction. It is almost impossible to line out precisely the borders of the cerebral lobes--far less are we able to describe exactly the areas supplied by the cortical branches of the anterior or middle cerebral artery. Using a method based on detailed perception of the base of the skull and physiological calculations, it is possible to reconstruct the individual baseline of the scan and to project the outlines of the slices upon the lateral view of the angiogram. Thereby a reliable topographical association between CT findings and angiogram is given.", "contents": "[Topographic correlation of angiographic and CT findings in cerebrovascular disease (author's transl)]. Problems of correlating ischemic lesions of the brain with the cerebral vessel involved originate in the axial scanning direction. It is almost impossible to line out precisely the borders of the cerebral lobes--far less are we able to describe exactly the areas supplied by the cortical branches of the anterior or middle cerebral artery. Using a method based on detailed perception of the base of the skull and physiological calculations, it is possible to reconstruct the individual baseline of the scan and to project the outlines of the slices upon the lateral view of the angiogram. Thereby a reliable topographical association between CT findings and angiogram is given.", "PMID": 740163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4358", "title": "CT and arteriography in cerebral ischemia. A preliminary note.", "content": "Sixty patients with cerebral ischemia were studied by both CT and angiography. The results are: 1. Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery: CT shows a hypodensity lateral to the frontal horn. 2. Thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery: the hypodensity occupies the convexity of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. 3. In thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery there is an occipital hypodensity, while in thrombosis of the vertebral artery the hypodensity occupies a cerebellar hemisphere. 4. Circulatory disturbances without occlusion of the major cerebral vessels: there is a disproportion between the serious CT lesion and paucity of the angiographic findings.", "contents": "CT and arteriography in cerebral ischemia. A preliminary note. Sixty patients with cerebral ischemia were studied by both CT and angiography. The results are: 1. Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery: CT shows a hypodensity lateral to the frontal horn. 2. Thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery: the hypodensity occupies the convexity of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. 3. In thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery there is an occipital hypodensity, while in thrombosis of the vertebral artery the hypodensity occupies a cerebellar hemisphere. 4. Circulatory disturbances without occlusion of the major cerebral vessels: there is a disproportion between the serious CT lesion and paucity of the angiographic findings.", "PMID": 740164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4359", "title": "Neuroradiologic study of hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus.", "content": "Five cases, four histologically proven, of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus in children are reported. The ages of the patients range from 2 to 12 years. Three cases had pubertas praecox, and in all of these the hamartoma was located in the basal cistern between the chiasm and pons and had a collar button shape and size typical of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. In the third case, a huge calcified mass in the suprasellar region was initially thought to be craniopharyngioma. The fourth case had a hamartoma within the substance of the hypothalamus and presented with hyponatremia and temporal lobe seizures.", "contents": "Neuroradiologic study of hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus. Five cases, four histologically proven, of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus in children are reported. The ages of the patients range from 2 to 12 years. Three cases had pubertas praecox, and in all of these the hamartoma was located in the basal cistern between the chiasm and pons and had a collar button shape and size typical of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. In the third case, a huge calcified mass in the suprasellar region was initially thought to be craniopharyngioma. The fourth case had a hamartoma within the substance of the hypothalamus and presented with hyponatremia and temporal lobe seizures.", "PMID": 740165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4360", "title": "Dynamic radioisotope study of the internal carotid region of the neck in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "The results of radionuclide angioscintigraphy were evaluated in patients with stricture or occlusion of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery. Time-activity curves for the first 13 s were generated from left and right internal carotid regions of interest of the neck. The differences between the counts from symmetric regions of interest were measured. We observed decreased activity in regions of interest in cases with stricture of the internal carotid. The first 13 s were significant for evaluation of the extracranial part of the internal carotid.", "contents": "Dynamic radioisotope study of the internal carotid region of the neck in cerebrovascular disease. The results of radionuclide angioscintigraphy were evaluated in patients with stricture or occlusion of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery. Time-activity curves for the first 13 s were generated from left and right internal carotid regions of interest of the neck. The differences between the counts from symmetric regions of interest were measured. We observed decreased activity in regions of interest in cases with stricture of the internal carotid. The first 13 s were significant for evaluation of the extracranial part of the internal carotid.", "PMID": 740166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4361", "title": "Comparative results of 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy and computerized tomography after contrast injection in cerebral pathology.", "content": "Fifty-six patients presenting acute cerebral ischemia were investigated by means of 160 CT and 90 RN scans. CT was positive before contrast injection in 90% of cases. A total of 120 CTs were done before and after contrast injection. Only 31% of the ischemic areas were enhanced. Out of 90 RN scans, 50 showed localized uptake. The peak of scintigraphic detection was found on the 15th day of evolution, while enhancement at CT was more frequent between the 15th and 21st days. For the hematomas (13 cases) detection by RN scan depends on the size of the lesion. Among the 47 patients presenting cerebral tumor, the RN uptake depends above all on the intensity of the BBB lesion. RN uptake and CT enhancement both show the same blood-brain barrier disturbance.", "contents": "Comparative results of 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy and computerized tomography after contrast injection in cerebral pathology. Fifty-six patients presenting acute cerebral ischemia were investigated by means of 160 CT and 90 RN scans. CT was positive before contrast injection in 90% of cases. A total of 120 CTs were done before and after contrast injection. Only 31% of the ischemic areas were enhanced. Out of 90 RN scans, 50 showed localized uptake. The peak of scintigraphic detection was found on the 15th day of evolution, while enhancement at CT was more frequent between the 15th and 21st days. For the hematomas (13 cases) detection by RN scan depends on the size of the lesion. Among the 47 patients presenting cerebral tumor, the RN uptake depends above all on the intensity of the BBB lesion. RN uptake and CT enhancement both show the same blood-brain barrier disturbance.", "PMID": 740167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4362", "title": "Calculation of cerebral tissue and cerebrospinal fluid space volumes from computer tomograms.", "content": "The volumes of the cerebral tissue, and internal and external cerebrospinal fluid spaces were calculated from the computer tomograms of 28 patients. On the basis of their different absorption coefficients, cerebral tissue and CSF space were outlines and their volumes calculated by computer. The ratio of cerebral tissue volume to CSF space volume was expressed as an index. This correlated well with an objective grading of severity of hydrocephalus. The index in patients without pathology was between 10.5 and 18.4. In cerebral atrophy the index was between 2.1 and 6.7 depending upon the severity. In occlusive hydrocephalus it was between 1.0 and 5.6. The changes in the volume of the CSF space after treatment can easily by demonstrated by appropriate changes in the index.", "contents": "Calculation of cerebral tissue and cerebrospinal fluid space volumes from computer tomograms. The volumes of the cerebral tissue, and internal and external cerebrospinal fluid spaces were calculated from the computer tomograms of 28 patients. On the basis of their different absorption coefficients, cerebral tissue and CSF space were outlines and their volumes calculated by computer. The ratio of cerebral tissue volume to CSF space volume was expressed as an index. This correlated well with an objective grading of severity of hydrocephalus. The index in patients without pathology was between 10.5 and 18.4. In cerebral atrophy the index was between 2.1 and 6.7 depending upon the severity. In occlusive hydrocephalus it was between 1.0 and 5.6. The changes in the volume of the CSF space after treatment can easily by demonstrated by appropriate changes in the index.", "PMID": 740168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4363", "title": "Cerebellar atrophy: pneumoencephalography and computerized tomography correlation.", "content": "Ten consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy were studied by both CT and PEG. CT and PEG findings on the fourth ventricle, cerebellar cortical sulci and cisterns around the brain stem were evaluated independently and compared according to the criteria based on actual measurements. In the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, CT and PEG were complementary, but PEG provided better diagnostic information in detecting minimal changes than CT at this stage of development.", "contents": "Cerebellar atrophy: pneumoencephalography and computerized tomography correlation. Ten consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy were studied by both CT and PEG. CT and PEG findings on the fourth ventricle, cerebellar cortical sulci and cisterns around the brain stem were evaluated independently and compared according to the criteria based on actual measurements. In the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, CT and PEG were complementary, but PEG provided better diagnostic information in detecting minimal changes than CT at this stage of development.", "PMID": 740169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4364", "title": "[Lesions in senile brain: an anatomic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the alterations of the senile brain: cerebral atrophy due to neuronal loss, degenerative alterations of neurons, and vascular and ischemic alterations, including atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy, and lacunae.", "contents": "[Lesions in senile brain: an anatomic study (author's transl)]. The authors study the alterations of the senile brain: cerebral atrophy due to neuronal loss, degenerative alterations of neurons, and vascular and ischemic alterations, including atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy, and lacunae.", "PMID": 740170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4365", "title": "[Contribution to the diagnosis of cortical atrophy: evaluation of computer tomograms and angiograms of patients over 70 years old (author's transl)].", "content": "To find evidence of cortical atrophy, 112 computer tomograms and 40 angiograms of patients above the age of 70 were evaluated. In the CT the width of the interhemispheric and of the sylvian fissure, in the angiograms the distance between the vessels extending into the interhemispheric fissure (anteroposterior view) and the distance between the cortical branches and the inner table (lateral view) were measured. The same measurements were performed in 100 normal computer tomograms and in 100 normal angiograms of patients between 20 and 40 years old. Statistically significant differences could be ascertained between the mean values for the patients over 70 and those for the younger ones, indicating that age-induced cerebral atrophy can be neuroradiologically demonstrated. The radiologic findings, however, do not necessarily correspond to the grade of intellectual impairment in the elderly. Neuropathologic and molecular biological research could bring us closer to the solution of this correlative problem.", "contents": "[Contribution to the diagnosis of cortical atrophy: evaluation of computer tomograms and angiograms of patients over 70 years old (author's transl)]. To find evidence of cortical atrophy, 112 computer tomograms and 40 angiograms of patients above the age of 70 were evaluated. In the CT the width of the interhemispheric and of the sylvian fissure, in the angiograms the distance between the vessels extending into the interhemispheric fissure (anteroposterior view) and the distance between the cortical branches and the inner table (lateral view) were measured. The same measurements were performed in 100 normal computer tomograms and in 100 normal angiograms of patients between 20 and 40 years old. Statistically significant differences could be ascertained between the mean values for the patients over 70 and those for the younger ones, indicating that age-induced cerebral atrophy can be neuroradiologically demonstrated. The radiologic findings, however, do not necessarily correspond to the grade of intellectual impairment in the elderly. Neuropathologic and molecular biological research could bring us closer to the solution of this correlative problem.", "PMID": 740171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4366", "title": "Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics studied by computed tomography (CT) and radioisotope (RI) cisternography.", "content": "CT and RI cisternography were done on 55 cases with normal and abnormal CSF circulation. Of 19 cases in which both studies were done, 14 case disclosed a good correspondence. The remaining five cases showed no correspondence because of technical failure. Analyzing the results, CT cisternography demonstrates pathology of the CSF dynamics in a more precise and quantitative manner than RI cisternography does. Metrizamide CT cisternography will soon be the most reliable method of investigation for the evaluation of the CSF kinetics.", "contents": "Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics studied by computed tomography (CT) and radioisotope (RI) cisternography. CT and RI cisternography were done on 55 cases with normal and abnormal CSF circulation. Of 19 cases in which both studies were done, 14 case disclosed a good correspondence. The remaining five cases showed no correspondence because of technical failure. Analyzing the results, CT cisternography demonstrates pathology of the CSF dynamics in a more precise and quantitative manner than RI cisternography does. Metrizamide CT cisternography will soon be the most reliable method of investigation for the evaluation of the CSF kinetics.", "PMID": 740172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4367", "title": "Comparison of metrizamide CT cisternography with radionuclide cisternography in abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.", "content": "Metrizamide CT cisternograms were performed on 39 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CSF abnormalities; 20 of these patients underwent radionuclide cisternography as well. Comparison of metrizamide CT and RN cisternography revealed good correlation in the degree, extent, and time sequence of ventricular reflux as well as the extent of cortical staining and cisternal filling. Metrizamide cisternography had the advantage of excellent anatomic detail and lower exposure dose, although minor complications were more frequent with this technique. Metrizamide CT cisternography has a potential to become the preferred method of evaluating patients with abnormal CSF dynamics.", "contents": "Comparison of metrizamide CT cisternography with radionuclide cisternography in abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Metrizamide CT cisternograms were performed on 39 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CSF abnormalities; 20 of these patients underwent radionuclide cisternography as well. Comparison of metrizamide CT and RN cisternography revealed good correlation in the degree, extent, and time sequence of ventricular reflux as well as the extent of cortical staining and cisternal filling. Metrizamide cisternography had the advantage of excellent anatomic detail and lower exposure dose, although minor complications were more frequent with this technique. Metrizamide CT cisternography has a potential to become the preferred method of evaluating patients with abnormal CSF dynamics.", "PMID": 740173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4368", "title": "Significance of pathognomonic features of normal-pressure hydrocephalus on computerized tomography.", "content": "In some patients with congenital or acquired hydrocephalus, a low-density area is seen around the lateral ventricle on computerized tomography. Above all, in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage, there appears a specific low-density area which is fan-shaped and irregular and which extends from the bilateral anterior horns to the frontal pole. This disappears or decreases with a VP shunt. Improvement of clinical symptoms is proportional to the degree of disappearance of the low-density area. The essential part of the occurrence of symptoms in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus depends upon a low-density area on CT.", "contents": "Significance of pathognomonic features of normal-pressure hydrocephalus on computerized tomography. In some patients with congenital or acquired hydrocephalus, a low-density area is seen around the lateral ventricle on computerized tomography. Above all, in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage, there appears a specific low-density area which is fan-shaped and irregular and which extends from the bilateral anterior horns to the frontal pole. This disappears or decreases with a VP shunt. Improvement of clinical symptoms is proportional to the degree of disappearance of the low-density area. The essential part of the occurrence of symptoms in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus depends upon a low-density area on CT.", "PMID": 740174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4369", "title": "Diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus using CT with CSF enhancement.", "content": "Cisternography with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide provides substantial advantages for CT demonstration: the discrimination and sharpness of definition of the basal cisterns can be considerably improved by the positive demonstration of the subarachnoid spaces. Studies of CSF dynamics make it possible to differentiate between a communicating hydrocephalus aresorptivus and a hydrocephalus within the scope of a brain atrophy. Brain substance defects and subarachnoid cysts can be clarified with respect to communication with the CSF space. Apart from providing static insights, the cisternographic use of metrizamide through repeated CT examinations also makes it possible to make conclusive statements about CSF dynamics.", "contents": "Diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus using CT with CSF enhancement. Cisternography with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide provides substantial advantages for CT demonstration: the discrimination and sharpness of definition of the basal cisterns can be considerably improved by the positive demonstration of the subarachnoid spaces. Studies of CSF dynamics make it possible to differentiate between a communicating hydrocephalus aresorptivus and a hydrocephalus within the scope of a brain atrophy. Brain substance defects and subarachnoid cysts can be clarified with respect to communication with the CSF space. Apart from providing static insights, the cisternographic use of metrizamide through repeated CT examinations also makes it possible to make conclusive statements about CSF dynamics.", "PMID": 740175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4370", "title": "The follow-up CT scan in childhood meningitis.", "content": "CT in childhood bacterial meningitis has indicated that bacterial meningitis is more than an inflammation of the subarachnoid space; it is a disease process which often exerts a profound effect on the brain parenchyma. In some cases ventricular widening may be a reflection of loss of brain substance rather than increased intracranial pressure. A vasculitis may occur in cerebral vessels with consequent ischemic infarct. The abnormalities found on CT during the acute illness are frequently persistent.", "contents": "The follow-up CT scan in childhood meningitis. CT in childhood bacterial meningitis has indicated that bacterial meningitis is more than an inflammation of the subarachnoid space; it is a disease process which often exerts a profound effect on the brain parenchyma. In some cases ventricular widening may be a reflection of loss of brain substance rather than increased intracranial pressure. A vasculitis may occur in cerebral vessels with consequent ischemic infarct. The abnormalities found on CT during the acute illness are frequently persistent.", "PMID": 740176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4371", "title": "Xenon enhancement in tumours and infarcts.", "content": "Computed topography (CT) before and during xenon enhancement and computer subtraction has been performed in 11 patients with intracerebral tumours and 7 with ischaemic lesions. The amount of xenon uptake was expressed where possible as a percentage of that in the corresponding region of the contralateral apparently normal hemisphere. The amount of xenon uptake did not appear to be specific for any particular tumour histology. The margins of tumours were better defined during enhancement, but not to a degree which affected management; large cysts did not enhance and were well demonstrated. Cavities due to mature infarcts did not enhance and the central parts of most large recent infarcts showed markedly diminished enhancement. In recent infarcts delayed xenon uptake at the periphery and sometimes throughout the lesion reflects diminished perfusion of potentially viable tissue. One patient with an ischaemic parietal lesion in which xenon uptake was normal made a complete clinical recovery.", "contents": "Xenon enhancement in tumours and infarcts. Computed topography (CT) before and during xenon enhancement and computer subtraction has been performed in 11 patients with intracerebral tumours and 7 with ischaemic lesions. The amount of xenon uptake was expressed where possible as a percentage of that in the corresponding region of the contralateral apparently normal hemisphere. The amount of xenon uptake did not appear to be specific for any particular tumour histology. The margins of tumours were better defined during enhancement, but not to a degree which affected management; large cysts did not enhance and were well demonstrated. Cavities due to mature infarcts did not enhance and the central parts of most large recent infarcts showed markedly diminished enhancement. In recent infarcts delayed xenon uptake at the periphery and sometimes throughout the lesion reflects diminished perfusion of potentially viable tissue. One patient with an ischaemic parietal lesion in which xenon uptake was normal made a complete clinical recovery.", "PMID": 740177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4372", "title": "Sequential changes of regional circulation in cerebral infarction.", "content": "Sequential changes of regional cerebral circulation and effects of spontaneous recanalization of occluded artery on cerebral circulation were observed in 50 patients with cerebral infarction. 1) Luxury perfusion was predominantly recognized in the recanalized patients within 16 days after onset. 2) Impairment of vasomotor responses was almost the same in the recanalized patients and the occluded patients. 3) CO2 response tended to recover about 3-4 weeks after onset, but disautoregulation to induced hypertension persisted up to 2 months after onset. Some clinical problems are discussed.", "contents": "Sequential changes of regional circulation in cerebral infarction. Sequential changes of regional cerebral circulation and effects of spontaneous recanalization of occluded artery on cerebral circulation were observed in 50 patients with cerebral infarction. 1) Luxury perfusion was predominantly recognized in the recanalized patients within 16 days after onset. 2) Impairment of vasomotor responses was almost the same in the recanalized patients and the occluded patients. 3) CO2 response tended to recover about 3-4 weeks after onset, but disautoregulation to induced hypertension persisted up to 2 months after onset. Some clinical problems are discussed.", "PMID": 740178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4373", "title": "Comparative studies of computed tomography and measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in stroke patients.", "content": "Comparative studies of computed tomography and of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by means of the intracarotid xenon-133-clearance method were performed in 25 stroke patients. The relationships between an infarction in CT and disturbances of rCBF, between a normal CT in stroke cases and focal changes of CBF, and between the luxury perfusion syndrome in the rCBF study and contrast enhancement of an infarct in CT are demonstrated and discussed.", "contents": "Comparative studies of computed tomography and measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in stroke patients. Comparative studies of computed tomography and of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by means of the intracarotid xenon-133-clearance method were performed in 25 stroke patients. The relationships between an infarction in CT and disturbances of rCBF, between a normal CT in stroke cases and focal changes of CBF, and between the luxury perfusion syndrome in the rCBF study and contrast enhancement of an infarct in CT are demonstrated and discussed.", "PMID": 740179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4374", "title": "Prognostic value of rCBF measurements and CT in focal cerebral ischemia.", "content": "CT is the most effective examination technique for studying the evolution of ischemic attacks, but if performed within the first 3 weeks it does not allow prognosis of possible evolution towards necrosis. CBF measurement and vasoreactivity tests under Althesin do allow this prognosis. Thirty patients whose evolution was checked clinically and by repeated CT examinations (89 in all) underwent CBF measurements (intra-arterial xenon 133) and vasoreactivity tests. In all cases (17 patients) where vasoreactivity had completely disappeared (inverse steal), the infarct evolved towards necrosis.", "contents": "Prognostic value of rCBF measurements and CT in focal cerebral ischemia. CT is the most effective examination technique for studying the evolution of ischemic attacks, but if performed within the first 3 weeks it does not allow prognosis of possible evolution towards necrosis. CBF measurement and vasoreactivity tests under Althesin do allow this prognosis. Thirty patients whose evolution was checked clinically and by repeated CT examinations (89 in all) underwent CBF measurements (intra-arterial xenon 133) and vasoreactivity tests. In all cases (17 patients) where vasoreactivity had completely disappeared (inverse steal), the infarct evolved towards necrosis.", "PMID": 740180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4375", "title": "Investigations of nontumoral hydrocephalus in children.", "content": "An analysis was made of 175 cases of pediatric nontumoral hydrocephalus. CT scan by itself permits a precise diagnosis in only one-third of the cases. However, when the clinical context suggests that hydrocephalus is secondary to certain conditions such as infection, bleeding, or trauma, CT scan may suffice, unless more advanced investigation permits more efficient treatment. When hydrocephalus is associated with brain malformations, however, more complete investigation is needed for a better understanding of the condition. Conventional contrast studies are quite safe, especially ventriculography which is easy to perform in this type of patient, who is usually investigated during the first 12 months of life.", "contents": "Investigations of nontumoral hydrocephalus in children. An analysis was made of 175 cases of pediatric nontumoral hydrocephalus. CT scan by itself permits a precise diagnosis in only one-third of the cases. However, when the clinical context suggests that hydrocephalus is secondary to certain conditions such as infection, bleeding, or trauma, CT scan may suffice, unless more advanced investigation permits more efficient treatment. When hydrocephalus is associated with brain malformations, however, more complete investigation is needed for a better understanding of the condition. Conventional contrast studies are quite safe, especially ventriculography which is easy to perform in this type of patient, who is usually investigated during the first 12 months of life.", "PMID": 740181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4376", "title": "Neurocirculatory analysis of potential EIAB patients.", "content": "Twelve patients with gross vascular occlusions and with infarcts demonstrated in CT were examined with regard to their hemodynamic situation. Angiography and rCBF with intra-arterial and inhalation techniques were performed. Response to increased arterial hypertension and to CO2 inhalation was tested. It is concluded that one technique alone does not provide enough information for the selection of patients suitable for EIAB operation.", "contents": "Neurocirculatory analysis of potential EIAB patients. Twelve patients with gross vascular occlusions and with infarcts demonstrated in CT were examined with regard to their hemodynamic situation. Angiography and rCBF with intra-arterial and inhalation techniques were performed. Response to increased arterial hypertension and to CO2 inhalation was tested. It is concluded that one technique alone does not provide enough information for the selection of patients suitable for EIAB operation.", "PMID": 740182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4377", "title": "Estimation of the dynamic carotid flow in patients with normal radionuclide cerebral perfusion.", "content": "Radioisotope angioscintigraphy following intravenous injection bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate was performed in 49 patients with cerebrovascular disturbances. The region of interest placement on the sequential analog images of both middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries and time-activity curves were displayed on the video monitor. In 35 cases of this group we have noticed symmetrical cerebral perfusion and a significant difference between right and left internal carotid flow, and in 33 cases of which dynamic studies were made stenosis or occlusion of the extracranial part of the carotid internal artery was revealed by the X-ray angiography.", "contents": "Estimation of the dynamic carotid flow in patients with normal radionuclide cerebral perfusion. Radioisotope angioscintigraphy following intravenous injection bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate was performed in 49 patients with cerebrovascular disturbances. The region of interest placement on the sequential analog images of both middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries and time-activity curves were displayed on the video monitor. In 35 cases of this group we have noticed symmetrical cerebral perfusion and a significant difference between right and left internal carotid flow, and in 33 cases of which dynamic studies were made stenosis or occlusion of the extracranial part of the carotid internal artery was revealed by the X-ray angiography.", "PMID": 740183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4378", "title": "[Arteriographic exploration of the intrapetrous facial nerve: embryology and normal radiologic anatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal development of the hyoidostapedial system and its branches and anastomosis are outlined. The intrapetrous facial nerve receives its arterial suplly from the network. The arterial arch of the facial nerve is seen more frequently in angiograms of infants than in those of adults. The fact that the same vessel supplies the VIIth and the Vth nerves suggests that an ischemic mechanism may frequently be involved in Bell's palsy. The facial nerve from the point of view of its arterial supply must be considered as a nerve of the middle fossa and represent the major risk of embolization in the propinal middle meningeal artery.", "contents": "[Arteriographic exploration of the intrapetrous facial nerve: embryology and normal radiologic anatomy (author's transl)]. The normal development of the hyoidostapedial system and its branches and anastomosis are outlined. The intrapetrous facial nerve receives its arterial suplly from the network. The arterial arch of the facial nerve is seen more frequently in angiograms of infants than in those of adults. The fact that the same vessel supplies the VIIth and the Vth nerves suggests that an ischemic mechanism may frequently be involved in Bell's palsy. The facial nerve from the point of view of its arterial supply must be considered as a nerve of the middle fossa and represent the major risk of embolization in the propinal middle meningeal artery.", "PMID": 740184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4379", "title": "Complement system activation by contrast media in neuroradiology.", "content": "Complement system activation was studied in six series of 12 patients undergoing routine contrast study following IV injection of five recently developed contrast media. The decreasing order of effectiveness on the complement system was as follows: ioxaglic acid, metrizamide, iodamidol. Metrizoic and ioxithalamic acids did not provoke any complement depletion at the doses used in this study. Both pathways of activating the complement system were involved. We could not find any definite correlation with osmolarity, ionic or nonionic formulation, protein binding, or hydrophobicity.", "contents": "Complement system activation by contrast media in neuroradiology. Complement system activation was studied in six series of 12 patients undergoing routine contrast study following IV injection of five recently developed contrast media. The decreasing order of effectiveness on the complement system was as follows: ioxaglic acid, metrizamide, iodamidol. Metrizoic and ioxithalamic acids did not provoke any complement depletion at the doses used in this study. Both pathways of activating the complement system were involved. We could not find any definite correlation with osmolarity, ionic or nonionic formulation, protein binding, or hydrophobicity.", "PMID": 740185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4380", "title": "CT, angiography, and RN scans in intracranial cavernous hemangiomas.", "content": "Nine cases of surgically verified intracranial cavernous hemangiomas are reported. A comparison is made between radionuclide brain scans, angiography, and CT studies: RN scans are sometimes superior to angiography in indicating the presence of the lesion; CT is the most informative investigation, although it does not present a specific pattern. A preoperative specific diagnosis can only be suggested on the basis of the whole complex of the information available, including the clinical history.", "contents": "CT, angiography, and RN scans in intracranial cavernous hemangiomas. Nine cases of surgically verified intracranial cavernous hemangiomas are reported. A comparison is made between radionuclide brain scans, angiography, and CT studies: RN scans are sometimes superior to angiography in indicating the presence of the lesion; CT is the most informative investigation, although it does not present a specific pattern. A preoperative specific diagnosis can only be suggested on the basis of the whole complex of the information available, including the clinical history.", "PMID": 740186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4381", "title": "Structures and development of the venous system in congenital malformations of the brain.", "content": "Cerebral venograms of 21 clinical cases of midline anomalies of the brain and of 80 human fetuses between 3 and 8 months old were examined. The diagnostic value of the venogram was fully proven, particularly for the midline cerebral anomalies, where deep cerebral structures and configuration of the tentorium cerebelli were not well visualized by other neuroradiologic maneuvers. Abnormal structures of the deep cerebral veins as well as the dural sinuses in these malformations were proved to retain the venous structures in the early fetal period. The time of formation of these malformations was also inferred from the viewpoint of the venous development. Study of the fetal venous system was found quite useful for embryologic analysis and classification of congenital malformations of the brain.", "contents": "Structures and development of the venous system in congenital malformations of the brain. Cerebral venograms of 21 clinical cases of midline anomalies of the brain and of 80 human fetuses between 3 and 8 months old were examined. The diagnostic value of the venogram was fully proven, particularly for the midline cerebral anomalies, where deep cerebral structures and configuration of the tentorium cerebelli were not well visualized by other neuroradiologic maneuvers. Abnormal structures of the deep cerebral veins as well as the dural sinuses in these malformations were proved to retain the venous structures in the early fetal period. The time of formation of these malformations was also inferred from the viewpoint of the venous development. Study of the fetal venous system was found quite useful for embryologic analysis and classification of congenital malformations of the brain.", "PMID": 740187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4382", "title": "Post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients with severe head injury.", "content": "Computerized tomography was performed on 100 consecutive patients suffering from severe head injury, on admission, after 3, 5, 14, and 90 days and 1 year. Ventricular enlargement was evaluated in the surviving patients based upon serial CT examinations. The presence or absence of ventricular enlargement was correlated with the clinical outcome. The study indicates that a significant correlation does exist between the outcome and ventricular size. Hydrocephalus was seen in only four out of the 29 patients who developed ventriculomegaly.", "contents": "Post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients with severe head injury. Computerized tomography was performed on 100 consecutive patients suffering from severe head injury, on admission, after 3, 5, 14, and 90 days and 1 year. Ventricular enlargement was evaluated in the surviving patients based upon serial CT examinations. The presence or absence of ventricular enlargement was correlated with the clinical outcome. The study indicates that a significant correlation does exist between the outcome and ventricular size. Hydrocephalus was seen in only four out of the 29 patients who developed ventriculomegaly.", "PMID": 740188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4383", "title": "Postoperative CT changes.", "content": "An analysis is made of 36 cases of severe postoperative changes, some of which are undoubtedly of iatrogenic origin. CT has considerably improved the possibilities of postoperative control. By this means it is easy to check the result of the operation. Moreover the neuroradiologist can verify the quality (indication and technique) of the work of his surgical colleagues in the same way that the neurosurgeon can verify the neuroradiologist's work in the operating theater. This will result in a better knowledge of each other and, even more important, in better care of the patient.", "contents": "Postoperative CT changes. An analysis is made of 36 cases of severe postoperative changes, some of which are undoubtedly of iatrogenic origin. CT has considerably improved the possibilities of postoperative control. By this means it is easy to check the result of the operation. Moreover the neuroradiologist can verify the quality (indication and technique) of the work of his surgical colleagues in the same way that the neurosurgeon can verify the neuroradiologist's work in the operating theater. This will result in a better knowledge of each other and, even more important, in better care of the patient.", "PMID": 740189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4384", "title": "[CT scan in Wilson's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied nine cases of Wilson's disease on CT scan. In all patients we found cerebral atrophy. In five patients without neurological symptoms we found no specific signs. In the four patients with neurological symptoms we found lenticular caudate nucleus or thalamic areas of hypodensity.", "contents": "[CT scan in Wilson's disease (author's transl)]. We studied nine cases of Wilson's disease on CT scan. In all patients we found cerebral atrophy. In five patients without neurological symptoms we found no specific signs. In the four patients with neurological symptoms we found lenticular caudate nucleus or thalamic areas of hypodensity.", "PMID": 740190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4385", "title": "Computerized tomography of the spine and its contents.", "content": "The authors present their experience with computerized tomography of the spine both with and without contrast material. Our early experience indicated the substantial potential of this new technique. Further experience confirms this earlier impression. Representative cases of computer tomography of the spine and computer-assisted myelography are presented.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of the spine and its contents. The authors present their experience with computerized tomography of the spine both with and without contrast material. Our early experience indicated the substantial potential of this new technique. Further experience confirms this earlier impression. Representative cases of computer tomography of the spine and computer-assisted myelography are presented.", "PMID": 740191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4386", "title": "Cervical and lumbar routes for metrizamide cervical examination.", "content": "The C1-C2 lateral spinal puncture for metrizamide injection is compared to decubitus lumbar puncture for cervical myelography. By lumbar route, the contrast medium was taken into the cervical region with the patient prone. The instances when the lumbar route could not be used include cervical spinal trauma, spinal deformity, and lumbar epidural infection. Routine metrizamide cervical myelography by the C1-C2 route has better film quality and probably fewer short-term adverse reactions than use of the lumbar route of injection.", "contents": "Cervical and lumbar routes for metrizamide cervical examination. The C1-C2 lateral spinal puncture for metrizamide injection is compared to decubitus lumbar puncture for cervical myelography. By lumbar route, the contrast medium was taken into the cervical region with the patient prone. The instances when the lumbar route could not be used include cervical spinal trauma, spinal deformity, and lumbar epidural infection. Routine metrizamide cervical myelography by the C1-C2 route has better film quality and probably fewer short-term adverse reactions than use of the lumbar route of injection.", "PMID": 740192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4387", "title": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque). A comparison between conventional and computer-assisted myelography with special reference to the upper cervical and foramen magnum region.", "content": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide was performed in a series of 30 patients. Minor modifications to the conventional technique made it possible to carry out measurements of the sagittal diameter of the cord and to improve the opacification of the upper cervical--foramen magnum region. Computer tomography was performed with a head scanner within 1 h after the conventional examination, and the spinal cord surrounded by contrast  medium was shown from C-3 to the foramen magnum region. Measurements of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and the cord at corresponding levels using the two methods showed good correlation.", "contents": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque). A comparison between conventional and computer-assisted myelography with special reference to the upper cervical and foramen magnum region. Cervical myelography with metrizamide was performed in a series of 30 patients. Minor modifications to the conventional technique made it possible to carry out measurements of the sagittal diameter of the cord and to improve the opacification of the upper cervical--foramen magnum region. Computer tomography was performed with a head scanner within 1 h after the conventional examination, and the spinal cord surrounded by contrast  medium was shown from C-3 to the foramen magnum region. Measurements of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and the cord at corresponding levels using the two methods showed good correlation.", "PMID": 740193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4388", "title": "The vasculature of the diaphragma sellae. A postmortem injection study.", "content": "The postmortem injection study demonstrated that the main blood supply to each quadrant of the competent diaphragma sellae appears to come from the following vessels: posterior quadrant, inferior hypophyseal arteries; right and left marginal quadrant, tributaries of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery; anterior marginal quadrant, anterior capsular arteries. When the diaphragm is incomplete or absent the inferior hypophyseal arteries are the main source of blood supply. Microscopic analysis of the vascular bed in the diaphragma sellae reveals that there are fine arterial filaments mostly in the superior layer, while venules are situated in the inferior part of the diaphragm.", "contents": "The vasculature of the diaphragma sellae. A postmortem injection study. The postmortem injection study demonstrated that the main blood supply to each quadrant of the competent diaphragma sellae appears to come from the following vessels: posterior quadrant, inferior hypophyseal arteries; right and left marginal quadrant, tributaries of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery; anterior marginal quadrant, anterior capsular arteries. When the diaphragm is incomplete or absent the inferior hypophyseal arteries are the main source of blood supply. Microscopic analysis of the vascular bed in the diaphragma sellae reveals that there are fine arterial filaments mostly in the superior layer, while venules are situated in the inferior part of the diaphragm.", "PMID": 740194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4389", "title": "Giant aneurysms in CT and angiography.", "content": "Giant intracranial aneurysms are frequently observed as incidental findings on CT and angiograms obtained for purposes other than subarachnoid hemorrhage, such as slowly evolving nerve palsy or hemiparesis. Since giant aneurysms often thrombose, the CT scan may demonstrate a larger aneurysmal volume than the angiogram. This paper presents CT and angiogram findings in cerebral aneurysms with a diameter of 25 mm-60 mm. The discussion covers: sort of aneurysm (congenital, arteriosclerotic); type and degree of thrombosis; long-term results after spontaneous thrombosis; and CT examination after using epsilon-aminocaproic acid.", "contents": "Giant aneurysms in CT and angiography. Giant intracranial aneurysms are frequently observed as incidental findings on CT and angiograms obtained for purposes other than subarachnoid hemorrhage, such as slowly evolving nerve palsy or hemiparesis. Since giant aneurysms often thrombose, the CT scan may demonstrate a larger aneurysmal volume than the angiogram. This paper presents CT and angiogram findings in cerebral aneurysms with a diameter of 25 mm-60 mm. The discussion covers: sort of aneurysm (congenital, arteriosclerotic); type and degree of thrombosis; long-term results after spontaneous thrombosis; and CT examination after using epsilon-aminocaproic acid.", "PMID": 740195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4390", "title": "The moyamoya phenomenon with accompanying intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "Three cases illustrating the moyamoya phenomenon and an aneurysm in the periphery of the lateral ventricle in angiograms are reported. The mechanism of occurrence of an aneurysm in the moyamoya phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "The moyamoya phenomenon with accompanying intracranial aneurysm. Three cases illustrating the moyamoya phenomenon and an aneurysm in the periphery of the lateral ventricle in angiograms are reported. The mechanism of occurrence of an aneurysm in the moyamoya phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 740197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4391", "title": "Angiographic measurement of posterior fossa in the Japanese.", "content": "Measurement employing the concept of the centroid is the most accurate way to study the radiographic anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurements in Japanese subjects and as reported by Ross and du Boulay correlated well. We have developed a new radiographic centroid based on the morbid anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurement in the Japanese by this method is also presented.", "contents": "Angiographic measurement of posterior fossa in the Japanese. Measurement employing the concept of the centroid is the most accurate way to study the radiographic anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurements in Japanese subjects and as reported by Ross and du Boulay correlated well. We have developed a new radiographic centroid based on the morbid anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurement in the Japanese by this method is also presented.", "PMID": 740198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4392", "title": "Perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The reports of perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysm are very few, but the actual incidence is doubtless higher than reported. We could find only 49 cases in the literature, all of which were recognized by extravasation of contrast media. Three of our own cases are documented; in all of them cerebral angiography was carried out soon after subarachnoid hemorrhages. The danger of cerebral angiography in patients with a recently hemorrhaged intracranial aneurysm is stressed.", "contents": "Perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The reports of perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysm are very few, but the actual incidence is doubtless higher than reported. We could find only 49 cases in the literature, all of which were recognized by extravasation of contrast media. Three of our own cases are documented; in all of them cerebral angiography was carried out soon after subarachnoid hemorrhages. The danger of cerebral angiography in patients with a recently hemorrhaged intracranial aneurysm is stressed.", "PMID": 740199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4393", "title": "Cerebral venous angioma: computerized tomography and angiographic diagnosis.", "content": "Four cases of cerebral venous angioma were studied by both CT and angiography. All cases showed similar angiographic findings: a normal arterial phase and a local network of small veins that converged centrally into a single large draining vein. However, CT showed nodular areas of high density in three cases, and a curvilinear enhanced lesion representing the draining vein in the other. CT findings are nonspecific but very useful for detecting the lesion and demonstrating the associated hematoma. Angiographic findings are not so obvious as in AVM, but are necessary for the final diagnosis of the venous angioma.", "contents": "Cerebral venous angioma: computerized tomography and angiographic diagnosis. Four cases of cerebral venous angioma were studied by both CT and angiography. All cases showed similar angiographic findings: a normal arterial phase and a local network of small veins that converged centrally into a single large draining vein. However, CT showed nodular areas of high density in three cases, and a curvilinear enhanced lesion representing the draining vein in the other. CT findings are nonspecific but very useful for detecting the lesion and demonstrating the associated hematoma. Angiographic findings are not so obvious as in AVM, but are necessary for the final diagnosis of the venous angioma.", "PMID": 740200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4394", "title": "CT in homonymous hemianopia.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is useful for demonstrating a lesion of the optic pathway, because a slice of the brain almost parallel to the optic pathway can be viewed and the relationship between the optic pathway and the extent of the lesion can be demonstrated. We studied 53 cases of homonymous hemianopia by CT. In 85% of our cases, positive CT findings were obtained. When the lesion was in the occipital lobe, correlation between the size of the lesion and the type of visual field defect was observed.", "contents": "CT in homonymous hemianopia. Computed tomography (CT) is useful for demonstrating a lesion of the optic pathway, because a slice of the brain almost parallel to the optic pathway can be viewed and the relationship between the optic pathway and the extent of the lesion can be demonstrated. We studied 53 cases of homonymous hemianopia by CT. In 85% of our cases, positive CT findings were obtained. When the lesion was in the occipital lobe, correlation between the size of the lesion and the type of visual field defect was observed.", "PMID": 740201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4395", "title": "[C5 collaterals of the internal carotid siphon: embryology, angiographic anatomical correlations, pathological radio-anatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Parkinson's original description, the C5 collaterals are always presented as originating from a common trunk (meningo-hypophyseal). This is the least frequent anatomical variation. In fact, the posterior (C5) group of collaterals corresponds to the remnant of two transient embryonic vessels (primitive maxillary and trigeminal arteries), branches of which will give rise to the two main groups of collaterals originating from this area: medially, the inferior hypophyseal and the medial clival arteries; laterally, the basal tentorial and lateral clival arteries, which are constantly anastomosed with the ascending pharyngeal artery. Only in some cases (10%) do these two groups arise in common from the C5 carotid siphon. Apart from these branches the so-called Bernasconi's artery may originate from eight different pedicles, the C5 siphon representing only one of them.", "contents": "[C5 collaterals of the internal carotid siphon: embryology, angiographic anatomical correlations, pathological radio-anatomy (author's transl)]. Since Parkinson's original description, the C5 collaterals are always presented as originating from a common trunk (meningo-hypophyseal). This is the least frequent anatomical variation. In fact, the posterior (C5) group of collaterals corresponds to the remnant of two transient embryonic vessels (primitive maxillary and trigeminal arteries), branches of which will give rise to the two main groups of collaterals originating from this area: medially, the inferior hypophyseal and the medial clival arteries; laterally, the basal tentorial and lateral clival arteries, which are constantly anastomosed with the ascending pharyngeal artery. Only in some cases (10%) do these two groups arise in common from the C5 carotid siphon. Apart from these branches the so-called Bernasconi's artery may originate from eight different pedicles, the C5 siphon representing only one of them.", "PMID": 740203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4396", "title": "[The middle meningeal blood supply to the posterior fossa (author's transl)].", "content": "The middle meningeal artery can sometimes supply the complete vascularisation of the posterior fossa, i.e., the dura mater of the cerebellar fossa and the tentorium cerebelli. The authors present an anatomic and radiologic correlative study based upon an unusual case where the middle meningeal artery arose from the ascending pharyngeal artery and vascularised the entire posterior cerebellar fossa.", "contents": "[The middle meningeal blood supply to the posterior fossa (author's transl)]. The middle meningeal artery can sometimes supply the complete vascularisation of the posterior fossa, i.e., the dura mater of the cerebellar fossa and the tentorium cerebelli. The authors present an anatomic and radiologic correlative study based upon an unusual case where the middle meningeal artery arose from the ascending pharyngeal artery and vascularised the entire posterior cerebellar fossa.", "PMID": 740204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4397", "title": "[Angiographic study of facial paralyses (author's transl)].", "content": "Many arguments lead us to think that a possible etiologic factor in idiopathic Bell's palsy is the ischemia of the facial nerve and that angiography could help in diagnosis: (1) the rapid progress of the paralysis; (2) the correlation between Bell's palsy occurring after embolization of the internal maxillary artery, the middle meningeal artery, the occipital or posterior auricular artery, and their participation in the blood supply of the facial nerve; (3) the already known ischemic third nerve paralysis reported in diabetes and extending further to the facial nerve. Even if it is technically impossible to study Bell's palsy by angiography, it is interesting to understand and consider some complications of embolization and perhaps to envisage a new kind of treatment.", "contents": "[Angiographic study of facial paralyses (author's transl)]. Many arguments lead us to think that a possible etiologic factor in idiopathic Bell's palsy is the ischemia of the facial nerve and that angiography could help in diagnosis: (1) the rapid progress of the paralysis; (2) the correlation between Bell's palsy occurring after embolization of the internal maxillary artery, the middle meningeal artery, the occipital or posterior auricular artery, and their participation in the blood supply of the facial nerve; (3) the already known ischemic third nerve paralysis reported in diabetes and extending further to the facial nerve. Even if it is technically impossible to study Bell's palsy by angiography, it is interesting to understand and consider some complications of embolization and perhaps to envisage a new kind of treatment.", "PMID": 740205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4398", "title": "Neuroradiologic evaluation of the subdural pathogenesis in infants with small heads.", "content": "A marginal low density area is often revealed by CT scan in infants with microcephalia. However, it is difficult to assess precisely the main pathologic state of the marginal low density area and also whether such a lesion exists in the subdural-epiarachnoid space or in the subarachnoid space. A carotid angiographic evaluation of cortical vessels in the marginal avascular area was made and suggestive results were obtained. When there is acute subdural effusion or subdural hematoma, cortical arteries in the marginal avascular area will have a straightened and attenuated figure. But when such a pathologic state persists for a long period, it induces secondary cortical atrophy and the subarachnoid space becomes enlarged. The cortical artery appears as if it is flying in the enlarged subarachnoid space because it is detached from the gyrus and the sulcus following the cortical atrophy. This is why we named it the 'flying artery.' Angiographic findings allow more precise interpretation of the marginal low density area in the CT scan.", "contents": "Neuroradiologic evaluation of the subdural pathogenesis in infants with small heads. A marginal low density area is often revealed by CT scan in infants with microcephalia. However, it is difficult to assess precisely the main pathologic state of the marginal low density area and also whether such a lesion exists in the subdural-epiarachnoid space or in the subarachnoid space. A carotid angiographic evaluation of cortical vessels in the marginal avascular area was made and suggestive results were obtained. When there is acute subdural effusion or subdural hematoma, cortical arteries in the marginal avascular area will have a straightened and attenuated figure. But when such a pathologic state persists for a long period, it induces secondary cortical atrophy and the subarachnoid space becomes enlarged. The cortical artery appears as if it is flying in the enlarged subarachnoid space because it is detached from the gyrus and the sulcus following the cortical atrophy. This is why we named it the 'flying artery.' Angiographic findings allow more precise interpretation of the marginal low density area in the CT scan.", "PMID": 740206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4399", "title": "Interhemispheric acute subdural hematoma: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking.", "content": "Parieto-occipital interhemispheric acute subdural hematomas (IASH) were found in 17 (61%) of 28 abused children examined by computed tomography, presenting with neurologic symptoms. CT demonstration of IASH correlated with injury due to severe shaking, the presence of retinal hemorrhages, and the absence of the stigmata of battering. Subsequent computed tomographic examination in these patients demonstrated infarction in 50%, and cerebral atrophy in 100%.", "contents": "Interhemispheric acute subdural hematoma: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Parieto-occipital interhemispheric acute subdural hematomas (IASH) were found in 17 (61%) of 28 abused children examined by computed tomography, presenting with neurologic symptoms. CT demonstration of IASH correlated with injury due to severe shaking, the presence of retinal hemorrhages, and the absence of the stigmata of battering. Subsequent computed tomographic examination in these patients demonstrated infarction in 50%, and cerebral atrophy in 100%.", "PMID": 740207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4400", "title": "Leukoencephalopathy following high-dose intravenous methotrexate chemotherapy: quantitative assessment of white matter attenuation using computed tomography.", "content": "A clinical or subclinical leukoencephalopathy occurs in some children after treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia with prophylactic cranial radiation therapy and parenteral or intrathecal methotrexate. We have observed a similar clinical leukoencephalopathy in patients with bone tumors treated with intravenous high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor without cranial irradiation. CT scans of such patients may indicate decreased white matter attenuation, but visual appraisal of this phenomenon is occasionally misleading. A computerized method for analyzing white matter hypodensity by determining the mean attenuation coefficient for one or several contiguous CT slices has therefore been developed. Serial comparisons of this mean attenuation coefficient appear to be more reliable than simple visual appraisal.", "contents": "Leukoencephalopathy following high-dose intravenous methotrexate chemotherapy: quantitative assessment of white matter attenuation using computed tomography. A clinical or subclinical leukoencephalopathy occurs in some children after treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia with prophylactic cranial radiation therapy and parenteral or intrathecal methotrexate. We have observed a similar clinical leukoencephalopathy in patients with bone tumors treated with intravenous high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor without cranial irradiation. CT scans of such patients may indicate decreased white matter attenuation, but visual appraisal of this phenomenon is occasionally misleading. A computerized method for analyzing white matter hypodensity by determining the mean attenuation coefficient for one or several contiguous CT slices has therefore been developed. Serial comparisons of this mean attenuation coefficient appear to be more reliable than simple visual appraisal.", "PMID": 740209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4401", "title": "CT scan appearances in Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy).", "content": "Four cases of Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy), two confirmed at postmortem examination, have been investigated recently by CT scanning. All four showed the same symmetrical areas of low attenuation in the basal ganglia, especially the putamina. These areas corresponded with the typical areas of necrosis seen in this disease. There was also some evidence of atrophic change in the posterior fossa in some cases. This CT scan appearance may be diagnostic in the appropriate clinical context.", "contents": "CT scan appearances in Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). Four cases of Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy), two confirmed at postmortem examination, have been investigated recently by CT scanning. All four showed the same symmetrical areas of low attenuation in the basal ganglia, especially the putamina. These areas corresponded with the typical areas of necrosis seen in this disease. There was also some evidence of atrophic change in the posterior fossa in some cases. This CT scan appearance may be diagnostic in the appropriate clinical context.", "PMID": 740210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4402", "title": "Transfrontal perforation of the lamina terminalis.", "content": "Perforation of the lamina terminalis through a frontal burrhole in occlusive hydrocephalus is discussed, with details of technique, indications, and results. The follow-up of some patients who were treated between 1945 and 1955 is described in case reports.", "contents": "Transfrontal perforation of the lamina terminalis. Perforation of the lamina terminalis through a frontal burrhole in occlusive hydrocephalus is discussed, with details of technique, indications, and results. The follow-up of some patients who were treated between 1945 and 1955 is described in case reports.", "PMID": 740211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4403", "title": "Vascular changes in cerebellar developmental defects.", "content": "A study of arterial vascular changes in different types of cerebellar defects is presented. PICA was found to be hypoplastic or aplastic in a large number of cases. In cases of cerebellar defects involving mostly the vermis, the hypoplastic PICA was frequently associated with a compensatory hyperdevelopment of HCA or MCA. Anomalies at the origin of the vertebral arteries associated with hypoplastic PICA were common.", "contents": "Vascular changes in cerebellar developmental defects. A study of arterial vascular changes in different types of cerebellar defects is presented. PICA was found to be hypoplastic or aplastic in a large number of cases. In cases of cerebellar defects involving mostly the vermis, the hypoplastic PICA was frequently associated with a compensatory hyperdevelopment of HCA or MCA. Anomalies at the origin of the vertebral arteries associated with hypoplastic PICA were common.", "PMID": 740212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4404", "title": "Infantile and juvenile cerebral aneurysms.", "content": "Primary cerebral aneurysms (i.e., of noninflammatory or nontraumatic etiology) are rare in the pediatric age group. Twelve cases of intracranial aneurysms occurring in infancy, childhood, and adolescence are presented and discussed. These aneurysms are different from the classic so-called berry aneurysms seen in adults. This group can be said to constitute a separate and novel entity.", "contents": "Infantile and juvenile cerebral aneurysms. Primary cerebral aneurysms (i.e., of noninflammatory or nontraumatic etiology) are rare in the pediatric age group. Twelve cases of intracranial aneurysms occurring in infancy, childhood, and adolescence are presented and discussed. These aneurysms are different from the classic so-called berry aneurysms seen in adults. This group can be said to constitute a separate and novel entity.", "PMID": 740213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4405", "title": "Congenital spinal and cord lesions in children and computed tomographic metrizamide myelography.", "content": "Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) has developed into a highly sophisticated and accurate neuroradiologic technique in the diagnosis of childhood spinal dysrhaptic states. Of the 84 patients studied by this technique, 31 with the dysrhaphic spine also had lesions such as a tethered and low conus, diastematomyelia, or neuroenteric cysts. We believe that the exquisite pathologic anatomy obtained by CTMM obviates all neuroradiologic techniques other than a preliminary anteroposterior and lateral spinal roentgenograph.", "contents": "Congenital spinal and cord lesions in children and computed tomographic metrizamide myelography. Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) has developed into a highly sophisticated and accurate neuroradiologic technique in the diagnosis of childhood spinal dysrhaptic states. Of the 84 patients studied by this technique, 31 with the dysrhaphic spine also had lesions such as a tethered and low conus, diastematomyelia, or neuroenteric cysts. We believe that the exquisite pathologic anatomy obtained by CTMM obviates all neuroradiologic techniques other than a preliminary anteroposterior and lateral spinal roentgenograph.", "PMID": 740214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4406", "title": "Analysis of cerebral defective states acquired in early life.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic data provided by CT of 34 patients with cerebral defects acquired in early life were analyzed. Seventeen patients showed porus-like defects due to vascular thrombosis. Volume measurements were made in 26 patients to determine tissue loss and volume shifting by ROI. CT is the most effective means of detecting the cause of the lesion.", "contents": "Analysis of cerebral defective states acquired in early life. The clinical and radiographic data provided by CT of 34 patients with cerebral defects acquired in early life were analyzed. Seventeen patients showed porus-like defects due to vascular thrombosis. Volume measurements were made in 26 patients to determine tissue loss and volume shifting by ROI. CT is the most effective means of detecting the cause of the lesion.", "PMID": 740215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4407", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid scintigraphy and computer assisted tomography in the evaluation of special kinds of hydrocephalus in children.", "content": "CT cisternography and CSF scintigraphy are indispensable in the detailed morphologic and etiologic evaluation of special types of childhood hydrocephalus. In addition these investigations afford interesting insights into CSF dynamics in apparently complete membranous or tumorous obstruction of the fourth ventricle and into the genesis of internal hydrocephalus in cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid scintigraphy and computer assisted tomography in the evaluation of special kinds of hydrocephalus in children. CT cisternography and CSF scintigraphy are indispensable in the detailed morphologic and etiologic evaluation of special types of childhood hydrocephalus. In addition these investigations afford interesting insights into CSF dynamics in apparently complete membranous or tumorous obstruction of the fourth ventricle and into the genesis of internal hydrocephalus in cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "PMID": 740216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4408", "title": "Computerized tomography in chronic subdural hematomas (effusions) of infancy.", "content": "During the past 2 years six infants were seen at University of Wisconsin Hospitals (UWH) with subdural hematomas (effusions). This communication describes the abnormalities found on computerized tomographic (CT) evaluation of the six infants.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in chronic subdural hematomas (effusions) of infancy. During the past 2 years six infants were seen at University of Wisconsin Hospitals (UWH) with subdural hematomas (effusions). This communication describes the abnormalities found on computerized tomographic (CT) evaluation of the six infants.", "PMID": 740217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4409", "title": "Vascular and nonvascular intracranial malformation associated with external capillary hemangiomas.", "content": "Seven patients with facial and scalp capillary hemangiomas with associated and nonvascular intracranial malformations are presented. All patients were female. The most important anomalies include: Dandy-Walker disease, cerebellar hypoplasia, arterial angiomas, and abnormal origin and intracranial distribution of some of the principal cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Vascular and nonvascular intracranial malformation associated with external capillary hemangiomas. Seven patients with facial and scalp capillary hemangiomas with associated and nonvascular intracranial malformations are presented. All patients were female. The most important anomalies include: Dandy-Walker disease, cerebellar hypoplasia, arterial angiomas, and abnormal origin and intracranial distribution of some of the principal cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 740218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4410", "title": "Diastematomyelia--rare and unusual features.", "content": "Diastematomyelia is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the spine. Four unusual variations of diastematomyelia are presented. These include (1) double diastematomyelia, (2) adult presentation, (3) diastermatomyelia without a septum and unusual termination of two halves of the spinal cord, and (4) recurrence of a fibrous band following removal of an osseous septum.", "contents": "Diastematomyelia--rare and unusual features. Diastematomyelia is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the spine. Four unusual variations of diastematomyelia are presented. These include (1) double diastematomyelia, (2) adult presentation, (3) diastermatomyelia without a septum and unusual termination of two halves of the spinal cord, and (4) recurrence of a fibrous band following removal of an osseous septum.", "PMID": 740220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4411", "title": "[Myelography with metrizamide in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) allows the examination of all regions of the spinal canal. Excellent visualization, the low toxicity for nervous tissue, and small side effects make metrizamide the best contrast medium for myelography, even in infants and children. The technique used is described and results are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Myelography with metrizamide in children (author's transl)]. The non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) allows the examination of all regions of the spinal canal. Excellent visualization, the low toxicity for nervous tissue, and small side effects make metrizamide the best contrast medium for myelography, even in infants and children. The technique used is described and results are demonstrated.", "PMID": 740223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4412", "title": "[Relations between hypercalcemia and peptic ulcer].", "content": "Calcaemia and phosphoraemia have been evaluated in a group of patients suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer and in a control group suffering from various pathologies of surgical interest. A significant correlation was found to exist between these values and the presence of gastroduodenal ulcer and this is considered worthy of further clinical and experimental study.", "contents": "[Relations between hypercalcemia and peptic ulcer]. Calcaemia and phosphoraemia have been evaluated in a group of patients suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer and in a control group suffering from various pathologies of surgical interest. A significant correlation was found to exist between these values and the presence of gastroduodenal ulcer and this is considered worthy of further clinical and experimental study.", "PMID": 740255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4413", "title": "[Peripheral lymphatico-venous anastomosis. New surgical technic].", "content": "A new surgical technique for peripheral lymphatic-venous anastomosis is presented. It is designed especially for cases of node block, e.g. lymphoedema after mastectomy. The distal ends of the collectors are sectioned downstream from the block and passed through a patch, which also serves to close a phlebotomy on an adjacent vein. An experimental study and preliminary clinical results are discussed.", "contents": "[Peripheral lymphatico-venous anastomosis. New surgical technic]. A new surgical technique for peripheral lymphatic-venous anastomosis is presented. It is designed especially for cases of node block, e.g. lymphoedema after mastectomy. The distal ends of the collectors are sectioned downstream from the block and passed through a patch, which also serves to close a phlebotomy on an adjacent vein. An experimental study and preliminary clinical results are discussed.", "PMID": 740257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4414", "title": "[Case studies of bacterial species responsible for urinary tract infections and their sensitivity to antibiotic treatment].", "content": "A microbiological assessment was made of 829 urine specimens to determine the percentage incidence of different bacterial species and their susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. It was found that E. coli was most common, followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Candida, faecal Streptococcus, and Shigella. The results suggest that the aetiological agent should be systematically ascertained and an antibiogram run before a treatment programme is laid down.", "contents": "[Case studies of bacterial species responsible for urinary tract infections and their sensitivity to antibiotic treatment]. A microbiological assessment was made of 829 urine specimens to determine the percentage incidence of different bacterial species and their susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. It was found that E. coli was most common, followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Candida, faecal Streptococcus, and Shigella. The results suggest that the aetiological agent should be systematically ascertained and an antibiogram run before a treatment programme is laid down.", "PMID": 740260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4415", "title": "[Intraoperative choledochoscopy].", "content": "Intraoperative choledochoscopy is examined and the instruments mostly employed for this purpose are described, with particular reference to the Olympus CHF B2, and personal modifications to the same, as used in the present study. The indications for the examination and the technique required are explained. It is especially useful in diseases of the bile ducts, and superior to cholangiography, which often fails to diagnose intrahepatic calculosis and small, multicentered tumours. A series of images relating to calculosis of the bile ducts, biliary neoplasia, the choledochus in lesions of the head of the pancreas, and the normal appearance of the bile ducts is presented.", "contents": "[Intraoperative choledochoscopy]. Intraoperative choledochoscopy is examined and the instruments mostly employed for this purpose are described, with particular reference to the Olympus CHF B2, and personal modifications to the same, as used in the present study. The indications for the examination and the technique required are explained. It is especially useful in diseases of the bile ducts, and superior to cholangiography, which often fails to diagnose intrahepatic calculosis and small, multicentered tumours. A series of images relating to calculosis of the bile ducts, biliary neoplasia, the choledochus in lesions of the head of the pancreas, and the normal appearance of the bile ducts is presented.", "PMID": 740261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4416", "title": "[Traumatic arterial spasm. Reflections on several personal cases].", "content": "Four personal cases and the treatment adopted are described. The incidence of this event is discussed. Attention is drawn to what is felt to be the most suitable treatment of traumatic ischaemia with a possibility of underlying spasm at in the light of the existing knowledge.", "contents": "[Traumatic arterial spasm. Reflections on several personal cases]. Four personal cases and the treatment adopted are described. The incidence of this event is discussed. Attention is drawn to what is felt to be the most suitable treatment of traumatic ischaemia with a possibility of underlying spasm at in the light of the existing knowledge.", "PMID": 740258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4417", "title": "[Arterial chemotherapy of tumors. Considerations on 159 cases].", "content": "The results obtained in 153 patients suffering from advanced primary, residual, recurrent and metastatic cancers localized mainly in the cervico-cephalic district and in other sites (skin, extremities and pelvis, liver, thoracic wall, breast) in whom locoregional intraarterial chemotherapy was employed from 1967, are reported. In order of frequency, the commonest antiblastics used were Methotrexate, 5 FU, Vincristin and DITC. Long-term results show an average remission of 52% and mean survival of 11.4 months; these values are liable to wild fluctuations in relation to various factors such as site, development, state of regional lymph nodes, and any previous surgical, radiation or antiblastic therapy. Intraarterial treatment is found to have the best effect in cases of cancer which have not previously been subjected to any therapy at all, and which involve the cervico-cephalic districts, the liver and melanomas.", "contents": "[Arterial chemotherapy of tumors. Considerations on 159 cases]. The results obtained in 153 patients suffering from advanced primary, residual, recurrent and metastatic cancers localized mainly in the cervico-cephalic district and in other sites (skin, extremities and pelvis, liver, thoracic wall, breast) in whom locoregional intraarterial chemotherapy was employed from 1967, are reported. In order of frequency, the commonest antiblastics used were Methotrexate, 5 FU, Vincristin and DITC. Long-term results show an average remission of 52% and mean survival of 11.4 months; these values are liable to wild fluctuations in relation to various factors such as site, development, state of regional lymph nodes, and any previous surgical, radiation or antiblastic therapy. Intraarterial treatment is found to have the best effect in cases of cancer which have not previously been subjected to any therapy at all, and which involve the cervico-cephalic districts, the liver and melanomas.", "PMID": 740259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4418", "title": "[Bone scans in the diagnosis of renal osteopathy].", "content": "Biochemical tests (serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase), as well as clinical, radiological, scanning and histological investigations were undertaken in 24 patients in chronic renal failure. The frequency with which the diagnosis of renal osteopathy could be made depended in the method of investigation, the biochemical findings proving to be completely unreliable. There were positive radiological signs in ten patients and clinical signs in 12, predominantly in the progressive stages of osteopathy. A positive scan was obtained in 23 patients, typical histological bone changes in an equal number. Since it correlates so well with the histological findings, bone scan is suitable particularly in the early diagnosis of osteopathy. Since this test is easily performed and hardly stresses the patient, it should routinely be the initial one for the diagnosis of renal osteopathy.", "contents": "[Bone scans in the diagnosis of renal osteopathy]. Biochemical tests (serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase), as well as clinical, radiological, scanning and histological investigations were undertaken in 24 patients in chronic renal failure. The frequency with which the diagnosis of renal osteopathy could be made depended in the method of investigation, the biochemical findings proving to be completely unreliable. There were positive radiological signs in ten patients and clinical signs in 12, predominantly in the progressive stages of osteopathy. A positive scan was obtained in 23 patients, typical histological bone changes in an equal number. Since it correlates so well with the histological findings, bone scan is suitable particularly in the early diagnosis of osteopathy. Since this test is easily performed and hardly stresses the patient, it should routinely be the initial one for the diagnosis of renal osteopathy.", "PMID": 740285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4419", "title": "[Immunodiagnostic aspects of breast cancer. The phenomenon of leukocyte adherence inhibition].", "content": "In 39 patients with breast cancer and in 38 female controls the leucocyte adherence was tested in glass tubes in the presence of a series of extracts of breast cancer and control tissues. It was shown that the adherence of leucocytes of patients with operable carcinoma of the breast (stage I/II) is selectively inhibited by extracts from breast cancer tissues. Leucocyte adherence inhibition tests could thus become important for immunodiagnostics.", "contents": "[Immunodiagnostic aspects of breast cancer. The phenomenon of leukocyte adherence inhibition]. In 39 patients with breast cancer and in 38 female controls the leucocyte adherence was tested in glass tubes in the presence of a series of extracts of breast cancer and control tissues. It was shown that the adherence of leucocytes of patients with operable carcinoma of the breast (stage I/II) is selectively inhibited by extracts from breast cancer tissues. Leucocyte adherence inhibition tests could thus become important for immunodiagnostics.", "PMID": 740287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4420", "title": "[The effects of oxyfedrine on the hemodynamics of patients with acute myocardial infarction].", "content": "In 16 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction the effect of 8 mg of intravenous oxyfedrine followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg body weight per hour on haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation and dynamic cardiac indices was investigated. Cardiac rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, minute volume, cardiac output, and tension-time index remained unchanged on the whole. On the other hand oxyfedrine produced a persistant significant decrease of the mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and of the contraction and pressure-increase time. These effects were also demonstrable in patients previously treated with digitalis. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. The positive inotropic effect of oxyfedrine is suggested as reason for these changes.", "contents": "[The effects of oxyfedrine on the hemodynamics of patients with acute myocardial infarction]. In 16 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction the effect of 8 mg of intravenous oxyfedrine followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg body weight per hour on haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation and dynamic cardiac indices was investigated. Cardiac rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, minute volume, cardiac output, and tension-time index remained unchanged on the whole. On the other hand oxyfedrine produced a persistant significant decrease of the mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and of the contraction and pressure-increase time. These effects were also demonstrable in patients previously treated with digitalis. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. The positive inotropic effect of oxyfedrine is suggested as reason for these changes.", "PMID": 740288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4421", "title": "[Colonorectal adenoma: relationships among histological structure, dimensions of the polyps, and age distribution].", "content": "Among 1258 polyps from the lower gastro-intestinal tract removed by rectoscopy or coloscopy and examined histologically there were 744 adenomas, 72% tubular, 27% papillary and 1% villous. 96.5% of all adenomas were extracted from patients aged over 40 years. Four fifths of the tumours were found in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Only 6% of the tubular adenomas were more than 15 mm in diameter, compared with 32% of papillary and 57% of villous adenomas. The special significance of the adenomas lies in their potential malignancy (adenoma-to-cancer sequence).", "contents": "[Colonorectal adenoma: relationships among histological structure, dimensions of the polyps, and age distribution]. Among 1258 polyps from the lower gastro-intestinal tract removed by rectoscopy or coloscopy and examined histologically there were 744 adenomas, 72% tubular, 27% papillary and 1% villous. 96.5% of all adenomas were extracted from patients aged over 40 years. Four fifths of the tumours were found in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Only 6% of the tubular adenomas were more than 15 mm in diameter, compared with 32% of papillary and 57% of villous adenomas. The special significance of the adenomas lies in their potential malignancy (adenoma-to-cancer sequence).", "PMID": 740290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4422", "title": "[Value and limitations of scintigraphy in hematology].", "content": "The most important methods for carrying out scintigraphic investigation of the lympho-haemo-poietic system are described and their advantages and limitations reviewed with respect to pure methodology and to that of results interpretation. This field of radioisotopic symptomatology can still be considered a developing one; the techniques described have an indisputable diagnostic value, in spite of the advent of more sophisticated radiological techniques such as echography and computerized axial tomography.", "contents": "[Value and limitations of scintigraphy in hematology]. The most important methods for carrying out scintigraphic investigation of the lympho-haemo-poietic system are described and their advantages and limitations reviewed with respect to pure methodology and to that of results interpretation. This field of radioisotopic symptomatology can still be considered a developing one; the techniques described have an indisputable diagnostic value, in spite of the advent of more sophisticated radiological techniques such as echography and computerized axial tomography.", "PMID": 740316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4423", "title": "[The aberrant pancreas in gastro-duodenal disease. A clinical, endoscopic-bioptic study].", "content": "30 instances of aberrant pancreas were noted in 13,620 routine gastroduodenoscopies (0.22%), usually in the antrum or duodenum (antrum 83.5%, cap 6.6%, D2 6.6%). Symptoms, where present, took many forms and were aspecific, since they were related to size and site. The difficulties surrounding conventional methods of diagnosis are explained. Radiology reveals local alteration in 80% of cases, though its offers formally useful data in only 10%. Endoscopy and oriented biopsy partly make up for this inadequancy, because an aberrant pancreas may present as an atypical, nonumbelicated form that cannot be endoscopically distinguished from other benign growths. In addition, biopsy of the pancreas may be difficult in a submucosal site. Given the relative inefficacy of even the most recent techniques, perendoscopic polypectomy is proposed as a means of combining optimum diagnosis and radical treatment.", "contents": "[The aberrant pancreas in gastro-duodenal disease. A clinical, endoscopic-bioptic study]. 30 instances of aberrant pancreas were noted in 13,620 routine gastroduodenoscopies (0.22%), usually in the antrum or duodenum (antrum 83.5%, cap 6.6%, D2 6.6%). Symptoms, where present, took many forms and were aspecific, since they were related to size and site. The difficulties surrounding conventional methods of diagnosis are explained. Radiology reveals local alteration in 80% of cases, though its offers formally useful data in only 10%. Endoscopy and oriented biopsy partly make up for this inadequancy, because an aberrant pancreas may present as an atypical, nonumbelicated form that cannot be endoscopically distinguished from other benign growths. In addition, biopsy of the pancreas may be difficult in a submucosal site. Given the relative inefficacy of even the most recent techniques, perendoscopic polypectomy is proposed as a means of combining optimum diagnosis and radical treatment.", "PMID": 740317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4424", "title": "[The pathogenesis of inadequate cerebral circulation in the aged].", "content": "A physiopathologically oriented classification is proposed for cerebral circulatory insufficiency to cover forms caused by intra- and extracranial vascular disease, and those of cardiac and non-cardiac extravascular origin. The aetiopathogenetic aspects of the matter are discussed, and some clinical pictures of particular geriatric interest are described. Lastly, attention is given to the dysmetabolically induced instances of cerebral distress that are often observed in the aged.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of inadequate cerebral circulation in the aged]. A physiopathologically oriented classification is proposed for cerebral circulatory insufficiency to cover forms caused by intra- and extracranial vascular disease, and those of cardiac and non-cardiac extravascular origin. The aetiopathogenetic aspects of the matter are discussed, and some clinical pictures of particular geriatric interest are described. Lastly, attention is given to the dysmetabolically induced instances of cerebral distress that are often observed in the aged.", "PMID": 740318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4425", "title": "[The therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in stage III and stage IV].", "content": "The features that distinguish non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin forms of lymphoma are briefly described, together with the method employed in classifying 45 non-Hodgkin cases treated with polychemotherapy and cobalt. The results were satisfactory. Remission (complete or incomplete) was obtained in 75% and 73% of lymphocytic and histocytic forms respectively. Survival after 5 yr was 50% for cases in the 3rd stage and 11% for those in the 4th. It is felt that the 3rd stage should be regarded as a generalised form, requiring the intensive systematic management offered by combining polychemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "contents": "[The therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in stage III and stage IV]. The features that distinguish non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin forms of lymphoma are briefly described, together with the method employed in classifying 45 non-Hodgkin cases treated with polychemotherapy and cobalt. The results were satisfactory. Remission (complete or incomplete) was obtained in 75% and 73% of lymphocytic and histocytic forms respectively. Survival after 5 yr was 50% for cases in the 3rd stage and 11% for those in the 4th. It is felt that the 3rd stage should be regarded as a generalised form, requiring the intensive systematic management offered by combining polychemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "PMID": 740319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4426", "title": "[Therapy of pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency. Preliminary physiopathology].", "content": "A physiopathological approach to the treatment of chronic pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency is proposed. To this end, disturbances of the ventilatory and alveolocapillary stages of the pulmonary respiratory function are discussed. Particular attention to distribution and diffusion disturbances and the main diseases to which they give rise. A treatment program based on these premises is put forward.", "contents": "[Therapy of pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency. Preliminary physiopathology]. A physiopathological approach to the treatment of chronic pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency is proposed. To this end, disturbances of the ventilatory and alveolocapillary stages of the pulmonary respiratory function are discussed. Particular attention to distribution and diffusion disturbances and the main diseases to which they give rise. A treatment program based on these premises is put forward.", "PMID": 740320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4427", "title": "[Effects of the length of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism on the distribution of blood levels of calcium and phosphorus as a function of sex and age].", "content": "An evaluation was made of the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after 131I management of hyperthyroidism and of the effect of irradiation on the relation between blood calcium, phosphorus and proteins and age in normal subjects. 356 treated patients and 216 controls were examined. Serum calcium was determined from 2 to 6 yr after treatment. It was found that calcium values decrease with age in males, wherease in women this phenomenon is less marked and, indeed, is no longer apparent over the age of 30. In the normal male, phosphrous also decreases with age, while in females there is a fall until the age of 30-40 yr, followed by a rise. Only 1 subject with a value of 8.45 mg calcium/100 ml was noted in the treated group and there was no significant difference between the means for the two groups, suggesting that parathyroid insufficiency is a virtually non-existent complication of the 131I treatment of hyperthyroidism. The relation between blood calcium and phosphorus and age in the treated group was examined with reference to subjects with normal thyroid function only. In the case of calcium, values were no longer related to age after treatment in males, while phosphorus values fell to below those observed in females, coupled with an increase in function of age as in women, though this itself was not statistically significant. Treatment also suppressed the relation between total blood proteins and age noted in the normal male. None of the parameters considered displayed any significant changes in the treated females. It would thus seem that 131I abolishes the differences in blood calcium and phosphorus mean values and age-linked patterns normally found between males and females.", "contents": "[Effects of the length of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism on the distribution of blood levels of calcium and phosphorus as a function of sex and age]. An evaluation was made of the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after 131I management of hyperthyroidism and of the effect of irradiation on the relation between blood calcium, phosphorus and proteins and age in normal subjects. 356 treated patients and 216 controls were examined. Serum calcium was determined from 2 to 6 yr after treatment. It was found that calcium values decrease with age in males, wherease in women this phenomenon is less marked and, indeed, is no longer apparent over the age of 30. In the normal male, phosphrous also decreases with age, while in females there is a fall until the age of 30-40 yr, followed by a rise. Only 1 subject with a value of 8.45 mg calcium/100 ml was noted in the treated group and there was no significant difference between the means for the two groups, suggesting that parathyroid insufficiency is a virtually non-existent complication of the 131I treatment of hyperthyroidism. The relation between blood calcium and phosphorus and age in the treated group was examined with reference to subjects with normal thyroid function only. In the case of calcium, values were no longer related to age after treatment in males, while phosphorus values fell to below those observed in females, coupled with an increase in function of age as in women, though this itself was not statistically significant. Treatment also suppressed the relation between total blood proteins and age noted in the normal male. None of the parameters considered displayed any significant changes in the treated females. It would thus seem that 131I abolishes the differences in blood calcium and phosphorus mean values and age-linked patterns normally found between males and females.", "PMID": 740321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4428", "title": "[The current status of endemic goiter in Upper Adige and the necessity for iodine prophylaxis].", "content": "That the province of Bolzano is still endemic for goiter is shown by its low drinking water (0.75 microgram/1) and food iodine values, and the observation of goiter in 48% of its school-children, coupled with a mean urinary iodine level of 35.95 microgram/g creatinine. Prophylaxis with iodinated salt (2 g/100 Kg) is being undertaken. Legislative provisions designed to render this more effective by encouraging its diffusion are proposed.", "contents": "[The current status of endemic goiter in Upper Adige and the necessity for iodine prophylaxis]. That the province of Bolzano is still endemic for goiter is shown by its low drinking water (0.75 microgram/1) and food iodine values, and the observation of goiter in 48% of its school-children, coupled with a mean urinary iodine level of 35.95 microgram/g creatinine. Prophylaxis with iodinated salt (2 g/100 Kg) is being undertaken. Legislative provisions designed to render this more effective by encouraging its diffusion are proposed.", "PMID": 740322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4429", "title": "[Vegetative gastric carcinoma with endoesophageal development].", "content": "The reported case calls attention to the possibility that an ectasia of the preterminal segment of the oesophagus with concomitant filling defects may be the expression of ascending intraluminal development of cancer of the bottom of the stomach.", "contents": "[Vegetative gastric carcinoma with endoesophageal development]. The reported case calls attention to the possibility that an ectasia of the preterminal segment of the oesophagus with concomitant filling defects may be the expression of ascending intraluminal development of cancer of the bottom of the stomach.", "PMID": 740323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4430", "title": "Vertical retraction syndrome.", "content": "A 14-year-old white boy, the second of 5 brothers, showed a congenital deficit of ocular motility in his left eye, characterized by limited elevation, marked retraction of the globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure during upward gaze. The ocular movements in the other directions of gaze were normal with normal binocular vision and stereopsis. The characteristics of the motility defect and the results of the forced duction test suggest the possibility of an anomaly of superior rectus scleral insertion rather than of an innervational defect or of a muscular fibrosis.", "contents": "Vertical retraction syndrome. A 14-year-old white boy, the second of 5 brothers, showed a congenital deficit of ocular motility in his left eye, characterized by limited elevation, marked retraction of the globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure during upward gaze. The ocular movements in the other directions of gaze were normal with normal binocular vision and stereopsis. The characteristics of the motility defect and the results of the forced duction test suggest the possibility of an anomaly of superior rectus scleral insertion rather than of an innervational defect or of a muscular fibrosis.", "PMID": 740356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4431", "title": "Senile macular degeneration and alteration of the metabolism of the lipids.", "content": "An accurate study on the alterations of lipid metabolism was made on a sample of 30 patients affected by senile macular degeneration and 13 patients affected by senile macular degeneration complicated by retinopathy due to hyperlipidemia. The authors came to the conclusion that hyperlipidemia can complicate simple macular degeneration, even if a close correlation between the two phenomena can be excluded.", "contents": "Senile macular degeneration and alteration of the metabolism of the lipids. An accurate study on the alterations of lipid metabolism was made on a sample of 30 patients affected by senile macular degeneration and 13 patients affected by senile macular degeneration complicated by retinopathy due to hyperlipidemia. The authors came to the conclusion that hyperlipidemia can complicate simple macular degeneration, even if a close correlation between the two phenomena can be excluded.", "PMID": 740355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4432", "title": "[Does the intraretinal contusive syndrome exist?].", "content": "An ocular trauma may be followed only by a decrease in visual acuity without any tissular alteration. The measurement of the flicker sensitivity permits to hypothesize that the origin of the disturbance is in the retina itself. We postulate, therefore, the existence of a trauma of the lateral inhibition and we propose the term contusive intraretinal syndrome.", "contents": "[Does the intraretinal contusive syndrome exist?]. An ocular trauma may be followed only by a decrease in visual acuity without any tissular alteration. The measurement of the flicker sensitivity permits to hypothesize that the origin of the disturbance is in the retina itself. We postulate, therefore, the existence of a trauma of the lateral inhibition and we propose the term contusive intraretinal syndrome.", "PMID": 740357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4433", "title": "Fluoroangiographic picture of the acute stage of the retinal lesion in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "The fluoroangiographic examination of the acute stage of retinal lesion in a 16-year-old girl suffering from SSPE showed an exclusively localized retinal vascular involvement 4 days after the onset of her visual complaints. A week later this occlusive vascular lesion progressed to a large area of capillary bed obstruction and it was followed up angiographically. The choroid was involved even during the late stages of evolution of retinal lesion at a low degree. Our angiographic findings enable us to consider a neuroretinal location of primary pathological process in the retina.", "contents": "Fluoroangiographic picture of the acute stage of the retinal lesion in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The fluoroangiographic examination of the acute stage of retinal lesion in a 16-year-old girl suffering from SSPE showed an exclusively localized retinal vascular involvement 4 days after the onset of her visual complaints. A week later this occlusive vascular lesion progressed to a large area of capillary bed obstruction and it was followed up angiographically. The choroid was involved even during the late stages of evolution of retinal lesion at a low degree. Our angiographic findings enable us to consider a neuroretinal location of primary pathological process in the retina.", "PMID": 740358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4434", "title": "[Iris angiography in the persistent pupillary membrane].", "content": "With fluorescence angiography of the iris vessels, in a 52-year-old female patient, blood-containing vessels with thread-like remnants of a persistent pupillary membrane could be demonstrated. From these vessels, a diffuse dye leakage was seen from free-floating remnants in the anterior chamber as well as from those which were inserted at the anterior lens capsule. At the pupillary margin, a diffuse fluorescence from the capillary network of the sphincter pupillae was visible, whereas the rest of the iris showed a normal angiographical pattern.", "contents": "[Iris angiography in the persistent pupillary membrane]. With fluorescence angiography of the iris vessels, in a 52-year-old female patient, blood-containing vessels with thread-like remnants of a persistent pupillary membrane could be demonstrated. From these vessels, a diffuse dye leakage was seen from free-floating remnants in the anterior chamber as well as from those which were inserted at the anterior lens capsule. At the pupillary margin, a diffuse fluorescence from the capillary network of the sphincter pupillae was visible, whereas the rest of the iris showed a normal angiographical pattern.", "PMID": 740359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4435", "title": "Objective detection of reversible deficiencies in glaucoma by means of BECP.", "content": "The dynamic properties of the VECP trigger mechanism are used as a functional test for the glaucomatous eye. A light-emitting diode is used as stimulator. The test was performed under the condition of the functional isolation of the red colour mechanism (by means of selective colour adaptation technique). In any case, a delayed rise of stimulus luminance causes a delay of the VECP. This delay increases in patients with glaucoma. After a successful glaucoma operation the VECP delay diminishes again.", "contents": "Objective detection of reversible deficiencies in glaucoma by means of BECP. The dynamic properties of the VECP trigger mechanism are used as a functional test for the glaucomatous eye. A light-emitting diode is used as stimulator. The test was performed under the condition of the functional isolation of the red colour mechanism (by means of selective colour adaptation technique). In any case, a delayed rise of stimulus luminance causes a delay of the VECP. This delay increases in patients with glaucoma. After a successful glaucoma operation the VECP delay diminishes again.", "PMID": 740360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4436", "title": "Spontaneous recovery in microstrabismus.", "content": "We recently discovered the first patients who demonstrated a total recovery from their microstrabismus. The prism 4-diopter test became negative and steroscopic vision achieved 40 sec. Also, the amblyopia was completely cured. All this happened spontaneously! The age of these children varied from 8 to 16 years. Being convinced that the cause of microstrabismus is the same as for any other type of convergent squint, we believe that what maintains the amblyopia in microstrabismus and the microstrabismus itself, seems to be the dynamic impediment of the uncontrolled accommodation in the amblyopic eye. In turn, the poor accommodation is maintained by the amblyopia.", "contents": "Spontaneous recovery in microstrabismus. We recently discovered the first patients who demonstrated a total recovery from their microstrabismus. The prism 4-diopter test became negative and steroscopic vision achieved 40 sec. Also, the amblyopia was completely cured. All this happened spontaneously! The age of these children varied from 8 to 16 years. Being convinced that the cause of microstrabismus is the same as for any other type of convergent squint, we believe that what maintains the amblyopia in microstrabismus and the microstrabismus itself, seems to be the dynamic impediment of the uncontrolled accommodation in the amblyopic eye. In turn, the poor accommodation is maintained by the amblyopia.", "PMID": 740361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4437", "title": "Lanthony's new color test. Part I.", "content": "In general the statements in the manual of the New Color Test are confirmed, but there is no exact correlationship between the AOH-R-R classification and the NCT classification. There is a gradual increase in sensitivity from the AOH-R-R, via the panel D-15 and the NCT 6/2 to the desaturated panel 8/2. Thus, if the panel 8/2 result is normal the NCT 6/2 yields no further information.", "contents": "Lanthony's new color test. Part I. In general the statements in the manual of the New Color Test are confirmed, but there is no exact correlationship between the AOH-R-R classification and the NCT classification. There is a gradual increase in sensitivity from the AOH-R-R, via the panel D-15 and the NCT 6/2 to the desaturated panel 8/2. Thus, if the panel 8/2 result is normal the NCT 6/2 yields no further information.", "PMID": 740362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4438", "title": "Ocular and biochemical abnormalities in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "Patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina have myopia, constricted visual fields, elevated dark adaptation thresholds, small or nondetectable ERGs, and chorioretinal atrophy. Biochemical abnormalities include hyperornithinemia, hypolysinemia, hyperornithinuria, an unknown amino compound in the urine, and virtual absence of OKT activity in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from one patient studied in our laboratory showed an increase in OKT activity with increasing concentrations of vitamin B6 in the assay medium; this patient also showed some biochemical responsiveness within three weeks to 300 mg/day or orally administered vitamin B6. Three patients whose fibroblasts did not show increased OKT activity in vitro with increasing vitamin B6 did not respond in vivo to 300 mg/day of vitamin B6 over the same period. All four patients continue to be evaluated with larger doses of this vitamin. It remains to be established if long-term treatment with vitamin B6 will stabilize the course of the chorioretinal degeneration for at least some patients with this disease.", "contents": "Ocular and biochemical abnormalities in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina have myopia, constricted visual fields, elevated dark adaptation thresholds, small or nondetectable ERGs, and chorioretinal atrophy. Biochemical abnormalities include hyperornithinemia, hypolysinemia, hyperornithinuria, an unknown amino compound in the urine, and virtual absence of OKT activity in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from one patient studied in our laboratory showed an increase in OKT activity with increasing concentrations of vitamin B6 in the assay medium; this patient also showed some biochemical responsiveness within three weeks to 300 mg/day or orally administered vitamin B6. Three patients whose fibroblasts did not show increased OKT activity in vitro with increasing vitamin B6 did not respond in vivo to 300 mg/day of vitamin B6 over the same period. All four patients continue to be evaluated with larger doses of this vitamin. It remains to be established if long-term treatment with vitamin B6 will stabilize the course of the chorioretinal degeneration for at least some patients with this disease.", "PMID": 740364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4439", "title": "Rubeosis iridis and glaucoma associated with sickle cell retinopathy: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of rubeosis iridis in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease is described for the first time. Findings included open interendothelial cell junctions, intraendothelial cytoplasmic attenuations (fenestrations), and pericyte formation. The ultrastructural appearance of rubeosis iridis gives no clue to the underlying etiology and is similar to that reported in rubeosis associated with diabetes mellitus, central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The electron microscopic findings explain the functional incompetence of rubeotic vessels that are manifested by transmural leakage of fluorescein.", "contents": "Rubeosis iridis and glaucoma associated with sickle cell retinopathy: a light and electron microscopic study. The ultrastructure of rubeosis iridis in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease is described for the first time. Findings included open interendothelial cell junctions, intraendothelial cytoplasmic attenuations (fenestrations), and pericyte formation. The ultrastructural appearance of rubeosis iridis gives no clue to the underlying etiology and is similar to that reported in rubeosis associated with diabetes mellitus, central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The electron microscopic findings explain the functional incompetence of rubeotic vessels that are manifested by transmural leakage of fluorescein.", "PMID": 740365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4440", "title": "Late wound separation after cataract extraction.", "content": "Many years after cataract extraction, blunt trauma ruptured limbal wounds in five eyes. Filtrations followed minor trauma in three patients, and occurred spontaneously in two others. Limbal wounds do not regain the tensile strength of adjacent normal stroma and may be further weakened by tissue incarcerations, vascularization, and other defects. Histologic studies after cataract extraction also reveal minimal collagen bridging of the stromal wound in some human eyes. Diagnosis and clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "Late wound separation after cataract extraction. Many years after cataract extraction, blunt trauma ruptured limbal wounds in five eyes. Filtrations followed minor trauma in three patients, and occurred spontaneously in two others. Limbal wounds do not regain the tensile strength of adjacent normal stroma and may be further weakened by tissue incarcerations, vascularization, and other defects. Histologic studies after cataract extraction also reveal minimal collagen bridging of the stromal wound in some human eyes. Diagnosis and clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 740369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4441", "title": "High cervical spine and craniocervical junction injuries in fatal traffic accidents: a radiological study.", "content": "Postmortem radiographic examinations in 312 victims of fatal traffic accidents were analyzed with respect to injuries to the cervical spine. Most fractures and dislocations in this group were found to involve the craniocervical junction and the upper two cervical segments. Over half were flexion injuries, one-fifth caused predominantly by extension. Flexion and extension views were found to be helpful in demonstrating the instability of many injuries.", "contents": "High cervical spine and craniocervical junction injuries in fatal traffic accidents: a radiological study. Postmortem radiographic examinations in 312 victims of fatal traffic accidents were analyzed with respect to injuries to the cervical spine. Most fractures and dislocations in this group were found to involve the craniocervical junction and the upper two cervical segments. Over half were flexion injuries, one-fifth caused predominantly by extension. Flexion and extension views were found to be helpful in demonstrating the instability of many injuries.", "PMID": 740370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4442", "title": "Vascular complications of upper cervical spine injuries.", "content": "Upper cervical spine injuries can be complicated by occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries. Injury to the former is more common. The arteries may be kinked or temporarily occluded, in which case the symptoms are transient. With more forceful trauma, damage to the intima and subsequent thrombosis or prolonged spasm may ensue. Early recognition of ischemic symptoms hastens the diagnosis. In most instances it is not possible to alter advanced neurologic deficits once they are established.", "contents": "Vascular complications of upper cervical spine injuries. Upper cervical spine injuries can be complicated by occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries. Injury to the former is more common. The arteries may be kinked or temporarily occluded, in which case the symptoms are transient. With more forceful trauma, damage to the intima and subsequent thrombosis or prolonged spasm may ensue. Early recognition of ischemic symptoms hastens the diagnosis. In most instances it is not possible to alter advanced neurologic deficits once they are established.", "PMID": 740371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4443", "title": "New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of infections of the cervical spine.", "content": "Of the three major areas of the spinal column, the cervical spine is least commonly infected; approximately 3 to 5 per cent of all spinal infections involve the cervical spine. Tuberculous, pyogenic, fungal, and parasitic infections may involve the cervical spine and occur in this order of decreasing frequency. Difficulty in differential diagnosis most commonly involves tumor. Fungal and parasitic infections of the cervical spine are extremely rare, but fungal infections have been increasing over the past three decades. Clinical suspicion, radiologic examination, and definitive diagnosis via tissue biopsy are necessary so that definitive procedures can be instituted. Specific antibiotic coverage, surgery to facilitate the body's defenses and antibiotic penetration, and stabilization of the spine are the most important therapeutic measures to be instituted.", "contents": "New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of infections of the cervical spine. Of the three major areas of the spinal column, the cervical spine is least commonly infected; approximately 3 to 5 per cent of all spinal infections involve the cervical spine. Tuberculous, pyogenic, fungal, and parasitic infections may involve the cervical spine and occur in this order of decreasing frequency. Difficulty in differential diagnosis most commonly involves tumor. Fungal and parasitic infections of the cervical spine are extremely rare, but fungal infections have been increasing over the past three decades. Clinical suspicion, radiologic examination, and definitive diagnosis via tissue biopsy are necessary so that definitive procedures can be instituted. Specific antibiotic coverage, surgery to facilitate the body's defenses and antibiotic penetration, and stabilization of the spine are the most important therapeutic measures to be instituted.", "PMID": 740372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4444", "title": "Congenital anomalies of the odontoid process.", "content": "Anomalous development of the odontoid is uncommon, and its clinical significance lies in its potential for producing serious neurologic sequelae due to atlantoaxial instability. Although there are several recognized variations (aplasia, hypoplasia, and os odontoideum), clinically they share the same signs and symptoms, and the treatment is identical. Symptoms are usually due to instability of the atlantoaxial joint, with compression of the spinal cord and anteriorly against the axis or posteriorly from the ring of the atlas. Patients may present with no symptoms, with persistent neck complaints, with transient or permanent neurologic deficits, or with sudden death. Symptoms from cranial nerve irritation seldom occur, but occasionally symptoms of cerebral and brain stem ischemia are noted as a result of compression of the vertebral arteries in the area of the atlas. If the condition is suspected, the diagnosis usually can be confirmed on lateral flexion-extension roentgenograms. Special techniques are often required, particularly lateral laminagrams, and flexion-extension stress roentgenograms are necessary to determine the presence and degree of atlantoaxial instability. The role of prophylactic surgical stabilization is not yet established. If instability greater than 5 mm. is demonstrated or the patient has clinical findings of neurologic compromise, surgical fusion should be performed.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies of the odontoid process. Anomalous development of the odontoid is uncommon, and its clinical significance lies in its potential for producing serious neurologic sequelae due to atlantoaxial instability. Although there are several recognized variations (aplasia, hypoplasia, and os odontoideum), clinically they share the same signs and symptoms, and the treatment is identical. Symptoms are usually due to instability of the atlantoaxial joint, with compression of the spinal cord and anteriorly against the axis or posteriorly from the ring of the atlas. Patients may present with no symptoms, with persistent neck complaints, with transient or permanent neurologic deficits, or with sudden death. Symptoms from cranial nerve irritation seldom occur, but occasionally symptoms of cerebral and brain stem ischemia are noted as a result of compression of the vertebral arteries in the area of the atlas. If the condition is suspected, the diagnosis usually can be confirmed on lateral flexion-extension roentgenograms. Special techniques are often required, particularly lateral laminagrams, and flexion-extension stress roentgenograms are necessary to determine the presence and degree of atlantoaxial instability. The role of prophylactic surgical stabilization is not yet established. If instability greater than 5 mm. is demonstrated or the patient has clinical findings of neurologic compromise, surgical fusion should be performed.", "PMID": 740383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4445", "title": "Fusion for instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in children and adolescents.", "content": "Instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in the child and adolescent not presenting as emergencies may be due to many causes. We have reviewed 30 patients treated surgically over a seven year period and have grouped them under four general headings: isolated congenital anomalies of the cervical spine, postlaminectomy instability, traumatic instability with delayed presentation, and bony or ligamentous inadequacy secondary to miscellaneous conditions. The variety of conditions permits few generalizations. However, an overview of the entire group supports the concept that abnormal motion in an immature spine or the potential for such motion should be viewed cautiously by the orthopedist, for it may herald severe neurologic compromise. When compromise has occurred, the decision to intervene is made easier. Should only increased motion or the potential for such be present, the natural history of the lesion, if available, should be the guide to treatment. If the natural history of a cervical spine lesion is not available and structural integrity is compromised with abnormal motion present, fusion is advised. Appropriate patient counseling as to the lack of an alternative, with the exception of prolonged bracing to avoid the hazards of life, is essential in this group of individuals.", "contents": "Fusion for instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in the child and adolescent not presenting as emergencies may be due to many causes. We have reviewed 30 patients treated surgically over a seven year period and have grouped them under four general headings: isolated congenital anomalies of the cervical spine, postlaminectomy instability, traumatic instability with delayed presentation, and bony or ligamentous inadequacy secondary to miscellaneous conditions. The variety of conditions permits few generalizations. However, an overview of the entire group supports the concept that abnormal motion in an immature spine or the potential for such motion should be viewed cautiously by the orthopedist, for it may herald severe neurologic compromise. When compromise has occurred, the decision to intervene is made easier. Should only increased motion or the potential for such be present, the natural history of the lesion, if available, should be the guide to treatment. If the natural history of a cervical spine lesion is not available and structural integrity is compromised with abnormal motion present, fusion is advised. Appropriate patient counseling as to the lack of an alternative, with the exception of prolonged bracing to avoid the hazards of life, is essential in this group of individuals.", "PMID": 740384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4446", "title": "Atlantoaxial rotary deformities.", "content": "Persistent torticollis in younger patients, particularly after trivial trauma or an upper respiratory tract infection, suggests a diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotary fixation. The diagnosis can be confirmed by cineroentgenography. Anterior displacement of the atlas, indicating a deficient transverse ligament, should be ruled out by flexion-extension lateral roentgenograms. If conservative management fails to achieve reduction or is followed by a recurrence of the deformity, arthrodesis is indicated.", "contents": "Atlantoaxial rotary deformities. Persistent torticollis in younger patients, particularly after trivial trauma or an upper respiratory tract infection, suggests a diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotary fixation. The diagnosis can be confirmed by cineroentgenography. Anterior displacement of the atlas, indicating a deficient transverse ligament, should be ruled out by flexion-extension lateral roentgenograms. If conservative management fails to achieve reduction or is followed by a recurrence of the deformity, arthrodesis is indicated.", "PMID": 740386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4447", "title": "Atlanto-occipital hypermobility.", "content": "Hypermobility of the atlanto-occipital joint can be seen following trauma or in a patient with congenital fusion of C1-C2 as a progressive problem. The lateral roentgenogram is the key to the diagnosis, and familiarity with the normal anatomy is necessary. In the trauma setting care should be taken not to increase the dislocation with traction. Treatment by a posterior craniocervical fusion has proved successful in both groups of patients.", "contents": "Atlanto-occipital hypermobility. Hypermobility of the atlanto-occipital joint can be seen following trauma or in a patient with congenital fusion of C1-C2 as a progressive problem. The lateral roentgenogram is the key to the diagnosis, and familiarity with the normal anatomy is necessary. In the trauma setting care should be taken not to increase the dislocation with traction. Treatment by a posterior craniocervical fusion has proved successful in both groups of patients.", "PMID": 740387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4448", "title": "Fractures of the odontoid: a laboratory and clinical study of mechanisms.", "content": "Previous reports and a study of the mechanism of injury in 25 cases of fracture of the odontoid suggest that the fracture usually results from a high velocity force directed to the head, producing flexion, extension, or rotation of the upper cervical spine. In a laboratory biomechanical study using cadaver preparations, fractures of the odontoid were produced in 20 specimens from the upper cervical spine, which were loaded in failure in forward and lateral modes.", "contents": "Fractures of the odontoid: a laboratory and clinical study of mechanisms. Previous reports and a study of the mechanism of injury in 25 cases of fracture of the odontoid suggest that the fracture usually results from a high velocity force directed to the head, producing flexion, extension, or rotation of the upper cervical spine. In a laboratory biomechanical study using cadaver preparations, fractures of the odontoid were produced in 20 specimens from the upper cervical spine, which were loaded in failure in forward and lateral modes.", "PMID": 740389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4449", "title": "Pain in gynecologic practice.", "content": "This paper has given a general discussion of the spectrum of pain complaints presented to the gynecologist. Specific information about pain sensation and localization has been reviewed together with the gynecologic causes of acute abdominal pain. Chronic pain has been classified as episodic or continuous, and the causes, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of episodic and chronic pelvic pain have been presented. The concluding remarks have outlined some diagnostic considerations for the patient with chronic pain. (The interested reader will find more extensive information on these subjects in the articles listed in the bibliography.).", "contents": "Pain in gynecologic practice. This paper has given a general discussion of the spectrum of pain complaints presented to the gynecologist. Specific information about pain sensation and localization has been reviewed together with the gynecologic causes of acute abdominal pain. Chronic pain has been classified as episodic or continuous, and the causes, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of episodic and chronic pelvic pain have been presented. The concluding remarks have outlined some diagnostic considerations for the patient with chronic pain. (The interested reader will find more extensive information on these subjects in the articles listed in the bibliography.).", "PMID": 740401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4450", "title": "Pain perception and endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "In 45 consecutive patients with chronic pain syndromes endorphins, fraction I of the cerebrospinal fluid and pain measures by means of electric stimulation via saline electrodes were investigated. In patients with high levels of fraction I (above median) pain threshold, PT and tolerance level, TL, in condition C (continuous stimulation increase) were found to be significantly higher than in patients with low levels of fraction I (below median). The results indicate that the endorphins are one of the physiological factors that contribute to the pain threshold and the tolerance level.", "contents": "Pain perception and endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid. In 45 consecutive patients with chronic pain syndromes endorphins, fraction I of the cerebrospinal fluid and pain measures by means of electric stimulation via saline electrodes were investigated. In patients with high levels of fraction I (above median) pain threshold, PT and tolerance level, TL, in condition C (continuous stimulation increase) were found to be significantly higher than in patients with low levels of fraction I (below median). The results indicate that the endorphins are one of the physiological factors that contribute to the pain threshold and the tolerance level.", "PMID": 740402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4451", "title": "Phantom limb pain treated by electrical stimulation.", "content": "Twenty patients suffering from phantom limb pain were assessed for suitability for treatment by electrical stimulator implant to the peripheral nerve or the spinal cord. Twelve were so treated and seven obtained excellent and three partial relief of pain. One patient maintains excellent relief of pain by trancutaneous electrical stimulation. Factors that might influence the responsiveness of pain to electrical stimulation and the qualitative results from such treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Phantom limb pain treated by electrical stimulation. Twenty patients suffering from phantom limb pain were assessed for suitability for treatment by electrical stimulator implant to the peripheral nerve or the spinal cord. Twelve were so treated and seven obtained excellent and three partial relief of pain. One patient maintains excellent relief of pain by trancutaneous electrical stimulation. Factors that might influence the responsiveness of pain to electrical stimulation and the qualitative results from such treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 740403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4452", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for serum tobramycin levels using 125I-labeled tobramycin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of tobramycin in serum or plasma. The technique has advantages over other assay techniques with regard to precision, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. The radioimmunoassay uses a tracer labelled with 125Iodine. The iodination technique is simple and gives tracer in high yield, at high specific activity and with complete immunological identity to unlabelled tobramycin. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by this radioimmunoassay and by the disc-plate assay. Such knowledge of serum levels of tobramycin assists the clinician in regulating drug dosage to obtain an optimum therapeutic effect, and yet avoids toxic serum levels.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for serum tobramycin levels using 125I-labeled tobramycin. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of tobramycin in serum or plasma. The technique has advantages over other assay techniques with regard to precision, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. The radioimmunoassay uses a tracer labelled with 125Iodine. The iodination technique is simple and gives tracer in high yield, at high specific activity and with complete immunological identity to unlabelled tobramycin. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by this radioimmunoassay and by the disc-plate assay. Such knowledge of serum levels of tobramycin assists the clinician in regulating drug dosage to obtain an optimum therapeutic effect, and yet avoids toxic serum levels.", "PMID": 740404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4453", "title": "Hb I alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families.", "content": "This paper describes the finding of Hb 1 alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families. Neither of these variants has been previously described in the Australian population. The variants were detected in an electrophoretic screening of 2500 blood samples. Both variants were clinically silent. The haematological parameters were within normal limits and the peripheral blood morphology was normal.", "contents": "Hb I alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families. This paper describes the finding of Hb 1 alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families. Neither of these variants has been previously described in the Australian population. The variants were detected in an electrophoretic screening of 2500 blood samples. Both variants were clinically silent. The haematological parameters were within normal limits and the peripheral blood morphology was normal.", "PMID": 740406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4454", "title": "Acquired haemoglobin H disease, complicating a myeloproliferative syndrome: a case report.", "content": "A case of acquired haemoglobin H disease in association with a myeloproliferative disorder is described. Severe haemolysis with hypochromic microcytic anaemia was present. Haemoglobin H formed 18% of the circulating haemoglobin and 60% of the red cells showed multiple inclusions on incubation with brilliant cresyl blue. Blood film and absolute red cell values from a previous unrelated illness were normal, proving the acquired nature of the haemoglobin abnormality. Alpha/beta chain synthesis was measured in vitro and the degree of imbalance (alpha/beta ratio 0.39) was similar to that seen in the inborn thalassaemic disorder. A small proportion of red cells showed i-antigen reactivity but their haemoglobin H content was no different from the majority of cells which were l-antigen positive.", "contents": "Acquired haemoglobin H disease, complicating a myeloproliferative syndrome: a case report. A case of acquired haemoglobin H disease in association with a myeloproliferative disorder is described. Severe haemolysis with hypochromic microcytic anaemia was present. Haemoglobin H formed 18% of the circulating haemoglobin and 60% of the red cells showed multiple inclusions on incubation with brilliant cresyl blue. Blood film and absolute red cell values from a previous unrelated illness were normal, proving the acquired nature of the haemoglobin abnormality. Alpha/beta chain synthesis was measured in vitro and the degree of imbalance (alpha/beta ratio 0.39) was similar to that seen in the inborn thalassaemic disorder. A small proportion of red cells showed i-antigen reactivity but their haemoglobin H content was no different from the majority of cells which were l-antigen positive.", "PMID": 740407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4455", "title": "The distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin G in the glomerular capillary wall in aminonucleoside nephrosis.", "content": "Using an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution of endogenous albumin and immunoglobulin G was examined in superficial glomeruli of Munich-Wistar rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis. In glomerular capillaries in which the external surface of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was completely covered with spread expanses of epithelial cytoplasm, albumin and IgG were distributed normally, with no detectable penetration beyond the endothelial fenestrae. However, at sites of focal loss of the epithelial covering of the GBM, both albumin and IgG were found to penetrate the GBM. These results suggest that, in this experimental model, plasma proteins leak into the urine at sites of glomerular epithelial denudation.", "contents": "The distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin G in the glomerular capillary wall in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Using an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution of endogenous albumin and immunoglobulin G was examined in superficial glomeruli of Munich-Wistar rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis. In glomerular capillaries in which the external surface of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was completely covered with spread expanses of epithelial cytoplasm, albumin and IgG were distributed normally, with no detectable penetration beyond the endothelial fenestrae. However, at sites of focal loss of the epithelial covering of the GBM, both albumin and IgG were found to penetrate the GBM. These results suggest that, in this experimental model, plasma proteins leak into the urine at sites of glomerular epithelial denudation.", "PMID": 740408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4456", "title": "Cerebellar calcification--ultrastructure and histochemistry.", "content": "The histochemistry and ultrastructure of calcified cerebellar deposits described by Tonge et al. (1977) are reported. The deposits were located by electron microscopy in the walls of blood vessels outside the basement membrane and, in most lesions, consisted of short fibrillar material arranged in multiple lamellae. A number of nonlaminated small bodies were present also. The material coated the vessel walls discontinuously with major and minor protrusions into adjacent nervous tissue. Histochemical analysis detected the presence of sialopolysaccharides in the lesions in adults and in a case of plumbism in a child, with minor differences in the type of sialic acid. X-ray fluorescence analysis supported by histochemical data indicated that, initially, the calcium was bound to the sialic acid and that calcium phosphate appeared in the lesions at a later date. The authors conclude that the lesion is formed by elaboration of sialopolysaccharides at the site but the possibility was not excluded that the polysaccharide may have been derived from a transudate across the vessel wall.", "contents": "Cerebellar calcification--ultrastructure and histochemistry. The histochemistry and ultrastructure of calcified cerebellar deposits described by Tonge et al. (1977) are reported. The deposits were located by electron microscopy in the walls of blood vessels outside the basement membrane and, in most lesions, consisted of short fibrillar material arranged in multiple lamellae. A number of nonlaminated small bodies were present also. The material coated the vessel walls discontinuously with major and minor protrusions into adjacent nervous tissue. Histochemical analysis detected the presence of sialopolysaccharides in the lesions in adults and in a case of plumbism in a child, with minor differences in the type of sialic acid. X-ray fluorescence analysis supported by histochemical data indicated that, initially, the calcium was bound to the sialic acid and that calcium phosphate appeared in the lesions at a later date. The authors conclude that the lesion is formed by elaboration of sialopolysaccharides at the site but the possibility was not excluded that the polysaccharide may have been derived from a transudate across the vessel wall.", "PMID": 740409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4457", "title": "Pathophysiology of failure to thrive in gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "What will be our GI approach to a child with FTT syndrome? Detailed history and physical examination will give us the clue and often the probable diagnosis. Several laboratory tests are helpful in establishing the fact that there is malabsorption. Among them are a complete blood count with smear, quantitative stool fat excretion, serum protein and chemistry screen panel, prothrombin time, and oral tolerance and absorption--i.e., of glucose, iron, vitamin A, and xylose. Specialized procedures may be used to nail down the diagnosis: radiology, biopsy, duodenal intubation, etc. These should never be employed as routine screening tests, however. In outlining a comprehensive and successful therapy, the attending physician will find it helpful to consider the particular pathophysiologic mechanisms of a specific disease. Exact diagnosis makes the therapy both rational and effective.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of failure to thrive in gastrointestinal disorders. What will be our GI approach to a child with FTT syndrome? Detailed history and physical examination will give us the clue and often the probable diagnosis. Several laboratory tests are helpful in establishing the fact that there is malabsorption. Among them are a complete blood count with smear, quantitative stool fat excretion, serum protein and chemistry screen panel, prothrombin time, and oral tolerance and absorption--i.e., of glucose, iron, vitamin A, and xylose. Specialized procedures may be used to nail down the diagnosis: radiology, biopsy, duodenal intubation, etc. These should never be employed as routine screening tests, however. In outlining a comprehensive and successful therapy, the attending physician will find it helpful to consider the particular pathophysiologic mechanisms of a specific disease. Exact diagnosis makes the therapy both rational and effective.", "PMID": 740423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4458", "title": "Anticipated reward and time estimation in young Navajo children.", "content": "Time estimations of 1-min. intervals using the method of reproduction by 112 Navajo children were measured under neutral and reward conditions in a repeated-measures design. Anticipated reward (a piece of candy) significantly reduced the accuracy of time estimations. In contrast to previous research the girls were more accurate than the boys; however, the effect of reward was more pronounced for girls than for boys. These data suggest that motivating factors play an important role in the reproduction of time by Navajo children.", "contents": "Anticipated reward and time estimation in young Navajo children. Time estimations of 1-min. intervals using the method of reproduction by 112 Navajo children were measured under neutral and reward conditions in a repeated-measures design. Anticipated reward (a piece of candy) significantly reduced the accuracy of time estimations. In contrast to previous research the girls were more accurate than the boys; however, the effect of reward was more pronounced for girls than for boys. These data suggest that motivating factors play an important role in the reproduction of time by Navajo children.", "PMID": 740459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4459", "title": "Decision-sharing in elementary school children: effects on body-concept and anxiety.", "content": "To determine the effects of teacher-directed and decision-sharing models of instruction on the development of body-concept and reduction of anxiety 99 Greensboro public school children in Grades 3 and 4 participated in either a movement program in which the teacher made all the decisions or in a program where they shared in the decision-making. The Cheffers adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System was used to verify the two treatments. The dependent variables were measured by Osgood's semantic differential for body-concept measures, and Sarason's General Anxiety Scale for Children. There was no significant difference between the groups for improvement in body-concept. Also, girls have more positive concepts about their bodies than do boys. Anxiety scores indicated that levels in fourth-grade children appear to be reduced when exposed to a teacher-directed model. However, a decision-sharing approach had a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels in third-grade children.", "contents": "Decision-sharing in elementary school children: effects on body-concept and anxiety. To determine the effects of teacher-directed and decision-sharing models of instruction on the development of body-concept and reduction of anxiety 99 Greensboro public school children in Grades 3 and 4 participated in either a movement program in which the teacher made all the decisions or in a program where they shared in the decision-making. The Cheffers adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System was used to verify the two treatments. The dependent variables were measured by Osgood's semantic differential for body-concept measures, and Sarason's General Anxiety Scale for Children. There was no significant difference between the groups for improvement in body-concept. Also, girls have more positive concepts about their bodies than do boys. Anxiety scores indicated that levels in fourth-grade children appear to be reduced when exposed to a teacher-directed model. However, a decision-sharing approach had a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels in third-grade children.", "PMID": 740460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4460", "title": "Possible role of transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments.", "content": "Two studies examined the role played by transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments produced in response to pairs of geometrical stimuli. In two experiments, subjects were trained to attend to two dimensions of a set of stimuli and to assign similarity ratings with respect to those two dimensions only. An INDSCAL multidimensional scaling analysis of the subsequent similarity ratings showed that subjects emphasized global blob, or low spatial frequency-dependent, dimensions of the stimuli when they were presented for brief durations (20 msec.), irrespective of the dimensions to which the subjects and had been trained to attend. This finding suggested that low spatial frequency selective transient mechanisms dominated the perceptual processes which underlie the similarity judgments. When the stimulus duration was raised to 50 msec. so that sustained mechanisms could also make a signficicant contribution to the perceptual processes underlying the similarity judgments, subjects emphasized only those dimensions on which they had been trained. The implications of the present findings for the concepts of selective attention and automatic activation were discussed.", "contents": "Possible role of transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments. Two studies examined the role played by transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments produced in response to pairs of geometrical stimuli. In two experiments, subjects were trained to attend to two dimensions of a set of stimuli and to assign similarity ratings with respect to those two dimensions only. An INDSCAL multidimensional scaling analysis of the subsequent similarity ratings showed that subjects emphasized global blob, or low spatial frequency-dependent, dimensions of the stimuli when they were presented for brief durations (20 msec.), irrespective of the dimensions to which the subjects and had been trained to attend. This finding suggested that low spatial frequency selective transient mechanisms dominated the perceptual processes which underlie the similarity judgments. When the stimulus duration was raised to 50 msec. so that sustained mechanisms could also make a signficicant contribution to the perceptual processes underlying the similarity judgments, subjects emphasized only those dimensions on which they had been trained. The implications of the present findings for the concepts of selective attention and automatic activation were discussed.", "PMID": 740461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4461", "title": "Dyslexia, an imbalance in cerebral information-processing strategies.", "content": "Reading ability seems to involve analytic-sequential processing of selected letters and a holistic-simultaneous perception of the salient features of the entire word. The dyslexic child, being normal in intelligence, is most likely deficient in either one of the two processes while being normal in the other. To test this hypothesis, 28 reading disabled children, on the basis of the nature of errors made in a writing from dictation task, were divided into groups: analytic-sequential deficient and holistic-simultaneous deficient. Further testing showed that the first group was poor in processing a sequence of digits but normal on holistic-simultaneous memory tasks. The opposite pattern of performance was shown by the second group. A control group of 14 normal readers did not show such an imbalance.", "contents": "Dyslexia, an imbalance in cerebral information-processing strategies. Reading ability seems to involve analytic-sequential processing of selected letters and a holistic-simultaneous perception of the salient features of the entire word. The dyslexic child, being normal in intelligence, is most likely deficient in either one of the two processes while being normal in the other. To test this hypothesis, 28 reading disabled children, on the basis of the nature of errors made in a writing from dictation task, were divided into groups: analytic-sequential deficient and holistic-simultaneous deficient. Further testing showed that the first group was poor in processing a sequence of digits but normal on holistic-simultaneous memory tasks. The opposite pattern of performance was shown by the second group. A control group of 14 normal readers did not show such an imbalance.", "PMID": 740462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4462", "title": "Perception of the visual horizontal during lateral body tilt: right-left asymmetries.", "content": "Subjects, 55 males and 45 females, indicated by means of a luminescent rod the visual horizontal under conditions of lateral body tilt ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees to the right and to the left. There was a non-linear effect of the angle of tilt on the degree of deviation of apparent from objective horizontal. With small angles of tilt the apparent horizontal tended to deviate opposite to the direction of body tilt, with larger angles, in the direction of tilt. Uncertainty of judgment increased with increasing angles of tilt.", "contents": "Perception of the visual horizontal during lateral body tilt: right-left asymmetries. Subjects, 55 males and 45 females, indicated by means of a luminescent rod the visual horizontal under conditions of lateral body tilt ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees to the right and to the left. There was a non-linear effect of the angle of tilt on the degree of deviation of apparent from objective horizontal. With small angles of tilt the apparent horizontal tended to deviate opposite to the direction of body tilt, with larger angles, in the direction of tilt. Uncertainty of judgment increased with increasing angles of tilt.", "PMID": 740463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4463", "title": "Minimal brain dysfunction and otitis media.", "content": "The frequency of otitis media among 22 hyperactive children with learning disorders was compared with the frequency of otitis media in a sample of 772 normal children, using the same criteria for the diagnosis of otitis media in both groups. The groups were matched for social class and age when studied (7 to 13 yr. of age). A significantly higher percentage of hyperactive children (54%) had more than 6 episodes of otitis media than was found in the normal group (15%). Thirty-six % of hyperactive children had more than 10 episodes compared to 5% in the normal sample. There was no difference in the percentage of children with no episodes of otitis media (18%). Several alternative hypotheses are offered as possible mechanisms to account for these data.", "contents": "Minimal brain dysfunction and otitis media. The frequency of otitis media among 22 hyperactive children with learning disorders was compared with the frequency of otitis media in a sample of 772 normal children, using the same criteria for the diagnosis of otitis media in both groups. The groups were matched for social class and age when studied (7 to 13 yr. of age). A significantly higher percentage of hyperactive children (54%) had more than 6 episodes of otitis media than was found in the normal group (15%). Thirty-six % of hyperactive children had more than 10 episodes compared to 5% in the normal sample. There was no difference in the percentage of children with no episodes of otitis media (18%). Several alternative hypotheses are offered as possible mechanisms to account for these data.", "PMID": 740464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4464", "title": "Asymmetry in perception of the sides of the human face.", "content": "The objective of this research was to determine if systematic differences occur in the way people ascribe meaning to right and left sides of the human face. Twenty-two faces, bilaterally symmetrical, were constructed from 11 photographs. These left- and right-constructed faces were rated 1 wk. apart by 26 raters on nine bipolar adjective scales selected for the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential (Osgood, 1961). Multivariate F tests indicated that on seven of the nine bipolar scales the left- and right-sided faces received significantly different ratings. Left facial constructions were rated as healthier, stronger, harder, more active, more excitable, and in the direction of bad on the good-bad scale. Right facial constructions were rated more sickly, weaker, more feminine, softer, more passive, calmer, and in the good direction on the good-bad scale.", "contents": "Asymmetry in perception of the sides of the human face. The objective of this research was to determine if systematic differences occur in the way people ascribe meaning to right and left sides of the human face. Twenty-two faces, bilaterally symmetrical, were constructed from 11 photographs. These left- and right-constructed faces were rated 1 wk. apart by 26 raters on nine bipolar adjective scales selected for the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential (Osgood, 1961). Multivariate F tests indicated that on seven of the nine bipolar scales the left- and right-sided faces received significantly different ratings. Left facial constructions were rated as healthier, stronger, harder, more active, more excitable, and in the direction of bad on the good-bad scale. Right facial constructions were rated more sickly, weaker, more feminine, softer, more passive, calmer, and in the good direction on the good-bad scale.", "PMID": 740465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4465", "title": "Comparative assessment of visual perceptual abilities in the trainable mentally retarded.", "content": "Visual perceptual abilities of 47 institutionalized trainable retarded subjects were compared on selected measures of visual perception. Significant relationships were found between the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Matching and Copying subtests of the Metropolitan Readiness Test. Only moderate correlations were found between these two subtests and Motor-free Visual Perception Test.", "contents": "Comparative assessment of visual perceptual abilities in the trainable mentally retarded. Visual perceptual abilities of 47 institutionalized trainable retarded subjects were compared on selected measures of visual perception. Significant relationships were found between the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Matching and Copying subtests of the Metropolitan Readiness Test. Only moderate correlations were found between these two subtests and Motor-free Visual Perception Test.", "PMID": 740466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4466", "title": "An arousal interval scale: a psychophysical scale for GSR analysis.", "content": "An interval scale method of measuring GSR is presented, which measures only deflections without correction for base level. The scale is derived from psychophysics. A distinction is made between the psychological meaning a GSR is given and its physical measurement. This paper asserts, on the basis of empirical studies, that GSR measures the hypothetical construct arousal. Therefore, scales of physical units are unjustified. A review of the literature finds that GSR does not conform to Wilder's (1962) Law of Initial Values. Therefore, an interval scale assuming base level as a \"zero\" of convenience is justified. Extensions of the use of such an interval scale are discussed.", "contents": "An arousal interval scale: a psychophysical scale for GSR analysis. An interval scale method of measuring GSR is presented, which measures only deflections without correction for base level. The scale is derived from psychophysics. A distinction is made between the psychological meaning a GSR is given and its physical measurement. This paper asserts, on the basis of empirical studies, that GSR measures the hypothetical construct arousal. Therefore, scales of physical units are unjustified. A review of the literature finds that GSR does not conform to Wilder's (1962) Law of Initial Values. Therefore, an interval scale assuming base level as a \"zero\" of convenience is justified. Extensions of the use of such an interval scale are discussed.", "PMID": 740467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4467", "title": "Duration of task: an indicator of differentiation between motoneuron pools.", "content": "Sustaining an isometric contraction at a percentage of maximum contraction value prior to fatigue is significantly longer for the dominant arm than the non-dominant arm as reanalysis of data shows. This peripheral motor parameter which differentiates handedness as reflected in motoneuron pools may clarify the relationship between contralateral motor function and functional cerebral lateralizations.", "contents": "Duration of task: an indicator of differentiation between motoneuron pools. Sustaining an isometric contraction at a percentage of maximum contraction value prior to fatigue is significantly longer for the dominant arm than the non-dominant arm as reanalysis of data shows. This peripheral motor parameter which differentiates handedness as reflected in motoneuron pools may clarify the relationship between contralateral motor function and functional cerebral lateralizations.", "PMID": 740468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4468", "title": "Effects of experience and short-term practice on drivers' eye movements and errors in simulated dangerous situations.", "content": "Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of the Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationshiop of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.", "contents": "Effects of experience and short-term practice on drivers' eye movements and errors in simulated dangerous situations. Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of the Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationshiop of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.", "PMID": 740469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4469", "title": "Harmful effects of clinical training upon students' personalities.", "content": "Subjects were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory both before and after they participated in 40-hr. workshops. Those (n = 28) who attended workshops in applied clinical psychology became significantly more introverted relative to those (n = 28) who attended nonpsychological workshops. Gender exerted no effects and both Neuroticism and Lie were unaffected by any variables. It was concluded that such training in applied clinical psychology causes students to become much more preoccupied with their own thoughts, feelings, and problems.", "contents": "Harmful effects of clinical training upon students' personalities. Subjects were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory both before and after they participated in 40-hr. workshops. Those (n = 28) who attended workshops in applied clinical psychology became significantly more introverted relative to those (n = 28) who attended nonpsychological workshops. Gender exerted no effects and both Neuroticism and Lie were unaffected by any variables. It was concluded that such training in applied clinical psychology causes students to become much more preoccupied with their own thoughts, feelings, and problems.", "PMID": 740470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4470", "title": "Pupillary size as an indicator of preference in humor.", "content": "The effects of simple cartoons on pupil size were examined. Each of the 11 subjects was presented three cartoons for 10-sec. with a 5-sec. control period between the presentations. All subjects received the same task condition. When the presentation was complete, each subject ranked the three cartoons to show their preference on the dimension of humor. The data produced significant correlation between the rank order and the pupillary dilatation. Means of pupils size for the cartoons were also significantly different from control means.", "contents": "Pupillary size as an indicator of preference in humor. The effects of simple cartoons on pupil size were examined. Each of the 11 subjects was presented three cartoons for 10-sec. with a 5-sec. control period between the presentations. All subjects received the same task condition. When the presentation was complete, each subject ranked the three cartoons to show their preference on the dimension of humor. The data produced significant correlation between the rank order and the pupillary dilatation. Means of pupils size for the cartoons were also significantly different from control means.", "PMID": 740471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4471", "title": "Spatial perception in normal and psychotic people.", "content": "17 normal and 17 psychotic subjects, including schizophrenic, depressive, and delusional patients, were given a modified Arc-Circle Matching Test of spatial perception. There was no significant difference between the performance of the psychotic group and that of the control group in left-hand, right-hand, and total scores in this tactile test of spatial ability. Differences between males and females and between dextrals and non-dextrals were nonsignificant. Nevertheless, for all subjects, the left-hand scores were significantly superior to right-hand scores.", "contents": "Spatial perception in normal and psychotic people. 17 normal and 17 psychotic subjects, including schizophrenic, depressive, and delusional patients, were given a modified Arc-Circle Matching Test of spatial perception. There was no significant difference between the performance of the psychotic group and that of the control group in left-hand, right-hand, and total scores in this tactile test of spatial ability. Differences between males and females and between dextrals and non-dextrals were nonsignificant. Nevertheless, for all subjects, the left-hand scores were significantly superior to right-hand scores.", "PMID": 740472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4472", "title": "Use of constant target sets in visual search tasks.", "content": "54 subjects participated in a visual scanning study in which each subject was provided with only a single target set (of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 letters in length). Eight sessions of 30 trials each were completed for each subject. Although there were slight differences in the rate at which performance improved over trials, this was not systematically related to size of target set. Moreover, even in the last session, there were large differences in performance in the different target sets. These findings suggest that Neisser's evidence for parallel preattentive processing in such tasks may have been confounded by his use of nested target sets and a within-subject design.", "contents": "Use of constant target sets in visual search tasks. 54 subjects participated in a visual scanning study in which each subject was provided with only a single target set (of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 letters in length). Eight sessions of 30 trials each were completed for each subject. Although there were slight differences in the rate at which performance improved over trials, this was not systematically related to size of target set. Moreover, even in the last session, there were large differences in performance in the different target sets. These findings suggest that Neisser's evidence for parallel preattentive processing in such tasks may have been confounded by his use of nested target sets and a within-subject design.", "PMID": 740473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4473", "title": "Maternal age and children's ability.", "content": "Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.", "contents": "Maternal age and children's ability. Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.", "PMID": 740474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4474", "title": "University professors' self-descriptions of left-right confusability: sex and handedness differences.", "content": "In a group of 364 university faculty members, frequency of self-reported confusion in left-right orientation was related to sex and handedness: among women, reports were statistically more common among left-handers than right-handers; among men, no relationship to handedness was evident. Over-all, women reported experiencing confusion more often than men did.", "contents": "University professors' self-descriptions of left-right confusability: sex and handedness differences. In a group of 364 university faculty members, frequency of self-reported confusion in left-right orientation was related to sex and handedness: among women, reports were statistically more common among left-handers than right-handers; among men, no relationship to handedness was evident. Over-all, women reported experiencing confusion more often than men did.", "PMID": 740475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4475", "title": "Left-handers' sensitivity to hand usage: theoretical note on saliency in the self-concept.", "content": "Etaugh and Brausam (1978) reported that left-handers were more sensitive than right-handers to hand usage by figures in a picture. Their interpretation emphasizes particular social experiences of left-handers. We propose a theoretically broader explanation--that there are general tendencies to characterize the self in terms of characteristics that are distinctive relative to others and to note in others those qualities salient in the self-concept.", "contents": "Left-handers' sensitivity to hand usage: theoretical note on saliency in the self-concept. Etaugh and Brausam (1978) reported that left-handers were more sensitive than right-handers to hand usage by figures in a picture. Their interpretation emphasizes particular social experiences of left-handers. We propose a theoretically broader explanation--that there are general tendencies to characterize the self in terms of characteristics that are distinctive relative to others and to note in others those qualities salient in the self-concept.", "PMID": 740476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4476", "title": "Relationship of role identification, self-esteem, and intelligence to sex differences in field independence.", "content": "The relationships among perceptual field independence, biological sex, sex-role identity, self-esteem, and intelligence were explored. Tests measuring these variables were administered to 50 male and 50 female volunteers. The results, obtained by standard multiple regression and analysis of covariance procedures, indicate that (a) males are significantly more field-independent than females, (b) regardless of biological sex, subjects with relatively masculine role-identities are more field-independent than subjects with relatively feminine role-identities, (c) self-esteem is not significantly related to perceptual style, and (d) although intelligence has a significant positive relationship to perceptual field independence, intelligence does not account for the sex differential or for the role sex-identification plays in perceptual style.", "contents": "Relationship of role identification, self-esteem, and intelligence to sex differences in field independence. The relationships among perceptual field independence, biological sex, sex-role identity, self-esteem, and intelligence were explored. Tests measuring these variables were administered to 50 male and 50 female volunteers. The results, obtained by standard multiple regression and analysis of covariance procedures, indicate that (a) males are significantly more field-independent than females, (b) regardless of biological sex, subjects with relatively masculine role-identities are more field-independent than subjects with relatively feminine role-identities, (c) self-esteem is not significantly related to perceptual style, and (d) although intelligence has a significant positive relationship to perceptual field independence, intelligence does not account for the sex differential or for the role sex-identification plays in perceptual style.", "PMID": 740477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4477", "title": "Latency to respond and conjugate lateral eye movements: a methodological and theoretical note.", "content": "The relationship between latency to first response and lateral eye movements was investigated for 52 preschool and primary grade children. Latency to respond correlated significantly with number of eye movements observed for each child. Significantly greater latency occurred for spatial questions than for verbal reasoning questions. Methodological and theoretical implications of latency to first response in relation to the study of conjugate lateral eye movements are briefly described.", "contents": "Latency to respond and conjugate lateral eye movements: a methodological and theoretical note. The relationship between latency to first response and lateral eye movements was investigated for 52 preschool and primary grade children. Latency to respond correlated significantly with number of eye movements observed for each child. Significantly greater latency occurred for spatial questions than for verbal reasoning questions. Methodological and theoretical implications of latency to first response in relation to the study of conjugate lateral eye movements are briefly described.", "PMID": 740478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4478", "title": "On-line measurement of aphasic speech.", "content": "Seven response categories, devised for the concurrent evaluation of aphasic speech, were investigated for their reliability. The spontaneous speech of 5 aphasic subjects was rated on-line by 4 clinicians using 7 response categories. Agreement among the 4 judges, for both inter-judge and intra-judge reliability, varied for each subject and was not high enough to support the concurrent use of the seven response categories for the on-line investigation of aphasic speech in all subjects. Ways in which the reliability of the categories might be increased are discussed.", "contents": "On-line measurement of aphasic speech. Seven response categories, devised for the concurrent evaluation of aphasic speech, were investigated for their reliability. The spontaneous speech of 5 aphasic subjects was rated on-line by 4 clinicians using 7 response categories. Agreement among the 4 judges, for both inter-judge and intra-judge reliability, varied for each subject and was not high enough to support the concurrent use of the seven response categories for the on-line investigation of aphasic speech in all subjects. Ways in which the reliability of the categories might be increased are discussed.", "PMID": 740479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4479", "title": "Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which individuals focus upon the eye region of others while visually inspecting their faces. Using an eye-tracking camera, 16 male subjects spent approximately 40% of their looking time focused upon the eye region of facial photographs, with each of the remaining parts of the face being looked at less.", "contents": "Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. An experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which individuals focus upon the eye region of others while visually inspecting their faces. Using an eye-tracking camera, 16 male subjects spent approximately 40% of their looking time focused upon the eye region of facial photographs, with each of the remaining parts of the face being looked at less.", "PMID": 740480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4480", "title": "Speech disfluencies and delayed auditory feedback reactions of stuttering and non-stuttering children.", "content": "25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under conditions of normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment correlations were negative and significant for the combined group of stutterers and non-stutterers under all delays used. Correlations for stutterers were negative and significant for 113, 226, 306, and 413 msec. delay. For the total group of non-stutterers, all correlations were negative and significant. Correlations for age groups within the stuttering and non-stuttering groups were also presented.", "contents": "Speech disfluencies and delayed auditory feedback reactions of stuttering and non-stuttering children. 25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under conditions of normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment correlations were negative and significant for the combined group of stutterers and non-stutterers under all delays used. Correlations for stutterers were negative and significant for 113, 226, 306, and 413 msec. delay. For the total group of non-stutterers, all correlations were negative and significant. Correlations for age groups within the stuttering and non-stuttering groups were also presented.", "PMID": 740481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4481", "title": "Reaction time of the fingers with responses measured on a typewriter keyboard.", "content": "Reaction times on each of the eight fingers were obtained for 24 skilled typists using an electric typewriter and a mechanical timer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mean reaction times of the eight fingers. Scheff\u00e9's multiple-comparison procedure indicated that the mean reaction time of each finger differed from that of every other finger and that the mean reaction time of the finers on the left hand was significantly slower than the mean reaction time of fingers on the right hand. The average inter-class correlation coefficient among the fingers was .92 which indicated rank-order of reaction times to be similar across fingers.", "contents": "Reaction time of the fingers with responses measured on a typewriter keyboard. Reaction times on each of the eight fingers were obtained for 24 skilled typists using an electric typewriter and a mechanical timer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mean reaction times of the eight fingers. Scheff\u00e9's multiple-comparison procedure indicated that the mean reaction time of each finger differed from that of every other finger and that the mean reaction time of the finers on the left hand was significantly slower than the mean reaction time of fingers on the right hand. The average inter-class correlation coefficient among the fingers was .92 which indicated rank-order of reaction times to be similar across fingers.", "PMID": 740482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4482", "title": "Laterality preference patterns of learning disabled children.", "content": "This study concerned the prediction of group membership of 40 learning disabled and 40 normal children on the basis of preference for laterality of the children and of their parents. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed maternal and paternal lateral preferences could correctly identify approximately 85% of the cases. Orthogonal contrasts showed that, although children themselves did not differ in the degree of laterality, parents of learning disabled children were significantly more bilateral in their preference patterns than normals.", "contents": "Laterality preference patterns of learning disabled children. This study concerned the prediction of group membership of 40 learning disabled and 40 normal children on the basis of preference for laterality of the children and of their parents. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed maternal and paternal lateral preferences could correctly identify approximately 85% of the cases. Orthogonal contrasts showed that, although children themselves did not differ in the degree of laterality, parents of learning disabled children were significantly more bilateral in their preference patterns than normals.", "PMID": 740484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4483", "title": "Reaction time, bilateral differences, and the Poggendorff and Ponzo illusions.", "content": "12 subjects responded with either hand to tachistoscopically presented Poggendorff and Ponzo figures in both their right and left visual fields. Reaction time decreased as illusory magnitude increased for both figures. Reaction time was faster for both figures when presented in the right visual field and showed a pattern characteristics of a dichotomous encoding strategy, while the reaction time for the figures presented in the left visual field followed a pattern characeristic of magnitude estimation.", "contents": "Reaction time, bilateral differences, and the Poggendorff and Ponzo illusions. 12 subjects responded with either hand to tachistoscopically presented Poggendorff and Ponzo figures in both their right and left visual fields. Reaction time decreased as illusory magnitude increased for both figures. Reaction time was faster for both figures when presented in the right visual field and showed a pattern characteristics of a dichotomous encoding strategy, while the reaction time for the figures presented in the left visual field followed a pattern characeristic of magnitude estimation.", "PMID": 740485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4484", "title": "Electromyographic biofeedback for tension control during gross motor skill acquisition.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of tension-control training by electromyographic biofeedback on learning and performance of a stabliometer balancing task. 30 young adult males were pretested for stabilometer balancing skill, ranked by performance scores, and divided into identical triplicates to form two experimental groups and a control group. All subjects were reevaluated on the stabilometer test following feedback training of the experimental subjects. Analysis of variance of difference means, scores representing performance and tension, indicated that the biofeedback training significantly reduced tension induced by the novel motor skill and significantly improved performance of the motor skill.", "contents": "Electromyographic biofeedback for tension control during gross motor skill acquisition. This study investigated the effects of tension-control training by electromyographic biofeedback on learning and performance of a stabliometer balancing task. 30 young adult males were pretested for stabilometer balancing skill, ranked by performance scores, and divided into identical triplicates to form two experimental groups and a control group. All subjects were reevaluated on the stabilometer test following feedback training of the experimental subjects. Analysis of variance of difference means, scores representing performance and tension, indicated that the biofeedback training significantly reduced tension induced by the novel motor skill and significantly improved performance of the motor skill.", "PMID": 740486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4485", "title": "Young children's preferences for listening rates.", "content": "A paired-comparison paradigm was utilized to determine the preferences of 20 young children for listening rate for prose speech. An electronic expansion/compression technique yielded nine rates of speech ranging from 100 wpm to 200 wpm, with intervals of 25 wpm. The results indicated that the children most preferred a listening rate of 200 wpm and least preferred a rate of 100 wpm. Comparisons of the present findings with preference rates of older, post-adolescent children and adults are discussed. Direction for further research with temporal alteration and linguistic constraints on the message are considered.", "contents": "Young children's preferences for listening rates. A paired-comparison paradigm was utilized to determine the preferences of 20 young children for listening rate for prose speech. An electronic expansion/compression technique yielded nine rates of speech ranging from 100 wpm to 200 wpm, with intervals of 25 wpm. The results indicated that the children most preferred a listening rate of 200 wpm and least preferred a rate of 100 wpm. Comparisons of the present findings with preference rates of older, post-adolescent children and adults are discussed. Direction for further research with temporal alteration and linguistic constraints on the message are considered.", "PMID": 740487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4486", "title": "Dimensions of visual perceptions of clothing.", "content": "The relation of two descriptive properties of clothing, \"complexity\" and \"fashionability,\" with evaluative preference responses of \"like\" and \"would-like-to-own\" was explored for two selected groups of untrained females who differed in age. The students agreed more than the older women on the judged \"fashionability\" of 10 photographs of clothing and also were influenced more by \"fashionability\" in their responses of \"like\" and \"would-like-to-own.\" For both groups \"complexity\" was judged consistently but was not highly related to preferences.", "contents": "Dimensions of visual perceptions of clothing. The relation of two descriptive properties of clothing, \"complexity\" and \"fashionability,\" with evaluative preference responses of \"like\" and \"would-like-to-own\" was explored for two selected groups of untrained females who differed in age. The students agreed more than the older women on the judged \"fashionability\" of 10 photographs of clothing and also were influenced more by \"fashionability\" in their responses of \"like\" and \"would-like-to-own.\" For both groups \"complexity\" was judged consistently but was not highly related to preferences.", "PMID": 740488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4487", "title": "Spatial deficit in familial left-handed children.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that familial left-handed children who presumably have bilateral representation of language ability should show an impairment in spatial ability. Children, whose average age was 8 yr. and of whom 22 were right-handed, 11 familial left-handed, and 11 non-familial left-handed, were tested on verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, i.e., Vocabulary and Similarities and on spatial subtests, i.e., Block Design and Object Assembly. The results did not support the hypothesis that the spatial ability of familial left-handed children would be worse than their verbal ability. However, there was modest support for the hypothesis that familial left-handers were worse in spatial ability than right-handers.", "contents": "Spatial deficit in familial left-handed children. This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that familial left-handed children who presumably have bilateral representation of language ability should show an impairment in spatial ability. Children, whose average age was 8 yr. and of whom 22 were right-handed, 11 familial left-handed, and 11 non-familial left-handed, were tested on verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, i.e., Vocabulary and Similarities and on spatial subtests, i.e., Block Design and Object Assembly. The results did not support the hypothesis that the spatial ability of familial left-handed children would be worse than their verbal ability. However, there was modest support for the hypothesis that familial left-handers were worse in spatial ability than right-handers.", "PMID": 740489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4488", "title": "Smoking artifacts: factors of source evaluation.", "content": "Responses from 323 students in communication indicated that credibility factors associated with nonverbal smoking artifacts are not the same as those associated with verbal stimuli; a character factor was absent for nonverbal stimuli. Verbosity, however, may permit inferences regarding potential verbal behavior.", "contents": "Smoking artifacts: factors of source evaluation. Responses from 323 students in communication indicated that credibility factors associated with nonverbal smoking artifacts are not the same as those associated with verbal stimuli; a character factor was absent for nonverbal stimuli. Verbosity, however, may permit inferences regarding potential verbal behavior.", "PMID": 740490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4489", "title": "Psychological differentiation and performance on conditional reasoning tasks.", "content": "The relationship between psychological differentiation and performance on three content types (concrete-plausible, concrete-implausible, symbolic) of conditional reasoning tasks was investigated. Using intelligence as a covariate, field-independent subjects (n = 94) in Grade 8 performed significantly better than field-dependent subjects (n = 121) on each type of content. A significant interaction was found. Greater differences between field independent and field-dependent subjects were observed for concrete-implausible and symbolic contents than for concrete-plausible content.", "contents": "Psychological differentiation and performance on conditional reasoning tasks. The relationship between psychological differentiation and performance on three content types (concrete-plausible, concrete-implausible, symbolic) of conditional reasoning tasks was investigated. Using intelligence as a covariate, field-independent subjects (n = 94) in Grade 8 performed significantly better than field-dependent subjects (n = 121) on each type of content. A significant interaction was found. Greater differences between field independent and field-dependent subjects were observed for concrete-implausible and symbolic contents than for concrete-plausible content.", "PMID": 740491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4490", "title": "Effects of persuasion and autotelic inquiry methods on attitude change.", "content": "Attitude change of nursing students following two group-therapy treatments, involving persuasive communication (n = 6) and autotelic inquiry (n = 7), was measured by the Attitude Toward Old People and Opinions About Mental Illness scales. Rotter's Locus of Control scale was used to measure internal vs external orientation. A significant difference from controls (n = 14) for Interpersonal Etiology on the Opinions About Mental Illness scale was found for the Autotelic Inquiry group (n = 7) which provided role-induced simulations, but no difference was found for Atttitudes Toward Old People or Locus of Control.", "contents": "Effects of persuasion and autotelic inquiry methods on attitude change. Attitude change of nursing students following two group-therapy treatments, involving persuasive communication (n = 6) and autotelic inquiry (n = 7), was measured by the Attitude Toward Old People and Opinions About Mental Illness scales. Rotter's Locus of Control scale was used to measure internal vs external orientation. A significant difference from controls (n = 14) for Interpersonal Etiology on the Opinions About Mental Illness scale was found for the Autotelic Inquiry group (n = 7) which provided role-induced simulations, but no difference was found for Atttitudes Toward Old People or Locus of Control.", "PMID": 740492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4491", "title": "\"Application for voluntary hospitalization\" form: possible aid to diagnosis of mania.", "content": "\"Application for Voluntary Hospitalization\" signed by 13 manics (33 forms) and 13 paranoid schizophrenics (37 forms) at the time of their admissions were examined to test the validity of the hypothesis that one who writes anything more than his first name, middle name, or initial, and last name is likely to be manic. A physician and a nurse who were blind to the diagnosis were able to differentiate, at a significant level, mania from paranoid schizophrenia, using this criterion.", "contents": "\"Application for voluntary hospitalization\" form: possible aid to diagnosis of mania. \"Application for Voluntary Hospitalization\" signed by 13 manics (33 forms) and 13 paranoid schizophrenics (37 forms) at the time of their admissions were examined to test the validity of the hypothesis that one who writes anything more than his first name, middle name, or initial, and last name is likely to be manic. A physician and a nurse who were blind to the diagnosis were able to differentiate, at a significant level, mania from paranoid schizophrenia, using this criterion.", "PMID": 740493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4492", "title": "Adults' perceptions of children's independence and other sex-role characteristics as a function of child's gender label.", "content": "Male and female college students were presented with a photograph labeled as a 5-yr.-old boy or girl and heard statements attributed to the child. They then rated the child on sex-role traits and responded to open-ended questions about the child. The primary findings involved sex of child by sex of adult interactions on ratings of independence and leadership: in both cases, same-sex children were rated higher than opposite-sex children. There was also some evidence that women having high contact with children rated the child more extremely on opposite-sex traits than did those with little contact.", "contents": "Adults' perceptions of children's independence and other sex-role characteristics as a function of child's gender label. Male and female college students were presented with a photograph labeled as a 5-yr.-old boy or girl and heard statements attributed to the child. They then rated the child on sex-role traits and responded to open-ended questions about the child. The primary findings involved sex of child by sex of adult interactions on ratings of independence and leadership: in both cases, same-sex children were rated higher than opposite-sex children. There was also some evidence that women having high contact with children rated the child more extremely on opposite-sex traits than did those with little contact.", "PMID": 740494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4493", "title": "Facilitative effects of haptic training on children's visual problem solving.", "content": "39 fourth grade children exposed to a haptic (active touch) match-to-sample task made significantly fewer posttest errors, relative to control subjects, on a visual problem-solving task. Further, this reduction in errors was comparable to that shown by children who had received specific training in reflective problem-solving. The results were discussed in terms of the possible facilitative effects exposure to a haptic task can have on children's visual problem-solving.", "contents": "Facilitative effects of haptic training on children's visual problem solving. 39 fourth grade children exposed to a haptic (active touch) match-to-sample task made significantly fewer posttest errors, relative to control subjects, on a visual problem-solving task. Further, this reduction in errors was comparable to that shown by children who had received specific training in reflective problem-solving. The results were discussed in terms of the possible facilitative effects exposure to a haptic task can have on children's visual problem-solving.", "PMID": 740495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4494", "title": "Memory for pictures and words, and the negative recency effect.", "content": "This experiment investigated performance in a final, cumulative test of a subject's ability to recall a series of lists. No negative recency effect was found with either pictures of objects or their names. This supports the suggestion of earlier research that the negative recency effect stems from failure to employ mental imagery as a mnemonic code on terminal serial positions and that visual presentation promotes the use of imagery throughout a list.", "contents": "Memory for pictures and words, and the negative recency effect. This experiment investigated performance in a final, cumulative test of a subject's ability to recall a series of lists. No negative recency effect was found with either pictures of objects or their names. This supports the suggestion of earlier research that the negative recency effect stems from failure to employ mental imagery as a mnemonic code on terminal serial positions and that visual presentation promotes the use of imagery throughout a list.", "PMID": 740496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4495", "title": "Left-right sequencing in unschooled children: a function of learning or maturation.", "content": "The relative influence of experience and maturation on the development of left-right directionality was investigated. The subjects were 15 3- and 9 4-yr.-old black and Puerto Rican children who had failed to use a left-right sequence in counting arrays of checkers. Within each age level approximately equal numbers of girls and boys were assigned to experimental and control groups (ns = 12). Experimental children were trained to count using the left entry and the rightwards directional movement. Trained girls and boys used significantly more left-right and alternative linear counting strategies on a posttest given three days following training than did untrained children. Trained girls, but not boys, retained the left-right strategy in the second posttest 2 wk. later. The findings suggest that both learning and maturation may influence directionality in perceptual exploration.", "contents": "Left-right sequencing in unschooled children: a function of learning or maturation. The relative influence of experience and maturation on the development of left-right directionality was investigated. The subjects were 15 3- and 9 4-yr.-old black and Puerto Rican children who had failed to use a left-right sequence in counting arrays of checkers. Within each age level approximately equal numbers of girls and boys were assigned to experimental and control groups (ns = 12). Experimental children were trained to count using the left entry and the rightwards directional movement. Trained girls and boys used significantly more left-right and alternative linear counting strategies on a posttest given three days following training than did untrained children. Trained girls, but not boys, retained the left-right strategy in the second posttest 2 wk. later. The findings suggest that both learning and maturation may influence directionality in perceptual exploration.", "PMID": 740497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4496", "title": "Mental rotation by deaf and hearing children.", "content": "An experiment is described in which 26 profoundly deaf children are shown to be superior to 33 hearing children in their ability to rotate mental images of random dots in matrices. This suggests that their poor linguistic skills may be augmented by the use of visual imagery in certain situations.", "contents": "Mental rotation by deaf and hearing children. An experiment is described in which 26 profoundly deaf children are shown to be superior to 33 hearing children in their ability to rotate mental images of random dots in matrices. This suggests that their poor linguistic skills may be augmented by the use of visual imagery in certain situations.", "PMID": 740498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4497", "title": "Eye-movements of six-year-old children in two memorization tasks.", "content": "Eye movements, during the viewing phase of two memorization tasks, of 12 boys and 12 girls in a transitional period of memory development are described. The findings suggest that the development of ocular strategies parallels closely the emergence of other strategic behaviors and that information on eye movements would provide a necessary complement to the data on emerging ability to plan.", "contents": "Eye-movements of six-year-old children in two memorization tasks. Eye movements, during the viewing phase of two memorization tasks, of 12 boys and 12 girls in a transitional period of memory development are described. The findings suggest that the development of ocular strategies parallels closely the emergence of other strategic behaviors and that information on eye movements would provide a necessary complement to the data on emerging ability to plan.", "PMID": 740499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4498", "title": "Overt motor preparation in choice-reaction time task.", "content": "In a serial pointing task to three unequidistant, unequiprobable targets, the moving picture record of the subject's hand movements shows, before each pointing movement, a repositioning of the hand near the median plane of the working panel when the subject sees the targets and near the more frequently used target when only proprioceptive information is available.", "contents": "Overt motor preparation in choice-reaction time task. In a serial pointing task to three unequidistant, unequiprobable targets, the moving picture record of the subject's hand movements shows, before each pointing movement, a repositioning of the hand near the median plane of the working panel when the subject sees the targets and near the more frequently used target when only proprioceptive information is available.", "PMID": 740500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4499", "title": "Coding A and coding B of the WISC are not equivalent tasks.", "content": "WISC Coding A and Coding B were administered to 50 subjects with minimal brain dysfunction and 75 controls whose ages ranged from 7 yr., 8 mo. and 0 days to 8 yr., 3 mo. and 30 days, with half of each group above 8 and half below. Standard scores showed significant differences between Coding A and Coding B suggesting that the two tasks are not equivalent forms. These differences suggested that separate information-processing modes related to hemispheric dominance may be present. Coding probably should not be used in calculating IQs but Coding B should be retained and separately utilized because it is directly related to symbol learning.", "contents": "Coding A and coding B of the WISC are not equivalent tasks. WISC Coding A and Coding B were administered to 50 subjects with minimal brain dysfunction and 75 controls whose ages ranged from 7 yr., 8 mo. and 0 days to 8 yr., 3 mo. and 30 days, with half of each group above 8 and half below. Standard scores showed significant differences between Coding A and Coding B suggesting that the two tasks are not equivalent forms. These differences suggested that separate information-processing modes related to hemispheric dominance may be present. Coding probably should not be used in calculating IQs but Coding B should be retained and separately utilized because it is directly related to symbol learning.", "PMID": 740501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4500", "title": "Effect of aging on acquisition and short-term retention of a motor skill.", "content": "26 elderly (M = 74.2 yr.) and 26 younger subjects (M = 23.4 yr.) were compared for their ability to learn and retain a novel motor skill (limb repositioning). Both age groups demonstrated significant improvement in performance, but elders gained statistically significantly better than younger subjects. The young group, however, was significantly superior to elders in terms of performance across trials. No significant differences between the age groups were noted on motor short-term retention trials. Elderly subjects did not retain more or less than younger participants.", "contents": "Effect of aging on acquisition and short-term retention of a motor skill. 26 elderly (M = 74.2 yr.) and 26 younger subjects (M = 23.4 yr.) were compared for their ability to learn and retain a novel motor skill (limb repositioning). Both age groups demonstrated significant improvement in performance, but elders gained statistically significantly better than younger subjects. The young group, however, was significantly superior to elders in terms of performance across trials. No significant differences between the age groups were noted on motor short-term retention trials. Elderly subjects did not retain more or less than younger participants.", "PMID": 740502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4501", "title": "Auditory and visual cognitive styles and adult reading performance.", "content": "College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to achievement on a standardized test that measured Comprehension, Rate, Vocabulary, and Total reading achievement. Differential performance on several of these reading measures was a function of classification by auditory cognitive style, but not for visual style. Auditory assessment of cognitive style may have important implications for adults' as well as children's reading.", "contents": "Auditory and visual cognitive styles and adult reading performance. College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to achievement on a standardized test that measured Comprehension, Rate, Vocabulary, and Total reading achievement. Differential performance on several of these reading measures was a function of classification by auditory cognitive style, but not for visual style. Auditory assessment of cognitive style may have important implications for adults' as well as children's reading.", "PMID": 740503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4502", "title": "Effect of density and environmental noise on perception of time, the situation, oneself and others.", "content": "The effects of density, intrusion of one's personal space, sex of subject, group composition, and environmental noise on the perception of time, the situation, oneself and others were investigated in this study. Generally, the results indicated that (1) both density and the intrusion of personal space concurrently affect the perception of crowding, (2) the physical factors interacted with the social and personal factors to affect the perception of several aspects of the situation, and (3) the environmental noise did not, for the most part, affect the perception of the situation.", "contents": "Effect of density and environmental noise on perception of time, the situation, oneself and others. The effects of density, intrusion of one's personal space, sex of subject, group composition, and environmental noise on the perception of time, the situation, oneself and others were investigated in this study. Generally, the results indicated that (1) both density and the intrusion of personal space concurrently affect the perception of crowding, (2) the physical factors interacted with the social and personal factors to affect the perception of several aspects of the situation, and (3) the environmental noise did not, for the most part, affect the perception of the situation.", "PMID": 740504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4503", "title": "A distinctive characteristic of pictorial perception: the zoom effect.", "content": "To investigate the role of flat surface information for the plane of projection in pictorial perception, three studies were designed in which varying amounts of such information were made available to adult subjects. The first study tested preferences for true or modified linear perspective under conditions of presence or absence of surface texture cues for the plane of projection. In the second and third studies, the absence of texture cues for the plane was coupled with the addition of motion parallax and binocular information respectively. It was found that adults showed a consistent preference for parallel perspective in pictures when the flat-surface information was provided either by visible texture or by motion parallax; but no consistent preference for either true or modified perspective in the absence of all three sources of flatness information or when the flat surface information was given only by binocular cues in the absence of visible surface texture of visible surface texture or head motion.", "contents": "A distinctive characteristic of pictorial perception: the zoom effect. To investigate the role of flat surface information for the plane of projection in pictorial perception, three studies were designed in which varying amounts of such information were made available to adult subjects. The first study tested preferences for true or modified linear perspective under conditions of presence or absence of surface texture cues for the plane of projection. In the second and third studies, the absence of texture cues for the plane was coupled with the addition of motion parallax and binocular information respectively. It was found that adults showed a consistent preference for parallel perspective in pictures when the flat-surface information was provided either by visible texture or by motion parallax; but no consistent preference for either true or modified perspective in the absence of all three sources of flatness information or when the flat surface information was given only by binocular cues in the absence of visible surface texture of visible surface texture or head motion.", "PMID": 740506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4504", "title": "The relationship between apparent depth and disparity in rivalrous-texture stereograms.", "content": "A series of experiments is reported on rivalrous-texture stereograms composed of narrowband-filtered random noise. Experiment 1 found that the apparent deth-disparity function for such stereograms was different from that observed with similar but nonrivalrous stimuli. In particular, rivalrous divergent disparities produced the same depth as rivalrous zero disparity and this latter disparity itself produced a significant degree of protruding (i.e. 'convergent') depth in a certain type of rivalrous-texture stereogram. Free inspection was permitted and disparities were in the range 16 min convergent to 16 min divergent. Experiment 2 found no convincing evidence for reliable qualitative depth discriminations from tachistoscopic presentations of rivalrous-texture stereograms, using a forced-choice task requiring a discrimination between 16 min convergent and 16 min divergent conditions. This task was solved easily for equivalent nonrivalrous stimuli. Experiment 3 measured a hitherto unreported binocular depth effect, termed 'paradepth', which is produced by presenting a target in one field only. This effect appears to be a genuine biocular depth effect and not just the result of an ordinary monocular masking depth cue. The size of the depth effect was found to be a function of the width of the target. The overall conclusion derived from the series of experiments is that rivalrous-texture stereograms are complex stimuli capable of yielding curious and unexpected depth effects which are not readily explained in detail within any existing theoretical framework.", "contents": "The relationship between apparent depth and disparity in rivalrous-texture stereograms. A series of experiments is reported on rivalrous-texture stereograms composed of narrowband-filtered random noise. Experiment 1 found that the apparent deth-disparity function for such stereograms was different from that observed with similar but nonrivalrous stimuli. In particular, rivalrous divergent disparities produced the same depth as rivalrous zero disparity and this latter disparity itself produced a significant degree of protruding (i.e. 'convergent') depth in a certain type of rivalrous-texture stereogram. Free inspection was permitted and disparities were in the range 16 min convergent to 16 min divergent. Experiment 2 found no convincing evidence for reliable qualitative depth discriminations from tachistoscopic presentations of rivalrous-texture stereograms, using a forced-choice task requiring a discrimination between 16 min convergent and 16 min divergent conditions. This task was solved easily for equivalent nonrivalrous stimuli. Experiment 3 measured a hitherto unreported binocular depth effect, termed 'paradepth', which is produced by presenting a target in one field only. This effect appears to be a genuine biocular depth effect and not just the result of an ordinary monocular masking depth cue. The size of the depth effect was found to be a function of the width of the target. The overall conclusion derived from the series of experiments is that rivalrous-texture stereograms are complex stimuli capable of yielding curious and unexpected depth effects which are not readily explained in detail within any existing theoretical framework.", "PMID": 740507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4505", "title": "Moir\u00e9s maintained internally by binocular vision.", "content": "Moir\u00e9 patterns in depth are reported when spatially periodic stimuli are viewed stereoscopically. Near-vertical square-wave gratings with horizontal disparity effected by orientation difference produce a 'venetian blind' effect. A single grating is observed divided into horizontal layers, the number of layers being a direct function of orientation difference. Lines within each layer are slanted with respect to the frontoparallel plane, becoming more so with increasing orientation difference. Subjects with stereo deficits report a decreased effect. Quantitative reports implicate stereoscopic mechanisms responsible for this unique, internal preservation of moir\u00e9 patterns.", "contents": "Moir\u00e9s maintained internally by binocular vision. Moir\u00e9 patterns in depth are reported when spatially periodic stimuli are viewed stereoscopically. Near-vertical square-wave gratings with horizontal disparity effected by orientation difference produce a 'venetian blind' effect. A single grating is observed divided into horizontal layers, the number of layers being a direct function of orientation difference. Lines within each layer are slanted with respect to the frontoparallel plane, becoming more so with increasing orientation difference. Subjects with stereo deficits report a decreased effect. Quantitative reports implicate stereoscopic mechanisms responsible for this unique, internal preservation of moir\u00e9 patterns.", "PMID": 740508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4506", "title": "Two dimensionality of the correspondence process in apparent motion.", "content": "A fundamental process underlying motion perception is the matching of corresponding elements in different views. In this correspondence process spatial separation between elements plays a major role. The relevant separation is shown by the current study to be the two-dimensional, uninterpreted distance, a finding that has an implication to the level at which the correspondence process is carried out. The current findings are compared with earlier results concerning 'optimality' of apparent motion to conclude that optimality cannot serve as a measure for the correspondence strength.", "contents": "Two dimensionality of the correspondence process in apparent motion. A fundamental process underlying motion perception is the matching of corresponding elements in different views. In this correspondence process spatial separation between elements plays a major role. The relevant separation is shown by the current study to be the two-dimensional, uninterpreted distance, a finding that has an implication to the level at which the correspondence process is carried out. The current findings are compared with earlier results concerning 'optimality' of apparent motion to conclude that optimality cannot serve as a measure for the correspondence strength.", "PMID": 740509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4507", "title": "Two categorical stages of object recognition.", "content": "Visual object recognition was investigated in a group of eighty-one patients with right- or left-hemisphere lesions. Two tasks were used, one maximizing perceptual categorization by physical identity, the other maximizing semantic categorization by functional identity. The right-hemisphere group showed impairment on the perceptual categorization task and the left-hemisphere group were impaired on the semantic categorization task. The findings are discussed in terms of categorical stages of object recognition. A tentative model of their cerebral organization is suggested.", "contents": "Two categorical stages of object recognition. Visual object recognition was investigated in a group of eighty-one patients with right- or left-hemisphere lesions. Two tasks were used, one maximizing perceptual categorization by physical identity, the other maximizing semantic categorization by functional identity. The right-hemisphere group showed impairment on the perceptual categorization task and the left-hemisphere group were impaired on the semantic categorization task. The findings are discussed in terms of categorical stages of object recognition. A tentative model of their cerebral organization is suggested.", "PMID": 740510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4508", "title": "An additional dimension to grating perception.", "content": "Visual acuity (A) for a two-dimensional multiplicative sinusoidal contrast grid (sinusoidal chessboard) was measured as a function of spatial frequency (omega) of modulation in one of the dimensions. The reduction in acuity as frequency was increased was well described by the equation: A = -2pikomega + c, where k and c are constants. At suprathreshold contrasts, the frequency of modulation appeared to be doubled relative to the underlying modulation frequency. This doubling is not related to the frequency of the harmonic components of the chessboard, but suggests the existence of a perceptual mechanism sensitive to areas of sinusoidal modulation which are seen at twice the frequency of the variation in contrast.", "contents": "An additional dimension to grating perception. Visual acuity (A) for a two-dimensional multiplicative sinusoidal contrast grid (sinusoidal chessboard) was measured as a function of spatial frequency (omega) of modulation in one of the dimensions. The reduction in acuity as frequency was increased was well described by the equation: A = -2pikomega + c, where k and c are constants. At suprathreshold contrasts, the frequency of modulation appeared to be doubled relative to the underlying modulation frequency. This doubling is not related to the frequency of the harmonic components of the chessboard, but suggests the existence of a perceptual mechanism sensitive to areas of sinusoidal modulation which are seen at twice the frequency of the variation in contrast.", "PMID": 740511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4509", "title": "Orientation detectors in the human visual system and figural aftereffects.", "content": "Figural aftereffects were measured by using square patches of high-contrast grating on a dark background as inspection and test figures. The orientation of the outer square border and the enclosed grating were varied independently in order to evaluate their relative influence on the strength of the induced change of overall apparent size of the test figure. The largest effect is obtained when inspection and test figures are identical in the orientation of both outer border and enclosed grating. The strength of the aftereffect is reduced as a difference in orientation is introduced between inspection and test figure for either the outer contour or the contained grating, although the former is a more potent factor than the latter.", "contents": "Orientation detectors in the human visual system and figural aftereffects. Figural aftereffects were measured by using square patches of high-contrast grating on a dark background as inspection and test figures. The orientation of the outer square border and the enclosed grating were varied independently in order to evaluate their relative influence on the strength of the induced change of overall apparent size of the test figure. The largest effect is obtained when inspection and test figures are identical in the orientation of both outer border and enclosed grating. The strength of the aftereffect is reduced as a difference in orientation is introduced between inspection and test figure for either the outer contour or the contained grating, although the former is a more potent factor than the latter.", "PMID": 740512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4510", "title": "Organochlorine residues and reproduction in the little brown bat, Laurel, Maryland--June 1976.", "content": "Twelve of 43 pregnant little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) collected at Montpelier Barn, Laurel, Maryland, gave birth to dead young. Eleven of these 12 dead neonates were abnormally small. Most of the stillbirths were attributable to unknown reproductive difficulties associated with first pregnancies, but four may have been due to high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the newborn. Residues of the PCB, DDE, and oxychlordane crossed the placenta at similar rates.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues and reproduction in the little brown bat, Laurel, Maryland--June 1976. Twelve of 43 pregnant little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) collected at Montpelier Barn, Laurel, Maryland, gave birth to dead young. Eleven of these 12 dead neonates were abnormally small. Most of the stillbirths were attributable to unknown reproductive difficulties associated with first pregnancies, but four may have been due to high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the newborn. Residues of the PCB, DDE, and oxychlordane crossed the placenta at similar rates.", "PMID": 740514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4511", "title": "Pesticide residue levels in soils and crops, 1971--National Soils Monitoring Program (III).", "content": "Data from the 1971 National Soils Monitoring Program are summarized. Composite samples of soil and mature crops were scheduled for collection from 1,533 4-hectare sites in 37 states. Analyses were performed on 1,486 soil samples for organochlorines, organophosphates, PCBs, and elemental arsenic; samples were analyzed for atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in 45 percent of the soil samples in the following order of frequency: dieldrin, sigmaDDT, aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide. Most pesticide levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.25 ppm. Crop samples were collected from 729 sites, and all were analyzed for organochlorines. Crop samples were analyzed for organophosphates and atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorines were detected in 42 percent of the crop samples analyzed, organophosphates in 13 percent, and atrazine in 1 percent.", "contents": "Pesticide residue levels in soils and crops, 1971--National Soils Monitoring Program (III). Data from the 1971 National Soils Monitoring Program are summarized. Composite samples of soil and mature crops were scheduled for collection from 1,533 4-hectare sites in 37 states. Analyses were performed on 1,486 soil samples for organochlorines, organophosphates, PCBs, and elemental arsenic; samples were analyzed for atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in 45 percent of the soil samples in the following order of frequency: dieldrin, sigmaDDT, aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide. Most pesticide levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.25 ppm. Crop samples were collected from 729 sites, and all were analyzed for organochlorines. Crop samples were analyzed for organophosphates and atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorines were detected in 42 percent of the crop samples analyzed, organophosphates in 13 percent, and atrazine in 1 percent.", "PMID": 740515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4512", "title": "Pesticide application and cropping data from 37 states, 1971--National Soils Monitoring Program.", "content": "This report summarizes pesticide application and cropping data collected in 1971 from 1,473 agricultural sampling sites in 37 states as part of the National Soils Monitoring Program. Pesticide application data are summarized by all sites, state, and crop. Tables generally give the number of reporting sites, the number of times a compound was applied, the percent occurrence, and the arithmetic mean total application rate. Pesticides applied most frequently to sampling sites were atrazine, 2,4-D, captan, and malathion. Pesticides were most frequently applied to field corn and cotton, least frequently to alfalfa/bur clover and mixed hay.", "contents": "Pesticide application and cropping data from 37 states, 1971--National Soils Monitoring Program. This report summarizes pesticide application and cropping data collected in 1971 from 1,473 agricultural sampling sites in 37 states as part of the National Soils Monitoring Program. Pesticide application data are summarized by all sites, state, and crop. Tables generally give the number of reporting sites, the number of times a compound was applied, the percent occurrence, and the arithmetic mean total application rate. Pesticides applied most frequently to sampling sites were atrazine, 2,4-D, captan, and malathion. Pesticides were most frequently applied to field corn and cotton, least frequently to alfalfa/bur clover and mixed hay.", "PMID": 740516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4513", "title": "Organochlorines, cholinesterase inhibitors, and aromatic amines in Dutch water samples, September 1969--December 1975.", "content": "The Dutch aquatic environment was monitored from September 1969 to December 1975 for organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites, cholinesterase inhibitors, and aromatic amines. The 1,492 samples analyzed included surface water, rainwater, groundwater, and drinking water. The highest concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and alpha- and beta-benzene hexachloride (BHC) were found in the Rhine River and its tributaries. Concentrations of the compounds in the Dutch part of the Rhine River decreased downstream. Other organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin alpha- and beta-endosulfan, and sigmaDDT were detected occasionally, but only in low concentrations. Cholinesterase inhibitors and aromatic amines were always  present in the Rhine River and its tributaries.", "contents": "Organochlorines, cholinesterase inhibitors, and aromatic amines in Dutch water samples, September 1969--December 1975. The Dutch aquatic environment was monitored from September 1969 to December 1975 for organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites, cholinesterase inhibitors, and aromatic amines. The 1,492 samples analyzed included surface water, rainwater, groundwater, and drinking water. The highest concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and alpha- and beta-benzene hexachloride (BHC) were found in the Rhine River and its tributaries. Concentrations of the compounds in the Dutch part of the Rhine River decreased downstream. Other organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin alpha- and beta-endosulfan, and sigmaDDT were detected occasionally, but only in low concentrations. Cholinesterase inhibitors and aromatic amines were always  present in the Rhine River and its tributaries.", "PMID": 740517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4514", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide levels in Ottawa drinking water, 1976.", "content": "Duplicate samples of Ottawa drinking water were collected once a month during 1976 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, and pesticides were identified by comparing their retention times, coupled with selected ion monitoring, with those of known standards. The pesticides detected and their mean concentrations in parts per trillion were aldrin (0.9), heptachlor epoxide (3), heptachlor (0.6), alpha-BHC (6), gamma-BHC (3), endrin (4), dieldrin (1), o,p'-TDE (1), o.p'-DDT (3), and o,p'-DDE (0.2).", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide levels in Ottawa drinking water, 1976. Duplicate samples of Ottawa drinking water were collected once a month during 1976 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, and pesticides were identified by comparing their retention times, coupled with selected ion monitoring, with those of known standards. The pesticides detected and their mean concentrations in parts per trillion were aldrin (0.9), heptachlor epoxide (3), heptachlor (0.6), alpha-BHC (6), gamma-BHC (3), endrin (4), dieldrin (1), o,p'-TDE (1), o.p'-DDT (3), and o,p'-DDE (0.2).", "PMID": 740518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4515", "title": "Pesticide residues in estuarine mollusks, 1977 versus 1972--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.", "content": "Bivalve mollusks were monitored for residues of 20 organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in spring 1977 in 87 of the 181 estuaries routinely monitored on a monthly basis during 1965--72. DDT, the only pesticide detected in 1977, occurred at low levels in one estuary each on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in estuarine mollusks, 1977 versus 1972--National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Bivalve mollusks were monitored for residues of 20 organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in spring 1977 in 87 of the 181 estuaries routinely monitored on a monthly basis during 1965--72. DDT, the only pesticide detected in 1977, occurred at low levels in one estuary each on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.", "PMID": 740519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4516", "title": "[Femoral neck fracture treated by head arthroplasty: factors of life prognosis. 477 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "477 cases of femoral head arthroplasty for fresh femoral neck fractures were reviewed to study the various factors modifying life prognosis during the first six months (age, associated disorders, type of prothesis, postoperative complications). Certain of these factors were found to affect prognosis unfavorably: bad general health, alcoholism, psychiatric or neoplasic disease, diabetes, and also, to a less degree, senility, neurologic and sensorial disturbances, cardiac deficiency. A rate table makes it possible to make a prognosis on the basis of these different factors.", "contents": "[Femoral neck fracture treated by head arthroplasty: factors of life prognosis. 477 cases (author's transl)]. 477 cases of femoral head arthroplasty for fresh femoral neck fractures were reviewed to study the various factors modifying life prognosis during the first six months (age, associated disorders, type of prothesis, postoperative complications). Certain of these factors were found to affect prognosis unfavorably: bad general health, alcoholism, psychiatric or neoplasic disease, diabetes, and also, to a less degree, senility, neurologic and sensorial disturbances, cardiac deficiency. A rate table makes it possible to make a prognosis on the basis of these different factors.", "PMID": 740520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4517", "title": "[Study of caryotype in pre-leukaemic states (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-four patients, in a condition considered to be pre-leukaemic underwent study of marrow caryotype. Nine of them (37.5%) had an abnormal caryotype. The prevalence of abnormalities varied according to the type of pre-leukaemic state: 17% in acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia, 33% in refractory anaemias with excessive myeloblasts, 100% in 3 cases of simple refractory anaemia. The abnormalities were non-systematised. However, in one case there was an abnormality already described in the literature and considered to be specific: deletion of the long branch of chromosome 5. In refractory anaemias with excess myeloblasts transformation to acute leukaemia appeared to be more frequent in patients with an abnormality (4/5) than in patients with a normal caryotype (0/10).", "contents": "[Study of caryotype in pre-leukaemic states (author's transl)]. Twenty-four patients, in a condition considered to be pre-leukaemic underwent study of marrow caryotype. Nine of them (37.5%) had an abnormal caryotype. The prevalence of abnormalities varied according to the type of pre-leukaemic state: 17% in acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia, 33% in refractory anaemias with excessive myeloblasts, 100% in 3 cases of simple refractory anaemia. The abnormalities were non-systematised. However, in one case there was an abnormality already described in the literature and considered to be specific: deletion of the long branch of chromosome 5. In refractory anaemias with excess myeloblasts transformation to acute leukaemia appeared to be more frequent in patients with an abnormality (4/5) than in patients with a normal caryotype (0/10).", "PMID": 740521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4518", "title": "[Acquired deficit in factor X associated with amyloidosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 75-year-old woman developed a haemorrhagic syndrome due to an acquired deficit in factor X whic resulted in death from gastrointestinal bleeding. This deficit was associated with primary amyloidosis. The relationship between the two conditions, the particular features of the haemostatic picutre and the ineffectiveness of replacement therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Acquired deficit in factor X associated with amyloidosis. One case (author's transl)]. A 75-year-old woman developed a haemorrhagic syndrome due to an acquired deficit in factor X whic resulted in death from gastrointestinal bleeding. This deficit was associated with primary amyloidosis. The relationship between the two conditions, the particular features of the haemostatic picutre and the ineffectiveness of replacement therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 740523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4519", "title": "[A second \"reserve\" epicardial catheter in unipolar electrosystolic stimulation via the epigastrium (author's transl)].", "content": "At the time of implantation of a unipolar epicardial pacemaker via an epigastric approach, it is suggested that two wires inserted into two different areas should be used. This method is useful in the treatment of wire fractures, exteriorisation of the box, increases in threshold and infections following numerous box changes which the young individual may need.", "contents": "[A second \"reserve\" epicardial catheter in unipolar electrosystolic stimulation via the epigastrium (author's transl)]. At the time of implantation of a unipolar epicardial pacemaker via an epigastric approach, it is suggested that two wires inserted into two different areas should be used. This method is useful in the treatment of wire fractures, exteriorisation of the box, increases in threshold and infections following numerous box changes which the young individual may need.", "PMID": 740524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4520", "title": "Over-all accuracy of 99mTc-pertechnetate brain scanning for brain tumours--study of 471 patients.", "content": "A 3-year follow-up and re-evaluation of all scans on all patients referred for brain scanning in Iceland during 1 year was performed in order to assess the diagnostic reliability of radioisotope scanning for brain tumours. The study included 471 patients. Of these 25 had primary brain tumours and 7 brain metastases. Scans were positive and correctly interpreted in 68% of the patients with primary brain tumours and in 3 of the 7 patients with metastases. The over-all accuracy of brain scanning for brain tumours defined as the total number of correct positive scans and correct negative scans versus total number of scans examined was 96%, this figure being mainly influenced by the high number of true negative scans.", "contents": "Over-all accuracy of 99mTc-pertechnetate brain scanning for brain tumours--study of 471 patients. A 3-year follow-up and re-evaluation of all scans on all patients referred for brain scanning in Iceland during 1 year was performed in order to assess the diagnostic reliability of radioisotope scanning for brain tumours. The study included 471 patients. Of these 25 had primary brain tumours and 7 brain metastases. Scans were positive and correctly interpreted in 68% of the patients with primary brain tumours and in 3 of the 7 patients with metastases. The over-all accuracy of brain scanning for brain tumours defined as the total number of correct positive scans and correct negative scans versus total number of scans examined was 96%, this figure being mainly influenced by the high number of true negative scans.", "PMID": 740540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4521", "title": "[Water and potassium metabolism in functional disturbances of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Total body water, extracellular water (bromide space), plasma volume and total body potassium were evaluated in hypothyroid (n = 24) and hyperthyroid (n = 18) patients and in controls (n = 10). Whereas the relative extracellular water was the same in all groups investigated, the relative intracellular water was found to be reduced in hyperthyroidism and increased in hypothyroidism (p less than 0.05). As to plasma volume there were no significant differences. A negative correlation between total body potassium and functional disturbance of the thyroid (T4) is thought to be attributable to an alteration of the lean body mass.", "contents": "[Water and potassium metabolism in functional disturbances of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. Total body water, extracellular water (bromide space), plasma volume and total body potassium were evaluated in hypothyroid (n = 24) and hyperthyroid (n = 18) patients and in controls (n = 10). Whereas the relative extracellular water was the same in all groups investigated, the relative intracellular water was found to be reduced in hyperthyroidism and increased in hypothyroidism (p less than 0.05). As to plasma volume there were no significant differences. A negative correlation between total body potassium and functional disturbance of the thyroid (T4) is thought to be attributable to an alteration of the lean body mass.", "PMID": 740541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4522", "title": "The effect of haematoporphyrin derivative on the uptake of 67Ga, 59Fe and 65Zn in tumours.", "content": "The effect of prior administration of haematoporphyrin derivative on the uptake in tumours of 67Ga, 59Fe and 65Zn has been studied in tumour-bearing rats and mice. An approximately two-fold increase in the uptake of 67Ga was observed in the August 15 rat tumour when the nuclide was administered 17 to 24 hr after haematoporphyrin. No increase in the uptake of 67Ga occurred in three mouse tumours. Haematoporphyrin administration did not affect the uptake of 65Zn and 59Fe in any of the tumour systems. It is concluded that the presence of haematoporphyrin does not markedly increase the ability of tumours to accummulate metallic radionuclides.", "contents": "The effect of haematoporphyrin derivative on the uptake of 67Ga, 59Fe and 65Zn in tumours. The effect of prior administration of haematoporphyrin derivative on the uptake in tumours of 67Ga, 59Fe and 65Zn has been studied in tumour-bearing rats and mice. An approximately two-fold increase in the uptake of 67Ga was observed in the August 15 rat tumour when the nuclide was administered 17 to 24 hr after haematoporphyrin. No increase in the uptake of 67Ga occurred in three mouse tumours. Haematoporphyrin administration did not affect the uptake of 65Zn and 59Fe in any of the tumour systems. It is concluded that the presence of haematoporphyrin does not markedly increase the ability of tumours to accummulate metallic radionuclides.", "PMID": 740543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4523", "title": "[Comparative studies of commercially available T4-RIA-kits (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of 4 commercially available T4-RIA-Kits with 350 patient sera have shown that: The separation of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid values is easier with kit a) and d) than with b) and c), though all kits give acceptable values under routine conditions. For the determination of the \"normal range\" not less than 100 patient sera are necessary. The time needed for 100 determinations is 2 to 3 hr. A general recommendation for one of the tested T4-RIA-Kits cannot be made since the choice depends also on local circumstances.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of commercially available T4-RIA-kits (author's transl)]. The investigation of 4 commercially available T4-RIA-Kits with 350 patient sera have shown that: The separation of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid values is easier with kit a) and d) than with b) and c), though all kits give acceptable values under routine conditions. For the determination of the \"normal range\" not less than 100 patient sera are necessary. The time needed for 100 determinations is 2 to 3 hr. A general recommendation for one of the tested T4-RIA-Kits cannot be made since the choice depends also on local circumstances.", "PMID": 740544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4524", "title": "[Comparative studies of commercially available T4-RIA-Kits (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of the tested commercially available T4-RIA-Kits have shown that: The separation of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid values is better with kits a) and f) than with b),c),d) and e), though all kits give acceptable values under routine operating conditions, kit b) takes less time and work than the other tested kits, depending on the kit used, the time needed for 100 determinations varies between 1,5 and 4 hr. A general recommendation for one of the tested T4-RIA-Kits cannot be made since the choice of a kit depends not only on the criteria discussed but also on local circumstances.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of commercially available T4-RIA-Kits (author's transl)]. The investigation of the tested commercially available T4-RIA-Kits have shown that: The separation of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid values is better with kits a) and f) than with b),c),d) and e), though all kits give acceptable values under routine operating conditions, kit b) takes less time and work than the other tested kits, depending on the kit used, the time needed for 100 determinations varies between 1,5 and 4 hr. A general recommendation for one of the tested T4-RIA-Kits cannot be made since the choice of a kit depends not only on the criteria discussed but also on local circumstances.", "PMID": 740545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4525", "title": "[Quality control of some commercially available 123I/125I/131I/-orthoiodhippurates by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Some of the 123I/125I/131I/-orthoiodohippurates available on the market were examined regarding their radiochemical purity. Because of its high sensibility, the reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography was chosen as analytical method. The unnecessary radiation exposure of the thyroid, ovaries, testes and red bone marrow caused by the free iodide present as radiochemical impurity was estimated. The results showed that all examined orthoiodohippurates meet the minimum requirements of radiochemical purity established in the European Pharmacopoeia.", "contents": "[Quality control of some commercially available 123I/125I/131I/-orthoiodhippurates by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. Some of the 123I/125I/131I/-orthoiodohippurates available on the market were examined regarding their radiochemical purity. Because of its high sensibility, the reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography was chosen as analytical method. The unnecessary radiation exposure of the thyroid, ovaries, testes and red bone marrow caused by the free iodide present as radiochemical impurity was estimated. The results showed that all examined orthoiodohippurates meet the minimum requirements of radiochemical purity established in the European Pharmacopoeia.", "PMID": 740547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4526", "title": "Investigation of the effect of chlorophenothane and certain chemically related compounds on the cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid contents in rats.", "content": "The effect of chlorophenothane (pp'--DDT) and five structurally related compounds op-DDD (op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, DTE, DCMP and DCP see text) on the cerebral hemisphere gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory transmitter in brain contents and possible correlation with central activities was demonstrated in rats. The tested compounds were given in oral doses of 600 mg/kg in peanut oil. Cerebral GABA content was determined 1, 3 and 6 hrs after the ingestion of pp'-DDT and 3 hrs after each of the other drugs. The mean GABA content in each group of rats was compared with control groups, either without any treatment, or receiving the equivalent volume of peanut oil. pp'-DDT produced a significant reduction in brain GABA contents 3 and 6 hrs after its administration. This was accompanied by excitability, tremor and clonic convulsions. Of the congenors, only DTE exerted a similar effect. The present results point to the possibility of partial involvement of GABA in the tremor and convulsions induced by pp'-DDT. They also indicate the importance of the CCl2 grouping in the molecule for the induction of central effects of pp'-DDT.", "contents": "Investigation of the effect of chlorophenothane and certain chemically related compounds on the cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid contents in rats. The effect of chlorophenothane (pp'--DDT) and five structurally related compounds op-DDD (op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, DTE, DCMP and DCP see text) on the cerebral hemisphere gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory transmitter in brain contents and possible correlation with central activities was demonstrated in rats. The tested compounds were given in oral doses of 600 mg/kg in peanut oil. Cerebral GABA content was determined 1, 3 and 6 hrs after the ingestion of pp'-DDT and 3 hrs after each of the other drugs. The mean GABA content in each group of rats was compared with control groups, either without any treatment, or receiving the equivalent volume of peanut oil. pp'-DDT produced a significant reduction in brain GABA contents 3 and 6 hrs after its administration. This was accompanied by excitability, tremor and clonic convulsions. Of the congenors, only DTE exerted a similar effect. The present results point to the possibility of partial involvement of GABA in the tremor and convulsions induced by pp'-DDT. They also indicate the importance of the CCl2 grouping in the molecule for the induction of central effects of pp'-DDT.", "PMID": 740548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4527", "title": "Enzymatic changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats in subacute benzene vapours poisoning. II. The activity of neutrophils enzymes.", "content": "The activity of some enzymes of neutrophils in peripheral blood of rats in subacute benzene vapour poisoning (an exposure to the concentration of benzene vapour of 27.000 mg/m3, 6 hr daily for 10 consecutive days) was determined cytochemically. Increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and decrease in that of acid hydrolases: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosaminidase were found. The results obtained indicate destructive action of benzene on lysosomes of peripheral blood neutrophils.", "contents": "Enzymatic changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats in subacute benzene vapours poisoning. II. The activity of neutrophils enzymes. The activity of some enzymes of neutrophils in peripheral blood of rats in subacute benzene vapour poisoning (an exposure to the concentration of benzene vapour of 27.000 mg/m3, 6 hr daily for 10 consecutive days) was determined cytochemically. Increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and decrease in that of acid hydrolases: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosaminidase were found. The results obtained indicate destructive action of benzene on lysosomes of peripheral blood neutrophils.", "PMID": 740549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4528", "title": "Preliminary screening of anticholinergic effect of some new derivatives of glycolic and aminoacetic acids.", "content": "The anticholinergic effect of some new alkylaminoalkyl esters of benzilic, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl, piperidino-and morpholino acetic acids (Table 1) was evaluated. Only benzilic acid esters were active and the 2-N-piperidinoaminoethyl benzilate hydrochloride (ANC-30) has the highest pA2 value.", "contents": "Preliminary screening of anticholinergic effect of some new derivatives of glycolic and aminoacetic acids. The anticholinergic effect of some new alkylaminoalkyl esters of benzilic, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl, piperidino-and morpholino acetic acids (Table 1) was evaluated. Only benzilic acid esters were active and the 2-N-piperidinoaminoethyl benzilate hydrochloride (ANC-30) has the highest pA2 value.", "PMID": 740551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4529", "title": "Brain dopamine and seizure susceptibility in mice.", "content": "In electroshock test apomorphine appeared without effect, D, L-amphetamine and L-DOPA (in a high dose) elevated the convulsive threshold, while amantadine decreased it. Among investigated dopamine (DA) receptor blockers spiperone, pimozide and fluphenazine lowered the threshold, haloperidol being without effect. The convulsive threshold elevated by L-DOPA was not affected by neuroleptics and phentolamine but on the other hand DA receptor blockers and phentolamine anatagonized the effect of D, L-amphetamine. The effect of amantadine was not influenced by neuroleptics. In pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test only amantadine and L-DOPA (in high doses) affected the threshold, increasing seizure susceptibility; the above effect was not abolished by pimozide. Our results seem to indicate that the activity of brain DA system seems not to be involved directly in the susceptibility to electrogenic or PTZ-induced seizures in mice.", "contents": "Brain dopamine and seizure susceptibility in mice. In electroshock test apomorphine appeared without effect, D, L-amphetamine and L-DOPA (in a high dose) elevated the convulsive threshold, while amantadine decreased it. Among investigated dopamine (DA) receptor blockers spiperone, pimozide and fluphenazine lowered the threshold, haloperidol being without effect. The convulsive threshold elevated by L-DOPA was not affected by neuroleptics and phentolamine but on the other hand DA receptor blockers and phentolamine anatagonized the effect of D, L-amphetamine. The effect of amantadine was not influenced by neuroleptics. In pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test only amantadine and L-DOPA (in high doses) affected the threshold, increasing seizure susceptibility; the above effect was not abolished by pimozide. Our results seem to indicate that the activity of brain DA system seems not to be involved directly in the susceptibility to electrogenic or PTZ-induced seizures in mice.", "PMID": 740553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4530", "title": "Preliminary screening of anticholinergic effect of new 1,3-dioxolane and 1,3,-dioxane derivatives.", "content": "Some of the 28 investigated new derivatives show distinct anticholinergic activity. The greatest activity, that of 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-piperidinodioxane-1,3 was greater than of the atropine sulfate.", "contents": "Preliminary screening of anticholinergic effect of new 1,3-dioxolane and 1,3,-dioxane derivatives. Some of the 28 investigated new derivatives show distinct anticholinergic activity. The greatest activity, that of 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-piperidinodioxane-1,3 was greater than of the atropine sulfate.", "PMID": 740550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4531", "title": "Alcohol-related problems in adolescents and women.", "content": "In the roles of student and homemaker, youthful and female problem drinkers can easily hide alcoholism. Compared with adult male alcoholics, their intake of alcohol is less but they are more likely to use other drugs concomitantly. An understanding of their unique characteristics will help the physician recognize patients in these groups with alcohol-related problems.", "contents": "Alcohol-related problems in adolescents and women. In the roles of student and homemaker, youthful and female problem drinkers can easily hide alcoholism. Compared with adult male alcoholics, their intake of alcohol is less but they are more likely to use other drugs concomitantly. An understanding of their unique characteristics will help the physician recognize patients in these groups with alcohol-related problems.", "PMID": 740563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4532", "title": "Psychiatric problems of alcoholics.", "content": "In this overview of the psychiatric disorders and problems associated with alcoholism and alcohol abuse, true psychiatric illness which may account for excessive alcohol use is differentiated from the psychiatric sequelae of chronic alcoholism. This distinction is emphasized because of its important practical implications for treatment.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems of alcoholics. In this overview of the psychiatric disorders and problems associated with alcoholism and alcohol abuse, true psychiatric illness which may account for excessive alcohol use is differentiated from the psychiatric sequelae of chronic alcoholism. This distinction is emphasized because of its important practical implications for treatment.", "PMID": 740564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4533", "title": "The effect of drugs interfering with biogenic amines metabolism on gastric secretion and reserpine-ulcers development in rats.", "content": "The effect of drugs interfering with endogenous catecholamines metabolism on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers development 4 hr following reserpine administration was investigated in rats with chronic gastric fistulas. Drugs inhibiting catecholamine synthesis: alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) decreased substantially the reserpine-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, but only alpha-MT diminished the development of gastric ulcers. Pretreatment with nialamide (NLD) elicited in reserpinized rats a marked inhibition both of gastric secretion and of gastric ulcers development. Dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) decreased the secretion of hydrochloric acid but did not change the intensity of gastric ulcers caused by reserpine. Desipramine strongly inhibited reserpine-induced gastric acid secretion. Reserpine depleted DA, NA and 5-HT stores in the brain and decreased DA and 5-HT levels in the wall of the stomach in which the NA levels were increased. The changes in biogenic amines content induced by drugs in reserpinized rats did not correlate with their influence on gastric secretion and on the development of mucosal ulcers. The inhibitory effect of all of the drugs examined on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in reserpinized rats was accompanied by the inhibition of gastric ulcers formation following NLD and alpha-MT administration only, indicating that ulcer generation following reserpine depends more on changes in mucosal barrier resistance than on gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "The effect of drugs interfering with biogenic amines metabolism on gastric secretion and reserpine-ulcers development in rats. The effect of drugs interfering with endogenous catecholamines metabolism on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers development 4 hr following reserpine administration was investigated in rats with chronic gastric fistulas. Drugs inhibiting catecholamine synthesis: alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) decreased substantially the reserpine-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, but only alpha-MT diminished the development of gastric ulcers. Pretreatment with nialamide (NLD) elicited in reserpinized rats a marked inhibition both of gastric secretion and of gastric ulcers development. Dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) decreased the secretion of hydrochloric acid but did not change the intensity of gastric ulcers caused by reserpine. Desipramine strongly inhibited reserpine-induced gastric acid secretion. Reserpine depleted DA, NA and 5-HT stores in the brain and decreased DA and 5-HT levels in the wall of the stomach in which the NA levels were increased. The changes in biogenic amines content induced by drugs in reserpinized rats did not correlate with their influence on gastric secretion and on the development of mucosal ulcers. The inhibitory effect of all of the drugs examined on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in reserpinized rats was accompanied by the inhibition of gastric ulcers formation following NLD and alpha-MT administration only, indicating that ulcer generation following reserpine depends more on changes in mucosal barrier resistance than on gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 740552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4534", "title": "The effect of a new antidepressant drug, C-45, and imipramine on some hemodynamic parameters in the dog.", "content": "C-45, given to dogs in doses corresponding to 1/30 and 1/10 of LD50 iv, slowed down the cardiac rhythm and depressed systolic, diastolic, and end-diastolic pressures in the left ventricle. A dose of 1/30 of LD50 slightly increased, and a dose of 1/10 of LD50 depressed the indices of contractility of the cardiac muscle. Imipramine produced similar effect but accelerated the cardiac rhythm, and when used in a dose of 1/10 of LD50, it impaired atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction.", "contents": "The effect of a new antidepressant drug, C-45, and imipramine on some hemodynamic parameters in the dog. C-45, given to dogs in doses corresponding to 1/30 and 1/10 of LD50 iv, slowed down the cardiac rhythm and depressed systolic, diastolic, and end-diastolic pressures in the left ventricle. A dose of 1/30 of LD50 slightly increased, and a dose of 1/10 of LD50 depressed the indices of contractility of the cardiac muscle. Imipramine produced similar effect but accelerated the cardiac rhythm, and when used in a dose of 1/10 of LD50, it impaired atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction.", "PMID": 740555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4535", "title": "Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis (part II).", "content": "Three ketones: 20-tetratriacontene-2-one (1), 6-heptatriacontene-10-one (7), pentatriacontan-5-one (13), and two other compounds, beta-sitosterol-alpha-D-glucose and meso-inositol have been isolated from the stem bark of Ficus bengalensis and their tentative structures are given.", "contents": "Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis (part II). Three ketones: 20-tetratriacontene-2-one (1), 6-heptatriacontene-10-one (7), pentatriacontan-5-one (13), and two other compounds, beta-sitosterol-alpha-D-glucose and meso-inositol have been isolated from the stem bark of Ficus bengalensis and their tentative structures are given.", "PMID": 740556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4536", "title": "Cancerostatica. I. synthesis of some pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives.", "content": "In basic medium 2-phenyl-and 2-(pyridyl-4')-derivatives of 3-dimethylaminoacrlein yields with 5-aminopyrazol-3-one the corresponding pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines. However, in acid medium, 2-phenyl-3-dimethylaminoacrolein cyclised to derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine. A reaction mechanism is proposed. Some of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich asc. carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "contents": "Cancerostatica. I. synthesis of some pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives. In basic medium 2-phenyl-and 2-(pyridyl-4')-derivatives of 3-dimethylaminoacrlein yields with 5-aminopyrazol-3-one the corresponding pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidines. However, in acid medium, 2-phenyl-3-dimethylaminoacrolein cyclised to derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine. A reaction mechanism is proposed. Some of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich asc. carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "PMID": 740557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4537", "title": "Alcohol intoxication and the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.", "content": "Although acute alcohol intoxication can cause death, hepatic metabolism of ethanol is usually rapid, and in most cases general supportive care of the intoxicated patient is all that is required. Abrupt cessation of prolonged excessive alcohol intake gives rise to the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The fundamentals of treatment are careful assessment of the patient and judicious use of a benzodiazepine.", "contents": "Alcohol intoxication and the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Although acute alcohol intoxication can cause death, hepatic metabolism of ethanol is usually rapid, and in most cases general supportive care of the intoxicated patient is all that is required. Abrupt cessation of prolonged excessive alcohol intake gives rise to the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The fundamentals of treatment are careful assessment of the patient and judicious use of a benzodiazepine.", "PMID": 740565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4538", "title": "Synthesis of some 2,3-disubstituted quinazolones as possible anticonvulsants.", "content": "By the condensation of 2-phenyl-3-acylchloride quinazolin (3H)-4-one with N-phenyl- and N-methyl piperazines or piperidine, 15 new 2-phenyl-3-piperidino/substituted piperazino acyl-quinazolin (3H)-4-ones 1--3 have been prepared. All the compounds barring one exhibited at the 100 mg/kg dose level significant activity against pentylenetetrazol induced seizures but these compounds did not afford any protection against electroshock induced seizures.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 2,3-disubstituted quinazolones as possible anticonvulsants. By the condensation of 2-phenyl-3-acylchloride quinazolin (3H)-4-one with N-phenyl- and N-methyl piperazines or piperidine, 15 new 2-phenyl-3-piperidino/substituted piperazino acyl-quinazolin (3H)-4-ones 1--3 have been prepared. All the compounds barring one exhibited at the 100 mg/kg dose level significant activity against pentylenetetrazol induced seizures but these compounds did not afford any protection against electroshock induced seizures.", "PMID": 740559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4539", "title": "Rehabilitation for alcoholics.", "content": "Chemotherapy, psychotherapy, behavior modification, and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous have been used successfully to treat the alcoholic patient, but all have limitations and some have potential dangers. All require long-term follow-up and family participation.", "contents": "Rehabilitation for alcoholics. Chemotherapy, psychotherapy, behavior modification, and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous have been used successfully to treat the alcoholic patient, but all have limitations and some have potential dangers. All require long-term follow-up and family participation.", "PMID": 740566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4540", "title": "The effect of agents stimulating dopaminergic system on incorporation of exogenous adenine into striate body slices of the rat.", "content": "We tested the effect of various concentrations (10(-6)--10(-4) M) of dopamine (DA), apomorphine (APM), amantadine (AMD), dimethylaminoadamantane (DMAD) and haloperidol (HP) on in vitro incorporation of 14C/U/adenine to slices of the rat striate body. Two mechanisms participated in this incorporation: one of them (uptake I) of Km = 1.92 micron, the second (uptake II) of Km 434 micron, APM inhibited both uptake I and II, while AMD and DMAD only the uptake I. HP at concentration inhibiting the dopaminergic receptors did not affect the inhibition by APM, AMD or DMAD of incorporation of exogenous adenine to striatal slices. Incorporation of exogenous adenine was not related to stimulation by specific (DA) or unspecific (APM, AMD, DMAD) stimulants of dopaminergic receptors in the rat striate body. The inhibition of the uptake produced by APM, AMD and DMAD may be related to the mechanism of action of these compounds.", "contents": "The effect of agents stimulating dopaminergic system on incorporation of exogenous adenine into striate body slices of the rat. We tested the effect of various concentrations (10(-6)--10(-4) M) of dopamine (DA), apomorphine (APM), amantadine (AMD), dimethylaminoadamantane (DMAD) and haloperidol (HP) on in vitro incorporation of 14C/U/adenine to slices of the rat striate body. Two mechanisms participated in this incorporation: one of them (uptake I) of Km = 1.92 micron, the second (uptake II) of Km 434 micron, APM inhibited both uptake I and II, while AMD and DMAD only the uptake I. HP at concentration inhibiting the dopaminergic receptors did not affect the inhibition by APM, AMD or DMAD of incorporation of exogenous adenine to striatal slices. Incorporation of exogenous adenine was not related to stimulation by specific (DA) or unspecific (APM, AMD, DMAD) stimulants of dopaminergic receptors in the rat striate body. The inhibition of the uptake produced by APM, AMD and DMAD may be related to the mechanism of action of these compounds.", "PMID": 740554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4541", "title": "Studies on the quantitative structure-activity relationships in pyrazine carbothioamide derivatives.", "content": "Quantitative relationships were studied between tuberculostatic potency in vitro and structure parameters of pyrazine carbothioamides. The activity of the compounds was found to be dependent on the parameters related both to the size of the substituent and electronic properties of the molecule. An equation was obtained, statistically significant on the 99% level, which described about 71% of variance of activity data for the compounds under study as a function of molar refractivity of the substituent and the wave length at which absorption maximum occured.", "contents": "Studies on the quantitative structure-activity relationships in pyrazine carbothioamide derivatives. Quantitative relationships were studied between tuberculostatic potency in vitro and structure parameters of pyrazine carbothioamides. The activity of the compounds was found to be dependent on the parameters related both to the size of the substituent and electronic properties of the molecule. An equation was obtained, statistically significant on the 99% level, which described about 71% of variance of activity data for the compounds under study as a function of molar refractivity of the substituent and the wave length at which absorption maximum occured.", "PMID": 740560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4542", "title": "Studies on quantitative relationships between the structure and in vitro tuberculostatic potency of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazole derivatives.", "content": "Quantitative relationships were studied between in vitro tuberculostatic potency and physico chemical parameters relating to the structure of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazoles. The activity of the compounds was found to be mathematically described as a square function of molar refractivity of the substituent or the RM values and a linear function of the wavelength at the absorption maximum or the connectivity index for the aromatic ring in the substituent. The equation was obtained, statistically significant on the 99% level and describing of about 83% of variance in activity data, which may be of value for the design of new active derivatives.", "contents": "Studies on quantitative relationships between the structure and in vitro tuberculostatic potency of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazole derivatives. Quantitative relationships were studied between in vitro tuberculostatic potency and physico chemical parameters relating to the structure of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazoles. The activity of the compounds was found to be mathematically described as a square function of molar refractivity of the substituent or the RM values and a linear function of the wavelength at the absorption maximum or the connectivity index for the aromatic ring in the substituent. The equation was obtained, statistically significant on the 99% level and describing of about 83% of variance in activity data, which may be of value for the design of new active derivatives.", "PMID": 740561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4543", "title": "The choice of medium suitable for the reaction of thiol groups with halogen derivatives in the synthesis of some purine and pyrimidine compounds. I. Synthesis of azathioprine.", "content": "Investigations were carried out using 6-mercaptopurine and 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-chloroimidazole as model compounds. The reaction kinetics were investigated by the UV spectroscopy at various time intervals. The investigations resulted in elaboration of an efficient synthesis of azathioprine which can be applied on an industrial scale in a yield of 80%.", "contents": "The choice of medium suitable for the reaction of thiol groups with halogen derivatives in the synthesis of some purine and pyrimidine compounds. I. Synthesis of azathioprine. Investigations were carried out using 6-mercaptopurine and 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-chloroimidazole as model compounds. The reaction kinetics were investigated by the UV spectroscopy at various time intervals. The investigations resulted in elaboration of an efficient synthesis of azathioprine which can be applied on an industrial scale in a yield of 80%.", "PMID": 740562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4544", "title": "Cancerostatica. II. Synthesis and preliminary cytostatic screening of some alpha-carboline derivatives.", "content": "6-Phenyl-and (6-pyridyl-3')-2-chloro-3-aminopyridines were transformed by treatment with HNO3 into the corresponding pyrido [4,5-b] triazoles [7,8]. In PPA medium at 180 degrees, triazoles 7 and 8 decompose to 2-substituted alpha-carbolines 9,10 and anilino-3-hydroxypyridines 11, 12. Some of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "contents": "Cancerostatica. II. Synthesis and preliminary cytostatic screening of some alpha-carboline derivatives. 6-Phenyl-and (6-pyridyl-3')-2-chloro-3-aminopyridines were transformed by treatment with HNO3 into the corresponding pyrido [4,5-b] triazoles [7,8]. In PPA medium at 180 degrees, triazoles 7 and 8 decompose to 2-substituted alpha-carbolines 9,10 and anilino-3-hydroxypyridines 11, 12. Some of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "PMID": 740558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4545", "title": "Pregnancy in adolescents: helping the patient and her family.", "content": "Dealing with the complex problem of pregnancy in adolescence may involve working with many people. If the physician approaches the patient with an attitude of acceptance and understanding, the adolescent girl may be helped to make realistic decisions concerning her pregnancy and to adjust in a healthy manner. If she does not receive such assistance, pregnancy may be a misunderstood event that leads to further negative psychologic sequelae.", "contents": "Pregnancy in adolescents: helping the patient and her family. Dealing with the complex problem of pregnancy in adolescence may involve working with many people. If the physician approaches the patient with an attitude of acceptance and understanding, the adolescent girl may be helped to make realistic decisions concerning her pregnancy and to adjust in a healthy manner. If she does not receive such assistance, pregnancy may be a misunderstood event that leads to further negative psychologic sequelae.", "PMID": 740570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4546", "title": "Asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in children: differentiating the causes.", "content": "In dealing with asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria in the pediatric population, the physician should begin with an organized, logical sequence of diagnostic steps, including careful review of the history, physical findings, and laboratory data. If serious glomerular disease is suspected (eg, presentation atypical of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome beyond the usual age for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood, renal insufficiency, severe hypertension), biopsy is probably inevitable, and early referral to a nephrologist is urged.", "contents": "Asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in children: differentiating the causes. In dealing with asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria in the pediatric population, the physician should begin with an organized, logical sequence of diagnostic steps, including careful review of the history, physical findings, and laboratory data. If serious glomerular disease is suspected (eg, presentation atypical of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome beyond the usual age for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood, renal insufficiency, severe hypertension), biopsy is probably inevitable, and early referral to a nephrologist is urged.", "PMID": 740571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4547", "title": "Medical consequences of alcohol abuse.", "content": "It is important for the primary care physician to be aware of the early physical effects of alcohol abuse on various body systems so that the alcoholic can be recognized and treated at the earliest possible time. There are many conditions which should alert the examiner to possible alcoholism.", "contents": "Medical consequences of alcohol abuse. It is important for the primary care physician to be aware of the early physical effects of alcohol abuse on various body systems so that the alcoholic can be recognized and treated at the earliest possible time. There are many conditions which should alert the examiner to possible alcoholism.", "PMID": 740575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4548", "title": "The pharmacology of alcohol.", "content": "The metabolic breakdown of ingested alcohol is specific for each person. Blood alcohol concentration after a given dose of alcohol depends on many factors, including the degree of tolerance developed by daily drinking. Metabolic alterations in the CNS, liver, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, and skin produced by acute and chronic alcohol consumption can result in a variety of disorders.", "contents": "The pharmacology of alcohol. The metabolic breakdown of ingested alcohol is specific for each person. Blood alcohol concentration after a given dose of alcohol depends on many factors, including the degree of tolerance developed by daily drinking. Metabolic alterations in the CNS, liver, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, and skin produced by acute and chronic alcohol consumption can result in a variety of disorders.", "PMID": 740576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4549", "title": "Coagulation factors in opposed and unopposed oestrogen treatment at the climacteric.", "content": "Laboratory tests of blood coagulation and platelet activity were undertaken in fifty-two climacteric patients who received cyclical oestrogen regimens for six consecutive months, following which they were given cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens for periods ranging from fifteen months to twenty-seven months. The cyclical sequential regimen employed was determined by the dosage of oestrogen prescribed during the initial six-month period: norethisterone (2.5 mg or 5.0 mg) on days sixteen to twenty-one of cyclical treatment with oestrone piperazine sulphate or conjugated equine oestrogens, and DL-norgestrel (0.5 mg daily) from day twelve to day twenty-one of cyclical oestradiol valerate treatment. The results suggest that the addition of a progestogen to the cyclical oestrogen treatment does not modify blood coagulation factors or platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Coagulation factors in opposed and unopposed oestrogen treatment at the climacteric. Laboratory tests of blood coagulation and platelet activity were undertaken in fifty-two climacteric patients who received cyclical oestrogen regimens for six consecutive months, following which they were given cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens for periods ranging from fifteen months to twenty-seven months. The cyclical sequential regimen employed was determined by the dosage of oestrogen prescribed during the initial six-month period: norethisterone (2.5 mg or 5.0 mg) on days sixteen to twenty-one of cyclical treatment with oestrone piperazine sulphate or conjugated equine oestrogens, and DL-norgestrel (0.5 mg daily) from day twelve to day twenty-one of cyclical oestradiol valerate treatment. The results suggest that the addition of a progestogen to the cyclical oestrogen treatment does not modify blood coagulation factors or platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 740578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4550", "title": "Effects of progestogens on serum lipids in the post-menopause.", "content": "Measurement of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids was undertaken in patients with a natural menopause or following o\u00f6phorectomy who received cyclical oestrogen regimens for six consecutive months. The regimen employed was either a 'high' or 'low' dose of equine conjugated oestrogens, piperazine oestrone sulphate or oestradiol valerate. After six months a change was made to cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens for varying periods. Patients with a natural menopause given either 'high' or 'low' dose regimens showed no significant changes in serum cholesterol, triglyceride or phospholipid levels compared to baseline values. However, the serum cholesterol levels of the o\u00f6phorectomized subjects were significantly elevated in comparison with the perimenopausal group. The addition of progestogen to the oestrogen did not cause any significant alterations.", "contents": "Effects of progestogens on serum lipids in the post-menopause. Measurement of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids was undertaken in patients with a natural menopause or following o\u00f6phorectomy who received cyclical oestrogen regimens for six consecutive months. The regimen employed was either a 'high' or 'low' dose of equine conjugated oestrogens, piperazine oestrone sulphate or oestradiol valerate. After six months a change was made to cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens for varying periods. Patients with a natural menopause given either 'high' or 'low' dose regimens showed no significant changes in serum cholesterol, triglyceride or phospholipid levels compared to baseline values. However, the serum cholesterol levels of the o\u00f6phorectomized subjects were significantly elevated in comparison with the perimenopausal group. The addition of progestogen to the oestrogen did not cause any significant alterations.", "PMID": 740579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4551", "title": "The effect of oestradiol valerate and cyclic oestradiol valerate/DL-norgestrel on calcium metabolism.", "content": "Fasting plasma and urinary calcium and urinary hydroxyproline are known to rise at the menopause, reflecting increased bone resorption. Oestradiol valerate and cyclic oestradiol valerate/DL-norgestrel are shown to reduce this evidence of increased bone loss. It is concluded that these preparations will be effective in preventing post-menopausal loss of bone.", "contents": "The effect of oestradiol valerate and cyclic oestradiol valerate/DL-norgestrel on calcium metabolism. Fasting plasma and urinary calcium and urinary hydroxyproline are known to rise at the menopause, reflecting increased bone resorption. Oestradiol valerate and cyclic oestradiol valerate/DL-norgestrel are shown to reduce this evidence of increased bone loss. It is concluded that these preparations will be effective in preventing post-menopausal loss of bone.", "PMID": 740580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4552", "title": "The effect of ovarian sex steroids on bone mineral status in the o\u00f6phorectomized rat and in the human.", "content": "The effect of o\u00f6phorectomy and hormone replacement therapy after o\u00f6phorectomy on bone mineral in the femur and vertebra of the rat has been studied. O\u00f6phorectomy resulted in osteoporosis of the femur but not of the seventh caudal vertebra. The administration of a progestogen (ethynodiol diacetate 9 microgram/day) apparently prevented loss of bone mineral content of the femur. This was due to increased periosteal bone formation and widening of the femur. An oestrogen (mestranol 0.9 microgram/day) had no significant effect on the femoral osteoporosis but increased bone mineral content of the vertebra. Combined therapy with oestrogen and progestogen had no effect on any parameter of bone mineral content. The preliminary human study indicated that a progestogen may also be as effective as an oestrogen in prevention of post-menopausal bone loss. There was no evidence of reduction of bone resorption (as indicated by urinary hydroxyproline output) by the progestogen and therefore it is postulated that a progestogen might retard bone loss in the post-menopausal era by stimulating bone formation.", "contents": "The effect of ovarian sex steroids on bone mineral status in the o\u00f6phorectomized rat and in the human. The effect of o\u00f6phorectomy and hormone replacement therapy after o\u00f6phorectomy on bone mineral in the femur and vertebra of the rat has been studied. O\u00f6phorectomy resulted in osteoporosis of the femur but not of the seventh caudal vertebra. The administration of a progestogen (ethynodiol diacetate 9 microgram/day) apparently prevented loss of bone mineral content of the femur. This was due to increased periosteal bone formation and widening of the femur. An oestrogen (mestranol 0.9 microgram/day) had no significant effect on the femoral osteoporosis but increased bone mineral content of the vertebra. Combined therapy with oestrogen and progestogen had no effect on any parameter of bone mineral content. The preliminary human study indicated that a progestogen may also be as effective as an oestrogen in prevention of post-menopausal bone loss. There was no evidence of reduction of bone resorption (as indicated by urinary hydroxyproline output) by the progestogen and therefore it is postulated that a progestogen might retard bone loss in the post-menopausal era by stimulating bone formation.", "PMID": 740581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4553", "title": "The modifying effect of progestogen on the response of the post-menopausal endometrium to exogenous oestrogens.", "content": "Cyclical regimes of unopposed oestrogens are associated with the development of both cystic glandular and atypical hyperplasia, and the incidence of hyperplasia is related to the dose of oestrogen prescribed. Atypical hyperplasia develops later than, and perhaps from, cystic glandular hyperplasia. With sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy the incidence of this condition was greatly reduced, and therefore, progestogens appear to protect against the development of this condition. In all cases but one, sequential regimes also reversed both spontaneously-arising and oestrogen-induced hyperplasia to a normal endometrium. Cyclical high-dose unopposed oestrogen therapy may not be capable of reversing spontaneously-arising hyperplasia, and this condition may progress to endometrial adenocarcinoma. Spontaneously-arising hyperplasia can be present before therapy commences, but may be unsuspected, as it can occur in the absence of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Therefore, cyclical oestrogen therapy should not be prescribed unless pre-treatment curettage has been performed and spontaneously-arising hyperplasia has been excluded; and unless subsequent monitoring of the endometrial response is being performed by serial biopsy.", "contents": "The modifying effect of progestogen on the response of the post-menopausal endometrium to exogenous oestrogens. Cyclical regimes of unopposed oestrogens are associated with the development of both cystic glandular and atypical hyperplasia, and the incidence of hyperplasia is related to the dose of oestrogen prescribed. Atypical hyperplasia develops later than, and perhaps from, cystic glandular hyperplasia. With sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy the incidence of this condition was greatly reduced, and therefore, progestogens appear to protect against the development of this condition. In all cases but one, sequential regimes also reversed both spontaneously-arising and oestrogen-induced hyperplasia to a normal endometrium. Cyclical high-dose unopposed oestrogen therapy may not be capable of reversing spontaneously-arising hyperplasia, and this condition may progress to endometrial adenocarcinoma. Spontaneously-arising hyperplasia can be present before therapy commences, but may be unsuspected, as it can occur in the absence of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Therefore, cyclical oestrogen therapy should not be prescribed unless pre-treatment curettage has been performed and spontaneously-arising hyperplasia has been excluded; and unless subsequent monitoring of the endometrial response is being performed by serial biopsy.", "PMID": 740582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4554", "title": "Clinical considerations in the management of the menopause: the endometrium.", "content": "Exogenous oestrogens prescribed for the relief of menopausal symptoms are being given in pharmacological doses and the term 'hormone replacement therapy' is inappropriate. The frequent development of endometrial hyperplasia during unopposed cyclical oestrogen therapy is therefore to be expected, but no single pattern of vaginal bleeding accurately reflected the histology of the endometrium. As such doses of oestrogens are required for effective relief of symptoms, progestogens must be given to protect against endometrial hyperstimulation. Patient acceptability of sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy is high (90%) and with such therapy breakthrough bleeding may subsequently be shown to be a reliable indicator of underlying endometrial pathology.", "contents": "Clinical considerations in the management of the menopause: the endometrium. Exogenous oestrogens prescribed for the relief of menopausal symptoms are being given in pharmacological doses and the term 'hormone replacement therapy' is inappropriate. The frequent development of endometrial hyperplasia during unopposed cyclical oestrogen therapy is therefore to be expected, but no single pattern of vaginal bleeding accurately reflected the histology of the endometrium. As such doses of oestrogens are required for effective relief of symptoms, progestogens must be given to protect against endometrial hyperstimulation. Patient acceptability of sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy is high (90%) and with such therapy breakthrough bleeding may subsequently be shown to be a reliable indicator of underlying endometrial pathology.", "PMID": 740583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4555", "title": "Endometrial factors under treatment with oestrogen and oestrogen/progestogen combinations.", "content": "In a continuing prospective study, uterine curettage was undertaken on sixty-four patients attending a Menopause Clinic prior to consideration of gonadal hormone therapy. Two of these patients (3.1%) were found to have endometrial hyperplasia, and subsequently they were not given gonadal hormone therapy. Sixty-two patients with normal endometrium at pre-treatment curettage received cyclical oestrogen regimens or sequential oestrogen/progestogen treatments. Four (30.8%) of the thirteen patients in receipt of cyclical 'high-dose' oestrogens developed cystic glandular hyperplasia, whereas none of the patients taking either cyclical 'low-dose' oestrogens (thirty patients) or cyclical-sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens (nineteen patients) developed endometrial hyperplasia. Among the patients with a normal endometrium, both before and during cyclical gonadal hormone therapy, regular withdrawal bleeding was experienced by thirty-two patients (51.6%). Breakthrough bleeding occurred in nine (14.5%), while twenty-one patients (33.9%) had no vaginal bleeding. Of the four patients with normal endometrium at pre-treatment curettage who subsequently developed endometrial hyperplasia during cyclical 'high-dose' oestrogen therapy, regular withdrawal bleeding was experienced by two patients, and in one of these breakthrough bleeding also occurred. Furthermore, in the four patients who developed endometrial hyperplasia, this condition occurred within six months in two patients and within 9 and 10 months respectively in the remaining two. In the nineteen patients receiving cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens, all had regular withdrawal bleeding, while one patient had breakthrough bleeding during sequential therapy. It is concluded that in those climacteric patients who present with severe menopausal symptoms which necessitate the administration of high-dose oestrogen regimes it is necessary either to undertake both pretreatment uterine curettage or to add a progestogen to the oestrogen in a sequential regimen.", "contents": "Endometrial factors under treatment with oestrogen and oestrogen/progestogen combinations. In a continuing prospective study, uterine curettage was undertaken on sixty-four patients attending a Menopause Clinic prior to consideration of gonadal hormone therapy. Two of these patients (3.1%) were found to have endometrial hyperplasia, and subsequently they were not given gonadal hormone therapy. Sixty-two patients with normal endometrium at pre-treatment curettage received cyclical oestrogen regimens or sequential oestrogen/progestogen treatments. Four (30.8%) of the thirteen patients in receipt of cyclical 'high-dose' oestrogens developed cystic glandular hyperplasia, whereas none of the patients taking either cyclical 'low-dose' oestrogens (thirty patients) or cyclical-sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens (nineteen patients) developed endometrial hyperplasia. Among the patients with a normal endometrium, both before and during cyclical gonadal hormone therapy, regular withdrawal bleeding was experienced by thirty-two patients (51.6%). Breakthrough bleeding occurred in nine (14.5%), while twenty-one patients (33.9%) had no vaginal bleeding. Of the four patients with normal endometrium at pre-treatment curettage who subsequently developed endometrial hyperplasia during cyclical 'high-dose' oestrogen therapy, regular withdrawal bleeding was experienced by two patients, and in one of these breakthrough bleeding also occurred. Furthermore, in the four patients who developed endometrial hyperplasia, this condition occurred within six months in two patients and within 9 and 10 months respectively in the remaining two. In the nineteen patients receiving cyclical sequential oestrogen/progestogen regimens, all had regular withdrawal bleeding, while one patient had breakthrough bleeding during sequential therapy. It is concluded that in those climacteric patients who present with severe menopausal symptoms which necessitate the administration of high-dose oestrogen regimes it is necessary either to undertake both pretreatment uterine curettage or to add a progestogen to the oestrogen in a sequential regimen.", "PMID": 740584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4556", "title": "Effect of progesterone on the sebaceous glands.", "content": "The effect of progesterone on the rate of sebum secretion was examined in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. In intact adult male rats, progesterone administered for 3 weeks decreased sebum secretion, whereas in intact adult female rats, progesterone slightly increased sebum production. In castrated adults progesterone increased sebum secretion in both sexes, a greater response occurring after castration at 21 days of age than after castration at 10 weeks. Thus, the response to progesterone in the adult rat differs in intact males and females and is affected by changes in the endocrine environment induced by gonadectomy, especially near the time of puberty.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone on the sebaceous glands. The effect of progesterone on the rate of sebum secretion was examined in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. In intact adult male rats, progesterone administered for 3 weeks decreased sebum secretion, whereas in intact adult female rats, progesterone slightly increased sebum production. In castrated adults progesterone increased sebum secretion in both sexes, a greater response occurring after castration at 21 days of age than after castration at 10 weeks. Thus, the response to progesterone in the adult rat differs in intact males and females and is affected by changes in the endocrine environment induced by gonadectomy, especially near the time of puberty.", "PMID": 740585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4557", "title": "Logistics of study on hormone therapy in the climacteric.", "content": "The practical implications of conducting a prospective study into the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in peri- and post-menopausal women are discussed. The minimum number of woman-years of observation required to yield data of statistical significance is around 50,000, which would involve the participation of 1000 general practitioners.", "contents": "Logistics of study on hormone therapy in the climacteric. The practical implications of conducting a prospective study into the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in peri- and post-menopausal women are discussed. The minimum number of woman-years of observation required to yield data of statistical significance is around 50,000, which would involve the participation of 1000 general practitioners.", "PMID": 740587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4558", "title": "Future research--potentially rewarding areas for investigation.", "content": "Further research is still needed for many aspects of hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. The type of regimen to be used, and in it the type of oestrogen, the type of progestogen, the route of administration, and the dose all require further evaluation. Careful investigation will then be needed to determine the effect of the chosen regimen on the presenting symptoms, and also long-term effect on coagulation factors, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, osteoporosis and endometrial carcinoma. At present there are no definite criteria as to which patients should be chosen for therapy or the duration for which treatment should be given.", "contents": "Future research--potentially rewarding areas for investigation. Further research is still needed for many aspects of hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. The type of regimen to be used, and in it the type of oestrogen, the type of progestogen, the route of administration, and the dose all require further evaluation. Careful investigation will then be needed to determine the effect of the chosen regimen on the presenting symptoms, and also long-term effect on coagulation factors, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, osteoporosis and endometrial carcinoma. At present there are no definite criteria as to which patients should be chosen for therapy or the duration for which treatment should be given.", "PMID": 740588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4559", "title": "Positive myocardial scintigraphy at the bedside--evaluation using a portable gamma camera.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the role of positive infarct scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), using Technetium99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) and a portable gamma camera. Sixty-one patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) with a presumptive diagnosis of AMI or ischaemic cardiac pain were studied. Positive scans were present in 24/25 (96%) patients with AMI and new Q waves, and in 10/12 (83%) patients with AMI and no Q waves. Nine of eleven (82%) patients with chest pain and no infarction had negative scans. Of thirteen patients with unstable angina, ten (77%) had positive scans. A further eight patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery for angina pectoris were studied pre- and postoperatively. Two patients had strongly positive postoperative scans. The Tc-PYP scan is valuable in the detection of peri-operative infarction following coronary artery surgery, and in patients with unstable angina the technique may detect small amounts of myocardial necrosis undetectable by more conventional means. When the diagnosis of infarction is obvious from the ECG, enzymes, or a combination of the two, the Tc-PYP scan provides no extra information helpful in patient management.", "contents": "Positive myocardial scintigraphy at the bedside--evaluation using a portable gamma camera. A study was undertaken to evaluate the role of positive infarct scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), using Technetium99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) and a portable gamma camera. Sixty-one patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) with a presumptive diagnosis of AMI or ischaemic cardiac pain were studied. Positive scans were present in 24/25 (96%) patients with AMI and new Q waves, and in 10/12 (83%) patients with AMI and no Q waves. Nine of eleven (82%) patients with chest pain and no infarction had negative scans. Of thirteen patients with unstable angina, ten (77%) had positive scans. A further eight patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery for angina pectoris were studied pre- and postoperatively. Two patients had strongly positive postoperative scans. The Tc-PYP scan is valuable in the detection of peri-operative infarction following coronary artery surgery, and in patients with unstable angina the technique may detect small amounts of myocardial necrosis undetectable by more conventional means. When the diagnosis of infarction is obvious from the ECG, enzymes, or a combination of the two, the Tc-PYP scan provides no extra information helpful in patient management.", "PMID": 740589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4560", "title": "Bacteraemia after manipulation of the urinary tract. The importance of pre-existing urinary tract disease and compromised host defences.", "content": "The factors related to the occurrence of bacteraemia following urinary tract manipulation were studied in a large community hospital. During a 3-year period, forty-six of 326 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteraemia were associated with urinary tract manipulation. All thirty of forty-six cases felt to be definitely related to urinary tract manipulation (other obvious sources of bacteraemia being absent) had pre-existing urinary tract disease, especially of an obstructive type; only one in this group died from sepsis. The remaining sixteen patients had other possible sources of bacteraemia besides urinary tract manipulation and had disorders associated with defects in host defences; twelve (75%) in this group died from overwhelming sepsis. Thus, if bacteraemia occurs in a patient having had urinary tract manipulation but without any underlying urinary tract abnormality or impairment in host defences, its source should be searched for in other areas of the body.", "contents": "Bacteraemia after manipulation of the urinary tract. The importance of pre-existing urinary tract disease and compromised host defences. The factors related to the occurrence of bacteraemia following urinary tract manipulation were studied in a large community hospital. During a 3-year period, forty-six of 326 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteraemia were associated with urinary tract manipulation. All thirty of forty-six cases felt to be definitely related to urinary tract manipulation (other obvious sources of bacteraemia being absent) had pre-existing urinary tract disease, especially of an obstructive type; only one in this group died from sepsis. The remaining sixteen patients had other possible sources of bacteraemia besides urinary tract manipulation and had disorders associated with defects in host defences; twelve (75%) in this group died from overwhelming sepsis. Thus, if bacteraemia occurs in a patient having had urinary tract manipulation but without any underlying urinary tract abnormality or impairment in host defences, its source should be searched for in other areas of the body.", "PMID": 740590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4561", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy--report of a case.", "content": "A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy has been presented which had the characteristic clinical and histological features. The patient did not respond to chemotherapy and succumbed to the disease. Instead of the usual polyclonal gammopathy associated with this condition, he showed a fall in IgM levels, IgG and IgA being within normal limits. The significance of the latter finding is not known.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy--report of a case. A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy has been presented which had the characteristic clinical and histological features. The patient did not respond to chemotherapy and succumbed to the disease. Instead of the usual polyclonal gammopathy associated with this condition, he showed a fall in IgM levels, IgG and IgA being within normal limits. The significance of the latter finding is not known.", "PMID": 740591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4562", "title": "Familial Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A family with Hodgkin's disease is described. Each affected member of the family had mediastinal involvement and in each case the histology was that of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. The significance of these findings with reference to the aetiology of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "Familial Hodgkin's disease. A family with Hodgkin's disease is described. Each affected member of the family had mediastinal involvement and in each case the histology was that of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. The significance of these findings with reference to the aetiology of the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 740592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4563", "title": "Tuberculous abscess of the brain.", "content": "A bacteriologically confirmed case of tuberculous abscess of the brain is reported. Tuberculous brain abscess unlike tuberculoma does not exhibit the typical granulomatous changes and the diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of tubercle bacilli either by staining or culture. An antituberculous regime should be started immediately the diagnosis has been established.", "contents": "Tuberculous abscess of the brain. A bacteriologically confirmed case of tuberculous abscess of the brain is reported. Tuberculous brain abscess unlike tuberculoma does not exhibit the typical granulomatous changes and the diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of tubercle bacilli either by staining or culture. An antituberculous regime should be started immediately the diagnosis has been established.", "PMID": 740593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4564", "title": "Bilateral neuralgic amyotrophy complicating Weil's disease.", "content": "The case of a patient with leptospirosis (treated with trimethoprim) with late neurological complications manifesting as a bilateral plexus syndrome is described. The probable reasons for the continued weakness, in this patient, of the muscles supplied by the anterior interosseus nerve, despite improvement in the proximal muscles, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral neuralgic amyotrophy complicating Weil's disease. The case of a patient with leptospirosis (treated with trimethoprim) with late neurological complications manifesting as a bilateral plexus syndrome is described. The probable reasons for the continued weakness, in this patient, of the muscles supplied by the anterior interosseus nerve, despite improvement in the proximal muscles, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 740594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4565", "title": "A case of Mollaret's meningitis associated with a lymphoma.", "content": "A patient with recurrent benign meningitis (Mollaret's meningitis) responding to treatment with colchicine by a reduction in frequency of attacks who has subsequently developed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described.", "contents": "A case of Mollaret's meningitis associated with a lymphoma. A patient with recurrent benign meningitis (Mollaret's meningitis) responding to treatment with colchicine by a reduction in frequency of attacks who has subsequently developed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described.", "PMID": 740595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4566", "title": "The Budd-Chiari syndrome in pregnancy.", "content": "A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome in a young woman, which started probably in the last trimester of pregnancy, is described. The diagnosis was made clinically and was confirmed by inferior venacavography and on exploratory laparotomy. The possible connection of the syndrome with the pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "The Budd-Chiari syndrome in pregnancy. A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome in a young woman, which started probably in the last trimester of pregnancy, is described. The diagnosis was made clinically and was confirmed by inferior venacavography and on exploratory laparotomy. The possible connection of the syndrome with the pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 740596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4567", "title": "Axial volvulus of Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "Two cases of axial volvulus of a Meckel's diverticulum associated with a diverticular band are described. In both cases, the pre-operative diagnosis was of acute appendicitis. The importance of further exploration if the appendix is insufficiently inflamed to acount for the symptoms and signs is emphasized.", "contents": "Axial volvulus of Meckel's diverticulum. Two cases of axial volvulus of a Meckel's diverticulum associated with a diverticular band are described. In both cases, the pre-operative diagnosis was of acute appendicitis. The importance of further exploration if the appendix is insufficiently inflamed to acount for the symptoms and signs is emphasized.", "PMID": 740597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4568", "title": "Induction of spermatogenesis in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "A young male who presented with isolated bihormonal gonadotrophin deficiency is described, Basal levels of LH and FSH were low and there was no response to clomiphene citrate or LHRH. The remaining anterior pituitary function was intact. The administration of a combination of human menopausal gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin caused testicular maturation with spermatogenesis and full androgenization. The patient was able to father a child.", "contents": "Induction of spermatogenesis in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. A young male who presented with isolated bihormonal gonadotrophin deficiency is described, Basal levels of LH and FSH were low and there was no response to clomiphene citrate or LHRH. The remaining anterior pituitary function was intact. The administration of a combination of human menopausal gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin caused testicular maturation with spermatogenesis and full androgenization. The patient was able to father a child.", "PMID": 740598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4569", "title": "Barium granuloma of the transverse colon.", "content": "A case of barium sulphate granuloma of the transverse colon following gunshot wounds to the abdomen has been described. Scanning electron microscopy with electron probe microanalysis was used to confirm the presence of barium sulphate and the absence of lead or other elements related to the gunshot wounds.", "contents": "Barium granuloma of the transverse colon. A case of barium sulphate granuloma of the transverse colon following gunshot wounds to the abdomen has been described. Scanning electron microscopy with electron probe microanalysis was used to confirm the presence of barium sulphate and the absence of lead or other elements related to the gunshot wounds.", "PMID": 740599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4570", "title": "'On-the-spot' blood glucose requirement at a peripheral diabetic clinic.", "content": "In 100 consecutive diabetics attending a peripheral clinic subsequent blood glucose analyses indicated the need for some change in treatment in 24 patients. As it can be difficult to predict which patients should have their blood glucose levels checked provision of some form of comprehensive and reliable 'on-the-spot' analysis is essential for the best management of diabetics attending such clinics.", "contents": "'On-the-spot' blood glucose requirement at a peripheral diabetic clinic. In 100 consecutive diabetics attending a peripheral clinic subsequent blood glucose analyses indicated the need for some change in treatment in 24 patients. As it can be difficult to predict which patients should have their blood glucose levels checked provision of some form of comprehensive and reliable 'on-the-spot' analysis is essential for the best management of diabetics attending such clinics.", "PMID": 740608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4571", "title": "Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in Asian immigrants.", "content": "Chronic inflammatory bowel disease occurs sporadically among the immigrant Asian population in Britain, but information about the incidence and clinical features is lacking. We therefore report our experience of 13 patients seen in a gastrointestinal unit in Birmingham over the past 12 years.", "contents": "Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in Asian immigrants. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease occurs sporadically among the immigrant Asian population in Britain, but information about the incidence and clinical features is lacking. We therefore report our experience of 13 patients seen in a gastrointestinal unit in Birmingham over the past 12 years.", "PMID": 740622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4572", "title": "[Supraclavicular and subaxillar plexusanaesthesias in 821 patients. Efficiency, side-effects and complications under the aspect of the educational--engagement on a medical school (author's transl)].", "content": "Local anaesthesia of the plexus brachialis has been performed in 821 patients within a period of two years (544 times in supraclavicular and 277 times in subaxillar technique). Effectiveness and side-effects have been evaluated on the base of objective parameters, of the findings of the anaesthetist and of the judgement of the patient. Results have been compared between individual differently experienced anaesthetist. Results demonstrate a good resp. sufficient anaesthetic effectiveness in both kinds of regional anaesthetic method, depending to some extent on the individual experience. Nevertheless complications in form of pneumothorax and lesion of the nerve happen independently of the grade of the experience of the anaesthetist. To avoid the danger of pneumothorax, the subaxillar type of plexus-brachialis-anaesthesia performed as centrally as possible, is preferred to the supraclavicular type. This technique can be recommended widely.", "contents": "[Supraclavicular and subaxillar plexusanaesthesias in 821 patients. Efficiency, side-effects and complications under the aspect of the educational--engagement on a medical school (author's transl)]. Local anaesthesia of the plexus brachialis has been performed in 821 patients within a period of two years (544 times in supraclavicular and 277 times in subaxillar technique). Effectiveness and side-effects have been evaluated on the base of objective parameters, of the findings of the anaesthetist and of the judgement of the patient. Results have been compared between individual differently experienced anaesthetist. Results demonstrate a good resp. sufficient anaesthetic effectiveness in both kinds of regional anaesthetic method, depending to some extent on the individual experience. Nevertheless complications in form of pneumothorax and lesion of the nerve happen independently of the grade of the experience of the anaesthetist. To avoid the danger of pneumothorax, the subaxillar type of plexus-brachialis-anaesthesia performed as centrally as possible, is preferred to the supraclavicular type. This technique can be recommended widely.", "PMID": 740626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4573", "title": "[Continuous brachial plexus block (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for continuous block of the brachial plexus is described using an indwelling teflon cannula positioned according to the anatomical dictates of the supraclavicular and interscalene spaces. The anatomy is presented as key to consistent results. Advantages of a continuous block are an extension of normal block duration, block placement independent of operating times and a possible application to intensive care patients.", "contents": "[Continuous brachial plexus block (author's transl)]. A technique for continuous block of the brachial plexus is described using an indwelling teflon cannula positioned according to the anatomical dictates of the supraclavicular and interscalene spaces. The anatomy is presented as key to consistent results. Advantages of a continuous block are an extension of normal block duration, block placement independent of operating times and a possible application to intensive care patients.", "PMID": 740627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4574", "title": "[Operative stress during electroacupuncture and enflurane anaesthesia assessed by serum cortisol (author's transl)].", "content": "Before, during and after gynaecological operations performed either in electroacupuncture or enflurane anaesthesia plasma-cortisol levels were determined and compared to each other. During stimulation and operation plasma-cortisol increased continuously, indicating elevated sympathetic tone, whereas with enflurane anaesthesia plasma-cortisol levels were markedly lower. Postoperatively after electroacupuncture cortisol levels decreased, and rose again with the onset of pain. After enflurane anaesthesia cortisol levels increased continuously for a period of more than 90 min. Because of the strong correlation between degree of stress and plasma-cortisol level, our results demonstrate surgery under electroacupuncture analgesia to cause a stress greater than that during enflurane anaesthesia. The changes in cortisol levels were observed during stabilized cardiovascular conditions. Conditions varying plasma-cortisol levels too, are discussed.", "contents": "[Operative stress during electroacupuncture and enflurane anaesthesia assessed by serum cortisol (author's transl)]. Before, during and after gynaecological operations performed either in electroacupuncture or enflurane anaesthesia plasma-cortisol levels were determined and compared to each other. During stimulation and operation plasma-cortisol increased continuously, indicating elevated sympathetic tone, whereas with enflurane anaesthesia plasma-cortisol levels were markedly lower. Postoperatively after electroacupuncture cortisol levels decreased, and rose again with the onset of pain. After enflurane anaesthesia cortisol levels increased continuously for a period of more than 90 min. Because of the strong correlation between degree of stress and plasma-cortisol level, our results demonstrate surgery under electroacupuncture analgesia to cause a stress greater than that during enflurane anaesthesia. The changes in cortisol levels were observed during stabilized cardiovascular conditions. Conditions varying plasma-cortisol levels too, are discussed.", "PMID": 740628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4575", "title": "[The effect of buprenorphin on circulation, respiration and the electroencephalogram (a postoperative study of 12 neurosurgical cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Buprenorphin was given to 12 patients as a postoperative analgesic after neurosurgery, and the effects of the drug on the circulation, respiration and the electroencephalogram were studied. The circulation was not significantly affected, respiration was moderately depressed, the analgesic action was satisfactory. The depression of consciousness was reflected in the electroencephalographic pattern.", "contents": "[The effect of buprenorphin on circulation, respiration and the electroencephalogram (a postoperative study of 12 neurosurgical cases) (author's transl)]. Buprenorphin was given to 12 patients as a postoperative analgesic after neurosurgery, and the effects of the drug on the circulation, respiration and the electroencephalogram were studied. The circulation was not significantly affected, respiration was moderately depressed, the analgesic action was satisfactory. The depression of consciousness was reflected in the electroencephalographic pattern.", "PMID": 740629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4576", "title": "[An experimental study of the effect of etomidate on central sympathetic activity, respiration and circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Etomidate on central sympathetic activity, respiration and circulation were studied in animals at rest and under asphyctic conditions. The doses used were 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 milligrams/kilogram bodyweight. Injection of the drug into animals at rest caused excitation lasting for about 10 seconds and then lowering of sympathetic activity by about 15-30 per cent. With doses of 0.6 mg the depression lasted for about 15 minutes. Central stimulation by asphyxia often a more pronounced dose-dependent depression of sympathetic activity by about 15-40% of the original level was observed. Activity of the phrenic nerve was affected only with doses of 0.6 mg; the reduction by about 30% lasted for up to 15 min. Injection of 0.6 mg was followed within one minute by a short-lasting fall in blood pressure by about 10%. The heart rate remained unchanged at rest but during asphyctic conditions the heart rate was less slowed down than would normally occur with vagal stimulation. Etomidate apparently also depressed the vagal centres. Similarities and differences in action between Etomidate and propanidid are discussed.", "contents": "[An experimental study of the effect of etomidate on central sympathetic activity, respiration and circulation (author's transl)]. The effect of Etomidate on central sympathetic activity, respiration and circulation were studied in animals at rest and under asphyctic conditions. The doses used were 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 milligrams/kilogram bodyweight. Injection of the drug into animals at rest caused excitation lasting for about 10 seconds and then lowering of sympathetic activity by about 15-30 per cent. With doses of 0.6 mg the depression lasted for about 15 minutes. Central stimulation by asphyxia often a more pronounced dose-dependent depression of sympathetic activity by about 15-40% of the original level was observed. Activity of the phrenic nerve was affected only with doses of 0.6 mg; the reduction by about 30% lasted for up to 15 min. Injection of 0.6 mg was followed within one minute by a short-lasting fall in blood pressure by about 10%. The heart rate remained unchanged at rest but during asphyctic conditions the heart rate was less slowed down than would normally occur with vagal stimulation. Etomidate apparently also depressed the vagal centres. Similarities and differences in action between Etomidate and propanidid are discussed.", "PMID": 740630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4577", "title": "[The effect of etomidate on CSFP (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of etomidate on cerebro-spinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was investigated in 25 patients. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (BPM) and blood gases were measured additionally. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated from the difference MAP minus CSFP. Etomidate lowered CSFP (p less than 0,01 paired Student t-test). Ketamine-induced increase of CSFP (p less than 0,01) was normalized by etomidate. Premedication with etomidate delayed ketamine-induced increase of CSFP, which dropped to normal after a second dose of etomidate. The effect in reducing CSFP of etomidate was seen despite elevation of pCO2(p less than 0,01) in all patients breathing spontaneously.", "contents": "[The effect of etomidate on CSFP (author's transl)]. The effect of etomidate on cerebro-spinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was investigated in 25 patients. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (BPM) and blood gases were measured additionally. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated from the difference MAP minus CSFP. Etomidate lowered CSFP (p less than 0,01 paired Student t-test). Ketamine-induced increase of CSFP (p less than 0,01) was normalized by etomidate. Premedication with etomidate delayed ketamine-induced increase of CSFP, which dropped to normal after a second dose of etomidate. The effect in reducing CSFP of etomidate was seen despite elevation of pCO2(p less than 0,01) in all patients breathing spontaneously.", "PMID": 740631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4578", "title": "[Controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Sodium Nitroprusside (Nipride) was administered by infusion pump intravenously in 27 neurosurgical patients for intraoperative, postoperative and posttraumatic blood pressure lowering. This was accomplished with intension to reduce the risk of hemorrhage during operation on highly vascularized tumors or aneurysms and to combat hypertensive crisis after surgery and brain injury. The effect was documented by direct arterial blood pressure registration and the drug proved to be fast acting, potent and readily reversible. Dosage varied between 1 and 10 microgram/kg/min with systolic pressure decreasing about 6 to 60% of the initial value. There was ill correlation between infusion rate and blood pressure drop which demanded particular caution at the beginning and the end of infusion. A decrease in pulse pressure and a moderate tachycardia were generally observed, however no complications were seen due to a Sodium Nitroprusside administration over less than 12 hours duration in our series.", "contents": "[Controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Sodium Nitroprusside (Nipride) was administered by infusion pump intravenously in 27 neurosurgical patients for intraoperative, postoperative and posttraumatic blood pressure lowering. This was accomplished with intension to reduce the risk of hemorrhage during operation on highly vascularized tumors or aneurysms and to combat hypertensive crisis after surgery and brain injury. The effect was documented by direct arterial blood pressure registration and the drug proved to be fast acting, potent and readily reversible. Dosage varied between 1 and 10 microgram/kg/min with systolic pressure decreasing about 6 to 60% of the initial value. There was ill correlation between infusion rate and blood pressure drop which demanded particular caution at the beginning and the end of infusion. A decrease in pulse pressure and a moderate tachycardia were generally observed, however no complications were seen due to a Sodium Nitroprusside administration over less than 12 hours duration in our series.", "PMID": 740632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4579", "title": "[Haemodynamic response to sodium nitroprusside in healthy people and in patients with left heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 healthy persons (group I) and in 10 patients with left heart failure the haemodynamic response to reduction of the arterial blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is studied. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) is reduced in two stages first to 100 mm Hg and than to 90 mm Hg. The SAP was then allowed to reach 100 mm Hg by reduction of the SNP dose. At this SAP a constant amount of SNP and 500 ml Dextran 60 were infused. In group I the cardiac index (CI) decreases from 3,6 +/- 0,4 1/minXm2 at a SAP of 136 +/- 11 mm Hg to 3,2 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05) at a SAP of 101 +/- 2 mm Hg. At a SAP of 89 +/- 3 mm Hg the CI is 3,0 +/- 0,3 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05). The right atrial pressure (RAP) and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) are significantly reduced (p less than 0,01). After infusion of 500 ml Dextran 60 the CI increases to  3,9 +/- 0,3 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05). In group II at a SAP of 132 +/- 8 mm Hg the CI is 2,7 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2, at a SAP of 99 +/- 3 mm Hg the CI is 3,0 +/- 0,3 1/minxm2 (p less than 0,05) and at a SAP of 91 +/- 2 mm Hg decreases to 2,7 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2. RAP and PCWP are significantly reduced (p less than 0,01). After infusion of 500 ml Dextran 60 the CI increases to 3.3 +/- 0,2 1/minxm2 (p less than 0,05). These results show, that SNP-Infusion in patients with left heart failure can improve cardiac performance. In patients without cardiac disease the CI decreases after SNP-Infusion due to the low preload of the heart. In both groups preload restoration with Dextran 60 can increase the cardiac index.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic response to sodium nitroprusside in healthy people and in patients with left heart failure (author's transl)]. In 10 healthy persons (group I) and in 10 patients with left heart failure the haemodynamic response to reduction of the arterial blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is studied. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) is reduced in two stages first to 100 mm Hg and than to 90 mm Hg. The SAP was then allowed to reach 100 mm Hg by reduction of the SNP dose. At this SAP a constant amount of SNP and 500 ml Dextran 60 were infused. In group I the cardiac index (CI) decreases from 3,6 +/- 0,4 1/minXm2 at a SAP of 136 +/- 11 mm Hg to 3,2 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05) at a SAP of 101 +/- 2 mm Hg. At a SAP of 89 +/- 3 mm Hg the CI is 3,0 +/- 0,3 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05). The right atrial pressure (RAP) and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) are significantly reduced (p less than 0,01). After infusion of 500 ml Dextran 60 the CI increases to  3,9 +/- 0,3 1/minXm2 (p less than 0,05). In group II at a SAP of 132 +/- 8 mm Hg the CI is 2,7 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2, at a SAP of 99 +/- 3 mm Hg the CI is 3,0 +/- 0,3 1/minxm2 (p less than 0,05) and at a SAP of 91 +/- 2 mm Hg decreases to 2,7 +/- 0,2 1/minXm2. RAP and PCWP are significantly reduced (p less than 0,01). After infusion of 500 ml Dextran 60 the CI increases to 3.3 +/- 0,2 1/minxm2 (p less than 0,05). These results show, that SNP-Infusion in patients with left heart failure can improve cardiac performance. In patients without cardiac disease the CI decreases after SNP-Infusion due to the low preload of the heart. In both groups preload restoration with Dextran 60 can increase the cardiac index.", "PMID": 740633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4580", "title": "[The influence of intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) on plasmaproteins in patients with posttraumatic intraabdominal bleeding or hemorrhage during vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In 29 patients (12 vascular and 17 trauma cases) the effect of intraabdominal bleeding and surgical management under intraoperative autotransfusion on several plasmaproteins was examined. The following parameters were monitored immediately before and after autotransfusion as well as 24, 48, 72 hours and one week later, in the thawed serum: 1. albumen and the carrier proteins prealbumen, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, 2. acute phase reactants: c-reactive protein coeruloplasmin, haptoglobin, 3. fractions of complement:  C1q, C3c, C5  and C 3-activator, 4. serum-cholinesterase. With usual treatment by infusion of electrolyte solutions during operation and the following days, and further applicated blood transfusion, plasma and fresh frozen plasma by clinical needs, while the immediate blood loss during operation was replaced by autotransfusion, there was no change in preoperative dates. Only at the 3rd day the typical picture of catabolic situation of the postoperative period was observed in vascular cases and not at all in trauma cases. Thus the changes were closely related to the preexisting disease or state of shock, without further detoriation by intraoperative autotransfusion. 7 days later a sometimes overshooting normalization of the parameters was observed. Only cholinesterase remained extremely low, especially in vascular cases.", "contents": "[The influence of intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) on plasmaproteins in patients with posttraumatic intraabdominal bleeding or hemorrhage during vascular surgery (author's transl)]. In 29 patients (12 vascular and 17 trauma cases) the effect of intraabdominal bleeding and surgical management under intraoperative autotransfusion on several plasmaproteins was examined. The following parameters were monitored immediately before and after autotransfusion as well as 24, 48, 72 hours and one week later, in the thawed serum: 1. albumen and the carrier proteins prealbumen, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, 2. acute phase reactants: c-reactive protein coeruloplasmin, haptoglobin, 3. fractions of complement:  C1q, C3c, C5  and C 3-activator, 4. serum-cholinesterase. With usual treatment by infusion of electrolyte solutions during operation and the following days, and further applicated blood transfusion, plasma and fresh frozen plasma by clinical needs, while the immediate blood loss during operation was replaced by autotransfusion, there was no change in preoperative dates. Only at the 3rd day the typical picture of catabolic situation of the postoperative period was observed in vascular cases and not at all in trauma cases. Thus the changes were closely related to the preexisting disease or state of shock, without further detoriation by intraoperative autotransfusion. 7 days later a sometimes overshooting normalization of the parameters was observed. Only cholinesterase remained extremely low, especially in vascular cases.", "PMID": 740634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4581", "title": "[Erythrocyte concentrates as substitutes of whole blood; changes in transfusion methods in a regional hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "In Switzerland the amount of blood donations is determined by the demands for plasma; as a result there is a surplus of erythrocyte concentrates for which more uses should be found. Trials in a regional general hospital proved that these concentrates can be advantageously employed in the field of surgery and anasthesia: due to close cooperation between the clinical department and the blood donor sevice the demand for erythrocyte concentrates rose from 5 per cent to 80 per cent within 5 years.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte concentrates as substitutes of whole blood; changes in transfusion methods in a regional hospital (author's transl)]. In Switzerland the amount of blood donations is determined by the demands for plasma; as a result there is a surplus of erythrocyte concentrates for which more uses should be found. Trials in a regional general hospital proved that these concentrates can be advantageously employed in the field of surgery and anasthesia: due to close cooperation between the clinical department and the blood donor sevice the demand for erythrocyte concentrates rose from 5 per cent to 80 per cent within 5 years.", "PMID": 740635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4582", "title": "Nutritional blood flow to the limbs after access procedures.", "content": "We have measured the blood flow to skin and muscle in normal subjects, asymptomatic dialysis patients, and dialysis patients, and dialysis patients who complained of cold hands (symptomatic patients) in whom a radiocephalic fistula had been constructed. Mean skin blood flow in asymptomatic dialysis patients was identical to that in normal subjects. Skin blood flow in the fistula hand of symptomatic dialysis patients was greatly reduced but it was normal in the contralateral hand. Muscle blood flow at rest was lower in dialysis patients than in normal subjects, but was reduced still further in the fistula hand of symptomatic patients. Muscle hyperaemia in response to exercise was greatly impaired in the fistula hands of all patients, irrespective of symptoms. The haemodynamic consequences of arteriovenous fistulae may be a cause of pain, paraesthesiae, muscle wasting or claudication in dialysis patients.", "contents": "Nutritional blood flow to the limbs after access procedures. We have measured the blood flow to skin and muscle in normal subjects, asymptomatic dialysis patients, and dialysis patients, and dialysis patients who complained of cold hands (symptomatic patients) in whom a radiocephalic fistula had been constructed. Mean skin blood flow in asymptomatic dialysis patients was identical to that in normal subjects. Skin blood flow in the fistula hand of symptomatic dialysis patients was greatly reduced but it was normal in the contralateral hand. Muscle blood flow at rest was lower in dialysis patients than in normal subjects, but was reduced still further in the fistula hand of symptomatic patients. Muscle hyperaemia in response to exercise was greatly impaired in the fistula hands of all patients, irrespective of symptoms. The haemodynamic consequences of arteriovenous fistulae may be a cause of pain, paraesthesiae, muscle wasting or claudication in dialysis patients.", "PMID": 740659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4583", "title": "Haemodialysis-induced leucopenia and activation of complement: effects of different membranes.", "content": "The effects on neutrophil count and complement activity of five different haemodialysis membranes were studied. There was no correlation between the degree of neutropenia and intensity of complement activation. With cuprophan membrane both occurred simultaneously but to unrelated degrees; polyacronitrile induced mild, not significant neutropenia but marked activation of complement; polycarbonate membranes induced severe neutropenia without detectable complement activation. Where complement activation occurred it was via the alternative pathway. Haemodialysis induced neutropenia may have many causes and complement activation is probably not the major responsible factor.", "contents": "Haemodialysis-induced leucopenia and activation of complement: effects of different membranes. The effects on neutrophil count and complement activity of five different haemodialysis membranes were studied. There was no correlation between the degree of neutropenia and intensity of complement activation. With cuprophan membrane both occurred simultaneously but to unrelated degrees; polyacronitrile induced mild, not significant neutropenia but marked activation of complement; polycarbonate membranes induced severe neutropenia without detectable complement activation. Where complement activation occurred it was via the alternative pathway. Haemodialysis induced neutropenia may have many causes and complement activation is probably not the major responsible factor.", "PMID": 740661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4584", "title": "Aluminium studies in dialysis encephalopathy.", "content": "The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome has a geographical distribution related to the aluminium content of the dialysis water supply. There is a close relationship between concentrations of water aluminium and serum aluminium, and patients with dialysis encephalopathy have serum aluminium concentrations greater than 400 microgram/litre. High serum aluminium is also associated with osteomalacic bone disease, and worsening anaemia. In dialysis encephalopathy, elevated concentrations of aluminium are found in CSF and in grey matter, and an aluminium burden of 2-8 g is calculated from whole body in vivo analysis. There is sufficient evidence for an aluminium toxicity syndrome to warrant specific removal of aluminium by water purification systems.", "contents": "Aluminium studies in dialysis encephalopathy. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome has a geographical distribution related to the aluminium content of the dialysis water supply. There is a close relationship between concentrations of water aluminium and serum aluminium, and patients with dialysis encephalopathy have serum aluminium concentrations greater than 400 microgram/litre. High serum aluminium is also associated with osteomalacic bone disease, and worsening anaemia. In dialysis encephalopathy, elevated concentrations of aluminium are found in CSF and in grey matter, and an aluminium burden of 2-8 g is calculated from whole body in vivo analysis. There is sufficient evidence for an aluminium toxicity syndrome to warrant specific removal of aluminium by water purification systems.", "PMID": 740662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4585", "title": "Comparison of intermittent with continuous peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Our experience with 41 patients on CAPD is presented (127 patient months). Thirty-three patients were previously on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. We used 4 exchanges of 2 L each per 24 hours (8, 6, 6 and 4 hours dwell times). There was a dramatic fall in serum creatinine of 27%, BUN fell 22%, total CO2 rose 15%. Haemoglobin rose 10% and serum albumin fell by 5%. The incidence of peritonitis was one episode per 7.1 patient months. All patients noted an increase in well being. There were almost no dietary restrictions and patients gained real body weight. In most instances, their antihypertensive medication could be discontinued. This technique is superior to all the other forms of peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Comparison of intermittent with continuous peritoneal dialysis. Our experience with 41 patients on CAPD is presented (127 patient months). Thirty-three patients were previously on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. We used 4 exchanges of 2 L each per 24 hours (8, 6, 6 and 4 hours dwell times). There was a dramatic fall in serum creatinine of 27%, BUN fell 22%, total CO2 rose 15%. Haemoglobin rose 10% and serum albumin fell by 5%. The incidence of peritonitis was one episode per 7.1 patient months. All patients noted an increase in well being. There were almost no dietary restrictions and patients gained real body weight. In most instances, their antihypertensive medication could be discontinued. This technique is superior to all the other forms of peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 740663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4586", "title": "Haemo- and peritoneal dialysis treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy--a comparative study.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency due to juvenile onset diabetes mellitus were submitted to dialytic treatment, 16 with intermittent haemodialysis and 16 with peritoneal dialysis. Both groups were similar with respect to onset of diabetes, course of renal insufficiency, as well as start and duration of dialysis treatment (382 and 389 patient months respectively). Patients on haemodialysis showed a more rapid progress of retinopathy and neuropathy, whereas the control of hypertension proved to be more difficult with peritoneal dialysis. A reduced peritoneal dialysance of urea, demonstrated in patients with diabetic nephropathy, could be improved by dipyridamole administration, whereas this drug showed no effect on the dialysances of urea and inulin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency of non-diabetic origin. There were no differences between the survival rates of the two groups which were substantially lower than in non-diabetic dialysis patients.", "contents": "Haemo- and peritoneal dialysis treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy--a comparative study. Thirty-two patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency due to juvenile onset diabetes mellitus were submitted to dialytic treatment, 16 with intermittent haemodialysis and 16 with peritoneal dialysis. Both groups were similar with respect to onset of diabetes, course of renal insufficiency, as well as start and duration of dialysis treatment (382 and 389 patient months respectively). Patients on haemodialysis showed a more rapid progress of retinopathy and neuropathy, whereas the control of hypertension proved to be more difficult with peritoneal dialysis. A reduced peritoneal dialysance of urea, demonstrated in patients with diabetic nephropathy, could be improved by dipyridamole administration, whereas this drug showed no effect on the dialysances of urea and inulin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency of non-diabetic origin. There were no differences between the survival rates of the two groups which were substantially lower than in non-diabetic dialysis patients.", "PMID": 740664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4587", "title": "Development of a sorbent peritoneal dialysate regeneration system--a progress report.", "content": "A sorbent regenerative dialysate system for peritoneal dialysis has been developed (Pericycle). Clinical results and data demonstrate that the sorbent system provides a suitable dialysate. The sorbents effectively remove uraemic metabolites from the dialysate. Calcium and magnesium removed by the cartridge and glucose metabolised by the patient are replaced by the infusion system. The machine pumps regenerated dialysate into and spent dialysate out of the patients. A pressure sensor in the patient line prevents excessive inflow and outflow pressures by stopping the inflow or outflow pump respectively. The Pericycle provides a simple, safe, portable method for conducting peritoneal dialysis in the home or hospital.", "contents": "Development of a sorbent peritoneal dialysate regeneration system--a progress report. A sorbent regenerative dialysate system for peritoneal dialysis has been developed (Pericycle). Clinical results and data demonstrate that the sorbent system provides a suitable dialysate. The sorbents effectively remove uraemic metabolites from the dialysate. Calcium and magnesium removed by the cartridge and glucose metabolised by the patient are replaced by the infusion system. The machine pumps regenerated dialysate into and spent dialysate out of the patients. A pressure sensor in the patient line prevents excessive inflow and outflow pressures by stopping the inflow or outflow pump respectively. The Pericycle provides a simple, safe, portable method for conducting peritoneal dialysis in the home or hospital.", "PMID": 740665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4588", "title": "Haemofiltration with sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate: first clinical experience in end stage renal disease.", "content": "A sorbent system (Redy D11 cartridge) capable of 'in line' regeneration of ultrafiltrate during haemofiltration (Amicon 0.5 m2) has been developed and applied on 3 X 4 hr/week schedule to 3 patients with end stage renal failure previously treated for up to 6 months with haemodialysis. Total experience, to date, is 8 patient months. Tolerance to fluid removal improved with the new system. Patient well being and rehabilitation has been maintained. The system offers the potential of haemofiltration without sterile replacement fluid or expensive fluid balancing machines.", "contents": "Haemofiltration with sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate: first clinical experience in end stage renal disease. A sorbent system (Redy D11 cartridge) capable of 'in line' regeneration of ultrafiltrate during haemofiltration (Amicon 0.5 m2) has been developed and applied on 3 X 4 hr/week schedule to 3 patients with end stage renal failure previously treated for up to 6 months with haemodialysis. Total experience, to date, is 8 patient months. Tolerance to fluid removal improved with the new system. Patient well being and rehabilitation has been maintained. The system offers the potential of haemofiltration without sterile replacement fluid or expensive fluid balancing machines.", "PMID": 740666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4589", "title": "Comparison of haemodialysis (HD) and post dilution haemofiltration (HF) on an unselected dialysis population.", "content": "In a comparison of post-dilution haemofiltration (HF) with routine haemodialysis (HD) HF was found to be technically feasible and without difficulty a method of treating end-stage renal failure patients. HF offers the theoretical benefit of a high removal rate of middle molecules at the expense of measured small molecule clearances. The reported improvement in blood pressure and hyperphosphataemia in HF could not be found in our unselected population. The better tolerance to fluid removal during HF may be due to the linear weight loss during treatment but cannot be attributed to constancy in serum osmolality HF (3 X 20-23L ultrafiltrate/week) seems to be an adequate treatment for small patients. In large, heavy patients without significant residual renal function the ultrafiltration volume has to be increased in relation to body weight. HF was found to be superior to HD in patients with fluid removal problems and frequent hypotensive episodes during HD.", "contents": "Comparison of haemodialysis (HD) and post dilution haemofiltration (HF) on an unselected dialysis population. In a comparison of post-dilution haemofiltration (HF) with routine haemodialysis (HD) HF was found to be technically feasible and without difficulty a method of treating end-stage renal failure patients. HF offers the theoretical benefit of a high removal rate of middle molecules at the expense of measured small molecule clearances. The reported improvement in blood pressure and hyperphosphataemia in HF could not be found in our unselected population. The better tolerance to fluid removal during HF may be due to the linear weight loss during treatment but cannot be attributed to constancy in serum osmolality HF (3 X 20-23L ultrafiltrate/week) seems to be an adequate treatment for small patients. In large, heavy patients without significant residual renal function the ultrafiltration volume has to be increased in relation to body weight. HF was found to be superior to HD in patients with fluid removal problems and frequent hypotensive episodes during HD.", "PMID": 740667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4590", "title": "Importance of the plasma refilling rate in the genesis of hypovolaemic hypotension during regular dialysis and controlled sequential ultrafiltration-haemodialysis.", "content": "The effects of ultrafiltration (UF) on plasma volume (PV) have been studied in eight patients using regular dialysis (RD) and controlled sequential ultrafiltration-haemodialysis (CSU) performed with a Rhodial 75 dialysis system. For a given value of UF the reduction of PV is determined by the plasma refilling rate. During CSU ultrafiltration induces a rapid increase in oncotic pressure without decreasing plasma osmolality. The high plasma refilling rate which can reach 1500 ml/hr allows moderate hypovolaemia despite high rates of UF and contributes to the usual good clinical tolerance of CSU. During RD a rapid decrease in plasma osmolality contributes to a water shift from the vascular space towards the interstitial and intracellular spaces and severe hypovolaemia can occur despite moderate ultrafiltration. CSU offers an adequate treatment for sodium overloaded patients with hypervolaemia, but is of no benefit in routine conditions.", "contents": "Importance of the plasma refilling rate in the genesis of hypovolaemic hypotension during regular dialysis and controlled sequential ultrafiltration-haemodialysis. The effects of ultrafiltration (UF) on plasma volume (PV) have been studied in eight patients using regular dialysis (RD) and controlled sequential ultrafiltration-haemodialysis (CSU) performed with a Rhodial 75 dialysis system. For a given value of UF the reduction of PV is determined by the plasma refilling rate. During CSU ultrafiltration induces a rapid increase in oncotic pressure without decreasing plasma osmolality. The high plasma refilling rate which can reach 1500 ml/hr allows moderate hypovolaemia despite high rates of UF and contributes to the usual good clinical tolerance of CSU. During RD a rapid decrease in plasma osmolality contributes to a water shift from the vascular space towards the interstitial and intracellular spaces and severe hypovolaemia can occur despite moderate ultrafiltration. CSU offers an adequate treatment for sodium overloaded patients with hypervolaemia, but is of no benefit in routine conditions.", "PMID": 740668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4591", "title": "Ultrafiltration and high sodium concentration dialysis: pathophysiological correlation.", "content": "Five stabilised uraemic patients underwent two different procedures using the Gambro Ultradiffuser: ultrafiltration alone for one hour (mean body weight loss 2.97 +/- 0.24 kg) and ultrafiltration with simultaneous dialysis for one hour (mean body weight loss 2.92 +/- 0.22 kg) using a given dialysate sodium concentration which reproduced the changes in osmolality which occur during ultrafiltration alone. This mean sodium concentration was 154.75 +/- 2.02 mEq/L. The results did not show significant differences for the two procedures as regards tolerance to dehydration. These results underline the key role of osmolar stability in making dehydration tolerable.", "contents": "Ultrafiltration and high sodium concentration dialysis: pathophysiological correlation. Five stabilised uraemic patients underwent two different procedures using the Gambro Ultradiffuser: ultrafiltration alone for one hour (mean body weight loss 2.97 +/- 0.24 kg) and ultrafiltration with simultaneous dialysis for one hour (mean body weight loss 2.92 +/- 0.22 kg) using a given dialysate sodium concentration which reproduced the changes in osmolality which occur during ultrafiltration alone. This mean sodium concentration was 154.75 +/- 2.02 mEq/L. The results did not show significant differences for the two procedures as regards tolerance to dehydration. These results underline the key role of osmolar stability in making dehydration tolerable.", "PMID": 740670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4592", "title": "Partial protection against acute renal failure in rats with reduced renal mass.", "content": "Glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) was studied in rats with two degrees of reduced renal mass (RRM). RRM animals, when compared with sham-operated animals, showed a partial protection against this model of ARF. This protection depends on a less marked decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow after ARF induction in RRM rats, with an increased filtration fraction. It is suggested that glycerol injection in RRM rats could induce a mainly efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, in contrast to control rats, whose glomerular arteriolar vasoconstriction is mainly afferent.", "contents": "Partial protection against acute renal failure in rats with reduced renal mass. Glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) was studied in rats with two degrees of reduced renal mass (RRM). RRM animals, when compared with sham-operated animals, showed a partial protection against this model of ARF. This protection depends on a less marked decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow after ARF induction in RRM rats, with an increased filtration fraction. It is suggested that glycerol injection in RRM rats could induce a mainly efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, in contrast to control rats, whose glomerular arteriolar vasoconstriction is mainly afferent.", "PMID": 740673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4593", "title": "Effect of saralasin on plasma renin activity and arginine-vasopressin in hypertensive man.", "content": "This study was carried out to assess the influence of saralasin (SAR), an angiotensin II-analogue, on peripheral and central angiotensin II-receptors by measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release. Before and during i.v. infusion of 10 microgram/kg/min of SAR over a 30 minute period, blood samples were obtained from 15 recumbent hypertensive patients (7 renovascular, 8 essential) to determine hormone activities by radioimmunoassay. In 10 patients with a decrease of blood pressure following SAR, PRA increased significantly whereas AVP levels increased significantly in only 7 of these patients. In the remaining 5 patients without a fall of blood pressure, PRA and AVP remained virtually unchanged. The results indicate that an enhanced AVP release may be due to a hypotensive stimulus induced by SAR in angiotensinogenic hypertension. A direct influence of SAR on central receptors is unlikely under the conditions studied.", "contents": "Effect of saralasin on plasma renin activity and arginine-vasopressin in hypertensive man. This study was carried out to assess the influence of saralasin (SAR), an angiotensin II-analogue, on peripheral and central angiotensin II-receptors by measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release. Before and during i.v. infusion of 10 microgram/kg/min of SAR over a 30 minute period, blood samples were obtained from 15 recumbent hypertensive patients (7 renovascular, 8 essential) to determine hormone activities by radioimmunoassay. In 10 patients with a decrease of blood pressure following SAR, PRA increased significantly whereas AVP levels increased significantly in only 7 of these patients. In the remaining 5 patients without a fall of blood pressure, PRA and AVP remained virtually unchanged. The results indicate that an enhanced AVP release may be due to a hypotensive stimulus induced by SAR in angiotensinogenic hypertension. A direct influence of SAR on central receptors is unlikely under the conditions studied.", "PMID": 740674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4594", "title": "Sustained negative feedback between haematocrit and serum erythropoietin concentration in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "In a longitudinal study the individual values of serum erythropoietin (SEp) in end-stage renal failure were investigated in 15 patients. SEp was determined by use of the foetal mouse liver cell assay on three occasions: (A) 2--6 months before the onset of RDT, (B) on day of first dialysis, and (C) 2--6 months following the onset of RDT. In every patient SEp increased from (A) to (B), and decreased again from (B) to (C). Changes of haematocrit were exactly opposite to changes of SEp. The results demonstrate that even in the terminal stage of chronic renal failure erythropoietin production is stimulated or suppressed in response to variations in the degree of anaemia.", "contents": "Sustained negative feedback between haematocrit and serum erythropoietin concentration in end-stage renal failure. In a longitudinal study the individual values of serum erythropoietin (SEp) in end-stage renal failure were investigated in 15 patients. SEp was determined by use of the foetal mouse liver cell assay on three occasions: (A) 2--6 months before the onset of RDT, (B) on day of first dialysis, and (C) 2--6 months following the onset of RDT. In every patient SEp increased from (A) to (B), and decreased again from (B) to (C). Changes of haematocrit were exactly opposite to changes of SEp. The results demonstrate that even in the terminal stage of chronic renal failure erythropoietin production is stimulated or suppressed in response to variations in the degree of anaemia.", "PMID": 740677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4595", "title": "Elevations of gastrointestinal hormones in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Fasting levels of 5 gut hormones were studied in 30 patients with advanced uraemia (CRF), 40 undergoing regular dialysis (RD) and 555 renal transplant patients (RT). Mean values of gastrin and total glucagon were markedly elevated in CRF and RD patients compared with 20 normal subjects; there were lesser elevations in pancreatic glucagon, insulin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Secretin levels were unchanged. In RT patients, fasting levels of VIP and pancreatic glucagon had returned to normal, while levels of gastrin, total glucagon and insulin remained slightly elevated compared with controls. Food stimulated hormone levels were measured in 18 RD patients and compared with 18 controls. After eating, RD patients failed to show the late increase in total glucagon, or the suppression of VIP and secretin seen in normal subjects; the pattern of gastrin and insulin response was similar to controls, but after the initial increase plasma levels in RD patients tended to show a slower decline. Thus involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in uraemia is associated with functional disturbance of the endocrine system of the gut.", "contents": "Elevations of gastrointestinal hormones in chronic renal failure. Fasting levels of 5 gut hormones were studied in 30 patients with advanced uraemia (CRF), 40 undergoing regular dialysis (RD) and 555 renal transplant patients (RT). Mean values of gastrin and total glucagon were markedly elevated in CRF and RD patients compared with 20 normal subjects; there were lesser elevations in pancreatic glucagon, insulin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Secretin levels were unchanged. In RT patients, fasting levels of VIP and pancreatic glucagon had returned to normal, while levels of gastrin, total glucagon and insulin remained slightly elevated compared with controls. Food stimulated hormone levels were measured in 18 RD patients and compared with 18 controls. After eating, RD patients failed to show the late increase in total glucagon, or the suppression of VIP and secretin seen in normal subjects; the pattern of gastrin and insulin response was similar to controls, but after the initial increase plasma levels in RD patients tended to show a slower decline. Thus involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in uraemia is associated with functional disturbance of the endocrine system of the gut.", "PMID": 740678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4596", "title": "Pathogenetic mechanisms in tubular renal disease.", "content": "Injections of heterologous tubular material into rabbits caused the formation of immune complexes deposited predominantly on the tubular basement membrane. Much fainter deposits were found on the glomerular basement membrane. Immunohistological studies revealed that the antigen involved originated from cells of the proximal tubules. In other animal experiments, purified tubular material was used for immunisation in order to analyse the antigenic structure of renal tubules. These rabbits were found to produce autoantibodies against an antigen present in the tubular as well as the glomerular basement membrane. Morphological studies of the kidneys from the immunised animals revealed alterations in the tubular epithelial cells and interstitial tissue which were characterised microscopically and electron microscopically by swelling and degeneration of the epithelial cells, and cellular infiltrates in the interstitium.", "contents": "Pathogenetic mechanisms in tubular renal disease. Injections of heterologous tubular material into rabbits caused the formation of immune complexes deposited predominantly on the tubular basement membrane. Much fainter deposits were found on the glomerular basement membrane. Immunohistological studies revealed that the antigen involved originated from cells of the proximal tubules. In other animal experiments, purified tubular material was used for immunisation in order to analyse the antigenic structure of renal tubules. These rabbits were found to produce autoantibodies against an antigen present in the tubular as well as the glomerular basement membrane. Morphological studies of the kidneys from the immunised animals revealed alterations in the tubular epithelial cells and interstitial tissue which were characterised microscopically and electron microscopically by swelling and degeneration of the epithelial cells, and cellular infiltrates in the interstitium.", "PMID": 740679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4597", "title": "Studies on bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The role of nephron loss, extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) expansion and body potassium stores on bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure (CRF) was evaluated. In 17 CRF and 3 control subjects, tubular HCO3 reabsorption was studied by HCO3 1M titration technique; ECFV (22Na space at 4th hour) and cell K content (muscle biopsy) were also determined. Nephron loss per se does not cause any change of HCO3 reabsorption rate per unit GFR. With ECFV expansion induced by HCO3 infusion, a Tm HCO3 is rapidly reached only in controls and in CRF patients showing a significant basal ECFV expansion. In these subjects reabsorbed HCO3/Na ratio is constant, suggesting that under these conditions, HCO3 reabsorption depends on the same mechanisms that control Na reabsorption. In cell K depleted CRF patients, HCO3 reabsorption rises more than in controls and no Tm HCO3 is detected, at least within the limits of isotonic ECFV expansion induced by titration; in these subjects HCO3 reabsorption does not appear to be limited by natriuretic factors. In CRF subjects with normal ECFV and cell K, there is a greater HCO3 tolerance to ECFV expansion induced by titration technique than in controls.", "contents": "Studies on bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure. The role of nephron loss, extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) expansion and body potassium stores on bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure (CRF) was evaluated. In 17 CRF and 3 control subjects, tubular HCO3 reabsorption was studied by HCO3 1M titration technique; ECFV (22Na space at 4th hour) and cell K content (muscle biopsy) were also determined. Nephron loss per se does not cause any change of HCO3 reabsorption rate per unit GFR. With ECFV expansion induced by HCO3 infusion, a Tm HCO3 is rapidly reached only in controls and in CRF patients showing a significant basal ECFV expansion. In these subjects reabsorbed HCO3/Na ratio is constant, suggesting that under these conditions, HCO3 reabsorption depends on the same mechanisms that control Na reabsorption. In cell K depleted CRF patients, HCO3 reabsorption rises more than in controls and no Tm HCO3 is detected, at least within the limits of isotonic ECFV expansion induced by titration; in these subjects HCO3 reabsorption does not appear to be limited by natriuretic factors. In CRF subjects with normal ECFV and cell K, there is a greater HCO3 tolerance to ECFV expansion induced by titration technique than in controls.", "PMID": 740680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4598", "title": "Cerebral and hepatic urea synthesis in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Urea production by the liver and the brain was evaluated in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in subjects with normal renal function by measuring the arterial-venous differences of urea across the hepatosplanchnic bed and the brain. In five out of seven patients with chronic renal insufficiency no urea release into the hepatic veins was observed, whereas a high urea output by the brain was measured in 6 out of 8 patients. In the control group urea was released only into the hepatic veins. These data demonstrate a defect in hepatic urea synthesis and a switch to cerebral ureagenesis in chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Cerebral and hepatic urea synthesis in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Urea production by the liver and the brain was evaluated in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in subjects with normal renal function by measuring the arterial-venous differences of urea across the hepatosplanchnic bed and the brain. In five out of seven patients with chronic renal insufficiency no urea release into the hepatic veins was observed, whereas a high urea output by the brain was measured in 6 out of 8 patients. In the control group urea was released only into the hepatic veins. These data demonstrate a defect in hepatic urea synthesis and a switch to cerebral ureagenesis in chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 740681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4599", "title": "Biological activity of endogenous and exogenous calcitonin in patients with osteitis fibrosa and chronic renal failure.", "content": "Successful treatment of osteitis fibrosa with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OHD3) in 9 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure was associated with a significant increase in plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) independently of changes in plasma calcium, and a decrease in levels of parathyroid hormone (iPTH). In 9 further patients whose plasma alkaline phosphatase activity failed to suppress with 1alpha-OHD3, changes in iPTH were associated with proportionate changes in iCT. This suggests that a rise in endogenous calcitonin (CT) secretion contributes to the success of treatment with 1alpha-OHD3. In 13 further patients, injections of salmon CT induced a fall in plasma calcium and phosphate which was proportional to the prevailing level of plasma alkaline phosphatase. These data provide further evidence that bone resorption can be effectively inhibited when CT levels are raised either by exogenous CT or its endogenous stimulation.", "contents": "Biological activity of endogenous and exogenous calcitonin in patients with osteitis fibrosa and chronic renal failure. Successful treatment of osteitis fibrosa with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OHD3) in 9 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure was associated with a significant increase in plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) independently of changes in plasma calcium, and a decrease in levels of parathyroid hormone (iPTH). In 9 further patients whose plasma alkaline phosphatase activity failed to suppress with 1alpha-OHD3, changes in iPTH were associated with proportionate changes in iCT. This suggests that a rise in endogenous calcitonin (CT) secretion contributes to the success of treatment with 1alpha-OHD3. In 13 further patients, injections of salmon CT induced a fall in plasma calcium and phosphate which was proportional to the prevailing level of plasma alkaline phosphatase. These data provide further evidence that bone resorption can be effectively inhibited when CT levels are raised either by exogenous CT or its endogenous stimulation.", "PMID": 740683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4600", "title": "Does long term haemofiltration provoke secondary hyperparathyroidism?", "content": "One thousand nine hundred and forty-nine haemofiltration procedures have been performed since 1976; 4 different types of haemofilters have been tested in gravimetric and volumetric haemofiltration machines. Balance studies revealed a diminished calcium intake of about 1/3 of that found in conventional dialysis. Magnesium balance is negative and leads to decreasing serum Mg values. Inorganic phosphate is removed in similar quantity to dialysis. PTH levels increase during 3--18 months of treatment, whereas 25-OH-D3 levels rapidly fell, gc-globulin- and HCT-levels did not change markedly. g-c globulin could be detected in filtrate samples in remarkable amounts, 25-OH-D3 was found in traces. Radiologically no apparent alteration occurred. We recommend Vitamin D supplementation to compensate for the losses and thereby avoid development of secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Does long term haemofiltration provoke secondary hyperparathyroidism? One thousand nine hundred and forty-nine haemofiltration procedures have been performed since 1976; 4 different types of haemofilters have been tested in gravimetric and volumetric haemofiltration machines. Balance studies revealed a diminished calcium intake of about 1/3 of that found in conventional dialysis. Magnesium balance is negative and leads to decreasing serum Mg values. Inorganic phosphate is removed in similar quantity to dialysis. PTH levels increase during 3--18 months of treatment, whereas 25-OH-D3 levels rapidly fell, gc-globulin- and HCT-levels did not change markedly. g-c globulin could be detected in filtrate samples in remarkable amounts, 25-OH-D3 was found in traces. Radiologically no apparent alteration occurred. We recommend Vitamin D supplementation to compensate for the losses and thereby avoid development of secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 740684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4601", "title": "Total parathyroidectomy with autograft of parathyroid tissue in treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "In 16 patients with severe symptomatic hyperparathyroidism reduction of hyperplastic parathyroid mass was performed by total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue. In all patients except one serum parathormone (PTH) levels returned to normal and postoperative difficulties in calcium homeostasis were rarely observed. Fifteen patients had normal PTH levels after surgery. Graft function was proven in 10 cases, but in 5 cases graft function could not be definitely established with the methods applied. One graft failure was observed. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplanation of parathyroid tissue is recommended as the treatment of choice when surgical correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism is necessary.", "contents": "Total parathyroidectomy with autograft of parathyroid tissue in treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In 16 patients with severe symptomatic hyperparathyroidism reduction of hyperplastic parathyroid mass was performed by total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue. In all patients except one serum parathormone (PTH) levels returned to normal and postoperative difficulties in calcium homeostasis were rarely observed. Fifteen patients had normal PTH levels after surgery. Graft function was proven in 10 cases, but in 5 cases graft function could not be definitely established with the methods applied. One graft failure was observed. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplanation of parathyroid tissue is recommended as the treatment of choice when surgical correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism is necessary.", "PMID": 740685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4602", "title": "[Iconographic presentation of venous ulcers of the toes and thighs].", "content": "The author has had experience with ulcers of venous origin on the toes, knee and thigh, and demonstrates some of them. They are rare, and as a general rule are the result of a traumatism (shoes or seating). The author attaches little importance to cosmetic treatment and is strongly opposed to foot baths with Permanganate of K, since they require that the edematous leg remain in a vertical position in the warm water. In addition to elastocompression of the leg, well applied and only for walking, he insists on the efficacy of posture treatment reasonably and conscientiously practiced. The absence of posture treatment is, together with hemopathies and calcinosis, the root cause of so-called long-term ulcers.", "contents": "[Iconographic presentation of venous ulcers of the toes and thighs]. The author has had experience with ulcers of venous origin on the toes, knee and thigh, and demonstrates some of them. They are rare, and as a general rule are the result of a traumatism (shoes or seating). The author attaches little importance to cosmetic treatment and is strongly opposed to foot baths with Permanganate of K, since they require that the edematous leg remain in a vertical position in the warm water. In addition to elastocompression of the leg, well applied and only for walking, he insists on the efficacy of posture treatment reasonably and conscientiously practiced. The absence of posture treatment is, together with hemopathies and calcinosis, the root cause of so-called long-term ulcers.", "PMID": 740717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4603", "title": "[Necrotic ulcers after per-operative sclerosing injection].", "content": "A crossectomy of the internal saphenous vein was performed without difficulty, followed by a back-flow injection into the crural internal saphenous with a 40% sodium salicylate solution. During the following days, deep scabs appeared on one-third of the thigh, with deterioration of the necrosed internal saphenous. There was a slow and painful cure within 5 months, without a large scar. This method of back-flow injection is rarely performed at present. The product injected can sclerose the collateral veins with skin lesions and cause a phlebitis of the femoral vein through injection of the communicating veins.", "contents": "[Necrotic ulcers after per-operative sclerosing injection]. A crossectomy of the internal saphenous vein was performed without difficulty, followed by a back-flow injection into the crural internal saphenous with a 40% sodium salicylate solution. During the following days, deep scabs appeared on one-third of the thigh, with deterioration of the necrosed internal saphenous. There was a slow and painful cure within 5 months, without a large scar. This method of back-flow injection is rarely performed at present. The product injected can sclerose the collateral veins with skin lesions and cause a phlebitis of the femoral vein through injection of the communicating veins.", "PMID": 740718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4604", "title": "[New therapeutic measures for the treatment of ulcers].", "content": "In this study we tested the effect of vibrating electromagnetic waves on both arterial and varicose ulcers. The two transmitters we used were the diatrom and the fel, which differ in the energy transmitted and the means of application (direct contact electrode for the fel, distance transmission for the diatrom). Out of 17 cases treated we obtained 15 cures. This proportion of positive results encountered in traumatology and in dermatology for cases where the vascular factor played an important role, makes it possible to consider the application of vibrating electromagnetic waves as a valid therapy for ulcers.", "contents": "[New therapeutic measures for the treatment of ulcers]. In this study we tested the effect of vibrating electromagnetic waves on both arterial and varicose ulcers. The two transmitters we used were the diatrom and the fel, which differ in the energy transmitted and the means of application (direct contact electrode for the fel, distance transmission for the diatrom). Out of 17 cases treated we obtained 15 cures. This proportion of positive results encountered in traumatology and in dermatology for cases where the vascular factor played an important role, makes it possible to consider the application of vibrating electromagnetic waves as a valid therapy for ulcers.", "PMID": 740719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4605", "title": "[Intermittent claudications of arterial origin: some epidemiological and physiopathological features].", "content": "The authors repeat part of their report to the 79th French Congress of Surgery, presented in September, 1977. They recall that chronic obstructive arteriopathies affect from 1.5% to 4% of the population, and that in half of the cases, the symptoms are those of a simple intermittent claudication. Atheromatosis is the main cause, but to this must be added many other risk factors, smoking and metabolic disorders, especially glucidic and lipidic ones. There is spontaneous worsening in only half the cases. Other vascular and coronary ailments and problems of the cerebral vessels are responsible for most of the deaths of patients affected by arteriopathies of the lower limbs. The precise pain mechanism of the intermittent arterial claudication, its physio-pathological significance, like the mechanisms of vasomotricity and the development of the collateral circulation, are not yet completely clear. A therapeutic attitude can only be taken keeping in mind these developmental and physiopathological data: claudication is a symptom that does not necessarily mean that the limb is threatened.", "contents": "[Intermittent claudications of arterial origin: some epidemiological and physiopathological features]. The authors repeat part of their report to the 79th French Congress of Surgery, presented in September, 1977. They recall that chronic obstructive arteriopathies affect from 1.5% to 4% of the population, and that in half of the cases, the symptoms are those of a simple intermittent claudication. Atheromatosis is the main cause, but to this must be added many other risk factors, smoking and metabolic disorders, especially glucidic and lipidic ones. There is spontaneous worsening in only half the cases. Other vascular and coronary ailments and problems of the cerebral vessels are responsible for most of the deaths of patients affected by arteriopathies of the lower limbs. The precise pain mechanism of the intermittent arterial claudication, its physio-pathological significance, like the mechanisms of vasomotricity and the development of the collateral circulation, are not yet completely clear. A therapeutic attitude can only be taken keeping in mind these developmental and physiopathological data: claudication is a symptom that does not necessarily mean that the limb is threatened.", "PMID": 740721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4606", "title": "[The Doppler test: its practical importance in the study of lesions of the supra-aortic trunks].", "content": "Ultrasonography by the Doppler effect is of indisputable use in the investigation of lesions of the supra-aortic trunks leading to the brain. It allows a direct study of the extracranial carotidian and vertebral axes, and gives an idea of the intracerebral circulation. It detects the main lesions affecting them, provided that such lesions have hemodynamic repercussions. The Doppler does not replace arteriography, but is a complementary exam making it possible to decide on or to dismiss the need for it. Its harmlessness and simplicity make it a standard exam in cerebral vascular pathology.", "contents": "[The Doppler test: its practical importance in the study of lesions of the supra-aortic trunks]. Ultrasonography by the Doppler effect is of indisputable use in the investigation of lesions of the supra-aortic trunks leading to the brain. It allows a direct study of the extracranial carotidian and vertebral axes, and gives an idea of the intracerebral circulation. It detects the main lesions affecting them, provided that such lesions have hemodynamic repercussions. The Doppler does not replace arteriography, but is a complementary exam making it possible to decide on or to dismiss the need for it. Its harmlessness and simplicity make it a standard exam in cerebral vascular pathology.", "PMID": 740720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4607", "title": "[Fibrocystic deterioration of the popliteal artery. Apropos of 1 case].", "content": "Set off by a sports movement, a subacute ischemia of the lower limb allowed the delayed discovery of a segmental stenosis of the popliteal artery in a young man. It involved a compression by fibro-cystic deterioration of the wall of the artery. Separation of the cyst from the diseased arterial wall was followed by the restoration of circulation by means of an internal saphenous vein graft.", "contents": "[Fibrocystic deterioration of the popliteal artery. Apropos of 1 case]. Set off by a sports movement, a subacute ischemia of the lower limb allowed the delayed discovery of a segmental stenosis of the popliteal artery in a young man. It involved a compression by fibro-cystic deterioration of the wall of the artery. Separation of the cyst from the diseased arterial wall was followed by the restoration of circulation by means of an internal saphenous vein graft.", "PMID": 740723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4608", "title": "[Arterial claudication].", "content": "The authors recall that in their report presented to the 79th French Congress of Surgery (September, 1977), they included the results of 26,632 chronic obstructive arteriopathies, 49.8% of them at the intermittent claudication stage. Medical treatment was initially proposed in 27% of cases. The results were followed up in 1,660 patients. At term (8 years and more), there were good results in only one third of the patients, and 28% of the patients had to be operated on. Lumbar sympathectomy was practiced on an isolated basis in 35% of cases. At the cost of a minimal (0.7%) mortality rate, with improvement beyond eight years in 61.5% of patients, and only 19% having to undergo direct revascularization. Direct revascularization was proposed in 38% of cases. At the aorto-iliac stage, thrombo-endarterectomies and single and bi-lateral prothetic bridgings gave very similar results: a mortality rate of 3.4% on the average, with good results beyond eight years in 76.6% of patients. Direct revascularizations are practiced almost as often on the femoro-popliteal level for simple intermittent claudications. Mortality is low (1%), and the long-range results similar (76.4% of good results beyond 8 years), but the installation of a prothesis at the femoro-popliteal stage so often fails that it should not be done if the intermittent claudication is tolerable. Surgery plays a prime role in the treatment of claudications of arterial origin, a role that the success and the continuation of the good results, when applied under the proper conditions, amply justifies.", "contents": "[Arterial claudication]. The authors recall that in their report presented to the 79th French Congress of Surgery (September, 1977), they included the results of 26,632 chronic obstructive arteriopathies, 49.8% of them at the intermittent claudication stage. Medical treatment was initially proposed in 27% of cases. The results were followed up in 1,660 patients. At term (8 years and more), there were good results in only one third of the patients, and 28% of the patients had to be operated on. Lumbar sympathectomy was practiced on an isolated basis in 35% of cases. At the cost of a minimal (0.7%) mortality rate, with improvement beyond eight years in 61.5% of patients, and only 19% having to undergo direct revascularization. Direct revascularization was proposed in 38% of cases. At the aorto-iliac stage, thrombo-endarterectomies and single and bi-lateral prothetic bridgings gave very similar results: a mortality rate of 3.4% on the average, with good results beyond eight years in 76.6% of patients. Direct revascularizations are practiced almost as often on the femoro-popliteal level for simple intermittent claudications. Mortality is low (1%), and the long-range results similar (76.4% of good results beyond 8 years), but the installation of a prothesis at the femoro-popliteal stage so often fails that it should not be done if the intermittent claudication is tolerable. Surgery plays a prime role in the treatment of claudications of arterial origin, a role that the success and the continuation of the good results, when applied under the proper conditions, amply justifies.", "PMID": 740722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4609", "title": "[Study of arterial diseases of the lower limbs using an exercise test monitored by Doppler effect ultrasonometry].", "content": "A study has been carried out using Doppler ultrasonometry on 223 cases, 191 of them suffering from occlusive or stenosing arterial illnesses and 12 with deep massive venous thrombosis, together with 68 control cases. Systolic tensions in the popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis arteries, both at rest and after a conveniently standardized effort, were studied every five minutes over periods of up to thirty minutes. The results are shown grouping these patients according to their clinical features and giving their different responses to the test. Special emphasis is given to cases of badly compensated recent intermittent claudication, diffused atheromatosis, asymtomatic arterial stenosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, Leriche's syndrome and hypertensive ulcers.", "contents": "[Study of arterial diseases of the lower limbs using an exercise test monitored by Doppler effect ultrasonometry]. A study has been carried out using Doppler ultrasonometry on 223 cases, 191 of them suffering from occlusive or stenosing arterial illnesses and 12 with deep massive venous thrombosis, together with 68 control cases. Systolic tensions in the popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis arteries, both at rest and after a conveniently standardized effort, were studied every five minutes over periods of up to thirty minutes. The results are shown grouping these patients according to their clinical features and giving their different responses to the test. Special emphasis is given to cases of badly compensated recent intermittent claudication, diffused atheromatosis, asymtomatic arterial stenosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, Leriche's syndrome and hypertensive ulcers.", "PMID": 740724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4610", "title": "[An unusual case of intermittent venous claudications].", "content": "The authors report on a case of intermittent venous claudications in a 76-year-old man, who three months previously suffered a sudden acute attack of phlebitis in the right upper limb. The Doppler exam showed post-phlebitic failure of the humeral valve and diminished permeability of the axillobrachial axis of the vein, with sub-clavicular obstruction. The discussion provides an opportunity for reviewing the various anatomo-pathological definitions and explanations of the mechanism of intermittent venous claudications.", "contents": "[An unusual case of intermittent venous claudications]. The authors report on a case of intermittent venous claudications in a 76-year-old man, who three months previously suffered a sudden acute attack of phlebitis in the right upper limb. The Doppler exam showed post-phlebitic failure of the humeral valve and diminished permeability of the axillobrachial axis of the vein, with sub-clavicular obstruction. The discussion provides an opportunity for reviewing the various anatomo-pathological definitions and explanations of the mechanism of intermittent venous claudications.", "PMID": 740727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4611", "title": "[Does intermittent claudication justify surgical intervention].", "content": "The authors have re-examined their therapeutic attitude toward the intermittent claudication upon arteriopathy. They feel that it is useful to divide patients having an arteriopathy (Stage II) into two groups: the first having isolated (or dominant) high aorto-iliac lesions and the second with isolated or dominant lesions at the mid-femoral level. In the first group, we remained faithful to reconstructive surgery and our preference goes to thrombo-endarteriectomy with accompanying low lumbar sympathectomy. In femoral lesions, we do not recommend reconstructive surgery of the arteries but rather low lumbar sympathectomy. For the past year, we have undertaken a program of physical re-education and the results seem very encouraging, especially in patients having isolated femoral lesions. It is not impossible that this physical therapy may be used instead of lumbar sympathectomy, to which one can always resort in case of insufficient results.", "contents": "[Does intermittent claudication justify surgical intervention]. The authors have re-examined their therapeutic attitude toward the intermittent claudication upon arteriopathy. They feel that it is useful to divide patients having an arteriopathy (Stage II) into two groups: the first having isolated (or dominant) high aorto-iliac lesions and the second with isolated or dominant lesions at the mid-femoral level. In the first group, we remained faithful to reconstructive surgery and our preference goes to thrombo-endarteriectomy with accompanying low lumbar sympathectomy. In femoral lesions, we do not recommend reconstructive surgery of the arteries but rather low lumbar sympathectomy. For the past year, we have undertaken a program of physical re-education and the results seem very encouraging, especially in patients having isolated femoral lesions. It is not impossible that this physical therapy may be used instead of lumbar sympathectomy, to which one can always resort in case of insufficient results.", "PMID": 740728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4612", "title": "[A case of an aneurysm of the popliteal vein with repeated pulmonary embolisms].", "content": "The authors report on a case of a patient having several unexplained pulmonary embolisms. A phlebologic and phlebographic exam make it possible to diagnose an aneurysmal dilatation of the popliteal vein as the cause of the thrombo-embolic problems. Cure was obtained through the resection of this venous ectasia.", "contents": "[A case of an aneurysm of the popliteal vein with repeated pulmonary embolisms]. The authors report on a case of a patient having several unexplained pulmonary embolisms. A phlebologic and phlebographic exam make it possible to diagnose an aneurysmal dilatation of the popliteal vein as the cause of the thrombo-embolic problems. Cure was obtained through the resection of this venous ectasia.", "PMID": 740731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4613", "title": "[Non-arterial intermittent claudications].", "content": "There can be no doubt as to an arterial cause in the case of pain experienced when walking. However, there are claudications that, at least at the start of their appearance, confuse the diagnosis. They are mainly seen in the fields of neurology and rheumatology, and more seldom in venous or even general pathology. The overall clinical information combined with additional exams, mainly the Doppler-effect ultrasonic exam, can leave no doubt.", "contents": "[Non-arterial intermittent claudications]. There can be no doubt as to an arterial cause in the case of pain experienced when walking. However, there are claudications that, at least at the start of their appearance, confuse the diagnosis. They are mainly seen in the fields of neurology and rheumatology, and more seldom in venous or even general pathology. The overall clinical information combined with additional exams, mainly the Doppler-effect ultrasonic exam, can leave no doubt.", "PMID": 740726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4614", "title": "[Diagnostic value of percussion of the veins].", "content": "Despite the present development of instrument techniques for diagnosis, clinical procedures still remain valid. It is for this reason that, for the past fifteen years, we have continued to use an almost forgotten test: percussion of the veins. Opinions concerning this test and its technical description being contradictory in the literature, we sought to define the exact circumstances under which it should be used, and how to apply it. Our diagnostic results were favorable, the technique simple, and our study was aimed mainly at describing its merits.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of percussion of the veins]. Despite the present development of instrument techniques for diagnosis, clinical procedures still remain valid. It is for this reason that, for the past fifteen years, we have continued to use an almost forgotten test: percussion of the veins. Opinions concerning this test and its technical description being contradictory in the literature, we sought to define the exact circumstances under which it should be used, and how to apply it. Our diagnostic results were favorable, the technique simple, and our study was aimed mainly at describing its merits.", "PMID": 740732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4615", "title": "[Intermittent claudication. Synthesis and conclusions].", "content": "The intermittent claudication is a symptom. By itself, it does not justify surgical treatment. On the other hand, it is advisable when accompanied by a threat of trophic disorders. Direct arterial surgery is often necessary in the case of suprainguinal, aorto-iliac lesion, rarely in the leg. Indeed, under the inguinal area, nature tends to compensate for occlusions of the trunk by the formation of a parallel network. A logical treatment is to contribute to this tendency, by increasing the upward and downward pressure gradient through muscular exercise and lumbar sympathectomy. In practice, the choice between hyperemia surgery and reconstructive surgery rests on functional data, that make it possible to evaluate the potential of the parallel network and of the peripheral vascular bed.", "contents": "[Intermittent claudication. Synthesis and conclusions]. The intermittent claudication is a symptom. By itself, it does not justify surgical treatment. On the other hand, it is advisable when accompanied by a threat of trophic disorders. Direct arterial surgery is often necessary in the case of suprainguinal, aorto-iliac lesion, rarely in the leg. Indeed, under the inguinal area, nature tends to compensate for occlusions of the trunk by the formation of a parallel network. A logical treatment is to contribute to this tendency, by increasing the upward and downward pressure gradient through muscular exercise and lumbar sympathectomy. In practice, the choice between hyperemia surgery and reconstructive surgery rests on functional data, that make it possible to evaluate the potential of the parallel network and of the peripheral vascular bed.", "PMID": 740730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4616", "title": "Insulin-like effect of bovine growth hormone in vivo as demonstrated by oxidation of 14C-U-glucose in diabetic rats.", "content": "The rate of appearance of radioactive carbon dioxide after injection of 14C-U-glucose, 14C-3,4-glucose, 14C-1-pyruvate, 14C-2-pyruvate, and 14C-1-acetate was measured in untreated, insulin-treated, and bovine growth hormone (bGH)-treated rats and compared to the results obtained from normal rats. The CO2 specific activity (SA) curve obtained from normal rats (mean of four experiments) injected with 14C-U-glucose reached a maximum value of 487 in 50 min and fell exponentially to near zero levels by 5 h. In contrast, the curve for untreated diabetic rats reached a peak of 247 in 17 min. In normal rats, 75% of the injected 14C was recovered as CO2 in 5 h compared to recovery of 31% by diabetic rats. Daily administration of 2 U protamine zinc insulin (PZI)/100 g body weight to diabetic rats returned these measurements to normal levels. A single injection of 400 microgram bGH (1.5 USP U/mg) into each diabetic rat 2 h before the start of the experiment yielded an SA curve and a percent recovery value comparable to results found with insulin treatment. The chronology of the insulin-like effect of the bGH was pertinent since other time intervals (including chronic bGH treatment) produced no similarity. Experiments carried out with 14C-3,4-glucose, 14C-1-pyruvate, 14C-2-pyruvate, and 14C-1-acetate suggest that bGH affects the glycolytic pathway at some point between the phosphorylation of glucose and the formation of pyruvate.", "contents": "Insulin-like effect of bovine growth hormone in vivo as demonstrated by oxidation of 14C-U-glucose in diabetic rats. The rate of appearance of radioactive carbon dioxide after injection of 14C-U-glucose, 14C-3,4-glucose, 14C-1-pyruvate, 14C-2-pyruvate, and 14C-1-acetate was measured in untreated, insulin-treated, and bovine growth hormone (bGH)-treated rats and compared to the results obtained from normal rats. The CO2 specific activity (SA) curve obtained from normal rats (mean of four experiments) injected with 14C-U-glucose reached a maximum value of 487 in 50 min and fell exponentially to near zero levels by 5 h. In contrast, the curve for untreated diabetic rats reached a peak of 247 in 17 min. In normal rats, 75% of the injected 14C was recovered as CO2 in 5 h compared to recovery of 31% by diabetic rats. Daily administration of 2 U protamine zinc insulin (PZI)/100 g body weight to diabetic rats returned these measurements to normal levels. A single injection of 400 microgram bGH (1.5 USP U/mg) into each diabetic rat 2 h before the start of the experiment yielded an SA curve and a percent recovery value comparable to results found with insulin treatment. The chronology of the insulin-like effect of the bGH was pertinent since other time intervals (including chronic bGH treatment) produced no similarity. Experiments carried out with 14C-3,4-glucose, 14C-1-pyruvate, 14C-2-pyruvate, and 14C-1-acetate suggest that bGH affects the glycolytic pathway at some point between the phosphorylation of glucose and the formation of pyruvate.", "PMID": 740740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4617", "title": "Removal of extracellular fluid from muscle: assessment of a method.", "content": "Controlled compression of mouse biceps brachii muscle caused only partial extrusion of an extracellular protein (125I-albumin) from the muscle. Concentrations of sodium and potassium in the expressed fluid at any stage of compression did not correspond with concentrations expected for extracellular fluid. This procedure, therefore, does not selectively remove extracellular fluid from muscle.", "contents": "Removal of extracellular fluid from muscle: assessment of a method. Controlled compression of mouse biceps brachii muscle caused only partial extrusion of an extracellular protein (125I-albumin) from the muscle. Concentrations of sodium and potassium in the expressed fluid at any stage of compression did not correspond with concentrations expected for extracellular fluid. This procedure, therefore, does not selectively remove extracellular fluid from muscle.", "PMID": 740741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4618", "title": "[Philosophy of the treatment of intermittent claudication].", "content": "Everything points to the prime importance of good health habits and the prevention of risk factors. Long-term medication has only a limited and still questionable impact. Surgery will never be proposed straight off, but only if the claudication is persistent and troublesome in an active individual. Lumbar sympathectomy always provides a degree of improvement and entails a minimal risk. There is no secondary deterioration. Yet in cases of associated phlebites, it can aggravate trophic skin problems. Reconstructive surgery gives far better immediate results but at the price of increased risk and a secondary deterioration that makes difficult repeat operations necessary. It is thus necessary to be very careful in using surgery to deal with intermittent claudications.", "contents": "[Philosophy of the treatment of intermittent claudication]. Everything points to the prime importance of good health habits and the prevention of risk factors. Long-term medication has only a limited and still questionable impact. Surgery will never be proposed straight off, but only if the claudication is persistent and troublesome in an active individual. Lumbar sympathectomy always provides a degree of improvement and entails a minimal risk. There is no secondary deterioration. Yet in cases of associated phlebites, it can aggravate trophic skin problems. Reconstructive surgery gives far better immediate results but at the price of increased risk and a secondary deterioration that makes difficult repeat operations necessary. It is thus necessary to be very careful in using surgery to deal with intermittent claudications.", "PMID": 740729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4619", "title": "[Indications and technics for sclerosis of varices].", "content": "Principles and applications of treatment inducing sclerosis of varicose veins according to the method of Raymond Tournay, based on the hemodynamics of the venous return flow hampered by the pathological condition of reflux into the large varicose veins and its effect. The stemming of this reflux, provided it is really successful, totally relieves the healthy return passages, both superficial and deep, and restores the conditions for normal venous functioning.", "contents": "[Indications and technics for sclerosis of varices]. Principles and applications of treatment inducing sclerosis of varicose veins according to the method of Raymond Tournay, based on the hemodynamics of the venous return flow hampered by the pathological condition of reflux into the large varicose veins and its effect. The stemming of this reflux, provided it is really successful, totally relieves the healthy return passages, both superficial and deep, and restores the conditions for normal venous functioning.", "PMID": 740733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4620", "title": "[Obstruction of the superior vena cava and right subclavian vein: a propos of 2 unusual cases].", "content": "Two uncommon cases of vein obstruction are presented. In the first case a syndrome of superior, caval vein obstruction was caused by idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis involving the vein wall, and creating a tumefaction in the lumen of the vein simulating the existence of a benign tumor (fibroma) of the wall. This tumefaction was removed by endvenectomy, and the venotomy was repaired by a pericardial patch. In the second case the obstruction of the right subclavian vein was caused by a stenosed valve without signs of inflammation nor consecutive thrombosis. Until the present day no other similar case of a stenosed valve in the right subclavian vein has been reported.", "contents": "[Obstruction of the superior vena cava and right subclavian vein: a propos of 2 unusual cases]. Two uncommon cases of vein obstruction are presented. In the first case a syndrome of superior, caval vein obstruction was caused by idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis involving the vein wall, and creating a tumefaction in the lumen of the vein simulating the existence of a benign tumor (fibroma) of the wall. This tumefaction was removed by endvenectomy, and the venotomy was repaired by a pericardial patch. In the second case the obstruction of the right subclavian vein was caused by a stenosed valve without signs of inflammation nor consecutive thrombosis. Until the present day no other similar case of a stenosed valve in the right subclavian vein has been reported.", "PMID": 740737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4621", "title": "[\"Psychological defense\" as a compensation mechanism and its significance in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia].", "content": "The concept of pyschological compensation as an essential aspect of the patient's attempts at adaptation is established, without the consideration of which it is impossible to work out a theory of personality-centered therapy. Some characteristics of psychological compensation in schizophrenia are considered on the basis of V. N. Myasishtchev's theory of relations. F. V. Bassin's and Roshnov's concepts of \"psychological defense\". The great importance of the clinical method used for determining such processes and the risk of errors involved in \"understanding psychopathology\" and \"psychodynamic psychiatry\" are underscored.", "contents": "[\"Psychological defense\" as a compensation mechanism and its significance in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia]. The concept of pyschological compensation as an essential aspect of the patient's attempts at adaptation is established, without the consideration of which it is impossible to work out a theory of personality-centered therapy. Some characteristics of psychological compensation in schizophrenia are considered on the basis of V. N. Myasishtchev's theory of relations. F. V. Bassin's and Roshnov's concepts of \"psychological defense\". The great importance of the clinical method used for determining such processes and the risk of errors involved in \"understanding psychopathology\" and \"psychodynamic psychiatry\" are underscored.", "PMID": 740797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4622", "title": "[Empirical investigations on the position of the therapist in group psychotherapy].", "content": "A new sociometric approach has been used to objectify the relative position of the therapeutist in group psychotherapy through the use of such parameters as valency and potency. The method described in this paper may be used for determining the course of therapy and provides information about the proper functioning of the group and the influence of the therapeutist upon the patients participating in psychotherapy. This allows undesirable effects to be corrected.", "contents": "[Empirical investigations on the position of the therapist in group psychotherapy]. A new sociometric approach has been used to objectify the relative position of the therapeutist in group psychotherapy through the use of such parameters as valency and potency. The method described in this paper may be used for determining the course of therapy and provides information about the proper functioning of the group and the influence of the therapeutist upon the patients participating in psychotherapy. This allows undesirable effects to be corrected.", "PMID": 740798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4623", "title": "[Psychological and ethical problems in the rehabilitation of mental disorders].", "content": "There is a discrepancy between the somatotherapeutic and rehabilitative state of development of institutionalized psychiatry. In addition to objective factors, causes of this discrepancy may be found in the unsatisfactory education and training of middle-level medical personnel. It is above all the behavior and attitudes to patients that indicate remaining traces of authoritarian and hierarchical structures in psychiatry, there being a major difference in this respect between sociopsychiatrically oriented hospitals and district and specialized hospitals, respectively. In rehabilitation, it is necessary to take as a starting point the patient's personality. It is for this reason that the use of psychotherapeutic principles is an essential prerequisite of the rehabilitation of mental patients. On the subjective side of the therapeutic and rehabilitative process it is necessary for patients to be in a position of being able to develop from a submissive object of medical activity into an actively participating (or emancipated) subject.", "contents": "[Psychological and ethical problems in the rehabilitation of mental disorders]. There is a discrepancy between the somatotherapeutic and rehabilitative state of development of institutionalized psychiatry. In addition to objective factors, causes of this discrepancy may be found in the unsatisfactory education and training of middle-level medical personnel. It is above all the behavior and attitudes to patients that indicate remaining traces of authoritarian and hierarchical structures in psychiatry, there being a major difference in this respect between sociopsychiatrically oriented hospitals and district and specialized hospitals, respectively. In rehabilitation, it is necessary to take as a starting point the patient's personality. It is for this reason that the use of psychotherapeutic principles is an essential prerequisite of the rehabilitation of mental patients. On the subjective side of the therapeutic and rehabilitative process it is necessary for patients to be in a position of being able to develop from a submissive object of medical activity into an actively participating (or emancipated) subject.", "PMID": 740799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4624", "title": "[The effectiveness of open and closed groups].", "content": "Studies of four closed and four open groups of patients participating in psychotherapy, which were conducted in a psychotherapeutic inpatient department using pre- and post-test diagnoses (the test used being the MMPI, FPI, Q-Sort, and Giessen tests), showed that these were not different as regards the frequency of statistically evident changes recorded upon the completion of psychotherapy. The authors also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed groups, with particular consideration being given to organizational aspects.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of open and closed groups]. Studies of four closed and four open groups of patients participating in psychotherapy, which were conducted in a psychotherapeutic inpatient department using pre- and post-test diagnoses (the test used being the MMPI, FPI, Q-Sort, and Giessen tests), showed that these were not different as regards the frequency of statistically evident changes recorded upon the completion of psychotherapy. The authors also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed groups, with particular consideration being given to organizational aspects.", "PMID": 740800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4625", "title": "[Activity of the psychologist within the inpatient psychotherapy of behavior disordered children and adolescents].", "content": "The author, after discussing the problem of cooperation between the physician and psychologist within the framework of psychotherapeutic activity, deals with the special functions of psychologists. Work done in this respect at the Dresden Medical Academy's department for psychotherapy of malbehaving children and juveniles of normal intelligence is described. Also outlined in this paper are the role played by the psychologist in the use of various methods of therapy and his cooperation in the continuing education and training of nurses, the psychometric control of the course of therapy, and the rehabilitation of children and juveniles.", "contents": "[Activity of the psychologist within the inpatient psychotherapy of behavior disordered children and adolescents]. The author, after discussing the problem of cooperation between the physician and psychologist within the framework of psychotherapeutic activity, deals with the special functions of psychologists. Work done in this respect at the Dresden Medical Academy's department for psychotherapy of malbehaving children and juveniles of normal intelligence is described. Also outlined in this paper are the role played by the psychologist in the use of various methods of therapy and his cooperation in the continuing education and training of nurses, the psychometric control of the course of therapy, and the rehabilitation of children and juveniles.", "PMID": 740801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4626", "title": "[Imbecile children visit geriatric patients. A possibility for clinical sociotherapy].", "content": "130 observation minutes of organized visits of imbecile girls in school age to geriatric patients accommodated for a long time (17 chronic schizophreniacs and 8 cerebro-organic patients) were analysed. Singing, ball and party games for children and dancing two by two to recorded music proved as suitable means of communication. This kind of contacts led to a social activation especially by schizophreniacs who had a lack of drive and seemed to be regressive, also caused an increase of drive and self-reliance by formerly timid, reserved girls. The staff was even relieved by the presence of the children, because these activated the geriatric patients. The arrangement can be realized without great effort in big psychiatric hospitals.", "contents": "[Imbecile children visit geriatric patients. A possibility for clinical sociotherapy]. 130 observation minutes of organized visits of imbecile girls in school age to geriatric patients accommodated for a long time (17 chronic schizophreniacs and 8 cerebro-organic patients) were analysed. Singing, ball and party games for children and dancing two by two to recorded music proved as suitable means of communication. This kind of contacts led to a social activation especially by schizophreniacs who had a lack of drive and seemed to be regressive, also caused an increase of drive and self-reliance by formerly timid, reserved girls. The staff was even relieved by the presence of the children, because these activated the geriatric patients. The arrangement can be realized without great effort in big psychiatric hospitals.", "PMID": 740802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4627", "title": "[Experiences with psycho-vegetative tests in the study difficulties of student teachers].", "content": "A total of 125 student teachers, who at the time when these investigations were conducted were unable to work or study, respectively, were subjected to the ENR test of Brengelmann/Brengelmann and the VELA test of Fahrenberg. Fifty-six student teachers had to take their names off the books. Their failures were closely correlated with introversion,  neuroticism, and vegetative lability. The latter may already be evident from the medical history of the subject and should be sufficient cause for psychological testing in case the student should encounter difficulties in his work. Rigidity is not yet fully developed in the age group to which students normally belong and shows no significant correlation with failure.", "contents": "[Experiences with psycho-vegetative tests in the study difficulties of student teachers]. A total of 125 student teachers, who at the time when these investigations were conducted were unable to work or study, respectively, were subjected to the ENR test of Brengelmann/Brengelmann and the VELA test of Fahrenberg. Fifty-six student teachers had to take their names off the books. Their failures were closely correlated with introversion,  neuroticism, and vegetative lability. The latter may already be evident from the medical history of the subject and should be sufficient cause for psychological testing in case the student should encounter difficulties in his work. Rigidity is not yet fully developed in the age group to which students normally belong and shows no significant correlation with failure.", "PMID": 740803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4628", "title": "[Arteriovenous malformations in the region of the external carotid artery].", "content": "This article reports two cases of extracranial angiomatous vascular malformation, with blood being conveyed thereto by the external carotid artery. Visible and palpable clusters of dilated and pulsating vessels in the scalp or jugular region as well as vascular murmur are of major importance for clinical diagnosis. Conditions of flow may be objectified with the use of angiography. Therefore, the radiography of vessels should always be used to reliably determine the absence of combined extra- and intracranial vascular malformations.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous malformations in the region of the external carotid artery]. This article reports two cases of extracranial angiomatous vascular malformation, with blood being conveyed thereto by the external carotid artery. Visible and palpable clusters of dilated and pulsating vessels in the scalp or jugular region as well as vascular murmur are of major importance for clinical diagnosis. Conditions of flow may be objectified with the use of angiography. Therefore, the radiography of vessels should always be used to reliably determine the absence of combined extra- and intracranial vascular malformations.", "PMID": 740805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4629", "title": "[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to determining premorbid intelligence levels].", "content": "The authors present three basic approaches to solving the problem of determining the premorbid level of intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The indirect way of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence was chosen because of the empirical nature of this approach and the possibility of establishing a firm basis for this. Using a number of samples, it has been possible to show that the multiple vocabulary test satisfies all requirements that must be made of a method of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence. They are above all independence of aging and disease processes as well as a high level of internal validity. Results to date indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful method of rapidly and reliably determining the general level of intelligence. Its special importance lies in the fact that it allows the premorbid level of intelligence to be ascertained, thus contributing to an empirical elucidation of problems associated with decreases in proficiency and general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors.", "contents": "[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to determining premorbid intelligence levels]. The authors present three basic approaches to solving the problem of determining the premorbid level of intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The indirect way of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence was chosen because of the empirical nature of this approach and the possibility of establishing a firm basis for this. Using a number of samples, it has been possible to show that the multiple vocabulary test satisfies all requirements that must be made of a method of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence. They are above all independence of aging and disease processes as well as a high level of internal validity. Results to date indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful method of rapidly and reliably determining the general level of intelligence. Its special importance lies in the fact that it allows the premorbid level of intelligence to be ascertained, thus contributing to an empirical elucidation of problems associated with decreases in proficiency and general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors.", "PMID": 740806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4630", "title": "[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to assessing mental disorders].", "content": "The multiple vocabulary test has been used to investigate approaches to objectifying general mental deterioration. Compared to methods used to determine the actual level of intelligence, the premorbid levels of intelligence which were determined with the use of the multiple vocabulary test were roughly the same for patients with brain injuries that cannot be detected by means of specialized instruments. In the case of patients where brain injuries were detectable through the use of instruments, the premorbid level of intelligence was significantly higher than the actual intelligence level. Patients with general mental deterioration showed highly significant differences between premorbid and actual levels of intelligence. The results obtained indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful means of diagnosing general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors. Also discussed by the authors in their present paper are hitherto unsolved problems that stand in the way of an objective diagnosis of dementia and loss of intelligence.", "contents": "[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to assessing mental disorders]. The multiple vocabulary test has been used to investigate approaches to objectifying general mental deterioration. Compared to methods used to determine the actual level of intelligence, the premorbid levels of intelligence which were determined with the use of the multiple vocabulary test were roughly the same for patients with brain injuries that cannot be detected by means of specialized instruments. In the case of patients where brain injuries were detectable through the use of instruments, the premorbid level of intelligence was significantly higher than the actual intelligence level. Patients with general mental deterioration showed highly significant differences between premorbid and actual levels of intelligence. The results obtained indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful means of diagnosing general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors. Also discussed by the authors in their present paper are hitherto unsolved problems that stand in the way of an objective diagnosis of dementia and loss of intelligence.", "PMID": 740807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4631", "title": "[Proskinetic symptoms in motor psychosis as accentuating personality traits].", "content": "Proskenetic symptoms have been observed by the authors in a study of motility psychosis. However, these proskinetic symptoms appeared to be a character trait of an infantile personality rather than a condition following as a consequence of psychosis. The question is raised as to whether proskinetic symptoms (and catatonic symptoms) may be considered accentuating personality traits.", "contents": "[Proskinetic symptoms in motor psychosis as accentuating personality traits]. Proskenetic symptoms have been observed by the authors in a study of motility psychosis. However, these proskinetic symptoms appeared to be a character trait of an infantile personality rather than a condition following as a consequence of psychosis. The question is raised as to whether proskinetic symptoms (and catatonic symptoms) may be considered accentuating personality traits.", "PMID": 740808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4632", "title": "[Structure of patient council].", "content": "This article discusses the conceptual relationship of different groups in a sociotherapeutically oriented hospital prior and subsequent to the establishment of a patient council. The observations made in this connection and reported by the authors in their present paper are supplemented by an attempt to outline the prospects of sociotherapeutics and a description of the particular structure of a sociotherapeutically oriented hospital. Approaches to more effective process control in the use of small groups in the wards are described in the final section of this paper.", "contents": "[Structure of patient council]. This article discusses the conceptual relationship of different groups in a sociotherapeutically oriented hospital prior and subsequent to the establishment of a patient council. The observations made in this connection and reported by the authors in their present paper are supplemented by an attempt to outline the prospects of sociotherapeutics and a description of the particular structure of a sociotherapeutically oriented hospital. Approaches to more effective process control in the use of small groups in the wards are described in the final section of this paper.", "PMID": 740809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4633", "title": "Dissociation of self-reported and observed pleasure in depression.", "content": "Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure, is an important component of depressive symptomatology. Observer ratings of positive affect and self-ratings of pleasurable experience were collected from ten depressed inpatients and ten ward staff members during the patients' base-line, medication-free period. Depressives were observed to display significantly lower degrees of positive affect than the normal group, but they reported significantly higher degrees of experienced pleasure. The normal group displayed positive affective behavior that was consistent with self-reported data. Thus, normal subjects showed synchronous, or associated self-reported and observed activity, whereas depressives appeared to be dissociated along those same dimensions. A dissociation also appeared in self-reports of positive versus negative mood states, suggesting the existence of a malfunction in these normally inhibitory affective mechanisms.", "contents": "Dissociation of self-reported and observed pleasure in depression. Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure, is an important component of depressive symptomatology. Observer ratings of positive affect and self-ratings of pleasurable experience were collected from ten depressed inpatients and ten ward staff members during the patients' base-line, medication-free period. Depressives were observed to display significantly lower degrees of positive affect than the normal group, but they reported significantly higher degrees of experienced pleasure. The normal group displayed positive affective behavior that was consistent with self-reported data. Thus, normal subjects showed synchronous, or associated self-reported and observed activity, whereas depressives appeared to be dissociated along those same dimensions. A dissociation also appeared in self-reports of positive versus negative mood states, suggesting the existence of a malfunction in these normally inhibitory affective mechanisms.", "PMID": 740841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4634", "title": "Weight and circadian luteinizing hormone secretory pattern in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "In previous studies we had established that emaciated women with active primary anorexia nervosa (AN) had immature 24-hr luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory patterns. In this study, we have examined the circadian LH patterns of eight women with AN who had partially or fully recovered their ideal weights. Three of the women were studied before and after weight gain and five women were studied only after the appearance of binge-eating and consequent weight gain (by history). Our findings are: (1) The adult (mature) circadian LH secretory pattern was not present in women who had partially or totally achieved ideal weight but who otherwise remained symptomatic; (2) those women who showed both weight gain and normalization of LH pattern were also symptomatically improved in other respects; (3) the degree of immaturity of pattern did not correlate reliably with the duration of illness, the degree of fatness, or the extent of deficit from ideal weight; (4) the mode of illness onset and the type of secretory pattern were not related; and (5) the return of menses did not show a simple relationship to weight, fatness, or maturity of LH pattern.", "contents": "Weight and circadian luteinizing hormone secretory pattern in anorexia nervosa. In previous studies we had established that emaciated women with active primary anorexia nervosa (AN) had immature 24-hr luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory patterns. In this study, we have examined the circadian LH patterns of eight women with AN who had partially or fully recovered their ideal weights. Three of the women were studied before and after weight gain and five women were studied only after the appearance of binge-eating and consequent weight gain (by history). Our findings are: (1) The adult (mature) circadian LH secretory pattern was not present in women who had partially or totally achieved ideal weight but who otherwise remained symptomatic; (2) those women who showed both weight gain and normalization of LH pattern were also symptomatically improved in other respects; (3) the degree of immaturity of pattern did not correlate reliably with the duration of illness, the degree of fatness, or the extent of deficit from ideal weight; (4) the mode of illness onset and the type of secretory pattern were not related; and (5) the return of menses did not show a simple relationship to weight, fatness, or maturity of LH pattern.", "PMID": 740842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4635", "title": "Antecedent psychological factors in the onset of vasovagal syncope.", "content": "Broad psychosocial antecedents for 18 aviators with vasovagal syncope are compared with 31 controls. The immediate thoughts, fantasies, and feelings of the fainters are examined in detail. The fainters had significantly more job dissatisfaction than the controls. The presyncope fantasies of the fainters confirm Engel's observations of the immediate psychological context for vasovagal syncope (anticipation of bodily harm, denial of fear, and submission to a threat), and extend his formulation to include psychological harm in the form of humiliation, embarrassment, and loss of prestige.", "contents": "Antecedent psychological factors in the onset of vasovagal syncope. Broad psychosocial antecedents for 18 aviators with vasovagal syncope are compared with 31 controls. The immediate thoughts, fantasies, and feelings of the fainters are examined in detail. The fainters had significantly more job dissatisfaction than the controls. The presyncope fantasies of the fainters confirm Engel's observations of the immediate psychological context for vasovagal syncope (anticipation of bodily harm, denial of fear, and submission to a threat), and extend his formulation to include psychological harm in the form of humiliation, embarrassment, and loss of prestige.", "PMID": 740843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4636", "title": "Anorexia nervosa. Commitment to a multifaceted treatment program.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa, a complicated and serious illness, warrants the comprehensive use of several treatment modalities: behavior therapy, individual psychotherapy and family therapy. Singular use of and of these three have resulted in high mortality rates. The importance of legal commitment in dealing with this illness is also discussed.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa. Commitment to a multifaceted treatment program. Anorexia nervosa, a complicated and serious illness, warrants the comprehensive use of several treatment modalities: behavior therapy, individual psychotherapy and family therapy. Singular use of and of these three have resulted in high mortality rates. The importance of legal commitment in dealing with this illness is also discussed.", "PMID": 740845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4637", "title": "The heart image as a model to internal-organ body image.", "content": "We show that there is indeed an internal-organ body image: the heart. Using questionnaires and drawings, we compared a group of healthy subjects, a group of acutely ill cardiac patients and a group of chronic cardiac patients. A constant body image emerged which was not influenced by heart disease. It seems to us that this approach can serve as a model of further studies of internal-organ body image.", "contents": "The heart image as a model to internal-organ body image. We show that there is indeed an internal-organ body image: the heart. Using questionnaires and drawings, we compared a group of healthy subjects, a group of acutely ill cardiac patients and a group of chronic cardiac patients. A constant body image emerged which was not influenced by heart disease. It seems to us that this approach can serve as a model of further studies of internal-organ body image.", "PMID": 740846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4638", "title": "Alexithymia. II. The association with unexplained physical distress.", "content": "Unexplained physical distress, when associated with alexithymia, becomes a diagnostic puzzle leading to prolonged investigation, ineffective treatment, and psychiatric referral. The persistent, often almost indescribable quality of the distress suggests a central disturbance of the mechanism of pain experience involving the limbic system and the endogenous opiates.", "contents": "Alexithymia. II. The association with unexplained physical distress. Unexplained physical distress, when associated with alexithymia, becomes a diagnostic puzzle leading to prolonged investigation, ineffective treatment, and psychiatric referral. The persistent, often almost indescribable quality of the distress suggests a central disturbance of the mechanism of pain experience involving the limbic system and the endogenous opiates.", "PMID": 740847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4639", "title": "Implications from an unusual case of multiple psychosomatic illness.", "content": "A 40-year-old patient who developed over her lifetime an unusually large number of psychosomatic illnesses is presented. She manifested in succession, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, regional ileitis and anorexia nervosa. In addition to the factor of multiplicity of illnesses, this series of illnesses is of special interest because the association of a classical psychosomatic illness with anorexia nervosa has not been reported previously. In order to take advantage of the unusual series of illnesses in one patient, I utilized a novel investigative approach. Basing myself upon the supposition that the fundamental make-up of the personality remains fairly constant over time, I criss-crossed bits of established knowledge from one illness to another. In this way, I was able to derive various implications with respect to the psychodynamic, the cognitive-perceptual and the hypothalamic levels of functioning in all the illnesses.", "contents": "Implications from an unusual case of multiple psychosomatic illness. A 40-year-old patient who developed over her lifetime an unusually large number of psychosomatic illnesses is presented. She manifested in succession, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, regional ileitis and anorexia nervosa. In addition to the factor of multiplicity of illnesses, this series of illnesses is of special interest because the association of a classical psychosomatic illness with anorexia nervosa has not been reported previously. In order to take advantage of the unusual series of illnesses in one patient, I utilized a novel investigative approach. Basing myself upon the supposition that the fundamental make-up of the personality remains fairly constant over time, I criss-crossed bits of established knowledge from one illness to another. In this way, I was able to derive various implications with respect to the psychodynamic, the cognitive-perceptual and the hypothalamic levels of functioning in all the illnesses.", "PMID": 740848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4640", "title": "Psychosomatic studies of Japanese youth under social changes. An overview.", "content": "Psychosomatic studies of adolescent patients were conducted at the Kyushu University Hospital. Among many adolescent psychosomatic disorders, the incidence of irritable colon syndrome ranked first. The dynamic mechanisms and therapeutic results of these patients were introduced. Next, an epidemiological study showed that the frequency of constipation and diarrhea rapidly increases over the period from junior high school to senior high school. Through matched pair studies conducted with high school students, significant interrelationships were proven to exist among the occurrence of diarrhea and constipation, awareness of illness and psychological factors.", "contents": "Psychosomatic studies of Japanese youth under social changes. An overview. Psychosomatic studies of adolescent patients were conducted at the Kyushu University Hospital. Among many adolescent psychosomatic disorders, the incidence of irritable colon syndrome ranked first. The dynamic mechanisms and therapeutic results of these patients were introduced. Next, an epidemiological study showed that the frequency of constipation and diarrhea rapidly increases over the period from junior high school to senior high school. Through matched pair studies conducted with high school students, significant interrelationships were proven to exist among the occurrence of diarrhea and constipation, awareness of illness and psychological factors.", "PMID": 740849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4641", "title": "[Investigation of drug users reported to the juvenile court of Rome].", "content": "After illustrating the new set of rules in matter of stupefacient and psychotropic drugs, introduced in Italy on December 1975, and the duties assigned by the law to the judicial power, the findings are set forth here of an investigation carried out on 40 youths whose addiction to the use of drugs had been reported to the juvenile court of Rome up to April 30, 1977. Anamnestic, social, judicial and clinical data on such subjects were obtained. Even with the obvious reservations resulting from the extremely small sample, some findings are observed that appear to be significant: a considerable portion of the minors addicted to the use of drugs was the recipient of other interventions by the juvenile court in the civil, administrative and criminal sphere; for the males, the prevailing anamnestetic and social data correspond to the characteristics of the other subjects, with whom the court usually deals at the \"re-educational\" or criminal level, while, with regard to females, the picture is remarkably different. The use of heroin seems to be wide-spread among the males, where also prevail previous hospitalizations caused by the use of drugs. The Authors advocate a new and more extensive verification, to be carried out after a period of time.", "contents": "[Investigation of drug users reported to the juvenile court of Rome]. After illustrating the new set of rules in matter of stupefacient and psychotropic drugs, introduced in Italy on December 1975, and the duties assigned by the law to the judicial power, the findings are set forth here of an investigation carried out on 40 youths whose addiction to the use of drugs had been reported to the juvenile court of Rome up to April 30, 1977. Anamnestic, social, judicial and clinical data on such subjects were obtained. Even with the obvious reservations resulting from the extremely small sample, some findings are observed that appear to be significant: a considerable portion of the minors addicted to the use of drugs was the recipient of other interventions by the juvenile court in the civil, administrative and criminal sphere; for the males, the prevailing anamnestetic and social data correspond to the characteristics of the other subjects, with whom the court usually deals at the \"re-educational\" or criminal level, while, with regard to females, the picture is remarkably different. The use of heroin seems to be wide-spread among the males, where also prevail previous hospitalizations caused by the use of drugs. The Authors advocate a new and more extensive verification, to be carried out after a period of time.", "PMID": 740855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4642", "title": "[Notes on some self-induced diseases in prison communities].", "content": "The self-induced and simulated diseases in prison communities are numerous and not always easy to detect. This is, at any rate, a peculiar phenomenon that also involves other closed communities external to the prison environment, such as those of the large built-up areas, of the factories, of the schools, of the barracks, etc... As a rule, recourse is had, in the latter, to self-induction and simulation to achieve economic or absenteeistic purposes. In prison communities, self-induction and simulation are instead implemented in order to escape the rigours of the law and detention itself. It is an unquestionable fact, however, that nowadays this phenomenon is regressing, chiefly thanks to the coming into force of law No. 354 of July 26, 1975 on the penitentiary System, that is certainly determining radical improvements within the prisons.", "contents": "[Notes on some self-induced diseases in prison communities]. The self-induced and simulated diseases in prison communities are numerous and not always easy to detect. This is, at any rate, a peculiar phenomenon that also involves other closed communities external to the prison environment, such as those of the large built-up areas, of the factories, of the schools, of the barracks, etc... As a rule, recourse is had, in the latter, to self-induction and simulation to achieve economic or absenteeistic purposes. In prison communities, self-induction and simulation are instead implemented in order to escape the rigours of the law and detention itself. It is an unquestionable fact, however, that nowadays this phenomenon is regressing, chiefly thanks to the coming into force of law No. 354 of July 26, 1975 on the penitentiary System, that is certainly determining radical improvements within the prisons.", "PMID": 740856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4643", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticographic aspects of choledocholithiasis and its sequelae.", "content": "100 patients with a known history of choledocholithiasis were selected. The main reasons for performing ERCP were the presence of severe jaundice or insufficient information obtained with intravenous cholangiography. Analysis is made of the various complications due to the presence of common bile duct stones. A surprisingly high incidence of choledochoduodenal fistulas was seen; two types of such fistulas can be recognized. A brief discussion is given of etiological factors involved. ERCP is also very useful in the evaluation of surgical anastomosis and complications due to surgery such as narrowing or complete ligation of the common bile duct. Finally, pancreatitis, another complication of choledocholithiasis, is evaluated with ERCP, showing the importance of reflux from the common bile duct into the pancreatic ducts in the etiology of this condition.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticographic aspects of choledocholithiasis and its sequelae. 100 patients with a known history of choledocholithiasis were selected. The main reasons for performing ERCP were the presence of severe jaundice or insufficient information obtained with intravenous cholangiography. Analysis is made of the various complications due to the presence of common bile duct stones. A surprisingly high incidence of choledochoduodenal fistulas was seen; two types of such fistulas can be recognized. A brief discussion is given of etiological factors involved. ERCP is also very useful in the evaluation of surgical anastomosis and complications due to surgery such as narrowing or complete ligation of the common bile duct. Finally, pancreatitis, another complication of choledocholithiasis, is evaluated with ERCP, showing the importance of reflux from the common bile duct into the pancreatic ducts in the etiology of this condition.", "PMID": 740890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4644", "title": "Characteristics and diagnostic approaches in the detection of nonapparent bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Bronchogenic carcinoma without parenchymal changes, located within normal hilum and mediastinum, does not show in routine chest X-ray. The value of tomography is demonstrated.", "contents": "Characteristics and diagnostic approaches in the detection of nonapparent bronchogenic carcinoma. Bronchogenic carcinoma without parenchymal changes, located within normal hilum and mediastinum, does not show in routine chest X-ray. The value of tomography is demonstrated.", "PMID": 740891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4645", "title": "Angiographic features of compression of the axillary artery by the musculus pectoralis minor and the head of the humerus in the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Case report.", "content": "Discussion of the humeral head compression and the pectoralis minor compression as a possible reflection of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Pictures of both compressions on the axillary artery are presented.", "contents": "Angiographic features of compression of the axillary artery by the musculus pectoralis minor and the head of the humerus in the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Case report. Discussion of the humeral head compression and the pectoralis minor compression as a possible reflection of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Pictures of both compressions on the axillary artery are presented.", "PMID": 740892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4646", "title": "Some pseudotumors and pitfalls in ultrasound.", "content": "A collection of pseudomasses and pitfalls in abdominal ultrasound are reviewed. This article discusses the way in which to avoid misinterpretation in these cases. Some anatomical variations and accidental configurations are mentioned.", "contents": "Some pseudotumors and pitfalls in ultrasound. A collection of pseudomasses and pitfalls in abdominal ultrasound are reviewed. This article discusses the way in which to avoid misinterpretation in these cases. Some anatomical variations and accidental configurations are mentioned.", "PMID": 740893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4647", "title": "Hepatobiliary scanning with 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate. A retrospective study investigating the criteria for differentiation between intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction.", "content": "In 70 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (PG) studies with verified diagnoses, the following scan patterns were found. (1) Normal: within 30 min of PG injection the scan reveals the liver, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, gallbladder and flow to the intestine; after 2 h the liver had a higher concentration of activity than the hepatic ducts or the common bile duct. (2) Complete extrahepatic obstruction: no hepatic excretion to the intestine is observed 18-24 h after PG injection, nor is activity observed in the hepatic ducts, common bile duct and gallbladder. (3) Incomplete extrahepatic obstruction: intestinal activity is observed within 18-24 h of PG injection; after 2 h the concentration of activity in the hepatic ducts or the common bile duct exceeds that in the liver (regardless whether activity is or is not demonstrated in the gallbladder). (4) No extrahepatic obstruction: serum bilirubin normal or increased; intestinal activity is observed within 18-24 h after PG injection, and activity is demonstrable during this period somewhere in the hepatic ducts, the common bile duct or the gallbladder; after 2 h the concentration of biliary activity should not exceed that in the liver. (5) If excretion to the intestine is observed within 18-24 h of PG injection without demonstrable activity in the hepatic ducts, common bile duct or gallbladder, then it is impossible to differentiate between (3) and (4).", "contents": "Hepatobiliary scanning with 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate. A retrospective study investigating the criteria for differentiation between intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction. In 70 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (PG) studies with verified diagnoses, the following scan patterns were found. (1) Normal: within 30 min of PG injection the scan reveals the liver, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, gallbladder and flow to the intestine; after 2 h the liver had a higher concentration of activity than the hepatic ducts or the common bile duct. (2) Complete extrahepatic obstruction: no hepatic excretion to the intestine is observed 18-24 h after PG injection, nor is activity observed in the hepatic ducts, common bile duct and gallbladder. (3) Incomplete extrahepatic obstruction: intestinal activity is observed within 18-24 h of PG injection; after 2 h the concentration of activity in the hepatic ducts or the common bile duct exceeds that in the liver (regardless whether activity is or is not demonstrated in the gallbladder). (4) No extrahepatic obstruction: serum bilirubin normal or increased; intestinal activity is observed within 18-24 h after PG injection, and activity is demonstrable during this period somewhere in the hepatic ducts, the common bile duct or the gallbladder; after 2 h the concentration of biliary activity should not exceed that in the liver. (5) If excretion to the intestine is observed within 18-24 h of PG injection without demonstrable activity in the hepatic ducts, common bile duct or gallbladder, then it is impossible to differentiate between (3) and (4).", "PMID": 740894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4648", "title": "Metastatic bone involvement in gynecological malignancies.", "content": "4 patients in whom ante mortem diagnosis of bone metastases was made, suffering from primary carcinoma of endometrium, cervix, ovary and vulva, respectively, are herein presented. The different routes of spread of these tumors, as well as a review of the incidence of bone metastases in gynecological malignancies are discussed.", "contents": "Metastatic bone involvement in gynecological malignancies. 4 patients in whom ante mortem diagnosis of bone metastases was made, suffering from primary carcinoma of endometrium, cervix, ovary and vulva, respectively, are herein presented. The different routes of spread of these tumors, as well as a review of the incidence of bone metastases in gynecological malignancies are discussed.", "PMID": 740895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4649", "title": "[Cyclothymia and the brain stem. The question of symptomatic cyclothymia on the basis of observations in insufficiency of the basilar arterial system].", "content": "Seven patients with an insufficiency in the basilar arterial system showed a typical endogenous depression. We assumed that the temporal coincidence of neurological and psychial syndromes was not accidental but both were caused by a circulation disturbance in the cerebral stem structures.", "contents": "[Cyclothymia and the brain stem. The question of symptomatic cyclothymia on the basis of observations in insufficiency of the basilar arterial system]. Seven patients with an insufficiency in the basilar arterial system showed a typical endogenous depression. We assumed that the temporal coincidence of neurological and psychial syndromes was not accidental but both were caused by a circulation disturbance in the cerebral stem structures.", "PMID": 740913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4650", "title": "Relationship between presumed etiological factors and clinical picture in 100 schizophrenic males.", "content": "The schizophrenic syndrome, in one form or another is a result of combinations of genetic, organic and psychosocial factors. 100 schizophrenic males were studied and etiological factors such as schizophrenia or affective illness in direct relatives, brain damage or temporal lobe epilepsy, an over-protective parent or latent homosexuality were isolated. The findings show a relationship between these etiological factors and the clinical picture and course and an attempt is made to use the etiological factor in classifying schizophrenia.", "contents": "Relationship between presumed etiological factors and clinical picture in 100 schizophrenic males. The schizophrenic syndrome, in one form or another is a result of combinations of genetic, organic and psychosocial factors. 100 schizophrenic males were studied and etiological factors such as schizophrenia or affective illness in direct relatives, brain damage or temporal lobe epilepsy, an over-protective parent or latent homosexuality were isolated. The findings show a relationship between these etiological factors and the clinical picture and course and an attempt is made to use the etiological factor in classifying schizophrenia.", "PMID": 740914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4651", "title": "Status within the family and early life experiences in patients with affective disorders and cycloid psychosis.", "content": "The family constellation and early childhood experiences have been investigated in 534 in- and outpatients (21 male and 323 female). The series comprised the following diagnostic subgroups: bipolar (n = 195) and unipolar (n = 175) affective psychotic disorders, non-psychotic depressive syndromes (n = 94) and cycloid psychosis (n = 70). A 34-item questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the present investigation relying upon information about meaningful variables in the relevant literature. Five main areas (status within the family, separation and loss, disturbing life experiences, acts of violence, and somatic factors) were covered in the study. Female patients have been found to be over-represented in regard to many variables. Few inter-group differences were found. This finding would suggest that negative, early childhood experiences are shared by most psychiatric patients and are not specific for any of the disorders which have been taken into account in the study.", "contents": "Status within the family and early life experiences in patients with affective disorders and cycloid psychosis. The family constellation and early childhood experiences have been investigated in 534 in- and outpatients (21 male and 323 female). The series comprised the following diagnostic subgroups: bipolar (n = 195) and unipolar (n = 175) affective psychotic disorders, non-psychotic depressive syndromes (n = 94) and cycloid psychosis (n = 70). A 34-item questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the present investigation relying upon information about meaningful variables in the relevant literature. Five main areas (status within the family, separation and loss, disturbing life experiences, acts of violence, and somatic factors) were covered in the study. Female patients have been found to be over-represented in regard to many variables. Few inter-group differences were found. This finding would suggest that negative, early childhood experiences are shared by most psychiatric patients and are not specific for any of the disorders which have been taken into account in the study.", "PMID": 740915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4652", "title": "[Psychic disturbances in patients with cervical intervertebral disk changes and cervical osteochondrosis].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the investigation of 51 patients with alterations of cervical intervertebral disks and cervical osteochondrosis who have undergone surgical intervention. The examination included a psychiatric interview as well as the application of paper pencil tests. Seventeen patients indicated symptoms of an endogenous depression. The group of depressed patients offered a significantly slow onset of cervical symptoms and, in the period after the operation, complained more often than the group without depressive symptoms. The psychological test revealed an increased tendency of inhibition and anxiety of the depressed group. Lastly, methodical problems are discussed concerning the evaluation of the lapse of psychic conduction as tension over a long period.", "contents": "[Psychic disturbances in patients with cervical intervertebral disk changes and cervical osteochondrosis]. The paper is concerned with the investigation of 51 patients with alterations of cervical intervertebral disks and cervical osteochondrosis who have undergone surgical intervention. The examination included a psychiatric interview as well as the application of paper pencil tests. Seventeen patients indicated symptoms of an endogenous depression. The group of depressed patients offered a significantly slow onset of cervical symptoms and, in the period after the operation, complained more often than the group without depressive symptoms. The psychological test revealed an increased tendency of inhibition and anxiety of the depressed group. Lastly, methodical problems are discussed concerning the evaluation of the lapse of psychic conduction as tension over a long period.", "PMID": 740916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4653", "title": "Can childhood schizophrenia develop out of hospitalism?", "content": "Out of 59 childhood schizophrenics examined, 11 had fallen ill as early as within the first years of their lives. Seven of these had been confined to a hospital or a similar institution when the illness set in. Two other children were congenitally blind or deaf and, owing to this fact, were largely deprived of communication with their environment. It was possible to diagnose schizophrenia even though the patients were mentally retarded. It seems that lack of communication within the first years of life can not only produce mental retardation but also provoke childhood schizophrenia.", "contents": "Can childhood schizophrenia develop out of hospitalism? Out of 59 childhood schizophrenics examined, 11 had fallen ill as early as within the first years of their lives. Seven of these had been confined to a hospital or a similar institution when the illness set in. Two other children were congenitally blind or deaf and, owing to this fact, were largely deprived of communication with their environment. It was possible to diagnose schizophrenia even though the patients were mentally retarded. It seems that lack of communication within the first years of life can not only produce mental retardation but also provoke childhood schizophrenia.", "PMID": 740917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4654", "title": "The Scandinavian concept of reactive psychosis, schizophreniform psychosis and schizophrenia.", "content": "A diganosis commonly used in the Scandinavian countries, reactive psychosis, is described. Systematic personal follow-up studies from Scandinavia have clearly demonstrated that the clinical and social course is more favourable in this diagnostic group than in schizophrenia, while the course in schizophreniform psychoses in between. The Scandinavian concept of schizophreniform psychosis and of schizophrenia is presented and discussed.", "contents": "The Scandinavian concept of reactive psychosis, schizophreniform psychosis and schizophrenia. A diganosis commonly used in the Scandinavian countries, reactive psychosis, is described. Systematic personal follow-up studies from Scandinavia have clearly demonstrated that the clinical and social course is more favourable in this diagnostic group than in schizophrenia, while the course in schizophreniform psychoses in between. The Scandinavian concept of schizophreniform psychosis and of schizophrenia is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 740918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4655", "title": "[Simple method for producing 13NN and 15OO by proton bombardment of aqueous phase (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method has been developed for the production of 13NN and 15OO by proton irradiation of aqueous solutions. 90 mCi of 13NN was obtained in a 200 ml. of He by using 1.0M NH4CI solution at pH 11 as the target with 10 min irradiation of 15 MeV, 10 microamperemeter protons. 80 mCi/min of 15OO was continuously obtained in a 200 ml of O2 by using pure water as the target with 40 MeV, 2 microamperemeter protons. The radiochemical purity of these short-lived radioactive gases obtained by this method was greater than 99.9% by passing through a single absorber.", "contents": "[Simple method for producing 13NN and 15OO by proton bombardment of aqueous phase (author's transl)]. A simple method has been developed for the production of 13NN and 15OO by proton irradiation of aqueous solutions. 90 mCi of 13NN was obtained in a 200 ml. of He by using 1.0M NH4CI solution at pH 11 as the target with 10 min irradiation of 15 MeV, 10 microamperemeter protons. 80 mCi/min of 15OO was continuously obtained in a 200 ml of O2 by using pure water as the target with 40 MeV, 2 microamperemeter protons. The radiochemical purity of these short-lived radioactive gases obtained by this method was greater than 99.9% by passing through a single absorber.", "PMID": 740919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4656", "title": "Effect of addition of inorganic acids or alkalis on gelation of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution by gamma-ray irradiation.--Color development with iodine--.", "content": "Below the critical concentration of polyvinyl alcohol, the effect of inorganic acids or alkalis on gelation of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was investigated by color development with iodine after gamma-ray irradiation. The absorbances of the polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex decreased remarkably in the presence of nitric or perchloric acid. These acids decompose and form oxygen or hydrogen peroxide which oxidize the polymer and leads to a fading of the color. On addition of sulfuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids, the absorbances decrease in the order that agrees with that of the acidity of these acids at the same molarity. In the alkaline solution the absorbances decrease by the addition of sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia in the order that agrees with that of the basicity of these alkalis. These results indicate that the gel formation is caused by the radiolysis of water. As a result of chemical analysis, these additives are considered not to be attached to the polymer.", "contents": "Effect of addition of inorganic acids or alkalis on gelation of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution by gamma-ray irradiation.--Color development with iodine--. Below the critical concentration of polyvinyl alcohol, the effect of inorganic acids or alkalis on gelation of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was investigated by color development with iodine after gamma-ray irradiation. The absorbances of the polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex decreased remarkably in the presence of nitric or perchloric acid. These acids decompose and form oxygen or hydrogen peroxide which oxidize the polymer and leads to a fading of the color. On addition of sulfuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids, the absorbances decrease in the order that agrees with that of the acidity of these acids at the same molarity. In the alkaline solution the absorbances decrease by the addition of sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia in the order that agrees with that of the basicity of these alkalis. These results indicate that the gel formation is caused by the radiolysis of water. As a result of chemical analysis, these additives are considered not to be attached to the polymer.", "PMID": 740920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4657", "title": "[An evaluation of inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy with 81mKr (author's transl)].", "content": "As 81mKr is a radioactive noble gas which has a very short half-life of 13 seconds, it leads no environmental contamination in a laboratory room. Because of its low radiation dose in the human body, it had many merits in routine tests of the inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy, which were very useful extremely in infants, old men and severe patients in need of cooperation. The studies with 81mKr were, either, useful as a load test, since these could repeatedly readily, evaluate the ventilation and perfusion dynamics before and after administration of drugs and show the distribution of the ventilation and perfusion correspond to the various lung volume level.", "contents": "[An evaluation of inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy with 81mKr (author's transl)]. As 81mKr is a radioactive noble gas which has a very short half-life of 13 seconds, it leads no environmental contamination in a laboratory room. Because of its low radiation dose in the human body, it had many merits in routine tests of the inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy, which were very useful extremely in infants, old men and severe patients in need of cooperation. The studies with 81mKr were, either, useful as a load test, since these could repeatedly readily, evaluate the ventilation and perfusion dynamics before and after administration of drugs and show the distribution of the ventilation and perfusion correspond to the various lung volume level.", "PMID": 740923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4658", "title": "[Duodenopancreatic lesions in abdominal injuries. Clinical and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "The frequency of duodeno-pancreatic lesions in abdominal or thoraco-abdominal trauma hospitalized in the surgery clinic of the Emergency Hospital from Bucharest between 1960 and 1975 was of 0.57%. In the present study are stressed the important factors which influence the outcome of the interventions (age, the interval from the accident to hospitalization and that from hospitalization to surgery). The causes are described, that have generated abdominal trauma with duodeno-pancreatic lesions the intensity and the extension, the localization of the lesions, as well as the importance of the association with lesions of other organs. An analysis is made of the interventions that have been made, in which the type of duodeno-pancreatic lesion was taken into account, as well as the variety of the procedure applied, from the simple draining of the pancreatic lodge, and of the peritoneal cavity, to complex interventions including exeresis of the duodenum or of the pancreas. To conclude the authors show that duodeno-pancreatic lesions are of considerable severity and are one of the causes of high mortality. These lesions also represent a serious test for the surgeon when one has to make a decision on the technique to be performed during the intervention. These lesions are also very demanding from the viewpoint of the surgeon's technical capability.", "contents": "[Duodenopancreatic lesions in abdominal injuries. Clinical and therapeutic considerations]. The frequency of duodeno-pancreatic lesions in abdominal or thoraco-abdominal trauma hospitalized in the surgery clinic of the Emergency Hospital from Bucharest between 1960 and 1975 was of 0.57%. In the present study are stressed the important factors which influence the outcome of the interventions (age, the interval from the accident to hospitalization and that from hospitalization to surgery). The causes are described, that have generated abdominal trauma with duodeno-pancreatic lesions the intensity and the extension, the localization of the lesions, as well as the importance of the association with lesions of other organs. An analysis is made of the interventions that have been made, in which the type of duodeno-pancreatic lesion was taken into account, as well as the variety of the procedure applied, from the simple draining of the pancreatic lodge, and of the peritoneal cavity, to complex interventions including exeresis of the duodenum or of the pancreas. To conclude the authors show that duodeno-pancreatic lesions are of considerable severity and are one of the causes of high mortality. These lesions also represent a serious test for the surgeon when one has to make a decision on the technique to be performed during the intervention. These lesions are also very demanding from the viewpoint of the surgeon's technical capability.", "PMID": 740958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4659", "title": "[Posterior (retrovascular) mediastinocervical goiters].", "content": "Three cases are presented of endo-thoracic goiters with posterior, retro-vascular developement, a very rare variety of the mediastino-cervical goiter. The anatomic pathways are described, along which this variety of goiter can migrate inside the thorax, as well as the radiologic signs which allow to make a diagnosis. In view of making a choice of the access route the importance of the diagnosis is particularly stressed, before surgery is attempted. It is also demonstrated that the best route is the vertical cervicosternotomy of the partial type (the Welti technique), completed by antero-lateral thoracotomy in the III-rd right intercostal space.", "contents": "[Posterior (retrovascular) mediastinocervical goiters]. Three cases are presented of endo-thoracic goiters with posterior, retro-vascular developement, a very rare variety of the mediastino-cervical goiter. The anatomic pathways are described, along which this variety of goiter can migrate inside the thorax, as well as the radiologic signs which allow to make a diagnosis. In view of making a choice of the access route the importance of the diagnosis is particularly stressed, before surgery is attempted. It is also demonstrated that the best route is the vertical cervicosternotomy of the partial type (the Welti technique), completed by antero-lateral thoracotomy in the III-rd right intercostal space.", "PMID": 740959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4660", "title": "[Multiple colonic cancers: simultaneous and successive].", "content": "The authors attempt an approach of a controversial problem of contemporary surgery and stress the following significant aspects:--the frequency of multiple colon cancers is of 3%, approximately 25% of the cases being associated with benign proliferative lesions:--the intra-operatory diagnosis of multiple colon cancers is difficult (3 out of 12 cases); intrasurgical exploration may give rise to problems in connection with the insufficiency of the exploration, or the inaccessibility of unique tumors, thus existing the risk of leaving in place a developing tumor, that can be discovered at a new intervention (one case); the operability of multiple colon cancers is similar to that of the unique malignant lesions, depending on the extension, the variety and the focal distribution of the neoplastic lesions.", "contents": "[Multiple colonic cancers: simultaneous and successive]. The authors attempt an approach of a controversial problem of contemporary surgery and stress the following significant aspects:--the frequency of multiple colon cancers is of 3%, approximately 25% of the cases being associated with benign proliferative lesions:--the intra-operatory diagnosis of multiple colon cancers is difficult (3 out of 12 cases); intrasurgical exploration may give rise to problems in connection with the insufficiency of the exploration, or the inaccessibility of unique tumors, thus existing the risk of leaving in place a developing tumor, that can be discovered at a new intervention (one case); the operability of multiple colon cancers is similar to that of the unique malignant lesions, depending on the extension, the variety and the focal distribution of the neoplastic lesions.", "PMID": 740956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4661", "title": "[The healing process of local lesions. Heterocollagen (Pancol) in the treatment of wounds].", "content": "Pancol is a drug used for dressing wounds, its activity sharply differing from that of other agents used for local treatment of wounds. It has an activating, regulating effect, permitting the natural processes to develop, without altering them. The results, often spectacular under clinical conditions, are explained by histologic-microscopic investigations. The multiple aspects of its effect, the complexity of the local biological phenomena to which an equivalent complexity in the action of the Pancol corresponds, demands competence and experience in its application.", "contents": "[The healing process of local lesions. Heterocollagen (Pancol) in the treatment of wounds]. Pancol is a drug used for dressing wounds, its activity sharply differing from that of other agents used for local treatment of wounds. It has an activating, regulating effect, permitting the natural processes to develop, without altering them. The results, often spectacular under clinical conditions, are explained by histologic-microscopic investigations. The multiple aspects of its effect, the complexity of the local biological phenomena to which an equivalent complexity in the action of the Pancol corresponds, demands competence and experience in its application.", "PMID": 740963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4662", "title": "[Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with urothelial tumors. Correlations with the stage of the disease and the modal chromosome number].", "content": "The carcino-embrionary antigen was estimated in 26 patients without malignant diseases (15 with inguinal hernia and 11 with urinary lithiasis--all of them before surgery), and in 47 patients with urothelial tumors. The direct radioimmune technique was used (a commercial kit from France /CEA IRE SORIN/) applied to isolated samples of sterile urine obtained at 12 hours. It was noted that:--patients without urologic disturbances had values under 1.5 micrograms in 12 hours in 93.4% of the cases;--in 44% of patients with non-malignant urological diseases (urinary lithiasis) the antigen values ranged between 1.5 and 3.0 micrograms in 12 hours;--patients with urothelial tumors had high values of the urinary carcinoembrionary antigen, in the range between 1.92 and 162.5 micrograms;--concentration of the urinary carcino-embionary antigen increases with the stage of the disease, with tumor polyploidia and in tumors with a high degree of anaplasia;--10--14 days after the removal of the tumor the values of the carcino-embrionary antigen show a significant decrease, even after total cystectomy but with cutaneous uretherostomy.", "contents": "[Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with urothelial tumors. Correlations with the stage of the disease and the modal chromosome number]. The carcino-embrionary antigen was estimated in 26 patients without malignant diseases (15 with inguinal hernia and 11 with urinary lithiasis--all of them before surgery), and in 47 patients with urothelial tumors. The direct radioimmune technique was used (a commercial kit from France /CEA IRE SORIN/) applied to isolated samples of sterile urine obtained at 12 hours. It was noted that:--patients without urologic disturbances had values under 1.5 micrograms in 12 hours in 93.4% of the cases;--in 44% of patients with non-malignant urological diseases (urinary lithiasis) the antigen values ranged between 1.5 and 3.0 micrograms in 12 hours;--patients with urothelial tumors had high values of the urinary carcinoembrionary antigen, in the range between 1.92 and 162.5 micrograms;--concentration of the urinary carcino-embionary antigen increases with the stage of the disease, with tumor polyploidia and in tumors with a high degree of anaplasia;--10--14 days after the removal of the tumor the values of the carcino-embrionary antigen show a significant decrease, even after total cystectomy but with cutaneous uretherostomy.", "PMID": 740964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4663", "title": "[Influence of small bowel resections on some aspects of digestive secretions in rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of the digestive secretions both in intact rats (control group) and in rats with resection of 50% and 80% of the small intestine starting from ileocecal valve have been studied. In every animal, the volume of duodenal content, total content of bile salts and amylasic activity have been analysed under the following experimental conditions: fasting, feeding with two diets containing 4% and 20% of fat, and intravenous injections of pancreozymin (2 UI/kg). Total content of bile salts and amylasic activity decrease in resected rats under fasting and feeding. This decrease is greater when larger portions of the intestine are removed. Rats injected with pancreozymin react in a similar way. The amylasic activity decrease in the resected rats indicates a pancreatic hypofunction caused by the resection and cannot be compensated by administration of pancreozymin. Measurements of seric cholesterol show that a 50% resection causes a decrease form normal levels and a 80% resection makes it significant.", "contents": "[Influence of small bowel resections on some aspects of digestive secretions in rat (author's transl)]. Some aspects of the digestive secretions both in intact rats (control group) and in rats with resection of 50% and 80% of the small intestine starting from ileocecal valve have been studied. In every animal, the volume of duodenal content, total content of bile salts and amylasic activity have been analysed under the following experimental conditions: fasting, feeding with two diets containing 4% and 20% of fat, and intravenous injections of pancreozymin (2 UI/kg). Total content of bile salts and amylasic activity decrease in resected rats under fasting and feeding. This decrease is greater when larger portions of the intestine are removed. Rats injected with pancreozymin react in a similar way. The amylasic activity decrease in the resected rats indicates a pancreatic hypofunction caused by the resection and cannot be compensated by administration of pancreozymin. Measurements of seric cholesterol show that a 50% resection causes a decrease form normal levels and a 80% resection makes it significant.", "PMID": 741056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4664", "title": "[Variations in electrocardiogram QRS-T (author's transl)].", "content": "The variations in QRS-T configurations in both standard and precordial leads from control rat electrocardiograms are analysed in this study. The durations of the above mentioned QRS complex, T and Q waves and the QT interval are also described. Many of the observed differences in rat electrocardiograms are due to a series of factors that may include recording equipment, anaesthesia used, dorsal or ventral position of the animal, age weight, sex and litter. The influence of all these parameters has been taken into account in the course of this research work. The electrocardiograms shown in this work were carried out as part of a project in which these patterns would later be compared with those obtained from rats in which ischemia has been induced by means of isoproterenol.", "contents": "[Variations in electrocardiogram QRS-T (author's transl)]. The variations in QRS-T configurations in both standard and precordial leads from control rat electrocardiograms are analysed in this study. The durations of the above mentioned QRS complex, T and Q waves and the QT interval are also described. Many of the observed differences in rat electrocardiograms are due to a series of factors that may include recording equipment, anaesthesia used, dorsal or ventral position of the animal, age weight, sex and litter. The influence of all these parameters has been taken into account in the course of this research work. The electrocardiograms shown in this work were carried out as part of a project in which these patterns would later be compared with those obtained from rats in which ischemia has been induced by means of isoproterenol.", "PMID": 741057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4665", "title": "[Electrolytic and electrocardiographical correlations under 7% oxygen in nitrogen in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrolytic concentrations in plasma and electrocardiographic parameters in dogs have been studied by means of lineal and canonical correlations, after the animals have been submitted to 7% oxygen in nitrogen for three hours. At the end of hypoxia there appeared hypokalemia, increased T wave potential, low R wave and enlargement of ST segment and PQ interval. The coefficients of lineal correlation between Mg++ levels in plasma and R wave potential and those of Na+ and QRS interval were reversed at the final stages of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Electrolytic and electrocardiographical correlations under 7% oxygen in nitrogen in dogs (author's transl)]. Electrolytic concentrations in plasma and electrocardiographic parameters in dogs have been studied by means of lineal and canonical correlations, after the animals have been submitted to 7% oxygen in nitrogen for three hours. At the end of hypoxia there appeared hypokalemia, increased T wave potential, low R wave and enlargement of ST segment and PQ interval. The coefficients of lineal correlation between Mg++ levels in plasma and R wave potential and those of Na+ and QRS interval were reversed at the final stages of hypoxia.", "PMID": 741058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4666", "title": "Alternance of states within the sleep wakefulness cycle. An approach to its study.", "content": "Intrinsic and dynamic aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle (SWC) are studied. From a dynamic point of view, results indicate a tendency to maintain vigilance (alerta wakefulness-W-and drowsiness-D) or sleep (slow sleep-SS-and paradoxical sleep-PS). Transitions from vigilance to sleep are more probable than the reverse. Drowsiness plays an important role as a distributor stage in the SWC of the normal cat since the same probabilities of passing from it to W than to SS exist. Furthermore transitions from sleep (SS and PS) were more frequently observed to D than to W.", "contents": "Alternance of states within the sleep wakefulness cycle. An approach to its study. Intrinsic and dynamic aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle (SWC) are studied. From a dynamic point of view, results indicate a tendency to maintain vigilance (alerta wakefulness-W-and drowsiness-D) or sleep (slow sleep-SS-and paradoxical sleep-PS). Transitions from vigilance to sleep are more probable than the reverse. Drowsiness plays an important role as a distributor stage in the SWC of the normal cat since the same probabilities of passing from it to W than to SS exist. Furthermore transitions from sleep (SS and PS) were more frequently observed to D than to W.", "PMID": 741059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4667", "title": "[Electrophoretic pattern and activity of lactate dehydrogenase in Discoglossus pictus (Otth) and Rana ridibunda (Pallas) skeletal muscle and heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophoretic isozyme patterns, total and specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase on skeletal and cardiac muscles in Discoglossus pictus and Rana ridibunda have been studied. The isozymes were separated out in polyacrylamide gels. The LDH activity bands were developed selectively. The percentage of the H subunits are significantly higher in Discoglossus than in Rana, probably becuase Rana is subjected to more severe anaerobic conditions during the hibernation time.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic pattern and activity of lactate dehydrogenase in Discoglossus pictus (Otth) and Rana ridibunda (Pallas) skeletal muscle and heart (author's transl)]. The electrophoretic isozyme patterns, total and specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase on skeletal and cardiac muscles in Discoglossus pictus and Rana ridibunda have been studied. The isozymes were separated out in polyacrylamide gels. The LDH activity bands were developed selectively. The percentage of the H subunits are significantly higher in Discoglossus than in Rana, probably becuase Rana is subjected to more severe anaerobic conditions during the hibernation time.", "PMID": 741060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4668", "title": "[Hypophyso-gonadal function in infancy. From newborn to puberty (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone have been measured in 216 healthy children (104 boys and 102 girls) divided in 9 groups from newborn to puberty. Testosterone serum concentrations were significantly higher in boys than in girls during the first 4 months after birth. Testosterone values were highest in 1 to 2 month old boys. Serum concentrations of both FSH and LH changed in different patterns in both sexes. During the first 4 years FSH concentrations were significantly higher in girls than in boys. During the first 4 months, however, LH concentrations were higher in boys than in girls.", "contents": "[Hypophyso-gonadal function in infancy. From newborn to puberty (author's transl)]. Serum levels of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone have been measured in 216 healthy children (104 boys and 102 girls) divided in 9 groups from newborn to puberty. Testosterone serum concentrations were significantly higher in boys than in girls during the first 4 months after birth. Testosterone values were highest in 1 to 2 month old boys. Serum concentrations of both FSH and LH changed in different patterns in both sexes. During the first 4 years FSH concentrations were significantly higher in girls than in boys. During the first 4 months, however, LH concentrations were higher in boys than in girls.", "PMID": 741061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4669", "title": "[Effects of postural changes and volume depletion on renin-angiotensin system (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of orthostatism and furosemide tests on different parameters of renin-angiotensin system have been studied in 14 normal human subjects.  Both tests produced a significant increase in plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration. Plasma substrate concentration was slightly, but significantly, increased on the furosemide test. Plasma aldosterone rose in both tests, while aldosterone urinary excretion decreased after orthostatism and increased after furosemide.", "contents": "[Effects of postural changes and volume depletion on renin-angiotensin system (author's transl)]. The effects of orthostatism and furosemide tests on different parameters of renin-angiotensin system have been studied in 14 normal human subjects.  Both tests produced a significant increase in plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration. Plasma substrate concentration was slightly, but significantly, increased on the furosemide test. Plasma aldosterone rose in both tests, while aldosterone urinary excretion decreased after orthostatism and increased after furosemide.", "PMID": 741062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4670", "title": "[Granulopoiesis in mouse lymphatic nodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Granulopoiesis in lymph nodes of 4 to 12 days old mice is described. Granulopoietic activity is found mainly in the medullary cords around postcapillary venules, where granuloid cells in various stages of development can be observed.", "contents": "[Granulopoiesis in mouse lymphatic nodes (author's transl)]. Granulopoiesis in lymph nodes of 4 to 12 days old mice is described. Granulopoietic activity is found mainly in the medullary cords around postcapillary venules, where granuloid cells in various stages of development can be observed.", "PMID": 741063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4671", "title": "[Myelopoiesis in lymph nodes of mice treated with trypan blue (author's transl)].", "content": "When mice are injected with trypan blue inside the peritoneal cavity immediately after birth, a delay of the lymphocyte colonization and an enhancement of the lymph node myelopoiesis are observed. In normal mice some granulopoiesis takes place in lymph nodes between 4th and 12th days after birth, but after trypan blue treatment granulopoiesis increases and erythroid colonies appear. These findings indicate that the blockade of RES enhances the hemopoiesis in lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Myelopoiesis in lymph nodes of mice treated with trypan blue (author's transl)]. When mice are injected with trypan blue inside the peritoneal cavity immediately after birth, a delay of the lymphocyte colonization and an enhancement of the lymph node myelopoiesis are observed. In normal mice some granulopoiesis takes place in lymph nodes between 4th and 12th days after birth, but after trypan blue treatment granulopoiesis increases and erythroid colonies appear. These findings indicate that the blockade of RES enhances the hemopoiesis in lymph nodes.", "PMID": 741064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4672", "title": "Utilization of pyruvate, alanine and glutamate by isolated fat cells and their effects on glycerol metabolism.", "content": "To study the metabolic interactions of different substrates in adipose tissue in vitro, isolated fat cells from fed rats were incubated in medium containing either (U-14C)-pyruvate, L-(U-14C)-alanine, L-(U-14C)-glutamate or (1(-14)C)-glycerol, and supplemented or not with 5 mM glucose or with non-radioactive pyruvate, alanine or glutamate (2 or 10 mM). The utilization of pyruvate for CO2 or fatty acid formation was greater than that of alanine and glutamate, both in the absence and presence of glucose. Glucose enhanced the formation of fatty acids from all the labelled substrates, decreased the synthesis of glyceride glycerol from pyruvate and glycerol, and enhanced it from alanine and glutamate. Pyruvate and glutamate enhanced the utilization of glycerol by the adipocytes and these effects were significantly reduced in the presence of glucose. Thus, the metabolic fate of the glycerol taken up by the cells varied according to the nature of the available substrates.", "contents": "Utilization of pyruvate, alanine and glutamate by isolated fat cells and their effects on glycerol metabolism. To study the metabolic interactions of different substrates in adipose tissue in vitro, isolated fat cells from fed rats were incubated in medium containing either (U-14C)-pyruvate, L-(U-14C)-alanine, L-(U-14C)-glutamate or (1(-14)C)-glycerol, and supplemented or not with 5 mM glucose or with non-radioactive pyruvate, alanine or glutamate (2 or 10 mM). The utilization of pyruvate for CO2 or fatty acid formation was greater than that of alanine and glutamate, both in the absence and presence of glucose. Glucose enhanced the formation of fatty acids from all the labelled substrates, decreased the synthesis of glyceride glycerol from pyruvate and glycerol, and enhanced it from alanine and glutamate. Pyruvate and glutamate enhanced the utilization of glycerol by the adipocytes and these effects were significantly reduced in the presence of glucose. Thus, the metabolic fate of the glycerol taken up by the cells varied according to the nature of the available substrates.", "PMID": 741065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4673", "title": "Effects of glucose on the metabolization of fructose and glycerol by isolated adipocytes from rat.", "content": "Isolated white fat cells were incubated in medium containing (14C)-fructose (UL), supplemented with either 1 or 5 mM fructose, in the presence or absence of 5 mM glucose. The utilization of fructose for the formation of CO2, fatty acids or glyceride glycerol was very much dependent on its concentration in the medium. It was significantly inhibited by glucose only at fructose concentration of 5 mM. When the cells were incubated in the presence of (1(-14)C) glycerol, fructose produced a significant increase in the conversion of the tracer to CO2, fatty acids and glyceride glycerol, while glucose produced an increase in the formation of both CO2 and fatty acids, but a significant decrease of glyceride glycerol from the same labelled precursor. Glucose causes the effects of fructose, enhancing the uptake of labelled glycerol by the cells, to disappear.", "contents": "Effects of glucose on the metabolization of fructose and glycerol by isolated adipocytes from rat. Isolated white fat cells were incubated in medium containing (14C)-fructose (UL), supplemented with either 1 or 5 mM fructose, in the presence or absence of 5 mM glucose. The utilization of fructose for the formation of CO2, fatty acids or glyceride glycerol was very much dependent on its concentration in the medium. It was significantly inhibited by glucose only at fructose concentration of 5 mM. When the cells were incubated in the presence of (1(-14)C) glycerol, fructose produced a significant increase in the conversion of the tracer to CO2, fatty acids and glyceride glycerol, while glucose produced an increase in the formation of both CO2 and fatty acids, but a significant decrease of glyceride glycerol from the same labelled precursor. Glucose causes the effects of fructose, enhancing the uptake of labelled glycerol by the cells, to disappear.", "PMID": 741066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4674", "title": "[Modulating effect of the salivary glands upon differentiation and maturation of taste bud cells in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "It is currently considered that the sensitive nerves of the papillary plexus are solely responsible for the normal differentiation of taste bud cells in the circumvallate papillae of the rat. The effect of syallectomy on taste bud cells was studied. Evaluation of results was performed through cell counts. The results demonstrate that the major salivary glands are quite important in both differentiation and maturation of taste bud cells.", "contents": "[Modulating effect of the salivary glands upon differentiation and maturation of taste bud cells in the rat (author's transl)]. It is currently considered that the sensitive nerves of the papillary plexus are solely responsible for the normal differentiation of taste bud cells in the circumvallate papillae of the rat. The effect of syallectomy on taste bud cells was studied. Evaluation of results was performed through cell counts. The results demonstrate that the major salivary glands are quite important in both differentiation and maturation of taste bud cells.", "PMID": 741067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4675", "title": "Drug-induced contractile responses in the isolated posterior communicating cerebral artery of the cat.", "content": "The isolated posterior communicating cerebral artery of the cat has been shown to have the ability to produce a contractile response to the following drugs; norepinephrine (NE), tyramine (Ty), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine (H), acetylcholine (Ach) and potassium (K+). The changes in the contractile response were dose-dependent. The order of potencies of these vasoactive agents with respect to ED50 was: 5-HT greater than NE greater than Ach = H = Ty greater than K+. With regard to their ability to induce maximal contractile responses the order was: H = Ach greater than 5-HT = Ty greater than NE = K+. These results show that cerebral arteries are more sensitive to 5-HT than to NE, as opposed to extracranial arteries in which NE is generally the most potent vasoconstrictor agent.", "contents": "Drug-induced contractile responses in the isolated posterior communicating cerebral artery of the cat. The isolated posterior communicating cerebral artery of the cat has been shown to have the ability to produce a contractile response to the following drugs; norepinephrine (NE), tyramine (Ty), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine (H), acetylcholine (Ach) and potassium (K+). The changes in the contractile response were dose-dependent. The order of potencies of these vasoactive agents with respect to ED50 was: 5-HT greater than NE greater than Ach = H = Ty greater than K+. With regard to their ability to induce maximal contractile responses the order was: H = Ach greater than 5-HT = Ty greater than NE = K+. These results show that cerebral arteries are more sensitive to 5-HT than to NE, as opposed to extracranial arteries in which NE is generally the most potent vasoconstrictor agent.", "PMID": 741068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4676", "title": "[Larynx resistance produced by upper respiratory airways stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Larynx resistance changes during the respiratory cycle at rest and after mechanical stimulation of the epithelium on different zones of the upper airways (extrathoracic trachea, glottis, nasopharynx) were studied in the dog by isolated glottis in situ technique. In reposed breathing, the increase in larynx resistance always started when inspiratory airflow reached its maximum value. Resistance remained high during expiration and had its lowest value when expiratory airflow decreased towards zero. The electromyogram reading for the abdominal muscle evinced low or no activity during the smaller larynx resistance period. The extrathoracic trachea mechanical stimulation with cough response was determined by a significant decrease of larynx resistance. There was also a significant increase in expiratory airflow and abdominal pressure. Inspiratory and expiratory total lung resistance values were both significantly increased with regard to reposed breathing. Mechanical larynx stimulation determined reflexive closing of the glottis, expiratory apnea, minimal abdominal pressure. No potentials were formed in the expiratory abdominal electromyogram. The response was similar to a spontaneous swallowing. Larynx resistance reached its minimal value before the expiratory airflow reached zero. Mechanical nasopharyngeal stimulation significantly increased larynx resistance.", "contents": "[Larynx resistance produced by upper respiratory airways stimulation (author's transl)]. Larynx resistance changes during the respiratory cycle at rest and after mechanical stimulation of the epithelium on different zones of the upper airways (extrathoracic trachea, glottis, nasopharynx) were studied in the dog by isolated glottis in situ technique. In reposed breathing, the increase in larynx resistance always started when inspiratory airflow reached its maximum value. Resistance remained high during expiration and had its lowest value when expiratory airflow decreased towards zero. The electromyogram reading for the abdominal muscle evinced low or no activity during the smaller larynx resistance period. The extrathoracic trachea mechanical stimulation with cough response was determined by a significant decrease of larynx resistance. There was also a significant increase in expiratory airflow and abdominal pressure. Inspiratory and expiratory total lung resistance values were both significantly increased with regard to reposed breathing. Mechanical larynx stimulation determined reflexive closing of the glottis, expiratory apnea, minimal abdominal pressure. No potentials were formed in the expiratory abdominal electromyogram. The response was similar to a spontaneous swallowing. Larynx resistance reached its minimal value before the expiratory airflow reached zero. Mechanical nasopharyngeal stimulation significantly increased larynx resistance.", "PMID": 741069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4677", "title": "[Bronchopulmonary influences in larynx resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "Larynx resistance changes have been studied in the dog by means of in situ isolated glottis technique. Bronchiolar tone changed through isoprenaline and histamine administration, and after recurrent and vagus nerve bilateral section. Isoprenaline administration (0.1 mg/kg) was followed by larynx resistance decrease, expiratory duration increase, and expiratory abdominal pressure decrease with regard to respiration preceded by rest. Cough response by mechanical tracheal stimulation and glottis closing by larynx stimulation were abolished after isoprenaline administration. Histamine administration (0.1 mg/kg) was followed by larynx resistance increase, expiratory duration decrease, expiratory abdominal pressure increase, and expiratory abdominal pressure/maximum expiratory airflow relation increase. Larynx resistance decreased after recurrent nerve bilateral section, and increased later when vagus nerves were sectioned.", "contents": "[Bronchopulmonary influences in larynx resistance (author's transl)]. Larynx resistance changes have been studied in the dog by means of in situ isolated glottis technique. Bronchiolar tone changed through isoprenaline and histamine administration, and after recurrent and vagus nerve bilateral section. Isoprenaline administration (0.1 mg/kg) was followed by larynx resistance decrease, expiratory duration increase, and expiratory abdominal pressure decrease with regard to respiration preceded by rest. Cough response by mechanical tracheal stimulation and glottis closing by larynx stimulation were abolished after isoprenaline administration. Histamine administration (0.1 mg/kg) was followed by larynx resistance increase, expiratory duration decrease, expiratory abdominal pressure increase, and expiratory abdominal pressure/maximum expiratory airflow relation increase. Larynx resistance decreased after recurrent nerve bilateral section, and increased later when vagus nerves were sectioned.", "PMID": 741070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4678", "title": "Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning in an East-Slovakian ironworks.", "content": "The development of industry brings an increase in number of industrial poisonings by carbon monoxide. To treat these the East-Slovakian Ironworks has organised preventive measures. Instructive cases are illustrated. Measurement of carbon monoxide--haemoglobin in the laboratory gives an objective index for the degree of poisoning and the progress of treatment. The authors used cobaltous nitrate (0.13 mol/l) for control of the method. The best treatment was found to be hyperbaric oxygen in combination with multi-vitamin treatment. In some cases cardiorespiratory and antibiotic treatment is also necessary.", "contents": "Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning in an East-Slovakian ironworks. The development of industry brings an increase in number of industrial poisonings by carbon monoxide. To treat these the East-Slovakian Ironworks has organised preventive measures. Instructive cases are illustrated. Measurement of carbon monoxide--haemoglobin in the laboratory gives an objective index for the degree of poisoning and the progress of treatment. The authors used cobaltous nitrate (0.13 mol/l) for control of the method. The best treatment was found to be hyperbaric oxygen in combination with multi-vitamin treatment. In some cases cardiorespiratory and antibiotic treatment is also necessary.", "PMID": 741094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4679", "title": "Peracute and acute death from ischaemic heart disease within 4 days of onset of symptoms.", "content": "Post-mortem examination was made of 136 patients who died of ischaemic heart disease from within a few minutes to 4 days after the onset to symptoms. Acute myocardial infarction was detected by means of the histochemistry of dehydrogenases in 102 cases (75%); in 34 cases(25%) no infarction was found, but the presence of coronary obstruction together with clinical symptoms justified the diagnosis of acute coronary insufficiency. Fifty-six of the infarctions occurred within 2--3 h after the onset of ischaemia, 24 within 4--5 h, 12 within 6--24 h, and 10 within 1--4 days. The chances of recovery increased if the patients survived for 24 h. The period of 5 h after the onset of ischaemia appeared especially important; 80 of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction died during that  period. Thirty-one of 34 patients with acute coronary insufficiency and 60 of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction died peracutely, i.e. within a few minutes to 2 h after the onset of symptoms. In the patients of the latter group the onset of symptoms must have been delayed, otherwise none of these patients could have appeared in the category of peracute death. This delay was more obvious in the patients with acute myocardial infarction localized in the area supplied by the left descending artery. The occurrence of peracute deaths could not be correlated witha particular localization of area of infarction. The causes of coronary obstructions and the role of dynamic disturbances of coronary perfusion in the pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarction and discussed.", "contents": "Peracute and acute death from ischaemic heart disease within 4 days of onset of symptoms. Post-mortem examination was made of 136 patients who died of ischaemic heart disease from within a few minutes to 4 days after the onset to symptoms. Acute myocardial infarction was detected by means of the histochemistry of dehydrogenases in 102 cases (75%); in 34 cases(25%) no infarction was found, but the presence of coronary obstruction together with clinical symptoms justified the diagnosis of acute coronary insufficiency. Fifty-six of the infarctions occurred within 2--3 h after the onset of ischaemia, 24 within 4--5 h, 12 within 6--24 h, and 10 within 1--4 days. The chances of recovery increased if the patients survived for 24 h. The period of 5 h after the onset of ischaemia appeared especially important; 80 of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction died during that  period. Thirty-one of 34 patients with acute coronary insufficiency and 60 of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction died peracutely, i.e. within a few minutes to 2 h after the onset of symptoms. In the patients of the latter group the onset of symptoms must have been delayed, otherwise none of these patients could have appeared in the category of peracute death. This delay was more obvious in the patients with acute myocardial infarction localized in the area supplied by the left descending artery. The occurrence of peracute deaths could not be correlated witha particular localization of area of infarction. The causes of coronary obstructions and the role of dynamic disturbances of coronary perfusion in the pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarction and discussed.", "PMID": 741095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4680", "title": "Effects of dopamine on haemodynamics and myocardial energetics in man: comparison with effects of isoprenaline and L-noradrenaline.", "content": "The effects of dopamine (DOPA) on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen requirements were compared with those of L-noradrenaline and isoprenaline (isoproterenol) in patients after open-heart surgery, performed because of mitral valvular and congenital heart disease. The patients were in low cardiac output state but not in shock. DOPA increased heart rate less than isoprenaline, averaging 22 and 31 beats/min, and was less arrhythmogenic. DOPA increased mean arterial pressure by an average of 7 mmHg, whereas isoprenaline had little effect; noradrenaline uniformly increased all measurements of arterial pressure. DOPA and isoprenaline increased cardiac index by an average of 1.01 and 0.94 1 min--1 m--2; noradrenaline did not significantly improve peripheral perfusion. DOPA and isoprenaline decreased systemic vascular resistance by an average of 465 and 549 dynes s cm--5; noradrenaline increased resistance in all patients. For similar cardiac outputs average urine flow increased more with DOPA (75 ml/h) than with isoprenaline (28 ml/h). DOPA increased coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption by an average of 28 and 3.60 ml min--1 100 g--1, noradrenaline by 16 and 1.93 and isoprenaline by 62 and 4.25 ml min--1 100 g--1 respectively. Arterial--coronary sinus O2 differences remained unchanged (normal) with DOPA and noradrenaline and decreased with isoprenaline on average by 1.10 ml/100 ml. Myocardial lactate utilization was normal before and during catecholamine administration. It is concluded that, in its haemodynamic effects, DOPA is intermediate between noradrenaline and isoprenaline. The effects of DOPA on coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption are closer to those of noradrenaline than of isoprenaline. DOPA increase coronary blood flow according to myocardial metabolic demand; it is not a potent primary coronary vasodilator. DOPA, although increasing myocardial O2 consumption more than noradrenaline, is by far less O2-demanding than isoprenaline. DOPA appears to be the superior vasoactive agent among the three catecholamines for the treatment of low cardiac output state in patients with preserved coronary reserve.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on haemodynamics and myocardial energetics in man: comparison with effects of isoprenaline and L-noradrenaline. The effects of dopamine (DOPA) on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen requirements were compared with those of L-noradrenaline and isoprenaline (isoproterenol) in patients after open-heart surgery, performed because of mitral valvular and congenital heart disease. The patients were in low cardiac output state but not in shock. DOPA increased heart rate less than isoprenaline, averaging 22 and 31 beats/min, and was less arrhythmogenic. DOPA increased mean arterial pressure by an average of 7 mmHg, whereas isoprenaline had little effect; noradrenaline uniformly increased all measurements of arterial pressure. DOPA and isoprenaline increased cardiac index by an average of 1.01 and 0.94 1 min--1 m--2; noradrenaline did not significantly improve peripheral perfusion. DOPA and isoprenaline decreased systemic vascular resistance by an average of 465 and 549 dynes s cm--5; noradrenaline increased resistance in all patients. For similar cardiac outputs average urine flow increased more with DOPA (75 ml/h) than with isoprenaline (28 ml/h). DOPA increased coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption by an average of 28 and 3.60 ml min--1 100 g--1, noradrenaline by 16 and 1.93 and isoprenaline by 62 and 4.25 ml min--1 100 g--1 respectively. Arterial--coronary sinus O2 differences remained unchanged (normal) with DOPA and noradrenaline and decreased with isoprenaline on average by 1.10 ml/100 ml. Myocardial lactate utilization was normal before and during catecholamine administration. It is concluded that, in its haemodynamic effects, DOPA is intermediate between noradrenaline and isoprenaline. The effects of DOPA on coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption are closer to those of noradrenaline than of isoprenaline. DOPA increase coronary blood flow according to myocardial metabolic demand; it is not a potent primary coronary vasodilator. DOPA, although increasing myocardial O2 consumption more than noradrenaline, is by far less O2-demanding than isoprenaline. DOPA appears to be the superior vasoactive agent among the three catecholamines for the treatment of low cardiac output state in patients with preserved coronary reserve.", "PMID": 741096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4681", "title": "Effect of haemodilution on experimental cerebral oedema in cats.", "content": "The effect of haemodilution with Dextran 60 on experimental cerebral oedema produced by the modified method of Ishii, Hayner, Kelly & Evans (1959) is described. The intracranial pressure was measured from the cisterna magna or epidurally in the parieto-occipital region. In the group of cats subjected to haemodilution, with a haematocrit of 27.20 +/- 1.48%, the intracranial pressure first increased by 500% and, after 1.5 h, began to fall gradually so that at the end of the experiment it was only 160% of initial value. In the other experimental group in which haemodilution with a haematocrit of 27.40 +/- 1.14% was started after 6 h of the experiment, the intracranial pressure gradually fell for the next 6 h from 350% of initial value of 200% of initial value after 12 h. It was concluded that haemodilution slows down the development of cerebral oedema, and can be employed in the treatment of fully developed oedema.", "contents": "Effect of haemodilution on experimental cerebral oedema in cats. The effect of haemodilution with Dextran 60 on experimental cerebral oedema produced by the modified method of Ishii, Hayner, Kelly & Evans (1959) is described. The intracranial pressure was measured from the cisterna magna or epidurally in the parieto-occipital region. In the group of cats subjected to haemodilution, with a haematocrit of 27.20 +/- 1.48%, the intracranial pressure first increased by 500% and, after 1.5 h, began to fall gradually so that at the end of the experiment it was only 160% of initial value. In the other experimental group in which haemodilution with a haematocrit of 27.40 +/- 1.14% was started after 6 h of the experiment, the intracranial pressure gradually fell for the next 6 h from 350% of initial value of 200% of initial value after 12 h. It was concluded that haemodilution slows down the development of cerebral oedema, and can be employed in the treatment of fully developed oedema.", "PMID": 741097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4682", "title": "Problems of continuous Pa, O2 monitoring by means of indwelling intra-arterial electrodes.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of intra-arterial PO2 has many advantages in intensive care. However, there are some problems which have prevented the routine use of this method until now. A commercially available polarographic oxygen electrode was tested in vitro. Continuous PO2 monitoring was performed in vivo in 63 adult patients. The electrode is suitable for intensive care with regard to handling, dimensions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, electrical safety, sensitivity, flow dependency, response time and costs. It should be improved with regard to the instability of the measuring properties and its non-linearity in hyperoxia. Serious complications of continuous PO2 monitoring were not observed. In view of the specific properties of the polarographic electrode and the contraindications of arterial cannulation, the continuous intra-arterial PO2 measurement has proved to be a valuable, safe and simple technique of monitoring, especially for short-term changes of arterial PO2.", "contents": "Problems of continuous Pa, O2 monitoring by means of indwelling intra-arterial electrodes. Continuous monitoring of intra-arterial PO2 has many advantages in intensive care. However, there are some problems which have prevented the routine use of this method until now. A commercially available polarographic oxygen electrode was tested in vitro. Continuous PO2 monitoring was performed in vivo in 63 adult patients. The electrode is suitable for intensive care with regard to handling, dimensions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, electrical safety, sensitivity, flow dependency, response time and costs. It should be improved with regard to the instability of the measuring properties and its non-linearity in hyperoxia. Serious complications of continuous PO2 monitoring were not observed. In view of the specific properties of the polarographic electrode and the contraindications of arterial cannulation, the continuous intra-arterial PO2 measurement has proved to be a valuable, safe and simple technique of monitoring, especially for short-term changes of arterial PO2.", "PMID": 741098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4683", "title": "Cutaneous respiration in seven sea-water teleosts.", "content": "The oxygen consumption of excised skin (MO2 is.cut.) and the normal cutaneous oxygen uptake by the skin in situ from the external medium (MO2 ext.cut.) were investigated in seven species of teleosts in normoxic sea water: butterfish (Pholis gunnellus L.), cod (Gadus morhua L.), five-bearded rockling (Ciliata mustela L), shanny (Blennius pholis L.), flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), sole (Solea solea L.) and eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). In the butterfish, cod and rockling, all the oxygen absorbed by the skin is consumed by the skin tissue itself, whereas in the other species there is a net inward transcutaneous oxygen flux. The gain of oxygen through the skin is obtained either by a low MO2is.cut. (shanny, flounder) and/or by high MO2ext.cut. (sole and eel). The blind side of the sole is particularly efficient in oxygen uptake. The results are discussed in relation to the biota of the different species.", "contents": "Cutaneous respiration in seven sea-water teleosts. The oxygen consumption of excised skin (MO2 is.cut.) and the normal cutaneous oxygen uptake by the skin in situ from the external medium (MO2 ext.cut.) were investigated in seven species of teleosts in normoxic sea water: butterfish (Pholis gunnellus L.), cod (Gadus morhua L.), five-bearded rockling (Ciliata mustela L), shanny (Blennius pholis L.), flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), sole (Solea solea L.) and eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). In the butterfish, cod and rockling, all the oxygen absorbed by the skin is consumed by the skin tissue itself, whereas in the other species there is a net inward transcutaneous oxygen flux. The gain of oxygen through the skin is obtained either by a low MO2is.cut. (shanny, flounder) and/or by high MO2ext.cut. (sole and eel). The blind side of the sole is particularly efficient in oxygen uptake. The results are discussed in relation to the biota of the different species.", "PMID": 741099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4684", "title": "Role of H1 and H2 receptors in increased small airways resistance in the dog.", "content": "The relative importance of H1 and H2 receptors to central and peripheral airways resistance in the anesthetized intact dog lung were determined through the use of pharmacologically specific antagonists during graded intravenous infusions of histamine. The indirect effects of infused histamine were also tested via alpha and beta adrenergic blockade (alpha + beta blk) and post-ganglionic parasympathetic blockade (vagal blk). We measured pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), thoracic gas volume (Vtg), and partitioned oscillatory pulmonary resistance (RLosc) into a peripheral (Rp) and central component with an intrabronchial catheter. Infused histamine caused a significant increase in RL, primarily the result of the increase in Rp, with substantial dose-dependent reductions in Cdyn, and increases in Vtg. These effects were not altered by vagal blk, were increased by alpha + beta blk, and were completely prevented by H1 receptor blockade, but not by H2 receptor blockade. We conclude that histamine infusion causes bronchoconstriction in the canine lung, primarily in peripheral airways (less than 3 mm diameter), by its direct action on H1-type receptors.", "contents": "Role of H1 and H2 receptors in increased small airways resistance in the dog. The relative importance of H1 and H2 receptors to central and peripheral airways resistance in the anesthetized intact dog lung were determined through the use of pharmacologically specific antagonists during graded intravenous infusions of histamine. The indirect effects of infused histamine were also tested via alpha and beta adrenergic blockade (alpha + beta blk) and post-ganglionic parasympathetic blockade (vagal blk). We measured pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), thoracic gas volume (Vtg), and partitioned oscillatory pulmonary resistance (RLosc) into a peripheral (Rp) and central component with an intrabronchial catheter. Infused histamine caused a significant increase in RL, primarily the result of the increase in Rp, with substantial dose-dependent reductions in Cdyn, and increases in Vtg. These effects were not altered by vagal blk, were increased by alpha + beta blk, and were completely prevented by H1 receptor blockade, but not by H2 receptor blockade. We conclude that histamine infusion causes bronchoconstriction in the canine lung, primarily in peripheral airways (less than 3 mm diameter), by its direct action on H1-type receptors.", "PMID": 741100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4685", "title": "Even distribution of 133Xe bolus inhaled at residual volume in healthy subjects.", "content": "We selected from among 46 healthy students (22 to 31-yr-old) 7 subjects (group A) in whom the normalized height of phase IV (height of phase IV/phase IIIx100), after inhaling a bolus of He at RV, was very small (10%). We compared them with 6 subjects (group B) selected on the basis of a tall phase IV (78%, A vs. P P less than 0.005). Age and height were comparable, but weight was lower (P less than 0.05) and RV/TLC ratio (but not other spirographic indices) was larger (P less than 0.025) in group A. The average amplitude of cardiac oscillations was 4 times higher in group B (P less than 0.005). He closing volume, but not closing capacity was less in group A (P less than 0.05). A bolus of 133Xe inhaled at RV was nearly uniformly distributed in group A while producing a large vertical gradient in group B. The difference between groups A and B may reflect a difference in the mechanical properties of the chest  wall leading to a less complete empting of the lung in the former group.", "contents": "Even distribution of 133Xe bolus inhaled at residual volume in healthy subjects. We selected from among 46 healthy students (22 to 31-yr-old) 7 subjects (group A) in whom the normalized height of phase IV (height of phase IV/phase IIIx100), after inhaling a bolus of He at RV, was very small (10%). We compared them with 6 subjects (group B) selected on the basis of a tall phase IV (78%, A vs. P P less than 0.005). Age and height were comparable, but weight was lower (P less than 0.05) and RV/TLC ratio (but not other spirographic indices) was larger (P less than 0.025) in group A. The average amplitude of cardiac oscillations was 4 times higher in group B (P less than 0.005). He closing volume, but not closing capacity was less in group A (P less than 0.05). A bolus of 133Xe inhaled at RV was nearly uniformly distributed in group A while producing a large vertical gradient in group B. The difference between groups A and B may reflect a difference in the mechanical properties of the chest  wall leading to a less complete empting of the lung in the former group.", "PMID": 741101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4686", "title": "Laryngeal effects and respiration in the suckling opossum.", "content": "Electromyogram (EMG) activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA muscles were active, but was otherwise closed. Larynx closure may contribute to the end-inspiratory pauses often observed in the intact animal. During inhalation of an asphyxiant test gas in place of room air, PCA and diaphragm activity generally increased; and increases in anesthesia decreased the EMG activity of both muscles. Water on the larynx transiently abolished both PCA and diaphragm discharge; but EMG activity returned to the PCA muscles before the diaphragm. Further, reactivation of the diaphragm was not always accompanied by a synchronized burst of PCA activity. Therefore, it is possible under some conditions to dissociate the motor outputs from the PCA muscles and diaphragm in this immature mammal.", "contents": "Laryngeal effects and respiration in the suckling opossum. Electromyogram (EMG) activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA muscles were active, but was otherwise closed. Larynx closure may contribute to the end-inspiratory pauses often observed in the intact animal. During inhalation of an asphyxiant test gas in place of room air, PCA and diaphragm activity generally increased; and increases in anesthesia decreased the EMG activity of both muscles. Water on the larynx transiently abolished both PCA and diaphragm discharge; but EMG activity returned to the PCA muscles before the diaphragm. Further, reactivation of the diaphragm was not always accompanied by a synchronized burst of PCA activity. Therefore, it is possible under some conditions to dissociate the motor outputs from the PCA muscles and diaphragm in this immature mammal.", "PMID": 741102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4687", "title": "Chest wall configuration in supine man: wakefulness and sleep.", "content": "We measured the anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the rib cage (RC), the anteroposterior diameter of the abdomen (ABD) and the cranio caudal abdominal dimension during breathing in supine posture, in order to analyze the shape of the chest wall in both awake and sleep conditions. By comparing the active breath holding and relaxation curves, it appeared that during activity of the respiratory muscles the RC is both expanded and distorted at the highest volumes and mainly distorted at the lowest volumes. During sleep the abdominal protrusion is smaller and the lateral sides of the rib cage expand more than during wakefulness. This might explain the higher rib cage motion during sleep found by some authors who measured the rib cage circumference and not confirmed by others who measured only its anteroposterior diameter. The motion of the rib cage is similar during sleep and wakefulness, its lateral parts leading the anteroposterior ones, showing that the pattern of motion of the rib cage is not affected by the different activation of the respiratory muscles. The possibility of a distorsion within the front part of the rib cage has been also discussed.", "contents": "Chest wall configuration in supine man: wakefulness and sleep. We measured the anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the rib cage (RC), the anteroposterior diameter of the abdomen (ABD) and the cranio caudal abdominal dimension during breathing in supine posture, in order to analyze the shape of the chest wall in both awake and sleep conditions. By comparing the active breath holding and relaxation curves, it appeared that during activity of the respiratory muscles the RC is both expanded and distorted at the highest volumes and mainly distorted at the lowest volumes. During sleep the abdominal protrusion is smaller and the lateral sides of the rib cage expand more than during wakefulness. This might explain the higher rib cage motion during sleep found by some authors who measured the rib cage circumference and not confirmed by others who measured only its anteroposterior diameter. The motion of the rib cage is similar during sleep and wakefulness, its lateral parts leading the anteroposterior ones, showing that the pattern of motion of the rib cage is not affected by the different activation of the respiratory muscles. The possibility of a distorsion within the front part of the rib cage has been also discussed.", "PMID": 741103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4688", "title": "Influence of the CSF bicarbonate concentration on the ventilatory response to CO2 in relation to the location of the central chemoreceptors.", "content": "In anaesthetized cats, in which the cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate concentration was varied by a ventriculocisternal perfusion technique, the ventilatory response to CO2 during hyperoxia could be satisfactorily described by VE = S(PCSFCO2 -B). Both the slope S and the intercept B were positively and linearly related to the CSF bicarbonate concentration. Assuming that the PCSFCO2 is equal to the PCO2 in extracellular fluid, it can be shown that VE is a linear, but not a unique function of the [H+] at the site of the chemoreceptors; the slope of this relation varies with the bicarbonate concentration at that site, possibly due to chemical complex formation between HCO-3 and Ca2+ or Mg2+. Changes in the B-value were related to the location of the central chemoreceptors with the models of Pappenheimer and Berndt aand their coworkers. It was found that changes in the CSF bicarbonate concentration are reflected for 60 per cent at the site of the central chemoreceptors, and that this was independent of the cerebral perfusion. Using Berndt's model a distance between CSF and central chemoreceptors of approximately 100 micron was found; this calculated distance is relatively insensitive to relationship (logarithmic or not) between ventilation and H+ concentration and to changes in cerebral perfusion, owing to the approximate nature of the diffusion model.", "contents": "Influence of the CSF bicarbonate concentration on the ventilatory response to CO2 in relation to the location of the central chemoreceptors. In anaesthetized cats, in which the cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate concentration was varied by a ventriculocisternal perfusion technique, the ventilatory response to CO2 during hyperoxia could be satisfactorily described by VE = S(PCSFCO2 -B). Both the slope S and the intercept B were positively and linearly related to the CSF bicarbonate concentration. Assuming that the PCSFCO2 is equal to the PCO2 in extracellular fluid, it can be shown that VE is a linear, but not a unique function of the [H+] at the site of the chemoreceptors; the slope of this relation varies with the bicarbonate concentration at that site, possibly due to chemical complex formation between HCO-3 and Ca2+ or Mg2+. Changes in the B-value were related to the location of the central chemoreceptors with the models of Pappenheimer and Berndt aand their coworkers. It was found that changes in the CSF bicarbonate concentration are reflected for 60 per cent at the site of the central chemoreceptors, and that this was independent of the cerebral perfusion. Using Berndt's model a distance between CSF and central chemoreceptors of approximately 100 micron was found; this calculated distance is relatively insensitive to relationship (logarithmic or not) between ventilation and H+ concentration and to changes in cerebral perfusion, owing to the approximate nature of the diffusion model.", "PMID": 741104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4689", "title": "Are avian intrapulmonary CO2 receptors chemically modulated mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors?", "content": "Openings of paleopulmonic parabronchi in paralyzed, unidirectionally ventilated geese were photographed through small holes in the birds' mediodorsal secondary bronchi during single-unit recording from intrapulmonary CO2 receptors. Changes in the discharge frequency of the receptors as fractional CO2 concentration of ventilating gas was alternated between 0 and 0.05 were compared with the changes in cross-sectional areas of randomly selected parabronchial lumina. Intrapulmonary CO2 receptors, similar to those found in other avian species, are also present in geese. Changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentration greatly influenced the discharge of these receptors but did not induce movement of parabronchial smooth muscle in this region of the lung. If most of the receptors are located in the paleopulmonic parabronchi, as currently appears to be the case, we must conclude that changes in receptor discharge in response to changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentration do not result from mechanical distortion of the receptors induced by smooth muscle contraction; intrapulmonary CO2 receptors appear to be true chemoreceptors.", "contents": "Are avian intrapulmonary CO2 receptors chemically modulated mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors? Openings of paleopulmonic parabronchi in paralyzed, unidirectionally ventilated geese were photographed through small holes in the birds' mediodorsal secondary bronchi during single-unit recording from intrapulmonary CO2 receptors. Changes in the discharge frequency of the receptors as fractional CO2 concentration of ventilating gas was alternated between 0 and 0.05 were compared with the changes in cross-sectional areas of randomly selected parabronchial lumina. Intrapulmonary CO2 receptors, similar to those found in other avian species, are also present in geese. Changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentration greatly influenced the discharge of these receptors but did not induce movement of parabronchial smooth muscle in this region of the lung. If most of the receptors are located in the paleopulmonic parabronchi, as currently appears to be the case, we must conclude that changes in receptor discharge in response to changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentration do not result from mechanical distortion of the receptors induced by smooth muscle contraction; intrapulmonary CO2 receptors appear to be true chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 741105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4690", "title": "Quantitative anatomy of the lungs of the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans.", "content": "Morphometric and sterological methods were employed to evaluate the anatomical gas-exchange potential of the lungs of the fresh-water turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The total lung volume and lung wet weight increase with the 1.4 power of body weight. Right and left lungs are similar in size and shape, containing a tissue-free central lumen, which occupies 55 per cent of the maximally inflated lung. The remainder is parenchyma, composed of 90 per cent air and 10 per cent tissue, with an effective surface-to-volume ratio of 18 cm-1. The anatomical diffusion factor (ADF), or the ratio of respiratory surface area to mean diffusion distance in lung tissue, is 1 order of magnitude lower than in the mammalian lung. Taking interspecific differences in O2 consumption into account, the degree to which the lungs are exploited, deltaPtO2, is similar in Pseudemys and in mammals at basal, resting and exercising states.", "contents": "Quantitative anatomy of the lungs of the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Morphometric and sterological methods were employed to evaluate the anatomical gas-exchange potential of the lungs of the fresh-water turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The total lung volume and lung wet weight increase with the 1.4 power of body weight. Right and left lungs are similar in size and shape, containing a tissue-free central lumen, which occupies 55 per cent of the maximally inflated lung. The remainder is parenchyma, composed of 90 per cent air and 10 per cent tissue, with an effective surface-to-volume ratio of 18 cm-1. The anatomical diffusion factor (ADF), or the ratio of respiratory surface area to mean diffusion distance in lung tissue, is 1 order of magnitude lower than in the mammalian lung. Taking interspecific differences in O2 consumption into account, the degree to which the lungs are exploited, deltaPtO2, is similar in Pseudemys and in mammals at basal, resting and exercising states.", "PMID": 741106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4691", "title": "Gas exchange in the carp gills in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.", "content": "Respiratory exchange measurements in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio, in normoxic and hypoxic conditions are presented. Oxygen pressure in the dorsal aortic blood in normoxic carp was much lower than that in most of teleosts and elasmobranchs in similar conditions. The most evident physiological adjustment to the hypoxic condition was the increased ventilation due to an increased frequency of operation of the branchial pump. Increased perfusion at the gills played a small role in the physiological adjustments.", "contents": "Gas exchange in the carp gills in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Respiratory exchange measurements in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio, in normoxic and hypoxic conditions are presented. Oxygen pressure in the dorsal aortic blood in normoxic carp was much lower than that in most of teleosts and elasmobranchs in similar conditions. The most evident physiological adjustment to the hypoxic condition was the increased ventilation due to an increased frequency of operation of the branchial pump. Increased perfusion at the gills played a small role in the physiological adjustments.", "PMID": 741107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4692", "title": "Stratification of inspired air in the elongated lungs of the carpet python, Morelia spilotes variegata.", "content": "Using lung gas tensions via a triple lumen catheter to monitor ventilation distribution (VA) and radioactive techniques to study blood flow distribution (Q), the distribution of ventilation to perfusion ration (VA/Q) was studied in the elongated alveolar lung of the Carpet Python, Morelia spilotes variegata. In the resting, sleeping and agitated states both alveolar oxygen (PAO2) and carbon dioxide tensions (PACO2) were 'stratified' (unevenly distributed) within the alveolar lungs at end inspiration, during breath holding for up to 6 minutes and, when VA was low, at end expiration. The blood flow was also stratified. The degree of stratification of VA was influenced by the rate and depth of breathing and the length of the breath hold which preceeded the gas sampling. Similar results were obtained with a glass lung model. In both resting and sleeping states VA/Q ratios were similar over the proximal 75% of the alveolar lungs whereas VA nearly always exceeded Q over the distal 25%. The anatomic features of the lung are proposed as a possible mechanism for maintaining a uniform VA/Q distribution. Since the anatomical arrangement places the heart at the apical regions of the lungs, absence of cardiac mixing, combined with low respiratory rates, enables stratification to continue for very long periods within the aveolar lungs of the snake.", "contents": "Stratification of inspired air in the elongated lungs of the carpet python, Morelia spilotes variegata. Using lung gas tensions via a triple lumen catheter to monitor ventilation distribution (VA) and radioactive techniques to study blood flow distribution (Q), the distribution of ventilation to perfusion ration (VA/Q) was studied in the elongated alveolar lung of the Carpet Python, Morelia spilotes variegata. In the resting, sleeping and agitated states both alveolar oxygen (PAO2) and carbon dioxide tensions (PACO2) were 'stratified' (unevenly distributed) within the alveolar lungs at end inspiration, during breath holding for up to 6 minutes and, when VA was low, at end expiration. The blood flow was also stratified. The degree of stratification of VA was influenced by the rate and depth of breathing and the length of the breath hold which preceeded the gas sampling. Similar results were obtained with a glass lung model. In both resting and sleeping states VA/Q ratios were similar over the proximal 75% of the alveolar lungs whereas VA nearly always exceeded Q over the distal 25%. The anatomic features of the lung are proposed as a possible mechanism for maintaining a uniform VA/Q distribution. Since the anatomical arrangement places the heart at the apical regions of the lungs, absence of cardiac mixing, combined with low respiratory rates, enables stratification to continue for very long periods within the aveolar lungs of the snake.", "PMID": 741108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4693", "title": "A reappraisal of boundary conditions assumed in pulmonary gas transport models.", "content": "Solutions of the classic pulmonary gas transport equation are presented in which a true 'no-flux' boundary condition is specified throughout the respiratory cycle. For the particular models studied it is demonstrated that diffusive mixing is incomplete at end expiration, and that such stratified inhomogeneities give rise to a realistic alveolar plateau for a simulated N2 washout test. The reasons for the disparity of the present findings with those obtained by contemporary workers are explained by critically examining the boundary conditions conventionally assumed at the alveolar wall.", "contents": "A reappraisal of boundary conditions assumed in pulmonary gas transport models. Solutions of the classic pulmonary gas transport equation are presented in which a true 'no-flux' boundary condition is specified throughout the respiratory cycle. For the particular models studied it is demonstrated that diffusive mixing is incomplete at end expiration, and that such stratified inhomogeneities give rise to a realistic alveolar plateau for a simulated N2 washout test. The reasons for the disparity of the present findings with those obtained by contemporary workers are explained by critically examining the boundary conditions conventionally assumed at the alveolar wall.", "PMID": 741109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4694", "title": "Respiration in man affected by TVR contractions elicited in inspiratory and expiratory intercostal muslces.", "content": "Vibration-induced effects on respiration in man were studied by recording the electrical activity (EMG) from the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The vibration was applied in an upper thoracic region where inspiratory muscle activity prevailed or in a lower thoracic region where expiratory muscle activity prevailed. The effects were also studied by recording the movements of the thorax and the respiratory air flow. Sustained vibration in the upper region enhanced the activity of the underlying inspiratory muscles and caused an expansion of the rib cage whereas it had little or weak effects on diaphragm-activity or on expiratory intercostal muscles. Sustained vibration in the lower region enhanced the activity of the underlying expiratory muscles, often inhibited the inspiratory activity and caused a depression of the rib cage. It also tended to inhibit the diaphragm activity. It was also found that bilateral vibration, timed by the respiratory movements and alternating between upper and lower regions could aid or counteract the ventilation if it was applied respectively 'in phase' or 'out of phase' with the rhythmical contractions in the underlying muscles. The motor responses described are largely explicable in terms of tonic vibration reflexes (TVR) arising in the inspiratory and expiratory intercostal muscles underlying the vibrators.", "contents": "Respiration in man affected by TVR contractions elicited in inspiratory and expiratory intercostal muslces. Vibration-induced effects on respiration in man were studied by recording the electrical activity (EMG) from the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The vibration was applied in an upper thoracic region where inspiratory muscle activity prevailed or in a lower thoracic region where expiratory muscle activity prevailed. The effects were also studied by recording the movements of the thorax and the respiratory air flow. Sustained vibration in the upper region enhanced the activity of the underlying inspiratory muscles and caused an expansion of the rib cage whereas it had little or weak effects on diaphragm-activity or on expiratory intercostal muscles. Sustained vibration in the lower region enhanced the activity of the underlying expiratory muscles, often inhibited the inspiratory activity and caused a depression of the rib cage. It also tended to inhibit the diaphragm activity. It was also found that bilateral vibration, timed by the respiratory movements and alternating between upper and lower regions could aid or counteract the ventilation if it was applied respectively 'in phase' or 'out of phase' with the rhythmical contractions in the underlying muscles. The motor responses described are largely explicable in terms of tonic vibration reflexes (TVR) arising in the inspiratory and expiratory intercostal muscles underlying the vibrators.", "PMID": 741110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4695", "title": "Ventilatory response to CO2 in birds. I. Measurements in the unanesthetized duck.", "content": "Ventilation and blood gases were measured in unanesthetized ducks at various levels of inspired CO2 partial pressure (PICO2). Ventilation was markedly augmented with increasing PICO2, whereas arterial and mixed venous PCO2 stayed essentially constant up to a PICO2 of about 20 torr and changed only slightly between that and the highest level tested (34 torr). After carbonic anhydrase had been blocked, blood PCO2 was elevated at all levels of PICO2 but the ventilatory response to increases in PICO2 were attenuated. The response to CO2 in the normal bird (before administration of acetazolamide) shows similarities to that in mammals. Qualitative differences between both classes of vertebrates after blockade of carbonic anhydrase may, however, suggest differences in their systems that control ventilation.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to CO2 in birds. I. Measurements in the unanesthetized duck. Ventilation and blood gases were measured in unanesthetized ducks at various levels of inspired CO2 partial pressure (PICO2). Ventilation was markedly augmented with increasing PICO2, whereas arterial and mixed venous PCO2 stayed essentially constant up to a PICO2 of about 20 torr and changed only slightly between that and the highest level tested (34 torr). After carbonic anhydrase had been blocked, blood PCO2 was elevated at all levels of PICO2 but the ventilatory response to increases in PICO2 were attenuated. The response to CO2 in the normal bird (before administration of acetazolamide) shows similarities to that in mammals. Qualitative differences between both classes of vertebrates after blockade of carbonic anhydrase may, however, suggest differences in their systems that control ventilation.", "PMID": 741111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4696", "title": "Ventilation response to CO2 in birds. II. Contribution by intrapulmonary CO2 receptors.", "content": "The CO2 sensitivity of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors (IPC) in the duck was studied, before (Control) and after blockade of carbonic anhydrase by Diamox, by recording single unit afferent activity in the vagus nerve. During Control, IPC activity decreased with increasing airway CO2 concentration. After Diamox administration, the discharge from IPC was higher at all levels of airway PCO2, and the receptors' CO2 sensitivity was markedly attenuated. Comparing these results with measurements on ventilation and blood gases of the duck under similar experimental conditions (Powell et al., 1978b) suggests that IPC play a role in the adjustment of ventilation to altered concentrations of inspired CO2; IPC may thus be a significant component in the control of breathing under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Ventilation response to CO2 in birds. II. Contribution by intrapulmonary CO2 receptors. The CO2 sensitivity of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors (IPC) in the duck was studied, before (Control) and after blockade of carbonic anhydrase by Diamox, by recording single unit afferent activity in the vagus nerve. During Control, IPC activity decreased with increasing airway CO2 concentration. After Diamox administration, the discharge from IPC was higher at all levels of airway PCO2, and the receptors' CO2 sensitivity was markedly attenuated. Comparing these results with measurements on ventilation and blood gases of the duck under similar experimental conditions (Powell et al., 1978b) suggests that IPC play a role in the adjustment of ventilation to altered concentrations of inspired CO2; IPC may thus be a significant component in the control of breathing under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 741112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4697", "title": "[Sex-linked hydrocephalus: anatomical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomical study of the brain of a boy with sex-linked hydrocephalus (Bickers and Adams, 1949) reveals complex malformations with agenesis of interhemispheric commissures, but without aqueduct stenosis. Discussion of these findings and of the relevant literature leads to the conclusion that, in this condition, hydrocephalus may be a primary consequence of brain malformation, and aqueduct stenosis, if present, a secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "[Sex-linked hydrocephalus: anatomical study (author's transl)]. Anatomical study of the brain of a boy with sex-linked hydrocephalus (Bickers and Adams, 1949) reveals complex malformations with agenesis of interhemispheric commissures, but without aqueduct stenosis. Discussion of these findings and of the relevant literature leads to the conclusion that, in this condition, hydrocephalus may be a primary consequence of brain malformation, and aqueduct stenosis, if present, a secondary phenomenon.", "PMID": 741134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4698", "title": "[Eales's disease with neurological involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "A moroccan male aged 26, with Eales's disease since 6 years, develops a low thoracic level paraplegia over 2 months. Examination then also points out an horizontal nystagmus. CSF changes are important: 292 cells/mm3 (96 p. 100 lymphocytes), 3,80 g/l proteins. Slight improvement is obtained by corticosteroid therapy. This case is compared with those of the literature, mostly myelopathies. The pathogenetic problems of immuno-allergic type are discussed.", "contents": "[Eales's disease with neurological involvement (author's transl)]. A moroccan male aged 26, with Eales's disease since 6 years, develops a low thoracic level paraplegia over 2 months. Examination then also points out an horizontal nystagmus. CSF changes are important: 292 cells/mm3 (96 p. 100 lymphocytes), 3,80 g/l proteins. Slight improvement is obtained by corticosteroid therapy. This case is compared with those of the literature, mostly myelopathies. The pathogenetic problems of immuno-allergic type are discussed.", "PMID": 741133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4699", "title": "[A test of progressive enrichment of visual information (results in 102 patients with cerebral lesions) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new test is reported in which probabilistic activity is imposed on the subject in order to identify the visual stimuli presented to him. The test was validated in 109 normal subjects. When applied to 102 patients with focal cerebral lesions it demonstrated that all lesions of the right hemisphere provoked erroneous or delayed responses and that only lesions in the left occipital region produced the same effects.", "contents": "[A test of progressive enrichment of visual information (results in 102 patients with cerebral lesions) (author's transl)]. A new test is reported in which probabilistic activity is imposed on the subject in order to identify the visual stimuli presented to him. The test was validated in 109 normal subjects. When applied to 102 patients with focal cerebral lesions it demonstrated that all lesions of the right hemisphere provoked erroneous or delayed responses and that only lesions in the left occipital region produced the same effects.", "PMID": 741132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4700", "title": "Quantitative histology of the normal sphenoidal sinus.", "content": "From 32 normal sphenoidal sinuses in 16 patients the mucosa was removal at autopsy, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole mount method, and the density of goblet cells as well as of mucous glands was determined. The median density of goblet cells was 6200 cells per mm2, without statistically significant differences between the walls. The median density of glands was very low, 0.06 gland/mm2, highest in the anterior wall which has 0.1 gland/mm2 and lowest in the posterior wall which has 0.05 gland/mm2. The total gland count was less than 50 in 94% of the sinuses, 51--80 in 4%. The glands were small, tubulo-acinous. Hence, the production of mucus by the glands is entirely negligible in relation to that of the goblet cells.", "contents": "Quantitative histology of the normal sphenoidal sinus. From 32 normal sphenoidal sinuses in 16 patients the mucosa was removal at autopsy, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole mount method, and the density of goblet cells as well as of mucous glands was determined. The median density of goblet cells was 6200 cells per mm2, without statistically significant differences between the walls. The median density of glands was very low, 0.06 gland/mm2, highest in the anterior wall which has 0.1 gland/mm2 and lowest in the posterior wall which has 0.05 gland/mm2. The total gland count was less than 50 in 94% of the sinuses, 51--80 in 4%. The glands were small, tubulo-acinous. Hence, the production of mucus by the glands is entirely negligible in relation to that of the goblet cells.", "PMID": 741148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4701", "title": "Acute necrotizing rhinitis in man.", "content": "The clinical picture and the course of the acute necrotizing rhinitis in man is described in its different stages. Necrotizing rhinitis seems to be a significant factor in the etiology of some disturbances of the nasal respiratory function and of the ciliary activity of the nose, of atrophic rhinitis and of dry pharyngitis, in some cases of intranasai adhesions and of permanent mucosal defects of the septum. To our knowledge these defects have not been reported in the literature in the past, but are apparently not too rare.", "contents": "Acute necrotizing rhinitis in man. The clinical picture and the course of the acute necrotizing rhinitis in man is described in its different stages. Necrotizing rhinitis seems to be a significant factor in the etiology of some disturbances of the nasal respiratory function and of the ciliary activity of the nose, of atrophic rhinitis and of dry pharyngitis, in some cases of intranasai adhesions and of permanent mucosal defects of the septum. To our knowledge these defects have not been reported in the literature in the past, but are apparently not too rare.", "PMID": 741149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4702", "title": "The effect of breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise on nasal resistance.", "content": "A group of 51 patients was studied by a technique of active posterior rhinomanometry that assessed the influence of breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise on nasal resistance. Breath hodling of 30 seconds or longer produced a decrease in nasal resistance in most of the subjects tested. Hyperventilation had variable effects on nasal resistance, and exercise consistently decreased nasal resistance. These observations are consistent with the proposed effect of chemoreceptor stimulation on nasal airway resistance.", "contents": "The effect of breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise on nasal resistance. A group of 51 patients was studied by a technique of active posterior rhinomanometry that assessed the influence of breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise on nasal resistance. Breath hodling of 30 seconds or longer produced a decrease in nasal resistance in most of the subjects tested. Hyperventilation had variable effects on nasal resistance, and exercise consistently decreased nasal resistance. These observations are consistent with the proposed effect of chemoreceptor stimulation on nasal airway resistance.", "PMID": 741150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4703", "title": "[Duplication of the anus and rectum in an adult. Report of 1 case].", "content": "It is reported a case of duplication of the anus and rectum. A 48 year old man, had two functioning rectae, one ending in its normal anatomical topography and the functioning but nor functional supernumerary rectum exteriorized in the left gluteal region trough a rudimentary anus. Histological studys demonstrated a rudimentary sphincter in the ectopic anus, and focal carcinamotous transformation of one of the four adenomatous polyps, encountered protruding through the normally located anus. The anal anomaly was associated with partial agenesis of the sacrum, absence of coccyx, sacral anterior meningomyelocele and hypoplasia of the twelve right rib. The frequency of the anomaly, its histology and embriology, as well as its classification within the malformations of the terminal gut, were revised in the medical bibliography. It is concluded that this type of anomaly has not been classified or describe, before.", "contents": "[Duplication of the anus and rectum in an adult. Report of 1 case]. It is reported a case of duplication of the anus and rectum. A 48 year old man, had two functioning rectae, one ending in its normal anatomical topography and the functioning but nor functional supernumerary rectum exteriorized in the left gluteal region trough a rudimentary anus. Histological studys demonstrated a rudimentary sphincter in the ectopic anus, and focal carcinamotous transformation of one of the four adenomatous polyps, encountered protruding through the normally located anus. The anal anomaly was associated with partial agenesis of the sacrum, absence of coccyx, sacral anterior meningomyelocele and hypoplasia of the twelve right rib. The frequency of the anomaly, its histology and embriology, as well as its classification within the malformations of the terminal gut, were revised in the medical bibliography. It is concluded that this type of anomaly has not been classified or describe, before.", "PMID": 741144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4704", "title": "[Esophageal moniliasis].", "content": "Esophageal moniliasis is found rarely. It has been described mainly in chronically ill patients, who receive antibiotics and corticoesteroids. Early diagnosis and treatment betters their prognosis. Nine patients, 5 males and 4 females were studies in Hospital General del Centro Medico Nacional in Mexico City. Their agesranged from 26 to 77 years, with a mean of 49 years. All patients were chronically ill and 7 of them were treated in the intensive care unit. Three had disphagia, 3 retrosternal pain, and 2 gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Eight patients had high W.B.C., 3 irregular filling defects on X ray studies, and on endoscopy, all showed a pseudomembranous white yellowish exudate, underneath it the mucosa was inflamed, irregular and bled scantily. In 5 out of 9 patients biopsy and a smear confirmed the diagnosis. Eight patients treated with nystatin were cured. This disorder must be suspected in patients with disphagia and retrosternal pain; esophagoscopy is the prefered procedure to establish this diagnosis.", "contents": "[Esophageal moniliasis]. Esophageal moniliasis is found rarely. It has been described mainly in chronically ill patients, who receive antibiotics and corticoesteroids. Early diagnosis and treatment betters their prognosis. Nine patients, 5 males and 4 females were studies in Hospital General del Centro Medico Nacional in Mexico City. Their agesranged from 26 to 77 years, with a mean of 49 years. All patients were chronically ill and 7 of them were treated in the intensive care unit. Three had disphagia, 3 retrosternal pain, and 2 gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Eight patients had high W.B.C., 3 irregular filling defects on X ray studies, and on endoscopy, all showed a pseudomembranous white yellowish exudate, underneath it the mucosa was inflamed, irregular and bled scantily. In 5 out of 9 patients biopsy and a smear confirmed the diagnosis. Eight patients treated with nystatin were cured. This disorder must be suspected in patients with disphagia and retrosternal pain; esophagoscopy is the prefered procedure to establish this diagnosis.", "PMID": 741142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4705", "title": "[Meso-renal derivation. A surgical alternative in the treatment of portal hypertension].", "content": "Meso-renal shunt (MRS) has been designed for patients with biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension, in whom the derivation of the portal flow must be done prior to the biliary surgery. We performed the MRS in five patients. In three due to secondary biliary cirrhosis, one case due to criptogenic cirrhosis and the last presenting cavernomatous degeneration of the portal vein. After the MRS one patient died 33 days later due to acute liver failure and hepatorenal syndrome. Of the survivors three are enjoying normal lifestyle, one of them was underwent colecistectomy and coledocostomy without any surgical problems. One patient was lost to follow up out presenting at that time chronic porta-systemic encephalopathy. When necessary the MRS may offer a satisfactory choice, since can be performed far from the subhepatic area, thus allowing to perform further biliary surgery.", "contents": "[Meso-renal derivation. A surgical alternative in the treatment of portal hypertension]. Meso-renal shunt (MRS) has been designed for patients with biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension, in whom the derivation of the portal flow must be done prior to the biliary surgery. We performed the MRS in five patients. In three due to secondary biliary cirrhosis, one case due to criptogenic cirrhosis and the last presenting cavernomatous degeneration of the portal vein. After the MRS one patient died 33 days later due to acute liver failure and hepatorenal syndrome. Of the survivors three are enjoying normal lifestyle, one of them was underwent colecistectomy and coledocostomy without any surgical problems. One patient was lost to follow up out presenting at that time chronic porta-systemic encephalopathy. When necessary the MRS may offer a satisfactory choice, since can be performed far from the subhepatic area, thus allowing to perform further biliary surgery.", "PMID": 741143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4706", "title": "[Clinical radiographic features of basilar impression (author's transl)].", "content": "After a review of the literature and an analysis of the clinical and radiographic features of basilar impression (b.i.) the authors describe 27 personal cases. In 6 b.i. was present in its pure form and in 21 it was associated with other anomalies at the cranio-vertebral junction. Because of the frequent misdiagnosis with multiple sclerosis or other chronic neurologic diseases and because of the possible improvement of symptoms following decompressive occipital craniectomy and cervical laminectomy, the importance of a correct and complete radiographic study of the cranio-vertebral junction in these cases is stressed.", "contents": "[Clinical radiographic features of basilar impression (author's transl)]. After a review of the literature and an analysis of the clinical and radiographic features of basilar impression (b.i.) the authors describe 27 personal cases. In 6 b.i. was present in its pure form and in 21 it was associated with other anomalies at the cranio-vertebral junction. Because of the frequent misdiagnosis with multiple sclerosis or other chronic neurologic diseases and because of the possible improvement of symptoms following decompressive occipital craniectomy and cervical laminectomy, the importance of a correct and complete radiographic study of the cranio-vertebral junction in these cases is stressed.", "PMID": 741171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4707", "title": "[Studies of the expectancy wave (CNV) in patients with interruption of the thalamo-prefrontal interconnnection pathways caused by psychosurgical prefrontal lobotomy operations].", "content": "Frontal and vertex CNVs were studied in 8 selected nonschizophrenic patients subjected to unilateral or bilateral extensive prefrontal lobotomy. The dorsomedial thalamo-frontal pathways had been severed and their regeneration must be considered impossible. Standard CNV task (S1-S2-R) was followed in order to elicit CNVs from the frontal areas anterior to the line of sections and at Cz. In 7 out of 8 patients it was quite easy to evoke CNV with almost normal features and equal latencies in each case from all the cortical areas explored. These results show that CNV formation is not grossly altered in the prefrontal areas which have been irreversibly deprived of normal bi-directional mediothalamic-frontocortical connnections. This suggests that the role of the dorsomedial thalamo-frontal pathways are not essential in the genesis of the frontal CNV in humans. These findings would suggest that the CNV is a diffuse electrical event essentially related to a unitary cerebral process mediated fundamentally by nonspecific ascending meso-diencephalic reticular systems. The differences in morphology and polarity of the CNVs detectable in various brain structures are presumably related to their intrinsic anatomo-functional characteristics and to the method commonly utilized in recording the CNV.", "contents": "[Studies of the expectancy wave (CNV) in patients with interruption of the thalamo-prefrontal interconnnection pathways caused by psychosurgical prefrontal lobotomy operations]. Frontal and vertex CNVs were studied in 8 selected nonschizophrenic patients subjected to unilateral or bilateral extensive prefrontal lobotomy. The dorsomedial thalamo-frontal pathways had been severed and their regeneration must be considered impossible. Standard CNV task (S1-S2-R) was followed in order to elicit CNVs from the frontal areas anterior to the line of sections and at Cz. In 7 out of 8 patients it was quite easy to evoke CNV with almost normal features and equal latencies in each case from all the cortical areas explored. These results show that CNV formation is not grossly altered in the prefrontal areas which have been irreversibly deprived of normal bi-directional mediothalamic-frontocortical connnections. This suggests that the role of the dorsomedial thalamo-frontal pathways are not essential in the genesis of the frontal CNV in humans. These findings would suggest that the CNV is a diffuse electrical event essentially related to a unitary cerebral process mediated fundamentally by nonspecific ascending meso-diencephalic reticular systems. The differences in morphology and polarity of the CNVs detectable in various brain structures are presumably related to their intrinsic anatomo-functional characteristics and to the method commonly utilized in recording the CNV.", "PMID": 741172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4708", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 8-arginine-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in human plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for 8-arginine-vasopressin (AVP) measurement in human plasma has been developed and evaluated, using a commercial preparation of an antibody of AVP. Detection limit of the assay was 0.4 pg. A simple acetone extraction procedure gave a recovery of 65% of added [125I]AVP. The overall sensitivity in the assay was 1.0 pg/ml when 2 ml plasma samples were extracted. The antigenic sites of the employed antibody seemed to be a combination of amino acid residues in the tripeptide tail and the pentapeptide ring. This can explain that the antibody was almost completely insensitive to chemically or enzymatically degraded AVP. The inter-assay coefficient of variation for the control plasma pools averaged 17%. A good correlation to plasma osmolalities above 290 has been found. AVP level in recumbent subjects (n = 8) with plasma osmolalities in the normal range was 2.8 +/- 1.0 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) and in ambulatory subjects (n = 10) on ad lib. water intake 4.5 +/- 1.9 pg/ml (mean /+- SD).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 8-arginine-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in human plasma. A radioimmunoassay for 8-arginine-vasopressin (AVP) measurement in human plasma has been developed and evaluated, using a commercial preparation of an antibody of AVP. Detection limit of the assay was 0.4 pg. A simple acetone extraction procedure gave a recovery of 65% of added [125I]AVP. The overall sensitivity in the assay was 1.0 pg/ml when 2 ml plasma samples were extracted. The antigenic sites of the employed antibody seemed to be a combination of amino acid residues in the tripeptide tail and the pentapeptide ring. This can explain that the antibody was almost completely insensitive to chemically or enzymatically degraded AVP. The inter-assay coefficient of variation for the control plasma pools averaged 17%. A good correlation to plasma osmolalities above 290 has been found. AVP level in recumbent subjects (n = 8) with plasma osmolalities in the normal range was 2.8 +/- 1.0 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) and in ambulatory subjects (n = 10) on ad lib. water intake 4.5 +/- 1.9 pg/ml (mean /+- SD).", "PMID": 741201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4709", "title": "Cardiac effects of thoracic epidural analgesia before and during acute coronary artery occlusion in open-chest dogs.", "content": "The effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on myocardial performance and metabolism and on the severity of an acute myocardial ischaemia, were studied in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs. TEA reduced mean arterial blood pressure (AP) by 26%, heart rate (HR) by 20%, left ventricular dP/dt by 37%, and myocardial oxygen consumption by 27%. Although arterial concentrations of free fatty acids, glucose and lactate were unchanged, their myocardial uptake was reduced in proportion to the reduction in mechanical activity of the heart. Acute ischaemic injury was estimated from epicardial ECG recordings 10 min after occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In seven of eight dogs TEA caused a substantial reduction in the severity of the acute myocardial ischaemic injury. In the eight dogs investigated, the sum of ST segment elevations in epicardial ECG recordings was reduced from 34.0 +/- 3.4 to 23.3 +/- 2.8 mV (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01). After restoration of AP and HR to control values with phenylephrine and atrial pacing, the favourable effect of TEA on myocardial ischaemic injury was abolished. It is concluded that TEA effected a reduction in the severity of myocardial ischaemia in open-chest dogs, mainly through reduction of myocardial mechanical activity with consequent reduction of myocardial metabolism.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of thoracic epidural analgesia before and during acute coronary artery occlusion in open-chest dogs. The effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on myocardial performance and metabolism and on the severity of an acute myocardial ischaemia, were studied in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs. TEA reduced mean arterial blood pressure (AP) by 26%, heart rate (HR) by 20%, left ventricular dP/dt by 37%, and myocardial oxygen consumption by 27%. Although arterial concentrations of free fatty acids, glucose and lactate were unchanged, their myocardial uptake was reduced in proportion to the reduction in mechanical activity of the heart. Acute ischaemic injury was estimated from epicardial ECG recordings 10 min after occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In seven of eight dogs TEA caused a substantial reduction in the severity of the acute myocardial ischaemic injury. In the eight dogs investigated, the sum of ST segment elevations in epicardial ECG recordings was reduced from 34.0 +/- 3.4 to 23.3 +/- 2.8 mV (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01). After restoration of AP and HR to control values with phenylephrine and atrial pacing, the favourable effect of TEA on myocardial ischaemic injury was abolished. It is concluded that TEA effected a reduction in the severity of myocardial ischaemia in open-chest dogs, mainly through reduction of myocardial mechanical activity with consequent reduction of myocardial metabolism.", "PMID": 741202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4710", "title": "Reproducibility of work performance at serial exercises in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The reproducibility of serial upright exercises in patients with ischaemic heart disease was tested. Five short term exercises (4--8 min) with continuous load increase and with 30 min rest intervals between tests were used. No tendency to change was found concerning work time to appearance of angina (APT), maximal working time (MWT) or time for disappearance of angina after exercise (DPT). The coefficient of variation was low for APT and MWT but considerably higher for DPT, being 9, 5 and 27%, respectively. MWT was considered as the end-point of choice. The ST depression at MWT showed no tendency to change and the variation was moderate (14%), while at APT and DPT the variation was high (52%), but, likewise, with no tendency to change. The maximal heart rate increased slightly and significantly (P less than 0.001), while the maximal blood pressure was constant throughout tests, thus the maximal rate pressure product tended to increase. This indicates a slight improvement of the myocardial performance at serial exercises, which, however, does not affect the reproducibility of the anginal reaction.", "contents": "Reproducibility of work performance at serial exercises in patients with angina pectoris. The reproducibility of serial upright exercises in patients with ischaemic heart disease was tested. Five short term exercises (4--8 min) with continuous load increase and with 30 min rest intervals between tests were used. No tendency to change was found concerning work time to appearance of angina (APT), maximal working time (MWT) or time for disappearance of angina after exercise (DPT). The coefficient of variation was low for APT and MWT but considerably higher for DPT, being 9, 5 and 27%, respectively. MWT was considered as the end-point of choice. The ST depression at MWT showed no tendency to change and the variation was moderate (14%), while at APT and DPT the variation was high (52%), but, likewise, with no tendency to change. The maximal heart rate increased slightly and significantly (P less than 0.001), while the maximal blood pressure was constant throughout tests, thus the maximal rate pressure product tended to increase. This indicates a slight improvement of the myocardial performance at serial exercises, which, however, does not affect the reproducibility of the anginal reaction.", "PMID": 741203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4711", "title": "Exercise energy expenditure in extreme obesity: influence of ergometry type and weight loss.", "content": "Bicycle and treadmill exercise tests including oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) determination were carried out on a total of thirty patients with obesity, seventeen of whom were reinvestigated after weight loss. During both types of work VO2 for a given load was higher when compared to healthy controls. The increase of VO2 was more marked when cycling was performed in sitting position than in supine. The mechanical efficiency of sitting bicycle exercise averaged 17.8% and was negatively related to the percentage overweight; the slope of the VO2/load regression line was slightly less in comparison to the controls, while no such difference was found during treadmill walking. After weight reduction the VO2/load regression line was skifted downwards, the slopes being unchanged, thus the mechanical efficiency improved. This study not only confirms the observation of a low mechanical efficiency of obese subjects but also demonstrates that the change is quantitatively related to the overweight. The lowered efficiency was caused by body mechanical factors and there was no support for an abnormal muscular efficiency. Exercise tests should be combined with VO2 determination, if used to assess the circulatory capacity of obese subjects.", "contents": "Exercise energy expenditure in extreme obesity: influence of ergometry type and weight loss. Bicycle and treadmill exercise tests including oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) determination were carried out on a total of thirty patients with obesity, seventeen of whom were reinvestigated after weight loss. During both types of work VO2 for a given load was higher when compared to healthy controls. The increase of VO2 was more marked when cycling was performed in sitting position than in supine. The mechanical efficiency of sitting bicycle exercise averaged 17.8% and was negatively related to the percentage overweight; the slope of the VO2/load regression line was slightly less in comparison to the controls, while no such difference was found during treadmill walking. After weight reduction the VO2/load regression line was skifted downwards, the slopes being unchanged, thus the mechanical efficiency improved. This study not only confirms the observation of a low mechanical efficiency of obese subjects but also demonstrates that the change is quantitatively related to the overweight. The lowered efficiency was caused by body mechanical factors and there was no support for an abnormal muscular efficiency. Exercise tests should be combined with VO2 determination, if used to assess the circulatory capacity of obese subjects.", "PMID": 741204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4712", "title": "Prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomena in young females.", "content": "A questionnaire concerning Raynaud's phenomenon was sent to eighty-five females (aged 21--50 years) working as physical therapists at municipal hospitals in Copenhagen. Fifteen of sixty-seven healthy young females (22%, 95% confidence limits 13--34%) were classified as having Raynaud phenomena in its primary form. Twenty-four persons underwent a detailed clinical investigation with measurement of blood pressure at the arm and fingers with cuff techniques. Cold provocation test on one finger was carried out after moderate body cooling. Of eight subjects being classified from the questionnaire as having Raynaud phenomena, six showed closure of the digital arteries at the local cold provocation, and all had an exaggerated response. A group complaining of cold fingers showed a greater reduction in finger blood pressure during local cooling than the normal group, but none showed closure. A questionnaire can separate the groups if Raynaud phenomena is defined by appearance of white and dead fingers on cold exposure with frequent cold or bluish fingers.", "contents": "Prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomena in young females. A questionnaire concerning Raynaud's phenomenon was sent to eighty-five females (aged 21--50 years) working as physical therapists at municipal hospitals in Copenhagen. Fifteen of sixty-seven healthy young females (22%, 95% confidence limits 13--34%) were classified as having Raynaud phenomena in its primary form. Twenty-four persons underwent a detailed clinical investigation with measurement of blood pressure at the arm and fingers with cuff techniques. Cold provocation test on one finger was carried out after moderate body cooling. Of eight subjects being classified from the questionnaire as having Raynaud phenomena, six showed closure of the digital arteries at the local cold provocation, and all had an exaggerated response. A group complaining of cold fingers showed a greater reduction in finger blood pressure during local cooling than the normal group, but none showed closure. A questionnaire can separate the groups if Raynaud phenomena is defined by appearance of white and dead fingers on cold exposure with frequent cold or bluish fingers.", "PMID": 741205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4713", "title": "Raynaud phenomena and finger systolic pressure during cooling.", "content": "Finger systolic pressure (FSP) can be measured after finger cooling with a water perfused double-inlet-plastic cuff on the midphalanx of a finger and a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge on the outer phalanx. After finger cooling to 20, 15 and 10 degree C eighteen females with primary Raynaud phenomena had a significantly greater reduction in FSP than twenty-two normal females, but only eleven of the eighteen females (60%) with Raynaud phenomena showed digital arterial closure. Standardized body cooling for 20 min before finger cooling enhanced the reaction in both groups. As only females with Raynaud phenomena showed digital artery closure, the diagnostic value of a combined finger and body cooling test in primary Raynaud phenomena is high. The reproducibility of the test is acceptable.", "contents": "Raynaud phenomena and finger systolic pressure during cooling. Finger systolic pressure (FSP) can be measured after finger cooling with a water perfused double-inlet-plastic cuff on the midphalanx of a finger and a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge on the outer phalanx. After finger cooling to 20, 15 and 10 degree C eighteen females with primary Raynaud phenomena had a significantly greater reduction in FSP than twenty-two normal females, but only eleven of the eighteen females (60%) with Raynaud phenomena showed digital arterial closure. Standardized body cooling for 20 min before finger cooling enhanced the reaction in both groups. As only females with Raynaud phenomena showed digital artery closure, the diagnostic value of a combined finger and body cooling test in primary Raynaud phenomena is high. The reproducibility of the test is acceptable.", "PMID": 741206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4714", "title": "Plasma C-peptide in uraemic patients.", "content": "The kidney has been suggested as the main organ for the degradation of C-peptide. This hypothesis was tested in subjects with normal fasting blood glucose concentration and varying degrees of renal failure. Forty-nine subjects with endogenous creatinine clearance ranging from 0--25 ml/min were studied. The basal steady state concentrations of C-peptide (CP) and the immunoreactivity of insulin (IRI) were determined in plasma from fasting patients. The average IRI was similar to that found in normal subjects while a higher CP was found in all patients but two. The average CP in the nephrectomized patients was six times higher than the mean CP in normal subjects (0.35 pmol/ml). There was a significant inverse correlation between clearance and CP (r = 0.51, P less than 0.001) with the highest CP in nephrectomized patients. It is concluded that the increased CP in renal failure, and especially the markedly increased CP in the nephrectomized group supports the hypothesis of the kidney being the organ mainly responsible for the degradation of C-peptide also in man.", "contents": "Plasma C-peptide in uraemic patients. The kidney has been suggested as the main organ for the degradation of C-peptide. This hypothesis was tested in subjects with normal fasting blood glucose concentration and varying degrees of renal failure. Forty-nine subjects with endogenous creatinine clearance ranging from 0--25 ml/min were studied. The basal steady state concentrations of C-peptide (CP) and the immunoreactivity of insulin (IRI) were determined in plasma from fasting patients. The average IRI was similar to that found in normal subjects while a higher CP was found in all patients but two. The average CP in the nephrectomized patients was six times higher than the mean CP in normal subjects (0.35 pmol/ml). There was a significant inverse correlation between clearance and CP (r = 0.51, P less than 0.001) with the highest CP in nephrectomized patients. It is concluded that the increased CP in renal failure, and especially the markedly increased CP in the nephrectomized group supports the hypothesis of the kidney being the organ mainly responsible for the degradation of C-peptide also in man.", "PMID": 741207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4715", "title": "Simultaneous blank correction in a turbidimetric continuous flow system for immunochemical quantitation of plasma proteins.", "content": "By shortening the reaction time by polymer enhancement, it was possible to introduce a line for automatic blank correction in a turbidimetric continuous flow system. The turbidity resulting from the reaction was measured by a simply constructed photometer, the serum turbidity being subtracted by the reference photoelectric cell and the resulting net signal amplified by means of the recorder's stepwise electronic amplifier. Serum transferrin values obtained by this method correlated well with values obtained by estimating blank in separate runs, and with values given be electroimmune assays.", "contents": "Simultaneous blank correction in a turbidimetric continuous flow system for immunochemical quantitation of plasma proteins. By shortening the reaction time by polymer enhancement, it was possible to introduce a line for automatic blank correction in a turbidimetric continuous flow system. The turbidity resulting from the reaction was measured by a simply constructed photometer, the serum turbidity being subtracted by the reference photoelectric cell and the resulting net signal amplified by means of the recorder's stepwise electronic amplifier. Serum transferrin values obtained by this method correlated well with values obtained by estimating blank in separate runs, and with values given be electroimmune assays.", "PMID": 741208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4716", "title": "Intravital microscopy of the microcirculation in man during and after experimentally controlled ischemia.", "content": "In man, using a skin tube chamber technique, microvascular reactions during and after complete experimental ischemia was studied by intravital microscopy. During 1 and 2 hour ischemia the trapped blood cells did not adhere to each other or to the vascular walls except for RBCs which formed rouleaux. Reflow after 1 and 2 hour ischemia was rapid with a hyperemic reaction and a transient increase in WBC stickiness. Thus, a mild and reversible inflammatory reaction was provoked by the short ischemic insult. During 6 hour ischemia most of the blood cells maintained their integrity. However, in a few vessels the RCSs formed homogeneous masses indicating hemolysis of some of the RBCs. There was also marked diapedesis of RBCs and increased WBC stickiness, but the platelets did not react to form thrombi. After the 6 hour ischemia reflow occurred in all vessels and the homogeneous masses seemed to cause only a temporary hindrance to reflow. The final outcome of the 6 hour ischemic insult was uncertain since in one of the two experiments there was a complete circulatory standstill 24 hours after the ischemia while in the other there was an almost normal blood flow.", "contents": "Intravital microscopy of the microcirculation in man during and after experimentally controlled ischemia. In man, using a skin tube chamber technique, microvascular reactions during and after complete experimental ischemia was studied by intravital microscopy. During 1 and 2 hour ischemia the trapped blood cells did not adhere to each other or to the vascular walls except for RBCs which formed rouleaux. Reflow after 1 and 2 hour ischemia was rapid with a hyperemic reaction and a transient increase in WBC stickiness. Thus, a mild and reversible inflammatory reaction was provoked by the short ischemic insult. During 6 hour ischemia most of the blood cells maintained their integrity. However, in a few vessels the RCSs formed homogeneous masses indicating hemolysis of some of the RBCs. There was also marked diapedesis of RBCs and increased WBC stickiness, but the platelets did not react to form thrombi. After the 6 hour ischemia reflow occurred in all vessels and the homogeneous masses seemed to cause only a temporary hindrance to reflow. The final outcome of the 6 hour ischemic insult was uncertain since in one of the two experiments there was a complete circulatory standstill 24 hours after the ischemia while in the other there was an almost normal blood flow.", "PMID": 741209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4717", "title": "Preliminary report on experimental free autografts of skeletal muscle to the myocardium.", "content": "In three greyhounds, free grafts of pronator teres muscle from the foreleg were applied to the left ventricular myocardium, and showed successful gross and microscopic survival of the graft six months later. The free grafts of skeletal muscle were transplanted as complete muscle bellies two weeks after preliminary denervation by median nerve neurectomy, and at the time of suture to the myocardium, the central end of the divided left phrenic nerve was implanted into the graft. The animals were normally active and preserved normal electrocardiograms after grafting. The use of such grafts in clinical cases of generalized myocardial degeneration or major infarct is considered.", "contents": "Preliminary report on experimental free autografts of skeletal muscle to the myocardium. In three greyhounds, free grafts of pronator teres muscle from the foreleg were applied to the left ventricular myocardium, and showed successful gross and microscopic survival of the graft six months later. The free grafts of skeletal muscle were transplanted as complete muscle bellies two weeks after preliminary denervation by median nerve neurectomy, and at the time of suture to the myocardium, the central end of the divided left phrenic nerve was implanted into the graft. The animals were normally active and preserved normal electrocardiograms after grafting. The use of such grafts in clinical cases of generalized myocardial degeneration or major infarct is considered.", "PMID": 741210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4718", "title": "The healing process of transplanted digital tendon sheath synovium. Experimental autoradiographic studies in chickens.", "content": "The present investigation is a sequel to a previous report on the composition and fate of the pseudo-sheath formed by secondary healing, and of free tendon sheath autografts covering defects in the digital tendon sheaths of chickens (Eiken & Rank, 1977). Autoradiography was used to determine graft survival and cell regeneration. The distribution of labelled cells indicated that the granulation tissue of secondary healed defects formed around implanted Silastic rods consists of fibrous scar tissue. The tendon sheath autografts, on the other hand, were found to survive, demonstrating a well-preserved synovial surface. These findings probably imply new concepts of tendon surgery. The Silastic rod induced some foreign body reaction in the healing synovium. It is assumed that this reaction is reversible, but this could not be established in the present investigation. Further study is being made of this problem.", "contents": "The healing process of transplanted digital tendon sheath synovium. Experimental autoradiographic studies in chickens. The present investigation is a sequel to a previous report on the composition and fate of the pseudo-sheath formed by secondary healing, and of free tendon sheath autografts covering defects in the digital tendon sheaths of chickens (Eiken & Rank, 1977). Autoradiography was used to determine graft survival and cell regeneration. The distribution of labelled cells indicated that the granulation tissue of secondary healed defects formed around implanted Silastic rods consists of fibrous scar tissue. The tendon sheath autografts, on the other hand, were found to survive, demonstrating a well-preserved synovial surface. These findings probably imply new concepts of tendon surgery. The Silastic rod induced some foreign body reaction in the healing synovium. It is assumed that this reaction is reversible, but this could not be established in the present investigation. Further study is being made of this problem.", "PMID": 741211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4719", "title": "Sunlight and incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Effect of latitude and domicile in Sweden.", "content": "The relationship between tumour incidence rate and habitation patterns was investigated in 3289 patients registered between 1959 and 1968 as cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry. A linear correlation analysis between latitude and melanoma incidence rate in various regions showed a coefficient, r, was -0.74, which implies a decreasing incidence with increasing latitude. This result supports the hypothesis that ultraviolet irradiation is the predominant cause of melanoma. However, considerable deviations from the regression line were seen in some regions. Moreover, a comparison between town and country indicated melanoma incidence increased with population density, an increase not explained by overdiagnosis and thus not in agreement with the working hypothesis of UV-irradiation as the predominant cause of melanoma. Increase of foreign travel, as estimated by passport issue, may explain the overrepresentation of melanoma in some regions namely city and county of Stockholm, city of Malm\u00f6 and G\u00f6teborg county. As foreign travel in Sweden generally means sunshine trips, this town versus country paradox may also be explained on the basis of increased irradiation, as may the anomalies observed in some counties. A regression analysis of the epidemiological index for UV-irradiation and melanoma incidence, adjusted for foreign travel, demonstrated a close agreement with the results of the latitude gradient analysis.", "contents": "Sunlight and incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Effect of latitude and domicile in Sweden. The relationship between tumour incidence rate and habitation patterns was investigated in 3289 patients registered between 1959 and 1968 as cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry. A linear correlation analysis between latitude and melanoma incidence rate in various regions showed a coefficient, r, was -0.74, which implies a decreasing incidence with increasing latitude. This result supports the hypothesis that ultraviolet irradiation is the predominant cause of melanoma. However, considerable deviations from the regression line were seen in some regions. Moreover, a comparison between town and country indicated melanoma incidence increased with population density, an increase not explained by overdiagnosis and thus not in agreement with the working hypothesis of UV-irradiation as the predominant cause of melanoma. Increase of foreign travel, as estimated by passport issue, may explain the overrepresentation of melanoma in some regions namely city and county of Stockholm, city of Malm\u00f6 and G\u00f6teborg county. As foreign travel in Sweden generally means sunshine trips, this town versus country paradox may also be explained on the basis of increased irradiation, as may the anomalies observed in some counties. A regression analysis of the epidemiological index for UV-irradiation and melanoma incidence, adjusted for foreign travel, demonstrated a close agreement with the results of the latitude gradient analysis.", "PMID": 741212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4720", "title": "Prognostic factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma in stage I. A clinical, morphological and multivariate analysis.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 324 cutaneous malignant melanomas in stage I, treated during the years 1959-74, the influence of different morphological and clinical factors on the prognosis was investigated. 223 patients with melanoma in levels II-V, observed for more than five years, were subjected to a multivariate analysis. 180/223 were in levels III-V. The age of the patient, the location of the tumour, its diameter, thickness, infiltration level, presence of ulceration and mitotic activity were shown to be of significant importance for the five-year survival of the 223 patients. Analysis limited to levels III-V disclosed that the diameter and the thickness of the tumour but not the infiltration level significantly influenced the prognosis. However, the sex of the patient, the histogenetic type of the tumour, the cross-sectional profile, vascular invasion and degree of lymphocytic infiltration did not correlate with survival.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma in stage I. A clinical, morphological and multivariate analysis. In a retrospective study of 324 cutaneous malignant melanomas in stage I, treated during the years 1959-74, the influence of different morphological and clinical factors on the prognosis was investigated. 223 patients with melanoma in levels II-V, observed for more than five years, were subjected to a multivariate analysis. 180/223 were in levels III-V. The age of the patient, the location of the tumour, its diameter, thickness, infiltration level, presence of ulceration and mitotic activity were shown to be of significant importance for the five-year survival of the 223 patients. Analysis limited to levels III-V disclosed that the diameter and the thickness of the tumour but not the infiltration level significantly influenced the prognosis. However, the sex of the patient, the histogenetic type of the tumour, the cross-sectional profile, vascular invasion and degree of lymphocytic infiltration did not correlate with survival.", "PMID": 741213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4721", "title": "Secondary palatal repair by the island flap technique. A follow-up study.", "content": "The island flap technique was applied to the secondary repair of 57 cleft patients with persisting open nasality and no velopharyngeal closure. A follow-up investigation showed that closure was achieved in about 50%, and the degree of nasality in spontaneous speech diminished in about 70% of the patients. The general quality of speech was postoperatively good in about 50%, but on the other hand fully normal only occasionally. The island flap secondary repair should probably be reserved for selected patients having a tight, short but mobile velum and relatively slight nasality. Failures of this method can still be improved by a traditional upwards based pharyngeal flap.", "contents": "Secondary palatal repair by the island flap technique. A follow-up study. The island flap technique was applied to the secondary repair of 57 cleft patients with persisting open nasality and no velopharyngeal closure. A follow-up investigation showed that closure was achieved in about 50%, and the degree of nasality in spontaneous speech diminished in about 70% of the patients. The general quality of speech was postoperatively good in about 50%, but on the other hand fully normal only occasionally. The island flap secondary repair should probably be reserved for selected patients having a tight, short but mobile velum and relatively slight nasality. Failures of this method can still be improved by a traditional upwards based pharyngeal flap.", "PMID": 741214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4722", "title": "Congenital choanal atresia. Etiology, morphology and diagnosis in 82 cases.", "content": "A follow-up study on 82 patients with congenital choanal atresia revealed that the malformation was twice as common in females as in males and occurred on the right side only in 56% of the cases. The family histories, however, revealed no obvious hereditary trend, and a chromosome analysis showed no abnormalities. Additional malformations were observed in 49% of the patients, but with no constant pattern substantiating a syndrome. The findings of the present study indicate that the atresia may result from a persisting bucconasal membrane. In about 50% of the patients the nasal cavity was funnel-shaped with a posterior narrow end, but the height of the palatal vault did not differ from the normal. The frequency of otitis media and sinusitis was high, 31% and 21% respectively.", "contents": "Congenital choanal atresia. Etiology, morphology and diagnosis in 82 cases. A follow-up study on 82 patients with congenital choanal atresia revealed that the malformation was twice as common in females as in males and occurred on the right side only in 56% of the cases. The family histories, however, revealed no obvious hereditary trend, and a chromosome analysis showed no abnormalities. Additional malformations were observed in 49% of the patients, but with no constant pattern substantiating a syndrome. The findings of the present study indicate that the atresia may result from a persisting bucconasal membrane. In about 50% of the patients the nasal cavity was funnel-shaped with a posterior narrow end, but the height of the palatal vault did not differ from the normal. The frequency of otitis media and sinusitis was high, 31% and 21% respectively.", "PMID": 741215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4723", "title": "Growth in width of the dental arches after partial extirpation of the mid-palatal suture in man.", "content": "During the last 27 years 35 children with choanal atresia were operated by a method which entails a resection of the posterior 2/3 of the mid-palatal suture. In order to evaluate the consequences of this resection the width of the dental arches was measured in 320 individuals including 55 operated and unoperated patients with choanal atresia. Extirpation of the mid-palatal suture during growth resulted in a frequency of cross-bite of 52% and a significant reduction of the width of the upper dental arch and the maxilla. The findings may indicate that the growth in this specific suture is highly autonomous. Growth appeared to proceed far beyond childhood.", "contents": "Growth in width of the dental arches after partial extirpation of the mid-palatal suture in man. During the last 27 years 35 children with choanal atresia were operated by a method which entails a resection of the posterior 2/3 of the mid-palatal suture. In order to evaluate the consequences of this resection the width of the dental arches was measured in 320 individuals including 55 operated and unoperated patients with choanal atresia. Extirpation of the mid-palatal suture during growth resulted in a frequency of cross-bite of 52% and a significant reduction of the width of the upper dental arch and the maxilla. The findings may indicate that the growth in this specific suture is highly autonomous. Growth appeared to proceed far beyond childhood.", "PMID": 741216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4724", "title": "A comparative study of gonial angle and growth of the lower third molar in cleft lip and palate. An orthopantomographical study.", "content": "In children and young adults with cleft lip and palate, the gonial angle, the angle between the lower second molar and the mandibular plane, the angle between the longitudinal axes of the second and third molars as well as the timing of the development of the third molar were investigated on the right and left side from orthopantomograms. The results were compared with the corresponding results in a noncleft Finnish material. The series consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects aged from 10 to 24 years, 57 males and 43 females. One to three orthopantomograms were available for each subject, totalling 201. The results were examined in a cross-sectional and longitudinal material. The right and left gonial angles were not found to differ in the different cleft groups. Among subjects with cleft lip and palate the gonial angle was found to be larger in the different age groups than the corresponding values in the comparison material. In both materials, the gonial angle was found to decrease between the ages of 10 and 15 years. In males with cleft lip and palate the decrease in this angle, however, continued up to the age of 19. The anterior angle between the longitudinal axis of the lower second molar and the mandibular base line was about 10 degrees larger than in the comparison material, being slightly larger than that in the Angle's Class III occlusion type in the comparison material. When examined by degrees of development the development of the lower third molar was delayed approx. 0.9 years in males and 1.6 years in females compared with the corresponding times in the comparison material.", "contents": "A comparative study of gonial angle and growth of the lower third molar in cleft lip and palate. An orthopantomographical study. In children and young adults with cleft lip and palate, the gonial angle, the angle between the lower second molar and the mandibular plane, the angle between the longitudinal axes of the second and third molars as well as the timing of the development of the third molar were investigated on the right and left side from orthopantomograms. The results were compared with the corresponding results in a noncleft Finnish material. The series consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects aged from 10 to 24 years, 57 males and 43 females. One to three orthopantomograms were available for each subject, totalling 201. The results were examined in a cross-sectional and longitudinal material. The right and left gonial angles were not found to differ in the different cleft groups. Among subjects with cleft lip and palate the gonial angle was found to be larger in the different age groups than the corresponding values in the comparison material. In both materials, the gonial angle was found to decrease between the ages of 10 and 15 years. In males with cleft lip and palate the decrease in this angle, however, continued up to the age of 19. The anterior angle between the longitudinal axis of the lower second molar and the mandibular base line was about 10 degrees larger than in the comparison material, being slightly larger than that in the Angle's Class III occlusion type in the comparison material. When examined by degrees of development the development of the lower third molar was delayed approx. 0.9 years in males and 1.6 years in females compared with the corresponding times in the comparison material.", "PMID": 741217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4725", "title": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for some minor surgical procedures.", "content": "The anaesthetic effect of four different formulations of ketocaine intended for use in connection with minor surgical excisions in man after epicutaneous application has been studied. Following an introductory pin-pricking study and operations on 60 patients, one of the formulations used has been found clinically preferable to the others. Of 20 patients anaesthetized with this formulation, 16 could be operated without complementary anaesthesia. Because of uncertainty as to the depth of anaesthesia, the described method of anaesthesia is limited in minor surgical excisions to use mainly in relatively superficial operations.", "contents": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for some minor surgical procedures. The anaesthetic effect of four different formulations of ketocaine intended for use in connection with minor surgical excisions in man after epicutaneous application has been studied. Following an introductory pin-pricking study and operations on 60 patients, one of the formulations used has been found clinically preferable to the others. Of 20 patients anaesthetized with this formulation, 16 could be operated without complementary anaesthesia. Because of uncertainty as to the depth of anaesthesia, the described method of anaesthesia is limited in minor surgical excisions to use mainly in relatively superficial operations.", "PMID": 741218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4726", "title": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for dermabrasion.", "content": "An epicutaneously applied solution--A 2358, (Ane-Pad)--containing ketocaine has been used to bring about anaesthesia for dermabrasion in 20 cases. The time of application was 60 min and the amount of ketocaine applied varied from 0.8 to 2.5 g. In order to ensure good contact between the compresses containing the anaesthetic solution and uneven or concave skin surfaces, pressure was applied with the aid of foam plastic. Erythema and oedema were noted as unintended effects. They did not present an inconvenience during the operations or postoperatively. The operation proved to be completely painless for 15 of the patients. None of the remaining 5 patients required complementary anaesthesia, but in one case a slight sensation of pain was evident locally and in 4 cases the patients experienced an intense sensation of warmth.", "contents": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for dermabrasion. An epicutaneously applied solution--A 2358, (Ane-Pad)--containing ketocaine has been used to bring about anaesthesia for dermabrasion in 20 cases. The time of application was 60 min and the amount of ketocaine applied varied from 0.8 to 2.5 g. In order to ensure good contact between the compresses containing the anaesthetic solution and uneven or concave skin surfaces, pressure was applied with the aid of foam plastic. Erythema and oedema were noted as unintended effects. They did not present an inconvenience during the operations or postoperatively. The operation proved to be completely painless for 15 of the patients. None of the remaining 5 patients required complementary anaesthesia, but in one case a slight sensation of pain was evident locally and in 4 cases the patients experienced an intense sensation of warmth.", "PMID": 741219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4727", "title": "Psychological assessment before and after augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "Twenty patients selected for augmentation mammaplasty paid for by the Health Service, were evaluated pre- and postoperatively by psychological and psychiatric examinations. Some 70% deviated from the normal psychological picture, with symptoms of remarkable similarity. The follow-up investigation one year after the operation revealed an unchanged basic personality structure, but the alteration to the breasts had relieved the patients from their previous distress and shyness and made them feel less inhibited. An attempt was made to predict the benefit each patient would gain from the operation, and the results were usually found to exceed the expectations. Only one patient was disappointed. In no case had the operation aggravated the preoperative psychological condition. Preoperative psychiatric examination of such patients would probably not provide any better selection.", "contents": "Psychological assessment before and after augmentation mammaplasty. Twenty patients selected for augmentation mammaplasty paid for by the Health Service, were evaluated pre- and postoperatively by psychological and psychiatric examinations. Some 70% deviated from the normal psychological picture, with symptoms of remarkable similarity. The follow-up investigation one year after the operation revealed an unchanged basic personality structure, but the alteration to the breasts had relieved the patients from their previous distress and shyness and made them feel less inhibited. An attempt was made to predict the benefit each patient would gain from the operation, and the results were usually found to exceed the expectations. Only one patient was disappointed. In no case had the operation aggravated the preoperative psychological condition. Preoperative psychiatric examination of such patients would probably not provide any better selection.", "PMID": 741220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4728", "title": "The reflex theory of speech perception.", "content": "The perceptual confusions among Chinese consonants are analyzed and a comparative study is made for several languages, and then a reflex theory is presented. The results show that: (i) the distinctive features of speech are important perceptual cues, of which the manner of articulation is the more important one, (ii) the feature systems are different for different languages, (iii) the social characteristics of language i.e., linguistic constructions, strongly influence speech perception which is of a unitary process based on the physical characteristics in combination with the social characteristics of speech. The principal features of Chinese consonants and its capability to transmit information are given. It is shown that the construction of Chinese syllables is good for the syllable articulation.", "contents": "The reflex theory of speech perception. The perceptual confusions among Chinese consonants are analyzed and a comparative study is made for several languages, and then a reflex theory is presented. The results show that: (i) the distinctive features of speech are important perceptual cues, of which the manner of articulation is the more important one, (ii) the feature systems are different for different languages, (iii) the social characteristics of language i.e., linguistic constructions, strongly influence speech perception which is of a unitary process based on the physical characteristics in combination with the social characteristics of speech. The principal features of Chinese consonants and its capability to transmit information are given. It is shown that the construction of Chinese syllables is good for the syllable articulation.", "PMID": 741225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4729", "title": "[Postmortem examination of the fundus oculi in forensic medicine].", "content": "After an analysis of the literature, the author reflects on the problem to what extent the ophtalmologist can at present assess, based on a post-mortem examination of the ocular fundus, the time of death in cases where a team of specialists decides whether resuscitation may be terminated after clinical death of a patient where an organ is foreseen for transplantation, and in forensic and criminal medicine some time after death. The author is convinced that post-mortem ophtalmoscopy performed by a specialist is a valuable contribution to contemporary and future forensic medicine.", "contents": "[Postmortem examination of the fundus oculi in forensic medicine]. After an analysis of the literature, the author reflects on the problem to what extent the ophtalmologist can at present assess, based on a post-mortem examination of the ocular fundus, the time of death in cases where a team of specialists decides whether resuscitation may be terminated after clinical death of a patient where an organ is foreseen for transplantation, and in forensic and criminal medicine some time after death. The author is convinced that post-mortem ophtalmoscopy performed by a specialist is a valuable contribution to contemporary and future forensic medicine.", "PMID": 741234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4730", "title": "Kyphosis in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Kyphosis has become an increasingly important problem to the surgeon interested in the management of significant spinal deformity. As scoliosis has become better understood, the more difficult problems have become apparent and one of the most difficult of these is kyphosis. Kyphosis is the deformity which can produce paraplegia if it progresses to a significant degree and remains untreated. Contrary to scoliosis, in which bracing and posterior fusion alone are usually quite sufficient, kyphosis sometimes responds to bracing and other times it does not. If surgical treatment is necessary it quite often requires an anterior fusion. The purpose of this presentation is to give an overall review of the various etiologies of kyphosis and the current status of management of these various problems.", "contents": "Kyphosis in childhood and adolescence. Kyphosis has become an increasingly important problem to the surgeon interested in the management of significant spinal deformity. As scoliosis has become better understood, the more difficult problems have become apparent and one of the most difficult of these is kyphosis. Kyphosis is the deformity which can produce paraplegia if it progresses to a significant degree and remains untreated. Contrary to scoliosis, in which bracing and posterior fusion alone are usually quite sufficient, kyphosis sometimes responds to bracing and other times it does not. If surgical treatment is necessary it quite often requires an anterior fusion. The purpose of this presentation is to give an overall review of the various etiologies of kyphosis and the current status of management of these various problems.", "PMID": 741235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4731", "title": "An anterior distractor for the intraoperative correction of angular kyphosis.", "content": "A new device for the intraoperative anterior correction of angular kyphoses is presented. It functions on the turnbuckle principle. Preliminary results have shown excellent corrections without complication. It is not an implant.", "contents": "An anterior distractor for the intraoperative correction of angular kyphosis. A new device for the intraoperative anterior correction of angular kyphoses is presented. It functions on the turnbuckle principle. Preliminary results have shown excellent corrections without complication. It is not an implant.", "PMID": 741236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4732", "title": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients with scoliosis. The effect of the Milwaukee brace.", "content": "Oxygen uptake during treadmill walking was measured in 8 scoliotic patients with idiopathic curves ranging from 25 to 60 degrees. The patients were fitted with a Milwaukee brace and the test was repeated within 2 or 3 days to study the effect of the brace on energy expenditure, mechanical work, and ventilatory function. The total oxygen uptake was not systematically affected by wearing the brace. When the weight of the brace was included, the oxygen uptake/kg body weight decreased in most of the patients at low walking speed in spite of an increased lift work. The positive influence on energy expenditure was interpreted as a stabilizing effect of the brace on the spine. This effect was not consistent at moderate and high speeds of locomotion, where both a decrease and an increase in oxygen uptake/kg were observed. Heart rate increased significantly during walking at high speed with the brace, while a slight but significant reduction of the tidal volume was found during walking at low speed.", "contents": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients with scoliosis. The effect of the Milwaukee brace. Oxygen uptake during treadmill walking was measured in 8 scoliotic patients with idiopathic curves ranging from 25 to 60 degrees. The patients were fitted with a Milwaukee brace and the test was repeated within 2 or 3 days to study the effect of the brace on energy expenditure, mechanical work, and ventilatory function. The total oxygen uptake was not systematically affected by wearing the brace. When the weight of the brace was included, the oxygen uptake/kg body weight decreased in most of the patients at low walking speed in spite of an increased lift work. The positive influence on energy expenditure was interpreted as a stabilizing effect of the brace on the spine. This effect was not consistent at moderate and high speeds of locomotion, where both a decrease and an increase in oxygen uptake/kg were observed. Heart rate increased significantly during walking at high speed with the brace, while a slight but significant reduction of the tidal volume was found during walking at low speed.", "PMID": 741237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4733", "title": "Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis.", "content": "Study of autopsy specimens of the lumbar spine makes it possible to construct a spectrum of pathologic change. Progressive degenerative changes in the posterior joints lead to marked destruction and instability. Similar changes in the disc result in herniation, internal disruption, and resorption. Combined changes in posterior joint and disc sometimes produce entrapment of a spinal nerve in the lateral recess, central stenosis at one level, or both of these conditions. Changes at one level often lead, over a period of years, to multilevel spondylosis and/or stenosis. Developmental stenosis is an enhancing factor in the presence of a small herniation or moderate degenerative stenosis. Lesions such as major trauma, spondylolisthesis, those following spinal fusion, Paget's disease, and fluorosis, on occasion act directly to produce central or lateral stenosis.", "contents": "Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis. Study of autopsy specimens of the lumbar spine makes it possible to construct a spectrum of pathologic change. Progressive degenerative changes in the posterior joints lead to marked destruction and instability. Similar changes in the disc result in herniation, internal disruption, and resorption. Combined changes in posterior joint and disc sometimes produce entrapment of a spinal nerve in the lateral recess, central stenosis at one level, or both of these conditions. Changes at one level often lead, over a period of years, to multilevel spondylosis and/or stenosis. Developmental stenosis is an enhancing factor in the presence of a small herniation or moderate degenerative stenosis. Lesions such as major trauma, spondylolisthesis, those following spinal fusion, Paget's disease, and fluorosis, on occasion act directly to produce central or lateral stenosis.", "PMID": 741238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4734", "title": "Exposure of the vertebral bodies of the proximal lumbar segments. Some anatomic points.", "content": "The fascial structure of the left retroperitoneal region of the abdomen and its surgical anatomy are reviewed. The findings correlate with those of Tobin and Baumann. The muscular interval between the quadratus lumborum and the psoas muscle is elaborated upon as a useful route for entrance into the retroperitoneum. The occasional but significant occurrence of the artery of Haller is mentioned. The author's recommendation for exposure of the upper segments of the lumbar spin L1 through L3 is through a posterolateral abdominal incision with resection of the medial half of the twelfth rib (depending on the configuration of the twelfth rib) and oteotomy of the tip of the L1 transverse process as the routes of exposure of the proximal segments of the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Exposure of the vertebral bodies of the proximal lumbar segments. Some anatomic points. The fascial structure of the left retroperitoneal region of the abdomen and its surgical anatomy are reviewed. The findings correlate with those of Tobin and Baumann. The muscular interval between the quadratus lumborum and the psoas muscle is elaborated upon as a useful route for entrance into the retroperitoneum. The occasional but significant occurrence of the artery of Haller is mentioned. The author's recommendation for exposure of the upper segments of the lumbar spin L1 through L3 is through a posterolateral abdominal incision with resection of the medial half of the twelfth rib (depending on the configuration of the twelfth rib) and oteotomy of the tip of the L1 transverse process as the routes of exposure of the proximal segments of the lumbar spine.", "PMID": 741239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4735", "title": "The biomechanical advantage of lordosis and hip extension for upright activity. Man as compared with other anthropoids.", "content": "The mechanics of the muscle-ligament system for a weight lift in man is described. The adaptations of the human spine and the hip to this mechanism are indicated. The efficiency of this mechanism in the human is compared with other primates showing the vast superiority of man in this aspect over his nearest relatives.", "contents": "The biomechanical advantage of lordosis and hip extension for upright activity. Man as compared with other anthropoids. The mechanics of the muscle-ligament system for a weight lift in man is described. The adaptations of the human spine and the hip to this mechanism are indicated. The efficiency of this mechanism in the human is compared with other primates showing the vast superiority of man in this aspect over his nearest relatives.", "PMID": 741240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4736", "title": "Complications of water-soluble contrast lumbar myelography. Review of the literature and case report.", "content": "A historic review of the development of water-soluble contrast materials for lumbar myelography is presented. This is followed by a discussion of their advantages and complications, as well as a case report of convulsive segmental myoclonus, hypotension, and death after myelography associated with the use of dimeglumine locarmate (Dimer-X). A new nonionic material, metrizamide (Amipaque), is discussed, and its current clinical status is summarized.", "contents": "Complications of water-soluble contrast lumbar myelography. Review of the literature and case report. A historic review of the development of water-soluble contrast materials for lumbar myelography is presented. This is followed by a discussion of their advantages and complications, as well as a case report of convulsive segmental myoclonus, hypotension, and death after myelography associated with the use of dimeglumine locarmate (Dimer-X). A new nonionic material, metrizamide (Amipaque), is discussed, and its current clinical status is summarized.", "PMID": 741241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4737", "title": "Intradural herniation of lumbar intervertebral discs.", "content": "A case of intradural rupture of a lumbar intervertebral disc is reported, and the literature is reviewed. The majority of intradural disc herniations occur at the L4--5 level. These patients usually have neurologic deficits more severe than those found in the much more common extradural disc herniations. The myelographic picture varies from an irregularly marginated intradural lesion overlying the disc space to a complete block. The common factor allowing intradural disc herniation is probably dense adhesions between the dura and the posterior longitudinal ligament, preventing the more common lateral extradural disc herniation. Intradural disc herniation should be included in the differential diagnosis of lumbar intradural lesions causing nerve root or cauda equina compression.", "contents": "Intradural herniation of lumbar intervertebral discs. A case of intradural rupture of a lumbar intervertebral disc is reported, and the literature is reviewed. The majority of intradural disc herniations occur at the L4--5 level. These patients usually have neurologic deficits more severe than those found in the much more common extradural disc herniations. The myelographic picture varies from an irregularly marginated intradural lesion overlying the disc space to a complete block. The common factor allowing intradural disc herniation is probably dense adhesions between the dura and the posterior longitudinal ligament, preventing the more common lateral extradural disc herniation. Intradural disc herniation should be included in the differential diagnosis of lumbar intradural lesions causing nerve root or cauda equina compression.", "PMID": 741242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4738", "title": "High amputation of the sacrum for extirpation of tumors. Principles and technique.", "content": "A detailed description is given of the principles and surgical technique for extensive resection of the sacrum, including an adjacent part of each ilium, for radical removal of tumor. Two levels of sacral amputation are discussed: between S1 and S2 (through the canals of the S1 nerves) and through S1 (above the canals of the S1 nerves), with or without inclusion of the rectum in the specimen. The former level permits the preservation of the S1 nerves; the latter does not. Important pathoanatomic facts are discussed. The effects of these operations on the urogenital and anorectal function and on the stability of the pelvic girdle are briefly reviewed. Five illustrative cases are reported with comments on the results.", "contents": "High amputation of the sacrum for extirpation of tumors. Principles and technique. A detailed description is given of the principles and surgical technique for extensive resection of the sacrum, including an adjacent part of each ilium, for radical removal of tumor. Two levels of sacral amputation are discussed: between S1 and S2 (through the canals of the S1 nerves) and through S1 (above the canals of the S1 nerves), with or without inclusion of the rectum in the specimen. The former level permits the preservation of the S1 nerves; the latter does not. Important pathoanatomic facts are discussed. The effects of these operations on the urogenital and anorectal function and on the stability of the pelvic girdle are briefly reviewed. Five illustrative cases are reported with comments on the results.", "PMID": 741243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4739", "title": "Therapeutic abortion on psychiatric grounds. Part I. A local study.", "content": "A study of 197 women referred for termination of pregnancy on psychiatric grounds was undertaken from February 1974 to May 1975 at a specially established clinic in the Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. The personal, social and specifically psychiatric information collected from this study, which included both women who were refused and those granted termination on psychiatric grounds, was analysed. We gained enough data to focus on the psychosocial and 'hard' psychiatric data, to statistically compare the two groups, and to isolate variables which appeared to have influenced decision-making. Eighty per cent of the women were followed up for 12 - 18 months.", "contents": "Therapeutic abortion on psychiatric grounds. Part I. A local study. A study of 197 women referred for termination of pregnancy on psychiatric grounds was undertaken from February 1974 to May 1975 at a specially established clinic in the Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. The personal, social and specifically psychiatric information collected from this study, which included both women who were refused and those granted termination on psychiatric grounds, was analysed. We gained enough data to focus on the psychosocial and 'hard' psychiatric data, to statistically compare the two groups, and to isolate variables which appeared to have influenced decision-making. Eighty per cent of the women were followed up for 12 - 18 months.", "PMID": 741260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4740", "title": "Functional hypoparathyroidism in infantile hypocalcaemic stage I vitamin D deficiency rickets.", "content": "Nine infants with stage I rickets were found to have an inappropriate functional hypoparathyroidism with severe hypocalcaemia. Possible mechanisms, therapy and prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Functional hypoparathyroidism in infantile hypocalcaemic stage I vitamin D deficiency rickets. Nine infants with stage I rickets were found to have an inappropriate functional hypoparathyroidism with severe hypocalcaemia. Possible mechanisms, therapy and prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 741261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4741", "title": "Review of Southern African scorpions and scorpionism.", "content": "Medically important scorpions are discussed in terms of their venom, methods of envenomation and distribution in relation to the pattern of human population density dispersal. Notes on the treatment of scorpion sting and the identification of important species are provided.", "contents": "Review of Southern African scorpions and scorpionism. Medically important scorpions are discussed in terms of their venom, methods of envenomation and distribution in relation to the pattern of human population density dispersal. Notes on the treatment of scorpion sting and the identification of important species are provided.", "PMID": 741262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4742", "title": "[Wilson's disease in a black patient. Case report and brief literature review].", "content": "A Black patient with Wilson's disease is described. Clinical symptomatology and laboratory findings are reported and diagnosis, pathology, clinical picture and treatment of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Wilson's disease in a black patient. Case report and brief literature review]. A Black patient with Wilson's disease is described. Clinical symptomatology and laboratory findings are reported and diagnosis, pathology, clinical picture and treatment of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 741263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4743", "title": "Multiple serous effusions complicating pre-eclampsia. A case report.", "content": "A patient with multiple serous effusions and the nephrotic syndrome complicating the middle trimester of pregnancy is described. Rapid resolution of the effusions after delivery and exclusion of other causes of serous effusions and nephrosis make pre-eclamptic toxaemia the most likely cause. Anasarca can be a feature of this disease and there are a few reports of patients in whom clinical ascites has occurred. Our patient was exceptional in that pleural and synovial effusions into the knee joints were also present.", "contents": "Multiple serous effusions complicating pre-eclampsia. A case report. A patient with multiple serous effusions and the nephrotic syndrome complicating the middle trimester of pregnancy is described. Rapid resolution of the effusions after delivery and exclusion of other causes of serous effusions and nephrosis make pre-eclamptic toxaemia the most likely cause. Anasarca can be a feature of this disease and there are a few reports of patients in whom clinical ascites has occurred. Our patient was exceptional in that pleural and synovial effusions into the knee joints were also present.", "PMID": 741264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4744", "title": "Glue-sniffing in a young child.", "content": "A case of cerebral depression due to glue-sniffing in a 4-year-old child is presented. This practice, which is confined mainly to older children and teenagers who are socially or emotionally deprived, can have fatal complications.", "contents": "Glue-sniffing in a young child. A case of cerebral depression due to glue-sniffing in a 4-year-old child is presented. This practice, which is confined mainly to older children and teenagers who are socially or emotionally deprived, can have fatal complications.", "PMID": 741265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4745", "title": "Median age of death as an index of mortality.", "content": "The median age of death has been used as an index of mortality in South Africa. In cases where there is high infant mortality, the median age of death is too sensitive and its use is best avoided.", "contents": "Median age of death as an index of mortality. The median age of death has been used as an index of mortality in South Africa. In cases where there is high infant mortality, the median age of death is too sensitive and its use is best avoided.", "PMID": 741273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4746", "title": "Genetic markers and leprosy in South African negroes. Part I. Serum protein polymorphisms.", "content": "The phenotype frequencies of the serum protein polymorphisms Hp, Gc, Tf, Gm and Inv were determined on a sample of 250 South African Negroes with leprosy. These results were compared with data derived from 918-977 (depending on the polymorphism tested) healthy Negro controls of similar geographical and ethnic origin, in order to determine whether or not any association existed between specific phenotypes and the occurrence of leprosy. The data derived from the present study were also compared with those of similar comparative analyses on African and non-African populations. Because of the contradictory results between samples with regard to the polymorphisms Hp, Gc and Inv, an association of any of these phenotypes with leprosy appears to be highly improbable. With regard to the polymorphisms Tf and Gm, however, such associations cannot be ruled out. The questions arising from the results are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic markers and leprosy in South African negroes. Part I. Serum protein polymorphisms. The phenotype frequencies of the serum protein polymorphisms Hp, Gc, Tf, Gm and Inv were determined on a sample of 250 South African Negroes with leprosy. These results were compared with data derived from 918-977 (depending on the polymorphism tested) healthy Negro controls of similar geographical and ethnic origin, in order to determine whether or not any association existed between specific phenotypes and the occurrence of leprosy. The data derived from the present study were also compared with those of similar comparative analyses on African and non-African populations. Because of the contradictory results between samples with regard to the polymorphisms Hp, Gc and Inv, an association of any of these phenotypes with leprosy appears to be highly improbable. With regard to the polymorphisms Tf and Gm, however, such associations cannot be ruled out. The questions arising from the results are discussed.", "PMID": 741274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4747", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance in patients with severe injuries living at an altitude of 1 660 metres.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance in 40 control subjects and 40 patients with head injuries was studied at an altitude of 1 660 m. The patients with head injuries showed a significantly lower CSF pH associated with a fall in CSF bicarbonate and an elevation of CSF lactic acid. The cause of these observations is unclear, but it is proposed that this may be related to the relative hypoxaemia associated with an altitude of 1 660 m.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance in patients with severe injuries living at an altitude of 1 660 metres. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance in 40 control subjects and 40 patients with head injuries was studied at an altitude of 1 660 m. The patients with head injuries showed a significantly lower CSF pH associated with a fall in CSF bicarbonate and an elevation of CSF lactic acid. The cause of these observations is unclear, but it is proposed that this may be related to the relative hypoxaemia associated with an altitude of 1 660 m.", "PMID": 741275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4748", "title": "Acute renal failure after use of radiographic contrast media.", "content": "The nephrotoxic effects of radiographic contrast media (RCM) used for excretory urography and angiography are described in 9 patients. These effects are usually temporary and reversible, but may be permanent. Predisposing factors resulting in renal damage are identified and discussed. These include diabetes, dehydration, myelomatosis, chronic renal failure of many causes and repeated administrations of contrast media with a short period. Suggestions are made in order to reduce the incidence and severity of functional renal impairment after administration of contrast media.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after use of radiographic contrast media. The nephrotoxic effects of radiographic contrast media (RCM) used for excretory urography and angiography are described in 9 patients. These effects are usually temporary and reversible, but may be permanent. Predisposing factors resulting in renal damage are identified and discussed. These include diabetes, dehydration, myelomatosis, chronic renal failure of many causes and repeated administrations of contrast media with a short period. Suggestions are made in order to reduce the incidence and severity of functional renal impairment after administration of contrast media.", "PMID": 741276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4749", "title": "Commercial heparin solution investigated in vitro after reported impaired nerve function in a patient.", "content": "Exposure to commercial heparin solution caused rapid conduction failure in frog sciatic nerve preparations. The toxic substance was not the heparin itself, but the 0,5% phenol preservative. Phenol solutions with concentrations between 0,1% and 5% caused a dose-dependent nerve failure, which manifested as a progressive decline in compound action potential amplitude. Care must be taken in the administration of any solution preserved with phenol, to prevent nerve damage.", "contents": "Commercial heparin solution investigated in vitro after reported impaired nerve function in a patient. Exposure to commercial heparin solution caused rapid conduction failure in frog sciatic nerve preparations. The toxic substance was not the heparin itself, but the 0,5% phenol preservative. Phenol solutions with concentrations between 0,1% and 5% caused a dose-dependent nerve failure, which manifested as a progressive decline in compound action potential amplitude. Care must be taken in the administration of any solution preserved with phenol, to prevent nerve damage.", "PMID": 741277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4750", "title": "Pancreatitis in Natal. An autopsy study.", "content": "A retrospective study of autopsy material at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, has revealed a 9-fold increase in the incidence of pancreatitis during the past 25 years in Black South Africans. It is suggested that this is the result of changes in drinking habits brought about by the general availability of all forms of alcohol, especially liquor with a high alcoholic content.", "contents": "Pancreatitis in Natal. An autopsy study. A retrospective study of autopsy material at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, has revealed a 9-fold increase in the incidence of pancreatitis during the past 25 years in Black South Africans. It is suggested that this is the result of changes in drinking habits brought about by the general availability of all forms of alcohol, especially liquor with a high alcoholic content.", "PMID": 741278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4751", "title": "Hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three patients with chronic diarrhoea, paralytic ileus and malabsorption are reported. At postmortem examination Strongyloides stercoralis was shown to be the aetiological agent in each case. Factors involved in hyperinfection with Strongyloides are discussed and the means of clinical recognition of this syndrome are emphasized.", "contents": "Hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. A report of 3 cases. Three patients with chronic diarrhoea, paralytic ileus and malabsorption are reported. At postmortem examination Strongyloides stercoralis was shown to be the aetiological agent in each case. Factors involved in hyperinfection with Strongyloides are discussed and the means of clinical recognition of this syndrome are emphasized.", "PMID": 741279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4752", "title": "The use of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct in the treatment of radionecrosis.", "content": "The rationale leading to the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in the treatment of radionecrosis is described. Between January 1975 and February 1977, 13 patients received HBO at Groote Schuur Hospital for radionecrosis, and the response is evaluated in terms of pain relief and wound healing. The implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The use of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct in the treatment of radionecrosis. The rationale leading to the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in the treatment of radionecrosis is described. Between January 1975 and February 1977, 13 patients received HBO at Groote Schuur Hospital for radionecrosis, and the response is evaluated in terms of pain relief and wound healing. The implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 741284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4753", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 in infants with pulmonary atresia.", "content": "Infants with pulmonary atresia are frequently dependent upon the patency of the ductus arteriosus for adequate pulmonary blood flow. Endogenous production of a dilator prostaglandin probably maintains patency of the ductus in utero. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) 0,1 microgram/kg/min was used in 6 infants with pulmonary atresia to increase pulmonary blood flow and systemic oxygenation. The infusion improved the clinical condition of the infants and diminished the degree of central cyanosis. In 3 cases serial measurement of systemic arterial oxygen tension showed a sustained increase. There were no deleterious side-effects. During cardiac catheterization and preparation for operation, PGE1 provides a valuable means of maintaining pulmonary blood flow in infants with pulmonary atresia and a ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 in infants with pulmonary atresia. Infants with pulmonary atresia are frequently dependent upon the patency of the ductus arteriosus for adequate pulmonary blood flow. Endogenous production of a dilator prostaglandin probably maintains patency of the ductus in utero. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) 0,1 microgram/kg/min was used in 6 infants with pulmonary atresia to increase pulmonary blood flow and systemic oxygenation. The infusion improved the clinical condition of the infants and diminished the degree of central cyanosis. In 3 cases serial measurement of systemic arterial oxygen tension showed a sustained increase. There were no deleterious side-effects. During cardiac catheterization and preparation for operation, PGE1 provides a valuable means of maintaining pulmonary blood flow in infants with pulmonary atresia and a ductus arteriosus.", "PMID": 741285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4754", "title": "Management of blunt pancreatic trauma. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases in which the sole injury was a major pancreatic laceration secondary to closed abdominal injury are presented, and the literature on major closed injuries of the pancreas is reviewed. The diagnosis, surgical management and complications of closed injuries of the pancreas are discussed. Delay in diagnosis, inadequate surgery and failure to recognize common complications of pancreatic injury are responsible for the current high mortality rates for this form of closed abdominal trauma.", "contents": "Management of blunt pancreatic trauma. A report of 3 cases. Three cases in which the sole injury was a major pancreatic laceration secondary to closed abdominal injury are presented, and the literature on major closed injuries of the pancreas is reviewed. The diagnosis, surgical management and complications of closed injuries of the pancreas are discussed. Delay in diagnosis, inadequate surgery and failure to recognize common complications of pancreatic injury are responsible for the current high mortality rates for this form of closed abdominal trauma.", "PMID": 741287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4755", "title": "Management of urinary bladder cancer.", "content": "A series of 231 patients, 198 males and 33 females, suffering from primary urinary bladder cancer and treated by various combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and cancer chemotherapy, was categorized into 4 treatment groups, analysed and compared with those recorded in the literature. Patients in stages T1 and T2, if treated adequately, have an excellent and good prognosis respectively, while those in stages T3 and T4, unfortunately the majority, have a prognosis that is decidedly disappointing. Haematuria is of the greatest significance and should be investigated without delay if symptoms in patients in early stage T1 are to be diagnosed, treated and cured. In a review of the aetiology, smoking, among possible predisposing factors, poses the greatest hazard for the general population. A strong plea is made that smoking never be started, or if started, that it be given up immediately, if the health of the nation is to be our prime concern.", "contents": "Management of urinary bladder cancer. A series of 231 patients, 198 males and 33 females, suffering from primary urinary bladder cancer and treated by various combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and cancer chemotherapy, was categorized into 4 treatment groups, analysed and compared with those recorded in the literature. Patients in stages T1 and T2, if treated adequately, have an excellent and good prognosis respectively, while those in stages T3 and T4, unfortunately the majority, have a prognosis that is decidedly disappointing. Haematuria is of the greatest significance and should be investigated without delay if symptoms in patients in early stage T1 are to be diagnosed, treated and cured. In a review of the aetiology, smoking, among possible predisposing factors, poses the greatest hazard for the general population. A strong plea is made that smoking never be started, or if started, that it be given up immediately, if the health of the nation is to be our prime concern.", "PMID": 741295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4756", "title": "Normal values for haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices in preschool children on the Highveld.", "content": "Data on haemoglobin concentration, red cell count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration for 'normal' children aged 1-4 years living on the Highveld (altitude 1400-1800 m) are presented in yearly age groups. The children were defined as normal on the basis of having growth attainment and iron, folate and vitamin B12 nutrition within accepted normal limits. The results obtained differ from the standard reference values published for children resident at sea level. It is suggested that the mean (+/- 2 SD) ranges presented be used as normal ranges in the population studied.", "contents": "Normal values for haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices in preschool children on the Highveld. Data on haemoglobin concentration, red cell count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration for 'normal' children aged 1-4 years living on the Highveld (altitude 1400-1800 m) are presented in yearly age groups. The children were defined as normal on the basis of having growth attainment and iron, folate and vitamin B12 nutrition within accepted normal limits. The results obtained differ from the standard reference values published for children resident at sea level. It is suggested that the mean (+/- 2 SD) ranges presented be used as normal ranges in the population studied.", "PMID": 741296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4757", "title": "Modern psychiatry in a general hospital.", "content": "An analysis of 3526 patients referred to the psychiatric unit of a general hospital from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977 is presented. The method of classification used was that of the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association and the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. A striking feature of this survey was the low prevalence of schizophrenia (9,8%). A noticeable trend was that more patients seemed to have less incapacitating psychiatric conditions. An exciting new facet of psychiatry is the increasing number of patients without apparent psychiatric illness who are referred to the unit. These include patients referred by colleagues for preliminary screening before organ transplantation, sex change operations, cosmetic surgery, sterilization and termination of pregnancy. Recommendations are made with regard to the role of psychiatric units in general hospitals.", "contents": "Modern psychiatry in a general hospital. An analysis of 3526 patients referred to the psychiatric unit of a general hospital from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977 is presented. The method of classification used was that of the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association and the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. A striking feature of this survey was the low prevalence of schizophrenia (9,8%). A noticeable trend was that more patients seemed to have less incapacitating psychiatric conditions. An exciting new facet of psychiatry is the increasing number of patients without apparent psychiatric illness who are referred to the unit. These include patients referred by colleagues for preliminary screening before organ transplantation, sex change operations, cosmetic surgery, sterilization and termination of pregnancy. Recommendations are made with regard to the role of psychiatric units in general hospitals.", "PMID": 741297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4758", "title": "Cardiac failure in a case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with diffuse meningeal angiectasia.", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with diffuse meningeal angiectasia is described and compared with a similar reported case. The current literature dealing with arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen in young children is reviewed. The need for proper clinical and angiographic examination of all newborn infants with congestive cardiac failure due to extracardiac causes is stressed. Attention is drawn to the association of meningeal angiectasia with arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen.", "contents": "Cardiac failure in a case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with diffuse meningeal angiectasia. A case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with diffuse meningeal angiectasia is described and compared with a similar reported case. The current literature dealing with arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen in young children is reviewed. The need for proper clinical and angiographic examination of all newborn infants with congestive cardiac failure due to extracardiac causes is stressed. Attention is drawn to the association of meningeal angiectasia with arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen.", "PMID": 741298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4759", "title": "Cardiac tamponade with superior venacaval obstruction. A case report.", "content": "A case of a pericardial tamponade with progressive superior venacaval obstruction indicating the presence of a neoplasm is presented. The patient developed an acute life-threatening pericardial tamponade for which she underwent thoracotomy. When the tamponade was released, she developed sudden acute superior venacaval obstruction which necessitated the insertion of a Dacron graft between the right innominate vein and the right atrium. The anaesthetic management and the physiology of the haemodynamics are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade with superior venacaval obstruction. A case report. A case of a pericardial tamponade with progressive superior venacaval obstruction indicating the presence of a neoplasm is presented. The patient developed an acute life-threatening pericardial tamponade for which she underwent thoracotomy. When the tamponade was released, she developed sudden acute superior venacaval obstruction which necessitated the insertion of a Dacron graft between the right innominate vein and the right atrium. The anaesthetic management and the physiology of the haemodynamics are discussed.", "PMID": 741299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4760", "title": "[Traumatic Herpes hominis infection during rugby (Herpes venatorum). A discussion of four cases].", "content": "Four cases of traumatic Herpesvirus hominis infection of the skin sustained during rugby are described. Attention is drawn to the importance of Herpesvirus infection of the eye, both primary and secondary, whether from self-inoculation or exogenous infection. The diagnosis must be correct so that specific treatment with idoxuridine may be considered and harmful treatment with corticosteroids may be avoided. Personal contact should be avoided during active infection. Epidemiological data show that an increasing percentage of young adults are susceptible to primary Herpesvirus infection. We are aware of undiagnosed cases and expect an increasing incidence of this type of infection.", "contents": "[Traumatic Herpes hominis infection during rugby (Herpes venatorum). A discussion of four cases]. Four cases of traumatic Herpesvirus hominis infection of the skin sustained during rugby are described. Attention is drawn to the importance of Herpesvirus infection of the eye, both primary and secondary, whether from self-inoculation or exogenous infection. The diagnosis must be correct so that specific treatment with idoxuridine may be considered and harmful treatment with corticosteroids may be avoided. Personal contact should be avoided during active infection. Epidemiological data show that an increasing percentage of young adults are susceptible to primary Herpesvirus infection. We are aware of undiagnosed cases and expect an increasing incidence of this type of infection.", "PMID": 741300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4761", "title": "Transanal anastomosis in the treatment of low rectal strictures due to tribal enemas.", "content": "Enema administration is common in Black tribal communities. In the urban environment, toxic and corrosive ingredients may be used which can lead to severe complications. The diagnosis and principles of treatment of complicated proctocolitis of enema origin are discussed. The management of 2 patients who developed long stricutres extending low into the rectum is described. After subtotal rectal and sigmoid resection, continuity was successfully restored using a transanal sleeve anastomosis. Subsequent continence was normal in both patients.", "contents": "Transanal anastomosis in the treatment of low rectal strictures due to tribal enemas. Enema administration is common in Black tribal communities. In the urban environment, toxic and corrosive ingredients may be used which can lead to severe complications. The diagnosis and principles of treatment of complicated proctocolitis of enema origin are discussed. The management of 2 patients who developed long stricutres extending low into the rectum is described. After subtotal rectal and sigmoid resection, continuity was successfully restored using a transanal sleeve anastomosis. Subsequent continence was normal in both patients.", "PMID": 741307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4762", "title": "Anaesthetic induction for caesarean section with etomidate compared with thiopentone.", "content": "Anaesthesia for caesarean section demands a technique that provides perfect narcosis without neonatal depression. To date, no ideal induction agent has been found for obstetric anaesthesia, although thiopentone is still considered the safest. A new agent, etomidate (0,3 mg/kg) has been studied in a group of parturients who underwent elective caesarean section in the left lateral tilt position. The results obtained are compared with those from a similar series, in which the management was identical, except that anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 3,5 mg/kg. The infants in the present series were usually extremely lively after delivery, and generally sustained respiration in a shorter time than those after thiopentone. In addition, maternal-to-fetal base excess gradients were narrower with etomidate than with thiopentone. Thus etomidate may offer some advantage over thiopentone for anaesthetic induction at elective caesarean section, and appears worthy of further trial.", "contents": "Anaesthetic induction for caesarean section with etomidate compared with thiopentone. Anaesthesia for caesarean section demands a technique that provides perfect narcosis without neonatal depression. To date, no ideal induction agent has been found for obstetric anaesthesia, although thiopentone is still considered the safest. A new agent, etomidate (0,3 mg/kg) has been studied in a group of parturients who underwent elective caesarean section in the left lateral tilt position. The results obtained are compared with those from a similar series, in which the management was identical, except that anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 3,5 mg/kg. The infants in the present series were usually extremely lively after delivery, and generally sustained respiration in a shorter time than those after thiopentone. In addition, maternal-to-fetal base excess gradients were narrower with etomidate than with thiopentone. Thus etomidate may offer some advantage over thiopentone for anaesthetic induction at elective caesarean section, and appears worthy of further trial.", "PMID": 741308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4763", "title": "Stature and weight of Coloured primigravidas in Cape Town.", "content": "The stature and weight of Coloured primigravidas delivering at term in Cape Town were investigated. When compared with White mothers they were found to be significantly shorter, lighter and thinner. It is postulated that both childhood undernutrition and an inadequate diet during pregnancy are responsible for these findings.", "contents": "Stature and weight of Coloured primigravidas in Cape Town. The stature and weight of Coloured primigravidas delivering at term in Cape Town were investigated. When compared with White mothers they were found to be significantly shorter, lighter and thinner. It is postulated that both childhood undernutrition and an inadequate diet during pregnancy are responsible for these findings.", "PMID": 741309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4764", "title": "Placental size at birth.", "content": "The placentas of 1,081 infants born to Coloured primigravidas in Cape Town were examined. The values for gross and trimmed placental weight, chorionic surface area and thickness are given for each week of gestation from 32 to 41 weeks. These results indicate the pattern of placental growth and provide a basis for further studies to evaluate deviations of intra-uterine growth in this population.", "contents": "Placental size at birth. The placentas of 1,081 infants born to Coloured primigravidas in Cape Town were examined. The values for gross and trimmed placental weight, chorionic surface area and thickness are given for each week of gestation from 32 to 41 weeks. These results indicate the pattern of placental growth and provide a basis for further studies to evaluate deviations of intra-uterine growth in this population.", "PMID": 741310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4765", "title": "Ear symptoms in temporomandibular joint disturbances.", "content": "The symptoms related to temporomandibular joint disturbances in 530 cases are reviewed. A possible anatomical explanation for the middle ear symptoms related to disturbance of the temporomandibular joint is presented.", "contents": "Ear symptoms in temporomandibular joint disturbances. The symptoms related to temporomandibular joint disturbances in 530 cases are reviewed. A possible anatomical explanation for the middle ear symptoms related to disturbance of the temporomandibular joint is presented.", "PMID": 741311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4766", "title": "Cerebral revascularization by extracranial-to-intracranial anastomosis.", "content": "Four cases are presented in which a superficial temporal artery was anastomosed to the cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. The surgical technique is described. The indications and contraindications and results of the procedure are briefly discussed by referring to recent publications on the subject.", "contents": "Cerebral revascularization by extracranial-to-intracranial anastomosis. Four cases are presented in which a superficial temporal artery was anastomosed to the cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. The surgical technique is described. The indications and contraindications and results of the procedure are briefly discussed by referring to recent publications on the subject.", "PMID": 741312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4767", "title": "Anastomosis of the superficial temporal to the middle cerebral artery in the management of an intracranial aneurysm. A case report.", "content": "A patient with a subarachnoid haemorrhage due to a large right-sided internal carotid artery aneurysm presented unusual problems in management. Direct obliteration of the aneurysm was not possible, while ligation of the internal carotid artery as an alternative form of treatment necessitated the provision of an alternative collateral blood supply to the right cerebral hemisphere, the anterior circle of Willis being deficient. This case illustrates a new surgical technique which has a place in the management of selected cases of cerebral ischaemic disease.", "contents": "Anastomosis of the superficial temporal to the middle cerebral artery in the management of an intracranial aneurysm. A case report. A patient with a subarachnoid haemorrhage due to a large right-sided internal carotid artery aneurysm presented unusual problems in management. Direct obliteration of the aneurysm was not possible, while ligation of the internal carotid artery as an alternative form of treatment necessitated the provision of an alternative collateral blood supply to the right cerebral hemisphere, the anterior circle of Willis being deficient. This case illustrates a new surgical technique which has a place in the management of selected cases of cerebral ischaemic disease.", "PMID": 741313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4768", "title": "The aetiology of partial deafness in childhood.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-three White children with partial hearing loss in three special schools in South Africa for the hard-of-hearing child were investigated. Twenty-four children (11%) had an identifiable genetic syndrome, 52 (23%) had familial deafness, 17 (8%) had significant additional non-otological abnormalities, and in 55 (24%) a firm history of an acquired cause was available. The proportions of these aetiological categories are similar to those which we have encountered in profoundly deaf children. It is of practical significance that 18 of the children had middle-ear abnormalities which could very likely be corrected by surgery. It is strongly recommended that every child with impaired hearing should have a comprehensive clinical and otological assessment and thereafter undergo periodic diagnostic review.", "contents": "The aetiology of partial deafness in childhood. Two hundred and twenty-three White children with partial hearing loss in three special schools in South Africa for the hard-of-hearing child were investigated. Twenty-four children (11%) had an identifiable genetic syndrome, 52 (23%) had familial deafness, 17 (8%) had significant additional non-otological abnormalities, and in 55 (24%) a firm history of an acquired cause was available. The proportions of these aetiological categories are similar to those which we have encountered in profoundly deaf children. It is of practical significance that 18 of the children had middle-ear abnormalities which could very likely be corrected by surgery. It is strongly recommended that every child with impaired hearing should have a comprehensive clinical and otological assessment and thereafter undergo periodic diagnostic review.", "PMID": 741324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4769", "title": "Immediate physiotherapy in perforating wounds of the pleural cavity and underlying lung.", "content": "Patients suffering from uncomplicated pneumothorax, haemothorax or haemopneumothorax of clinical significance are treated with fluid replacement, intercostal under-water drainage, antibiotics and routine physiotherapy. The commencement of routine physiotherapy may be delayed 8-60 hrs depending on the time the patient is admitted and arrangement of 'out-of-hours' physiotherapy services, but immediate physiotherapy produces superior results from every point of view.", "contents": "Immediate physiotherapy in perforating wounds of the pleural cavity and underlying lung. Patients suffering from uncomplicated pneumothorax, haemothorax or haemopneumothorax of clinical significance are treated with fluid replacement, intercostal under-water drainage, antibiotics and routine physiotherapy. The commencement of routine physiotherapy may be delayed 8-60 hrs depending on the time the patient is admitted and arrangement of 'out-of-hours' physiotherapy services, but immediate physiotherapy produces superior results from every point of view.", "PMID": 741325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4770", "title": "Leiomyoma of the vagina.", "content": "Eight cases of leiomyoma of the vagina are described. Most were diagnosed clinically as lesions other than leiomyomas, and the correct diagnosis was made only after histological examination. The tumours were most commonly situated on the anterior wall of the vagina, varied from 1 to 3 cm in diameter, and were all treated by simple excision. No recurrence was recorded in a follow-up period that varied from 8 months to 20 years.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the vagina. Eight cases of leiomyoma of the vagina are described. Most were diagnosed clinically as lesions other than leiomyomas, and the correct diagnosis was made only after histological examination. The tumours were most commonly situated on the anterior wall of the vagina, varied from 1 to 3 cm in diameter, and were all treated by simple excision. No recurrence was recorded in a follow-up period that varied from 8 months to 20 years.", "PMID": 741326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4771", "title": "Infant feeding practices in South Africa. An appraisal of their significance to health.", "content": "During the last half century, in most Western populations, including Whites in South Africa, there has been a very marked fall in frequency and duration of breast feeding. The same trend is also being observed in South African Blacks, Indians and Coloureds. For White infants, bottle feeding is responsible for significantly enhanced morbidity. For the other populations mentioned, bottle feeding, compared with breast feeding, is associated with considerably enhanced morbidity and mortality. Reasons for the decline in breast feeding are discussed, as well as the attempts made at remedial measures. An urgent statement by paediatricians, which should provide guidance to be given at hospital, clinic and home on the benefits of breast feeding, the correct preparation of commendable bottle feeds, and also the appropriate time for introduction of solid foods, should be issued with the maximum of publicity.", "contents": "Infant feeding practices in South Africa. An appraisal of their significance to health. During the last half century, in most Western populations, including Whites in South Africa, there has been a very marked fall in frequency and duration of breast feeding. The same trend is also being observed in South African Blacks, Indians and Coloureds. For White infants, bottle feeding is responsible for significantly enhanced morbidity. For the other populations mentioned, bottle feeding, compared with breast feeding, is associated with considerably enhanced morbidity and mortality. Reasons for the decline in breast feeding are discussed, as well as the attempts made at remedial measures. An urgent statement by paediatricians, which should provide guidance to be given at hospital, clinic and home on the benefits of breast feeding, the correct preparation of commendable bottle feeds, and also the appropriate time for introduction of solid foods, should be issued with the maximum of publicity.", "PMID": 741327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4772", "title": "Obstructive sleep-induced apnoea due to bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies.", "content": "A patient with obstructive sleep-induced apnoea due to bilateral incomplete recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies is described. The sleep apnoea syndrome is briefly reviewed and the potentially fatal complications are emphasized.", "contents": "Obstructive sleep-induced apnoea due to bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies. A patient with obstructive sleep-induced apnoea due to bilateral incomplete recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies is described. The sleep apnoea syndrome is briefly reviewed and the potentially fatal complications are emphasized.", "PMID": 741328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4773", "title": "Duchenne's dystrophy associated with unusual musculoskeletal abnormalities. A case report.", "content": "A case of Duchenne's pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy allied with previously unreported musculoskeletal abnormalities is reported. Some of the more characteristic features of Duchenne's dystrophy are reviewed from the literature.", "contents": "Duchenne's dystrophy associated with unusual musculoskeletal abnormalities. A case report. A case of Duchenne's pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy allied with previously unreported musculoskeletal abnormalities is reported. Some of the more characteristic features of Duchenne's dystrophy are reviewed from the literature.", "PMID": 741329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4774", "title": "Depressed skull fracture in the newborn. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of depressed skull fractures in neonates are reported. Two of the fractures were related to birth trauma, but the third probably occurred antenatally. Treatment differed in all 3 cases. One baby underwent surgical elevation of the fracture, and another vacuum elevation, while the third received no treatment. We stress the fact that non-surgical elevation of depressed skull fracture may be successful and preferable to more drastic surgical procedures.", "contents": "Depressed skull fracture in the newborn. A report of 3 cases. Three cases of depressed skull fractures in neonates are reported. Two of the fractures were related to birth trauma, but the third probably occurred antenatally. Treatment differed in all 3 cases. One baby underwent surgical elevation of the fracture, and another vacuum elevation, while the third received no treatment. We stress the fact that non-surgical elevation of depressed skull fracture may be successful and preferable to more drastic surgical procedures.", "PMID": 741330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4775", "title": "Proliferating tricholemmal cysts. A case report.", "content": "Attention is focused on an uncommon, but well-defined clinical and histological entity, which is still often misdiagnosed as a squamous carcinoma. The case described in this article supports the concept that the origin of the cyst is from the outer hair sheath. The importance of some form of irritation which stimulates proliferation of the epithelium is also mentioned.", "contents": "Proliferating tricholemmal cysts. A case report. Attention is focused on an uncommon, but well-defined clinical and histological entity, which is still often misdiagnosed as a squamous carcinoma. The case described in this article supports the concept that the origin of the cyst is from the outer hair sheath. The importance of some form of irritation which stimulates proliferation of the epithelium is also mentioned.", "PMID": 741331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4776", "title": "Experimental infection of the chimpanzee urethra and pharynx with Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "An isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis obtained from a man with nongonococcal urethritis was used to produce experimental urethral and pharyngeal infections in chimpanzees. After urethral inoculation of 8 X 10(1) inclusion-forming units (IFU), infections were established in three of three animals; urethral discharges developed in two. The infections persisted for five to nine weeks. Larger inocular (7 X 10(2) and 1 X 10(5) IFU) produced pharyngeal infections in two animals. The third animal's pharynx was not infected by 1 X 10(5) IFU. Chlamydial complement-fixing antibodies increased significantly in sera of two of three animals. This study provides an animal model for study of mucosal infection by C. trachomatis. The relative resistance of the chimpanzee pharynx to infection parallels clinical observations in man.", "contents": "Experimental infection of the chimpanzee urethra and pharynx with Chlamydia trachomatis. An isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis obtained from a man with nongonococcal urethritis was used to produce experimental urethral and pharyngeal infections in chimpanzees. After urethral inoculation of 8 X 10(1) inclusion-forming units (IFU), infections were established in three of three animals; urethral discharges developed in two. The infections persisted for five to nine weeks. Larger inocular (7 X 10(2) and 1 X 10(5) IFU) produced pharyngeal infections in two animals. The third animal's pharynx was not infected by 1 X 10(5) IFU. Chlamydial complement-fixing antibodies increased significantly in sera of two of three animals. This study provides an animal model for study of mucosal infection by C. trachomatis. The relative resistance of the chimpanzee pharynx to infection parallels clinical observations in man.", "PMID": 741332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4777", "title": "The beneficial effect of 1% 5-fluorouracil in 70% ethanol on therapeutically refractory condylomas in the preputial cavity.", "content": "The effect of two daily applications of 1% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 70% ethanol on penile condylomas was investigated in 65 men. Complete cures were obtained in 37% and marked regression in 42% of the patients. The most pronounced effect was seen on warts in the preputial cavity and on the adjacent foreskin, where the efficacy of 1% 5-FU in ethanol was comparable to that of 5% 5-FU cream. However, the pronounced side effects observed with use of the 5-FU cream were reduced to negligibility by use of an alcoholic vehicle for the drug. Patients who have therapeutically refractory condylomas in or near the preputial cavity should receive one or more courses of treatment with 1% 5-FU in ethanol. With regard to meatal warts, the effect of two daily applications of 5% 5-FU cream for two weeks was found to be therapeutically inferior as compared with results of previous studies in which the same treatment was extended for three to four weeks.", "contents": "The beneficial effect of 1% 5-fluorouracil in 70% ethanol on therapeutically refractory condylomas in the preputial cavity. The effect of two daily applications of 1% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 70% ethanol on penile condylomas was investigated in 65 men. Complete cures were obtained in 37% and marked regression in 42% of the patients. The most pronounced effect was seen on warts in the preputial cavity and on the adjacent foreskin, where the efficacy of 1% 5-FU in ethanol was comparable to that of 5% 5-FU cream. However, the pronounced side effects observed with use of the 5-FU cream were reduced to negligibility by use of an alcoholic vehicle for the drug. Patients who have therapeutically refractory condylomas in or near the preputial cavity should receive one or more courses of treatment with 1% 5-FU in ethanol. With regard to meatal warts, the effect of two daily applications of 5% 5-FU cream for two weeks was found to be therapeutically inferior as compared with results of previous studies in which the same treatment was extended for three to four weeks.", "PMID": 741333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4778", "title": "A clinic-based system for monitoring the quality of techniques for the diagnosis of gonorrhea.", "content": "The author describes a clinic-based system that monitors the quality of techniques for diagnosis of gonorrhea by continuous comparison of the results of gram-strained smears of urethral and cervical specimens with the corresponding cultures. Discrepant results are immediately reviewed. During a two-year period, the system detected two defects in culture incubation, visual defects in a laboratory technician, and three unexplained reductions in cultural sensitivity. The system motivates clinicians and laboratory technicians to maintain a high level of quality control. In 11,474 comparisons of urethral smear and culture results, there was agreement in 96.9% while the smear alone was positive in 1.6% and the culture alone in 1.5%. Review of positive-smear-negative-culture discrepancies indicated that most smears judged \"false-positive\" were so classified on the basis of false-negative cultures. In study of 1,331 women, the endocervical smeras identified 60% (273/455) of those with positive culture discrepancies. Many of these may have represented false-negative cultures.", "contents": "A clinic-based system for monitoring the quality of techniques for the diagnosis of gonorrhea. The author describes a clinic-based system that monitors the quality of techniques for diagnosis of gonorrhea by continuous comparison of the results of gram-strained smears of urethral and cervical specimens with the corresponding cultures. Discrepant results are immediately reviewed. During a two-year period, the system detected two defects in culture incubation, visual defects in a laboratory technician, and three unexplained reductions in cultural sensitivity. The system motivates clinicians and laboratory technicians to maintain a high level of quality control. In 11,474 comparisons of urethral smear and culture results, there was agreement in 96.9% while the smear alone was positive in 1.6% and the culture alone in 1.5%. Review of positive-smear-negative-culture discrepancies indicated that most smears judged \"false-positive\" were so classified on the basis of false-negative cultures. In study of 1,331 women, the endocervical smeras identified 60% (273/455) of those with positive culture discrepancies. Many of these may have represented false-negative cultures.", "PMID": 741334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4779", "title": "Etiologies of postgonococcal urethritis in homosexual and heterosexual men: roles of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Before treatment for urethral gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 18% and Ureaplasma urealyticum from 37% of 121 men. C. trachomatis was recovered from none of 18 homosexual men who had gonorrhea and from 22 of 95 heterosexual men who had gonorrhea (P less than 0.05). After treatment with a penicillin, postgonococcal urethritis occurred significantly more often in heterosexual than in homosexual men (P less than 0.002). Postgonococcal urethritis developed in all men from whom C. trachomatis was isolated. Among men without U. urealyticum infection, postgonococcal urethritis was significantly associated with C. trachomatis infection (P less than 0.02). Among men without C. trachomatis infection, postgonococcal urethritis was less closely associated with U. urealyticum infection (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). Postgonococcal urethritis was least frequent among men who had neither C. trachomatis nor U. urealyticum infection.", "contents": "Etiologies of postgonococcal urethritis in homosexual and heterosexual men: roles of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Before treatment for urethral gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 18% and Ureaplasma urealyticum from 37% of 121 men. C. trachomatis was recovered from none of 18 homosexual men who had gonorrhea and from 22 of 95 heterosexual men who had gonorrhea (P less than 0.05). After treatment with a penicillin, postgonococcal urethritis occurred significantly more often in heterosexual than in homosexual men (P less than 0.002). Postgonococcal urethritis developed in all men from whom C. trachomatis was isolated. Among men without U. urealyticum infection, postgonococcal urethritis was significantly associated with C. trachomatis infection (P less than 0.02). Among men without C. trachomatis infection, postgonococcal urethritis was less closely associated with U. urealyticum infection (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). Postgonococcal urethritis was least frequent among men who had neither C. trachomatis nor U. urealyticum infection.", "PMID": 741335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4780", "title": "Beneficiaries affected by the annual earnings test in 1975.", "content": "Every year a number of social security beneficiaries lose some or all of their benefits because of the earnings test. This article describes those affected in 1975--who they were, how much they earned, and how much they lost in cash benefits. The relationships between certain beneficiary characteristics--such as age, sex, race, primary insurance amount, family status, and type of employment--and the amount of earnings and lost benefits are examined. About 1.3 million retired workers aged 62--71, or one-seventh of all such persons on the rolls, were affected by the earnings test. Relatively fewer women retired workers than men incurred benefit losses because relatively fewer women worked and those who did had lower earnings. Black retired workers and those of other minority races had lower earnings than did white retired workers. About 335,000 dependent and survivor beneficiaries lost benefits because of their earnings. This total included 135,000 widowed mothers, or about one-fifth of all such women on the rolls.", "contents": "Beneficiaries affected by the annual earnings test in 1975. Every year a number of social security beneficiaries lose some or all of their benefits because of the earnings test. This article describes those affected in 1975--who they were, how much they earned, and how much they lost in cash benefits. The relationships between certain beneficiary characteristics--such as age, sex, race, primary insurance amount, family status, and type of employment--and the amount of earnings and lost benefits are examined. About 1.3 million retired workers aged 62--71, or one-seventh of all such persons on the rolls, were affected by the earnings test. Relatively fewer women retired workers than men incurred benefit losses because relatively fewer women worked and those who did had lower earnings. Black retired workers and those of other minority races had lower earnings than did white retired workers. About 335,000 dependent and survivor beneficiaries lost benefits because of their earnings. This total included 135,000 widowed mothers, or about one-fifth of all such women on the rolls.", "PMID": 741348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4781", "title": "Older workers uninsured for retired-worker benefits.", "content": "This article estimates the number of persons who have worked in employment covered by the social security program but not enough to meet minimum requirements for retired-worker benefits. On the basis of a sample of persons near retirement age in 1973, it was found that about 70 percent of these persons are women, that they have worked an average of about 8 quarters, and that many of those ineligible have had no work in covered employment since 1950. An estimated 12 percent of men and 29 percent of women aged 57--64 in 1973, with some covered employment in the period 1937--73, will be ineligible for retired-worker benefits. When only those with more recent covered employment are considered, the percentage ineligible declines. Thus, of those who have worked since 1950, 6 percent of the men and 20 percent of the women will not qualify.", "contents": "Older workers uninsured for retired-worker benefits. This article estimates the number of persons who have worked in employment covered by the social security program but not enough to meet minimum requirements for retired-worker benefits. On the basis of a sample of persons near retirement age in 1973, it was found that about 70 percent of these persons are women, that they have worked an average of about 8 quarters, and that many of those ineligible have had no work in covered employment since 1950. An estimated 12 percent of men and 29 percent of women aged 57--64 in 1973, with some covered employment in the period 1937--73, will be ineligible for retired-worker benefits. When only those with more recent covered employment are considered, the percentage ineligible declines. Thus, of those who have worked since 1950, 6 percent of the men and 20 percent of the women will not qualify.", "PMID": 741349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4782", "title": "Conservation of genes coding for proteins synthesized in human mitochondria.", "content": "Proteins synthesized in mitochondria of 27 different human cell lines, identified by labeling with [35S]methionine in the presence of cycloheximide, have been enumerated and their electrophoretic mobilities determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Twelve bands were observed in all cell lines. In 24 cell lines, the electrophoretic mobilities of the proteins were the same regardless of race, sex, tissue of origin, cell type, viral transformation, or premature biological aging syndromes. The patterns obtained for the remaining cell lines, HeLa, KB, and Hep-2 were identical. These cell lines showed one protein component that was absent in the 24 others, and lacked a component present in these cell lines. Since it has been previously asserted that KB and Hep-2 are HeLa cells, the data indicate that one basic pattern exists in human cells with a variant of unknown origin occurring in HeLa cells.", "contents": "Conservation of genes coding for proteins synthesized in human mitochondria. Proteins synthesized in mitochondria of 27 different human cell lines, identified by labeling with [35S]methionine in the presence of cycloheximide, have been enumerated and their electrophoretic mobilities determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Twelve bands were observed in all cell lines. In 24 cell lines, the electrophoretic mobilities of the proteins were the same regardless of race, sex, tissue of origin, cell type, viral transformation, or premature biological aging syndromes. The patterns obtained for the remaining cell lines, HeLa, KB, and Hep-2 were identical. These cell lines showed one protein component that was absent in the 24 others, and lacked a component present in these cell lines. Since it has been previously asserted that KB and Hep-2 are HeLa cells, the data indicate that one basic pattern exists in human cells with a variant of unknown origin occurring in HeLa cells.", "PMID": 741350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4783", "title": "Kinetics of human chromosome loss from 3T3-human hybrid cells.", "content": "Human chromosomes were lost from populations of 3T3-HeLa and 3T3-diploid human fibroblast (HF) hybrids with similar first-order kinetics. Whereas loss began immediately in 3T3-HF hybrids, there was a lag of 5-10 cell divisions before chromosome loss began in 3T3-HeLa hybrids. Human chromosome loss was not affected by aminopterin selection, the use of polyethylene glycol rather than Sendai virus as fusagen, or by the presence of one or two 3T3 genomes. However, when cell division was retarded by growing 3T3-HF hybrids in low serum or at low temperatures, fewer human chromosomes were lost. This suggests that cell cycle traverse is important in chromosome loss. The distribution of human chromosomes among hybrid metaphases indicated that gradual chromosome loss occurred in all hybrids rather than extensive loss from a portion of the hybrids. During the period of chromosome loss, increased numbers of individual asynchronously condensed human chromosomes were randomly distributed among hybrid metaphases.", "contents": "Kinetics of human chromosome loss from 3T3-human hybrid cells. Human chromosomes were lost from populations of 3T3-HeLa and 3T3-diploid human fibroblast (HF) hybrids with similar first-order kinetics. Whereas loss began immediately in 3T3-HF hybrids, there was a lag of 5-10 cell divisions before chromosome loss began in 3T3-HeLa hybrids. Human chromosome loss was not affected by aminopterin selection, the use of polyethylene glycol rather than Sendai virus as fusagen, or by the presence of one or two 3T3 genomes. However, when cell division was retarded by growing 3T3-HF hybrids in low serum or at low temperatures, fewer human chromosomes were lost. This suggests that cell cycle traverse is important in chromosome loss. The distribution of human chromosomes among hybrid metaphases indicated that gradual chromosome loss occurred in all hybrids rather than extensive loss from a portion of the hybrids. During the period of chromosome loss, increased numbers of individual asynchronously condensed human chromosomes were randomly distributed among hybrid metaphases.", "PMID": 741351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4784", "title": "A murine cell possessing a dominant mutation affecting the regulation of interferon production: characterization by intraspecific hybrids.", "content": "Using intraspecific hybrids, we have demonstrated the dominant nature of two phenotypic markers present in a mutant mouse 3T6 cell line, designated 3T6-VrB2. These are, resistance to virus infection (Vr) and semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon (IFsc). Hybrids were formed by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion between 3T6-VrB2, or its parent 3T6, and 2TG0-13, a triply marked derivative of mouse 3T3 cells. When tested for the Vr marker, 3T6-VrB2 X 2TG0-13 hybrid clones displayed a level of resistance to virus infection which was equal to or greater than that of 3T6-VrB2. Similarly, when tested for the IFsc marker, these hybrid clones were found to possess the capacity to confer an interferon-induced antiviral state in mouse L929 cells upon cocultivation. By comparison, clones derived from 3T6 X 2TG0-13 fusions produced high levels of virus and failed to confer an interferon-induced antiviral state in L929 cells.", "contents": "A murine cell possessing a dominant mutation affecting the regulation of interferon production: characterization by intraspecific hybrids. Using intraspecific hybrids, we have demonstrated the dominant nature of two phenotypic markers present in a mutant mouse 3T6 cell line, designated 3T6-VrB2. These are, resistance to virus infection (Vr) and semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon (IFsc). Hybrids were formed by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion between 3T6-VrB2, or its parent 3T6, and 2TG0-13, a triply marked derivative of mouse 3T3 cells. When tested for the Vr marker, 3T6-VrB2 X 2TG0-13 hybrid clones displayed a level of resistance to virus infection which was equal to or greater than that of 3T6-VrB2. Similarly, when tested for the IFsc marker, these hybrid clones were found to possess the capacity to confer an interferon-induced antiviral state in mouse L929 cells upon cocultivation. By comparison, clones derived from 3T6 X 2TG0-13 fusions produced high levels of virus and failed to confer an interferon-induced antiviral state in L929 cells.", "PMID": 741352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4785", "title": "Inverse relationship between galactokinase activity and 2-deoxygalactose resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Galactokinase activity is reduced in 12 independent clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to 2-deoxygalactose. The frequency of resistant colonies is increased with chemical mutagens. The resistant phenotype is stable in the absence of selection. There is an inverse correlation between the levels of galactokinase activity and the cloning efficiency in deoxygalactose. Cells with high resistance have 1% or less of the enzyme activity observed in the parental cells; while cells with low resistance have 10-30% galactokinase activity. Studies with tetraploid hybrid cells reveal that resistance to deoxygalactose is a recessive trait and that cells with high resistance do not complement those with low resistance. In cell lines with low resistance, the Km for galactose, Ki for deoxygalactose, Km for ATP, and thermolability were not significantly altered compared to sensitive parental cells. Although the possibility of mutation at the structural gene locus has not been ruled out, the reduced enzyme activity may also be due to mutation at a regulatory site which affects the number of galactokinase molecules per cell.", "contents": "Inverse relationship between galactokinase activity and 2-deoxygalactose resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Galactokinase activity is reduced in 12 independent clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to 2-deoxygalactose. The frequency of resistant colonies is increased with chemical mutagens. The resistant phenotype is stable in the absence of selection. There is an inverse correlation between the levels of galactokinase activity and the cloning efficiency in deoxygalactose. Cells with high resistance have 1% or less of the enzyme activity observed in the parental cells; while cells with low resistance have 10-30% galactokinase activity. Studies with tetraploid hybrid cells reveal that resistance to deoxygalactose is a recessive trait and that cells with high resistance do not complement those with low resistance. In cell lines with low resistance, the Km for galactose, Ki for deoxygalactose, Km for ATP, and thermolability were not significantly altered compared to sensitive parental cells. Although the possibility of mutation at the structural gene locus has not been ruled out, the reduced enzyme activity may also be due to mutation at a regulatory site which affects the number of galactokinase molecules per cell.", "PMID": 741353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4786", "title": "Vascular malformation of the posterior corpus callosum: surgical treatment.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations in the vicinity of the splenium are a rare cause of subarachnoid bleeding. They are usually unaccompanied by neurological deficits. Three such cases are described and methods of identification and surgical approach discussed. Total extirpation is believed to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Vascular malformation of the posterior corpus callosum: surgical treatment. Arteriovenous malformations in the vicinity of the splenium are a rare cause of subarachnoid bleeding. They are usually unaccompanied by neurological deficits. Three such cases are described and methods of identification and surgical approach discussed. Total extirpation is believed to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 741355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4787", "title": "Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system with an unusual angiographic feature.", "content": "The case of a patient with granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system is presented. This patient displayed the distinctly unusual feature of intracranial aneurysms. The possible etiology of granulomatous angiitis as well as its histopathologic, pathophysiologic, and angiographic features are discussed.", "contents": "Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system with an unusual angiographic feature. The case of a patient with granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system is presented. This patient displayed the distinctly unusual feature of intracranial aneurysms. The possible etiology of granulomatous angiitis as well as its histopathologic, pathophysiologic, and angiographic features are discussed.", "PMID": 741356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4788", "title": "Forces applied by nasal speculums during transsphenoidal operations.", "content": "The forces exerted by nasal speculums were measured during the transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary. The highest forces were found to occur at the beginning of surgery when the speculum had been spread to the desired opening (reaching 42 kg). This force decreases during surgery due to the time dependent motion of the biological structure distant from the applied pressure (relaxation). The amount of relaxation that occurred was measured but was found not to be high enough to indicate damage to the tissues adjacent to the speculum. It is also concluded that this type of instrument was underdesigned for its intended function.", "contents": "Forces applied by nasal speculums during transsphenoidal operations. The forces exerted by nasal speculums were measured during the transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary. The highest forces were found to occur at the beginning of surgery when the speculum had been spread to the desired opening (reaching 42 kg). This force decreases during surgery due to the time dependent motion of the biological structure distant from the applied pressure (relaxation). The amount of relaxation that occurred was measured but was found not to be high enough to indicate damage to the tissues adjacent to the speculum. It is also concluded that this type of instrument was underdesigned for its intended function.", "PMID": 741357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4789", "title": "Deep seated giant arteriovenous malformations in infancy.", "content": "Two patients with arteriovenous malformations draining into the deep venous system of the brain are presented. Both were diagnosed in infancy. One of the patients required a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to control his obstructive hydrocephalus. Six months later, the AVM was surgically attacked in an attempt to control the progressive heart failure. The other, treated without a shunt, required digitalis to control the progressive heart failure. The clinical presentation and the characteristics of arteriovenous malformations of the vein of Galen and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Deep seated giant arteriovenous malformations in infancy. Two patients with arteriovenous malformations draining into the deep venous system of the brain are presented. Both were diagnosed in infancy. One of the patients required a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to control his obstructive hydrocephalus. Six months later, the AVM was surgically attacked in an attempt to control the progressive heart failure. The other, treated without a shunt, required digitalis to control the progressive heart failure. The clinical presentation and the characteristics of arteriovenous malformations of the vein of Galen and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 741358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4790", "title": "Intracranial pressure with intracerebral hemorrhages.", "content": "Intracranial pressure was recorded continuously during an average of 15 days in 17 patients suffering from primary intracerebral hemorrhage. In 12 cases the highest pressures were recorded just after the stroke; then the intracranial pressure decreased and became normal in an average of 20-30 days. Other patterns of evolution were less often observed: a rapid and lethal elevation of pressure in one case, a constantly low pressure in two, and a stagnant evolution with moderate hypertension in two others. Secondarily developing intracranial hypertension was never observed during the monitoring period. Evacuation of the clots was performed in six patients. This only slightly shortened the course of the increased intracranial pressure. It is concluded that intracerebral hematoma appears as an expanding lesion only during the time of its formation. The prognosis depends more upon the destructions by the hemorrhage than upon the increased pressure. Nevertheless, true hypertension is possible. Knowledge of intracranial pressure in the course of intracerebral hemorrhage is important in deciding whether the treatment is to be surgical or conservative. Measurements of the intracranial pressure in our practice has reduced the number of interventions, with identical or slightly improved results.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure with intracerebral hemorrhages. Intracranial pressure was recorded continuously during an average of 15 days in 17 patients suffering from primary intracerebral hemorrhage. In 12 cases the highest pressures were recorded just after the stroke; then the intracranial pressure decreased and became normal in an average of 20-30 days. Other patterns of evolution were less often observed: a rapid and lethal elevation of pressure in one case, a constantly low pressure in two, and a stagnant evolution with moderate hypertension in two others. Secondarily developing intracranial hypertension was never observed during the monitoring period. Evacuation of the clots was performed in six patients. This only slightly shortened the course of the increased intracranial pressure. It is concluded that intracerebral hematoma appears as an expanding lesion only during the time of its formation. The prognosis depends more upon the destructions by the hemorrhage than upon the increased pressure. Nevertheless, true hypertension is possible. Knowledge of intracranial pressure in the course of intracerebral hemorrhage is important in deciding whether the treatment is to be surgical or conservative. Measurements of the intracranial pressure in our practice has reduced the number of interventions, with identical or slightly improved results.", "PMID": 741359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4791", "title": "Treatment of intracavernous extensions of pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Two cases of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus are presented. The technique of radical extirpation of intracavernous tumor is described. Clinical, radiologic and pathologic features diagnostic of invasive adenomas are discussed, as well as alternative treatments. Craniotomy for radical resection is recommended as primary treatment for tumors which can be identified preoperatively as invasive tumors.", "contents": "Treatment of intracavernous extensions of pituitary adenomas. Two cases of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus are presented. The technique of radical extirpation of intracavernous tumor is described. Clinical, radiologic and pathologic features diagnostic of invasive adenomas are discussed, as well as alternative treatments. Craniotomy for radical resection is recommended as primary treatment for tumors which can be identified preoperatively as invasive tumors.", "PMID": 741360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4792", "title": "Dural arteriovenous anomaly fed by ethmoidal arteries.", "content": "A case of arteriovenous anomaly of the left ethmoidal groove, exclusively fed by both ophthalmic arteries and draining into the anterior segment of the superior sagittal sinus through a dilated bridging vein of the prefrontal cortex, is reported. Onset of symptoms was with an acute spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. The relation of this anatomo-clinical entity to other intracranial dural arteriovenous lesions is discussed, as well as its pathophysiology and its surgical management.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous anomaly fed by ethmoidal arteries. A case of arteriovenous anomaly of the left ethmoidal groove, exclusively fed by both ophthalmic arteries and draining into the anterior segment of the superior sagittal sinus through a dilated bridging vein of the prefrontal cortex, is reported. Onset of symptoms was with an acute spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. The relation of this anatomo-clinical entity to other intracranial dural arteriovenous lesions is discussed, as well as its pathophysiology and its surgical management.", "PMID": 741361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4793", "title": "Primary calvarial hemangioma: angiographic study.", "content": "Two cases of primary hemangioma of the calvarium are reported. Preoperative diagnosis was easily made in both cases because of the typical roentgenographic presentation. Clinical and radiological aspects of this vascular benign tumor of the skull are discussed.", "contents": "Primary calvarial hemangioma: angiographic study. Two cases of primary hemangioma of the calvarium are reported. Preoperative diagnosis was easily made in both cases because of the typical roentgenographic presentation. Clinical and radiological aspects of this vascular benign tumor of the skull are discussed.", "PMID": 741362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4794", "title": "Limitations and pitfalls of computed tomography in the evaluation of craniocerebral injury.", "content": "The deficiencies of cranial computed tomography in the evaluation of craniocerebral injury may be categorized as: problems with the patient (cervical spine injury, motion artifact, airway control, head tilt, metallic foreign bodies); the incomplete scan; failure to determine the attenuation coefficient; failure to perform contrast enhancement; and failure to perform cerebral angiography. Increased awareness of these shortcomings of computed tomography and the selected use of cerebral angiography will ensure more accurate detection of the various abnormalities encountered in traumatic pathology.", "contents": "Limitations and pitfalls of computed tomography in the evaluation of craniocerebral injury. The deficiencies of cranial computed tomography in the evaluation of craniocerebral injury may be categorized as: problems with the patient (cervical spine injury, motion artifact, airway control, head tilt, metallic foreign bodies); the incomplete scan; failure to determine the attenuation coefficient; failure to perform contrast enhancement; and failure to perform cerebral angiography. Increased awareness of these shortcomings of computed tomography and the selected use of cerebral angiography will ensure more accurate detection of the various abnormalities encountered in traumatic pathology.", "PMID": 741363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4795", "title": "Effect of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside on the morphology of embryonic cartilage in limb bud cultures.", "content": "Limb buds of 11-day-old mouse embryos were cultured for six days in the presence of 0.1, 0.5 or 2 mg/kg 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. A dose-dependent decrease in chondrogenesis could be observed in preparations stained with methylene blue and cleared. A reduction or even disappearance (after 2 mg/kg) of intercellular spaces and a change in shape and size of chondroblasts was striking in the light microscopical picture. The electron microscopical findings reveal a decrease in the number, size, and electron-density of the ruthenium-red-positive proteoglycan granules as well as an alteration in the collagen morphology. Up to 1,000 A thick fibrils occur which partly show a so-called continuous cross-striation. In addition, bundles of thin (50-100 A) collagen filaments without cross-striation occur. The number, distribution and packing density of the cell organelles in the chondroblasts are very variable. The vacuoles of the Golgi apparatus are dilated. These effects may be attributed to the xyloside-induced alterations of proteoglycans.", "contents": "Effect of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside on the morphology of embryonic cartilage in limb bud cultures. Limb buds of 11-day-old mouse embryos were cultured for six days in the presence of 0.1, 0.5 or 2 mg/kg 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. A dose-dependent decrease in chondrogenesis could be observed in preparations stained with methylene blue and cleared. A reduction or even disappearance (after 2 mg/kg) of intercellular spaces and a change in shape and size of chondroblasts was striking in the light microscopical picture. The electron microscopical findings reveal a decrease in the number, size, and electron-density of the ruthenium-red-positive proteoglycan granules as well as an alteration in the collagen morphology. Up to 1,000 A thick fibrils occur which partly show a so-called continuous cross-striation. In addition, bundles of thin (50-100 A) collagen filaments without cross-striation occur. The number, distribution and packing density of the cell organelles in the chondroblasts are very variable. The vacuoles of the Golgi apparatus are dilated. These effects may be attributed to the xyloside-induced alterations of proteoglycans.", "PMID": 741383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4796", "title": "Triploidy in human abortions.", "content": "Seven triploid embryos and fetuses, six spontaneously aborted and one resulting from pregnancy interruption are described. A wide range of malformations, from amorphous, nodular embryos, to apparently normal phenotypes were observed. The degree of hydatid degeneration in the placentae ranged from minimal to severe. In several cases large, atypical cells were present in the villous stroma. There was no apparent correlation between the degree of placental lesion and fetal malformations. It is suggested that termination of triploid pregnancies is determined more by the degree of placental damage rather than the severity and type of fetal anomalies.", "contents": "Triploidy in human abortions. Seven triploid embryos and fetuses, six spontaneously aborted and one resulting from pregnancy interruption are described. A wide range of malformations, from amorphous, nodular embryos, to apparently normal phenotypes were observed. The degree of hydatid degeneration in the placentae ranged from minimal to severe. In several cases large, atypical cells were present in the villous stroma. There was no apparent correlation between the degree of placental lesion and fetal malformations. It is suggested that termination of triploid pregnancies is determined more by the degree of placental damage rather than the severity and type of fetal anomalies.", "PMID": 741384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4797", "title": "Development in the first half of gestation of genetically abnormal human fetuses.", "content": "Linear measurements, total weight and organ weights were determined for 24 second trimester human fetuses with a cytogenetic or metabolic defect. The three fetuses with trisomy 13 or 18 tended to be smallest in all parameters. This data should be of value to other laboratories interested in human fetal growth. It demonstrates that the intrauterine growth retardation reported at term in cytogenetically abnormal newborns is already manifested at the eighteenth to twentieth week of gestation.", "contents": "Development in the first half of gestation of genetically abnormal human fetuses. Linear measurements, total weight and organ weights were determined for 24 second trimester human fetuses with a cytogenetic or metabolic defect. The three fetuses with trisomy 13 or 18 tended to be smallest in all parameters. This data should be of value to other laboratories interested in human fetal growth. It demonstrates that the intrauterine growth retardation reported at term in cytogenetically abnormal newborns is already manifested at the eighteenth to twentieth week of gestation.", "PMID": 741385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4798", "title": "The effect of carbon monoxide on glucose metabolism and growth of rat embryos.", "content": "Rat embryos at days 11-12 of gestation cultured for 18 hours in vitro respond to reduced oxygen or to elevated levels of CO. Glucose consumption and lactate production increase while the growth rate decreases. The ratio of lactate produced to glucose consumed increases to values characteristic of earlier, more anaerobic, embryos. It is suggested that most of the energy consumed by the embryo goes to support growth and that the change in glucose metabolism results in a decrease in available energy which decreases the growth rate. The response to reduced oxygen levels is more marked than the response to elevated levels of carbon monoxide and we interpret the result to imply that oxygen transport in these embryos is primarily via solution rather than via combination with hemoglobin.", "contents": "The effect of carbon monoxide on glucose metabolism and growth of rat embryos. Rat embryos at days 11-12 of gestation cultured for 18 hours in vitro respond to reduced oxygen or to elevated levels of CO. Glucose consumption and lactate production increase while the growth rate decreases. The ratio of lactate produced to glucose consumed increases to values characteristic of earlier, more anaerobic, embryos. It is suggested that most of the energy consumed by the embryo goes to support growth and that the change in glucose metabolism results in a decrease in available energy which decreases the growth rate. The response to reduced oxygen levels is more marked than the response to elevated levels of carbon monoxide and we interpret the result to imply that oxygen transport in these embryos is primarily via solution rather than via combination with hemoglobin.", "PMID": 741386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4799", "title": "Induction of cleft palates: effects of triamcinolone acetonide on transcription in isolated nuclei.", "content": "The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on the transcriptional activity in nuclei isolated from maternal A/J mouse livers and embryonic maxillary processes (EMP) has been studied. Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC, 13 mg/kg body weight) was administered to A/J mice on day 12.5 of gestation, and the mice were sacrificed at different time periods following injection. We find a significant increase in transcription in liver nuclei, and a decrease in this activity in nuclei from embryonic maxillary processes in response to TAC at 16 to 20 hours following injection. With the drug alpha-amanitin we show that the effect of TAC on transcription in EMP cannot be due to fluctuations in the concentration of endogenous RNA polymerase B. This is further substantiated by studies on the transcription of EMP-nuclei in the presence of exogenous DNA template. Relative to controls, the data demonstrates that the concentrations of RNA polymerases A and B in EMP-nuclei remain unchanged in response to TAC. Conversely, stimulated liver nuclei result in significant increases in the concentrations of RNA polymerases A and B. We therefore propose that in embryonic maxillary processes TAC induces changes in the chromatin template which may interfere with normal development.", "contents": "Induction of cleft palates: effects of triamcinolone acetonide on transcription in isolated nuclei. The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on the transcriptional activity in nuclei isolated from maternal A/J mouse livers and embryonic maxillary processes (EMP) has been studied. Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC, 13 mg/kg body weight) was administered to A/J mice on day 12.5 of gestation, and the mice were sacrificed at different time periods following injection. We find a significant increase in transcription in liver nuclei, and a decrease in this activity in nuclei from embryonic maxillary processes in response to TAC at 16 to 20 hours following injection. With the drug alpha-amanitin we show that the effect of TAC on transcription in EMP cannot be due to fluctuations in the concentration of endogenous RNA polymerase B. This is further substantiated by studies on the transcription of EMP-nuclei in the presence of exogenous DNA template. Relative to controls, the data demonstrates that the concentrations of RNA polymerases A and B in EMP-nuclei remain unchanged in response to TAC. Conversely, stimulated liver nuclei result in significant increases in the concentrations of RNA polymerases A and B. We therefore propose that in embryonic maxillary processes TAC induces changes in the chromatin template which may interfere with normal development.", "PMID": 741387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4800", "title": "Embryotoxic effects of methylmercuric chloride administered to mice and rats during orangogenesis.", "content": "Pregnant C57BL mice were given a daily dose of 7.5, 6.0, 5.0 or 2.5 mg/kg methylmercuric chloride (MMC) orally from the sixth through the thirteenth day of pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats were given a daily dose of 7.5, 5.0 or 2.5 mg/kg MMC orally from the seventh through the fourteenth day of pregnancy. Fetal examinations were performed on days 18 and 20 in mice and rats, respectively. In mice, the dose of 7.5 mg/kg was embryocidal. The dose of 6.0 mg/kg also caused a high incidence of fetal death, decreased fetal weight and a marked increase in malformations. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg caused a decrease in fetal weight and a marked increase in the incidence of malformations. The most common malformations were cleft palate and fused thoracic vertebrae. In rats, the dose of 7.5 mg/kg caused a high incidence of fetal death and malformations. The most frequent malformations were cleft palate, generalized edema, brain lesions and wavy ribs. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg caused  a significant decrease in fetal weight and a significant increase in the incidence of malformations.", "contents": "Embryotoxic effects of methylmercuric chloride administered to mice and rats during orangogenesis. Pregnant C57BL mice were given a daily dose of 7.5, 6.0, 5.0 or 2.5 mg/kg methylmercuric chloride (MMC) orally from the sixth through the thirteenth day of pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats were given a daily dose of 7.5, 5.0 or 2.5 mg/kg MMC orally from the seventh through the fourteenth day of pregnancy. Fetal examinations were performed on days 18 and 20 in mice and rats, respectively. In mice, the dose of 7.5 mg/kg was embryocidal. The dose of 6.0 mg/kg also caused a high incidence of fetal death, decreased fetal weight and a marked increase in malformations. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg caused a decrease in fetal weight and a marked increase in the incidence of malformations. The most common malformations were cleft palate and fused thoracic vertebrae. In rats, the dose of 7.5 mg/kg caused a high incidence of fetal death and malformations. The most frequent malformations were cleft palate, generalized edema, brain lesions and wavy ribs. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg caused  a significant decrease in fetal weight and a significant increase in the incidence of malformations.", "PMID": 741388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4801", "title": "Effect of maternally administered sodium nitrite on hepatic erythropoiesis in fetal CD-1 mice.", "content": "A commonly used food preservative, sodium nitrite, was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mouse/day. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects on the hemopoietic tissues and skeletons of their offspring, were evaluated. Fetal mortality, resorptions, the mean number of offspring per litter, the mean weight per embryo and the incidence of skeletal malformations, were not significantly different from controls. Hemopoietic cell suspensions, prepared from the livers of treated and control 14-, 16- and 18-day embryos, were cytocentrifuged onto microscope slides and differential counts were performed after staining with benzidine and Wright-Giemsa stain. The results indicate that maternally administered Na nitrite, stimulates fetal hepatic erythropoiesis. This was manifested in a statistically significant increase in the percentage of polychromatophilic erythroblasts and  mature erythrocytes at 14 and 16 days of gestation, respectively. The possibility that Na nitrite may induce fetal methemoglobinemia is discussed and mechanisms responsible for the observed erythroid stimulation, are considered.", "contents": "Effect of maternally administered sodium nitrite on hepatic erythropoiesis in fetal CD-1 mice. A commonly used food preservative, sodium nitrite, was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mouse/day. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects on the hemopoietic tissues and skeletons of their offspring, were evaluated. Fetal mortality, resorptions, the mean number of offspring per litter, the mean weight per embryo and the incidence of skeletal malformations, were not significantly different from controls. Hemopoietic cell suspensions, prepared from the livers of treated and control 14-, 16- and 18-day embryos, were cytocentrifuged onto microscope slides and differential counts were performed after staining with benzidine and Wright-Giemsa stain. The results indicate that maternally administered Na nitrite, stimulates fetal hepatic erythropoiesis. This was manifested in a statistically significant increase in the percentage of polychromatophilic erythroblasts and  mature erythrocytes at 14 and 16 days of gestation, respectively. The possibility that Na nitrite may induce fetal methemoglobinemia is discussed and mechanisms responsible for the observed erythroid stimulation, are considered.", "PMID": 741389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4802", "title": "Teratogenic potential of ethanol in mice, rats and rabbits.", "content": "Pregnant CF-1 mice, Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits were given 15% ethanol in their drinking water during the period of major organogenesis, from day 6 through 15 of gestation in mice and rats and days 6 through 18 of gestation in rabbits. Maximum blood alcohol levels, measured in non-pregnant animals, were about 200 mg percent in mice and 25-50 mg percent in rats and rabbits. Maternal toxicity in the form of decreased liquid intake and decreased maternal body weight occurred in all species during the experimental period. A significant increase in the incidence of external or soft tissue alterations was not observed in the alcohol-exposed groups of any species, but a significant increase in minor skeletal variants was observed in mice and rats. These were probably due to retarded fetal growth rather than to a specific effect of the ethanol. Teratogenic effects were not observed in any of the three species.", "contents": "Teratogenic potential of ethanol in mice, rats and rabbits. Pregnant CF-1 mice, Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits were given 15% ethanol in their drinking water during the period of major organogenesis, from day 6 through 15 of gestation in mice and rats and days 6 through 18 of gestation in rabbits. Maximum blood alcohol levels, measured in non-pregnant animals, were about 200 mg percent in mice and 25-50 mg percent in rats and rabbits. Maternal toxicity in the form of decreased liquid intake and decreased maternal body weight occurred in all species during the experimental period. A significant increase in the incidence of external or soft tissue alterations was not observed in the alcohol-exposed groups of any species, but a significant increase in minor skeletal variants was observed in mice and rats. These were probably due to retarded fetal growth rather than to a specific effect of the ethanol. Teratogenic effects were not observed in any of the three species.", "PMID": 741391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4803", "title": "A model of the mechanism controlling neuromuscular activation during ambulation based on feedback control hypothhesis.", "content": "As tested by many investigators, locomotor performance at steady state does not involve high conscious systems but takes place almost automatically. A great number of experiments on animals seem to demonstrate that the afferent proprioceptive signals play an important role in locomotion and that the higher nervous centers act in order to activate the lower control systems. On the basis of previous findings, we hypothesized that the descending signal from the higher nervous centers can lower the threshold of intervention of the proprioceptive signals on the alpha-motoneurons. The influences of the afferent signals on the various muscles enable them to realize the pattern of the basic muscular activity that we can record from walking subjects. A simulation of the model of human locomotion has been implemented on a digital computer and the theoretical results are compared with the experimental findings.", "contents": "A model of the mechanism controlling neuromuscular activation during ambulation based on feedback control hypothhesis. As tested by many investigators, locomotor performance at steady state does not involve high conscious systems but takes place almost automatically. A great number of experiments on animals seem to demonstrate that the afferent proprioceptive signals play an important role in locomotion and that the higher nervous centers act in order to activate the lower control systems. On the basis of previous findings, we hypothesized that the descending signal from the higher nervous centers can lower the threshold of intervention of the proprioceptive signals on the alpha-motoneurons. The influences of the afferent signals on the various muscles enable them to realize the pattern of the basic muscular activity that we can record from walking subjects. A simulation of the model of human locomotion has been implemented on a digital computer and the theoretical results are compared with the experimental findings.", "PMID": 741459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4804", "title": "Measuring the stimulating energy threshold in living tissues.", "content": "The paper summarizes the various methods of measuring the stimulation threshold in living tissues and emphasizes the usefulness of energy measures. An analog instrument for the direct measurement of the energy threshold is proposed and some experimental results obtained by its clinical application are reported.", "contents": "Measuring the stimulating energy threshold in living tissues. The paper summarizes the various methods of measuring the stimulation threshold in living tissues and emphasizes the usefulness of energy measures. An analog instrument for the direct measurement of the energy threshold is proposed and some experimental results obtained by its clinical application are reported.", "PMID": 741460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4805", "title": "The effect of location of muscle spindle on the predicted reflex control of muscle length.", "content": "The location of muscle spindles is such that the length transduced by their end-organs may not represent the total 'origin-to-insertion' length of the muscle. The tendons at least lie in series with the spindles. Using a muscle model based on biceps brachii in man, a length-control senrosystem utilizing feedback either from the total muscle length, or from the 'internal length' of the contractile central region, is modelled on the analog computer. The difference in the nature of the closed-loop regulatory system thus achieved is demonstrated. Anomalous behavior is seen, in that as the length feedback becomes effective the total system response approaches that of a simple mass/spring system in one instance.", "contents": "The effect of location of muscle spindle on the predicted reflex control of muscle length. The location of muscle spindles is such that the length transduced by their end-organs may not represent the total 'origin-to-insertion' length of the muscle. The tendons at least lie in series with the spindles. Using a muscle model based on biceps brachii in man, a length-control senrosystem utilizing feedback either from the total muscle length, or from the 'internal length' of the contractile central region, is modelled on the analog computer. The difference in the nature of the closed-loop regulatory system thus achieved is demonstrated. Anomalous behavior is seen, in that as the length feedback becomes effective the total system response approaches that of a simple mass/spring system in one instance.", "PMID": 741461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4806", "title": "EEG evoked response, P300 and CNV during processing of sentence information: clinical application.", "content": "Evoked response, P300 and CNV were investigated in the condition in which the subject was required to make a differential response to the acoustically and visually presented sentence with or without meaning, and he was able to determine whether the sentence had a meaning or not by understanding the key information. In healthy persons, P300 amplitude to the beginning of information and to the key information were larger than those to the others. P300 latency to the key character was longer. CNV appeared at the beginning of information and continued. The difference between CNVs produced by meaningful and meaningless sentences was observed after the key information. In aphasia, the difference between CNV's was not observed. In auditory agnosia, the difference between CNVs was not observed to acoustic sentences, but appeared to visual sentences. These results suggest that evoked response, P300 and CNV can be useful for assessing recognition of sentences.", "contents": "EEG evoked response, P300 and CNV during processing of sentence information: clinical application. Evoked response, P300 and CNV were investigated in the condition in which the subject was required to make a differential response to the acoustically and visually presented sentence with or without meaning, and he was able to determine whether the sentence had a meaning or not by understanding the key information. In healthy persons, P300 amplitude to the beginning of information and to the key information were larger than those to the others. P300 latency to the key character was longer. CNV appeared at the beginning of information and continued. The difference between CNVs produced by meaningful and meaningless sentences was observed after the key information. In aphasia, the difference between CNV's was not observed. In auditory agnosia, the difference between CNVs was not observed to acoustic sentences, but appeared to visual sentences. These results suggest that evoked response, P300 and CNV can be useful for assessing recognition of sentences.", "PMID": 741463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4807", "title": "Electrical impedance brain scanner: principles and preliminary results of simulation.", "content": "In previous studies, the authors have shown the importance of impedance recording by stereotactic procedures for brain tumor detection. In this study they report the principles and the first results of an attempt to obtain the impedance value of any given point inside the brain by an external way. The experimental device is mainly made of a set of 128 electrodes, surrounded by an electrode guarding monitored by an operational amplifier the purpose of which is to made the electric field uniform and to enable a focused measure of the impedance by each of the 128 electrodes. The effect of this electrode guarding is demonstrated, and the present sensitivity of the prototype is shown on various obstacles. conductive or non-conductive; the influence of an impedance barrier on this sensitivity is the project of an impedometric scanner is described, and the problems due to the non-linear propagation of electric currents and to the anisotropic properties of the brain tissue are evaluated.", "contents": "Electrical impedance brain scanner: principles and preliminary results of simulation. In previous studies, the authors have shown the importance of impedance recording by stereotactic procedures for brain tumor detection. In this study they report the principles and the first results of an attempt to obtain the impedance value of any given point inside the brain by an external way. The experimental device is mainly made of a set of 128 electrodes, surrounded by an electrode guarding monitored by an operational amplifier the purpose of which is to made the electric field uniform and to enable a focused measure of the impedance by each of the 128 electrodes. The effect of this electrode guarding is demonstrated, and the present sensitivity of the prototype is shown on various obstacles. conductive or non-conductive; the influence of an impedance barrier on this sensitivity is the project of an impedometric scanner is described, and the problems due to the non-linear propagation of electric currents and to the anisotropic properties of the brain tissue are evaluated.", "PMID": 741464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4808", "title": "[Toxicologic study of a fluorescent tracer: rhodamine B].", "content": "The use of the rhodamine B as fluorescent tracer in hydrology ask the question of its possible toxic effects in the environment. This study aspire to specify and to complete the results of the former works by the successive examinations of the activity of the rhodamine B in regard to the \"daphnies test\", its DL50 on the rat and on the mouse, and its cutaneous tolerance. The obtained results confirm the former remarks and express that the solutions of the rhodamine B show any more immediate risks as soon as they appear no more coloured (higher dilutions 1.10(-7)). However it remains to evaluate its long-term carcenogenic activity.", "contents": "[Toxicologic study of a fluorescent tracer: rhodamine B]. The use of the rhodamine B as fluorescent tracer in hydrology ask the question of its possible toxic effects in the environment. This study aspire to specify and to complete the results of the former works by the successive examinations of the activity of the rhodamine B in regard to the \"daphnies test\", its DL50 on the rat and on the mouse, and its cutaneous tolerance. The obtained results confirm the former remarks and express that the solutions of the rhodamine B show any more immediate risks as soon as they appear no more coloured (higher dilutions 1.10(-7)). However it remains to evaluate its long-term carcenogenic activity.", "PMID": 741466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4809", "title": "[Toxicity of the pesticide nabam as a function of dietary protein content in the rat].", "content": "With the object of studying a possible toxical potentialization between a food pollutent and the diet compoundings, rats fed on a diet with variable protein amounts, were administered a pesticide belonging to the Dithiocarbamate family : Nabam. Animals have been fed for 28 days after they have been weaned with diets containing 0-3.5 - 9 - 26 and 81% proteins in casein form. DL50 is significantly lowered in rats fed 0 - 3,5 and 81% protein diets compared with DL50 estimations in rats normally fed. Toxical clinical signs are fundamentally the same ones in all rats of the six groups : stimulation followed by a depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tractus, significant renal necroses. The intertime between poisoning and death seems not to be influenced by the diet protein amounts and is only due to the Nabam dose.", "contents": "[Toxicity of the pesticide nabam as a function of dietary protein content in the rat]. With the object of studying a possible toxical potentialization between a food pollutent and the diet compoundings, rats fed on a diet with variable protein amounts, were administered a pesticide belonging to the Dithiocarbamate family : Nabam. Animals have been fed for 28 days after they have been weaned with diets containing 0-3.5 - 9 - 26 and 81% proteins in casein form. DL50 is significantly lowered in rats fed 0 - 3,5 and 81% protein diets compared with DL50 estimations in rats normally fed. Toxical clinical signs are fundamentally the same ones in all rats of the six groups : stimulation followed by a depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tractus, significant renal necroses. The intertime between poisoning and death seems not to be influenced by the diet protein amounts and is only due to the Nabam dose.", "PMID": 741467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4810", "title": "[Relase of organochloride pesticides during acute weight losses (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase of blood organochloride pesticide levels and the urinary excretion have been determined in 4 human subjects undergoing a caloric restriction sequence (500 total K. calories per day) followed by a total starvation period of 36 hours. The severe lipolysis due to the caloric restriction causes an important liberation of fat-soluble pesticides especially DDT and DDE (30 ppb of total DDT equivalents) and an increase of urinary excretion (15 ppb of total DDT equivalents).", "contents": "[Relase of organochloride pesticides during acute weight losses (author's transl)]. The increase of blood organochloride pesticide levels and the urinary excretion have been determined in 4 human subjects undergoing a caloric restriction sequence (500 total K. calories per day) followed by a total starvation period of 36 hours. The severe lipolysis due to the caloric restriction causes an important liberation of fat-soluble pesticides especially DDT and DDE (30 ppb of total DDT equivalents) and an increase of urinary excretion (15 ppb of total DDT equivalents).", "PMID": 741468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4811", "title": "Methaemoglobinemia induced by nitric oxide in whole blood. Quantitative relationship.", "content": "We studied in vitro the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in human and rat blood and in human erythrolysate. Using NO in the tonometric technique allows to predict through an experimental model the amount of methemoglobin formed. At known oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, methaemoglobinemia is all the more important as NO concentration is great and tonometry duration is long. Moreover methaemoglobin concentration is greater in saturated (P02 congruent to 500 Torr) than in desaturated blood (P02 congruent to O Torr) while only slight changes occur for small P02 variations. Thus the study of the oxygen dissociation curve should be possible in presence of NO. Methaemoglobin is responsible for the drop in the oxygen combining capacity and thus impairs blood oxygen transport. Results are similar in human and in rat blood.", "contents": "Methaemoglobinemia induced by nitric oxide in whole blood. Quantitative relationship. We studied in vitro the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in human and rat blood and in human erythrolysate. Using NO in the tonometric technique allows to predict through an experimental model the amount of methemoglobin formed. At known oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, methaemoglobinemia is all the more important as NO concentration is great and tonometry duration is long. Moreover methaemoglobin concentration is greater in saturated (P02 congruent to 500 Torr) than in desaturated blood (P02 congruent to O Torr) while only slight changes occur for small P02 variations. Thus the study of the oxygen dissociation curve should be possible in presence of NO. Methaemoglobin is responsible for the drop in the oxygen combining capacity and thus impairs blood oxygen transport. Results are similar in human and in rat blood.", "PMID": 741469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4812", "title": "Characterization, composition and determination of the sugars in ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis L. seeds.", "content": "The purified ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis L. seeds appears to be a glycoprotein. Either paper or gas-liquid chromatographic methods indicate that only mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine are present in significant amounts. Quantitative determination shows that one mole of ricinotoxin contains 15 mannose residues and 8 N-acetyl-glucosamine residues.", "contents": "Characterization, composition and determination of the sugars in ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis L. seeds. The purified ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis L. seeds appears to be a glycoprotein. Either paper or gas-liquid chromatographic methods indicate that only mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine are present in significant amounts. Quantitative determination shows that one mole of ricinotoxin contains 15 mannose residues and 8 N-acetyl-glucosamine residues.", "PMID": 741470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4813", "title": "[Toxicological studies on dichloromethane, a solvent simulating carbon monoxide poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute oral and inhalation toxicity of dichloromethane was investigated in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Oral LD50 was found to be 1.72 ml/kg for males and 1.06 ml/kg for females. LC50 was found to be 18 100 PPM (1 X 6 hours) for both male and female rats. Acute oral intoxication is characterized by severe vascular changes and depression of the central nervous system accompanied by gastro-intestinal hemorrhagy. A similar CNS depression is also found in acute intoxication by inhalation. The nature of the symptoms as well as the sequence of physiological (hypotension, hypothermia) and biochemical events observed (high COHb level, etc.) indicate that the combined action of dichloromethane and its metabolite, carbon monoxide, are responsible for the development of vascular and CNS disturbances and subsequently the sudden death of the animals.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on dichloromethane, a solvent simulating carbon monoxide poisoning (author's transl)]. Acute oral and inhalation toxicity of dichloromethane was investigated in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Oral LD50 was found to be 1.72 ml/kg for males and 1.06 ml/kg for females. LC50 was found to be 18 100 PPM (1 X 6 hours) for both male and female rats. Acute oral intoxication is characterized by severe vascular changes and depression of the central nervous system accompanied by gastro-intestinal hemorrhagy. A similar CNS depression is also found in acute intoxication by inhalation. The nature of the symptoms as well as the sequence of physiological (hypotension, hypothermia) and biochemical events observed (high COHb level, etc.) indicate that the combined action of dichloromethane and its metabolite, carbon monoxide, are responsible for the development of vascular and CNS disturbances and subsequently the sudden death of the animals.", "PMID": 741472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4814", "title": "[Toxicity of lead nitrate to the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Effect on respiratory metabolism and histological structure of gill lamellae (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen uptake of gills was estimated after lead poisoning of the Carp. Histological structure of gill lamellae was also examined. Oxygen uptake quickly decreased after two weeks then increased again in long term poisoning without total recovery. On the other hand, desquamation of the gill epithelium was observed as well as proliferation of mast cells probably loaded with lead. The return to clean water for eleven weeks, allowed the lamellar epithelium recovery but not the mast cells elimination.", "contents": "[Toxicity of lead nitrate to the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Effect on respiratory metabolism and histological structure of gill lamellae (author's transl)]. Oxygen uptake of gills was estimated after lead poisoning of the Carp. Histological structure of gill lamellae was also examined. Oxygen uptake quickly decreased after two weeks then increased again in long term poisoning without total recovery. On the other hand, desquamation of the gill epithelium was observed as well as proliferation of mast cells probably loaded with lead. The return to clean water for eleven weeks, allowed the lamellar epithelium recovery but not the mast cells elimination.", "PMID": 741474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4815", "title": "Residues of organochlorine pesticides in human fat in Belgium.", "content": "In 1975, 60 samples of human body fat taken during the course of routine examinations by pathologists were analysed for organochlorine pesticide residues. The mean detected concentrations are 1.36 ppm for HCB, 0.76 ppm for betaHCH, 0.38 ppm for heptachlor epoxide, 0.26 ppm for dieldrin, 6.50 ppm for ppDDE, 0.27 ppm for ppDDD and 1.52 ppm for ppDDT. By comparing these results with earlier studies in 1969 and 1966 a decrease in the total HCH and ppDDT content and an increase in the dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide content is observed. HCB was not determined in earlier studies.", "contents": "Residues of organochlorine pesticides in human fat in Belgium. In 1975, 60 samples of human body fat taken during the course of routine examinations by pathologists were analysed for organochlorine pesticide residues. The mean detected concentrations are 1.36 ppm for HCB, 0.76 ppm for betaHCH, 0.38 ppm for heptachlor epoxide, 0.26 ppm for dieldrin, 6.50 ppm for ppDDE, 0.27 ppm for ppDDD and 1.52 ppm for ppDDT. By comparing these results with earlier studies in 1969 and 1966 a decrease in the total HCH and ppDDT content and an increase in the dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide content is observed. HCB was not determined in earlier studies.", "PMID": 741475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4816", "title": "[Iatrogenic ergotism. Apropos of a case].", "content": "A 36 year-old woman was given Ergotamine Tartrate 4.5 mg p.d. during seven days, after an abortion (a still birth). Subsequently she developed a generalised arterial spasm of the limbs producing a feet necrosis. A transmetatarsal amputation was performed. This observation and 63 others cases in the litterature call attention to the potential dangers of the ergot derivatives (ergotamine tartrate), even at normally accepted therapeutic doses. Arteriolar thrombosis and subsequent tissular gangrene can be presented by early administration of heparin, dextran infusions and, possibles, hyperbaric oxygen. Among the vasodilatation drugs, only sodium nitroprussiate seems to be effective.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic ergotism. Apropos of a case]. A 36 year-old woman was given Ergotamine Tartrate 4.5 mg p.d. during seven days, after an abortion (a still birth). Subsequently she developed a generalised arterial spasm of the limbs producing a feet necrosis. A transmetatarsal amputation was performed. This observation and 63 others cases in the litterature call attention to the potential dangers of the ergot derivatives (ergotamine tartrate), even at normally accepted therapeutic doses. Arteriolar thrombosis and subsequent tissular gangrene can be presented by early administration of heparin, dextran infusions and, possibles, hyperbaric oxygen. Among the vasodilatation drugs, only sodium nitroprussiate seems to be effective.", "PMID": 741476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4817", "title": "Fatal poisoning with a plant protective containing monocrotophos, dodine and dinocap.", "content": "The toxicological findings after fatal poisoning with a plant protective containing monocrotophos, dodine and dinocap are described and discussed. While monocrotophos could be measured in all tissues and in blood 12 microgram/g, lung 13 microgram/g, brain 13 microgram/g, kidney 11 microgram/g, liver 1.8 microgram/g), measurable amounts of dodine (detection limit approx. 3 microgram/g) and dinocap (detection limit approx. 4 microgram/g) were not detected in these materials. The gastric contents contained 52 mg of monocrotophos, 7.5 mg of dodine and 20 mg of dinocap.", "contents": "Fatal poisoning with a plant protective containing monocrotophos, dodine and dinocap. The toxicological findings after fatal poisoning with a plant protective containing monocrotophos, dodine and dinocap are described and discussed. While monocrotophos could be measured in all tissues and in blood 12 microgram/g, lung 13 microgram/g, brain 13 microgram/g, kidney 11 microgram/g, liver 1.8 microgram/g), measurable amounts of dodine (detection limit approx. 3 microgram/g) and dinocap (detection limit approx. 4 microgram/g) were not detected in these materials. The gastric contents contained 52 mg of monocrotophos, 7.5 mg of dodine and 20 mg of dinocap.", "PMID": 741477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4818", "title": "[A rapid and simple method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of hexapropymate in biological fluids and organs (author's transl)].", "content": "The method is based mainly on the extraction of the substance by a small volume of organic solvent from an alkaline medium containing a fairly important amount of inorganic salt. The extract is then subjected to thin layer and/or gas chromatography. The authors present also the relative frequency that they met on hexapropymate intoxications together with the concentrations in blood obtained in cases accompanied with deep coma.", "contents": "[A rapid and simple method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of hexapropymate in biological fluids and organs (author's transl)]. The method is based mainly on the extraction of the substance by a small volume of organic solvent from an alkaline medium containing a fairly important amount of inorganic salt. The extract is then subjected to thin layer and/or gas chromatography. The authors present also the relative frequency that they met on hexapropymate intoxications together with the concentrations in blood obtained in cases accompanied with deep coma.", "PMID": 741478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4819", "title": "[Metabolic transformations of the trimethyl - 3,5,5, cyclohexene-2, one-1 (isophorone) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the rabbit, isophorone alpha is partly eliminated, unchanged in the expired air and in the urine and, for another part, metabolized in the organism and excreted in the urine. The metabolites which have been characterized are : dimethyl-5,5, cyclohexen-1, one-3, carboxylic-1 acid, deriving from isophorone by methyloxidation, isophorol (trimethyl-3,5,5 cyclohexen-2, ol-1) formed by the reduction of the ketonic group into a secondary alcohol and eliminated as a glucuronide, dihydroisophorone (trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanone) proceeding from the hydrogenation of the cyclohexen cycle and cis and trans trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanols-1. These latter compounds, found in small quantities, are very likely issued from dihydroisophorone which is transformed in the organism into isophorone alpha and cis and trans trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanols-1, according to a process of dismutation.", "contents": "[Metabolic transformations of the trimethyl - 3,5,5, cyclohexene-2, one-1 (isophorone) (author's transl)]. In the rabbit, isophorone alpha is partly eliminated, unchanged in the expired air and in the urine and, for another part, metabolized in the organism and excreted in the urine. The metabolites which have been characterized are : dimethyl-5,5, cyclohexen-1, one-3, carboxylic-1 acid, deriving from isophorone by methyloxidation, isophorol (trimethyl-3,5,5 cyclohexen-2, ol-1) formed by the reduction of the ketonic group into a secondary alcohol and eliminated as a glucuronide, dihydroisophorone (trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanone) proceeding from the hydrogenation of the cyclohexen cycle and cis and trans trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanols-1. These latter compounds, found in small quantities, are very likely issued from dihydroisophorone which is transformed in the organism into isophorone alpha and cis and trans trimethyl-3,5,5, cyclohexanols-1, according to a process of dismutation.", "PMID": 741480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4820", "title": "The passage of N-nitrosodimethylamine into eggs.", "content": "Detectable amounts of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were found in eggs for approximately 8 to 14 days following oral administration of a single dose of NDMA to laying hens.", "contents": "The passage of N-nitrosodimethylamine into eggs. Detectable amounts of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were found in eggs for approximately 8 to 14 days following oral administration of a single dose of NDMA to laying hens.", "PMID": 741481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4821", "title": "[Nutritional and toxicological impacts of administered inorganic tin for six months in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimentation  of intoxication by stannous chloride has been realized in the rat. Two groups of animals have been fed ad libitum, during six months, with a diet containing respectively 0,4 and 0,8 g of tin (SnCl2) for 100 g of dry food. By gamma radioactivity measurements (with 113Sn used as a tracer), it results that this metal does not practically clear the digestive barrier. All the treated animals are characterized by a ponderal evolution obviously lower than temoins. At the end of treatment, tin entails a significative diminution of hematocrit, hemoglobin and serous iron, particularly at the highest dose studied. The essential impact remains that tin induces a total irritation of gastro-intestinal tract, proved by histological investigations.", "contents": "[Nutritional and toxicological impacts of administered inorganic tin for six months in rats (author's transl)]. An experimentation  of intoxication by stannous chloride has been realized in the rat. Two groups of animals have been fed ad libitum, during six months, with a diet containing respectively 0,4 and 0,8 g of tin (SnCl2) for 100 g of dry food. By gamma radioactivity measurements (with 113Sn used as a tracer), it results that this metal does not practically clear the digestive barrier. All the treated animals are characterized by a ponderal evolution obviously lower than temoins. At the end of treatment, tin entails a significative diminution of hematocrit, hemoglobin and serous iron, particularly at the highest dose studied. The essential impact remains that tin induces a total irritation of gastro-intestinal tract, proved by histological investigations.", "PMID": 741482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4822", "title": "Technique for multi-view radionuclide angiography.", "content": "A new method utilizing computer subtraction allows 2 separate radionuclide angiograms to be performed during a single laboratory visit. Two separate intravenous injections of the radionuclide are given so that the patient's head can be imaged in 2 different projections. Background activity from the first injection is subtracted by the computer to allow good resolution of blood flow following the second injection. A static brain scan is performed after the second injection. Although single-view radionuclide angiography is widely used in the diagnostic evaluation of the brain, the addition of a second projection provides additonal important diagnostic information. The views obtained, however, must be determined individually for each patient on the basis of the clinical history and neurologic signs. The selection of appropriate views, the diagnostic quality of the studies, and the practical clinical application of this technique are illustrated by 2 case reports.", "contents": "Technique for multi-view radionuclide angiography. A new method utilizing computer subtraction allows 2 separate radionuclide angiograms to be performed during a single laboratory visit. Two separate intravenous injections of the radionuclide are given so that the patient's head can be imaged in 2 different projections. Background activity from the first injection is subtracted by the computer to allow good resolution of blood flow following the second injection. A static brain scan is performed after the second injection. Although single-view radionuclide angiography is widely used in the diagnostic evaluation of the brain, the addition of a second projection provides additonal important diagnostic information. The views obtained, however, must be determined individually for each patient on the basis of the clinical history and neurologic signs. The selection of appropriate views, the diagnostic quality of the studies, and the practical clinical application of this technique are illustrated by 2 case reports.", "PMID": 741487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4823", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man following cardiac arrest.", "content": "We measured cerebral oxygen extraction, cerebral blood flow(CBF), and cerebral metabolic rate (CMRO2) in comatose patients during the first 60 hours after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Each patient was studied 2 or 3 times. CBF was determined by a modification of the Kety-Schmidt method using inhaled Xenon133. Over the study period jugular venous oxygen tension and saturation rose, while the oxygen content difference between arterial and jugular venous blood fell, indicating a progressive increase in the ratio of CBF to metabolism CBF and CMRO2 measurements confirmed this. Between 2 and 6 hours after resuscitation both measurements were severely but proportionately depressed to less than 50% of normal. After 6 hours CBF was increased disproportionately to CMRO2 so that a relative hyperemia developed and persisted for the duration of the study. Although regional inhomogeneity of flow and regional ischemia cannot be ruled out, we have found no evidence for global cerebral ischemia between 2 and 60 hours post-resuscitation as an explanation for failure of recovery. In man following cardiac arrest restoration of levels of global cerebral blood flow, which can be considered adequate relative to the depressed metabolic state of the tissue, is achieved within 2 hours of resuscitation.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man following cardiac arrest. We measured cerebral oxygen extraction, cerebral blood flow(CBF), and cerebral metabolic rate (CMRO2) in comatose patients during the first 60 hours after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Each patient was studied 2 or 3 times. CBF was determined by a modification of the Kety-Schmidt method using inhaled Xenon133. Over the study period jugular venous oxygen tension and saturation rose, while the oxygen content difference between arterial and jugular venous blood fell, indicating a progressive increase in the ratio of CBF to metabolism CBF and CMRO2 measurements confirmed this. Between 2 and 6 hours after resuscitation both measurements were severely but proportionately depressed to less than 50% of normal. After 6 hours CBF was increased disproportionately to CMRO2 so that a relative hyperemia developed and persisted for the duration of the study. Although regional inhomogeneity of flow and regional ischemia cannot be ruled out, we have found no evidence for global cerebral ischemia between 2 and 60 hours post-resuscitation as an explanation for failure of recovery. In man following cardiac arrest restoration of levels of global cerebral blood flow, which can be considered adequate relative to the depressed metabolic state of the tissue, is achieved within 2 hours of resuscitation.", "PMID": 741488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4824", "title": "Trends in mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in the United States, 1960 to 1975.", "content": "A long-term decline in death rates from cerebrovascular diseases in the United States accelerated in 1969, with a further increase in the rate of decline after 1972. This break in the pattern of the mortality curve for stroke was observed in all 4 major sex-color groups, and affected all age groups in which a significant number of stroke deaths occur. The decline for non-whites was relatively and absolutely greater than for the comparable white sex. If the 1960 rates had persisted in 1975, 87,600 more lives would have been lost to cerebrovascular diseases. Although there are no data documenting a declining prevalence of hypertension in the population, detection, treatment and control of hypertension have improved markedly over recent years. A concomitant decrease in the severity of epidemic respiratory infection may have contributed to the improvement in recorded death rates from stroke. Mortality from all major cardiovascular diseases has demonstrated a parallel downward trend. Continued emphasis on public health efforts to detect and treat hypertension and other known cardiovascular risk factors can be expected to result in further improvement in cardiovascular mortality.", "contents": "Trends in mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in the United States, 1960 to 1975. A long-term decline in death rates from cerebrovascular diseases in the United States accelerated in 1969, with a further increase in the rate of decline after 1972. This break in the pattern of the mortality curve for stroke was observed in all 4 major sex-color groups, and affected all age groups in which a significant number of stroke deaths occur. The decline for non-whites was relatively and absolutely greater than for the comparable white sex. If the 1960 rates had persisted in 1975, 87,600 more lives would have been lost to cerebrovascular diseases. Although there are no data documenting a declining prevalence of hypertension in the population, detection, treatment and control of hypertension have improved markedly over recent years. A concomitant decrease in the severity of epidemic respiratory infection may have contributed to the improvement in recorded death rates from stroke. Mortality from all major cardiovascular diseases has demonstrated a parallel downward trend. Continued emphasis on public health efforts to detect and treat hypertension and other known cardiovascular risk factors can be expected to result in further improvement in cardiovascular mortality.", "PMID": 741484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4825", "title": "Cluster headache, hemicrania, and other head pains: morbidity of carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Carotid endarterectomy has become a widely used approach to the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. In spite of increasing experience, a significant and varied morbidity remains attached to the procedure. A poorly recognized complication is postoperative headache. In a series of 57 endarterectomies in 50 patients, 24 patients experienced postoperative headaches encompassing the entire spectrum of vascular headaches: nonspecific diffuse headaches, severe hemicranias, cluster headaches occurring early and delayed, chronic paroxysmal hemicranias, carotidynia, and Eagle's syndrome. Five patients had hemicranias, and all were homolateral to the endarterectomy. Therefore, we hypothesize that the spontaneously occurring hemicranias, the counterparts of postsurgical headache syndromes, also may be due to some overt or occult injury or disease of the carotid vessels or carotid sheaths in the regions from the carotid bifurcation to the base of the skull.", "contents": "Cluster headache, hemicrania, and other head pains: morbidity of carotid endarterectomy. Carotid endarterectomy has become a widely used approach to the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. In spite of increasing experience, a significant and varied morbidity remains attached to the procedure. A poorly recognized complication is postoperative headache. In a series of 57 endarterectomies in 50 patients, 24 patients experienced postoperative headaches encompassing the entire spectrum of vascular headaches: nonspecific diffuse headaches, severe hemicranias, cluster headaches occurring early and delayed, chronic paroxysmal hemicranias, carotidynia, and Eagle's syndrome. Five patients had hemicranias, and all were homolateral to the endarterectomy. Therefore, we hypothesize that the spontaneously occurring hemicranias, the counterparts of postsurgical headache syndromes, also may be due to some overt or occult injury or disease of the carotid vessels or carotid sheaths in the regions from the carotid bifurcation to the base of the skull.", "PMID": 741485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4826", "title": "Effects of anticoagulants in an animal model of septic cerebral embolization.", "content": "The effect of anticoagulation on lesions caused by cerebral emboli of different types was studied in 57 dogs. The resultant arterial and parenchymal lesions were assessed by pathologic and angiographic studies. Embolization with emboli that caused little or no inflammatory response in the artery (12 dogs) was not associated with hemorrhagic infarcts or with subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage; furthermore, treatment with anticoagulants (9 dogs) did not change the character of the lesions. Embolization with emboli that caused arteritis, that is, bacterial contamination or presence of lead chromate in the embolus (21 dogs), was associated with hemorrhagic infarcts, focal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and increased incidence of acute subdural hemorrhage. Treatment with anticoagulants (16 dogs) was associated with a further increase in the incidence of subdural hemorrhage.", "contents": "Effects of anticoagulants in an animal model of septic cerebral embolization. The effect of anticoagulation on lesions caused by cerebral emboli of different types was studied in 57 dogs. The resultant arterial and parenchymal lesions were assessed by pathologic and angiographic studies. Embolization with emboli that caused little or no inflammatory response in the artery (12 dogs) was not associated with hemorrhagic infarcts or with subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage; furthermore, treatment with anticoagulants (9 dogs) did not change the character of the lesions. Embolization with emboli that caused arteritis, that is, bacterial contamination or presence of lead chromate in the embolus (21 dogs), was associated with hemorrhagic infarcts, focal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and increased incidence of acute subdural hemorrhage. Treatment with anticoagulants (16 dogs) was associated with a further increase in the incidence of subdural hemorrhage.", "PMID": 741489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4827", "title": "Effects of reduced regional or body temperatures on responses of pial arterioles.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of a reduced regional or a reduced body temperature, on pial arteriolar response to a variety of vasoactive stimuli. This has been done by studying the effects of these stimuli on groups of mice with different body temperatures, or with different temperatures of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) irrigating the pial surface. Responses in mice with body temperatures of 30 degrees or 22 degrees C showed little or no difference from responses in mice with body temperatures of 37 degrees. This was so whether the surface irrigant was maintained at 37 degrees or at 23 degrees. On the other hand, significant reductions in pial vascular responses were observed when mice with \"CSF\" temperatures of 22 degrees were compared with those having \"CSF\" temperatures of 37 degrees. The data suggest that regional cooling is more effective than cooling the body in reducing the response of pial arterioles. The data also indicate that marked reductions in body temperature would have to occur before a detectable effect on pial vascular responses is produced, at least in mice anesthetized with urethane.", "contents": "Effects of reduced regional or body temperatures on responses of pial arterioles. We have investigated the effects of a reduced regional or a reduced body temperature, on pial arteriolar response to a variety of vasoactive stimuli. This has been done by studying the effects of these stimuli on groups of mice with different body temperatures, or with different temperatures of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) irrigating the pial surface. Responses in mice with body temperatures of 30 degrees or 22 degrees C showed little or no difference from responses in mice with body temperatures of 37 degrees. This was so whether the surface irrigant was maintained at 37 degrees or at 23 degrees. On the other hand, significant reductions in pial vascular responses were observed when mice with \"CSF\" temperatures of 22 degrees were compared with those having \"CSF\" temperatures of 37 degrees. The data suggest that regional cooling is more effective than cooling the body in reducing the response of pial arterioles. The data also indicate that marked reductions in body temperature would have to occur before a detectable effect on pial vascular responses is produced, at least in mice anesthetized with urethane.", "PMID": 741490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4828", "title": "Cerebrovascular evaluation: assessment of Doppler scanning of carotid arteries, ophthalmic Doppler flow and cervical bruits.", "content": "In 38 patients who underwent cerebrovascular evaluation followed by angiography the Doppler ultrasound scanning technique was found to be an excellent screening procedure for detecting marked stenosis (greater than 50%) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (93% correlation). It is noninvasive, easily reproducible and can be performed by a qualified technician. The major problems are: the inability to detect ulcerated plaques without marked stenosis, the requirement for patient cooperation (lying still for periods of 15 minutes), and the fact that it assesses only the extracranial circulation. Screening with just the directional ophthalmic Doppler flow signal yielded a high percentage of false negatives (13%). The presence of a cervical bruit may indicate an underlying stenosis of the internal carotid artery, but may also be due to stenosis of the external carotid artery or other factors such as increased blood flow, vessel tortuosity, etc. (12% false positives). Absence of a cervical bruit does not exclude internal carotid artery disease (ulcerated nonstenotic plaque or occlusion).", "contents": "Cerebrovascular evaluation: assessment of Doppler scanning of carotid arteries, ophthalmic Doppler flow and cervical bruits. In 38 patients who underwent cerebrovascular evaluation followed by angiography the Doppler ultrasound scanning technique was found to be an excellent screening procedure for detecting marked stenosis (greater than 50%) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (93% correlation). It is noninvasive, easily reproducible and can be performed by a qualified technician. The major problems are: the inability to detect ulcerated plaques without marked stenosis, the requirement for patient cooperation (lying still for periods of 15 minutes), and the fact that it assesses only the extracranial circulation. Screening with just the directional ophthalmic Doppler flow signal yielded a high percentage of false negatives (13%). The presence of a cervical bruit may indicate an underlying stenosis of the internal carotid artery, but may also be due to stenosis of the external carotid artery or other factors such as increased blood flow, vessel tortuosity, etc. (12% false positives). Absence of a cervical bruit does not exclude internal carotid artery disease (ulcerated nonstenotic plaque or occlusion).", "PMID": 741486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4829", "title": "The mathematics of repeat abortion: explaining the increase.", "content": "In any given population, an increase in the proportion of repeat abortions, and a repeat-abortion rate that is substantially higher than the first-abortion rate, can be anticipated to occur over a number of years after abortion has been legalized. These are the findings of an analysis of repeat abortion for a population of women aged 15--44, using simple mathematical models based on the assumptions that the risk of abortion is constant over time and independent of prior abortion experience. The data generated by the models explain both the rapidly increasing percentage and the high rate of repeat abortion following legalization and refute assertions that making abortion widely available discourages the practice of contraception.", "contents": "The mathematics of repeat abortion: explaining the increase. In any given population, an increase in the proportion of repeat abortions, and a repeat-abortion rate that is substantially higher than the first-abortion rate, can be anticipated to occur over a number of years after abortion has been legalized. These are the findings of an analysis of repeat abortion for a population of women aged 15--44, using simple mathematical models based on the assumptions that the risk of abortion is constant over time and independent of prior abortion experience. The data generated by the models explain both the rapidly increasing percentage and the high rate of repeat abortion following legalization and refute assertions that making abortion widely available discourages the practice of contraception.", "PMID": 741496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4830", "title": "The role of family planning in recent rapid fertility declines in developing countries.", "content": "World Fertility Survey data for ten developing countries are used to examine the respective roles of development and family planning in influencing the regulation of fertility. The findings show that high proportions of women at all socioeconomic levels in the countries studied wanted no more children, including large proportions among rural, poor, and uneducated women with few children. The data also show that despite the limitations of underdevelopment, in countries with strong family planning programs knowledge and use of contraception was high. These findings confirm that there is a large unmet demand for family planning and point to the importance of continued allocation of funds to support service programs.", "contents": "The role of family planning in recent rapid fertility declines in developing countries. World Fertility Survey data for ten developing countries are used to examine the respective roles of development and family planning in influencing the regulation of fertility. The findings show that high proportions of women at all socioeconomic levels in the countries studied wanted no more children, including large proportions among rural, poor, and uneducated women with few children. The data also show that despite the limitations of underdevelopment, in countries with strong family planning programs knowledge and use of contraception was high. These findings confirm that there is a large unmet demand for family planning and point to the importance of continued allocation of funds to support service programs.", "PMID": 741497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4831", "title": "Relation of marital separation and divorce to suicide: a report.", "content": "This paper examines the relation of marital separation and divorce to suicide. The persons studied are applicants to the Benjamin Rush Center, the crisis clinic division of the Didi Hirsch Community Mental Health Center/Los Angeles Psychiatric Service. The sample consists of 238 subjects, of whom 39, or 16.4% were suicidal, and 23 had made one or more suicide attempts at some prior date. Those seriously discussing separation, but not actually separated, tended to be less frequently suicidal than the long-term separated/divorced (.05 less than p less than .10). The study further examined the relationship of important events and interspouse transactions to suicide potential. Significant associations were found in the relationship of suicide potential to verbal attack by spouse (p = .03), vacillation in the last two weeks (p = .02), and vacillation since the first serious discussion of divorce (p = .02). Several other associations approached statistical significance. The authors believe that the findings in regard to vacillation and interspouse aggression are especially interesting and merit further study.", "contents": "Relation of marital separation and divorce to suicide: a report. This paper examines the relation of marital separation and divorce to suicide. The persons studied are applicants to the Benjamin Rush Center, the crisis clinic division of the Didi Hirsch Community Mental Health Center/Los Angeles Psychiatric Service. The sample consists of 238 subjects, of whom 39, or 16.4% were suicidal, and 23 had made one or more suicide attempts at some prior date. Those seriously discussing separation, but not actually separated, tended to be less frequently suicidal than the long-term separated/divorced (.05 less than p less than .10). The study further examined the relationship of important events and interspouse transactions to suicide potential. Significant associations were found in the relationship of suicide potential to verbal attack by spouse (p = .03), vacillation in the last two weeks (p = .02), and vacillation since the first serious discussion of divorce (p = .02). Several other associations approached statistical significance. The authors believe that the findings in regard to vacillation and interspouse aggression are especially interesting and merit further study.", "PMID": 741498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4832", "title": "A model study of why some intracranial aneurysms thrombose but others rupture.", "content": "A perspex model of a dog aortic trifurcation was machined to scale and perfused with steady flow from a constant pressure reservoir. The tail artery was plugged to produce a flow model of an intracranial saccular aneurysm. At all flow rates, no flow occurred beyond 2.5 tube diameters of the tail artery down-stream from the mouth of the aneurysm. This was assumed to explain why large aneurysms thrombose. Measurements of velocity fluctuations were made with a hot film anemometer and recorded on tape. Frequency analysis showed that the peak frequency was a function of flow rate, and suggested that eddies were shed from the origin of the aneurysm. This was presumed to be an artifact due to sharp entrance produced by machining the perspex. The total energy at any one point in the aneurysm was independent of the size of the aneurysm but increased with flow rate. The maximum fluctuations were comparable in the center and in the sides of the aneurysm, but were less on the top and bottom of it (assuming the central plane was in the plane of the trifurcation). This difference presumably would be less if the aneurysm were spherical rather than cylindrical.", "contents": "A model study of why some intracranial aneurysms thrombose but others rupture. A perspex model of a dog aortic trifurcation was machined to scale and perfused with steady flow from a constant pressure reservoir. The tail artery was plugged to produce a flow model of an intracranial saccular aneurysm. At all flow rates, no flow occurred beyond 2.5 tube diameters of the tail artery down-stream from the mouth of the aneurysm. This was assumed to explain why large aneurysms thrombose. Measurements of velocity fluctuations were made with a hot film anemometer and recorded on tape. Frequency analysis showed that the peak frequency was a function of flow rate, and suggested that eddies were shed from the origin of the aneurysm. This was presumed to be an artifact due to sharp entrance produced by machining the perspex. The total energy at any one point in the aneurysm was independent of the size of the aneurysm but increased with flow rate. The maximum fluctuations were comparable in the center and in the sides of the aneurysm, but were less on the top and bottom of it (assuming the central plane was in the plane of the trifurcation). This difference presumably would be less if the aneurysm were spherical rather than cylindrical.", "PMID": 741491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4833", "title": "Suicide potential and behavior in children ages 4 to 12.", "content": "From a population of 662 children 12 years of age and under, seen at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, during the years 1970 to 1974, 34 severely depressed children were identified who were also self-abusive and/or suicidal. Case study revealed fragmented, pathological homes, where the children's affect disorders and behaviors were symptomatic of acute family breakdown, marital disharmony, and observed and experienced violence, both verbal and physical. Follow-up on all available children, at least three years posttreatment, revealed that no child had committed suicide. Treatment evaluation by the parents was highly positive, with the great majority of children showing fair to good recovery and adjustment.", "contents": "Suicide potential and behavior in children ages 4 to 12. From a population of 662 children 12 years of age and under, seen at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, during the years 1970 to 1974, 34 severely depressed children were identified who were also self-abusive and/or suicidal. Case study revealed fragmented, pathological homes, where the children's affect disorders and behaviors were symptomatic of acute family breakdown, marital disharmony, and observed and experienced violence, both verbal and physical. Follow-up on all available children, at least three years posttreatment, revealed that no child had committed suicide. Treatment evaluation by the parents was highly positive, with the great majority of children showing fair to good recovery and adjustment.", "PMID": 741499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4834", "title": "Effect of an acute increase of the intravascular pressure on the blood-brain barrier: a comparison between conscious and anesthetized rats.", "content": "Conscious rats and rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia were subjected to blood pressure elevations by injection of epinephrine, bicuculline and amphetamine. Mean arterial pressure was measured from a chronic indwelling cannula in the aorta in awake rats. The protein leakage in the brains was studied using Evans blue and 125IHSA. Conscious animals developed less blood-brain barrier dysfunction than anesthetized ones. The largest difference was obtained with amphetamine and the smallest with epinephrine. Possible explanations to the results are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of an acute increase of the intravascular pressure on the blood-brain barrier: a comparison between conscious and anesthetized rats. Conscious rats and rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia were subjected to blood pressure elevations by injection of epinephrine, bicuculline and amphetamine. Mean arterial pressure was measured from a chronic indwelling cannula in the aorta in awake rats. The protein leakage in the brains was studied using Evans blue and 125IHSA. Conscious animals developed less blood-brain barrier dysfunction than anesthetized ones. The largest difference was obtained with amphetamine and the smallest with epinephrine. Possible explanations to the results are discussed.", "PMID": 741492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4835", "title": "Similarities and differences in precipitating events between black and anglo suicide attempts.", "content": "The rapid rise in suicide among young Blacks in American the past decade is of increasing concern to mental health practitioners and suicidologists. While there are some similarities among suicide attempts by Blacks and Whites, the pattern is that Black suicide attempters are distinctly more youthful. This exploratory study tests the hypothesis that the precipitating events for young Blacks who consider, plan, and attempt suicide is more likely to be \"the loss or threatened loss of a love partner in the context of a negative value-orientation and intragroup pressures\" than among Anglo suicide attempters. Specific strategies are recommended that use a family perspective for assisting Blacks who consider, plan and attempt suicide.", "contents": "Similarities and differences in precipitating events between black and anglo suicide attempts. The rapid rise in suicide among young Blacks in American the past decade is of increasing concern to mental health practitioners and suicidologists. While there are some similarities among suicide attempts by Blacks and Whites, the pattern is that Black suicide attempters are distinctly more youthful. This exploratory study tests the hypothesis that the precipitating events for young Blacks who consider, plan, and attempt suicide is more likely to be \"the loss or threatened loss of a love partner in the context of a negative value-orientation and intragroup pressures\" than among Anglo suicide attempters. Specific strategies are recommended that use a family perspective for assisting Blacks who consider, plan and attempt suicide.", "PMID": 741500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4836", "title": "Ergotamine and cerebral blood flow.", "content": "We measured the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of 16 patients by the xenon-133 intracarotid method before and after the intramuscular injection of ergotamine tartrate. The regional and hemispheric CBF was unaltered, even in 3 migraneurs in who ergotamine relieved the headache. Ergotamine tartrate in therapeutic doses has no effect on the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Ergotamine and cerebral blood flow. We measured the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of 16 patients by the xenon-133 intracarotid method before and after the intramuscular injection of ergotamine tartrate. The regional and hemispheric CBF was unaltered, even in 3 migraneurs in who ergotamine relieved the headache. Ergotamine tartrate in therapeutic doses has no effect on the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 741494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4837", "title": "Computerized axial tomography in brain death.", "content": "Two patients with the diagnosis of brain death were evaluated with computerized axial tomography (CAT). After intravenous infusion of 30% Conray there was no visualization of the intracranial vasculature (circle of Willis). The second patient also had an isoelectric EEG. A third patient with an intracerebral lesion similar to the other cases but without diagnosis of brain death, showed good visualization of the circle of Willis. Therefore, contrast-enhanced CAT scans can be used as another diagnostic aid to confirm brain death.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography in brain death. Two patients with the diagnosis of brain death were evaluated with computerized axial tomography (CAT). After intravenous infusion of 30% Conray there was no visualization of the intracranial vasculature (circle of Willis). The second patient also had an isoelectric EEG. A third patient with an intracerebral lesion similar to the other cases but without diagnosis of brain death, showed good visualization of the circle of Willis. Therefore, contrast-enhanced CAT scans can be used as another diagnostic aid to confirm brain death.", "PMID": 741495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4838", "title": "Indomethacin prevents impaired perfusion of the dogs's brain after global ischemia.", "content": "Compression ischemia of the central nervous system (CNS) in heparinized dogs caused areas of diminished cerebral blood flow measured by 14C-antipyrine autoradiography. Intravenous infusion of indomethacin (1.5 or 4.0 mg/kg) approximately 1 hour before ischemia eliminated the circulatory defects. Prophylactic inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase may promote postischemic perfusion of the CNS by preventing vasoconstriction and by anti-hemostatic effects on blood.", "contents": "Indomethacin prevents impaired perfusion of the dogs's brain after global ischemia. Compression ischemia of the central nervous system (CNS) in heparinized dogs caused areas of diminished cerebral blood flow measured by 14C-antipyrine autoradiography. Intravenous infusion of indomethacin (1.5 or 4.0 mg/kg) approximately 1 hour before ischemia eliminated the circulatory defects. Prophylactic inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase may promote postischemic perfusion of the CNS by preventing vasoconstriction and by anti-hemostatic effects on blood.", "PMID": 741493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4839", "title": "Detection of antibodies by enzyme-immunoassay in human schistosoma mansoni infections: a clinical and chemotherapeutic study.", "content": "Sera from patients with S. mansoni infections, before and six weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone, were examined for antibodies reacting with S. mansoni adult worm antigen, employing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. 50 local individuals who had no schistosomiasis and 48 patients with S. haematobium infection were studied for comparison. All sera from untreated patients gave positive results. Significantly higher levels of antibody were given by sera from patients with visceral enlargement than by those from patients without visceral enlargement. A rise in antibody levels was seen in 87% of treated patients and the post treatment values of antibody were significantly higher than those obtained before treatment (p less than 0.001). 94% of sera from patients with S. haematobium infection gave a cross-reaction but with a significantly lower antibody values than for the homologous infection. A weakly positive reaction was obtained in 16% of controls and the actual values of antibody were much lower in this group than in the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies by enzyme-immunoassay in human schistosoma mansoni infections: a clinical and chemotherapeutic study. Sera from patients with S. mansoni infections, before and six weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone, were examined for antibodies reacting with S. mansoni adult worm antigen, employing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. 50 local individuals who had no schistosomiasis and 48 patients with S. haematobium infection were studied for comparison. All sera from untreated patients gave positive results. Significantly higher levels of antibody were given by sera from patients with visceral enlargement than by those from patients without visceral enlargement. A rise in antibody levels was seen in 87% of treated patients and the post treatment values of antibody were significantly higher than those obtained before treatment (p less than 0.001). 94% of sera from patients with S. haematobium infection gave a cross-reaction but with a significantly lower antibody values than for the homologous infection. A weakly positive reaction was obtained in 16% of controls and the actual values of antibody were much lower in this group than in the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups.", "PMID": 741502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4840", "title": "Antibody activity in stick-ELISA as compared to other quantitative immunological tests in sera of echinococcosis cases.", "content": "Antibody activity in sera of 43 cases with cystic and 5 cases with alveolar echinococcosis was determined against hydatid fluid and extract of E. alveolaris. The results with Stick-ELISA were compared to those obtained with complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination. Results in ELISA were determined in stepless fashion and expressed as multiple of normal activity (MONA). Sensitivities of the different tests with reference to their respective ranges of nonrelevant activities were 95% in ELISA, 95% in indirect hemagglutination and 90% in complement fixation as determined with sera from cystic echinococcosis cases and their homologous antigen. Employing homologous and heterologous antigens, none of the three immunotests allowed the species specific diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis cases, whereas most cases of alveolar echinococcosis could be recognized by their predominant homologous antibody activity in ELISA and complement fixation.", "contents": "Antibody activity in stick-ELISA as compared to other quantitative immunological tests in sera of echinococcosis cases. Antibody activity in sera of 43 cases with cystic and 5 cases with alveolar echinococcosis was determined against hydatid fluid and extract of E. alveolaris. The results with Stick-ELISA were compared to those obtained with complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination. Results in ELISA were determined in stepless fashion and expressed as multiple of normal activity (MONA). Sensitivities of the different tests with reference to their respective ranges of nonrelevant activities were 95% in ELISA, 95% in indirect hemagglutination and 90% in complement fixation as determined with sera from cystic echinococcosis cases and their homologous antigen. Employing homologous and heterologous antigens, none of the three immunotests allowed the species specific diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis cases, whereas most cases of alveolar echinococcosis could be recognized by their predominant homologous antibody activity in ELISA and complement fixation.", "PMID": 741503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4841", "title": "Comparison of different methods for the detection of intestinal protozoa and helminths in stool.", "content": "A total of 1428 stool specimens were examined to evaluate the usefulness of different methods of detecting intestinal protozoa and helminths. The following methods were compared: a combination of routine laboratory methods (Normal saline, Lugol's solution and Iron-haematoxylin), the MIF technique (Mertheolate-iodine-formaldehyde) and the MF-Heidenhain method for protozoa. The Telemann method and MF-Telemann method for worm eggs. The MIFC technique for both protozoa and worm eggs. According to the criteria: diagnostic yield, accuracy, simplicity, time consumption and cost, it is concluded that the MIFC method is superior to the other methods used in this study.", "contents": "Comparison of different methods for the detection of intestinal protozoa and helminths in stool. A total of 1428 stool specimens were examined to evaluate the usefulness of different methods of detecting intestinal protozoa and helminths. The following methods were compared: a combination of routine laboratory methods (Normal saline, Lugol's solution and Iron-haematoxylin), the MIF technique (Mertheolate-iodine-formaldehyde) and the MF-Heidenhain method for protozoa. The Telemann method and MF-Telemann method for worm eggs. The MIFC technique for both protozoa and worm eggs. According to the criteria: diagnostic yield, accuracy, simplicity, time consumption and cost, it is concluded that the MIFC method is superior to the other methods used in this study.", "PMID": 741504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4842", "title": "A method of mass cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in cell culture.", "content": "Large quantities of Toxoplasma gondii were cultivated in human larynx carcinoma cells (H.Ep 2, heteroploid). Virulent Toxoplasma gondii, strain RH, which were obtained from the peritoneal exsudate of mice 2 days after infection served as inoculum. As culture medium for the cells and for growth medium, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented by 5% foetal calf serum and 200,000 IE/1 Penicillin plus 20 mg/1 Sulmycin was used. 2--3 days after inoculation, 150--200 times the amount of the inoculated Toxoplasmas could be harvested in one or several harvests.", "contents": "A method of mass cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in cell culture. Large quantities of Toxoplasma gondii were cultivated in human larynx carcinoma cells (H.Ep 2, heteroploid). Virulent Toxoplasma gondii, strain RH, which were obtained from the peritoneal exsudate of mice 2 days after infection served as inoculum. As culture medium for the cells and for growth medium, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented by 5% foetal calf serum and 200,000 IE/1 Penicillin plus 20 mg/1 Sulmycin was used. 2--3 days after inoculation, 150--200 times the amount of the inoculated Toxoplasmas could be harvested in one or several harvests.", "PMID": 741505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4843", "title": "Electron microscopical studies on onchocerciasis. I. Mesenchyme reaction in untreated onchocercal dermatitis and ultrastructure of the microfilariae.", "content": "Skin biopsies of 22 untreated Liberian patients suffering from onchocercal dermatitis were studied by electron microscopy. The microfilariae tend to accumulate in the upper dermis, without eliciting a cellular reaction. Occasionally macrophages or mast cells are found in the neighbourhood of the microfilariae. The most conspicuous changes concern the presence of perivascular infiltrates, comprised of lymphocytes and macrophages, with a varying admixture of plasma cells. Only exceptionally the macrophages show an increase in number and size of their lysosomes and pseudopodia as well as prominent strands of ergastoplasm indicating an activation. The endothelial walls of the dermal vessels are swollen. The amount of mast cells in the upper dermis is increased. Ultrastructural features of the microfilariae are described, especially the cuticle, muscles, central undifferentiated cells and cephalic region. When comparing these findings with the literature on the fine structural morphology of the Latinamerican form, no differences can be found.", "contents": "Electron microscopical studies on onchocerciasis. I. Mesenchyme reaction in untreated onchocercal dermatitis and ultrastructure of the microfilariae. Skin biopsies of 22 untreated Liberian patients suffering from onchocercal dermatitis were studied by electron microscopy. The microfilariae tend to accumulate in the upper dermis, without eliciting a cellular reaction. Occasionally macrophages or mast cells are found in the neighbourhood of the microfilariae. The most conspicuous changes concern the presence of perivascular infiltrates, comprised of lymphocytes and macrophages, with a varying admixture of plasma cells. Only exceptionally the macrophages show an increase in number and size of their lysosomes and pseudopodia as well as prominent strands of ergastoplasm indicating an activation. The endothelial walls of the dermal vessels are swollen. The amount of mast cells in the upper dermis is increased. Ultrastructural features of the microfilariae are described, especially the cuticle, muscles, central undifferentiated cells and cephalic region. When comparing these findings with the literature on the fine structural morphology of the Latinamerican form, no differences can be found.", "PMID": 741506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4844", "title": "The distribution of the simulium damnosum complex in West Africa with particular reference to the onchocerciasis control programme area.", "content": "A chromosomal identification of the Stimulium damnosum complex larvae collected from areas within and outside the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) area  revealed six species of the complex. Five of these (S. sirbanum, S. damnosum s.s., S. soubrense, S. yahense, S. squamosum) were observed within and south of the OCP area. S. sanctipauli was found exclusively outside the OCP zone. S. sirbanum: Predominated in the Sudan Savanna, spread into the Guinea and transition zones but was almost absent in the forest region. S. damnosum s.s.: Abundant in the Guinea Savanna; was well represented in the Sudan Savanna while smaller populations penetrated the forest region. S. sanctipauli: Identified almost exclusively from the forest zone; a few savanna foci were found on the upper course of the Sassandra R.  in the Ivory Coast and on the Volta R. within the coastal savanna strip in Ghana. S. soubrense: Recorded from the forest, transition and Guinea Savanna zones; northern limits were established at the L\u00e9raba Bridge on the Upper Volta/Ivory Coast border. S. yahense: Predominantely distributed along creeks and small rivers in the forest region; a few records within the Guinea Savanna were found on the upper reaches of the Sassandra valley. S. squamosum: Observed in small rivers in the forest zone; extensively colonised heavily shaded or forested areas within the Guinea Savanna but in the Sudan Savanna only two records were observed near Bobo-Dioulasso in Upper Volta.", "contents": "The distribution of the simulium damnosum complex in West Africa with particular reference to the onchocerciasis control programme area. A chromosomal identification of the Stimulium damnosum complex larvae collected from areas within and outside the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) area  revealed six species of the complex. Five of these (S. sirbanum, S. damnosum s.s., S. soubrense, S. yahense, S. squamosum) were observed within and south of the OCP area. S. sanctipauli was found exclusively outside the OCP zone. S. sirbanum: Predominated in the Sudan Savanna, spread into the Guinea and transition zones but was almost absent in the forest region. S. damnosum s.s.: Abundant in the Guinea Savanna; was well represented in the Sudan Savanna while smaller populations penetrated the forest region. S. sanctipauli: Identified almost exclusively from the forest zone; a few savanna foci were found on the upper course of the Sassandra R.  in the Ivory Coast and on the Volta R. within the coastal savanna strip in Ghana. S. soubrense: Recorded from the forest, transition and Guinea Savanna zones; northern limits were established at the L\u00e9raba Bridge on the Upper Volta/Ivory Coast border. S. yahense: Predominantely distributed along creeks and small rivers in the forest region; a few records within the Guinea Savanna were found on the upper reaches of the Sassandra valley. S. squamosum: Observed in small rivers in the forest zone; extensively colonised heavily shaded or forested areas within the Guinea Savanna but in the Sudan Savanna only two records were observed near Bobo-Dioulasso in Upper Volta.", "PMID": 741507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4845", "title": "Use of morphological characters in the study of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations in West Africa.", "content": "Morphological characters were tested which could be used to compare and to associate Stimulium damnosum s.l. populations reinvading the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin with those of potential source areas. The savanna cytospecies S. damnosum s.str. and S. sirbanum could be distinguished from the forest species S. sanctipauli, S. soubrense and S. yahense by the size and shape of the antennae and the colour of the basal wing tufts. Wing tufts of S. squamosum were of variable colour. Results did not confirm morphological keys for the complex which used counts of maxiillary teeth to separate S. damnosum s.str. and S. sirbanum, and numbers of spinules on the radial vein of the wings to separate S. yahense and S. squamosum. Populations of the S. damnosum complex could be characterised by morphometric methods. Measurements of the length of the thorax provided a rapid and easy means to distinguish different populations. The length of the thorax was positively correlated with the  length of the wings. By using several measurements in combination populations could be more clearly characterised.", "contents": "Use of morphological characters in the study of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations in West Africa. Morphological characters were tested which could be used to compare and to associate Stimulium damnosum s.l. populations reinvading the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin with those of potential source areas. The savanna cytospecies S. damnosum s.str. and S. sirbanum could be distinguished from the forest species S. sanctipauli, S. soubrense and S. yahense by the size and shape of the antennae and the colour of the basal wing tufts. Wing tufts of S. squamosum were of variable colour. Results did not confirm morphological keys for the complex which used counts of maxiillary teeth to separate S. damnosum s.str. and S. sirbanum, and numbers of spinules on the radial vein of the wings to separate S. yahense and S. squamosum. Populations of the S. damnosum complex could be characterised by morphometric methods. Measurements of the length of the thorax provided a rapid and easy means to distinguish different populations. The length of the thorax was positively correlated with the  length of the wings. By using several measurements in combination populations could be more clearly characterised.", "PMID": 741508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4846", "title": "Light trap studies on Simulium damnosum s.l. in Northern Ghana.", "content": "The results of light trapping S. damnosum s.l. in northern Ghana during both the wet and dry season are given. It is considered that some flight activity takes place throughtout the night at both seasons. Flies in different physiological states behave differently and gravid females and newly emerged flies appear to be strongly phototactic. There is little evidence to suggest that light trapping is likely to be useful for the capture of blood engorged flies and for the routine monitoring of S. damnosum populations. Further work on the use of light traps in Stimulium studies is required.", "contents": "Light trap studies on Simulium damnosum s.l. in Northern Ghana. The results of light trapping S. damnosum s.l. in northern Ghana during both the wet and dry season are given. It is considered that some flight activity takes place throughtout the night at both seasons. Flies in different physiological states behave differently and gravid females and newly emerged flies appear to be strongly phototactic. There is little evidence to suggest that light trapping is likely to be useful for the capture of blood engorged flies and for the routine monitoring of S. damnosum populations. Further work on the use of light traps in Stimulium studies is required.", "PMID": 741509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4847", "title": "[Nutritional status and health status of under-fives of the Mentawai island Sipora (Indonesia) (author's transl)].", "content": "Weight, Height, head circumference, chest circumference, arm circumference and triceps skinfold of 223 children under 5 years from the small Mentawai island Sipora/Indonesia have been measured and related to international standards. Beginning from standard values, the anthropometric data decrease during the first 2-3 years, rising again in the following years. Weight for age is 72% of standard at 24 months and 83% at 5 years, height for age 89% at 30 months and 92% at 5 years, weight for height of the boys 82% at 12 months, of the girls 79% at 24 months and 94% for both at 4-5 years, chest/head ratio 95% at 12 months and 100% at 3-5 years. Arm circumference is 83% at 18 months 100% and above already at 3 years. Therefore, fold regains after the minimum of 90% at 18 months and above already at 3 years. Therefore, muscle growth would predominantly be reduced. The weight gain follows approximately the 3rd centile of english girls with a clear depression between 9 and 30 months. The birth weights of 476 children are 3230 g (boys) and 3120 g (girls). Perinatal mortality is low (2.9%), mortality during the first 5 years between 15 and 24%. In the health centre charts of 126 children under 5 years of a selected village (93% of that age group) 463 treatments in 5 years are recorded. The most frequent diagnoses are diseases of the respiratory tract (38% of all treatments), followed by malaria (23%), diarrhoea (19%), ascaris and hookworm infections (7.6%) and skin conditions (6%). Tuberculosis was the cause of treatment in 1.3%. In spite of the temporary growth retardation, as indicated by the anthropometric values, no cases of clinical Protein-Energy-Malnutrition have been observed. Malaria seems to be holoendemic, since all 223 children had a palpable spleen.", "contents": "[Nutritional status and health status of under-fives of the Mentawai island Sipora (Indonesia) (author's transl)]. Weight, Height, head circumference, chest circumference, arm circumference and triceps skinfold of 223 children under 5 years from the small Mentawai island Sipora/Indonesia have been measured and related to international standards. Beginning from standard values, the anthropometric data decrease during the first 2-3 years, rising again in the following years. Weight for age is 72% of standard at 24 months and 83% at 5 years, height for age 89% at 30 months and 92% at 5 years, weight for height of the boys 82% at 12 months, of the girls 79% at 24 months and 94% for both at 4-5 years, chest/head ratio 95% at 12 months and 100% at 3-5 years. Arm circumference is 83% at 18 months 100% and above already at 3 years. Therefore, fold regains after the minimum of 90% at 18 months and above already at 3 years. Therefore, muscle growth would predominantly be reduced. The weight gain follows approximately the 3rd centile of english girls with a clear depression between 9 and 30 months. The birth weights of 476 children are 3230 g (boys) and 3120 g (girls). Perinatal mortality is low (2.9%), mortality during the first 5 years between 15 and 24%. In the health centre charts of 126 children under 5 years of a selected village (93% of that age group) 463 treatments in 5 years are recorded. The most frequent diagnoses are diseases of the respiratory tract (38% of all treatments), followed by malaria (23%), diarrhoea (19%), ascaris and hookworm infections (7.6%) and skin conditions (6%). Tuberculosis was the cause of treatment in 1.3%. In spite of the temporary growth retardation, as indicated by the anthropometric values, no cases of clinical Protein-Energy-Malnutrition have been observed. Malaria seems to be holoendemic, since all 223 children had a palpable spleen.", "PMID": 741510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4848", "title": "[Effect of cadmium ions on cell division in the root meristem of Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr].", "content": "Germination of seeds in cadmium chloride solution resulted in certain disturbances in nuclear division and stopped cytokinesis. Cystein added to cadmium chloride solution decreased the number of these disturbances. The effect of cadmium ions is supposed to be associated with the SH-groups blocking in contractile proteins of cellular spindle or in enzymes responsible for mitosis.", "contents": "[Effect of cadmium ions on cell division in the root meristem of Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr]. Germination of seeds in cadmium chloride solution resulted in certain disturbances in nuclear division and stopped cytokinesis. Cystein added to cadmium chloride solution decreased the number of these disturbances. The effect of cadmium ions is supposed to be associated with the SH-groups blocking in contractile proteins of cellular spindle or in enzymes responsible for mitosis.", "PMID": 741513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4849", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies of lambs with congenital developmental anomalies].", "content": "Cytogenetic researches of the bone marrow cells in eight newborn lambs with different innate anomalies showed that they had a normal karyotype, 18.4 +/- 0.47% aneuploid, 1.31+/-0.08% polyploid cells and 0.97+/-0.16% cells with spontaneous chromosomes aberrations, which corresponds to analogous indices in normal lambs.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies of lambs with congenital developmental anomalies]. Cytogenetic researches of the bone marrow cells in eight newborn lambs with different innate anomalies showed that they had a normal karyotype, 18.4 +/- 0.47% aneuploid, 1.31+/-0.08% polyploid cells and 0.97+/-0.16% cells with spontaneous chromosomes aberrations, which corresponds to analogous indices in normal lambs.", "PMID": 741516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4850", "title": "[Cytogenetic effect of the action of fotrin on domestic swine].", "content": "The paper deals with in vivo studies of the cytogenetic effect of the photrin alkylating agent on the bone marrow cells of piglets. A high frequency of chromatid exchange output and non-random length localization of the individual chromosomes breaks are determined. The specific influence of chemical mutagens is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic effect of the action of fotrin on domestic swine]. The paper deals with in vivo studies of the cytogenetic effect of the photrin alkylating agent on the bone marrow cells of piglets. A high frequency of chromatid exchange output and non-random length localization of the individual chromosomes breaks are determined. The specific influence of chemical mutagens is discussed.", "PMID": 741514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4851", "title": "[Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of chemical substances in an in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocyte culture after their activation in the body of mammals].", "content": "To evaluate mutagenic activity of human metabolites a method is suggested for treating the culture of human lymphocytes with whole mammalian blood after their exposure to a chemical. This method was used to study the cytogenic activity of cyclophosphamide metabolites available in blood of CBA female mice after intraperitoneal injection of different doses of the chemical.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of chemical substances in an in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocyte culture after their activation in the body of mammals]. To evaluate mutagenic activity of human metabolites a method is suggested for treating the culture of human lymphocytes with whole mammalian blood after their exposure to a chemical. This method was used to study the cytogenic activity of cyclophosphamide metabolites available in blood of CBA female mice after intraperitoneal injection of different doses of the chemical.", "PMID": 741515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4852", "title": "[Data on the X-sex chromatin content and cytokaryometric characteristics of the cells of human amniotic fluid and of provisory and definitive organs].", "content": "In different zones of the aminion there is a different amount of cells with X-chromatin containing nuclei. Four types among most common cells of amniotic fluid are described. The sizes of cells, nuclei and nucleoli in different zones of the amnion, amniotic fluid, fetal cheeck mucous and fetal urina are compared. The material taken by biopsy from provisory organs is suggested to be used for cytogenetic studies.", "contents": "[Data on the X-sex chromatin content and cytokaryometric characteristics of the cells of human amniotic fluid and of provisory and definitive organs]. In different zones of the aminion there is a different amount of cells with X-chromatin containing nuclei. Four types among most common cells of amniotic fluid are described. The sizes of cells, nuclei and nucleoli in different zones of the amnion, amniotic fluid, fetal cheeck mucous and fetal urina are compared. The material taken by biopsy from provisory organs is suggested to be used for cytogenetic studies.", "PMID": 741517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4853", "title": "Diffuse pleural mesothelioma in Trieste. A survey based on autopsy cases.", "content": "Records of necropsies performed at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology of the University of Trieste during the period December 1 1971-December 31 1977 have been reviewed. Cases with a necropsy diagnosis of pleural tumor or lung sarcoma were reexamined. Twenty-six cases were accepted as definite diffuse pleural mesothelioma. Occupational history was indicative of asbestos exposure in 22 cases, with 12 patients having worked in shipyards. The high incidence of diffuse pleural mesothelioma in the Province of Trieste is emphasized.", "contents": "Diffuse pleural mesothelioma in Trieste. A survey based on autopsy cases. Records of necropsies performed at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology of the University of Trieste during the period December 1 1971-December 31 1977 have been reviewed. Cases with a necropsy diagnosis of pleural tumor or lung sarcoma were reexamined. Twenty-six cases were accepted as definite diffuse pleural mesothelioma. Occupational history was indicative of asbestos exposure in 22 cases, with 12 patients having worked in shipyards. The high incidence of diffuse pleural mesothelioma in the Province of Trieste is emphasized.", "PMID": 741520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4854", "title": "6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and hexokinase activity ratios in some human tumor cytosols.", "content": "The ratios of some key enzymatic activities of carbohydrate metabolism have been measured in human tumor cytosols. The activities of whole hexokinase (low Km, EC 2.7.1.1 and high Km, EC 2.7.1.2), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) change according to a biochemical pattern coherent with cell growth requirements. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity was in each sample tested higher than glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; this indicates that 6-phosphogluconate, a powerful inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, is unlikely to accumulate and inhibit this enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate channelling into glycolysis.", "contents": "6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and hexokinase activity ratios in some human tumor cytosols. The ratios of some key enzymatic activities of carbohydrate metabolism have been measured in human tumor cytosols. The activities of whole hexokinase (low Km, EC 2.7.1.1 and high Km, EC 2.7.1.2), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) change according to a biochemical pattern coherent with cell growth requirements. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity was in each sample tested higher than glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; this indicates that 6-phosphogluconate, a powerful inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, is unlikely to accumulate and inhibit this enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate channelling into glycolysis.", "PMID": 741521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4855", "title": "[Cause of the change in the type of structural chromosomal mutations in the cell transition from the G1 to the S phase].", "content": "Cessation of exchange interactions among chromosomes and change of the chromosome type of aberrations for chromatid type were found on the model of the Crepis capillaris germinating seeds sychronized with 5-fluor-2-desoxyuridine at the end of G1-beginning of S-phase and then exposed to X-ray irradiation.", "contents": "[Cause of the change in the type of structural chromosomal mutations in the cell transition from the G1 to the S phase]. Cessation of exchange interactions among chromosomes and change of the chromosome type of aberrations for chromatid type were found on the model of the Crepis capillaris germinating seeds sychronized with 5-fluor-2-desoxyuridine at the end of G1-beginning of S-phase and then exposed to X-ray irradiation.", "PMID": 741519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4856", "title": "Alternative methods of diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer.", "content": "A survey of the conventional diagnostic measures in bladder carcinoma is given. The importance of additional methods, such as pelvic arteriography and phlebography, lymphography and lymphoscanning is evaluated.", "contents": "Alternative methods of diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer. A survey of the conventional diagnostic measures in bladder carcinoma is given. The importance of additional methods, such as pelvic arteriography and phlebography, lymphography and lymphoscanning is evaluated.", "PMID": 741529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4857", "title": "Malignant lymphoma, Burkitt's type: histologic report of two cases in Italy.", "content": "Two cases of undifferentiated Burkitt's type malignant lymphoma with prevalent ovarian localization and observed in Italy are described histologically. Some brief considerations about the extra African diffusion of this lymphoma are pointed out.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma, Burkitt's type: histologic report of two cases in Italy. Two cases of undifferentiated Burkitt's type malignant lymphoma with prevalent ovarian localization and observed in Italy are described histologically. Some brief considerations about the extra African diffusion of this lymphoma are pointed out.", "PMID": 741524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4858", "title": "A casual finding of primary splenic Hodgkin's disease in a case of traumatic rupture of the spleen.", "content": "A case of 15-year-old male with traumatic rupture of the spleen is reported. Patterns of Hodgkin's lymphoma were found in sections of the spleen. Lymph nodes were not involved. Ten years after the splenectomy the patient is alive and well.", "contents": "A casual finding of primary splenic Hodgkin's disease in a case of traumatic rupture of the spleen. A case of 15-year-old male with traumatic rupture of the spleen is reported. Patterns of Hodgkin's lymphoma were found in sections of the spleen. Lymph nodes were not involved. Ten years after the splenectomy the patient is alive and well.", "PMID": 741523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4859", "title": "The WHO histological classification of urinary bladder tumours.", "content": "The WHO histological classification of urinary bladder tumours was formulated to promote better international communication and more reliable statistical comparisons. The axes of classification concern histological type, grade of anaplasia and growth pattern.", "contents": "The WHO histological classification of urinary bladder tumours. The WHO histological classification of urinary bladder tumours was formulated to promote better international communication and more reliable statistical comparisons. The axes of classification concern histological type, grade of anaplasia and growth pattern.", "PMID": 741530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4860", "title": "The value and present indications of staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "From December 1971 to December 1976 224 patients with Hodgkin's disease underwent diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy under a multidisciplinary protocol of treatment. In 149/224 (66.5%) the clinical stage of the disease was confirmed, whereas in 75/224 (33.5%) it was modified after surgery. In 7.6% of the patients (17/224) there were postoperative complications. One patient died of myocardial infarction. The rate of complications in the last 100 cases was 5%. Preoperative patient selection, excluding those definitely in stage IV, is of relevance, and it can be done by iliac crest biopsy and laparoscopy. Although a better exploitation of some diagnostic procedures (lymphangiography, laparoscopy) and the expanding use of chemotherapy may reduce in the future the need for staging laparotomy and splenectomy, diagnostic laparotomy is still indicated for the selection and preparation of patients for radiation therapy in stages I, II and III.", "contents": "The value and present indications of staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease. From December 1971 to December 1976 224 patients with Hodgkin's disease underwent diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy under a multidisciplinary protocol of treatment. In 149/224 (66.5%) the clinical stage of the disease was confirmed, whereas in 75/224 (33.5%) it was modified after surgery. In 7.6% of the patients (17/224) there were postoperative complications. One patient died of myocardial infarction. The rate of complications in the last 100 cases was 5%. Preoperative patient selection, excluding those definitely in stage IV, is of relevance, and it can be done by iliac crest biopsy and laparoscopy. Although a better exploitation of some diagnostic procedures (lymphangiography, laparoscopy) and the expanding use of chemotherapy may reduce in the future the need for staging laparotomy and splenectomy, diagnostic laparotomy is still indicated for the selection and preparation of patients for radiation therapy in stages I, II and III.", "PMID": 741522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4861", "title": "The role of exfoliative cytology in the management of bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Cytological analyses of bladder washings from 974 patients with disorders of the urinary tract are reported. The cytological findings were compared with the clinical and histological diagnoses. The histological grading of bladder tumours was based on the classification proposed by Bergkvist et al. No false positive diagnosis of malignancy was made in the 320 patients without tumour growth. The five cases with positive cytology had histologically verified carcinoma in situ. The frequency of cytological diagnosis of cancer increased with the histological grade of malignancy in the 428 patients with bladder neoplasm. Carcinoma was graded in smears according mainly to the degree of epithelial atypia. A comparison with the histological grading was attempted. Of 226 cases of bladder carcinoma treated with supervoltage irradiation, 108 had persistence or recurrence of carcinoma. The clinical diagnosis was cytologically confirmed in 92 per cent of these cases.", "contents": "The role of exfoliative cytology in the management of bladder carcinoma. Cytological analyses of bladder washings from 974 patients with disorders of the urinary tract are reported. The cytological findings were compared with the clinical and histological diagnoses. The histological grading of bladder tumours was based on the classification proposed by Bergkvist et al. No false positive diagnosis of malignancy was made in the 320 patients without tumour growth. The five cases with positive cytology had histologically verified carcinoma in situ. The frequency of cytological diagnosis of cancer increased with the histological grade of malignancy in the 428 patients with bladder neoplasm. Carcinoma was graded in smears according mainly to the degree of epithelial atypia. A comparison with the histological grading was attempted. Of 226 cases of bladder carcinoma treated with supervoltage irradiation, 108 had persistence or recurrence of carcinoma. The clinical diagnosis was cytologically confirmed in 92 per cent of these cases.", "PMID": 741531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4862", "title": "Thyroid cancer in childhood.", "content": "From 1956 to 1975 21 patients (13 females and 8 males) with thyroid cancer developed by age 14 have been observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Follicular adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 4 cases and papillary adenocarcinoma in 17. Five patients (24%) had been given previous cervical irradiation for benign conditions. At admission lung metastases were evident in 2 patients (one affected by follicular and the other by papillary adenocarcinoma). All patients were submitted to surgical treatment, which in most cases consisted in total thyroidectomy plus elective lymph node dissection; serious postoperative complications were not observed. External irradiation was given to 4 patients, since surgery had not been radical. Radioiodine treatment was performed in the 2 patients with lung metastases: in the patient with follicular adenocarcinoma metastases disappeared after 131I treatment, whereas in the other one they still persist unmodified 10 years later. A local recurrence occurred in 3 cases and pulmonary metastases in one: all of them made an apparent recovery after surgical and/or radioiodine treatment. All patients are alive and, except one, without evidence of disease after a follow-up period from 14 months to 21 years. Although differences in evolution have been noted according to the histotype, the prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood is good, even if distant metastases are present.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer in childhood. From 1956 to 1975 21 patients (13 females and 8 males) with thyroid cancer developed by age 14 have been observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Follicular adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 4 cases and papillary adenocarcinoma in 17. Five patients (24%) had been given previous cervical irradiation for benign conditions. At admission lung metastases were evident in 2 patients (one affected by follicular and the other by papillary adenocarcinoma). All patients were submitted to surgical treatment, which in most cases consisted in total thyroidectomy plus elective lymph node dissection; serious postoperative complications were not observed. External irradiation was given to 4 patients, since surgery had not been radical. Radioiodine treatment was performed in the 2 patients with lung metastases: in the patient with follicular adenocarcinoma metastases disappeared after 131I treatment, whereas in the other one they still persist unmodified 10 years later. A local recurrence occurred in 3 cases and pulmonary metastases in one: all of them made an apparent recovery after surgical and/or radioiodine treatment. All patients are alive and, except one, without evidence of disease after a follow-up period from 14 months to 21 years. Although differences in evolution have been noted according to the histotype, the prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood is good, even if distant metastases are present.", "PMID": 741525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4863", "title": "Cellular cytotoxicity in transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder - a summary.", "content": "The cytoxicity in vitro fo peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC-bladder) against allogeneic target cells from established cell lines was studied by the 51Cr-release assay. Lymphocytes from both untreated and treated TCC-bladder patients have a significantly elevated mean cytotoxicity to TCC-bladder target cells. Tumour cell destruction by lymphocytes from TCC-bladder patients shows a clear disease related specificity. In TCC-bladder patients a superimposed cytotoxicity exists, probably reflecting reactions against one or several tumour - associated antigens. In treated patients this cytotoxicity may be masked by higher incidence of cross reaction.", "contents": "Cellular cytotoxicity in transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder - a summary. The cytoxicity in vitro fo peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC-bladder) against allogeneic target cells from established cell lines was studied by the 51Cr-release assay. Lymphocytes from both untreated and treated TCC-bladder patients have a significantly elevated mean cytotoxicity to TCC-bladder target cells. Tumour cell destruction by lymphocytes from TCC-bladder patients shows a clear disease related specificity. In TCC-bladder patients a superimposed cytotoxicity exists, probably reflecting reactions against one or several tumour - associated antigens. In treated patients this cytotoxicity may be masked by higher incidence of cross reaction.", "PMID": 741533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4864", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder - radiotherapy.", "content": "Differentiated transitional cell carcinoma responded better to radiotherapy than anaplastic or squamous cell carcinoma. Five year survival was higher in low stage than in high stage carcinoma, and higher in papillary than in solid carcinoma. Tumour control, but also complication rate, increased with higher radiation dose. With the introduction of a two volume irradiation technique, a large tumour dose can be given with a minimum of complications.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder - radiotherapy. Differentiated transitional cell carcinoma responded better to radiotherapy than anaplastic or squamous cell carcinoma. Five year survival was higher in low stage than in high stage carcinoma, and higher in papillary than in solid carcinoma. Tumour control, but also complication rate, increased with higher radiation dose. With the introduction of a two volume irradiation technique, a large tumour dose can be given with a minimum of complications.", "PMID": 741534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4865", "title": "Treatment of bladder cancer at the Rotterdam Radiotherapy Institute (R.R.T.I.) with special reference to bladder radium implantation and preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy.", "content": "Between 1950 and 1972, a total of 2,031 cases of bladder cancer were treated in the R.R.T.I. The policy differed according to size and stage of the disease as well as to the general condition of the patient. Best results were achieved by radium implantation of solitary lesions less than 5 cms in diameter. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy was the treatment of choice for cases of T3 category. The remaining T1 and T2 cases were treated surgically, while T4 cases were managed with external irradiation alone.", "contents": "Treatment of bladder cancer at the Rotterdam Radiotherapy Institute (R.R.T.I.) with special reference to bladder radium implantation and preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy. Between 1950 and 1972, a total of 2,031 cases of bladder cancer were treated in the R.R.T.I. The policy differed according to size and stage of the disease as well as to the general condition of the patient. Best results were achieved by radium implantation of solitary lesions less than 5 cms in diameter. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy was the treatment of choice for cases of T3 category. The remaining T1 and T2 cases were treated surgically, while T4 cases were managed with external irradiation alone.", "PMID": 741536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4866", "title": "Radical cystectomy with or without planned preoperative irradiation in the treatment of bladder cancer.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 342 patients with carcinoma of the bladder treated by radical cystectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with or without planned preoperative irradiation revealed that preoperative irradiation significantly improved survival of patients with deeply infiltrating tumours (pathological Stage B2 and C), and reduced the prognostic importance of distinctions between pathological B1 and B2 neoplasms. Preoperative irradiation had no discernible effect on the survival of patients with superficially infiltrating neoplasms.", "contents": "Radical cystectomy with or without planned preoperative irradiation in the treatment of bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis of 342 patients with carcinoma of the bladder treated by radical cystectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with or without planned preoperative irradiation revealed that preoperative irradiation significantly improved survival of patients with deeply infiltrating tumours (pathological Stage B2 and C), and reduced the prognostic importance of distinctions between pathological B1 and B2 neoplasms. Preoperative irradiation had no discernible effect on the survival of patients with superficially infiltrating neoplasms.", "PMID": 741537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4867", "title": "Bladder carcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy.", "content": "In 1969 a clinical trial was started where patients with bladder carcinoma stage T2 and grade 3 were subjected to preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy. The survival rate in this series was higher than in a previous series of comparable patients who were given full irradiation without cystectomy.", "contents": "Bladder carcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy. In 1969 a clinical trial was started where patients with bladder carcinoma stage T2 and grade 3 were subjected to preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy. The survival rate in this series was higher than in a previous series of comparable patients who were given full irradiation without cystectomy.", "PMID": 741538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4868", "title": "Lymphatic network of kidney. II. Effect of diuretics on intrarenal renin release.", "content": "The individual effects of chlorothiazide, furosemide, and mannitol on renin activity in renal lymph have been studied in dogs. Elevation of renin activity in lymph is noted following infusion with either chlorothiazide or furosemide, while a reduction of renin activity in renal lymph is noted after mannitol infusion. The importance of elevated sodium levels in the proximal end of the distal tubule and its effects on renin release in kidney interstitium is stressed. More work is advocated to elucidate fully the role of renin when released intrarenally.", "contents": "Lymphatic network of kidney. II. Effect of diuretics on intrarenal renin release. The individual effects of chlorothiazide, furosemide, and mannitol on renin activity in renal lymph have been studied in dogs. Elevation of renin activity in lymph is noted following infusion with either chlorothiazide or furosemide, while a reduction of renin activity in renal lymph is noted after mannitol infusion. The importance of elevated sodium levels in the proximal end of the distal tubule and its effects on renin release in kidney interstitium is stressed. More work is advocated to elucidate fully the role of renin when released intrarenally.", "PMID": 741539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4869", "title": "Thoracoabdominal-median sternotomy for resection of primary adrenal carcinoma extending into inferior vena cava and hepatic vein.", "content": "A technique utilizing a combined thoracoabdominal-median sternotomy approach is described for stimulatenous resection of a large adrenal cancer occluding the inferior vena cava and extending into the left hepatic vein. This technique is useful in removint an extensive extension of a renal or adrenal cancer into the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Thoracoabdominal-median sternotomy for resection of primary adrenal carcinoma extending into inferior vena cava and hepatic vein. A technique utilizing a combined thoracoabdominal-median sternotomy approach is described for stimulatenous resection of a large adrenal cancer occluding the inferior vena cava and extending into the left hepatic vein. This technique is useful in removint an extensive extension of a renal or adrenal cancer into the inferior vena cava.", "PMID": 741540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4870", "title": "Role of renal biopsy in end stage renal failure.", "content": "The role of renal biopsy in 46 patients with end stage renal failure was assessed. Renal tissue was obtained by open renal biopsy in 24 patients, by needle biopsy in 5, and at bilateral nephrectomy in 17. In 4 patients the renal biopsy specimens showed advanced changes that could only be diagnosed as \"end stage kidney\". In 42 patients (91 per cent), a precise renal diagnosis was made. In 20 patients (43 per cent) the prebiopsy clinical impression differed from the histologic diagnosis. In the 29 patients undergoing renal biopsy, minor postoperative morbidity occurred in 5. We conclude that a renal biopsy in patients with end stage renal failure will result in a change in clinical diagnosis in a significant number of patients and can be performed with low morbidity.", "contents": "Role of renal biopsy in end stage renal failure. The role of renal biopsy in 46 patients with end stage renal failure was assessed. Renal tissue was obtained by open renal biopsy in 24 patients, by needle biopsy in 5, and at bilateral nephrectomy in 17. In 4 patients the renal biopsy specimens showed advanced changes that could only be diagnosed as \"end stage kidney\". In 42 patients (91 per cent), a precise renal diagnosis was made. In 20 patients (43 per cent) the prebiopsy clinical impression differed from the histologic diagnosis. In the 29 patients undergoing renal biopsy, minor postoperative morbidity occurred in 5. We conclude that a renal biopsy in patients with end stage renal failure will result in a change in clinical diagnosis in a significant number of patients and can be performed with low morbidity.", "PMID": 741541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4871", "title": "Autosuturing device in intestinal urinary conduits.", "content": "The autosuturing device has been used to close the base of 41 urinary intestinal conduits: 12 colonic, 25 ileal, and 4 jejunal. The techniques are described. There were no urine or bowel leaks, although in one postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in association with a partial small-bowel obstruction probably related to the stapled enteroanastomosis. Use of the instruments reduced peritoneal contamination and facilitated conduit manipulation. Operating time was reduced. Four patients have passed stones composed of struvite and apatite with staples embedded within. The autosuturing device should be considered an alternative rather than a substitute for conventional proximal conduit closure and bowel anastomoses.", "contents": "Autosuturing device in intestinal urinary conduits. The autosuturing device has been used to close the base of 41 urinary intestinal conduits: 12 colonic, 25 ileal, and 4 jejunal. The techniques are described. There were no urine or bowel leaks, although in one postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in association with a partial small-bowel obstruction probably related to the stapled enteroanastomosis. Use of the instruments reduced peritoneal contamination and facilitated conduit manipulation. Operating time was reduced. Four patients have passed stones composed of struvite and apatite with staples embedded within. The autosuturing device should be considered an alternative rather than a substitute for conventional proximal conduit closure and bowel anastomoses.", "PMID": 741542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4872", "title": "Quantitative nuclear cystogram. Aid in determining spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "The quantatitative data derived from serial nuclear cystograms over a five-year period in 37 children were compared with the clinical course. A direct correlation (92 per cent) between an increasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs was observed in the clinically stable group. In the clinically unstable group, there was a 75-per cent correlation of an unchanged or decreasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs. The quantitative nuclear cystogram provides an objective as opposed to subjective data base for management of patients with vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "Quantitative nuclear cystogram. Aid in determining spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux. The quantatitative data derived from serial nuclear cystograms over a five-year period in 37 children were compared with the clinical course. A direct correlation (92 per cent) between an increasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs was observed in the clinically stable group. In the clinically unstable group, there was a 75-per cent correlation of an unchanged or decreasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs. The quantitative nuclear cystogram provides an objective as opposed to subjective data base for management of patients with vesicoureteral reflux.", "PMID": 741543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4873", "title": "Further study of fibrinogen degradation products in bladder cancer detection.", "content": "A new, rapid immunoassay kit for assaying fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) was studied in 56 patients with cancer of the bladder and in 48 control patients. The specificity of the kit was demonstrated with a small number of false positive results. In bladder cancer patients with low-stage, small superficial tumors, FDP was positive in 32.2 per cent. The combination of urinary cytologic examination with FDP increased the accuracy of the positive results to 80 per cent. The rapid FDP test supplements the urinary cytology in the follow-up and detection of early bladder cancer.", "contents": "Further study of fibrinogen degradation products in bladder cancer detection. A new, rapid immunoassay kit for assaying fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) was studied in 56 patients with cancer of the bladder and in 48 control patients. The specificity of the kit was demonstrated with a small number of false positive results. In bladder cancer patients with low-stage, small superficial tumors, FDP was positive in 32.2 per cent. The combination of urinary cytologic examination with FDP increased the accuracy of the positive results to 80 per cent. The rapid FDP test supplements the urinary cytology in the follow-up and detection of early bladder cancer.", "PMID": 741544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4874", "title": "Infectious osteitis pubis.", "content": "Osteitis pubis is a well-recognized painful inflammation involving the structures of the anterior half of the pelvic girdle, but its cause remains controversial. Biopsy and culture of the pubic bone in 3 patients with osteitis pubis after implantation of a urinary anti-incontinence device were consistent with pubic osteomyelitis which responded to antibiotic therapy. Infection was also found in almost all previously reported cases of osteitis pubis subjected to similar biopsy and culture. Bone biopsy and culture should be strongly considered before initiating frequently unsuccessful empirical therapy in patients with osteitis pubis.", "contents": "Infectious osteitis pubis. Osteitis pubis is a well-recognized painful inflammation involving the structures of the anterior half of the pelvic girdle, but its cause remains controversial. Biopsy and culture of the pubic bone in 3 patients with osteitis pubis after implantation of a urinary anti-incontinence device were consistent with pubic osteomyelitis which responded to antibiotic therapy. Infection was also found in almost all previously reported cases of osteitis pubis subjected to similar biopsy and culture. Bone biopsy and culture should be strongly considered before initiating frequently unsuccessful empirical therapy in patients with osteitis pubis.", "PMID": 741545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4875", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on vesicourethral smooth muscle of rabbit. Therapeutic implications.", "content": "The effects of PGF 2-alpha and PGE2 on the vesicourethral smooth muscle of the rabbit were studied in vitro. PGF2-alpha had potent contractile effects on the bladder body and comparatively less in the bladder base and the proximal urethra. PGE2 contractile effects were two times greater than PGF 2-alpha on the bladder body but minimal or absent on the base and the urethra. The effects of PGF2-alpha and PGE2 seem to be mediated through a prostaglandin receptor as indicated by competitive antagonism of both prostaglandins by N-0164, a synthetic phenyl phosphonate. It also appears that the effects of PGF2-alpha PGE2 may not be mediated through muscarinic, adrenergic, nicotinic, or histaminic receptors or direct smooth-muscle action. The therapeutic implications of PGE2 in the  patients with problems of bladder emptying are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on vesicourethral smooth muscle of rabbit. Therapeutic implications. The effects of PGF 2-alpha and PGE2 on the vesicourethral smooth muscle of the rabbit were studied in vitro. PGF2-alpha had potent contractile effects on the bladder body and comparatively less in the bladder base and the proximal urethra. PGE2 contractile effects were two times greater than PGF 2-alpha on the bladder body but minimal or absent on the base and the urethra. The effects of PGF2-alpha and PGE2 seem to be mediated through a prostaglandin receptor as indicated by competitive antagonism of both prostaglandins by N-0164, a synthetic phenyl phosphonate. It also appears that the effects of PGF2-alpha PGE2 may not be mediated through muscarinic, adrenergic, nicotinic, or histaminic receptors or direct smooth-muscle action. The therapeutic implications of PGE2 in the  patients with problems of bladder emptying are discussed.", "PMID": 741546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4876", "title": "Vasectomy and lowering surgeon's risk of liability.", "content": "The increased demand for vasectomy as a method of fertility control has resulted in an increase in professional liability suits against those surgeons performing this procedure. In some instances this litigation appears to arise from vague or casual instructions from the surgeon, but an additional causative factor is a misunderstanding on the part of the patient regarding the operative and postoperative periods and his responsibility for utilizing alternative contraceptive methods. I suggest some means for addressing these problems, and comment on the factors to consider when the surgeon finds himself the defendant in a lawsuit on \"failed\" vasectomy.", "contents": "Vasectomy and lowering surgeon's risk of liability. The increased demand for vasectomy as a method of fertility control has resulted in an increase in professional liability suits against those surgeons performing this procedure. In some instances this litigation appears to arise from vague or casual instructions from the surgeon, but an additional causative factor is a misunderstanding on the part of the patient regarding the operative and postoperative periods and his responsibility for utilizing alternative contraceptive methods. I suggest some means for addressing these problems, and comment on the factors to consider when the surgeon finds himself the defendant in a lawsuit on \"failed\" vasectomy.", "PMID": 741547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4877", "title": "Role of nurse clinician in urologic oncology.", "content": "The incorporation of single and combination chemotherapy into the therapeutic regimen for some advanced genitourinary tumors has greatly added to the myriad of medical and psychologic problems already present in these patients. Working closely with a urologist, a nurse clinician can be of significant help in the total care of this group of patients. Due to the seriousness and chronicity of the neoplastic process, the emotional and social impact as well as physical factors affect all phases of the patient's life, as well as the lives of family members. The incorporation of traditional nursing values into the medical education of nurse clinicians helps to prepare them to deal with these problems, and their participation serves to make the medical team more complete.", "contents": "Role of nurse clinician in urologic oncology. The incorporation of single and combination chemotherapy into the therapeutic regimen for some advanced genitourinary tumors has greatly added to the myriad of medical and psychologic problems already present in these patients. Working closely with a urologist, a nurse clinician can be of significant help in the total care of this group of patients. Due to the seriousness and chronicity of the neoplastic process, the emotional and social impact as well as physical factors affect all phases of the patient's life, as well as the lives of family members. The incorporation of traditional nursing values into the medical education of nurse clinicians helps to prepare them to deal with these problems, and their participation serves to make the medical team more complete.", "PMID": 741548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4878", "title": "Bilateral angiomyolipomas and renal cell carcinoma in polycystic kidney.", "content": "A case is presented of a twenty-eight-year-old man in whom renal failure developed at age twenty-four from polycystic kidney disease known to be present since childhood. He also had cutaneous manifestations of the tuberous sclerosis complex. Intrarenal hemorrhage led to bilateral nephrectomy. Microscopic examination disclosed typical polycystic disease and multiple angiomyolipomas in each kidney. In addition several renal cell carcinomas of oncocytic, papillary, and clear cell type were found. Review of the literature disclosed the uncommon coexistence of any two of these lesions and did not uncover any reported case of the simultaneous existence of all three.", "contents": "Bilateral angiomyolipomas and renal cell carcinoma in polycystic kidney. A case is presented of a twenty-eight-year-old man in whom renal failure developed at age twenty-four from polycystic kidney disease known to be present since childhood. He also had cutaneous manifestations of the tuberous sclerosis complex. Intrarenal hemorrhage led to bilateral nephrectomy. Microscopic examination disclosed typical polycystic disease and multiple angiomyolipomas in each kidney. In addition several renal cell carcinomas of oncocytic, papillary, and clear cell type were found. Review of the literature disclosed the uncommon coexistence of any two of these lesions and did not uncover any reported case of the simultaneous existence of all three.", "PMID": 741549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4879", "title": "Congenital ureteric cyst--rare anomaly.", "content": "A rare example of a congenital cyst of the ureter is described and the embryologic development of the abnormality discussed. The world literature relevant to the case is reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital ureteric cyst--rare anomaly. A rare example of a congenital cyst of the ureter is described and the embryologic development of the abnormality discussed. The world literature relevant to the case is reviewed.", "PMID": 741550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4880", "title": "Emphysematous cystitis presenting with subcutaneous emphysema.", "content": "A case is reported of subcutaneous emphysema of the neck in association with emphysematous cystitis and uncontrolled diabetes. Problems in its management are discussed. Anatomic pathway for the spread of the gas from the bladder to the subcutaneous tissues of the neck and the back is speculated.", "contents": "Emphysematous cystitis presenting with subcutaneous emphysema. A case is reported of subcutaneous emphysema of the neck in association with emphysematous cystitis and uncontrolled diabetes. Problems in its management are discussed. Anatomic pathway for the spread of the gas from the bladder to the subcutaneous tissues of the neck and the back is speculated.", "PMID": 741551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4881", "title": "Duplication of male urethra.", "content": "Male urethral duplication is an unusal anomaly with many variants including complete duplication from the bladder to the glans penis as well as incomplete and abortive forms. Two cases are presented of duplication of the male urethra of the epispadiac incomplete type. A chart has been constructed to facilitate categorization of the various forms of urethral duplication in the male.", "contents": "Duplication of male urethra. Male urethral duplication is an unusal anomaly with many variants including complete duplication from the bladder to the glans penis as well as incomplete and abortive forms. Two cases are presented of duplication of the male urethra of the epispadiac incomplete type. A chart has been constructed to facilitate categorization of the various forms of urethral duplication in the male.", "PMID": 741552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4882", "title": "Pulmonary embolus presenting as initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Pulmonary emboli from renal cell carcinoma may be more common than previously suspected. A case is reported of renal cell carcinoma presenting with a massive pulmonary embolus. Pulmonary embolectomy followed by radical nephrectomy with venocavotomy and tumor thrombectomy was successfully performed.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolus presenting as initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. Pulmonary emboli from renal cell carcinoma may be more common than previously suspected. A case is reported of renal cell carcinoma presenting with a massive pulmonary embolus. Pulmonary embolectomy followed by radical nephrectomy with venocavotomy and tumor thrombectomy was successfully performed.", "PMID": 741553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4883", "title": "Malacoplakia of epididymis.", "content": "Malacoplakia localized to the epididymis is described. Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of bacterial bodies in phagolysosomes of malacoplakic macrophages. The possible role of the phagocytosed bacteria in the pathogenesis of malacoplakia is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of epididymis. Malacoplakia localized to the epididymis is described. Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of bacterial bodies in phagolysosomes of malacoplakic macrophages. The possible role of the phagocytosed bacteria in the pathogenesis of malacoplakia is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 741555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4884", "title": "Renal angiomyolipoma: ultrastructural study.", "content": "An angiomyolipoma from a twenty-six-year-old woman was studied by electron microscopy. The tumor was composed of a mixture of mature smooth muscle cells, fat cells, and abnormal blood vessels. MAny of the smooth muscle cells showed excessive intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen, while the abnormal blood vessels lacked a normal media.", "contents": "Renal angiomyolipoma: ultrastructural study. An angiomyolipoma from a twenty-six-year-old woman was studied by electron microscopy. The tumor was composed of a mixture of mature smooth muscle cells, fat cells, and abnormal blood vessels. MAny of the smooth muscle cells showed excessive intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen, while the abnormal blood vessels lacked a normal media.", "PMID": 741556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4885", "title": "Solitary primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder. Light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A fifty-four-year-old white woman with a history of episodic gross hematuria was diagnosed as having solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder involving a large segment of the dome and anterior wall. A segmental resection of the bladder was performed with good results. Electron microscopic examination of the lesion revealed evidence to indicate that amyloid in this case was produced by the fibroblasts within the lamina propria of the bladder. The mode of amyloidogenesis is identical to that noted in some of the previously published electron microscopic studies on localized amyloidosis of skin. Solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare lesion with only 46 cases having been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Solitary primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder. Light and electron microscopic study. A fifty-four-year-old white woman with a history of episodic gross hematuria was diagnosed as having solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder involving a large segment of the dome and anterior wall. A segmental resection of the bladder was performed with good results. Electron microscopic examination of the lesion revealed evidence to indicate that amyloid in this case was produced by the fibroblasts within the lamina propria of the bladder. The mode of amyloidogenesis is identical to that noted in some of the previously published electron microscopic studies on localized amyloidosis of skin. Solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare lesion with only 46 cases having been previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 741557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4886", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic renal papilla.", "content": "Although ectopic renal papilla has been reported only recently, there is indication that it is more common than these few experiences would suggest. Awareness of this entity and its radiographic features should direct the urologist toward a conservative approach confirming the diagnosis by operative nephroscopy, thereby obviating nephrectomy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic renal papilla. Although ectopic renal papilla has been reported only recently, there is indication that it is more common than these few experiences would suggest. Awareness of this entity and its radiographic features should direct the urologist toward a conservative approach confirming the diagnosis by operative nephroscopy, thereby obviating nephrectomy.", "PMID": 741559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4887", "title": "Value of computerized tomography in evaluation of kidney.", "content": "The use of intravenous iodinated contrast material after a preliminary computerized axial tomographic scan of the kidney has been an extremely valuable adjunct in differentiating benign, malignant, and some inflammatory processes. The diagnosis of type of lesion present has been facilitated and allows direction for further diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "Value of computerized tomography in evaluation of kidney. The use of intravenous iodinated contrast material after a preliminary computerized axial tomographic scan of the kidney has been an extremely valuable adjunct in differentiating benign, malignant, and some inflammatory processes. The diagnosis of type of lesion present has been facilitated and allows direction for further diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 741560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4888", "title": "False positive findings on liver scans in carcinoma of kidney.", "content": "In most urologic centers, liver scan is a routine investigation for evaluation of carcinoma of the kidney. Herein are described 3 patients with carcinoma of the right kidney, who had abnormal liver scans and did not show any metastases on exploration and open liver biopsy. These false positive findings were found to be due to the extrinsic compression of the liver by the tumor. When interpreting the liver sacn in a patient with renal tumor on the right side, the possibility of this false positive finding due to extrinsic compression to be considered and an abnormal hepatic scan alone should not be a contraindication for possible radical surgery.", "contents": "False positive findings on liver scans in carcinoma of kidney. In most urologic centers, liver scan is a routine investigation for evaluation of carcinoma of the kidney. Herein are described 3 patients with carcinoma of the right kidney, who had abnormal liver scans and did not show any metastases on exploration and open liver biopsy. These false positive findings were found to be due to the extrinsic compression of the liver by the tumor. When interpreting the liver sacn in a patient with renal tumor on the right side, the possibility of this false positive finding due to extrinsic compression to be considered and an abnormal hepatic scan alone should not be a contraindication for possible radical surgery.", "PMID": 741561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4889", "title": "Provisional model for propagation of electrical activity in upper urinary tract.", "content": "A theory on the function of the renal pelvis as a pacemaker for ureteral peristalsis is given. The bioengineering \"black box\" approach is used to describe peristaltic behavior monitored at the ureter and thr renal pelvis, by both peristaltic pressure and electromyographic methods. The model provides a stimulus to further thought on the nature and significance of electrical activity in the upper urinary tract.", "contents": "Provisional model for propagation of electrical activity in upper urinary tract. A theory on the function of the renal pelvis as a pacemaker for ureteral peristalsis is given. The bioengineering \"black box\" approach is used to describe peristaltic behavior monitored at the ureter and thr renal pelvis, by both peristaltic pressure and electromyographic methods. The model provides a stimulus to further thought on the nature and significance of electrical activity in the upper urinary tract.", "PMID": 741562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4890", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors studied 939 patients with acute pancreatitis; 144 of them were operated upon. Total postoperative mortality was 18%; of them 1.05% mortality was due to a mild form and 51.0% mortality occurred in pancreonecrosis and purulent pancreatitis. In extensive necrosis and abscess formation the drainage of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space is recommended. The authors believe that omentopancreatopexy should be applied in oedematous and hemorrhagic forms of pancreatitis and in focal necrosis, as well.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The authors studied 939 patients with acute pancreatitis; 144 of them were operated upon. Total postoperative mortality was 18%; of them 1.05% mortality was due to a mild form and 51.0% mortality occurred in pancreonecrosis and purulent pancreatitis. In extensive necrosis and abscess formation the drainage of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space is recommended. The authors believe that omentopancreatopexy should be applied in oedematous and hemorrhagic forms of pancreatitis and in focal necrosis, as well.", "PMID": 741564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4891", "title": "[Chronic pancreatitis and its treatment in diseases of terminal segment of the common bile duct].", "content": "Clinical observations embrace 77 cases of chronic pancreatitis combined with various pathologic changes of the choledochal terminal portion. The surgical correction of these changes was carried out upon 73 cases. The follow-up lasting from 2 to 6 years has shown the manifestation of chronic pancreatitis either disappear or subside dramatically in the most cases following the surgical correction of the pathologic changes in the choledochal terminal portion.", "contents": "[Chronic pancreatitis and its treatment in diseases of terminal segment of the common bile duct]. Clinical observations embrace 77 cases of chronic pancreatitis combined with various pathologic changes of the choledochal terminal portion. The surgical correction of these changes was carried out upon 73 cases. The follow-up lasting from 2 to 6 years has shown the manifestation of chronic pancreatitis either disappear or subside dramatically in the most cases following the surgical correction of the pathologic changes in the choledochal terminal portion.", "PMID": 741565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4892", "title": "[Transduodenal transpapillar operations in acute cholecystitis complicated by pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors consider the urgent surgery for acute cholecystitis complicated with pancreatitis and with marked bile and pancreatic hypertension to be indicated. In their opinion, the best method of eliminating the cause of duct hypertension in the bile and pancreatic duct system is the transduodenal dissection of the papilla followed with papillocholedochoplasty combined in some patients with plasty of the Wirsung's duct. A separate drainage of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct according to the Doubilet's method was used. Cholecystectomy was carried out upon all the patients. On patient died of progressive pancreonecrosis.", "contents": "[Transduodenal transpapillar operations in acute cholecystitis complicated by pancreatitis]. The authors consider the urgent surgery for acute cholecystitis complicated with pancreatitis and with marked bile and pancreatic hypertension to be indicated. In their opinion, the best method of eliminating the cause of duct hypertension in the bile and pancreatic duct system is the transduodenal dissection of the papilla followed with papillocholedochoplasty combined in some patients with plasty of the Wirsung's duct. A separate drainage of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct according to the Doubilet's method was used. Cholecystectomy was carried out upon all the patients. On patient died of progressive pancreonecrosis.", "PMID": 741566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4893", "title": "[Diagnosis of \"shock lung\"].", "content": "The dynamic x-ray changes in the lungs of 57 cases with severe non-thoracic traumas and shock were studied. 18 patients showed a symmetric injury to the lung, increase of the size of the pulmonary roots and dramatic markedness of the vascular picture within the first hours after trauma. The small peripheral vessels dilated and became very visible. Alveolar oedema was found in 39 patients 6 to 12 hours after trauma. In 11 patients alveolar oedema progressed to massive oedema. Two phases were found in the development of alveolar oedema: microfocal and macrofocal ones.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of \"shock lung\"]. The dynamic x-ray changes in the lungs of 57 cases with severe non-thoracic traumas and shock were studied. 18 patients showed a symmetric injury to the lung, increase of the size of the pulmonary roots and dramatic markedness of the vascular picture within the first hours after trauma. The small peripheral vessels dilated and became very visible. Alveolar oedema was found in 39 patients 6 to 12 hours after trauma. In 11 patients alveolar oedema progressed to massive oedema. Two phases were found in the development of alveolar oedema: microfocal and macrofocal ones.", "PMID": 741567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4894", "title": "[Coagulative and fibrinolytic properties of blood effused into the pleural cavity after lung surgery].", "content": "Coagulative properties of the blood and exudate accumulated in the pleural cavity following lung operations were studied. On the grounds of the studies of plasmin potential and active antiplasmin of the exudate a method of local fibrionolytic therapy of coagulated hemothorax with intrapleural injections of fibrinilysis activators was devised. Fibrinolytic therapy was applied in 106 patients, streptokinase preparations were injected to 28 of them.", "contents": "[Coagulative and fibrinolytic properties of blood effused into the pleural cavity after lung surgery]. Coagulative properties of the blood and exudate accumulated in the pleural cavity following lung operations were studied. On the grounds of the studies of plasmin potential and active antiplasmin of the exudate a method of local fibrionolytic therapy of coagulated hemothorax with intrapleural injections of fibrinilysis activators was devised. Fibrinolytic therapy was applied in 106 patients, streptokinase preparations were injected to 28 of them.", "PMID": 741568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4895", "title": "[Prevention of adhesions after appendectomy].", "content": "The author suggests a modification of the invagination method of appendectomy without ligation of the stump. This method is the most physiologic one; it minimizes the inflammatory process and prevents an undue formation of adhesions. Experimental grounds for the method are described. 204 patients were operated upon. This method has shown better long-term results as compared to typical appendectomy.", "contents": "[Prevention of adhesions after appendectomy]. The author suggests a modification of the invagination method of appendectomy without ligation of the stump. This method is the most physiologic one; it minimizes the inflammatory process and prevents an undue formation of adhesions. Experimental grounds for the method are described. 204 patients were operated upon. This method has shown better long-term results as compared to typical appendectomy.", "PMID": 741569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4896", "title": "[Prevention and treatment of horseshoe-shaped rectal fistulas].", "content": "The paper deals with a newly developed effective method of the treatment of horseshoe fistulae, which was successfully applied in 110 patients. This method is distinguished for its low traumatic effect. The closure of the internal opening is carried out by means of the plasty with a wide layer of the mucous membrane displaced laterally.", "contents": "[Prevention and treatment of horseshoe-shaped rectal fistulas]. The paper deals with a newly developed effective method of the treatment of horseshoe fistulae, which was successfully applied in 110 patients. This method is distinguished for its low traumatic effect. The closure of the internal opening is carried out by means of the plasty with a wide layer of the mucous membrane displaced laterally.", "PMID": 741570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4897", "title": "[Cytomorphological features of epithelial tumors of the rectum].", "content": "The discharge and scraping from tumors of the rectum in 166 patients (cancer--103, simple polyp--32, proliferating polyp--17, villous polyp--5, malignant polyp--9) were studied at a time by means of various methods of cytoanalysis of suspension preparations (phase contrast, luminescent, supravital microscopy) and of smears (Pappenheim's staining, staining with hematoxilin-eosin, Papanicolaou method). On the grounds of the obtained data the phase optic, cytoluminescent and cytomorphologic patterns of various histological forms of cancer and polyps are set forth.", "contents": "[Cytomorphological features of epithelial tumors of the rectum]. The discharge and scraping from tumors of the rectum in 166 patients (cancer--103, simple polyp--32, proliferating polyp--17, villous polyp--5, malignant polyp--9) were studied at a time by means of various methods of cytoanalysis of suspension preparations (phase contrast, luminescent, supravital microscopy) and of smears (Pappenheim's staining, staining with hematoxilin-eosin, Papanicolaou method). On the grounds of the obtained data the phase optic, cytoluminescent and cytomorphologic patterns of various histological forms of cancer and polyps are set forth.", "PMID": 741571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4898", "title": "[Age-related indicators of the rheorectography in healthy persons].", "content": "Using the method of rheography the authors studied the rectal circulation in 77 healthy individuals. The electrodes of different length (30, 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm) designed expressly for the recording of the rheorectography findings were used. On the grounds of the analysis of 369 RRG the authors have drawn the conclusion about reliability and prospects of this electrophysiological study and set forth the normal indices of RRG as related to the age.", "contents": "[Age-related indicators of the rheorectography in healthy persons]. Using the method of rheography the authors studied the rectal circulation in 77 healthy individuals. The electrodes of different length (30, 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm) designed expressly for the recording of the rheorectography findings were used. On the grounds of the analysis of 369 RRG the authors have drawn the conclusion about reliability and prospects of this electrophysiological study and set forth the normal indices of RRG as related to the age.", "PMID": 741572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4899", "title": "[Indications for sclerosing theraph of superficial varicose veins and its possibilities].", "content": "17 years experience with the use of sclerosing preparations for the treatment in varicosis of the superficial veins of various genesis in 1477 patients is set forth. The studies of the long-term results (2 to 15 years) have shown good and fair cosmetic and functional results in 82.6% of cases. Recurrence has been found in 17.4%.", "contents": "[Indications for sclerosing theraph of superficial varicose veins and its possibilities]. 17 years experience with the use of sclerosing preparations for the treatment in varicosis of the superficial veins of various genesis in 1477 patients is set forth. The studies of the long-term results (2 to 15 years) have shown good and fair cosmetic and functional results in 82.6% of cases. Recurrence has been found in 17.4%.", "PMID": 741573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4900", "title": "[Basal metabolism and external respiration in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Basal metabolism indices and data on external respiration function in 352 thyrotoxicosis cases are set forth. The significance of the definition of basal metabolism helping to determine the severity of thyrotoxicosis; they serve as objective criteria in the assessment of the effectiveness of the preoperative management.", "contents": "[Basal metabolism and external respiration in thyrotoxicosis]. Basal metabolism indices and data on external respiration function in 352 thyrotoxicosis cases are set forth. The significance of the definition of basal metabolism helping to determine the severity of thyrotoxicosis; they serve as objective criteria in the assessment of the effectiveness of the preoperative management.", "PMID": 741574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4901", "title": "[Injuries and wounds of the heart and pericardium in children].", "content": "Among 420 cases of wounds and injuries to the heart and the pericardium the authors observed 18 children (4 girls and 14 boys). 11 children died: 7 of them died on the spot, 4 in surgical clinics; 7 children recovered, 4 of them developed complications.", "contents": "[Injuries and wounds of the heart and pericardium in children]. Among 420 cases of wounds and injuries to the heart and the pericardium the authors observed 18 children (4 girls and 14 boys). 11 children died: 7 of them died on the spot, 4 in surgical clinics; 7 children recovered, 4 of them developed complications.", "PMID": 741580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4902", "title": "[Complicated mesenteric cysts in children].", "content": "Basing on the literature data and own experience with 9 patients the authors have come to the conclusion that mesenteric cysts occurred only in 0.01% of children operated on urgent indications. In 6 children surgical interventions were carried out for the clinical picture analogous to that of acute appendicitis, 3 patients were operated upon for the clinical picture of ileus.", "contents": "[Complicated mesenteric cysts in children]. Basing on the literature data and own experience with 9 patients the authors have come to the conclusion that mesenteric cysts occurred only in 0.01% of children operated on urgent indications. In 6 children surgical interventions were carried out for the clinical picture analogous to that of acute appendicitis, 3 patients were operated upon for the clinical picture of ileus.", "PMID": 741581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4903", "title": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of intestinal trauma in children].", "content": "The authors studied long-term results of the surgical treatment of 67 children followed-up for 1 to 22 years. Good results were noted in 32 operated patients operated upon for isolated intestinal injuries mostly within the first hours after trauma and subjected to a complex postoperative management, devised in the clinic. 17 children operated 12 and more hours after trauma who developed various complications showed fair results. 50% of them underwent antiadhesive therapy; full volume infusional therapy was not carried out. Poor results were observed in 18 patients operated mainly for a combined intestinal trauma. These patients were not subjected to a complete complex of therapeutic measures and developed various complications.", "contents": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of intestinal trauma in children]. The authors studied long-term results of the surgical treatment of 67 children followed-up for 1 to 22 years. Good results were noted in 32 operated patients operated upon for isolated intestinal injuries mostly within the first hours after trauma and subjected to a complex postoperative management, devised in the clinic. 17 children operated 12 and more hours after trauma who developed various complications showed fair results. 50% of them underwent antiadhesive therapy; full volume infusional therapy was not carried out. Poor results were observed in 18 patients operated mainly for a combined intestinal trauma. These patients were not subjected to a complete complex of therapeutic measures and developed various complications.", "PMID": 741582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4904", "title": "[One-stage osteosynthesis of 2 segments in multiple fractures of bones of the limbs].", "content": "From the experience with one-stage osteosynthesis of two segments in 71 patients with multiple fractures of the extremities and their sequelae the author considers that up-to-date achievements of anesthesiology favour such interventions. He believes that the patients tolerate well one-stage operation which has some advantages as compared to multi-stage operations: only one exposure to narcosis, psychic trauma and unpleasant sensations of the postoperative period; this type of intervention affords motility of the patients and makes it possible to start the functional treatment early and to prevent development of contractures and hypostatic complications. The period of the treatment shortens, which is of economic and social importance.", "contents": "[One-stage osteosynthesis of 2 segments in multiple fractures of bones of the limbs]. From the experience with one-stage osteosynthesis of two segments in 71 patients with multiple fractures of the extremities and their sequelae the author considers that up-to-date achievements of anesthesiology favour such interventions. He believes that the patients tolerate well one-stage operation which has some advantages as compared to multi-stage operations: only one exposure to narcosis, psychic trauma and unpleasant sensations of the postoperative period; this type of intervention affords motility of the patients and makes it possible to start the functional treatment early and to prevent development of contractures and hypostatic complications. The period of the treatment shortens, which is of economic and social importance.", "PMID": 741586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4905", "title": "[Method of surgical treatment of inveterate traumatic aneurysms of the limbs].", "content": "The described method of surgical treatment of traumatic aneurysms of the extremities consists in autovenous plasty of the artery following the dissection of the aneurysmal sac and resection of the injured walls of the vessels: after partial resection of the aneurysmal sac walls their remnants are used for covering the vascular graft. The method was applied on 3 patients. The follow-up from 3 months to 3 years has revealed good results.", "contents": "[Method of surgical treatment of inveterate traumatic aneurysms of the limbs]. The described method of surgical treatment of traumatic aneurysms of the extremities consists in autovenous plasty of the artery following the dissection of the aneurysmal sac and resection of the injured walls of the vessels: after partial resection of the aneurysmal sac walls their remnants are used for covering the vascular graft. The method was applied on 3 patients. The follow-up from 3 months to 3 years has revealed good results.", "PMID": 741587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4906", "title": "[Scope of transfusion therapy in acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The paper deals with the tranfusional tactics in acute pancreatitis. Some useful recommendations on the use of various transfusional media in different phases of the disease (stage of shock, intoxication and of septic manifestations) are suggested.", "contents": "[Scope of transfusion therapy in acute pancreatitis]. The paper deals with the tranfusional tactics in acute pancreatitis. Some useful recommendations on the use of various transfusional media in different phases of the disease (stage of shock, intoxication and of septic manifestations) are suggested.", "PMID": 741589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4907", "title": "[Hemodynamics in double plasmapheresis in lung cancer].", "content": "The effect of double plasmaphoresis upon the central hemodynamics in 37 cases of pulmonary carcinoma was studied. Plasmaphoresis was aimed at the storage of an autologous transfusional medium to compensate the operative blood loss. Taking 400-500 cc of plasma does not cause any hemodynamic changes in patients without heart disease signs. The choice between surgical intervention and repeated plasmaphoresis should be made with regard to the time necessary for normalization of the circulatory parameters following plasmaphoresis.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in double plasmapheresis in lung cancer]. The effect of double plasmaphoresis upon the central hemodynamics in 37 cases of pulmonary carcinoma was studied. Plasmaphoresis was aimed at the storage of an autologous transfusional medium to compensate the operative blood loss. Taking 400-500 cc of plasma does not cause any hemodynamic changes in patients without heart disease signs. The choice between surgical intervention and repeated plasmaphoresis should be made with regard to the time necessary for normalization of the circulatory parameters following plasmaphoresis.", "PMID": 741590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4908", "title": "[Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of renal hemorrhage in hemophilia].", "content": "The observation over 20 cases of hemophilia with severe renal bleedings proved the possibility of rendering an effective surgical aid to these patients. Besides, on the grounds of the observations the authors concluded that in all the cases of hematuria and microhematuria constitute indications for x-ray examination of the kidneys and the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of renal hemorrhage in hemophilia]. The observation over 20 cases of hemophilia with severe renal bleedings proved the possibility of rendering an effective surgical aid to these patients. Besides, on the grounds of the observations the authors concluded that in all the cases of hematuria and microhematuria constitute indications for x-ray examination of the kidneys and the urinary tract.", "PMID": 741591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4909", "title": "Respiratory patterns in anaesthetised dogs during surgery.", "content": "The respiratory activity of spontaneously breathing dogs undergoing surgery during halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen or methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia was studied using a spirometer system. Respiratory tidal and minute volumes were directly related to body-weight under methoxyflurane but under halothane anaesthesia only the tidal volumes could be correlated with body-weight. Periodic deep breaths were seen in about one-third of the animals anaesthetised with methoxyflurane but were seldom seen in animals under halothane anaesthesia. Physiological dead-space remained constant for each animal during anaesthesia.", "contents": "Respiratory patterns in anaesthetised dogs during surgery. The respiratory activity of spontaneously breathing dogs undergoing surgery during halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen or methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia was studied using a spirometer system. Respiratory tidal and minute volumes were directly related to body-weight under methoxyflurane but under halothane anaesthesia only the tidal volumes could be correlated with body-weight. Periodic deep breaths were seen in about one-third of the animals anaesthetised with methoxyflurane but were seldom seen in animals under halothane anaesthesia. Physiological dead-space remained constant for each animal during anaesthesia.", "PMID": 741592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4910", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in calves fed colostrum by stomach tube.", "content": "Three female and three male unsuckled newborn Holstein calves were tube-fed pooled colostrum and fresh colostrum respectively at a mean dose of 81.1 ml per kg birth weight at about six hours of age. The pre-colostral mean total serum immunoglobulin gradually increased from 0.07 mg per ml to 31.73 mg per ml by one day of age. IgG1, IgG2, IgG and IgM gradually increased to maximum concentrations by one day of age. IgA was higher in the 14 hour than in the 24 hour sample due to catabolic loss. The pre-colostral packed cell volume (PCV) of 41.83 per cent significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased to 37.17 per cent 18 hours after intubation. The pre-ruminant rumen of the newborn calf can empty itself efficiently and adequate intestinal absorption of colostral proteins can take place before closure sets in. Normogammaglobulinaemia can be established in almost all normal calves and neonatal morbidity and mortality reduced by force-feeding newborn calves with good quality colostrum immediately after birth.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in calves fed colostrum by stomach tube. Three female and three male unsuckled newborn Holstein calves were tube-fed pooled colostrum and fresh colostrum respectively at a mean dose of 81.1 ml per kg birth weight at about six hours of age. The pre-colostral mean total serum immunoglobulin gradually increased from 0.07 mg per ml to 31.73 mg per ml by one day of age. IgG1, IgG2, IgG and IgM gradually increased to maximum concentrations by one day of age. IgA was higher in the 14 hour than in the 24 hour sample due to catabolic loss. The pre-colostral packed cell volume (PCV) of 41.83 per cent significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased to 37.17 per cent 18 hours after intubation. The pre-ruminant rumen of the newborn calf can empty itself efficiently and adequate intestinal absorption of colostral proteins can take place before closure sets in. Normogammaglobulinaemia can be established in almost all normal calves and neonatal morbidity and mortality reduced by force-feeding newborn calves with good quality colostrum immediately after birth.", "PMID": 741593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4911", "title": "The Sacrewell project: an on farm demonstration of the potential of egg transfer.", "content": "A surgical demonstration of the potential use of egg transfer for converting a herd of cattle from one breed to another (Jersey to Friesian) was undertaken on farm. Friesian donors were non-lactating but 50 per cent failed to respond adequately (greater than 3 ovulations) to treatment with PMSG (1500 to 3000 iu). Heifers yielded more ovulations and eggs than cows, but recovery rate was higher from cows (80 per cent cf 60 per cent). Fertilised eggs were recovered from old (13 years) cows, some of which had ceased to breed normally. Pregnancy rate after transfer of these eggs was normal. Purebred Friesian calves out of Jersey recipients were Friesian weight (male, 44.8 kg; female, 37.4 kg) and contrary to experience with crossbreds caused severe dystocia problems. Severity of dystocia was related to birth weight and sex of calf.", "contents": "The Sacrewell project: an on farm demonstration of the potential of egg transfer. A surgical demonstration of the potential use of egg transfer for converting a herd of cattle from one breed to another (Jersey to Friesian) was undertaken on farm. Friesian donors were non-lactating but 50 per cent failed to respond adequately (greater than 3 ovulations) to treatment with PMSG (1500 to 3000 iu). Heifers yielded more ovulations and eggs than cows, but recovery rate was higher from cows (80 per cent cf 60 per cent). Fertilised eggs were recovered from old (13 years) cows, some of which had ceased to breed normally. Pregnancy rate after transfer of these eggs was normal. Purebred Friesian calves out of Jersey recipients were Friesian weight (male, 44.8 kg; female, 37.4 kg) and contrary to experience with crossbreds caused severe dystocia problems. Severity of dystocia was related to birth weight and sex of calf.", "PMID": 741596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4912", "title": "Gastrointestinal globidiosis of Yankasa sheep in Nigeria.", "content": "The first report of globidial gastroenteritis of sheep in Nigeria is presented. Clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological lesions associated with the disease in nine adult rams are described. The importance of differentiating the disease from intestinal coccidiosis in Yankasa sheep is stressed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal globidiosis of Yankasa sheep in Nigeria. The first report of globidial gastroenteritis of sheep in Nigeria is presented. Clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological lesions associated with the disease in nine adult rams are described. The importance of differentiating the disease from intestinal coccidiosis in Yankasa sheep is stressed.", "PMID": 741597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4913", "title": "Forecasting the incidence of parasitic gastroenteritis in lambs in England and Wales.", "content": "An empirical method for forecasting the incidence of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep in England and Wales is described. The level of disease in lambs in late summer depends on the date soil moisture returns to field capacity (the autumn return date) in the previous year together with rainfall from May to July in the current year. The importance of a late autumn return date and winter weather in relation to disease in stock at other times of the year is also discussed.", "contents": "Forecasting the incidence of parasitic gastroenteritis in lambs in England and Wales. An empirical method for forecasting the incidence of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep in England and Wales is described. The level of disease in lambs in late summer depends on the date soil moisture returns to field capacity (the autumn return date) in the previous year together with rainfall from May to July in the current year. The importance of a late autumn return date and winter weather in relation to disease in stock at other times of the year is also discussed.", "PMID": 741604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4914", "title": "Forecasting the peak of gastrointestinal nematode infection in lambs.", "content": "The pattern of sheep nematode infective larvae on pasture shows a marked midsummer peak arising largely from the ewe peri-parturient egg output. Records of larval pattern over a nine-year period were examined in relation to meteorological data, and a correlation was demonstrated between the time of the summer peak and cumulative rainfall. A \"wet score\" was allocated to 12-hourly rainfall figures, and a \"critical index\" of 440 units of wetness was shown to be necessary before the larval peak was reached. A \"warning index\" of 350 to 380 wetness units is suggested which would allow a prediction to be made of the onset of major infection in lambs.", "contents": "Forecasting the peak of gastrointestinal nematode infection in lambs. The pattern of sheep nematode infective larvae on pasture shows a marked midsummer peak arising largely from the ewe peri-parturient egg output. Records of larval pattern over a nine-year period were examined in relation to meteorological data, and a correlation was demonstrated between the time of the summer peak and cumulative rainfall. A \"wet score\" was allocated to 12-hourly rainfall figures, and a \"critical index\" of 440 units of wetness was shown to be necessary before the larval peak was reached. A \"warning index\" of 350 to 380 wetness units is suggested which would allow a prediction to be made of the onset of major infection in lambs.", "PMID": 741605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4915", "title": "Induction of farrowing with cloprostenol on a commercial pig breeding farm in Yugoslavia.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant sows with 175 microgram of cloprostenol achieved efficient synchronisation of farrowing; 93% of treated animals commenced farrowing between 20 and 30 hours and 82% between 24 +/- 4 hours after injection. Duration of farrowing and weights of piglets at birth and weaning were not significantly affected by treatment. There was no harmful effect on piglet viability up to weaning and treated sows returned to oestrus within the expected time after weaning. There was a higher incidence of the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome in control sows. The implications of these findings on the management of commercial pig farms is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of farrowing with cloprostenol on a commercial pig breeding farm in Yugoslavia. Treatment of pregnant sows with 175 microgram of cloprostenol achieved efficient synchronisation of farrowing; 93% of treated animals commenced farrowing between 20 and 30 hours and 82% between 24 +/- 4 hours after injection. Duration of farrowing and weights of piglets at birth and weaning were not significantly affected by treatment. There was no harmful effect on piglet viability up to weaning and treated sows returned to oestrus within the expected time after weaning. There was a higher incidence of the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome in control sows. The implications of these findings on the management of commercial pig farms is discussed.", "PMID": 741606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4916", "title": "Induction of parturition in dairy heifers using prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Prostaglandin was used to induce parturition in three trials on two farms, involving 55 Friesian heifers. Calf viability, dystocia, percentage retained placenta, induction interval and colostrum absorbtion (in 18 cases) are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of parturition in dairy heifers using prostaglandin F2alpha. Prostaglandin was used to induce parturition in three trials on two farms, involving 55 Friesian heifers. Calf viability, dystocia, percentage retained placenta, induction interval and colostrum absorbtion (in 18 cases) are discussed.", "PMID": 741613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4917", "title": "The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "Four breeds of sheep and three breeds of goats, maintained on both high and low planes of nutrition were given a single infection of 350 Haemonchus contortus larvae per kg. Although animals on a low protein diet had much higher faecal egg counts than those on the high protein diet the pattern of relative susceptibility was similar in both cases. It would appear that the nutritional status of the host influences its resistance to H contortus infection. Of the breeds studied the indigenous Red Masai was the most resistant breed of sheep while the exotic Saanen was more resistant than the the two indigenous breeds of goats.", "contents": "The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep and goats to a single experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus. Four breeds of sheep and three breeds of goats, maintained on both high and low planes of nutrition were given a single infection of 350 Haemonchus contortus larvae per kg. Although animals on a low protein diet had much higher faecal egg counts than those on the high protein diet the pattern of relative susceptibility was similar in both cases. It would appear that the nutritional status of the host influences its resistance to H contortus infection. Of the breeds studied the indigenous Red Masai was the most resistant breed of sheep while the exotic Saanen was more resistant than the the two indigenous breeds of goats.", "PMID": 741614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4918", "title": "Traumatic duodenitis in a dairy cow.", "content": "The history, clinical signs, and clinical pathology in a mature Holstein cow were consistent with a diagnosis of intussusception, but the lesion found during exploratory laparotomy consisted of a penetrating wire in the anterior duodenum.", "contents": "Traumatic duodenitis in a dairy cow. The history, clinical signs, and clinical pathology in a mature Holstein cow were consistent with a diagnosis of intussusception, but the lesion found during exploratory laparotomy consisted of a penetrating wire in the anterior duodenum.", "PMID": 741625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4919", "title": "Techniques of surgical and non-surgical ova collection of superovulated cows.", "content": "A comparison is made of the results of ova collection from 65 superovulated cows of varying ages using the conventional surgical technique and a non-surgical (transcervical) technique. Two types of apparatus, rigid and flexible, were developed for non-surgical collections. The problems associated with these techniques are discussed and some remedial measures suggested. A mean of 9.8 ova per donor cow were recovered by the surgical method compared to 2.9 and 3.0 ova recovered by the transcervical method using flexible and rigid apparatus respectively. Eight young cows, which had not been previosly subjected to superovulation and embryo collection, yielded an average of 5.6 ova per donor by the non-surgical technique.", "contents": "Techniques of surgical and non-surgical ova collection of superovulated cows. A comparison is made of the results of ova collection from 65 superovulated cows of varying ages using the conventional surgical technique and a non-surgical (transcervical) technique. Two types of apparatus, rigid and flexible, were developed for non-surgical collections. The problems associated with these techniques are discussed and some remedial measures suggested. A mean of 9.8 ova per donor cow were recovered by the surgical method compared to 2.9 and 3.0 ova recovered by the transcervical method using flexible and rigid apparatus respectively. Eight young cows, which had not been previosly subjected to superovulation and embryo collection, yielded an average of 5.6 ova per donor by the non-surgical technique.", "PMID": 741626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4920", "title": "[Chemoprophylaxis and therapy of coccidiosis in the rock partridge, Alectoris graeca cypriatis].", "content": "A number of coccidiostatica--amprolium (Merek Sharp & Dohme), both for the prevention and treatment, DOT Solubile (By-Gulden) and Esb3 (Ciba Geigy) for treatment--were tested with artificially raised rock partridges on an infected farm. The trials were carried out with a total of 12300 young (12-day-old) birds suffering from spontaneous outbreaks of coccidiosis and 60 such birds with experimental coccidiosis. The comparative study on the results obtained revealed that amprolium produced a good prophylactic effect and a low therapeutic one in cases of clinical coccidioses, used at the rate of 125 mg/kg and offered with the forage mixture. DOT at 30 g/10 1 of water had a pronounced therapeutic effect in the course of 5 days. The preparation Esb3 at the rate of 1 g per one liter of water for 3 days was tested in experimentally induced coccidiosis (E. kofoidi). It produced good therapeutic effects with the highest coccidiosis index ever noted on the second day following infection. It can be applied on occasions of E. kofoidi-induced coccidiosis.", "contents": "[Chemoprophylaxis and therapy of coccidiosis in the rock partridge, Alectoris graeca cypriatis]. A number of coccidiostatica--amprolium (Merek Sharp & Dohme), both for the prevention and treatment, DOT Solubile (By-Gulden) and Esb3 (Ciba Geigy) for treatment--were tested with artificially raised rock partridges on an infected farm. The trials were carried out with a total of 12300 young (12-day-old) birds suffering from spontaneous outbreaks of coccidiosis and 60 such birds with experimental coccidiosis. The comparative study on the results obtained revealed that amprolium produced a good prophylactic effect and a low therapeutic one in cases of clinical coccidioses, used at the rate of 125 mg/kg and offered with the forage mixture. DOT at 30 g/10 1 of water had a pronounced therapeutic effect in the course of 5 days. The preparation Esb3 at the rate of 1 g per one liter of water for 3 days was tested in experimentally induced coccidiosis (E. kofoidi). It produced good therapeutic effects with the highest coccidiosis index ever noted on the second day following infection. It can be applied on occasions of E. kofoidi-induced coccidiosis.", "PMID": 741633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4921", "title": "[Experimental poisoning of carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the herbicidal preparation, lasagrin (alachlor)].", "content": "The acute intoxication of K1 carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the herbicide preparation lassagrin (alachlor) was studied under experimental conditions in a laboratory. Used were a total of 360 young carps of 10 g each, measuring 9-10 cm. The experiments were carried out in 30-1 glass aquariums that were preliminary filled with water that was adequately heated and deprived of chlorine at pH = 6.9, T0C = 18-20 degrees C, O2 = 10.4 mg/1; hardness = 1.5 German degrees. The preparation was directly placed in the aquariums in eleven concentrations. The following characteristic symptoms of intoxication were established: higher irritability of the nervous system with superactivity, lack of coordination and orientation, depression in later hours, loss of sight, disturbed pigmentation. No morphologic changes were found at necropsy. Determined was the concentration at which 50% of the test material died at the 96th hour of exposure: LC50/TLm/=4.67 mg, the interval of dependability at 95% probability being 4.04-5.30. Both toxicometry data and intoxication symptoms with the use of lassagrin (alachlor, lasso) made it reasonable to believe that the preparation could be referred to poisons having resorptive action so far as carps are concerned.", "contents": "[Experimental poisoning of carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the herbicidal preparation, lasagrin (alachlor)]. The acute intoxication of K1 carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the herbicide preparation lassagrin (alachlor) was studied under experimental conditions in a laboratory. Used were a total of 360 young carps of 10 g each, measuring 9-10 cm. The experiments were carried out in 30-1 glass aquariums that were preliminary filled with water that was adequately heated and deprived of chlorine at pH = 6.9, T0C = 18-20 degrees C, O2 = 10.4 mg/1; hardness = 1.5 German degrees. The preparation was directly placed in the aquariums in eleven concentrations. The following characteristic symptoms of intoxication were established: higher irritability of the nervous system with superactivity, lack of coordination and orientation, depression in later hours, loss of sight, disturbed pigmentation. No morphologic changes were found at necropsy. Determined was the concentration at which 50% of the test material died at the 96th hour of exposure: LC50/TLm/=4.67 mg, the interval of dependability at 95% probability being 4.04-5.30. Both toxicometry data and intoxication symptoms with the use of lassagrin (alachlor, lasso) made it reasonable to believe that the preparation could be referred to poisons having resorptive action so far as carps are concerned.", "PMID": 741634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4922", "title": "[Use of gravohormone to increase conception and fertility in cows].", "content": "Tested was the gravohormone preparation (produced in USSR and Bulgaria) to shorten the period from calving to impregnation and raise the conception rate and the fertility in cows. The experiments were carried out with a total of 84 cows (34 of the Bulgarian Red breed and 51 of the Bulgarian Brown breed) under productional conditions. The animals of the first group were injected on the 25th-28th day following calving, singly, i/m, using the Soviet made gravohormone at the rate of 10 IU per kg body weight. The cows of the second group were additionally injected with 1500 IU of the preparation (produced in 0ulgaria) on the 3rd and 6th day following insemination. It was found that the single application of 4000 IU of gravohormone between the 25th and the 28th day after calving shortened the time from calving up to the first insemination by 7.29 days, on an average, and the time from calving to impregnation--by 13.57 days, raising the conception rate at first insemination by 13.50%. The additional twofold injection with 1500 IU each time raised the rate of fertility in cows by 23.58% as against the controls.", "contents": "[Use of gravohormone to increase conception and fertility in cows]. Tested was the gravohormone preparation (produced in USSR and Bulgaria) to shorten the period from calving to impregnation and raise the conception rate and the fertility in cows. The experiments were carried out with a total of 84 cows (34 of the Bulgarian Red breed and 51 of the Bulgarian Brown breed) under productional conditions. The animals of the first group were injected on the 25th-28th day following calving, singly, i/m, using the Soviet made gravohormone at the rate of 10 IU per kg body weight. The cows of the second group were additionally injected with 1500 IU of the preparation (produced in 0ulgaria) on the 3rd and 6th day following insemination. It was found that the single application of 4000 IU of gravohormone between the 25th and the 28th day after calving shortened the time from calving up to the first insemination by 7.29 days, on an average, and the time from calving to impregnation--by 13.57 days, raising the conception rate at first insemination by 13.50%. The additional twofold injection with 1500 IU each time raised the rate of fertility in cows by 23.58% as against the controls.", "PMID": 741635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4923", "title": "[Trials in the therapy and prevention of sheep nose bots].", "content": "Comparative experiments were carried out on the effectiveness of some antiparasitic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of estrosis in sheep. An evaluation is made of all methods applied in the modern technologies of sheep raising. It was found that the method of fumigation of airtight premises using negouvon at the rate of 0.6 g/m3 and a 60-min exposure was adequate and effective for group treatment. Negouvon proved to be well tolerated by sheep and had no essential effect on the level of cholinesterase. The use of the preparation ranid is economically justified only with animals having a mixed infection of Fasciola hepatica and O. ovis larvae.", "contents": "[Trials in the therapy and prevention of sheep nose bots]. Comparative experiments were carried out on the effectiveness of some antiparasitic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of estrosis in sheep. An evaluation is made of all methods applied in the modern technologies of sheep raising. It was found that the method of fumigation of airtight premises using negouvon at the rate of 0.6 g/m3 and a 60-min exposure was adequate and effective for group treatment. Negouvon proved to be well tolerated by sheep and had no essential effect on the level of cholinesterase. The use of the preparation ranid is economically justified only with animals having a mixed infection of Fasciola hepatica and O. ovis larvae.", "PMID": 741636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4924", "title": "[Type and frequency of malformations in chick embryos].", "content": "Studied were histopathologically 7421 chick embryos of eggs at the end of the incubation period, originating from flocks raised under industrial technology. Established were a total of 39 deformities that involved all body parts in 6.28% of the studied embryos. First in number ranked the malformations of the legs and feet (curved legs and feet micromelia, achondroplasia), followed by head deformities (acrania), etc. Most of the affected embryos were single (simple), however, double ones (connected) were also encountered; 64.6% of them had one defect only, 29.9% had two defects, and the remaining 5.2% had three defects and more. Age-associated limits of the affected embryos ranked within the 15-21-day range.", "contents": "[Type and frequency of malformations in chick embryos]. Studied were histopathologically 7421 chick embryos of eggs at the end of the incubation period, originating from flocks raised under industrial technology. Established were a total of 39 deformities that involved all body parts in 6.28% of the studied embryos. First in number ranked the malformations of the legs and feet (curved legs and feet micromelia, achondroplasia), followed by head deformities (acrania), etc. Most of the affected embryos were single (simple), however, double ones (connected) were also encountered; 64.6% of them had one defect only, 29.9% had two defects, and the remaining 5.2% had three defects and more. Age-associated limits of the affected embryos ranked within the 15-21-day range.", "PMID": 741637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4925", "title": "[Colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of arsanilic acid in combined medicated premixes].", "content": "A colorimetric method was worked out to determine negligible amounts of arsanilic acid, based on the property of amino groups to form a yellow stained Schiff base in the interaction with an acid solution of p-dimethyl- aminobenzaldehyde. The optic density of the coloured solution in methanol is determined at 450 nm. The presence of the A, D3, C, K3 vitamins, furazolidon, neomycin sulphate, and tylosine phosphate does not interfere with the determination of arsanilic acid.", "contents": "[Colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of arsanilic acid in combined medicated premixes]. A colorimetric method was worked out to determine negligible amounts of arsanilic acid, based on the property of amino groups to form a yellow stained Schiff base in the interaction with an acid solution of p-dimethyl- aminobenzaldehyde. The optic density of the coloured solution in methanol is determined at 450 nm. The presence of the A, D3, C, K3 vitamins, furazolidon, neomycin sulphate, and tylosine phosphate does not interfere with the determination of arsanilic acid.", "PMID": 741639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4926", "title": "[Sensitivity of a Rickettsia burneti strain to antibiotics].", "content": "Tested were ten of the most frequently used broad-spectrum antibiotics. Each preparation was used in concentrations of 0.001, 0.0005, 0.00025, and 0,00012 mg. The experiment made also use of the 35th passage in chick embryos of a rickettsial strain BP (titer 10--8) isolated from sheep. Results showed that the test strain of R. burneti manifested a good sensitivity to tetracyclin and abricyclin, a moderate one to tetraolena, rondomycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol, and a strong one to ampicillin, metacillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of a Rickettsia burneti strain to antibiotics]. Tested were ten of the most frequently used broad-spectrum antibiotics. Each preparation was used in concentrations of 0.001, 0.0005, 0.00025, and 0,00012 mg. The experiment made also use of the 35th passage in chick embryos of a rickettsial strain BP (titer 10--8) isolated from sheep. Results showed that the test strain of R. burneti manifested a good sensitivity to tetracyclin and abricyclin, a moderate one to tetraolena, rondomycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol, and a strong one to ampicillin, metacillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin.", "PMID": 741640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4927", "title": "[Comprehensive method for the prevention of mastitis in cows].", "content": "Trials have been carried out in the course of two years to reduce the cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the losses thereof in the industrial raising of cows. As a result of mastitis control measures the outbreaks of the disease were decreased: by 58.8 per cent, and by the end of the second year--by 66.2 per cent (subclinical mastitis) and by 33.0, resp. 28.6 per cent (clinical mastitis). This went along with the increase in the milk yield--by 120 1 per cow in the first year, and 70 1--in the second year.", "contents": "[Comprehensive method for the prevention of mastitis in cows]. Trials have been carried out in the course of two years to reduce the cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the losses thereof in the industrial raising of cows. As a result of mastitis control measures the outbreaks of the disease were decreased: by 58.8 per cent, and by the end of the second year--by 66.2 per cent (subclinical mastitis) and by 33.0, resp. 28.6 per cent (clinical mastitis). This went along with the increase in the milk yield--by 120 1 per cow in the first year, and 70 1--in the second year.", "PMID": 741642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4928", "title": "[Vitality of newly hatched chicks].", "content": "Comprehensive morphologic, hematologic, biochemical, clinical, bacteriological and bacteriostatic investigations were carried out with newly hatched birds with and without visible pathologic deviations. It was found that birds of lower vitality were characterized by lower motor activity; weak response to external stimuli; lacking or weak pecking reflex; small, dull, and deep slightly moving or immobile eyes, with eyelids partially or fully covering the eyes; soft, colorless bill, empty crop, enlarged and stiff abdomen, imcompletely closed navel; the down being short, thin, lacking in brilliancy pigment, and density, wet and dirty; the birds having lower body weight and lower temperature, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, total protein, blood sugar, pseudoeosinophil, and eosine values; higher lymphocyte, basophile, and monocyte values; with enlarged gallbladder containing darkcolored and dense bile; the digestive viscera having lower volume; the gizzard with a dark-colored cuticle; dark intestinal content; enlarged residual yoke persisting for five days and more; inadequate adaptability to stress factors; higher death rate. It is concluded that the lack of vitality or the presence of weakness (Debilitas vitae) is diagnostically important so far as the health status of newly hatched birds is concerned. Debilitas vitae is expressed by atypical pathologic deviations and inadequate adaptability in view of the environmental conditions.", "contents": "[Vitality of newly hatched chicks]. Comprehensive morphologic, hematologic, biochemical, clinical, bacteriological and bacteriostatic investigations were carried out with newly hatched birds with and without visible pathologic deviations. It was found that birds of lower vitality were characterized by lower motor activity; weak response to external stimuli; lacking or weak pecking reflex; small, dull, and deep slightly moving or immobile eyes, with eyelids partially or fully covering the eyes; soft, colorless bill, empty crop, enlarged and stiff abdomen, imcompletely closed navel; the down being short, thin, lacking in brilliancy pigment, and density, wet and dirty; the birds having lower body weight and lower temperature, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, total protein, blood sugar, pseudoeosinophil, and eosine values; higher lymphocyte, basophile, and monocyte values; with enlarged gallbladder containing darkcolored and dense bile; the digestive viscera having lower volume; the gizzard with a dark-colored cuticle; dark intestinal content; enlarged residual yoke persisting for five days and more; inadequate adaptability to stress factors; higher death rate. It is concluded that the lack of vitality or the presence of weakness (Debilitas vitae) is diagnostically important so far as the health status of newly hatched birds is concerned. Debilitas vitae is expressed by atypical pathologic deviations and inadequate adaptability in view of the environmental conditions.", "PMID": 741643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4929", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the testis and epididymis of rams with infectious epididymitis].", "content": "Electron microscope studies were carried out on the ultrastructural changes in the testis and the epidiymis of rams affected with infectious epididymitis, manifesting a pronounced clinical picture. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The changes in the seminiferous tubules are characterized by a strongly expressed sensitivity of the cells at all levels. Noticeable are disturbances in the normal structure of the nuclear substance of both spermatogonia and spermatocytes, vacuolation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, disrupture of the nuclear and cell membranes, decapitation of spermatids and spermatozoa with expressed lysis phenomena, and free lipid drops in the lumen. 2. The ultrastructural changes in the epididymis tubules resemble those in the seminiferous tubules: degeneration and desquamation of the ciliated epithelium, occasional disrupture of the basal membrane, and hemorrhages. The cell content of the lumen, beside the presence of pathologic spermatozoa, is admixed with leukocytes and Brucella ovis cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the testis and epididymis of rams with infectious epididymitis]. Electron microscope studies were carried out on the ultrastructural changes in the testis and the epidiymis of rams affected with infectious epididymitis, manifesting a pronounced clinical picture. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The changes in the seminiferous tubules are characterized by a strongly expressed sensitivity of the cells at all levels. Noticeable are disturbances in the normal structure of the nuclear substance of both spermatogonia and spermatocytes, vacuolation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, disrupture of the nuclear and cell membranes, decapitation of spermatids and spermatozoa with expressed lysis phenomena, and free lipid drops in the lumen. 2. The ultrastructural changes in the epididymis tubules resemble those in the seminiferous tubules: degeneration and desquamation of the ciliated epithelium, occasional disrupture of the basal membrane, and hemorrhages. The cell content of the lumen, beside the presence of pathologic spermatozoa, is admixed with leukocytes and Brucella ovis cells.", "PMID": 741645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4930", "title": "[Case of MD-VD in cattle].", "content": "An enzootic is described of the classic form of virus diarrhea mucosal disease on a newly organized farm for heifers. The disease ran a sporadic course, mainly with intrauterine infections, while with the calves it was recorded as an enzootic with 100 per cent morbidity rate and 28 per cent mortality rate. The clinical picture was complicated--in some calves the disease started with fever, in other respiratory distrubances were observed, while in a third group diarrhea was prevailing. A detailed description is given of the clinical symptoms and the morphological lesions. A virus was isolated, identified as a virus of the mucosal disease--virus diarrhea. A virus antigen was likewise demonstrated by the gel precipitation test after Wachendorfer and Darbyshire, modified by Haralambiev. Various agents were used for treatment. Better results produced the strain K vaccine against swine fever in combination with semiliquid agar.", "contents": "[Case of MD-VD in cattle]. An enzootic is described of the classic form of virus diarrhea mucosal disease on a newly organized farm for heifers. The disease ran a sporadic course, mainly with intrauterine infections, while with the calves it was recorded as an enzootic with 100 per cent morbidity rate and 28 per cent mortality rate. The clinical picture was complicated--in some calves the disease started with fever, in other respiratory distrubances were observed, while in a third group diarrhea was prevailing. A detailed description is given of the clinical symptoms and the morphological lesions. A virus was isolated, identified as a virus of the mucosal disease--virus diarrhea. A virus antigen was likewise demonstrated by the gel precipitation test after Wachendorfer and Darbyshire, modified by Haralambiev. Various agents were used for treatment. Better results produced the strain K vaccine against swine fever in combination with semiliquid agar.", "PMID": 741646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4931", "title": "[Density gradient and ultrastructure of bovine adenovirus type 1].", "content": "Isolated and purified were virions and hexones from the bovine adenovirus type 1. The infectious virions were of equilibrium density of 1.34 g/cm3, and the empty capsids--of 1.305 g/cm3. The virions had a facet length of 43.5 nm, their size being 82.7 nm (distance between opposite poles) to 74.0 nm (diameter of the virion). The fibers of the bovine adenovirus type 1 measured 26.0--28.0 nm. The virus was destroyed by 30 per cent formamide, yielding free hexones of 1.290 g/cm3 of equlibrium density. The hexones were 10.0-12.0 nm high, were thicker at their base, and possessed a central cavity. Beside single hexones groups of 9 hexones each were also found in the soluble components (being of a left and a right type according to the arrangement of the capsomeres in them). It was demonstrated serologically that the hexones possessed 2 antigen determinants which retained their antigenic activity even after the hexones degraded and lost their morphologic type.", "contents": "[Density gradient and ultrastructure of bovine adenovirus type 1]. Isolated and purified were virions and hexones from the bovine adenovirus type 1. The infectious virions were of equilibrium density of 1.34 g/cm3, and the empty capsids--of 1.305 g/cm3. The virions had a facet length of 43.5 nm, their size being 82.7 nm (distance between opposite poles) to 74.0 nm (diameter of the virion). The fibers of the bovine adenovirus type 1 measured 26.0--28.0 nm. The virus was destroyed by 30 per cent formamide, yielding free hexones of 1.290 g/cm3 of equlibrium density. The hexones were 10.0-12.0 nm high, were thicker at their base, and possessed a central cavity. Beside single hexones groups of 9 hexones each were also found in the soluble components (being of a left and a right type according to the arrangement of the capsomeres in them). It was demonstrated serologically that the hexones possessed 2 antigen determinants which retained their antigenic activity even after the hexones degraded and lost their morphologic type.", "PMID": 741648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4932", "title": "[Use of new Bulgarian hydrosol vitamin preparations in veterinary medicine].", "content": "Studied were the new Bulgarian hydrosol preparations Hydro-AD3EC, Hydro-AD3EK, and Hydro-EC. Their tolerance was investigated with the use of albino Wistar rats, the resorption and retention (by their liver content) of retinol and d, 1-alfa-tocopherol was investigated in young broiler chickens, the resorption of ascorbic acid was followed up in White English layers, the antihemorrhagic effect of Hydro-AD3EK was studied in rats with experimentally induced hemorrhagic diathesis offering 30 mg ethyl biscoumacetate (pellentan tablets) with the feed. It was found that the oral application of the first three hydrosol preparations to albino rats at the rate of 12.5 cm3/body weight (equal to 10-15 effective doses for birds) did not produce toxic effects. The retinol and d, 1-alfa-tocopherol constituents of AD3EC and AD3EK, given with the drinking water to birds, were well resorbed and were deposited in the liver. Fuller resorption was observed with the use of AD3EC. The ascorbic acid of AD3EC and AD3EK when these were offered per os to adult chickens was resorbed quickly, which was better expressed with AD3EC. AD3EK in oral application to rats produced antihemorrhagic effects. The use of these preparations in a prophylactic scheme with young broilers shortened the fattening period and improved the feed conversion.", "contents": "[Use of new Bulgarian hydrosol vitamin preparations in veterinary medicine]. Studied were the new Bulgarian hydrosol preparations Hydro-AD3EC, Hydro-AD3EK, and Hydro-EC. Their tolerance was investigated with the use of albino Wistar rats, the resorption and retention (by their liver content) of retinol and d, 1-alfa-tocopherol was investigated in young broiler chickens, the resorption of ascorbic acid was followed up in White English layers, the antihemorrhagic effect of Hydro-AD3EK was studied in rats with experimentally induced hemorrhagic diathesis offering 30 mg ethyl biscoumacetate (pellentan tablets) with the feed. It was found that the oral application of the first three hydrosol preparations to albino rats at the rate of 12.5 cm3/body weight (equal to 10-15 effective doses for birds) did not produce toxic effects. The retinol and d, 1-alfa-tocopherol constituents of AD3EC and AD3EK, given with the drinking water to birds, were well resorbed and were deposited in the liver. Fuller resorption was observed with the use of AD3EC. The ascorbic acid of AD3EC and AD3EK when these were offered per os to adult chickens was resorbed quickly, which was better expressed with AD3EC. AD3EK in oral application to rats produced antihemorrhagic effects. The use of these preparations in a prophylactic scheme with young broilers shortened the fattening period and improved the feed conversion.", "PMID": 741649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4933", "title": "[Cyclophosphamide content in the meat and milk after a single application to sheep].", "content": "Investigated were two groups of 10 Merino sheep each. The test group were given orally cyclophosphamide, singly, at the rate of 25 mg/kg, while the controls of the second group were not treated but were kept under the same conditions. Both milk and meat of the two groups were investigated by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography on the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14th, 23rd, and 30th day following the introduction of cyclophosphamide. The results obtained by gas chromatography showed that it was not until the fourth day that there were two metabolites of the compound in milk only. On the 9th day the same were established in the milk and meat samples in a maximum concentration, the excretion from the body of the treated animals starting as early as the 14th day. By the 23rd day there were traces only, and after the 30th they were no longer established. Thin-layer chromatography showed that the two metabolites were found in approximately equal amounts up to the 14th day following treatment, and were fully excreted after the third week. Therefore, the full elimination of cyclophosphamide metabolites from the milk and meat of sheep treated with it at the rate cited takes place in about four weeks.", "contents": "[Cyclophosphamide content in the meat and milk after a single application to sheep]. Investigated were two groups of 10 Merino sheep each. The test group were given orally cyclophosphamide, singly, at the rate of 25 mg/kg, while the controls of the second group were not treated but were kept under the same conditions. Both milk and meat of the two groups were investigated by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography on the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14th, 23rd, and 30th day following the introduction of cyclophosphamide. The results obtained by gas chromatography showed that it was not until the fourth day that there were two metabolites of the compound in milk only. On the 9th day the same were established in the milk and meat samples in a maximum concentration, the excretion from the body of the treated animals starting as early as the 14th day. By the 23rd day there were traces only, and after the 30th they were no longer established. Thin-layer chromatography showed that the two metabolites were found in approximately equal amounts up to the 14th day following treatment, and were fully excreted after the third week. Therefore, the full elimination of cyclophosphamide metabolites from the milk and meat of sheep treated with it at the rate cited takes place in about four weeks.", "PMID": 741650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4934", "title": "[State of the stroma in melanoma in patients with different delayed hypersensitivity reaction to neoplasm antigen].", "content": "The data are reported on studying the stromal response of 19 melanomas of analogous localization, showing the same type of growth, histological structure, the level of invasion and area of ulceration in patients with positive and negative delayed hypersensitivity reaction to injection of the polysaccharide fraction from melanoma tissue. A high degree of pronouncement of lymphoid-cellular infiltration of tumor stroma correlated with a positive delayed hypersensitivity response, whereas a low degree -- with a negative one.", "contents": "[State of the stroma in melanoma in patients with different delayed hypersensitivity reaction to neoplasm antigen]. The data are reported on studying the stromal response of 19 melanomas of analogous localization, showing the same type of growth, histological structure, the level of invasion and area of ulceration in patients with positive and negative delayed hypersensitivity reaction to injection of the polysaccharide fraction from melanoma tissue. A high degree of pronouncement of lymphoid-cellular infiltration of tumor stroma correlated with a positive delayed hypersensitivity response, whereas a low degree -- with a negative one.", "PMID": 741696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4935", "title": "[Immunologic reactions in patients with soft tissue sarcomas after surgical treatment].", "content": "Under examination was the possibility to reveal clinico-immunological features in patients with soft tissue sarcomas prior to and after surgery. Different immune responses were observed in patients with various forms of tumor progression. In case of a favourable course of the process surgery somewhat stimulates the cell immune response and reduces the titre of humoral antibodies. In patients with the tumor progression despite the employed treatment, a gradual fall of high cell immunity indices with a simultaneous increase of the humoral antibodies titre was noted. Wide metastases spread in the terminal phase is manifested by suppression of the immune response.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactions in patients with soft tissue sarcomas after surgical treatment]. Under examination was the possibility to reveal clinico-immunological features in patients with soft tissue sarcomas prior to and after surgery. Different immune responses were observed in patients with various forms of tumor progression. In case of a favourable course of the process surgery somewhat stimulates the cell immune response and reduces the titre of humoral antibodies. In patients with the tumor progression despite the employed treatment, a gradual fall of high cell immunity indices with a simultaneous increase of the humoral antibodies titre was noted. Wide metastases spread in the terminal phase is manifested by suppression of the immune response.", "PMID": 741697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4936", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy of disseminated skin melanoma].", "content": "The author's experience with nitrosomethylurea+prospidine treatment in 37 patients having disseminated melanoma is described. The mentioned scheme of the combination therapy is proved to be effective.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy of disseminated skin melanoma]. The author's experience with nitrosomethylurea+prospidine treatment in 37 patients having disseminated melanoma is described. The mentioned scheme of the combination therapy is proved to be effective.", "PMID": 741699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4937", "title": "[Recurrent thyroid gland neoplasms].", "content": "The data on 106 patients with thyroid cancer recurrence are reported. The recurrences occurred in the zone of surgery in 76.4%, beyond this zone--in 23.6%. During a 3-year period the recurrence occurred in 41.5%, from 3 to 10 years - in 44.4%, after 10 years and longer - in 14.1%. One of the main causes of the recurrence is an inadequate extent of primarily performed surgery. The recurrent tumor was detected by palpation, regional metastases were detected in 47.1%, distant--in 22.6%. A lower differentiation of the recurrent tumor was noted. The combination treatment was employed in 64% of patients. The principal surgical procedures were as follows: total thyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy.", "contents": "[Recurrent thyroid gland neoplasms]. The data on 106 patients with thyroid cancer recurrence are reported. The recurrences occurred in the zone of surgery in 76.4%, beyond this zone--in 23.6%. During a 3-year period the recurrence occurred in 41.5%, from 3 to 10 years - in 44.4%, after 10 years and longer - in 14.1%. One of the main causes of the recurrence is an inadequate extent of primarily performed surgery. The recurrent tumor was detected by palpation, regional metastases were detected in 47.1%, distant--in 22.6%. A lower differentiation of the recurrent tumor was noted. The combination treatment was employed in 64% of patients. The principal surgical procedures were as follows: total thyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 741700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4938", "title": "[Morphogenesis of dysplasia and lobular cancer of the breast].", "content": "During the recent ten-year period lobular cancer of the mammary gland arrests special interest. It is characterized by a specific clinical course, frequent bilateral involvement of the glands, multicentric and manifest invasive growth without any noticeable signs of destruction of the pre-existing glandular tissue. This cancer is preceded by carcinoma in situ. In the paper, the necessity is substantiated to differentiate this kind of cancer as a special nosological unit, its peculiar structure being described. Besides the classical form of the growth from small homologous cells like chains, also there was found a special form of the growth as alveolar structures consisting of light pagetoid cells. The initial stages of lobular cancer growth are described both against the background of carcinoma in situ and avoiding it from dysplasia. Attention is given to a tendency of this cancer to mucicarminophilia, a frequent association with mucous cancer, the data speaking in favour of its myoepithelial origin are reported. It is emphasized that carcinoma in situ may give rise both to lobular (myoepithelial origin) and other forms of cancer.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of dysplasia and lobular cancer of the breast]. During the recent ten-year period lobular cancer of the mammary gland arrests special interest. It is characterized by a specific clinical course, frequent bilateral involvement of the glands, multicentric and manifest invasive growth without any noticeable signs of destruction of the pre-existing glandular tissue. This cancer is preceded by carcinoma in situ. In the paper, the necessity is substantiated to differentiate this kind of cancer as a special nosological unit, its peculiar structure being described. Besides the classical form of the growth from small homologous cells like chains, also there was found a special form of the growth as alveolar structures consisting of light pagetoid cells. The initial stages of lobular cancer growth are described both against the background of carcinoma in situ and avoiding it from dysplasia. Attention is given to a tendency of this cancer to mucicarminophilia, a frequent association with mucous cancer, the data speaking in favour of its myoepithelial origin are reported. It is emphasized that carcinoma in situ may give rise both to lobular (myoepithelial origin) and other forms of cancer.", "PMID": 741701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4939", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of operable breast cancer].", "content": "An effective treatment of patients with primary operable breast cancer seems to be feasible only in local involvement of the gland. Since a spread process would much worse respond to modern therapeutic measures. Surgery remains to be a dominant procedure. According to the data of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology radical Halsted mastectomy at early stages of cancer provides for an effective recovery in more than 90% of patients. In females with spreading of the process, regional metastases a 5-year survival is markedly reduced up to 45.1%.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of operable breast cancer]. An effective treatment of patients with primary operable breast cancer seems to be feasible only in local involvement of the gland. Since a spread process would much worse respond to modern therapeutic measures. Surgery remains to be a dominant procedure. According to the data of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology radical Halsted mastectomy at early stages of cancer provides for an effective recovery in more than 90% of patients. In females with spreading of the process, regional metastases a 5-year survival is markedly reduced up to 45.1%.", "PMID": 741702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4940", "title": "[Treatment of maxillary cancer].", "content": "The experience of the Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P. A. Herzen with the treatment of 368 primary patients with malignant tumors of the upper jaw, and the analysis of the literature data allowed a formulation of basic tendencies in therapy of this affection. These include a wide use of the combination therapy with preoperative radiation treatment; an elaboration of some extended variants of surgical interventions; an improvement of radiation technics, use of drug therapy, mainly as regional chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy. Further elaboration of the early diagnostics is also of importance. Patients in whom malignant tumors of the upper jaw were detected should be treated in specialized oncological departments, specially equipped and having well-trained medical staff.", "contents": "[Treatment of maxillary cancer]. The experience of the Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P. A. Herzen with the treatment of 368 primary patients with malignant tumors of the upper jaw, and the analysis of the literature data allowed a formulation of basic tendencies in therapy of this affection. These include a wide use of the combination therapy with preoperative radiation treatment; an elaboration of some extended variants of surgical interventions; an improvement of radiation technics, use of drug therapy, mainly as regional chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy. Further elaboration of the early diagnostics is also of importance. Patients in whom malignant tumors of the upper jaw were detected should be treated in specialized oncological departments, specially equipped and having well-trained medical staff.", "PMID": 741703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4941", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of cancer recurrence and cicatrical stricture of esophageal anastomosis].", "content": "A careful analysis was made of the causes, terms of occurrence and course of cancer recurrence in the area of gastrointestinal and gastroesophageal anastomoses after 498 gastrectomies, resections of the cardia and esophagus for cancer. The possibility of the differential diagnosis between the recurrence and cicatricial strictures of esophageal anastomoses is shown. Based on the clinico-roentgenological data etiopathogenetically 3 variants of cicatricial strictures were singled out: a) due to technical errors, inadequate anastomotic sutures and fistulas; b) due to grave anastomositis, and c) due to reflux-esophagitis. Among cancer recurrences at the site of esophageal anastomosis three forms were differentiated, depending on the origin of recurrence and a form of tumor growth: exophitic, endophitic and paraesophageal recurrence. Special attention is given to an early recurrence and the development of it against the background of pre-existing cicatricial stricture of the anastomosis.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of cancer recurrence and cicatrical stricture of esophageal anastomosis]. A careful analysis was made of the causes, terms of occurrence and course of cancer recurrence in the area of gastrointestinal and gastroesophageal anastomoses after 498 gastrectomies, resections of the cardia and esophagus for cancer. The possibility of the differential diagnosis between the recurrence and cicatricial strictures of esophageal anastomoses is shown. Based on the clinico-roentgenological data etiopathogenetically 3 variants of cicatricial strictures were singled out: a) due to technical errors, inadequate anastomotic sutures and fistulas; b) due to grave anastomositis, and c) due to reflux-esophagitis. Among cancer recurrences at the site of esophageal anastomosis three forms were differentiated, depending on the origin of recurrence and a form of tumor growth: exophitic, endophitic and paraesophageal recurrence. Special attention is given to an early recurrence and the development of it against the background of pre-existing cicatricial stricture of the anastomosis.", "PMID": 741704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4942", "title": "[Remote results of combined treatment of operable stomach cancer].", "content": "The rationale of using preoperative radiotherapy as an adjunct in the combination therapy of gastric cancer is discussed. 102 patients mostly with the process in stage III (91) were treated. The analysis made enabled the authors to reveal a significant increase of resectability in a group of patients receiving distant gammatherapy. This index was 72.2% versus generally accepted indices 55--65%. The survival in this group of patients with terms of the follow-up from 5 to 8 years made 32.3% versus 20.8% of only a 5-year survival in a group of patients treated surgically.", "contents": "[Remote results of combined treatment of operable stomach cancer]. The rationale of using preoperative radiotherapy as an adjunct in the combination therapy of gastric cancer is discussed. 102 patients mostly with the process in stage III (91) were treated. The analysis made enabled the authors to reveal a significant increase of resectability in a group of patients receiving distant gammatherapy. This index was 72.2% versus generally accepted indices 55--65%. The survival in this group of patients with terms of the follow-up from 5 to 8 years made 32.3% versus 20.8% of only a 5-year survival in a group of patients treated surgically.", "PMID": 741705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4943", "title": "[Persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants are reported. One patient developed this syndrome following a normal pregnancy and uneventful delivery, whilst the others had a history of fetal or perinatal distress. Cardiac catheterization showed pulmonary hypertension in two cases in the absence of cardiac or pulmonary disease or metabolic disorders; one of these babies died unexpectedly following initial improvement. The second infant died from massive cardiac failure before cardiac catheterization could be carried out. The surviving infant was reinvestigated at the age of 7 months and showed normal pulmonary pressure and no evidence of cardiac disease. Aetiology, haemodynamics and clinical picture of this syndrome are discussed in relation to the varying clinical features manifested by our patients and the course taken.", "contents": "[Persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants (author's transl)]. Three cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants are reported. One patient developed this syndrome following a normal pregnancy and uneventful delivery, whilst the others had a history of fetal or perinatal distress. Cardiac catheterization showed pulmonary hypertension in two cases in the absence of cardiac or pulmonary disease or metabolic disorders; one of these babies died unexpectedly following initial improvement. The second infant died from massive cardiac failure before cardiac catheterization could be carried out. The surviving infant was reinvestigated at the age of 7 months and showed normal pulmonary pressure and no evidence of cardiac disease. Aetiology, haemodynamics and clinical picture of this syndrome are discussed in relation to the varying clinical features manifested by our patients and the course taken.", "PMID": 741750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4944", "title": "[Vaccination status of children in the Vienna area (author's transl)].", "content": "The vaccination status was investigated in 1482 patients between the ages of 1 and 14 years admitted to hospital with scarlet fever. Most of the patients were vaccinated against tuberculosis (97.7%), diphtheria, tetanus and whooping-cough (95.3%) and poliomyelitis (94.1%), relatively few against measles (21.1%) and very few indeed against mumps (0.7%) and tick-borne encephalitis (1.9%). The booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria had been omitted in more than 40%. Although the beneficial results of vaccination against tuberculosis, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and poliomyelitis remained more or less the same, the tendency towards vaccination did not spread as might have been anticipated. On the contrary, the extent of vaccination decreased, especially during the past years. In the same way the tendency towards vaccination against measles showed a sudden slowing down after a period of rapid increase. This implies that vaccination of children does not tend towards perfection. The vaccination rates differ widely between foreign children living in Vienna and natives. Although the foreigners show a similar vaccination distribution pattern as the natives, the numbers of unvaccinated children are much higher.", "contents": "[Vaccination status of children in the Vienna area (author's transl)]. The vaccination status was investigated in 1482 patients between the ages of 1 and 14 years admitted to hospital with scarlet fever. Most of the patients were vaccinated against tuberculosis (97.7%), diphtheria, tetanus and whooping-cough (95.3%) and poliomyelitis (94.1%), relatively few against measles (21.1%) and very few indeed against mumps (0.7%) and tick-borne encephalitis (1.9%). The booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria had been omitted in more than 40%. Although the beneficial results of vaccination against tuberculosis, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and poliomyelitis remained more or less the same, the tendency towards vaccination did not spread as might have been anticipated. On the contrary, the extent of vaccination decreased, especially during the past years. In the same way the tendency towards vaccination against measles showed a sudden slowing down after a period of rapid increase. This implies that vaccination of children does not tend towards perfection. The vaccination rates differ widely between foreign children living in Vienna and natives. Although the foreigners show a similar vaccination distribution pattern as the natives, the numbers of unvaccinated children are much higher.", "PMID": 741751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4945", "title": "[The incidence of caries in juvenile diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The present state of knowledge regarding the aetiology of caries implicates the interrelationship between low-molecular carbohydrates and the bacterial flora as an essential factor in the potential development of caries. Persons with hereditary fructose intolerance and patients with diabetes mellitus are of special interest in studying these interrelations. The DMF/S index was calculated and a regression analysis carried out in 101 diabetic children and juveniles aged 4 to 18. The incidence of dentine caries was significantly lower in children with onset of diabetes preceding the appearance of the second dentition than in children with manifest diabetes of up to 3 years' duration. The DMF/S index was high in individual patients in spite of the prescribed dietary treatment.", "contents": "[The incidence of caries in juvenile diabetics (author's transl)]. The present state of knowledge regarding the aetiology of caries implicates the interrelationship between low-molecular carbohydrates and the bacterial flora as an essential factor in the potential development of caries. Persons with hereditary fructose intolerance and patients with diabetes mellitus are of special interest in studying these interrelations. The DMF/S index was calculated and a regression analysis carried out in 101 diabetic children and juveniles aged 4 to 18. The incidence of dentine caries was significantly lower in children with onset of diabetes preceding the appearance of the second dentition than in children with manifest diabetes of up to 3 years' duration. The DMF/S index was high in individual patients in spite of the prescribed dietary treatment.", "PMID": 741752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4946", "title": "[DTIC in the therapy of solid tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1975 to 1977 42 patients with advanced solid tumours were treated with imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC). It was applied in 18 cases as monotherapy: in the remaining patients it was administered in combination with other cytostatic agents. Tumour remission was recorded in 4/22 patients with melanoma, 2/2 with Kaposi sarcoma and 2/7 with soft tissue sarcoma. No change in tumour behaviour was recorded in 6/22 melanomas, 2/7 soft tissue sarcomas, 1/7 head and neck tumours and 1/1 thymoma. Side effects of DTIC monotherapy were comparably low. The optimum dosage and frequency of DTIC therapy have not yet been established. Combinations with other cytostatic agents are still being tested.", "contents": "[DTIC in the therapy of solid tumours (author's transl)]. From 1975 to 1977 42 patients with advanced solid tumours were treated with imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC). It was applied in 18 cases as monotherapy: in the remaining patients it was administered in combination with other cytostatic agents. Tumour remission was recorded in 4/22 patients with melanoma, 2/2 with Kaposi sarcoma and 2/7 with soft tissue sarcoma. No change in tumour behaviour was recorded in 6/22 melanomas, 2/7 soft tissue sarcomas, 1/7 head and neck tumours and 1/1 thymoma. Side effects of DTIC monotherapy were comparably low. The optimum dosage and frequency of DTIC therapy have not yet been established. Combinations with other cytostatic agents are still being tested.", "PMID": 741753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4947", "title": "[Dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC) in combination chemotherapy for childhood neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight children with state III or IV neuroblastoma were treated with courses of chemotherapy consisting of nitrogen mustard (6 mg/m2), vincristine (2 X 1.5 mg/m2), doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and dimethyl-triazeno-imidazolecarboxamide (850 mg/m2) every three weeks. Three children died after a median survival of 8 (+/-5) months. Five children (62%) have now survived for a medium duration of 21 (+/-16) months without clinical evidence of disease. These results are far better than previously-achieved survival rates at our department.", "contents": "[Dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC) in combination chemotherapy for childhood neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. Eight children with state III or IV neuroblastoma were treated with courses of chemotherapy consisting of nitrogen mustard (6 mg/m2), vincristine (2 X 1.5 mg/m2), doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and dimethyl-triazeno-imidazolecarboxamide (850 mg/m2) every three weeks. Three children died after a median survival of 8 (+/-5) months. Five children (62%) have now survived for a medium duration of 21 (+/-16) months without clinical evidence of disease. These results are far better than previously-achieved survival rates at our department.", "PMID": 741754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4948", "title": "[DTIC--one component of ABVD combination therapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "11 pretreated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated according to the ABVD schedule. In 6 cases this treatment had to be prematurely terminated due to considerable side effects or due to progression of the disease. The other 6 cases responded favourably, but the improvement was only of short duration.", "contents": "[DTIC--one component of ABVD combination therapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. 11 pretreated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated according to the ABVD schedule. In 6 cases this treatment had to be prematurely terminated due to considerable side effects or due to progression of the disease. The other 6 cases responded favourably, but the improvement was only of short duration.", "PMID": 741755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4949", "title": "[Fundamental problems of ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "Issuing from the second theorem of thermodynamics a cybernetical schema and a corresponding system of differential equations are proposed, describing dehydration and diminishing metabolism rate of the aging cell. With respect to the organism as a whole, there results the well known vitality formula of Beier, but with an altered expression for F(t).", "contents": "[Fundamental problems of ageing (author's transl)]. Issuing from the second theorem of thermodynamics a cybernetical schema and a corresponding system of differential equations are proposed, describing dehydration and diminishing metabolism rate of the aging cell. With respect to the organism as a whole, there results the well known vitality formula of Beier, but with an altered expression for F(t).", "PMID": 741785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4950", "title": "[Air humidity and their influence on concentration changes of spray fluid in aerosol generators (author's transl)].", "content": "With the fine dispersion of aqueous solutions concentration changes in the basic solution are occuring. These changes are basically dependent on the rate of air flow and the saturation deficit which is present between the air at the entry to the aerosol generator and its exit. Above all with compressed gases which are used in production of nozzle aerosols the deficit and with it the concentration change is large. But on ultrasonic generators this effect is to be observed too. Under normal manufacturing conditions a concentration increase in the spray solution occurs. Conditions resulting in a concentration decrease can rarely be expected.", "contents": "[Air humidity and their influence on concentration changes of spray fluid in aerosol generators (author's transl)]. With the fine dispersion of aqueous solutions concentration changes in the basic solution are occuring. These changes are basically dependent on the rate of air flow and the saturation deficit which is present between the air at the entry to the aerosol generator and its exit. Above all with compressed gases which are used in production of nozzle aerosols the deficit and with it the concentration change is large. But on ultrasonic generators this effect is to be observed too. Under normal manufacturing conditions a concentration increase in the spray solution occurs. Conditions resulting in a concentration decrease can rarely be expected.", "PMID": 741820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4951", "title": "[Reproducibility of bronchial provocative testing in bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchial reactivity was examined every 3 month in a follow-up study of 40 subjects mostly showing chronic nonspecific lung disease and all having bronchial hyperreactivity at the beginning of the study. Only 7 of them (17.5%) had constant hyperreactivity for the time of observation. There has been parallelism between test results and complaints in 72% of patients with chronic bronchitis and in 65.2% of the second group (mostly subjects with bronchitis).  Seasons had no strong influence on bronchial reactivity. Bronchial provocative testing has proved as a valuabel method for verification of obstructive complaints. The test results shouldn't be interpreted without regarding clinical data. Using as a screening test a more detailed diagnostic and follow-up are necessary to avoid false and premature consequences. As to expert opinions and decisions on compensation the test results can correctly be interpreted only if reproducibility in the single case has been proved and if they are in agreement with the clinical signs and symptoms of the case.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of bronchial provocative testing in bronchitis (author's transl)]. Bronchial reactivity was examined every 3 month in a follow-up study of 40 subjects mostly showing chronic nonspecific lung disease and all having bronchial hyperreactivity at the beginning of the study. Only 7 of them (17.5%) had constant hyperreactivity for the time of observation. There has been parallelism between test results and complaints in 72% of patients with chronic bronchitis and in 65.2% of the second group (mostly subjects with bronchitis).  Seasons had no strong influence on bronchial reactivity. Bronchial provocative testing has proved as a valuabel method for verification of obstructive complaints. The test results shouldn't be interpreted without regarding clinical data. Using as a screening test a more detailed diagnostic and follow-up are necessary to avoid false and premature consequences. As to expert opinions and decisions on compensation the test results can correctly be interpreted only if reproducibility in the single case has been proved and if they are in agreement with the clinical signs and symptoms of the case.", "PMID": 741821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4952", "title": "[Immunoglobulins (IgG, secretory-IgA) and function of parotid gland in children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma, and with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunoglobulins IgG and IgA (Secretory-IgA) were determined in connection with the parameters of secretion in parotid saliva. Children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma and with chronic bronchitis were compared. No significant differences were found for the groups of cystic fibrosis, of bronchial asthma, and of chronic bronchitis in comparison to a control group in relation to flow rate and protein content in parotid saliva. The comparison of the groups of diseases showed striking differences only with regard to the output of the gland after stimulation. The output of the gland per minute for IgG was decreased for patients with bronchial asthma as well as for patients with cystic fibrosis. No differences were found for the patients with chronic bronchitis and for the control group. Also the output of the gland for secretory-IgA was decreased after stimulation in the groups of disease: bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum no correlation with the concentration of immunoglobulins in saliva neither for IgA nor for IgG. A high content of IgG in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis was observed. The mean values of IgA in serum of patients with chronic bronchitis were found to be significantly decreased.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins (IgG, secretory-IgA) and function of parotid gland in children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma, and with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The immunoglobulins IgG and IgA (Secretory-IgA) were determined in connection with the parameters of secretion in parotid saliva. Children with cystic fibrosis, with bronchial asthma and with chronic bronchitis were compared. No significant differences were found for the groups of cystic fibrosis, of bronchial asthma, and of chronic bronchitis in comparison to a control group in relation to flow rate and protein content in parotid saliva. The comparison of the groups of diseases showed striking differences only with regard to the output of the gland after stimulation. The output of the gland per minute for IgG was decreased for patients with bronchial asthma as well as for patients with cystic fibrosis. No differences were found for the patients with chronic bronchitis and for the control group. Also the output of the gland for secretory-IgA was decreased after stimulation in the groups of disease: bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum no correlation with the concentration of immunoglobulins in saliva neither for IgA nor for IgG. A high content of IgG in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis was observed. The mean values of IgA in serum of patients with chronic bronchitis were found to be significantly decreased.", "PMID": 741822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4953", "title": "[Intra-and postoperative complications in pulmonary surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The age of the patients, the causative diseases, and the extent of the surgical operation are decisive for the development of intraoperative and postoperative complications in pulmonary surgery. Restrictive and obstructive pulmonary changes of the older-age group involve the danger of postoperative complications. By our experience the critical age for pulmonary surgery is about 50 years.", "contents": "[Intra-and postoperative complications in pulmonary surgery (author's transl)]. The age of the patients, the causative diseases, and the extent of the surgical operation are decisive for the development of intraoperative and postoperative complications in pulmonary surgery. Restrictive and obstructive pulmonary changes of the older-age group involve the danger of postoperative complications. By our experience the critical age for pulmonary surgery is about 50 years.", "PMID": 741823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4954", "title": "[Rare thoracic injuries (biomechanics, diagnosis and therapy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Thoracic injuries caused by direct or indirect power action involve various injury effects. The extent of injury depends on the force and the direction of the acting power, on the biomechanical properties of the partial structures of the thorax, and on genetically determined variations of form and structure. These correlations are demonstrated by special examples of rare thoracic injuries. The motto for the diagnostic and the choice of the therapeutical procedure is: \"Inter vulnerationem thoracis diagnosis incipiat\".", "contents": "[Rare thoracic injuries (biomechanics, diagnosis and therapy) (author's transl)]. Thoracic injuries caused by direct or indirect power action involve various injury effects. The extent of injury depends on the force and the direction of the acting power, on the biomechanical properties of the partial structures of the thorax, and on genetically determined variations of form and structure. These correlations are demonstrated by special examples of rare thoracic injuries. The motto for the diagnostic and the choice of the therapeutical procedure is: \"Inter vulnerationem thoracis diagnosis incipiat\".", "PMID": 741824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4955", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of mediastinal  affections (author's transl)].", "content": "Differential diagnosis is necessary about chronic affections in the mediastinum. They are classified through appointed criterions in 3 groups. The technical methods of differential diagnosis and the degree of information are described. Operations of mediastinal tumours should be done as early and radically as possible.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of mediastinal  affections (author's transl)]. Differential diagnosis is necessary about chronic affections in the mediastinum. They are classified through appointed criterions in 3 groups. The technical methods of differential diagnosis and the degree of information are described. Operations of mediastinal tumours should be done as early and radically as possible.", "PMID": 741825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4956", "title": "[Defence mechanisms of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "A review on defence mechanisms against inhalated germs of infection, dust particles and other noxiousness is given. The role of bronchial secretion, of the aerodynamic filter system, of the respiratory tract and of the surfactants as well of the local humoral and cellular immunity in the defence mechanisms is empharized.", "contents": "[Defence mechanisms of the lung (author's transl)]. A review on defence mechanisms against inhalated germs of infection, dust particles and other noxiousness is given. The role of bronchial secretion, of the aerodynamic filter system, of the respiratory tract and of the surfactants as well of the local humoral and cellular immunity in the defence mechanisms is empharized.", "PMID": 741826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4957", "title": "[Angiographic studies on regional contraction behavior of the left ventricle in the acute phase of myocardial infarction].", "content": "Quantitative angiocardiographic examinations concerning the regional contraction of the left ventricle in 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction were performed. In comparison to a control group of 6 healthy male patients the determination of the speed of the medium regional shortening (MVRF) of 12 different ventricle segments resulted in typical findings deviating from the normal. On the second day after beginning of the infarction in the area of the myocardium affected by an acute infarction there existed as a rule severe hypokinetic and akinetic disturbances of the contraction (13 times), only in three cases slight paradoxical movements of the ventricular wall (dyskinesias) could be observed. The average speed of shortening of all segments together (MVRF) excellently represents the momentary global function of the ventricle. It comprises in the same way acutely and chronicly disturbed areas as well as also the function of regions of the myocardium which are not disturbed. MV/RF and systolic ejection fraction (SEF) show statistically a highly significant correlation of r = 0,797 (p less than 0.001). On the basis of the findings got considerations are performed concerning a proved differential therapy in the acute stage of the myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Angiographic studies on regional contraction behavior of the left ventricle in the acute phase of myocardial infarction]. Quantitative angiocardiographic examinations concerning the regional contraction of the left ventricle in 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction were performed. In comparison to a control group of 6 healthy male patients the determination of the speed of the medium regional shortening (MVRF) of 12 different ventricle segments resulted in typical findings deviating from the normal. On the second day after beginning of the infarction in the area of the myocardium affected by an acute infarction there existed as a rule severe hypokinetic and akinetic disturbances of the contraction (13 times), only in three cases slight paradoxical movements of the ventricular wall (dyskinesias) could be observed. The average speed of shortening of all segments together (MVRF) excellently represents the momentary global function of the ventricle. It comprises in the same way acutely and chronicly disturbed areas as well as also the function of regions of the myocardium which are not disturbed. MV/RF and systolic ejection fraction (SEF) show statistically a highly significant correlation of r = 0,797 (p less than 0.001). On the basis of the findings got considerations are performed concerning a proved differential therapy in the acute stage of the myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 741828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4958", "title": "[Hemodynamics and metabolic parameters during use of the antihypertensive agent diazoxide].", "content": "The antihypertensive remedy diazoxide (hyperstat) was applied in 11 patients with hypertension of the clinical stages III and IV. The patients were applied a single intravenous injection of 20 ml = 300 mg diazoxide. The behaviour of blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar and cortisol level as well as of the blood supply in rest of the musculature of the extremities was tested and evaluated. Within 1 minute after the injection the systolic blood pressure decreased by 12%, the diastolic by 20%. After an above all show increase of the diastolic blood pressure once more a slight decrease of the systolic blood pressure followed after 90 minutes, which lasted several hours. Also after 24 hours the blood pressure did not reach the original value. The increase of the pulse rate was clinically not relevant. The blood glucose increased in the 5th minute, after 15 minutes it reached its culmination point and, beginning with the 30th minute it showed a decreasing tendency. The initial values were got after 180 minutes. After the 15th minute began a relative short-term decrease of the plasma cortisol, which, however, again increased after 60 minutes. On the other hand the occlusion-plethysmographic investigations of the veins showed an increasing blood flow in rest up to 3 hours after the injection.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics and metabolic parameters during use of the antihypertensive agent diazoxide]. The antihypertensive remedy diazoxide (hyperstat) was applied in 11 patients with hypertension of the clinical stages III and IV. The patients were applied a single intravenous injection of 20 ml = 300 mg diazoxide. The behaviour of blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar and cortisol level as well as of the blood supply in rest of the musculature of the extremities was tested and evaluated. Within 1 minute after the injection the systolic blood pressure decreased by 12%, the diastolic by 20%. After an above all show increase of the diastolic blood pressure once more a slight decrease of the systolic blood pressure followed after 90 minutes, which lasted several hours. Also after 24 hours the blood pressure did not reach the original value. The increase of the pulse rate was clinically not relevant. The blood glucose increased in the 5th minute, after 15 minutes it reached its culmination point and, beginning with the 30th minute it showed a decreasing tendency. The initial values were got after 180 minutes. After the 15th minute began a relative short-term decrease of the plasma cortisol, which, however, again increased after 60 minutes. On the other hand the occlusion-plethysmographic investigations of the veins showed an increasing blood flow in rest up to 3 hours after the injection.", "PMID": 741829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4959", "title": "[Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system].", "content": "It is reported on 3 observations of isolated granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. The case in question was in two 42-year-old men a granulomatous giant cell arteriitis with exclusive affection of the intracranial arteries. In a 33-year-old woman (case 3) there existed a granulomatous angiitis in generalised cerebrospinal granulomatous epitheloid-cellular inflammation (sarcoidosis) of the central nervous system with participation of bifurcal lymph nodes and of the lung. In all the three reports the diagnosis could be made only by autopsy. Clinic, pathomorphology, and diagnostic difficulties are described.", "contents": "[Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system]. It is reported on 3 observations of isolated granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. The case in question was in two 42-year-old men a granulomatous giant cell arteriitis with exclusive affection of the intracranial arteries. In a 33-year-old woman (case 3) there existed a granulomatous angiitis in generalised cerebrospinal granulomatous epitheloid-cellular inflammation (sarcoidosis) of the central nervous system with participation of bifurcal lymph nodes and of the lung. In all the three reports the diagnosis could be made only by autopsy. Clinic, pathomorphology, and diagnostic difficulties are described.", "PMID": 741830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4960", "title": "[Bone fluorosis].", "content": "It is reported on a 80-year-old man with a pronounced bone fluorosis which was ascertained by X-ray findngs, dissection, and determination of the fluor content of the bones. Since there was no professional flour exposition a so-called neighbourhood fluorosis was to be assumed. It was caused by an already naturally increased fluor content of drinking water, which was essentially increased by the sewage of a fluor plant. In addition to this an increased fluor emission was present, since the patient has lived for more than 30 years in the nearest environment of the plant. By suitable measures the prescribed values of the fluor content of drinking water and of the fluor emission have to be kept.", "contents": "[Bone fluorosis]. It is reported on a 80-year-old man with a pronounced bone fluorosis which was ascertained by X-ray findngs, dissection, and determination of the fluor content of the bones. Since there was no professional flour exposition a so-called neighbourhood fluorosis was to be assumed. It was caused by an already naturally increased fluor content of drinking water, which was essentially increased by the sewage of a fluor plant. In addition to this an increased fluor emission was present, since the patient has lived for more than 30 years in the nearest environment of the plant. By suitable measures the prescribed values of the fluor content of drinking water and of the fluor emission have to be kept.", "PMID": 741831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4961", "title": "[The problem of cardiac metastases].", "content": "Report on metastases of the myocardium of a bronchial carcinoma in a 66-year-old woman. On the basis of an own case as well as of literature the author adopts a definite attitude to frequency, localisation and diagnostics of the secondary tumours of the myocardium.", "contents": "[The problem of cardiac metastases]. Report on metastases of the myocardium of a bronchial carcinoma in a 66-year-old woman. On the basis of an own case as well as of literature the author adopts a definite attitude to frequency, localisation and diagnostics of the secondary tumours of the myocardium.", "PMID": 741835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4962", "title": "[Significance of liver biopsy for the diagnosis of occupational liver lesions (histopathological examination)].", "content": "Report on the morphological assay of liver biopsies of 29 patients after acute or long-term influence of industrial poisons (pesticides, solvents). There were observed cytotoxic lesions with differently marked non-specific reactive hepatitis, the retrogression of which is demonstrated by repeated biopsies. As a rule a restoration took place after one year. Transitions in chronic liver diseases were not seen. It is referred to the particular importance to perform the first biopsy as much as early after the clinical discovery of such lesions of the liver.", "contents": "[Significance of liver biopsy for the diagnosis of occupational liver lesions (histopathological examination)]. Report on the morphological assay of liver biopsies of 29 patients after acute or long-term influence of industrial poisons (pesticides, solvents). There were observed cytotoxic lesions with differently marked non-specific reactive hepatitis, the retrogression of which is demonstrated by repeated biopsies. As a rule a restoration took place after one year. Transitions in chronic liver diseases were not seen. It is referred to the particular importance to perform the first biopsy as much as early after the clinical discovery of such lesions of the liver.", "PMID": 741836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4963", "title": "[Significance of the determination of multiple forms of urinary amylases for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas diseases].", "content": "The multiple amylases of the urine were examined in healthy persons and in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis as well as with parotitis using the polyacryl amide gel disk electrophoresis. A separation into about 7 amylase-containing fractions was achieved which could be coordinated to the pancreatic juice and to saliva. In acute pancreatitis the pancreas amylases increased, in chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, they decreased. In parotitis the salivary amylases increased. For diagnostic purposes the formation of quotients from certain fractions was useful. The examination of the multiple amylases of the urine according to the method mentioned leads to an improved clinico-chemical diagnostics of diseases of the exocrine pancreas and gives the possibility of their course control.", "contents": "[Significance of the determination of multiple forms of urinary amylases for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas diseases]. The multiple amylases of the urine were examined in healthy persons and in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis as well as with parotitis using the polyacryl amide gel disk electrophoresis. A separation into about 7 amylase-containing fractions was achieved which could be coordinated to the pancreatic juice and to saliva. In acute pancreatitis the pancreas amylases increased, in chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, they decreased. In parotitis the salivary amylases increased. For diagnostic purposes the formation of quotients from certain fractions was useful. The examination of the multiple amylases of the urine according to the method mentioned leads to an improved clinico-chemical diagnostics of diseases of the exocrine pancreas and gives the possibility of their course control.", "PMID": 741837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4964", "title": "[Influencing the automatized chelesterol determination using the Liebermann-Burchard technic through selected drugs in vitro].", "content": "The ascertained influences of this cholesterol determination in vitro mentioned in the survey literature for therapeutically relevant doses are astonishingly small. In the present paper the following drugs were tested: Dextran, vitamin C, procain, chlorpromazine, methyldopa, phenacetin, fluphenazine. With the exception of methyldopa pure substance was used. In every case twelve-fold determinations with the concentrations 0.02, 0.2 and 2 mmol/l were performed. Though particularly for vitamin C and methyldopa depending on dose, as well as for all other drugs with the exception of dextran increases can be proved, these, however, remain eventually in the normal region of the method. The influence of the determination of cholesterol proposed by the drugs tested under therapeutic conditions is only of insignificant practice relevance. This is a positive evidence for the use of this method in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "[Influencing the automatized chelesterol determination using the Liebermann-Burchard technic through selected drugs in vitro]. The ascertained influences of this cholesterol determination in vitro mentioned in the survey literature for therapeutically relevant doses are astonishingly small. In the present paper the following drugs were tested: Dextran, vitamin C, procain, chlorpromazine, methyldopa, phenacetin, fluphenazine. With the exception of methyldopa pure substance was used. In every case twelve-fold determinations with the concentrations 0.02, 0.2 and 2 mmol/l were performed. Though particularly for vitamin C and methyldopa depending on dose, as well as for all other drugs with the exception of dextran increases can be proved, these, however, remain eventually in the normal region of the method. The influence of the determination of cholesterol proposed by the drugs tested under therapeutic conditions is only of insignificant practice relevance. This is a positive evidence for the use of this method in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 741838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4965", "title": "[Value of sonography in the differential diagnosis of icterus].", "content": "In early use the sonography may facilitate and accelerate the differential diagnosis of the jaundice. In parenchymal hepatic icterus frequently pathologic changes of the liver may be proved sonographically. The typical findings of dilated and thus sonographically demonstrable intra- and extrahepatic biliary ducts speak for obstructive jaundice. Characteristic constellations of dilated segments of the bile duct allow conclusions to the localisation of the occlusion. Changes which cannot be explained by sonography are a cause for further examinations.", "contents": "[Value of sonography in the differential diagnosis of icterus]. In early use the sonography may facilitate and accelerate the differential diagnosis of the jaundice. In parenchymal hepatic icterus frequently pathologic changes of the liver may be proved sonographically. The typical findings of dilated and thus sonographically demonstrable intra- and extrahepatic biliary ducts speak for obstructive jaundice. Characteristic constellations of dilated segments of the bile duct allow conclusions to the localisation of the occlusion. Changes which cannot be explained by sonography are a cause for further examinations.", "PMID": 741839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4966", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in early gastric cancer].", "content": "It is reported on 48 early carcinomas in 47 patients who were diagnosed and treated in the Robert-R\u00f6ssle-Institute Berlin-Buch between 1965 and 1977. In these cases the authors above all deal with the difficulties in the endoscopic and bioptic diagnostics which prove supreme in comparison to the X-ray diagnostics. In the patients who underwent a follow-up observation of more than 5 years the survival rate corresponds to the results reported by Japanese authors.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in early gastric cancer]. It is reported on 48 early carcinomas in 47 patients who were diagnosed and treated in the Robert-R\u00f6ssle-Institute Berlin-Buch between 1965 and 1977. In these cases the authors above all deal with the difficulties in the endoscopic and bioptic diagnostics which prove supreme in comparison to the X-ray diagnostics. In the patients who underwent a follow-up observation of more than 5 years the survival rate corresponds to the results reported by Japanese authors.", "PMID": 741840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4967", "title": "[Olfactometric results of the olfactory function in diabetics].", "content": "Olfacto-odorimetrical examinations in 110 diabetics resulted in comparison to an examined control group of 110 rhinologically healthy non-diabetics (patients of an ENT-outpatient department) in olfactory disturbances in the sense of a quantitative dysosmia. The percental ratio of the patients with normosmia to patients with dysosmia in the entire group of diabetics was 23.6 : 76.4 in comparison to 58.2 : 41.8 in the non-diabetics. After the chi2-test the result was a significant difference between the two groups. In the diabetics as well as in the control group a decrease of the olfactory function with growing age which was shown in an increase of the olfactory perceptual threshold could be statistically ascertained. Clear connections between olfactory ability on the one hand and sex, number of births in women, smoker habits, blood sugar content and content of urinary sugar, kind of medication, relative metabolic condition, concomitant diseases and duration of diabetes on the other hand could not be established.", "contents": "[Olfactometric results of the olfactory function in diabetics]. Olfacto-odorimetrical examinations in 110 diabetics resulted in comparison to an examined control group of 110 rhinologically healthy non-diabetics (patients of an ENT-outpatient department) in olfactory disturbances in the sense of a quantitative dysosmia. The percental ratio of the patients with normosmia to patients with dysosmia in the entire group of diabetics was 23.6 : 76.4 in comparison to 58.2 : 41.8 in the non-diabetics. After the chi2-test the result was a significant difference between the two groups. In the diabetics as well as in the control group a decrease of the olfactory function with growing age which was shown in an increase of the olfactory perceptual threshold could be statistically ascertained. Clear connections between olfactory ability on the one hand and sex, number of births in women, smoker habits, blood sugar content and content of urinary sugar, kind of medication, relative metabolic condition, concomitant diseases and duration of diabetes on the other hand could not be established.", "PMID": 741841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4968", "title": "[Compulsory health education in invasive diagnostic procedures in cardiology].", "content": "The medical and juridicial side of the information duty concerning the basic character of a disease as well as diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are briefly discussed. By means of information paper for cardiological invasive examinations it is possible to deepen and to confirm the references given in the medical information talk. Apart from this the patient confirms by his sign that he was informed about the planned examination and that he agrees with it, which possibly is of importance for expertises.", "contents": "[Compulsory health education in invasive diagnostic procedures in cardiology]. The medical and juridicial side of the information duty concerning the basic character of a disease as well as diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are briefly discussed. By means of information paper for cardiological invasive examinations it is possible to deepen and to confirm the references given in the medical information talk. Apart from this the patient confirms by his sign that he was informed about the planned examination and that he agrees with it, which possibly is of importance for expertises.", "PMID": 741842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4969", "title": "[The extragradient of agar-gel electrophoresis in hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "In the present paper we report on the occurrence of an extra band suggesting a possible M-component in a case of hyperlipoproteinaemia with excessive elevation of lipid values. The enhanced apolipoproteins result in a distinct extra band in the alpha2-beta1-interzone of protein electrophoresis. The extra band disappeared after treatment of the hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "contents": "[The extragradient of agar-gel electrophoresis in hyperlipoproteinemia]. In the present paper we report on the occurrence of an extra band suggesting a possible M-component in a case of hyperlipoproteinaemia with excessive elevation of lipid values. The enhanced apolipoproteins result in a distinct extra band in the alpha2-beta1-interzone of protein electrophoresis. The extra band disappeared after treatment of the hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "PMID": 741843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4970", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes and in vivo fixation of immunoglobulin G, A and C3 onto hepatocytes in patients with Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In vivo fixation of immunoglobulin and C3 onto the hepatocellular membrane of patients with Crohn's disease was studied by immunofluorescence. IgG binding was observed in 93% of patients with disease activity but not in patients without disease activity. C3 binding was present in 21% of patients with active disease. IgA binding was found in approximately one half of all patients with Crohn's disease irrespective of disease activity. The immunoglobulin and C3 binding to hepatocytes was not correlated with histopathological findings. Circulating immune complexes were detected with the Raji cell assay in approximately one half of all patients with Crohn's disease and showed no correlation to disease activity. The following conclusions can be derived from these studies: 1. The in vivo fixed IgG represents immune complexes, which is eliminated by the liver as part of the physiological clearance function. 2. These aggregates bind to hepatocytes predominantly via IgGFc receptors. 3. Hepatocellular bound IgG and C3 show no correlation to histopathological liver alterations. 4. In vivo bound hepatocellular IgG aggregates have different properties than the immune complexes detected by the Raji cell assay.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes and in vivo fixation of immunoglobulin G, A and C3 onto hepatocytes in patients with Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. In vivo fixation of immunoglobulin and C3 onto the hepatocellular membrane of patients with Crohn's disease was studied by immunofluorescence. IgG binding was observed in 93% of patients with disease activity but not in patients without disease activity. C3 binding was present in 21% of patients with active disease. IgA binding was found in approximately one half of all patients with Crohn's disease irrespective of disease activity. The immunoglobulin and C3 binding to hepatocytes was not correlated with histopathological findings. Circulating immune complexes were detected with the Raji cell assay in approximately one half of all patients with Crohn's disease and showed no correlation to disease activity. The following conclusions can be derived from these studies: 1. The in vivo fixed IgG represents immune complexes, which is eliminated by the liver as part of the physiological clearance function. 2. These aggregates bind to hepatocytes predominantly via IgGFc receptors. 3. Hepatocellular bound IgG and C3 show no correlation to histopathological liver alterations. 4. In vivo bound hepatocellular IgG aggregates have different properties than the immune complexes detected by the Raji cell assay.", "PMID": 741844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4971", "title": "[Differences in plasma aminograms in hepatic and diabetic coma].", "content": "In hepatic coma as well as diabetic coma severe disturbances occur in the amino acid metabolism. The defect lies in completely different levels which result two different plasma aminograms (PAG). In 24 patients with hepatic encephalopathy stage III-IV (7 patients with acute and 17 with chronic liver failure) the PAG were evaluated. The determination of the plasma amino acids (PAA) was carried out on Multichrom B (Beckmann, Munich). In hepatic coma high concentrations of Met, Tyr, Ala, Lys and Arg are found. The deviations of PAA from normal controls show between acute and chronic hepatic failure no qualitative but only quantitative differences. In diabetic coma the three branches chain AA (Val, Leu and Ile) were elevated upon 3--5 times of normal. Near normal concentrations are found for the AA Thr, Ser, Gly, Ala, Met and the aromatic AA (Phe and Tyr). The quotient between the branched chain and aromatic AA lies for hepatic coma at a mean of 1.18 and by diabetic coma at 7.18 (p less than 0.001). In hepatic coma a correlation exists between the level of the AA-quotient improvement and the decrease with a deterioriation of the metabolic encephalopathy. The high level of the AA-quotient in the patients of diabetic \"coma\" gives therefore a good explanation for the rare unconscious state of these patients.", "contents": "[Differences in plasma aminograms in hepatic and diabetic coma]. In hepatic coma as well as diabetic coma severe disturbances occur in the amino acid metabolism. The defect lies in completely different levels which result two different plasma aminograms (PAG). In 24 patients with hepatic encephalopathy stage III-IV (7 patients with acute and 17 with chronic liver failure) the PAG were evaluated. The determination of the plasma amino acids (PAA) was carried out on Multichrom B (Beckmann, Munich). In hepatic coma high concentrations of Met, Tyr, Ala, Lys and Arg are found. The deviations of PAA from normal controls show between acute and chronic hepatic failure no qualitative but only quantitative differences. In diabetic coma the three branches chain AA (Val, Leu and Ile) were elevated upon 3--5 times of normal. Near normal concentrations are found for the AA Thr, Ser, Gly, Ala, Met and the aromatic AA (Phe and Tyr). The quotient between the branched chain and aromatic AA lies for hepatic coma at a mean of 1.18 and by diabetic coma at 7.18 (p less than 0.001). In hepatic coma a correlation exists between the level of the AA-quotient improvement and the decrease with a deterioriation of the metabolic encephalopathy. The high level of the AA-quotient in the patients of diabetic \"coma\" gives therefore a good explanation for the rare unconscious state of these patients.", "PMID": 741845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4972", "title": "[Chronic hepatitis as sequela of acute viral hepatitis A and hepatitis non A - non B (author's transl)].", "content": "329 patients with acute ouvert viral hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area 1975 were classified according to virological data. The proportions of type A and type non A - non B hepatitis were each approximately 20 percent of the total cases (n = 60). Viral hepatitis B was the most frequent type of viral hepatitis (n = 209). 174 individuals of the 329 hepatitis patients were reexamined serologically two years after the onset of the acute disease. 7 out of 105 patients with hepatitis B (6,7%) and 5 out of 40 patients with hepatitis non A - non B (12,5%) revealed a serological pattern compatible with chronic hepatitis. In contrast none of 29 patients with hepatitis A indicated chronic liver disease. The frequency of anti-HAV was also determined in 41 patients with HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative histologically proven chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. All patients were under 35 years of age. An equal proportion of anti-HAV was found in both groups. These results suggest that hepatitis A practically never results in chronic hepatitis, while hepatitis non A - non B can run a chronic course with a frequency similar to that of hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Chronic hepatitis as sequela of acute viral hepatitis A and hepatitis non A - non B (author's transl)]. 329 patients with acute ouvert viral hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area 1975 were classified according to virological data. The proportions of type A and type non A - non B hepatitis were each approximately 20 percent of the total cases (n = 60). Viral hepatitis B was the most frequent type of viral hepatitis (n = 209). 174 individuals of the 329 hepatitis patients were reexamined serologically two years after the onset of the acute disease. 7 out of 105 patients with hepatitis B (6,7%) and 5 out of 40 patients with hepatitis non A - non B (12,5%) revealed a serological pattern compatible with chronic hepatitis. In contrast none of 29 patients with hepatitis A indicated chronic liver disease. The frequency of anti-HAV was also determined in 41 patients with HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative histologically proven chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. All patients were under 35 years of age. An equal proportion of anti-HAV was found in both groups. These results suggest that hepatitis A practically never results in chronic hepatitis, while hepatitis non A - non B can run a chronic course with a frequency similar to that of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 741846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4973", "title": "[Aneurysms of the splenic artery--pathogenesis and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis and clinical study of the aneurysms of the splenic artery will be represented from the available literature. Retrospective from the literature 144 cases were taken into consideration and a further 6 added on. The problems of the diagnosis will be discussed, the importance of the selective angiography as the only possible means for a definate pre-operative diagnosis emphasized. Different methods of operation will be described, in which the removal of the aneurysm together with a splenectomy represents the method of choice.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the splenic artery--pathogenesis and clinical study (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis and clinical study of the aneurysms of the splenic artery will be represented from the available literature. Retrospective from the literature 144 cases were taken into consideration and a further 6 added on. The problems of the diagnosis will be discussed, the importance of the selective angiography as the only possible means for a definate pre-operative diagnosis emphasized. Different methods of operation will be described, in which the removal of the aneurysm together with a splenectomy represents the method of choice.", "PMID": 741847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4974", "title": "[Fetal and placental maturation processes towards the end of pregnancy and their diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Prenatal fetal maturation is defined as the sum of all growth and differentiation processes necessary for a mature, eutrophic newborn capable of further independent development. These growth and maturation processes, which can be precisely assessed in animal experiments, are subject to genetic and teratogenic influences, but are mainly determined by the duration of pregnancy and uteroplacental function. With the diagnositc procedures available today, such as somography and fetal electrocardiography, the growth and differentiation processes mainly depending on the duration of pregnancy may be assessed from early gestation until term; in cases with discrepancy between duration and normal maturation, the time of birth may be advanced or postponed, and in cases with insufficient growth analyses of steroid and protein hormones permit conclusions as to disturbed uteroplacental function.", "contents": "[Fetal and placental maturation processes towards the end of pregnancy and their diagnosis (author's transl)]. Prenatal fetal maturation is defined as the sum of all growth and differentiation processes necessary for a mature, eutrophic newborn capable of further independent development. These growth and maturation processes, which can be precisely assessed in animal experiments, are subject to genetic and teratogenic influences, but are mainly determined by the duration of pregnancy and uteroplacental function. With the diagnositc procedures available today, such as somography and fetal electrocardiography, the growth and differentiation processes mainly depending on the duration of pregnancy may be assessed from early gestation until term; in cases with discrepancy between duration and normal maturation, the time of birth may be advanced or postponed, and in cases with insufficient growth analyses of steroid and protein hormones permit conclusions as to disturbed uteroplacental function.", "PMID": 741848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4975", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of idiopathic early birth (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiological data of 338 preterm deliveries (excluding multiple gestations) were compared with the same number of term deliveries. Both groups were matched for age and parity. In one third of the cases only, possible organic factors could be attented to preterm delivery. In the remaining patients the etiology was unknown e.g. \"idiopathic\". These results confirm the difficulty to identify the patient at risk for preterm delivery, especially in the nullipara.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of idiopathic early birth (author's transl)]. Epidemiological data of 338 preterm deliveries (excluding multiple gestations) were compared with the same number of term deliveries. Both groups were matched for age and parity. In one third of the cases only, possible organic factors could be attented to preterm delivery. In the remaining patients the etiology was unknown e.g. \"idiopathic\". These results confirm the difficulty to identify the patient at risk for preterm delivery, especially in the nullipara.", "PMID": 741849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4976", "title": "[The influence of dolcontral (pethidin) on the fetal electrocardiogram sub partu (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of drugs on the fetus, given during labor to the mother, would often explored. The results, published out of various points of view, are wellknown also from Dolcontral. In this publication should be examined the influence of Dolcontral on the fetal electrocardiogram, and it is to observe, that Dolcontral has no influence on the various measurements, so that the fetal electrocardiogram stayed unchanged.", "contents": "[The influence of dolcontral (pethidin) on the fetal electrocardiogram sub partu (author's transl)]. The influence of drugs on the fetus, given during labor to the mother, would often explored. The results, published out of various points of view, are wellknown also from Dolcontral. In this publication should be examined the influence of Dolcontral on the fetal electrocardiogram, and it is to observe, that Dolcontral has no influence on the various measurements, so that the fetal electrocardiogram stayed unchanged.", "PMID": 741850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4977", "title": "[Possibilities of ultrasonic diagnosis in fetal abdominal monstrosities (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic possibilities of intrauterine ultrasonic assessment of the fetal abdomen by rapid B-scan are described on the basis of two cases (megalocystis/megaloureter syndrome and omphalocele with cloaca formation). Other examination methods of prenatal diagnosis to confirm the findings are also discussed, but their diagnostic significance is even more limited than that of sonography, individual cases excepted. Although early detection of neural tube anomalies is the most important application of ultrasound, pronounced monstrosities of the fetal abdominal region are also definitely recognisable via ultrasonic examination.", "contents": "[Possibilities of ultrasonic diagnosis in fetal abdominal monstrosities (author's transl)]. The diagnostic possibilities of intrauterine ultrasonic assessment of the fetal abdomen by rapid B-scan are described on the basis of two cases (megalocystis/megaloureter syndrome and omphalocele with cloaca formation). Other examination methods of prenatal diagnosis to confirm the findings are also discussed, but their diagnostic significance is even more limited than that of sonography, individual cases excepted. Although early detection of neural tube anomalies is the most important application of ultrasound, pronounced monstrosities of the fetal abdominal region are also definitely recognisable via ultrasonic examination.", "PMID": 741851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4978", "title": "Cervical pregnancy and ultra-sound examination.", "content": "A short outline is given of the literature about cervical pregnancy. The condition is rare. Just under 300 cases have been described. The most frequent symptom is vaginal bleeding without pain after six to eight weeks of amenorrhoea. The diagnosis is difficult and only seldom made preoperatively. Ultra-sound examination seems however to be of value. Only two cases have been diagnosticated this way and we present a third one. Our case is further remarkable in that bleeding was controlled without hysterectomy.", "contents": "Cervical pregnancy and ultra-sound examination. A short outline is given of the literature about cervical pregnancy. The condition is rare. Just under 300 cases have been described. The most frequent symptom is vaginal bleeding without pain after six to eight weeks of amenorrhoea. The diagnosis is difficult and only seldom made preoperatively. Ultra-sound examination seems however to be of value. Only two cases have been diagnosticated this way and we present a third one. Our case is further remarkable in that bleeding was controlled without hysterectomy.", "PMID": 741853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4979", "title": "[Severe fetal growth retardation by maternal heroin addiction. A casuistic report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of poor intrauterine fetal growth is reported, observed during the pregnancy of a 16 years old heroin addicted primigravida. Near on term she was delivered of an almost mature male liveborn of only 37 cm and 1300 g. Our results of placental function-tests with reference to otherwise reported effects of maternal heroin addiction are discussed.", "contents": "[Severe fetal growth retardation by maternal heroin addiction. A casuistic report (author's transl)]. A case of poor intrauterine fetal growth is reported, observed during the pregnancy of a 16 years old heroin addicted primigravida. Near on term she was delivered of an almost mature male liveborn of only 37 cm and 1300 g. Our results of placental function-tests with reference to otherwise reported effects of maternal heroin addiction are discussed.", "PMID": 741854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4980", "title": "Pathological changes in the lymphoreticular tissues of Swiss mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus cysts.", "content": "Swiss mice infected intraperitoneally with approximately 1,500 protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus and sacrificed at three and 13 months post infection yielded both viable and degenerated hydatid cysts. The mean cyst weights in the three and 13 months post infected mice were 0.13 and 2.1 g, respectively. Sections of spleens and lymph nodes in the three months post infected mice showed hyperplastic follicles and blastoid cells in thymus dependent areas. At 13 months post infection T cells from paracortex and periarterial areas were replaced by plasma cells and confluent sheets of histiocytes; follicles had retained germinal centres and medullary areas showed intense plasmacytosis and sinus histiocytosis. Failure of mice to control the histogenesis of hydatid cyst with reference to numerical reduction in T cells is discussed.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the lymphoreticular tissues of Swiss mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus cysts. Swiss mice infected intraperitoneally with approximately 1,500 protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus and sacrificed at three and 13 months post infection yielded both viable and degenerated hydatid cysts. The mean cyst weights in the three and 13 months post infected mice were 0.13 and 2.1 g, respectively. Sections of spleens and lymph nodes in the three months post infected mice showed hyperplastic follicles and blastoid cells in thymus dependent areas. At 13 months post infection T cells from paracortex and periarterial areas were replaced by plasma cells and confluent sheets of histiocytes; follicles had retained germinal centres and medullary areas showed intense plasmacytosis and sinus histiocytosis. Failure of mice to control the histogenesis of hydatid cyst with reference to numerical reduction in T cells is discussed.", "PMID": 741856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4981", "title": "The efficacy of anthelmintics against third stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in Mastomys natalensis.", "content": "Investigations have been carried out on the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), orally infected with 1000 third stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum per animal, to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of anthelmintics in this paratenic host. The oral or subcutaneous administration of 19 anthelmintics and filaricides revealed good activity for levamisole, cambendazole, and mebendazole against 15-day-old Ancylostoma larvae which were located in the muscular tissue. Similarly, good results were obtained with levamisole and cambendazole against the migrating third stage larvae, by treatment two to six days after infection. The benzimidazole derivatives, thiabendazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, and fenbendazole showed marked activity only at high dosage rates. The anthelmintics methyridine, amoscanate, pyrantel tartrate, morantel tartrate; the microfilaricidal organophosphates dichlorvos, fenthion, and haloxon; as well as the micro- or macrofilaricidal drugs diethylcarbamazine, nitrofurantoin, nifurtimox, suramin sodium, and thiacetarsamide sodium failed to show larvicidal activity even in high dosages. The average larval recovery rate after oral infection with 1000 third stage larvae, in untreated control animals, was 14.85%.", "contents": "The efficacy of anthelmintics against third stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in Mastomys natalensis. Investigations have been carried out on the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), orally infected with 1000 third stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum per animal, to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of anthelmintics in this paratenic host. The oral or subcutaneous administration of 19 anthelmintics and filaricides revealed good activity for levamisole, cambendazole, and mebendazole against 15-day-old Ancylostoma larvae which were located in the muscular tissue. Similarly, good results were obtained with levamisole and cambendazole against the migrating third stage larvae, by treatment two to six days after infection. The benzimidazole derivatives, thiabendazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, and fenbendazole showed marked activity only at high dosage rates. The anthelmintics methyridine, amoscanate, pyrantel tartrate, morantel tartrate; the microfilaricidal organophosphates dichlorvos, fenthion, and haloxon; as well as the micro- or macrofilaricidal drugs diethylcarbamazine, nitrofurantoin, nifurtimox, suramin sodium, and thiacetarsamide sodium failed to show larvicidal activity even in high dosages. The average larval recovery rate after oral infection with 1000 third stage larvae, in untreated control animals, was 14.85%.", "PMID": 741857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4982", "title": "Cerebellar hemorrhage and CT scanning.", "content": "We have reviewed the clinical syndrome of acute cerebellar hemorrhage and have presented five cases of cerebellar hemorrhage of various types in which CT scanning was a significant aid in management. Recognizing the clinical syndrome, establishing the diagnosis rapidly by CT scanning, and avoiding potentially lethal diagnostic procedures, are all of crucial importance in expediting surgical treatment and improving the morbidity and mortality associated with this entity.", "contents": "Cerebellar hemorrhage and CT scanning. We have reviewed the clinical syndrome of acute cerebellar hemorrhage and have presented five cases of cerebellar hemorrhage of various types in which CT scanning was a significant aid in management. Recognizing the clinical syndrome, establishing the diagnosis rapidly by CT scanning, and avoiding potentially lethal diagnostic procedures, are all of crucial importance in expediting surgical treatment and improving the morbidity and mortality associated with this entity.", "PMID": 741859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4983", "title": "Health education research-a UK venture.", "content": "In recent years health education has striven towards the goal of becoming a research based discipline, and in doing so has borrowed techniques and theoretical frameworks from other, more established sciences. However, a combination of practical constraints and the limitations of borrowed theories have left those involved in health education with much fundamental work on research to be done. The \"Better Health\" campaign has attempted to deal with many health factors in an integrated way (still a somewhat unusual approach) but to date has adopted a fairly traditional evaluation design. The campaign will be modified in subsequent phases; for example, evening classes for adults are now being piloted and may well form a support network operating in conjunction with mass media work in the future. It is to be hoped that this challenge to evaluation strategies will be taken up and that not only detailed data but fresh thoughts on evaluation will be offered in following papers.", "contents": "Health education research-a UK venture. In recent years health education has striven towards the goal of becoming a research based discipline, and in doing so has borrowed techniques and theoretical frameworks from other, more established sciences. However, a combination of practical constraints and the limitations of borrowed theories have left those involved in health education with much fundamental work on research to be done. The \"Better Health\" campaign has attempted to deal with many health factors in an integrated way (still a somewhat unusual approach) but to date has adopted a fairly traditional evaluation design. The campaign will be modified in subsequent phases; for example, evening classes for adults are now being piloted and may well form a support network operating in conjunction with mass media work in the future. It is to be hoped that this challenge to evaluation strategies will be taken up and that not only detailed data but fresh thoughts on evaluation will be offered in following papers.", "PMID": 742201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4984", "title": "[The significance of topic differences and cadaveric changes of histamine and serotonin levels for the determination of the age of wounds in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Even when the extraction method of Fazekas for the determination of the so-called free histamine and serotonin is used, different dorsal skin areas of laboratory animals show certain differences in the amine content, which reach higher values for histamine than for 5-HT. 1) Related to the animal collective, no differences in the mean values of the 5-HT and histamine content between the right and left side of damaged dorsal skin of guinea pigs resulted, although in single cases remarkable differences (up to 1.26 microgram/g) were found. Descending from nuchal to caudal a decrease of the amine content--less in case of 5-HT, more in case of histamine--is noticed. The observed topical differences possibly depend on the continous moulting of the animals. 2) From these analytical data a method for statistical prediction is derived, which allows to state, when and with which probability a single difference value exceeds the normal variance. Applied to the comparative measurements wounded skin/control skin it is thus made possible to test the validity of the findings obtained in practical cases. 3) Postmortal changes of the amine content of the wounded as well as the normal skin are not detectable for the 5-HT, while in the case of histamine solely the values of the damaged skin first show a decrease (24 h p.m.), followed by an increase (48 h p.m., bacterial neogenesis?).", "contents": "[The significance of topic differences and cadaveric changes of histamine and serotonin levels for the determination of the age of wounds in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Even when the extraction method of Fazekas for the determination of the so-called free histamine and serotonin is used, different dorsal skin areas of laboratory animals show certain differences in the amine content, which reach higher values for histamine than for 5-HT. 1) Related to the animal collective, no differences in the mean values of the 5-HT and histamine content between the right and left side of damaged dorsal skin of guinea pigs resulted, although in single cases remarkable differences (up to 1.26 microgram/g) were found. Descending from nuchal to caudal a decrease of the amine content--less in case of 5-HT, more in case of histamine--is noticed. The observed topical differences possibly depend on the continous moulting of the animals. 2) From these analytical data a method for statistical prediction is derived, which allows to state, when and with which probability a single difference value exceeds the normal variance. Applied to the comparative measurements wounded skin/control skin it is thus made possible to test the validity of the findings obtained in practical cases. 3) Postmortal changes of the amine content of the wounded as well as the normal skin are not detectable for the 5-HT, while in the case of histamine solely the values of the damaged skin first show a decrease (24 h p.m.), followed by an increase (48 h p.m., bacterial neogenesis?).", "PMID": 742208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4985", "title": "[Activity alterations of unspecific esterases during wound healing. Investigations by means of electrofocusing (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrofocusing of skin-wound extracts on polyacrylamide flat gels is appropriate for zymographic separation of the esterase isoenzymes. In animal experiments and corpse material most fractions indicated non-synchronous, wound-age depending alterations of activity. As early as 15 minutes after incision obvious activity increases of A1-3-isoenzymes could be demonstrated, followed by a transitory decrease and another maximum. Important activities of the A4-isoenzymes became evident not before the 1st (human) resp. 3rd hour (guinea pig) after incision. There are no sufficient correlations between activity alterations and wound age, to allow a fairly exact time interval classification.", "contents": "[Activity alterations of unspecific esterases during wound healing. Investigations by means of electrofocusing (author's transl)]. Electrofocusing of skin-wound extracts on polyacrylamide flat gels is appropriate for zymographic separation of the esterase isoenzymes. In animal experiments and corpse material most fractions indicated non-synchronous, wound-age depending alterations of activity. As early as 15 minutes after incision obvious activity increases of A1-3-isoenzymes could be demonstrated, followed by a transitory decrease and another maximum. Important activities of the A4-isoenzymes became evident not before the 1st (human) resp. 3rd hour (guinea pig) after incision. There are no sufficient correlations between activity alterations and wound age, to allow a fairly exact time interval classification.", "PMID": 742209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4986", "title": "Correlations of CT-findings and neuropathological investigations in cranio-cerebral trauma.", "content": "For direct comparison of computerized tomograms (CT) and autopsy findings after cranio-cerebral trauma 86 brain specimens were sectioned along the horizontal planes of CT-scanning. A high reliability of the new x-ray method was found in about 72% of the investigated cases. The causes of insufficient correspondence in other cases were discussed.", "contents": "Correlations of CT-findings and neuropathological investigations in cranio-cerebral trauma. For direct comparison of computerized tomograms (CT) and autopsy findings after cranio-cerebral trauma 86 brain specimens were sectioned along the horizontal planes of CT-scanning. A high reliability of the new x-ray method was found in about 72% of the investigated cases. The causes of insufficient correspondence in other cases were discussed.", "PMID": 742210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4987", "title": "[A simple gas-chromatographic method for the determination of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide in serum and its application in cases of poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple gas-chromatographic method for the determination of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide is described. A saturated solution of ammonium sulfate is added to 1 ml serum and the mixture is extracted by chloroform. The organic phase is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethylacetate/acetic acid and injected into gas-chromatograph. The coefficient of variation for the precision in the series is 8,5%, the recovery 76%, the detection limit 3,2 mumol/l. The extract can be used for the determination of other hypnotics, e.g. barbiturates or carbromal. In cases of poisoning the concentration of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide exceeded 700 mumol/l.", "contents": "[A simple gas-chromatographic method for the determination of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide in serum and its application in cases of poisoning (author's transl)]. A simple gas-chromatographic method for the determination of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide is described. A saturated solution of ammonium sulfate is added to 1 ml serum and the mixture is extracted by chloroform. The organic phase is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethylacetate/acetic acid and injected into gas-chromatograph. The coefficient of variation for the precision in the series is 8,5%, the recovery 76%, the detection limit 3,2 mumol/l. The extract can be used for the determination of other hypnotics, e.g. barbiturates or carbromal. In cases of poisoning the concentration of 2,2-diethylallylacetamide exceeded 700 mumol/l.", "PMID": 742211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4988", "title": "[Fatal incident after diagnostic hepatic needle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Included among the complications after hepatic puncture are, expecially intraabdominal haemorrhages. This report concerns a 22-year old woman with a delayed haemorrhage, which culminated in death 5 days after a hepatic needle biopsy. The arguments for and against the necessity of this surgical procedure and the legal responsibility are discussed with the pertinent literature references.", "contents": "[Fatal incident after diagnostic hepatic needle biopsy (author's transl)]. Included among the complications after hepatic puncture are, expecially intraabdominal haemorrhages. This report concerns a 22-year old woman with a delayed haemorrhage, which culminated in death 5 days after a hepatic needle biopsy. The arguments for and against the necessity of this surgical procedure and the legal responsibility are discussed with the pertinent literature references.", "PMID": 742213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4989", "title": "[Criminalistic aspects of iatrogenic air embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to 7 cases of iatrogenic air embolism examined by autopsies at the Vienna Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1968 and 1977, the most important causes of such complications are discussed. The wide-spread use of intensive therapeutic methods has led to the tendency that an increasing number of air embolic incidents happens during intravenous infusions. Four cases are reported: two of them occurred by incorrect handling of an automatic infusion pump; two further complications followed insertion or use of central venous catheters. Frequently outward circumstances refer to an air embolism even ante obductionem. In our cases the suspected diagnosis was based on the following signs: air filled venous catheters remaining on the body [3], striking manipulations on infusion apparatus [2], premortal X-ray film [1], typical clinical picture [1]. The analytical-chemical part deals with the infrared and mass spectroscopic investigation of adhesive residues. The traces, which were detected on the housing of an infusion pump, originated from an adhesive tape used to hold down a push button to turn off the warning device. Comparing the spectra of known adhesive tapes it was possible to adjoin the incriminated residues to the adhesive component of 'Normaplast'.", "contents": "[Criminalistic aspects of iatrogenic air embolism (author's transl)]. With reference to 7 cases of iatrogenic air embolism examined by autopsies at the Vienna Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1968 and 1977, the most important causes of such complications are discussed. The wide-spread use of intensive therapeutic methods has led to the tendency that an increasing number of air embolic incidents happens during intravenous infusions. Four cases are reported: two of them occurred by incorrect handling of an automatic infusion pump; two further complications followed insertion or use of central venous catheters. Frequently outward circumstances refer to an air embolism even ante obductionem. In our cases the suspected diagnosis was based on the following signs: air filled venous catheters remaining on the body [3], striking manipulations on infusion apparatus [2], premortal X-ray film [1], typical clinical picture [1]. The analytical-chemical part deals with the infrared and mass spectroscopic investigation of adhesive residues. The traces, which were detected on the housing of an infusion pump, originated from an adhesive tape used to hold down a push button to turn off the warning device. Comparing the spectra of known adhesive tapes it was possible to adjoin the incriminated residues to the adhesive component of 'Normaplast'.", "PMID": 742212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4990", "title": "[On a case of a repidly proceeding lethal intoxication due to n-propylajmalium bitartrate (author's transl].", "content": "A case of N-Propylajmalinum bitartrate intoxication (Neo-Gilurytmal) is reported in which the death occurred within 20 minutes after the consumption of the drug. The quantitative estimation of the drug after isolation using Extrelut--columns was carried out in stomach spectrometrically, in the blood, bile, liver, kidney, and brain by gaschromatography after trifluoroacetylation. A high Prajmalium-bitartrate concentration was found in the blood (3,85 mg/l), negative results in bile and brain, low levels in liver (0,29 mg/kg wet weight) and kidney (0,06 mg/kg wet weight). Prajmalium-bitartrate was ingested together with beer, and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.061% was determined. Furthermore, a quantity corresponding to six tablets of Neo-Gilurytmal was still found in the stomach. The rapid fatal progress of the intoxication is explained as a strong effect of the drug on the heart due to the alcohol accelerated resorption of the substance.", "contents": "[On a case of a repidly proceeding lethal intoxication due to n-propylajmalium bitartrate (author's transl]. A case of N-Propylajmalinum bitartrate intoxication (Neo-Gilurytmal) is reported in which the death occurred within 20 minutes after the consumption of the drug. The quantitative estimation of the drug after isolation using Extrelut--columns was carried out in stomach spectrometrically, in the blood, bile, liver, kidney, and brain by gaschromatography after trifluoroacetylation. A high Prajmalium-bitartrate concentration was found in the blood (3,85 mg/l), negative results in bile and brain, low levels in liver (0,29 mg/kg wet weight) and kidney (0,06 mg/kg wet weight). Prajmalium-bitartrate was ingested together with beer, and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.061% was determined. Furthermore, a quantity corresponding to six tablets of Neo-Gilurytmal was still found in the stomach. The rapid fatal progress of the intoxication is explained as a strong effect of the drug on the heart due to the alcohol accelerated resorption of the substance.", "PMID": 742214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4991", "title": "[Urologic complications in genital prolapse in women].", "content": "With the help of a large number of patients of the gynaecological hospital of Berlin University is demonstrated that with increasing genital descent incontinences of urine more infrequently appear, infections and cases of urinary stasis, however, more frequently. The causes of this are shown. In urinary incontinence must always be thought of the fact that apart from the urethral occlusion insufficiency also a pseudostress incontinence, urge-incontinence or overflow incontinence are possible. - infections of the urinary tract demand prophylactic as well as aimed therapeutic consequences. - Functional disturbances of the kidneys and of the upper urinary tract can nowadays be demonstrated early and carefully by means of the isotope nephrography. The indication to chromocytoscopy and urography is thus further restricted in descent and prolapse. Symptoms of renals insufficiency were observed in 15% of the prolapse diseases. Gynaecologists should more frequently consult nephrologists. On the other hand, in renal insufficiency of older women nephrologists should always think of the genital prolapse as a possible cause.", "contents": "[Urologic complications in genital prolapse in women]. With the help of a large number of patients of the gynaecological hospital of Berlin University is demonstrated that with increasing genital descent incontinences of urine more infrequently appear, infections and cases of urinary stasis, however, more frequently. The causes of this are shown. In urinary incontinence must always be thought of the fact that apart from the urethral occlusion insufficiency also a pseudostress incontinence, urge-incontinence or overflow incontinence are possible. - infections of the urinary tract demand prophylactic as well as aimed therapeutic consequences. - Functional disturbances of the kidneys and of the upper urinary tract can nowadays be demonstrated early and carefully by means of the isotope nephrography. The indication to chromocytoscopy and urography is thus further restricted in descent and prolapse. Symptoms of renals insufficiency were observed in 15% of the prolapse diseases. Gynaecologists should more frequently consult nephrologists. On the other hand, in renal insufficiency of older women nephrologists should always think of the genital prolapse as a possible cause.", "PMID": 742218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4992", "title": "[Surgical treatment of nephroptosis in children].", "content": "By a nephroptosis already in childhood an obstruction of the urine flow with reduction of the drainage effect and thus the appearance of a pyelonephritis may develop. Changes at the vascular pedicle are also possible on account of the abnormal mobility of the kidneys so that without treatment from there may result parenchymatous and functional lesions which, as a rule, become manifest only at adult age. On the basis of own experiences which support themselves on the results of 29 children with nephroptosis we recommend the nephropexy in childhood. The operation is an active prophylaxis of the pyelonephritis caused by nephroptosis with its deleterious sequelae.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of nephroptosis in children]. By a nephroptosis already in childhood an obstruction of the urine flow with reduction of the drainage effect and thus the appearance of a pyelonephritis may develop. Changes at the vascular pedicle are also possible on account of the abnormal mobility of the kidneys so that without treatment from there may result parenchymatous and functional lesions which, as a rule, become manifest only at adult age. On the basis of own experiences which support themselves on the results of 29 children with nephroptosis we recommend the nephropexy in childhood. The operation is an active prophylaxis of the pyelonephritis caused by nephroptosis with its deleterious sequelae.", "PMID": 742219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4993", "title": "[Urination disorders following general surgery].", "content": "The disturbance of miction after general surgical operations has three causes. They exist individually and combined. The first cause is a relative trauma of anaesthesiological remedies. They have a central site of action in the brain stem and a peripheral one in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglian of the urinary bladder. The second cause is an operative trauma of the abdomino-pelvic initial reflex of the miction. The two traumata, the vegetative and the mechanical one, decompensate an imminent neuropathic or obstructive reduction of the urinary bladder. The two traumata are prolonged by abdominal, pulmonary and cerebral insufficiency. The third cause is a direct lesion of the sacral plexus pelvicus. - The postoperative disturbance of miction concerns about 25% of all operated persons. Children are specifically rarely concerned. Operations on the lower half of the body cause the disturbance of miction by far more frequently than operations on the upper half of the body or on extremities. The therapy consists of a rational, liberal and differentiated use of the catheter, further in parasympathomimetic and sympatholytic medication, in the obstructively or neuropathically decompensated cases in transurethral operative correction of the outlet of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "[Urination disorders following general surgery]. The disturbance of miction after general surgical operations has three causes. They exist individually and combined. The first cause is a relative trauma of anaesthesiological remedies. They have a central site of action in the brain stem and a peripheral one in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglian of the urinary bladder. The second cause is an operative trauma of the abdomino-pelvic initial reflex of the miction. The two traumata, the vegetative and the mechanical one, decompensate an imminent neuropathic or obstructive reduction of the urinary bladder. The two traumata are prolonged by abdominal, pulmonary and cerebral insufficiency. The third cause is a direct lesion of the sacral plexus pelvicus. - The postoperative disturbance of miction concerns about 25% of all operated persons. Children are specifically rarely concerned. Operations on the lower half of the body cause the disturbance of miction by far more frequently than operations on the upper half of the body or on extremities. The therapy consists of a rational, liberal and differentiated use of the catheter, further in parasympathomimetic and sympatholytic medication, in the obstructively or neuropathically decompensated cases in transurethral operative correction of the outlet of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 742220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4994", "title": "[In vitro ultrasound pictures of kidney tumors].", "content": "In 5 patients with malignant renal tumours apart from in-vivo-sonogrammes ultrasound pictures of the operatively removed perfused preparations of renal tumours were additionally performed. The nephrosonogramme intracorporally showed the typical ultrasound picture of a tumour with coarsely disseminated echostructure in acoustically homogenous normal renal parenchyma. In the extracorporal sonogramme the tumour imposed as relatively echo-poor zone compared with the normal renal parenchyma with strong echos. The loss of the extracorporal turgor is discussed as cause of the reversion of the intensity of the echo pattern. In 3 other tumour-free renal preparations the acoustic reversion phenomenon of the normal renal parenchyma was confirmed in the extra-corporal renal preparation.", "contents": "[In vitro ultrasound pictures of kidney tumors]. In 5 patients with malignant renal tumours apart from in-vivo-sonogrammes ultrasound pictures of the operatively removed perfused preparations of renal tumours were additionally performed. The nephrosonogramme intracorporally showed the typical ultrasound picture of a tumour with coarsely disseminated echostructure in acoustically homogenous normal renal parenchyma. In the extracorporal sonogramme the tumour imposed as relatively echo-poor zone compared with the normal renal parenchyma with strong echos. The loss of the extracorporal turgor is discussed as cause of the reversion of the intensity of the echo pattern. In 3 other tumour-free renal preparations the acoustic reversion phenomenon of the normal renal parenchyma was confirmed in the extra-corporal renal preparation.", "PMID": 742221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4995", "title": "[Bilateral testicular neoplasms].", "content": "With 23 years an embryonal teratoma of the testicles and with 29 years a seminoma was treated by semicastration and post-irradiation or applications of cytostatics. In the two cases 10 or 12 years later seminomas of the other side appeared. Problems of the double-side simultaneous and successive affection are discussed, therapeutic consequences derived and the prognosis is entered. Apart from this the clinical and morphological signs of bilateral metastases of the testicles by a bronchial carcinoma are explained and discussed.", "contents": "[Bilateral testicular neoplasms]. With 23 years an embryonal teratoma of the testicles and with 29 years a seminoma was treated by semicastration and post-irradiation or applications of cytostatics. In the two cases 10 or 12 years later seminomas of the other side appeared. Problems of the double-side simultaneous and successive affection are discussed, therapeutic consequences derived and the prognosis is entered. Apart from this the clinical and morphological signs of bilateral metastases of the testicles by a bronchial carcinoma are explained and discussed.", "PMID": 742222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4996", "title": "[Immunoprophylaxis of rabies (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past Hempt-rabies vaccine produced in the GDR proved to be effective and relatively innocent like other brain-tissue-vaccines. Connected with progress in virology and genetics the production of rabies-vaccines changed to cell culturing techniques. The rabies viruses got adapted to embryonated eggs of chicken and duck, and it multiplies now in tissue-cultures like hamster kidney cells, chicken fibroblasts and human diploid cells too. It is possible now to produce a cell culture vaccine of high efficacy and innocuity, such as those done by Selimov and co-workers in the Soviet-Union. Strain Wnukovo-32 is multiplied on primary kidney cells of syrian hamsters. From 1971 to 1976 about 45,000 persons were vaccinated with the new lyophilized vaccine in the USSR. From April 1976 till October 1977 a comparison in the clinical field was performed in the GDR applying either the Soviet cell culture vaccine or the rabies vaccine after Hempt of the GDR. The results of this test including serological control of induced antibodies allow the pharmaceutical registration of the Soviet vaccine and its exclusive use in a shortened application schedule.", "contents": "[Immunoprophylaxis of rabies (author's transl)]. In the past Hempt-rabies vaccine produced in the GDR proved to be effective and relatively innocent like other brain-tissue-vaccines. Connected with progress in virology and genetics the production of rabies-vaccines changed to cell culturing techniques. The rabies viruses got adapted to embryonated eggs of chicken and duck, and it multiplies now in tissue-cultures like hamster kidney cells, chicken fibroblasts and human diploid cells too. It is possible now to produce a cell culture vaccine of high efficacy and innocuity, such as those done by Selimov and co-workers in the Soviet-Union. Strain Wnukovo-32 is multiplied on primary kidney cells of syrian hamsters. From 1971 to 1976 about 45,000 persons were vaccinated with the new lyophilized vaccine in the USSR. From April 1976 till October 1977 a comparison in the clinical field was performed in the GDR applying either the Soviet cell culture vaccine or the rabies vaccine after Hempt of the GDR. The results of this test including serological control of induced antibodies allow the pharmaceutical registration of the Soviet vaccine and its exclusive use in a shortened application schedule.", "PMID": 742243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4997", "title": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) (author's transl)].", "content": "From August 1974 to December 1977 a total of 155 endoscopic papillotomies were performed. Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) has proven to be an acceptable alternative to surgical reintervention at the biliary tree especially in aged and cholecystectomized patients where obstructive jaundice is caused by a concrement. The rate of all complications (9%) is comparatively low. In our own series 3 patients died after endoscopic papillotomy. EPT may be justified in jaundiced patients without previous cholecystectomy when there is a high risk for laparotomy. Preoperative drainage of massive hyperbilirubinaemia caused by a carcinoma of the papilla of Vater and treatment of the blind sack syndrome in cases of choledochoduodenostomy are further indications of this method. Late complications after EPT are not known until now.", "contents": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) (author's transl)]. From August 1974 to December 1977 a total of 155 endoscopic papillotomies were performed. Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) has proven to be an acceptable alternative to surgical reintervention at the biliary tree especially in aged and cholecystectomized patients where obstructive jaundice is caused by a concrement. The rate of all complications (9%) is comparatively low. In our own series 3 patients died after endoscopic papillotomy. EPT may be justified in jaundiced patients without previous cholecystectomy when there is a high risk for laparotomy. Preoperative drainage of massive hyperbilirubinaemia caused by a carcinoma of the papilla of Vater and treatment of the blind sack syndrome in cases of choledochoduodenostomy are further indications of this method. Late complications after EPT are not known until now.", "PMID": 742244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4998", "title": "[Bileduct reoperations (author's transl)].", "content": "After cholecystectomy reoperations are required in 7%. A reoperation in indicated by pathologic alterations overlooked at the first operation, not working biliodigestive anastomoses and injuries to the common bile duct. 138 reoperations of the bile duct wer performed within 4 years which were aimed at reconstructing the normal bile duct anatomy. Mortality rate 8,7%.", "contents": "[Bileduct reoperations (author's transl)]. After cholecystectomy reoperations are required in 7%. A reoperation in indicated by pathologic alterations overlooked at the first operation, not working biliodigestive anastomoses and injuries to the common bile duct. 138 reoperations of the bile duct wer performed within 4 years which were aimed at reconstructing the normal bile duct anatomy. Mortality rate 8,7%.", "PMID": 742245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_4999", "title": "[A balanced synthetic diet (Berlamin) in colonic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In preparation for surgery of the colon and rectum 50 patients were fed an oral balanced synthetic diet. Additionally, antibiotics were administered. With the exception of 4 patients the bowel was completely free from faeces. During the preoperative period, averaging 5 days, no pathological laboratory findings were observed. On the 5th day of the oral diet feeding there was a total N-retention rate of +2,8 +/- 1,2 N/day.", "contents": "[A balanced synthetic diet (Berlamin) in colonic surgery (author's transl)]. In preparation for surgery of the colon and rectum 50 patients were fed an oral balanced synthetic diet. Additionally, antibiotics were administered. With the exception of 4 patients the bowel was completely free from faeces. During the preoperative period, averaging 5 days, no pathological laboratory findings were observed. On the 5th day of the oral diet feeding there was a total N-retention rate of +2,8 +/- 1,2 N/day.", "PMID": 742246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5000", "title": "[Operative policy in colonic obstruction of neoplastic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1958 to 1977 a total of 390 patients underwent surgery for colonic obstruction of neoplastic origin. The series includes 218 women and 172 men, average age 64 years. 135 patients (35%) came to death. The incidence of left colon carcinoma considerably exceeds the carcinoma of the right side (73 or 27% accordingly). The  operative methods used are grouped under three headings: primary resection (200 cases = 51%; mortality rate 31%), staged resection (52 cases = 13%, mortality rate 33%), palliative interventions (138 cases = 36%; mortality rate 40%). The results of this study suggest to restrict the range of indications for primary resection in case of deterioration of the general condition and of ileus-peritonitis.", "contents": "[Operative policy in colonic obstruction of neoplastic origin (author's transl)]. From 1958 to 1977 a total of 390 patients underwent surgery for colonic obstruction of neoplastic origin. The series includes 218 women and 172 men, average age 64 years. 135 patients (35%) came to death. The incidence of left colon carcinoma considerably exceeds the carcinoma of the right side (73 or 27% accordingly). The  operative methods used are grouped under three headings: primary resection (200 cases = 51%; mortality rate 31%), staged resection (52 cases = 13%, mortality rate 33%), palliative interventions (138 cases = 36%; mortality rate 40%). The results of this study suggest to restrict the range of indications for primary resection in case of deterioration of the general condition and of ileus-peritonitis.", "PMID": 742247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5001", "title": "[Intraoperative bacterial contamination and posttraumatic wound infection (author's transl)].", "content": "In a consecutive series of 150 fractures treated surgically 16 wound infections were observed. Evaluating the intraoperative wound swabs, type and localisation of the fractures, duration of operation and tourniquet time it was tried retrospectively to find a relationship to these posttraumatic wound infections. The highest rate of infection was found in fractures of the tibia. Open fractures had a higher risk than closed ones. Furthermore, a prolonged duration of operation was related to a rising risk of infection. The intraoperative wound swabs themselves did not allow any conclusion concerning the risk of postoperative infection. Postoperative wound infections appeared nearly as frequent after negative as after positive intraoperative swab. Only the species of bacterias found intraoperatively allowed a conclusion concerning subsequent wound infection so far that after an intraoperative finding of gram-negative bacterias and - surprisingly - apathogenic sporogenic bacterias postoperative wound infections were observed more frequently than after finding other bacterias. In summary, however, the routine intraoperative wound swab does not seem to be suitable as a sreening-test for early recognation of impending postoperative wound infections.", "contents": "[Intraoperative bacterial contamination and posttraumatic wound infection (author's transl)]. In a consecutive series of 150 fractures treated surgically 16 wound infections were observed. Evaluating the intraoperative wound swabs, type and localisation of the fractures, duration of operation and tourniquet time it was tried retrospectively to find a relationship to these posttraumatic wound infections. The highest rate of infection was found in fractures of the tibia. Open fractures had a higher risk than closed ones. Furthermore, a prolonged duration of operation was related to a rising risk of infection. The intraoperative wound swabs themselves did not allow any conclusion concerning the risk of postoperative infection. Postoperative wound infections appeared nearly as frequent after negative as after positive intraoperative swab. Only the species of bacterias found intraoperatively allowed a conclusion concerning subsequent wound infection so far that after an intraoperative finding of gram-negative bacterias and - surprisingly - apathogenic sporogenic bacterias postoperative wound infections were observed more frequently than after finding other bacterias. In summary, however, the routine intraoperative wound swab does not seem to be suitable as a sreening-test for early recognation of impending postoperative wound infections.", "PMID": 742248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5002", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on the question of damage to the fetal kidney by gentamycin].", "content": "It is reported about animal experiments of pregnant guinea pig. We found a special affinity of gentamyzin to maternal and fetal kidney-tissue. The application of this aminoglycosid seems therefore problematic in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on the question of damage to the fetal kidney by gentamycin]. It is reported about animal experiments of pregnant guinea pig. We found a special affinity of gentamyzin to maternal and fetal kidney-tissue. The application of this aminoglycosid seems therefore problematic in pregnancy.", "PMID": 742250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5003", "title": "[Incidence of gestational diabetes as well as changes in insulin secretion during pregnancy. 1. Studies on pregnant women suspected of diabetes using the glucose infusion test (GIT)].", "content": "Based on the glucose infusion test, we find with 17.9 per cent of a group of anamnestically tainted pregnant women gestational diabetes, and with 5.7 per cent of this group a carbohydrate tolerance with disturbed boundaries. With probands having a carbohydrate tolerance with disturbed boundaries we find a significantly more frequent IRI-high-response. This coincidence of a carbohydrate tolerance in the border range and of an IRI-high-response might correspond to the early asymptomatic stage of diabetes. In the following stages, there will take place a depression of the early insulin phase with a pathological carbohydrate tolerance of the pregnant women in the sense of a gestational diabetes. With probands exhibiting a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance, a diminished depression of free fatty acids is found. The total lipid content and cholesterol are not essentially changed. With women suffering from gestational diabetes urinary sugar excretion is significantly higher than with probands showing a normal carbohydrate tolerance.", "contents": "[Incidence of gestational diabetes as well as changes in insulin secretion during pregnancy. 1. Studies on pregnant women suspected of diabetes using the glucose infusion test (GIT)]. Based on the glucose infusion test, we find with 17.9 per cent of a group of anamnestically tainted pregnant women gestational diabetes, and with 5.7 per cent of this group a carbohydrate tolerance with disturbed boundaries. With probands having a carbohydrate tolerance with disturbed boundaries we find a significantly more frequent IRI-high-response. This coincidence of a carbohydrate tolerance in the border range and of an IRI-high-response might correspond to the early asymptomatic stage of diabetes. In the following stages, there will take place a depression of the early insulin phase with a pathological carbohydrate tolerance of the pregnant women in the sense of a gestational diabetes. With probands exhibiting a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance, a diminished depression of free fatty acids is found. The total lipid content and cholesterol are not essentially changed. With women suffering from gestational diabetes urinary sugar excretion is significantly higher than with probands showing a normal carbohydrate tolerance.", "PMID": 742251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5004", "title": "[Clinical studies on the therapeutic effect of tinidazole (\"Fasigyn\") during treatment of urogenital trichomonas infections in women and men (with comparative laboratory studies on the effect of metronidazole and tinidazole)].", "content": "Tinidazole preparations are effective agents for the therapy of genitourinary trichomoniasis in women and men. The application of these drugs is very simple and, in particular, suitable as the application time is short and the occurrence of slight side effects shows a very low incidence. Unfortunately, these medicaments cannot be used during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, definite therapeutical recommendations are lacking and the published specific experiences in the therapy of obese persons with these drugs should be verified in future.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the therapeutic effect of tinidazole (\"Fasigyn\") during treatment of urogenital trichomonas infections in women and men (with comparative laboratory studies on the effect of metronidazole and tinidazole)]. Tinidazole preparations are effective agents for the therapy of genitourinary trichomoniasis in women and men. The application of these drugs is very simple and, in particular, suitable as the application time is short and the occurrence of slight side effects shows a very low incidence. Unfortunately, these medicaments cannot be used during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, definite therapeutical recommendations are lacking and the published specific experiences in the therapy of obese persons with these drugs should be verified in future.", "PMID": 742252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5005", "title": "[Technic of surgical reduction plasty of the female breast].", "content": "The surgical principles for the reduction operation of the female breast were established in numerous publications during the last decades. Improvement of results can be obtained in our opinion only by refinement of previous described techniques. We are describing the operation for mammahyperplasia designed in this institution which contains modified steps of Stroembeck, Biesenberger and McKissock technique. The cosmetic results are acceptable and the complications of slough of the nipples is greatly reduced.", "contents": "[Technic of surgical reduction plasty of the female breast]. The surgical principles for the reduction operation of the female breast were established in numerous publications during the last decades. Improvement of results can be obtained in our opinion only by refinement of previous described techniques. We are describing the operation for mammahyperplasia designed in this institution which contains modified steps of Stroembeck, Biesenberger and McKissock technique. The cosmetic results are acceptable and the complications of slough of the nipples is greatly reduced.", "PMID": 742253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5006", "title": "[Risks and trends in geriatric gynecologic surgery].", "content": "A comparative study of the geriatric gynecological operations of the two periods from 1958 to 1967 and 1968 to 1977 in the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik Jena showed an increase of the number of women aged 60 years and more from 6.8% to 8.9% and in the last four years to more than 10%. In 52% a malignant tumor was the main disease. Prolapsed uterus and vagina occured in about 23%. Abdominal hysterectomy was the mostly performed operation. The mortality decreased from 6.6% to 3.3%. Pulmonary embolie was the most frequent cause of death.", "contents": "[Risks and trends in geriatric gynecologic surgery]. A comparative study of the geriatric gynecological operations of the two periods from 1958 to 1967 and 1968 to 1977 in the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik Jena showed an increase of the number of women aged 60 years and more from 6.8% to 8.9% and in the last four years to more than 10%. In 52% a malignant tumor was the main disease. Prolapsed uterus and vagina occured in about 23%. Abdominal hysterectomy was the mostly performed operation. The mortality decreased from 6.6% to 3.3%. Pulmonary embolie was the most frequent cause of death.", "PMID": 742254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5007", "title": "[Hemorrhage in menopause and its histological correlation].", "content": "In an evaluation of 200 histological endometrial findings of female patients having postmenopausal haemorrhage malign changes were noticed in five per cent of the cases. This figure is much smaller than that which is usually mentioned in literature. However it corresponds in its proportion with the known clinical and anamestic risk factors.", "contents": "[Hemorrhage in menopause and its histological correlation]. In an evaluation of 200 histological endometrial findings of female patients having postmenopausal haemorrhage malign changes were noticed in five per cent of the cases. This figure is much smaller than that which is usually mentioned in literature. However it corresponds in its proportion with the known clinical and anamestic risk factors.", "PMID": 742255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5008", "title": "[Large rapidly growing retroperitoneal lipoma following Wertheim's operation].", "content": "Report on a rapidly growing large retroperitonally placed tumor which after fifteen months was extirpated by applying a Wertheim-radical operation and following ray-therapy. The tumor weighed 6 kg and turned out to be a good-natured lipom.", "contents": "[Large rapidly growing retroperitoneal lipoma following Wertheim's operation]. Report on a rapidly growing large retroperitonally placed tumor which after fifteen months was extirpated by applying a Wertheim-radical operation and following ray-therapy. The tumor weighed 6 kg and turned out to be a good-natured lipom.", "PMID": 742256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5009", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of several hormones in commercial immunoglobulin preparations].", "content": "Radioimmunological method with the aid of standard sets was applied to determination of the content of chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactorgen, prolactin, folliculo-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in the immunoglobulin preparations made of abortion and placental blood serum. Serum fractionation by Cohn's method (technological variant B) led to reduction in the immunoglobulin preparations of polypeptide hormones (placental lactogen and prolactin) content, but it was not sufficiently effective in respect to glucoprotein hormones.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of several hormones in commercial immunoglobulin preparations]. Radioimmunological method with the aid of standard sets was applied to determination of the content of chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactorgen, prolactin, folliculo-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in the immunoglobulin preparations made of abortion and placental blood serum. Serum fractionation by Cohn's method (technological variant B) led to reduction in the immunoglobulin preparations of polypeptide hormones (placental lactogen and prolactin) content, but it was not sufficiently effective in respect to glucoprotein hormones.", "PMID": 742268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5010", "title": "[Klebsiellae isolated from patients and healthy subjects. III. Biochemical types of klebsiellae].", "content": "By the difference in fermentation of glucose, lactose, saccharose, inosite, adonite, behaviour in IMViC tests, relation to urine and hydrogen sulfide formation there were revealed 10 biochemical types among 120 strains of klebsiellae. Klebsiellae of biotypes 1 and 2 were the most frequently isolated from the patients; biotypes 3--10 were less frequent. Klebsiella of biotypes 1 and 2 were revealed in healthy persons; biotypes 3--10 were never found. Biochemical reactions on whose basis klebsiellae were referred to the definite biochemical type proved to be stable.", "contents": "[Klebsiellae isolated from patients and healthy subjects. III. Biochemical types of klebsiellae]. By the difference in fermentation of glucose, lactose, saccharose, inosite, adonite, behaviour in IMViC tests, relation to urine and hydrogen sulfide formation there were revealed 10 biochemical types among 120 strains of klebsiellae. Klebsiellae of biotypes 1 and 2 were the most frequently isolated from the patients; biotypes 3--10 were less frequent. Klebsiella of biotypes 1 and 2 were revealed in healthy persons; biotypes 3--10 were never found. Biochemical reactions on whose basis klebsiellae were referred to the definite biochemical type proved to be stable.", "PMID": 742269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5011", "title": "[Farr's modified method and ways of determining the index of antibody heterogeneity and the mean assoication constant].", "content": "The modified Farr's method included mixing of the solutions of a univalent antigen and antibodies, precipitation of the antigen-antibody complexes with semisaturated ammonium sulfate solution, and determination of serological activity of the free antigen in the supernatent fluid. The mentioned modification permitted to determined the heterogeneity index and the mean association constant without resorting to labeled antigens. Besides the standard calculation method, the authors recommed simplified methods of heterogeneity index and the mean association of constant determination.", "contents": "[Farr's modified method and ways of determining the index of antibody heterogeneity and the mean assoication constant]. The modified Farr's method included mixing of the solutions of a univalent antigen and antibodies, precipitation of the antigen-antibody complexes with semisaturated ammonium sulfate solution, and determination of serological activity of the free antigen in the supernatent fluid. The mentioned modification permitted to determined the heterogeneity index and the mean association constant without resorting to labeled antigens. Besides the standard calculation method, the authors recommed simplified methods of heterogeneity index and the mean association of constant determination.", "PMID": 742270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5012", "title": "[Experimental study of the immune response to swine liver urate oxidase].", "content": "An immune response to urate oxidase--an enzyme from pig liver was studied. Peculiarities of antibody formation were investigated in three animal species. It was shown that the scheme for repeated injections of the enzyme preparation had a marked effect on the intensity of humoral immune response. In studying the process of the enzyme allergic properties it was found that urate oxidase had anaphylactogenic and skin sensitizing properties. The strength of anaphylactic reaction depened on the sensitizing dose of the antigen and correlated with the results of active skin anaphylaxis. However, there was no correlation between the strength of the immune response determined by means of the indirect hemagglutination test and the intensity of anaphylactic reaction.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the immune response to swine liver urate oxidase]. An immune response to urate oxidase--an enzyme from pig liver was studied. Peculiarities of antibody formation were investigated in three animal species. It was shown that the scheme for repeated injections of the enzyme preparation had a marked effect on the intensity of humoral immune response. In studying the process of the enzyme allergic properties it was found that urate oxidase had anaphylactogenic and skin sensitizing properties. The strength of anaphylactic reaction depened on the sensitizing dose of the antigen and correlated with the results of active skin anaphylaxis. However, there was no correlation between the strength of the immune response determined by means of the indirect hemagglutination test and the intensity of anaphylactic reaction.", "PMID": 742273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5013", "title": "[Preventive effect of several antibiotics in experimental rickettsial infections].", "content": "Dibiomycin, biomycin, and biomycin in combination with erythromycin (antibiotics with a wide range of action) used once or in interrupted courses produced a distinct prophylactic effect in experimental rickettsia infection in guinea pigs. The most pronounced prophylactic action was observed when chemoprophylaxis was combined with immunization with inactivated typhud vaccine. Formation of typhus immunity was seen when such chemoprophylaxis scheme was followed.", "contents": "[Preventive effect of several antibiotics in experimental rickettsial infections]. Dibiomycin, biomycin, and biomycin in combination with erythromycin (antibiotics with a wide range of action) used once or in interrupted courses produced a distinct prophylactic effect in experimental rickettsia infection in guinea pigs. The most pronounced prophylactic action was observed when chemoprophylaxis was combined with immunization with inactivated typhud vaccine. Formation of typhus immunity was seen when such chemoprophylaxis scheme was followed.", "PMID": 742277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5014", "title": "[1st isolation of serovar Sorex--Jalna leptospirae from humans].", "content": "Leptospira strain \"Patient No. 84\", identical to the international standard of sorexjalna serovar, of Javanica serogroup was for the first time isolated on the 5th day of the disease from a patient suffering from leptospirosis in seeding his blood in Vervoort-Wolf's fluid medium. Antibodies heterologous against the strain isolated were also determined in the patient's blood on the 5th day. Their titre was 1 : 200(++), and they proved to react with leptospira of Cynopteri and Pomons serogroup.", "contents": "[1st isolation of serovar Sorex--Jalna leptospirae from humans]. Leptospira strain \"Patient No. 84\", identical to the international standard of sorexjalna serovar, of Javanica serogroup was for the first time isolated on the 5th day of the disease from a patient suffering from leptospirosis in seeding his blood in Vervoort-Wolf's fluid medium. Antibodies heterologous against the strain isolated were also determined in the patient's blood on the 5th day. Their titre was 1 : 200(++), and they proved to react with leptospira of Cynopteri and Pomons serogroup.", "PMID": 742279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5015", "title": "[Experimental immunologic study of a protective anthrax preparation].", "content": "Rabbits and sheep immunized with protective anthrax preparation and live anthrax vaccines were examined. Protective anthrax preparation caused changes characteristic of general immunomorphology and immunomorphological reaction of the humoral type. A marked resistance in infection with the virulent anthrax culture was revealed in the animals immunized with this preparation and in those--with live vaccines. Skin allergic reactions were more intensive in sheep immunized with live Ikhtiman's vaccine; there was no reaction in the animals immunized with the protective preparation.", "contents": "[Experimental immunologic study of a protective anthrax preparation]. Rabbits and sheep immunized with protective anthrax preparation and live anthrax vaccines were examined. Protective anthrax preparation caused changes characteristic of general immunomorphology and immunomorphological reaction of the humoral type. A marked resistance in infection with the virulent anthrax culture was revealed in the animals immunized with this preparation and in those--with live vaccines. Skin allergic reactions were more intensive in sheep immunized with live Ikhtiman's vaccine; there was no reaction in the animals immunized with the protective preparation.", "PMID": 742280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5016", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in experimental cholera].", "content": "Ultrastructure of the small intestine was studied in nursling rabbits infected with the El Tor 5879 vibrio culture. Cholera vibrio was localized in the intestinal lumen mostly in the crypts area, in some places adhering to the brush edge of enterocytes without penetrating them. Epithelium of the villae remained intact; it however displayed dystrophic changes of microvilli and organoids, cytoplasma vacuolization and increase in lysosome count. The mentioned changes pointed to a marked elevation of functional enterocyte activity in cholera.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in experimental cholera]. Ultrastructure of the small intestine was studied in nursling rabbits infected with the El Tor 5879 vibrio culture. Cholera vibrio was localized in the intestinal lumen mostly in the crypts area, in some places adhering to the brush edge of enterocytes without penetrating them. Epithelium of the villae remained intact; it however displayed dystrophic changes of microvilli and organoids, cytoplasma vacuolization and increase in lysosome count. The mentioned changes pointed to a marked elevation of functional enterocyte activity in cholera.", "PMID": 742281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5017", "title": "Determination of prostaglandins and other products of arachidonate oxygenation in perfusates and during platelet aggregation.", "content": "Some analytical aspects of prostaglandin research are discussed. We present our latest results of the determination of the various products of arachidonate oxygenation in biological fluids and during platelet aggregation. These products were determined by (GLC) in combination with electron-capture detection or mass spectrometry (multiple-ion detection). The major component released from isolated perfused heart and lung was prostacyclin, determined as its hydrolysis product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. Spleen released much thromboxane and monohydroxy acids. Normal rat platelets formed also much hydroxy acids during aggregation but at essential fatty acid deficiency, only very small amounts of product were detected.", "contents": "Determination of prostaglandins and other products of arachidonate oxygenation in perfusates and during platelet aggregation. Some analytical aspects of prostaglandin research are discussed. We present our latest results of the determination of the various products of arachidonate oxygenation in biological fluids and during platelet aggregation. These products were determined by (GLC) in combination with electron-capture detection or mass spectrometry (multiple-ion detection). The major component released from isolated perfused heart and lung was prostacyclin, determined as its hydrolysis product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. Spleen released much thromboxane and monohydroxy acids. Normal rat platelets formed also much hydroxy acids during aggregation but at essential fatty acid deficiency, only very small amounts of product were detected.", "PMID": 742284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5018", "title": "Biosynthesis and biological properties of prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2.", "content": "Two prostaglandin endoperoxides, i. e. PGG2 and PGH2 were detected and isolated. They were unstable in aqueous medium (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 5 min) and were converted to PGF2alpha by mild reducing agents. Human platelets as well as guinea pig lung and spleen converted the endoperoxides into thromboxane A2, an unstable (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 30 s) oxetane/oxane derivative. Thromboxane A2 was converted into a stable hemiacetal derivative, thromboxane B2, by addition of 1 H2O. The two prostaglandin endoperoxides as well as thromboxane A2 caused platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction. In addition they were potent stimulators of vascular and airway smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and biological properties of prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2. Two prostaglandin endoperoxides, i. e. PGG2 and PGH2 were detected and isolated. They were unstable in aqueous medium (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 5 min) and were converted to PGF2alpha by mild reducing agents. Human platelets as well as guinea pig lung and spleen converted the endoperoxides into thromboxane A2, an unstable (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 30 s) oxetane/oxane derivative. Thromboxane A2 was converted into a stable hemiacetal derivative, thromboxane B2, by addition of 1 H2O. The two prostaglandin endoperoxides as well as thromboxane A2 caused platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction. In addition they were potent stimulators of vascular and airway smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 742285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5019", "title": "Arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was studied in platelet-rich plasma of 32 male patients who survived myocardial infarction and in 32 healthy men of similar age. Only in three healthy subjects, but in 13 patient, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced consistently with concentrations of AA below 500 micrometer. The rate of conversion of AA to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets of these patients was augmented, although less endogenous TXA2 was required to trigger aggregation of their platelets as compared to the controls. The results indicate that among patients with coronary heart disease a subgroup can be distinguished which can possibly benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin and with other anti-platelet drugs which inhibit the generation of TXA2 in platelets.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation in patients with coronary heart disease. Arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was studied in platelet-rich plasma of 32 male patients who survived myocardial infarction and in 32 healthy men of similar age. Only in three healthy subjects, but in 13 patient, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced consistently with concentrations of AA below 500 micrometer. The rate of conversion of AA to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets of these patients was augmented, although less endogenous TXA2 was required to trigger aggregation of their platelets as compared to the controls. The results indicate that among patients with coronary heart disease a subgroup can be distinguished which can possibly benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin and with other anti-platelet drugs which inhibit the generation of TXA2 in platelets.", "PMID": 742286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5020", "title": "Docosahexaenoic acid in cardiac metabolism and function.", "content": "The polyene fatty acid compostition of cardiac phospholipids is modified by a) dietary cod liver oil, b) norepinephrine, c) chronic administration of nicotine to animals fed a high cholesterol diet. Polyene fatty acids stimulate microsomal oxydation of epinephrine to cardiotoxic adrenochrome. Adrenochrome stimulates microsomal peroxydation or oxygenation of polyene fatty acids. There is an exponential relationship between docosahexaenoic acid of cardiac phospholipids and the heart rate.", "contents": "Docosahexaenoic acid in cardiac metabolism and function. The polyene fatty acid compostition of cardiac phospholipids is modified by a) dietary cod liver oil, b) norepinephrine, c) chronic administration of nicotine to animals fed a high cholesterol diet. Polyene fatty acids stimulate microsomal oxydation of epinephrine to cardiotoxic adrenochrome. Adrenochrome stimulates microsomal peroxydation or oxygenation of polyene fatty acids. There is an exponential relationship between docosahexaenoic acid of cardiac phospholipids and the heart rate.", "PMID": 742290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5021", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins, prostaglandin-precursors and of a linoleic acid rich and free diet on the cardiac effects of isoprenaline and vasodilators.", "content": "In isolated auricle preparations of guinea pigs arachidonic acid diminished the increase in cardiac performance by isoprenaline in a similar way as PGE1 and propranolol. Long term pretreatment of rats with a linoleic acid (LA) supplemented diet increased in vivo the maximal systolic pressure and decreased the heart rate. In hearts in vitro the LA rich diet decreased the heart rate, increased the coronary flow and showed a tendency to enhance the contraction force. The release of cardiac prostaglandin-like substances was increased. Simultaneously the LA rich diet reduced the heart rate increase and the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline without changing the increase in the coronary flow and without any effect on the heart performance of coronary vasodilators like oxyfedrine and prenylamine.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins, prostaglandin-precursors and of a linoleic acid rich and free diet on the cardiac effects of isoprenaline and vasodilators. In isolated auricle preparations of guinea pigs arachidonic acid diminished the increase in cardiac performance by isoprenaline in a similar way as PGE1 and propranolol. Long term pretreatment of rats with a linoleic acid (LA) supplemented diet increased in vivo the maximal systolic pressure and decreased the heart rate. In hearts in vitro the LA rich diet decreased the heart rate, increased the coronary flow and showed a tendency to enhance the contraction force. The release of cardiac prostaglandin-like substances was increased. Simultaneously the LA rich diet reduced the heart rate increase and the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline without changing the increase in the coronary flow and without any effect on the heart performance of coronary vasodilators like oxyfedrine and prenylamine.", "PMID": 742291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5022", "title": "Comparative effects of prostaglandin F2alpha and A2 on the cardiac transmembrane potentials.", "content": "PGF2alpha and PGA1 similarly to PGE1 and PGE2 exerted a dose-dependent dual effect on the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) of the cat and guinea-pig left auricle. Low concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 microgram/ml) of PGF2alpha caused a marked increase of Vmax which was proportional to the dose in both species, while the overshoot (OS) remained unchanged. PGF2alpha in a dose of 5 micrometer/ml significantly decreases OS but did not alter Vmax, in a dose of 10 microgram/ml, however, evoked a considerable decrease of Vmax, too. These changes were not related to those in the resting potential (RP). With respect to the repolarization phase no biphasic effect was observed. PGA1 in a dose of 0.02 microgram/ml significantly increased Vmax and RP, too. In the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml of PGA1 Vmax remained unchanged, only a significant hyperpolarizing effect could be observed. A higher concentration (1.0 microgram/ml) of PGA1 evoked a significant decrease of Vmax, without changing RP. The examined concentrations of PGA1 accelerated the initial repolarization (20 and 50% repolarization phase).", "contents": "Comparative effects of prostaglandin F2alpha and A2 on the cardiac transmembrane potentials. PGF2alpha and PGA1 similarly to PGE1 and PGE2 exerted a dose-dependent dual effect on the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) of the cat and guinea-pig left auricle. Low concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 microgram/ml) of PGF2alpha caused a marked increase of Vmax which was proportional to the dose in both species, while the overshoot (OS) remained unchanged. PGF2alpha in a dose of 5 micrometer/ml significantly decreases OS but did not alter Vmax, in a dose of 10 microgram/ml, however, evoked a considerable decrease of Vmax, too. These changes were not related to those in the resting potential (RP). With respect to the repolarization phase no biphasic effect was observed. PGA1 in a dose of 0.02 microgram/ml significantly increased Vmax and RP, too. In the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml of PGA1 Vmax remained unchanged, only a significant hyperpolarizing effect could be observed. A higher concentration (1.0 microgram/ml) of PGA1 evoked a significant decrease of Vmax, without changing RP. The examined concentrations of PGA1 accelerated the initial repolarization (20 and 50% repolarization phase).", "PMID": 742294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5023", "title": "Influence of electrically and aconitine induced arrhythmias on the prostaglandin efflux in coronary sinus blood in dogs.", "content": "Tachyarrhythmias and extrasystoles produced an increase of PGE and PGF2alpha in canine coronary sinus blood (CSB). After application of aconitine the PG efflux was nearly unchanged before arrhythmia occurred. However, the PG efflux increased after arrhythmia had occurred.", "contents": "Influence of electrically and aconitine induced arrhythmias on the prostaglandin efflux in coronary sinus blood in dogs. Tachyarrhythmias and extrasystoles produced an increase of PGE and PGF2alpha in canine coronary sinus blood (CSB). After application of aconitine the PG efflux was nearly unchanged before arrhythmia occurred. However, the PG efflux increased after arrhythmia had occurred.", "PMID": 742295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5024", "title": "Definition of prostaglandin-sensitive arterial constrictor systems.", "content": "The effects of a number of prostaglandins on the systemic arterial circulations of the sheep, pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat have been investigated. It is suggested that all of the species may possess, in addition to a PGE2-sensitive dilator system, a PGD2-sensitive constrictor system, and that 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo PGD2 is a potent and selective agonist on this system. The dog and the pig also have an endoperoxide-sensitive constrictor system activated by the 11,9-(epoxymethano) analogue of PGH2 and, of particular note, ICI 79939 and its 11-oxo analogue. These latter substances also contract the rabbit aorta strip and the guinea pig tracheal chain and aggregate human platelets. A number of PGF2alpha analogues show certain other distinctive cardiovascular actions.", "contents": "Definition of prostaglandin-sensitive arterial constrictor systems. The effects of a number of prostaglandins on the systemic arterial circulations of the sheep, pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat have been investigated. It is suggested that all of the species may possess, in addition to a PGE2-sensitive dilator system, a PGD2-sensitive constrictor system, and that 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo PGD2 is a potent and selective agonist on this system. The dog and the pig also have an endoperoxide-sensitive constrictor system activated by the 11,9-(epoxymethano) analogue of PGH2 and, of particular note, ICI 79939 and its 11-oxo analogue. These latter substances also contract the rabbit aorta strip and the guinea pig tracheal chain and aggregate human platelets. A number of PGF2alpha analogues show certain other distinctive cardiovascular actions.", "PMID": 742299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5025", "title": "Prostaglandin release from perfused, isolated hind legs in normal and arteriosclerotic rats.", "content": "Intraarterial injection of 10 microgram noradrenaline (NA) produced a stronger increase of prostaglandin E-like material (PGE) in the outflow of isolated perfused hind legs of normal rats than of those of arteriosclerotic rats. The vasopressor effect of NA in normal rats was stronger than in arteriosclerotic rats, which could be explained on the basis of PGE release.", "contents": "Prostaglandin release from perfused, isolated hind legs in normal and arteriosclerotic rats. Intraarterial injection of 10 microgram noradrenaline (NA) produced a stronger increase of prostaglandin E-like material (PGE) in the outflow of isolated perfused hind legs of normal rats than of those of arteriosclerotic rats. The vasopressor effect of NA in normal rats was stronger than in arteriosclerotic rats, which could be explained on the basis of PGE release.", "PMID": 742301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5026", "title": "Influence of linoleic acid content of the diet on arterial pressure of salt loaded rats. I. Effects on prostaglandin metabolism and sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "1. Compared with linoleic acid rich and pellet diet linoleic acid free diet causes an increase in blood pressure in salt loaded rats. The blood pressure increasing effect of linoleic acid poor diet could not be augmented by linoleic acid free diet. 2. The blood pressure was increased by indomethacin in linoleic acid rich and pellet fed rats. In linoleic acid free fed animals indomethacin shows only a brief augmentation of blood pressure. 3. Prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis was decreased in isolated kidneys and aorta but increased in the kidney medulla homogenate after a four-week linoleic acid free diet. 4.. Chemical sympathectomy by intracerebroventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the blood pressure increasing effect of linoleic acid free diet. We postulate that changes in the PG metabolism and in the activity of sympathetic nervous system are causes for the elevated blood pressure of linoleic acid free fed salt loaded rats and we conclude that the function of the cardiovascular system is influenced favourably by a linoleic acid rich diet.", "contents": "Influence of linoleic acid content of the diet on arterial pressure of salt loaded rats. I. Effects on prostaglandin metabolism and sympathetic nervous system. 1. Compared with linoleic acid rich and pellet diet linoleic acid free diet causes an increase in blood pressure in salt loaded rats. The blood pressure increasing effect of linoleic acid poor diet could not be augmented by linoleic acid free diet. 2. The blood pressure was increased by indomethacin in linoleic acid rich and pellet fed rats. In linoleic acid free fed animals indomethacin shows only a brief augmentation of blood pressure. 3. Prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis was decreased in isolated kidneys and aorta but increased in the kidney medulla homogenate after a four-week linoleic acid free diet. 4.. Chemical sympathectomy by intracerebroventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the blood pressure increasing effect of linoleic acid free diet. We postulate that changes in the PG metabolism and in the activity of sympathetic nervous system are causes for the elevated blood pressure of linoleic acid free fed salt loaded rats and we conclude that the function of the cardiovascular system is influenced favourably by a linoleic acid rich diet.", "PMID": 742303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5027", "title": "Influence of linoleic acid in the diet on arterial pressure of salt loaded rats. II. Effects on plasma catecholamine concentration, renin activity, and reactivity of isolated vessels.", "content": "1. A linoleic acid free diet and indomethacin treatment induce an increase in the epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations in the plasma. 2. The renin activities in the kidney and plasma were increased by a linoleic acid free diet and decreased by indomethacin treatment. 3. The reactivity of isolated blood vessels to norepinephrine, angiotensin, PGE2 and PGA2 was intensified after linoleic acid free diet. Indomethacin treatment neutralized the differences between the different diet groups. We conclude that the increase in the sympathetic activity, in the renin activity and in the vasoreactivity after a linoleic acid free diet has promoted the elevation of blood pressure of salt loaded rats and that these prohypertensive changes have been caused by a diminished PG biosynthesis in kidneys and blood vessels.", "contents": "Influence of linoleic acid in the diet on arterial pressure of salt loaded rats. II. Effects on plasma catecholamine concentration, renin activity, and reactivity of isolated vessels. 1. A linoleic acid free diet and indomethacin treatment induce an increase in the epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations in the plasma. 2. The renin activities in the kidney and plasma were increased by a linoleic acid free diet and decreased by indomethacin treatment. 3. The reactivity of isolated blood vessels to norepinephrine, angiotensin, PGE2 and PGA2 was intensified after linoleic acid free diet. Indomethacin treatment neutralized the differences between the different diet groups. We conclude that the increase in the sympathetic activity, in the renin activity and in the vasoreactivity after a linoleic acid free diet has promoted the elevation of blood pressure of salt loaded rats and that these prohypertensive changes have been caused by a diminished PG biosynthesis in kidneys and blood vessels.", "PMID": 742304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5028", "title": "The influence of increased dietary linoleate on essential hypertension in man.", "content": "A pilot study testing the hypothesis of a blood pressure lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids was conducted in Evans County, Georgia. A moderate increase of dietary linoleic acid significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure in eight borderline hypertensives who were otherwise healthy, within four weeks. The change was not due to a reduced sodium content of the diet. A significant increase in creatinine excretion and clearance was noted, indicating an improvement in kidney function which might explain the blood pressure lowering effect of the fat-modified diet.", "contents": "The influence of increased dietary linoleate on essential hypertension in man. A pilot study testing the hypothesis of a blood pressure lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids was conducted in Evans County, Georgia. A moderate increase of dietary linoleic acid significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure in eight borderline hypertensives who were otherwise healthy, within four weeks. The change was not due to a reduced sodium content of the diet. A significant increase in creatinine excretion and clearance was noted, indicating an improvement in kidney function which might explain the blood pressure lowering effect of the fat-modified diet.", "PMID": 742306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5029", "title": "Influence of the selective prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, gold, on the arterial pressure of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Gold salt treatment does not influence the blood pressure of normotensive rats but transiently lowers the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effect is abolished by indomethacin. Prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the kidney medulla is shifted to E-PG by gold salt. A PG-mediated action of gold salts is supposed.", "contents": "Influence of the selective prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, gold, on the arterial pressure of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Gold salt treatment does not influence the blood pressure of normotensive rats but transiently lowers the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effect is abolished by indomethacin. Prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the kidney medulla is shifted to E-PG by gold salt. A PG-mediated action of gold salts is supposed.", "PMID": 742308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5030", "title": "Influence of counter-irritation by carrageenin on inflammatory reactions induced by prostaglandins, serotonin, histamine, compound 48/80, carrageenin and Freund's complete adjuvant.", "content": "The carrageenin edema of rat paw and the primary phase of rat adjuvant arthritis were significantly inhibited by carrageenin whereas the increase of skin capillary permeability induced by prostaglandins (PGs) and further irritants as well as the secondary phase of adjuvant arthritis were mostly not significantly affected. Inhibitory effects after single carrageenin injection do not seem to be mediated by the complement system because total complement activity remained unaffected.", "contents": "Influence of counter-irritation by carrageenin on inflammatory reactions induced by prostaglandins, serotonin, histamine, compound 48/80, carrageenin and Freund's complete adjuvant. The carrageenin edema of rat paw and the primary phase of rat adjuvant arthritis were significantly inhibited by carrageenin whereas the increase of skin capillary permeability induced by prostaglandins (PGs) and further irritants as well as the secondary phase of adjuvant arthritis were mostly not significantly affected. Inhibitory effects after single carrageenin injection do not seem to be mediated by the complement system because total complement activity remained unaffected.", "PMID": 742313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5031", "title": "Application of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "It is reported on the induction of abortion in the second trimenon and the induction of labour at term with the prostaglandins PGF2alpha and PGE2 under consideration of pharmacokinetic problems as well as special indications such as secondary insufficiency of labour and certain fields of applications like softening and priming. The prostaglandin in gelform and the prostaglandin analogue 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha are discussed as well as the possible advantages and side-effects of these substances.", "contents": "Application of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology. It is reported on the induction of abortion in the second trimenon and the induction of labour at term with the prostaglandins PGF2alpha and PGE2 under consideration of pharmacokinetic problems as well as special indications such as secondary insufficiency of labour and certain fields of applications like softening and priming. The prostaglandin in gelform and the prostaglandin analogue 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha are discussed as well as the possible advantages and side-effects of these substances.", "PMID": 742314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5032", "title": "Postconceptional prostaglandin therapy.", "content": "392 cases of prostaglandin abortions were analyzed for efficacy, clinical acceptability and complications. It was repeatedly emphasised that the clinical administration of PGs are not without risks and serious drawbacks. The vaginal suppositories seem to be vary promising. It is suggested that new lines of research should be pursued in order to improve our understanding of the effect of PGs and to develop better dose schedules as demanded by clinical and professional excellence.", "contents": "Postconceptional prostaglandin therapy. 392 cases of prostaglandin abortions were analyzed for efficacy, clinical acceptability and complications. It was repeatedly emphasised that the clinical administration of PGs are not without risks and serious drawbacks. The vaginal suppositories seem to be vary promising. It is suggested that new lines of research should be pursued in order to improve our understanding of the effect of PGs and to develop better dose schedules as demanded by clinical and professional excellence.", "PMID": 742315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5033", "title": "In vitro prostaglandin biosynthesis in human pregnant uterus from arachidonic acid.", "content": "Formation of prostaglandins (F2alpha, E2 and D2) in the pregnant human uterus microsomes was studied using 14C-labeled arachidonic acid. Sample of uterine pieces were removed from the lower uterine segment at the time of Caesarean section. The prostaglandin synthesis in the microsomal fraction was characterized in terms of cofactors, substrate concentration and incubation time requirements.", "contents": "In vitro prostaglandin biosynthesis in human pregnant uterus from arachidonic acid. Formation of prostaglandins (F2alpha, E2 and D2) in the pregnant human uterus microsomes was studied using 14C-labeled arachidonic acid. Sample of uterine pieces were removed from the lower uterine segment at the time of Caesarean section. The prostaglandin synthesis in the microsomal fraction was characterized in terms of cofactors, substrate concentration and incubation time requirements.", "PMID": 742317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5034", "title": "Investigations on prostaglandin levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood during late pregnancy.", "content": "Prostaglandin E and F equivalents have been measured during late pregnancy in amniotic fluid and maternal venous blood by radioimmunoassay after purification on silicic acid columns. In amniotic fluid levels of both prostaglandins exhibit a tendency to increase, in particular after 36 weeks of gestation, possibly most markedly 20--4 h before the onset of labour. The PG E/F-ratio in amniotic fluid may slightly decrease during the late gestational age. In maternal venous blood variable low levels of both prostaglandins were observed without any correlation to the age of gestation.", "contents": "Investigations on prostaglandin levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood during late pregnancy. Prostaglandin E and F equivalents have been measured during late pregnancy in amniotic fluid and maternal venous blood by radioimmunoassay after purification on silicic acid columns. In amniotic fluid levels of both prostaglandins exhibit a tendency to increase, in particular after 36 weeks of gestation, possibly most markedly 20--4 h before the onset of labour. The PG E/F-ratio in amniotic fluid may slightly decrease during the late gestational age. In maternal venous blood variable low levels of both prostaglandins were observed without any correlation to the age of gestation.", "PMID": 742318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5035", "title": "Prostaglandins and primary dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "In 100 patients a total of 171 PG determinations in the menstrual blood was performed under standardized conditions. The primary PGE1 and PGF2alpha were determined by RIA. The evaluation of the analysis of the sexual hormones resulted in a group with a biphasic cycle without dysmenorrhoea and a group with a biphasic cycle with dysmenorrhoea. Highly significant differences (p less than 0.01) were found in the PGF2alpha concentration in menstrual blood between a group of healthy women and one of patients with dysmenorrhoea. In dysmenorrhoea the ratio of the PGs investigated is shifted in favour of PGF2alpha. Indomethacin can decrease the PGF2alpha levels in dysmenorrhoea up to 15% (p less than 0.01). All treated patients reported that their conditions had improved. Five out of seven women were completely without any complaints.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and primary dysmenorrhoea. In 100 patients a total of 171 PG determinations in the menstrual blood was performed under standardized conditions. The primary PGE1 and PGF2alpha were determined by RIA. The evaluation of the analysis of the sexual hormones resulted in a group with a biphasic cycle without dysmenorrhoea and a group with a biphasic cycle with dysmenorrhoea. Highly significant differences (p less than 0.01) were found in the PGF2alpha concentration in menstrual blood between a group of healthy women and one of patients with dysmenorrhoea. In dysmenorrhoea the ratio of the PGs investigated is shifted in favour of PGF2alpha. Indomethacin can decrease the PGF2alpha levels in dysmenorrhoea up to 15% (p less than 0.01). All treated patients reported that their conditions had improved. Five out of seven women were completely without any complaints.", "PMID": 742319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5036", "title": "Investigations of hormones during early abortion induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha.", "content": "In early pregnancy up the 7th week of pregnancy PGF2alpha was infused and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha was applied i. m. to induce menstruation in 20 or 19 cases, respectively. In the tested form of application 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha is effective in 89 per cent of the cases and in 74 per cent complete abortion was achieved. PGF2alpha produced bleeding in 80 per cent only and complete abortion in 55 per cent. The differences in these two groups were not statistically significant. The steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone decrease in a successful application of PGs for induction of abortion and reach a value of 75 per cent at the onset of bleeding. The LH concentration in plasma becomes smaller too. In some cases there is a temporary increase in hormones shortly after starting treatment. The results could indicate that the considerable decrease in hormones before the onset of bleeding might be caused by an alteration of the corpus luteum, which is effective during early pregnancy.", "contents": "Investigations of hormones during early abortion induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha. In early pregnancy up the 7th week of pregnancy PGF2alpha was infused and 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha was applied i. m. to induce menstruation in 20 or 19 cases, respectively. In the tested form of application 15(S)-methyl-PGF2alpha is effective in 89 per cent of the cases and in 74 per cent complete abortion was achieved. PGF2alpha produced bleeding in 80 per cent only and complete abortion in 55 per cent. The differences in these two groups were not statistically significant. The steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone decrease in a successful application of PGs for induction of abortion and reach a value of 75 per cent at the onset of bleeding. The LH concentration in plasma becomes smaller too. In some cases there is a temporary increase in hormones shortly after starting treatment. The results could indicate that the considerable decrease in hormones before the onset of bleeding might be caused by an alteration of the corpus luteum, which is effective during early pregnancy.", "PMID": 742321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5037", "title": "[Gallbladder calculi: cholesterol concentration and its radiologic correlates].", "content": "Cholesterol concentration in the gallstones of 84 patients obtained by surgery is studied and radiologic correlation of the stones (lucency and opaqueness) is established with relation to cholesterol concentration. We conclude that 70% of gallstones in our population, contain greater than or equal to 80% of cholesterol and the radiographic appearance of stones in functioning gallbladder is a good method to predict cholesterol content in gallstones.", "contents": "[Gallbladder calculi: cholesterol concentration and its radiologic correlates]. Cholesterol concentration in the gallstones of 84 patients obtained by surgery is studied and radiologic correlation of the stones (lucency and opaqueness) is established with relation to cholesterol concentration. We conclude that 70% of gallstones in our population, contain greater than or equal to 80% of cholesterol and the radiographic appearance of stones in functioning gallbladder is a good method to predict cholesterol content in gallstones.", "PMID": 742322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5038", "title": "A reappraisal of percutaneous liver biopsy in clinical practice.", "content": "The diagnostic yield of 101 consecutive percutaneous liver biopsies was assessed. Adequate tissue was obtained in most specimens. Even in the presence of an adequate specimen, other procedures were often necessary to rule out other diagnostic possibilities not explained nor completely ruled out by percutaneous liver biopsy alone. With the current diagnostic procedures available to the clinician which have low morbidity and low mortality, the use of blind percutaneous liver biopsy as an initial diagnostic step in certain types of liver disease should be reassessed.", "contents": "A reappraisal of percutaneous liver biopsy in clinical practice. The diagnostic yield of 101 consecutive percutaneous liver biopsies was assessed. Adequate tissue was obtained in most specimens. Even in the presence of an adequate specimen, other procedures were often necessary to rule out other diagnostic possibilities not explained nor completely ruled out by percutaneous liver biopsy alone. With the current diagnostic procedures available to the clinician which have low morbidity and low mortality, the use of blind percutaneous liver biopsy as an initial diagnostic step in certain types of liver disease should be reassessed.", "PMID": 742323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5039", "title": "[Personal experience in colonoscopy and polypectomy].", "content": "The purpose of this presentation is to point out the importance of this new diagnosis and treatment method, recently incorporated. The studies were done with the Fibroscope F9-A with doble channel, equipped with an desection smear for polipectomies and an extracting forceps. The patients arrive with their intestine perfectly cleaned with classical methods. This detail is most important for the polipectomies. If the local conditions aren't the desired, presence of bowels or barium of an previous enema, we postpone both, examination and polipectomy, because those are causes of false diagnosis in the first case or eventual accidents in the second condition. Regarding this, we had an performing doing a biopsy in an stenosing neoplasm of the sigmoid colon. We believe it convenient to prevent this complication, to reduce the air pressure before performing the biopsy. Of the 160 patients examinated, 54 had no patology, 32 had polips and of this group 4 had multiple poliposis, 4 had association with diverticulosis and 3 associated with neoplasm. (4 were neoplasm, 10 stenosis without mucous lesions, 1 villous adenoma, 1 megacolon and 1 rectitis). We made 12 polipectomies, 10 with the conventional technique and 2 associated with surgery. We had no accidents and one of them was an early stage of colon cancer.", "contents": "[Personal experience in colonoscopy and polypectomy]. The purpose of this presentation is to point out the importance of this new diagnosis and treatment method, recently incorporated. The studies were done with the Fibroscope F9-A with doble channel, equipped with an desection smear for polipectomies and an extracting forceps. The patients arrive with their intestine perfectly cleaned with classical methods. This detail is most important for the polipectomies. If the local conditions aren't the desired, presence of bowels or barium of an previous enema, we postpone both, examination and polipectomy, because those are causes of false diagnosis in the first case or eventual accidents in the second condition. Regarding this, we had an performing doing a biopsy in an stenosing neoplasm of the sigmoid colon. We believe it convenient to prevent this complication, to reduce the air pressure before performing the biopsy. Of the 160 patients examinated, 54 had no patology, 32 had polips and of this group 4 had multiple poliposis, 4 had association with diverticulosis and 3 associated with neoplasm. (4 were neoplasm, 10 stenosis without mucous lesions, 1 villous adenoma, 1 megacolon and 1 rectitis). We made 12 polipectomies, 10 with the conventional technique and 2 associated with surgery. We had no accidents and one of them was an early stage of colon cancer.", "PMID": 742324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5040", "title": "[A simple radiologic method for measuring physiologically the rate of intestinal transit].", "content": "A simple radiological method to measure physiologically the velocity of intestinal transit is described. As a marker, a small rubber bag containing 1 ml. of Biligrafina Fuerte was orally given, and its passage along the digestive tract followed, then, performing 2 or 3 serial plain radiographs of the abdomen. By what has been experimental until now, the method seems to be of great help for a better understanding of constipation and other intestinal disorders.", "contents": "[A simple radiologic method for measuring physiologically the rate of intestinal transit]. A simple radiological method to measure physiologically the velocity of intestinal transit is described. As a marker, a small rubber bag containing 1 ml. of Biligrafina Fuerte was orally given, and its passage along the digestive tract followed, then, performing 2 or 3 serial plain radiographs of the abdomen. By what has been experimental until now, the method seems to be of great help for a better understanding of constipation and other intestinal disorders.", "PMID": 742325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5041", "title": "[Achalasia of the esophagus].", "content": "Thirty-two cases of achalasia of the esophagus are studied in retrospect. The evolution was carried on from different standpoints: clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and motility studies. Patients were treated by dilatation (either pneumatic or mercury bougies) or surgery. The result of treatment was evaluated from the clinical standpoint correlating it with the remaining studies in order to establish wether or not they were related.", "contents": "[Achalasia of the esophagus]. Thirty-two cases of achalasia of the esophagus are studied in retrospect. The evolution was carried on from different standpoints: clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and motility studies. Patients were treated by dilatation (either pneumatic or mercury bougies) or surgery. The result of treatment was evaluated from the clinical standpoint correlating it with the remaining studies in order to establish wether or not they were related.", "PMID": 742326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5042", "title": "[Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on acid secretion and potassium and sodium in the human gastric mucosa].", "content": "Hydrochlorotiazide induced changes of gastric acid secretion, Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) of human gastric mucosa\". In ten patients with elevated acid secretion we determined maximal acid secretion after histamine stimulation, Na and K in serum and in fundic mucosa obtained by peroral gastric biopsy. These experiments were performed before and after the oral administration of hydrochlorotiazide (200 mg/day) during seven days. After diuretic treatment we observed a significant decrease of Na (P less than 0.01) and K (p less than 0.05) in gastric mucosa. Both ions also decreased significantly in plasma (p less than 0.01). In gastric juice the decrease was significant for volume and peak acid output (p less than 0.01) and for total acidity (p less than 0.05). The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on acid secretion and potassium and sodium in the human gastric mucosa]. Hydrochlorotiazide induced changes of gastric acid secretion, Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) of human gastric mucosa\". In ten patients with elevated acid secretion we determined maximal acid secretion after histamine stimulation, Na and K in serum and in fundic mucosa obtained by peroral gastric biopsy. These experiments were performed before and after the oral administration of hydrochlorotiazide (200 mg/day) during seven days. After diuretic treatment we observed a significant decrease of Na (P less than 0.01) and K (p less than 0.05) in gastric mucosa. Both ions also decreased significantly in plasma (p less than 0.01). In gastric juice the decrease was significant for volume and peak acid output (p less than 0.01) and for total acidity (p less than 0.05). The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 742329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5043", "title": "[Progress in the early diagnosis of cancer of the colon and rectum].", "content": "Our experience with the air contrast examination in the cancer of colon and rectum diagnoses is showed. The colaboration among radiologist, endoscopist, pathologist and surgeon is important. In the large bowel tumors diagnosis, the radiologic and endoscopic prodedures should be evaluated together. The double colonic contrast has showed in our experience, better results than with the barium enema. Over 31 patients with both studies, we obtained 13 false negatives (with barium enema, doing then the double colonic contrast became positive 12 (92.4%).", "contents": "[Progress in the early diagnosis of cancer of the colon and rectum]. Our experience with the air contrast examination in the cancer of colon and rectum diagnoses is showed. The colaboration among radiologist, endoscopist, pathologist and surgeon is important. In the large bowel tumors diagnosis, the radiologic and endoscopic prodedures should be evaluated together. The double colonic contrast has showed in our experience, better results than with the barium enema. Over 31 patients with both studies, we obtained 13 false negatives (with barium enema, doing then the double colonic contrast became positive 12 (92.4%).", "PMID": 742330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5044", "title": "[Gastric polypoid heterotopy in the small intestine].", "content": "We present a 14 year old girl with a two years' history of colicky abdominal pain associated with the palpation of a tumor in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. During these two years, the pain and the tumor appeared and disappeared spontaneously several times. In the operation we found a jejunojejunal intussusception, the head being a sessile polyp placed 20 cm from the ligament of Treitz. The pathological examination showed a polyp formed by mucosa similar to the gastric one with chief and parietal cells. We discuss the clinical pictures that can be associated with this pathological entity in this uncommon localization in opposition to the more common settling in Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "[Gastric polypoid heterotopy in the small intestine]. We present a 14 year old girl with a two years' history of colicky abdominal pain associated with the palpation of a tumor in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. During these two years, the pain and the tumor appeared and disappeared spontaneously several times. In the operation we found a jejunojejunal intussusception, the head being a sessile polyp placed 20 cm from the ligament of Treitz. The pathological examination showed a polyp formed by mucosa similar to the gastric one with chief and parietal cells. We discuss the clinical pictures that can be associated with this pathological entity in this uncommon localization in opposition to the more common settling in Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 742331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5045", "title": "[Peliosis hepatis: 2 new cases].", "content": "Peliosis Hepatis is a liver disease characterized by the presence of cystic spaces fill of blood visible through the capsule and on the cutting surface. The etiology has been related to the use of anabolic steroids in cases with malignant tumors and cronic diseases. Only fifty cases have been reported in the world literature. Two anatomical patterns have been described: parenchyma tous and phlebectatic. A combinated pattern including both lesions was also observed. We presented two cases: a 83 years old patient with a cecum carcinoma who developed a phlebectatic pattern, and a 63 years old woman with eritroleucemia who presented the parenchimatous patern after long medication with anabolic steroids. The combined pattern was not present in none of the two cases.", "contents": "[Peliosis hepatis: 2 new cases]. Peliosis Hepatis is a liver disease characterized by the presence of cystic spaces fill of blood visible through the capsule and on the cutting surface. The etiology has been related to the use of anabolic steroids in cases with malignant tumors and cronic diseases. Only fifty cases have been reported in the world literature. Two anatomical patterns have been described: parenchyma tous and phlebectatic. A combinated pattern including both lesions was also observed. We presented two cases: a 83 years old patient with a cecum carcinoma who developed a phlebectatic pattern, and a 63 years old woman with eritroleucemia who presented the parenchimatous patern after long medication with anabolic steroids. The combined pattern was not present in none of the two cases.", "PMID": 742334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5046", "title": "[Benign stenosis of the esophagus].", "content": "In the present study 39 patients with benign esphageal stenosis were studied (average age 59,9 years). The most common etiology was refux esofagitis, and the most common associated pathology was esophageal hiatus hernia. Thirty one patients received medical treatment (diet. antireflux drugs and dilatations.) Twenty four were dilated with the slow continuous method, six with metalic bougies. One patient was not dilated. Seven patients were not treated since the stenosis was due to extrinsec compression. One patient was surgically treated from the onset. Seventy percent of the patients had goods results with esophageal dilatation. We propose that patients with benign esophageal stenosis should be treated by the slow continuous dilatation method.", "contents": "[Benign stenosis of the esophagus]. In the present study 39 patients with benign esphageal stenosis were studied (average age 59,9 years). The most common etiology was refux esofagitis, and the most common associated pathology was esophageal hiatus hernia. Thirty one patients received medical treatment (diet. antireflux drugs and dilatations.) Twenty four were dilated with the slow continuous method, six with metalic bougies. One patient was not dilated. Seven patients were not treated since the stenosis was due to extrinsec compression. One patient was surgically treated from the onset. Seventy percent of the patients had goods results with esophageal dilatation. We propose that patients with benign esophageal stenosis should be treated by the slow continuous dilatation method.", "PMID": 742335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5047", "title": "Study of the activity of antithrombin-III in latent cholestasis. (A clinico-pharmacological study of the relationship between antithrombin-III activity and steroid cholestasis).", "content": "The relationship between steroid cholestasis and antithrombin-III activity were examined in users of oral contraceptives (Infecundin or Bisecurin) and in patients receiving anabolic hormone therapy (Nerobol). The control group for the oral contraceptive users consisted of patients with spontaneous anovulation. The untreated control group consisted of healthy women in the reproductive age. The increase in antithrombin-III activity was found to be directly related to the decline of anion excretion. Latent cholestasis in itself is not associated with an increased antithrombin-III activity, nor is the activity of antithrombin-III affected by long-continued use of those anabolic steroids which produce no decrease in anion excretion.", "contents": "Study of the activity of antithrombin-III in latent cholestasis. (A clinico-pharmacological study of the relationship between antithrombin-III activity and steroid cholestasis). The relationship between steroid cholestasis and antithrombin-III activity were examined in users of oral contraceptives (Infecundin or Bisecurin) and in patients receiving anabolic hormone therapy (Nerobol). The control group for the oral contraceptive users consisted of patients with spontaneous anovulation. The untreated control group consisted of healthy women in the reproductive age. The increase in antithrombin-III activity was found to be directly related to the decline of anion excretion. Latent cholestasis in itself is not associated with an increased antithrombin-III activity, nor is the activity of antithrombin-III affected by long-continued use of those anabolic steroids which produce no decrease in anion excretion.", "PMID": 742337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5048", "title": "Iron metabolism and its responses to allopurinol treatment in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "Iron kinetics, absorption and storage were studied by means of 59Fe and deferoxamine (Desferal-Ciba) in eight patients with porphyria cutanea tarda at the time of clinical activity and after allopurinol treatment. At the time of clinical manifestations, a significant impairment of erythrocyte-iron turnover and of radio-iron utilization was demonstrable in a half of the patients and a significant increase in iron absorption and turnover in patients out of 8. The measurements of surface activity in vivo showed a significant increase in storage iron. This was confirmed by the excessive urinary excretion of deferoxamine-iron, attaining three- to four-fold figures of the normal values (251 +/- 85 mg). The increased absorption of iron coupled with an abnormal porphyrin metabolism is suggestive of a double genetic defect. As a result of allopurinol treatment, normalization of iron kinetics and a moderate decrease in iron storage were demonstrable. The abnormal excretion of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin were also brought under control. The success of treatment is attributed to the inhibitory effect of allopurinol on xanthine oxidase.", "contents": "Iron metabolism and its responses to allopurinol treatment in porphyria cutanea tarda. Iron kinetics, absorption and storage were studied by means of 59Fe and deferoxamine (Desferal-Ciba) in eight patients with porphyria cutanea tarda at the time of clinical activity and after allopurinol treatment. At the time of clinical manifestations, a significant impairment of erythrocyte-iron turnover and of radio-iron utilization was demonstrable in a half of the patients and a significant increase in iron absorption and turnover in patients out of 8. The measurements of surface activity in vivo showed a significant increase in storage iron. This was confirmed by the excessive urinary excretion of deferoxamine-iron, attaining three- to four-fold figures of the normal values (251 +/- 85 mg). The increased absorption of iron coupled with an abnormal porphyrin metabolism is suggestive of a double genetic defect. As a result of allopurinol treatment, normalization of iron kinetics and a moderate decrease in iron storage were demonstrable. The abnormal excretion of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin were also brought under control. The success of treatment is attributed to the inhibitory effect of allopurinol on xanthine oxidase.", "PMID": 742338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5049", "title": "Apex-carotid diagram in systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome.", "content": "A new non-invasive method based on mechanographic cycles has been developed for the study of heart function. It integrates synchronously recorded indirect carotid tracing and left apex cardiogram into an apex-carotid diagram. In 25 patients with systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome, the diagram showed an elongation with a curvature of the segment of slow ventricular ejection to the right and a decrease in the area of ventricular ejection. It is concluded that apex-carotid diagram is an additional tool in diagnosis of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "contents": "Apex-carotid diagram in systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome. A new non-invasive method based on mechanographic cycles has been developed for the study of heart function. It integrates synchronously recorded indirect carotid tracing and left apex cardiogram into an apex-carotid diagram. In 25 patients with systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome, the diagram showed an elongation with a curvature of the segment of slow ventricular ejection to the right and a decrease in the area of ventricular ejection. It is concluded that apex-carotid diagram is an additional tool in diagnosis of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "PMID": 742339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5050", "title": "Steroid levels in the serum and seminal plasma during clomiphene therapy in hypofertile men.", "content": "The serum and seminal plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and 17beta-oestradiol were investigated in hypo- and oligospermic males during clomiphene-citrate, administration. A significant increase was demonstrated in the serum testosterone, dihydrosterone and 17beta-oestradiol values, mainly in the first month of therapy. The steroid increase in the ejaculate was less pronounced. Measuring of 17beta-oestradiol in serum appears to be a useful parameter for estimating the stimulative effect of clomiphene citrate.", "contents": "Steroid levels in the serum and seminal plasma during clomiphene therapy in hypofertile men. The serum and seminal plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and 17beta-oestradiol were investigated in hypo- and oligospermic males during clomiphene-citrate, administration. A significant increase was demonstrated in the serum testosterone, dihydrosterone and 17beta-oestradiol values, mainly in the first month of therapy. The steroid increase in the ejaculate was less pronounced. Measuring of 17beta-oestradiol in serum appears to be a useful parameter for estimating the stimulative effect of clomiphene citrate.", "PMID": 742340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5051", "title": "The ADH-reserve capacity in Brattleboro rats.", "content": "The water metabolism was studied in homo- and heterozygous Brattleboro rats suffering from hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In homozygous Brattleboro rats the spontaneous water intake and urinary output and the diuretic reactions signficantly increased after water and salt loading. No antidiuretic activity was found in the urine, posterior pituitary or hypothalamus of these animals, and this state was not affected by hyperosmosis. For the heterozygous rats the spontaneous water intake and urinary output and the diuretic reaction exceed the respective control values, the posterior pituitary, the hypothalamus and the urine are of reduced antidiuretic activity and this activity is less mobilizable by hyperosmosis. It is concluded that the ADH-reserve deficiency is total in the homozygous Brattleboro rats, and partial in the heterozygotes. As a result of hyperosmosis, the vasopressin release is of a reduced extent, yet detectable in the heterozygotes.", "contents": "The ADH-reserve capacity in Brattleboro rats. The water metabolism was studied in homo- and heterozygous Brattleboro rats suffering from hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In homozygous Brattleboro rats the spontaneous water intake and urinary output and the diuretic reactions signficantly increased after water and salt loading. No antidiuretic activity was found in the urine, posterior pituitary or hypothalamus of these animals, and this state was not affected by hyperosmosis. For the heterozygous rats the spontaneous water intake and urinary output and the diuretic reaction exceed the respective control values, the posterior pituitary, the hypothalamus and the urine are of reduced antidiuretic activity and this activity is less mobilizable by hyperosmosis. It is concluded that the ADH-reserve deficiency is total in the homozygous Brattleboro rats, and partial in the heterozygotes. As a result of hyperosmosis, the vasopressin release is of a reduced extent, yet detectable in the heterozygotes.", "PMID": 742341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5052", "title": "Abnormalities in humoral and cellular immunoactivity in pancreatitis. II. Study of the cellular immune system.", "content": "The in vitro parameters of the cellular immune system were followed up during the course of, and over 1 to 8 months after recovery from acute pancreatitis and in chronic pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, a significant inhibition of leucocyte migration and a significant reduction of the percentage and absolute number of early and total rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes were demonstrated. These abnormalities ran parallel with the alterations of the humoral immune system described in the first paper of this series. On the evidence of the follow-up studies continued for 1 to 8 months, the abnormalities of the cellular and humoral immune system were found to persist in the majority of the cases. The same is valid for chronic pancreatitis. The possible causes of the abnormalities are discussed. Tentative interpretations are offered for the possible role of specific immune sensitization in the transition of the acute to the chronic inflammatory process and in the progression of chronic inflammation.", "contents": "Abnormalities in humoral and cellular immunoactivity in pancreatitis. II. Study of the cellular immune system. The in vitro parameters of the cellular immune system were followed up during the course of, and over 1 to 8 months after recovery from acute pancreatitis and in chronic pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, a significant inhibition of leucocyte migration and a significant reduction of the percentage and absolute number of early and total rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes were demonstrated. These abnormalities ran parallel with the alterations of the humoral immune system described in the first paper of this series. On the evidence of the follow-up studies continued for 1 to 8 months, the abnormalities of the cellular and humoral immune system were found to persist in the majority of the cases. The same is valid for chronic pancreatitis. The possible causes of the abnormalities are discussed. Tentative interpretations are offered for the possible role of specific immune sensitization in the transition of the acute to the chronic inflammatory process and in the progression of chronic inflammation.", "PMID": 742342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5053", "title": "The hepatic tissue spaces.", "content": "In a controlled study concerned with the site of intrahepatic lymph formation, liver tissue from normal dogs, cats, rats and from cats with ligated hepatic lymph vessels, was subjected to light and electron microscopy. It was found that the periportal space named after Mall by whom it had been described, represents an interstitial gap of submicroscopic size. It is bordered on the one side by the hepatocytes of the limiting plate and on the other by the connective tissue fibres and processes of the connective tissue cells of the portal canal. The relationships between the perisinusoidal (Disse) space and the periportal tissue-gap have been clarifed and their role in the formation of hepatic lymph is discussed.", "contents": "The hepatic tissue spaces. In a controlled study concerned with the site of intrahepatic lymph formation, liver tissue from normal dogs, cats, rats and from cats with ligated hepatic lymph vessels, was subjected to light and electron microscopy. It was found that the periportal space named after Mall by whom it had been described, represents an interstitial gap of submicroscopic size. It is bordered on the one side by the hepatocytes of the limiting plate and on the other by the connective tissue fibres and processes of the connective tissue cells of the portal canal. The relationships between the perisinusoidal (Disse) space and the periportal tissue-gap have been clarifed and their role in the formation of hepatic lymph is discussed.", "PMID": 742343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5054", "title": "Intragastric titration of peptone-stimulated gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Fourteen male patients with duodenal ulcer were stimulated by a 10% peptone meal, and acid secretion was measured by continuous intragastric titration. The results were compared to the effects of intravenous infusion of pentagastrin given in a dose of 6.0 microgram/kg-hour on gastric acid secretion in the same 14 patients. Acid secretion reached the peak in the third 15-min period after peptone instillation and it was similar to that peak acid output/15 min produced by infusion of pentagastrin. Acid secretion in response to peptone in the second hour gradually diminished towards the basal level, on the contrary, during i.v. infusions of pentagastrin the acid secretion was well sustained. The acid response to peptone solution or pentagastrin infusion did not differ significantly in the first hour, but in the second hour the difference was significant. It is concluded that the gastric acid secretion induced by peptone is comparable to the effect of the highest dose of pentagastrin infusion only in the first hour. Reproducibility of gastric response to peptone and to pentagastrin infusion was very good (r = 0.79 and 0.87, respectively).", "contents": "Intragastric titration of peptone-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Fourteen male patients with duodenal ulcer were stimulated by a 10% peptone meal, and acid secretion was measured by continuous intragastric titration. The results were compared to the effects of intravenous infusion of pentagastrin given in a dose of 6.0 microgram/kg-hour on gastric acid secretion in the same 14 patients. Acid secretion reached the peak in the third 15-min period after peptone instillation and it was similar to that peak acid output/15 min produced by infusion of pentagastrin. Acid secretion in response to peptone in the second hour gradually diminished towards the basal level, on the contrary, during i.v. infusions of pentagastrin the acid secretion was well sustained. The acid response to peptone solution or pentagastrin infusion did not differ significantly in the first hour, but in the second hour the difference was significant. It is concluded that the gastric acid secretion induced by peptone is comparable to the effect of the highest dose of pentagastrin infusion only in the first hour. Reproducibility of gastric response to peptone and to pentagastrin infusion was very good (r = 0.79 and 0.87, respectively).", "PMID": 742344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5055", "title": "Practical application of patterned visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) were studied in a control group of 72 subjects and in 60 patients with multiple sclerosis. The recording system consisted of a visual stimulator for pattern production on a commercial TV connected to an EMG machine for displaying and averaging of the response. The normal values of latency, the upper limit of normality and right-left differences in our control group were compared with those given by different authors. Likewise a comparison of the positive VEP results in MS was carried out. The reasons for the variability of results were briefly discussed and the importance of control studies for each laboratory starting VEP recording was stressed. This test can easily be carried out in every clinical neurophysiological laboratory and it provides an excellent and rapid technique for the investigation of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Practical application of patterned visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) were studied in a control group of 72 subjects and in 60 patients with multiple sclerosis. The recording system consisted of a visual stimulator for pattern production on a commercial TV connected to an EMG machine for displaying and averaging of the response. The normal values of latency, the upper limit of normality and right-left differences in our control group were compared with those given by different authors. Likewise a comparison of the positive VEP results in MS was carried out. The reasons for the variability of results were briefly discussed and the importance of control studies for each laboratory starting VEP recording was stressed. This test can easily be carried out in every clinical neurophysiological laboratory and it provides an excellent and rapid technique for the investigation of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 742349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5056", "title": "New subcortical components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked potential in man.", "content": "Two new components of the human SEP upon stimulation of the contralateral median nerve at the wrist have been identified. Such components have been called N16 and N17, according to their polarity and latency. N16 and N17, as well as the N14-P15 complex, are generated by separate subcortical dipoles. Particularly, they are supposed to be far-field reflections of the activity of the dorsal columns nuclei or the medial lemniscus (N14-P15), the thalamus (N16) and the thalamo-cortical radiation (N17). Moreover, it has been established that N14 is the very first intracranial component of the human SEP, the main peak of S wave and the preceding ones being extracranial in origin. A new classification of SEP intracranial components including early (N14 through N17), intermediate (N20 through P30) and late events is proposed.", "contents": "New subcortical components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked potential in man. Two new components of the human SEP upon stimulation of the contralateral median nerve at the wrist have been identified. Such components have been called N16 and N17, according to their polarity and latency. N16 and N17, as well as the N14-P15 complex, are generated by separate subcortical dipoles. Particularly, they are supposed to be far-field reflections of the activity of the dorsal columns nuclei or the medial lemniscus (N14-P15), the thalamus (N16) and the thalamo-cortical radiation (N17). Moreover, it has been established that N14 is the very first intracranial component of the human SEP, the main peak of S wave and the preceding ones being extracranial in origin. A new classification of SEP intracranial components including early (N14 through N17), intermediate (N20 through P30) and late events is proposed.", "PMID": 742350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5057", "title": "The stretch reflex in the Eaton Lambert syndrome, myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "The stretch reflex at rest and after muscle work was studied in three cases of Eaton Lambert syndrome. After muscle work a potentiation of the stretch reflex was demonstrated clinically and electrophysiologically. The presence of muscle stretch reflexes and their potentiation after muscle work was correlated with the clinical stage of the disease. The enhancement of the stretch reflex after voluntary effort was absent in normal subjects, myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "The stretch reflex in the Eaton Lambert syndrome, myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy. The stretch reflex at rest and after muscle work was studied in three cases of Eaton Lambert syndrome. After muscle work a potentiation of the stretch reflex was demonstrated clinically and electrophysiologically. The presence of muscle stretch reflexes and their potentiation after muscle work was correlated with the clinical stage of the disease. The enhancement of the stretch reflex after voluntary effort was absent in normal subjects, myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 742351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5058", "title": "Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The results are reported of cardiological examinations, including echocardiography, in nine members of a family suffering from hypokalaemic periodic paralysis, associated with permanent muscular weakness. The studies were performed in periods between attacks of paralysis. The slowly progressive permanent muscular weakness which is found in most of the patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis resembles a limb-girdle type dystrophy. Involvement of cardiac muscle is not uncommon in patients with limb-girdle dystrophy. Using a combination of echocardiography and ECG examination, nowadays the most sensitive screening method for the detection of cardiomyopathy, no evidence was obtained for cardiac involvement in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis patients with permanent muscular weakness.", "contents": "Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and cardiomyopathy. The results are reported of cardiological examinations, including echocardiography, in nine members of a family suffering from hypokalaemic periodic paralysis, associated with permanent muscular weakness. The studies were performed in periods between attacks of paralysis. The slowly progressive permanent muscular weakness which is found in most of the patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis resembles a limb-girdle type dystrophy. Involvement of cardiac muscle is not uncommon in patients with limb-girdle dystrophy. Using a combination of echocardiography and ECG examination, nowadays the most sensitive screening method for the detection of cardiomyopathy, no evidence was obtained for cardiac involvement in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis patients with permanent muscular weakness.", "PMID": 742352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5059", "title": "Influence of clonidine upon sympathetic component of the carotid chemoreceptor reflex.", "content": "The central influence of clonidine on the sympathetic component of carotid chemoreflex was verified in chloraloseurethane anaesthetised cats. The electrical stimulation of sinus nerve evoked only the excitatory responses in the sympathetic cardiac and renal nerve in the full range of stimulus strength. The excitatory response in the sympathetic renal nerve was completely depressed during the central cardiodepressor action of clonidine. Taking into account that the evoked excitatory responses in the sympathetic nerves were mainly the result of chemoreceptor carotid afferent fibre stimulation, it was concluded that clonidine depresses centrally carotid chemoreceptor reflex.", "contents": "Influence of clonidine upon sympathetic component of the carotid chemoreceptor reflex. The central influence of clonidine on the sympathetic component of carotid chemoreflex was verified in chloraloseurethane anaesthetised cats. The electrical stimulation of sinus nerve evoked only the excitatory responses in the sympathetic cardiac and renal nerve in the full range of stimulus strength. The excitatory response in the sympathetic renal nerve was completely depressed during the central cardiodepressor action of clonidine. Taking into account that the evoked excitatory responses in the sympathetic nerves were mainly the result of chemoreceptor carotid afferent fibre stimulation, it was concluded that clonidine depresses centrally carotid chemoreceptor reflex.", "PMID": 742366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5060", "title": "Metabolic responses to adrenaline and muscle glycogen content in dogs treated with thyroxine.", "content": "Lipolytic, hyperglycaemic and lactacidaemic responses to 1h adrenaline infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) were compared in resting dogs before (control) and after prolonged thyroxine (T4) treatment. Besides, the effect of 2-week thyroxine administration on muscle glycogen content, and its changes following adrenaline infusion were examined. Prolonged T4-treatment of dogs resulted in considerable alterations of the metabolic actions of adrenaline. A marked difference between the control and T4-treated dogs was also found in the muscle glycogen content, which was significantly lower in the latter. Both in the control and T4-injected dogs adrenaline infusion caused similar depletion of the muscle glycogen store. However, in all the control animals examined supercompensation of muscle glycogen was noted 1 h following termination of adrenaline infusion, whereas T4-treated dogs were unable of incurring any significant muscle glycogen deposition.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to adrenaline and muscle glycogen content in dogs treated with thyroxine. Lipolytic, hyperglycaemic and lactacidaemic responses to 1h adrenaline infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) were compared in resting dogs before (control) and after prolonged thyroxine (T4) treatment. Besides, the effect of 2-week thyroxine administration on muscle glycogen content, and its changes following adrenaline infusion were examined. Prolonged T4-treatment of dogs resulted in considerable alterations of the metabolic actions of adrenaline. A marked difference between the control and T4-treated dogs was also found in the muscle glycogen content, which was significantly lower in the latter. Both in the control and T4-injected dogs adrenaline infusion caused similar depletion of the muscle glycogen store. However, in all the control animals examined supercompensation of muscle glycogen was noted 1 h following termination of adrenaline infusion, whereas T4-treated dogs were unable of incurring any significant muscle glycogen deposition.", "PMID": 742367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5061", "title": "Influence of long-lasting physical work upon mental and psychomotor performance in relation to the time of day.", "content": "Twenty three women and 20 men (19--27 year old) were tested at different time of day using battery of psychological tests. All subjects were tested every 2 hours continuously for many hours. Between consecutive tests they worked on a bicycle ergometer (series A) or rested in sitting position (series B). The influence of three following factors upon performance level was considered: circadian fluctuations, duration of the experiment, and physical effort preceding testing. Positive influence of physical effort has been shown in psychomotor tests and negative one in mental tests which was especially pronounced at night or in the morning after night work.", "contents": "Influence of long-lasting physical work upon mental and psychomotor performance in relation to the time of day. Twenty three women and 20 men (19--27 year old) were tested at different time of day using battery of psychological tests. All subjects were tested every 2 hours continuously for many hours. Between consecutive tests they worked on a bicycle ergometer (series A) or rested in sitting position (series B). The influence of three following factors upon performance level was considered: circadian fluctuations, duration of the experiment, and physical effort preceding testing. Positive influence of physical effort has been shown in psychomotor tests and negative one in mental tests which was especially pronounced at night or in the morning after night work.", "PMID": 742368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5062", "title": "Leucocyte system in spontanously hypertensive rats (SHR).", "content": "Investigations were carried out on spontanously hypertensive rats (SHR) of F3 and F4 generation of Okamoto-Aoki strain and on normotensive rats (NR) of Wistar strain. Blood pressure was measured by an indirect method. The haematological determinations were carried out using classical methods. The difference between SHR and normotensive rats were found not only in the values of blood pressure and in the number of erythrocytes but also in the number of leucocytes and the haemogram. The percentage of neutrocytes was significantly higher in 5 week-old female SHR than in NR of the some age and sex. The whole number of white cells depended on sex and age of animals but it was always lower in SHR than in NR. This seems to be independent of the changes in blood pressure.", "contents": "Leucocyte system in spontanously hypertensive rats (SHR). Investigations were carried out on spontanously hypertensive rats (SHR) of F3 and F4 generation of Okamoto-Aoki strain and on normotensive rats (NR) of Wistar strain. Blood pressure was measured by an indirect method. The haematological determinations were carried out using classical methods. The difference between SHR and normotensive rats were found not only in the values of blood pressure and in the number of erythrocytes but also in the number of leucocytes and the haemogram. The percentage of neutrocytes was significantly higher in 5 week-old female SHR than in NR of the some age and sex. The whole number of white cells depended on sex and age of animals but it was always lower in SHR than in NR. This seems to be independent of the changes in blood pressure.", "PMID": 742369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5063", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat brain during nephrogenic arterial hypertension and after angiotensin administration.", "content": "The activity of acetylcholinesterase was assessed in the rat brain in nephrogenic hypertension and after angiotensin administration. No significant differences were found in relation to corresponding control groups.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat brain during nephrogenic arterial hypertension and after angiotensin administration. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was assessed in the rat brain in nephrogenic hypertension and after angiotensin administration. No significant differences were found in relation to corresponding control groups.", "PMID": 742371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5064", "title": "Effect of osmotic stimuli on the carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor discharges in cats.", "content": "In 15 cats under chloralose-urethan anaesthesia carotid sinus area was arterially isolated and perfused with artificially pulsatile pressures. Solutions of NaCl, of various osmolality, mannitol, glucose and bicarbonate were locally perfused through the isolated carotid area and the single baroreceptor and chemoreceptor fibre activity was recorded with standard technique. An increase in the osmolality of the perfused fluid evoked an increase of the single baroreceptor discharge. Each pulse pressure produced more spikes of higher frequency in big A type baroreceptor fibres. Clear effects were observed during perfusion of 300 mM NCl solutions. Solutions of higher osmolility transformed rhythmical pulse pressure discharge into continuous baroreceptor firing. The excitatory effects of hyperosmolar solutions were reversible after switching to the perfusion fluids of normal osmolality. An increased activity was also observed in the single carotid chemoreceptor fibres. It is concluded that both baro- and chemoreceptors are sensitive to osmotic stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of osmotic stimuli on the carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor discharges in cats. In 15 cats under chloralose-urethan anaesthesia carotid sinus area was arterially isolated and perfused with artificially pulsatile pressures. Solutions of NaCl, of various osmolality, mannitol, glucose and bicarbonate were locally perfused through the isolated carotid area and the single baroreceptor and chemoreceptor fibre activity was recorded with standard technique. An increase in the osmolality of the perfused fluid evoked an increase of the single baroreceptor discharge. Each pulse pressure produced more spikes of higher frequency in big A type baroreceptor fibres. Clear effects were observed during perfusion of 300 mM NCl solutions. Solutions of higher osmolility transformed rhythmical pulse pressure discharge into continuous baroreceptor firing. The excitatory effects of hyperosmolar solutions were reversible after switching to the perfusion fluids of normal osmolality. An increased activity was also observed in the single carotid chemoreceptor fibres. It is concluded that both baro- and chemoreceptors are sensitive to osmotic stimulation.", "PMID": 742372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5065", "title": "Isotonic capacitive transducer.", "content": "A transducer which changes the angle or elongation into voltage was designed and built. The principle of functioning of this device and technical details were described.", "contents": "Isotonic capacitive transducer. A transducer which changes the angle or elongation into voltage was designed and built. The principle of functioning of this device and technical details were described.", "PMID": 742370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5066", "title": "Studies on the specific dynamic effect of proteins of different nutritional value.", "content": "Using the respiratory method the rise of metabolic rate (specific dynamic effect SDE) was determined in laboratory rats after ingestion of gluten, peas, cottage cheese and ham. The SDE was greatest after ham ingestion, which is a product of high nutritional value, while after gluten ingestion which has a low protein value, the SDE was lowest.", "contents": "Studies on the specific dynamic effect of proteins of different nutritional value. Using the respiratory method the rise of metabolic rate (specific dynamic effect SDE) was determined in laboratory rats after ingestion of gluten, peas, cottage cheese and ham. The SDE was greatest after ham ingestion, which is a product of high nutritional value, while after gluten ingestion which has a low protein value, the SDE was lowest.", "PMID": 742373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5067", "title": "Abnormality in body curvature of Cyprinus carpio after injection of anaesthetics.", "content": "Abnormalities in the body curvatures were noticed in Cyprinus carpio after the injection of anaesthetics, viz. paraldehyde, tertiary butyl alcohol and butanol. These abnormalities occurred behind the dorsal fin and progressively developed over a period of four months. The abnormalities affect the locomotion and speed of swimming of the fish and appear to be due to toxic effects of the anaesthetics.", "contents": "Abnormality in body curvature of Cyprinus carpio after injection of anaesthetics. Abnormalities in the body curvatures were noticed in Cyprinus carpio after the injection of anaesthetics, viz. paraldehyde, tertiary butyl alcohol and butanol. These abnormalities occurred behind the dorsal fin and progressively developed over a period of four months. The abnormalities affect the locomotion and speed of swimming of the fish and appear to be due to toxic effects of the anaesthetics.", "PMID": 742410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5068", "title": "Harelip and cleft palate conditions in chick embryos following local destruction of the cephalic neural crest. A preliminary note.", "content": "With the aid of micro-laser irradiation, in a total of 156 chick embryos unilaterally (a part of) the cephalic neural crest paralleling the posterior portion of the prosencephalon and mesencephalon, was eliminated. As a result of this treatment, 2 out of 22 embryos, studied 24 hours after irradiation, showed a considerable degree of underdevelopment of the mesenchyme in the homolateral first branchial arch. At the age of 7 days (6 days after irradiation) 11 of the 44 surviving embryos proved to have developed a homolateral harelip condition. In 2 of these embryos, a wide palatal cleft was observed as well. These results demonstrate that facial clefts may develop as a result of a local deficiency of neural crest cells.", "contents": "Harelip and cleft palate conditions in chick embryos following local destruction of the cephalic neural crest. A preliminary note. With the aid of micro-laser irradiation, in a total of 156 chick embryos unilaterally (a part of) the cephalic neural crest paralleling the posterior portion of the prosencephalon and mesencephalon, was eliminated. As a result of this treatment, 2 out of 22 embryos, studied 24 hours after irradiation, showed a considerable degree of underdevelopment of the mesenchyme in the homolateral first branchial arch. At the age of 7 days (6 days after irradiation) 11 of the 44 surviving embryos proved to have developed a homolateral harelip condition. In 2 of these embryos, a wide palatal cleft was observed as well. These results demonstrate that facial clefts may develop as a result of a local deficiency of neural crest cells.", "PMID": 742411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5069", "title": "[The role of the adrenal gland in sex determination of the duck embryo].", "content": "In duck embryos, a study was made of the role the suprarenal glands might play in the process of sex determination. The experiments included the transplantation of suprarenal gland taken from embryos aged from 9 to 25 days, into the coelomic cavity of embryos ranging from 71 to 139 hours of age. Out of a total of 388 transplantations, 222 succeeded in the sense that the hosts reached the age, at which the gonads have sexually differentiated. The results show that the implantation of a suprarenal gland does not influence the sex-ratio. Moreover, no disturbances in the development of the gonads were observed. Hence, the conclusion may be drawn that it is highly improbable that the suprarenal gland plays an essential role in the production of substances guiding the differentiation of the gonadal primordia into ovaries or testes.", "contents": "[The role of the adrenal gland in sex determination of the duck embryo]. In duck embryos, a study was made of the role the suprarenal glands might play in the process of sex determination. The experiments included the transplantation of suprarenal gland taken from embryos aged from 9 to 25 days, into the coelomic cavity of embryos ranging from 71 to 139 hours of age. Out of a total of 388 transplantations, 222 succeeded in the sense that the hosts reached the age, at which the gonads have sexually differentiated. The results show that the implantation of a suprarenal gland does not influence the sex-ratio. Moreover, no disturbances in the development of the gonads were observed. Hence, the conclusion may be drawn that it is highly improbable that the suprarenal gland plays an essential role in the production of substances guiding the differentiation of the gonadal primordia into ovaries or testes.", "PMID": 742412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5070", "title": "A review of data on cell actions and cell interaction during the morphogenesis of the embryonic eye.", "content": "The early morphogenesis of the chick embryo seems to be an excellent model-system for study of morphogenetic movements, usually summarized in general terms like invagination, fusion and separation. This article reviews literature data about the early morphogenesis of the eye. The formation of lens vesicle and optic cup, during which invagination, fusion and separation are very important, were seen to represent a finely balanced interplay between cell mitosis, cell differentiation, cell death, cell transformation and cell migration. Differing observations and contradictory interpretations justify a systematic approach to to these embryological questions. We will attempt this in our next study. Apart from microscopic and submicroscopic description of closely succeeding developmental stages, three-dimensional reconstruction techniques will be indispensable to understand the spatial arrangement of the structures concerned.", "contents": "A review of data on cell actions and cell interaction during the morphogenesis of the embryonic eye. The early morphogenesis of the chick embryo seems to be an excellent model-system for study of morphogenetic movements, usually summarized in general terms like invagination, fusion and separation. This article reviews literature data about the early morphogenesis of the eye. The formation of lens vesicle and optic cup, during which invagination, fusion and separation are very important, were seen to represent a finely balanced interplay between cell mitosis, cell differentiation, cell death, cell transformation and cell migration. Differing observations and contradictory interpretations justify a systematic approach to to these embryological questions. We will attempt this in our next study. Apart from microscopic and submicroscopic description of closely succeeding developmental stages, three-dimensional reconstruction techniques will be indispensable to understand the spatial arrangement of the structures concerned.", "PMID": 742413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5071", "title": "Morphological and histochemical studies on the foetal and postnatal ovaries of the field rat (Millardia meltada).", "content": "A morphological and histochemical study has been made of the development of the field rat (Millaridia meltada) ovary with special reference to follicular and interstitial gland tissue development. On day 17 of foetal life, the developing ovary consists of surface epithelium, clusters of germ cells associated with pregranulosa cells, undifferentiated stromal cells and blood vessels. The primordial follicles first appear on foetal day 19. The primary follicles develop on postnatal days 1 and 3, small secondary follicles on days 5 and large ones on day 10; the antral follicles appear on day 17. Zona pellucida material first appears in primary follicles on postnatal day 3. The thecal layer of stromal origin begins to be formed on postnatal day 5. Some lipid bodies consisting of phospholipids are present in the granutosa cells of healthy follicles. Lipids of hypertrophied theca interna cells, which develop on postnatal days 16 and 17, consist of triglycerides and phospholipids; cholesterol and/or its esters also store later on during the postnatal period. Atresia affects follicles of all sizes. The granulosa of atretic large secondary and antral follicles stores triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters and some phospholipids. Their hypertrophied theca interna cells form patches of interstitial gland cells in the ovarian stroma, which develop diffuse lipoproteins and lipid bodies composed of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and phospholipids. Two types of interstitial cells are identified in the developing ovary of the field rat. The primary interstitial cells start developing from the interfollicular fibroblast-like stromal cells on postnatal day 10. The secondary interstitial cells originate by the hypertrophy of the theca interna and surrounding stroma of the atretic follicles and they start accumulating from postnatal day 17 onwards. The lipids of both types of interstitial cells consist of diffusely distributed lipoproteins and lipid droplets composed of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol and/or its esters. The functional meaning of interstitial gland cells is discussed in relation to steroid hormone synthesis.", "contents": "Morphological and histochemical studies on the foetal and postnatal ovaries of the field rat (Millardia meltada). A morphological and histochemical study has been made of the development of the field rat (Millaridia meltada) ovary with special reference to follicular and interstitial gland tissue development. On day 17 of foetal life, the developing ovary consists of surface epithelium, clusters of germ cells associated with pregranulosa cells, undifferentiated stromal cells and blood vessels. The primordial follicles first appear on foetal day 19. The primary follicles develop on postnatal days 1 and 3, small secondary follicles on days 5 and large ones on day 10; the antral follicles appear on day 17. Zona pellucida material first appears in primary follicles on postnatal day 3. The thecal layer of stromal origin begins to be formed on postnatal day 5. Some lipid bodies consisting of phospholipids are present in the granutosa cells of healthy follicles. Lipids of hypertrophied theca interna cells, which develop on postnatal days 16 and 17, consist of triglycerides and phospholipids; cholesterol and/or its esters also store later on during the postnatal period. Atresia affects follicles of all sizes. The granulosa of atretic large secondary and antral follicles stores triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters and some phospholipids. Their hypertrophied theca interna cells form patches of interstitial gland cells in the ovarian stroma, which develop diffuse lipoproteins and lipid bodies composed of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and phospholipids. Two types of interstitial cells are identified in the developing ovary of the field rat. The primary interstitial cells start developing from the interfollicular fibroblast-like stromal cells on postnatal day 10. The secondary interstitial cells originate by the hypertrophy of the theca interna and surrounding stroma of the atretic follicles and they start accumulating from postnatal day 17 onwards. The lipids of both types of interstitial cells consist of diffusely distributed lipoproteins and lipid droplets composed of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol and/or its esters. The functional meaning of interstitial gland cells is discussed in relation to steroid hormone synthesis.", "PMID": 742414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5072", "title": "Seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of birds.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of the house crow, the common mina, the bank mina, the house sparrow and the roseringed parakeet. Their left testis usually attains a larger size and higher weight than the right one. These differences are more pronounced during the breeding seasons.", "contents": "Seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of birds. A comparative study has been made of the seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of the house crow, the common mina, the bank mina, the house sparrow and the roseringed parakeet. Their left testis usually attains a larger size and higher weight than the right one. These differences are more pronounced during the breeding seasons.", "PMID": 742415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5073", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the rat cerebellar cortex during methionine sulphoximine convulsions.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the rat cerebellar cortex and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase were examined during methionine sulphoximine (MSO)-provoked convulsions. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 12 hours after the injection of 600 mg/kg of MSO. Convulsions appeared 4--5 hours, status epilepticus developed 8-9 hours after the injection. Progressive ischaemic changes of Purkinje cells could be observed, with condensation of the nucleus and a density of the cytoplasmic matrix. The cisternae of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum showed some degree of dilation. The basis of Purkinje cells was surrounded by distorted axons and terminals that had lost in most cases the synaptic vesicles, and by clear spaces due to the swollen glial processes. Three to six hours after MSO injection, succinic dehydrogenase activity increased in the mitochondria of Purkinje cells. After the appearance of seizures the enzyme activity decreased. Twelve hours after the injection the enzyme activity recovered to a certain extent.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the rat cerebellar cortex during methionine sulphoximine convulsions. The ultrastructure of the rat cerebellar cortex and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase were examined during methionine sulphoximine (MSO)-provoked convulsions. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 12 hours after the injection of 600 mg/kg of MSO. Convulsions appeared 4--5 hours, status epilepticus developed 8-9 hours after the injection. Progressive ischaemic changes of Purkinje cells could be observed, with condensation of the nucleus and a density of the cytoplasmic matrix. The cisternae of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum showed some degree of dilation. The basis of Purkinje cells was surrounded by distorted axons and terminals that had lost in most cases the synaptic vesicles, and by clear spaces due to the swollen glial processes. Three to six hours after MSO injection, succinic dehydrogenase activity increased in the mitochondria of Purkinje cells. After the appearance of seizures the enzyme activity decreased. Twelve hours after the injection the enzyme activity recovered to a certain extent.", "PMID": 742416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5074", "title": "The arterial and venous blood supply of the preoptic region in the rat.", "content": "A study has been made of the arterial and venous circulation of the preoptic region in the rat, using the double Indian ink technique. A detailed description is offered on supply of the nucleus preopticus medialis, lateralis, suprachiasmatis and periventricularis, as well as of the nucleus interstitialis striae criminalis and of the preoptic portion of the medical forebrain bundle. The arteries of the region emerge from the anterior communicans artery and from the anterior cerebral artery. The blood of the region is collected by the anterior cerebral artery. Veins collected by the v. cerebri magna, are also running dorsalwards from the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis. The blood supply of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis is described with special regard to its vascular connection with the preoptic nuclei.", "contents": "The arterial and venous blood supply of the preoptic region in the rat. A study has been made of the arterial and venous circulation of the preoptic region in the rat, using the double Indian ink technique. A detailed description is offered on supply of the nucleus preopticus medialis, lateralis, suprachiasmatis and periventricularis, as well as of the nucleus interstitialis striae criminalis and of the preoptic portion of the medical forebrain bundle. The arteries of the region emerge from the anterior communicans artery and from the anterior cerebral artery. The blood of the region is collected by the anterior cerebral artery. Veins collected by the v. cerebri magna, are also running dorsalwards from the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis. The blood supply of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis is described with special regard to its vascular connection with the preoptic nuclei.", "PMID": 742417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5075", "title": "Tubuloreticular structures in the orbicularis oculi muscle of the human eye.", "content": "Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) were observed in the orbicularis oculi muscle of two patients operated on senile inversion of the lower eyelid. The structures formed occasionally loose or solid networks similar as those observed in endothelial cells, blood lymphocytes, fibroblasts and muscle cells in association with viral infections, autoimmune diseases, tumors and other tissue destructions and muscle diseases. The tubuloreticular derive form the plasma membrane by the formation of multiple cavities. Their appearance is interpreted as a specific cellular response.", "contents": "Tubuloreticular structures in the orbicularis oculi muscle of the human eye. Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) were observed in the orbicularis oculi muscle of two patients operated on senile inversion of the lower eyelid. The structures formed occasionally loose or solid networks similar as those observed in endothelial cells, blood lymphocytes, fibroblasts and muscle cells in association with viral infections, autoimmune diseases, tumors and other tissue destructions and muscle diseases. The tubuloreticular derive form the plasma membrane by the formation of multiple cavities. Their appearance is interpreted as a specific cellular response.", "PMID": 742418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5076", "title": "Ascending brain stem pathways to the diencephalon and limbic regions: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.", "content": "Total and partial meso-diencephalic transections and lesions of the central gray matter were performed to trace with the Fink--Heimer silver impregnation method the ascending brain stem pathways to the forebrain. Most of these pathways are located near the midline at the level of their entry into the diencephalon. Fibers directed to the hypothalamus either leave the central gray matter and proceed rostralwards in the periventricular tissue layers, or, after traversing the ventral tegmental area, join the medial forebrain bundle. It can be established on the basis of electron microscopical studies that the ascending brain stem pathways project to all hypothalamic nuclei and to the median eminence.", "contents": "Ascending brain stem pathways to the diencephalon and limbic regions: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat. Total and partial meso-diencephalic transections and lesions of the central gray matter were performed to trace with the Fink--Heimer silver impregnation method the ascending brain stem pathways to the forebrain. Most of these pathways are located near the midline at the level of their entry into the diencephalon. Fibers directed to the hypothalamus either leave the central gray matter and proceed rostralwards in the periventricular tissue layers, or, after traversing the ventral tegmental area, join the medial forebrain bundle. It can be established on the basis of electron microscopical studies that the ascending brain stem pathways project to all hypothalamic nuclei and to the median eminence.", "PMID": 742419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5077", "title": "Cerebral glucose and energy metabolism, cerebral oxygen consumption, and blood flow in arterial hypoxaemia.", "content": "The influence of moderately reduced arterial oxygen tension (aPO2 of about 45 Torr) on the metabolism and the blood flow of the brain was tested in 20 anaesthetized, artificially ventilated normotensive, normocapnic beagle dogs. It is demonstrated that the decrease in systemic oxygen delivery to the brain is countered by an appropriate increase in flow (CBF being 60.3 ml/100 g min at normoxia and 84.5 mg/100 g min in hypoxaemia) which maintained the cerebral oxygen consumption unchanged (CMRO2 3.80 versus 3.32 ml/100 g min). The cortical tissue content of energy-rich phosphates such as ATP, ADP, AMP, and phosphocreatine was also found to be unaltered. Neuropathological examinations excluded any hypoxic cell damage. This reactive vasodilatory reaction of the cerebral vessels is apparently a sensitive regulatory process which protects the brain against marked oxygen lack. However, a normal carbohydrate metabolism is not restored by this cerebrovascular mechanism. For, significantly increased CMRlactate (0.32 versus 1.46 ml/100 g min) indicated raised cerebral glycolysis, and the tissue metabolites of glucose suggested an increased glycolytic flux in the brain. It is concluded that in moderate arterial hypoxaemia, which is not uncommon in clinical practice, cerebral blood flow plays an effective homeostatic role in preventing a disturbance of the energy metabolism of the brain.", "contents": "Cerebral glucose and energy metabolism, cerebral oxygen consumption, and blood flow in arterial hypoxaemia. The influence of moderately reduced arterial oxygen tension (aPO2 of about 45 Torr) on the metabolism and the blood flow of the brain was tested in 20 anaesthetized, artificially ventilated normotensive, normocapnic beagle dogs. It is demonstrated that the decrease in systemic oxygen delivery to the brain is countered by an appropriate increase in flow (CBF being 60.3 ml/100 g min at normoxia and 84.5 mg/100 g min in hypoxaemia) which maintained the cerebral oxygen consumption unchanged (CMRO2 3.80 versus 3.32 ml/100 g min). The cortical tissue content of energy-rich phosphates such as ATP, ADP, AMP, and phosphocreatine was also found to be unaltered. Neuropathological examinations excluded any hypoxic cell damage. This reactive vasodilatory reaction of the cerebral vessels is apparently a sensitive regulatory process which protects the brain against marked oxygen lack. However, a normal carbohydrate metabolism is not restored by this cerebrovascular mechanism. For, significantly increased CMRlactate (0.32 versus 1.46 ml/100 g min) indicated raised cerebral glycolysis, and the tissue metabolites of glucose suggested an increased glycolytic flux in the brain. It is concluded that in moderate arterial hypoxaemia, which is not uncommon in clinical practice, cerebral blood flow plays an effective homeostatic role in preventing a disturbance of the energy metabolism of the brain.", "PMID": 742420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5078", "title": "The course of intracranial pressure and volume-pressure relationships following extirpation of meningiomas and astrocytomas.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with meningiomas were compared with 37 patients with astrocytomas with respect to the postoperative course of their ICP and elastance. In the case of the meningioma patients, the ICP increased on average over a longer period and achieved higher values than in the astrocytoma patients. In the first group, the elastance attained values that were three times as high as in the second group. There was no fixed relationship between pressure and elastance in the two groups of patients.", "contents": "The course of intracranial pressure and volume-pressure relationships following extirpation of meningiomas and astrocytomas. Thirty-five patients with meningiomas were compared with 37 patients with astrocytomas with respect to the postoperative course of their ICP and elastance. In the case of the meningioma patients, the ICP increased on average over a longer period and achieved higher values than in the astrocytoma patients. In the first group, the elastance attained values that were three times as high as in the second group. There was no fixed relationship between pressure and elastance in the two groups of patients.", "PMID": 742421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5079", "title": "Computerized axial tomography for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis.", "content": "Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) has proved extremely useful for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis. The calcified small, multiple, and scattered cysts provide a typical image on CAT. The collection of non-calcified cysts in the subarachnoid spaces (racemose form) or in the ventricles may produce areas of low density similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid. The dilatation of the ventricular system, extreme degrees of hydrocephalus, areas of cerebral atrophy, and other related changes induced by the cysts in the subarachnoid spaces are also clearly shown in the CAT. Four personal cases are reported.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) has proved extremely useful for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis. The calcified small, multiple, and scattered cysts provide a typical image on CAT. The collection of non-calcified cysts in the subarachnoid spaces (racemose form) or in the ventricles may produce areas of low density similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid. The dilatation of the ventricular system, extreme degrees of hydrocephalus, areas of cerebral atrophy, and other related changes induced by the cysts in the subarachnoid spaces are also clearly shown in the CAT. Four personal cases are reported.", "PMID": 742423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5080", "title": "Aseptic meningitis and hydrocephalus after posterior fossa surgery.", "content": "In an attempt to define the tissue of origin of substances causing aseptic meningitis and secondary hydrocephalus after posterior fossa surgery, analysis of several marker substances from blood, brain, tumour and muscle in the CSF was performed early in seven postoperative patients. No clear pattern emerged which could relate the substances, CSF reaction, and meningeal scarring. The effects of various factors such as contrast studies, drainage, and steroids were also not clear. Review of the literature reveals that all four tissues can cause inflammation. Certain facts about the anatomy of the basilar cisterns and arachnoid villi probably make them logical sites for problems in CFS circulation. Children, for several reasons, are most susceptible to this complication. The complexity of factors in human cases suggests that the problem should be studied in an animal model.", "contents": "Aseptic meningitis and hydrocephalus after posterior fossa surgery. In an attempt to define the tissue of origin of substances causing aseptic meningitis and secondary hydrocephalus after posterior fossa surgery, analysis of several marker substances from blood, brain, tumour and muscle in the CSF was performed early in seven postoperative patients. No clear pattern emerged which could relate the substances, CSF reaction, and meningeal scarring. The effects of various factors such as contrast studies, drainage, and steroids were also not clear. Review of the literature reveals that all four tissues can cause inflammation. Certain facts about the anatomy of the basilar cisterns and arachnoid villi probably make them logical sites for problems in CFS circulation. Children, for several reasons, are most susceptible to this complication. The complexity of factors in human cases suggests that the problem should be studied in an animal model.", "PMID": 742422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5081", "title": "A case of fatal cryptococcus meningitis with intraventricular granuloma.", "content": "Differential diagnostic difficulties in a case of probably spontaneous cryptococcus meningitis in a young girl are the reason for an extensive presentation of this case. The problems of CSF examination are discussed. In the course of the disease an intraventricular mycetoma had arisen, and caused the picture of a space-occupying process. Histological examination revealed an atypical reaction of the perifocal brain tissue, the possible causes of which are evaluated.", "contents": "A case of fatal cryptococcus meningitis with intraventricular granuloma. Differential diagnostic difficulties in a case of probably spontaneous cryptococcus meningitis in a young girl are the reason for an extensive presentation of this case. The problems of CSF examination are discussed. In the course of the disease an intraventricular mycetoma had arisen, and caused the picture of a space-occupying process. Histological examination revealed an atypical reaction of the perifocal brain tissue, the possible causes of which are evaluated.", "PMID": 742425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5082", "title": "The influence of the decompressive operation on the intracranial pressure and the pressure-volume relation in patients with severe head injuries.", "content": "Measurements of intracranial pressure by ventricular catheter were performed in 47 patients with severe head injuries. Thirty-three patients with decompressive operations such as osteoclastic craniotomy and dilatation by means of duraplastic have been compared with 14 patients with closed heads with regard to volume pressure response (intracranial elasticity). This was determined either by intraventricular injection of 2ml saline or by drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. The examination clearly shows that patients with closed heads have a much higher intracranial elasticity than patients who have decompressive operations, so that in the first group minor differences of the intracranial volume cause extreme deviations of the intracranial pressure. Therefore, the decompressive operation has been advised in severe head injuries with increased intracranial pressure as a measure additional to high dose dexamethasone therapy and hyperventilation.", "contents": "The influence of the decompressive operation on the intracranial pressure and the pressure-volume relation in patients with severe head injuries. Measurements of intracranial pressure by ventricular catheter were performed in 47 patients with severe head injuries. Thirty-three patients with decompressive operations such as osteoclastic craniotomy and dilatation by means of duraplastic have been compared with 14 patients with closed heads with regard to volume pressure response (intracranial elasticity). This was determined either by intraventricular injection of 2ml saline or by drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. The examination clearly shows that patients with closed heads have a much higher intracranial elasticity than patients who have decompressive operations, so that in the first group minor differences of the intracranial volume cause extreme deviations of the intracranial pressure. Therefore, the decompressive operation has been advised in severe head injuries with increased intracranial pressure as a measure additional to high dose dexamethasone therapy and hyperventilation.", "PMID": 742427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5083", "title": "Chronic depth electrodes study of one case of bitemporal epilepsy due to glial tumour. Some physiopathological considerations.", "content": "The authors describe a seventeen-years-old girl suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. The neuroradiological studies demonstrated a slow-growing glial tumour seated deeply in the right temporo-occipital region. Scalp EEG demonstrated a bilateral asynchronous temporal focus without definite lateralization. Chronic depth electrodes recording allowed identification of a primary epileptogenic area in the right rhinencephalic structures. Radiofrequency lesions performed in the right amygdala and anterior third of right Ammon's horn abolished the seizures at ten months follow up.", "contents": "Chronic depth electrodes study of one case of bitemporal epilepsy due to glial tumour. Some physiopathological considerations. The authors describe a seventeen-years-old girl suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. The neuroradiological studies demonstrated a slow-growing glial tumour seated deeply in the right temporo-occipital region. Scalp EEG demonstrated a bilateral asynchronous temporal focus without definite lateralization. Chronic depth electrodes recording allowed identification of a primary epileptogenic area in the right rhinencephalic structures. Radiofrequency lesions performed in the right amygdala and anterior third of right Ammon's horn abolished the seizures at ten months follow up.", "PMID": 742430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5084", "title": "Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system in young adults and its surgical consideration.", "content": "A young diabetic man with recurrent attacks of headache, dizziness, and blurred vision who was originally thought to have episodes of hypoglycaemia, underwent investigation for the possibility of an occlusive cerebrovascular disease; and eventually was operated upon for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The young age, the degree of occlusive disease, the clinical picture, and the surgical results in this patient on the one hand, and the scanty literature on the other prompted this report.", "contents": "Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system in young adults and its surgical consideration. A young diabetic man with recurrent attacks of headache, dizziness, and blurred vision who was originally thought to have episodes of hypoglycaemia, underwent investigation for the possibility of an occlusive cerebrovascular disease; and eventually was operated upon for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The young age, the degree of occlusive disease, the clinical picture, and the surgical results in this patient on the one hand, and the scanty literature on the other prompted this report.", "PMID": 742431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5085", "title": "The influence of intravenous anaesthetic agents on primarily increased intracranial pressure.", "content": "In the choice of anaesthetics and techniques the danger of a possible progressive increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) should be considered. Therefore the influence of intravenous anaesthetic agents on mean arterial pressure, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in patients with primarily increased ICP was observed under standard conditions for 20-40 minutes. Etomidate, thiopentone, propanidid, and ketamine showed remarkable effects on ICP, even in patients with disturbed cerebro-vascular reactivity. Etomidate and thiopentone cause a fall of ICP by 26%. Because of its stabilizing effects on circulation etomidate does not induce a reduction of CPP, whereas thiopentone will do so because of its depressing effect on blood pressure. Propanidid appears to be a less suitable agent when there is raised ICP, because it induces fluctuations of ICP and blood pressure up to the third minute after injection. According to our results, monoanaesthesia with ketamine cannot be recommended when there is increased ICP because it causes a prolonged increase in ICP, and reduction of blood pressure and CPP.", "contents": "The influence of intravenous anaesthetic agents on primarily increased intracranial pressure. In the choice of anaesthetics and techniques the danger of a possible progressive increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) should be considered. Therefore the influence of intravenous anaesthetic agents on mean arterial pressure, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in patients with primarily increased ICP was observed under standard conditions for 20-40 minutes. Etomidate, thiopentone, propanidid, and ketamine showed remarkable effects on ICP, even in patients with disturbed cerebro-vascular reactivity. Etomidate and thiopentone cause a fall of ICP by 26%. Because of its stabilizing effects on circulation etomidate does not induce a reduction of CPP, whereas thiopentone will do so because of its depressing effect on blood pressure. Propanidid appears to be a less suitable agent when there is raised ICP, because it induces fluctuations of ICP and blood pressure up to the third minute after injection. According to our results, monoanaesthesia with ketamine cannot be recommended when there is increased ICP because it causes a prolonged increase in ICP, and reduction of blood pressure and CPP.", "PMID": 742432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5086", "title": "Intracranial tuberculomas and the CAT scan.", "content": "Tuberculomas of the brain are rare in the United States. Although CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanning cannot distinguish these infections from other intracranial mass lesions, it provides a non-invasive technique with which to follow the course of presumptive lesions during medical therapy, and with which to search for clinically unsuspected infections. The necessity for and timing of surgery can be considered more easily with this technique. Two cases are presented with their CAT scans, including one example of the disappearance of a presumptive tuberculoma, during appropriate medical therapy.", "contents": "Intracranial tuberculomas and the CAT scan. Tuberculomas of the brain are rare in the United States. Although CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanning cannot distinguish these infections from other intracranial mass lesions, it provides a non-invasive technique with which to follow the course of presumptive lesions during medical therapy, and with which to search for clinically unsuspected infections. The necessity for and timing of surgery can be considered more easily with this technique. Two cases are presented with their CAT scans, including one example of the disappearance of a presumptive tuberculoma, during appropriate medical therapy.", "PMID": 742433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5087", "title": "Intracranial malignant cartilaginous tumours. Report of two cases and review of literature.", "content": "We report two cases of basicranial chondrosarcomas. Intracranial chondrosarcomas are particularly rare, amounting to 0.15% of all intracranial tumours. Their most frequent location is the skull base (76.19%), and more precisely the middle cranial fossa, as they arise from the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Some intracerebral chondrosarcomas have also been reported. We also refer shortly to another kind of malignant cartilaginous neoplasm that was recently identified by Lichtenstein and Bernstein (1959). This is the mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Fifteen cases of this have been reported.", "contents": "Intracranial malignant cartilaginous tumours. Report of two cases and review of literature. We report two cases of basicranial chondrosarcomas. Intracranial chondrosarcomas are particularly rare, amounting to 0.15% of all intracranial tumours. Their most frequent location is the skull base (76.19%), and more precisely the middle cranial fossa, as they arise from the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Some intracerebral chondrosarcomas have also been reported. We also refer shortly to another kind of malignant cartilaginous neoplasm that was recently identified by Lichtenstein and Bernstein (1959). This is the mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Fifteen cases of this have been reported.", "PMID": 742434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5088", "title": "Extradural haemangiolipoma in the spinal canal. Two cases presenting during pregnancy.", "content": "Extradural spinal haemangiolipomas are very rare but they account for forty per cent of all lipomas in this position. The two cases described here were middleaged women who both had a paraparesis during their pregnancy which remitted after parturition. Both tumours were in the thoracic region on the posterior surface of the dura. The histological appearances were those of a lipoma with a definite capillary component. The pathogenesis of the relapsing and remitting paraplegia and its relationship with pregnancy is probably multi-factorial. It is proposed that both blood volume and extra-cellular fluid volume changes occurring during pregnancy may be responsible for the fluctuating cord compression. Similarly the hypothesis is put forward that due to the vascularity of the tumour it exerts a \"steal\" phenomenon over the blood supply to the adjacent cord. Also, because of its vascularity, the tumour could have a pulsatile compressive effect on the cord.", "contents": "Extradural haemangiolipoma in the spinal canal. Two cases presenting during pregnancy. Extradural spinal haemangiolipomas are very rare but they account for forty per cent of all lipomas in this position. The two cases described here were middleaged women who both had a paraparesis during their pregnancy which remitted after parturition. Both tumours were in the thoracic region on the posterior surface of the dura. The histological appearances were those of a lipoma with a definite capillary component. The pathogenesis of the relapsing and remitting paraplegia and its relationship with pregnancy is probably multi-factorial. It is proposed that both blood volume and extra-cellular fluid volume changes occurring during pregnancy may be responsible for the fluctuating cord compression. Similarly the hypothesis is put forward that due to the vascularity of the tumour it exerts a \"steal\" phenomenon over the blood supply to the adjacent cord. Also, because of its vascularity, the tumour could have a pulsatile compressive effect on the cord.", "PMID": 742436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5089", "title": "Pressure distribution on the wall of experimental aneurysms.", "content": "Since it is known that turbulent flow exists in aneurysms, we have investigated whether pressure might be distributed unevenly on the aneurysmal wall, and whether it varies with the shape and size of the aneurysm and its orifice diameter as well as with the direction of blood flow in the parent vessel. It was found that in some instances, such as with aneurysms having narrow necks and situated at 90 degrees to the parent vessel blood flow, aneurysmal pressure is relatively low.", "contents": "Pressure distribution on the wall of experimental aneurysms. Since it is known that turbulent flow exists in aneurysms, we have investigated whether pressure might be distributed unevenly on the aneurysmal wall, and whether it varies with the shape and size of the aneurysm and its orifice diameter as well as with the direction of blood flow in the parent vessel. It was found that in some instances, such as with aneurysms having narrow necks and situated at 90 degrees to the parent vessel blood flow, aneurysmal pressure is relatively low.", "PMID": 742437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5090", "title": "Carotid ligation for the treatment of carotid artery aneurysms. Pre- and peroperative studies of the cerebral blood flow with an intravenous isotope technique.", "content": "Carotid ligation was performed in a series of 30 consecutive cases of infraclinoid aneurysms, of which 6 had not ruptured, and 9 cases of supraclinoid aneurysms. Fifteen of the ruptured aneurysms were operated on before, and 18 after, the eleventh day after bleeding. The internal carotid artery was primarily ligated in four cases, with two deaths, and in one case lasting hemiparesis occurred. In the rest of the cases, the common carotid artery was primarily ligated without operative mortality. After varying intervals, the internal carotid artery was ligated both in the neck and intracranially in 25 cases. In three cases late complications occurred due to embolus and thrombosis, resulting in one death. In four cases there were transient symptoms caused by insufficient cerebral circulation.  The cerebral circulation was investigated in 23 cases using an intravenous isotope technique before and after ligation of the common carotid artery. In each of the cases the circulatory values were sufficient, with a slight diminishing of the flow on the ligated side. After ligation of the internal carotid artery at a later stage the flow in both hemispheres increased. This finding has been interpreted as being due to the interruption by internal carotid ligation of the retrograde internal carotid flow that occurs after common carotid ligation. In five cases aorto-cervical angiography was performed some months after ligation of the common carotid artery, and in four a retrograde flow in the internal carotid artery on the ligated side was shown. In accordance with the results obtained suggestions are made for carotid ligation in the treatment of carotid aneurysms not accessible for neck ligation.", "contents": "Carotid ligation for the treatment of carotid artery aneurysms. Pre- and peroperative studies of the cerebral blood flow with an intravenous isotope technique. Carotid ligation was performed in a series of 30 consecutive cases of infraclinoid aneurysms, of which 6 had not ruptured, and 9 cases of supraclinoid aneurysms. Fifteen of the ruptured aneurysms were operated on before, and 18 after, the eleventh day after bleeding. The internal carotid artery was primarily ligated in four cases, with two deaths, and in one case lasting hemiparesis occurred. In the rest of the cases, the common carotid artery was primarily ligated without operative mortality. After varying intervals, the internal carotid artery was ligated both in the neck and intracranially in 25 cases. In three cases late complications occurred due to embolus and thrombosis, resulting in one death. In four cases there were transient symptoms caused by insufficient cerebral circulation.  The cerebral circulation was investigated in 23 cases using an intravenous isotope technique before and after ligation of the common carotid artery. In each of the cases the circulatory values were sufficient, with a slight diminishing of the flow on the ligated side. After ligation of the internal carotid artery at a later stage the flow in both hemispheres increased. This finding has been interpreted as being due to the interruption by internal carotid ligation of the retrograde internal carotid flow that occurs after common carotid ligation. In five cases aorto-cervical angiography was performed some months after ligation of the common carotid artery, and in four a retrograde flow in the internal carotid artery on the ligated side was shown. In accordance with the results obtained suggestions are made for carotid ligation in the treatment of carotid aneurysms not accessible for neck ligation.", "PMID": 742438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5091", "title": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gamma camera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. Part 4: A unifying criterion of the development of hydrocephalic syndrome. Its dynamic basis.", "content": "In the final part of this series we present all of the clinical material, and the patients are classified by different cisternographic syndromes on the dynamic basis offered for our method: dynamic disconnection between ventricular system and basal cisterns, brain atrophy, initial dynamic decompensation or prehydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus with and without epicortical fluid circulation. A nomogram method for clinical estimation of CSF production based on the mathematical properties of our analysis of the ventricular reflux is proposed. The different normal and pathological characteristics of fluid movements in the spinal canal are given, and their importance as signs of turbulence in the posterior fossa are emphasized. Different aspects of the dynamics of CSF production are shown and discussed, and an evolving conception of hydrocephalus development is presented.", "contents": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gamma camera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. Part 4: A unifying criterion of the development of hydrocephalic syndrome. Its dynamic basis. In the final part of this series we present all of the clinical material, and the patients are classified by different cisternographic syndromes on the dynamic basis offered for our method: dynamic disconnection between ventricular system and basal cisterns, brain atrophy, initial dynamic decompensation or prehydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus with and without epicortical fluid circulation. A nomogram method for clinical estimation of CSF production based on the mathematical properties of our analysis of the ventricular reflux is proposed. The different normal and pathological characteristics of fluid movements in the spinal canal are given, and their importance as signs of turbulence in the posterior fossa are emphasized. Different aspects of the dynamics of CSF production are shown and discussed, and an evolving conception of hydrocephalus development is presented.", "PMID": 742439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5092", "title": "Overdrainage phenomena in shunt treated hydrocephalus.", "content": "In addition to the high rate of shunt complications due to obstruction and infection there is a considerable number of undesirable side effects caused by excessive drainage of CSF. Four hundred shunt treated patients are analyzed for overdrainage signs: acute decompression symptoms produced by upward shifting of the brain stem, low pressure headaches (mostly transient), and microcephaly and head deformities like scaphocephaly in infants. Skull X-ray changes reflect adjustment to reduced intracranial content. Slit ventricles and a marked intolerance to minimal pressure rises may be quite troublesome. Subdural haematomas are only exceptionally space-occupying; in most instances they are space-filling. Causes, incidence, management, and prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Overdrainage phenomena in shunt treated hydrocephalus. In addition to the high rate of shunt complications due to obstruction and infection there is a considerable number of undesirable side effects caused by excessive drainage of CSF. Four hundred shunt treated patients are analyzed for overdrainage signs: acute decompression symptoms produced by upward shifting of the brain stem, low pressure headaches (mostly transient), and microcephaly and head deformities like scaphocephaly in infants. Skull X-ray changes reflect adjustment to reduced intracranial content. Slit ventricles and a marked intolerance to minimal pressure rises may be quite troublesome. Subdural haematomas are only exceptionally space-occupying; in most instances they are space-filling. Causes, incidence, management, and prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 742440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5093", "title": "Milieu therapy with the adolescent sociopath.", "content": "This paper defines sociopathy, presents current research experimentation being conducted and findings as to its causes and treatment. Also presented is a description of a milieu therapy program for the adolescent sociopath. Both preventive and active treatment methods in this program are discussed. The value of the milieu therapy approach is shown in its attempt to keep the adolescent sociopath engaged in constructive activities and relationships in order to overcome antisocial behavior patterns. With the failure of individual therapy alone to reinforce normal living patterns and overcome lack of socialization functions in the adolescent sociopath, a more comprehensive and effective approach is required. Such an approach is described in which the following are stressed: 1) prevention of incarceration, 2) prevention of rejection by parents, peers and teachers, 3) active treatment of hyperkinesis and specific learning disabilities, 4) utilization of \"sponsors,\" and 5) multiple therapist (family, group, individual) programs.", "contents": "Milieu therapy with the adolescent sociopath. This paper defines sociopathy, presents current research experimentation being conducted and findings as to its causes and treatment. Also presented is a description of a milieu therapy program for the adolescent sociopath. Both preventive and active treatment methods in this program are discussed. The value of the milieu therapy approach is shown in its attempt to keep the adolescent sociopath engaged in constructive activities and relationships in order to overcome antisocial behavior patterns. With the failure of individual therapy alone to reinforce normal living patterns and overcome lack of socialization functions in the adolescent sociopath, a more comprehensive and effective approach is required. Such an approach is described in which the following are stressed: 1) prevention of incarceration, 2) prevention of rejection by parents, peers and teachers, 3) active treatment of hyperkinesis and specific learning disabilities, 4) utilization of \"sponsors,\" and 5) multiple therapist (family, group, individual) programs.", "PMID": 742457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5094", "title": "Body build stereotypes and self-identification in three age groups of females.", "content": "Body build stereotypes of three age groups (6, 15, and 19 years old) of average weight and \"heavy\" female students were studied. First, the students were asked to circle one adjective from each of 28 antonym pairs, which was \"most like\" themselves. Concurrently, side-view figures of a female endormorph, an ectomorph, and a mesomorph were shown to each student. The figures were of the approximate age of the student. She was asked to point to one of the figures which \"best fit\" the adjectives in each of the 18 antonym pairs as they were read aloud. Lastly, each student was asked to choose one of the figures which \"most looked\" like themselves and the one which they would most want to \"look like\". Thus, discrepancies could be detected between one's self description and one's description of others with a very similar physique. The hypothesis that females would have similar physique preferences and aversions as those of males in a previous study (3) was confirmed. Females preferred the mesomorph figure (p less than .001) and at least favored the endomorph figure (p less than .001). The ectomorph figure was viewed less negatively than the endomorph figure (p less than .01). The youngest group showed more preference towards the endomorph and ectomorph figures then did the two older groups. \"Heavy\" physique students rejected the behavioral stereotypes descriptive of themselves even though they earlier had associated the very same stereotypes to the physique most like their own.", "contents": "Body build stereotypes and self-identification in three age groups of females. Body build stereotypes of three age groups (6, 15, and 19 years old) of average weight and \"heavy\" female students were studied. First, the students were asked to circle one adjective from each of 28 antonym pairs, which was \"most like\" themselves. Concurrently, side-view figures of a female endormorph, an ectomorph, and a mesomorph were shown to each student. The figures were of the approximate age of the student. She was asked to point to one of the figures which \"best fit\" the adjectives in each of the 18 antonym pairs as they were read aloud. Lastly, each student was asked to choose one of the figures which \"most looked\" like themselves and the one which they would most want to \"look like\". Thus, discrepancies could be detected between one's self description and one's description of others with a very similar physique. The hypothesis that females would have similar physique preferences and aversions as those of males in a previous study (3) was confirmed. Females preferred the mesomorph figure (p less than .001) and at least favored the endomorph figure (p less than .001). The ectomorph figure was viewed less negatively than the endomorph figure (p less than .01). The youngest group showed more preference towards the endomorph and ectomorph figures then did the two older groups. \"Heavy\" physique students rejected the behavioral stereotypes descriptive of themselves even though they earlier had associated the very same stereotypes to the physique most like their own.", "PMID": 742460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5095", "title": "Attitudes toward death in adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors.", "content": "Introductory remarks are directed toward a brief review of the literature on the psychological problems of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust, and the paucity of research on offspring of these survivors. A discussion of three adolescents who were in a residential treatment program in Jerusalem, Israel, is proffered. Biographical data, diagnostic categories, review of TAT responses, their ability or inability in forming relationships, and some examples of dreams are presented. A section is devoted to some general underlying assumptions--including an analysis of the concepts \"survivor guilt,\" \"repressed agression,\" and \"isolation of affect\".", "contents": "Attitudes toward death in adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors. Introductory remarks are directed toward a brief review of the literature on the psychological problems of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust, and the paucity of research on offspring of these survivors. A discussion of three adolescents who were in a residential treatment program in Jerusalem, Israel, is proffered. Biographical data, diagnostic categories, review of TAT responses, their ability or inability in forming relationships, and some examples of dreams are presented. A section is devoted to some general underlying assumptions--including an analysis of the concepts \"survivor guilt,\" \"repressed agression,\" and \"isolation of affect\".", "PMID": 742462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5096", "title": "Adolescents' attempted influence on parental behaviors.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the extent to which adolescents attempt to influence the everyday behaviors of their parents. Questionnaires given to 84 adolescents (mean age 17.6 years) and their parents asked the respondents to indicate which of 31 parental behaviors the adolescent had attempted to influence and whether or not this influence resulted in parental behavior change. Results indicate that total attempted influence correlated significantly and positively with adolescent need for autonomy and significantly but negatively with father's need for dominance. Adolescents perceived attempted influence on more behaviors than did parents, and more influence attempts were reported directed toward mothers than fathers. Differences between the types of parental behaviors that attracted adolescent influence and those that did not are discussed.", "contents": "Adolescents' attempted influence on parental behaviors. This study was designed to determine the extent to which adolescents attempt to influence the everyday behaviors of their parents. Questionnaires given to 84 adolescents (mean age 17.6 years) and their parents asked the respondents to indicate which of 31 parental behaviors the adolescent had attempted to influence and whether or not this influence resulted in parental behavior change. Results indicate that total attempted influence correlated significantly and positively with adolescent need for autonomy and significantly but negatively with father's need for dominance. Adolescents perceived attempted influence on more behaviors than did parents, and more influence attempts were reported directed toward mothers than fathers. Differences between the types of parental behaviors that attracted adolescent influence and those that did not are discussed.", "PMID": 742463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5097", "title": "A comparative test of the developmental, role-playing, and defensive explanations of offspring identification.", "content": "Following Mussen and Distler (1959) and Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963), the developmental, defensive, and role-playing theories of identification are tested on high school seniors. Previous tests have supported the developmental and role-playing hypotheses about equally, while the defensive hypothesis lacks consistent empirical support. Questions are raised, however, about the merit of these tests. Data are presented on seniors in an Eastern suburban school and a Midwestern small town school which support the developmental (warmth) hypothesis but which are inconsistent with the defensive and role-playing hypotheses. Parental behavior is measured by the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire and identification is measured by the semantic differential.", "contents": "A comparative test of the developmental, role-playing, and defensive explanations of offspring identification. Following Mussen and Distler (1959) and Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963), the developmental, defensive, and role-playing theories of identification are tested on high school seniors. Previous tests have supported the developmental and role-playing hypotheses about equally, while the defensive hypothesis lacks consistent empirical support. Questions are raised, however, about the merit of these tests. Data are presented on seniors in an Eastern suburban school and a Midwestern small town school which support the developmental (warmth) hypothesis but which are inconsistent with the defensive and role-playing hypotheses. Parental behavior is measured by the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire and identification is measured by the semantic differential.", "PMID": 742464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5098", "title": "Outpatient management of the borderline adolescent.", "content": "In summary an attempt is made in this paper to describe the psychopathology of the borderline patient. Descriptive features of the syndrome in children, adults and adolescents are given based on the respective work of Pine, Masterson and Kernberg. The psychic structures of the borderline patient are discussed with their resulting treatment implications. Genetic considerations with their effects on the psychotherapy of the borderline are reviewed. Finally the outpatient treatment strategies of the borderline adolescent are presented in detail including countertransference issues frequently encountered in the course of their treatment.", "contents": "Outpatient management of the borderline adolescent. In summary an attempt is made in this paper to describe the psychopathology of the borderline patient. Descriptive features of the syndrome in children, adults and adolescents are given based on the respective work of Pine, Masterson and Kernberg. The psychic structures of the borderline patient are discussed with their resulting treatment implications. Genetic considerations with their effects on the psychotherapy of the borderline are reviewed. Finally the outpatient treatment strategies of the borderline adolescent are presented in detail including countertransference issues frequently encountered in the course of their treatment.", "PMID": 742465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5099", "title": "Identity status in high school females.", "content": "One hundred grade 12 high school females were classified as either Moratorium, Foreclosure, or Diffusion status based on their openness to alternatives and degree of commitment in the areas of future plans, religion, and politics. Measures of social class, intelligence, tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive complexity, ego identity, and anxiety were administered to examine aspects of these differing manners of dealing with adolescent issues. Performance on a behavioral measure of information search was also examined. Results indicated generality of identity status placement across the content areas. Moratorium status females scored significantly higher than Foreclosure and Diffusion status females for social class, intelligence, cognitive complexity, and tolerance of ambiguity: Moratorium status females also scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for information search and recall. Foreclosure status females scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for ego identity. Intelligence contributed to many observed status differences. It was suggested that identity status placement, reflective of manner of dealing with adolescent issues, was indicative of a general mode of dealing with developmental tasks.", "contents": "Identity status in high school females. One hundred grade 12 high school females were classified as either Moratorium, Foreclosure, or Diffusion status based on their openness to alternatives and degree of commitment in the areas of future plans, religion, and politics. Measures of social class, intelligence, tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive complexity, ego identity, and anxiety were administered to examine aspects of these differing manners of dealing with adolescent issues. Performance on a behavioral measure of information search was also examined. Results indicated generality of identity status placement across the content areas. Moratorium status females scored significantly higher than Foreclosure and Diffusion status females for social class, intelligence, cognitive complexity, and tolerance of ambiguity: Moratorium status females also scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for information search and recall. Foreclosure status females scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for ego identity. Intelligence contributed to many observed status differences. It was suggested that identity status placement, reflective of manner of dealing with adolescent issues, was indicative of a general mode of dealing with developmental tasks.", "PMID": 742466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5100", "title": "Adolescent sex information sources: 1964--1974.", "content": "Comparison of adolescent sex information sources for black and white males and females in a Northeast Texas community was made from 1964 and 1974 questionnaire data (N = 367 and 432 respectively). A general change from parents to friends as the stated sources of major sex information was noted over the decade. While parents are still the preferred source of sex information for most of these adolescents, friends as a preferred source increased in frequency especially for males. Overall, both stated and preferred sex information sources showed more significant changes for males than females.", "contents": "Adolescent sex information sources: 1964--1974. Comparison of adolescent sex information sources for black and white males and females in a Northeast Texas community was made from 1964 and 1974 questionnaire data (N = 367 and 432 respectively). A general change from parents to friends as the stated sources of major sex information was noted over the decade. While parents are still the preferred source of sex information for most of these adolescents, friends as a preferred source increased in frequency especially for males. Overall, both stated and preferred sex information sources showed more significant changes for males than females.", "PMID": 742468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5101", "title": "Sex education and premarital sexual behavior among American college students.", "content": "The relationship between participation in a sex education course in the public schools and premarital sexual behavior is studied using cross-sectional data from a national probability sample of 1177 male and female American college students interviewed in detail about their sexual behavior and sexual socialization experiences. There was no significant difference between the premarital heterosexual involvement of individuals who had attended a sex education course and those who had not. Furthermore, there were no differences between those who received information on birth control or coitus and those who did not. The implications of these findings for sex education programs are discussed and speculations about successful and unsuccessful programs are made.", "contents": "Sex education and premarital sexual behavior among American college students. The relationship between participation in a sex education course in the public schools and premarital sexual behavior is studied using cross-sectional data from a national probability sample of 1177 male and female American college students interviewed in detail about their sexual behavior and sexual socialization experiences. There was no significant difference between the premarital heterosexual involvement of individuals who had attended a sex education course and those who had not. Furthermore, there were no differences between those who received information on birth control or coitus and those who did not. The implications of these findings for sex education programs are discussed and speculations about successful and unsuccessful programs are made.", "PMID": 742469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5102", "title": "Crisis induction and parental involvement: a prerequisite of successful treatment in an inpatient setting.", "content": "In residential treatment programs, oftentimes the relevance of the procedures and methods utilized in situations encountered on the outside are lost sight of. The utilization of a stress induction model in conjunction with parental consultation within an inpatient setting makes it a great deal easier to conceptualize the relationship between problems the child has in the program, how they are handled and the way problems are dealt with at home. Involving the parents in dealing with program \"crises\" allows one to see firsthand how the family interacts under conditions of stress and permits systematic interventions into this system. If the goal is to return the child home, the parents and the child must be convinced that changes in behavior are a result of their methods of interacting with each other and not merely a result of \"magic\" or contact with new sympathetic adults outside the home.", "contents": "Crisis induction and parental involvement: a prerequisite of successful treatment in an inpatient setting. In residential treatment programs, oftentimes the relevance of the procedures and methods utilized in situations encountered on the outside are lost sight of. The utilization of a stress induction model in conjunction with parental consultation within an inpatient setting makes it a great deal easier to conceptualize the relationship between problems the child has in the program, how they are handled and the way problems are dealt with at home. Involving the parents in dealing with program \"crises\" allows one to see firsthand how the family interacts under conditions of stress and permits systematic interventions into this system. If the goal is to return the child home, the parents and the child must be convinced that changes in behavior are a result of their methods of interacting with each other and not merely a result of \"magic\" or contact with new sympathetic adults outside the home.", "PMID": 742472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5103", "title": "Management of teenage pregnancies in three different health care settings.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken to determine if differences existed in obstetric outcome, contraceptive usage, and repeat pregnancy rates of teenage patients cared for in three different health care settings. The sites included the Rochester Adolescent Maternity Project (RAMP), a traditional obstetric clinic, and a neighborhood health center. Comparison of the three groups revealed that RAMP patients experienced a lower incidence of anemia and preeclampsia than patients in the other programs. At one year postpartum, 25% of the hospital clinic patients were using contraception compared to 45% for the health center and 49% for RAMP patients, compared to 15.8% for the health center and 6.5% for the RAMP group.", "contents": "Management of teenage pregnancies in three different health care settings. A retrospective study was undertaken to determine if differences existed in obstetric outcome, contraceptive usage, and repeat pregnancy rates of teenage patients cared for in three different health care settings. The sites included the Rochester Adolescent Maternity Project (RAMP), a traditional obstetric clinic, and a neighborhood health center. Comparison of the three groups revealed that RAMP patients experienced a lower incidence of anemia and preeclampsia than patients in the other programs. At one year postpartum, 25% of the hospital clinic patients were using contraception compared to 45% for the health center and 49% for RAMP patients, compared to 15.8% for the health center and 6.5% for the RAMP group.", "PMID": 742474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5104", "title": "Death education: what students want and need!", "content": "Because the need for ascertaining the attitudes of young persons regarding death seemed clear, we surveyed the freshman and senior students at a comprehensive high school in Illinois. The data generated concerned the adolescent's concept of death, the affective states associated with it, the need (or lack of need) for further discussion about the subject and the identities of those with whom such discussions might be initiated.", "contents": "Death education: what students want and need! Because the need for ascertaining the attitudes of young persons regarding death seemed clear, we surveyed the freshman and senior students at a comprehensive high school in Illinois. The data generated concerned the adolescent's concept of death, the affective states associated with it, the need (or lack of need) for further discussion about the subject and the identities of those with whom such discussions might be initiated.", "PMID": 742475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5105", "title": "Daydreaming in the adolescent years: instrument development, factor analysis, and sex differences.", "content": "The Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), originally devised for college students, was revised for use with high school students. Nineteen of the original 28 IPI daydreaming scales were used and the response format was changed. The self-report instrument was completed by a racially diverse sample of 181 ninth through eleventh grade students. Reliable application of the Revised IPI to this population was demonstrated. Distinct sex differences, not previously reported, were found showing more acceptance of daydreaming for females and more guilt and fearfulness in daydreaming for males. Factor structures were similar to previous studies, but a generally higher level of daydreaming and less uncontrolled mind wandering was found for high school students than for college students. The research suggests that personality differences between men and women could be further explored by the daydreaming instrument and that sex differences must be taken into account in further research. Use of such daydreaming data is suggested in therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Daydreaming in the adolescent years: instrument development, factor analysis, and sex differences. The Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), originally devised for college students, was revised for use with high school students. Nineteen of the original 28 IPI daydreaming scales were used and the response format was changed. The self-report instrument was completed by a racially diverse sample of 181 ninth through eleventh grade students. Reliable application of the Revised IPI to this population was demonstrated. Distinct sex differences, not previously reported, were found showing more acceptance of daydreaming for females and more guilt and fearfulness in daydreaming for males. Factor structures were similar to previous studies, but a generally higher level of daydreaming and less uncontrolled mind wandering was found for high school students than for college students. The research suggests that personality differences between men and women could be further explored by the daydreaming instrument and that sex differences must be taken into account in further research. Use of such daydreaming data is suggested in therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 742476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5106", "title": "Evaluation of intellectual, linguistic, and achievement variables in normal, emotionally disturbed, and learning disabled children.", "content": "This study addresses itself to developing an abbreviated test battery to assess children presenting learning difficulties in the classroom. Factor analyses of the WISC, ITPA and PIAT revealed that 85% of the total variance of these tests can be accounted for by an abbreviated battery utilizing 12 subtests from the 26 in the total from all three tests. Evidence is presented that the discrepancy between academic achievement and academic aptitude is not as great as expected, in children with apparent underachievement, when careful, reliable measures are used.", "contents": "Evaluation of intellectual, linguistic, and achievement variables in normal, emotionally disturbed, and learning disabled children. This study addresses itself to developing an abbreviated test battery to assess children presenting learning difficulties in the classroom. Factor analyses of the WISC, ITPA and PIAT revealed that 85% of the total variance of these tests can be accounted for by an abbreviated battery utilizing 12 subtests from the 26 in the total from all three tests. Evidence is presented that the discrepancy between academic achievement and academic aptitude is not as great as expected, in children with apparent underachievement, when careful, reliable measures are used.", "PMID": 742478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5107", "title": "Induction of secretory antibodies in humans following ingestion of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "1) Ingestion of Streptococcus mutans antigen by human volunteers induced the selective appearance of antibodies in saliva and tears but not in serum. 2) These antibodies were associated with the IgA class as determined by enhanced or blocked agglutination, immunofluorescence and gel filtration. 3) A second series of antigen ingestion resulted in a secondary response in these secretions characterized by an earlier appearance of antibodies which reached higher titers than in the primary response.", "contents": "Induction of secretory antibodies in humans following ingestion of Streptococcus mutans. 1) Ingestion of Streptococcus mutans antigen by human volunteers induced the selective appearance of antibodies in saliva and tears but not in serum. 2) These antibodies were associated with the IgA class as determined by enhanced or blocked agglutination, immunofluorescence and gel filtration. 3) A second series of antigen ingestion resulted in a secondary response in these secretions characterized by an earlier appearance of antibodies which reached higher titers than in the primary response.", "PMID": 742481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5108", "title": "Concept of the local and common mucosal immune response.", "content": "The available information concerning the origin of IgA-producing plasma cells and the spectrum of IgA-associated antibodies found in external secretions provide arguments that support two pathways of stimulation for a secretory humoral immune response. In addition to an explicitly local immune response induced by a topical antigen application, a second mechanism of induction operating through the sensitization of GALT, and possibly BALT, emerges. The latter pathway of stimulation leads to the appearance of specific IgA-associated antibodies in secretions of mammary, salivary, and lacrymal glands (and perhaps other sites), all of which suggests the existence of a common mucosal secretory system. Not yet explained are the mechanisms involved in the homing to secretory glands of cells sensitized in the remote lymphoid tissues (GALT and BALT), the differentiation patterns of these cells, and the regulation of selective IgA expression.", "contents": "Concept of the local and common mucosal immune response. The available information concerning the origin of IgA-producing plasma cells and the spectrum of IgA-associated antibodies found in external secretions provide arguments that support two pathways of stimulation for a secretory humoral immune response. In addition to an explicitly local immune response induced by a topical antigen application, a second mechanism of induction operating through the sensitization of GALT, and possibly BALT, emerges. The latter pathway of stimulation leads to the appearance of specific IgA-associated antibodies in secretions of mammary, salivary, and lacrymal glands (and perhaps other sites), all of which suggests the existence of a common mucosal secretory system. Not yet explained are the mechanisms involved in the homing to secretory glands of cells sensitized in the remote lymphoid tissues (GALT and BALT), the differentiation patterns of these cells, and the regulation of selective IgA expression.", "PMID": 742482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5109", "title": "Molecular-cellular interactions in the secretory IgA system.", "content": "1) SC receptors were not detected on the surface of human PBL before or after PWM stimulation or on the surface of established lymphoblastoid cell lines. 2) SC binding was detected in the cytoplasm of differentiated lymphoid cells. The majority of the SC-binding cells contained intracellular IgA. 3) The binding of polymeric IgA to the surface of human epithelial cells (colonic carcinoma HT-29) was dependent on the presence of SC. 4) These findings indicate that SC is a receptor and possible transport protein for polymeric immunoglobulins, but that it is not directly involved in the homing of the IgA precursor cells to secretory tissues.", "contents": "Molecular-cellular interactions in the secretory IgA system. 1) SC receptors were not detected on the surface of human PBL before or after PWM stimulation or on the surface of established lymphoblastoid cell lines. 2) SC binding was detected in the cytoplasm of differentiated lymphoid cells. The majority of the SC-binding cells contained intracellular IgA. 3) The binding of polymeric IgA to the surface of human epithelial cells (colonic carcinoma HT-29) was dependent on the presence of SC. 4) These findings indicate that SC is a receptor and possible transport protein for polymeric immunoglobulins, but that it is not directly involved in the homing of the IgA precursor cells to secretory tissues.", "PMID": 742483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5110", "title": "Influence of parenteral immunization in rabbits on the penetrability of oral mucosa for macromolecules.", "content": "It should not be overlooked that serum-derived antibodies may normally play an important role in mucosal homeostasis conducive to health. Thus, protection against at least some bacterial components may be an antibody-mediated function during the initial phase of gingivitis (21). Nevertheless, Auer demonstrated in 1920 that mild inflammation can be severely aggravated by local accumulation of serum-derived antibodies combined with a systemic supply of the corresponding antigen (2); subsequent studies have shown that this holds true also when the antigen is topically applied (11,14). Theoretically, the initial gingival lesion is an ideal situation for the development of a so-called \"Auer-phenomenon\", due to continuous supply of antigens from dental plaque and food. This possible hazard of circulating antibodies must be taken into account when immunoprophylaxis is attempted by parenteral vaccines.", "contents": "Influence of parenteral immunization in rabbits on the penetrability of oral mucosa for macromolecules. It should not be overlooked that serum-derived antibodies may normally play an important role in mucosal homeostasis conducive to health. Thus, protection against at least some bacterial components may be an antibody-mediated function during the initial phase of gingivitis (21). Nevertheless, Auer demonstrated in 1920 that mild inflammation can be severely aggravated by local accumulation of serum-derived antibodies combined with a systemic supply of the corresponding antigen (2); subsequent studies have shown that this holds true also when the antigen is topically applied (11,14). Theoretically, the initial gingival lesion is an ideal situation for the development of a so-called \"Auer-phenomenon\", due to continuous supply of antigens from dental plaque and food. This possible hazard of circulating antibodies must be taken into account when immunoprophylaxis is attempted by parenteral vaccines.", "PMID": 742484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5111", "title": "Role of the liver in the rat intestinal s-IgA system.", "content": "Rat bile is an important source of s-IgA and FSC about 10 mg of s-IgA are poured daily in the duodenum via the bile. The normal rat liver is capable of actively transferring IgA from the circulation into bile against a strong concentration gradient. Circulating IgA transferred in bile was bound to SC. Ligature of the rat bile duct induces a large and selective increase of the IgA level in serum. All this additional IgA is s-IgA and even FSC appears in serum after bile duct obstruction. The liver appears to have an important reinforcing role in the intestinal s-IgA system of the rat.", "contents": "Role of the liver in the rat intestinal s-IgA system. Rat bile is an important source of s-IgA and FSC about 10 mg of s-IgA are poured daily in the duodenum via the bile. The normal rat liver is capable of actively transferring IgA from the circulation into bile against a strong concentration gradient. Circulating IgA transferred in bile was bound to SC. Ligature of the rat bile duct induces a large and selective increase of the IgA level in serum. All this additional IgA is s-IgA and even FSC appears in serum after bile duct obstruction. The liver appears to have an important reinforcing role in the intestinal s-IgA system of the rat.", "PMID": 742485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5112", "title": "Effective immunity to dental caries: selective induction of secretory immunity by oral administration of Streptococcus mutans in rodents.", "content": "1) The selective induction of secretory antibody is antigen dose dependent. A dose of 10(7) or 10(8) S. mutans CFU (per gram of diet) elicited a significant response, while a higher dose (10(9) CFU/gram) resulted in an apparent state of unresponsiveness. 2) A lowly virulent mutant of S. mutans 6715 (C4) induced protective s-IgA antibodies against challenge with a highly virulent species (C211). Cross protection among serotypes of S. mutans has been achieved. 3) Bovine milk with antibodies to S. mutans significantly reduced the level of caries lesions in rats fed this lyophilized milk and challenged with the homologous, virulent S. mutans strains.", "contents": "Effective immunity to dental caries: selective induction of secretory immunity by oral administration of Streptococcus mutans in rodents. 1) The selective induction of secretory antibody is antigen dose dependent. A dose of 10(7) or 10(8) S. mutans CFU (per gram of diet) elicited a significant response, while a higher dose (10(9) CFU/gram) resulted in an apparent state of unresponsiveness. 2) A lowly virulent mutant of S. mutans 6715 (C4) induced protective s-IgA antibodies against challenge with a highly virulent species (C211). Cross protection among serotypes of S. mutans has been achieved. 3) Bovine milk with antibodies to S. mutans significantly reduced the level of caries lesions in rats fed this lyophilized milk and challenged with the homologous, virulent S. mutans strains.", "PMID": 742486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5113", "title": "Cross-protective aspects of glucosyltransferase antigens in the hamster caries model.", "content": "1) Glucosyltransferase serotypes a and g are closely related antigenically but are more distantly related to GTF of serotype c, based on assays of inhibition of total glucan synthesis. 2) Local immunization with GTF from serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with the homologous strain compared with sham injected controls. 3) Local immunization with GTF of serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with S. mutans of serotype g (strain 6715).", "contents": "Cross-protective aspects of glucosyltransferase antigens in the hamster caries model. 1) Glucosyltransferase serotypes a and g are closely related antigenically but are more distantly related to GTF of serotype c, based on assays of inhibition of total glucan synthesis. 2) Local immunization with GTF from serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with the homologous strain compared with sham injected controls. 3) Local immunization with GTF of serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with S. mutans of serotype g (strain 6715).", "PMID": 742487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5114", "title": "Daucus carrota (carrot)--a selective bacteriosorbent.", "content": "1) An extract of D. carrota induces agglutination of most serotypes of S. mutans but not of S. salivarius or S. mitis. 2) If added to a suspension of mixed bacteria, a piece of D. carrota may selectively sorb S. mutans while S. salivarius and S. mitis only are affected to a minor degree. 3) A saliva coat on the bacteria may reduce the uptake of S. mutans to D. carota but does not totally prevent it.", "contents": "Daucus carrota (carrot)--a selective bacteriosorbent. 1) An extract of D. carrota induces agglutination of most serotypes of S. mutans but not of S. salivarius or S. mitis. 2) If added to a suspension of mixed bacteria, a piece of D. carrota may selectively sorb S. mutans while S. salivarius and S. mitis only are affected to a minor degree. 3) A saliva coat on the bacteria may reduce the uptake of S. mutans to D. carota but does not totally prevent it.", "PMID": 742490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5115", "title": "Studies of secretory IgA in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible adults.", "content": "Caries resistant subjects appeared to possess a greater potential for production of secretory IgA than caries susceptible subjects, at least in stimulated parotid and submaxillary secretions. There was considerable overlap, however, among subjects in all groups examined. There are no consistent differences in s-IgA among groups in unstimulated parotid and submaxillary saliva. It would appear, therefore, that s-IgA secretion per se is not a critical determinant of caries resistance. The tendency to higher s-IgA values among resistant people, however, may indicate a greater propensity to specific antibody production. This aspect of caries protection requires independent investigation.", "contents": "Studies of secretory IgA in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible adults. Caries resistant subjects appeared to possess a greater potential for production of secretory IgA than caries susceptible subjects, at least in stimulated parotid and submaxillary secretions. There was considerable overlap, however, among subjects in all groups examined. There are no consistent differences in s-IgA among groups in unstimulated parotid and submaxillary saliva. It would appear, therefore, that s-IgA secretion per se is not a critical determinant of caries resistance. The tendency to higher s-IgA values among resistant people, however, may indicate a greater propensity to specific antibody production. This aspect of caries protection requires independent investigation.", "PMID": 742491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5116", "title": "Antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans in secretions from minor salivary glands in humans.", "content": "1) Antibodies reacting with S. mutans in secretions from minor salivary glands in humans were determined by a modified Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 2) IgA antibodies reacting with S. mutans serotype c were found in all samples examined. 3) The antibody level in the secretions of the minor salivary glands varied considerably between different subjects and was considerably higher than that of parotid saliva. 4) A variation in antibody concentration over time was observed in some individuals. 5) Topical application of a streptococcal vaccine consisting of formalin killed cells increased the level of antibodies in the secretions of one person. In two persons no effect was observed.", "contents": "Antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans in secretions from minor salivary glands in humans. 1) Antibodies reacting with S. mutans in secretions from minor salivary glands in humans were determined by a modified Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 2) IgA antibodies reacting with S. mutans serotype c were found in all samples examined. 3) The antibody level in the secretions of the minor salivary glands varied considerably between different subjects and was considerably higher than that of parotid saliva. 4) A variation in antibody concentration over time was observed in some individuals. 5) Topical application of a streptococcal vaccine consisting of formalin killed cells increased the level of antibodies in the secretions of one person. In two persons no effect was observed.", "PMID": 742492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5117", "title": "Development of the IgA system in the mammary gland.", "content": "1) Lymphoblasts in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, committed to the production of IgA, can home to the mammary glands of syngeneic mice and differentiate there into IgA-containing plasmablasts. The phenomenon is limited to near term and lactating recipients. 2) The ability of lymphocytes originating in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and sensitized to intestinal antigens to migrate to the mammary gland can account for the specificity of milk IgA toward intestinal microorganisms and the consequent passive protection offered to suckling infants. 3) The secretory immune system of the mammary gland is apparently under hormonal control since mammotropic hormones given to virgin females can induce morphological and functional characteristics seen naturally only during pregnancy and lactation. Examples are increased numbers of IgA plasma cells and the ability to trap their circulating precursors taken from mesenteric lymph nodes.", "contents": "Development of the IgA system in the mammary gland. 1) Lymphoblasts in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, committed to the production of IgA, can home to the mammary glands of syngeneic mice and differentiate there into IgA-containing plasmablasts. The phenomenon is limited to near term and lactating recipients. 2) The ability of lymphocytes originating in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and sensitized to intestinal antigens to migrate to the mammary gland can account for the specificity of milk IgA toward intestinal microorganisms and the consequent passive protection offered to suckling infants. 3) The secretory immune system of the mammary gland is apparently under hormonal control since mammotropic hormones given to virgin females can induce morphological and functional characteristics seen naturally only during pregnancy and lactation. Examples are increased numbers of IgA plasma cells and the ability to trap their circulating precursors taken from mesenteric lymph nodes.", "PMID": 742493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5118", "title": "Salivary IgA antibodies to antigens from Streptococcus mutans in human dental caries.", "content": "1) Subjects of low caries experience (DMF 7) had significantly lower IgA antibody titers to antigens from S. mutans serotype c than subjects of high caries experience (DMF 13). 2) Subjects with carious lesions and a high DMF had significantly lower salivary antibody titers than subjects without carious lesions. 3) Sequential studies revealed that in the absence of caries salivary antibody titers decreased over a 9 month period. 4) Treatment of caries was associated with a rise in salivary IgA antibodies. No significant changes were associated with the development of caries. 5) No relationship with caries experience was found with antibodies to S. mutans BHT (serotype b), S. sanguis OMZ-9 or S. mitis CHT. 6) The results do not support the hypothesis that salivary antibodies in man play a role in protection against caries.", "contents": "Salivary IgA antibodies to antigens from Streptococcus mutans in human dental caries. 1) Subjects of low caries experience (DMF 7) had significantly lower IgA antibody titers to antigens from S. mutans serotype c than subjects of high caries experience (DMF 13). 2) Subjects with carious lesions and a high DMF had significantly lower salivary antibody titers than subjects without carious lesions. 3) Sequential studies revealed that in the absence of caries salivary antibody titers decreased over a 9 month period. 4) Treatment of caries was associated with a rise in salivary IgA antibodies. No significant changes were associated with the development of caries. 5) No relationship with caries experience was found with antibodies to S. mutans BHT (serotype b), S. sanguis OMZ-9 or S. mitis CHT. 6) The results do not support the hypothesis that salivary antibodies in man play a role in protection against caries.", "PMID": 742494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5119", "title": "Antibodies against Streptococcus mutans and glucosyltransferases in caries-free and caries-active military recruits.", "content": "1) Plaque samples from caries-active recruits showed a higher incidence of S. mutans than plaque samples from caries-free recruits. The persistance of the S. mutans serotypes in the individual plaque samples attested to the consistency of S. mutans in human dental plaque. 2) S. mutans serotype d is predominantly present in approximal plaque of caries-active subjects. 3) Serum antibody titers against S. mutans are higher in caries-active individuals. 4) Sera from caries-free or caries-active individuals inhibit the insoluble glucan synthesis by the cellbound GTF to the same extent. 5) It is unlikely that antibodies against S. mutans in parotid saliva or serum play a major role in the protection against dental caries in Dutch military recruits.", "contents": "Antibodies against Streptococcus mutans and glucosyltransferases in caries-free and caries-active military recruits. 1) Plaque samples from caries-active recruits showed a higher incidence of S. mutans than plaque samples from caries-free recruits. The persistance of the S. mutans serotypes in the individual plaque samples attested to the consistency of S. mutans in human dental plaque. 2) S. mutans serotype d is predominantly present in approximal plaque of caries-active subjects. 3) Serum antibody titers against S. mutans are higher in caries-active individuals. 4) Sera from caries-free or caries-active individuals inhibit the insoluble glucan synthesis by the cellbound GTF to the same extent. 5) It is unlikely that antibodies against S. mutans in parotid saliva or serum play a major role in the protection against dental caries in Dutch military recruits.", "PMID": 742495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5120", "title": "Secretory immunity and immunodeficiency.", "content": "1) Certain selective IgA-deficient subjects are capable of synthesizing functional secretory antibodies (s-IgM or s-IgA class) to indigenous oral microorganisms. 2) The presence or absence of these secretory antibodies in saliva can be correlated with the extent of caries involvement. 3) Lysozyme activity is significantly increased in saliva from immune deficient subjects though no correlation can be made with caries experience.", "contents": "Secretory immunity and immunodeficiency. 1) Certain selective IgA-deficient subjects are capable of synthesizing functional secretory antibodies (s-IgM or s-IgA class) to indigenous oral microorganisms. 2) The presence or absence of these secretory antibodies in saliva can be correlated with the extent of caries involvement. 3) Lysozyme activity is significantly increased in saliva from immune deficient subjects though no correlation can be made with caries experience.", "PMID": 742497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5121", "title": "Motility of the pathogen and intestinal immunity of the host in experimental cholera.", "content": "1) Motility seems to be required for an intimate association with the intestinal mucosa which is necessary for efficient toxin delivery in the pathogenicity of V. cholerae. 2) A vaccine of semipurified flagella (CF) afforded a high degree of active and passive immunity in the rabbit ileum to both homologous and heterologous challenge strains. 3) The nature of the immunoglobulin type involved in the active immunity elicited by CF was not clear but preliminary indications implicate both s-IgA and IgG.", "contents": "Motility of the pathogen and intestinal immunity of the host in experimental cholera. 1) Motility seems to be required for an intimate association with the intestinal mucosa which is necessary for efficient toxin delivery in the pathogenicity of V. cholerae. 2) A vaccine of semipurified flagella (CF) afforded a high degree of active and passive immunity in the rabbit ileum to both homologous and heterologous challenge strains. 3) The nature of the immunoglobulin type involved in the active immunity elicited by CF was not clear but preliminary indications implicate both s-IgA and IgG.", "PMID": 742500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5122", "title": "A comparison of secretory component - immunoglobulin interactions amongst different species.", "content": "1) SC from many species may be isolated by affinity chromatography to human IgA-Sepharose. 2) In some species SC may exist in two molecular forms. 3) The SC-binding sites on polymeric IgA and IgM are not identical. 4) In some species SC binds to IgM with higher affinity than to polymeric IgA while in other species SC binds best to polymeric IgA. This difference may influence the relative concentrations of these two immunoglobulin classes in the secretions of different species. 5) The SC-binding site is present on high molecular weight immunoglobulin in species as primitive as the nurse shark.", "contents": "A comparison of secretory component - immunoglobulin interactions amongst different species. 1) SC from many species may be isolated by affinity chromatography to human IgA-Sepharose. 2) In some species SC may exist in two molecular forms. 3) The SC-binding sites on polymeric IgA and IgM are not identical. 4) In some species SC binds to IgM with higher affinity than to polymeric IgA while in other species SC binds best to polymeric IgA. This difference may influence the relative concentrations of these two immunoglobulin classes in the secretions of different species. 5) The SC-binding site is present on high molecular weight immunoglobulin in species as primitive as the nurse shark.", "PMID": 742501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5123", "title": "Modification of in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans by plant lectins.", "content": "1) Several plant lectins inhibit in vitro adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces. 2) Initial attachment of S. mutans appears to be independent of sucrose-derived glucans. 3) Blockage of adherence is possibly due to lectin interaction with basic amino acid residues on the cell surfaces.", "contents": "Modification of in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans by plant lectins. 1) Several plant lectins inhibit in vitro adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces. 2) Initial attachment of S. mutans appears to be independent of sucrose-derived glucans. 3) Blockage of adherence is possibly due to lectin interaction with basic amino acid residues on the cell surfaces.", "PMID": 742505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5124", "title": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: phosphoglycerides and the detection of inhibitory antibodies in sera.", "content": "1) Rabbit and human sera contain high concentrations of phospholipids which can interact with dextransucrase causing enhanced glucan production. 2) Antibody in sera capable of blocking glucan synthesis can be accurately detected by adding excess LPC and dextran to the enzyme prior to incubating with antiserum and assaying with sucrose.", "contents": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: phosphoglycerides and the detection of inhibitory antibodies in sera. 1) Rabbit and human sera contain high concentrations of phospholipids which can interact with dextransucrase causing enhanced glucan production. 2) Antibody in sera capable of blocking glucan synthesis can be accurately detected by adding excess LPC and dextran to the enzyme prior to incubating with antiserum and assaying with sucrose.", "PMID": 742507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5125", "title": "Interaction of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases with antibodies.", "content": "1) The GTF-A and GTF-B activities of serotype (c), (e), and (f) organisms are antigenically more closely related to each other than to the comparable enzymes from organisms of the other four S. mutans serotypes. 2) The adherence-inhibiting antibody in anti-GTF-A appears to be mediated against a heat sensitive cell surface antigen of S. mutans - most likely GTF activity. However, unequivocal proof of this conclusion awaits the preparations of homogeneous GTF-A preparations.", "contents": "Interaction of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases with antibodies. 1) The GTF-A and GTF-B activities of serotype (c), (e), and (f) organisms are antigenically more closely related to each other than to the comparable enzymes from organisms of the other four S. mutans serotypes. 2) The adherence-inhibiting antibody in anti-GTF-A appears to be mediated against a heat sensitive cell surface antigen of S. mutans - most likely GTF activity. However, unequivocal proof of this conclusion awaits the preparations of homogeneous GTF-A preparations.", "PMID": 742508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5126", "title": "Dextran/glucan binding by Streptococcus mutans: the role of molecular size and binding site in agglutination.", "content": "1) S. mutans strains of serotypes a, d and g were strongly agglutinated with soluble glucans and dextran T2000. Homologous glucan did not in all cases produce agglutination. 2) The quantity of low molecular weight dextrans bound (T20 and T70) does not correspond to the agglutination induced by glucan or T2000. 3) The agglutination and binding of high molecular weight glucan by B13 cells was sensitive to heat, trypsin, dextranase, EDTA, SDS and urea, whereas no inhibition of binding of T20 and T70 was seen. 4) Pretreatment of B13 cells with anti-d, or anti-glucan sera, or Con A, RCA I, or RCA II completely inhibited agglutination by T2000 and caused a significant reduction of the binding of glucan. No reduction in the binding of T20 and T70 occurred. 5) An agglutination-negative mutant was agglutinated by sucrose but not by T2000 or high molecular weight glucan. It bound normal levels of T20 and T70. 6) The results indicate that B13 cells possess multiple glucan binding sites and that the site responsible for agglutination consists of both polysaccharide and protein. 7) Inhibition studies on agglutination and adherence using B13 cells indicate that the two processes involve different mechanisms.", "contents": "Dextran/glucan binding by Streptococcus mutans: the role of molecular size and binding site in agglutination. 1) S. mutans strains of serotypes a, d and g were strongly agglutinated with soluble glucans and dextran T2000. Homologous glucan did not in all cases produce agglutination. 2) The quantity of low molecular weight dextrans bound (T20 and T70) does not correspond to the agglutination induced by glucan or T2000. 3) The agglutination and binding of high molecular weight glucan by B13 cells was sensitive to heat, trypsin, dextranase, EDTA, SDS and urea, whereas no inhibition of binding of T20 and T70 was seen. 4) Pretreatment of B13 cells with anti-d, or anti-glucan sera, or Con A, RCA I, or RCA II completely inhibited agglutination by T2000 and caused a significant reduction of the binding of glucan. No reduction in the binding of T20 and T70 occurred. 5) An agglutination-negative mutant was agglutinated by sucrose but not by T2000 or high molecular weight glucan. It bound normal levels of T20 and T70. 6) The results indicate that B13 cells possess multiple glucan binding sites and that the site responsible for agglutination consists of both polysaccharide and protein. 7) Inhibition studies on agglutination and adherence using B13 cells indicate that the two processes involve different mechanisms.", "PMID": 742509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5127", "title": "Multiple forms of dextran-binding proteins from Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "We have isolated a series of five proteins which appear to possess characteristic individual capacities for synthesizing dextrans and binding dextrans. Our suggestion that these proteins comprise an isozyme-like distribution of lectin and enzyme activities is, of course, very speculative and remains to be rigourously confirmed. However, the very identification of these several dextran binding proteins provides a biochemical basis to explain numerous observations suggesting that more than one mechanism for dextran binding is possessed by S. mutans (for instance: 24-27), especially the observations with mutants (24). These proteins probably are the molecular determinants of host infection by S. mutans and may prove to be potent immunogens for use in a vaccine. The presence of a dextran-binding lectin in S. mutans implicates this bacterial lectin in the earliest stage of infection: Attachment to host tissues. The multiplicity of proteins possessing characteristic dextran-synthesizing and dextran-binding capacities indicates the complexity of the adherence mechanisms evolved in S. mutans. Experiments with other bacteria (10-12, 28) suggest that bacterial lectins, in concert with host tissue carbohydrates, may be the molecular mediators of host recognition and subsequent initial attachment of bacterial cells to host tissues in non-pathogenic as well as pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Multiple forms of dextran-binding proteins from Streptococcus mutans. We have isolated a series of five proteins which appear to possess characteristic individual capacities for synthesizing dextrans and binding dextrans. Our suggestion that these proteins comprise an isozyme-like distribution of lectin and enzyme activities is, of course, very speculative and remains to be rigourously confirmed. However, the very identification of these several dextran binding proteins provides a biochemical basis to explain numerous observations suggesting that more than one mechanism for dextran binding is possessed by S. mutans (for instance: 24-27), especially the observations with mutants (24). These proteins probably are the molecular determinants of host infection by S. mutans and may prove to be potent immunogens for use in a vaccine. The presence of a dextran-binding lectin in S. mutans implicates this bacterial lectin in the earliest stage of infection: Attachment to host tissues. The multiplicity of proteins possessing characteristic dextran-synthesizing and dextran-binding capacities indicates the complexity of the adherence mechanisms evolved in S. mutans. Experiments with other bacteria (10-12, 28) suggest that bacterial lectins, in concert with host tissue carbohydrates, may be the molecular mediators of host recognition and subsequent initial attachment of bacterial cells to host tissues in non-pathogenic as well as pathogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 742510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5128", "title": "Dextran receptors as immunogens in caries prophylaxis.", "content": "1) Immunization of rats with dextran receptors appears to confer resistance to development of caries. 2) A significant negative correlation between antiserum titers and caries scores is observed in immunized rats. 3) Antiserum specific for dextran receptors does not inhibit in vitro adherence of live bacteria in sucrose supplemented media. 4) Free receptors can bind to dextran, thereby inhibiting its ability to induce bacterial agglutination.", "contents": "Dextran receptors as immunogens in caries prophylaxis. 1) Immunization of rats with dextran receptors appears to confer resistance to development of caries. 2) A significant negative correlation between antiserum titers and caries scores is observed in immunized rats. 3) Antiserum specific for dextran receptors does not inhibit in vitro adherence of live bacteria in sucrose supplemented media. 4) Free receptors can bind to dextran, thereby inhibiting its ability to induce bacterial agglutination.", "PMID": 742512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5129", "title": "Salivary immunoglobulins in diseases affecting salivary glands.", "content": "Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands cause marked abnormalities in secretion of immunoglobulins. The changes are reversible, however, in a relatively short period of time. More subtle changes in immunoglobulin transport are present in such diseases as Sjogren's syndrome and diabetes. No changes are discernable in alcoholic cirrhosis. Apparently salivary gland basement membranes are much more resistant to derangement than plasma membranes and the secretory IgA system can continue to operate in the face of numerous affronts. If nothing else these findings suggest that vaccination procedures in the region of the salivary glands may produce an inflammatory response, but it would be readily reversible. In addition, one could anticipate a functioning s-IgA system even in salivary glands with alterations in electrolyte transport. It is difficult to anticipate the situation in immunologically compromised patients, such as those on hemodialysis. Fortunately these patients represent a small population and for them at least, caries is a relatively minor concern.", "contents": "Salivary immunoglobulins in diseases affecting salivary glands. Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands cause marked abnormalities in secretion of immunoglobulins. The changes are reversible, however, in a relatively short period of time. More subtle changes in immunoglobulin transport are present in such diseases as Sjogren's syndrome and diabetes. No changes are discernable in alcoholic cirrhosis. Apparently salivary gland basement membranes are much more resistant to derangement than plasma membranes and the secretory IgA system can continue to operate in the face of numerous affronts. If nothing else these findings suggest that vaccination procedures in the region of the salivary glands may produce an inflammatory response, but it would be readily reversible. In addition, one could anticipate a functioning s-IgA system even in salivary glands with alterations in electrolyte transport. It is difficult to anticipate the situation in immunologically compromised patients, such as those on hemodialysis. Fortunately these patients represent a small population and for them at least, caries is a relatively minor concern.", "PMID": 742516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5130", "title": "Whole saliva proteases: development of methods for determination of origins.", "content": "1) Recognition and characterization of protease activities present in saliva by PAGE examination of substrate protein cleavage patterns appears possible. 2) BSA proteolysis by whole saliva is not due to activities present in the major gland secretions and may be due, in part, to the oral microflora.", "contents": "Whole saliva proteases: development of methods for determination of origins. 1) Recognition and characterization of protease activities present in saliva by PAGE examination of substrate protein cleavage patterns appears possible. 2) BSA proteolysis by whole saliva is not due to activities present in the major gland secretions and may be due, in part, to the oral microflora.", "PMID": 742517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5131", "title": "Extrachromosomal gene systems in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "1) Four of 86 S. mutans strains of human origin harbor a 3.6 Mdal multicopy plasmid while 2 of 13 strains of rat origin carry multiple copies of a 2.3 Mdal and 2.5 Mdal plasmid. 2) There is no evidence to support that any of these plasmids confers clinically or ecologically important phenotypes. 3) The restriction endonucleases Hind III and Bam HI cleave the 3.6 Mdal plasmid once, thus facilitating the use of this extrachromosomal element in gene cloning systems.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal gene systems in Streptococcus mutans. 1) Four of 86 S. mutans strains of human origin harbor a 3.6 Mdal multicopy plasmid while 2 of 13 strains of rat origin carry multiple copies of a 2.3 Mdal and 2.5 Mdal plasmid. 2) There is no evidence to support that any of these plasmids confers clinically or ecologically important phenotypes. 3) The restriction endonucleases Hind III and Bam HI cleave the 3.6 Mdal plasmid once, thus facilitating the use of this extrachromosomal element in gene cloning systems.", "PMID": 742518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5132", "title": "Bacterial adherence related to agglutination and surface film formation.", "content": "1) Film formation on glass and enamel surfaces tended to reduce the sorption of streptococci to these surfaces. When solutes with affinities for the test bacteria were used to produce the surface film, bacterial sorption to that surface was greater than to surfaces coated by indifferent solutes. 2) Streptococci in small aggregates sorbed to glass and enamel in numbers comparable to, of greater than, unaggregated cells. When the test suspension showed visible clumping, sorption was markedly impaired.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence related to agglutination and surface film formation. 1) Film formation on glass and enamel surfaces tended to reduce the sorption of streptococci to these surfaces. When solutes with affinities for the test bacteria were used to produce the surface film, bacterial sorption to that surface was greater than to surfaces coated by indifferent solutes. 2) Streptococci in small aggregates sorbed to glass and enamel in numbers comparable to, of greater than, unaggregated cells. When the test suspension showed visible clumping, sorption was markedly impaired.", "PMID": 742519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5133", "title": "Chronobiologic optimization of aging.", "content": "Chronobiologic facts, concepts and methods are relevant to gerontology and geriatrics. Circadian and other rhythms are prominent sources of predictable variation requiring a reassessment of the \"normal range\" at all ages. Changes in the characteristics (e.g., the amplitude) of these rhythms during aging emphasize the need for careful evaluation of time dependency in research and clinical practice. Manipulation of periodic environmental factors that synchronize circadian rhythms can affect lifespans in plants and animals, further supporting the suggestion of an interaction between rhythms and senescence.", "contents": "Chronobiologic optimization of aging. Chronobiologic facts, concepts and methods are relevant to gerontology and geriatrics. Circadian and other rhythms are prominent sources of predictable variation requiring a reassessment of the \"normal range\" at all ages. Changes in the characteristics (e.g., the amplitude) of these rhythms during aging emphasize the need for careful evaluation of time dependency in research and clinical practice. Manipulation of periodic environmental factors that synchronize circadian rhythms can affect lifespans in plants and animals, further supporting the suggestion of an interaction between rhythms and senescence.", "PMID": 742533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5134", "title": "Neurologic complications of thyroid dysfunction.", "content": "Until such time as results of more rigorous studies are available, the morbidity rates for thyroid dysfunction cited here must suffice. The 1955 to 1956 outpatient \"incidence\" for England and Wales was 1.1 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 1.7 per 1,000 for myxedema (18). United States in-patient \"incidence\" for 1971 was 0.16 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 0.13 per 1,000 for myxedema (25). The 1935 to 1967 average annual incidence of Graves' disease for females in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was 30.5 per 100,000 (10). Well over 50% of hyperthyroid patients have clinical evidence of mild or moderate muscle weakness. Usually this weakness is proximal, and electro-myography and muscle biopsy confirm the existence of myopathic process (Table 11). Severe muscular weakness of acute onset is relatively rare and is encountered in approximately 1% of hyperthyroid patients (11,17,40). Ophthalmoplegia and psychosis are reported 4% and 2% of patients, respectively (17). Myasthenia gravis, although well publicized, is estimated to occur in less than 1% of patients (3,30). TPP is virtually nonexistent in the West; in the Orient it is reported in 2 to 8% of hyperthyroid patients and is 20 to 60 times more frequent in the hyperthyroid male than in the hyperthyroid female (Table 12). The neurologic symptomatology of myxedema is more extensive, and agreement among the various series is poor. The only unselected series addressing itself to neuromuscular manifestations of myxedema that is suitable for citation is that of Scarpalezos et al. (36). This comprehensive study was done without apparent patient selection, and it reported 2% of patients with definite carpal tunnel syndrome, 6% with myopathy, and 18% with polyneuropathy (Table 13). Reported percentages of hypothyroid patients found to have neurologic manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction are extremely diverse: ataxic gait was reported in 5 to 32% (6,7,12,27) of patients and dysdiadochokinesia in 6 to 52% (7,12,27). Psychosis is encountered in 2 to 5% (6,14,17,27,39) of myxedematous patients, memory loss in 23 to 55% (6,14,27), and coma in less than 1% (27).", "contents": "Neurologic complications of thyroid dysfunction. Until such time as results of more rigorous studies are available, the morbidity rates for thyroid dysfunction cited here must suffice. The 1955 to 1956 outpatient \"incidence\" for England and Wales was 1.1 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 1.7 per 1,000 for myxedema (18). United States in-patient \"incidence\" for 1971 was 0.16 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 0.13 per 1,000 for myxedema (25). The 1935 to 1967 average annual incidence of Graves' disease for females in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was 30.5 per 100,000 (10). Well over 50% of hyperthyroid patients have clinical evidence of mild or moderate muscle weakness. Usually this weakness is proximal, and electro-myography and muscle biopsy confirm the existence of myopathic process (Table 11). Severe muscular weakness of acute onset is relatively rare and is encountered in approximately 1% of hyperthyroid patients (11,17,40). Ophthalmoplegia and psychosis are reported 4% and 2% of patients, respectively (17). Myasthenia gravis, although well publicized, is estimated to occur in less than 1% of patients (3,30). TPP is virtually nonexistent in the West; in the Orient it is reported in 2 to 8% of hyperthyroid patients and is 20 to 60 times more frequent in the hyperthyroid male than in the hyperthyroid female (Table 12). The neurologic symptomatology of myxedema is more extensive, and agreement among the various series is poor. The only unselected series addressing itself to neuromuscular manifestations of myxedema that is suitable for citation is that of Scarpalezos et al. (36). This comprehensive study was done without apparent patient selection, and it reported 2% of patients with definite carpal tunnel syndrome, 6% with myopathy, and 18% with polyneuropathy (Table 13). Reported percentages of hypothyroid patients found to have neurologic manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction are extremely diverse: ataxic gait was reported in 5 to 32% (6,7,12,27) of patients and dysdiadochokinesia in 6 to 52% (7,12,27). Psychosis is encountered in 2 to 5% (6,14,17,27,39) of myxedematous patients, memory loss in 23 to 55% (6,14,27), and coma in less than 1% (27).", "PMID": 742545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5135", "title": "Prostaglandins: an overview.", "content": "Since their discovery more than 40 years ago, PGs have been shown to be present in many tissues. The 10 members of this family (PGA-PGI and TxA) that have been identified to date have been noted to have a wide variety of pharmacologic actions. Frequently, the actions of one PG are in direct opposition to those of another. This has led to the theory that PGs play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in many organ systems. Evidence accumulated indicates a major role for PGs in the regulation of blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system, blood flow and platelet aggregation. This is in addition to specific actions on other tissues such as the CNS and reproductive system. A summary of PG actions in humans is contained in Table 1. Unfortunately, the PGs have not been as useful therapeutically as originally hoped. Currently, they are being used to induce labor and to maintain the patency of the PDA. However, they still hold much promise and with the development of synthetic analogues and specific synthesis inhibitors, they should live up to this promise in the future.", "contents": "Prostaglandins: an overview. Since their discovery more than 40 years ago, PGs have been shown to be present in many tissues. The 10 members of this family (PGA-PGI and TxA) that have been identified to date have been noted to have a wide variety of pharmacologic actions. Frequently, the actions of one PG are in direct opposition to those of another. This has led to the theory that PGs play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in many organ systems. Evidence accumulated indicates a major role for PGs in the regulation of blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system, blood flow and platelet aggregation. This is in addition to specific actions on other tissues such as the CNS and reproductive system. A summary of PG actions in humans is contained in Table 1. Unfortunately, the PGs have not been as useful therapeutically as originally hoped. Currently, they are being used to induce labor and to maintain the patency of the PDA. However, they still hold much promise and with the development of synthetic analogues and specific synthesis inhibitors, they should live up to this promise in the future.", "PMID": 742549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5136", "title": "Prostaglandins and gastrointestinal function.", "content": "Much work has been done and much remains to be done in defining the role of the prostaglandins in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. The following statements summarize the current knowledge of the prostaglandins in human gastrointestinal function: 1. Prostaglandins of the E type have been isolated from human gastrointestinal tissue. They are naturally occurring 20 carbon hydroxy fatty acids synthesized and degraded in the same intestinal tissue by a 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. 2. Prostaglandins E2 and PGF2alpha have opposing, dose-related effects on the lower esophageal sphincter and lower two thirds of the esophagus. Sphincter pressure is decreased and esophageal contractions are inhibited by PGE2, whereas sphincter pressure is increased and esophageal contractions are induced by PGF2alpha. 3. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion is inhibited by PGE and its methyl analogues, but not by PGF, in a dose-related, nonselective manner. Oral administration of PGE methyl analogues may be an effective mode of therapy in peptic ulcer disease. 4. The prostaglandins reduce absorption and induce secretion of electrolytes and water in the jejunum and ileum but not in the colon. This secretory effect has been implicated in certain pathologic conditions. 5. The prostaglandins appear to be vasodilators of the hepatic circulation. Prostaglandin E contracts the gall bladder, relaxes the sphincter of Oddi and inhibits isosmotic fluid transport. 6. Pancreatic secretion and insulin release are inhibited by the prostaglandins in vivo and secretion is stimulated in vitro. The actual role of the prostaglandins in insulin release is not known.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and gastrointestinal function. Much work has been done and much remains to be done in defining the role of the prostaglandins in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. The following statements summarize the current knowledge of the prostaglandins in human gastrointestinal function: 1. Prostaglandins of the E type have been isolated from human gastrointestinal tissue. They are naturally occurring 20 carbon hydroxy fatty acids synthesized and degraded in the same intestinal tissue by a 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. 2. Prostaglandins E2 and PGF2alpha have opposing, dose-related effects on the lower esophageal sphincter and lower two thirds of the esophagus. Sphincter pressure is decreased and esophageal contractions are inhibited by PGE2, whereas sphincter pressure is increased and esophageal contractions are induced by PGF2alpha. 3. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion is inhibited by PGE and its methyl analogues, but not by PGF, in a dose-related, nonselective manner. Oral administration of PGE methyl analogues may be an effective mode of therapy in peptic ulcer disease. 4. The prostaglandins reduce absorption and induce secretion of electrolytes and water in the jejunum and ileum but not in the colon. This secretory effect has been implicated in certain pathologic conditions. 5. The prostaglandins appear to be vasodilators of the hepatic circulation. Prostaglandin E contracts the gall bladder, relaxes the sphincter of Oddi and inhibits isosmotic fluid transport. 6. Pancreatic secretion and insulin release are inhibited by the prostaglandins in vivo and secretion is stimulated in vitro. The actual role of the prostaglandins in insulin release is not known.", "PMID": 742550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5137", "title": "Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by dimaprit in unanesthetized rats.", "content": "In unanesthetized rats, dimaprit and histamine given by intravenous infusion were about equipotent in stimulating gastric acid secretion. The maximal rate of acid secretion in response to dimaprit was significantly greater than to histamine but not significantly different from the response to pentagastrin.", "contents": "Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by dimaprit in unanesthetized rats. In unanesthetized rats, dimaprit and histamine given by intravenous infusion were about equipotent in stimulating gastric acid secretion. The maximal rate of acid secretion in response to dimaprit was significantly greater than to histamine but not significantly different from the response to pentagastrin.", "PMID": 742553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5138", "title": "Oxatomide protects Trichinella spiralis infected mice from lethal anaphylaxis.", "content": "Infection with Trichinella spiralis in mice was accompanied by allergic sensitization as evidenced by anaphylactic death after intravenous injection of the antigen. Pre-treatment of the animals with oxatomide, a new orally active anti-allergic drug, resulted in significant protection of the animals; the lowest effective dose of the compound was 1.25 mg/kg orally. In contrast to cyproheptadine, oxatomide offered little protection against serotonin toxicity in mice. The present data suggest that, in this model of systemic hypersensitivity, the anti-anaphylactic effect of oxatomide can be attributed mainly to inhibition of release of allergic mediators.", "contents": "Oxatomide protects Trichinella spiralis infected mice from lethal anaphylaxis. Infection with Trichinella spiralis in mice was accompanied by allergic sensitization as evidenced by anaphylactic death after intravenous injection of the antigen. Pre-treatment of the animals with oxatomide, a new orally active anti-allergic drug, resulted in significant protection of the animals; the lowest effective dose of the compound was 1.25 mg/kg orally. In contrast to cyproheptadine, oxatomide offered little protection against serotonin toxicity in mice. The present data suggest that, in this model of systemic hypersensitivity, the anti-anaphylactic effect of oxatomide can be attributed mainly to inhibition of release of allergic mediators.", "PMID": 742554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5139", "title": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma DBH activity in hypertension.", "content": "Many factors are to be considered in maintaining normal blood pressure. Authors study the behavior of urinary kallikrein (U.K.) and plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in various forms of hypertension. The values of U.K. excretion in normals were 20.5 +/- 1.8 E.U./24 h. In essential hypertensive patients (9.4 +/- 2.0 E.U./24 h) U.K. decreased, while in secondary hypertension it was significantly higher (33.8 +/- 3.0 E.U./24 h). Plasma DBH activity in essential hypertensive patients (17.72 +/- 2.33 I.U./ml) was similar to controls (20.22 +/- 1.39 I.U./ml); in secondary hypertension the mean values of plasma DBH were decreased (12.31 +/- 2.55 I.U./ml). No correlation between U.K. and plasma DBH activity was observed in normals and in various forms of hypertensive patients. U.K. seems a more reliable factor than plasma DBH in defining the different types of hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma DBH activity in hypertension. Many factors are to be considered in maintaining normal blood pressure. Authors study the behavior of urinary kallikrein (U.K.) and plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in various forms of hypertension. The values of U.K. excretion in normals were 20.5 +/- 1.8 E.U./24 h. In essential hypertensive patients (9.4 +/- 2.0 E.U./24 h) U.K. decreased, while in secondary hypertension it was significantly higher (33.8 +/- 3.0 E.U./24 h). Plasma DBH activity in essential hypertensive patients (17.72 +/- 2.33 I.U./ml) was similar to controls (20.22 +/- 1.39 I.U./ml); in secondary hypertension the mean values of plasma DBH were decreased (12.31 +/- 2.55 I.U./ml). No correlation between U.K. and plasma DBH activity was observed in normals and in various forms of hypertensive patients. U.K. seems a more reliable factor than plasma DBH in defining the different types of hypertension.", "PMID": 742555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5140", "title": "Relationship between oedema and plasma exudation in rat paw carrageenin inflammation.", "content": "High (500 microgram) and low (100 microgram) doses of carrageenin produced different temporal extravasation of plasma protein when injected into the rat paw. High doses caused a continuous extravasation parallel to the oedema increase. With low doses, main exudation occurred during the first 2 h and was minimal when the oedema was maximal (4th hour). Pre-treatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg/i.p.) was effective in reducing oedema and protein extravasation for both doses of carrageenin. Indomethacin given 2 h after carrageenin had no effect upon the oedema caused by the low doses, but was effective with the high doses of carrageenin. The anti-oedematogenic effect of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, such as indomethacin, was related to its effect upon plasma exudation, i.e. the agent was effective when there was a correlation between increment of oedema and plasma extravasation. The continuously increased plasma extravasation indicated the continuous presence of an active damaging stimulus. Our results explain several apparently contradictory observations reported in the literature.", "contents": "Relationship between oedema and plasma exudation in rat paw carrageenin inflammation. High (500 microgram) and low (100 microgram) doses of carrageenin produced different temporal extravasation of plasma protein when injected into the rat paw. High doses caused a continuous extravasation parallel to the oedema increase. With low doses, main exudation occurred during the first 2 h and was minimal when the oedema was maximal (4th hour). Pre-treatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg/i.p.) was effective in reducing oedema and protein extravasation for both doses of carrageenin. Indomethacin given 2 h after carrageenin had no effect upon the oedema caused by the low doses, but was effective with the high doses of carrageenin. The anti-oedematogenic effect of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, such as indomethacin, was related to its effect upon plasma exudation, i.e. the agent was effective when there was a correlation between increment of oedema and plasma extravasation. The continuously increased plasma extravasation indicated the continuous presence of an active damaging stimulus. Our results explain several apparently contradictory observations reported in the literature.", "PMID": 742557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5141", "title": "Carrageenan oedema in copper-deficient rats.", "content": "Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema has been studied in rats deprived of copper for different lengths of time. A common feature observed in normally fed and copper-deficient rats was the rise of serum copper levels occurring between 10 and 24 h after the injection of the irritant. After 1 month of copper-deficient diet no differences are seen in the oedema developed by controls and copper-deprived animals, while after 3 months the oedema developed by copper-deficient rats was significantly greater compared with the controls.", "contents": "Carrageenan oedema in copper-deficient rats. Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema has been studied in rats deprived of copper for different lengths of time. A common feature observed in normally fed and copper-deficient rats was the rise of serum copper levels occurring between 10 and 24 h after the injection of the irritant. After 1 month of copper-deficient diet no differences are seen in the oedema developed by controls and copper-deprived animals, while after 3 months the oedema developed by copper-deficient rats was significantly greater compared with the controls.", "PMID": 742559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5142", "title": "Effect of pulse dose cyclophosphamide on the anamnestic immune response in NZB/W mice.", "content": "Mice exhibiting a spontaneous SLE-like lethal autoimmunity (female NZB/W hybrids) were given monthly doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA) 240 mg/kg p.o. starting at four months of age. Antibodies to DNA and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were measured as well as general well being of the mice. The CPA-treated group demonstrated a marked increased in survival compared to the untreated controls with reduction of anti-DNA antibody levels but only a slight inhibition of the anamnestic response to SRBC immunization.", "contents": "Effect of pulse dose cyclophosphamide on the anamnestic immune response in NZB/W mice. Mice exhibiting a spontaneous SLE-like lethal autoimmunity (female NZB/W hybrids) were given monthly doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA) 240 mg/kg p.o. starting at four months of age. Antibodies to DNA and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were measured as well as general well being of the mice. The CPA-treated group demonstrated a marked increased in survival compared to the untreated controls with reduction of anti-DNA antibody levels but only a slight inhibition of the anamnestic response to SRBC immunization.", "PMID": 742560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5143", "title": "The effect of variation in perfusion pressure on the capillary blood flow (microflow) in the cerebral cortex of the isolated cat's head preparation.", "content": "The results of the present experiments show that capillary blood flow in the cerebral cortex fluctuates, whether the cat's head is supplied by the animal's intact circulation or by an artificial circulation system. These variations in blood flow last about 5 to 15 min and range from about 10% below to 10% above the mean. When the perfusion pressure is gradually reduced from 140 mmHg to 60 mmHg, the cortical microflow and the electrical activity of the brain remain almost constant. However, a reduction in perfusion pressure of this magnitude causes a 75% fall in total blood flow through the isolated head.", "contents": "The effect of variation in perfusion pressure on the capillary blood flow (microflow) in the cerebral cortex of the isolated cat's head preparation. The results of the present experiments show that capillary blood flow in the cerebral cortex fluctuates, whether the cat's head is supplied by the animal's intact circulation or by an artificial circulation system. These variations in blood flow last about 5 to 15 min and range from about 10% below to 10% above the mean. When the perfusion pressure is gradually reduced from 140 mmHg to 60 mmHg, the cortical microflow and the electrical activity of the brain remain almost constant. However, a reduction in perfusion pressure of this magnitude causes a 75% fall in total blood flow through the isolated head.", "PMID": 742561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5144", "title": "The consumer of therapy in mental health.", "content": "The current emphasis on consumer advocacy and accountability in health care has implications for the practice of occupational therapy in mental health. The consumer movement that gained national attention during the 1960s was marked by the passage in 1962 of a congressional bill that affirmed the consumer's right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard. These four rights, as well as the concept of client self-determination (seen as an additional right of the client to determine his or her own participation in the evaluation and treatment process), can be applied to occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapists must begin to address the aspects of accountability to the consumer by understanding both the concept and the principles of consumerism and the consequences of focusing on the patient or client as consumer. Therapists must then attempt to apply these principles to practice. Principles of consumerism can be incorporated into practice in clinical, administrative, and educational settings.", "contents": "The consumer of therapy in mental health. The current emphasis on consumer advocacy and accountability in health care has implications for the practice of occupational therapy in mental health. The consumer movement that gained national attention during the 1960s was marked by the passage in 1962 of a congressional bill that affirmed the consumer's right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard. These four rights, as well as the concept of client self-determination (seen as an additional right of the client to determine his or her own participation in the evaluation and treatment process), can be applied to occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapists must begin to address the aspects of accountability to the consumer by understanding both the concept and the principles of consumerism and the consequences of focusing on the patient or client as consumer. Therapists must then attempt to apply these principles to practice. Principles of consumerism can be incorporated into practice in clinical, administrative, and educational settings.", "PMID": 742575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5145", "title": "The interest check list: an empirical assessment.", "content": "The empirical structure of the five a priori categories of the Neuropsychiatric Interest Check List was assessed by using factor analysis. Items from the Physical Sports and Cultural/Educational categories functioned as hypothesized, whereas those from the Manual Skills and Activities of Daily Living categories overlapped. Items comprising the Social Recreation category failed to cluster together in a meaningful way.", "contents": "The interest check list: an empirical assessment. The empirical structure of the five a priori categories of the Neuropsychiatric Interest Check List was assessed by using factor analysis. Items from the Physical Sports and Cultural/Educational categories functioned as hypothesized, whereas those from the Manual Skills and Activities of Daily Living categories overlapped. Items comprising the Social Recreation category failed to cluster together in a meaningful way.", "PMID": 742576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5146", "title": "Relocation stress and the elderly.", "content": "The stress of relocation for an elderly person can lead to increased physical and psychological problems, serious illness, and even death. A number of factors have been identified that appear to contribute to this stress. Occupational therapists who work with the aged have the training and skills needed to modify many of these factors and thus minimize their potentially harmful impact. A review of the literature on relocation stress and the application of this information to occupational therapy is presented.", "contents": "Relocation stress and the elderly. The stress of relocation for an elderly person can lead to increased physical and psychological problems, serious illness, and even death. A number of factors have been identified that appear to contribute to this stress. Occupational therapists who work with the aged have the training and skills needed to modify many of these factors and thus minimize their potentially harmful impact. A review of the literature on relocation stress and the application of this information to occupational therapy is presented.", "PMID": 742577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5147", "title": "General systems theory: implications for theory and action in occupational therapy.", "content": "This paper presents a description of the transformation of science under General Systems Theory, and the relationship of this transformation to the field of occupational therapy. Changes in scientific methods of proof and in scientific laws that underlie theory are discussed. The paper presents a scale for recognizing complexity in phenomena and for analyzing the appropriateness of theories designed to explain the phenomena. It also presents the theory of open systems as an alternative to mechanistic explanations of human behavior.", "contents": "General systems theory: implications for theory and action in occupational therapy. This paper presents a description of the transformation of science under General Systems Theory, and the relationship of this transformation to the field of occupational therapy. Changes in scientific methods of proof and in scientific laws that underlie theory are discussed. The paper presents a scale for recognizing complexity in phenomena and for analyzing the appropriateness of theories designed to explain the phenomena. It also presents the theory of open systems as an alternative to mechanistic explanations of human behavior.", "PMID": 742578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5148", "title": "An unusual case of IgE myeloma.", "content": "A further case of IgE myeloma in a 65 year old woman was described. An unusual picture was found in the urine where two IgE fragments, namely an incomplete Fc fragment and an IgE specific Fab fragment were excreted. The clinical picture supports the suggestion that IgE myelomas are very heterogenous.", "contents": "An unusual case of IgE myeloma. A further case of IgE myeloma in a 65 year old woman was described. An unusual picture was found in the urine where two IgE fragments, namely an incomplete Fc fragment and an IgE specific Fab fragment were excreted. The clinical picture supports the suggestion that IgE myelomas are very heterogenous.", "PMID": 742573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5149", "title": "Regional deposition of inhaled 137 Cs-labeled monodisperse and polydisperse aluminosilicate aerosols in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Two groups of eighty Syrian hamsters were exposed to aerosols of 137Cs-labeled fused aluminosilicate particles. One group was exposed to a monodisperse aerosol with AMAD (activity median aerodynamic diameter) of 1.53 micron and sigma g (geometric standard deviation) of 1.15. The other group was exposed to a polydisperse aerosol with AMAD of 1.87 micron and sigma g of 1.46. After exposure, the hamsters were killed and carefully dissected and tissues were assayed for 137Cs to determine regional deposition of the inhaled aerosols. The relative lung deposition was similar for the two groups and was estimated as 9.5% of the inhaled aerosols. The right apical lobe consistently contained more activity and the right cardiac and right diaphragmatic lobes less activity on a per gram lung weight basis than the total lung.", "contents": "Regional deposition of inhaled 137 Cs-labeled monodisperse and polydisperse aluminosilicate aerosols in Syrian hamsters. Two groups of eighty Syrian hamsters were exposed to aerosols of 137Cs-labeled fused aluminosilicate particles. One group was exposed to a monodisperse aerosol with AMAD (activity median aerodynamic diameter) of 1.53 micron and sigma g (geometric standard deviation) of 1.15. The other group was exposed to a polydisperse aerosol with AMAD of 1.87 micron and sigma g of 1.46. After exposure, the hamsters were killed and carefully dissected and tissues were assayed for 137Cs to determine regional deposition of the inhaled aerosols. The relative lung deposition was similar for the two groups and was estimated as 9.5% of the inhaled aerosols. The right apical lobe consistently contained more activity and the right cardiac and right diaphragmatic lobes less activity on a per gram lung weight basis than the total lung.", "PMID": 742592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5150", "title": "Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determination of arsenic in hair.", "content": "A modified hydride generation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method for the analysis of total arsenic in hair has been developed to evaluate occupational exposures to arsenic. Hair samples are processed by a multi-step cleaning procedure to remove all external arsenic contamination prior to digestion in a nitric-sulfuric acid mixture. The resulting solution is diluted to volume with distilled water and subsequently analyzed by arsine generation and AAS using an argon-hydrogen entrained air flame. Recovery data indicate that the method is quantitative for the determination of arsenic with a recovery of over 90% and a detection limit of 0.02 microgram.", "contents": "Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determination of arsenic in hair. A modified hydride generation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method for the analysis of total arsenic in hair has been developed to evaluate occupational exposures to arsenic. Hair samples are processed by a multi-step cleaning procedure to remove all external arsenic contamination prior to digestion in a nitric-sulfuric acid mixture. The resulting solution is diluted to volume with distilled water and subsequently analyzed by arsine generation and AAS using an argon-hydrogen entrained air flame. Recovery data indicate that the method is quantitative for the determination of arsenic with a recovery of over 90% and a detection limit of 0.02 microgram.", "PMID": 742594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5151", "title": "Analysis of charcoal tube samples for carbon disulfide using a photoionization detector.", "content": "A gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector was used to detect carbon disulfide eluted from charcoal tubes with acetonitrile. Overall sampling and desorption efficiency for carbon disulfide was found to approach 100 percent when compared to a liquid impingement, colorimetric method. A relative standard deviation of 4.78 percent (sampling plus analysis) was observed when the method was applied to a synthetic test atmosphere of 10 parts per million carbon disulfide. Sensitivity of the proposed method will enable concentrations of 0.10 ppm CS2 to be determined in a 10 liter air sample. The photoionization detector offers several advantages over other detectors, namely ease of operation and greater sensitivity.", "contents": "Analysis of charcoal tube samples for carbon disulfide using a photoionization detector. A gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector was used to detect carbon disulfide eluted from charcoal tubes with acetonitrile. Overall sampling and desorption efficiency for carbon disulfide was found to approach 100 percent when compared to a liquid impingement, colorimetric method. A relative standard deviation of 4.78 percent (sampling plus analysis) was observed when the method was applied to a synthetic test atmosphere of 10 parts per million carbon disulfide. Sensitivity of the proposed method will enable concentrations of 0.10 ppm CS2 to be determined in a 10 liter air sample. The photoionization detector offers several advantages over other detectors, namely ease of operation and greater sensitivity.", "PMID": 742595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5152", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of a recording respirable mass monitor.", "content": "A laboratory evaluation was conducted of an impaction-beta detection recording respirable mass monitor (RRMM), a prototype of the commercial RDM-301 manufactured by GCA Corporation. Areas investigated were the effect of dust concentration, size distribution, and sampling time on the accuracy and precision of the RRMM instrument when compared with personal gravimetric samplers. Results showed a good linear correlation between 1 and 20 mg/m3. However, the RRMM underestimated the gravimetric concentration when a significant mass of submicrometer particles was present. A commercial RDM-301 was also tested, and a decrease in precision was observed with decreasing concentration for a set sample time.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of a recording respirable mass monitor. A laboratory evaluation was conducted of an impaction-beta detection recording respirable mass monitor (RRMM), a prototype of the commercial RDM-301 manufactured by GCA Corporation. Areas investigated were the effect of dust concentration, size distribution, and sampling time on the accuracy and precision of the RRMM instrument when compared with personal gravimetric samplers. Results showed a good linear correlation between 1 and 20 mg/m3. However, the RRMM underestimated the gravimetric concentration when a significant mass of submicrometer particles was present. A commercial RDM-301 was also tested, and a decrease in precision was observed with decreasing concentration for a set sample time.", "PMID": 742596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5153", "title": "Variable-cut particle-size classification by opposing jets.", "content": "A new technique of aerodynamic particle-size classification has been developed utilizing axisymmetrically-opposed air jets. For a fixed geometry the cut size can be varied from 0.8 to 3.6 micrometer by changing the jet flow rates. Future designs are expected to extend the useful particle-size range. Particles remain airborne after size separation, permitting the use of continuous, automated methods for analyzing the particle concentration and chemical compositon.", "contents": "Variable-cut particle-size classification by opposing jets. A new technique of aerodynamic particle-size classification has been developed utilizing axisymmetrically-opposed air jets. For a fixed geometry the cut size can be varied from 0.8 to 3.6 micrometer by changing the jet flow rates. Future designs are expected to extend the useful particle-size range. Particles remain airborne after size separation, permitting the use of continuous, automated methods for analyzing the particle concentration and chemical compositon.", "PMID": 742597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5154", "title": "Respiratory response of guinea pigs to ozone alone and with sulfur dioxide.", "content": "This study was designed to utilize our guinea pig bioassay method for irritant response to address the question of whether or not ozone and sulfur dioxide appeared to react to form sulfuric acid in the respiratory tract. Animals were exposed to 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm of each gas alone and to the combination at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 ppm. In these experiments sulfur dioxide alone produced no statistically significant alterations in respiration. All concentrations of ozone produced an increase in respiratory frequency. At the two higher concentrations the increase in frequency was accompanied by a decrease in compliance. The response to the combinations was the same as the response to those levels of ozone alone. No sulfuric acid was detected in the chamber atmosphere. The biological data suggest that none was formed in the lung.", "contents": "Respiratory response of guinea pigs to ozone alone and with sulfur dioxide. This study was designed to utilize our guinea pig bioassay method for irritant response to address the question of whether or not ozone and sulfur dioxide appeared to react to form sulfuric acid in the respiratory tract. Animals were exposed to 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm of each gas alone and to the combination at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 ppm. In these experiments sulfur dioxide alone produced no statistically significant alterations in respiration. All concentrations of ozone produced an increase in respiratory frequency. At the two higher concentrations the increase in frequency was accompanied by a decrease in compliance. The response to the combinations was the same as the response to those levels of ozone alone. No sulfuric acid was detected in the chamber atmosphere. The biological data suggest that none was formed in the lung.", "PMID": 742598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5155", "title": "Levels and chemical composition of cotton gin dust.", "content": "Dust levels were determined in the three principal work areas of five high-capacity, saw-type cotton gins processing spindle-picked cotton. Dust levels measured by the vertical elutriator, OSHA personal and stationary personal samplers averaged 0.66, 0.96 and 0.87 mg/m3, respectively. Gross chemical analyses of dust samples collected indicated that the composit0n of the dust was highly variable and different for the principal work areas within each gin -- 15 to 53% ash, 2 to 5% moisture, 8 to 18% protein, 19 to 55% cellulose and 8 to 16% water-extractable constituents. Major elements were silicon, potassium, aluminum, calcium and magnesium.", "contents": "Levels and chemical composition of cotton gin dust. Dust levels were determined in the three principal work areas of five high-capacity, saw-type cotton gins processing spindle-picked cotton. Dust levels measured by the vertical elutriator, OSHA personal and stationary personal samplers averaged 0.66, 0.96 and 0.87 mg/m3, respectively. Gross chemical analyses of dust samples collected indicated that the composit0n of the dust was highly variable and different for the principal work areas within each gin -- 15 to 53% ash, 2 to 5% moisture, 8 to 18% protein, 19 to 55% cellulose and 8 to 16% water-extractable constituents. Major elements were silicon, potassium, aluminum, calcium and magnesium.", "PMID": 742599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5156", "title": "Respirator protection factors: Part I -- Development of an anthropometric test panel.", "content": "Respirators are currently approved by testing them on a number of subjects without specifying facial sizes. Anthropometrically designed test panels were developed that represent the majority of the working population in terms of relevant facial measurements.", "contents": "Respirator protection factors: Part I -- Development of an anthropometric test panel. Respirators are currently approved by testing them on a number of subjects without specifying facial sizes. Anthropometrically designed test panels were developed that represent the majority of the working population in terms of relevant facial measurements.", "PMID": 742600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5157", "title": "Evaluation of workers exposed to elemental mercury using quantitative tests of tremor and neuromuscular functions.", "content": "Workers exposed to metallic mercury vapor were subjects for tremor, EMG, and psychomotor tests. Regression analysis revealed statistically significant trends in these test results related to workers' urine mercury histories. Effects were subclinical, functionally insignificant and most associated with those workers whose urine mercury had exceeded 0.5 mg/L in the previous year. In agreement with previous reports, effects were reversible upon reduction of mercury exposure.", "contents": "Evaluation of workers exposed to elemental mercury using quantitative tests of tremor and neuromuscular functions. Workers exposed to metallic mercury vapor were subjects for tremor, EMG, and psychomotor tests. Regression analysis revealed statistically significant trends in these test results related to workers' urine mercury histories. Effects were subclinical, functionally insignificant and most associated with those workers whose urine mercury had exceeded 0.5 mg/L in the previous year. In agreement with previous reports, effects were reversible upon reduction of mercury exposure.", "PMID": 742601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5158", "title": "Evaluation of a fluorescent dust tracer technique in cotton ginning.", "content": "A technique employing a fluorescent tracer for following the break-up and dispersion of cotton trash has been developed. Senescent cotton leaves were treated with a fluorescent dye, pulverized to match the same particle size distribution as naturally occurring leaf in raw seed cotton and uniformly incorporated into the seed cotton mass prior to processing in a saw-type micro-gin. A control lot was similarly processed, excluding any dye. Airborne samples collected from the major fugitive dust emission points by standard techniques, macro trash samples collected from four locations, and the final condensed lint product clearly show that the use of such tracers is not only feasible but highly useful in determining the locations where respirable dust is emitted. From the fraction of labelled tracer material found at any site, the relative amounts of both total and respirable dust emissions of that plant component can be estimated from the known masses of dyed material added to a given mass of seed cotton. Estimates of the relative severity of fugitive dust emissions from various processing steps in a cotton gin are presented based on vertical elutriator, high volume and multistage cascade impactor sampler data.", "contents": "Evaluation of a fluorescent dust tracer technique in cotton ginning. A technique employing a fluorescent tracer for following the break-up and dispersion of cotton trash has been developed. Senescent cotton leaves were treated with a fluorescent dye, pulverized to match the same particle size distribution as naturally occurring leaf in raw seed cotton and uniformly incorporated into the seed cotton mass prior to processing in a saw-type micro-gin. A control lot was similarly processed, excluding any dye. Airborne samples collected from the major fugitive dust emission points by standard techniques, macro trash samples collected from four locations, and the final condensed lint product clearly show that the use of such tracers is not only feasible but highly useful in determining the locations where respirable dust is emitted. From the fraction of labelled tracer material found at any site, the relative amounts of both total and respirable dust emissions of that plant component can be estimated from the known masses of dyed material added to a given mass of seed cotton. Estimates of the relative severity of fugitive dust emissions from various processing steps in a cotton gin are presented based on vertical elutriator, high volume and multistage cascade impactor sampler data.", "PMID": 742602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5159", "title": "Distinguishing between malignant and cirrhotic ascites by computerized step-wise discriminant functional analysis of its biochemistry.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the ability of a specifically programmed computer to select those biochemical substances most capable of distinguishing \"cirrhotic ascites\" from \"malignant ascites\". After simultaneously performing selected biochemical and electrophoretic studies on fresh unstored serum and ascites of 23 patients with documented cirrhosis and 18 patients with proven malignancies, computerized step-wise discriminant analysis of the multiple input revealed that the serum-to-ascites LDH ratio was able to distinguish \"cirrhotic ascites\" from \"malignant ascites\" with greater than 86% accuracy. Assignment to proper groups was increased to 89% with the addition of the ratio to serum total protein-to-ascites total protein. The predictive value of a positive result was 100%; specificity was 100%; the predictive value of a negative result was 85%. This type of computer analysis also permits incorporation of both additional cases and new substances thus increasing predictability and reducing type II statistical errors.", "contents": "Distinguishing between malignant and cirrhotic ascites by computerized step-wise discriminant functional analysis of its biochemistry. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of a specifically programmed computer to select those biochemical substances most capable of distinguishing \"cirrhotic ascites\" from \"malignant ascites\". After simultaneously performing selected biochemical and electrophoretic studies on fresh unstored serum and ascites of 23 patients with documented cirrhosis and 18 patients with proven malignancies, computerized step-wise discriminant analysis of the multiple input revealed that the serum-to-ascites LDH ratio was able to distinguish \"cirrhotic ascites\" from \"malignant ascites\" with greater than 86% accuracy. Assignment to proper groups was increased to 89% with the addition of the ratio to serum total protein-to-ascites total protein. The predictive value of a positive result was 100%; specificity was 100%; the predictive value of a negative result was 85%. This type of computer analysis also permits incorporation of both additional cases and new substances thus increasing predictability and reducing type II statistical errors.", "PMID": 742603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5160", "title": "Elevated serum amylase activity in the absence of clinical pancreatic or salivary gland disease: possible role of acute hypoxemia.", "content": "Elevated serum amylase activity, in the absence of clinically apparent pancreatic or salivary gland disease, has been observed in many seemingly unrelated conditions. In a search for common etiological factors to account for hyperamylasemia in these conditions, a retrospective analysis was performed. Eighty-four episodes of hyperamylasemia (greater than 300 I.U./l. Phadebas method) occurring in 75 patients over a one-year period ending in June, 1975 were assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 consisted of 56 (67%) episodes of hyperamylasemia with clinical pancreatitis. Group 2 consisted of 28 (33%) episodes of hyperamylasemia in the absence of clinical pancreatitis. Hypoxemia (pO2 less than 75 mm. Hg.) was found in 9/15 patients in Group 2 who had arterial blood gases measured. To assess the possible relationship between acute hypoxemia and amylase activity, a prospective study was initiated. Patients with known causes of pancreatitis or renal failure were eliminated. Hyperamylasemia was found in 3/8 hypoxemic patients. This raises the possibility that acute hypoxemia alone or in combination with other factors may raise serum amylase activity, possibly through ischemic injury to the pancreas or salivary glands or other amylase containing tissues.", "contents": "Elevated serum amylase activity in the absence of clinical pancreatic or salivary gland disease: possible role of acute hypoxemia. Elevated serum amylase activity, in the absence of clinically apparent pancreatic or salivary gland disease, has been observed in many seemingly unrelated conditions. In a search for common etiological factors to account for hyperamylasemia in these conditions, a retrospective analysis was performed. Eighty-four episodes of hyperamylasemia (greater than 300 I.U./l. Phadebas method) occurring in 75 patients over a one-year period ending in June, 1975 were assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 consisted of 56 (67%) episodes of hyperamylasemia with clinical pancreatitis. Group 2 consisted of 28 (33%) episodes of hyperamylasemia in the absence of clinical pancreatitis. Hypoxemia (pO2 less than 75 mm. Hg.) was found in 9/15 patients in Group 2 who had arterial blood gases measured. To assess the possible relationship between acute hypoxemia and amylase activity, a prospective study was initiated. Patients with known causes of pancreatitis or renal failure were eliminated. Hyperamylasemia was found in 3/8 hypoxemic patients. This raises the possibility that acute hypoxemia alone or in combination with other factors may raise serum amylase activity, possibly through ischemic injury to the pancreas or salivary glands or other amylase containing tissues.", "PMID": 742604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5161", "title": "Intra-arterial tissue adhesives for medical splenectomy in dogs.", "content": "Transcatheter intra-arterial tissue adhesives are effective agents for producing medical splenectomy in dogs. Because of the rapid polymerization of the tissue adhesive, localized occlusion of the splenic artery mimicking a surgical ligation can be achieved leaving the intrasplenic vessels patent. Splenic infarction without evidence of infection was accomplished.", "contents": "Intra-arterial tissue adhesives for medical splenectomy in dogs. Transcatheter intra-arterial tissue adhesives are effective agents for producing medical splenectomy in dogs. Because of the rapid polymerization of the tissue adhesive, localized occlusion of the splenic artery mimicking a surgical ligation can be achieved leaving the intrasplenic vessels patent. Splenic infarction without evidence of infection was accomplished.", "PMID": 742605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5162", "title": "Gastritis polyposa in a gastroenterostomy anastomosis.", "content": "Review of the literature finds a strong point made for polyps of the stomach to be considered as \"sentinels\" of malignancy. The controversy over the transformation of gastric polyps into malignant tumors is coming to an end. Apparently, everyone agrees with a high incidence of malignant transformation in adenomatous polyps. The recent case report by Papp and Joseph of a hyperplastic polyp with malignant changes, seems to demonstrate that all polyps can undergo neoplastic transformation. We believe that every gastrectomized patient should be gastroscoped once a year, even with an absence of symptoms or lack of x-ray findings. Any polyp, adenomatous or hyperplastic, should be removed endoscopically and studied histopathologically for possible association with or development of carcinoma.", "contents": "Gastritis polyposa in a gastroenterostomy anastomosis. Review of the literature finds a strong point made for polyps of the stomach to be considered as \"sentinels\" of malignancy. The controversy over the transformation of gastric polyps into malignant tumors is coming to an end. Apparently, everyone agrees with a high incidence of malignant transformation in adenomatous polyps. The recent case report by Papp and Joseph of a hyperplastic polyp with malignant changes, seems to demonstrate that all polyps can undergo neoplastic transformation. We believe that every gastrectomized patient should be gastroscoped once a year, even with an absence of symptoms or lack of x-ray findings. Any polyp, adenomatous or hyperplastic, should be removed endoscopically and studied histopathologically for possible association with or development of carcinoma.", "PMID": 742606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5163", "title": "Choledochal cyst presenting as acute pancreatitis: evaluation with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "A unusual case of choledochal cyst in an adult presenting as acute pancreatitis is described. Subsequent evaluation by ERCP revealed two atypical features, involvement of the cystic duct (proximal dilatation) and a long (six times normal) intrapancreatic common channel, which may be etiologically related to the pancreatitis.", "contents": "Choledochal cyst presenting as acute pancreatitis: evaluation with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A unusual case of choledochal cyst in an adult presenting as acute pancreatitis is described. Subsequent evaluation by ERCP revealed two atypical features, involvement of the cystic duct (proximal dilatation) and a long (six times normal) intrapancreatic common channel, which may be etiologically related to the pancreatitis.", "PMID": 742607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5164", "title": "Cholecystokinin cholecystography in the diagnosis of acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders.", "content": "Cholecystokinin cholecystography represents a study designed to identify patients with acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders. In this study, a positive cholecystokinin cholecystogram (CCK-GB) was defined as both reproduction of the patient's biliary tract-type pain plus one or more of various roentgen abnormalities. Using these criteria, 20 patients had a positive CCK-GB. After failure of medical management, 19 of these patients came to surgery. Seventeen of 18 available for follow-up were cured of their biliary tract pain by surgery. Follow-up of this group of patients has ranged from one month to 60 months. In view of our findings plus those in other reported series, we conclude that CCK-GB provides a reliable study for the diagnosis of acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin cholecystography in the diagnosis of acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders. Cholecystokinin cholecystography represents a study designed to identify patients with acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders. In this study, a positive cholecystokinin cholecystogram (CCK-GB) was defined as both reproduction of the patient's biliary tract-type pain plus one or more of various roentgen abnormalities. Using these criteria, 20 patients had a positive CCK-GB. After failure of medical management, 19 of these patients came to surgery. Seventeen of 18 available for follow-up were cured of their biliary tract pain by surgery. Follow-up of this group of patients has ranged from one month to 60 months. In view of our findings plus those in other reported series, we conclude that CCK-GB provides a reliable study for the diagnosis of acalculous extrahepatic biliary tract disorders.", "PMID": 742610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5165", "title": "The clinical course of subacute hepatic necrosis.", "content": "The clinical course is reported in 17 patients in whom the histological picture of subacute hepatic necrosis (\"bridging hepatitis\") was found on needle liver biopsy or at autopsy. The patients' ages ranged from 10-71 years, 12 patients being less than 40 years old. Ten patients were males. Jaundice lasted 2-4 months in nine cases and over six months in two, one of the latter having developed cirrhosis. In five patients a relapse of jaundice occurred within three months. Hepatitis B antigen was found in one of 13 patients tested. Two patients died in fulminant hepatic failure, one developed cirrhosis. These three patients and an additional two received prednisone therapy. Twelve of the remaining patients were followed for periods of 8-81 months; an additional two patients' follow-up was incomplete. None developed clinical evidence of chronic liver disease, and laboratory data at the last examination were normal except for slight elevation of alkaline phosphatase in six cases. Repeat biopsies showed persistent hepatitis in one case, slight portal fibrosis in one, cirrhosis in one and at autopsy in a patient who died of unrelated causes two years after hepatitis no evidence of chronic liver disease was found. This relatively good outome of subacute hepatic necrosis is probably due to the young average age of the patients, and the low incidence of B hepatitis in this series.", "contents": "The clinical course of subacute hepatic necrosis. The clinical course is reported in 17 patients in whom the histological picture of subacute hepatic necrosis (\"bridging hepatitis\") was found on needle liver biopsy or at autopsy. The patients' ages ranged from 10-71 years, 12 patients being less than 40 years old. Ten patients were males. Jaundice lasted 2-4 months in nine cases and over six months in two, one of the latter having developed cirrhosis. In five patients a relapse of jaundice occurred within three months. Hepatitis B antigen was found in one of 13 patients tested. Two patients died in fulminant hepatic failure, one developed cirrhosis. These three patients and an additional two received prednisone therapy. Twelve of the remaining patients were followed for periods of 8-81 months; an additional two patients' follow-up was incomplete. None developed clinical evidence of chronic liver disease, and laboratory data at the last examination were normal except for slight elevation of alkaline phosphatase in six cases. Repeat biopsies showed persistent hepatitis in one case, slight portal fibrosis in one, cirrhosis in one and at autopsy in a patient who died of unrelated causes two years after hepatitis no evidence of chronic liver disease was found. This relatively good outome of subacute hepatic necrosis is probably due to the young average age of the patients, and the low incidence of B hepatitis in this series.", "PMID": 742611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5166", "title": "An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Afghanistan. Pathologic features.", "content": "A large outbreak of veno-occlusive disease occurred in Afghanistan in which approximately 7,800 in a population of 35,000 subjects were estimated to have been affected. It was caused by consumption of wheat flour heavily contaminated with seeds of a plant of the heliotropium species. These were found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chiefly heliotrine. Fourteen percutaneous liver biopsies, representing different stages of diseases and liver tissue from eight autopsies were studied. Morphological changes in the liver were characteristic. Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis was followed by occlusive changes in the hepatic veins, finally resulting in nonportal cirrhosis. The sequence of changes observed suggests primary parenchymal injury and possibly obstructive lesions at the sinusoidal level. Collagenization of the sinusoids and reorganization of the lobular reticulin begin early in disease. Occlusive changes in the efferent veins apparently follow.", "contents": "An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Afghanistan. Pathologic features. A large outbreak of veno-occlusive disease occurred in Afghanistan in which approximately 7,800 in a population of 35,000 subjects were estimated to have been affected. It was caused by consumption of wheat flour heavily contaminated with seeds of a plant of the heliotropium species. These were found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chiefly heliotrine. Fourteen percutaneous liver biopsies, representing different stages of diseases and liver tissue from eight autopsies were studied. Morphological changes in the liver were characteristic. Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis was followed by occlusive changes in the hepatic veins, finally resulting in nonportal cirrhosis. The sequence of changes observed suggests primary parenchymal injury and possibly obstructive lesions at the sinusoidal level. Collagenization of the sinusoids and reorganization of the lobular reticulin begin early in disease. Occlusive changes in the efferent veins apparently follow.", "PMID": 742612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5167", "title": "Sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis. Light and electron microscopy studies.", "content": "The light and electron microscopy findings of liver biopsies from four patients with sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis are described. The main histologic feature was mesenchymal proliferation involving phagocytic, fibroblastic and immunocytic cells suggestive of an immunologic type of liver injury which may attack bile duct epithelial cells. Other histologic features, included the presence of myelin fibers in both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells and an abundant amount of lysosome-like structures. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis. Light and electron microscopy studies. The light and electron microscopy findings of liver biopsies from four patients with sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis are described. The main histologic feature was mesenchymal proliferation involving phagocytic, fibroblastic and immunocytic cells suggestive of an immunologic type of liver injury which may attack bile duct epithelial cells. Other histologic features, included the presence of myelin fibers in both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells and an abundant amount of lysosome-like structures. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 742613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5168", "title": "Angiography in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. A critical evaluation.", "content": "A critical \"blind\" evaluation of 129 randomly selected angiographic examinations was carried out including 37 control patients, 58 patients affected by proven chronic relapsing pancreatitis and 34 patients with cancer of the pancreas. In 48.5% of the control patients a completely normal angiographic picture was found. The false positives were found in 10.8% of chronic pancreatitis and in pancreatic carcinoma in 5.5% of the cases. Equivocal signs were found in 35.2%. The percentage of the false negative results in chronic pancreatitis was 34.4% (of which 8.6% were suggestive of pancreatic cancer). In pancreatic cancer positive results were seen in 70.6% of the cases. The percentage of the false negatives was 26.5% (suggestive of chronic pancreatitis); equivocal signs were found in 2.9% of these patients. Notwithstanding the not-negligible percentage of errors, angiography can be usefully employed in diagnosis of pancreatic disorders.", "contents": "Angiography in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. A critical evaluation. A critical \"blind\" evaluation of 129 randomly selected angiographic examinations was carried out including 37 control patients, 58 patients affected by proven chronic relapsing pancreatitis and 34 patients with cancer of the pancreas. In 48.5% of the control patients a completely normal angiographic picture was found. The false positives were found in 10.8% of chronic pancreatitis and in pancreatic carcinoma in 5.5% of the cases. Equivocal signs were found in 35.2%. The percentage of the false negative results in chronic pancreatitis was 34.4% (of which 8.6% were suggestive of pancreatic cancer). In pancreatic cancer positive results were seen in 70.6% of the cases. The percentage of the false negatives was 26.5% (suggestive of chronic pancreatitis); equivocal signs were found in 2.9% of these patients. Notwithstanding the not-negligible percentage of errors, angiography can be usefully employed in diagnosis of pancreatic disorders.", "PMID": 742614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5169", "title": "Blood kallikrein. Kinin system in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Three chief components of the kallikrein-kinin system (kallikrein, kininogen, kininase) were studied in the blood of 42 patients with acute pancreatitis. Significant increase in content of kallikrein, decrease in level of kininogen, and increase of kininase activity were observed. The highest values for kallikrein, kininogen and kininase activity were found in patients in whom acute pancreatitis was accompanied by hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "Blood kallikrein. Kinin system in acute pancreatitis. Three chief components of the kallikrein-kinin system (kallikrein, kininogen, kininase) were studied in the blood of 42 patients with acute pancreatitis. Significant increase in content of kallikrein, decrease in level of kininogen, and increase of kininase activity were observed. The highest values for kallikrein, kininogen and kininase activity were found in patients in whom acute pancreatitis was accompanied by hemodynamic changes.", "PMID": 742616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5170", "title": "Spontaneous external biliary fistula in a patient with heroin addiction.", "content": "Spontaneous external biliary fistula, once common, is now a rare clinical entity. A patient with this lesion is described and attention is drawn to the fact that this rare condition is still being seen in certain patients with neglected cholecystitis. Heroin addiction was thought to have modified his response to gallbladder disease and contributed to the perforation. Diagnosis was suspected on physical examination and confirmed by spontaneous discharge of stones and fistulogram.", "contents": "Spontaneous external biliary fistula in a patient with heroin addiction. Spontaneous external biliary fistula, once common, is now a rare clinical entity. A patient with this lesion is described and attention is drawn to the fact that this rare condition is still being seen in certain patients with neglected cholecystitis. Heroin addiction was thought to have modified his response to gallbladder disease and contributed to the perforation. Diagnosis was suspected on physical examination and confirmed by spontaneous discharge of stones and fistulogram.", "PMID": 742617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5171", "title": "The transjugular route as an alternative to direct percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver.", "content": "Transjugular liver biopsy was attempted in 32 cases of hepatocellular dysfunction with hemocoagulation disorders, ascites or marked obesity. A catheter was inserted in the right internal jugular vein and advanced into a hepatic vein under fluoroscopic control. A long needle was passed through the catheter and into the liver parenchyma for the biopsy. Diagnostic specimens were obtained in 28 instances (88%). The procedure was always well tolerated and no complications occurred. The transjugular approach offers a safe, practical alternative for liver biopsy in cases where direct percutaneous puncture is contraindicated.", "contents": "The transjugular route as an alternative to direct percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver. Transjugular liver biopsy was attempted in 32 cases of hepatocellular dysfunction with hemocoagulation disorders, ascites or marked obesity. A catheter was inserted in the right internal jugular vein and advanced into a hepatic vein under fluoroscopic control. A long needle was passed through the catheter and into the liver parenchyma for the biopsy. Diagnostic specimens were obtained in 28 instances (88%). The procedure was always well tolerated and no complications occurred. The transjugular approach offers a safe, practical alternative for liver biopsy in cases where direct percutaneous puncture is contraindicated.", "PMID": 742618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5172", "title": "Osteomalacia and celiac disease: response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "In this 54 year old woman with celiac disease, osteomalacia developed while she was on a gluten-free diet which had caused regression of her steatorrhea. She was not responsive to large doses of parenterally administered dihydrotachysterol and calcium, but she was responsive to the oral administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). The data suggest that 25-OHD3 is the treatment of choice for patients with vitamin D deficiency due to intestinal malabsorption.", "contents": "Osteomalacia and celiac disease: response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In this 54 year old woman with celiac disease, osteomalacia developed while she was on a gluten-free diet which had caused regression of her steatorrhea. She was not responsive to large doses of parenterally administered dihydrotachysterol and calcium, but she was responsive to the oral administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). The data suggest that 25-OHD3 is the treatment of choice for patients with vitamin D deficiency due to intestinal malabsorption.", "PMID": 742623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5173", "title": "Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a reappraisal.", "content": "Controlled oxygen therapy may aggravate carbon dioxide retention during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Of 50 consecutive patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure, 13 required intubation because of carbon dioxide narcosis. With discriminant analysis of their arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and pH on admission, a diagram separated patients into those at high risk and those at low risk for carbon dioxide narcosis. This diagram was then used to predict carbon dioxide narcosis in 73 patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure who were treated with controlled oxygen. In 16 of these patients carbon dioxide narcosis developed. Thirteen (81 per cent) were predicted by the diagram to be at high risk for this complication. Only two (4 per cent) patients judged by the diagram to be at low risk for carbon dioxide narcosis required mechanical ventilation. Utilizing an oxygen tension (PO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) diagram a patient's ventilatory response was compared to that of ambulatory patients with COPD. These data suggest that hypoxemia and acidosis are more discriminatory for \"carbon dioxide narcosis\" than hypercapnia.", "contents": "Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a reappraisal. Controlled oxygen therapy may aggravate carbon dioxide retention during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Of 50 consecutive patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure, 13 required intubation because of carbon dioxide narcosis. With discriminant analysis of their arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and pH on admission, a diagram separated patients into those at high risk and those at low risk for carbon dioxide narcosis. This diagram was then used to predict carbon dioxide narcosis in 73 patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure who were treated with controlled oxygen. In 16 of these patients carbon dioxide narcosis developed. Thirteen (81 per cent) were predicted by the diagram to be at high risk for this complication. Only two (4 per cent) patients judged by the diagram to be at low risk for carbon dioxide narcosis required mechanical ventilation. Utilizing an oxygen tension (PO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) diagram a patient's ventilatory response was compared to that of ambulatory patients with COPD. These data suggest that hypoxemia and acidosis are more discriminatory for \"carbon dioxide narcosis\" than hypercapnia.", "PMID": 742628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5174", "title": "Gallium scanning for the detection of abdominal abscesses.", "content": "The use of gallium scanning for the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses was studied in 59 cases in which the diagnosis was verified by laparotomy or autopsy. In 23 of the cases the patients were subsequently found to have abdominal abscesses and 11 patients had abdominal malignancies. Excluding the latter group, the scan was specific for abscess in 86 per cent of the cases and sensitive for abscess in 67 per cent. Recent abdominal incisions, concurrent intestinal, hepatic, biliary and pancreatic inflammatory conditions, without abscess, seldom caused gallium accumulation. False-negative scans (18 per cent) occurred more frequently than false-positive scans (8 per cent) and were seen in patients with large (often palpable) masses of short evolution and with secondarily infected lesions such as hematomas and pseudocysts. The gallium scan was of little help in the search for abdominal lesions in patients with obscure febrile illnesses without abdominal symptoms or signs.", "contents": "Gallium scanning for the detection of abdominal abscesses. The use of gallium scanning for the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses was studied in 59 cases in which the diagnosis was verified by laparotomy or autopsy. In 23 of the cases the patients were subsequently found to have abdominal abscesses and 11 patients had abdominal malignancies. Excluding the latter group, the scan was specific for abscess in 86 per cent of the cases and sensitive for abscess in 67 per cent. Recent abdominal incisions, concurrent intestinal, hepatic, biliary and pancreatic inflammatory conditions, without abscess, seldom caused gallium accumulation. False-negative scans (18 per cent) occurred more frequently than false-positive scans (8 per cent) and were seen in patients with large (often palpable) masses of short evolution and with secondarily infected lesions such as hematomas and pseudocysts. The gallium scan was of little help in the search for abdominal lesions in patients with obscure febrile illnesses without abdominal symptoms or signs.", "PMID": 742631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5175", "title": "Recent experiences with nocardial infections.", "content": "A review of Nocardia isolates at two Kansas City hospitals from 1968 to 1976 revealed isolates from 42 different patients. Data were available for analysis from 36 patients. According to strict criteria, only 17(47%) were infected. Infection increased from zero to one yearly from 1968 through 1973 to five and seven in 1974 and 1975, respectively. Commensal isolates varied from zero to five yearly with no recent increase. Analysis of underlying disease and predisposing factors suggests that bronchopulmonary abnormalities predispose to colonization but infection is unusual without immunosuppression. Primary nocardial infection without known underlying disease accounted for only 4 of the 17(24%) infections. Fever and leukocytosis were not helpful in distinguishing nocardial infection from colonization. A history of prior steroid use and a smear showing gram-positive filamentous organisms correlated highly with infection. Mortality correlated with pulmonary and brain involvement, prior use of steroids, and inappropriate therapy. Nosocomial infection was noted in five patients with a mortality of 60%. Overall mortality was only 29%.", "contents": "Recent experiences with nocardial infections. A review of Nocardia isolates at two Kansas City hospitals from 1968 to 1976 revealed isolates from 42 different patients. Data were available for analysis from 36 patients. According to strict criteria, only 17(47%) were infected. Infection increased from zero to one yearly from 1968 through 1973 to five and seven in 1974 and 1975, respectively. Commensal isolates varied from zero to five yearly with no recent increase. Analysis of underlying disease and predisposing factors suggests that bronchopulmonary abnormalities predispose to colonization but infection is unusual without immunosuppression. Primary nocardial infection without known underlying disease accounted for only 4 of the 17(24%) infections. Fever and leukocytosis were not helpful in distinguishing nocardial infection from colonization. A history of prior steroid use and a smear showing gram-positive filamentous organisms correlated highly with infection. Mortality correlated with pulmonary and brain involvement, prior use of steroids, and inappropriate therapy. Nosocomial infection was noted in five patients with a mortality of 60%. Overall mortality was only 29%.", "PMID": 742635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5176", "title": "Operant conditioning and assessment of stereopsis in young children.", "content": "Stereposis was assessed in 94 children ages 2--5 yr using random-dot stereograms (RDSs) and operant conditioning. After five traditional screening tests of stereopsis, all children were trained to perform a match-to-sample discrimination task involving RDSs with and without lateral disparity. An added feature of the operant RDS task was the availability of monocular cue-fading for children who failed initial RDS testing. The operant RDS test facilitated stereopsis-based responding more than the traditional clinical tests did. This finding is interpreted as indicating the importance of such factors as attention, motivation, and language ability in the assessment of stereopsis in young children.", "contents": "Operant conditioning and assessment of stereopsis in young children. Stereposis was assessed in 94 children ages 2--5 yr using random-dot stereograms (RDSs) and operant conditioning. After five traditional screening tests of stereopsis, all children were trained to perform a match-to-sample discrimination task involving RDSs with and without lateral disparity. An added feature of the operant RDS task was the availability of monocular cue-fading for children who failed initial RDS testing. The operant RDS test facilitated stereopsis-based responding more than the traditional clinical tests did. This finding is interpreted as indicating the importance of such factors as attention, motivation, and language ability in the assessment of stereopsis in young children.", "PMID": 742643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5177", "title": "A retrospective comparison of functional renal failure in cirrhosis treated by conventional therapy or the peritoneo-venous shunt (LeVeen).", "content": "Between 1973 to 1976, 12 ascitic cirrhotic patients with a mean plasma creatinine (pCr) of 4.4 +/- 3.0 mg/dl) were treated conservatively. During the same period 11 cirrhotics with ascites (pCr 4.3 +/- 2.8 mg/dl) were treated with LeVeen peritoneal jugular shunt. In the medically treated group mean survival was 2.4 +/- 2.7 weeks after detection of pCr elevation greater than 2.3 mg/dl. The 11 surgical patients with pCr elevation above 2.3 mg/dl survived a mean of 21.8 +/- 34.5 weeks after surgery. Four patients survived more than six months. The LeVeen shunt also resulted in significant weight loss, reduction in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), elevation of serum sodium, and increase of renal clearance of sodium. In appropriately selected patients it reverses the hepato-renal syndrome.", "contents": "A retrospective comparison of functional renal failure in cirrhosis treated by conventional therapy or the peritoneo-venous shunt (LeVeen). Between 1973 to 1976, 12 ascitic cirrhotic patients with a mean plasma creatinine (pCr) of 4.4 +/- 3.0 mg/dl) were treated conservatively. During the same period 11 cirrhotics with ascites (pCr 4.3 +/- 2.8 mg/dl) were treated with LeVeen peritoneal jugular shunt. In the medically treated group mean survival was 2.4 +/- 2.7 weeks after detection of pCr elevation greater than 2.3 mg/dl. The 11 surgical patients with pCr elevation above 2.3 mg/dl survived a mean of 21.8 +/- 34.5 weeks after surgery. Four patients survived more than six months. The LeVeen shunt also resulted in significant weight loss, reduction in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), elevation of serum sodium, and increase of renal clearance of sodium. In appropriately selected patients it reverses the hepato-renal syndrome.", "PMID": 742636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5178", "title": "A polycarbonate ophthalmic-prescription lens series.", "content": "Improvements in polycarbonate material, production techniques, and scratch-resistant coatings, combined with a process-oriented design, have resulted in a precision lens series. Surface quality is comparable to that of untreated glass ophthalmic lenses. The repeatability of the process results in closely controlled axial power and off-axis performance. For most lens prescriptions, the ANSI Z80.1 optical-center specifications for prescription accuracy are maintained through a total field of view of 40 deg for an 8-mm range of center-of-rotation distances. Off-axis astigmatism is controlled for near-point seeing. The lenses are both lighter and thinner than those of crown glass. A scratch-resistant coating reduces the reflections normally associated with high-index (1.586) materials. Impact resistance exceeds that required by ANSI Z80.7 and is many times that required by ANSI Z80.1.", "contents": "A polycarbonate ophthalmic-prescription lens series. Improvements in polycarbonate material, production techniques, and scratch-resistant coatings, combined with a process-oriented design, have resulted in a precision lens series. Surface quality is comparable to that of untreated glass ophthalmic lenses. The repeatability of the process results in closely controlled axial power and off-axis performance. For most lens prescriptions, the ANSI Z80.1 optical-center specifications for prescription accuracy are maintained through a total field of view of 40 deg for an 8-mm range of center-of-rotation distances. Off-axis astigmatism is controlled for near-point seeing. The lenses are both lighter and thinner than those of crown glass. A scratch-resistant coating reduces the reflections normally associated with high-index (1.586) materials. Impact resistance exceeds that required by ANSI Z80.7 and is many times that required by ANSI Z80.1.", "PMID": 742644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5179", "title": "Glucose therapy of recurrent lactic acidosis.", "content": "Lactic acidosis not associated with hypoxic states has a high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of this condition has been supportive and the etiology poorly understood. We report a case of recurrent lactic acidosis in a patient with renal and hepatic insufficiency with hypoglycemia which was repeatedly reversed by restoring the glucose concentration to normal. This case and several others in the literature suggest a mechanism for the development of type II B hyperlactatemia and new approaches for therapy.", "contents": "Glucose therapy of recurrent lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis not associated with hypoxic states has a high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of this condition has been supportive and the etiology poorly understood. We report a case of recurrent lactic acidosis in a patient with renal and hepatic insufficiency with hypoglycemia which was repeatedly reversed by restoring the glucose concentration to normal. This case and several others in the literature suggest a mechanism for the development of type II B hyperlactatemia and new approaches for therapy.", "PMID": 742638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5180", "title": "Case report: factors involved in the production of the presystolic murmur in a patient with mitral stenosis and atrial trigeminy. Correlation of echocardiographic, phonocardiographic, and hemodynamic data.", "content": "The study of a patient with mitral stenosis and periods of atrial trigeminal rhythm afforded an opportunity to test some factors important in the production of the presystolic murmur. The echocardiogram and phonocardiogram were correlated with hemodynamic data obtained both with the patient at rest and with right atrial and ventricular pacing. The results showed that atrial contraction was a major determinant in the production of the presystolic murmur and seemed to exert an even greater influence than did either the end-diastolic pressure gradient across the mitral valve or the duration of the preceding RR interval. Corollaries from this study may have practical application for the clinician in his bedside physical examination. The data suggested that the production of the presystolic murmur in our patient might have been related to geometrical shifts of intracardiac anatomical structures resulting from changes in the left ventricular end-diastolic distending pressure.", "contents": "Case report: factors involved in the production of the presystolic murmur in a patient with mitral stenosis and atrial trigeminy. Correlation of echocardiographic, phonocardiographic, and hemodynamic data. The study of a patient with mitral stenosis and periods of atrial trigeminal rhythm afforded an opportunity to test some factors important in the production of the presystolic murmur. The echocardiogram and phonocardiogram were correlated with hemodynamic data obtained both with the patient at rest and with right atrial and ventricular pacing. The results showed that atrial contraction was a major determinant in the production of the presystolic murmur and seemed to exert an even greater influence than did either the end-diastolic pressure gradient across the mitral valve or the duration of the preceding RR interval. Corollaries from this study may have practical application for the clinician in his bedside physical examination. The data suggested that the production of the presystolic murmur in our patient might have been related to geometrical shifts of intracardiac anatomical structures resulting from changes in the left ventricular end-diastolic distending pressure.", "PMID": 742639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5181", "title": "The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective refraction: effect of light polarization.", "content": "To identify the surface from which the retinoscopic reflex originates, retinoscopy was performed on 305 eyes of various ages with polarized and depolarized light. The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective refraction measures in the two conditions shows that two fundus reflective layers contribute to retinoscopy: a specularly reflecting layer presumably at the retina/vitreous interface and a diffusely reflecting layer near the pigment epithelium. In young eyes the retina/vitreous interface predominates; the other predominates in older eyes.", "contents": "The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective refraction: effect of light polarization. To identify the surface from which the retinoscopic reflex originates, retinoscopy was performed on 305 eyes of various ages with polarized and depolarized light. The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective refraction measures in the two conditions shows that two fundus reflective layers contribute to retinoscopy: a specularly reflecting layer presumably at the retina/vitreous interface and a diffusely reflecting layer near the pigment epithelium. In young eyes the retina/vitreous interface predominates; the other predominates in older eyes.", "PMID": 742645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5182", "title": "Eye movements, scanpaths, and dyslexia.", "content": "The oculomotor performance of 25 dyslexic and 19 normal children was evaluated to determine whether or not dyslexia involves deficits in oculomotor function or visual perception. When the children were required to follow a meaningless target or to solve pictorial tasks, the two age-matched groups could not be differentiated. When they were required to read selections commensurate with their measured reading level, the dyslexic children were markedly different on a number of parameters. It appears that the dyslexic's difficulty lies beyond visual perception, perhaps in the language area itself. The dyslexic's characteristic deficit seems to involve the integration of visual input into the language-acquisition function.", "contents": "Eye movements, scanpaths, and dyslexia. The oculomotor performance of 25 dyslexic and 19 normal children was evaluated to determine whether or not dyslexia involves deficits in oculomotor function or visual perception. When the children were required to follow a meaningless target or to solve pictorial tasks, the two age-matched groups could not be differentiated. When they were required to read selections commensurate with their measured reading level, the dyslexic children were markedly different on a number of parameters. It appears that the dyslexic's difficulty lies beyond visual perception, perhaps in the language area itself. The dyslexic's characteristic deficit seems to involve the integration of visual input into the language-acquisition function.", "PMID": 742646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5183", "title": "Case report: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a nonimmunosuppressed patient.", "content": "A patient with no known underlying immunosuppressive disorder who developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is described. A review of the English literature revealed ten other presumably nonimmunosuppressed patients with invasive aspergillosis. All had evidence of necrotizing pneumonitis with frequent cavity formation. Nine of the 11 patients died without the diagnosis of aspergillosis having been entertained. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis does occur in the nonimmunosuppressed host and should be considered when an etiologic agent is not readily identified in a patient with rapidly progressive diffuse necrotizing pneumonitis.", "contents": "Case report: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a nonimmunosuppressed patient. A patient with no known underlying immunosuppressive disorder who developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is described. A review of the English literature revealed ten other presumably nonimmunosuppressed patients with invasive aspergillosis. All had evidence of necrotizing pneumonitis with frequent cavity formation. Nine of the 11 patients died without the diagnosis of aspergillosis having been entertained. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis does occur in the nonimmunosuppressed host and should be considered when an etiologic agent is not readily identified in a patient with rapidly progressive diffuse necrotizing pneumonitis.", "PMID": 742641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5184", "title": "Case report: hypoparathyroidism and iron storage disease. Treatment with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3.", "content": "A patient in whom hypoparathyroidism developed as a complication of posttransfusional iron storage disease is described. The hypoparathyroidism occurred after more than 15 years of receiving blood transfusions at frequent intervals. In this patient with thalassemia major the serum PTH levels were undetectable. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 corrected the hypocalcemia that was resistant to vitamin D2, probably due to the associated liver dysfunction. Other cases reported in the literature are reviewed. It is suggested that hypoparathyroidism occurs more frequently than usually suspected in patients with iron storage disease.", "contents": "Case report: hypoparathyroidism and iron storage disease. Treatment with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3. A patient in whom hypoparathyroidism developed as a complication of posttransfusional iron storage disease is described. The hypoparathyroidism occurred after more than 15 years of receiving blood transfusions at frequent intervals. In this patient with thalassemia major the serum PTH levels were undetectable. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 corrected the hypocalcemia that was resistant to vitamin D2, probably due to the associated liver dysfunction. Other cases reported in the literature are reviewed. It is suggested that hypoparathyroidism occurs more frequently than usually suspected in patients with iron storage disease.", "PMID": 742642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5185", "title": "Applications of catastrophe theory to optometry.", "content": "Catastrophe theory, a recently developed area of mathematics, is used to model two aspects of visual behavior. Visual behavior measured in a patient undergoing phorometry and the visual behavior of some patients with anomalous retinal correspondence undergoing the Walraven technique are characterized as catastrophes.", "contents": "Applications of catastrophe theory to optometry. Catastrophe theory, a recently developed area of mathematics, is used to model two aspects of visual behavior. Visual behavior measured in a patient undergoing phorometry and the visual behavior of some patients with anomalous retinal correspondence undergoing the Walraven technique are characterized as catastrophes.", "PMID": 742648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5186", "title": "Optical image quality in the peripheral retina.", "content": "A double-pass, photoelectric, ophthalmoscopic method was used for objective study of the variation in image quality across the retina in terms of the reflected image of a fine line, the line-spread function. Radial and tangential line-spread functions have been studied with active and paralyzed accommodation at eccentricities up to 45 deg. With large pupils, the retinal image quality remained relatively constant over the central 20 deg of field and deteriorated at larger field angles. The results are discusssed with respect to field curvature, peripheral acuity, and peripheral refraction.", "contents": "Optical image quality in the peripheral retina. A double-pass, photoelectric, ophthalmoscopic method was used for objective study of the variation in image quality across the retina in terms of the reflected image of a fine line, the line-spread function. Radial and tangential line-spread functions have been studied with active and paralyzed accommodation at eccentricities up to 45 deg. With large pupils, the retinal image quality remained relatively constant over the central 20 deg of field and deteriorated at larger field angles. The results are discusssed with respect to field curvature, peripheral acuity, and peripheral refraction.", "PMID": 742649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5187", "title": "The AO SR IIItm Subjective Refraction System: comparison with Phoropter measures.", "content": "Subjective measures of refractive error were obtained on 530 eyes using the AO SR III Subjective refraction System (operated by a trained secretary) and using a phoropter (operated by optometrists and optometry students) in a clinical setting. Comparison of these measures from the present study and from a previous study by Bannon leads us to conclude that the SR III instrument is capable of estimating refractive error with good agreement with conventional refractive methods. Comparison with the Acuity Systems 6600 Auto-RefractorTM was also made.", "contents": "The AO SR IIItm Subjective Refraction System: comparison with Phoropter measures. Subjective measures of refractive error were obtained on 530 eyes using the AO SR III Subjective refraction System (operated by a trained secretary) and using a phoropter (operated by optometrists and optometry students) in a clinical setting. Comparison of these measures from the present study and from a previous study by Bannon leads us to conclude that the SR III instrument is capable of estimating refractive error with good agreement with conventional refractive methods. Comparison with the Acuity Systems 6600 Auto-RefractorTM was also made.", "PMID": 742650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5188", "title": "Case report: intestinal bypass and severe coagulopathy.", "content": "A 29-year-old woman, two years post-ileojejunal bypass, developed a serious coagulopathy. Studies utilizing heparin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and plasma, in vivo, indicated that the coagulation abnormalities were multiple in origin. Correction of most of the abnormalities permitted revision of bypass which led rapidly to total permanent correction of the coagulopathy.", "contents": "Case report: intestinal bypass and severe coagulopathy. A 29-year-old woman, two years post-ileojejunal bypass, developed a serious coagulopathy. Studies utilizing heparin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and plasma, in vivo, indicated that the coagulation abnormalities were multiple in origin. Correction of most of the abnormalities permitted revision of bypass which led rapidly to total permanent correction of the coagulopathy.", "PMID": 742640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5189", "title": "Random-dot-stereogram performance by strabismic, amblyopic, and ocular-pathology patients in an operant-discrimination task.", "content": "Stereopsis performance was assessed in 88 optometric patients using an operant match-to-sample discrimination task involving random dot stereograms (RDSs). All normals passed the RDS test, and all constant strabismics without amblyopia, microtropes, and amblyopic strabismics failed. Only a portion of anisometropic amblyopes, intermittent strabismics, and ocular-pathology patients passed. The findings were interpreted as indicating that stereopsis with a RDS may be better predicted and explained in terms of binocular fusion and bifoveal alignment than by visual acuity.", "contents": "Random-dot-stereogram performance by strabismic, amblyopic, and ocular-pathology patients in an operant-discrimination task. Stereopsis performance was assessed in 88 optometric patients using an operant match-to-sample discrimination task involving random dot stereograms (RDSs). All normals passed the RDS test, and all constant strabismics without amblyopia, microtropes, and amblyopic strabismics failed. Only a portion of anisometropic amblyopes, intermittent strabismics, and ocular-pathology patients passed. The findings were interpreted as indicating that stereopsis with a RDS may be better predicted and explained in terms of binocular fusion and bifoveal alignment than by visual acuity.", "PMID": 742651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5190", "title": "Central versus peripheral vision: evaluation of the residual function resulting from a uniocular macular scotoma.", "content": "This paper examines the contribution of the macular region to visual function. Several test targets were used to measure visual performance within 10 deg of the center of the fovea for normal observers and for an observer with a uniocular central 6-deg scotoma. We conclude that the nature of the test target is more important in the measurement of parafoveal than central vision and that the macular region contributes significantly to the visibility of objects as large as 2.5 deg.", "contents": "Central versus peripheral vision: evaluation of the residual function resulting from a uniocular macular scotoma. This paper examines the contribution of the macular region to visual function. Several test targets were used to measure visual performance within 10 deg of the center of the fovea for normal observers and for an observer with a uniocular central 6-deg scotoma. We conclude that the nature of the test target is more important in the measurement of parafoveal than central vision and that the macular region contributes significantly to the visibility of objects as large as 2.5 deg.", "PMID": 742652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5191", "title": "A second-generation interactive classroom television system for the partially sighted.", "content": "This paper describes the various parts of a new interactive classroom television system (ICTS) that is being used by partially sighted elementary school children. This ICTS permits children to view one of seven separately controlled TV screens and thereby be in continuous visual communication with their teacher, classmates, and classroom. Comments are made on the advantages of educating partially sighted children separately from normally sighted children.", "contents": "A second-generation interactive classroom television system for the partially sighted. This paper describes the various parts of a new interactive classroom television system (ICTS) that is being used by partially sighted elementary school children. This ICTS permits children to view one of seven separately controlled TV screens and thereby be in continuous visual communication with their teacher, classmates, and classroom. Comments are made on the advantages of educating partially sighted children separately from normally sighted children.", "PMID": 742653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5192", "title": "Color-naming evidence for tritan vision in the fovea.", "content": "A color-naming task was used to assess color vision in the fovea and parafovea. Like traditional psychophysical procedures, color naming showed that short-wavelength vision is suppressed centrally. The anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying tritan foveal vision are discussed.", "contents": "Color-naming evidence for tritan vision in the fovea. A color-naming task was used to assess color vision in the fovea and parafovea. Like traditional psychophysical procedures, color naming showed that short-wavelength vision is suppressed centrally. The anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying tritan foveal vision are discussed.", "PMID": 742654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5193", "title": "Accommodation dynamics I. Range nonlinearity.", "content": "We show the presence of a new nonlinearity in accommodation dynamics. Positive accommodation is slower when the eye is operating in the near range; conversely, relaxation of accommodation is apparently slower during work in the far range. Latency of accommodation is unaffected by working range. This new dynamic range nonlinearity has been defined in connection with a continuing research study of accommodation responses in normal subjects and in clinic patients. Instrumentation and analysis procedures are described.", "contents": "Accommodation dynamics I. Range nonlinearity. We show the presence of a new nonlinearity in accommodation dynamics. Positive accommodation is slower when the eye is operating in the near range; conversely, relaxation of accommodation is apparently slower during work in the far range. Latency of accommodation is unaffected by working range. This new dynamic range nonlinearity has been defined in connection with a continuing research study of accommodation responses in normal subjects and in clinic patients. Instrumentation and analysis procedures are described.", "PMID": 742655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5194", "title": "Clinical assessment of the tilt aftereffect.", "content": "When a subject monocularly views a bar grating that is oriented counterclockwise from vertical, and then immediately looks at a vertically oriented grating, he/she perceives it rotated clockwise. This tilt aftereffect occurs when the adapting and test targets are viewed by the same eye (direct effect) or opposite eye (interocular transferral effect). An apparatus has been developed to measure the tilt aftereffect in a clinical setting and to use such measures in assessing the prognosis for functional correction of strabismus on the assumption that the transferred tilt aftereffect is an indicator of the percentage of binocularly driven cortical neurons. Results from six normal and two strabismic subjects are presented.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of the tilt aftereffect. When a subject monocularly views a bar grating that is oriented counterclockwise from vertical, and then immediately looks at a vertically oriented grating, he/she perceives it rotated clockwise. This tilt aftereffect occurs when the adapting and test targets are viewed by the same eye (direct effect) or opposite eye (interocular transferral effect). An apparatus has been developed to measure the tilt aftereffect in a clinical setting and to use such measures in assessing the prognosis for functional correction of strabismus on the assumption that the transferred tilt aftereffect is an indicator of the percentage of binocularly driven cortical neurons. Results from six normal and two strabismic subjects are presented.", "PMID": 742656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5195", "title": "Reexamination of the relationship between the surface integrated electromyogram (IEMG) and force of isometric contraction.", "content": "The integrated electromyogram (IEMG)--force relationships were studied in 26 physically active young men across the entire domain of forces in the elbow flexor group. All possible error factors (fatigue, muscle length, and co-contraction) were controlled to the greatest extent possible. The experimental conditions were more clearly defined than in previous experiments. The results confirm earlier observations of a linear relationship between IEMG and isometric force, under these experimental conditions and using a unipolar lead system. Highly significant correlations were found. Possible methodological error factors were studied. Bipolar recording produced a curvilinear, relationship which may explain some of the discrepancies of results reported in the literature.", "contents": "Reexamination of the relationship between the surface integrated electromyogram (IEMG) and force of isometric contraction. The integrated electromyogram (IEMG)--force relationships were studied in 26 physically active young men across the entire domain of forces in the elbow flexor group. All possible error factors (fatigue, muscle length, and co-contraction) were controlled to the greatest extent possible. The experimental conditions were more clearly defined than in previous experiments. The results confirm earlier observations of a linear relationship between IEMG and isometric force, under these experimental conditions and using a unipolar lead system. Highly significant correlations were found. Possible methodological error factors were studied. Bipolar recording produced a curvilinear, relationship which may explain some of the discrepancies of results reported in the literature.", "PMID": 742657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5196", "title": "Walking patterns of men with parkinsonism.", "content": "Interrupted-light photography was used to record the simultaneous displacement patterns of multiple body segments of 44 patients with parkinsonism during free-speed and fast walking to quantitatively characterize their gait peculiarities. The patients were categorized into three disability groups according to their independence in activities of daily living. Their measurements of walking performance were compared to those of normal men. The gait components of the patients, which related systematically to the degree of disability, were: step lengths, vertical excursions of the head, extension of the hip and knee of the backward-directed limb at the onset of contralateral weight bearing, toe-floor distance at the onset of weight bearing, and rotation of the thorax.", "contents": "Walking patterns of men with parkinsonism. Interrupted-light photography was used to record the simultaneous displacement patterns of multiple body segments of 44 patients with parkinsonism during free-speed and fast walking to quantitatively characterize their gait peculiarities. The patients were categorized into three disability groups according to their independence in activities of daily living. Their measurements of walking performance were compared to those of normal men. The gait components of the patients, which related systematically to the degree of disability, were: step lengths, vertical excursions of the head, extension of the hip and knee of the backward-directed limb at the onset of contralateral weight bearing, toe-floor distance at the onset of weight bearing, and rotation of the thorax.", "PMID": 742658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5197", "title": "Brushing and physiological arousal.", "content": "Short-term (GSR orienting response) and longer-term changes in skin conductance were used to test the widely held belief that brushing enhances physiological arousal. Although the whirling brush did not make contact with the skin of control subjects, the degree of arousal produced by the incidental visual, auditory and social stimuli did not differ significantly from that produced by the actual brushing of experimental subjects.", "contents": "Brushing and physiological arousal. Short-term (GSR orienting response) and longer-term changes in skin conductance were used to test the widely held belief that brushing enhances physiological arousal. Although the whirling brush did not make contact with the skin of control subjects, the degree of arousal produced by the incidental visual, auditory and social stimuli did not differ significantly from that produced by the actual brushing of experimental subjects.", "PMID": 742659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5198", "title": "Accuracy of extrapolating a pointer into perceived and imagined space.", "content": "The authors investigated the ability of people to extrapolate lines in tridimensional space: an experimenter pointed at variously located targets, and the subjects tried to identify them. In an experimental condition, the subjects sat with their backs turned to the target objects, which they had previously inspected during a brief learning period; in two control conditions the targets were in front of the subjects and clearly visible. Overall error (difference in degrees of pointer angle between correct and judged targets) was no worse for objects imagined behind the head than for visible targets, about 2.7 degrees (root-mean-square) in both cases. Variable error was 29% greater for the imagined objects, but constant error was greater on the matched control targets. Some qualitative differences, in constant error patterns, were also found. With due allowance for these differences, the results strongly indicate that imagined space is functionally continuous with perceived space in the representational system.", "contents": "Accuracy of extrapolating a pointer into perceived and imagined space. The authors investigated the ability of people to extrapolate lines in tridimensional space: an experimenter pointed at variously located targets, and the subjects tried to identify them. In an experimental condition, the subjects sat with their backs turned to the target objects, which they had previously inspected during a brief learning period; in two control conditions the targets were in front of the subjects and clearly visible. Overall error (difference in degrees of pointer angle between correct and judged targets) was no worse for objects imagined behind the head than for visible targets, about 2.7 degrees (root-mean-square) in both cases. Variable error was 29% greater for the imagined objects, but constant error was greater on the matched control targets. Some qualitative differences, in constant error patterns, were also found. With due allowance for these differences, the results strongly indicate that imagined space is functionally continuous with perceived space in the representational system.", "PMID": 742660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5199", "title": "Identification of words and letters within words.", "content": "Three experiments were designed to examine the way letters are identified when they are presented within the context of a word. The first two experiments demonstrated that identification speed is facilitated if the within-word letter position of the target location. If the locational information is specified before the word is displayed (e.g., it is always the first letter), but if the locational information is presented along with the display (e.g., the target position is underlined) reaction time is considerably slower. A model of the identification process was described which assumed that subjects first identify the word, then analyze the contents of all the letter positions in order to encode each letter. Finally, the identification can occur when subjects shift their attention to the target location. If the locational information is given before the display, the attention shift can occur as the letter positions are being analyzed and encoded, but the shift must be delayed until after the analysis if the locational information is part of the display. An implication of the model is that prior to identifying the contents of the target position, the subject should always have an encoding of all the letters in the word, and the results of the third experiment supported that expectation.", "contents": "Identification of words and letters within words. Three experiments were designed to examine the way letters are identified when they are presented within the context of a word. The first two experiments demonstrated that identification speed is facilitated if the within-word letter position of the target location. If the locational information is specified before the word is displayed (e.g., it is always the first letter), but if the locational information is presented along with the display (e.g., the target position is underlined) reaction time is considerably slower. A model of the identification process was described which assumed that subjects first identify the word, then analyze the contents of all the letter positions in order to encode each letter. Finally, the identification can occur when subjects shift their attention to the target location. If the locational information is given before the display, the attention shift can occur as the letter positions are being analyzed and encoded, but the shift must be delayed until after the analysis if the locational information is part of the display. An implication of the model is that prior to identifying the contents of the target position, the subject should always have an encoding of all the letters in the word, and the results of the third experiment supported that expectation.", "PMID": 742661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5200", "title": "Effects of level of acoustic stimulation on locomotor activity in the gerbil.", "content": "Two experiments dealt with the behavioral responsiveness of the Mongolian gerbil to the onset, offset, and intensity of auditory stimulation. In Experiment I, the presence of background noise, relative to a condition of silence, was found to facilitate rate of shuttle activity in the gerbil. Also, both incremental and decremental shifts in noise intensity produced immediate increases and decreases, respectively, in activity level. Experiment II revealed that the relationship between shuttle-activity level and background noise intensity was nonmonotonic over the 60-90 dB range, with optimal facilitation manifested at 80 dB SPL. A similar trend was observed with running-wheel activity. Finally, in both experiments substantial habituation of general activity was obtained. The results were discussed in terms of theoretical conceptions of the energizing properties of environmental stimulation (e.g. , arousal theory, stimulus intensity dynamism) and psycho-physiological reactions of the gerbil to auditory stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of level of acoustic stimulation on locomotor activity in the gerbil. Two experiments dealt with the behavioral responsiveness of the Mongolian gerbil to the onset, offset, and intensity of auditory stimulation. In Experiment I, the presence of background noise, relative to a condition of silence, was found to facilitate rate of shuttle activity in the gerbil. Also, both incremental and decremental shifts in noise intensity produced immediate increases and decreases, respectively, in activity level. Experiment II revealed that the relationship between shuttle-activity level and background noise intensity was nonmonotonic over the 60-90 dB range, with optimal facilitation manifested at 80 dB SPL. A similar trend was observed with running-wheel activity. Finally, in both experiments substantial habituation of general activity was obtained. The results were discussed in terms of theoretical conceptions of the energizing properties of environmental stimulation (e.g. , arousal theory, stimulus intensity dynamism) and psycho-physiological reactions of the gerbil to auditory stimulation.", "PMID": 742662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5201", "title": "Directional effects of size change on the comparison of visual shapes.", "content": "Recent studies have investigated the effect of an irrelevant size change on reaction time in tasks involving comparison of same or different shapes. In most cases, however, studies have examined simultaneous presentation or else successive presentation where the second stimulus was always larger than the first. In the present study, subjects made same-different shape judgments on successively presented closed geometric forms, where the second form was smaller than, larger than, or the same size as the first. Comparison reaction times were observed to increase with increasing size difference regardless of the direction of size change (i.e., when the second figure was either larger or smaller than the first). In addition, the effects of size change were identical for both \"same\" and \"different\" responses. These findings were seen to support an analog normalization process in which subjects mentally equate the figures for size before comparing their shapes. The relation of these results to previous data is discussed.", "contents": "Directional effects of size change on the comparison of visual shapes. Recent studies have investigated the effect of an irrelevant size change on reaction time in tasks involving comparison of same or different shapes. In most cases, however, studies have examined simultaneous presentation or else successive presentation where the second stimulus was always larger than the first. In the present study, subjects made same-different shape judgments on successively presented closed geometric forms, where the second form was smaller than, larger than, or the same size as the first. Comparison reaction times were observed to increase with increasing size difference regardless of the direction of size change (i.e., when the second figure was either larger or smaller than the first). In addition, the effects of size change were identical for both \"same\" and \"different\" responses. These findings were seen to support an analog normalization process in which subjects mentally equate the figures for size before comparing their shapes. The relation of these results to previous data is discussed.", "PMID": 742663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5202", "title": "The central tendency effect in stimulus generalization: the effect of sex of subject.", "content": "Eighty male and 80 female college students were shown a stimulus light of 525 nm, following instructions to remember it, and then were immediately tested for generalization (recognition) with a successively presented set of stimuli including 525 nm and six longer wavelength values. Subjects rated each test stimulus on a 6-point scale ranging from \"surely same\" as the original stimulus to \"surely different.\" Both men and women showed a central tendency shift. Although the stimulus perceived as most likely to be the original (the mode) shifted to 545 nm in both groups, the men showed a greater mean shift than the women. Shifting was nearly complete in both groups within the first series of test stimuli with the men shifting faster. These findings replicate a 1972 report by Giurintano of greater central tendency shift in men than in women in a line angle generalization task, challenging an assumed analogy between our generalization task and the rod-and-frame test, in which women typically show the greater distortion. The analysis of central tendency shift within the first test series reveals that it occurs much earlier than previously believed.", "contents": "The central tendency effect in stimulus generalization: the effect of sex of subject. Eighty male and 80 female college students were shown a stimulus light of 525 nm, following instructions to remember it, and then were immediately tested for generalization (recognition) with a successively presented set of stimuli including 525 nm and six longer wavelength values. Subjects rated each test stimulus on a 6-point scale ranging from \"surely same\" as the original stimulus to \"surely different.\" Both men and women showed a central tendency shift. Although the stimulus perceived as most likely to be the original (the mode) shifted to 545 nm in both groups, the men showed a greater mean shift than the women. Shifting was nearly complete in both groups within the first series of test stimuli with the men shifting faster. These findings replicate a 1972 report by Giurintano of greater central tendency shift in men than in women in a line angle generalization task, challenging an assumed analogy between our generalization task and the rod-and-frame test, in which women typically show the greater distortion. The analysis of central tendency shift within the first test series reveals that it occurs much earlier than previously believed.", "PMID": 742664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5203", "title": "[Anaesthesia for cesarean section in a patient with acute viral hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute viral hepatitis is hazardous in the obstetric patient because of associated multi-system involvement which may include coagulation defects. The fetus may be compromised by maternal complications as well as by high levels of indirect bilirubin which crosses the placenta. Cesarean section is frequently indicated for fetal distress or failed progress of labor. An elderly primigravida with severe acute viral hepatitis complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding, hypofibrinogenemia, thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times required emergency cesarean section. Clotting factors were replenished prior to surgery. General anesthesia with low-dose ketamine induction and high inspired oxygen fraction was considered the method of choice for the specific maternal and fetal problems.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for cesarean section in a patient with acute viral hepatitis (author's transl)]. Acute viral hepatitis is hazardous in the obstetric patient because of associated multi-system involvement which may include coagulation defects. The fetus may be compromised by maternal complications as well as by high levels of indirect bilirubin which crosses the placenta. Cesarean section is frequently indicated for fetal distress or failed progress of labor. An elderly primigravida with severe acute viral hepatitis complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding, hypofibrinogenemia, thrombocytopenia and prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times required emergency cesarean section. Clotting factors were replenished prior to surgery. General anesthesia with low-dose ketamine induction and high inspired oxygen fraction was considered the method of choice for the specific maternal and fetal problems.", "PMID": 742695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5204", "title": "[Anaesthesia and intracellular distribution of cerebral hexokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate how the intracellular distribution of hexokinase was influenced by anaesthetics. The experiments were carried out using mice in vivo and the isolated perfused rat brain. Thiopentone (100 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase of soluble hexokinase activity in brains of mice which were removed from the skull in 45 s to 120 s. A solubilization of hexokinase activity was demonstrable in the surgical stage of anaesthesia, when the animals awoke redistribution to control values was measurable. A dose dependent influence of thiopentone on hexokinase distribution was demonstrated in the isolated perfused rat brain. When the thiopentone concentration in the perfusion medium was increased (0.05-0.8 mM) the soluble hexokinase activity was elevated while the EEG activity was reduced up to isoelectricity.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia and intracellular distribution of cerebral hexokinase (author's transl)]. The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate how the intracellular distribution of hexokinase was influenced by anaesthetics. The experiments were carried out using mice in vivo and the isolated perfused rat brain. Thiopentone (100 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase of soluble hexokinase activity in brains of mice which were removed from the skull in 45 s to 120 s. A solubilization of hexokinase activity was demonstrable in the surgical stage of anaesthesia, when the animals awoke redistribution to control values was measurable. A dose dependent influence of thiopentone on hexokinase distribution was demonstrated in the isolated perfused rat brain. When the thiopentone concentration in the perfusion medium was increased (0.05-0.8 mM) the soluble hexokinase activity was elevated while the EEG activity was reduced up to isoelectricity.", "PMID": 742696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5205", "title": "Prevention of stroke in high risk patients undergoing general anaesthesia.", "content": "The anaesthesiologist is primarly involved in the management of the stroke prone patient undergoing surgery. Preoperative assessments, per and post-operative management of such patients are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of stroke in high risk patients undergoing general anaesthesia. The anaesthesiologist is primarly involved in the management of the stroke prone patient undergoing surgery. Preoperative assessments, per and post-operative management of such patients are discussed.", "PMID": 742697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5206", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia. Report on a case successfully treated by procaine infusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of malignant hyperthermia with muscle stiffness is described. An early diagnosis, along with procaine infusion, and an energetic unspecific treatment helped to cure this patient.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia. Report on a case successfully treated by procaine infusion (author's transl)]. A case of malignant hyperthermia with muscle stiffness is described. An early diagnosis, along with procaine infusion, and an energetic unspecific treatment helped to cure this patient.", "PMID": 742698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5207", "title": "[Cardiac tamponade after perforation of ventricle by central venous catheters and transvenous pacemakers (author's transl].", "content": "Two cases of cardiac tamponade after perforation of the right ventricle by central venous catheter and transvenous pacemaker are reported. The apex of the right ventricle represents a \"locus minoris resistentiae\" for a perforation because of its thin wall and frequent infiltration of fat with relaxation of the small muscle bundle. An analysis of 41 heart perforations by central venous catheters and 47 by transvenous pacemakers from the literature demonstrates the particularly high mortality of the perforation by a central venous catheter referring to the possible production of hydropericardium. We think that extreme carefulness in the use of catheters, knowledge of the danger and vigorous treatment could reduce the mortality.", "contents": "[Cardiac tamponade after perforation of ventricle by central venous catheters and transvenous pacemakers (author's transl]. Two cases of cardiac tamponade after perforation of the right ventricle by central venous catheter and transvenous pacemaker are reported. The apex of the right ventricle represents a \"locus minoris resistentiae\" for a perforation because of its thin wall and frequent infiltration of fat with relaxation of the small muscle bundle. An analysis of 41 heart perforations by central venous catheters and 47 by transvenous pacemakers from the literature demonstrates the particularly high mortality of the perforation by a central venous catheter referring to the possible production of hydropericardium. We think that extreme carefulness in the use of catheters, knowledge of the danger and vigorous treatment could reduce the mortality.", "PMID": 742699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5208", "title": "[A method for the simultaneous placement of two central catheters - via one internal jugular vein (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the simultaneous placement of a vena cava-catheter and a Swan-Ganz-catheter using two different approaches to one internal jugular vein is described. The advantages of this procedure in the management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[A method for the simultaneous placement of two central catheters - via one internal jugular vein (author's transl)]. A method for the simultaneous placement of a vena cava-catheter and a Swan-Ganz-catheter using two different approaches to one internal jugular vein is described. The advantages of this procedure in the management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 742702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5209", "title": "[The Draeger-Flaschenpaket - a portable emergency equipment for continuous support with gases for anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The Dr\u00e4ger Flaschenpaket for immediate supply of oxygen and nitrous oxide may be used in operating theatres or during the transportation of artificially ventilated patients. The equipment may be used with two oxygen bottles or one oxygen and one nitrous oxide bottle (bottle size in each case 2 1). A quick connection between the tubes of the anaesthesia apparatus or respirator and the equipment is ensured. The portable equipment may be stationed in operating theatres, in intensive care and in shock units.", "contents": "[The Draeger-Flaschenpaket - a portable emergency equipment for continuous support with gases for anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The Dr\u00e4ger Flaschenpaket for immediate supply of oxygen and nitrous oxide may be used in operating theatres or during the transportation of artificially ventilated patients. The equipment may be used with two oxygen bottles or one oxygen and one nitrous oxide bottle (bottle size in each case 2 1). A quick connection between the tubes of the anaesthesia apparatus or respirator and the equipment is ensured. The portable equipment may be stationed in operating theatres, in intensive care and in shock units.", "PMID": 742703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5210", "title": "[The development of the adrenal cortex in pig (Sus scrofa domestica). (A contribution on the development of the fetal interior zone of the adrenal cortex in pig) (author's transl)].", "content": "The adrenals of pigs have been investigated histologically and histochemically during different periods of time pre- and postnatally. The pig (Sus scrofa domestica) shows a proper fetal cortex in the prenatal development of the adrenal gland. This involves slowly during the last quarter of pregnancy. A weight reduction is not noted thereby. Just before delivery the adrenal cortex of the pig has been subdivided into a zona arcuata and zona fasciculata. The zona reticularis develops only postnatally.", "contents": "[The development of the adrenal cortex in pig (Sus scrofa domestica). (A contribution on the development of the fetal interior zone of the adrenal cortex in pig) (author's transl)]. The adrenals of pigs have been investigated histologically and histochemically during different periods of time pre- and postnatally. The pig (Sus scrofa domestica) shows a proper fetal cortex in the prenatal development of the adrenal gland. This involves slowly during the last quarter of pregnancy. A weight reduction is not noted thereby. Just before delivery the adrenal cortex of the pig has been subdivided into a zona arcuata and zona fasciculata. The zona reticularis develops only postnatally.", "PMID": 742704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5211", "title": "[The system of blood vessels in the glandular and muscular stomach of the chicken (author's transl)].", "content": "The vascular system of the stomach of the chicken was investigated by means of corrosion preparations as well as by light- and electronmicroscopic methods. The main vessels form a) an Intermuscular Plexus the outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of the muscle wall in the glandular stomach and b) a Subserous Plexus in the muscular stomach. In the glandular stomach the Interglandular Parietal Arterial Plexus I, situated below the Lamina muscularis mucosae I arises from the arteries which pass through gaps in the muscle wall. This Plexus I produces another plexus, the Interglandular Arterial Plexus II, located on top of the Lamina muscularis mucosae I. Both arterial plexuses are accompanied by venous plexuses, which convey the blood into a Subglandular Venous Plexus. -The vessels of the muscular stomach provide the predominant supply of blood to the muscle wall. The mucous membrane of the muscular stomach is vascularized far less than the one in the glandular stomach. -The hemodynamic relationships of the vessels of the hen's stomach and the significance of the fine structure of the subepithelial capillaries and venules for the exchange of materials are discussed.", "contents": "[The system of blood vessels in the glandular and muscular stomach of the chicken (author's transl)]. The vascular system of the stomach of the chicken was investigated by means of corrosion preparations as well as by light- and electronmicroscopic methods. The main vessels form a) an Intermuscular Plexus the outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of the muscle wall in the glandular stomach and b) a Subserous Plexus in the muscular stomach. In the glandular stomach the Interglandular Parietal Arterial Plexus I, situated below the Lamina muscularis mucosae I arises from the arteries which pass through gaps in the muscle wall. This Plexus I produces another plexus, the Interglandular Arterial Plexus II, located on top of the Lamina muscularis mucosae I. Both arterial plexuses are accompanied by venous plexuses, which convey the blood into a Subglandular Venous Plexus. -The vessels of the muscular stomach provide the predominant supply of blood to the muscle wall. The mucous membrane of the muscular stomach is vascularized far less than the one in the glandular stomach. -The hemodynamic relationships of the vessels of the hen's stomach and the significance of the fine structure of the subepithelial capillaries and venules for the exchange of materials are discussed.", "PMID": 742705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5212", "title": "[Integrations of increase functions according to the L. v. Bertalanffy conception of organic growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The Bertalanffy (1941, 1949) conception of the change of organic mass M with time t as given by the difference dM/dt = aMm-bMn is transferred to the shap dW/dt = kWm(En-Wn) with W being an element of growth, i.e. length, weight or population and E its final value after reaching adultness. The integration of this expression, resulting in the growth function W, can be performed globally only for m=1. In other cases the integrals become individual with quite different solutions, some of them being presented here for means of comparison. The results show that many growth functions exclude W = 0, and all reach the final value W = E after infinite time although with quite different degrees of approximation. Moreover the graphs allow a survey as to which results this type of growth function can yield. Finally the mathematical deficiencies give rise to investigate modified types of increase functions.", "contents": "[Integrations of increase functions according to the L. v. Bertalanffy conception of organic growth (author's transl)]. The Bertalanffy (1941, 1949) conception of the change of organic mass M with time t as given by the difference dM/dt = aMm-bMn is transferred to the shap dW/dt = kWm(En-Wn) with W being an element of growth, i.e. length, weight or population and E its final value after reaching adultness. The integration of this expression, resulting in the growth function W, can be performed globally only for m=1. In other cases the integrals become individual with quite different solutions, some of them being presented here for means of comparison. The results show that many growth functions exclude W = 0, and all reach the final value W = E after infinite time although with quite different degrees of approximation. Moreover the graphs allow a survey as to which results this type of growth function can yield. Finally the mathematical deficiencies give rise to investigate modified types of increase functions.", "PMID": 742706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5213", "title": "Amniochorionic bands and adhesions with fetal deformities.", "content": "The amniochorionic bands and adhesions in 2 malformed human fetuses are described. The anencephaly, left harelip with grossly distorted face, and rudimentary right upper limb of case 1, and multiple pits and cavities in the liver of case 2, are directly attributable to membranous adhesions. The toughness of the bands is indicative of their mesoblastic (chorionic) origin. The histolytic effect on the liver of case 2 may suggest a contact with the trophoblastic cells. The exomphalos of case 1, and extroversion of cloaca with other caudal defects of case 2, are possibly due to vascular and mesodermal deficits imposed by single umbilical artery.", "contents": "Amniochorionic bands and adhesions with fetal deformities. The amniochorionic bands and adhesions in 2 malformed human fetuses are described. The anencephaly, left harelip with grossly distorted face, and rudimentary right upper limb of case 1, and multiple pits and cavities in the liver of case 2, are directly attributable to membranous adhesions. The toughness of the bands is indicative of their mesoblastic (chorionic) origin. The histolytic effect on the liver of case 2 may suggest a contact with the trophoblastic cells. The exomphalos of case 1, and extroversion of cloaca with other caudal defects of case 2, are possibly due to vascular and mesodermal deficits imposed by single umbilical artery.", "PMID": 742707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5214", "title": "[Two anatomical observations of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "2 cases are described of a right recurrent nerve with abnormal origin and path. Frequency: 0,8%. Both cases ware associated with the presence of an A. lusoria. In the first case, the \"non-recurrent\" recurrent nerve reached the thyroid gland by its superior pole, in the second case by its inferior pole. In the latter case, there was a close relation between the nerve and the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The consequences are discussed in relation to the surgical techniques.", "contents": "[Two anatomical observations of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (author's transl)]. 2 cases are described of a right recurrent nerve with abnormal origin and path. Frequency: 0,8%. Both cases ware associated with the presence of an A. lusoria. In the first case, the \"non-recurrent\" recurrent nerve reached the thyroid gland by its superior pole, in the second case by its inferior pole. In the latter case, there was a close relation between the nerve and the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The consequences are discussed in relation to the surgical techniques.", "PMID": 742709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5215", "title": "[Light and scanning electron microscopical studies of the soft palate and the tongue in Bombina variegata L (author's transl)].", "content": "The soft palate and the tongue of adult Bombina variegata L. were studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. In the palate numerous taste-disks were found prominent by their polygonal surface structures. These are caused by longer microvilli at the margins of the different cells of the taste-disk or by deepened margins of the polygonal cells. The surfaces of the cells are slightly convex and are covered by numerous microvilli. In the tongue primarily fungiform papillae were observed (with the exception of the margins were taste-disks similar to those found in the palate were present). Their taste-disks also present polygonal structures, their epithelial cells are characterized by microridges while those of the epithelial folds surrounding the fungiform papillae own microvilli. As special formations within the taste-disks small knob-like protrusions between polygonal cells were found.", "contents": "[Light and scanning electron microscopical studies of the soft palate and the tongue in Bombina variegata L (author's transl)]. The soft palate and the tongue of adult Bombina variegata L. were studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. In the palate numerous taste-disks were found prominent by their polygonal surface structures. These are caused by longer microvilli at the margins of the different cells of the taste-disk or by deepened margins of the polygonal cells. The surfaces of the cells are slightly convex and are covered by numerous microvilli. In the tongue primarily fungiform papillae were observed (with the exception of the margins were taste-disks similar to those found in the palate were present). Their taste-disks also present polygonal structures, their epithelial cells are characterized by microridges while those of the epithelial folds surrounding the fungiform papillae own microvilli. As special formations within the taste-disks small knob-like protrusions between polygonal cells were found.", "PMID": 742710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5216", "title": "Fine structure of the rabbit submandibular gland during the embryonic development.", "content": "The development of the submandibular gland has been examined in rabbit embryos from the 22nd day to the birth. The 2 main types of secretory cells, which synthetize dense serous granules or large pale mucous granules can be identified from the 24th day of development. A third type of cells, characterized by granules having different densities, has been identified in the preterminal tracts. The possibility that these cells are similar to some small cell with an highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum found in adult rabbit submandibular glands is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the rabbit submandibular gland during the embryonic development. The development of the submandibular gland has been examined in rabbit embryos from the 22nd day to the birth. The 2 main types of secretory cells, which synthetize dense serous granules or large pale mucous granules can be identified from the 24th day of development. A third type of cells, characterized by granules having different densities, has been identified in the preterminal tracts. The possibility that these cells are similar to some small cell with an highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum found in adult rabbit submandibular glands is discussed.", "PMID": 742711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5217", "title": "Right M\u00fcllerian duct in the domestic fowl during postnatal ontogenesis.", "content": "In this study the postembryonal changes of the right M\u00fcllerian duct are investigated. This structure was found in all female broilers of the hybrid combination Ross 1 as well as in hens of the female line of parent stock for the production of this hybrid. A thready structure of the length of several millimeters observed in one-day-old females develops in chicks into a long, thin-walled ampula filled up with clear liquid. In mature hens this rudiment is markedly long and its shape is rather different. In some cases the M\u00fcllerian duct was divided into several parts which might be compared with individual parts of the left oviduct.", "contents": "Right M\u00fcllerian duct in the domestic fowl during postnatal ontogenesis. In this study the postembryonal changes of the right M\u00fcllerian duct are investigated. This structure was found in all female broilers of the hybrid combination Ross 1 as well as in hens of the female line of parent stock for the production of this hybrid. A thready structure of the length of several millimeters observed in one-day-old females develops in chicks into a long, thin-walled ampula filled up with clear liquid. In mature hens this rudiment is markedly long and its shape is rather different. In some cases the M\u00fcllerian duct was divided into several parts which might be compared with individual parts of the left oviduct.", "PMID": 742712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5218", "title": "Histochemical studies on the long term prostaglandin treatment on adrenal delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in rats pretreated with estradiol dipropionate.", "content": "Long term Prostaglandin E2 treatment stimulates adrenal weight and steroid output. Indirect studies with histochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes and hepatocyte glycogen content revealed that in state of adrenal suppression, PGE2 fails to elicit a positive change in steroid output from adrenal cortex, although apparently increases the enzymatic staining reactions. This suggests that the action of Prostaglandin on adrenal steroidogenesis is a pharmacologic one rather than a physiologic response.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the long term prostaglandin treatment on adrenal delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in rats pretreated with estradiol dipropionate. Long term Prostaglandin E2 treatment stimulates adrenal weight and steroid output. Indirect studies with histochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes and hepatocyte glycogen content revealed that in state of adrenal suppression, PGE2 fails to elicit a positive change in steroid output from adrenal cortex, although apparently increases the enzymatic staining reactions. This suggests that the action of Prostaglandin on adrenal steroidogenesis is a pharmacologic one rather than a physiologic response.", "PMID": 742713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5219", "title": "The functional anatomy of the olfactory organs in a hill-stream fish Garra mullya (Ham.).", "content": "Functional anatomy of the olfactory organs in a hill-stream fish, Garra mullya has been described with special reference to its mode of life. It is a macrosmatic fish with a predominantly developed olfactory faculty.", "contents": "The functional anatomy of the olfactory organs in a hill-stream fish Garra mullya (Ham.). Functional anatomy of the olfactory organs in a hill-stream fish, Garra mullya has been described with special reference to its mode of life. It is a macrosmatic fish with a predominantly developed olfactory faculty.", "PMID": 742714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5220", "title": "[Uptake of peroxidase by activated nerve cells of the hypothalamus (author's transl)].", "content": "After thirst or adrenalectomy followed by dehydration electron microscopy reveals an activation and an increased uptake of peroxidase in the nerve cells of the supraoptic, paraventricular, ventromedial and praemamillar nuclei. The amount of peroxidase which is taken up runs parallel with the activation of the corresponding nerve cells. After rehydratation the activity of the nerve cells and the uptake of peroxidase decrease. The incorporation of the enzyme by the nerve cells differs depending on the region investigated: After thirst peroxidase is taken up especially by the nerve cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. After adrenalectomy, however, this is true for the ventromedial and praemamillar nucleus. In the magnocellular nuclei peroxidase is preferentially incorporated by the perikarya, whereas in the parvocellular nuclei the uptake of the enzyme predominates in the dendrites. Within the nerve cells peroxidase is only seen in heterophagic bodies. The ependyma above the paraventricular nucleus takes up peroxidase in low amounts via the cell membrane which borders the III. ventricle; high amounts are incorporated by the lateral and basal plasmalemma.", "contents": "[Uptake of peroxidase by activated nerve cells of the hypothalamus (author's transl)]. After thirst or adrenalectomy followed by dehydration electron microscopy reveals an activation and an increased uptake of peroxidase in the nerve cells of the supraoptic, paraventricular, ventromedial and praemamillar nuclei. The amount of peroxidase which is taken up runs parallel with the activation of the corresponding nerve cells. After rehydratation the activity of the nerve cells and the uptake of peroxidase decrease. The incorporation of the enzyme by the nerve cells differs depending on the region investigated: After thirst peroxidase is taken up especially by the nerve cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. After adrenalectomy, however, this is true for the ventromedial and praemamillar nucleus. In the magnocellular nuclei peroxidase is preferentially incorporated by the perikarya, whereas in the parvocellular nuclei the uptake of the enzyme predominates in the dendrites. Within the nerve cells peroxidase is only seen in heterophagic bodies. The ependyma above the paraventricular nucleus takes up peroxidase in low amounts via the cell membrane which borders the III. ventricle; high amounts are incorporated by the lateral and basal plasmalemma.", "PMID": 742715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5221", "title": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt = k Wm (E--W)n and their integrals (author's transl)].", "content": "In a preceding paper increase functions have been treated following the Bertalanffy conception of organic growth given in the transformed shape as dW/dt = k Wm (En--Wn). As the growth functions gained by integration reach the final value E only for t leads to infinity, the increase function is changed to dW/dt = k Wm (E--W)n. Now integrations yield growth functions with asymptotic behaviour W leads to E as well as such reaching W = E in finite time, and are so better corresponding with natural development. The mathematical treatment shows a broad variety of resulting integrals given as graphs, some of them having chances as possible growth functions. Future investigations into increase functions should be focussed to the aim of choosing an ansatz allowing allround integrations leading to a variation of the parameters (m and n) in the growth function proper. This would mean avoiding a series of structurally different integrals without continuous transition between them and could be an aggravating mathematical simplification.", "contents": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt = k Wm (E--W)n and their integrals (author's transl)]. In a preceding paper increase functions have been treated following the Bertalanffy conception of organic growth given in the transformed shape as dW/dt = k Wm (En--Wn). As the growth functions gained by integration reach the final value E only for t leads to infinity, the increase function is changed to dW/dt = k Wm (E--W)n. Now integrations yield growth functions with asymptotic behaviour W leads to E as well as such reaching W = E in finite time, and are so better corresponding with natural development. The mathematical treatment shows a broad variety of resulting integrals given as graphs, some of them having chances as possible growth functions. Future investigations into increase functions should be focussed to the aim of choosing an ansatz allowing allround integrations leading to a variation of the parameters (m and n) in the growth function proper. This would mean avoiding a series of structurally different integrals without continuous transition between them and could be an aggravating mathematical simplification.", "PMID": 742716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5222", "title": "Statistical analysis of muscle fibre types from four human skeletal muscles.", "content": "The joint distributions of the different muscle fibre types were investigated in human diaphragm  temporalis, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. (1) \"Independence\" was found between \"white and intermediate\" fibres in the diaphragm muscle; \"red and intermediate\" fibres in the temporalis muscle and \"red and white\" fibres in the soleus muscle. (2) An almost \"linear relationship\" was observed between red and intermediate fibres in both the diaphragm and soleus muscles and red and white fibres of temporalis muscle. (3a) In the diaphragm and soleus, the distribution of intermediate and red fibres exhibited large variation between different samples; unlike that shown by the white fibres. (3b) In the temporalis large variation was evident in the distribution of white and red fibres between samples; the intermediate fibre type showed minimal variation. (3c) No particular relationship was evident between different fibre types of the gastrocnemius muscle. The distribution of muscle fibres in all the 4 human muscles is \"singular trivariate normal\".", "contents": "Statistical analysis of muscle fibre types from four human skeletal muscles. The joint distributions of the different muscle fibre types were investigated in human diaphragm  temporalis, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. (1) \"Independence\" was found between \"white and intermediate\" fibres in the diaphragm muscle; \"red and intermediate\" fibres in the temporalis muscle and \"red and white\" fibres in the soleus muscle. (2) An almost \"linear relationship\" was observed between red and intermediate fibres in both the diaphragm and soleus muscles and red and white fibres of temporalis muscle. (3a) In the diaphragm and soleus, the distribution of intermediate and red fibres exhibited large variation between different samples; unlike that shown by the white fibres. (3b) In the temporalis large variation was evident in the distribution of white and red fibres between samples; the intermediate fibre type showed minimal variation. (3c) No particular relationship was evident between different fibre types of the gastrocnemius muscle. The distribution of muscle fibres in all the 4 human muscles is \"singular trivariate normal\".", "PMID": 742717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5223", "title": "[Histotopics of lysosomal enzymes in the epididymis of the tom-cat (author's transl)].", "content": "The histochemical localization of 6 lysosomal enzymes was studied in the epididymis of adult tomcats. A weak to distinct reaction for acid phosphatase, leucyl-amino-peptidase and non--specific esterase could be observed in the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis in all three segments. Among the glycosidases, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase displayed the strongest activity. alpha-man and alpha-fuc could not be demonstrated. For N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-Galactosidase, acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase, an increase of enzyme activity from the initial segment towards the terminal segment was seen. Intracellularly, the maximum of enzyme activity of those four enzymes was supranuclear. This histochemically enstablished pattern of enzyme activity in the epididymis of the tomcat was compared with those of other mammals. The possible functions of enzymes in the epididymis was briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Histotopics of lysosomal enzymes in the epididymis of the tom-cat (author's transl)]. The histochemical localization of 6 lysosomal enzymes was studied in the epididymis of adult tomcats. A weak to distinct reaction for acid phosphatase, leucyl-amino-peptidase and non--specific esterase could be observed in the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis in all three segments. Among the glycosidases, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase displayed the strongest activity. alpha-man and alpha-fuc could not be demonstrated. For N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-Galactosidase, acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase, an increase of enzyme activity from the initial segment towards the terminal segment was seen. Intracellularly, the maximum of enzyme activity of those four enzymes was supranuclear. This histochemically enstablished pattern of enzyme activity in the epididymis of the tomcat was compared with those of other mammals. The possible functions of enzymes in the epididymis was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 742718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5224", "title": "[Radiologically detectable modifications in the cartilaginous parts of the first pair of ribs in connection with age, sex and the cartilaginous part of the other ribs (author's transl)].", "content": "2154 thorax radiograms of 1099 male and 1055 female patients with transformations of the costal cartilage were analysed and statistically evaluated in dependence on age. The calcification of the cartilage parts of the first rib was observed on both sides in the same way and concerning the frequency there were no sex conditioned differences. In the age group between 35 and 45 years more than 95% calcifications have been demonstrated. Men show more frequently advanced stages and types of calcification than women. In complete or heavy calcified cartilage zones disconnections in form of splitted parts without calcium have been observed. The lower cartilage skirt is regarded as the localization of the beginning of calcification. The other costal cartilages will be calcified later and less rapidly than the first costal cartilage. Significant differences of type and localization of the calcification were found between men and women. Physiological processes of ageing and mechanical stress as the prevailing calcification-causing factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiologically detectable modifications in the cartilaginous parts of the first pair of ribs in connection with age, sex and the cartilaginous part of the other ribs (author's transl)]. 2154 thorax radiograms of 1099 male and 1055 female patients with transformations of the costal cartilage were analysed and statistically evaluated in dependence on age. The calcification of the cartilage parts of the first rib was observed on both sides in the same way and concerning the frequency there were no sex conditioned differences. In the age group between 35 and 45 years more than 95% calcifications have been demonstrated. Men show more frequently advanced stages and types of calcification than women. In complete or heavy calcified cartilage zones disconnections in form of splitted parts without calcium have been observed. The lower cartilage skirt is regarded as the localization of the beginning of calcification. The other costal cartilages will be calcified later and less rapidly than the first costal cartilage. Significant differences of type and localization of the calcification were found between men and women. Physiological processes of ageing and mechanical stress as the prevailing calcification-causing factors are discussed.", "PMID": 742720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5225", "title": "The activity of the metaepiphyseal chondrocytes in the humerus of growing mammals.", "content": "In the postnatal period of development of animals there have been established differences in the length of the distal and proximal metaphyses, as well as in the biosynthesis of sulphated proteoglycans and collagen proteins by chondrocytes. The local peculiarities of the functional and reproductive activity of chondrocytes exert influence upon the histological structure of metaphyses. The locomotive function with its certain supporting-power loads on various joints is supposed to be the main cause for these changes.", "contents": "The activity of the metaepiphyseal chondrocytes in the humerus of growing mammals. In the postnatal period of development of animals there have been established differences in the length of the distal and proximal metaphyses, as well as in the biosynthesis of sulphated proteoglycans and collagen proteins by chondrocytes. The local peculiarities of the functional and reproductive activity of chondrocytes exert influence upon the histological structure of metaphyses. The locomotive function with its certain supporting-power loads on various joints is supposed to be the main cause for these changes.", "PMID": 742721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5226", "title": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt=ktp(E-W)n and their integrals (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 previous papers increase functions of the v. Bertalanffy (1941) type dW/dt = kWm (En--Wn) and a modified form dW/dt = kWm (E--W)n were treated, both yielding a variety of integrals resp. growth functions, most of them reaching the final value W = E after infinite time. Now an ansatz with better integration conditions dW/dt = ktp (E--W)n is presented implying t also on the right side of the basic equation and giving only two types of growth functions determined by n = 1 or 0 less than n less than 1. In the first case there appears a slightly generalized Janoschek (1957) growth function with W leads to E for t leads to infinity but a rather good position of the turning point, i.e. the abscissa of maximum increase. In the second case the result is a growth function with a definite time to reach adultness, thus being better suited to natural conditions. Graphs show the flexibility of the 2 solutions and their increase functions, including an example for practical application.", "contents": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt=ktp(E-W)n and their integrals (author's transl)]. In 2 previous papers increase functions of the v. Bertalanffy (1941) type dW/dt = kWm (En--Wn) and a modified form dW/dt = kWm (E--W)n were treated, both yielding a variety of integrals resp. growth functions, most of them reaching the final value W = E after infinite time. Now an ansatz with better integration conditions dW/dt = ktp (E--W)n is presented implying t also on the right side of the basic equation and giving only two types of growth functions determined by n = 1 or 0 less than n less than 1. In the first case there appears a slightly generalized Janoschek (1957) growth function with W leads to E for t leads to infinity but a rather good position of the turning point, i.e. the abscissa of maximum increase. In the second case the result is a growth function with a definite time to reach adultness, thus being better suited to natural conditions. Graphs show the flexibility of the 2 solutions and their increase functions, including an example for practical application.", "PMID": 742722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5227", "title": "Quantitative studies on the nervus stapedius of the mouse with the electron microscope.", "content": "A nerve fiber count analysis was performed with the electron microscope on the nerve to the stapedius in seven mice. On an average, 77 (81%) of the total nerve fibers (95) were myelinated and 18 (19%) unmyelinated. The  nerve consisted mostly of large myelinated fibers, minor diameters of which measured 3-4 micrometer most frequently like the large fiber zone of the motor root of the facial nerve and the facial trunk. The nerve fibers to the stapedius come from the large fiber zone of the facial nerve trunk.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the nervus stapedius of the mouse with the electron microscope. A nerve fiber count analysis was performed with the electron microscope on the nerve to the stapedius in seven mice. On an average, 77 (81%) of the total nerve fibers (95) were myelinated and 18 (19%) unmyelinated. The  nerve consisted mostly of large myelinated fibers, minor diameters of which measured 3-4 micrometer most frequently like the large fiber zone of the motor root of the facial nerve and the facial trunk. The nerve fibers to the stapedius come from the large fiber zone of the facial nerve trunk.", "PMID": 742723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5228", "title": "[Peroxidase distribution pattern and cochlear microphonics in the impulse-noise exposed cochlea of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological findings evidenced the impulse noise trauma primarily a mechanical lesion of cells. The loss of mechanically damaged sensory cells results in the initial decline of cochlear microphonics. Due to mechanical lesions many sites of leakage in the wall of the cochlear duct give way to the diffusion of components of either lymph, which will produce a general functional disturbance associated with additional decline of microphonics. The functional restoration of the inner ear requires the previous repair of the endo/perilymphatic barrier.", "contents": "[Peroxidase distribution pattern and cochlear microphonics in the impulse-noise exposed cochlea of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Morphological findings evidenced the impulse noise trauma primarily a mechanical lesion of cells. The loss of mechanically damaged sensory cells results in the initial decline of cochlear microphonics. Due to mechanical lesions many sites of leakage in the wall of the cochlear duct give way to the diffusion of components of either lymph, which will produce a general functional disturbance associated with additional decline of microphonics. The functional restoration of the inner ear requires the previous repair of the endo/perilymphatic barrier.", "PMID": 742724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5229", "title": "A comparative study of the forebrain of 4 species of South American birds.", "content": "The brains of the swift Streptoprocne zonaris, the flycatcher Tyrannus melancholicus, the tanager Ramphocelus dimidiatus and the finch Oryzoborus angolensis were compared with respect to the hyperstriatum accessorium, hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, neostriatum, ectostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum. In each of these brain parts the average number of cells and the average cell size were calculated, and the species were compared with respect to the same part of the brain. Some of the data suggest that the density and size of cells are correlated with behavior (e.g. feeding behavior), but such correlations should be confirmed with electrophysiological studies as well as cytoarchitectural studies of more species which exhibit similar feeding behavior.", "contents": "A comparative study of the forebrain of 4 species of South American birds. The brains of the swift Streptoprocne zonaris, the flycatcher Tyrannus melancholicus, the tanager Ramphocelus dimidiatus and the finch Oryzoborus angolensis were compared with respect to the hyperstriatum accessorium, hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, neostriatum, ectostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum. In each of these brain parts the average number of cells and the average cell size were calculated, and the species were compared with respect to the same part of the brain. Some of the data suggest that the density and size of cells are correlated with behavior (e.g. feeding behavior), but such correlations should be confirmed with electrophysiological studies as well as cytoarchitectural studies of more species which exhibit similar feeding behavior.", "PMID": 742725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5230", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of phentolamine in valvular abnormalities.", "content": "Seven patients with mitral insufficiency and seven patients with aortic insufficiency were studied by right and left heart catheterization. Hemodynamic observations were made during a control period and during the infusion of phentolamine. Significant declines in the pulmonary artery mean pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, and arteriovenous oxygen difference were seen in both groups. The cardiac index increased significantly in the two groups. Phentolamine therapy produced favorable hemodynamic effects because of its vasodilating action as well as its positive inotropic effects.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of phentolamine in valvular abnormalities. Seven patients with mitral insufficiency and seven patients with aortic insufficiency were studied by right and left heart catheterization. Hemodynamic observations were made during a control period and during the infusion of phentolamine. Significant declines in the pulmonary artery mean pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, and arteriovenous oxygen difference were seen in both groups. The cardiac index increased significantly in the two groups. Phentolamine therapy produced favorable hemodynamic effects because of its vasodilating action as well as its positive inotropic effects.", "PMID": 742729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5231", "title": "Surgical treatment of thoracic aneurysm in a hemodialysis-dependent patient: a case report.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman who was on hemodialysis underwent the resection of an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta as well as graft replacement. The operation was performed with the aid of femoro-femoral bypass perfusion and an artificial kidney inserted on the venous side of bypass line. Although the perfusion time was short, the uremic metabolic substance was efficiently removed, resulting in easy management after surgery.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of thoracic aneurysm in a hemodialysis-dependent patient: a case report. A 53-year-old woman who was on hemodialysis underwent the resection of an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta as well as graft replacement. The operation was performed with the aid of femoro-femoral bypass perfusion and an artificial kidney inserted on the venous side of bypass line. Although the perfusion time was short, the uremic metabolic substance was efficiently removed, resulting in easy management after surgery.", "PMID": 742732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5232", "title": "Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system.", "content": "This paper describes two allotypes of water buffalo controlled by two codominant allelic genes. The third allele is a null allele and behaves as a recessive one. The two detectable serum antigens are termed A1 and A2 and the third one (as yet undetectable) A0. The A1 antigen was recovered in the third peak and A2 antigen in the first peak following gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The A1 antigen is common to water buffalo and cattle; the frequency of the corresponding gene (A1) was the same in both species.", "contents": "Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system. This paper describes two allotypes of water buffalo controlled by two codominant allelic genes. The third allele is a null allele and behaves as a recessive one. The two detectable serum antigens are termed A1 and A2 and the third one (as yet undetectable) A0. The A1 antigen was recovered in the third peak and A2 antigen in the first peak following gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The A1 antigen is common to water buffalo and cattle; the frequency of the corresponding gene (A1) was the same in both species.", "PMID": 742734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5233", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of sheep (OLA) and two minor loci.", "content": "Among 11 lymphocyte factors defined in sheep, 9 are the products of multiple alleles at 2 closely linked loci: OLA-A and OLA-B. A tenth factor is the product of a gene at a third locus: OL-X probably on the same chromosome, but in this case very distant from OLA. The last factor is the product of a gene at a fourth locus: OL-Z, independent of OLA-A and B.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of sheep (OLA) and two minor loci. Among 11 lymphocyte factors defined in sheep, 9 are the products of multiple alleles at 2 closely linked loci: OLA-A and OLA-B. A tenth factor is the product of a gene at a third locus: OL-X probably on the same chromosome, but in this case very distant from OLA. The last factor is the product of a gene at a fourth locus: OL-Z, independent of OLA-A and B.", "PMID": 742735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5234", "title": "Genetic variants of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes.", "content": "Genetic polymorphism of hemoglobin was found in the erythrocytes of dogs of seven Japanese native breeds by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs revealed that the phenotypic variation of hemoglobin is controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, HbA and HbB. the allele HbA occurred only in Japanese native breeds except Shikoku. The frequency of HbA in the Japanese breeds was low and 0.08. All the dogs belonging to 25 European breeds and 5 oriental origin (except Japan) breeds examined in this experimnets had the homozygous genotype constitution HbB/HbB.", "contents": "Genetic variants of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes. Genetic polymorphism of hemoglobin was found in the erythrocytes of dogs of seven Japanese native breeds by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs revealed that the phenotypic variation of hemoglobin is controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, HbA and HbB. the allele HbA occurred only in Japanese native breeds except Shikoku. The frequency of HbA in the Japanese breeds was low and 0.08. All the dogs belonging to 25 European breeds and 5 oriental origin (except Japan) breeds examined in this experimnets had the homozygous genotype constitution HbB/HbB.", "PMID": 742738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5235", "title": "Genetic variation of some aldehyde-oxidizing enzymes in the mouse.", "content": "1. Twenty-six strains of mice were surveyed by starch gel electrophoresis for genetic variation of four liver enzymes; aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase. 2. A variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase was found in strains ICFW, IS/Cam, NZB, NZW, Simpson and Schneider. A variant of aldehyde oxidase was found in CE. A possible variant of xanthine oxidase was found in SF/Cam. 3. The gene determining the electrophoretic variant of aldehyde oxidase is either the same as, or very closely linked to, the Aox gene which determines aldehyde oxidase activity.", "contents": "Genetic variation of some aldehyde-oxidizing enzymes in the mouse. 1. Twenty-six strains of mice were surveyed by starch gel electrophoresis for genetic variation of four liver enzymes; aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase. 2. A variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase was found in strains ICFW, IS/Cam, NZB, NZW, Simpson and Schneider. A variant of aldehyde oxidase was found in CE. A possible variant of xanthine oxidase was found in SF/Cam. 3. The gene determining the electrophoretic variant of aldehyde oxidase is either the same as, or very closely linked to, the Aox gene which determines aldehyde oxidase activity.", "PMID": 742739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5236", "title": "A new allele in the prealbumin system of horse serum markers.", "content": "A family study of an index case in the Arabian breed of horses demonstrated the presence of a new allele in the prealbumin (Pr) system of electrophoretically determined markers in horse serum which, when homozygous, results in the absence of any recognizable zones in the Pr region. The symbol PrO is proposed for this allele which has an estimated frequency in Arabian horses of 0.09.", "contents": "A new allele in the prealbumin system of horse serum markers. A family study of an index case in the Arabian breed of horses demonstrated the presence of a new allele in the prealbumin (Pr) system of electrophoretically determined markers in horse serum which, when homozygous, results in the absence of any recognizable zones in the Pr region. The symbol PrO is proposed for this allele which has an estimated frequency in Arabian horses of 0.09.", "PMID": 742740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5237", "title": "A state-wide survey of hospital policy and practice concerning cigarette sales.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine the current practices and problems with regard to the sale of cigarettes in the approved hospitals of Indiana. A questionnaire was sent to all approved hospitals within the state asking each hospital administrator to respond to specific questions concerning cigarette sales policy and practice. After an initial waiting period, a follow-up letter was sent to each nonresponder. Finally, a response rate of 99 per cent was achieved. It was found that approximately 58 per cent of respondents sold cigarettes, with the majority selling cigarettes both over the counter and through vending machines. However, among the 42 per cent of the sample not selling cigarettes, the vast majority (82 per cent) indicated that no problems were encountered with their no-sales policy and practice. On the basis of both a review of literature pertaining to the potential dangers of ambient cigarette smoke and the findings of this study, the writers concluded that a no-cigarette-sales policy in hospitals is reasonable, feasible, and desirable.", "contents": "A state-wide survey of hospital policy and practice concerning cigarette sales. This study was conducted to determine the current practices and problems with regard to the sale of cigarettes in the approved hospitals of Indiana. A questionnaire was sent to all approved hospitals within the state asking each hospital administrator to respond to specific questions concerning cigarette sales policy and practice. After an initial waiting period, a follow-up letter was sent to each nonresponder. Finally, a response rate of 99 per cent was achieved. It was found that approximately 58 per cent of respondents sold cigarettes, with the majority selling cigarettes both over the counter and through vending machines. However, among the 42 per cent of the sample not selling cigarettes, the vast majority (82 per cent) indicated that no problems were encountered with their no-sales policy and practice. On the basis of both a review of literature pertaining to the potential dangers of ambient cigarette smoke and the findings of this study, the writers concluded that a no-cigarette-sales policy in hospitals is reasonable, feasible, and desirable.", "PMID": 742760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5238", "title": "Reversible impairment of the adherence of alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers.", "content": "The nylon fiber adherence in vitro of alveolar macrophages (AM) from cigarette smokers was uniformly decreased. The mean adherence of AM from 16 cigarette smokers was 53 +/- 3.0 per cent, compared to a mean adherence of 77.2 +/- 1.7 per cent for AM from control nonsmokers. The defect was not present after the subjects quit smoking, was not a result of factors in lavage fluids from smokers, and was not apparent in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The morphologic features of the surface of AM were examined with scanning electron microscopy to determine whether morphologic changes paralleled the decreased adherence of AM from smokers. Marked alterations in the surface of AM from cigarette smokers, which could affect the ability of AM to adhere optimally, were demonstrated before attachment to the fiber. In summary, there exists a reversible, intrinsic defect in the structure and adherence of AM from cigarette smokers that may influence their function and may accout, in part, for the increased yield of AM from the lavage fluid of cigarette smokers.", "contents": "Reversible impairment of the adherence of alveolar macrophages from cigarette smokers. The nylon fiber adherence in vitro of alveolar macrophages (AM) from cigarette smokers was uniformly decreased. The mean adherence of AM from 16 cigarette smokers was 53 +/- 3.0 per cent, compared to a mean adherence of 77.2 +/- 1.7 per cent for AM from control nonsmokers. The defect was not present after the subjects quit smoking, was not a result of factors in lavage fluids from smokers, and was not apparent in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The morphologic features of the surface of AM were examined with scanning electron microscopy to determine whether morphologic changes paralleled the decreased adherence of AM from smokers. Marked alterations in the surface of AM from cigarette smokers, which could affect the ability of AM to adhere optimally, were demonstrated before attachment to the fiber. In summary, there exists a reversible, intrinsic defect in the structure and adherence of AM from cigarette smokers that may influence their function and may accout, in part, for the increased yield of AM from the lavage fluid of cigarette smokers.", "PMID": 742762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5239", "title": "Influence of beta-2 agonist aerosols on pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs.", "content": "The effects of inhalation of a beta-2 adrenergic compound (fenoterol) on the expiratory pressure-volume curve of the lung were studied in 11 normal subjects. In particular, the dose dependence and the time course of this effect were determined, and they were compared to the characteristics of the bronchodilator action. Analysis of the results showed that (1) despite a decrease in esophageal tone, lung recoil pressures at all lung volumes were decreased by these compounds, (2) this change, in contrast to bronchodilation, was observed only when high doses were inhaled, and (3) this effect appeared rapidly and elapsed after approximately 30 min, whereas bronchodilation remained stable for at least 2 hours. Additional studies with intravenous infusion of the drug indicated that the effects of beta adrenergic agonists on the pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs are related to the amount of the drug delivered to the peripheral segments of the lung. These findings suggested that large doses of beta-2 agonist aerosols can cause sufficient relaxation of the contractile elements of the lung parenchyma to produce alterations in the static elastic properties of the lungs. In contrast to bronchodilation, which results from a topical action of inhaled particles, these alterations are probably a systemic effect of these aerosols, related to the quantity of the drug absorbed into the circulation.", "contents": "Influence of beta-2 agonist aerosols on pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs. The effects of inhalation of a beta-2 adrenergic compound (fenoterol) on the expiratory pressure-volume curve of the lung were studied in 11 normal subjects. In particular, the dose dependence and the time course of this effect were determined, and they were compared to the characteristics of the bronchodilator action. Analysis of the results showed that (1) despite a decrease in esophageal tone, lung recoil pressures at all lung volumes were decreased by these compounds, (2) this change, in contrast to bronchodilation, was observed only when high doses were inhaled, and (3) this effect appeared rapidly and elapsed after approximately 30 min, whereas bronchodilation remained stable for at least 2 hours. Additional studies with intravenous infusion of the drug indicated that the effects of beta adrenergic agonists on the pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs are related to the amount of the drug delivered to the peripheral segments of the lung. These findings suggested that large doses of beta-2 agonist aerosols can cause sufficient relaxation of the contractile elements of the lung parenchyma to produce alterations in the static elastic properties of the lungs. In contrast to bronchodilation, which results from a topical action of inhaled particles, these alterations are probably a systemic effect of these aerosols, related to the quantity of the drug absorbed into the circulation.", "PMID": 742763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5240", "title": "[Ileocaecal valve incompetence. A new syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of series of 237 colonic aganglionisms (1965--1977) 32 cases (13%) showed a clincial, radiological and manometric syndrome of \"incompetent ileocaecal valve\". Symptoms were vomiting, constipation with bouts of diarrhea, incomplete intestinal obstruction and failure to thrive. Sixteen cases were under P-3 weight percentiles. Initial diagnosis were aganglionism (10 cases), hiatal hernia (4 cases) and N.E.C. (1 case). Seventeen patients were explored through an iliac incision in the first three months of life. Ileocaecal continence was minimal (less than 25 cm. of water pressure). Ilocaecoplication was performed and completed with internal sphincterectomy (10 cases), colostomy (1 case) and caecostomy (3 cases). This new syndrome has been experimentally studied, but its etiology remains obscure. It introduces a bad prognostic component in aganglionism. Ileocaecoplication, a very simple operation, can be a lifesaving procedure.", "contents": "[Ileocaecal valve incompetence. A new syndrome (author's transl)]. Out of series of 237 colonic aganglionisms (1965--1977) 32 cases (13%) showed a clincial, radiological and manometric syndrome of \"incompetent ileocaecal valve\". Symptoms were vomiting, constipation with bouts of diarrhea, incomplete intestinal obstruction and failure to thrive. Sixteen cases were under P-3 weight percentiles. Initial diagnosis were aganglionism (10 cases), hiatal hernia (4 cases) and N.E.C. (1 case). Seventeen patients were explored through an iliac incision in the first three months of life. Ileocaecal continence was minimal (less than 25 cm. of water pressure). Ilocaecoplication was performed and completed with internal sphincterectomy (10 cases), colostomy (1 case) and caecostomy (3 cases). This new syndrome has been experimentally studied, but its etiology remains obscure. It introduces a bad prognostic component in aganglionism. Ileocaecoplication, a very simple operation, can be a lifesaving procedure.", "PMID": 742765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5241", "title": "[Pulmonary gas exchange in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia the state of the pulmonary function was studied through the blood gas values (PO2 and PCO2 on breathing air and 100% oxygen spontaneously or with mechanical ventilation). The group of survivors presented a normal or slightly altered pulmonary function, whilst in the group that died the pulmonary function was severely altered. Up to now, and in accordance with the results obtained, none of the proposed hypothesis (pulmonary atelectasis, extra-pulmonary right-to-left shunt, pulmonary hypoplasia) explain this alteration in a satisfactory manner. From the prognostic point of view, if the levels of gases are spontaneously normal or with administration of oxygen and/or assisted, ventilation a level of PO2 higher than 230 and of PCO2 lower than 70 is obtained, prognosis is excellent. If these levels are not obtained the prognosis is nearly always fatal and the value of the intervention questionable.", "contents": "[Pulmonary gas exchange in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)]. In 20 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia the state of the pulmonary function was studied through the blood gas values (PO2 and PCO2 on breathing air and 100% oxygen spontaneously or with mechanical ventilation). The group of survivors presented a normal or slightly altered pulmonary function, whilst in the group that died the pulmonary function was severely altered. Up to now, and in accordance with the results obtained, none of the proposed hypothesis (pulmonary atelectasis, extra-pulmonary right-to-left shunt, pulmonary hypoplasia) explain this alteration in a satisfactory manner. From the prognostic point of view, if the levels of gases are spontaneously normal or with administration of oxygen and/or assisted, ventilation a level of PO2 higher than 230 and of PCO2 lower than 70 is obtained, prognosis is excellent. If these levels are not obtained the prognosis is nearly always fatal and the value of the intervention questionable.", "PMID": 742766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5242", "title": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis and its surgical management. Study of 35 cases].", "content": "Thirty five cases of necrotizing enterocolitis, seen in the past five years in this clinic, are reviewed. Twenty four cases were seen up to December 1977 and eleven cases from January to March 1978 due to a neonatal I.C.U. epidemy. The relationship between some of the accepted perinatal pathogenic factors and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis is analyzed. The temporal relationship of the time of diagnosis to the onset of treatment is an important consideration for the prognosis. We propose surgical treatment if after eighteen hours of treatment there is no improvement. A guideline for the early treatment and surgical indications of acute necrotizing enterocolitis, is suggested.", "contents": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis and its surgical management. Study of 35 cases]. Thirty five cases of necrotizing enterocolitis, seen in the past five years in this clinic, are reviewed. Twenty four cases were seen up to December 1977 and eleven cases from January to March 1978 due to a neonatal I.C.U. epidemy. The relationship between some of the accepted perinatal pathogenic factors and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis is analyzed. The temporal relationship of the time of diagnosis to the onset of treatment is an important consideration for the prognosis. We propose surgical treatment if after eighteen hours of treatment there is no improvement. A guideline for the early treatment and surgical indications of acute necrotizing enterocolitis, is suggested.", "PMID": 742767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5243", "title": "[Sequelae of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a new aspect of NEC which can be at the origin of symptoms appearing late in the clinical course. These sequelae, consisting of colic strictures, can be observed in all patients both medically and surgically treated. The five cases presented were observed among the 21 medically managed of which they represent 23.8%. None of the ten operated patients presented sequelae. All strictures were located in the colon, always in coincidence with the original topography of pneumatosis. Multiple strictures were observed in one patient.", "contents": "[Sequelae of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns (author's transl)]. The authors report a new aspect of NEC which can be at the origin of symptoms appearing late in the clinical course. These sequelae, consisting of colic strictures, can be observed in all patients both medically and surgically treated. The five cases presented were observed among the 21 medically managed of which they represent 23.8%. None of the ten operated patients presented sequelae. All strictures were located in the colon, always in coincidence with the original topography of pneumatosis. Multiple strictures were observed in one patient.", "PMID": 742768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5244", "title": "[Neonatal functional intestinal obstruction of unknown etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of newborn intestinal obstruction without obvious organic cause are reported. Narrow left colon (Davis's syndrome), small colon, megacystis and intestinal hypoperistaltism (Berdon's syndrome) and segmental bowel dilatation (Swenson's syndrome) were the diagnoses. Through a review of the literature a possible interrelationship among these three clinical entities at the level of an abnormal myenteric plexus neuronal function is discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal functional intestinal obstruction of unknown etiology (author's transl)]. Three cases of newborn intestinal obstruction without obvious organic cause are reported. Narrow left colon (Davis's syndrome), small colon, megacystis and intestinal hypoperistaltism (Berdon's syndrome) and segmental bowel dilatation (Swenson's syndrome) were the diagnoses. Through a review of the literature a possible interrelationship among these three clinical entities at the level of an abnormal myenteric plexus neuronal function is discussed.", "PMID": 742769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5245", "title": "[Traumatic amputation of the testicle. Successful reimplantation using microsurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of traumatic amputation of the left testicle with complete avulsion of the spermatic cord in a three year old boy is presented. A successful reimplantation was performed using microsurgical technique. We believe this is the first case reported in the world Literature.", "contents": "[Traumatic amputation of the testicle. Successful reimplantation using microsurgery (author's transl)]. A case of traumatic amputation of the left testicle with complete avulsion of the spermatic cord in a three year old boy is presented. A successful reimplantation was performed using microsurgical technique. We believe this is the first case reported in the world Literature.", "PMID": 742770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5246", "title": "[Omphalopagus conjoined twins with successful surgical separation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present an observation of omphalopagus conjoined twins with successful separation. They comment on the etiopathogenic factors, obstetrical problems, investigation of the extent of the union and operative timing.", "contents": "[Omphalopagus conjoined twins with successful surgical separation (author's transl)]. The authors present an observation of omphalopagus conjoined twins with successful separation. They comment on the etiopathogenic factors, obstetrical problems, investigation of the extent of the union and operative timing.", "PMID": 742771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5247", "title": "[Respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary congenital malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report is based on three infants with respiratory distress syndrome due to congenital lobar emphysema in two and cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung in the third. The serious worsening of the respiratory distress in two children prompted a partial pulmonary resection within the first 24 hours of life. A brief description of the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of this anomalies is included. Our three patients remain asymptomatic showing a normal development, after a follow-up period of five months in one child and just over two years for the other two. Any neonate showing progressive respiratory distress should have a chest X-ray taken to rule out a lobar emphysema or a severe malformation of the lung leading to abnormal ventilation. The management in this cases should be the immediate resection of the affected pulmonary lobes.", "contents": "[Respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary congenital malformations (author's transl)]. The present report is based on three infants with respiratory distress syndrome due to congenital lobar emphysema in two and cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung in the third. The serious worsening of the respiratory distress in two children prompted a partial pulmonary resection within the first 24 hours of life. A brief description of the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of this anomalies is included. Our three patients remain asymptomatic showing a normal development, after a follow-up period of five months in one child and just over two years for the other two. Any neonate showing progressive respiratory distress should have a chest X-ray taken to rule out a lobar emphysema or a severe malformation of the lung leading to abnormal ventilation. The management in this cases should be the immediate resection of the affected pulmonary lobes.", "PMID": 742772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5248", "title": "[Gastric duplication with two cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric duplications are rare. The case of a two-year-old girl with double cystic tumors, and a wide connection with the stomach and duodenum, is described and commented upon. A partial resection with excision of the mucosa in the zone closely adhering to the duodenum, and \"capitonage\" of the raw surface was necessary. A year and a half later, the girl experiences no problems, and the radiological study is practically normal.", "contents": "[Gastric duplication with two cysts (author's transl)]. Gastric duplications are rare. The case of a two-year-old girl with double cystic tumors, and a wide connection with the stomach and duodenum, is described and commented upon. A partial resection with excision of the mucosa in the zone closely adhering to the duodenum, and \"capitonage\" of the raw surface was necessary. A year and a half later, the girl experiences no problems, and the radiological study is practically normal.", "PMID": 742773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5249", "title": "[Gonadal tumors in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of gonadal tumors in infancy were treated in the Service of Pediatric Surgery of the Hospital Infantil \"Virgen de la Arrixaca\", Murcia, during the first two years of surgical work. One of them is a Leydig cells testicular tumor, the second is a ovary tumor of the granulosa and the last two cases were ovarian cysts, one of them associated with precocious puberty. The clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic problems of these tumors are reviewed.", "contents": "[Gonadal tumors in children (author's transl)]. Four cases of gonadal tumors in infancy were treated in the Service of Pediatric Surgery of the Hospital Infantil \"Virgen de la Arrixaca\", Murcia, during the first two years of surgical work. One of them is a Leydig cells testicular tumor, the second is a ovary tumor of the granulosa and the last two cases were ovarian cysts, one of them associated with precocious puberty. The clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic problems of these tumors are reviewed.", "PMID": 742774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5250", "title": "[Hemihypertrophy and functioning adrenal tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a secreting adrenal tumor in a seven month old hemihypertrophic girl is described. Some features of hemihypertrophy and its relationships with the E.M.G. Syndrome and abdominal tumors are commented upon. The reported case is a typical association of malformation with tumor and recalls the close relationship between teratogenesis and oncogenesis.", "contents": "[Hemihypertrophy and functioning adrenal tumor (author's transl)]. The case of a secreting adrenal tumor in a seven month old hemihypertrophic girl is described. Some features of hemihypertrophy and its relationships with the E.M.G. Syndrome and abdominal tumors are commented upon. The reported case is a typical association of malformation with tumor and recalls the close relationship between teratogenesis and oncogenesis.", "PMID": 742775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5251", "title": "[Cystic lymphangioma of the neck in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of seventeen years (1960--78) we have collected twenty two cases of cystic lymphangioma of the neck out of ten thousand patients admitted to our Department. Of these cystic lymphangioma cases, thirty three per cent occurred in the neo-natal period. All these tumours were operated upon with only two fatalities. In only one case the operation was done in two stages due to a huge mediastinal prolongation. We discuss here the embryology, the clinical evolution, the pathology, the diagnosis and the treatment of this type of cystic lymphangioma.", "contents": "[Cystic lymphangioma of the neck in childhood (author's transl)]. Over a period of seventeen years (1960--78) we have collected twenty two cases of cystic lymphangioma of the neck out of ten thousand patients admitted to our Department. Of these cystic lymphangioma cases, thirty three per cent occurred in the neo-natal period. All these tumours were operated upon with only two fatalities. In only one case the operation was done in two stages due to a huge mediastinal prolongation. We discuss here the embryology, the clinical evolution, the pathology, the diagnosis and the treatment of this type of cystic lymphangioma.", "PMID": 742776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5252", "title": "[Mesenteric cystic lymphangiomas (report of three cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of mesenteric cystic lymphangiomas in children are reported. All of them were found during laparotomies for acute abdomen, and their pathology was rather similar, except for the contents which was chylous in the two cases located in the jejunum and serous in the remaining ileal case. One of these tumours contained calcified material, a fact which makes diagnostic suspicion possible. The literature on this topic is up-dated.", "contents": "[Mesenteric cystic lymphangiomas (report of three cases) (author's transl)]. Three cases of mesenteric cystic lymphangiomas in children are reported. All of them were found during laparotomies for acute abdomen, and their pathology was rather similar, except for the contents which was chylous in the two cases located in the jejunum and serous in the remaining ileal case. One of these tumours contained calcified material, a fact which makes diagnostic suspicion possible. The literature on this topic is up-dated.", "PMID": 742777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5253", "title": "[Socio-psychological concepts of status, role and norm, and systemic mechanisms in the psychotic family].", "content": "Socio-psychological contributions can improve the systemic approach to family therapy. For instance, the notions of \"role\", \"status\" and \"norm\" discussed in this paper, can be applied to the concept of \"identified patient\". This appears to be the only pathological designation, as role assignment per se is not necessarily abnormal. It is suggested that pathogenic mechanisms playing a part in psychotic families, can also be used therapeutically. Family therapy tends to confirms the principle that small group norms are more readily modified than those of single individuals.", "contents": "[Socio-psychological concepts of status, role and norm, and systemic mechanisms in the psychotic family]. Socio-psychological contributions can improve the systemic approach to family therapy. For instance, the notions of \"role\", \"status\" and \"norm\" discussed in this paper, can be applied to the concept of \"identified patient\". This appears to be the only pathological designation, as role assignment per se is not necessarily abnormal. It is suggested that pathogenic mechanisms playing a part in psychotic families, can also be used therapeutically. Family therapy tends to confirms the principle that small group norms are more readily modified than those of single individuals.", "PMID": 742785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5254", "title": "[Transsexualism].", "content": "According to the literature, the transsexual phenomenon can be assessed as a distinct psychiatric illness. Transsexualism, a rare but spectacular disorder, realizes a gender identity reversal raising questions regarding systems of psychiatric diagnosis, nosology and treatment. A better clinical knowledge of this \"experiment\" and its follow-up allow studying processes contributory to marked deviation of gender identity and furthering concepts of development of masculinity and feminity. Current research deals with hypotheses that can be stated as testable propositions about underlying dynamics in various fields: learning factors, psychoanalytic components and psycho-biological data. Focusing on the early infantile development and the environmental influences reflects a variety of non specific psychogenetic precursors. The treatment of \"gender dysphoria syndrom\", i.e. hormonal treatment, sex-reassignment surgery and psychotherapic processes, aims towards r\u00e9duction of psychic pain and social adjustment in the cross-gender role. Transsexual phenomenon largely overlaps the psychopathological area; beyond surgical and medical aspects, social implications and legal positions refer to an ethical problem.", "contents": "[Transsexualism]. According to the literature, the transsexual phenomenon can be assessed as a distinct psychiatric illness. Transsexualism, a rare but spectacular disorder, realizes a gender identity reversal raising questions regarding systems of psychiatric diagnosis, nosology and treatment. A better clinical knowledge of this \"experiment\" and its follow-up allow studying processes contributory to marked deviation of gender identity and furthering concepts of development of masculinity and feminity. Current research deals with hypotheses that can be stated as testable propositions about underlying dynamics in various fields: learning factors, psychoanalytic components and psycho-biological data. Focusing on the early infantile development and the environmental influences reflects a variety of non specific psychogenetic precursors. The treatment of \"gender dysphoria syndrom\", i.e. hormonal treatment, sex-reassignment surgery and psychotherapic processes, aims towards r\u00e9duction of psychic pain and social adjustment in the cross-gender role. Transsexual phenomenon largely overlaps the psychopathological area; beyond surgical and medical aspects, social implications and legal positions refer to an ethical problem.", "PMID": 742786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5255", "title": "[The management of corrosive oesophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Regardless of the treatment used against corrosive oesophagitis, the laryngologist must play a role from the beginning and throughout the course. The fibroblasts and collagen fibres which results are the natural agents of healing but, at the same time, are responsible for virtually inexorable stenosis if the corrosion has passed through to the muscular layers. Infection is constant and contributes to stenosis. The effectiveness of antibiotics is certain. They must be used from the beginning and continued for as long as necessary. As far as fibroiss is concerned, dilatations remain the basic treatment, their application requiring great experience and much patience and tenacity. Replacement surgery is attractive. It comes up against the stenosing perioesophageal inflammatory process which tends to die down in time but remains active for a long period. The nENT specialist must therefore pay careful attention from the very end of the postoperative period onwards. The gravity of oesophageal burns justifies intensification of preventive measures. Since it impossible to complete eliminate corrosive oesophagitis, efforts must be directed towards the discovery of substances capable of inhibiting collagen synthesis. Corticosteroids used in the treatment of shock do not prevent stenosis. In the laboratory, B.A.P.N. has shown its effectiveness in the rat. Also in the rat, particularly difficult experiments are in progress using penicillinamine. Although such methods have as yet to be extended to human clinical use, there are nevertheless grounds for hope.", "contents": "[The management of corrosive oesophagitis (author's transl)]. Regardless of the treatment used against corrosive oesophagitis, the laryngologist must play a role from the beginning and throughout the course. The fibroblasts and collagen fibres which results are the natural agents of healing but, at the same time, are responsible for virtually inexorable stenosis if the corrosion has passed through to the muscular layers. Infection is constant and contributes to stenosis. The effectiveness of antibiotics is certain. They must be used from the beginning and continued for as long as necessary. As far as fibroiss is concerned, dilatations remain the basic treatment, their application requiring great experience and much patience and tenacity. Replacement surgery is attractive. It comes up against the stenosing perioesophageal inflammatory process which tends to die down in time but remains active for a long period. The nENT specialist must therefore pay careful attention from the very end of the postoperative period onwards. The gravity of oesophageal burns justifies intensification of preventive measures. Since it impossible to complete eliminate corrosive oesophagitis, efforts must be directed towards the discovery of substances capable of inhibiting collagen synthesis. Corticosteroids used in the treatment of shock do not prevent stenosis. In the laboratory, B.A.P.N. has shown its effectiveness in the rat. Also in the rat, particularly difficult experiments are in progress using penicillinamine. Although such methods have as yet to be extended to human clinical use, there are nevertheless grounds for hope.", "PMID": 742792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5256", "title": "[Preventive treatment in caustic stenosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review the varioux forms of treatment used experimentally and clinically in an attempt to prevent oesophageal stenosis following ingestion of caustic substances. Corticosteroid therapy is still used by certain authors though its effectiveness is far from obvious. However, promising results have been obtained experimentally using substances such as amino-nitriles, which alter the properties of newly formed collagen.", "contents": "[Preventive treatment in caustic stenosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. The authors review the varioux forms of treatment used experimentally and clinically in an attempt to prevent oesophageal stenosis following ingestion of caustic substances. Corticosteroid therapy is still used by certain authors though its effectiveness is far from obvious. However, promising results have been obtained experimentally using substances such as amino-nitriles, which alter the properties of newly formed collagen.", "PMID": 742793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5257", "title": "[Experimental model for the study of caustic stenoses of the oesophagus. Trial of d-penicillamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this article is above all to describe a new experimental protocol of caustic stenosis of the oesophagus in the rat, a protocol leading to regular stanoic scarring and offering and experimental model for the trial of anti-collagen substances. Initial research with d-penicillamine appears to offer encouraging results which justify its continuation.", "contents": "[Experimental model for the study of caustic stenoses of the oesophagus. Trial of d-penicillamine (author's transl)]. The aim of this article is above all to describe a new experimental protocol of caustic stenosis of the oesophagus in the rat, a protocol leading to regular stanoic scarring and offering and experimental model for the trial of anti-collagen substances. Initial research with d-penicillamine appears to offer encouraging results which justify its continuation.", "PMID": 742794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5258", "title": "[Early surgical management of severe corrosive burns of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have treated, as an emergency, 120 adults with corrosive burns. Thet were 22 patients among them checked as severe burns, i. e. who underwent surgical operations. Most of them tried to kill themselves by swallowing great quantities of acid or lye. Subsequently, gastric associated burns were frequent. Critical analysis of these observations, compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature permit one to get through the early management: -- Total fiberendoscopy is a true emergency, but for the patients who actually swallowed a glass or more of strong acid and have to undergo an immediate laparotomy. -- The place ofmajor surgical operations is discussed in relation to further specialist investigations of the appearance of complications. -- The results are assessed in 13 patients who were followed up for a long period.", "contents": "[Early surgical management of severe corrosive burns of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. The authors have treated, as an emergency, 120 adults with corrosive burns. Thet were 22 patients among them checked as severe burns, i. e. who underwent surgical operations. Most of them tried to kill themselves by swallowing great quantities of acid or lye. Subsequently, gastric associated burns were frequent. Critical analysis of these observations, compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature permit one to get through the early management: -- Total fiberendoscopy is a true emergency, but for the patients who actually swallowed a glass or more of strong acid and have to undergo an immediate laparotomy. -- The place ofmajor surgical operations is discussed in relation to further specialist investigations of the appearance of complications. -- The results are assessed in 13 patients who were followed up for a long period.", "PMID": 742795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5259", "title": "[Malignant change affecting stenotic scarring (caustic) of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report four cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus developing at the site of old burns. They review the classical features of this type of lesion, found in their own cases: the role of trauma from dilatations and the very long time elapsing before malignant change occurs (29 to 57 years, according to the individual cases). They discuss the prophylactic value of oesophagectomy with oesophagoplasty following severe burns with stenotic scarring. Finally, they note that whilst the treatment of these forms of carcinoma of the oesophagus is in general palliative, curative surgery may nevertheless be envisaged.", "contents": "[Malignant change affecting stenotic scarring (caustic) of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. The authors report four cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus developing at the site of old burns. They review the classical features of this type of lesion, found in their own cases: the role of trauma from dilatations and the very long time elapsing before malignant change occurs (29 to 57 years, according to the individual cases). They discuss the prophylactic value of oesophagectomy with oesophagoplasty following severe burns with stenotic scarring. Finally, they note that whilst the treatment of these forms of carcinoma of the oesophagus is in general palliative, curative surgery may nevertheless be envisaged.", "PMID": 742796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5260", "title": "[Phlebectasia of the internal jugular vein post injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the case of a 14 year-old girl having the cervical deformity developed on the background of influenza and sore throat and was caused by an apparently minor sports injury, with vertebrocervical lesion and rupture of the inner wall of the jugular vein. The painful onset symptomatology, initially attributed to exacerbation of the anginous process and cervical adenitis, evolved towards phonation, deglutition, nervous and final respiratory disturbances. The progressive evolution and gravity of the clinical picture imposed craniocervical surgery, with exclusion of the lateral intramastoid sinus and resection of the extensive ectatic cervicoprevertebral pouch. The authors discuss the mechanism of the vascular lesion, the clinical picture, evolution, diagnosis and therapy, which totaly differed from classical descriptions of phlebectasia of the jugular vein.", "contents": "[Phlebectasia of the internal jugular vein post injury (author's transl)]. The authors present the case of a 14 year-old girl having the cervical deformity developed on the background of influenza and sore throat and was caused by an apparently minor sports injury, with vertebrocervical lesion and rupture of the inner wall of the jugular vein. The painful onset symptomatology, initially attributed to exacerbation of the anginous process and cervical adenitis, evolved towards phonation, deglutition, nervous and final respiratory disturbances. The progressive evolution and gravity of the clinical picture imposed craniocervical surgery, with exclusion of the lateral intramastoid sinus and resection of the extensive ectatic cervicoprevertebral pouch. The authors discuss the mechanism of the vascular lesion, the clinical picture, evolution, diagnosis and therapy, which totaly differed from classical descriptions of phlebectasia of the jugular vein.", "PMID": 742797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5261", "title": "A redescription of Trypanosoma cotti Brumpt and Lebailly, 1904 and its development in the leech, Calliobdella punctata.", "content": "Trypanosoma cotti Brumpt and Lebailly, 1904 is redescribed from Brumpt's blood slides prepared from the sea scorpion (Enophrys bubalis). Developmental stages occur in the intestine of the marine leech Calliobdella punctata, which acts as the vector. Division occurs only in the amastigote stage which subsequently changes into a sphaeromastigote and epimastigote forms. Yellow pigment granules characterize all developmental stages except slender epimastigotes. No metatrypanosomes were observed.", "contents": "A redescription of Trypanosoma cotti Brumpt and Lebailly, 1904 and its development in the leech, Calliobdella punctata. Trypanosoma cotti Brumpt and Lebailly, 1904 is redescribed from Brumpt's blood slides prepared from the sea scorpion (Enophrys bubalis). Developmental stages occur in the intestine of the marine leech Calliobdella punctata, which acts as the vector. Division occurs only in the amastigote stage which subsequently changes into a sphaeromastigote and epimastigote forms. Yellow pigment granules characterize all developmental stages except slender epimastigotes. No metatrypanosomes were observed.", "PMID": 742800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5262", "title": "[Epidemiology of free-living amoebae in the waters of Strasbourg (France) (author's transl)].", "content": "164 strains of free-living amoebae were isolated from public drinking water supplies, swimming pools and official swimming ponds in Strasbourg; 11 genera and 16 species were identified. Some strains of Acanthamoeba are pathogenic for mice by intracerebral inoculation. Among the two strains of Naegleria found none is pathogenic. The results concerning free-living amoebae are compared with the level of chlorine and bromine and with the presence of bacteria in swimming pools.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of free-living amoebae in the waters of Strasbourg (France) (author's transl)]. 164 strains of free-living amoebae were isolated from public drinking water supplies, swimming pools and official swimming ponds in Strasbourg; 11 genera and 16 species were identified. Some strains of Acanthamoeba are pathogenic for mice by intracerebral inoculation. Among the two strains of Naegleria found none is pathogenic. The results concerning free-living amoebae are compared with the level of chlorine and bromine and with the presence of bacteria in swimming pools.", "PMID": 742801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5263", "title": "[Hexabothriidae (Monogenea) from Selachii (Sphyrna mokarran) in the Red Sea. Description of a new species Erpocotyle septistoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the Hexabothriidae, from Selachii in the Red Sea reveals two different species in the Hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran (R\u00fcppel, 1835): Erpocotyle sphyrna (MacCallum, 1931) et Erpocotyle septistoma n. sp. The host specificity and the geographical distribution of E. shyrna are discussed.", "contents": "[Hexabothriidae (Monogenea) from Selachii (Sphyrna mokarran) in the Red Sea. Description of a new species Erpocotyle septistoma (author's transl)]. The study of the Hexabothriidae, from Selachii in the Red Sea reveals two different species in the Hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran (R\u00fcppel, 1835): Erpocotyle sphyrna (MacCallum, 1931) et Erpocotyle septistoma n. sp. The host specificity and the geographical distribution of E. shyrna are discussed.", "PMID": 742802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5264", "title": "[Life cycle of Paramphistomum togolense n. sp. (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae)].", "content": "Mature worms were obtained from a sheep experimentally infested with metacercariae issued from cercariae emitted by naturally infested snails: Bulinus (Bulinus) forskalli collected near Lom\u00e9 (Togo). Miracidia were used for infection of these laboratory-reared snails which gave numerous cercariae. Larval stages are studied. Morphological and histological characters of the adult and the very peculiar shape of the sporocyst distinguish this trematode from the other known species of the genus. The superficial argentophilic structures of the miracidium and cercaria are described in detail because, to our point, they constitute the best criteria for the taxonomy of this group.", "contents": "[Life cycle of Paramphistomum togolense n. sp. (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae)]. Mature worms were obtained from a sheep experimentally infested with metacercariae issued from cercariae emitted by naturally infested snails: Bulinus (Bulinus) forskalli collected near Lom\u00e9 (Togo). Miracidia were used for infection of these laboratory-reared snails which gave numerous cercariae. Larval stages are studied. Morphological and histological characters of the adult and the very peculiar shape of the sporocyst distinguish this trematode from the other known species of the genus. The superficial argentophilic structures of the miracidium and cercaria are described in detail because, to our point, they constitute the best criteria for the taxonomy of this group.", "PMID": 742803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5265", "title": "[First results of an investigation on trichinosis in wildlife in France (1976--1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "201 red foxes, 18 brown rats, 1 muskrat, 1 red squirrel, 1 wood mouse, 8 hares, 3 rabbits, 2 wild boars, 4 roe deers, 1 chamois, 3 reindeers (for farming) were examined by peptic digestion to detect trichinosis. Eight Foxes captured in the east and south-east of France were found infested by this parasite.", "contents": "[First results of an investigation on trichinosis in wildlife in France (1976--1977) (author's transl)]. 201 red foxes, 18 brown rats, 1 muskrat, 1 red squirrel, 1 wood mouse, 8 hares, 3 rabbits, 2 wild boars, 4 roe deers, 1 chamois, 3 reindeers (for farming) were examined by peptic digestion to detect trichinosis. Eight Foxes captured in the east and south-east of France were found infested by this parasite.", "PMID": 742806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5266", "title": "Blood pressure changes during and after anaesthesia in treated and untreated hypertensive patients.", "content": "The blood pressure responses of 34 unselected hypertensive patients with and without preoperative antihypertensive therapy during thiopentone-N2O-O2-relaxant-analgesic anesthesia and the immediate postoperative period were studied. The blood pressure fluctuations, expressed as differences between the highest and lowest levels of both systolic and diastolic pressure during anaesthesia were significantly (p less than 0.01) greater in untreated hypertensive patients than in treated ones. A significant decline (p less than 0.01) of the mean blood pressure values from the initial level was seen in both treated and untreated patients during the first 24 postoperative hours. Urinary output was greater (p less than 0.05) in treated than in untreated hypertensive patients during a postoperative follow-up of 4 hours. The results show that hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive drugs until the day of operation endure the anesthesia and the operation better than untreated patients.", "contents": "Blood pressure changes during and after anaesthesia in treated and untreated hypertensive patients. The blood pressure responses of 34 unselected hypertensive patients with and without preoperative antihypertensive therapy during thiopentone-N2O-O2-relaxant-analgesic anesthesia and the immediate postoperative period were studied. The blood pressure fluctuations, expressed as differences between the highest and lowest levels of both systolic and diastolic pressure during anaesthesia were significantly (p less than 0.01) greater in untreated hypertensive patients than in treated ones. A significant decline (p less than 0.01) of the mean blood pressure values from the initial level was seen in both treated and untreated patients during the first 24 postoperative hours. Urinary output was greater (p less than 0.05) in treated than in untreated hypertensive patients during a postoperative follow-up of 4 hours. The results show that hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive drugs until the day of operation endure the anesthesia and the operation better than untreated patients.", "PMID": 742817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5267", "title": "Maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine concentrations in labour with segmental epidural analgesia.", "content": "Maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine concentrations were assayed following segmental epidural analgesia during the first stage of 14 normal labours. Analgesia was accomplished with 20 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. 10 mothers received only one dose and four mothers two doses. The maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine levels remained very low and the foetomaternal ratios were about 1:4 during the labour. At delivery, the foeto-maternal ratio increased, showing that the decline of bupivacaine concentrations is slower in foetal than in maternal plasma.", "contents": "Maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine concentrations in labour with segmental epidural analgesia. Maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine concentrations were assayed following segmental epidural analgesia during the first stage of 14 normal labours. Analgesia was accomplished with 20 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. 10 mothers received only one dose and four mothers two doses. The maternal and foetal plasma bupivacaine levels remained very low and the foetomaternal ratios were about 1:4 during the labour. At delivery, the foeto-maternal ratio increased, showing that the decline of bupivacaine concentrations is slower in foetal than in maternal plasma.", "PMID": 742818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5268", "title": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow.", "content": "An incarcerated internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow is an extremely rare cause of intestinal obstruction and about 105 such cases have been reported. An additional patient, in whom a part of jejunum was incarcerated through the foramen into the lesser sac and who was successfully treated surgically, is reported. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this rare condition are discussed.", "contents": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow. An incarcerated internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow is an extremely rare cause of intestinal obstruction and about 105 such cases have been reported. An additional patient, in whom a part of jejunum was incarcerated through the foramen into the lesser sac and who was successfully treated surgically, is reported. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this rare condition are discussed.", "PMID": 742819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5269", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy. Relationship to the preceding contraception.", "content": "The incidence of extrauterine pregnancies in all the deliveries in this clinic has increased from 1.3% in 1968 to 2.5% in 1976. Of 163 consecutive extrauterine pregnancies during a ten month period in 1976, 40% had an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ at the time of conception. 650 healthy women who had had an IUD inserted in 1973 were follow-up for an average of 3 years and all extrauterine and intrauterine pregnanices registered while the device was in situ. 27 intrauterine and 4 extrauterine pregnancies occurred over 1,572 women-years of use. From these data it was calculated that 99.5% of all possible intrauterine implantation and 93.5% of tubal implantations were inhibited by the device. This difference is apparently the reason for the increased risk of extrauterine pregnancies in IUCD users.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy. Relationship to the preceding contraception. The incidence of extrauterine pregnancies in all the deliveries in this clinic has increased from 1.3% in 1968 to 2.5% in 1976. Of 163 consecutive extrauterine pregnancies during a ten month period in 1976, 40% had an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ at the time of conception. 650 healthy women who had had an IUD inserted in 1973 were follow-up for an average of 3 years and all extrauterine and intrauterine pregnanices registered while the device was in situ. 27 intrauterine and 4 extrauterine pregnancies occurred over 1,572 women-years of use. From these data it was calculated that 99.5% of all possible intrauterine implantation and 93.5% of tubal implantations were inhibited by the device. This difference is apparently the reason for the increased risk of extrauterine pregnancies in IUCD users.", "PMID": 742820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5270", "title": "The effect of tranexamic acid on the fibrinolytic activity of vein walls.", "content": "16 patients were treated with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid in an initial i.v. dose of 1 g followed by an oral dose of 4 g a day for one week and 3 g a day for two weeks. Biopsy specimens of superficial veins were obtained before and on the last day of treatment and examined histochemically for their fibrinolytic activity. Tranexamic acid did not suppress the fibrinolytic activity in the vessel walls, which is the most important link in the fibrinolytic defence system against thrombosis.", "contents": "The effect of tranexamic acid on the fibrinolytic activity of vein walls. 16 patients were treated with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid in an initial i.v. dose of 1 g followed by an oral dose of 4 g a day for one week and 3 g a day for two weeks. Biopsy specimens of superficial veins were obtained before and on the last day of treatment and examined histochemically for their fibrinolytic activity. Tranexamic acid did not suppress the fibrinolytic activity in the vessel walls, which is the most important link in the fibrinolytic defence system against thrombosis.", "PMID": 742821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5271", "title": "Tourniquet ischaemia. Clinical and biochemical observations.", "content": "The duration of tourniquet ischaemia was recorded in 1000 consecutive operations on extremities under a bloodless field, the average ischaemia time was 74.11 +/- 29.52 minutes. The duration of tourniquet ischaemia in meniscectomies was 58.47 +/- 15.91 minutes, in osteosynthesis of malleolar fractures 88.46 +/- 23.33 minutes and in operations for endoprosthetic replacement of the knee joint 131.19 +/- 11.24 minutes. In 85 cases the commonly accepted two hour limit for tourniquet time was exceeded without clinical complications. LDH and CPK levels in venous blood were studied in 15 operations. No significant changes were seen in LDH levels when recorded up to 24 hours following release of the tourniquet. CPK levels increased significantly (p less than 0.05) and highly significantly (p less than 0.005) when measured three hours and 24 hours after the release of the tourniquet, respectively. The results of the study suggest that two hours of ischaemia of the extremities is relatively well tolerated.", "contents": "Tourniquet ischaemia. Clinical and biochemical observations. The duration of tourniquet ischaemia was recorded in 1000 consecutive operations on extremities under a bloodless field, the average ischaemia time was 74.11 +/- 29.52 minutes. The duration of tourniquet ischaemia in meniscectomies was 58.47 +/- 15.91 minutes, in osteosynthesis of malleolar fractures 88.46 +/- 23.33 minutes and in operations for endoprosthetic replacement of the knee joint 131.19 +/- 11.24 minutes. In 85 cases the commonly accepted two hour limit for tourniquet time was exceeded without clinical complications. LDH and CPK levels in venous blood were studied in 15 operations. No significant changes were seen in LDH levels when recorded up to 24 hours following release of the tourniquet. CPK levels increased significantly (p less than 0.05) and highly significantly (p less than 0.005) when measured three hours and 24 hours after the release of the tourniquet, respectively. The results of the study suggest that two hours of ischaemia of the extremities is relatively well tolerated.", "PMID": 742822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5272", "title": "Concomitant groin hernia.", "content": "The incidence and significance of concomitant groin hernias were evaluated in a prospective study of 278 adult patients with an inguinal or femoral hernia. The material was collected in the three years 1975--77 and consisted of 290 electively operated groin hernias. The incidence of various combinations of primary inguinal and femoral hernias was 14%. Three of the 37 recurrent hernias (8%) were evidently caused by a concomitant hernial sac missed in the first operation.", "contents": "Concomitant groin hernia. The incidence and significance of concomitant groin hernias were evaluated in a prospective study of 278 adult patients with an inguinal or femoral hernia. The material was collected in the three years 1975--77 and consisted of 290 electively operated groin hernias. The incidence of various combinations of primary inguinal and femoral hernias was 14%. Three of the 37 recurrent hernias (8%) were evidently caused by a concomitant hernial sac missed in the first operation.", "PMID": 742823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5273", "title": "Liver hilus dearterialization. A standardized surgical method in dogs.", "content": "A standardized and angiographically controlled liver hilus dearterialization was performed in 21 harrier dogs with (7) or without (14) cholecystectomy. Six sham-operated dogs were used as controls. All dogs had repeat laporatomies performed on the first and seventh postoperative days. Seven dogs died, only one from the group with added cholecystectomy. If the gall bladder was left in place following dearterialization it was found to be gangrenous in all animals by the next day. On the seventh day gall bladder perforation and bile peritonitis occurred in four of the eight surviving dogs. Cholecystectomy associated with the dearterialization had a striking effect on the incidence of intra-abdominal complications. The basic microscopic structure of the liver was not affected by the operation. Selective hepatic angiograms before the dearterialization proved to be useful in detecting all tributaries from the hepatic artery. Angiograms immediately after the dearterialization effectively located possible unnoted arterial tributaries which could then be ligated. A method of control was thus achieved by angiograms before and after the liver hilus dearterialization.", "contents": "Liver hilus dearterialization. A standardized surgical method in dogs. A standardized and angiographically controlled liver hilus dearterialization was performed in 21 harrier dogs with (7) or without (14) cholecystectomy. Six sham-operated dogs were used as controls. All dogs had repeat laporatomies performed on the first and seventh postoperative days. Seven dogs died, only one from the group with added cholecystectomy. If the gall bladder was left in place following dearterialization it was found to be gangrenous in all animals by the next day. On the seventh day gall bladder perforation and bile peritonitis occurred in four of the eight surviving dogs. Cholecystectomy associated with the dearterialization had a striking effect on the incidence of intra-abdominal complications. The basic microscopic structure of the liver was not affected by the operation. Selective hepatic angiograms before the dearterialization proved to be useful in detecting all tributaries from the hepatic artery. Angiograms immediately after the dearterialization effectively located possible unnoted arterial tributaries which could then be ligated. A method of control was thus achieved by angiograms before and after the liver hilus dearterialization.", "PMID": 742824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5274", "title": "Liver blood flow after liver hilus dearterialization.", "content": "Changes in liver blood flow immediately after and during one week after a standardized liver hilus dearterialization were studied in a series of 16 dogs. An additional six dogs were sham-operated and used as controls. The liver blood flow was measured using Xe133 injections administered by two methods in every animal: into the liver parenchyma, and into the portal vein. The measurements were taken immediately before, and 15, 30, 60 minutes, and one and seven days after the operation. Xe133 wash out from the liver was found to be reduced 15 minutes after the dearterialization, measured both by liver parenchymal and portal venous injection routes (p less than 0.05). Return to normal took place rapidly thereafter. On the next day some increase in the liver blood flow was observed in both dearterialized and sham-operated dogs. The aleration was significant in the dearterialized animals as measured by portal vein injections, and in the sham-operated dogs as measured by liver parenchymal injections (p less than 0.05). On the seventh day normal Xe133 liver wash out was recorded in all animals. It can be concluded that after liver hilus dearterialization in the dog liver blood flow was decreased for a very short period of time only. Increased flow was noted as early as the next day, not only in the dearterialized, but also in the sham-operated animals. The use of adequate controls is important.", "contents": "Liver blood flow after liver hilus dearterialization. Changes in liver blood flow immediately after and during one week after a standardized liver hilus dearterialization were studied in a series of 16 dogs. An additional six dogs were sham-operated and used as controls. The liver blood flow was measured using Xe133 injections administered by two methods in every animal: into the liver parenchyma, and into the portal vein. The measurements were taken immediately before, and 15, 30, 60 minutes, and one and seven days after the operation. Xe133 wash out from the liver was found to be reduced 15 minutes after the dearterialization, measured both by liver parenchymal and portal venous injection routes (p less than 0.05). Return to normal took place rapidly thereafter. On the next day some increase in the liver blood flow was observed in both dearterialized and sham-operated dogs. The aleration was significant in the dearterialized animals as measured by portal vein injections, and in the sham-operated dogs as measured by liver parenchymal injections (p less than 0.05). On the seventh day normal Xe133 liver wash out was recorded in all animals. It can be concluded that after liver hilus dearterialization in the dog liver blood flow was decreased for a very short period of time only. Increased flow was noted as early as the next day, not only in the dearterialized, but also in the sham-operated animals. The use of adequate controls is important.", "PMID": 742825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5275", "title": "Transient liver hypoxia after liver hilus dearterialization.", "content": "Dearterializaton of the liver causes changes which have been thought to be ischaemic in nature. Previous reports of direct measurements of liver tissue gas tensions have been confined only to the acute postoperative phase. In this study 15 dogs underwent a standardized and angiographically controlled liver hilus dearterialization with (6 dogs) or without (9 dogs) cholecystectomy. Six dogs underwent a sham operation and were used as controls. Liver respiratory gas tensions were measured with a Silastic tonometer intraoperatively during the first 90 minutes after dearterialization and on the first and seventh day postoperatively. Six dogs died, only one of these being in the dearterialization and cholecystectomy group. Liver pO2 decreased from the mean of 33.2 mmHg to a level of 15--20 mmHg in 20 minutes (p less than 0.05) during room air breathing. On the next day the liver pO2 values were normal. There was no difference in pO2-Values between the cholecystectomy and the noncholecystectomy groups. Liver pCO2 increased from the mean of 26.4 mmHg to 55--60 mmHg in the same time (p less than 0.05). However, on the first postoperative day normal values were seen only in the cholecystectomy group. 60% oxygen breathing prevented the changes in both liver pO2 and pCO2. No changes were noted in the liver gas tensions of the sham-operated dogs, not in the systemic arterial pO2 and pCO2 of the dearterialized animals. Thus a transient hypoxic state developed after this operation, which lasted for less than one day. This hypoxia may be prevented by 60% oxygen breathing postoperatively.", "contents": "Transient liver hypoxia after liver hilus dearterialization. Dearterializaton of the liver causes changes which have been thought to be ischaemic in nature. Previous reports of direct measurements of liver tissue gas tensions have been confined only to the acute postoperative phase. In this study 15 dogs underwent a standardized and angiographically controlled liver hilus dearterialization with (6 dogs) or without (9 dogs) cholecystectomy. Six dogs underwent a sham operation and were used as controls. Liver respiratory gas tensions were measured with a Silastic tonometer intraoperatively during the first 90 minutes after dearterialization and on the first and seventh day postoperatively. Six dogs died, only one of these being in the dearterialization and cholecystectomy group. Liver pO2 decreased from the mean of 33.2 mmHg to a level of 15--20 mmHg in 20 minutes (p less than 0.05) during room air breathing. On the next day the liver pO2 values were normal. There was no difference in pO2-Values between the cholecystectomy and the noncholecystectomy groups. Liver pCO2 increased from the mean of 26.4 mmHg to 55--60 mmHg in the same time (p less than 0.05). However, on the first postoperative day normal values were seen only in the cholecystectomy group. 60% oxygen breathing prevented the changes in both liver pO2 and pCO2. No changes were noted in the liver gas tensions of the sham-operated dogs, not in the systemic arterial pO2 and pCO2 of the dearterialized animals. Thus a transient hypoxic state developed after this operation, which lasted for less than one day. This hypoxia may be prevented by 60% oxygen breathing postoperatively.", "PMID": 742826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5276", "title": "Treatment of Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative nonspecific and postgonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Chlamydial and non-chlamydial nonspecific or postgonococcal urethritis in 132 men was treated with different regimens of chlortetracycline and doxycycline. Chlortetracycline 250 mg four times daily for 12.5-18.5 days given to 70 men resulted in a clinical cure of urethritis in 80% of cases (56/70). There was no difference in the cure rate between chlamydia-positive (40) and chlamydia-negative (30) cases. In no instance was the treatment failure, i.e., re-appearance of urethritis, associated with re-isolation of C. trachomatis. Forty-two men received 4-10 days treatment with chlortetracycline and their cure rate was 67% (28/42). In this group 29 men were initially chlamydia-positive and among this group 12 relapsed. In four cases this relapse was associated with re-isolation of C. trachomatis. In a group of 20 men treated with doxycycline (100 mg daily up to 20 days) the cure rate was 45% (9/20)) only.", "contents": "Treatment of Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative nonspecific and postgonococcal urethritis. Chlamydial and non-chlamydial nonspecific or postgonococcal urethritis in 132 men was treated with different regimens of chlortetracycline and doxycycline. Chlortetracycline 250 mg four times daily for 12.5-18.5 days given to 70 men resulted in a clinical cure of urethritis in 80% of cases (56/70). There was no difference in the cure rate between chlamydia-positive (40) and chlamydia-negative (30) cases. In no instance was the treatment failure, i.e., re-appearance of urethritis, associated with re-isolation of C. trachomatis. Forty-two men received 4-10 days treatment with chlortetracycline and their cure rate was 67% (28/42). In this group 29 men were initially chlamydia-positive and among this group 12 relapsed. In four cases this relapse was associated with re-isolation of C. trachomatis. In a group of 20 men treated with doxycycline (100 mg daily up to 20 days) the cure rate was 45% (9/20)) only.", "PMID": 742827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5277", "title": "Reproductive performance after the repair of obstetric vesico-vaginal fistulae.", "content": "Between 1966 and 1976, 148 out of 162 patients with obstetrically acquired vesico-vaginal fistulae were successfully repaired in Lagos University Teaching Hospital. The reproductive performance of these patients after repair has been reviewed with special regard to menstruation, satisfactory coitus and childbearing. Before the repair of the fistulae 66 patients (40.6%) had secondary amenorrhoea ranging from 4 months to 15 years. There were 3 cases each of oligomenorrhoea and cryptomenorrhoea. After repair menstruation returned within 6 months in 58 patients. Secondary amenorrhoea is thought to be due to a combination of severe malnutrition, anaemia, endometritis, psychological upsets and occasionally endocrine malfunction due to focal anterior pituitary necrosis. Repair of the fistulae worsened gynatresia in 17 cases. Twelve patients had dyspareunia and 3 others had apareunia. Thirty-one patients achieved 38 pregnancies after repair. Thirty-two infants were delivered by lower segment Caesarean section. There were 5 vaginal deliveries and one abortion. The average birth weight was 2.96 kg. The corrected perinatal mortality was nil. Five cases had a recurrence of the fistulae after delivery and 2 others had stress incontinence. Electric lower segment Caesarean section is the ideal method of delivery.", "contents": "Reproductive performance after the repair of obstetric vesico-vaginal fistulae. Between 1966 and 1976, 148 out of 162 patients with obstetrically acquired vesico-vaginal fistulae were successfully repaired in Lagos University Teaching Hospital. The reproductive performance of these patients after repair has been reviewed with special regard to menstruation, satisfactory coitus and childbearing. Before the repair of the fistulae 66 patients (40.6%) had secondary amenorrhoea ranging from 4 months to 15 years. There were 3 cases each of oligomenorrhoea and cryptomenorrhoea. After repair menstruation returned within 6 months in 58 patients. Secondary amenorrhoea is thought to be due to a combination of severe malnutrition, anaemia, endometritis, psychological upsets and occasionally endocrine malfunction due to focal anterior pituitary necrosis. Repair of the fistulae worsened gynatresia in 17 cases. Twelve patients had dyspareunia and 3 others had apareunia. Thirty-one patients achieved 38 pregnancies after repair. Thirty-two infants were delivered by lower segment Caesarean section. There were 5 vaginal deliveries and one abortion. The average birth weight was 2.96 kg. The corrected perinatal mortality was nil. Five cases had a recurrence of the fistulae after delivery and 2 others had stress incontinence. Electric lower segment Caesarean section is the ideal method of delivery.", "PMID": 742828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5278", "title": "Postprandial serum bile acids in cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Serum concentrations of cholic (C), chenodeoxycholic (CD) and deoxycholic (D) acids were determined both in the fasting state and after a meal using a gas chromatographic method in 14 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. A significant rise was found in the levels of all these three bile acids, especially of C and CD. The peak level occurred 60 minutes to 3 hours from the beginning of the meal. Fasting and postprandial bile acid levels in the patients were compared with those obtained in a control group of 13 pregnant women without any evidence of disturbed maternal liver function. In the cholestasis cases, the values, especially of C, were highly elevated and increased more after the meal than in the control group. Measurement of postprandial levels of serum bile acids gives further confirmation of the presence of cholestasis particularly in those pregnant patients with a suspected disturbance in liver function whose fasting bile acid levels are only slightly elevated.", "contents": "Postprandial serum bile acids in cholestasis of pregnancy. Serum concentrations of cholic (C), chenodeoxycholic (CD) and deoxycholic (D) acids were determined both in the fasting state and after a meal using a gas chromatographic method in 14 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. A significant rise was found in the levels of all these three bile acids, especially of C and CD. The peak level occurred 60 minutes to 3 hours from the beginning of the meal. Fasting and postprandial bile acid levels in the patients were compared with those obtained in a control group of 13 pregnant women without any evidence of disturbed maternal liver function. In the cholestasis cases, the values, especially of C, were highly elevated and increased more after the meal than in the control group. Measurement of postprandial levels of serum bile acids gives further confirmation of the presence of cholestasis particularly in those pregnant patients with a suspected disturbance in liver function whose fasting bile acid levels are only slightly elevated.", "PMID": 742829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5279", "title": "Three cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis associated with aspergilloma.", "content": "Three cases of parenchymal sarcoidosis with aspergilloma are described. Emphysematous bullae due to the basic disease were thought to predispose to aspergillomas. The roles possibly played by disturbances in cell-mediated immunity, associated with sarcoidosis, and by corticosteroid therapy are discussed. Antimycotics were effective in this difficult combination of diseases. Although the aspergillomas were not completely cured, a decrease in the amount of sputum and in the frequency of haemoptysis was noted for long periods. These drugs may also be useful as protective medication against invasive aspergillosis during corticosteroid therapy in patients with aspergilloma.", "contents": "Three cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis associated with aspergilloma. Three cases of parenchymal sarcoidosis with aspergilloma are described. Emphysematous bullae due to the basic disease were thought to predispose to aspergillomas. The roles possibly played by disturbances in cell-mediated immunity, associated with sarcoidosis, and by corticosteroid therapy are discussed. Antimycotics were effective in this difficult combination of diseases. Although the aspergillomas were not completely cured, a decrease in the amount of sputum and in the frequency of haemoptysis was noted for long periods. These drugs may also be useful as protective medication against invasive aspergillosis during corticosteroid therapy in patients with aspergilloma.", "PMID": 742830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5280", "title": "Effects of anaesthesia on the psychological function of patients.", "content": "The psychological effects of halothane, methoxyflurane, combined analgesic-relaxant anaesthesia, and epidural anaesthesia were assessed before one, and seven days after anaesthesia in 72 patients having operations for varicose veins. Subjective anxiety evaluation (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and personality tests of self-appraisal (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) as well as of superficial (Wartegg's test) and profound (Rorschach's test) projection showed no significant differences among these methods of anaesthesia. Performance tests measuring memory for designs (modified Graham-Kendall memory for designs), short-term memory (digit span of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), learning (nonsense word series), perception (symmetry-drawing), speed of observation (Bourdon-Wiersma) and visualization also revealed no significant psychological changes compared to the control (epidural anaesthesia) group. The methods of anaesthesia used therefore showed no harmful psychological effects and are in this respect safe in clinical use.", "contents": "Effects of anaesthesia on the psychological function of patients. The psychological effects of halothane, methoxyflurane, combined analgesic-relaxant anaesthesia, and epidural anaesthesia were assessed before one, and seven days after anaesthesia in 72 patients having operations for varicose veins. Subjective anxiety evaluation (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and personality tests of self-appraisal (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) as well as of superficial (Wartegg's test) and profound (Rorschach's test) projection showed no significant differences among these methods of anaesthesia. Performance tests measuring memory for designs (modified Graham-Kendall memory for designs), short-term memory (digit span of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), learning (nonsense word series), perception (symmetry-drawing), speed of observation (Bourdon-Wiersma) and visualization also revealed no significant psychological changes compared to the control (epidural anaesthesia) group. The methods of anaesthesia used therefore showed no harmful psychological effects and are in this respect safe in clinical use.", "PMID": 742831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5281", "title": "Abnormal liver function tests in acute cholecystitis; the predicting of common duct stones.", "content": "In a prospective series of 155 patients with acute cholecystitis preoperative liver function tests were determined with the aim of predicting the presence of common duct stones. Elevated serum bilirubin, aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed in 32, 34 and 22% of cases, respectively. The frequency of common duct stones was 17.4%. The sensitivity of bilirubin and aminotransferases with regard to ductal stones was higher (70-81%), but alkaline phosphatase showed the best predictive values (46%). The probability of common duct stones increased with higher degrees of elevation in the case of alkaline phosphatase, but not in the case of bilirubin or aminotransferases, A frequency of 31-67% of choledocholithiasis was found when one or all of the tests were positive. After random assignment the patients were operated on early or after delay. In the delayed surgery group more failures occurred in the conservative treatment of acute cholecystitis if the tests were elevated (36%) than if normal (15%, p less than 0.05). The frequencies of common duct stones were 11 and one in these groups (p less than 0.001). There was no increase in postoperative morbidity after early surgery (15%) compared with delayed surgery (22%, p greater than 0.1), when liver function was disturbed. Liver function tests thus allow patients with common duct stones to be selected for early surgery in acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "Abnormal liver function tests in acute cholecystitis; the predicting of common duct stones. In a prospective series of 155 patients with acute cholecystitis preoperative liver function tests were determined with the aim of predicting the presence of common duct stones. Elevated serum bilirubin, aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed in 32, 34 and 22% of cases, respectively. The frequency of common duct stones was 17.4%. The sensitivity of bilirubin and aminotransferases with regard to ductal stones was higher (70-81%), but alkaline phosphatase showed the best predictive values (46%). The probability of common duct stones increased with higher degrees of elevation in the case of alkaline phosphatase, but not in the case of bilirubin or aminotransferases, A frequency of 31-67% of choledocholithiasis was found when one or all of the tests were positive. After random assignment the patients were operated on early or after delay. In the delayed surgery group more failures occurred in the conservative treatment of acute cholecystitis if the tests were elevated (36%) than if normal (15%, p less than 0.05). The frequencies of common duct stones were 11 and one in these groups (p less than 0.001). There was no increase in postoperative morbidity after early surgery (15%) compared with delayed surgery (22%, p greater than 0.1), when liver function was disturbed. Liver function tests thus allow patients with common duct stones to be selected for early surgery in acute cholecystitis.", "PMID": 742832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5282", "title": "Feasibility of early mobilization after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine the proportion of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for whom an early programme of mobilization, independent of sex and age was possible, and the main reasons for delay of mobilization. Mobilization according to the programme (sitting on day 2 and standing on day 3) succeeded for 49% of the 241 patients alive and conscious after the 1st day, and there were no significant difference with regard to age and sex. The main reasons for delayed mobilization were prolonged chest pain, conduction disturbances and pulmonary oedema. Discharge on day 10 was feasible for 58% of the 241 patients alive and conscious after the 1st day. The mean hospital stay of the patients discharged later than that was 17.3 days. The reasons for the delayed discharge were delayed mobilization, chest pain persisting while in the ward, reinfarction, social, and other reasons. Early programmed mobilization was thus feasible for almost half the patients, and mobilization had been started in over 90% of the patients by the 5th day. Nevertheless, the remarkably high proportion of readmissions (13.3% of all discharged patients) and reinfarctions (6.9%) within the 30 days following discharge may indicate disadvantages in the early mobilization of some patients.", "contents": "Feasibility of early mobilization after acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of the study was to determine the proportion of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for whom an early programme of mobilization, independent of sex and age was possible, and the main reasons for delay of mobilization. Mobilization according to the programme (sitting on day 2 and standing on day 3) succeeded for 49% of the 241 patients alive and conscious after the 1st day, and there were no significant difference with regard to age and sex. The main reasons for delayed mobilization were prolonged chest pain, conduction disturbances and pulmonary oedema. Discharge on day 10 was feasible for 58% of the 241 patients alive and conscious after the 1st day. The mean hospital stay of the patients discharged later than that was 17.3 days. The reasons for the delayed discharge were delayed mobilization, chest pain persisting while in the ward, reinfarction, social, and other reasons. Early programmed mobilization was thus feasible for almost half the patients, and mobilization had been started in over 90% of the patients by the 5th day. Nevertheless, the remarkably high proportion of readmissions (13.3% of all discharged patients) and reinfarctions (6.9%) within the 30 days following discharge may indicate disadvantages in the early mobilization of some patients.", "PMID": 742833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5283", "title": "Occurrence of risk factors in newborn infants. A study of 22359 consecutive cases.", "content": "All the 22359 deliveries in 1971-1974 at the Institute of Midwifery, Helsinki, were analyzed for risk factors. 1196 infants (5.35%) had one or more risk factor at birth, the most common being an Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 or 15 minutes, hyperbilirubinaemia, and a birth weight of 2000 g or below. The other risk factors registered were neurological symptoms, respiratory difficulties, hypoglycaemia, newborn infants of diabetic mothers and cases with sepsis. 124 infants in the risk group died during the first week. This was 83% of the total neonatal mortality. Except for hyperbilirubinaemia, which was less frequent in 1974, there was no marked change in the composition of the risk group from 1971 to 1974.", "contents": "Occurrence of risk factors in newborn infants. A study of 22359 consecutive cases. All the 22359 deliveries in 1971-1974 at the Institute of Midwifery, Helsinki, were analyzed for risk factors. 1196 infants (5.35%) had one or more risk factor at birth, the most common being an Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 or 15 minutes, hyperbilirubinaemia, and a birth weight of 2000 g or below. The other risk factors registered were neurological symptoms, respiratory difficulties, hypoglycaemia, newborn infants of diabetic mothers and cases with sepsis. 124 infants in the risk group died during the first week. This was 83% of the total neonatal mortality. Except for hyperbilirubinaemia, which was less frequent in 1974, there was no marked change in the composition of the risk group from 1971 to 1974.", "PMID": 742834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5284", "title": "[Effect of spironolactones on aldosterone synthesis and adrenal metabolism].", "content": "The authors study antialdosterones action on several enzymatic systems in subcellular fractions of animal adrenals. They report an inhibition of aldosterone synthesis located at the corticosterone 18 hydroxylation step but also at the following step of oxydation of 18 hydroxycorticosterone into aldosterone (in the duck as well as in the sheep). In contrast, these drugs do not modify the activity of several enzymes not involved in aldosterone biosynthesis. In addition, anti-aldosterones have decoupling action on mitochondrial respiration. This effect, observed by many authors on adrenal mitochondria can be considered as an illustration of competition between two electron transport chains (phosphorylative oxydation and hydroxylation) and not as a toxic effect. These in vitro results are of clinical interest as they are obtained with antialdosterones concentrations similar to that found in plasma of subjects treated with these diuretics and could explain the absence of secondary hyperaldosteronism in these subjects.", "contents": "[Effect of spironolactones on aldosterone synthesis and adrenal metabolism]. The authors study antialdosterones action on several enzymatic systems in subcellular fractions of animal adrenals. They report an inhibition of aldosterone synthesis located at the corticosterone 18 hydroxylation step but also at the following step of oxydation of 18 hydroxycorticosterone into aldosterone (in the duck as well as in the sheep). In contrast, these drugs do not modify the activity of several enzymes not involved in aldosterone biosynthesis. In addition, anti-aldosterones have decoupling action on mitochondrial respiration. This effect, observed by many authors on adrenal mitochondria can be considered as an illustration of competition between two electron transport chains (phosphorylative oxydation and hydroxylation) and not as a toxic effect. These in vitro results are of clinical interest as they are obtained with antialdosterones concentrations similar to that found in plasma of subjects treated with these diuretics and could explain the absence of secondary hyperaldosteronism in these subjects.", "PMID": 742835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5285", "title": "[Hypoparathyroidism in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the clinical characteristics of primary and post-operative hypoparathyroidism in 39 patients. Laboratory follow-up data were compared under two different treatment programs using either AT 10 or 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OHCC). Clinical analysis revealed the atypical characteristics of primary hypoparathyroidism. From a therapeutic standpoint, AT 10 and 25 OHCC were equally effective in provoking a return to normal plasma calcium levels, except in complex cases of vitamin D resistance. 25 OHCC proved much easier to manipulate than at 10 and offered a higher security with respect tothe risk of hypercalcemia. The biological activity of 25 OHCC seems to differ from that of AT 10, especially regarding phosphorus metabolism.", "contents": "[Hypoparathyroidism in adults (author's transl)]. The authors studied the clinical characteristics of primary and post-operative hypoparathyroidism in 39 patients. Laboratory follow-up data were compared under two different treatment programs using either AT 10 or 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OHCC). Clinical analysis revealed the atypical characteristics of primary hypoparathyroidism. From a therapeutic standpoint, AT 10 and 25 OHCC were equally effective in provoking a return to normal plasma calcium levels, except in complex cases of vitamin D resistance. 25 OHCC proved much easier to manipulate than at 10 and offered a higher security with respect tothe risk of hypercalcemia. The biological activity of 25 OHCC seems to differ from that of AT 10, especially regarding phosphorus metabolism.", "PMID": 742836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5286", "title": "Relative increase of serum reverse T3 in patients with hypothyroidism.", "content": "In 17 hypothyroid patients serum T3: rT3 ratio was 7.5 /+- 1.1 which was significantly lower than in control subjects (12.2 /+- 0.6; p less than 0.001). The data suggest that in hypothyroidism the organism might shift conversion of T4 from biologically active T3 to biologically inactive rT3 which may not be a defense mechanism of the body, as it was found in chronic systemic illness.", "contents": "Relative increase of serum reverse T3 in patients with hypothyroidism. In 17 hypothyroid patients serum T3: rT3 ratio was 7.5 /+- 1.1 which was significantly lower than in control subjects (12.2 /+- 0.6; p less than 0.001). The data suggest that in hypothyroidism the organism might shift conversion of T4 from biologically active T3 to biologically inactive rT3 which may not be a defense mechanism of the body, as it was found in chronic systemic illness.", "PMID": 742837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5287", "title": "[Androgen activity of dysgenesic rats' testis. Histochemical, ultrastructural studies and radioimmunoassay of testosterone].", "content": "Androgen activity of rat testis submitted to a radiomimetic, Misulban, during prenatal development has been explored with different technics. Histochemical method shows the presence, in the interstitial cells, of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-HSD), and others enzymes of cellular metabolism, particularly the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) which is a glucidic enzyme implicated in the specific metabolism of steroidogenesis. From ultrastructural point of view interstitial cells contain the organels proper to steroidogenetic cells (important smooth endoplasmic reticulum, many voluminous mitochondria with tubular cristae). The plasma testosterone concentration measured by radioimmunoassay, confirms the androgenic function of interstitial tissue in dysgenesic testicles.", "contents": "[Androgen activity of dysgenesic rats' testis. Histochemical, ultrastructural studies and radioimmunoassay of testosterone]. Androgen activity of rat testis submitted to a radiomimetic, Misulban, during prenatal development has been explored with different technics. Histochemical method shows the presence, in the interstitial cells, of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-HSD), and others enzymes of cellular metabolism, particularly the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) which is a glucidic enzyme implicated in the specific metabolism of steroidogenesis. From ultrastructural point of view interstitial cells contain the organels proper to steroidogenetic cells (important smooth endoplasmic reticulum, many voluminous mitochondria with tubular cristae). The plasma testosterone concentration measured by radioimmunoassay, confirms the androgenic function of interstitial tissue in dysgenesic testicles.", "PMID": 742838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5288", "title": "The genetic and demographic impact of immigrants in a largely endogamous community.", "content": "Historical demographic data extending back approximately 300 years were analysed to determine the demographic and genetic impact of in-migrants to an endogamous Swiss Alpine village. In-migrants were involved in only 14% of the marriages recorded in the village. In addition, only slightly more than 50% of the in-migrants were represented in the 1970 gene pool of the village. However, in-migrants accounted for nearly 38% of this gene pool. This seemingly anomalous situation can be explained by the fact that while the fertility of in-migrants and the marriage rate among their children are reduced (accounting for the near 50% \"drop-our rate\" of in-migrants from the gene pool), the fertility of the children of in-migrants and the marriage rate among the grandchildren of in-migrants are increased relative to village natives (accounting for the high proportion of genes in the gene pool ultimately attributable to in-migrants). Our results clearly demonstrate that although this community forms an endogamous population, it is definitely not a genetic isolate. Other investigators are cautioned against automatic invocation of the simplifying (and, thus, extremely tempting) assumption that endogamy is equivalent to genetic isolation.", "contents": "The genetic and demographic impact of immigrants in a largely endogamous community. Historical demographic data extending back approximately 300 years were analysed to determine the demographic and genetic impact of in-migrants to an endogamous Swiss Alpine village. In-migrants were involved in only 14% of the marriages recorded in the village. In addition, only slightly more than 50% of the in-migrants were represented in the 1970 gene pool of the village. However, in-migrants accounted for nearly 38% of this gene pool. This seemingly anomalous situation can be explained by the fact that while the fertility of in-migrants and the marriage rate among their children are reduced (accounting for the near 50% \"drop-our rate\" of in-migrants from the gene pool), the fertility of the children of in-migrants and the marriage rate among the grandchildren of in-migrants are increased relative to village natives (accounting for the high proportion of genes in the gene pool ultimately attributable to in-migrants). Our results clearly demonstrate that although this community forms an endogamous population, it is definitely not a genetic isolate. Other investigators are cautioned against automatic invocation of the simplifying (and, thus, extremely tempting) assumption that endogamy is equivalent to genetic isolation.", "PMID": 742839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5289", "title": "Patterns of childhood mortality and growth status in a rural Zapotec community.", "content": "Infant and childhood mortality (birth to 14 years), and growth status of 143 schoolchildren (5 to 14 years) are considered for a rural, Zapotec-speaking community (population, 1703) in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mortality statistics are based on civil records from 1945 to 1970. Growth status is based on weight and height for age, and weight for weight for height. In the Zapotec community, about 59% of all deaths occur in children under 15 years of age; thus, a considerable percentage of individuals die before reaching reproductive age. Children under 5 years of age, however, account for approximately 54% of all deaths, and mortality in children 1 to 4 years of age is especially high (27% of all deaths). The latter figure suggests chronic malnutrition, frequent disease and generally poor circumstances in the community. This suggestion is supported in the heights and weights of schoolchildren, survivors of the rigorous selection processes of the pre-school years. The majority of children are below the 5th centile for stature in well-nourished American children. Weight for height, however, approximates that of the USA reference data.", "contents": "Patterns of childhood mortality and growth status in a rural Zapotec community. Infant and childhood mortality (birth to 14 years), and growth status of 143 schoolchildren (5 to 14 years) are considered for a rural, Zapotec-speaking community (population, 1703) in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mortality statistics are based on civil records from 1945 to 1970. Growth status is based on weight and height for age, and weight for weight for height. In the Zapotec community, about 59% of all deaths occur in children under 15 years of age; thus, a considerable percentage of individuals die before reaching reproductive age. Children under 5 years of age, however, account for approximately 54% of all deaths, and mortality in children 1 to 4 years of age is especially high (27% of all deaths). The latter figure suggests chronic malnutrition, frequent disease and generally poor circumstances in the community. This suggestion is supported in the heights and weights of schoolchildren, survivors of the rigorous selection processes of the pre-school years. The majority of children are below the 5th centile for stature in well-nourished American children. Weight for height, however, approximates that of the USA reference data.", "PMID": 742840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5290", "title": "Sex dimorphism in adult stature in four Chilean populations.", "content": "The sex dimorphism for adult stature is compared in four Chilean populations which differ in their Amerindian ABO blood group composition. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between sex dimorphism and Amerindian admixture in these populations. Assuming, on one hand, that sex chromosomes have an influence on adult stature and human growth and considering, on the other, that the four populations differ in their X and Y chromosome composition as a consequence of an asymmetrical inter-racial marriage practice, it is postulated that the observed association between sex dimorphism and Amerindian gene composition is a result of this peculiar mating structure.", "contents": "Sex dimorphism in adult stature in four Chilean populations. The sex dimorphism for adult stature is compared in four Chilean populations which differ in their Amerindian ABO blood group composition. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between sex dimorphism and Amerindian admixture in these populations. Assuming, on one hand, that sex chromosomes have an influence on adult stature and human growth and considering, on the other, that the four populations differ in their X and Y chromosome composition as a consequence of an asymmetrical inter-racial marriage practice, it is postulated that the observed association between sex dimorphism and Amerindian gene composition is a result of this peculiar mating structure.", "PMID": 742841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5291", "title": "Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of a Yoruba (Nigeria) sample.", "content": "Finger and palm prints of 126 male and 55 female Yoruba are reported using both quantitative and qualitative procedures. In general, the Yoruba fit into established geographical gradients for sub-saharan African populations. Whorl frequencies on the digits are relatively low, as is the frequency of palmar patterning. Finger ridge-counts, those of males in particular are high by African standards, and much higher than the previously reported data from Nigeria. Due to the lack of data on patterns of geographic variation in total finger ridge-count, little can be made of these findings at present.", "contents": "Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of a Yoruba (Nigeria) sample. Finger and palm prints of 126 male and 55 female Yoruba are reported using both quantitative and qualitative procedures. In general, the Yoruba fit into established geographical gradients for sub-saharan African populations. Whorl frequencies on the digits are relatively low, as is the frequency of palmar patterning. Finger ridge-counts, those of males in particular are high by African standards, and much higher than the previously reported data from Nigeria. Due to the lack of data on patterns of geographic variation in total finger ridge-count, little can be made of these findings at present.", "PMID": 742842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5292", "title": "The use of discriminant analysis to define obesity in children aged 7-11 years.", "content": "All the elementary schoolchildren (ages 7-11 years) in the city of Aosta were diagnosed clinically for obesity and measured for height, weight and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. A statistical discriminant analysis revealed that, on the basis of these measurements, this population of children could be divided into a group of normal children and one or more distinct populations of obese children. To the extent that these groups reveal qualitative phenotypic differences, they should simplify genetic studies of obesity.", "contents": "The use of discriminant analysis to define obesity in children aged 7-11 years. All the elementary schoolchildren (ages 7-11 years) in the city of Aosta were diagnosed clinically for obesity and measured for height, weight and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. A statistical discriminant analysis revealed that, on the basis of these measurements, this population of children could be divided into a group of normal children and one or more distinct populations of obese children. To the extent that these groups reveal qualitative phenotypic differences, they should simplify genetic studies of obesity.", "PMID": 742843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5293", "title": "A study of some genetic characteristics of the population of the Sudan.", "content": "300 random blood samples collected from residents of Khartoum, Sudan, were analysed for 5 blood group systems, 4 serum proteins, 9 red cell enzymes, abnormal haemoglobins and beta-thalassaemia. The results suggest varying degrees of admixture of the local tribes by migration from the surrounding regions. Two samples showed a probable new variant of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (? GdB Khartoum) with normal red cell activity. In spite of the presence of a high degree of consanguinity in the population, there was no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in any of the polymorphic systems.", "contents": "A study of some genetic characteristics of the population of the Sudan. 300 random blood samples collected from residents of Khartoum, Sudan, were analysed for 5 blood group systems, 4 serum proteins, 9 red cell enzymes, abnormal haemoglobins and beta-thalassaemia. The results suggest varying degrees of admixture of the local tribes by migration from the surrounding regions. Two samples showed a probable new variant of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (? GdB Khartoum) with normal red cell activity. In spite of the presence of a high degree of consanguinity in the population, there was no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in any of the polymorphic systems.", "PMID": 742844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5294", "title": "The distribution of immunoglobin allotypes in two Tlaxcaltecan populations.", "content": "The distribution of Glm(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s, t and v), A2m(1 and 2) and Km(1) (formerly Inv(1)) allotypic determinants has been examined in specimens from the inhabitants of two transplanted Tlaxcaltecan villages (Cuanalan and Saltillo). The results indicate that Gmza;g Am1, Gmza;g Am2, Gmzax;g Am1, Gmza;bst Am1, Gmza;bst Am2, Gmf;b Am1, Gmza,b Am1, Gmza;b Am2 and Km1 are polymorphic or marginally polymorphic in both populations, while Gmza;bc3,5 Am2, Gmza;bs Am2, and Gmzax;g Am2 were detected only in Saltillo. Two related individuals from Saltillo have either a Gmf;g Am1 or Gmf;-Am1 haplotype while a third unrelated individual had either a Gmf;g Am1 or Gm-;g Am1 haplotype. The frequencies observed for \"residents\" of Cuanalan are similar to those for other Indian populations in Mexico. Estimation of Caucasian and African admixture within the two communities indicates significant heterogeneity among the inhabitants of Cuanalan, in that Tlaxcaltecan residents have no detectable African admixture and significantly less Caucasian admixture than recent immigrants, with Tlaxcaltecan-immigrant hybrids intermediate, while no significant variation was observed among the subdivisions of Saltillo. However, Saltillo has greater Caucasian and African admixture than Cuanalan. Admixture estimates based on Gm haplotypes appear to agree much better with known historical events than those generated by blood groups, indicating that Gm is a better estimator of admixture than blood groups under certain circumstances.", "contents": "The distribution of immunoglobin allotypes in two Tlaxcaltecan populations. The distribution of Glm(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s, t and v), A2m(1 and 2) and Km(1) (formerly Inv(1)) allotypic determinants has been examined in specimens from the inhabitants of two transplanted Tlaxcaltecan villages (Cuanalan and Saltillo). The results indicate that Gmza;g Am1, Gmza;g Am2, Gmzax;g Am1, Gmza;bst Am1, Gmza;bst Am2, Gmf;b Am1, Gmza,b Am1, Gmza;b Am2 and Km1 are polymorphic or marginally polymorphic in both populations, while Gmza;bc3,5 Am2, Gmza;bs Am2, and Gmzax;g Am2 were detected only in Saltillo. Two related individuals from Saltillo have either a Gmf;g Am1 or Gmf;-Am1 haplotype while a third unrelated individual had either a Gmf;g Am1 or Gm-;g Am1 haplotype. The frequencies observed for \"residents\" of Cuanalan are similar to those for other Indian populations in Mexico. Estimation of Caucasian and African admixture within the two communities indicates significant heterogeneity among the inhabitants of Cuanalan, in that Tlaxcaltecan residents have no detectable African admixture and significantly less Caucasian admixture than recent immigrants, with Tlaxcaltecan-immigrant hybrids intermediate, while no significant variation was observed among the subdivisions of Saltillo. However, Saltillo has greater Caucasian and African admixture than Cuanalan. Admixture estimates based on Gm haplotypes appear to agree much better with known historical events than those generated by blood groups, indicating that Gm is a better estimator of admixture than blood groups under certain circumstances.", "PMID": 742845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5295", "title": "Estimation of body fat and lean body mass from anthropometric dimensions in adult Indian women.", "content": "Mean values and standard deviations of body fat and lean body mass of 65 young Indian women aged 20-25 years were 9.00 kg, SD 6.14 and 36.02 kg, SD 3.99 respectively. Body fat per cent was 18.72 SD 10.48. On selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the measurements selected for predicting body fat % were maximum thigh girth, chest diameter, height up to gluteal furrow and shoulder diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88. For predicting lean body mass, the measurements selected were stature, upper arm length, lower thigh girth and chest diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.84.", "contents": "Estimation of body fat and lean body mass from anthropometric dimensions in adult Indian women. Mean values and standard deviations of body fat and lean body mass of 65 young Indian women aged 20-25 years were 9.00 kg, SD 6.14 and 36.02 kg, SD 3.99 respectively. Body fat per cent was 18.72 SD 10.48. On selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the measurements selected for predicting body fat % were maximum thigh girth, chest diameter, height up to gluteal furrow and shoulder diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88. For predicting lean body mass, the measurements selected were stature, upper arm length, lower thigh girth and chest diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.84.", "PMID": 742846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5296", "title": "Peripheral nerve ischemia: Part 2. Accumulation of organelles.", "content": "Following simultaneous ligation of the aorta and femoral artery in the cat, organelles accumulated in distal portions of the sciatic nerve and in lower portions of the tibial and peroneal nerves. The accumulations were located in the proximal and distal ends of the nerve infarction and delineated the borders of the necrotic area. Topographical analysis of the necrosis and organelle accumulations following ligation of these main arteries showed the larger nerve fascicles to be more sensitive to ischemia than the smaller ones. The center of a nerve fascicle was more sensitive than the periphery. The organelles accumulated in ischemic nerves during the first hours after arterial ligation, presumably as a result of lack of energy for fast axoplasmic transport. Later accumulations reflected mechanical block of axoplasmic transport due to focal necrosis of the nerve. The content of organelle accumulations was similar to that found in lesions resulting from transection except for the presence of 60 to 70 A filaments at the distal end of the infarction.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve ischemia: Part 2. Accumulation of organelles. Following simultaneous ligation of the aorta and femoral artery in the cat, organelles accumulated in distal portions of the sciatic nerve and in lower portions of the tibial and peroneal nerves. The accumulations were located in the proximal and distal ends of the nerve infarction and delineated the borders of the necrotic area. Topographical analysis of the necrosis and organelle accumulations following ligation of these main arteries showed the larger nerve fascicles to be more sensitive to ischemia than the smaller ones. The center of a nerve fascicle was more sensitive than the periphery. The organelles accumulated in ischemic nerves during the first hours after arterial ligation, presumably as a result of lack of energy for fast axoplasmic transport. Later accumulations reflected mechanical block of axoplasmic transport due to focal necrosis of the nerve. The content of organelle accumulations was similar to that found in lesions resulting from transection except for the presence of 60 to 70 A filaments at the distal end of the infarction.", "PMID": 742848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5297", "title": "Impaired refractory periods of peripheral sensory nerves in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Maximum conduction velocity and relative refractory period (RRP) of median nerve sensory fibers were studied in 36 patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 31 controls. Maximum conduction velocity did not differ in the two groups, but the RRP was significantly prolonged in MS patients. Increased RRP is observed mainly when peripheral nerve myelin is abnormal or damaged. Our findings support the assumption that peripheral nerve myelinated fibers are usually involved in MS.", "contents": "Impaired refractory periods of peripheral sensory nerves in multiple sclerosis. Maximum conduction velocity and relative refractory period (RRP) of median nerve sensory fibers were studied in 36 patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 31 controls. Maximum conduction velocity did not differ in the two groups, but the RRP was significantly prolonged in MS patients. Increased RRP is observed mainly when peripheral nerve myelin is abnormal or damaged. Our findings support the assumption that peripheral nerve myelinated fibers are usually involved in MS.", "PMID": 742849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5298", "title": "Introduction of automated systems to evaluate touch-pressure, vibration, and thermal cutaneous sensation in man.", "content": "Systems for automatic assessment of cutaneous touch-pressure, vibratory, and thermal sensation have been developed. These systems use stimuli which are quantified and reproducible, a two-alternative forced-choice technique, and programmed steps to test, score, and report. If normal responses from series of healthy persons have been measured, percentile values specific for test, site, age, and sex can be determined. Abnormality, as in neurological disease, can then be defined as the response which has a value greater than that of the 95th (or other) percentile. These systems may be used to detect and validate abnormalities of sensation in neurological disease and in persons at risk from new medications or from industrial toxins, and to monitor worsening or improvement of sensation in follow-up of a patient or in evaluation of therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Introduction of automated systems to evaluate touch-pressure, vibration, and thermal cutaneous sensation in man. Systems for automatic assessment of cutaneous touch-pressure, vibratory, and thermal sensation have been developed. These systems use stimuli which are quantified and reproducible, a two-alternative forced-choice technique, and programmed steps to test, score, and report. If normal responses from series of healthy persons have been measured, percentile values specific for test, site, age, and sex can be determined. Abnormality, as in neurological disease, can then be defined as the response which has a value greater than that of the 95th (or other) percentile. These systems may be used to detect and validate abnormalities of sensation in neurological disease and in persons at risk from new medications or from industrial toxins, and to monitor worsening or improvement of sensation in follow-up of a patient or in evaluation of therapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 742850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5299", "title": "The splanchnic autonomic outflow in Shy-Drager syndrome and idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.", "content": "Since splanchnic outflow is important in the maintenance of postural normotension in man, we performed a quantitative analysis of preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies of the seventh thoracic spinal cord segment and their corresponding axons in 2 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) and 1 with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH) and compared these values to control data. The intermediolateral column (ILC) neuron cell body counts were reduced to 17% of control levels in SDS and 52% of control levels in IOH. The B fiber counts in the corresponding ventral spinal root were reduced to 21% and 41% in SDS and IOH, respectively. From the present study and our previous results of ILC counts with age, we infer that orthostatic hypotension does not develop until half or more of the preganglionic autonomic neurons have degenerated. An additional finding in SDS is that there is involvement beyond autonomic neurons.", "contents": "The splanchnic autonomic outflow in Shy-Drager syndrome and idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Since splanchnic outflow is important in the maintenance of postural normotension in man, we performed a quantitative analysis of preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies of the seventh thoracic spinal cord segment and their corresponding axons in 2 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) and 1 with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (IOH) and compared these values to control data. The intermediolateral column (ILC) neuron cell body counts were reduced to 17% of control levels in SDS and 52% of control levels in IOH. The B fiber counts in the corresponding ventral spinal root were reduced to 21% and 41% in SDS and IOH, respectively. From the present study and our previous results of ILC counts with age, we infer that orthostatic hypotension does not develop until half or more of the preganglionic autonomic neurons have degenerated. An additional finding in SDS is that there is involvement beyond autonomic neurons.", "PMID": 742851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5300", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of cerebrospinal fluid sediment in demyelinating disease.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from 31 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 2 with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were subjected to ultracentrifugation, and the resulting pellets were examined in an electron microscope. Cell types seen in the pellets included lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, lipid-laden macrophages, and fibroblasts. The most interesting noncellular elements were extracellular myelin fragments, recognizable by their characteristic alternation of major dense lines and intraperiod lines. Myelin fragments were seen in the CSF from 7 of 9 patients with MS in exacerbation involving areas other than the optic nerve. These fragments were not observed in 4 specimens from patients with acute attacks manifested by optic neuritis. Myelin fragments were present in 1 of the 2 patients with PML. These observations indicate that a portion of the myelin destruction seen in MS and PML occurs extracellularly, with release of myelin fragments and degradation products into the CSF.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of cerebrospinal fluid sediment in demyelinating disease. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from 31 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 2 with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were subjected to ultracentrifugation, and the resulting pellets were examined in an electron microscope. Cell types seen in the pellets included lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, lipid-laden macrophages, and fibroblasts. The most interesting noncellular elements were extracellular myelin fragments, recognizable by their characteristic alternation of major dense lines and intraperiod lines. Myelin fragments were seen in the CSF from 7 of 9 patients with MS in exacerbation involving areas other than the optic nerve. These fragments were not observed in 4 specimens from patients with acute attacks manifested by optic neuritis. Myelin fragments were present in 1 of the 2 patients with PML. These observations indicate that a portion of the myelin destruction seen in MS and PML occurs extracellularly, with release of myelin fragments and degradation products into the CSF.", "PMID": 742852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5301", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid findings in asymptomatic patients with reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption tests.", "content": "It is common to examine the cerebrospinal fluid in untreated or inadequately treated asymptomatic patients with a reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test before initiating antibiotic therapy for syphilis. This prospective study evaluated the usefulness of such examination. Four hundred thirty-two patients over 40 years old, reporting for annual physical examination, had a serum FTA-ABS test. Thirty-seven (8.6%) patients and 2 of 4 spouses were reactive repeatedly. Of the 39 patients with reactive tests, 7 had a history of penicillin therapy for syphilis, 5 had received heavy metal therapy, and 27 had no history of syphilis. These 39 patients had a neurological examination, serum VDRL, Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI), and repeat FTA-ABS tests by two other laboratories. The TPI test was reactive in 30 (77%). Four had nonspecific neurological signs. Routine CSF examination (cells, total protein, VDRL, glucose, IgG%) on 30 patients with a history of inadequate treatment had a low diagnostic yield. Two patients had an unexplained total protein elevation (57 and 61 mg/dl) and 1 had a mildly increased IgG% (15%). All cell counts, VDRL tests, and glucose levels were normal. Agarose electrophoresis demonstrated one or more CSF immunoglobulin bands in 10 (36%) of 28 patients, possibly representing an immunological marker of past or latent central nervous system infection.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid findings in asymptomatic patients with reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption tests. It is common to examine the cerebrospinal fluid in untreated or inadequately treated asymptomatic patients with a reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test before initiating antibiotic therapy for syphilis. This prospective study evaluated the usefulness of such examination. Four hundred thirty-two patients over 40 years old, reporting for annual physical examination, had a serum FTA-ABS test. Thirty-seven (8.6%) patients and 2 of 4 spouses were reactive repeatedly. Of the 39 patients with reactive tests, 7 had a history of penicillin therapy for syphilis, 5 had received heavy metal therapy, and 27 had no history of syphilis. These 39 patients had a neurological examination, serum VDRL, Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI), and repeat FTA-ABS tests by two other laboratories. The TPI test was reactive in 30 (77%). Four had nonspecific neurological signs. Routine CSF examination (cells, total protein, VDRL, glucose, IgG%) on 30 patients with a history of inadequate treatment had a low diagnostic yield. Two patients had an unexplained total protein elevation (57 and 61 mg/dl) and 1 had a mildly increased IgG% (15%). All cell counts, VDRL tests, and glucose levels were normal. Agarose electrophoresis demonstrated one or more CSF immunoglobulin bands in 10 (36%) of 28 patients, possibly representing an immunological marker of past or latent central nervous system infection.", "PMID": 742853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5302", "title": "Clinical and electroencephalographic correlates of the multiple independent spike foci pattern in children.", "content": "The multiple independent spike foci (MISF) pattern on electroencephalograms occurred in 4.2% of 1,500 recordings obtained from patients between the ages of 6 months and 15 years. Among the 63 patients with MISF, 53 (84%) had a seizure disorder and 48 (76%) had generalized motor seizures. Half the study group had daily seizures and half had more than one type of attack. Sixty-eight percent of MISF patients were intellectually subnormal. The intellectual status varied according to age at seizure onset, findings on clinical neurological examination, incidence of spikes in the recording, number of spike foci, and presence of excessive delta activity.", "contents": "Clinical and electroencephalographic correlates of the multiple independent spike foci pattern in children. The multiple independent spike foci (MISF) pattern on electroencephalograms occurred in 4.2% of 1,500 recordings obtained from patients between the ages of 6 months and 15 years. Among the 63 patients with MISF, 53 (84%) had a seizure disorder and 48 (76%) had generalized motor seizures. Half the study group had daily seizures and half had more than one type of attack. Sixty-eight percent of MISF patients were intellectually subnormal. The intellectual status varied according to age at seizure onset, findings on clinical neurological examination, incidence of spikes in the recording, number of spike foci, and presence of excessive delta activity.", "PMID": 742854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5303", "title": "Recovery from primary pontine hemorrhage.", "content": "A patient with primary pontine hemorrhage showed typical ocular bobbing with only mild alteration of mental status. Serial CT scans showed resolution of the hemorrhage and correlated with clinical improvement.", "contents": "Recovery from primary pontine hemorrhage. A patient with primary pontine hemorrhage showed typical ocular bobbing with only mild alteration of mental status. Serial CT scans showed resolution of the hemorrhage and correlated with clinical improvement.", "PMID": 742855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5304", "title": "Carnitine deficiency: acute postpartum crisis.", "content": "A 16-year-old girl, previously in good health, developed progressive generalized muscle weakness following her first parturition. The neck and proximal limb muscles were especially weak and painful. Carnitine (4-trimethylamino-3-hydroxybutyrate) was markedly decreased in muscle, plasma, and urine. Dietary carnitine supplementation, 2.0 gm daily, was followed by clinical improvement and decreased lipid droplets in muscle biopsy. Together with previously reported cases, 2 fatal, the patient's illness emphasizes the risk of pregnancy in women with carnitine deficiency.", "contents": "Carnitine deficiency: acute postpartum crisis. A 16-year-old girl, previously in good health, developed progressive generalized muscle weakness following her first parturition. The neck and proximal limb muscles were especially weak and painful. Carnitine (4-trimethylamino-3-hydroxybutyrate) was markedly decreased in muscle, plasma, and urine. Dietary carnitine supplementation, 2.0 gm daily, was followed by clinical improvement and decreased lipid droplets in muscle biopsy. Together with previously reported cases, 2 fatal, the patient's illness emphasizes the risk of pregnancy in women with carnitine deficiency.", "PMID": 742856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5305", "title": "\"Glial bundles\" in the spinal cord late after paralytic anterior poliomyelitis.", "content": "\"Glial bundles\" in the proximal portion of the anterior spinal roots, identical to those in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, were observed in 3 patients many years after attacks of acute paralytic anterior poliomyelitis. These structures should therefore be considered a nonspecific astrocytic reaction secondary to the destruction of motor neurons and their axons rather than a malformation specific for Werdnig-Hoffman disease.", "contents": "\"Glial bundles\" in the spinal cord late after paralytic anterior poliomyelitis. \"Glial bundles\" in the proximal portion of the anterior spinal roots, identical to those in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, were observed in 3 patients many years after attacks of acute paralytic anterior poliomyelitis. These structures should therefore be considered a nonspecific astrocytic reaction secondary to the destruction of motor neurons and their axons rather than a malformation specific for Werdnig-Hoffman disease.", "PMID": 742857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5306", "title": "The L-dopa on-off effect in Parkinson disease: treatment by transient drug withdrawal and dopamine receptor resensitization.", "content": "It has been suggested that patients with Parkinson disease partially compensate for neuron loss by developing denervation supersensitivity, and, if so, that prolonged levodopa (L-dopa) therapy might lead to desensitization. As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, and in order to study whether it was possible to \"resensitize\" a patient who had already presumably been desensitized by previous L-dopa therapy, a patient who had become unpredictably responsive to L-dopa was investigated. The patient had been taking L-dopa for eight years and had exhibited severe dyskinesia-akinesia oscillation (\"on-off\" phenomenon) before the study. There was no consistent response to his hourly doses of Prolopa (L-dopa and benserazide in a 4:1 ratio). He was first lowered, over 33 days, to 20% of his original Prolopa dose. The dosage was then increased until a consistent response was observed. The three main results achieved were, first, overall reduction by 64% of the daily requirement for L-dopa; second, conversion from a previously unpredictable to a predictable response to each dose of L-dopa; and, third, change in his movement fluctuations to a pattern more typical of \"end-of-dose\" akinesia than the \"on-off\" phenomenon. The results support the idea of dopamine receptor resensitization upon reduction of the L-dopa dosage.", "contents": "The L-dopa on-off effect in Parkinson disease: treatment by transient drug withdrawal and dopamine receptor resensitization. It has been suggested that patients with Parkinson disease partially compensate for neuron loss by developing denervation supersensitivity, and, if so, that prolonged levodopa (L-dopa) therapy might lead to desensitization. As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, and in order to study whether it was possible to \"resensitize\" a patient who had already presumably been desensitized by previous L-dopa therapy, a patient who had become unpredictably responsive to L-dopa was investigated. The patient had been taking L-dopa for eight years and had exhibited severe dyskinesia-akinesia oscillation (\"on-off\" phenomenon) before the study. There was no consistent response to his hourly doses of Prolopa (L-dopa and benserazide in a 4:1 ratio). He was first lowered, over 33 days, to 20% of his original Prolopa dose. The dosage was then increased until a consistent response was observed. The three main results achieved were, first, overall reduction by 64% of the daily requirement for L-dopa; second, conversion from a previously unpredictable to a predictable response to each dose of L-dopa; and, third, change in his movement fluctuations to a pattern more typical of \"end-of-dose\" akinesia than the \"on-off\" phenomenon. The results support the idea of dopamine receptor resensitization upon reduction of the L-dopa dosage.", "PMID": 742858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5307", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Mezlocillin in doses of 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 g and carbenicillin in doses of 2.0 g were given as bolus injections intravenously to 10 healthy volunteers. For mezlocillin, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics was detected. This is reflected by a more than proportional rise in serum concentrations and a decreased total body clearance as doses were increased. Per dose unit, the areas under serum concentration curves to infinity were 33.5 mug.h/ml for the 1.0-g dose, 47.2 mug.h/ml for the 2.0-g dose, and 54.8 mug.h/ml for the 5.0-g dose. The body clearance fell from 31.2 liters/h with the 1.0-g dose to 17.0 liters/h with the 5.0-g dose. This can be explained mainly by a marked depression of nonrenal clearance, which fell from 12.2 to 3.8 liters/h, compared with a parallel change in renal clearance from 19.0 to 13.2 liters/h. Contributing to the non-linearity may be biotransformation, evacuation via bile, or another process. With dose increments, rising amounts are recovered unchanged in the urine-61% after a 1.0-g dose compared with 69% after a 5.0-g dose. This clearly defines metabolism as a major factor of elimination. Carbenicillin, for which the first-order, two-compartment open model was applicable here as in previous studies, had a longer serum half-life than did mezlocillin. For the 2.0-g doses, the former had a half-life of 1.4 h, compared with 0.8 h for the latter (calculated as if the two-compartment model were fully valid). The relative area under the curve (see above) was 76.1 mug.h/ml after the 2.0-g dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in healthy volunteers. Mezlocillin in doses of 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 g and carbenicillin in doses of 2.0 g were given as bolus injections intravenously to 10 healthy volunteers. For mezlocillin, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics was detected. This is reflected by a more than proportional rise in serum concentrations and a decreased total body clearance as doses were increased. Per dose unit, the areas under serum concentration curves to infinity were 33.5 mug.h/ml for the 1.0-g dose, 47.2 mug.h/ml for the 2.0-g dose, and 54.8 mug.h/ml for the 5.0-g dose. The body clearance fell from 31.2 liters/h with the 1.0-g dose to 17.0 liters/h with the 5.0-g dose. This can be explained mainly by a marked depression of nonrenal clearance, which fell from 12.2 to 3.8 liters/h, compared with a parallel change in renal clearance from 19.0 to 13.2 liters/h. Contributing to the non-linearity may be biotransformation, evacuation via bile, or another process. With dose increments, rising amounts are recovered unchanged in the urine-61% after a 1.0-g dose compared with 69% after a 5.0-g dose. This clearly defines metabolism as a major factor of elimination. Carbenicillin, for which the first-order, two-compartment open model was applicable here as in previous studies, had a longer serum half-life than did mezlocillin. For the 2.0-g doses, the former had a half-life of 1.4 h, compared with 0.8 h for the latter (calculated as if the two-compartment model were fully valid). The relative area under the curve (see above) was 76.1 mug.h/ml after the 2.0-g dose.", "PMID": 742869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5308", "title": "Comparison of 5-episisomicin (Sch 22591), gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin in treatment of experimental Pseudomonas infections in mice.", "content": "Sch 22591 (5-episisomicin), gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin were compared for their ability to protect mice from lethal intraperitoneal challenge with 12 Pseudomonas strains, all susceptible to each of the aminoglycosides (minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations were </=6.2 mug/ml). Median 50% protective doses were 5.8, 6.4, 7.7, and 17.8 mg/kg for Sch 22591, tobramycin, sisomicin, and gentamicin, respectively. Those for Sch 22591 were significantly lower than gentamicin in five protection tests and significantly lower than both gentamicin and tobramycin in one test. Microbial analysis of the therapeutic effect indicated that protection from lethality by each of the four aminoglycosides was associated with either a complete eradication or a reduction in the number of challenge bacteria in both the heart blood and peritoneum. In rare instances, challenge isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to one or more of the aminoglycosides were recovered from animals. However, this in vivo selection of resistance did not appear related to either the aminoglycoside used in therapy or the outcome of therapy, and resistant isolates were recovered as frequently from untreated animals as from those receiving one of the four aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Comparison of 5-episisomicin (Sch 22591), gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin in treatment of experimental Pseudomonas infections in mice. Sch 22591 (5-episisomicin), gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin were compared for their ability to protect mice from lethal intraperitoneal challenge with 12 Pseudomonas strains, all susceptible to each of the aminoglycosides (minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations were </=6.2 mug/ml). Median 50% protective doses were 5.8, 6.4, 7.7, and 17.8 mg/kg for Sch 22591, tobramycin, sisomicin, and gentamicin, respectively. Those for Sch 22591 were significantly lower than gentamicin in five protection tests and significantly lower than both gentamicin and tobramycin in one test. Microbial analysis of the therapeutic effect indicated that protection from lethality by each of the four aminoglycosides was associated with either a complete eradication or a reduction in the number of challenge bacteria in both the heart blood and peritoneum. In rare instances, challenge isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to one or more of the aminoglycosides were recovered from animals. However, this in vivo selection of resistance did not appear related to either the aminoglycoside used in therapy or the outcome of therapy, and resistant isolates were recovered as frequently from untreated animals as from those receiving one of the four aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 742870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5309", "title": "Piperacillin: human pharmacokinetics after intravenous and intramuscular administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin were studied in a total of 26 Caucasian normal male volunteers. Single intramuscular doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g were given to three groups, each containing eight volunteers. Mean peak serum concentrations of 4.9, 13.3, and 30.2 mug/ml were assayed at 30 to 50 min, and measurable levels were present up to 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, after dosing. Single intravenous bolus doses of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g were given to four groups of five subjects, and mean serum concentrations of 70.7, 199.5, 330.7, and 451.8 mug/ml were measured at the end of the injections. The antibiotic had a mean terminal serum half-life of 60 to 80 min after the intramuscular doses and 36 to 63 min after intravenous administrations, depending on the dose. The apparent distribution volume was 20 to 24 liters/1.73 m(2), and distribution volume at steady state was 16 to 19 liters/1.73 m(2). Mean urinary recovery in 24 h was 74 to 89% for the intravenous doses and 57 to 59% for the intramuscular doses. The piperacillin-creatinine clearance ratios indicated that the proportion of renal excretion of piperacillin through tubular secretion was 56 to 73%, and this was confirmed by the renal clearance data from eight volunteers receiving probenecid treatment before the piperacillin dose. Probenecid (1 g given orally before administration of piperacillin) increased peak serum concentration by 30%, terminal serum half-life by 30%, and the area under the plasma concentration curve by 60%, and it decreased the apparent distribution volume by 20% and the renal clearance of the intramuscularly administered (1 g) antibiotic by 40%. Injections of piperacillin by both parenteral routes were well tolerated.", "contents": "Piperacillin: human pharmacokinetics after intravenous and intramuscular administration. The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin were studied in a total of 26 Caucasian normal male volunteers. Single intramuscular doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g were given to three groups, each containing eight volunteers. Mean peak serum concentrations of 4.9, 13.3, and 30.2 mug/ml were assayed at 30 to 50 min, and measurable levels were present up to 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, after dosing. Single intravenous bolus doses of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g were given to four groups of five subjects, and mean serum concentrations of 70.7, 199.5, 330.7, and 451.8 mug/ml were measured at the end of the injections. The antibiotic had a mean terminal serum half-life of 60 to 80 min after the intramuscular doses and 36 to 63 min after intravenous administrations, depending on the dose. The apparent distribution volume was 20 to 24 liters/1.73 m(2), and distribution volume at steady state was 16 to 19 liters/1.73 m(2). Mean urinary recovery in 24 h was 74 to 89% for the intravenous doses and 57 to 59% for the intramuscular doses. The piperacillin-creatinine clearance ratios indicated that the proportion of renal excretion of piperacillin through tubular secretion was 56 to 73%, and this was confirmed by the renal clearance data from eight volunteers receiving probenecid treatment before the piperacillin dose. Probenecid (1 g given orally before administration of piperacillin) increased peak serum concentration by 30%, terminal serum half-life by 30%, and the area under the plasma concentration curve by 60%, and it decreased the apparent distribution volume by 20% and the renal clearance of the intramuscularly administered (1 g) antibiotic by 40%. Injections of piperacillin by both parenteral routes were well tolerated.", "PMID": 742871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5310", "title": "UK-18,892: resistance to modification by aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes.", "content": "UK-18,892, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was active against bacteria possessing aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, with the exception of some known to possess AAC(6') or AAD(4') enzymes. This activity has been rationalized by using cell-free extracts of bacteria containing known inactivating enzymes, where it was shown that UK-18,892 was not a substrate for the APH(3'), AAD(2''), AAC(3), and AAC(2') enzymes. It was also demonstrated that UK-18,892 protected mice against lethal infections caused by organisms possessing aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes.", "contents": "UK-18,892: resistance to modification by aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes. UK-18,892, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was active against bacteria possessing aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, with the exception of some known to possess AAC(6') or AAD(4') enzymes. This activity has been rationalized by using cell-free extracts of bacteria containing known inactivating enzymes, where it was shown that UK-18,892 was not a substrate for the APH(3'), AAD(2''), AAC(3), and AAC(2') enzymes. It was also demonstrated that UK-18,892 protected mice against lethal infections caused by organisms possessing aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes.", "PMID": 742872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5311", "title": "Cation transport alteration associated with plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium has only been found with plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance to cadmium was associated with a lower accumulation of Cd(2+) ions by the plasmid-bearing resistant cells. Cadmium accumulation by susceptible cells was energy dependent and had those characteristics usually associated with a transmembrane active transport system. There was a specific interrelationship between cadmium accumulation and manganese accumulation and retention. Cd(2+) inhibited the uptake of Mn(2+) and accelerated the loss of intracellular Mn(2+) by the susceptible cells, but was without effect on Mn(2+) transport in resistant S. aureus cells. Under similar conditions, there was no differential effect of Cd(2+) on Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), or Rb(+) accumulation or exchange between the susceptible and the resistant strains.", "contents": "Cation transport alteration associated with plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid-determined resistance to cadmium has only been found with plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance to cadmium was associated with a lower accumulation of Cd(2+) ions by the plasmid-bearing resistant cells. Cadmium accumulation by susceptible cells was energy dependent and had those characteristics usually associated with a transmembrane active transport system. There was a specific interrelationship between cadmium accumulation and manganese accumulation and retention. Cd(2+) inhibited the uptake of Mn(2+) and accelerated the loss of intracellular Mn(2+) by the susceptible cells, but was without effect on Mn(2+) transport in resistant S. aureus cells. Under similar conditions, there was no differential effect of Cd(2+) on Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), or Rb(+) accumulation or exchange between the susceptible and the resistant strains.", "PMID": 742873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5312", "title": "Use of cefoxitin, new cephalosporin-like antibiotic, in the treatment of aerobic and anaerobic infections.", "content": "Forty-two patients were treated with intravenous cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic. These patients had postoperative abdominal sepsis (26), intrathoracic infections (6), urinary tract infections (5), gram-negative bacterial meningitis (2), septic arthritis (1), epidural abscess (1) and isolated septicemia (1). The antibacterial spectrum of cefoxitin was found to be one which included all gram-positive organisms except enterococci, most gram-negative organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and almost all of the important anaerobic organisms. The only five treatment failures included one patient with empyema and one with septic arthritis, both caused by Serratia marcescens, initially only moderately susceptible to cefoxitin, which subsequently developed increased resistance, two patients with contaminated intravenous catheters, and one patient with epidural abscess and cerebritis, who was treated late in the course. There was one serious clinical superinfection with P. aeruginosa. The drug levels noted in the pus and joint fluid were half to two-thirds of the simultaneous serum level. In inflamed meninges, up to 30% of the serum level was noted in the cerebrospinal fluid, and as the process resolved, 10 to 15% was noted. Toxicity of cefoxitin was mild and constituted skin rash in three patients (7%) and phlebitis in eight (19%).", "contents": "Use of cefoxitin, new cephalosporin-like antibiotic, in the treatment of aerobic and anaerobic infections. Forty-two patients were treated with intravenous cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic. These patients had postoperative abdominal sepsis (26), intrathoracic infections (6), urinary tract infections (5), gram-negative bacterial meningitis (2), septic arthritis (1), epidural abscess (1) and isolated septicemia (1). The antibacterial spectrum of cefoxitin was found to be one which included all gram-positive organisms except enterococci, most gram-negative organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and almost all of the important anaerobic organisms. The only five treatment failures included one patient with empyema and one with septic arthritis, both caused by Serratia marcescens, initially only moderately susceptible to cefoxitin, which subsequently developed increased resistance, two patients with contaminated intravenous catheters, and one patient with epidural abscess and cerebritis, who was treated late in the course. There was one serious clinical superinfection with P. aeruginosa. The drug levels noted in the pus and joint fluid were half to two-thirds of the simultaneous serum level. In inflamed meninges, up to 30% of the serum level was noted in the cerebrospinal fluid, and as the process resolved, 10 to 15% was noted. Toxicity of cefoxitin was mild and constituted skin rash in three patients (7%) and phlebitis in eight (19%).", "PMID": 742874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5313", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro activities of HR756 with cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole.", "content": "The in vitro activity of HR756, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was compared with the activities of cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole against 1,535 isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. HR756 was less active than cephalothin and cefamandole and twofold more active than cefoxitin against Staphylococcus. All four of the antibiotics were inactive against the enterococcus group of Streptococcus; however, HR756 was the most active antibiotic against the other isolates of Streptococcus. HR756 was also more active against isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including 84 to 95% of the isolates resistant to one or more of the other three antibiotics. HR756, at a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml, inhibited 86, 75, and 100% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Pseudomonas species, and Acinetobacter, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of HR756 were within one twofold dilution for 11 of 21 gram-positive cocci and 119 of 125 gram-negative bacilli tested.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro activities of HR756 with cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. The in vitro activity of HR756, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was compared with the activities of cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole against 1,535 isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. HR756 was less active than cephalothin and cefamandole and twofold more active than cefoxitin against Staphylococcus. All four of the antibiotics were inactive against the enterococcus group of Streptococcus; however, HR756 was the most active antibiotic against the other isolates of Streptococcus. HR756 was also more active against isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including 84 to 95% of the isolates resistant to one or more of the other three antibiotics. HR756, at a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml, inhibited 86, 75, and 100% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Pseudomonas species, and Acinetobacter, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of HR756 were within one twofold dilution for 11 of 21 gram-positive cocci and 119 of 125 gram-negative bacilli tested.", "PMID": 742875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5314", "title": "Purification and properties of a bacteriocin-like substance (acnecin) of oral Propionibacterium acnes.", "content": "Propionibacterium acnes CN-8, isolated from human dental plaque, was grown in a liquid medium, and its bacteriocin-like substance (acnecin) was extracted from the cells by ultrasonic treatment. Acnecin was purified to a homogeneous state with recovery of 47%. Specific activity increased 72-fold in comparison with the crude extract. The properties of acnecin were as follows. (i) Acnecin may consist of five subunits with a molecular weight of about 12,000. (ii) Its isoelectric point was 5.5. (iii) In amino acid composition, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine were predominant, whereas cystine was not present. (iv) Acnecin contained 3.3% carbohydrate but was substantially free from lipid. (v) The activity was lost by heating at 60 degrees C or by protease and lysozyme treatments. Acnecin acted bacteriostatically on the indicator strain without killing it. The action spectrum of acnecin was very narrow; it was effective only against strains of non-acnecin-producing P. acnes and Corynebacterium parvum, a species closely related to P. acnes.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a bacteriocin-like substance (acnecin) of oral Propionibacterium acnes. Propionibacterium acnes CN-8, isolated from human dental plaque, was grown in a liquid medium, and its bacteriocin-like substance (acnecin) was extracted from the cells by ultrasonic treatment. Acnecin was purified to a homogeneous state with recovery of 47%. Specific activity increased 72-fold in comparison with the crude extract. The properties of acnecin were as follows. (i) Acnecin may consist of five subunits with a molecular weight of about 12,000. (ii) Its isoelectric point was 5.5. (iii) In amino acid composition, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine were predominant, whereas cystine was not present. (iv) Acnecin contained 3.3% carbohydrate but was substantially free from lipid. (v) The activity was lost by heating at 60 degrees C or by protease and lysozyme treatments. Acnecin acted bacteriostatically on the indicator strain without killing it. The action spectrum of acnecin was very narrow; it was effective only against strains of non-acnecin-producing P. acnes and Corynebacterium parvum, a species closely related to P. acnes.", "PMID": 742876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5315", "title": "Penetration of amoxicillin into cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The penetration of amoxicillin into cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) in the presence of meningeal inflammation was evaluated in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Serum and CSF concentrations of amoxicillin were measured at 2 h in nine patients who received a 1-g oral dose and at 1.5 and 4 h in ten patients who received a 2-g intravenous injection of sodium amoxicillin. After the oral dose, CSF concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 mug/ml. After the intravenous injection, CSF concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 40.0 mug/ml at 1.5 h and from 2.6 to 27.0 mug/ml at 4 h. These data on penetration suggest that parenterally administered sodium amoxicillin may be of value in the therapy of acute bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Penetration of amoxicillin into cerebrospinal fluid. The penetration of amoxicillin into cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) in the presence of meningeal inflammation was evaluated in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Serum and CSF concentrations of amoxicillin were measured at 2 h in nine patients who received a 1-g oral dose and at 1.5 and 4 h in ten patients who received a 2-g intravenous injection of sodium amoxicillin. After the oral dose, CSF concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 mug/ml. After the intravenous injection, CSF concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 40.0 mug/ml at 1.5 h and from 2.6 to 27.0 mug/ml at 4 h. These data on penetration suggest that parenterally administered sodium amoxicillin may be of value in the therapy of acute bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 742877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5316", "title": "Evidence for conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil in humans: possible factor in 5-fluorocytosine clinical toxicity.", "content": "A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for detecting 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in serum at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml was used to determine to what extent 5-FU was present in the serum of patients taking oral 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). Preliminary studies in two patients and two healthy volunteers given an initial 2-g oral dose of 5-FC demonstrated sustained serum 5-FU levels (>100 ng/ml) during the 5 h after ingestion of drug. Pharmaceutical preparations of 5-FC used in these studies were shown to be insignificantly contaminated with 5-FU (<0.03%), suggesting in vivo conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU had occurred. Serum samples from seven patients with cryptococcal meningitis treated with amphotericin B and 5-FC were examined for 5-FU. Five of these patients had experienced hematological or other toxicity attributed to 5-FC at some time during the course of therapy. Of 41 serum samples, 20 were observed to have 5-FU levels greater than 1,000 ng/ml in the range observed with cancer chemotherapeutic doses of 5-FU known to be associated with hematological toxicity. It is concluded that conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU occurs in humans and furthermore that 5-FU may account for some of the toxicity observed with 5-FC.", "contents": "Evidence for conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil in humans: possible factor in 5-fluorocytosine clinical toxicity. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for detecting 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in serum at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml was used to determine to what extent 5-FU was present in the serum of patients taking oral 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). Preliminary studies in two patients and two healthy volunteers given an initial 2-g oral dose of 5-FC demonstrated sustained serum 5-FU levels (>100 ng/ml) during the 5 h after ingestion of drug. Pharmaceutical preparations of 5-FC used in these studies were shown to be insignificantly contaminated with 5-FU (<0.03%), suggesting in vivo conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU had occurred. Serum samples from seven patients with cryptococcal meningitis treated with amphotericin B and 5-FC were examined for 5-FU. Five of these patients had experienced hematological or other toxicity attributed to 5-FC at some time during the course of therapy. Of 41 serum samples, 20 were observed to have 5-FU levels greater than 1,000 ng/ml in the range observed with cancer chemotherapeutic doses of 5-FU known to be associated with hematological toxicity. It is concluded that conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU occurs in humans and furthermore that 5-FU may account for some of the toxicity observed with 5-FC.", "PMID": 742878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5317", "title": "Simple sensitive microbioassay for adenine arabinoside and hypoxanthine arabinoside in human plasma.", "content": "Previous methods using low- or high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV absorbance for quantitation of arabinosides in plasma can practically detect only >/=200 ng of adenine arabinoside and >/=100 ng of hypoxanthine arabinoside per ml, and they require expensive equipment and expert technical assistance. We describe in this report a simple quantitative microbioassay for arabinosides in human plasma based on their ability to inhibit the cytopathic effect of vaccinia virus in an adenosine deaminase-free cell culture system. Using prior separation of nucleosides in plasma by thin-layer chromatography, followed by the microbioassay, we quantitated adenine arabinoside with a sensitivity of approximately 4 ng/ml and hypoxanthine arabinoside at approximately 625 ng/ml. This assay method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible, requires small plasma samples, measures biological activity, and is adaptable to routine use. It is an important tool for evaluating the pharmacology of adenine arabinoside and Ara-AMP in patients in current clinical trials.", "contents": "Simple sensitive microbioassay for adenine arabinoside and hypoxanthine arabinoside in human plasma. Previous methods using low- or high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV absorbance for quantitation of arabinosides in plasma can practically detect only >/=200 ng of adenine arabinoside and >/=100 ng of hypoxanthine arabinoside per ml, and they require expensive equipment and expert technical assistance. We describe in this report a simple quantitative microbioassay for arabinosides in human plasma based on their ability to inhibit the cytopathic effect of vaccinia virus in an adenosine deaminase-free cell culture system. Using prior separation of nucleosides in plasma by thin-layer chromatography, followed by the microbioassay, we quantitated adenine arabinoside with a sensitivity of approximately 4 ng/ml and hypoxanthine arabinoside at approximately 625 ng/ml. This assay method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible, requires small plasma samples, measures biological activity, and is adaptable to routine use. It is an important tool for evaluating the pharmacology of adenine arabinoside and Ara-AMP in patients in current clinical trials.", "PMID": 742879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5318", "title": "Materno-fetal cephradine transfer in pregnancy.", "content": "Cephradine, a semisynthetic cephalosporin, has widespread use. There is, however, a paucity of data on the transfer of this antibiotic in pregnancy. Studies were undertaken after an intravenous dose of 2 g of cephradine was given in two elective situations: (i) therapeutic abortion in the first trimester and (ii) elective cesarean section in late pregnancy. Blood and tissue levels of cephradine obtained showed that the antibiotic is rapidly transferred to the feto-placental unit throughout pregnancy after intravenous administration to the mother.", "contents": "Materno-fetal cephradine transfer in pregnancy. Cephradine, a semisynthetic cephalosporin, has widespread use. There is, however, a paucity of data on the transfer of this antibiotic in pregnancy. Studies were undertaken after an intravenous dose of 2 g of cephradine was given in two elective situations: (i) therapeutic abortion in the first trimester and (ii) elective cesarean section in late pregnancy. Blood and tissue levels of cephradine obtained showed that the antibiotic is rapidly transferred to the feto-placental unit throughout pregnancy after intravenous administration to the mother.", "PMID": 742880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5319", "title": "Anaerobic resistance of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to aminoglycosides.", "content": "The anaerobic minimum inhibitory concentration of six aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, netilmicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin) averaged over 10-fold greater than the aerobic minimum inhibitory concentration for 50 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Cultures from osteomyelitis and blood generally showed a somewhat greater increase in minimum inhibitory concentration due to anaerobiosis than did cultures from abscesses and wounds, and amikacin activity was most affected by anaerobiosis.", "contents": "Anaerobic resistance of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to aminoglycosides. The anaerobic minimum inhibitory concentration of six aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, netilmicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin) averaged over 10-fold greater than the aerobic minimum inhibitory concentration for 50 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Cultures from osteomyelitis and blood generally showed a somewhat greater increase in minimum inhibitory concentration due to anaerobiosis than did cultures from abscesses and wounds, and amikacin activity was most affected by anaerobiosis.", "PMID": 742881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5320", "title": "[Effects of direct laser radiation on human lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro experiments with human lymphocytes showed that if irradiations with coherent light of a He-Ne-laser were performed an immune suppressor effect is obtained. Using incoherent light of the same wavelength, effects only occur (80% compared to the laser) if the light is linear polarized.", "contents": "[Effects of direct laser radiation on human lymphocytes (author's transl)]. In vitro experiments with human lymphocytes showed that if irradiations with coherent light of a He-Ne-laser were performed an immune suppressor effect is obtained. Using incoherent light of the same wavelength, effects only occur (80% compared to the laser) if the light is linear polarized.", "PMID": 742904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5321", "title": "[About the regression of psoriasis capitis after mechanical epilation (relations between the psoriatic efflorescence and the follicular proliferation) (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle in psoriasis capitis-lesions were clinically and histologically investigated. 1. After the epilation in the psoriasis capitis-lesion a healing of the psoriatic efflorescence was observed. 2. Histologically a close correlation between the induced anagen and the regression of the psoriasis existed: As a cause of this phenomenon an interaction between the dermis, the follicular proliferation and the epidermal proliferation of psoriasis is assumed.", "contents": "[About the regression of psoriasis capitis after mechanical epilation (relations between the psoriatic efflorescence and the follicular proliferation) (author's transl)]. The pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle in psoriasis capitis-lesions were clinically and histologically investigated. 1. After the epilation in the psoriasis capitis-lesion a healing of the psoriatic efflorescence was observed. 2. Histologically a close correlation between the induced anagen and the regression of the psoriasis existed: As a cause of this phenomenon an interaction between the dermis, the follicular proliferation and the epidermal proliferation of psoriasis is assumed.", "PMID": 742905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5322", "title": "[The histodynamic of alopecia areata in the dependence on the griseofulvin-induced epithelial proliferation (author's transl)].", "content": "The histodynamic of the alopecia areata--without or with the medicamentous induction of the hair growth respectively--was investigated comparatively. 1. Griseofulvin induced an epithelial proliferation in alopecia areata, which is noticeable in the surface epithelium as well as in the follicular epithelium. 2. Under the influence of griseofulvin a deeper penetration of the follicles into the fatty tissue--in connexion with a cutan-subcutaneous volume increase--results; at the same time the supra- and infraseboglandular follicular areas are lengthened. 3. The matter for discussion is that these epithelial changes originate from an increase of metabolic activity or blood supply respectively in the adjacent cutan- and subcutaneous tissue.", "contents": "[The histodynamic of alopecia areata in the dependence on the griseofulvin-induced epithelial proliferation (author's transl)]. The histodynamic of the alopecia areata--without or with the medicamentous induction of the hair growth respectively--was investigated comparatively. 1. Griseofulvin induced an epithelial proliferation in alopecia areata, which is noticeable in the surface epithelium as well as in the follicular epithelium. 2. Under the influence of griseofulvin a deeper penetration of the follicles into the fatty tissue--in connexion with a cutan-subcutaneous volume increase--results; at the same time the supra- and infraseboglandular follicular areas are lengthened. 3. The matter for discussion is that these epithelial changes originate from an increase of metabolic activity or blood supply respectively in the adjacent cutan- and subcutaneous tissue.", "PMID": 742908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5323", "title": "Repair of DNA damage in light sensitive human skin diseases.", "content": "Repair of UV-light induced DNA damage and changes in the semiconservative DNA synthesis were studied by in vitro autoradiography in the skin of patients with lightdermatoses (polymorphous light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria) and xeroderma pigmentosum as well as in that of healthy controls. In polymorphous light eruption the semiconservative DNA replication rate was more intensive in the area of the skin lesions and in the repeated phototest site, the excision repair synthesis appeared to be unaltered. In cutaneous porphyrias a decreased rate of the repair incorporation could be detected. Xeroderma pigmentosum was characterized by a strongly reduced repair synthesis.", "contents": "Repair of DNA damage in light sensitive human skin diseases. Repair of UV-light induced DNA damage and changes in the semiconservative DNA synthesis were studied by in vitro autoradiography in the skin of patients with lightdermatoses (polymorphous light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria) and xeroderma pigmentosum as well as in that of healthy controls. In polymorphous light eruption the semiconservative DNA replication rate was more intensive in the area of the skin lesions and in the repeated phototest site, the excision repair synthesis appeared to be unaltered. In cutaneous porphyrias a decreased rate of the repair incorporation could be detected. Xeroderma pigmentosum was characterized by a strongly reduced repair synthesis.", "PMID": 742909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5324", "title": "Suction blister fluid as a model for interstitial fluid in rats.", "content": "1. Suction blisters on the skin of rats, obtained with a negative pressure of 150 mm Hg, show a close similarity to human suction blisters, based on histological, electrolyte and protein findings. 2. Pharmacokinetic experiments with inulin and antipyrine have proved that the movement of these low protein binding drugs between blister fluid and serum follows the laws of diffusion. 3. The investigations suggest that blister fluid resembles interstitial fluid and can therefore serve as a model for the estimation of drug concentrations in interstitial fluid.", "contents": "Suction blister fluid as a model for interstitial fluid in rats. 1. Suction blisters on the skin of rats, obtained with a negative pressure of 150 mm Hg, show a close similarity to human suction blisters, based on histological, electrolyte and protein findings. 2. Pharmacokinetic experiments with inulin and antipyrine have proved that the movement of these low protein binding drugs between blister fluid and serum follows the laws of diffusion. 3. The investigations suggest that blister fluid resembles interstitial fluid and can therefore serve as a model for the estimation of drug concentrations in interstitial fluid.", "PMID": 742910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5325", "title": "[Clinical aspects of renal adenocarcinoma].", "content": "We present for study a series of 80 patients suffering from renal adenocarcinoma, pointing out that the most frequent reason for consultation was hematuria, observed in 44 patients (57.5%) which constituted at the same time the predominating initial symptom. The period of time which elapsed between its presentation and the diagnosis ranged, in most cases, between 1 and 6 months. There were numerous paraneoplastic findings, of which hyper-alpha2-globulinemia 21/25 patients (60%) and high sedimentation speed 41/80 (51.2%) were important due to their frequency. Metastases were detected in 16 patients with the most frequent location being the bone system, 11 cases (55%). We point out the need for a good knowledge of the varied evolutionary behaviour of this kind of neoplasia and the numerous systemic repercussions, with a view to obtaining an earlier diagnosis in the absence of local symptoms, in order to improve the prognosis.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of renal adenocarcinoma]. We present for study a series of 80 patients suffering from renal adenocarcinoma, pointing out that the most frequent reason for consultation was hematuria, observed in 44 patients (57.5%) which constituted at the same time the predominating initial symptom. The period of time which elapsed between its presentation and the diagnosis ranged, in most cases, between 1 and 6 months. There were numerous paraneoplastic findings, of which hyper-alpha2-globulinemia 21/25 patients (60%) and high sedimentation speed 41/80 (51.2%) were important due to their frequency. Metastases were detected in 16 patients with the most frequent location being the bone system, 11 cases (55%). We point out the need for a good knowledge of the varied evolutionary behaviour of this kind of neoplasia and the numerous systemic repercussions, with a view to obtaining an earlier diagnosis in the absence of local symptoms, in order to improve the prognosis.", "PMID": 742914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5326", "title": "[Hydraulic distension of the bladder in urology].", "content": "The authors discuss the indications and technique as well as the results in four patients successfully treated by means of hydraulic distension for a non-tumoural vesical pathology. H.V.D. is still a new method in spite of the long time which has elapsed since the first descriptions although it is simple with few complications if one follows a correct technique. Its main scope is in the treatment of interstitial cystites, unstable bladders and vesical hematurias following radiotherapy, cancer or cytostatics, apart from its use in vesical tumours in which further experience is required in order to establish correctly its real possibilities and limitations although the first indications are also highly positive.", "contents": "[Hydraulic distension of the bladder in urology]. The authors discuss the indications and technique as well as the results in four patients successfully treated by means of hydraulic distension for a non-tumoural vesical pathology. H.V.D. is still a new method in spite of the long time which has elapsed since the first descriptions although it is simple with few complications if one follows a correct technique. Its main scope is in the treatment of interstitial cystites, unstable bladders and vesical hematurias following radiotherapy, cancer or cytostatics, apart from its use in vesical tumours in which further experience is required in order to establish correctly its real possibilities and limitations although the first indications are also highly positive.", "PMID": 742913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5327", "title": "[Various considerations of endocrine changes in testicular tumors].", "content": "The authors discuss the link between testicular tumours and endocrine disorders which may be observed in view of the fundamental testiculo-hypophysial relations and the importance of these as far as dysendocrinias of the tumours, leidigioma, gynaecomasty and prolanuria are concerned. In the section on breast disorder phenomena, the authors make a comparative analysis of those observed in leidigiomas and choriocarcinomas, whilst in the section on prolanuria, they consider the importance of the positive value and essentially limited to the presence of chorial tumours, whilst questioning the frequent negative results -- which never rule out the possibility of a testicular tumour since, in any case, the only thing that it determines is that the claimed neoplasia in not chorial. They also point out that the positive results of prolanuria, even in non-choriomatous tumours, must simply be interpreted as a gonadotrophinuria of solely hypophysial appearance caused by reduced testicle functioning.", "contents": "[Various considerations of endocrine changes in testicular tumors]. The authors discuss the link between testicular tumours and endocrine disorders which may be observed in view of the fundamental testiculo-hypophysial relations and the importance of these as far as dysendocrinias of the tumours, leidigioma, gynaecomasty and prolanuria are concerned. In the section on breast disorder phenomena, the authors make a comparative analysis of those observed in leidigiomas and choriocarcinomas, whilst in the section on prolanuria, they consider the importance of the positive value and essentially limited to the presence of chorial tumours, whilst questioning the frequent negative results -- which never rule out the possibility of a testicular tumour since, in any case, the only thing that it determines is that the claimed neoplasia in not chorial. They also point out that the positive results of prolanuria, even in non-choriomatous tumours, must simply be interpreted as a gonadotrophinuria of solely hypophysial appearance caused by reduced testicle functioning.", "PMID": 742915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5328", "title": "[Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: diagnosis, evolution and therapeutic approach in 8 cases].", "content": "Based on 8 cases observed the author attempted to specify the possiblities of diagnosis and therapy of the idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. If the pathogeny is very dark this illness is accompanied by an unspecific chronic inflammatory process. The radiology (U.I.V. and U.P.R.) does permit to affirm the affection. The ureterolysis with bilateral intraperitonization or, in unilateral cases, the extraperitonization of the ureter fixing the peritoneum to the psoas are the most effective surgical methods. They can be combined with the cortico-therapy which permits a recovery of the renal function and improves the ureteral transit.", "contents": "[Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: diagnosis, evolution and therapeutic approach in 8 cases]. Based on 8 cases observed the author attempted to specify the possiblities of diagnosis and therapy of the idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. If the pathogeny is very dark this illness is accompanied by an unspecific chronic inflammatory process. The radiology (U.I.V. and U.P.R.) does permit to affirm the affection. The ureterolysis with bilateral intraperitonization or, in unilateral cases, the extraperitonization of the ureter fixing the peritoneum to the psoas are the most effective surgical methods. They can be combined with the cortico-therapy which permits a recovery of the renal function and improves the ureteral transit.", "PMID": 742916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5329", "title": "[Transitional cells carcinoma of the prostate. Contribution of 1 case].", "content": "The revision of one case of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate, studied by the Department of Pathology of the Hospital General y Cl\u00ednico de Tenerife, comparing the results with those in the foreign bibliography. The authors discussed the possibility that the tumoration had it's origin in the periurethral ducts at the expense of the \"basal\" or \"reserve\" cells. Therefore the symptomatology is inespecific, for which we have-special emphasis in the histologic study of the lesion as diagnostic means. The transurethral resection (TUR) is suitable for the diagnosis and estrogenic therapy doesn't seem to give good results.", "contents": "[Transitional cells carcinoma of the prostate. Contribution of 1 case]. The revision of one case of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate, studied by the Department of Pathology of the Hospital General y Cl\u00ednico de Tenerife, comparing the results with those in the foreign bibliography. The authors discussed the possibility that the tumoration had it's origin in the periurethral ducts at the expense of the \"basal\" or \"reserve\" cells. Therefore the symptomatology is inespecific, for which we have-special emphasis in the histologic study of the lesion as diagnostic means. The transurethral resection (TUR) is suitable for the diagnosis and estrogenic therapy doesn't seem to give good results.", "PMID": 742918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5330", "title": "[Personal experience in the surgical correction of orthostatic or stress urinary incontinence in both sexes].", "content": "The authors present their personal experience in the surgical correcting of exertion incontinence in both sexes over the last three years, pointing out the simplicity of the aponeurotic suspension of the neck of the bladder in women and Gregoir and Puigvert's techniques in men, the latter operations being performed first in Alcoy and Almeria, with excellent results. They comment upon the effectiveness of the operations corresponding, in principle, to cervicourethral angulation.", "contents": "[Personal experience in the surgical correction of orthostatic or stress urinary incontinence in both sexes]. The authors present their personal experience in the surgical correcting of exertion incontinence in both sexes over the last three years, pointing out the simplicity of the aponeurotic suspension of the neck of the bladder in women and Gregoir and Puigvert's techniques in men, the latter operations being performed first in Alcoy and Almeria, with excellent results. They comment upon the effectiveness of the operations corresponding, in principle, to cervicourethral angulation.", "PMID": 742917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5331", "title": "[Renoenterocolic fistula].", "content": "We present a case of reno-entero-colic fistula which is extremely rare and which, in the face of unspecific clinical pictures requires a detailed examination. Its physiopathology, the surgical problems which it poses and the means of solving these, are explained.", "contents": "[Renoenterocolic fistula]. We present a case of reno-entero-colic fistula which is extremely rare and which, in the face of unspecific clinical pictures requires a detailed examination. Its physiopathology, the surgical problems which it poses and the means of solving these, are explained.", "PMID": 742923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5332", "title": "[Transuteral ureterorenoscopy].", "content": "The endoscopy has come a long way since the first works by BOZZINI in 1806 and considering that the eye guides all the other senses and confirms their impressions, with the introduction of the transurethral ureterorenoscopy, the urologist can now see the entire ureter, the renal pelvis, the infundibuli and calices, thus enabling him to confirm or rule out the pathology in a non-aggressive way in cases in which only a surgical operation would have done this.", "contents": "[Transuteral ureterorenoscopy]. The endoscopy has come a long way since the first works by BOZZINI in 1806 and considering that the eye guides all the other senses and confirms their impressions, with the introduction of the transurethral ureterorenoscopy, the urologist can now see the entire ureter, the renal pelvis, the infundibuli and calices, thus enabling him to confirm or rule out the pathology in a non-aggressive way in cases in which only a surgical operation would have done this.", "PMID": 742922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5333", "title": "[Retrovesical hydatid cyst].", "content": "This paper explains the clinical study and the resulting treatment carried out on a patient suffering from a retrovesical tumour which proved to be a cyst of hydatidic origin. Special mention is made of the course of study which should be followed in these cases, above all as far as radiological studies are concerned as well as the special features of the removal and in situ treatment of the cyst.", "contents": "[Retrovesical hydatid cyst]. This paper explains the clinical study and the resulting treatment carried out on a patient suffering from a retrovesical tumour which proved to be a cyst of hydatidic origin. Special mention is made of the course of study which should be followed in these cases, above all as far as radiological studies are concerned as well as the special features of the removal and in situ treatment of the cyst.", "PMID": 742924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5334", "title": "[Incrusted cystitis].", "content": "Five cases are presented of incrusted, alkaline cystitis and the authors point out the pathogenic aspects and the etiology of this illness and comment upon the two forms of endoscopic presentation and the treatment of the general and local kinds.", "contents": "[Incrusted cystitis]. Five cases are presented of incrusted, alkaline cystitis and the authors point out the pathogenic aspects and the etiology of this illness and comment upon the two forms of endoscopic presentation and the treatment of the general and local kinds.", "PMID": 742920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5335", "title": "[Therapeutic embolization of renal tumors].", "content": "We present our casuistry of 17 embolized kidney adenocarcinomas with fibrin sponge and/or metal spirals. In 13, the embolization was preoperative and in 4 palliative. In two out of the latter group a control aortogram revealing no rechanneling of the renal artery, was performed several weeks later. We mention the clinico-biochemical disorders caused by embolization and the advantages of the different kinds of emboles used and we come to the conclusion that the procedure considerably facilitates the surgical removal and is of value as a palliative method in certain circumstances.", "contents": "[Therapeutic embolization of renal tumors]. We present our casuistry of 17 embolized kidney adenocarcinomas with fibrin sponge and/or metal spirals. In 13, the embolization was preoperative and in 4 palliative. In two out of the latter group a control aortogram revealing no rechanneling of the renal artery, was performed several weeks later. We mention the clinico-biochemical disorders caused by embolization and the advantages of the different kinds of emboles used and we come to the conclusion that the procedure considerably facilitates the surgical removal and is of value as a palliative method in certain circumstances.", "PMID": 742919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5336", "title": "[Closed cystostomy by puncture. Modified translumbar puncture technic for the treatment of single renal cyst].", "content": "Due to the frequent relapses in the treatment of kidney cysts by simple aspiration, the authors present a technical variation of the same, which may avoid the use of intracystic sclerosing substances. Owing to the simplicity of the method which may be performed in a clinic, its low morbility and probable effectiveness, we feel that it may be a useful procedure as a first step in the treatment of simple kidney cysts.", "contents": "[Closed cystostomy by puncture. Modified translumbar puncture technic for the treatment of single renal cyst]. Due to the frequent relapses in the treatment of kidney cysts by simple aspiration, the authors present a technical variation of the same, which may avoid the use of intracystic sclerosing substances. Owing to the simplicity of the method which may be performed in a clinic, its low morbility and probable effectiveness, we feel that it may be a useful procedure as a first step in the treatment of simple kidney cysts.", "PMID": 742921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5337", "title": "[Evaluation of gammagraphy in the differential diagnosis of cysts and renal tumors].", "content": "In view of the problems posed by the diagnosis of intrarenal masses, the authors review 16 cases of patients with this pathology who have undergone renographic and gammagraphic studies. They obtain a high level of coincidence between the gammagraphic diagnosis and its subsequent surgical confirmation, a fact which indicates that the kidney gammagraph is of great diagnostic value. This may be due to the different vascularization of the pathological area which would allow for a greater indication by the tracer, rejecting the theory of parenchymatous intoxication by toxic tumour substances.", "contents": "[Evaluation of gammagraphy in the differential diagnosis of cysts and renal tumors]. In view of the problems posed by the diagnosis of intrarenal masses, the authors review 16 cases of patients with this pathology who have undergone renographic and gammagraphic studies. They obtain a high level of coincidence between the gammagraphic diagnosis and its subsequent surgical confirmation, a fact which indicates that the kidney gammagraph is of great diagnostic value. This may be due to the different vascularization of the pathological area which would allow for a greater indication by the tracer, rejecting the theory of parenchymatous intoxication by toxic tumour substances.", "PMID": 742925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5338", "title": "H-Y antigen in testes of XX(BALB)/XY (C3H) chimaeric male mouse.", "content": "Among experimentally produced BALB/C3H aggregation (Blastocyst fusion) chimaeras of the mouse, one fertile XX (BALB)/XY (C3H) male was identified who maintained 50% or more female cells in many parts of his body. Results of H-Y antibody absorption tests revealed an XY to XX transfer of testis-organizing H-Y antigen among testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, but not among spleen and epidermal cells.", "contents": "H-Y antigen in testes of XX(BALB)/XY (C3H) chimaeric male mouse. Among experimentally produced BALB/C3H aggregation (Blastocyst fusion) chimaeras of the mouse, one fertile XX (BALB)/XY (C3H) male was identified who maintained 50% or more female cells in many parts of his body. Results of H-Y antibody absorption tests revealed an XY to XX transfer of testis-organizing H-Y antigen among testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, but not among spleen and epidermal cells.", "PMID": 742936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5339", "title": "Sperm antibody testing in infertile men.", "content": "Six hundred male patients were examined for circulating spermagglutinating antibodies by the Kibrick sperm-agglutination test and 20% demonstrated autoantibodies. The high incidence of positive findings may be explained by the select population studied. Of 80 men tested who demonstrated more than 10% agglutination in their semen, but were otherwise normospermic, 41% demonstrated positive titers by the Kibrick method. Of 300 men examined for circulating sperm-immobilizing antibodies by the Isojima sperm-immobilizing test, 6% had autoantibodies. This high incidence of positive findings demonstrates the need for these tests in males who otherwise appear normospermic or demonstrate an unexplained infertility.", "contents": "Sperm antibody testing in infertile men. Six hundred male patients were examined for circulating spermagglutinating antibodies by the Kibrick sperm-agglutination test and 20% demonstrated autoantibodies. The high incidence of positive findings may be explained by the select population studied. Of 80 men tested who demonstrated more than 10% agglutination in their semen, but were otherwise normospermic, 41% demonstrated positive titers by the Kibrick method. Of 300 men examined for circulating sperm-immobilizing antibodies by the Isojima sperm-immobilizing test, 6% had autoantibodies. This high incidence of positive findings demonstrates the need for these tests in males who otherwise appear normospermic or demonstrate an unexplained infertility.", "PMID": 742937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5340", "title": "Corrective surgery of obstructive azoospermia.", "content": "Obstructive azoospermia was corrected surgically in 233 cases of vasovasotomy and 97 cases of post-inflammatory epididymovasostomy. Good results were obtained for groups of: younger age; shorter duration of obstruction; bilateral vas-to-vas anastomosis level; bilateral end-to-end anastomosis technique; bilateral oozes; no splint; and vasovasostomy patients hospitalized for seven days. Satisfactory results were obtained for groups of: nontuberculous epididymal obstruction; side-to-side anastomosis technique; and bilateral vas-to-epididymal head anastomosis level in epididymovasostomy. Reversibility of post-vasectomy azoospermia averaged 82% for patency, and 34% for pregnancy, and for post-inflammatory azoospermia, 31% for patency, and 13% for pregnancy. Failure of operation was due mainly to fibrosis and sperm granuloma on the anastomosed site.", "contents": "Corrective surgery of obstructive azoospermia. Obstructive azoospermia was corrected surgically in 233 cases of vasovasotomy and 97 cases of post-inflammatory epididymovasostomy. Good results were obtained for groups of: younger age; shorter duration of obstruction; bilateral vas-to-vas anastomosis level; bilateral end-to-end anastomosis technique; bilateral oozes; no splint; and vasovasostomy patients hospitalized for seven days. Satisfactory results were obtained for groups of: nontuberculous epididymal obstruction; side-to-side anastomosis technique; and bilateral vas-to-epididymal head anastomosis level in epididymovasostomy. Reversibility of post-vasectomy azoospermia averaged 82% for patency, and 34% for pregnancy, and for post-inflammatory azoospermia, 31% for patency, and 13% for pregnancy. Failure of operation was due mainly to fibrosis and sperm granuloma on the anastomosed site.", "PMID": 742938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5341", "title": "Cellular interrelationships in the fetal rabbit testis.", "content": "The types and patterns of arrangement of membrane interrelationships in the fetal rabbit testis were studied, using coordinated freeze-fracture, lanthanum tracer and standard transmission electron microscopic techniques. The testicular cords contain a mixture of large spherical germ cells and oval to elongated Sertoli cells. Desmosomes are present between germ cells and Sertoli cells and between adjacent Sertoli cells. Tight junctional specializations of the type found between Sertoli cells in the adult are not seen. In freeze-fracture replicas, short strands of particles of two different size populations are found on the surfaces of Sertoli cells. Similar short strands of particles  are present on the membranes of peritubular myoid cells. In lanthanum preparations, the tracer passes freely between peritubular cells and through intercellular spaces within the seminiferous cords, indicating lack of a barrier to its passage throughout the testicular tissue. Prominent macular gap junctions similar to those found between adult Leydig cells are readily observed on the surfaces of fetal Leydig cells. The presence of gap junctions in the fetal testis may be important in coordinating the active testosterone production which occurs during this period of development.", "contents": "Cellular interrelationships in the fetal rabbit testis. The types and patterns of arrangement of membrane interrelationships in the fetal rabbit testis were studied, using coordinated freeze-fracture, lanthanum tracer and standard transmission electron microscopic techniques. The testicular cords contain a mixture of large spherical germ cells and oval to elongated Sertoli cells. Desmosomes are present between germ cells and Sertoli cells and between adjacent Sertoli cells. Tight junctional specializations of the type found between Sertoli cells in the adult are not seen. In freeze-fracture replicas, short strands of particles of two different size populations are found on the surfaces of Sertoli cells. Similar short strands of particles  are present on the membranes of peritubular myoid cells. In lanthanum preparations, the tracer passes freely between peritubular cells and through intercellular spaces within the seminiferous cords, indicating lack of a barrier to its passage throughout the testicular tissue. Prominent macular gap junctions similar to those found between adult Leydig cells are readily observed on the surfaces of fetal Leydig cells. The presence of gap junctions in the fetal testis may be important in coordinating the active testosterone production which occurs during this period of development.", "PMID": 742939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5342", "title": "Subunit structure of Eutherian sperm chromatin.", "content": "The beta-mercaptoethanol induced decondensation of spermatozoon cell nuclei from several Eutherian species has been followed from the intact spermatazoon cell to the solubilized linear unit sperm chromosomal fiber using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Data from nuclease digestion studies in conjunction with electron microscopic evidence indicate that the gross structure of the unit Eutherian sperm chromosomal fiber consists of DNA folded around sperm specific histone multimers spaced regularly along the fiber generating a linear array of sperm nucleosomes connected by short stretches of uncomplexed DNA. The sperm nucleosomes, 80 A in diameter are separated by 20 A filaments of DNA. This structure is remarkably similar to the structure of somatic chromatin although the protein components of the two chromosomes are markedly different. It seems likely that chromosomal fibers, similar to those described herein, may be present in the male pronucleus following fertilization.", "contents": "Subunit structure of Eutherian sperm chromatin. The beta-mercaptoethanol induced decondensation of spermatozoon cell nuclei from several Eutherian species has been followed from the intact spermatazoon cell to the solubilized linear unit sperm chromosomal fiber using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Data from nuclease digestion studies in conjunction with electron microscopic evidence indicate that the gross structure of the unit Eutherian sperm chromosomal fiber consists of DNA folded around sperm specific histone multimers spaced regularly along the fiber generating a linear array of sperm nucleosomes connected by short stretches of uncomplexed DNA. The sperm nucleosomes, 80 A in diameter are separated by 20 A filaments of DNA. This structure is remarkably similar to the structure of somatic chromatin although the protein components of the two chromosomes are markedly different. It seems likely that chromosomal fibers, similar to those described herein, may be present in the male pronucleus following fertilization.", "PMID": 742940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5343", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and indomethacin on rat epididymal responses to norepinephrine and acetylcholine.", "content": "Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha tromethamine salt caused an increase in amplitude and frequency of rat epididymal contractions. Moreover, they caused a significant potentiation of contractile responses of epididymal smooth muscle to stimulation by norepinephrine or acetylcholine. Indomethacin treatment caused no changes in the spontaneous motility, and this inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis decreased the responses of epididymis to norepinephrine or acetylcholine. Spontaneous motility of epididymis is possible in the presence of smaller amounts of endogenous prostaglandins, and sudden contraction occurring during ejaculation, induced by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves stimulation, could be influenced or modulated by prostaglandins.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and indomethacin on rat epididymal responses to norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha tromethamine salt caused an increase in amplitude and frequency of rat epididymal contractions. Moreover, they caused a significant potentiation of contractile responses of epididymal smooth muscle to stimulation by norepinephrine or acetylcholine. Indomethacin treatment caused no changes in the spontaneous motility, and this inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis decreased the responses of epididymis to norepinephrine or acetylcholine. Spontaneous motility of epididymis is possible in the presence of smaller amounts of endogenous prostaglandins, and sudden contraction occurring during ejaculation, induced by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves stimulation, could be influenced or modulated by prostaglandins.", "PMID": 742941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5344", "title": "Prolactin in seminal plasma of infertile men.", "content": "Twenty-one fertile and 103 infertile patients with oligospermia, azoospermia, impaired sperm motility and hypogonadism were evaluated for prolactin concentrations in serum, seminal plasma and split seminal plasma of two fractions. Prolactin concentration in the seminal plasma was two to three times higher than serum prolactin levels in fertile and infertile men. Prolactin concentration of the fraction 2 of the split ejaculate was higher than that of the fraction 1 and of the serum. Excessive high levels of serum prolactin and/or seminal plasma were found only among infertile patients with oligo- and azoospermia, impaired motility and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Prolactin is selectively accumulated in fraction 2 of the split ejaculate and affects the constituents of the seminal vesicular fluid, and excessive high prolactin concentrations of either seminal plasma or serum may be associated with male infertility.", "contents": "Prolactin in seminal plasma of infertile men. Twenty-one fertile and 103 infertile patients with oligospermia, azoospermia, impaired sperm motility and hypogonadism were evaluated for prolactin concentrations in serum, seminal plasma and split seminal plasma of two fractions. Prolactin concentration in the seminal plasma was two to three times higher than serum prolactin levels in fertile and infertile men. Prolactin concentration of the fraction 2 of the split ejaculate was higher than that of the fraction 1 and of the serum. Excessive high levels of serum prolactin and/or seminal plasma were found only among infertile patients with oligo- and azoospermia, impaired motility and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Prolactin is selectively accumulated in fraction 2 of the split ejaculate and affects the constituents of the seminal vesicular fluid, and excessive high prolactin concentrations of either seminal plasma or serum may be associated with male infertility.", "PMID": 742942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5345", "title": "Characterization of rat spermatocytes after plastic embedding.", "content": "Rat testicular tissue, perfused with glutaraldehyde, post-fixed with osmium and stained with toluidine blue, was studied to obtain information which could be used to characterize spermatocytes (also type B gonia and Step 1 spermatids) with the light microscope. Measurements of relative cell, nuclear sizes and absolute nuclear size are presented in graphic form, demonstrating the progressive growth found for spermatocytes. Early prophase spermatocytes (preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene) gradually increased in size. Pachytene cells showed no growth until Stage IV, at which point a dramatic size increase began and continued until the diplotene phase. Guidelines to identify a particular phase of meiosis were established for spermatocytes using primarily nuclear traits. Examination of longitudinal sections through Stages XIII, XIV and I were useful for comparing cells from Meiotic divisions (meta-, ana-, and telophases) I and II and also for differentiating secondary spermatocytes from Step 1 spermatids.", "contents": "Characterization of rat spermatocytes after plastic embedding. Rat testicular tissue, perfused with glutaraldehyde, post-fixed with osmium and stained with toluidine blue, was studied to obtain information which could be used to characterize spermatocytes (also type B gonia and Step 1 spermatids) with the light microscope. Measurements of relative cell, nuclear sizes and absolute nuclear size are presented in graphic form, demonstrating the progressive growth found for spermatocytes. Early prophase spermatocytes (preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene) gradually increased in size. Pachytene cells showed no growth until Stage IV, at which point a dramatic size increase began and continued until the diplotene phase. Guidelines to identify a particular phase of meiosis were established for spermatocytes using primarily nuclear traits. Examination of longitudinal sections through Stages XIII, XIV and I were useful for comparing cells from Meiotic divisions (meta-, ana-, and telophases) I and II and also for differentiating secondary spermatocytes from Step 1 spermatids.", "PMID": 742943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5346", "title": "Carnitine levels in human accessory sex organs.", "content": "Carnitine concentration was measured in human tissue obtained at surgery or autopsy. In all patients, the concentration of carnitine (nMol. g-1 tissue) was higher in epididymis than in testis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. There was no correlation between the tissue levels of testosterone in the testis and the concentration of carnitine in epididymis. As in the rat and baboon, carnitine is also found in high concentrations in the human epididymis.", "contents": "Carnitine levels in human accessory sex organs. Carnitine concentration was measured in human tissue obtained at surgery or autopsy. In all patients, the concentration of carnitine (nMol. g-1 tissue) was higher in epididymis than in testis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. There was no correlation between the tissue levels of testosterone in the testis and the concentration of carnitine in epididymis. As in the rat and baboon, carnitine is also found in high concentrations in the human epididymis.", "PMID": 742944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5347", "title": "The effect of human spermatozoa on antigen and mitogen induced blastogenesis.", "content": "In an attempt to identify factors capable of specifically or nonspecifically modulating results in an in vitro blastogenic assay system, studies were performed evaluating cell mediated immune response to human spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were capable, on a dose dependent basis, of both inhibiting and stimulating normal lymphocyte DNA synthesis as well as suppressing mitogen-induced response. Pretreatment of spermatozoa with neuraminidase and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside abrogated suppressive properties on spontaneous and/or mitogen-induced stimulation. Such suppressive activity on mitogen-induced response was observed using B and T-cell enriched populations. Inhibitory properties were not evident using intact cell populations stimulated by specific antigen. It is suggested that: (1) receptors on spermatozoa bind lectin; and (2) such receptors can be inactivated by enzymes having glycoprotein specificity.", "contents": "The effect of human spermatozoa on antigen and mitogen induced blastogenesis. In an attempt to identify factors capable of specifically or nonspecifically modulating results in an in vitro blastogenic assay system, studies were performed evaluating cell mediated immune response to human spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were capable, on a dose dependent basis, of both inhibiting and stimulating normal lymphocyte DNA synthesis as well as suppressing mitogen-induced response. Pretreatment of spermatozoa with neuraminidase and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside abrogated suppressive properties on spontaneous and/or mitogen-induced stimulation. Such suppressive activity on mitogen-induced response was observed using B and T-cell enriched populations. Inhibitory properties were not evident using intact cell populations stimulated by specific antigen. It is suggested that: (1) receptors on spermatozoa bind lectin; and (2) such receptors can be inactivated by enzymes having glycoprotein specificity.", "PMID": 742945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5348", "title": "C1q precipitins in human seminal plasma.", "content": "Seminal plasma was tested against purified C1q by double diffusion. Precipitation reactions were frequently observed in the seminal plasma of patients with normozoospermia and patients with azoospermia; most of these reactions were not due to soluble immune complexes binding to C1q. A factor resistant to DNAse and RNAse (mol wt: 25,000--150,000 daltons) was found to precipitate C1q. Its discovery adds to the list of substances which may interfere in C1q precipitation tests.", "contents": "C1q precipitins in human seminal plasma. Seminal plasma was tested against purified C1q by double diffusion. Precipitation reactions were frequently observed in the seminal plasma of patients with normozoospermia and patients with azoospermia; most of these reactions were not due to soluble immune complexes binding to C1q. A factor resistant to DNAse and RNAse (mol wt: 25,000--150,000 daltons) was found to precipitate C1q. Its discovery adds to the list of substances which may interfere in C1q precipitation tests.", "PMID": 742946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5349", "title": "Sex-related changes in the population of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of the mouse. An electron microscope study.", "content": "Lymphocytes in the bone marrow were qualitatively and quantitatively examined by electron microscopy in dd-mice of both sexes at various ages. In males, marrow lymphocytes represented 4% of all the nucleated blood cells in the marrow at 4 days of age, 14% at 20 days and 21% at 35 days. From 60 days to one year of age they remained about 8%. In females, marrow lymphocytes were almost similar in proportion to those in males in early life until 35 days, and the proportion of lymphocytes, unlike that in males, remained almost unchanged thereafter until one year of age. Thus marrow lymphocytes were significantly greater in proportion in females than in males after puberty. The marrow lymphocytes were mainly small lymphocytes. The marrow small lymphocytes could be classified, by ultrastructural features, into two types: dark and light small lymphocytes. Dark small lymphocytes constituted about 90% of all the marrow small lymphocytes in early life in both sexes, but they then underwent a decrease especially in males. Light small lymphocytes were few in early life, but they increased with age in both sexes. The two types of small lymphocytes were discussed in relation to the lymphocyte subpopulations which have been generally accepted.", "contents": "Sex-related changes in the population of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of the mouse. An electron microscope study. Lymphocytes in the bone marrow were qualitatively and quantitatively examined by electron microscopy in dd-mice of both sexes at various ages. In males, marrow lymphocytes represented 4% of all the nucleated blood cells in the marrow at 4 days of age, 14% at 20 days and 21% at 35 days. From 60 days to one year of age they remained about 8%. In females, marrow lymphocytes were almost similar in proportion to those in males in early life until 35 days, and the proportion of lymphocytes, unlike that in males, remained almost unchanged thereafter until one year of age. Thus marrow lymphocytes were significantly greater in proportion in females than in males after puberty. The marrow lymphocytes were mainly small lymphocytes. The marrow small lymphocytes could be classified, by ultrastructural features, into two types: dark and light small lymphocytes. Dark small lymphocytes constituted about 90% of all the marrow small lymphocytes in early life in both sexes, but they then underwent a decrease especially in males. Light small lymphocytes were few in early life, but they increased with age in both sexes. The two types of small lymphocytes were discussed in relation to the lymphocyte subpopulations which have been generally accepted.", "PMID": 742954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5350", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study on the mechanism of obstructive jaundice in rats.", "content": "The possible communication between the bile canaliculus and the space of Disse was examined by experimentally inducing obstructive jaundice in rats. Blood bilirubin levels were measured and the morphological changes in the liver were observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM); Golgi's silver impregnation was also applied to demonstrate bile canaliculus. The normal bile canaliculus issued side branches but these ended blindly and showed no communication with the space of Disse. The pericapillary space of Disse frequently extended between the liver cells forming a paracapillary space. This space reached close to the bile canaliculus but never connected with it. Seven to 14 days after bile duct ligation, when a maximal level of bilirubin was reached, direct connection of bile canaliculi and pericapillary or paracapillary spaces could be found in many places. Two routes of bile leakage were discerned: One was formed by the side branch of the bile canaliculus directly connected to the pericapillary or paracapillary space, and the other was a communication of the laterally extended bile canaliculus to the paracapillary space, the junctional complex being overrun (Fig. 12).", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study on the mechanism of obstructive jaundice in rats. The possible communication between the bile canaliculus and the space of Disse was examined by experimentally inducing obstructive jaundice in rats. Blood bilirubin levels were measured and the morphological changes in the liver were observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM); Golgi's silver impregnation was also applied to demonstrate bile canaliculus. The normal bile canaliculus issued side branches but these ended blindly and showed no communication with the space of Disse. The pericapillary space of Disse frequently extended between the liver cells forming a paracapillary space. This space reached close to the bile canaliculus but never connected with it. Seven to 14 days after bile duct ligation, when a maximal level of bilirubin was reached, direct connection of bile canaliculi and pericapillary or paracapillary spaces could be found in many places. Two routes of bile leakage were discerned: One was formed by the side branch of the bile canaliculus directly connected to the pericapillary or paracapillary space, and the other was a communication of the laterally extended bile canaliculus to the paracapillary space, the junctional complex being overrun (Fig. 12).", "PMID": 742955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5351", "title": "Early changes in the structure of rat sciatic nerves by ligation.", "content": "In order to find any morphological changes that might occur in the accumulation of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes following ligation of the sciatic nerve, light and electron microscopic studies were made in segments both proximal and distal to the ligature of the rat sciatic nerve from the initial period up to 4 days. The earliest changes were observed in the larger myelinated nerve fibers at 0.5 and 1.0 mm segments distal and proximal to the ligature, while little if any changes occurred in smaller myelinated nerve fibers. The non-myelinated fibers showed an increased electron density of axons due to the increase in density of the matrix, increased numbers of microtubules and/or microfibriles and of vesicles and vacuoles of varying size in addition to the enlarged size of the axon. These types of changes in the non-myelinated fibers seem to be more marked in the proximal segments, and are probably responsible for the accumulation of axoplasm containing some enzymes.", "contents": "Early changes in the structure of rat sciatic nerves by ligation. In order to find any morphological changes that might occur in the accumulation of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes following ligation of the sciatic nerve, light and electron microscopic studies were made in segments both proximal and distal to the ligature of the rat sciatic nerve from the initial period up to 4 days. The earliest changes were observed in the larger myelinated nerve fibers at 0.5 and 1.0 mm segments distal and proximal to the ligature, while little if any changes occurred in smaller myelinated nerve fibers. The non-myelinated fibers showed an increased electron density of axons due to the increase in density of the matrix, increased numbers of microtubules and/or microfibriles and of vesicles and vacuoles of varying size in addition to the enlarged size of the axon. These types of changes in the non-myelinated fibers seem to be more marked in the proximal segments, and are probably responsible for the accumulation of axoplasm containing some enzymes.", "PMID": 742957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5352", "title": "Freeze-fracture images of the zonula occludens in the mouse oviduct epithelium.", "content": "Freeze-fracture images of zonulae occludentes of the oviduct epithelium of adult mice were observed in the electron microscope. The structure of zonulae occludentes varies depending on the types of oviduct epithelial cells. Those between two secretory cells consist of 5--14 (9.2 +/- 2.0) strands interposed between the luminal and the lateral plasma membrane. The strands run irregularly making well developed anastomoses with one another. The tight junction between two ciliated cells consists of 4--14 (8.5 +/- 2.3) strands. Among them the upper 3--9 strands are unique in shape. The strands run regularly, compactly and parallel to the luminal surface and to each other with a few anastomoses. The distance between the adjacent strands is about 40 nm. Under this characteristic part several strands are very loosely distributed and run irregularly. The pattern of the strands in the zonula occludens between a secretory cell and a ciliated one resembles that between adjacent ciliated cells. The junction consists of 4--13 (8.3 +/- 2.0) strands. The characteristically dense and parallel arrangement of the strands demonstrated in this study is presumed to be related to the ciliary movement. All the zonulae occludentes in the mouse oviduct epithelium are \"very tight\" in type. No large gap junctions are seen in the mouse oviduct epithelium.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture images of the zonula occludens in the mouse oviduct epithelium. Freeze-fracture images of zonulae occludentes of the oviduct epithelium of adult mice were observed in the electron microscope. The structure of zonulae occludentes varies depending on the types of oviduct epithelial cells. Those between two secretory cells consist of 5--14 (9.2 +/- 2.0) strands interposed between the luminal and the lateral plasma membrane. The strands run irregularly making well developed anastomoses with one another. The tight junction between two ciliated cells consists of 4--14 (8.5 +/- 2.3) strands. Among them the upper 3--9 strands are unique in shape. The strands run regularly, compactly and parallel to the luminal surface and to each other with a few anastomoses. The distance between the adjacent strands is about 40 nm. Under this characteristic part several strands are very loosely distributed and run irregularly. The pattern of the strands in the zonula occludens between a secretory cell and a ciliated one resembles that between adjacent ciliated cells. The junction consists of 4--13 (8.3 +/- 2.0) strands. The characteristically dense and parallel arrangement of the strands demonstrated in this study is presumed to be related to the ciliary movement. All the zonulae occludentes in the mouse oviduct epithelium are \"very tight\" in type. No large gap junctions are seen in the mouse oviduct epithelium.", "PMID": 742958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5353", "title": "Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual behavior.", "content": "Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences were examined in volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual arousal. Subjects were 108 participants in a questionnaire study entitled \"Personality and Sexuality\", who were then asked to volunteer for a second study which necessitated watching sexually explicit films, being partially undressed in an experimental chamber, and having penile diameter measured via a strain gauge device. Volunteers for the second study were found to be less guilty, less sexually fearful, more sexually experienced, and older than nonvolunteers. Volunteers also reported a higher incidence of past erectile difficulties and tended to be White or of mixed racial heritage, as opposed to being Oriental. Other personality variables did not discriminate between the two groups. The results indicate that future research in human sexuality using the laboratory analytic method must impose strict limits on generalization from the research data.", "contents": "Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual behavior. Personality, sexuality, and demographic differences were examined in volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of male sexual arousal. Subjects were 108 participants in a questionnaire study entitled \"Personality and Sexuality\", who were then asked to volunteer for a second study which necessitated watching sexually explicit films, being partially undressed in an experimental chamber, and having penile diameter measured via a strain gauge device. Volunteers for the second study were found to be less guilty, less sexually fearful, more sexually experienced, and older than nonvolunteers. Volunteers also reported a higher incidence of past erectile difficulties and tended to be White or of mixed racial heritage, as opposed to being Oriental. Other personality variables did not discriminate between the two groups. The results indicate that future research in human sexuality using the laboratory analytic method must impose strict limits on generalization from the research data.", "PMID": 742962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5354", "title": "Psychosexual material in the stories told by children: the fucker.", "content": "The spontaneously reported narrative fictions collected from 5- to 11-year-old children were examined for the presence of overt psychosexual elements. Two developmental hypotheses were advanced: (1) that the children's expressions would become more inhibited and therefore more indirect with age (Wolfenstein) and (2) that their expressions would not be more inhibited with age but simply more complex and wide ranging (Legman). The data are interpreted as supporting the latter proposition. The older children in the present sample give a wide-ranging display of psychosexual material stated just as directly as is the case with the narrower array for the younger children. Freud's dictum that the higher a joke rises in polite society the more indirect must be its form of expression is thus not supported in the present elementary school. The cultural relativity of the hypothesis is suggested. A folktale analysis of these materials shows that they are most appropriately described as typical of the \"trickster\" figure in folkloric genre. The Fucker appears to be a subcategory of this genre as well as an enduring folk figure.", "contents": "Psychosexual material in the stories told by children: the fucker. The spontaneously reported narrative fictions collected from 5- to 11-year-old children were examined for the presence of overt psychosexual elements. Two developmental hypotheses were advanced: (1) that the children's expressions would become more inhibited and therefore more indirect with age (Wolfenstein) and (2) that their expressions would not be more inhibited with age but simply more complex and wide ranging (Legman). The data are interpreted as supporting the latter proposition. The older children in the present sample give a wide-ranging display of psychosexual material stated just as directly as is the case with the narrower array for the younger children. Freud's dictum that the higher a joke rises in polite society the more indirect must be its form of expression is thus not supported in the present elementary school. The cultural relativity of the hypothesis is suggested. A folktale analysis of these materials shows that they are most appropriately described as typical of the \"trickster\" figure in folkloric genre. The Fucker appears to be a subcategory of this genre as well as an enduring folk figure.", "PMID": 742963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5355", "title": "Cross-cultural analysis of students' sexual standards.", "content": "Our purpose was to investigate, cross-culturally, university students' premarital sexual standards. A number of predictions were derived from the work of Cristensen, Reiss, and Burr. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from over 1100 English-speaking respondents in five \"cultures\" (four countries). These cultural contexts had a strong effect on the attitudes and behavior of individual respondents. As predicted, the difference in the standards held by males and females was small in highly permissive societies. Negative consequences of premarital intercourse (i.e., guilt) were reported by the highest proportion of sexually experienced respondents in the most restrictive society. An unsuccessful effort was made to predict how the correlation between permissiveness and such variables as religiosity would change in different cultures. Across all five cultures, greater courtship participation, less religiosity, greater physical attractiveness, and spending less time with one's family were associated with greater permissiveness. Finally, students from high-status backgrounds were generally more permissive.", "contents": "Cross-cultural analysis of students' sexual standards. Our purpose was to investigate, cross-culturally, university students' premarital sexual standards. A number of predictions were derived from the work of Cristensen, Reiss, and Burr. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from over 1100 English-speaking respondents in five \"cultures\" (four countries). These cultural contexts had a strong effect on the attitudes and behavior of individual respondents. As predicted, the difference in the standards held by males and females was small in highly permissive societies. Negative consequences of premarital intercourse (i.e., guilt) were reported by the highest proportion of sexually experienced respondents in the most restrictive society. An unsuccessful effort was made to predict how the correlation between permissiveness and such variables as religiosity would change in different cultures. Across all five cultures, greater courtship participation, less religiosity, greater physical attractiveness, and spending less time with one's family were associated with greater permissiveness. Finally, students from high-status backgrounds were generally more permissive.", "PMID": 742964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5356", "title": "Development of masturbation in college women.", "content": "To elucidate a number of hypotheses about the development of sexual responsivity in women, a random sample of 100 undergraduate women was interviewed about their masturbation histories, techniques in masturbation, and the relationship of masturbation to intercourse. Masturbation had been practiced by 74%. It began most commonly as an accidental discovery. Learning the sexual nature of masturbation from peers and written sources seemed to result in methods more imitative of heterosexual activities and to increase the enjoyment and goal-directedness of the behavior. The view that experiencing sexual pleasure depends on social transmission of scripts was thus supported. Several techniques were related to orgasm ability in masturbation and intercourse. Women who were orgasmic in masturbation and who masturbated with that goal were more likely to continue the behavior than those with other goals. Frequency of masturbation and frequency of intercourse were not related, failing to support the notion of a unitary \"sex drive\". Nor was \"clitoral fixation\" documented by any relationship between reliance on clitoral stimulation in both masturbation and intercourse. Masturbating to orgasm was not related to orgasm ability in intercourse.", "contents": "Development of masturbation in college women. To elucidate a number of hypotheses about the development of sexual responsivity in women, a random sample of 100 undergraduate women was interviewed about their masturbation histories, techniques in masturbation, and the relationship of masturbation to intercourse. Masturbation had been practiced by 74%. It began most commonly as an accidental discovery. Learning the sexual nature of masturbation from peers and written sources seemed to result in methods more imitative of heterosexual activities and to increase the enjoyment and goal-directedness of the behavior. The view that experiencing sexual pleasure depends on social transmission of scripts was thus supported. Several techniques were related to orgasm ability in masturbation and intercourse. Women who were orgasmic in masturbation and who masturbated with that goal were more likely to continue the behavior than those with other goals. Frequency of masturbation and frequency of intercourse were not related, failing to support the notion of a unitary \"sex drive\". Nor was \"clitoral fixation\" documented by any relationship between reliance on clitoral stimulation in both masturbation and intercourse. Masturbating to orgasm was not related to orgasm ability in intercourse.", "PMID": 742965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5357", "title": "Heterosexual experience, marital status, and orientation of homosexual males.", "content": "The penile volume responses of homosexual males to pictures of nude women and men were measured and related to the subjects' marital status and experience of heterosexual intercourse. Single subjects with no experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with a history of intercourse with only their wives showed significantly greater response to pictures of men compared to pictures of women than did single subjects with experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with experience of intercourse with women additional to their wives. It was concluded that extensive experience of heterosexual intercourse with one partner did not reduce homosexual responsiveness as measured by subjects' penile response to pictures of nude men and women. It was further concluded that some homosexual males showed physiological evidence of a degree of bisexuality in addition to the behavioral evidence that they sought heterosexual physical relationships.", "contents": "Heterosexual experience, marital status, and orientation of homosexual males. The penile volume responses of homosexual males to pictures of nude women and men were measured and related to the subjects' marital status and experience of heterosexual intercourse. Single subjects with no experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with a history of intercourse with only their wives showed significantly greater response to pictures of men compared to pictures of women than did single subjects with experience of heterosexual intercourse and married subjects with experience of intercourse with women additional to their wives. It was concluded that extensive experience of heterosexual intercourse with one partner did not reduce homosexual responsiveness as measured by subjects' penile response to pictures of nude men and women. It was further concluded that some homosexual males showed physiological evidence of a degree of bisexuality in addition to the behavioral evidence that they sought heterosexual physical relationships.", "PMID": 742966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5358", "title": "Men's and women's reactions to sexually explicit films: a serendipitous finding.", "content": "We proposed that men and women would be \"turned off\" by watching men and women like themselves engaged in sexual activity and \"\"turned on\" by watching someone of the opposite sex engaged in the same activity. We tested this hypothesis by showing college men and women eight films: films depicting male and female homosexuality, male and female masturbation, and males and females engaged in heterosexual intercourse. We assessed men and women's reactions via the Byrne-Sheffield (1965) Feeling Scale and Griffitt's (1975) Physiological Arousal Scale. We found support for our hypothesis. We also attempted to determine whether men and women differed in how easily they became aroused by sexually explicit films. We found that they did not.", "contents": "Men's and women's reactions to sexually explicit films: a serendipitous finding. We proposed that men and women would be \"turned off\" by watching men and women like themselves engaged in sexual activity and \"\"turned on\" by watching someone of the opposite sex engaged in the same activity. We tested this hypothesis by showing college men and women eight films: films depicting male and female homosexuality, male and female masturbation, and males and females engaged in heterosexual intercourse. We assessed men and women's reactions via the Byrne-Sheffield (1965) Feeling Scale and Griffitt's (1975) Physiological Arousal Scale. We found support for our hypothesis. We also attempted to determine whether men and women differed in how easily they became aroused by sexually explicit films. We found that they did not.", "PMID": 742967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5359", "title": "Group vs. couple treatment of sexual dysfunctions.", "content": "Results of a study comparing the effectiveness of two formats for treating men with premature ejaculation and their female partners with orgasmic dysfunctions are described. In one treatment format, a couple was treated by a male and female cotherapy team once a week for 12 sessions. In the second treatment format, which also consisted of 12 weekly sessions, three or four couples were treated simultaneously in a group led by a cotherapy team. The five couples treated alone and the ten couples treated in the group format all received a standardized therapy program consisting of sex education, attitude restructuring, and specific suggestions for acquiring ejaculatory control for the men and an increased range of orgasmic response for the females. The results showed significant improvement for couples in both treatment formats. The group format initially showed a slight tendency toward more rapid progress than did the couple format, but by the 2-month follow-up there were no significant differences. The study demonstrates that couple group treatment is a cost-effective means for treating common male and female sexual problems.", "contents": "Group vs. couple treatment of sexual dysfunctions. Results of a study comparing the effectiveness of two formats for treating men with premature ejaculation and their female partners with orgasmic dysfunctions are described. In one treatment format, a couple was treated by a male and female cotherapy team once a week for 12 sessions. In the second treatment format, which also consisted of 12 weekly sessions, three or four couples were treated simultaneously in a group led by a cotherapy team. The five couples treated alone and the ten couples treated in the group format all received a standardized therapy program consisting of sex education, attitude restructuring, and specific suggestions for acquiring ejaculatory control for the men and an increased range of orgasmic response for the females. The results showed significant improvement for couples in both treatment formats. The group format initially showed a slight tendency toward more rapid progress than did the couple format, but by the 2-month follow-up there were no significant differences. The study demonstrates that couple group treatment is a cost-effective means for treating common male and female sexual problems.", "PMID": 742968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5360", "title": "[Characterization of radioactivity distribution in the organism during constant intravenous infusion of tracer amino acids and calculation of the rate of tissue protein synthesis in rats].", "content": "Male wistar rats (100 g live mass) were given infusions into the tail vein of 14C-leucine and 14C-lysine simultaneously for 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.0 hours. At the end of the infusion the specific radioactivity of the free leucine and lysine in the blood plasma, liver, M. gastrocnemius, small intestines and colon were ascertained as well as after the 6-and-7-hour infusion that of the protein-bound leucine and lysine. In all tested tissues the specific radioactivity of the free amino acids attained a plateau during the 6-and-7-hour infusion. The rate constants for the increase were calculated for each organ tested. The two amino acids used are suitable for the calculation of the fractional rate of protein synthesis in tissues. The values of the fractional rate of protein synthesis calculated on the basis of the 6-and-7-hour infusion were: 54 +/- 7.7%/day for the liver, 9.4 +/- 1.2%/day for muscles, 89 +/- 12.2%/day for the small intestines and 42 +/- 5.9%/day for the colon. The simultaneous application of two tracer amino acids is recommendable for the estimation of the precursor pool for protein synthesis and the more accurate calculation of the rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Characterization of radioactivity distribution in the organism during constant intravenous infusion of tracer amino acids and calculation of the rate of tissue protein synthesis in rats]. Male wistar rats (100 g live mass) were given infusions into the tail vein of 14C-leucine and 14C-lysine simultaneously for 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 7.0 hours. At the end of the infusion the specific radioactivity of the free leucine and lysine in the blood plasma, liver, M. gastrocnemius, small intestines and colon were ascertained as well as after the 6-and-7-hour infusion that of the protein-bound leucine and lysine. In all tested tissues the specific radioactivity of the free amino acids attained a plateau during the 6-and-7-hour infusion. The rate constants for the increase were calculated for each organ tested. The two amino acids used are suitable for the calculation of the fractional rate of protein synthesis in tissues. The values of the fractional rate of protein synthesis calculated on the basis of the 6-and-7-hour infusion were: 54 +/- 7.7%/day for the liver, 9.4 +/- 1.2%/day for muscles, 89 +/- 12.2%/day for the small intestines and 42 +/- 5.9%/day for the colon. The simultaneous application of two tracer amino acids is recommendable for the estimation of the precursor pool for protein synthesis and the more accurate calculation of the rate of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 742969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5361", "title": "[Assessment of the proteins in crill meal and lucerne meal extract].", "content": "In a feed test with rats lucerne meal extract and crill meal were used as protein sources in order to test their quality in comparison to casein. On the basis of the applied criteria, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio productive protein value and efficiency of the gross energy we can conclude that lucerne meal extract alone is unsuitable to cover the protein requirement of growing rats. Lucerne meal extract can be supplied particularly on a higher protein level if casein is given in addition. Crill meal as protein source proves to be superior to casein concerning feed conversion and inferior concerning protein accumulation. In this case, complementary doses of casein did not lead to better results.", "contents": "[Assessment of the proteins in crill meal and lucerne meal extract]. In a feed test with rats lucerne meal extract and crill meal were used as protein sources in order to test their quality in comparison to casein. On the basis of the applied criteria, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio productive protein value and efficiency of the gross energy we can conclude that lucerne meal extract alone is unsuitable to cover the protein requirement of growing rats. Lucerne meal extract can be supplied particularly on a higher protein level if casein is given in addition. Crill meal as protein source proves to be superior to casein concerning feed conversion and inferior concerning protein accumulation. In this case, complementary doses of casein did not lead to better results.", "PMID": 742970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5362", "title": "[Glucose content of lambs' blood. 1. Effect of administration of various carbohydrates].", "content": "After the oral administration of lactose or starch the blood sugar content was proofed as an indicator for the carbohydrate digestion and resorption of lambs at the age of 7 to 35 days. With increasing age the blood sugar level during fasting decreased, on an average of all lambs, from 65 to 50 mg glucose/100 ml blood. The administration of lactose resulted in an increase of the blood glucose content on all days. In contrast to this, the administration of starch only resulted in an increase of the blood glucose content of lambs that were at least three weeks old.", "contents": "[Glucose content of lambs' blood. 1. Effect of administration of various carbohydrates]. After the oral administration of lactose or starch the blood sugar content was proofed as an indicator for the carbohydrate digestion and resorption of lambs at the age of 7 to 35 days. With increasing age the blood sugar level during fasting decreased, on an average of all lambs, from 65 to 50 mg glucose/100 ml blood. The administration of lactose resulted in an increase of the blood glucose content on all days. In contrast to this, the administration of starch only resulted in an increase of the blood glucose content of lambs that were at least three weeks old.", "PMID": 742971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5363", "title": "[Glucose content of lambs' blood. 2. Blood glucose content during several hours after feeding].", "content": "During a 16-hour fasting period, the development of the blood glucose level of ewelessly reared lambs of 4 to 30 days of age was analysed. While the blood glucose level of lambs during their first week of life reacted with a considerable increase and a relatively quick decrease on the administration of milk substitutes, the course of this curve became smoother with increasing age. After a five-hour fasting period, the blood glucose level--after 4 days of the lambs' life--amounted to 101 mg, after 9 days to 96 mg, after 16 days to 91 mg, after 23 days to 64 mg, after 30 days to 71 mg per 100 ml blood. The significance of these results for the establishment of a suitable drinking technology is being discussed.", "contents": "[Glucose content of lambs' blood. 2. Blood glucose content during several hours after feeding]. During a 16-hour fasting period, the development of the blood glucose level of ewelessly reared lambs of 4 to 30 days of age was analysed. While the blood glucose level of lambs during their first week of life reacted with a considerable increase and a relatively quick decrease on the administration of milk substitutes, the course of this curve became smoother with increasing age. After a five-hour fasting period, the blood glucose level--after 4 days of the lambs' life--amounted to 101 mg, after 9 days to 96 mg, after 16 days to 91 mg, after 23 days to 64 mg, after 30 days to 71 mg per 100 ml blood. The significance of these results for the establishment of a suitable drinking technology is being discussed.", "PMID": 742972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5364", "title": "[2,6-Diaminopimelic acid (DPA) content and the DPA:N ratio in rumen bacteria in relation to time after feeding].", "content": "The interrelation between the time of the withdrawal of rumen fluid and the DPA: N-relation in the fraction of mixed rumen bacteria was ascertained in a test with two cows with rumen fistulae. At the moment of feeding the DPA-content of 63 mg per g bacteria was very high. In the period of 3 to 9 hours after feeding it remained relatively constant (50 mg). A mean conversion relation of 20.4 of DPA to bacteria N was ascertained. The amino acid model proved to be the same in all fractions, the content values were comparable to those found in technical literature.", "contents": "[2,6-Diaminopimelic acid (DPA) content and the DPA:N ratio in rumen bacteria in relation to time after feeding]. The interrelation between the time of the withdrawal of rumen fluid and the DPA: N-relation in the fraction of mixed rumen bacteria was ascertained in a test with two cows with rumen fistulae. At the moment of feeding the DPA-content of 63 mg per g bacteria was very high. In the period of 3 to 9 hours after feeding it remained relatively constant (50 mg). A mean conversion relation of 20.4 of DPA to bacteria N was ascertained. The amino acid model proved to be the same in all fractions, the content values were comparable to those found in technical literature.", "PMID": 742973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5365", "title": "[Interaction among the trace elements zinc, copper and iron after depletion and repletion of dairy cows with zinc].", "content": "Imbalances in the supply with trace elements may be caused by the excessive administration of one or several elements or the insufficient administration in relation to other trace elements. This article deals with the interactions between the trace elements zinc and copper resp. zinc and iron under the conditions of the insufficient supply with Zn (6 mg per kg dry matter of the fodder) and the supply according to the demand with other trace elements (14 mg copper resp. 83 mg iron per dry matter of the fodder). For this purpose we investigated the copper, iron and zinc content of the milk and the serum of cows that were first depleted of zinc through a semi-synthetic zinc deficiency diet and then repleted with extra allowances of zinc. The closest connections exist between the copper and zinc content of the milk. Thus extreme Zn-deficiency feeding conditions the decreased Zn-content on the one hand and increased Cu-content on the other. In contrast to this, the cows' Zn-excretion in the milk increases after Zn-repletion whereas the Cu-content decreases. This shows a distinctly negative correlation. A loose connection could only be detected for the Cu- and Zn-content of the serum. Though the Zn-content changed considerably in dependence on the Zn-supply, the Cu-content remained largely uninfluenced. The Fe-content of both milk and serum shows no interaction with the nutritive Zn-supply. Only after 19 test weeks of extreme Zn-deficiency could a slight increase of the Fe-concentration be indicated.", "contents": "[Interaction among the trace elements zinc, copper and iron after depletion and repletion of dairy cows with zinc]. Imbalances in the supply with trace elements may be caused by the excessive administration of one or several elements or the insufficient administration in relation to other trace elements. This article deals with the interactions between the trace elements zinc and copper resp. zinc and iron under the conditions of the insufficient supply with Zn (6 mg per kg dry matter of the fodder) and the supply according to the demand with other trace elements (14 mg copper resp. 83 mg iron per dry matter of the fodder). For this purpose we investigated the copper, iron and zinc content of the milk and the serum of cows that were first depleted of zinc through a semi-synthetic zinc deficiency diet and then repleted with extra allowances of zinc. The closest connections exist between the copper and zinc content of the milk. Thus extreme Zn-deficiency feeding conditions the decreased Zn-content on the one hand and increased Cu-content on the other. In contrast to this, the cows' Zn-excretion in the milk increases after Zn-repletion whereas the Cu-content decreases. This shows a distinctly negative correlation. A loose connection could only be detected for the Cu- and Zn-content of the serum. Though the Zn-content changed considerably in dependence on the Zn-supply, the Cu-content remained largely uninfluenced. The Fe-content of both milk and serum shows no interaction with the nutritive Zn-supply. Only after 19 test weeks of extreme Zn-deficiency could a slight increase of the Fe-concentration be indicated.", "PMID": 742974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5366", "title": "[Effect of fasting on metabolism of free amino acids of various broiler tissues].", "content": "16 male broiler chicken fed with commercial-grade broiler fattening feed were killed in groups of four in intervals of 3, 6, 12 and 25 hours after the last food intake. The content of free amino acids was quantitatively determined in the small intestines, the liver and the complete muscular system. The highest concentration of free amino acids per gram of tissue could be detected in the small intestines between 3 and 6 hours and--phase shifted--in the liver between 6 and 12 hours after the last food intake. The changes of the concentration in the muscular system between the four measuring points were in most cases not statistically significant. The content of free amino acids in the three proofed tissues of fattening hybrids with a high demand of amino acids and a high protein synthesis performance was considerably above the values for rats as they are given in technical literature. The rhythmic changes of the concentration of free amino acids in the tissues in dependence on the interval between the last food intake and the killing require standardized conditions for metabolism-kinetic investigations of which the calculation of the content of free amino acids is part.", "contents": "[Effect of fasting on metabolism of free amino acids of various broiler tissues]. 16 male broiler chicken fed with commercial-grade broiler fattening feed were killed in groups of four in intervals of 3, 6, 12 and 25 hours after the last food intake. The content of free amino acids was quantitatively determined in the small intestines, the liver and the complete muscular system. The highest concentration of free amino acids per gram of tissue could be detected in the small intestines between 3 and 6 hours and--phase shifted--in the liver between 6 and 12 hours after the last food intake. The changes of the concentration in the muscular system between the four measuring points were in most cases not statistically significant. The content of free amino acids in the three proofed tissues of fattening hybrids with a high demand of amino acids and a high protein synthesis performance was considerably above the values for rats as they are given in technical literature. The rhythmic changes of the concentration of free amino acids in the tissues in dependence on the interval between the last food intake and the killing require standardized conditions for metabolism-kinetic investigations of which the calculation of the content of free amino acids is part.", "PMID": 742975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5367", "title": "[New method of checking the quality of food proteins required for maintenance. 2. 15N excretion in feces of test rats labelled with 15N after feeding with different protein sources].", "content": "For 7 days 37 test rats received a casein diet with an extra of 6.6 mg 15N-excess in the form of ammonium acetate. From the eighth test day onwards 4 resp. 5 rats each received various protein sources under maintenance conditions (115 kcal/kg body mass0,75). The atom-% 15N-excess was determined in feces, blood liver and muscles (urine cf. 1st information). The endogenous quota of N in the feces was calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The numerical value of the TCA-soluble fraction of N in the total blood was corrected by the decrease of the atom-%15N' in the last 12 hours (time for the passage of the fecel matter from small intestines to excretion). Since the endogenously excreted N-amount varied greatly according to different feed, a scale is proposed as biologic value of food proteins, which exclusively refers to the metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) under conditions of maintenance (abbr. MFN-BV). A proposal for its definition is: (formula: see text). Above that, a total BV is suggested which also refers to maintenance metabolism. The total BV is calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The following values were ascertained for MFN-BV and total BV: casein = 80 and 82; complete egg=68 and 67; fish meal=61 and 86; Torula yeast=31 and 46; peas=41 and 43; soya (assay protein)=73 and 61; wheat=47 and 71; gelatin=64 and 42. Finally, the recommendation is given to include in feed tables real digestibility values for food proteins ascertained with the 15N method. In the above mentioned order the following values of the real digestibility of proteins were ascertained with the 15N method and classical methods: casein=98.2 and 97.2; complete egg=100.0 and 98.7; fish meal=96.9 and 93.4; Torula yeast=83.0 and 67.6; peas=97.1 and 85.6; soya (assay protein)=98.3 and 96.4; wheat=95.7 and 87.3; gelatin=99.1 and 96.0. *cf. 1st information Bergner et al. (1978)", "contents": "[New method of checking the quality of food proteins required for maintenance. 2. 15N excretion in feces of test rats labelled with 15N after feeding with different protein sources]. For 7 days 37 test rats received a casein diet with an extra of 6.6 mg 15N-excess in the form of ammonium acetate. From the eighth test day onwards 4 resp. 5 rats each received various protein sources under maintenance conditions (115 kcal/kg body mass0,75). The atom-% 15N-excess was determined in feces, blood liver and muscles (urine cf. 1st information). The endogenous quota of N in the feces was calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The numerical value of the TCA-soluble fraction of N in the total blood was corrected by the decrease of the atom-%15N' in the last 12 hours (time for the passage of the fecel matter from small intestines to excretion). Since the endogenously excreted N-amount varied greatly according to different feed, a scale is proposed as biologic value of food proteins, which exclusively refers to the metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) under conditions of maintenance (abbr. MFN-BV). A proposal for its definition is: (formula: see text). Above that, a total BV is suggested which also refers to maintenance metabolism. The total BV is calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The following values were ascertained for MFN-BV and total BV: casein = 80 and 82; complete egg=68 and 67; fish meal=61 and 86; Torula yeast=31 and 46; peas=41 and 43; soya (assay protein)=73 and 61; wheat=47 and 71; gelatin=64 and 42. Finally, the recommendation is given to include in feed tables real digestibility values for food proteins ascertained with the 15N method. In the above mentioned order the following values of the real digestibility of proteins were ascertained with the 15N method and classical methods: casein=98.2 and 97.2; complete egg=100.0 and 98.7; fish meal=96.9 and 93.4; Torula yeast=83.0 and 67.6; peas=97.1 and 85.6; soya (assay protein)=98.3 and 96.4; wheat=95.7 and 87.3; gelatin=99.1 and 96.0. *cf. 1st information Bergner et al. (1978)", "PMID": 742976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5368", "title": "[Nitrogen and amino acid resorption by swine. 4. Amino acid resorption].", "content": "The seeming and the actual absorption of amino acids of three pigs with a body mass of 50 kg was determined by inserting re-entrant cannulas at the upper small intestine and its end. The test ration contained dry curds labelled with 15N. The content of N and of amino acids as well as the 15N-excess in the amino acids were determined in the food and the chyme. This served the ascertainment of the actual absorption of amino acids in the small intestines.", "contents": "[Nitrogen and amino acid resorption by swine. 4. Amino acid resorption]. The seeming and the actual absorption of amino acids of three pigs with a body mass of 50 kg was determined by inserting re-entrant cannulas at the upper small intestine and its end. The test ration contained dry curds labelled with 15N. The content of N and of amino acids as well as the 15N-excess in the amino acids were determined in the food and the chyme. This served the ascertainment of the actual absorption of amino acids in the small intestines.", "PMID": 742977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5369", "title": "[Metabolism-oriented lysine requirement of mature rats based on the catabolism rate for 14C- and 15N-labelled lysine].", "content": "Mature male albino rats (ca. 300 g body mass) received 10 diets with a varying lysine content (1.6 to 8.4 g/16 g N). In one partial test the animals were fed ad libitum and in another partial test they were kept in the state of maintenance by limiting the amount of the diet. After 7 feeding days the catabolisation of 14C-lysine into 14CO2 was measured and after 8 feeding days the 15N-excretion in urine after 15N-lysine doses was ascertained. Based on these characteristics typical of metabolism, which show increased catabolisation of the amino acid after the lysine requirement was met, the lysine requirement of a mature rat was determined as 3.5 to 4.0 g/16 g N in the diet. In conclusion, this shows that the lysine requirement in the state of maintenenace and of mature animals is considerably lower than during the period of growth.", "contents": "[Metabolism-oriented lysine requirement of mature rats based on the catabolism rate for 14C- and 15N-labelled lysine]. Mature male albino rats (ca. 300 g body mass) received 10 diets with a varying lysine content (1.6 to 8.4 g/16 g N). In one partial test the animals were fed ad libitum and in another partial test they were kept in the state of maintenance by limiting the amount of the diet. After 7 feeding days the catabolisation of 14C-lysine into 14CO2 was measured and after 8 feeding days the 15N-excretion in urine after 15N-lysine doses was ascertained. Based on these characteristics typical of metabolism, which show increased catabolisation of the amino acid after the lysine requirement was met, the lysine requirement of a mature rat was determined as 3.5 to 4.0 g/16 g N in the diet. In conclusion, this shows that the lysine requirement in the state of maintenenace and of mature animals is considerably lower than during the period of growth.", "PMID": 742978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5370", "title": "[Effect of fasting on N-metabolism of broilers].", "content": "Four male broilers each were killed 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the last food intake and divided into nine parts, The significant diminishing of the fresh liver mass in the test period amounted to 31%. With the increasing fasting time the N-content per g dry matter increased in liver, pancreas, muscles and the rest of the carcass. Because of the decrease in mass a statistically proved diminishing of the total N mass could be registered. The most significant changes were established in the total content of N soluble in TCA in the organs. The decrease in % from the first to the fourth measuring point amounted to 44% (liver), 40% (kidneys) and 28% (small intestines). Concerning these three organs we can maintain that the changes in the total N-content registered in the 24 hours fasting are chiefly limited to the TCA-soluble quota.", "contents": "[Effect of fasting on N-metabolism of broilers]. Four male broilers each were killed 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the last food intake and divided into nine parts, The significant diminishing of the fresh liver mass in the test period amounted to 31%. With the increasing fasting time the N-content per g dry matter increased in liver, pancreas, muscles and the rest of the carcass. Because of the decrease in mass a statistically proved diminishing of the total N mass could be registered. The most significant changes were established in the total content of N soluble in TCA in the organs. The decrease in % from the first to the fourth measuring point amounted to 44% (liver), 40% (kidneys) and 28% (small intestines). Concerning these three organs we can maintain that the changes in the total N-content registered in the 24 hours fasting are chiefly limited to the TCA-soluble quota.", "PMID": 742979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5371", "title": "[Modeling cerebral dropsy (hydrocephalus) in animals by using angiotensin II].", "content": "The effect of a synthetic polypeptic hormone angiotensin-II on the structure of the brain ventricular system was studied in rats. A single injection of angiotensin-II, firm \"Ciba\", was given to rats in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight on the 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21st days. The brain was extirpated 15 min after the last injection, fixed in formalin and embedded in celloidin. Intact animals served as controls. A single injection of angiotensin-II was found to be accompanied by a slight dilatation of the brain lateral ventricles. Seven injections resulted in further accumulation of the fluid in the ventricles, and the first symptoms of the corpus callosum atrophy appeared. After the 21st injection of angiotensin-II a typical picture of hydrocephalus demonstrating further accumulation of the fluid in the brain ventricles was seen. The atrophic changes were especially pronounced in the corpus callosum, in white and grey substances of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. Besides the atrophic changes, angiotensin-II-induced hydrocephalus resulted in subependymic edema, exfoliation of ependymal cells--the features characteristic for other types of hydrocephalus. Thus, injections of the synthetic hormone angiotensin-II can facilitate in producing an experimental atraumatic hydrocephalus. By means of angiotensin-II a desirable degree of hydrocephalus can be obtained by changing the dose of the preparation.", "contents": "[Modeling cerebral dropsy (hydrocephalus) in animals by using angiotensin II]. The effect of a synthetic polypeptic hormone angiotensin-II on the structure of the brain ventricular system was studied in rats. A single injection of angiotensin-II, firm \"Ciba\", was given to rats in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight on the 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21st days. The brain was extirpated 15 min after the last injection, fixed in formalin and embedded in celloidin. Intact animals served as controls. A single injection of angiotensin-II was found to be accompanied by a slight dilatation of the brain lateral ventricles. Seven injections resulted in further accumulation of the fluid in the ventricles, and the first symptoms of the corpus callosum atrophy appeared. After the 21st injection of angiotensin-II a typical picture of hydrocephalus demonstrating further accumulation of the fluid in the brain ventricles was seen. The atrophic changes were especially pronounced in the corpus callosum, in white and grey substances of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. Besides the atrophic changes, angiotensin-II-induced hydrocephalus resulted in subependymic edema, exfoliation of ependymal cells--the features characteristic for other types of hydrocephalus. Thus, injections of the synthetic hormone angiotensin-II can facilitate in producing an experimental atraumatic hydrocephalus. By means of angiotensin-II a desirable degree of hydrocephalus can be obtained by changing the dose of the preparation.", "PMID": 742982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5372", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the neuronal and synaptic organization of the mesencephalic visual center of Greek and steppe turtles].", "content": "The stratification, neuronal structure and synaptic organization of tectum opticum have been studied in two species of tortoises (Testudo graeca and Testudo horsfieldi, Gray) by means of Golgi methods and electron microscopy. The midbrain tectum in these closely related animals has some common properties, but at the same time it possesses certain species specific features. Their properties in common appear to be connected with the common ecology and closely systematic place of Testudo graeca and Testudo horsfieldi. The specific features appear to be connected with the species differences in visual behavior of these species.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the neuronal and synaptic organization of the mesencephalic visual center of Greek and steppe turtles]. The stratification, neuronal structure and synaptic organization of tectum opticum have been studied in two species of tortoises (Testudo graeca and Testudo horsfieldi, Gray) by means of Golgi methods and electron microscopy. The midbrain tectum in these closely related animals has some common properties, but at the same time it possesses certain species specific features. Their properties in common appear to be connected with the common ecology and closely systematic place of Testudo graeca and Testudo horsfieldi. The specific features appear to be connected with the species differences in visual behavior of these species.", "PMID": 742983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5373", "title": "[Effect of electrostimulation of the medial portion of the hypothalamus of cats on features of sciatic nerve fiber restructuring in experimental neuritis].", "content": "In order to study the processes of rearrangement in nerve fibers of the ischiatic nerve and its nervi nervorum at experimentally induced neuritis, the middle part of the hypothalamus was electrically stimulated in 74 mature cats. Twenty three cats were electrically stimulated with alternating current of a rectangular form, 50 Hz 1 m/sec, 1.5 V, for 30 min on each side of the hypothalamic subtubercle. Seven days after electrode implantation, the experimental neuritis was produced by inserting aseptic mica plates subepineurally into the ischiatic nerve. Samples of the nerve stem were taken from the traumatized area and histological sections and film preparations were made. The material was treated after Foot, Ramon y Cajal, Rasskazova, Bielschowsky-Gross-Kampos, Sokoliansky, McManus. As demonstrated the analysis of the preparations, at early stages of the experiments the nerve fibers were preserved better under the electrostimulation than in the intact hypothalamus. However, by the 60th day, resulting from the pathology of the diencephalon, some distrophic changes developed in the peripheral nerve. Lateral branching processes were forming on the axonal cylinders. Nervi nervorum were spreading and forming long and dense wrappings around the endoneural sheaths where they terminated with loops simulating Perroncito's spirals.", "contents": "[Effect of electrostimulation of the medial portion of the hypothalamus of cats on features of sciatic nerve fiber restructuring in experimental neuritis]. In order to study the processes of rearrangement in nerve fibers of the ischiatic nerve and its nervi nervorum at experimentally induced neuritis, the middle part of the hypothalamus was electrically stimulated in 74 mature cats. Twenty three cats were electrically stimulated with alternating current of a rectangular form, 50 Hz 1 m/sec, 1.5 V, for 30 min on each side of the hypothalamic subtubercle. Seven days after electrode implantation, the experimental neuritis was produced by inserting aseptic mica plates subepineurally into the ischiatic nerve. Samples of the nerve stem were taken from the traumatized area and histological sections and film preparations were made. The material was treated after Foot, Ramon y Cajal, Rasskazova, Bielschowsky-Gross-Kampos, Sokoliansky, McManus. As demonstrated the analysis of the preparations, at early stages of the experiments the nerve fibers were preserved better under the electrostimulation than in the intact hypothalamus. However, by the 60th day, resulting from the pathology of the diencephalon, some distrophic changes developed in the peripheral nerve. Lateral branching processes were forming on the axonal cylinders. Nervi nervorum were spreading and forming long and dense wrappings around the endoneural sheaths where they terminated with loops simulating Perroncito's spirals.", "PMID": 742984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5374", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on differentiation of white rat embryonal submandibular gland epithelium in organ culture].", "content": "At organic cultivation of the submandibular rudiments in 17, 18 and 19-day-old white rat embryos in the nutritional medium without the hormone, the processes of the gland morphogenesis are similar to those in vivo. However, the time for formation of the terminal buds, acini, system of of deferent ducts differs from that in vivo, as it is necessary 1-3 days for the germ to adopt to the cultural conditions. When hydrocortisone is injected into the nutritional medium, the processess in the submandibular gland accelerate, acinar portions differentiate, the secrete is forming, the ducts resembling by their structure salivary tubes in adult animals are constructing. Hydrocortisone injection inhibits proliferative activity in the epithelial cells, decreasing the index of the labeled nuclei from 17.05% to 0.06% after 3 days of cultivation. Possible mechanisms of the hydrocortisone effect on morphogenesis of epithelium in the white rat submandibular gland in organic culture are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on differentiation of white rat embryonal submandibular gland epithelium in organ culture]. At organic cultivation of the submandibular rudiments in 17, 18 and 19-day-old white rat embryos in the nutritional medium without the hormone, the processes of the gland morphogenesis are similar to those in vivo. However, the time for formation of the terminal buds, acini, system of of deferent ducts differs from that in vivo, as it is necessary 1-3 days for the germ to adopt to the cultural conditions. When hydrocortisone is injected into the nutritional medium, the processess in the submandibular gland accelerate, acinar portions differentiate, the secrete is forming, the ducts resembling by their structure salivary tubes in adult animals are constructing. Hydrocortisone injection inhibits proliferative activity in the epithelial cells, decreasing the index of the labeled nuclei from 17.05% to 0.06% after 3 days of cultivation. Possible mechanisms of the hydrocortisone effect on morphogenesis of epithelium in the white rat submandibular gland in organic culture are discussed.", "PMID": 742985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5375", "title": "[Comparative study of the activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases. Basis of the technic].", "content": "In order to reveal dehydrogenase and diaphorase in spinal ganglia neurons of 12-day-old chick embryos in cryostat sections, the following modifications of the medium were used: for dehydrogenase - sodium salt substrate 50 mM, NAD or NADPh 0.75 mM, nitro-BT 0.61 mM, phosphate buffer pH 7.2 15 mM, NaCl 50 mM, MgCL2 5 mM, for diaphorase - NAD-N2 or NADHh-N2 0.78-0.66 mM, NaCl 100 mM. To compare relative activity of the enzymes (optic density of histochemical preparations determined cytophotometrically) it is suggested to calculate the values obtained during proportional development of the staining regarding the time unit (hour). The possibility to compare the data obtained with the results of biochemical investigations is discussed, as well as an attempt is made to represent graphically metabolic peculiarities of various cell types.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases. Basis of the technic]. In order to reveal dehydrogenase and diaphorase in spinal ganglia neurons of 12-day-old chick embryos in cryostat sections, the following modifications of the medium were used: for dehydrogenase - sodium salt substrate 50 mM, NAD or NADPh 0.75 mM, nitro-BT 0.61 mM, phosphate buffer pH 7.2 15 mM, NaCl 50 mM, MgCL2 5 mM, for diaphorase - NAD-N2 or NADHh-N2 0.78-0.66 mM, NaCl 100 mM. To compare relative activity of the enzymes (optic density of histochemical preparations determined cytophotometrically) it is suggested to calculate the values obtained during proportional development of the staining regarding the time unit (hour). The possibility to compare the data obtained with the results of biochemical investigations is discussed, as well as an attempt is made to represent graphically metabolic peculiarities of various cell types.", "PMID": 742986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5376", "title": "[Use of gas laser LG-55 to determine the optical density of biological objects].", "content": "In order to registrate optic density of such subjects as vessels, tissues, roentgenogram and electrophoregram images, a universal device is suggested. It consists of a) a gas laser lg-55 supplying a parallel bundle of light with small angular deflection and wave length of 0,6328 mc; b) mounting for attachment the reversive motor pd-9 with transmission to change the speed of the subject table, photo resistance fCK-1, focussing lens triple-edged prism and diaphragm, c) double coordinative recorder (endim 620.01). Repeatedly performed registration of the same arterioroentgenogram (or any other investigated) has demonstrated a high accuracy of the registered curves.", "contents": "[Use of gas laser LG-55 to determine the optical density of biological objects]. In order to registrate optic density of such subjects as vessels, tissues, roentgenogram and electrophoregram images, a universal device is suggested. It consists of a) a gas laser lg-55 supplying a parallel bundle of light with small angular deflection and wave length of 0,6328 mc; b) mounting for attachment the reversive motor pd-9 with transmission to change the speed of the subject table, photo resistance fCK-1, focussing lens triple-edged prism and diaphragm, c) double coordinative recorder (endim 620.01). Repeatedly performed registration of the same arterioroentgenogram (or any other investigated) has demonstrated a high accuracy of the registered curves.", "PMID": 742987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5377", "title": "[Methods for working with semi-thin epoxide sections in histological practice].", "content": "Since ordinary histological laboratories have no special equipment, semi-thin epoxide embedded sections, to perfectly suitable to realize the resolving capacity of the light optic are not widely used in histological practice. However, even in an ordinary histological laboratory it is possible to master the method of their production. A special device is suggested to fix glass knives in the rotational microtome MPC-2. Simultaneously, a number of suggestions and recommendations are given as to certain specificities for obtaining serial semi-thin sections and the method for their staining. Besides, an original method is offered for producing film preparations by means of mild tissue compression in the process of polymerization in epoxide resin. This method allows not only to study some features in the composition of complex three-dimentional objects, but to obtain a series of semi-thin sections from the film preparation to reveal intimal interconnections between certain structural components.", "contents": "[Methods for working with semi-thin epoxide sections in histological practice]. Since ordinary histological laboratories have no special equipment, semi-thin epoxide embedded sections, to perfectly suitable to realize the resolving capacity of the light optic are not widely used in histological practice. However, even in an ordinary histological laboratory it is possible to master the method of their production. A special device is suggested to fix glass knives in the rotational microtome MPC-2. Simultaneously, a number of suggestions and recommendations are given as to certain specificities for obtaining serial semi-thin sections and the method for their staining. Besides, an original method is offered for producing film preparations by means of mild tissue compression in the process of polymerization in epoxide resin. This method allows not only to study some features in the composition of complex three-dimentional objects, but to obtain a series of semi-thin sections from the film preparation to reveal intimal interconnections between certain structural components.", "PMID": 742988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5378", "title": "[Problem of toxoplasmosis].", "content": "The paper presents brief characteristics of the causative agent and methods of its detection in tissues. The time course of the development of morphological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized on the basis of the authors own studies. In particular, the possibility of formation of congenital CNS defect upon intrauterine infection with toxoplasma has been demonstrated. A direct correlation between the results of morphological and biochemical examinations of the CNS has been found. A case of toxoplasmosis developing postnatally as a result of exogenous infection with a description of the primary focus in the lungs is presented.", "contents": "[Problem of toxoplasmosis]. The paper presents brief characteristics of the causative agent and methods of its detection in tissues. The time course of the development of morphological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized on the basis of the authors own studies. In particular, the possibility of formation of congenital CNS defect upon intrauterine infection with toxoplasma has been demonstrated. A direct correlation between the results of morphological and biochemical examinations of the CNS has been found. A case of toxoplasmosis developing postnatally as a result of exogenous infection with a description of the primary focus in the lungs is presented.", "PMID": 742989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5379", "title": "[Allergic orchitis in animals caused by streptococcal sensitization].", "content": "Guinea pigs and mice develop orchitis after immunization with killed streptococcus groups A (type 12) cells in complete adjuvant. In guinea pigs the process is characterized by the atrophy of spermatogenous epithelium of the testicles, and in mice by the disappearance of mature spermia from convoluted seminiferous tubules. Globulin fixed on spermia was detected in testicles of the immunized mice. Guinea pigs and mouse sera contained antibodies reacting with spermatid and spermatozoid structures of normal testicles. Immunized guinea pigs showed positive reactions of blast-transformation of lymphocytes and skin reactions of the delayed type to testicle antigens. The development of orchitis in guinea pigs and mice correlates in time with the appearance of antibodies and the development of the delayed type hyperseusitivity to the testicle antigens.", "contents": "[Allergic orchitis in animals caused by streptococcal sensitization]. Guinea pigs and mice develop orchitis after immunization with killed streptococcus groups A (type 12) cells in complete adjuvant. In guinea pigs the process is characterized by the atrophy of spermatogenous epithelium of the testicles, and in mice by the disappearance of mature spermia from convoluted seminiferous tubules. Globulin fixed on spermia was detected in testicles of the immunized mice. Guinea pigs and mouse sera contained antibodies reacting with spermatid and spermatozoid structures of normal testicles. Immunized guinea pigs showed positive reactions of blast-transformation of lymphocytes and skin reactions of the delayed type to testicle antigens. The development of orchitis in guinea pigs and mice correlates in time with the appearance of antibodies and the development of the delayed type hyperseusitivity to the testicle antigens.", "PMID": 742990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5380", "title": "[Cardiomyopathy in influenza and staphylococcal infection].", "content": "The myocardium in influenza-staphylococcal infection was studied experimentally in 43 newborn white mice. Lesions and focal necrosis of muscle fibers with perifocal cellular reaction terminating in the development of cardiosclerosis were found. Outside of the zone of necrosis, diffuse involvement of the myocardium with signs of destructive changes was detected ultrastructurally. Myocytes recovered by means of intracellular regeneration.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathy in influenza and staphylococcal infection]. The myocardium in influenza-staphylococcal infection was studied experimentally in 43 newborn white mice. Lesions and focal necrosis of muscle fibers with perifocal cellular reaction terminating in the development of cardiosclerosis were found. Outside of the zone of necrosis, diffuse involvement of the myocardium with signs of destructive changes was detected ultrastructurally. Myocytes recovered by means of intracellular regeneration.", "PMID": 742991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5381", "title": "[Immunomorphological aspects of nonspecific bronchitis in pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Bronchi of the lungs resected for tuberculosis were examined histotopographically, morphometrically and immunohistologically. The greatest number of cells in the mucous membrane of the bronchi and the greatest extent of hypertrophy of bronchial glands were found in the stage of progression of lung tuberculosis, while normalization of the quantitative values-in the stage of remission. In the stage of progression the cellular infiltrate was characterized by marked pyroninophilia, abundance of blast cells and antigen specificity; when the process stabilises, plasmocytes are predominant in the infiltrate. In chronic tuberculosis, lymphonodules are frequently found in the bronchial wall. The above morphological signs of hypertrophic bronchitis are regarded as manifestations of immunity reactions (cellular, humoral, secretory) induced by penetration into the bronchi of the antigen-containing detritis from destructive foci.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological aspects of nonspecific bronchitis in pulmonary tuberculosis]. Bronchi of the lungs resected for tuberculosis were examined histotopographically, morphometrically and immunohistologically. The greatest number of cells in the mucous membrane of the bronchi and the greatest extent of hypertrophy of bronchial glands were found in the stage of progression of lung tuberculosis, while normalization of the quantitative values-in the stage of remission. In the stage of progression the cellular infiltrate was characterized by marked pyroninophilia, abundance of blast cells and antigen specificity; when the process stabilises, plasmocytes are predominant in the infiltrate. In chronic tuberculosis, lymphonodules are frequently found in the bronchial wall. The above morphological signs of hypertrophic bronchitis are regarded as manifestations of immunity reactions (cellular, humoral, secretory) induced by penetration into the bronchi of the antigen-containing detritis from destructive foci.", "PMID": 742992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5382", "title": "[Morphology of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and visceral pleura in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Morphological examinations of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and pulmonary pleura in 30 fatal cases of cirrhosis of the liver revealed generalized involvement of the blood and lymph vessels. Most significant changes were found in venular and lymphomicrocirculatory parts of the pulmonary pleura as a manifestation of compensatory-adaptative processes directed at retention of the hemodynamic homeostasis of the pulmonary circulation. In the author's opinion, the most important factors causing reactions of the microcirculatory bed of the pulmonary pleura include venous hypervolemia of the pulmonary circulation followed by hypoxia. It is suggested that changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and pulmonary pleura in patients with cirrhosis of the liver are an important part of the compensatory-adaptative mechanisms; their disorders cause the development of the right ventricle insufficiency.", "contents": "[Morphology of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and visceral pleura in liver cirrhosis]. Morphological examinations of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and pulmonary pleura in 30 fatal cases of cirrhosis of the liver revealed generalized involvement of the blood and lymph vessels. Most significant changes were found in venular and lymphomicrocirculatory parts of the pulmonary pleura as a manifestation of compensatory-adaptative processes directed at retention of the hemodynamic homeostasis of the pulmonary circulation. In the author's opinion, the most important factors causing reactions of the microcirculatory bed of the pulmonary pleura include venous hypervolemia of the pulmonary circulation followed by hypoxia. It is suggested that changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and pulmonary pleura in patients with cirrhosis of the liver are an important part of the compensatory-adaptative mechanisms; their disorders cause the development of the right ventricle insufficiency.", "PMID": 742993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5383", "title": "[Significance of the chronic hypoxia and neurohormonal activity in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Two kinds of changes in the myocardium were found in the heart beyond the focus of necrosis in people of two age groups (senescent and senile) dying of miocardium infarction. Changes of the first kind (hypoxic) reflect the influence of chronic hypoxia of coronoarogenic origin, are always regional and characterized by fields of optically \"empty\" muscle fibers with reduced enzymatic activity under sacrolemma and frequently by the presence of non-oriented glycogen granules. Those of the second kind correspond to cardiotoxic effect of high doses of catecholamines and are represented by numerous disseminated micronecroses, focal or diffuse lipid infiltration with myocytes against the background of stromal edema with cell reaction and hemorrhages in it. Cases are considered in which hypoxic and cardiotoxic changes were predominant. Their comparison with the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal system determined by morphological and histochemical tests (very high and moderately high) revealed some correlation.", "contents": "[Significance of the chronic hypoxia and neurohormonal activity in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease]. Two kinds of changes in the myocardium were found in the heart beyond the focus of necrosis in people of two age groups (senescent and senile) dying of miocardium infarction. Changes of the first kind (hypoxic) reflect the influence of chronic hypoxia of coronoarogenic origin, are always regional and characterized by fields of optically \"empty\" muscle fibers with reduced enzymatic activity under sacrolemma and frequently by the presence of non-oriented glycogen granules. Those of the second kind correspond to cardiotoxic effect of high doses of catecholamines and are represented by numerous disseminated micronecroses, focal or diffuse lipid infiltration with myocytes against the background of stromal edema with cell reaction and hemorrhages in it. Cases are considered in which hypoxic and cardiotoxic changes were predominant. Their comparison with the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal system determined by morphological and histochemical tests (very high and moderately high) revealed some correlation.", "PMID": 742994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5384", "title": "[Spindle-cell thymoma (a histological and electron microscopic study)].", "content": "The paper describes 12 cases of spindle cell thymoma without myasthenia or any other syndromes such as hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoplasia of the red sprout of the bone marrow. In most patients the tumours were detected roentgenologically. Microscopic diagnosis of spindle cell thymoma is based on the detection in it of epithelial cell structures. In those cases where the tumours were represented by spindle cells alone, verification of the tumor was possible only by electron microscopic studies (the presence in the cells of tonofilaments, desmosomes and basal membrane).", "contents": "[Spindle-cell thymoma (a histological and electron microscopic study)]. The paper describes 12 cases of spindle cell thymoma without myasthenia or any other syndromes such as hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoplasia of the red sprout of the bone marrow. In most patients the tumours were detected roentgenologically. Microscopic diagnosis of spindle cell thymoma is based on the detection in it of epithelial cell structures. In those cases where the tumours were represented by spindle cells alone, verification of the tumor was possible only by electron microscopic studies (the presence in the cells of tonofilaments, desmosomes and basal membrane).", "PMID": 742995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5385", "title": "[Kidney morphology in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome].", "content": "A case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Gasser syndrome) in a boy of 7 is described. The disease was accompanied by thrombocytopenia, anemia, hemorrhagic syndrome and acute renal insufficiency (ARI). Morphological lesions consisted in the predominant involvement of the kidneys presenting thrombosis of the glomerular capillaries and reglomerular arterioles, fine cortical necroses, and considerable degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium. The peculiar features of the disease included low intensity of hemolysis and the lack of the oligoanuric phase of ARI.", "contents": "[Kidney morphology in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. A case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Gasser syndrome) in a boy of 7 is described. The disease was accompanied by thrombocytopenia, anemia, hemorrhagic syndrome and acute renal insufficiency (ARI). Morphological lesions consisted in the predominant involvement of the kidneys presenting thrombosis of the glomerular capillaries and reglomerular arterioles, fine cortical necroses, and considerable degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium. The peculiar features of the disease included low intensity of hemolysis and the lack of the oligoanuric phase of ARI.", "PMID": 742996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5386", "title": "[2 cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis in combination with tuberculosis].", "content": "Two observations by the authors of a chronic cavernous histoplasmosis in a patient of 13 and a histoplasmoma of the lungs in a patient of 53 are described. The diagnosis was established by the examination of the operation material. Clinically, these patients were diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The attention of pulmonologists is drawn to the features and difficulties of differential diagnosis of histoplasmosis and tuberculosis.", "contents": "[2 cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis in combination with tuberculosis]. Two observations by the authors of a chronic cavernous histoplasmosis in a patient of 13 and a histoplasmoma of the lungs in a patient of 53 are described. The diagnosis was established by the examination of the operation material. Clinically, these patients were diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The attention of pulmonologists is drawn to the features and difficulties of differential diagnosis of histoplasmosis and tuberculosis.", "PMID": 742997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5387", "title": "[Reproduction of amyloidosis in mice by contact sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene].", "content": "Induction of murine amyloidosis by contact sensitization with hapten--dinitrochlorobenzene is described. Three to five applications of 15--25% dinitrochlorobenzene solution in acetone during two weeks are necessary for this. Within 3 weeks after the 1st application amyloidosis develops involving consecutively the spleen, liver, kidney and heart. Such consequence of the organ involvement and tinctorial pecularities are typical of murine amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Reproduction of amyloidosis in mice by contact sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene]. Induction of murine amyloidosis by contact sensitization with hapten--dinitrochlorobenzene is described. Three to five applications of 15--25% dinitrochlorobenzene solution in acetone during two weeks are necessary for this. Within 3 weeks after the 1st application amyloidosis develops involving consecutively the spleen, liver, kidney and heart. Such consequence of the organ involvement and tinctorial pecularities are typical of murine amyloidosis.", "PMID": 742998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5388", "title": "[Method of microroentgenography using a laser-plasma source of soft x-ray radiation in medicine and biology].", "content": "The paper analyses and illustrates experimentally the possibilities of using the method of microroentgenography for the analysis of the structure and element composition of thin sections of biological tissues. Soft roentgen radiation of laser plasma formed by focusing of a sufficiently powerful laser impulse on the surface of a solid-body target is used. The method requires no preliminary treatment of the specimens.", "contents": "[Method of microroentgenography using a laser-plasma source of soft x-ray radiation in medicine and biology]. The paper analyses and illustrates experimentally the possibilities of using the method of microroentgenography for the analysis of the structure and element composition of thin sections of biological tissues. Soft roentgen radiation of laser plasma formed by focusing of a sufficiently powerful laser impulse on the surface of a solid-body target is used. The method requires no preliminary treatment of the specimens.", "PMID": 742999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5389", "title": "High flux hemofiltration.", "content": "Experiments were performed using a new hollow fiber hemofilter. Ultrafiltration rates and whole blood urea clearances were measured in post-dilution hemofiltration. High ultrafiltration rates were obtained with the new hemofilter. No adverse effects were detected despite filtration fractions above 45%. These experiments suggest that it is possible in post-dilution hemofiltration to obtain small solute clearances comparable to those of hemodialysis without apparent deleterious effects.", "contents": "High flux hemofiltration. Experiments were performed using a new hollow fiber hemofilter. Ultrafiltration rates and whole blood urea clearances were measured in post-dilution hemofiltration. High ultrafiltration rates were obtained with the new hemofilter. No adverse effects were detected despite filtration fractions above 45%. These experiments suggest that it is possible in post-dilution hemofiltration to obtain small solute clearances comparable to those of hemodialysis without apparent deleterious effects.", "PMID": 743001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5390", "title": "Sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate as a long-term treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "content": "A sorbent system (Redy D 11 cartridge) capable of on-line regeneration of ultrafiltrate during hemofiltration (Amicon 0.5 m2) has been developed and applied on a 3 X 4 hr/week schedule to three patients with end-stage renal failure previously treated for up to six months with hemodialysis. Total experience, to date, is sixteen patient months (three to seven months). Tolerance to fluid removal improved with the new system. Patient well-being and rehabilitation have been maintained. The system offers the potential of hemofiltration without sterile replacement fluid or expensive fluid-balancing machines.", "contents": "Sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate as a long-term treatment of end-stage renal failure. A sorbent system (Redy D 11 cartridge) capable of on-line regeneration of ultrafiltrate during hemofiltration (Amicon 0.5 m2) has been developed and applied on a 3 X 4 hr/week schedule to three patients with end-stage renal failure previously treated for up to six months with hemodialysis. Total experience, to date, is sixteen patient months (three to seven months). Tolerance to fluid removal improved with the new system. Patient well-being and rehabilitation have been maintained. The system offers the potential of hemofiltration without sterile replacement fluid or expensive fluid-balancing machines.", "PMID": 743002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5391", "title": "Hemodynamic studies, acid-base status and osmolality in different hemodialysis procedures.", "content": "Three patients on maintenance dialysis were each treated with three different procedures: A) twenty-liter recirculation dialysis with bicarbonate buffering, B) recirculation-adsorption dialysis and C) single-pass dialysis. Hemodynamic parameters were measured invasively and procedures A, B and C were compared for each patient. In this intraindividual comparative study, the authors attempted to establish a relationship between the varying hemodynamic parameters and the changes in osmolality and acid-base status. There were indications of some causal relationship to circulatory stability: in A and B, there were peripheral resistance increases of 24.5% and 38.4%, respectively, with stable circulation; in C, there was a 6.1% increase and unstable circulation. Additionally, the influence of acidosis is shown in B, with disproportionately strong reductions of cardiac output (21.9%) and pulmonary artery pressure (44.9%); In spite of a decrease of osmolality (A: 15.6 mOsm/L), stable circulation could be achieved if the peripheral resistance was substantially increased and acid-base status was equalized.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies, acid-base status and osmolality in different hemodialysis procedures. Three patients on maintenance dialysis were each treated with three different procedures: A) twenty-liter recirculation dialysis with bicarbonate buffering, B) recirculation-adsorption dialysis and C) single-pass dialysis. Hemodynamic parameters were measured invasively and procedures A, B and C were compared for each patient. In this intraindividual comparative study, the authors attempted to establish a relationship between the varying hemodynamic parameters and the changes in osmolality and acid-base status. There were indications of some causal relationship to circulatory stability: in A and B, there were peripheral resistance increases of 24.5% and 38.4%, respectively, with stable circulation; in C, there was a 6.1% increase and unstable circulation. Additionally, the influence of acidosis is shown in B, with disproportionately strong reductions of cardiac output (21.9%) and pulmonary artery pressure (44.9%); In spite of a decrease of osmolality (A: 15.6 mOsm/L), stable circulation could be achieved if the peripheral resistance was substantially increased and acid-base status was equalized.", "PMID": 743003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5392", "title": "A 1978 perspective of hemoperfusion.", "content": "The present status of adsorbent hemoperfusion is introduced with emphasis on available systems and their roles in uremia, acute intoxication, fulminant hepatic failure and chronic schizophrenia.", "contents": "A 1978 perspective of hemoperfusion. The present status of adsorbent hemoperfusion is introduced with emphasis on available systems and their roles in uremia, acute intoxication, fulminant hepatic failure and chronic schizophrenia.", "PMID": 743005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5393", "title": "Adsorptive capacities of hemoperfusion devices in clinical use.", "content": "Five different hemoperfusion devices have been used in the treatment of patients, intoxicated with barbiturates. The changes in drug clearance values which occurred during hemoperfusion varied according to the device used. Even after very long periods of hemoperfusion, however, drug clearance values never fell to zero. Using data collected from comparable cases, it has been shown that the rate of uptake of drug from the blood is independent of the amount of adsorbent in the columns, those containing 100 gm charcoal having the same efficiency as the conventional 300 gm. The prime factor which determines the rate of drug uptake has been shown to be the arterial plasma drug concentrations. Other factors, such as the deposition of cellular debris and proteins as hemoperfusion progresses, are also thought to influence the efficiency of drug removal.", "contents": "Adsorptive capacities of hemoperfusion devices in clinical use. Five different hemoperfusion devices have been used in the treatment of patients, intoxicated with barbiturates. The changes in drug clearance values which occurred during hemoperfusion varied according to the device used. Even after very long periods of hemoperfusion, however, drug clearance values never fell to zero. Using data collected from comparable cases, it has been shown that the rate of uptake of drug from the blood is independent of the amount of adsorbent in the columns, those containing 100 gm charcoal having the same efficiency as the conventional 300 gm. The prime factor which determines the rate of drug uptake has been shown to be the arterial plasma drug concentrations. Other factors, such as the deposition of cellular debris and proteins as hemoperfusion progresses, are also thought to influence the efficiency of drug removal.", "PMID": 743006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5394", "title": "Sorbent membranes: device designs, evaluations and potential applications.", "content": "The Enka sorbent membranes are designed to meet the requirements for the chronic extracorporeal treatment of body fluids with sorbents. The various configurations allow the construction of devices employing sorption alone, sorption plus filtration, or sorption plus filtration and dialysis. While conventional device designs can be employed, novel schemes are being explored to take advantage of the special structural features of the sorbent membranes. A general scheme for the evaluation of sorbents and, in particular, the sorbent membranes allows optimal use of sorbents in practical device designs. While the potential applications include those of sorbents in general, the unique configuration of the sorbent membranes with the possibilities of using multiple sorbents and of combining sorption with other transport processes should expand the therapeutic capabilities.", "contents": "Sorbent membranes: device designs, evaluations and potential applications. The Enka sorbent membranes are designed to meet the requirements for the chronic extracorporeal treatment of body fluids with sorbents. The various configurations allow the construction of devices employing sorption alone, sorption plus filtration, or sorption plus filtration and dialysis. While conventional device designs can be employed, novel schemes are being explored to take advantage of the special structural features of the sorbent membranes. A general scheme for the evaluation of sorbents and, in particular, the sorbent membranes allows optimal use of sorbents in practical device designs. While the potential applications include those of sorbents in general, the unique configuration of the sorbent membranes with the possibilities of using multiple sorbents and of combining sorption with other transport processes should expand the therapeutic capabilities.", "PMID": 743007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5395", "title": "Sorbent membranes used in a conventional dialyzer format. In vitro and clinical evaluation.", "content": "The possibility of installing sorbent membranes into proven dialyzer configurations could result in certain advantages over dialyzers with conventional membranes. A sorbent membrane dialyzer might prove superior in that it allows a higher clearance in the middle molecule molecular weight range, thereby shortening dialysis time and possibly allowing a reduction in the amount of dialysate fluid required. Finally, this device could be used without dialysate if the technician's goal is to eliminate a single substance readily adsorbed by charcoal. For example, this would apply to the treatment of certain intoxications. In vitro data were established for six substances in the molecular weight range of 60 to 5200 daltons and compared to corresponding results for conventional Cuprophan dialyzers. Clinical evaluation of sorbent membrane dialyzers for patients with uremia and intoxication, both with and without use of dialysate, has proven effective with no adverse reactions.", "contents": "Sorbent membranes used in a conventional dialyzer format. In vitro and clinical evaluation. The possibility of installing sorbent membranes into proven dialyzer configurations could result in certain advantages over dialyzers with conventional membranes. A sorbent membrane dialyzer might prove superior in that it allows a higher clearance in the middle molecule molecular weight range, thereby shortening dialysis time and possibly allowing a reduction in the amount of dialysate fluid required. Finally, this device could be used without dialysate if the technician's goal is to eliminate a single substance readily adsorbed by charcoal. For example, this would apply to the treatment of certain intoxications. In vitro data were established for six substances in the molecular weight range of 60 to 5200 daltons and compared to corresponding results for conventional Cuprophan dialyzers. Clinical evaluation of sorbent membrane dialyzers for patients with uremia and intoxication, both with and without use of dialysate, has proven effective with no adverse reactions.", "PMID": 743008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5396", "title": "Preparative isolation of middle molecular weight fractions from the hemofiltrate of patients with chronic uremia.", "content": "Fractions in the molecular weight range of the so-called middle molecules (500--3000 daltons) were isolated on a preparative scale from hemofiltrate of patients. Hemofiltration was performed with an RP-6 dialyzer using a predilution technique. The hemofiltrate was concentrated and desalinated by reverse osmosis with membranes with a normal cut-off of 500 daltons. The retentate was freeze-dried, redissolved in volatile buffer and fractionated on Sephadex G-15 macrocolumns. The middle molecule molecular weight range in the elution profiles (detected at 206 and 280 nm simultaneously) was marked with peptides. Isolated fractions in the middle molecule molecular weight range showed strong inhibitory activity upon 3H-thymidine incorporation into rat bone-marrow cells in vitro. The described combination of hemofiltration, reverse osmosis and gel chromatography is suggested as a useful approach to the isolation of these ninhydrin-positive substances which, according to their proved heterogeneity, are to be subfractionated by further procedures.", "contents": "Preparative isolation of middle molecular weight fractions from the hemofiltrate of patients with chronic uremia. Fractions in the molecular weight range of the so-called middle molecules (500--3000 daltons) were isolated on a preparative scale from hemofiltrate of patients. Hemofiltration was performed with an RP-6 dialyzer using a predilution technique. The hemofiltrate was concentrated and desalinated by reverse osmosis with membranes with a normal cut-off of 500 daltons. The retentate was freeze-dried, redissolved in volatile buffer and fractionated on Sephadex G-15 macrocolumns. The middle molecule molecular weight range in the elution profiles (detected at 206 and 280 nm simultaneously) was marked with peptides. Isolated fractions in the middle molecule molecular weight range showed strong inhibitory activity upon 3H-thymidine incorporation into rat bone-marrow cells in vitro. The described combination of hemofiltration, reverse osmosis and gel chromatography is suggested as a useful approach to the isolation of these ninhydrin-positive substances which, according to their proved heterogeneity, are to be subfractionated by further procedures.", "PMID": 743009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5397", "title": "Influence of middle molecules on the anemia of uremic patients.", "content": "To evaluate their toxicity at the cellular level, middle molecules from uremic serum were incubated with erythrocytes from healthy subjects and the activity of the enzyme Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (D-ALA-D) and peroxidative hemolysis were investigated. Uremic middle molecules caused a significant decrease of the D-ALA-D activity of normal erythrocytes which was not due to differences in the concentrations of Pb, Cd or Zn. The decreased enzyme activity could be restored by adding reduced glutathione (GSH; 5 mmol/L) together with the middle molecules to the assay system. Uremic middle molecules caused a significant increase of peroxidative hemolysis in normal erythrocytes. Uremic middle molecules contribute to the anemia of uremic patients by impeding hemoglobin synthesis and by increasing peroxidative hemolysis, possibly by affecting SH-groups. H2O2-producing compounds should be avoided in uremic patients.", "contents": "Influence of middle molecules on the anemia of uremic patients. To evaluate their toxicity at the cellular level, middle molecules from uremic serum were incubated with erythrocytes from healthy subjects and the activity of the enzyme Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (D-ALA-D) and peroxidative hemolysis were investigated. Uremic middle molecules caused a significant decrease of the D-ALA-D activity of normal erythrocytes which was not due to differences in the concentrations of Pb, Cd or Zn. The decreased enzyme activity could be restored by adding reduced glutathione (GSH; 5 mmol/L) together with the middle molecules to the assay system. Uremic middle molecules caused a significant increase of peroxidative hemolysis in normal erythrocytes. Uremic middle molecules contribute to the anemia of uremic patients by impeding hemoglobin synthesis and by increasing peroxidative hemolysis, possibly by affecting SH-groups. H2O2-producing compounds should be avoided in uremic patients.", "PMID": 743010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5398", "title": "Renin, growth hormone and insulin in hemodialyzed uremic diabetics.", "content": "In order to detect metabolic aberrations which could account for the poor therapeutic response of the diabetic to dialysis, a comparative study of nondiabetic and diabetic uremia patients treated with hemodialysis was undertaken. Plasma renin activity and levels of growth hormone, glucose and insulin were investigated.", "contents": "Renin, growth hormone and insulin in hemodialyzed uremic diabetics. In order to detect metabolic aberrations which could account for the poor therapeutic response of the diabetic to dialysis, a comparative study of nondiabetic and diabetic uremia patients treated with hemodialysis was undertaken. Plasma renin activity and levels of growth hormone, glucose and insulin were investigated.", "PMID": 743011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5399", "title": "Chronic hemofiltration. A critical evaluation of a new method for the treatment of blood.", "content": "The experiences which have been compiled in more than 2400 hemofiltrations confirm that this method represents an alternative way of treating uremic patients. The main advantages of chronic hemofiltration are the comfort of the patient and the ease in handling excess overhydration without extending treatment time, which is less than 3 X 3 hours/week if adequate hemofilters are used. With regard to the improvement of such typical uremic complications as severe hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia or neuropathy, hemofiltration does not seem to be superior to hemodialysis. However, since most hemofiltration patients do not require phosphate binders and, additionally, remarkable amounts of parathyroid hormone are removed during one hemofiltration, it appears possible that hemofiltration might be an important therapeutic alternative for those renal patients who suffer from severe hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Chronic hemofiltration. A critical evaluation of a new method for the treatment of blood. The experiences which have been compiled in more than 2400 hemofiltrations confirm that this method represents an alternative way of treating uremic patients. The main advantages of chronic hemofiltration are the comfort of the patient and the ease in handling excess overhydration without extending treatment time, which is less than 3 X 3 hours/week if adequate hemofilters are used. With regard to the improvement of such typical uremic complications as severe hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia or neuropathy, hemofiltration does not seem to be superior to hemodialysis. However, since most hemofiltration patients do not require phosphate binders and, additionally, remarkable amounts of parathyroid hormone are removed during one hemofiltration, it appears possible that hemofiltration might be an important therapeutic alternative for those renal patients who suffer from severe hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 743012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5400", "title": "Clearance of meprobamate by hemoperfusion over columns of charcoal and Amberlite resin. Studies in a patient.", "content": "Perfusion of the blood of a patient with toxic levels of meprobamate through an activated charcoal cartridge resulted in efficient early clearance of the drug, then a decline in extraction. Perfusion through a resin column resulted in total drug extraction without a decline in clearance over four hours. Both procedures were stable with minimal disturbance in hematological values or blood chemistries. This is the first report of in vivo hemoperfusion over resin for meprobamate poisoning. The efficacy and safety of the procedure need emphasis.", "contents": "Clearance of meprobamate by hemoperfusion over columns of charcoal and Amberlite resin. Studies in a patient. Perfusion of the blood of a patient with toxic levels of meprobamate through an activated charcoal cartridge resulted in efficient early clearance of the drug, then a decline in extraction. Perfusion through a resin column resulted in total drug extraction without a decline in clearance over four hours. Both procedures were stable with minimal disturbance in hematological values or blood chemistries. This is the first report of in vivo hemoperfusion over resin for meprobamate poisoning. The efficacy and safety of the procedure need emphasis.", "PMID": 743013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5401", "title": "Digoxin removal from an anephric patient by hemoperfusion over XAD-4.", "content": "Removal of digoxin by hemoperfusion over Amberlite XAD-4 was determined in a functionally anephric patient. During four hours of hemoperfusion, 50.45 microgram of digoxin were removed by the column and serum digoxin concentrations decreased by 0.2 ng/ml after the post-hemoperfusion reequilibration was complete.", "contents": "Digoxin removal from an anephric patient by hemoperfusion over XAD-4. Removal of digoxin by hemoperfusion over Amberlite XAD-4 was determined in a functionally anephric patient. During four hours of hemoperfusion, 50.45 microgram of digoxin were removed by the column and serum digoxin concentrations decreased by 0.2 ng/ml after the post-hemoperfusion reequilibration was complete.", "PMID": 743014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5402", "title": "Evolution of the solenoid-actuated left ventricular assist system: integration with a pusher-plate pump for intra-abdominal implantation in the calf.", "content": "The performance of an implantable left ventricular assist system (LVAS) utilizing a pulsed solenoid energy converter and a pusher-plate blood pump has been characterized in vitro and in vivo. A microprocessor-based electronic control system makes the LVAS completely self-regulating over the range of operating conditions and provides considerable flexibility in various assist modalities. Over forty thousand hours of in vitro and in vivo operating experience has been accumulated with current systems, and significant progress has been acheived in system durability and reliability. A new toggle latch has provided nearly a year of failure-free operation on the bench, without measurable wear. Energy converter efficiencies of 50% have been demonstrated. In vivo evaluation has been highlighted by an animal experiment still in progress after nearly four months of fault-free, continuous synchronous pumping.", "contents": "Evolution of the solenoid-actuated left ventricular assist system: integration with a pusher-plate pump for intra-abdominal implantation in the calf. The performance of an implantable left ventricular assist system (LVAS) utilizing a pulsed solenoid energy converter and a pusher-plate blood pump has been characterized in vitro and in vivo. A microprocessor-based electronic control system makes the LVAS completely self-regulating over the range of operating conditions and provides considerable flexibility in various assist modalities. Over forty thousand hours of in vitro and in vivo operating experience has been accumulated with current systems, and significant progress has been acheived in system durability and reliability. A new toggle latch has provided nearly a year of failure-free operation on the bench, without measurable wear. Energy converter efficiencies of 50% have been demonstrated. In vivo evaluation has been highlighted by an animal experiment still in progress after nearly four months of fault-free, continuous synchronous pumping.", "PMID": 743015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5403", "title": "Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with peritoneal dialysis in a patient with renal failure.", "content": "Peritoneal dialysis using a chloride-rich dialysate succeeded in correcting systemic metabolic alkalosis in a patient with renal failure. The present approach may have a place in the therapy of metabolic alkalosis.", "contents": "Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with peritoneal dialysis in a patient with renal failure. Peritoneal dialysis using a chloride-rich dialysate succeeded in correcting systemic metabolic alkalosis in a patient with renal failure. The present approach may have a place in the therapy of metabolic alkalosis.", "PMID": 743016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5404", "title": "Infectious diseases of the newborn.", "content": "Despite the advent of antibiotics, infectious diseases remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period. Infection is the third commonest cause of perinatal mortality after hypoxia and malformations. Neonatal mortality rates from infection are of the order of 1:1000 live births. Although infections are theoretically preventable, there has been no significant change in incidence over the last 30 years.", "contents": "Infectious diseases of the newborn. Despite the advent of antibiotics, infectious diseases remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period. Infection is the third commonest cause of perinatal mortality after hypoxia and malformations. Neonatal mortality rates from infection are of the order of 1:1000 live births. Although infections are theoretically preventable, there has been no significant change in incidence over the last 30 years.", "PMID": 743019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5405", "title": "Immunization for the common communicable diseases.", "content": "Infectious diseases have dropped from the limelight in developed countries with the advent of immunization and antibiotics, but their worldwide significance in the terms of morbidity and mortality is still considerable. Whereas there are grounds for substantial differences in immunization schedules between the developed and developing countries, the acceptance of simplified immunization schedules in the former remains a crucial factor for gaining significant cover of young children and success in control of the target diseases. In the developed countries, continuing surveillance and re-evaluation of programmes is necessary to ensure that the benefits so far obtained are maintained. This paper summarizes the approach to immunization programmes both in developing countries and in Australia, and outlines the schedule recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council at its 85th Session in June, 1978.", "contents": "Immunization for the common communicable diseases. Infectious diseases have dropped from the limelight in developed countries with the advent of immunization and antibiotics, but their worldwide significance in the terms of morbidity and mortality is still considerable. Whereas there are grounds for substantial differences in immunization schedules between the developed and developing countries, the acceptance of simplified immunization schedules in the former remains a crucial factor for gaining significant cover of young children and success in control of the target diseases. In the developed countries, continuing surveillance and re-evaluation of programmes is necessary to ensure that the benefits so far obtained are maintained. This paper summarizes the approach to immunization programmes both in developing countries and in Australia, and outlines the schedule recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council at its 85th Session in June, 1978.", "PMID": 743020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5406", "title": "The special problem of hospital infections.", "content": "One in twenty patients admitted to hospital will develop an infection. Hospital-associated infections have a significant effect on patient morbidity, with consequent economic implications. Both indigenous flora and cross infection represent significant sources of infection. It is of prime importance to identify the patient at risk and institute preventative measures.", "contents": "The special problem of hospital infections. One in twenty patients admitted to hospital will develop an infection. Hospital-associated infections have a significant effect on patient morbidity, with consequent economic implications. Both indigenous flora and cross infection represent significant sources of infection. It is of prime importance to identify the patient at risk and institute preventative measures.", "PMID": 743021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5407", "title": "Antibiotic treatment of common bacterial respiratory tract infection in general practice.", "content": "Respiratory tract infections, particularly in children, are some of the most common conditions seen in general practice. It would seem reasonable, therefore, that these conditions would be treated well. However, analysis of the figures taken from the Australian Morbidity Survey conducted by The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners shows that whilst most general practitioners use antibiotics satisfactorily, there are a few occasions in which it is fairly obvious that there is a lack of knowledge of the action of a particular antibiotic against a specific organism. This article is not intended to be a treatise on the microbiology of different respiratory tract infections and antibiotic use, but it is intended to be a guide to the treatment of common respiratory infections as seen in general practice.", "contents": "Antibiotic treatment of common bacterial respiratory tract infection in general practice. Respiratory tract infections, particularly in children, are some of the most common conditions seen in general practice. It would seem reasonable, therefore, that these conditions would be treated well. However, analysis of the figures taken from the Australian Morbidity Survey conducted by The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners shows that whilst most general practitioners use antibiotics satisfactorily, there are a few occasions in which it is fairly obvious that there is a lack of knowledge of the action of a particular antibiotic against a specific organism. This article is not intended to be a treatise on the microbiology of different respiratory tract infections and antibiotic use, but it is intended to be a guide to the treatment of common respiratory infections as seen in general practice.", "PMID": 743022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5408", "title": "Rheumatic diseases and the eye.", "content": "The ocular complications of the rheumatic diseases are common, frequently insidious and sight threatening, and deserve review to heighten awareness and facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Rheumatic diseases and the eye. The ocular complications of the rheumatic diseases are common, frequently insidious and sight threatening, and deserve review to heighten awareness and facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 743023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5409", "title": "Sex offences.", "content": "The investigation of offences involving sexual assaults and the examination of the victims of such crimes, are matters of concern to the community, to medical people and to law enforcement agencies. Throughout the world, much thought has been given to these matters during the last few years. The subject has stimulated anger and frustration as well as sympathy. The public conscience has been stirred and professional groups--doctors, lawyers, legislators and law enforcement agencies--goaded on many occasions by feminist groups, have deliberated the various aspects of this problem. A deal of practical advice has been given on this subject and throughout the world there has been a number of different approaches to the manner in which the medical examination of these victims is handled.", "contents": "Sex offences. The investigation of offences involving sexual assaults and the examination of the victims of such crimes, are matters of concern to the community, to medical people and to law enforcement agencies. Throughout the world, much thought has been given to these matters during the last few years. The subject has stimulated anger and frustration as well as sympathy. The public conscience has been stirred and professional groups--doctors, lawyers, legislators and law enforcement agencies--goaded on many occasions by feminist groups, have deliberated the various aspects of this problem. A deal of practical advice has been given on this subject and throughout the world there has been a number of different approaches to the manner in which the medical examination of these victims is handled.", "PMID": 743024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5410", "title": "Diagnosis and management of acute diarrhoea in adults.", "content": "Acute diarrhoea is a frequent, worldwide complaint. On any given day, 200 million people suffering from gastroenteritis will pass a volume of diarrhoeal water comparable with the flow of water over the Victoria Falls in one minute. In most attacks, routine microbiological techniques will fail to demonstrate the cause.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of acute diarrhoea in adults. Acute diarrhoea is a frequent, worldwide complaint. On any given day, 200 million people suffering from gastroenteritis will pass a volume of diarrhoeal water comparable with the flow of water over the Victoria Falls in one minute. In most attacks, routine microbiological techniques will fail to demonstrate the cause.", "PMID": 743025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5411", "title": "Step-by-step management of female victims of sexual assault.", "content": "Various authors have published advice on the management of victims of sexual assault--male and female. Most published accounts provide general advice, ordered according to theoretical considerations rather than to the chronological sequence of tasks to be performed. Our experience has been that a task list sequenced in chronological fashion is very useful in helping the attending doctor to remember what to do and how to do it. The step-by-step list used for women seen at Perth's Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) is presented here.", "contents": "Step-by-step management of female victims of sexual assault. Various authors have published advice on the management of victims of sexual assault--male and female. Most published accounts provide general advice, ordered according to theoretical considerations rather than to the chronological sequence of tasks to be performed. Our experience has been that a task list sequenced in chronological fashion is very useful in helping the attending doctor to remember what to do and how to do it. The step-by-step list used for women seen at Perth's Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) is presented here.", "PMID": 743026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5412", "title": "Hyperlipaemia in ponies.", "content": "The case histories and clinical findings of 15 ponies with hyperlipaemia are presented. The disease was characterised by hyperlipidaemia with inappetance, progressing somnolence, muscle fasciculation, diarrhoea, and ventral oedema as the predominant clinical findings. Post mortem examinations of 12 ponies showed extensive lipidosis and vascular thrombosis with widespread secondary changes. Most cases occurred in late pregnant and early lactating mares in the summer months and it is postulated that the disease was initiated in this group by a falling nutritional plane in the face of high nutrient requirements.", "contents": "Hyperlipaemia in ponies. The case histories and clinical findings of 15 ponies with hyperlipaemia are presented. The disease was characterised by hyperlipidaemia with inappetance, progressing somnolence, muscle fasciculation, diarrhoea, and ventral oedema as the predominant clinical findings. Post mortem examinations of 12 ponies showed extensive lipidosis and vascular thrombosis with widespread secondary changes. Most cases occurred in late pregnant and early lactating mares in the summer months and it is postulated that the disease was initiated in this group by a falling nutritional plane in the face of high nutrient requirements.", "PMID": 743040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5413", "title": "Breed differences in abnormalities of the reproductive organs of young beef bulls.", "content": "A total of 702 examinations were conducted on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross--100; Africander cross--93; Shorthorn cross--109; Brahman--81; Africander--89, and Hereford--230). A high occurrence of both increased size (overall 11.7%) and consistency (overall 40.2%) of seminal vesicles was observed. The Hereford breed had most enlarged (19.1%, P less than .01) and firm (20.9%, P less than .01) seminal vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed. Testicular hypoplasia was diagnosed in 2.7% of examinations. The Brahman breed had most testicular hypoplasia (8.6%, P less than .01). The implications of this finding are discussed and the need is stressed for a wider investigation of gonad development in the Brahman breed in Australia. Other findings included: small seminal vesicles in 1.6% of examinations (Brahman breed highest with 8.6%, P less than .001), enlarged ampullae, 1.9%, 'soft' testicles, 3.4% and small testicles, 7.5%. Abnormal carriage of the testicles was detected in 0.3% of examinations. Ulceration of the prepuce was observed in 6.8% of examinations. The highest occurrences were in the SH (13.8%, P less than .01) and Africander (13.5%, P less than .05) breed groups. Varying degrees of preputial eversion or prolapse were seen in 0.7% of examinations with the Bx breed group having highest representation (3.0%, P less than .05).", "contents": "Breed differences in abnormalities of the reproductive organs of young beef bulls. A total of 702 examinations were conducted on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross--100; Africander cross--93; Shorthorn cross--109; Brahman--81; Africander--89, and Hereford--230). A high occurrence of both increased size (overall 11.7%) and consistency (overall 40.2%) of seminal vesicles was observed. The Hereford breed had most enlarged (19.1%, P less than .01) and firm (20.9%, P less than .01) seminal vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed. Testicular hypoplasia was diagnosed in 2.7% of examinations. The Brahman breed had most testicular hypoplasia (8.6%, P less than .01). The implications of this finding are discussed and the need is stressed for a wider investigation of gonad development in the Brahman breed in Australia. Other findings included: small seminal vesicles in 1.6% of examinations (Brahman breed highest with 8.6%, P less than .001), enlarged ampullae, 1.9%, 'soft' testicles, 3.4% and small testicles, 7.5%. Abnormal carriage of the testicles was detected in 0.3% of examinations. Ulceration of the prepuce was observed in 6.8% of examinations. The highest occurrences were in the SH (13.8%, P less than .01) and Africander (13.5%, P less than .05) breed groups. Varying degrees of preputial eversion or prolapse were seen in 0.7% of examinations with the Bx breed group having highest representation (3.0%, P less than .05).", "PMID": 743041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5414", "title": "Efficacy of oxfendazole against an ovine isolate of benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "Eighteen parasite-free sheep were each infected with 6000 +/- 25 infective larvae of the AH-2, benzimidazole-resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus on each of experimental days -27, -15, -8 and -1. The sheep were subsequently randomized into 3 groups of 6 sheep each. Group 1 served as untreated controls; Groups 2 and 3 were treated orally with oxfendazole at dose levels of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively. At both dosage levels, oxfendazole was 100% effective against third, fourth, early fifth, and adult stages of the worms.", "contents": "Efficacy of oxfendazole against an ovine isolate of benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus. Eighteen parasite-free sheep were each infected with 6000 +/- 25 infective larvae of the AH-2, benzimidazole-resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus on each of experimental days -27, -15, -8 and -1. The sheep were subsequently randomized into 3 groups of 6 sheep each. Group 1 served as untreated controls; Groups 2 and 3 were treated orally with oxfendazole at dose levels of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively. At both dosage levels, oxfendazole was 100% effective against third, fourth, early fifth, and adult stages of the worms.", "PMID": 743042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5415", "title": "The efficiency of cypermethrin (NRDC 149) for the treatment and eradication of the sheep louse Damalinia ovis.", "content": "A synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin (NRDC 149), showed activity in killing lice (Damalinia ovis) in the fleece of sheep at concentrations as low as 1 ppm in a dip. In addition concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm showed a persistent effect and prevented reinfestation from contact challenge sheep for 7 and 19 weeks respectively.", "contents": "The efficiency of cypermethrin (NRDC 149) for the treatment and eradication of the sheep louse Damalinia ovis. A synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin (NRDC 149), showed activity in killing lice (Damalinia ovis) in the fleece of sheep at concentrations as low as 1 ppm in a dip. In addition concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm showed a persistent effect and prevented reinfestation from contact challenge sheep for 7 and 19 weeks respectively.", "PMID": 743043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5416", "title": "Testicular pathology of Merino rams.", "content": "The scrotal contents of 2,281 Merino rams of wide age range examined at 3 abattoirs in Perth, Western Australia, showed a 40% prevalence of rams with 1 or more gross lesions. The percentage prevalence of gross lesions found on autopsy were: adhesions 21, testicular atrophy/hypoplasia 14, testicular calcification 13, congenital cyst of the epididymis 6, cryptorchidism 4, chronic epididymitis/scrotal abscesses 2, varicocoele 2, testicular aplasia less than 1, seminoma less than 1. The prevalence of lesions increased with age of rams. Testicular atrophy was often present when varicocoele, chronic epididymitis and scrotal abscess affected that side of the scrotal sac. Corynebacterium spp was the most frequent isolate from chronic epididymitis. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated once and Brucella ovis was not isolated. About 20% of the rams showed lesions compatible with a diagnosis of reproductive unsoundness. A large proportion of lesions were revealed only after removal of the scrotum and most of these did not appear to affect normal spermatogenesis except for an estimated 9% of rams, which showed mild atrophy/hypoplasia. Samples of these testes showed mild to moderate changes in spermatogenesis on histopathology. It was postulated that the latter group of rams might represent those ill-defined clinical cases which show equivocal results on appraisal of semen samples despite the presence of palpably normal testes.", "contents": "Testicular pathology of Merino rams. The scrotal contents of 2,281 Merino rams of wide age range examined at 3 abattoirs in Perth, Western Australia, showed a 40% prevalence of rams with 1 or more gross lesions. The percentage prevalence of gross lesions found on autopsy were: adhesions 21, testicular atrophy/hypoplasia 14, testicular calcification 13, congenital cyst of the epididymis 6, cryptorchidism 4, chronic epididymitis/scrotal abscesses 2, varicocoele 2, testicular aplasia less than 1, seminoma less than 1. The prevalence of lesions increased with age of rams. Testicular atrophy was often present when varicocoele, chronic epididymitis and scrotal abscess affected that side of the scrotal sac. Corynebacterium spp was the most frequent isolate from chronic epididymitis. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated once and Brucella ovis was not isolated. About 20% of the rams showed lesions compatible with a diagnosis of reproductive unsoundness. A large proportion of lesions were revealed only after removal of the scrotum and most of these did not appear to affect normal spermatogenesis except for an estimated 9% of rams, which showed mild atrophy/hypoplasia. Samples of these testes showed mild to moderate changes in spermatogenesis on histopathology. It was postulated that the latter group of rams might represent those ill-defined clinical cases which show equivocal results on appraisal of semen samples despite the presence of palpably normal testes.", "PMID": 743044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5417", "title": "Leucoencephalomyelitis of goat kids.", "content": "A leucoencephalomyelitis in 6 goat kids 2 to 5 months old is described. The disease was characterised by fever, ataxia, posterior paresis, circling and hyperaesthesia progressing to prostration. The neural lesion was confined to the white matter of the cerebellum and posterior brain stem in 4 kids, but in 2 others the cervical spinal cord was the main site affected. The lesion was characterised microscopically by dense perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells, infiltration of the parenchyma with macrophages and a proliferation of glial cells and by a marked primary demyelination. In more advanced lesions, areas of the neurophil were replaced by a loose glial scar. There were associated pulmonary lesions of interstitial pneumonitis and hyperplasia of the peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue. Attempts to isolate an aetiological agent and to transmit the disease to young goat kids and lambs were unsuccessful. The disease has not been reported before in Australia but has distinct similarities to an infectious leucoencephalomyelitis of young goats which has been described in North America.", "contents": "Leucoencephalomyelitis of goat kids. A leucoencephalomyelitis in 6 goat kids 2 to 5 months old is described. The disease was characterised by fever, ataxia, posterior paresis, circling and hyperaesthesia progressing to prostration. The neural lesion was confined to the white matter of the cerebellum and posterior brain stem in 4 kids, but in 2 others the cervical spinal cord was the main site affected. The lesion was characterised microscopically by dense perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells, infiltration of the parenchyma with macrophages and a proliferation of glial cells and by a marked primary demyelination. In more advanced lesions, areas of the neurophil were replaced by a loose glial scar. There were associated pulmonary lesions of interstitial pneumonitis and hyperplasia of the peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue. Attempts to isolate an aetiological agent and to transmit the disease to young goat kids and lambs were unsuccessful. The disease has not been reported before in Australia but has distinct similarities to an infectious leucoencephalomyelitis of young goats which has been described in North America.", "PMID": 743045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5418", "title": "Administration of a vaccine prepared from the Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus by aerosol and drinking water.", "content": "An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3-or 6-week-old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus. When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37 degrees C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk. Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus. Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination-inhibition in chicks vaccinate once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level. From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.", "contents": "Administration of a vaccine prepared from the Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus by aerosol and drinking water. An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3-or 6-week-old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus. When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37 degrees C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk. Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus. Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination-inhibition in chicks vaccinate once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level. From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.", "PMID": 743047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5419", "title": "The establishment of a laboratory colony of Ixodes holocyclus.", "content": "A laboratory colony capable of producing annually 3000 female Ixodes holocyclus was maintained for 3 years. Guinea-pigs were used for larval feeding and bandicoots for nymphs and adults. The methods and equipment employed are described in detail.", "contents": "The establishment of a laboratory colony of Ixodes holocyclus. A laboratory colony capable of producing annually 3000 female Ixodes holocyclus was maintained for 3 years. Guinea-pigs were used for larval feeding and bandicoots for nymphs and adults. The methods and equipment employed are described in detail.", "PMID": 743048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5420", "title": "Experimental infection of 35, 50 and 60 day old pig foetuses with porcine parvovirus.", "content": "Foetuses of six seronegative gilts, two of which each respectively 35, 50 and 60 days pregnant, were inoculated intrauterinely with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and examined 7 and 11 days after inoculation. HI antibody was not detected in any of the foetuses although all but one gilt developed low levels of antibody. All but one of the foetuses inoculated with PPV died in utero prior to examination at 11 days after inoculation. Infection also spread to non-inoculated litter mates. Histological changes were mild in the gilts but there was widespread tissue necrosis in infected foetuses, and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in cells of the liver, lung, kidney and cerebellum. The increased survival of foetuses infected at later stages of gestation appeared to be related to increased numbers of mononuclear cells then present in many tissues.", "contents": "Experimental infection of 35, 50 and 60 day old pig foetuses with porcine parvovirus. Foetuses of six seronegative gilts, two of which each respectively 35, 50 and 60 days pregnant, were inoculated intrauterinely with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and examined 7 and 11 days after inoculation. HI antibody was not detected in any of the foetuses although all but one gilt developed low levels of antibody. All but one of the foetuses inoculated with PPV died in utero prior to examination at 11 days after inoculation. Infection also spread to non-inoculated litter mates. Histological changes were mild in the gilts but there was widespread tissue necrosis in infected foetuses, and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in cells of the liver, lung, kidney and cerebellum. The increased survival of foetuses infected at later stages of gestation appeared to be related to increased numbers of mononuclear cells then present in many tissues.", "PMID": 743053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5421", "title": "Serological comparison between Histophilus ovis, Actinobacillus seminis and Brucella ovis.", "content": "The serological relationships between 4 strains of Histophilus ovis, the neotype strain of Actinobacillus seminis and Brucella ovis were examined using a cross-absorption complement-fixation technique. It was found that the 4 strains of H. ovis were serologically homologous and that an incomplete relationship existed between these organisms and A. seminis. Anteriserums prepared against one strain of H. ovis and the strain of A. seminis gave a weak, apparently non-specific cross-reaction with Br. ovis antigen. The practical significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Serological comparison between Histophilus ovis, Actinobacillus seminis and Brucella ovis. The serological relationships between 4 strains of Histophilus ovis, the neotype strain of Actinobacillus seminis and Brucella ovis were examined using a cross-absorption complement-fixation technique. It was found that the 4 strains of H. ovis were serologically homologous and that an incomplete relationship existed between these organisms and A. seminis. Anteriserums prepared against one strain of H. ovis and the strain of A. seminis gave a weak, apparently non-specific cross-reaction with Br. ovis antigen. The practical significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 743054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5422", "title": "Neonatal lamb losses due to feral pig predation.", "content": "An investigation into causes of low lamb marking percentages was made on a property in north-west New South Wales from 1971 to 1975. Investigations revealed that from 11 to 70% of the ewes in lamb were losing all their lambs. Observations suggested that feral pig predation was a factor in the perinatal loss. In 1975, 2 groups of ewes were placed in adjoining paddocks prior to lambing. Feral pigs were excluded from one paddock for most of lambing by means of an electric fence. In this paddock, 117% of lambs were marked compared with 80% in the adjoining paddock. It was estimated that in 1975 over 600 lambs were killed by feral pigs from 1,422 ewes lambing in paddocks with feral pigs. The problems involved in the diagnosis of feral pig predation are discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal lamb losses due to feral pig predation. An investigation into causes of low lamb marking percentages was made on a property in north-west New South Wales from 1971 to 1975. Investigations revealed that from 11 to 70% of the ewes in lamb were losing all their lambs. Observations suggested that feral pig predation was a factor in the perinatal loss. In 1975, 2 groups of ewes were placed in adjoining paddocks prior to lambing. Feral pigs were excluded from one paddock for most of lambing by means of an electric fence. In this paddock, 117% of lambs were marked compared with 80% in the adjoining paddock. It was estimated that in 1975 over 600 lambs were killed by feral pigs from 1,422 ewes lambing in paddocks with feral pigs. The problems involved in the diagnosis of feral pig predation are discussed.", "PMID": 743055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5423", "title": "Snake bite in cats.", "content": "In 6 years snake bite was diagnosed in 41 cats, with an average age of 20 months. The commonest presenting signs were dilated pupils, absence of the pupillary light reflex, depression and generalised muscle weakness. Other frequent findings were vomiting, dyspnoea, hindlimb ataxia and complete flaccid paralysis. Thirty-seven cases (90%) occurred in the 6 warmer months of the year. Tiger snakes were positively identified in 7 cases. A recovery rate of 89% was obtained in cases receiving 3000 units Tiger snake antivenene, fluid therapy and nursing. Cases presenting with a complete flaccid paralysis and sub-normal temperatures were poor prognostic risks.", "contents": "Snake bite in cats. In 6 years snake bite was diagnosed in 41 cats, with an average age of 20 months. The commonest presenting signs were dilated pupils, absence of the pupillary light reflex, depression and generalised muscle weakness. Other frequent findings were vomiting, dyspnoea, hindlimb ataxia and complete flaccid paralysis. Thirty-seven cases (90%) occurred in the 6 warmer months of the year. Tiger snakes were positively identified in 7 cases. A recovery rate of 89% was obtained in cases receiving 3000 units Tiger snake antivenene, fluid therapy and nursing. Cases presenting with a complete flaccid paralysis and sub-normal temperatures were poor prognostic risks.", "PMID": 743057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5424", "title": "Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in a Boxer dog.", "content": "A 2-year-old male Boxer dog had passed loose faeces mixed with fresh blood and mucus for 8 months. Tenesmus after defaecation was a feature. Colitis was diagnosed from the proctoscopic appearance of the recto-colonic mucosa and confirmed from a biopsy. The disorder proved unresponsive to sulphasalazine therapy, but oral chloramphenicol, betamethasone and prednisolone enemas administered over a 6-week period produced a satisfactory clinical improvement, which persisted for a further 3 weeks without treatment. However, follow-up proctoscopy showed only a marginal improvement in the appearance of the mucosa and appeared to exacerbate further bloody diarrhoea, which persisted. The dog was destroyed and histiocytic ulcerative colitis confirmed at autopsy.", "contents": "Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in a Boxer dog. A 2-year-old male Boxer dog had passed loose faeces mixed with fresh blood and mucus for 8 months. Tenesmus after defaecation was a feature. Colitis was diagnosed from the proctoscopic appearance of the recto-colonic mucosa and confirmed from a biopsy. The disorder proved unresponsive to sulphasalazine therapy, but oral chloramphenicol, betamethasone and prednisolone enemas administered over a 6-week period produced a satisfactory clinical improvement, which persisted for a further 3 weeks without treatment. However, follow-up proctoscopy showed only a marginal improvement in the appearance of the mucosa and appeared to exacerbate further bloody diarrhoea, which persisted. The dog was destroyed and histiocytic ulcerative colitis confirmed at autopsy.", "PMID": 743058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5425", "title": "Glossy mutants of maize. VIII. Accumulation of fatty aldehydes in surface waxes of gl5 maize seedlings.", "content": "In corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) homozygous for the mutation gl5, the surface waxes are characteristically altered. In this mutant the main wax constituents (83.5%) are aldehydes while in the normal waxes alcohols predominate (62.7%). Moreover, in the normal waxes aldehydes and alcohols are made up mainly of the C32 term (99%), whereas in gl5 waxes the principal aldehyde is still C32 (90.7%) but the free alcohol composition pattern is noticeably modified. Here the predominant terms are C24, C26, and C28, with C32 representing only 16.6% of the total. The results indicate that the mutant induces a block in the synthesis of fatty alcohols while accumulating fatty aldehydes, the substrates from which the alcohols originate.", "contents": "Glossy mutants of maize. VIII. Accumulation of fatty aldehydes in surface waxes of gl5 maize seedlings. In corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) homozygous for the mutation gl5, the surface waxes are characteristically altered. In this mutant the main wax constituents (83.5%) are aldehydes while in the normal waxes alcohols predominate (62.7%). Moreover, in the normal waxes aldehydes and alcohols are made up mainly of the C32 term (99%), whereas in gl5 waxes the principal aldehyde is still C32 (90.7%) but the free alcohol composition pattern is noticeably modified. Here the predominant terms are C24, C26, and C28, with C32 representing only 16.6% of the total. The results indicate that the mutant induces a block in the synthesis of fatty alcohols while accumulating fatty aldehydes, the substrates from which the alcohols originate.", "PMID": 743190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5426", "title": "Genetic control of nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes is under the genetic control of two allelomorphic genes (NuI and Nui), where NuI codes for the functional absence of a high-affinity nucleoside transport system and is dominant to the gene (Nui) coding for the presence of the transport system. Kinetic and inhibitor experiments show that the high-affinity transport system is not present in heterozygous erythrocytes, demonstrating that the NuI gene is completely dominant over the Nui gene. It is suggested that the Nu locus may not represent the structural gene locus of the nucleoside transport system. Instead, it may be a regulator gene locus.", "contents": "Genetic control of nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes. Nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes is under the genetic control of two allelomorphic genes (NuI and Nui), where NuI codes for the functional absence of a high-affinity nucleoside transport system and is dominant to the gene (Nui) coding for the presence of the transport system. Kinetic and inhibitor experiments show that the high-affinity transport system is not present in heterozygous erythrocytes, demonstrating that the NuI gene is completely dominant over the Nui gene. It is suggested that the Nu locus may not represent the structural gene locus of the nucleoside transport system. Instead, it may be a regulator gene locus.", "PMID": 743192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5427", "title": "Interaction of the opaque-2 gene with starch-forming mutant genes on the synthesis of zein in maize endosperm.", "content": "The combination of opaque-2 with starch-modified or starch-deficient mutants produced a cumulative and synergistic effect, respectively in regulating zein synthesis. The double mutant, brittle-2 opaque-2, which almost completely prevented the synthesis of Z1 and Z2, had high RNase activity. The possible involvement of RNase in effecting zein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of the opaque-2 gene with starch-forming mutant genes on the synthesis of zein in maize endosperm. The combination of opaque-2 with starch-modified or starch-deficient mutants produced a cumulative and synergistic effect, respectively in regulating zein synthesis. The double mutant, brittle-2 opaque-2, which almost completely prevented the synthesis of Z1 and Z2, had high RNase activity. The possible involvement of RNase in effecting zein synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 743193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5428", "title": "Segregation of genetic determinants for murine glucuronidase synthesis and loss in CXB recombinant-inbred strains.", "content": "A set of recombinant-inbred strains developed from mouse strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 includes two beta-glucuronidase phenotypes that are not seen in either of the progenitor strains. These new recombinant phenotypes indicate that glucuronidase levels are regulated by genes additional to the Gur locus, which is closely linked to the glucuronidase structural gene (Gus) and is known to regulate the rate of glucuronidase synthesis. In this study, induced rates of glucuronidase synthesis were determined for these recombinant-inbred strains, and rate constants for enzyme loss were calculated. The rate of synthesis was found to segregate with the Gus gene in all of the strains, and only the determinants for rate of enzyme loss recombined to give new phenotypes. It was concluded that at least two genes affect the rate of enzyme loss, that these genes are not closely linked to each other or to the Gur-Gus region on chromosome 5, and that no major determinants of glucuronidase synthesis segregate independently of Gur.", "contents": "Segregation of genetic determinants for murine glucuronidase synthesis and loss in CXB recombinant-inbred strains. A set of recombinant-inbred strains developed from mouse strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 includes two beta-glucuronidase phenotypes that are not seen in either of the progenitor strains. These new recombinant phenotypes indicate that glucuronidase levels are regulated by genes additional to the Gur locus, which is closely linked to the glucuronidase structural gene (Gus) and is known to regulate the rate of glucuronidase synthesis. In this study, induced rates of glucuronidase synthesis were determined for these recombinant-inbred strains, and rate constants for enzyme loss were calculated. The rate of synthesis was found to segregate with the Gus gene in all of the strains, and only the determinants for rate of enzyme loss recombined to give new phenotypes. It was concluded that at least two genes affect the rate of enzyme loss, that these genes are not closely linked to each other or to the Gur-Gus region on chromosome 5, and that no major determinants of glucuronidase synthesis segregate independently of Gur.", "PMID": 743194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5429", "title": "Role of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in adenine uptake in wild-type and APRT- mutants of CHO.", "content": "Adenine uptake in cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts showed biphasic saturation kinetics. The transport system was highly specific for adenine and was competitively inhibited by adenosine. Utilizing mutant clones of Chinese hamster fibroblasts that have either reduced or negligible adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) activity, we found that (1) adenine was not accumulated against a concentration gradient in the absence of APRT activity and (2) after rapid initial uptake equal to that of the parent the rates of adenine accumulation found for the mutants correlated strongly with their residual APRT activities. Furthermore, using either artificially depressed phosphoribosylpyrophosphate pool size and APRT activities or the mutants with decreased APRT activity, we found that adenine transport was independent of phosphorylation by APRT. These studies suggest that adenine is transported as the free base by facilitated diffusion and is subsequently phosphorylated by APRT.", "contents": "Role of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in adenine uptake in wild-type and APRT- mutants of CHO. Adenine uptake in cultured Chinese hamster fibroblasts showed biphasic saturation kinetics. The transport system was highly specific for adenine and was competitively inhibited by adenosine. Utilizing mutant clones of Chinese hamster fibroblasts that have either reduced or negligible adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) activity, we found that (1) adenine was not accumulated against a concentration gradient in the absence of APRT activity and (2) after rapid initial uptake equal to that of the parent the rates of adenine accumulation found for the mutants correlated strongly with their residual APRT activities. Furthermore, using either artificially depressed phosphoribosylpyrophosphate pool size and APRT activities or the mutants with decreased APRT activity, we found that adenine transport was independent of phosphorylation by APRT. These studies suggest that adenine is transported as the free base by facilitated diffusion and is subsequently phosphorylated by APRT.", "PMID": 743195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5430", "title": "Species identification in protozoa: glucosephosphate isomerase variation in the Paramecium aurelia group.", "content": "Results are presented for intra- and interspecies variation in electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase in the Paramecium aurelia species complex. Three new observations have been made: (1) the hitherto indistinguishable species 1 and 5 can be distinguished on the basis of GPI electrophoretic mobility, (2) the degree of intraspecies variation is much higher for GPI than for the previously studied mitochondrial dehydrogenases and esterases, and (3) several of the enzymatic variants observed in one species are apparently indistinguishable from some found in other species. The intraspecies variants found have been shown to be allelic, and, on the basis of the enzyme patterns of the heterozygotes, it is proposed that GPI is a dimeric enzyme determined by two loci. In view of the use of enzyme variation as a means of species identification in protozoa, these results suggest that the use of such methods can lead to underestimating the number of species and possibly to misclassification. The implications of these findings together with the results obtained with Tetrahymena are discussed.", "contents": "Species identification in protozoa: glucosephosphate isomerase variation in the Paramecium aurelia group. Results are presented for intra- and interspecies variation in electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase in the Paramecium aurelia species complex. Three new observations have been made: (1) the hitherto indistinguishable species 1 and 5 can be distinguished on the basis of GPI electrophoretic mobility, (2) the degree of intraspecies variation is much higher for GPI than for the previously studied mitochondrial dehydrogenases and esterases, and (3) several of the enzymatic variants observed in one species are apparently indistinguishable from some found in other species. The intraspecies variants found have been shown to be allelic, and, on the basis of the enzyme patterns of the heterozygotes, it is proposed that GPI is a dimeric enzyme determined by two loci. In view of the use of enzyme variation as a means of species identification in protozoa, these results suggest that the use of such methods can lead to underestimating the number of species and possibly to misclassification. The implications of these findings together with the results obtained with Tetrahymena are discussed.", "PMID": 743196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5431", "title": "Analysis of plant genomes. V. Comparative study of molecular properties of DNAs of seven Allium species.", "content": "The genomes of seven plant species belonging to the genus Allium and exhibiting a threefold variation in their nuclear DNA content were analyzed by studying their reassociation kinetics, equilibrium centrifugation behavior in neutral CsCl gradients, and melting properties. The reassociation kinetics experiments revealed the presence of 44-65% repeated DNA sequences. A comparison between DNA contents and the proportion of repeated DNA sequences indicated that, in Allium, increase in the genome size is not exclusively due to variations in the proportions of repetitive DNA. The total DNA as well as the various repetitive DNA fractions in all the Allium species examined exhibited, in spite of a few differences, a gross similarity in their behavior in neutral CsCl gradients and in their melting properties.", "contents": "Analysis of plant genomes. V. Comparative study of molecular properties of DNAs of seven Allium species. The genomes of seven plant species belonging to the genus Allium and exhibiting a threefold variation in their nuclear DNA content were analyzed by studying their reassociation kinetics, equilibrium centrifugation behavior in neutral CsCl gradients, and melting properties. The reassociation kinetics experiments revealed the presence of 44-65% repeated DNA sequences. A comparison between DNA contents and the proportion of repeated DNA sequences indicated that, in Allium, increase in the genome size is not exclusively due to variations in the proportions of repetitive DNA. The total DNA as well as the various repetitive DNA fractions in all the Allium species examined exhibited, in spite of a few differences, a gross similarity in their behavior in neutral CsCl gradients and in their melting properties.", "PMID": 743197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5432", "title": "Relationship between subunit size and number of rare electrophoretic alleles in human enzymes.", "content": "Data from published sources were used to compare the numbers of different electrophoretic alleles of 29 monomeric and dimeric human enzymes to their respective subunit molecular weights. Only those human enzymes were considered for which the total sample sizes were in excess of 2000 individuals. Correlations between these two variables were determined within sample size ranges of 2000 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 3000 and 4000 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5000 individuals, and separately by quaternary class. There was no statistically significant correlation observed for the smaller sample size range in monomers; however, the correlations for the larger sample size range in monomers and both ranges in dimers were significant. Since there is no relationship between subunit size and heterozygosity, the relationships are due primarily to the incidence of rare alleles. These findings demonstrate the effect of locus-specific mutation rates, expected as a consequence of variation of cistron sizes, and imply that other forces are responsible for the relative frequencies of common alleles at some of the loci.", "contents": "Relationship between subunit size and number of rare electrophoretic alleles in human enzymes. Data from published sources were used to compare the numbers of different electrophoretic alleles of 29 monomeric and dimeric human enzymes to their respective subunit molecular weights. Only those human enzymes were considered for which the total sample sizes were in excess of 2000 individuals. Correlations between these two variables were determined within sample size ranges of 2000 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 3000 and 4000 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5000 individuals, and separately by quaternary class. There was no statistically significant correlation observed for the smaller sample size range in monomers; however, the correlations for the larger sample size range in monomers and both ranges in dimers were significant. Since there is no relationship between subunit size and heterozygosity, the relationships are due primarily to the incidence of rare alleles. These findings demonstrate the effect of locus-specific mutation rates, expected as a consequence of variation of cistron sizes, and imply that other forces are responsible for the relative frequencies of common alleles at some of the loci.", "PMID": 743198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5433", "title": "Chloroperoxidase-catalysed oxidation of 4-chloroaniline to 4-chloronitrosobenze.", "content": "The incubation of 4-chloroaniline with chloroperoxidase and H2O2 resulted in a rapid formation of 4-chloronitrosobenzene. This enzymic oxidation displayed a pH optimum at 4.4 with a Km of 8.1x10(-4)M and catalytic-centre activity of 312. The initial rate of the reaction was strongly affected by the presence of halide ions. 4-Chlorophenylhydroxylamine was even more rapidly converted into the nitroso compound. A reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of currently accepted theory for the catalytic action of chloroperoxidae. A noteworthy aspect of this new reaction is the difference in the products previously reported for the action of classical peroxidases on anilines and the single nitroso product resulting from chloroperoxidase oxidation.", "contents": "Chloroperoxidase-catalysed oxidation of 4-chloroaniline to 4-chloronitrosobenze. The incubation of 4-chloroaniline with chloroperoxidase and H2O2 resulted in a rapid formation of 4-chloronitrosobenzene. This enzymic oxidation displayed a pH optimum at 4.4 with a Km of 8.1x10(-4)M and catalytic-centre activity of 312. The initial rate of the reaction was strongly affected by the presence of halide ions. 4-Chlorophenylhydroxylamine was even more rapidly converted into the nitroso compound. A reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of currently accepted theory for the catalytic action of chloroperoxidae. A noteworthy aspect of this new reaction is the difference in the products previously reported for the action of classical peroxidases on anilines and the single nitroso product resulting from chloroperoxidase oxidation.", "PMID": 743200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5434", "title": "A new intermediate of the aldolase reaction, the pyruvaldehyde-aldolase-orthophosphate complex.", "content": "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle forms by reaction with dihydroxyacetone phosphate a pyruvaldehyde-aldolase-orthophosphate complex that is in equilibrium with the eneamine intermediate. The new intermediate accumulates in two phases. The first one is practically complete in 40ms, and the second occurs with an apparent first-order rate constant of 4.6 +/- 0.5s-1. The new intermediate breaks down slowly with the release into the medium of pyruvaldehyde and Pi. The rate of the spontaneous release is higher at acidic than at neutral pH.", "contents": "A new intermediate of the aldolase reaction, the pyruvaldehyde-aldolase-orthophosphate complex. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle forms by reaction with dihydroxyacetone phosphate a pyruvaldehyde-aldolase-orthophosphate complex that is in equilibrium with the eneamine intermediate. The new intermediate accumulates in two phases. The first one is practically complete in 40ms, and the second occurs with an apparent first-order rate constant of 4.6 +/- 0.5s-1. The new intermediate breaks down slowly with the release into the medium of pyruvaldehyde and Pi. The rate of the spontaneous release is higher at acidic than at neutral pH.", "PMID": 743201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5435", "title": "Purification and properties of the native form of rabbit liver aldolase. Evidence for proteolytic modification after tissue extraction.", "content": "Aldolase was purified from rabbit liver by affinity-elution chromatography. By taking precautions to avoid rupture of lysosomes during the isolation procedure, a stable form of liver aldolase was obtained. The stable form of the enzyme had a specific activity with respect to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleavage of 20-28 mumol/min per mg of protein and a fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleavage of 20-28mumol/min per mg of protein and a frutose 1,6-bisphosphate/fructose 1-phosphate activity ratio of 4. It was distinguishable from rabbit muscle aldolase, as previously isolated, on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility and N-terminal analysis. Muscle and liver aldolases were immunologically distinct. The stable liver aldolase was degraded with a lysosomal extract to a form with catalytic properties resembling those reported for aldolase B4. It is postulated that liver aldolase prepared by previously described methods has been modified by proteolysis and does not constitute the native form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the native form of rabbit liver aldolase. Evidence for proteolytic modification after tissue extraction. Aldolase was purified from rabbit liver by affinity-elution chromatography. By taking precautions to avoid rupture of lysosomes during the isolation procedure, a stable form of liver aldolase was obtained. The stable form of the enzyme had a specific activity with respect to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleavage of 20-28 mumol/min per mg of protein and a fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleavage of 20-28mumol/min per mg of protein and a frutose 1,6-bisphosphate/fructose 1-phosphate activity ratio of 4. It was distinguishable from rabbit muscle aldolase, as previously isolated, on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility and N-terminal analysis. Muscle and liver aldolases were immunologically distinct. The stable liver aldolase was degraded with a lysosomal extract to a form with catalytic properties resembling those reported for aldolase B4. It is postulated that liver aldolase prepared by previously described methods has been modified by proteolysis and does not constitute the native form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 743202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5436", "title": "Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) by antibody-antigen aggregates.", "content": "The activation of subcomponents C1r and C1s in the first component of complement, C1, when bound to antibody-antigen complexes was investigated. Activation was followed both by the splitting of the peptide chains of subcomponents C1r and C1s and by the development of proteolytic activity. For the maximum rate of activation to occur, all components must be present in approximate molar proportions of antibody: C1q:C1r:C1s of 13:1:5:5. For activation of subcomponent C1s, subcomponents C1r or C1r, but not C1r inactivated with iPr2P-F (di-isopropyl phosphorofluorideate), are effective. For activation of subcomponent C1r, subcomponents C1s, C1s or C1s inactivated with iPr2P-F are effective. Subcomponent C1s is activated by C1r, and C1r is activated autocatalytically, probably through the formation of an intermediary C1r. in which the peptide chain is unsplit but a conformational change caused by interaction with the other components has led to the formation of a catalytic site able to split subcomponent C1r to C1r.", "contents": "Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) by antibody-antigen aggregates. The activation of subcomponents C1r and C1s in the first component of complement, C1, when bound to antibody-antigen complexes was investigated. Activation was followed both by the splitting of the peptide chains of subcomponents C1r and C1s and by the development of proteolytic activity. For the maximum rate of activation to occur, all components must be present in approximate molar proportions of antibody: C1q:C1r:C1s of 13:1:5:5. For activation of subcomponent C1s, subcomponents C1r or C1r, but not C1r inactivated with iPr2P-F (di-isopropyl phosphorofluorideate), are effective. For activation of subcomponent C1r, subcomponents C1s, C1s or C1s inactivated with iPr2P-F are effective. Subcomponent C1s is activated by C1r, and C1r is activated autocatalytically, probably through the formation of an intermediary C1r. in which the peptide chain is unsplit but a conformational change caused by interaction with the other components has led to the formation of a catalytic site able to split subcomponent C1r to C1r.", "PMID": 743203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5437", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the crassulacean plant Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Hamet et Perrier. Purification, molecular and kinetic properties.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the Crassulacean plant Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi has been purified to homogenetity by DEAE-cellulose treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation,, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite. Poly(ethylene glycol) is required in the extraction medium to obtain maximum enzyme activity. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of about 26 units/mg of protein at 25 degrees C. It gives a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to a mol.wt. of 105,000, and gives a single band on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis at pH8.4. Cross-linking studies at pH8.0 indicate that the subunit structure is tetrameric but that the dimer may also be an important unit of polymerization. Gel filtration results at pH6.7 confirm that the native enzyme is tetrameric with a concentration-dependent dissociation to a dimer. The kinetic behaviour is characterized by (i) relatively small variations in maximum velocity between pH5.5 and 9.0 with a double optimum, (ii) a reversible temperature-dependent inactivation between 30 and 45 degrees C, (iii) inhibition by malate, which is pH-sensitive, and (iv) almost Michaelis-Menten behaviour with phosphoenolpyruvate as the varied ligand but sigmoidal behaviour under suitable conditions with malate as the varied ligand. The findings are related to other studies to the possible role phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in controlling a circadian rhythm of CO2 fixation.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the crassulacean plant Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Hamet et Perrier. Purification, molecular and kinetic properties. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the Crassulacean plant Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi has been purified to homogenetity by DEAE-cellulose treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation,, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite. Poly(ethylene glycol) is required in the extraction medium to obtain maximum enzyme activity. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of about 26 units/mg of protein at 25 degrees C. It gives a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to a mol.wt. of 105,000, and gives a single band on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis at pH8.4. Cross-linking studies at pH8.0 indicate that the subunit structure is tetrameric but that the dimer may also be an important unit of polymerization. Gel filtration results at pH6.7 confirm that the native enzyme is tetrameric with a concentration-dependent dissociation to a dimer. The kinetic behaviour is characterized by (i) relatively small variations in maximum velocity between pH5.5 and 9.0 with a double optimum, (ii) a reversible temperature-dependent inactivation between 30 and 45 degrees C, (iii) inhibition by malate, which is pH-sensitive, and (iv) almost Michaelis-Menten behaviour with phosphoenolpyruvate as the varied ligand but sigmoidal behaviour under suitable conditions with malate as the varied ligand. The findings are related to other studies to the possible role phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in controlling a circadian rhythm of CO2 fixation.", "PMID": 743204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5438", "title": "Topography of the rhodopsin molecule. Identification of the domain phosphorylated.", "content": "Studies on the light-stimulated phosphorylation of rod outer segments by [gamma-32P]ATP showed that although nearly 1 mol of [32P]phosphate was incorporated/mol of total opsin, only a small fraction of the molecules were phosphorylated, and these contained at least 2-3 mol of phosphate/mol. Rod outer segments containing the phosphorylated opsin were incubated with 11-cis-retinal to generate phosphorylated rhodopsin and then digested with papain to produce a cleaved complex comprising three fragments, heavy (H), medium (M) and light (L). It was shown that L-fragment of apparent mol.wt. 6000 contained all the phosphorylation sites. This suggests that one specific domain of rhodopsin is susceptible to multiple phosphorylation.", "contents": "Topography of the rhodopsin molecule. Identification of the domain phosphorylated. Studies on the light-stimulated phosphorylation of rod outer segments by [gamma-32P]ATP showed that although nearly 1 mol of [32P]phosphate was incorporated/mol of total opsin, only a small fraction of the molecules were phosphorylated, and these contained at least 2-3 mol of phosphate/mol. Rod outer segments containing the phosphorylated opsin were incubated with 11-cis-retinal to generate phosphorylated rhodopsin and then digested with papain to produce a cleaved complex comprising three fragments, heavy (H), medium (M) and light (L). It was shown that L-fragment of apparent mol.wt. 6000 contained all the phosphorylation sites. This suggests that one specific domain of rhodopsin is susceptible to multiple phosphorylation.", "PMID": 743205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5439", "title": "Purification and properties of arginase from human liver and erythrocytes.", "content": "Arginase was isolated from human liver and erythrocytes. The purification procedure used acetone precipitation, heat-treatment, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Both enzymes migrated to the anode at pH8.3 on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After incubation at pH8.0 and 37 degrees C the purified anionic liver arginase migrated to the cathode on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It is assumed that the multiple forms of the enzyme reported in the literature are partly artifacts of the purification procedure. The liver arginase showed a mol.wt. of 107000 determined by gel filtration and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.9S. Treatment of the liver enzyme with 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulphate at pH10 demonstrated an oligomeric structure of the enzyme with a mol.wt. of the subunit of 35000. The kinetic properties determined for the purified liver arginase showed an optimum pH of 9.3 and an optimal MnCl2 concentration of 2mM. The Km for L-arginine was 10.5 mM and for L-canavanine 50mM, and L-lysine exhibited a competitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 4.4mM. L-Homoarginine was not a substrate for liver arginase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of arginase from human liver and erythrocytes. Arginase was isolated from human liver and erythrocytes. The purification procedure used acetone precipitation, heat-treatment, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Both enzymes migrated to the anode at pH8.3 on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After incubation at pH8.0 and 37 degrees C the purified anionic liver arginase migrated to the cathode on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It is assumed that the multiple forms of the enzyme reported in the literature are partly artifacts of the purification procedure. The liver arginase showed a mol.wt. of 107000 determined by gel filtration and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.9S. Treatment of the liver enzyme with 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulphate at pH10 demonstrated an oligomeric structure of the enzyme with a mol.wt. of the subunit of 35000. The kinetic properties determined for the purified liver arginase showed an optimum pH of 9.3 and an optimal MnCl2 concentration of 2mM. The Km for L-arginine was 10.5 mM and for L-canavanine 50mM, and L-lysine exhibited a competitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 4.4mM. L-Homoarginine was not a substrate for liver arginase.", "PMID": 743206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5440", "title": "Phosphonate analogues of aminoacyl adenylates.", "content": "Phosphonomethyl analogues of glycyl phosphate and valyl phosphate, i.e. NH2-CHR-CO-CH2-PO(OH)2, were synthesized and esterified with adenosine to give analogues of aminoacyl adenylates. The interaction of these adenylate analogues with valyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli was studied by fluorescence titration. The analogue of valyl phosphate has an affinity for the enzyme comparable with that of valine, but that of valyl adenylate is bound much less tightly than either valyl adenylate or corresponding derivative of valinol. The affinity of the analogue of glycyl adenylate was too low to be measured. We conclude that this enzyme interacts specifically with both the side chain and the anhydride linkage of the adenylate intermediate.", "contents": "Phosphonate analogues of aminoacyl adenylates. Phosphonomethyl analogues of glycyl phosphate and valyl phosphate, i.e. NH2-CHR-CO-CH2-PO(OH)2, were synthesized and esterified with adenosine to give analogues of aminoacyl adenylates. The interaction of these adenylate analogues with valyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli was studied by fluorescence titration. The analogue of valyl phosphate has an affinity for the enzyme comparable with that of valine, but that of valyl adenylate is bound much less tightly than either valyl adenylate or corresponding derivative of valinol. The affinity of the analogue of glycyl adenylate was too low to be measured. We conclude that this enzyme interacts specifically with both the side chain and the anhydride linkage of the adenylate intermediate.", "PMID": 743207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5441", "title": "Purification and characterization of a galactan-reactive agglutinin from the clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) and a study of its combining site.", "content": "1. A beta-galactosyl-binding lectin was purified from the haemolymph of the clam Tridacna maxima by affinity chromatography using polylecyl larch galactan, D-galactosamine coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose or acid-treated Sepharose. Elution with N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or lactose displaced the bound lectin, which appeared homogeneous by sedimentation analysis. On immunoelectrophoresis at pH8.6 and against rabbit antisera to crude T. maxima haemolymph, the lectin gave one precipitin arc in the alpha-region. 2. On a alkaline polyacrylamide disc gels, one lightly stained band and a broad diffuse band were seen close to the cathode. Ioselectric focusing in solution revealed two peaks of pI4.05 and 4.25 and a shoulder, pI4.0, whereas at least three bands close together (pI3.9-4.3) were seen after electrofusing in gel. 3. The agglutinin is a glycoprotein with a mol.wt. of 470300 +/- 20000. Amino acid analysis revealed no methionine and a significant amount of half-cystine residues. 4. Tridacna lectin is a metalloprotein requiring Ca2+ for its haemagglutinating and precipitating activities. 5. In haemagglutination studies the agglutinin exhibited a broad pH optimum (4.8-10.6). 6. Polysaccharides and glycoproteins with terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactosyl residues reacted with the lectin to form precipitates both in gel and in solution. Inhibition experiments showed that N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was the best inhibitor of the agglutinin combining sites, followed by p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside, methyl beta-D-galactoside, D-galactosamine and 60O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranose. On a molar basis, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was 20-fold more active than D-galactose and nearly 10-fold more inhibitory than D-galactosamine. 7. Circular-dichroism studies showed that the lectin contains a relatively high proportion of beta-structure. 8. Mercaptoethanol treatment of the agglutinin followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed subunits with approx. mol.wts. of 10000, 20000 and 40000.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a galactan-reactive agglutinin from the clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) and a study of its combining site. 1. A beta-galactosyl-binding lectin was purified from the haemolymph of the clam Tridacna maxima by affinity chromatography using polylecyl larch galactan, D-galactosamine coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose or acid-treated Sepharose. Elution with N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or lactose displaced the bound lectin, which appeared homogeneous by sedimentation analysis. On immunoelectrophoresis at pH8.6 and against rabbit antisera to crude T. maxima haemolymph, the lectin gave one precipitin arc in the alpha-region. 2. On a alkaline polyacrylamide disc gels, one lightly stained band and a broad diffuse band were seen close to the cathode. Ioselectric focusing in solution revealed two peaks of pI4.05 and 4.25 and a shoulder, pI4.0, whereas at least three bands close together (pI3.9-4.3) were seen after electrofusing in gel. 3. The agglutinin is a glycoprotein with a mol.wt. of 470300 +/- 20000. Amino acid analysis revealed no methionine and a significant amount of half-cystine residues. 4. Tridacna lectin is a metalloprotein requiring Ca2+ for its haemagglutinating and precipitating activities. 5. In haemagglutination studies the agglutinin exhibited a broad pH optimum (4.8-10.6). 6. Polysaccharides and glycoproteins with terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactosyl residues reacted with the lectin to form precipitates both in gel and in solution. Inhibition experiments showed that N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was the best inhibitor of the agglutinin combining sites, followed by p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside, methyl beta-D-galactoside, D-galactosamine and 60O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranose. On a molar basis, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was 20-fold more active than D-galactose and nearly 10-fold more inhibitory than D-galactosamine. 7. Circular-dichroism studies showed that the lectin contains a relatively high proportion of beta-structure. 8. Mercaptoethanol treatment of the agglutinin followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed subunits with approx. mol.wts. of 10000, 20000 and 40000.", "PMID": 743208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5442", "title": "Three neurotoxins from the venom of a sea snake Astrotia stokesii, including two long-chain neurotoxic proteins with amidated C-termini.", "content": "From the venom of a sea snake Astrotia stokesii three neurotoxic components, toxins Astrotia stokesii a, b and c were isolated in 40, 15 and 5% yield by weight respectively of the whole venom. Their LD50 values for 20g mice were 0.13, 0.096 and 0.098 microgram/g body wt. respectively and accounted for almost all the lethal activity of the venom. Their amino acid sequences were determined. Astrotia stokesii a was composed of 60 amino acid residues with nine half-cystine residues and was quite homologous to other sea-snake short-chain neurotoxins in its amino acid sequence. Toxins Astrotia stokesii b and c were composed of 70 and 72 amino acid residues respectively with 10 half-cystine residues. They are the first long-chain neurotoxins with high activity isolated from sea-snake venoms. The C-terminal carboxy groups of toxins b and c were found to be amidated; the amidation is known for some polypeptides, but is novel for a protein. The amide group may make a hydrogen-bond with glutamic acid-39, which replaces a lysine that has so far been found invariably in long-chain neutrotoxins. Astrotia stokesii b and c are also novel in having phenylalanine-25 and isoleucine- or valine-42. The ordinary Tyr-Glu pair, which is observed in X-ray structure [Low, Preston, Sato, Rosen, Searl, Rudko & Richardson (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2991-2994] and n.m.r.study [Inagaki, Tatsumi, Miyazawa, Hori & Tamiya (1977) Abstr. Int. Congr. Pure Appl. Chem. 26th, p. 336] on erabutoxins may be replaced by a hydrophobic pair. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences of the proteins has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 5009o (30 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7B1, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Three neurotoxins from the venom of a sea snake Astrotia stokesii, including two long-chain neurotoxic proteins with amidated C-termini. From the venom of a sea snake Astrotia stokesii three neurotoxic components, toxins Astrotia stokesii a, b and c were isolated in 40, 15 and 5% yield by weight respectively of the whole venom. Their LD50 values for 20g mice were 0.13, 0.096 and 0.098 microgram/g body wt. respectively and accounted for almost all the lethal activity of the venom. Their amino acid sequences were determined. Astrotia stokesii a was composed of 60 amino acid residues with nine half-cystine residues and was quite homologous to other sea-snake short-chain neurotoxins in its amino acid sequence. Toxins Astrotia stokesii b and c were composed of 70 and 72 amino acid residues respectively with 10 half-cystine residues. They are the first long-chain neurotoxins with high activity isolated from sea-snake venoms. The C-terminal carboxy groups of toxins b and c were found to be amidated; the amidation is known for some polypeptides, but is novel for a protein. The amide group may make a hydrogen-bond with glutamic acid-39, which replaces a lysine that has so far been found invariably in long-chain neutrotoxins. Astrotia stokesii b and c are also novel in having phenylalanine-25 and isoleucine- or valine-42. The ordinary Tyr-Glu pair, which is observed in X-ray structure [Low, Preston, Sato, Rosen, Searl, Rudko & Richardson (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2991-2994] and n.m.r.study [Inagaki, Tatsumi, Miyazawa, Hori & Tamiya (1977) Abstr. Int. Congr. Pure Appl. Chem. 26th, p. 336] on erabutoxins may be replaced by a hydrophobic pair. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences of the proteins has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 5009o (30 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7B1, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 743209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5443", "title": "Gel-filtration analysis of soluble adenylate cyclase from bovine corpus luteum.", "content": "1. Sepharose 6B gel-filtration analysis of soluble adenylate cyclase from bovine corpus luteum is described. Both zonal and frontal techniques of analysis were used. 2. Under conditions of zonal analysis recoveries of activity were low. It was concluded that dissociation of two or more components of the adenylate cyclase complex was occurring on the column and that the maintenance of the complex was essential for the high-activity state of the catalytic unit. Two peaks of adenylate cyclase activity, of approximate mol. wts. 45,000 and 160,000 were detected. 3. The theory of frontal analysis (or steady-state gel filtration), applied to the study of the interacting components of the adenylate cyclase complex is discussed, and activity profiles are predicted. Activity profiles obtained experimentally be frontal analysis compared well with the theoretically predicted profile and provide evidence that dissociation of a high-activity complex, with concomitant loss of activity, does occur. Recoveries of activity under conditions of frontal analysis were higher than with zonal analysis. 4. The effects of concentration and removal of detergent on the activity of the soluble enzyme are discussed.", "contents": "Gel-filtration analysis of soluble adenylate cyclase from bovine corpus luteum. 1. Sepharose 6B gel-filtration analysis of soluble adenylate cyclase from bovine corpus luteum is described. Both zonal and frontal techniques of analysis were used. 2. Under conditions of zonal analysis recoveries of activity were low. It was concluded that dissociation of two or more components of the adenylate cyclase complex was occurring on the column and that the maintenance of the complex was essential for the high-activity state of the catalytic unit. Two peaks of adenylate cyclase activity, of approximate mol. wts. 45,000 and 160,000 were detected. 3. The theory of frontal analysis (or steady-state gel filtration), applied to the study of the interacting components of the adenylate cyclase complex is discussed, and activity profiles are predicted. Activity profiles obtained experimentally be frontal analysis compared well with the theoretically predicted profile and provide evidence that dissociation of a high-activity complex, with concomitant loss of activity, does occur. Recoveries of activity under conditions of frontal analysis were higher than with zonal analysis. 4. The effects of concentration and removal of detergent on the activity of the soluble enzyme are discussed.", "PMID": 743210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5444", "title": "Extraction and biochemical characterization of a nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in bull spermatozoa.", "content": "Bull spermatozoa heads were separated from cytoplasmic contaminants, especially mitochondria-rich middle pieces, by centrifugation through 2.4M-sucrose. DNA polymerase activity was demonstrated by incubating nuclear heads for 1 h at 37 degrees C or for 20 h at room temperature in a medium containing detergent and dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol. Optimal DNA polymerase activity was detected after extraction in a medium containing 50 mM-borate, pH9, 1 mg of soya-bean trypsin inhibitor/ml and supplemented with either 20 mM-dithiothreitol and 4% Tween 80 or 100mM-2-mercaptoethanol and 10% Tween 80. The DNA polymerase reaction was Mg2+-dependent; Mn2+ or Ca2+ could not replace Mg2+ and all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates were required for optimal activity. The polymerase activity was pH-dependent (optimum between 8.2 and 10.5) and was a function of buffer composition and also of pH values. Optimal activity was obtained with 50 mM-Na+ or 150mM-K+ and was partially lowered by N-ethylmaleimide; it was inhibited by spermidine and by salmon protamines, but was greatly stimulated by calf thymus histones. It was also resistant to actinomycin D, netropsin and ethidium bromide. The present results suggest that bull spermatozoa heads contain a beta-type DNA polymerase activity.", "contents": "Extraction and biochemical characterization of a nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in bull spermatozoa. Bull spermatozoa heads were separated from cytoplasmic contaminants, especially mitochondria-rich middle pieces, by centrifugation through 2.4M-sucrose. DNA polymerase activity was demonstrated by incubating nuclear heads for 1 h at 37 degrees C or for 20 h at room temperature in a medium containing detergent and dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol. Optimal DNA polymerase activity was detected after extraction in a medium containing 50 mM-borate, pH9, 1 mg of soya-bean trypsin inhibitor/ml and supplemented with either 20 mM-dithiothreitol and 4% Tween 80 or 100mM-2-mercaptoethanol and 10% Tween 80. The DNA polymerase reaction was Mg2+-dependent; Mn2+ or Ca2+ could not replace Mg2+ and all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates were required for optimal activity. The polymerase activity was pH-dependent (optimum between 8.2 and 10.5) and was a function of buffer composition and also of pH values. Optimal activity was obtained with 50 mM-Na+ or 150mM-K+ and was partially lowered by N-ethylmaleimide; it was inhibited by spermidine and by salmon protamines, but was greatly stimulated by calf thymus histones. It was also resistant to actinomycin D, netropsin and ethidium bromide. The present results suggest that bull spermatozoa heads contain a beta-type DNA polymerase activity.", "PMID": 743211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5445", "title": "Presence of two deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases in bull spermatozoa.", "content": "A DNA polymerase-endogenous template complex was isolated from nuclear heads of bull spermatozoa. The buoyant density of the complex was 1.15 g/cm 3. The sedimentation coefficient of the nuclear DNA polymerase isolated from the complex was higher at low ionic strength, but approached 3.4S when centrifuged in a medium containing 2M-KCl. Activated exogenous DNA increased polymerase activity. Only very low activities were detected with synthetic templates such as poly(A).(dT)12-18 and poly(dT).poly(A). The nuclear reaction was stimulated by 150mM-KCl and was slightly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide; it was resistant to actinomycin D, netropsin and ethidium bromide. Another DNA polymerase, highly sensitive to ethidium bromide, was extracted from the mitochondira-rich middle-piece fraction. Its sedimentation coefficient was close to 9S, but fell to approx. 4S in high-ionic-strength medium.", "contents": "Presence of two deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases in bull spermatozoa. A DNA polymerase-endogenous template complex was isolated from nuclear heads of bull spermatozoa. The buoyant density of the complex was 1.15 g/cm 3. The sedimentation coefficient of the nuclear DNA polymerase isolated from the complex was higher at low ionic strength, but approached 3.4S when centrifuged in a medium containing 2M-KCl. Activated exogenous DNA increased polymerase activity. Only very low activities were detected with synthetic templates such as poly(A).(dT)12-18 and poly(dT).poly(A). The nuclear reaction was stimulated by 150mM-KCl and was slightly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide; it was resistant to actinomycin D, netropsin and ethidium bromide. Another DNA polymerase, highly sensitive to ethidium bromide, was extracted from the mitochondira-rich middle-piece fraction. Its sedimentation coefficient was close to 9S, but fell to approx. 4S in high-ionic-strength medium.", "PMID": 743212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5446", "title": "Modification by liposomes of the adenosine triphosphate-activating effect on adenylate deaminase from pig heart.", "content": "Adenylate deaminase (AMP deaminase, EC 3.5.4.6) of a high substrate specificity was purified from pig heart by chromatography on cellulose phosphate. The enzyme shows a co-operative binding of AMP [h (Hill coefficient) 2.35, with SO.5 (half-saturating substrate concentration) 5mM]. ATP and ADP act as positive effectors, lowering h to 1.55 and SO.5 to 1 mM. The addition of liposomes (phospholipid bilayers) to ATP-activated or ADP-activated enzyme causes a further shift of the h value to 1.04 and SO.5 to 0.5 mM. For ATP-activated enzyme the addition of liposomes increases Vmax. by about 100%, and for ADP-activated enzyme by 50%. Liposomes have no effect on the kinetics of AMP deaminase in the absence of ATP and ADP, and neither do they influence the inhibitory effect of orthophosphate on heart muscle AMP deaminase. Metabolic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Modification by liposomes of the adenosine triphosphate-activating effect on adenylate deaminase from pig heart. Adenylate deaminase (AMP deaminase, EC 3.5.4.6) of a high substrate specificity was purified from pig heart by chromatography on cellulose phosphate. The enzyme shows a co-operative binding of AMP [h (Hill coefficient) 2.35, with SO.5 (half-saturating substrate concentration) 5mM]. ATP and ADP act as positive effectors, lowering h to 1.55 and SO.5 to 1 mM. The addition of liposomes (phospholipid bilayers) to ATP-activated or ADP-activated enzyme causes a further shift of the h value to 1.04 and SO.5 to 0.5 mM. For ATP-activated enzyme the addition of liposomes increases Vmax. by about 100%, and for ADP-activated enzyme by 50%. Liposomes have no effect on the kinetics of AMP deaminase in the absence of ATP and ADP, and neither do they influence the inhibitory effect of orthophosphate on heart muscle AMP deaminase. Metabolic implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 743213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5447", "title": "The N-terminal sequences of blood coagulation factor X1 and X2 light chains. Mass-spectrometric identification of twelve residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in their vitamin K-dependent domains.", "content": "Peptides (residues 1-42) (bovine prothrombin numbering) from bovine Factor X1 and X2 have been separately purified and digested before mass-spectrometric sequence assignment and identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. N-terminal sequence was found to be identical, and 12 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid were unambiguously identified. The new data give conclusive evidence for the N-terminal primary structure of bovine Factor X and extend present knowledge to show (i) unambiguous assignment of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, including a previously unreported residue of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid at position 40 in both Factor X1 and X2, (ii) the physical difference between Factors X1 and X2 is not due to either different amino acid sequences or different gamma-carboxyglutamic acid contents of the N-terminal 42 residues.", "contents": "The N-terminal sequences of blood coagulation factor X1 and X2 light chains. Mass-spectrometric identification of twelve residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in their vitamin K-dependent domains. Peptides (residues 1-42) (bovine prothrombin numbering) from bovine Factor X1 and X2 have been separately purified and digested before mass-spectrometric sequence assignment and identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. N-terminal sequence was found to be identical, and 12 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid were unambiguously identified. The new data give conclusive evidence for the N-terminal primary structure of bovine Factor X and extend present knowledge to show (i) unambiguous assignment of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, including a previously unreported residue of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid at position 40 in both Factor X1 and X2, (ii) the physical difference between Factors X1 and X2 is not due to either different amino acid sequences or different gamma-carboxyglutamic acid contents of the N-terminal 42 residues.", "PMID": 743214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5448", "title": "P-cresol and 3,5-xylenol methylhydroxylases in Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9896.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9869, when grown on 3,5-xylenol, hydroxylates the methyl groups on 3,5-xylenol and on p-cresol by two different enzymes. 3,5-Xylenol methylhydroxylase, studied only in relatively crude extracts, requires NADH, is not active with p-cresol and is inhibited by cyanide, but not by CO. The p-cresol methylhydroxylase requires an electron acceptor and will act under anaerobic conditions. It was purified and is a flavocytochrome c of mol.wt. approx. 114,000 consisting of two subunits of equal size. The enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of p-cresol (Km 16 micron) and the further oxidation of product, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (Km 27 micron) to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. A different p-cresol methylhydroxylase of the flavocytochrome c type is induced by growth on p-cresol. It too was purified and has mol.wt. approx. 100,000, and again consisted of two equal-size subunits. The Km for p=cresol 3.6 micron and for p=hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 15 micron.", "contents": "P-cresol and 3,5-xylenol methylhydroxylases in Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9896. Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9869, when grown on 3,5-xylenol, hydroxylates the methyl groups on 3,5-xylenol and on p-cresol by two different enzymes. 3,5-Xylenol methylhydroxylase, studied only in relatively crude extracts, requires NADH, is not active with p-cresol and is inhibited by cyanide, but not by CO. The p-cresol methylhydroxylase requires an electron acceptor and will act under anaerobic conditions. It was purified and is a flavocytochrome c of mol.wt. approx. 114,000 consisting of two subunits of equal size. The enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of p-cresol (Km 16 micron) and the further oxidation of product, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (Km 27 micron) to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. A different p-cresol methylhydroxylase of the flavocytochrome c type is induced by growth on p-cresol. It too was purified and has mol.wt. approx. 100,000, and again consisted of two equal-size subunits. The Km for p=cresol 3.6 micron and for p=hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 15 micron.", "PMID": 743215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5449", "title": "The aromatic alcohol dehydrogenases in Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9869 grown on 3,5-xylenol and p-cresol.", "content": "Whole cells of Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B 9869, when grown on either 3,5-xylenol or p-cresol, oxidized both m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohols. Two distinct NAD+-dependent m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenases were purified from cells grown on 3,5-xylenol. Each is active with a range of aromatic alcohols, including both m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, but differ in their relative rates with the various substrates. An NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase was also partially purified from p-cresol grown cells. This too was active with m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and other aromatic alcohols, but was not identical with either of the other two dehydrogenases. All three enzymes were unstable, but were stabilized by dithiothreitol and all were inhibited with p-chloromercuribenzoate. All were specific for NAD+ and each was shown to catalyse conversion of alcohol into aldehyde.", "contents": "The aromatic alcohol dehydrogenases in Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B. 9869 grown on 3,5-xylenol and p-cresol. Whole cells of Pseudomonas putida N.C.I.B 9869, when grown on either 3,5-xylenol or p-cresol, oxidized both m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohols. Two distinct NAD+-dependent m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenases were purified from cells grown on 3,5-xylenol. Each is active with a range of aromatic alcohols, including both m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, but differ in their relative rates with the various substrates. An NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase was also partially purified from p-cresol grown cells. This too was active with m- and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and other aromatic alcohols, but was not identical with either of the other two dehydrogenases. All three enzymes were unstable, but were stabilized by dithiothreitol and all were inhibited with p-chloromercuribenzoate. All were specific for NAD+ and each was shown to catalyse conversion of alcohol into aldehyde.", "PMID": 743216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5450", "title": "The assembly of early components of complement on antibody-antigen aggregates and on antibody-coated erythrocytes.", "content": "Radioimmune assays were developed to assay the binding of complement components C1q, C1s and C4 to antibody aggregates and to cell-bound antibody. The binding of the components was compared with the haemolytic activity and with the capacity to form the C3 convertase activity in the presence of excess C2. The destruction of whole complement and of C4 activity is similar per 1,000 molecules of antibody in aggregates and cell-bound antibody, as is the binding of C1g and C1s, the latter being in a 1:2 molar ratio. The binding of C4 is about 12 times greater, per 1,000 molecules of antibody, on cells than in aggregates. However, the effective C4 molecules, as judged by the formation of C3 convertase activity, are much more similar on cells and aggregates. An assembly mechanism of the early components of complement on antibody-coated cells, which is compatible with these results, is suggested.", "contents": "The assembly of early components of complement on antibody-antigen aggregates and on antibody-coated erythrocytes. Radioimmune assays were developed to assay the binding of complement components C1q, C1s and C4 to antibody aggregates and to cell-bound antibody. The binding of the components was compared with the haemolytic activity and with the capacity to form the C3 convertase activity in the presence of excess C2. The destruction of whole complement and of C4 activity is similar per 1,000 molecules of antibody in aggregates and cell-bound antibody, as is the binding of C1g and C1s, the latter being in a 1:2 molar ratio. The binding of C4 is about 12 times greater, per 1,000 molecules of antibody, on cells than in aggregates. However, the effective C4 molecules, as judged by the formation of C3 convertase activity, are much more similar on cells and aggregates. An assembly mechanism of the early components of complement on antibody-coated cells, which is compatible with these results, is suggested.", "PMID": 743217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5451", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for chicken avidin. Comparison with a [14C]biotin-binding method.", "content": "A double-antibody solid-phase radioimmunoassay for chicken avidin is reported. Avidin was labelled with 125I by the chloramine-T method. The bound and free avidin were separated with a second antibody bound to a solid matrix. In the logit-log scale the standard curve was linear from 1-2 to 100-200ng of avidin/ml. Cross-reaction of ovalbumin was less than 0.015%. Saturation of biotin-binding sites of avidin with an excess of biotin decreased radioimmunoassay values by about 15%. Recovery studies indicated that avidin can be assayed from all chicken tissues studied with radioimmunoassay, whereas the [14C]biotin/bentonite method gave poor recoveries for avidin in the liver and kidney. Radioimmunoassay and the [14C]biotin/bentonite method gave similar concentrations for oviduct avidin.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for chicken avidin. Comparison with a [14C]biotin-binding method. A double-antibody solid-phase radioimmunoassay for chicken avidin is reported. Avidin was labelled with 125I by the chloramine-T method. The bound and free avidin were separated with a second antibody bound to a solid matrix. In the logit-log scale the standard curve was linear from 1-2 to 100-200ng of avidin/ml. Cross-reaction of ovalbumin was less than 0.015%. Saturation of biotin-binding sites of avidin with an excess of biotin decreased radioimmunoassay values by about 15%. Recovery studies indicated that avidin can be assayed from all chicken tissues studied with radioimmunoassay, whereas the [14C]biotin/bentonite method gave poor recoveries for avidin in the liver and kidney. Radioimmunoassay and the [14C]biotin/bentonite method gave similar concentrations for oviduct avidin.", "PMID": 743218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5452", "title": "The molecular-weight-dependence of the anti-coagulant activity of heparin.", "content": "It is proposed that the anti-coagulant activity of heparin is related to the probability of finding, in a random distribution of different disaccharides, a dodecasaccharide with the sequence required for binding to antithrombin. It is shown that this probability is a function of the degree of polymerization of heparin. The hypothesis has been been tested with a series of narrow-molecular-weight-range fractions ranging from 5,600 to 36,000. The fractions having mol.wts. below 18,000 (comprising 85% of the original preparation) followed the predicted probability relationship as expressed by the proportion of molecules capable of binding to antithrombin. The probability that any randomly chosen dodecasaccharide sequence in heparin should bind to antithrombin was calculated to 0.022. The fraction with mol.wt. 36,000 contained proteoglycan link-region fragments, which may explain the deviation of the high-molecular-weight fractions from the hypothetical relationship. The relationship between anti-coagulant activity and molecular weight cannot be explained solely on the basis of availability of binding sites for antithrombin. The activity of high-affinity heparin (i.e. molecules containing high-affinity binding sites for antithrombin), determined either by a whole-blood clotting procedure or by thrombin inactivation in the presence of antithrombin, thus remained dependent on molecular weight. Possible explanations of this finding are discussed. One explanation could be a requirement for binding of thrombin to the heparin chain adjacent to antithrombin.", "contents": "The molecular-weight-dependence of the anti-coagulant activity of heparin. It is proposed that the anti-coagulant activity of heparin is related to the probability of finding, in a random distribution of different disaccharides, a dodecasaccharide with the sequence required for binding to antithrombin. It is shown that this probability is a function of the degree of polymerization of heparin. The hypothesis has been been tested with a series of narrow-molecular-weight-range fractions ranging from 5,600 to 36,000. The fractions having mol.wts. below 18,000 (comprising 85% of the original preparation) followed the predicted probability relationship as expressed by the proportion of molecules capable of binding to antithrombin. The probability that any randomly chosen dodecasaccharide sequence in heparin should bind to antithrombin was calculated to 0.022. The fraction with mol.wt. 36,000 contained proteoglycan link-region fragments, which may explain the deviation of the high-molecular-weight fractions from the hypothetical relationship. The relationship between anti-coagulant activity and molecular weight cannot be explained solely on the basis of availability of binding sites for antithrombin. The activity of high-affinity heparin (i.e. molecules containing high-affinity binding sites for antithrombin), determined either by a whole-blood clotting procedure or by thrombin inactivation in the presence of antithrombin, thus remained dependent on molecular weight. Possible explanations of this finding are discussed. One explanation could be a requirement for binding of thrombin to the heparin chain adjacent to antithrombin.", "PMID": 743219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5453", "title": "An estimate of the enthalpic contribution to the interaction between dextran and albumin.", "content": "It is demonstrated that exclusion phenomena appear to dominate the interaction of dextran with albumin in aqueous solution. The enthalpic contribution to the interaction coefficient describing dextran/albumin mixtures is small, although its determination was subject to considerable error. These results support the earlier assumptions of the type of interaction between the two polymers. The conclusions are primarily based on the interpretation of the temperature-dependence of the interaction coefficient, as measured by light-scattering in the temperature range 6--33 degrees C. Enthalpy of dilution measurements of dextran/albumin mixtures by microcalorimetry were in qualitative agreement with the light-scattering data.", "contents": "An estimate of the enthalpic contribution to the interaction between dextran and albumin. It is demonstrated that exclusion phenomena appear to dominate the interaction of dextran with albumin in aqueous solution. The enthalpic contribution to the interaction coefficient describing dextran/albumin mixtures is small, although its determination was subject to considerable error. These results support the earlier assumptions of the type of interaction between the two polymers. The conclusions are primarily based on the interpretation of the temperature-dependence of the interaction coefficient, as measured by light-scattering in the temperature range 6--33 degrees C. Enthalpy of dilution measurements of dextran/albumin mixtures by microcalorimetry were in qualitative agreement with the light-scattering data.", "PMID": 743220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5454", "title": "Resonance Raman-spectroscopic studies of the hapten features involved in the binding of 2,4-dinitrophenyl haptens by the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 and MOPC 460.", "content": "The binding of four dinitrophenyl haptens to the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 IgA (immunoglobulin A) and MOPC 460IgA was studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Isotopic substitution with 15N and 2H was used to assign features in the resonance Raman spectra of the free haptens. Changes in each of these features on binding to the proteins could then be attributed to interactions of the proteins' binding sites with either the p-NO2 or the o-NO2/amine regions of the haptens. The interactions between a given hapten and MOPC 315 IgA are often quite distinct from those between the same hapten and MOPC 460 IgA. Moreover, for both antibodies the nature of the R side chain in a Dnp-NHR (Dnp, 2,4-dinitrophenyl) compound appears to modify the interactions between the Dnp chromophore and the protein. Thus, with the haptens studied, there is no unique set of contacts between the Dnp group and the binding site. The contacts expected between epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and the site on MOPC 315 IgA, on the basis of a recent model for this site [Dwek, Wain-Hobson, Dower, Gettins, Sutton, Perkins & Givol (1977) Nature (London) 266, 31--37] were not detected. However, the contacts between this hapten and the site on MOPC 460 IgA were closer to those predicted by the model for MOPC 315 IgA.", "contents": "Resonance Raman-spectroscopic studies of the hapten features involved in the binding of 2,4-dinitrophenyl haptens by the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 and MOPC 460. The binding of four dinitrophenyl haptens to the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 IgA (immunoglobulin A) and MOPC 460IgA was studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Isotopic substitution with 15N and 2H was used to assign features in the resonance Raman spectra of the free haptens. Changes in each of these features on binding to the proteins could then be attributed to interactions of the proteins' binding sites with either the p-NO2 or the o-NO2/amine regions of the haptens. The interactions between a given hapten and MOPC 315 IgA are often quite distinct from those between the same hapten and MOPC 460 IgA. Moreover, for both antibodies the nature of the R side chain in a Dnp-NHR (Dnp, 2,4-dinitrophenyl) compound appears to modify the interactions between the Dnp chromophore and the protein. Thus, with the haptens studied, there is no unique set of contacts between the Dnp group and the binding site. The contacts expected between epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and the site on MOPC 315 IgA, on the basis of a recent model for this site [Dwek, Wain-Hobson, Dower, Gettins, Sutton, Perkins & Givol (1977) Nature (London) 266, 31--37] were not detected. However, the contacts between this hapten and the site on MOPC 460 IgA were closer to those predicted by the model for MOPC 315 IgA.", "PMID": 743221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5455", "title": "Further characterization of galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase from chick embryos. Amino acid composition and acceptor specificity.", "content": "A modified purification procedure, consisting of affinity chromatographies on concanavalin A-agarose, collagen-agarose and UDP-glucose-derivative-agarose and one gel filtration, is reported for galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase. The enzyme obtained is entirely pure when studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The enzyme protein was rich in glutamic acid + glutamine, aspartic acid + asparagine, glycine and alanine. The enzyme catalysed no significant glucose transfer to any of the glycoproteins tested, except for collagens. This included all the glycoproteins that have previously served as glucosyl acceptors for impure enzyme preparations, thus indicating a high degree of specificity of the enzyme for galactosylhydroxylysine. Galactosylsphingosine would act as a glucosyl acceptor, however. This compound has a close structural similarity to galactosylhydroxylysine in that they both have an unsubstituted amino group next to the hydroxy group to which the galactose is attached.", "contents": "Further characterization of galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase from chick embryos. Amino acid composition and acceptor specificity. A modified purification procedure, consisting of affinity chromatographies on concanavalin A-agarose, collagen-agarose and UDP-glucose-derivative-agarose and one gel filtration, is reported for galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase. The enzyme obtained is entirely pure when studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The enzyme protein was rich in glutamic acid + glutamine, aspartic acid + asparagine, glycine and alanine. The enzyme catalysed no significant glucose transfer to any of the glycoproteins tested, except for collagens. This included all the glycoproteins that have previously served as glucosyl acceptors for impure enzyme preparations, thus indicating a high degree of specificity of the enzyme for galactosylhydroxylysine. Galactosylsphingosine would act as a glucosyl acceptor, however. This compound has a close structural similarity to galactosylhydroxylysine in that they both have an unsubstituted amino group next to the hydroxy group to which the galactose is attached.", "PMID": 743222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5456", "title": "Mechanism of the reaction of papain with substrate-derived diazomethyl ketones. Implications for the difference in site specificity of halomethyl ketones for serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases and for stereoelectronic requirements in the papain catalytic mechanism.", "content": "The reactions of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) with substrate-derived diazomethyl ketones reported by Leary, Larsen, Watanabe & Shaw [Biochemistry (1977) 16, 5857--5861] are unusual in that (i) these reagents fail to react with low-molecular-weight thiols and (ii) the rate of reaction with the papain thiol group does not decrease to near-zero values across a pKa of 4 as the pH is decreased. Existing data are shown to suggest an interpretation involving neighbouring-group participation via transient thiohemiketal formation, rate-determining protonation by imidazolium ion and alkylation on sulphur via a three-membered cyclic transition state. Implications for (a) the difference in site-specificity exhibited by halomethyl ketones in their reactions with serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases and (b) stereoelectronic requirements in the mechanism of papain-catalysed hydrolysis are discussed. The possibility of two tetrahedral intermediates between adsorptive complex and acyl-enzyme is indicated.", "contents": "Mechanism of the reaction of papain with substrate-derived diazomethyl ketones. Implications for the difference in site specificity of halomethyl ketones for serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases and for stereoelectronic requirements in the papain catalytic mechanism. The reactions of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) with substrate-derived diazomethyl ketones reported by Leary, Larsen, Watanabe & Shaw [Biochemistry (1977) 16, 5857--5861] are unusual in that (i) these reagents fail to react with low-molecular-weight thiols and (ii) the rate of reaction with the papain thiol group does not decrease to near-zero values across a pKa of 4 as the pH is decreased. Existing data are shown to suggest an interpretation involving neighbouring-group participation via transient thiohemiketal formation, rate-determining protonation by imidazolium ion and alkylation on sulphur via a three-membered cyclic transition state. Implications for (a) the difference in site-specificity exhibited by halomethyl ketones in their reactions with serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases and (b) stereoelectronic requirements in the mechanism of papain-catalysed hydrolysis are discussed. The possibility of two tetrahedral intermediates between adsorptive complex and acyl-enzyme is indicated.", "PMID": 743223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5457", "title": "Purification and properties of peroxisomal pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver peroxisomes was highly purified and characterized. The enzyme preparation has a mol.wt. of approx. 80,000 with two identical subunits, and isoelectric point of 8.0 and a pH optimum between 8.0 and 8.5. The enzyme catalysed transamination between a number of L-amino acids and pyruvate or glyoxylate. The effective amino acceptors were pyruvate, phenylpyruvate and glyoxylate with serine, and glyoxylate and phenylpyruvate with alanine as amino donor. These properties and kinetic parameters of the enzyme are remarkably similar to those previously described for mitochondrial alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzyme 1 from glucagon-injected rat liver [Noguchi, Okuno, Takada, Minatogawa, Okai & Kido (1978, Biochem. J. 169, 113-122].", "contents": "Purification and properties of peroxisomal pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver. Pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver peroxisomes was highly purified and characterized. The enzyme preparation has a mol.wt. of approx. 80,000 with two identical subunits, and isoelectric point of 8.0 and a pH optimum between 8.0 and 8.5. The enzyme catalysed transamination between a number of L-amino acids and pyruvate or glyoxylate. The effective amino acceptors were pyruvate, phenylpyruvate and glyoxylate with serine, and glyoxylate and phenylpyruvate with alanine as amino donor. These properties and kinetic parameters of the enzyme are remarkably similar to those previously described for mitochondrial alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzyme 1 from glucagon-injected rat liver [Noguchi, Okuno, Takada, Minatogawa, Okai & Kido (1978, Biochem. J. 169, 113-122].", "PMID": 743224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5458", "title": "Characterization of the mutant alpha-mannosidase in bovine mannosidosis.", "content": "Residual acidic alpha-mannosidase, varying in amount up to approx. 15% of normal values, can be measured in various organs of a calf with mannosidosis. The highest specific activity and relative proportion of residual activity were found in the liver. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose showed that the residual activity was associated with two components, which were eluted at comparable positions with those found in normal tissues. The residual activity had a lower thermal stability and a higher K(m) value for a synthetic substrate than did the normal enzyme. No differences in molecular weight or electrophoretic mobility between normal acidic alpha-mannosidase and the residual activity were observed by gel filtration and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate respectively. The isoelectric focusing profiles for the alpha-mannosidase in the normal and pathological livers were very similar. It is suggested that a mutant enzyme, resulting from a mutation in a structural gene, accounts for the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in mannosidosis. The mutant enzyme, which cross-reacts with antiserum raised against normal bovine acidic alpha-mannosidase, is present at a decreased concentration compared with the normal enzyme. There is a correlation between the concentrations of residual activity and cross-reacting material in mannosidosis. alpha-Mannosidase with a pH optimum of 5.75 and which is activated by Zn(2+) was also detected in the liver of the calf with mannosidosis. However, it is probably not a product of the defective gene because addition of Zn(2+) indicated that it was also present in normal tissues.", "contents": "Characterization of the mutant alpha-mannosidase in bovine mannosidosis. Residual acidic alpha-mannosidase, varying in amount up to approx. 15% of normal values, can be measured in various organs of a calf with mannosidosis. The highest specific activity and relative proportion of residual activity were found in the liver. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose showed that the residual activity was associated with two components, which were eluted at comparable positions with those found in normal tissues. The residual activity had a lower thermal stability and a higher K(m) value for a synthetic substrate than did the normal enzyme. No differences in molecular weight or electrophoretic mobility between normal acidic alpha-mannosidase and the residual activity were observed by gel filtration and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate respectively. The isoelectric focusing profiles for the alpha-mannosidase in the normal and pathological livers were very similar. It is suggested that a mutant enzyme, resulting from a mutation in a structural gene, accounts for the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in mannosidosis. The mutant enzyme, which cross-reacts with antiserum raised against normal bovine acidic alpha-mannosidase, is present at a decreased concentration compared with the normal enzyme. There is a correlation between the concentrations of residual activity and cross-reacting material in mannosidosis. alpha-Mannosidase with a pH optimum of 5.75 and which is activated by Zn(2+) was also detected in the liver of the calf with mannosidosis. However, it is probably not a product of the defective gene because addition of Zn(2+) indicated that it was also present in normal tissues.", "PMID": 743225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5459", "title": "p-NN'-phenylenebismaleimide, a specific cross-linking agent for F-actin.", "content": "Covalent cross-links can be inserted between the subunits of F-actin by using p-NN'-phenylenebismaleimide. Cross-linking reaches its maximum value when one molecule of reagent has reacted with each actin subunit. p-NN'-Phenylenebismaleimide reacts initially with a cysteine residue on one subunit, the slower cross-linking reaction involving a lysine residue on a neighbouring subunit. Hydrolysis of the actin-bound reagent limits the extent of cross-linking. Quantitative analysis of the amounts of cross-linked oligomers seen on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate suggests that neither the binding of the reagent to actin nor the formation of cross-links introduces strain into the structure. The cross-links do not join together different F-actin filaments, and evidence is presented that suggests that the cross-links join subunits of the same long-pitched helix.", "contents": "p-NN'-phenylenebismaleimide, a specific cross-linking agent for F-actin. Covalent cross-links can be inserted between the subunits of F-actin by using p-NN'-phenylenebismaleimide. Cross-linking reaches its maximum value when one molecule of reagent has reacted with each actin subunit. p-NN'-Phenylenebismaleimide reacts initially with a cysteine residue on one subunit, the slower cross-linking reaction involving a lysine residue on a neighbouring subunit. Hydrolysis of the actin-bound reagent limits the extent of cross-linking. Quantitative analysis of the amounts of cross-linked oligomers seen on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate suggests that neither the binding of the reagent to actin nor the formation of cross-links introduces strain into the structure. The cross-links do not join together different F-actin filaments, and evidence is presented that suggests that the cross-links join subunits of the same long-pitched helix.", "PMID": 743226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5460", "title": "Purification and characterization of two human erythrocyte arylamidases preferentially hydrolysing N-terminal arginine or lysine residues.", "content": "Two arylamidases (I and II) were purified from human erythrocytes by a procedure that comprised removal of haemoglobin from disrupted cells with CM-Sephadex D-50, followed by treatment of the haemoglobin-free preparation subsequently with DEAE-cellulose, gel-permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-200, gradient solubilization on Celite, isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient from 4 to 6, gel-permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-100 (superfine), and finally affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B covalently coupled to L-arginine. In preparative-scale purifications, enzymes I and II were separated at the second gel-permeation chromatography. Enzyme II was obtained as a homogeneous protein, as shown by several criteria. Enzyme I hydrolysed, with decreasing rates, the L-amino acid 2-naphtylamides of lysine, arginine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine and leucine, and the reactions were slightly inhibited by 0.2 M-NaCl. Enzyme II hydrolysed most rapidly the corresponding derivatives of arginine, leucine, valine, methionine, proline and alanine, in that order, and the hydrolyses were strongly dependent on Cl-. The hydrolysis of these substrates proceeded rapidly at physiological Cl- concentration (0.15 M). The molecular weights (by gel filtration) of enzymes I and II were 85 000 and 52 500 respectively. The pH optimum was approx. 7.2 for both enzymes. The isoelectric point of enzyme II was approx. 4.8. Enzyme I was activated by Co2+, which did not affect enzyme II to any noticeable extent. The kinetics of reactions catalysed by enzyme I were characterized by strong substrate inhibition, but enzyme II was not inhibited by high substrate concentrations. The Cl- activated enzyme II also showed endopeptidase activity in hydrolysing bradykinin.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two human erythrocyte arylamidases preferentially hydrolysing N-terminal arginine or lysine residues. Two arylamidases (I and II) were purified from human erythrocytes by a procedure that comprised removal of haemoglobin from disrupted cells with CM-Sephadex D-50, followed by treatment of the haemoglobin-free preparation subsequently with DEAE-cellulose, gel-permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-200, gradient solubilization on Celite, isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient from 4 to 6, gel-permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-100 (superfine), and finally affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B covalently coupled to L-arginine. In preparative-scale purifications, enzymes I and II were separated at the second gel-permeation chromatography. Enzyme II was obtained as a homogeneous protein, as shown by several criteria. Enzyme I hydrolysed, with decreasing rates, the L-amino acid 2-naphtylamides of lysine, arginine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine and leucine, and the reactions were slightly inhibited by 0.2 M-NaCl. Enzyme II hydrolysed most rapidly the corresponding derivatives of arginine, leucine, valine, methionine, proline and alanine, in that order, and the hydrolyses were strongly dependent on Cl-. The hydrolysis of these substrates proceeded rapidly at physiological Cl- concentration (0.15 M). The molecular weights (by gel filtration) of enzymes I and II were 85 000 and 52 500 respectively. The pH optimum was approx. 7.2 for both enzymes. The isoelectric point of enzyme II was approx. 4.8. Enzyme I was activated by Co2+, which did not affect enzyme II to any noticeable extent. The kinetics of reactions catalysed by enzyme I were characterized by strong substrate inhibition, but enzyme II was not inhibited by high substrate concentrations. The Cl- activated enzyme II also showed endopeptidase activity in hydrolysing bradykinin.", "PMID": 743227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5461", "title": "Structure revision of disaccharidic conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in human bile and identification of phenylazo derivatives B4, B5, and B6 as 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronides.", "content": "Aniline azopigments B4, B5 and B6, derived from conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in human bile, and previously characterized as disaccharidic esters [Kuenzle (1970) Biochem. J. 119, 387-394 and 411-435], were analysed by using t.l.c. and mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified as partially separated mixtures of 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronide positional isomers. The 1-O-acylglucuronide was not detected in the mixtures and was the only compound hydrolysed with beta-glucuronidase. Further scrutiny of structural assignments made by Kuenzle [(1970) Biochem. J. 119, 411-435] led to identification of the lactone and hexuronic acid derivatives that were obtained from azopigment B5 along with glucuronolactone and glucuronic acid. A branched-chain structure, i.e. 3-C-hydroxy-methyl-D-riburonic acid, was assigned previously, but the derivatives have now been identified as various incompletely silylated forms of glucuronolactone and glucuronic acid. Several trimethylsilyl derivatives glucuronolactone were isolated and characterized by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Structure revision of disaccharidic conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in human bile and identification of phenylazo derivatives B4, B5, and B6 as 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronides. Aniline azopigments B4, B5 and B6, derived from conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in human bile, and previously characterized as disaccharidic esters [Kuenzle (1970) Biochem. J. 119, 387-394 and 411-435], were analysed by using t.l.c. and mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified as partially separated mixtures of 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronide positional isomers. The 1-O-acylglucuronide was not detected in the mixtures and was the only compound hydrolysed with beta-glucuronidase. Further scrutiny of structural assignments made by Kuenzle [(1970) Biochem. J. 119, 411-435] led to identification of the lactone and hexuronic acid derivatives that were obtained from azopigment B5 along with glucuronolactone and glucuronic acid. A branched-chain structure, i.e. 3-C-hydroxy-methyl-D-riburonic acid, was assigned previously, but the derivatives have now been identified as various incompletely silylated forms of glucuronolactone and glucuronic acid. Several trimethylsilyl derivatives glucuronolactone were isolated and characterized by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 743228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5462", "title": "Low-molecular-weight (4.5S) ribonucleic acid in higher-plant chloroplast ribosomes.", "content": "A species of RNA that migrates on 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels between 5S and 4S RNA was detected in spinach chloroplasts. This RNA (referred to as 4.5 S RNA) was present in amounts equimolar to the 5S RNA and its molecular weight was estimated to be approx. 33 000. Fractionation of the chloroplast components showed that the 4.5S RNA was associated with the 50 S ribosomal subunit and that it could be removed by washing the ribosomes with a buffer containing 0.01 M-EDTA and 0.5 M-KCl. It did not appear to be a cleavage product of the labile 23 S RNA of spinach chloroplast ribosomes. When 125I-labelled 4.5 S RNA was hybridized to fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA produced by SmaI restriction endonuclease, a single fragment (mol.wt. 1.15 times 10(6)) became labelled. The same DNA fragment also hybridized to chloroplast 5 S RNA and part of the 23 S RNA. It was concluded that the coding sequence for 4.5 S RNA was part of, or immediately adjacent to, the rRNA-gene region in chloroplast DNA . A comparable RNA species was observed in chloroplasts of tobacco and pea leaves.", "contents": "Low-molecular-weight (4.5S) ribonucleic acid in higher-plant chloroplast ribosomes. A species of RNA that migrates on 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels between 5S and 4S RNA was detected in spinach chloroplasts. This RNA (referred to as 4.5 S RNA) was present in amounts equimolar to the 5S RNA and its molecular weight was estimated to be approx. 33 000. Fractionation of the chloroplast components showed that the 4.5S RNA was associated with the 50 S ribosomal subunit and that it could be removed by washing the ribosomes with a buffer containing 0.01 M-EDTA and 0.5 M-KCl. It did not appear to be a cleavage product of the labile 23 S RNA of spinach chloroplast ribosomes. When 125I-labelled 4.5 S RNA was hybridized to fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA produced by SmaI restriction endonuclease, a single fragment (mol.wt. 1.15 times 10(6)) became labelled. The same DNA fragment also hybridized to chloroplast 5 S RNA and part of the 23 S RNA. It was concluded that the coding sequence for 4.5 S RNA was part of, or immediately adjacent to, the rRNA-gene region in chloroplast DNA . A comparable RNA species was observed in chloroplasts of tobacco and pea leaves.", "PMID": 743229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5463", "title": "Interactions of gangliosides with phospholipids and glycosphingolipids in mixed monolayers.", "content": "1. The interactions among five different gangliosides and three chemically related glycosphingolipids and their behaviour in mixed monolayers with six different phospholipids were investigated at the air/145 mM-NaCl interface at pH 5.6. 2. The mixed monolayers of any of the different gangliosides showed an immiscible behaviour at high surface pressures, with absence of interactions among them revealed by an ideal behaviour for mean molecular area and surface potential per molecule. 3. This behaviour was probably the consequence of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsions between their polar head groups. 4. Di- and tri-sialogangliosides could be differentiated from neutral sphingolipids and monosialogangliosides on the basis of their interactions with phospholipids, which were correlated to the perpendicular electric field at the interface contributed by the carbohydrate residues. 5. The presence of the phosphocholine polar head group in phosphatidylcholine was important to establish interactions with di- and tri-sialogangliosides revealed by negative deviations from the ideal behaviour for mean molecular areas and mean surface potential per molecule. 6. The possible significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the participation of gangliosides in the organization of membranes and to their capability of inducing membrane fusion.", "contents": "Interactions of gangliosides with phospholipids and glycosphingolipids in mixed monolayers. 1. The interactions among five different gangliosides and three chemically related glycosphingolipids and their behaviour in mixed monolayers with six different phospholipids were investigated at the air/145 mM-NaCl interface at pH 5.6. 2. The mixed monolayers of any of the different gangliosides showed an immiscible behaviour at high surface pressures, with absence of interactions among them revealed by an ideal behaviour for mean molecular area and surface potential per molecule. 3. This behaviour was probably the consequence of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsions between their polar head groups. 4. Di- and tri-sialogangliosides could be differentiated from neutral sphingolipids and monosialogangliosides on the basis of their interactions with phospholipids, which were correlated to the perpendicular electric field at the interface contributed by the carbohydrate residues. 5. The presence of the phosphocholine polar head group in phosphatidylcholine was important to establish interactions with di- and tri-sialogangliosides revealed by negative deviations from the ideal behaviour for mean molecular areas and mean surface potential per molecule. 6. The possible significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the participation of gangliosides in the organization of membranes and to their capability of inducing membrane fusion.", "PMID": 743230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5464", "title": "Effects of C apoproteins on the activity of endothelium-bound lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Rat apoprotein C-II activated the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in apoprotein-depleted chylomicrons by lipoprotein lipase in vitro and in the perfused rat heart. Apoproteins C-I and C-III-3 inhibited the hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol moiety in intact and apoprotein C-II-re-activated chylomicrons in vitro, but had no effect on the hydrolysis in situ.", "contents": "Effects of C apoproteins on the activity of endothelium-bound lipoprotein lipase. Rat apoprotein C-II activated the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in apoprotein-depleted chylomicrons by lipoprotein lipase in vitro and in the perfused rat heart. Apoproteins C-I and C-III-3 inhibited the hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol moiety in intact and apoprotein C-II-re-activated chylomicrons in vitro, but had no effect on the hydrolysis in situ.", "PMID": 743231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5465", "title": "Purification of the lectin from Datura stramonium.", "content": "The lectin from Datura stramonium can be inhibited by oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. This property was exploited to purify the lectin by affinity chromatography on Sepharosefetuin. The purified lectin is a glycoprotein in having subunits of 40 000 and 45 000 mol.wt.", "contents": "Purification of the lectin from Datura stramonium. The lectin from Datura stramonium can be inhibited by oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. This property was exploited to purify the lectin by affinity chromatography on Sepharosefetuin. The purified lectin is a glycoprotein in having subunits of 40 000 and 45 000 mol.wt.", "PMID": 743232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5466", "title": "Partial purification and some properties of a cholinesterase from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots.", "content": "A cholinesterase was partially purified from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots by using acridinium-based ligand affinity chromatography. The procedure gave a 78-fold increase in specific activity, although at least three inactive contaminants remained. The enzyme activity was maximal against acetyl esters of choline and was inhibited by neostigmine. Di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate completely inhibited activity at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM. The catalytic centre activity was 2 X 10(-4) times that of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Cholinesterase activity appeared as a peak (s = 4.2 +/- 0.1 S) after isokinetic sedimentation. The Stokes radius was 4.00 nm and the apparent molecular weight was 72700 +/- 1900. The smallest active and native form of the enzyme appeared to be a monomer. This contrasts with animal acetylcholinesterases, in which the smallest active and native forms are multimeric.", "contents": "Partial purification and some properties of a cholinesterase from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots. A cholinesterase was partially purified from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots by using acridinium-based ligand affinity chromatography. The procedure gave a 78-fold increase in specific activity, although at least three inactive contaminants remained. The enzyme activity was maximal against acetyl esters of choline and was inhibited by neostigmine. Di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate completely inhibited activity at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM. The catalytic centre activity was 2 X 10(-4) times that of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Cholinesterase activity appeared as a peak (s = 4.2 +/- 0.1 S) after isokinetic sedimentation. The Stokes radius was 4.00 nm and the apparent molecular weight was 72700 +/- 1900. The smallest active and native form of the enzyme appeared to be a monomer. This contrasts with animal acetylcholinesterases, in which the smallest active and native forms are multimeric.", "PMID": 743233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5467", "title": "Generalized microscopic reversibility, kinetic co-operativity of enzymes and evolution.", "content": "Generalized microscopic reversibility implies that the apparent rate of any catalytic process in a complex mechanism is paralleled by substrate desorption in such a way that this ratio is held constant within the reaction mechanism [Whitehead (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 449--456]. The physical and evolutionary significances of this concept, for both polymeric and monomeric enzymes, are discussed. For polymeric enzymes, generalized microscopic reversibility of necessity occurs if, within the same reaction sequence, the substrate stabilizes one type of conformation of the active site only. Generalized microscopic reversibility suppresses the kinetic co-operativity of the slow transition model [Ainslie, Shill & Neet (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7088--7096]. This situation is obtained if the free-energy difference between the corresponding transition states of the two enzyme forms is held constant along the reaction co-ordinate. This situation implies that the 'extra costs' of energy (required to pass each energy barrier) that are not covered by the corresponding binding energies of the transition states vary in a similar way along the two reaction co-ordinates. The regulatory behaviour of monomeric enzymes is discussed in the light of the concept of 'catalytic perfection' proposed by Albery & Knowles [(1976) Biochemistry 15, 5631--5640]. These authors claim that an enzyme will be catalytically 'perfect' when its catalytic efficiency is maximum. If this situation occurs for a monomeric enzyme obeying either the slow transition or the mnemonical model, it can be shown that the kinetic co-operativity disappears. In other words, kinetic co-operativity of a monomeric enzyme is 'paid for' at the expense of catalytic efficiency, and the monomeric enzyme cannot be simultaneously co-operative and catalytically very efficient. This is precisely what has been found experimentally in a number of cases.", "contents": "Generalized microscopic reversibility, kinetic co-operativity of enzymes and evolution. Generalized microscopic reversibility implies that the apparent rate of any catalytic process in a complex mechanism is paralleled by substrate desorption in such a way that this ratio is held constant within the reaction mechanism [Whitehead (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 449--456]. The physical and evolutionary significances of this concept, for both polymeric and monomeric enzymes, are discussed. For polymeric enzymes, generalized microscopic reversibility of necessity occurs if, within the same reaction sequence, the substrate stabilizes one type of conformation of the active site only. Generalized microscopic reversibility suppresses the kinetic co-operativity of the slow transition model [Ainslie, Shill & Neet (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7088--7096]. This situation is obtained if the free-energy difference between the corresponding transition states of the two enzyme forms is held constant along the reaction co-ordinate. This situation implies that the 'extra costs' of energy (required to pass each energy barrier) that are not covered by the corresponding binding energies of the transition states vary in a similar way along the two reaction co-ordinates. The regulatory behaviour of monomeric enzymes is discussed in the light of the concept of 'catalytic perfection' proposed by Albery & Knowles [(1976) Biochemistry 15, 5631--5640]. These authors claim that an enzyme will be catalytically 'perfect' when its catalytic efficiency is maximum. If this situation occurs for a monomeric enzyme obeying either the slow transition or the mnemonical model, it can be shown that the kinetic co-operativity disappears. In other words, kinetic co-operativity of a monomeric enzyme is 'paid for' at the expense of catalytic efficiency, and the monomeric enzyme cannot be simultaneously co-operative and catalytically very efficient. This is precisely what has been found experimentally in a number of cases.", "PMID": 743234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5468", "title": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase from Streptomyces albus G. Purification and chemical properties.", "content": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G was purified to protein homogeneity and compared with the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and Actinomadura R39. The S. albus G enzyme, as it is isolated, occurs in two forms. Enzyme I (30% of the total amount) and enzyme II (70% of the total amount) are identical in all respects, except that, by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, enzyme I has an apparent mol. wt. (9000) that is half of that found by molecular-sieve filtration under non-denaturing conditions. Irrespective of the technique used, enzyme II has an apparent mol. wt. of about 18500.", "contents": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase from Streptomyces albus G. Purification and chemical properties. The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G was purified to protein homogeneity and compared with the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and Actinomadura R39. The S. albus G enzyme, as it is isolated, occurs in two forms. Enzyme I (30% of the total amount) and enzyme II (70% of the total amount) are identical in all respects, except that, by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, enzyme I has an apparent mol. wt. (9000) that is half of that found by molecular-sieve filtration under non-denaturing conditions. Irrespective of the technique used, enzyme II has an apparent mol. wt. of about 18500.", "PMID": 743235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5469", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of metallothionein directed by rat liver polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Total RNA was isolated from rat liver polyribosomes and fractionated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography to obtain polyadenylated mRNA. The mRNA was translated in a wheat-germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system containing [3H]glycine, [3H]lysine and [3H]serine. Most of the newly synthesized 3H-labelled polypeptides were removed from the cell-free products by precipitation at pH 4.0. 3H-labelled thionein chains, which were soluble at pH 4.0, were purified by activated-thiol-Sepharose 4B chromatography or by gel-filtration chromatography. Polyribosomal thionein mRNA was found to increase by at least 3-fold after parenteral administration and by 20 h thereafter the ratio of thionein mRNA to total mRNA approached that found in controls. Actinomycin D administration in vivo blocked the Zn2+-induced increase in polyribosomal thionein mRNA content. These data strongly suggest that metallothionein is an inducible protein. The mechanism of regulation appears to involve changes in the synthesis de novo of thionein mRNA and hence the pool of thionein mRNA available for translation.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of metallothionein directed by rat liver polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid. Total RNA was isolated from rat liver polyribosomes and fractionated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography to obtain polyadenylated mRNA. The mRNA was translated in a wheat-germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system containing [3H]glycine, [3H]lysine and [3H]serine. Most of the newly synthesized 3H-labelled polypeptides were removed from the cell-free products by precipitation at pH 4.0. 3H-labelled thionein chains, which were soluble at pH 4.0, were purified by activated-thiol-Sepharose 4B chromatography or by gel-filtration chromatography. Polyribosomal thionein mRNA was found to increase by at least 3-fold after parenteral administration and by 20 h thereafter the ratio of thionein mRNA to total mRNA approached that found in controls. Actinomycin D administration in vivo blocked the Zn2+-induced increase in polyribosomal thionein mRNA content. These data strongly suggest that metallothionein is an inducible protein. The mechanism of regulation appears to involve changes in the synthesis de novo of thionein mRNA and hence the pool of thionein mRNA available for translation.", "PMID": 743236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5470", "title": "Partial purification, characterization and translation in vitro of rat liver metallothionein messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Poly(A)+ (polyadenylated) mRNA coding for metallothioneins was purified 13-fold from rat liver polyribosomes and was identified by its ability to direct the biosynthesis of these proteins in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The carboxymethylated products of the protein-synthesizing system in vitro were analysed with sodium dodecyl sulphate/20% polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The labelled compounds [3H]serine and [35S]cysteine were incorporated at high specific radioactivity into proteins that co-migrated with authentic metallothioneins. No [3H]leucine incorporation was found, in agreement with the amino acid composition of the metallothioneins. Metallothionein mRNA had a sedimentation coefficient of 9 S and carried a maximum of four ribosomes. At 5 h after a subcutaneous injection of ZnCl2 or CdCl2 (10 mumol/kg body wt.), the amount of this mRNA increased approx. 2- and 4-fold respectively, on the basis of translation in vitro. The increase in metallothionein mRNA (defined by translation in the wheat-germ system) was transient and, after CdCl2 treatment, fell back to control values by 17 h. Metallothioneins constituted a maximum of 0.8% of the total protein products synthesized in the wheat-germ system by total mRNA isolated from rat liver after CdCl2 treatment.", "contents": "Partial purification, characterization and translation in vitro of rat liver metallothionein messenger ribonucleic acid. Poly(A)+ (polyadenylated) mRNA coding for metallothioneins was purified 13-fold from rat liver polyribosomes and was identified by its ability to direct the biosynthesis of these proteins in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The carboxymethylated products of the protein-synthesizing system in vitro were analysed with sodium dodecyl sulphate/20% polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The labelled compounds [3H]serine and [35S]cysteine were incorporated at high specific radioactivity into proteins that co-migrated with authentic metallothioneins. No [3H]leucine incorporation was found, in agreement with the amino acid composition of the metallothioneins. Metallothionein mRNA had a sedimentation coefficient of 9 S and carried a maximum of four ribosomes. At 5 h after a subcutaneous injection of ZnCl2 or CdCl2 (10 mumol/kg body wt.), the amount of this mRNA increased approx. 2- and 4-fold respectively, on the basis of translation in vitro. The increase in metallothionein mRNA (defined by translation in the wheat-germ system) was transient and, after CdCl2 treatment, fell back to control values by 17 h. Metallothioneins constituted a maximum of 0.8% of the total protein products synthesized in the wheat-germ system by total mRNA isolated from rat liver after CdCl2 treatment.", "PMID": 743237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5471", "title": "The separation of the mycobactins from Mycobacterium smegmatis by using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The family of mycobactins from Mycobacterium smegmatis were resolved into seven fractions by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This separation was by virtue of the differences in length and character of the long acyl substituents as shown by g.l.c. of the methyl esters of the isolated fatty acids from the fractions. As t.l.c. could also resolve the individual mycobactin fractions, it too must rely on the same differences to effect separation. As the lengths of the acyl chains were modulated by the growth conditions, a specific range of acyl groups may not be needed for mycobactin to function. This technique provides a simple means of rapidly characterizing crude mycobactins from all mycobacteria.", "contents": "The separation of the mycobactins from Mycobacterium smegmatis by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The family of mycobactins from Mycobacterium smegmatis were resolved into seven fractions by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This separation was by virtue of the differences in length and character of the long acyl substituents as shown by g.l.c. of the methyl esters of the isolated fatty acids from the fractions. As t.l.c. could also resolve the individual mycobactin fractions, it too must rely on the same differences to effect separation. As the lengths of the acyl chains were modulated by the growth conditions, a specific range of acyl groups may not be needed for mycobactin to function. This technique provides a simple means of rapidly characterizing crude mycobactins from all mycobacteria.", "PMID": 743238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5472", "title": "The covalent structure of cartilage collagen. Amino acid sequence of residues 552-661 of bovine alpha1(II) chains.", "content": "The covalent structure of the first 111 residues from the N-terminus of peptide alpha1(II)-CB10 from bovine nasal-cartilage collagen is presented. This region comprises residues 552-661 of the alpha1(II) chain. The sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of peptide alpha1(II)-CB10 and of peptides produced by cleavage with trypsin and hydroxylamine. Comparison of this region of the alpha1(II) chain with the homologous segment of the alpha1(I) chain indicated a homology level of 85%, slightly higher than that of 81% reported for the N-terminal region of the alpha1(II) chain (Butler, Miller & Finch (1976) Biochemistry15, 3000-3006). The occurrence of two residues of glycosylated hydroxylysine was established at positions 564 and 603, the first present exclusively as galactosylhydroxylysine and the latter as a mixture of galactosylhydroxylysine and glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Also, two residues at positions 648 and 657 were tentatively identified as glycosylated hydroxylysines. The amino acid sequences adjacent to the hydroxylysine residues so far identified in the alpha1(II) chain were compared with the homologous regions of the alpha1(I) and alpha2 chains, but no obvious prerequisite for hydroxylation could be seen. From comparison with the homologous sequence of the alpha1(I) chain, it appears that the alpha1(II)-chain sequence presented here contains three more amino acids than that reported for the alpha1(I) chain. This triplet would be interposed between residues 63 and 64 of the reported sequence of peptide alpha1(I)-CB7 from calf skin collagen. Data on the purification of the subpeptides and their amino acid compositions have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50087 (7 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "The covalent structure of cartilage collagen. Amino acid sequence of residues 552-661 of bovine alpha1(II) chains. The covalent structure of the first 111 residues from the N-terminus of peptide alpha1(II)-CB10 from bovine nasal-cartilage collagen is presented. This region comprises residues 552-661 of the alpha1(II) chain. The sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of peptide alpha1(II)-CB10 and of peptides produced by cleavage with trypsin and hydroxylamine. Comparison of this region of the alpha1(II) chain with the homologous segment of the alpha1(I) chain indicated a homology level of 85%, slightly higher than that of 81% reported for the N-terminal region of the alpha1(II) chain (Butler, Miller & Finch (1976) Biochemistry15, 3000-3006). The occurrence of two residues of glycosylated hydroxylysine was established at positions 564 and 603, the first present exclusively as galactosylhydroxylysine and the latter as a mixture of galactosylhydroxylysine and glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Also, two residues at positions 648 and 657 were tentatively identified as glycosylated hydroxylysines. The amino acid sequences adjacent to the hydroxylysine residues so far identified in the alpha1(II) chain were compared with the homologous regions of the alpha1(I) and alpha2 chains, but no obvious prerequisite for hydroxylation could be seen. From comparison with the homologous sequence of the alpha1(I) chain, it appears that the alpha1(II)-chain sequence presented here contains three more amino acids than that reported for the alpha1(I) chain. This triplet would be interposed between residues 63 and 64 of the reported sequence of peptide alpha1(I)-CB7 from calf skin collagen. Data on the purification of the subpeptides and their amino acid compositions have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50087 (7 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 743239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5473", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of glutathione S-transferases from rat liver and kidney.", "content": "The glutathione S-transferases that were purified to homogeneity from liver cytosol have overlapping but distinct substrate specificities and different isoelectric points. This report explores the possibility of using preparative electrofocusing to compare the composition of the transferases in liver and kidney cytosol. Hepatic cytosol from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was resolved by isoelectric focusing on Sephadex columns into five peaks of transferase activity, each with characteristic substrate specificity. The first four peaks of transferase activity (in order of decreasing basicity) are identified as transferases AA, B, A and C respectively, on the basis of substrate specificity, but the fifth peak (pI6.6) does not correspond to a previously described transferase. Isoelectric focusing of renal cytosol resolves only three major peaks of transferase activity, each with narrow substrate specificity. In the kidney, peak 1 (pI9.0) has most of the activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, peak 2 (pI8.5) toward p-nitrobenzyl chloride, and peak 3 (pI7.0) toward trans-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one. Renal transferase peak 1 (pI9.0) appears to correspond to transferase B on the basis of pI, substrate specificity and antigenicity. Kidney transferase peaks 2 (pI8.5) and 3 (pI7.0) do not correspond to previously described glutathione S-transferases, although kidney transferase peak 3 is similar to the transferase peak 5 from focused hepatic cytosol. Transferases A and C were not found in kidney cytosol, and transferase AA was detected in only one out of six replicates. Thus it is important to recognize the contribution of individual transferases to total transferase activity in that each transferase may be regulated independently.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of glutathione S-transferases from rat liver and kidney. The glutathione S-transferases that were purified to homogeneity from liver cytosol have overlapping but distinct substrate specificities and different isoelectric points. This report explores the possibility of using preparative electrofocusing to compare the composition of the transferases in liver and kidney cytosol. Hepatic cytosol from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was resolved by isoelectric focusing on Sephadex columns into five peaks of transferase activity, each with characteristic substrate specificity. The first four peaks of transferase activity (in order of decreasing basicity) are identified as transferases AA, B, A and C respectively, on the basis of substrate specificity, but the fifth peak (pI6.6) does not correspond to a previously described transferase. Isoelectric focusing of renal cytosol resolves only three major peaks of transferase activity, each with narrow substrate specificity. In the kidney, peak 1 (pI9.0) has most of the activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, peak 2 (pI8.5) toward p-nitrobenzyl chloride, and peak 3 (pI7.0) toward trans-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one. Renal transferase peak 1 (pI9.0) appears to correspond to transferase B on the basis of pI, substrate specificity and antigenicity. Kidney transferase peaks 2 (pI8.5) and 3 (pI7.0) do not correspond to previously described glutathione S-transferases, although kidney transferase peak 3 is similar to the transferase peak 5 from focused hepatic cytosol. Transferases A and C were not found in kidney cytosol, and transferase AA was detected in only one out of six replicates. Thus it is important to recognize the contribution of individual transferases to total transferase activity in that each transferase may be regulated independently.", "PMID": 743240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5474", "title": "Mouse intracellular immunoglobulin M. Structure and identification of a free thiol group.", "content": "Monomeric intracellular mouse immunoglobulin M (hereafter designated IgMs) was purified in milligram quantities from the plasma cells of mouse plasmacytoma MOPC 104E after lysis either in the presence or in the absence of iodoacetate. Peptide ;mapping' analysis of the IgMs after partial reduction and carboxy[(14)C]methylation to label the interchain disulphide bridges showed that the heavy-light bridge and the interheavy bridge present in the Cmu2 region were already formed at lysis. The cysteine residues in the C-terminal region of the heavy chains, which in pentameric IgM form an intersubunit bridge, had free thiol groups at lysis that were reversibly oxidized during isolation in the absence of iodoacetate, probably forming an intrasubunit inter-heavy-chain disulphide bridge. Isoelectric-focusing studies complemented the above findings, showing that all the intracellular IgMs carried free thiol groups that could be carboxymethylated at lysis, and that in non-alkylated preparations these had reversibly oxidized. On the basis of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis intracellular mu-chains had a consistently lower apparent molecular weight than did secreted mu-chains, and the estimated difference could be accounted for by the known difference in carbohydrate content. We present evidence that in a position homologous to that of a complex oligosaccharide in the Cmu2 region of secreted human mu-chains there is a simple oligosaccharide in intracellular mouse mu-chains that becomes complex on secretion. On the basis of the above findings, we present a model for the mouse intracellular IgM subunit and suggest a mechanism for its assembly into secreted IgM pentamers.", "contents": "Mouse intracellular immunoglobulin M. Structure and identification of a free thiol group. Monomeric intracellular mouse immunoglobulin M (hereafter designated IgMs) was purified in milligram quantities from the plasma cells of mouse plasmacytoma MOPC 104E after lysis either in the presence or in the absence of iodoacetate. Peptide ;mapping' analysis of the IgMs after partial reduction and carboxy[(14)C]methylation to label the interchain disulphide bridges showed that the heavy-light bridge and the interheavy bridge present in the Cmu2 region were already formed at lysis. The cysteine residues in the C-terminal region of the heavy chains, which in pentameric IgM form an intersubunit bridge, had free thiol groups at lysis that were reversibly oxidized during isolation in the absence of iodoacetate, probably forming an intrasubunit inter-heavy-chain disulphide bridge. Isoelectric-focusing studies complemented the above findings, showing that all the intracellular IgMs carried free thiol groups that could be carboxymethylated at lysis, and that in non-alkylated preparations these had reversibly oxidized. On the basis of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis intracellular mu-chains had a consistently lower apparent molecular weight than did secreted mu-chains, and the estimated difference could be accounted for by the known difference in carbohydrate content. We present evidence that in a position homologous to that of a complex oligosaccharide in the Cmu2 region of secreted human mu-chains there is a simple oligosaccharide in intracellular mouse mu-chains that becomes complex on secretion. On the basis of the above findings, we present a model for the mouse intracellular IgM subunit and suggest a mechanism for its assembly into secreted IgM pentamers.", "PMID": 743241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5475", "title": "Evaluation of rate constants for enzyme-catalysed reactions by the jackknife technique. Application to liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "Steady-state measurements of enzyme-catalysed reactions are capable of providing more information about the rate constants of the individual steps than is commonly obtained. We have applied a combination of the jackknife and non-linear regression techniques to measurements of the rate of oxidation of ethanol by NAD+, catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver. This has permitted values and confidence intervals to be assigned to the eight rate constants that characterize the binding of ethanol and NAD+ in random order to the enzyme, and to the net rate constant kcat. for the breakdown of the ternary complex.", "contents": "Evaluation of rate constants for enzyme-catalysed reactions by the jackknife technique. Application to liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Steady-state measurements of enzyme-catalysed reactions are capable of providing more information about the rate constants of the individual steps than is commonly obtained. We have applied a combination of the jackknife and non-linear regression techniques to measurements of the rate of oxidation of ethanol by NAD+, catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver. This has permitted values and confidence intervals to be assigned to the eight rate constants that characterize the binding of ethanol and NAD+ in random order to the enzyme, and to the net rate constant kcat. for the breakdown of the ternary complex.", "PMID": 743242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5476", "title": "Oxidation of glycine by Phaseolus leghaemoglobin with associated catabolic reactions at the haem.", "content": "Leghaemoglobin from the root nodules of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) reacts in alkaline glycine solutions as a glycine oxidase in a reaction that may also be regarded as a coupled oxidation. Leghaemoglobin is reduced to the ferrous form by glycinate, the oxygen complex is formed, and finally the haem is attacked to yield a green reaction product. Glycine is simultaneously oxidized to glyoxylate, and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The initial velocity of the formation of the green product is proportional to the concentrations of leghaemoglobin and glycine, and the optimum pH for the reaction is 10.2. The green product is not formed if carbon monoxide, azide of imidazole is bound to the haem, whereas oxidation of glycine to glyoxylate is not inhibited by azide and not essentially by carbon monoxide. Haem breakdown is activated by digestion of leghaemoglobin by carboxypeptidase, and partly inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase.", "contents": "Oxidation of glycine by Phaseolus leghaemoglobin with associated catabolic reactions at the haem. Leghaemoglobin from the root nodules of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) reacts in alkaline glycine solutions as a glycine oxidase in a reaction that may also be regarded as a coupled oxidation. Leghaemoglobin is reduced to the ferrous form by glycinate, the oxygen complex is formed, and finally the haem is attacked to yield a green reaction product. Glycine is simultaneously oxidized to glyoxylate, and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The initial velocity of the formation of the green product is proportional to the concentrations of leghaemoglobin and glycine, and the optimum pH for the reaction is 10.2. The green product is not formed if carbon monoxide, azide of imidazole is bound to the haem, whereas oxidation of glycine to glyoxylate is not inhibited by azide and not essentially by carbon monoxide. Haem breakdown is activated by digestion of leghaemoglobin by carboxypeptidase, and partly inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase.", "PMID": 743243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5477", "title": "Bile-pigment formation from different leghaemoglobins. Methine-bridge specificity of coupled oxidation.", "content": "The coupled oxidation of leghaemoglobins with O(2) and ascorbate yielded oxyleghaemoglobin in the first reaction step, and the second step was the degradation of haem characterized by an A(675) increase. Leghaemoglobins were degraded to biliverdin isomers specifically, depending on the structure of the protein. The main leghaemoglobin components of Glycine (soya bean) and Phaseolus (kidney bean) were degraded to biliverdin mixtures containing about 50% of the beta-form, about 30% of the alpha-form and about 20% of the delta-isomer, whereas the leghaemoglobin I components of Vicia (broad bean) and Pisum (pea) were degraded almost exclusively to the beta-isomer, with traces of the alpha-isomer. The amino acid sequences of Glycine and Phaseolus leghaemoglobins resemble each other, as do those of Vicia and Pisum. The site specificity of bile-pigment formation from leghaemoglobins can be tentatively explained by specific differences in the amino acid sequences at those regions of the polypeptide chain that are in the vicinity of the appropriate methine bridges. The ligand-binding site in different leghaemoglobins may be outlined on the basis of the present results, supposing that the haem is degraded when a reduction product of haem-bound O(2) reacts with a methine bridge of the haem, and that the bridge specificity is regulated by hindering amino acid residues that determine the location of the bound O(2). The residue phenylalanine-CD1 appears to be further away from the haem plane or in a markedly more flexible position in leghaemoglobins than in mammalian globins. The haem-bound oxygen atom B, in Fe-O(A)-O(B), seems to be free to rotate in all directions except that of the gamma-bridge in Glycine and Phaseolus leghaemoglobins, but its position in Vicia and Pisum leghaemoglobin I might be restricted to the direction of the beta-methine bridge.", "contents": "Bile-pigment formation from different leghaemoglobins. Methine-bridge specificity of coupled oxidation. The coupled oxidation of leghaemoglobins with O(2) and ascorbate yielded oxyleghaemoglobin in the first reaction step, and the second step was the degradation of haem characterized by an A(675) increase. Leghaemoglobins were degraded to biliverdin isomers specifically, depending on the structure of the protein. The main leghaemoglobin components of Glycine (soya bean) and Phaseolus (kidney bean) were degraded to biliverdin mixtures containing about 50% of the beta-form, about 30% of the alpha-form and about 20% of the delta-isomer, whereas the leghaemoglobin I components of Vicia (broad bean) and Pisum (pea) were degraded almost exclusively to the beta-isomer, with traces of the alpha-isomer. The amino acid sequences of Glycine and Phaseolus leghaemoglobins resemble each other, as do those of Vicia and Pisum. The site specificity of bile-pigment formation from leghaemoglobins can be tentatively explained by specific differences in the amino acid sequences at those regions of the polypeptide chain that are in the vicinity of the appropriate methine bridges. The ligand-binding site in different leghaemoglobins may be outlined on the basis of the present results, supposing that the haem is degraded when a reduction product of haem-bound O(2) reacts with a methine bridge of the haem, and that the bridge specificity is regulated by hindering amino acid residues that determine the location of the bound O(2). The residue phenylalanine-CD1 appears to be further away from the haem plane or in a markedly more flexible position in leghaemoglobins than in mammalian globins. The haem-bound oxygen atom B, in Fe-O(A)-O(B), seems to be free to rotate in all directions except that of the gamma-bridge in Glycine and Phaseolus leghaemoglobins, but its position in Vicia and Pisum leghaemoglobin I might be restricted to the direction of the beta-methine bridge.", "PMID": 743244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5478", "title": "A rapid method for the preparation of relatively pure metabolically competent synaptosomes from rat brain.", "content": "A rapid (less than 2h) method is described for the preparation of synaptosomes from rat brain by using a discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose gradient by a flotation technique. These synaptosomes are metabolically active and minimally (less than 5%) contaminated with 'free' mitochondria as judged by marker-enzyme assays and electron microscopy.", "contents": "A rapid method for the preparation of relatively pure metabolically competent synaptosomes from rat brain. A rapid (less than 2h) method is described for the preparation of synaptosomes from rat brain by using a discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose gradient by a flotation technique. These synaptosomes are metabolically active and minimally (less than 5%) contaminated with 'free' mitochondria as judged by marker-enzyme assays and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 743245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5479", "title": "Effect of various methods of preparation on the apparent protein composition of eukaryotic ribosomes. An essential preliminary to stoicheiometric measurements.", "content": "1. We investigated whether there is any change in the relative amounts of ribosomal proteins during the isolation or extraction of the ribosomes by different methods, or during electrophoresis of the proteins. 2. To see whether proteins are lost (or gained) during the preparation of the ribosome we compared the two-dimensional protein pattern of three preparations: (a) ribosomes conventionally prepared by ultracentrifugation; (b) crude ribosomes obtained by pH5 precipitation; (c) crude ribosomes prepared by gel filtration. 3. To see whether proteins were lost during protein extraction we compared the two-dimensional pattern of ribosomes by using three different extraction methods (LiCl/urea, acetic acid and guanidine hydrochloride). 4. In all experiments listed above the relative amounts of the great majority of the proteins remained unchanged. We interpret this as showing that the relative amounts of ribosomal proteins (as we observed them on a two-dimensional gel) correspond to the proportions existing in the particle in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of various methods of preparation on the apparent protein composition of eukaryotic ribosomes. An essential preliminary to stoicheiometric measurements. 1. We investigated whether there is any change in the relative amounts of ribosomal proteins during the isolation or extraction of the ribosomes by different methods, or during electrophoresis of the proteins. 2. To see whether proteins are lost (or gained) during the preparation of the ribosome we compared the two-dimensional protein pattern of three preparations: (a) ribosomes conventionally prepared by ultracentrifugation; (b) crude ribosomes obtained by pH5 precipitation; (c) crude ribosomes prepared by gel filtration. 3. To see whether proteins were lost during protein extraction we compared the two-dimensional pattern of ribosomes by using three different extraction methods (LiCl/urea, acetic acid and guanidine hydrochloride). 4. In all experiments listed above the relative amounts of the great majority of the proteins remained unchanged. We interpret this as showing that the relative amounts of ribosomal proteins (as we observed them on a two-dimensional gel) correspond to the proportions existing in the particle in vivo.", "PMID": 743246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5480", "title": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Rates of protein synthesis in fast and slow skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of the adult fowl.", "content": "Rates of protein synthesis in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of fully grown fowl (Gallus domesticus) were determined in vivo by means of the constant infusion method using [14C]proline. In the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly slow fibres, the average synthesis rate of non-collagen muscle proteins was 17.0 +/- 3.1% per day, a value higher than that obtained for cardiac muscle (13.8 +/- 1.3% per day) and for smooth muscle of the gizzard (12.0 +/- 1.9% per day). In the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly fast fibres, synthesis rates were much lower (6.9 +/- 1.8% per day). In each case these average rates for the non-collagen protein were similar to the average rate for the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions. The RNA concentration of these four muscles showed that relative rates of protein synthesis were determined mainly by the relative RNA concentrations. The rate of protein synthesis per unit of DNA (the DNA activity) was similar in the two skeletal muscles, but somewhat lower in cardiac muscle and gizzard, possibly reflecting the larger proportion of less active cell types in these two muscles. These quantitative aspects of protein turnover in the two skeletal muscles are discussed in terms of the determination of ultimate size of the DNA unit, and in relation to muscle ultrastructure.", "contents": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Rates of protein synthesis in fast and slow skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of the adult fowl. Rates of protein synthesis in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of fully grown fowl (Gallus domesticus) were determined in vivo by means of the constant infusion method using [14C]proline. In the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly slow fibres, the average synthesis rate of non-collagen muscle proteins was 17.0 +/- 3.1% per day, a value higher than that obtained for cardiac muscle (13.8 +/- 1.3% per day) and for smooth muscle of the gizzard (12.0 +/- 1.9% per day). In the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly fast fibres, synthesis rates were much lower (6.9 +/- 1.8% per day). In each case these average rates for the non-collagen protein were similar to the average rate for the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions. The RNA concentration of these four muscles showed that relative rates of protein synthesis were determined mainly by the relative RNA concentrations. The rate of protein synthesis per unit of DNA (the DNA activity) was similar in the two skeletal muscles, but somewhat lower in cardiac muscle and gizzard, possibly reflecting the larger proportion of less active cell types in these two muscles. These quantitative aspects of protein turnover in the two skeletal muscles are discussed in terms of the determination of ultimate size of the DNA unit, and in relation to muscle ultrastructure.", "PMID": 743247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5481", "title": "An analysis of errors in estimation of the rate of protein synthesis by constant infusion of a labelled amino acid.", "content": "Rates of protein synthesis in tissues can be calculated from the specific radioactivity of free and protein-bound amino acids at the end of a constant infusion of a labelled amino acid (Garlick, Millward & James (1973) Biochem. J. 136, 935--945]. The simplifying assumptions used in these calculations have been criticized [Madsen, Everett, Sparrow & Fowkes (1977) FEBS Lett. 79, 313--316]. A more detailed analysis using a programmable desk-top calculator is described, which shows that the errors introduced by the simplifying assumptions are small, particularly when the specific radioactivity of the free amino acid rises rapidly to a constant value.", "contents": "An analysis of errors in estimation of the rate of protein synthesis by constant infusion of a labelled amino acid. Rates of protein synthesis in tissues can be calculated from the specific radioactivity of free and protein-bound amino acids at the end of a constant infusion of a labelled amino acid (Garlick, Millward & James (1973) Biochem. J. 136, 935--945]. The simplifying assumptions used in these calculations have been criticized [Madsen, Everett, Sparrow & Fowkes (1977) FEBS Lett. 79, 313--316]. A more detailed analysis using a programmable desk-top calculator is described, which shows that the errors introduced by the simplifying assumptions are small, particularly when the specific radioactivity of the free amino acid rises rapidly to a constant value.", "PMID": 743248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5482", "title": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Changes in rates of protein synthesis and breakdown during hypertrophy of the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.", "content": "Measurements were made of the growth and of the changes in rates of protein turnover in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing. Over 58 days there was a 140% increase in the protein content with similar increases in the RNA and DNA contents. The fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured by the continuous-infusion technique using [14C]proline, increased markedly during hypertrophy. This increase was mediated initially (after 1 day) by an increase in the RNA activity but at all other times reflected the higher RNA content. The rate of protein degradation, calculated from the difference between the synthesis and growth rates, appeared to increase and remain elevated for at least 4 weeks. At no time was there any suggestion of a fall in the rate of degradation. The following events are discussed as central to the changes that occur during skeletal-muscle hypertrophy. 1. Nuclear proliferation is necessary to maintain the characteristic synthesis rate because of the inability of existing nuclei to 'manage' increased protein synthesis for more than a limited period. 2. The increased protein breakdown during hypertrophy is consistent with the known over-production of a new muscle fibres and may indicate some 'wastage' during the growth. Such wastage may also be associated with myofibrillar proliferation. 3. Muscle stretch must be recognized as the major activator of growth and as such can be compared with the 'pleiotypic activators' that have been described for cells in culture.", "contents": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Changes in rates of protein synthesis and breakdown during hypertrophy of the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles. Measurements were made of the growth and of the changes in rates of protein turnover in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing. Over 58 days there was a 140% increase in the protein content with similar increases in the RNA and DNA contents. The fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured by the continuous-infusion technique using [14C]proline, increased markedly during hypertrophy. This increase was mediated initially (after 1 day) by an increase in the RNA activity but at all other times reflected the higher RNA content. The rate of protein degradation, calculated from the difference between the synthesis and growth rates, appeared to increase and remain elevated for at least 4 weeks. At no time was there any suggestion of a fall in the rate of degradation. The following events are discussed as central to the changes that occur during skeletal-muscle hypertrophy. 1. Nuclear proliferation is necessary to maintain the characteristic synthesis rate because of the inability of existing nuclei to 'manage' increased protein synthesis for more than a limited period. 2. The increased protein breakdown during hypertrophy is consistent with the known over-production of a new muscle fibres and may indicate some 'wastage' during the growth. Such wastage may also be associated with myofibrillar proliferation. 3. Muscle stretch must be recognized as the major activator of growth and as such can be compared with the 'pleiotypic activators' that have been described for cells in culture.", "PMID": 743249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5483", "title": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Collagen content and turnover in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the adult fowl and the changes during stretch-induced growth.", "content": "The collagen content and the rate of collagen synthesis were measured in the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles and in heart from fully grown fowl. This was done by measuring the proline/hydroxyproline ratios in the muscle and by a constant infusion of [(14)C]proline. These measurements were also made during the hypertrophy of the anterior muscle in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing of the fowl. In the non-growing muscles the collagen content was higher in the anterior muscle (22.8% of total protein) than in the posterior muscle (9.5% of total protein) and lowest in the heart (3.8% of total protein). In the two skeletal muscles a little over half of the collagen was accounted for by internal collagen (i.e. perimysium and endomysium). Collagen synthesis in these non-growing muscles occurred at 0.59%/day in each of the two skeletal muscles and at 0.88%/day in the cardiac muscle. During hypertrophy the collagen content of the anterior muscle increased, but not as fast as intracellular protein, so that after 58 days the concentration had fallen from 22.8 to 14.4% of total protein. This may have resulted from an incomplete production of the epimysial sheath, since the concentration of internal collagen did not fall and as a result accounted for over 80% of the total in the enlarged muscle. Collagen synthesis increased 8-fold during the first week of the hypertrophy, but never amounted to more than 4% of the total muscle protein synthesis. When the net accumulation of collagen is compared with the increased rate of synthesis it is concluded that between 30 and 70% of the newly synthesized collagen may have been degraded.", "contents": "Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Collagen content and turnover in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the adult fowl and the changes during stretch-induced growth. The collagen content and the rate of collagen synthesis were measured in the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles and in heart from fully grown fowl. This was done by measuring the proline/hydroxyproline ratios in the muscle and by a constant infusion of [(14)C]proline. These measurements were also made during the hypertrophy of the anterior muscle in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing of the fowl. In the non-growing muscles the collagen content was higher in the anterior muscle (22.8% of total protein) than in the posterior muscle (9.5% of total protein) and lowest in the heart (3.8% of total protein). In the two skeletal muscles a little over half of the collagen was accounted for by internal collagen (i.e. perimysium and endomysium). Collagen synthesis in these non-growing muscles occurred at 0.59%/day in each of the two skeletal muscles and at 0.88%/day in the cardiac muscle. During hypertrophy the collagen content of the anterior muscle increased, but not as fast as intracellular protein, so that after 58 days the concentration had fallen from 22.8 to 14.4% of total protein. This may have resulted from an incomplete production of the epimysial sheath, since the concentration of internal collagen did not fall and as a result accounted for over 80% of the total in the enlarged muscle. Collagen synthesis increased 8-fold during the first week of the hypertrophy, but never amounted to more than 4% of the total muscle protein synthesis. When the net accumulation of collagen is compared with the increased rate of synthesis it is concluded that between 30 and 70% of the newly synthesized collagen may have been degraded.", "PMID": 743250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5484", "title": "Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis and of the selective release of lysosomal hydrolases by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice and maintained in tissue culture synthesize and release prostaglandins when challenged with zymosan. These cells also selectively release lysosomal acid hydrolases under the same conditions. The major prostaglandins released into the media are found to be prostaglandins E1, E2 and 6-oxoprostaglandin F1a, whereas prostaglandin F2a is not detected. Macrophages isolated from mice that have received an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth are far less responsive to zymosan challenge. These cells require 300 microgram of zymosan to synthesize and release one-third the amount of prostaglandins released from non-stimulated macrophages exposed to 50 microgram of zymosan. In addition, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages release less than 10% of their lysosomal acid hydrolases when exposed to 300 microgram of zymosan whereas non-stimulated cells release approximately 50% of these enzymes after treatment with 50 microgram of zymosan. The zymosan-stimulated synthesis and release of prostaglandins are completely inhibited by indomethacin, whereas the increased selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases is not affected. Macrophages, unlike fibroblasts, do not synthesize and release prostaglandins when exposed to serum or to bradykinin.", "contents": "Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis and of the selective release of lysosomal hydrolases by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice and maintained in tissue culture synthesize and release prostaglandins when challenged with zymosan. These cells also selectively release lysosomal acid hydrolases under the same conditions. The major prostaglandins released into the media are found to be prostaglandins E1, E2 and 6-oxoprostaglandin F1a, whereas prostaglandin F2a is not detected. Macrophages isolated from mice that have received an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth are far less responsive to zymosan challenge. These cells require 300 microgram of zymosan to synthesize and release one-third the amount of prostaglandins released from non-stimulated macrophages exposed to 50 microgram of zymosan. In addition, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages release less than 10% of their lysosomal acid hydrolases when exposed to 300 microgram of zymosan whereas non-stimulated cells release approximately 50% of these enzymes after treatment with 50 microgram of zymosan. The zymosan-stimulated synthesis and release of prostaglandins are completely inhibited by indomethacin, whereas the increased selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases is not affected. Macrophages, unlike fibroblasts, do not synthesize and release prostaglandins when exposed to serum or to bradykinin.", "PMID": 743251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5485", "title": "Biliary excretion of cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate in the guinea pig.", "content": "The metabolic fate and mode of excretion of cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate were studied in the guinea pig. Up to 54.8% of the dose appeared in the bile, the majority as unchanged ester. Substantial amounts of hydroxylated cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate were also excreted in the bile together with minor amounts of the corresponding glucuronic acid conjugate. When isolated guinea-pig livers were perfused with cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate the biliary components were the same as those in the intact animal, although the relative concentration of the hydroxylated derivative was significantly greater. When the hydroxylated derivative was re-injected into guinea pigs it was excreted almost entirely unchanged in the bile. However, in the rat, it was excreted in the bile as a glucuronic acid conjugate. These findings are discussed in relation to studies carried out in the rat [Hearse, Powell, Olavesen & Dodgson (1969) Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 181--195] and to differences in enzyme activities in rat and guinea-pig liver. The results are also discussed in terms of the molecular-weight threshold for the excretion of anions in guinea-pig bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate in the guinea pig. The metabolic fate and mode of excretion of cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate were studied in the guinea pig. Up to 54.8% of the dose appeared in the bile, the majority as unchanged ester. Substantial amounts of hydroxylated cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate were also excreted in the bile together with minor amounts of the corresponding glucuronic acid conjugate. When isolated guinea-pig livers were perfused with cyclohexylphenyl 4-[35S]sulphate the biliary components were the same as those in the intact animal, although the relative concentration of the hydroxylated derivative was significantly greater. When the hydroxylated derivative was re-injected into guinea pigs it was excreted almost entirely unchanged in the bile. However, in the rat, it was excreted in the bile as a glucuronic acid conjugate. These findings are discussed in relation to studies carried out in the rat [Hearse, Powell, Olavesen & Dodgson (1969) Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 181--195] and to differences in enzyme activities in rat and guinea-pig liver. The results are also discussed in terms of the molecular-weight threshold for the excretion of anions in guinea-pig bile.", "PMID": 743252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5486", "title": "The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by lysosomal enzymes of rat liver and brain.", "content": "1. Lysosomes from rat liver contain two enzymic systems for hydrolysing phosphatidyl-inositol: a deacylation via lysophosphatidylinositol producing glycerophosphoinositol and non-esterified fatty acid, and a phospholipase C-like cleavage into inositol 1-phosphate and diaclygycerol. 2. The separate enzyme systems involved can be distinguished by gel filtration, differential temperature-stability and the inhibitory action of detergents. 3. The enzyme systems both have pH optima at 4.8 and their attack on a pure phosphatidylinositol substrate is inhibited by many bivalent metals including Ca2+ and Mg2+, and cationic drugs. 4. Whereas the deacylation system will attack other glycerophospholipids, the phospholipase C shows a marked specificity towards phosphatidylinositol, although it will also slowly attach phosphatidylcholine with the liberation of phosphocholine. 5. Gel filtration and temperature-stability distinguish the phospholipase C from lysosomal phosphatidic acid phosphatase, but not from sphingomyelinase. 6. Evidence is presented that an EDTA-insensitive phospholipase C degrading phosphatidylinositol is present in rat brain.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by lysosomal enzymes of rat liver and brain. 1. Lysosomes from rat liver contain two enzymic systems for hydrolysing phosphatidyl-inositol: a deacylation via lysophosphatidylinositol producing glycerophosphoinositol and non-esterified fatty acid, and a phospholipase C-like cleavage into inositol 1-phosphate and diaclygycerol. 2. The separate enzyme systems involved can be distinguished by gel filtration, differential temperature-stability and the inhibitory action of detergents. 3. The enzyme systems both have pH optima at 4.8 and their attack on a pure phosphatidylinositol substrate is inhibited by many bivalent metals including Ca2+ and Mg2+, and cationic drugs. 4. Whereas the deacylation system will attack other glycerophospholipids, the phospholipase C shows a marked specificity towards phosphatidylinositol, although it will also slowly attach phosphatidylcholine with the liberation of phosphocholine. 5. Gel filtration and temperature-stability distinguish the phospholipase C from lysosomal phosphatidic acid phosphatase, but not from sphingomyelinase. 6. Evidence is presented that an EDTA-insensitive phospholipase C degrading phosphatidylinositol is present in rat brain.", "PMID": 743253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5487", "title": "Systematic variations in the content of the purine nucleotides in the steady-state perfused rat heart. Evidence for the existence of controlled storage and release of adenine nucleotides.", "content": "1. The contents of the major purine nucleotides in the isolated non-working perfused rat heart varied systematically during 80min of perfusion. In particular the amounts of ATP, ADP, GTP, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in the well-oxygenated myocardium showed changes ranging from 25 to 60% of the mean concentrations. The apparent periodicity was about 30min for some and about 60min for other nucleotides. 2. These data are in contrast with measurements of parameters reflecting heart performance, which remained constant over this period of perfusion. 3. The ATP/ADP ratio, the cyclic AMP content, the GTP content and the GTP/GDP ratio in the tissue bore a constant relationship to one another, and all showed the same temporal variation. 4. Increasing the energy demand on the heart by administration of bovine somatotropin (1mug/ml) tended to damp the variations, and generally lower the content of all the nucleotides. 5. The total extractable adenine nucleotide pool also showed systematic temporal variations of as much as 1.3mumol/g wet wt. of tissue within 10min. 6. These variations could not be accounted for as inter-conversion with adenosine, other purine nucleotides, nucleosides or purine-degradation products either in the tissue or in the perfusion medium. No evidence was found in this preparation of the purine nucleotide oscillations described by Lowenstein and his co-workers [see Tornheim & Lowenstein (1975) J. Biol. Chem.250, 6304-6314]. 7. Further, the pool size increases cannot be satisfactorily explained by either synthesis de novo or the breakdown of any purine macromolecular species in the cell. Thus it is suggested that an unsuspected substantial storage form of purine nucleotide may exist in heart.", "contents": "Systematic variations in the content of the purine nucleotides in the steady-state perfused rat heart. Evidence for the existence of controlled storage and release of adenine nucleotides. 1. The contents of the major purine nucleotides in the isolated non-working perfused rat heart varied systematically during 80min of perfusion. In particular the amounts of ATP, ADP, GTP, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in the well-oxygenated myocardium showed changes ranging from 25 to 60% of the mean concentrations. The apparent periodicity was about 30min for some and about 60min for other nucleotides. 2. These data are in contrast with measurements of parameters reflecting heart performance, which remained constant over this period of perfusion. 3. The ATP/ADP ratio, the cyclic AMP content, the GTP content and the GTP/GDP ratio in the tissue bore a constant relationship to one another, and all showed the same temporal variation. 4. Increasing the energy demand on the heart by administration of bovine somatotropin (1mug/ml) tended to damp the variations, and generally lower the content of all the nucleotides. 5. The total extractable adenine nucleotide pool also showed systematic temporal variations of as much as 1.3mumol/g wet wt. of tissue within 10min. 6. These variations could not be accounted for as inter-conversion with adenosine, other purine nucleotides, nucleosides or purine-degradation products either in the tissue or in the perfusion medium. No evidence was found in this preparation of the purine nucleotide oscillations described by Lowenstein and his co-workers [see Tornheim & Lowenstein (1975) J. Biol. Chem.250, 6304-6314]. 7. Further, the pool size increases cannot be satisfactorily explained by either synthesis de novo or the breakdown of any purine macromolecular species in the cell. Thus it is suggested that an unsuspected substantial storage form of purine nucleotide may exist in heart.", "PMID": 743254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5488", "title": "Hyperglycaemic activity and metabolic effects of 3-aminopicolinic acid.", "content": "Administering 3-aminopicolinate to rats starved for 24h immediately initiated a progressive increase in blood glucose concentration. Hyperglycaemia was not the result of glycogenolysis, nor was it due to an inhibition of insulin release, since it caused marked hyperinsulinaemia. The rate of [6-(3)H]glucose disappearance from the blood of the intact rat was not altered by 3-aminopicolinate, indicating that it does not cause hyperglycaemia by inhibiting glucose utilization or by causing a redistribution of total body glucose. 3-Aminopicolinate increased the rate of fall in the specific radioactivity of blood [6-(3)H]-glucose, indicating dilution of the glucose pool by newly synthesized glucose. The rate of (14)C incorporation into blood glucose from [(14)C]alanine and [(14)C]lactate was increased 90 and 35% respectively, whereas that from [(14)C]glycerol and [(14)C]xylitol was either unaffected or slightly decreased by 3-aminopicolinate administration. Liver phosphoenolpyruvate of rats was increased to four to seven times the normal concentration 10min to 1h after injections of 50-300mg of 3-aminopicolinate/kg body wt. and the amounts of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate were increased to three to four times normal. The high concentrations of liver phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate, as well as the enhancement of gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but not from glycerol or xylitol, is compatible with an enhancement of gluconeogenesis at a step between pyruvate and the triose phosphates. After injections of 3-aminopicolinate, liver malate, citrate, aspartate, alanine, lactate and pyruvate were also increased, but to lesser extents than was phosphoenolpyruvate. The increases in some of these metabolites were approximated after an intravenous infusion of glucose, so their elevated concentration after 3-aminopicolinate administration could have been, in part, a consequence of the hyperglycaemia. The possibility is considered that 3-aminopicolinate stimulates gluconeogenesis in vivo by facilitating Fe(2+) activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as it does with the purified enzyme in vitro [MacDonald & Lardy (1978) J. Biol. Chem.253, 2300-2307]. In this effect 3-aminopicolinate may simulate the physiological role of the naturally occurring ferroactivator protein [Bentle & Lardy (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 1431-1440].", "contents": "Hyperglycaemic activity and metabolic effects of 3-aminopicolinic acid. Administering 3-aminopicolinate to rats starved for 24h immediately initiated a progressive increase in blood glucose concentration. Hyperglycaemia was not the result of glycogenolysis, nor was it due to an inhibition of insulin release, since it caused marked hyperinsulinaemia. The rate of [6-(3)H]glucose disappearance from the blood of the intact rat was not altered by 3-aminopicolinate, indicating that it does not cause hyperglycaemia by inhibiting glucose utilization or by causing a redistribution of total body glucose. 3-Aminopicolinate increased the rate of fall in the specific radioactivity of blood [6-(3)H]-glucose, indicating dilution of the glucose pool by newly synthesized glucose. The rate of (14)C incorporation into blood glucose from [(14)C]alanine and [(14)C]lactate was increased 90 and 35% respectively, whereas that from [(14)C]glycerol and [(14)C]xylitol was either unaffected or slightly decreased by 3-aminopicolinate administration. Liver phosphoenolpyruvate of rats was increased to four to seven times the normal concentration 10min to 1h after injections of 50-300mg of 3-aminopicolinate/kg body wt. and the amounts of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate were increased to three to four times normal. The high concentrations of liver phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate, as well as the enhancement of gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but not from glycerol or xylitol, is compatible with an enhancement of gluconeogenesis at a step between pyruvate and the triose phosphates. After injections of 3-aminopicolinate, liver malate, citrate, aspartate, alanine, lactate and pyruvate were also increased, but to lesser extents than was phosphoenolpyruvate. The increases in some of these metabolites were approximated after an intravenous infusion of glucose, so their elevated concentration after 3-aminopicolinate administration could have been, in part, a consequence of the hyperglycaemia. The possibility is considered that 3-aminopicolinate stimulates gluconeogenesis in vivo by facilitating Fe(2+) activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as it does with the purified enzyme in vitro [MacDonald & Lardy (1978) J. Biol. Chem.253, 2300-2307]. In this effect 3-aminopicolinate may simulate the physiological role of the naturally occurring ferroactivator protein [Bentle & Lardy (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 1431-1440].", "PMID": 743255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5489", "title": "The metabolism of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid in hypothalamic and cortical regions of the developing female rat brain.", "content": "The regional metabolism of high-molecular-weight RNA in the developing female rat brain was investigated after the intracranial injection of [32P]P1. The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA relative to high-molecular-weight RNA was determined after oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography of total cellular high-molecular-weight RNA labelled after 4h. In both hypothalamus and cortex this synthesis was significantly higher during the first 10 days post partum than at subsequent ages. In both regions apparently more mRNA is synthesized in the young. The ratio of the specific radioactivity of cytoplasmic high-molecular-weight RNA relative to that of the nucleus, measured after a 48 h period of labelling, was considered to be an index of the nucleocytoplasmic transport of newly synthesized RNA [Berthold & Lim (1976) Biochem. J. 154, 529--539]. In the cortex, nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA transport in rats aged up to 20 days was significantly higher than in older rats, with the maximal value being attained between 16 and 19 days post partum. In contrast, in the hypothalamus, nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA was low during the neonatal period and comparable with that of the mature animal. However, there were two periods of increased transport at later stages of development, the first between 15 and 19 days post partum and the second between 25 and 29 days post partum. These prepubertal changes in the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA in the female hypothalamus during weeks 3 and 4 post partum are coincident with other reported changes occurring during sexual differentiation. Differences in the timing of the maturational changes of the two brain regions thus appear to be reflected in developmental changes in RNA transport.", "contents": "The metabolism of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid in hypothalamic and cortical regions of the developing female rat brain. The regional metabolism of high-molecular-weight RNA in the developing female rat brain was investigated after the intracranial injection of [32P]P1. The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA relative to high-molecular-weight RNA was determined after oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography of total cellular high-molecular-weight RNA labelled after 4h. In both hypothalamus and cortex this synthesis was significantly higher during the first 10 days post partum than at subsequent ages. In both regions apparently more mRNA is synthesized in the young. The ratio of the specific radioactivity of cytoplasmic high-molecular-weight RNA relative to that of the nucleus, measured after a 48 h period of labelling, was considered to be an index of the nucleocytoplasmic transport of newly synthesized RNA [Berthold & Lim (1976) Biochem. J. 154, 529--539]. In the cortex, nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA transport in rats aged up to 20 days was significantly higher than in older rats, with the maximal value being attained between 16 and 19 days post partum. In contrast, in the hypothalamus, nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA was low during the neonatal period and comparable with that of the mature animal. However, there were two periods of increased transport at later stages of development, the first between 15 and 19 days post partum and the second between 25 and 29 days post partum. These prepubertal changes in the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA in the female hypothalamus during weeks 3 and 4 post partum are coincident with other reported changes occurring during sexual differentiation. Differences in the timing of the maturational changes of the two brain regions thus appear to be reflected in developmental changes in RNA transport.", "PMID": 743256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5490", "title": "Interaction of progestins with steroid receptors in human uterus.", "content": "Norethindrone (17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) and norethindrone acetate (17beta-acetoxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) interfered to a varying degree, by competitive inhibition, with the binding of progesterone and oestradiol to respective cytoplasmic receptors in the human uterus. Progesterone binding to 4S macromolecule was saturable and co-specific for progestins. Competitors like norgestrel (17beta-hydroxy-18-methyl-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one), 19-norprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (17alpha-acetoxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) and compound R(5020) (17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) possessed higher binding affinities for the progestin receptor. The dissociation constant (K(d)) for the progesterone-receptor interaction was 0.6-1.6nm and the receptor concentration ranged between 6600 and 8200 sites/cell. Norethindrone and norethindrone acetate competed for the progesterone receptor with inhibition constants (K(i)) of 6.8 and 72nm respectively. Gradient displacement and competitive-receptor assays indicated that norethindrone acetate-binding affinity for progestin receptor was approximately one-tenth that of norethindrone and progesterone. The progestins also inhibited oestradiol binding to 4.6S oestrogenic receptor by 8-12%, involving interaction at the oestradiol-binding site with a calculated K(i) value of 0.5-0.8mum. The competitive interaction of progestins with steroid receptors may be of putative importance in explaining the progestin action at the target site.", "contents": "Interaction of progestins with steroid receptors in human uterus. Norethindrone (17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) and norethindrone acetate (17beta-acetoxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) interfered to a varying degree, by competitive inhibition, with the binding of progesterone and oestradiol to respective cytoplasmic receptors in the human uterus. Progesterone binding to 4S macromolecule was saturable and co-specific for progestins. Competitors like norgestrel (17beta-hydroxy-18-methyl-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one), 19-norprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (17alpha-acetoxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) and compound R(5020) (17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) possessed higher binding affinities for the progestin receptor. The dissociation constant (K(d)) for the progesterone-receptor interaction was 0.6-1.6nm and the receptor concentration ranged between 6600 and 8200 sites/cell. Norethindrone and norethindrone acetate competed for the progesterone receptor with inhibition constants (K(i)) of 6.8 and 72nm respectively. Gradient displacement and competitive-receptor assays indicated that norethindrone acetate-binding affinity for progestin receptor was approximately one-tenth that of norethindrone and progesterone. The progestins also inhibited oestradiol binding to 4.6S oestrogenic receptor by 8-12%, involving interaction at the oestradiol-binding site with a calculated K(i) value of 0.5-0.8mum. The competitive interaction of progestins with steroid receptors may be of putative importance in explaining the progestin action at the target site.", "PMID": 743257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5491", "title": "Effect of alloxan-diabetes on gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis in isolated rabbit liver cells.", "content": "1. Neither alloxan-diabetes nor starvation affected the rate of glucose production in hepatocytes incubated with lactate, pyruvate, propionate or fructose as substrates. In contrast, glucose synthesis with either alanine or glutamine was increased nearly 3- and 12-fold respectively, in comparison with that in fed rabbits. 2. The addition of amino-oxyacetate resulted in about a 50% decrease in glucose formation from lactate in hepatocytes isolated from fed, alloxan-diabetic and starved rats, suggesting that both mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of rabbit phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase function actively during gluconeogenesis. 3. Alloxan-diabetes resulted in about 2-3-fold stimulation of urea production from either amino acid studied or NH4Cl as NH3 donor, whereas starvation caused a significant increase in the rate of ureogenesis only in the presence of alanine as the source of NH3. 4. As concluded from changes in the [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio, in hepatocytes from diabetic animals the mitochondrial redox state was shifted toward oxidation in comparison with that observed in liver cells isolated from fed rabbits.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan-diabetes on gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis in isolated rabbit liver cells. 1. Neither alloxan-diabetes nor starvation affected the rate of glucose production in hepatocytes incubated with lactate, pyruvate, propionate or fructose as substrates. In contrast, glucose synthesis with either alanine or glutamine was increased nearly 3- and 12-fold respectively, in comparison with that in fed rabbits. 2. The addition of amino-oxyacetate resulted in about a 50% decrease in glucose formation from lactate in hepatocytes isolated from fed, alloxan-diabetic and starved rats, suggesting that both mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of rabbit phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase function actively during gluconeogenesis. 3. Alloxan-diabetes resulted in about 2-3-fold stimulation of urea production from either amino acid studied or NH4Cl as NH3 donor, whereas starvation caused a significant increase in the rate of ureogenesis only in the presence of alanine as the source of NH3. 4. As concluded from changes in the [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio, in hepatocytes from diabetic animals the mitochondrial redox state was shifted toward oxidation in comparison with that observed in liver cells isolated from fed rabbits.", "PMID": 743258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5492", "title": "Growth and muscle protein turnover in the chick.", "content": "The growth rates of young chicks were varied from 0 to 10% per day by manipulation of the adequacy of the amino acid and energy supply. The rates of protein synthesis in the white breast (pectoralis thoracica) muscle and the dark leg (gastrocnemius and peronaeus longus) muscles were estimated by feeding l-[U-(14)C]tyrosine in amino acid/agar-gel diets (;dietary infusion'). This treatment rapidly and consistently produced an isotopic equilibrium in the expired CO(2) and in the free tyrosine of plasma and the muscles. Wholebody protein synthesis in 2-week-old chicks was estimated from the tyrosine flux and was 6.4g/day per 100g body wt. In 1-week-old chicks the rate of protein synthesis was more rapid in the breast muscles than in the leg muscles, but decreased until the rates were similar in 2-week-old birds. Synthesis was also more rapid in fast-growing Rock Cornish broilers than in medium-slow-growing New HampshirexSingle Comb White Leghorn chicks. No or barely significant decrease in the high rates of protein synthesis, in the protein/RNA ratio and in the activity of RNA for protein synthesis occurred in non- or slow-growing chicks fed on diets deficient in lysine, total nitrogen or energy. Thus the machinery of protein synthesis in the young chick seems to be relatively insensitive to dietary manipulation. In the leg muscles, there was a small but significant correlation between the fractional rate of growth and protein synthesis. A decrease in the fractional rate of degradation, however, appeared to account for much of the accumulation of muscle protein in rapidly growing birds. In addition, the rapid accumulation of breast-muscle protein in rapidly growing chicks appeared to be achieved almost entirely by a marked decrease in the fractional rate of degradation.", "contents": "Growth and muscle protein turnover in the chick. The growth rates of young chicks were varied from 0 to 10% per day by manipulation of the adequacy of the amino acid and energy supply. The rates of protein synthesis in the white breast (pectoralis thoracica) muscle and the dark leg (gastrocnemius and peronaeus longus) muscles were estimated by feeding l-[U-(14)C]tyrosine in amino acid/agar-gel diets (;dietary infusion'). This treatment rapidly and consistently produced an isotopic equilibrium in the expired CO(2) and in the free tyrosine of plasma and the muscles. Wholebody protein synthesis in 2-week-old chicks was estimated from the tyrosine flux and was 6.4g/day per 100g body wt. In 1-week-old chicks the rate of protein synthesis was more rapid in the breast muscles than in the leg muscles, but decreased until the rates were similar in 2-week-old birds. Synthesis was also more rapid in fast-growing Rock Cornish broilers than in medium-slow-growing New HampshirexSingle Comb White Leghorn chicks. No or barely significant decrease in the high rates of protein synthesis, in the protein/RNA ratio and in the activity of RNA for protein synthesis occurred in non- or slow-growing chicks fed on diets deficient in lysine, total nitrogen or energy. Thus the machinery of protein synthesis in the young chick seems to be relatively insensitive to dietary manipulation. In the leg muscles, there was a small but significant correlation between the fractional rate of growth and protein synthesis. A decrease in the fractional rate of degradation, however, appeared to account for much of the accumulation of muscle protein in rapidly growing birds. In addition, the rapid accumulation of breast-muscle protein in rapidly growing chicks appeared to be achieved almost entirely by a marked decrease in the fractional rate of degradation.", "PMID": 743259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5493", "title": "An improved 11 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone by Aspergillus ochraceus TS.", "content": "1. The stereospecific hydroxylation of progesterone exclusively to its 11 alpha-hydroxy derivative by Aspergillus ochraceus TS is reported. 2. There is no secondary metabolite (6beta, 11 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone) formed even when the transformation was attempted with different concentrations of the substrate (200 microgram/ml-200 mg/ml) for prolonged with Zn2+ at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml identical results were obtained. 3. Similar results were also obtained at different pH values of the culture medium.", "contents": "An improved 11 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone by Aspergillus ochraceus TS. 1. The stereospecific hydroxylation of progesterone exclusively to its 11 alpha-hydroxy derivative by Aspergillus ochraceus TS is reported. 2. There is no secondary metabolite (6beta, 11 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone) formed even when the transformation was attempted with different concentrations of the substrate (200 microgram/ml-200 mg/ml) for prolonged with Zn2+ at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml identical results were obtained. 3. Similar results were also obtained at different pH values of the culture medium.", "PMID": 743260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5494", "title": "Malonaldehyde formation in intact platelets is catalysed by thromboxane synthase.", "content": "Imidazole and compound L8027 (selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthase) produced parallel inhibition of malonaldehyde and thromboxane B2 secretion induced by collagen or thrombin in gel-filtered suspensions of human platelets. Comparing the effects of these inhibitors and aspirin on secretion of granule constituents indicated that platelet degranulation depends mainly on thromboxane production; prostaglandin endoperoxides contributed little.", "contents": "Malonaldehyde formation in intact platelets is catalysed by thromboxane synthase. Imidazole and compound L8027 (selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthase) produced parallel inhibition of malonaldehyde and thromboxane B2 secretion induced by collagen or thrombin in gel-filtered suspensions of human platelets. Comparing the effects of these inhibitors and aspirin on secretion of granule constituents indicated that platelet degranulation depends mainly on thromboxane production; prostaglandin endoperoxides contributed little.", "PMID": 743261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5495", "title": "The effects of food deprivation on protein turnover and nucleic acid concentrations of active and immobilized extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat.", "content": "Deprivation of food caused significant changes in the weight, protein content, protein turnover and RNA concentrations of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Simultaneous immobilization to render the muscle inactive did not make the tissue any more susceptible to the effects of starvation. In contrast, immobilization in a stretched state resulted in less muscle wasting after deprivation of food.", "contents": "The effects of food deprivation on protein turnover and nucleic acid concentrations of active and immobilized extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat. Deprivation of food caused significant changes in the weight, protein content, protein turnover and RNA concentrations of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Simultaneous immobilization to render the muscle inactive did not make the tissue any more susceptible to the effects of starvation. In contrast, immobilization in a stretched state resulted in less muscle wasting after deprivation of food.", "PMID": 743262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5496", "title": "Initiation of transcription in normal and phosphorylated rat liver nucleosomes.", "content": "Initiation sites were enumerated in rat liver nucleosomes with Echerichia coli RNA polymerase. One site was present in approx. 3.5 mononucleosomes and in a 1200-base-pair length of polynucleosomes. S-phase nuclei or normal nuclei phosphorylated in vitro showed increased numbers of sites; the elongation rates were unchanged.", "contents": "Initiation of transcription in normal and phosphorylated rat liver nucleosomes. Initiation sites were enumerated in rat liver nucleosomes with Echerichia coli RNA polymerase. One site was present in approx. 3.5 mononucleosomes and in a 1200-base-pair length of polynucleosomes. S-phase nuclei or normal nuclei phosphorylated in vitro showed increased numbers of sites; the elongation rates were unchanged.", "PMID": 743263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5497", "title": "Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the perfused rat liver by vasopressin.", "content": "The proportion of pyruvate dehydrogenase in its active form is doubled in rat liver within 5 min of addition of vasopressin to the perfusing medium.", "contents": "Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the perfused rat liver by vasopressin. The proportion of pyruvate dehydrogenase in its active form is doubled in rat liver within 5 min of addition of vasopressin to the perfusing medium.", "PMID": 743264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5498", "title": "[Epilepsy and the driver's license].", "content": "143 older than 18 years epileptic patients have been considered under the concers of their driving licence. The 33,5% of them was already in hold it. Epilepsy was under different clinical forms. The majority of the subjects would suffer from generalized primary suizures, otherwise from partial fits, either elementar or complex. Subjects who already had the licence (37 over 75 men and 15 over 68 women) were presenting most scanty crisis, or since one year had non suffered from any at all. The frequency of crisis was very low for all the patients who had presented epilepsy before beingin permitted to drive; no question had been raised for them. Subjects without licence (25 men over 42 and 18 women over 53) had not been permitted to drive because of their illness. This group was mainly composed by patients either suffering from epilectic cerebropaty from very frequent fits, or from both. It is maintained as reasonable that italian laws conform to those within other E.E.C. countries for what concerns driving licence for epileptics; these patients, whether controlled, are assumed as well capable as accountable in mastering their condition, even when driving.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and the driver's license]. 143 older than 18 years epileptic patients have been considered under the concers of their driving licence. The 33,5% of them was already in hold it. Epilepsy was under different clinical forms. The majority of the subjects would suffer from generalized primary suizures, otherwise from partial fits, either elementar or complex. Subjects who already had the licence (37 over 75 men and 15 over 68 women) were presenting most scanty crisis, or since one year had non suffered from any at all. The frequency of crisis was very low for all the patients who had presented epilepsy before beingin permitted to drive; no question had been raised for them. Subjects without licence (25 men over 42 and 18 women over 53) had not been permitted to drive because of their illness. This group was mainly composed by patients either suffering from epilectic cerebropaty from very frequent fits, or from both. It is maintained as reasonable that italian laws conform to those within other E.E.C. countries for what concerns driving licence for epileptics; these patients, whether controlled, are assumed as well capable as accountable in mastering their condition, even when driving.", "PMID": 743327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5499", "title": "[Diagnostic and surgical problems of the laryngocele (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors take into consideration some of the laryngocele cases which came to their observation and do some considerations about diagnosis and surgery of this non-frequent disease of the larynx. They explain the various surgical techniques for the exeresis of the three types of the laryngocele: external, internal and mixed. They describe a new technique for the removal of the internal laryngocele through direct mycrolaryngoscope endoscopy by electric dissection. Such method, when correctly practicable, offers some important advantages in respect of external surgery techniques.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and surgical problems of the laryngocele (author's transl)]. The Authors take into consideration some of the laryngocele cases which came to their observation and do some considerations about diagnosis and surgery of this non-frequent disease of the larynx. They explain the various surgical techniques for the exeresis of the three types of the laryngocele: external, internal and mixed. They describe a new technique for the removal of the internal laryngocele through direct mycrolaryngoscope endoscopy by electric dissection. Such method, when correctly practicable, offers some important advantages in respect of external surgery techniques.", "PMID": 743328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5500", "title": "[Intradural rupture of an intervertebral disk].", "content": "Since the first description of ruptured lumbar disc, erosion of a fragment of disc through the dura mater has been mentioned only rarely. The authros report two cases occurred among 1,078 herniated discs surgically treated in their department over a period of 8 years, from January 1st., 1970 through March 31st., 1978. Various factors that might contribute to this relatively rare complication of disc disease are mentioned, and literature on the subject is summarized.", "contents": "[Intradural rupture of an intervertebral disk]. Since the first description of ruptured lumbar disc, erosion of a fragment of disc through the dura mater has been mentioned only rarely. The authros report two cases occurred among 1,078 herniated discs surgically treated in their department over a period of 8 years, from January 1st., 1970 through March 31st., 1978. Various factors that might contribute to this relatively rare complication of disc disease are mentioned, and literature on the subject is summarized.", "PMID": 743329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5501", "title": "[Repeated attempted suicides: a clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work we have again examined a sample of 500 attempted suicides which took place in Parma between September 1971 and January 1976. We have made a distinction between the various types--those who tried only once and those who repeated their attempts, and have also taken into consideration other factors--sex, marital status, family background, level of education, financial position, as well as the method of the attempted suicide and the mental condition of the patient when under observation. The main points to emerge were: a) there was a much higher rate of mental illness among the patients who had repeated their attempts, (66,6%), in comparison to those who had tried only once (19,5%). b) while there was already a high proprotion of females who made one attempt (74%), the rate rose even higher so with those who repeated their attempts (88,8%).", "contents": "[Repeated attempted suicides: a clinical study (author's transl)]. In this work we have again examined a sample of 500 attempted suicides which took place in Parma between September 1971 and January 1976. We have made a distinction between the various types--those who tried only once and those who repeated their attempts, and have also taken into consideration other factors--sex, marital status, family background, level of education, financial position, as well as the method of the attempted suicide and the mental condition of the patient when under observation. The main points to emerge were: a) there was a much higher rate of mental illness among the patients who had repeated their attempts, (66,6%), in comparison to those who had tried only once (19,5%). b) while there was already a high proprotion of females who made one attempt (74%), the rate rose even higher so with those who repeated their attempts (88,8%).", "PMID": 743330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5502", "title": "[Preventive and interceptive orthodontics].", "content": "The Authors are stating the importance of prevention in Dentistry so as to stop anomalies of jaws and teeth of from forming. They mean therapy all those measures to use with simple means, both surgical and Orthopedic, and them detting its limits and possibilities. A classification is being proposed which will divide them into prophylaxis, prevention, interseption, and early therapy.", "contents": "[Preventive and interceptive orthodontics]. The Authors are stating the importance of prevention in Dentistry so as to stop anomalies of jaws and teeth of from forming. They mean therapy all those measures to use with simple means, both surgical and Orthopedic, and them detting its limits and possibilities. A classification is being proposed which will divide them into prophylaxis, prevention, interseption, and early therapy.", "PMID": 743331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5503", "title": "[Behavior of the bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and antero-posterior diameter of the abdomen (APDA) in insufficient intrauterine development of the fetus: preliminary notes].", "content": "Considering the PIFG ultrasonic diagnosis limitations bu the only Biparietal Diameter (BPD) estimation, the autors test the possibilities of a new technique: the serial measurement of Antero-Posterior Diameter of Abdomen (APAD) and especially the head/abdomen diameters ratio. The preliminary data are enough confortable allowing us to improve considerably the success in PIFG diagnosis (44,44% to 80%).", "contents": "[Behavior of the bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and antero-posterior diameter of the abdomen (APDA) in insufficient intrauterine development of the fetus: preliminary notes]. Considering the PIFG ultrasonic diagnosis limitations bu the only Biparietal Diameter (BPD) estimation, the autors test the possibilities of a new technique: the serial measurement of Antero-Posterior Diameter of Abdomen (APAD) and especially the head/abdomen diameters ratio. The preliminary data are enough confortable allowing us to improve considerably the success in PIFG diagnosis (44,44% to 80%).", "PMID": 743332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5504", "title": "[Thienylic acid, a new drug with saluretic and uricosuric activity. Preliminary data].", "content": "The effects of ticrynafen (250-500 mg) on salt-water and uric acid metabolism have been studied in 18 patients with no haemodinamic abnormalities or salt-water repletion (cardiac failure, oedema). The main results are: -- an effective natriuresis is observed in the first days and is attenuated thereafter. In subjects with a reduced GFR, a negative salt balance is obtained altough the volume of diuresis is not significantly increased. -- The potassium loss is variable according to dosage (maximum at 500 mg), renal function (low when reduced). -- The increase of urinary uric acid excretion and the lowering of blood uric acid concentration are rapid and prolonged. In conclusion, we confirm the effective natriuretic and uricosuric properties of ticrynafen.", "contents": "[Thienylic acid, a new drug with saluretic and uricosuric activity. Preliminary data]. The effects of ticrynafen (250-500 mg) on salt-water and uric acid metabolism have been studied in 18 patients with no haemodinamic abnormalities or salt-water repletion (cardiac failure, oedema). The main results are: -- an effective natriuresis is observed in the first days and is attenuated thereafter. In subjects with a reduced GFR, a negative salt balance is obtained altough the volume of diuresis is not significantly increased. -- The potassium loss is variable according to dosage (maximum at 500 mg), renal function (low when reduced). -- The increase of urinary uric acid excretion and the lowering of blood uric acid concentration are rapid and prolonged. In conclusion, we confirm the effective natriuretic and uricosuric properties of ticrynafen.", "PMID": 743334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5505", "title": "[Current trend in the medical treatment of oxalic calculosis].", "content": "On the basis of to-day knowledge about metabolism and excretion of oxalic acid, the rationale of therapy of stone pathology is revieved. The problems of both primary and secondary oxaluria and of inhibiting factors of cristalisation are particolarly discussed.", "contents": "[Current trend in the medical treatment of oxalic calculosis]. On the basis of to-day knowledge about metabolism and excretion of oxalic acid, the rationale of therapy of stone pathology is revieved. The problems of both primary and secondary oxaluria and of inhibiting factors of cristalisation are particolarly discussed.", "PMID": 743336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5506", "title": "[Acute bacterial nephritis in diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. describe an unusual form of severe grahm negative bacterial infection of the renal parenchima that occurs infrequently in adult patients, most of whom are diabetics. During the acute phase, the kidney becomes smoothly enlarged, with marked impairment of contrast material excretion. The urographic and echographic findings simulated a renal neoplasm; on the contrary the selective renal angiography excluded the presence of a neoplastic blood circulation. This bacterial infection produces an inflammatory infiltrate surrounding and occluding the interlobular arteries in the cortex, with secondary ischemy. A precious and appropriate antibiotic therapy causes a rapid return of renal function; on the contrary this process may produce a globally small kidney in the long run.", "contents": "[Acute bacterial nephritis in diabetics (author's transl)]. The AA. describe an unusual form of severe grahm negative bacterial infection of the renal parenchima that occurs infrequently in adult patients, most of whom are diabetics. During the acute phase, the kidney becomes smoothly enlarged, with marked impairment of contrast material excretion. The urographic and echographic findings simulated a renal neoplasm; on the contrary the selective renal angiography excluded the presence of a neoplastic blood circulation. This bacterial infection produces an inflammatory infiltrate surrounding and occluding the interlobular arteries in the cortex, with secondary ischemy. A precious and appropriate antibiotic therapy causes a rapid return of renal function; on the contrary this process may produce a globally small kidney in the long run.", "PMID": 743337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5507", "title": "Elucidation of the receptor-bound conformation of the enkephalins.", "content": "The biologically relevant conformers of enkephalin predicted by solid state, solution state, and theoretical energy studies have been compared with the published structure-activity data on these compounds. No conformational technique proposes a model consistent with all the pharmacological data; the shortcomings of each approach are evaluated. An alternative approach, which correlates the structure-activity data of opiate compounds with that of the enkephalins, is described and shown to produce a model consistent with the available structure-activity data.", "contents": "Elucidation of the receptor-bound conformation of the enkephalins. The biologically relevant conformers of enkephalin predicted by solid state, solution state, and theoretical energy studies have been compared with the published structure-activity data on these compounds. No conformational technique proposes a model consistent with all the pharmacological data; the shortcomings of each approach are evaluated. An alternative approach, which correlates the structure-activity data of opiate compounds with that of the enkephalins, is described and shown to produce a model consistent with the available structure-activity data.", "PMID": 743340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5508", "title": "[Determination of the plasma level and excretion to tempidon in man after oral use].", "content": "Tempidone is original Bulgarian preparation, synthetized in NIHFI (Zelayskov Bikova). The plasma level of the preparation is determined after single oral administration in doses of 60 and 120 mg and for a period of five days in a dose of 20 mg three times daily per a person. It is shown that tempidone is quickly resorbed and is excreted unchanged mainly in urine.  The preparation does not cumulate. The content of tempidone in plasma is determined by the method of thin-layer chromatography, but in urine-spectrophotometricaly.", "contents": "[Determination of the plasma level and excretion to tempidon in man after oral use]. Tempidone is original Bulgarian preparation, synthetized in NIHFI (Zelayskov Bikova). The plasma level of the preparation is determined after single oral administration in doses of 60 and 120 mg and for a period of five days in a dose of 20 mg three times daily per a person. It is shown that tempidone is quickly resorbed and is excreted unchanged mainly in urine.  The preparation does not cumulate. The content of tempidone in plasma is determined by the method of thin-layer chromatography, but in urine-spectrophotometricaly.", "PMID": 743344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5509", "title": "Index of permeability of large arteries to labeled albumin after administration of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG)E2 tends to increase the permeability to labeled albumin of the arterial walls of rabbits. The blood pressure decreases after administration of PGE2. The increase in permeability is probably due to direct effects of prostaglandin upon the endothelium, perhaps to an increase of cytopempsis or formation of leaks in the integrity of the cell layer.", "contents": "Index of permeability of large arteries to labeled albumin after administration of prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 tends to increase the permeability to labeled albumin of the arterial walls of rabbits. The blood pressure decreases after administration of PGE2. The increase in permeability is probably due to direct effects of prostaglandin upon the endothelium, perhaps to an increase of cytopempsis or formation of leaks in the integrity of the cell layer.", "PMID": 743345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5510", "title": "[Effect of isometric exercise on the lesser circulation in a group of patients with mitral stenosis].", "content": "The hemodynamic changes of the pulmonary vascular system in patients with mitral stenosis, has been evaluated during isometric exercise (handgrip). Heart rate, pulmonary artery sistolic, dyastolic, mean and \"wedged\" pressure, end-dyastolic pulmonary vascular and trans-mitralic gradient, total pulmonary resistences increase significantly. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular bed are probably related to the tachycardia induced by the handgrip, and to the conseguent shortening of the dyastolic left ventricular filling time.", "contents": "[Effect of isometric exercise on the lesser circulation in a group of patients with mitral stenosis]. The hemodynamic changes of the pulmonary vascular system in patients with mitral stenosis, has been evaluated during isometric exercise (handgrip). Heart rate, pulmonary artery sistolic, dyastolic, mean and \"wedged\" pressure, end-dyastolic pulmonary vascular and trans-mitralic gradient, total pulmonary resistences increase significantly. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular bed are probably related to the tachycardia induced by the handgrip, and to the conseguent shortening of the dyastolic left ventricular filling time.", "PMID": 743445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5511", "title": "[Preliminary note on a model of cup-shaped deformed human erythrocyte].", "content": "We have developed a very elementary model for the cup shaped erythrocyte, in order to obtain some geometrical informations about the cellular contour and mould of the membrane, with regard to the territories of the cell, less accessible to the microscopical observation.", "contents": "[Preliminary note on a model of cup-shaped deformed human erythrocyte]. We have developed a very elementary model for the cup shaped erythrocyte, in order to obtain some geometrical informations about the cellular contour and mould of the membrane, with regard to the territories of the cell, less accessible to the microscopical observation.", "PMID": 743451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5512", "title": "[Analytical contribution to the morphological study of the normal human erythrocyte].", "content": "This note introduces a new, simple analytical function as a geometrical model for the human erythrocyte (GR). This profile function contains three shape coefficients (a1, a2, R) and shows a considerable quickness of computation.", "contents": "[Analytical contribution to the morphological study of the normal human erythrocyte]. This note introduces a new, simple analytical function as a geometrical model for the human erythrocyte (GR). This profile function contains three shape coefficients (a1, a2, R) and shows a considerable quickness of computation.", "PMID": 743452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5513", "title": "Improved assay of urinary total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "content": "A reliable method for the quantitative determination of \"total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids has been described. Urine is subjected to reduction with sodium borohydride which reduces the 17-hydroxy-20-keto-21-deoxy steroids to 17,20-dihydroxy-21-deoxy steroids and 17-ketosteroids to C19 17-hydroxysteroids. Subsequent oxidation with sodium bismuthate oxidizes all the C21 17-hydroxysteroids to the corresponding 17-ketosteroids, which are extracted with CHCl3 : Bu-OH using ammonium sulfate as the salting out agent and finally the color reaction is performed with m-dinitrobenzene and the absorbance is measured. The 17-ketosteroids originally present in the urine do not interfere, since NaBH4 reduces them to C19 17-hydroxysteroids which cannot be oxidized with sodium bismuthate and do not respond to the color reaction with m-dinitrobenzene.", "contents": "Improved assay of urinary total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. A reliable method for the quantitative determination of \"total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids has been described. Urine is subjected to reduction with sodium borohydride which reduces the 17-hydroxy-20-keto-21-deoxy steroids to 17,20-dihydroxy-21-deoxy steroids and 17-ketosteroids to C19 17-hydroxysteroids. Subsequent oxidation with sodium bismuthate oxidizes all the C21 17-hydroxysteroids to the corresponding 17-ketosteroids, which are extracted with CHCl3 : Bu-OH using ammonium sulfate as the salting out agent and finally the color reaction is performed with m-dinitrobenzene and the absorbance is measured. The 17-ketosteroids originally present in the urine do not interfere, since NaBH4 reduces them to C19 17-hydroxysteroids which cannot be oxidized with sodium bismuthate and do not respond to the color reaction with m-dinitrobenzene.", "PMID": 743479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5514", "title": "The erythropoietic role of the heart in catfish (ictalurus melas).", "content": "In Catfish, the kidney is the hemopoietic organ. On heart imprints of Catfishes, there were observed cells of the hemopoietic series. In this work it was studied how much the heart can intervene in the erythropoietic process. In normal animals the heart intervenes as a erythropoietic organ in the spring when the hemopoietic activity is more intense. In partially nephrectomized animals the heart has an erythropoietic activity also when, after nephrectomy, the hematic equilibrium has returned to normal. Cells at the same stage of development were observed on the heart and on the kidney of partially nephrectomized animals. In animals treated with acetylphenylhydrazine (hemolitic agent), the heart intervenes in the erythropoiesis also when hematic equilibrium is lightly altered. The lymphoid hemoblasts are also shown to be precursores of red cells.", "contents": "The erythropoietic role of the heart in catfish (ictalurus melas). In Catfish, the kidney is the hemopoietic organ. On heart imprints of Catfishes, there were observed cells of the hemopoietic series. In this work it was studied how much the heart can intervene in the erythropoietic process. In normal animals the heart intervenes as a erythropoietic organ in the spring when the hemopoietic activity is more intense. In partially nephrectomized animals the heart has an erythropoietic activity also when, after nephrectomy, the hematic equilibrium has returned to normal. Cells at the same stage of development were observed on the heart and on the kidney of partially nephrectomized animals. In animals treated with acetylphenylhydrazine (hemolitic agent), the heart intervenes in the erythropoiesis also when hematic equilibrium is lightly altered. The lymphoid hemoblasts are also shown to be precursores of red cells.", "PMID": 743480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5515", "title": "Specific characters of serum MAO in dogs.", "content": "The effect of Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris) on MAO activity in dog serum was studied by a modification of the method of McEwen and Cohen. Partially purified MAO from dog serum was inhibited 75% and 31% by 10 mM and 1 nM Tris, respecitively. The inhibitory effect of Tris was 1/10 of that by nialamide and 1/1000 of that by catron. Tris also slightly inhibited MAO activity in rabbit serum, but did not affect MAO from bovine or human serum, or from dog liver, kidney or brain. The extent of inhibition of dog serum MAO by Tris remained constant during incubation for 3 hrs. The inhibition was found to be reversible and noncompetitive. Benzylamine was most rapidly oxidized by MAO of dog serum followed in order by amylamine, beta- phenylethylamine and tyramine, while tryptamine and serotonin were not oxidized. Tris inhibited MAO activity with benzylamine or butylamine as substrates, but it was scarcely inhibitory with tyramine or beta-phenylethylamine as substrate. This work shows that Tris is a specific inhibitor of dog serum MAO and suggests that dog serum MAO may differ in enzymic properties from MAO in other animals.", "contents": "Specific characters of serum MAO in dogs. The effect of Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris) on MAO activity in dog serum was studied by a modification of the method of McEwen and Cohen. Partially purified MAO from dog serum was inhibited 75% and 31% by 10 mM and 1 nM Tris, respecitively. The inhibitory effect of Tris was 1/10 of that by nialamide and 1/1000 of that by catron. Tris also slightly inhibited MAO activity in rabbit serum, but did not affect MAO from bovine or human serum, or from dog liver, kidney or brain. The extent of inhibition of dog serum MAO by Tris remained constant during incubation for 3 hrs. The inhibition was found to be reversible and noncompetitive. Benzylamine was most rapidly oxidized by MAO of dog serum followed in order by amylamine, beta- phenylethylamine and tyramine, while tryptamine and serotonin were not oxidized. Tris inhibited MAO activity with benzylamine or butylamine as substrates, but it was scarcely inhibitory with tyramine or beta-phenylethylamine as substrate. This work shows that Tris is a specific inhibitor of dog serum MAO and suggests that dog serum MAO may differ in enzymic properties from MAO in other animals.", "PMID": 743481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5516", "title": "Heart proteins. Prevention of the denaturation of actomyosin by sodium glutamate.", "content": "The storage of actomyosin isolated from bovine heart for one week either at +4 degrees or frozen at -5 degrees results in deep structural changes in the molecule of actomyosin, while storage of the actomyosin at the mentioned temperatures in the presence of sodium glutamate preserved the characteristic structure of actomyosin molecule as revealed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Heart proteins. Prevention of the denaturation of actomyosin by sodium glutamate. The storage of actomyosin isolated from bovine heart for one week either at +4 degrees or frozen at -5 degrees results in deep structural changes in the molecule of actomyosin, while storage of the actomyosin at the mentioned temperatures in the presence of sodium glutamate preserved the characteristic structure of actomyosin molecule as revealed by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 743482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5517", "title": "Relation between haemolymph proteins and fat body during metamorphosis in Sarcophaga lineatocollis.", "content": "Histological changes in the fat body and in the qualitative haemolymph protein picture has been observed during metamorphosis in Sarcophagalineatocollis. A clear correlation exists in the synthesizing machinary i.e., adipose tissue and the haemolymph proteins. Proteins get accumulated in the fat body at the time of pupation to be made available for further metabolic processes occuring during the metamorphosis. A protein fraction identical to human serum albumin like protein could not be observed in this insect species.", "contents": "Relation between haemolymph proteins and fat body during metamorphosis in Sarcophaga lineatocollis. Histological changes in the fat body and in the qualitative haemolymph protein picture has been observed during metamorphosis in Sarcophagalineatocollis. A clear correlation exists in the synthesizing machinary i.e., adipose tissue and the haemolymph proteins. Proteins get accumulated in the fat body at the time of pupation to be made available for further metabolic processes occuring during the metamorphosis. A protein fraction identical to human serum albumin like protein could not be observed in this insect species.", "PMID": 743483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5518", "title": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on hepatic microsomal and colon mucosal mixed function oxidase. IV--Influence on aflatoxin B1 metabolism, ethylmorphine and epoxide hydrase activity.", "content": "Male, weanling rats, divided into two groups were maintained for 45 days on a corn-based diet containing 5 mg vitamin A palmitate per kg diet (Group 1, normal animals) and without the vitamin (Group 2, dificient animals). Fifteen hours after the last feeding, the animals were decapitated and liver microsomes and colon mucosal epithelial homogenates were prepared and used to investigate the relative activities of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) and epoxide hydrase (EH) enzyme systems. The sequential metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its epoxide AFBepox) product, respectively, were also estimated by measuring apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) and Michaelis constants (Km) for ethylmorphine (EM) N-demethylase and styrene oxide hydratase. The Vmax data indicated that MFO activity in the liver and colon was not rate-limiting in the two groups of animals but the reverse were observed with calculated reaction rates at concentrations above (0,03 mM) for EM N-demethylase only. In both organs, styrene oxide hydratase depict calculated reaction rates which are not rate-limiting for all the concentration range (0,001 to 3,00 mM). If these reaction rates are applied to AFB1 metabolism, it may be concluded that MFO and not epoxide hydrase (EH) activity is a critical agent under vitamin A deficiency in AFB1 toxicity and/or carcinogenesis. Measurements of AFT1 metabolism both in terms of substrate disappearance and product formation do not confirm this observation except for the production of AFR0 and compounds of unknown structure at the origin which may embody the critical factor(s) that promotes colon carcinogenesis under vitamin A deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on hepatic microsomal and colon mucosal mixed function oxidase. IV--Influence on aflatoxin B1 metabolism, ethylmorphine and epoxide hydrase activity. Male, weanling rats, divided into two groups were maintained for 45 days on a corn-based diet containing 5 mg vitamin A palmitate per kg diet (Group 1, normal animals) and without the vitamin (Group 2, dificient animals). Fifteen hours after the last feeding, the animals were decapitated and liver microsomes and colon mucosal epithelial homogenates were prepared and used to investigate the relative activities of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) and epoxide hydrase (EH) enzyme systems. The sequential metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its epoxide AFBepox) product, respectively, were also estimated by measuring apparent maximal velocities (Vmax) and Michaelis constants (Km) for ethylmorphine (EM) N-demethylase and styrene oxide hydratase. The Vmax data indicated that MFO activity in the liver and colon was not rate-limiting in the two groups of animals but the reverse were observed with calculated reaction rates at concentrations above (0,03 mM) for EM N-demethylase only. In both organs, styrene oxide hydratase depict calculated reaction rates which are not rate-limiting for all the concentration range (0,001 to 3,00 mM). If these reaction rates are applied to AFB1 metabolism, it may be concluded that MFO and not epoxide hydrase (EH) activity is a critical agent under vitamin A deficiency in AFB1 toxicity and/or carcinogenesis. Measurements of AFT1 metabolism both in terms of substrate disappearance and product formation do not confirm this observation except for the production of AFR0 and compounds of unknown structure at the origin which may embody the critical factor(s) that promotes colon carcinogenesis under vitamin A deficiency.", "PMID": 743484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5519", "title": "Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the stomach of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated rats.", "content": "The stomach of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated female rats were found to inactivate significantly exogenous PGE2 when administered orally. The mean basal acid output of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated female rats were also diminished by oral infusion of PGE2. Though the exact mechanism for these phenomena cannot be readily seen from this work, it is suggested that metabolites of PGE2 may be responsible for the acid lowering and ulcer ameliorating effects of PGE2.", "contents": "Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the stomach of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated rats. The stomach of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated female rats were found to inactivate significantly exogenous PGE2 when administered orally. The mean basal acid output of pregnant and oestrogen pretreated female rats were also diminished by oral infusion of PGE2. Though the exact mechanism for these phenomena cannot be readily seen from this work, it is suggested that metabolites of PGE2 may be responsible for the acid lowering and ulcer ameliorating effects of PGE2.", "PMID": 743485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5520", "title": "Differential arginine dependence and the selective cytotoxic effects of activated macrophages for malignant cells in vitro.", "content": "Normal and neoplastic cells from 4 species (man, rat, mouse and hamster) were examined for their dependence on exogenous L-arginine in tissue culture. The malignant cells required a higher concentration of L-arginine in the medium than their normal counterparts (with similar doubling times) to maintain optimal proliferation. Complete arginine deprivation resulted in equal growth inhibition of normal and malignant cells, but more rapid cytolysis of the malignant cell. Deprivation of L-arginine, followed 24 h later by rescue with L-arginine, allowed normal cells to proliferate, but the reproductive capacity of the malignant cells was irreversibly impaired. Since the cytotoxic activity of LPS-activated macrophages was associated with the release of arginase and was abrogated by excess L-arginine, it is suggested that the biological basis for the selective effects of such macrophages may reside in the L-arginine dependence of the target cells.", "contents": "Differential arginine dependence and the selective cytotoxic effects of activated macrophages for malignant cells in vitro. Normal and neoplastic cells from 4 species (man, rat, mouse and hamster) were examined for their dependence on exogenous L-arginine in tissue culture. The malignant cells required a higher concentration of L-arginine in the medium than their normal counterparts (with similar doubling times) to maintain optimal proliferation. Complete arginine deprivation resulted in equal growth inhibition of normal and malignant cells, but more rapid cytolysis of the malignant cell. Deprivation of L-arginine, followed 24 h later by rescue with L-arginine, allowed normal cells to proliferate, but the reproductive capacity of the malignant cells was irreversibly impaired. Since the cytotoxic activity of LPS-activated macrophages was associated with the release of arginase and was abrogated by excess L-arginine, it is suggested that the biological basis for the selective effects of such macrophages may reside in the L-arginine dependence of the target cells.", "PMID": 743486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5521", "title": "Leucocyte-migration-inhibition test in patients with colorectal cancer: clinicopathological correlations.", "content": "Leucocyte-migration-inhibition test was used to study the immune reactions of leucocytes from 136 colorectal cancer patients, 43 patients with non-cancerous chronic colorectal diseases and 82 controls, with saline extracts of HT29 line. A positive inhibition was found in only 43% of colorectal cancer patients. It was higher in carcinomas of limited extension than in invasive ones (64% against 39%). Furthermore, operation by itself had a depressive effect on the reaction, as the positivity in 25 patients tested twice was 64% before operation and 32% after. Leucocytes from patients with non-cancerous chronic colorectal diseases gave many positive reactions (65%). The percentage of positivity was about the same for diseases with high, low or no risk of cancerization. Hence the antigen(s) of tumour extracts that react with patient's leucocytes are, at least partially, unrelated to cancer.", "contents": "Leucocyte-migration-inhibition test in patients with colorectal cancer: clinicopathological correlations. Leucocyte-migration-inhibition test was used to study the immune reactions of leucocytes from 136 colorectal cancer patients, 43 patients with non-cancerous chronic colorectal diseases and 82 controls, with saline extracts of HT29 line. A positive inhibition was found in only 43% of colorectal cancer patients. It was higher in carcinomas of limited extension than in invasive ones (64% against 39%). Furthermore, operation by itself had a depressive effect on the reaction, as the positivity in 25 patients tested twice was 64% before operation and 32% after. Leucocytes from patients with non-cancerous chronic colorectal diseases gave many positive reactions (65%). The percentage of positivity was about the same for diseases with high, low or no risk of cancerization. Hence the antigen(s) of tumour extracts that react with patient's leucocytes are, at least partially, unrelated to cancer.", "PMID": 743487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5522", "title": "Monitoring salivary misonidazole in man: a possible alternative to plasma monitoring.", "content": "Concentrations of misonidazole and its O-demethylated metabolite Ro 05-9963 in the plasma and saliva of 10 patients with malignant disease have been determined. A good linear correlation was established between plasma and saliva misonidazole concentration, and salivary sampling was found to be suitable for the estimation of a number of pharmacokinetic parameters. Data are also presented for serial tumour cencentrations of misonidazole and Ro 05-9963 in 3 of the 10 patients. Monitoring of salivary misonidazole concentration appears to be a useful alternative to plasma monitoring, particularly for those patients in whom plasma sampling is unsuitable or impossible.", "contents": "Monitoring salivary misonidazole in man: a possible alternative to plasma monitoring. Concentrations of misonidazole and its O-demethylated metabolite Ro 05-9963 in the plasma and saliva of 10 patients with malignant disease have been determined. A good linear correlation was established between plasma and saliva misonidazole concentration, and salivary sampling was found to be suitable for the estimation of a number of pharmacokinetic parameters. Data are also presented for serial tumour cencentrations of misonidazole and Ro 05-9963 in 3 of the 10 patients. Monitoring of salivary misonidazole concentration appears to be a useful alternative to plasma monitoring, particularly for those patients in whom plasma sampling is unsuitable or impossible.", "PMID": 743488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5523", "title": "Clinical response and plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil in patients with colonic cancer treated by drug infusion.", "content": "Concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FU) were measured in the plasma of patients receiving i.v. infusions of the drug for 5 days as treatment for adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Concentrations of FU varied widely in many patients. Concentration of drug X time of infusion (C X t values) were calculated. Patients showing a partial response or stabilization of disease had significantly higher C X t values than non-responders. Methyl CCNU did not affect the C X t values of FU. Determination of the plasma concentration of FU would allow the dose of the drug to be adjusted to maintain high concentrations of FU in the plasma. Our data suggest that such high concentrations would increase the response rate in this disease.", "contents": "Clinical response and plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil in patients with colonic cancer treated by drug infusion. Concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FU) were measured in the plasma of patients receiving i.v. infusions of the drug for 5 days as treatment for adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Concentrations of FU varied widely in many patients. Concentration of drug X time of infusion (C X t values) were calculated. Patients showing a partial response or stabilization of disease had significantly higher C X t values than non-responders. Methyl CCNU did not affect the C X t values of FU. Determination of the plasma concentration of FU would allow the dose of the drug to be adjusted to maintain high concentrations of FU in the plasma. Our data suggest that such high concentrations would increase the response rate in this disease.", "PMID": 743489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5524", "title": "Influence of anaesthetics on tumour-cell kill and repopulation in B16 melanoma treated with melphalan.", "content": "The influence of anaesthetics on the in vivo response of B16 melanoma to melphalan was studied using an in vitro cell-survival assay. Three anaesthetics were used, Saffan (Althesin) Sagatal (Nembutal) and Hypnorm. When Saffan was administered to tumour-bearing animals before melphalan there was a significant increase in tumour-cell kill. This effect was not observed with Sagatal or Hypnorm. Maximum increase in tumour-cell kill was achieved when Saffan was administered about 1 h before melphalan, and was dependent on Saffan dose. Clonogenic tumour-cell repopulation after melphalan was rapid (TD - 1 day) and the rate was similar from 2 levels of cell kill. When Saffan was combined with melphalan the repopulation rate was the same as with melphalan alone, and the increased cell kill was reflected in increased growth delay. The in vitro response of B16 melanoma cells to melphalan was unaltered by pretreatment with, or simultaneous exposure to Saffan. The results suggest that the mechanism of the enhanced cell kill in vivo is probably due to an indirect systemic effect, rather than a direct effect on the tumour cells.", "contents": "Influence of anaesthetics on tumour-cell kill and repopulation in B16 melanoma treated with melphalan. The influence of anaesthetics on the in vivo response of B16 melanoma to melphalan was studied using an in vitro cell-survival assay. Three anaesthetics were used, Saffan (Althesin) Sagatal (Nembutal) and Hypnorm. When Saffan was administered to tumour-bearing animals before melphalan there was a significant increase in tumour-cell kill. This effect was not observed with Sagatal or Hypnorm. Maximum increase in tumour-cell kill was achieved when Saffan was administered about 1 h before melphalan, and was dependent on Saffan dose. Clonogenic tumour-cell repopulation after melphalan was rapid (TD - 1 day) and the rate was similar from 2 levels of cell kill. When Saffan was combined with melphalan the repopulation rate was the same as with melphalan alone, and the increased cell kill was reflected in increased growth delay. The in vitro response of B16 melanoma cells to melphalan was unaltered by pretreatment with, or simultaneous exposure to Saffan. The results suggest that the mechanism of the enhanced cell kill in vivo is probably due to an indirect systemic effect, rather than a direct effect on the tumour cells.", "PMID": 743490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5525", "title": "Relationship between oestrogen-receptor content and histological grade in human primary breast tumours.", "content": "A series of 300 patients presenting consecutively with primary operable breast cancer has been studied. A significant correlation was found between oestrogen-receptor (ER) content and histological grade: the better-differentiated tumours rarely lacked receptor. This correlation was significant only in women defined as post-menopausal. Data on early recurrence of disease indicate a worse prognosis for women in whom primary tumours are ER-.", "contents": "Relationship between oestrogen-receptor content and histological grade in human primary breast tumours. A series of 300 patients presenting consecutively with primary operable breast cancer has been studied. A significant correlation was found between oestrogen-receptor (ER) content and histological grade: the better-differentiated tumours rarely lacked receptor. This correlation was significant only in women defined as post-menopausal. Data on early recurrence of disease indicate a worse prognosis for women in whom primary tumours are ER-.", "PMID": 743491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5526", "title": "The blood supply of colorectal liver metastases.", "content": "Post-mortem studies suggest that liver metastases obtain the majority of their nutrition from the hepatic artery; however, cytotoxic arterial perfusion with or without hepatic-artery ligation has not proved entirely successful as a therapeutic regime. In this study we have measured blood flow into colorectal liver metastases using xenon-133 (133Xe) clearance in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Pre-operative measurements after direct parenchymal injection gave a mean flow of 41.5 +/- 22.5 ml/min/100 g which after hepatic arterial occlusion perfusion, was reduced to a mean of 5% of the pre-occlusion value. Dynamic blood-flow studies using the gamma camera were performed in the post-operative period by administration of 133Xe into both hepatic arterial and portal venous catheters. The initial distribution images indicated a predominant arterial perfusion to the metastases, but after hepatic-artery ligation, portal-vein perfusion to the metastases was statistically significantly increased. Hence, a compensatory haemodynamic mechanism exists which may account for the poor results of hepatic-artery ligation and perfusion alone.", "contents": "The blood supply of colorectal liver metastases. Post-mortem studies suggest that liver metastases obtain the majority of their nutrition from the hepatic artery; however, cytotoxic arterial perfusion with or without hepatic-artery ligation has not proved entirely successful as a therapeutic regime. In this study we have measured blood flow into colorectal liver metastases using xenon-133 (133Xe) clearance in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Pre-operative measurements after direct parenchymal injection gave a mean flow of 41.5 +/- 22.5 ml/min/100 g which after hepatic arterial occlusion perfusion, was reduced to a mean of 5% of the pre-occlusion value. Dynamic blood-flow studies using the gamma camera were performed in the post-operative period by administration of 133Xe into both hepatic arterial and portal venous catheters. The initial distribution images indicated a predominant arterial perfusion to the metastases, but after hepatic-artery ligation, portal-vein perfusion to the metastases was statistically significantly increased. Hence, a compensatory haemodynamic mechanism exists which may account for the poor results of hepatic-artery ligation and perfusion alone.", "PMID": 743492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5527", "title": "Investigation of populations of herbaceous plants in natural conditions and under cultivation.", "content": "The results of experimental investigations of the morphogenesis of vegetative organs of plants under conditions of cultivation indicated that conclusions about the true composition of populations cannot be drawn from data obtained from descriptions of plants in nature (we have in mind the following characteristics: structure, type and dimensions of shoots, form of leaves, form and dimensions of the root system, etc.). These descriptions make it possible to ascertain only the fact of variability of plants and to characterize specific variance from the norm of reaction to given conditions, which vary for each individual. The true composition of a natural population may be determined by growing plants in an area where there is no competition among them and where all factors are standardized. Only under such conditions is it possible to study the morphogenesis of vegetative organs.", "contents": "Investigation of populations of herbaceous plants in natural conditions and under cultivation. The results of experimental investigations of the morphogenesis of vegetative organs of plants under conditions of cultivation indicated that conclusions about the true composition of populations cannot be drawn from data obtained from descriptions of plants in nature (we have in mind the following characteristics: structure, type and dimensions of shoots, form of leaves, form and dimensions of the root system, etc.). These descriptions make it possible to ascertain only the fact of variability of plants and to characterize specific variance from the norm of reaction to given conditions, which vary for each individual. The true composition of a natural population may be determined by growing plants in an area where there is no competition among them and where all factors are standardized. Only under such conditions is it possible to study the morphogenesis of vegetative organs.", "PMID": 743493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5528", "title": "Theory of transcapillary (transmembrane) exchange.", "content": "Some aspects of the hypothesis formulated earlier by the authors concerning the dual character of transcapillary (transmembrane) exchange are discussed. A physiological and mathematical basis is presented for the fact that transmembrane flow of liquid into interstitial space (that part of it which does not depend on the functioning of the endothelium) is carried out both by steady-state flow, according to Starling's hypothesis, and by pulsatile flow as a result of the pressure of pulse in a capillary as recorded by Widerhielm, et al. in 1964. The authors believe that the pulsatile (fluctuating) character of transmembrane flow is efficient because of the possibility of a more versatile process of regulation within homeostatic control, which in turn is also extremely efficient from the standpoint of attaining the most effective system with the lowest energy expenditures, which are self-adjusting during the performance of specific physiological tasks and when responding to various disturbing influences.", "contents": "Theory of transcapillary (transmembrane) exchange. Some aspects of the hypothesis formulated earlier by the authors concerning the dual character of transcapillary (transmembrane) exchange are discussed. A physiological and mathematical basis is presented for the fact that transmembrane flow of liquid into interstitial space (that part of it which does not depend on the functioning of the endothelium) is carried out both by steady-state flow, according to Starling's hypothesis, and by pulsatile flow as a result of the pressure of pulse in a capillary as recorded by Widerhielm, et al. in 1964. The authors believe that the pulsatile (fluctuating) character of transmembrane flow is efficient because of the possibility of a more versatile process of regulation within homeostatic control, which in turn is also extremely efficient from the standpoint of attaining the most effective system with the lowest energy expenditures, which are self-adjusting during the performance of specific physiological tasks and when responding to various disturbing influences.", "PMID": 743495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5529", "title": "Modern electronystagmography for vestibulometry practice.", "content": "The following problems of the practical use of electronystagmography (ENG) are examined in the article: direct and indirect ENG recording, types of amplifiers, determination of the time constant of the amplifier of the recording instrument, specific significance of the values of the time constant and amplification for the information content of the nystagmus indices, limits of the linear relation between eye movements and their recording on an instrument with a different amplification and time constant, calibration of eye movements and calibration of the instrument, effect of light on the value of the corneo-retinal potential, value of the angle of calibration of eye movements with fixation of the gaze in the middle position or only at the extreme points of the central angle, paper speed when recording nystagmus, and type of recorder pen. On the basis of an analysis of 4325 EOG and ENG new principles were established and appropriate recommendations were made for improving the quality and effectiveness of electronystagmography. With consideration of the established new facts the recommended technique of modern electronystagmography is presented.", "contents": "Modern electronystagmography for vestibulometry practice. The following problems of the practical use of electronystagmography (ENG) are examined in the article: direct and indirect ENG recording, types of amplifiers, determination of the time constant of the amplifier of the recording instrument, specific significance of the values of the time constant and amplification for the information content of the nystagmus indices, limits of the linear relation between eye movements and their recording on an instrument with a different amplification and time constant, calibration of eye movements and calibration of the instrument, effect of light on the value of the corneo-retinal potential, value of the angle of calibration of eye movements with fixation of the gaze in the middle position or only at the extreme points of the central angle, paper speed when recording nystagmus, and type of recorder pen. On the basis of an analysis of 4325 EOG and ENG new principles were established and appropriate recommendations were made for improving the quality and effectiveness of electronystagmography. With consideration of the established new facts the recommended technique of modern electronystagmography is presented.", "PMID": 743497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5530", "title": "Influence of products of the vital activity of helminths on the corticosterone content in the adrenals and blood.", "content": "The content of corticosterone in the adrenals and blood plasma, as well as the weight of the adrenals and their histology, were investigated in 77 inbred rats (38 animals of the August line and 39 animals of the Wistar line). It was shown that after products of ascarid metabolism were administered to the experimental rats, the corticosterone content in the adrenals and blood plasma changed substantially. Despite the equal doses of the agent administered, statistically significant differences between lines were detected in the corticosterone indices in the blood plasma of the experimental rats, and they were also present in the control (healthy) animals. In the latter, no differences between lines were established in the corticosterone content in the adrenals, although in the experimental rats these differences arose at many periods of observation. It is concluded that the level of corticosterone content of the blood in the initial normal state, as well as the degree of its deviations from the initial norm, are determined (with equal conditions with respect to paratypic factors) by the genetic constitution (genotype) of the organism.", "contents": "Influence of products of the vital activity of helminths on the corticosterone content in the adrenals and blood. The content of corticosterone in the adrenals and blood plasma, as well as the weight of the adrenals and their histology, were investigated in 77 inbred rats (38 animals of the August line and 39 animals of the Wistar line). It was shown that after products of ascarid metabolism were administered to the experimental rats, the corticosterone content in the adrenals and blood plasma changed substantially. Despite the equal doses of the agent administered, statistically significant differences between lines were detected in the corticosterone indices in the blood plasma of the experimental rats, and they were also present in the control (healthy) animals. In the latter, no differences between lines were established in the corticosterone content in the adrenals, although in the experimental rats these differences arose at many periods of observation. It is concluded that the level of corticosterone content of the blood in the initial normal state, as well as the degree of its deviations from the initial norm, are determined (with equal conditions with respect to paratypic factors) by the genetic constitution (genotype) of the organism.", "PMID": 743499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5531", "title": "Nerve trunk excitability and excitability of individual nodes of Ranvier in frog nerve fibers.", "content": "It has been found that the duration of the absolute and relative refractory phases at individual nodes of Ranvier in myelinated nerve fibers is longer (by 39 and 33%, respectively) than in the nerve as a whole. In addition, at individual nodes of Ranvier in isolated nerve fibers the phases of facilitation and prolonged subnormality are absent. If, however, one prepares single nerve fibers taking precautions against stretching the node of Ranvier (preparations with \"closed\" and \"sheltered\" nodes), one may observe in them both facilitation and prolongation of the subnormal phase. It has been concluded that the procedure for preparing single nerve fibers leads to substantial changes in the functional properties of the excitable membrane at the node of Ranvier and disturbs the integrity of the surrounding ionic barrier.", "contents": "Nerve trunk excitability and excitability of individual nodes of Ranvier in frog nerve fibers. It has been found that the duration of the absolute and relative refractory phases at individual nodes of Ranvier in myelinated nerve fibers is longer (by 39 and 33%, respectively) than in the nerve as a whole. In addition, at individual nodes of Ranvier in isolated nerve fibers the phases of facilitation and prolonged subnormality are absent. If, however, one prepares single nerve fibers taking precautions against stretching the node of Ranvier (preparations with \"closed\" and \"sheltered\" nodes), one may observe in them both facilitation and prolongation of the subnormal phase. It has been concluded that the procedure for preparing single nerve fibers leads to substantial changes in the functional properties of the excitable membrane at the node of Ranvier and disturbs the integrity of the surrounding ionic barrier.", "PMID": 743496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5532", "title": "Advantages of using the species Solanum chacoense in breeding virus X-resistant potato forms.", "content": "The results of checking the resistance of diploid and polyploid specimens of the species Solanum chacoense to virus X are presented. The advantage of using this species in breeding resistant forms is shown.", "contents": "Advantages of using the species Solanum chacoense in breeding virus X-resistant potato forms. The results of checking the resistance of diploid and polyploid specimens of the species Solanum chacoense to virus X are presented. The advantage of using this species in breeding resistant forms is shown.", "PMID": 743500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5533", "title": "Changes in the nuclei and chloroplasts in cells of big bud-infected tomatoes.", "content": "Electron-microscopic studies of ultrathin sections of young tomato shoots infected by big bud showed that the mycoplasma causes pathological changes in the cell nucleus and chloroplasts.", "contents": "Changes in the nuclei and chloroplasts in cells of big bud-infected tomatoes. Electron-microscopic studies of ultrathin sections of young tomato shoots infected by big bud showed that the mycoplasma causes pathological changes in the cell nucleus and chloroplasts.", "PMID": 743501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5534", "title": "[RNA transport from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei in a cell-free system in the presence of RNAse affectors].", "content": "A cell-free system was developed and characterized, which supported RNA release from isolated rat liver cell nuclei. The RNA release in the system seemed to be dependent on the presence of ATP as an evergy source and of dialized cytosol as far as on the temperature level in the incubation mixture. In vitro effects of a number of RNase affectors from cytoplasm and of related exogenous compounds on the RNA release were studied. It was shown that RNase inhibitors such as heparin, PVS and rat liver cytoplasmic RNA were capable to stimulate the RNA release, while the natural inhibitor from liver cytosol failed to influence the RNA relase. Spermidine and PCMB lowered the rate of RNA release from nuclei. The results are discussed in connection with possible role of nuclear RNases and cytoplasmic factors in nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA.", "contents": "[RNA transport from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei in a cell-free system in the presence of RNAse affectors]. A cell-free system was developed and characterized, which supported RNA release from isolated rat liver cell nuclei. The RNA release in the system seemed to be dependent on the presence of ATP as an evergy source and of dialized cytosol as far as on the temperature level in the incubation mixture. In vitro effects of a number of RNase affectors from cytoplasm and of related exogenous compounds on the RNA release were studied. It was shown that RNase inhibitors such as heparin, PVS and rat liver cytoplasmic RNA were capable to stimulate the RNA release, while the natural inhibitor from liver cytosol failed to influence the RNA relase. Spermidine and PCMB lowered the rate of RNA release from nuclei. The results are discussed in connection with possible role of nuclear RNases and cytoplasmic factors in nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA.", "PMID": 743505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5535", "title": "Effect of detergents on radiothermoluminescence of Chlorella.", "content": "Radiothermoluminescence (RTL) of Chlorella cells cultivated in a medium in the presence of a detergent was studied as a function of their contact time with the detergent in the temperature range from -196 degrees to +150 degrees C. The concentration of the toxicants blocking cell division caused noticeable changes in the shape of the liminescence curve beginning 1.5 h after adding the detergent to the medium. Additional luminescence peaks were noted in the -95 degrees and +120 degrees temperature region. A correlation was found between the change of luminescence intensity at -95 degrees bleaching of the cells, and their viability as a function of their contact time with the detergent.", "contents": "Effect of detergents on radiothermoluminescence of Chlorella. Radiothermoluminescence (RTL) of Chlorella cells cultivated in a medium in the presence of a detergent was studied as a function of their contact time with the detergent in the temperature range from -196 degrees to +150 degrees C. The concentration of the toxicants blocking cell division caused noticeable changes in the shape of the liminescence curve beginning 1.5 h after adding the detergent to the medium. Additional luminescence peaks were noted in the -95 degrees and +120 degrees temperature region. A correlation was found between the change of luminescence intensity at -95 degrees bleaching of the cells, and their viability as a function of their contact time with the detergent.", "PMID": 743502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5536", "title": "Influence of phosphorus on the composition of polar lipids of Actinomyces olivaceus.", "content": "The influence of phosphorus on the composition of the lipids of Act. olivaceus was studied. It was found that the phosphorus content in the culture medium can serve as a regulator of the synthesis of definite lipids. In the presence of a phosphorus deficiency in the medium (0.0006 g/100 ml), not only the ratio of the polar and neutral fractions, but also the composition of the polar lipids changes, namely: The content of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol mannoside is decreased; the content of phosphatidylethanolamine drops from 25.6% to 1.25%. An ornithine-containing lipid is detected among the polar lipids (4--4.5%). Changes in the composition of the membrane lipids are not accompanied by any visible sharp changes in the structural organization of the membrane apparatus.", "contents": "Influence of phosphorus on the composition of polar lipids of Actinomyces olivaceus. The influence of phosphorus on the composition of the lipids of Act. olivaceus was studied. It was found that the phosphorus content in the culture medium can serve as a regulator of the synthesis of definite lipids. In the presence of a phosphorus deficiency in the medium (0.0006 g/100 ml), not only the ratio of the polar and neutral fractions, but also the composition of the polar lipids changes, namely: The content of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol mannoside is decreased; the content of phosphatidylethanolamine drops from 25.6% to 1.25%. An ornithine-containing lipid is detected among the polar lipids (4--4.5%). Changes in the composition of the membrane lipids are not accompanied by any visible sharp changes in the structural organization of the membrane apparatus.", "PMID": 743498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5537", "title": "[Transport of RNA from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Effect of superoxide dismutase on the release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei].", "content": "Purified superoxide dismutase from beaf and rat liver cytosol was found to inhibit in vitro a release of the newly synthesized poly(A)-containing RNA from isolated hepatocyte nuclei in a cell-free system. The inhibition was concentration-dependent. Similar effect was observed with Cu2+ and coppertyrosine complex, which possess SOD-like type catalytic activity. The effectiveness of the complex and of Cu2+ however was an order smaller than that of SOD. The inhibitory effects of SOD and the two other copper-containing compounds could be abolished by potassium cyanide and reduced glutathione as far as by gomologous cytosol. Catalase failed to effect the RNA release. Although serum albumin itself did not affect release of RNA it was capable to abolish the inhibitory effects of Cu2+ and of copper-tyrosine, but not that of SOD. Possible mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of SOD on RNA transfer across the nuclear envelope are discussed.", "contents": "[Transport of RNA from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Effect of superoxide dismutase on the release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei]. Purified superoxide dismutase from beaf and rat liver cytosol was found to inhibit in vitro a release of the newly synthesized poly(A)-containing RNA from isolated hepatocyte nuclei in a cell-free system. The inhibition was concentration-dependent. Similar effect was observed with Cu2+ and coppertyrosine complex, which possess SOD-like type catalytic activity. The effectiveness of the complex and of Cu2+ however was an order smaller than that of SOD. The inhibitory effects of SOD and the two other copper-containing compounds could be abolished by potassium cyanide and reduced glutathione as far as by gomologous cytosol. Catalase failed to effect the RNA release. Although serum albumin itself did not affect release of RNA it was capable to abolish the inhibitory effects of Cu2+ and of copper-tyrosine, but not that of SOD. Possible mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of SOD on RNA transfer across the nuclear envelope are discussed.", "PMID": 743506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5538", "title": "Microbiological oxidation of methane in freshwater lakes of the Mari ASSR.", "content": "The quantity of methane-oxidizing microorganisms and intensity of microbiological methane oxidation in lakes of the Mari ASSR were studied. Maximum numbers of bacteria and highest intensity of methane oxidation were observed during summer stagnation in the thermocline, at the interface of aerobic and anaerobic zones. The intensity of oxidation was 4.6--28.1 x 10(-10) cm3 of methane per day per viable cell. During winter stagnation, the intensity of methane oxidation per cell was an order of magnitude lower. Over 69% of oxidized methane carbon was detected in extracellular metabolites, primarily CO2.", "contents": "Microbiological oxidation of methane in freshwater lakes of the Mari ASSR. The quantity of methane-oxidizing microorganisms and intensity of microbiological methane oxidation in lakes of the Mari ASSR were studied. Maximum numbers of bacteria and highest intensity of methane oxidation were observed during summer stagnation in the thermocline, at the interface of aerobic and anaerobic zones. The intensity of oxidation was 4.6--28.1 x 10(-10) cm3 of methane per day per viable cell. During winter stagnation, the intensity of methane oxidation per cell was an order of magnitude lower. Over 69% of oxidized methane carbon was detected in extracellular metabolites, primarily CO2.", "PMID": 743503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5539", "title": "[Role of monovalent cations in protein-lipid interaction in chloroplast membranes].", "content": "Role of monovalent cations in chloroplast membranes was investigated using chlorophyll a as an endogenous fluorescent probe. It is found using specific membrane modification by trypsin and lipophylic polypeptide, gramicidin S, that cations cause changes in the chlorophyll microenvironment. The mechanism of these changes is suggested to be an induction of the protein conformational ability, which results in the rearrangement of their lipid environment and in the differentiation of the latter.", "contents": "[Role of monovalent cations in protein-lipid interaction in chloroplast membranes]. Role of monovalent cations in chloroplast membranes was investigated using chlorophyll a as an endogenous fluorescent probe. It is found using specific membrane modification by trypsin and lipophylic polypeptide, gramicidin S, that cations cause changes in the chlorophyll microenvironment. The mechanism of these changes is suggested to be an induction of the protein conformational ability, which results in the rearrangement of their lipid environment and in the differentiation of the latter.", "PMID": 743507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5540", "title": "Age changes in the fatty acid composition of the lipids of certain actinomycetes.", "content": "The composition of the fatty acids of the total lipids and its changes during culturing of Act. fluorescens, Act. globisporus, Act. viridis, Act. roseoflavus var Act. roseofungini and two of its proactinomycetes-like variants, were studied. The qualitative composition of the fatty acids of all the strains studied did not differ; the assortment of acids contained 11 basic components: C14-C18 acids-saturated, with normal, iso, and anteiso structures, and monoenic of normal structure. As the mycelium grows, the age dynamics of the fatty acids in submerged culturing are characterized by an increase in the total of saturated branched acids and a decrease in the total number of unsaturated acids. In the case of surface culturing, this tendency is maintained for vegetative cells; when aerial mycelium appears, the sum of the two components mentioned is unchanged. The level of normal saturated acids is constant.", "contents": "Age changes in the fatty acid composition of the lipids of certain actinomycetes. The composition of the fatty acids of the total lipids and its changes during culturing of Act. fluorescens, Act. globisporus, Act. viridis, Act. roseoflavus var Act. roseofungini and two of its proactinomycetes-like variants, were studied. The qualitative composition of the fatty acids of all the strains studied did not differ; the assortment of acids contained 11 basic components: C14-C18 acids-saturated, with normal, iso, and anteiso structures, and monoenic of normal structure. As the mycelium grows, the age dynamics of the fatty acids in submerged culturing are characterized by an increase in the total of saturated branched acids and a decrease in the total number of unsaturated acids. In the case of surface culturing, this tendency is maintained for vegetative cells; when aerial mycelium appears, the sum of the two components mentioned is unchanged. The level of normal saturated acids is constant.", "PMID": 743504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5541", "title": "[Characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of loach differentiated tissues and eggs].", "content": "The degree of inhibition by pyruvate, oxalate and urea was determined for the lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) of some tissues of adult loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and for the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, which were resistant to the inhibition by AgNO3 and dominated by their activity in the unfertilized eggs of the investigated species. It was found that the skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase was not sensitive to the pyruvate excess, but was inhibited by high concentrations of urea and in lower degree by oxalate. The heart muscle lactate dehydrogenase was inhibited by the substrate but only at high concentrations of the last. The main part of the eggs' lactate dehydrogenase was not sensitive to the urea, but it was very sensitive to oxalate and pyruvate. The liver lactate dehydrogenase was inhibited by urea and oxalate in the higher degree than the skeletal muscle enzyme, but after the heat inactivation of the main liver-specific isozyme the differences between them became insignificant. The skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase had the lower pH optima than the investigated group of the eggs isozymes. The subunit structure of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of different loach tissues and eggs is discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of loach differentiated tissues and eggs]. The degree of inhibition by pyruvate, oxalate and urea was determined for the lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) of some tissues of adult loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and for the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, which were resistant to the inhibition by AgNO3 and dominated by their activity in the unfertilized eggs of the investigated species. It was found that the skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase was not sensitive to the pyruvate excess, but was inhibited by high concentrations of urea and in lower degree by oxalate. The heart muscle lactate dehydrogenase was inhibited by the substrate but only at high concentrations of the last. The main part of the eggs' lactate dehydrogenase was not sensitive to the urea, but it was very sensitive to oxalate and pyruvate. The liver lactate dehydrogenase was inhibited by urea and oxalate in the higher degree than the skeletal muscle enzyme, but after the heat inactivation of the main liver-specific isozyme the differences between them became insignificant. The skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase had the lower pH optima than the investigated group of the eggs isozymes. The subunit structure of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of different loach tissues and eggs is discussed.", "PMID": 743508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5542", "title": "[Effects of uncouplers on the phospholipid composition of mitochondria].", "content": "A decrease in the level of lysocardiolipin and lysophosphatidylethanolamine in mitochondria induced by chlorophenacyl and 2,4-dinitrophenol was demonstrated. The effects of the uncouplers were especially well-pronounced under conditions of mitochondrial swelling. It was found that the phospholipase inhibitor nupercain completely reverses the effects. The data obtained suggest that 2,4-dinitrophenol and alkylating compounds increase the phospholipase activity of mitochondria under given experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Effects of uncouplers on the phospholipid composition of mitochondria]. A decrease in the level of lysocardiolipin and lysophosphatidylethanolamine in mitochondria induced by chlorophenacyl and 2,4-dinitrophenol was demonstrated. The effects of the uncouplers were especially well-pronounced under conditions of mitochondrial swelling. It was found that the phospholipase inhibitor nupercain completely reverses the effects. The data obtained suggest that 2,4-dinitrophenol and alkylating compounds increase the phospholipase activity of mitochondria under given experimental conditions.", "PMID": 743509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5543", "title": "[Has the respiratory chain of Micrococcus lysodeiktocus any redox components on the outer surface of cytomembrane?].", "content": "M. lysodeikticus protoplasts have catalyzed the reduction of 5.10(-4) M ferricianide by endogenous substrates if the respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide or anaerobiosis. A disturbance of the protoplast permeability by osmotic shock or Triton X-100 treatment resulted in the decrease of the endogenous ferricianide reduction rate and in simultaneous stimulation of malate ferricianide reductase activity in dehydrogenase site of the inner membrane surface. Reactivation of endogenous ferricianide reduction by protoplasts and the loss of malate stimulating activity were observed in hyperosmotic medium. Unlike malate oxidation by osmotically shocked protoplasts, endogenous protoplast repiration was resistant to ferricianide 5.10(-4) M). The latter, being added to protoplasts, induced the oxidation of anaerobically reduced cytochromes b556+560, and it practically did not affect cytochromes c552 and a601. The data obtained suggest that at least one of the respiratory chain components is arranged on the outer side of the protoplast membrane. This component is probably located in the cytochrome region. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis on transmembrane organization of the respiratory chain in M. lysodeikticus.", "contents": "[Has the respiratory chain of Micrococcus lysodeiktocus any redox components on the outer surface of cytomembrane?]. M. lysodeikticus protoplasts have catalyzed the reduction of 5.10(-4) M ferricianide by endogenous substrates if the respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide or anaerobiosis. A disturbance of the protoplast permeability by osmotic shock or Triton X-100 treatment resulted in the decrease of the endogenous ferricianide reduction rate and in simultaneous stimulation of malate ferricianide reductase activity in dehydrogenase site of the inner membrane surface. Reactivation of endogenous ferricianide reduction by protoplasts and the loss of malate stimulating activity were observed in hyperosmotic medium. Unlike malate oxidation by osmotically shocked protoplasts, endogenous protoplast repiration was resistant to ferricianide 5.10(-4) M). The latter, being added to protoplasts, induced the oxidation of anaerobically reduced cytochromes b556+560, and it practically did not affect cytochromes c552 and a601. The data obtained suggest that at least one of the respiratory chain components is arranged on the outer side of the protoplast membrane. This component is probably located in the cytochrome region. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis on transmembrane organization of the respiratory chain in M. lysodeikticus.", "PMID": 743510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5544", "title": "[Effect of freezing-thawing on the lipid composition of mitochondria].", "content": "The effect of near- and subzero temperatures on alterations in the lipid composition of albino rat liver mitochondrial membranes has been studied. Low temperature effect has been shown to intensify peroxide processes and to activate A2 phospholipase in mitochondrial membranes. This is followed by the decrease in lecithin, ethanolaminophosphatide, cardiolipin and cholesterol contents as well as by the accumulation of free fatty acids in the different temperature regions. The dependence of lipid mitochondrial membrane modification intensity on freezing and rewarming rates has been determined.", "contents": "[Effect of freezing-thawing on the lipid composition of mitochondria]. The effect of near- and subzero temperatures on alterations in the lipid composition of albino rat liver mitochondrial membranes has been studied. Low temperature effect has been shown to intensify peroxide processes and to activate A2 phospholipase in mitochondrial membranes. This is followed by the decrease in lecithin, ethanolaminophosphatide, cardiolipin and cholesterol contents as well as by the accumulation of free fatty acids in the different temperature regions. The dependence of lipid mitochondrial membrane modification intensity on freezing and rewarming rates has been determined.", "PMID": 743511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5545", "title": "[Regulation by insulin of the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in intact and denervated rabbit muscles].", "content": "The activities of Val-tRNA synthetase and Ala-tRNA synthetase in the intact rabbit M. soleus are considerably higher than those in the lateral portion of the intact M. gastrocnemius. The rates of tRNA aminoacylation by the enzymes from both denervated muscles were levelled out 35 days after sciatic nerve section. Insulin injections or diabetes did not significantly influence the aminoacyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS-ases) from intact muscles. Insulin substantially increased (while diabetes decreased) the activity of both enzymes in the denervated muscles. The results obtained show that the deprivation of striated muscles of trophic nervous influence results in an increase of their sensitivity to the effect of insulin on the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases.", "contents": "[Regulation by insulin of the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in intact and denervated rabbit muscles]. The activities of Val-tRNA synthetase and Ala-tRNA synthetase in the intact rabbit M. soleus are considerably higher than those in the lateral portion of the intact M. gastrocnemius. The rates of tRNA aminoacylation by the enzymes from both denervated muscles were levelled out 35 days after sciatic nerve section. Insulin injections or diabetes did not significantly influence the aminoacyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS-ases) from intact muscles. Insulin substantially increased (while diabetes decreased) the activity of both enzymes in the denervated muscles. The results obtained show that the deprivation of striated muscles of trophic nervous influence results in an increase of their sensitivity to the effect of insulin on the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases.", "PMID": 743512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5546", "title": "[Kinetic properties of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from pigeon breast muscle].", "content": "A complex kinetic behaviour of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component isolated from the pigeon breast muscle alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex was established. The dependence curve of the reaction rate versus substrate concentration has an intermediate plateau and a maximum. The shape of the kinetic curve and specific activity depend on the enzyme concentration both in the reaction mixture and in the original solution of enzyme. The kinetic pattern of isolated alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase suggests that the enzyme is a multi-step dissociating system characterized by different rates of oligomeric forms interconversions at various steps of dissociation. It is assumed that the process of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase oligomerization is a cooperative one. The kinetic behaviour of the complex and its constituent alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component is characterized by the same type of the v + [S] dependence curves as is the isolated enzyme. The correlation between the kinetic properties of the enzyme complex and its alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component and the kinetic behaviour of free alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase suggest that the association-dissociation processes which are probably typical for the component within the complex determine the kinetic behaviour of the complex to a large extent. It is assumed that the anomalous kinetic behaviour of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component is due to the cooperative effects during substrate binding, which are mediated by a shift in the equilibrium between the oligomeric forms of enzyme.", "contents": "[Kinetic properties of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from pigeon breast muscle]. A complex kinetic behaviour of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component isolated from the pigeon breast muscle alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex was established. The dependence curve of the reaction rate versus substrate concentration has an intermediate plateau and a maximum. The shape of the kinetic curve and specific activity depend on the enzyme concentration both in the reaction mixture and in the original solution of enzyme. The kinetic pattern of isolated alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase suggests that the enzyme is a multi-step dissociating system characterized by different rates of oligomeric forms interconversions at various steps of dissociation. It is assumed that the process of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase oligomerization is a cooperative one. The kinetic behaviour of the complex and its constituent alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component is characterized by the same type of the v + [S] dependence curves as is the isolated enzyme. The correlation between the kinetic properties of the enzyme complex and its alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component and the kinetic behaviour of free alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase suggest that the association-dissociation processes which are probably typical for the component within the complex determine the kinetic behaviour of the complex to a large extent. It is assumed that the anomalous kinetic behaviour of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component is due to the cooperative effects during substrate binding, which are mediated by a shift in the equilibrium between the oligomeric forms of enzyme.", "PMID": 743513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5547", "title": "Anticipatory HR deceleration as a function of perceived control and probability of aversive loud noise: a deployment of attention account.", "content": "Five groups of 10 undergraduate subjects each participated in an experiment to examine the effects of perceived control over, and the probability of occurrence of, noxious (white-noise) stimulation on anticipatory heart rate (HR) deceleration. All groups performed an arithmetic task, the numbers for which were changed on each of the 20 trials, but three groups were defined as active groups since they were instructed that the occurrence of noxious stimulation was contingent upon their performance on the task. The actual probability of occurrence of noxious stimulation (i.e., either 0.9, 0.5 or 0.1) was manipulated between these three groups. A fourth (passive) group (0.5 probability of occurrence) was instructed as to the non-contingent relationship between performance and the aversive white noise. The last group was a control group which only performed the task, and thus both provided an estimate of the rate of return to baseline following the expected HR acceleration to the task and eliminated the need for a within-subject control period to assess HR deceleration. The results indicated that all active and passive groups produced significant HR decelerations, relative to the control group, prior to the noxious stimulus. However, all active groups (regardless of probability levels) displayed significantly greater, and required more trials to maximally develop, anticipatory deceleration than the passive group. In addition, the results for the active groups revealed a direct relationship between the probability of occurrence of noxious stimulation and the magnitude of anticipatory deceleration. It is argued that the results cannot be adequately accommodated by the preparatory-adaptive-response theory. A deployment-of-attention account is suggested since it appears both to account for the obtained pattern of results completely and to generate additional testable predictions for the future.", "contents": "Anticipatory HR deceleration as a function of perceived control and probability of aversive loud noise: a deployment of attention account. Five groups of 10 undergraduate subjects each participated in an experiment to examine the effects of perceived control over, and the probability of occurrence of, noxious (white-noise) stimulation on anticipatory heart rate (HR) deceleration. All groups performed an arithmetic task, the numbers for which were changed on each of the 20 trials, but three groups were defined as active groups since they were instructed that the occurrence of noxious stimulation was contingent upon their performance on the task. The actual probability of occurrence of noxious stimulation (i.e., either 0.9, 0.5 or 0.1) was manipulated between these three groups. A fourth (passive) group (0.5 probability of occurrence) was instructed as to the non-contingent relationship between performance and the aversive white noise. The last group was a control group which only performed the task, and thus both provided an estimate of the rate of return to baseline following the expected HR acceleration to the task and eliminated the need for a within-subject control period to assess HR deceleration. The results indicated that all active and passive groups produced significant HR decelerations, relative to the control group, prior to the noxious stimulus. However, all active groups (regardless of probability levels) displayed significantly greater, and required more trials to maximally develop, anticipatory deceleration than the passive group. In addition, the results for the active groups revealed a direct relationship between the probability of occurrence of noxious stimulation and the magnitude of anticipatory deceleration. It is argued that the results cannot be adequately accommodated by the preparatory-adaptive-response theory. A deployment-of-attention account is suggested since it appears both to account for the obtained pattern of results completely and to generate additional testable predictions for the future.", "PMID": 743514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5548", "title": "A new anti-cancer principle isolated from Gymnosporia rothiana Laws, and its use in attaining cures in L1210 leukaemia in combination with \"S\" phase sensitive drugs.", "content": "A new anti-cancer drug, code named GCE pending chemical characterization, has been isolated from a plant Gymnosporia rothiana, Laws. In addition to exhibiting good anti-cancer activities, GCE prolongs the \"S\" phase of cell cycle. This property has been exploited in evolving a new combination chemotherapy schedule with \"S\" phase sensitive drugs. Cures in L1210 bearing mice have been observed by administering GCE 2 hours prior to administration of \"S\" phase sensitive drug such as cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), hydroxyurea (HU) or 5 fluorouracil (5FU).", "contents": "A new anti-cancer principle isolated from Gymnosporia rothiana Laws, and its use in attaining cures in L1210 leukaemia in combination with \"S\" phase sensitive drugs. A new anti-cancer drug, code named GCE pending chemical characterization, has been isolated from a plant Gymnosporia rothiana, Laws. In addition to exhibiting good anti-cancer activities, GCE prolongs the \"S\" phase of cell cycle. This property has been exploited in evolving a new combination chemotherapy schedule with \"S\" phase sensitive drugs. Cures in L1210 bearing mice have been observed by administering GCE 2 hours prior to administration of \"S\" phase sensitive drug such as cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), hydroxyurea (HU) or 5 fluorouracil (5FU).", "PMID": 743552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5549", "title": "Biosynthesis and subcellular localization of histamine in H-110 lymphoma.", "content": "The histidine decarboxylase activity has been studied in the H-110 Lymphoma implanted in Balb-c mice. The enzymatic activity has been determined using DL-Histidine 1-14C by measuring the I--14CO2 liberated during the incubation. It has been found that the histidine decarboxylase activity in the tumor is the highest of the studied tissues. The pretreatment for 5 days with two cytostatic drugs, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluoruracile, determined a decrease of the enzymatic activity in the tumor of 33 and 54 per cent, respectively. This effect has not been observed in the lung. The pretreatment of the animals during 10 days with 0.1 mg per kg body of histamine, which in other experimental tumors induces an increase of the endogenous content of histamine, produces a decrease of the tumoral histidine decarboxylase activity. The histamine-14C uptake was not modified by this pretreatment. The subcellular localization of the radioactivity after pretreatment with histamine-14C evidenced that the nuclear fraction of the tumor contained between 2 and 10 times the radioactivity of other tissues of the same animal.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and subcellular localization of histamine in H-110 lymphoma. The histidine decarboxylase activity has been studied in the H-110 Lymphoma implanted in Balb-c mice. The enzymatic activity has been determined using DL-Histidine 1-14C by measuring the I--14CO2 liberated during the incubation. It has been found that the histidine decarboxylase activity in the tumor is the highest of the studied tissues. The pretreatment for 5 days with two cytostatic drugs, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluoruracile, determined a decrease of the enzymatic activity in the tumor of 33 and 54 per cent, respectively. This effect has not been observed in the lung. The pretreatment of the animals during 10 days with 0.1 mg per kg body of histamine, which in other experimental tumors induces an increase of the endogenous content of histamine, produces a decrease of the tumoral histidine decarboxylase activity. The histamine-14C uptake was not modified by this pretreatment. The subcellular localization of the radioactivity after pretreatment with histamine-14C evidenced that the nuclear fraction of the tumor contained between 2 and 10 times the radioactivity of other tissues of the same animal.", "PMID": 743553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5550", "title": "Routine analysis of multiple steroid receptors in human breast cancer.--I--Technological features.", "content": "The technological features of multiple and simultaneous assays of steroid receptors (estrogen and progestagens) have been considered in human mammary carcinomas. Most of the parameters involved in the accuracy and the fiability of S-R determination have been investigated : the stability of S-R proteins (collection and storage of sample, cytosol preparation and buffer components, endogenous steroid problem), the specificity and precise quantitation of the binding (conditions of incubations, use of steroid analogs, dextran-coated charcoal method and treatment of binding data by the Scatchard analysis), the identification of the binding (vertical sucrose density gradients) and the interferences in DCC assays. The routinely adopted protocol has been experienced in 650 cases of S-R assay. It is concluded that when performed under appropriate and properly controlled conditions and even in a small sample, multiple S-R assay could result in a precise quantitation and identification of the pathological state of the S-R system in a tumor at time of surgery. Considered with regards to actual knowledges in cell biology, that is of importance and could provide even more information about therapeutic guidance.", "contents": "Routine analysis of multiple steroid receptors in human breast cancer.--I--Technological features. The technological features of multiple and simultaneous assays of steroid receptors (estrogen and progestagens) have been considered in human mammary carcinomas. Most of the parameters involved in the accuracy and the fiability of S-R determination have been investigated : the stability of S-R proteins (collection and storage of sample, cytosol preparation and buffer components, endogenous steroid problem), the specificity and precise quantitation of the binding (conditions of incubations, use of steroid analogs, dextran-coated charcoal method and treatment of binding data by the Scatchard analysis), the identification of the binding (vertical sucrose density gradients) and the interferences in DCC assays. The routinely adopted protocol has been experienced in 650 cases of S-R assay. It is concluded that when performed under appropriate and properly controlled conditions and even in a small sample, multiple S-R assay could result in a precise quantitation and identification of the pathological state of the S-R system in a tumor at time of surgery. Considered with regards to actual knowledges in cell biology, that is of importance and could provide even more information about therapeutic guidance.", "PMID": 743554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5551", "title": "The thymol turbidity test and determination of serum cholesterol : two tests to abandon in the routine evaluation of liver function.", "content": "The thymol turbidity test (Macglan's test) and the determination of serum cholesterol are still performed routinely as liver function tests in many laboratories. In this report, we have employed quantitative methods in order to evaluate the real usefulness of these two parameters. In a first step, the value of the thymol test and of cholesterol determination for the discrimination of the 13 most frequent hepato-biliary diseases was studied by analysis of variance, and compared to that of the following tests : serum bilirubin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase serum protein electrophoresis and prothrombin time. It was found that of all these parameters, the thymol test and cholesterol measurement had the lowest discriminatory powers. In a second step, the consequences of the suppression of the two tests were examined by linear discrimination analysis, which was done for all the possible pairs of diseases. It appeared that in each case, the loss of information due to the elimination of the thymol test or of cholesterol determination was nil or negligible. We conclude therefore that the thymol turbidity test and determination of serum cholesterol should be abandoned as routine tests of liver function.", "contents": "The thymol turbidity test and determination of serum cholesterol : two tests to abandon in the routine evaluation of liver function. The thymol turbidity test (Macglan's test) and the determination of serum cholesterol are still performed routinely as liver function tests in many laboratories. In this report, we have employed quantitative methods in order to evaluate the real usefulness of these two parameters. In a first step, the value of the thymol test and of cholesterol determination for the discrimination of the 13 most frequent hepato-biliary diseases was studied by analysis of variance, and compared to that of the following tests : serum bilirubin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase serum protein electrophoresis and prothrombin time. It was found that of all these parameters, the thymol test and cholesterol measurement had the lowest discriminatory powers. In a second step, the consequences of the suppression of the two tests were examined by linear discrimination analysis, which was done for all the possible pairs of diseases. It appeared that in each case, the loss of information due to the elimination of the thymol test or of cholesterol determination was nil or negligible. We conclude therefore that the thymol turbidity test and determination of serum cholesterol should be abandoned as routine tests of liver function.", "PMID": 743555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5552", "title": "Immunological and plasma protein changes in cancer patients following a single plasmapheresis.", "content": "Serial serum protein determinations and immunological monitoring were performed prior to and following a single 4 to 5 liter plasma exchange in 10 patients with disseminated cancer. The most consistent changes were observed for two initially elevated alpha globulins, acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin, which declined rapidly in all patients 1 hour after plasmapheresis and began to rise again as early as 24 hours post-plasmapheresis to reach initial levels by 72 hours. Among the immunological parameters T and B cell counts, and phytohemaglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation showed little change. In 4 out of 10 patients C3 levels dropped at 1 hour post-plasmapheresis and continued to decline to 24 hours, suggesting that consumption of C3 possibly by macrophages may have occurred. In view of our earlier reports that repeated plasmapheresis induced partial tumor regressions in patients with disseminated cancer and that these regressions may have been related to depletion of immunosuppressive serum proteins, it is suggested that to maintain levels of these rapidly renewed proteins at a minimum for as long as possible, it is most appropriate to perform plasmapheresis every 48 hours rather than every 72 or 96 hours as was the case in the earlier study.", "contents": "Immunological and plasma protein changes in cancer patients following a single plasmapheresis. Serial serum protein determinations and immunological monitoring were performed prior to and following a single 4 to 5 liter plasma exchange in 10 patients with disseminated cancer. The most consistent changes were observed for two initially elevated alpha globulins, acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin, which declined rapidly in all patients 1 hour after plasmapheresis and began to rise again as early as 24 hours post-plasmapheresis to reach initial levels by 72 hours. Among the immunological parameters T and B cell counts, and phytohemaglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation showed little change. In 4 out of 10 patients C3 levels dropped at 1 hour post-plasmapheresis and continued to decline to 24 hours, suggesting that consumption of C3 possibly by macrophages may have occurred. In view of our earlier reports that repeated plasmapheresis induced partial tumor regressions in patients with disseminated cancer and that these regressions may have been related to depletion of immunosuppressive serum proteins, it is suggested that to maintain levels of these rapidly renewed proteins at a minimum for as long as possible, it is most appropriate to perform plasmapheresis every 48 hours rather than every 72 or 96 hours as was the case in the earlier study.", "PMID": 743556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5553", "title": "Salivary immunoglobulins in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "A study of salivary immunoglobulins revealed the presence of IgM in 11 out of 17 patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis. The presence of IgM was frequently accompanied by an increase in IgA and less often by IgG. Immunofluorescence examination of labial biopsies showed comparable modifications in the immunocyte populations; the presence of IgM cells, sometimes in large numbers, and an increase in IgA and IgG cells. All patients with a nodular lymphoplasmocyte infiltration of the minor salivary gland of the lip have salivary IgM. The presence of IgM in the saliva is a diagnostic criteria of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The absence of a correlation between immunoglobulin concentrations in the saliva and the serum and correlation between the salivary IgM concentration and the number of IgM immunocytes, demonstrate that the presence of IgM is related to the glandular synthesis of this enzyme.", "contents": "Salivary immunoglobulins in progressive systemic sclerosis. A study of salivary immunoglobulins revealed the presence of IgM in 11 out of 17 patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis. The presence of IgM was frequently accompanied by an increase in IgA and less often by IgG. Immunofluorescence examination of labial biopsies showed comparable modifications in the immunocyte populations; the presence of IgM cells, sometimes in large numbers, and an increase in IgA and IgG cells. All patients with a nodular lymphoplasmocyte infiltration of the minor salivary gland of the lip have salivary IgM. The presence of IgM in the saliva is a diagnostic criteria of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The absence of a correlation between immunoglobulin concentrations in the saliva and the serum and correlation between the salivary IgM concentration and the number of IgM immunocytes, demonstrate that the presence of IgM is related to the glandular synthesis of this enzyme.", "PMID": 743557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5554", "title": "Carnitine prevention of adriamycin toxicity in mice.", "content": "Carnitine, a naturally occurring nontoxic compound which aids the myocardial cell in efficiently meeting energy requirements, has been evaluated as a possible protective agent against acute and chronic adriamycin induced mouse toxicity. We have shown that carnitine treatment significantly decreases both acute high dose and chronic, intermittent, low dose adriamycin associated lethality in normal mice. These protective effects are accomplished without decreasing adriamycin anti-tumor activity or increasing bone marrow toxicity.", "contents": "Carnitine prevention of adriamycin toxicity in mice. Carnitine, a naturally occurring nontoxic compound which aids the myocardial cell in efficiently meeting energy requirements, has been evaluated as a possible protective agent against acute and chronic adriamycin induced mouse toxicity. We have shown that carnitine treatment significantly decreases both acute high dose and chronic, intermittent, low dose adriamycin associated lethality in normal mice. These protective effects are accomplished without decreasing adriamycin anti-tumor activity or increasing bone marrow toxicity.", "PMID": 743560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5555", "title": "Surface morphology and ultrastructure of isolated hepatic Kupffer and endothelial cells.", "content": "Isolated non-parenchymal cells from the rat liver were separated by centrifugal elutriation into two fractions containing structurally intact Kupffer and endothelial cells with purities of over 90% in both fractions. These two cell types were then examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that Kupffer and endothelial cells are readily distinguished under the scanning electron microscope on the basis of their different surface features. Kupffer cells show ridges and ruffles while endothelial cells have microvilli and blebs and lack ruffles. As in earlier studies, transmission electron micrographs show that Kupffer cells are larger, have a smaller nucleus--cytoplasm ratio and contain lysosomes while endothelial cells are smaller, have a higher nucleus-cytoplasm ratio and show extensive sieve-plates and fenestrations.", "contents": "Surface morphology and ultrastructure of isolated hepatic Kupffer and endothelial cells. Isolated non-parenchymal cells from the rat liver were separated by centrifugal elutriation into two fractions containing structurally intact Kupffer and endothelial cells with purities of over 90% in both fractions. These two cell types were then examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that Kupffer and endothelial cells are readily distinguished under the scanning electron microscope on the basis of their different surface features. Kupffer cells show ridges and ruffles while endothelial cells have microvilli and blebs and lack ruffles. As in earlier studies, transmission electron micrographs show that Kupffer cells are larger, have a smaller nucleus--cytoplasm ratio and contain lysosomes while endothelial cells are smaller, have a higher nucleus-cytoplasm ratio and show extensive sieve-plates and fenestrations.", "PMID": 743561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5556", "title": "Inhibition of the development of the mammary glands of mice with a bromotriphenylethylene.", "content": "Administration of a bromotriphenylethylene to C3H/f(XVII/G) female mice implanted with a pituitary under the kidney capsule produces with high doses (200 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg of diet) a strong inhibition of the development of the mammary glands. With a low dose (2 mg/kg) no inhibition was observed. In mice which received the high doses no hyperplastic alveolar nodules were observed. The activity of the compound is more pronounced after 50 days than after 25 days.", "contents": "Inhibition of the development of the mammary glands of mice with a bromotriphenylethylene. Administration of a bromotriphenylethylene to C3H/f(XVII/G) female mice implanted with a pituitary under the kidney capsule produces with high doses (200 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg of diet) a strong inhibition of the development of the mammary glands. With a low dose (2 mg/kg) no inhibition was observed. In mice which received the high doses no hyperplastic alveolar nodules were observed. The activity of the compound is more pronounced after 50 days than after 25 days.", "PMID": 743562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5557", "title": "Atrioventricular dissociation.", "content": "Examination of the scalar ECG usually allows accurate identification of the various types of AV block. Meticulous attention to waveform identification and careful measurement are the essentials in this as in other fields of electrocardiography. In difficult cases, or where the defect is intermittent, additional recording techniques or special manoeuvres may be necessary. Modern techniques including multichannel ambulatory monitoring, stress testing, physiological and pharmacological manoeuvres, and recording of special surface and intracardiac ECGs are occasionally necessary.", "contents": "Atrioventricular dissociation. Examination of the scalar ECG usually allows accurate identification of the various types of AV block. Meticulous attention to waveform identification and careful measurement are the essentials in this as in other fields of electrocardiography. In difficult cases, or where the defect is intermittent, additional recording techniques or special manoeuvres may be necessary. Modern techniques including multichannel ambulatory monitoring, stress testing, physiological and pharmacological manoeuvres, and recording of special surface and intracardiac ECGs are occasionally necessary.", "PMID": 743589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5558", "title": "Mutation and disease in man.", "content": "Efforts to evaluate the burden of genetic disease maintained by mutation pressure are reviewed. Various individuals and committees have suggested that approximately 1800 per 100,000 liveborn infants will ultimately exhibit clearly defined disease due to chromosomal or point mutation. Direct estimates of human chromosomal and point mutation now permit the identification of about 370 per 100,000 liveborn infants with defect due to mutation in the preceding generation. Recent technical advances permit the study of mutation to shift to the protein level. In Amerindians, mutations resulting in electrophoretic variants of a series of proteins of the blood serum and erythrocyte occur at at rate of 1.6 x 10(-5)/locus/generation. While it is debatable what proportion of electrophoretic variants result in impaired health as heterozgotes or homozgotes in man, we are increasingly aware of disease due to an absence of enzyme or receptor protein due to homozygosity for \"null\" alleles.  A conservative calculation of the possible impact of these \"null\" mutations on health proceeds as follows: if the rate of mutation to electrophoretic variants in man is only 1.0 x 10(-5)/locus/generation, and if in man the ratio of nulls to electrophoretic variants is only 2:1 rather than 5:1 of Drosophila, then null mutants with respect to protein should be 2.0 x 10(-5)/locus/generation. There are perhaps 5,000 proteins in man whose absence can lead to disease. It is clear we are just beginning to recognize a class of mutations whose impact on health in toto may exceed the commonly visualized gross phenotypic abnormalities. However, many of the conceptuses homozygous for these null mutations may be eliminated in utero and not come to clinical attention.", "contents": "Mutation and disease in man. Efforts to evaluate the burden of genetic disease maintained by mutation pressure are reviewed. Various individuals and committees have suggested that approximately 1800 per 100,000 liveborn infants will ultimately exhibit clearly defined disease due to chromosomal or point mutation. Direct estimates of human chromosomal and point mutation now permit the identification of about 370 per 100,000 liveborn infants with defect due to mutation in the preceding generation. Recent technical advances permit the study of mutation to shift to the protein level. In Amerindians, mutations resulting in electrophoretic variants of a series of proteins of the blood serum and erythrocyte occur at at rate of 1.6 x 10(-5)/locus/generation. While it is debatable what proportion of electrophoretic variants result in impaired health as heterozgotes or homozgotes in man, we are increasingly aware of disease due to an absence of enzyme or receptor protein due to homozygosity for \"null\" alleles.  A conservative calculation of the possible impact of these \"null\" mutations on health proceeds as follows: if the rate of mutation to electrophoretic variants in man is only 1.0 x 10(-5)/locus/generation, and if in man the ratio of nulls to electrophoretic variants is only 2:1 rather than 5:1 of Drosophila, then null mutants with respect to protein should be 2.0 x 10(-5)/locus/generation. There are perhaps 5,000 proteins in man whose absence can lead to disease. It is clear we are just beginning to recognize a class of mutations whose impact on health in toto may exceed the commonly visualized gross phenotypic abnormalities. However, many of the conceptuses homozygous for these null mutations may be eliminated in utero and not come to clinical attention.", "PMID": 743594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5559", "title": "The cell cycle of an established cell line of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The duration of the cell cycle and its four phases was determined for  a cell line of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), using high-resolution autoradiography. The total cell cycle time is 12.5 h, with G1 comprising 1.66 h, S--4.5 h, M--3 h, and G2 3.33 h. These results are compared with those of other mosquito species.", "contents": "The cell cycle of an established cell line of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The duration of the cell cycle and its four phases was determined for  a cell line of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), using high-resolution autoradiography. The total cell cycle time is 12.5 h, with G1 comprising 1.66 h, S--4.5 h, M--3 h, and G2 3.33 h. These results are compared with those of other mosquito species.", "PMID": 743595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5560", "title": "Nucleolar organizer regions in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as shown by silver staining.", "content": "Nucleolar organizer regions (NOR's) were demonstrated in metaphase chromosomes of the domestic rabbit. Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) (New Zealand white strain) using silver staining. Sequential quinacrine banding and a modification of the Ag-AS silver precipitation technique with duplicate photography allowed identification of silver staining NOR's on the short arms of chromosomes 13, 16, and 20, as well as the telomeric region of the long arms of number 21 in some cells. Chromosomes 13, 16 and 20 all have subterminal to terminal centromeres, often showed satellites and secondary constrictions, and were sometimes involved in associations.", "contents": "Nucleolar organizer regions in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as shown by silver staining. Nucleolar organizer regions (NOR's) were demonstrated in metaphase chromosomes of the domestic rabbit. Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) (New Zealand white strain) using silver staining. Sequential quinacrine banding and a modification of the Ag-AS silver precipitation technique with duplicate photography allowed identification of silver staining NOR's on the short arms of chromosomes 13, 16, and 20, as well as the telomeric region of the long arms of number 21 in some cells. Chromosomes 13, 16 and 20 all have subterminal to terminal centromeres, often showed satellites and secondary constrictions, and were sometimes involved in associations.", "PMID": 743596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5561", "title": "Sources of Salmonellae in broiler chickens in Ontario.", "content": "Sources of Salmonellae infecting broiler chicken flocks in Ontario were investigated from July, 1975 to April, 1976. Three broiler flocks were investigated on each of four farms which received chicks from a common hatchery. Samples of feed and new litter were preenriched in nonselective broth subcultured to Salmonella-selective enrichment broth and plated on Salmonella-selective differential agar. Samples of used litter, water, culled chicks, insects, mice, wild birds and environmental swabs were not cultured initially in the nonselective broth. Fecal samples from principal and occasional flock attendants were examined for Samonellae. Salmonella infection, as judged by contaminated flock litter was detected in six flocks on two of the farms while the flocks on the other farms remained negative. Salmonellae were isolated from 23 of 412 feed samples (nine serotypes), six of 35 new wood shaving samples (four serotypes), one of 29 pools of culled chick viscera (one serotype) and 44 of 267 used litter samples (14 serotypes). These results indicate that broiler chicken flocks were infected with diverse Salmonellae introduced in day old chicks, pelleted feeds, wood shavings and residual contamination from the preceding flock.", "contents": "Sources of Salmonellae in broiler chickens in Ontario. Sources of Salmonellae infecting broiler chicken flocks in Ontario were investigated from July, 1975 to April, 1976. Three broiler flocks were investigated on each of four farms which received chicks from a common hatchery. Samples of feed and new litter were preenriched in nonselective broth subcultured to Salmonella-selective enrichment broth and plated on Salmonella-selective differential agar. Samples of used litter, water, culled chicks, insects, mice, wild birds and environmental swabs were not cultured initially in the nonselective broth. Fecal samples from principal and occasional flock attendants were examined for Samonellae. Salmonella infection, as judged by contaminated flock litter was detected in six flocks on two of the farms while the flocks on the other farms remained negative. Salmonellae were isolated from 23 of 412 feed samples (nine serotypes), six of 35 new wood shaving samples (four serotypes), one of 29 pools of culled chick viscera (one serotype) and 44 of 267 used litter samples (14 serotypes). These results indicate that broiler chicken flocks were infected with diverse Salmonellae introduced in day old chicks, pelleted feeds, wood shavings and residual contamination from the preceding flock.", "PMID": 743597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5562", "title": "The prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii among hospitalized animals and stray dogs.", "content": "Hospitalized animals and stray dogs were serologically tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, the data were examined for the possibility of toxoplasmosis infection being associated with the clinical diagnosis and with the discharge status (alive vs. dead). Among 1056 hospitalized animals, 17 (20%) of 86 cats, 112 (14%) of 804 dogs, 34 (26%) of 133 horses and 6 (18%) of 33 cattle had serological evidence of infection with T. gondii. Only 22 (6%) of 342 young (median age = one year) stray dogs were seropositive. The difference in antibody prevalence between hospitalized and stray dogs was thought to be due to age and dietary factors. Of 249 dogs grouped by clinical diagnosis, there was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher prevalence of seropositives among dogs with diseases of the kidney or with adrenocortical hyperfunction than among dogs hospitalized for other diseases. Of 19 dogs with diseases of the kidney and 12 with adrenocortical hyperfunction 37% and 42%, respectively, were seropositive.. There was higher risk of being discharged from the hospital dead among seropositive dogs, cattle and horses than among seronegative animals of the same species. The exception was cats, where of 69 seronegative cats 29% were dead at discharge and where of 17 seropositive cats 18% were dead at discharge. The possible effects of stress due to hospitalization need further research.", "contents": "The prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii among hospitalized animals and stray dogs. Hospitalized animals and stray dogs were serologically tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, the data were examined for the possibility of toxoplasmosis infection being associated with the clinical diagnosis and with the discharge status (alive vs. dead). Among 1056 hospitalized animals, 17 (20%) of 86 cats, 112 (14%) of 804 dogs, 34 (26%) of 133 horses and 6 (18%) of 33 cattle had serological evidence of infection with T. gondii. Only 22 (6%) of 342 young (median age = one year) stray dogs were seropositive. The difference in antibody prevalence between hospitalized and stray dogs was thought to be due to age and dietary factors. Of 249 dogs grouped by clinical diagnosis, there was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher prevalence of seropositives among dogs with diseases of the kidney or with adrenocortical hyperfunction than among dogs hospitalized for other diseases. Of 19 dogs with diseases of the kidney and 12 with adrenocortical hyperfunction 37% and 42%, respectively, were seropositive.. There was higher risk of being discharged from the hospital dead among seropositive dogs, cattle and horses than among seronegative animals of the same species. The exception was cats, where of 69 seronegative cats 29% were dead at discharge and where of 17 seropositive cats 18% were dead at discharge. The possible effects of stress due to hospitalization need further research.", "PMID": 743598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5563", "title": "Some lesions observed in calves born to cows exposed to the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the last trimester of gestation.", "content": "Sixteen pregnant cows were challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus intranasally. One had a mummified fetus, four aborted, one calf was stillborn, two live fetuses were taken at the abattoir and eight calves were born alive. Of the eight born alive, five were dead by 12 days of age. Four of these had the usual lesions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis as well as lesions in the intestine and peritoneum and two of the four had a fibrinous pneumonia thought to be caused by aspiration of milk. The lesions, results of virus isolation and fluorescent antibody testing are recorded in these four calves. Attention is drawn to the intestinal lesions, the peritonitis and fibrinous pneumonia and the ease with which the underlying infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infection may be overlooked.", "contents": "Some lesions observed in calves born to cows exposed to the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the last trimester of gestation. Sixteen pregnant cows were challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus intranasally. One had a mummified fetus, four aborted, one calf was stillborn, two live fetuses were taken at the abattoir and eight calves were born alive. Of the eight born alive, five were dead by 12 days of age. Four of these had the usual lesions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis as well as lesions in the intestine and peritoneum and two of the four had a fibrinous pneumonia thought to be caused by aspiration of milk. The lesions, results of virus isolation and fluorescent antibody testing are recorded in these four calves. Attention is drawn to the intestinal lesions, the peritonitis and fibrinous pneumonia and the ease with which the underlying infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infection may be overlooked.", "PMID": 743599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5564", "title": "Pulmonary vascular response of dogs with heartworm disease.", "content": "Heartworm diseases in dogs is an infectious disease that produces pulmonary hypertension. Dogs with the early vascular changes of heartworm disease, but without the clinical cardiopulmonary signs and pulmonary hypertension, were studied. Dogs with early heartworm were identified that had an exaggerated hypertensive response to hypoxia and to postaglandin F2alpha as compared to those of normal dogs. The pulmonary hypertensive response of dogs with spontaneous heartworm disease varied widely between individuals.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular response of dogs with heartworm disease. Heartworm diseases in dogs is an infectious disease that produces pulmonary hypertension. Dogs with the early vascular changes of heartworm disease, but without the clinical cardiopulmonary signs and pulmonary hypertension, were studied. Dogs with early heartworm were identified that had an exaggerated hypertensive response to hypoxia and to postaglandin F2alpha as compared to those of normal dogs. The pulmonary hypertensive response of dogs with spontaneous heartworm disease varied widely between individuals.", "PMID": 743600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5565", "title": "Serological tests as indicators of immunity against Pasteurella multocida infection in sheep.", "content": "Five serological tests, i.e. single tube agglutination, doubling dilution tube agglutination, agar agglutination, passive hemagglutination and passive mouse protection tests were evaluated for their efficacy in predicting the fate of vaccinated and unvaccinated sheep on challenge with an ovine strain of Pasteurella multocida. The passive hemagglutination test predicted the fate of unvaccinated sheep while the agar agglutination test indicated the immune status of vaccinated sheep.", "contents": "Serological tests as indicators of immunity against Pasteurella multocida infection in sheep. Five serological tests, i.e. single tube agglutination, doubling dilution tube agglutination, agar agglutination, passive hemagglutination and passive mouse protection tests were evaluated for their efficacy in predicting the fate of vaccinated and unvaccinated sheep on challenge with an ovine strain of Pasteurella multocida. The passive hemagglutination test predicted the fate of unvaccinated sheep while the agar agglutination test indicated the immune status of vaccinated sheep.", "PMID": 743601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5566", "title": "The pathological changes caused by Eimeria falciformis var pragensis in mice.", "content": "Groups of Swiss white mice weighing 25-28 grams were infected orally with 500, 2,000, 5,000 or 20,000 oocysts of Eimeria falciformis var pragensis. Depression, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea or dysentery, and dehydration were most pronounced at eight to ten days postinfection. The highest mortality, 31%, occurred in mice infected with 20,000 oocysts. None of the mice infected with 500 oocysts died. The pathological findings were equally severe in mice infected with 5,000 and 20,000 oocysts. The enteric lesions, most pronounced at eight to ten days postinfection, were restricted mainly to the large intestine and consisted initially of both cryptal and absorptive epithelial cell destruction and submucosal edema. These changes were followed in 12 to 24 hours by a transient influx of neutrophils into the lamina propria followed by mononuclear cell infiltration which lasted for five to ten days. As the infective dose decreased, the inflammatory response occurred later and was less extensive. When seen, hemorrhage occurred seven to 11 days postinfection. In 50% of the mice infected with 5,000 and 20,000 oocysts, varying degrees of a nonselective mucosal necrosis were seen at eight to 12 days postinfection. In mice infected with 500 oocysts, mucosal destruction was restricted to the epithelium. Neutrophils predominated when necrosis was extensive, otherwise, mononuclear cells were the main inflammatory cells. Two to three days following necrosis, crypt hyperplasia was marked and mucosal integrity was restored. Ulcers, some of which extended into the submucosa, healed by days 14 to 20. Localized granulomatous colitis, induced by trapped oocysts within the lamina propria, was seen until the experiment was terminated at 25 days postinfection. Infection was followed by lymphoid hyperplasia in the lymph nodes and the spleen.", "contents": "The pathological changes caused by Eimeria falciformis var pragensis in mice. Groups of Swiss white mice weighing 25-28 grams were infected orally with 500, 2,000, 5,000 or 20,000 oocysts of Eimeria falciformis var pragensis. Depression, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea or dysentery, and dehydration were most pronounced at eight to ten days postinfection. The highest mortality, 31%, occurred in mice infected with 20,000 oocysts. None of the mice infected with 500 oocysts died. The pathological findings were equally severe in mice infected with 5,000 and 20,000 oocysts. The enteric lesions, most pronounced at eight to ten days postinfection, were restricted mainly to the large intestine and consisted initially of both cryptal and absorptive epithelial cell destruction and submucosal edema. These changes were followed in 12 to 24 hours by a transient influx of neutrophils into the lamina propria followed by mononuclear cell infiltration which lasted for five to ten days. As the infective dose decreased, the inflammatory response occurred later and was less extensive. When seen, hemorrhage occurred seven to 11 days postinfection. In 50% of the mice infected with 5,000 and 20,000 oocysts, varying degrees of a nonselective mucosal necrosis were seen at eight to 12 days postinfection. In mice infected with 500 oocysts, mucosal destruction was restricted to the epithelium. Neutrophils predominated when necrosis was extensive, otherwise, mononuclear cells were the main inflammatory cells. Two to three days following necrosis, crypt hyperplasia was marked and mucosal integrity was restored. Ulcers, some of which extended into the submucosa, healed by days 14 to 20. Localized granulomatous colitis, induced by trapped oocysts within the lamina propria, was seen until the experiment was terminated at 25 days postinfection. Infection was followed by lymphoid hyperplasia in the lymph nodes and the spleen.", "PMID": 743602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5567", "title": "A study of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of left abomasal displacement.", "content": "The ancestry of 69 cows having left displaced abomasum was compared with that of 69 cows (matched for age, farm and lactation) not having experienced left displaced abomasum. A variety of tests were used to ascertain if certain bulls or families of bulls produced daughters with an increased risk of developing left displaced abomasum. However, there were no significant differences between the pedigrees of the affected and nonaffected cows.", "contents": "A study of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of left abomasal displacement. The ancestry of 69 cows having left displaced abomasum was compared with that of 69 cows (matched for age, farm and lactation) not having experienced left displaced abomasum. A variety of tests were used to ascertain if certain bulls or families of bulls produced daughters with an increased risk of developing left displaced abomasum. However, there were no significant differences between the pedigrees of the affected and nonaffected cows.", "PMID": 743603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5568", "title": "Visual acuity after iridectomy or aspiration for congenital cataract: Experimental and clinical studies.", "content": "Studies with a camera and a model eye showed that the image produced by peripheral light rays is inferior to the image produced by paraxial rays. In a retrospective clinical study, we determined the best corrected visual acuity in 33 patients (52 eyes) who had had iridectomy (group I) or aspiration (group II) or both for central cataracts. Vision was significantly better (p less than 0.01) in group II than in group I, and postoperative complications of aspiration were minimal. Some patients had unilateral amblyopia or pendular nystagmus. We conclude that if vision is to be improved with a single procedure, aspiration - not optical iridectomy - is indicated. We could not identify any factors in early infancy that would have predicted which patients with congenital central cataracts required early surgery.", "contents": "Visual acuity after iridectomy or aspiration for congenital cataract: Experimental and clinical studies. Studies with a camera and a model eye showed that the image produced by peripheral light rays is inferior to the image produced by paraxial rays. In a retrospective clinical study, we determined the best corrected visual acuity in 33 patients (52 eyes) who had had iridectomy (group I) or aspiration (group II) or both for central cataracts. Vision was significantly better (p less than 0.01) in group II than in group I, and postoperative complications of aspiration were minimal. Some patients had unilateral amblyopia or pendular nystagmus. We conclude that if vision is to be improved with a single procedure, aspiration - not optical iridectomy - is indicated. We could not identify any factors in early infancy that would have predicted which patients with congenital central cataracts required early surgery.", "PMID": 743605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5569", "title": "The visual results after vitreous loss during cataract extraction.", "content": "We followed the progress of 50 eyes in which cataract extraction was complicated by vitreous loss for 6 to 48 months and matched them with 50 eyes that had not lost vitreous. The results show that the number of eyes attaining 6/6 (20/20) or 6/7.5 (20/25) vision is significantly higher in the controls. All eyes that had vitreous loss retained useful vision. A comparison between our cases managed by vitrectomy and those of vitreous loss without vitrectomy reported in the literature, showed that vitrectomy gave better visual results with fewer complications.", "contents": "The visual results after vitreous loss during cataract extraction. We followed the progress of 50 eyes in which cataract extraction was complicated by vitreous loss for 6 to 48 months and matched them with 50 eyes that had not lost vitreous. The results show that the number of eyes attaining 6/6 (20/20) or 6/7.5 (20/25) vision is significantly higher in the controls. All eyes that had vitreous loss retained useful vision. A comparison between our cases managed by vitrectomy and those of vitreous loss without vitrectomy reported in the literature, showed that vitrectomy gave better visual results with fewer complications.", "PMID": 743606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5570", "title": "Automatic refraction and the private ophthalmologist: Dioptron II compared with subjective examination.", "content": "The author carried out manifest followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective refraction in 84 office patients. An ophthalmic assistant examined them on the Dioptron II refractor. The results were compared. There was 46% agreement to the nearest +/- .025D for spheres, 51% for cylinders and 44% for spherical equivalents. After cycloplegia, agreement was 47%, 51% and 51% respectively. Axis agreement to the nearest 5 degrees was 46% without and 29% with cycloplegia. Statistical correlation showed this optometer to be most accurate for spheres, less for axes and least for cylindrical powers. In most patients it was more accurate without cycloplegia than with and provided a useful starting point for refraction. It was less useful for children under 8, in elderly, psychiatric and some non-English-speaking patients.", "contents": "Automatic refraction and the private ophthalmologist: Dioptron II compared with subjective examination. The author carried out manifest followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective refraction in 84 office patients. An ophthalmic assistant examined them on the Dioptron II refractor. The results were compared. There was 46% agreement to the nearest +/- .025D for spheres, 51% for cylinders and 44% for spherical equivalents. After cycloplegia, agreement was 47%, 51% and 51% respectively. Axis agreement to the nearest 5 degrees was 46% without and 29% with cycloplegia. Statistical correlation showed this optometer to be most accurate for spheres, less for axes and least for cylindrical powers. In most patients it was more accurate without cycloplegia than with and provided a useful starting point for refraction. It was less useful for children under 8, in elderly, psychiatric and some non-English-speaking patients.", "PMID": 743607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5571", "title": "Biosynthesis of protein by the retina. The properties of a cell-free system obtained from rat retina.", "content": "We describe the properties of a post-mitochondrial (30,000 g) supernatant fluid obtained from rat retina which incorporated (3H) leucine into an alkali-stable acid-insoluble fraction (protein). It contained a substance, possibly leucine, which interfered with the incorporation of (3H) leucine into acid-insoluble fractions and which could be removed by passage through Sephadex G-25 or by dialysis. Magnesium was essential for protein synthesis and potassium enhanced it. Radioactive leucine was incorporated in the protein only when both adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate were present. Puromycin inhibited protein synthesis. The amount of material required for this assay is small. The system can be used to study changes in protein synthesis in the retinas of rats with retinal dystrophies.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of protein by the retina. The properties of a cell-free system obtained from rat retina. We describe the properties of a post-mitochondrial (30,000 g) supernatant fluid obtained from rat retina which incorporated (3H) leucine into an alkali-stable acid-insoluble fraction (protein). It contained a substance, possibly leucine, which interfered with the incorporation of (3H) leucine into acid-insoluble fractions and which could be removed by passage through Sephadex G-25 or by dialysis. Magnesium was essential for protein synthesis and potassium enhanced it. Radioactive leucine was incorporated in the protein only when both adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate were present. Puromycin inhibited protein synthesis. The amount of material required for this assay is small. The system can be used to study changes in protein synthesis in the retinas of rats with retinal dystrophies.", "PMID": 743608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5572", "title": "Corneal effects of intraocular air.", "content": "To resolve the apparent contradiction between Norn's work on human eyes suggesting that postoperative air protects the corneal endothelium and the work of Leibowitz on excised animal eyes suggesting that air damages the corneal endothelium, we have replicated Norn's findings in an animal model similar to that used by Leibowitz. Since fewer metabolically active cells may maintain corneal deturgesence even after cell loss we do not believe that Norn's work contradicts that of Leibowitz. We find that the eyes treated with air have significantly less corneal swelling.", "contents": "Corneal effects of intraocular air. To resolve the apparent contradiction between Norn's work on human eyes suggesting that postoperative air protects the corneal endothelium and the work of Leibowitz on excised animal eyes suggesting that air damages the corneal endothelium, we have replicated Norn's findings in an animal model similar to that used by Leibowitz. Since fewer metabolically active cells may maintain corneal deturgesence even after cell loss we do not believe that Norn's work contradicts that of Leibowitz. We find that the eyes treated with air have significantly less corneal swelling.", "PMID": 743609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5573", "title": "Breeding a pigmented strain of rats with tapetoretinal degeneration.", "content": "When Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats are bred with Wistar albinos the offspring are deeply pigmented and have normally functioning retinas. From this second generation, various breeding possibilities exist. In the course of successive cross-breedings one can obtain albinos, tan striped (RCS type) or pigmented animals, any one of which may be normal, carrier or affected. The skin pigmentation trait and that of retinal degeneration are independently inherited and follow autosomal recessive Mendelian laws. However normals for ERG studies vary with skin pigmentation. It is suggested that only one group should be chosen and preferably the pigmented variety.", "contents": "Breeding a pigmented strain of rats with tapetoretinal degeneration. When Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats are bred with Wistar albinos the offspring are deeply pigmented and have normally functioning retinas. From this second generation, various breeding possibilities exist. In the course of successive cross-breedings one can obtain albinos, tan striped (RCS type) or pigmented animals, any one of which may be normal, carrier or affected. The skin pigmentation trait and that of retinal degeneration are independently inherited and follow autosomal recessive Mendelian laws. However normals for ERG studies vary with skin pigmentation. It is suggested that only one group should be chosen and preferably the pigmented variety.", "PMID": 743610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5574", "title": "Electroretinography in pigmented rats with tapeto-retinal degeneration.", "content": "We studied tapeto-retinal degeneration in the offspring of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and Wistar albino rats. Normal ERG values vary according to skin pigmentation: thresholds and implicit times are different. We believe the best experimental material is to be found in the affected pigmented offspring. Evolution of the degeneration over more than 9 months has been observed before extinction and the expressivity of the disease varies from one individual to another. This animal model closely resembles the ERG findings observed clinically in certain pigmentary degenerations of the retina.", "contents": "Electroretinography in pigmented rats with tapeto-retinal degeneration. We studied tapeto-retinal degeneration in the offspring of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and Wistar albino rats. Normal ERG values vary according to skin pigmentation: thresholds and implicit times are different. We believe the best experimental material is to be found in the affected pigmented offspring. Evolution of the degeneration over more than 9 months has been observed before extinction and the expressivity of the disease varies from one individual to another. This animal model closely resembles the ERG findings observed clinically in certain pigmentary degenerations of the retina.", "PMID": 743611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5575", "title": "Iris nevus syndrome.", "content": "We present a case of iris-nevus or Cogan-Reese syndrome with its characteristic pathological findings. Although a rare entity, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of heterochromia associated with elevated intra-ocular pressure. To avoid unnecessary enucleation, it should not be confused with diffuse iris melanoma.", "contents": "Iris nevus syndrome. We present a case of iris-nevus or Cogan-Reese syndrome with its characteristic pathological findings. Although a rare entity, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of heterochromia associated with elevated intra-ocular pressure. To avoid unnecessary enucleation, it should not be confused with diffuse iris melanoma.", "PMID": 743612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5576", "title": "Systemic reaction to subconjunctival phenylephrine.", "content": "After a subconjunctival injection of phenylephrine, cocaine and atropine, a patient's blood pressure rose to 220/180 mmHg. This rise was followed by hypotension, pulmonary edema, and subendocardial ischemia, all of which resolved spontaneously within 12 hours. This report reemphasizes the hazardous effects on blood pressure of phenylephrine applied to the eye.", "contents": "Systemic reaction to subconjunctival phenylephrine. After a subconjunctival injection of phenylephrine, cocaine and atropine, a patient's blood pressure rose to 220/180 mmHg. This rise was followed by hypotension, pulmonary edema, and subendocardial ischemia, all of which resolved spontaneously within 12 hours. This report reemphasizes the hazardous effects on blood pressure of phenylephrine applied to the eye.", "PMID": 743613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5577", "title": "Silicone augmentation of the enophthalmic socket. A 14 year review.", "content": "We injected Silastic RTV S-5392 to increase the obrital volume in 25 enophthalmic patients with enophthalmus. Once the technique had been perfected, the complication rate was nil. Seven patients examined 12-14 years later had no later complications and uniformly satisfactory results.", "contents": "Silicone augmentation of the enophthalmic socket. A 14 year review. We injected Silastic RTV S-5392 to increase the obrital volume in 25 enophthalmic patients with enophthalmus. Once the technique had been perfected, the complication rate was nil. Seven patients examined 12-14 years later had no later complications and uniformly satisfactory results.", "PMID": 743614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5578", "title": "Inhibition of passive anaphylaxis induced in the rat hind paw and peritoneal cavity by N-(2-oxo-3,5,7-cycloheptatrien-1-yl)-aminooxoacetic acid ethyl ester (AY-25,674).", "content": "Passive anaphylaxis induced in the rat hind paw and peritoneal cavity with rat serum containing immunoglobulin E antibody was inhibited by N-(2-oxo-3,5,7-cycloheptatrien-1-yl)-aminooxoacetic acid ethyl ester (AY-25,674). In contrast with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), AY-25,674 was orally active. Otherwise, the activity profile of AY-25,674 was similar to that of DSCG. Peak activity occurred a short time after administration, large doses produced tachyphylaxis, and anaphylactic histamine release from mast cells was inhibited. AY-25,674 did not inhibit increased vascular permeability produced by nonreaginic antibody, compound 48/80, serotonin, or histamine. It is concluded that AY-25,674 produces its antiallergic effects by inhibiting mediator release from mast cells by a mechanism similar to that of DSCG.", "contents": "Inhibition of passive anaphylaxis induced in the rat hind paw and peritoneal cavity by N-(2-oxo-3,5,7-cycloheptatrien-1-yl)-aminooxoacetic acid ethyl ester (AY-25,674). Passive anaphylaxis induced in the rat hind paw and peritoneal cavity with rat serum containing immunoglobulin E antibody was inhibited by N-(2-oxo-3,5,7-cycloheptatrien-1-yl)-aminooxoacetic acid ethyl ester (AY-25,674). In contrast with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), AY-25,674 was orally active. Otherwise, the activity profile of AY-25,674 was similar to that of DSCG. Peak activity occurred a short time after administration, large doses produced tachyphylaxis, and anaphylactic histamine release from mast cells was inhibited. AY-25,674 did not inhibit increased vascular permeability produced by nonreaginic antibody, compound 48/80, serotonin, or histamine. It is concluded that AY-25,674 produces its antiallergic effects by inhibiting mediator release from mast cells by a mechanism similar to that of DSCG.", "PMID": 743615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5579", "title": "Decreased pulmonary vascular responses in dogs with increased pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "We wished to determine whether high pulmonary blood flow alters the pulmonary vascular responses to the vasoconstrictors, hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Acute or chronic left pulmonary artery (PA) occlusion was performed in dogs in order to create high pulmonary blood flow conditions. Right lung pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during normoxia was reduced by both acute and chronic left PA occlusion, suggesting passive vasodilatation. Increases in right lung PVR induced by hypoxia (10--15% O2) and PGF2alpha (0.8-4 microgram kg-1 min-1) were attenuated both in acute and chronic left PA occluded dogs. Since the reductions in responsiveness were similar with acute and chronic increases in blood flow, the attenuating effect of high blood flow was not dependent upon morphologic changes in the vasculature. Pulmonary vascular responsiveness was probably reduced in these animals due to their dilated pulmonary vascular beds, consequent to the increased blood flow, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of smooth muscle contraction.", "contents": "Decreased pulmonary vascular responses in dogs with increased pulmonary blood flow. We wished to determine whether high pulmonary blood flow alters the pulmonary vascular responses to the vasoconstrictors, hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Acute or chronic left pulmonary artery (PA) occlusion was performed in dogs in order to create high pulmonary blood flow conditions. Right lung pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during normoxia was reduced by both acute and chronic left PA occlusion, suggesting passive vasodilatation. Increases in right lung PVR induced by hypoxia (10--15% O2) and PGF2alpha (0.8-4 microgram kg-1 min-1) were attenuated both in acute and chronic left PA occluded dogs. Since the reductions in responsiveness were similar with acute and chronic increases in blood flow, the attenuating effect of high blood flow was not dependent upon morphologic changes in the vasculature. Pulmonary vascular responsiveness was probably reduced in these animals due to their dilated pulmonary vascular beds, consequent to the increased blood flow, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of smooth muscle contraction.", "PMID": 743616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5580", "title": "Effects of cortisol on adrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase: antagonistic effects of vitamin D in hypophysectomized rats fed a vitamin D free diet.", "content": "The influence of individual or combined administration of vitamin D and hydrocortisone on adrenal phenyl-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in hypophysectomized rats deprived of vitamin D for 1 month has been studied, as well as adrenal and urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine. Daily administration of vitamin D for 11 days decreased PNMT activity and increased adrenal norepinephrine, whereas adrenal epinephrine remained unaffected. Epinephrine and norepinephrine urinary excretion increased after four and nine injections of vitamin D from the hypophysectomized rats fed a vitamin D free diet for 1 month. Hydrocortisone treatment produced increases in adrenal PNMT and epinephrine as well as in urinary excretion of both monoamines. The effects of individual administration are neutralized when the two products are injected together.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol on adrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase: antagonistic effects of vitamin D in hypophysectomized rats fed a vitamin D free diet. The influence of individual or combined administration of vitamin D and hydrocortisone on adrenal phenyl-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in hypophysectomized rats deprived of vitamin D for 1 month has been studied, as well as adrenal and urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine. Daily administration of vitamin D for 11 days decreased PNMT activity and increased adrenal norepinephrine, whereas adrenal epinephrine remained unaffected. Epinephrine and norepinephrine urinary excretion increased after four and nine injections of vitamin D from the hypophysectomized rats fed a vitamin D free diet for 1 month. Hydrocortisone treatment produced increases in adrenal PNMT and epinephrine as well as in urinary excretion of both monoamines. The effects of individual administration are neutralized when the two products are injected together.", "PMID": 743617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5581", "title": "Hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of sympathetic nerves in the intact liver of cats.", "content": "Changes in hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of the hepatic nerves were measured in cats. Simultaneous measurements were made of glucose concentrations entering and leaving the intact liver; this, combined with measured blood flows, allows calculation of hepatic glucose balance. Stimulation of the hepatic sympathetic nerves (8 Hz, 15 V, 1 ms) produced a rapid increase in hepatic glucose output that was statistically significant after 1 min and reached a peak 3--5 min after onset of stimulation, after which time the output declined somewhat. The half time for deactivation of the response was 1.8--2 min. Variability in the responses was largely accounted for by the variable control base lines measured immediately prior to stimulation. Those animals showing the highest basal output showed the least increase in output in response to the nerves. The response to stimulation of the mixed nerve trunk in the presence and absence of atropine (1 mg/kg, intraportal) was similar. Simultaneous activation of hepatic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves therefore produces a purely sympathetic type of effect on net glucose balance across the liver. It was also shown that changes in net splanchnic output or simply in arterial--hepatic venous glucose differences are an adequate reflection of liver glucose balance under the currently tested responses.", "contents": "Hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of sympathetic nerves in the intact liver of cats. Changes in hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of the hepatic nerves were measured in cats. Simultaneous measurements were made of glucose concentrations entering and leaving the intact liver; this, combined with measured blood flows, allows calculation of hepatic glucose balance. Stimulation of the hepatic sympathetic nerves (8 Hz, 15 V, 1 ms) produced a rapid increase in hepatic glucose output that was statistically significant after 1 min and reached a peak 3--5 min after onset of stimulation, after which time the output declined somewhat. The half time for deactivation of the response was 1.8--2 min. Variability in the responses was largely accounted for by the variable control base lines measured immediately prior to stimulation. Those animals showing the highest basal output showed the least increase in output in response to the nerves. The response to stimulation of the mixed nerve trunk in the presence and absence of atropine (1 mg/kg, intraportal) was similar. Simultaneous activation of hepatic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves therefore produces a purely sympathetic type of effect on net glucose balance across the liver. It was also shown that changes in net splanchnic output or simply in arterial--hepatic venous glucose differences are an adequate reflection of liver glucose balance under the currently tested responses.", "PMID": 743618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5582", "title": "Evidence for enhanced Na transport in hypertension induced by DOCA in the rat.", "content": "Uninephrectomized rats were treated with DOCA-saline for 3 weeks. Active Na transport activity was assessed in the rat tail artery in three separate ways. In the first method, Na-K exchange was expressed in terms of steady-state values in normal and ouabain-blocked arteries. In the second method, the relation of free cell Na to [Na]0 was measured after equilibration in media in which [Na]0 varied from about 25 to 140 mM. In the third method, the relation of cell K to [k]0 was measured with glass electrodes during the reestablishment of normality following prolonged K depletion. All methods yielded evidence of enhanced net active transport activity in the incubated artery (zero intraluminal pressure) in steady state.", "contents": "Evidence for enhanced Na transport in hypertension induced by DOCA in the rat. Uninephrectomized rats were treated with DOCA-saline for 3 weeks. Active Na transport activity was assessed in the rat tail artery in three separate ways. In the first method, Na-K exchange was expressed in terms of steady-state values in normal and ouabain-blocked arteries. In the second method, the relation of free cell Na to [Na]0 was measured after equilibration in media in which [Na]0 varied from about 25 to 140 mM. In the third method, the relation of cell K to [k]0 was measured with glass electrodes during the reestablishment of normality following prolonged K depletion. All methods yielded evidence of enhanced net active transport activity in the incubated artery (zero intraluminal pressure) in steady state.", "PMID": 743619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5583", "title": "Blood pressure in conscious and anesthetized adrenal-enucleated Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Furth rats.", "content": "Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly in conscious and in anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar-Furth (W/Fu) rats following adrenal enucleation, unilateral nephrectomy, and the imposition of a high salt intake. SD rats quickly developed adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH) which progressed rapidly, and was identifiable in both the conscious and the anesthetized state. W/Fu rats slowly developed mild ARH, which, with a single exception, was identifiable only in conscious animals; the arterial pressures were within the normotensive range under anesthesia. The depressor effect of ether was also greater in adrenal-enucleated W/Fu than in similarly prepared SD rats, and in hypertensives than in normotensives. It is concluded that blood pressure measurements taken under anesthesia may not be representative of the true resting blood pressures: this is likely to be a particularly crucial problem in identifying early hypertension under circumstances and in rat strains highly susceptible to the depressor effects of ether.", "contents": "Blood pressure in conscious and anesthetized adrenal-enucleated Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Furth rats. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly in conscious and in anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar-Furth (W/Fu) rats following adrenal enucleation, unilateral nephrectomy, and the imposition of a high salt intake. SD rats quickly developed adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH) which progressed rapidly, and was identifiable in both the conscious and the anesthetized state. W/Fu rats slowly developed mild ARH, which, with a single exception, was identifiable only in conscious animals; the arterial pressures were within the normotensive range under anesthesia. The depressor effect of ether was also greater in adrenal-enucleated W/Fu than in similarly prepared SD rats, and in hypertensives than in normotensives. It is concluded that blood pressure measurements taken under anesthesia may not be representative of the true resting blood pressures: this is likely to be a particularly crucial problem in identifying early hypertension under circumstances and in rat strains highly susceptible to the depressor effects of ether.", "PMID": 743620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5584", "title": "Role of cardiac lymph and interstitial fluid in lipid metabolism of canine heart.", "content": "To determine whether cardiac interstitial spaces participate in cardiac fatty acid pool, the relationship between cardiac lymph and arterial plasma free palmitate and triglycerides was studied in anesthetized dogs [14C]Sucrose, infused at a constant rate in a femoral vein, appeared in the lymph at 90% of its arterial concentration within 60 min. On the other hand, when [1-14C]palmitate was infused at the same rate and at the same site, the ratio of lymph to arterial plasma 14C-labelled free fatty acids (FFA) was only 21% at 60 min and 25% at 120 min, even though the concentrations of endogenous FFA in lymph and arterial plasma were the same. The ratio reached 90% only 24 h after a bolus injection of [3H]palmitate. [1-14C]Palmitate in the lymph triglyceride fraction was only 8% of that in plasma. Although the lymph composition may be influenced by the metabolism of heart muscle, cardiac adipose tissue, and serum lipoproteins, these results indicate the presence of a pool of myocardial fatty acids which may be partly located in the interstitial spaces.", "contents": "Role of cardiac lymph and interstitial fluid in lipid metabolism of canine heart. To determine whether cardiac interstitial spaces participate in cardiac fatty acid pool, the relationship between cardiac lymph and arterial plasma free palmitate and triglycerides was studied in anesthetized dogs [14C]Sucrose, infused at a constant rate in a femoral vein, appeared in the lymph at 90% of its arterial concentration within 60 min. On the other hand, when [1-14C]palmitate was infused at the same rate and at the same site, the ratio of lymph to arterial plasma 14C-labelled free fatty acids (FFA) was only 21% at 60 min and 25% at 120 min, even though the concentrations of endogenous FFA in lymph and arterial plasma were the same. The ratio reached 90% only 24 h after a bolus injection of [3H]palmitate. [1-14C]Palmitate in the lymph triglyceride fraction was only 8% of that in plasma. Although the lymph composition may be influenced by the metabolism of heart muscle, cardiac adipose tissue, and serum lipoproteins, these results indicate the presence of a pool of myocardial fatty acids which may be partly located in the interstitial spaces.", "PMID": 743621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5585", "title": "Reticuloendothelial system blockade-induced humoral factor depletion and susceptibility to hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine if reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade-induced depletion of circulating alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity resulted in increased susceptibility to hemorrhagic shock. RES blockade induced by the injection of gelatinized lipid emulsion was associated with a 45.9% decrease in phagocytic index and a 85.7% decrease in plasma alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity. Animals subjected to RES blockade 30 min prior to hemorrhagic shock showed a decrease in time to decompensation and a decrease in maximum shed volume. These results are consitent with the concept that circulating levels of this opsonic protein are important in modulating RES phagocytic function and in host defense to shock.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial system blockade-induced humoral factor depletion and susceptibility to hemorrhagic shock. This study was carried out to determine if reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade-induced depletion of circulating alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity resulted in increased susceptibility to hemorrhagic shock. RES blockade induced by the injection of gelatinized lipid emulsion was associated with a 45.9% decrease in phagocytic index and a 85.7% decrease in plasma alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity. Animals subjected to RES blockade 30 min prior to hemorrhagic shock showed a decrease in time to decompensation and a decrease in maximum shed volume. These results are consitent with the concept that circulating levels of this opsonic protein are important in modulating RES phagocytic function and in host defense to shock.", "PMID": 743622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5586", "title": "Arterio-venous difference in lactate levels in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.", "content": "The effects of 30-, 60-, and 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 60-min reperfusion were studied on the left ventricular dP/dt, myocardial ultrastructure, and tissue as well as blood lactate levels in dogs. The dP/dt was depressed by the occlusion, and reperfusion instituted after 30 min resulted in full recovery whereas that after 90 min had an adverse effect. Varying degrees of ultrastructural damage were noted after 60 and 90 min of occlusion and this was further exaggerated by reperfusion. Coronary occlusion markedly increased lactate content of ischemic myocardium, and the same returned to normal upon reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia for 30 or 60 min did not affect net arterial lactate extraction by the heart, but ischemia for 90 min reversed net lactate extraction to net lactate production by the heart. Reperfusion after 30 min of occlusion significantly increased lactate extraction, but reperfusion after 60 and 90 min of ischemia significantly decreased net lactate extraction and increased net production, respectively. The results indicate that estimation of net lactate exchange across the heart can be of value in assessing the viability of myocardium following coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Arterio-venous difference in lactate levels in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The effects of 30-, 60-, and 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 60-min reperfusion were studied on the left ventricular dP/dt, myocardial ultrastructure, and tissue as well as blood lactate levels in dogs. The dP/dt was depressed by the occlusion, and reperfusion instituted after 30 min resulted in full recovery whereas that after 90 min had an adverse effect. Varying degrees of ultrastructural damage were noted after 60 and 90 min of occlusion and this was further exaggerated by reperfusion. Coronary occlusion markedly increased lactate content of ischemic myocardium, and the same returned to normal upon reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia for 30 or 60 min did not affect net arterial lactate extraction by the heart, but ischemia for 90 min reversed net lactate extraction to net lactate production by the heart. Reperfusion after 30 min of occlusion significantly increased lactate extraction, but reperfusion after 60 and 90 min of ischemia significantly decreased net lactate extraction and increased net production, respectively. The results indicate that estimation of net lactate exchange across the heart can be of value in assessing the viability of myocardium following coronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 743623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5587", "title": "Alterations in brain dopamine and serotonin metabolism during the development of tolerance to human beta-endorphin in rats.", "content": "Repeated intracisternal injections of human beta-endorphin lead to development of tolerance with respect to the catalepsy, analgesia, and hypothermia which are seen following a single injection. The initial injection of beta-endorphin results in increases in the dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), in neostriatum, as well as increases in the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in hypothalamus and brainstem and a decrease in 5-HIAA in hippocampus. In the present study, we report changes in metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in specific brain areas during the development of tolerance to beta-endorphin. Thus, the development of tolerance to beta-endorphin with respect to catalepsy, analgesia, and hypothermia may be mediated by development of tolerance to the effects of beta-endorphin on brain dopamine and serotonin release.", "contents": "Alterations in brain dopamine and serotonin metabolism during the development of tolerance to human beta-endorphin in rats. Repeated intracisternal injections of human beta-endorphin lead to development of tolerance with respect to the catalepsy, analgesia, and hypothermia which are seen following a single injection. The initial injection of beta-endorphin results in increases in the dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), in neostriatum, as well as increases in the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in hypothalamus and brainstem and a decrease in 5-HIAA in hippocampus. In the present study, we report changes in metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in specific brain areas during the development of tolerance to beta-endorphin. Thus, the development of tolerance to beta-endorphin with respect to catalepsy, analgesia, and hypothermia may be mediated by development of tolerance to the effects of beta-endorphin on brain dopamine and serotonin release.", "PMID": 743624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5588", "title": "Elevated vascular reactivity in the timolol-treated spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated in utero with a low dose, and from weaning with 6 mg/kg per day of oral timolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker, did not develop hypertension. Isolated aortic rings from these animals showed increased reactivity to raised extracellular K+, when compared with tissues from timolol-treated Kyoto-Wistar (WKY) control rats. The normotensive SHR aorta also showed significant responsiveness to H+ and to high Ca2+ concentrations without previously depolarizing the tissue with high K+. These observations suggest that the increased reactivity seen in vascular smooth muscle from this animal does not develop secondary to elevated peripheral resistance and subsequent hypertrophy, and that the initiation of hypertension in this animal may be related to a membrane defect and (or) cellular defect which results in a facilitation of Ca2+ availability for the contractile proteins of the SHR vascular smooth muscle cell.", "contents": "Elevated vascular reactivity in the timolol-treated spontaneously hypertensive rat. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated in utero with a low dose, and from weaning with 6 mg/kg per day of oral timolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker, did not develop hypertension. Isolated aortic rings from these animals showed increased reactivity to raised extracellular K+, when compared with tissues from timolol-treated Kyoto-Wistar (WKY) control rats. The normotensive SHR aorta also showed significant responsiveness to H+ and to high Ca2+ concentrations without previously depolarizing the tissue with high K+. These observations suggest that the increased reactivity seen in vascular smooth muscle from this animal does not develop secondary to elevated peripheral resistance and subsequent hypertrophy, and that the initiation of hypertension in this animal may be related to a membrane defect and (or) cellular defect which results in a facilitation of Ca2+ availability for the contractile proteins of the SHR vascular smooth muscle cell.", "PMID": 743625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5589", "title": "Picrotoxin prevents habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.", "content": "The gill withdrawal reflex evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon in Aplysia habituates with repeated presentation of the stimulus. This adaptive behaviour is mediated by the integrated activity of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The PNS mediates the basic reflex and its habituation while the CNS exerts both suppressive and facilitatory control over the PNS. This results in greater adaptability of the reflex behaviours. In young Aplysia the CNS control is absent and this is due to the imcomplete development of pathways in the CNS. In an attempt to identify the pathway an attempt was made to manipulate the CNS's suppressive influence by agents which antagonize putative neurotransmitters. The application of picrotoxin-containing seawater over the CNS removed the CNS's suppressive influence but not its facilitatory influence. Thus the reflex amplitude was increased, the reflex latency decreased, and repeated stimulation did not result in habituation. This effect of picrotoxin was completely reversible. It is thus proposed that gamma-aminobutyric acid, a putative neurotransmitter, plays an important role in the mediation of the CNS's suppressive influence.", "contents": "Picrotoxin prevents habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. The gill withdrawal reflex evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon in Aplysia habituates with repeated presentation of the stimulus. This adaptive behaviour is mediated by the integrated activity of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The PNS mediates the basic reflex and its habituation while the CNS exerts both suppressive and facilitatory control over the PNS. This results in greater adaptability of the reflex behaviours. In young Aplysia the CNS control is absent and this is due to the imcomplete development of pathways in the CNS. In an attempt to identify the pathway an attempt was made to manipulate the CNS's suppressive influence by agents which antagonize putative neurotransmitters. The application of picrotoxin-containing seawater over the CNS removed the CNS's suppressive influence but not its facilitatory influence. Thus the reflex amplitude was increased, the reflex latency decreased, and repeated stimulation did not result in habituation. This effect of picrotoxin was completely reversible. It is thus proposed that gamma-aminobutyric acid, a putative neurotransmitter, plays an important role in the mediation of the CNS's suppressive influence.", "PMID": 743627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5590", "title": "Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake into astrocytes by pentobarbital.", "content": "Pentobarbital (0.5-2mM), but not phenobarbital, was found to inhibit the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid into mouse astrocytes in primary cultures up to 45%. This inhibition was additive to a reduction in uptake rate caused by excess potassium. Its possible role in the pharmacological action of pentobarbital is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake into astrocytes by pentobarbital. Pentobarbital (0.5-2mM), but not phenobarbital, was found to inhibit the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid into mouse astrocytes in primary cultures up to 45%. This inhibition was additive to a reduction in uptake rate caused by excess potassium. Its possible role in the pharmacological action of pentobarbital is discussed.", "PMID": 743628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5591", "title": "Ranking of excitatory amino acids by the antagonists glutamic acid diethylester and D-alpha-aminoadipic acid.", "content": "A separation of the excitatory actions of the amino acids upon thalamic neurones of rats anaesthetized with urethane has been accomplished through the use of two antagonists. It has been possible to rank the excitatory compounds in their order of susceptibility to D-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DalphaAA) and L-glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE). The observation that the ranking orders of the excitants differ for these two antagonists permits an analysis of the types of receptors with which the amino acid excitants react. The results support the proposition that more than one neuronal receptor sensitive to the amino acids exists.", "contents": "Ranking of excitatory amino acids by the antagonists glutamic acid diethylester and D-alpha-aminoadipic acid. A separation of the excitatory actions of the amino acids upon thalamic neurones of rats anaesthetized with urethane has been accomplished through the use of two antagonists. It has been possible to rank the excitatory compounds in their order of susceptibility to D-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DalphaAA) and L-glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE). The observation that the ranking orders of the excitants differ for these two antagonists permits an analysis of the types of receptors with which the amino acid excitants react. The results support the proposition that more than one neuronal receptor sensitive to the amino acids exists.", "PMID": 743629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5592", "title": "The effects of acetylcholine and atropine on the 22Na+ permeability of intestinal smooth muscle vesicles.", "content": "A technique is described which has enabled us to measure change in 22Na+ efflux from smooth muscle plasma membrane vesicles. The resting 22Na+ efflux from these sealed vesicles showed a concentration-dependent increase in response to acetylcholine and other muscarinic agonists, in similar concentrations to those which increased 42K+ efflux in whole muscle. The kinetics of this efflux were complex and could not be described by less than three exponential processes. The response to agonists has, therefore, been characterized by measurement of the half-life of 22Na+ efflux (t1/2). The acetylcholine effect was inhibited by atropine, but unlike the situation in the whole muscle, this inhibition was noncompetitive. Tubocuraine (a nicotinic antagonist) had no effect on this acetyl-choline response. Atropine has no effect by itself on the resting 22Na+ efflux, neither did tetrodotoxin or ouabain. 22Na+ efflux from erythrocyte ghosts and liposomes, prepared from lipid extracts of the smooth muscle plasma membrane, was not modified by acetylcholine or atropine.", "contents": "The effects of acetylcholine and atropine on the 22Na+ permeability of intestinal smooth muscle vesicles. A technique is described which has enabled us to measure change in 22Na+ efflux from smooth muscle plasma membrane vesicles. The resting 22Na+ efflux from these sealed vesicles showed a concentration-dependent increase in response to acetylcholine and other muscarinic agonists, in similar concentrations to those which increased 42K+ efflux in whole muscle. The kinetics of this efflux were complex and could not be described by less than three exponential processes. The response to agonists has, therefore, been characterized by measurement of the half-life of 22Na+ efflux (t1/2). The acetylcholine effect was inhibited by atropine, but unlike the situation in the whole muscle, this inhibition was noncompetitive. Tubocuraine (a nicotinic antagonist) had no effect on this acetyl-choline response. Atropine has no effect by itself on the resting 22Na+ efflux, neither did tetrodotoxin or ouabain. 22Na+ efflux from erythrocyte ghosts and liposomes, prepared from lipid extracts of the smooth muscle plasma membrane, was not modified by acetylcholine or atropine.", "PMID": 743631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5593", "title": "A new approach to the measurement of glycerol turnover.", "content": "These studies describe a new method, using a single bolus injection of labelled glycerol, to measure glycerol turnover. In a series of experiments utilizing single animals, this new approach was compared with the previously used method of constant tracer infusion. The two gave identical results. In the bolus method, once the time of maximum glycerol specific activity had been established, glycerol turnover could be calculated using very few additional data points obtained over a very short time span. This simplification was possible because the decay of glycerol specific activity was found to conform to a straight line on a plot of the logarithm of the specific activity versus the logarithm of the time. This new approach should simplify the measurement of glycerol turnover and should permit the determination of the rate of glycerol transformation to other end products.", "contents": "A new approach to the measurement of glycerol turnover. These studies describe a new method, using a single bolus injection of labelled glycerol, to measure glycerol turnover. In a series of experiments utilizing single animals, this new approach was compared with the previously used method of constant tracer infusion. The two gave identical results. In the bolus method, once the time of maximum glycerol specific activity had been established, glycerol turnover could be calculated using very few additional data points obtained over a very short time span. This simplification was possible because the decay of glycerol specific activity was found to conform to a straight line on a plot of the logarithm of the specific activity versus the logarithm of the time. This new approach should simplify the measurement of glycerol turnover and should permit the determination of the rate of glycerol transformation to other end products.", "PMID": 743632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5594", "title": "Opiate-like naloxone-reversible effects of androsterone sulfate in rats.", "content": "Androsterone sulfate (5alpha-androstan-3alpha-ol-17-one, 3-sodium sulfate) administered to freely moving rats via cerebroventricular cannulae induced analgesia, wet-dog shakes, body jerks, rigidity, Straub tail, hypermotility, excessive grooming, hyperreactivity to stimuli, aggression, escape behavior, EEG spiking, and behavioral and EEG seizures. These responses resemble those produced by certain opiate drugs and by beta-endorphin, an endogenous peptide; they appear during the 5-min infusion period, persist in some cases for several hours, and are diminished by pretreatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone. These findings indicate that steroid hormones can act upon at least some of the same central pathways influenced by recognized opiate compounds.", "contents": "Opiate-like naloxone-reversible effects of androsterone sulfate in rats. Androsterone sulfate (5alpha-androstan-3alpha-ol-17-one, 3-sodium sulfate) administered to freely moving rats via cerebroventricular cannulae induced analgesia, wet-dog shakes, body jerks, rigidity, Straub tail, hypermotility, excessive grooming, hyperreactivity to stimuli, aggression, escape behavior, EEG spiking, and behavioral and EEG seizures. These responses resemble those produced by certain opiate drugs and by beta-endorphin, an endogenous peptide; they appear during the 5-min infusion period, persist in some cases for several hours, and are diminished by pretreatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone. These findings indicate that steroid hormones can act upon at least some of the same central pathways influenced by recognized opiate compounds.", "PMID": 743633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5595", "title": "Thyroxine levels in male and female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).", "content": "Four major findings are described: (1) The episodic secretion of thyroxine in mature male white-tailed deer is most pronounced in the warmer months (June and September) and least demonstrated during the coldest months (November and January); (2) no clear annual rhythm of thyroxine was demonstrated in juvenile or mature male or mature barren female white-tailed deer. The monthly mean levels in mature males and females oscillate between 11 and 14 microgram/100 ml throughout the year; (3) the seasonal levels of thyroxine in mature males are almost identical with the thyroxine levels of adult barren females; (4) the seasonal thyroxine levels of juvenile males are constantly higher than levels found in mature males. However, when these deer reach the age of 3 years, their thyroxine levels decrease to those of the adult. The collected data could serve as a tool of evaluation of population structure for wildlife management purposes.", "contents": "Thyroxine levels in male and female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Four major findings are described: (1) The episodic secretion of thyroxine in mature male white-tailed deer is most pronounced in the warmer months (June and September) and least demonstrated during the coldest months (November and January); (2) no clear annual rhythm of thyroxine was demonstrated in juvenile or mature male or mature barren female white-tailed deer. The monthly mean levels in mature males and females oscillate between 11 and 14 microgram/100 ml throughout the year; (3) the seasonal levels of thyroxine in mature males are almost identical with the thyroxine levels of adult barren females; (4) the seasonal thyroxine levels of juvenile males are constantly higher than levels found in mature males. However, when these deer reach the age of 3 years, their thyroxine levels decrease to those of the adult. The collected data could serve as a tool of evaluation of population structure for wildlife management purposes.", "PMID": 743634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5596", "title": "Effect of ketamine on thermoregulation in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of ketamine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at the ambient temperatures (Ta) of both 8 and 23 degrees C in unanesthetized rats. At a Ta of 8 degrees C, the hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production. There were no changes in either the tail skin temperature (Ttail) or the sole skin temperature (Tsole). At a Ta of 23 degrees C, the hypothermia was due to an increase in Ttail, and increase in Tsole, and a decrease in metabolic heat production. However, at a Ta of 31 degrees C, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to ketamine application, since neither heat production nor skin temperatures (e.g., Ttail and Tsole) was affected by ketamine at this Ta. The data indicate that the effect of the drug treatment may be to decrease heat production and (or) increase heat loss.", "contents": "Effect of ketamine on thermoregulation in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of ketamine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at the ambient temperatures (Ta) of both 8 and 23 degrees C in unanesthetized rats. At a Ta of 8 degrees C, the hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production. There were no changes in either the tail skin temperature (Ttail) or the sole skin temperature (Tsole). At a Ta of 23 degrees C, the hypothermia was due to an increase in Ttail, and increase in Tsole, and a decrease in metabolic heat production. However, at a Ta of 31 degrees C, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to ketamine application, since neither heat production nor skin temperatures (e.g., Ttail and Tsole) was affected by ketamine at this Ta. The data indicate that the effect of the drug treatment may be to decrease heat production and (or) increase heat loss.", "PMID": 743635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5597", "title": "The dead zone of thermoregulation in normal and paraplegic man.", "content": "Independent heating and cooling of the core and skin were performed to a normal and a paraplegic subject. It was found that the core threshold temperature for vasoconstriction release was between that for shivering and sweating. After the onset of sweating, vasodilation of the forearm was observed to increase sharply. The core threshold temperature of sweating of the paraplegic was 0.7 degrees C higher than that of the normal at corresponding mean sentient skin temperatures. No sweating was observed in the spinal man without raising his core temperature. It appeared that the dead zone of thermoregulation is shifted up in the spinal patient and the possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "The dead zone of thermoregulation in normal and paraplegic man. Independent heating and cooling of the core and skin were performed to a normal and a paraplegic subject. It was found that the core threshold temperature for vasoconstriction release was between that for shivering and sweating. After the onset of sweating, vasodilation of the forearm was observed to increase sharply. The core threshold temperature of sweating of the paraplegic was 0.7 degrees C higher than that of the normal at corresponding mean sentient skin temperatures. No sweating was observed in the spinal man without raising his core temperature. It appeared that the dead zone of thermoregulation is shifted up in the spinal patient and the possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 743636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5598", "title": "Regional distribution of ethanol in the rat brain.", "content": "The regional distribution of ethanol in selected areas of the rat brain was studied after single intravenous and intraperitoneal injections. Ethanol concentrations (measured by gas-liquid chromatography) in cortex, striatum, and hippocampus were compared with arterial and venous blood alcohol concentrations. As previously reported, equilibrium between tissue and arterial blood occurred within 3 min and followed simple diffusion kinetics. At shorter time intervals (1 min) after injection, regional ethanol concentrations differed, possibly because of regional blood flow and tissue mass. Equilibrium between tissue and venous blood required 10--15 min and coincided with the disappearance of the arterial-venous difference. These findings suggest that tissue ethanol concentrations cannot be determined from venous blood samples until brain arteriovenous equilibrium has occurred. They also support the argument that alcohol concentrations in tissue perfusates do not necessarily provide a reliable guide to those in the tissue.", "contents": "Regional distribution of ethanol in the rat brain. The regional distribution of ethanol in selected areas of the rat brain was studied after single intravenous and intraperitoneal injections. Ethanol concentrations (measured by gas-liquid chromatography) in cortex, striatum, and hippocampus were compared with arterial and venous blood alcohol concentrations. As previously reported, equilibrium between tissue and arterial blood occurred within 3 min and followed simple diffusion kinetics. At shorter time intervals (1 min) after injection, regional ethanol concentrations differed, possibly because of regional blood flow and tissue mass. Equilibrium between tissue and venous blood required 10--15 min and coincided with the disappearance of the arterial-venous difference. These findings suggest that tissue ethanol concentrations cannot be determined from venous blood samples until brain arteriovenous equilibrium has occurred. They also support the argument that alcohol concentrations in tissue perfusates do not necessarily provide a reliable guide to those in the tissue.", "PMID": 743637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5599", "title": "Voluntary increase in finger temperature in man in a cooling environment.", "content": "To test whether man can increase voluntarily skin temperature in a cool environment, 14 subjects (age 15--51) were studied. They came once or twice a week for five to eight sessions of 1 h. The room temperature of various sessions varied from 21.2 to 15.6 degrees C. Temperatures of six fingers were recorded using thermocouples. During trials to increase temperature, subjects were shown a dial indicating temperature of an index finger and were instructed to try to warm their hands. The trials were begun when skin temperatures were stable or were falling, indicating that vasoconstriction was occurring. They were preceded and followed by a rest period. The differences between changes in temperature during the trials and the rest periods were significant for the group of 14 subjects (p less than 0.01). In 10 subjects with individually significant results, differences between the trial and rest periods averaged 5.0 degrees C for 'the best' and 3.9 degrees C for 'the worst' finger. The maximum temperatures during the trials averaged 30.9 +/- 1.0 degrees C (mean +/- SE) in 'the best' finger. During later sessions, subjects were able to increase temperatures without seeing the dial. The results indicate that humans are able to increase voluntarily cutaneous finger blood flow in a cool environment.", "contents": "Voluntary increase in finger temperature in man in a cooling environment. To test whether man can increase voluntarily skin temperature in a cool environment, 14 subjects (age 15--51) were studied. They came once or twice a week for five to eight sessions of 1 h. The room temperature of various sessions varied from 21.2 to 15.6 degrees C. Temperatures of six fingers were recorded using thermocouples. During trials to increase temperature, subjects were shown a dial indicating temperature of an index finger and were instructed to try to warm their hands. The trials were begun when skin temperatures were stable or were falling, indicating that vasoconstriction was occurring. They were preceded and followed by a rest period. The differences between changes in temperature during the trials and the rest periods were significant for the group of 14 subjects (p less than 0.01). In 10 subjects with individually significant results, differences between the trial and rest periods averaged 5.0 degrees C for 'the best' and 3.9 degrees C for 'the worst' finger. The maximum temperatures during the trials averaged 30.9 +/- 1.0 degrees C (mean +/- SE) in 'the best' finger. During later sessions, subjects were able to increase temperatures without seeing the dial. The results indicate that humans are able to increase voluntarily cutaneous finger blood flow in a cool environment.", "PMID": 743638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5600", "title": "The relationship of deep and surface skin temperatures to the ventilatory responses elicited during cold water immersion.", "content": "Subjects were immersed for 10 min in water at 14.5 degrees C, after exposure either to ambient temperature or sauna heating. During the immersions, total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, the mean of three surface skin temperatures, and deep skin temperatures were measured. There was a statistically significant correlation between the rate of change of deep skin temperature and the initial ventilatory responses evoked during both cold water immersions. After the sauna heating and cold water exposure, the temperature gradient through the skin appeared to be related to the ventilatory response. There was no significant correlation between the rate of change of mean surface skin temperature and the ventilatory response. The results suggest that the primary drive to increased ventilation during cold water immersion is the rate of change of deep skin temperature.", "contents": "The relationship of deep and surface skin temperatures to the ventilatory responses elicited during cold water immersion. Subjects were immersed for 10 min in water at 14.5 degrees C, after exposure either to ambient temperature or sauna heating. During the immersions, total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, the mean of three surface skin temperatures, and deep skin temperatures were measured. There was a statistically significant correlation between the rate of change of deep skin temperature and the initial ventilatory responses evoked during both cold water immersions. After the sauna heating and cold water exposure, the temperature gradient through the skin appeared to be related to the ventilatory response. There was no significant correlation between the rate of change of mean surface skin temperature and the ventilatory response. The results suggest that the primary drive to increased ventilation during cold water immersion is the rate of change of deep skin temperature.", "PMID": 743639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5601", "title": "Cyst and germ tube wall structure in Aphanomyces astaci, Oomycetes.", "content": "Aphanomyces astaci secondary cyst walls and walls of germinating spores were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis, autolysis, sonication, and enzymic degradation and were examined by shadow-casting and negative-staining techniques. The cyst wall consists of randomly oriented fibrils, about 3 nm in diameter. The fibrils are embedded in, or covered by, amorphous beta-1,3-glucans which can easily be removed by alkaline hydrolysis. The germ tube wall surface has the same structure, but the amorphous layer is less easily removed.", "contents": "Cyst and germ tube wall structure in Aphanomyces astaci, Oomycetes. Aphanomyces astaci secondary cyst walls and walls of germinating spores were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis, autolysis, sonication, and enzymic degradation and were examined by shadow-casting and negative-staining techniques. The cyst wall consists of randomly oriented fibrils, about 3 nm in diameter. The fibrils are embedded in, or covered by, amorphous beta-1,3-glucans which can easily be removed by alkaline hydrolysis. The germ tube wall surface has the same structure, but the amorphous layer is less easily removed.", "PMID": 743640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5602", "title": "[Antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants].", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of three antioxydants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethoxyquin (ETO) was studied. In vitro assays showed that when these antioxydants are added to the culture media at concentrations lower or equal to that used in nutrition, they inhibit or decrease the growth of certain microorganisms. BHT showed the most marked effect, affecting Gram-positive bacteria at a higher degree than the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Inactivation study of different bacterial species by BHT revealed differences in sensitivity among a single genus and between strains of the same species. The association of ETO with BHT results in an increase of the inhibitory activity. The increased sensitivity to BHT resulting from the osmotic shock of Escherichia coli cells suggests that the resistance to BHT of the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae might be due in part to the structure of their cell wall.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants]. The antimicrobial activity of three antioxydants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethoxyquin (ETO) was studied. In vitro assays showed that when these antioxydants are added to the culture media at concentrations lower or equal to that used in nutrition, they inhibit or decrease the growth of certain microorganisms. BHT showed the most marked effect, affecting Gram-positive bacteria at a higher degree than the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Inactivation study of different bacterial species by BHT revealed differences in sensitivity among a single genus and between strains of the same species. The association of ETO with BHT results in an increase of the inhibitory activity. The increased sensitivity to BHT resulting from the osmotic shock of Escherichia coli cells suggests that the resistance to BHT of the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae might be due in part to the structure of their cell wall.", "PMID": 743641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5603", "title": "[Effect of fatty acids on the antibacterial activity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)].", "content": "This study deals with the effect of the association of certain fatty acids with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) on the antibacterial activity of this antioxidant. Evidence is drawn from the results as to an increase of the inhibitory effect of the antioxidant towards a few bacterial strains when it is associated with either lauric acid or palmitoleic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of fatty acids on the antibacterial activity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)]. This study deals with the effect of the association of certain fatty acids with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) on the antibacterial activity of this antioxidant. Evidence is drawn from the results as to an increase of the inhibitory effect of the antioxidant towards a few bacterial strains when it is associated with either lauric acid or palmitoleic acid.", "PMID": 743642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5604", "title": "Purification of Channel Catfish virus, a fish herpesvirus.", "content": "Channel Catfish virus was highly purified from host cells by precipitation with PEG-6000 and isopycnic centrifugation in a metrizamide gradient. As calculated from reconstruction experiments, only 0.09 and 0.05% respectively of the host DNA and the host proteins were recovered at the position of the viral band. The final recovery of infectivity was about 30%. Electron microscopy showed mostly intact viral particles.", "contents": "Purification of Channel Catfish virus, a fish herpesvirus. Channel Catfish virus was highly purified from host cells by precipitation with PEG-6000 and isopycnic centrifugation in a metrizamide gradient. As calculated from reconstruction experiments, only 0.09 and 0.05% respectively of the host DNA and the host proteins were recovered at the position of the viral band. The final recovery of infectivity was about 30%. Electron microscopy showed mostly intact viral particles.", "PMID": 743643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5605", "title": "Antibiotic resistance among predominant Salmonella serovars and phagovars in Canada.", "content": "The antibiotic susceptibility of 2609 Salmonella isolates, collected during the period 1975-1976, was tested and the relationships between antibiotic-resistance pattern, source of isolation, and serovar and phagovar were determined. Of 95 serovars examined, 40 were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested. Salmonella typhimurium was the major contributor to multiple resistance from both human and non-human sources. Multiply resistant strains were not found from animal feed sources and, in addition, S. typhimurium, one of the most predominant serovars, was found in every source but animal feeds. 90% of phagovar 10 was sensitive to all antibiotics tested whereas over 80% of phagovars 3-aerogenic, 92, and 123 were multiply resistant.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance among predominant Salmonella serovars and phagovars in Canada. The antibiotic susceptibility of 2609 Salmonella isolates, collected during the period 1975-1976, was tested and the relationships between antibiotic-resistance pattern, source of isolation, and serovar and phagovar were determined. Of 95 serovars examined, 40 were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested. Salmonella typhimurium was the major contributor to multiple resistance from both human and non-human sources. Multiply resistant strains were not found from animal feed sources and, in addition, S. typhimurium, one of the most predominant serovars, was found in every source but animal feeds. 90% of phagovar 10 was sensitive to all antibiotics tested whereas over 80% of phagovars 3-aerogenic, 92, and 123 were multiply resistant.", "PMID": 743644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5606", "title": "The effect of temperature on phenol degradation in wastewater.", "content": "Data are presented which show that the microbiological degradation of phenol in industrial wastewater is affected by temperature in an unexpected manner. The rate of degradation is unaffected by temperature changes in the range from 24 to 10 degrees C but falls off rapidly at temperatures below 10 degrees C. In the interval from 10 to 2 degrees C the rate of degradation is a function of temperature and is proportional to the rate of growth of the bacteria studied. By contrast, the increase in rate of phenol degradation is much greater than the increase in growth rate as the temperature increases from 10 to 24 degrees C. Field and laboratory studies show that increased efficiency of phenol degradation in wastewater is due to increase in temperature rather than to shifts in microbial populations.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on phenol degradation in wastewater. Data are presented which show that the microbiological degradation of phenol in industrial wastewater is affected by temperature in an unexpected manner. The rate of degradation is unaffected by temperature changes in the range from 24 to 10 degrees C but falls off rapidly at temperatures below 10 degrees C. In the interval from 10 to 2 degrees C the rate of degradation is a function of temperature and is proportional to the rate of growth of the bacteria studied. By contrast, the increase in rate of phenol degradation is much greater than the increase in growth rate as the temperature increases from 10 to 24 degrees C. Field and laboratory studies show that increased efficiency of phenol degradation in wastewater is due to increase in temperature rather than to shifts in microbial populations.", "PMID": 743645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5607", "title": "Physical mapping of the genes controlling adenovirus paracrystal formation.", "content": "The genetic properties and physical mapping of the genes controlling adenovirus-induced paracrystals were examined by means of a new, simplified technique. The induction of paracrystals was virus-strain dependent and blocked by several temperature-sensitive mutations. Using interserotypic recombinants between a paracrystal-producing and a non-producing strain of adenovirus, the principal paracrystal determining factor was mapped between coordinates 30 and 44 on the 100-unit adenovirus genome.", "contents": "Physical mapping of the genes controlling adenovirus paracrystal formation. The genetic properties and physical mapping of the genes controlling adenovirus-induced paracrystals were examined by means of a new, simplified technique. The induction of paracrystals was virus-strain dependent and blocked by several temperature-sensitive mutations. Using interserotypic recombinants between a paracrystal-producing and a non-producing strain of adenovirus, the principal paracrystal determining factor was mapped between coordinates 30 and 44 on the 100-unit adenovirus genome.", "PMID": 743646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5608", "title": "Effect of oxygen and nitrate on nitrogen fixation and denitrification by Azospirillum brasilense grown in continuous culture.", "content": "Azospirillum brasilense was grown continuously at various levels of dissolved oxygen (O2) in a nitrogen-free medium containing malates as the carbon source. Steady-state cultures were established only at O2 concentrations less than 0.0150 atm (1 atm = 101.325 Pa) and rates of acetylene reduction (N2 fixation) and efficiencies of N2 fixation were maximal between 0.0050-0.0075 atm dissolved O2. These cultures appeared to be O2- or N2-limited. There was no evidence of a respiratory protective mechanism in this organism. Anaerobic denitrifying steady-state cultures were established with nitrate (NO3-) as the sole nitrogen source with no detectable N2 fixation. N2 fixation, but no denitrification, was observed when NO3- was decreased to 10 microgram N per millilitre at 0.003 atm dissolved O2. In samples removed from the culture vessel, either activity could be induced with a lag of approximately 120 min by incubation under appropriate conditions.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen and nitrate on nitrogen fixation and denitrification by Azospirillum brasilense grown in continuous culture. Azospirillum brasilense was grown continuously at various levels of dissolved oxygen (O2) in a nitrogen-free medium containing malates as the carbon source. Steady-state cultures were established only at O2 concentrations less than 0.0150 atm (1 atm = 101.325 Pa) and rates of acetylene reduction (N2 fixation) and efficiencies of N2 fixation were maximal between 0.0050-0.0075 atm dissolved O2. These cultures appeared to be O2- or N2-limited. There was no evidence of a respiratory protective mechanism in this organism. Anaerobic denitrifying steady-state cultures were established with nitrate (NO3-) as the sole nitrogen source with no detectable N2 fixation. N2 fixation, but no denitrification, was observed when NO3- was decreased to 10 microgram N per millilitre at 0.003 atm dissolved O2. In samples removed from the culture vessel, either activity could be induced with a lag of approximately 120 min by incubation under appropriate conditions.", "PMID": 743647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5609", "title": "Characterization of bacteriophage CP1, an organic solvent sensitive phage associated with Pseudomonas cepacia.", "content": "Pseudomonas cepacia strain 249 has been found to harbor an organic solvent sensitive phage, CP1, which is active on other P. cepacia strains. The efficiency of plating of CP1 was dependent upon the strain on which it was propagated and the strain used as indicator, implying the operation of host restriction and modification systems in certain of the strains. Strain 383 which was used routinely for propagation of CP1 appears to lack such systems. To obtain high-titer lysates it was important to add EDTA to the infected cultures at the onset of lysis to block attachment of phage particles to cell debris. CP1 possesses a distinct head (55 nm in diameter) and a broad contractile tail (15 x 145 nm). Fluorescent staining of phage preparations with acridine orange indicated that CP1 contains double-stranded DNA. CP1 particles contained about 5 X 10(-17) g each of protein and DNA for a total particle weight of 10(-16) g. The apparent molecular weight of CP1 DNA estimated from its sedimentation behavior and the particle content of DNA was about 3 X 10(7). Thermal-denaturation studies indicated that the G + C content of CP1 DNA (65%) was lower than that of DNA of its P. cepacia host (71% G + C). The mechanism of inactivation of CP1 by chloroform appears to be related to tail contraction caused by this agent. An atypical reverse contraction of the tail sheath was noted in about 45% of the inactivated particles. No phospholipid was detected in purified preparations of CP1 (less than 4 X 10(19) g/PFU). The results suggest that inactivation of CP1 by organic solvents involves alteration of a component (presumably a protein) of the phage tail.", "contents": "Characterization of bacteriophage CP1, an organic solvent sensitive phage associated with Pseudomonas cepacia. Pseudomonas cepacia strain 249 has been found to harbor an organic solvent sensitive phage, CP1, which is active on other P. cepacia strains. The efficiency of plating of CP1 was dependent upon the strain on which it was propagated and the strain used as indicator, implying the operation of host restriction and modification systems in certain of the strains. Strain 383 which was used routinely for propagation of CP1 appears to lack such systems. To obtain high-titer lysates it was important to add EDTA to the infected cultures at the onset of lysis to block attachment of phage particles to cell debris. CP1 possesses a distinct head (55 nm in diameter) and a broad contractile tail (15 x 145 nm). Fluorescent staining of phage preparations with acridine orange indicated that CP1 contains double-stranded DNA. CP1 particles contained about 5 X 10(-17) g each of protein and DNA for a total particle weight of 10(-16) g. The apparent molecular weight of CP1 DNA estimated from its sedimentation behavior and the particle content of DNA was about 3 X 10(7). Thermal-denaturation studies indicated that the G + C content of CP1 DNA (65%) was lower than that of DNA of its P. cepacia host (71% G + C). The mechanism of inactivation of CP1 by chloroform appears to be related to tail contraction caused by this agent. An atypical reverse contraction of the tail sheath was noted in about 45% of the inactivated particles. No phospholipid was detected in purified preparations of CP1 (less than 4 X 10(19) g/PFU). The results suggest that inactivation of CP1 by organic solvents involves alteration of a component (presumably a protein) of the phage tail.", "PMID": 743648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5610", "title": "Structure of the D-glucans produced by Neisseria perflava.", "content": "A chemical and enzymic study of the cellular glucan of Neisseria perflava and of the glucan produced from sucrose by a cell-free extract of N. perflava showed from optical rotation, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, methylation analysis, and alpha- and beta-amylase hydrolysis studies that the glucans had glycogen-like structures. These structures were composed of chains of 1-4-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units with branch points of 4-O- and 6-O-disubstituted D-glucopyranose units. While the backbone structures of the two glucans were similar, the release of maltose by the action of beta-amylase indicated that the 1-4 linked nonreducing side chains of the cell-free enzymically synthesized glucan were longer (approximately seven units) than those present in the cellular glucan (approximately two to three units), a result in agreement with methylation analyses.", "contents": "Structure of the D-glucans produced by Neisseria perflava. A chemical and enzymic study of the cellular glucan of Neisseria perflava and of the glucan produced from sucrose by a cell-free extract of N. perflava showed from optical rotation, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, methylation analysis, and alpha- and beta-amylase hydrolysis studies that the glucans had glycogen-like structures. These structures were composed of chains of 1-4-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units with branch points of 4-O- and 6-O-disubstituted D-glucopyranose units. While the backbone structures of the two glucans were similar, the release of maltose by the action of beta-amylase indicated that the 1-4 linked nonreducing side chains of the cell-free enzymically synthesized glucan were longer (approximately seven units) than those present in the cellular glucan (approximately two to three units), a result in agreement with methylation analyses.", "PMID": 743649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5611", "title": "Ouabain induced seizures: site of production and response to anticonvulsants.", "content": "Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+ -K\" -ATP'ase, has been administered intraventricularly to rats to study the effect of impairment of membrane transport mechanisms on the genesis of seizures. Running and leaping seizures occur rapidly after injection of ouabain in a low volume (10 microliter) when the maximal uptake of ouabain (39.8%) is the hippocampus. Generalized clonic-tonic seizures are induced by higher volume injections (50 microliter) associated with wider distribution of ouabain, including the cerebellum and brainstem. Ouabain was injected into cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, fastigeal nucleus, ventrolateral mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar injections produced both running and leaping and generalized clonic-tonic seizures. It is suggested that this results from decreased inhibitory effect of vermal and paravermal Purkinje cells on intra-cerebellar nuclei, which alters cerebellar influence on the reticular formation and the limbic system. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbitone, phenacemide, carbamezepine and clonazepam but not ethosuximide are effective against generalized clonic-tonic seizures, suggesting that this is a model for \"grand mal\" but not \"petit mal\" seizure mechanisms. It is furthermore suggested that running and leaping are subcortical, probably limbic, seizures that are most relevant as a model for temporal lobe seizures.", "contents": "Ouabain induced seizures: site of production and response to anticonvulsants. Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+ -K\" -ATP'ase, has been administered intraventricularly to rats to study the effect of impairment of membrane transport mechanisms on the genesis of seizures. Running and leaping seizures occur rapidly after injection of ouabain in a low volume (10 microliter) when the maximal uptake of ouabain (39.8%) is the hippocampus. Generalized clonic-tonic seizures are induced by higher volume injections (50 microliter) associated with wider distribution of ouabain, including the cerebellum and brainstem. Ouabain was injected into cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, fastigeal nucleus, ventrolateral mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar injections produced both running and leaping and generalized clonic-tonic seizures. It is suggested that this results from decreased inhibitory effect of vermal and paravermal Purkinje cells on intra-cerebellar nuclei, which alters cerebellar influence on the reticular formation and the limbic system. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbitone, phenacemide, carbamezepine and clonazepam but not ethosuximide are effective against generalized clonic-tonic seizures, suggesting that this is a model for \"grand mal\" but not \"petit mal\" seizure mechanisms. It is furthermore suggested that running and leaping are subcortical, probably limbic, seizures that are most relevant as a model for temporal lobe seizures.", "PMID": 743650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5612", "title": "Increased dependence on visual information for movement control in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Studies were made of visually and non-visually guided movements by patients with Parkinson's disease. The subjects moved a light, horizontal handle using rotation primarily about the elbow. During visually guided trials both handle and target positions were displayed to the subject; during non-visually guided trials only the handle position was displayed. During non-visually guided trials all patients showed a tendency for an overall flexion drift, although there was no change in average movement amplitude. The overall error in position by the end of the non-visually guided trials was greatly in excess of the reported values for passive displacement thresholds in normal subjects. It is suggested that the data indicate an increased dependence on visual information for control of motor activity in Parkinson's patients.", "contents": "Increased dependence on visual information for movement control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Studies were made of visually and non-visually guided movements by patients with Parkinson's disease. The subjects moved a light, horizontal handle using rotation primarily about the elbow. During visually guided trials both handle and target positions were displayed to the subject; during non-visually guided trials only the handle position was displayed. During non-visually guided trials all patients showed a tendency for an overall flexion drift, although there was no change in average movement amplitude. The overall error in position by the end of the non-visually guided trials was greatly in excess of the reported values for passive displacement thresholds in normal subjects. It is suggested that the data indicate an increased dependence on visual information for control of motor activity in Parkinson's patients.", "PMID": 743651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5613", "title": "Alterations of membrane phosphorylation in erythrocyte membranes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The phosphorylation of spectrin, band 3 protein, and the phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) was examined in 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The rates of phosphorylation of spectrin and band 3 protein were significantly higher in ghosts prepared from patient blood than from control blood at both 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. However, the mean increases in the rate of phosphorylation of both spectrin and band 3 protein in response to a temperature change from 30 degrees C to 37 degrees C were identical in ghosts from patient and controls. Phosphorylation of phospholipid and its temperature response did not differ between patients and controls. These results complement previous observations of differences in erythrocytes from patients with DMD. The similarity of the changes in phosphorylation of both spectrin and band 3 protein indicates a common cause, possibly their lipid environment.", "contents": "Alterations of membrane phosphorylation in erythrocyte membranes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The phosphorylation of spectrin, band 3 protein, and the phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) was examined in 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The rates of phosphorylation of spectrin and band 3 protein were significantly higher in ghosts prepared from patient blood than from control blood at both 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. However, the mean increases in the rate of phosphorylation of both spectrin and band 3 protein in response to a temperature change from 30 degrees C to 37 degrees C were identical in ghosts from patient and controls. Phosphorylation of phospholipid and its temperature response did not differ between patients and controls. These results complement previous observations of differences in erythrocytes from patients with DMD. The similarity of the changes in phosphorylation of both spectrin and band 3 protein indicates a common cause, possibly their lipid environment.", "PMID": 743652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5614", "title": "Cerebral tissue response to electrode implantation.", "content": "Tissue response to platinum electrodes was assessed after an eight-day implantation period. The regions of study included the cortical areas at the opercular gyri and at the sulcus parieto-occipitalis externus, as well as the sub-cortical white matter in these cases. Perivascular and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic lesions as well as edematous changes characterized both by extensive intra and extracellular swelling were noted. Numerous phagocytic elements and degenerative strucutres were present at the electrode/parenchymal interface. Tissue alterations were asymmetrical as observed both around and at the tip of the implanted electrode. The parenchymal alterations extended from 0.2mm to 3.5mm distance from the electrode path/parenchymal interface. Greater tissue involvement was found in the subcortical white matter as compared to the adjacent cortical gray matter.", "contents": "Cerebral tissue response to electrode implantation. Tissue response to platinum electrodes was assessed after an eight-day implantation period. The regions of study included the cortical areas at the opercular gyri and at the sulcus parieto-occipitalis externus, as well as the sub-cortical white matter in these cases. Perivascular and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic lesions as well as edematous changes characterized both by extensive intra and extracellular swelling were noted. Numerous phagocytic elements and degenerative strucutres were present at the electrode/parenchymal interface. Tissue alterations were asymmetrical as observed both around and at the tip of the implanted electrode. The parenchymal alterations extended from 0.2mm to 3.5mm distance from the electrode path/parenchymal interface. Greater tissue involvement was found in the subcortical white matter as compared to the adjacent cortical gray matter.", "PMID": 743653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5615", "title": "Case report and ultrastructural study of intracranial embryonal carcinoma.", "content": "A case of a primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma, the first with ultrastructural study, is reported. The tumor was associated with precocious puberty in a 6 1/2-year-old female. Characteristic embryoid bodies were present. At the ultrastructural level three cell types were noted: undifferentiated, differentiated, and intermediate types. The undifferentiated showed scanty cytoplasmic organelles and numerous free polysomes, while the differentiated cells contained well-developed mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and some contained secretory granules. The intermediate cells possessed dilated and irregularly-shaped mitochondria but still retained large numbers of free polysomes. The authors suggest that intracranial germ cell tumors be named in conformity with germ cell tumors in other sites, and that terms such as \"ectopic pinealoma\" and \"atypical teratoma of the pineal\" be used no longer.", "contents": "Case report and ultrastructural study of intracranial embryonal carcinoma. A case of a primary intracranial embryonal carcinoma, the first with ultrastructural study, is reported. The tumor was associated with precocious puberty in a 6 1/2-year-old female. Characteristic embryoid bodies were present. At the ultrastructural level three cell types were noted: undifferentiated, differentiated, and intermediate types. The undifferentiated showed scanty cytoplasmic organelles and numerous free polysomes, while the differentiated cells contained well-developed mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and some contained secretory granules. The intermediate cells possessed dilated and irregularly-shaped mitochondria but still retained large numbers of free polysomes. The authors suggest that intracranial germ cell tumors be named in conformity with germ cell tumors in other sites, and that terms such as \"ectopic pinealoma\" and \"atypical teratoma of the pineal\" be used no longer.", "PMID": 743654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5616", "title": "Epidemiologic and clinical features of sporadic Salmonella enteric fever.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of enteric fever were diagnosed between January 1961 and February 1977 at a medium-sized urban hospital. Nineteen of the patients had recently travelled abroad. Fever was the only constant finding, and four patients noted fever and headache as their only symptoms. Splenomegaly was present in 30% and rose spots in just 11%. Enteric fever was initially suspected in only 63% of cases, and a mean of 4.8 days elapsed after admission before specific therapy was instituted. Salmonella was cultured from blood samples in 19 of 24 patients and from stool specimens in 21 of 27, but was never isolated from the urine. Serum O agglutinins, while eventually present in 54% of the patients tested, did not help in establishing an early diagnosis. No deaths occurred, though two patients sustained relapses. Sporadic enteric fever is unlikely to be suspected unless associated with recent foreign travel, but is easily diagnosed by usual culture methods.", "contents": "Epidemiologic and clinical features of sporadic Salmonella enteric fever. Twenty-seven cases of enteric fever were diagnosed between January 1961 and February 1977 at a medium-sized urban hospital. Nineteen of the patients had recently travelled abroad. Fever was the only constant finding, and four patients noted fever and headache as their only symptoms. Splenomegaly was present in 30% and rose spots in just 11%. Enteric fever was initially suspected in only 63% of cases, and a mean of 4.8 days elapsed after admission before specific therapy was instituted. Salmonella was cultured from blood samples in 19 of 24 patients and from stool specimens in 21 of 27, but was never isolated from the urine. Serum O agglutinins, while eventually present in 54% of the patients tested, did not help in establishing an early diagnosis. No deaths occurred, though two patients sustained relapses. Sporadic enteric fever is unlikely to be suspected unless associated with recent foreign travel, but is easily diagnosed by usual culture methods.", "PMID": 743658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5617", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis and pneumonia in infants: report of two cases.", "content": "In two cases of pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in infants the symptoms began in the second week of life and the illness was severest at 4 weeks of age. Both infants were afebrile. One had a history of conjunctivitis. Both presented with a characteristic staccato cough and tachypnea but little evidence of peripheral airway obstruction. Chest roentgenograms showed interstitial and alveolar pulmonary infiltration in hyperexpanded lungs. The serum IgM concentrations were markedly elevated. C. trachomatis was cultured from specimens from both infants and one mother, and titres of antibody to the organism were substantially elevated in one infant and one mother.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis and pneumonia in infants: report of two cases. In two cases of pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in infants the symptoms began in the second week of life and the illness was severest at 4 weeks of age. Both infants were afebrile. One had a history of conjunctivitis. Both presented with a characteristic staccato cough and tachypnea but little evidence of peripheral airway obstruction. Chest roentgenograms showed interstitial and alveolar pulmonary infiltration in hyperexpanded lungs. The serum IgM concentrations were markedly elevated. C. trachomatis was cultured from specimens from both infants and one mother, and titres of antibody to the organism were substantially elevated in one infant and one mother.", "PMID": 743659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5618", "title": "Hepatitis and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in dentists.", "content": "Dentists were surveyed regarding a history of hepatitis and the presence in the blood of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) to determine whether they were at high risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus. Of 288 Canadian dentists 5.2% gave a history of hepatitis after graduation. This proportion is similar to that for 1462 Ontario dentists (6.3%) and that for 3162 accountants (5.1%) who had previously completed a mailed questionnaire. One dentist (0.3%) was HBsAg-positive and 42 (14.6%) were anti-HBs-positive. Of 210 healthy volunteer blood donors matched for age, sex and ethnic origin with the group of dentists none was HBsAg-positive and 2.9% significantly fewer (P less than 0.005), were anti-HBs-positive. Among Ontario blood donors 0.3% were HBsAg-positive and 3% were anti-HBs-positive. Thus, in Canada, dentists are not at increased risk of acquiring clinical hepatitis or becoming carriers, but they are more likely than other groups to have anti-HBs in the blood. Among dentists from outside Canada a higher proportion had a history of hepatitis (10.3%) and were HBsAg-positive (1.6%), but approximately the same proportion were anti-HBs-positive (15.9%).", "contents": "Hepatitis and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in dentists. Dentists were surveyed regarding a history of hepatitis and the presence in the blood of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) to determine whether they were at high risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus. Of 288 Canadian dentists 5.2% gave a history of hepatitis after graduation. This proportion is similar to that for 1462 Ontario dentists (6.3%) and that for 3162 accountants (5.1%) who had previously completed a mailed questionnaire. One dentist (0.3%) was HBsAg-positive and 42 (14.6%) were anti-HBs-positive. Of 210 healthy volunteer blood donors matched for age, sex and ethnic origin with the group of dentists none was HBsAg-positive and 2.9% significantly fewer (P less than 0.005), were anti-HBs-positive. Among Ontario blood donors 0.3% were HBsAg-positive and 3% were anti-HBs-positive. Thus, in Canada, dentists are not at increased risk of acquiring clinical hepatitis or becoming carriers, but they are more likely than other groups to have anti-HBs in the blood. Among dentists from outside Canada a higher proportion had a history of hepatitis (10.3%) and were HBsAg-positive (1.6%), but approximately the same proportion were anti-HBs-positive (15.9%).", "PMID": 743666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5619", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis: isolation of two species of cytotoxic clostridia and successful treatment with vancomycin.", "content": "Lincomycin-resistant Clostridium sporogenes obtained from the stools of a patient with lincomycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis produced a heat-stable cytotoxin in low titre when grown in chopped meat medium. Vancomycin eradicated this strain and all other clostridia, and controlled the symptoms. When diarrhea recurred 7 days after treatment with vancomycin was stopped, clostridia including C. sporogenes and C. difficile were again isolated. The C. difficile produced a heat-labile cytotoxin in high titre that was unaffected by growth in various media and induced colitis in hamsters. Treatment with vancomycin, to which all the clostridia were sensitive, eradicated both toxic species and controlled the diarrhea. Antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis may be associated with more than one species of toxin-producing clostridia. Vancomycin therapy should be continued for 10 days or more in patients with severe disease to eradicate the responsible organism.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis: isolation of two species of cytotoxic clostridia and successful treatment with vancomycin. Lincomycin-resistant Clostridium sporogenes obtained from the stools of a patient with lincomycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis produced a heat-stable cytotoxin in low titre when grown in chopped meat medium. Vancomycin eradicated this strain and all other clostridia, and controlled the symptoms. When diarrhea recurred 7 days after treatment with vancomycin was stopped, clostridia including C. sporogenes and C. difficile were again isolated. The C. difficile produced a heat-labile cytotoxin in high titre that was unaffected by growth in various media and induced colitis in hamsters. Treatment with vancomycin, to which all the clostridia were sensitive, eradicated both toxic species and controlled the diarrhea. Antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis may be associated with more than one species of toxin-producing clostridia. Vancomycin therapy should be continued for 10 days or more in patients with severe disease to eradicate the responsible organism.", "PMID": 743667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5620", "title": "Postural hypotension and mental function in the elderly.", "content": "The effect of 3 hours of ambulatory activity on the mental function of 12 elderly persons with postural hypotension was examined. There was little difference between the mean combined mental status and set test scores when the subjects were supine (42.3) and when they were erect after 3 hours of ambulatory activity (42.2). A control group of persons of similar age and health who did not have hypotension also exhibited little difference in mean scores (49.9 v. 51.5 respectively). The mean scores of the two groups of subjects did not differ significantly. After 6 months the mean scores of the two groups were 40.9 and 44.7 respectively. It appears that elderly individuals with postural hypotension do not exhibit any appreciable deterioration in mental function with ambulation or after a 6-month period.", "contents": "Postural hypotension and mental function in the elderly. The effect of 3 hours of ambulatory activity on the mental function of 12 elderly persons with postural hypotension was examined. There was little difference between the mean combined mental status and set test scores when the subjects were supine (42.3) and when they were erect after 3 hours of ambulatory activity (42.2). A control group of persons of similar age and health who did not have hypotension also exhibited little difference in mean scores (49.9 v. 51.5 respectively). The mean scores of the two groups of subjects did not differ significantly. After 6 months the mean scores of the two groups were 40.9 and 44.7 respectively. It appears that elderly individuals with postural hypotension do not exhibit any appreciable deterioration in mental function with ambulation or after a 6-month period.", "PMID": 743668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5621", "title": "Effect of substrates and of coronary artery ligation on mechanical performance and on release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase in isolated working rat hearts.", "content": "Glucose and fatty acid substrates had different effects on the cardiac output, heart work and rates of release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from isolated perfused working rat hearts with coronary artery ligation. Release of LDH or CPK was increased in hearts perfused with free fatty acids (FFA) instead of glucose. The addition of insulin decreased palmitate-induced release of LDH but did not increase cardiac output, while the addition of glucose to hearts perfused with fatty acid both increased cardiac output and depressed LDH release. In FFA-perfused hearts addition of both glucose and insulin gave lowest rates of enzyme release and increased cardiac output, heart rate and heart work. It is proposed that glucose and/or insulin protected the hearts from the deleterious effects of FFA.", "contents": "Effect of substrates and of coronary artery ligation on mechanical performance and on release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase in isolated working rat hearts. Glucose and fatty acid substrates had different effects on the cardiac output, heart work and rates of release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from isolated perfused working rat hearts with coronary artery ligation. Release of LDH or CPK was increased in hearts perfused with free fatty acids (FFA) instead of glucose. The addition of insulin decreased palmitate-induced release of LDH but did not increase cardiac output, while the addition of glucose to hearts perfused with fatty acid both increased cardiac output and depressed LDH release. In FFA-perfused hearts addition of both glucose and insulin gave lowest rates of enzyme release and increased cardiac output, heart rate and heart work. It is proposed that glucose and/or insulin protected the hearts from the deleterious effects of FFA.", "PMID": 743693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5622", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of verapamil.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that verapamil possess potent anti-arrhythmic effects. The present study has been designed to define the cardiovascular effects of this drug. Isolated tissue studies performed in rabbit right atrium demonstrated that prompt and prominent slowing of the sinus rate even at a dose of 1 X 10(-7) mol . litre-1. This dose produced significant decrease in action potential amplitude and phase 4 slope, shifted the 'threshold potential' to a less negative value, prolonged action potential duration but did not change maximum diastolic potential. At this dose of verapamil, sinoatrial conduction time prolonged significantly (control: 40.0 +/- 4.8 ms; 1 X 10(-7) mol . litre-1 verapamil: 50.0 +/- 6.4 ms). Purkinje fibre studies demonstrated decreases in dV/dt, resting potential, total amplitude, action potential duration at 75, 95% of recovery and effective refractory period only after exposure to greater than or equal to 1 X 10(-5) mol . litre-1 verapamil. Electrophysiological studies in conscious dogs demonstrated, after bolus administration of verapamil, progressive increases in the A-H interval and heart rate, but no changes in H-V and QRS intervals. Anaesthetised dog studies showed the lack of significant effect on A-H and H-V intervals or QRS duration regardless of the bolus dose of verapamil. However, verapamil produced statistically significant increases in heart rate after 0.025 mg . kg-1. Verapamil administration did not produce a statistically significant change in escape pacemaker rate in vagal stimulation experiments or with spontaneously beating isolated Purkinje fibres. Finally, the effect of increasing intravenous bolus does of verapamil on ischaemic arrhythmias was studied in five conscious dogs 24 h following LAD ligation. Only one dog with ventricular tachycardia and another dog with junctional escape rhythm were converted to sinus rhythm after the 0.05 mg . kg-1 and 0.2 mg . kg-1 doses, respectively. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that administration of verapamil specifically depresses tissue with electrophysiological dependence on slow channel current. Therefore, sinus and A-V nodal events would be suppressed and slow-channel mediated events in ischaemic ventricle also would be inhibited. Clinically, acute administration of verapamil would lead to depression of sinus and A-V nodal function as well as potentially eliminate slow current mechanisms in ischaemic arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of verapamil. Previous studies have demonstrated that verapamil possess potent anti-arrhythmic effects. The present study has been designed to define the cardiovascular effects of this drug. Isolated tissue studies performed in rabbit right atrium demonstrated that prompt and prominent slowing of the sinus rate even at a dose of 1 X 10(-7) mol . litre-1. This dose produced significant decrease in action potential amplitude and phase 4 slope, shifted the 'threshold potential' to a less negative value, prolonged action potential duration but did not change maximum diastolic potential. At this dose of verapamil, sinoatrial conduction time prolonged significantly (control: 40.0 +/- 4.8 ms; 1 X 10(-7) mol . litre-1 verapamil: 50.0 +/- 6.4 ms). Purkinje fibre studies demonstrated decreases in dV/dt, resting potential, total amplitude, action potential duration at 75, 95% of recovery and effective refractory period only after exposure to greater than or equal to 1 X 10(-5) mol . litre-1 verapamil. Electrophysiological studies in conscious dogs demonstrated, after bolus administration of verapamil, progressive increases in the A-H interval and heart rate, but no changes in H-V and QRS intervals. Anaesthetised dog studies showed the lack of significant effect on A-H and H-V intervals or QRS duration regardless of the bolus dose of verapamil. However, verapamil produced statistically significant increases in heart rate after 0.025 mg . kg-1. Verapamil administration did not produce a statistically significant change in escape pacemaker rate in vagal stimulation experiments or with spontaneously beating isolated Purkinje fibres. Finally, the effect of increasing intravenous bolus does of verapamil on ischaemic arrhythmias was studied in five conscious dogs 24 h following LAD ligation. Only one dog with ventricular tachycardia and another dog with junctional escape rhythm were converted to sinus rhythm after the 0.05 mg . kg-1 and 0.2 mg . kg-1 doses, respectively. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that administration of verapamil specifically depresses tissue with electrophysiological dependence on slow channel current. Therefore, sinus and A-V nodal events would be suppressed and slow-channel mediated events in ischaemic ventricle also would be inhibited. Clinically, acute administration of verapamil would lead to depression of sinus and A-V nodal function as well as potentially eliminate slow current mechanisms in ischaemic arrhythmias.", "PMID": 743694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5623", "title": "The use of radioiodinated human serum albumin in measurements of arterial permeability.", "content": "The interactions of radioiodinated human serum albumin and sodium iodide with plasma proteins and their uptake by the arterial wall are investigated in vivo and in vitro. The results clearly show that in most situations iodinated albumin is unsuitable for studies on arterial permeability.", "contents": "The use of radioiodinated human serum albumin in measurements of arterial permeability. The interactions of radioiodinated human serum albumin and sodium iodide with plasma proteins and their uptake by the arterial wall are investigated in vivo and in vitro. The results clearly show that in most situations iodinated albumin is unsuitable for studies on arterial permeability.", "PMID": 743695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5624", "title": "Significance of pulmonary input impedance in right ventricular performance.", "content": "Right ventricular adaptation to changes in pulmonary input impedance was studied in open-chest dogs. When identical increases in pulmonary vascular resistance are imposed by two different manoeuvres (lung inflation and clamping of the left pulmonary artery), external power and pressure-time integral of the right ventricle at similar filling pressure are always greater during clamping than during inflation. Further studies demonstrate that, at equal increases in pulmonary input impedance modulus at 0 Hz, the clamping produces a greater change in the sum of the first three harmonics of impedance than the inflation (respectively +77% and -10% vs control modulus; -82% and +8% vs control phase). These impedance changes could explain the different behaviour of the right ventricle either by better matching of the ventricular internal impedance or by functional modification of the outflow tract.", "contents": "Significance of pulmonary input impedance in right ventricular performance. Right ventricular adaptation to changes in pulmonary input impedance was studied in open-chest dogs. When identical increases in pulmonary vascular resistance are imposed by two different manoeuvres (lung inflation and clamping of the left pulmonary artery), external power and pressure-time integral of the right ventricle at similar filling pressure are always greater during clamping than during inflation. Further studies demonstrate that, at equal increases in pulmonary input impedance modulus at 0 Hz, the clamping produces a greater change in the sum of the first three harmonics of impedance than the inflation (respectively +77% and -10% vs control modulus; -82% and +8% vs control phase). These impedance changes could explain the different behaviour of the right ventricle either by better matching of the ventricular internal impedance or by functional modification of the outflow tract.", "PMID": 743696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5625", "title": "Evaluation of the OSM2 hemoximeter.", "content": "The linearity and repeatability of measurements of total haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and oxygen saturation (So2) by the OSM2 oximeter have been studied. Standard deviations (SD) of measurements from linearity were as follows: [Hb], 4.2 g . litre-1; So2, 1.14 to 1.08% between zero and 100% saturation. Reproducibility by a single operator was within SD 1.1 g . litre-1 for [Hb] and 0.32% for So2, and between operators the means of 5 measurements had SD 0.42 g . litre-1 for [Hb] and 0.19% for So2, suggesting little if any extra variation from one operator to another. Foetal haemoglobin behaved as adult haemoglobin, but carboxyhaemoglobin caused a systematic and reproducible error in So2 measurement, from which HbCO concentration can be derived.", "contents": "Evaluation of the OSM2 hemoximeter. The linearity and repeatability of measurements of total haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and oxygen saturation (So2) by the OSM2 oximeter have been studied. Standard deviations (SD) of measurements from linearity were as follows: [Hb], 4.2 g . litre-1; So2, 1.14 to 1.08% between zero and 100% saturation. Reproducibility by a single operator was within SD 1.1 g . litre-1 for [Hb] and 0.32% for So2, and between operators the means of 5 measurements had SD 0.42 g . litre-1 for [Hb] and 0.19% for So2, suggesting little if any extra variation from one operator to another. Foetal haemoglobin behaved as adult haemoglobin, but carboxyhaemoglobin caused a systematic and reproducible error in So2 measurement, from which HbCO concentration can be derived.", "PMID": 743697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5626", "title": "Experience with mechanical contrast medium injection at selective coronary angiography.", "content": "This is a report of our experiences with the automatic contrast medium injector at selective coronary angiography during 836 examinations, and the quantitative evaluation of 193 single injections. Using average injection volumes per single injection of 5.0 ml for the left and 2.5 ml for the right coronary artery, a clear reduction of the quantity of contrast medium at constant definition can be registered. The variability in increase in the injection flow from 0 up to the peakflow appears to be important according to the anatomic and pathologic facts. Frequently a contrast medium reflux occurs out of the coronary ostium into the aorta. On the whole, automatic injection at selective coronary angiography is a reproducible and extensible method with few risks.", "contents": "Experience with mechanical contrast medium injection at selective coronary angiography. This is a report of our experiences with the automatic contrast medium injector at selective coronary angiography during 836 examinations, and the quantitative evaluation of 193 single injections. Using average injection volumes per single injection of 5.0 ml for the left and 2.5 ml for the right coronary artery, a clear reduction of the quantity of contrast medium at constant definition can be registered. The variability in increase in the injection flow from 0 up to the peakflow appears to be important according to the anatomic and pathologic facts. Frequently a contrast medium reflux occurs out of the coronary ostium into the aorta. On the whole, automatic injection at selective coronary angiography is a reproducible and extensible method with few risks.", "PMID": 743701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5627", "title": "Radionuclide angiography of the heart in coronary heart disease: where do we stand?", "content": "Regional systolic left ventricular performance after myocardial infarct was assessed from 216 radionuclide angiograms performed in 170 patients. Recording of first transit of an intravenously injected bolus of technetium-99m pertechnetate was made by a multicrystal scintillation camera at a framing rate of 20 per second. The RAO view was used and a simultaneous ECG was employed. Statistics adequate for resolving regional events were obtained by a compact bolus input and phasic summation into one representative cycle of data obtained during left ventricular passage. Emphasis was given to imaging of regional systolic left ventricular function: perimeter images of end-systole and end-diastole, regional stroke volume images and ejection fraction images were processed. New trend images were presented that reflect total systolic contraction and improve image quality: regional rate of decrease and increase images, wall motion trend images and regional mean transit time images. In 96% of the cases, correspondence was found between the electrocardiographic location of the infarct and the region of major wall motion and ejection  disorder. Akinesia and/or dyskinesia were seen in 77% of the cases; a ventricular aneurysm was found in 11%. Additional areas of wall motion anomalies were shown by 70%. Image analysis, nuclear image signs and their diagnostic meaning, as well as the indications for this nontraumatic examination in coronary heart disease are discussed. Relevant information for medical or surgical therapy can be obtained from early and follow-up studies in patients with unstable, progressive angina, ischemic electrocardiographic signs and those who have had myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiography of the heart in coronary heart disease: where do we stand? Regional systolic left ventricular performance after myocardial infarct was assessed from 216 radionuclide angiograms performed in 170 patients. Recording of first transit of an intravenously injected bolus of technetium-99m pertechnetate was made by a multicrystal scintillation camera at a framing rate of 20 per second. The RAO view was used and a simultaneous ECG was employed. Statistics adequate for resolving regional events were obtained by a compact bolus input and phasic summation into one representative cycle of data obtained during left ventricular passage. Emphasis was given to imaging of regional systolic left ventricular function: perimeter images of end-systole and end-diastole, regional stroke volume images and ejection fraction images were processed. New trend images were presented that reflect total systolic contraction and improve image quality: regional rate of decrease and increase images, wall motion trend images and regional mean transit time images. In 96% of the cases, correspondence was found between the electrocardiographic location of the infarct and the region of major wall motion and ejection  disorder. Akinesia and/or dyskinesia were seen in 77% of the cases; a ventricular aneurysm was found in 11%. Additional areas of wall motion anomalies were shown by 70%. Image analysis, nuclear image signs and their diagnostic meaning, as well as the indications for this nontraumatic examination in coronary heart disease are discussed. Relevant information for medical or surgical therapy can be obtained from early and follow-up studies in patients with unstable, progressive angina, ischemic electrocardiographic signs and those who have had myocardial infarctions.", "PMID": 743702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5628", "title": "The measurement of pulmonic valve area by angiocardiographic and hemodynamic methods.", "content": "The validity of angiocardiographic measurements in assessing the severity of pulmonic valve stenosis was determined. The pulmonic valve orifice area was measured in the lateral projection on cineangiocardiographic films in 24 patients with valvar pulmonic stenosis. The valve orifice area was also obtained in the same patients by the Gorlin and Bache formulae. The right ventricular output value required for insertion in these formulae was obtained by angiocardiographic right ventricular volume measurement and by the Fick method. The correlation between the directly measured valve orifice area and the area calculated using the Fick principle and the Bache formula was 0.80. The substitution of angiocardiographically measured right ventricular stroke volume for the Fick value gave a correlation of 0.82. The results support validity of employing direct angiocardiographic measurements of pulmonic valve orifice area and angiocardiographic right ventricular volume measurements for quantitative assessment of the severity of pulmonic valve stenosis. The angiocardiographic methods thus represent an alternative to the Fick technique which can be used in conditions where the Fick method cannot be expected to give valid results.", "contents": "The measurement of pulmonic valve area by angiocardiographic and hemodynamic methods. The validity of angiocardiographic measurements in assessing the severity of pulmonic valve stenosis was determined. The pulmonic valve orifice area was measured in the lateral projection on cineangiocardiographic films in 24 patients with valvar pulmonic stenosis. The valve orifice area was also obtained in the same patients by the Gorlin and Bache formulae. The right ventricular output value required for insertion in these formulae was obtained by angiocardiographic right ventricular volume measurement and by the Fick method. The correlation between the directly measured valve orifice area and the area calculated using the Fick principle and the Bache formula was 0.80. The substitution of angiocardiographically measured right ventricular stroke volume for the Fick value gave a correlation of 0.82. The results support validity of employing direct angiocardiographic measurements of pulmonic valve orifice area and angiocardiographic right ventricular volume measurements for quantitative assessment of the severity of pulmonic valve stenosis. The angiocardiographic methods thus represent an alternative to the Fick technique which can be used in conditions where the Fick method cannot be expected to give valid results.", "PMID": 743706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5629", "title": "Congenital tricuspid insufficiency.", "content": "This is a case report of a 16-year-old male with moderate mitral disease, probably rheumatic, and with severe tricuspid insufficiency, which at surgery appeared to be a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve (absence of the anterior leaflet). A tricuspid heterograft was successfully inserted. The symptoms of congenital tricuspid insufficiency are discussed, and this entity is differentiated from other causes of tricuspid insufficiency.", "contents": "Congenital tricuspid insufficiency. This is a case report of a 16-year-old male with moderate mitral disease, probably rheumatic, and with severe tricuspid insufficiency, which at surgery appeared to be a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve (absence of the anterior leaflet). A tricuspid heterograft was successfully inserted. The symptoms of congenital tricuspid insufficiency are discussed, and this entity is differentiated from other causes of tricuspid insufficiency.", "PMID": 743703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5630", "title": "Metabolic action and cellular structure of the myocardium during coronary angiography.", "content": "Experimental perfusion of coronary arteries of guinea pig heart with contrast media causes various changes in electrolyte metabolism, depending on the chemical structures of the administered contrast media. These electrolyte changes are related to the tolerance of the myocardium to the contrast agents. Electron microscopic sections of human myocardium after coronary perfusion with Urografin-76 reveal that no alterations of subcellular structure occur.", "contents": "Metabolic action and cellular structure of the myocardium during coronary angiography. Experimental perfusion of coronary arteries of guinea pig heart with contrast media causes various changes in electrolyte metabolism, depending on the chemical structures of the administered contrast media. These electrolyte changes are related to the tolerance of the myocardium to the contrast agents. Electron microscopic sections of human myocardium after coronary perfusion with Urografin-76 reveal that no alterations of subcellular structure occur.", "PMID": 743699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5631", "title": "Value of angiography in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "The value of angiography in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) was assessed in 100 consecutive patients with AAA. Angiographic information influenced management decisons and/or surgery performance in 75: In 23 patients at high risk for surgery because of associated medical problems, it helped in deferring surgery; in 52 patients it resulted in a change of operation from a standard aneurysm resection with conventional grafting to a more conservative procedure (three patients), more extensive grafting (45 patients) and/or the addition of other vascular reconstructions (32 patients). Angiography is considered an integral step in the routine preoperative workup of AAA and is particularly valuable for the determination of important anatomic details about the aneurysm (upper and lower extensions, relation to the renal arteries), the detection of associated vascular disease (of renal, visceral, pelvic and peripheral arteries), and the demonstration of aberrant renal arteries and collateral visceral circulation. Catheter techniques are considered most suitable and safe for examination of AAA.", "contents": "Value of angiography in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. The value of angiography in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) was assessed in 100 consecutive patients with AAA. Angiographic information influenced management decisons and/or surgery performance in 75: In 23 patients at high risk for surgery because of associated medical problems, it helped in deferring surgery; in 52 patients it resulted in a change of operation from a standard aneurysm resection with conventional grafting to a more conservative procedure (three patients), more extensive grafting (45 patients) and/or the addition of other vascular reconstructions (32 patients). Angiography is considered an integral step in the routine preoperative workup of AAA and is particularly valuable for the determination of important anatomic details about the aneurysm (upper and lower extensions, relation to the renal arteries), the detection of associated vascular disease (of renal, visceral, pelvic and peripheral arteries), and the demonstration of aberrant renal arteries and collateral visceral circulation. Catheter techniques are considered most suitable and safe for examination of AAA.", "PMID": 743707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5632", "title": "Renal tumor versus renal cyst. Part I.", "content": "The precise diagnosis of carcinoma of the kidney is of particular importance because renal mass lesions are frequently encountered which require nephrectomy if malignant, and renal tissue conservation if benign. The diagnostic problems include those of differentiating benign from malignant tumors and tumors from cysts. Delineation of the extent of tumors is also essential for treatment planning and prognostic implications. Although the sequence of diagnostic imaging procedures utilized in suspected renal mass lesions varies somewhat depending on the clinical presentation, the following techniques are frequently employed until the relevant questions have been answered: urography, ultrasound and/or computed tomography, cyst puncture and contrast injection, angiography, and renal venography. These non-operative methods usually clarify the nature and extent of renal mass lesions and therefore have a major effect on therapy. A logical, systematic approach to their application avoids duplication and achieves appropriate diagnosis most rapidly.", "contents": "Renal tumor versus renal cyst. Part I. The precise diagnosis of carcinoma of the kidney is of particular importance because renal mass lesions are frequently encountered which require nephrectomy if malignant, and renal tissue conservation if benign. The diagnostic problems include those of differentiating benign from malignant tumors and tumors from cysts. Delineation of the extent of tumors is also essential for treatment planning and prognostic implications. Although the sequence of diagnostic imaging procedures utilized in suspected renal mass lesions varies somewhat depending on the clinical presentation, the following techniques are frequently employed until the relevant questions have been answered: urography, ultrasound and/or computed tomography, cyst puncture and contrast injection, angiography, and renal venography. These non-operative methods usually clarify the nature and extent of renal mass lesions and therefore have a major effect on therapy. A logical, systematic approach to their application avoids duplication and achieves appropriate diagnosis most rapidly.", "PMID": 743704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5633", "title": "Unusual vascular complications of dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Nondissecting, chronic, thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may be associated with such vascular complications as aorto-cardiac, aorto-superior vena caval (SVC) and aorto-pulmonary arterial (PA) fistual formation, and/or SVC or PA compression. Dissecting TAA have been associated with these lesions far less often. This report summarizes the occurence and outcome of the following complications of dissecting TTA: (1) SVC obstruction; (2) aorto-right and -left atrial, aorta-right ventricular and aorto-PA fistula formation; (3) compression of the PA and (4) hematoma of the interatrial septum. Two patients are described with aortic dessection complicated by: (1) SVC obstruction and aorto-left atrial fistula; and (2) aorto-PA fistula. These complications are rarer with aortic dissection, because of the acute, catastrophic nature of this lesion. When dissection is chronic, however, arteriovenous fistulae are often well tolerated, and urgent surgical intervention seems to be unnecessary.", "contents": "Unusual vascular complications of dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysms. Nondissecting, chronic, thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may be associated with such vascular complications as aorto-cardiac, aorto-superior vena caval (SVC) and aorto-pulmonary arterial (PA) fistual formation, and/or SVC or PA compression. Dissecting TAA have been associated with these lesions far less often. This report summarizes the occurence and outcome of the following complications of dissecting TTA: (1) SVC obstruction; (2) aorto-right and -left atrial, aorta-right ventricular and aorto-PA fistula formation; (3) compression of the PA and (4) hematoma of the interatrial septum. Two patients are described with aortic dessection complicated by: (1) SVC obstruction and aorto-left atrial fistula; and (2) aorto-PA fistula. These complications are rarer with aortic dissection, because of the acute, catastrophic nature of this lesion. When dissection is chronic, however, arteriovenous fistulae are often well tolerated, and urgent surgical intervention seems to be unnecessary.", "PMID": 743708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5634", "title": "Type C double aortic arch. Double aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery.", "content": "Four infants with type C double aortic arch (double aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery) are discussed. The diagnosis was based on symptoms and signs of tracheoesophageal compression with a bilateral impression in the frontal plane of the esophagogram, as well as on early visualization of the aberrant left subclavian artery during counter-current right brachial angiography. Division of the atretic segment of the left arch and of the ligamentum arteriosum relieved the symptoms.", "contents": "Type C double aortic arch. Double aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Four infants with type C double aortic arch (double aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery) are discussed. The diagnosis was based on symptoms and signs of tracheoesophageal compression with a bilateral impression in the frontal plane of the esophagogram, as well as on early visualization of the aberrant left subclavian artery during counter-current right brachial angiography. Division of the atretic segment of the left arch and of the ligamentum arteriosum relieved the symptoms.", "PMID": 743709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5635", "title": "Value of pulmonary vein wedge angiography in visualization of obstructed ipsilateral pulmonary artery.", "content": "Left ventricular cineangiogram in a 2-year-old child with a large ventricular septal defect, pulmonary atresia and a previous Waterston anastomosis opacified clearly the right pulmonary artery but the left pulmonary artery could not be visualized. The later was thought to be due to obstruction or kinking of the right pulmonary artery proximal to the Waterston anastomotic site. A left pulmonary vein wedge angiogram performed via a No. 5 end-hole catheter with 4.0 cc of meglumine diatrizoate (75% Hypaque) injected under pressure (less than 100 PSI) visualized the left pulmonary artery in a retrograde fashion. The size of the left pulmonary artery at this study was comparable to its size measured at the time of a subsequent left Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. Pulmonary vein wedge angiography with 0.3 cc/kg body weight of contrast material injected over a two second period (less than 100 PSI) appears to be a useful technique in demonstrating the pulmonary arteries when these cannot be visualized by conventional antegrade techniques.", "contents": "Value of pulmonary vein wedge angiography in visualization of obstructed ipsilateral pulmonary artery. Left ventricular cineangiogram in a 2-year-old child with a large ventricular septal defect, pulmonary atresia and a previous Waterston anastomosis opacified clearly the right pulmonary artery but the left pulmonary artery could not be visualized. The later was thought to be due to obstruction or kinking of the right pulmonary artery proximal to the Waterston anastomotic site. A left pulmonary vein wedge angiogram performed via a No. 5 end-hole catheter with 4.0 cc of meglumine diatrizoate (75% Hypaque) injected under pressure (less than 100 PSI) visualized the left pulmonary artery in a retrograde fashion. The size of the left pulmonary artery at this study was comparable to its size measured at the time of a subsequent left Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. Pulmonary vein wedge angiography with 0.3 cc/kg body weight of contrast material injected over a two second period (less than 100 PSI) appears to be a useful technique in demonstrating the pulmonary arteries when these cannot be visualized by conventional antegrade techniques.", "PMID": 743710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5636", "title": "Repeated phlebographic examination during and after fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase and urokinase.", "content": "Forty-three patients with deep vein thrombosis were given fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase and/or urokinase. In all patients the diagnosis was made phlebographically, and repeat phlebography was performed after termination of therapy. Sixty-four of 104 vein segments initially occluded (62%) were partially or completely recanalized. No vein segments particularly suitable for fibrinolytic therapy could be defined. The therapy was as successful in cases in which the thrombosis extended over several segments as in those in which the occlusions involved only one or two segments. Similarly, there was no difference in the success rate for thrombi that were still freely floating and for thrombi that occluded the veins completely. It is recommended that fibrinolytic therapy be given in suitable cases in which clinical symptoms have persisted up to two weeks; in some cases this limit may even be extended up to one month.", "contents": "Repeated phlebographic examination during and after fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase and urokinase. Forty-three patients with deep vein thrombosis were given fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase and/or urokinase. In all patients the diagnosis was made phlebographically, and repeat phlebography was performed after termination of therapy. Sixty-four of 104 vein segments initially occluded (62%) were partially or completely recanalized. No vein segments particularly suitable for fibrinolytic therapy could be defined. The therapy was as successful in cases in which the thrombosis extended over several segments as in those in which the occlusions involved only one or two segments. Similarly, there was no difference in the success rate for thrombi that were still freely floating and for thrombi that occluded the veins completely. It is recommended that fibrinolytic therapy be given in suitable cases in which clinical symptoms have persisted up to two weeks; in some cases this limit may even be extended up to one month.", "PMID": 743711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5637", "title": "The complementary role of sonography and arteriography in the evaluation of the atheromatous abdominal aorta.", "content": "Sonography was performed on 41 patients, 24 of whom were suspected of having abdominal aortic aneurysms and 17 of whom had symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta was evaluated, and the instances in which angioggraphy contributed to the management of these patients was defined. Sonography is adequate for the diagnosis and management of many aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Aortography is necessary when: (1) an inadequate study has been obtained, (2) the iliac arteries are not visualized, (3) renal or mesenteric artery involvement is suspected, (4) multiple or lobulated aneurysms are found, or (5) the aorta is very tortuous.", "contents": "The complementary role of sonography and arteriography in the evaluation of the atheromatous abdominal aorta. Sonography was performed on 41 patients, 24 of whom were suspected of having abdominal aortic aneurysms and 17 of whom had symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta was evaluated, and the instances in which angioggraphy contributed to the management of these patients was defined. Sonography is adequate for the diagnosis and management of many aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Aortography is necessary when: (1) an inadequate study has been obtained, (2) the iliac arteries are not visualized, (3) renal or mesenteric artery involvement is suspected, (4) multiple or lobulated aneurysms are found, or (5) the aorta is very tortuous.", "PMID": 743712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5638", "title": "Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in association with celiac axis occlusion.", "content": "Four patients with aneurysms of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery are described. All had occlusion of the celiac axis at its origin, with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arcades serving as a collateral pathway. We propose that the association of the celiac axis occlusion and aneurysms in the collateral supply via the pancreatic arcades is more than coincidental. Awareness of this relationship may be of significance in planning therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in association with celiac axis occlusion. Four patients with aneurysms of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery are described. All had occlusion of the celiac axis at its origin, with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arcades serving as a collateral pathway. We propose that the association of the celiac axis occlusion and aneurysms in the collateral supply via the pancreatic arcades is more than coincidental. Awareness of this relationship may be of significance in planning therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 743713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5639", "title": "A \"wire-whip\" catheter for selective catheterization of aortic branches.", "content": "A multipurpose \"wire-ship\" catheter has been developed for selective catheterization of branches arising from the aorta. The catheter tip is formed in three dimensions to allow simple selective catheterization and to provide improved stability during injection of contrast media by power injector or by hand. For successful catheterization it is essential to match the diameter of the catheter coil to the aortic lumen at the specific level to be studied; consequently, five standard sizes of coil diameter from 10--18 mm are currently produced. With an additional side hole in the coil, semiselective angiograms may be obtained. The wire-whip catheter has been used in over 200 angiographic examinations. The renal, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric circulations have been most commonly studied, but other aortic branches such as the bronchial, intercostal, phrenic, and lumbar arteries have been catheterized as well. There have been no serious complications.", "contents": "A \"wire-whip\" catheter for selective catheterization of aortic branches. A multipurpose \"wire-ship\" catheter has been developed for selective catheterization of branches arising from the aorta. The catheter tip is formed in three dimensions to allow simple selective catheterization and to provide improved stability during injection of contrast media by power injector or by hand. For successful catheterization it is essential to match the diameter of the catheter coil to the aortic lumen at the specific level to be studied; consequently, five standard sizes of coil diameter from 10--18 mm are currently produced. With an additional side hole in the coil, semiselective angiograms may be obtained. The wire-whip catheter has been used in over 200 angiographic examinations. The renal, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric circulations have been most commonly studied, but other aortic branches such as the bronchial, intercostal, phrenic, and lumbar arteries have been catheterized as well. There have been no serious complications.", "PMID": 743714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5640", "title": "Accessory blood supply to the liver from the dorsal pancreatic artery: an unusual anatomic variant.", "content": "A case of an accessory hepatic artery from the dorsal pancreatic artery is illustrated. A discussion of anatomic variations and embryology of the arterial blood supply to the liver from the celiac axis and aberrant blood supply from other vessels is presented with a consideration of the surgical and diagnostic significance of anatomic variance.", "contents": "Accessory blood supply to the liver from the dorsal pancreatic artery: an unusual anatomic variant. A case of an accessory hepatic artery from the dorsal pancreatic artery is illustrated. A discussion of anatomic variations and embryology of the arterial blood supply to the liver from the celiac axis and aberrant blood supply from other vessels is presented with a consideration of the surgical and diagnostic significance of anatomic variance.", "PMID": 743715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5641", "title": "The size of the aortic arch: a suitable criterion for differentiating between congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt?", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out to determine whether aortic arch size can be regarded as a reliable criterion for differentiating between congenital left-to-right shunt defects. The PA and AP plain chest films of children of all age groups with ductus arteriosus persistens (DAP) (n = 91), atrial septal defect (ASD) (n = 86), ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 87) and a normal control group (n = 387) were used to measure the size of the aortic arch, and an aortic index (AI) was calculated from aortic arch size and the height of the eighth thoracic vertebral body. Three age classes were defined from the AI values of the control group, and the diagnostic groups in each age class were compared with each other. Enlargement of the aortic arch, as reflected in an elevated AI value, was found most frequently in DAP cases. The size of the aortic arch is, however, of varying differential diagnostic value, depending on the age group. No correlation was found between aortic arch size and the size of the left-to-right shunt in cases of DAP.", "contents": "The size of the aortic arch: a suitable criterion for differentiating between congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt? A retrospective study was carried out to determine whether aortic arch size can be regarded as a reliable criterion for differentiating between congenital left-to-right shunt defects. The PA and AP plain chest films of children of all age groups with ductus arteriosus persistens (DAP) (n = 91), atrial septal defect (ASD) (n = 86), ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 87) and a normal control group (n = 387) were used to measure the size of the aortic arch, and an aortic index (AI) was calculated from aortic arch size and the height of the eighth thoracic vertebral body. Three age classes were defined from the AI values of the control group, and the diagnostic groups in each age class were compared with each other. Enlargement of the aortic arch, as reflected in an elevated AI value, was found most frequently in DAP cases. The size of the aortic arch is, however, of varying differential diagnostic value, depending on the age group. No correlation was found between aortic arch size and the size of the left-to-right shunt in cases of DAP.", "PMID": 743716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5642", "title": "Value of a cinefluoroscopic assessment of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "In order to assess the functioning of the pivoting disc of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic valve, a cinefluoroscopic technique using multiple angulations was developed. The disc was detected in 240 (99%) of the 242 valves studied (126 aortic, 107 mitral, and nine tricuspid valves). The maximal-opening angle of the disc was measured in 75% of the aortic but only 20% of the mitral valve prostheses in the 182 valve studies in which this was attempted. Prosthetic dysfunctions were suspected clinically in three aortic and three tricuspid valves and confirmed with the cinefluoroscopic technique. This cinefluoroscopic approach constitutes a rapid, noninvasive, and sensitive evaluation of the function of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic valve in the aortic position.", "contents": "Value of a cinefluoroscopic assessment of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic heart valves. In order to assess the functioning of the pivoting disc of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic valve, a cinefluoroscopic technique using multiple angulations was developed. The disc was detected in 240 (99%) of the 242 valves studied (126 aortic, 107 mitral, and nine tricuspid valves). The maximal-opening angle of the disc was measured in 75% of the aortic but only 20% of the mitral valve prostheses in the 182 valve studies in which this was attempted. Prosthetic dysfunctions were suspected clinically in three aortic and three tricuspid valves and confirmed with the cinefluoroscopic technique. This cinefluoroscopic approach constitutes a rapid, noninvasive, and sensitive evaluation of the function of the Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic valve in the aortic position.", "PMID": 743717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5643", "title": "Impedance plethysmography: its limitations as a substitute for phlebography.", "content": "Impedance plethysmography (IPG) was used to study 132 legs: 100 in normal volunteers not subjected to radiocontrast phlebography, seven in patients whose limbs were phlebographically normal, and 25 proven by phlebography to have deep venous thrombosis (DVT). There were no false positive IPG results when a maximum venous outflow of 0.2% was the discriminant. However, in the 25 legs with thrombosis in calf, popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins, clots were not detected by IPG in 44--51% of legs, depending upon the discriminant. These results, which are in agreement with data reported elsewhere, indicate that it is reasonable to use the IPG method as the sole diagnostic maneuver when the test result is clearly abnormal, but that if the result is not abnormal, a radiocontrast phlebogram is necessary.", "contents": "Impedance plethysmography: its limitations as a substitute for phlebography. Impedance plethysmography (IPG) was used to study 132 legs: 100 in normal volunteers not subjected to radiocontrast phlebography, seven in patients whose limbs were phlebographically normal, and 25 proven by phlebography to have deep venous thrombosis (DVT). There were no false positive IPG results when a maximum venous outflow of 0.2% was the discriminant. However, in the 25 legs with thrombosis in calf, popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins, clots were not detected by IPG in 44--51% of legs, depending upon the discriminant. These results, which are in agreement with data reported elsewhere, indicate that it is reasonable to use the IPG method as the sole diagnostic maneuver when the test result is clearly abnormal, but that if the result is not abnormal, a radiocontrast phlebogram is necessary.", "PMID": 743718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5644", "title": "Renal occlusion phlebography: applicability of the balloon catheters.", "content": "The technique of selective renal occlusion phlebography using Swan-Ganz or Dotter-Lucas balloon catheters is described. The Swan-Ganz catheter is introduced into the femoral vein with the aid of a Cordis introducer system. The Dotter-Lucas balloon catheter is inserted via the same route using a combination of either a Desilets-Hoffman or Edslab introducer, along with a Gebauer introducer. Occlusion of the renal vein is achieved by insufflation of the balloon with air or injection of saline or dilute contrast media into the balloon. Selective renal occlusion phlebography was performed in 116 patients in order to exclude renal vein thrombosis, to delineate poorly vascularized renal masses, to determine the venous involvement of a renal tumor, and to assess the patency of splenorenal shunts. Renal occlusion phlebography optimizes the retrograde opacification of the renal veins. It has value in the delineation of poorly vascularized renal masses and in the determination of the venous involvement of renal and retroperitoneal tumors, and it would seem to be the method of choice for demonstrating the patency of surgical splenorenal shunts. Further enhancement of venous opacification by the combination of temporary arterial vasoconstriction with angiotensin (pharmaco-occlusion phlebography) and venous balloon occlusion is useful in some cases.", "contents": "Renal occlusion phlebography: applicability of the balloon catheters. The technique of selective renal occlusion phlebography using Swan-Ganz or Dotter-Lucas balloon catheters is described. The Swan-Ganz catheter is introduced into the femoral vein with the aid of a Cordis introducer system. The Dotter-Lucas balloon catheter is inserted via the same route using a combination of either a Desilets-Hoffman or Edslab introducer, along with a Gebauer introducer. Occlusion of the renal vein is achieved by insufflation of the balloon with air or injection of saline or dilute contrast media into the balloon. Selective renal occlusion phlebography was performed in 116 patients in order to exclude renal vein thrombosis, to delineate poorly vascularized renal masses, to determine the venous involvement of a renal tumor, and to assess the patency of splenorenal shunts. Renal occlusion phlebography optimizes the retrograde opacification of the renal veins. It has value in the delineation of poorly vascularized renal masses and in the determination of the venous involvement of renal and retroperitoneal tumors, and it would seem to be the method of choice for demonstrating the patency of surgical splenorenal shunts. Further enhancement of venous opacification by the combination of temporary arterial vasoconstriction with angiotensin (pharmaco-occlusion phlebography) and venous balloon occlusion is useful in some cases.", "PMID": 743719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5645", "title": "Splenic infarction and spontaneous rupture of the spleen after therapeutic embolization.", "content": "Patients with major hematologic disorders who have hypersplenism and alterations in their immune mechanism are subject to a higher incidence of bacteremia after embolization procedures. In certain instances, these infectious complications can be fatal. Medical splenectomy for hematologic disorders is sometimes complicated by massive splenic infarction and spontaneous rupture; spontaneous rupture appears to be a function of both infarct size and underlying infectious complications. Prophylactic measures can be employed to avoid these complications after interventional splenic embolization.", "contents": "Splenic infarction and spontaneous rupture of the spleen after therapeutic embolization. Patients with major hematologic disorders who have hypersplenism and alterations in their immune mechanism are subject to a higher incidence of bacteremia after embolization procedures. In certain instances, these infectious complications can be fatal. Medical splenectomy for hematologic disorders is sometimes complicated by massive splenic infarction and spontaneous rupture; spontaneous rupture appears to be a function of both infarct size and underlying infectious complications. Prophylactic measures can be employed to avoid these complications after interventional splenic embolization.", "PMID": 743720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5646", "title": "Arterialization of the portal vein in cirrhosis: the findings at wedge hepatic venography.", "content": "A new operation for the treatment of cirrhosis and portal hypertension has recently been described involving arterialization of the portal vein in combination with an end-to-side portacaval shunt. We present, for the first time, the appearances at wedge hepatic venography. No significant change is seen in the wedge hapatic pressure as a result of this technique, and the sinusoidal pattern is preserved. Filling of the portosplanchnic collaterals is not as frequent as after end-to-side shunts alone, and the appearances seem to reflect improved sinusoidal perfusion. The clinical results have been encouraging.", "contents": "Arterialization of the portal vein in cirrhosis: the findings at wedge hepatic venography. A new operation for the treatment of cirrhosis and portal hypertension has recently been described involving arterialization of the portal vein in combination with an end-to-side portacaval shunt. We present, for the first time, the appearances at wedge hepatic venography. No significant change is seen in the wedge hapatic pressure as a result of this technique, and the sinusoidal pattern is preserved. Filling of the portosplanchnic collaterals is not as frequent as after end-to-side shunts alone, and the appearances seem to reflect improved sinusoidal perfusion. The clinical results have been encouraging.", "PMID": 743721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5647", "title": "Pericardial calcification in childhood.", "content": "Calcific constrictive pericarditis (CCP) in a three-year-old child with symptoms of cardiac compression was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Histologic examination of the pericardial tissue removed at operation revealed a tuberculous etiology. Though unusual in the pediatric age group, constrictive pericarditis (CP) may occur in children, most often as a complication of tuberculosis. Pericardial calcification may also develop in children with CP, though this too is rare. The diagnosis of CCP can be established by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Pericardiectomy is the definitive treatment.", "contents": "Pericardial calcification in childhood. Calcific constrictive pericarditis (CCP) in a three-year-old child with symptoms of cardiac compression was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Histologic examination of the pericardial tissue removed at operation revealed a tuberculous etiology. Though unusual in the pediatric age group, constrictive pericarditis (CP) may occur in children, most often as a complication of tuberculosis. Pericardial calcification may also develop in children with CP, though this too is rare. The diagnosis of CCP can be established by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Pericardiectomy is the definitive treatment.", "PMID": 743722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5648", "title": "The sperm and its formation in the scorpion Centruroides vittatus.", "content": "The development of sperm from a spermatid in the scorpion, Centruroides vittatus (Say), is described. The mature sperm is short with helical nucleus and a peculiar structure of the sperm tail. This peculiarity consists of alternating mitochondrial derivatives and membranous or network elements wrapped about the flagellum. We note the absence both of microtubules in the sperm of Centruroides and also of the centriole adjunct, which is present in other scorpion spermatids.", "contents": "The sperm and its formation in the scorpion Centruroides vittatus. The development of sperm from a spermatid in the scorpion, Centruroides vittatus (Say), is described. The mature sperm is short with helical nucleus and a peculiar structure of the sperm tail. This peculiarity consists of alternating mitochondrial derivatives and membranous or network elements wrapped about the flagellum. We note the absence both of microtubules in the sperm of Centruroides and also of the centriole adjunct, which is present in other scorpion spermatids.", "PMID": 743731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5649", "title": "Cytological characteristics and classification of spindle inhibitors according to their effects on segmentation mitoses.", "content": "The effects of spindle inhibitors and of protein synthesis inhibitors on segmentation mitoses allow us to classify them into six groups : 1. Colchicine type : destruction of the whole achromatic apparatus and centrospheres without storing of dense bodies; 2. Quinoline type : same effect on the achromatic apparatus, but blocked centrospheres with accumulation of dense bodies; 3. Chloralhydrate type : Incomplete destruction of achromatic apparatus, spindle residue which maintains the chromosomes in a star shape, inactive centrospheres sequestered by the reticulum, but without accumulation of dense bodies; 4. Phenylurethane type : Incomplete and reversible action, which leads to easy production of pluripolar mitoses; 5. Carboxylic acid type : dissociation of the spindle, sometimes with blocking of the centrosphere, together with profound chromosome changes without primitive breaks; the intensity and quality of their action is related to the number of carbon atoms in the acid considered; 6. Protein synthesis inhibitor type : (cycloheximide, pederin) characterized by a stop of the nuclear cycle at telo-prophase when the action is sufficient, chromosome abnormalities, sometimes, reduced to strings of beads, and freeing of asters; at weaker concentrations mitosis is possible, but the congression of chromosomes at the equator is abnormal because of functional disturbance of the kinetochores. The nature and grading of these effects, their association (or non - association) to chromosome damage, the soundness of the spindle when only the chromosomes are affected (nitrogen mustard) make this one of the tests which gives the most specific data about the action of antimitotic substances.", "contents": "Cytological characteristics and classification of spindle inhibitors according to their effects on segmentation mitoses. The effects of spindle inhibitors and of protein synthesis inhibitors on segmentation mitoses allow us to classify them into six groups : 1. Colchicine type : destruction of the whole achromatic apparatus and centrospheres without storing of dense bodies; 2. Quinoline type : same effect on the achromatic apparatus, but blocked centrospheres with accumulation of dense bodies; 3. Chloralhydrate type : Incomplete destruction of achromatic apparatus, spindle residue which maintains the chromosomes in a star shape, inactive centrospheres sequestered by the reticulum, but without accumulation of dense bodies; 4. Phenylurethane type : Incomplete and reversible action, which leads to easy production of pluripolar mitoses; 5. Carboxylic acid type : dissociation of the spindle, sometimes with blocking of the centrosphere, together with profound chromosome changes without primitive breaks; the intensity and quality of their action is related to the number of carbon atoms in the acid considered; 6. Protein synthesis inhibitor type : (cycloheximide, pederin) characterized by a stop of the nuclear cycle at telo-prophase when the action is sufficient, chromosome abnormalities, sometimes, reduced to strings of beads, and freeing of asters; at weaker concentrations mitosis is possible, but the congression of chromosomes at the equator is abnormal because of functional disturbance of the kinetochores. The nature and grading of these effects, their association (or non - association) to chromosome damage, the soundness of the spindle when only the chromosomes are affected (nitrogen mustard) make this one of the tests which gives the most specific data about the action of antimitotic substances.", "PMID": 743732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5650", "title": "Fibroblast to substratum contacts mediated by the different forms of fibronectin.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of fibronectin from bovine or hamster plasma and conditioned medium or urea extracts of BHK cells facilitate spreading of BHK cells to plastic surfaces. The different forms of fibronectin have very similar specific activities.", "contents": "Fibroblast to substratum contacts mediated by the different forms of fibronectin. Highly purified preparations of fibronectin from bovine or hamster plasma and conditioned medium or urea extracts of BHK cells facilitate spreading of BHK cells to plastic surfaces. The different forms of fibronectin have very similar specific activities.", "PMID": 743741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5651", "title": "Microtubular system in cultured mouse epithelial cells.", "content": "Previous observations had shown that colcemid does not affect locomotion of epithelial cells. Nevertheless, cultured mouse kidney cells forming epithelial sheets were found to contain a well-developed microtubular system sensitive to colcemid. The orientation of microtubules in the epithelial cells was not correlated with the stable or active state of the cell edges. It is suggested that microtubular system of the epithelial cells forming coherent sheets, in contrast to that of individually moving fibroblasts, is not essential for stabilization of the lateral cell edges.", "contents": "Microtubular system in cultured mouse epithelial cells. Previous observations had shown that colcemid does not affect locomotion of epithelial cells. Nevertheless, cultured mouse kidney cells forming epithelial sheets were found to contain a well-developed microtubular system sensitive to colcemid. The orientation of microtubules in the epithelial cells was not correlated with the stable or active state of the cell edges. It is suggested that microtubular system of the epithelial cells forming coherent sheets, in contrast to that of individually moving fibroblasts, is not essential for stabilization of the lateral cell edges.", "PMID": 743742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5652", "title": "Can cell morphology in monolayer reveal its behaviour in aggregates?", "content": "The morphology of HeLa cells was altered to stellate shape by 0.2-1.0 mM butyric acid. At similar concentrations butyric acid did not alter the ability of HeLa cells to aggregate, but did inhibit the remodelling of the aggregates. Papaverine at 10 micrometers, on the other hand, had no effect on cells in monolayer, but severely inhibited the ability of cells to aggregate and the remodelling of the aggregates. Our results show that the effect of a drug on the morphology of HeLa cells in monolayer does not predict its effect in aggregates of cells which more faithfully approximate the behaviour of cells in tissue than the monolayer.", "contents": "Can cell morphology in monolayer reveal its behaviour in aggregates? The morphology of HeLa cells was altered to stellate shape by 0.2-1.0 mM butyric acid. At similar concentrations butyric acid did not alter the ability of HeLa cells to aggregate, but did inhibit the remodelling of the aggregates. Papaverine at 10 micrometers, on the other hand, had no effect on cells in monolayer, but severely inhibited the ability of cells to aggregate and the remodelling of the aggregates. Our results show that the effect of a drug on the morphology of HeLa cells in monolayer does not predict its effect in aggregates of cells which more faithfully approximate the behaviour of cells in tissue than the monolayer.", "PMID": 743743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5653", "title": "Radioisotopic quantitation in microtitration plates by an autofluorographic method.", "content": "An autofluorographic record of drug titrations in microtitration plates has been obtained using cultures labelled with [35s] methionine after treatment with cytostatic drugs. By adding scintillation fluid directly to each culture well of the microtitration plate, and then centrifuging the evaporate the toluene and leave a flat even film of fluor, in situ scintillation is produced. When X-ray film is exposed to the plate the scintillation of individual wells is recorded as spots on the film. These may be interpreted by eye or by scanning densitometry.", "contents": "Radioisotopic quantitation in microtitration plates by an autofluorographic method. An autofluorographic record of drug titrations in microtitration plates has been obtained using cultures labelled with [35s] methionine after treatment with cytostatic drugs. By adding scintillation fluid directly to each culture well of the microtitration plate, and then centrifuging the evaporate the toluene and leave a flat even film of fluor, in situ scintillation is produced. When X-ray film is exposed to the plate the scintillation of individual wells is recorded as spots on the film. These may be interpreted by eye or by scanning densitometry.", "PMID": 743744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5654", "title": "Nexus formation in the myometrium during parturition and induced by estrogen.", "content": "The occurence of nexuses (gap junctions) in mouse uterine smooth muscle was found to depend on the hormonal state. As revealed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, nexuses are virtually absent in virginal and pregnant mice. Abundant, large-sized nexuses were observed in the myometrium during parturition. Estrogen application to virginal mice also induced an increase in number and size of nexuses. Our observations indicate that a new formation of nexuses occurs in differentiated cells. New nexuses may be formed by the confluence of nexus subunits preexisting in the cell membrane or by newly biosynthesized components.", "contents": "Nexus formation in the myometrium during parturition and induced by estrogen. The occurence of nexuses (gap junctions) in mouse uterine smooth muscle was found to depend on the hormonal state. As revealed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, nexuses are virtually absent in virginal and pregnant mice. Abundant, large-sized nexuses were observed in the myometrium during parturition. Estrogen application to virginal mice also induced an increase in number and size of nexuses. Our observations indicate that a new formation of nexuses occurs in differentiated cells. New nexuses may be formed by the confluence of nexus subunits preexisting in the cell membrane or by newly biosynthesized components.", "PMID": 743745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5655", "title": "Peroxisomes: identification in freeze-etch preparations of rat kidney.", "content": "The definitive identification of peroxisomes in freeze-etch preparations of normal mammalian cells has been impeded due to their similarity to other globular cytoplasmic organelles, especially the lysosomes. In the proximal tubules of the rat kidney there is a distinct group of large microbodies with an angular shape and crystalline inclusions which have now been identified in freeze-etch replicas. Rat kidneys were fixed by perfusion with glutaradehyde and processed for catalase cytochemistry and freeze-etching. In ultrathin sections catalase positive peroxisomes 0.5-2 microns in diameter with an angular multifaceted shape and scalloped margins were found. In freeze-etch replicas particles with the same size, shape, and intracellular distribution were found; these contained branching and anastomosing tubular inclusions. The tubules, 100-125 nm in diameter, left deep impressions upon the limiting membrane of peroxisomes. A crystalline pattern with a periodicity of approximately 92 +/- 8 A perpendicular to the axis of the tubles was noted on the E-face of the microbody membrane. In addition, a few membrane particles were present on the E-face, but many more particles were noted on the P-face of the microbody membrane. The cisternae of ER, with typical fenestrations, wrapped around large portions of the surface of peroxisomes, thus demonstrating the close association of these two organelles.", "contents": "Peroxisomes: identification in freeze-etch preparations of rat kidney. The definitive identification of peroxisomes in freeze-etch preparations of normal mammalian cells has been impeded due to their similarity to other globular cytoplasmic organelles, especially the lysosomes. In the proximal tubules of the rat kidney there is a distinct group of large microbodies with an angular shape and crystalline inclusions which have now been identified in freeze-etch replicas. Rat kidneys were fixed by perfusion with glutaradehyde and processed for catalase cytochemistry and freeze-etching. In ultrathin sections catalase positive peroxisomes 0.5-2 microns in diameter with an angular multifaceted shape and scalloped margins were found. In freeze-etch replicas particles with the same size, shape, and intracellular distribution were found; these contained branching and anastomosing tubular inclusions. The tubules, 100-125 nm in diameter, left deep impressions upon the limiting membrane of peroxisomes. A crystalline pattern with a periodicity of approximately 92 +/- 8 A perpendicular to the axis of the tubles was noted on the E-face of the microbody membrane. In addition, a few membrane particles were present on the E-face, but many more particles were noted on the P-face of the microbody membrane. The cisternae of ER, with typical fenestrations, wrapped around large portions of the surface of peroxisomes, thus demonstrating the close association of these two organelles.", "PMID": 743746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5656", "title": "The repair of DNA single strand breaks in human cells with genetical disorders.", "content": "The aim of this work was to make a preliminary examination of some hereditary diseases, related to precocious aging in order to determine whether the defects involved resulted from an impairment of the DNA repair capacity. To test for an impairment in DNA single strand capacity, in cells from patients with different diseases, we have followed the rate of the DNA after X-irradiation by sedimentation on alkaline sucrose gradients. It was found that all cells observed from Lesh Nyhan, cystic fibrosis, trisomy 15 et 21, retinoblastoma, were able to repair the single strand breaks in their DNA to the same extent and at the same initial rate.", "contents": "The repair of DNA single strand breaks in human cells with genetical disorders. The aim of this work was to make a preliminary examination of some hereditary diseases, related to precocious aging in order to determine whether the defects involved resulted from an impairment of the DNA repair capacity. To test for an impairment in DNA single strand capacity, in cells from patients with different diseases, we have followed the rate of the DNA after X-irradiation by sedimentation on alkaline sucrose gradients. It was found that all cells observed from Lesh Nyhan, cystic fibrosis, trisomy 15 et 21, retinoblastoma, were able to repair the single strand breaks in their DNA to the same extent and at the same initial rate.", "PMID": 743747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5657", "title": "[A serological survey of arboviruses in Gabon].", "content": "Serological studies for arbovirus antibodies were carried out on 1.279 human serum specimens collected from adults in south-eastern part of Gabon from June to September 1975 during a multipurpose epidemiological survey. More than 80% of the population surveyed have neutralizing antibodies for yellow fever virus as consequence of mass vaccination campaign. Chikungunya, Zika, Wesselsbron and Koutango virus showed some activity, especially in woodland savannahs.", "contents": "[A serological survey of arboviruses in Gabon]. Serological studies for arbovirus antibodies were carried out on 1.279 human serum specimens collected from adults in south-eastern part of Gabon from June to September 1975 during a multipurpose epidemiological survey. More than 80% of the population surveyed have neutralizing antibodies for yellow fever virus as consequence of mass vaccination campaign. Chikungunya, Zika, Wesselsbron and Koutango virus showed some activity, especially in woodland savannahs.", "PMID": 743766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5658", "title": "[Preliminary report on the demonstration of resistance to coumafene in Rattus rattus in Marseilles].", "content": "An abnormal proliferation of Rattus rattus in an important food-products warehouse in Marseille's periportuary zone has been recorded in spite of preventative measures put in place and aimed at testing these rodents resistance to basic anticoagulants, especially to coumafene. The laboratory experiments on animals taken from the invaded area have enabled us to prove for the first time on metropolitan ground a Rattus rattus resistance to coumafene. The colony of rodents responsible is giving proof of its resistance in already large proportions, since the survival beyond 10 days of treatment is established in 74% of the tested subjects, whereas 30% of them survive treatments prolonged by 4 to 10 weeks. The recorded results allow us to confirm the variable degrees of the state of resistance which appear to be developed locally, the origin of which cannot be defined. Taking into account the size of the affected zone and the numerous food-products storage establishments found there and usually infected with Rattus rattus, one is forced to fear a rapid progress of the territorial resistance. It is therefore opportune to take the necessary measures to destroy the resistant colony on the spot, to follow the ultimate progress in the area and to follow up in the laboratory the methods of evaluation of the efficiency of new rodenticides.", "contents": "[Preliminary report on the demonstration of resistance to coumafene in Rattus rattus in Marseilles]. An abnormal proliferation of Rattus rattus in an important food-products warehouse in Marseille's periportuary zone has been recorded in spite of preventative measures put in place and aimed at testing these rodents resistance to basic anticoagulants, especially to coumafene. The laboratory experiments on animals taken from the invaded area have enabled us to prove for the first time on metropolitan ground a Rattus rattus resistance to coumafene. The colony of rodents responsible is giving proof of its resistance in already large proportions, since the survival beyond 10 days of treatment is established in 74% of the tested subjects, whereas 30% of them survive treatments prolonged by 4 to 10 weeks. The recorded results allow us to confirm the variable degrees of the state of resistance which appear to be developed locally, the origin of which cannot be defined. Taking into account the size of the affected zone and the numerous food-products storage establishments found there and usually infected with Rattus rattus, one is forced to fear a rapid progress of the territorial resistance. It is therefore opportune to take the necessary measures to destroy the resistant colony on the spot, to follow the ultimate progress in the area and to follow up in the laboratory the methods of evaluation of the efficiency of new rodenticides.", "PMID": 743770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5659", "title": "[Results of 3 years of screening of abnormal hemoglobins in the blood donors of Guadeloupe (French Antilles)].", "content": "A screening on qualitative abnormalities of hemoglobin for 10.559 blood-donors has been done in Guadeloupe. Results give 8,08% for sickle trait and 2,52% for C trait. Scarce hemoglobins such as S Korle Bu, J Broussais and N Baltimore have so been found.", "contents": "[Results of 3 years of screening of abnormal hemoglobins in the blood donors of Guadeloupe (French Antilles)]. A screening on qualitative abnormalities of hemoglobin for 10.559 blood-donors has been done in Guadeloupe. Results give 8,08% for sickle trait and 2,52% for C trait. Scarce hemoglobins such as S Korle Bu, J Broussais and N Baltimore have so been found.", "PMID": 743771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5660", "title": "[Intestinal parasitism in eastern Gabon].", "content": "A survey of 1,548 stools samples carried out in Gabon showed in the adult population a parasitism ratio of about 100%. Among the protozoa, D. fragilis was found in 0.3% of the cases. In contradiction with the usual observations in tropical Africa, A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infestation is very high in the villages. The demonstration of S. intercalatum in almost every place of the survey and an important focus at Okondja proves the extension of this bilharziosis.", "contents": "[Intestinal parasitism in eastern Gabon]. A survey of 1,548 stools samples carried out in Gabon showed in the adult population a parasitism ratio of about 100%. Among the protozoa, D. fragilis was found in 0.3% of the cases. In contradiction with the usual observations in tropical Africa, A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infestation is very high in the villages. The demonstration of S. intercalatum in almost every place of the survey and an important focus at Okondja proves the extension of this bilharziosis.", "PMID": 743768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5661", "title": "[Ecological and epidemiological relationships between Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus pathogenic for man and the Ceratocystis genus].", "content": "Sporothrix schenckii is a pathogenic fungus for man and animal. Its perfect form is not yet known. Many studies have been made to compare this fungus to ascomycetes belonging to the genus Ceratocystis. This paper summarizes some important data about the ecology and the epidemiology of the fungal complex Sporothrix-Ceratocystis. Previous results obtained by several groups of workers are strongly in favor of a relationship between the two genera. The epidemiological studies carried out in different areas have shown that Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras are frequently isolated from the same fragments of plants such as pine or eucalyptus. According to the time and areas, it appears that there is or there is not a relation between the presence of the fungus on the plants or in the soil and the disease. The former case is well illustrated by the epidemic of the Transvaal between 1940 and 1944. Sporothrix schenckii has been found to be present either in endemic areas like Guatemala (around the Ayarza Lake) or in Alsace, or in Corse where no case has been reported for a long time. In France, except for the curious epidemic observed between the years 1903 and 1912, no or very rare cases have been observed although Sporothrix schenckii is abundant in the soil and injuries with contaminated materials are probably extremely frequent. The presence or even the abundance of the fungus in nature is not enough to explain the development of the disease. Some not well known factors are necessary. So as for all disease, the immunological reaction of the host is important and the defects of these mechanisms must be suspected.", "contents": "[Ecological and epidemiological relationships between Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus pathogenic for man and the Ceratocystis genus]. Sporothrix schenckii is a pathogenic fungus for man and animal. Its perfect form is not yet known. Many studies have been made to compare this fungus to ascomycetes belonging to the genus Ceratocystis. This paper summarizes some important data about the ecology and the epidemiology of the fungal complex Sporothrix-Ceratocystis. Previous results obtained by several groups of workers are strongly in favor of a relationship between the two genera. The epidemiological studies carried out in different areas have shown that Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras are frequently isolated from the same fragments of plants such as pine or eucalyptus. According to the time and areas, it appears that there is or there is not a relation between the presence of the fungus on the plants or in the soil and the disease. The former case is well illustrated by the epidemic of the Transvaal between 1940 and 1944. Sporothrix schenckii has been found to be present either in endemic areas like Guatemala (around the Ayarza Lake) or in Alsace, or in Corse where no case has been reported for a long time. In France, except for the curious epidemic observed between the years 1903 and 1912, no or very rare cases have been observed although Sporothrix schenckii is abundant in the soil and injuries with contaminated materials are probably extremely frequent. The presence or even the abundance of the fungus in nature is not enough to explain the development of the disease. Some not well known factors are necessary. So as for all disease, the immunological reaction of the host is important and the defects of these mechanisms must be suspected.", "PMID": 743769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5662", "title": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, 1956. Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola.", "content": "Class attendance during illness was confirmed for numerous pupils of two schools. Successive generations whose median cases were separated by an interval consistent with the \"serial interval\" of variola minor were clearly found in the epidemic curve for II of the 29 classes with cases from both schools. Twenty two other classes had no case at all.", "contents": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, 1956. Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola. Class attendance during illness was confirmed for numerous pupils of two schools. Successive generations whose median cases were separated by an interval consistent with the \"serial interval\" of variola minor were clearly found in the epidemic curve for II of the 29 classes with cases from both schools. Twenty two other classes had no case at all.", "PMID": 743773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5663", "title": "[Intestinal parasitoses in the child in French Guiana. Evaluation of a 4-year systematical survey in the C.H. of Cayenne].", "content": "A systematic study on intestinal parasites in children of the Cayenne Hospital Center from 1974 to 1977 showed the following: 1(0) With a 26.1 0/0 total infestation index, nematodes are four times more frequently more responsible than protozoa; cestodes are extremely rare (T. saginata 0.8 0/0); trematodes are found only in allochthonous people from the Antilles (S. mansoni). 2(0) Age distribution shows an early nematode infestation. The nematodes infecting children by the oral way have a maximal incidence at the age of 3 to 6 years. Those infecting by the skin way are maximal at 6 to 12 years and keep afterwards a relatively stable incidence. Most carriers of E. dysenteriae cysts are those children who present vegetative forms of histolytica in 4.1 0/0 of the cases.", "contents": "[Intestinal parasitoses in the child in French Guiana. Evaluation of a 4-year systematical survey in the C.H. of Cayenne]. A systematic study on intestinal parasites in children of the Cayenne Hospital Center from 1974 to 1977 showed the following: 1(0) With a 26.1 0/0 total infestation index, nematodes are four times more frequently more responsible than protozoa; cestodes are extremely rare (T. saginata 0.8 0/0); trematodes are found only in allochthonous people from the Antilles (S. mansoni). 2(0) Age distribution shows an early nematode infestation. The nematodes infecting children by the oral way have a maximal incidence at the age of 3 to 6 years. Those infecting by the skin way are maximal at 6 to 12 years and keep afterwards a relatively stable incidence. Most carriers of E. dysenteriae cysts are those children who present vegetative forms of histolytica in 4.1 0/0 of the cases.", "PMID": 743775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5664", "title": "Cholesteatoma in children: is the disease different in childhood?", "content": "During the early phase of the development of the temporal bone the correlation between the bone growth and the formation of the air-filled spaces--disturbed or undisturbed--is decisive for development of even hidden and neglected forms of middle ear cholesteatomata. The second phase of the development of the temporal bone is determined by a slower rate of bone growth when the mucociliary system has to develop its immunobiological capacities. It becomes obvious that the cholesteatoma matrix and perimatrix will find favourable requirements during this early period of life for a rapid spread since the air-filled spaces have not yet reached their final size. Also the correlation to the gas volume will be different when the ratio of the air flow changes.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma in children: is the disease different in childhood? During the early phase of the development of the temporal bone the correlation between the bone growth and the formation of the air-filled spaces--disturbed or undisturbed--is decisive for development of even hidden and neglected forms of middle ear cholesteatomata. The second phase of the development of the temporal bone is determined by a slower rate of bone growth when the mucociliary system has to develop its immunobiological capacities. It becomes obvious that the cholesteatoma matrix and perimatrix will find favourable requirements during this early period of life for a rapid spread since the air-filled spaces have not yet reached their final size. Also the correlation to the gas volume will be different when the ratio of the air flow changes.", "PMID": 743780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5665", "title": "Cholesteatoma, epidermization: choice between closed and obliteration technique.", "content": "The surgical techniques used in almost 500 cholesteatomatous ears are described in detail. Intact canal wall and obliteration procedures are discussed. The anatomical and functional results are reported and the indications for each technique are analysed.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma, epidermization: choice between closed and obliteration technique. The surgical techniques used in almost 500 cholesteatomatous ears are described in detail. Intact canal wall and obliteration procedures are discussed. The anatomical and functional results are reported and the indications for each technique are analysed.", "PMID": 743781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5666", "title": "'Congenital' cholesteatomas of the supralabyrinthine region.", "content": "Twelve cases of congenital cholesteatomas developing in the region of the geniculate ganglion are presented. The diagnosis was made from a radiological sharp-cut erosion of bone found medial to the superior semicircular canal and superior to the internal auditory meatus in presence of progressive facial palsy. The main problems of the surgical treatment of the presented lesions were: 1 the presence of an unsuspected large fistula of the basal turn of the cochlea; 2 the necessity of resecting the superior semicircular canal in order to drain the supralabyrinthine region; and 3 extensive re-routeing and grafting of the facial nerve. The etiology of the presented cholesteatomas is discussed on the basis of the migratory theory and metaplasia of the first epibranchial placode.", "contents": "'Congenital' cholesteatomas of the supralabyrinthine region. Twelve cases of congenital cholesteatomas developing in the region of the geniculate ganglion are presented. The diagnosis was made from a radiological sharp-cut erosion of bone found medial to the superior semicircular canal and superior to the internal auditory meatus in presence of progressive facial palsy. The main problems of the surgical treatment of the presented lesions were: 1 the presence of an unsuspected large fistula of the basal turn of the cochlea; 2 the necessity of resecting the superior semicircular canal in order to drain the supralabyrinthine region; and 3 extensive re-routeing and grafting of the facial nerve. The etiology of the presented cholesteatomas is discussed on the basis of the migratory theory and metaplasia of the first epibranchial placode.", "PMID": 743782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5667", "title": "[Presence of microfilariae in the anterior chamber of the eye onchocerciasis].", "content": "Observation of a patient presenting 34 microfilariae in the anterior chamber of one eye, with negative biopsies, two small nodules and punctiform onchocercosis keratitis elementary microlesions. The patient has been observed five times during more than one hour each time. The author reviews the results of different surveys he has carried out in America and Africa, and which showed that the presence of microfilariae in the anterior chamber of the eye did not seem to forebode severe ocular lesions.", "contents": "[Presence of microfilariae in the anterior chamber of the eye onchocerciasis]. Observation of a patient presenting 34 microfilariae in the anterior chamber of one eye, with negative biopsies, two small nodules and punctiform onchocercosis keratitis elementary microlesions. The patient has been observed five times during more than one hour each time. The author reviews the results of different surveys he has carried out in America and Africa, and which showed that the presence of microfilariae in the anterior chamber of the eye did not seem to forebode severe ocular lesions.", "PMID": 743777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5668", "title": "Can recurrent cholesteatoma be avoided?", "content": "After closed operation techniques recurrences of cholesteatoma are often caused by retraction of squamous epithelium under the bony annulus, under which it spreads into the attic or the mastoid cavity. Consequently, retractions under the bony annulus can be avoided, if the annulus is removed. An endaural operation technique is described in which the superior and posterior bony ear canal wall is completely removed and the posterior wall is reconstructed by means of a meatal skin flap. As the oval window is often partly hidden by the frame of the tympanic membrane it is more favourable for the restoration of the sound conducting mechanism if the frame and surface of the tympanic membrane are extended backwards. This can be done by repositioning the posterior cutaneous ear canal wall and grafting the tympanic membrane with fascia. By doing this, the attic is incorporated into the ear canal. Should the factors which originally induced the development of the cholesteatoma remain effective and cause a new retraction, the full breadth of the posterior ear canal skin will retract into the exenterated mastoid cavity. An easily accesible open cavity and not a recurrence will be the result. In a follow-up study of 112 patients it was found that 67 of them had developed such an open cavity, which caused no serious problems.", "contents": "Can recurrent cholesteatoma be avoided? After closed operation techniques recurrences of cholesteatoma are often caused by retraction of squamous epithelium under the bony annulus, under which it spreads into the attic or the mastoid cavity. Consequently, retractions under the bony annulus can be avoided, if the annulus is removed. An endaural operation technique is described in which the superior and posterior bony ear canal wall is completely removed and the posterior wall is reconstructed by means of a meatal skin flap. As the oval window is often partly hidden by the frame of the tympanic membrane it is more favourable for the restoration of the sound conducting mechanism if the frame and surface of the tympanic membrane are extended backwards. This can be done by repositioning the posterior cutaneous ear canal wall and grafting the tympanic membrane with fascia. By doing this, the attic is incorporated into the ear canal. Should the factors which originally induced the development of the cholesteatoma remain effective and cause a new retraction, the full breadth of the posterior ear canal skin will retract into the exenterated mastoid cavity. An easily accesible open cavity and not a recurrence will be the result. In a follow-up study of 112 patients it was found that 67 of them had developed such an open cavity, which caused no serious problems.", "PMID": 743783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5669", "title": "[Pseudo-tumoral manifestations of Schistosoma-mansoni bilharziasis observed on Madagascar. 93 cases].", "content": "Concerning respectively 93 observations got in the laboratory of \"Pathology\" of the Institut Pasteur (from 1954 to 1976) and the laboratory of \"Pathology\" of the Hospital of Befelatanana, Tananarive (from 1960 to 1975) the authors would like to point out to the medical doctors the pseudo-tumoral aspects of the bilharziasis due to Schistosoma mansoni. 1(0) The pseudo-tumoral aspects of the intestinal bilharziasis are relatively seldom complications of this parasitosis. 2(0) The malignant macroscopical aspect of these pseudo-tumors added to an often alarming symptomatology, if not possible association of cancer and bilharziosis, often brings mistakes in diagnosis. 3(0) Therefore and especially in endemic areas, biopsy is required or at least a medical proof treatment, before any surgical act at least with children or young people, in case of malignant pseudo-tumor which is actually but a bilharziasis.", "contents": "[Pseudo-tumoral manifestations of Schistosoma-mansoni bilharziasis observed on Madagascar. 93 cases]. Concerning respectively 93 observations got in the laboratory of \"Pathology\" of the Institut Pasteur (from 1954 to 1976) and the laboratory of \"Pathology\" of the Hospital of Befelatanana, Tananarive (from 1960 to 1975) the authors would like to point out to the medical doctors the pseudo-tumoral aspects of the bilharziasis due to Schistosoma mansoni. 1(0) The pseudo-tumoral aspects of the intestinal bilharziasis are relatively seldom complications of this parasitosis. 2(0) The malignant macroscopical aspect of these pseudo-tumors added to an often alarming symptomatology, if not possible association of cancer and bilharziosis, often brings mistakes in diagnosis. 3(0) Therefore and especially in endemic areas, biopsy is required or at least a medical proof treatment, before any surgical act at least with children or young people, in case of malignant pseudo-tumor which is actually but a bilharziasis.", "PMID": 743776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5670", "title": "Eradication of cholesteatoma.", "content": "Cholesteatoma is, among the lesions appearing in chronic otitis media, the one creating most problems. We have selected 8 clinical situations, the most significant in our practice. After a short description of each, we expose our attitudes, past and present, in regard to each. Whether to use open or close techniques seems to be today's dilemma.", "contents": "Eradication of cholesteatoma. Cholesteatoma is, among the lesions appearing in chronic otitis media, the one creating most problems. We have selected 8 clinical situations, the most significant in our practice. After a short description of each, we expose our attitudes, past and present, in regard to each. Whether to use open or close techniques seems to be today's dilemma.", "PMID": 743784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5671", "title": "[Supplementary report on the study of resistance to coumafene in Rattus ratus observed at Marseilles].", "content": "A resistance to coumafene has previously been observed among Rattus rattus in a foodstuffs warehouse in the port of Marseille. New tests are here reported. They concern rats captured in two warehouses situated at a distance of 1,000 m. from one another, and separated by a distance approximately similar to that of the first warehouse explored. The experiments which were carried out, although limited in number, have clearly shown a resistance to coumafene administered in high doses in a rat of the first group and in three rats of the second group. There is every reason to fear a resistance extended to all the territories where Rattus rattus are found in the harbour and in the neighbouring regions.", "contents": "[Supplementary report on the study of resistance to coumafene in Rattus ratus observed at Marseilles]. A resistance to coumafene has previously been observed among Rattus rattus in a foodstuffs warehouse in the port of Marseille. New tests are here reported. They concern rats captured in two warehouses situated at a distance of 1,000 m. from one another, and separated by a distance approximately similar to that of the first warehouse explored. The experiments which were carried out, although limited in number, have clearly shown a resistance to coumafene administered in high doses in a rat of the first group and in three rats of the second group. There is every reason to fear a resistance extended to all the territories where Rattus rattus are found in the harbour and in the neighbouring regions.", "PMID": 743778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5672", "title": "Some considerations on middle ear cholesteatoma in 'foreign workers'.", "content": "The treatment of cholesteatoma in patients without a permanent residence or in medically underdeveloped countries presents a serious problem in middle ear surgery. Methods which erradicate disease safely and reduce the risk of recurrence to a minimum are necessary. We differentiate 3 clinical types of cholesteatoma: 1 Retraction of Shrapnell's membrane or in the postero-superior quadrant with very little cholesteatoma lateral to the ossicles. A transcanal technique is used to evert the cholesteatomatous pocket into the meatus intact, followed by reconstruction of the outer attic wall. 2 Circumscribed cholestatoma lateral and often also medial to the ossicles. Combined approach tympanoplasty is used in such cases. 3 Marginal perforations with large cholesteatomas, situated medial to the ossicular chain. For these ears, classical radical mastoidectomy is the method of choice. (Radical mastoidectomy also has to be performed in all cases of type II, where luxation of the matrix in toto has failed.) No recurrence has been detected in cases where follow-up was possible.", "contents": "Some considerations on middle ear cholesteatoma in 'foreign workers'. The treatment of cholesteatoma in patients without a permanent residence or in medically underdeveloped countries presents a serious problem in middle ear surgery. Methods which erradicate disease safely and reduce the risk of recurrence to a minimum are necessary. We differentiate 3 clinical types of cholesteatoma: 1 Retraction of Shrapnell's membrane or in the postero-superior quadrant with very little cholesteatoma lateral to the ossicles. A transcanal technique is used to evert the cholesteatomatous pocket into the meatus intact, followed by reconstruction of the outer attic wall. 2 Circumscribed cholestatoma lateral and often also medial to the ossicles. Combined approach tympanoplasty is used in such cases. 3 Marginal perforations with large cholesteatomas, situated medial to the ossicular chain. For these ears, classical radical mastoidectomy is the method of choice. (Radical mastoidectomy also has to be performed in all cases of type II, where luxation of the matrix in toto has failed.) No recurrence has been detected in cases where follow-up was possible.", "PMID": 743785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5673", "title": "Management of the labyrinthine fistula.", "content": "Preoperative, operative and postoperative findings in 97 cases of labyrinthine fistula are presented. The majority of patients had had symptoms of chronic otitis media for 20 years or more and manifested some degree of sensorineural hearing impairment. Two-thirds had experienced dizziness. The fistula was limited to the lateral semicircular canal in 83 cases and involved the labyrinth more extensively in 14 instances. The intact canal wall technique was used in less than 60% and an open cavity technique in a quarter of the cases. Severe or total sensorineural hearing impairment developed postoperatively in 8% of the lateral canal cases and in over half of the extensive fistula cases. Five per cent had incapacitating dizziness for up to 6 months postoperatively. When a labyrinthine fistula is encountered in an only hearing ear, a classified modified radical mastoidectomy is usually recommended. In other instances, the procedure performed will vary with the status of the opposite ear, the extent of the fistula, the sensorineural function of the involved ear and the size of the mastoid.", "contents": "Management of the labyrinthine fistula. Preoperative, operative and postoperative findings in 97 cases of labyrinthine fistula are presented. The majority of patients had had symptoms of chronic otitis media for 20 years or more and manifested some degree of sensorineural hearing impairment. Two-thirds had experienced dizziness. The fistula was limited to the lateral semicircular canal in 83 cases and involved the labyrinth more extensively in 14 instances. The intact canal wall technique was used in less than 60% and an open cavity technique in a quarter of the cases. Severe or total sensorineural hearing impairment developed postoperatively in 8% of the lateral canal cases and in over half of the extensive fistula cases. Five per cent had incapacitating dizziness for up to 6 months postoperatively. When a labyrinthine fistula is encountered in an only hearing ear, a classified modified radical mastoidectomy is usually recommended. In other instances, the procedure performed will vary with the status of the opposite ear, the extent of the fistula, the sensorineural function of the involved ear and the size of the mastoid.", "PMID": 743787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5674", "title": "Tympanomeatoplasty with preservation of the bony bridge for cholesteatoma surgery.", "content": "A technique of tympanoplasty which combines preservation of the medial part of the osseous canal wall with reconstruction of its lateral aspects is described. The results in terms of functional improvement and complications are discussed. It is concluded that better management of chronic upper respiratory disease may lead to more successful tympanomastoid surgery.", "contents": "Tympanomeatoplasty with preservation of the bony bridge for cholesteatoma surgery. A technique of tympanoplasty which combines preservation of the medial part of the osseous canal wall with reconstruction of its lateral aspects is described. The results in terms of functional improvement and complications are discussed. It is concluded that better management of chronic upper respiratory disease may lead to more successful tympanomastoid surgery.", "PMID": 743788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5675", "title": "Tympanoplasty and eustachian tube function.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the value of preoperative tubal testing in the selection of cases most likely to respond favourably to surgery, 100 ears with a central perforation following chronic otitis media were investigated. Tubal function was tested manometrically with different known tests. Postoperatively the healing and hearing results were correlated with the preoperative test results. No positive correlation was found between healing or hearing and tubal function. Postoperatively 50 ears were re-tested in a pressure chamber with a flow volume technique. It was found that the tubal function improves postoperatively in spite of no visible pathological changes in the aural end of the tube. Possible explanations are offered.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty and eustachian tube function. In an attempt to assess the value of preoperative tubal testing in the selection of cases most likely to respond favourably to surgery, 100 ears with a central perforation following chronic otitis media were investigated. Tubal function was tested manometrically with different known tests. Postoperatively the healing and hearing results were correlated with the preoperative test results. No positive correlation was found between healing or hearing and tubal function. Postoperatively 50 ears were re-tested in a pressure chamber with a flow volume technique. It was found that the tubal function improves postoperatively in spite of no visible pathological changes in the aural end of the tube. Possible explanations are offered.", "PMID": 743789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5676", "title": "Tympanoplasty: the fundamentals of the concept.", "content": "The development of tympanoplasty based on a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of the middle ear in health and disease is described as it evolved. As a consequence of problems arising from the creation of an open cavity further developments led to the concept of a 'closed' operation which in turn has its own disadvantages. These are principally concerned with aeration of the tubotympanic cleft. The most recent phase of tympanoplasty is concerned with limiting the extent of the procedure to what is required to expose the disease process and re-establish function.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty: the fundamentals of the concept. The development of tympanoplasty based on a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of the middle ear in health and disease is described as it evolved. As a consequence of problems arising from the creation of an open cavity further developments led to the concept of a 'closed' operation which in turn has its own disadvantages. These are principally concerned with aeration of the tubotympanic cleft. The most recent phase of tympanoplasty is concerned with limiting the extent of the procedure to what is required to expose the disease process and re-establish function.", "PMID": 743790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5677", "title": "Importance of en bloc homograft in intact canal wall tympanoplasty.", "content": "The incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence using intact canal tympanoplasty has been compared in 2 series of operations. The first group represents cases treated with the conventional conservative technique for attic and middle ear surgery. The second group represents cases on which the concept of 'radical attic and middle ear surgery' has been applied and an en bloc homograft has been used for reconstruction. A preliminary survey has shown a much lower incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence in ears belonging to the second group. The advantages of this surgical technique are discussed.", "contents": "Importance of en bloc homograft in intact canal wall tympanoplasty. The incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence using intact canal tympanoplasty has been compared in 2 series of operations. The first group represents cases treated with the conventional conservative technique for attic and middle ear surgery. The second group represents cases on which the concept of 'radical attic and middle ear surgery' has been applied and an en bloc homograft has been used for reconstruction. A preliminary survey has shown a much lower incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence in ears belonging to the second group. The advantages of this surgical technique are discussed.", "PMID": 743791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5678", "title": "Auricular cartilage palisade tympano-, epitympano-, antrum- and mastoid-plasties.", "content": "Autogenous auricular cartilage and perichondrium have been used to reconstruct the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain. The variations of technique are described.", "contents": "Auricular cartilage palisade tympano-, epitympano-, antrum- and mastoid-plasties. Autogenous auricular cartilage and perichondrium have been used to reconstruct the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain. The variations of technique are described.", "PMID": 743792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5679", "title": "TORPs and PORPs in tympanoplasty.", "content": "In an attempt to improve results in ossicular reconstruction, a newly introduced material, PlastiPore, has been evaluated over a short term. The techniques employed are described in detail and the use of a lateral covering material such as tragal cartilage is advocated as a means of preventing extension of this foreign material. The results in over 100 ears are better than those obtained with previous methods.", "contents": "TORPs and PORPs in tympanoplasty. In an attempt to improve results in ossicular reconstruction, a newly introduced material, PlastiPore, has been evaluated over a short term. The techniques employed are described in detail and the use of a lateral covering material such as tragal cartilage is advocated as a means of preventing extension of this foreign material. The results in over 100 ears are better than those obtained with previous methods.", "PMID": 743793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5680", "title": "Ear disease in relation to age in the cleft palate child and adolescent.", "content": "Ninety-eight cleft palate subjects were studied to ascertain the eventual adolescent and adult hearing. There were 72 complete clefts of lip and palate and 26 clefts of the palate alone. The incidence or side of ear disease did not appear to be influenced by this type of cleft. Other systemic anomalies were present in 11 cases with congenital middle ear abnormalities in 3 and sensory neural hearing loss in 8 subjects. Progressive improvement in incidence of hearing loss from 94% at 4 years to 42% at 20 years was noted with the strict definition of hearing loss as 10 dB conductive loss at any one frequency. 10% of ears were left with permanent structural changes in the middle ear. In only 2 patients was there a bilateral hearing loss of 20 dB or more through the speech range.", "contents": "Ear disease in relation to age in the cleft palate child and adolescent. Ninety-eight cleft palate subjects were studied to ascertain the eventual adolescent and adult hearing. There were 72 complete clefts of lip and palate and 26 clefts of the palate alone. The incidence or side of ear disease did not appear to be influenced by this type of cleft. Other systemic anomalies were present in 11 cases with congenital middle ear abnormalities in 3 and sensory neural hearing loss in 8 subjects. Progressive improvement in incidence of hearing loss from 94% at 4 years to 42% at 20 years was noted with the strict definition of hearing loss as 10 dB conductive loss at any one frequency. 10% of ears were left with permanent structural changes in the middle ear. In only 2 patients was there a bilateral hearing loss of 20 dB or more through the speech range.", "PMID": 743794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5681", "title": "Research vistas in chronic otitis media.", "content": "In spite of recent major advances in our knowledge of the basic factors in diseases of bone and mucosa the mechanisms responsible for the development of cholesteatoma are still not known for certain. The role of connective tissue in determining the histologic character of the overlying epithelium deserves more attention. It is possible that more radical removal of connective tissue from the mastoid would result in a lower incidence of post operative cholesteatoma. A study of human temporal bones provides little evidence that retraction pockets are caused by underlying scar tissue. Although a vast weight of suspicion indicts malfunction of the Eustachian tube as the primary cause of chronic middle ear disease, the proof is lacking providing a supreme challenge for otologists of the future.", "contents": "Research vistas in chronic otitis media. In spite of recent major advances in our knowledge of the basic factors in diseases of bone and mucosa the mechanisms responsible for the development of cholesteatoma are still not known for certain. The role of connective tissue in determining the histologic character of the overlying epithelium deserves more attention. It is possible that more radical removal of connective tissue from the mastoid would result in a lower incidence of post operative cholesteatoma. A study of human temporal bones provides little evidence that retraction pockets are caused by underlying scar tissue. Although a vast weight of suspicion indicts malfunction of the Eustachian tube as the primary cause of chronic middle ear disease, the proof is lacking providing a supreme challenge for otologists of the future.", "PMID": 743795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5682", "title": "Ventilation of the atelectatic ear.", "content": "The absorption of gas from the middle ear--mastoid air cell system causes an average pressure decrease of 5 cm water per hour. Interference with the normal opening of the Eustachian tube causes increased negative pressure build-up, which stops gas absorption from the middle ear. High carbon dioxide tension is associated with metaplastic changes of mucosal stem cells into mucus producing cells. Ventilation of the middle ear is necessary for removal of the negative pressure as well as of the excess carbon dioxide. The problems associated with longterm ventilation tubes are reviewed, and some future prospects of permanent ventilation tubes are discussed.", "contents": "Ventilation of the atelectatic ear. The absorption of gas from the middle ear--mastoid air cell system causes an average pressure decrease of 5 cm water per hour. Interference with the normal opening of the Eustachian tube causes increased negative pressure build-up, which stops gas absorption from the middle ear. High carbon dioxide tension is associated with metaplastic changes of mucosal stem cells into mucus producing cells. Ventilation of the middle ear is necessary for removal of the negative pressure as well as of the excess carbon dioxide. The problems associated with longterm ventilation tubes are reviewed, and some future prospects of permanent ventilation tubes are discussed.", "PMID": 743796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5683", "title": "A review of 50 cases of intracranial complications from otogenic infection between 1961 and 1977.", "content": "The records of 50 patients with intracranial complications of middle ear disease treated over the past 16 years have been reviewed. Virtually all the known intracranial consequences of middle ear infection have been encountered, and include cerebral abscess, cerebellar abscess, meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, otitic hydrocephalus and cortical thrombophlebitis. The clinical features, neurological signs and investigative data for each group have been compared and contrasted. Treatment in the past has consisted of radical and modified radical mastoidectomy. It is proposed that these techniques will continue to be preferred for the management of chronic otitis media in the presence of a condition as serious as an intracranial complication. It is concluded that with a quoted incidence of postoperative cholesteatoma as high as 40% intact canal wall techniques are not justified in these patients at present.", "contents": "A review of 50 cases of intracranial complications from otogenic infection between 1961 and 1977. The records of 50 patients with intracranial complications of middle ear disease treated over the past 16 years have been reviewed. Virtually all the known intracranial consequences of middle ear infection have been encountered, and include cerebral abscess, cerebellar abscess, meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, otitic hydrocephalus and cortical thrombophlebitis. The clinical features, neurological signs and investigative data for each group have been compared and contrasted. Treatment in the past has consisted of radical and modified radical mastoidectomy. It is proposed that these techniques will continue to be preferred for the management of chronic otitis media in the presence of a condition as serious as an intracranial complication. It is concluded that with a quoted incidence of postoperative cholesteatoma as high as 40% intact canal wall techniques are not justified in these patients at present.", "PMID": 743797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5684", "title": "Osteoplastic approach in chronic otitis media by means of a microsurgical reciprocating saw.", "content": "We have devised a reciprocating saw for microsurgery, which performs 100 oscillations per second. The amplitude of the oscillations is adjustable within the range of 3-3 mm, by pressing a pedal. The width of the saw cuts is 0.2-0.3 mm. In the osteoplastic approach the superior and posterior segment of the ear canal wall is temporarily removed. Starting from a mastoidectomy 4 cuts are performed: cut 1 from the superior anterior angle of the mastoidectomy in a horizontal direction parallel to the dural plate through the whole thickness of the lateral epitympanic wall. Cut 2 from the ear canal above the short process of the malleus in a superior direction so as to meet cut 1. Cuts 3 and 4 start from the facial recess, one from the inside of the ear canal, the other from the mastoid cavity, both meeting in a groove along the facial ridge. This exposes all middle ear spaces as in a radical mastoidectomy. After elimination of disease and reconstruction of ossicles the canal firmly into its bed, needing no further fixation. Healing of the re-implanted canal segment presents no problem.", "contents": "Osteoplastic approach in chronic otitis media by means of a microsurgical reciprocating saw. We have devised a reciprocating saw for microsurgery, which performs 100 oscillations per second. The amplitude of the oscillations is adjustable within the range of 3-3 mm, by pressing a pedal. The width of the saw cuts is 0.2-0.3 mm. In the osteoplastic approach the superior and posterior segment of the ear canal wall is temporarily removed. Starting from a mastoidectomy 4 cuts are performed: cut 1 from the superior anterior angle of the mastoidectomy in a horizontal direction parallel to the dural plate through the whole thickness of the lateral epitympanic wall. Cut 2 from the ear canal above the short process of the malleus in a superior direction so as to meet cut 1. Cuts 3 and 4 start from the facial recess, one from the inside of the ear canal, the other from the mastoid cavity, both meeting in a groove along the facial ridge. This exposes all middle ear spaces as in a radical mastoidectomy. After elimination of disease and reconstruction of ossicles the canal firmly into its bed, needing no further fixation. Healing of the re-implanted canal segment presents no problem.", "PMID": 743804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5685", "title": "Excision arthroplasty with delayed wound closure for the infected total hip replacement.", "content": "Methods of management of infections in total hip replacement vary from the use of antibiotics with reimplantation to a complete removal of the prosthetic unit. This is a series of 10 consecutive patients having documented sepsis following total hip replacement characterized by gram-negative organisms which was managed with the method of excision (Girdlestone) arthroplasty with delayed wound closure. Parenteral antibiotics were used while the wound remained open. Once wound healing had been accomplished, the patients were placed on appropriate oral antibiotics and continued on same for approximately 6 months. The duration of follow-up was 3-5 years. All patients have continued to remain free of clinical sepsis. One patient has chronic pain. All patients are fully ambulatory and are fully satisfied with their functional capacities. Recognizing a serious infection following total hip replacement, especially characterized by the presence of gram-negative organisms, requires drastic treatment methods. Excision arthroplasty with delayed wound closure is a reasonable alternative, especially in view of the functional results obtained.", "contents": "Excision arthroplasty with delayed wound closure for the infected total hip replacement. Methods of management of infections in total hip replacement vary from the use of antibiotics with reimplantation to a complete removal of the prosthetic unit. This is a series of 10 consecutive patients having documented sepsis following total hip replacement characterized by gram-negative organisms which was managed with the method of excision (Girdlestone) arthroplasty with delayed wound closure. Parenteral antibiotics were used while the wound remained open. Once wound healing had been accomplished, the patients were placed on appropriate oral antibiotics and continued on same for approximately 6 months. The duration of follow-up was 3-5 years. All patients have continued to remain free of clinical sepsis. One patient has chronic pain. All patients are fully ambulatory and are fully satisfied with their functional capacities. Recognizing a serious infection following total hip replacement, especially characterized by the presence of gram-negative organisms, requires drastic treatment methods. Excision arthroplasty with delayed wound closure is a reasonable alternative, especially in view of the functional results obtained.", "PMID": 743813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5686", "title": "Subcapital prosthesis fracture in total hip arthroplasty: case report.", "content": "There have recently been multiple reports of late complications of femoral stem fractures occurring after total hip replacement arthroplasty of the hip. The case presented is the first case reported in the English literature of a subcapital prosthesis fracture involving a Charnley-Mueller design femoral component. Revision surgery was carried out with satisfactory replacement of the failed component.", "contents": "Subcapital prosthesis fracture in total hip arthroplasty: case report. There have recently been multiple reports of late complications of femoral stem fractures occurring after total hip replacement arthroplasty of the hip. The case presented is the first case reported in the English literature of a subcapital prosthesis fracture involving a Charnley-Mueller design femoral component. Revision surgery was carried out with satisfactory replacement of the failed component.", "PMID": 743812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5687", "title": "Bilateral total hip and knee replacement in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: an evaluation of function.", "content": "Sixteen patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis who underwent total joint replacements of both hips and both knees were followed for an average of 22.8 months postoperatively. Their functional status before and after surgery was assessed by use of a special rating system for function. Fourteen of the 16 patients demonstrated higher total function scores at follow-up. Improvement was most marked in walking endurance, need for walking aids, and ability to climb stairs. Factors which were believed to predispose to less functional improvement included older age at initial surgery, longer duration of disease, more severe upper extremity involvement, and more frequent medical illnesses. There were 8 patients in whom combined hip and knee flexion in one or both lower extremities did not exceed 190 degrees after surgery. When this deficiency was combined with severe involvement of the upper extremities, difficulty with activities such as climbing stairs and arising from a chair was more common. Therefore, the goal of surgical treatment is to provide combined hip and knee flexion in excess of 190 degrees in these patients. Total joint arthroplasty has increased the likelihood of functional improvement in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis involving the hips and knees, and encouraged the surgeon to operate earlier in the course of the disease as well as on patients with severely deformed joints.", "contents": "Bilateral total hip and knee replacement in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: an evaluation of function. Sixteen patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis who underwent total joint replacements of both hips and both knees were followed for an average of 22.8 months postoperatively. Their functional status before and after surgery was assessed by use of a special rating system for function. Fourteen of the 16 patients demonstrated higher total function scores at follow-up. Improvement was most marked in walking endurance, need for walking aids, and ability to climb stairs. Factors which were believed to predispose to less functional improvement included older age at initial surgery, longer duration of disease, more severe upper extremity involvement, and more frequent medical illnesses. There were 8 patients in whom combined hip and knee flexion in one or both lower extremities did not exceed 190 degrees after surgery. When this deficiency was combined with severe involvement of the upper extremities, difficulty with activities such as climbing stairs and arising from a chair was more common. Therefore, the goal of surgical treatment is to provide combined hip and knee flexion in excess of 190 degrees in these patients. Total joint arthroplasty has increased the likelihood of functional improvement in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis involving the hips and knees, and encouraged the surgeon to operate earlier in the course of the disease as well as on patients with severely deformed joints.", "PMID": 743816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5688", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty for failed endoprostheses.", "content": "Ninety total hip Charnley arthroplasties were performed in 80 patients with failed endoprostheses between July, 1970, and November, 1975. Pain was completely alleviated or minimal in 97.7% of cases. The ability to ambulate improved in all cases with 93.2% good or excellent results. Low grade infection must be considered in treating failed endoprostheses. Appropriate surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy offer a reasonably good chance for success.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty for failed endoprostheses. Ninety total hip Charnley arthroplasties were performed in 80 patients with failed endoprostheses between July, 1970, and November, 1975. Pain was completely alleviated or minimal in 97.7% of cases. The ability to ambulate improved in all cases with 93.2% good or excellent results. Low grade infection must be considered in treating failed endoprostheses. Appropriate surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy offer a reasonably good chance for success.", "PMID": 743814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5689", "title": "Stability of the Giliberty bipolar hip: report of three cases.", "content": "The Giliberty Bipolar Hip Prosthesis consists of an unbonded acetabular cup which snap-fits over the head of the femoral prosthesis. Because of the free movement permitted at the cup-pelvic junction as well as at the snap-fit interface, there has been a great deal of concern over the potential for dislocation. Three patients in whom this unit was implanted sustained significant skeletal trauma subsequent to surgery. None of them dislocated. In each case the prosthetic head was known to be in a relatively vertical orientation with respect to the transverse axis of the pelvis prior to the injury. In 2 of the 3 cases radiographically identifiable movement of the cup was present before and after the injury. These observations suggest that the persistently mobile, vertically positioned unbonded cup remain stable despite the stress of significant trauma. It is probable that the potential for cup movement, even where on the X-ray it appears to have stopped, acts as a safety valve in absorbing force that might otherwise dislocate the hip or cause fractures of the femur or the pelvis.", "contents": "Stability of the Giliberty bipolar hip: report of three cases. The Giliberty Bipolar Hip Prosthesis consists of an unbonded acetabular cup which snap-fits over the head of the femoral prosthesis. Because of the free movement permitted at the cup-pelvic junction as well as at the snap-fit interface, there has been a great deal of concern over the potential for dislocation. Three patients in whom this unit was implanted sustained significant skeletal trauma subsequent to surgery. None of them dislocated. In each case the prosthetic head was known to be in a relatively vertical orientation with respect to the transverse axis of the pelvis prior to the injury. In 2 of the 3 cases radiographically identifiable movement of the cup was present before and after the injury. These observations suggest that the persistently mobile, vertically positioned unbonded cup remain stable despite the stress of significant trauma. It is probable that the potential for cup movement, even where on the X-ray it appears to have stopped, acts as a safety valve in absorbing force that might otherwise dislocate the hip or cause fractures of the femur or the pelvis.", "PMID": 743817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5690", "title": "Perosseous venography in the diagnosis of viability in subcapital fractures of the femur.", "content": "Although perosseous venography of the hip is simple, variations in the circulation of the femoral head and difficulties in prediction of viability account for its limited acceptance. The venogram accurately demonstrates viability in 77% of 50 routinely fixed subcapital fractures. Factors causing variations in the circulation of the fractured head are: method of surgical fixation; efficiency of the fixation, and the clinical course of healing. These and other less obvious factors make it impossible to correctly interpret a venogram. Because of a 3 week delay before cell death becomes apparent, a histological examination of a further 20 femoral heads excised after venography is equally unsatisfactory. In 50 fractures labelled with tetracycline preoperatively, subjected to venography, and then treated by hemiarthroplasty, the level of tetracycline fluorescence by the osteocytes can be correlated with the venogram predictions. There is a 92% correlation of venography with tetracycline evaluations of head viability. Venography can distinguish the dead femoral heads from those with potential or adequate vascularity and thereby provide essential clinical information for the operating surgeon.", "contents": "Perosseous venography in the diagnosis of viability in subcapital fractures of the femur. Although perosseous venography of the hip is simple, variations in the circulation of the femoral head and difficulties in prediction of viability account for its limited acceptance. The venogram accurately demonstrates viability in 77% of 50 routinely fixed subcapital fractures. Factors causing variations in the circulation of the fractured head are: method of surgical fixation; efficiency of the fixation, and the clinical course of healing. These and other less obvious factors make it impossible to correctly interpret a venogram. Because of a 3 week delay before cell death becomes apparent, a histological examination of a further 20 femoral heads excised after venography is equally unsatisfactory. In 50 fractures labelled with tetracycline preoperatively, subjected to venography, and then treated by hemiarthroplasty, the level of tetracycline fluorescence by the osteocytes can be correlated with the venogram predictions. There is a 92% correlation of venography with tetracycline evaluations of head viability. Venography can distinguish the dead femoral heads from those with potential or adequate vascularity and thereby provide essential clinical information for the operating surgeon.", "PMID": 743818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5691", "title": "The results of medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "The results of medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures demonstrate that instability exists whenever there is lack of continuity of bone cortex on opposing surfaces of the 2 main fragments after reduction of the fracture. In 88 patients, 5 were lost to follow-up; 83 were reviewed personally by the authors at an average follow-up period of 27 months; the complication rate (both local and general) was high. Eight per cent showed non-union of the fracture; 13% developed deep infection (2 suffered from septicemia). Fifteen of 83 patients required a second operation. The mortality rate at 6 months was 13%, owing to heart failure, bronchopneumonia or thromboembolism. Of the 56 living, only 24 (43%) demonstrated a good functional result. Medial displacement osteotomy should be combined with a sliding screw-plate device. Without a sliding screw plate, medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur may not be as successful as would appear from reports in the literature.", "contents": "The results of medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. The results of medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures demonstrate that instability exists whenever there is lack of continuity of bone cortex on opposing surfaces of the 2 main fragments after reduction of the fracture. In 88 patients, 5 were lost to follow-up; 83 were reviewed personally by the authors at an average follow-up period of 27 months; the complication rate (both local and general) was high. Eight per cent showed non-union of the fracture; 13% developed deep infection (2 suffered from septicemia). Fifteen of 83 patients required a second operation. The mortality rate at 6 months was 13%, owing to heart failure, bronchopneumonia or thromboembolism. Of the 56 living, only 24 (43%) demonstrated a good functional result. Medial displacement osteotomy should be combined with a sliding screw-plate device. Without a sliding screw plate, medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur may not be as successful as would appear from reports in the literature.", "PMID": 743819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5692", "title": "A special guide for insertion of multiple pins for fracture of the hip: experience with 200 cases.", "content": "Two hundred cases of intracapsular femoral neck fractures have been treated with a multiple parallel pin technique similar to that originated by Austin Moore. The technique employs a personally designed guide which facilitates insertion of multiple parallel pins. The fixation obtained satisfactorily resists shear stress and rotational stress and allows for continuous compression at the fracture site. The technique is most effective in treating intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck.", "contents": "A special guide for insertion of multiple pins for fracture of the hip: experience with 200 cases. Two hundred cases of intracapsular femoral neck fractures have been treated with a multiple parallel pin technique similar to that originated by Austin Moore. The technique employs a personally designed guide which facilitates insertion of multiple parallel pins. The fixation obtained satisfactorily resists shear stress and rotational stress and allows for continuous compression at the fracture site. The technique is most effective in treating intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck.", "PMID": 743820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5693", "title": "Internal fixation of slipped femoral capital epiphyses.", "content": "The problems related to internal fixation for the treatment of slipped femoral capital epiphyses were reviewed in 164 cases and by a questionnaire of 59 orthopedic surgeons. Significant problems were reported with all fixation devices. With Trifin nails, the main difficulty was getting them to stay in in place. With threaded pins, there was difficulty removing them. The best fixation was obtained with the cast Vitallium Knowles pin, but it requires additional modification and improvement.", "contents": "Internal fixation of slipped femoral capital epiphyses. The problems related to internal fixation for the treatment of slipped femoral capital epiphyses were reviewed in 164 cases and by a questionnaire of 59 orthopedic surgeons. Significant problems were reported with all fixation devices. With Trifin nails, the main difficulty was getting them to stay in in place. With threaded pins, there was difficulty removing them. The best fixation was obtained with the cast Vitallium Knowles pin, but it requires additional modification and improvement.", "PMID": 743821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5694", "title": "Changes in the upper femur after low friction arthroplasty.", "content": "In 169 low friction arthroplasties, an extension to 10 years of the radiological appearances, noted at 4 years after acrylic cement had been in the medullary cavity of the femur, there was no grossly visible evidence of deterioration. An increased number of femora showed hypertrophy with normal bone texture. The number showing atrophy remained the same at about 4.8%. Absorption of the medial neck of the femur averaged 5.5 mm over the whole study and was often preceded by small cystic areas. Evidence of demarcation of cement from the endosteal surface of the femur was absent in 66%. When demarcation did occur, in most cases it was confined to the tip or below the midlevel of the stem. In only 2.4% did it reach slightly above the midlevel. No tendency could be found for the radiological appearances of medial femoral neck absorption or cement demarcation to predominate in patients with lower grade levels of function. Improved techniques, by which more perfect fixation between cement and bone in the upper level of the prosthetic stem is achieved, may eliminate instances of loosening and localized bone erosion encountered elsewhere.", "contents": "Changes in the upper femur after low friction arthroplasty. In 169 low friction arthroplasties, an extension to 10 years of the radiological appearances, noted at 4 years after acrylic cement had been in the medullary cavity of the femur, there was no grossly visible evidence of deterioration. An increased number of femora showed hypertrophy with normal bone texture. The number showing atrophy remained the same at about 4.8%. Absorption of the medial neck of the femur averaged 5.5 mm over the whole study and was often preceded by small cystic areas. Evidence of demarcation of cement from the endosteal surface of the femur was absent in 66%. When demarcation did occur, in most cases it was confined to the tip or below the midlevel of the stem. In only 2.4% did it reach slightly above the midlevel. No tendency could be found for the radiological appearances of medial femoral neck absorption or cement demarcation to predominate in patients with lower grade levels of function. Improved techniques, by which more perfect fixation between cement and bone in the upper level of the prosthetic stem is achieved, may eliminate instances of loosening and localized bone erosion encountered elsewhere.", "PMID": 743822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5695", "title": "The natural history of congenital dislocation of the hip: a critical review.", "content": "Studies of the natural history of congenital dislocation of the hip do not distinguish which particular features indicate a poor prognosis. In complete dislocation we have found that the development of a false acetabulum with thick sclerotic iliac bone more frequently leads to pain than those with little or no bony reaction of the ilium. Congenital dislocation leads to functional disability in all patients but only half have significant pain. Congenital subluxation and dysplasia of the hip are responsible for a high proportion of coxarthrosis. The lack of symptoms, and the subtle physical findings until irreversible degenerative changes occur, makes early diagnosis difficult. When recognized early, correction of the deranged anatomy must be done if coxarthrosis is to be prevented. Concentric hip motion and normal muscular function are essential for proper development of the joint. A reciprocal relation exists between the development of the proximal femur and the acetabulum. Structural abnormality of either eventually leads to joint dysfunction.", "contents": "The natural history of congenital dislocation of the hip: a critical review. Studies of the natural history of congenital dislocation of the hip do not distinguish which particular features indicate a poor prognosis. In complete dislocation we have found that the development of a false acetabulum with thick sclerotic iliac bone more frequently leads to pain than those with little or no bony reaction of the ilium. Congenital dislocation leads to functional disability in all patients but only half have significant pain. Congenital subluxation and dysplasia of the hip are responsible for a high proportion of coxarthrosis. The lack of symptoms, and the subtle physical findings until irreversible degenerative changes occur, makes early diagnosis difficult. When recognized early, correction of the deranged anatomy must be done if coxarthrosis is to be prevented. Concentric hip motion and normal muscular function are essential for proper development of the joint. A reciprocal relation exists between the development of the proximal femur and the acetabulum. Structural abnormality of either eventually leads to joint dysfunction.", "PMID": 743823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5696", "title": "The effect of the inverted limbus on closed management of congenital hip dislocation.", "content": "A comparative study of 20 congenital dislocations of the hip with inverted limbus treated by closed reduction were compared with a group of 20 controls in which the limbus was non-obstructive as demonstrated by arthrography. In each group 3 hips developed signs of avascular necrosis. Seventeen of the 20 hips with inverted limbus and 11 of the 20 controls required subsequent femoral or acetabular procedures. Half of the hips in both groups at follow-up (mean 9 years) were dysplastic with a CE-angle of less than 20 degrees. Thus, the incidence of avascular necrosis and late clinical and radiographic results were comparable in both groups.", "contents": "The effect of the inverted limbus on closed management of congenital hip dislocation. A comparative study of 20 congenital dislocations of the hip with inverted limbus treated by closed reduction were compared with a group of 20 controls in which the limbus was non-obstructive as demonstrated by arthrography. In each group 3 hips developed signs of avascular necrosis. Seventeen of the 20 hips with inverted limbus and 11 of the 20 controls required subsequent femoral or acetabular procedures. Half of the hips in both groups at follow-up (mean 9 years) were dysplastic with a CE-angle of less than 20 degrees. Thus, the incidence of avascular necrosis and late clinical and radiographic results were comparable in both groups.", "PMID": 743824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5697", "title": "Long-term results of closed reduction of complete congenital dislocation of the hip in children under one year of age.", "content": "Eight to 29 year follow-up investigation of the results of closed reduction in 40 completely dislocated hips in children, treated under one year of age, show that 92.5% of the hips had good functional results and 77.5% had good anatomical results. The slant and depth of the acetabular roof rapidly improved during the first year after reduction and slowly during the following 8 years. Femoral head necrosis occurred in 12 hips (30%). The necrosis was mild in 4 hips and severe in 8. The 8 hips with severe femoral head necrosis had poor anatomical results. Surprisingly, the development of the acetabulum was not influenced by femoral head necrosis. Femoral head necrosis was frequently observed when the head was in a high position in relation with the acetabulum prior to reduction. Closed reduction should not be attempted unless the head can be brought down below the level of the acetabulum.", "contents": "Long-term results of closed reduction of complete congenital dislocation of the hip in children under one year of age. Eight to 29 year follow-up investigation of the results of closed reduction in 40 completely dislocated hips in children, treated under one year of age, show that 92.5% of the hips had good functional results and 77.5% had good anatomical results. The slant and depth of the acetabular roof rapidly improved during the first year after reduction and slowly during the following 8 years. Femoral head necrosis occurred in 12 hips (30%). The necrosis was mild in 4 hips and severe in 8. The 8 hips with severe femoral head necrosis had poor anatomical results. Surprisingly, the development of the acetabulum was not influenced by femoral head necrosis. Femoral head necrosis was frequently observed when the head was in a high position in relation with the acetabulum prior to reduction. Closed reduction should not be attempted unless the head can be brought down below the level of the acetabulum.", "PMID": 743825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5698", "title": "Rheumatoid synovial cyst of the hip joint: a case report.", "content": "Rheumatoid synovial cyst of the hip joint in a 52-year-old man including iliopsoas bursal extension was demonstrated by arthrography and excision biopsy. Surgical excision of the cyst and femoral head replacement were carried out. There was no recurrence for 15 months postoperatively. The condition should be suspected in patients with degenerative changes in the hip joint and adjacent unexplained palpable mass.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovial cyst of the hip joint: a case report. Rheumatoid synovial cyst of the hip joint in a 52-year-old man including iliopsoas bursal extension was demonstrated by arthrography and excision biopsy. Surgical excision of the cyst and femoral head replacement were carried out. There was no recurrence for 15 months postoperatively. The condition should be suspected in patients with degenerative changes in the hip joint and adjacent unexplained palpable mass.", "PMID": 743828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5699", "title": "Coxa vara in three patients with concommitant cerebral palsy.", "content": "Many theories have been advanced to explain the final neck shaft angle in the developing proximal femur. Muscle spasticity and delayed weight-bearing are the postulated causes of the development of the valgus deformity in patients with neuromuscular disease. Three patients with coxa vara exhibited some degree of spasticity and delayed weight-bearing. In spite of this, each child developed a varus rather than a valgus hip deformity. Existing theories seem not to adequately explain the development of the final neck shaft angle.", "contents": "Coxa vara in three patients with concommitant cerebral palsy. Many theories have been advanced to explain the final neck shaft angle in the developing proximal femur. Muscle spasticity and delayed weight-bearing are the postulated causes of the development of the valgus deformity in patients with neuromuscular disease. Three patients with coxa vara exhibited some degree of spasticity and delayed weight-bearing. In spite of this, each child developed a varus rather than a valgus hip deformity. Existing theories seem not to adequately explain the development of the final neck shaft angle.", "PMID": 743826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5700", "title": "Functional results of iliopsoas transfer in myelomeningocele hip dislocations.", "content": "Paralytic hip dislocations in 37 children with myelomeningoceles have been treated by open reduction, iliopsoas tendon transfer and various other procedures about the hip. At follow-up, less than half the patients were community ambulators and had maintained their reductions. The level of the spinal lesion, alignment of the lower extremities in relation to the trunk and pelvis and the presence of scoliosis including pelvic obliquity were more important factors in determining the patient's degree of function than the status of the hip reduction.", "contents": "Functional results of iliopsoas transfer in myelomeningocele hip dislocations. Paralytic hip dislocations in 37 children with myelomeningoceles have been treated by open reduction, iliopsoas tendon transfer and various other procedures about the hip. At follow-up, less than half the patients were community ambulators and had maintained their reductions. The level of the spinal lesion, alignment of the lower extremities in relation to the trunk and pelvis and the presence of scoliosis including pelvic obliquity were more important factors in determining the patient's degree of function than the status of the hip reduction.", "PMID": 743827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5701", "title": "Femoral osteotomy in Perthes disease.", "content": "A subtrochanteric osteotomy was performed on 25 hips of 24 patients affected with Perthes disease. Twelve of these patients have been followed 4 or more years postoperatively. Coxa plana, or \"mushroom\" deformity, never occurred. Roundness of the head was always achieved. Internal fixation was first secured with a 4 screw plate and later advantageously substituted by Hoffmann external fixation. Post-operative shortening was always present but gradually resolved to less than 1 cm in most cases. A Trendelenburg positive sign was always present postoperatively and usually disappeared within 2 years. Internal rotation of 40-60 degrees was obtained at surgery. The resulting external rotation deformity of the leg corrected spontaneously. Varus deformity, on the other hand, changed little within this follow-up. Varisation of the hip is nevertheless an essential part of the osteotomy. The overall results were directly related to the amount of epiphysis involved. The fate of the epiphyseal plate seems to play a major role in the neck deformities and the resulting coxa vara. The absence of metaphyseal changes in the face of significant epiphyseal involvement is an ominous sign.", "contents": "Femoral osteotomy in Perthes disease. A subtrochanteric osteotomy was performed on 25 hips of 24 patients affected with Perthes disease. Twelve of these patients have been followed 4 or more years postoperatively. Coxa plana, or \"mushroom\" deformity, never occurred. Roundness of the head was always achieved. Internal fixation was first secured with a 4 screw plate and later advantageously substituted by Hoffmann external fixation. Post-operative shortening was always present but gradually resolved to less than 1 cm in most cases. A Trendelenburg positive sign was always present postoperatively and usually disappeared within 2 years. Internal rotation of 40-60 degrees was obtained at surgery. The resulting external rotation deformity of the leg corrected spontaneously. Varus deformity, on the other hand, changed little within this follow-up. Varisation of the hip is nevertheless an essential part of the osteotomy. The overall results were directly related to the amount of epiphysis involved. The fate of the epiphyseal plate seems to play a major role in the neck deformities and the resulting coxa vara. The absence of metaphyseal changes in the face of significant epiphyseal involvement is an ominous sign.", "PMID": 743829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5702", "title": "Autologous transfusion following frozen storage at -85 degrees.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which frozen autologous blood stored at -85 degrees was used in surgical autologous transfusions. No complications were encountered in either patient intraoperatively or postoperatively. At the time of discharge hemoglobin and hematocrit were normal. Frozen autologous blood is recommended when more than 4 units of blood are required; it is particularly useful when crossmatching is not possible owing to presence of antibodies in the blood.", "contents": "Autologous transfusion following frozen storage at -85 degrees. Two cases are presented in which frozen autologous blood stored at -85 degrees was used in surgical autologous transfusions. No complications were encountered in either patient intraoperatively or postoperatively. At the time of discharge hemoglobin and hematocrit were normal. Frozen autologous blood is recommended when more than 4 units of blood are required; it is particularly useful when crossmatching is not possible owing to presence of antibodies in the blood.", "PMID": 743831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5703", "title": "The orthopedic aspects of Gaucher disease.", "content": "Orthopedic problems are an important feature of the adult, chronic or non-neuropathic form of Gaucher disease. Thirty-five South African patients have been investigated and of these 29 had significant skeletal complications. Twenty-one had nonspecific bone pains, 14 had episodes of pseudoosteomyelitis and 2 had acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Twenty experienced collapse of femoral heads and in 9, prosthetic joint replacement had been successfully undertaken. Four had kyphoscoliosis due to wedging of vertebral bodies and three had pathological fractures of tubular bones. Twenty-eight of the patients were of Askhenazi Jewish stock and the minimum prevalence of the disorder in this group in South Africa is one in 4,300. If skeletal problems and splenomegally coexist in a Jewish patient, the diagnosis of Gaucher disease warrants serious consideration.", "contents": "The orthopedic aspects of Gaucher disease. Orthopedic problems are an important feature of the adult, chronic or non-neuropathic form of Gaucher disease. Thirty-five South African patients have been investigated and of these 29 had significant skeletal complications. Twenty-one had nonspecific bone pains, 14 had episodes of pseudoosteomyelitis and 2 had acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Twenty experienced collapse of femoral heads and in 9, prosthetic joint replacement had been successfully undertaken. Four had kyphoscoliosis due to wedging of vertebral bodies and three had pathological fractures of tubular bones. Twenty-eight of the patients were of Askhenazi Jewish stock and the minimum prevalence of the disorder in this group in South Africa is one in 4,300. If skeletal problems and splenomegally coexist in a Jewish patient, the diagnosis of Gaucher disease warrants serious consideration.", "PMID": 743830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5704", "title": "Revascularization and replantation after upper extremity trauma: experience with interposition artery and vein grafts.", "content": "Improved techniques and experience in microvascular surgery make it possible to repair vessels and replant digits and extremities with increasing success. Patients with sharp or localized crush injuries are excellent candidates, and the expected survival of the extremities is greater than 80%. A good functional result can be anticipated. Generalized crush and avulsion injuries, which were common in our clinical experience, are difficult problems requiring careful selection criteria, appreciation of diffuse vessel damage that may require bypass vein or artery grafts, and the appropriate use of anticoagulants to prevent vessel thrombosis. Severe crush or mangled hand injuries, brachial plexus nerve avulsions, multilevel crush or power takeoff injuries, and excessive bacterial wound contamination are unfavorable situations for revascularization efforts, and the expected results are poor. To warrant attempts at revascularization, it must be anticipated that nerve regeneration and muscle function will be achieved and that functional use will be better than that possible with a prosthesis.", "contents": "Revascularization and replantation after upper extremity trauma: experience with interposition artery and vein grafts. Improved techniques and experience in microvascular surgery make it possible to repair vessels and replant digits and extremities with increasing success. Patients with sharp or localized crush injuries are excellent candidates, and the expected survival of the extremities is greater than 80%. A good functional result can be anticipated. Generalized crush and avulsion injuries, which were common in our clinical experience, are difficult problems requiring careful selection criteria, appreciation of diffuse vessel damage that may require bypass vein or artery grafts, and the appropriate use of anticoagulants to prevent vessel thrombosis. Severe crush or mangled hand injuries, brachial plexus nerve avulsions, multilevel crush or power takeoff injuries, and excessive bacterial wound contamination are unfavorable situations for revascularization efforts, and the expected results are poor. To warrant attempts at revascularization, it must be anticipated that nerve regeneration and muscle function will be achieved and that functional use will be better than that possible with a prosthesis.", "PMID": 743833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5705", "title": "Hydroxyproline centiles for normal adolescent boys and girls.", "content": "Centiles for 24 hour urinary total hydroxyproline are useful in monitoring growth and the effect of treatment in children with orthopedic diseases such as scoliosis, where growth is difficult to measure by anthropometric means. The centiles have been calculated from the data of a 5 year longitudinal study on 100 normal adolescent schoolchildren. Hydroxyproline estimations and assessments of growth were done 3 times a year. The rate of growth (height velocity) can be correlated with hydroxyproline levels found in adolescents.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline centiles for normal adolescent boys and girls. Centiles for 24 hour urinary total hydroxyproline are useful in monitoring growth and the effect of treatment in children with orthopedic diseases such as scoliosis, where growth is difficult to measure by anthropometric means. The centiles have been calculated from the data of a 5 year longitudinal study on 100 normal adolescent schoolchildren. Hydroxyproline estimations and assessments of growth were done 3 times a year. The rate of growth (height velocity) can be correlated with hydroxyproline levels found in adolescents.", "PMID": 743832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5706", "title": "Eight year results of Charnley arthroplasties of the hip with special reference to the behavior of cement.", "content": "Five hundred and forty-seven total hip replacements by the Charnley technique during 1967 and 1968 have been studied for the quality of the late results. The average follow-up was 8.3 years. Mechanical failure at the cement-bone interface occurred in only 2.2% of cases. A search was specially directed towards evidence of incipient pathology at the bone-cement interface in the absence of any suspicion of clinical defect. This was found in 12% of cases but it is emphasized that the criteria were exceptionally rigorous and entirely radiological. Because the cement technology used at that time is now considered unsophisticated, mechanical failure of cement is a preventable condition. A previous report of socket migration in 9.5% of cases is not confirmed by the present survey of a more recent series of cases.", "contents": "Eight year results of Charnley arthroplasties of the hip with special reference to the behavior of cement. Five hundred and forty-seven total hip replacements by the Charnley technique during 1967 and 1968 have been studied for the quality of the late results. The average follow-up was 8.3 years. Mechanical failure at the cement-bone interface occurred in only 2.2% of cases. A search was specially directed towards evidence of incipient pathology at the bone-cement interface in the absence of any suspicion of clinical defect. This was found in 12% of cases but it is emphasized that the criteria were exceptionally rigorous and entirely radiological. Because the cement technology used at that time is now considered unsophisticated, mechanical failure of cement is a preventable condition. A previous report of socket migration in 9.5% of cases is not confirmed by the present survey of a more recent series of cases.", "PMID": 743835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5707", "title": "Dense mineralized perivascular tubules in osteopetrotic bone.", "content": "Samples of osteopetrotic bone were deorganified and examined with the scanning electron microscope. Densely mineralized tubules with walls measuring from 1-10mu in width and with a luminal diameter of 70-90mu were observed scattered throughout the processed surface of the bone. Adjacent sections of bone prepared by routine histological methods for light microscopy showed that the tubules occur in areas of bone where \"hyaline\" structures are seen surrounding blood vessels. The tubules are not present in normal bone. The nature of these tubules and their possible significance in the pathological physiology of osteopetrosis requires further investigation.", "contents": "Dense mineralized perivascular tubules in osteopetrotic bone. Samples of osteopetrotic bone were deorganified and examined with the scanning electron microscope. Densely mineralized tubules with walls measuring from 1-10mu in width and with a luminal diameter of 70-90mu were observed scattered throughout the processed surface of the bone. Adjacent sections of bone prepared by routine histological methods for light microscopy showed that the tubules occur in areas of bone where \"hyaline\" structures are seen surrounding blood vessels. The tubules are not present in normal bone. The nature of these tubules and their possible significance in the pathological physiology of osteopetrosis requires further investigation.", "PMID": 743837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5708", "title": "Bone remodeling as an expression of altered phenotype: studies of fracture healing in untreated and cured osteopetrotic rats.", "content": "The healing of tibial fractures was studied in 3 groups of young littermate rats; untreated osteopetrotic (ia/ia), normal littermates (ia/+) and osteopetrotic (ia/ia) cured of the disease 3 days earlier by transplanted normal spleen cells. The fracture site was completely remodeled in 4 weeks in normal rats, 6 weeks in transplanted (cured) osteopetrotic rats and 9 weeks in untreated osteopetrotic rats. The delayed healing in untreated osteopetrotic rats resulted from reduced resorption present in this mutation. Increased resorption brought about by transplantation of normal spleen cells accelerated healing in the transplanted osteopetrotic rats. Fracture repair took longer in the latter group than in normal littermates presumably because tibial fracture occurred before the 2 week interval required for skeletal transformation from osteopetrotic to normal phenotype following transplantation of normal spleen cells. These data show that alteration of the phenotype of osteopetrotic rats is reflected in fracture healing.", "contents": "Bone remodeling as an expression of altered phenotype: studies of fracture healing in untreated and cured osteopetrotic rats. The healing of tibial fractures was studied in 3 groups of young littermate rats; untreated osteopetrotic (ia/ia), normal littermates (ia/+) and osteopetrotic (ia/ia) cured of the disease 3 days earlier by transplanted normal spleen cells. The fracture site was completely remodeled in 4 weeks in normal rats, 6 weeks in transplanted (cured) osteopetrotic rats and 9 weeks in untreated osteopetrotic rats. The delayed healing in untreated osteopetrotic rats resulted from reduced resorption present in this mutation. Increased resorption brought about by transplantation of normal spleen cells accelerated healing in the transplanted osteopetrotic rats. Fracture repair took longer in the latter group than in normal littermates presumably because tibial fracture occurred before the 2 week interval required for skeletal transformation from osteopetrotic to normal phenotype following transplantation of normal spleen cells. These data show that alteration of the phenotype of osteopetrotic rats is reflected in fracture healing.", "PMID": 743836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5709", "title": "Adjustable intramedullary replacement of the knee: evolution of surgical technique and prosthesis.", "content": "The total knee replacement developed at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital is a nonhinged, nonconstrained variety in which the principle fixation mechanism is via the intramedullary stems of both components. The plastic segment (high density polyethylene) is press fitted into the metallic component of the tibial segment to minimize \"plastic flow\" and deformity. The operative technique calls for conservation of the bone of the proximal tibia by a minimum of bone resection following complete soft tissue release including removal of the cruciates. Accuracy of replacement becomes possible when the cruciate ligaments are excised and the mediolateral soft tissue structures are balanced in tension following maximum spacing of the joint to provide stability. Provisions are made for routine replacement of the patellofemoral joint.", "contents": "Adjustable intramedullary replacement of the knee: evolution of surgical technique and prosthesis. The total knee replacement developed at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital is a nonhinged, nonconstrained variety in which the principle fixation mechanism is via the intramedullary stems of both components. The plastic segment (high density polyethylene) is press fitted into the metallic component of the tibial segment to minimize \"plastic flow\" and deformity. The operative technique calls for conservation of the bone of the proximal tibia by a minimum of bone resection following complete soft tissue release including removal of the cruciates. Accuracy of replacement becomes possible when the cruciate ligaments are excised and the mediolateral soft tissue structures are balanced in tension following maximum spacing of the joint to provide stability. Provisions are made for routine replacement of the patellofemoral joint.", "PMID": 743834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5710", "title": "The mechanical testing of a sliding meniscus knee prosthesis.", "content": "A 3-component sliding meniscus knee prosthesis was tested mechanically to evaluate the direct loads and the anteroposterior and mediolateral bending moments on the prosthetic components during the loading phase on a pendulum prosthesis testing machine. The bending moments changed with variation of the component positions. Tilting the tibial plateau produced the greatest change in lateral bending moment on the femoral component but alteration in plateau rotation or femoral tilting produced little change in the low values of the 2 bending moments. It is necessary to ensure that the tibial component is positioned horizontally on the tibial plateau, but it is not necessary to be concerned about the angle of the femoral component to the vertical or the misalignment rotationally of the tibial component. The load ideally passes through the condylar component to the tibia much more centrally than if it were a constrained prosthesis system during the loading range, reducing the likelihood of displacement of the 2 fixed components.", "contents": "The mechanical testing of a sliding meniscus knee prosthesis. A 3-component sliding meniscus knee prosthesis was tested mechanically to evaluate the direct loads and the anteroposterior and mediolateral bending moments on the prosthetic components during the loading phase on a pendulum prosthesis testing machine. The bending moments changed with variation of the component positions. Tilting the tibial plateau produced the greatest change in lateral bending moment on the femoral component but alteration in plateau rotation or femoral tilting produced little change in the low values of the 2 bending moments. It is necessary to ensure that the tibial component is positioned horizontally on the tibial plateau, but it is not necessary to be concerned about the angle of the femoral component to the vertical or the misalignment rotationally of the tibial component. The load ideally passes through the condylar component to the tibia much more centrally than if it were a constrained prosthesis system during the loading range, reducing the likelihood of displacement of the 2 fixed components.", "PMID": 743838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5711", "title": "The use of polyethylene mesh (Marlex) as an adjunct in reconstructive surgery of the extremities.", "content": "When Marlex mesh is inserted into the body it serves as a scaffold into which migrates fibroblastic tissue. Throughout the process of maturation of fibrous connective tissue, the mesh remains inert. Experience covering 15 years demonstrates that Marlex mesh is useful for repair of ligament, muscle, and bone defects.", "contents": "The use of polyethylene mesh (Marlex) as an adjunct in reconstructive surgery of the extremities. When Marlex mesh is inserted into the body it serves as a scaffold into which migrates fibroblastic tissue. Throughout the process of maturation of fibrous connective tissue, the mesh remains inert. Experience covering 15 years demonstrates that Marlex mesh is useful for repair of ligament, muscle, and bone defects.", "PMID": 743839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5712", "title": "The result of replacement of partial or total collateral ligaments with Marlex mesh in the knees of dogs.", "content": "Marlex mesh is a synthetic material which has been used clinically to replace ligamentous structures. It serves as a scaffold for infiltration of the fibroblasts eventually becoming mature fibrocytes. In dogs, almost totally mature fibrocytes appear within the framework of the Marlex mesh prosthesis by the end of 3 months of healing.", "contents": "The result of replacement of partial or total collateral ligaments with Marlex mesh in the knees of dogs. Marlex mesh is a synthetic material which has been used clinically to replace ligamentous structures. It serves as a scaffold for infiltration of the fibroblasts eventually becoming mature fibrocytes. In dogs, almost totally mature fibrocytes appear within the framework of the Marlex mesh prosthesis by the end of 3 months of healing.", "PMID": 743840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5713", "title": "Socket wear in Charnley low friction arthroplasty of the hip.", "content": "Five hundred forty-seven Charnley hip arthroplasties were measured for wear radiographically after an average period of 8.3 years. The operations were performed in 1967 and 1968 and the average rate of wear was 0.07 mm per year. This is only half that recorded for the operations in 1963, 1964, and 1965. Clinical radiographic methods of measuring socket wear are valid provided that the socket is inserted with the wear marker not more than 10 degrees from the coronal plane. This can be estimated provided that radiopaque cement is used.", "contents": "Socket wear in Charnley low friction arthroplasty of the hip. Five hundred forty-seven Charnley hip arthroplasties were measured for wear radiographically after an average period of 8.3 years. The operations were performed in 1967 and 1968 and the average rate of wear was 0.07 mm per year. This is only half that recorded for the operations in 1963, 1964, and 1965. Clinical radiographic methods of measuring socket wear are valid provided that the socket is inserted with the wear marker not more than 10 degrees from the coronal plane. This can be estimated provided that radiopaque cement is used.", "PMID": 743841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5714", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty: a review of four years experience.", "content": "Forty-nine total hip replacements are reviewed after an average follow-up of 32 months. There is an 8.2% dislocation rate and an infection rate of 4.0%. There is a 39% incidence formation of \"significant\" amounts of heterotopic bone. From a review of the hip rating forms it is apparent that in most patients marked improvement is brought about by the operation.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty: a review of four years experience. Forty-nine total hip replacements are reviewed after an average follow-up of 32 months. There is an 8.2% dislocation rate and an infection rate of 4.0%. There is a 39% incidence formation of \"significant\" amounts of heterotopic bone. From a review of the hip rating forms it is apparent that in most patients marked improvement is brought about by the operation.", "PMID": 743842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5715", "title": "Massive ankylosis following total hip anthroplasty.", "content": "A total hip arthroplasty was undertaken in a 49-year-old man who had previously spontaneously ankylosed both hips. In addition, the patient possessed hyperostosis of the spine and calf, not characteristic of any previously described spondylitic or hyperostotic syndrome. Nine months postoperatively the patient reankylosed the total hip arthroplasty. This case provides further evidence that total hip arthroplasty must be undertaken with caution in patients with hyperostotic tendencies.", "contents": "Massive ankylosis following total hip anthroplasty. A total hip arthroplasty was undertaken in a 49-year-old man who had previously spontaneously ankylosed both hips. In addition, the patient possessed hyperostosis of the spine and calf, not characteristic of any previously described spondylitic or hyperostotic syndrome. Nine months postoperatively the patient reankylosed the total hip arthroplasty. This case provides further evidence that total hip arthroplasty must be undertaken with caution in patients with hyperostotic tendencies.", "PMID": 743843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5716", "title": "Primary Thompson prosthesis for acute femoral neck fractures.", "content": "Two hundred fifty cases of F.R. Thompson endoprosthesis replacement without methylmethacrylate in acute femoral neck fractures between 1969 and 1973 were reviewed. Follow-up evaluation was obtained in 94 patients averaging 4.8 years postoperative utilizing the Harris hip questionnaire. None of the patients were personally examined, but each was interviewed and rated for pain, function, and satisfaction with the hip surgery. The average Harris score was 63 points giving 56% overall satisfactory results. Pain relief was satisfactory in 85% of cases. Functional results were 71% fair or better, and 90% were satisfied with the overall results. Mortality at one year postoperative was 23%. Incidence of deep wound infection was 2% and prosthesis dislocation was 1%. Both infection rate and dislocation rate were higher in posterior exposure compared to anterior lateral surgical approach. The lack of methylmethacrylate cement apparently did not delay postoperative ambulation, as 60% of all patients were discharged within 4 weeks of fracture. The indications for methylmethacrylate with the Thompson endoprosthesis is an unanswered question and requires further investigation.", "contents": "Primary Thompson prosthesis for acute femoral neck fractures. Two hundred fifty cases of F.R. Thompson endoprosthesis replacement without methylmethacrylate in acute femoral neck fractures between 1969 and 1973 were reviewed. Follow-up evaluation was obtained in 94 patients averaging 4.8 years postoperative utilizing the Harris hip questionnaire. None of the patients were personally examined, but each was interviewed and rated for pain, function, and satisfaction with the hip surgery. The average Harris score was 63 points giving 56% overall satisfactory results. Pain relief was satisfactory in 85% of cases. Functional results were 71% fair or better, and 90% were satisfied with the overall results. Mortality at one year postoperative was 23%. Incidence of deep wound infection was 2% and prosthesis dislocation was 1%. Both infection rate and dislocation rate were higher in posterior exposure compared to anterior lateral surgical approach. The lack of methylmethacrylate cement apparently did not delay postoperative ambulation, as 60% of all patients were discharged within 4 weeks of fracture. The indications for methylmethacrylate with the Thompson endoprosthesis is an unanswered question and requires further investigation.", "PMID": 743845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5717", "title": "Zickel nail fixation of bilateral subtrochanteric fractures.", "content": "The introduction of the Zickel nail has provided a significant advance in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures. The device allows early mobilization and a high rate of union. In a 24-year-old man, the device was used bilaterally for subtrochanteric fractures, thus obviating the need for prolonged hospitalization and promoting early ambulation, and return to work. It must be emphasized that a bilateral operation for subtrochanteric fracture is a formidable procedure but can be accomplished in an otherwise healthy individual.", "contents": "Zickel nail fixation of bilateral subtrochanteric fractures. The introduction of the Zickel nail has provided a significant advance in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures. The device allows early mobilization and a high rate of union. In a 24-year-old man, the device was used bilaterally for subtrochanteric fractures, thus obviating the need for prolonged hospitalization and promoting early ambulation, and return to work. It must be emphasized that a bilateral operation for subtrochanteric fracture is a formidable procedure but can be accomplished in an otherwise healthy individual.", "PMID": 743848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5718", "title": "Hematogenous infection in total joint replacement.", "content": "Hematogenous infections may appear at any time after joint replacement operations. As distinguished from delayed infections where general symptoms of infection are absent, hematogenous infections cause malaise, chills and fever, usually of the septic type. Roentgenograms of the joint at an early stage of hematogenous infection do not show any sign of infection as these take time to develop. Nor is the scintigram positive at an early stage. The diagnosis is beyond doubt only when the same strain of bacteria is cultured from the joint, a primary focus and blood.", "contents": "Hematogenous infection in total joint replacement. Hematogenous infections may appear at any time after joint replacement operations. As distinguished from delayed infections where general symptoms of infection are absent, hematogenous infections cause malaise, chills and fever, usually of the septic type. Roentgenograms of the joint at an early stage of hematogenous infection do not show any sign of infection as these take time to develop. Nor is the scintigram positive at an early stage. The diagnosis is beyond doubt only when the same strain of bacteria is cultured from the joint, a primary focus and blood.", "PMID": 743846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5719", "title": "Intraoperative femur fractures during total hip replacement.", "content": "Eleven intraoperative femur fractures occurred during 605 total hip replacements at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, an incidence of 1.8%. Fractures occur more often in women, are usually located in the proximal femur, and mostly occur during femoral reaming. The main predisposing factors were osteoporosis and previous hip operation. The treatment may be operative or non-operative depending on the location and type of fracture. This complication is associated with a high morbidity and a significant delay in convalescence.", "contents": "Intraoperative femur fractures during total hip replacement. Eleven intraoperative femur fractures occurred during 605 total hip replacements at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, an incidence of 1.8%. Fractures occur more often in women, are usually located in the proximal femur, and mostly occur during femoral reaming. The main predisposing factors were osteoporosis and previous hip operation. The treatment may be operative or non-operative depending on the location and type of fracture. This complication is associated with a high morbidity and a significant delay in convalescence.", "PMID": 743850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5720", "title": "A noncemented total hip prosthesis.", "content": "Although total hip arthroplasty stabilized by cement has been a great step forward, loosening is becoming more and more frequent and constitutes a significant problem. This is a report of the design of a non-cemented prosthesis in which fixation of the prosthesis is secured by the in-growth of newly-formed bone into the irregularities of the metal. In more than 2000 cases with a follow-up of 5 1/2 years, this fixation design proves to be sound. The complications are relatively rare and the results are generally good.", "contents": "A noncemented total hip prosthesis. Although total hip arthroplasty stabilized by cement has been a great step forward, loosening is becoming more and more frequent and constitutes a significant problem. This is a report of the design of a non-cemented prosthesis in which fixation of the prosthesis is secured by the in-growth of newly-formed bone into the irregularities of the metal. In more than 2000 cases with a follow-up of 5 1/2 years, this fixation design proves to be sound. The complications are relatively rare and the results are generally good.", "PMID": 743847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5721", "title": "Five to fourteen year interim results of uncemented total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "One thousand eight hundred eight uncemented total hip replacements have been performed during the last 14 years. The prototype and early models, 11-14 years later have retained a satisfactory result in 56% of cases, and the valgus prostheses, 6-11 years after implantation retain a satisfactory result in 85% of cases. The models in current use, with a standard neck shaft angle, and a range of implants to fit the medullary canal securely, have given a satisfactory result in 94% of patients in a one to 6 year survey. Of the whole series 101 hips (5.5%) have required further surgical treatment, mainly for interface pain but only 9 patients (0.5%) have finally ended with a resection-pseudarthrosis, all for infection. The overall results of the operation appear comparable with those of cemented metal on metal implants, but the frequency of minor discomfort on weightbearing is probably greater than that which follows a cemented on plastic articulation. Against this must be balanced the low risk of infection, and the ease with which revisional surgery can be performed.", "contents": "Five to fourteen year interim results of uncemented total hip arthroplasty. One thousand eight hundred eight uncemented total hip replacements have been performed during the last 14 years. The prototype and early models, 11-14 years later have retained a satisfactory result in 56% of cases, and the valgus prostheses, 6-11 years after implantation retain a satisfactory result in 85% of cases. The models in current use, with a standard neck shaft angle, and a range of implants to fit the medullary canal securely, have given a satisfactory result in 94% of patients in a one to 6 year survey. Of the whole series 101 hips (5.5%) have required further surgical treatment, mainly for interface pain but only 9 patients (0.5%) have finally ended with a resection-pseudarthrosis, all for infection. The overall results of the operation appear comparable with those of cemented metal on metal implants, but the frequency of minor discomfort on weightbearing is probably greater than that which follows a cemented on plastic articulation. Against this must be balanced the low risk of infection, and the ease with which revisional surgery can be performed.", "PMID": 743849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5722", "title": "Nonfatal chloroquine poisoning.", "content": "Acute overdosage with chloroquine is a life-threatening emergency. Adults who have ingested greater than 3 gm of chloroquine phosphate have died within 2 hr after ingestion. We describe the rapid onset of typical gastrointestinal, central nervous system, respiratory, and cardiovascular symptomatology in a 49-year-old female who ingested 19.5 gm of chloroquine phosphate. Prompt emesis, lavage, administration of activated charcoal, and aggressive treatment of hypotension and respiratory distress were responsible for the patient's recovery within 6 hr.", "contents": "Nonfatal chloroquine poisoning. Acute overdosage with chloroquine is a life-threatening emergency. Adults who have ingested greater than 3 gm of chloroquine phosphate have died within 2 hr after ingestion. We describe the rapid onset of typical gastrointestinal, central nervous system, respiratory, and cardiovascular symptomatology in a 49-year-old female who ingested 19.5 gm of chloroquine phosphate. Prompt emesis, lavage, administration of activated charcoal, and aggressive treatment of hypotension and respiratory distress were responsible for the patient's recovery within 6 hr.", "PMID": 743865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5723", "title": "Methyl ethyl ketone polyneuropathy in shoe factory workers.", "content": "Three cases of polyneuropathy in shoe factory workers are described. The etiologic agent is felt to be methyl ketone, a substance previously thought to be a safe solvent. The concentration of this substance in the ambient air of the patients was below the threshold limit value. This suggests that there may be a cumulative effect and that we should reexamine the threshold limit values set for all the organic solvents with respect to inhalation and absorption from skin surfaces.", "contents": "Methyl ethyl ketone polyneuropathy in shoe factory workers. Three cases of polyneuropathy in shoe factory workers are described. The etiologic agent is felt to be methyl ketone, a substance previously thought to be a safe solvent. The concentration of this substance in the ambient air of the patients was below the threshold limit value. This suggests that there may be a cumulative effect and that we should reexamine the threshold limit values set for all the organic solvents with respect to inhalation and absorption from skin surfaces.", "PMID": 743866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5724", "title": "Effects of morphine and methadone on the nuclear uptake of estradiol by the brain.", "content": "Rats were treated for ten days with morphine (50 microgram/kg) or methadone (10 mg/kg). On the tenth day the animals were injected with 3H-estradiol, and the nuclear uptake of the steroid by the central nervous system was evaluated by autoradiography. Neither of the opiates were found to have any significant effect on the nuclear uptake of 3H-estradiol by the central nervous system. The data suggest that the mechanism by which methadone and morphine inhibit normal reproductive function in addicts is probably not the inhibition of nuclear uptake of estradiol.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and methadone on the nuclear uptake of estradiol by the brain. Rats were treated for ten days with morphine (50 microgram/kg) or methadone (10 mg/kg). On the tenth day the animals were injected with 3H-estradiol, and the nuclear uptake of the steroid by the central nervous system was evaluated by autoradiography. Neither of the opiates were found to have any significant effect on the nuclear uptake of 3H-estradiol by the central nervous system. The data suggest that the mechanism by which methadone and morphine inhibit normal reproductive function in addicts is probably not the inhibition of nuclear uptake of estradiol.", "PMID": 743868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5725", "title": "Blood cadmium level and hypertension in humans.", "content": "Blood cadmium level was determined in 29 nontreated hypertensive male subjects and 29 controls. All were individually matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. No differences were found between hypertensives (3.3 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) and normotensives (2.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml).", "contents": "Blood cadmium level and hypertension in humans. Blood cadmium level was determined in 29 nontreated hypertensive male subjects and 29 controls. All were individually matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. No differences were found between hypertensives (3.3 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) and normotensives (2.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml).", "PMID": 743870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5726", "title": "[The journey of the Guarayos to the land of the dead. A transcultural psychiatric study].", "content": "The investigation of the being of a culture has the power of revealing something about the existence of the human beings that form it. The ethnographic study of the Guarayos, in which we find the great 'mythologem' of the agricultural people, allows us to understand the collective and permanent drunkenness that characterizes it.", "contents": "[The journey of the Guarayos to the land of the dead. A transcultural psychiatric study]. The investigation of the being of a culture has the power of revealing something about the existence of the human beings that form it. The ethnographic study of the Guarayos, in which we find the great 'mythologem' of the agricultural people, allows us to understand the collective and permanent drunkenness that characterizes it.", "PMID": 743872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5727", "title": "Phototoxicity of Dictamnus alba.", "content": "Phytophotodermatitis from Dictamnus alba was observed in three patients. Thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry disclosed the occurrence of 5-methoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in the plant extracts which was also demonstrated by their phototoxic activity in vitro.", "contents": "Phototoxicity of Dictamnus alba. Phytophotodermatitis from Dictamnus alba was observed in three patients. Thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry disclosed the occurrence of 5-methoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in the plant extracts which was also demonstrated by their phototoxic activity in vitro.", "PMID": 743873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5728", "title": "Photocontact allergy to 6-methylcoumarin.", "content": "A proprietary sunscreen-induced photosensitivity reactions in a small number of users. Laboratory study revealed that the reactions were of the photoallergic type and were due to the presence of a synthetic fragrance, 6-methylcoumarin. By photomaximization testing  6-methylcoumarin was found to be a potent photocontact allergen.", "contents": "Photocontact allergy to 6-methylcoumarin. A proprietary sunscreen-induced photosensitivity reactions in a small number of users. Laboratory study revealed that the reactions were of the photoallergic type and were due to the presence of a synthetic fragrance, 6-methylcoumarin. By photomaximization testing  6-methylcoumarin was found to be a potent photocontact allergen.", "PMID": 743874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5729", "title": "Triclocarban: evaluation of contact dermatitis potential in man.", "content": "Triclocarban was subjected to a profiling of its dermatitis producing potential including irritancy (21-day cumulative irritancy potential and application to 213 normal controls), phototoxicity (method of Marzulli), predictive contact sensitization (modified Draize method), predictive phototesting and battery screening in 2200 dermatitis patients, in an effort to define its relative dermatitis potential. The allergic contact dermatitis potential of triclocarban following bar soap use appears minimal.", "contents": "Triclocarban: evaluation of contact dermatitis potential in man. Triclocarban was subjected to a profiling of its dermatitis producing potential including irritancy (21-day cumulative irritancy potential and application to 213 normal controls), phototoxicity (method of Marzulli), predictive contact sensitization (modified Draize method), predictive phototesting and battery screening in 2200 dermatitis patients, in an effort to define its relative dermatitis potential. The allergic contact dermatitis potential of triclocarban following bar soap use appears minimal.", "PMID": 743875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5730", "title": "The fine structure of the vegetative cells of Erythrocystis montagnei, a symbiotic red alga.", "content": "Erythrocystis montagnei lives as a symbiont on the thallus of another red alga, Laurencia paniculata. This electron microscope study carried out on its vegatative cells shows that the plastids have a fine structure adequate to perform photosynthesis, different from that observed in other parasitic red algae. Starch granules occur frequently in all the cells of the thallus except the large vacuolized basal cell, which joins together the symbionts. These features suggest that Erythrocystis lives on its host plant for reasons other than a lack of photosynthesis.", "contents": "The fine structure of the vegetative cells of Erythrocystis montagnei, a symbiotic red alga. Erythrocystis montagnei lives as a symbiont on the thallus of another red alga, Laurencia paniculata. This electron microscope study carried out on its vegatative cells shows that the plastids have a fine structure adequate to perform photosynthesis, different from that observed in other parasitic red algae. Starch granules occur frequently in all the cells of the thallus except the large vacuolized basal cell, which joins together the symbionts. These features suggest that Erythrocystis lives on its host plant for reasons other than a lack of photosynthesis.", "PMID": 743891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5731", "title": "Plasma membrane of Phycomyces: sequential changes in the structure during spore formation.", "content": "The plasma membrane of sporangiospores (spores) of Phycomyces blakeleeanus has distinct structural features that distinguish it from the plasma membrane of the sporangiophores. The plasma membrane of the spores is, however, derived from that of the sporangiophore. A study of sequential development of spores shows that the mass of cytoplasm in a sporangial initial is cleavaged by proliferation and subsequent anastomosis and membrane fusion of the clevage vesicles. The plasma membrane of the cleavage vesicles has a reversed curvature (inside out) to that of the sporangial plasma membrane. Otherwise, the distribution of intercalated membranous particles (Imp) on the fractured faces is similar to that of the plasma membrane of the sporangium. Lather, as a result of fusion of cleavage vesicles, curvature of the plasma membrane in the spore initials returns to their original state. In the processes of spore maturation, a new type of structural feature appears in the plasma membrane, which is not present either in the plasma membrane of spore initials or in the plasma membrane of sporangiophores or mycelia. This feature often is seen as large particles (30--35 nm) which are randomly distributed on the exoplasmic face (EF) with corresponding depressions on the plasmic half (PF) in freeze-fractured replicas. They increase in number with increasing spore maturity. These particles are, in fact, the inward protrusions of the plasma membrane of the spore. A change in the number of 5--8 nm intramembranous particles on the fractured faces is also noted during spor maturation, with an increase on the EF face and a corresponding decrease on the PF face. This alteration may result from vertical movement of Imp or from a change in the fracture plane as a consequence of alteration in the lipid content during maturation.", "contents": "Plasma membrane of Phycomyces: sequential changes in the structure during spore formation. The plasma membrane of sporangiospores (spores) of Phycomyces blakeleeanus has distinct structural features that distinguish it from the plasma membrane of the sporangiophores. The plasma membrane of the spores is, however, derived from that of the sporangiophore. A study of sequential development of spores shows that the mass of cytoplasm in a sporangial initial is cleavaged by proliferation and subsequent anastomosis and membrane fusion of the clevage vesicles. The plasma membrane of the cleavage vesicles has a reversed curvature (inside out) to that of the sporangial plasma membrane. Otherwise, the distribution of intercalated membranous particles (Imp) on the fractured faces is similar to that of the plasma membrane of the sporangium. Lather, as a result of fusion of cleavage vesicles, curvature of the plasma membrane in the spore initials returns to their original state. In the processes of spore maturation, a new type of structural feature appears in the plasma membrane, which is not present either in the plasma membrane of spore initials or in the plasma membrane of sporangiophores or mycelia. This feature often is seen as large particles (30--35 nm) which are randomly distributed on the exoplasmic face (EF) with corresponding depressions on the plasmic half (PF) in freeze-fractured replicas. They increase in number with increasing spore maturity. These particles are, in fact, the inward protrusions of the plasma membrane of the spore. A change in the number of 5--8 nm intramembranous particles on the fractured faces is also noted during spor maturation, with an increase on the EF face and a corresponding decrease on the PF face. This alteration may result from vertical movement of Imp or from a change in the fracture plane as a consequence of alteration in the lipid content during maturation.", "PMID": 743892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5732", "title": "Cytokinesis in Impatiens balsamina and the effect of caffeine.", "content": "A description of cytokinesis in cells of roots of Impatiens balsamina is given, and the effect of caffeine on this process. The disposition of organelles, microtubules and vesicles which form the new cell plate is similar in normal and caffeine treated roots. In sections cut in the plane of the developing cell plate, membranous arms radiating from common centres appear to play an important role in promoting efficient fusion of the vesicles, and caffeine reduces their occurrence. The possible presence of callose in the newly formed cell plate, and the formation of plasmodesmata, are discussed. Mechanisms of membrane fusion and effects of caffeine on this event are also considered.", "contents": "Cytokinesis in Impatiens balsamina and the effect of caffeine. A description of cytokinesis in cells of roots of Impatiens balsamina is given, and the effect of caffeine on this process. The disposition of organelles, microtubules and vesicles which form the new cell plate is similar in normal and caffeine treated roots. In sections cut in the plane of the developing cell plate, membranous arms radiating from common centres appear to play an important role in promoting efficient fusion of the vesicles, and caffeine reduces their occurrence. The possible presence of callose in the newly formed cell plate, and the formation of plasmodesmata, are discussed. Mechanisms of membrane fusion and effects of caffeine on this event are also considered.", "PMID": 743893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5733", "title": "Chromosomes and meiosis in two species of Dermaptera.", "content": "The chromosome cytology of two species of Dermaptera, namely Diplatys gladiator and Forficula sp., has been studied. The diploid number of chromosomes in male Diplatys gladiator is 18 (16AA + XY), whereas in male Forficula sp. it is 27 (24AA + X1X2Y). These are the two new chromosome numbers for Dermaptera. The evolutionary status of Forficula sp. in the family Forficulinae has been emphasized.", "contents": "Chromosomes and meiosis in two species of Dermaptera. The chromosome cytology of two species of Dermaptera, namely Diplatys gladiator and Forficula sp., has been studied. The diploid number of chromosomes in male Diplatys gladiator is 18 (16AA + XY), whereas in male Forficula sp. it is 27 (24AA + X1X2Y). These are the two new chromosome numbers for Dermaptera. The evolutionary status of Forficula sp. in the family Forficulinae has been emphasized.", "PMID": 743894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5734", "title": "On the mechanism of prometaphase congression: chromosome velocity as a function of position on the spindle.", "content": "Rates of movement of univalents at prometaphase and of half-bivalents at anaphase in living cricket and grasshopper spermatocytes were determined as a function of the distance from the pole toward which the movement was directed. In the artificially produced univalents of cricket cells, correlation coefficients for rate versus distance form the pole were widely disparate from movement to movement and there was no consistent relationship between velocity and distance from the pole. However, in the naturally occurring univalents of grasshopper cells, there was a significant positive correlation between velocity and distance from the pole. In both cricket and grasshopper cells, there was no consistent correlation between rate of movement and distance from the pole for half-bivalents at anaphase. The prometaphase data from grasshopper cells support the simple hypothesis of Ostergren (1950) that congression results from the application to chromosomes of forces which increase with increasing distance from the pole. Furthermore, these data are consistent with models of force production which suppose that the relationship between force (reflected as velocity) and distance from the pole is a linear one.", "contents": "On the mechanism of prometaphase congression: chromosome velocity as a function of position on the spindle. Rates of movement of univalents at prometaphase and of half-bivalents at anaphase in living cricket and grasshopper spermatocytes were determined as a function of the distance from the pole toward which the movement was directed. In the artificially produced univalents of cricket cells, correlation coefficients for rate versus distance form the pole were widely disparate from movement to movement and there was no consistent relationship between velocity and distance from the pole. However, in the naturally occurring univalents of grasshopper cells, there was a significant positive correlation between velocity and distance from the pole. In both cricket and grasshopper cells, there was no consistent correlation between rate of movement and distance from the pole for half-bivalents at anaphase. The prometaphase data from grasshopper cells support the simple hypothesis of Ostergren (1950) that congression results from the application to chromosomes of forces which increase with increasing distance from the pole. Furthermore, these data are consistent with models of force production which suppose that the relationship between force (reflected as velocity) and distance from the pole is a linear one.", "PMID": 743900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5735", "title": "DNA sequence organisation in avian genomes.", "content": "By means of renaturation kinetics of DNA of the three avian species Cairina domestica, Gallus domesticus and Columba livia domestica the following major DNA repetition classes were observed: a very fast reannealing fraction comprising about 15% of the DNA, a fast or intermediate reannealing fraction that makes up 10%, and a slow reannealing fraction of about 70%, which apparently renatures with single copy properties. --Comparing the reassociation behaviour of short (0.3 kb) and long (greater than 2 kb) DNA fragments of duck and chicken it becomes apparent that only 12% (duck) and 28% (chicken) of the single copy DNA are interspersed with repetitive elements on 2 to 3 kb long fragments. The lengths of the repetitive sequences were estimated by optical hyperchromicity measurements, by agarose A-50 chromatography of S1 nuclease resistant duplexes and by electron microscopic measurements of the S1 nuclease resistant duplexes. It was found that in the case of the chicken DNA the single copy sequences alternating with middle repetitive ones are at least 2.3 kb long; the interspersed moderate repeats have a length average of at least 1.5 kb. The sequence length of the moderate repeats in duck DNA is smaller. The results show that the duck and the chicken genomes do not follow the short period interspersion pattern of genome organisation, characteristic of the eucaryotic organisms studied so far.", "contents": "DNA sequence organisation in avian genomes. By means of renaturation kinetics of DNA of the three avian species Cairina domestica, Gallus domesticus and Columba livia domestica the following major DNA repetition classes were observed: a very fast reannealing fraction comprising about 15% of the DNA, a fast or intermediate reannealing fraction that makes up 10%, and a slow reannealing fraction of about 70%, which apparently renatures with single copy properties. --Comparing the reassociation behaviour of short (0.3 kb) and long (greater than 2 kb) DNA fragments of duck and chicken it becomes apparent that only 12% (duck) and 28% (chicken) of the single copy DNA are interspersed with repetitive elements on 2 to 3 kb long fragments. The lengths of the repetitive sequences were estimated by optical hyperchromicity measurements, by agarose A-50 chromatography of S1 nuclease resistant duplexes and by electron microscopic measurements of the S1 nuclease resistant duplexes. It was found that in the case of the chicken DNA the single copy sequences alternating with middle repetitive ones are at least 2.3 kb long; the interspersed moderate repeats have a length average of at least 1.5 kb. The sequence length of the moderate repeats in duck DNA is smaller. The results show that the duck and the chicken genomes do not follow the short period interspersion pattern of genome organisation, characteristic of the eucaryotic organisms studied so far.", "PMID": 743901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5736", "title": "Absence of satellite DNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in mouse and human spermatocytes.", "content": "Mouse spermatocytes were labelled in situ with 3H-thymidine at successive stages of meiosis. Isolated mouse as well as human spermatocytes were similarly labelled under in vitro conditions. DNA synthesis was followed either by tracking radioactivities in Cs2SO4 gradients or by measuring reassociation kinetics. Mouse satellite DNA and the 3 satellites of human DNA are labelled during S-phase but not during pachytene. In the mouse genome, there is a preferential labelling of regions containing foldbacks (human spermatocytes were not analyzed in this respect). The absence of detectable pachytene synthesis in satellite DNA is consistent with genetic evidence on the absence of crossing-over in constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Absence of satellite DNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in mouse and human spermatocytes. Mouse spermatocytes were labelled in situ with 3H-thymidine at successive stages of meiosis. Isolated mouse as well as human spermatocytes were similarly labelled under in vitro conditions. DNA synthesis was followed either by tracking radioactivities in Cs2SO4 gradients or by measuring reassociation kinetics. Mouse satellite DNA and the 3 satellites of human DNA are labelled during S-phase but not during pachytene. In the mouse genome, there is a preferential labelling of regions containing foldbacks (human spermatocytes were not analyzed in this respect). The absence of detectable pachytene synthesis in satellite DNA is consistent with genetic evidence on the absence of crossing-over in constitutive heterochromatin.", "PMID": 743902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5737", "title": "Responses of mammalian metaphase chromosomes to endonuclease digestion.", "content": "Digestion of fixed metaphase chromosomes by endonucleases (micrococcal nuclease and DNase II) under optimal digestion conditions followed by Giemsa staining produces sharp banding patterns identical to G-bands. In 3H-thymidine labeled, synchronized metaphase cells of the chinese hamster (CHO line), the band induction is accompanied by the removal of DNA. The single strand specific nuclease S1 and DNase I do not produce such banding patterns.", "contents": "Responses of mammalian metaphase chromosomes to endonuclease digestion. Digestion of fixed metaphase chromosomes by endonucleases (micrococcal nuclease and DNase II) under optimal digestion conditions followed by Giemsa staining produces sharp banding patterns identical to G-bands. In 3H-thymidine labeled, synchronized metaphase cells of the chinese hamster (CHO line), the band induction is accompanied by the removal of DNA. The single strand specific nuclease S1 and DNase I do not produce such banding patterns.", "PMID": 743903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5738", "title": "Higher order structure in metaphase chromosomes. I. The 250 A fiber.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes released from cells in the presence of Joklik's suspension media by vortex-mixing with 0.5 mm glass beads have been analyzed by electron microscopy. In these preparations the chromosomes are composed of series of loops (200-300 A in diameter) which are, in turn, composed of closely-apposed arrays of nucleosomes. Negative-staining of these preparations has allowed the identification of several distinct patterns within the loop which appear to arise from variations in nucleosome packing. Analogous patterns are also observed in chromatin fragments generated by brief micrococcal nuclease digestion. From these data we have deduced certain features of nucleosome-nucleosome interactions in higher-ordered chromatin fibers.", "contents": "Higher order structure in metaphase chromosomes. I. The 250 A fiber. Metaphase chromosomes released from cells in the presence of Joklik's suspension media by vortex-mixing with 0.5 mm glass beads have been analyzed by electron microscopy. In these preparations the chromosomes are composed of series of loops (200-300 A in diameter) which are, in turn, composed of closely-apposed arrays of nucleosomes. Negative-staining of these preparations has allowed the identification of several distinct patterns within the loop which appear to arise from variations in nucleosome packing. Analogous patterns are also observed in chromatin fragments generated by brief micrococcal nuclease digestion. From these data we have deduced certain features of nucleosome-nucleosome interactions in higher-ordered chromatin fibers.", "PMID": 743904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5739", "title": "Higher order structure in metaphase chromosomes. II. The relationship between the 250 A fiber, superbeads and beads-on-a-string.", "content": "The morphology of metaphase chromosome-derived chromatin fibers released from cells by non-ionic detergent cell lysis in the presence of divalent cations has been studied by electron microscopy. In these preparations the euchromatic arms appear as a series of loops, 200-300 A in diameter, which are composed of closely-apposed nucleosome arrays. The higher order fiber in chromosomes derived from detergent-lysed cells appears to be less stable than chromatin fibers obtained by mechanical cell lysis. The fiber breaks down into a series of non-uniform nucleosome aggregates (superbeads) and finally to chromatin in a beads-on-a-string morphology upon incubation at 31 degrees for 20 min. These observations allow us to suggest a relationship between uniform thick fibers, superbead-containing fibers, and beads-on-a-string chromatin within metaphase chromosomes.", "contents": "Higher order structure in metaphase chromosomes. II. The relationship between the 250 A fiber, superbeads and beads-on-a-string. The morphology of metaphase chromosome-derived chromatin fibers released from cells by non-ionic detergent cell lysis in the presence of divalent cations has been studied by electron microscopy. In these preparations the euchromatic arms appear as a series of loops, 200-300 A in diameter, which are composed of closely-apposed nucleosome arrays. The higher order fiber in chromosomes derived from detergent-lysed cells appears to be less stable than chromatin fibers obtained by mechanical cell lysis. The fiber breaks down into a series of non-uniform nucleosome aggregates (superbeads) and finally to chromatin in a beads-on-a-string morphology upon incubation at 31 degrees for 20 min. These observations allow us to suggest a relationship between uniform thick fibers, superbead-containing fibers, and beads-on-a-string chromatin within metaphase chromosomes.", "PMID": 743905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5740", "title": "Meiotic chromosome pairing and synaptonemal complex transformation in Culex pipiens oocytes.", "content": "The synaptonemal complexes of the oocytes of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus have been reconstructed from serial sections. A diffuse structure, probably a chromocenter composed of centromeric heterochromatin, was present during pachytene. As no synaptonemal complexes were visible inside the chromocenter the continuity of the 2 arms of a bivalent was lost. The telomeric ends were clustered on a small area of the nuclear membrane in a bouquet arrangement; they were associated in pairs, and sometimes joined through a special structure. One pair was composed of the 2 telomeres of the shortest bivalent and a ring configuration was thus formed. The other 2 chromosomes may form one or two rings. During a short transitional stage, after the disappearence of the synaptonemal complexes, several thousand annuli, 1200-1500 A in diameter, were present in the nuclei. The annuli disappeared as material originating mainly from the transverse filaments of the synaptonemal complexes formed a \"capsule\" around the chromosomes during diplotene.", "contents": "Meiotic chromosome pairing and synaptonemal complex transformation in Culex pipiens oocytes. The synaptonemal complexes of the oocytes of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus have been reconstructed from serial sections. A diffuse structure, probably a chromocenter composed of centromeric heterochromatin, was present during pachytene. As no synaptonemal complexes were visible inside the chromocenter the continuity of the 2 arms of a bivalent was lost. The telomeric ends were clustered on a small area of the nuclear membrane in a bouquet arrangement; they were associated in pairs, and sometimes joined through a special structure. One pair was composed of the 2 telomeres of the shortest bivalent and a ring configuration was thus formed. The other 2 chromosomes may form one or two rings. During a short transitional stage, after the disappearence of the synaptonemal complexes, several thousand annuli, 1200-1500 A in diameter, were present in the nuclei. The annuli disappeared as material originating mainly from the transverse filaments of the synaptonemal complexes formed a \"capsule\" around the chromosomes during diplotene.", "PMID": 743906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5741", "title": "[Schizophrenia and addiction].", "content": "The relationship between schizophrenia and drug abuse has been approached using physiopathological, psychopathological, and cybernetics communicational techniques. The hypotheses which have been proposed with regard to the physiological mechanism involved in schizophrenia and drug abuse all have in common, among other things, the idea that neurotransmitters play a role in the development of these behaviors. Likewise, the psychopathological symptoms presented by schizophrenia and drug abuse offen many similarities. The mechanism by which drug abuse may lead to schizophrenia is discussed. The analysis of the communicational system reveals the correlation between there two syndroms. None of the three techniques which have been described should be exclused from clinical practice.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia and addiction]. The relationship between schizophrenia and drug abuse has been approached using physiopathological, psychopathological, and cybernetics communicational techniques. The hypotheses which have been proposed with regard to the physiological mechanism involved in schizophrenia and drug abuse all have in common, among other things, the idea that neurotransmitters play a role in the development of these behaviors. Likewise, the psychopathological symptoms presented by schizophrenia and drug abuse offen many similarities. The mechanism by which drug abuse may lead to schizophrenia is discussed. The analysis of the communicational system reveals the correlation between there two syndroms. None of the three techniques which have been described should be exclused from clinical practice.", "PMID": 743940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5742", "title": "Preparation, purification, and stability of high specific activity 125I-labeled thyronines.", "content": "A modified chloramine-T method is described for the preparation of several radioiodothyronines by an exchange reaction, which results in low specific activity preparations, or by an addition reaction, which yields radioiodothyronines with specific activities up to 7 mCi/microgram. Purification by paper chromatography is shown to be more convenient than by LH-20 chromatography and provides better resolution among the various thyronines. Radioiodothyronines with only a single iodine atom in the outer (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'-diiodothyronine) are stable for several months when stored in organic solvents. The least stable radioiodothyronines are those with two 125I atoms in the outer ring (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) produced from 3-iodothyronine and thyroxine (T4) from 3,5-diiodothyronine). The stability of rT3 and T4 stored in human plasma at 4 C is much greater than when stored in buffer at the same pH. The use of high specific activity [125I]rT3 has permitted the development of a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 1 pg rT3/ml incubation volume.", "contents": "Preparation, purification, and stability of high specific activity 125I-labeled thyronines. A modified chloramine-T method is described for the preparation of several radioiodothyronines by an exchange reaction, which results in low specific activity preparations, or by an addition reaction, which yields radioiodothyronines with specific activities up to 7 mCi/microgram. Purification by paper chromatography is shown to be more convenient than by LH-20 chromatography and provides better resolution among the various thyronines. Radioiodothyronines with only a single iodine atom in the outer (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'-diiodothyronine) are stable for several months when stored in organic solvents. The least stable radioiodothyronines are those with two 125I atoms in the outer ring (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) produced from 3-iodothyronine and thyroxine (T4) from 3,5-diiodothyronine). The stability of rT3 and T4 stored in human plasma at 4 C is much greater than when stored in buffer at the same pH. The use of high specific activity [125I]rT3 has permitted the development of a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 1 pg rT3/ml incubation volume.", "PMID": 743943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5743", "title": "Mechanisms for the testicular hypertrophy which follows hemicastration.", "content": "The hormonal and testicular effects of hemicastration have been examined using rodent models. When rats were hemicastrated at 5 days of age, significant testicular hypertrophy was noted within 5 days. Hypertrophy decreased as the age at hemicastration approached 20 days and did not occur in rats 45 days of age or older. The changes in testicular weight were associated with significant (P less than 0.001) increases in serum FSH values from 10-20 days, but no significant alterations in the intratesticular concentration of testosterone occurred. Hemicastration also caused significant hypertrophy in testes depleted of germ cells. This was reflected by a substantial increase in testicular protein and DNA when compared to intact controls at 10, 15, and 20 days of age; however, the concentration of protein/microgram DNA was increased only at 15 days. These data indicate that 1) changes in serum FSH and not intratesticular testosterone are associated with the testicular hypertrophy which follows unilateral castration of immature animals; 2, a significant proportion of the hypertrophy can be attributed to non-germinal cells, the Sertoli cell being the prime candidate;3) the increase in testicular weight is primarily the result of an increase in cell number.", "contents": "Mechanisms for the testicular hypertrophy which follows hemicastration. The hormonal and testicular effects of hemicastration have been examined using rodent models. When rats were hemicastrated at 5 days of age, significant testicular hypertrophy was noted within 5 days. Hypertrophy decreased as the age at hemicastration approached 20 days and did not occur in rats 45 days of age or older. The changes in testicular weight were associated with significant (P less than 0.001) increases in serum FSH values from 10-20 days, but no significant alterations in the intratesticular concentration of testosterone occurred. Hemicastration also caused significant hypertrophy in testes depleted of germ cells. This was reflected by a substantial increase in testicular protein and DNA when compared to intact controls at 10, 15, and 20 days of age; however, the concentration of protein/microgram DNA was increased only at 15 days. These data indicate that 1) changes in serum FSH and not intratesticular testosterone are associated with the testicular hypertrophy which follows unilateral castration of immature animals; 2, a significant proportion of the hypertrophy can be attributed to non-germinal cells, the Sertoli cell being the prime candidate;3) the increase in testicular weight is primarily the result of an increase in cell number.", "PMID": 743944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5744", "title": "Acute effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on cultured thyroid cell morphology.", "content": "The acute effect of TSH on the ultrastructure of dog thyroid cells in monolayer tissue culture was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Although thyroid cells in monolayer culture remained responsive to TSH stimulation, the cell surface changes induced by TSH were different from those seen in intact thyroid tissue. Morphological changes were observed within 15 min after the addition of TSH, the earliest time point examined. These changes were fully developed within 4 h. Spontaneous morphological transformation was not observed in the absence of TSH. Morphological alterations induced by TSH were 1) the thickening and retraction of the cell border, 2) the formation of a network of cytoplasmic projections resulting from both cell retraction and active cytoplasmic extension, and 3) an increase in the number of surface microvilli. The relationship between this acute TSH action and thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Acute effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on cultured thyroid cell morphology. The acute effect of TSH on the ultrastructure of dog thyroid cells in monolayer tissue culture was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Although thyroid cells in monolayer culture remained responsive to TSH stimulation, the cell surface changes induced by TSH were different from those seen in intact thyroid tissue. Morphological changes were observed within 15 min after the addition of TSH, the earliest time point examined. These changes were fully developed within 4 h. Spontaneous morphological transformation was not observed in the absence of TSH. Morphological alterations induced by TSH were 1) the thickening and retraction of the cell border, 2) the formation of a network of cytoplasmic projections resulting from both cell retraction and active cytoplasmic extension, and 3) an increase in the number of surface microvilli. The relationship between this acute TSH action and thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 743946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5745", "title": "Effect of maternal hypothyroidism and triiodothyronine on the fetus and newborn in rats.", "content": "Of 36 adult female rats studied 19 were radiothyroidectomized; 3 weeks later all rats were bred. Radiothyroidectomized rats were divided into Groups I-III. Group I was untreated. Maternal weight gain was not noted until day 9 and was steady thereafter. Group III rats were treated with triiodothyronine up to the first day of pregnancy, but were hypothyroid during gestation (elevated TSH and low T3). Group II rats were treated with T3 up to the day of delivery. The pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were similar to the normal controls (Group VI). Pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were not different from controls when T3 was given to normal rats up to day 1 of pregnancy (Group IV). T3 concentrations were elevated in the normal rats which were given T3 continuously up to the day of delivery (Group V). However, the animals did not appear to be thyrotoxic and TSH was not suppressed. The size of the litters of Group I mothers was significantly less than in other groups and this difference may be attributed to an increased tendency to resorb implanted fetuses in untreated hypothyroid mothers. However, activity, day of eye opening weight gain, and TSH and T3 levels of the pups of all the groups were similar up to age 21 days. The data indicate the independence of the fetal pituitary-thyroid axis from maternal thyroidal status in rats.", "contents": "Effect of maternal hypothyroidism and triiodothyronine on the fetus and newborn in rats. Of 36 adult female rats studied 19 were radiothyroidectomized; 3 weeks later all rats were bred. Radiothyroidectomized rats were divided into Groups I-III. Group I was untreated. Maternal weight gain was not noted until day 9 and was steady thereafter. Group III rats were treated with triiodothyronine up to the first day of pregnancy, but were hypothyroid during gestation (elevated TSH and low T3). Group II rats were treated with T3 up to the day of delivery. The pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were similar to the normal controls (Group VI). Pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were not different from controls when T3 was given to normal rats up to day 1 of pregnancy (Group IV). T3 concentrations were elevated in the normal rats which were given T3 continuously up to the day of delivery (Group V). However, the animals did not appear to be thyrotoxic and TSH was not suppressed. The size of the litters of Group I mothers was significantly less than in other groups and this difference may be attributed to an increased tendency to resorb implanted fetuses in untreated hypothyroid mothers. However, activity, day of eye opening weight gain, and TSH and T3 levels of the pups of all the groups were similar up to age 21 days. The data indicate the independence of the fetal pituitary-thyroid axis from maternal thyroidal status in rats.", "PMID": 743948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5746", "title": "Estrogen and progesterone interactions in the rabbit uterus in vivo after steroid administration.", "content": "After a single injection of Estradurin (polyestradiolphosphate), rabbit plasma 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels rose to a maximum in 3 days and were maintained for at least a 13-day period. The uterine E2 concentration rose slowly so that at day 12 the tissue/plasma E2 ratio was similar to that in untreated controls. The gain in tissue weight after the Estradurin injection correlated well with the increase in tissue E2 concentration. In a group of rabbits to which progesterone (P) was administered 7 days after Estradurin injection, the E2 concentration in plasma did not change significantly. However, the tissue E2 concentration showed a significant decrease after four daily injections of P. When P injections were halted (progesterone withdrawal) for 2 days, the tissue E2 levels rose and were greater than those found in the group not receiving P. These levels were significantly higher than those found in animals which had received daily injections of P for 2 or 4 days. These results indicate that P is able to suppress the accumulation of E2 by uterine tissue, in agreement with published evidence that P is able to reduce the levels of cytoplasmic E2 receptors.", "contents": "Estrogen and progesterone interactions in the rabbit uterus in vivo after steroid administration. After a single injection of Estradurin (polyestradiolphosphate), rabbit plasma 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels rose to a maximum in 3 days and were maintained for at least a 13-day period. The uterine E2 concentration rose slowly so that at day 12 the tissue/plasma E2 ratio was similar to that in untreated controls. The gain in tissue weight after the Estradurin injection correlated well with the increase in tissue E2 concentration. In a group of rabbits to which progesterone (P) was administered 7 days after Estradurin injection, the E2 concentration in plasma did not change significantly. However, the tissue E2 concentration showed a significant decrease after four daily injections of P. When P injections were halted (progesterone withdrawal) for 2 days, the tissue E2 levels rose and were greater than those found in the group not receiving P. These levels were significantly higher than those found in animals which had received daily injections of P for 2 or 4 days. These results indicate that P is able to suppress the accumulation of E2 by uterine tissue, in agreement with published evidence that P is able to reduce the levels of cytoplasmic E2 receptors.", "PMID": 743952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5747", "title": "Intracellular transport and packaging of prolactin: a quantitative electron microscope autoradiographic study of mammotrophs dissociated from rat pituitaries.", "content": "Dispersed pituitary cells prepared from estrogen-treated female rats were subjected to pulse labeling with [3H]leucine (5 min) followed by a chase incubation (up to 3 h) in order to study intracellular transport of PRL in mammotrophs. Sites of synthesis, rates of transport, and sites of packaging and storage of PRL were determined by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. Results of grain counts show that label is initially (end of pulse) distributed randomly over the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but rapidly (5--15 min of chase) moves to the stacked Golgi cisternae where concentration into secretion granules takes place. The label moves successively from small (Type I) immature granules (15--55 min of chase) to large (Types II and III) polymorphic granules (55--115 min) in the Golgi region, to rounded or ovoid mature (Type IV) granules (55--185 min) usually found in the peripheral cytoplasm, indicating that these types of granules represent successive stages in granule concentration and assembly. Analysis of the relative grain density (percentage of total grains/percentage of total area) confirmed that there was progressive concentration (up to 20--150 times) along the transport route with the concentration lowest in the ER, higher in the Golgi, and highest in immature and mature secretion granules. These data indicate that synthesis of PRL occurs randomly in the ER, transport to the Golgi occurs rapidly (within 5--10 min), and is completed rapidly (90% within 15--20 min), and concentration into granules and aggregation of small granules into larger forms also occurs rapidly (by 15--20 min), but goes on over a prolonged period of time (up to 3 h). Use of dispersed cells has allowed a more precise determination of the location and kinetics of steps in the intracellular processing of PRL than has been possible previously using other systems.", "contents": "Intracellular transport and packaging of prolactin: a quantitative electron microscope autoradiographic study of mammotrophs dissociated from rat pituitaries. Dispersed pituitary cells prepared from estrogen-treated female rats were subjected to pulse labeling with [3H]leucine (5 min) followed by a chase incubation (up to 3 h) in order to study intracellular transport of PRL in mammotrophs. Sites of synthesis, rates of transport, and sites of packaging and storage of PRL were determined by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. Results of grain counts show that label is initially (end of pulse) distributed randomly over the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but rapidly (5--15 min of chase) moves to the stacked Golgi cisternae where concentration into secretion granules takes place. The label moves successively from small (Type I) immature granules (15--55 min of chase) to large (Types II and III) polymorphic granules (55--115 min) in the Golgi region, to rounded or ovoid mature (Type IV) granules (55--185 min) usually found in the peripheral cytoplasm, indicating that these types of granules represent successive stages in granule concentration and assembly. Analysis of the relative grain density (percentage of total grains/percentage of total area) confirmed that there was progressive concentration (up to 20--150 times) along the transport route with the concentration lowest in the ER, higher in the Golgi, and highest in immature and mature secretion granules. These data indicate that synthesis of PRL occurs randomly in the ER, transport to the Golgi occurs rapidly (within 5--10 min), and is completed rapidly (90% within 15--20 min), and concentration into granules and aggregation of small granules into larger forms also occurs rapidly (by 15--20 min), but goes on over a prolonged period of time (up to 3 h). Use of dispersed cells has allowed a more precise determination of the location and kinetics of steps in the intracellular processing of PRL than has been possible previously using other systems.", "PMID": 743954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5748", "title": "Methylation of estradiol-17 beta by a partially purified preparation of bovine pineal hydroxy-indole-O-methyltransferase.", "content": "A partially purified preparation of hydroxy-indole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) from bovine pineal was shown to O-methylate estradiol-17beta (E2). The HIOMT preparation was incubated with E2 and [3H]-S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The [3H]-3 methyl-ether or estradiol [MeO-E2] produced was identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and crystallization to constant 3H/14C ratio in the presence of [14C]-MeO-E2 and unlabeled MeO-E2 standards. The kinetics of the enzyme reaction for melatonin formation from N-acetyl-serotonin (NAS) and for MeO-E2 were compared.", "contents": "Methylation of estradiol-17 beta by a partially purified preparation of bovine pineal hydroxy-indole-O-methyltransferase. A partially purified preparation of hydroxy-indole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) from bovine pineal was shown to O-methylate estradiol-17beta (E2). The HIOMT preparation was incubated with E2 and [3H]-S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The [3H]-3 methyl-ether or estradiol [MeO-E2] produced was identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and crystallization to constant 3H/14C ratio in the presence of [14C]-MeO-E2 and unlabeled MeO-E2 standards. The kinetics of the enzyme reaction for melatonin formation from N-acetyl-serotonin (NAS) and for MeO-E2 were compared.", "PMID": 743957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5749", "title": "Aromatase activity in the developing rabbit brain.", "content": "The formation of 17beta-[3H]estradiol from [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone was assessed in placenta and central nervous system tissues from rabbit embryos that varied in age from 13-28 days of gestation. In the fetal brain, significant rates of aromatase activity were limited exclusively to the forebrain, and the highest rates of activity (approximately 0.5 pmol/h/mg protein) were found in the diencephalon both male and female embryos between days 19 and 25 of gestation. These rates of aromatase activity are second only to the fetal ovary when expressed per mg protein; moreover, forebrain is the only tissue in the male embryo capable of synthesizing significant amounts of estrogens in vitro. When projected to the whole organ, the capacity of the diencephalon for aromatization exceeds the capacity of the fetal ovary approximately 9-fold. Placental aromatase activity was high (2.1 pmol/h/mg protein) on day 13 but fell to a level approximately 20-fold lower by day 19 of gestation. These findings indicate the potential importance of the forebrain as a source of estrogens during embryogenesis.", "contents": "Aromatase activity in the developing rabbit brain. The formation of 17beta-[3H]estradiol from [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone was assessed in placenta and central nervous system tissues from rabbit embryos that varied in age from 13-28 days of gestation. In the fetal brain, significant rates of aromatase activity were limited exclusively to the forebrain, and the highest rates of activity (approximately 0.5 pmol/h/mg protein) were found in the diencephalon both male and female embryos between days 19 and 25 of gestation. These rates of aromatase activity are second only to the fetal ovary when expressed per mg protein; moreover, forebrain is the only tissue in the male embryo capable of synthesizing significant amounts of estrogens in vitro. When projected to the whole organ, the capacity of the diencephalon for aromatization exceeds the capacity of the fetal ovary approximately 9-fold. Placental aromatase activity was high (2.1 pmol/h/mg protein) on day 13 but fell to a level approximately 20-fold lower by day 19 of gestation. These findings indicate the potential importance of the forebrain as a source of estrogens during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 743958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5750", "title": "Intracellular prolactin in rat corpus luteum and adrenal cortex.", "content": "This study was done to examine whether PRL, which appears in both active milk secretory cells (MSC) (1) and milk (1,2) during normal lactation, could also be detected in PRL target cells which do not transfer this hormone into an exocrine secretory product. Ovaries, adrenals, and mammary and pituitary glands were collected from actively nursing rats decapitated on day 15 post-partum. All four tissues were processed for light microscopic immunohistochemical identification of PRL. Immunoreactive PRL was again found in pituitary PRL cells and in MSC. It was also detected within both lutein and adrenal cortical cells (zona fasciculata). In all three target tissues, PRL was present in target cell cytoplasm, but, in MSC and adrenal cells, it was also found occasionally in nuclei. These findings, which seem to indicate that transfer into an exocrine secretory product cannot be the only possible explanation for the appearance of this protein hormone inside its target cells, extend the evidence suggesting that PRL may have intracellular sites of action.", "contents": "Intracellular prolactin in rat corpus luteum and adrenal cortex. This study was done to examine whether PRL, which appears in both active milk secretory cells (MSC) (1) and milk (1,2) during normal lactation, could also be detected in PRL target cells which do not transfer this hormone into an exocrine secretory product. Ovaries, adrenals, and mammary and pituitary glands were collected from actively nursing rats decapitated on day 15 post-partum. All four tissues were processed for light microscopic immunohistochemical identification of PRL. Immunoreactive PRL was again found in pituitary PRL cells and in MSC. It was also detected within both lutein and adrenal cortical cells (zona fasciculata). In all three target tissues, PRL was present in target cell cytoplasm, but, in MSC and adrenal cells, it was also found occasionally in nuclei. These findings, which seem to indicate that transfer into an exocrine secretory product cannot be the only possible explanation for the appearance of this protein hormone inside its target cells, extend the evidence suggesting that PRL may have intracellular sites of action.", "PMID": 743964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5751", "title": "Electrophoretically separable forms of rat prolactin with different bioassay and radioimmunoassay activities.", "content": "The possible existence of forms of rat PRL with different bioassay (BA)/RIA activity ratios was investigated. Anterior pituitary tissue and medium in which explants of rat adenohypophyses had been incubated were processed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis using a Tris-glycine buffer. The gel columns were cut into five segments and eluates from these were tested for PRL by BA and by RIA. Most of the BA- and RIA-detectable PRL in tissue and medium was found in the same gel region to which purified rat PRL (RP-1) migrated. The BA/RIA ratio of this major form of PRL was 2.2-4.0. Other more slowly migrating forms of PRL were found in the regions where albumin and growth hormone migrate. The BA/RIA activity ratios of these forms varied depending on the sample processed (e.g., tissue vs. medium; sex and/or age of the adenohypophyseal donor; duration of incubation) but were generally considerably higher than those of the respective major forms. PRL that migrated faster than the major form was also detected by the RIA in several cases, but in only one experiment (with 4-day culture medium) was bioassayable PRL present in this more anodal region. In this case the BA/RIA ratio was very high (78.6). These results indicate that forms of rat PRL with different BA/RIA activity ratios exist within and are secreted by rat adenohypophyses.", "contents": "Electrophoretically separable forms of rat prolactin with different bioassay and radioimmunoassay activities. The possible existence of forms of rat PRL with different bioassay (BA)/RIA activity ratios was investigated. Anterior pituitary tissue and medium in which explants of rat adenohypophyses had been incubated were processed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis using a Tris-glycine buffer. The gel columns were cut into five segments and eluates from these were tested for PRL by BA and by RIA. Most of the BA- and RIA-detectable PRL in tissue and medium was found in the same gel region to which purified rat PRL (RP-1) migrated. The BA/RIA ratio of this major form of PRL was 2.2-4.0. Other more slowly migrating forms of PRL were found in the regions where albumin and growth hormone migrate. The BA/RIA activity ratios of these forms varied depending on the sample processed (e.g., tissue vs. medium; sex and/or age of the adenohypophyseal donor; duration of incubation) but were generally considerably higher than those of the respective major forms. PRL that migrated faster than the major form was also detected by the RIA in several cases, but in only one experiment (with 4-day culture medium) was bioassayable PRL present in this more anodal region. In this case the BA/RIA ratio was very high (78.6). These results indicate that forms of rat PRL with different BA/RIA activity ratios exist within and are secreted by rat adenohypophyses.", "PMID": 743965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5752", "title": "Estrogen receptor in rat liver: translocation to the nucleus in vivo.", "content": "Following in vivo ethinyl estradiol (EE2) administration (100 microgram sc) to adult female rats, the estradiol-specific binding sites (ESBS) of liver cytosol were markedly reduced at 30 and 60 min. The reduction at 30 min was to one-quarter of that found in rats treated with vehicle alone. Coincident with this reduction, nuclear ESBS were increased. The ESBS of partially purified cytosol and of dense sucrose-purified nuclei were determined by gel filtration after incubations with tritiated estradiol using exchange assay conditions. An elevated temperature during the exchange assay incubations was necessary to demonstrate most of the ESBS in purified nuclei of EE2-treated rats and suggested that estrogens are attached at these sites. Following administration of 5 microgram EE2, the decrease in cytosol ESBS and the increase in nuclear ESBS were smaller. In contrast, 5 microgram EE2 was as effective as 100 microgram EE2 in substantially increasing the ESBS observed in uterine nuclear fractions. The low level of ESBS found in whole brain purified nuclei was unchanged by 100 microgram EE2 administration. The steroid specificity and proteolytic enzyme sensitivity of the purified nuclear ESBS of treated rats were similar to that of the partially purified cytosol ESBS of rats treated with vehicle alone. The data are consistent with the ESBS being estrogen receptor proteins which translocate from the liver cytosol to the nucleus after estrogen administration in vivo.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor in rat liver: translocation to the nucleus in vivo. Following in vivo ethinyl estradiol (EE2) administration (100 microgram sc) to adult female rats, the estradiol-specific binding sites (ESBS) of liver cytosol were markedly reduced at 30 and 60 min. The reduction at 30 min was to one-quarter of that found in rats treated with vehicle alone. Coincident with this reduction, nuclear ESBS were increased. The ESBS of partially purified cytosol and of dense sucrose-purified nuclei were determined by gel filtration after incubations with tritiated estradiol using exchange assay conditions. An elevated temperature during the exchange assay incubations was necessary to demonstrate most of the ESBS in purified nuclei of EE2-treated rats and suggested that estrogens are attached at these sites. Following administration of 5 microgram EE2, the decrease in cytosol ESBS and the increase in nuclear ESBS were smaller. In contrast, 5 microgram EE2 was as effective as 100 microgram EE2 in substantially increasing the ESBS observed in uterine nuclear fractions. The low level of ESBS found in whole brain purified nuclei was unchanged by 100 microgram EE2 administration. The steroid specificity and proteolytic enzyme sensitivity of the purified nuclear ESBS of treated rats were similar to that of the partially purified cytosol ESBS of rats treated with vehicle alone. The data are consistent with the ESBS being estrogen receptor proteins which translocate from the liver cytosol to the nucleus after estrogen administration in vivo.", "PMID": 743966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5753", "title": "Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog: effect of changes in sodium balance.", "content": "The possibility that the responsiveness of plasma aldosterone concentration to angiotensin II alters with changes in sodium balance was investigated in male beagle dogs under conditions of controlled sodium and potassium intake. Angiotensin II was infused at four different rates (usually 3, 6, 12, and 24 ng/kg/min), each for 1 h, 1) after periods of normal sodium diet (32 mEq/day), 2) after moderate sodium depletion (negative cumulative sodium balance 25-58 mEq), 3) after severe sodium depletion (65-116 mEq negative cumulative sodium balance), and 4) after sodium loading (150-212 mEq positive sodium balance), daily potassium intake remaining constant (26 mEq/day) throughout. Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves after moderate sodium depletion were both elevated and steepened in comparison with those found during normal sodium intake. Severe sodium depletion was associated with even greater elevation of dose-response curves, but individual aldosterone responses to angiotensin II were irregular and unpredictable. Sodium loading significantly diminished aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II. Blood pressure increments during angiotensin II infusion were attenuated by sodium depletion.", "contents": "Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog: effect of changes in sodium balance. The possibility that the responsiveness of plasma aldosterone concentration to angiotensin II alters with changes in sodium balance was investigated in male beagle dogs under conditions of controlled sodium and potassium intake. Angiotensin II was infused at four different rates (usually 3, 6, 12, and 24 ng/kg/min), each for 1 h, 1) after periods of normal sodium diet (32 mEq/day), 2) after moderate sodium depletion (negative cumulative sodium balance 25-58 mEq), 3) after severe sodium depletion (65-116 mEq negative cumulative sodium balance), and 4) after sodium loading (150-212 mEq positive sodium balance), daily potassium intake remaining constant (26 mEq/day) throughout. Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves after moderate sodium depletion were both elevated and steepened in comparison with those found during normal sodium intake. Severe sodium depletion was associated with even greater elevation of dose-response curves, but individual aldosterone responses to angiotensin II were irregular and unpredictable. Sodium loading significantly diminished aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II. Blood pressure increments during angiotensin II infusion were attenuated by sodium depletion.", "PMID": 743970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5754", "title": "Preprogramming mechanism of luteinizing hormone in the determination of the lifespan of the rat corpus luteum.", "content": "Luteal regression was studied in female rats bearing an isografted pituitary under the renal capsule and the day of ovulation was designated as day 0. These females had pseudopregnancy-like cycles and ovulations at 16-day intervals. After each ovulation, corpora lutea were activated and progesterone concentrations increased in peripheral blood until day 5, after which concentrations gradually decreased. Removal of the in situ pituitary on day 0 or 1 resulted in maintenance of luteal function; progesterone concentrations were sustained. This effect of hypophysectomy on day 0 was prevented by daily administration of small amounts of LH from days 0-5; however, luteal regression occurred if hypophysectomy was performed on day 4 or later and progesterone concentrations decreased. Luteal regression was prevented if anti-LH serum was administered from days 1-5 to pituitary-isografted rats and was followed by hypophysectomy on day 5. These results indicate that the lifespan of corpora lutea in pseudopregnant rats is programmed between days 2-4 after ovulation through the hypothalamohypophysial axis via secretion of LH.", "contents": "Preprogramming mechanism of luteinizing hormone in the determination of the lifespan of the rat corpus luteum. Luteal regression was studied in female rats bearing an isografted pituitary under the renal capsule and the day of ovulation was designated as day 0. These females had pseudopregnancy-like cycles and ovulations at 16-day intervals. After each ovulation, corpora lutea were activated and progesterone concentrations increased in peripheral blood until day 5, after which concentrations gradually decreased. Removal of the in situ pituitary on day 0 or 1 resulted in maintenance of luteal function; progesterone concentrations were sustained. This effect of hypophysectomy on day 0 was prevented by daily administration of small amounts of LH from days 0-5; however, luteal regression occurred if hypophysectomy was performed on day 4 or later and progesterone concentrations decreased. Luteal regression was prevented if anti-LH serum was administered from days 1-5 to pituitary-isografted rats and was followed by hypophysectomy on day 5. These results indicate that the lifespan of corpora lutea in pseudopregnant rats is programmed between days 2-4 after ovulation through the hypothalamohypophysial axis via secretion of LH.", "PMID": 743971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5755", "title": "Excess production of free alpha subunits by mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "Primary cultures from three serially transplanted mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors, Furth 97A, 97B, and 97C, and one newly generated tumor, NIH 101A, were shown to secrete free alpha subunits and a beta subunit (TSH-beta) in addition to intact TSH. The three glycopeptides were measured in specific, heterologous radioimmunoassays. Basal secretion of alpha subunit was found to be in excess in all four thyrotropic tumor cultures, ranging from 5.7- to 8.9-fold higher than that of intact TSH and 30- to 35-fold higher than that of free TSH-beta. In cultures from 97A, TRH (10(-7) M) stimulated the secretion of TSH, alpha subunit, and TSH-beta by 175-185% and (T4, 10(-5) M) inhibited TSH to 19%, alpha subunit to 68%, and TSH-beta to 58% of control. Secretion of TSH and its subunits in cultures from 97B was not consistently affected by TRH or T4. In cultures from 97C, TSH and alpha secretion was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by T3 from 2.5 x10(-9) to 1.6x10(-7) M. Gel chromatography of incubation media from tumor 97A revealed elution volumes of TSH and alpha similar to those of purified rat glycopeptides and confirmed the excess secretion of free alpha subunit. In contrast, the alpha to TSH ratios in media from cultures of pituitary cells from normal and thyroidectomized rats were 1.6 and 0.8, respectively. The total production of TSH and its subunits was measured in cultures from tumor 97A and confirmed that alpha subunit was synthesized excessively. The ratio of the plasma concentrations of alpha to TSH in tumor-bearing mice was 1.6 compared to 1.3 in thyroidectomized mice, and 0.36 in thyroidectomized rats. The alpha to TSH ratios in extracts of the corresponding thyrotropic tissues (tumor or pituitary) were 2.7, 1.7, and 0.40, respectively. These data are analogous to those reported in humans with thyrotropic and certain other pituitary tumors, and support hypothesis that the subunits of glycoprotein hormones are independently synthesized.", "contents": "Excess production of free alpha subunits by mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor cells in vitro. Primary cultures from three serially transplanted mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors, Furth 97A, 97B, and 97C, and one newly generated tumor, NIH 101A, were shown to secrete free alpha subunits and a beta subunit (TSH-beta) in addition to intact TSH. The three glycopeptides were measured in specific, heterologous radioimmunoassays. Basal secretion of alpha subunit was found to be in excess in all four thyrotropic tumor cultures, ranging from 5.7- to 8.9-fold higher than that of intact TSH and 30- to 35-fold higher than that of free TSH-beta. In cultures from 97A, TRH (10(-7) M) stimulated the secretion of TSH, alpha subunit, and TSH-beta by 175-185% and (T4, 10(-5) M) inhibited TSH to 19%, alpha subunit to 68%, and TSH-beta to 58% of control. Secretion of TSH and its subunits in cultures from 97B was not consistently affected by TRH or T4. In cultures from 97C, TSH and alpha secretion was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by T3 from 2.5 x10(-9) to 1.6x10(-7) M. Gel chromatography of incubation media from tumor 97A revealed elution volumes of TSH and alpha similar to those of purified rat glycopeptides and confirmed the excess secretion of free alpha subunit. In contrast, the alpha to TSH ratios in media from cultures of pituitary cells from normal and thyroidectomized rats were 1.6 and 0.8, respectively. The total production of TSH and its subunits was measured in cultures from tumor 97A and confirmed that alpha subunit was synthesized excessively. The ratio of the plasma concentrations of alpha to TSH in tumor-bearing mice was 1.6 compared to 1.3 in thyroidectomized mice, and 0.36 in thyroidectomized rats. The alpha to TSH ratios in extracts of the corresponding thyrotropic tissues (tumor or pituitary) were 2.7, 1.7, and 0.40, respectively. These data are analogous to those reported in humans with thyrotropic and certain other pituitary tumors, and support hypothesis that the subunits of glycoprotein hormones are independently synthesized.", "PMID": 743972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5756", "title": "The effect of bombesin and related peptides on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat.", "content": "Bombesin and other related peptides isolated from the skin of anuran species and found in mammalian brain stimulate PRL and GH release in steroid-primed male rats. On a molar basis, bombesin and alytesin are the most active peptides in this assay system. Their PRL- and GH-releasing activity is not affected by the type of anesthetics used, but their minimal effective dose is lower after intravenous administration as compared with intracisternal administration. The in vivo stimulatory effect of bombesin on PRL secretion is not modified by the histamine antagonist diphenhydramine or the opiate antagonist naloxone. By contrast, naloxone reverses the GH-releasing activity of bombesin, suggesting an opiate-dependent mechanism of action of this peptide on GH secretion. The absence of an in vitro effect of bombesin and related peptides on PRL and GH secretion and a minimal effective dose of approximately 30 ng in bombesin and alytesin administered in steroid-primed rats, make them the most active peptides reported so far to act on the brain to modify PRL and GH secretion.", "contents": "The effect of bombesin and related peptides on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat. Bombesin and other related peptides isolated from the skin of anuran species and found in mammalian brain stimulate PRL and GH release in steroid-primed male rats. On a molar basis, bombesin and alytesin are the most active peptides in this assay system. Their PRL- and GH-releasing activity is not affected by the type of anesthetics used, but their minimal effective dose is lower after intravenous administration as compared with intracisternal administration. The in vivo stimulatory effect of bombesin on PRL secretion is not modified by the histamine antagonist diphenhydramine or the opiate antagonist naloxone. By contrast, naloxone reverses the GH-releasing activity of bombesin, suggesting an opiate-dependent mechanism of action of this peptide on GH secretion. The absence of an in vitro effect of bombesin and related peptides on PRL and GH secretion and a minimal effective dose of approximately 30 ng in bombesin and alytesin administered in steroid-primed rats, make them the most active peptides reported so far to act on the brain to modify PRL and GH secretion.", "PMID": 743973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5757", "title": "Testosterone secretion in the rat in response to chorionic gonadotrophin: alterations with age.", "content": "It has been reported by others that both prevailing blood concentrations of testosterone and Leydig cell response to gonadotrophin (up to 1 h after injection) are reduced in the aged male rat. Although resting levels of plasma testosterone in our aged (24-26 months old) Sprague-Dawley rat are also depressed compared with young (3-4 months) or mature (12 months) animals of the same strain, subcutaneous injection with human chorionic gonadotrophin for 3 days restores secretory function, producing testosterone levels indistinguishable from those of similarly stimulated younger rats. In short term experiments, old rats did show a diminished testesterone secretory response to human chorionic gonadotrophin 1 h after a single intravenous injection, consistent with previous reports, but restoration of normal stimulated levels was observed by 2 h, and persisted up to 24 h. These findings differ from the demonstrated intrinsic testicular hyporesponsiveness to gonadotrophin of aged men, and probably represented a state of chronic understimulation of the aged rat Leydig cells, due to low prevailing levels of LH.", "contents": "Testosterone secretion in the rat in response to chorionic gonadotrophin: alterations with age. It has been reported by others that both prevailing blood concentrations of testosterone and Leydig cell response to gonadotrophin (up to 1 h after injection) are reduced in the aged male rat. Although resting levels of plasma testosterone in our aged (24-26 months old) Sprague-Dawley rat are also depressed compared with young (3-4 months) or mature (12 months) animals of the same strain, subcutaneous injection with human chorionic gonadotrophin for 3 days restores secretory function, producing testosterone levels indistinguishable from those of similarly stimulated younger rats. In short term experiments, old rats did show a diminished testesterone secretory response to human chorionic gonadotrophin 1 h after a single intravenous injection, consistent with previous reports, but restoration of normal stimulated levels was observed by 2 h, and persisted up to 24 h. These findings differ from the demonstrated intrinsic testicular hyporesponsiveness to gonadotrophin of aged men, and probably represented a state of chronic understimulation of the aged rat Leydig cells, due to low prevailing levels of LH.", "PMID": 743976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5758", "title": "Evidence of a small molecule in mouse Leydig cell tumors which inhibits the conversion of estrogen receptor from 4S to 5S.", "content": "The activation process of cytosol estrogen receptor (RE) from mouse Leydig cell tumors was investigated. When RE from tumors which were affected in their growth by estrogen was heated at 25 C for 30 min in high ionic strength buffer it was converted from native 4.0S to a transformed (5.3S) state. Dialysis of the cytosol from these tumors at 0-4 C in either the presence or absence of estradiol also resulted in conversion to 5.3S when estradiol was added before the sample was applied to the sucrose density gradient. When the dialyzed cytosol was applied to a sucrose density gradient without estradiol, the peak of estrogen binding capacity tested by adding E2 to the fractions from the gradient, occurred at approximately 4S. The dialysate of cytosol had an inhibitory effect on activation by warming. Dialysis of cytosol in the presence of estradiol enhanced the translocation of estradiol-receptor complex to nuclei. Molecular weight (approximately 128,000) and frictional coefficient (f/f0 1.62) of the estrogen-receptor complex dialyzed in the presence of high salt concentration were identical with those of warmed RE complex, but quite different from the native RE (approximately 73,000 daltons, frictional coefficient 1.48). This evidence indicates the presence in the cytosol of one or more small molecules which, when noncovalently bound to RE, inhibit the conversion of the native cytosol RE to the transformed state R'E2RE, having an additional protein unit.", "contents": "Evidence of a small molecule in mouse Leydig cell tumors which inhibits the conversion of estrogen receptor from 4S to 5S. The activation process of cytosol estrogen receptor (RE) from mouse Leydig cell tumors was investigated. When RE from tumors which were affected in their growth by estrogen was heated at 25 C for 30 min in high ionic strength buffer it was converted from native 4.0S to a transformed (5.3S) state. Dialysis of the cytosol from these tumors at 0-4 C in either the presence or absence of estradiol also resulted in conversion to 5.3S when estradiol was added before the sample was applied to the sucrose density gradient. When the dialyzed cytosol was applied to a sucrose density gradient without estradiol, the peak of estrogen binding capacity tested by adding E2 to the fractions from the gradient, occurred at approximately 4S. The dialysate of cytosol had an inhibitory effect on activation by warming. Dialysis of cytosol in the presence of estradiol enhanced the translocation of estradiol-receptor complex to nuclei. Molecular weight (approximately 128,000) and frictional coefficient (f/f0 1.62) of the estrogen-receptor complex dialyzed in the presence of high salt concentration were identical with those of warmed RE complex, but quite different from the native RE (approximately 73,000 daltons, frictional coefficient 1.48). This evidence indicates the presence in the cytosol of one or more small molecules which, when noncovalently bound to RE, inhibit the conversion of the native cytosol RE to the transformed state R'E2RE, having an additional protein unit.", "PMID": 743977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5759", "title": "Transport of maternal[3H]melatonin to suckling rats and the fate of [3H]melatonin in the neonatal rat.", "content": "The question of whether maternal melatonin could be transported in milk to suckling rats was investigated because melatonin is probably not produced in these animals during the first 10 days of life. [3H]Melatonin was found to be rapidly transferred from the maternal circulation into lactating mammary tissue, and the stomach of each suckling rat was found to contain [3H]melatonin. To study the fate and tissue distribution of [3H]melatonin originating in the neonatal stomach, suckling rats were given [3H]melatonin by stomach tube; [3H]melatonin was recovered from plasma and seven tissues, including brain, 15 and 60 min later. The general tissue distribution of [3H]melatonin was similar to that found in adult rats. The major [3H]melatonin metabolites in the urine of suckling rats, as the adult rats, were the conjugates of 6-hydroxy-melatonin.", "contents": "Transport of maternal[3H]melatonin to suckling rats and the fate of [3H]melatonin in the neonatal rat. The question of whether maternal melatonin could be transported in milk to suckling rats was investigated because melatonin is probably not produced in these animals during the first 10 days of life. [3H]Melatonin was found to be rapidly transferred from the maternal circulation into lactating mammary tissue, and the stomach of each suckling rat was found to contain [3H]melatonin. To study the fate and tissue distribution of [3H]melatonin originating in the neonatal stomach, suckling rats were given [3H]melatonin by stomach tube; [3H]melatonin was recovered from plasma and seven tissues, including brain, 15 and 60 min later. The general tissue distribution of [3H]melatonin was similar to that found in adult rats. The major [3H]melatonin metabolites in the urine of suckling rats, as the adult rats, were the conjugates of 6-hydroxy-melatonin.", "PMID": 743980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5760", "title": "Serum somatomedin stimulation in thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Somatomedin activity in rat serum was measured by sulfate incorporation into embryonic chick cartilage. Hypophysectomized male rats were treated daily for 21 days with 20 microgram/kg L-thyroxine (T4) and/or 25 microgram bovine (b) GH. Serum from rats given T4 alone or with bGH had somatomedin potencies of 0.88 and 0.83, respectively, comparable to normal serum (1.00) and significantly greater than serum from bGH-treated hypophysectomized rats (0.62). Hypophysectomized rats had no measurable somatomedin activity. T4 treatment resulted in a return to normal of the basal metabolic rate and serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Addition of T4 or T3 to serum from normal rats to produce concentrations comparable to those found in serum of hypophysectomized rats after T4 and/or bGH treatment did not alter the somatomedin activity. Higher concentrations of T4 (10(-7) M) or T3 (10(-8) or 10(-7) M) did, however, enhance the sulfation potency of normal serum. T4 (10(-9) M to 10(-6) M) or T3 (10(-10) M to 10(-7) M) added to serum-free medium provided minimal sulfation activity that represented only a fraction of the activity of serum. T4 may stimulate production of somatomedin in the absence of adequate bGH or may be metabolized to an active sulfation factor.", "contents": "Serum somatomedin stimulation in thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized rats. Somatomedin activity in rat serum was measured by sulfate incorporation into embryonic chick cartilage. Hypophysectomized male rats were treated daily for 21 days with 20 microgram/kg L-thyroxine (T4) and/or 25 microgram bovine (b) GH. Serum from rats given T4 alone or with bGH had somatomedin potencies of 0.88 and 0.83, respectively, comparable to normal serum (1.00) and significantly greater than serum from bGH-treated hypophysectomized rats (0.62). Hypophysectomized rats had no measurable somatomedin activity. T4 treatment resulted in a return to normal of the basal metabolic rate and serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Addition of T4 or T3 to serum from normal rats to produce concentrations comparable to those found in serum of hypophysectomized rats after T4 and/or bGH treatment did not alter the somatomedin activity. Higher concentrations of T4 (10(-7) M) or T3 (10(-8) or 10(-7) M) did, however, enhance the sulfation potency of normal serum. T4 (10(-9) M to 10(-6) M) or T3 (10(-10) M to 10(-7) M) added to serum-free medium provided minimal sulfation activity that represented only a fraction of the activity of serum. T4 may stimulate production of somatomedin in the absence of adequate bGH or may be metabolized to an active sulfation factor.", "PMID": 743982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5761", "title": "Conversion of L-thyroxine to triiodothyronine in rat kidney homogenate.", "content": "Rat kidney homogenates, in phosphate-EDTA buffer, consistently catalyzed the formation of T3 from added L-thyroxine (T4). The formation of T3 was assessed by both paper chromatography and RIA of T3. Conversion of T4 to T3 appeared to be enzymatic, showing pH and temperature optima (pH 7.0 and 37 C, respectively) and tissue and time dependence. Formation of T3 was unaffected by azide, cyanide, or catalase, nor was it dependent upon oxygen; indeed, under anaerobic conditions conversion of T4 to T3 was enhanced. Dialyzed homogenate retained full activity, and no cofactor requirement was demonstrated. A role of iron and thiol groups in the enzymatic formation of T3 from T4 was suggested by the inhibitory action of iron chelators and thiol-blocking reagents. The capacity of kidney for T3 formation was considerable and increased with increasing T4 concentrations, being approximately 2 nmol/g tissue/h at very high T4 levels. The apparent Km was estimated to be 3 x 10(-6) M. The conversion of T4 to T3 was inhibited by propylthiouracil at micromolar concentrations whereas methimazole, iodide, and lithium salts were without effect. The enzymatic activity of the homogenates was associated with its particulate components, the readily sedimenting fractions corresponding to plasma membranes and mitochondria being most active, and was absent from nuclei and cytosol.", "contents": "Conversion of L-thyroxine to triiodothyronine in rat kidney homogenate. Rat kidney homogenates, in phosphate-EDTA buffer, consistently catalyzed the formation of T3 from added L-thyroxine (T4). The formation of T3 was assessed by both paper chromatography and RIA of T3. Conversion of T4 to T3 appeared to be enzymatic, showing pH and temperature optima (pH 7.0 and 37 C, respectively) and tissue and time dependence. Formation of T3 was unaffected by azide, cyanide, or catalase, nor was it dependent upon oxygen; indeed, under anaerobic conditions conversion of T4 to T3 was enhanced. Dialyzed homogenate retained full activity, and no cofactor requirement was demonstrated. A role of iron and thiol groups in the enzymatic formation of T3 from T4 was suggested by the inhibitory action of iron chelators and thiol-blocking reagents. The capacity of kidney for T3 formation was considerable and increased with increasing T4 concentrations, being approximately 2 nmol/g tissue/h at very high T4 levels. The apparent Km was estimated to be 3 x 10(-6) M. The conversion of T4 to T3 was inhibited by propylthiouracil at micromolar concentrations whereas methimazole, iodide, and lithium salts were without effect. The enzymatic activity of the homogenates was associated with its particulate components, the readily sedimenting fractions corresponding to plasma membranes and mitochondria being most active, and was absent from nuclei and cytosol.", "PMID": 743983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5762", "title": "Elevation of dopamine in fetal plasma and the amniotic fluid during gestation.", "content": "Catecholamines were determined by a radioenzymatic assay in maternal and fetal rat plasma and in the amniotic fluid during the last five days of gestation. Dopamine was significantly higher in fetal than in maternal plasma whereas norepinephrine was the same. Epinephrine was sighificantly lower in fetal than in maternal plasma on days 18 and 19, but was the same during the remainder of gestation. Dopamine was the predominant catecholamine in the amniotic fluid on days 20-22 of gestation showing the largest percent increase prior to parturition. The data suggest that dopamine may have a peripheral hormonal role during fetal development and parturition.", "contents": "Elevation of dopamine in fetal plasma and the amniotic fluid during gestation. Catecholamines were determined by a radioenzymatic assay in maternal and fetal rat plasma and in the amniotic fluid during the last five days of gestation. Dopamine was significantly higher in fetal than in maternal plasma whereas norepinephrine was the same. Epinephrine was sighificantly lower in fetal than in maternal plasma on days 18 and 19, but was the same during the remainder of gestation. Dopamine was the predominant catecholamine in the amniotic fluid on days 20-22 of gestation showing the largest percent increase prior to parturition. The data suggest that dopamine may have a peripheral hormonal role during fetal development and parturition.", "PMID": 743985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5763", "title": "The effect of feeding and starvation upon immunoreactive glucagon in the pancreatectomized pig.", "content": "The response of 13 pigs to total pancreatectomy was compared with the response of 9 animals to sham operation. Approximately half of each group had free access to food while the remainder received oral water only. Completeness of pancreatectomy was confirmed at autopsy, and the disappearance of insulin and the rise in blood glucose to 14-19 mmol/l. Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) increased in fed pancreatectomized pigs from the 3rd day postoperatively to a level of 350-400% of basal values by the 8th day. There was no rise in starved pancreatectomized animals, or in either group of sham-operated animals. The rises in glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and ketones were similar in the two groups of pigs.", "contents": "The effect of feeding and starvation upon immunoreactive glucagon in the pancreatectomized pig. The response of 13 pigs to total pancreatectomy was compared with the response of 9 animals to sham operation. Approximately half of each group had free access to food while the remainder received oral water only. Completeness of pancreatectomy was confirmed at autopsy, and the disappearance of insulin and the rise in blood glucose to 14-19 mmol/l. Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) increased in fed pancreatectomized pigs from the 3rd day postoperatively to a level of 350-400% of basal values by the 8th day. There was no rise in starved pancreatectomized animals, or in either group of sham-operated animals. The rises in glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and ketones were similar in the two groups of pigs.", "PMID": 743986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5764", "title": "In vitro insulin-stimulated conversion of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 by rat thymocytes.", "content": "Addition of bovine insulin to thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats resulted in stimulation of [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO2. A significant enhancement of 14CO2 formation by insulin occurred by 30 min of incubation, and was consistently observed at an insulin concentration of 10(-8) M. The response to insulin was similar at 0.55 and 1.1 mM glucose, and was obtained at three cell concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 X 10(8) cells/ml). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was significantly increased by 10(-6) and 10(-8) M insulin. Cycloheximide, at a level of 2.5 X 10(-5) M, suppressed [3H]leucine incorporation by 93% and inhibited the stimulation of 14CO2 formation by insulin. We conclude that insulin can enhance the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose by thymocytes in vitro, and that this response may require the synthesis of one or more proteins.", "contents": "In vitro insulin-stimulated conversion of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 by rat thymocytes. Addition of bovine insulin to thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats resulted in stimulation of [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO2. A significant enhancement of 14CO2 formation by insulin occurred by 30 min of incubation, and was consistently observed at an insulin concentration of 10(-8) M. The response to insulin was similar at 0.55 and 1.1 mM glucose, and was obtained at three cell concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 X 10(8) cells/ml). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was significantly increased by 10(-6) and 10(-8) M insulin. Cycloheximide, at a level of 2.5 X 10(-5) M, suppressed [3H]leucine incorporation by 93% and inhibited the stimulation of 14CO2 formation by insulin. We conclude that insulin can enhance the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose by thymocytes in vitro, and that this response may require the synthesis of one or more proteins.", "PMID": 743991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5765", "title": "Non-parallel variations in the preferential secretion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) from dog thyroid.", "content": "rT3, T3, and T4 were measured in effluents from perfused dog thyroids and in hydrolysates of the thyroids. rT3 was determined by a newly developed sensitive radioimmunoassay (sensitivity approximately 0.1 pg rT3/tube). The rT3 and T3 contents of thyroid effluent were always much higher than would be expected from the relative amounts of T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid hydrolysate. In four two-sided thyroid perfusions the T4/rT3 ration (wt/wt) in thyroid hydrolysates was 59.3 +/- 26.3 (mean +/- SD) and in effluents from unstimulated thyroids it amounted to 15.1 +/- 7.8. The T4/T3 ratio in thyroid hydrolysates was 10.3 +/- 1.9 and the ratio in effluents from unstimulated thyroids was 6.0 +/- 0.3. A continuous infusion of TSH, 100 micromicron/ml, enhanced the secretion of all three iodothyronines. During the stimulation a biphasic response was observed in the T4/T3 and T4/rT3 ratios in the effluent. At first the preferential secretion of T3 and rT3 was enhanced. Then the T4/T3 ratio returned to prestimulation values while there was a further increase in the T4/rT3 ratio to nearly twice the prestimulation values. Dog thyroids stimulated and examined in vivo showed a similar preferential secretion of rT3 and T3. Thus, both rT3 and T3 were secreted preferentially to T4 from the thyroid. The preferential secretions of rT3 and T3 did not vary in parallel. During a prolonged TSH stimulation the degree of preferential secretion of T3 was maintained despite a considerable increase in hormone secretion. On the contrary, the preferential secretion of rT3 decreased during prolonged TSH infusion.", "contents": "Non-parallel variations in the preferential secretion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) from dog thyroid. rT3, T3, and T4 were measured in effluents from perfused dog thyroids and in hydrolysates of the thyroids. rT3 was determined by a newly developed sensitive radioimmunoassay (sensitivity approximately 0.1 pg rT3/tube). The rT3 and T3 contents of thyroid effluent were always much higher than would be expected from the relative amounts of T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid hydrolysate. In four two-sided thyroid perfusions the T4/rT3 ration (wt/wt) in thyroid hydrolysates was 59.3 +/- 26.3 (mean +/- SD) and in effluents from unstimulated thyroids it amounted to 15.1 +/- 7.8. The T4/T3 ratio in thyroid hydrolysates was 10.3 +/- 1.9 and the ratio in effluents from unstimulated thyroids was 6.0 +/- 0.3. A continuous infusion of TSH, 100 micromicron/ml, enhanced the secretion of all three iodothyronines. During the stimulation a biphasic response was observed in the T4/T3 and T4/rT3 ratios in the effluent. At first the preferential secretion of T3 and rT3 was enhanced. Then the T4/T3 ratio returned to prestimulation values while there was a further increase in the T4/rT3 ratio to nearly twice the prestimulation values. Dog thyroids stimulated and examined in vivo showed a similar preferential secretion of rT3 and T3. Thus, both rT3 and T3 were secreted preferentially to T4 from the thyroid. The preferential secretions of rT3 and T3 did not vary in parallel. During a prolonged TSH stimulation the degree of preferential secretion of T3 was maintained despite a considerable increase in hormone secretion. On the contrary, the preferential secretion of rT3 decreased during prolonged TSH infusion.", "PMID": 743992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5766", "title": "Steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells: effect of gonadotropins on the activity of 5-ane and 5-ene 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases during sexual maturation.", "content": "The in vivo influence of gonadotropins on the activities of oxidoreductases of androst-5-ane and androst-5-ene steroids and pregnenolone was examined in testes from young rats. Animals were given daily injections of human CG for 5 days starting at 20 days of age and the testicular 12,000 X g supernatants were assayed for steroid oxidoreductase activities. Marked increases (up to 8-fold) were noted in the rate of oxidation of the 3beta-hydroxyl of 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3 beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and pregnenolone, and in the 3-keto reduction of 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The hormone response required a certain amount of time as no response was detected until 72 h after the first injection. As little as 1 IU hCG/injection resulted in significant increases in 3beta-oxidoreductase (3beta-HSD) activities. FSH and TSH gave no significant increases and 25 microgram NIH-LH-S18 resulted in increases only when the hormone was suspended in a sesame oil-beeswax mixture. Hormone treatments did not result in increased 5-ane-3alpha-HSD activities. Rats receiving chronic human CG treatment starting at 66 days of age showed less marked increases in 5-ane-3beta-HSD activities than the younger rats and no significant enhancement in 5-ene-3beta-HSDs. It is suggested that during sexual maturation the testicular biosynthesis of active 5-ane androgen(s) proceeds via 5-ane precursors with the help of age and gonadotropin-dependent 5-ane 3beta-oxidoreductase.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells: effect of gonadotropins on the activity of 5-ane and 5-ene 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases during sexual maturation. The in vivo influence of gonadotropins on the activities of oxidoreductases of androst-5-ane and androst-5-ene steroids and pregnenolone was examined in testes from young rats. Animals were given daily injections of human CG for 5 days starting at 20 days of age and the testicular 12,000 X g supernatants were assayed for steroid oxidoreductase activities. Marked increases (up to 8-fold) were noted in the rate of oxidation of the 3beta-hydroxyl of 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3 beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and pregnenolone, and in the 3-keto reduction of 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The hormone response required a certain amount of time as no response was detected until 72 h after the first injection. As little as 1 IU hCG/injection resulted in significant increases in 3beta-oxidoreductase (3beta-HSD) activities. FSH and TSH gave no significant increases and 25 microgram NIH-LH-S18 resulted in increases only when the hormone was suspended in a sesame oil-beeswax mixture. Hormone treatments did not result in increased 5-ane-3alpha-HSD activities. Rats receiving chronic human CG treatment starting at 66 days of age showed less marked increases in 5-ane-3beta-HSD activities than the younger rats and no significant enhancement in 5-ene-3beta-HSDs. It is suggested that during sexual maturation the testicular biosynthesis of active 5-ane androgen(s) proceeds via 5-ane precursors with the help of age and gonadotropin-dependent 5-ane 3beta-oxidoreductase.", "PMID": 743993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5767", "title": "Data on the sites of stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids indispensable for luteinizing hormone release in the rat.", "content": "The sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids on LH release were investigated in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Either estradiol benzoate (E2) or estrone (E1) injections 72 h after E2 priming induced a significant increase in serum LH 30 h later, whereas injections of progesterone (P) did so 6 h later. Horizontal sections placed above the medial preoptic area prevented the increase after E2 injections but not after E1 and P injections. Retrochiasmatic sections or bilateral lesions placed in the medial-basal part of the suprachiasmatic area prevented any increases in serum LH induced by steroid injections. Intracerebral implantations of E2 and P in E2-primed ovariectomized rats induced a similar significant increase in serum LH when E2 was implanted into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), the lateral septum (l-SEPT) and the preoptic suprachiasmatic area (POSC), and when P was implanted in to the medial amygdala, the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), the POSC, the l-SEPT and the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). These results suggest that the stimulatory feedback effect of E2 is exerted on the limbic structures, especially the BST and the l-SEPT, while the main sites of the stimulatory feedback action of P are located in the DBB, the POSC, and the AHA.", "contents": "Data on the sites of stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids indispensable for luteinizing hormone release in the rat. The sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids on LH release were investigated in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Either estradiol benzoate (E2) or estrone (E1) injections 72 h after E2 priming induced a significant increase in serum LH 30 h later, whereas injections of progesterone (P) did so 6 h later. Horizontal sections placed above the medial preoptic area prevented the increase after E2 injections but not after E1 and P injections. Retrochiasmatic sections or bilateral lesions placed in the medial-basal part of the suprachiasmatic area prevented any increases in serum LH induced by steroid injections. Intracerebral implantations of E2 and P in E2-primed ovariectomized rats induced a similar significant increase in serum LH when E2 was implanted into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), the lateral septum (l-SEPT) and the preoptic suprachiasmatic area (POSC), and when P was implanted in to the medial amygdala, the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), the POSC, the l-SEPT and the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). These results suggest that the stimulatory feedback effect of E2 is exerted on the limbic structures, especially the BST and the l-SEPT, while the main sites of the stimulatory feedback action of P are located in the DBB, the POSC, and the AHA.", "PMID": 743994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5768", "title": "Pancreatic polypeptide responses to a meal and to intraduodenal amino acids and sodium oleate.", "content": "Serum concentrations of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (IR-PP) were measured in dogs in response to a meal and to intraduodenal infusions of amino acids, Na oleate, and HCl. In addition, the effects of somatostatin on meal-stimulated IR-PP concentrations were studied. In response to a meal, IR-PP rose from 151 +/- 19 pg/ml to 296 +/- 35 pg/ml (P less than 0.01) at 15 min, reached a plateau of 367 +/- 56 pg/ml at 45 min, and remained elevated for 4 h. In response to intraduodenal amino acids, IR-PP rose from 196 +/- 22 pg/ml to 342 +/- 19 pg/ml (P less than 0.01), and serum alanine rose from 251 +/- 18 mM to 361 +/- 30 mM. Peak concentrations of IR-PP, however, were reached before alanine rose above baseline. During administration of intraduodenal Na oleate, IR-PP rose from 181 +/- 21 pg/ml to 348 +/- 17 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). Intraduodenal HCl had no effect on IR-PP. Intravenous somatostatin (100 microgram/h) suppressed meal-stimulated IR-PP from 450 +/- 68 pg/ml to 133 +/- 23 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). The data indicate 1) IR-PP is increased after a meal and intraduodenal administration of amino acids and Na oleate; 2) the increases in serum IR-PP precede increases in serum levels of absorbed alanine; and 3) somatostatin suppresses the meal-stimulated increase in serum IR-PP.", "contents": "Pancreatic polypeptide responses to a meal and to intraduodenal amino acids and sodium oleate. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (IR-PP) were measured in dogs in response to a meal and to intraduodenal infusions of amino acids, Na oleate, and HCl. In addition, the effects of somatostatin on meal-stimulated IR-PP concentrations were studied. In response to a meal, IR-PP rose from 151 +/- 19 pg/ml to 296 +/- 35 pg/ml (P less than 0.01) at 15 min, reached a plateau of 367 +/- 56 pg/ml at 45 min, and remained elevated for 4 h. In response to intraduodenal amino acids, IR-PP rose from 196 +/- 22 pg/ml to 342 +/- 19 pg/ml (P less than 0.01), and serum alanine rose from 251 +/- 18 mM to 361 +/- 30 mM. Peak concentrations of IR-PP, however, were reached before alanine rose above baseline. During administration of intraduodenal Na oleate, IR-PP rose from 181 +/- 21 pg/ml to 348 +/- 17 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). Intraduodenal HCl had no effect on IR-PP. Intravenous somatostatin (100 microgram/h) suppressed meal-stimulated IR-PP from 450 +/- 68 pg/ml to 133 +/- 23 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). The data indicate 1) IR-PP is increased after a meal and intraduodenal administration of amino acids and Na oleate; 2) the increases in serum IR-PP precede increases in serum levels of absorbed alanine; and 3) somatostatin suppresses the meal-stimulated increase in serum IR-PP.", "PMID": 743998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5769", "title": "Suppression of plasma luteinizing hormone by prolactin in the male rat.", "content": "Although a direct effect of PRL on gonadotropins has been previously suggested, it has not been convincingly demonstrated. The secretion of LH and FSH was studied in response to the stimuli of castration and LH releasing hormone administration in adult male rats made hyperprolactinemic with ectopic pituitary glands. Although plasma LH and FSH levels were similar in non-castrate hyperprolactinemic rats vs. controls, LH concentrations 24 h postcastration were less in hyperprolactinemic animals as compared to controls (P less than 0.001). The level of LH achieved was inversely correlated with the PRL concentration generated (r = -0.71; P less than 0.01). LH suppression was evident in hyperprolactinemic rats at 1 and 3 days postcastration but was no longer observable at 7 days postcastration. After LH releasing hormone administration to non-castrate rats the rise in plasma LH was significantly less in the hyperprolactinemic animals (P less than 0.05). These experiments support the hypothesis that PRL directly inhibits LH secretion, presumably at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Suppression of plasma luteinizing hormone by prolactin in the male rat. Although a direct effect of PRL on gonadotropins has been previously suggested, it has not been convincingly demonstrated. The secretion of LH and FSH was studied in response to the stimuli of castration and LH releasing hormone administration in adult male rats made hyperprolactinemic with ectopic pituitary glands. Although plasma LH and FSH levels were similar in non-castrate hyperprolactinemic rats vs. controls, LH concentrations 24 h postcastration were less in hyperprolactinemic animals as compared to controls (P less than 0.001). The level of LH achieved was inversely correlated with the PRL concentration generated (r = -0.71; P less than 0.01). LH suppression was evident in hyperprolactinemic rats at 1 and 3 days postcastration but was no longer observable at 7 days postcastration. After LH releasing hormone administration to non-castrate rats the rise in plasma LH was significantly less in the hyperprolactinemic animals (P less than 0.05). These experiments support the hypothesis that PRL directly inhibits LH secretion, presumably at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 743999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5770", "title": "Localization of delta4-5alpha-reductase in immature rat testes.", "content": "Testes of 29-35-day-old rats were separated into seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue by collagenase treatment and examined by incubation studies with radioactive substrates. The activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase/g protein in the interstitial tissue was 37 times greater than that in the tubules. The site of formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from progesterone was found to be primarily in the interstitial tissue. In the interstitial tissue, testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity, which was stimulated 300-fold by the addition of NADPH, was localized in the microsomal fraction (8,000-105,000 X g precipitate). NADPH was five times as effective a hydrogen donor as NADH when the washed microsomal fraction was the source of the enzyme. The formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from pregnenolone and progesterone was demonstrated in the microsomal fraction of interstitial tissue. These results indicate that in 29-35-day-old rat testes, 5alpha-reduction of C19-delta4-3-ketosteroids and the formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from pregnenolone take place largely in the microsomes of interstitial tissue.", "contents": "Localization of delta4-5alpha-reductase in immature rat testes. Testes of 29-35-day-old rats were separated into seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue by collagenase treatment and examined by incubation studies with radioactive substrates. The activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase/g protein in the interstitial tissue was 37 times greater than that in the tubules. The site of formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from progesterone was found to be primarily in the interstitial tissue. In the interstitial tissue, testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity, which was stimulated 300-fold by the addition of NADPH, was localized in the microsomal fraction (8,000-105,000 X g precipitate). NADPH was five times as effective a hydrogen donor as NADH when the washed microsomal fraction was the source of the enzyme. The formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from pregnenolone and progesterone was demonstrated in the microsomal fraction of interstitial tissue. These results indicate that in 29-35-day-old rat testes, 5alpha-reduction of C19-delta4-3-ketosteroids and the formation of 5alpha-reduced C21- and C19-steroids from pregnenolone take place largely in the microsomes of interstitial tissue.", "PMID": 744000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5771", "title": "Afrikander cattle congenital goiter: characteristics of its morphology and iodoprotein pattern.", "content": "The morphology and some properties of the complex iodoprotein pattern of the genetically determined congenital goiter in Afrikander cattle is described. The goiter contained irregularly shaped follicles which were devoid of colloid and the follicular epithelial cells were elongated, measuring about 20 micrometer in length compared to 10 micrometer for normal thyroid cells. The goiter cells contained apical clusters of larger and more numerous lysosomes than normal thyroid cells. Apical vesicles containing electron-dense material which were in contact with the plasma membrane could be seen in most normal thyroid cells, but were extremely scarce in the goiter. In 36 cell profiles studied none was found. The endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of the goiter differed significantly from normal thyroid cells. Fewer ribosomes were seen to be attached to the membranes of goiter cells. Furthermore, unlike normal thyroid cells, many free polysomes were seen in goiter cells. The characteristics of the unusual iodoprotein pattern of the goiter extract, resolved by gel chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that described previously (Endocrinology 91, 470, 1972). A relatively small amount of the total soluble protein was iodinated. Of these, only a 12S sedimenting species was precipitated by antithyroglobulin immunoglobulin. When separated on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol, this 12S species was resolved into at least 14 polypeptide components ranging in molecular weights from less than 66,000--330,000. Three of the bands, representing a small percentage of the total protein, seemed to comigrate with the major polypeptides of thyroglobulin and were also precipitated with rabbit antihyroglobulin immunoglobulin. The data indicate that glycosylation of iodoproteins was not affected although 19S thyroglobulin synthesis and subsequent storage were drastically impaired.", "contents": "Afrikander cattle congenital goiter: characteristics of its morphology and iodoprotein pattern. The morphology and some properties of the complex iodoprotein pattern of the genetically determined congenital goiter in Afrikander cattle is described. The goiter contained irregularly shaped follicles which were devoid of colloid and the follicular epithelial cells were elongated, measuring about 20 micrometer in length compared to 10 micrometer for normal thyroid cells. The goiter cells contained apical clusters of larger and more numerous lysosomes than normal thyroid cells. Apical vesicles containing electron-dense material which were in contact with the plasma membrane could be seen in most normal thyroid cells, but were extremely scarce in the goiter. In 36 cell profiles studied none was found. The endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of the goiter differed significantly from normal thyroid cells. Fewer ribosomes were seen to be attached to the membranes of goiter cells. Furthermore, unlike normal thyroid cells, many free polysomes were seen in goiter cells. The characteristics of the unusual iodoprotein pattern of the goiter extract, resolved by gel chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that described previously (Endocrinology 91, 470, 1972). A relatively small amount of the total soluble protein was iodinated. Of these, only a 12S sedimenting species was precipitated by antithyroglobulin immunoglobulin. When separated on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol, this 12S species was resolved into at least 14 polypeptide components ranging in molecular weights from less than 66,000--330,000. Three of the bands, representing a small percentage of the total protein, seemed to comigrate with the major polypeptides of thyroglobulin and were also precipitated with rabbit antihyroglobulin immunoglobulin. The data indicate that glycosylation of iodoproteins was not affected although 19S thyroglobulin synthesis and subsequent storage were drastically impaired.", "PMID": 744001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5772", "title": "Reduction of granulosa cell progesterone secretion in vitro by intraovarian implants of antiandrogen.", "content": "Intra-ovarian Silastic implants containing the antiandrogen, Flutamide, or its active metabolite, reduced the level of progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cell cultures by approximately 50%. These results complement recent observations in vitro suggesting a role for androgen in granulosa cell steroidogenesis during follicular development.", "contents": "Reduction of granulosa cell progesterone secretion in vitro by intraovarian implants of antiandrogen. Intra-ovarian Silastic implants containing the antiandrogen, Flutamide, or its active metabolite, reduced the level of progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cell cultures by approximately 50%. These results complement recent observations in vitro suggesting a role for androgen in granulosa cell steroidogenesis during follicular development.", "PMID": 744003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5773", "title": "Participation of serotonin in the phasic release of luteinizing hormone. II. Effects of lesions of serotonin-containing pathways in the central nervous system.", "content": "Circadian LH variations were measured in castrated, estradiol-implanted female rats bearing lesions of the raphe nuclei, in which most serotonin (5-HT) containing ascending projections originate, or mediopontine transections interrupting such projections before they enter the hypothalamus. Previous data indicated that pharmacological blockade of 5-HT biosynthesis abolishes the rhythmic pattern of LH secretion; the present study was intended to check whether surgical depletion of hypothalamic 5-HT had a similar effect and whether such abolition could be correlated with hypothalamic or forebrain endogenous concentrations of the amine and of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Maximal inhibition of hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations were obtained after complete basal mediopontine transections and after lesions of the medial and the dorsal raphe nuclei; under these conditions, the daily variations in plasma LH were reduced by more than 70%. Smaller lesions, even when they completely destroyed the medial raphe, were much less effective. A good correlation was observed between the amplitude of the LH cycle and the extent of hypothalamic, but not of forebrain, 5-HT and 5-HIAA depletion. However, and in contrast to the results of pharmacological 5-HT inhibition, the cyclic pattern of LH secretion could not be totally abolished by any of these surgical procedures. It is concluded that the dorsal raphe contributes to the regulation of rhythmic LH secretion in castrated female rats bearing estradiol implants by modulating the amplitude of this circadian cycle rather than by generating the rhythmic pattern itself.", "contents": "Participation of serotonin in the phasic release of luteinizing hormone. II. Effects of lesions of serotonin-containing pathways in the central nervous system. Circadian LH variations were measured in castrated, estradiol-implanted female rats bearing lesions of the raphe nuclei, in which most serotonin (5-HT) containing ascending projections originate, or mediopontine transections interrupting such projections before they enter the hypothalamus. Previous data indicated that pharmacological blockade of 5-HT biosynthesis abolishes the rhythmic pattern of LH secretion; the present study was intended to check whether surgical depletion of hypothalamic 5-HT had a similar effect and whether such abolition could be correlated with hypothalamic or forebrain endogenous concentrations of the amine and of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Maximal inhibition of hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations were obtained after complete basal mediopontine transections and after lesions of the medial and the dorsal raphe nuclei; under these conditions, the daily variations in plasma LH were reduced by more than 70%. Smaller lesions, even when they completely destroyed the medial raphe, were much less effective. A good correlation was observed between the amplitude of the LH cycle and the extent of hypothalamic, but not of forebrain, 5-HT and 5-HIAA depletion. However, and in contrast to the results of pharmacological 5-HT inhibition, the cyclic pattern of LH secretion could not be totally abolished by any of these surgical procedures. It is concluded that the dorsal raphe contributes to the regulation of rhythmic LH secretion in castrated female rats bearing estradiol implants by modulating the amplitude of this circadian cycle rather than by generating the rhythmic pattern itself.", "PMID": 744004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5774", "title": "The effect of blockade of dopamine receptors on the inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "This study examined the possible involvement of dopamine (DA) in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH release that occurs during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus (ARH) in ovariectomized rats. Animals were treated before stimulation with pimozide (1.26--2.0 mg/kg) or d-butaclamol (1 mg/kg), blockers of DA receptors, or l-butaclamol. Apomorphine, which inhibits episodic LH release by activating DA receptors, was given near the end of the experiment to determine if these receptors were blocked. ARH stimulation suppressed pulsatile LH release in six rats when DA receptors were not blocked by pimozide (as well as two in which blockade was not tested). A transient increase occurred in one other animal. When DA receptors were blocked by pimozide, stimulation of the ARH inhibited episodic LH release in nine rats, suggesting that DA may have no role in mediating this inhibition. However, because increased LH release occurred in five additional animals, as well as in one with partial receptor blockade, the possibility remains that DA may perhaps have a minor role in this inhibitory response.  Although ARH stimulation increased LH release after DA receptor blockade by d-butaclamol, this effect could not be ascribed to the DA antagonist property of this agent, because elevated blood LH levels also occurred during stimulation in rats treated with l-butaclamol, in which DA receptors were not blocked. d- and l-butaclamol may possess a non-stereospecific action on a non-dopaminergic event, thus reversing the response to ARH stimulation. Finally, whether DA receptors were blocked or not by pimozide, d-, or l-butaclamol, activation of the ventromedial hypothalamic and periventricular nucleus regions suppressed episodic LH release, but did not increase LH secretion. This suggests that the region through which stimulation can inhibit, but not increase, LH release may extend in the hypothalamus to these two areas.", "contents": "The effect of blockade of dopamine receptors on the inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in ovariectomized rats. This study examined the possible involvement of dopamine (DA) in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH release that occurs during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus (ARH) in ovariectomized rats. Animals were treated before stimulation with pimozide (1.26--2.0 mg/kg) or d-butaclamol (1 mg/kg), blockers of DA receptors, or l-butaclamol. Apomorphine, which inhibits episodic LH release by activating DA receptors, was given near the end of the experiment to determine if these receptors were blocked. ARH stimulation suppressed pulsatile LH release in six rats when DA receptors were not blocked by pimozide (as well as two in which blockade was not tested). A transient increase occurred in one other animal. When DA receptors were blocked by pimozide, stimulation of the ARH inhibited episodic LH release in nine rats, suggesting that DA may have no role in mediating this inhibition. However, because increased LH release occurred in five additional animals, as well as in one with partial receptor blockade, the possibility remains that DA may perhaps have a minor role in this inhibitory response.  Although ARH stimulation increased LH release after DA receptor blockade by d-butaclamol, this effect could not be ascribed to the DA antagonist property of this agent, because elevated blood LH levels also occurred during stimulation in rats treated with l-butaclamol, in which DA receptors were not blocked. d- and l-butaclamol may possess a non-stereospecific action on a non-dopaminergic event, thus reversing the response to ARH stimulation. Finally, whether DA receptors were blocked or not by pimozide, d-, or l-butaclamol, activation of the ventromedial hypothalamic and periventricular nucleus regions suppressed episodic LH release, but did not increase LH secretion. This suggests that the region through which stimulation can inhibit, but not increase, LH release may extend in the hypothalamus to these two areas.", "PMID": 744005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5775", "title": "Sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone secretion rate and plasma calcium concentration in calves.", "content": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate was measured in 16 anesthetized calves by using a technique involving radioimmunoassay of parathyroid venous blood which was collected during timed intervals and measured volumetrically. The calves ranged in age from 2-14 weeks. Plasma calcium concentration was altered by infusion of solutions of CaCl2 or disodium ethylenediamine tetracetate (Na2 EDTA) into the jugular vein. When plasma calcium concentrations exceeded 10.5 mg/100 ml, a basal, non-suppressible secretion rate of 0.3 ng/kg/min was maintained despite the induction of hypercalcemia. Slight changes in secretion rate were observed in response to changes of plasma calcium in the range between 9 and 10.5 mg/100 ml. Below 9 mg/100 ml, a small decrease in plasma calcium concentration evoked a pronounced increase in secretion rate. A maximal secretion rate of about 5.5 ng/kg/min was attained at a plasma calcium concentration of approximately 7.5 mg/100 ml and it was not increased by more severe hypocalcemia. These observations confirm the sigmoidal relationship between PTH secretion rate and  plasma calcium concentration which was previously suggested by measurement of PTH concentration in peripheral plasma of hypocalcemic, parturient cows.", "contents": "Sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone secretion rate and plasma calcium concentration in calves. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate was measured in 16 anesthetized calves by using a technique involving radioimmunoassay of parathyroid venous blood which was collected during timed intervals and measured volumetrically. The calves ranged in age from 2-14 weeks. Plasma calcium concentration was altered by infusion of solutions of CaCl2 or disodium ethylenediamine tetracetate (Na2 EDTA) into the jugular vein. When plasma calcium concentrations exceeded 10.5 mg/100 ml, a basal, non-suppressible secretion rate of 0.3 ng/kg/min was maintained despite the induction of hypercalcemia. Slight changes in secretion rate were observed in response to changes of plasma calcium in the range between 9 and 10.5 mg/100 ml. Below 9 mg/100 ml, a small decrease in plasma calcium concentration evoked a pronounced increase in secretion rate. A maximal secretion rate of about 5.5 ng/kg/min was attained at a plasma calcium concentration of approximately 7.5 mg/100 ml and it was not increased by more severe hypocalcemia. These observations confirm the sigmoidal relationship between PTH secretion rate and  plasma calcium concentration which was previously suggested by measurement of PTH concentration in peripheral plasma of hypocalcemic, parturient cows.", "PMID": 744006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5776", "title": "Further studies on the relationship between potassium and sodium levels and adrenocortical activity.", "content": "Steroid production in vitro by dog adrenal cortical slices was measured in the presence of varying concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. Increasing concentrations of potassium produced a significant increase in the intracellular potassium content and in the rate of synthesis of aldosterone. However, the potassium effect on aldosterone secretion may also occur without changes in tissue potassium content. Ouabain significantly diminished intracellular potassium content, but inhibited aldosterone production only at the high dose of 2.5 X 10(-3) M in the presence of an elevated external potassium level. Physiological changes in sodium concentration can modify aldosterone production. The effect was observed with changes as small as 10 mEq/liter sodium. Changes in external potassium and sodium levels modulate aldosterone as well as corticosterone, but not cortisol production. No changes in the intracellular content of potassium were detectable in angiotensin-stimulated tissue. Nevertheless, high doses of ouabain blocked angiotensin-stimulated aldosterone production without affecting cortisol production. The dissociation observed between intracellular potassium levels and aldosterone production suggests that there is not a simple relationship  between the two parameters.", "contents": "Further studies on the relationship between potassium and sodium levels and adrenocortical activity. Steroid production in vitro by dog adrenal cortical slices was measured in the presence of varying concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. Increasing concentrations of potassium produced a significant increase in the intracellular potassium content and in the rate of synthesis of aldosterone. However, the potassium effect on aldosterone secretion may also occur without changes in tissue potassium content. Ouabain significantly diminished intracellular potassium content, but inhibited aldosterone production only at the high dose of 2.5 X 10(-3) M in the presence of an elevated external potassium level. Physiological changes in sodium concentration can modify aldosterone production. The effect was observed with changes as small as 10 mEq/liter sodium. Changes in external potassium and sodium levels modulate aldosterone as well as corticosterone, but not cortisol production. No changes in the intracellular content of potassium were detectable in angiotensin-stimulated tissue. Nevertheless, high doses of ouabain blocked angiotensin-stimulated aldosterone production without affecting cortisol production. The dissociation observed between intracellular potassium levels and aldosterone production suggests that there is not a simple relationship  between the two parameters.", "PMID": 744007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5777", "title": "Effect of testosterone and progesterone on the estradiol receptor in the immature rat ovary.", "content": "The effect of testosterone and progesterone on the estrogen-stimulated ovarian weight increase and es tradiol receptor (ER) levels was examined in immature, hypophysectomized rats. Nuclear translocation and cytosol replenishment of the ER in the ovary exhibited similarities to those events in the uterus. The ovarian weight increase observed on day 4 in response to three daily injections of 2.5 microgram 17beta-estradiol administered sc in sesame oil was effectively suppressed by one injection of 1 mg testosterone on day 3. In contrast, 1 mg progesterone given on day 3 had no effect on the ovarian weight of the estrogen-primed rat. Nor did progesterone alter the ovarian ER levels in the cytosol and nuclei of similarly treated rats. Further, progesterone receptors were undetectable in the ovarian tissue of immature, hypophysectomized rats given two daily injections of 2.5 microgram estradiol-17beta. In contrast, testosterone significantly reduced the ovarian ER levels both in the cytosol as well as in the nuclei. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which testosterone acts in the ovarian tissue is by reducing the available ER for estrogen action.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone and progesterone on the estradiol receptor in the immature rat ovary. The effect of testosterone and progesterone on the estrogen-stimulated ovarian weight increase and es tradiol receptor (ER) levels was examined in immature, hypophysectomized rats. Nuclear translocation and cytosol replenishment of the ER in the ovary exhibited similarities to those events in the uterus. The ovarian weight increase observed on day 4 in response to three daily injections of 2.5 microgram 17beta-estradiol administered sc in sesame oil was effectively suppressed by one injection of 1 mg testosterone on day 3. In contrast, 1 mg progesterone given on day 3 had no effect on the ovarian weight of the estrogen-primed rat. Nor did progesterone alter the ovarian ER levels in the cytosol and nuclei of similarly treated rats. Further, progesterone receptors were undetectable in the ovarian tissue of immature, hypophysectomized rats given two daily injections of 2.5 microgram estradiol-17beta. In contrast, testosterone significantly reduced the ovarian ER levels both in the cytosol as well as in the nuclei. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which testosterone acts in the ovarian tissue is by reducing the available ER for estrogen action.", "PMID": 744008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5778", "title": "The binding of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione by cytosol and nuclear preparations of guinea pig uterus.", "content": "We compared the binding characteristics of [3H]progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione in cytosol and nuclear preparations of ovariectomized, estrogen-treated guinea pig uterus. There were similarities as well as differences in binding behavior. [3H]Progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione were bound in cytosol with approximately the same apparent association constants and concentrations of binding sites. When centrifuged on sucrose gradients in 5 mM phosphate buffer, binding peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 7S were found with both. 5 alpha-[3H]Pregnanedione was bound by uterine nuclei and, like [3H]progesterone, required temperature-activated cytosol of estrogen-stimulated uterus. A series of unlabeled steroids had similar relative abilities to displace both [3H]progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione from receptor complexes in cytosol or nuclei. When cytosol was incubated with increasing concentrations of [3H]progesterone or 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione the amount of 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione bound exceeded the amount of [3H]progesterone bound at steroid concentrations above 5 x 10(-9) M. This suggested that 5 alpha-pregnanedione was bound by additional components of the cytosol and the suggestion was strengthened by sucrose gradient analysis. At greater than saturating-steroid concentrations, the partition between 7S and 4 S binding proteins was different. [3H]Progesterone bound to 7S binding proteins in preference to 4S binders, whereas 5 alpha-pregnanedione showed relatively more 4S binding.", "contents": "The binding of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione by cytosol and nuclear preparations of guinea pig uterus. We compared the binding characteristics of [3H]progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione in cytosol and nuclear preparations of ovariectomized, estrogen-treated guinea pig uterus. There were similarities as well as differences in binding behavior. [3H]Progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione were bound in cytosol with approximately the same apparent association constants and concentrations of binding sites. When centrifuged on sucrose gradients in 5 mM phosphate buffer, binding peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 7S were found with both. 5 alpha-[3H]Pregnanedione was bound by uterine nuclei and, like [3H]progesterone, required temperature-activated cytosol of estrogen-stimulated uterus. A series of unlabeled steroids had similar relative abilities to displace both [3H]progesterone and 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione from receptor complexes in cytosol or nuclei. When cytosol was incubated with increasing concentrations of [3H]progesterone or 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione the amount of 5 alpha-[3H]pregnanedione bound exceeded the amount of [3H]progesterone bound at steroid concentrations above 5 x 10(-9) M. This suggested that 5 alpha-pregnanedione was bound by additional components of the cytosol and the suggestion was strengthened by sucrose gradient analysis. At greater than saturating-steroid concentrations, the partition between 7S and 4 S binding proteins was different. [3H]Progesterone bound to 7S binding proteins in preference to 4S binders, whereas 5 alpha-pregnanedione showed relatively more 4S binding.", "PMID": 744009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5779", "title": "Monodeiodination of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine to 3,3'-diiodothyronine in vitro.", "content": "To study conversion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyroinine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in vitro, T3 or rT3 was incubated at pH 7.35 with homogenates of several rat tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, heart, ling, spleen, intestines, and brain) for 15 min at 37 C. The T2 generated during incubation was measured in an ethanol extract of the incubation mixture by a specific RIA of T2; T4, T3, and rT3 cross-reacted in the T2 RIA only to an extent of 0.006, 0.2, and 0.04%, respectively. T2 was produced regularly when T3 or rT3 was incubated with liver or kidney homogenates; other tissues generated little or no T2 under similar conditions. Studies with liver homogenates revealed that production of T2 from both T3 and rT3 was influenced significantly by tissue and substrate concentractions, temperature, pH and duration of incubation. T3- as well as  rT3-monodeiodinating activities were unaffected by large doses (greater than or equal to 3 micrometer) of sodium iodide, diiodotyrosine, and methimazole, but were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by propylthiouracil, iodiacetic acid, and dinitrophenol. The apparent Km for conversion of T3 to T2 approximated 6.0 micrometer and that for conversion of rT3 to T2' 65 nM. Propylthiouracil and iodoacetic acid inhibited conversion of both T3 and rT3 to T2 in an uncompetititve and a non-competitive manner, respectively. The various data suggest that 1) monodeiodination of T3 and rT3 to T2 is enzymic in nature; 2) liver and kidney may be the major sites of metabolic transformations of T3 and rT3 to T2.", "contents": "Monodeiodination of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine to 3,3'-diiodothyronine in vitro. To study conversion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyroinine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in vitro, T3 or rT3 was incubated at pH 7.35 with homogenates of several rat tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, heart, ling, spleen, intestines, and brain) for 15 min at 37 C. The T2 generated during incubation was measured in an ethanol extract of the incubation mixture by a specific RIA of T2; T4, T3, and rT3 cross-reacted in the T2 RIA only to an extent of 0.006, 0.2, and 0.04%, respectively. T2 was produced regularly when T3 or rT3 was incubated with liver or kidney homogenates; other tissues generated little or no T2 under similar conditions. Studies with liver homogenates revealed that production of T2 from both T3 and rT3 was influenced significantly by tissue and substrate concentractions, temperature, pH and duration of incubation. T3- as well as  rT3-monodeiodinating activities were unaffected by large doses (greater than or equal to 3 micrometer) of sodium iodide, diiodotyrosine, and methimazole, but were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by propylthiouracil, iodiacetic acid, and dinitrophenol. The apparent Km for conversion of T3 to T2 approximated 6.0 micrometer and that for conversion of rT3 to T2' 65 nM. Propylthiouracil and iodoacetic acid inhibited conversion of both T3 and rT3 to T2 in an uncompetititve and a non-competitive manner, respectively. The various data suggest that 1) monodeiodination of T3 and rT3 to T2 is enzymic in nature; 2) liver and kidney may be the major sites of metabolic transformations of T3 and rT3 to T2.", "PMID": 744010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5780", "title": "Suppression of liver cell proliferation by glucocorticoid hormone: a comparison of normally growing and regenerating tissue in the immature rat.", "content": "The influence of glucocorticoid hormone on the time-course of liver regeneration in the immature rat has been studied by direct measurement of the rate of DNA accretion after the stimulus of partial hepatectomy. In contrast to hepatocyte proliferation associated with normal growth, which almost completely abolished by small doses of glucocorticoid, it is shown that even enormous amounts of hormone produce, at most, about a halving of the intrinsic cell proliferation rate in regenerating liver. Although deceptively magnified by the exponential growth pattern of the hepatic remnant, the inhibition of cell proliferation is thus considerably less complete than that induced in normally growing liver by much lower doses of hormone, a finding at distinct variance with the conclusions of earlier studies based entirely upon observations of radioactive precursor incorporation rather than direct measurement of DNA accretion. The mechanism by which a regenerative stimulus causes hepatocyte proliferation to lose its normal sensitivity to suppression by glucocorticoid, and thereby to exhibit a steroid insensitivity characteristic of other tissues in which cell proliferation reflects cell replenishment rather than normal growth, remains unknown.", "contents": "Suppression of liver cell proliferation by glucocorticoid hormone: a comparison of normally growing and regenerating tissue in the immature rat. The influence of glucocorticoid hormone on the time-course of liver regeneration in the immature rat has been studied by direct measurement of the rate of DNA accretion after the stimulus of partial hepatectomy. In contrast to hepatocyte proliferation associated with normal growth, which almost completely abolished by small doses of glucocorticoid, it is shown that even enormous amounts of hormone produce, at most, about a halving of the intrinsic cell proliferation rate in regenerating liver. Although deceptively magnified by the exponential growth pattern of the hepatic remnant, the inhibition of cell proliferation is thus considerably less complete than that induced in normally growing liver by much lower doses of hormone, a finding at distinct variance with the conclusions of earlier studies based entirely upon observations of radioactive precursor incorporation rather than direct measurement of DNA accretion. The mechanism by which a regenerative stimulus causes hepatocyte proliferation to lose its normal sensitivity to suppression by glucocorticoid, and thereby to exhibit a steroid insensitivity characteristic of other tissues in which cell proliferation reflects cell replenishment rather than normal growth, remains unknown.", "PMID": 744011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5781", "title": "Effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on intestinal peptidases in the rat.", "content": "Intestinal transport of amino aicds, similar to sugar absorption, is enhanced in experimental diabetes. Because peptidases play a significant role in peptide digestion, we examined the effect of diabetes on intestinal peptidases. Leucyl-naphthylamidase and leucyl-glycine hydrolase (brush border peptidases) and prolyl-glycine hydrolase (cytosol peptidase) were assayed in the brush border and cytosol fraction in diabetic rats 7 days after alloxan administration. Mucosal weight, protein concentration, and total and specific activity of leucyl-naphthylamidase and leucyl-glycine hydrolase were significantly increased in diabetes in the brush border but not in cytosol fraction. By contrast, prolyl-glycine hydrolasw was not affected in cytosol fraction or brush border. These data indicate that brush border peptidases are increased in experimental diabetes. This adaptive response of the small intestinal mucosa is similar to disaccharidase elevation and alteration in the intestinal absorptive function which occurs in experimental diabetes.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on intestinal peptidases in the rat. Intestinal transport of amino aicds, similar to sugar absorption, is enhanced in experimental diabetes. Because peptidases play a significant role in peptide digestion, we examined the effect of diabetes on intestinal peptidases. Leucyl-naphthylamidase and leucyl-glycine hydrolase (brush border peptidases) and prolyl-glycine hydrolase (cytosol peptidase) were assayed in the brush border and cytosol fraction in diabetic rats 7 days after alloxan administration. Mucosal weight, protein concentration, and total and specific activity of leucyl-naphthylamidase and leucyl-glycine hydrolase were significantly increased in diabetes in the brush border but not in cytosol fraction. By contrast, prolyl-glycine hydrolasw was not affected in cytosol fraction or brush border. These data indicate that brush border peptidases are increased in experimental diabetes. This adaptive response of the small intestinal mucosa is similar to disaccharidase elevation and alteration in the intestinal absorptive function which occurs in experimental diabetes.", "PMID": 744012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5782", "title": "Ontogeny of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in male lambs.", "content": "The ontogeny of pulsatile LH and testosterone (T) secretion was studied in the developing male sheep. Three variables of LH secretion (frequency of LH pulses, magnitude of LH pulses, and the levels between pulses) were determined during a 6-h period at each of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age in six male lambs. Pulsatile LH secretion was evident by 1-2 weeks of age in rapidly growing lambs and by 3-7 weeks of age in slowly growing lambs. Although mean height of LH discharges increased 2-fold after the onset of pulsatile release, levels between discharges remained constant throughout the entire study. The most striking change, however, occurred in the frequency of LH discharges. The frequency increased 20-fold between weeks 1 and 8 and then decreased 3-fold between weeks 8 and 16. In each lamb, a brief (less than 3 h), but marked rise (greater than 2 ng/ml) in levels of circulating T occurred after the first observed pulse of LH. Thereafter, as the lambs became older, increased concentrations of serum T were observed only during periods of pulsatile LH secretion, the highest mean level of T occurring about 1 h after each LH peak. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) iv to 2-day-old males resulted in a marked increase in circulating T. A greater increment in concentrations of serum T occurred after the same absolute dose (50 IU) of hCG at 8 weeks of age than at 2 days of age. These results indicate that in the male lamb 1) pulsatile secretion of LH is initiated shortly after birth and changes in mean levels of LH are primarily a reflection of changes in frequency of LH discharges; 2) before the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, the testes are capable of responding to an exogenous LH-like gonadotropin with increased secretion of T; 3) after the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, a rise in circulating T follows each pulse of LH; and 4) an increase in capacity of the testes to secret T occurs during the first 8 weeks of postnatal life. It is concluded that the pattern of LH secretion, coupled with the capacity of the testes to secrete T, determines the pattern and magnitude of T secretion in the developing male sheep.", "contents": "Ontogeny of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in male lambs. The ontogeny of pulsatile LH and testosterone (T) secretion was studied in the developing male sheep. Three variables of LH secretion (frequency of LH pulses, magnitude of LH pulses, and the levels between pulses) were determined during a 6-h period at each of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age in six male lambs. Pulsatile LH secretion was evident by 1-2 weeks of age in rapidly growing lambs and by 3-7 weeks of age in slowly growing lambs. Although mean height of LH discharges increased 2-fold after the onset of pulsatile release, levels between discharges remained constant throughout the entire study. The most striking change, however, occurred in the frequency of LH discharges. The frequency increased 20-fold between weeks 1 and 8 and then decreased 3-fold between weeks 8 and 16. In each lamb, a brief (less than 3 h), but marked rise (greater than 2 ng/ml) in levels of circulating T occurred after the first observed pulse of LH. Thereafter, as the lambs became older, increased concentrations of serum T were observed only during periods of pulsatile LH secretion, the highest mean level of T occurring about 1 h after each LH peak. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) iv to 2-day-old males resulted in a marked increase in circulating T. A greater increment in concentrations of serum T occurred after the same absolute dose (50 IU) of hCG at 8 weeks of age than at 2 days of age. These results indicate that in the male lamb 1) pulsatile secretion of LH is initiated shortly after birth and changes in mean levels of LH are primarily a reflection of changes in frequency of LH discharges; 2) before the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, the testes are capable of responding to an exogenous LH-like gonadotropin with increased secretion of T; 3) after the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, a rise in circulating T follows each pulse of LH; and 4) an increase in capacity of the testes to secret T occurs during the first 8 weeks of postnatal life. It is concluded that the pattern of LH secretion, coupled with the capacity of the testes to secrete T, determines the pattern and magnitude of T secretion in the developing male sheep.", "PMID": 744014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5783", "title": "Effect of glucagon and insulin on the growth of neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture.", "content": "Commercial (bovine-porcine) glucagon added in a single dose between 10(-12) and 10(-7) M to neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary cultures with subsequent incubation for 20-24 h, stimulated their entry into the DNA synthesis phase as revealed by [3H]thymidine-labeling and radioautography; about 14 h of incubation was required before an effect was observed. Commercial (bovine) insulin at doses between 10(-11) and 10(-7) M apparently stimulated the entry of hepatocytes into S phase. However, insulin's effect, which needed 20 h for induction, was due to the release of a wave of synchronized hepatocytes from an earlier produced block near the G1/S boundary of their growth-division cycle. Equimolar mixtures of glucagon with insulin from 10(-15)-10(-7) M increased the fraction of hepatocytes synthesizing DNA first at 4-8 h, and then at 20-24 h. Effective doses of glucagon, insulin, and glucagon plus insulin also increased the entry of hepatocytes into mitosis, as found after a 4-h incubation with colchicine (0.1 mM). Withholding inactivated fetal bovine serum from the growth medium for 24 h did not change the mitotic activity either of the untreated or of the glucagon- and glucagon plus insulin-stimulated hepatocytes, but it increased the proliferogenic effect of bovine insulin. Highly purified crystalline (porcine) glucagon, insulin, and glucagon plus insulin also stimulated the growth of hepatocytes in the presence or absence of serum. Finally, equimolar (10(-14) M) mixtures of glucagon with (Bu)2cGMP and of insulin with (Bu)2cAMP increased the hepatocytic replication as efficiently as did glucagon plus insulin at the same dose. The present results show that glucagon and insulin are synergistic, intracycle regulators of the growth of neonatal rat hepatocytes. They also suggest that cyclic necleotides may mediate at least partly the hepatotropic effects of the pancreatic hormones.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon and insulin on the growth of neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture. Commercial (bovine-porcine) glucagon added in a single dose between 10(-12) and 10(-7) M to neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary cultures with subsequent incubation for 20-24 h, stimulated their entry into the DNA synthesis phase as revealed by [3H]thymidine-labeling and radioautography; about 14 h of incubation was required before an effect was observed. Commercial (bovine) insulin at doses between 10(-11) and 10(-7) M apparently stimulated the entry of hepatocytes into S phase. However, insulin's effect, which needed 20 h for induction, was due to the release of a wave of synchronized hepatocytes from an earlier produced block near the G1/S boundary of their growth-division cycle. Equimolar mixtures of glucagon with insulin from 10(-15)-10(-7) M increased the fraction of hepatocytes synthesizing DNA first at 4-8 h, and then at 20-24 h. Effective doses of glucagon, insulin, and glucagon plus insulin also increased the entry of hepatocytes into mitosis, as found after a 4-h incubation with colchicine (0.1 mM). Withholding inactivated fetal bovine serum from the growth medium for 24 h did not change the mitotic activity either of the untreated or of the glucagon- and glucagon plus insulin-stimulated hepatocytes, but it increased the proliferogenic effect of bovine insulin. Highly purified crystalline (porcine) glucagon, insulin, and glucagon plus insulin also stimulated the growth of hepatocytes in the presence or absence of serum. Finally, equimolar (10(-14) M) mixtures of glucagon with (Bu)2cGMP and of insulin with (Bu)2cAMP increased the hepatocytic replication as efficiently as did glucagon plus insulin at the same dose. The present results show that glucagon and insulin are synergistic, intracycle regulators of the growth of neonatal rat hepatocytes. They also suggest that cyclic necleotides may mediate at least partly the hepatotropic effects of the pancreatic hormones.", "PMID": 744015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5784", "title": "Role of intraluteal estrogen in the regulation of the rat corpus luteum during pregnancy.", "content": "The pronounced aromatizing ability of the rat corpus luteum and the ability of estradiol to maintain luteal function. To examine this hypothesis, rats were treated with either estradiol (100 microgram/day), high or low levels of testosterone via Silastic capsules (20 cm or 1 cm in length), or dihydrotestosterone (20-cm capsule) after hypophysectomy and hysterectomy on day 12 of pregnancy. Hypophysectomy and hysterectomy caused serum progesterone and androgen levels, estradiol concentrations in the corpora lutea, and the content of estradiol receptor in luteal cell nuclei to decrease significantly, and caused the cessation of luteal growth. The daily administration of 100 microgram estradiol or of high levels of testosterone via the 20-cm Silastic capsule increased the estradiol concentration in the corpora lutea dramatically, maintained serum progesterone from day 12 through day 15 at concentrations similar to those in pregnant, sham-operated animals, and increased the nuclear content of estradiol receptor in the corpora lutea. Treatment with the small testosterone capsule maintained the serum androgen and progesterone levels, estradiol concentrations in the corpora lutea, and luteal growth at levels observed in pregnant, sham-operated animals. Treatment with the 20-cm dihydrotestosterone capsule did not sustain progesterone secretion and luteal growth. These results suggest that estrogen formed by aromatization within the corpora lutea may play an important role in the regulation of luteal function during pregnancy in the rat.", "contents": "Role of intraluteal estrogen in the regulation of the rat corpus luteum during pregnancy. The pronounced aromatizing ability of the rat corpus luteum and the ability of estradiol to maintain luteal function. To examine this hypothesis, rats were treated with either estradiol (100 microgram/day), high or low levels of testosterone via Silastic capsules (20 cm or 1 cm in length), or dihydrotestosterone (20-cm capsule) after hypophysectomy and hysterectomy on day 12 of pregnancy. Hypophysectomy and hysterectomy caused serum progesterone and androgen levels, estradiol concentrations in the corpora lutea, and the content of estradiol receptor in luteal cell nuclei to decrease significantly, and caused the cessation of luteal growth. The daily administration of 100 microgram estradiol or of high levels of testosterone via the 20-cm Silastic capsule increased the estradiol concentration in the corpora lutea dramatically, maintained serum progesterone from day 12 through day 15 at concentrations similar to those in pregnant, sham-operated animals, and increased the nuclear content of estradiol receptor in the corpora lutea. Treatment with the small testosterone capsule maintained the serum androgen and progesterone levels, estradiol concentrations in the corpora lutea, and luteal growth at levels observed in pregnant, sham-operated animals. Treatment with the 20-cm dihydrotestosterone capsule did not sustain progesterone secretion and luteal growth. These results suggest that estrogen formed by aromatization within the corpora lutea may play an important role in the regulation of luteal function during pregnancy in the rat.", "PMID": 744016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5785", "title": "A cytoplasmic progesterone receptor in hen pituitary and hypothalamic tissues.", "content": "The cytosol fraction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary in laying White Leghorn hens was shown to possess a progesterone-binding component which perferentially bound progesterone. A similar component was also found in the cytosol of the hypothalamus and of the oviduct magnum. The dissociation constant (Kd) at equilibrium was determined as 1.68 +/- 0.10 (SE) X 10(-10) M in the pituitary, 3.29 +/- 0.10 x 10(-10) M in the hypothalamus, and 3.02 +/- 0.40 x 10(-10) M in the oviduct magnum, whereas the number of binding sites/mg cytosol protein was 5.99 +/- 0.084 (SE) X 10(-13) mol in the pituitary, 0.43 +/- 0.003 x 10(-13) mol in the hypothalamus, and 2.88 +/- 0.114 x 10(-13) mol in the oviduct magnum. The results suggest that a cytoplasmic progesterone receptor is present in the pituitary and hypothalamic tissue, as well as in the oviduct magnum, of the hen.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic progesterone receptor in hen pituitary and hypothalamic tissues. The cytosol fraction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary in laying White Leghorn hens was shown to possess a progesterone-binding component which perferentially bound progesterone. A similar component was also found in the cytosol of the hypothalamus and of the oviduct magnum. The dissociation constant (Kd) at equilibrium was determined as 1.68 +/- 0.10 (SE) X 10(-10) M in the pituitary, 3.29 +/- 0.10 x 10(-10) M in the hypothalamus, and 3.02 +/- 0.40 x 10(-10) M in the oviduct magnum, whereas the number of binding sites/mg cytosol protein was 5.99 +/- 0.084 (SE) X 10(-13) mol in the pituitary, 0.43 +/- 0.003 x 10(-13) mol in the hypothalamus, and 2.88 +/- 0.114 x 10(-13) mol in the oviduct magnum. The results suggest that a cytoplasmic progesterone receptor is present in the pituitary and hypothalamic tissue, as well as in the oviduct magnum, of the hen.", "PMID": 744018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5786", "title": "Hereditary congenital goiter with thyroglobulin deficiency in a breed of goats.", "content": "Hereditary congenital goiter occurring in an inbred breed of goats is reported. The goitrous goats were severely hypothyroid. Thyroglobulin-related antigens could only be detected by radioimmunoassay in amounts of 0.03% of the total protein concentration in the 105,000 x g supernate of the goitrous gland, which corresponded with 8 microgram soluble thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue. After treatment with digitonin, 4 microgram thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue could be extracted from the sediment. This means that the gland contained about 12 microgram thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue (normal about 100 mg/g). However, no thyroglobulin (19S) could be detected by ultracentrifugation experiments, immunodiffusion, or immunoelectrophoresis. Iodinated proteins with sedimentation constants of 3-9S were found. Among these iodinated macromolecular compounds, iodinated \"albumin\" and some non-hydrolysable iodinated material was found. These last mentioned components were also found in the blood, indicating a leakage from the gland. As described for comparable cases, these results indicate a defect in thyroglobulin synthesis or its regulation.", "contents": "Hereditary congenital goiter with thyroglobulin deficiency in a breed of goats. Hereditary congenital goiter occurring in an inbred breed of goats is reported. The goitrous goats were severely hypothyroid. Thyroglobulin-related antigens could only be detected by radioimmunoassay in amounts of 0.03% of the total protein concentration in the 105,000 x g supernate of the goitrous gland, which corresponded with 8 microgram soluble thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue. After treatment with digitonin, 4 microgram thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue could be extracted from the sediment. This means that the gland contained about 12 microgram thyroglobulin-related antigens/g tissue (normal about 100 mg/g). However, no thyroglobulin (19S) could be detected by ultracentrifugation experiments, immunodiffusion, or immunoelectrophoresis. Iodinated proteins with sedimentation constants of 3-9S were found. Among these iodinated macromolecular compounds, iodinated \"albumin\" and some non-hydrolysable iodinated material was found. These last mentioned components were also found in the blood, indicating a leakage from the gland. As described for comparable cases, these results indicate a defect in thyroglobulin synthesis or its regulation.", "PMID": 744019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5787", "title": "Changes of vascular reactivity induced by low vasopressin concentrations: interactions with cortisol and lithium and possible involvement of prostaglandins.", "content": "Arginine vasopressin in physiological concentrations potentiated the vascular effects of various vasoconstrictor agents. By using the isolated rat mesenteric artery preparation, the pressor effects of norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and potassium chloride were all significantly increased when vasopressin was added to the perfusion buffer. Cortisol and lithium both inhibited the potentiating effect of vasopressin but had no effect on the control pressor response to norepinephrine. When the vascular effects of norepinephrine were first blocked with indomethacin and then restored by the addition of prostaglandin E2, the potentiation by vasopressin was almost completely prevented. This suggests that vasopressin may be acting by stimulating prostaglandin biosynthesis. Cortisol and lithium may exert their inhibitory effects by preventing the activation of prostaglandin synthesis by vasopressin. These findings may be of clinical significance because the phenomena occur well within the range of vasopressin levels found in human plasma.", "contents": "Changes of vascular reactivity induced by low vasopressin concentrations: interactions with cortisol and lithium and possible involvement of prostaglandins. Arginine vasopressin in physiological concentrations potentiated the vascular effects of various vasoconstrictor agents. By using the isolated rat mesenteric artery preparation, the pressor effects of norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and potassium chloride were all significantly increased when vasopressin was added to the perfusion buffer. Cortisol and lithium both inhibited the potentiating effect of vasopressin but had no effect on the control pressor response to norepinephrine. When the vascular effects of norepinephrine were first blocked with indomethacin and then restored by the addition of prostaglandin E2, the potentiation by vasopressin was almost completely prevented. This suggests that vasopressin may be acting by stimulating prostaglandin biosynthesis. Cortisol and lithium may exert their inhibitory effects by preventing the activation of prostaglandin synthesis by vasopressin. These findings may be of clinical significance because the phenomena occur well within the range of vasopressin levels found in human plasma.", "PMID": 744021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5788", "title": "Vasopressin-dependent adenylate cyclase activities in the rat kidney medulla: evidence for two separate sites of action.", "content": "This study demostrates the existence of an adenylate cyclase sensitive to vasopressin in the medullary portion of the rat thick ascending limb. Maximal adenylate cyclase stimulations achieved in that segment (31-fold) were higher than those obtained in collecting tubules from the same rats (22-fold). From comparisons of absolute maximal responses it can be calculated that thick ascending limbs account for about 80% of the response to vasopressin of a kidney medulla homogenate. The apparent Km value of adenylate cyclase activation (from 10(-9)-2 x 10(-8) M) in thick ascending limbs was higher in each experiment than that simultaneously measured in the collecting tubules from the same rats (2 x 10(-10)-3 x 10(-9) M). Such a lower sensitivity is probably not due to a greater hormone degradation by the thick ascending limb samples. Experiments using structural analogues of the oxytocin series ([deamino-6-carba]oxytocin and vasotocin) did not give evidence for different vasopressin receptors in the thick ascending limb and the collecting tubule. A step beyond the hormone-receptor interaction, thus, must account for the different patterns of adenylate cyclase response to vasopressin of these two segments.", "contents": "Vasopressin-dependent adenylate cyclase activities in the rat kidney medulla: evidence for two separate sites of action. This study demostrates the existence of an adenylate cyclase sensitive to vasopressin in the medullary portion of the rat thick ascending limb. Maximal adenylate cyclase stimulations achieved in that segment (31-fold) were higher than those obtained in collecting tubules from the same rats (22-fold). From comparisons of absolute maximal responses it can be calculated that thick ascending limbs account for about 80% of the response to vasopressin of a kidney medulla homogenate. The apparent Km value of adenylate cyclase activation (from 10(-9)-2 x 10(-8) M) in thick ascending limbs was higher in each experiment than that simultaneously measured in the collecting tubules from the same rats (2 x 10(-10)-3 x 10(-9) M). Such a lower sensitivity is probably not due to a greater hormone degradation by the thick ascending limb samples. Experiments using structural analogues of the oxytocin series ([deamino-6-carba]oxytocin and vasotocin) did not give evidence for different vasopressin receptors in the thick ascending limb and the collecting tubule. A step beyond the hormone-receptor interaction, thus, must account for the different patterns of adenylate cyclase response to vasopressin of these two segments.", "PMID": 744023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5789", "title": "Vitamin D and cartilage. I. In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by cartilage.", "content": "In the present work, the capacity of cartilage to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was investigated. Cartilage preparations from growth plate, articular surface, rib, scapula, and ear were isolated from 3-week-old normal rabbits and chickens. Each tissue was separately incubated with tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (, x 10(-9) M) for 1-24 h. Incubations of kidney and muscle were performed simultaneously for comparison. Similarly, cultured chondrocytes isolated from rabbit growth plate and articular cartilage were incubated for 1 or 20 h in medium free of fetal calf serum. After methanol-chloroform extraction of tissues, cells, and their respective media, chloroform phases were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 columns. The results show that kidney and cartilage are able to convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into a derivative which migrates in the 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol region. Cartilage tissue previously boiled is unable to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occurs with all types of cartilage and is also observed in incubations of cultured chondrocytes. In the latter, the polar 25-hydroxycholecalciferol derivative is detected as early as 1 h after addition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Two findings suggest that the polar derivative of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol produced by cartilage is 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: 1) the cartilage derivative and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (synthetic and biosynthetic) comigrate during Sephadex LH-20 and high liquid pressure chromatography; and 2) both the cartilage derivative and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol are sensitive to periodate treatment.", "contents": "Vitamin D and cartilage. I. In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by cartilage. In the present work, the capacity of cartilage to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was investigated. Cartilage preparations from growth plate, articular surface, rib, scapula, and ear were isolated from 3-week-old normal rabbits and chickens. Each tissue was separately incubated with tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (, x 10(-9) M) for 1-24 h. Incubations of kidney and muscle were performed simultaneously for comparison. Similarly, cultured chondrocytes isolated from rabbit growth plate and articular cartilage were incubated for 1 or 20 h in medium free of fetal calf serum. After methanol-chloroform extraction of tissues, cells, and their respective media, chloroform phases were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 columns. The results show that kidney and cartilage are able to convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into a derivative which migrates in the 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol region. Cartilage tissue previously boiled is unable to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occurs with all types of cartilage and is also observed in incubations of cultured chondrocytes. In the latter, the polar 25-hydroxycholecalciferol derivative is detected as early as 1 h after addition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Two findings suggest that the polar derivative of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol produced by cartilage is 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: 1) the cartilage derivative and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (synthetic and biosynthetic) comigrate during Sephadex LH-20 and high liquid pressure chromatography; and 2) both the cartilage derivative and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol are sensitive to periodate treatment.", "PMID": 744024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5790", "title": "Localization of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rat brain and pituitary.", "content": "The distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was studied in the rat brain with an immunoperoxidase technique. alpha-MSH-containing cells were found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Cells staining for alpha-MSH were also localized in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. alpha-MSH-containing nerve fibers extended throughout regions of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain. Two weeks after hypophysectomy, alpha-MSH-positive cells anf fibers were still present in the brain. These results indicate that alpha-MSH of non-pituitary origin is synthesized and stored by neural structures in the rat brain. The detection of alpha-MSH by radioimmunoassay in the rat brain and pituitary supports these observations.", "contents": "Localization of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rat brain and pituitary. The distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was studied in the rat brain with an immunoperoxidase technique. alpha-MSH-containing cells were found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Cells staining for alpha-MSH were also localized in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. alpha-MSH-containing nerve fibers extended throughout regions of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain. Two weeks after hypophysectomy, alpha-MSH-positive cells anf fibers were still present in the brain. These results indicate that alpha-MSH of non-pituitary origin is synthesized and stored by neural structures in the rat brain. The detection of alpha-MSH by radioimmunoassay in the rat brain and pituitary supports these observations.", "PMID": 744026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5791", "title": "Specific binding of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha by membrane preparations from rat skin.", "content": "Specific binding of [3H]prostaglandin E2 ([3H]PGE2) and [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha ([3H]PGF2 alpha) to plasma membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions prepared from rat skin was demonstrated by the Millipore filter assay system. Specific binding was greater in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Maximum binding was attained in the presence of Ca++ (0.5 x 10(-3) M), pH 7.2, and at a temperature of 37 C. Unlabeled PGE2 at a concentration of approximately 700 x 10(-9) M inhibited binding to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction by approximately 90%. Other unlabeled prostaglandins, PGE1, PGF2 alpha, and a PGE2 analog, 7-0-13-prostynoic acid, at the same concentration inhibited binding by 40%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. A variety of unlabeled fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, and eicosatetraenoic acids), at the higher concentration of approximately 1700 x 10(-9) M, inhibited binding less than 30%, suggesting the presence of specific receptors for PGE2 in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar results were obtained for the competitive binding studies with [3H]PGF2 alpha. Proteolytic digestion of the membrane fraction by trypsin and pronase, or boiling for 15 min caused marked inhibition of binding, suggesting that the receptors for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha have a protein component. The Scatchard plot analysis of the equilibrium-binding data of [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGF2 alpha to normal smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions revealed an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.1 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 1,0 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 35 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. These data indicate a greater concentration of binding sites for PGE2 than PGF2 alpha in the normal skin smooth endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, analysis of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from skin of essential fatty acid-deficient rats revealed a Kd of 1.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 2.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 175 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. The concentration of binding sites for PGF2 alpha in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the skin of these rats is increased 5-fold when compared to normal values, whereas that of PGE2 was not altered. These results suggest a possible alteration of PGF2 alpha specific binding to skin endoplasmic reticulum during the pathophysiological abnormalities that accompany essential fatty acid-deficiency syndrome.", "contents": "Specific binding of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha by membrane preparations from rat skin. Specific binding of [3H]prostaglandin E2 ([3H]PGE2) and [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha ([3H]PGF2 alpha) to plasma membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions prepared from rat skin was demonstrated by the Millipore filter assay system. Specific binding was greater in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Maximum binding was attained in the presence of Ca++ (0.5 x 10(-3) M), pH 7.2, and at a temperature of 37 C. Unlabeled PGE2 at a concentration of approximately 700 x 10(-9) M inhibited binding to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction by approximately 90%. Other unlabeled prostaglandins, PGE1, PGF2 alpha, and a PGE2 analog, 7-0-13-prostynoic acid, at the same concentration inhibited binding by 40%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. A variety of unlabeled fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, and eicosatetraenoic acids), at the higher concentration of approximately 1700 x 10(-9) M, inhibited binding less than 30%, suggesting the presence of specific receptors for PGE2 in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar results were obtained for the competitive binding studies with [3H]PGF2 alpha. Proteolytic digestion of the membrane fraction by trypsin and pronase, or boiling for 15 min caused marked inhibition of binding, suggesting that the receptors for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha have a protein component. The Scatchard plot analysis of the equilibrium-binding data of [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGF2 alpha to normal smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions revealed an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.1 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 1,0 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 35 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. These data indicate a greater concentration of binding sites for PGE2 than PGF2 alpha in the normal skin smooth endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, analysis of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from skin of essential fatty acid-deficient rats revealed a Kd of 1.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 2.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 175 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. The concentration of binding sites for PGF2 alpha in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the skin of these rats is increased 5-fold when compared to normal values, whereas that of PGE2 was not altered. These results suggest a possible alteration of PGF2 alpha specific binding to skin endoplasmic reticulum during the pathophysiological abnormalities that accompany essential fatty acid-deficiency syndrome.", "PMID": 744027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5792", "title": "Maintenance of serum somatomedin activity in hypophysectomized pregnant rats.", "content": "Pregnant female rats were hypophysectomized on the 14th day of pregnancy without fetal loss or premature delivery. Completeness of hypophysectomy was confirmed by measurements of serum growth hormone and prolactin. Serum somatomedin activities were measured by the hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage in vitro assay using a human serum standard. In this assay somatomedin activity of normal rat serum is about four times that of normal human serum. Forty-eight hours after hypophysectomy serum somatomedin was maintained at 3.9 +/- 1.0 units/ml. At this time after operation somatomedin activity of nonpregnant hypophysectomized rat serum would be virtually undetectable. Somatomedin concentrations were still maintained on the 18th and 20th day of pregnancy. However, within 24 hours after delivery somatomedin had fallen to less than 0.6 units/ml and by three days post delivery were less than 0.2 units/ml. These observations indicate that the fetal-placental unit, probably by secreting a chorionic somatomammotropin, can maintain the concentration of growth hormone-dependent somatomedin in tha absence of the pituitary.", "contents": "Maintenance of serum somatomedin activity in hypophysectomized pregnant rats. Pregnant female rats were hypophysectomized on the 14th day of pregnancy without fetal loss or premature delivery. Completeness of hypophysectomy was confirmed by measurements of serum growth hormone and prolactin. Serum somatomedin activities were measured by the hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage in vitro assay using a human serum standard. In this assay somatomedin activity of normal rat serum is about four times that of normal human serum. Forty-eight hours after hypophysectomy serum somatomedin was maintained at 3.9 +/- 1.0 units/ml. At this time after operation somatomedin activity of nonpregnant hypophysectomized rat serum would be virtually undetectable. Somatomedin concentrations were still maintained on the 18th and 20th day of pregnancy. However, within 24 hours after delivery somatomedin had fallen to less than 0.6 units/ml and by three days post delivery were less than 0.2 units/ml. These observations indicate that the fetal-placental unit, probably by secreting a chorionic somatomammotropin, can maintain the concentration of growth hormone-dependent somatomedin in tha absence of the pituitary.", "PMID": 744028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5793", "title": "Decreased thyroid function and high plasma prolactin levels in rats of the Buffalo strain.", "content": "Rats of the inbred Buffalo strain have previously been reported to be susceptible to thyroiditis, as defined by histology. We have studied the endocrinology of the pituitary-thyroid axis of this strain by making direct measurements of the plasma concentrations of TSH and T4 in untreated, adult Buffalo rats of both sexes.  Plasma PRL levels were also measured. All hormone determinations were by RIA. In addition, relative thyroid weights were noted and, in many cases, preliminary assessment of thyroid histology was made. Our principle findings were as follows. 1) Decreased thyroid function, in addition to the previously reported histological abnormalities, was found to occur spontaneously among the rats studied. Indications of decreased function included elevations of plasma TSH and thyroid weight and depressions of plasma T4. We estimated the incidence of unequivocal thyroid disease as approximately 3% in each sex. 2) Basal plasma PRL concentrations of Buffalo rats averaged three to four times higher than those of outbred CD rats. Our findings strongly suggest that rats of the Buffalo strain will provide a good model for the study of thyroid failure of varying degrees and concomitant changes in the circulating levels of pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Decreased thyroid function and high plasma prolactin levels in rats of the Buffalo strain. Rats of the inbred Buffalo strain have previously been reported to be susceptible to thyroiditis, as defined by histology. We have studied the endocrinology of the pituitary-thyroid axis of this strain by making direct measurements of the plasma concentrations of TSH and T4 in untreated, adult Buffalo rats of both sexes.  Plasma PRL levels were also measured. All hormone determinations were by RIA. In addition, relative thyroid weights were noted and, in many cases, preliminary assessment of thyroid histology was made. Our principle findings were as follows. 1) Decreased thyroid function, in addition to the previously reported histological abnormalities, was found to occur spontaneously among the rats studied. Indications of decreased function included elevations of plasma TSH and thyroid weight and depressions of plasma T4. We estimated the incidence of unequivocal thyroid disease as approximately 3% in each sex. 2) Basal plasma PRL concentrations of Buffalo rats averaged three to four times higher than those of outbred CD rats. Our findings strongly suggest that rats of the Buffalo strain will provide a good model for the study of thyroid failure of varying degrees and concomitant changes in the circulating levels of pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 744034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5794", "title": "Accumulation and localization of radiocalcium in the rat thyroid gland.", "content": "To determine the rate of accumulation of radiocalcium (45Ca) in the thyroid gland, the concentration of radiocalcium was measured in the blood serum and thyroid gland at various time intervals up to 7 days after a single ip injection of 45Ca in rats. The ratio of the 45Ca concentration in thyroid gland to serum (T:S) increased with the time interval after injection. Thyroid activity was varied by hypophysectomy or by feeding a low iodine diet with or without added thiouracil. The more active the gland, the faster it equilibrated with the serum 45Ca and the less was the T:S in the steady state. The equilibration was much slower than for radioiodide, taking several days in normal control rats and hours in very active glands. Autoradiographs showed that the 45Ca concentration was higher in association with the follicular epithelium than with the follicular lumen at 1 h or less after injection. However, at 24 h, the concentration of 45Ca was higher in the lumen than elsewhere in the gland. To determine rate constants describing the equilibration, the data in the normal gland were fitted with a model that took account of the differing rates of equilibration in cell and lumen. The presence of calcium in the lumen indicates that each time the follicular epithelial cell endocytosed stored luminal colloid before secretion, it also took in an appreciable amount of calcium.", "contents": "Accumulation and localization of radiocalcium in the rat thyroid gland. To determine the rate of accumulation of radiocalcium (45Ca) in the thyroid gland, the concentration of radiocalcium was measured in the blood serum and thyroid gland at various time intervals up to 7 days after a single ip injection of 45Ca in rats. The ratio of the 45Ca concentration in thyroid gland to serum (T:S) increased with the time interval after injection. Thyroid activity was varied by hypophysectomy or by feeding a low iodine diet with or without added thiouracil. The more active the gland, the faster it equilibrated with the serum 45Ca and the less was the T:S in the steady state. The equilibration was much slower than for radioiodide, taking several days in normal control rats and hours in very active glands. Autoradiographs showed that the 45Ca concentration was higher in association with the follicular epithelium than with the follicular lumen at 1 h or less after injection. However, at 24 h, the concentration of 45Ca was higher in the lumen than elsewhere in the gland. To determine rate constants describing the equilibration, the data in the normal gland were fitted with a model that took account of the differing rates of equilibration in cell and lumen. The presence of calcium in the lumen indicates that each time the follicular epithelial cell endocytosed stored luminal colloid before secretion, it also took in an appreciable amount of calcium.", "PMID": 744035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5795", "title": "Increase in pituitary levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone after pinealectomy in both intact and castrated male rats.", "content": "Twenty-eight-day-old male Wistar rats were pinealectomized and/or castrated. Animals were killed 26 days later and anterior pituitaries were dissected out, weighed, and their content of LH and FSH measured by RIA. Pinealectomized rats showed higher body weights than sham-operated animals, which suggests an inhibitory influence of the pineal on growth. The weights of pituitaries were increased by both pinealectomy and castration. However, in pinealectomized rats, but not in castrated, the elevated pituitary weights seemed to be due to the high body weights of those animals. The pituitary content and concentration of LH and the content of FSH were increased by pinealectomy in both intact and castrated rats. This finding may suggest that the pineal gland exerts an inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis that seems to be independent of the testicular function.", "contents": "Increase in pituitary levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone after pinealectomy in both intact and castrated male rats. Twenty-eight-day-old male Wistar rats were pinealectomized and/or castrated. Animals were killed 26 days later and anterior pituitaries were dissected out, weighed, and their content of LH and FSH measured by RIA. Pinealectomized rats showed higher body weights than sham-operated animals, which suggests an inhibitory influence of the pineal on growth. The weights of pituitaries were increased by both pinealectomy and castration. However, in pinealectomized rats, but not in castrated, the elevated pituitary weights seemed to be due to the high body weights of those animals. The pituitary content and concentration of LH and the content of FSH were increased by pinealectomy in both intact and castrated rats. This finding may suggest that the pineal gland exerts an inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis that seems to be independent of the testicular function.", "PMID": 744037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5796", "title": "Glucocorticoid binding by isolated lung cells.", "content": "Synthesis of surfactant in the lung of fetal, and perhaps adult, animals responds to glucorticoids, and glucocorticoid receptor activity has been identified in this tissue of several sepecies. To determine whether receptor is present in the alveolar type II cell, which is the site of surfactant production, we studied glucocorticoid binding by various populations of lung cells. Specific binding was demonstrated in freshly isolated populations of rat lung cells containing primarily alveolar type II cells, in organotypic cultures derived from fetal rat lung containing 90% type II cells, in cultured A549, L-2, and F-42 cell lines which apparently originated from type II cells, and in human lung fibroblastic cells. The equilibrium dissociation constants for nuclear binding of dexamethasone by intact cells at 37 C ranged from 5.0--10.8 nM, and the number of binding sites per cell ranged from 5,700--57,000. In cytosol preparations from L-2 and A549 cells, there was equivalent specific binding of both natural and synthetic corticosteroids, and binding activity had the expected specificity for steroids with glucocorticoid activity. These findings indicate that glucocorticoid receptor is present in both fetal and adult pulmonary type II cells and in cell lines which apparently originated from these cells. The presence of receptor in type II cells in consistent with direct action of glucocorticoids on these cells in vivo.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid binding by isolated lung cells. Synthesis of surfactant in the lung of fetal, and perhaps adult, animals responds to glucorticoids, and glucocorticoid receptor activity has been identified in this tissue of several sepecies. To determine whether receptor is present in the alveolar type II cell, which is the site of surfactant production, we studied glucocorticoid binding by various populations of lung cells. Specific binding was demonstrated in freshly isolated populations of rat lung cells containing primarily alveolar type II cells, in organotypic cultures derived from fetal rat lung containing 90% type II cells, in cultured A549, L-2, and F-42 cell lines which apparently originated from type II cells, and in human lung fibroblastic cells. The equilibrium dissociation constants for nuclear binding of dexamethasone by intact cells at 37 C ranged from 5.0--10.8 nM, and the number of binding sites per cell ranged from 5,700--57,000. In cytosol preparations from L-2 and A549 cells, there was equivalent specific binding of both natural and synthetic corticosteroids, and binding activity had the expected specificity for steroids with glucocorticoid activity. These findings indicate that glucocorticoid receptor is present in both fetal and adult pulmonary type II cells and in cell lines which apparently originated from these cells. The presence of receptor in type II cells in consistent with direct action of glucocorticoids on these cells in vivo.", "PMID": 744039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5797", "title": "Transformation of normal follicles into thyrotropin-refractory \"cold\" follicles in the aging mouse thyroid gland.", "content": "Autoradiographs of thyroid glands of aging mice demonstrate the gradual appearance of \"cold\" follicles which fail to iodinate the intraluminar iodoproteins even after intense exogeneous or endogeneous TSH stimulation. \"Cold\" follicles first appear at the age of 5 months. They may account for 80% of all thyroid follicles in 13-month-old mice. Morphologically, the \"cold\" follicles are characterized by a larger than normal colloid volume and a comparatively flat epithelium for any given follicle size. Old thyroids are twice as large as young ones. They contain twice as much normally iodinated thyroglobulin/mg wet weight. The total number of cells per gland remains constant throughout the life time. This is probably also true for the total number of follicles. The iodide pump, as judged by the tissue to serum ratio, remains normal and TSH-responsive. Yet, it is not established whether this is due to a higher activity of the pump in normal follicles or to preservation of inorganic iodide transport in \"cold\" follicles. Pinocytosis is defective in \"cold\" follicles and is poorly responsive to TSH stimulation. Furthermore, diffusion of iodocompounds is severely impaired in the colloid of \"cold\" follicles. It is suggested that the primary defect in the pathogenesis of \"cold\" follicles in old mice is the gradual failure of endocytosis to respond to normal TSH stimulation. Because exocytosis and iodination would first proceed normally, the follicular lumina would become overdistended up to a point where the apical membrane is functionally impaired. With this sequence of events, \"cold\" follicles would have impaired iodination while being metabolically as active as hot ones. Thus, several puzzling reports on high metabolic activity of \"cold\" tissue could possibly be interpreted.", "contents": "Transformation of normal follicles into thyrotropin-refractory \"cold\" follicles in the aging mouse thyroid gland. Autoradiographs of thyroid glands of aging mice demonstrate the gradual appearance of \"cold\" follicles which fail to iodinate the intraluminar iodoproteins even after intense exogeneous or endogeneous TSH stimulation. \"Cold\" follicles first appear at the age of 5 months. They may account for 80% of all thyroid follicles in 13-month-old mice. Morphologically, the \"cold\" follicles are characterized by a larger than normal colloid volume and a comparatively flat epithelium for any given follicle size. Old thyroids are twice as large as young ones. They contain twice as much normally iodinated thyroglobulin/mg wet weight. The total number of cells per gland remains constant throughout the life time. This is probably also true for the total number of follicles. The iodide pump, as judged by the tissue to serum ratio, remains normal and TSH-responsive. Yet, it is not established whether this is due to a higher activity of the pump in normal follicles or to preservation of inorganic iodide transport in \"cold\" follicles. Pinocytosis is defective in \"cold\" follicles and is poorly responsive to TSH stimulation. Furthermore, diffusion of iodocompounds is severely impaired in the colloid of \"cold\" follicles. It is suggested that the primary defect in the pathogenesis of \"cold\" follicles in old mice is the gradual failure of endocytosis to respond to normal TSH stimulation. Because exocytosis and iodination would first proceed normally, the follicular lumina would become overdistended up to a point where the apical membrane is functionally impaired. With this sequence of events, \"cold\" follicles would have impaired iodination while being metabolically as active as hot ones. Thus, several puzzling reports on high metabolic activity of \"cold\" tissue could possibly be interpreted.", "PMID": 744040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5798", "title": "Effect of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin on the activities of delta 4-5 alpha-reductase, aromatase, and other enzymes in the ovaries of immature rats.", "content": "After incubation of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testostrone with an ovarian preparation (supernatant fluid at 10,000 x g) of immature rats (21-23 days of age) in the presence of NADPH, 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-reduced steroids were obtained as the major metabolites. Among the enzyme activities relevant to the metabolism, delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were intracellularly localized to the microsomal fraction (10,000--105,000 x g), and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was detected exclusively in the cytosol fraction (supernatant fluid at 105,000 x g). Within 2 days after a single injection of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (10 IU/rat) to 21-day-old female rats, the following occurred: 1) an enhancement of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C-17-C-20 lyase activities; 2) a suppression of delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity; and 3) an increase in aromatizing activity. From the above-mentioned results, it was concluded that the increased secretion of estrogen from ovaries of immature rats stimulated by pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin administration was caused by a modification of the ovarian enzyme activities relevant to estrogen production.", "contents": "Effect of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin on the activities of delta 4-5 alpha-reductase, aromatase, and other enzymes in the ovaries of immature rats. After incubation of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testostrone with an ovarian preparation (supernatant fluid at 10,000 x g) of immature rats (21-23 days of age) in the presence of NADPH, 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-reduced steroids were obtained as the major metabolites. Among the enzyme activities relevant to the metabolism, delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were intracellularly localized to the microsomal fraction (10,000--105,000 x g), and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was detected exclusively in the cytosol fraction (supernatant fluid at 105,000 x g). Within 2 days after a single injection of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (10 IU/rat) to 21-day-old female rats, the following occurred: 1) an enhancement of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C-17-C-20 lyase activities; 2) a suppression of delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity; and 3) an increase in aromatizing activity. From the above-mentioned results, it was concluded that the increased secretion of estrogen from ovaries of immature rats stimulated by pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin administration was caused by a modification of the ovarian enzyme activities relevant to estrogen production.", "PMID": 744041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5799", "title": "Relaxin bioactivity and immunoactivity in human corpora lutea.", "content": "Relaxin-like activity in extracts of corpora lutea (CL) from pregnant and non-pregnant women was determined by radioimmunoassay and by guinea pig pubic symphysis palpation assay. The biologically determined activity paralled the immunoactivity of extracts of CL of pregnancy. The relaxin content of CL of non-pregnant women was too low for detection by the bioassay.", "contents": "Relaxin bioactivity and immunoactivity in human corpora lutea. Relaxin-like activity in extracts of corpora lutea (CL) from pregnant and non-pregnant women was determined by radioimmunoassay and by guinea pig pubic symphysis palpation assay. The biologically determined activity paralled the immunoactivity of extracts of CL of pregnancy. The relaxin content of CL of non-pregnant women was too low for detection by the bioassay.", "PMID": 744044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5800", "title": "Thyroid hormone analogs and fetal goiter.", "content": "Transfer of iodothyronine across the placenta in most species occurs only with difficulty. Recently, biologically active, nonhalogenated thyroid hormone analogs have been synthesized with properties which might favor placental transfer. To test this possibility, we compared the doses of T4, T3, and thyroid hormone analogs necessary to prevent propylthiouracil-induced goiter formation in rat fetuses. T4 and T3 prevented fetal goiter, but in doses that caused maternal hyperthyroidism; in contrast, the thyroid hormone analogs prevented fetal goiter in doses that were not thyrotoxic to the mother.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone analogs and fetal goiter. Transfer of iodothyronine across the placenta in most species occurs only with difficulty. Recently, biologically active, nonhalogenated thyroid hormone analogs have been synthesized with properties which might favor placental transfer. To test this possibility, we compared the doses of T4, T3, and thyroid hormone analogs necessary to prevent propylthiouracil-induced goiter formation in rat fetuses. T4 and T3 prevented fetal goiter, but in doses that caused maternal hyperthyroidism; in contrast, the thyroid hormone analogs prevented fetal goiter in doses that were not thyrotoxic to the mother.", "PMID": 744045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5801", "title": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on the distribution and transport of calcium in cultured kidney cells.", "content": "The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the transport and distribution of calcium in isolated kidney cells were studied by kinetic analysis of 45Ca desaturation curves. The results show that PTH (15 ng/ml) increases the total cell calcium content, every exchangeable pool, and all exchange rates. The greatest effect is observed in the slowest kinetic phase which reflects a mitochondrial pool. The effects of PTH occur even in the absence of magnesium and of phosphate and the larger effect is again obtained in the mitochondrial pool. These results suggest that PTH stimulates calcium transport in kidney cells by affecting the intracellular distribution of calcium or by stimulating calcium influx.", "contents": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on the distribution and transport of calcium in cultured kidney cells. The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the transport and distribution of calcium in isolated kidney cells were studied by kinetic analysis of 45Ca desaturation curves. The results show that PTH (15 ng/ml) increases the total cell calcium content, every exchangeable pool, and all exchange rates. The greatest effect is observed in the slowest kinetic phase which reflects a mitochondrial pool. The effects of PTH occur even in the absence of magnesium and of phosphate and the larger effect is again obtained in the mitochondrial pool. These results suggest that PTH stimulates calcium transport in kidney cells by affecting the intracellular distribution of calcium or by stimulating calcium influx.", "PMID": 744047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5802", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of 3 alpha-androstanediol-induced growth of the dog prostate.", "content": "The conditions under which dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-androstanediol) induce prostatic growth in the castrate dog have been investigated in animals in which the initial size of the prostate was either normal or large. When androgen replacement was commenced immediately after castration of dogs with preexisting prostatic hypertrophy, dihydrotestosterone was as effective as 3 alpha-androstanediol in maintaining prostate weight. Under all other conditions examined (replacement commenced immediately after castration in dogs with small prostates or 2 weeks after castration in dogs with large prostates), 3 alpha-androstanediol but not dihydrotestosterone induced significant prostatic growth. The maximal effect of 3 alpha-androstanediol in inducing prostatic growth was observed in 12 weeks. The administration of 17 beta-estradiol enhanced the growth-promoting action of 3 alpha-androstanediol, but did not affect the action of dihydrotestosterone or influence 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in prostate. Thus, the synergistic effect of 17 beta-estradiol and 3 alpha-androstanediol seems to be independent of any effect on the interconversion of the two androgens. The activity of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in dog prostate was high under all conditions of accelerated prostatic growth and appeared to be under androgenic control.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of 3 alpha-androstanediol-induced growth of the dog prostate. The conditions under which dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-androstanediol) induce prostatic growth in the castrate dog have been investigated in animals in which the initial size of the prostate was either normal or large. When androgen replacement was commenced immediately after castration of dogs with preexisting prostatic hypertrophy, dihydrotestosterone was as effective as 3 alpha-androstanediol in maintaining prostate weight. Under all other conditions examined (replacement commenced immediately after castration in dogs with small prostates or 2 weeks after castration in dogs with large prostates), 3 alpha-androstanediol but not dihydrotestosterone induced significant prostatic growth. The maximal effect of 3 alpha-androstanediol in inducing prostatic growth was observed in 12 weeks. The administration of 17 beta-estradiol enhanced the growth-promoting action of 3 alpha-androstanediol, but did not affect the action of dihydrotestosterone or influence 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in prostate. Thus, the synergistic effect of 17 beta-estradiol and 3 alpha-androstanediol seems to be independent of any effect on the interconversion of the two androgens. The activity of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in dog prostate was high under all conditions of accelerated prostatic growth and appeared to be under androgenic control.", "PMID": 744048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5803", "title": "A direct effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in adult rat testis.", "content": "Sixty-day-old rats were divided into four groups and treated for 30 days with either medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), gonadotropins (bovine LH and ovine FSH), Provera plus gonadotropins, or saline. The progestin treatment resulted in a lowering of plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and LH, as well as in a reduction of epididymal sperm counts and accessory sex organ weights. The progestin-treated groups showed markedly lower levels of testicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (35% of controls) and delta 5,3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (70% of controls). Rats treated with only gonadotropins exhibited reduced 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase but increased delta 5,3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. It was concluded from these results that progestins may affect testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis not only by reducing LH secretion but also by a direct effect on the testis, as LH suppression could not account for the inhibition of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Long term progestin treatment did not alter the steroidogenic response of the testis to acute administration of LH, although the testosterone to androstenedione ratio in plasma was decreased.", "contents": "A direct effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in adult rat testis. Sixty-day-old rats were divided into four groups and treated for 30 days with either medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), gonadotropins (bovine LH and ovine FSH), Provera plus gonadotropins, or saline. The progestin treatment resulted in a lowering of plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and LH, as well as in a reduction of epididymal sperm counts and accessory sex organ weights. The progestin-treated groups showed markedly lower levels of testicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (35% of controls) and delta 5,3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (70% of controls). Rats treated with only gonadotropins exhibited reduced 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase but increased delta 5,3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. It was concluded from these results that progestins may affect testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis not only by reducing LH secretion but also by a direct effect on the testis, as LH suppression could not account for the inhibition of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Long term progestin treatment did not alter the steroidogenic response of the testis to acute administration of LH, although the testosterone to androstenedione ratio in plasma was decreased.", "PMID": 744049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5804", "title": "Comparison of the effects of calcium and magnesium on parathyroid hormone secretion rate in calves.", "content": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate was measured in seven calves by using a technique which involved RIA of parathyroid venous blood collected during timed intervals and measured volumetrically. Infusion of solutions of NA2EDTA and MgCl2 into the jugular vein was used to alter plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations. In four calves, elevation of plasma magnesium concentration rapidly decreased the PTH secretion rate that had been stimulated by induced hypocalcemia. In three calves, equimolar and opposite changes in plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations were induced by simultaneous infusions of Na2EDTA and MgCl2. Despite the equimolar increase in plasma magnesium concentration, PTH secretion was increased in response to the decline in plasma calcium concentration. In three experiments, the concentration of each cation was kept constant during periods in which the concentration of the other cation was varied. The effect of variations in plasma magnesium concentration on PTH secretion rate was approximately 1/3-1/2 as great as that observed with changes in plasma calcium concentration. These observations indicate that the effect of magnesium on PTH secretion rate is similar to that of calcium, but not equipotent.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of calcium and magnesium on parathyroid hormone secretion rate in calves. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate was measured in seven calves by using a technique which involved RIA of parathyroid venous blood collected during timed intervals and measured volumetrically. Infusion of solutions of NA2EDTA and MgCl2 into the jugular vein was used to alter plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations. In four calves, elevation of plasma magnesium concentration rapidly decreased the PTH secretion rate that had been stimulated by induced hypocalcemia. In three calves, equimolar and opposite changes in plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations were induced by simultaneous infusions of Na2EDTA and MgCl2. Despite the equimolar increase in plasma magnesium concentration, PTH secretion was increased in response to the decline in plasma calcium concentration. In three experiments, the concentration of each cation was kept constant during periods in which the concentration of the other cation was varied. The effect of variations in plasma magnesium concentration on PTH secretion rate was approximately 1/3-1/2 as great as that observed with changes in plasma calcium concentration. These observations indicate that the effect of magnesium on PTH secretion rate is similar to that of calcium, but not equipotent.", "PMID": 744050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5805", "title": "Lack of effect of hypomagnesemia on elevated plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in acutely phosphate-deprived rats.", "content": "The effect of hypomagnesemia occurring in phosphate deprivation on elevated levels of plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) was evaluated in rats. Phosphate deprivation was associated with an elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D3, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. With oral magnesium supplement during phosphate deprivation, plasma magnesium did not fall, but plasma inorganic phosphate fell and 1,25(OH)2D3 rose to comparable levels seen in phosphate-deprived rats lacking magnesium supplement. These results indicate that a rise in plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 during phosphate deprivation is not due to concomitant hypomagnesemia and support the postulate that phosphate deprivation per se is responsible for the elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Lack of effect of hypomagnesemia on elevated plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in acutely phosphate-deprived rats. The effect of hypomagnesemia occurring in phosphate deprivation on elevated levels of plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) was evaluated in rats. Phosphate deprivation was associated with an elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D3, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. With oral magnesium supplement during phosphate deprivation, plasma magnesium did not fall, but plasma inorganic phosphate fell and 1,25(OH)2D3 rose to comparable levels seen in phosphate-deprived rats lacking magnesium supplement. These results indicate that a rise in plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 during phosphate deprivation is not due to concomitant hypomagnesemia and support the postulate that phosphate deprivation per se is responsible for the elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D3.", "PMID": 744053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5806", "title": "Etiology of anovulation in the immature alloxan-diabetic rat treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: absence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge.", "content": "The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on ovulation and other ovarian responses were investigated in immature rats injected with PMS gonadotropin (PMSG, 15 IU/100 g) on day 30 of age. Rats were killed on day 32 (presumed proestrus) or on day 33, at which time the oviducts were examined for ova. Ovarian weight gain was similar in control and diabetic rats and Graafian follicles were present in both groups on day 32. None of the diabetic rats ovulated while 96% of the control rats ovulated. Anovulation in diabetic rats could not be attributed to a drug side-effect of alloxan or to a lack of ovarian responsiveness, as 90% of the animals ovulated after treatment with insulin or with hCG (5 IU). Measurements of serum estradiol and LH on the morning of presumed proestrus revealed that concentrations of these hormones were not different in control and diabetic rats. However, measurements of LH in blood samples taken in the afternoon from control rats showed an LH surge, whereas no LH surge was found in diabetic rats. Thus, anovulation in immature diabetic rats treated with PMSG is not caused by an attenuation of ovarian responsiveness or by decreased secretion of estradiol, but rather is due to the loss of the LH surge.", "contents": "Etiology of anovulation in the immature alloxan-diabetic rat treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: absence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on ovulation and other ovarian responses were investigated in immature rats injected with PMS gonadotropin (PMSG, 15 IU/100 g) on day 30 of age. Rats were killed on day 32 (presumed proestrus) or on day 33, at which time the oviducts were examined for ova. Ovarian weight gain was similar in control and diabetic rats and Graafian follicles were present in both groups on day 32. None of the diabetic rats ovulated while 96% of the control rats ovulated. Anovulation in diabetic rats could not be attributed to a drug side-effect of alloxan or to a lack of ovarian responsiveness, as 90% of the animals ovulated after treatment with insulin or with hCG (5 IU). Measurements of serum estradiol and LH on the morning of presumed proestrus revealed that concentrations of these hormones were not different in control and diabetic rats. However, measurements of LH in blood samples taken in the afternoon from control rats showed an LH surge, whereas no LH surge was found in diabetic rats. Thus, anovulation in immature diabetic rats treated with PMSG is not caused by an attenuation of ovarian responsiveness or by decreased secretion of estradiol, but rather is due to the loss of the LH surge.", "PMID": 744054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5807", "title": "Studies on the isolation and chemical-physical properties of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Methods are described for isolating highly purified FSH from porcine pituitary glands. The biological activity of pure material was 22 NIH-FSH-P2 U/mg, as judged by the ovarian weight augmentation bioassay. Virtually no immunoreactive LH was indicated by RIA, and only one component was detected by both gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses of the highly purified FSH indicated the presence of 1-tryptophan, a high content of aspartic and glutamic acids, and 6% sialic acid. Molecular weights of untreated and guanidine-treated porcine FSH were estimated from hydrodynamic measurements of Stokes radii and sedimentation coefficients. A highly specific and sensitive RIA was also developed for this hormone.", "contents": "Studies on the isolation and chemical-physical properties of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone. Methods are described for isolating highly purified FSH from porcine pituitary glands. The biological activity of pure material was 22 NIH-FSH-P2 U/mg, as judged by the ovarian weight augmentation bioassay. Virtually no immunoreactive LH was indicated by RIA, and only one component was detected by both gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses of the highly purified FSH indicated the presence of 1-tryptophan, a high content of aspartic and glutamic acids, and 6% sialic acid. Molecular weights of untreated and guanidine-treated porcine FSH were estimated from hydrodynamic measurements of Stokes radii and sedimentation coefficients. A highly specific and sensitive RIA was also developed for this hormone.", "PMID": 744055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5808", "title": "Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion.", "content": "The role of SRIF in starvation-induced inhibition of GH and insulin secretion was assessed by passive immunization with anti-SRIF serum. Six-hour secretory profiles obtained from chronically cannulated male rats deprived of food for 72 h showed marked suppression of GH secretory bursts and significant depression of plasma insulin levels. Administration of 1 ml SRIF antiserum (SRIF AS) iv to starved rats resulted in rapid (within 15 min) restoration of high amplitude GH pulses (600-800 ng/ml) and sighificant elevation of GH trough values. The mean 6-h GH level of starved SRIF, AS-treated rats (189.2 +/- 23.9 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of starved, normal sheep serum-treated control animals (62.8 +/- 5.8 ng/ml) (P less than 0.005). In contrast to the effects on GH, plasma insulin levels in starved rats administered SRIF AS remained low. No significant difference was observed in the mean 6-h plasma insulin level of starved-SRIF, AS-treated rats when compared to starved, normal sheep serum-treated controls. These findings suggest that circulating SRIF is a physiological regulator of starvation-induced GH suppression but is not involved in mediating the inhibition of insulin.", "contents": "Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. The role of SRIF in starvation-induced inhibition of GH and insulin secretion was assessed by passive immunization with anti-SRIF serum. Six-hour secretory profiles obtained from chronically cannulated male rats deprived of food for 72 h showed marked suppression of GH secretory bursts and significant depression of plasma insulin levels. Administration of 1 ml SRIF antiserum (SRIF AS) iv to starved rats resulted in rapid (within 15 min) restoration of high amplitude GH pulses (600-800 ng/ml) and sighificant elevation of GH trough values. The mean 6-h GH level of starved SRIF, AS-treated rats (189.2 +/- 23.9 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of starved, normal sheep serum-treated control animals (62.8 +/- 5.8 ng/ml) (P less than 0.005). In contrast to the effects on GH, plasma insulin levels in starved rats administered SRIF AS remained low. No significant difference was observed in the mean 6-h plasma insulin level of starved-SRIF, AS-treated rats when compared to starved, normal sheep serum-treated controls. These findings suggest that circulating SRIF is a physiological regulator of starvation-induced GH suppression but is not involved in mediating the inhibition of insulin.", "PMID": 744057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5809", "title": "Formation of DES-ASP1-angiotensin II is not an obligatory step in the steroidogenic action of angiotensin II in the canine adrenal.", "content": "A comparison of the receptor binding properties and in vitro metabolism of angiotensin II and [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II was performed in collagenase-dispersed glomerulosa cells from dog adrenal glands. Each peptide was bound rapidly and reversibly to isolated glomerulosa cells, with similar equilibrium and kinetic constants of association and dissociation. The labeled peptide that was bound to glomerulosa cells after incubation with 125I- and 3H-angiotensin II at 37C for 30-60 minutes was predominantly angiotensin II, with about 15% [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II. These findings demonstrate that local formation of the heptapeptide is not an obligatory step in the action of angiotensin II on aldosterone production in the canine adrenals.", "contents": "Formation of DES-ASP1-angiotensin II is not an obligatory step in the steroidogenic action of angiotensin II in the canine adrenal. A comparison of the receptor binding properties and in vitro metabolism of angiotensin II and [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II was performed in collagenase-dispersed glomerulosa cells from dog adrenal glands. Each peptide was bound rapidly and reversibly to isolated glomerulosa cells, with similar equilibrium and kinetic constants of association and dissociation. The labeled peptide that was bound to glomerulosa cells after incubation with 125I- and 3H-angiotensin II at 37C for 30-60 minutes was predominantly angiotensin II, with about 15% [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II. These findings demonstrate that local formation of the heptapeptide is not an obligatory step in the action of angiotensin II on aldosterone production in the canine adrenals.", "PMID": 744059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5810", "title": "Serum triiodothyronine in undernourished rats: dependence on dietary composition rather than total calorie or protein intake.", "content": "Serum triiodothyronine (T3) in rats did not change if food intake was restricted without altering the composition of the diet. Feeding a hypocaloric low-protein high-carbohydrate diet caused increases in serum T3, while feeding a hypocaloric high-protein low-carbohydrate diet caused decreases in serum T3. These changes were not related to reductions in intake of either calories or protein, and concomitant changes in serum thyroxine (T4) were not observed. Reduction in the dietary content of valine, without changes in the percentage of carbohydrate in the diet, caused increases in serum T3 when compared to growth-matched controls on a diet with normal valine concentration. Serum T3 in undernourished rats depends on the composition of the diet and not on total intake of calories or protein.", "contents": "Serum triiodothyronine in undernourished rats: dependence on dietary composition rather than total calorie or protein intake. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) in rats did not change if food intake was restricted without altering the composition of the diet. Feeding a hypocaloric low-protein high-carbohydrate diet caused increases in serum T3, while feeding a hypocaloric high-protein low-carbohydrate diet caused decreases in serum T3. These changes were not related to reductions in intake of either calories or protein, and concomitant changes in serum thyroxine (T4) were not observed. Reduction in the dietary content of valine, without changes in the percentage of carbohydrate in the diet, caused increases in serum T3 when compared to growth-matched controls on a diet with normal valine concentration. Serum T3 in undernourished rats depends on the composition of the diet and not on total intake of calories or protein.", "PMID": 744060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5811", "title": "Adrenal steroidogenesis in methylandrostenediol-induced hypertension.", "content": "Adrenal vein catheterizations were done in rats made hypertensive by administration of methylandrostenediol (MAD; 17alpha-methyl-5-androstene-3beta,-17beta-diol), and in control rats at intervals during treatment. All MAD-treated rats were hypertensive by 7 weeks. Secretion of corticosterone was consistently decreased at all times in MAD-treated rats. 18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone secretion and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) secretion decreased and increased, respectively, compared to controls at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Aldosterone secretion was decreased at 2 and 4 weeks. This study shows an in vivo block of adrenal 11- and 18-hydroxylation. Transient DOC accumulation by treatment with MAD produced hypertension, though DOC oversecretion and other changes in steroidogenesis were waning by the time hypertension developed.", "contents": "Adrenal steroidogenesis in methylandrostenediol-induced hypertension. Adrenal vein catheterizations were done in rats made hypertensive by administration of methylandrostenediol (MAD; 17alpha-methyl-5-androstene-3beta,-17beta-diol), and in control rats at intervals during treatment. All MAD-treated rats were hypertensive by 7 weeks. Secretion of corticosterone was consistently decreased at all times in MAD-treated rats. 18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone secretion and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) secretion decreased and increased, respectively, compared to controls at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Aldosterone secretion was decreased at 2 and 4 weeks. This study shows an in vivo block of adrenal 11- and 18-hydroxylation. Transient DOC accumulation by treatment with MAD produced hypertension, though DOC oversecretion and other changes in steroidogenesis were waning by the time hypertension developed.", "PMID": 744061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5812", "title": "The distribution of biologically active and inactive radioiodinated human calcitonin in the rat.", "content": "The anatomical distribution of a biologically active and biologically inactive preparation of radioiodinated human calcitonin (hCT) was studied in rats. The former was prepared by electrolysis and the latter by chloramine-T oxidation. When administered iv, the distribution of the two species of [125I]hCT was nearly identical. The kidney was the principle organ of distribution for the hormone while less was present in liver, intestine, or bone. In vitro, kidney homogenates rapidly degraded [125I]hCT. This degradation was partially blocked by trypsin inhibitor and fully blocked by ACTH at both 4 and 37 C. These studies demonstrate the importance of kidney in the metabolism of calcitonin and suggest that the in vivo distribution of biologically active and inert species of the hormone may be indistinguishable.", "contents": "The distribution of biologically active and inactive radioiodinated human calcitonin in the rat. The anatomical distribution of a biologically active and biologically inactive preparation of radioiodinated human calcitonin (hCT) was studied in rats. The former was prepared by electrolysis and the latter by chloramine-T oxidation. When administered iv, the distribution of the two species of [125I]hCT was nearly identical. The kidney was the principle organ of distribution for the hormone while less was present in liver, intestine, or bone. In vitro, kidney homogenates rapidly degraded [125I]hCT. This degradation was partially blocked by trypsin inhibitor and fully blocked by ACTH at both 4 and 37 C. These studies demonstrate the importance of kidney in the metabolism of calcitonin and suggest that the in vivo distribution of biologically active and inert species of the hormone may be indistinguishable.", "PMID": 744063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5813", "title": "Experimental hypertension and other responses to 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone treatment in the rat.", "content": "Young female unilaterally nephrectomized, salt-loaded, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 200 microgram or 1 mg 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone-21-acetate (18-OH-DOCA) in oil daily, and a group of kidney-intact animals on a normal salt intake was given 2 mg/day. The hormone was not found to increase saline consumption, increase urinary potassium or kallikrein excretion, or depress serum renin activity or potassium concentration. Slight hypertension did develop at 3 weeks in salt-loaded rats on the lowest dose, but this was neither increased by higher dosage or longer treatment, nor reflected by increased heart or kidney weight. The effect of 40-mg pellet implantation of DOCA and 18-OH-DOCA was then compared in unilaterally nephrectomized, salt-loaded, female Fischer 344 rats. The former caused increased saline consumption, hypertension, hypokalemia, and heart and kidney enlargement, whereas 18-OH-DOCA did not. Thus, the hypertensogenic potency of 18-OH-DOCA is, at best, a reflection of its known, very weak, mineralocorticoid activity.", "contents": "Experimental hypertension and other responses to 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone treatment in the rat. Young female unilaterally nephrectomized, salt-loaded, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 200 microgram or 1 mg 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone-21-acetate (18-OH-DOCA) in oil daily, and a group of kidney-intact animals on a normal salt intake was given 2 mg/day. The hormone was not found to increase saline consumption, increase urinary potassium or kallikrein excretion, or depress serum renin activity or potassium concentration. Slight hypertension did develop at 3 weeks in salt-loaded rats on the lowest dose, but this was neither increased by higher dosage or longer treatment, nor reflected by increased heart or kidney weight. The effect of 40-mg pellet implantation of DOCA and 18-OH-DOCA was then compared in unilaterally nephrectomized, salt-loaded, female Fischer 344 rats. The former caused increased saline consumption, hypertension, hypokalemia, and heart and kidney enlargement, whereas 18-OH-DOCA did not. Thus, the hypertensogenic potency of 18-OH-DOCA is, at best, a reflection of its known, very weak, mineralocorticoid activity.", "PMID": 744064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5814", "title": "Central control of hepatic steroid metabolism: effect of discrete hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The effects of various hypothalamic lesions on hepatic steroid metabolism in adult rats were investigated. It was found that frontal deafferentation at the retrochiasmatic and suprachiasmatic level resulted in a complete \"feminization\" of hepatic steroid metabolism in male rats. Such an effect was also seen when lesions involving mainly the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area and the suprachiasmatic nucleus were performed in male rats. Midline lesions, anterior to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, on the other hand, did not result in any significant effects. A moderate degree of \"feminization\" was obtained after bilateral lesions involving mainly the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis but including also parts of the anterior commissure. Small lesions in the lateral preoptic area were, however, without effect. No effects were seen of analogous lesions in female rats in any of the cases studied. The present findings suggest that a region including the anterior hypothalamic periventricular area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and adjacent areas is involved in the control of hepatic steroid metabolism. It is postulated that the neuronal cell bodies that produce a factor with an inhibitory effect on the secretion of \"feminizing factor\" have their origins in this area of the hypothalamus, or, alternatively, may send axons through this area to the basal hypothalamus and thus directly or indirectly influence the anterior pituitary gland.", "contents": "Central control of hepatic steroid metabolism: effect of discrete hypothalamic lesions. The effects of various hypothalamic lesions on hepatic steroid metabolism in adult rats were investigated. It was found that frontal deafferentation at the retrochiasmatic and suprachiasmatic level resulted in a complete \"feminization\" of hepatic steroid metabolism in male rats. Such an effect was also seen when lesions involving mainly the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area and the suprachiasmatic nucleus were performed in male rats. Midline lesions, anterior to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, on the other hand, did not result in any significant effects. A moderate degree of \"feminization\" was obtained after bilateral lesions involving mainly the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis but including also parts of the anterior commissure. Small lesions in the lateral preoptic area were, however, without effect. No effects were seen of analogous lesions in female rats in any of the cases studied. The present findings suggest that a region including the anterior hypothalamic periventricular area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and adjacent areas is involved in the control of hepatic steroid metabolism. It is postulated that the neuronal cell bodies that produce a factor with an inhibitory effect on the secretion of \"feminizing factor\" have their origins in this area of the hypothalamus, or, alternatively, may send axons through this area to the basal hypothalamus and thus directly or indirectly influence the anterior pituitary gland.", "PMID": 744065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5815", "title": "Stimulation of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone secretion by angiotensin II and potassium.", "content": "The control of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) secretion is incompletely understood: ACTH seems to be the dominant regulator, the importance of angiotensin II (A-II) is uncertain, and the effect of potassium has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18-OH-DOC response to these three stimuli in vitro. Suspensions of isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa or fasciculata cells were stimulated with either alpha-1-24 ACTH (0.04 mU/ml), A-II (25 ng/ml), or potassium (5.9 mEq/liter), and 18-OH-DOC production was measured. In glomerulosa cells, ACTH produced the greatest 18-OH-DOC response but A-II and potassium also produced significant (P less than 0.001) 18-OH-DOC increases (control, 162 +/- 14 (SE) ng/10(6) cells incubated; A-II, 368 +/- 39; potassium, 380 +/- 37; ACTH, 1544 +/- 165). In fasciculata cells, 18-OH-DOC production increased with ACTH but not with A-II or potassium. These results document that A-II and potassium, as well as ACTH, can stimulate 18-OH-DOC production by glomerulosa but not by fascicuata cells. The response to A-II may provide an explanation for the reported increase in 18-OH-DOC production after sodium restriction.", "contents": "Stimulation of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone secretion by angiotensin II and potassium. The control of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) secretion is incompletely understood: ACTH seems to be the dominant regulator, the importance of angiotensin II (A-II) is uncertain, and the effect of potassium has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18-OH-DOC response to these three stimuli in vitro. Suspensions of isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa or fasciculata cells were stimulated with either alpha-1-24 ACTH (0.04 mU/ml), A-II (25 ng/ml), or potassium (5.9 mEq/liter), and 18-OH-DOC production was measured. In glomerulosa cells, ACTH produced the greatest 18-OH-DOC response but A-II and potassium also produced significant (P less than 0.001) 18-OH-DOC increases (control, 162 +/- 14 (SE) ng/10(6) cells incubated; A-II, 368 +/- 39; potassium, 380 +/- 37; ACTH, 1544 +/- 165). In fasciculata cells, 18-OH-DOC production increased with ACTH but not with A-II or potassium. These results document that A-II and potassium, as well as ACTH, can stimulate 18-OH-DOC production by glomerulosa but not by fascicuata cells. The response to A-II may provide an explanation for the reported increase in 18-OH-DOC production after sodium restriction.", "PMID": 744066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5816", "title": "Changes in the fetal thyroid axis after induction of premature parturition by low dose continuous intravascular cortisol infusion to the fetal sheep at 130 days of gestation.", "content": "The effect of cortisol infusion on plasma T4 and T3 concentrations has been investigated in the fetal lamb at 130-134 days of gestation. Infusion of cortisol at rates equivalent to one-third the quantity produced by the fetus at the time of parturition results in a significant fall in fetal plasma T4 concentration and a significant rise in fetal plasma T3 concentration. Delay in the initiation of labor as a result of progesterone administration to the ewe did not prevent the changes in the fetal thyroid axis. These modifications of thyroid function therefore appear to be caused by the infusion of cortisol rather than to be secondary to the induction of labor.", "contents": "Changes in the fetal thyroid axis after induction of premature parturition by low dose continuous intravascular cortisol infusion to the fetal sheep at 130 days of gestation. The effect of cortisol infusion on plasma T4 and T3 concentrations has been investigated in the fetal lamb at 130-134 days of gestation. Infusion of cortisol at rates equivalent to one-third the quantity produced by the fetus at the time of parturition results in a significant fall in fetal plasma T4 concentration and a significant rise in fetal plasma T3 concentration. Delay in the initiation of labor as a result of progesterone administration to the ewe did not prevent the changes in the fetal thyroid axis. These modifications of thyroid function therefore appear to be caused by the infusion of cortisol rather than to be secondary to the induction of labor.", "PMID": 744069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5817", "title": "Direct evidence that the arcuate nucleus-median eminence tuberoinfundibular system is not of primary importance in the feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the castrated rat.", "content": "Adult rats which have received monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG, 4 mg/g BW) on alternate days for the first 10 days of life manifest central nervous system lesions largely restricted to the retina and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in which nearly 90% of the perikarya are destroyed, leaving axons in passage intact. In animals so treated, concentrations of dopamine within the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the hypothalamus are reduced 52% and 57%, respectively, in males and 45% and 61% in females, whereas concentrations of norepinephrine in these same two areas are normal. Concentrations of both norepinephrine and dopamine in five other hypothalamic nuclei (dorsal septal, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei) are unchanged. Nevertheless, despite the destruction of the arcuate nucleus cell bodies of MSG-treated rats, postcastration levels of serum FSH and LH in males, and FSH in females were not significantly different from FSH and LH values in castrated controls. Serum LH in castrated, MSG-treated females was slightly but significantly lower than in castrated controls. It is concluded that the arcuate nucleus-median eminence tuberoinfundibular neurons are not of primary importance in the tonic, negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Direct evidence that the arcuate nucleus-median eminence tuberoinfundibular system is not of primary importance in the feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the castrated rat. Adult rats which have received monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG, 4 mg/g BW) on alternate days for the first 10 days of life manifest central nervous system lesions largely restricted to the retina and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in which nearly 90% of the perikarya are destroyed, leaving axons in passage intact. In animals so treated, concentrations of dopamine within the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the hypothalamus are reduced 52% and 57%, respectively, in males and 45% and 61% in females, whereas concentrations of norepinephrine in these same two areas are normal. Concentrations of both norepinephrine and dopamine in five other hypothalamic nuclei (dorsal septal, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei) are unchanged. Nevertheless, despite the destruction of the arcuate nucleus cell bodies of MSG-treated rats, postcastration levels of serum FSH and LH in males, and FSH in females were not significantly different from FSH and LH values in castrated controls. Serum LH in castrated, MSG-treated females was slightly but significantly lower than in castrated controls. It is concluded that the arcuate nucleus-median eminence tuberoinfundibular neurons are not of primary importance in the tonic, negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 744070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5818", "title": "The biphasic regulation of prolactin secretion by dopamine agonist-antagonists.", "content": "The in vitro secretion of PRL by the pituitary gland is inhibited by low concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine receptor-blocking agents, haloperidol and pimozide, in concentrations between 10-100 nM, neutralize virtually completely the dopamine-mediated inhibition of PRL secretion. At these concentrations, the dopamine antagonists alone are without effect on PRL secretion. Higher concentrations of these agents, however, have a powerful action to inhibit PRL secretion. Perphenazine was without direct effect on the in vitro secretion of PRL. These observations may be of general importance to the study of dopamine action in other organ systems.", "contents": "The biphasic regulation of prolactin secretion by dopamine agonist-antagonists. The in vitro secretion of PRL by the pituitary gland is inhibited by low concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine receptor-blocking agents, haloperidol and pimozide, in concentrations between 10-100 nM, neutralize virtually completely the dopamine-mediated inhibition of PRL secretion. At these concentrations, the dopamine antagonists alone are without effect on PRL secretion. Higher concentrations of these agents, however, have a powerful action to inhibit PRL secretion. Perphenazine was without direct effect on the in vitro secretion of PRL. These observations may be of general importance to the study of dopamine action in other organ systems.", "PMID": 744072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5819", "title": "Evidence for a discontinuous requirement for estrogen in stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the immature rat uterus.", "content": "Estriol is rapidly lost from uterine target cell nuclei. Therefore, it has been used to study the relative time of exposure to estrogen that is necessary to elicit the late growth responses of increased DNA polymerase activity or increased rate of DNA synthesis observed after 17beta-estradiol treatment. Estriol administered during a second critical phase from 9-15 h after the initial injection elicits maximal DNA synthesis. Our results suggest that there is a discontinuous requirement for estrogen in the sequence of events which result in the uterine growth response to estrogenic hormones. If estriol is present during critical phases of this sequence of events, it is equipotent to estradiol in eliciting the full uterotropic response.", "contents": "Evidence for a discontinuous requirement for estrogen in stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the immature rat uterus. Estriol is rapidly lost from uterine target cell nuclei. Therefore, it has been used to study the relative time of exposure to estrogen that is necessary to elicit the late growth responses of increased DNA polymerase activity or increased rate of DNA synthesis observed after 17beta-estradiol treatment. Estriol administered during a second critical phase from 9-15 h after the initial injection elicits maximal DNA synthesis. Our results suggest that there is a discontinuous requirement for estrogen in the sequence of events which result in the uterine growth response to estrogenic hormones. If estriol is present during critical phases of this sequence of events, it is equipotent to estradiol in eliciting the full uterotropic response.", "PMID": 744077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5820", "title": "Subcellular distribution of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase in the rat kidney: a plasma membrane location.", "content": "The enzymatic activity in rat kidney homogenates mediating the conversion of T4 to T2 has been previously shown to be particulate. The subcellular organelle responsible for T4 5'-deiodination, however, has not been identified. Enzymatic activity was assessed with outer ring 125I-labeled L-T4 as the substrate and the iodothyronines were separated by descending paper chromatography. Comparison of the distribution of T4 5'-deiodinase activity with that of established enzyme markers of subcellular organelles demonstrated: 1) T4 5'-deiodinase activity paralleled that of plasma membrane enzyme markers in subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation, with 80% of the T4 5'-deiodinase and (Na+/K+)-ATPase equally distributed in the crude nuclear and microsomal fractions; 2) the smooth microsomal fraction, known to be contaminated with plasma membrane in kidney tissue preparations, contained the bulk of the T4 5'-deiodinase activity and plasma membrane marker enzymes found in the microsomal fraction; and 3) purified plasma membrane showed enrichment of T4 5'-deiodinase comparable to that of the known plasma membrane enzyme (Na+/K+)-ATPase. These data suggest that T4 5'-deiodinase in kidney tissue is an enzyme of the plasmalemma.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase in the rat kidney: a plasma membrane location. The enzymatic activity in rat kidney homogenates mediating the conversion of T4 to T2 has been previously shown to be particulate. The subcellular organelle responsible for T4 5'-deiodination, however, has not been identified. Enzymatic activity was assessed with outer ring 125I-labeled L-T4 as the substrate and the iodothyronines were separated by descending paper chromatography. Comparison of the distribution of T4 5'-deiodinase activity with that of established enzyme markers of subcellular organelles demonstrated: 1) T4 5'-deiodinase activity paralleled that of plasma membrane enzyme markers in subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation, with 80% of the T4 5'-deiodinase and (Na+/K+)-ATPase equally distributed in the crude nuclear and microsomal fractions; 2) the smooth microsomal fraction, known to be contaminated with plasma membrane in kidney tissue preparations, contained the bulk of the T4 5'-deiodinase activity and plasma membrane marker enzymes found in the microsomal fraction; and 3) purified plasma membrane showed enrichment of T4 5'-deiodinase comparable to that of the known plasma membrane enzyme (Na+/K+)-ATPase. These data suggest that T4 5'-deiodinase in kidney tissue is an enzyme of the plasmalemma.", "PMID": 744079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5821", "title": "The subcellular localization of the long-acting thyroid stimulator inhibitor in bovine thyroid gland.", "content": "To characterize further the nature and site of the receptor for the IgG stimulator in Graves' disease, we have developed a preparative scheme to provide a bovine thyroid subfraction rich in plasma membranes. Pellets (800 X g) obtained from bovine thyroid homogenates were layered on a 30-64% continuous sucrose gradient (SG). The centrifuged gradient was divided into four portions (SG1, 2, 3, and 4); and these along with the 800 X g pellet were characterized in terms of their capacity to neutralize (bind) the biological activity of LATS, their specific binding of [125I]TSH, and their subcellular marker content. Subfraction SG1 contained the highest adenyl cyclase specific activity, the highest [125I]TSH binding specific activity, and vied with the 800 X g pellet and SG3 for the highest specific activity of LATS neutralization. Electron microscopy of SG1 showed a predominance of plasma membrane structures contaminated with a modest amount of cellular debris. Adenyl cyclase activity in SG1 was enhanced by TSH, LATS, and sodium fluoride. Although a dose-response curve could be established for TSH, a similar relationship could not be established for LATS. We conclude that activation of plasma membrane-bound adenyl cyclase is associated with neutralization of the biological activity of LATS. Further, the difference between [125I]TSH binding and LATS neutralization activity observed in the various thyroid membrane subfractions suggests that either LATS and TSH interact at different sites or have different mechanisms of binding at a common site.", "contents": "The subcellular localization of the long-acting thyroid stimulator inhibitor in bovine thyroid gland. To characterize further the nature and site of the receptor for the IgG stimulator in Graves' disease, we have developed a preparative scheme to provide a bovine thyroid subfraction rich in plasma membranes. Pellets (800 X g) obtained from bovine thyroid homogenates were layered on a 30-64% continuous sucrose gradient (SG). The centrifuged gradient was divided into four portions (SG1, 2, 3, and 4); and these along with the 800 X g pellet were characterized in terms of their capacity to neutralize (bind) the biological activity of LATS, their specific binding of [125I]TSH, and their subcellular marker content. Subfraction SG1 contained the highest adenyl cyclase specific activity, the highest [125I]TSH binding specific activity, and vied with the 800 X g pellet and SG3 for the highest specific activity of LATS neutralization. Electron microscopy of SG1 showed a predominance of plasma membrane structures contaminated with a modest amount of cellular debris. Adenyl cyclase activity in SG1 was enhanced by TSH, LATS, and sodium fluoride. Although a dose-response curve could be established for TSH, a similar relationship could not be established for LATS. We conclude that activation of plasma membrane-bound adenyl cyclase is associated with neutralization of the biological activity of LATS. Further, the difference between [125I]TSH binding and LATS neutralization activity observed in the various thyroid membrane subfractions suggests that either LATS and TSH interact at different sites or have different mechanisms of binding at a common site.", "PMID": 744082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5822", "title": "The maturation of rabbit epididymal spermatozoa in organ culture: inhibition by antiandrogens and inhibitors of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "content": "Infertile spermatozoa from the proximal corpus epididymidis will become fertile when this epididymal segment is cultured 24 h in vitro with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The effect of antiandrogens and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis upon this 5alpha-DHT-induced sperm maturation was investigated. The response to 5alpha-DHT was abolished by cyproterone acetate, SKF 7690, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin, and the aminonucleoside analog of puromycin. Addition of cyproterone acetate or actinomycin D to a suspension of distal corpus spermatozoa did not change their fertilizing ability. Culture of segments of the distal corpus for 24 h with the same antiandrogens and RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors did not change the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. These results indicate that the development of the sperm-fertilizing ability observed in the proximal corpus epididymidis in vitro in response to 5alpha-DHT is dependent upon binding of 5alpha-DHT and synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules by the target cell. They also indicate that antiandrogen and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis do not have a nonspecific toxic effect on spermatozoa during the time period studied. It is likely that the target cells are the epididymal epithelial cells rather than the spermatozoa themselves.", "contents": "The maturation of rabbit epididymal spermatozoa in organ culture: inhibition by antiandrogens and inhibitors of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. Infertile spermatozoa from the proximal corpus epididymidis will become fertile when this epididymal segment is cultured 24 h in vitro with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The effect of antiandrogens and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis upon this 5alpha-DHT-induced sperm maturation was investigated. The response to 5alpha-DHT was abolished by cyproterone acetate, SKF 7690, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin, and the aminonucleoside analog of puromycin. Addition of cyproterone acetate or actinomycin D to a suspension of distal corpus spermatozoa did not change their fertilizing ability. Culture of segments of the distal corpus for 24 h with the same antiandrogens and RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors did not change the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. These results indicate that the development of the sperm-fertilizing ability observed in the proximal corpus epididymidis in vitro in response to 5alpha-DHT is dependent upon binding of 5alpha-DHT and synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules by the target cell. They also indicate that antiandrogen and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis do not have a nonspecific toxic effect on spermatozoa during the time period studied. It is likely that the target cells are the epididymal epithelial cells rather than the spermatozoa themselves.", "PMID": 744083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5823", "title": "Evidence that the effects of isoproterenol on water intake and vasopressin secretion are mediated by angiotensin.", "content": "The effect of isoproterenol (6 microgram/kg sc) on drinking, urine flow, and vasopressin secretion was examined in a group of trained dogs with chronically implanted third ventricular cannulae. Isoproterenol stimulated drinking in association with a reduction in urine flow and an increase in urine to plasma osmolality ratio. Plasma renin activity increased from 3.1 +/- 0.8 to 13.0 +/- 2.7 ng/ml/3 h and plasma vasopressin concentration increased from 11.3 +/- 1.3 to 40.3 +/- 12.5 pg/ml. The effect of isoproterenol was reexamined during an intracerebroventricular infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin (0.02 microgram/kg/min). This treatment did not affect the isoproterenol-induced increase in plasma renin activity, but inhibited the drinking, antidiuresis, and increase in plasma vasopressin concentration. These data indicate that the effects of isoproterenol on drinking, urine flow, and vasopressin secretion are mediated via the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Evidence that the effects of isoproterenol on water intake and vasopressin secretion are mediated by angiotensin. The effect of isoproterenol (6 microgram/kg sc) on drinking, urine flow, and vasopressin secretion was examined in a group of trained dogs with chronically implanted third ventricular cannulae. Isoproterenol stimulated drinking in association with a reduction in urine flow and an increase in urine to plasma osmolality ratio. Plasma renin activity increased from 3.1 +/- 0.8 to 13.0 +/- 2.7 ng/ml/3 h and plasma vasopressin concentration increased from 11.3 +/- 1.3 to 40.3 +/- 12.5 pg/ml. The effect of isoproterenol was reexamined during an intracerebroventricular infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin (0.02 microgram/kg/min). This treatment did not affect the isoproterenol-induced increase in plasma renin activity, but inhibited the drinking, antidiuresis, and increase in plasma vasopressin concentration. These data indicate that the effects of isoproterenol on drinking, urine flow, and vasopressin secretion are mediated via the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 744084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5824", "title": "Prolonged suppression of insulin release by a somatostatin analog.", "content": "A somatostatin analog, [D-Ala5, D-Trp8]-somatostatin, has been found to selectively inhibit insulin and GH release in rats. The release of these hormones is inhibited by an analog dose of 5 microgram/kg in short term experiments (15 min from analog administration to blood sampling), while glucagon levels are not lowered by analog doses as high as 500 microgram/kg. The lowered insulin to glucagon ratio results in hyperglycemia. [D-Ala5, D-Trp8]Somatostatin is also long acting; a 1 mg/kg dose results in hypoinsulinemia for 2 h and hyperglycemia for 3 h.", "contents": "Prolonged suppression of insulin release by a somatostatin analog. A somatostatin analog, [D-Ala5, D-Trp8]-somatostatin, has been found to selectively inhibit insulin and GH release in rats. The release of these hormones is inhibited by an analog dose of 5 microgram/kg in short term experiments (15 min from analog administration to blood sampling), while glucagon levels are not lowered by analog doses as high as 500 microgram/kg. The lowered insulin to glucagon ratio results in hyperglycemia. [D-Ala5, D-Trp8]Somatostatin is also long acting; a 1 mg/kg dose results in hypoinsulinemia for 2 h and hyperglycemia for 3 h.", "PMID": 744088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5825", "title": "In vitro decidualization of rat endometrial cells.", "content": "Rat endometrial cells were isolated from ovariectomized adults submitted to a progesterone-estradiol sequence proper to sensitize the uterus to respond to a deciduogenic stimulus, and then cultured in vitro in the presence of progesterone. They grew rapidly and became morphologically similar to the decidual cells occurring in vivo with regard to the binucleation and the accumulation of characteristic filamentous material in the cytoplasm. The life-span of the decidualized cells in vitro was comparable to the duration of the deciduoma in vivo. The progesterone treatment of the rat was found to be a prerequisite for such development and transformation of endometrial cells in vitro, since control experiments performed with nonhormonally injected castrated animals gave only isolated islets of epithelial cells and scattered fibroblast-like cells in culture, whereas the decidual transformation was still observed, although with some delay, with cells from progesterone (but not estradiol)-treated spayed rats. Such an in vitro system may provide a new opportunity to study the mechanism of decidualization and of its hormonal control.", "contents": "In vitro decidualization of rat endometrial cells. Rat endometrial cells were isolated from ovariectomized adults submitted to a progesterone-estradiol sequence proper to sensitize the uterus to respond to a deciduogenic stimulus, and then cultured in vitro in the presence of progesterone. They grew rapidly and became morphologically similar to the decidual cells occurring in vivo with regard to the binucleation and the accumulation of characteristic filamentous material in the cytoplasm. The life-span of the decidualized cells in vitro was comparable to the duration of the deciduoma in vivo. The progesterone treatment of the rat was found to be a prerequisite for such development and transformation of endometrial cells in vitro, since control experiments performed with nonhormonally injected castrated animals gave only isolated islets of epithelial cells and scattered fibroblast-like cells in culture, whereas the decidual transformation was still observed, although with some delay, with cells from progesterone (but not estradiol)-treated spayed rats. Such an in vitro system may provide a new opportunity to study the mechanism of decidualization and of its hormonal control.", "PMID": 744089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5826", "title": "Metabolic clearance of endogenous and radioiodinated thyroglobulin in rats.", "content": "The basal concentration and metabolic clearance of radiolabeled and endogenous thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured in normal male rats. Serum Tg concentrations (by RIA) in Sprague-Dawley adult males ranged from 70-680 ng/ml (mean +/- SD, 218 +/- 177). In male Fisher rats, basal serum Tg concentrations were 32-263 ng/ml. The fractional disappearance rate of endogenously radioiodinated rat Tg and of endogenous rat Tg after thyroidectomy were both about 8%/h. The MCR of endogenously labeled Tg was 2.4 +/- 1.1 ml/100 g/h. Using this clearance and the mean serum Tg concentration in these rats, a daily thyroidal release rate of about 201 microgram Tg/100 g BW would be required to provide the T4 metabolized daily by the rat, the Tg released into the circulation comprises about 7% of the total rat Tg produced in a 24-h period.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance of endogenous and radioiodinated thyroglobulin in rats. The basal concentration and metabolic clearance of radiolabeled and endogenous thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured in normal male rats. Serum Tg concentrations (by RIA) in Sprague-Dawley adult males ranged from 70-680 ng/ml (mean +/- SD, 218 +/- 177). In male Fisher rats, basal serum Tg concentrations were 32-263 ng/ml. The fractional disappearance rate of endogenously radioiodinated rat Tg and of endogenous rat Tg after thyroidectomy were both about 8%/h. The MCR of endogenously labeled Tg was 2.4 +/- 1.1 ml/100 g/h. Using this clearance and the mean serum Tg concentration in these rats, a daily thyroidal release rate of about 201 microgram Tg/100 g BW would be required to provide the T4 metabolized daily by the rat, the Tg released into the circulation comprises about 7% of the total rat Tg produced in a 24-h period.", "PMID": 744090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5827", "title": "The effect of epinephrine on phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in cultured explants of adrenal medulla.", "content": "The investigation reported here was designed to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is regulated. Explants of adrenal medullae were cultured in defined media for up to 48 h, during which time the tissue remained histologically intact. Addition of epinephrine to the medium led to a diminution in the activity of PNMT, measurable in the dialyzed homogenates of the cultured tissue. The enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the concentration of epinephrine present in the culture medium. A diminution in the amount of PNMT protein also resulted from incubation of the explants in the presence of epinephrine. The extent of loss of PNMT, measured by immunochemical titration, corresponded to the degree of loss in PNMT activity under the same conditions. None of the metabolites of epinephrine, including 3,4-dihydroxy- or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelate, or metanephrine, had an effect on PNMT. Tyrosine hydroxylase and catechol O-methyltransferase activities were also diminished, whereas tyrosine transaminase, acid phosphatase, and monoamine oxidase activities were not affected by addition of epinephrine to the medium. Ascorbic acid added to the medium prolonged the lifetime of epinephrine but did not alter the degree of diminution of PNMT. The results obtained are consistent with the view that epinephrine is rapidly assimilated into the cytoplasm of medullary cells and plays an important role in regulating the concentration of PNMT in the adrenal gland.", "contents": "The effect of epinephrine on phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in cultured explants of adrenal medulla. The investigation reported here was designed to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is regulated. Explants of adrenal medullae were cultured in defined media for up to 48 h, during which time the tissue remained histologically intact. Addition of epinephrine to the medium led to a diminution in the activity of PNMT, measurable in the dialyzed homogenates of the cultured tissue. The enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the concentration of epinephrine present in the culture medium. A diminution in the amount of PNMT protein also resulted from incubation of the explants in the presence of epinephrine. The extent of loss of PNMT, measured by immunochemical titration, corresponded to the degree of loss in PNMT activity under the same conditions. None of the metabolites of epinephrine, including 3,4-dihydroxy- or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelate, or metanephrine, had an effect on PNMT. Tyrosine hydroxylase and catechol O-methyltransferase activities were also diminished, whereas tyrosine transaminase, acid phosphatase, and monoamine oxidase activities were not affected by addition of epinephrine to the medium. Ascorbic acid added to the medium prolonged the lifetime of epinephrine but did not alter the degree of diminution of PNMT. The results obtained are consistent with the view that epinephrine is rapidly assimilated into the cytoplasm of medullary cells and plays an important role in regulating the concentration of PNMT in the adrenal gland.", "PMID": 744091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5828", "title": "Prolactin suppression by (-) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways.", "content": "(-) delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was previously shown to suppress serum PRL levels (SPL) in rats. In the present study, various pathways by which THC suppresses PRL secretion were investigated. THC abolished the elevated SPL induced by either 5-hydroxytryptophan or melatonin. The SPL suppression after THC treatment was abolished upon treatment with cyproheptadine. These results suggest on involvement of a serotonergic pathway in the suppressive effect of THC on PRL secretion. Elevated SPL induced by a low dose of the dopaminergic blocker pimozide was suppressed after treatment with THC. However, elevated SPL, induced by a high dose of pimozide or by any dose of perphenazine (a less specific dopaminergic blocker), were not reduced by combined treatment of either of these drugs with THC. It seems that THC also enhances the dopaminergic activity in the pathway that controls PRL secretion. In addition, the pimozide-induced SPL elevation dropped upon combined treatment of cyproheptadine and pimozide. As cyproheptadine alone, and in the dose used, did not affect SPL, it is proposed that the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways that control PRL secretion do not necessarily act independently of one another.", "contents": "Prolactin suppression by (-) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. (-) delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was previously shown to suppress serum PRL levels (SPL) in rats. In the present study, various pathways by which THC suppresses PRL secretion were investigated. THC abolished the elevated SPL induced by either 5-hydroxytryptophan or melatonin. The SPL suppression after THC treatment was abolished upon treatment with cyproheptadine. These results suggest on involvement of a serotonergic pathway in the suppressive effect of THC on PRL secretion. Elevated SPL induced by a low dose of the dopaminergic blocker pimozide was suppressed after treatment with THC. However, elevated SPL, induced by a high dose of pimozide or by any dose of perphenazine (a less specific dopaminergic blocker), were not reduced by combined treatment of either of these drugs with THC. It seems that THC also enhances the dopaminergic activity in the pathway that controls PRL secretion. In addition, the pimozide-induced SPL elevation dropped upon combined treatment of cyproheptadine and pimozide. As cyproheptadine alone, and in the dose used, did not affect SPL, it is proposed that the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways that control PRL secretion do not necessarily act independently of one another.", "PMID": 744093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5829", "title": "Effects of a single injection of estradiol valerate on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and on reproductive function in the female rat.", "content": "Young adult cyclic female rats were each injected with 2 mg estradiol valerate (EV) in sesame oil. Controls received an equivalent volume of sesame oil. Within 2 months after injection, most of the EV-treated animals showed persistent vaginal estrus and small polyfollicular ovaries as well as pathological changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. This pathological process was gradually progressive such that by 6 months after EV injection, the basal lateral region of the nucleus contained numerous reactive microglia, astrocytes, and degenerating elements of the neuropil. The experimental rats had elevated plasma PRL and GH concentrations which gradually diminished. Plasma estradiol concentration remained elevated 2 months after injection, while plasma LH and FSH concentrations stayed within the high and low normal range, respectively. The pituitary glands of injected animals weighed significantly more than those of controls 5.5 months after injection, but the enlarged glands did not cause hypothalamic compression. As mechanical anterior deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus has previously been shown to produce similar endocrine and reproductive alterations, it may be that estradiol treatment results in a functional-anatomical disconnection of the arcuate nucleus from the more anterior hypothalamic areas that regulate cyclicity. Whether this type of functional-anatomical phenomenon underlies other varieties of induced or secondary acyclicity in females remains to be determined.", "contents": "Effects of a single injection of estradiol valerate on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and on reproductive function in the female rat. Young adult cyclic female rats were each injected with 2 mg estradiol valerate (EV) in sesame oil. Controls received an equivalent volume of sesame oil. Within 2 months after injection, most of the EV-treated animals showed persistent vaginal estrus and small polyfollicular ovaries as well as pathological changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. This pathological process was gradually progressive such that by 6 months after EV injection, the basal lateral region of the nucleus contained numerous reactive microglia, astrocytes, and degenerating elements of the neuropil. The experimental rats had elevated plasma PRL and GH concentrations which gradually diminished. Plasma estradiol concentration remained elevated 2 months after injection, while plasma LH and FSH concentrations stayed within the high and low normal range, respectively. The pituitary glands of injected animals weighed significantly more than those of controls 5.5 months after injection, but the enlarged glands did not cause hypothalamic compression. As mechanical anterior deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus has previously been shown to produce similar endocrine and reproductive alterations, it may be that estradiol treatment results in a functional-anatomical disconnection of the arcuate nucleus from the more anterior hypothalamic areas that regulate cyclicity. Whether this type of functional-anatomical phenomenon underlies other varieties of induced or secondary acyclicity in females remains to be determined.", "PMID": 744098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5830", "title": "Down regulation of insulin receptors in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in monolayer.", "content": "Down regulation of insulin receptor number by insulin at physiological concentrating (10(-9) M) has been demonstrated in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in monolayer. However, because insulin is rapidly degraded in this culture system, special efforts are necessary to maintain the concentration of insulin in the medium in order to evoke the down regulation phenomenon.", "contents": "Down regulation of insulin receptors in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in monolayer. Down regulation of insulin receptor number by insulin at physiological concentrating (10(-9) M) has been demonstrated in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in monolayer. However, because insulin is rapidly degraded in this culture system, special efforts are necessary to maintain the concentration of insulin in the medium in order to evoke the down regulation phenomenon.", "PMID": 744100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5831", "title": "Prolactin release by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in rats.", "content": "Synthetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) administered either intraventricularly or iv caused a significant and dose-related increase in plasma PRL levels in urethane-anesthetized rats. The administration of naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, significantly blunted the plasma PRL response to VIP. Increases in plasma PRL induced by VIP were also significantly suppressed by L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, whereas pilocarpine, a cholinergic agonist, diphenhydramine, a histamine antagonist, and cyproheptadine, an antiserotoninergic agent, did not affect the plasma PRL response to VIP. In in vitro experiments, VIP alone did not stimulate PRL release from cultured pituitary cells, but it significantly attenuated the inhibitory action of dopamine, which was not blocked by naloxone. These results suggest that VIP stimulates rat PRL secretion, at least in part, through activation of an opiate receptor in the central nervous system and by blocking the inhibitory action of a dopaminergic mechanism at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Prolactin release by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in rats. Synthetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) administered either intraventricularly or iv caused a significant and dose-related increase in plasma PRL levels in urethane-anesthetized rats. The administration of naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, significantly blunted the plasma PRL response to VIP. Increases in plasma PRL induced by VIP were also significantly suppressed by L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, whereas pilocarpine, a cholinergic agonist, diphenhydramine, a histamine antagonist, and cyproheptadine, an antiserotoninergic agent, did not affect the plasma PRL response to VIP. In in vitro experiments, VIP alone did not stimulate PRL release from cultured pituitary cells, but it significantly attenuated the inhibitory action of dopamine, which was not blocked by naloxone. These results suggest that VIP stimulates rat PRL secretion, at least in part, through activation of an opiate receptor in the central nervous system and by blocking the inhibitory action of a dopaminergic mechanism at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 744101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5832", "title": "Maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid transport of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and iodide in sheep: a kinetic model.", "content": "A mathematical model of iodine kinetics in maternal and fetal sheep has been developed by combining separate iodide, T3, and T4 subsystems. The individual subsystem models were developed from literature studies of maternal-fetal exchange under thyroid-blocked and unblocked conditions. Rates of exchange, concentrations, and spaces of distribution were calculated by the SAAM computer program. The models for each of the subsystems required exchange compartments within the mother and fetus, exchanges between maternal and fetal circulations, and between the fetus and amniotic fluid. The fetal-amniotic fluid exchange was observed directly for iodide and indirectly for T3 and T4. No exchange between mother and amniotic fluid was required. It is possible that the amniotic fluid acts as a reservoir for these and other substances. Maternal-fetal kinetics suggest that low fetal T3 levels are maintained by an active transport of T3 from fetus to mother, a decreased transport from mother to fetus, and a low fetal T3 production. The model also requires that all fetal T3 loss occur via transport to the maternal system rather than via fetal utilization. In contrast, the fetal T4 system is largely autonomous, the small maternal exchange not significantly contributing to the fetal T4 economy. Fetal iodide seems to be supplied by a facilitated bidirectional exchange with the mother.", "contents": "Maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid transport of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and iodide in sheep: a kinetic model. A mathematical model of iodine kinetics in maternal and fetal sheep has been developed by combining separate iodide, T3, and T4 subsystems. The individual subsystem models were developed from literature studies of maternal-fetal exchange under thyroid-blocked and unblocked conditions. Rates of exchange, concentrations, and spaces of distribution were calculated by the SAAM computer program. The models for each of the subsystems required exchange compartments within the mother and fetus, exchanges between maternal and fetal circulations, and between the fetus and amniotic fluid. The fetal-amniotic fluid exchange was observed directly for iodide and indirectly for T3 and T4. No exchange between mother and amniotic fluid was required. It is possible that the amniotic fluid acts as a reservoir for these and other substances. Maternal-fetal kinetics suggest that low fetal T3 levels are maintained by an active transport of T3 from fetus to mother, a decreased transport from mother to fetus, and a low fetal T3 production. The model also requires that all fetal T3 loss occur via transport to the maternal system rather than via fetal utilization. In contrast, the fetal T4 system is largely autonomous, the small maternal exchange not significantly contributing to the fetal T4 economy. Fetal iodide seems to be supplied by a facilitated bidirectional exchange with the mother.", "PMID": 744102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5833", "title": "Effect of castration and steroid replacement on immunoreactive luteinizing hormone cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat.", "content": "The response of LH cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis to castration alone or castration and subsequent administration of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate was studied. To accomplish this, LH cells were labeled by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method, with use of an antiserum generated against hCG. LH cells were detected in the caudal region of the pars tuberalis of all intact control animals studied. After castration, LH cells in both the pars distalis and pars tuberalis showed similar degrees of hypertrophy and hyperplasia. This response was inhibited by either testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate in the pars distalis as well as in the pars tuberalis. These results indicate that LH cells in the pars tuberalis, in addition to those in the pars distalis, are responsive to fluctuations in circulating steroid hormone levels and that the pars tuberalis may contribute to the overall secretion of gonadotropin by the adenohypophysis.", "contents": "Effect of castration and steroid replacement on immunoreactive luteinizing hormone cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat. The response of LH cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis to castration alone or castration and subsequent administration of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate was studied. To accomplish this, LH cells were labeled by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method, with use of an antiserum generated against hCG. LH cells were detected in the caudal region of the pars tuberalis of all intact control animals studied. After castration, LH cells in both the pars distalis and pars tuberalis showed similar degrees of hypertrophy and hyperplasia. This response was inhibited by either testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate in the pars distalis as well as in the pars tuberalis. These results indicate that LH cells in the pars tuberalis, in addition to those in the pars distalis, are responsive to fluctuations in circulating steroid hormone levels and that the pars tuberalis may contribute to the overall secretion of gonadotropin by the adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 744103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5834", "title": "Interaction of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucose, and arginine on insulin and glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) produced an increase in immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The magnitude of both effects was shown to be dependent on the prevailing glucose concentration. GIP stimulated IRG release at glucose concentrations less than 5.5 mM and IRI release at glucose levels greater than 5.5 mM. Arginine\"stimulated IRG secretion in the presence of low glucose (2.7 mM) was potentiated by GIP. In contrast, GIP augmented arginine-stimulated insulin release only in the presence of arginine concentrations of (less than 20 mM, producing no further increase over a maximal arginine stimulus. The glucagonotropic effect of GIP in the presence of arginine was found to be suppressed by glucose, with the opposite effect observed with insulin release. It was concluded that the endocrine pancreatic action of GIP depends to a great degree on existing levels of modulating nutrients in the blood.", "contents": "Interaction of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucose, and arginine on insulin and glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) produced an increase in immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The magnitude of both effects was shown to be dependent on the prevailing glucose concentration. GIP stimulated IRG release at glucose concentrations less than 5.5 mM and IRI release at glucose levels greater than 5.5 mM. Arginine\"stimulated IRG secretion in the presence of low glucose (2.7 mM) was potentiated by GIP. In contrast, GIP augmented arginine-stimulated insulin release only in the presence of arginine concentrations of (less than 20 mM, producing no further increase over a maximal arginine stimulus. The glucagonotropic effect of GIP in the presence of arginine was found to be suppressed by glucose, with the opposite effect observed with insulin release. It was concluded that the endocrine pancreatic action of GIP depends to a great degree on existing levels of modulating nutrients in the blood.", "PMID": 744105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5835", "title": "Comparison of pituitary-thyroid maturation in the fetuses of rats fed an iodine-deficient or normal diet.", "content": "From the earliest detectable development of fetal pituitary-thyroid function (day 18-19 of gestation) through the first postnatal day, there was a higher degree of stimulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the fetuses of rats fed a low iodine diet (LID) than in those of rats fed a high iodine diet (HID). Significant differences between the two groups were consistently observed in relative thyroid size, plasma TSH, 4-h thyroid radioiodine uptake, and the labeled iodoamino acid composition of thyroid digests. Plasma T4 concentration was lower in both LID and HID fetuses and pups than in the HID mothers. Plasma T3 was not detectable (less than 20 ng/dl) in the fetuses of either group, nor was labeled T3 in the thyroid digests. Body weight, plasma T4, and pituitary TSH content were usually lower in the LID than the HID animals of comparable age; however, these differences were not consistently statistically significant (P less than 0.05). We conclude that iodine deficiency causes a marked stimulation of TSH secretion and, consequently, of thyroid growth and metabolism from the earliest development of fetal pituitary-thyroid function.", "contents": "Comparison of pituitary-thyroid maturation in the fetuses of rats fed an iodine-deficient or normal diet. From the earliest detectable development of fetal pituitary-thyroid function (day 18-19 of gestation) through the first postnatal day, there was a higher degree of stimulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the fetuses of rats fed a low iodine diet (LID) than in those of rats fed a high iodine diet (HID). Significant differences between the two groups were consistently observed in relative thyroid size, plasma TSH, 4-h thyroid radioiodine uptake, and the labeled iodoamino acid composition of thyroid digests. Plasma T4 concentration was lower in both LID and HID fetuses and pups than in the HID mothers. Plasma T3 was not detectable (less than 20 ng/dl) in the fetuses of either group, nor was labeled T3 in the thyroid digests. Body weight, plasma T4, and pituitary TSH content were usually lower in the LID than the HID animals of comparable age; however, these differences were not consistently statistically significant (P less than 0.05). We conclude that iodine deficiency causes a marked stimulation of TSH secretion and, consequently, of thyroid growth and metabolism from the earliest development of fetal pituitary-thyroid function.", "PMID": 744106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5836", "title": "Inhibition by adenosine of thyroidal T4 release in vitro.", "content": "Adenosine, like catecholamines, inhibits the thyroidal T4 release in vitro, when stimulated by TSH,N,O'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP [(Bu) 2cAMP], and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Unlike catecholamines, the adenosine-induced inhibition is independent of adrenergic receptors. It is postulated that TSH stimulates thyroidal T4 release through a cAMP activated, adenosine-sensitive, protein kinase.", "contents": "Inhibition by adenosine of thyroidal T4 release in vitro. Adenosine, like catecholamines, inhibits the thyroidal T4 release in vitro, when stimulated by TSH,N,O'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP [(Bu) 2cAMP], and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Unlike catecholamines, the adenosine-induced inhibition is independent of adrenergic receptors. It is postulated that TSH stimulates thyroidal T4 release through a cAMP activated, adenosine-sensitive, protein kinase.", "PMID": 744109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5837", "title": "Analysis of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release kinetics during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge in the rat, based on quantitative changes in stored and circulating luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and metabolic clearance data for these hormones.", "content": "The original objective of this study was to use available distribution volume (V) and deca constant (k) estimates for rat LH and FSH to determine the amounts of these hormones synthesized and released during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge. The problem was approached by 1) determining the approximate rates and durations of pituitary LH and FSH depletion during the surge, and 2) comparing observed plasma LH and FSH patterns with patterns calculated on the assumptions a) that the rates and durations of LH and FSH release would have to equal or exceed the rates and durations of LH and FSH depletion, and b) that the V and k estimates reported by Bogdanove and Gay (Endocrinology 84: 1118, 1969) would be applicable in this situation. The observed surges proved to be 3- to 10-fold smaller than the calculated patterns, suggesting either that depletion exceded release or that inappropriate values of V and/or k had been used in the calculations. Subsequent reexaminations of LH clearance kinetics (Campbell et al., accompanying reports) provided larger estimates for both VLH and kLH. Recalculation of the data, using these new parameters, eliminated the apparent discrepancy between depletion and release. On the basis of these direct comparisons of stored and circulating LH, it seems that a \"half-life\" shorter than 30 min and a distribution volume greater than 3 ml/100 g must be used to model the effects of variations in LH release on circulating LH in the rat.", "contents": "Analysis of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release kinetics during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge in the rat, based on quantitative changes in stored and circulating luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and metabolic clearance data for these hormones. The original objective of this study was to use available distribution volume (V) and deca constant (k) estimates for rat LH and FSH to determine the amounts of these hormones synthesized and released during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge. The problem was approached by 1) determining the approximate rates and durations of pituitary LH and FSH depletion during the surge, and 2) comparing observed plasma LH and FSH patterns with patterns calculated on the assumptions a) that the rates and durations of LH and FSH release would have to equal or exceed the rates and durations of LH and FSH depletion, and b) that the V and k estimates reported by Bogdanove and Gay (Endocrinology 84: 1118, 1969) would be applicable in this situation. The observed surges proved to be 3- to 10-fold smaller than the calculated patterns, suggesting either that depletion exceded release or that inappropriate values of V and/or k had been used in the calculations. Subsequent reexaminations of LH clearance kinetics (Campbell et al., accompanying reports) provided larger estimates for both VLH and kLH. Recalculation of the data, using these new parameters, eliminated the apparent discrepancy between depletion and release. On the basis of these direct comparisons of stored and circulating LH, it seems that a \"half-life\" shorter than 30 min and a distribution volume greater than 3 ml/100 g must be used to model the effects of variations in LH release on circulating LH in the rat.", "PMID": 744110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5838", "title": "Prolonged infusion of rat luteinizing hormone alters its metabolic clearance pattern: indirect evidence for postsecretory mutation of luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Constant rate infusion/stop-entry experiments of varied duration were done with rat pituitary LH to test the possibility that the relatively slow disappearance of endogenous circulating LH after hypophysectomy/stop-entry in orchidectomized rats might be due to redistributive distortion consequent to a prolonged \"packing\" of the extravascular LH spaces in these animals. The findings indicated that prolongation of LH infusion did result in progressive flattening of the decay curve after stop-entry. After 1 h of infusion, constant rate infusion/stop-entry decay of LH was nearly as rapid as decay after simple pulse injection of the same extract. After 24 h of infusion, it was nearly as slow as after hypophysectomy/stop-entry. However, this change could not be explained solely on the basis of redistribution, because a similar difference was seen when disappearance of \"infused\" and \"injected\" pituitary LH were examined by pulse injection of sera collected from rats which had been given this LH by injection or prolonged infusion. Although variations in extravascular LH \"packing\" might have influenced LH disappearance in the donor rats, there was no opportunity for such variations to develop in the recipients. Although the mechanism(s) involved in this progressive change in the metabolic clearance characteristics of exogenous (extracted) circulating LH might simply be selective accumulation of the molecules most capable for surviving in the blood, other possibilities exist (e.g. actual mutation of circulating LH molecules). Whether endogenous (secreted) LH undergone similar changes during its sojourn in the circulation is not yet known but these findings suggest that postsecretory mechanisms could contribute to the apparent qualitative difference(s) between stored and circulating rat LH. Several implications of this new information have been discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged infusion of rat luteinizing hormone alters its metabolic clearance pattern: indirect evidence for postsecretory mutation of luteinizing hormone. Constant rate infusion/stop-entry experiments of varied duration were done with rat pituitary LH to test the possibility that the relatively slow disappearance of endogenous circulating LH after hypophysectomy/stop-entry in orchidectomized rats might be due to redistributive distortion consequent to a prolonged \"packing\" of the extravascular LH spaces in these animals. The findings indicated that prolongation of LH infusion did result in progressive flattening of the decay curve after stop-entry. After 1 h of infusion, constant rate infusion/stop-entry decay of LH was nearly as rapid as decay after simple pulse injection of the same extract. After 24 h of infusion, it was nearly as slow as after hypophysectomy/stop-entry. However, this change could not be explained solely on the basis of redistribution, because a similar difference was seen when disappearance of \"infused\" and \"injected\" pituitary LH were examined by pulse injection of sera collected from rats which had been given this LH by injection or prolonged infusion. Although variations in extravascular LH \"packing\" might have influenced LH disappearance in the donor rats, there was no opportunity for such variations to develop in the recipients. Although the mechanism(s) involved in this progressive change in the metabolic clearance characteristics of exogenous (extracted) circulating LH might simply be selective accumulation of the molecules most capable for surviving in the blood, other possibilities exist (e.g. actual mutation of circulating LH molecules). Whether endogenous (secreted) LH undergone similar changes during its sojourn in the circulation is not yet known but these findings suggest that postsecretory mechanisms could contribute to the apparent qualitative difference(s) between stored and circulating rat LH. Several implications of this new information have been discussed.", "PMID": 744112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5839", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in testes and on serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rats.", "content": "Studies are reported of the effect of hypophysectomy on cholesterol esterase activity of testicular tissue and serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rats. The testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats of 200-255 g were excised from animals sacrificed at 3, 7, and 15 days after hypophysectomy. Assays for cholesterol-esterifying and hydrolytic activities of the testicular tissues of these animals, compared to control animals, showed that hypophysectomy decreased both cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis. Hydrolytic activity was affected to a greater extent than esterifying activity. LCAT activity was significantly decreased by hypophysectomy compared to that of control animals. Although serum LCAT and testicular cholesterol esterase activities were decreased, the overall effect of hypophysectomy produced an increase in the level of serum cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. It is suggested that the role of essential fatty acids (EFA) in testicular function is related to the utilization of cholesteryl esters in androgen synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in testes and on serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rats. Studies are reported of the effect of hypophysectomy on cholesterol esterase activity of testicular tissue and serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rats. The testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats of 200-255 g were excised from animals sacrificed at 3, 7, and 15 days after hypophysectomy. Assays for cholesterol-esterifying and hydrolytic activities of the testicular tissues of these animals, compared to control animals, showed that hypophysectomy decreased both cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis. Hydrolytic activity was affected to a greater extent than esterifying activity. LCAT activity was significantly decreased by hypophysectomy compared to that of control animals. Although serum LCAT and testicular cholesterol esterase activities were decreased, the overall effect of hypophysectomy produced an increase in the level of serum cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. It is suggested that the role of essential fatty acids (EFA) in testicular function is related to the utilization of cholesteryl esters in androgen synthesis.", "PMID": 744114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5840", "title": "Data on the sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids indispensable for follicle-stimulating hormone release in the rat.", "content": "The sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids on FSH release were examined in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Estradiol benzoate (E2) injected 72 h after E2 priming induced a significant increase in serum FSH 6 and 30 h later. However, injections of estrone failed to induce a similar significant increase. Progesterone (P) injections also increased serum FSH 6 h later. Horizontal sections placed above the medial preoptic area prevented the increase in serum FSH after E2 injections but not after P injections. Furthermore, retrochiasmatic sections or bilateral lesions in the medial basal part of the suprachiasmatic area prevented the increase after E2 injections and P injections. E2, implanted into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and the anterior hypothalamic area in E2-primed ovariectomized rats, induced a significant increase and decrease in serum FSH, respectively, whereas P implanted into the same areas failed to induce it. On the other hand, P implantations into the diagonal band of Broca and the lateral and the medial septum were effective in increasing and decreasing serum FSH, respectively, whereas E2 implantations into these areas were ineffective. Neither E2 nor P implanted into the medial amygdala, the medial preoptic area, or the hippocampus altered serum FSH levels. These results suggest that the stimulatory feedback actions of E2 and P on FSH release are exerted at different sites in the limbic structures.", "contents": "Data on the sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids indispensable for follicle-stimulating hormone release in the rat. The sites of the stimulatory feedback action of gonadal steroids on FSH release were examined in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Estradiol benzoate (E2) injected 72 h after E2 priming induced a significant increase in serum FSH 6 and 30 h later. However, injections of estrone failed to induce a similar significant increase. Progesterone (P) injections also increased serum FSH 6 h later. Horizontal sections placed above the medial preoptic area prevented the increase in serum FSH after E2 injections but not after P injections. Furthermore, retrochiasmatic sections or bilateral lesions in the medial basal part of the suprachiasmatic area prevented the increase after E2 injections and P injections. E2, implanted into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and the anterior hypothalamic area in E2-primed ovariectomized rats, induced a significant increase and decrease in serum FSH, respectively, whereas P implanted into the same areas failed to induce it. On the other hand, P implantations into the diagonal band of Broca and the lateral and the medial septum were effective in increasing and decreasing serum FSH, respectively, whereas E2 implantations into these areas were ineffective. Neither E2 nor P implanted into the medial amygdala, the medial preoptic area, or the hippocampus altered serum FSH levels. These results suggest that the stimulatory feedback actions of E2 and P on FSH release are exerted at different sites in the limbic structures.", "PMID": 744115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5841", "title": "Physical properties of androgen receptors in brain cytosol from normal and testicular feminized (Tfm/y hermaphrodite) mice.", "content": "Our previous results had shown that brain cytosol from androgen-insensitive, testicular feminized (Tfm/y) mice contains a reduced amount (20-25%) of androgen receptors, compared to normal female or castrated male mice, with unchanged affinity for dihydrotestosterone (DHT). We have now used various physicochemical techniques to ask whether there is a qualitative difference between these residual receptors and those in normal brain. When androgen receptors labeled with [3H]DHT in concentrated crude brain cytosol were analyzed by density gradient centrifugation and Agarose gel filtration in buffers containing 0.4-0.5 M KCl, Tfm/y receptors appeared to be smaller and more symmetrical than those from their normal siblings; however, if wild-type receptors were partially purified or prepared from slightly more dilute homogenates, their properties approached those of Tfm/y receptors in crude cytosol. This suggested that receptor molecules in concentrated cytosol from normal mice were aggregated to a greater extent than were those from the mutant. The molecular weight (54,000) and axial ratio (3:1 for prolate or oblate ellipsoid) calculated for Tfm/y receptors, therefore, may provide estimates for normal receptors as well. By DNA-cellulose chromatography, Tfm/y and female cytosol receptors were both resolved into two components, eluting at about 0.13-0.15 and 0.22-0.24 M NaCl. On DEAE-cellulose columns, both were eluted as a single major species at approximately 0.08-0.10 M KCl. Thus, excluding their state of aggregation, presumably resulting from their different concentrations in crude cytosol, Tfm/y and normal receptors were substantially identical as concerns the physical parameters examined in this study.", "contents": "Physical properties of androgen receptors in brain cytosol from normal and testicular feminized (Tfm/y hermaphrodite) mice. Our previous results had shown that brain cytosol from androgen-insensitive, testicular feminized (Tfm/y) mice contains a reduced amount (20-25%) of androgen receptors, compared to normal female or castrated male mice, with unchanged affinity for dihydrotestosterone (DHT). We have now used various physicochemical techniques to ask whether there is a qualitative difference between these residual receptors and those in normal brain. When androgen receptors labeled with [3H]DHT in concentrated crude brain cytosol were analyzed by density gradient centrifugation and Agarose gel filtration in buffers containing 0.4-0.5 M KCl, Tfm/y receptors appeared to be smaller and more symmetrical than those from their normal siblings; however, if wild-type receptors were partially purified or prepared from slightly more dilute homogenates, their properties approached those of Tfm/y receptors in crude cytosol. This suggested that receptor molecules in concentrated cytosol from normal mice were aggregated to a greater extent than were those from the mutant. The molecular weight (54,000) and axial ratio (3:1 for prolate or oblate ellipsoid) calculated for Tfm/y receptors, therefore, may provide estimates for normal receptors as well. By DNA-cellulose chromatography, Tfm/y and female cytosol receptors were both resolved into two components, eluting at about 0.13-0.15 and 0.22-0.24 M NaCl. On DEAE-cellulose columns, both were eluted as a single major species at approximately 0.08-0.10 M KCl. Thus, excluding their state of aggregation, presumably resulting from their different concentrations in crude cytosol, Tfm/y and normal receptors were substantially identical as concerns the physical parameters examined in this study.", "PMID": 744116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5842", "title": "Somatostatin content of the median eminence in female rats with lesion-induced disruption of the inhibitory control of growth hormone secretion.", "content": "These experiments were designed to determine whether brain lesions which elevate nonstress plasma levels of GH and disrupt stress-induced suppression of GH secretion in female rats affect the median eminence content of somatostatin. Some rats received lesions in the medial or lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA), while others received anterior hypothalamic cuts. Sham-operated and intact rats served as controls. GH and somatostatin were measured by RIA. Medial but not lateral PO-AHA lesions caused elevated nonstress plasma GH levels at 2, 14, 17, and 23 weeks after surgery, but normal levels were obtained at autopsy at 27 weeks. These lesions compromised GH responses to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Rats with anterior hypothalamic cuts showed elevated nonstress GH levels at 17, 23, and 27 weeks after surgery and loss of the GH response to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Median eminence content of somatostatin was reduced approximately 80% in rats with medial PO-AHA lesions or anterior cuts. Whereas medial PO-AHA lesions were associated with normal body length and weight and evidence of estrogen secretion, anterior hypothalamic cuts produced increased linear growth and body weight and signs of functional castration. These results suggest that the effects of lesions which cause prolonged elevation of nonstress GH levels and disruption of the GH stress response are due to interference with somatostatin neurons located in the medial PO-AHA. Somatostatin content of the median eminence seems to depend largely on connections originating in or traversing the medial PO-AHA.", "contents": "Somatostatin content of the median eminence in female rats with lesion-induced disruption of the inhibitory control of growth hormone secretion. These experiments were designed to determine whether brain lesions which elevate nonstress plasma levels of GH and disrupt stress-induced suppression of GH secretion in female rats affect the median eminence content of somatostatin. Some rats received lesions in the medial or lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA), while others received anterior hypothalamic cuts. Sham-operated and intact rats served as controls. GH and somatostatin were measured by RIA. Medial but not lateral PO-AHA lesions caused elevated nonstress plasma GH levels at 2, 14, 17, and 23 weeks after surgery, but normal levels were obtained at autopsy at 27 weeks. These lesions compromised GH responses to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Rats with anterior hypothalamic cuts showed elevated nonstress GH levels at 17, 23, and 27 weeks after surgery and loss of the GH response to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Median eminence content of somatostatin was reduced approximately 80% in rats with medial PO-AHA lesions or anterior cuts. Whereas medial PO-AHA lesions were associated with normal body length and weight and evidence of estrogen secretion, anterior hypothalamic cuts produced increased linear growth and body weight and signs of functional castration. These results suggest that the effects of lesions which cause prolonged elevation of nonstress GH levels and disruption of the GH stress response are due to interference with somatostatin neurons located in the medial PO-AHA. Somatostatin content of the median eminence seems to depend largely on connections originating in or traversing the medial PO-AHA.", "PMID": 744118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5843", "title": "Metabolism of thyroid hormones by rat thyroid tissue in vitro.", "content": "Rat thyroid lobes or hemilobes have been incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing labeled T4 and/or T3, and the products were separated by paper chromatography. Labeled T4 was actively degraded; about half of the T4 metabolized was recovered as T3. Labeled T3 was also metabolized, but less rapidly than T4. Other than T3 produced from T4, the major products from both hormones were inorganic iodide and iodoprotein; the latter was presumably a secondary product of iodide organification because its formation was inhibited by hypoxia and methimazole. Feeding the animals a low iodine diet increased their hormone-metabolizing activity. Incubation under nitrogen did not affect the rate of T4 degradation, but partially inhibited T3 degradation. Degradation of both hormones was unchanged in the presence of methimazole and ascorbate, was markedly inhibited by 1 mM propylthiouracil (PTU), and was partially inhibited by azide and cyanide. Thyroid tissues concentrated both hormones, tissue to medium gradients averaging 5.4 for T4 and 20.7 for T3; none of the conditions affecting hormone degradation (incubation under nitrogen or with azide, cyanide, or PTU) significantly altered these gradients. It is concluded that the thyroid can metabolize both of its major hormones by a system distinct from thyroidal peroxidase. Hormone metabolism, therefore, is a potentially important factor in net hormone secretion. In its resistance to hypoxia, methimazole, and ascorbate and its sensitivity to PTU, the thyroid's system for generating T3 from T4 resembles T3-forming systems of liver and kidney. The thyroid, because T3 formation is its dominant pathway for T4 metabolism, may provide a useful model for study of this reaction.", "contents": "Metabolism of thyroid hormones by rat thyroid tissue in vitro. Rat thyroid lobes or hemilobes have been incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing labeled T4 and/or T3, and the products were separated by paper chromatography. Labeled T4 was actively degraded; about half of the T4 metabolized was recovered as T3. Labeled T3 was also metabolized, but less rapidly than T4. Other than T3 produced from T4, the major products from both hormones were inorganic iodide and iodoprotein; the latter was presumably a secondary product of iodide organification because its formation was inhibited by hypoxia and methimazole. Feeding the animals a low iodine diet increased their hormone-metabolizing activity. Incubation under nitrogen did not affect the rate of T4 degradation, but partially inhibited T3 degradation. Degradation of both hormones was unchanged in the presence of methimazole and ascorbate, was markedly inhibited by 1 mM propylthiouracil (PTU), and was partially inhibited by azide and cyanide. Thyroid tissues concentrated both hormones, tissue to medium gradients averaging 5.4 for T4 and 20.7 for T3; none of the conditions affecting hormone degradation (incubation under nitrogen or with azide, cyanide, or PTU) significantly altered these gradients. It is concluded that the thyroid can metabolize both of its major hormones by a system distinct from thyroidal peroxidase. Hormone metabolism, therefore, is a potentially important factor in net hormone secretion. In its resistance to hypoxia, methimazole, and ascorbate and its sensitivity to PTU, the thyroid's system for generating T3 from T4 resembles T3-forming systems of liver and kidney. The thyroid, because T3 formation is its dominant pathway for T4 metabolism, may provide a useful model for study of this reaction.", "PMID": 744119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5844", "title": "Extraction of erythropoietin from normal kidneys.", "content": "Significant amounts of active erythropoietin were extracted from the kidneys of normal rats, cattle, dogs, and rabbits by homogenization of the organs in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The mean erythropoietin activities of the extracts, as determined by the starved-rat assay, were 0.26 U/g beef kidney, 0.41 U/g dog kidney, and 0.11 U/g rat kidney. The dog kidney extracts had a mean activity of 0.35 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells (in vitro assay) and produced a dose-dependent stimulation of 59Fe incorporation into circulating red cells when assayed in polycythemic mice. Extracts of rabbit kidney cortices had a mean activity of 2.12 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells. When the dog kidney homogenate was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose, all of the erythropoietin activity was adsorbed to the exchanger in the presence of 0.01 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5, and was completely eluted by 0.1 M Na2HPO4-0.5 M NaCl, pH 8. An antibody made against human urinary erythropoietin completely inactivated the erythropoietic factor in the dog kidney extract. Serum from a donor dog had no erythropoietin activity when assayed in the starved rat, suggesting that the factor in the extracts is intracellular erythropoietin rather than that contained in plasma trapped in the renal vasculature. The complete inactivation of the erythropoietic factor in these kidney homogenates by antierythropoietin and its behavior on DEAE-cellulose indicate that this factor is structurally similar to native plasma erythropoietin. The extracts are completely active without being incubated in the presence of serum.", "contents": "Extraction of erythropoietin from normal kidneys. Significant amounts of active erythropoietin were extracted from the kidneys of normal rats, cattle, dogs, and rabbits by homogenization of the organs in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The mean erythropoietin activities of the extracts, as determined by the starved-rat assay, were 0.26 U/g beef kidney, 0.41 U/g dog kidney, and 0.11 U/g rat kidney. The dog kidney extracts had a mean activity of 0.35 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells (in vitro assay) and produced a dose-dependent stimulation of 59Fe incorporation into circulating red cells when assayed in polycythemic mice. Extracts of rabbit kidney cortices had a mean activity of 2.12 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells. When the dog kidney homogenate was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose, all of the erythropoietin activity was adsorbed to the exchanger in the presence of 0.01 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5, and was completely eluted by 0.1 M Na2HPO4-0.5 M NaCl, pH 8. An antibody made against human urinary erythropoietin completely inactivated the erythropoietic factor in the dog kidney extract. Serum from a donor dog had no erythropoietin activity when assayed in the starved rat, suggesting that the factor in the extracts is intracellular erythropoietin rather than that contained in plasma trapped in the renal vasculature. The complete inactivation of the erythropoietic factor in these kidney homogenates by antierythropoietin and its behavior on DEAE-cellulose indicate that this factor is structurally similar to native plasma erythropoietin. The extracts are completely active without being incubated in the presence of serum.", "PMID": 744121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5845", "title": "The irreversible inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by methylmercaptoimidazole, thiouracil, and propylthiouracil in vitro and its relationship to in vivo findings.", "content": "A reinvestigation of the mechanism of action of methylmercaptoimidazole, propylthiouracil, and thiouracil on thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was undertaken. A preliminary incubation of TPO and H2O2 with methylmercaptoimidazole, propylthiouracil, or thiouracil was carried out in the absence of oxidizable substrates (i.e. I- or guaiacol). This incubation resulted in irreversible inactivation of TPO. The extent of inactivation could be determined after removal of the drug by gel filtration or by dilution into the assay mixture. Preincubation, as above, in the presence of iodide or thiocyanate prevented the irreversible inactivation of TPO. Rats receiving doses of these drugs which completely inhibited protein-bound iodine formation showed normal levels of TPO in their thyroid glands 30 min after drug administration. These findings suggest that the initial in vivo action of these drugs is to block iodination by trapping oxidized iodide, not by acting as \"general inhibitors\" of the TPO.", "contents": "The irreversible inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by methylmercaptoimidazole, thiouracil, and propylthiouracil in vitro and its relationship to in vivo findings. A reinvestigation of the mechanism of action of methylmercaptoimidazole, propylthiouracil, and thiouracil on thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was undertaken. A preliminary incubation of TPO and H2O2 with methylmercaptoimidazole, propylthiouracil, or thiouracil was carried out in the absence of oxidizable substrates (i.e. I- or guaiacol). This incubation resulted in irreversible inactivation of TPO. The extent of inactivation could be determined after removal of the drug by gel filtration or by dilution into the assay mixture. Preincubation, as above, in the presence of iodide or thiocyanate prevented the irreversible inactivation of TPO. Rats receiving doses of these drugs which completely inhibited protein-bound iodine formation showed normal levels of TPO in their thyroid glands 30 min after drug administration. These findings suggest that the initial in vivo action of these drugs is to block iodination by trapping oxidized iodide, not by acting as \"general inhibitors\" of the TPO.", "PMID": 744122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5846", "title": "Quantitative electron microscopic studies on exocytosis and endocytosis in the thyroid follicle cell.", "content": "The effect of TSH (0.5 U), given iv to T4-treated rats, on the distribution of membranes in the apical part of the thyroid follicle cell was investigated by electron microscopic morphometry. In unstimulated cells, the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles (Ev) was slightly larger than that of the apical plasma membrane; the latter had an estimated surface area of 180-190 micron2/follicle cell. Three phases in the action of TSH could be discerned. A first phase (up to 5 min) was dominated by exocytosis; the membrane surface area of Ev decreased by about 40% and the apical plasma membrane showed a corresponding increase; pseudopods were rare. A second phase (5-20 min) was characterized by an increase in the membrane surface area of pseudopods while the area of Ev and apical plasma membrane decreased. A third phase (20-30 min) was characterized by a decrease in the membrane surface area of the pseudopods and an equivalent increase in the membrane surface area of colloid droplets. The total membrane surface area measured was about the same in all groups of rats. The membrane surface area of endocytotic structures (pseudopods and colloid droplets) at 20 and 30 min was about the same as that of the apical plasma membrane in unstimulated cells. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that after stimulation of the thyroid follicle cell, membrane is first transferred from Ev to the apical plasma membrane. From the enlarged apical plasma membrane, pseudopods are formed. Membrane from pseudopods is then internalized in the form of colloid droplets.", "contents": "Quantitative electron microscopic studies on exocytosis and endocytosis in the thyroid follicle cell. The effect of TSH (0.5 U), given iv to T4-treated rats, on the distribution of membranes in the apical part of the thyroid follicle cell was investigated by electron microscopic morphometry. In unstimulated cells, the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles (Ev) was slightly larger than that of the apical plasma membrane; the latter had an estimated surface area of 180-190 micron2/follicle cell. Three phases in the action of TSH could be discerned. A first phase (up to 5 min) was dominated by exocytosis; the membrane surface area of Ev decreased by about 40% and the apical plasma membrane showed a corresponding increase; pseudopods were rare. A second phase (5-20 min) was characterized by an increase in the membrane surface area of pseudopods while the area of Ev and apical plasma membrane decreased. A third phase (20-30 min) was characterized by a decrease in the membrane surface area of the pseudopods and an equivalent increase in the membrane surface area of colloid droplets. The total membrane surface area measured was about the same in all groups of rats. The membrane surface area of endocytotic structures (pseudopods and colloid droplets) at 20 and 30 min was about the same as that of the apical plasma membrane in unstimulated cells. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that after stimulation of the thyroid follicle cell, membrane is first transferred from Ev to the apical plasma membrane. From the enlarged apical plasma membrane, pseudopods are formed. Membrane from pseudopods is then internalized in the form of colloid droplets.", "PMID": 744123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5847", "title": "Selective inhibition of the secretion of triiodothyronines from the perfused canine thyroid by propylthiouracil.", "content": "In order to assess a possible influence on the relative proportions of T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid effluent, the thyroid-blocking agents, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methylmercaptoimidazol (MMI), were administered to perfused canine thyroids. The dog has two distinct thyroid lobes which were both perfused independently, one acting as a control for the other. T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid effluents and thyroid hydrolysates were measured radioimmunologically. During control perfusion the T4:T3 and T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent were considerably lower than in thyroid hydrolysates [t4:t3 (wt/wt), 6.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 12.8 +/- 4.4; T4:rT3, 23.0 +/- 5.9 vs. 69.7 +/- 29.1; mean +/- SD; n = 8; P less than 0.001], i.e. T3 and rT3 were secreted preferentially to T4. Infusion of PTU (1 mmol/liter) induced a gradual increase in both the T4:T3 and T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent. The variation in the T4:rT3 ratio appeared somewhat earlier than that in the T4:T3 ratio. Both ratios eventually approached the ratios in thyroid hydrolysates. The change in ratios was caused by a PTU-induced decrease in the release of T3 and rT3 while the release of T4 was practically unaffected. In contradistinction, infusion of MMI did not affect the T4:T3 or T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent. As PTU but not MMI inhibits T4 deiodination in peripheral tissues, the results of the present study suggest that part of the T3 and rT3 secreted from the thyroid stems from T4 deiodinated during the secretion by a mechanism similar to the T4-deiodinating processes in peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of the secretion of triiodothyronines from the perfused canine thyroid by propylthiouracil. In order to assess a possible influence on the relative proportions of T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid effluent, the thyroid-blocking agents, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methylmercaptoimidazol (MMI), were administered to perfused canine thyroids. The dog has two distinct thyroid lobes which were both perfused independently, one acting as a control for the other. T4, T3, and rT3 in thyroid effluents and thyroid hydrolysates were measured radioimmunologically. During control perfusion the T4:T3 and T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent were considerably lower than in thyroid hydrolysates [t4:t3 (wt/wt), 6.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 12.8 +/- 4.4; T4:rT3, 23.0 +/- 5.9 vs. 69.7 +/- 29.1; mean +/- SD; n = 8; P less than 0.001], i.e. T3 and rT3 were secreted preferentially to T4. Infusion of PTU (1 mmol/liter) induced a gradual increase in both the T4:T3 and T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent. The variation in the T4:rT3 ratio appeared somewhat earlier than that in the T4:T3 ratio. Both ratios eventually approached the ratios in thyroid hydrolysates. The change in ratios was caused by a PTU-induced decrease in the release of T3 and rT3 while the release of T4 was practically unaffected. In contradistinction, infusion of MMI did not affect the T4:T3 or T4:rT3 ratios in thyroid effluent. As PTU but not MMI inhibits T4 deiodination in peripheral tissues, the results of the present study suggest that part of the T3 and rT3 secreted from the thyroid stems from T4 deiodinated during the secretion by a mechanism similar to the T4-deiodinating processes in peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 744124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5848", "title": "Suckling stimulus, lactation, and suppression of ovulation in the rat.", "content": "Lactation pseudopregnancy in rats suckling a 5-pup litter lasted 22.0 +/- 0.4 days (mean +/- SEM; n = 11). By day 13 of lactation (day 1 of lactation = day of parturition), the continuation of lactation pseudopregnancy was dependent on the suckling stimulus, as litter removal on day 13 resulted consistently in ovulation on day 16. Measurements of various hormones before and after litter removal revealed high concentrations of progesterone and PRL during lactation and a rapid drop of both hormone concentrations after litter removal. Lactation pseudopregnancy in rats suckling a 10-pup litter lasted 26.1 +/- 0.9 days (n = 16). After litter removal on day 13 of lactation, the lactation pseudopregnancy continued for a further 7- to 11-day period, as evidenced by daily vaginal smears which remained mucified during that period. Measurements of hormone concentrations revealed continuously high concentrations of PRL before litter removal and a pattern of PRL secretion characterized by at least two diurnal peaks during the first days after litter removal. Progesterone concentrations decreased by 50% after litter removal, but the levels then remained constant and well above those found after the removal of 5-pup litters. It is argued that the different response to litter removal on day 13 of lactation between rats suckling 5 or 10 pups is due to the initiation of PRL peaks in rats with 10-pup litters: these PRL peaks are able to maintain luteal function for some period. It is further argued that the initiation of PRL peaks in rats with 10-pup litters is due to the high blood concentrations of progesterone at the time of litter removal compared to those of rats with a 5-pup litter.", "contents": "Suckling stimulus, lactation, and suppression of ovulation in the rat. Lactation pseudopregnancy in rats suckling a 5-pup litter lasted 22.0 +/- 0.4 days (mean +/- SEM; n = 11). By day 13 of lactation (day 1 of lactation = day of parturition), the continuation of lactation pseudopregnancy was dependent on the suckling stimulus, as litter removal on day 13 resulted consistently in ovulation on day 16. Measurements of various hormones before and after litter removal revealed high concentrations of progesterone and PRL during lactation and a rapid drop of both hormone concentrations after litter removal. Lactation pseudopregnancy in rats suckling a 10-pup litter lasted 26.1 +/- 0.9 days (n = 16). After litter removal on day 13 of lactation, the lactation pseudopregnancy continued for a further 7- to 11-day period, as evidenced by daily vaginal smears which remained mucified during that period. Measurements of hormone concentrations revealed continuously high concentrations of PRL before litter removal and a pattern of PRL secretion characterized by at least two diurnal peaks during the first days after litter removal. Progesterone concentrations decreased by 50% after litter removal, but the levels then remained constant and well above those found after the removal of 5-pup litters. It is argued that the different response to litter removal on day 13 of lactation between rats suckling 5 or 10 pups is due to the initiation of PRL peaks in rats with 10-pup litters: these PRL peaks are able to maintain luteal function for some period. It is further argued that the initiation of PRL peaks in rats with 10-pup litters is due to the high blood concentrations of progesterone at the time of litter removal compared to those of rats with a 5-pup litter.", "PMID": 744125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5849", "title": "Human parathyroid hormone: synthesis and chemical, biological, and immunological evaluation of the carboxyl-terminal region.", "content": "The carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was synthesized by the solid phase method. The 32-amino acid fragment, hPTH-(53-84), was prepared for two reasons: 1) to produce antisera directed exclusively against the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH, which represents the predominant form of the hormone in blood; and 2) to determine whether a portion of the hormone other than the amino-terminal region has any of the biological activity of intact hormone or can bind to PTH receptors. The synthetic fragment was evaluated for heterogeneity by amino acid composition and by several high resolution analytical systems (thin layer electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing, and Edman sequence analysis). Synthetic hPTH-(53-84) lacked PTH-like activity in both in vitro (renal) and in vivo (bone) assays and failed to inhibit the action of native PTH in vitro, indicating lack of receptor binding by the carboxyl-terminal region of the molecule. Because the fragment lacked biological activity, nonchemical evaluation was performed to confirm that the peptide represents the carboxyl terminus of hPTH. Immunological comparison of synthetic hPTH-(53-84) to native hPTH was undertaken using an RIA that employed an antibovine PTH antiserum whose antigenic recognition was limited to the carboxyl-terminal region of the hormone. Synthetic hPTH-(53-84) was more immunoreactive than native hPTH. The immunological findings provide further evidence that the synthetic peptide accurately represents the carboxyl-terminal region of native hPTH.", "contents": "Human parathyroid hormone: synthesis and chemical, biological, and immunological evaluation of the carboxyl-terminal region. The carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was synthesized by the solid phase method. The 32-amino acid fragment, hPTH-(53-84), was prepared for two reasons: 1) to produce antisera directed exclusively against the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH, which represents the predominant form of the hormone in blood; and 2) to determine whether a portion of the hormone other than the amino-terminal region has any of the biological activity of intact hormone or can bind to PTH receptors. The synthetic fragment was evaluated for heterogeneity by amino acid composition and by several high resolution analytical systems (thin layer electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing, and Edman sequence analysis). Synthetic hPTH-(53-84) lacked PTH-like activity in both in vitro (renal) and in vivo (bone) assays and failed to inhibit the action of native PTH in vitro, indicating lack of receptor binding by the carboxyl-terminal region of the molecule. Because the fragment lacked biological activity, nonchemical evaluation was performed to confirm that the peptide represents the carboxyl terminus of hPTH. Immunological comparison of synthetic hPTH-(53-84) to native hPTH was undertaken using an RIA that employed an antibovine PTH antiserum whose antigenic recognition was limited to the carboxyl-terminal region of the hormone. Synthetic hPTH-(53-84) was more immunoreactive than native hPTH. The immunological findings provide further evidence that the synthetic peptide accurately represents the carboxyl-terminal region of native hPTH.", "PMID": 744126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5850", "title": "Renin release by parathyroid hormone in the dog.", "content": "Synthetic N-terminal 34 amino acid peptide of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced a consistent rise in plasma renin activity in saline-loaded dogs when given iv either as a single bolus dose of 400 U or infused steadily in lower dosage over a number of hours. Infusion of as little as 1 U/min produced a significant rise in plasma renin activity, but a greater effect was obtained with 2 U/min. Infusion of 4 U/min had no more effect than 2 U/min. In contrast to transient hypotension after rapid injection of a single large dose, blood pressure did not change significantly during the steady infusion of lower doses of PTH. These findings are compatible with the thesis that an increased distal tubular load of sodium stimulates renin release and suggest that the increased distal sodium absorption after the proximal effects of PTH may be regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Renin release by parathyroid hormone in the dog. Synthetic N-terminal 34 amino acid peptide of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced a consistent rise in plasma renin activity in saline-loaded dogs when given iv either as a single bolus dose of 400 U or infused steadily in lower dosage over a number of hours. Infusion of as little as 1 U/min produced a significant rise in plasma renin activity, but a greater effect was obtained with 2 U/min. Infusion of 4 U/min had no more effect than 2 U/min. In contrast to transient hypotension after rapid injection of a single large dose, blood pressure did not change significantly during the steady infusion of lower doses of PTH. These findings are compatible with the thesis that an increased distal tubular load of sodium stimulates renin release and suggest that the increased distal sodium absorption after the proximal effects of PTH may be regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 744127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5851", "title": "The metabolic clearance rate and uterine metabolism and retention of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one during the secretion of uteroglobin in ovariectomized, steroid-treated rabbits.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and in vivo uterine metabolism and retention of progesterone (P) and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OHP) during the uterine synthesis of uteroglobin in the rabbit have been studied. Oophorectomized rabbits with the uteri ligated received daily im injections of oil vehicle (C), 2 mg P/kg BW, or 2 microgram estradiol/kg BW. The MCR of [14C]P and [3H]20 alpha-OHP did not differ among treatment groups and was 260 +/- 30 and 270 +/- 33(SE) liters/day, respectively. Although the uterine tissue to arterial blood ratio of [14C]P differed between groups (E greater than C greater than P), the tissue to blood ratio of 20 alpha-OHP was the same for the three groups and was about 1. The uterine extraction of P was 32 +/- 6.2(SE)% and was the same for the three treatment groups. The uterine extraction of 20 alpha-OHP was significantly increased by estrogen treatment [33.4 +/- 6.0(SE)%] compared to the control [14.8 +/- 3.3(SE%)] or P[16.9 +/- 4.5(SE)%] groups. These studies indicate that the ability of exogenous 20alpha-OHP to stimulate uteroglobin secretion is probably mediated by its peripheral conversion to P. These studies also indicate the value of continuous infusion of radioactive steroids to evaluate tissue retention and metabolism in vivo.", "contents": "The metabolic clearance rate and uterine metabolism and retention of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one during the secretion of uteroglobin in ovariectomized, steroid-treated rabbits. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and in vivo uterine metabolism and retention of progesterone (P) and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OHP) during the uterine synthesis of uteroglobin in the rabbit have been studied. Oophorectomized rabbits with the uteri ligated received daily im injections of oil vehicle (C), 2 mg P/kg BW, or 2 microgram estradiol/kg BW. The MCR of [14C]P and [3H]20 alpha-OHP did not differ among treatment groups and was 260 +/- 30 and 270 +/- 33(SE) liters/day, respectively. Although the uterine tissue to arterial blood ratio of [14C]P differed between groups (E greater than C greater than P), the tissue to blood ratio of 20 alpha-OHP was the same for the three groups and was about 1. The uterine extraction of P was 32 +/- 6.2(SE)% and was the same for the three treatment groups. The uterine extraction of 20 alpha-OHP was significantly increased by estrogen treatment [33.4 +/- 6.0(SE)%] compared to the control [14.8 +/- 3.3(SE%)] or P[16.9 +/- 4.5(SE)%] groups. These studies indicate that the ability of exogenous 20alpha-OHP to stimulate uteroglobin secretion is probably mediated by its peripheral conversion to P. These studies also indicate the value of continuous infusion of radioactive steroids to evaluate tissue retention and metabolism in vivo.", "PMID": 744128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5852", "title": "Plasma neurophysin and vasopressin in the rat: response to adrenalectomy and steroid replacement.", "content": "Impaired excretion of a water load is known to occur in adrenal insufficiency and to be corrected by administration of glucocorticoid. Such impairment has been related to either a loss of a permissive effect of glucocorticoids on the diluting segments of the nephron or to an alteration of release, turnover, or action of antidiuretic hormone. Specific and sensitive RIAs for arginine vasopressin and neurophysin were utilized to measure plasma and pituitary levels of neurohypophyseal peptides at baseline and after an intragastrically administered water load. Conscious, unanesthetized, and nonstressed sham-operated, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized prednisone-treated rats were studied. The results demonstrate a significant elevation in vasopressin and neurophysin in plasma in adrenalectomized rats maintained in a normal state of hydration. After water loading, the adrenalectomized rats diluted their plasma osmolality but had a decreased urinary volume, increased urinary osmolality, and elevated vasopressin and neurophysin in their plasma. In the pituitary, vasopressin and neurophysin were depleted in adrenalectomized rats, indicating increased secretion of these peptides. It is concluded that elevated vasopressin in plasma may be an important factor in the incomplete water diuresis in adrenal insufficiency.", "contents": "Plasma neurophysin and vasopressin in the rat: response to adrenalectomy and steroid replacement. Impaired excretion of a water load is known to occur in adrenal insufficiency and to be corrected by administration of glucocorticoid. Such impairment has been related to either a loss of a permissive effect of glucocorticoids on the diluting segments of the nephron or to an alteration of release, turnover, or action of antidiuretic hormone. Specific and sensitive RIAs for arginine vasopressin and neurophysin were utilized to measure plasma and pituitary levels of neurohypophyseal peptides at baseline and after an intragastrically administered water load. Conscious, unanesthetized, and nonstressed sham-operated, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized prednisone-treated rats were studied. The results demonstrate a significant elevation in vasopressin and neurophysin in plasma in adrenalectomized rats maintained in a normal state of hydration. After water loading, the adrenalectomized rats diluted their plasma osmolality but had a decreased urinary volume, increased urinary osmolality, and elevated vasopressin and neurophysin in their plasma. In the pituitary, vasopressin and neurophysin were depleted in adrenalectomized rats, indicating increased secretion of these peptides. It is concluded that elevated vasopressin in plasma may be an important factor in the incomplete water diuresis in adrenal insufficiency.", "PMID": 744129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5853", "title": "Hypothalamic and raphe serotonergic systems in ovulation control.", "content": "The role of hypothalamic and midbrain serotonergic systems in the control of ovulation in the rat has been investigated using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesioning in conjunction with desmethylimipramine pretreatment. Intracisternal injection of 5,7-DHT (100 or 200 microgram) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the incidence of ovulation induced by PMS gonadotrophin (PMSG; 8 IU sc on day 30). Intraventricular injection of 200 microgram 5.7-DHT via the lateral ventricles completely blocked PMSG-induced ovulation. After injection into either site, nonovulatory animals were in proestrus on day 33 and contained fluid-filled uteri. Intracerebral injection of 5,7-DHT into the dorsal or median raphe significantly decreased the numbers of animals induced to ovulate. The extent and specificity of these chemical lesions were evaluated in the suprachiasmatic (SNR) and arcuate-median eminence regions of PMSG-treated rats using an in vitro uptake model. A general feature of every case of inhibited ovulation was the significant decrease in uptake of serotonin in the SNR, indicating destruction of serotonergic inputs to this region. This suggests that serotonergic SNR input from the dorsal raphe region is essential to ovulation. Median raphe lesions appeared to be more extensive than dorsal raphe lesions, involving serotonergic projections to the arcuate-median eminence region. In addition, ascending noradrenergic projections to the SNR were significantly destroyed, also implicating these systems in ovulation control.", "contents": "Hypothalamic and raphe serotonergic systems in ovulation control. The role of hypothalamic and midbrain serotonergic systems in the control of ovulation in the rat has been investigated using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesioning in conjunction with desmethylimipramine pretreatment. Intracisternal injection of 5,7-DHT (100 or 200 microgram) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the incidence of ovulation induced by PMS gonadotrophin (PMSG; 8 IU sc on day 30). Intraventricular injection of 200 microgram 5.7-DHT via the lateral ventricles completely blocked PMSG-induced ovulation. After injection into either site, nonovulatory animals were in proestrus on day 33 and contained fluid-filled uteri. Intracerebral injection of 5,7-DHT into the dorsal or median raphe significantly decreased the numbers of animals induced to ovulate. The extent and specificity of these chemical lesions were evaluated in the suprachiasmatic (SNR) and arcuate-median eminence regions of PMSG-treated rats using an in vitro uptake model. A general feature of every case of inhibited ovulation was the significant decrease in uptake of serotonin in the SNR, indicating destruction of serotonergic inputs to this region. This suggests that serotonergic SNR input from the dorsal raphe region is essential to ovulation. Median raphe lesions appeared to be more extensive than dorsal raphe lesions, involving serotonergic projections to the arcuate-median eminence region. In addition, ascending noradrenergic projections to the SNR were significantly destroyed, also implicating these systems in ovulation control.", "PMID": 744131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5854", "title": "Secretion of prostatic binding protein by rat ventral prostate: influence of age and androgen.", "content": "Rat ventral prostate of adult male rats contain a large amount of prostatic binding protein (PBP). Immunological evidence indicates that this protein is a specific secretion product of this gland. The amount and concentration of PBP in ventral prostate show marked changes as a function of age. PBP is low but detectable (0.009 and 0.002 U/mg prostate) in 5- and 10-day-old rats and increases thereafter in a biphasic way to adult levels (0.619 U/mg prostate). After castration of PBP drops to 0.054 U/mg prostate after 10 days and 0.030 U/mg prostate after 21 days. The concentration of PBP returns to precastration levels after 2 weeks of androgen treatment. Estradiol and progesterone are ineffective in this respect. The antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, counteracts the stimulatory effect of testosterone propionate.", "contents": "Secretion of prostatic binding protein by rat ventral prostate: influence of age and androgen. Rat ventral prostate of adult male rats contain a large amount of prostatic binding protein (PBP). Immunological evidence indicates that this protein is a specific secretion product of this gland. The amount and concentration of PBP in ventral prostate show marked changes as a function of age. PBP is low but detectable (0.009 and 0.002 U/mg prostate) in 5- and 10-day-old rats and increases thereafter in a biphasic way to adult levels (0.619 U/mg prostate). After castration of PBP drops to 0.054 U/mg prostate after 10 days and 0.030 U/mg prostate after 21 days. The concentration of PBP returns to precastration levels after 2 weeks of androgen treatment. Estradiol and progesterone are ineffective in this respect. The antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, counteracts the stimulatory effect of testosterone propionate.", "PMID": 744133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5855", "title": "Daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration in the male laboratory rat.", "content": "Daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration in the mature male laboratory rat was examined under various lighting schedules. In rats living in a standard light cycle (12-h light, 12-h dark; lights on at 0600 h), a trimodal rhythm was predominant, with elevations near 0200, 1200, and 1800 h. This pattern was reasonably stable in seven different studies, despite differences in experimental design, method of blood collection, anesthesia, and whether individual rats were sampled once or repeatedly, and was found both in groups of animals and in individuals, including a study using 40-day-old rats. In constant illumination, the pattern was disrupted, but in constant darkness the trimodal pattern was maintained, indicating that the rhythm is endogenous. In a reversed light cycle (12-h dark, 12-h light; lights on at 1800 h), the \"midday\" elevation was reversed; in an altered light cycle (12-h dark, 12-h light; lights on at 2300 h), the time of the \"midday\" elevation was shifted. Serum testosterone concentration was higher during the light phase than the dark phase, and was higher in constant light than in constant darkness. A seasonal shift in the daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration is suggested. The trimodal rhythmicity contrasts with the circadian rhythmicity of other hormones. Its functional role in the life of the animal is unknown.", "contents": "Daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration in the male laboratory rat. Daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration in the mature male laboratory rat was examined under various lighting schedules. In rats living in a standard light cycle (12-h light, 12-h dark; lights on at 0600 h), a trimodal rhythm was predominant, with elevations near 0200, 1200, and 1800 h. This pattern was reasonably stable in seven different studies, despite differences in experimental design, method of blood collection, anesthesia, and whether individual rats were sampled once or repeatedly, and was found both in groups of animals and in individuals, including a study using 40-day-old rats. In constant illumination, the pattern was disrupted, but in constant darkness the trimodal pattern was maintained, indicating that the rhythm is endogenous. In a reversed light cycle (12-h dark, 12-h light; lights on at 1800 h), the \"midday\" elevation was reversed; in an altered light cycle (12-h dark, 12-h light; lights on at 2300 h), the time of the \"midday\" elevation was shifted. Serum testosterone concentration was higher during the light phase than the dark phase, and was higher in constant light than in constant darkness. A seasonal shift in the daily rhythmicity of serum testosterone concentration is suggested. The trimodal rhythmicity contrasts with the circadian rhythmicity of other hormones. Its functional role in the life of the animal is unknown.", "PMID": 744134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5856", "title": "Calcium-induced release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from thyroid lobes in vitro and accompanying ultrastructural changes in parafollicular and follicular cells.", "content": "Biogenic amines, including serotonin (5-HT), have been shown to activate follicular cells of the thyroid. 5-HT is stored in bat's parafollicular cells. Previous radioautographical evidence indicates that this 5-HT is present in calcitonin granules. The present study was done to determine if Ca++, the natural stimulus to calcitonin release, would also release parafollicular cell 5-HT and, if so, whether this release would be accompanied by activation of follicular cells. Parafollicular cells were filled with labeled 5-HT by incubation of thyroid lobes of bats or mice with 5-[3H]hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of [3H]5-HT. Thyroid lobes were incubated in vitro in Ca++-free medium containing a chelating agent and were then challenged with Ca++ (0-30 mM). Release of [3H]5-HT was defected beginning at 5 mM Ca++. [3H]5-HT release was roughly proportional to the Ca++ concentration. Calcium challenge also affected thyroid ultrastructure in bats. After 10-min exposure to 30 mM Ca++, there were an increased number and centripetal movement of follicular cell lysosomes, development of apical pseudopods, and formation of colloid droplets. Many lysosomes also developed a crystalline-like matrix. An unique membrane-enclosed, rod-shaped organelle appeared in a small number of follicular cells. Parafollicular cells exposed to high concentrations of Ca++ were often degranulated, although many appeared unchanged. These changes confirm that 5-HT is released from parafollicular cells by elevating the external Ca++ concentration, supporting the hypothesis that 5-HT and calcitonin share storage granules. 5-HT release may mediate the activation of follicular cells by Ca++.", "contents": "Calcium-induced release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from thyroid lobes in vitro and accompanying ultrastructural changes in parafollicular and follicular cells. Biogenic amines, including serotonin (5-HT), have been shown to activate follicular cells of the thyroid. 5-HT is stored in bat's parafollicular cells. Previous radioautographical evidence indicates that this 5-HT is present in calcitonin granules. The present study was done to determine if Ca++, the natural stimulus to calcitonin release, would also release parafollicular cell 5-HT and, if so, whether this release would be accompanied by activation of follicular cells. Parafollicular cells were filled with labeled 5-HT by incubation of thyroid lobes of bats or mice with 5-[3H]hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of [3H]5-HT. Thyroid lobes were incubated in vitro in Ca++-free medium containing a chelating agent and were then challenged with Ca++ (0-30 mM). Release of [3H]5-HT was defected beginning at 5 mM Ca++. [3H]5-HT release was roughly proportional to the Ca++ concentration. Calcium challenge also affected thyroid ultrastructure in bats. After 10-min exposure to 30 mM Ca++, there were an increased number and centripetal movement of follicular cell lysosomes, development of apical pseudopods, and formation of colloid droplets. Many lysosomes also developed a crystalline-like matrix. An unique membrane-enclosed, rod-shaped organelle appeared in a small number of follicular cells. Parafollicular cells exposed to high concentrations of Ca++ were often degranulated, although many appeared unchanged. These changes confirm that 5-HT is released from parafollicular cells by elevating the external Ca++ concentration, supporting the hypothesis that 5-HT and calcitonin share storage granules. 5-HT release may mediate the activation of follicular cells by Ca++.", "PMID": 744135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5857", "title": "Serotonin receptor antagonists block a natural, short term surge in serum growth hormone levels.", "content": "Serum GH levels in untreated rats were found to increase spontaneously to over 300 ng/ml around the onset of darkness (1900 h) and then decrease to under 100 ng/ml by 2000 h. Pretreatment with the serotonin receptor blockers, metergoline (0.2, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg) or cyproheptadine (1, 2, or 5 mg/kg), at 1800 h significantly blunted this physiological rise in serum GH. In rats bearing chronic right atrial cannulae from which blood samples were drawn every 15 min for 5 h, the administration of metergoline (1 mg/kg) was also observed to reduce plasma GH levels over a 3.25-h period. Serotonin-containing neurons in the brain thus seem to be involved in the physiological secretion of GH.", "contents": "Serotonin receptor antagonists block a natural, short term surge in serum growth hormone levels. Serum GH levels in untreated rats were found to increase spontaneously to over 300 ng/ml around the onset of darkness (1900 h) and then decrease to under 100 ng/ml by 2000 h. Pretreatment with the serotonin receptor blockers, metergoline (0.2, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg) or cyproheptadine (1, 2, or 5 mg/kg), at 1800 h significantly blunted this physiological rise in serum GH. In rats bearing chronic right atrial cannulae from which blood samples were drawn every 15 min for 5 h, the administration of metergoline (1 mg/kg) was also observed to reduce plasma GH levels over a 3.25-h period. Serotonin-containing neurons in the brain thus seem to be involved in the physiological secretion of GH.", "PMID": 744138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5858", "title": "Regulation of the uterine response to estrogen by thyroid hormone.", "content": "After estradiol (E2) administration, early increases (within 4 h) in uterine wet weight and the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose are similar in ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized rats made hypothyroid by feeding a low iodine diet containing prophylthiouracil. Most late uterine responses occurring 24 h after E2 treatment, however, are greatly diminished in the hypothyroid animals. The diminished responses include increases in uterine wet weight, dry weight, protein content, RNA content, and the incorporation of thymidine into uterine DNA. One response, the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose is not diminished in hypothyroid rats 24 h after E2 treatment. The diminished uterine response is not due to a shift in the dose-response curve for E2, but results from a decrease in the magnitude of the maximum uterine response. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with exogenous T3 restores the diminished uterine response in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. A dose of 0.5 microgram T3/100 g BW for 5 days restores the response completely, while 48-72 h of treatment with higher doses of T3 are required to restore the response. The effect of T3 is not mediated by the pituitary, since exogenous T3 restores diminished uterine responses in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized animals. These results suggest that thyroid hormones may have a direct effect on the uterus which regulates the responsiveness of the organ to E2.", "contents": "Regulation of the uterine response to estrogen by thyroid hormone. After estradiol (E2) administration, early increases (within 4 h) in uterine wet weight and the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose are similar in ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized rats made hypothyroid by feeding a low iodine diet containing prophylthiouracil. Most late uterine responses occurring 24 h after E2 treatment, however, are greatly diminished in the hypothyroid animals. The diminished responses include increases in uterine wet weight, dry weight, protein content, RNA content, and the incorporation of thymidine into uterine DNA. One response, the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose is not diminished in hypothyroid rats 24 h after E2 treatment. The diminished uterine response is not due to a shift in the dose-response curve for E2, but results from a decrease in the magnitude of the maximum uterine response. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with exogenous T3 restores the diminished uterine response in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. A dose of 0.5 microgram T3/100 g BW for 5 days restores the response completely, while 48-72 h of treatment with higher doses of T3 are required to restore the response. The effect of T3 is not mediated by the pituitary, since exogenous T3 restores diminished uterine responses in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized animals. These results suggest that thyroid hormones may have a direct effect on the uterus which regulates the responsiveness of the organ to E2.", "PMID": 744139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5859", "title": "L-Leucine-induced secretion of glucagon and insulin, and the \"off-response\" to L-leucine in vitro. I. Characterization of the dynamics of secretion.", "content": "The effects of L-leucine, D-leucine, and L-isoleucine upon the secretion of glucagon and insulin were investigated using the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. All experiments were conducted in the presence of 5.6 mM D-glucose. Ten-minute perfusions of 2, 5, and 10 mM L-leucine induced the release of glucagon and insulin in a dose-related manner. The removal of L-leucine was followed by renewed release of insulin (\"off-response\") but not of glucagon. The magnitude of the off-response was greater when L-leucine was perfused over longer periods. L-Isoleucine evoked the release of both glucagon and insulin. When L-leucine was administered during perfusion of L-isoleucine, L-leucine-induced release of glucagon was inhibited, that of insulin was augmented, and the insulin off-response prevailed. When the perfusion of L-leucine immediately preceded that of L-isoleucine, L-isoleucine-induced release of glucagon was abolished and that of insulin was augmented. D-Leucine evoked the release of glucagon but not of insulin, and no off-response occurred. When the perfusion of D-leucine followed that of L-leucine, D-leucine-induced glucagon release was inhibited; the insulin off-response to L-leucine was not altered. We reached the following conclusions. 1) Glucagon release induced by L-leucine, D-leucine, or L-isoleucine is likely to be related to the occupancy by these analogous amino acids of transport and/or receptor sites which they share. 2) The insulin off response to L-leucine seems to be evoked by events which take place during the period of administration of L-leucine; these events are not likely to be the release of insulin that occurs during perfusion of L-leucine or the transport of L-leucine into or out of the beta cell. 3) Structurally or chemically similar compounds which are secretagogues both for glucagon and insulin affect the release of these hormones in different ways; these differences are likely to be due to dissimilar mechanisms governing the secretion of the two hormones.", "contents": "L-Leucine-induced secretion of glucagon and insulin, and the \"off-response\" to L-leucine in vitro. I. Characterization of the dynamics of secretion. The effects of L-leucine, D-leucine, and L-isoleucine upon the secretion of glucagon and insulin were investigated using the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. All experiments were conducted in the presence of 5.6 mM D-glucose. Ten-minute perfusions of 2, 5, and 10 mM L-leucine induced the release of glucagon and insulin in a dose-related manner. The removal of L-leucine was followed by renewed release of insulin (\"off-response\") but not of glucagon. The magnitude of the off-response was greater when L-leucine was perfused over longer periods. L-Isoleucine evoked the release of both glucagon and insulin. When L-leucine was administered during perfusion of L-isoleucine, L-leucine-induced release of glucagon was inhibited, that of insulin was augmented, and the insulin off-response prevailed. When the perfusion of L-leucine immediately preceded that of L-isoleucine, L-isoleucine-induced release of glucagon was abolished and that of insulin was augmented. D-Leucine evoked the release of glucagon but not of insulin, and no off-response occurred. When the perfusion of D-leucine followed that of L-leucine, D-leucine-induced glucagon release was inhibited; the insulin off-response to L-leucine was not altered. We reached the following conclusions. 1) Glucagon release induced by L-leucine, D-leucine, or L-isoleucine is likely to be related to the occupancy by these analogous amino acids of transport and/or receptor sites which they share. 2) The insulin off response to L-leucine seems to be evoked by events which take place during the period of administration of L-leucine; these events are not likely to be the release of insulin that occurs during perfusion of L-leucine or the transport of L-leucine into or out of the beta cell. 3) Structurally or chemically similar compounds which are secretagogues both for glucagon and insulin affect the release of these hormones in different ways; these differences are likely to be due to dissimilar mechanisms governing the secretion of the two hormones.", "PMID": 744140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5860", "title": "Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of diabetes on rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in male rats 4 h to 8 days after the ip or iv administration of streptozotocin. Hepatic ODC activity increased 4-fold above control on the fourth day of diabetes. Increased ODC activity was observed with a dose of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg iv) which increased plasma ketones and glucagon and reduced plasma insulin. No change was seen with doses causing only mild hyperglycemia without change in plasma ketones, glucagon, or insulin. Insulin therapy prevented the increase in hepatic ODC activity in diabetic rats. Adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy also prevented the diabetes-associated increase of ODC activity. The studies suggest that insulin deficiency may result in increased hepatic polyamine synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat. The effect of diabetes on rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in male rats 4 h to 8 days after the ip or iv administration of streptozotocin. Hepatic ODC activity increased 4-fold above control on the fourth day of diabetes. Increased ODC activity was observed with a dose of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg iv) which increased plasma ketones and glucagon and reduced plasma insulin. No change was seen with doses causing only mild hyperglycemia without change in plasma ketones, glucagon, or insulin. Insulin therapy prevented the increase in hepatic ODC activity in diabetic rats. Adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy also prevented the diabetes-associated increase of ODC activity. The studies suggest that insulin deficiency may result in increased hepatic polyamine synthesis.", "PMID": 744142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5861", "title": "Stimulation of steroid synthesis by normal rat adrenocortical cells in response to antimicrotubular agents.", "content": "The role of cytoplasmic microtubules in the process of steroidogenesis was examined in enzyme-dispersed and mechanically dispersed adrenocortical cells obtained from adult male rats. These cells were maintained in culture for periods of 2 h to 2 days and tested with various antimicrotubular drugs as well as ACTH and N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphoric acid [(Bu)2cAMP]. The drugs tested, viz. colchicine, vinblastine, and nocodazole, were found to stimulate steroid synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion; the maximal degree of stimulation was found to be the same as that obtained with either ACTH or (Bu)2cAMP. When a maximal concentration of an antimicrotubular drug was mixed with a maximal concentration of either (Bu)2cAMP or ACTH, no additive effect on steroidogenesis was observed. The mixture of maximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular drugs produced a steroidogenic response that was less than when either drug was used alone. However, when submaximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular drugs were mixed, a synergistic response was noted. These antimicrotubular drugs are known to interfere with microtubular function by binding to specific sites on the tubulin protomer and inhibiting normal polymerization. Lumicolchicine, the photoinactivated form of colchicine, does not bind to tubulin and did not stimulate steroid synthesis. These studies support the notion that microtubules can influence the process of steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of steroid synthesis by normal rat adrenocortical cells in response to antimicrotubular agents. The role of cytoplasmic microtubules in the process of steroidogenesis was examined in enzyme-dispersed and mechanically dispersed adrenocortical cells obtained from adult male rats. These cells were maintained in culture for periods of 2 h to 2 days and tested with various antimicrotubular drugs as well as ACTH and N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphoric acid [(Bu)2cAMP]. The drugs tested, viz. colchicine, vinblastine, and nocodazole, were found to stimulate steroid synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion; the maximal degree of stimulation was found to be the same as that obtained with either ACTH or (Bu)2cAMP. When a maximal concentration of an antimicrotubular drug was mixed with a maximal concentration of either (Bu)2cAMP or ACTH, no additive effect on steroidogenesis was observed. The mixture of maximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular drugs produced a steroidogenic response that was less than when either drug was used alone. However, when submaximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular drugs were mixed, a synergistic response was noted. These antimicrotubular drugs are known to interfere with microtubular function by binding to specific sites on the tubulin protomer and inhibiting normal polymerization. Lumicolchicine, the photoinactivated form of colchicine, does not bind to tubulin and did not stimulate steroid synthesis. These studies support the notion that microtubules can influence the process of steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 744144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5862", "title": "Blood-brain barrier restriction of peptides and the low uptake of enkephalins.", "content": "Blood-brain barrier penetration of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, and other peptide-like compounds was measured after intracarotid injection of three isotopes and was found to be non-saturable over the nanomolar range of concentrations tested. No significant differences in brain regional extraction of leucine enkephalin (or morphine or heroin) were observed. In contrast to previous reports, the brain extraction of enkephalins was minimally low (E = 2-3%) and about the same order of magnitude as other putative neurotransmitters. Brain extractions of other peptide-like compounds were similarly small: TRH, E = 1%; glutathione, E = 0.5%; beta-alanyl histidine, E = 1%; and thioacetyl coenzyme A, E = 2%. Extraction of the non-diffusible reference dextran was determined to be 1%, suggesting that the blood brain barrier tends to restrict peptide penetration.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier restriction of peptides and the low uptake of enkephalins. Blood-brain barrier penetration of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, and other peptide-like compounds was measured after intracarotid injection of three isotopes and was found to be non-saturable over the nanomolar range of concentrations tested. No significant differences in brain regional extraction of leucine enkephalin (or morphine or heroin) were observed. In contrast to previous reports, the brain extraction of enkephalins was minimally low (E = 2-3%) and about the same order of magnitude as other putative neurotransmitters. Brain extractions of other peptide-like compounds were similarly small: TRH, E = 1%; glutathione, E = 0.5%; beta-alanyl histidine, E = 1%; and thioacetyl coenzyme A, E = 2%. Extraction of the non-diffusible reference dextran was determined to be 1%, suggesting that the blood brain barrier tends to restrict peptide penetration.", "PMID": 744146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5863", "title": "Progesterone metabolism by cultured Sertoli cells.", "content": "The ability of Sertoli cells to metabolize progesterone to testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was investigated in vitro. Cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from testes of 80-day-old rats were incubated with [7(n)-3H]progesterone (10 muCi/3.0 nmol) for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. The amount of progesterone converted to T, androstenedione (A), DHT, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was calculated on the basis of crystallization data. The amount of substrate converted to the various steroids increased between 0.5-3 h of incubation. During this period, T increased 6-fold; A, 2-fold; DHT, 4-fold; 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 3-fold; and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 12-fold. The amount of substrate converted to C-19 steroids (T, A, and DHT) increased linearly with time; 19.4 ng androgen/1 x 10(6) cells were formed within 3 h, the largest amount (11.83 ng) being DHT. Although the amount of 3H-labeled C-19 steroids formed from [3H]-progesterone by Sertoli cells is relatively small (1.8% conversion) compared to T formation by whole testicular tissue or by isolated interstitial cells, the ability of Sertoli cells to form T and DHT from progesterone may be physiologically important in the local regulation of Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Progesterone metabolism by cultured Sertoli cells. The ability of Sertoli cells to metabolize progesterone to testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was investigated in vitro. Cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from testes of 80-day-old rats were incubated with [7(n)-3H]progesterone (10 muCi/3.0 nmol) for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. The amount of progesterone converted to T, androstenedione (A), DHT, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was calculated on the basis of crystallization data. The amount of substrate converted to the various steroids increased between 0.5-3 h of incubation. During this period, T increased 6-fold; A, 2-fold; DHT, 4-fold; 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 3-fold; and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 12-fold. The amount of substrate converted to C-19 steroids (T, A, and DHT) increased linearly with time; 19.4 ng androgen/1 x 10(6) cells were formed within 3 h, the largest amount (11.83 ng) being DHT. Although the amount of 3H-labeled C-19 steroids formed from [3H]-progesterone by Sertoli cells is relatively small (1.8% conversion) compared to T formation by whole testicular tissue or by isolated interstitial cells, the ability of Sertoli cells to form T and DHT from progesterone may be physiologically important in the local regulation of Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 744148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5864", "title": "Effects of chronic treatment of intact and hypophysectomized rats with thyroid-stimulating hormone on the metabolism of [35S]methimazole and [35S]propylthiouracil.", "content": "Chronic treatment of intact rats with various doses of TSH increased the thyroidal 35S accumulation after single doses of [35S]methimazole (MMI) and [35S]propylthiouracil (PTU). However, no effect on the intrathyroidal breakdown of the drugs was observed. Thus absolute thyroidal levels of unmetabolized MMI and PTU were increased by factors of up to 2 and 3, respectively, compared to the control groups. Simultaneous decreases in the levels of thyroidal total iodine were observed. Hypophysectomized rats showed a marked inhibition of both thyroidal accumulation and oxidation of [35S]-MMI but TSH treatment of hypophysectomized rats restored the accumulation and oxidation to sham-operated and control group levels. The results show that in rats TSH has an important role in the control of thyroidal levels of antithyroid drugs currently used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Effects of chronic treatment of intact and hypophysectomized rats with thyroid-stimulating hormone on the metabolism of [35S]methimazole and [35S]propylthiouracil. Chronic treatment of intact rats with various doses of TSH increased the thyroidal 35S accumulation after single doses of [35S]methimazole (MMI) and [35S]propylthiouracil (PTU). However, no effect on the intrathyroidal breakdown of the drugs was observed. Thus absolute thyroidal levels of unmetabolized MMI and PTU were increased by factors of up to 2 and 3, respectively, compared to the control groups. Simultaneous decreases in the levels of thyroidal total iodine were observed. Hypophysectomized rats showed a marked inhibition of both thyroidal accumulation and oxidation of [35S]-MMI but TSH treatment of hypophysectomized rats restored the accumulation and oxidation to sham-operated and control group levels. The results show that in rats TSH has an important role in the control of thyroidal levels of antithyroid drugs currently used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 744151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5865", "title": "Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fatty acid synthetase in brown fat of suckling rats.", "content": "Infant rats were injected with prednisolone (0.5-5 mg/100 g wt). This caused phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity to rise in liver and to decrease in brown fat. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity remained unchanged in liver but increased in brown fat. A single injection of prednisolone caused hepatic PEPCK activity to remain elevated for at least 7 days. Brown fat FAS also remained high for that period. However, brown fat PEPK activity returned to normal on the third day after the injection. A single injection of prednisolone or cortisone to 5-day-old rats caused a transient elevation of the blood level of insulin and a prolonged decrease in that of growth hormone. No effect on the level of glucagon was noted. Injections of insulin had effects similar to those of prednisolone, i.e. a rise in hepatic and a fall in brown fat PEPCK. Using antibodies prepared to hepatic PEPCK it was shown that the observed changes were due to changes in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme. Using actinomycin D indirect evidence was obtained that changes in FAS activity of brown fat were also due to changes in the synthetic rate.", "contents": "Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fatty acid synthetase in brown fat of suckling rats. Infant rats were injected with prednisolone (0.5-5 mg/100 g wt). This caused phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity to rise in liver and to decrease in brown fat. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity remained unchanged in liver but increased in brown fat. A single injection of prednisolone caused hepatic PEPCK activity to remain elevated for at least 7 days. Brown fat FAS also remained high for that period. However, brown fat PEPK activity returned to normal on the third day after the injection. A single injection of prednisolone or cortisone to 5-day-old rats caused a transient elevation of the blood level of insulin and a prolonged decrease in that of growth hormone. No effect on the level of glucagon was noted. Injections of insulin had effects similar to those of prednisolone, i.e. a rise in hepatic and a fall in brown fat PEPCK. Using antibodies prepared to hepatic PEPCK it was shown that the observed changes were due to changes in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme. Using actinomycin D indirect evidence was obtained that changes in FAS activity of brown fat were also due to changes in the synthetic rate.", "PMID": 744153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5866", "title": "The effect of hypophysectomy on the quail's oviduct response to low and high doses of estradiol benzoate.", "content": "The response of the quail's (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) oviduct to different doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) was explored in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hypophysectomized animals. Doses of EB ranged from 10 microgram to 1 mg/animal daily for 6 consecutive days; animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Controls were injected with olive oil. Parameters thought to reflect stimulation of the oviduct were 1) wet and dry weight, 2) DNA, 3) RNA, 4) soluble proteins, 5) ovalbumin, and 6) morphological changes at the level of magnum's mucosa. A statistical significant difference in several of the parameters listed was found between the effect of different doses of EB and whether the injection was done in ovariectomized or in ovariectomized-hypophysectomized animals. The dose response with EB for cell proliferation and induced proteins accumulation (ovalbumin) show that it takes considerably more EB to maximally stimulate ovalbumin accumulation when compared with cell proliferation. Hypophysectomy decreases the oviduct responses to high EB doses. Ultrastructural studies of the magnum mucosa confirm these biochemical results. The evidence presented suggesting an EB dose-dependent difference induction of specific cellular responses in the presence and absence of the pituitary in quails are the basis to postulate the contributing role of the pituitary in the parameters measured.", "contents": "The effect of hypophysectomy on the quail's oviduct response to low and high doses of estradiol benzoate. The response of the quail's (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) oviduct to different doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) was explored in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hypophysectomized animals. Doses of EB ranged from 10 microgram to 1 mg/animal daily for 6 consecutive days; animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Controls were injected with olive oil. Parameters thought to reflect stimulation of the oviduct were 1) wet and dry weight, 2) DNA, 3) RNA, 4) soluble proteins, 5) ovalbumin, and 6) morphological changes at the level of magnum's mucosa. A statistical significant difference in several of the parameters listed was found between the effect of different doses of EB and whether the injection was done in ovariectomized or in ovariectomized-hypophysectomized animals. The dose response with EB for cell proliferation and induced proteins accumulation (ovalbumin) show that it takes considerably more EB to maximally stimulate ovalbumin accumulation when compared with cell proliferation. Hypophysectomy decreases the oviduct responses to high EB doses. Ultrastructural studies of the magnum mucosa confirm these biochemical results. The evidence presented suggesting an EB dose-dependent difference induction of specific cellular responses in the presence and absence of the pituitary in quails are the basis to postulate the contributing role of the pituitary in the parameters measured.", "PMID": 744154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5867", "title": "The effect of zinc on insulin metabolism.", "content": "Experiments were designed to study the effect of Zn on in vivo and in vitro insulin metabolism. The in vivo experiments involved pretreating mice with either Zn or Na, followed by ip [125I]iodoinsulin injection. Pretreatment of mice with Zn resulted in an accelerated and increased magnitude of binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to the liver compared to mice pretreated with Na. Results are submitted which support the probability that the changes in the amounts of intact and degraded insulin in circulation with time are related to the binding and degradation of insulin in the liver rather than in the kidney. In vivo ip injected insulin was demonstrated to preferentially bind to the plasma membrane of the liver. Liver plasma membranes isolated from mice pretreated with Zn bound more [125I]iodoinsulin than plasma membranes of Na-pretreated mice. In vitro experiments employing isolated liver plasma membranes demonstrated that added Zn increased the binding and inhibited the degradation of insulin. Evidence is presented that supports the concept that two receptors exist, one at which degradation of [125I]iodoinsulin occurs and another at which degradation does not occur.", "contents": "The effect of zinc on insulin metabolism. Experiments were designed to study the effect of Zn on in vivo and in vitro insulin metabolism. The in vivo experiments involved pretreating mice with either Zn or Na, followed by ip [125I]iodoinsulin injection. Pretreatment of mice with Zn resulted in an accelerated and increased magnitude of binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to the liver compared to mice pretreated with Na. Results are submitted which support the probability that the changes in the amounts of intact and degraded insulin in circulation with time are related to the binding and degradation of insulin in the liver rather than in the kidney. In vivo ip injected insulin was demonstrated to preferentially bind to the plasma membrane of the liver. Liver plasma membranes isolated from mice pretreated with Zn bound more [125I]iodoinsulin than plasma membranes of Na-pretreated mice. In vitro experiments employing isolated liver plasma membranes demonstrated that added Zn increased the binding and inhibited the degradation of insulin. Evidence is presented that supports the concept that two receptors exist, one at which degradation of [125I]iodoinsulin occurs and another at which degradation does not occur.", "PMID": 744156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5868", "title": "New mineralocorticoids: 5alpha-dihydroaldosterone and 5alpha-dihydro-11-deoxycorticosterone.", "content": "Mineralocorticoid activity of several delta4-3-ketosteroids and their 5alpha-dihydro analogs were evaluated by bioassay using urinary Na:K ratio of adrenalectomized rats as an index of mineralocorticoid activity. Among delta4-3-ketosteroids, aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and cortisone showed mineralcorticoid activity with aldosterone, the most potent of the series, showing virtually maximum activity at a dose of 0.25 microgram/rat. 5alpha-Dihydroaldosterone and 5alpha-dihydro-11-deoxycorticosterone possessed distinct mineralcorticoid activity, albeit less than aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone. 5alpha-Dihydrocorticosterone, 5alpha-dihydrocortisol, 5alpha-dihydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone, and 5alpha-dihydrocortisone did not show mineralocorticoid activity in doses up to 100 microgram/rat. It is concluded that reduction of the 4.5 double bond diminishes mineralocorticoid activity of delta4-3-ketosteroids. Nevertheless, 5alpha-dihydroaldosterone has distinct mineralocorticoid activity with potency of 1.8% of that of aldosterone and approximately the same as that of 11-deoxycorticosterone.", "contents": "New mineralocorticoids: 5alpha-dihydroaldosterone and 5alpha-dihydro-11-deoxycorticosterone. Mineralocorticoid activity of several delta4-3-ketosteroids and their 5alpha-dihydro analogs were evaluated by bioassay using urinary Na:K ratio of adrenalectomized rats as an index of mineralocorticoid activity. Among delta4-3-ketosteroids, aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and cortisone showed mineralcorticoid activity with aldosterone, the most potent of the series, showing virtually maximum activity at a dose of 0.25 microgram/rat. 5alpha-Dihydroaldosterone and 5alpha-dihydro-11-deoxycorticosterone possessed distinct mineralcorticoid activity, albeit less than aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone. 5alpha-Dihydrocorticosterone, 5alpha-dihydrocortisol, 5alpha-dihydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone, and 5alpha-dihydrocortisone did not show mineralocorticoid activity in doses up to 100 microgram/rat. It is concluded that reduction of the 4.5 double bond diminishes mineralocorticoid activity of delta4-3-ketosteroids. Nevertheless, 5alpha-dihydroaldosterone has distinct mineralocorticoid activity with potency of 1.8% of that of aldosterone and approximately the same as that of 11-deoxycorticosterone.", "PMID": 744157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5869", "title": "Effect of parturition on serum iodothyronine concentrations in fetal sheep.", "content": "T4, T3, and rT3 were determined by RIA on daily serum samples collected from five catheterized fetal sheep during the 2-week period before spontaneous vaginal delivery (PTD). Samples were also available from three newborn lambs during the first 4 h of life. T3 concentrations began to increase 4-6 days before spontaneous vaginal delivery, from a stable geometric mean concentration of 30 ng/dl to a mean concentration of 131 ng/dl on the day of delivery (day 0). T4 concentrations decreased in four of the animals and remained unchanged in one during this time interval. rT3 concentrations decreased from a stable mean of 472 to 249 ng/dl on day 0. The prenatal increase in serum T3 levels correlated temporally with increasing fetal serum cortisol concentrations. The mean T3 concentration increased further after delivery to a level of 487 ng/dl at 1 h of age without significant changes in T4 or rT3 levels. The following conclusions were reached: 1) fetal serum T3 concentrations increase while T4 and rT3 concentrations decrease during the 4-6 days preceding spontaneous labor, and 2) T3 concentrations increase further after delivery. Available evidence suggests that the prenatal increase in fetal serum T3 levels is mediated by a cortisol-induced increase in T4 to T3 conversion in fetal tissues. The mechanism(s) of the postnatal increase in serum T3 concentrations in the newborn is not clear.", "contents": "Effect of parturition on serum iodothyronine concentrations in fetal sheep. T4, T3, and rT3 were determined by RIA on daily serum samples collected from five catheterized fetal sheep during the 2-week period before spontaneous vaginal delivery (PTD). Samples were also available from three newborn lambs during the first 4 h of life. T3 concentrations began to increase 4-6 days before spontaneous vaginal delivery, from a stable geometric mean concentration of 30 ng/dl to a mean concentration of 131 ng/dl on the day of delivery (day 0). T4 concentrations decreased in four of the animals and remained unchanged in one during this time interval. rT3 concentrations decreased from a stable mean of 472 to 249 ng/dl on day 0. The prenatal increase in serum T3 levels correlated temporally with increasing fetal serum cortisol concentrations. The mean T3 concentration increased further after delivery to a level of 487 ng/dl at 1 h of age without significant changes in T4 or rT3 levels. The following conclusions were reached: 1) fetal serum T3 concentrations increase while T4 and rT3 concentrations decrease during the 4-6 days preceding spontaneous labor, and 2) T3 concentrations increase further after delivery. Available evidence suggests that the prenatal increase in fetal serum T3 levels is mediated by a cortisol-induced increase in T4 to T3 conversion in fetal tissues. The mechanism(s) of the postnatal increase in serum T3 concentrations in the newborn is not clear.", "PMID": 744158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5870", "title": "[des-Asp1]angiotensin II in the dog: blood levels and effect on aldosterone.", "content": "Circulating levels of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II ([des-Asp1]-AII), angiotensin II (AII), and aldosterone were measured in five conscious beagle dogs before and during iv infusion of [des-Asp1]AII at rates of 3, 6, 12, and 24 ng/kg/min. The animals were studied after 4 days on a normal sodium and potassium diet and again after a period of sodium depletion accomplished by iv furosemide (2-5 mg/kg) and 4 days of low sodium diet (2-5 mmol/day). Compared to the normal sodium diet, sodium depletion resulted in increases in the plasma levels of aldosterone from 10 +/- 2 (SE) to 66 (16-116) ng/100 ml of AII from 16 +/- 4 to 52 +/- 13 pmol/liter and of [des-Asp1]AII from 2 +/- 0.7 to 12 +/- 4 nmol/liter. Incremental infusions of [des-Asp1]AII in the sodium replete state resulted in progressive increases in the plasma levels of aldosterone in all dogs. In comparison with a previous study in which dogs were infused with AII, it was apparent that [des-Asp1]AII was equally or slightly more potent in stimulating aldosterone and had a higher metabolic clearance rate than AII. [des-Asp1]AII stimulated aldosterone in four of the five sodium-depleted dogs but no steepening of the [des-Asp1]AII/aldosterone dose-response curves was apparent. These results do not support the hypothesis that circulating [des-Asp1]AII mediates the effect of AII on aldosterone in the dog.", "contents": "[des-Asp1]angiotensin II in the dog: blood levels and effect on aldosterone. Circulating levels of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II ([des-Asp1]-AII), angiotensin II (AII), and aldosterone were measured in five conscious beagle dogs before and during iv infusion of [des-Asp1]AII at rates of 3, 6, 12, and 24 ng/kg/min. The animals were studied after 4 days on a normal sodium and potassium diet and again after a period of sodium depletion accomplished by iv furosemide (2-5 mg/kg) and 4 days of low sodium diet (2-5 mmol/day). Compared to the normal sodium diet, sodium depletion resulted in increases in the plasma levels of aldosterone from 10 +/- 2 (SE) to 66 (16-116) ng/100 ml of AII from 16 +/- 4 to 52 +/- 13 pmol/liter and of [des-Asp1]AII from 2 +/- 0.7 to 12 +/- 4 nmol/liter. Incremental infusions of [des-Asp1]AII in the sodium replete state resulted in progressive increases in the plasma levels of aldosterone in all dogs. In comparison with a previous study in which dogs were infused with AII, it was apparent that [des-Asp1]AII was equally or slightly more potent in stimulating aldosterone and had a higher metabolic clearance rate than AII. [des-Asp1]AII stimulated aldosterone in four of the five sodium-depleted dogs but no steepening of the [des-Asp1]AII/aldosterone dose-response curves was apparent. These results do not support the hypothesis that circulating [des-Asp1]AII mediates the effect of AII on aldosterone in the dog.", "PMID": 744159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5871", "title": "A suspension culture of pinealocytes: regulation of N-acetyltransferase activity.", "content": "A method to prepare suspension cultures of highly viable pinealocytes is described. Pineal glands of neonatal or adult rats can be used; the best yield is obtained from neonatal glands. Morphological examination of the cells indicates that they have a normal, healthy appearance and retain some structures typical of neonatal pinealocytes. During the first 24 h of culture, the cells aggregate into small clusters; after several days, larger aggregates can be seen. Biochemical studies indicate that adrenergic stimulation of these cells causes a 30- to 100-fold increase in serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity, a response which is unique to the pineal gland. The relative order of potency of several adrenergic agonists is l-isoproterenol greater than l-norepinephrine greater than or equal to l-epinephrine greater than phenylephrine. Serotonin, tyramine, histamine, carbachol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cocaine, and desmethylimipramine are inactive. Studies using adrenergic and metabolic inhibitors indicate that the regulation of N-acetyltransferase in these cells has the same characteristics of that seen in adult tissue. In addition, these cells synthesize protein and RNA from radioactive precursors, convert tryptophan to serotonin, and N-acetylate endogenous serotonin.", "contents": "A suspension culture of pinealocytes: regulation of N-acetyltransferase activity. A method to prepare suspension cultures of highly viable pinealocytes is described. Pineal glands of neonatal or adult rats can be used; the best yield is obtained from neonatal glands. Morphological examination of the cells indicates that they have a normal, healthy appearance and retain some structures typical of neonatal pinealocytes. During the first 24 h of culture, the cells aggregate into small clusters; after several days, larger aggregates can be seen. Biochemical studies indicate that adrenergic stimulation of these cells causes a 30- to 100-fold increase in serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity, a response which is unique to the pineal gland. The relative order of potency of several adrenergic agonists is l-isoproterenol greater than l-norepinephrine greater than or equal to l-epinephrine greater than phenylephrine. Serotonin, tyramine, histamine, carbachol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cocaine, and desmethylimipramine are inactive. Studies using adrenergic and metabolic inhibitors indicate that the regulation of N-acetyltransferase in these cells has the same characteristics of that seen in adult tissue. In addition, these cells synthesize protein and RNA from radioactive precursors, convert tryptophan to serotonin, and N-acetylate endogenous serotonin.", "PMID": 744160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5872", "title": "Angiotensin II concentration in cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular injection of angiotensinogen or renin.", "content": "To determine if the brain enzyme which has renin-like activity in vitro can form angiotensin in vivo, angiotensin II concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured before and at various intervals after injection of partially purified renin substrate (angiotensinogen) into the third cerebral ventricle of anesthetized dogs. The injection increased CSF angiotensinogen concentration 3-fold, but despite this, CSF angiotensin II concentration, which was undetectable (less than 6.25 fmol/ml) before injection, did not change. Arterial blood pressure was also unchanged after the injection. In contrast, both CSF angiotensin II concentration and arterial pressure increased after an inventricular injection of renin. These results demonstrate that angiotensin II is formed centrally after administration of exogenous renin but not after injection of angiotensinogen. The results thus fail to demonstrate renin activity in the brain in vivo.", "contents": "Angiotensin II concentration in cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular injection of angiotensinogen or renin. To determine if the brain enzyme which has renin-like activity in vitro can form angiotensin in vivo, angiotensin II concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured before and at various intervals after injection of partially purified renin substrate (angiotensinogen) into the third cerebral ventricle of anesthetized dogs. The injection increased CSF angiotensinogen concentration 3-fold, but despite this, CSF angiotensin II concentration, which was undetectable (less than 6.25 fmol/ml) before injection, did not change. Arterial blood pressure was also unchanged after the injection. In contrast, both CSF angiotensin II concentration and arterial pressure increased after an inventricular injection of renin. These results demonstrate that angiotensin II is formed centrally after administration of exogenous renin but not after injection of angiotensinogen. The results thus fail to demonstrate renin activity in the brain in vivo.", "PMID": 744161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5873", "title": "Intranuclear binding of [3H]dihydrotestosterone by cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The uptake of [1,2,4,5,6,7-3H]dihydrotestosterone into whole cells and nuclei has been assessed in fibroblasts grown from genital skin of 10 controls and 9 subjects with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance. The cells were exposed to hypotonic buffer and ruptured by passage through a 25-gauge needle, and the nuclei were purified by sedimentation through 2.1 M sucrose. Uptake of the hormone into nuclei reached an apparent plateau in 45 min, was saturable at 1 nM dihydrotestosterone, and was not detectable in the presence of excess nonradioactive hormones. Over a wide range of uptake by intact cells from control subjects and from subjects with androgen resistance due to 5alpha-reductase deficiency or receptor deficiency, nuclear uptake averaged about half of the total cell uptake. Furthermore, in cells from two unrelated 46,XY phenotypic females with androgen resistance but normal 5alpha-reductase activity and normal whole cell dihydrotestosterone binding, uptake into the nucleus was also normal. In these subjects, the defect in androgen action must be at some terminal phase of androgen action.", "contents": "Intranuclear binding of [3H]dihydrotestosterone by cultured human fibroblasts. The uptake of [1,2,4,5,6,7-3H]dihydrotestosterone into whole cells and nuclei has been assessed in fibroblasts grown from genital skin of 10 controls and 9 subjects with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance. The cells were exposed to hypotonic buffer and ruptured by passage through a 25-gauge needle, and the nuclei were purified by sedimentation through 2.1 M sucrose. Uptake of the hormone into nuclei reached an apparent plateau in 45 min, was saturable at 1 nM dihydrotestosterone, and was not detectable in the presence of excess nonradioactive hormones. Over a wide range of uptake by intact cells from control subjects and from subjects with androgen resistance due to 5alpha-reductase deficiency or receptor deficiency, nuclear uptake averaged about half of the total cell uptake. Furthermore, in cells from two unrelated 46,XY phenotypic females with androgen resistance but normal 5alpha-reductase activity and normal whole cell dihydrotestosterone binding, uptake into the nucleus was also normal. In these subjects, the defect in androgen action must be at some terminal phase of androgen action.", "PMID": 744162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5874", "title": "Early in vitro induction of rat pituitary GH mRNA by T31.", "content": "Previous work has shown that thyroid hormone stimulates rat pituitary GH synthesis and GH mRNA activity and concentration. However, the earliest demonstration of increase in GH mRNA activity was 24 hours following T3 addition whereas stimulation of GH synthesis has been observed 2 hours after treatment with T3. Thus, it is unknown whether increase in pituitary GH mRNA is a prerequisite for the stimulation of GH synthesis. In the present investigation in vitro addition of 1.5 x 10(-10) M T3 to pituitaries isolated from hypothyroid rats resulted in a slight but significant increase of GH mRNA activity within 2 hours. Further stimulation of GH mRNA activity was observed over the period of 12 hours. No increase of GH mRNA activity occurred in the absence of T3, and T3 had no effect on the PRL mRNA activity. These findings suggest that increase in GH mRNA may be responsible for the observed induction of GH synthesis, and that at least one of the primary actions of thyroid hormone is at the nuclear level.", "contents": "Early in vitro induction of rat pituitary GH mRNA by T31. Previous work has shown that thyroid hormone stimulates rat pituitary GH synthesis and GH mRNA activity and concentration. However, the earliest demonstration of increase in GH mRNA activity was 24 hours following T3 addition whereas stimulation of GH synthesis has been observed 2 hours after treatment with T3. Thus, it is unknown whether increase in pituitary GH mRNA is a prerequisite for the stimulation of GH synthesis. In the present investigation in vitro addition of 1.5 x 10(-10) M T3 to pituitaries isolated from hypothyroid rats resulted in a slight but significant increase of GH mRNA activity within 2 hours. Further stimulation of GH mRNA activity was observed over the period of 12 hours. No increase of GH mRNA activity occurred in the absence of T3, and T3 had no effect on the PRL mRNA activity. These findings suggest that increase in GH mRNA may be responsible for the observed induction of GH synthesis, and that at least one of the primary actions of thyroid hormone is at the nuclear level.", "PMID": 744163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5875", "title": "Lactoferrin is a marker for prolactin response in mouse mammary explants.", "content": "We recorded a bioassay for prolactin using densitometric analysis on polyacrylamide gels of caseins produced by mammary explants in vitro. A protein which also increased in the presence of increasing amounts of prolactin in the medium has now been identified. Its migration in several electrophoretic systems is the same as that of a whey protein of mouse milk, lactoferrin. It is an iron-binding glycoprotein with a molecular weight by SDS gel electrophoresis equal to mouse, human and bovine lactoferrin. It gives a precipitin reaction in an immunodiffusion system with monospecific antiserum raised in rabbits against mouse lactoferrin.", "contents": "Lactoferrin is a marker for prolactin response in mouse mammary explants. We recorded a bioassay for prolactin using densitometric analysis on polyacrylamide gels of caseins produced by mammary explants in vitro. A protein which also increased in the presence of increasing amounts of prolactin in the medium has now been identified. Its migration in several electrophoretic systems is the same as that of a whey protein of mouse milk, lactoferrin. It is an iron-binding glycoprotein with a molecular weight by SDS gel electrophoresis equal to mouse, human and bovine lactoferrin. It gives a precipitin reaction in an immunodiffusion system with monospecific antiserum raised in rabbits against mouse lactoferrin.", "PMID": 744164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5876", "title": "19-Nor deoxycorticosterone (19-nor DOC): mineralocorticoid receptor affinity higher than aldosterone, electrolyte activity lower.", "content": "By screening urine extracts from rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension, Gomez-Sanchez et al. found a steroid, subsequently identified as 19-nor DOC, with high affinity for tritiated aldosterone (3HA) binding sites in rat kidney cytosol. We here report studies on the affinity of authentic 19-nor DOC for mineralocorticoid receptors, its binding in plasma and its activity in the rat urinary mineralocorticoid assay. When kidney slices from adrenalectomized rats were incubated in protein-free buffer with 3HA, 19-nor DOC consistently competed better (approximately 140%) for 3HA binding sites than did equivalent concentrations of non-radioactive aldosterone. Under identical conditions, save for the inclusion of 20% adrenalectomized rat plasma in the incubation medium, 19-nor DOC shows only approximately 40% the potency of aldosterone in displacing 3HA. Determination of renal binding of 3HA after injection of 3HA +/- aldosterone +/- 19-nor DOC in vivo similarly shows 19-nor DOC to be approximately one third as potent a competitor for 3HA binding sites as aldosterone. In the rat urinary bioassay, 19-nor DOC shows no antagonist activity when injected with aldosterone; in the absence of aldosterone, 19-nor DOC acts as a mineralocorticoid agonist, with an apparent potency 10-30% that of aldosterone. Conclusions of the study are therefore (i) at a molecular level, 19-nor DOC has a higher affinity than aldosterone for mineralocorticoid receptors, (ii) in vivo, its potency in terms of receptor occupancy is markedly lower than that of aldosterone, due to higher levels of plasma binding, (iii) in effector terms, 19-nor DOC is a full agonist without antagonist activity.", "contents": "19-Nor deoxycorticosterone (19-nor DOC): mineralocorticoid receptor affinity higher than aldosterone, electrolyte activity lower. By screening urine extracts from rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension, Gomez-Sanchez et al. found a steroid, subsequently identified as 19-nor DOC, with high affinity for tritiated aldosterone (3HA) binding sites in rat kidney cytosol. We here report studies on the affinity of authentic 19-nor DOC for mineralocorticoid receptors, its binding in plasma and its activity in the rat urinary mineralocorticoid assay. When kidney slices from adrenalectomized rats were incubated in protein-free buffer with 3HA, 19-nor DOC consistently competed better (approximately 140%) for 3HA binding sites than did equivalent concentrations of non-radioactive aldosterone. Under identical conditions, save for the inclusion of 20% adrenalectomized rat plasma in the incubation medium, 19-nor DOC shows only approximately 40% the potency of aldosterone in displacing 3HA. Determination of renal binding of 3HA after injection of 3HA +/- aldosterone +/- 19-nor DOC in vivo similarly shows 19-nor DOC to be approximately one third as potent a competitor for 3HA binding sites as aldosterone. In the rat urinary bioassay, 19-nor DOC shows no antagonist activity when injected with aldosterone; in the absence of aldosterone, 19-nor DOC acts as a mineralocorticoid agonist, with an apparent potency 10-30% that of aldosterone. Conclusions of the study are therefore (i) at a molecular level, 19-nor DOC has a higher affinity than aldosterone for mineralocorticoid receptors, (ii) in vivo, its potency in terms of receptor occupancy is markedly lower than that of aldosterone, due to higher levels of plasma binding, (iii) in effector terms, 19-nor DOC is a full agonist without antagonist activity.", "PMID": 744165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5877", "title": "A newly designed method for removal of the pineal body, and depression of convulsions and enhancement of exploratory movements by pinealectomy in mice.", "content": "We designed a simple technique for surgical excision of the pineal body in mice. Such can be accomplished in 10 min by a skilled worker and there are no lesions whatever. In pinealectomized El-strain mice the appearance of convulsions was inhibited up to 30 days, while intact El-mice were all fallen into convulsions by being shaken up and down on a flat carton. Pentazole-induced convulsions propagate from one dd-mouse to another in an aggregated state, but such propagation did not occur in pinealectomized animals. Exploratory movements of pinealectomized dd-mice increased as compared to intact animals and the increase was always more extensively observed in El-mice in which, even in the intact animals, the exploratory movements were much more than those of dd-mice. From the above-mentioned experiment, it is considered that the pineal body plays a role not only in initiating but also in propagating convulsions, and that it may have a depressive action on motor activities in mice.", "contents": "A newly designed method for removal of the pineal body, and depression of convulsions and enhancement of exploratory movements by pinealectomy in mice. We designed a simple technique for surgical excision of the pineal body in mice. Such can be accomplished in 10 min by a skilled worker and there are no lesions whatever. In pinealectomized El-strain mice the appearance of convulsions was inhibited up to 30 days, while intact El-mice were all fallen into convulsions by being shaken up and down on a flat carton. Pentazole-induced convulsions propagate from one dd-mouse to another in an aggregated state, but such propagation did not occur in pinealectomized animals. Exploratory movements of pinealectomized dd-mice increased as compared to intact animals and the increase was always more extensively observed in El-mice in which, even in the intact animals, the exploratory movements were much more than those of dd-mice. From the above-mentioned experiment, it is considered that the pineal body plays a role not only in initiating but also in propagating convulsions, and that it may have a depressive action on motor activities in mice.", "PMID": 744166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5878", "title": "Competitive protein binding assay for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D in human plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and simplified radioreceptor assay for 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1, 25-(OH)2D) in human plasma was described and applied to preliminary clinical studies. Tritium-labeled 1, 25-(OH)2D3 was produced by incubating chick kidney homogenate with tritium labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). A cytosol receptor was obtained from rachitic chick intestine (Kd=5.3 X 10(-11) M). Lipids in 5 ml of heparinized human plasma were extracted with dichloromethane, and 1, 25-(OH)2D was isolated by a Sephadex LH-20 column followed by high pressure liquid column chromatography. Recovery of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 after the plasma extraction and chromatography ranged from 58 to 100%. The assay was sensitive to 5 pg/tube. Diluted plasma from a patient on a high dose of 1 alpha-OHD3 showed a dilution curve parallel to the standard curve. The cytosol receptor showed a cross reactivity to various vitamin D3 metabolites physiologically present in the circulation and it was thought to be essential to eliminate other vitamin D3 metabolites 1,25-(OH)2D from plasma samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of 1, 25-(OH)2D were, in the case of most normal subjects, distributed from 7 to 33 pg/ml and the range of distribution became greater in relation to age, indicating that plasma values should be matched to age. Whereas markedly high values of 1, 25-(OH)2D in plasma were found in some cases of primary hyperparathyroidism with prominent bone resorption, relatively low values were seen in some patients with chronic renal failure, senile osteoporosis, osteomalacia and hypercalcemia due to bone metastasis.", "contents": "Competitive protein binding assay for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D in human plasma. A sensitive and simplified radioreceptor assay for 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1, 25-(OH)2D) in human plasma was described and applied to preliminary clinical studies. Tritium-labeled 1, 25-(OH)2D3 was produced by incubating chick kidney homogenate with tritium labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). A cytosol receptor was obtained from rachitic chick intestine (Kd=5.3 X 10(-11) M). Lipids in 5 ml of heparinized human plasma were extracted with dichloromethane, and 1, 25-(OH)2D was isolated by a Sephadex LH-20 column followed by high pressure liquid column chromatography. Recovery of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 after the plasma extraction and chromatography ranged from 58 to 100%. The assay was sensitive to 5 pg/tube. Diluted plasma from a patient on a high dose of 1 alpha-OHD3 showed a dilution curve parallel to the standard curve. The cytosol receptor showed a cross reactivity to various vitamin D3 metabolites physiologically present in the circulation and it was thought to be essential to eliminate other vitamin D3 metabolites 1,25-(OH)2D from plasma samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of 1, 25-(OH)2D were, in the case of most normal subjects, distributed from 7 to 33 pg/ml and the range of distribution became greater in relation to age, indicating that plasma values should be matched to age. Whereas markedly high values of 1, 25-(OH)2D in plasma were found in some cases of primary hyperparathyroidism with prominent bone resorption, relatively low values were seen in some patients with chronic renal failure, senile osteoporosis, osteomalacia and hypercalcemia due to bone metastasis.", "PMID": 744168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5879", "title": "Re-evaluation of exercise as a screening test for ruling out human growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) response to exercise was studied in 27 normal children and 152 children with a chief complaint of short stature and in 9 patients with HGH deficiency. Of the 152 children 107 could be ruled out of HGH deficiency since HGH level increased to more than 5 ng/ml during exercise, and of the remaining 45 children of non-responders to exercise, 22 were ruled out of HGH deficiency since bone age to chronological age ratio was more than 0.9 and/or height increment for the past 3 years was more than 15 cm. Seventeen patients were hospitalized for further examinations, which resulted in finding normal HGH secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, arginine infusion and/or propranolol-glucagon test in 12 children and also in finding no HGH deficiency in children higher than -2.0 S.D., but 5 HGH-deficient children in those lower than -2.0 S.D. Exercise can be used as a screening test for ruling out HGH deficiency when HGH secretion in response to exericse is evaluated by height, bone age and height increment of the patients.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of exercise as a screening test for ruling out human growth hormone deficiency. Human growth hormone (HGH) response to exercise was studied in 27 normal children and 152 children with a chief complaint of short stature and in 9 patients with HGH deficiency. Of the 152 children 107 could be ruled out of HGH deficiency since HGH level increased to more than 5 ng/ml during exercise, and of the remaining 45 children of non-responders to exercise, 22 were ruled out of HGH deficiency since bone age to chronological age ratio was more than 0.9 and/or height increment for the past 3 years was more than 15 cm. Seventeen patients were hospitalized for further examinations, which resulted in finding normal HGH secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, arginine infusion and/or propranolol-glucagon test in 12 children and also in finding no HGH deficiency in children higher than -2.0 S.D., but 5 HGH-deficient children in those lower than -2.0 S.D. Exercise can be used as a screening test for ruling out HGH deficiency when HGH secretion in response to exericse is evaluated by height, bone age and height increment of the patients.", "PMID": 744169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5880", "title": "Comparison of two angiotensin II analogues in normal subjects and hypertensive patients.", "content": "Two angiotensin II analogues, i.e., 1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ile8-AII) and 1-sarcosine, 8-alanine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ala8-AII), are now available in the clinical study. Comparative studies of the antagonistic potency and the agonistic effect of these two AII analogues were made in normal subjects on three sodium balances and in hypertensive patients with various etiologies on sodium depletion. Both AII analogues had an agonistic pressor effect in normal subjects. This effect changed with different sodium balances. In the low sodium state, this agonistic action was minimized. The agonistic pressor effect of Sar1, Ile8-AII was greater than that of Sar1, Ala8-AII in all sodium states. There was found an agonistic activity of both AII analogues not only on blood pressure, but also on renin and aldosterone secretion, and renal vasculature in normal subjects on a regular diet. The antagonistic depressor potency of both compounds was also varied by changing sodium balance, being greatest in the low sodium state. In hypertensive patients on sodium depletion, the blood pressure responses of individual patients to these two AII analogues were significantly correlated (r = 0.8, n = 20). These results indicate taht pretreatment of sodium depletion is necessary to prevent the side effect caused by the agonistic pressor action of AII analogue, and also to predict renin depency in hypertensive patients efficiently.", "contents": "Comparison of two angiotensin II analogues in normal subjects and hypertensive patients. Two angiotensin II analogues, i.e., 1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ile8-AII) and 1-sarcosine, 8-alanine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ala8-AII), are now available in the clinical study. Comparative studies of the antagonistic potency and the agonistic effect of these two AII analogues were made in normal subjects on three sodium balances and in hypertensive patients with various etiologies on sodium depletion. Both AII analogues had an agonistic pressor effect in normal subjects. This effect changed with different sodium balances. In the low sodium state, this agonistic action was minimized. The agonistic pressor effect of Sar1, Ile8-AII was greater than that of Sar1, Ala8-AII in all sodium states. There was found an agonistic activity of both AII analogues not only on blood pressure, but also on renin and aldosterone secretion, and renal vasculature in normal subjects on a regular diet. The antagonistic depressor potency of both compounds was also varied by changing sodium balance, being greatest in the low sodium state. In hypertensive patients on sodium depletion, the blood pressure responses of individual patients to these two AII analogues were significantly correlated (r = 0.8, n = 20). These results indicate taht pretreatment of sodium depletion is necessary to prevent the side effect caused by the agonistic pressor action of AII analogue, and also to predict renin depency in hypertensive patients efficiently.", "PMID": 744170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5881", "title": "Effect of secretin on plasma insulin and glucagon in man.", "content": "To investigate the effect of physiological doses of secretin on pancreatic A and B cell functions, secretin was infused at a rate of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 clinical unit per kg body weight per hr into eight normal men for 30 min or 60 min after an over-night fast, and changes in plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon immunoreactivity (GI) were measured while monitoring circulating secretin levels by a radioimmunoassay. During the infusion of secretin, the plasma immunoreactive secretin (IRS) levels rose to 140-390 pg/ml which was within a range of the physiological fluctuation in plasma secretin levels reported hitherto. No significant alteration of plasma IRI and GI levels could be demonstrated during these simulated physiologic infusions of secretin. These data suggest that, in humans, the physiological dose of secretin does not influence insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreas in the basal state.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on plasma insulin and glucagon in man. To investigate the effect of physiological doses of secretin on pancreatic A and B cell functions, secretin was infused at a rate of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 clinical unit per kg body weight per hr into eight normal men for 30 min or 60 min after an over-night fast, and changes in plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon immunoreactivity (GI) were measured while monitoring circulating secretin levels by a radioimmunoassay. During the infusion of secretin, the plasma immunoreactive secretin (IRS) levels rose to 140-390 pg/ml which was within a range of the physiological fluctuation in plasma secretin levels reported hitherto. No significant alteration of plasma IRI and GI levels could be demonstrated during these simulated physiologic infusions of secretin. These data suggest that, in humans, the physiological dose of secretin does not influence insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreas in the basal state.", "PMID": 744171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5882", "title": "Prolactin binding in pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors in GR/A mice.", "content": "Prolactin binding in normal mammary glands and pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors and plasma prolactin levels were assayed near parturition in GR/A female mice. Mammary glands and tumors cut into 0.5-mm thick slices were incubated in Medium 199 containing 5 ng of 125I-labeled ovine prolactin at 37 degrees C for 2 hr, and specific prolactin binding was expressed in terms of the difference between total and nonspecific bindings per mg tissue. On day 19 of pregnancy, prolactin binding was low in both normal mammary glands and tumors. One day after parturition, the binding of nonlactating mammary gland was as low as that on day 19 of pregnancy. On the other hand, the binding of lactating glands was raised significantly. There was no difference in the binding of tumors between lactating and nonlactating animals and both were significantly higher on day 1 after parturition than on day 19 of pregnancy. The plasma prolactin level assayed by radioimmunoassay was significantly higher on day 19 of pregnancy than on day 1 after parturition regardless of lactation. No relations were observed between the plasma prolactin level and the prolactin binding of either normal or neoplastic mammary glands.", "contents": "Prolactin binding in pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors in GR/A mice. Prolactin binding in normal mammary glands and pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors and plasma prolactin levels were assayed near parturition in GR/A female mice. Mammary glands and tumors cut into 0.5-mm thick slices were incubated in Medium 199 containing 5 ng of 125I-labeled ovine prolactin at 37 degrees C for 2 hr, and specific prolactin binding was expressed in terms of the difference between total and nonspecific bindings per mg tissue. On day 19 of pregnancy, prolactin binding was low in both normal mammary glands and tumors. One day after parturition, the binding of nonlactating mammary gland was as low as that on day 19 of pregnancy. On the other hand, the binding of lactating glands was raised significantly. There was no difference in the binding of tumors between lactating and nonlactating animals and both were significantly higher on day 1 after parturition than on day 19 of pregnancy. The plasma prolactin level assayed by radioimmunoassay was significantly higher on day 19 of pregnancy than on day 1 after parturition regardless of lactation. No relations were observed between the plasma prolactin level and the prolactin binding of either normal or neoplastic mammary glands.", "PMID": 744173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5883", "title": "The suggestive roles of the anterior hypothalamic area on prolactin  secretion in hemiovariectomized and ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Serum prolactin concentration was studied in hemiovariectomized rats, hemiovariectomized rats bearing chronic estradiol benzoate (E2) implant either in the anterior (A-AHA) or in the middle (M-AHA) portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), and was also studied in ovariectomized AHA lesioned rats. Hemiovariectomy caused rise of serum porlactin which peaked at day 10 and thereafter declined to the basal level. E2 implanted in the M-AHA either unilaterally or bilaterally temporarily suppressed the serum porlactin rise induced by hemiovariectomy. Unilateral implant of E2 in the A-AHA elicited also a temporary but longer suppressive effect. Bilateral E2 implant in the A-AHA consistently suppressed serum prolactin of hemiovariectomized animals. Ovariectomized AHA lesioned rats responded to systemic E2 treatment with a slight increase of serum prolactin while the non-lesioned ovariectomized rats responded with a significant increase. The additional E2 treatment effectively enhanced serum prolactin elevation in AHA ablated animals. The results substantiated the involvement of the AHA in prolactin secretion as well as they disclosed the A-AHA as a dominant area while the M-AHA appears to be supplementary area for prolactin inhibition, provided that the areas were in response to E2 implantation.", "contents": "The suggestive roles of the anterior hypothalamic area on prolactin  secretion in hemiovariectomized and ovariectomized rats. Serum prolactin concentration was studied in hemiovariectomized rats, hemiovariectomized rats bearing chronic estradiol benzoate (E2) implant either in the anterior (A-AHA) or in the middle (M-AHA) portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), and was also studied in ovariectomized AHA lesioned rats. Hemiovariectomy caused rise of serum porlactin which peaked at day 10 and thereafter declined to the basal level. E2 implanted in the M-AHA either unilaterally or bilaterally temporarily suppressed the serum porlactin rise induced by hemiovariectomy. Unilateral implant of E2 in the A-AHA elicited also a temporary but longer suppressive effect. Bilateral E2 implant in the A-AHA consistently suppressed serum prolactin of hemiovariectomized animals. Ovariectomized AHA lesioned rats responded to systemic E2 treatment with a slight increase of serum prolactin while the non-lesioned ovariectomized rats responded with a significant increase. The additional E2 treatment effectively enhanced serum prolactin elevation in AHA ablated animals. The results substantiated the involvement of the AHA in prolactin secretion as well as they disclosed the A-AHA as a dominant area while the M-AHA appears to be supplementary area for prolactin inhibition, provided that the areas were in response to E2 implantation.", "PMID": 744174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5884", "title": "Hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system in male rats and guinea pigs treated with the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide.", "content": "Influence of the competitive testosterone antagonist 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (NFBA) on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system in male Wistar rats and guinea pigs was studied. NFBA as well as nonlabelled testosterone diminished 3H-testosterone uptake in hypothalamus and hypophysis of castrated animals. Increase of plasma testosterone level was obtained after the antiandrogen treatment in a dose of 10 or 25 mg/kg per os during 3, 10 and 48 days. Maximal level of the hormone was noticed on the 10th day. The contents of 17-ketosteroids in testes had not changed, but the testosterone content and steroid-delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase activity were high during the treatment period. After 10 days of NFBA administration increased plasma LH level was found. Increase in size and number of gonadotropocytes was revealed by histological and histochemical methods as well as Leydig cell hypertrophy. High plasma testosterone level and Leydig cell activation were obtained in guinea pigs as a result of NFBA subcutaneous injections in a dose of 10 mg/kg during 30 days. The suggestion is made that prolonged NFBA treatment produces changes in the testosterone metabolism. Short-term administration of NFBA may be used for the estimation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal functional abilities.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system in male rats and guinea pigs treated with the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide. Influence of the competitive testosterone antagonist 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (NFBA) on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system in male Wistar rats and guinea pigs was studied. NFBA as well as nonlabelled testosterone diminished 3H-testosterone uptake in hypothalamus and hypophysis of castrated animals. Increase of plasma testosterone level was obtained after the antiandrogen treatment in a dose of 10 or 25 mg/kg per os during 3, 10 and 48 days. Maximal level of the hormone was noticed on the 10th day. The contents of 17-ketosteroids in testes had not changed, but the testosterone content and steroid-delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase activity were high during the treatment period. After 10 days of NFBA administration increased plasma LH level was found. Increase in size and number of gonadotropocytes was revealed by histological and histochemical methods as well as Leydig cell hypertrophy. High plasma testosterone level and Leydig cell activation were obtained in guinea pigs as a result of NFBA subcutaneous injections in a dose of 10 mg/kg during 30 days. The suggestion is made that prolonged NFBA treatment produces changes in the testosterone metabolism. Short-term administration of NFBA may be used for the estimation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal functional abilities.", "PMID": 744175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5885", "title": "Effect of long-term treadmill running on gonadal activity in female rats.", "content": "Histochemical studies of delta5-3beta-HSD and G-6-PD activities in the ovaries of female rats undergoing long term-treadmill running showed a marked reduction. This change was associated with increased concentration of total cholesterol and total ascorbic acid in the same organ. All these results suggest ovarian hypoactivity.", "contents": "Effect of long-term treadmill running on gonadal activity in female rats. Histochemical studies of delta5-3beta-HSD and G-6-PD activities in the ovaries of female rats undergoing long term-treadmill running showed a marked reduction. This change was associated with increased concentration of total cholesterol and total ascorbic acid in the same organ. All these results suggest ovarian hypoactivity.", "PMID": 744176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5886", "title": "Peripheral conversion and uptake of androgens in a XXY-man with Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "The conversion of 3H-testosterone and the uptake of 3H-testosterone and 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone were investigated in pubic skin and pubic hair follicles of a XXY-man with inadequate pubic hair. The uptake of both androgens was demonstrated in the skin as well as in the hair follicles. Similarly the activity of steroid 5alpha-reductase was present in both tissues. The total conversion of 3H-testosterone was 2-3 times higher in the patient than in control persons. In the XXY-man the major metabolites were 5alpha- and 5beta-androstanediols, whereas in the normal men 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione were mainly formed from testosterone. An explanation of the inadequate growth of pubic hair in our patient seems to be related to a conversion of testosterone - at its low plasma level - to its relatively inactive metabolites.", "contents": "Peripheral conversion and uptake of androgens in a XXY-man with Klinefelter's syndrome. The conversion of 3H-testosterone and the uptake of 3H-testosterone and 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone were investigated in pubic skin and pubic hair follicles of a XXY-man with inadequate pubic hair. The uptake of both androgens was demonstrated in the skin as well as in the hair follicles. Similarly the activity of steroid 5alpha-reductase was present in both tissues. The total conversion of 3H-testosterone was 2-3 times higher in the patient than in control persons. In the XXY-man the major metabolites were 5alpha- and 5beta-androstanediols, whereas in the normal men 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione were mainly formed from testosterone. An explanation of the inadequate growth of pubic hair in our patient seems to be related to a conversion of testosterone - at its low plasma level - to its relatively inactive metabolites.", "PMID": 744177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5887", "title": "Androgen metabolism in the epithelium of the bovine cornea.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]-testosterone and [14C]-androstenedione resp. was investigated in the epithelium of the cow cornea. [14C]-testosterone was converted mainly to androstenedione (48.3%), while conversion to dihydrotestosterone accounted only for 2%. On incubation of androstenedione mainly testosterone was formed (9.8%) and polar, probably hydroxylated, substances (7.6%).", "contents": "Androgen metabolism in the epithelium of the bovine cornea. The metabolism of [14C]-testosterone and [14C]-androstenedione resp. was investigated in the epithelium of the cow cornea. [14C]-testosterone was converted mainly to androstenedione (48.3%), while conversion to dihydrotestosterone accounted only for 2%. On incubation of androstenedione mainly testosterone was formed (9.8%) and polar, probably hydroxylated, substances (7.6%).", "PMID": 744178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5888", "title": "Posterior pituitary dopamine and noradrenaline content: effect of thirst, ethanol and saline load.", "content": "Dopamine and noradrenaline content in the posterior pituitary were found to be lower in alcohol-loaded unanesthetized rats than in rats thirsting for 72 h. Dopamine content was also found to be lower in anesthetized saline loaded rats in comparison with hydropenic animals. It is concluded that in situations in which an increase of vasopressin release is expected, the posterior pituitary content of catecholamines will also be increased, and vice versa, which might imply their role in the release of vasopressin.", "contents": "Posterior pituitary dopamine and noradrenaline content: effect of thirst, ethanol and saline load. Dopamine and noradrenaline content in the posterior pituitary were found to be lower in alcohol-loaded unanesthetized rats than in rats thirsting for 72 h. Dopamine content was also found to be lower in anesthetized saline loaded rats in comparison with hydropenic animals. It is concluded that in situations in which an increase of vasopressin release is expected, the posterior pituitary content of catecholamines will also be increased, and vice versa, which might imply their role in the release of vasopressin.", "PMID": 744179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5889", "title": "A simple and rapid technic for radioimmunoassay and calculation of plasma steroid concentrations.", "content": "A simple RIA technic for plasma steroids is described: Extraction residues or reference standards are dissolved in 20 microliter ethyl alcohol, or 20 microliter of alcoholic plasma extracts are given directly into RIA tubes; 500 microliter tracer solution, containing a known tracer mass, and, after mixing, 500 microliter antiserum solution or buffer solution are added, followed by 20 min incubation at room temperature and 20 min standing in an ice bath.  Free from bound activity is separated by charcoal coated florisil or silicagel. Plasma steroid levels are calculated by a simple equation. An immunologic equivalent to the tracer mass present in the reaction mixture serves as reference value. Drawing of standard curves is not necessary for every assay. The linear transformation used here allows the number of reference standards to be reduced. So also single samples can be analyzed with relatively low effort.", "contents": "A simple and rapid technic for radioimmunoassay and calculation of plasma steroid concentrations. A simple RIA technic for plasma steroids is described: Extraction residues or reference standards are dissolved in 20 microliter ethyl alcohol, or 20 microliter of alcoholic plasma extracts are given directly into RIA tubes; 500 microliter tracer solution, containing a known tracer mass, and, after mixing, 500 microliter antiserum solution or buffer solution are added, followed by 20 min incubation at room temperature and 20 min standing in an ice bath.  Free from bound activity is separated by charcoal coated florisil or silicagel. Plasma steroid levels are calculated by a simple equation. An immunologic equivalent to the tracer mass present in the reaction mixture serves as reference value. Drawing of standard curves is not necessary for every assay. The linear transformation used here allows the number of reference standards to be reduced. So also single samples can be analyzed with relatively low effort.", "PMID": 744180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5890", "title": "Colloid resorption in thyroid glands as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Colloid resorption from thyroid follicles in control and in calcitonin-treated rabbits was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Thus, an intense cell surface activity with several vesicles (exocytotic vesicles) and large pseudopods, sometimes cylindroids, is predominant on the thyroid follicular cells of calcitonin-treated rabbits. The pseudopods are irregular, mostly elongated, cup or dome-shaped and operate by phagocytosis or engulfment of colloid droplets (endocytosis). Only microvilli are visible on the cell surface of thyroid follicles in control rabbits. Comparative ultrastructural studies also revealed the occurrence of small exocytotic vesicles and large pseudopods in thyroid glands stimulated by calcitonin. The present findings demonstrate that the scanning electron microscopy better visualizes the colloid resorption and provides more details for the role of follicular cell surface in thyroid physiology.", "contents": "Colloid resorption in thyroid glands as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Colloid resorption from thyroid follicles in control and in calcitonin-treated rabbits was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Thus, an intense cell surface activity with several vesicles (exocytotic vesicles) and large pseudopods, sometimes cylindroids, is predominant on the thyroid follicular cells of calcitonin-treated rabbits. The pseudopods are irregular, mostly elongated, cup or dome-shaped and operate by phagocytosis or engulfment of colloid droplets (endocytosis). Only microvilli are visible on the cell surface of thyroid follicles in control rabbits. Comparative ultrastructural studies also revealed the occurrence of small exocytotic vesicles and large pseudopods in thyroid glands stimulated by calcitonin. The present findings demonstrate that the scanning electron microscopy better visualizes the colloid resorption and provides more details for the role of follicular cell surface in thyroid physiology.", "PMID": 744181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5891", "title": "Inactivation of endogenous FSH by neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Counting experiments on ovary-slices of animals treated with Neuraminidase from Vibrio Cholerae demonstrate that endogenous FSH is inactivated by the enzyme. Comparisons with a zero-test group showed inhibition of antrum formation.", "contents": "Inactivation of endogenous FSH by neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. Counting experiments on ovary-slices of animals treated with Neuraminidase from Vibrio Cholerae demonstrate that endogenous FSH is inactivated by the enzyme. Comparisons with a zero-test group showed inhibition of antrum formation.", "PMID": 744182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5892", "title": "Plasma aldosterone in newborns and children.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 134 healthy newborns and children of both sexes from the first day to 14 years of life. The highest mean value of aldosterone level was found during the first 24 hours of life (79.5 ng/100 ml), with a mean elevation by a factor of 10 in comparison to the results of adults. An age dependent decrease towards the children in the age group 6-14 years was found. The aldosterone concentration of the age group 6-14 years did not differ significantly from the aldosterone level of adults. The question of the origin of the increased aldosterone levels found in newborns and infancy is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone in newborns and children. Plasma aldosterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 134 healthy newborns and children of both sexes from the first day to 14 years of life. The highest mean value of aldosterone level was found during the first 24 hours of life (79.5 ng/100 ml), with a mean elevation by a factor of 10 in comparison to the results of adults. An age dependent decrease towards the children in the age group 6-14 years was found. The aldosterone concentration of the age group 6-14 years did not differ significantly from the aldosterone level of adults. The question of the origin of the increased aldosterone levels found in newborns and infancy is discussed.", "PMID": 744183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5893", "title": "Serum prolactin after electroconvulsive therapy in man.", "content": "When electroconvulsive therapy without anticonvulsive premedication was administered to male psychiatric patients, serum prolactin (PRL) increased regardless to the rather high initial values due to the chlorpromazine treatment. Maximal levels were found 30 min after current application, yet 60 min after electroshock the serum PRL values were declining against pre-shock levels. Infusion of 30 mg of phentolamine during 40 min prior to electroshock was without any effects on the PRL response. The obtained data indicate that even a 5-fold higher initial serum level of PRL fails to inhibit the stress-induced hormone release and that alpha adrenergic receptors scarcely play a role in this response.", "contents": "Serum prolactin after electroconvulsive therapy in man. When electroconvulsive therapy without anticonvulsive premedication was administered to male psychiatric patients, serum prolactin (PRL) increased regardless to the rather high initial values due to the chlorpromazine treatment. Maximal levels were found 30 min after current application, yet 60 min after electroshock the serum PRL values were declining against pre-shock levels. Infusion of 30 mg of phentolamine during 40 min prior to electroshock was without any effects on the PRL response. The obtained data indicate that even a 5-fold higher initial serum level of PRL fails to inhibit the stress-induced hormone release and that alpha adrenergic receptors scarcely play a role in this response.", "PMID": 744184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5894", "title": "Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: biochemical analysis of isolated myelin (electron-microscopy; protein, lipid and unsubstituted fatty acids analysis).", "content": "Analysis of myelin from a leukodystrophic brain was performed (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, classical type). Myelin recovery was 7% of normal, when isolated by ultracentrifugation. Electron microscopy showed a great amount of loose lamellae, with less thick sheaths and periodicity close to normal. This myelin contains fewer lipids than normal, sphingolipids and plasmalogens being reduced. FAtty acids from phospholipids are essentially normal, however enols from plasmalogens are largely reduced. Purified sphingolipids (cerebrosides, sulfatides and sphingomyelin) present a considerable diminution in very long chain fatty acids; the ratio of very long chain fatty acids (over C18) on shorter chains is 1% of the normal value for saturated fatty acids and 2% for the monounsaturated homologues. Protein analysis showed that basic protein and proteolipids were reduced, Wolfgram proteins being relatively increased.", "contents": "Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: biochemical analysis of isolated myelin (electron-microscopy; protein, lipid and unsubstituted fatty acids analysis). Analysis of myelin from a leukodystrophic brain was performed (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, classical type). Myelin recovery was 7% of normal, when isolated by ultracentrifugation. Electron microscopy showed a great amount of loose lamellae, with less thick sheaths and periodicity close to normal. This myelin contains fewer lipids than normal, sphingolipids and plasmalogens being reduced. FAtty acids from phospholipids are essentially normal, however enols from plasmalogens are largely reduced. Purified sphingolipids (cerebrosides, sulfatides and sphingomyelin) present a considerable diminution in very long chain fatty acids; the ratio of very long chain fatty acids (over C18) on shorter chains is 1% of the normal value for saturated fatty acids and 2% for the monounsaturated homologues. Protein analysis showed that basic protein and proteolipids were reduced, Wolfgram proteins being relatively increased.", "PMID": 744198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5895", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with sex-linked inheritance, linkage studies and abnormal serum alkaline phosphatase levels.", "content": "A family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is described. An irregular dominant sex-linked inheritance is observed. No linkage relationship between the Xg(a) blood group locus and the CMT locus was established. Abnormal values of the serum alkaline phosphatase level were found in affected and unaffected members.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with sex-linked inheritance, linkage studies and abnormal serum alkaline phosphatase levels. A family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is described. An irregular dominant sex-linked inheritance is observed. No linkage relationship between the Xg(a) blood group locus and the CMT locus was established. Abnormal values of the serum alkaline phosphatase level were found in affected and unaffected members.", "PMID": 744199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5896", "title": "EEG sleep study in parkinsonian patients under bromocryptine treatment.", "content": "Nocturnal sleep patterns were registered from 6 parkinsonian patients treated with bromocryptine, (\"-Br-L-ergocryptine, C.B.-154) a dopamine-like agonist. No significant differences in their sleep patterns were found in comparison with patients treated with L-dopa. Since bromocryptine acts direct on the dopaminergic receptor sites, it is suggested that the disturbed EEG sleep patterns in parkinsonian patients cannot be explained by altered dopaminergic or serotoninergic effects whether pre- or postsynaptic.", "contents": "EEG sleep study in parkinsonian patients under bromocryptine treatment. Nocturnal sleep patterns were registered from 6 parkinsonian patients treated with bromocryptine, (\"-Br-L-ergocryptine, C.B.-154) a dopamine-like agonist. No significant differences in their sleep patterns were found in comparison with patients treated with L-dopa. Since bromocryptine acts direct on the dopaminergic receptor sites, it is suggested that the disturbed EEG sleep patterns in parkinsonian patients cannot be explained by altered dopaminergic or serotoninergic effects whether pre- or postsynaptic.", "PMID": 744200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5897", "title": "Liquid preservation of canine granulocytes obtained by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation.", "content": "Granulocytes (PMN) were isolated from 120 ml of canine whole blood by a modification of the counterflow centrifugation-elutriation technique. Isolated cell suspensions of 96% granulocytes and 4% mononuclear leukocytes with a 21:1 PMN/RBC ratio were stored at 4 degrees C in 4:4:2 medium consisting of four parts HBSS minus Ca++ and Mg++, four parts MEM, twp parts autologous plasma, and 20 microgram/ml gentamicin for 15 days. Granulocytes were stored at concentrations of approximately 4 x 10(6) PMN/ml in polypropylene centrifuge tubes. The stored granulocyte suspensions were assayed in vitro 0, 1, 4, 8, and 15 days to monitor chemotaxis, bacterial growth inhibition, O2 consumption associated with phagocytosis, and enzyme activities. Cell volume analysis was used to evaluate cellular integrity of the liquid-stored granulocytes. Canine granulocytes isolated by the modified dilution technique of counterflow centrifugation-elutriation can be preserved for up to 15 days with 77 +/- 6% granulocyte survival with maintenance of morphological and organelle integrity, as well as retention of in vitro functions of recognition, migration, phagocytosis, and killing of gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Liquid preservation of canine granulocytes obtained by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation. Granulocytes (PMN) were isolated from 120 ml of canine whole blood by a modification of the counterflow centrifugation-elutriation technique. Isolated cell suspensions of 96% granulocytes and 4% mononuclear leukocytes with a 21:1 PMN/RBC ratio were stored at 4 degrees C in 4:4:2 medium consisting of four parts HBSS minus Ca++ and Mg++, four parts MEM, twp parts autologous plasma, and 20 microgram/ml gentamicin for 15 days. Granulocytes were stored at concentrations of approximately 4 x 10(6) PMN/ml in polypropylene centrifuge tubes. The stored granulocyte suspensions were assayed in vitro 0, 1, 4, 8, and 15 days to monitor chemotaxis, bacterial growth inhibition, O2 consumption associated with phagocytosis, and enzyme activities. Cell volume analysis was used to evaluate cellular integrity of the liquid-stored granulocytes. Canine granulocytes isolated by the modified dilution technique of counterflow centrifugation-elutriation can be preserved for up to 15 days with 77 +/- 6% granulocyte survival with maintenance of morphological and organelle integrity, as well as retention of in vitro functions of recognition, migration, phagocytosis, and killing of gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 744201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5898", "title": "Incapacity of hematopoietic stem cell-deprived mice to produce tumor colonies induced by Friend virus-infected cells.", "content": "The role of host hematopoietic stem cells in the formation of tumor colonies in the spleen of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2) F1 mice after grafts of spleen cells from Friend virus (FVP)-infected donors has been investigated. Hematopoietic stem cell compartments of recipient mice were destroyed by Myleran treatment or gamma-ray irradiation. A single injection of Myleran reduced the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CFU) and the erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) in polycythemic mice to around 1% of that of controls. Repeated injections of erythropoietin (EPO) restored the erythropoietic precursor cell (ERC) population. Pretreatment of polycythemic hosts with Myleran totally suppressed the tumor colony forming ability of grafted Friend virus-infected spleen cells, whereas it had no effect on tumor colonies produced by inoculation of true tumoral Friend cells. After EPO injections in such Myleran-treated recipients, with a consequent appreciable ERC repopulation, splenic colonies again occurred. Similar results were obtained in hosts whose ERC populations were damaged by irradiation. These data strongly suggest that splenic colonies result from the proliferation of the host cells transformed by virus released by Friend virus-infected cells and not from the proliferation of donor tumor cells.", "contents": "Incapacity of hematopoietic stem cell-deprived mice to produce tumor colonies induced by Friend virus-infected cells. The role of host hematopoietic stem cells in the formation of tumor colonies in the spleen of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2) F1 mice after grafts of spleen cells from Friend virus (FVP)-infected donors has been investigated. Hematopoietic stem cell compartments of recipient mice were destroyed by Myleran treatment or gamma-ray irradiation. A single injection of Myleran reduced the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CFU) and the erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) in polycythemic mice to around 1% of that of controls. Repeated injections of erythropoietin (EPO) restored the erythropoietic precursor cell (ERC) population. Pretreatment of polycythemic hosts with Myleran totally suppressed the tumor colony forming ability of grafted Friend virus-infected spleen cells, whereas it had no effect on tumor colonies produced by inoculation of true tumoral Friend cells. After EPO injections in such Myleran-treated recipients, with a consequent appreciable ERC repopulation, splenic colonies again occurred. Similar results were obtained in hosts whose ERC populations were damaged by irradiation. These data strongly suggest that splenic colonies result from the proliferation of the host cells transformed by virus released by Friend virus-infected cells and not from the proliferation of donor tumor cells.", "PMID": 744202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5899", "title": "Granulocyte isolation by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation of canine blood obtained by continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis.", "content": "Granulocytes have been isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation (CCE) from canine leukocyte-rich blood obtained by continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL). We have attempted to define both the maximal granulocyte recovery and the efficiency of granulocyte purification for the Beckman JE6 elutriation rotor when large volumes of leukocyte rich blood are utilized. The efficiency of granulocyte purification by CCE is 81% (1.31 +/- 0.1 x 10(9) PMNL) if the number of granulocytes entered into the Beckman JE-6 rotor as leukocyte rich blood is limited to 1.60 +/- 0.13 x 10(9) PMNL. Approximately 96 +/- 2% of the leukocytes in the purified fraction were of the granulocytic series with mononuclear leukocytes comprising the residual 4% of the cell population. In vitro analysis of the isolated granulocytes indicated that the cells did not lose their morphological integrity or physiological function as a result of the dual CFCL/CCE procedure relative to granulocytes isolated by CCE from freshly drawn peripheral blood.", "contents": "Granulocyte isolation by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation of canine blood obtained by continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis. Granulocytes have been isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation (CCE) from canine leukocyte-rich blood obtained by continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL). We have attempted to define both the maximal granulocyte recovery and the efficiency of granulocyte purification for the Beckman JE6 elutriation rotor when large volumes of leukocyte rich blood are utilized. The efficiency of granulocyte purification by CCE is 81% (1.31 +/- 0.1 x 10(9) PMNL) if the number of granulocytes entered into the Beckman JE-6 rotor as leukocyte rich blood is limited to 1.60 +/- 0.13 x 10(9) PMNL. Approximately 96 +/- 2% of the leukocytes in the purified fraction were of the granulocytic series with mononuclear leukocytes comprising the residual 4% of the cell population. In vitro analysis of the isolated granulocytes indicated that the cells did not lose their morphological integrity or physiological function as a result of the dual CFCL/CCE procedure relative to granulocytes isolated by CCE from freshly drawn peripheral blood.", "PMID": 744203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5900", "title": "Teratogenic effect of windowing eggs at early stages of avian development.", "content": "The chick embryo is widely used as an experimental model for embryological and teratological studies. Treatment may be iether across the intact shell or through a window cut in the shell above the embryo. However, it is apparent from the present investigation that merely windowing eggs at early stages of development is highly teratogenic. Abnormal development can be attributed to the presence of an introduced air space above the early embryo. Obliteration of this artificial air space by three different methods significantly reduced the teratogenic response.", "contents": "Teratogenic effect of windowing eggs at early stages of avian development. The chick embryo is widely used as an experimental model for embryological and teratological studies. Treatment may be iether across the intact shell or through a window cut in the shell above the embryo. However, it is apparent from the present investigation that merely windowing eggs at early stages of development is highly teratogenic. Abnormal development can be attributed to the presence of an introduced air space above the early embryo. Obliteration of this artificial air space by three different methods significantly reduced the teratogenic response.", "PMID": 744206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5901", "title": "Fat-storing cells in the liver of rats kept on a low-magnesium diet.", "content": "While studying the effect of low-magnesium diet on the rat liver considerable proliferation and enlargement of cells, identified as the Ito cells, has been observed. These events were accompanied by the accumulation of lipid substances in the cells. It is the authors' opinion that the lipid accumulation in the Ito cells is due to the deficiency in the lipid metabolising and transporting enzymes. Disturbances in the production of enzymatic proteins may result from the considerable and longlasting magnesium deficiency. The contribution of the fat-storing cells to the collagen biosynthesis is also discussed.", "contents": "Fat-storing cells in the liver of rats kept on a low-magnesium diet. While studying the effect of low-magnesium diet on the rat liver considerable proliferation and enlargement of cells, identified as the Ito cells, has been observed. These events were accompanied by the accumulation of lipid substances in the cells. It is the authors' opinion that the lipid accumulation in the Ito cells is due to the deficiency in the lipid metabolising and transporting enzymes. Disturbances in the production of enzymatic proteins may result from the considerable and longlasting magnesium deficiency. The contribution of the fat-storing cells to the collagen biosynthesis is also discussed.", "PMID": 744207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5902", "title": "Morphological findings in spontaneously hypertensive rats in comparison with findings after experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "The morphological findings in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared with the findings after experimental renal hypertension. In addition the effect of an arteriosclerogenic diet was investigated. Cardiac hypertrophy occurred in all types of hypertension. During the course of renal hypertension there was also hypertrophy of the tunica media of the arterial vessels of the heart, kidneys, mesenterium, and orta. Degenerative changes in the vascular walls occurred when nephrectomized rats were given a diet containing 2% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid. This produced intima lipoidosis after seven to eleven weeks. The intensity seemed to be dependent on the degree of hypertension and the duration of the experiment.", "contents": "Morphological findings in spontaneously hypertensive rats in comparison with findings after experimental renal hypertension. The morphological findings in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared with the findings after experimental renal hypertension. In addition the effect of an arteriosclerogenic diet was investigated. Cardiac hypertrophy occurred in all types of hypertension. During the course of renal hypertension there was also hypertrophy of the tunica media of the arterial vessels of the heart, kidneys, mesenterium, and orta. Degenerative changes in the vascular walls occurred when nephrectomized rats were given a diet containing 2% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid. This produced intima lipoidosis after seven to eleven weeks. The intensity seemed to be dependent on the degree of hypertension and the duration of the experiment.", "PMID": 744208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5903", "title": "Ethanol toxic effect on the newborn rat liver.--Histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigations.", "content": "The object of the study was the liver of newborn rats. Specimens were taken from the 2nd to the 8th hour after birth. Tissue material was obtained from control animals and the newborns whose mothers had been ethanol fed throughout gestation period. 40% ethanol was administered in doses of 8.0 g/kg weight, by gastric tube. In the newborn liver ethanol ingestion had led to significant accumulation of lipids, a strong acid phosphatase reaction and to a drop in succinic dehydrogenase activity. Histochemically, the intensity of alcohol dehydrogenase activity did not show any difference when the ethanol treated newborn liver was compared with controls. Ultrastructurally, the changes in the liver cells were expressed by a disappearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum elements. Mitochondria were often swollen and distorted.", "contents": "Ethanol toxic effect on the newborn rat liver.--Histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigations. The object of the study was the liver of newborn rats. Specimens were taken from the 2nd to the 8th hour after birth. Tissue material was obtained from control animals and the newborns whose mothers had been ethanol fed throughout gestation period. 40% ethanol was administered in doses of 8.0 g/kg weight, by gastric tube. In the newborn liver ethanol ingestion had led to significant accumulation of lipids, a strong acid phosphatase reaction and to a drop in succinic dehydrogenase activity. Histochemically, the intensity of alcohol dehydrogenase activity did not show any difference when the ethanol treated newborn liver was compared with controls. Ultrastructurally, the changes in the liver cells were expressed by a disappearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum elements. Mitochondria were often swollen and distorted.", "PMID": 744209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5904", "title": "Studies on morphological changes of arteries by administration of soluble immune complexes to low calcium diet bred guinea pigs.--Special reference to the morphological pathogenesis of arteritis.", "content": "Guinea pigs bred on a low calcium diet for 5 weeks, were injected soluble immune complexes once and angitis or angiolytic changes of the vascular wall in the lungs were noted. Leucocytic adhesions along the luminal surface of the vascular wall, which were carved with leucocytic reactions, could be noticed. Loosening or duplication of the basement membrane accompanied by protrusion of vascular smooth muscle cells into the subendothelial space could be demonstrated. Above results are thought to be a consequence of the conjugation of immune complexes and the negative charges of acid mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Studies on morphological changes of arteries by administration of soluble immune complexes to low calcium diet bred guinea pigs.--Special reference to the morphological pathogenesis of arteritis. Guinea pigs bred on a low calcium diet for 5 weeks, were injected soluble immune complexes once and angitis or angiolytic changes of the vascular wall in the lungs were noted. Leucocytic adhesions along the luminal surface of the vascular wall, which were carved with leucocytic reactions, could be noticed. Loosening or duplication of the basement membrane accompanied by protrusion of vascular smooth muscle cells into the subendothelial space could be demonstrated. Above results are thought to be a consequence of the conjugation of immune complexes and the negative charges of acid mucopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 744210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5905", "title": "The nephrotoxicity and renal accumulation of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in rats, rabbits and guinea pigs.", "content": "The nephrotoxicity and renal concentrations of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin were studied in rat, rabbit and guinea pig. The nephrotoxicity was estimated by histological examination and by measuring the relative weight of the kidneys (mg/100 mg body weight). These two systems had a significant correlation (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001). The concentrations of aminoglycosides were determined by the cylinder-plate method measuring free aminoglycosides. The renal toxicity of the aminoglycosides in equal doses weight by weight followed the order amikacin less than tobramycin less than gentamycin in the rat. The same order was observed in the renal accumulation of the aminoglycosides in rat, rabbit and guinea pig. The critical kidney damaging concentration of free aminoglycoside in the whole rat kidney was estimated to be 160--190 microgram/g.", "contents": "The nephrotoxicity and renal accumulation of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in rats, rabbits and guinea pigs. The nephrotoxicity and renal concentrations of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin were studied in rat, rabbit and guinea pig. The nephrotoxicity was estimated by histological examination and by measuring the relative weight of the kidneys (mg/100 mg body weight). These two systems had a significant correlation (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001). The concentrations of aminoglycosides were determined by the cylinder-plate method measuring free aminoglycosides. The renal toxicity of the aminoglycosides in equal doses weight by weight followed the order amikacin less than tobramycin less than gentamycin in the rat. The same order was observed in the renal accumulation of the aminoglycosides in rat, rabbit and guinea pig. The critical kidney damaging concentration of free aminoglycoside in the whole rat kidney was estimated to be 160--190 microgram/g.", "PMID": 744211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5906", "title": "Experimental ultrastructural study on stimulation of the rat gastric endocrine cells. In vitro distension of the stomach by air inflation.", "content": "The effect of distension of the stomach by air (in vitro) upon the ultrastructural picture of gastric endocrine cells in rats starved for 72 hours was investigated. Distension of the stomach by air in vitro, lasting for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, resulted in massive dissolution of gastrin granules that had accumulated in the course of starvation. In AL, D1, EC and ECL cells distension of the stomach by air failed to induce dissolution of granular content or release of granules by any other mechanism. In AL and D1 cells accumulation of secretory granules caused by starvation was observed, the ultrastructure of EC and ECL cells remained unchanged both under the effect of starvation and distension. Dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum profiles as well as other changes on some cell organelles observed on endocrine cells after distension of the stomach by air in vitro are due to the effect of autolysis.", "contents": "Experimental ultrastructural study on stimulation of the rat gastric endocrine cells. In vitro distension of the stomach by air inflation. The effect of distension of the stomach by air (in vitro) upon the ultrastructural picture of gastric endocrine cells in rats starved for 72 hours was investigated. Distension of the stomach by air in vitro, lasting for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, resulted in massive dissolution of gastrin granules that had accumulated in the course of starvation. In AL, D1, EC and ECL cells distension of the stomach by air failed to induce dissolution of granular content or release of granules by any other mechanism. In AL and D1 cells accumulation of secretory granules caused by starvation was observed, the ultrastructure of EC and ECL cells remained unchanged both under the effect of starvation and distension. Dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum profiles as well as other changes on some cell organelles observed on endocrine cells after distension of the stomach by air in vitro are due to the effect of autolysis.", "PMID": 744212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5907", "title": "The results of family therapy revisited: the nonbehavioral methods.", "content": "Studies from 1971 to 1976 reporting on the outcome of the nonbehavioral family therapies are analyzed and critically reviewed. Such research has increased in both quality and quantity since 1970 and, broadly speaking, has legitimized the status of family therapy as a viable mode of helping. Particularly potent effects were noted for family therapy as an alternative to psychiatric hospitalization, with psychosomatic problems in children and adolescents, and in certain applications with parent-child and parent-adolescent relationships. However, a number of studies comparing family therapy with no formal treatment or an alternative treatment found little difference in outcome. Problems in family therapy outcome research are discussed and some future directions suggested.", "contents": "The results of family therapy revisited: the nonbehavioral methods. Studies from 1971 to 1976 reporting on the outcome of the nonbehavioral family therapies are analyzed and critically reviewed. Such research has increased in both quality and quantity since 1970 and, broadly speaking, has legitimized the status of family therapy as a viable mode of helping. Particularly potent effects were noted for family therapy as an alternative to psychiatric hospitalization, with psychosomatic problems in children and adolescents, and in certain applications with parent-child and parent-adolescent relationships. However, a number of studies comparing family therapy with no formal treatment or an alternative treatment found little difference in outcome. Problems in family therapy outcome research are discussed and some future directions suggested.", "PMID": 744214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5908", "title": "Technolatry, methodolatry, and the results of family therapy.", "content": "Wells and Dezen's revisited results of research on the outcomes of nonbehavioral family therapy are themselves revisited. While their conclusions are largely defensible in terms of conventional criteria for research design and for assessing change in psychotherapy, we question whether such standard criteria are sufficient for studying the outcomes of family therapy. Moreover, Wells and Dezen's preoccupation with therapeutic technology at the expense of relationship factors and of \"objective\" change measures at the expense of more inferential measures severely limits the clinical and conceptual meaningfulness of their review.", "contents": "Technolatry, methodolatry, and the results of family therapy. Wells and Dezen's revisited results of research on the outcomes of nonbehavioral family therapy are themselves revisited. While their conclusions are largely defensible in terms of conventional criteria for research design and for assessing change in psychotherapy, we question whether such standard criteria are sufficient for studying the outcomes of family therapy. Moreover, Wells and Dezen's preoccupation with therapeutic technology at the expense of relationship factors and of \"objective\" change measures at the expense of more inferential measures severely limits the clinical and conceptual meaningfulness of their review.", "PMID": 744215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5909", "title": "Ideologies, idols (and graven images?): rejoinder to Gurman and Kniskern.", "content": "Three major issues raised in Gurman and Kniskern's commentary are discussed. These are (a) the suitability of established research design criteria for studying the outcome of family therapy; (b) the impact of therapist relationship factors on therapy outcome; and (c) the place of concrete or objective change measures in psychotherapy outcome research. Areas of agreement and disagreement with Gurman and Kniskern's observations are identified.", "contents": "Ideologies, idols (and graven images?): rejoinder to Gurman and Kniskern. Three major issues raised in Gurman and Kniskern's commentary are discussed. These are (a) the suitability of established research design criteria for studying the outcome of family therapy; (b) the impact of therapist relationship factors on therapy outcome; and (c) the place of concrete or objective change measures in psychotherapy outcome research. Areas of agreement and disagreement with Gurman and Kniskern's observations are identified.", "PMID": 744216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5910", "title": "Family ties and child placement.", "content": "The fundamental premise of this paper is the primacy of the child's experience of biological-familial continuity in establishing his sense of self and personal significance. This paper examines the effects of current child placement practices on the child's ties to his biological, foster, and adoptive families. It explores alternative practices that would take into account biological-familial continuity. Comment is invited.", "contents": "Family ties and child placement. The fundamental premise of this paper is the primacy of the child's experience of biological-familial continuity in establishing his sense of self and personal significance. This paper examines the effects of current child placement practices on the child's ties to his biological, foster, and adoptive families. It explores alternative practices that would take into account biological-familial continuity. Comment is invited.", "PMID": 744218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5911", "title": "Adoption: legal resolution or legal fraud?", "content": "Adoption, long considered a binding social contract, is under attack because it separates the adopted from their biological family. The attitudes and practices of secrecy by the courts, agencies, and adoptive families have intensified the adoptees' feelings of being different and cut off from their roots. In a changing climate of greater openness about sensitive subjects, less tension in discussing adoption can be a significant prophylactic factor. In this sense, adopted people, collectively and individually, are making a meaningful contribution to a complex area of human relations. However, if adoption records are unsealed by legislative acts, the primary needs of the adoptive and biological parents can be undermined by the needs of the adopted adult.", "contents": "Adoption: legal resolution or legal fraud? Adoption, long considered a binding social contract, is under attack because it separates the adopted from their biological family. The attitudes and practices of secrecy by the courts, agencies, and adoptive families have intensified the adoptees' feelings of being different and cut off from their roots. In a changing climate of greater openness about sensitive subjects, less tension in discussing adoption can be a significant prophylactic factor. In this sense, adopted people, collectively and individually, are making a meaningful contribution to a complex area of human relations. However, if adoption records are unsealed by legislative acts, the primary needs of the adoptive and biological parents can be undermined by the needs of the adopted adult.", "PMID": 744219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5912", "title": "Birth parents who relinquished babies for adoption revisited.", "content": "The fact that adoption records may be opened by court decree to enable adoptees to have access to identifying information about their birth parents makes it incumbent upon those concerned with adoption practices to study the impact of this on adoptees, adoptive parents, birth parents, and professional practice. This paper reports on research addressed to the attitudes and feelings of birth parents years after they relinquished babies for adoption.", "contents": "Birth parents who relinquished babies for adoption revisited. The fact that adoption records may be opened by court decree to enable adoptees to have access to identifying information about their birth parents makes it incumbent upon those concerned with adoption practices to study the impact of this on adoptees, adoptive parents, birth parents, and professional practice. This paper reports on research addressed to the attitudes and feelings of birth parents years after they relinquished babies for adoption.", "PMID": 744220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5913", "title": "Keith: a case study of structural family therapy.", "content": "This is an edited case presentation of marital therapy of a couple whose child was originally presented as the problem. Two primary themes are emphasized throughout the case. The first is that therapy consists of stages involving critical transitional points that need to be appropriately timed. The second is the use of a task to bring about structural realignment within the family. Excerpts were chosen because they clearly represent the process of movement in the therapy, illustrating both the stages of therapy and the utilization of an assigned task by the therapist. Commentary on the case material is interspersed throughout transcriptions.", "contents": "Keith: a case study of structural family therapy. This is an edited case presentation of marital therapy of a couple whose child was originally presented as the problem. Two primary themes are emphasized throughout the case. The first is that therapy consists of stages involving critical transitional points that need to be appropriately timed. The second is the use of a task to bring about structural realignment within the family. Excerpts were chosen because they clearly represent the process of movement in the therapy, illustrating both the stages of therapy and the utilization of an assigned task by the therapist. Commentary on the case material is interspersed throughout transcriptions.", "PMID": 744221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5914", "title": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families. Confusions and conclusions: a response to Doane.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the logic and conclusions of Doane's article (14), and in so doing, to raise serious questions regarding her evaluation of the family interaction literature. In particular, we suggest that Doane's paper is characterized by (a) a confused and inaccurate presentation of previous reviews; (b) a vague and contradictory set of terms around which she attempts to recast previous findings; (c) an arbitrary and unsystematic selection of findings used to support suggestions regarding reliable group differences; (d) uncritical and erroneous interpretations of findings that ostensibly support suggested differences between groups; and (e) a superficial acceptance of recent family interaction data concerned with the relationship between communication deviance/clarity and psychopathology. We hope our detailed critique will stimulate other observers of family interaction research to contribute more accurate and significant perspectives to the field than those presented in Doane's review.", "contents": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families. Confusions and conclusions: a response to Doane. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the logic and conclusions of Doane's article (14), and in so doing, to raise serious questions regarding her evaluation of the family interaction literature. In particular, we suggest that Doane's paper is characterized by (a) a confused and inaccurate presentation of previous reviews; (b) a vague and contradictory set of terms around which she attempts to recast previous findings; (c) an arbitrary and unsystematic selection of findings used to support suggestions regarding reliable group differences; (d) uncritical and erroneous interpretations of findings that ostensibly support suggested differences between groups; and (e) a superficial acceptance of recent family interaction data concerned with the relationship between communication deviance/clarity and psychopathology. We hope our detailed critique will stimulate other observers of family interaction research to contribute more accurate and significant perspectives to the field than those presented in Doane's review.", "PMID": 744222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5915", "title": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families. Questions of strategy: rejoinder to Jacob and Grounds.", "content": "Perhaps the best way to respond to Jacob and Grounds' critique is to focus on the more important issues they raise and to clarify some of the apparent confusion. It seems there are several general classes of criticism that Jacob and Grounds have offered: arbitrariness in selection of studies, inconsistency in reporting findings, inaccuracies in the data reported, and an overly favorable conclusion with respect to the communication deviance literature. Each of these issues will be dealt with here, using as many specific illustrations and examples as space permits.", "contents": "Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families. Questions of strategy: rejoinder to Jacob and Grounds. Perhaps the best way to respond to Jacob and Grounds' critique is to focus on the more important issues they raise and to clarify some of the apparent confusion. It seems there are several general classes of criticism that Jacob and Grounds have offered: arbitrariness in selection of studies, inconsistency in reporting findings, inaccuracies in the data reported, and an overly favorable conclusion with respect to the communication deviance literature. Each of these issues will be dealt with here, using as many specific illustrations and examples as space permits.", "PMID": 744223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5916", "title": "[Biological activity of 1,2-benzylisothiazoles. Relationship between the structure and the auxinlike activity of the 1,2-benzylisothiazol-3-ylacetic acid class].", "content": "The LFER model was used to study quantitatively the interrelations between chemical structure and auxinic activity of some methyl esters of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-ylacetic acids, using as biological response the cell enlargement induced in etiolated stems of Pisum sativum, var. Alaska. Having demonstrated that activity, expressed as log 1/C, is correlated, by Eq. 8, with factionary charge (-- Qs) calculated for the sulfur atom and with the logarithm of retention time (log t), determined by reverse phase HPLC, the AA. deal with the influences of the latter parameters on the effect registered.", "contents": "[Biological activity of 1,2-benzylisothiazoles. Relationship between the structure and the auxinlike activity of the 1,2-benzylisothiazol-3-ylacetic acid class]. The LFER model was used to study quantitatively the interrelations between chemical structure and auxinic activity of some methyl esters of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-ylacetic acids, using as biological response the cell enlargement induced in etiolated stems of Pisum sativum, var. Alaska. Having demonstrated that activity, expressed as log 1/C, is correlated, by Eq. 8, with factionary charge (-- Qs) calculated for the sulfur atom and with the logarithm of retention time (log t), determined by reverse phase HPLC, the AA. deal with the influences of the latter parameters on the effect registered.", "PMID": 744234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5917", "title": "[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. V. Optically active 4-biphenylyloxybutyric and 4-biphenylylglycolic acids].", "content": "The synthesis and the resolution of the enantiomers of (+/-)2-(4-biphenylyl)-4-oxybutyric and (+/-)4-(4-biphenylyl)-2-oxybutyric acids and the resolution of the enantiomers of (+/-)2-(4-biphenylyl)-2-oxybutyric and (+/-)4-biphenylylglycolic acids are described. The potassium salts of each enantiomer were submitted to preliminary assays of antiphlogistic activity.", "contents": "[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. V. Optically active 4-biphenylyloxybutyric and 4-biphenylylglycolic acids]. The synthesis and the resolution of the enantiomers of (+/-)2-(4-biphenylyl)-4-oxybutyric and (+/-)4-(4-biphenylyl)-2-oxybutyric acids and the resolution of the enantiomers of (+/-)2-(4-biphenylyl)-2-oxybutyric and (+/-)4-biphenylylglycolic acids are described. The potassium salts of each enantiomer were submitted to preliminary assays of antiphlogistic activity.", "PMID": 744235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5918", "title": "Synthesis of some 11H-indolo[3,2-c][1,8]naphthyridines.", "content": "The preparation of some 11H-indolo[3,2-c] [1,8]naphthyridines (V), having oxygen functions at positions 3 or 3 and 10 or 3 and 8, as in steroidal active compounds, is described. Compounds (V) were obtained using the Fisher indole synthesis. The preparation of the parent nucleus: 11H-indolo [3,2-c] [1,8]naphthyridines (V n) is also described. Some compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening, but none was found to be significantly active.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 11H-indolo[3,2-c][1,8]naphthyridines. The preparation of some 11H-indolo[3,2-c] [1,8]naphthyridines (V), having oxygen functions at positions 3 or 3 and 10 or 3 and 8, as in steroidal active compounds, is described. Compounds (V) were obtained using the Fisher indole synthesis. The preparation of the parent nucleus: 11H-indolo [3,2-c] [1,8]naphthyridines (V n) is also described. Some compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening, but none was found to be significantly active.", "PMID": 744236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5919", "title": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. VII. 4-Dialkylaminoalkyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1c] [1,2,4]benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxides and their benzene-substituted derivatives. Cardiovascular effects in the anesthetized rat].", "content": "A series of 4-dimethylaminoethyl and 4-diethylaminoethyl derivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,2,4] benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring was prepared and subjected to preliminary investigation using the cardiovascular system of the anesthesized rat. Introduction of a basic group in the alkyl chain on N4 gives compounds with good hypotensive activity, this being most pronounced for (III, IV a and XIV) and an increase in differential pressure, marked for (V a, X, XII). These effects are sometimes accompanied by some bradycardizing activity, most marked for (V a) and (X). The results therefore confirm that derivatives of tetrahydropyrrolbenzothiazine have cardiovascular activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. VII. 4-Dialkylaminoalkyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1c] [1,2,4]benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxides and their benzene-substituted derivatives. Cardiovascular effects in the anesthetized rat]. A series of 4-dimethylaminoethyl and 4-diethylaminoethyl derivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,2,4] benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring was prepared and subjected to preliminary investigation using the cardiovascular system of the anesthesized rat. Introduction of a basic group in the alkyl chain on N4 gives compounds with good hypotensive activity, this being most pronounced for (III, IV a and XIV) and an increase in differential pressure, marked for (V a, X, XII). These effects are sometimes accompanied by some bradycardizing activity, most marked for (V a) and (X). The results therefore confirm that derivatives of tetrahydropyrrolbenzothiazine have cardiovascular activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 744237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5920", "title": "[Pyrazolo[3,4d][1,3]thiazine systems].", "content": "The synthesis of 1,2,4,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrazolo [3,4-d] [1,3]thiazine-4,6-dithione is described. By spectroscopic methods the anphionic structure of this and other related compounds is demonstrated. In addition, the action of alkylating reagents upon pyrazolo-[3,4-d] [1,3]thiazine-4,6-dithionic compounds is examined and described. The biological activity of the new synthesized compounds is reported.", "contents": "[Pyrazolo[3,4d][1,3]thiazine systems]. The synthesis of 1,2,4,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrazolo [3,4-d] [1,3]thiazine-4,6-dithione is described. By spectroscopic methods the anphionic structure of this and other related compounds is demonstrated. In addition, the action of alkylating reagents upon pyrazolo-[3,4-d] [1,3]thiazine-4,6-dithionic compounds is examined and described. The biological activity of the new synthesized compounds is reported.", "PMID": 744238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5921", "title": "[Chemical and pharmaceutical research on pyran derivatives. XI. Synthesis of 2-dialkylamino-4-oxo-10-methyl-4H-naphtho[2,3b]pyrans].", "content": "Reaction of N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides with 1-methyl-2-naphthol, in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, gave rise to the formation of 2-dialkylamino-4-oxo-10-methyl-4H-naphtho[2,3-b] pyrans through the preliminary attack of the amide-phosphorus oxychloride reactant at the phenolic hydroxyl and cyclization at position 3 of the naphthalene moiety. However when (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides were used in the reaction an ortho position of the N-phenyl group was involved in the cyclization and 1-alkyl-2(1'-methyl-2'-naphthoxy)-4-quinolones were achieved. Pharmacological investigation showed that some naphtho[2,3-b]pyran derivatives have neurotropic activity of the sedative, anticonvulsant and antidepressant type very similar to that shown by previously studied 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans (5).", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmaceutical research on pyran derivatives. XI. Synthesis of 2-dialkylamino-4-oxo-10-methyl-4H-naphtho[2,3b]pyrans]. Reaction of N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides with 1-methyl-2-naphthol, in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, gave rise to the formation of 2-dialkylamino-4-oxo-10-methyl-4H-naphtho[2,3-b] pyrans through the preliminary attack of the amide-phosphorus oxychloride reactant at the phenolic hydroxyl and cyclization at position 3 of the naphthalene moiety. However when (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides were used in the reaction an ortho position of the N-phenyl group was involved in the cyclization and 1-alkyl-2(1'-methyl-2'-naphthoxy)-4-quinolones were achieved. Pharmacological investigation showed that some naphtho[2,3-b]pyran derivatives have neurotropic activity of the sedative, anticonvulsant and antidepressant type very similar to that shown by previously studied 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans (5).", "PMID": 744239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5922", "title": "[Phytotoxic activity of N,N-di-sec-butylbenzamides with alkyl substituents on the aromatic nucleus].", "content": "A new series of N,N-di,sec.butylalkylbenzamides was studied and it was found that some compounds showed particularly interesting selective phytotoxicity comparable with that shown by analogous halogen derivatives.", "contents": "[Phytotoxic activity of N,N-di-sec-butylbenzamides with alkyl substituents on the aromatic nucleus]. A new series of N,N-di,sec.butylalkylbenzamides was studied and it was found that some compounds showed particularly interesting selective phytotoxicity comparable with that shown by analogous halogen derivatives.", "PMID": 744240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5923", "title": "[Unexpected anti-inflammatory activity of rigid structure derivatives of 6-arylpyridazinone antihypertensives. I. Synthesis and activity of 4,4a-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2c]pyridazin-3-ones].", "content": "The antihypertensive 5-methyl-6-p.cyanophenyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone has been embodied in a rigid framework corresponding to a 4,4a-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2-c]-3-pyridazinonic structure (II). The resulting 7-cyano derivative (IIc) was found to be devoid of antihypertensive activity. However this compound, as well as other members having structure (II), exhibited antiinflammatory properties.", "contents": "[Unexpected anti-inflammatory activity of rigid structure derivatives of 6-arylpyridazinone antihypertensives. I. Synthesis and activity of 4,4a-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2c]pyridazin-3-ones]. The antihypertensive 5-methyl-6-p.cyanophenyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone has been embodied in a rigid framework corresponding to a 4,4a-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2-c]-3-pyridazinonic structure (II). The resulting 7-cyano derivative (IIc) was found to be devoid of antihypertensive activity. However this compound, as well as other members having structure (II), exhibited antiinflammatory properties.", "PMID": 744241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5924", "title": "[Benzotriazole derivatives active on plant growth. I. Preparation, characterization, and correlation between physicochemical properties and structure].", "content": "Following preliminary observations of auxin-like activity for several benzotriazole derivatives, a large number of new derivatives bearing on position 1 or 2 different kinds of omega-substituted chains were prepared and tested for activity on plant growth. Some physico-chemical properties which are potentially correlated with biological activity were determined for all the new benzotriazole derivatives and for those already studied in this field as growth promoting substances. Partition coefficients (between n-octanol and buffer with pH 5.6) and RM values of 2-substituted isomers were correlated, through regressional analysis, with the corresponding properties of 1-substituted isomers. Finally, the chromatographic characterictics of the sixty substances so far considered were correlated, again through regressional analysis, with the corresponding partition coefficients and with structural features and specific functional groups by which the eventual interactions with the substratum are regulated.", "contents": "[Benzotriazole derivatives active on plant growth. I. Preparation, characterization, and correlation between physicochemical properties and structure]. Following preliminary observations of auxin-like activity for several benzotriazole derivatives, a large number of new derivatives bearing on position 1 or 2 different kinds of omega-substituted chains were prepared and tested for activity on plant growth. Some physico-chemical properties which are potentially correlated with biological activity were determined for all the new benzotriazole derivatives and for those already studied in this field as growth promoting substances. Partition coefficients (between n-octanol and buffer with pH 5.6) and RM values of 2-substituted isomers were correlated, through regressional analysis, with the corresponding properties of 1-substituted isomers. Finally, the chromatographic characterictics of the sixty substances so far considered were correlated, again through regressional analysis, with the corresponding partition coefficients and with structural features and specific functional groups by which the eventual interactions with the substratum are regulated.", "PMID": 744242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5925", "title": "[Effect of benzotriazole derivatives on plant growth. II].", "content": "The action on plant growth of sixty benzotriazole derivatives carrying on position 1 or 2 several kinds of substituents, has been studied via the oat coleoptile section elongation test. At medium and low concentrations almost all compounds behave as activators, while at the highest concentrations many of them, like indolylacetic acid (IAA), are growth inhibitors. It is worth noting the lack of toxicity, even at the highest concentration used, for the 1-hydroxyalkylbenzotriazoles and, more generally speaking, the low toxicity of hydroxyalkylbenzotriazoles and of benzotriazolylalkanoic acid amides. In the range of concentration from 10(-6) to 10(-8) M some methylalkylbenzotriazoles as well as some benzotriazolylalkanoic acids and esters are more active than IAA exhibiting from 40 to 60% of the maximal activity of IAA. The activities of methylalkylbenzotriazoles and particularly that of 2-(1'-methyl)pentylbenzotriazole are outstanding; actually at the lowest concentration tested (10(-8) M and at 10(-5) M, at which concentration this compound shows the maximum activity, the biological responses correspond respectively to more than 50 and 80% of maximal activity of IAA.", "contents": "[Effect of benzotriazole derivatives on plant growth. II]. The action on plant growth of sixty benzotriazole derivatives carrying on position 1 or 2 several kinds of substituents, has been studied via the oat coleoptile section elongation test. At medium and low concentrations almost all compounds behave as activators, while at the highest concentrations many of them, like indolylacetic acid (IAA), are growth inhibitors. It is worth noting the lack of toxicity, even at the highest concentration used, for the 1-hydroxyalkylbenzotriazoles and, more generally speaking, the low toxicity of hydroxyalkylbenzotriazoles and of benzotriazolylalkanoic acid amides. In the range of concentration from 10(-6) to 10(-8) M some methylalkylbenzotriazoles as well as some benzotriazolylalkanoic acids and esters are more active than IAA exhibiting from 40 to 60% of the maximal activity of IAA. The activities of methylalkylbenzotriazoles and particularly that of 2-(1'-methyl)pentylbenzotriazole are outstanding; actually at the lowest concentration tested (10(-8) M and at 10(-5) M, at which concentration this compound shows the maximum activity, the biological responses correspond respectively to more than 50 and 80% of maximal activity of IAA.", "PMID": 744243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5926", "title": "Conformational properties and in vitro antibacterial activity of some diarylsulphones.", "content": "The 2-pyridylphenylsulphone, di-2-pyridylsulphone and its p-nitro and p,p'-dinitro derivatives were synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The electric dipole moment of these compounds were also measured (in benzene, 25 degrees) and analyzed in terms of molecular conformation in solution. The derivative compounds bearing a 5-nitro-2-pyridine fragment were found to be the most active in the series examined. Among these the nitro-2-pyridylphenylsulphone was found to have a broad-spectrum effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results of the conformational study in combination with microbiological data allowed discussion on the possible inferences concerning the stereochemical aspects of the interaction of diarylsulphones with bacterial receptor sites.", "contents": "Conformational properties and in vitro antibacterial activity of some diarylsulphones. The 2-pyridylphenylsulphone, di-2-pyridylsulphone and its p-nitro and p,p'-dinitro derivatives were synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The electric dipole moment of these compounds were also measured (in benzene, 25 degrees) and analyzed in terms of molecular conformation in solution. The derivative compounds bearing a 5-nitro-2-pyridine fragment were found to be the most active in the series examined. Among these the nitro-2-pyridylphenylsulphone was found to have a broad-spectrum effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results of the conformational study in combination with microbiological data allowed discussion on the possible inferences concerning the stereochemical aspects of the interaction of diarylsulphones with bacterial receptor sites.", "PMID": 744244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5927", "title": "[5H-Pyrimidothiazines. I. Synthesis 6- or 7-carboxyalkyl derivatives of 5H-pyrimido[4,5b][1,4]thiazine].", "content": "The synthesis and chemical behaviour of pyrimidothiazine derivatives with a carboxyl group in position 7 [compounds (II) and (III)] or in position 6 [compounds (IV) and (V)] are described. It has been shown that these products, analogous with the isosteric benzothiazines, have the 5H-pyrimidothiazine structure. Compounds (II), (III) and (IV) show immunological activity, inhibiting passive cutaneous anaphyllaxis in the rat.", "contents": "[5H-Pyrimidothiazines. I. Synthesis 6- or 7-carboxyalkyl derivatives of 5H-pyrimido[4,5b][1,4]thiazine]. The synthesis and chemical behaviour of pyrimidothiazine derivatives with a carboxyl group in position 7 [compounds (II) and (III)] or in position 6 [compounds (IV) and (V)] are described. It has been shown that these products, analogous with the isosteric benzothiazines, have the 5H-pyrimidothiazine structure. Compounds (II), (III) and (IV) show immunological activity, inhibiting passive cutaneous anaphyllaxis in the rat.", "PMID": 744245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5928", "title": "[Some aroylhydrazones of halobenzaldehydes and halogen-substituted 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles].", "content": "The preparation of a series of aroylhydrazones of halogenobenzaldehydes (I) - (XI) is described together with that of the corresponding reduction products (XII) - (XXV) and of 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles with halogen substitution (XXVI) - (XLIII). The results of pharmacological and microbiological examination of the compounds is reported.", "contents": "[Some aroylhydrazones of halobenzaldehydes and halogen-substituted 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles]. The preparation of a series of aroylhydrazones of halogenobenzaldehydes (I) - (XI) is described together with that of the corresponding reduction products (XII) - (XXV) and of 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles with halogen substitution (XXVI) - (XLIII). The results of pharmacological and microbiological examination of the compounds is reported.", "PMID": 744246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5929", "title": "[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. VI. Optically active 3-(4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric, valerianic, caproic and isocaproic acids].", "content": "The synthesis of the (+/-) 3-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic and isohexanoic acids, and their resolution in to enantiomers are described. The latter were submitted to preliminary assay for antiinflammatory activity: interesting results were obtained above all for the isohexanoic acid derivative.", "contents": "[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. VI. Optically active 3-(4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric, valerianic, caproic and isocaproic acids]. The synthesis of the (+/-) 3-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic and isohexanoic acids, and their resolution in to enantiomers are described. The latter were submitted to preliminary assay for antiinflammatory activity: interesting results were obtained above all for the isohexanoic acid derivative.", "PMID": 744247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5930", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of some cephalosporin derivatives with carbonylamino or acetylamino [(nitro or amino) imidazole] substituents in position 7.", "content": "The synthesis and the physicochemical properties of some cephalosporin derivatives with a carbonylamino- or acetylaminoimidazole moiety in position 7 are described. The effects on biological activity of the presence of some groups (methyl or ethyl, 2-nitro or 5-nitro, 2-amino) on the imidazole nucleus are examined. Selected heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents were also introduced in the 3 position of the cephalosporin nucleus. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the compounds and their effectiveness in protecting against bacterial (S. aureus) infections in mice were evaluated. Two of the compounds (V b) and (V d) are as active as cephalexin and more active than cephalothin when administered subcutaneously, while they appear to be less effective when administered orally.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of some cephalosporin derivatives with carbonylamino or acetylamino [(nitro or amino) imidazole] substituents in position 7. The synthesis and the physicochemical properties of some cephalosporin derivatives with a carbonylamino- or acetylaminoimidazole moiety in position 7 are described. The effects on biological activity of the presence of some groups (methyl or ethyl, 2-nitro or 5-nitro, 2-amino) on the imidazole nucleus are examined. Selected heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents were also introduced in the 3 position of the cephalosporin nucleus. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the compounds and their effectiveness in protecting against bacterial (S. aureus) infections in mice were evaluated. Two of the compounds (V b) and (V d) are as active as cephalexin and more active than cephalothin when administered subcutaneously, while they appear to be less effective when administered orally.", "PMID": 744248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5931", "title": "[Preparation and study of the phytotoxic activity of arylalkylamides. II. N-Phenethylamides].", "content": "A series of N-phenetylamides was prepared and tested for phytotoxic activity. Comparison with N-benzylamides showed that lengthening the alkyl chain in the aralkylamide residue reduces phytotoxicity and that, also in the case of phenetylamides, phytotoxic activity is not due to inhibition of the Hill reaction.", "contents": "[Preparation and study of the phytotoxic activity of arylalkylamides. II. N-Phenethylamides]. A series of N-phenetylamides was prepared and tested for phytotoxic activity. Comparison with N-benzylamides showed that lengthening the alkyl chain in the aralkylamide residue reduces phytotoxicity and that, also in the case of phenetylamides, phytotoxic activity is not due to inhibition of the Hill reaction.", "PMID": 744249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5932", "title": "[Study of benzimidazole and its derivatives. III. Radioprotective structure-activity relationship of various 2-alkyl (or 2-aryl) benzimidazoles].", "content": "Benzimidazoles show important radioprotecting activity. Structure-activity relationships (radioprotective activity and toxicity) are given for benzimidazole-2 derivatives.", "contents": "[Study of benzimidazole and its derivatives. III. Radioprotective structure-activity relationship of various 2-alkyl (or 2-aryl) benzimidazoles]. Benzimidazoles show important radioprotecting activity. Structure-activity relationships (radioprotective activity and toxicity) are given for benzimidazole-2 derivatives.", "PMID": 744250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5933", "title": "[Asymmetric chlorobenzoic acid N,N-dialkylamides having phytotoxic activity].", "content": "In continuation of research on phytotoxic substances with selective activity, pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species were made using a series of 3-chlorobenzamides substituted on the amide nitrogen with a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl group, the second alkyl substituent being linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated. Asymmetric 3-chlorobenzamides with a tert.butyl in place of sec.butyl or with an 1-ethylpropyl in place of 1-methylbutyl and with a second alkyl residue of different nature and with variable weight, were prepared and tested for the purposes of comparison. The results show that amides with excellent phytotoxicity and selectivity of action are obtained if a sec.butyl, 1-methylbutyl or 1-ethylpropyl group is retained and the second substituent on the amide nitrogen is suitably varied. The results give further information on the importance of the steric characteristics of the substituents on nitrogen in the phytotoxic N,N-dialkylamides.", "contents": "[Asymmetric chlorobenzoic acid N,N-dialkylamides having phytotoxic activity]. In continuation of research on phytotoxic substances with selective activity, pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species were made using a series of 3-chlorobenzamides substituted on the amide nitrogen with a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl group, the second alkyl substituent being linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated. Asymmetric 3-chlorobenzamides with a tert.butyl in place of sec.butyl or with an 1-ethylpropyl in place of 1-methylbutyl and with a second alkyl residue of different nature and with variable weight, were prepared and tested for the purposes of comparison. The results show that amides with excellent phytotoxicity and selectivity of action are obtained if a sec.butyl, 1-methylbutyl or 1-ethylpropyl group is retained and the second substituent on the amide nitrogen is suitably varied. The results give further information on the importance of the steric characteristics of the substituents on nitrogen in the phytotoxic N,N-dialkylamides.", "PMID": 744251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5934", "title": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid dialkylamides].", "content": "The phytotoxicity of asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,4-dichlorobenzamides was studied in pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species. The amide groups were characterized by the presence of a sec.butyl or 1-methylbutyl group and a variable second alkyl group either linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated. Isomers of the above compounds were also prepared and tested as useful comparison materials; these isomers have n.butyl or ter.butyl in place of sec.butyl or a 1-ethylpropyl in place of 1-methylbutyl or other branched alkyl groups with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, always having a methyl group in the alpha position, in place of the 1-methylbutyl and a second substituent in C2 leads to C4. The results show that compounds with phytotoxicity and selective action as regards Echinochloa and Setaria are obtained if a sec.butyl group, a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group is retained and the second substituent on the N-amide is varied appropriately. The compounds with greater phytotoxicity towards the weeds were further tested against some species of agricultural interest.", "contents": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid dialkylamides]. The phytotoxicity of asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,4-dichlorobenzamides was studied in pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species. The amide groups were characterized by the presence of a sec.butyl or 1-methylbutyl group and a variable second alkyl group either linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated. Isomers of the above compounds were also prepared and tested as useful comparison materials; these isomers have n.butyl or ter.butyl in place of sec.butyl or a 1-ethylpropyl in place of 1-methylbutyl or other branched alkyl groups with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, always having a methyl group in the alpha position, in place of the 1-methylbutyl and a second substituent in C2 leads to C4. The results show that compounds with phytotoxicity and selective action as regards Echinochloa and Setaria are obtained if a sec.butyl group, a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group is retained and the second substituent on the N-amide is varied appropriately. The compounds with greater phytotoxicity towards the weeds were further tested against some species of agricultural interest.", "PMID": 744252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5935", "title": "[1.3-Dipolar cycloaddition products of 8-azidotetrazol[1,5a][1,8]naphthyridines with alkynes].", "content": "A series of new 1,2,3-triazol derivatives, obtained by reaction of 8-azidotetrazol[1,5-a][1,8]naphthyridine with alkynes, is described. Some of the tested compounds showed activity against hypoxia in mice.", "contents": "[1.3-Dipolar cycloaddition products of 8-azidotetrazol[1,5a][1,8]naphthyridines with alkynes]. A series of new 1,2,3-triazol derivatives, obtained by reaction of 8-azidotetrazol[1,5-a][1,8]naphthyridine with alkynes, is described. Some of the tested compounds showed activity against hypoxia in mice.", "PMID": 744253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5936", "title": "Synthesis of (+/-) 8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-9-keto-13,14-en-trans-15-R,S-hydroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester.", "content": "The synthesis of the title compound (X) is easily achieved by suitable transformations of the lateral chains of the 1-ethylenedioxy-2-allyl--trans-3-cyclopentane acetic acid (II).", "contents": "Synthesis of (+/-) 8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-9-keto-13,14-en-trans-15-R,S-hydroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester. The synthesis of the title compound (X) is easily achieved by suitable transformations of the lateral chains of the 1-ethylenedioxy-2-allyl--trans-3-cyclopentane acetic acid (II).", "PMID": 744254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5937", "title": "Synthesis of three metabolites of 3-hydrazino-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine. A new rearrangement of 3-[1-methylethyliden)hydrazino] derivative.", "content": "The synthesis of three metabolites (I), (II), (III) , isolated from rat urine, of the hypotensive compound 3-hydrazino-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine dihydrochloride (IV), is described. The first metabolite, 3-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (I) (Scheme 1) was obtained either by reaction of 6(3)-chloro-3(6)-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine-N-oxide (V) with hydrazine hydrate or by catalytic hydrogenation of 3-chloro-6-[bis(2-hydrxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (VI). 3-Methyl-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-triazolo [4,3-b]pyridazine (II) was prepared (Scheme 2) by reaction of (IV) with acetic anhydride and subsequent hydrolysis of the resutling 6-[bis-(2-acetyloxyethyl)amino]-s-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (VII). The third metabolite, 3-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-6-isopropyloxypyridazine (III) Scheme 3), was synthesized from 3-[(1-methylethyliden)hydrazino]-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (VIII) which in phosphate buffer (pH 7.38) or in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, underwent a rearrangement of new type to give (III).", "contents": "Synthesis of three metabolites of 3-hydrazino-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine. A new rearrangement of 3-[1-methylethyliden)hydrazino] derivative. The synthesis of three metabolites (I), (II), (III) , isolated from rat urine, of the hypotensive compound 3-hydrazino-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine dihydrochloride (IV), is described. The first metabolite, 3-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (I) (Scheme 1) was obtained either by reaction of 6(3)-chloro-3(6)-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine-N-oxide (V) with hydrazine hydrate or by catalytic hydrogenation of 3-chloro-6-[bis(2-hydrxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (VI). 3-Methyl-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-triazolo [4,3-b]pyridazine (II) was prepared (Scheme 2) by reaction of (IV) with acetic anhydride and subsequent hydrolysis of the resutling 6-[bis-(2-acetyloxyethyl)amino]-s-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (VII). The third metabolite, 3-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-6-isopropyloxypyridazine (III) Scheme 3), was synthesized from 3-[(1-methylethyliden)hydrazino]-6-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine (VIII) which in phosphate buffer (pH 7.38) or in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, underwent a rearrangement of new type to give (III).", "PMID": 744255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5938", "title": "[Metabolism of vincamine in the rat].", "content": "The metabolism of vincamine hydrochloride was studied in the rat after oral administration of the drug. Vincamine is almost completely metabolized, only a small fraction of the original compound being excreted in the urine. The metabolites detected in blood, urine and tissues were purified by preparative thin layer and column chromatography in several solvent systems, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was found that the main urinary metabolites were vincamine conjugates (sulphates and glucuronides). Two new metabolites were detected in all the biological fluids and specimens analyzed: these compounds are more polar than vincamine and their structure was characterized by mass spectrometry, I.R. and U.V. spectroscopy and confirmed by synthesis in our laboratory.", "contents": "[Metabolism of vincamine in the rat]. The metabolism of vincamine hydrochloride was studied in the rat after oral administration of the drug. Vincamine is almost completely metabolized, only a small fraction of the original compound being excreted in the urine. The metabolites detected in blood, urine and tissues were purified by preparative thin layer and column chromatography in several solvent systems, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was found that the main urinary metabolites were vincamine conjugates (sulphates and glucuronides). Two new metabolites were detected in all the biological fluids and specimens analyzed: these compounds are more polar than vincamine and their structure was characterized by mass spectrometry, I.R. and U.V. spectroscopy and confirmed by synthesis in our laboratory.", "PMID": 744256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5939", "title": "Nitrogen mustards derived from alpha-hydroxymethyleneketones.", "content": "alpha-[Bis-(2-chloroethyl)]aminomethyleneketones were prepared starting from alpha-hydroxymethyleneketones and N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-chloroethanamine. Also 3-[2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl]aminomethylene-2-bornanone was synthesized from 2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethanamine and 3-hydroxymethylene-2-bornanone. This compound and 3-[bis-(2-chloroethyl]aminoemthylene-2-norbornanone were active against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Nitrogen mustards derived from alpha-hydroxymethyleneketones. alpha-[Bis-(2-chloroethyl)]aminomethyleneketones were prepared starting from alpha-hydroxymethyleneketones and N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-chloroethanamine. Also 3-[2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl]aminomethylene-2-bornanone was synthesized from 2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethanamine and 3-hydroxymethylene-2-bornanone. This compound and 3-[bis-(2-chloroethyl]aminoemthylene-2-norbornanone were active against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "PMID": 744257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5940", "title": "[Asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,5-dichlorobenzamides having phytotoxic activity].", "content": "Asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,5-dichlorobenzamides bearing on the amide N a sec.butyl group or a 1-methylbutyl or 1-ethylpropyl and a second C3 or C4 alkyl group which may be branched or linear, saturated or unsaturated, were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity in pre- and post-emergence experiments. As reference compounds were prepared and tested 3,5-dichlorobenzamides, isomers of the first series, characterized by the presence on the amide N of a n.butyl or ter.butyl in place of the sec.butyl, of a 1-ethylpropyl or other branched alkyl in place of the 1-methylbutyl and a second alkyl group (C2 leads to C4) of varying weight and nature. The results show that all the 3,5-dichlorobenzamides studied have high phytotoxic activity and good selectivity in respect of the two graminaceous weeds tested. The amides proving most active against the weeds were tested against some species of agricultural interest. The substances proving active against the weeds and atoxic for the agrarian species were characterized by the presence on the amide N of a branched C4 or C5 group and a second C3 or C4 group.", "contents": "[Asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,5-dichlorobenzamides having phytotoxic activity]. Asymmetric N,N-dialkyl-3,5-dichlorobenzamides bearing on the amide N a sec.butyl group or a 1-methylbutyl or 1-ethylpropyl and a second C3 or C4 alkyl group which may be branched or linear, saturated or unsaturated, were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity in pre- and post-emergence experiments. As reference compounds were prepared and tested 3,5-dichlorobenzamides, isomers of the first series, characterized by the presence on the amide N of a n.butyl or ter.butyl in place of the sec.butyl, of a 1-ethylpropyl or other branched alkyl in place of the 1-methylbutyl and a second alkyl group (C2 leads to C4) of varying weight and nature. The results show that all the 3,5-dichlorobenzamides studied have high phytotoxic activity and good selectivity in respect of the two graminaceous weeds tested. The amides proving most active against the weeds were tested against some species of agricultural interest. The substances proving active against the weeds and atoxic for the agrarian species were characterized by the presence on the amide N of a branched C4 or C5 group and a second C3 or C4 group.", "PMID": 744258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5941", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin A on renin secretion in the dog.", "content": "The role of PGA on the release of renin in the anesthetized dog has been studied. The infusion of prostaglandin for 60 minutes at a dose unable to cause pressor modifications (2 microgram/kg/min) was shown to increase the plasma renin activity (PRA); this effect was inhibited by propranolol and strengthened by aminophylline.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin A on renin secretion in the dog. The role of PGA on the release of renin in the anesthetized dog has been studied. The infusion of prostaglandin for 60 minutes at a dose unable to cause pressor modifications (2 microgram/kg/min) was shown to increase the plasma renin activity (PRA); this effect was inhibited by propranolol and strengthened by aminophylline.", "PMID": 744259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5942", "title": "[Preparation of 1-(5'-nitrofurfuryl)-5-halouracils].", "content": "Some 1-(5'-nitrofurfuryl)-5-halouracils were synthetized and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. N.M.R. spectra of the compounds proved 1-substitution on uracil.", "contents": "[Preparation of 1-(5'-nitrofurfuryl)-5-halouracils]. Some 1-(5'-nitrofurfuryl)-5-halouracils were synthetized and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. N.M.R. spectra of the compounds proved 1-substitution on uracil.", "PMID": 744260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5943", "title": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric N,N-dialkylamides of trisubstituted benzoic acids].", "content": "Asimmetric N,N-dialkylamides of benzoic acids variously trisubstituted on the nucleus were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity in pre- and post-emergence experiments. These amides are characterized by the presence on the amidic N of a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group and a second alkyl group of varying weight and nature. For reference the Authors prepared and studied 2,3,5-trichlorobenzamides bearing on the N atom a tert.butyl and a second linear C2 leads to C4 alkyl. The substances studied generally proved very active against the weeds tested and showed marked specificity of action towards Setaria and Echinochloa. The compounds proving most active against the weeds were also tested against plants of agricultural interest. In general these asymmetric amides proved more phytotoxic against agrarian species than the corresponding N,N-di,sec.butylamides studied previously.", "contents": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric N,N-dialkylamides of trisubstituted benzoic acids]. Asimmetric N,N-dialkylamides of benzoic acids variously trisubstituted on the nucleus were prepared and tested for phytotoxicity in pre- and post-emergence experiments. These amides are characterized by the presence on the amidic N of a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group and a second alkyl group of varying weight and nature. For reference the Authors prepared and studied 2,3,5-trichlorobenzamides bearing on the N atom a tert.butyl and a second linear C2 leads to C4 alkyl. The substances studied generally proved very active against the weeds tested and showed marked specificity of action towards Setaria and Echinochloa. The compounds proving most active against the weeds were also tested against plants of agricultural interest. In general these asymmetric amides proved more phytotoxic against agrarian species than the corresponding N,N-di,sec.butylamides studied previously.", "PMID": 744261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5944", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of mitomycin C.", "content": "The in vitro formation and properties of the molecular complex between mitomycin C and native DNA were examined by means of various experimental methods; the data obtained indicate that the complex is extremely weak and that the chromophoric moiety of the antibiotic is not involved in its formation. The alkylating activity of mitomycin C was also studied using 3H-mitomycin C; while monofunctional alkylation increases almost in parallel with the concentration of the antibiotic, the difunctional alkylation, causing inter-strand cross-linkages in DNA, rapidly reaches a maximum and then remains constant even when increasing the concentration of the antibiotic and monofunctional alkylation. On the basis of these results, the currently accepted molecular model of the mitomycin--DNA interaction must be revised; a new model of this interaction is presented, which is in better agreement with the properties of mitomycin C and with the latest findings on the subject.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of mitomycin C. The in vitro formation and properties of the molecular complex between mitomycin C and native DNA were examined by means of various experimental methods; the data obtained indicate that the complex is extremely weak and that the chromophoric moiety of the antibiotic is not involved in its formation. The alkylating activity of mitomycin C was also studied using 3H-mitomycin C; while monofunctional alkylation increases almost in parallel with the concentration of the antibiotic, the difunctional alkylation, causing inter-strand cross-linkages in DNA, rapidly reaches a maximum and then remains constant even when increasing the concentration of the antibiotic and monofunctional alkylation. On the basis of these results, the currently accepted molecular model of the mitomycin--DNA interaction must be revised; a new model of this interaction is presented, which is in better agreement with the properties of mitomycin C and with the latest findings on the subject.", "PMID": 744262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5945", "title": "The binding of 8-methoxypsoralen by human serum albumin.", "content": "The ability of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) to bind human serum albumin has been investigated in vitro through equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence quenching. By means of the first technique it was observed that, at concentrations presumably close to those obtainable in vivo following its administration in the photochemotherapy of psoriasis, over 80% of 8-MOP was bound to serum albumin. In human serum albumin fluorescence techniques revealed a preferential site of binding for 8-MOP with a high binding constant (Ka = 0.7 X 10(5) M-1) and precise steric requirements, since small conformational variations of the protein molecule were able to abolish its affinity for furocoumarin.", "contents": "The binding of 8-methoxypsoralen by human serum albumin. The ability of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) to bind human serum albumin has been investigated in vitro through equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence quenching. By means of the first technique it was observed that, at concentrations presumably close to those obtainable in vivo following its administration in the photochemotherapy of psoriasis, over 80% of 8-MOP was bound to serum albumin. In human serum albumin fluorescence techniques revealed a preferential site of binding for 8-MOP with a high binding constant (Ka = 0.7 X 10(5) M-1) and precise steric requirements, since small conformational variations of the protein molecule were able to abolish its affinity for furocoumarin.", "PMID": 744263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5946", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazines. XIV. Dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 8-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino(4,5b)(1,4)benzothiazine-1(10H)-one and of the isomer 8-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino(4,5b)(1,4)benzothiazine-4(10H)-one].", "content": "A description is given of some 2 or 3 dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 8-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazin-1(10H)-one (IV a...d) and 8-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazin-4(10H)-one (VIII a...d). The derivatives were subjected to pharmacological examination.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazines. XIV. Dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 8-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino(4,5b)(1,4)benzothiazine-1(10H)-one and of the isomer 8-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino(4,5b)(1,4)benzothiazine-4(10H)-one]. A description is given of some 2 or 3 dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 8-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazin-1(10H)-one (IV a...d) and 8-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazin-4(10H)-one (VIII a...d). The derivatives were subjected to pharmacological examination.", "PMID": 744264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5947", "title": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric N,N-dialkylnaphthamides].", "content": "Asymmetric N,N-dialkylnaphthamides, prepared and tested in pre- and post-emergence tests against some representative weeds, showed good or excellent phytotoxicity often with selectivity of action against Echinochloa and Setaria. These amides are characterized by the presence on the amide nitrogen of a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group together with another alkyl substituent of varying weight and nature. As reference compounds we prepared and tested N,N-dialkyl-alpha-naphthamides, isomers of the compounds under test, bearing on the N atom an alkyl group of avrying composition and a ter.butyl in place of sec. butil or a 1-ethylprophyl or other alpha-branched alkyl in place of the 1-methylbutyl. The results show the importance of alpha-substitution on at least one of the alkyl groups on the amide N as regards the degree of phytotoxicity. Some of the alpha-naphthamides giving interesting results with the weed species tested were further studied using plants of agricultural interest.", "contents": "[Phytotoxic activity of asymmetric N,N-dialkylnaphthamides]. Asymmetric N,N-dialkylnaphthamides, prepared and tested in pre- and post-emergence tests against some representative weeds, showed good or excellent phytotoxicity often with selectivity of action against Echinochloa and Setaria. These amides are characterized by the presence on the amide nitrogen of a sec.butyl or a 1-methylbutyl or a 1-ethylpropyl group together with another alkyl substituent of varying weight and nature. As reference compounds we prepared and tested N,N-dialkyl-alpha-naphthamides, isomers of the compounds under test, bearing on the N atom an alkyl group of avrying composition and a ter.butyl in place of sec. butil or a 1-ethylprophyl or other alpha-branched alkyl in place of the 1-methylbutyl. The results show the importance of alpha-substitution on at least one of the alkyl groups on the amide N as regards the degree of phytotoxicity. Some of the alpha-naphthamides giving interesting results with the weed species tested were further studied using plants of agricultural interest.", "PMID": 744265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5948", "title": "[Effect of 2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-1-methylethylamine on histamine receptors].", "content": "Compound 2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-1-methylethylamine was tested on different preparations for its histamine-like activity. It was found to markedly affect H2 receptors and at the same time to be practically devoid of any activity on H1 receptors. This high selectivity of action indicates that this compound may represent a useful tool for characterizing the distribution of H2 and H1 receptor sites.", "contents": "[Effect of 2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-1-methylethylamine on histamine receptors]. Compound 2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-1-methylethylamine was tested on different preparations for its histamine-like activity. It was found to markedly affect H2 receptors and at the same time to be practically devoid of any activity on H1 receptors. This high selectivity of action indicates that this compound may represent a useful tool for characterizing the distribution of H2 and H1 receptor sites.", "PMID": 744266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5949", "title": "[N,N-Di-(1-ethylpropyl)amides of benzoic and naphthoic acids having phytotoxic activity].", "content": "N,N-di-(1-ethylpropyl)amides of benzoic and naphthoic acids suitable substituted in the nucleus were prepared and tested for selective phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species. All the amides tested showed good generic phytotoxicity, often with good selectivity, on absorbance through the roots of graminaceous weeds. The nature and degree of phytotoxic activity was influenced by the nature, position and number of substituents on the aromatic nucleus. Confirmation was again obtained of the importance of alpha-substitution in the two alkyl substituents on the amide nitrogen in producing selective phytotoxic activity.", "contents": "[N,N-Di-(1-ethylpropyl)amides of benzoic and naphthoic acids having phytotoxic activity]. N,N-di-(1-ethylpropyl)amides of benzoic and naphthoic acids suitable substituted in the nucleus were prepared and tested for selective phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests against some weed species. All the amides tested showed good generic phytotoxicity, often with good selectivity, on absorbance through the roots of graminaceous weeds. The nature and degree of phytotoxic activity was influenced by the nature, position and number of substituents on the aromatic nucleus. Confirmation was again obtained of the importance of alpha-substitution in the two alkyl substituents on the amide nitrogen in producing selective phytotoxic activity.", "PMID": 744267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5950", "title": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. VI. 4-Propyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide and its derivatives. Cardiovascular effects of 4-alkyltetrahydropyrrolobenzothiadiazine in the anesthetized rat].", "content": "A series of 4-propylderivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,2,4]benzothiadizine-5,5-dioxide substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring was synthesized. Derivatives of these compounds together with those of the corresponding 4-methyl and 4-ethyl derivatives prepared previously were tested for cardiovascular effects in the anesthesized rat. All the compounds studied showed hypotensive activity which was particularly intense for compounds (X), (XIX), (XXII), (XXV), and produced an increase in differential pressure marked for (XXV) and (XXVIII) which was often accompanied by pronounced bradycardia (XVII), (XVIII) and (XIX). The results prove that derivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,2,4]benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide have hypotensive and bradycardizing activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. VI. 4-Propyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide and its derivatives. Cardiovascular effects of 4-alkyltetrahydropyrrolobenzothiadiazine in the anesthetized rat]. A series of 4-propylderivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,2,4]benzothiadizine-5,5-dioxide substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring was synthesized. Derivatives of these compounds together with those of the corresponding 4-methyl and 4-ethyl derivatives prepared previously were tested for cardiovascular effects in the anesthesized rat. All the compounds studied showed hypotensive activity which was particularly intense for compounds (X), (XIX), (XXII), (XXV), and produced an increase in differential pressure marked for (XXV) and (XXVIII) which was often accompanied by pronounced bradycardia (XVII), (XVIII) and (XIX). The results prove that derivatives of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,2,4]benzothiadiazine-5,5-dioxide have hypotensive and bradycardizing activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 744268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5951", "title": "[Analysis of the mechanism of perception of temperature stimuli by the ampullae of Lorenzini of Black Sea skates].", "content": "The single nerve fibre responses of the Lorenzini ampulla to thermal stimulation were studied in the Black Sea skates, Trygon pastinaca, and Raja clavata. Cooling of sea water applied to the ampulla capsule or to the skin overlying the sensory organ increased firing rate wheras warming led to transient decrease in frequency. The thermal sensitivity or receptors was found to depend on threshold to electric current. Static discharge rate of the receptors has positive or negative temperature coefficient according to the temperature range. Cooling of sea water increased the latency of response to electric stimuli.  Biological significance of the thermal sensitivity of the Lorenzini ampulla is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the mechanism of perception of temperature stimuli by the ampullae of Lorenzini of Black Sea skates]. The single nerve fibre responses of the Lorenzini ampulla to thermal stimulation were studied in the Black Sea skates, Trygon pastinaca, and Raja clavata. Cooling of sea water applied to the ampulla capsule or to the skin overlying the sensory organ increased firing rate wheras warming led to transient decrease in frequency. The thermal sensitivity or receptors was found to depend on threshold to electric current. Static discharge rate of the receptors has positive or negative temperature coefficient according to the temperature range. Cooling of sea water increased the latency of response to electric stimuli.  Biological significance of the thermal sensitivity of the Lorenzini ampulla is discussed.", "PMID": 744269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5952", "title": "[Reverse postoptokinetic nystagmus in response to nonspecific stimulation in rabbits].", "content": "The experiments in rabbits showed that reverse postoptokinetic nystagmi (RPN) could be induced by comparatively weak but continuous optokinetic stimulation. RPN is considered to be a result of the formation of dominant stimulation in optic centies, which can be strengthened and maintained by new--coming stimulation (auditory and tactile included). The data obtained seem to account for the peculiarities of the optic system affected by other modal influences in post--stimulus period.", "contents": "[Reverse postoptokinetic nystagmus in response to nonspecific stimulation in rabbits]. The experiments in rabbits showed that reverse postoptokinetic nystagmi (RPN) could be induced by comparatively weak but continuous optokinetic stimulation. RPN is considered to be a result of the formation of dominant stimulation in optic centies, which can be strengthened and maintained by new--coming stimulation (auditory and tactile included). The data obtained seem to account for the peculiarities of the optic system affected by other modal influences in post--stimulus period.", "PMID": 744270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5953", "title": "[Mechanism of development of reverse postoptokinetic nystagmus].", "content": "Characteristics of optokinetic (OKN), postoptokinetic (POKN), reverse postoptokinetic (RPN), and central (CN) nystagmi in respect to duration of stimulation were studied in rabbits. On increase of duration of the OK-stimulation, the POKN duration and the period of transition from POKN to RPN reduce while the duration and frequency of RPN augment. On continuous 60-min OK-stimulation the frequency of OKN gradually decreases starting from the 15th minute. A hypothesis of occurrence of RPN as a result of development of antagonistic excitation in the c. n. s. during OK-stimulation, is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of development of reverse postoptokinetic nystagmus]. Characteristics of optokinetic (OKN), postoptokinetic (POKN), reverse postoptokinetic (RPN), and central (CN) nystagmi in respect to duration of stimulation were studied in rabbits. On increase of duration of the OK-stimulation, the POKN duration and the period of transition from POKN to RPN reduce while the duration and frequency of RPN augment. On continuous 60-min OK-stimulation the frequency of OKN gradually decreases starting from the 15th minute. A hypothesis of occurrence of RPN as a result of development of antagonistic excitation in the c. n. s. during OK-stimulation, is discussed.", "PMID": 744271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5954", "title": "[Nature of the impulse activity in the anterior portions of the fish olfactory bulb].", "content": "The impulse activity of anterior portions of the fish olfactory bulb depends on coming of signals from the receptors as shown by the fact that action of novokain on the receptors entirely suppressed the activity. A direct application of CoCl2 solution (1--1.5 mM) had no effect on either spontaneous or evoked by adequate stimulation impulse activity in these areas which indicates its presynaptic, i.e. the receptor nature. The surface structures of the bulb anterior portions did not respond to electric stimulation of the olfactory tract while the electric stimulation of these structures evoked a response in the olfactory nerve which corresponds to the conclusion of the receptor nature of the impulse activity in fibers on the surface of the bulb anterior portions.", "contents": "[Nature of the impulse activity in the anterior portions of the fish olfactory bulb]. The impulse activity of anterior portions of the fish olfactory bulb depends on coming of signals from the receptors as shown by the fact that action of novokain on the receptors entirely suppressed the activity. A direct application of CoCl2 solution (1--1.5 mM) had no effect on either spontaneous or evoked by adequate stimulation impulse activity in these areas which indicates its presynaptic, i.e. the receptor nature. The surface structures of the bulb anterior portions did not respond to electric stimulation of the olfactory tract while the electric stimulation of these structures evoked a response in the olfactory nerve which corresponds to the conclusion of the receptor nature of the impulse activity in fibers on the surface of the bulb anterior portions.", "PMID": 744272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5955", "title": "[On--off impulse activity of carp retina amacrine cells].", "content": "Properties of spontaneous and light-evoked spikes of the \"on--off\" amacrine cells of the carp retina were studied. It was assumed that the dendrites of amacrine cells generated spike potentials and conducted them to the cell body. The data obtained suggest that the dendrites of amacrine cells have many spike-generation zones and that the transient depolarization component of the amacrine response to light is the compound spike consisting of many separate spikes generated in different parts of the dendritic arborization of cells. Possible functional role of dendritic spikes is discussed in respect to morphological properties of the \"on--off\" amacrine cells of the teleost fish retina.", "contents": "[On--off impulse activity of carp retina amacrine cells]. Properties of spontaneous and light-evoked spikes of the \"on--off\" amacrine cells of the carp retina were studied. It was assumed that the dendrites of amacrine cells generated spike potentials and conducted them to the cell body. The data obtained suggest that the dendrites of amacrine cells have many spike-generation zones and that the transient depolarization component of the amacrine response to light is the compound spike consisting of many separate spikes generated in different parts of the dendritic arborization of cells. Possible functional role of dendritic spikes is discussed in respect to morphological properties of the \"on--off\" amacrine cells of the teleost fish retina.", "PMID": 744273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5956", "title": "[Experimental study of the visual system using unidimensional Walsh gratings].", "content": "Threshold characteristics of the visual system for an orderly set of the Walsh aperiodic gratings were estimated prior to and after adaptation. Narrow--band channels of Walsh with the band width about 1 octave by the Walsh scale of function orders, were revealed. The model of summation by the power of spectral sinusoidal components of the Walsh aperiodic lattices well accounts for the data on gratings the Walsh aperiodic gratings.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the visual system using unidimensional Walsh gratings]. Threshold characteristics of the visual system for an orderly set of the Walsh aperiodic gratings were estimated prior to and after adaptation. Narrow--band channels of Walsh with the band width about 1 octave by the Walsh scale of function orders, were revealed. The model of summation by the power of spectral sinusoidal components of the Walsh aperiodic lattices well accounts for the data on gratings the Walsh aperiodic gratings.", "PMID": 744275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5957", "title": "[Nonspecific activation response upon exposure to unanticipated and voluntarily controlled acoustic stimuli].", "content": "Normal subjects revealed these components of startle-response to unexpected stimulation followed by no visible wincing: blink reflex, facilitation of spinal motoneurons (augmentation of the H-reflex), the EEG vertex potential, and skin galvanic response. With voluntary, control of the stimulation the components of the response are either absent or less obvious, excepting skin galvanic response. The weakening of the startle-response in this case seems to be associated with the mechanisms of the selective sensory attention and to be determined by cortico-fugal inhibition of reticular interneurons mediating in this response.", "contents": "[Nonspecific activation response upon exposure to unanticipated and voluntarily controlled acoustic stimuli]. Normal subjects revealed these components of startle-response to unexpected stimulation followed by no visible wincing: blink reflex, facilitation of spinal motoneurons (augmentation of the H-reflex), the EEG vertex potential, and skin galvanic response. With voluntary, control of the stimulation the components of the response are either absent or less obvious, excepting skin galvanic response. The weakening of the startle-response in this case seems to be associated with the mechanisms of the selective sensory attention and to be determined by cortico-fugal inhibition of reticular interneurons mediating in this response.", "PMID": 744278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5958", "title": "[After-discharges of cat auditory cortex neurons].", "content": "Afterdischarges in neurons of the auditory cortex (AI) were investigated in immobilized cats. The unit activity of 40% of neurons showed afterdischarges lasting 3--5 sec. after the cessation of the pure--tone or two--tone sound stimuli. Two--tone sound complexes consisted of the 1 st and higher harmonics with different phase relations between the components. The afterdischarges depended on some parameters of the sound stimuli. When tonal signal was used, 80% of neurons with obvious afterdischarges responded to the sound frequency. As regards the sensitivity to phase shifts in two--tone stimuli, changes of the activity occurred in 70% of cortical neurons with on-, off- and on--off reactions and were related to these components of the reaction. The pattern of afterdischarges in 19 of 32 neurons in the auditory cortex was also related to the phase shifts.", "contents": "[After-discharges of cat auditory cortex neurons]. Afterdischarges in neurons of the auditory cortex (AI) were investigated in immobilized cats. The unit activity of 40% of neurons showed afterdischarges lasting 3--5 sec. after the cessation of the pure--tone or two--tone sound stimuli. Two--tone sound complexes consisted of the 1 st and higher harmonics with different phase relations between the components. The afterdischarges depended on some parameters of the sound stimuli. When tonal signal was used, 80% of neurons with obvious afterdischarges responded to the sound frequency. As regards the sensitivity to phase shifts in two--tone stimuli, changes of the activity occurred in 70% of cortical neurons with on-, off- and on--off reactions and were related to these components of the reaction. The pattern of afterdischarges in 19 of 32 neurons in the auditory cortex was also related to the phase shifts.", "PMID": 744280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5959", "title": "[Factors determining the subjective closeness of vowel-like stimuli].", "content": "Conditions for two formants combined into one spectral cue or giving rise to two spectral cues were studied by psychoacoustical methods. Critical distance between formant frequencies corresponding to perceptual separation of the formants was measured. Interdependence between the formant amplitudes and the equivalent frequency was revealed for stimuli with closely spaced formants. For stimuli with widely spaced formants formant amplitudes appeared to be unimportant for vowel quality.", "contents": "[Factors determining the subjective closeness of vowel-like stimuli]. Conditions for two formants combined into one spectral cue or giving rise to two spectral cues were studied by psychoacoustical methods. Critical distance between formant frequencies corresponding to perceptual separation of the formants was measured. Interdependence between the formant amplitudes and the equivalent frequency was revealed for stimuli with closely spaced formants. For stimuli with widely spaced formants formant amplitudes appeared to be unimportant for vowel quality.", "PMID": 744281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5960", "title": "[Detection of phonetically significant nonuniformity by the high frequency slope of the spectrum of a synthetic vowel].", "content": "Conditions for perception of phonetically relevant ununiformity at high frequency slope of the spectrum of synthetic noise--excited vowel were studied with the aid of psychoacoustic technique. The threshold for detection of high frequency spectral peak did not depend on the properties of the stimulus spectrum in low frequency region. The detection threshold could be influenced by spectrum properties near the peak location. The data obtained are inconsistent with the hypothesis of identification of spectral peaks with formants being the intermediate procedure in phonetic interpretation of the vowel.", "contents": "[Detection of phonetically significant nonuniformity by the high frequency slope of the spectrum of a synthetic vowel]. Conditions for perception of phonetically relevant ununiformity at high frequency slope of the spectrum of synthetic noise--excited vowel were studied with the aid of psychoacoustic technique. The threshold for detection of high frequency spectral peak did not depend on the properties of the stimulus spectrum in low frequency region. The detection threshold could be influenced by spectrum properties near the peak location. The data obtained are inconsistent with the hypothesis of identification of spectral peaks with formants being the intermediate procedure in phonetic interpretation of the vowel.", "PMID": 744282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5961", "title": "[Functional model of peripheral spectral auditory analysis (linear variant)].", "content": "Peripheral auditory system model consists of several parts: the first one being representative of the middle ear and basal part of the cochlea whereas the last one involves the first neuron level of the auditory nerve. Experimental data from basilar membrane motion and auditive nerve fiber activity for sinusoidal and click stimuli were used to define the transfer function of each part. A digital stimulation of this model and an analog construction were investigated and are discussed here. The model reproduces, with a good approximation the harmonic and transient behavior of the peripheral auditory system and enables to study the transmission of acoustical information towards the higher--level centers.", "contents": "[Functional model of peripheral spectral auditory analysis (linear variant)]. Peripheral auditory system model consists of several parts: the first one being representative of the middle ear and basal part of the cochlea whereas the last one involves the first neuron level of the auditory nerve. Experimental data from basilar membrane motion and auditive nerve fiber activity for sinusoidal and click stimuli were used to define the transfer function of each part. A digital stimulation of this model and an analog construction were investigated and are discussed here. The model reproduces, with a good approximation the harmonic and transient behavior of the peripheral auditory system and enables to study the transmission of acoustical information towards the higher--level centers.", "PMID": 744283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5962", "title": "[Effect of \"selective adaptation\" in the perception of elementary nonspeech stimuli].", "content": "The function of stimuli identification vith variable interval between the onset of stimulus and the moment of augmentation of intensity of one of the tones in a two--component complex, was studied. Repeated presentation of stimulus with clearly percepted unevenness seems to exert a fatiguing effect. The data obtained showed no effect of adaptation. The effect of \"selective adaptation\" consistently revealed itself in all the subjects in the experiments on perception of speech stimuli performed by means of the same technique.", "contents": "[Effect of \"selective adaptation\" in the perception of elementary nonspeech stimuli]. The function of stimuli identification vith variable interval between the onset of stimulus and the moment of augmentation of intensity of one of the tones in a two--component complex, was studied. Repeated presentation of stimulus with clearly percepted unevenness seems to exert a fatiguing effect. The data obtained showed no effect of adaptation. The effect of \"selective adaptation\" consistently revealed itself in all the subjects in the experiments on perception of speech stimuli performed by means of the same technique.", "PMID": 744284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5963", "title": "[Effect of several parameters of an acoustic signal on the shape of the iso-S contour].", "content": "Masking of amplitude irregularity in the two--component stimulus produced by step--like intensity increment (2, 3 and 6 dB) of the 800 Hz component, was studied. Variable frequency component of the stimulus served as a masker. The relationship between just masking level and the frequency of the masker (iso-S contour) was measured. The shape of iso-S contour appeared to be closely related to the value of the intensity increment of the 800 Hz component and only slightly dependent on the intensity level of this component.", "contents": "[Effect of several parameters of an acoustic signal on the shape of the iso-S contour]. Masking of amplitude irregularity in the two--component stimulus produced by step--like intensity increment (2, 3 and 6 dB) of the 800 Hz component, was studied. Variable frequency component of the stimulus served as a masker. The relationship between just masking level and the frequency of the masker (iso-S contour) was measured. The shape of iso-S contour appeared to be closely related to the value of the intensity increment of the 800 Hz component and only slightly dependent on the intensity level of this component.", "PMID": 744285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5964", "title": "[Natural classification of acoustic stimuli with different amplitude jump delay times].", "content": "Natural categorization of stimuli with different delay of amplitude jump was observed. No training was necessary for discrimination of stimuli with and without onset irregularity. The variance of identification functions between subjects was the same as the variance of identification functions for one subject measured in different days.", "contents": "[Natural classification of acoustic stimuli with different amplitude jump delay times]. Natural categorization of stimuli with different delay of amplitude jump was observed. No training was necessary for discrimination of stimuli with and without onset irregularity. The variance of identification functions between subjects was the same as the variance of identification functions for one subject measured in different days.", "PMID": 744286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5965", "title": "[Dialectics of time].", "content": "The modern chronobiology searches not only purely cyclic processes of life but also such ones in which a non-cyclic trend is superposed by a strongly periodic course. In strong periodicity, flight of time in itself shows a cyclic structure, but in contrary sense, aperiodical, strongly damped processes have a linear structure of tern part of the 20th century's sciences, but its philosophical model representation is able to be retraced until the zervanitic speculations of the Olden Iran. Since the time of the Zervanite, some antinomies in philosophic and physical chronology are found. The present paper mentions the antinomies of PLATON, ARISTOELES, NEWTON, MILNE and the modern palebiology.", "contents": "[Dialectics of time]. The modern chronobiology searches not only purely cyclic processes of life but also such ones in which a non-cyclic trend is superposed by a strongly periodic course. In strong periodicity, flight of time in itself shows a cyclic structure, but in contrary sense, aperiodical, strongly damped processes have a linear structure of tern part of the 20th century's sciences, but its philosophical model representation is able to be retraced until the zervanitic speculations of the Olden Iran. Since the time of the Zervanite, some antinomies in philosophic and physical chronology are found. The present paper mentions the antinomies of PLATON, ARISTOELES, NEWTON, MILNE and the modern palebiology.", "PMID": 744457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5966", "title": "[Logistic law of growth and its implications].", "content": "The \"morphological\" (i.e. structural and quantitative) properties of VERHULST's \"Logistic Law of Growth\" in its versions as differential equations and as analytical functions will be discussed. It follows the attempts of generalizations of the logistic law of growth by parameterization or by changing its structure due to adding parameters. Such an additional parameter is the constant term paying regard to the level (in y-direction) on which the (growth) process may start. The second manner of introducing additional parameters is the substitution of the independent variable in its linear form by a polynomial of degree k. These generalizations will be called \"generalized logistic (growth-) function\". Its \"morphology\" will be discussed. Special points there are the use of this function as empirical expression for smoothing and quantitative description of courses of measured values (of growth variables), and the genesis of the function type as solution of a first order differential equation. \"Philosophy of the generalized law of growth\" means a detailed discussion of properties which could be interpreted as \"time structure\", and of the modelling relevancy of the differential equations resp. of the analytical function expressions which represent the versions of the generalized logistic law.", "contents": "[Logistic law of growth and its implications]. The \"morphological\" (i.e. structural and quantitative) properties of VERHULST's \"Logistic Law of Growth\" in its versions as differential equations and as analytical functions will be discussed. It follows the attempts of generalizations of the logistic law of growth by parameterization or by changing its structure due to adding parameters. Such an additional parameter is the constant term paying regard to the level (in y-direction) on which the (growth) process may start. The second manner of introducing additional parameters is the substitution of the independent variable in its linear form by a polynomial of degree k. These generalizations will be called \"generalized logistic (growth-) function\". Its \"morphology\" will be discussed. Special points there are the use of this function as empirical expression for smoothing and quantitative description of courses of measured values (of growth variables), and the genesis of the function type as solution of a first order differential equation. \"Philosophy of the generalized law of growth\" means a detailed discussion of properties which could be interpreted as \"time structure\", and of the modelling relevancy of the differential equations resp. of the analytical function expressions which represent the versions of the generalized logistic law.", "PMID": 744459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5967", "title": "Studies on orthocephalization of the rat head. I. A model system for the study of adjustive cranical growth processes.", "content": "Mammalian cephalogenesis is characterized by several morphological processes, among which are alteration in spatial position and angular relationships (flexions) between the several bones of both the neural and facial skulls, as well as similar alterations between neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Prior classifications of cranial flexions were reviewed and a more expansive typology given, one which provided for the analysis of cranial flexions in terms of the concepts of the method of functional cranial analysis. On the basis of available data it was suggested that the study of the totality of cranial flexures (termed orthocephalization) occurring during the growth of the rat head could serve as a useful model system by means of which it would be possible to construct and test a hypothesis concerning the processes of adjustive cranial growth which must accompany any cranial flexions.", "contents": "Studies on orthocephalization of the rat head. I. A model system for the study of adjustive cranical growth processes. Mammalian cephalogenesis is characterized by several morphological processes, among which are alteration in spatial position and angular relationships (flexions) between the several bones of both the neural and facial skulls, as well as similar alterations between neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Prior classifications of cranial flexions were reviewed and a more expansive typology given, one which provided for the analysis of cranial flexions in terms of the concepts of the method of functional cranial analysis. On the basis of available data it was suggested that the study of the totality of cranial flexures (termed orthocephalization) occurring during the growth of the rat head could serve as a useful model system by means of which it would be possible to construct and test a hypothesis concerning the processes of adjustive cranial growth which must accompany any cranial flexions.", "PMID": 744460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5968", "title": "[Facial muscles of insectivora. ii. pachyura indica and sorex araneus].", "content": "The investigation includes the area of facialis in Erinaceus europaeus, Talpa europaea, Pachyura indica and Sorex araneus. It is indicated that the topography of muscles diverges considerably from the equal conditions in Rodentia, Carnivoar and Ungulata . The dorsal length musculature thus is almost an undivided mass of muscles by the 4 species investigated as also the laterally and ventrally situated musculature at certain points diverges from the conditions within other above mentioned animal groups.", "contents": "[Facial muscles of insectivora. ii. pachyura indica and sorex araneus]. The investigation includes the area of facialis in Erinaceus europaeus, Talpa europaea, Pachyura indica and Sorex araneus. It is indicated that the topography of muscles diverges considerably from the equal conditions in Rodentia, Carnivoar and Ungulata . The dorsal length musculature thus is almost an undivided mass of muscles by the 4 species investigated as also the laterally and ventrally situated musculature at certain points diverges from the conditions within other above mentioned animal groups.", "PMID": 744461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5969", "title": "A comparative histochemical study of lipids in the trachea and lungs of squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, exposed to three chief air-pollutants.", "content": "In the present investigation, a histochemical study of lipids have been made in the trachea and lungs of common ground squirrels exposed to three chief air-pollutants. Significant changes thus observed in pulmonary lipids have been correlated with altered mechanical properties of the lung and morphology. Supplementary biochemical findings made on total lipids indicate that CO ranks at the top effecting lipid contents of both trachea and lungs than are the SO2 and NO2 respectively. Physiological mechanism of damage has also been analysed.", "contents": "A comparative histochemical study of lipids in the trachea and lungs of squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, exposed to three chief air-pollutants. In the present investigation, a histochemical study of lipids have been made in the trachea and lungs of common ground squirrels exposed to three chief air-pollutants. Significant changes thus observed in pulmonary lipids have been correlated with altered mechanical properties of the lung and morphology. Supplementary biochemical findings made on total lipids indicate that CO ranks at the top effecting lipid contents of both trachea and lungs than are the SO2 and NO2 respectively. Physiological mechanism of damage has also been analysed.", "PMID": 744462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5970", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of the inner skull base and the brain stem on median frozen sections of the fetal head, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestational age].", "content": "1. In median sections through frozen heads of 75 human fetuses, between 14 and 40 weeks of age, a total of 12 finite lines was determined at the inner skull-base, at the brain-stem, and in relation of the brain-stem to the inner skull-base. The fetuses were classified into 5 age groups. The data were obtained by means of variance analysis. 2. So far there has not been any information on human fetuses and measured quantities in the available literature. Comparing the mean values of the finite lines of the above mentioned five age groups explains something about the increase of growth. 3. In evaluating the results obtained and comparing the qualitative data reported in the literature, the importance of the different development of medullary functional units on the one hand and the topographic changes in the sense of additive processes on the other hand is emphasized. 4. The comparatively larger increase in the standard deviations between the 29th and the 40th week of fetal age suggests the tendency towards a plateau that may be due to the full development of microstructural systems in the fields examined.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of the inner skull base and the brain stem on median frozen sections of the fetal head, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestational age]. 1. In median sections through frozen heads of 75 human fetuses, between 14 and 40 weeks of age, a total of 12 finite lines was determined at the inner skull-base, at the brain-stem, and in relation of the brain-stem to the inner skull-base. The fetuses were classified into 5 age groups. The data were obtained by means of variance analysis. 2. So far there has not been any information on human fetuses and measured quantities in the available literature. Comparing the mean values of the finite lines of the above mentioned five age groups explains something about the increase of growth. 3. In evaluating the results obtained and comparing the qualitative data reported in the literature, the importance of the different development of medullary functional units on the one hand and the topographic changes in the sense of additive processes on the other hand is emphasized. 4. The comparatively larger increase in the standard deviations between the 29th and the 40th week of fetal age suggests the tendency towards a plateau that may be due to the full development of microstructural systems in the fields examined.", "PMID": 744464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5971", "title": "Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the interrenal gland and the ovary of stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis (Linn.): a histochemical study.", "content": "The distribution of delta5 3beta-hydrox\u00fcsteroid dehydrogenase (delta5 3beta-HSDH), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSDH), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and NADH-diaphorase enzymes has been histochemically studied in the interrenal gland and the ovary of the stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis (Linn.). In the interrenal gland, the activity for all the enzymes studied, occurred in the interrenal cells. All these enzyme activities occurred in the theca interna of normal growing follicles, atretic follicles and interstitial gland cells of the ovary. A weak activity for all the enzymes occurred in the hypertrophied granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the interrenal gland and the ovary of stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis (Linn.): a histochemical study. The distribution of delta5 3beta-hydrox\u00fcsteroid dehydrogenase (delta5 3beta-HSDH), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSDH), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and NADH-diaphorase enzymes has been histochemically studied in the interrenal gland and the ovary of the stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis (Linn.). In the interrenal gland, the activity for all the enzymes studied, occurred in the interrenal cells. All these enzyme activities occurred in the theca interna of normal growing follicles, atretic follicles and interstitial gland cells of the ovary. A weak activity for all the enzymes occurred in the hypertrophied granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 744465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5972", "title": "Neurohistological observations on lung of female Perdicula asiatica (jungle bush quail) as revealed by cholinesterase technique.", "content": "Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres follow the bronchi which share in the formation of the pericartilaginous plexus, posteriorly. Meso- and parabronchi were richely innervated by a large number of non-myelinated nerve fibres. Rounded ganglia (large and small) were observed near the wall of the bronchi and parabronchi. Large ganglia with numerous nerve cells were observed in the parenchymal tissue. Occasionally ganglia were seen in between parabronchial space and in the connective tissue space. Muscle were also richly innervated by non-myelinated nerve fibres and were marked in close associationship with the pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres of the perimuscular ganglia. The neural networks, formed by fine branches of non-myelinated nerve fibres, were either connected with the vascular (arterial) plexuses, neural terminal network, fibres of the pericartilaginous plexus or meso- and parabronchial plexus.", "contents": "Neurohistological observations on lung of female Perdicula asiatica (jungle bush quail) as revealed by cholinesterase technique. Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres follow the bronchi which share in the formation of the pericartilaginous plexus, posteriorly. Meso- and parabronchi were richely innervated by a large number of non-myelinated nerve fibres. Rounded ganglia (large and small) were observed near the wall of the bronchi and parabronchi. Large ganglia with numerous nerve cells were observed in the parenchymal tissue. Occasionally ganglia were seen in between parabronchial space and in the connective tissue space. Muscle were also richly innervated by non-myelinated nerve fibres and were marked in close associationship with the pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres of the perimuscular ganglia. The neural networks, formed by fine branches of non-myelinated nerve fibres, were either connected with the vascular (arterial) plexuses, neural terminal network, fibres of the pericartilaginous plexus or meso- and parabronchial plexus.", "PMID": 744466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5973", "title": "Site specificity and variability in the mutator and antimutator effects of phage T4 gene 43 mutants.", "content": "Spontaneous, 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced mutations at six rII nonsense codons were studied in phage T4 strains possessing wild-type and mutant gene 43 alleles. The mutation pathways studied included interconversions and reversions of nonsense codons. The tsCB87 allele, which specifies an antimutator DNA polymerase, reduced base-analogue-induced mutation frequencies along all pathways. However, GC base pairs were less affected than AT base pairs. The frequency of spontaneous UAA leads to UAG conversions was also reduced by tsCB87, but that of spontaneous UAA leads to UAG UGA conversions was often increased. Mutation in the presence of the mutator allele tsL56 was increased along all pathways, with no preference for either AT or GC base pairs. Mutation frequencies in the presence of the two mutant DNA polymerases were highly variable. A strong correlation was found between 2-aminopurine-induced mutation frequencies in ts+ tsCB87 phage along the reversion and UAA changed to UAG (but not UAA changed to UGA) pathways.", "contents": "Site specificity and variability in the mutator and antimutator effects of phage T4 gene 43 mutants. Spontaneous, 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced mutations at six rII nonsense codons were studied in phage T4 strains possessing wild-type and mutant gene 43 alleles. The mutation pathways studied included interconversions and reversions of nonsense codons. The tsCB87 allele, which specifies an antimutator DNA polymerase, reduced base-analogue-induced mutation frequencies along all pathways. However, GC base pairs were less affected than AT base pairs. The frequency of spontaneous UAA leads to UAG conversions was also reduced by tsCB87, but that of spontaneous UAA leads to UAG UGA conversions was often increased. Mutation in the presence of the mutator allele tsL56 was increased along all pathways, with no preference for either AT or GC base pairs. Mutation frequencies in the presence of the two mutant DNA polymerases were highly variable. A strong correlation was found between 2-aminopurine-induced mutation frequencies in ts+ tsCB87 phage along the reversion and UAA changed to UAG (but not UAA changed to UGA) pathways.", "PMID": 744472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5974", "title": "Genetic variation at a locus (TAM-1) for submaxillary gland protease in the mouse and its location on chromosome No. 7.", "content": "Electrophoretic and activity variants for a testosterone-induced esteroprotease have been discovered in submaxillary glands from inbred strains of mice. The enzyme is tentatively designated tamase [TAM-1] and the variant genetic locus is Tam-1. The alleles Tam-1a and Tam-1b determine electrophoretically distinct zones of tamase activity, while Tam-lc produces no detectable enzyme activity. Data from recombinant inbred strains and B6AF1 X B6 and B6D2F1 X B6 backcrosses established linkage of Tam-1 to glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi-1), pink-eyed dilution [p] and beta-hemoglobin (Hbb) on chromosome 7. The gene order is Gpi-1--Tam-1--p--HBB. Analysis of congenic resistant strains indicates that Tam-1 is closely linked to the minor histocompatibility locus, H-4. TAM-1 was not cross-reactive with antisera to mouse nerve growth factor, submaxillary renin, or tamases A and D.", "contents": "Genetic variation at a locus (TAM-1) for submaxillary gland protease in the mouse and its location on chromosome No. 7. Electrophoretic and activity variants for a testosterone-induced esteroprotease have been discovered in submaxillary glands from inbred strains of mice. The enzyme is tentatively designated tamase [TAM-1] and the variant genetic locus is Tam-1. The alleles Tam-1a and Tam-1b determine electrophoretically distinct zones of tamase activity, while Tam-lc produces no detectable enzyme activity. Data from recombinant inbred strains and B6AF1 X B6 and B6D2F1 X B6 backcrosses established linkage of Tam-1 to glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi-1), pink-eyed dilution [p] and beta-hemoglobin (Hbb) on chromosome 7. The gene order is Gpi-1--Tam-1--p--HBB. Analysis of congenic resistant strains indicates that Tam-1 is closely linked to the minor histocompatibility locus, H-4. TAM-1 was not cross-reactive with antisera to mouse nerve growth factor, submaxillary renin, or tamases A and D.", "PMID": 744473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5975", "title": "Apparent trans control of murine beta-glucuronidase synthesis by a temporal genetic element.", "content": "A difference in the heat-inactivation kinetics between the beta-glucuronidases of C3HeB/FeJ and C57B1/6J mice was utilized to assess the mode of action of a temporal genetic element in controlling the expression of the beta-glucuronidase structural gene Gus. The heat-inactivation kinetics of liver and kidney beta-glucuronidase from F1 C3HeB/FeJ X C57B1/6J animals were intermediate with respect to the parental enzyme patterns, suggesting that equal concentrations of the two allelic products were present in beta-glucuronidase tetramers of F1 progeny. beta-glucuronidase heteropolymers assembled in vivo under conditions where equal concentrations of the two structural alleles of the enzyme were known to be present also exhibited intermediate heat-inactivation kinetics. These observations are consistent with a trans mode of action of a genetic element that controls the rate of murine beta-glucuronidase synthesis.", "contents": "Apparent trans control of murine beta-glucuronidase synthesis by a temporal genetic element. A difference in the heat-inactivation kinetics between the beta-glucuronidases of C3HeB/FeJ and C57B1/6J mice was utilized to assess the mode of action of a temporal genetic element in controlling the expression of the beta-glucuronidase structural gene Gus. The heat-inactivation kinetics of liver and kidney beta-glucuronidase from F1 C3HeB/FeJ X C57B1/6J animals were intermediate with respect to the parental enzyme patterns, suggesting that equal concentrations of the two allelic products were present in beta-glucuronidase tetramers of F1 progeny. beta-glucuronidase heteropolymers assembled in vivo under conditions where equal concentrations of the two structural alleles of the enzyme were known to be present also exhibited intermediate heat-inactivation kinetics. These observations are consistent with a trans mode of action of a genetic element that controls the rate of murine beta-glucuronidase synthesis.", "PMID": 744474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5976", "title": "Separation of linked markers in Chinese hamster cell hybrids: mitotic recombination is not involved.", "content": "A search for mitotic recombination was carried out using mutant subclones of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Recombination events were sought between the linked loci specifying the enzymes hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl tranferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It was shown by fluctuation analysis that markers at these two loci co-segregate from doubly heterozygous pseudotetraploid hybrid cells more than 90% of the time. The minority class of segregants, which had lost one marker without losing the other, were genetically analyzed to distinguish between the possibilities of mitotic recombination and deletion of chromosomal material. Nine clones in which a linkage disruption had occurred were studied, using further cell hybridization and segregation. In three cases, a recessive lethal loss of genetic information was indicated, suggesting the deletion mechanism. In six cases, it was demonstrated that no new linkage relationships had been established concomitant with linkage disruption. Thus, in all nine clones, the evidence indicated that mitotic recombination was not involved in the events that disrupted linkage between these two loci. If mitotic recombination takes place at all in this system, the rate must be less than about 10(-6) per cell per generation.", "contents": "Separation of linked markers in Chinese hamster cell hybrids: mitotic recombination is not involved. A search for mitotic recombination was carried out using mutant subclones of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Recombination events were sought between the linked loci specifying the enzymes hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl tranferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It was shown by fluctuation analysis that markers at these two loci co-segregate from doubly heterozygous pseudotetraploid hybrid cells more than 90% of the time. The minority class of segregants, which had lost one marker without losing the other, were genetically analyzed to distinguish between the possibilities of mitotic recombination and deletion of chromosomal material. Nine clones in which a linkage disruption had occurred were studied, using further cell hybridization and segregation. In three cases, a recessive lethal loss of genetic information was indicated, suggesting the deletion mechanism. In six cases, it was demonstrated that no new linkage relationships had been established concomitant with linkage disruption. Thus, in all nine clones, the evidence indicated that mitotic recombination was not involved in the events that disrupted linkage between these two loci. If mitotic recombination takes place at all in this system, the rate must be less than about 10(-6) per cell per generation.", "PMID": 744475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5977", "title": "[Characteristics of the conjugation transfer of the R plasmids in bacteria of the intestinal group to Erwinia cells].", "content": "The conjugal transfer of seven R factors with different genes of drug resistance from Escherichia coli bacteria to twenty Erwinia strains was studied. Seven Erwinia strains were able to accept R plasmids, however the frequency of R factors transfer from E. coli to Erwinia was about 10(-6)-10(-4), and as a rule was higher when the cross was made at optimum temperature for the donor. The most of R- exconjugants showed higher degree of resistance to streptomycin and lower degrees of resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol than donor E. coli strains. R plasmids which were transferred to Erwinia from enteric bacteria were characterized by low genetical stability and in some cases were eliminated at first generations of recipient bacteria. Some R- strains of Erwinia exconjugants were able to transfer the accepted plasmids by conjugation into E. coli cells, but were not able to do it in homologous systems.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the conjugation transfer of the R plasmids in bacteria of the intestinal group to Erwinia cells]. The conjugal transfer of seven R factors with different genes of drug resistance from Escherichia coli bacteria to twenty Erwinia strains was studied. Seven Erwinia strains were able to accept R plasmids, however the frequency of R factors transfer from E. coli to Erwinia was about 10(-6)-10(-4), and as a rule was higher when the cross was made at optimum temperature for the donor. The most of R- exconjugants showed higher degree of resistance to streptomycin and lower degrees of resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol than donor E. coli strains. R plasmids which were transferred to Erwinia from enteric bacteria were characterized by low genetical stability and in some cases were eliminated at first generations of recipient bacteria. Some R- strains of Erwinia exconjugants were able to transfer the accepted plasmids by conjugation into E. coli cells, but were not able to do it in homologous systems.", "PMID": 744476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5978", "title": "[Inversion polymorphism in the malarial mosquito, Anopheles messeae. III. The temporal dynamics of the inversion frequencies in the population of the center of a geographic range].", "content": "The karyotypic structure of the studied population shows the clear temporal differentiation. The frequencies of the homozygotes IIR/IIR, IIIR1/IIIR1 and IIIL/IIIL increase to the middle of the reproductive period. This homozygotes are initial gene arrangements in the phylogenetic sense and their adaptive value is evidently higher than the alternative homozygotes during the population flowering. Inter-year correlations of the dynamic frequencies of several gene arrangements appears to be due to density-dependent selection. The population karyotypic structure is characterised by a high dynamics during the season. However, no directional displacement of the inversion frequencies was observed. This stability is explained by homeostasis of the population genetic structure.", "contents": "[Inversion polymorphism in the malarial mosquito, Anopheles messeae. III. The temporal dynamics of the inversion frequencies in the population of the center of a geographic range]. The karyotypic structure of the studied population shows the clear temporal differentiation. The frequencies of the homozygotes IIR/IIR, IIIR1/IIIR1 and IIIL/IIIL increase to the middle of the reproductive period. This homozygotes are initial gene arrangements in the phylogenetic sense and their adaptive value is evidently higher than the alternative homozygotes during the population flowering. Inter-year correlations of the dynamic frequencies of several gene arrangements appears to be due to density-dependent selection. The population karyotypic structure is characterised by a high dynamics during the season. However, no directional displacement of the inversion frequencies was observed. This stability is explained by homeostasis of the population genetic structure.", "PMID": 744477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5979", "title": "[Chromosome anomalies among newborn infants in Lithuania].", "content": "Cytogenetic investigation has been carried out in 4032 newborn infants, 31 of which are found to have karyotype anomalies, which makes 7.7 per 1000 births. The frequency of anomalies in the system of sex chromosomes is 3.2 per 1000. This index is 4.9 per 1000 males, and 1.5 per 1000 females. The frequency of the main types of anomalies turned out to be: XXY--3.0 per 1000 males, XYY--1.0 per 1000 males, XXX--1.0 per 1000 females. The frequency of trisomies of autosomes is 2.0 per 1000 births, trisomy 21 being the main type among them (1.7 per 1000 births). The frequency of structural rearrangements of autosomes is 2.5 per 1000 births, Robertsonian translocations being 1.2 per 1000, reciprocal translocations--1.0 per 1000, and others--0.2 per 1000. The ratio of familial and sporadic mutants was found to be 50%: 50%. Sixty per cent of structural rearrangements are balanced ones, and their carriers does not show any noticeable phenotypic distortions.", "contents": "[Chromosome anomalies among newborn infants in Lithuania]. Cytogenetic investigation has been carried out in 4032 newborn infants, 31 of which are found to have karyotype anomalies, which makes 7.7 per 1000 births. The frequency of anomalies in the system of sex chromosomes is 3.2 per 1000. This index is 4.9 per 1000 males, and 1.5 per 1000 females. The frequency of the main types of anomalies turned out to be: XXY--3.0 per 1000 males, XYY--1.0 per 1000 males, XXX--1.0 per 1000 females. The frequency of trisomies of autosomes is 2.0 per 1000 births, trisomy 21 being the main type among them (1.7 per 1000 births). The frequency of structural rearrangements of autosomes is 2.5 per 1000 births, Robertsonian translocations being 1.2 per 1000, reciprocal translocations--1.0 per 1000, and others--0.2 per 1000. The ratio of familial and sporadic mutants was found to be 50%: 50%. Sixty per cent of structural rearrangements are balanced ones, and their carriers does not show any noticeable phenotypic distortions.", "PMID": 744478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5980", "title": "[Formation of B12 auxotrophs among spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum].", "content": "The spontaneous mutation to streptomycin-resistance (strr) was selective for isolating the definite type of auxotrophs (B12) of grampositive bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. A correlation between the resistance to the antibiotic and the requirement of vitamin B12 of this culture is suggested.", "contents": "[Formation of B12 auxotrophs among spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum]. The spontaneous mutation to streptomycin-resistance (strr) was selective for isolating the definite type of auxotrophs (B12) of grampositive bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. A correlation between the resistance to the antibiotic and the requirement of vitamin B12 of this culture is suggested.", "PMID": 744479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5981", "title": "[Absence of a mutagenic effect of cadmium and zinc salts in mouse somatic and sex cells].", "content": "Mutagenic effect of cadmium chloride and zinc chloride on the yield of chromosome aberrations induced in bone marrow cells and the frequency of dominant lethal mutations induced by zinc chloride in male germ mouse cells are studied. Water solutions of CdCl2 and ZnCl2 were injected intraperitoneally to male mice at doses of 4 and 15 mg/kg respectively. The results obtained did not reveal any mutagenic effect of these salts in somatic cells and of ZnCl2 in germ cells of mice.", "contents": "[Absence of a mutagenic effect of cadmium and zinc salts in mouse somatic and sex cells]. Mutagenic effect of cadmium chloride and zinc chloride on the yield of chromosome aberrations induced in bone marrow cells and the frequency of dominant lethal mutations induced by zinc chloride in male germ mouse cells are studied. Water solutions of CdCl2 and ZnCl2 were injected intraperitoneally to male mice at doses of 4 and 15 mg/kg respectively. The results obtained did not reveal any mutagenic effect of these salts in somatic cells and of ZnCl2 in germ cells of mice.", "PMID": 744480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5982", "title": "[Phenomenon of \"chromosome coating\"].", "content": "The results are presented on the chromosome analysis of the human blood culture irradiated in the Co phase at doses of 100-500 r. 5733 cells were examined. The phenomenon of vesting, i.e. ring chromosomes encircling rod-shaped ones was observed in two metaphases at a dose of 500 r.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of \"chromosome coating\"]. The results are presented on the chromosome analysis of the human blood culture irradiated in the Co phase at doses of 100-500 r. 5733 cells were examined. The phenomenon of vesting, i.e. ring chromosomes encircling rod-shaped ones was observed in two metaphases at a dose of 500 r.", "PMID": 744481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5983", "title": "Physical map of DNA from a new cauliflower mosaic virus strain.", "content": "The restriction enzymes AluI, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, and SalI have been used to characterize and map a new cauliflower mosaic virus strain (Cabb-S). These fragments have been ordered by examining their overlapping regions after double enzymatic digestion. The single SalI cleavage site was chosen as the point of origin. We compare this strain with those already described.", "contents": "Physical map of DNA from a new cauliflower mosaic virus strain. The restriction enzymes AluI, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, and SalI have been used to characterize and map a new cauliflower mosaic virus strain (Cabb-S). These fragments have been ordered by examining their overlapping regions after double enzymatic digestion. The single SalI cleavage site was chosen as the point of origin. We compare this strain with those already described.", "PMID": 744486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5984", "title": "The isolation of DNA from agarose gels by electrophoretic elution onto malachite green-polyacrylamide columns.", "content": "Electrophoretic elution of DNA coupled with direct adsorption onto malachite green-polyacrylamide columns was used to isolate double- and single-stranded DNA from agarose gels. Subsequently, DNA was eluted with a high salt buffer and filtered through Sephadex which permitted recovery of the DNA in a low salt buffer at concentrations suitable for heteroduplex analysis by electron microscopy. This method was tested by examining heteroduplexes formed from the isolated complementary single strands of T7 wild type DNA and a T7 deletion mutant. More than 80% of the reannealed molecules were intact heteroduplexes showing the deletion loop. Irradiation of single-stranded DNA with 254 nm light resulted in distorted, convoluted heteroduplexes while 366 nm light did not show this effect.", "contents": "The isolation of DNA from agarose gels by electrophoretic elution onto malachite green-polyacrylamide columns. Electrophoretic elution of DNA coupled with direct adsorption onto malachite green-polyacrylamide columns was used to isolate double- and single-stranded DNA from agarose gels. Subsequently, DNA was eluted with a high salt buffer and filtered through Sephadex which permitted recovery of the DNA in a low salt buffer at concentrations suitable for heteroduplex analysis by electron microscopy. This method was tested by examining heteroduplexes formed from the isolated complementary single strands of T7 wild type DNA and a T7 deletion mutant. More than 80% of the reannealed molecules were intact heteroduplexes showing the deletion loop. Irradiation of single-stranded DNA with 254 nm light resulted in distorted, convoluted heteroduplexes while 366 nm light did not show this effect.", "PMID": 744487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5985", "title": "Mapping the DNA fragments produced by cleavage of EcoRI F fragment of adenovirus 2 with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI.", "content": "Hydrolysis of the EcoRI F fragment of the adenovirus 2 genome with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI restriction enzymes gives respectively 9, 11, and 11 fragments, the size of which ranges from 20 bp for the smallest HpaII k fragment to 585 for the largest AluI A fragment. The order of fragments was mainly deduced from partial hydrolysis analyses. The relative order of all restriction sites and the distance in nucleotides between them were obtained through secondary analyses of each restriction fragment by the two other enzymes. Position of the KpnI, HindIII, MboI and SmaI sites within the EcoRI F fragment were also reevaluated.", "contents": "Mapping the DNA fragments produced by cleavage of EcoRI F fragment of adenovirus 2 with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI. Hydrolysis of the EcoRI F fragment of the adenovirus 2 genome with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI restriction enzymes gives respectively 9, 11, and 11 fragments, the size of which ranges from 20 bp for the smallest HpaII k fragment to 585 for the largest AluI A fragment. The order of fragments was mainly deduced from partial hydrolysis analyses. The relative order of all restriction sites and the distance in nucleotides between them were obtained through secondary analyses of each restriction fragment by the two other enzymes. Position of the KpnI, HindIII, MboI and SmaI sites within the EcoRI F fragment were also reevaluated.", "PMID": 744488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5986", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the transforming HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA.", "content": "The primary structure of the HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA has been determined, mainly by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This fragment comprises the leftmost 4.5% of the Ad5 genome, and has been shown to be the shortest DNA fragment capable of transforming cells. The identification of potential initiation and termination codons in the determined sequence indicates that two small polypeptides consisting of 186, and 81 amino acids, respectively, could be synthesized. Taking into account recent data on RNA splicing, a possibility is considered that this DNA may code also for larger polypeptides.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the transforming HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The primary structure of the HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA has been determined, mainly by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This fragment comprises the leftmost 4.5% of the Ad5 genome, and has been shown to be the shortest DNA fragment capable of transforming cells. The identification of potential initiation and termination codons in the determined sequence indicates that two small polypeptides consisting of 186, and 81 amino acids, respectively, could be synthesized. Taking into account recent data on RNA splicing, a possibility is considered that this DNA may code also for larger polypeptides.", "PMID": 744489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5987", "title": "[Pancreatitis and pregnancy].", "content": "Five cases of pregnancy complicated by pancreatitis are discussed. In three of the five cases there was, at the time of the pregnancy, some pathology which might have been responsable for the acute pancreatitis. Three patients were operated on. The phisiopathology and the ethiopathology of this condition are commented, as well as the principal clinical and laboratorial findings. The complications are discussed. The medical treatment represents the best management in these cases. Surgery, ideally, should only be undertaken when the pregnancy is over.", "contents": "[Pancreatitis and pregnancy]. Five cases of pregnancy complicated by pancreatitis are discussed. In three of the five cases there was, at the time of the pregnancy, some pathology which might have been responsable for the acute pancreatitis. Three patients were operated on. The phisiopathology and the ethiopathology of this condition are commented, as well as the principal clinical and laboratorial findings. The complications are discussed. The medical treatment represents the best management in these cases. Surgery, ideally, should only be undertaken when the pregnancy is over.", "PMID": 744490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5988", "title": "[Value of cystoscopy in the study of the urogynecological patient].", "content": "The results of 350 cystoscopic studies, are presented. In 85.7%, urinary incontinence was present, and in 72% one or more of the following symptoms were present: urgency, dysuria, urinary frequency, vesical tenesmus and nycturia. The following were analyzed: age, parity, uroculture and its relation to cystoscopic findings. Most of the patients (64.5%) were 40 to 60 years old, 54% had seven or more deliveries. Most frequent diagnoses were: urethritis alone or with trigonitis (66.8%) and urethral stenosis (meatus) in 31.4%. Uroculture was done in 96% and it was positive in 20% and negative 76%. In 88% of the patients with a negative uroculture, there were other lesions shown by urethrocytoscopy. From 300 patients with urinary incontinence, only in 155 it was confirmed objectively.", "contents": "[Value of cystoscopy in the study of the urogynecological patient]. The results of 350 cystoscopic studies, are presented. In 85.7%, urinary incontinence was present, and in 72% one or more of the following symptoms were present: urgency, dysuria, urinary frequency, vesical tenesmus and nycturia. The following were analyzed: age, parity, uroculture and its relation to cystoscopic findings. Most of the patients (64.5%) were 40 to 60 years old, 54% had seven or more deliveries. Most frequent diagnoses were: urethritis alone or with trigonitis (66.8%) and urethral stenosis (meatus) in 31.4%. Uroculture was done in 96% and it was positive in 20% and negative 76%. In 88% of the patients with a negative uroculture, there were other lesions shown by urethrocytoscopy. From 300 patients with urinary incontinence, only in 155 it was confirmed objectively.", "PMID": 744491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5989", "title": "[Bacteriology of the tubes in postpartum salpingoclasia].", "content": "One hundred patients, randomly chosen, with post-partum salpingochlasia, were studied. The surgical procedures used were Pomeroy's Kroener's or a combination of both. Once the tubal segment was removed, a tube with BHI bacteriologic culture medium received the segment; it was placed latter in a specific medium. The parameters under study were: age of patients, number of gestations, number of deliveries, gestational age, vaginal infection antecedents during gestation, premature membrane rupture, post-partum uterine cavity revision and the time elapsed from the delivery to the time of tubal ligation. Seven positive cultures were seen, four of them due to enterobacteria, correlated with latency periods longer than 24 hours and cavity revision.", "contents": "[Bacteriology of the tubes in postpartum salpingoclasia]. One hundred patients, randomly chosen, with post-partum salpingochlasia, were studied. The surgical procedures used were Pomeroy's Kroener's or a combination of both. Once the tubal segment was removed, a tube with BHI bacteriologic culture medium received the segment; it was placed latter in a specific medium. The parameters under study were: age of patients, number of gestations, number of deliveries, gestational age, vaginal infection antecedents during gestation, premature membrane rupture, post-partum uterine cavity revision and the time elapsed from the delivery to the time of tubal ligation. Seven positive cultures were seen, four of them due to enterobacteria, correlated with latency periods longer than 24 hours and cavity revision.", "PMID": 744492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5990", "title": "[Clinical observation in the premature rupture of membranes. Early detection of maternofetal infections].", "content": "One hundred patients with term pregnancy, were studied. There were placed in two groups of 50 each; one was the problem group with antecedents and confirmation of premature rupture of membranes; and the other group with intact amnios at the time of delivery, which served as controls. Clinical history, leukocyte count, temperature determination on admission and during trans-partum, leukocyte count in mixed blood from the umbilical cord and clinical surveillance were carried out, until 96 hours after delivery, of mother and child looking for sepsis signs. In the problem group there were 10 cases of maternal infection and 12 of newborns. There were no infections in the control group. There was no perinatal mortality. The most useful examination as to maternal and neonatal infection, was leukocytic count on admission, followed by trans-partum count and maternal temperature. Fetal leukocytic count above 12,500 per mm3 was useful in 70% of the newborns with complications.", "contents": "[Clinical observation in the premature rupture of membranes. Early detection of maternofetal infections]. One hundred patients with term pregnancy, were studied. There were placed in two groups of 50 each; one was the problem group with antecedents and confirmation of premature rupture of membranes; and the other group with intact amnios at the time of delivery, which served as controls. Clinical history, leukocyte count, temperature determination on admission and during trans-partum, leukocyte count in mixed blood from the umbilical cord and clinical surveillance were carried out, until 96 hours after delivery, of mother and child looking for sepsis signs. In the problem group there were 10 cases of maternal infection and 12 of newborns. There were no infections in the control group. There was no perinatal mortality. The most useful examination as to maternal and neonatal infection, was leukocytic count on admission, followed by trans-partum count and maternal temperature. Fetal leukocytic count above 12,500 per mm3 was useful in 70% of the newborns with complications.", "PMID": 744493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5991", "title": "[New concepts related to implantation. III. Biochemical characteristics].", "content": "The fixed position of trophoblast in the uterus is preceded by zygote orientation and its contact, adhession and fusion with endometrial cell membrane. These interactions take place in a precise site called \"implantation site\". The identification of this area by the administration of pontamine blue has allowed biochemical studies which showed an increase (in the site) of glycolytic enzymes activity of the pentose cycle, of beta-glucuramidase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase; with a decrease in catepsine D activity. In non implanted tissue, isocitric dehydrogenase activity is decreased. From the biochemical standpoint the implanted endometrium may be different from the rest, which allows a better knowledge of possible molecular mechanisms related with implantation, as well as the possible inhibition with medication.", "contents": "[New concepts related to implantation. III. Biochemical characteristics]. The fixed position of trophoblast in the uterus is preceded by zygote orientation and its contact, adhession and fusion with endometrial cell membrane. These interactions take place in a precise site called \"implantation site\". The identification of this area by the administration of pontamine blue has allowed biochemical studies which showed an increase (in the site) of glycolytic enzymes activity of the pentose cycle, of beta-glucuramidase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase; with a decrease in catepsine D activity. In non implanted tissue, isocitric dehydrogenase activity is decreased. From the biochemical standpoint the implanted endometrium may be different from the rest, which allows a better knowledge of possible molecular mechanisms related with implantation, as well as the possible inhibition with medication.", "PMID": 744494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5992", "title": "Re-evaluation of the techique of organ culture for studying gluten toxicity in coeliac disease.", "content": "In vitro cytotoxicity of four different gluten fractions was tested in organ culture for up to 48 hours using flat intestinal biopsies from children with coeliac disease. The fractions were (1) a peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin containing a moderate amount of alpha-gliadin, (2) a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten (Frazer fraction III) froma strain of wheat with a high content of alpha-gliadin, (3) alpha-gliadin, and (4) alpha-GT-18,000, a tryptic fragment of alpha-gliadin. The latter three fractions were toxic to coeliac patients in vivo. In vitro, however, none of these fractions proved to be cytotoxic. When added to the culture medium they were not capable of inhibiting the regeneration of the surface epithelium as visualised by histology and electron microscopy. The only difference between cultures with and without gluten fractions was that the former produced slightly more mucus when maintained in vitro as observed in the dissecting microscope. Furthermore, for Frazer fraction III the absence of apparent toxicity was confirmed by the behaviour of brush border enzyme activities during culture. Our results are not in accordance with those reported in the literature. We believe that the criteria used at the present time for the assessment of gluten toxicity in vitro should be extended to include the process of enterocyte desquamation.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of the techique of organ culture for studying gluten toxicity in coeliac disease. In vitro cytotoxicity of four different gluten fractions was tested in organ culture for up to 48 hours using flat intestinal biopsies from children with coeliac disease. The fractions were (1) a peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin containing a moderate amount of alpha-gliadin, (2) a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten (Frazer fraction III) froma strain of wheat with a high content of alpha-gliadin, (3) alpha-gliadin, and (4) alpha-GT-18,000, a tryptic fragment of alpha-gliadin. The latter three fractions were toxic to coeliac patients in vivo. In vitro, however, none of these fractions proved to be cytotoxic. When added to the culture medium they were not capable of inhibiting the regeneration of the surface epithelium as visualised by histology and electron microscopy. The only difference between cultures with and without gluten fractions was that the former produced slightly more mucus when maintained in vitro as observed in the dissecting microscope. Furthermore, for Frazer fraction III the absence of apparent toxicity was confirmed by the behaviour of brush border enzyme activities during culture. Our results are not in accordance with those reported in the literature. We believe that the criteria used at the present time for the assessment of gluten toxicity in vitro should be extended to include the process of enterocyte desquamation.", "PMID": 744495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5993", "title": "Kinetics of 14C-glycocholic acid clearance in normal man and in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The plasma clearance of a tracer dose of 14C-glycocholic acid, and fasting total serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 14 control subjects and in 38 patients with acute and chronic liver disease. In controls plasma clearance was 415 +/- 24 ml min-1 m-2 (mean +/- SEM), equivalent to a 'first-pass' extraction by the liver of 85%. Clearance was not significantly different from controls in patients with acute hepatitis or active chronic hepatitis, nor in anicteric patients with primary biliary or alcoholic cirrhosis. Thus bile acid clearance was impaired only in icteric chronic liver disease. In contrast, serum bile acid concentrations were abnormal in all but seven patients, six of whom had active chronic hepatitis in complete biochemical remission. The pattern of plasma disappearance of injected 14C-glycocholic acid was biexponential in controls and patients with liver disease, and computer analysis of the curves suggested that there was significant distribution of bile acid outside the vascular space. The preservation of bile acid clearance in anicteric chronic liver disease confirms that it is dependent more on liver blood flow than on liver cell function.", "contents": "Kinetics of 14C-glycocholic acid clearance in normal man and in patients with liver disease. The plasma clearance of a tracer dose of 14C-glycocholic acid, and fasting total serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 14 control subjects and in 38 patients with acute and chronic liver disease. In controls plasma clearance was 415 +/- 24 ml min-1 m-2 (mean +/- SEM), equivalent to a 'first-pass' extraction by the liver of 85%. Clearance was not significantly different from controls in patients with acute hepatitis or active chronic hepatitis, nor in anicteric patients with primary biliary or alcoholic cirrhosis. Thus bile acid clearance was impaired only in icteric chronic liver disease. In contrast, serum bile acid concentrations were abnormal in all but seven patients, six of whom had active chronic hepatitis in complete biochemical remission. The pattern of plasma disappearance of injected 14C-glycocholic acid was biexponential in controls and patients with liver disease, and computer analysis of the curves suggested that there was significant distribution of bile acid outside the vascular space. The preservation of bile acid clearance in anicteric chronic liver disease confirms that it is dependent more on liver blood flow than on liver cell function.", "PMID": 744496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5994", "title": "Lower oesophageal sphincter response to intravenous infusions of pentagastrin in normal subjects, antrectomised and achalasic patients.", "content": "Lower oesophageal sphincter response to infusion of graded doses (0.003--0.050 microgram kg-1min-1) of pentagastrin was evaluated in four antrectomised patients as well as in six healthy subjects and seven achalasic patients in whom inhibition of antral gastrin release was maintained by continuous acidification (HC1 0.1 N) and aspiration of gastric antrum. In normal subjects and in antrectomised patients doses of pentagastrin required for half-maximal gastric acid secretion (0.012 microgram kg-1min-1) produced statistically significant increases of LES pressure. In achalasic patients, the infusion of pentagastrin did not affect LES pressure. These data seem to indicate that gastrin plays, at least in some degree, a physiological role in the regulation of LES tone. Insensitivity of LES to pentagastrin in achalasia suggests that the raised sphincter pressure in this disorder can not be attributed to gastrin.", "contents": "Lower oesophageal sphincter response to intravenous infusions of pentagastrin in normal subjects, antrectomised and achalasic patients. Lower oesophageal sphincter response to infusion of graded doses (0.003--0.050 microgram kg-1min-1) of pentagastrin was evaluated in four antrectomised patients as well as in six healthy subjects and seven achalasic patients in whom inhibition of antral gastrin release was maintained by continuous acidification (HC1 0.1 N) and aspiration of gastric antrum. In normal subjects and in antrectomised patients doses of pentagastrin required for half-maximal gastric acid secretion (0.012 microgram kg-1min-1) produced statistically significant increases of LES pressure. In achalasic patients, the infusion of pentagastrin did not affect LES pressure. These data seem to indicate that gastrin plays, at least in some degree, a physiological role in the regulation of LES tone. Insensitivity of LES to pentagastrin in achalasia suggests that the raised sphincter pressure in this disorder can not be attributed to gastrin.", "PMID": 744497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5995", "title": "Renal clearance of pancreatic and salivary amylase relative to creatinine in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Pancreatic and salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios in patients with various degrees of renal impairment were compared with those obtained for control subjects. In chronic renal insufficiency (mean GFR 30 ml/min +/- 15 SD; n = 13) the clearance ratios for pancreatic (mean 3.5 +/- 1.85 SD) and salivary (mean 2.3 +/- 1.3 SD) amylase were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those in controls. Corresponding control values (n = 26) were 2.64 +/- 0.86 (pancreatic) and 1.64 +/- 0.95 (salivary). Three patients showed values above the normal limit. In the diabetic group (mean GFR 41 ml/min +/- 22 SD; n = 10) salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios (mean 2.36 +/- 1.55 SD) were significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). Three patients showed raised values. Pancreatic amylase clearance was raised in only one of these patients. Three patients with terminal disease (mean GFR 10 ml/min) showed markedly raised (two- to threefold) clearance ratios for both salivary and pancreatic amylase. Of a total of 26 patients, eight had increased total amylase/creatinine clearance ratios. Pancreatic amylase/creatinine clearance was increased in seven patients, while nine patients showed raised salivary amylase/creatinine ratios. Patients with raised clearance ratios did not have clinical evidence of pancreatitis. We suggest that, in the presence of impaired renal function, a high amylase/creatinine clearance ratio need not be indicative of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Renal clearance of pancreatic and salivary amylase relative to creatinine in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Pancreatic and salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios in patients with various degrees of renal impairment were compared with those obtained for control subjects. In chronic renal insufficiency (mean GFR 30 ml/min +/- 15 SD; n = 13) the clearance ratios for pancreatic (mean 3.5 +/- 1.85 SD) and salivary (mean 2.3 +/- 1.3 SD) amylase were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those in controls. Corresponding control values (n = 26) were 2.64 +/- 0.86 (pancreatic) and 1.64 +/- 0.95 (salivary). Three patients showed values above the normal limit. In the diabetic group (mean GFR 41 ml/min +/- 22 SD; n = 10) salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios (mean 2.36 +/- 1.55 SD) were significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). Three patients showed raised values. Pancreatic amylase clearance was raised in only one of these patients. Three patients with terminal disease (mean GFR 10 ml/min) showed markedly raised (two- to threefold) clearance ratios for both salivary and pancreatic amylase. Of a total of 26 patients, eight had increased total amylase/creatinine clearance ratios. Pancreatic amylase/creatinine clearance was increased in seven patients, while nine patients showed raised salivary amylase/creatinine ratios. Patients with raised clearance ratios did not have clinical evidence of pancreatitis. We suggest that, in the presence of impaired renal function, a high amylase/creatinine clearance ratio need not be indicative of pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 744498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5996", "title": "Oral prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose responses and bioavailability studies.", "content": "Serum concentrations of prednisolone were measured by radioimmunoassay after the administration of prednisone (10, 20, or 30 mg) by mouth to five healthy volunteers, five patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD), and five patients with CALD in remission induced by prednisone. Only minor differences were found between the groups and bioavailability was linearly related to the dose of prednisone (r = 0.993). After prednisone (10 mg) was given by mouth and by vein to similar groups of volunteers and 11 additional patients with CALD, bioavailability of oral prednisone approximated 100% of the intravenous dose and no differences were found in the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. We conclude that prednisone is effectively absorbed and converted to prednisolone in health and CALD and find no pharmacological evidence that either drug would be superior to the other for treating CALD.", "contents": "Oral prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose responses and bioavailability studies. Serum concentrations of prednisolone were measured by radioimmunoassay after the administration of prednisone (10, 20, or 30 mg) by mouth to five healthy volunteers, five patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD), and five patients with CALD in remission induced by prednisone. Only minor differences were found between the groups and bioavailability was linearly related to the dose of prednisone (r = 0.993). After prednisone (10 mg) was given by mouth and by vein to similar groups of volunteers and 11 additional patients with CALD, bioavailability of oral prednisone approximated 100% of the intravenous dose and no differences were found in the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. We conclude that prednisone is effectively absorbed and converted to prednisolone in health and CALD and find no pharmacological evidence that either drug would be superior to the other for treating CALD.", "PMID": 744499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5997", "title": "Comparison of bran, ispaghula, and lactulose on colon function in diverticular disease.", "content": "Bran, ispaghula (Fybogel), and lactulose were given to three groups of patients with diverticular disease for four weeks. Faecal weights, bile acids, fat and electrolytes, transit time, and colonic motility were estimated before and after treatment. Stool weight increased, notably with Fybogel. Cereal bran had the greatest effect on the transit time, reducing it significantly. There were no changes in faecal bile acids, fat or electrolytes. Coarse bran reduced colonic motility and the number of high pressure waves after food; Fybogel increased the basal pressure and was without effect on the food-stimulated pressures; whereas lactulose influenced neither. All agents paradoxically equally alleviated symptoms.", "contents": "Comparison of bran, ispaghula, and lactulose on colon function in diverticular disease. Bran, ispaghula (Fybogel), and lactulose were given to three groups of patients with diverticular disease for four weeks. Faecal weights, bile acids, fat and electrolytes, transit time, and colonic motility were estimated before and after treatment. Stool weight increased, notably with Fybogel. Cereal bran had the greatest effect on the transit time, reducing it significantly. There were no changes in faecal bile acids, fat or electrolytes. Coarse bran reduced colonic motility and the number of high pressure waves after food; Fybogel increased the basal pressure and was without effect on the food-stimulated pressures; whereas lactulose influenced neither. All agents paradoxically equally alleviated symptoms.", "PMID": 744500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5998", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural observation of endocrine cells in pathological gastric mucosa.", "content": "Recent achievements of gastrointestinal endocrinology on the basis of new techniques enabled investigation of endocrine cells in pathological conditions. The present paper describes investigations of 56 surgical cases of the stomachs operated on for duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Argyrophilic cell hyperplasia was common in non-metaplastic antropyloric mucosa in duodenal ulcer cases, not so common, however, in gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. In metaplastic mucosa enterochromaffin (EC) cells predominated. Intestinal metaplasia appeared to be the most significant factor influencing endocrine cells spectrum within antropyloric mucosa. A new observation is described of argyrophilic cells seen in lamina propria apart from glandular epithelium. We consider a working hypothesis of neuroendocrine complex hyperplasia especially well marked in some cases of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural observation of endocrine cells in pathological gastric mucosa. Recent achievements of gastrointestinal endocrinology on the basis of new techniques enabled investigation of endocrine cells in pathological conditions. The present paper describes investigations of 56 surgical cases of the stomachs operated on for duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Argyrophilic cell hyperplasia was common in non-metaplastic antropyloric mucosa in duodenal ulcer cases, not so common, however, in gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. In metaplastic mucosa enterochromaffin (EC) cells predominated. Intestinal metaplasia appeared to be the most significant factor influencing endocrine cells spectrum within antropyloric mucosa. A new observation is described of argyrophilic cells seen in lamina propria apart from glandular epithelium. We consider a working hypothesis of neuroendocrine complex hyperplasia especially well marked in some cases of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 744534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_5999", "title": "Limitations of Culling PATS/KOH/PAS method of differential diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer.", "content": "Investigations of Culling et al. showed the possibility of using KOH/PAS effect (visualisation of C7 and C8O-acylated sialic acids characteristic to colon mucin) for differential diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer. Our investigations revealed, however, KOH/PAS positive mucin prevailing in some cases of gallbladder, pancreatic and gastric cancer. This makes serious limitation of Culling method in the routine diagnostic work.", "contents": "Limitations of Culling PATS/KOH/PAS method of differential diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer. Investigations of Culling et al. showed the possibility of using KOH/PAS effect (visualisation of C7 and C8O-acylated sialic acids characteristic to colon mucin) for differential diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer. Our investigations revealed, however, KOH/PAS positive mucin prevailing in some cases of gallbladder, pancreatic and gastric cancer. This makes serious limitation of Culling method in the routine diagnostic work.", "PMID": 744535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6000", "title": "Investigations of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part II: \"Dark cells\" in the pars anterior.", "content": "The investigations were done on 34 hypophyses of the pig embryos aged c. 46-79 days of pregnancy. The name \"dark cells\" was given to one of the type of differentiated cells of the pars anterior which were characterized by intense electron density of the basic cytoplasm. The cells correspond to the \"follicular cells\" and the \"stellate cells\" described in many species of adult vertebrates. Probably the dark cells have supporting function, as they originate a system of nets and tubular structures which are the construction of the gland. It seems that the dark cells regulate osmotic pressure of the intercellular fluid, mediate the exchange of substances between the cells and blood vessels, and they take part in the degeneration process of the pars anterior cells of the hypophysis.", "contents": "Investigations of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part II: \"Dark cells\" in the pars anterior. The investigations were done on 34 hypophyses of the pig embryos aged c. 46-79 days of pregnancy. The name \"dark cells\" was given to one of the type of differentiated cells of the pars anterior which were characterized by intense electron density of the basic cytoplasm. The cells correspond to the \"follicular cells\" and the \"stellate cells\" described in many species of adult vertebrates. Probably the dark cells have supporting function, as they originate a system of nets and tubular structures which are the construction of the gland. It seems that the dark cells regulate osmotic pressure of the intercellular fluid, mediate the exchange of substances between the cells and blood vessels, and they take part in the degeneration process of the pars anterior cells of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 744536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6001", "title": "Investigation of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part III. Capillary vessels of the pars anterior.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on 34 hypophyses of pig embryo aged c. 46--79 days of fetal life. Capillary vessels of the glandular part have the three-layer structure, and this structure is in general similar to the one of the capillaries of adult vertebrates. In the investigated stages of the fetal life the structure undergoes certain modifications; pores with septa (so called fenestra) occur in the cytoplasms of the endothelial cells, microvilli protruding to the lumen of the vessels disappear, continuous basement membrane is developed and the number of reticular fibres in the outer layer increases. Because of the continuity of the endothelial cells and the occurrence of the fenestrae--we may classify these vessels in the group of capillaries of the visceral type. It seems that the observed endothelial cells can mediate in the transport of fluids and some substances between the gland cells and blood, and also can take part in the transport of fragments of the degenerated cells of the pars anterior of the hypophysis to the lumen of blood vessels.", "contents": "Investigation of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part III. Capillary vessels of the pars anterior. The investigations were carried out on 34 hypophyses of pig embryo aged c. 46--79 days of fetal life. Capillary vessels of the glandular part have the three-layer structure, and this structure is in general similar to the one of the capillaries of adult vertebrates. In the investigated stages of the fetal life the structure undergoes certain modifications; pores with septa (so called fenestra) occur in the cytoplasms of the endothelial cells, microvilli protruding to the lumen of the vessels disappear, continuous basement membrane is developed and the number of reticular fibres in the outer layer increases. Because of the continuity of the endothelial cells and the occurrence of the fenestrae--we may classify these vessels in the group of capillaries of the visceral type. It seems that the observed endothelial cells can mediate in the transport of fluids and some substances between the gland cells and blood, and also can take part in the transport of fragments of the degenerated cells of the pars anterior of the hypophysis to the lumen of blood vessels.", "PMID": 744537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6002", "title": "Effect of experimental hypoxia on the ubiquinone level of skeletal muscle in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were kept for 2 and 4 hours in a chamber containing a gas mixture of 92% N2 and 8% O2. The ubiquinone level in the musculus quadriceps femoris of the animals was determined. Rabbits after 4 hours hypoxia were retaken into normal conditions for 2 hours before killing. Biochemical findings revealed a significant decrease in the ubiquinone activity during hypoxia independently from duration of hypoxia. 2 hours after hypoxia the ubiquinone activity became normal. The slight alterations biochemically determined can not be followed unambiguously by histochemical methods, but the microscopic studies have revealed that the red fibres of mixed musculus quadriceps femoris are responsible for the quantitative changes.", "contents": "Effect of experimental hypoxia on the ubiquinone level of skeletal muscle in rabbits. Rabbits were kept for 2 and 4 hours in a chamber containing a gas mixture of 92% N2 and 8% O2. The ubiquinone level in the musculus quadriceps femoris of the animals was determined. Rabbits after 4 hours hypoxia were retaken into normal conditions for 2 hours before killing. Biochemical findings revealed a significant decrease in the ubiquinone activity during hypoxia independently from duration of hypoxia. 2 hours after hypoxia the ubiquinone activity became normal. The slight alterations biochemically determined can not be followed unambiguously by histochemical methods, but the microscopic studies have revealed that the red fibres of mixed musculus quadriceps femoris are responsible for the quantitative changes.", "PMID": 744538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6003", "title": "Effect of dichlorvos, administered to the pregnant rabbits, on the colinesterases activity in the progeny.", "content": "The influence of dichlorvos on the cholinesterases activity during ontogenic development was investigated in rabbits. Pregnant females were treated per os with DDVP (6 mg/kg/24 hrs) for the last 10 days of pregnancy. In progeny in the blood plasma and in the homogenates of the brain tissue activity of cholinesterases was measured spectrofotometrically according to Ellman method. Method of Karnowsky and Roots [6] in histoenzymatic investigations was followed. The decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain tissue and the increase of cholinesterase activity in the blood plasma were observed. The changes sustained through whole period of investigation (1-16 day of life). Histochemically the lowered activity of enzymes was localized mainly in the neuropil of: striatum, the Broc's nuclei and rhinencephalon: in the nervous cells of: Ammon's horn, nuclei of thalamus and in neocortex. The results suggest that the brain centers connected with the high CNS function could be influenced by DDVP intoxication during ontogenic development.", "contents": "Effect of dichlorvos, administered to the pregnant rabbits, on the colinesterases activity in the progeny. The influence of dichlorvos on the cholinesterases activity during ontogenic development was investigated in rabbits. Pregnant females were treated per os with DDVP (6 mg/kg/24 hrs) for the last 10 days of pregnancy. In progeny in the blood plasma and in the homogenates of the brain tissue activity of cholinesterases was measured spectrofotometrically according to Ellman method. Method of Karnowsky and Roots [6] in histoenzymatic investigations was followed. The decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain tissue and the increase of cholinesterase activity in the blood plasma were observed. The changes sustained through whole period of investigation (1-16 day of life). Histochemically the lowered activity of enzymes was localized mainly in the neuropil of: striatum, the Broc's nuclei and rhinencephalon: in the nervous cells of: Ammon's horn, nuclei of thalamus and in neocortex. The results suggest that the brain centers connected with the high CNS function could be influenced by DDVP intoxication during ontogenic development.", "PMID": 744539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6004", "title": "Activity of alkaline phosphatase in the healing rat liver after hepatectomy.", "content": "Changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in the process of healing liver injuries of rats on which partial hepatectomy was performed were the subject of our researches. Reaction on alkaline phosphatase was performed on cryostat sections according to the method of Gomori-Takamatsu. It has been found that granulated precipitate of cobalt sulphide was localized in the cytoplasm of granulocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. A diffusive reaction comprized clusters of newly created collagen fibres. In early stages in the centres of necrosis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased, in later periods a lack of the activity was observed. Steatosis of liver tissue does not correlate with the intensity of the reaction. Lack of alkaline phosphatase activity is characteristic for old cicatrices. The authors discuss the effects of the histogenetical process during healing of liver injury on the results of the histoenzymatic reactions. The authors suggest that alkaline phosphatase is involved in the mechanism of re-building collagen fibres. It is stressed in the conclusion that the localization and intensity of alkaline phosphatase in the area of healing liver lesions are variable depending on the period of healing wound of the liver and the influence of other complications.", "contents": "Activity of alkaline phosphatase in the healing rat liver after hepatectomy. Changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in the process of healing liver injuries of rats on which partial hepatectomy was performed were the subject of our researches. Reaction on alkaline phosphatase was performed on cryostat sections according to the method of Gomori-Takamatsu. It has been found that granulated precipitate of cobalt sulphide was localized in the cytoplasm of granulocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. A diffusive reaction comprized clusters of newly created collagen fibres. In early stages in the centres of necrosis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased, in later periods a lack of the activity was observed. Steatosis of liver tissue does not correlate with the intensity of the reaction. Lack of alkaline phosphatase activity is characteristic for old cicatrices. The authors discuss the effects of the histogenetical process during healing of liver injury on the results of the histoenzymatic reactions. The authors suggest that alkaline phosphatase is involved in the mechanism of re-building collagen fibres. It is stressed in the conclusion that the localization and intensity of alkaline phosphatase in the area of healing liver lesions are variable depending on the period of healing wound of the liver and the influence of other complications.", "PMID": 744540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6005", "title": "Study of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the various tissues of birds and mammals.", "content": "The distribution of AChE activity in the various tissues was studied, in female Funambulus pennanti (five banded squirrel), female Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge of safed teeter), female Perdicula asiatica (jungle bush quail or lowwa), female Gallus domesticus (white leghorn), and female Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) by the use of cholinesterase technique, under different temperatures, incubation periods and pH values. The distribution of AChE activity in the nerve cells, their fibres and nerve bundles as well as in muscle spindles was variable. Periphery of the nerve cells showed strong positive reaction as compared with the central portion of the cell (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4). Some of the ganglia and nerve bundles showed strong positive AChE reaction (Fig. 1, 5, 6).", "contents": "Study of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the various tissues of birds and mammals. The distribution of AChE activity in the various tissues was studied, in female Funambulus pennanti (five banded squirrel), female Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge of safed teeter), female Perdicula asiatica (jungle bush quail or lowwa), female Gallus domesticus (white leghorn), and female Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) by the use of cholinesterase technique, under different temperatures, incubation periods and pH values. The distribution of AChE activity in the nerve cells, their fibres and nerve bundles as well as in muscle spindles was variable. Periphery of the nerve cells showed strong positive reaction as compared with the central portion of the cell (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4). Some of the ganglia and nerve bundles showed strong positive AChE reaction (Fig. 1, 5, 6).", "PMID": 744541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6006", "title": "Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the morphotic elements of the amniotic fluid.", "content": "Acid and alkaline phosphatases were determined histochemically in the cells of the amniotic fluid obtained from the term pregnancies. Relatively high activity of the acid phosphatase was found within macrophages, few neutrophils and some polygonal cells from the intermediate layer of stratified epithelium. Moderate activity of this enzyme was demonstrated in sheets of superficial epitheliocytes and partly cornified cells of hair. Weak activity of the alkaline phosphatase was found in superficial epithelia, in neutrophils and clumps of meconium. It is suggested that demonstration of the acid phosphatase in the morphotic elements of the amniotic fluid might possess certain diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the morphotic elements of the amniotic fluid. Acid and alkaline phosphatases were determined histochemically in the cells of the amniotic fluid obtained from the term pregnancies. Relatively high activity of the acid phosphatase was found within macrophages, few neutrophils and some polygonal cells from the intermediate layer of stratified epithelium. Moderate activity of this enzyme was demonstrated in sheets of superficial epitheliocytes and partly cornified cells of hair. Weak activity of the alkaline phosphatase was found in superficial epithelia, in neutrophils and clumps of meconium. It is suggested that demonstration of the acid phosphatase in the morphotic elements of the amniotic fluid might possess certain diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 744542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6007", "title": "Ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part I: Cells of the pars anterior.", "content": "In the hypophyses of 46-79 days old pig embryos three groups of cells were separated; one group constitute non-differentiated cells, second, cells becoming differentiated, and third, seven types of differentiated cells. Probably three of these types are equivalent to the secretory cells STH, TSH, and FSH, and one type of them--to the cells described in the hypophysis of adult vertebrates as stellate cells or follicular cells. Possibly only one type of the differentiated cells has the ability to liberate a secretion into the intercellular space; however, the type of a hormone produced by these cells has not been described yet. It seems that in the studied stages of development of the hypophysis production and accumulation of hormones takes place in secretory cells, while the secretion of these hormones begins later than in periods of development investigated by us.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part I: Cells of the pars anterior. In the hypophyses of 46-79 days old pig embryos three groups of cells were separated; one group constitute non-differentiated cells, second, cells becoming differentiated, and third, seven types of differentiated cells. Probably three of these types are equivalent to the secretory cells STH, TSH, and FSH, and one type of them--to the cells described in the hypophysis of adult vertebrates as stellate cells or follicular cells. Possibly only one type of the differentiated cells has the ability to liberate a secretion into the intercellular space; however, the type of a hormone produced by these cells has not been described yet. It seems that in the studied stages of development of the hypophysis production and accumulation of hormones takes place in secretory cells, while the secretion of these hormones begins later than in periods of development investigated by us.", "PMID": 744543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6008", "title": "Hematological, splenic and adrenal changes associated with natural and experimental infections of Trypanosoma lemmi in the Norwegian lemming, Lemmus lemmus (L.).", "content": "Both natural and experimental Trypanosoma lemmi infections in Norwegian lemmings caused slight anemias and hypoglycemia. Leucocyte counts remained the same. Adrenal and splenic hypertrophy were associated with natural infections whereas only splenic hypertrophy was present in the experimental infection. Grahamella sp. infections were also associated with adrenal and splenic hypertrophy in wild lemmings. It is suggested that blood parasites which are associated with anemia, hypoglycemia and adrenal hypertrophy might also interfere with both male and female reproduction, and should be considered in the interpretation of the population regulation of small rodents.", "contents": "Hematological, splenic and adrenal changes associated with natural and experimental infections of Trypanosoma lemmi in the Norwegian lemming, Lemmus lemmus (L.). Both natural and experimental Trypanosoma lemmi infections in Norwegian lemmings caused slight anemias and hypoglycemia. Leucocyte counts remained the same. Adrenal and splenic hypertrophy were associated with natural infections whereas only splenic hypertrophy was present in the experimental infection. Grahamella sp. infections were also associated with adrenal and splenic hypertrophy in wild lemmings. It is suggested that blood parasites which are associated with anemia, hypoglycemia and adrenal hypertrophy might also interfere with both male and female reproduction, and should be considered in the interpretation of the population regulation of small rodents.", "PMID": 744544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6009", "title": "Some controversial problems in classification of Monogeneans.", "content": "The paper contains the main objections of foreign specialists (Llewellyn and others) to Bykhovsky's system of monogeneans. Llwellyn's interpretation of anchors and marginal hooks which is the basis of his phylogenetic scheme is proved to be erroneous by a number of data on morphology of chitinoid formations and on their mutual position. Thus the phylogenetic scheme loses its integrity and cannot be accepted. The system of Bykhovsky remains now the most natural. Some additions or changes do not break its principles.", "contents": "Some controversial problems in classification of Monogeneans. The paper contains the main objections of foreign specialists (Llewellyn and others) to Bykhovsky's system of monogeneans. Llwellyn's interpretation of anchors and marginal hooks which is the basis of his phylogenetic scheme is proved to be erroneous by a number of data on morphology of chitinoid formations and on their mutual position. Thus the phylogenetic scheme loses its integrity and cannot be accepted. The system of Bykhovsky remains now the most natural. Some additions or changes do not break its principles.", "PMID": 744545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6010", "title": "Fine structure of cells and tissues of Cysticercus tenuicollis aged 13 and 16 days.", "content": "A study has been made on the fine structure of three postembryonic phases of C. tenuicollis. We observed the differentiation of the villus-like microtriches without a distinct point. A lysis of host cells was caused by a secretion released from vesicles and droplets in the microthrix border. We distinguished 5 types of little-specialized cells during the initial phase of bladder development. The smallest of these cells were persisting oncospheral germ cells. The differentiation of cells terminated with the differentiation of the excretory system in a 16 day-old larva.", "contents": "Fine structure of cells and tissues of Cysticercus tenuicollis aged 13 and 16 days. A study has been made on the fine structure of three postembryonic phases of C. tenuicollis. We observed the differentiation of the villus-like microtriches without a distinct point. A lysis of host cells was caused by a secretion released from vesicles and droplets in the microthrix border. We distinguished 5 types of little-specialized cells during the initial phase of bladder development. The smallest of these cells were persisting oncospheral germ cells. The differentiation of cells terminated with the differentiation of the excretory system in a 16 day-old larva.", "PMID": 744546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6011", "title": "Tissue reaction of the skeletal muscles of cattle both to a spontaneous and experimental infection with Cysticercus bovis.", "content": "The reaction of the tissues to an infection with Cysticercus bovis was studied on material from cattle with a spontaneous and an experimental infection. The authors examined a total of 232 cysts from the skeletal muscles. A tissue reaction to C. bovis was inflammatory in nature and originated always at the site at which the invaginated scolex opened into the surface. Typical of these changes were the origin of a pseudoepithelial rim and a zone of granulation tissue maturing on the periphery. At a later phase marking the start of necrotic changes in the cysticercus, the inflammation accompanied by exudation started to develop anew. Calcified structures stirred up a giant cell, cleaning up reaction, and cicatrization followed the resorption of the parasite and the exudate. We identified two types of necroses in a tissue reaction to C. bovis: a focal necrosis of the exudate and the inflammatory rim with a subsequent dystrophic calcification, and a focal necrosis and calcification of collagenous fibres and their groups. Necrotic-like foci typical of a reaction to C. bovis were seen in the inflammatory rim. Using specific staining procedures, we succeeded in distinguishing these foci which did not succumb completely to a dystrophic calcification, from concomitantly present necrotic foci.", "contents": "Tissue reaction of the skeletal muscles of cattle both to a spontaneous and experimental infection with Cysticercus bovis. The reaction of the tissues to an infection with Cysticercus bovis was studied on material from cattle with a spontaneous and an experimental infection. The authors examined a total of 232 cysts from the skeletal muscles. A tissue reaction to C. bovis was inflammatory in nature and originated always at the site at which the invaginated scolex opened into the surface. Typical of these changes were the origin of a pseudoepithelial rim and a zone of granulation tissue maturing on the periphery. At a later phase marking the start of necrotic changes in the cysticercus, the inflammation accompanied by exudation started to develop anew. Calcified structures stirred up a giant cell, cleaning up reaction, and cicatrization followed the resorption of the parasite and the exudate. We identified two types of necroses in a tissue reaction to C. bovis: a focal necrosis of the exudate and the inflammatory rim with a subsequent dystrophic calcification, and a focal necrosis and calcification of collagenous fibres and their groups. Necrotic-like foci typical of a reaction to C. bovis were seen in the inflammatory rim. Using specific staining procedures, we succeeded in distinguishing these foci which did not succumb completely to a dystrophic calcification, from concomitantly present necrotic foci.", "PMID": 744547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6012", "title": "Histochemistry of tissue reaction in skeletal muscles of cattle experimentally infected with Cysticercus bovis.", "content": "A close correlation between the intensity of tissue reaction in skeletal muscles and the localization of some enzymes in the bladder of C. bovis was demonstrated by histochemical methods. The most intensive tissue reaction was observed around the portion of bladder surrounding the opening of spiral canal, the tegument and subtegumental cells of which exhibit a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Around this portion of bladder the tissue reaction is very strong, whereas around the remaining portion of the bladder, without any activity of these enzymes, the reaction is weak. The basic type of the reaction around the portion with alkaline and acid phosphatase activity is the formation of a pseudoepithelial rim, in which occur secondary changes leading to histochemical changes inside and around this rim. The cells of the unchanged pseudoepithelial rim contain proteins with tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine. Among the cells is a large number of reticular fibres. Flat foci localized directly in this rim contain mostly fibrilar structures rich in acid mucosubstances with carboxyl and sulphate groups which are labile to testicular hyaluronidase and neuraminidase. They contain also a small amount of neutral mucosubstances and give negative reactions for tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine. Fibrilar structure in these foci undergo dystrophic calcification. A conspicuous accumulation of mast cells is visible in the layers under the pseudoepithelial rim and clusters of cells containing lipopigment are present at the periphery of the connective tissue layer.", "contents": "Histochemistry of tissue reaction in skeletal muscles of cattle experimentally infected with Cysticercus bovis. A close correlation between the intensity of tissue reaction in skeletal muscles and the localization of some enzymes in the bladder of C. bovis was demonstrated by histochemical methods. The most intensive tissue reaction was observed around the portion of bladder surrounding the opening of spiral canal, the tegument and subtegumental cells of which exhibit a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Around this portion of bladder the tissue reaction is very strong, whereas around the remaining portion of the bladder, without any activity of these enzymes, the reaction is weak. The basic type of the reaction around the portion with alkaline and acid phosphatase activity is the formation of a pseudoepithelial rim, in which occur secondary changes leading to histochemical changes inside and around this rim. The cells of the unchanged pseudoepithelial rim contain proteins with tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine. Among the cells is a large number of reticular fibres. Flat foci localized directly in this rim contain mostly fibrilar structures rich in acid mucosubstances with carboxyl and sulphate groups which are labile to testicular hyaluronidase and neuraminidase. They contain also a small amount of neutral mucosubstances and give negative reactions for tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine. Fibrilar structure in these foci undergo dystrophic calcification. A conspicuous accumulation of mast cells is visible in the layers under the pseudoepithelial rim and clusters of cells containing lipopigment are present at the periphery of the connective tissue layer.", "PMID": 744548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6013", "title": "[Metabolism of arsenic (Report 22). Effect of arsenic on the spontaneous motor activity, avoidance conditioning, extinction and swimming record in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of arsenic on the pharmacological actions as seen in the behavior of Wistar albino rats. Nutrition during the suckling period has some apparently influence on the pharmacology behavior, we found no significant difference between the heavy (26 approximately 35g) and light (under 25g) groups. Also rats in group B1, were fed a diet which included As2O3 2 mg/kg, and rats in group B2 were fed a diet which included As2O3 15 mg/kg during the suckling period. There were no significant differences in spontaneous motor activity, avoidance conditioning and swimming record between the controls and group B1. However in group B2, the spontaneous motor activity increased as did the response on avoidance conditioning.", "contents": "[Metabolism of arsenic (Report 22). Effect of arsenic on the spontaneous motor activity, avoidance conditioning, extinction and swimming record in rats (author's transl)]. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of arsenic on the pharmacological actions as seen in the behavior of Wistar albino rats. Nutrition during the suckling period has some apparently influence on the pharmacology behavior, we found no significant difference between the heavy (26 approximately 35g) and light (under 25g) groups. Also rats in group B1, were fed a diet which included As2O3 2 mg/kg, and rats in group B2 were fed a diet which included As2O3 15 mg/kg during the suckling period. There were no significant differences in spontaneous motor activity, avoidance conditioning and swimming record between the controls and group B1. However in group B2, the spontaneous motor activity increased as did the response on avoidance conditioning.", "PMID": 744549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6014", "title": "[Effects of hexobendine on adenosine metabolism and myocardial energy metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "To elucidate the mode of action of hexobendine, its effects on some enzyme activities, the uptake of adenosine by rat erythrocytes and changes in the concentration of various myocardial substrates following induced hypoxia in rat were studied. Hexobendine had no effect on the in vitro activities of the adenosine degrading enzyme, adenosine deaminase and of the A-PRTase, HG-PRTase which are associated with the salvage pathways of purine biosyntheses. The uptake of adenosine by rat erythrocytes in vitro was inhibited considerably by hexobendine. Hypoxic states results in a significant decrease in creatine phosphate, ATP, glycogen and glucose contents, and increase in ADP, AMP, adenosine and lactate contents in rat myocardials. These alterations in cardiac metabolism induced by hypoxia were significantly improved by hexobendine given orally in doses of 10 approximately 100 mg/kg. Thus, hexobendine was shown to maintain the normal aerobic energy metabolism of the heart under states of hypoxia. In such states adenosine may be released from tissues and this increase in the available concentration of adenosine in plasma through inhibition of uptake by erythrocytes may be involved in the coronary vasodilating action of hexobendine.", "contents": "[Effects of hexobendine on adenosine metabolism and myocardial energy metabolism (author's transl)]. To elucidate the mode of action of hexobendine, its effects on some enzyme activities, the uptake of adenosine by rat erythrocytes and changes in the concentration of various myocardial substrates following induced hypoxia in rat were studied. Hexobendine had no effect on the in vitro activities of the adenosine degrading enzyme, adenosine deaminase and of the A-PRTase, HG-PRTase which are associated with the salvage pathways of purine biosyntheses. The uptake of adenosine by rat erythrocytes in vitro was inhibited considerably by hexobendine. Hypoxic states results in a significant decrease in creatine phosphate, ATP, glycogen and glucose contents, and increase in ADP, AMP, adenosine and lactate contents in rat myocardials. These alterations in cardiac metabolism induced by hypoxia were significantly improved by hexobendine given orally in doses of 10 approximately 100 mg/kg. Thus, hexobendine was shown to maintain the normal aerobic energy metabolism of the heart under states of hypoxia. In such states adenosine may be released from tissues and this increase in the available concentration of adenosine in plasma through inhibition of uptake by erythrocytes may be involved in the coronary vasodilating action of hexobendine.", "PMID": 744550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6015", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (1). Analgesic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The analgesic activity and the mode of action of M73101, a new analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, were investigated in mice and rats and compared to those of reference drugs. M73101 showed a marked analgesic activity against noxious stimuli induced by pressure (Haffner method and Randall-Selitto method), thermal (hot plate method), electric and chemical (acetic acid-stretching method and bradykinin-induced responses) stimulation, in a manner similar to those of basic anti-inflammatory drugs (BAD) such as aminopyrine, mepirizole, tiaramide HCl, and benzydamine HCl. The activities of M73101 were equal to and/or more potent than those of BAD, and more potent than those of acidic anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, the analgesic activity of M73101 was not decreased by the pretreatment with levallorphan and showed no cross-tolerance to morphine in mice, indicating that the analgesic properties of M73101 differ from those of morphine. On the other hand, the analgesic activity of M73101 as well as BAD was decreased by repeated oral administration in mice, and the potency was weaker than mepirizole. Furthermore, the muscle relaxant effect of M73101 obtained by inclined screen test in mice was the weakest among the BAD, suggesting that analgesic activity of M73101 is not related to the muscle relaxant property. These results indicate that M73101 may be useful for clinical application as an anti-inflammatory drug possessing remarkable analgesic activity.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (1). Analgesic activity (author's transl)]. The analgesic activity and the mode of action of M73101, a new analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, were investigated in mice and rats and compared to those of reference drugs. M73101 showed a marked analgesic activity against noxious stimuli induced by pressure (Haffner method and Randall-Selitto method), thermal (hot plate method), electric and chemical (acetic acid-stretching method and bradykinin-induced responses) stimulation, in a manner similar to those of basic anti-inflammatory drugs (BAD) such as aminopyrine, mepirizole, tiaramide HCl, and benzydamine HCl. The activities of M73101 were equal to and/or more potent than those of BAD, and more potent than those of acidic anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, the analgesic activity of M73101 was not decreased by the pretreatment with levallorphan and showed no cross-tolerance to morphine in mice, indicating that the analgesic properties of M73101 differ from those of morphine. On the other hand, the analgesic activity of M73101 as well as BAD was decreased by repeated oral administration in mice, and the potency was weaker than mepirizole. Furthermore, the muscle relaxant effect of M73101 obtained by inclined screen test in mice was the weakest among the BAD, suggesting that analgesic activity of M73101 is not related to the muscle relaxant property. These results indicate that M73101 may be useful for clinical application as an anti-inflammatory drug possessing remarkable analgesic activity.", "PMID": 744551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6016", "title": "Instability of the tetrathionate respiratory chain of Citrobacter freundii.", "content": "The formate--tetrathionate reductase redox pathway of Citrobacter freundii is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. A high concentration of phosphate in the buffer used for cell disintegration assists in the preparing of membrane particles capable of efficient tetrathionate respiration. A part of this effect at least may be attributed to the high ionic strength of the buffer.", "contents": "Instability of the tetrathionate respiratory chain of Citrobacter freundii. The formate--tetrathionate reductase redox pathway of Citrobacter freundii is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. A high concentration of phosphate in the buffer used for cell disintegration assists in the preparing of membrane particles capable of efficient tetrathionate respiration. A part of this effect at least may be attributed to the high ionic strength of the buffer.", "PMID": 744552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6017", "title": "Neuraminidase activity of NAG vibrios and of some representatives of the intestinal group of bacteria.", "content": "It was studied 203 strains of NAG vibrios and 71 strains of different enterobacteria for the ability to produce neuraminidase. The most frequent neuraminidase producers were found among the strains isolated from humans (99 strain of 131). There was no correlation between neuraminidase production and other properties of the vibrios. The examined strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae did not produce the enzyme.", "contents": "Neuraminidase activity of NAG vibrios and of some representatives of the intestinal group of bacteria. It was studied 203 strains of NAG vibrios and 71 strains of different enterobacteria for the ability to produce neuraminidase. The most frequent neuraminidase producers were found among the strains isolated from humans (99 strain of 131). There was no correlation between neuraminidase production and other properties of the vibrios. The examined strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae did not produce the enzyme.", "PMID": 744553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6018", "title": "Fatty acids in green algae cultivated on a pilot-plant scale.", "content": "Fatty acids from Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus var. acutus and from a mixed culture of the two strains, Melnik, were converted to methyl esters, separated by gas chromatography, and identified by means of standards. The spectrum of fatty acids included both saturated and unsaturated acids (with odd and even numbers of carbon atoms) from C12 to C22. Fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and C20:3 were the major components in all cultures. Pure strains differed from the mixed culture in the production of C18:1, C12:0 and C19:2 acids; the first of these was present in higher amounts in pure cultures only, the latter two being found in the mixed culture. The level of lipids was lower as compared to the literature data and their extractability was affected by the manner of preparation of algae and extraction conditions.", "contents": "Fatty acids in green algae cultivated on a pilot-plant scale. Fatty acids from Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus var. acutus and from a mixed culture of the two strains, Melnik, were converted to methyl esters, separated by gas chromatography, and identified by means of standards. The spectrum of fatty acids included both saturated and unsaturated acids (with odd and even numbers of carbon atoms) from C12 to C22. Fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and C20:3 were the major components in all cultures. Pure strains differed from the mixed culture in the production of C18:1, C12:0 and C19:2 acids; the first of these was present in higher amounts in pure cultures only, the latter two being found in the mixed culture. The level of lipids was lower as compared to the literature data and their extractability was affected by the manner of preparation of algae and extraction conditions.", "PMID": 744554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6019", "title": "Soluble sugars in the mycelium of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida.", "content": "Quantitative gas chromatography was used to determine soluble neutral sugars in an extract of the fungus Oudemansiella mucida grown on a synthetic glucose medium. Apart from the usual fungal sugar components, viz. trehalose, D-glucose, D-mannitol, D-arabinitol, glycerol and inositol, the 6-day-old mycelium contained D-arabino-2-hexosulose (D-glucosone). In the period of maximum growth, this aldoketose was the predominant monosaccharide (3.4% mycelial dry weight).", "contents": "Soluble sugars in the mycelium of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. Quantitative gas chromatography was used to determine soluble neutral sugars in an extract of the fungus Oudemansiella mucida grown on a synthetic glucose medium. Apart from the usual fungal sugar components, viz. trehalose, D-glucose, D-mannitol, D-arabinitol, glycerol and inositol, the 6-day-old mycelium contained D-arabino-2-hexosulose (D-glucosone). In the period of maximum growth, this aldoketose was the predominant monosaccharide (3.4% mycelial dry weight).", "PMID": 744555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6020", "title": "Effect of lipopolysaccharides on the morphology of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi on erythrocyte membranes was investigated by electron microscopy. The LPS was found to be irregularly distributed on the surface of erythrocytes and their envelopes. It caused the formation of short bilayer rods associated at one end with the erythrocyte membrane of vesicular formations localized horizontally on or in the membrane, and of lamellar structures.", "contents": "Effect of lipopolysaccharides on the morphology of erythrocyte membranes. The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi on erythrocyte membranes was investigated by electron microscopy. The LPS was found to be irregularly distributed on the surface of erythrocytes and their envelopes. It caused the formation of short bilayer rods associated at one end with the erythrocyte membrane of vesicular formations localized horizontally on or in the membrane, and of lamellar structures.", "PMID": 744556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6021", "title": "Influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect in Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea.", "content": "The influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect of Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea was examined. While the quantitative occurrence of certain morphological and physiological groups of bacteria on the seeds and rhizospheres of the two plant species differed, there were similarities in the occurrence of certain physiological and nutritional groups of bacteria on the seed as well as on the rhizosphere. The occurrence of some genera of fungi on the seeds and in the rhizosphere indicated the influence of both seeds and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect. Increase in root exudations of amino acids and sugars correlated with a concomitant increase in microbial activity in the rhizosphere on the 15th day of growth in both plant species but there was a delayed effect of the exuded chemicals on the rhizosphere microflora after 30 d of plant growth.", "contents": "Influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect in Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea. The influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect of Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea was examined. While the quantitative occurrence of certain morphological and physiological groups of bacteria on the seeds and rhizospheres of the two plant species differed, there were similarities in the occurrence of certain physiological and nutritional groups of bacteria on the seed as well as on the rhizosphere. The occurrence of some genera of fungi on the seeds and in the rhizosphere indicated the influence of both seeds and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect. Increase in root exudations of amino acids and sugars correlated with a concomitant increase in microbial activity in the rhizosphere on the 15th day of growth in both plant species but there was a delayed effect of the exuded chemicals on the rhizosphere microflora after 30 d of plant growth.", "PMID": 744557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6022", "title": "Secondary metabolism: regulation by phosphate and trace elements.", "content": "Secondary metabolism and cellular differentiation occur within a range of concentrations of phosphate and, in specific taxonomic groups, of zinc, manganese, and/or iron that is much narrower than that permittee for primary metabolism. Possible molecular sites of action of the four elements are reviewed.", "contents": "Secondary metabolism: regulation by phosphate and trace elements. Secondary metabolism and cellular differentiation occur within a range of concentrations of phosphate and, in specific taxonomic groups, of zinc, manganese, and/or iron that is much narrower than that permittee for primary metabolism. Possible molecular sites of action of the four elements are reviewed.", "PMID": 744559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6023", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval 7. Cadavers in the water and privy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated 17 kinds of findings of 34 cadavers in the water and 17 newborn-infant cadavers in liquid feces-urine mixture in privies which had remained at known postmortem interval and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: The progress of the cadaveric phenomena in the water and liquid feces-urine mixture is slower than in the air. The time ratio of the progress of the phenomena in the media to those in the air is not the same for all kinds of the findings, and hence it is not possible to apply the criterion of the estimation of the postmortem interval for the cadavers in the air to those in the water and liquid feces-urine mixture by any correction.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval 7. Cadavers in the water and privy (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated 17 kinds of findings of 34 cadavers in the water and 17 newborn-infant cadavers in liquid feces-urine mixture in privies which had remained at known postmortem interval and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: The progress of the cadaveric phenomena in the water and liquid feces-urine mixture is slower than in the air. The time ratio of the progress of the phenomena in the media to those in the air is not the same for all kinds of the findings, and hence it is not possible to apply the criterion of the estimation of the postmortem interval for the cadavers in the air to those in the water and liquid feces-urine mixture by any correction.", "PMID": 744562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6024", "title": "[Studies on development of viral hepatitis with HBs antigenemia (author's transl)].", "content": "47 cases of viral hepatitis with HBs antigenemia, who were diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy, were studied. 41 cases were males, and 6 cases were females. The onset ages were mostly in 25--29 years old. The histories of blood transfusion were found in only 4.3%. On the other hand, the families clustered with HBs antigen were found in 68%. Recidivums were often seen (76%), and yet the intervals between recidivum were short (the neighborhood of 8 months). The transaminases at the recidivums were not so high (200 units or thereabout). 20 cases whom biopsies were performed more than twice, were studied histologically. 14 cases were prognessive. 5 were stationary. 1 was improved. In all of progressive cases, sublobular hepatic necrosis was seen. But in other cases, sublobular necrosis was not seen. After this sublobular necrosis, various distortion of the lobule architecture was appeared, and some of them progressed to liver cirrhosis. As to GOT and GPT, GPT was dominant before sublobular neerosis, but GOT was liable to be dominant after sublobular necrosis. Peritoneoscopically, peculiar red spots were found on liver surfaces at the time of sublobular necrosis.", "contents": "[Studies on development of viral hepatitis with HBs antigenemia (author's transl)]. 47 cases of viral hepatitis with HBs antigenemia, who were diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy, were studied. 41 cases were males, and 6 cases were females. The onset ages were mostly in 25--29 years old. The histories of blood transfusion were found in only 4.3%. On the other hand, the families clustered with HBs antigen were found in 68%. Recidivums were often seen (76%), and yet the intervals between recidivum were short (the neighborhood of 8 months). The transaminases at the recidivums were not so high (200 units or thereabout). 20 cases whom biopsies were performed more than twice, were studied histologically. 14 cases were prognessive. 5 were stationary. 1 was improved. In all of progressive cases, sublobular hepatic necrosis was seen. But in other cases, sublobular necrosis was not seen. After this sublobular necrosis, various distortion of the lobule architecture was appeared, and some of them progressed to liver cirrhosis. As to GOT and GPT, GPT was dominant before sublobular neerosis, but GOT was liable to be dominant after sublobular necrosis. Peritoneoscopically, peculiar red spots were found on liver surfaces at the time of sublobular necrosis.", "PMID": 744563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6025", "title": "[Effect of furosemide on ouabain toxicity in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt was made to study the effect of furosemide on the toxic and lethal dose (LD) of ouabain. Ouabain was infused continuously in guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. The toxic dose of ouabain was determined by the minimal dose which produced ventricular arrhythmias. The LD of ouabain was 300.8 +/- 13.8 microgram/kg (mean +/- SE) in control guinea pigs. When furosemide was administered in a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v. prior to ouabain, this was significantly decreased to 225.2 +/- 14.1 microgram/kg (P less than 0.01). Furosemide-treated guinea pigs also showed a marked decrease in toxic dose of ouabain. In another series of experiment, the ouabain uptake by the heart and its subcellular fraction were determined by the infusion of 3H-ouabain at a constant rate under the same experimental conditions aforementioned. Approximately 30% decrease in the LD of 3H-ouabain was also observed in the furosemide pretreated guinea pigs. 3H-ouabain concentration in blood, cardiac muscles and microsomal fraction were lower than control group. These findings suggest that potentiation of ouabain toxicity produced by furosemide is not associated with increased cardiac ouabain uptake, but with increased sensitivity at the site of action.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide on ouabain toxicity in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. An attempt was made to study the effect of furosemide on the toxic and lethal dose (LD) of ouabain. Ouabain was infused continuously in guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. The toxic dose of ouabain was determined by the minimal dose which produced ventricular arrhythmias. The LD of ouabain was 300.8 +/- 13.8 microgram/kg (mean +/- SE) in control guinea pigs. When furosemide was administered in a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v. prior to ouabain, this was significantly decreased to 225.2 +/- 14.1 microgram/kg (P less than 0.01). Furosemide-treated guinea pigs also showed a marked decrease in toxic dose of ouabain. In another series of experiment, the ouabain uptake by the heart and its subcellular fraction were determined by the infusion of 3H-ouabain at a constant rate under the same experimental conditions aforementioned. Approximately 30% decrease in the LD of 3H-ouabain was also observed in the furosemide pretreated guinea pigs. 3H-ouabain concentration in blood, cardiac muscles and microsomal fraction were lower than control group. These findings suggest that potentiation of ouabain toxicity produced by furosemide is not associated with increased cardiac ouabain uptake, but with increased sensitivity at the site of action.", "PMID": 744564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6026", "title": "Glucagon, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone levels following major surgery: their relationship to glucose and free fatty acid elevations.", "content": "Circulating hormone and substrate levels were measured in 7 patients at regular intervals before, during and after pulmonary surgery. During surgery, cortisol and growth hormone were significantly elevated, pancreatic glucagon was unchanged and insulin was depressed. One and two days after surgery, growth hormone had almost returned to preoperative fasting values, but cortisol, insulin and glucagon levels were significantly increased. The mean insulin:glucagon molar ratio declined from a preoperative fasting value of 3.2 +/- 0.5 (+/- SEM) to 1.7 +/- 0.4 during operation but was within normal limits 1 and 2 days after surgery due to a parallel rise and fall in plasma insulin and glucagon. Plasma glucose was elevated both during operation and for several days thereafter, whereas free fatty acid levels were increased only during operation. Thus, there was no consistent relation between insulin:glucagon ratio or any of the hormone levels and the observed elevations in plasma glucose and free fatty acids. It is concluded that neither any of the hormones assayed nor the insulin:glucagon ratio was the primary determinant of plasma glucose and free fatty acid responses to surgery. Rather, fuel homeostasis appeared to result from the combined effects of glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, cortisol and adrenergic activity.", "contents": "Glucagon, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone levels following major surgery: their relationship to glucose and free fatty acid elevations. Circulating hormone and substrate levels were measured in 7 patients at regular intervals before, during and after pulmonary surgery. During surgery, cortisol and growth hormone were significantly elevated, pancreatic glucagon was unchanged and insulin was depressed. One and two days after surgery, growth hormone had almost returned to preoperative fasting values, but cortisol, insulin and glucagon levels were significantly increased. The mean insulin:glucagon molar ratio declined from a preoperative fasting value of 3.2 +/- 0.5 (+/- SEM) to 1.7 +/- 0.4 during operation but was within normal limits 1 and 2 days after surgery due to a parallel rise and fall in plasma insulin and glucagon. Plasma glucose was elevated both during operation and for several days thereafter, whereas free fatty acid levels were increased only during operation. Thus, there was no consistent relation between insulin:glucagon ratio or any of the hormone levels and the observed elevations in plasma glucose and free fatty acids. It is concluded that neither any of the hormones assayed nor the insulin:glucagon ratio was the primary determinant of plasma glucose and free fatty acid responses to surgery. Rather, fuel homeostasis appeared to result from the combined effects of glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, cortisol and adrenergic activity.", "PMID": 744565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6027", "title": "Antithrombin III deficiency in diabetes mellitus: influence on vascular degenerative complications.", "content": "Plasma Antithrombin III (At III), a natural inhibitor of coagulation, was determined using a single radial immunodiffusion technique. In 116 diabetics, plasma At III levels were significantly decreased (26.6 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) compared with those in 64 controls (31.0 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). An elevation of plasma fibrinogen degradation products in 42 per cent of our patients, and a positive linear relationship between platelet counts and At III levels ( r = 0.29, P less than 0.01), provided additional evidence for chronic disseminated intravascular clotting in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinal complications were more frequent in patient with low plasma At III levels (50.6 per cent of cases) than in those exhibiting At III concentrations within a normal range: 32.4 per cent of cases (X2 = 6.09, P less than 0.02). It is postulated that the low levels of At III encountered in diabetes result from excessive consumption, and that the deficiency may be responsible for the onset and/or aggravation of intravascular clotting. At III deficiency may therefore contribute to vascular degenerative complications, particularly those leading to diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Antithrombin III deficiency in diabetes mellitus: influence on vascular degenerative complications. Plasma Antithrombin III (At III), a natural inhibitor of coagulation, was determined using a single radial immunodiffusion technique. In 116 diabetics, plasma At III levels were significantly decreased (26.6 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) compared with those in 64 controls (31.0 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). An elevation of plasma fibrinogen degradation products in 42 per cent of our patients, and a positive linear relationship between platelet counts and At III levels ( r = 0.29, P less than 0.01), provided additional evidence for chronic disseminated intravascular clotting in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinal complications were more frequent in patient with low plasma At III levels (50.6 per cent of cases) than in those exhibiting At III concentrations within a normal range: 32.4 per cent of cases (X2 = 6.09, P less than 0.02). It is postulated that the low levels of At III encountered in diabetes result from excessive consumption, and that the deficiency may be responsible for the onset and/or aggravation of intravascular clotting. At III deficiency may therefore contribute to vascular degenerative complications, particularly those leading to diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 744566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6028", "title": "Effect of alrestatin sodium on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the fasted anaesthetized rat.", "content": "In the anaesthetized fasted non-diabetic male intact rat, alrestatin sodium injected as a bolus (0.75 mmol/kg, i.v.) did not affect basal plasma insulin or glucose levels. However, in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin levels were significantly increased above the values observed in the animal during a control test. The decreases in plasma glucose levels after alrestatin were significantly greater than in the control study. In rat pancreatic preparations in vitro, alrestatin lowered the basal release of 3H-norepinephrine and also the release obtained with the catecholamine-releasing agent tyramine. A modulation of catecholamine release appears to be of importance in the mode of action of alrestatin with respect to the insulin secretion and plasma glucose levels. It is suggested that alrestatin may play a useful role in the therapy of diabetes mellitus since it can augment insulin secretion when glucose is administered to a fasted animal in which the acute insulin response has been shown to be like that of the human diabetic, and in addition, can lower arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion in the animal, the latter being a model of an action that is observed in the human diabetic. The net effect of these hormonal changes has been predicted previously to be a lowering of the blood glucose levels in the human diabetic patient.", "contents": "Effect of alrestatin sodium on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the fasted anaesthetized rat. In the anaesthetized fasted non-diabetic male intact rat, alrestatin sodium injected as a bolus (0.75 mmol/kg, i.v.) did not affect basal plasma insulin or glucose levels. However, in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin levels were significantly increased above the values observed in the animal during a control test. The decreases in plasma glucose levels after alrestatin were significantly greater than in the control study. In rat pancreatic preparations in vitro, alrestatin lowered the basal release of 3H-norepinephrine and also the release obtained with the catecholamine-releasing agent tyramine. A modulation of catecholamine release appears to be of importance in the mode of action of alrestatin with respect to the insulin secretion and plasma glucose levels. It is suggested that alrestatin may play a useful role in the therapy of diabetes mellitus since it can augment insulin secretion when glucose is administered to a fasted animal in which the acute insulin response has been shown to be like that of the human diabetic, and in addition, can lower arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion in the animal, the latter being a model of an action that is observed in the human diabetic. The net effect of these hormonal changes has been predicted previously to be a lowering of the blood glucose levels in the human diabetic patient.", "PMID": 744568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6029", "title": "The relationship of the bovine pituitary \"diabetogenic peptide\" to prolactin.", "content": "The bovine diabetogenic peptide (Louis) has been further purified by gel filtration. Material from the major protein peak was submitted to quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By the criteria of the joint 95 percent confidence envelope of KR and YO, related to molecular size and net charge, the diabetogenic peptide more closely resembles prolactin than growth hormone. By sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, bovine diabetogenic peptide has a molecular weight of 24.000 daltons, slightly greater than that for prolactin. Amino acid analysis has revealed remarkable similarity between the diabetogenic peptide and prolactin; particularly in the numbers of residues of 1/2 cystine, proline, histidine and phenylalanine. The amino terminal amino acid sequence is methionyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine. By the criteria of molecular size, quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition and amino terminal sequence analysis, we consider the relationship between the diabetogenic peptide and prolactin.", "contents": "The relationship of the bovine pituitary \"diabetogenic peptide\" to prolactin. The bovine diabetogenic peptide (Louis) has been further purified by gel filtration. Material from the major protein peak was submitted to quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By the criteria of the joint 95 percent confidence envelope of KR and YO, related to molecular size and net charge, the diabetogenic peptide more closely resembles prolactin than growth hormone. By sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, bovine diabetogenic peptide has a molecular weight of 24.000 daltons, slightly greater than that for prolactin. Amino acid analysis has revealed remarkable similarity between the diabetogenic peptide and prolactin; particularly in the numbers of residues of 1/2 cystine, proline, histidine and phenylalanine. The amino terminal amino acid sequence is methionyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine. By the criteria of molecular size, quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition and amino terminal sequence analysis, we consider the relationship between the diabetogenic peptide and prolactin.", "PMID": 744570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6030", "title": "Pituitary-thyroid axis during short term, mild and severe, iodine depletion in the rat.", "content": "To investigate the most early events occurring during the adaptation of the pituitary-thyroid axis to iodine depletion, two rat populations were submitted to 4 week low iodine regimens of different severity. The variations of the following parameters were studied: pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) concentration, serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and TSH, thyroid weight and thyroid iodine concentration. In the first population, mildly iodine depleted, serum and pituitary TSH remained unchanged. The weight of the thyroid increased by the 12th day. Serum T4 dropped by the 26th day. Serum T3 tended to increase during the whole observation period. In the second population, more severely iodine depleted, the increase in thyroid weight appeared by the 4th day. Serum T3 increased from day 13 to day 20, then returned to normal. Serum TSH increased and serum T4 decreased by the 20th day. These results suggest that, in the adaptation to iodine deficiency in the rat, autonomous thyroid regulatory mechanisms play a major role at the onset of goiter growth. On the other hand, most likely a combined effect of serum T3 and T4 triggers variations in pituitary TSH secretion.", "contents": "Pituitary-thyroid axis during short term, mild and severe, iodine depletion in the rat. To investigate the most early events occurring during the adaptation of the pituitary-thyroid axis to iodine depletion, two rat populations were submitted to 4 week low iodine regimens of different severity. The variations of the following parameters were studied: pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) concentration, serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and TSH, thyroid weight and thyroid iodine concentration. In the first population, mildly iodine depleted, serum and pituitary TSH remained unchanged. The weight of the thyroid increased by the 12th day. Serum T4 dropped by the 26th day. Serum T3 tended to increase during the whole observation period. In the second population, more severely iodine depleted, the increase in thyroid weight appeared by the 4th day. Serum T3 increased from day 13 to day 20, then returned to normal. Serum TSH increased and serum T4 decreased by the 20th day. These results suggest that, in the adaptation to iodine deficiency in the rat, autonomous thyroid regulatory mechanisms play a major role at the onset of goiter growth. On the other hand, most likely a combined effect of serum T3 and T4 triggers variations in pituitary TSH secretion.", "PMID": 744571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6031", "title": "The excretion of free cortisol, cortisone, cortisol sulfate and cortisone sulfate in peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "In four groups of persons, 1/healthy individuals, 2/ patients with diabetes mellitus, 3/ patients with peripheral vascular disease, and 4/ patients with hyperthyroidism, the urinary excretion of free cortisol, cortisone, cortisol sulfate and cortisone sulfate was estimated. In groups 2 and 3 the excretion of all four substances was elevated. In hyperthyroidism a preponderance of free cortisone over cortisol was registered. The ratios of the followed substances suggest in patients with peripheral vascular disease a detoriation in the normal excretion of the followed corticoids, based on a preponderance of 11-OH-corticosteroids over their 11-oxo-derivatives. This observation could be implicated in the mild hyperglycemia or decreased glucose tolerance, that is often found in atherosclerotic disease.", "contents": "The excretion of free cortisol, cortisone, cortisol sulfate and cortisone sulfate in peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism. In four groups of persons, 1/healthy individuals, 2/ patients with diabetes mellitus, 3/ patients with peripheral vascular disease, and 4/ patients with hyperthyroidism, the urinary excretion of free cortisol, cortisone, cortisol sulfate and cortisone sulfate was estimated. In groups 2 and 3 the excretion of all four substances was elevated. In hyperthyroidism a preponderance of free cortisone over cortisol was registered. The ratios of the followed substances suggest in patients with peripheral vascular disease a detoriation in the normal excretion of the followed corticoids, based on a preponderance of 11-OH-corticosteroids over their 11-oxo-derivatives. This observation could be implicated in the mild hyperglycemia or decreased glucose tolerance, that is often found in atherosclerotic disease.", "PMID": 744572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6032", "title": "Blockade of the Ferguson reflex by lumbar epidural anaesthesia in the parturient sheep: effects on oxytocin secretion and uterine venous prostaglandin F levels.", "content": "The role of oxytocin in the increase in utero-ovarian venous prostaglandin F (PGF) level caused by vaginal distension was investigated by using lumbar epidural anaesthesia to block the oxytocin secretion reflex. Whereas vaginal distension raised jugular venous oxytocin and utero-ovarian venous PGF levels in untreated sheep, neither response occurred after lumbar anaesthesia. Lumbar anaesthesia had no effect on the rise in utero-ovarian venous PGF level caused by administered oxytocin. These findings support the suggestion that a reflex release of oxytocin is involved in the elevation of utero-ovarian venous PGF observed after vaginal distension in parturient sheep.", "contents": "Blockade of the Ferguson reflex by lumbar epidural anaesthesia in the parturient sheep: effects on oxytocin secretion and uterine venous prostaglandin F levels. The role of oxytocin in the increase in utero-ovarian venous prostaglandin F (PGF) level caused by vaginal distension was investigated by using lumbar epidural anaesthesia to block the oxytocin secretion reflex. Whereas vaginal distension raised jugular venous oxytocin and utero-ovarian venous PGF levels in untreated sheep, neither response occurred after lumbar anaesthesia. Lumbar anaesthesia had no effect on the rise in utero-ovarian venous PGF level caused by administered oxytocin. These findings support the suggestion that a reflex release of oxytocin is involved in the elevation of utero-ovarian venous PGF observed after vaginal distension in parturient sheep.", "PMID": 744573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6033", "title": "Estradiol and progesterone binding in rabbit placenta during gestation.", "content": "In rabbit fetal placenta, 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone are not bound by specific (high affinity, low capacity) components in the cytosol, in spite of the fact that this part of the organ is very reactive to modifications in hormonal conditions. Cytosol receptors for estradiol and progesterone are found only in the maternal part of the placenta; apparent association constants are about 3 X 10(8) M-1 for 17 beta-estradiol and about 2 X 10(8) M-1 for progesterone (in the absence of glycerol) at 4 degrees C. Estradiol is also bound to nuclei in cells of the maternal placenta in vivo and in vitro. Concentrations of estradiol and progesterone binding sites show marked variations during normal gestation in the rabbit. For estradiol the number of binding sites increases from day 10 to day 14, then decreases until parturition. This number increases for progesterone from day 10 to day 16, then decreases until day 27.", "contents": "Estradiol and progesterone binding in rabbit placenta during gestation. In rabbit fetal placenta, 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone are not bound by specific (high affinity, low capacity) components in the cytosol, in spite of the fact that this part of the organ is very reactive to modifications in hormonal conditions. Cytosol receptors for estradiol and progesterone are found only in the maternal part of the placenta; apparent association constants are about 3 X 10(8) M-1 for 17 beta-estradiol and about 2 X 10(8) M-1 for progesterone (in the absence of glycerol) at 4 degrees C. Estradiol is also bound to nuclei in cells of the maternal placenta in vivo and in vitro. Concentrations of estradiol and progesterone binding sites show marked variations during normal gestation in the rabbit. For estradiol the number of binding sites increases from day 10 to day 14, then decreases until parturition. This number increases for progesterone from day 10 to day 16, then decreases until day 27.", "PMID": 744574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6034", "title": "Vitamin D and ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Vitamin D has been proposed as a risk factor of ischaemic heart disease. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction the major circulating vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-HCC), did not show any fluctuations during the first 4 days after onset of symptoms. The serum 25-HCC level was then measured in 128 patients consecutively admitted because of chest pain, 53 of whom had myocardial infarction and 75 had angina pectoris. The values found did not differ from those measured in 409 normal persons. The seasonal variations of serum 25-HCC were less pronounced in heart patients than in normals, probably due to less sun exposure in the summer months. The levels of serum 25-HCC did not correlate with the concentrations of serum cholesterol, glycerides, calcium or magnesium. Low serum calcium and magnesium were observed in all patients. Serum calcium was further reduced in the course of acute myocardial infarctions while serum parathyroid hormone rose significantly. We conclude that patients with ischaemic heart disease are not ingesting or producing in their skin elevated amount of vitamin D.", "contents": "Vitamin D and ischaemic heart disease. Vitamin D has been proposed as a risk factor of ischaemic heart disease. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction the major circulating vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-HCC), did not show any fluctuations during the first 4 days after onset of symptoms. The serum 25-HCC level was then measured in 128 patients consecutively admitted because of chest pain, 53 of whom had myocardial infarction and 75 had angina pectoris. The values found did not differ from those measured in 409 normal persons. The seasonal variations of serum 25-HCC were less pronounced in heart patients than in normals, probably due to less sun exposure in the summer months. The levels of serum 25-HCC did not correlate with the concentrations of serum cholesterol, glycerides, calcium or magnesium. Low serum calcium and magnesium were observed in all patients. Serum calcium was further reduced in the course of acute myocardial infarctions while serum parathyroid hormone rose significantly. We conclude that patients with ischaemic heart disease are not ingesting or producing in their skin elevated amount of vitamin D.", "PMID": 744575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6035", "title": "Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in the chicken. I. Characterization of the Fc(IgG) receptor.", "content": "The receptor for FC(IgG) on chicken lymphoid cells was investigated by EA rosette techniques using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with a sub-agglutinating dose of anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) chicken serum. Chicken lymphocytes did not form rosettes with SRBC coated with rabbit antibody, and human and mouse lymphocytes did not bind SRBC sensitized with chicken antibody. Only avian sera were effective in blocking the Fc receptor. Similarities between chicken and mammalian Fc receptors were demonstrated as both are pronase sensitive, trypsin resistant, and are distinct from surface immunoglobulin. Fc receptors were also distinguished from avian bursa- and thymus-specific antigens. Additional Fc receptor-bearing cells were revealed in bursa, spleen and bone marrow lymphocytes after neuraminidase treatment.", "contents": "Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in the chicken. I. Characterization of the Fc(IgG) receptor. The receptor for FC(IgG) on chicken lymphoid cells was investigated by EA rosette techniques using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with a sub-agglutinating dose of anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) chicken serum. Chicken lymphocytes did not form rosettes with SRBC coated with rabbit antibody, and human and mouse lymphocytes did not bind SRBC sensitized with chicken antibody. Only avian sera were effective in blocking the Fc receptor. Similarities between chicken and mammalian Fc receptors were demonstrated as both are pronase sensitive, trypsin resistant, and are distinct from surface immunoglobulin. Fc receptors were also distinguished from avian bursa- and thymus-specific antigens. Additional Fc receptor-bearing cells were revealed in bursa, spleen and bone marrow lymphocytes after neuraminidase treatment.", "PMID": 744617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6036", "title": "Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in the chicken. II. Relative increase of Fc(IgG) receptor bearing cells in obese strain-chickens.", "content": "An EA rosette technique is used to study ontological development and organ distribution of Fc(IgG) receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in normal CS White Leghorn chickens, and in OS chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. During the embryonic period, no difference was seen between CS and OS in the tissue distribution of cells with Fc receptors. At the time of hatching and subsequently, the OS chickens possessed relatively more Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells than did CS chickens. The increase of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells was most prominent among spleen cells. No difference in the affinity of Fc receptors between lymphocytes of the OS and CS chickens was demonstrated. The possible role of Fc receptor-carrying cells in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis is discussed.", "contents": "Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in the chicken. II. Relative increase of Fc(IgG) receptor bearing cells in obese strain-chickens. An EA rosette technique is used to study ontological development and organ distribution of Fc(IgG) receptor-bearing lymphoid cells in normal CS White Leghorn chickens, and in OS chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. During the embryonic period, no difference was seen between CS and OS in the tissue distribution of cells with Fc receptors. At the time of hatching and subsequently, the OS chickens possessed relatively more Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells than did CS chickens. The increase of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells was most prominent among spleen cells. No difference in the affinity of Fc receptors between lymphocytes of the OS and CS chickens was demonstrated. The possible role of Fc receptor-carrying cells in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis is discussed.", "PMID": 744618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6037", "title": "Pigeon IgA: a major antigen in pigeon breeder's disease.", "content": "Pigeon IgA has been isolated from crop-milk and an antiserum was produced. Extracts of the dust in pigeon coops contained detectable amounts of pigeon IgA, but not IgG. The sera of patients with pigeon breeder's disease contained precipitating antibody against pigeon IgA.", "contents": "Pigeon IgA: a major antigen in pigeon breeder's disease. Pigeon IgA has been isolated from crop-milk and an antiserum was produced. Extracts of the dust in pigeon coops contained detectable amounts of pigeon IgA, but not IgG. The sera of patients with pigeon breeder's disease contained precipitating antibody against pigeon IgA.", "PMID": 744619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6038", "title": "Drug use and employment patterns before and during treatment.", "content": "This paper was initiated to study the effect of outcome measures as they relate to indication of treatment success. Results have shown that after the third month in treatment, drug use decreases very little. Time in treatment in significantly related to urin-analysis results during the first 3 months; that is, those clients who were to remain in treatment for longer periods were those whose average opiate use during the first 3 months were lowest. We also found that no relationship exists between pretreatment opiate use and opiate use during any evaluation time period. Analysis of employment change rate for a 1-year's period indicate that those employed at intake remain employed and those unemployed remain so. Change in opiate use during any evaluation period had no influence whatsoever on employment.", "contents": "Drug use and employment patterns before and during treatment. This paper was initiated to study the effect of outcome measures as they relate to indication of treatment success. Results have shown that after the third month in treatment, drug use decreases very little. Time in treatment in significantly related to urin-analysis results during the first 3 months; that is, those clients who were to remain in treatment for longer periods were those whose average opiate use during the first 3 months were lowest. We also found that no relationship exists between pretreatment opiate use and opiate use during any evaluation time period. Analysis of employment change rate for a 1-year's period indicate that those employed at intake remain employed and those unemployed remain so. Change in opiate use during any evaluation period had no influence whatsoever on employment.", "PMID": 744656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6039", "title": "Onset of addiction: a first attempt at prediction.", "content": "This study attempts to identify predictors of early heroin addiction. Natives of low social class origins are, as predicted by \"social structure and anomie theory,\" more likely to be addicted when young. However, social class has little impact on age of addiction among migrants. Blue-collar migrants are strikingly less likely than blue-collar natives to be addicted when young; a nonsignificant trend in the same direction is found for white-collar respondents. Findings are interpreted in terms of commitment to traditional values. Contrary to expectations based on Moynihan, family intactness is unrelated to age of addiction.", "contents": "Onset of addiction: a first attempt at prediction. This study attempts to identify predictors of early heroin addiction. Natives of low social class origins are, as predicted by \"social structure and anomie theory,\" more likely to be addicted when young. However, social class has little impact on age of addiction among migrants. Blue-collar migrants are strikingly less likely than blue-collar natives to be addicted when young; a nonsignificant trend in the same direction is found for white-collar respondents. Findings are interpreted in terms of commitment to traditional values. Contrary to expectations based on Moynihan, family intactness is unrelated to age of addiction.", "PMID": 744657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6040", "title": "Reactions to other people's cigarette smoking.", "content": "Cigarette smoking in social interaction is examined through a study of reactions and perceptions people have to others' smoking in their social presence. A questionnaire was administered to 130 subjects, among whom 57 were smokers, 30 were ex-smokers, and 43 were nonsmokers. Ex-smokers and nonsmokers in particular tended to report a disrupting effect upon their interactions with others when others smoked. Smokers tended to report no effect. Almost nobody reported a positive effect on interactions by others' smoking. This finding is discussed in the context of previous research findings that smokers report an increased social comfort with their own smoking.", "contents": "Reactions to other people's cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking in social interaction is examined through a study of reactions and perceptions people have to others' smoking in their social presence. A questionnaire was administered to 130 subjects, among whom 57 were smokers, 30 were ex-smokers, and 43 were nonsmokers. Ex-smokers and nonsmokers in particular tended to report a disrupting effect upon their interactions with others when others smoked. Smokers tended to report no effect. Almost nobody reported a positive effect on interactions by others' smoking. This finding is discussed in the context of previous research findings that smokers report an increased social comfort with their own smoking.", "PMID": 744658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6041", "title": "Alcoholism and ethnicity: a comparative study of alcohol use patterns across ethnic groups.", "content": "Sociological and alcohol use patterns were studied in American Indian, Black, Hispano, and White Anglo groups of alcoholism patients. Sociological variables indicated all groups appeared to be experiencing significant disruption in social and vocational areas, with the American Indian group showing the greatest disruption across the four groups in the socioeconomic areas. The four groups did not differ as to use of alcohol to enhance self, manage anxiety and depression, or as to sustained or periodic use. American Indians and Hispanos have a greater tendency to drink gregariously, to drink more, and to have more disruption in social role functioning. The general trend was that the American Indian group revealed greater social and alcohol symptom disruption than the other three groups, thus supporting a more specialized treatment approach for American Indian alcoholism patients.", "contents": "Alcoholism and ethnicity: a comparative study of alcohol use patterns across ethnic groups. Sociological and alcohol use patterns were studied in American Indian, Black, Hispano, and White Anglo groups of alcoholism patients. Sociological variables indicated all groups appeared to be experiencing significant disruption in social and vocational areas, with the American Indian group showing the greatest disruption across the four groups in the socioeconomic areas. The four groups did not differ as to use of alcohol to enhance self, manage anxiety and depression, or as to sustained or periodic use. American Indians and Hispanos have a greater tendency to drink gregariously, to drink more, and to have more disruption in social role functioning. The general trend was that the American Indian group revealed greater social and alcohol symptom disruption than the other three groups, thus supporting a more specialized treatment approach for American Indian alcoholism patients.", "PMID": 744659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6042", "title": "A critique of project evaluations.", "content": "In recent years an increased stress has been placed on the evaluation of mental health, education, and welfare service programs. The majority of studies readily available to most evaluators represent local project evaluations which usually contain diverse references to different aspects of the evaluative process. For evaluative results to be even minimally useful to other projects, however, certain requirements must be met. These are: (1) internal validity, (2) external validity, (3) specification of the population and treatment being implemented, and (4) standardization of indicators of treatment impact. To determine the extent to which published project impact evaluations meet these criteria, a study was undertaken to \"evaluate the evaluations\" themselves within heroin addiction treatment programs. Six high-yield journals and 100 random sources were systematically searched for reports of evaluations which provided measures of success in terms of the consumer. Articles were analyzed in regard to our four prerequisites for cross-project comparisons regarding process variables, impact variables, and methodologies. It became clear, however, that our original objectives in evaluating either the usefulness of published project evaluations or testing any specific impact hypotheses were not achievable due to the state of evaluative measurement and reporting practices at this time. The major problems we eoncountered in our inability to complete a necessary and potentially fruitful comparative assessment of project evaluations are discussed in detail with recommendations for future work.", "contents": "A critique of project evaluations. In recent years an increased stress has been placed on the evaluation of mental health, education, and welfare service programs. The majority of studies readily available to most evaluators represent local project evaluations which usually contain diverse references to different aspects of the evaluative process. For evaluative results to be even minimally useful to other projects, however, certain requirements must be met. These are: (1) internal validity, (2) external validity, (3) specification of the population and treatment being implemented, and (4) standardization of indicators of treatment impact. To determine the extent to which published project impact evaluations meet these criteria, a study was undertaken to \"evaluate the evaluations\" themselves within heroin addiction treatment programs. Six high-yield journals and 100 random sources were systematically searched for reports of evaluations which provided measures of success in terms of the consumer. Articles were analyzed in regard to our four prerequisites for cross-project comparisons regarding process variables, impact variables, and methodologies. It became clear, however, that our original objectives in evaluating either the usefulness of published project evaluations or testing any specific impact hypotheses were not achievable due to the state of evaluative measurement and reporting practices at this time. The major problems we eoncountered in our inability to complete a necessary and potentially fruitful comparative assessment of project evaluations are discussed in detail with recommendations for future work.", "PMID": 744660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6043", "title": "Statistics on alcoholic marriages: an overview.", "content": "This paper is a brief American literature review reporting on (1) the percentage of alcoholics who marry, (2) the percentage who separate or divorce, and (3) the temporal relationship between date of marriage and onset of alcoholism. All studies discussed control for age and compare results to a general population. The authors show that early studies suggested that alcoholics were an unsocialized and homeless group of people who were not likely to marry whereas later research showed that alcoholics are just as likely as persons in the general population to marry but are at least four times more likely to separate or divorce. Multiple variables account for the high rate of marital disruption. The literature is conflicting regarding whether people tend to marry before or after the onset of alcoholism. Future research must delineate relevant psychological and sociocultural variables in addition to the alcoholism itself.", "contents": "Statistics on alcoholic marriages: an overview. This paper is a brief American literature review reporting on (1) the percentage of alcoholics who marry, (2) the percentage who separate or divorce, and (3) the temporal relationship between date of marriage and onset of alcoholism. All studies discussed control for age and compare results to a general population. The authors show that early studies suggested that alcoholics were an unsocialized and homeless group of people who were not likely to marry whereas later research showed that alcoholics are just as likely as persons in the general population to marry but are at least four times more likely to separate or divorce. Multiple variables account for the high rate of marital disruption. The literature is conflicting regarding whether people tend to marry before or after the onset of alcoholism. Future research must delineate relevant psychological and sociocultural variables in addition to the alcoholism itself.", "PMID": 744661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6044", "title": "Discrepancy, dissonance, and the \"dissonant\" smoker.", "content": "This paper reexamines, in the light of social psychological research, the theoretical assumptions made by McKennell and Thomas in their study of smoking habits and attitudes in Britain. One assumption made by them is that antismoking messages which are very discrepant from the opinions held by smokers should be avoided since they may produce attitude change in the opposite direction to that intended. It is argued that there is little empirical basis for this assumption, and that the discrepancy of a communication from the initial attitudes of a target audience is not necessarily the most important determinant of its effectiveness. McKennell and Thomas also distinguish \"consonant\" from \"dissonant\" smokers--the latter being those who say that they would like to give up smoking if they could do so easily. It is argued that the term \"dissonant\" is a misnomer when applied to smokers who see themselves as unable to choose not to smoke. Practical and theoretical implications are discuseed.", "contents": "Discrepancy, dissonance, and the \"dissonant\" smoker. This paper reexamines, in the light of social psychological research, the theoretical assumptions made by McKennell and Thomas in their study of smoking habits and attitudes in Britain. One assumption made by them is that antismoking messages which are very discrepant from the opinions held by smokers should be avoided since they may produce attitude change in the opposite direction to that intended. It is argued that there is little empirical basis for this assumption, and that the discrepancy of a communication from the initial attitudes of a target audience is not necessarily the most important determinant of its effectiveness. McKennell and Thomas also distinguish \"consonant\" from \"dissonant\" smokers--the latter being those who say that they would like to give up smoking if they could do so easily. It is argued that the term \"dissonant\" is a misnomer when applied to smokers who see themselves as unable to choose not to smoke. Practical and theoretical implications are discuseed.", "PMID": 744662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6045", "title": "The Drug Attitudes Scale (DAS): its development and evaluation.", "content": "Five studies were conducted, employing three independent samples of high school students, leading to the development and assessment of the reliability and validity of a Drug Attitudes Scales. The results of these studies support the conclusions that this scale shows substantial reliability and validity, and promises considerable utility in drug treatment and education research. The Drug Attitudes Scale consists of 60 attitude items dealing with drugs and drug use, and is comprised of 10 six-item subscales referring to tranquilizers, barbiturates, heroin, opiates other than heroin, \"speed,\" alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, tobacco, and general drug use.", "contents": "The Drug Attitudes Scale (DAS): its development and evaluation. Five studies were conducted, employing three independent samples of high school students, leading to the development and assessment of the reliability and validity of a Drug Attitudes Scales. The results of these studies support the conclusions that this scale shows substantial reliability and validity, and promises considerable utility in drug treatment and education research. The Drug Attitudes Scale consists of 60 attitude items dealing with drugs and drug use, and is comprised of 10 six-item subscales referring to tranquilizers, barbiturates, heroin, opiates other than heroin, \"speed,\" alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, tobacco, and general drug use.", "PMID": 744663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6046", "title": "A survey of drug use among probationers in the Los Angeles area in 1976.", "content": "The results are presented from the analysis of 10,000 urine specimens from Los Angeles County probationers in early 1976 for the following drugs: amphetamine, methamphetamine, allylbarbital, amobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, morphine, codeine, methadone, primary metabolite of methadone, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, methaqualone, and phencyclidine. Over 27% of the urine samples analyzed were positive for at least one drug. Opiates were found to be the most widely used drugs, but multiple drug use was also quite common.", "contents": "A survey of drug use among probationers in the Los Angeles area in 1976. The results are presented from the analysis of 10,000 urine specimens from Los Angeles County probationers in early 1976 for the following drugs: amphetamine, methamphetamine, allylbarbital, amobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, morphine, codeine, methadone, primary metabolite of methadone, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, methaqualone, and phencyclidine. Over 27% of the urine samples analyzed were positive for at least one drug. Opiates were found to be the most widely used drugs, but multiple drug use was also quite common.", "PMID": 744664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6047", "title": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: V. Multivariate analysis of risk indicators.", "content": "Based on the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations a search was undertaken for associations between defects of the central nervous system [CNS] and various selected risk indicators. The study material consisted of 710 cases of CNS defects and their time-area matched pair controls. 259 cases of polydactyly and their controls were also compared with a view of demonstrating the possible biases introduced by the case-control method. The present report is a multivariate analysis of previously observed associations, and the linear logistic regression model was used for the elimination of confounding factors. Risk indicators remaining after the analysis were high maternal age, multipara with previous stillbirths and defective children, especially defects of the CNS. Maternal influenza, especially in combination with the intake of salicylates, was also associated with an increased risk.", "contents": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: V. Multivariate analysis of risk indicators. Based on the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations a search was undertaken for associations between defects of the central nervous system [CNS] and various selected risk indicators. The study material consisted of 710 cases of CNS defects and their time-area matched pair controls. 259 cases of polydactyly and their controls were also compared with a view of demonstrating the possible biases introduced by the case-control method. The present report is a multivariate analysis of previously observed associations, and the linear logistic regression model was used for the elimination of confounding factors. Risk indicators remaining after the analysis were high maternal age, multipara with previous stillbirths and defective children, especially defects of the CNS. Maternal influenza, especially in combination with the intake of salicylates, was also associated with an increased risk.", "PMID": 744666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6048", "title": "Role of oral contraception in congenital malformations of offspring.", "content": "In a case control study we examined the relationship between congenital malformations in offspring and maternal exposure to oral contraceptives around the time of conception. There were 1 370 with congenital malformations and 2 968 healthy control infants. Maternal oral contraceptive use was unrelated to malformations considered as a whole whether exposure last occurred in the year before conception [odds ratio = 0.9, p=0.25] or during pregnancy [odds ratio = 1.3, p=0.30]. Exposure during pregnancy doubled the risk for some specific diagnoses, including certain cardiovascular defects, but these increases were not statistically significant. Exposure to specific oestrogens or progestogens was also unrelated to the occurrence of malformations. There was a suggestion that women who both smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day and used oral contraceptives during pregnancy were more likely to deliver a malformed infant than were women who neither used oral contraceptives nor smoked during pregnancy.", "contents": "Role of oral contraception in congenital malformations of offspring. In a case control study we examined the relationship between congenital malformations in offspring and maternal exposure to oral contraceptives around the time of conception. There were 1 370 with congenital malformations and 2 968 healthy control infants. Maternal oral contraceptive use was unrelated to malformations considered as a whole whether exposure last occurred in the year before conception [odds ratio = 0.9, p=0.25] or during pregnancy [odds ratio = 1.3, p=0.30]. Exposure during pregnancy doubled the risk for some specific diagnoses, including certain cardiovascular defects, but these increases were not statistically significant. Exposure to specific oestrogens or progestogens was also unrelated to the occurrence of malformations. There was a suggestion that women who both smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day and used oral contraceptives during pregnancy were more likely to deliver a malformed infant than were women who neither used oral contraceptives nor smoked during pregnancy.", "PMID": 744667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6049", "title": "A comparison of neural tube defects identified by two independent routine recording systems for congenital malformations in Northern Ireland.", "content": "The efficiency of two systems for recording congenital malformations has been compared; one system, the Registrar General's Congenital Malformation Notification, is based on registering all malformed infants, and the other, the Child Health System, records all births. In Northern Ireland for three years [1974--1976], using multiple sources of ascertainment, a total of 686 infants with neural tube defects was identified among 79 783 live and stillbirths. The incidence for all neural tube defects in 8 60 per 1 000 births. The Registrar General's Congenital Malformation Notification System identified 83.6% whereas the Child Health System identified only 63.3% of all neural tube defects. Both systems together identified 86.2% of all neural tube defects. The two systems are suitable for monitoring of malformations and the addition of information from the Genetic Counselling Clinics would enhance the data for epidemiological studies.", "contents": "A comparison of neural tube defects identified by two independent routine recording systems for congenital malformations in Northern Ireland. The efficiency of two systems for recording congenital malformations has been compared; one system, the Registrar General's Congenital Malformation Notification, is based on registering all malformed infants, and the other, the Child Health System, records all births. In Northern Ireland for three years [1974--1976], using multiple sources of ascertainment, a total of 686 infants with neural tube defects was identified among 79 783 live and stillbirths. The incidence for all neural tube defects in 8 60 per 1 000 births. The Registrar General's Congenital Malformation Notification System identified 83.6% whereas the Child Health System identified only 63.3% of all neural tube defects. Both systems together identified 86.2% of all neural tube defects. The two systems are suitable for monitoring of malformations and the addition of information from the Genetic Counselling Clinics would enhance the data for epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 744668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6050", "title": "Should we screen all newborns for cystic fibrosis?", "content": "To assess the value of detecting albumin in meconium as a screening procedure for cystic fibrosis [CF] 68,000 meconium samples were examined by BM Meconium Test, single radial immunodiffusion and benzidine reaction. The specificity and sensitivity of this combination of tests were 99.67% and 78.57% respectively. The prevalence of CF at birth was confirmed as 1:3600 in this country. This low prevalence resulted in a relatively high number of false positives. Therefore, a positive test result has a low predictive value [3.39%] and this is a serious drawback of the method. The experiences and opinions of 37 local paediatricians about the screening programme were evaluated by a simple questionnaire. Gold's decision rule was applied. The least relative cost of misclassification justifying a mass-screening programme was 3 times higher than the actual relative cost as suggested by the aggregate opinion of paediatricians in the region. These results support the view that with the methods used screening may have more disadvantages than not screening.", "contents": "Should we screen all newborns for cystic fibrosis? To assess the value of detecting albumin in meconium as a screening procedure for cystic fibrosis [CF] 68,000 meconium samples were examined by BM Meconium Test, single radial immunodiffusion and benzidine reaction. The specificity and sensitivity of this combination of tests were 99.67% and 78.57% respectively. The prevalence of CF at birth was confirmed as 1:3600 in this country. This low prevalence resulted in a relatively high number of false positives. Therefore, a positive test result has a low predictive value [3.39%] and this is a serious drawback of the method. The experiences and opinions of 37 local paediatricians about the screening programme were evaluated by a simple questionnaire. Gold's decision rule was applied. The least relative cost of misclassification justifying a mass-screening programme was 3 times higher than the actual relative cost as suggested by the aggregate opinion of paediatricians in the region. These results support the view that with the methods used screening may have more disadvantages than not screening.", "PMID": 744669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6051", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome in Cardiff, association with epidemic influenza and with temperature - 1955-1974.", "content": "The effects of social class, season, low temperature and sudden falls in temperature are investigated in 286 cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Cardiff in the years 1955--1974. The association with low temperature was striking: unsuspected hypothermia may be an important feature of these deaths. Sudden infant death incidence was associated with influenza A but not influenza B epidemics.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome in Cardiff, association with epidemic influenza and with temperature - 1955-1974. The effects of social class, season, low temperature and sudden falls in temperature are investigated in 286 cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Cardiff in the years 1955--1974. The association with low temperature was striking: unsuspected hypothermia may be an important feature of these deaths. Sudden infant death incidence was associated with influenza A but not influenza B epidemics.", "PMID": 744671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6052", "title": "Viral hepatitis: lack of transmission in an Athenian School.", "content": "In the 1975-76 school year, 3 cases of icteric hepatitis occurred almost simultaneously in 2 grades of an Athenian school. An initial survey of the 2 classes approximately one week later found that 88 of 94 children were susceptible to type A hepatitis. No further clinical cases occurred. A second survey at the end of the school year revealed only 2 subclinical hepatitis A virus infections: one coincident with the overt cases in November, and a second from extramural exposure in February. Two carriers of hepatitis B virus in class A were not associated with serologic evidence for communicability of that agent in this setting. Testing of faecal specimens for agents possibly responsible for epidemiological interference with the spread of hepatitis A virus was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the hypothesis of Band that other agents may interfere with transmission of hepatitis A virus deserves further study.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis: lack of transmission in an Athenian School. In the 1975-76 school year, 3 cases of icteric hepatitis occurred almost simultaneously in 2 grades of an Athenian school. An initial survey of the 2 classes approximately one week later found that 88 of 94 children were susceptible to type A hepatitis. No further clinical cases occurred. A second survey at the end of the school year revealed only 2 subclinical hepatitis A virus infections: one coincident with the overt cases in November, and a second from extramural exposure in February. Two carriers of hepatitis B virus in class A were not associated with serologic evidence for communicability of that agent in this setting. Testing of faecal specimens for agents possibly responsible for epidemiological interference with the spread of hepatitis A virus was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the hypothesis of Band that other agents may interfere with transmission of hepatitis A virus deserves further study.", "PMID": 744672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6053", "title": "A scale of valuations of states of illness: is there a social consensus?", "content": "A difficult task in designing indices of health and measures of health output is deriving a scale of valuations of a set of defined states of health or illness. A scale derived by structured interview of 70 subjects and tested on a further 50 subjects is described. The method aims for a ratio scale and the extent to which this has actually been achieved is discussed. Scale values appear to be independent of the sex, age, socio-economic group, religious belief and past medical history of the subject, but have some association with current experience of illness. There is agreement between scale values obtained from medical nurses and patients and agreement between the different values obtained from psychiatric nurses and patients.", "contents": "A scale of valuations of states of illness: is there a social consensus? A difficult task in designing indices of health and measures of health output is deriving a scale of valuations of a set of defined states of health or illness. A scale derived by structured interview of 70 subjects and tested on a further 50 subjects is described. The method aims for a ratio scale and the extent to which this has actually been achieved is discussed. Scale values appear to be independent of the sex, age, socio-economic group, religious belief and past medical history of the subject, but have some association with current experience of illness. There is agreement between scale values obtained from medical nurses and patients and agreement between the different values obtained from psychiatric nurses and patients.", "PMID": 744673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6054", "title": "Classification of disability and distress by ward nurses: a reliability study.", "content": "In a series of trials, ward nurses independently classified the disability and distress states of medical and surgical patients. Criteria for inter-rater reliability, in terms of correlation and absence of bias, were met after each rater had taken part in a training session which gave immediate feedback about performance.", "contents": "Classification of disability and distress by ward nurses: a reliability study. In a series of trials, ward nurses independently classified the disability and distress states of medical and surgical patients. Criteria for inter-rater reliability, in terms of correlation and absence of bias, were met after each rater had taken part in a training session which gave immediate feedback about performance.", "PMID": 744674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6055", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm - an area comparison.", "content": "Stockholm county is divided into 13 catchment areas, which differ in the respect of social and economical structure. There are also differences in the organisation of medical care. These areas were compared with respect to incidence and lethality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The proportions of deaths from AMI taking place outside hospital were also compared. The study was based on the impatient-care register in Stockholm and on the cause-of-death register. It was concluded that differences in incidence between the catchment areas exist, most of which might be explained by socio-economic characteristics of the populations. No differences were found in lethality. Particularly, there was no difference in lethality between catchment areas with and without coronary-care units. For older people some small differences were found in the proportion of deaths outside hospital.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm - an area comparison. Stockholm county is divided into 13 catchment areas, which differ in the respect of social and economical structure. There are also differences in the organisation of medical care. These areas were compared with respect to incidence and lethality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The proportions of deaths from AMI taking place outside hospital were also compared. The study was based on the impatient-care register in Stockholm and on the cause-of-death register. It was concluded that differences in incidence between the catchment areas exist, most of which might be explained by socio-economic characteristics of the populations. No differences were found in lethality. Particularly, there was no difference in lethality between catchment areas with and without coronary-care units. For older people some small differences were found in the proportion of deaths outside hospital.", "PMID": 744675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6056", "title": "Analytic methods in matched pair epidemiological studies.", "content": "Two methods  of analysis of matched pair epidemiologic studies are presented. The within pair difference between study and comparison individuals is evaluated with respect to additional confounding variables while simultaneously maintaining the matching. The effects of additional confounding variables are quantiated by their association with the response variable (i.e. exposure in a case-control study or disease in a cohort study). For a binary response variable a multiple logistic function is used and a method to estimate the odds ratio is given. For a continous response variable multiple regression is used and a method to estimate an odds ratio function is derived.", "contents": "Analytic methods in matched pair epidemiological studies. Two methods  of analysis of matched pair epidemiologic studies are presented. The within pair difference between study and comparison individuals is evaluated with respect to additional confounding variables while simultaneously maintaining the matching. The effects of additional confounding variables are quantiated by their association with the response variable (i.e. exposure in a case-control study or disease in a cohort study). For a binary response variable a multiple logistic function is used and a method to estimate the odds ratio is given. For a continous response variable multiple regression is used and a method to estimate an odds ratio function is derived.", "PMID": 744676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6057", "title": "An improper use of statistical significance testing in studying covariables.", "content": "How badly a covariable confounds the association between a disease and a primary trait depends on the strength of two other associations: between covariable and disease, and between covariable and primary trait. To assess the confounding potential by testing one of these associations for statistical significance, using a 'traditional' critical level, is inadequate. Such a preliminary test places the burden of proof in the wrong direction, ignores a major aspect of confounding potential, and may be inappropriately influenced by other factors. If it must be used at all, the significance level should be 0.25 or 0.50, possibly even higher.", "contents": "An improper use of statistical significance testing in studying covariables. How badly a covariable confounds the association between a disease and a primary trait depends on the strength of two other associations: between covariable and disease, and between covariable and primary trait. To assess the confounding potential by testing one of these associations for statistical significance, using a 'traditional' critical level, is inadequate. Such a preliminary test places the burden of proof in the wrong direction, ignores a major aspect of confounding potential, and may be inappropriately influenced by other factors. If it must be used at all, the significance level should be 0.25 or 0.50, possibly even higher.", "PMID": 744677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6058", "title": "Epidemiology 101: the new frontier.", "content": "An introductory course in epidemiology for pre-baccalaureate junior and senior undergraduate students is described as part of a Public Health Option programme. The course was similar to that given in schools of public health with additional material on vital statistics. It was well received by the students and stimulated several students to enter graduate programmes in epidemiology in schools of public health. Epidemiology has now matured as an independent scientific discipline so that consideration should be given to establishing University Departments of Epidemiology similar to those in such fields as statistics and biology.", "contents": "Epidemiology 101: the new frontier. An introductory course in epidemiology for pre-baccalaureate junior and senior undergraduate students is described as part of a Public Health Option programme. The course was similar to that given in schools of public health with additional material on vital statistics. It was well received by the students and stimulated several students to enter graduate programmes in epidemiology in schools of public health. Epidemiology has now matured as an independent scientific discipline so that consideration should be given to establishing University Departments of Epidemiology similar to those in such fields as statistics and biology.", "PMID": 744678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6059", "title": "The adipocyte volume in human adipose tissue: II. Observations in diabetes mellitus, primary hyperlipoproteinemia and weight reduction.", "content": "Body-weight index does not appear suitable as a measure of metabolic risk, since the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolaemia increases only up to a Broca index of 1.2. Attempts were therefore made to demonstrate an abnormal adipocyte enlargement in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen in patients suffering from various metabolic disorders. To eliminate the influence of sex and body-weight index, normal curves of the adipocyte volumes in 142 controls were used as basis of comparison. Adipocyte hypertrophy exceeding the degree predicted by the normal curves was observed in patients with subclinical diabetes (n = 20), patients with maturity-onset diabetes (n = 56) and in patients suffering from hyperlipoproteinemia of type IIb (n = 10), type III (n = 8), type IV (n = 42) and type V (n = 24). Excessive hypertrophy could not be detected, however, in juvenile-onset diabetics (n = 11) and in hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa (n = 9). Weight reduction gave further insight into excessive adipocyte hypertrophy. This was effected by reducing caloric intake combined with physical exercise for four to five weeks until 10 per cent of initial weight was lost. Adipocyte shrinking per kg loss of body weight was significantly more pronounced in patients suffering from subclinical diabetes (31 pl/kg,n = 10), from maturity-onset diabetes (26 pl/kg,n = 23) and from hypertriglyceridemia (17 pl/kg, n = 11) in comparison with the controls (7 pl/kg,n = 25).", "contents": "The adipocyte volume in human adipose tissue: II. Observations in diabetes mellitus, primary hyperlipoproteinemia and weight reduction. Body-weight index does not appear suitable as a measure of metabolic risk, since the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolaemia increases only up to a Broca index of 1.2. Attempts were therefore made to demonstrate an abnormal adipocyte enlargement in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen in patients suffering from various metabolic disorders. To eliminate the influence of sex and body-weight index, normal curves of the adipocyte volumes in 142 controls were used as basis of comparison. Adipocyte hypertrophy exceeding the degree predicted by the normal curves was observed in patients with subclinical diabetes (n = 20), patients with maturity-onset diabetes (n = 56) and in patients suffering from hyperlipoproteinemia of type IIb (n = 10), type III (n = 8), type IV (n = 42) and type V (n = 24). Excessive hypertrophy could not be detected, however, in juvenile-onset diabetics (n = 11) and in hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa (n = 9). Weight reduction gave further insight into excessive adipocyte hypertrophy. This was effected by reducing caloric intake combined with physical exercise for four to five weeks until 10 per cent of initial weight was lost. Adipocyte shrinking per kg loss of body weight was significantly more pronounced in patients suffering from subclinical diabetes (31 pl/kg,n = 10), from maturity-onset diabetes (26 pl/kg,n = 23) and from hypertriglyceridemia (17 pl/kg, n = 11) in comparison with the controls (7 pl/kg,n = 25).", "PMID": 744681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6060", "title": "Factors determining weight loss in obese patients in a metabolic ward.", "content": "A metabolic unit is described in which it is possible to make controlled measurements of energy balance in patients with various types and degrees of obesity. Thirty-seven obese women were studied for three consecutive one-week periods on a diet which provided an average of 3.4MJ (800 kcal) daily, and some also undertook an exercise programme involving the expenditure of 850--1275 kJ (200--300 kcal) extra per day. The distribution of energy intake was varied from week to week, and within the day (nibbling and gorging), but neither these variations in dietary pattern nor the exercise programme significantly affected the total weight loss over the three-week study period. Very large variations were observed between individuals. Total weight loss over the three-week study period ranged from 1.6 to 9.8 kg. The best predictor of weight loss in a patient on a strictly controlled diet is the resting metabolic rate. The previous diet also affects weight loss: patients who had been keeping to a reducing diet before admission lost less weight, especially in the first week, than those who had not been dieting immediately before admission to hospital.", "contents": "Factors determining weight loss in obese patients in a metabolic ward. A metabolic unit is described in which it is possible to make controlled measurements of energy balance in patients with various types and degrees of obesity. Thirty-seven obese women were studied for three consecutive one-week periods on a diet which provided an average of 3.4MJ (800 kcal) daily, and some also undertook an exercise programme involving the expenditure of 850--1275 kJ (200--300 kcal) extra per day. The distribution of energy intake was varied from week to week, and within the day (nibbling and gorging), but neither these variations in dietary pattern nor the exercise programme significantly affected the total weight loss over the three-week study period. Very large variations were observed between individuals. Total weight loss over the three-week study period ranged from 1.6 to 9.8 kg. The best predictor of weight loss in a patient on a strictly controlled diet is the resting metabolic rate. The previous diet also affects weight loss: patients who had been keeping to a reducing diet before admission lost less weight, especially in the first week, than those who had not been dieting immediately before admission to hospital.", "PMID": 744682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6061", "title": "Abnormal dentition and decrease in body weight in the genetically obese mouse (genotype, ob/ob).", "content": "Loss of body weight accompanied by cannibalism occurred in obese mice (genotype, ob/ob) at seven months of age. The onset was sudden. The animals had accompanying abnormalities of their incisor teeth. Some upper incisor teeth had no erupted part. The unerupted part of all the incisor teeth showed ridged thickening. Body weight loss was prevented by grinding the pelleted food to a powder. Possible causes of the teeth abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Abnormal dentition and decrease in body weight in the genetically obese mouse (genotype, ob/ob). Loss of body weight accompanied by cannibalism occurred in obese mice (genotype, ob/ob) at seven months of age. The onset was sudden. The animals had accompanying abnormalities of their incisor teeth. Some upper incisor teeth had no erupted part. The unerupted part of all the incisor teeth showed ridged thickening. Body weight loss was prevented by grinding the pelleted food to a powder. Possible causes of the teeth abnormalities are discussed.", "PMID": 744683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6062", "title": "Circular dichroism spectra of isolated soybean and chickpea trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors.", "content": "Circular dichroism spectra of trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from soybeans and chickpeas have been determined in acidic, neutral and highly alkaline solutions. Neither protein contains alpha-helix although a small amount of beta-structure cannot be excluded. Negative dichroism above 250 nm has been assigned largely to disulfide bonds in both molecules with neither showing evidence for tyrosine residues buried in hydrophobic regions. The spectra of these inhibitors between 230 and 250 nm have been compared with the spectra of a number of structurally related proteins suggesting that previous interpretations of this region may have been incomplete or incorrect.", "contents": "Circular dichroism spectra of isolated soybean and chickpea trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors. Circular dichroism spectra of trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from soybeans and chickpeas have been determined in acidic, neutral and highly alkaline solutions. Neither protein contains alpha-helix although a small amount of beta-structure cannot be excluded. Negative dichroism above 250 nm has been assigned largely to disulfide bonds in both molecules with neither showing evidence for tyrosine residues buried in hydrophobic regions. The spectra of these inhibitors between 230 and 250 nm have been compared with the spectra of a number of structurally related proteins suggesting that previous interpretations of this region may have been incomplete or incorrect.", "PMID": 744684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6063", "title": "Removal of t-butyl and t-butoxycarbonyl protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanisms, biproduct formation and evaluation of scavengers.", "content": "The trifluoroacetic acid-mediated removal of t-butyl groups in protected amino acids leads to the formation of t-butyl trifluoroacetate. This t-butyl ester alkylates in trifluoroacetic acid methionine and tryptophan. The t-butyl trifluoroacetate ester can be destroyed by scavengers commonly employed for t-butyl cations, and the reaction rates of the scavengers with the ester are used in the evaluation of scavengers. Scavengers of sulphide structure react with t-butyl trifluoroacetate to form sulphonium compounds, which possess alkylating properties. In the presence of a scavenger during acidolysis, the trifluoroacetic acid and the scavenger will compete in reacting with the t-butyl cations. Kinetic studies show comparable reaction rates with thiophenol as scavenger. The usefulness of adding scavengers to trifluoroacetic acid in deblocking reactions is due to the removal of t-butyl trifluoroacetate in addition to the removal of t-butyl cations. Isobutene reacts with trifluoroacetic acid and yields t-butyl trifluoroacetate. The reaction reaches an equilibrium displaced in favour of the ester at room temperature. Hence no isobutene can be expected to escape during a deblocking reaction in trifluoroacetic acid.", "contents": "Removal of t-butyl and t-butoxycarbonyl protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanisms, biproduct formation and evaluation of scavengers. The trifluoroacetic acid-mediated removal of t-butyl groups in protected amino acids leads to the formation of t-butyl trifluoroacetate. This t-butyl ester alkylates in trifluoroacetic acid methionine and tryptophan. The t-butyl trifluoroacetate ester can be destroyed by scavengers commonly employed for t-butyl cations, and the reaction rates of the scavengers with the ester are used in the evaluation of scavengers. Scavengers of sulphide structure react with t-butyl trifluoroacetate to form sulphonium compounds, which possess alkylating properties. In the presence of a scavenger during acidolysis, the trifluoroacetic acid and the scavenger will compete in reacting with the t-butyl cations. Kinetic studies show comparable reaction rates with thiophenol as scavenger. The usefulness of adding scavengers to trifluoroacetic acid in deblocking reactions is due to the removal of t-butyl trifluoroacetate in addition to the removal of t-butyl cations. Isobutene reacts with trifluoroacetic acid and yields t-butyl trifluoroacetate. The reaction reaches an equilibrium displaced in favour of the ester at room temperature. Hence no isobutene can be expected to escape during a deblocking reaction in trifluoroacetic acid.", "PMID": 744685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6064", "title": "Isolation and partial sequence of the cyanogen bromide peptides from calf thymus non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 1.", "content": "Peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 1 have been isolated and characterized, and their partial sequences determined. The sequence data presented here account for over half of the sequence of the HMG 1 molecule and, together with previously published results, provide interesting information on the charge distribution within the molecule.", "contents": "Isolation and partial sequence of the cyanogen bromide peptides from calf thymus non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 1. Peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 1 have been isolated and characterized, and their partial sequences determined. The sequence data presented here account for over half of the sequence of the HMG 1 molecule and, together with previously published results, provide interesting information on the charge distribution within the molecule.", "PMID": 744686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6065", "title": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. IX. Suppression of the formation of aminosuccinyl peptides with additives.", "content": "The base-catalyzed ring closure of beta-benzylaspartyl peptides was efficiently suppressed by the addition of phenols (with electron-withdrawing substituents) to the reaction mixtures. From a series of compounds tested, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol were the most effective. No direct relationship was found between the acidity of the additives and their ability to suppress the formation of aminosuccinyl peptides. The applicability of 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol in practical syntheses was also examined.", "contents": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. IX. Suppression of the formation of aminosuccinyl peptides with additives. The base-catalyzed ring closure of beta-benzylaspartyl peptides was efficiently suppressed by the addition of phenols (with electron-withdrawing substituents) to the reaction mixtures. From a series of compounds tested, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol were the most effective. No direct relationship was found between the acidity of the additives and their ability to suppress the formation of aminosuccinyl peptides. The applicability of 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol in practical syntheses was also examined.", "PMID": 744687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6066", "title": "Purification and characterization of an acid protease from Monascus kaoliang.", "content": "An acid protease from Monascus kaoliang was purified by consecutive applications of fractional acetone precipitation, batchwise CM-cellulose method and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The preparation was homogeneous on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 and 7.5. The yield was about 30% with overall increase in specific activity of about 6-fold. The molecular weight as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis was about 34,000. The enzyme was a glycoprotease as indicated by specific carbohydrate staining on gels. It possessed the nature of an acid protease with a pH optimum at 3.0 toward heat-denatured casein and was stable over the range of pH 3.0 to 6.0. Reducing agents and thiol poisons had no effect on this enzyme, suggesting that free sulfhydryl groups were not required for enzyme activity. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate did not inactivate this protease, indicating the probable absence of serine residue in the active site. The enzyme was inactivated by reaction with the carboxy-group specific reagent, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy) propane (EPNP). Pepstatin, a specific inhibitor for pepsin, was shown to inhibit this enzyme strongly. However, biacetyl (2,3-butadione) had little effect on this protease, although it inactivated pepsin to an 85% activity loss. Also, p-bromophenacyl bromide, another specific inhibitor of pepsin, failed to inactivate this acid protease.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an acid protease from Monascus kaoliang. An acid protease from Monascus kaoliang was purified by consecutive applications of fractional acetone precipitation, batchwise CM-cellulose method and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The preparation was homogeneous on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 and 7.5. The yield was about 30% with overall increase in specific activity of about 6-fold. The molecular weight as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis was about 34,000. The enzyme was a glycoprotease as indicated by specific carbohydrate staining on gels. It possessed the nature of an acid protease with a pH optimum at 3.0 toward heat-denatured casein and was stable over the range of pH 3.0 to 6.0. Reducing agents and thiol poisons had no effect on this enzyme, suggesting that free sulfhydryl groups were not required for enzyme activity. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate did not inactivate this protease, indicating the probable absence of serine residue in the active site. The enzyme was inactivated by reaction with the carboxy-group specific reagent, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy) propane (EPNP). Pepstatin, a specific inhibitor for pepsin, was shown to inhibit this enzyme strongly. However, biacetyl (2,3-butadione) had little effect on this protease, although it inactivated pepsin to an 85% activity loss. Also, p-bromophenacyl bromide, another specific inhibitor of pepsin, failed to inactivate this acid protease.", "PMID": 744688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6067", "title": "Purification and properties of non-precipitating antibodies to cobrotoxin.", "content": "The heterogeneity of precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies to cobrotoxin was demonstrated by their elution pattern on cobrotoxin-Sepharose and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column. Gel filtration patterns on a Sepharose 6B column revealed that the soluble complexes formed from non-precipitating antibody and HNB-cobrotoxin at a different molar ratio all emerged in the void volume, indicating that the molecular weight of the soluble complex is around 4,000,000 or larger. Unreacted free non-precipitating antibody coincided with the peak of IgG and was proved to be free from HNB-cobrotoxin. The molar ratio of antibody to antigen for the soluble complex was found to be 0.79 to 0.97 indicating that 1.58--1.94 molecules of non-precipitating antibody are bound to HNB-cobrotoxin instead of three molecules as in the case of precipitating antibody.", "contents": "Purification and properties of non-precipitating antibodies to cobrotoxin. The heterogeneity of precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies to cobrotoxin was demonstrated by their elution pattern on cobrotoxin-Sepharose and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column. Gel filtration patterns on a Sepharose 6B column revealed that the soluble complexes formed from non-precipitating antibody and HNB-cobrotoxin at a different molar ratio all emerged in the void volume, indicating that the molecular weight of the soluble complex is around 4,000,000 or larger. Unreacted free non-precipitating antibody coincided with the peak of IgG and was proved to be free from HNB-cobrotoxin. The molar ratio of antibody to antigen for the soluble complex was found to be 0.79 to 0.97 indicating that 1.58--1.94 molecules of non-precipitating antibody are bound to HNB-cobrotoxin instead of three molecules as in the case of precipitating antibody.", "PMID": 744689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6068", "title": "Isolation of antitumor proteins abrin-A and abrin-B from Abrus precatorius.", "content": "Two toxic proteins were purified from the seeds of Abrus precatorius by DEAE-A 50 and Sepharose 4B chromatography. One of them does not bind on the Sepharose 4B column (Abrin-b) and the other (Abrin-a) is eluted with 0.2 M galactose. The amino acid compositions and tryptic maps of these two proteins were similar, but not identical. The molecular weights estimated by SDS-gel electrophoresis were 67,000 for abrin-b as compared with 65,000 for abrin-a. In the presence of mercaptoethanol, both abrin-a and abrin-b gave rise to two bands. The lethal doses of abrin-a and abrin-b for mice recorded within 48 h were 10 and 25 microgram per kg of body weight respectively. Abrin-a at 0.8 microgram per ml concentration level agglutinated human 0-type erythrocytes, whereas abrin-b showed no such activity. Abrin-a at 5 microgram per ml concentration level agglutinated both the Sarcoma 180 cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, but it required 150 microgram per ml for abrin-b. Both these two proteins at a sublethal dose could inhibit the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which were injected simultaneously with these proteins. 131I-abrin-a and 131I-abrin-b were able to bind Sarcoma 180 cells, and the binding of abrin-a could be inhibited by lactose, raffinose, galactose and rhamnose, but none of 15 sugars tested inhibited the binding of abrin-b.", "contents": "Isolation of antitumor proteins abrin-A and abrin-B from Abrus precatorius. Two toxic proteins were purified from the seeds of Abrus precatorius by DEAE-A 50 and Sepharose 4B chromatography. One of them does not bind on the Sepharose 4B column (Abrin-b) and the other (Abrin-a) is eluted with 0.2 M galactose. The amino acid compositions and tryptic maps of these two proteins were similar, but not identical. The molecular weights estimated by SDS-gel electrophoresis were 67,000 for abrin-b as compared with 65,000 for abrin-a. In the presence of mercaptoethanol, both abrin-a and abrin-b gave rise to two bands. The lethal doses of abrin-a and abrin-b for mice recorded within 48 h were 10 and 25 microgram per kg of body weight respectively. Abrin-a at 0.8 microgram per ml concentration level agglutinated human 0-type erythrocytes, whereas abrin-b showed no such activity. Abrin-a at 5 microgram per ml concentration level agglutinated both the Sarcoma 180 cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, but it required 150 microgram per ml for abrin-b. Both these two proteins at a sublethal dose could inhibit the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which were injected simultaneously with these proteins. 131I-abrin-a and 131I-abrin-b were able to bind Sarcoma 180 cells, and the binding of abrin-a could be inhibited by lactose, raffinose, galactose and rhamnose, but none of 15 sugars tested inhibited the binding of abrin-b.", "PMID": 744690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6069", "title": "Preparation and properties of tritiated human beta-endorphin with high specific radioactivity.", "content": "Tritiated human beta-endorphin, specifically labelled at Tyr27, has been prepared with 50 Ci/mmol. Various physicochemical investigations indicated that tritiated peptide is identical with the native betah-endorphin. In addition, opiate activity of the tritiated product possesses the same potency as the native peptide.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of tritiated human beta-endorphin with high specific radioactivity. Tritiated human beta-endorphin, specifically labelled at Tyr27, has been prepared with 50 Ci/mmol. Various physicochemical investigations indicated that tritiated peptide is identical with the native betah-endorphin. In addition, opiate activity of the tritiated product possesses the same potency as the native peptide.", "PMID": 744691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6070", "title": "Human anthrax in Iran: an epidemiological study of 468 cases.", "content": "The study of 468 cases of cutaneous anthrax admitted to the Firoozabadi Hospital during the 13 years show that 59.83% of cases were male and 40.17% female. 42.93% of patients were below the age 30. As occupational background concerned 27.86% belongs to industrial workers. On the other hand 20.73% of cases have contracted the disease through contact with sick animals whereas 74.24% have the history of contacts with animal products and 5% have infected due to the use of spidab. All patients were treated by penicillin or other antibiotics. 78 cases having massive oedema were additionally treated with cortisone. The death rate was slightly higher in females when compared with males.", "contents": "Human anthrax in Iran: an epidemiological study of 468 cases. The study of 468 cases of cutaneous anthrax admitted to the Firoozabadi Hospital during the 13 years show that 59.83% of cases were male and 40.17% female. 42.93% of patients were below the age 30. As occupational background concerned 27.86% belongs to industrial workers. On the other hand 20.73% of cases have contracted the disease through contact with sick animals whereas 74.24% have the history of contacts with animal products and 5% have infected due to the use of spidab. All patients were treated by penicillin or other antibiotics. 78 cases having massive oedema were additionally treated with cortisone. The death rate was slightly higher in females when compared with males.", "PMID": 744703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6071", "title": "Patoc 1 and Rufino strains of Leptospira biflexa, as screening antigens in the diagnosis of leptospirosis.", "content": "Patoc 1 and Rufino from L. complexo bifexa strains employed as screening antigen in the serologic diagnosis of liptospirosis in human and in six different animal species in comparison with a battery of 1.9 L complexo interrogans antigens, Patoc strain showed a 98.8% accordance in the sera agglutination tests, in humans; in animal it showed a low percentage of accordance in the sera agglutination tests in humans and in animals.", "contents": "Patoc 1 and Rufino strains of Leptospira biflexa, as screening antigens in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Patoc 1 and Rufino from L. complexo bifexa strains employed as screening antigen in the serologic diagnosis of liptospirosis in human and in six different animal species in comparison with a battery of 1.9 L complexo interrogans antigens, Patoc strain showed a 98.8% accordance in the sera agglutination tests, in humans; in animal it showed a low percentage of accordance in the sera agglutination tests in humans and in animals.", "PMID": 744706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6072", "title": "Cultural conceptions and the role of the psychiatrist in Germany and America.", "content": "Matched samples of mental hospital staff and high school students completed mental health questionnaires in Germany and America. The results were factor analysed. One factor concerned the role of the psychiatrist. The role of the psychiatrist in each culture seems to reflect basic cultural conceptions of mental disorders. Reference to two earlier papers indicates that patients, staff, and public share these basic conceptions and these conceptions affect patient-staff relationships.", "contents": "Cultural conceptions and the role of the psychiatrist in Germany and America. Matched samples of mental hospital staff and high school students completed mental health questionnaires in Germany and America. The results were factor analysed. One factor concerned the role of the psychiatrist. The role of the psychiatrist in each culture seems to reflect basic cultural conceptions of mental disorders. Reference to two earlier papers indicates that patients, staff, and public share these basic conceptions and these conceptions affect patient-staff relationships.", "PMID": 744709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6073", "title": "Factors associated with length of treatment in a barrio-neighbourhood mental health service.", "content": "Factors which discriminate between lower socio-economic largely Mexican-Americans who continue in treatment for few interviews, from those who continue longer were investigated. Demographic and treatment data were obtained from 356 consecutive cases. The factors which significantly differentiate short from long treatment contact patients were: self-referral, age, marital instability, and complaints of anxiety, depression, social or family incompatibilities. Non-self referral and financial or situation problems characterise the short treatment patient. While there were few Anglos in the sample they were disproportionately high in the long treatment group.", "contents": "Factors associated with length of treatment in a barrio-neighbourhood mental health service. Factors which discriminate between lower socio-economic largely Mexican-Americans who continue in treatment for few interviews, from those who continue longer were investigated. Demographic and treatment data were obtained from 356 consecutive cases. The factors which significantly differentiate short from long treatment contact patients were: self-referral, age, marital instability, and complaints of anxiety, depression, social or family incompatibilities. Non-self referral and financial or situation problems characterise the short treatment patient. While there were few Anglos in the sample they were disproportionately high in the long treatment group.", "PMID": 744710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6074", "title": "Prospects for change in public mental institutions.", "content": "Because of the incompatibility of variables (viz. actors, milieu concept, institution, society) with each other as well as the potential areas of strain contained within each variable, it is improbable that state mental institutions can adapt a patient-centered (therapeutic) milieu. Evidence is presented in order to substantiate this hypothesis.", "contents": "Prospects for change in public mental institutions. Because of the incompatibility of variables (viz. actors, milieu concept, institution, society) with each other as well as the potential areas of strain contained within each variable, it is improbable that state mental institutions can adapt a patient-centered (therapeutic) milieu. Evidence is presented in order to substantiate this hypothesis.", "PMID": 744711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6075", "title": "The utilisation of a community mental health service by Mexican Americans.", "content": "The study of the staff, services, and patient population of the East Los Angeles Mental Health Service seven years after its initial operations revealed that: 1 the staff remained predominately bilingual and bicultural; 2 there was a greater demand for direct treatment services than anticipated; 3 the majority (79%) of the patient population was Mexican American, with an increase of foreign-born Mexican Americans; 10% were of other Latin descent; 4 there was an increase of Spanish speaking patients totalling 44% of the entire patient population; 5 the majority of the patients were unemployed or on Medi-Cal; and 6 self referrals increased to a total of 29%, and 10% were referred by former patients of ELAHMS. These conclusions strongly support the argument that Mexican Americans and other Latins would utilise mental health services if personnel and policies were responsive to bilingual and bicultural needs.", "contents": "The utilisation of a community mental health service by Mexican Americans. The study of the staff, services, and patient population of the East Los Angeles Mental Health Service seven years after its initial operations revealed that: 1 the staff remained predominately bilingual and bicultural; 2 there was a greater demand for direct treatment services than anticipated; 3 the majority (79%) of the patient population was Mexican American, with an increase of foreign-born Mexican Americans; 10% were of other Latin descent; 4 there was an increase of Spanish speaking patients totalling 44% of the entire patient population; 5 the majority of the patients were unemployed or on Medi-Cal; and 6 self referrals increased to a total of 29%, and 10% were referred by former patients of ELAHMS. These conclusions strongly support the argument that Mexican Americans and other Latins would utilise mental health services if personnel and policies were responsive to bilingual and bicultural needs.", "PMID": 744712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6076", "title": "Study of psychiatric illness in adolescence, psychiatric breakdown in adolescence: diagnosis and prognosis.", "content": "A discussion on the pitfalls of studying adolescent psychiatric breakdown emphasises two difficulties, firstly that of delineating the age of adolescence, and secondly the difficulty in applying adult diagnostic criteria. A study of 52 adolescents has been made to establish an initial, and a two year follow-up diagnostic formulation, and to attempt through a detailed survey of the adolescent's early history to identify prognostic indices. The difficulty of formal diagnoses is shown, but prognostic factors of relevance can be identified in the group which have helpful predictive value. Outcome in a group of 50 treated adolescents showed a satisfactory conclusion at two year follow-up, in 70% of cases.", "contents": "Study of psychiatric illness in adolescence, psychiatric breakdown in adolescence: diagnosis and prognosis. A discussion on the pitfalls of studying adolescent psychiatric breakdown emphasises two difficulties, firstly that of delineating the age of adolescence, and secondly the difficulty in applying adult diagnostic criteria. A study of 52 adolescents has been made to establish an initial, and a two year follow-up diagnostic formulation, and to attempt through a detailed survey of the adolescent's early history to identify prognostic indices. The difficulty of formal diagnoses is shown, but prognostic factors of relevance can be identified in the group which have helpful predictive value. Outcome in a group of 50 treated adolescents showed a satisfactory conclusion at two year follow-up, in 70% of cases.", "PMID": 744715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6077", "title": "Separation experiences and other emotional traumata in childhood, and their relationship to subsequent adolescent breakdown.", "content": "This paper forms part of an M.D. Thesis presented at the University of Cambridge. One hundred adolescents and their parents were interviewed to ascertain details of their early history. Fifty were obtained from adolescent patients in psychiatric units in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and were compared with fifty matched individuals who had no psychiatric history, obtained from other departments in the hospital. A comparison of these two groups showed a significantly higher incidence of separation experiences in the childhood of the patient group than in the control group. This was also true of other traumatic events occurring in childhood. These factors also related adversely to prognosis in a two year follow-up of the patient group.", "contents": "Separation experiences and other emotional traumata in childhood, and their relationship to subsequent adolescent breakdown. This paper forms part of an M.D. Thesis presented at the University of Cambridge. One hundred adolescents and their parents were interviewed to ascertain details of their early history. Fifty were obtained from adolescent patients in psychiatric units in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and were compared with fifty matched individuals who had no psychiatric history, obtained from other departments in the hospital. A comparison of these two groups showed a significantly higher incidence of separation experiences in the childhood of the patient group than in the control group. This was also true of other traumatic events occurring in childhood. These factors also related adversely to prognosis in a two year follow-up of the patient group.", "PMID": 744716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6078", "title": "Empathetic relationships in adolescents and their relevance to prognosis in psychiatric breakdown.", "content": "Many authors have shown that adolescent breakdown is often associated with emotional deprivation in childhood. Psychotherapeutic intervention before the personality becomes too fixed and rigid should offer a means of improvement through the creation of substitute empathetic relationships, and prognosis should be improved to the extent to which this is successful. This hypothesis is tested through a follow-up study involving 100 adolescents, and the hypothesis is found proved in the diagnostic category of adolescent personality disorder, but of no apparent relevance in other groups.", "contents": "Empathetic relationships in adolescents and their relevance to prognosis in psychiatric breakdown. Many authors have shown that adolescent breakdown is often associated with emotional deprivation in childhood. Psychotherapeutic intervention before the personality becomes too fixed and rigid should offer a means of improvement through the creation of substitute empathetic relationships, and prognosis should be improved to the extent to which this is successful. This hypothesis is tested through a follow-up study involving 100 adolescents, and the hypothesis is found proved in the diagnostic category of adolescent personality disorder, but of no apparent relevance in other groups.", "PMID": 744717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6079", "title": "Gonorrhea card test: an agglutination test for uncomplicated gonorrhea.", "content": "An antigen extracted and purified from Neisseria gonorrhoeae B370, type 4, was employed to sensitize charcoal particles for use in an agglutination assay of human sera for antibodies that indicate active gonorrheal infection. The screening card test is more sensitive than the fluorescent gonorrheal test-heated (FGT-H), especially in men. A simple one-step absorption improved the specificity without reducing the sensitivity of the test.", "contents": "Gonorrhea card test: an agglutination test for uncomplicated gonorrhea. An antigen extracted and purified from Neisseria gonorrhoeae B370, type 4, was employed to sensitize charcoal particles for use in an agglutination assay of human sera for antibodies that indicate active gonorrheal infection. The screening card test is more sensitive than the fluorescent gonorrheal test-heated (FGT-H), especially in men. A simple one-step absorption improved the specificity without reducing the sensitivity of the test.", "PMID": 744718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6080", "title": "A neuraminidase in duck embryo rabies vaccine.", "content": "While studying variations amony immunizing potentials of rabies vaccines, we were led to consider the possibility that the antigen in the vaccine derived from duck embryos may have been degraded by enzymes arising from host tissues. Such an enzyme, a neuraminidase, was found in duck embryo rabies vaccine through the application of a periodate-linked thiobarbituric acid assay. This acitvity could not be found in two other rabies vaccines derived from tissue cultures. We have thus concluded that there is a strong possibility that a modified antigen is present in duck embryo vaccine. In addition, the injection of this vaccine will introduce a neuraminidase which may produce localized effects in the tissues of the recipient.", "contents": "A neuraminidase in duck embryo rabies vaccine. While studying variations amony immunizing potentials of rabies vaccines, we were led to consider the possibility that the antigen in the vaccine derived from duck embryos may have been degraded by enzymes arising from host tissues. Such an enzyme, a neuraminidase, was found in duck embryo rabies vaccine through the application of a periodate-linked thiobarbituric acid assay. This acitvity could not be found in two other rabies vaccines derived from tissue cultures. We have thus concluded that there is a strong possibility that a modified antigen is present in duck embryo vaccine. In addition, the injection of this vaccine will introduce a neuraminidase which may produce localized effects in the tissues of the recipient.", "PMID": 744719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6081", "title": "Occupational health and safety programs in schools of veterinary medicine.", "content": "From a survey of 22 U.S. veterinary schools and the university campuses where they are located, it was found that none of the schools had a full- or part-time health and safety officer whereas 16 campuses did. On 18 campuses some form of safety committee existed whereas such committees had been formed in only 12 schools. There was no relationship between the level of school or campus safety organization and presence (10 schools) or absence (12 schools) of an OSHA approved state occupational safety and health plan. An occupational health \"bookshelf\" reference list is appended.", "contents": "Occupational health and safety programs in schools of veterinary medicine. From a survey of 22 U.S. veterinary schools and the university campuses where they are located, it was found that none of the schools had a full- or part-time health and safety officer whereas 16 campuses did. On 18 campuses some form of safety committee existed whereas such committees had been formed in only 12 schools. There was no relationship between the level of school or campus safety organization and presence (10 schools) or absence (12 schools) of an OSHA approved state occupational safety and health plan. An occupational health \"bookshelf\" reference list is appended.", "PMID": 744720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6082", "title": "Certification of medical and public health laboratory personnel by professional organizations.", "content": "Since 1928, 22 professional agencies have established certification procedures for 52 categories or levels of health laboratory personnel. Surveys indicate that 55% of technical personnel are certified by at least one registry or board. After reviewing some of the pros and cons of certification and its expanding role, the author concludes that certification has become a positive factor in calling attention to the need for quality personnel in health laboratories and has helped meet the needs of individuals and the public. Current movements to work together in a National Commission for Health Certifying Agencies and toward national certification standards are encouraging.", "contents": "Certification of medical and public health laboratory personnel by professional organizations. Since 1928, 22 professional agencies have established certification procedures for 52 categories or levels of health laboratory personnel. Surveys indicate that 55% of technical personnel are certified by at least one registry or board. After reviewing some of the pros and cons of certification and its expanding role, the author concludes that certification has become a positive factor in calling attention to the need for quality personnel in health laboratories and has helped meet the needs of individuals and the public. Current movements to work together in a National Commission for Health Certifying Agencies and toward national certification standards are encouraging.", "PMID": 744721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6083", "title": "Documentation: the first step in laboratory management.", "content": "This article will try to point out an often over-looked tool of management that most laboratory technologists are familiar with. The laboratory technologists that suddenly find themselves as chief technologists or managers would do well to remember their bench training. Specifically, document everything you do. The article lists suggestions and examples pertaining to documentation, that chief technologists could well benefit from. Four specific examples of documentation forms are as follows, (1) Pre-employment evaluation interview, (2) Laboratory orientation check list, (3) Documentation of employee counseling, and (4) Report of corrective interview.", "contents": "Documentation: the first step in laboratory management. This article will try to point out an often over-looked tool of management that most laboratory technologists are familiar with. The laboratory technologists that suddenly find themselves as chief technologists or managers would do well to remember their bench training. Specifically, document everything you do. The article lists suggestions and examples pertaining to documentation, that chief technologists could well benefit from. Four specific examples of documentation forms are as follows, (1) Pre-employment evaluation interview, (2) Laboratory orientation check list, (3) Documentation of employee counseling, and (4) Report of corrective interview.", "PMID": 744722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6084", "title": "Surface topography of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni extracted from cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "An axenic culture of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, strain A-1, was obtained from the American Type Culture collection and injected, via the cisterna magna, into the subarachnoid space of dogs. Attention was focused on the pleomorphic surface specialization of the pathogens suspended in cerebrospinal fluid and compared with those from trypticase soy broth suspensions. Light and scanning electron microscopic comparisons of both inoculated and stock (control) specimens demonstrated similar surface features such as microvillous-like to bleb-like microappendages projecting from variably smooth to undulating membranous exteriors. This study introduces a potentially useful morphological technique that could possibly be of assistance in the more rapid diagnosis of these infections facilitated by SEM screening of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Surface topography of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni extracted from cerebrospinal fluid. An axenic culture of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, strain A-1, was obtained from the American Type Culture collection and injected, via the cisterna magna, into the subarachnoid space of dogs. Attention was focused on the pleomorphic surface specialization of the pathogens suspended in cerebrospinal fluid and compared with those from trypticase soy broth suspensions. Light and scanning electron microscopic comparisons of both inoculated and stock (control) specimens demonstrated similar surface features such as microvillous-like to bleb-like microappendages projecting from variably smooth to undulating membranous exteriors. This study introduces a potentially useful morphological technique that could possibly be of assistance in the more rapid diagnosis of these infections facilitated by SEM screening of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 744723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6085", "title": "On the structure of the vascular body in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The microscopic structure of the vascular body has been described. Three cell types have been identified. The arrangement of blood and lymph vessels has been demonstrated by means of injection techniques, and these vessels have been investigated at an ultrastructural level. The function of the vascular body is discussed.", "contents": "On the structure of the vascular body in the domestic fowl. The microscopic structure of the vascular body has been described. Three cell types have been identified. The arrangement of blood and lymph vessels has been demonstrated by means of injection techniques, and these vessels have been investigated at an ultrastructural level. The function of the vascular body is discussed.", "PMID": 744743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6086", "title": "The relationship of the locus coeruleus to the amygdala in the cat.", "content": "In eight cats a unilateral lesion was produced in the locus coeruleus using either a 20 degree or a 30 degree rostrocaudal parasagittal electrode approach. The animals were killed after a survival period of 10 days. Ascending locus coeruleus projections found in the five animals with the best area destruction went through the dorsal pontine tegmentum into the mesencephalic central tegmental tract, entered the thalamic centromedian--parafascicularis nuclear complex, and divided into dorsal and ventral fascicles. The dorsal fascicle spread into much of the rostral thalamus, while the ventral one passed to the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta. The lateral hypothalamic fibres extended rostrally into the preoptic area. No degeneration was seen passing in or through the amygdaloid body or stria terminalis. Critical analysis of our own findings and those of other investigators forces the conclusion that apparent projections to the amygdaloid area are really fibres of passage to the pyriform cortex and septum.", "contents": "The relationship of the locus coeruleus to the amygdala in the cat. In eight cats a unilateral lesion was produced in the locus coeruleus using either a 20 degree or a 30 degree rostrocaudal parasagittal electrode approach. The animals were killed after a survival period of 10 days. Ascending locus coeruleus projections found in the five animals with the best area destruction went through the dorsal pontine tegmentum into the mesencephalic central tegmental tract, entered the thalamic centromedian--parafascicularis nuclear complex, and divided into dorsal and ventral fascicles. The dorsal fascicle spread into much of the rostral thalamus, while the ventral one passed to the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta. The lateral hypothalamic fibres extended rostrally into the preoptic area. No degeneration was seen passing in or through the amygdaloid body or stria terminalis. Critical analysis of our own findings and those of other investigators forces the conclusion that apparent projections to the amygdaloid area are really fibres of passage to the pyriform cortex and septum.", "PMID": 744745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6087", "title": "The ultrastructure of rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture.", "content": "Palatal mucosa from neonatal rats was examined by electron microscopy after maintenance in a chemically defined medium in organ culture for periods up to 24 days. Throughout the culture period there was little overall change in the explants. Apart from limited disturbances of the basal lamina complex early in the culture period, and the presence of occasional degenerating keratinocytes after 18 days in vitro, the epithelium displayed an ultrastructure comparable with that at the time of explantation. The connective tissue showed greater changes, but despite considerable cell death a viable cell population apparently capable of both phagocytosis and synthesis of extracellular material was maintained. It is concluded that this organ culture system is a valid model for experimental investigations into the behaviour of oral mucosa.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture. Palatal mucosa from neonatal rats was examined by electron microscopy after maintenance in a chemically defined medium in organ culture for periods up to 24 days. Throughout the culture period there was little overall change in the explants. Apart from limited disturbances of the basal lamina complex early in the culture period, and the presence of occasional degenerating keratinocytes after 18 days in vitro, the epithelium displayed an ultrastructure comparable with that at the time of explantation. The connective tissue showed greater changes, but despite considerable cell death a viable cell population apparently capable of both phagocytosis and synthesis of extracellular material was maintained. It is concluded that this organ culture system is a valid model for experimental investigations into the behaviour of oral mucosa.", "PMID": 744746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6088", "title": "The analysis of normal stepping movements as a possible basis for locomotor assessment of the lower limbs.", "content": "Sagittal plane rotations of the thigh and shank when leading or trailing during forward or backward and during upward or downward stepping manoeuvres (one step, starting and finishing with erect stance) were recorded by polarized light goniometry in the form of thigh-knee angle diagrams. Angles and limb projections corresponding to key features of the diagrams were measured for 21 normal subjects and at three step heights. Correlations of the measurements with the height of step relative to stature were examined and predicted norms presented for a step equal to 10% of stature. The eight possible movements on a given step consist of four conjugate pairs; the members of a pair have reversed time-sequences and gravity assists one while opposing the other. The similarities of the conjugate manoeuvres were analysed statistically. A test of locomotor function is suggested on the premise that disturbances of function would be revealed by within-subject comparisons of conjugate manoeuvres. The suitability of 10% step tests for clinical use and the problems of selecting data of manageable proportions are discussed.", "contents": "The analysis of normal stepping movements as a possible basis for locomotor assessment of the lower limbs. Sagittal plane rotations of the thigh and shank when leading or trailing during forward or backward and during upward or downward stepping manoeuvres (one step, starting and finishing with erect stance) were recorded by polarized light goniometry in the form of thigh-knee angle diagrams. Angles and limb projections corresponding to key features of the diagrams were measured for 21 normal subjects and at three step heights. Correlations of the measurements with the height of step relative to stature were examined and predicted norms presented for a step equal to 10% of stature. The eight possible movements on a given step consist of four conjugate pairs; the members of a pair have reversed time-sequences and gravity assists one while opposing the other. The similarities of the conjugate manoeuvres were analysed statistically. A test of locomotor function is suggested on the premise that disturbances of function would be revealed by within-subject comparisons of conjugate manoeuvres. The suitability of 10% step tests for clinical use and the problems of selecting data of manageable proportions are discussed.", "PMID": 744747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6089", "title": "Serotonergic projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the median eminence of the rat: identification by fluorescence and electron microscope.", "content": "The identification of serotonergic input to the rat median eminence and nucleus suprachiasmaticus was carried out by fluorescence and electron microscopy. The clear differentiation of serotonin (5-HT) from catecholamine (CA) neurons was possible with an improved new filter system. 6-hydroxytryptamine (6-HT) was selectively taken up by 5-HT terminals and produced an intense yellow fluorescence. The yellow fluorescence of 5-HT disappeared 2 weeks after treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT), whereas the blue-green fluorescence of CA persisted. Combined treatment with either 6-HT and reserpine with addition to alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or with 6-HT and 6-hydroxydopamine, caused a marked reduction of CA and yellow fluorescence prominent only in 5-HT terminals. Under the electron microscope, 6-HT and 5,6-DHT were selectively taken up by the 5-HT terminals and produced electron-dense cores in the small vesicles with a diameter of 50 nm. The quantitative study revealed that the density of serotonin boutons marked with such dense-cored vesicles was 4.3 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and 4.8 +/- 0.8% in the perivascular region of the median eminence. Several studies have indicated an important functional role of 5-HT in the control of gonadotrophin secretion. The present study suggests that the serotonergic terminals exert their influence on the anterior pituitary function, not only at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but also at the level of the perivascular region of the median eminence, either through the axo-axonic synapses with the axons containing the releasing hormone or by the direct release of 5-HT into the portal vessels.", "contents": "Serotonergic projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the median eminence of the rat: identification by fluorescence and electron microscope. The identification of serotonergic input to the rat median eminence and nucleus suprachiasmaticus was carried out by fluorescence and electron microscopy. The clear differentiation of serotonin (5-HT) from catecholamine (CA) neurons was possible with an improved new filter system. 6-hydroxytryptamine (6-HT) was selectively taken up by 5-HT terminals and produced an intense yellow fluorescence. The yellow fluorescence of 5-HT disappeared 2 weeks after treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT), whereas the blue-green fluorescence of CA persisted. Combined treatment with either 6-HT and reserpine with addition to alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or with 6-HT and 6-hydroxydopamine, caused a marked reduction of CA and yellow fluorescence prominent only in 5-HT terminals. Under the electron microscope, 6-HT and 5,6-DHT were selectively taken up by the 5-HT terminals and produced electron-dense cores in the small vesicles with a diameter of 50 nm. The quantitative study revealed that the density of serotonin boutons marked with such dense-cored vesicles was 4.3 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and 4.8 +/- 0.8% in the perivascular region of the median eminence. Several studies have indicated an important functional role of 5-HT in the control of gonadotrophin secretion. The present study suggests that the serotonergic terminals exert their influence on the anterior pituitary function, not only at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but also at the level of the perivascular region of the median eminence, either through the axo-axonic synapses with the axons containing the releasing hormone or by the direct release of 5-HT into the portal vessels.", "PMID": 744749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6090", "title": "Energy absorbing capacity of rat tail tendon at various ages.", "content": "Fibres from tail tendons of male rats aged 1--18 months were stretched to breaking point by an 'Instron' tensile apparatus. The energy absorbed during stretching of the tendon was calculated. A sharp increase was found in the energy value during the first 6 months of postnatal life. The following components of this energy were also evaluated: (1) energy absorbed during the period of linear relationship between force and extension; (2) energy absorbed during the period of non-linear relationship. Both components showed rapid increases in value during the first 6 months after birth, after which they levelled off.", "contents": "Energy absorbing capacity of rat tail tendon at various ages. Fibres from tail tendons of male rats aged 1--18 months were stretched to breaking point by an 'Instron' tensile apparatus. The energy absorbed during stretching of the tendon was calculated. A sharp increase was found in the energy value during the first 6 months of postnatal life. The following components of this energy were also evaluated: (1) energy absorbed during the period of linear relationship between force and extension; (2) energy absorbed during the period of non-linear relationship. Both components showed rapid increases in value during the first 6 months after birth, after which they levelled off.", "PMID": 744751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6091", "title": "On the ultrastructure of modified Sertoli cells in the terminal segment of seminiferous tubules in the boar.", "content": "The seminiferous tubules are linked to the tubuli recti by a short terminal segment which is lined by a single layer of modified Sertoli cells whose long cytoplasmic processes occlude the lumen and form a plug-like structure in the 'receptacle. The main features of the modified Sertoli cells are: enormous numbers of microtubules and microfilaments, many crystalloids, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and paucity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The intercellular spaces are considerably dilated, and the cells posses intracellular spaces having well developed microvilli. Degenerated spermatozoa were seen engulfed by the modified Sertoli cells. Desmosome-like devices and tight junctions were observed joining adjacent cells. The configuration of the epithelium and the fine structure of the cells of the terminal segment are discussed in relationship to their possible roles as modifiers of the seminiferous tubule fluid and as regulators of fluid reflux from the rete testis into the seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "On the ultrastructure of modified Sertoli cells in the terminal segment of seminiferous tubules in the boar. The seminiferous tubules are linked to the tubuli recti by a short terminal segment which is lined by a single layer of modified Sertoli cells whose long cytoplasmic processes occlude the lumen and form a plug-like structure in the 'receptacle. The main features of the modified Sertoli cells are: enormous numbers of microtubules and microfilaments, many crystalloids, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and paucity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The intercellular spaces are considerably dilated, and the cells posses intracellular spaces having well developed microvilli. Degenerated spermatozoa were seen engulfed by the modified Sertoli cells. Desmosome-like devices and tight junctions were observed joining adjacent cells. The configuration of the epithelium and the fine structure of the cells of the terminal segment are discussed in relationship to their possible roles as modifiers of the seminiferous tubule fluid and as regulators of fluid reflux from the rete testis into the seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 744752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6092", "title": "[A reliable orthopedic technic in the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures in the adult: the hanging plaster. Report of a series of 74 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors treated 74 humeral shaft fractures with \"hanging cast\" technique. They study the benefits and difficulties of the method, compared to other orthopaedic and surgical possibilities. Stiffness of the shoulder represent the most important part of 12% bad results. There are only 3% pseudarthrosis. It is a simple and safe treatment, with appliance to most humeral shaft fractures in cooperant patients.", "contents": "[A reliable orthopedic technic in the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures in the adult: the hanging plaster. Report of a series of 74 cases (author's transl)]. The authors treated 74 humeral shaft fractures with \"hanging cast\" technique. They study the benefits and difficulties of the method, compared to other orthopaedic and surgical possibilities. Stiffness of the shoulder represent the most important part of 12% bad results. There are only 3% pseudarthrosis. It is a simple and safe treatment, with appliance to most humeral shaft fractures in cooperant patients.", "PMID": 744771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6093", "title": "[Fractures and dislocations of the lumbar vertebrae (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 6 cases of fracture and dislocation of the lower lumbar vertebrae (L3, L4, L5) and note that they were usually lesions following violent trauma usually in hyperflexion. The following were treated 1 dislocation L3-L4, 2 dislocations L4-L5, 2 comminuted fractures of L4, 1 fracture of L5, and included in all cases intersomatic arthrodesis at one (five cases) level or two levels (one case) and one posterior internal fixation with Kempf's material. The simplicity of the follow up and the stability of the fixation, permit us to propose the method for all unstable lesions of the lower lumbar vertebrae.", "contents": "[Fractures and dislocations of the lumbar vertebrae (author's transl)]. The authors report 6 cases of fracture and dislocation of the lower lumbar vertebrae (L3, L4, L5) and note that they were usually lesions following violent trauma usually in hyperflexion. The following were treated 1 dislocation L3-L4, 2 dislocations L4-L5, 2 comminuted fractures of L4, 1 fracture of L5, and included in all cases intersomatic arthrodesis at one (five cases) level or two levels (one case) and one posterior internal fixation with Kempf's material. The simplicity of the follow up and the stability of the fixation, permit us to propose the method for all unstable lesions of the lower lumbar vertebrae.", "PMID": 744772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6094", "title": "[Isolated sarcoidosis of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of isolated sarcolidosis of the stomach. They emphasise the rareness of isolated involvement of this organ. The clinical picture and further investigations suggested carcinoma of the stomach and the patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy. Histological examination of the operative specimen gave the diagnosis of isolated sarcoidosis of the stomach. Corticotherapy is the only treatment of this disease. Operation in the present case was justified and necessary in view of the isolated nature of the lesion and the possibility of surgical operation.", "contents": "[Isolated sarcoidosis of the stomach (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of isolated sarcolidosis of the stomach. They emphasise the rareness of isolated involvement of this organ. The clinical picture and further investigations suggested carcinoma of the stomach and the patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy. Histological examination of the operative specimen gave the diagnosis of isolated sarcoidosis of the stomach. Corticotherapy is the only treatment of this disease. Operation in the present case was justified and necessary in view of the isolated nature of the lesion and the possibility of surgical operation.", "PMID": 744773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6095", "title": "[A case of carcinoma of the stomach revealed by a testicular metastasis (author's transl)].", "content": "A testicular metastasis from a gastric carcinoma is exceptional among the rare secondary localisations of a visceral neoplasm in the testis. It should however be remembered for the testicular tumour sometimes precedes the clinical manifestations of the primary neoplasm. The diagnosis of the testicular metastasis from a gastrict carcinoma can only be made by histological examination and required the use of slides stained with mucicarmine. The method of spread to the testis seems mainly due to inversion of the lymph flow by neoplastic obstruction of the latero-aortic lymph nodes. In the cases reported in the literature, the presence of a testicular metastasis from a carcinoma of the stomach is a factor suggesting a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[A case of carcinoma of the stomach revealed by a testicular metastasis (author's transl)]. A testicular metastasis from a gastric carcinoma is exceptional among the rare secondary localisations of a visceral neoplasm in the testis. It should however be remembered for the testicular tumour sometimes precedes the clinical manifestations of the primary neoplasm. The diagnosis of the testicular metastasis from a gastrict carcinoma can only be made by histological examination and required the use of slides stained with mucicarmine. The method of spread to the testis seems mainly due to inversion of the lymph flow by neoplastic obstruction of the latero-aortic lymph nodes. In the cases reported in the literature, the presence of a testicular metastasis from a carcinoma of the stomach is a factor suggesting a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 744774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6096", "title": "[Eosinophil granuloma of the stomach. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three cases of eosinophil granuloma of the stomach are presented with different symptoms. The authors discuss the problems concerning the etiology, pathology and the symptoms of this rare disease. Special importance is attributed to problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment. The authors conclude that local excision of this lesion is sufficient in most cases except the rare cases with intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "[Eosinophil granuloma of the stomach. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. The authors report three cases of eosinophil granuloma of the stomach are presented with different symptoms. The authors discuss the problems concerning the etiology, pathology and the symptoms of this rare disease. Special importance is attributed to problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment. The authors conclude that local excision of this lesion is sufficient in most cases except the rare cases with intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 744775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6097", "title": "[Colonic preparation for surgery. Interest of digestive irrigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Colonic surgery is still relatively lethal and there is a morbidity related to the breakdown of sutures which seems linked to the quality of the colonic preparation. Although everyone agrees today that this preparation is necessary, the choice of the procedure remains debated. High flow rate digestive irrigation with a solution of 10% mannitol presents numerous advantages compared with standard preparations. It definitely ensures better emptying of the colon; its role on the colonic flora is variable, minor and transient, which raises the problem of complementary antibiotic therapy. The encouraging results with regard to septic post-operative complications should lead one to extend the indications and to undertake random studies after definition of strict criteria of comparison on large series to find the procedure best adapted to each situation.", "contents": "[Colonic preparation for surgery. Interest of digestive irrigation (author's transl)]. Colonic surgery is still relatively lethal and there is a morbidity related to the breakdown of sutures which seems linked to the quality of the colonic preparation. Although everyone agrees today that this preparation is necessary, the choice of the procedure remains debated. High flow rate digestive irrigation with a solution of 10% mannitol presents numerous advantages compared with standard preparations. It definitely ensures better emptying of the colon; its role on the colonic flora is variable, minor and transient, which raises the problem of complementary antibiotic therapy. The encouraging results with regard to septic post-operative complications should lead one to extend the indications and to undertake random studies after definition of strict criteria of comparison on large series to find the procedure best adapted to each situation.", "PMID": 744776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6098", "title": "[Use of gas-liquid chromatography for the study of nitrilases and amidases (author's transl)].", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of nitrilasic and amidasic activities. This method allows to monitor the kinetics of the hydrolysis of volatile nitriles and amides and because of its sensitivity, to determine the Michaelis constants Km of the acetonitrilase and the acetamidase of Brevibacterium R 312. For these enzymes, a correlation is shown between the kinetics monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "[Use of gas-liquid chromatography for the study of nitrilases and amidases (author's transl)]. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of nitrilasic and amidasic activities. This method allows to monitor the kinetics of the hydrolysis of volatile nitriles and amides and because of its sensitivity, to determine the Michaelis constants Km of the acetonitrilase and the acetamidase of Brevibacterium R 312. For these enzymes, a correlation is shown between the kinetics monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 744778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6099", "title": "Analysis of mono- and disaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives.", "content": "A group of biologically important mono- and disaccharides are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives on a normal-phase microparticulate column with a hexane-dioxane mixture as the eluting solvent. A single, quantifiable derivative of each sugar is formed easily. These derivatives are detected by UV absorption at either 230 or 254 nm, with a sensitivity in the picomole range at the former wavelength. The sugars in the residues from the evaporation of small aliquots of biologic fluids (10-100 microliter) are derivatized without prior isolation and are determined quantitatively by the use of appropriate internal standards. The analyses could be performed routinely with a simple, inexpensive instrument.", "contents": "Analysis of mono- and disaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives. A group of biologically important mono- and disaccharides are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives on a normal-phase microparticulate column with a hexane-dioxane mixture as the eluting solvent. A single, quantifiable derivative of each sugar is formed easily. These derivatives are detected by UV absorption at either 230 or 254 nm, with a sensitivity in the picomole range at the former wavelength. The sugars in the residues from the evaporation of small aliquots of biologic fluids (10-100 microliter) are derivatized without prior isolation and are determined quantitatively by the use of appropriate internal standards. The analyses could be performed routinely with a simple, inexpensive instrument.", "PMID": 744779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6100", "title": "Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of tetracyclines in plasma, urine and tissues.", "content": "An improved extraction procedure for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline in urine, plasma and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The addition of phenylbutazone (3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-4-n-butylpyrazolidine) to water, urine or plasma enhances the extraction of these compounds by ethyl acetate. The recovery of oxytetracycline from plasma is increased six fold and the need for two separate extractions of urine and plasma is eliminated. The formation of phenylbutazone-tetracycline ion pairs and their role in the extraction process is discussed.", "contents": "Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of tetracyclines in plasma, urine and tissues. An improved extraction procedure for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline in urine, plasma and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The addition of phenylbutazone (3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-4-n-butylpyrazolidine) to water, urine or plasma enhances the extraction of these compounds by ethyl acetate. The recovery of oxytetracycline from plasma is increased six fold and the need for two separate extractions of urine and plasma is eliminated. The formation of phenylbutazone-tetracycline ion pairs and their role in the extraction process is discussed.", "PMID": 744780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6101", "title": "Continuous-flow automated HPLC analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in tablets.", "content": "A prototype automated system involving continuous-flow analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (CFA/HPLC) has been developed for the analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in individual pharmaceutical tablets. The novel features are the front-end coupling of CFA to HPLC, injection of hexane solutions on reversed phase columns, separation/quantitation of vitamins A, D2 and E within single chromatographic runs for a wide variety of tablets, and a dynamic range sufficient to accommodate the 1000-fold higher levels of vitamins a and E over D2 in the same tablets. The analysis rate is 10 samples per hour, the precision better than 6% for all three vitamins, and the recovery is 70-90% of that obtained by the standard AOAC method. Although the system is a prototype, it already greatly outperforms current manual analyses which are time consuming, tedious, and demanding in terms of the level of skill and experience of the experimenter. Included in this work are some retention comparisons of commercial columns.", "contents": "Continuous-flow automated HPLC analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in tablets. A prototype automated system involving continuous-flow analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (CFA/HPLC) has been developed for the analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in individual pharmaceutical tablets. The novel features are the front-end coupling of CFA to HPLC, injection of hexane solutions on reversed phase columns, separation/quantitation of vitamins A, D2 and E within single chromatographic runs for a wide variety of tablets, and a dynamic range sufficient to accommodate the 1000-fold higher levels of vitamins a and E over D2 in the same tablets. The analysis rate is 10 samples per hour, the precision better than 6% for all three vitamins, and the recovery is 70-90% of that obtained by the standard AOAC method. Although the system is a prototype, it already greatly outperforms current manual analyses which are time consuming, tedious, and demanding in terms of the level of skill and experience of the experimenter. Included in this work are some retention comparisons of commercial columns.", "PMID": 744785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6102", "title": "Assessment of expectorated sputum for bacteriological analysis based on polymorphs and squamous epithelial cells: six-month study.", "content": "Samples of sputum were examined microscopically to determine their suitability for routine culture. When the number of squamous epithelial cells per field was less than 10, the number of bacterial species generally fell within the range of one to four. Squamous epithelial cells were not always a true indication because some unmarked transtracheal specimens showing more than 10 squamous epithelial cells also gave a range of isolation falling between one and four. When the presence of 25 or more polymorphs was used as the parameter, the number of bacterial isolates generally fell within the range of one to three, but this resulted in positive overbiasing with consequent rejection of valid specimens. Later it was found that when a differential system using both polymorphonuclear cells and squamous epithelial cells was applied, a significant number of specimens could be salvaged which would otherwise have been discarded.", "contents": "Assessment of expectorated sputum for bacteriological analysis based on polymorphs and squamous epithelial cells: six-month study. Samples of sputum were examined microscopically to determine their suitability for routine culture. When the number of squamous epithelial cells per field was less than 10, the number of bacterial species generally fell within the range of one to four. Squamous epithelial cells were not always a true indication because some unmarked transtracheal specimens showing more than 10 squamous epithelial cells also gave a range of isolation falling between one and four. When the presence of 25 or more polymorphs was used as the parameter, the number of bacterial isolates generally fell within the range of one to three, but this resulted in positive overbiasing with consequent rejection of valid specimens. Later it was found that when a differential system using both polymorphonuclear cells and squamous epithelial cells was applied, a significant number of specimens could be salvaged which would otherwise have been discarded.", "PMID": 744796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6103", "title": "Comparison of bacteriophage typing, serotyping, and biotyping as aids in epidemiological surveillance of Klebsiella infections.", "content": "Bacteriophage typing was used to subdivide Klebsiella obtained from patients in a surgical intensive care unit during a 2-year period. The 15 phages employed to type the strains were propagated by a soft-agar layer technique. In all, 23 phage types were found among the 120 clinical strains. The phage types of repeat isolates were reproducible. Only 70% of the strains tested were phage typable, but when used in conjunction with capsular serotyping and biotyping, a much greater subdivision of the Klebsiella strains was achieved. The addition of phage typing to serobiotyping for epidemiological analysis suggested that the number of cross-infecting Klebsiella strains in the intensive care unit was few, but that these strains persisted in the unit for long periods of time and could infect different body sites.", "contents": "Comparison of bacteriophage typing, serotyping, and biotyping as aids in epidemiological surveillance of Klebsiella infections. Bacteriophage typing was used to subdivide Klebsiella obtained from patients in a surgical intensive care unit during a 2-year period. The 15 phages employed to type the strains were propagated by a soft-agar layer technique. In all, 23 phage types were found among the 120 clinical strains. The phage types of repeat isolates were reproducible. Only 70% of the strains tested were phage typable, but when used in conjunction with capsular serotyping and biotyping, a much greater subdivision of the Klebsiella strains was achieved. The addition of phage typing to serobiotyping for epidemiological analysis suggested that the number of cross-infecting Klebsiella strains in the intensive care unit was few, but that these strains persisted in the unit for long periods of time and could infect different body sites.", "PMID": 744797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6104", "title": "Bacteriology of human and animal bite wounds.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with bite wounds (16 patients with clenched-fist injuries, 18 with human bite wounds, and 39 with animal bites) were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. A total of 33 of 34 patients with human bites and clenched-fist injuries and 33 of 39 patients with animal bites had aerobic or facultative bacteria isolated from their wounds. A total of 224 strains of aerobic or facultative bacteria were isolated, the most frequent isolate being alpha-hemolytic streptococci (50 strains). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18 wounds. Penicillin-resistant gram-negative rods were infrequently isolated (12 strains). Anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 18 of 34 human bite wounds and clenched-fist injuries and 16 of 39 animal bite wounds. A total of 88 anaerobic strains was isolated, the most common being various Bacteroides species (36 strains).", "contents": "Bacteriology of human and animal bite wounds. Seventy-three patients with bite wounds (16 patients with clenched-fist injuries, 18 with human bite wounds, and 39 with animal bites) were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. A total of 33 of 34 patients with human bites and clenched-fist injuries and 33 of 39 patients with animal bites had aerobic or facultative bacteria isolated from their wounds. A total of 224 strains of aerobic or facultative bacteria were isolated, the most frequent isolate being alpha-hemolytic streptococci (50 strains). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18 wounds. Penicillin-resistant gram-negative rods were infrequently isolated (12 strains). Anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 18 of 34 human bite wounds and clenched-fist injuries and 16 of 39 animal bite wounds. A total of 88 anaerobic strains was isolated, the most common being various Bacteroides species (36 strains).", "PMID": 744798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6105", "title": "Quantitative microbiology of traumatic orthopedic wounds.", "content": "Quantitative bacterial and fungal cultures carried out on 116 speciments of tissue debrided from traumatic orthopedic wounds yielded 118 bacterial and 8 fungal isolates. The organisms obtained reflected primarily the resident flora of the skin.", "contents": "Quantitative microbiology of traumatic orthopedic wounds. Quantitative bacterial and fungal cultures carried out on 116 speciments of tissue debrided from traumatic orthopedic wounds yielded 118 bacterial and 8 fungal isolates. The organisms obtained reflected primarily the resident flora of the skin.", "PMID": 744799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6106", "title": "Effect of atypical antibiotic resistance on microorganism identification by pattern recognition.", "content": "We classified microorganisms from the clinical laboratory by using information provided by the Gram stain and antibiotic sensitivity profiles obtained with the Bauer-Kirby technique. Approximately 4,000 microorganisms, routinely identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivities in a large hospital microbiology laboratory, were used as a data set for several pattern recognition classification methods: K--nearest-neighbor analysis, statistical isolinear multicomponent analysis, Bayesian inference, and linear discriminant analysis. K--nearest-neighbor analysis yielded the highest prospective classification accuracy for gram-negative organisms, 90%. When those organisms displaying an atypical antibiotic resistance pattern were excluded from the data, the gram-negative classification accuracy improved to 95%. These results are inferior to currently accepted biochemical identification methods. Microorganisms with atypical antibiotic resistance patterns are likely to be misidentified and are common enough (17% of our isolates) to limit the feasibility of routine identification of microorganisms from their antibiotic sensitivities.", "contents": "Effect of atypical antibiotic resistance on microorganism identification by pattern recognition. We classified microorganisms from the clinical laboratory by using information provided by the Gram stain and antibiotic sensitivity profiles obtained with the Bauer-Kirby technique. Approximately 4,000 microorganisms, routinely identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivities in a large hospital microbiology laboratory, were used as a data set for several pattern recognition classification methods: K--nearest-neighbor analysis, statistical isolinear multicomponent analysis, Bayesian inference, and linear discriminant analysis. K--nearest-neighbor analysis yielded the highest prospective classification accuracy for gram-negative organisms, 90%. When those organisms displaying an atypical antibiotic resistance pattern were excluded from the data, the gram-negative classification accuracy improved to 95%. These results are inferior to currently accepted biochemical identification methods. Microorganisms with atypical antibiotic resistance patterns are likely to be misidentified and are common enough (17% of our isolates) to limit the feasibility of routine identification of microorganisms from their antibiotic sensitivities.", "PMID": 744800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6107", "title": "Growth of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria on agar media: effects of media composition, storage conditions, and reduction under anaerobic conditions.", "content": "The quantitative growth, the colony size, and the rate of growth of 47 clinical anaerobic isolates were compared on five different media, namely Brucella agar, brain heart infusion agar, Columbia agar, Schaedler agar, and tryptic soy agar. There was no significant difference in the quantitative growth of the anaerobes inoculated onto the five media. Although no single medium was superior for the growth of all isolates, 12 of 22 isolates, inoculated onto media stored for 4 weeks or less, grew best on Schaedler agar. The effects of supplementation of the media with reducing agents and reduction of the media before use were also analyzed and were found to be affected by the composition and length of storage of the media, as well as the bacteria tested.", "contents": "Growth of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria on agar media: effects of media composition, storage conditions, and reduction under anaerobic conditions. The quantitative growth, the colony size, and the rate of growth of 47 clinical anaerobic isolates were compared on five different media, namely Brucella agar, brain heart infusion agar, Columbia agar, Schaedler agar, and tryptic soy agar. There was no significant difference in the quantitative growth of the anaerobes inoculated onto the five media. Although no single medium was superior for the growth of all isolates, 12 of 22 isolates, inoculated onto media stored for 4 weeks or less, grew best on Schaedler agar. The effects of supplementation of the media with reducing agents and reduction of the media before use were also analyzed and were found to be affected by the composition and length of storage of the media, as well as the bacteria tested.", "PMID": 744801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6108", "title": "Early detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum.", "content": "A new medium for the early detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum has been formulated. The key ingredients of the medium are 4% casein and 0.5% yeast extract. T. verrucosum is recognized by its early hydrolysis of casein and very slow growth. Microconidia were produced by 19 out of 35 isolates (54%), and macroconidia were produced by 8 out of 35 isolates (23%). All isolates formed chains of chlamydospores at 37 degrees C, and 24 out of 35 isolates formed chains at 28 degrees C. Nutritional requirements of all 35 strains of T. verrucosum were confirmed. The medium was evaluated by isolating 570 suspected T. verrucosum from skin scrapings. The early detection of hydrolysis, formation of characteristic chains of chlamydospores, and restricted slow growth of this dermatophyte differentiate it from T. schoenleinii.", "contents": "Early detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum. A new medium for the early detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum has been formulated. The key ingredients of the medium are 4% casein and 0.5% yeast extract. T. verrucosum is recognized by its early hydrolysis of casein and very slow growth. Microconidia were produced by 19 out of 35 isolates (54%), and macroconidia were produced by 8 out of 35 isolates (23%). All isolates formed chains of chlamydospores at 37 degrees C, and 24 out of 35 isolates formed chains at 28 degrees C. Nutritional requirements of all 35 strains of T. verrucosum were confirmed. The medium was evaluated by isolating 570 suspected T. verrucosum from skin scrapings. The early detection of hydrolysis, formation of characteristic chains of chlamydospores, and restricted slow growth of this dermatophyte differentiate it from T. schoenleinii.", "PMID": 744802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6109", "title": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus: suspicion of presence based on aberrant biochemical and morphological features.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from a stool specimen of a patient who developed gastroenteritis after ingestion of crab meat. Recognition and identification of this halophilic microorganism was facilitated by the microscopic observation of a darting, vibrant motility in condensate derived from Kligler iron agar and the bizarre morphological aberrations noted in the condensate obtained from Christensen urea agar. Sodium chloride supplementation (1.1%) of biochemical test media revealed the halophilic nature and fermentative capability of the isolate and abolished the aberrent morphology observed in unsupplemented Christensen medium.", "contents": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus: suspicion of presence based on aberrant biochemical and morphological features. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from a stool specimen of a patient who developed gastroenteritis after ingestion of crab meat. Recognition and identification of this halophilic microorganism was facilitated by the microscopic observation of a darting, vibrant motility in condensate derived from Kligler iron agar and the bizarre morphological aberrations noted in the condensate obtained from Christensen urea agar. Sodium chloride supplementation (1.1%) of biochemical test media revealed the halophilic nature and fermentative capability of the isolate and abolished the aberrent morphology observed in unsupplemented Christensen medium.", "PMID": 744803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6110", "title": "Cellular fatty acids of Flavobacterium meningosepticum and Flavobacterium species group IIb.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid profiles of Flavobacterium meningosepticum and Flavobacterium species group IIb were markedly different from those of related bacteria. The profiles were characterized by the presence of 13-methyl-tetradecanoate and three uncommon acids: 2-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoate, 15-methyl-hexadecanoate, and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoate.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acids of Flavobacterium meningosepticum and Flavobacterium species group IIb. The cellular fatty acid profiles of Flavobacterium meningosepticum and Flavobacterium species group IIb were markedly different from those of related bacteria. The profiles were characterized by the presence of 13-methyl-tetradecanoate and three uncommon acids: 2-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoate, 15-methyl-hexadecanoate, and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoate.", "PMID": 744804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6111", "title": "Recurrent digital fibroma of childhood.", "content": "Four cases of recurrent digital fibroma of childhood are presented, bringing the total of reported cases to 79. From our material and a review of the literature, the most characteristic features of this entity are delineated. There is no predilection for either sex. Seventy-three percent (58 cases) occurred under one year of age with 14 observed at birth; only four patients were over 5-years-old and the oldest was 15. The localization is highly diagnostic, being limited to the second to fifth carpal and pedal digits and no reported involvement of thumbs or great toes. Two cases were observed in the sole and ulnar side of the hand but associated with others in classical locations. In 50% of cases, the lesions are single at the time of diagnosis. The recurrence rate, based upon cases with adequate follow-up, was found to be 75%. To our knowledge no metastasis has ever been reported. The histology is that of well-differentiated fibroblastic tumor with pathognomonic eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. A review of the available electron microscopic data is presented and the histogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent digital fibroma of childhood. Four cases of recurrent digital fibroma of childhood are presented, bringing the total of reported cases to 79. From our material and a review of the literature, the most characteristic features of this entity are delineated. There is no predilection for either sex. Seventy-three percent (58 cases) occurred under one year of age with 14 observed at birth; only four patients were over 5-years-old and the oldest was 15. The localization is highly diagnostic, being limited to the second to fifth carpal and pedal digits and no reported involvement of thumbs or great toes. Two cases were observed in the sole and ulnar side of the hand but associated with others in classical locations. In 50% of cases, the lesions are single at the time of diagnosis. The recurrence rate, based upon cases with adequate follow-up, was found to be 75%. To our knowledge no metastasis has ever been reported. The histology is that of well-differentiated fibroblastic tumor with pathognomonic eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. A review of the available electron microscopic data is presented and the histogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 744805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6112", "title": "Pruritic papules of pregnancy.", "content": "Sixteen cases of pruritic papules of pregnancy were collected during a 32-month period. This dermatosis was introduced to the literature in 1962 but no histopathologic study of it has been published. Histopathologic presentation of pruritic papules of pregnancy is that of toxic dermatitis. This finding is not characteristic of this condition and clinico-pathologic correlation is needed for a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Pruritic papules of pregnancy. Sixteen cases of pruritic papules of pregnancy were collected during a 32-month period. This dermatosis was introduced to the literature in 1962 but no histopathologic study of it has been published. Histopathologic presentation of pruritic papules of pregnancy is that of toxic dermatitis. This finding is not characteristic of this condition and clinico-pathologic correlation is needed for a definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 744806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6113", "title": "Regulation of cortisol uptake in mammary tissue of cows.", "content": "Mammary tissue explants from four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed into culture with media containing various combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, 17beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, and progesterone. Combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, or 17beta-estradiol had no effect on cytoplasmic or nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol compared with values at zero time. Combinations containing dexamethasone of progesterone reduced cytoplasmic and nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol. To examine inhibition by progesterone of binding of tritiated cortisol, mammary tissue from each of four lactating, nonpregnant and four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed in flasks containing tissue culture medium 199, tritiated cortisol (2 ng/ml), and progesterone at concentrations of 0, 10(-12), 10(-11), 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) X 6.4 M. Cytoplasmic uptake of tritiated cortisol into nonlactating tissue decreased linearly as progesterone increased, whereas tritiated cortisol uptake in lactating tissue did not decrease until progesterone exceeded 10(-7) M. We postulated progesterone is sequestered in milk fat of cytoplasm of lactating tissue whereas in nonlactating tissue progesterone is available to compete with cortisol at sites of cortisol binding.", "contents": "Regulation of cortisol uptake in mammary tissue of cows. Mammary tissue explants from four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed into culture with media containing various combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, 17beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, and progesterone. Combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, or 17beta-estradiol had no effect on cytoplasmic or nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol compared with values at zero time. Combinations containing dexamethasone of progesterone reduced cytoplasmic and nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol. To examine inhibition by progesterone of binding of tritiated cortisol, mammary tissue from each of four lactating, nonpregnant and four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed in flasks containing tissue culture medium 199, tritiated cortisol (2 ng/ml), and progesterone at concentrations of 0, 10(-12), 10(-11), 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) X 6.4 M. Cytoplasmic uptake of tritiated cortisol into nonlactating tissue decreased linearly as progesterone increased, whereas tritiated cortisol uptake in lactating tissue did not decrease until progesterone exceeded 10(-7) M. We postulated progesterone is sequestered in milk fat of cytoplasm of lactating tissue whereas in nonlactating tissue progesterone is available to compete with cortisol at sites of cortisol binding.", "PMID": 744807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6114", "title": "Induction of lactation by two techniques: success rate, milk composition, estrogen and progesterone in serum and milk, and ovarian effects.", "content": "Induction of lactation was attempted in 12 heifers and 12 cows with estradiol benzoate (.011 mg/kg body weight per day) subcutaneous for 10 days or that plus progesterone (.1 mg + .25 mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 days. Milking commenced on day 20 for those treated with the mixture and on day 11 for the others. Lactations were induced (minimum of 4.5 kg of milk/day) in five of six heifers and two of six cows by the mixture and in six of six heifers and three of six cows for estradiol benzoate. Milk production was 44% of herdmates in the 16 induced lactations. Cows on the single treatment had lower production than the other three groups. Ovarian status, cycling, cystic, or static, was affected adversely in 5 of 16 animals induced successfully. Two of the 16, both heifers, carried calves to term following induction. The transition to normal composition of milk was slower for single than double treatment. Lactose increased slowly to normal over the 1st wk of milking while protein decreased slowly. Estrogen and progesterone in milk of induced cows were approximately twice as concentrated as in normal postparturient cows, probably because milk production was halved.", "contents": "Induction of lactation by two techniques: success rate, milk composition, estrogen and progesterone in serum and milk, and ovarian effects. Induction of lactation was attempted in 12 heifers and 12 cows with estradiol benzoate (.011 mg/kg body weight per day) subcutaneous for 10 days or that plus progesterone (.1 mg + .25 mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 days. Milking commenced on day 20 for those treated with the mixture and on day 11 for the others. Lactations were induced (minimum of 4.5 kg of milk/day) in five of six heifers and two of six cows by the mixture and in six of six heifers and three of six cows for estradiol benzoate. Milk production was 44% of herdmates in the 16 induced lactations. Cows on the single treatment had lower production than the other three groups. Ovarian status, cycling, cystic, or static, was affected adversely in 5 of 16 animals induced successfully. Two of the 16, both heifers, carried calves to term following induction. The transition to normal composition of milk was slower for single than double treatment. Lactose increased slowly to normal over the 1st wk of milking while protein decreased slowly. Estrogen and progesterone in milk of induced cows were approximately twice as concentrated as in normal postparturient cows, probably because milk production was halved.", "PMID": 744808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6115", "title": "Effects of feeding high magnesium to young dairy calves.", "content": "Holstein bull calves were fed 1, 2, and 4% supplemental magnesium as magnesium oxide. The control diet contained .3% magnesium and consisted of ground corn, soybean meal, cottonseed hulls plus mineral, vitamin, and antibiotic supplements. Diarrhea was the most obvious effect of high intake of magnesium. The extent and intensity of the diarrhea was related closely to the dietary magnesium content. High (2 and 4%) magnesium reduced feed consumption and weight gains. Although there were traces of blood in feces, no abnormalities were observed at autopsy. Large tubular sections of mucus were voided in the feces with a greater prevalance among calves fed 2 and 4% supplemental magnesium. Magnesium in plasma rose sharply in response to the increased intake of magnesium. In calves receiving the 4% added magnesium, the plasma values were triple those of controls. When high magnesium was fed, magnesium increased much more in urine than in plasma. Within 1 wk after calves were returned to control diet, magnesium in urine and plasma declined to control.", "contents": "Effects of feeding high magnesium to young dairy calves. Holstein bull calves were fed 1, 2, and 4% supplemental magnesium as magnesium oxide. The control diet contained .3% magnesium and consisted of ground corn, soybean meal, cottonseed hulls plus mineral, vitamin, and antibiotic supplements. Diarrhea was the most obvious effect of high intake of magnesium. The extent and intensity of the diarrhea was related closely to the dietary magnesium content. High (2 and 4%) magnesium reduced feed consumption and weight gains. Although there were traces of blood in feces, no abnormalities were observed at autopsy. Large tubular sections of mucus were voided in the feces with a greater prevalance among calves fed 2 and 4% supplemental magnesium. Magnesium in plasma rose sharply in response to the increased intake of magnesium. In calves receiving the 4% added magnesium, the plasma values were triple those of controls. When high magnesium was fed, magnesium increased much more in urine than in plasma. Within 1 wk after calves were returned to control diet, magnesium in urine and plasma declined to control.", "PMID": 744809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6116", "title": "Relation between mastitis test score, mineral composition of milk, and blood electrolyte profiles in Holstein cows.", "content": "The relationship between mastitis, mineral composition of milk, and blood electrolyte profiles was investigated in 54 Holstein cows. Sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride in blood and milk were compared under two indices of mastitis, a milk quality test and a milk somatic cell count. Milk from cows with evidence of udder infection had higher sodium and chloride and lower potassium than cows free of mastitis. Although there was a correlation between blood calcium and milk calcium and between milk calcium and milk somatic cell count, as well as differences in mean potassium and calcium in blood between mastitic and nonmastitic cows, there was no direct relationship between the indices of mastitis and electrolyte profiles of blood.", "contents": "Relation between mastitis test score, mineral composition of milk, and blood electrolyte profiles in Holstein cows. The relationship between mastitis, mineral composition of milk, and blood electrolyte profiles was investigated in 54 Holstein cows. Sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride in blood and milk were compared under two indices of mastitis, a milk quality test and a milk somatic cell count. Milk from cows with evidence of udder infection had higher sodium and chloride and lower potassium than cows free of mastitis. Although there was a correlation between blood calcium and milk calcium and between milk calcium and milk somatic cell count, as well as differences in mean potassium and calcium in blood between mastitic and nonmastitic cows, there was no direct relationship between the indices of mastitis and electrolyte profiles of blood.", "PMID": 744810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6117", "title": "Embryonic mortality in dairy cows estimated by nonreturns to service, estrus, and cyclic milk progesterone patterns.", "content": "Cyclic patterns of progesterone in milk were studied in 262 Holstein cows. Milk progesterone data were obtained from 153 cows for at least 75 days after conception as indicated by continuous high progesterone concentrations in milk for 28 days or more following artificial insemination. Cycling was reinitiated in 11 of these cows between 28 and 75 days after breeding, for an estimated 7.2% rate of embryo-fetal mortality. This was considerably less than a corresponding rate of 22.7% estimated for this herd by the delayed returns to estrus (28 to 75 days). In 350,180 cows inseminated with semen from Holstein bulls the estimated embryo-fetal mortality by the same delayed return to service method was 12.5%. Biases in this latter method of estimation are discussed.", "contents": "Embryonic mortality in dairy cows estimated by nonreturns to service, estrus, and cyclic milk progesterone patterns. Cyclic patterns of progesterone in milk were studied in 262 Holstein cows. Milk progesterone data were obtained from 153 cows for at least 75 days after conception as indicated by continuous high progesterone concentrations in milk for 28 days or more following artificial insemination. Cycling was reinitiated in 11 of these cows between 28 and 75 days after breeding, for an estimated 7.2% rate of embryo-fetal mortality. This was considerably less than a corresponding rate of 22.7% estimated for this herd by the delayed returns to estrus (28 to 75 days). In 350,180 cows inseminated with semen from Holstein bulls the estimated embryo-fetal mortality by the same delayed return to service method was 12.5%. Biases in this latter method of estimation are discussed.", "PMID": 744811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6118", "title": "Blood pressure measurement in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.", "content": "A blood pressure measurement was part of a cardiovascular screening examination of 8397 middle-aged men taking part in the intervention section of the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project. Standardised training techniques reduced observer bias to acceptable limits in four out of a total of five observers. The time of day and room temperature both made significant differences to the blood pressure measurement. High room temperatures in particular apparently had a marked effect in reducing the level of blood pressure. There were consistent and large positive associations with increasing age and overweight. The survey revealed a poor degree of blood pressure control in the community at the time of screening--only 7% of the \"hypertensive\" population had their diastolic pressure controlled to below 100 mm Hg.", "contents": "Blood pressure measurement in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project. A blood pressure measurement was part of a cardiovascular screening examination of 8397 middle-aged men taking part in the intervention section of the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project. Standardised training techniques reduced observer bias to acceptable limits in four out of a total of five observers. The time of day and room temperature both made significant differences to the blood pressure measurement. High room temperatures in particular apparently had a marked effect in reducing the level of blood pressure. There were consistent and large positive associations with increasing age and overweight. The survey revealed a poor degree of blood pressure control in the community at the time of screening--only 7% of the \"hypertensive\" population had their diastolic pressure controlled to below 100 mm Hg.", "PMID": 744812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6119", "title": "Vigorous exercise in leisure time and the death rate: a study of male civil servants.", "content": "In 1968-70, 17,944 middle-aged male executive grade civil servants in Great Britain provided a record of their leisure-time activities for two sample days and they have been followed until the end of 1977. In a 20% sample (3591 men), 268 have died. Men who had reported \"vigorous exercise\" (VE) during the two days suffered fewer deaths from coronary heart disease throughout the years 1968-77; there was no significant difference in mortality from other causes. VE men recorded more physical activity in general, and they saw themselves as physically more active than the rest. Total physical activity scores, however, were weakly related to coronary mortality. Men reporting vigorous exercise smoked somewhat less than other men, but the two factors were independently associated with mortality from coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Vigorous exercise in leisure time and the death rate: a study of male civil servants. In 1968-70, 17,944 middle-aged male executive grade civil servants in Great Britain provided a record of their leisure-time activities for two sample days and they have been followed until the end of 1977. In a 20% sample (3591 men), 268 have died. Men who had reported \"vigorous exercise\" (VE) during the two days suffered fewer deaths from coronary heart disease throughout the years 1968-77; there was no significant difference in mortality from other causes. VE men recorded more physical activity in general, and they saw themselves as physically more active than the rest. Total physical activity scores, however, were weakly related to coronary mortality. Men reporting vigorous exercise smoked somewhat less than other men, but the two factors were independently associated with mortality from coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 744813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6120", "title": "Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants.", "content": "The relationship between grade of employment, coronary risk factors, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been investigated in a longitudinal study of 17 530 civil servants working in London. After seven and a half years of follow-up there was a clear inverse relationship between grade of employment and CHD mortality. Men in the lowest grade (messengers) had 3.6 times the CHD mortality of men in the highest employment grade (administrators). Men in the lower employment grades were shorter, heavier for their height, had higher blood pressure, higher plasma glucose, smoked more, and reported less leisure-time physical activity than men in the higher grades. Yet when allowance was made for the influence on mortality of all of these factors plus plasma cholesterol, the inverse association between grade of employment and CHD mortality was still strong. It is concluded that the higher CHD mortality experienced by working class men, which is present also in national statistics, can be only partly explained by the established coronary risk factors.", "contents": "Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. The relationship between grade of employment, coronary risk factors, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been investigated in a longitudinal study of 17 530 civil servants working in London. After seven and a half years of follow-up there was a clear inverse relationship between grade of employment and CHD mortality. Men in the lowest grade (messengers) had 3.6 times the CHD mortality of men in the highest employment grade (administrators). Men in the lower employment grades were shorter, heavier for their height, had higher blood pressure, higher plasma glucose, smoked more, and reported less leisure-time physical activity than men in the higher grades. Yet when allowance was made for the influence on mortality of all of these factors plus plasma cholesterol, the inverse association between grade of employment and CHD mortality was still strong. It is concluded that the higher CHD mortality experienced by working class men, which is present also in national statistics, can be only partly explained by the established coronary risk factors.", "PMID": 744814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6121", "title": "A method for assessing volunteer bias and its application to a cardiovascular disease prevention progamme involving physical activity.", "content": "Studies of chronic disease may require long-term observation of volunteer participants. This is a characteristic of investigations of primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by increased level of physical activity. Activation of sedentary, middle-aged, high risk men requires a substantial personal commitment on their part to a long-term programme. Because of self-selection, individuals who volunteer for such programmes cannot be assumed to be representative of the populations from which they come. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic investigation of such self-selection based upon a study designed for that purpose. We found little consistent tendency for vouunteering behaviour to be associated with serum cholesterol, blood pressure, relative weight, level of activity at work, or Type A hehaviour variables.", "contents": "A method for assessing volunteer bias and its application to a cardiovascular disease prevention progamme involving physical activity. Studies of chronic disease may require long-term observation of volunteer participants. This is a characteristic of investigations of primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by increased level of physical activity. Activation of sedentary, middle-aged, high risk men requires a substantial personal commitment on their part to a long-term programme. Because of self-selection, individuals who volunteer for such programmes cannot be assumed to be representative of the populations from which they come. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic investigation of such self-selection based upon a study designed for that purpose. We found little consistent tendency for vouunteering behaviour to be associated with serum cholesterol, blood pressure, relative weight, level of activity at work, or Type A hehaviour variables.", "PMID": 744815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6122", "title": "Long-term consequences of respiratory disease in infancy.", "content": "In a study of Kent schoolchildren it has been shown that those who had a history of bronchitis under the age of five were more likely to have reported respiratory symptoms as the age of 11 (Bland et al., 1974). After this finding, it was necessary to test whether these differences would continue or diminish as the children grew older. One thousand three hundred schoolchildren in four areas of Kent were studied by physical examination and parental questionnaire at the ages of 5, 11, and 14. The relative risk of having reported respiratory symptoms for children with a history of early bronchitis, asthma, or pneumonia, compared with other children, was the same at the age of 14 as it was at the age of 11. These relationships could not be explained by social class effects, and were probably not due to parental bias in reporting.", "contents": "Long-term consequences of respiratory disease in infancy. In a study of Kent schoolchildren it has been shown that those who had a history of bronchitis under the age of five were more likely to have reported respiratory symptoms as the age of 11 (Bland et al., 1974). After this finding, it was necessary to test whether these differences would continue or diminish as the children grew older. One thousand three hundred schoolchildren in four areas of Kent were studied by physical examination and parental questionnaire at the ages of 5, 11, and 14. The relative risk of having reported respiratory symptoms for children with a history of early bronchitis, asthma, or pneumonia, compared with other children, was the same at the age of 14 as it was at the age of 11. These relationships could not be explained by social class effects, and were probably not due to parental bias in reporting.", "PMID": 744816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6123", "title": "Smoking and health: the association between smoking behaviour, total mortality, and cardiorespiratory disease in west central Scotland.", "content": "The relationship of smoking to total mortality and to the prevalence of cardiorespiratory symptoms has been studied in three prospective surveys in west central Scotland in which 18 786 people attended a multiphasic screening examination. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and to a lesser extent cardiovascular symptoms, increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, with inhalation, and with a younger age of starting to smoke. A lower prevalence of respiratory symptoms in both sexes was observed in smokers of filter cigarettes than in smokers of plain cigarettes, and in those who smoked cigarettes with lower tar levels, irrespective of whether these were filtered or plain. In general, the relationships found between smoking and mortality were similar to those reported by other workers. Current cigarette smokers had a death rate from all causes which was twice that of those who had never smoked. No difference was found between the mortality rates of smokers of plain and filter cigarettes.", "contents": "Smoking and health: the association between smoking behaviour, total mortality, and cardiorespiratory disease in west central Scotland. The relationship of smoking to total mortality and to the prevalence of cardiorespiratory symptoms has been studied in three prospective surveys in west central Scotland in which 18 786 people attended a multiphasic screening examination. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and to a lesser extent cardiovascular symptoms, increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, with inhalation, and with a younger age of starting to smoke. A lower prevalence of respiratory symptoms in both sexes was observed in smokers of filter cigarettes than in smokers of plain cigarettes, and in those who smoked cigarettes with lower tar levels, irrespective of whether these were filtered or plain. In general, the relationships found between smoking and mortality were similar to those reported by other workers. Current cigarette smokers had a death rate from all causes which was twice that of those who had never smoked. No difference was found between the mortality rates of smokers of plain and filter cigarettes.", "PMID": 744817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6124", "title": "Four cardiorespiratory symptoms as predictors of mortality.", "content": "The power of four cardiorespiratory symptoms to predict subsequent mortality has been analysed in data derived from a random sample of the population of Great Britain recruited in 1965 and followed for 12.4 years. The associations of respiratory symptoms with all causes of death (except stroke) and of cardiovascular symptoms with death from coronary heart disease were strong. The trends of these two associations over the 12.4 years of the follow-up differed substantially: the relative death rates associated with respiratory symptoms remained throughout at about the same level, while those associated with cardiovascular symptoms declined after four years. The excess premature deaths associated with presence of one or more symptoms at entry represented about a quarter of the observed deaths of men and one tenth of those of women.", "contents": "Four cardiorespiratory symptoms as predictors of mortality. The power of four cardiorespiratory symptoms to predict subsequent mortality has been analysed in data derived from a random sample of the population of Great Britain recruited in 1965 and followed for 12.4 years. The associations of respiratory symptoms with all causes of death (except stroke) and of cardiovascular symptoms with death from coronary heart disease were strong. The trends of these two associations over the 12.4 years of the follow-up differed substantially: the relative death rates associated with respiratory symptoms remained throughout at about the same level, while those associated with cardiovascular symptoms declined after four years. The excess premature deaths associated with presence of one or more symptoms at entry represented about a quarter of the observed deaths of men and one tenth of those of women.", "PMID": 744818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6125", "title": "Terminology in chronic obstructive lung diseases.", "content": "Until the 1960's there was great confusion, both within and between countries, on the meaning of diagnostic terms such as emphysema, asthma, and chronic brochitis. Proposals made by a group of British doctors in 1959 gradually received widespread acceptance but in recent years some new problems have developed. These include difficulties in the definition of airflow obstruction, recognition that what used to be regarded as a single disease, chronic bronchitis, comprises at least two distinct pathological processes, and uncertainty about the degree of variability which distinguishes asthmatic from more persistent forms of airflow obstruction. These are all problems which could be solved by continuance of appropriate research and of riqorous attention to the principles which determine accurate and acceptable definitions of disease.", "contents": "Terminology in chronic obstructive lung diseases. Until the 1960's there was great confusion, both within and between countries, on the meaning of diagnostic terms such as emphysema, asthma, and chronic brochitis. Proposals made by a group of British doctors in 1959 gradually received widespread acceptance but in recent years some new problems have developed. These include difficulties in the definition of airflow obstruction, recognition that what used to be regarded as a single disease, chronic bronchitis, comprises at least two distinct pathological processes, and uncertainty about the degree of variability which distinguishes asthmatic from more persistent forms of airflow obstruction. These are all problems which could be solved by continuance of appropriate research and of riqorous attention to the principles which determine accurate and acceptable definitions of disease.", "PMID": 744819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6126", "title": "Cigarette consumption per adult of each sex in various countries.", "content": "Estimates of cigarette consumption per adult male and female available from surveys in eight countries are examined and the figures of national consumption per adult implied by the surveys are compared with national averages obtained from government data and other sources. The errors likely to be found in the surveys are considered and corrected figures are calculated. Estimates are also made of cigarette consumption per woman of childbearing age.", "contents": "Cigarette consumption per adult of each sex in various countries. Estimates of cigarette consumption per adult male and female available from surveys in eight countries are examined and the figures of national consumption per adult implied by the surveys are compared with national averages obtained from government data and other sources. The errors likely to be found in the surveys are considered and corrected figures are calculated. Estimates are also made of cigarette consumption per woman of childbearing age.", "PMID": 744820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6127", "title": "Monitoring disease in England and Wales: methods applicable to routine data-collecting systems.", "content": "This paper reviews routine data-collecting systems and methods for disease surveillance in England and Wales. It discusses population-based correlation studies, which seek to explain disease trends by relating routine health statistics to possible causative agents on a secular, geographical, or occupational basis. It describes recent developments in linking information collected by routine general purpose systems as a means of identifying and following individuals exposed to potential hazards.", "contents": "Monitoring disease in England and Wales: methods applicable to routine data-collecting systems. This paper reviews routine data-collecting systems and methods for disease surveillance in England and Wales. It discusses population-based correlation studies, which seek to explain disease trends by relating routine health statistics to possible causative agents on a secular, geographical, or occupational basis. It describes recent developments in linking information collected by routine general purpose systems as a means of identifying and following individuals exposed to potential hazards.", "PMID": 744821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6128", "title": "Cigarette smoking and bronchial carcinoma: dose and time relationships among regular smokers and lifelong non-smokers.", "content": "In a 20-year prospective study on British doctors, smoking habits were ascertained by questionnaire and lung cancer incidence was monitored. Among cigarette smokers who started smoking at ages 16-25 and who smoked 40 or less per day, the annual lung cancer incidence in the age range 40-79 was:0.273X10(-12). (cigarettes/day+6)2. (age--22.5)4.5. The form of the dependence on dose in this relationship is subject not only to random error but also to serious systematic biases, which are discussed. However, there was certainly some statistically significant (P less than 0.01) upward curvature of the dose-response relationship in the range 0-40 cigarettes/day, which is what might be expected if more that one of the \"stages\" (in the multistage genesis of bronchial carcinoma) was strongly affected by smoking. If a higher than linear dose-response relationship exists between dose per bronchial cell and age-specific risk per bronchial cell, this may help explain why bronchial carcinomas chiefly arise in the upper bronchi, for dilution effects might then protect the larger areas lower in the bronchial tree.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and bronchial carcinoma: dose and time relationships among regular smokers and lifelong non-smokers. In a 20-year prospective study on British doctors, smoking habits were ascertained by questionnaire and lung cancer incidence was monitored. Among cigarette smokers who started smoking at ages 16-25 and who smoked 40 or less per day, the annual lung cancer incidence in the age range 40-79 was:0.273X10(-12). (cigarettes/day+6)2. (age--22.5)4.5. The form of the dependence on dose in this relationship is subject not only to random error but also to serious systematic biases, which are discussed. However, there was certainly some statistically significant (P less than 0.01) upward curvature of the dose-response relationship in the range 0-40 cigarettes/day, which is what might be expected if more that one of the \"stages\" (in the multistage genesis of bronchial carcinoma) was strongly affected by smoking. If a higher than linear dose-response relationship exists between dose per bronchial cell and age-specific risk per bronchial cell, this may help explain why bronchial carcinomas chiefly arise in the upper bronchi, for dilution effects might then protect the larger areas lower in the bronchial tree.", "PMID": 744822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6129", "title": "The redundant factor method and bladder cancer mortality.", "content": "Of the three factors, age at death, epoch of death, and epoch of birth, one seems almost superfluous. It may nevertheless be worthwhile to include all three in a mortality analysis, allowing for the constraints that the redundancy imposes. This procedure is applied to data for England and Wales on bladder cancer mortality from 1951 to 1970.", "contents": "The redundant factor method and bladder cancer mortality. Of the three factors, age at death, epoch of death, and epoch of birth, one seems almost superfluous. It may nevertheless be worthwhile to include all three in a mortality analysis, allowing for the constraints that the redundancy imposes. This procedure is applied to data for England and Wales on bladder cancer mortality from 1951 to 1970.", "PMID": 744823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6130", "title": "Psychophysical pitch biases related to vowel quality, intensity difference, and sequential order.", "content": "This study investigates two types of psychophysical pitch bias, one related to vowel acoustical characteristics and the other to sequential order. Based on the analysis of the variation of the subjective equality of pitch in subjects' responses, a multivariate interaction model is used to explain the experimental results and also to demonstrate the existence of the two types of psychophysical pitch bias. The first pitch bias related to a vowel acoustical characteristic is due to the vowel quality difference as a pitch difference at equal fundamental frequency. By using /a/ as a common reference, this bias for three test vowels /e, i, u/ is found to be lower than /a/ by values of 0.54 1.25, and 2,80 Hz, respectively. The other pitch bias related to acoustical characteristic is due to the vowel intensity difference. With intensity difference ranges from 0 to 30 dB, the pitch shift (bias) does not exceed 0.2 Hz at a test F0 of 100 Hz. Apparently, an intensity difference produces insignificant pitch shift in vowel sounds. The pitch bias related to the sequential order of stimuli presentation is a --0.33-Hz bias, i.e., a trend of overestimating the pitch of the second sound in temporal pitch comparison. The pitch discriminability, i.e., the just noticeable difference (JND) at 75% threshold, in an environment with three acoustical parameters varing simultaneously is found to be 1.5%, about three times greater than the previously reported 0.5% DL when F0 varies alone. Finally, the psychophysical bias of vowel is also found to depend upon the power spectrum and negatively correlated to the magnitude of the F0 production discrepancies of the average vowel sounds.", "contents": "Psychophysical pitch biases related to vowel quality, intensity difference, and sequential order. This study investigates two types of psychophysical pitch bias, one related to vowel acoustical characteristics and the other to sequential order. Based on the analysis of the variation of the subjective equality of pitch in subjects' responses, a multivariate interaction model is used to explain the experimental results and also to demonstrate the existence of the two types of psychophysical pitch bias. The first pitch bias related to a vowel acoustical characteristic is due to the vowel quality difference as a pitch difference at equal fundamental frequency. By using /a/ as a common reference, this bias for three test vowels /e, i, u/ is found to be lower than /a/ by values of 0.54 1.25, and 2,80 Hz, respectively. The other pitch bias related to acoustical characteristic is due to the vowel intensity difference. With intensity difference ranges from 0 to 30 dB, the pitch shift (bias) does not exceed 0.2 Hz at a test F0 of 100 Hz. Apparently, an intensity difference produces insignificant pitch shift in vowel sounds. The pitch bias related to the sequential order of stimuli presentation is a --0.33-Hz bias, i.e., a trend of overestimating the pitch of the second sound in temporal pitch comparison. The pitch discriminability, i.e., the just noticeable difference (JND) at 75% threshold, in an environment with three acoustical parameters varing simultaneously is found to be 1.5%, about three times greater than the previously reported 0.5% DL when F0 varies alone. Finally, the psychophysical bias of vowel is also found to depend upon the power spectrum and negatively correlated to the magnitude of the F0 production discrepancies of the average vowel sounds.", "PMID": 744824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6131", "title": "Generating vocal tract shapes from formant frequencies.", "content": "An algorithm that uses only the first three formant frequencies has been devised for generating vocal tract shapes as seen on midsagittal x-ray diagrams of most English vowels. The shape of the tongue is characterized in terms of the sum of two factors derived from PARAFAC analysis: a front raising component and a back raising component. Stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to show that the proportions of these two components, and of a third parameter corresponding to the distance between the lips, are highly correlated with the formant frequencies in 50 vowels. The recovery algorithm developed from these correlations was tested on a number of published sets of tracings from x-ray diagrams, and appears to be generalizable to other speakers.", "contents": "Generating vocal tract shapes from formant frequencies. An algorithm that uses only the first three formant frequencies has been devised for generating vocal tract shapes as seen on midsagittal x-ray diagrams of most English vowels. The shape of the tongue is characterized in terms of the sum of two factors derived from PARAFAC analysis: a front raising component and a back raising component. Stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to show that the proportions of these two components, and of a third parameter corresponding to the distance between the lips, are highly correlated with the formant frequencies in 50 vowels. The recovery algorithm developed from these correlations was tested on a number of published sets of tracings from x-ray diagrams, and appears to be generalizable to other speakers.", "PMID": 744826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6132", "title": "Loudness of complex sounds as a function of the standard stimulus and the number of components.", "content": "The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine if the measured loudness level of a signal depends on the standard stimulus used and to measure loudness as a function of the number of components in a wide-band signal. The stimuli were a pure tone, tone complexes with frequency separations of 231 and 1592 Hz, and noise bands with widths of 220 and 1592 Hz. The center frequency was 1 kHz and the loudness level was approximately 65 phons. Loudness matches between all combinations of stimuli showed that the measured loudness of the sounds did not depend on the standard stimulus used and the measured loudness level of a wide-band sound increased as a function of the number of components. Individual observers were consistent in their loudness estimations; the greatest source of variability was among subjects. Additional measurements indicated that the rate at which loudness increased beyond the critical band appeared to be greater for noise bands that for two-tone complexes.", "contents": "Loudness of complex sounds as a function of the standard stimulus and the number of components. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine if the measured loudness level of a signal depends on the standard stimulus used and to measure loudness as a function of the number of components in a wide-band signal. The stimuli were a pure tone, tone complexes with frequency separations of 231 and 1592 Hz, and noise bands with widths of 220 and 1592 Hz. The center frequency was 1 kHz and the loudness level was approximately 65 phons. Loudness matches between all combinations of stimuli showed that the measured loudness of the sounds did not depend on the standard stimulus used and the measured loudness level of a wide-band sound increased as a function of the number of components. Individual observers were consistent in their loudness estimations; the greatest source of variability was among subjects. Additional measurements indicated that the rate at which loudness increased beyond the critical band appeared to be greater for noise bands that for two-tone complexes.", "PMID": 744827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6133", "title": "Regression interpretation of differences in time-intensity trading ratios obtained in studies of laterality using the method of adjustment.", "content": "This paper proposes a regression interpretation of the laterality matching data recently reported by Young and Levine [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 607-609 (1977)]. Under this interpretation, the difference between the trading function obtained when delta t is adjusted and that when delta I is ascribed to a judgmental bias associated with the method of adjustment. Arguments against associating the results of Young and Levine with the issue of dual images are presented.", "contents": "Regression interpretation of differences in time-intensity trading ratios obtained in studies of laterality using the method of adjustment. This paper proposes a regression interpretation of the laterality matching data recently reported by Young and Levine [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 607-609 (1977)]. Under this interpretation, the difference between the trading function obtained when delta t is adjusted and that when delta I is ascribed to a judgmental bias associated with the method of adjustment. Arguments against associating the results of Young and Levine with the issue of dual images are presented.", "PMID": 744828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6134", "title": "Basilar membrane motion in a spiral-shaped cochlea.", "content": "To examine the influence of the spiral coiling of the cochlea upon the motion of the basilar membrane, a mathematical model of the cochlea is constructed. The formulation of the problem leads to Laplace's equation in three dimensions in a curvilinear coordinate system plus corresponding boundary conditions. By basing the choice of the coordinate system upon the form of the helix representing the centerline of the basilar membrane, a relatively simple formulation is obtained. The helix parameters appear only in the Laplacian, not in the boundary conditions. From experimental data the equations of the basilar membrane's centerline are derived for a human cochlea, both in intrinsic form and in regular form. The relative simplicity of the formation permits the tentative conclusion that, in spite of the large curvature near the apex, the spiral shape of the cochlea has only a small influence upon the motion of the basilar membrane.", "contents": "Basilar membrane motion in a spiral-shaped cochlea. To examine the influence of the spiral coiling of the cochlea upon the motion of the basilar membrane, a mathematical model of the cochlea is constructed. The formulation of the problem leads to Laplace's equation in three dimensions in a curvilinear coordinate system plus corresponding boundary conditions. By basing the choice of the coordinate system upon the form of the helix representing the centerline of the basilar membrane, a relatively simple formulation is obtained. The helix parameters appear only in the Laplacian, not in the boundary conditions. From experimental data the equations of the basilar membrane's centerline are derived for a human cochlea, both in intrinsic form and in regular form. The relative simplicity of the formation permits the tentative conclusion that, in spite of the large curvature near the apex, the spiral shape of the cochlea has only a small influence upon the motion of the basilar membrane.", "PMID": 744829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6135", "title": "Effect of intermittent truck noise on percentage of deep sleep.", "content": "Sleep was divided into only two categories, \"deep\" and \"shallow,\" the latter including waking, stage 1, and dreaming. For the sake of objectivity and precision the criterion was the level of alpha frequency and/or the audibility of spindles (from a speeded up tape recording of the EEG signals from frontal electrodes), which were timed by stopwatch. Twenty truck noises, presented every other night at peak levels of 65 dB (A-weighted), reduced deep sleep of 12, mainly young subjects by an average of 3%. Adaptation of the waking response occurs despite the separation of the noise nights by at least one quiet night. Adaptation to sleeping in the laboratory appears to continue for more than the one or two nights usually assumed.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent truck noise on percentage of deep sleep. Sleep was divided into only two categories, \"deep\" and \"shallow,\" the latter including waking, stage 1, and dreaming. For the sake of objectivity and precision the criterion was the level of alpha frequency and/or the audibility of spindles (from a speeded up tape recording of the EEG signals from frontal electrodes), which were timed by stopwatch. Twenty truck noises, presented every other night at peak levels of 65 dB (A-weighted), reduced deep sleep of 12, mainly young subjects by an average of 3%. Adaptation of the waking response occurs despite the separation of the noise nights by at least one quiet night. Adaptation to sleeping in the laboratory appears to continue for more than the one or two nights usually assumed.", "PMID": 744830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6136", "title": "Longitudinal pulse propagation characteristics in striated muscle.", "content": "The real part of the complex Young's modulus of whole frog sartorius muscle in the resting state was derived from step pulse propagation data in the frequency range 1.0-10 000 Hz. The derivation was based on Fourier integral analysis of the shapes of the propagated pulses to obtain velocities and attenuation coefficients for various harmonic frequencies. The results were consistent with previous sinusoidal wave propagation studies in the higher-frequency range. The general frequency response of the muscle was analogous to the \"standard linear solid\" model. The relaxation time spectrum derived from the modulus-frequency function showed similar spectral contents to spectra obtained with other methods. The advantages and limitations of the pulse method are discussed.", "contents": "Longitudinal pulse propagation characteristics in striated muscle. The real part of the complex Young's modulus of whole frog sartorius muscle in the resting state was derived from step pulse propagation data in the frequency range 1.0-10 000 Hz. The derivation was based on Fourier integral analysis of the shapes of the propagated pulses to obtain velocities and attenuation coefficients for various harmonic frequencies. The results were consistent with previous sinusoidal wave propagation studies in the higher-frequency range. The general frequency response of the muscle was analogous to the \"standard linear solid\" model. The relaxation time spectrum derived from the modulus-frequency function showed similar spectral contents to spectra obtained with other methods. The advantages and limitations of the pulse method are discussed.", "PMID": 744831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6137", "title": "Linear prediction analysis of speech based on a pole-zero representation.", "content": "Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction is based on the assumption that the short-time spectral envelope of speech can be represented by a number of poles. An all-pole representation does not provide an accurate description of speech spectra, particularly for nasals and nasalized sounds. This paper presents a method for characterizing speech in terms of the parameters of a pole-zero model. In this method, an impulse response representing the composite filtering action of the glottal wave, the vocal tract, the radiation, and the speech recording system is first constructed from the speech signal. This impulse response is obtained by performing several stages of all-pole LPC analysis. The pole-zero parameters are determined from the impulse response by solving a set of simultaneous linear equations. The method, being noniterative, is very suitable for automatic analysis of speech. The method has been applied to real speech data and the results show that the speech spectra derived from the pole-zero model agree very closely with the actual spectra derived by direct Fourier analysis.", "contents": "Linear prediction analysis of speech based on a pole-zero representation. Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction is based on the assumption that the short-time spectral envelope of speech can be represented by a number of poles. An all-pole representation does not provide an accurate description of speech spectra, particularly for nasals and nasalized sounds. This paper presents a method for characterizing speech in terms of the parameters of a pole-zero model. In this method, an impulse response representing the composite filtering action of the glottal wave, the vocal tract, the radiation, and the speech recording system is first constructed from the speech signal. This impulse response is obtained by performing several stages of all-pole LPC analysis. The pole-zero parameters are determined from the impulse response by solving a set of simultaneous linear equations. The method, being noniterative, is very suitable for automatic analysis of speech. The method has been applied to real speech data and the results show that the speech spectra derived from the pole-zero model agree very closely with the actual spectra derived by direct Fourier analysis.", "PMID": 744832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6138", "title": "Technique for the perceptual investigation of F0 contours with application to French.", "content": "Two experimental techniques were used in this study: (1) an analysis of F0 contours of French sentences containing words likely to express the speaker's attitude (modals, negative, adverbs, quantifiers) and (2) listeners' judgements of the naturalness of synthetic sentences in which the F0 contour was systematically manipulated. The F0 contours were characterized by schematic patterns [J. Vaissi\u00e8re Res. Lab. Electron., Q. Prog. Report No. 115, MIT, 251-262 (1975)]. For all the sentences that were studied, the configurations of patterns frequently observed in the analyzed corpus were judged most natural when synthesized. This result suggests that the features of the F0 contours most relevant to naturalness are preserved in the pattern representation. Three types of patterns were distinguished: (1) a prominent, demarcative pattern (P2); (2) A PROMINENT, NOndemarcative pattern (PE); (3) nonprominent, nondemarcative patterns, A P2 pattern often occurred at the end of a syntactic constituent. Listeners' judgements showed that a P2 at the end of a syntactic constituent is rarely required for naturalness, but a P2 in contradiction to syntax causes unnaturalness. Prominent patterns (P2 or PE) often occurred on negatives, adverbs, and quantifiers. However, the presence or absence of a prominent pattern on these words does not affect naturalness.", "contents": "Technique for the perceptual investigation of F0 contours with application to French. Two experimental techniques were used in this study: (1) an analysis of F0 contours of French sentences containing words likely to express the speaker's attitude (modals, negative, adverbs, quantifiers) and (2) listeners' judgements of the naturalness of synthetic sentences in which the F0 contour was systematically manipulated. The F0 contours were characterized by schematic patterns [J. Vaissi\u00e8re Res. Lab. Electron., Q. Prog. Report No. 115, MIT, 251-262 (1975)]. For all the sentences that were studied, the configurations of patterns frequently observed in the analyzed corpus were judged most natural when synthesized. This result suggests that the features of the F0 contours most relevant to naturalness are preserved in the pattern representation. Three types of patterns were distinguished: (1) a prominent, demarcative pattern (P2); (2) A PROMINENT, NOndemarcative pattern (PE); (3) nonprominent, nondemarcative patterns, A P2 pattern often occurred at the end of a syntactic constituent. Listeners' judgements showed that a P2 at the end of a syntactic constituent is rarely required for naturalness, but a P2 in contradiction to syntax causes unnaturalness. Prominent patterns (P2 or PE) often occurred on negatives, adverbs, and quantifiers. However, the presence or absence of a prominent pattern on these words does not affect naturalness.", "PMID": 744833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6139", "title": "Identification of deleted consonants.", "content": "VC transitions have often been found to be better cues for the identification of deleted consonants than CV transitions. The lower score for CV transitions could very well be due to an interfering \"click sensation\" caused by the abrupt begining of these transitions. In the present investigation the abrubt onset was eliminated by replacing the deleted portions of the consonants with noise bursts; this also caused the incomplete syllables to sound more natural. The results show that the identification of deleted initial voiceless plosives is greatly improved by the addition of noise. The original difference between initial and final plosive transitions disappears almost completely.", "contents": "Identification of deleted consonants. VC transitions have often been found to be better cues for the identification of deleted consonants than CV transitions. The lower score for CV transitions could very well be due to an interfering \"click sensation\" caused by the abrupt begining of these transitions. In the present investigation the abrubt onset was eliminated by replacing the deleted portions of the consonants with noise bursts; this also caused the incomplete syllables to sound more natural. The results show that the identification of deleted initial voiceless plosives is greatly improved by the addition of noise. The original difference between initial and final plosive transitions disappears almost completely.", "PMID": 744834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6140", "title": "Selective anchoring and adaptation of phonetic and nonphonetic continua.", "content": "A series of four experiments compared the effects of unequal probability anchoring and selective adaptation on phonetic and nonphonetic judgments. The basic stimulus series was a synthetic stop consonant continuum ranging from /b/ to /d/. On this continuum were superimposed covariations in fundamental frequency, intensity or vowel. In each experiment subjects listened to identical test tapes under two judgment conditions: place of articulation, and pitch or loudness or vowel judgments. The two types of judgment were significantly dissociated under both anchoring and adaptation paradigms, thus demonstrating that the former may be no less selective than the latter. From this and other evidence, it was concluded that the two paradigms are, in principle, equivalent, and that the main factors in speech adaptation effects are peripheral fatigue and central auditory contrast. If the selective processes of fatigue and contrast are taken to reflect functional channels of analysis rather than the operation of feature detectors, the same broad processes can be seen at work in both speech and nonspeech adaptation.", "contents": "Selective anchoring and adaptation of phonetic and nonphonetic continua. A series of four experiments compared the effects of unequal probability anchoring and selective adaptation on phonetic and nonphonetic judgments. The basic stimulus series was a synthetic stop consonant continuum ranging from /b/ to /d/. On this continuum were superimposed covariations in fundamental frequency, intensity or vowel. In each experiment subjects listened to identical test tapes under two judgment conditions: place of articulation, and pitch or loudness or vowel judgments. The two types of judgment were significantly dissociated under both anchoring and adaptation paradigms, thus demonstrating that the former may be no less selective than the latter. From this and other evidence, it was concluded that the two paradigms are, in principle, equivalent, and that the main factors in speech adaptation effects are peripheral fatigue and central auditory contrast. If the selective processes of fatigue and contrast are taken to reflect functional channels of analysis rather than the operation of feature detectors, the same broad processes can be seen at work in both speech and nonspeech adaptation.", "PMID": 744835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6141", "title": "Invariant cues for place of articulation in stop consonants.", "content": "In a series of experiments, identification responses for place of articulation were obtained for synthetic stop consonants in consonant-vowel syllables with different vowels. The acoustic attributes of the consonants were systematically manipulated, the selection of stimulus characteristics being guided in part by theoretical considerations concerning the expected properties of the sound generated in the vocal tract as place of articulation is varied. Several stimulus series were generated with and without noise bursts at the onset, and with and without formant transitions following consonantal release. Stimuli with transitions only, and with bursts plus transitions, were consistently classified according to place of articulation, whereas stimuli with bursts only and no transitions were not consistently identified. The acoustic attributes of the stimuli were examined to determine whether invariant properties characterized each place of atriculation independent of vowel context. It was determined that the gross shape of the spectrum sampled at the consonantal release showed a distinctive shape for each place of articulation: a prominent midfrequency spectral peak for velars, a diffuse-rising spectrum for alveolars, and a diffuse-falling spectrum for labials. These attributes are evident for stimuli containing transitions only, but are enhanced by the presence of noise bursts at the onset.", "contents": "Invariant cues for place of articulation in stop consonants. In a series of experiments, identification responses for place of articulation were obtained for synthetic stop consonants in consonant-vowel syllables with different vowels. The acoustic attributes of the consonants were systematically manipulated, the selection of stimulus characteristics being guided in part by theoretical considerations concerning the expected properties of the sound generated in the vocal tract as place of articulation is varied. Several stimulus series were generated with and without noise bursts at the onset, and with and without formant transitions following consonantal release. Stimuli with transitions only, and with bursts plus transitions, were consistently classified according to place of articulation, whereas stimuli with bursts only and no transitions were not consistently identified. The acoustic attributes of the stimuli were examined to determine whether invariant properties characterized each place of atriculation independent of vowel context. It was determined that the gross shape of the spectrum sampled at the consonantal release showed a distinctive shape for each place of articulation: a prominent midfrequency spectral peak for velars, a diffuse-rising spectrum for alveolars, and a diffuse-falling spectrum for labials. These attributes are evident for stimuli containing transitions only, but are enhanced by the presence of noise bursts at the onset.", "PMID": 744836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6142", "title": "Some figural properties of auditory patterns.", "content": "Listeners identified one of six permutations of three frequencies, presented as brief three-note melodies. Identification performance remained high in spite of transposition of the original three frequencies throughout a two-octave range, so long as the musical intervals or frequency ratios between the adjacent pairs of frequencies remained constant. Even when those intervals were compressed or expanded, while remaining about equal to each other, identification was quite good for the range between the lowest and highest frequency of no more than approximately 1/3 octave. Performance decreased sharply when the span was much wider. Unequal intervals, where the low and middle frequencies were closer together or farther apart than the middle and high frequencies, did not retain good identification performance. When the three-tone patterns were embedded in longer sequences of seven or eight tones, the identification performance was best when the pattern occurred at the beginning or the end of the sequence, and when the range of frequencies from which the irrelevant background tones were chosen lay outside the range of pattern frequencies. Under conditions where the background frequencies were fixed and the pattern frequencies were moved, thus combining the manipulation of embedding with that of transposition of the pattern, overlap of pattern and background frequencies was still the principal cause of deterioration in performance. The findings are related to some analogies to the perceptual rules of Gestalt theory, as well as to certain aspects of musical practice.", "contents": "Some figural properties of auditory patterns. Listeners identified one of six permutations of three frequencies, presented as brief three-note melodies. Identification performance remained high in spite of transposition of the original three frequencies throughout a two-octave range, so long as the musical intervals or frequency ratios between the adjacent pairs of frequencies remained constant. Even when those intervals were compressed or expanded, while remaining about equal to each other, identification was quite good for the range between the lowest and highest frequency of no more than approximately 1/3 octave. Performance decreased sharply when the span was much wider. Unequal intervals, where the low and middle frequencies were closer together or farther apart than the middle and high frequencies, did not retain good identification performance. When the three-tone patterns were embedded in longer sequences of seven or eight tones, the identification performance was best when the pattern occurred at the beginning or the end of the sequence, and when the range of frequencies from which the irrelevant background tones were chosen lay outside the range of pattern frequencies. Under conditions where the background frequencies were fixed and the pattern frequencies were moved, thus combining the manipulation of embedding with that of transposition of the pattern, overlap of pattern and background frequencies was still the principal cause of deterioration in performance. The findings are related to some analogies to the perceptual rules of Gestalt theory, as well as to certain aspects of musical practice.", "PMID": 744837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6143", "title": "Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system.", "content": "A new auditory phenomenon has been identified in the acoustic impulse response of the human ear. Using a signal averaging technique, a study has been made of the response of the closed external acoustic meatus to acoustic impulses near to the threshold of audibility. Particular attention has been paid to the waveform of the response at post excitation times in excess of 5 ms. No previous worker appears to have extended observations into this region. The response observed after about 5 ms is not a simple extension of the initial response attributable to the middle ear. The oscillatory response decay time constant was found to change from approximately 1 ms to over 12 ms at about this time. The slowly decaying response component was present in all normal ears tested, but was not present in ears with cochlear deafness. This component of the response appears to have its origin in some nonlinear mechanism probably located in the cochlea, responding mechanically to auditory stimulation, and dependent upon the normal functioning of the cochlea transduction process. A cochlear reflection hypothesis received some support from these results.", "contents": "Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system. A new auditory phenomenon has been identified in the acoustic impulse response of the human ear. Using a signal averaging technique, a study has been made of the response of the closed external acoustic meatus to acoustic impulses near to the threshold of audibility. Particular attention has been paid to the waveform of the response at post excitation times in excess of 5 ms. No previous worker appears to have extended observations into this region. The response observed after about 5 ms is not a simple extension of the initial response attributable to the middle ear. The oscillatory response decay time constant was found to change from approximately 1 ms to over 12 ms at about this time. The slowly decaying response component was present in all normal ears tested, but was not present in ears with cochlear deafness. This component of the response appears to have its origin in some nonlinear mechanism probably located in the cochlea, responding mechanically to auditory stimulation, and dependent upon the normal functioning of the cochlea transduction process. A cochlear reflection hypothesis received some support from these results.", "PMID": 744838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6144", "title": "Temporal factors and suppression effects in backward and forward masking.", "content": "We discuss several experiments examining the influence of temporal parameters on suppression effects in backward and forward masking. The signal is always a brief 10-ms 2-kHz sinusoid; the masker a narrow band of noise of 40-dB spectrum level, 200-Hz wide, centered at the signal frequency. In some conditions, the presence of a second band of noise of the same spectral level in the region of 2300--3700 Hz appears to suppress the effects of the masker. Changes in the amount of suppression are examined as functions of the delay and duration of the suppressor (experiments 1 and 2). Adding the suppressor during the 50-ms interval nearest the signal produces changes in the signal threshold that are similar to those produced by reducing the level of the masker during this interval for both backward and forward masking (experiment 4). The similarity of these results suggests the operation of peripheral processes common to both backward and forward masking. However, if one increases the duration of the suppressor beyond this 50-ms interval there is no effect on forward masking, but large additional reductions in backward masking. This difference, in conjunction with other recent experiments, suggests the operation of additional central processes in backward masking. For some observers, these additional processes appear to operate over fairly long periods of time (250-500 ms). Such long durations are inconsistent with the estimates of integration time (less than or equal to 200 ms) obtained for these same observers (experiment 3).", "contents": "Temporal factors and suppression effects in backward and forward masking. We discuss several experiments examining the influence of temporal parameters on suppression effects in backward and forward masking. The signal is always a brief 10-ms 2-kHz sinusoid; the masker a narrow band of noise of 40-dB spectrum level, 200-Hz wide, centered at the signal frequency. In some conditions, the presence of a second band of noise of the same spectral level in the region of 2300--3700 Hz appears to suppress the effects of the masker. Changes in the amount of suppression are examined as functions of the delay and duration of the suppressor (experiments 1 and 2). Adding the suppressor during the 50-ms interval nearest the signal produces changes in the signal threshold that are similar to those produced by reducing the level of the masker during this interval for both backward and forward masking (experiment 4). The similarity of these results suggests the operation of peripheral processes common to both backward and forward masking. However, if one increases the duration of the suppressor beyond this 50-ms interval there is no effect on forward masking, but large additional reductions in backward masking. This difference, in conjunction with other recent experiments, suggests the operation of additional central processes in backward masking. For some observers, these additional processes appear to operate over fairly long periods of time (250-500 ms). Such long durations are inconsistent with the estimates of integration time (less than or equal to 200 ms) obtained for these same observers (experiment 3).", "PMID": 744839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6145", "title": "Action potentials in the cat at low sound intensities: thresholds, latencies, and rates of change.", "content": "The interpretation of whole-nerve action potentials is a topic of increasing importance in both clinical and research settings. This effort has been hampered by a lack of data on the action potential that are theoretically interpretable and systematically measured over a wide range of frequencies and at low sound intensities. Therefore, the present study was designed to measure the thresholds, latencies, and rates of change in the whole-nerve action potential in response to constant-spectral-width tone pips at eight frequencies between 0.5 and 20 kHz in the cat ear. These quantities were calculated by a linear regression technique from round-window potentials in 28 normal ears. They were found to be consistently within approximately 18 dB of previously published behavioral measures, a difference attributable to temporal integration. The interanimal variability had a standard deviation of about 5 dB and the intra-animal variability was extremely low. The growth of amplitude across frequencies, the rate of change of latency with intensity changes, and the latency at threshold all demonstrated orderly relationships which are presented. The data were all consistent with contention that the potentials were being produced by a single population of cells located at a place consistent with the frequency of the eliciting tone. The methods used provide exceedingly stable measures and should be applicable in both clinical and research settings.", "contents": "Action potentials in the cat at low sound intensities: thresholds, latencies, and rates of change. The interpretation of whole-nerve action potentials is a topic of increasing importance in both clinical and research settings. This effort has been hampered by a lack of data on the action potential that are theoretically interpretable and systematically measured over a wide range of frequencies and at low sound intensities. Therefore, the present study was designed to measure the thresholds, latencies, and rates of change in the whole-nerve action potential in response to constant-spectral-width tone pips at eight frequencies between 0.5 and 20 kHz in the cat ear. These quantities were calculated by a linear regression technique from round-window potentials in 28 normal ears. They were found to be consistently within approximately 18 dB of previously published behavioral measures, a difference attributable to temporal integration. The interanimal variability had a standard deviation of about 5 dB and the intra-animal variability was extremely low. The growth of amplitude across frequencies, the rate of change of latency with intensity changes, and the latency at threshold all demonstrated orderly relationships which are presented. The data were all consistent with contention that the potentials were being produced by a single population of cells located at a place consistent with the frequency of the eliciting tone. The methods used provide exceedingly stable measures and should be applicable in both clinical and research settings.", "PMID": 744840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6146", "title": "Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on acoustic stapedius reflex growth functions.", "content": "The growth function of the acoustic stapedius reflex was measured in subjects with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin. The effects of age and magnitude of hearing loss were controlled. Activating stimuli were 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz tones and broadband noise. Stapedius muscle activity was inferred from acoustic impedance measures in the contralateral ear. The mean growth functions for tones were essentially linear in log-log plots with the rate of growth equal for the two groups. The mean growth function for the noise signal was curvilinear for the normal hearing groud had linear for the hearing loss group. Comparison of slope functions derived from the fitted data indicated that the rate of reflex growth for the noise signal, over a limited range above reflex threshold, is greater in ears with cochlear lesions than normal ears. For higher level noise signals, however, the rate of reflex growth is similar for normal and pathological ears. The effect of a cochlear lesion on the input-output function of the cochlea for both tonal and noise stimuli is to maintain the rate of reflex growth but shift the function along the intensity axis of a tonal signal and the response axis for a noise signal.", "contents": "Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on acoustic stapedius reflex growth functions. The growth function of the acoustic stapedius reflex was measured in subjects with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin. The effects of age and magnitude of hearing loss were controlled. Activating stimuli were 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz tones and broadband noise. Stapedius muscle activity was inferred from acoustic impedance measures in the contralateral ear. The mean growth functions for tones were essentially linear in log-log plots with the rate of growth equal for the two groups. The mean growth function for the noise signal was curvilinear for the normal hearing groud had linear for the hearing loss group. Comparison of slope functions derived from the fitted data indicated that the rate of reflex growth for the noise signal, over a limited range above reflex threshold, is greater in ears with cochlear lesions than normal ears. For higher level noise signals, however, the rate of reflex growth is similar for normal and pathological ears. The effect of a cochlear lesion on the input-output function of the cochlea for both tonal and noise stimuli is to maintain the rate of reflex growth but shift the function along the intensity axis of a tonal signal and the response axis for a noise signal.", "PMID": 744841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6147", "title": "Temporal integration of two-component tone glides.", "content": "Temporal integration of complex signals composed of two linearly combined tone glides was studied in a 60-dB SPL noise background. When both glide tones increased or decreased in frequency, integration functions differed for durations shorter than 50 ms in a manner similar to results obtained for single-component tone glides. That is, rising two-component glides were detected at lower thresholds than were falling two-component glides. However, when one component increased in frequency and the other decreased, thresholds were the same, regardless of which component increased and which decreased.", "contents": "Temporal integration of two-component tone glides. Temporal integration of complex signals composed of two linearly combined tone glides was studied in a 60-dB SPL noise background. When both glide tones increased or decreased in frequency, integration functions differed for durations shorter than 50 ms in a manner similar to results obtained for single-component tone glides. That is, rising two-component glides were detected at lower thresholds than were falling two-component glides. However, when one component increased in frequency and the other decreased, thresholds were the same, regardless of which component increased and which decreased.", "PMID": 744842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6148", "title": "Uterine progesterone receptors in the aged golden hamster.", "content": "Uterine capacity to form cytoplasmic progesterone receptor was compared in ovariectomized golden hamsters at three months and 15-17 months of age. A dose-response test with 17beta-estradiol(E2) showed that the uterine content of progesterone receptor (pmole/uterus) was equal in young and old at all dose levels. However, heavier old uteri had less receptor per gm tissue. Old and young hamsters were mated, ovariectomized on day 7 post coitum and after two weeks, all were given the same dose of E2. Endometrium was separated from myometrium before analysis of progesterone receptor. Myometrium was analyzed for both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Myometrium of both groups had comparable levels of both receptors. The mean concentration of progresterone receptor (pmole/gm tissue) was higher in old endometrium. Some old animals with liver, kidney and adrenal disease had more endometrial reaction after E2 treatment. A few with low endometrial receptor levels had normal livers but at least one sterile uterine horn. There was, however, no general decline with age in intrinsic uterine capacity to form progesterone receptors.", "contents": "Uterine progesterone receptors in the aged golden hamster. Uterine capacity to form cytoplasmic progesterone receptor was compared in ovariectomized golden hamsters at three months and 15-17 months of age. A dose-response test with 17beta-estradiol(E2) showed that the uterine content of progesterone receptor (pmole/uterus) was equal in young and old at all dose levels. However, heavier old uteri had less receptor per gm tissue. Old and young hamsters were mated, ovariectomized on day 7 post coitum and after two weeks, all were given the same dose of E2. Endometrium was separated from myometrium before analysis of progesterone receptor. Myometrium was analyzed for both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Myometrium of both groups had comparable levels of both receptors. The mean concentration of progresterone receptor (pmole/gm tissue) was higher in old endometrium. Some old animals with liver, kidney and adrenal disease had more endometrial reaction after E2 treatment. A few with low endometrial receptor levels had normal livers but at least one sterile uterine horn. There was, however, no general decline with age in intrinsic uterine capacity to form progesterone receptors.", "PMID": 744855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6149", "title": "Relationship of granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal neurones to aging and to dementia in normal-pressure hydrocephalics.", "content": "Neuropathological findings could not explain the dramatic improvement after shunting exhibited by one patient demented with a \"normal-pressure\" hydrocephalus (NPH)-like syndrome. He contrastred markedly with the unchanged condition of four similar dements also shunted successfully. Quantitative morphometry was done on the five brains to determine the degree of granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal neurones. The severity of this change, like that of neurofibrillary tangle formation quantified in earlier work, was not attributable merely to aging, being greater in the four unimproved cases that that in age-matched control brains from 18 normal subjects, and falling in the same elevated range as that of eight dements with necropsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. The intensity of granulovacuolar degeneration in the one shunted dement who improved was within normal limits. A positive linear correlation existed between the Granulovacuolar Indices and the total duration of dementia. A similar relationship had been shown for Tangle Indices. These data suggest that earlier diagnosis may improve the chances of reversing dementia in NPH-like syndromes before histopathology is too severe; and that a more careful search for laboratory features of NPH may be warranted in some cases of Alzheimer's dementia.", "contents": "Relationship of granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal neurones to aging and to dementia in normal-pressure hydrocephalics. Neuropathological findings could not explain the dramatic improvement after shunting exhibited by one patient demented with a \"normal-pressure\" hydrocephalus (NPH)-like syndrome. He contrastred markedly with the unchanged condition of four similar dements also shunted successfully. Quantitative morphometry was done on the five brains to determine the degree of granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal neurones. The severity of this change, like that of neurofibrillary tangle formation quantified in earlier work, was not attributable merely to aging, being greater in the four unimproved cases that that in age-matched control brains from 18 normal subjects, and falling in the same elevated range as that of eight dements with necropsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. The intensity of granulovacuolar degeneration in the one shunted dement who improved was within normal limits. A positive linear correlation existed between the Granulovacuolar Indices and the total duration of dementia. A similar relationship had been shown for Tangle Indices. These data suggest that earlier diagnosis may improve the chances of reversing dementia in NPH-like syndromes before histopathology is too severe; and that a more careful search for laboratory features of NPH may be warranted in some cases of Alzheimer's dementia.", "PMID": 744856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6150", "title": "Burned-out schizophrenia: evidence for age effects on schizophrenic symptomatology.", "content": "The long-term outcome of chronic schizophrenia has classically been accepted to be pessimistic, most often leading to a terminal demented state. An examination of recent literature that has followed schizophrenic patients into the involutional years is not so convincing. The few studies that so report upon elderly schizophrenics demonstrate substantially altered symptomatology, most often coinciding with the onset of the involutional years (ages 55-64). This under-investigated phenomenon has real implications for the continuing need of institutionalization and/or pharmacologic treatment for these older schizophrenic patients and warrants rigorous investigation.", "contents": "Burned-out schizophrenia: evidence for age effects on schizophrenic symptomatology. The long-term outcome of chronic schizophrenia has classically been accepted to be pessimistic, most often leading to a terminal demented state. An examination of recent literature that has followed schizophrenic patients into the involutional years is not so convincing. The few studies that so report upon elderly schizophrenics demonstrate substantially altered symptomatology, most often coinciding with the onset of the involutional years (ages 55-64). This under-investigated phenomenon has real implications for the continuing need of institutionalization and/or pharmacologic treatment for these older schizophrenic patients and warrants rigorous investigation.", "PMID": 744857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6151", "title": "The impact of personality and social status factors upon levels of activity and psychological well-being.", "content": "The fact that the relationship between levels of activity and psychological well-being is not a simple one that suggests an optimal theory of aging has been previously recognized. Explanation of individual differences in levels of activity and psychological well-being, however, remains a salient theoretical issue. In the present study, multiple regression is used to examine the impact of both personality and social status variables upon levels of activity and psychological well-being in a sample of 380 white males and females, aged 50-76. The results indicate that both personality and social status factors are significant predictors, although levels of activity and psychological well-being are best predicted by different variables. The most striking finding of the study is the substantial power of personality factors to significantly predict psychological well-being.", "contents": "The impact of personality and social status factors upon levels of activity and psychological well-being. The fact that the relationship between levels of activity and psychological well-being is not a simple one that suggests an optimal theory of aging has been previously recognized. Explanation of individual differences in levels of activity and psychological well-being, however, remains a salient theoretical issue. In the present study, multiple regression is used to examine the impact of both personality and social status variables upon levels of activity and psychological well-being in a sample of 380 white males and females, aged 50-76. The results indicate that both personality and social status factors are significant predictors, although levels of activity and psychological well-being are best predicted by different variables. The most striking finding of the study is the substantial power of personality factors to significantly predict psychological well-being.", "PMID": 744858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6152", "title": "A taxonomy of situations for an elderly population: generating situational criteria.", "content": "The present study examined the feasibility of a taxonomic strategy for generating situational criteria useful in the assessment of competence for older adults, with competence viewed as adaptive responding in specific situations. The first phase of the strategy involved (a) sampling a population of situations relevant to the experience of an older urban population, (b) selecting and empirically testing the reliability of four attribute dimensions (social-nonsocial; high-low activity; common-uncommon: supportive-depriving), which, in combination, taxonomized 16 classes of 80 situations, and (c) adapting these situations to a Q-sort technique. In the second phase, taxonomized situations were Q-sorted by 20 older individuals(x age = 71 years) on three response dimensions (self-rated ease of coping, affect, and frequency of encounter). Significant MANOVA main effects and interactions for each response dimension were found. Implications of this approach for generating ecologically-valid situational criteria useful in assessing adult competence are discussed.", "contents": "A taxonomy of situations for an elderly population: generating situational criteria. The present study examined the feasibility of a taxonomic strategy for generating situational criteria useful in the assessment of competence for older adults, with competence viewed as adaptive responding in specific situations. The first phase of the strategy involved (a) sampling a population of situations relevant to the experience of an older urban population, (b) selecting and empirically testing the reliability of four attribute dimensions (social-nonsocial; high-low activity; common-uncommon: supportive-depriving), which, in combination, taxonomized 16 classes of 80 situations, and (c) adapting these situations to a Q-sort technique. In the second phase, taxonomized situations were Q-sorted by 20 older individuals(x age = 71 years) on three response dimensions (self-rated ease of coping, affect, and frequency of encounter). Significant MANOVA main effects and interactions for each response dimension were found. Implications of this approach for generating ecologically-valid situational criteria useful in assessing adult competence are discussed.", "PMID": 744859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6153", "title": "Cardiovascular disease and changes in intellectual functioning from middle to old age.", "content": "The relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and intellectual functioning was investigated using a categorical division of a previously studied cross-sequential sample into groups with and without clinical cardiovascular diagnoses during the period of assessment. CVD was found to be a significant predictor of performance on several cognitive subtests, even when chronological age (cohort) was included as a factor in the statistical analysis. However, the pattern of effects was not completely consistent with a model relating CVD to intellectual decrement over time. Further breakdown of subjects into CVD subgroups (e.g., hypertension) showed the CVD effect to be specific to some subgroups, but did not fully resolve the inconsistency with the decremental model. The results also suggest CVD to be one of the factors leading to subsequent attrition from the sequential sample.", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease and changes in intellectual functioning from middle to old age. The relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and intellectual functioning was investigated using a categorical division of a previously studied cross-sequential sample into groups with and without clinical cardiovascular diagnoses during the period of assessment. CVD was found to be a significant predictor of performance on several cognitive subtests, even when chronological age (cohort) was included as a factor in the statistical analysis. However, the pattern of effects was not completely consistent with a model relating CVD to intellectual decrement over time. Further breakdown of subjects into CVD subgroups (e.g., hypertension) showed the CVD effect to be specific to some subgroups, but did not fully resolve the inconsistency with the decremental model. The results also suggest CVD to be one of the factors leading to subsequent attrition from the sequential sample.", "PMID": 744860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6154", "title": "Vocal versus manual response as a determinant of age difference in simple reaction time.", "content": "The decrease in response speed usually found to occur with advancing age is felt by many investigators to be a phenomenon common to all speeded tasks, regardless of the exact nature of the sensory stimulus or motor response involved. In the present experiment, however, the type of response the subject made determined whether or not an age difference existed in simple reaction time to a visual stimulus. When subjects responded manually, by releasing a key, the usual age decrement in response latency was found. When the same subjects responded vocally, by saying a word, there was no significant age difference in reaction time. This result suggests that slowing of psychomotor latency with age is not a general phenomenon, but may be limited to certain neural systems.", "contents": "Vocal versus manual response as a determinant of age difference in simple reaction time. The decrease in response speed usually found to occur with advancing age is felt by many investigators to be a phenomenon common to all speeded tasks, regardless of the exact nature of the sensory stimulus or motor response involved. In the present experiment, however, the type of response the subject made determined whether or not an age difference existed in simple reaction time to a visual stimulus. When subjects responded manually, by releasing a key, the usual age decrement in response latency was found. When the same subjects responded vocally, by saying a word, there was no significant age difference in reaction time. This result suggests that slowing of psychomotor latency with age is not a general phenomenon, but may be limited to certain neural systems.", "PMID": 744861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6155", "title": "[Prenatal prevention and women behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "A psychosociological survey was carried out at the \"Maternit\u00e9 Baudelocque\", in Paris; 645 women were interviewed during their stay at the hospital after delivery, according to a semi-structured questionnaire. The main purpose of this survey was to study the factors able to improve the quality of prenatal care and women behaviour during pregnancy. The interview was composed of questions on the kind of medical care received during pregnancy, the participation in training for childbirth program, the changes in daily life (rest, nutrition, smoking) and the search for extra-information about pregnancy. On the whole, the interviewed mothers received intensive prenatal care. However, some individual features influenced the quality of this medical care, especially the active role of the women themselves. The data pointed out not only the impact of the involvement in training for childbirth, but also the influence of a personal search for information, which promotes the understanding and acceptance of the medical team requirements.", "contents": "[Prenatal prevention and women behaviour (author's transl)]. A psychosociological survey was carried out at the \"Maternit\u00e9 Baudelocque\", in Paris; 645 women were interviewed during their stay at the hospital after delivery, according to a semi-structured questionnaire. The main purpose of this survey was to study the factors able to improve the quality of prenatal care and women behaviour during pregnancy. The interview was composed of questions on the kind of medical care received during pregnancy, the participation in training for childbirth program, the changes in daily life (rest, nutrition, smoking) and the search for extra-information about pregnancy. On the whole, the interviewed mothers received intensive prenatal care. However, some individual features influenced the quality of this medical care, especially the active role of the women themselves. The data pointed out not only the impact of the involvement in training for childbirth, but also the influence of a personal search for information, which promotes the understanding and acceptance of the medical team requirements.", "PMID": 744862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6156", "title": "[Ultrasonic size of fetal crump-rump length in first trimester of pregnancy. Accuracy of gestational age assessment (author's transl)].", "content": "The fetal crown rump length was measureed by means of pulsed ultrasound. The normal values between 49 and 94 days from the onset of the last menstrual period were determined in 72 patients. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between gestationnal age and fetal crown rump length. The usefulness of this measure is so demonstrated: assessment of gestational age, within few days.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic size of fetal crump-rump length in first trimester of pregnancy. Accuracy of gestational age assessment (author's transl)]. The fetal crown rump length was measureed by means of pulsed ultrasound. The normal values between 49 and 94 days from the onset of the last menstrual period were determined in 72 patients. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between gestationnal age and fetal crown rump length. The usefulness of this measure is so demonstrated: assessment of gestational age, within few days.", "PMID": 744864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6157", "title": "[Evolution of human endocervical cilio-secretory epithelium during the menstrual cycle. Scanning electron microscopy study].", "content": "The anatomy of the ventral epithelial surface of the human uterine endocervix was investigated by S.E.M. from biopsies taken at various periods of the menstrual cycle and from whole cervices obtained by hysterectomy on the 17th and 22nd day. Ciliated and secretory cells which constitute the epithelial surface appeared to be associated at random in various manners without apparent connection with the menstrual cycle. Considerable variation was observed at the same cycle period, depending on the patients. The release of mucus took place mainly according the macro-apocrine extrusion process, whose evolution was clear throughout menstrual cycle. Apocrine extrusions were found to be particularly intense and numerous from the 12th to the 16th day, with a peak on the 14th day. Some ciliated cells were also seen to exhibit protuberant mucus protrusion. The merocrine extrusion process was seen very rarely and thus seemed to be of minor importance. An evolutive provess also seems to occur at the level of ciliated cells: from the 9th to the 16th day, some secretory cells were seen to bear miniciliae of increasing length beside their typical microvillae. This could be interpreted as a transformation process of secretory into ciliated cells during the second third of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "[Evolution of human endocervical cilio-secretory epithelium during the menstrual cycle. Scanning electron microscopy study]. The anatomy of the ventral epithelial surface of the human uterine endocervix was investigated by S.E.M. from biopsies taken at various periods of the menstrual cycle and from whole cervices obtained by hysterectomy on the 17th and 22nd day. Ciliated and secretory cells which constitute the epithelial surface appeared to be associated at random in various manners without apparent connection with the menstrual cycle. Considerable variation was observed at the same cycle period, depending on the patients. The release of mucus took place mainly according the macro-apocrine extrusion process, whose evolution was clear throughout menstrual cycle. Apocrine extrusions were found to be particularly intense and numerous from the 12th to the 16th day, with a peak on the 14th day. Some ciliated cells were also seen to exhibit protuberant mucus protrusion. The merocrine extrusion process was seen very rarely and thus seemed to be of minor importance. An evolutive provess also seems to occur at the level of ciliated cells: from the 9th to the 16th day, some secretory cells were seen to bear miniciliae of increasing length beside their typical microvillae. This could be interpreted as a transformation process of secretory into ciliated cells during the second third of the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 744863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6158", "title": "[Idiopathic perforations of the caecum after caesarean section. A new case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors in this work report a further case of idiopathic dilatation of the colon which was complicated by perforation of the caecum following a Caesarean operation. The aetiology of this condition is uncertain, the diagnosis difficult and the prognosis poor. It is necessary to try to operate before the caecum perforates and to do this by decompression, which should for preference be carried out at a site in the transverse colon.", "contents": "[Idiopathic perforations of the caecum after caesarean section. A new case report (author's transl)]. The authors in this work report a further case of idiopathic dilatation of the colon which was complicated by perforation of the caecum following a Caesarean operation. The aetiology of this condition is uncertain, the diagnosis difficult and the prognosis poor. It is necessary to try to operate before the caecum perforates and to do this by decompression, which should for preference be carried out at a site in the transverse colon.", "PMID": 744865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6159", "title": "[Immediate reconstructive surgery in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of non ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy, the first results of immediate reconstructive surgery demonstrate the need to give up classical salpingectomy, and the possibility of avoiding a second laparotomy. The technique used in this series of six unruptured ectopic pregnancies of the ampulla consisted in a subserous enucleation-excision of the ectopic ovum with end-to-end anastomosis on a polyethylene wire, followed by early hydrotubations. Hysterosalpingographic controls performed 3 months after the operation showed in all six cases bilateral passage and peritoneal spill of the contrast medium. Three patients have at the time of writing intrauterine pregnancy (16, 22 and 33 weeks old). Thus the anatomical integrity of the fallopian tubes could be restored in every case, as early as the emergency laparotomy for suspicion of unruptured ectopic pregnancy confirmed by laparoscopy. No early or late postoperative complications occurred in this series.", "contents": "[Immediate reconstructive surgery in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy (author's transl)]. In cases of non ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy, the first results of immediate reconstructive surgery demonstrate the need to give up classical salpingectomy, and the possibility of avoiding a second laparotomy. The technique used in this series of six unruptured ectopic pregnancies of the ampulla consisted in a subserous enucleation-excision of the ectopic ovum with end-to-end anastomosis on a polyethylene wire, followed by early hydrotubations. Hysterosalpingographic controls performed 3 months after the operation showed in all six cases bilateral passage and peritoneal spill of the contrast medium. Three patients have at the time of writing intrauterine pregnancy (16, 22 and 33 weeks old). Thus the anatomical integrity of the fallopian tubes could be restored in every case, as early as the emergency laparotomy for suspicion of unruptured ectopic pregnancy confirmed by laparoscopy. No early or late postoperative complications occurred in this series.", "PMID": 744867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6160", "title": "[The plasma and urinary hormone profiles during treatment with human gonadotrophins (author's transl)].", "content": "This study presents 6 cases of sterility that had anovulation or disturbances of ovulation treated by HMG HCG. Induction of ovulation was monitored by daily urinary oestrogen assays. The parallel study of the plasma profiles of oestradiol 17 beta, of FSH, and of LH obtained during the induction of ovulation show that the cycles in induced ovulation are not physiological in character. On comparison of the plasma profiles with the urinary profiles a significance delay is shown in the urinary oestrogen profile as compared with the plasma one and explains to a certain extent the results that were obtained.", "contents": "[The plasma and urinary hormone profiles during treatment with human gonadotrophins (author's transl)]. This study presents 6 cases of sterility that had anovulation or disturbances of ovulation treated by HMG HCG. Induction of ovulation was monitored by daily urinary oestrogen assays. The parallel study of the plasma profiles of oestradiol 17 beta, of FSH, and of LH obtained during the induction of ovulation show that the cycles in induced ovulation are not physiological in character. On comparison of the plasma profiles with the urinary profiles a significance delay is shown in the urinary oestrogen profile as compared with the plasma one and explains to a certain extent the results that were obtained.", "PMID": 744868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6161", "title": "[Accidents that can occur during fetal direct electro-cardiographic recording. Concerning a fracture of the scalp electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of fracture of a double spiral scalp electrode. One of the two spirals stayed in the scalp tissue when the electrode was being removed. This spiral was localised by X-Rays and was removed under local anaesthetic. There were no complications. No similar case of such an accident has been reported in the literature and this is the first happening in our 2,472 cases of monitoring. Of the other serious complications which are mentioned in the literature, abscess of the scalp is the most frequent at 0.4 per cent (9). We have had no complications in 2,472 cases of monitoring. The outcome of such an abscess is usually quite benign, but there have been two cases of septicaemia followed by death reported. The complication of infection is serious and has to be treated carefully by disinfection. Two other complications have been noted and that is, tearing or ripping off a little of the scalp (2 cases in 2,472 monitorings). Spinal fluid leakage has been reported when an electrode was placed on a fontanelle and haemorrhage. Most of these complications took place when the clip electrodes which have now been abandoned were used and, their frequency being rare, does not invalidate the definite advantages of direct monitoring of the fetus in labour.", "contents": "[Accidents that can occur during fetal direct electro-cardiographic recording. Concerning a fracture of the scalp electrode (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of fracture of a double spiral scalp electrode. One of the two spirals stayed in the scalp tissue when the electrode was being removed. This spiral was localised by X-Rays and was removed under local anaesthetic. There were no complications. No similar case of such an accident has been reported in the literature and this is the first happening in our 2,472 cases of monitoring. Of the other serious complications which are mentioned in the literature, abscess of the scalp is the most frequent at 0.4 per cent (9). We have had no complications in 2,472 cases of monitoring. The outcome of such an abscess is usually quite benign, but there have been two cases of septicaemia followed by death reported. The complication of infection is serious and has to be treated carefully by disinfection. Two other complications have been noted and that is, tearing or ripping off a little of the scalp (2 cases in 2,472 monitorings). Spinal fluid leakage has been reported when an electrode was placed on a fontanelle and haemorrhage. Most of these complications took place when the clip electrodes which have now been abandoned were used and, their frequency being rare, does not invalidate the definite advantages of direct monitoring of the fetus in labour.", "PMID": 744866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6162", "title": "Chromatographic comparisons of heterotic rat liver histones.", "content": "Chromatographic comparisons of histones isolated by acid extraction of liver chromatin preparations from F344 inbred rats and their paternal heterotic F344 X H hybrid progeny reveal the presence of a number of age-and line-specific nonhistones also extractable in acid. The patterns of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) remain relatively constant during development, while histone H1 shows unusual chromatographic properties in the 30- and 35-day hybrid preparations. In general, the complexity of the nonhistone fraction decreases as the animal ages. Such variations may be a reflection of a prelude to altered genetic activity in organisms undergoing growth and development at different rates, and may have significant implications for transcriptional processes.", "contents": "Chromatographic comparisons of heterotic rat liver histones. Chromatographic comparisons of histones isolated by acid extraction of liver chromatin preparations from F344 inbred rats and their paternal heterotic F344 X H hybrid progeny reveal the presence of a number of age-and line-specific nonhistones also extractable in acid. The patterns of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) remain relatively constant during development, while histone H1 shows unusual chromatographic properties in the 30- and 35-day hybrid preparations. In general, the complexity of the nonhistone fraction decreases as the animal ages. Such variations may be a reflection of a prelude to altered genetic activity in organisms undergoing growth and development at different rates, and may have significant implications for transcriptional processes.", "PMID": 744870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6163", "title": "Phaeomelanin synthesis and obesity in mice. Interaction of the viable yellow (Avy) and sombre (eso) mutations.", "content": "Is abnormal regulation of phaeomelanin synthesis, which results in yellow coat color, inextricably linked to the development of obesity in viable yellow (Avy) house mice? To answer this question, black male mice of genotypes Avy/A eso/e+ and A/ae eso/e+ were produced from (DFT/Wf X C3H-1 vyfB/HeWf X SO/LeWf matings. The sombre (eso) mutation prevents phaeomelanin synthesis; therefore, all mice carrying this dominant allele are black regardless of the alleles present at the agouti locus. These black males were weighed weekly to 18 weeks of age. Simultaneously the agouti locus genotype of each male was determined by test matings to a/a e+/e+ females. The results of these test matings indicated that the two genotypes could be classified rather accurately by the intensity of pigmentation of the belly hair. Black Avy mice tended to have more dilute belly pigmentation that black A/ae mice. These gross observations were confirmed by microscopic examination of several hair types. Black Avy males reached a mean body weight of 44.2 +/- 0.6 g at 18 weeks, while black A males had a mean weight of 30.7 +/- 0.4 g at the same age. It is concluded that excessive weight gain resulting in obesity is induced by the Avy gene even when phaeomelanin synthesis is completely inhibited.", "contents": "Phaeomelanin synthesis and obesity in mice. Interaction of the viable yellow (Avy) and sombre (eso) mutations. Is abnormal regulation of phaeomelanin synthesis, which results in yellow coat color, inextricably linked to the development of obesity in viable yellow (Avy) house mice? To answer this question, black male mice of genotypes Avy/A eso/e+ and A/ae eso/e+ were produced from (DFT/Wf X C3H-1 vyfB/HeWf X SO/LeWf matings. The sombre (eso) mutation prevents phaeomelanin synthesis; therefore, all mice carrying this dominant allele are black regardless of the alleles present at the agouti locus. These black males were weighed weekly to 18 weeks of age. Simultaneously the agouti locus genotype of each male was determined by test matings to a/a e+/e+ females. The results of these test matings indicated that the two genotypes could be classified rather accurately by the intensity of pigmentation of the belly hair. Black Avy mice tended to have more dilute belly pigmentation that black A/ae mice. These gross observations were confirmed by microscopic examination of several hair types. Black Avy males reached a mean body weight of 44.2 +/- 0.6 g at 18 weeks, while black A males had a mean weight of 30.7 +/- 0.4 g at the same age. It is concluded that excessive weight gain resulting in obesity is induced by the Avy gene even when phaeomelanin synthesis is completely inhibited.", "PMID": 744871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6164", "title": "G-band patterns, hemoglobin, and transferrin types of the bharal: chromosomal evolutionary relationships with sheep and goats.", "content": "G-band patterns of the bharal (Pseudois nayaur), 2n = 54, were compared with those of wild sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), 2n = 54, and the Persian wild goat (Capra hircus), 2n = 60. Patterns of the longer segments of the biarmed chromosomes of Pseudois were similar to those of the longer biarmed segments of Ovis, whereas the shorter segments differed. Biarmed chromosomal segments had G-band homologies with specific acrocentric autosomes of Capra and were ranked as follows in descending order of relative lengths: Pseudois 1:4/13; 2:1/27 and 3:3/29; and for Ovis 1:1/5; 2:3/10 and 3:4.9. Arm ratios and relative lengths of the biarmed chromosomes were compared. The Y chromosome of Pseudois is a small biarmed chromosome that resembles those of Capra and Ovis. Hemoglobin B was observed in the bharal and was indistinguishable from Hb B of Ovis using starch-gel electrophoresis. The transferrin \"zone pair\" of Pseudois migrated more slowly in starch-gel electrophoresis than do any of the known transferrin types in sheep and goats. We refer to this transferrin as Pseudois Tf A. The biarmed formations of Pseudois and Ovis are discussed in relation to karyotype evolution and possible speciation.", "contents": "G-band patterns, hemoglobin, and transferrin types of the bharal: chromosomal evolutionary relationships with sheep and goats. G-band patterns of the bharal (Pseudois nayaur), 2n = 54, were compared with those of wild sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), 2n = 54, and the Persian wild goat (Capra hircus), 2n = 60. Patterns of the longer segments of the biarmed chromosomes of Pseudois were similar to those of the longer biarmed segments of Ovis, whereas the shorter segments differed. Biarmed chromosomal segments had G-band homologies with specific acrocentric autosomes of Capra and were ranked as follows in descending order of relative lengths: Pseudois 1:4/13; 2:1/27 and 3:3/29; and for Ovis 1:1/5; 2:3/10 and 3:4.9. Arm ratios and relative lengths of the biarmed chromosomes were compared. The Y chromosome of Pseudois is a small biarmed chromosome that resembles those of Capra and Ovis. Hemoglobin B was observed in the bharal and was indistinguishable from Hb B of Ovis using starch-gel electrophoresis. The transferrin \"zone pair\" of Pseudois migrated more slowly in starch-gel electrophoresis than do any of the known transferrin types in sheep and goats. We refer to this transferrin as Pseudois Tf A. The biarmed formations of Pseudois and Ovis are discussed in relation to karyotype evolution and possible speciation.", "PMID": 744872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6165", "title": "[Classification of oral contraceptives and its practical application to choice of prescriptions].", "content": "The authors have tried to classify the oral contraceptives at present in use throughout the world by their respective levels of oestrogenic and progestogenic components, taking into consideration also the relative strength of each product in use. They have based this classification on their personal experience of the several oral contraceptive products and on a profound study of the international literature. In this way it is possible to define a place for each oral contraceptive so that it can be chosen for the best possible use of a particular product for the hormonal background of the person using the contraceptive. It is true that changes have to be made to work out the oral contraceptives used for masses of people, but on the other hand in countries where there is sufficient medical personnel and education so that it is possible to think out and to prescribe for an individual, it seems to us useful that the doctor who is prescribing should try to adjust the oral contraceptive to the hormonal climate of the woman seeking it. This is true not only for the first time a prescription is made but in cases where by the accident of failure to tolerate the product something must be done to correct the troubles that are so often found in the first months after starting to use contraceptive products. This study includes a general picture of all oral contraceptives in which the products have been classified according to the total dose of oestrogens administered and according to the proportions of progesterone to oestrogens which make up the hormonal climate of the product. On the other hand this study also includes a list of the observations to make in order to adapt the oral contraceptive to the side-effects shown after the first prescription. The authors have come to the conclusion that by adapting the choice of a particular oral contraceptive to the woman who is to receive it interruptions in taking the contraceptive because of side-effects should be avoided. So unwanted pregnancies will be avoided and also the termination of these unwanted pregnancies.", "contents": "[Classification of oral contraceptives and its practical application to choice of prescriptions]. The authors have tried to classify the oral contraceptives at present in use throughout the world by their respective levels of oestrogenic and progestogenic components, taking into consideration also the relative strength of each product in use. They have based this classification on their personal experience of the several oral contraceptive products and on a profound study of the international literature. In this way it is possible to define a place for each oral contraceptive so that it can be chosen for the best possible use of a particular product for the hormonal background of the person using the contraceptive. It is true that changes have to be made to work out the oral contraceptives used for masses of people, but on the other hand in countries where there is sufficient medical personnel and education so that it is possible to think out and to prescribe for an individual, it seems to us useful that the doctor who is prescribing should try to adjust the oral contraceptive to the hormonal climate of the woman seeking it. This is true not only for the first time a prescription is made but in cases where by the accident of failure to tolerate the product something must be done to correct the troubles that are so often found in the first months after starting to use contraceptive products. This study includes a general picture of all oral contraceptives in which the products have been classified according to the total dose of oestrogens administered and according to the proportions of progesterone to oestrogens which make up the hormonal climate of the product. On the other hand this study also includes a list of the observations to make in order to adapt the oral contraceptive to the side-effects shown after the first prescription. The authors have come to the conclusion that by adapting the choice of a particular oral contraceptive to the woman who is to receive it interruptions in taking the contraceptive because of side-effects should be avoided. So unwanted pregnancies will be avoided and also the termination of these unwanted pregnancies.", "PMID": 744869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6166", "title": "Effect of rabbit strain on activity level and cytotoxicity of serum complement. II. Comparison of five murine target cells.", "content": "Serum samples from about 10 males and 10 females from each of 15 genetically defined strains of rabbits and from one hybrid were tested as sources of complement for the microtiter lymphocytotoxicity test using as target cells lymph node cells from C3H/HeJ, B10/Sn, BALB/cJ, and DBA/2J strain mice. The lynph node cells were tested with appropriate H-2 alloantisera. Results indicated marked strain differences. Correlation analysis of these data with data using primarily aliquots from the same serum samples tested against lymph node cells from B10.A/Sn mice showed clearly that a genetically defined population of rabbits that provided serum of high quality for one of these test systems would in general work reasonably well in any one of the other four. The correlation coefficients in all possible combinations ranged from +0.49 to +0.92. Of the five strains tested, the results obtained from BALB/cJ appear to be the best predictors of the results in the other four strains (r values were +0.74, +0.57, \"0.76, and +0.92). Studies are in progress to test rabbit serum complement samples against the more demanding tumor cells.", "contents": "Effect of rabbit strain on activity level and cytotoxicity of serum complement. II. Comparison of five murine target cells. Serum samples from about 10 males and 10 females from each of 15 genetically defined strains of rabbits and from one hybrid were tested as sources of complement for the microtiter lymphocytotoxicity test using as target cells lymph node cells from C3H/HeJ, B10/Sn, BALB/cJ, and DBA/2J strain mice. The lynph node cells were tested with appropriate H-2 alloantisera. Results indicated marked strain differences. Correlation analysis of these data with data using primarily aliquots from the same serum samples tested against lymph node cells from B10.A/Sn mice showed clearly that a genetically defined population of rabbits that provided serum of high quality for one of these test systems would in general work reasonably well in any one of the other four. The correlation coefficients in all possible combinations ranged from +0.49 to +0.92. Of the five strains tested, the results obtained from BALB/cJ appear to be the best predictors of the results in the other four strains (r values were +0.74, +0.57, \"0.76, and +0.92). Studies are in progress to test rabbit serum complement samples against the more demanding tumor cells.", "PMID": 744874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6167", "title": "Mus musculus x Mus caroli hybrids: mouse mules.", "content": "Analysis of six enzymes using starch gel electrophoresis indicates that autosomal and X-linked genes of both parental species are expressed normally in M. musculus X M. caroli hybrids. There is no evidence for allelic repression for the four autosomally inherited enzymes. Banding patterns for G6PD and PGK-1 indicate that X-chromosome inactivation occurs and that the maternally derived M. musculus X-chromosome is preferentially expressed in the yolk sac. Despite normal genetic expression none of the four adult female hybrids was fertile and the male hybrids tended to be retarded during fetal development. The routine production of fetal M. musculus X M. caroli hybrids, heterozygous for three X-linked genes coding for G6PD, PGK-1, and HPRT, should provide an excellent system for the analysis of X-chromosome expression and an alternative to the mule for studies of hybrid reproduction and development.", "contents": "Mus musculus x Mus caroli hybrids: mouse mules. Analysis of six enzymes using starch gel electrophoresis indicates that autosomal and X-linked genes of both parental species are expressed normally in M. musculus X M. caroli hybrids. There is no evidence for allelic repression for the four autosomally inherited enzymes. Banding patterns for G6PD and PGK-1 indicate that X-chromosome inactivation occurs and that the maternally derived M. musculus X-chromosome is preferentially expressed in the yolk sac. Despite normal genetic expression none of the four adult female hybrids was fertile and the male hybrids tended to be retarded during fetal development. The routine production of fetal M. musculus X M. caroli hybrids, heterozygous for three X-linked genes coding for G6PD, PGK-1, and HPRT, should provide an excellent system for the analysis of X-chromosome expression and an alternative to the mule for studies of hybrid reproduction and development.", "PMID": 744873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6168", "title": "Increased stability of a hybrid molecule.", "content": "The spectrophotometric assay of serum ADH of the quail-chicken hybrid shows, after thermal denaturation carried out at 50 degrees C, a greater residual activity that that of either parental serum; such increased resistance to heat reflects a greater stability of the hybrid molecule.", "contents": "Increased stability of a hybrid molecule. The spectrophotometric assay of serum ADH of the quail-chicken hybrid shows, after thermal denaturation carried out at 50 degrees C, a greater residual activity that that of either parental serum; such increased resistance to heat reflects a greater stability of the hybrid molecule.", "PMID": 744876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6169", "title": "Feedback control by the testis of gonadotrophin secretion: an examination of the inhibin hypothesis.", "content": "Spermatogenesis in rats was interrupted by local X-irradiation, heat or ligation of the testicular efferent ducts. A significant and specific rise in the serum level of FSH occurred 5--8 days after ligation of the efferent ducts, reaching twice the value observed in sham-operated controls by 21 days after the operation. After the testes were heated to 43 degrees C for 30 min, the serum levels of both LH and FSH were raised within 3 days and remained so up to 50 days after treatment. After X-irradiation, no changes in the concentration of FSH were observed in the first 21 days after treatment, but the serum levels of both gonadotrophins were increased at 49 days. By comparing the relative increases in the concentrations of FSH and LH after germ cell damage with those occurring after castration, it was evident that testicular androgens could account for only part of the normal feedback control of FSH secretion; at least one third of the inhibition of FSH secretion appeared to be due to non-androgenic sources, presumably 'inhibin'.", "contents": "Feedback control by the testis of gonadotrophin secretion: an examination of the inhibin hypothesis. Spermatogenesis in rats was interrupted by local X-irradiation, heat or ligation of the testicular efferent ducts. A significant and specific rise in the serum level of FSH occurred 5--8 days after ligation of the efferent ducts, reaching twice the value observed in sham-operated controls by 21 days after the operation. After the testes were heated to 43 degrees C for 30 min, the serum levels of both LH and FSH were raised within 3 days and remained so up to 50 days after treatment. After X-irradiation, no changes in the concentration of FSH were observed in the first 21 days after treatment, but the serum levels of both gonadotrophins were increased at 49 days. By comparing the relative increases in the concentrations of FSH and LH after germ cell damage with those occurring after castration, it was evident that testicular androgens could account for only part of the normal feedback control of FSH secretion; at least one third of the inhibition of FSH secretion appeared to be due to non-androgenic sources, presumably 'inhibin'.", "PMID": 744923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6170", "title": "Dependence of glutamine metabolism and ammonia synthesis on sex in rat kidney slices.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of glutamine, production of ammonia and consumption of O2 were studied in kidney slices isolated from mature, gonadectomized and newborn male and female rats in the presence of 0.05, 0.5, 2 and 5 mM-glutamine. Slices isolated from mature intact female rats showed significantly greater conversion of glutamine into CO2 and NH3 without any change in the total uptake of glutamine when compared with all other experimental groups. No difference in O2 consumption was found between mature male and female animals. Ovariectomy reduced glutamine metabolism, NH3 production and O2 consumption without any effect on the total uptake of glutamine. In contrast, castration did not significantly affect glutamine metabolism and production of NH3 but did reduce O2 consumption. Newborn (20- to 21-day-old) rats showed no sex-dependent differences in glutamine uptake and metabolism, production of NH3 and consumption of O2, but values for all these parameters were lower in kidney slices from newborn animals than in kidney slices from mature, intact or gonadectomized male and female rats. It is concluded that in female rats, metabolism of glutamine and production of NH3 may be influenced by ovarian sex hormones.", "contents": "Dependence of glutamine metabolism and ammonia synthesis on sex in rat kidney slices. The uptake and metabolism of glutamine, production of ammonia and consumption of O2 were studied in kidney slices isolated from mature, gonadectomized and newborn male and female rats in the presence of 0.05, 0.5, 2 and 5 mM-glutamine. Slices isolated from mature intact female rats showed significantly greater conversion of glutamine into CO2 and NH3 without any change in the total uptake of glutamine when compared with all other experimental groups. No difference in O2 consumption was found between mature male and female animals. Ovariectomy reduced glutamine metabolism, NH3 production and O2 consumption without any effect on the total uptake of glutamine. In contrast, castration did not significantly affect glutamine metabolism and production of NH3 but did reduce O2 consumption. Newborn (20- to 21-day-old) rats showed no sex-dependent differences in glutamine uptake and metabolism, production of NH3 and consumption of O2, but values for all these parameters were lower in kidney slices from newborn animals than in kidney slices from mature, intact or gonadectomized male and female rats. It is concluded that in female rats, metabolism of glutamine and production of NH3 may be influenced by ovarian sex hormones.", "PMID": 744924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6171", "title": "Effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in hypophysectomized rats on a diet without vitamin D and low in calcium.", "content": "The metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)D3) was investigated in rats fed a diet low in calcium and without vitamin D for 4 weeks after hypophysectomy. Compared with intact rats on the same diet these animals had a low serum phosphorus concentration, a less marked degree of hypocalcaemia and their parathyroid gland was not hypertrophied. Eighteen hours after i.p. injection of a single dose of tritiated 25-(OH)D3, chromatography of serum extracts on Sephadex LH-20 showed that the percentage of radioactivity corresponding to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) was lower in hypophysectomized rats than in control rats. High-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that 81% of this material had the same elution profile as 1,25-(OH)2D3. The percentage of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the serum of hypophysectomized rats could be increased to the level seen in the controls by chronic treatment with bovine growth hormone. This action of growth hormone was most probably independent of the parathyroid glands since the injection of parathyroid extract did not alter 25-(OH)D3 metabolism in hyophysectomized animals. These results suggest that the decrease in the conversion of 25-(OH)D3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3 after hypophysectomy may be related to the lack of growth hormone.", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in hypophysectomized rats on a diet without vitamin D and low in calcium. The metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)D3) was investigated in rats fed a diet low in calcium and without vitamin D for 4 weeks after hypophysectomy. Compared with intact rats on the same diet these animals had a low serum phosphorus concentration, a less marked degree of hypocalcaemia and their parathyroid gland was not hypertrophied. Eighteen hours after i.p. injection of a single dose of tritiated 25-(OH)D3, chromatography of serum extracts on Sephadex LH-20 showed that the percentage of radioactivity corresponding to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) was lower in hypophysectomized rats than in control rats. High-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that 81% of this material had the same elution profile as 1,25-(OH)2D3. The percentage of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the serum of hypophysectomized rats could be increased to the level seen in the controls by chronic treatment with bovine growth hormone. This action of growth hormone was most probably independent of the parathyroid glands since the injection of parathyroid extract did not alter 25-(OH)D3 metabolism in hyophysectomized animals. These results suggest that the decrease in the conversion of 25-(OH)D3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3 after hypophysectomy may be related to the lack of growth hormone.", "PMID": 744925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6172", "title": "The importance of prolactin for lactation in the ewe.", "content": "The effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (bromocriptine) on the induction, initiation and maintenance of milk secretion was studied in post-parturient ewes and in ovariectomized ewes artificially induced to lactate by treatment with oestrogen plus progesterone and then dexamethasone. Treatment with bromocriptine (about 0.4 mg/kg every 3 days) lowered and maintained the plasma concentration of prolactin at less than 12 ng/ml. Ewes receiving bromocriptine concurrently with oestrogen plus progesterone during the priming phase had a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) mean cumulative milk yield than control ewes, although the milk of the treated ewes contained normal amounts of fat, protein and lactose. Administration of bromocriptine during dexamethasone-induced lactogenesis had no significant effect on the mean cumulative milk yield but significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the milk fat and protein content. In established lactation, bromocriptine markedly reduced the milk yield in both intact and ovariectomized ewes. The concentration of protein was not significantly affected although the milk fat content was higher in the bromocriptine-treated than in the control ewes. The effects of bromocriptine on milk yield and composition during galactopoiesis could be reversed by concurrent infusion of prolactin and the results suggest that prolatin is an important hormone during mammogenesis and galactopoiesis in the sheep.", "contents": "The importance of prolactin for lactation in the ewe. The effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (bromocriptine) on the induction, initiation and maintenance of milk secretion was studied in post-parturient ewes and in ovariectomized ewes artificially induced to lactate by treatment with oestrogen plus progesterone and then dexamethasone. Treatment with bromocriptine (about 0.4 mg/kg every 3 days) lowered and maintained the plasma concentration of prolactin at less than 12 ng/ml. Ewes receiving bromocriptine concurrently with oestrogen plus progesterone during the priming phase had a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) mean cumulative milk yield than control ewes, although the milk of the treated ewes contained normal amounts of fat, protein and lactose. Administration of bromocriptine during dexamethasone-induced lactogenesis had no significant effect on the mean cumulative milk yield but significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the milk fat and protein content. In established lactation, bromocriptine markedly reduced the milk yield in both intact and ovariectomized ewes. The concentration of protein was not significantly affected although the milk fat content was higher in the bromocriptine-treated than in the control ewes. The effects of bromocriptine on milk yield and composition during galactopoiesis could be reversed by concurrent infusion of prolactin and the results suggest that prolatin is an important hormone during mammogenesis and galactopoiesis in the sheep.", "PMID": 744926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6173", "title": "Evidence for specific progesterone receptors in rat brain cytosol.", "content": "Cytosol prepared from rat brains perfused with saline possesses saturable macromolecular components which form unstable complexes with [3H]progesterone in vitro. The components can be distinguished from the serum protein corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) which also binds progesterone. Unlike CBG, the cytosol components did not bind corticosterone and were more unstable in the presence of Sephadex LH-20 than was CBG. Furthermore, the components were precipitated by a concentration of ammonium sulphate in which CBG is soluble. Unlabelled progesterone and testosterone competed equipotently with [3H)progesterone, and 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and deoxycorticosterone competed to a lesser extent, whereas oestradiol, corticosterone and 11 beta-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3,20-dione were not bound. Although present in all brain tissues examined and in uterine and anterior pituitary tissue, the saturable binding was not detectable in cytosols from the spleen or diaphragm. Complete exchange occurred in the incubation at 0 degrees C between [3H)progesterone and unlabelled progesterone and the saturable binding sites and the reaction attained apparent equilibrium within 2 h at this temperature. An incubation temperature of 30 degrees C resulted in an almost complete loss of saturable binding. Scatchard plots obtained from binding isotherms were curvilinear and yielded at least three dissociation constants (Kd), two of higher affinity (Kd congruent to 10(-8) mol/l) and one about sixty times lower. From these results it is concluded that rat brain cytosol possesses progesterone-selective components which fulfil some of the criteria required for steroid hormone receptors.", "contents": "Evidence for specific progesterone receptors in rat brain cytosol. Cytosol prepared from rat brains perfused with saline possesses saturable macromolecular components which form unstable complexes with [3H]progesterone in vitro. The components can be distinguished from the serum protein corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) which also binds progesterone. Unlike CBG, the cytosol components did not bind corticosterone and were more unstable in the presence of Sephadex LH-20 than was CBG. Furthermore, the components were precipitated by a concentration of ammonium sulphate in which CBG is soluble. Unlabelled progesterone and testosterone competed equipotently with [3H)progesterone, and 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and deoxycorticosterone competed to a lesser extent, whereas oestradiol, corticosterone and 11 beta-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3,20-dione were not bound. Although present in all brain tissues examined and in uterine and anterior pituitary tissue, the saturable binding was not detectable in cytosols from the spleen or diaphragm. Complete exchange occurred in the incubation at 0 degrees C between [3H)progesterone and unlabelled progesterone and the saturable binding sites and the reaction attained apparent equilibrium within 2 h at this temperature. An incubation temperature of 30 degrees C resulted in an almost complete loss of saturable binding. Scatchard plots obtained from binding isotherms were curvilinear and yielded at least three dissociation constants (Kd), two of higher affinity (Kd congruent to 10(-8) mol/l) and one about sixty times lower. From these results it is concluded that rat brain cytosol possesses progesterone-selective components which fulfil some of the criteria required for steroid hormone receptors.", "PMID": 744927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6174", "title": "Effects of active immunization of female rabbits against testosterone.", "content": "Prepubertal (immature) and mature female rabbits were actively immunized against testosterone-3-oxime-bovine serum albumin over a period of 11 weeks. The antibody titre was significant in all animals by 5 weeks. The concentration of FSH in prepubertal animals decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) between weeks 1 and 5, but no significant changes were observed in the concentration of LH at any time. After immunization for 8 weeks, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the serum concentration of androgen and the percentage of bound testosterone also increased (P less than 0.05). The serum concentration of oestradiol increased after immunization for 11 weeks, compared with values at 8 weeks (P less than 0.05) and oestradiol binding also rose by week 5 (P less than 0.01). Libido was not affected and significantly (P less than 0.005) increased numbers of ovulations were noted in immunized animals. These results suggest that immunization of the female rabbit against testosterone may disrupt the normal regulation of follicular maturation.", "contents": "Effects of active immunization of female rabbits against testosterone. Prepubertal (immature) and mature female rabbits were actively immunized against testosterone-3-oxime-bovine serum albumin over a period of 11 weeks. The antibody titre was significant in all animals by 5 weeks. The concentration of FSH in prepubertal animals decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) between weeks 1 and 5, but no significant changes were observed in the concentration of LH at any time. After immunization for 8 weeks, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the serum concentration of androgen and the percentage of bound testosterone also increased (P less than 0.05). The serum concentration of oestradiol increased after immunization for 11 weeks, compared with values at 8 weeks (P less than 0.05) and oestradiol binding also rose by week 5 (P less than 0.01). Libido was not affected and significantly (P less than 0.005) increased numbers of ovulations were noted in immunized animals. These results suggest that immunization of the female rabbit against testosterone may disrupt the normal regulation of follicular maturation.", "PMID": 744928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6175", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3'-di-iodothyronine in unextracted serum: the effect of endogenous tri-iodothyronine.", "content": "The development of a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for 3,3'-di-iodothyronine (3,3'-T2) is described. The assay was applied to the measurement of 3,3'-T2 in unextracted human serum and used 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonic acid to inhibit the binding of 3,3'-T2 to serum transport proteins. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 2 fmol 3,3'-T2 per tube, which corresponded to 10 pmol 3,3'-T2/l serum. The mean concentration of 3,3'-T2 in normal serum was found to be 23 pmol/l, which is considerably lower than most values reported previously. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cross-reactivity of tri-iodothyronine with the antiserum to 3,3'-T2 is an important factor in the measurement of serum concentrations of 3,3'-T2 by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3'-di-iodothyronine in unextracted serum: the effect of endogenous tri-iodothyronine. The development of a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for 3,3'-di-iodothyronine (3,3'-T2) is described. The assay was applied to the measurement of 3,3'-T2 in unextracted human serum and used 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonic acid to inhibit the binding of 3,3'-T2 to serum transport proteins. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 2 fmol 3,3'-T2 per tube, which corresponded to 10 pmol 3,3'-T2/l serum. The mean concentration of 3,3'-T2 in normal serum was found to be 23 pmol/l, which is considerably lower than most values reported previously. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cross-reactivity of tri-iodothyronine with the antiserum to 3,3'-T2 is an important factor in the measurement of serum concentrations of 3,3'-T2 by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 744929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6176", "title": "Generation of somatomedin activity in response to growth hormone and insulin from isolated perfused livers of normal and protein-malnourished rats.", "content": "The generation of somatomedin activity by isolated perfused livers was examined in protein-malnourished (4% casein diet) and well-nourished (controls, 20% casein diet) rats. There was significantly less somatomedin activity (measured by the porcine costal cartilage bioassay), after perfusion for 2 h, in the perfusates from the livers of malnourished rats both in hormone-free perfusates and perfusates containing hormones (10 microgram GH/ml, 1000 microunits insulin/ml or a combination of the two). A reduction in the somatomedin activity generated by the liver may be the mechanism responsible for the low serum level of somatomedin (in spite of raised or normal levels of growth hormone) in human or experimental protein malnutrition.", "contents": "Generation of somatomedin activity in response to growth hormone and insulin from isolated perfused livers of normal and protein-malnourished rats. The generation of somatomedin activity by isolated perfused livers was examined in protein-malnourished (4% casein diet) and well-nourished (controls, 20% casein diet) rats. There was significantly less somatomedin activity (measured by the porcine costal cartilage bioassay), after perfusion for 2 h, in the perfusates from the livers of malnourished rats both in hormone-free perfusates and perfusates containing hormones (10 microgram GH/ml, 1000 microunits insulin/ml or a combination of the two). A reduction in the somatomedin activity generated by the liver may be the mechanism responsible for the low serum level of somatomedin (in spite of raised or normal levels of growth hormone) in human or experimental protein malnutrition.", "PMID": 744930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6177", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of arginine-vasopressin in human urine and its use in physiological and pathological states.", "content": "A highly specific radioimmunoassay for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in human urine has been developed, with a detection limit of 2.2 fmol/ml. The mean recovery of added AVP was 99.5 +/- 3.1 (S.D.)% when correction was made for the fact that an inverse relationship was observed between the recovery of AVP and the osmolality of the urine. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 3.5--7 and 2.5--10% respectively. Arginine-vasopressin remains stable in urine after repeated freezing and thawing after storage at 4 or 20 degrees C for up to 7 days and at -20 degrees C for more than 3 months. During unrestricted fluid intake in normal people, the mean rate of renal excretion of AVP was 95 +/- 68 (S.D.) fmol/min. An isosmotic reduction of 9% in the plasma volume increased the excretion of AVP to 259 +/- 147 (S.D.) fmol/min. At the height of water-induced diuresis the rate of excretion fell to 70 +/- 28 (S.D.) fmol/min. Fluid deprivation for 18 h produced a moderate but significant increase in mean excretion of AVP, to a value of 116 +/- 67 (S.D.) fmol/min. Patients with compulsive water drinking showed a normal relationship between urine osmolality and the rate of excretion of AVP. In pituitary diabetes insipidus, AVP was undetectable, whereas in hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus a progressive increase in the rate of excretion of AVP was observed in response to dehydration. There was a wide variation in the rate of excretion of AVP (range 126--8704 fmol/min) in patients with unexplained hyponatraemia, presumed to be due to an inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Despite this variation, the relationship between urine osmolality and the rate of excretion of AVP clearly differed from that observed in normal people.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of arginine-vasopressin in human urine and its use in physiological and pathological states. A highly specific radioimmunoassay for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in human urine has been developed, with a detection limit of 2.2 fmol/ml. The mean recovery of added AVP was 99.5 +/- 3.1 (S.D.)% when correction was made for the fact that an inverse relationship was observed between the recovery of AVP and the osmolality of the urine. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 3.5--7 and 2.5--10% respectively. Arginine-vasopressin remains stable in urine after repeated freezing and thawing after storage at 4 or 20 degrees C for up to 7 days and at -20 degrees C for more than 3 months. During unrestricted fluid intake in normal people, the mean rate of renal excretion of AVP was 95 +/- 68 (S.D.) fmol/min. An isosmotic reduction of 9% in the plasma volume increased the excretion of AVP to 259 +/- 147 (S.D.) fmol/min. At the height of water-induced diuresis the rate of excretion fell to 70 +/- 28 (S.D.) fmol/min. Fluid deprivation for 18 h produced a moderate but significant increase in mean excretion of AVP, to a value of 116 +/- 67 (S.D.) fmol/min. Patients with compulsive water drinking showed a normal relationship between urine osmolality and the rate of excretion of AVP. In pituitary diabetes insipidus, AVP was undetectable, whereas in hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus a progressive increase in the rate of excretion of AVP was observed in response to dehydration. There was a wide variation in the rate of excretion of AVP (range 126--8704 fmol/min) in patients with unexplained hyponatraemia, presumed to be due to an inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Despite this variation, the relationship between urine osmolality and the rate of excretion of AVP clearly differed from that observed in normal people.", "PMID": 744931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6178", "title": "'Transdifferentiation' of chicken neural retina into lens and pigment epithelium in culture: controlling influences.", "content": "The in vitro transdifferentiation of chicken embryo neural retina into pigment epithelium and lens cells was investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. Our findings suggest that some aspects of the phenomena are a function of medium composition and volume, whereas others depend upon conditions which develop during culture growth. Before melanin is visible, potential pigment cells are recognized as foci within epithelial sheets which remain in contact with the dish. The final area occupied by colonies of potential pigment cells is directly proportional to bicarbonate concentration. Low total medium volume also favours formation of potential pigment cells. In contrast the extent of cells other than potential pigment cells is not related to bicarbonate and is favoured when the volume of medium is large. Accumulation of melanin within the potential pigment cell colonies is suppressed when cells are crowded together. Lentoid bodies are formed from cells which are distinct from potential pigment cells and arise in crowded situations, in association with multilayering. Another type of structure superficially resembling a lentoid is derived from cell aggregates formed during the initial establishment of cultures. The survival of these 'aggregate bodies' is inversely related to bicarbonate concentration. Crystallin content is unrelated to lentoid numbers. The results provide the basis for a new hypothesis concerning cytodifferentiation in this system.", "contents": "'Transdifferentiation' of chicken neural retina into lens and pigment epithelium in culture: controlling influences. The in vitro transdifferentiation of chicken embryo neural retina into pigment epithelium and lens cells was investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. Our findings suggest that some aspects of the phenomena are a function of medium composition and volume, whereas others depend upon conditions which develop during culture growth. Before melanin is visible, potential pigment cells are recognized as foci within epithelial sheets which remain in contact with the dish. The final area occupied by colonies of potential pigment cells is directly proportional to bicarbonate concentration. Low total medium volume also favours formation of potential pigment cells. In contrast the extent of cells other than potential pigment cells is not related to bicarbonate and is favoured when the volume of medium is large. Accumulation of melanin within the potential pigment cell colonies is suppressed when cells are crowded together. Lentoid bodies are formed from cells which are distinct from potential pigment cells and arise in crowded situations, in association with multilayering. Another type of structure superficially resembling a lentoid is derived from cell aggregates formed during the initial establishment of cultures. The survival of these 'aggregate bodies' is inversely related to bicarbonate concentration. Crystallin content is unrelated to lentoid numbers. The results provide the basis for a new hypothesis concerning cytodifferentiation in this system.", "PMID": 744942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6179", "title": "Interaction between inner cell mass and trophectoderm of the mouse blastocyst. I. A study of cellular proliferation.", "content": "Increase in cell number has been compared with mitotic activity in the polar and mural trophectoderm and in the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse blastocysts. The results indicate that whereas ICM cells divide at a rate which is compatible with the rate of increase of ICM cell number, polar trophectoderm cells divide faster and mural trophectoderm cells slower than can account for their own rates of cell number increase. It is suggested that the ICM induces a high rate of proliferation in the polar trophectoderm and that there is a resulting cell shift from polar to mural regions during blastocyst development. Mural trophectoderm cells close to the ICM divide faster than those farther away, indicating that cells may retain a 'memory' of ICM contact for some time after leaving the ICM. There is considerable cell death in the blastocyst, but this is restricted to a short period of time coincident with the appearance of primitive endoderm.", "contents": "Interaction between inner cell mass and trophectoderm of the mouse blastocyst. I. A study of cellular proliferation. Increase in cell number has been compared with mitotic activity in the polar and mural trophectoderm and in the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse blastocysts. The results indicate that whereas ICM cells divide at a rate which is compatible with the rate of increase of ICM cell number, polar trophectoderm cells divide faster and mural trophectoderm cells slower than can account for their own rates of cell number increase. It is suggested that the ICM induces a high rate of proliferation in the polar trophectoderm and that there is a resulting cell shift from polar to mural regions during blastocyst development. Mural trophectoderm cells close to the ICM divide faster than those farther away, indicating that cells may retain a 'memory' of ICM contact for some time after leaving the ICM. There is considerable cell death in the blastocyst, but this is restricted to a short period of time coincident with the appearance of primitive endoderm.", "PMID": 744943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6180", "title": "In vitro studies of mouse embryos bearing mutations in the T complex: t6.", "content": "Cultured blastocysts homozygous for the t6 mutation lose their inner cell mass within a few days of attachment to the culture dish. At about the same time it becomes apparent that putative t6-mutant trophoblast cells and their nuclei fail to enlarge to the degree of their normal counterparts. These abnormalities in mutant embryos are reflected by an abrupt drop on the seventh equivalent gestation day in the rate of increase of beta-glucuronidase activity. The failure of t6/t6 trophoblast nuclei to enlarge normally appears to be due partially to endoreduplication at a slower rate than normal trophoblast nuclei and partially to premature cessation of DNA synthesis. Analyses indicate that this abnormality is not reversed when mutant embryos are placed in chimeric association with normal ones. Trophoblast outgrowths from mutant and normal trophectodermal vesicles are similarly distinguishable by differences in outgrowth and nuclear size as well as DNA content and synthesis. Despite the fact that t6/t6 embryos and trophectodermal vesicles are phenotypically different from normals from early times in culture, the trophoblast cells in the mutant structures acquire and continue to produce two enzymes characteristic of trophoblast differentiation, delta 5, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and plasminogen activator. On the basis of these and previous observations, we propose that the primary effect of the t6 mutation is to cause a metabolic lesion which kills inner cell mass cells relatively quickly but which has a more gradual effect upon trophoblast cells. The fact that phenotypically recognizable t6/t6 trophoblast cells can survive for several days before dying makes this a potentially useful system in which to search for the t6 gene product(s).", "contents": "In vitro studies of mouse embryos bearing mutations in the T complex: t6. Cultured blastocysts homozygous for the t6 mutation lose their inner cell mass within a few days of attachment to the culture dish. At about the same time it becomes apparent that putative t6-mutant trophoblast cells and their nuclei fail to enlarge to the degree of their normal counterparts. These abnormalities in mutant embryos are reflected by an abrupt drop on the seventh equivalent gestation day in the rate of increase of beta-glucuronidase activity. The failure of t6/t6 trophoblast nuclei to enlarge normally appears to be due partially to endoreduplication at a slower rate than normal trophoblast nuclei and partially to premature cessation of DNA synthesis. Analyses indicate that this abnormality is not reversed when mutant embryos are placed in chimeric association with normal ones. Trophoblast outgrowths from mutant and normal trophectodermal vesicles are similarly distinguishable by differences in outgrowth and nuclear size as well as DNA content and synthesis. Despite the fact that t6/t6 embryos and trophectodermal vesicles are phenotypically different from normals from early times in culture, the trophoblast cells in the mutant structures acquire and continue to produce two enzymes characteristic of trophoblast differentiation, delta 5, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and plasminogen activator. On the basis of these and previous observations, we propose that the primary effect of the t6 mutation is to cause a metabolic lesion which kills inner cell mass cells relatively quickly but which has a more gradual effect upon trophoblast cells. The fact that phenotypically recognizable t6/t6 trophoblast cells can survive for several days before dying makes this a potentially useful system in which to search for the t6 gene product(s).", "PMID": 744944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6181", "title": "Participation of the cell surfaces determining the developmental courses in the cellular slime mould dictyostelium purpureum.", "content": "Dictyostelium purpureum S5 and S6, mating type strains, form fruiting-bodies in a monoclonal culture, but product macrocysts in a mix culture. The effects of Concanavalin A (Con A) on both fruiting-body formation and macrocyst formation, and changes of Con A-mediated cell agglutinability during development were studied. It was found that Con A inhibits macrocyst formation but not fruiting-body formation, and that macrocyst-forming cells are much more susceptible to Con A agglutination than are fruiting-body-forming cells during the aggregation stages. When fruiting-body-forming cells are treated with either trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin, their Con A agglutinability is enhanced to the same extent as that of macrocyst-forming cells. It was also found that when S6 cells are treated with proteases they sometimes produce normal macrocysts even in a monoclonal culture. The results obtained in these experiments showed that the surface properties of fruiting-body-forming cells and macrocyst-forming cells are different, and that the cell surface might play an important role in determining the two developmental courses.", "contents": "Participation of the cell surfaces determining the developmental courses in the cellular slime mould dictyostelium purpureum. Dictyostelium purpureum S5 and S6, mating type strains, form fruiting-bodies in a monoclonal culture, but product macrocysts in a mix culture. The effects of Concanavalin A (Con A) on both fruiting-body formation and macrocyst formation, and changes of Con A-mediated cell agglutinability during development were studied. It was found that Con A inhibits macrocyst formation but not fruiting-body formation, and that macrocyst-forming cells are much more susceptible to Con A agglutination than are fruiting-body-forming cells during the aggregation stages. When fruiting-body-forming cells are treated with either trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin, their Con A agglutinability is enhanced to the same extent as that of macrocyst-forming cells. It was also found that when S6 cells are treated with proteases they sometimes produce normal macrocysts even in a monoclonal culture. The results obtained in these experiments showed that the surface properties of fruiting-body-forming cells and macrocyst-forming cells are different, and that the cell surface might play an important role in determining the two developmental courses.", "PMID": 744945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6182", "title": "Cell adhesion and chondrogenesis in brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme: fragment fusion studies.", "content": "This study is a continuing investigation of the effect of the brachypod mouse mutation on cell interactions and chondrogenesis during early limb development. In this report, cell adhesiveness was assessed in fused fragments of brachypod and normal limb-bud mesenchyme. Examination of the interface of fused distal postaxial limb fragments show brachypod limb mesenchyme to be more adhesive than normal limb mesenchyme. Chondrogenesis within brachypod fragments is delayed and less extensive than in normal fragments. In addition, chondrogenesis within normal fragments is not affected by the juxtaposition of the brachypod fragment, and vice versa.", "contents": "Cell adhesion and chondrogenesis in brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme: fragment fusion studies. This study is a continuing investigation of the effect of the brachypod mouse mutation on cell interactions and chondrogenesis during early limb development. In this report, cell adhesiveness was assessed in fused fragments of brachypod and normal limb-bud mesenchyme. Examination of the interface of fused distal postaxial limb fragments show brachypod limb mesenchyme to be more adhesive than normal limb mesenchyme. Chondrogenesis within brachypod fragments is delayed and less extensive than in normal fragments. In addition, chondrogenesis within normal fragments is not affected by the juxtaposition of the brachypod fragment, and vice versa.", "PMID": 744946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6183", "title": "Neurotrophic control of the cell cycle during amphibian limb regeneration.", "content": "It is shown here that amputated and denervated limbs of larval axolotls dedifferentiate and a proportion of the cells released undergo DNA synthesis and mitosis. When the limb is denervated prior to amputation fewer cells go through the cell cycle, implying the existence of a pool of trophic factor in the limb. Recent work has demonstrated that denervated blastemal cells accumulate in the G1 phase of the cycle. These results strongly argue against the theory that the trophic factor controls the G2 phase. Rather, it is proposed that this factor regulated either the total number of cells cycling or the rate at which they cycle by varying the length of the G1 phase.", "contents": "Neurotrophic control of the cell cycle during amphibian limb regeneration. It is shown here that amputated and denervated limbs of larval axolotls dedifferentiate and a proportion of the cells released undergo DNA synthesis and mitosis. When the limb is denervated prior to amputation fewer cells go through the cell cycle, implying the existence of a pool of trophic factor in the limb. Recent work has demonstrated that denervated blastemal cells accumulate in the G1 phase of the cycle. These results strongly argue against the theory that the trophic factor controls the G2 phase. Rather, it is proposed that this factor regulated either the total number of cells cycling or the rate at which they cycle by varying the length of the G1 phase.", "PMID": 744947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6184", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase- and norepinephrine- containing nerves in developing rat lung.", "content": "The lungs of rat fetuses at various stages of gestation and lungs of infant rats were examined histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and norepinephrine (NE). No AChE is present in the fetal lungs until 15 days of gestation. At this stage a number of large round cells appear which stain heavily for AChE. These cells disappear by the 18th day of development and at 18 days no AChE-positive structures are demonstrable within the lung. The large AChE-positive cells are of similar size and distribution to fluorescent cells which become apparent after treatment of the mothers with L-DOPA. At 20 days, the day before delivery, a diffuse AChE reaction appears in the walls of large branches of intrapulmonary bronchi. At 20 days, also, sparse NE-containing nerves are present near the hilum and extend along bronchial arteries into the lung. Not until birth do AChE-containing nerves appear in intrathoracic structures. These are vagal preganglionic and postganglionic fibers near the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus. AChE-positive ganglion cells are present in the walls of extrapulmonary bronchi at birth, and perimuscular nerve plexuses containing AChE are also present in the bronchial walls. NE-containing nerves are visible in several divisions of the bronchial artery at birth. Three days postnatally, AChE-containing nerves have not yet invaded intrapulmonary structures, but at this stage the adult pattern of adrenergic innervation is present. By the fifth postnatal day, sparse AChE-positive nerves are associated with intrapulmonary bronchi, and rats 9 days old present the adult pattern of cholinesterase-containing nerves.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase- and norepinephrine- containing nerves in developing rat lung. The lungs of rat fetuses at various stages of gestation and lungs of infant rats were examined histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and norepinephrine (NE). No AChE is present in the fetal lungs until 15 days of gestation. At this stage a number of large round cells appear which stain heavily for AChE. These cells disappear by the 18th day of development and at 18 days no AChE-positive structures are demonstrable within the lung. The large AChE-positive cells are of similar size and distribution to fluorescent cells which become apparent after treatment of the mothers with L-DOPA. At 20 days, the day before delivery, a diffuse AChE reaction appears in the walls of large branches of intrapulmonary bronchi. At 20 days, also, sparse NE-containing nerves are present near the hilum and extend along bronchial arteries into the lung. Not until birth do AChE-containing nerves appear in intrathoracic structures. These are vagal preganglionic and postganglionic fibers near the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus. AChE-positive ganglion cells are present in the walls of extrapulmonary bronchi at birth, and perimuscular nerve plexuses containing AChE are also present in the bronchial walls. NE-containing nerves are visible in several divisions of the bronchial artery at birth. Three days postnatally, AChE-containing nerves have not yet invaded intrapulmonary structures, but at this stage the adult pattern of adrenergic innervation is present. By the fifth postnatal day, sparse AChE-positive nerves are associated with intrapulmonary bronchi, and rats 9 days old present the adult pattern of cholinesterase-containing nerves.", "PMID": 744948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6185", "title": "Regional differences in the morphology and motility of mesodermal cells from the early wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos.", "content": "A method of culturing has been employed to compare the properties of cells migrating from small mesodermal explants taken from different regions of normal and mutant limb-buds at different stages of development. An analysis by time-lapse cinematography of the morphology and mobility of cells migrating from explants defines a distal region within the limb-bud where these properties are distinct from those of cells from more proximal regions. In the normal wing-bud distal cells subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge possess a characteristic multipolar morphology and translocate slowly in vitro. Cells from more proximal regions tend to be bipolar and translocate more rapidly. Distal and proximal cells also probably differ in their adhesive strengths. In the mutant, talpid3, distal and proximal cells do not differ in the above properties and cells from all regions of the limb-bud are multipolar, translocate slowly and are more adhesive than normal cells. A study of light micrographs and scanning electron micrographs suggests that these regional differences are found in the limb-bud in vivo and are not merely an effect produced by the in vitro culturing system.", "contents": "Regional differences in the morphology and motility of mesodermal cells from the early wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos. A method of culturing has been employed to compare the properties of cells migrating from small mesodermal explants taken from different regions of normal and mutant limb-buds at different stages of development. An analysis by time-lapse cinematography of the morphology and mobility of cells migrating from explants defines a distal region within the limb-bud where these properties are distinct from those of cells from more proximal regions. In the normal wing-bud distal cells subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge possess a characteristic multipolar morphology and translocate slowly in vitro. Cells from more proximal regions tend to be bipolar and translocate more rapidly. Distal and proximal cells also probably differ in their adhesive strengths. In the mutant, talpid3, distal and proximal cells do not differ in the above properties and cells from all regions of the limb-bud are multipolar, translocate slowly and are more adhesive than normal cells. A study of light micrographs and scanning electron micrographs suggests that these regional differences are found in the limb-bud in vivo and are not merely an effect produced by the in vitro culturing system.", "PMID": 744949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6186", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cells isolated from amphibian early embryos.", "content": "Cells have been dissociated from Xenopus and Ambystoma late blastulae, allowed to adhere to glass coverslips, and studied by scanning electron microscopy. Xenopus ectoderm cells initially show filopodia; later larger single pseudopodia are formed. Ambystoma ectoderm cells show fewer filopodia than Xenopus ectoderm, but later form pseudopodia. Ectoderm cells of both Xenopus and Ambystoma show links between adjacent cells. Xenopus endoderm cells do not show filopodia initially, but later show large pseudopodia.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cells isolated from amphibian early embryos. Cells have been dissociated from Xenopus and Ambystoma late blastulae, allowed to adhere to glass coverslips, and studied by scanning electron microscopy. Xenopus ectoderm cells initially show filopodia; later larger single pseudopodia are formed. Ambystoma ectoderm cells show fewer filopodia than Xenopus ectoderm, but later form pseudopodia. Ectoderm cells of both Xenopus and Ambystoma show links between adjacent cells. Xenopus endoderm cells do not show filopodia initially, but later show large pseudopodia.", "PMID": 744950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6187", "title": "The effect of retinoic acid on chondrogenesis in the fetal hamster tibia in vivo.", "content": "Chondrogenesis in the fetal hamster tibia was examined 24, 36 and 48 h after maternal administration of retinoic acid at a known teratogenic dose (80 mg/kg) on day 10 of gestation. Twenty-four hours after treatment the tibial chondroblasts were more closely packed with less intervening fibrillar or granular matrix than in the controls. By 36 h post treatment, an intercellular matrix containing wide clumped fibrils unassociated with matrix granules had begun to accumulate, while the condroblasts had a relatively poorly developed Golgi apparatus and smooth, non-scalloped cell outlines. Cells frequently maintained contact chondroblasts appeared similar to controls of the same age. It is suggested that the paucity and abnormality of the extracellular matrix prevents the chondroblasts from assuming their normal spatial relations with each other, resulting in a small skeletal blastema.", "contents": "The effect of retinoic acid on chondrogenesis in the fetal hamster tibia in vivo. Chondrogenesis in the fetal hamster tibia was examined 24, 36 and 48 h after maternal administration of retinoic acid at a known teratogenic dose (80 mg/kg) on day 10 of gestation. Twenty-four hours after treatment the tibial chondroblasts were more closely packed with less intervening fibrillar or granular matrix than in the controls. By 36 h post treatment, an intercellular matrix containing wide clumped fibrils unassociated with matrix granules had begun to accumulate, while the condroblasts had a relatively poorly developed Golgi apparatus and smooth, non-scalloped cell outlines. Cells frequently maintained contact chondroblasts appeared similar to controls of the same age. It is suggested that the paucity and abnormality of the extracellular matrix prevents the chondroblasts from assuming their normal spatial relations with each other, resulting in a small skeletal blastema.", "PMID": 744951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6188", "title": "Facial development in the mouse; a comparison between normal and mutant (amputated) mouse embryos.", "content": "This work extends previous investigations into cell interactions involved in specific morphogenetic events during the development of normal and mutant (amputated) mouse embryos. In the mutant mesenchyme, cells tend to clump together and form far more extensive areas of cell contact than are found in normal mesenchyme. This is confirmed for mutant facial mesenchyme. Facial outgrowth in the mutant is retarded. The first stages of this abnormality can be seen in the naso-frontal region at 10.5 days after conception. Neither the quantity of cells contributing to naso-frontal outgrowth nor cell proliferation in the naso-frontal region differ from normal in the mutant, and these factors can be eliminated as causes of the anomaly. Instead, cell clumping and increased areas of contact in the mutant arrest the normal expansion of the naso-frontal mesenchyme which presumably occurs as a result of increased secretion of intercellular matrix material between 9.5 and 10.5 days of development. The importance of this early expansion phase for facial development has not previously been recognized.", "contents": "Facial development in the mouse; a comparison between normal and mutant (amputated) mouse embryos. This work extends previous investigations into cell interactions involved in specific morphogenetic events during the development of normal and mutant (amputated) mouse embryos. In the mutant mesenchyme, cells tend to clump together and form far more extensive areas of cell contact than are found in normal mesenchyme. This is confirmed for mutant facial mesenchyme. Facial outgrowth in the mutant is retarded. The first stages of this abnormality can be seen in the naso-frontal region at 10.5 days after conception. Neither the quantity of cells contributing to naso-frontal outgrowth nor cell proliferation in the naso-frontal region differ from normal in the mutant, and these factors can be eliminated as causes of the anomaly. Instead, cell clumping and increased areas of contact in the mutant arrest the normal expansion of the naso-frontal mesenchyme which presumably occurs as a result of increased secretion of intercellular matrix material between 9.5 and 10.5 days of development. The importance of this early expansion phase for facial development has not previously been recognized.", "PMID": 744952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6189", "title": "Patterns of cellular proliferation during thyroid organogenesis.", "content": "The changes in rate and location of cellular proliferation were analyzed to determine if localized areas of cell division were influencing shape changes in the chick thyroid. Pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine indicates that the gland's labeling index declines throughout its development. Initially, the thyroid placode has a lower labeling index than the neighboring pharyngeal epithelium. An evaluation of the positions of pulse-labeled cells reveals that the evaginating thyroid grows by annexing cells from the pharyngeal epithelium. The older evaginated regions of the gland exhibit the lowest labeling indices. The newly acquired regions still maintain higher labeling indices.", "contents": "Patterns of cellular proliferation during thyroid organogenesis. The changes in rate and location of cellular proliferation were analyzed to determine if localized areas of cell division were influencing shape changes in the chick thyroid. Pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine indicates that the gland's labeling index declines throughout its development. Initially, the thyroid placode has a lower labeling index than the neighboring pharyngeal epithelium. An evaluation of the positions of pulse-labeled cells reveals that the evaginating thyroid grows by annexing cells from the pharyngeal epithelium. The older evaginated regions of the gland exhibit the lowest labeling indices. The newly acquired regions still maintain higher labeling indices.", "PMID": 744953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6190", "title": "Detection of barbiturates by latex agglutination inhibition.", "content": "A latex-agglutination inhibition test was developed and evaluated for the detection of barbiturates, primarily in urine, but it has applicability to serum. The 2-h test was performed with samples free of gross debris in a 37 degree C heat block and the reaction between the barbiturate antibody and the barbiturate-latex, at pH 7.3, was inhibited by urines containing secobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital, or phenobarbital. For laboratory standards the test was particularly sensitive to secobarbital (300 microgram/litre) and relatively insensitive to amobarbital (5000 microgram/litre). In  clinical specimens some barbiturates were detected at levels as low as 150 microgram/litre. The test was specific, and negative endpoints were frequently noted in as little as 30 min. The effects of variables (antiserum dilution, urine specific gravity, heat block temperature, sample size, and type of barbiturate) on the degree of agglutination were also determined.", "contents": "Detection of barbiturates by latex agglutination inhibition. A latex-agglutination inhibition test was developed and evaluated for the detection of barbiturates, primarily in urine, but it has applicability to serum. The 2-h test was performed with samples free of gross debris in a 37 degree C heat block and the reaction between the barbiturate antibody and the barbiturate-latex, at pH 7.3, was inhibited by urines containing secobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital, or phenobarbital. For laboratory standards the test was particularly sensitive to secobarbital (300 microgram/litre) and relatively insensitive to amobarbital (5000 microgram/litre). In  clinical specimens some barbiturates were detected at levels as low as 150 microgram/litre. The test was specific, and negative endpoints were frequently noted in as little as 30 min. The effects of variables (antiserum dilution, urine specific gravity, heat block temperature, sample size, and type of barbiturate) on the degree of agglutination were also determined.", "PMID": 744975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6191", "title": "Alcohol-associated deaths in the District of Columbia--a postmortem study.", "content": "Ethyl alcohol and its lethal effects were present either in the victim or in the environment, including persons responsible for a given death, in 53% of the cases autopsied during a six-month period at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in the District of Columbia. The results of this small, admittedly biased, sample indicate that the acute and chronic effects of alcohol are a major public health problem in this jurisdiction. Comparative figures from other medical examiner's systems suggest the national prevalence of the problem and confirm the gross inadequacy of data from death certificates for such research. Only when the combination of accurate pathological, toxicological, and historical information concerning all types of deaths is available can reliable statistics regarding the numbers and types of deaths related to alcohol be obtained.", "contents": "Alcohol-associated deaths in the District of Columbia--a postmortem study. Ethyl alcohol and its lethal effects were present either in the victim or in the environment, including persons responsible for a given death, in 53% of the cases autopsied during a six-month period at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in the District of Columbia. The results of this small, admittedly biased, sample indicate that the acute and chronic effects of alcohol are a major public health problem in this jurisdiction. Comparative figures from other medical examiner's systems suggest the national prevalence of the problem and confirm the gross inadequacy of data from death certificates for such research. Only when the combination of accurate pathological, toxicological, and historical information concerning all types of deaths is available can reliable statistics regarding the numbers and types of deaths related to alcohol be obtained.", "PMID": 744978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6192", "title": "Phencyclidine-related deaths in Los Angeles County, 1976.", "content": "Concentrations of phencyclidine in blood and liver are presented in five fatal cases occurring in Los Angeles County in 1976. Eleven other deaths in which phencyclidine contributed to death are described; acute psychotic reactions were observed in some of these cases. Two cases involved the drowning of individuals whose swimming capabilities may have been diminished from the effects of PCP. One case is presented in which a 20-year-old male took a massive overdose of phencyclidine for suicidal purposes.", "contents": "Phencyclidine-related deaths in Los Angeles County, 1976. Concentrations of phencyclidine in blood and liver are presented in five fatal cases occurring in Los Angeles County in 1976. Eleven other deaths in which phencyclidine contributed to death are described; acute psychotic reactions were observed in some of these cases. Two cases involved the drowning of individuals whose swimming capabilities may have been diminished from the effects of PCP. One case is presented in which a 20-year-old male took a massive overdose of phencyclidine for suicidal purposes.", "PMID": 744979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6193", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax in the newborn: a report of two fatalities.", "content": "Spontaneous pneumothorax is present in 1 to 2% of healthy full-term newborn infants. Virtually all cases have resolution of the pneumothorax without sequelae and in fact without the condition being diagnosed. Two fatal cases are presented. Anyone doing medicolegal autopsies should be aware of this entity so that X-rays or other appropriate methods to demonstrate it can be used.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax in the newborn: a report of two fatalities. Spontaneous pneumothorax is present in 1 to 2% of healthy full-term newborn infants. Virtually all cases have resolution of the pneumothorax without sequelae and in fact without the condition being diagnosed. Two fatal cases are presented. Anyone doing medicolegal autopsies should be aware of this entity so that X-rays or other appropriate methods to demonstrate it can be used.", "PMID": 744980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6194", "title": "Postmortem intravascular bubbling: a decompression artifact?", "content": "The relationships between drowning occurring in divers using compressed air, with subsequent recovery of the body to the surface, and the finding of intravascular gas bubbles at autopsy were studied. Guinea pigs were exposed to compressed air in a hyperbaric chamber at various depths [98, 294, and 392 kPa (1,3, and 4 atm)] for various intervals and then drowned at depth. Various decompression schedules were used in returning the drowned animals to the surface. Autopsy examination indicated that large and small intravascular gas bubbles may be found, in the absence of traumatic air embolism or decompression sickness, as a result of the process of decompression alone. Postmortem findings of intravascular bubbles bin drowned divers must be interpreted with caution and the importance of a full history of the incident, including depth and time of diving and evidence of ascent before drowning, are critical to the proper interpretation of intravascular gas bubbles.", "contents": "Postmortem intravascular bubbling: a decompression artifact? The relationships between drowning occurring in divers using compressed air, with subsequent recovery of the body to the surface, and the finding of intravascular gas bubbles at autopsy were studied. Guinea pigs were exposed to compressed air in a hyperbaric chamber at various depths [98, 294, and 392 kPa (1,3, and 4 atm)] for various intervals and then drowned at depth. Various decompression schedules were used in returning the drowned animals to the surface. Autopsy examination indicated that large and small intravascular gas bubbles may be found, in the absence of traumatic air embolism or decompression sickness, as a result of the process of decompression alone. Postmortem findings of intravascular bubbles bin drowned divers must be interpreted with caution and the importance of a full history of the incident, including depth and time of diving and evidence of ascent before drowning, are critical to the proper interpretation of intravascular gas bubbles.", "PMID": 744981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6195", "title": "Bilateral linear subconjunctival hemorrhage in a trauma patient.", "content": "A case of bilateral linear subconjunctival hemorrhage secondary to a gunshot wound to the chest has been presented. The linear character was explained by cardiac tamponade and nearly instantaneous cessation of cardiac output.", "contents": "Bilateral linear subconjunctival hemorrhage in a trauma patient. A case of bilateral linear subconjunctival hemorrhage secondary to a gunshot wound to the chest has been presented. The linear character was explained by cardiac tamponade and nearly instantaneous cessation of cardiac output.", "PMID": 744982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6196", "title": "Premature deaths in persons with seizure disorders--subtherapeutic levels of anticonvulsant drugs in postmortem blood specimens.", "content": "Eleven autopsy cases from a Colorado coroner's service are presented in which postmortem levels of anticonvulsant drugs were subtherapeutic. Scene investigation or medical history, or both, revealed evidence of epilepsy in all eleven cases. Five of the deaths (three drowning and two with aspiration of gastric contents) occurred during a suspected seizure. The six remaining deaths were attributed to asphyxia associated with terminal seizures. Because anatomic evidence of epilepsy is often minimal and nonspecific, the authors think that levels of anticonvulsant drugs should be determined in cases of sudden unexpected death with a history of epilepsy. It is probable that these eleven deaths were preventable with better patient motivation and compliance with the physicians' orders. Many epileptic patients fail to take their medications as directed because of the undesired side effects. Lower doses of anticonvulsant drugs could reduce the degree and number of unwanted side effects and encourage patient compliance. Therefore, careful monitoring of serum anticonvulsant levels during the life of the patient might permit lower but still adequate drug levels with fewer adverse effects and hence encourage the epileptic to comply with the doctor's orders, take his medication, and live.", "contents": "Premature deaths in persons with seizure disorders--subtherapeutic levels of anticonvulsant drugs in postmortem blood specimens. Eleven autopsy cases from a Colorado coroner's service are presented in which postmortem levels of anticonvulsant drugs were subtherapeutic. Scene investigation or medical history, or both, revealed evidence of epilepsy in all eleven cases. Five of the deaths (three drowning and two with aspiration of gastric contents) occurred during a suspected seizure. The six remaining deaths were attributed to asphyxia associated with terminal seizures. Because anatomic evidence of epilepsy is often minimal and nonspecific, the authors think that levels of anticonvulsant drugs should be determined in cases of sudden unexpected death with a history of epilepsy. It is probable that these eleven deaths were preventable with better patient motivation and compliance with the physicians' orders. Many epileptic patients fail to take their medications as directed because of the undesired side effects. Lower doses of anticonvulsant drugs could reduce the degree and number of unwanted side effects and encourage patient compliance. Therefore, careful monitoring of serum anticonvulsant levels during the life of the patient might permit lower but still adequate drug levels with fewer adverse effects and hence encourage the epileptic to comply with the doctor's orders, take his medication, and live.", "PMID": 744983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6197", "title": "Frequency distribution and discrimination probability of twelve protein genetic variants in human blood as functions of race, sex, and age.", "content": "Fresh blood samples were obtained from 6004 whites, 1025 blacks, 1596 Chicano/Amerindians, and 3053 Asians of California and Hawaii. The samples were typed for ABO and Rh groups and were analyzed electrophoretically for ten genetically determined protein variant systems. The effects of race, age, and sex on phenotypic frequencies within each of the twelve genetic systems were investigated. Large frequency differences were found between races but not between different age and sex subgroups within races. It was also demonstrated that the twelve genetic systems behaved statistically independently. Discrimination probabilities were computed for each of the four ethnic groups. These serve as a measure of the effectiveness of the twelve genetic systems examined in individualizing blood samples. The method is discussed for computing the probability that a randomly chosen individual of a given ethnic group possesses the same blood phenotypes as found in a predetermined sample of blood. The results presented here should prove useful in the investigation of civil and criminal cases involving blood samples.", "contents": "Frequency distribution and discrimination probability of twelve protein genetic variants in human blood as functions of race, sex, and age. Fresh blood samples were obtained from 6004 whites, 1025 blacks, 1596 Chicano/Amerindians, and 3053 Asians of California and Hawaii. The samples were typed for ABO and Rh groups and were analyzed electrophoretically for ten genetically determined protein variant systems. The effects of race, age, and sex on phenotypic frequencies within each of the twelve genetic systems were investigated. Large frequency differences were found between races but not between different age and sex subgroups within races. It was also demonstrated that the twelve genetic systems behaved statistically independently. Discrimination probabilities were computed for each of the four ethnic groups. These serve as a measure of the effectiveness of the twelve genetic systems examined in individualizing blood samples. The method is discussed for computing the probability that a randomly chosen individual of a given ethnic group possesses the same blood phenotypes as found in a predetermined sample of blood. The results presented here should prove useful in the investigation of civil and criminal cases involving blood samples.", "PMID": 744988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6198", "title": "Problems of reliability in the phenotyping of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in bloodstains.", "content": "Erythrocyte acid phosphatase is a useful system for the crime laboratory for both fresh and degraded blood and bloodstains, provided the inherent problems of phenotyping this particular enzyme system are recognized. Because of the great number of variables affecting this enzyme system in vitro, phenotyping should not be attempted unless the complete history of origin and handling of the sample is known.", "contents": "Problems of reliability in the phenotyping of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in bloodstains. Erythrocyte acid phosphatase is a useful system for the crime laboratory for both fresh and degraded blood and bloodstains, provided the inherent problems of phenotyping this particular enzyme system are recognized. Because of the great number of variables affecting this enzyme system in vitro, phenotyping should not be attempted unless the complete history of origin and handling of the sample is known.", "PMID": 744990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6199", "title": "Weakly basic impurities in illicit amphetamine.", "content": "In this paper the isolation and identification of two pyrimidines, five pyridines, and one pyridone as impurities in illicit amphetamines prepared by the Leuckart synthesis are reported. Isolation was achieved by repeated thin-layer chromatography with various solvent mixtures, while identification was done by both high and low resolution mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Some chromatographic data are reported and a quantitative analysis of a reaction mixture and an illicit amphetamine is given.", "contents": "Weakly basic impurities in illicit amphetamine. In this paper the isolation and identification of two pyrimidines, five pyridines, and one pyridone as impurities in illicit amphetamines prepared by the Leuckart synthesis are reported. Isolation was achieved by repeated thin-layer chromatography with various solvent mixtures, while identification was done by both high and low resolution mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Some chromatographic data are reported and a quantitative analysis of a reaction mixture and an illicit amphetamine is given.", "PMID": 744993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6200", "title": "Determination of serum myoglobin level after death in the diagnosis of sudden coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Serum myoglobin was determined by radioimmunoassay in 20 cases of sudden and unexpected death resulting from acute coronary occlusion. There was consistent elevation of myoglobin 2 h after death, with peaking at 3 h. No comparable elevation of serum myoglobin level was noted in patients who had succumbed to pulmonary embolism, ruptured aortic aneurysm, or subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Thus, determination of serum myoglobin seems useful in confirming or establishing acute coronary occlusion as the cause of sudden and unexpected death.", "contents": "Determination of serum myoglobin level after death in the diagnosis of sudden coronary artery occlusion. Serum myoglobin was determined by radioimmunoassay in 20 cases of sudden and unexpected death resulting from acute coronary occlusion. There was consistent elevation of myoglobin 2 h after death, with peaking at 3 h. No comparable elevation of serum myoglobin level was noted in patients who had succumbed to pulmonary embolism, ruptured aortic aneurysm, or subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Thus, determination of serum myoglobin seems useful in confirming or establishing acute coronary occlusion as the cause of sudden and unexpected death.", "PMID": 744996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6201", "title": "An improved technique using dental histology for estimation of adult age.", "content": "Multiple regression analysis has allowed considerable improvement of age estimates on adult human teeth. Not only were the estimates more precise, but they also involved fewer variables, decreasing the probability of observer error. There was consistent evidence that the second molar (Position 7) was the best to use for histological aging techniques. The reduction in variables to just secondary dentin and root transparency has also resulted in a technique that can be used with some confidence in populations other than the one sampled. Thus, dental aging can be used in the same way as epiphyseal fusion, osteon aging, cranial sutures, and changes in the public symphysis that have been used with other contemporary and prehistoric populations.", "contents": "An improved technique using dental histology for estimation of adult age. Multiple regression analysis has allowed considerable improvement of age estimates on adult human teeth. Not only were the estimates more precise, but they also involved fewer variables, decreasing the probability of observer error. There was consistent evidence that the second molar (Position 7) was the best to use for histological aging techniques. The reduction in variables to just secondary dentin and root transparency has also resulted in a technique that can be used with some confidence in populations other than the one sampled. Thus, dental aging can be used in the same way as epiphyseal fusion, osteon aging, cranial sutures, and changes in the public symphysis that have been used with other contemporary and prehistoric populations.", "PMID": 744998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6202", "title": "Reliability of the acid phosphatase test for the identification of seminal fluid.", "content": "Data from 100 cases of alleged rape victims demonstrate why the author believes the AP test to be a reliable tool, when employed by an expert for the identification of seminal fluid.", "contents": "Reliability of the acid phosphatase test for the identification of seminal fluid. Data from 100 cases of alleged rape victims demonstrate why the author believes the AP test to be a reliable tool, when employed by an expert for the identification of seminal fluid.", "PMID": 745000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6203", "title": "Physicochemical and biological properties of mycobacteriocin M12 produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 25855.", "content": "A mycobacteriocin (M12) produced by Mycobacterium smegmatic ATCC 25855 was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Production of M12 was maximal when bacteria were harvested after 3 d cultivation in liquid medium and disrupted by sonication. The molecular weight of M12, estimated by Sephadex G100 chromatograpy, was about 85000. M12 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but resistant to DNAase and RNAase, and was relatively stable to heat treatment, sonication, ultraviolet irradiation and pH over the range 4 to 8. When sensitive bacteria were exposed to the mycobacteriocin, the number of viable cells began to decrease after about 6 h incubation. The killing curve of M12 thus appeared to be a multiple-hit curve. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mycobacteriocin induced morphological changes in the cells; these were partial loss of ribosomes, enlargement of lipoidal inclusion bodies and thickening of the cell envelope. The activity spectrum of M12 was restricted to the genus Mycobacterium.", "contents": "Physicochemical and biological properties of mycobacteriocin M12 produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 25855. A mycobacteriocin (M12) produced by Mycobacterium smegmatic ATCC 25855 was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Production of M12 was maximal when bacteria were harvested after 3 d cultivation in liquid medium and disrupted by sonication. The molecular weight of M12, estimated by Sephadex G100 chromatograpy, was about 85000. M12 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but resistant to DNAase and RNAase, and was relatively stable to heat treatment, sonication, ultraviolet irradiation and pH over the range 4 to 8. When sensitive bacteria were exposed to the mycobacteriocin, the number of viable cells began to decrease after about 6 h incubation. The killing curve of M12 thus appeared to be a multiple-hit curve. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mycobacteriocin induced morphological changes in the cells; these were partial loss of ribosomes, enlargement of lipoidal inclusion bodies and thickening of the cell envelope. The activity spectrum of M12 was restricted to the genus Mycobacterium.", "PMID": 745002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6204", "title": "Linkage analysis in Dictyostelium discoideum using multiply marked tester strains: establishment of linkage group VII and the reassessment of earlier linkage data.", "content": "To aid linkage analysis and mapping studies in Dictyostelium discoideum, we have constructed several tester strains with easily scored mutations characterizing the six currently identified linkage groups. Use has been made of conditionally lethal mutants unable to grow upon Bacillus subtilis, and the locus of the mutation involved (bsgA) has been assigned to linkage group III. The mutation cobA1, which confers resistance to cobaltous chloride, has been assigned to a previously unidentified linkage group (VII). The temperature-sensitive growth mutation tsgC7, previously reported to define linkage group V, has been reassigned to group III, leaving linkage group V presently unmarked. The further use of genetic tester strains is described.", "contents": "Linkage analysis in Dictyostelium discoideum using multiply marked tester strains: establishment of linkage group VII and the reassessment of earlier linkage data. To aid linkage analysis and mapping studies in Dictyostelium discoideum, we have constructed several tester strains with easily scored mutations characterizing the six currently identified linkage groups. Use has been made of conditionally lethal mutants unable to grow upon Bacillus subtilis, and the locus of the mutation involved (bsgA) has been assigned to linkage group III. The mutation cobA1, which confers resistance to cobaltous chloride, has been assigned to a previously unidentified linkage group (VII). The temperature-sensitive growth mutation tsgC7, previously reported to define linkage group V, has been reassigned to group III, leaving linkage group V presently unmarked. The further use of genetic tester strains is described.", "PMID": 745003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6205", "title": "A co-operative numerical analysis of Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum.", "content": "A co-operative taxonomic study has been performed on slowly growing photochromogenic mycobacteria (Runyon Group I) and closely related organisms. Phenetic data on 54 strains, studied in seven laboratories, were collected and analysed by numerical taxonomic methods. Immunological properties and phage susceptibility patterns were analysed independently to establish correlation with numerical classification. Mycobacterium gastri, M. kansasii and M. marinum appeared as distinct well-defined clusters and the serological and phage data supported the resolution of these three species. A table of definitive properties is presented. Two strains each of M. simiae and M. asiaticum formed a loose cluster which was clearly separated from the previously mentioned three species; the small number of strains examined precluded the establishment of a list of definitive properties of these two species. It is concluded that the Runyon Groups, which provided a practical though arbitrary basis for establishment of a series of co-operative studies, have served their purpose and should now be supplanted by classification and nomenclature based on species.", "contents": "A co-operative numerical analysis of Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum. A co-operative taxonomic study has been performed on slowly growing photochromogenic mycobacteria (Runyon Group I) and closely related organisms. Phenetic data on 54 strains, studied in seven laboratories, were collected and analysed by numerical taxonomic methods. Immunological properties and phage susceptibility patterns were analysed independently to establish correlation with numerical classification. Mycobacterium gastri, M. kansasii and M. marinum appeared as distinct well-defined clusters and the serological and phage data supported the resolution of these three species. A table of definitive properties is presented. Two strains each of M. simiae and M. asiaticum formed a loose cluster which was clearly separated from the previously mentioned three species; the small number of strains examined precluded the establishment of a list of definitive properties of these two species. It is concluded that the Runyon Groups, which provided a practical though arbitrary basis for establishment of a series of co-operative studies, have served their purpose and should now be supplanted by classification and nomenclature based on species.", "PMID": 745004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6206", "title": "The labelling of galactose residues in hepatitis B surface antigen glycoprotein.", "content": "The 20 to 25 nm particles of hepatitis B surface antigen were purified from the serum of a carrier chimpanzee. Five major polypeptide species were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of the particles with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride labelled galactose residues in a single glycoprotein with an apparent mol. wt. of 28 000. The glycoprotein was not labelled when neuraminidase treatment was omitted, indicating that the galactose residues are in subterminal positions in the oligosaccharide chains. There was no significant incorporation of radiolabel into lipid. The serological activity of the antigen, as measured by a competitive double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assay, was not altered by the labelling procedure nor by exposure to neuraminidase alone.", "contents": "The labelling of galactose residues in hepatitis B surface antigen glycoprotein. The 20 to 25 nm particles of hepatitis B surface antigen were purified from the serum of a carrier chimpanzee. Five major polypeptide species were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of the particles with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride labelled galactose residues in a single glycoprotein with an apparent mol. wt. of 28 000. The glycoprotein was not labelled when neuraminidase treatment was omitted, indicating that the galactose residues are in subterminal positions in the oligosaccharide chains. There was no significant incorporation of radiolabel into lipid. The serological activity of the antigen, as measured by a competitive double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assay, was not altered by the labelling procedure nor by exposure to neuraminidase alone.", "PMID": 745007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6207", "title": "Interferon induction and action in human lymphoblastoid cells infected with measles virus.", "content": "Virus replication, cytopathic effect and interferon production were measured in Namalva lymphoblastoid cells infected with measles viruses. Eight virus strains of different origin or passage history were compared. An inverse relationship seemed to exist between the abilities of strains to induce interferon and to replicate to high titres. Two representative strains were found to be highly sensitive to lymphoblastoid cell interferon, when tested in a line of monkey kidney cells (Vero). In contrast, Namalva cells were found to be highly insensitive to autologous interferon when challenged with measles or Semliki Forest virus (SFV).", "contents": "Interferon induction and action in human lymphoblastoid cells infected with measles virus. Virus replication, cytopathic effect and interferon production were measured in Namalva lymphoblastoid cells infected with measles viruses. Eight virus strains of different origin or passage history were compared. An inverse relationship seemed to exist between the abilities of strains to induce interferon and to replicate to high titres. Two representative strains were found to be highly sensitive to lymphoblastoid cell interferon, when tested in a line of monkey kidney cells (Vero). In contrast, Namalva cells were found to be highly insensitive to autologous interferon when challenged with measles or Semliki Forest virus (SFV).", "PMID": 745008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6208", "title": "Mapping of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive mutations by marker rescue in enhanced double DNA infections.", "content": "Adenovirus type 5 DNA has low infectivity (Graham & van der Eb, 1973) which can be increased by various techniques, one of which is the dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) boost (Stow & Wilkie, 1976). In this report, it is shown that DMSO treatment of adenovirus 5 DNA-infected HeLa cells results in a 10-fold increase in plaque formation, and that this can be used to facilitate marker rescue experiments. Double DNA infections were performed by the calcium phosphate method, co-precipitating intact temperature-sensitive mutant DNA with purified wild-type DNA restriction endonuclease fragments. Analysis of the plaquing ability of these mixtures and any progeny virus has resulted in the assignment of six temperature-sensitive mutations to discrete physical locations on the adenovirus type 5 genome. These locations are discussed with respect to the mutant phenotypes and the transcription-translation products of the appropriate regions.", "contents": "Mapping of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive mutations by marker rescue in enhanced double DNA infections. Adenovirus type 5 DNA has low infectivity (Graham & van der Eb, 1973) which can be increased by various techniques, one of which is the dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) boost (Stow & Wilkie, 1976). In this report, it is shown that DMSO treatment of adenovirus 5 DNA-infected HeLa cells results in a 10-fold increase in plaque formation, and that this can be used to facilitate marker rescue experiments. Double DNA infections were performed by the calcium phosphate method, co-precipitating intact temperature-sensitive mutant DNA with purified wild-type DNA restriction endonuclease fragments. Analysis of the plaquing ability of these mixtures and any progeny virus has resulted in the assignment of six temperature-sensitive mutations to discrete physical locations on the adenovirus type 5 genome. These locations are discussed with respect to the mutant phenotypes and the transcription-translation products of the appropriate regions.", "PMID": 745009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6209", "title": "The pathogenesis of avirulent Semliki Forest virus infections in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The course and outcome of intraperitoneally induced infections with the avirulent strain A7(74) of Semliki Forest virus have been studied in athymic 'nude' (nu/nu) mice, their heterozygous (nu/ + ) littermates and conventional Swiss A2G mice. The main distinguishing characteristics of the infection in the nu/nu mice were the persistence of virus in the brain after an initial phase of incomplete virus clearance and the apparent establishment of a secondary phase of virus replication in the brain which was associated with a falling neutralizing antibody response. This secondary phase of virus replication persisted until at least the 28th day after inoculation. In addition the typical histological lesions of encephalitis induced by this virus were rare and focal demyelination, which occurred at a light microscopy level in up to 26% of nu/ + and Swiss A2G mice, was not observed. It is suggested that in immunocompetent mice the development of lesions including demyelination may be a result of an immunopathological response to virus infection which is related to the presence of thymus derived lymphocytes.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of avirulent Semliki Forest virus infections in athymic nude mice. The course and outcome of intraperitoneally induced infections with the avirulent strain A7(74) of Semliki Forest virus have been studied in athymic 'nude' (nu/nu) mice, their heterozygous (nu/ + ) littermates and conventional Swiss A2G mice. The main distinguishing characteristics of the infection in the nu/nu mice were the persistence of virus in the brain after an initial phase of incomplete virus clearance and the apparent establishment of a secondary phase of virus replication in the brain which was associated with a falling neutralizing antibody response. This secondary phase of virus replication persisted until at least the 28th day after inoculation. In addition the typical histological lesions of encephalitis induced by this virus were rare and focal demyelination, which occurred at a light microscopy level in up to 26% of nu/ + and Swiss A2G mice, was not observed. It is suggested that in immunocompetent mice the development of lesions including demyelination may be a result of an immunopathological response to virus infection which is related to the presence of thymus derived lymphocytes.", "PMID": 745010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6210", "title": "Absence of \"cheese effect\" during deprenyl therapy: some recent studies.", "content": "Although the selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, (-)deprenyl, has been shown to be free from the \"cheese effect\" in man after tyramine challenge, the reason for this is far from clear: it may well be independent of the selective inhibitory action of the drug, for during chronic administration there is some evidence to suggest that both A and B forms of the enzyme are equally inhibited. By-passing the putative MAO A gut barrier in the pig (chosen because it possesses MAO B alone in all other tissues) by intravenous tyramine administration into the deprenyl-pretreated animal failed to provoke a pressor response, despite substantial MAO inhibition. Conversely, clorgyline (MAO A inhibitor) pretreatment, which resulted in minimal MAO inhibition, produced a profound hypertensive response, resembling that observed with the non-MAO-inhibiting drug, isoniazid. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings may be that two separate but closely associated pharmacological effects are normally found with \"orthodox\" MAO inhibitors, enzyme inhibition proper and facilitation of noradrenaline release from its binding sites during tyramine challenge.", "contents": "Absence of \"cheese effect\" during deprenyl therapy: some recent studies. Although the selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, (-)deprenyl, has been shown to be free from the \"cheese effect\" in man after tyramine challenge, the reason for this is far from clear: it may well be independent of the selective inhibitory action of the drug, for during chronic administration there is some evidence to suggest that both A and B forms of the enzyme are equally inhibited. By-passing the putative MAO A gut barrier in the pig (chosen because it possesses MAO B alone in all other tissues) by intravenous tyramine administration into the deprenyl-pretreated animal failed to provoke a pressor response, despite substantial MAO inhibition. Conversely, clorgyline (MAO A inhibitor) pretreatment, which resulted in minimal MAO inhibition, produced a profound hypertensive response, resembling that observed with the non-MAO-inhibiting drug, isoniazid. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings may be that two separate but closely associated pharmacological effects are normally found with \"orthodox\" MAO inhibitors, enzyme inhibition proper and facilitation of noradrenaline release from its binding sites during tyramine challenge.", "PMID": 745013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6211", "title": "Overview of present day treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In the light of present day knowledge, augmenting striatal dopaminergic activity is the most effective means for controlling the symptoms of parkinsonism. This is best accomplished by the administration of levodopa with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. However, limitations in its benefits develop after long-term administration in a substantial number of patients. In an attempt to overcome these a number of pharmacological agents acting on striatal dopaminergic mechanisms have undergone clinical trial. Of those tried Deprenyl, an MAO-B inhibitor, given with levodopa and carbidopa has shown the most promise. Preliminary results in 35 patients indicate that it is useful in diminishing the incidence of \"on-off\" phenomena--one of the most limiting reactions to levodopa--as well as enabling some patients to recoup their loss of therapeutic benefits. Though far from resolving all of the therapeutic difficulties encountered with prolonged use of levodopa, it appears to be a valuable adjunctive agent for the long-term problem patient.", "contents": "Overview of present day treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the light of present day knowledge, augmenting striatal dopaminergic activity is the most effective means for controlling the symptoms of parkinsonism. This is best accomplished by the administration of levodopa with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. However, limitations in its benefits develop after long-term administration in a substantial number of patients. In an attempt to overcome these a number of pharmacological agents acting on striatal dopaminergic mechanisms have undergone clinical trial. Of those tried Deprenyl, an MAO-B inhibitor, given with levodopa and carbidopa has shown the most promise. Preliminary results in 35 patients indicate that it is useful in diminishing the incidence of \"on-off\" phenomena--one of the most limiting reactions to levodopa--as well as enabling some patients to recoup their loss of therapeutic benefits. Though far from resolving all of the therapeutic difficulties encountered with prolonged use of levodopa, it appears to be a valuable adjunctive agent for the long-term problem patient.", "PMID": 745015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6212", "title": "Amphetamine and 2-phenylethylamine in post-mortem Parkinsonian brain after (-)deprenyl administration.", "content": "Deprenyl is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B, the enzyme responsible for 2-phenylethylamine oxidation, and is used in conjunction with L-Dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Post-mortem studies in human brain tissue have shown that after (-)deprenyl administration to parkinsonian patients amphetamine is present in concentrations up to 56 ng/g. It also could be shown that phenylethylamine concentrations are substantially increased in such patients. Phenylethylamine and amphetamine have been investigated using a gas chromatographic technique.", "contents": "Amphetamine and 2-phenylethylamine in post-mortem Parkinsonian brain after (-)deprenyl administration. Deprenyl is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B, the enzyme responsible for 2-phenylethylamine oxidation, and is used in conjunction with L-Dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Post-mortem studies in human brain tissue have shown that after (-)deprenyl administration to parkinsonian patients amphetamine is present in concentrations up to 56 ng/g. It also could be shown that phenylethylamine concentrations are substantially increased in such patients. Phenylethylamine and amphetamine have been investigated using a gas chromatographic technique.", "PMID": 745019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6213", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two basal cell carcinomas have been examined by electron microscopy. The majority exhibit cellular polymorphism and the most frequently encountered non-epithelial unit is the Langerhans cell. The nature of basal cell carcinoma and the function of the Langerhans cell are discussed in relation to this observation.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of basal cell carcinoma. Thirty-two basal cell carcinomas have been examined by electron microscopy. The majority exhibit cellular polymorphism and the most frequently encountered non-epithelial unit is the Langerhans cell. The nature of basal cell carcinoma and the function of the Langerhans cell are discussed in relation to this observation.", "PMID": 745021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6214", "title": "Cellular junctions in human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "The appearances of this intercellular junctions in normal and in inflamed oesophageal epithelium are described. Typical hemidesmosomes occur along the abluminat aspect of the basal cells. Desmosomes are most frequent in the prickle cell layer, where desmosome fields may occur, and in the lower functional cell layer. Their fate in the upper layers is not known. Gap junctions are few in the basal cell layer and rare in the most superficial layers. They are maximal in the prickle cell layer. Tight junctions only occur in inflamed tissue between the most superficial cells usually as part of a lateral intercellular junctional complex that also contains belt desmosomes. They may represent attempts by a non-keratinised epithelium to increase its defences against toxic luminal contents.", "contents": "Cellular junctions in human oesophageal epithelium. The appearances of this intercellular junctions in normal and in inflamed oesophageal epithelium are described. Typical hemidesmosomes occur along the abluminat aspect of the basal cells. Desmosomes are most frequent in the prickle cell layer, where desmosome fields may occur, and in the lower functional cell layer. Their fate in the upper layers is not known. Gap junctions are few in the basal cell layer and rare in the most superficial layers. They are maximal in the prickle cell layer. Tight junctions only occur in inflamed tissue between the most superficial cells usually as part of a lateral intercellular junctional complex that also contains belt desmosomes. They may represent attempts by a non-keratinised epithelium to increase its defences against toxic luminal contents.", "PMID": 745022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6215", "title": "A complete form of testicular feminisation syndrome; a light and electron microscopy study.", "content": "A case is described of testicular feminisation syndrome in a 19-yr-old patient with a normal female appearance. A laparotomy with removal of the gonads was performed. The latter looked like testes with intraparenchymal nodules. Light and electron microscopy study of these nodules revealed the presence of immature seminiferous-like tubules and of Leydig cell clusters. The tubules were filled with clear Sertoli cells, few degenerative dark cells and scanty spermatogonia. Thin collagen bundles surrounded the tubules and the foci of Leydig cells without any crystals of Reinke. The immaturity of all these cellular components could be connected with a mutation at a repressive locus which could be responsible for the abnormalities observed in the different steps of androgen action at target cell level.", "contents": "A complete form of testicular feminisation syndrome; a light and electron microscopy study. A case is described of testicular feminisation syndrome in a 19-yr-old patient with a normal female appearance. A laparotomy with removal of the gonads was performed. The latter looked like testes with intraparenchymal nodules. Light and electron microscopy study of these nodules revealed the presence of immature seminiferous-like tubules and of Leydig cell clusters. The tubules were filled with clear Sertoli cells, few degenerative dark cells and scanty spermatogonia. Thin collagen bundles surrounded the tubules and the foci of Leydig cells without any crystals of Reinke. The immaturity of all these cellular components could be connected with a mutation at a repressive locus which could be responsible for the abnormalities observed in the different steps of androgen action at target cell level.", "PMID": 745023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6216", "title": "Ultrastructure of the placenta in prolonged pregnancy.", "content": "An electron-microscopic study has shown that in placentae from prolonged pregnancies there is hyperplasia of the villous cytotrophoblastic cells, degeneration of occasional isolated cytotrophoblastic cells, a paucity of syncytial microvilli in some areas and microvillous proliferation in others, abnormalities of microvillous form, focal syncytial necrosis, dilatation of syncytial endoplasmic reticulum, decreased synctial pinocytic activity, a reduced size and number of syncytial mitochondira, thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane and contraction, blebbing and vacuolation of endothelial cells of the stromal foetal villous capillaries. Many of these morphological changes indicate that there is, in prolonged pregnancy, a decline in trophoblastic functional activity but it is suggested that this is due, not to placental senescence, but to a relatively mild, sustained uteroplacental ischaemia. Although there is morphological evidence to suggest that compensatory mechanisms come into play to limit the effects on the placenta of uteroplacental ischaemia the changes in the foetal capillaries, which are of unknown pathogenesis, will result in decreased foetal perfusion of the placenta and thus restrict still further adequate materno-foetal transfer.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the placenta in prolonged pregnancy. An electron-microscopic study has shown that in placentae from prolonged pregnancies there is hyperplasia of the villous cytotrophoblastic cells, degeneration of occasional isolated cytotrophoblastic cells, a paucity of syncytial microvilli in some areas and microvillous proliferation in others, abnormalities of microvillous form, focal syncytial necrosis, dilatation of syncytial endoplasmic reticulum, decreased synctial pinocytic activity, a reduced size and number of syncytial mitochondira, thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane and contraction, blebbing and vacuolation of endothelial cells of the stromal foetal villous capillaries. Many of these morphological changes indicate that there is, in prolonged pregnancy, a decline in trophoblastic functional activity but it is suggested that this is due, not to placental senescence, but to a relatively mild, sustained uteroplacental ischaemia. Although there is morphological evidence to suggest that compensatory mechanisms come into play to limit the effects on the placenta of uteroplacental ischaemia the changes in the foetal capillaries, which are of unknown pathogenesis, will result in decreased foetal perfusion of the placenta and thus restrict still further adequate materno-foetal transfer.", "PMID": 745024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6217", "title": "Morphological aspects of glucocorticoid-induced cell death in human lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "Morphological aspects of cell death associated with a cytolethal concentration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (500 micrograms/ml) on the BLA1 lymphoblastoid cell line were studied over a 48-hr incubation period by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Studies revealed two distinctive morphological changes induced by the steroid from 1 hr onwards after treatment. One showed contortion and \"blebbing\" of the cytoplasm and nucleus accompanied or followed by nuclear pyknosis, resulting in the formation of membrane-bounded bodies containing apparently normal cytoplasmic organelles with or without nuclear fragments. The other showed \"rounding up\" of the cell with loss of cytoplasmic protrusions and long slender surface processes, aggregation of well-preserved cytoplasmic organelles, accompanied by nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. In both cases many of the features are typical of apoptosis. The subsequent degeneration of cells and fragments not unexpectedly resembled in vitro autolysis. This in-vitro system is suitable for studying the early biochemical events and intracellular control mechanisms of apoptosis.", "contents": "Morphological aspects of glucocorticoid-induced cell death in human lymphoblastoid cells. Morphological aspects of cell death associated with a cytolethal concentration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (500 micrograms/ml) on the BLA1 lymphoblastoid cell line were studied over a 48-hr incubation period by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Studies revealed two distinctive morphological changes induced by the steroid from 1 hr onwards after treatment. One showed contortion and \"blebbing\" of the cytoplasm and nucleus accompanied or followed by nuclear pyknosis, resulting in the formation of membrane-bounded bodies containing apparently normal cytoplasmic organelles with or without nuclear fragments. The other showed \"rounding up\" of the cell with loss of cytoplasmic protrusions and long slender surface processes, aggregation of well-preserved cytoplasmic organelles, accompanied by nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. In both cases many of the features are typical of apoptosis. The subsequent degeneration of cells and fragments not unexpectedly resembled in vitro autolysis. This in-vitro system is suitable for studying the early biochemical events and intracellular control mechanisms of apoptosis.", "PMID": 745025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6218", "title": "Long-term effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions: findings and ethical issues.", "content": "The long-term effects of participating in a field experiment on the effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions are reported. Retirement home residents who had initially benefited from being exposed to a specific positive predictable or controllable event were assessed at three different intervals after the study was terminated. Health and psychological status data collected 24, 30, and 42 months after the study was terminated indicated no positive long-term effects attributable to the interventions. In fact, groups that had initially benefited from the interventions exhibited precipitous declines once the study was terminated, whereas groups that had not benefited remained stable over time. The theoretical and ethical implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Long-term effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions: findings and ethical issues. The long-term effects of participating in a field experiment on the effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions are reported. Retirement home residents who had initially benefited from being exposed to a specific positive predictable or controllable event were assessed at three different intervals after the study was terminated. Health and psychological status data collected 24, 30, and 42 months after the study was terminated indicated no positive long-term effects attributable to the interventions. In fact, groups that had initially benefited from the interventions exhibited precipitous declines once the study was terminated, whereas groups that had not benefited remained stable over time. The theoretical and ethical implications of these data are discussed.", "PMID": 745032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6219", "title": "Reported physical symptoms elicited by unpredictable events and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "Unpredictable and uncontrollable events are associated with a variety of illnesses. It was hypothesized that unpredictable aversive events are causally linked to physical symptom reporting and that the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern affects symptom reporting, such that Type A individuals fail to report symptoms when they expect to continue working on a task as compared to when they believe they have completed it. In the present research, Type A and Type B women reported symptoms either at the end or in the middle of listening to unpredictable, predictable or ambient noise in the laboratory. Results showed that unpredictable noise produced more symptom reporting than predictable noise, which in turn produced more symptom reporting than the ambient noise; Type A individuals reported fewer symptoms in the middle of the task than at the end, whereas Type B's did not show this differential effect. Thus, both hypotheses were confirmed. Several possible explanations of the results are offered, and implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Reported physical symptoms elicited by unpredictable events and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Unpredictable and uncontrollable events are associated with a variety of illnesses. It was hypothesized that unpredictable aversive events are causally linked to physical symptom reporting and that the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern affects symptom reporting, such that Type A individuals fail to report symptoms when they expect to continue working on a task as compared to when they believe they have completed it. In the present research, Type A and Type B women reported symptoms either at the end or in the middle of listening to unpredictable, predictable or ambient noise in the laboratory. Results showed that unpredictable noise produced more symptom reporting than predictable noise, which in turn produced more symptom reporting than the ambient noise; Type A individuals reported fewer symptoms in the middle of the task than at the end, whereas Type B's did not show this differential effect. Thus, both hypotheses were confirmed. Several possible explanations of the results are offered, and implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 745033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6220", "title": "Self-focusing effects of heartbeat feedback.", "content": "Two studies tested the hypothesis that auditory heartbeat feedback leads to an increase in self-directed attention. In Experiment 1, subjects exposed to a sound representing their heartbeat made greater self-attributions for hypothetical outcomes than did subjects exposed to the same sound identified as an extraneous noise. Furthermore, subjects in the heartbeat condition showed a pattern of color-naming latencies (on a color-word test) that was consistent with the hypothesis that self-related information was being activated in memory. In contrast, no such pattern was observed among subjects in the noise condition. In Experiment 2, comparisons with appropriate control groups indicated that neither an extraneous noise nor the attachment of a heartbeat-recording device influenced self-attribution, but that the presence of either a constant or an accelerating heartbeat increased self-attribution. The latter two conditions did not differ from each other. Discussion centers on the findings' methodological and theoretical implications.", "contents": "Self-focusing effects of heartbeat feedback. Two studies tested the hypothesis that auditory heartbeat feedback leads to an increase in self-directed attention. In Experiment 1, subjects exposed to a sound representing their heartbeat made greater self-attributions for hypothetical outcomes than did subjects exposed to the same sound identified as an extraneous noise. Furthermore, subjects in the heartbeat condition showed a pattern of color-naming latencies (on a color-word test) that was consistent with the hypothesis that self-related information was being activated in memory. In contrast, no such pattern was observed among subjects in the noise condition. In Experiment 2, comparisons with appropriate control groups indicated that neither an extraneous noise nor the attachment of a heartbeat-recording device influenced self-attribution, but that the presence of either a constant or an accelerating heartbeat increased self-attribution. The latter two conditions did not differ from each other. Discussion centers on the findings' methodological and theoretical implications.", "PMID": 745034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6221", "title": "Facial expressions as conditioned stimuli for electrodermal responses: a case of \"preparedness\"?", "content": "Converging data suggest that human facial behavior has an evolutionary basis. Combining these data with Seligman's preparedness theory, it was predicted that facial expressions of anger should be more readily associated with aversive events than should expressions of happiness. Two experiments involving differential electrodermal conditioning to pictures of faces, with electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus, were performed. In the first experiment, the subjects were exposed to two pictures of the same person, one with an angry and one with a happy expression. For half of the subjects, the shock followed the angry face, and for the other half, it followed the happy face. In the second experiment, three groups of subjects differentiated between pictures of male and female faces, both showing angry, neutral, and happy expressions. Responses to angry conditioned stimuli showed significant resistance to extinction in both experiments, with a larger effect in Experiment 2. Responses to happy or neutral conditioned stimuli, on the other hand, extinguished immediately when the shock was withheld. The results are related to conditioning to phobic stimuli and to the preparedness theory.", "contents": "Facial expressions as conditioned stimuli for electrodermal responses: a case of \"preparedness\"? Converging data suggest that human facial behavior has an evolutionary basis. Combining these data with Seligman's preparedness theory, it was predicted that facial expressions of anger should be more readily associated with aversive events than should expressions of happiness. Two experiments involving differential electrodermal conditioning to pictures of faces, with electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus, were performed. In the first experiment, the subjects were exposed to two pictures of the same person, one with an angry and one with a happy expression. For half of the subjects, the shock followed the angry face, and for the other half, it followed the happy face. In the second experiment, three groups of subjects differentiated between pictures of male and female faces, both showing angry, neutral, and happy expressions. Responses to angry conditioned stimuli showed significant resistance to extinction in both experiments, with a larger effect in Experiment 2. Responses to happy or neutral conditioned stimuli, on the other hand, extinguished immediately when the shock was withheld. The results are related to conditioning to phobic stimuli and to the preparedness theory.", "PMID": 745035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6222", "title": "Facilitating effects of erotica on aggression against women.", "content": "In order to examine the effects of highly erotic stimuli on aggression against females, male subjects were angered by a male or female confederate and exposed to an erotic film, an aggressive film, or a nonfilm condition. Subjects were given two opportunities to aggress against the confederate. It was found that both the aggressive and the erotic films increased aggression against both targets during the first and second aggression opportunities. However, the erotic film facilitated aggression against the female target across the two aggression sessions. The processes operating to cause this increase are discussed in terms of reducing restraints against aggressive behavior and the specific cue value of erotic films.", "contents": "Facilitating effects of erotica on aggression against women. In order to examine the effects of highly erotic stimuli on aggression against females, male subjects were angered by a male or female confederate and exposed to an erotic film, an aggressive film, or a nonfilm condition. Subjects were given two opportunities to aggress against the confederate. It was found that both the aggressive and the erotic films increased aggression against both targets during the first and second aggression opportunities. However, the erotic film facilitated aggression against the female target across the two aggression sessions. The processes operating to cause this increase are discussed in terms of reducing restraints against aggressive behavior and the specific cue value of erotic films.", "PMID": 745036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6223", "title": "Action potentials in gland cells of rat pituitary pars intermedia: inhibition by dopamine, an inhibitor of MSH secretion.", "content": "1. Cells were dissociated from rat pituitary pars intermedia, maintained in culture, and subjected to electrophysiological study.2. Recorded membrane potentials varied widely (range - 18 to about - 80 mV). They were relatively insensitive to changes in external Na but were rapidly and reversibly lowered by excess K.3. Action potentials were elicited by passing current through intracellular recording electrodes. They were reversibly blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 2 x 10(-6)M) or by removal of Na from the recording solution and thus appeared to be Na spikes. Cells yielding action potentials in response to depolarization had relatively high membrane potentials (about - 65 mV) which may be representative of the true resting membrane potential of pars intermedia cells.4. Spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly from nearly all the many isolated pars intermedia cells studied with a microsuction electrode. Their amplitude was reduced by TTX (0.1-2 x 10(-6)M). Electron microscopic examination of cells producing action potentials showed them to be hormone-containing parenchymal (gland) cells.5. Dopamine (10(-6)M), a presumed physiological inhibitor of secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) from pars intermedia cells, decreased the frequency of spontaneous action potentials but not their amplitude. Similar effects were seen with noradrenaline (10(-6)M), another inhibitor of MSH secretion, whereas isoprenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which do not inhibit MSH secretion, had no effect.6. Action potentials may be involved in stimulus-secretion coupling in pars intermedia cells.", "contents": "Action potentials in gland cells of rat pituitary pars intermedia: inhibition by dopamine, an inhibitor of MSH secretion. 1. Cells were dissociated from rat pituitary pars intermedia, maintained in culture, and subjected to electrophysiological study.2. Recorded membrane potentials varied widely (range - 18 to about - 80 mV). They were relatively insensitive to changes in external Na but were rapidly and reversibly lowered by excess K.3. Action potentials were elicited by passing current through intracellular recording electrodes. They were reversibly blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 2 x 10(-6)M) or by removal of Na from the recording solution and thus appeared to be Na spikes. Cells yielding action potentials in response to depolarization had relatively high membrane potentials (about - 65 mV) which may be representative of the true resting membrane potential of pars intermedia cells.4. Spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly from nearly all the many isolated pars intermedia cells studied with a microsuction electrode. Their amplitude was reduced by TTX (0.1-2 x 10(-6)M). Electron microscopic examination of cells producing action potentials showed them to be hormone-containing parenchymal (gland) cells.5. Dopamine (10(-6)M), a presumed physiological inhibitor of secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) from pars intermedia cells, decreased the frequency of spontaneous action potentials but not their amplitude. Similar effects were seen with noradrenaline (10(-6)M), another inhibitor of MSH secretion, whereas isoprenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which do not inhibit MSH secretion, had no effect.6. Action potentials may be involved in stimulus-secretion coupling in pars intermedia cells.", "PMID": 745066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6224", "title": "Ballistic contractions in fast or slow human muscles: discharge patterns of single motor units.", "content": "1. Single motor units were recorded from the masseter, soleus and first dorsal interosseous muscles of normal adult man. An analysis of discharge patterns was carried out either during slow ramp voluntary contractions, or during self-initiated isolated ballistic voluntary contractions. The isometric myogram was simultaneously recorded.2. Each motor unit was only recruited when the peak force of a brisk contraction exceeded a certain value and a ;ballistic force threshold' (in kg) was estimated for the unit from a large series of brisk contractions of different strengths. For each muscle, the ranking order for recruitment of different motor units recorded from one electrode position was virtually identical in slow ramp versus brisk ballistic contractions of different force (Kendall rank correlation coefficient = 0.91-1.0). There was no evidence for any consistent selective activation of fast twitch motor units in ballistic contractions.3. The ballistic force threshold is considerably reduced with respect to the slow ramp force threshold for the motor units of the soleus muscle. This drop is also marked for the units of the first interosseous and tibialis anterior muscles, whereas it is only small for the units of the masseter muscle. These data have been validated after consideration of the complicating factor related to the possible differential involvement of synergic muscles in ramp or ballistic contractions.4. In the masseter and first interosseous muscles, the time to peak is about 80 msec in small ballistic voluntary contractions and it increases to about 150 msec in strong contractions. This effect appears related to repetitive discharges of single motor units when their force threshold is exceeded. By contrast, in the soleus muscle, the time to peak remains at about 150 msec both in small and in strong ballistic contractions and most soleus motor units fire only one spike in the ballistic burst.5. Brisk ballistic contractions are graded in force by the recruitment of additional motor units according to their usual rank order. The importance of rate gradation through the repetitive firing of motor units varies in the different human muscles investigated, being quite significant in isometric brisk contractions of the masseter and first interosseous muscles but much less so in the soleus muscle in which little repetitive firing of single motor units was observed over the range of ballistic forces studied.", "contents": "Ballistic contractions in fast or slow human muscles: discharge patterns of single motor units. 1. Single motor units were recorded from the masseter, soleus and first dorsal interosseous muscles of normal adult man. An analysis of discharge patterns was carried out either during slow ramp voluntary contractions, or during self-initiated isolated ballistic voluntary contractions. The isometric myogram was simultaneously recorded.2. Each motor unit was only recruited when the peak force of a brisk contraction exceeded a certain value and a ;ballistic force threshold' (in kg) was estimated for the unit from a large series of brisk contractions of different strengths. For each muscle, the ranking order for recruitment of different motor units recorded from one electrode position was virtually identical in slow ramp versus brisk ballistic contractions of different force (Kendall rank correlation coefficient = 0.91-1.0). There was no evidence for any consistent selective activation of fast twitch motor units in ballistic contractions.3. The ballistic force threshold is considerably reduced with respect to the slow ramp force threshold for the motor units of the soleus muscle. This drop is also marked for the units of the first interosseous and tibialis anterior muscles, whereas it is only small for the units of the masseter muscle. These data have been validated after consideration of the complicating factor related to the possible differential involvement of synergic muscles in ramp or ballistic contractions.4. In the masseter and first interosseous muscles, the time to peak is about 80 msec in small ballistic voluntary contractions and it increases to about 150 msec in strong contractions. This effect appears related to repetitive discharges of single motor units when their force threshold is exceeded. By contrast, in the soleus muscle, the time to peak remains at about 150 msec both in small and in strong ballistic contractions and most soleus motor units fire only one spike in the ballistic burst.5. Brisk ballistic contractions are graded in force by the recruitment of additional motor units according to their usual rank order. The importance of rate gradation through the repetitive firing of motor units varies in the different human muscles investigated, being quite significant in isometric brisk contractions of the masseter and first interosseous muscles but much less so in the soleus muscle in which little repetitive firing of single motor units was observed over the range of ballistic forces studied.", "PMID": 745068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6225", "title": "Saccadic, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic eye movements of the trained cat.", "content": "1. Cats were trained to track a small target by rewarding them for keeping their eyes on target. Eye movements were measured by the electromagnetic search coil technique. 2. Cat saccades are qualitatively similar to primate saccades, but exhibit more variability in their parameters. However, they have longer durations and lower maximum velocities than primate saccades. As in the monkey, the duration of the horizontal or vertical component of an oblique saccade is lengthened when the orthogonal component has a larger amplitude. Cat saccades can be modified in midflight like human saccades. Opening the visual feed-back loop by controlling target position with eye position causes the cat to execute a staircase of equal amplitude saccades if a retinal error is present. Increasing the amount of visual feed-back induces saccadic oscillations. 3. Horizontal smooth pursuit of a 0 . 5 deg visual target is limited to velocities of less than 1 deg/sec. However, moving an optokinetic background with the 0 . 5 deg target enables the cat to achieve higher horizontal smooth eye velocities of up to 8 . 5 deg/sec. Prolonged (10-20 sec) constant velocity rotation of an optokinetic drum evokes horizontal slow-phase velocities of up to 28 deg/sec. In response to vertical movements of the target and optokinetic background, smooth eye movements reached 6 deg/sec maximum upward velocities but only 2 . 5 deg/sec maximum downward velocities. Opening the feed back loop with no retinal error present causes the eye to exhibit a growing smooth trajectory. The response to a Rashbass step-ramp target suggests that the feline smooth response is a function of target movement rather than displacement. 4. These data suggest that cat saccadic eye movements resemble those of primates while the cat smooth pursuit and optokinetically induced eye movements are more similar to those of the rabbit.", "contents": "Saccadic, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic eye movements of the trained cat. 1. Cats were trained to track a small target by rewarding them for keeping their eyes on target. Eye movements were measured by the electromagnetic search coil technique. 2. Cat saccades are qualitatively similar to primate saccades, but exhibit more variability in their parameters. However, they have longer durations and lower maximum velocities than primate saccades. As in the monkey, the duration of the horizontal or vertical component of an oblique saccade is lengthened when the orthogonal component has a larger amplitude. Cat saccades can be modified in midflight like human saccades. Opening the visual feed-back loop by controlling target position with eye position causes the cat to execute a staircase of equal amplitude saccades if a retinal error is present. Increasing the amount of visual feed-back induces saccadic oscillations. 3. Horizontal smooth pursuit of a 0 . 5 deg visual target is limited to velocities of less than 1 deg/sec. However, moving an optokinetic background with the 0 . 5 deg target enables the cat to achieve higher horizontal smooth eye velocities of up to 8 . 5 deg/sec. Prolonged (10-20 sec) constant velocity rotation of an optokinetic drum evokes horizontal slow-phase velocities of up to 28 deg/sec. In response to vertical movements of the target and optokinetic background, smooth eye movements reached 6 deg/sec maximum upward velocities but only 2 . 5 deg/sec maximum downward velocities. Opening the feed back loop with no retinal error present causes the eye to exhibit a growing smooth trajectory. The response to a Rashbass step-ramp target suggests that the feline smooth response is a function of target movement rather than displacement. 4. These data suggest that cat saccadic eye movements resemble those of primates while the cat smooth pursuit and optokinetically induced eye movements are more similar to those of the rabbit.", "PMID": 745071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6226", "title": "The effect of contrast on the transfer properties of cat retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Variation in stimulus contrast produces a marked effect on the dynamics of the cat retina. This contrast effect was investigated by measurement of the responses of X and Y ganglion cells. The stimuli were sine gratings or rectangular spots modulated by a temporal signal which was a sum of sinusoids. Fourier analysis of the neural response to such a stimulus allowed us to calculate first order and second order frequency kernels. 2. The first order frequency kernel of both X and Y ganglion cells became more sharply tuned at higher contrasts. The peak amplitude also shifted to higher temporal frequency at higher contrasts. Responses to low frequencies of modulation (less than 1 Hz) grew less than proportionally with contrast. However, response amplitudes at higher modulation frequencies (greater than 4 Hz) scaled approximately proportionally with contrast. Also, there was a marked phase advance in these latter components as contrast increased. 3. The contrast effect was significantly larger for Y cells than for X cells. 4. The first order frequency kernel was measured with single sine waves as well as with the sum of sinusoids as a modulation signal. The transfer function measured in this way was much less affected by increases in contrast. This implied that stimulus energy at one temporal frequency could affect the response amplitude and phase shift at another temporal frequency. 5. Direct proof was found that modulation at one frequency modifies the response at other frequencies. This was demonstrated by perturbation experiments in which the modulation stimulus was the sum of one strong perturbing sinusoid and seven weak test sinusoids. 6. The shape of the graph of the amplitude of the first order frequency kernel vs. temporal frequency did not depend on the amplitudes of the first order components, but rather on local retinal contrast. This was shown in an experiment with a sine grating placed at different positions in the visual field. The shape of the first order kernel did not vary with spatial phase, while the magnitudes of the first order responses varied greatly with spatial phase. 7. Models for the contrast gain control mechanism are considered in the Discussion.", "contents": "The effect of contrast on the transfer properties of cat retinal ganglion cells. 1. Variation in stimulus contrast produces a marked effect on the dynamics of the cat retina. This contrast effect was investigated by measurement of the responses of X and Y ganglion cells. The stimuli were sine gratings or rectangular spots modulated by a temporal signal which was a sum of sinusoids. Fourier analysis of the neural response to such a stimulus allowed us to calculate first order and second order frequency kernels. 2. The first order frequency kernel of both X and Y ganglion cells became more sharply tuned at higher contrasts. The peak amplitude also shifted to higher temporal frequency at higher contrasts. Responses to low frequencies of modulation (less than 1 Hz) grew less than proportionally with contrast. However, response amplitudes at higher modulation frequencies (greater than 4 Hz) scaled approximately proportionally with contrast. Also, there was a marked phase advance in these latter components as contrast increased. 3. The contrast effect was significantly larger for Y cells than for X cells. 4. The first order frequency kernel was measured with single sine waves as well as with the sum of sinusoids as a modulation signal. The transfer function measured in this way was much less affected by increases in contrast. This implied that stimulus energy at one temporal frequency could affect the response amplitude and phase shift at another temporal frequency. 5. Direct proof was found that modulation at one frequency modifies the response at other frequencies. This was demonstrated by perturbation experiments in which the modulation stimulus was the sum of one strong perturbing sinusoid and seven weak test sinusoids. 6. The shape of the graph of the amplitude of the first order frequency kernel vs. temporal frequency did not depend on the amplitudes of the first order components, but rather on local retinal contrast. This was shown in an experiment with a sine grating placed at different positions in the visual field. The shape of the first order kernel did not vary with spatial phase, while the magnitudes of the first order responses varied greatly with spatial phase. 7. Models for the contrast gain control mechanism are considered in the Discussion.", "PMID": 745079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6227", "title": "Properties of synaptic linkage from long ranging afferents onto dorsal horn neurones in normal and deafferented cats.", "content": "1. In intact cats, dorsal horn cells sometimes respond to afferents entering the cord three or four segments more rostral. If dorsal roots near a segment have been cut for at least 4 weeks, many more cells respond to these long ranging afferents. Using extra- and intracellular recording, we examined the change in the nature of the connectivity of the long ranging afferents from dorsal roots L3 and L4 onto cells in L7. 2. In intact animals 33% of all cells in L7 recorded extracellularly and 48% of those recorded intracellularly exhibited responses to electrical stimulation of skin whose afferents entered the spinal cord over dorsal roots L3 and L4. Most of these responses had a long latency and followed high frequency stimulation poorly. 3. Thirty-eight to fifty-one days after cutting dorsal roots L5-S2, 76% of cells recorded intracellularly in L7 responded to long ranging afferents, in contrast to 48% in the intact cord. In these preparations 48% of all cells responded in less than 5 msec versus 12% in intact cats. Furthermore, 21% of the cells had natural receptive fields in the distant dermatome versus 1% in intact animals. 4. Chronic deafferentation of a segment increased the number of cells responding to afferents arriving over distal dorsal roots and increased the speed and power of the responses.", "contents": "Properties of synaptic linkage from long ranging afferents onto dorsal horn neurones in normal and deafferented cats. 1. In intact cats, dorsal horn cells sometimes respond to afferents entering the cord three or four segments more rostral. If dorsal roots near a segment have been cut for at least 4 weeks, many more cells respond to these long ranging afferents. Using extra- and intracellular recording, we examined the change in the nature of the connectivity of the long ranging afferents from dorsal roots L3 and L4 onto cells in L7. 2. In intact animals 33% of all cells in L7 recorded extracellularly and 48% of those recorded intracellularly exhibited responses to electrical stimulation of skin whose afferents entered the spinal cord over dorsal roots L3 and L4. Most of these responses had a long latency and followed high frequency stimulation poorly. 3. Thirty-eight to fifty-one days after cutting dorsal roots L5-S2, 76% of cells recorded intracellularly in L7 responded to long ranging afferents, in contrast to 48% in the intact cord. In these preparations 48% of all cells responded in less than 5 msec versus 12% in intact cats. Furthermore, 21% of the cells had natural receptive fields in the distant dermatome versus 1% in intact animals. 4. Chronic deafferentation of a segment increased the number of cells responding to afferents arriving over distal dorsal roots and increased the speed and power of the responses.", "PMID": 745082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6228", "title": "Increased formation of diamines and polyamines in the pregnant rat.", "content": "1. The urinary excretion of histamine, methylhistamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine was examined before, during and after pregnancy in rats. 2. During the last third of undisturbed pregnancy a distinct and steep rise occurred in the excretion of all amines studied except spermine. The peak values were found a few days before the birth of the young. In spermidine excretion a second peak was observed one or two days after delivery. 3. Before and during the first 2 weeks of gestation on a molar basis putrescine excretion was the greatest one. During the last trimester histamine was excreted in the largest amount. 4. Under the influence of the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine the general pattern of excretion of diamines and polyamines in pregnant rats remained essentially unchanged but the total amount excreted increased. Most conspicuous was the great elevation of urinary contents of putrescine and cadaverine.", "contents": "Increased formation of diamines and polyamines in the pregnant rat. 1. The urinary excretion of histamine, methylhistamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine was examined before, during and after pregnancy in rats. 2. During the last third of undisturbed pregnancy a distinct and steep rise occurred in the excretion of all amines studied except spermine. The peak values were found a few days before the birth of the young. In spermidine excretion a second peak was observed one or two days after delivery. 3. Before and during the first 2 weeks of gestation on a molar basis putrescine excretion was the greatest one. During the last trimester histamine was excreted in the largest amount. 4. Under the influence of the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine the general pattern of excretion of diamines and polyamines in pregnant rats remained essentially unchanged but the total amount excreted increased. Most conspicuous was the great elevation of urinary contents of putrescine and cadaverine.", "PMID": 745086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6229", "title": "Acid secretion by isolated canine gastric mucosa.", "content": "1. An isolated gastric mucosal preparation from the dog stomach which is capable of acid secretion is described. Average values for normal resting potential difference (p.d.) was 49 +/- 2 mV (mucosal side negative with respect to the serosal side), short-circuit current (Isc) was 172 +/- 4 muA and resistance (R) was 285 +/- 6 omega.cm2. Low rates of spontaneous acid secretion (0-0.58 muequiv/cm2.hr) were present initially but following short-circuiting of the tissue these values decreased to low levels (less than 0.1 muequiv/cm2.hr) within an hour. 2. Histamine in doses exceeding 10(-6)M stimulated acid secretion, increased Isc and decreased R. Concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 8 X 10(-4)M produced maximal secretion. The maximal secretory rate achieved was 4.24 +/- 0.35 muequiv/cm2.hr. 3. Pentagastrin (10(-8)M) and acetylcholine (10(-6)--10(-5)M) also stimulated acid secretion with a lower maximal secretion as compared to histamine stimulation. These concentrations of pentagastrin and acetylcholine did not alter histamine stimulated acid secretion. Higher concentrations of pentagastrin (10(-6)M) and acetylcholine (10(-4) M) reversibly inhibited acid secretion of histamine stimulated mucosa. 4. These results demonstrate that there are many similarities between in vitro and in vivo findings on the dog stomach, indicating the great potential of the in vitro dog gastric mucosa for studies on the mechanism of action and interaction of gastric secretagogues.", "contents": "Acid secretion by isolated canine gastric mucosa. 1. An isolated gastric mucosal preparation from the dog stomach which is capable of acid secretion is described. Average values for normal resting potential difference (p.d.) was 49 +/- 2 mV (mucosal side negative with respect to the serosal side), short-circuit current (Isc) was 172 +/- 4 muA and resistance (R) was 285 +/- 6 omega.cm2. Low rates of spontaneous acid secretion (0-0.58 muequiv/cm2.hr) were present initially but following short-circuiting of the tissue these values decreased to low levels (less than 0.1 muequiv/cm2.hr) within an hour. 2. Histamine in doses exceeding 10(-6)M stimulated acid secretion, increased Isc and decreased R. Concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 8 X 10(-4)M produced maximal secretion. The maximal secretory rate achieved was 4.24 +/- 0.35 muequiv/cm2.hr. 3. Pentagastrin (10(-8)M) and acetylcholine (10(-6)--10(-5)M) also stimulated acid secretion with a lower maximal secretion as compared to histamine stimulation. These concentrations of pentagastrin and acetylcholine did not alter histamine stimulated acid secretion. Higher concentrations of pentagastrin (10(-6)M) and acetylcholine (10(-4) M) reversibly inhibited acid secretion of histamine stimulated mucosa. 4. These results demonstrate that there are many similarities between in vitro and in vivo findings on the dog stomach, indicating the great potential of the in vitro dog gastric mucosa for studies on the mechanism of action and interaction of gastric secretagogues.", "PMID": 745088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6230", "title": "Influence of atrial stretch receptors on hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones.", "content": "1. The effects of stimulation of atrial receptors on hypothalamic neurosecretory cells were investigated in anaesthetized dogs and cats. Atrial receptors were activated by stretching the left and the right atria while action potentials of individual neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic (s.o.n.) and paraventricular (p.v.m.) nuclei of the hypothalamus were recorded. 2. Stretching the left atrium markedly decreased firing frequencies of 'antidromically identified' s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones in dogs and cats; 98% of neurones in dogs and 70% in cats were thus inhibited. Heart rate accelerated following a transient reflexly induced deceleration. The blood pressure was not affected. The magnitude and duration of inhibitory effects produced by atrial stretch on s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones paralleled changes observed in heart rate. Approximately one third of 'unidentified' cells in s.o.n. and p.v.n. (those which could not be activated antidromically) were inhibited by left atrium stretch. 3. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the effects on neurosecretory neurones as well as on heart rate produced by left atrial stretch, indicating that the vagus nerves carry afferent impulses responsible for the observed changes. 4. Stretching the right atrium did not produce changes in firing frequencies of s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones in dogs and cats, although cardiac rate was increased considerably by such stretch. Stimulation of the left and right atria was tested in the same animal in succession to permit comparison of the diverse results. 5. Interaction of responses originating from atrial receptors, baro- and chemoreceptors were studied. During carotid occlusion or stimulation of chemoreceptors activity of the neurosecretory cells was greatly augmented. Left atrial stretch when then applied evoked slight or no reduction in activity in s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones. These results were interpreted to mean that the influence of baro- or chemoreceptors on neurosecretory neurones probably is stronger than that originating from atrial receptors. 6. Unlike the observations made in rats, no rhythmically bursting neurones (phasic cells) were found in dogs and cats. However, atrial stretch sometimes evoked a rhythmic bursting pattern which appeared only during stretch. 7. It is concluded that activation of left atrial receptors, through afferent impulses carried mainly by vagus nerves, inhibits neurosecretory neurones in s.o.n. and p.v.n. The implications of this finding in relation to the role of ADH in the maintenance of blood volume control were discussed.", "contents": "Influence of atrial stretch receptors on hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones. 1. The effects of stimulation of atrial receptors on hypothalamic neurosecretory cells were investigated in anaesthetized dogs and cats. Atrial receptors were activated by stretching the left and the right atria while action potentials of individual neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic (s.o.n.) and paraventricular (p.v.m.) nuclei of the hypothalamus were recorded. 2. Stretching the left atrium markedly decreased firing frequencies of 'antidromically identified' s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones in dogs and cats; 98% of neurones in dogs and 70% in cats were thus inhibited. Heart rate accelerated following a transient reflexly induced deceleration. The blood pressure was not affected. The magnitude and duration of inhibitory effects produced by atrial stretch on s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones paralleled changes observed in heart rate. Approximately one third of 'unidentified' cells in s.o.n. and p.v.n. (those which could not be activated antidromically) were inhibited by left atrium stretch. 3. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the effects on neurosecretory neurones as well as on heart rate produced by left atrial stretch, indicating that the vagus nerves carry afferent impulses responsible for the observed changes. 4. Stretching the right atrium did not produce changes in firing frequencies of s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones in dogs and cats, although cardiac rate was increased considerably by such stretch. Stimulation of the left and right atria was tested in the same animal in succession to permit comparison of the diverse results. 5. Interaction of responses originating from atrial receptors, baro- and chemoreceptors were studied. During carotid occlusion or stimulation of chemoreceptors activity of the neurosecretory cells was greatly augmented. Left atrial stretch when then applied evoked slight or no reduction in activity in s.o.n. and p.v.n. neurones. These results were interpreted to mean that the influence of baro- or chemoreceptors on neurosecretory neurones probably is stronger than that originating from atrial receptors. 6. Unlike the observations made in rats, no rhythmically bursting neurones (phasic cells) were found in dogs and cats. However, atrial stretch sometimes evoked a rhythmic bursting pattern which appeared only during stretch. 7. It is concluded that activation of left atrial receptors, through afferent impulses carried mainly by vagus nerves, inhibits neurosecretory neurones in s.o.n. and p.v.n. The implications of this finding in relation to the role of ADH in the maintenance of blood volume control were discussed.", "PMID": 745091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6231", "title": "Studies on neural mechanisms of the gustatory-salivary reflex in rabbits.", "content": "1. Submandibular salivary secretion and the electrical activity of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibres innervating the submandibular gland were recorded in decerebrated rabbits in response to taste stimulation of the tongue. The electrical activity of a taste nerve (chorda tympani) responding to varying taste stimuli was also recorded in the deeply anaesthetized rabbits. These data representing input and output information were compared with each other. 2. Sucrose, quinine, tartaric acid, NH4Cl and KCl which induced a long-lasting response in the taste nerve evoked a continuous salivary secretion, and those chemicals such as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 which induced a transient activity of the nerve evoked a transient salivary secretion. 3. The magnitude of responses of the whole taste nerve to moderate concentrations of chemical stimuli applied to the anterior part of the tongue was statistically significantly correlated with the volume of reflex submandibular salivation. 4. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres to the salivary gland were classified into two types according to their responsiveness to taste stimuli; taste-sensitive and taste-insensitive fibres. The magnitude of electrical activity of the taste nerve fibres was significantly correlated with that of the taste-sensitive preganglionic fibres to stimulation of the tongue with varying taste stimuli. 5. By calculating correlations between responses of the taste fibres to each of the four basic taste stimuli and all the stimuli tested, it was concluded that afferent inputs from the taste of sucrose and NaCl were different, while those of HCl and quinine were similar. On the other hand, it was found by the same procedure for the preganglionic fibres that sucrose and NaCl, and HCl and quinine produced a similar response profile, respectively. This result means that the afferent taste inputs are processed into appropriate outputs (perhaps on a hedonic basis) in the lower brain stem without involvement of higher central nervous mechanisms.", "contents": "Studies on neural mechanisms of the gustatory-salivary reflex in rabbits. 1. Submandibular salivary secretion and the electrical activity of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibres innervating the submandibular gland were recorded in decerebrated rabbits in response to taste stimulation of the tongue. The electrical activity of a taste nerve (chorda tympani) responding to varying taste stimuli was also recorded in the deeply anaesthetized rabbits. These data representing input and output information were compared with each other. 2. Sucrose, quinine, tartaric acid, NH4Cl and KCl which induced a long-lasting response in the taste nerve evoked a continuous salivary secretion, and those chemicals such as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 which induced a transient activity of the nerve evoked a transient salivary secretion. 3. The magnitude of responses of the whole taste nerve to moderate concentrations of chemical stimuli applied to the anterior part of the tongue was statistically significantly correlated with the volume of reflex submandibular salivation. 4. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres to the salivary gland were classified into two types according to their responsiveness to taste stimuli; taste-sensitive and taste-insensitive fibres. The magnitude of electrical activity of the taste nerve fibres was significantly correlated with that of the taste-sensitive preganglionic fibres to stimulation of the tongue with varying taste stimuli. 5. By calculating correlations between responses of the taste fibres to each of the four basic taste stimuli and all the stimuli tested, it was concluded that afferent inputs from the taste of sucrose and NaCl were different, while those of HCl and quinine were similar. On the other hand, it was found by the same procedure for the preganglionic fibres that sucrose and NaCl, and HCl and quinine produced a similar response profile, respectively. This result means that the afferent taste inputs are processed into appropriate outputs (perhaps on a hedonic basis) in the lower brain stem without involvement of higher central nervous mechanisms.", "PMID": 745092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6232", "title": "A study of the factors responsible for rate-dependent shortening of the action potential in mammalian ventricular muscle.", "content": "1. An intracellular micro-electrode was used to record action potentials from superficial cells of a cat papillary muscle during isometric contractions. The muscle was stimulated regularly and test stimuli were interpolated at various times between regular (control) responses. 2. The duration of test action potentials (measured at 80% repolarization) increases exponentially with time as the interval between the test stimulus and the preceeding stimulus is increased and a curve drawn through the data reaches a plateau at test intervals of 1.0-1.5 s. This curve is considered to reflect the time course with which membrane conductances return to their pre-stimulus values after a control response, and it is known as the 'electrical restitution curve'. 3. At much longer test intervals the action potential duration duration increases again and it approaches the rested state value of about 0.5 s when the interval between stimuli is 200-300 s. 4. Interventions that raise the peak tension developed in isometric contractions, such as an increase in the rate of stimulation or in the bathing calcium concentration, displace the electrical restitution curve downwards (to shorter action potential durations) and to the left (to shorter stimulus intervals). This shift in the curve is accompanied by a reduction in its magnitude (i.e. the difference in duration between the earliest possible action potential and the plateau value), but the interventions differ in their effects on the time course of electrical restitution: an increase in stimulus frequency causes a marked slowing, whereas an increase in bathing calcium concentration produces a slight speeding up of its time course. 5. The reduction in action potential duration produced by an increase in stimulus frequency (rate-dependent shortening) can be separated into two components, one resulting from the downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve and the other depending on the time available between consecutive responses for membrane recovery. The second component becomes increasingly important at stimulus frequencies above 100 min-1. 6. Changes in action potential duration observed during the tension staircases produced by regular stimulation of a rested preparation and by paired pulse stimulation can also be accounted for by interaction of downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve and variations in the degree of recovery of the membrane between consecutive responses. 7. Downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve is thought to result from intracellular accumulation of calcium and/or extracellular accumulation of potassium, and the available evidence is considered to favour the former mechanism.", "contents": "A study of the factors responsible for rate-dependent shortening of the action potential in mammalian ventricular muscle. 1. An intracellular micro-electrode was used to record action potentials from superficial cells of a cat papillary muscle during isometric contractions. The muscle was stimulated regularly and test stimuli were interpolated at various times between regular (control) responses. 2. The duration of test action potentials (measured at 80% repolarization) increases exponentially with time as the interval between the test stimulus and the preceeding stimulus is increased and a curve drawn through the data reaches a plateau at test intervals of 1.0-1.5 s. This curve is considered to reflect the time course with which membrane conductances return to their pre-stimulus values after a control response, and it is known as the 'electrical restitution curve'. 3. At much longer test intervals the action potential duration duration increases again and it approaches the rested state value of about 0.5 s when the interval between stimuli is 200-300 s. 4. Interventions that raise the peak tension developed in isometric contractions, such as an increase in the rate of stimulation or in the bathing calcium concentration, displace the electrical restitution curve downwards (to shorter action potential durations) and to the left (to shorter stimulus intervals). This shift in the curve is accompanied by a reduction in its magnitude (i.e. the difference in duration between the earliest possible action potential and the plateau value), but the interventions differ in their effects on the time course of electrical restitution: an increase in stimulus frequency causes a marked slowing, whereas an increase in bathing calcium concentration produces a slight speeding up of its time course. 5. The reduction in action potential duration produced by an increase in stimulus frequency (rate-dependent shortening) can be separated into two components, one resulting from the downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve and the other depending on the time available between consecutive responses for membrane recovery. The second component becomes increasingly important at stimulus frequencies above 100 min-1. 6. Changes in action potential duration observed during the tension staircases produced by regular stimulation of a rested preparation and by paired pulse stimulation can also be accounted for by interaction of downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve and variations in the degree of recovery of the membrane between consecutive responses. 7. Downward displacement of the electrical restitution curve is thought to result from intracellular accumulation of calcium and/or extracellular accumulation of potassium, and the available evidence is considered to favour the former mechanism.", "PMID": 745095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6233", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of circulating catecholamines in fetal sheep.", "content": "1. Adrenaline and noradrenaline have been infused into the fetal sheep to produce plasma concentrations comparable to those seen during hypoxia and the cardiovascular changes compared with those seen in response to hypoxia. The effect of isoprenaline, methoxamine, and beta- and alpha-adrenergic antagonists were also investigated. 2. There were no significant changes in the blood gas values during any of the infusions except for a mean fall in pH of 0.04 during adrenaline infusion. 3. Adrenaline caused a fall in the fetal heart rate followed by a rise above the control value after 15-20 min. The fall in heart rate was abolished when the rise in blood pressure was blocked with phentolamine. The rise in heart rate was blocked by propranolol. The exact cause of the biphasic changes in heart rate during adrenaline infusion is not clear. 4. A fall in heart rate was not seen with noradrenaline; a small rise was. Propranolol changed this into a fall in heart rate while phentolamine increased the size of the heart rate rise. 5. Phentolamine alone increased the fetal heart rate by 25% and reduced blood pressure by 12%; propranolol alone reduced heart rate by 14% and had no effect on blood pressure. Isoprenaline increased fetal heart rate and reduced blood pressure. 6. The incidence of fetal breathing movements was highly variable. Despite this a significant increase was observed during adrenaline infusion. None of the other infusions had consistent effects. 7. The role of the circulating catecholamines in mediating or modifying the cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in the fetal sheep is discussed.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of circulating catecholamines in fetal sheep. 1. Adrenaline and noradrenaline have been infused into the fetal sheep to produce plasma concentrations comparable to those seen during hypoxia and the cardiovascular changes compared with those seen in response to hypoxia. The effect of isoprenaline, methoxamine, and beta- and alpha-adrenergic antagonists were also investigated. 2. There were no significant changes in the blood gas values during any of the infusions except for a mean fall in pH of 0.04 during adrenaline infusion. 3. Adrenaline caused a fall in the fetal heart rate followed by a rise above the control value after 15-20 min. The fall in heart rate was abolished when the rise in blood pressure was blocked with phentolamine. The rise in heart rate was blocked by propranolol. The exact cause of the biphasic changes in heart rate during adrenaline infusion is not clear. 4. A fall in heart rate was not seen with noradrenaline; a small rise was. Propranolol changed this into a fall in heart rate while phentolamine increased the size of the heart rate rise. 5. Phentolamine alone increased the fetal heart rate by 25% and reduced blood pressure by 12%; propranolol alone reduced heart rate by 14% and had no effect on blood pressure. Isoprenaline increased fetal heart rate and reduced blood pressure. 6. The incidence of fetal breathing movements was highly variable. Despite this a significant increase was observed during adrenaline infusion. None of the other infusions had consistent effects. 7. The role of the circulating catecholamines in mediating or modifying the cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in the fetal sheep is discussed.", "PMID": 745099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6234", "title": "Electrical property and chemical sensitivity of vascular smooth muscles in normotensive and spontaneously hypersensitive rats.", "content": "1. The membrane properties and sensitivity to chemical substances of smooth muscle cells of the portal vein and pulmonary artery were studied in normotensive rats (Wistar Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (Okamoto & Aoki) by the micro-electrode method. 2. The parameters of the membrane, i.e. resting membrane potential, the maximum rate of rise of the spike, space constant of the tissue and time constant of the membrane measured from the portal vein were the same in normotensive rats (less than 120 mmHg) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (greater than 165 mmHg). Similar results were also obtained from the pulmonary artery. Such findings indicate that the passive electrical properties of the vascular muscle membrane are not involved in the generation mechanism of hypertension. 3. In the portal vein the maximum slope of the membrane depolarization produced by tenfold increase in external K+ concentration expressed on a logarithmic scale was the same in normal and hypertensive rats (42 and 41 mV, respectively). These observations were confirmed by the effects of application of excess K+ on the pulmonary artery (48 mV in normal and 46 mV in hypertension). With a low concentration of K+, the membrane was depolarized to a greater extent in the portal veins than in the pulmonary arteries of both types of rats. Although the response to K+ differed in vascular muscles excised from the different regions, no functional difference was apparent between normotensive and hypertensive. 4. In both portal vein and pulmonary artery, the smooth muscle membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats proved to be more sensitive to noradrenaline, i.e. depolarization of the membrane appeared with noradrenaline 10(-9) g/ml. in hypertensive but with 10(-8)g/ml. in normotensive rats. Depolarization block of the spike generation appeared at a slower concentration of noradrenaline in hypertensive rats. Sensitivity of the smooth muscle membrane to prostaglandin E2 in the portal vein was also higher in hypertensive rats. 5. The present results indicate that the only difference between normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats regarding smooth muscle cell membrane of the pulmonary artery and portal vein is increased chemical sensitivity in hypertensive rats, and the passive electrical properties of the membrane probably does not contribute to the generation of hypertension.", "contents": "Electrical property and chemical sensitivity of vascular smooth muscles in normotensive and spontaneously hypersensitive rats. 1. The membrane properties and sensitivity to chemical substances of smooth muscle cells of the portal vein and pulmonary artery were studied in normotensive rats (Wistar Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (Okamoto & Aoki) by the micro-electrode method. 2. The parameters of the membrane, i.e. resting membrane potential, the maximum rate of rise of the spike, space constant of the tissue and time constant of the membrane measured from the portal vein were the same in normotensive rats (less than 120 mmHg) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (greater than 165 mmHg). Similar results were also obtained from the pulmonary artery. Such findings indicate that the passive electrical properties of the vascular muscle membrane are not involved in the generation mechanism of hypertension. 3. In the portal vein the maximum slope of the membrane depolarization produced by tenfold increase in external K+ concentration expressed on a logarithmic scale was the same in normal and hypertensive rats (42 and 41 mV, respectively). These observations were confirmed by the effects of application of excess K+ on the pulmonary artery (48 mV in normal and 46 mV in hypertension). With a low concentration of K+, the membrane was depolarized to a greater extent in the portal veins than in the pulmonary arteries of both types of rats. Although the response to K+ differed in vascular muscles excised from the different regions, no functional difference was apparent between normotensive and hypertensive. 4. In both portal vein and pulmonary artery, the smooth muscle membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats proved to be more sensitive to noradrenaline, i.e. depolarization of the membrane appeared with noradrenaline 10(-9) g/ml. in hypertensive but with 10(-8)g/ml. in normotensive rats. Depolarization block of the spike generation appeared at a slower concentration of noradrenaline in hypertensive rats. Sensitivity of the smooth muscle membrane to prostaglandin E2 in the portal vein was also higher in hypertensive rats. 5. The present results indicate that the only difference between normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats regarding smooth muscle cell membrane of the pulmonary artery and portal vein is increased chemical sensitivity in hypertensive rats, and the passive electrical properties of the membrane probably does not contribute to the generation of hypertension.", "PMID": 745102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6235", "title": "Crossed disynaptic inhibition of sacral motoneurones.", "content": "1. Intracellular recording was made from motoneurones in lower sacral (S2 and S3) segments of the spinal cord in cats, to analyse the neuronal organization of the inhibition evoked in these motoneurones from contralateral afferents. 2. It was confirmed that stimulation of the lowest threshold afferents of contralateral dorsal roots evokes i.p.s.p.s with latencies similar to those of disynaptic i.p.s.p.s. evoked from group Ia muscle spindle afferents in limb motoneurones. 3. The crossed disynaptic i.p.s.p.s in sacral motoneurones were found to be mediated by interneurones which are themselves inhibited by Renshaw cells, these interneurones and Renshaw cells being activated from the dorsal and ventral roots respectively, on the side of the body opposite to the location of the inhibited motoneurones. 4. In unanaesthetized decerebrate preparations crossed recurrent facilitation of sacral motoneurones was evoked with a time course similar to that of recurrent facilitation of lumbar motoneurones. It was taken to indicate a tonic inhibition of sacral motoneurones by interneurones responsible for their crossed disynaptic inhibition, and a disinhibition following stimulation of contralateral ventral roots. 5. In anaesthetized preparations crossed recurrent inhibition appeared, instead of the recurrent facilitation, in more than one half of the tested motoneurones. 6. A comparison of the input from ipsilateral and contralateral afferents to identified motoneurones of tail muscles with the input to pudendal motoneurones led to the conclusion that crossed disynaptic inhibition is evoked specifically in tail motoneurones. 7. Intracellular staining of sacral motoneurones with horseradish peroxidase revealed that the tail motoneurones and others with crossed disynaptic inhibition differ from the pudendal motoneurones in their location and in a number of morphological features; tail motoneurones are larger, they have differently directed dendrites and they show more extensively branched initial axon collaterals which appeared to ramify only within the ventral and lateral parts of the ipsilateral ventral horn. 8. One Renshaw cell which was stained with horseradish peroxidase was found to project contralaterally, after giving a number of axon collaterals ipsilaterally.", "contents": "Crossed disynaptic inhibition of sacral motoneurones. 1. Intracellular recording was made from motoneurones in lower sacral (S2 and S3) segments of the spinal cord in cats, to analyse the neuronal organization of the inhibition evoked in these motoneurones from contralateral afferents. 2. It was confirmed that stimulation of the lowest threshold afferents of contralateral dorsal roots evokes i.p.s.p.s with latencies similar to those of disynaptic i.p.s.p.s. evoked from group Ia muscle spindle afferents in limb motoneurones. 3. The crossed disynaptic i.p.s.p.s in sacral motoneurones were found to be mediated by interneurones which are themselves inhibited by Renshaw cells, these interneurones and Renshaw cells being activated from the dorsal and ventral roots respectively, on the side of the body opposite to the location of the inhibited motoneurones. 4. In unanaesthetized decerebrate preparations crossed recurrent facilitation of sacral motoneurones was evoked with a time course similar to that of recurrent facilitation of lumbar motoneurones. It was taken to indicate a tonic inhibition of sacral motoneurones by interneurones responsible for their crossed disynaptic inhibition, and a disinhibition following stimulation of contralateral ventral roots. 5. In anaesthetized preparations crossed recurrent inhibition appeared, instead of the recurrent facilitation, in more than one half of the tested motoneurones. 6. A comparison of the input from ipsilateral and contralateral afferents to identified motoneurones of tail muscles with the input to pudendal motoneurones led to the conclusion that crossed disynaptic inhibition is evoked specifically in tail motoneurones. 7. Intracellular staining of sacral motoneurones with horseradish peroxidase revealed that the tail motoneurones and others with crossed disynaptic inhibition differ from the pudendal motoneurones in their location and in a number of morphological features; tail motoneurones are larger, they have differently directed dendrites and they show more extensively branched initial axon collaterals which appeared to ramify only within the ventral and lateral parts of the ipsilateral ventral horn. 8. One Renshaw cell which was stained with horseradish peroxidase was found to project contralaterally, after giving a number of axon collaterals ipsilaterally.", "PMID": 745104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6236", "title": "The effect of distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junction on activity of left atrial receptors.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized dogs, the activity from left atrial receptors with vagal afferent fibres has been examined during distension of small balloons in the pulmonary veins or the application of pulsatile pressures to an isolated perfused pouch of the left atrium.2. Eleven fibres were found in nineteen dogs. The receptors discharging into these fibres were located, post mortem, to the atrial endocardium and reasons are given for believing that these fibres were myelinated and the receptors were B or Intermediate.3. Distension of small balloons induced significant increases in the discharge of action potentials from the receptors, the increases were similar to those after infusions of saline or dextran.4. In the perfused pouch the ;dynamic' thresholds for pulsatile pressure were high as were the mean and pulsatile pressures required to induce bursts of action potentials similar to those observed from atrial receptors in the atrium of normal size. Restoration of the atrium to its normal size resulted in ;dynamic' thresholds and responses to changes in pressure within the normal range. The changes could be explained assuming the Laplace relationship.5. This evidence supports the conclusion from previous investigations in which these techniques were used, that the increase in discharge in atrial receptors with myelinated vagal fibres could be the cause of the increase in heart rate and urine flow.", "contents": "The effect of distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junction on activity of left atrial receptors. 1. In anaesthetized dogs, the activity from left atrial receptors with vagal afferent fibres has been examined during distension of small balloons in the pulmonary veins or the application of pulsatile pressures to an isolated perfused pouch of the left atrium.2. Eleven fibres were found in nineteen dogs. The receptors discharging into these fibres were located, post mortem, to the atrial endocardium and reasons are given for believing that these fibres were myelinated and the receptors were B or Intermediate.3. Distension of small balloons induced significant increases in the discharge of action potentials from the receptors, the increases were similar to those after infusions of saline or dextran.4. In the perfused pouch the ;dynamic' thresholds for pulsatile pressure were high as were the mean and pulsatile pressures required to induce bursts of action potentials similar to those observed from atrial receptors in the atrium of normal size. Restoration of the atrium to its normal size resulted in ;dynamic' thresholds and responses to changes in pressure within the normal range. The changes could be explained assuming the Laplace relationship.5. This evidence supports the conclusion from previous investigations in which these techniques were used, that the increase in discharge in atrial receptors with myelinated vagal fibres could be the cause of the increase in heart rate and urine flow.", "PMID": 745107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6237", "title": "Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms.", "content": "1. Thirty-six subjects in an isolation unit were subjected to time shifts of 12 hr, or of 8 hr in either direction. 2. The rhythms of body temperature and excretion of eight urinary constituents were studied before and after the shift, both on a usual nychthemeral routine and during 24 hr when they remained under constant conditions, awake, engaged in light, mainly sedentary activity, and consuming identical food and fluid every hour. 3. The rhythms on nychthemeral routine were defined by fitting cosine curves. On constant routine the rhythm after the shift was cross-correlated with the original rhythm, either with variable delay (or advance) or with an additive mixture between this variably shifted rhythm and the unshifted or a fully shifted rhythm. The process yielding the highest correlation coefficient was accepted as the best descriptor of the nature of adaptation. 4. A combination of two rhythms was observed more often for urinary sodium, chloride and phosphate than for other variables. 5. Adaptation appeared to have proceeded further after westward than eastward shifts, and this difference was particularly noticeable for urinary potassium, sodium and chloride. 6. Partial adaptation usually involved a phase delay, even after an eastward shift when a cumulative delay of 16 hr would be needed to achieve full adaptation and re-entrainment. 7. Observations under nychthemeral conditions often gave a false idea of the degree of adaptation. In particular, after an eastward shift the phase of the rhythms appeared to shift in the appropriate direction when studied under nychthemeral conditions whereas the endogenous oscillator either showed no consistent behaviour or, in the control of urate excretion, a shift in the wrong direction. 8. The implications for people undergoing time shifts, in the course of shift work or transmeridional flights, are indicated.", "contents": "Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. 1. Thirty-six subjects in an isolation unit were subjected to time shifts of 12 hr, or of 8 hr in either direction. 2. The rhythms of body temperature and excretion of eight urinary constituents were studied before and after the shift, both on a usual nychthemeral routine and during 24 hr when they remained under constant conditions, awake, engaged in light, mainly sedentary activity, and consuming identical food and fluid every hour. 3. The rhythms on nychthemeral routine were defined by fitting cosine curves. On constant routine the rhythm after the shift was cross-correlated with the original rhythm, either with variable delay (or advance) or with an additive mixture between this variably shifted rhythm and the unshifted or a fully shifted rhythm. The process yielding the highest correlation coefficient was accepted as the best descriptor of the nature of adaptation. 4. A combination of two rhythms was observed more often for urinary sodium, chloride and phosphate than for other variables. 5. Adaptation appeared to have proceeded further after westward than eastward shifts, and this difference was particularly noticeable for urinary potassium, sodium and chloride. 6. Partial adaptation usually involved a phase delay, even after an eastward shift when a cumulative delay of 16 hr would be needed to achieve full adaptation and re-entrainment. 7. Observations under nychthemeral conditions often gave a false idea of the degree of adaptation. In particular, after an eastward shift the phase of the rhythms appeared to shift in the appropriate direction when studied under nychthemeral conditions whereas the endogenous oscillator either showed no consistent behaviour or, in the control of urate excretion, a shift in the wrong direction. 8. The implications for people undergoing time shifts, in the course of shift work or transmeridional flights, are indicated.", "PMID": 745108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6238", "title": "Mobilization of colonic kallikrein following pelvic nerve stimulation in the atropinized cat.", "content": "1. Pelvic nerve stimulation (p.n.s.) in cats induces atropine-resistant colonic vasodilatation and colonic contraction. The effects of this on cat colon are mimicked by synthetic bradykinin infusions. The present study examines the effect of p.n.s. on the activation of kallikrein, the kinin-forming enzyme present in colonic tissue and its effects on the plasma kinin system in the atropinized cat.2. Mean level (+/- S.D.) of mucosal kallikrein was found to be about 37 times higher in unstimulated colonic mucosa (300 +/- 100 ng bradykinin equivalents min(-1)g(-1)) than in the underlying muscle (8.2 +/- 6.3 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)).3. After a p.n.s. of 5 min, mean kallikrein level in colonic muscle was 7.3 +/- 3.5 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1), which was not significantly different from the control muscle kallikrein. However, there was an 86% fall in mucosal kallikrein to 41.3 +/- 34.7 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1) after 5 min p.n.s., indicating a rapid activation and secretion of mucosal kallikrein.4. Secretion of mucosal kallikrein was paralleled by specific depletion of plasma kininogen, the precursor of active kinin in blood draining the colon. The mean plasma kininogen level fell to 79 and 68% of the prestimulated value (3.1 +/- 1.1 S.D. mug bradykinin equiv per ml. plasma) after 5 and 10 min p.n.s. respectively. Total plasma protein and haematocrit remained unaltered excluding non-specific changes due to protein extravasation or haemodilution and indicating utilization of the plasma kinin precursor.5. Following 2 hr p.n.s., raised levels of kallikrein were detected in both colonic muscle (28 +/- 2.0 bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)) and mucosa 434 +/- 118 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)). Preliminary studies using a kallikrein inhibitor indicated that the increased kallikrein levels originated from plasma.6. Direct stimulation of the parasympathetic pelvic nerve in the atropinized cat thus produced activation of the plasma kinin system in the colon and formation of free kinins may be responsible for the mucosal vasodilatation and strong motor contraction which is not blocked by large doses of atropine. The observation that prolonged stimulation causes extravasation of plasma kallikrein, a potential inflammatory mediator, into the tissues may be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Mobilization of colonic kallikrein following pelvic nerve stimulation in the atropinized cat. 1. Pelvic nerve stimulation (p.n.s.) in cats induces atropine-resistant colonic vasodilatation and colonic contraction. The effects of this on cat colon are mimicked by synthetic bradykinin infusions. The present study examines the effect of p.n.s. on the activation of kallikrein, the kinin-forming enzyme present in colonic tissue and its effects on the plasma kinin system in the atropinized cat.2. Mean level (+/- S.D.) of mucosal kallikrein was found to be about 37 times higher in unstimulated colonic mucosa (300 +/- 100 ng bradykinin equivalents min(-1)g(-1)) than in the underlying muscle (8.2 +/- 6.3 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)).3. After a p.n.s. of 5 min, mean kallikrein level in colonic muscle was 7.3 +/- 3.5 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1), which was not significantly different from the control muscle kallikrein. However, there was an 86% fall in mucosal kallikrein to 41.3 +/- 34.7 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1) after 5 min p.n.s., indicating a rapid activation and secretion of mucosal kallikrein.4. Secretion of mucosal kallikrein was paralleled by specific depletion of plasma kininogen, the precursor of active kinin in blood draining the colon. The mean plasma kininogen level fell to 79 and 68% of the prestimulated value (3.1 +/- 1.1 S.D. mug bradykinin equiv per ml. plasma) after 5 and 10 min p.n.s. respectively. Total plasma protein and haematocrit remained unaltered excluding non-specific changes due to protein extravasation or haemodilution and indicating utilization of the plasma kinin precursor.5. Following 2 hr p.n.s., raised levels of kallikrein were detected in both colonic muscle (28 +/- 2.0 bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)) and mucosa 434 +/- 118 ng bradykinin equiv min(-1)g(-1)). Preliminary studies using a kallikrein inhibitor indicated that the increased kallikrein levels originated from plasma.6. Direct stimulation of the parasympathetic pelvic nerve in the atropinized cat thus produced activation of the plasma kinin system in the colon and formation of free kinins may be responsible for the mucosal vasodilatation and strong motor contraction which is not blocked by large doses of atropine. The observation that prolonged stimulation causes extravasation of plasma kallikrein, a potential inflammatory mediator, into the tissues may be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 745111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6239", "title": "Directional tuning of complex cells in area 17 of the feline visual cortex.", "content": "1. Directional tuning for motion of a field of static visual noise and for motion of bar stimuli against the same stationary noise field as background was compared in eighty-four deep-layer complex cells recorded from area 17 of cats, lightly anaesthetized with N(2)O/O(2) supplemented with pentobarbitone. Detailed comparisons of monocular tuning for the dominant eye receptive field were made for seventy-two cells. Interocular, and stimulus-dependent ocular dominance differences are reported elsewhere (Hammond, 1978c, and in preparation).2. Directional bias for preferred and opposite directions of motion was enhanced with moving noise fields, compared with moving bar stimuli. Two thirds of cells directionally biased for bars, were directionally selective for noise (33/49); ten of these showed suppression of firing to noise moving in the ;null' direction. An additional twenty-three cells were directionally selective for bar stimuli and for noise, nine with suppression of firing in the null direction.3. A majority of cells (52/62) showed significant differences in preferred directions for bar stimuli and for noise; in an exceptional case, tuning for the two classes of stimuli was orthogonal. Tuning for bar stimuli was usually sharper than for noise. In cells asymmetrically tuned for bar stimuli, tuning was broader for the flank of the tuning curve closest to the preferred direction for noise. Ten cells showed similar tuning for bars and noise; tuning for the remaining ten cells was rather variable or poorly defined.22/62 cells showed bimodal directional tuning to noise, with depression of sensitivity over the range of directions to which the cell responded well with a moving bar stimulus.4. Cells were frequently more responsive to noise-field motion than to bar motion. Cells with large receptive fields showed greater sensitivity to noise than those with small fields, and were relatively more sensitive to noise than to bar stimuli.5. The results are interpreted as evidence that the directional and orientational sensitivity of complex cells are mediated by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Directional tuning of complex cells in area 17 of the feline visual cortex. 1. Directional tuning for motion of a field of static visual noise and for motion of bar stimuli against the same stationary noise field as background was compared in eighty-four deep-layer complex cells recorded from area 17 of cats, lightly anaesthetized with N(2)O/O(2) supplemented with pentobarbitone. Detailed comparisons of monocular tuning for the dominant eye receptive field were made for seventy-two cells. Interocular, and stimulus-dependent ocular dominance differences are reported elsewhere (Hammond, 1978c, and in preparation).2. Directional bias for preferred and opposite directions of motion was enhanced with moving noise fields, compared with moving bar stimuli. Two thirds of cells directionally biased for bars, were directionally selective for noise (33/49); ten of these showed suppression of firing to noise moving in the ;null' direction. An additional twenty-three cells were directionally selective for bar stimuli and for noise, nine with suppression of firing in the null direction.3. A majority of cells (52/62) showed significant differences in preferred directions for bar stimuli and for noise; in an exceptional case, tuning for the two classes of stimuli was orthogonal. Tuning for bar stimuli was usually sharper than for noise. In cells asymmetrically tuned for bar stimuli, tuning was broader for the flank of the tuning curve closest to the preferred direction for noise. Ten cells showed similar tuning for bars and noise; tuning for the remaining ten cells was rather variable or poorly defined.22/62 cells showed bimodal directional tuning to noise, with depression of sensitivity over the range of directions to which the cell responded well with a moving bar stimulus.4. Cells were frequently more responsive to noise-field motion than to bar motion. Cells with large receptive fields showed greater sensitivity to noise than those with small fields, and were relatively more sensitive to noise than to bar stimuli.5. The results are interpreted as evidence that the directional and orientational sensitivity of complex cells are mediated by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 745112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6240", "title": "Inhibition by metiamide of secretagogue-induced gastric acid secretion in the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat.", "content": "1. The inhibition by metiamide of gastric of gastric acid secretion in response to histamine, pentagastrin and bethanechol has been investigated in the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat. 2. Histamine alone stimulated only a low rate of acid secretion. This response was markedly potentiated in the presence of mepyramine. 3. Metiamide at a dose of 0.15 mumole . kg-1 . min-1 I.V. significantly inhibited the acid secretory responses to histamine (in the presence of mepyramine) and pentagastrin. In each case the inhibition of acid output was the result of a significant decrease in both secretory volume and acid concentration. 4. Metiamide at a dose of 0.15 mumole . kg-1 . min-1 I.V. did not inhibit bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion. Increasing the dose of metiamide to 1.0 mumole . kg 1 . min-1 I.V. did produce a significant inhibition. In contrast with histamine and pentagastrin, metiamide inhibited bethanechol-stimulated secretion only by reducing acid concentration; there was no significant decrease in the gastric secretory volume. 5. It is concluded that these results are consistent with the view that histamine and pentagastrin share a common pathway in stimulating gastric acid secretion in the rat. The role of histamine in the control of bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion remains unclear.", "contents": "Inhibition by metiamide of secretagogue-induced gastric acid secretion in the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat. 1. The inhibition by metiamide of gastric of gastric acid secretion in response to histamine, pentagastrin and bethanechol has been investigated in the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat. 2. Histamine alone stimulated only a low rate of acid secretion. This response was markedly potentiated in the presence of mepyramine. 3. Metiamide at a dose of 0.15 mumole . kg-1 . min-1 I.V. significantly inhibited the acid secretory responses to histamine (in the presence of mepyramine) and pentagastrin. In each case the inhibition of acid output was the result of a significant decrease in both secretory volume and acid concentration. 4. Metiamide at a dose of 0.15 mumole . kg-1 . min-1 I.V. did not inhibit bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion. Increasing the dose of metiamide to 1.0 mumole . kg 1 . min-1 I.V. did produce a significant inhibition. In contrast with histamine and pentagastrin, metiamide inhibited bethanechol-stimulated secretion only by reducing acid concentration; there was no significant decrease in the gastric secretory volume. 5. It is concluded that these results are consistent with the view that histamine and pentagastrin share a common pathway in stimulating gastric acid secretion in the rat. The role of histamine in the control of bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion remains unclear.", "PMID": 745113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6241", "title": "Coding of information about tactile stimuli by neurones of the cuneate nucleus.", "content": "1. The responses of cuneate neurones to controlled tactile stimulation of the foot pads were examined in unanaesthetized, decerebrate cats. The neurones were divided into three functional classes; one sensitive to steady tactile stimuli, and two dynamically sensitive classes which could be readily differentiated by their responsiveness to cutaneous vibration. Each class appeared to receive an exclusive input from only one of the three known groups of tactile receptors associated with the foot pads, namely the Pacinian corpuscles, the Merkel endings and the intradermal, encapsulated endings known as Krause or Meissner corpuscles.  2. Cuneate neurones responsive to steady indentation of the skin displayed approximately linear or sigmoidal stimulus-response relations over indentation ranges up to approximately 1.5--2 mm. Response variability at a fixed stimulus intensity was relatively low and showed little systematic change over the full range of the stimulus-response curves. 3. One class of dynamically sensitive cuneate neurones responded to cutaneous vibration over a range of approximately 5-80 Hz with maximal responsiveness around 30 Hz. The other class, the Pacinian neurones, responded over a range of approximately 80- greater than 600 Hz with maximal responsiveness at 200-400 Hz. The thresholds and combined band width of vibratory sensitivity of these populations were comparable with known subjective thresholds and range of cutaneous vibratory sensibility. 4. Responses of cuneate neurones were phase-locked to the vibratory stimulus suggesting that information about vibration frequency could be coded by the patterns of impulse activity. Quantitative measures indicated that maximal phase-locking occurred in responses to vibration frequencies of 10-50 Hz with a progressive decline at higher frequencies. Above 400 Hz, impulse activity occurred almost randomly throughout the vibratory stimulus cycle and therefore carried little further signal of vibratory frequency. The decline, with increasing frequency, in the ability of cuneate neurones to signal information about vibratory frequency parallels the known subjective capacities for frequency discrimination. 5. A switch-over occurred at approximately 80 Hz in the population of cuneate neurones able to provide the more reliable signal of vibratory frequency; above 80 Hz, the Pacinian neurones; below 80 Hz, the neurones receiving intradermal, rapidly adapting receptor input from the pads. 6. The observed properties of cuneate neurones are compatible with a role in signalling information which could contribute to subjective tactile abilities.", "contents": "Coding of information about tactile stimuli by neurones of the cuneate nucleus. 1. The responses of cuneate neurones to controlled tactile stimulation of the foot pads were examined in unanaesthetized, decerebrate cats. The neurones were divided into three functional classes; one sensitive to steady tactile stimuli, and two dynamically sensitive classes which could be readily differentiated by their responsiveness to cutaneous vibration. Each class appeared to receive an exclusive input from only one of the three known groups of tactile receptors associated with the foot pads, namely the Pacinian corpuscles, the Merkel endings and the intradermal, encapsulated endings known as Krause or Meissner corpuscles.  2. Cuneate neurones responsive to steady indentation of the skin displayed approximately linear or sigmoidal stimulus-response relations over indentation ranges up to approximately 1.5--2 mm. Response variability at a fixed stimulus intensity was relatively low and showed little systematic change over the full range of the stimulus-response curves. 3. One class of dynamically sensitive cuneate neurones responded to cutaneous vibration over a range of approximately 5-80 Hz with maximal responsiveness around 30 Hz. The other class, the Pacinian neurones, responded over a range of approximately 80- greater than 600 Hz with maximal responsiveness at 200-400 Hz. The thresholds and combined band width of vibratory sensitivity of these populations were comparable with known subjective thresholds and range of cutaneous vibratory sensibility. 4. Responses of cuneate neurones were phase-locked to the vibratory stimulus suggesting that information about vibration frequency could be coded by the patterns of impulse activity. Quantitative measures indicated that maximal phase-locking occurred in responses to vibration frequencies of 10-50 Hz with a progressive decline at higher frequencies. Above 400 Hz, impulse activity occurred almost randomly throughout the vibratory stimulus cycle and therefore carried little further signal of vibratory frequency. The decline, with increasing frequency, in the ability of cuneate neurones to signal information about vibratory frequency parallels the known subjective capacities for frequency discrimination. 5. A switch-over occurred at approximately 80 Hz in the population of cuneate neurones able to provide the more reliable signal of vibratory frequency; above 80 Hz, the Pacinian neurones; below 80 Hz, the neurones receiving intradermal, rapidly adapting receptor input from the pads. 6. The observed properties of cuneate neurones are compatible with a role in signalling information which could contribute to subjective tactile abilities.", "PMID": 745115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6242", "title": "Tissue and plasma catecholamines and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity of various animal species after neurogenic sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "1. The effects of reserpine and exposure to a stressing atmosphere containing 20% CO2 for 5 hr on catecholamine (CA) levels and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity of adrenal, spleen and plasma of cat, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig were studied. 2. Twenty-four hr after an I.P. injection of reserpine, the CA contents of the adrenals and spleens were markedly reduced in all the four species studied. Adrenal and splenic DBH activity was unchanged in reserpine treated cats and rats. The enzyme activity decreased by 28 and 36% in adrenals of rabbits and guinea-pigs, and a 33% diminution was observed in the spleens of both species. 3. A marked rise in guinea-pig plasma DBH activity was obtained 24 hr after reserpine, while plasma DBH activity was unchanged in the rat. 4. Exposure of rats to a stressing atmosphere containing 20% CO2 for 5 hr increased the circulating noradrenaline (NA) levels by 600%, but plasma DBH activity remained unchanged. CO2 exposure caused both, an increase in plasm NA levels and DBH activity in the guinea-pig (950% and 100%, respectively). 5. The combined treatment with reserpine plus immediate exposure to CO2 produced a 230% rise in rat plasma NA with no concomitant change in DBH activity. A similar treatment caused a 75% fall of NA levels and an increase in DBH activity of 600% in the guinea-pig. 6. The ratios of total DBH activity to CA in the spleen and adrenal were much higher in the guinea-pig than in the rat. The fraction of the total DBH activity that can be solubilized by osmotic shock of purified adrenomedullary chromaffin granules was 28% in the rat and 71% in the guinea-pig. If one makes the assumption that 'soluble' and 'releasable' DBH may be equated, the amount of 'releasable' DBH into the circulation is much greater in the guinea-pig than in the rat. 7. The results suggest that the guinea-pig is a better model than the rat to study circulating DBH activity as an index of exocytotic CA release from adrenergic neurones and adrenal medulla, and therefore of sympathetic activity. The results also indicate that previous data trying to correlate sympathetic activity with circulating DBH activity carried out in the rat have to be reconsidered in the light of data obtained in the guinea-pig.", "contents": "Tissue and plasma catecholamines and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity of various animal species after neurogenic sympathetic stimulation. 1. The effects of reserpine and exposure to a stressing atmosphere containing 20% CO2 for 5 hr on catecholamine (CA) levels and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity of adrenal, spleen and plasma of cat, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig were studied. 2. Twenty-four hr after an I.P. injection of reserpine, the CA contents of the adrenals and spleens were markedly reduced in all the four species studied. Adrenal and splenic DBH activity was unchanged in reserpine treated cats and rats. The enzyme activity decreased by 28 and 36% in adrenals of rabbits and guinea-pigs, and a 33% diminution was observed in the spleens of both species. 3. A marked rise in guinea-pig plasma DBH activity was obtained 24 hr after reserpine, while plasma DBH activity was unchanged in the rat. 4. Exposure of rats to a stressing atmosphere containing 20% CO2 for 5 hr increased the circulating noradrenaline (NA) levels by 600%, but plasma DBH activity remained unchanged. CO2 exposure caused both, an increase in plasm NA levels and DBH activity in the guinea-pig (950% and 100%, respectively). 5. The combined treatment with reserpine plus immediate exposure to CO2 produced a 230% rise in rat plasma NA with no concomitant change in DBH activity. A similar treatment caused a 75% fall of NA levels and an increase in DBH activity of 600% in the guinea-pig. 6. The ratios of total DBH activity to CA in the spleen and adrenal were much higher in the guinea-pig than in the rat. The fraction of the total DBH activity that can be solubilized by osmotic shock of purified adrenomedullary chromaffin granules was 28% in the rat and 71% in the guinea-pig. If one makes the assumption that 'soluble' and 'releasable' DBH may be equated, the amount of 'releasable' DBH into the circulation is much greater in the guinea-pig than in the rat. 7. The results suggest that the guinea-pig is a better model than the rat to study circulating DBH activity as an index of exocytotic CA release from adrenergic neurones and adrenal medulla, and therefore of sympathetic activity. The results also indicate that previous data trying to correlate sympathetic activity with circulating DBH activity carried out in the rat have to be reconsidered in the light of data obtained in the guinea-pig.", "PMID": 745119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6243", "title": "Further observations on back-firing in the motor nerve fibres of a muscle during twitch contractions.", "content": "1. The tension developed by a muscle in response to a single supramaximal nerve volley is often the sum of two contractions, the second resulting from re-excitation of some nerve terminals during the first contraction. Re-excitation or back-firing can be prevented if the muscle nerve is stimulated twice with the second volley arriving in the muscle at a time when muscle fibres are still refractory following the first volley (Brown & Matthews, 1960). 2. Back-firing has been studied here in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the spinal cat and responses have been recorded, either representing the summed activity of the muscle's motor supply or discharges of single functional motor axons. 3. When stimulating at a distance from the muscle, the second of two shocks is effective in suppressing back-firing over a narrower range of stimulus intervals than when stimulating close to the muscle. 4. The amount of back-firing can be reduced by stretching the muscle. At a length corresponding to the optimum for a twitch little if any back-firing remains. 5. Measurements of threshold to electrical stimulation of single functional motor axons suggests that low threshold axons are more likely to show back-firing. In the majority of cases, most or all of the motor units in the muscle have to be active before back-firing can be observed.", "contents": "Further observations on back-firing in the motor nerve fibres of a muscle during twitch contractions. 1. The tension developed by a muscle in response to a single supramaximal nerve volley is often the sum of two contractions, the second resulting from re-excitation of some nerve terminals during the first contraction. Re-excitation or back-firing can be prevented if the muscle nerve is stimulated twice with the second volley arriving in the muscle at a time when muscle fibres are still refractory following the first volley (Brown & Matthews, 1960). 2. Back-firing has been studied here in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the spinal cat and responses have been recorded, either representing the summed activity of the muscle's motor supply or discharges of single functional motor axons. 3. When stimulating at a distance from the muscle, the second of two shocks is effective in suppressing back-firing over a narrower range of stimulus intervals than when stimulating close to the muscle. 4. The amount of back-firing can be reduced by stretching the muscle. At a length corresponding to the optimum for a twitch little if any back-firing remains. 5. Measurements of threshold to electrical stimulation of single functional motor axons suggests that low threshold axons are more likely to show back-firing. In the majority of cases, most or all of the motor units in the muscle have to be active before back-firing can be observed.", "PMID": 745126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6244", "title": "Effect of actively transported hexoses on afferent nerve discharge from rat small intestine.", "content": "1. The afferent discharge of mesenteric nerves has been recorded while perfusing salines of different composition through the lumen of rat ileum. The p.d. across the ileum and hexose absorption have also been measured. 2. The ileal mesenteric nerves were sensitive to actively transported hexoses. The discharge recorded increased dramatically on perfusion with 10 or 50 mM-glucose, quietening within 3 min of returning to glucose-free saline. A similar response was obtained with galactose. 3. No change in afferent discharge could be detected on perfusion of mannitol or the slowly transferred hexose, mannose. It is concluded that the response to glucose and galactose is not dependent on the stimulation of non-specific luminal osmoreceptors. 4. Phlorhizin prevented glucose from increasing the afferent nerve discharge. Subsequent perfusion with saline removed the phlorhizin and an afferent nerve response to glucose was restored. It is concluded that this response requires glucose transfer beyond the phlorhizin-sensitive glucose entry mechanism at the luminal side of the mucosal epithelial cell. 5. Very small amounts of glucose or galactose were absorbed under the conditions employed. The time course for the change in p.d. correlated well with that described for the alteration in afferent nerve discharge. 6. Electron micrographs show that ileal nerves consist of bundles of small non-myelinated fibres of approximately 1 micron diameter. 7. The significance of the findings is discussed remembering that carbohydrate absorption is considered to be completed normally in the jejunum.", "contents": "Effect of actively transported hexoses on afferent nerve discharge from rat small intestine. 1. The afferent discharge of mesenteric nerves has been recorded while perfusing salines of different composition through the lumen of rat ileum. The p.d. across the ileum and hexose absorption have also been measured. 2. The ileal mesenteric nerves were sensitive to actively transported hexoses. The discharge recorded increased dramatically on perfusion with 10 or 50 mM-glucose, quietening within 3 min of returning to glucose-free saline. A similar response was obtained with galactose. 3. No change in afferent discharge could be detected on perfusion of mannitol or the slowly transferred hexose, mannose. It is concluded that the response to glucose and galactose is not dependent on the stimulation of non-specific luminal osmoreceptors. 4. Phlorhizin prevented glucose from increasing the afferent nerve discharge. Subsequent perfusion with saline removed the phlorhizin and an afferent nerve response to glucose was restored. It is concluded that this response requires glucose transfer beyond the phlorhizin-sensitive glucose entry mechanism at the luminal side of the mucosal epithelial cell. 5. Very small amounts of glucose or galactose were absorbed under the conditions employed. The time course for the change in p.d. correlated well with that described for the alteration in afferent nerve discharge. 6. Electron micrographs show that ileal nerves consist of bundles of small non-myelinated fibres of approximately 1 micron diameter. 7. The significance of the findings is discussed remembering that carbohydrate absorption is considered to be completed normally in the jejunum.", "PMID": 745132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6245", "title": "Analysis of periodic changes in ventilation in new-born infants.", "content": "1. Ventilation was recorded in thirty term infants during the first week after delivery using the trunk plethysmograph, during periods of rapid eye movement sleep (r.e.m.) and quiet sleep (n.r.e.m.). 2. Continuous histograms of tidal volume (VT) and instantaneous respiration rate (f) were samples at 0.5 sec intervals, passed through a digital filter to remove long-term trends in the data, and then subjected to frequency analysis. 3. In all the infants oscillations in VT and f were detected, with mean periods varying from 6.7 to 12.5 sec. The amplitude of these oscillations was higher during r.e.m. than n.r.e.m. sleep in all the infants. 4. The oscillations in VT tended to be out of phase with those for f, particularly during n.r.e.m. sleep; this contrasted with in-phase oscillations in VT and f found during periodic breathing in an additional six premature infants studied.", "contents": "Analysis of periodic changes in ventilation in new-born infants. 1. Ventilation was recorded in thirty term infants during the first week after delivery using the trunk plethysmograph, during periods of rapid eye movement sleep (r.e.m.) and quiet sleep (n.r.e.m.). 2. Continuous histograms of tidal volume (VT) and instantaneous respiration rate (f) were samples at 0.5 sec intervals, passed through a digital filter to remove long-term trends in the data, and then subjected to frequency analysis. 3. In all the infants oscillations in VT and f were detected, with mean periods varying from 6.7 to 12.5 sec. The amplitude of these oscillations was higher during r.e.m. than n.r.e.m. sleep in all the infants. 4. The oscillations in VT tended to be out of phase with those for f, particularly during n.r.e.m. sleep; this contrasted with in-phase oscillations in VT and f found during periodic breathing in an additional six premature infants studied.", "PMID": 745133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6246", "title": "Extracellular nucleotides in exercise: possible effect on brain metabolism.", "content": "ATP and other nucleotide derivatives have potent extracellular effects. Sensitive and rapid techniques of ATP detection have shown that ATP is (1) released from active skeletal muscle in vasodilator quantities and (2) released from isolated heart cells in response to hypoxia. Release of nucleotides from active brain tissue has also been demonstrated (Pull and McIlwain, 1972). It is calculated that active cerebral tissue releases sufficient ATP to satisfy local vasodilator requirements in the brain. Intracarotid infusions of ATP have the effect of stimulating oxygen uptake in brain tissue and profoundly increasing the cerebral blood flow. It is not understood how the ATP can exert these effects beyond the blood : brain barrier. Since exercising skeletal muscle releases ATP and other nucleotide derivatives into the circulation, it is postulated that the metabolism of the brain can be significantly affected in exercise. These data, together with the studies by Pritchard et al. (1975) on uptake and supply of purine compounds by the liver, prompt the suggestion that there exists a system of \"metabolic communication\" in the body mediated by circulating purine compounds.", "contents": "Extracellular nucleotides in exercise: possible effect on brain metabolism. ATP and other nucleotide derivatives have potent extracellular effects. Sensitive and rapid techniques of ATP detection have shown that ATP is (1) released from active skeletal muscle in vasodilator quantities and (2) released from isolated heart cells in response to hypoxia. Release of nucleotides from active brain tissue has also been demonstrated (Pull and McIlwain, 1972). It is calculated that active cerebral tissue releases sufficient ATP to satisfy local vasodilator requirements in the brain. Intracarotid infusions of ATP have the effect of stimulating oxygen uptake in brain tissue and profoundly increasing the cerebral blood flow. It is not understood how the ATP can exert these effects beyond the blood : brain barrier. Since exercising skeletal muscle releases ATP and other nucleotide derivatives into the circulation, it is postulated that the metabolism of the brain can be significantly affected in exercise. These data, together with the studies by Pritchard et al. (1975) on uptake and supply of purine compounds by the liver, prompt the suggestion that there exists a system of \"metabolic communication\" in the body mediated by circulating purine compounds.", "PMID": 745135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6247", "title": "Cardiac intracellular and blood electrolytes in chronic mitral insufficiency.", "content": "A study of the alterations in the intracellular electrolytes in the left failing heart due to induced mitral insufficiency was made in dogs. The extracellular space increased significantly. There was no significant change in the plasma Na+ and Ca++. However, there was a significant decrease in the plasma K+. The ratio of wet weight to dry weight increased during mitral insufficiency, although not significantly. There were no significant changes in the tissue Na+, K+ and Ca++. However, there were significant decreases in the intracellular Na+ and Ca++, and tendency for an increase in the intracellular K+ during mitral insufficiency. These results suggest that the decrease in the myocardial contractility in chronic heart failure due to mitral insufficiency might be due to a decrease in the intracellular Ca++ and associated changes in Na+ and K+ as a result of increased sarcolemmal ATPase.", "contents": "Cardiac intracellular and blood electrolytes in chronic mitral insufficiency. A study of the alterations in the intracellular electrolytes in the left failing heart due to induced mitral insufficiency was made in dogs. The extracellular space increased significantly. There was no significant change in the plasma Na+ and Ca++. However, there was a significant decrease in the plasma K+. The ratio of wet weight to dry weight increased during mitral insufficiency, although not significantly. There were no significant changes in the tissue Na+, K+ and Ca++. However, there were significant decreases in the intracellular Na+ and Ca++, and tendency for an increase in the intracellular K+ during mitral insufficiency. These results suggest that the decrease in the myocardial contractility in chronic heart failure due to mitral insufficiency might be due to a decrease in the intracellular Ca++ and associated changes in Na+ and K+ as a result of increased sarcolemmal ATPase.", "PMID": 745136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6248", "title": "[Energy metabolism of the king penguin chick - Aptenodytes patagonicus (J.F. Miller) - during growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of the subantarctic King penguin chick is distinguished from that of other penguins by its long winter fasting period (from 2 weeks to 3 months). From the moment of hatching the unfledged chicks are brooded by their parents until they are able to maintain their own body temperature. Body temperature increases gradually from 34.3 degrees C after hatching to 39.2 degrees C by about 20 days of age; measured air temperature (Ta) was 16 degrees C on average. Unlike antarctic Penguins, homeothermy and full emancipation does not occur at the same time. This suggests that emancipation may be determined by insulation after thermogenesis mechanisms have become efficient. Close to 90 kcal.kg-1.day-1 after hatching (Ta = 15.8 +/- 3.6 degrees C), the resting metabolic rate increases by 125% during the first three days and then decreases progressively; this appears to be linked with insulation generated by the down. By two months of age, the resting metabolic rate reaches 47 kcal.kg-1.day-1 on average for Ta = 4.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C and then does not evolve significantly until the moult.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism of the king penguin chick - Aptenodytes patagonicus (J.F. Miller) - during growth (author's transl)]. The growth of the subantarctic King penguin chick is distinguished from that of other penguins by its long winter fasting period (from 2 weeks to 3 months). From the moment of hatching the unfledged chicks are brooded by their parents until they are able to maintain their own body temperature. Body temperature increases gradually from 34.3 degrees C after hatching to 39.2 degrees C by about 20 days of age; measured air temperature (Ta) was 16 degrees C on average. Unlike antarctic Penguins, homeothermy and full emancipation does not occur at the same time. This suggests that emancipation may be determined by insulation after thermogenesis mechanisms have become efficient. Close to 90 kcal.kg-1.day-1 after hatching (Ta = 15.8 +/- 3.6 degrees C), the resting metabolic rate increases by 125% during the first three days and then decreases progressively; this appears to be linked with insulation generated by the down. By two months of age, the resting metabolic rate reaches 47 kcal.kg-1.day-1 on average for Ta = 4.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C and then does not evolve significantly until the moult.", "PMID": 745137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6249", "title": "Effects of denervation on the reduction of sarcomere number in cat soleus muscle immobilized in shortened position during seven days.", "content": "1) Immobilization of cat soleus muscle in shortened position for only seven days was sufficient to elicit a marked reduction in the sarcomere number of individual muscle fibres and a considerable decrease in extensibility. 2) These effects were similar to those observed in previous experiments (TABARY et al., 1972) during which the muscles were immobilized for four weeks. 3) When a denervation was made just prior to immobilization, then one noted a marked difference in the change: the sarcomere number was only slightly reduced and there was a very small change of extensibility. The contralateral non denervated side showed the expected reduction of sarcomere number and decrease of extensibility. 4) These results contrast with previous observations made on denervated muscles immobilized for a period of four weeks. 5) It is proposed that the differences in sarcomere number adaptation observed in denervated and non denervated immobilized soleus are caused by differences of sarcomere length between the two muscles caused by the absence of presence of muscle contraction.", "contents": "Effects of denervation on the reduction of sarcomere number in cat soleus muscle immobilized in shortened position during seven days. 1) Immobilization of cat soleus muscle in shortened position for only seven days was sufficient to elicit a marked reduction in the sarcomere number of individual muscle fibres and a considerable decrease in extensibility. 2) These effects were similar to those observed in previous experiments (TABARY et al., 1972) during which the muscles were immobilized for four weeks. 3) When a denervation was made just prior to immobilization, then one noted a marked difference in the change: the sarcomere number was only slightly reduced and there was a very small change of extensibility. The contralateral non denervated side showed the expected reduction of sarcomere number and decrease of extensibility. 4) These results contrast with previous observations made on denervated muscles immobilized for a period of four weeks. 5) It is proposed that the differences in sarcomere number adaptation observed in denervated and non denervated immobilized soleus are caused by differences of sarcomere length between the two muscles caused by the absence of presence of muscle contraction.", "PMID": 745138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6250", "title": "Kinetics of the co-transport of phenylalanine and sodium ions in the guinea-pig small intestine. 1. Phenylalanine fluxes.", "content": "The kinetics of phenylalanine influx into guinea-pig small intestinal rings at different external sodium-ion concentrations have been examined. A change in the sodium concentration alters the value of Kt for phenylalanine influx without affecting the Jmax for the process. By studying the relationship between the value of Kt and the sodium-ion concentration, the applicability of various models to the overall process of sodium-coupled phenylalanine influx has been considered. The results are most consistent with a general non-compulsory model for the formation of a ternary complex between carrier, phenylalanine molecule and a sodium ion, which can be formed from either binary complex, i.e., either species can combine first to the carrier. The consistency of the model was tested by determining phenylalanine influx as a function of the sodium-ion concentraion at different amino-acid concentrations, and a good fit was obtained with the predictions of the non-compulsory model.", "contents": "Kinetics of the co-transport of phenylalanine and sodium ions in the guinea-pig small intestine. 1. Phenylalanine fluxes. The kinetics of phenylalanine influx into guinea-pig small intestinal rings at different external sodium-ion concentrations have been examined. A change in the sodium concentration alters the value of Kt for phenylalanine influx without affecting the Jmax for the process. By studying the relationship between the value of Kt and the sodium-ion concentration, the applicability of various models to the overall process of sodium-coupled phenylalanine influx has been considered. The results are most consistent with a general non-compulsory model for the formation of a ternary complex between carrier, phenylalanine molecule and a sodium ion, which can be formed from either binary complex, i.e., either species can combine first to the carrier. The consistency of the model was tested by determining phenylalanine influx as a function of the sodium-ion concentraion at different amino-acid concentrations, and a good fit was obtained with the predictions of the non-compulsory model.", "PMID": 745139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6251", "title": "Kinetics of the co-transport of phenylalanine and sodium ions in the guinea-pig small intestine. II. Sodium fluxes and flux ratios.", "content": "The validity of a general non-compulsory model for the description of the co-transport of sodium and phenylalanine in the small intestinal mucosa of the guinea-pig has been examined by measuring the influx of sodium and the flux ratios. The simultaneous influxes of sodium and phenylalanine have been determined by incubating intestinal tissues at a fixed sodium and variable phenylalanine concentrations. The experiment was repeated at a number of sodium concentrations, and a straight-line relationship between the fluxes was always obtained. The slope of this line, the flux ratio, is dependent on the sodium concentration; the function is biphasic inasmuch as it rises with sodium concentration at low external sodium, but decreases when the sodium concentration is raised above a level of about 70 mM. This response is compatible with the model under examination. No saturable component of sodium influx could be detected in the absence of phenylalanine, but the values of this influx corresponded with those predicted from the flux ratio experiment. In the presence of phenylalanine, sodium influx could be resolved into saturable and non-saturable components, and the Kt for sodium influx via the saturable mechanism agreed with that predicted from the constants derived from measurements of phenylalanine influx. The maximal velocity for sodium influx was similar to the maximal velocity for phenylalaline influx. Equations were derived to examine the behaviour of sodium influx as a function of the external phenylalanine concentration, and a Kt for phenylalanine was deduced which agrees closely with that obtained by studying phenylalanine fluxes directly. These results provide evidence in favour the applicability, in this species, of a model involving no compulsory pathway for the formation of a ternary complex between the carrier, a sodium ion and the phenylalanine molecule. Examination of the literature suggests that in other species different models may describe more accurately this co-transport mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetics of the co-transport of phenylalanine and sodium ions in the guinea-pig small intestine. II. Sodium fluxes and flux ratios. The validity of a general non-compulsory model for the description of the co-transport of sodium and phenylalanine in the small intestinal mucosa of the guinea-pig has been examined by measuring the influx of sodium and the flux ratios. The simultaneous influxes of sodium and phenylalanine have been determined by incubating intestinal tissues at a fixed sodium and variable phenylalanine concentrations. The experiment was repeated at a number of sodium concentrations, and a straight-line relationship between the fluxes was always obtained. The slope of this line, the flux ratio, is dependent on the sodium concentration; the function is biphasic inasmuch as it rises with sodium concentration at low external sodium, but decreases when the sodium concentration is raised above a level of about 70 mM. This response is compatible with the model under examination. No saturable component of sodium influx could be detected in the absence of phenylalanine, but the values of this influx corresponded with those predicted from the flux ratio experiment. In the presence of phenylalanine, sodium influx could be resolved into saturable and non-saturable components, and the Kt for sodium influx via the saturable mechanism agreed with that predicted from the constants derived from measurements of phenylalanine influx. The maximal velocity for sodium influx was similar to the maximal velocity for phenylalaline influx. Equations were derived to examine the behaviour of sodium influx as a function of the external phenylalanine concentration, and a Kt for phenylalanine was deduced which agrees closely with that obtained by studying phenylalanine fluxes directly. These results provide evidence in favour the applicability, in this species, of a model involving no compulsory pathway for the formation of a ternary complex between the carrier, a sodium ion and the phenylalanine molecule. Examination of the literature suggests that in other species different models may describe more accurately this co-transport mechanism.", "PMID": 745140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6252", "title": "Kinetics of the co-transport of sodium and phenylalanine in the guinea-pig samll intestine. III - Influence of harmaline on sodium and phenylalanine fluxes.", "content": "The effect of harmaline on sodium and phenylalanine influxes in guinea-pig small intestine has been examined kinetically. Harmaline behaves as a fully competitive inhibitor of the saturable component of sodium influx; this property has been revealed from experiments in which the sodium concentration was varied and the harmaline concentration maintained constant, and from a second series in which sodium was constant and harmaline levels were altered. A Ki-value for harmaline of 1.61 mM was deduced from these experiments. The effect of harmaline on phenylalanine influx is more complex, since only that component of entry which occurs in the form of the ternary complex is sensitive to the drug. Within the framework of a non-compulsory model for co-transport which appears to describe phenylalanine influx in this tissue, equations were derived to calculate the different components of influx under given experimental conditions. tJ\u00f8ala, the influx to phenylalanine in the form of the ternary complex, was found to be a Michaelis-Menten function of the sodium concentration. Assuming that the component in the form of the binary complex is unchanged by harmaline, that occurring in the ternary form in the presence of the drug can be evaluated by subtraction. This fraction is also a Michaelis-Menten function of the sodium concentration; the inhibition by harmaline is released on raising the sodium concentration. From these expressions, a Ki for harmaline under these conditions of 1.66 mM was derived. These observations support the proposal that harmaline interferes with the interaction of sodium with its specific sites on the carrier in the intestinal brush-border membrane.", "contents": "Kinetics of the co-transport of sodium and phenylalanine in the guinea-pig samll intestine. III - Influence of harmaline on sodium and phenylalanine fluxes. The effect of harmaline on sodium and phenylalanine influxes in guinea-pig small intestine has been examined kinetically. Harmaline behaves as a fully competitive inhibitor of the saturable component of sodium influx; this property has been revealed from experiments in which the sodium concentration was varied and the harmaline concentration maintained constant, and from a second series in which sodium was constant and harmaline levels were altered. A Ki-value for harmaline of 1.61 mM was deduced from these experiments. The effect of harmaline on phenylalanine influx is more complex, since only that component of entry which occurs in the form of the ternary complex is sensitive to the drug. Within the framework of a non-compulsory model for co-transport which appears to describe phenylalanine influx in this tissue, equations were derived to calculate the different components of influx under given experimental conditions. tJ\u00f8ala, the influx to phenylalanine in the form of the ternary complex, was found to be a Michaelis-Menten function of the sodium concentration. Assuming that the component in the form of the binary complex is unchanged by harmaline, that occurring in the ternary form in the presence of the drug can be evaluated by subtraction. This fraction is also a Michaelis-Menten function of the sodium concentration; the inhibition by harmaline is released on raising the sodium concentration. From these expressions, a Ki for harmaline under these conditions of 1.66 mM was derived. These observations support the proposal that harmaline interferes with the interaction of sodium with its specific sites on the carrier in the intestinal brush-border membrane.", "PMID": 745141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6253", "title": "Muscular compliance during isometric contraction.", "content": "The changes in compliance during the development of maximal isometric contraction were studied at 0 degree C in isolated frog (Rana temporaria) sartorii. Three types of method were compared: controlled release from the plateau of tetanic tension (P0); controlled release at various times during the development of tension; and evaluation of the elastic stretching by means of an additional compliance. The length variations were performed at constant velocity under the control of an electromagnetic ergometer. It was confirmed that muscular compliance decreased with increase in developed tension. Furthermore, for a given value of tension, the compliance determined during the elastic lengthening was found to be significantly higher than the compliance measured during the elastic shortening. It was concluded that the variation in compliance during stretching and releasing seems to be due to a difference in behaviour of the elastic material.", "contents": "Muscular compliance during isometric contraction. The changes in compliance during the development of maximal isometric contraction were studied at 0 degree C in isolated frog (Rana temporaria) sartorii. Three types of method were compared: controlled release from the plateau of tetanic tension (P0); controlled release at various times during the development of tension; and evaluation of the elastic stretching by means of an additional compliance. The length variations were performed at constant velocity under the control of an electromagnetic ergometer. It was confirmed that muscular compliance decreased with increase in developed tension. Furthermore, for a given value of tension, the compliance determined during the elastic lengthening was found to be significantly higher than the compliance measured during the elastic shortening. It was concluded that the variation in compliance during stretching and releasing seems to be due to a difference in behaviour of the elastic material.", "PMID": 745142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6254", "title": "[Bioassay for acetylcholine from the rat cervical sympathetic ganglion (author's transl)].", "content": "1. A bioassay for acetylcholine (Ach), with a sensitivity of 0.1 picomoles in 30 microliters (microliter) (Fig. 3), was developed using the powerful musculature of the common leech (Haemopis sanguisuga).  2. Ach was extracted from a pool of ganglia with sodium tetraphenylborate in 3-heptanone and analysed using gas chromatography. The chromatograph confirmed that the \"Ach like effect\" measured with bioassay was due to acetylcholine and not to one of its derivatives (Fig. 5 and 6). 3. An incubation chamber for perfusing the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat is described, with which it is possible to do electrophysiological experiments and to sample the Ach lost or released by the ganglion (Fig. 2). 4. Using this system, the results obtained from the resting or stimulated rat ganglion incubation in-vitro, were similar to those obtained with the cat ganglion perifused in situ. 5. Experiments were also performed to investigate the effect of removing the two precursors of Ach, glucose (Table I) and choline (Fig. 9), from the incubation medium.", "contents": "[Bioassay for acetylcholine from the rat cervical sympathetic ganglion (author's transl)]. 1. A bioassay for acetylcholine (Ach), with a sensitivity of 0.1 picomoles in 30 microliters (microliter) (Fig. 3), was developed using the powerful musculature of the common leech (Haemopis sanguisuga).  2. Ach was extracted from a pool of ganglia with sodium tetraphenylborate in 3-heptanone and analysed using gas chromatography. The chromatograph confirmed that the \"Ach like effect\" measured with bioassay was due to acetylcholine and not to one of its derivatives (Fig. 5 and 6). 3. An incubation chamber for perfusing the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat is described, with which it is possible to do electrophysiological experiments and to sample the Ach lost or released by the ganglion (Fig. 2). 4. Using this system, the results obtained from the resting or stimulated rat ganglion incubation in-vitro, were similar to those obtained with the cat ganglion perifused in situ. 5. Experiments were also performed to investigate the effect of removing the two precursors of Ach, glucose (Table I) and choline (Fig. 9), from the incubation medium.", "PMID": 745143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6255", "title": "Resolution by graphical methods of the equations for allosteric competitive inhibition and activation in Michaelian enzyme and transport systems. Application to the competitive inhibition of glucose transport in brain by phlorizin and phloretin.", "content": "A brief exposition of the theory of competition in systems conforming to simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics is given. Emphasis is placed on an operational distinction between: 10 True competition between substrate and inhibitor for a single, common binding site: fully competitive inhibition, type IA. 20 False competition between S and I for two separate sites that are associated allosterically: pseudocompetitive inhibition, type Ib. 30 A simple graphical test is presented that differentiates between the two types of inhibitor and permits calculation of the four dissociation constants governing the partial reactions of a two-site allosteric model. This test is equally applicable to certain cases of activation: affinity-type activation, type Ib. 40 The usefulness of the proposed test is illustrated using data from the literature, dealing with the effect of phlorizin and phloretin on the D-glucose transport system in brain.", "contents": "Resolution by graphical methods of the equations for allosteric competitive inhibition and activation in Michaelian enzyme and transport systems. Application to the competitive inhibition of glucose transport in brain by phlorizin and phloretin. A brief exposition of the theory of competition in systems conforming to simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics is given. Emphasis is placed on an operational distinction between: 10 True competition between substrate and inhibitor for a single, common binding site: fully competitive inhibition, type IA. 20 False competition between S and I for two separate sites that are associated allosterically: pseudocompetitive inhibition, type Ib. 30 A simple graphical test is presented that differentiates between the two types of inhibitor and permits calculation of the four dissociation constants governing the partial reactions of a two-site allosteric model. This test is equally applicable to certain cases of activation: affinity-type activation, type Ib. 40 The usefulness of the proposed test is illustrated using data from the literature, dealing with the effect of phlorizin and phloretin on the D-glucose transport system in brain.", "PMID": 745144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6256", "title": "[Production and metabolism of corticosteroids in the marsh frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas (author's transl)].", "content": "Aspects of corticosterone and aldosterone metabolism have been studied in the marsh frog Rana ridibunda Pallas, kept in breeding conditions at a temperature of 16 degrees C. The effects of hypophysectomy on corticosteroid dynamics were also assessed. Two methods, single injection and continuous infusion, were adapted to measure the Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR), the Secretion Rate (SR) and the half-time (T1/2) of these two hormones, using 3H-corticosterone and 3H-aldosterone as tracers. 10 The two methods provided similar values for the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) when, after the single injection, the MCR was estimated by integrating the area under each disappearance curve of radioactive corticoid. Estimates of MCR by compartmental analysis were not satisfactory. 20 The method of continuous infusion, although carried out in anesthetized animals, is more satisfactory than the single injection in unanesthetized frogs, as the plasma corticosterone in the latter increases significantly during the measurements time. On the contrary, the corticosterone concentration is constant during the infusion, at a little higher than basal level. 30 When measured at the temperature of 20 degrees C, the metabolic clearance rate for corticosterone was higher than that for aldosterone (8.08 +/- 0.29 ml/min/kg versus 5.32 +/- 0.20 ml/min/kg). These values are higher than in fish and lower than in homeothermic vertebrates. 40 The confusion between the adrenal secretory rate and the total production rate, possible for aldosterone, is somewhat hazardous for corticosterone, but production of this steroid from peripheral precursors has not been proved. 50 Adenohypophysectomy reduces the metabolic clearance rate and the secretory rate for corticosterone as well as for aldosterone.", "contents": "[Production and metabolism of corticosteroids in the marsh frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas (author's transl)]. Aspects of corticosterone and aldosterone metabolism have been studied in the marsh frog Rana ridibunda Pallas, kept in breeding conditions at a temperature of 16 degrees C. The effects of hypophysectomy on corticosteroid dynamics were also assessed. Two methods, single injection and continuous infusion, were adapted to measure the Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR), the Secretion Rate (SR) and the half-time (T1/2) of these two hormones, using 3H-corticosterone and 3H-aldosterone as tracers. 10 The two methods provided similar values for the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) when, after the single injection, the MCR was estimated by integrating the area under each disappearance curve of radioactive corticoid. Estimates of MCR by compartmental analysis were not satisfactory. 20 The method of continuous infusion, although carried out in anesthetized animals, is more satisfactory than the single injection in unanesthetized frogs, as the plasma corticosterone in the latter increases significantly during the measurements time. On the contrary, the corticosterone concentration is constant during the infusion, at a little higher than basal level. 30 When measured at the temperature of 20 degrees C, the metabolic clearance rate for corticosterone was higher than that for aldosterone (8.08 +/- 0.29 ml/min/kg versus 5.32 +/- 0.20 ml/min/kg). These values are higher than in fish and lower than in homeothermic vertebrates. 40 The confusion between the adrenal secretory rate and the total production rate, possible for aldosterone, is somewhat hazardous for corticosterone, but production of this steroid from peripheral precursors has not been proved. 50 Adenohypophysectomy reduces the metabolic clearance rate and the secretory rate for corticosterone as well as for aldosterone.", "PMID": 745146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6257", "title": "Children's comprehension of grammatical structures in context.", "content": "Children from nursery school, kindergarten, and first grade were asked to select pictures which correctly represented the propositional content of six grammatical structures-active, passive, cleft-agent, cleft-patient, prepositional beneficiary, indirect object-presented under three context conditions-appropriate, inappropriate, isolation. In the appropriate-context condition the relationship between the target structure and its prior context sentence followed known discourse regularities about the allocation of given and new information, while in the inappropriate-context condition the relationship between the target structure and prior context violated these discourse regularities. Comprehension of two of the grammatical structures tested--the passive and the cleft-patient--was better under the appropriate-context treatment than under the inappropriate-context treatment, indicating that young children are in fact sensitive to discourse regularities about the allocation of given and new information.", "contents": "Children's comprehension of grammatical structures in context. Children from nursery school, kindergarten, and first grade were asked to select pictures which correctly represented the propositional content of six grammatical structures-active, passive, cleft-agent, cleft-patient, prepositional beneficiary, indirect object-presented under three context conditions-appropriate, inappropriate, isolation. In the appropriate-context condition the relationship between the target structure and its prior context sentence followed known discourse regularities about the allocation of given and new information, while in the inappropriate-context condition the relationship between the target structure and prior context violated these discourse regularities. Comprehension of two of the grammatical structures tested--the passive and the cleft-patient--was better under the appropriate-context treatment than under the inappropriate-context treatment, indicating that young children are in fact sensitive to discourse regularities about the allocation of given and new information.", "PMID": 745156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6258", "title": "Sentence repetition in preschoolers: effects of length, complexity, and word familiarity.", "content": "Seventy-two sentences presented to ten preschool children for repetition were designed so that three sentence construction factors varied independently. The factors were (1) length in number of words, (2) complexity of personal pronouns and main verbs as scaled by Lee (1974), and (3) word familiarity, defined as common vocabulary or the substitution of a nonsense word in place of a typical noun or verb in the model sentence. Three methods were employed for scoring the children's responses: (1) number of retained words, (2) Developmental Sentence Scoring (Lee, 1974), and (3) Stephens's Categories (Stephens, 1974). Eighteen sentences were re-presented for the assessment of reliability. The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that length was the important contributing factor in the children's responses to the model sentences and that Stephens's Category Scale of response scoring was the most sensitive method for detecting the influence of the three sentence factors on the children's responses.", "contents": "Sentence repetition in preschoolers: effects of length, complexity, and word familiarity. Seventy-two sentences presented to ten preschool children for repetition were designed so that three sentence construction factors varied independently. The factors were (1) length in number of words, (2) complexity of personal pronouns and main verbs as scaled by Lee (1974), and (3) word familiarity, defined as common vocabulary or the substitution of a nonsense word in place of a typical noun or verb in the model sentence. Three methods were employed for scoring the children's responses: (1) number of retained words, (2) Developmental Sentence Scoring (Lee, 1974), and (3) Stephens's Categories (Stephens, 1974). Eighteen sentences were re-presented for the assessment of reliability. The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that length was the important contributing factor in the children's responses to the model sentences and that Stephens's Category Scale of response scoring was the most sensitive method for detecting the influence of the three sentence factors on the children's responses.", "PMID": 745157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6259", "title": "Some psychological relations between action and language structure.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between complex grammatical structures and complex action sequences. A developmental progression of strategies for combining seriated cups identified in an earlier study (Greenfield et al., 1972) was used to demonstrate some psychological consequences of formal parallels between language and action. The role of grammatical complexity and situational structure in language-action relations was explored. The results have implications for understanding the organization and development of complex action, its control by verbal commands, and the basic processes of speech comprehension.", "contents": "Some psychological relations between action and language structure. This study investigated the relationship between complex grammatical structures and complex action sequences. A developmental progression of strategies for combining seriated cups identified in an earlier study (Greenfield et al., 1972) was used to demonstrate some psychological consequences of formal parallels between language and action. The role of grammatical complexity and situational structure in language-action relations was explored. The results have implications for understanding the organization and development of complex action, its control by verbal commands, and the basic processes of speech comprehension.", "PMID": 745158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6260", "title": "[A screening test in looking for adrenal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "2600 abdominal ultrasound examinations done over a period of one year were reviewed. Six cases of adrenal tumors were amongst them and proved to be two carcinomas, two simple cysts and two metastases of bronchial carcinoma. The ultrasonic signs of adrenal tumors are discussed. Ultrasonography is recommended as a fairly good screening test in looking for adrenal tumors.", "contents": "[A screening test in looking for adrenal tumors (author's transl)]. 2600 abdominal ultrasound examinations done over a period of one year were reviewed. Six cases of adrenal tumors were amongst them and proved to be two carcinomas, two simple cysts and two metastases of bronchial carcinoma. The ultrasonic signs of adrenal tumors are discussed. Ultrasonography is recommended as a fairly good screening test in looking for adrenal tumors.", "PMID": 745166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6261", "title": "[Cervical involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 577 records of rheumatoid arthritis examined radiologically in the Department of Radiology B of Cochin Hospital: 165 patients showed evidence of lesions of the cervical spine. The risk of cervical involvement in rheumatoid arthritis is thus not negligeable: 28%. This involvement may occur at any time during the course of the disease and presents as pain or by rare and more or less slight neurological manifestations. Radiologically emphasis must be placed upon the orientation points of straight and lateral films, and the value of lateral films with the neck in flexion. Atlanto-axial dislocation is the commonest lesion, usually measured by the distance separating the anterior arch of the atlas from the odontoid peg. However, other lesions are possible, in particular involvement of the lateral masses and erosion or destruction of the odontoid. It is astonishing to discover large dislocations (of up to 10 mm) which remain well-tolerated, with minimal clinical signs. However, it is the neurological risk of quadriplegia (even though minimal) which remains the constant worry since it may result from the slightest trauma or forced movement of the neck. Fixation, usually posterior occipital C1-C2, may be indicated. It is thus necessary to carry out a routine radiological examination of C1-C2 at reasonable intervals during the clinical surveillance of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Cervical involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. The authors studied 577 records of rheumatoid arthritis examined radiologically in the Department of Radiology B of Cochin Hospital: 165 patients showed evidence of lesions of the cervical spine. The risk of cervical involvement in rheumatoid arthritis is thus not negligeable: 28%. This involvement may occur at any time during the course of the disease and presents as pain or by rare and more or less slight neurological manifestations. Radiologically emphasis must be placed upon the orientation points of straight and lateral films, and the value of lateral films with the neck in flexion. Atlanto-axial dislocation is the commonest lesion, usually measured by the distance separating the anterior arch of the atlas from the odontoid peg. However, other lesions are possible, in particular involvement of the lateral masses and erosion or destruction of the odontoid. It is astonishing to discover large dislocations (of up to 10 mm) which remain well-tolerated, with minimal clinical signs. However, it is the neurological risk of quadriplegia (even though minimal) which remains the constant worry since it may result from the slightest trauma or forced movement of the neck. Fixation, usually posterior occipital C1-C2, may be indicated. It is thus necessary to carry out a routine radiological examination of C1-C2 at reasonable intervals during the clinical surveillance of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 745168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6262", "title": "[Acute purulent arthritis of the limbs in the infant and child. Long term course (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the long term course of 37 cases of purulent arthritis of the limbs in the child, for which complete radiological documents covering a period of more than a year were available. They describe in particular the sequelae observed in 25 cases, classifying them by joint and by increasing order of severity. They then attempt, in the light of their own findings and of other published series, to draw conclusions concerning the main factors in prognosis--the age at the time of onset of the arthritis, the treatment given and the joint involved. The prognosis is all the more gloomy when a newborn or young infant is involved, when there is a delay before treatment is started or in the absence of joint aspiration-drainage and when the hip is affected.", "contents": "[Acute purulent arthritis of the limbs in the infant and child. Long term course (author's transl)]. The authors study the long term course of 37 cases of purulent arthritis of the limbs in the child, for which complete radiological documents covering a period of more than a year were available. They describe in particular the sequelae observed in 25 cases, classifying them by joint and by increasing order of severity. They then attempt, in the light of their own findings and of other published series, to draw conclusions concerning the main factors in prognosis--the age at the time of onset of the arthritis, the treatment given and the joint involved. The prognosis is all the more gloomy when a newborn or young infant is involved, when there is a delay before treatment is started or in the absence of joint aspiration-drainage and when the hip is affected.", "PMID": 745169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6263", "title": "[Osteo-articular lesions of the foot in diabetic patients. A systematic review of 1,501 radiological reports (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteo-articular changes observed in diabetic patients include diabetic osteo-arthropathy, infective osteo-arthritis, and osteo-arthrosis. A systematic review of 1,501 case-sheets demonstrated one or more bone lesions in 55% of the diabetic patients studied.  There was a striking absence of the most typical lesions of the foot, probably party due to the fact that there has been an improvement in the treatment of diabetes. Osteolytic and reconstructive lesions were more common in women.", "contents": "[Osteo-articular lesions of the foot in diabetic patients. A systematic review of 1,501 radiological reports (author's transl)]. Osteo-articular changes observed in diabetic patients include diabetic osteo-arthropathy, infective osteo-arthritis, and osteo-arthrosis. A systematic review of 1,501 case-sheets demonstrated one or more bone lesions in 55% of the diabetic patients studied.  There was a striking absence of the most typical lesions of the foot, probably party due to the fact that there has been an improvement in the treatment of diabetes. Osteolytic and reconstructive lesions were more common in women.", "PMID": 745170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6264", "title": "[The cheiro-lumbar dysostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A cheiro-lumbar dysostosis is described, an association of constitutional stenosis of the lumbar canal due to the shortness and hypertrophy of the posterior arch of the vertebrae and of a dysostosis of the hand also due to shortness and hypertrophy of metacarpals (brachymetacarpy) and of phalanges (brachyphalangy). This cheiro-lumbar dysostosis is frequent and described in 6 patients suffering from lumbar back pain and sciatic.", "contents": "[The cheiro-lumbar dysostosis (author's transl)]. A cheiro-lumbar dysostosis is described, an association of constitutional stenosis of the lumbar canal due to the shortness and hypertrophy of the posterior arch of the vertebrae and of a dysostosis of the hand also due to shortness and hypertrophy of metacarpals (brachymetacarpy) and of phalanges (brachyphalangy). This cheiro-lumbar dysostosis is frequent and described in 6 patients suffering from lumbar back pain and sciatic.", "PMID": 745171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6265", "title": "[Congenital pyloric atresia. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital pyloric atresia is a relatively unusual condition. From three cases the authors point out the diagnosis basis. The main clinical findings are hydramnios, early non bilious vomiting and epigastric distension. Diagnosis is based upon abdominal plain films. They demonstrate an air dilated stomach, and no air distal to the pylorus. When films can be taken in the upright position, they demonstrate a single intragastric air-fluid level. Radiologic findings are essential, because surgical inspection alone fails to demonstrate membranous atresia and cordonal atresia which are more frequent than total atresia. In the two former conditions, radiologic findings lead the surgeon to look for the obstruction by the mean of a catheter introduced by a juxta-pyloric antrotomy.", "contents": "[Congenital pyloric atresia. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. Congenital pyloric atresia is a relatively unusual condition. From three cases the authors point out the diagnosis basis. The main clinical findings are hydramnios, early non bilious vomiting and epigastric distension. Diagnosis is based upon abdominal plain films. They demonstrate an air dilated stomach, and no air distal to the pylorus. When films can be taken in the upright position, they demonstrate a single intragastric air-fluid level. Radiologic findings are essential, because surgical inspection alone fails to demonstrate membranous atresia and cordonal atresia which are more frequent than total atresia. In the two former conditions, radiologic findings lead the surgeon to look for the obstruction by the mean of a catheter introduced by a juxta-pyloric antrotomy.", "PMID": 745172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6266", "title": "[Ureteral compression by an aneurysm of the hypogastric artery. Two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Aorto-iliac aneurysms produce ureteric obstrucation by different mechanisms: deviation, compression and, above all, encirclement by peri-aneurysmal fibrosis. Whilst it is rare to find this as the cause for apparently primary ureteric obstruction, individuals with aorto-iliac aneumrysms quite often show evidence of ureteral abnormalities. The two cases presented illustrate these two possibilities. Routine pre-operative urography, or seven better a urographic phase of arteriography, is therefore suggested.", "contents": "[Ureteral compression by an aneurysm of the hypogastric artery. Two cases (author's transl)]. Aorto-iliac aneurysms produce ureteric obstrucation by different mechanisms: deviation, compression and, above all, encirclement by peri-aneurysmal fibrosis. Whilst it is rare to find this as the cause for apparently primary ureteric obstruction, individuals with aorto-iliac aneumrysms quite often show evidence of ureteral abnormalities. The two cases presented illustrate these two possibilities. Routine pre-operative urography, or seven better a urographic phase of arteriography, is therefore suggested.", "PMID": 745173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6267", "title": "[Acceleration of bone maturation in the newborn with facial dysmorphia: Marshall-Smith's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of Marshall-Smith's syndrome in which there was a facial dysmorphic syndrome and considerable acceleration of bone maturation (24 months to 15 days). The infant had chronic respiratory distress and the aetiology of this condition is discussed, one possibility being a pneumopathy from repeated deglutition provoked by the micro-retrognathism. Hormonal investigations were normal. Contrary to the data in the first published reports, there was a pathological increase in size, as noted in subsequent observations by Weaver. Differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to patients with non-endocrine constitutional bony diseases. The cause of this syndrome is unknown.", "contents": "[Acceleration of bone maturation in the newborn with facial dysmorphia: Marshall-Smith's syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of Marshall-Smith's syndrome in which there was a facial dysmorphic syndrome and considerable acceleration of bone maturation (24 months to 15 days). The infant had chronic respiratory distress and the aetiology of this condition is discussed, one possibility being a pneumopathy from repeated deglutition provoked by the micro-retrognathism. Hormonal investigations were normal. Contrary to the data in the first published reports, there was a pathological increase in size, as noted in subsequent observations by Weaver. Differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to patients with non-endocrine constitutional bony diseases. The cause of this syndrome is unknown.", "PMID": 745175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6268", "title": "[Voluminous hypernephroma of intermittent development. Diagnostic difficulties (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of cancer of the kidney of intermittent development for which nephro-urotomography was negative. They stress the interest of: --preliminary echotomography in patients with palpable masses in the left hypochondrium; --pharmaco-angiography for improved visualization of masses that are only weakly opaque; --a rapid infusion technique, proposed by various authors, which appears to be the most appropriate for the study of this type of mass which is mainly intermittent in its development.", "contents": "[Voluminous hypernephroma of intermittent development. Diagnostic difficulties (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of cancer of the kidney of intermittent development for which nephro-urotomography was negative. They stress the interest of: --preliminary echotomography in patients with palpable masses in the left hypochondrium; --pharmaco-angiography for improved visualization of masses that are only weakly opaque; --a rapid infusion technique, proposed by various authors, which appears to be the most appropriate for the study of this type of mass which is mainly intermittent in its development.", "PMID": 745176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6269", "title": "[Thrombosis of the left popliteal artery from hypertrophy of the gemellus muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of thrombosis of the left popliteal artery in a man aged 20 years, secondary to repeated minimal trauma from contact with a hypertrophied internal gemellus muscle. A bifurcation abnormality was also present. They review the anatomical variations seen at the end of the femoro-popliteal trunk and define the clinical and angiographic characteristics of popliteal thrombosis due to adjoining muscle hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the left popliteal artery from hypertrophy of the gemellus muscle (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of thrombosis of the left popliteal artery in a man aged 20 years, secondary to repeated minimal trauma from contact with a hypertrophied internal gemellus muscle. A bifurcation abnormality was also present. They review the anatomical variations seen at the end of the femoro-popliteal trunk and define the clinical and angiographic characteristics of popliteal thrombosis due to adjoining muscle hypertrophy.", "PMID": 745177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6270", "title": "[Double calibre catheter used to facilitate hyperselective catheterisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of a polyethylene catheter formed by the end-to-end apposition of two tubes of different calibre, the proximal being of a wide calibre and thus easy to manipulate, and the distal being of fine calibre and very useful for hyperselective catheterisation.", "contents": "[Double calibre catheter used to facilitate hyperselective catheterisation (author's transl)]. Presentation of a polyethylene catheter formed by the end-to-end apposition of two tubes of different calibre, the proximal being of a wide calibre and thus easy to manipulate, and the distal being of fine calibre and very useful for hyperselective catheterisation.", "PMID": 745178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6271", "title": "[Ultrasonography in jaundice: signs and results in 199 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonic patterns of bile ducts dilatation were studied in 199 cases. In the most recent series of obstructive jaundices (50 cases) examined with a high resolution machine, the diagnosis of dilatation was made in 92% of cases, the diagnostic of level of obstruction in 92% of cases, and the diagnosis of cause of obstruction in 61% of cases (but in 22 out of 23 jaundices due to a pancreatic lesion: 95%). No false positive diagnosis was made in non obstructive jaundice. Improved technology had a definite impact on the quality of results.", "contents": "[Ultrasonography in jaundice: signs and results in 199 cases (author's transl)]. Ultrasonic patterns of bile ducts dilatation were studied in 199 cases. In the most recent series of obstructive jaundices (50 cases) examined with a high resolution machine, the diagnosis of dilatation was made in 92% of cases, the diagnostic of level of obstruction in 92% of cases, and the diagnosis of cause of obstruction in 61% of cases (but in 22 out of 23 jaundices due to a pancreatic lesion: 95%). No false positive diagnosis was made in non obstructive jaundice. Improved technology had a definite impact on the quality of results.", "PMID": 745179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6272", "title": "[Congenital malformations of the inferior vena cava. Embryological, anatomical and radiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital malformations of the inferior vena cava are characterized by their diversity which is related to the complexity of the embryological development of this vessel. The authors review the embryogenesis and origin of the different segments of the inferior vena cava and describe the various types of malformation, including the causative embryological abnormality, ther frequency, possible clinical repercussions, and radiological aspects. Phlebocavography is essential for the identification of the various types of abnormality. Five different types of malformation are reported. Three of these are relatively rare (left inferior vena vaca, congenital membrane of the inferior vena cava, absence of the hepatic segment with continuation of the isolated azygos segment).", "contents": "[Congenital malformations of the inferior vena cava. Embryological, anatomical and radiological study (author's transl)]. Congenital malformations of the inferior vena cava are characterized by their diversity which is related to the complexity of the embryological development of this vessel. The authors review the embryogenesis and origin of the different segments of the inferior vena cava and describe the various types of malformation, including the causative embryological abnormality, ther frequency, possible clinical repercussions, and radiological aspects. Phlebocavography is essential for the identification of the various types of abnormality. Five different types of malformation are reported. Three of these are relatively rare (left inferior vena vaca, congenital membrane of the inferior vena cava, absence of the hepatic segment with continuation of the isolated azygos segment).", "PMID": 745180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6273", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of ventrycular aneurysms. A report on 36 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of different radiological examinations in the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysms following infarcts is assessed using the results obtained in 36 operated cases. By correlating radiological and surgical findings the orientation value of standard examinations can be determined: almost constant cardiomegaly, irregularity of the borders of the heart, and more rarely, myocardial calcification, are significant signs. The two essential examinations are ventriculography and coronarography. Ventriculography can demonstrate anatomical abnormalities (protrusion), or dynamic changes only (hypokinesia, akinesia, systolic expansion). This remarkably reliable examination showed a predominance of anterior and anterolateral aneurisms (87% of cases), and enables definition of the critical cardiac surface area (about 25%) above which the aneurysm is operable. Coronarography shows that the anterior interventricular artery (A.I.V.) is affected in a large proportion (90%) of aneurysms. These two examinations can be used to select those patients suitable for surgery. Results were good and only one death occurred. In the other cases, the disorders of rhythm were reduced and the manifestations of cardiac insufficiency disappeared.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of ventrycular aneurysms. A report on 36 operated cases (author's transl)]. The value of different radiological examinations in the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysms following infarcts is assessed using the results obtained in 36 operated cases. By correlating radiological and surgical findings the orientation value of standard examinations can be determined: almost constant cardiomegaly, irregularity of the borders of the heart, and more rarely, myocardial calcification, are significant signs. The two essential examinations are ventriculography and coronarography. Ventriculography can demonstrate anatomical abnormalities (protrusion), or dynamic changes only (hypokinesia, akinesia, systolic expansion). This remarkably reliable examination showed a predominance of anterior and anterolateral aneurisms (87% of cases), and enables definition of the critical cardiac surface area (about 25%) above which the aneurysm is operable. Coronarography shows that the anterior interventricular artery (A.I.V.) is affected in a large proportion (90%) of aneurysms. These two examinations can be used to select those patients suitable for surgery. Results were good and only one death occurred. In the other cases, the disorders of rhythm were reduced and the manifestations of cardiac insufficiency disappeared.", "PMID": 745181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6274", "title": "[Critical study of the value of superior mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. Radiological and clinical findings in 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors underline the value of selective superior mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. In the ten cases reported, seven were found to have a Meckel's diverticulum on operation, while it was absent in the other three. Arteriography was able to diagnose its presence correctly in sex patients, gave a false positive diagnosis in three cases, and was considered to be normal in the last case in which a Meckel's diverticulum was present. Valid radiological signs are extravasation of the contrast medium into the lumen of the digestive tract and the presence of a vitellin artery dividing into a vascular network. The single fact of a hypervascularized zone at the end of the superior mesenteric artery dividing into a vascular network. The single fact of a hypervascularized zone at the end of the superior mesenteric artery without definite artery formation is not as valid and its interpretation is difficult.", "contents": "[Critical study of the value of superior mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. Radiological and clinical findings in 10 cases (author's transl)]. The authors underline the value of selective superior mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. In the ten cases reported, seven were found to have a Meckel's diverticulum on operation, while it was absent in the other three. Arteriography was able to diagnose its presence correctly in sex patients, gave a false positive diagnosis in three cases, and was considered to be normal in the last case in which a Meckel's diverticulum was present. Valid radiological signs are extravasation of the contrast medium into the lumen of the digestive tract and the presence of a vitellin artery dividing into a vascular network. The single fact of a hypervascularized zone at the end of the superior mesenteric artery dividing into a vascular network. The single fact of a hypervascularized zone at the end of the superior mesenteric artery without definite artery formation is not as valid and its interpretation is difficult.", "PMID": 745182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6275", "title": "[The temporo-maxillary joint in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal phylogenetic, embryologic, and morphologic characteristics of the temporo-maxillary joint in infants are reviewed. The principal techniques for radiological examinations are outlined, followed by a classification together with illustrations of the main pathological disorders affecting this joint in infants.", "contents": "[The temporo-maxillary joint in infants (author's transl)]. Normal phylogenetic, embryologic, and morphologic characteristics of the temporo-maxillary joint in infants are reviewed. The principal techniques for radiological examinations are outlined, followed by a classification together with illustrations of the main pathological disorders affecting this joint in infants.", "PMID": 745183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6276", "title": "[Radiological aspects of lipomas of the spinal column. A report on four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Observation of the four cases reported and a review of the published literature suggest that spinal column lipomas can produce two entirely unrelated types of radiological image. 1. An image of cord-like appearance and variable width which joins the filum terminale to the sacrum, and is usually associated with enlargement of the spinal cord at the same level. This image can be demonstrated by both gas myelography and opaque myelography, and is produced by a lipoma of the filum terminale. The cord image is either that of an ectopic spinal cord or that of the lipomatous tumor itself, which joins the filum terminale to the sacrum. A spina bifida is often associated with these tumors, which can be intradural alone, which is very rare, or both intradural and epidural, and are often associated with enlargement of the spinal canal. 2. A fairly specific blocking-type of image which can be seen by opaque myelography, and consists of fringed bands which become progressively shorter from above downwards until being completely blocked. This appearance, which is extremely rare, is peculiar to intramedullary lipomas, the image probably corresponding to the dissociation of the medullary fiber bundles by the tumoral cords.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of lipomas of the spinal column. A report on four cases (author's transl)]. Observation of the four cases reported and a review of the published literature suggest that spinal column lipomas can produce two entirely unrelated types of radiological image. 1. An image of cord-like appearance and variable width which joins the filum terminale to the sacrum, and is usually associated with enlargement of the spinal cord at the same level. This image can be demonstrated by both gas myelography and opaque myelography, and is produced by a lipoma of the filum terminale. The cord image is either that of an ectopic spinal cord or that of the lipomatous tumor itself, which joins the filum terminale to the sacrum. A spina bifida is often associated with these tumors, which can be intradural alone, which is very rare, or both intradural and epidural, and are often associated with enlargement of the spinal canal. 2. A fairly specific blocking-type of image which can be seen by opaque myelography, and consists of fringed bands which become progressively shorter from above downwards until being completely blocked. This appearance, which is extremely rare, is peculiar to intramedullary lipomas, the image probably corresponding to the dissociation of the medullary fiber bundles by the tumoral cords.", "PMID": 745184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6277", "title": "[Roentgenographic features in pigmented villonodular synovitis (concerning a carpal location) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a benign proliferation of the synovial membrane. Its pathogenesis is not well known. It results in an articular swelling without great pain. Its roentgenographic aspect is a combination of an opacity of soft tissue and epiphyseal damages, i.e. cortical erosions and lacunae surrounded by osteosclerosis. Hyperplasty of the synovial membrane is explicited by arthrography and arteriography. The authors report one case of pigmented villonodular synovitis in the carpus: that is an uncommon location of that disease which most often involves the knee.", "contents": "[Roentgenographic features in pigmented villonodular synovitis (concerning a carpal location) (author's transl)]. Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a benign proliferation of the synovial membrane. Its pathogenesis is not well known. It results in an articular swelling without great pain. Its roentgenographic aspect is a combination of an opacity of soft tissue and epiphyseal damages, i.e. cortical erosions and lacunae surrounded by osteosclerosis. Hyperplasty of the synovial membrane is explicited by arthrography and arteriography. The authors report one case of pigmented villonodular synovitis in the carpus: that is an uncommon location of that disease which most often involves the knee.", "PMID": 745187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6278", "title": "[Inferior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula of congenital origin. A report on one case and review of the published literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A fourth case of inferior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula of congenital origin is described by the authors, who also review the general characteristics of mesenteric (or portal) arteriovenous fistulae. Early clinical signs are hemorrhage from the digestive tract and chronic anemia. Endoscopy and barium X-rays are normal, and angiography is the only means of diagnosis. Surgical treatment is essential because of the risk of hemorrhages and portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Inferior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula of congenital origin. A report on one case and review of the published literature (author's transl)]. A fourth case of inferior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula of congenital origin is described by the authors, who also review the general characteristics of mesenteric (or portal) arteriovenous fistulae. Early clinical signs are hemorrhage from the digestive tract and chronic anemia. Endoscopy and barium X-rays are normal, and angiography is the only means of diagnosis. Surgical treatment is essential because of the risk of hemorrhages and portal hypertension.", "PMID": 745188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6279", "title": "[A case of dysphagia due to dyskinesia of the oesophageal opening (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of dysfunctioning of the oesophageal opening is reported. The patient, aged 71 years, had had difficulty in swallowing for a long time, complicated by the recent onset of obvious dysphagia. Radiological examination of the oesophagus revealed the presence of a permanent notch in the posterior wall in the crico-pharyngeal region. The endoscope could not pass through the oesophageal opening but radiocinematography did not reveal any obvious organic lesion. The dysphagia and crico-pharyngeal notch disappeared after myotomy. This case is one the rare examples of pharyngo-oesophageal incoordination wrongly called crico-pharyngeal achalasia, as there does not appear to be any disorder of relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter, and this was demonstrated by the postoperative manometric study carried out in our patient.", "contents": "[A case of dysphagia due to dyskinesia of the oesophageal opening (author's transl)]. A case of dysfunctioning of the oesophageal opening is reported. The patient, aged 71 years, had had difficulty in swallowing for a long time, complicated by the recent onset of obvious dysphagia. Radiological examination of the oesophagus revealed the presence of a permanent notch in the posterior wall in the crico-pharyngeal region. The endoscope could not pass through the oesophageal opening but radiocinematography did not reveal any obvious organic lesion. The dysphagia and crico-pharyngeal notch disappeared after myotomy. This case is one the rare examples of pharyngo-oesophageal incoordination wrongly called crico-pharyngeal achalasia, as there does not appear to be any disorder of relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter, and this was demonstrated by the postoperative manometric study carried out in our patient.", "PMID": 745189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6280", "title": "[Pseudomembranous colitis due to clindamycine. A new case (author's transl)].", "content": "A recent case has provided an opportunity for the observation of pseudomembranous colitis occurring after the ingestion of Clindamycine prescribed for a dental abscess. In this condition, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear, there is relative variability in the time taken for clinical signs to appear, as well as in their subsequent duration, but endoscopic and histological findings do however, in the particular context, frequently justify a sure diagnosis. Radiographic examination most often indicates a nonspecific inflammation. Curative treatment is essentially symptom oriented, while the prevention of such complications demands, in addition to close supervision of patients under this medication, particularly strict eclectism in the selection of indications for its administration.", "contents": "[Pseudomembranous colitis due to clindamycine. A new case (author's transl)]. A recent case has provided an opportunity for the observation of pseudomembranous colitis occurring after the ingestion of Clindamycine prescribed for a dental abscess. In this condition, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear, there is relative variability in the time taken for clinical signs to appear, as well as in their subsequent duration, but endoscopic and histological findings do however, in the particular context, frequently justify a sure diagnosis. Radiographic examination most often indicates a nonspecific inflammation. Curative treatment is essentially symptom oriented, while the prevention of such complications demands, in addition to close supervision of patients under this medication, particularly strict eclectism in the selection of indications for its administration.", "PMID": 745190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6281", "title": "Functional endometrial tissue with vaginal agenesis.", "content": "Vaginal agenesis in association with an intact and functioning or partially functioning uterus is not a well-described problem. The literature advocates attempting to preserve the uterus and surgically create a neovagina. Two patients are presented who suffered severe mobidity after the latter approach. We believe that there are three possibilities with patients who have functional endometrial tissue with vaginal agenesis: namely, an imperforate hymen, a transverse vaginal septum or complete vaginal agenesis with the absence or malformation of the cervix. If an imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum are ruled out, we believe it is the best interest of the patient to remove the M\u00fcllerian structures during the initial surgery.", "contents": "Functional endometrial tissue with vaginal agenesis. Vaginal agenesis in association with an intact and functioning or partially functioning uterus is not a well-described problem. The literature advocates attempting to preserve the uterus and surgically create a neovagina. Two patients are presented who suffered severe mobidity after the latter approach. We believe that there are three possibilities with patients who have functional endometrial tissue with vaginal agenesis: namely, an imperforate hymen, a transverse vaginal septum or complete vaginal agenesis with the absence or malformation of the cervix. If an imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum are ruled out, we believe it is the best interest of the patient to remove the M\u00fcllerian structures during the initial surgery.", "PMID": 745191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6282", "title": "The management of elective, repeat cesarean section.", "content": "The perinatal outcome of 252 consecutive, elective, repeat cesarean section was studied retrospectively. One hundred fifty patients (60%) were scheduled for delivery within approximately seven days of their expected delivery, cesarean (EDC), designated on the basis of rigorous clinical criteria and corroborative sonographic biparietal diameters. One hundred two patients (40%) did not meet these criteria and required analysis of amniotic fluid for L/S ratio and creatinine prior to their operations. Forty-three patients (17%) labored prior to their scheduled procedure or amniocentesis and underwent cesarean section shortly after admission. No cases of the respiratory distress syndrome were noted in the electively delivered patients. The authors conclude that careful clinical assessment of gestational age will prevent the occurrence of iatrogenic hyaline membrane disease in infants born to mothers by elective, repeat cesarean section. When the EDC is in question, however, amniotic fluid phospholipid analysis is clearly advisable.", "contents": "The management of elective, repeat cesarean section. The perinatal outcome of 252 consecutive, elective, repeat cesarean section was studied retrospectively. One hundred fifty patients (60%) were scheduled for delivery within approximately seven days of their expected delivery, cesarean (EDC), designated on the basis of rigorous clinical criteria and corroborative sonographic biparietal diameters. One hundred two patients (40%) did not meet these criteria and required analysis of amniotic fluid for L/S ratio and creatinine prior to their operations. Forty-three patients (17%) labored prior to their scheduled procedure or amniocentesis and underwent cesarean section shortly after admission. No cases of the respiratory distress syndrome were noted in the electively delivered patients. The authors conclude that careful clinical assessment of gestational age will prevent the occurrence of iatrogenic hyaline membrane disease in infants born to mothers by elective, repeat cesarean section. When the EDC is in question, however, amniotic fluid phospholipid analysis is clearly advisable.", "PMID": 745192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6283", "title": "Principles of care and management in a laboratory animal facility.", "content": "The keeping of animals in an enclosed area and their use for scientific work goes back to the beginning of the Christian era. This activity gradually developed into the specific science we know today. Principles of housing, animal care, equipment and management according to which, it is felt a modern animal facility should be designed, equipped and operated, are discussed.", "contents": "Principles of care and management in a laboratory animal facility. The keeping of animals in an enclosed area and their use for scientific work goes back to the beginning of the Christian era. This activity gradually developed into the specific science we know today. Principles of housing, animal care, equipment and management according to which, it is felt a modern animal facility should be designed, equipped and operated, are discussed.", "PMID": 745194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6284", "title": "Experience of directing a national laboratory animals centre.", "content": "The challenges of managing a facility serving a new and developing science are outlined. Basic to success are the appropriate handling of aspects such as staff selection, line management, financial support, changing demands, training and relations with staff unions, welfare organisations and at the international level.", "contents": "Experience of directing a national laboratory animals centre. The challenges of managing a facility serving a new and developing science are outlined. Basic to success are the appropriate handling of aspects such as staff selection, line management, financial support, changing demands, training and relations with staff unions, welfare organisations and at the international level.", "PMID": 745195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6285", "title": "Humane considerations in the use of experimental animals.", "content": "Various considerations aimed at improving the welfare of experimental animals are discussed, with particular reference to the situation in the United Kingdom. These include, inter alia, codes of standards for accommodation and equipment, prevention or reduction to a minimum of pain, and the appointment of committees consisting of biological scientists, veterinarians, teachers and lay persons to advise on proposed experiments.", "contents": "Humane considerations in the use of experimental animals. Various considerations aimed at improving the welfare of experimental animals are discussed, with particular reference to the situation in the United Kingdom. These include, inter alia, codes of standards for accommodation and equipment, prevention or reduction to a minimum of pain, and the appointment of committees consisting of biological scientists, veterinarians, teachers and lay persons to advise on proposed experiments.", "PMID": 745196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6286", "title": "Current status and future options for the development of laboratory animal technology and the training of laboratory animal technicians.", "content": "Laboratory animal technology has evolved into a specialised field of expertise which is associated with the production, care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical teaching and research. A survey of laboratory animal facilities and supporting personnel was undertaken to assess the uses of laboratory animals in relation to the administrative and technical staffing of animal facilities. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training in laboratory animal science at both the technical and professional levels. Options for the development of formal training in laboratory animal technology are reviewed.", "contents": "Current status and future options for the development of laboratory animal technology and the training of laboratory animal technicians. Laboratory animal technology has evolved into a specialised field of expertise which is associated with the production, care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical teaching and research. A survey of laboratory animal facilities and supporting personnel was undertaken to assess the uses of laboratory animals in relation to the administrative and technical staffing of animal facilities. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training in laboratory animal science at both the technical and professional levels. Options for the development of formal training in laboratory animal technology are reviewed.", "PMID": 745197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6287", "title": "The inbreeding of the Y and the Z strains of Praomys natalensis with special reference to the laboratory uses of the Mastomys.", "content": "The Y and the Z strains of Praomys natalensis (Mastomys) are being sucessfully inbred, as far as is known for the first time. Spontaneous tumours of the glandular stomach have been found to develop in these rodents. Evidence is provided of the great potential of the laboratory Mastomys for use in medical research on cancer, plague, bilhaziasis, and more recently in the research on the Lassa fever virus.", "contents": "The inbreeding of the Y and the Z strains of Praomys natalensis with special reference to the laboratory uses of the Mastomys. The Y and the Z strains of Praomys natalensis (Mastomys) are being sucessfully inbred, as far as is known for the first time. Spontaneous tumours of the glandular stomach have been found to develop in these rodents. Evidence is provided of the great potential of the laboratory Mastomys for use in medical research on cancer, plague, bilhaziasis, and more recently in the research on the Lassa fever virus.", "PMID": 745198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6288", "title": "The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as a laboratory animal.", "content": "The use of the Japanese quail as a laboratory animal was first reported in 1959. Since then this species has been increasingly used as an avian model for biomedical research. A quail colony was recently established in the Dental Research Institute to provide adult birds for teratogenicity and toxicity studies. These birds are not widely used for biological research in South Africa at present. The housing, husbandry, breeding and nutrition of this species is described, together with the biomethodology which is applicable to this species.", "contents": "The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as a laboratory animal. The use of the Japanese quail as a laboratory animal was first reported in 1959. Since then this species has been increasingly used as an avian model for biomedical research. A quail colony was recently established in the Dental Research Institute to provide adult birds for teratogenicity and toxicity studies. These birds are not widely used for biological research in South Africa at present. The housing, husbandry, breeding and nutrition of this species is described, together with the biomethodology which is applicable to this species.", "PMID": 745199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6289", "title": "The Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center.", "content": "The development and organisation of the centre which now has over 1,500 non-human primates representing more than 30 species, including great apes, is described. Important projects are mainly in the neural and behavioural field, including language acquisition, but also on aspects of experimental pathology.", "contents": "The Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The development and organisation of the centre which now has over 1,500 non-human primates representing more than 30 species, including great apes, is described. Important projects are mainly in the neural and behavioural field, including language acquisition, but also on aspects of experimental pathology.", "PMID": 745200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6290", "title": "Wild rodents as laboratory models and their part in the study of diseases.", "content": "The paper describes the use of 14 South African wild rodent species as experimental models and demonstrates the proven value of many of these as laboratory animals in research on bacterial infections (plague, relapsing fever), rickettsial infections (tickbite fever, louse typhus), viral infections (poliomyelitis. Rift-Valley fever and  other arbovirus infections, Lassa fever), fungal infections (histoplasmosis), parasitic infections (schistosomiasis) and in diabetes mellitus and cancer research.", "contents": "Wild rodents as laboratory models and their part in the study of diseases. The paper describes the use of 14 South African wild rodent species as experimental models and demonstrates the proven value of many of these as laboratory animals in research on bacterial infections (plague, relapsing fever), rickettsial infections (tickbite fever, louse typhus), viral infections (poliomyelitis. Rift-Valley fever and  other arbovirus infections, Lassa fever), fungal infections (histoplasmosis), parasitic infections (schistosomiasis) and in diabetes mellitus and cancer research.", "PMID": 745202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6291", "title": "Rodents as laboratory hosts for schistosomes.", "content": "The rodent species used at the South African Institute for Medical Research for the culture of mammalian species of schistosomes are listed. Emphasis is given to the advantages of wild South African species which have been adapted to laboratory conditions, and infection techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Rodents as laboratory hosts for schistosomes. The rodent species used at the South African Institute for Medical Research for the culture of mammalian species of schistosomes are listed. Emphasis is given to the advantages of wild South African species which have been adapted to laboratory conditions, and infection techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 745203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6292", "title": "Design and use of an inhalation chamber for air pollution studies in small animals.", "content": "Environmental chambers provide a convenient means of studying the toxicology of gases in experimental animals. The specialised equipment needed for these studies is not commercially available. This paper reports on the design, construction and performance of a simple, and inexpensive, inhalation chamber and gas mixing unit for air pollution studies in small laboratory animals. Provision has been made for controlling the mixing of gases, the ventilation rate, the even distribution of gases in the chamber and for the removal of vented gases to prevent the hazard of air pollution in the laboratory animal facility. No significant differences were found between the food and water consumption and body mass gain of a group of rats housed in the chamber for 5 days and a control group housed im similar cages located in a rodent room and managed under conventional laboratory conditions. The chamber fulfills all the requirements for an animal inhalation system.", "contents": "Design and use of an inhalation chamber for air pollution studies in small animals. Environmental chambers provide a convenient means of studying the toxicology of gases in experimental animals. The specialised equipment needed for these studies is not commercially available. This paper reports on the design, construction and performance of a simple, and inexpensive, inhalation chamber and gas mixing unit for air pollution studies in small laboratory animals. Provision has been made for controlling the mixing of gases, the ventilation rate, the even distribution of gases in the chamber and for the removal of vented gases to prevent the hazard of air pollution in the laboratory animal facility. No significant differences were found between the food and water consumption and body mass gain of a group of rats housed in the chamber for 5 days and a control group housed im similar cages located in a rodent room and managed under conventional laboratory conditions. The chamber fulfills all the requirements for an animal inhalation system.", "PMID": 745204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6293", "title": "Genetic aspects of the hormonal regulation of some testis enzymes during pubertal development of the rat.", "content": "Using a rat model, it was shown that the synthesis of certain testis enzymes during pubertal development is under hormonal control, which acts as regulatory mechanism for gene expression during eukaryotic differentiation. Esterase activity and its electrophoretic banding pattern can be specifically induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Alcohol dehydrogenase and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are independently induced by HCG, and are apparently coded for by 2 different genetic cistrons.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of the hormonal regulation of some testis enzymes during pubertal development of the rat. Using a rat model, it was shown that the synthesis of certain testis enzymes during pubertal development is under hormonal control, which acts as regulatory mechanism for gene expression during eukaryotic differentiation. Esterase activity and its electrophoretic banding pattern can be specifically induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Alcohol dehydrogenase and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are independently induced by HCG, and are apparently coded for by 2 different genetic cistrons.", "PMID": 745205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6294", "title": "The use of the rat in the experimental investigation of the porphyrias.", "content": "The patterns of urinary porphyria excretion and hepatic porphyrin accumulation in hexachlorobenzene-treated rats is similar to that observed in overt porphyria cutanea tarda and may be attributed to a decrease in activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen (UROGEN) decarboxylase. The 3.5 diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-treated rat has been evaluated as a model to test the porphyrinogenicity of drugs.", "contents": "The use of the rat in the experimental investigation of the porphyrias. The patterns of urinary porphyria excretion and hepatic porphyrin accumulation in hexachlorobenzene-treated rats is similar to that observed in overt porphyria cutanea tarda and may be attributed to a decrease in activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen (UROGEN) decarboxylase. The 3.5 diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-treated rat has been evaluated as a model to test the porphyrinogenicity of drugs.", "PMID": 745206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6295", "title": "Methods for investigating intestinal absorption of amino acids in chicken intestine in vitro.", "content": "Certain techniques for measuring amino acid absorption are considered, their specific roles are defined and both theoretical and practical considerations are used to evaluate each system. Some methodological considerations are presented.", "contents": "Methods for investigating intestinal absorption of amino acids in chicken intestine in vitro. Certain techniques for measuring amino acid absorption are considered, their specific roles are defined and both theoretical and practical considerations are used to evaluate each system. Some methodological considerations are presented.", "PMID": 745209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6296", "title": "Extrapolation to man of pharmacological results obtained on animals.", "content": "Drug development relies on the assumption of a high degree of correlation between the effects of drugs in animals and man. While a good correlation exists as far as the pharmacodynamic action of the drug is concerned it is usually the unpredictable pharmacokinetic properties of the drug responsible for obscuring proper correlations.", "contents": "Extrapolation to man of pharmacological results obtained on animals. Drug development relies on the assumption of a high degree of correlation between the effects of drugs in animals and man. While a good correlation exists as far as the pharmacodynamic action of the drug is concerned it is usually the unpredictable pharmacokinetic properties of the drug responsible for obscuring proper correlations.", "PMID": 745210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6297", "title": "Incidence, prevalence, and gene frequency studies of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "A total population study of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy (arrested Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, SMA type II and III) was undertaken in north-east England to establish gene and carrier frequencies, incidence, and prevalence. The incidence of this disease was 1 in 24 100 live births. Prevalence was 1.20 per 100,000 of the general population. A technique for estimating an autosomal recessive gene frequency in the known presence of dominant new mutations (or phenocopies), using data from a segregation analysis, is described. Gene frequency was in the range (0.00451 to 0.00659 (95% confidence limits), with a working estimate of 0.0055. Carrier rates for the autosomal recessive gene concerned were 1 in 76 to 1 in 111 (95%) confidence limits), with a working estimate of 1 in 90 for genetic counselling purposes.", "contents": "Incidence, prevalence, and gene frequency studies of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy. A total population study of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy (arrested Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, SMA type II and III) was undertaken in north-east England to establish gene and carrier frequencies, incidence, and prevalence. The incidence of this disease was 1 in 24 100 live births. Prevalence was 1.20 per 100,000 of the general population. A technique for estimating an autosomal recessive gene frequency in the known presence of dominant new mutations (or phenocopies), using data from a segregation analysis, is described. Gene frequency was in the range (0.00451 to 0.00659 (95% confidence limits), with a working estimate of 0.0055. Carrier rates for the autosomal recessive gene concerned were 1 in 76 to 1 in 111 (95%) confidence limits), with a working estimate of 1 in 90 for genetic counselling purposes.", "PMID": 745211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6298", "title": "Genetic studies of acute infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). An analysis of sex ratios, segregation ratios, and sex influence.", "content": "An analysis of segregation and sex ratios, and of sex influence, was undertaken in a series of 78 index patients with acute infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). The sex ratio of index patients was 2.0, and the excess of males was shown to occur principally among sporadic cases. The sex ratio of familial cases did not differ significantly from 1.0. The implications of this are discussed. No sex influence on age at onset, or on life expectancy, was present. The segregation ratio (Weinberg Proband method) was 0.29 for all index cases, and 0.26 for all cases excluding those referred specifically to a genetic counselling clinic. Autosomal recessivity is confirmed for this disease, with the probable inclusion of unrecognised male phenocopies in clinical series.", "contents": "Genetic studies of acute infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). An analysis of sex ratios, segregation ratios, and sex influence. An analysis of segregation and sex ratios, and of sex influence, was undertaken in a series of 78 index patients with acute infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). The sex ratio of index patients was 2.0, and the excess of males was shown to occur principally among sporadic cases. The sex ratio of familial cases did not differ significantly from 1.0. The implications of this are discussed. No sex influence on age at onset, or on life expectancy, was present. The segregation ratio (Weinberg Proband method) was 0.29 for all index cases, and 0.26 for all cases excluding those referred specifically to a genetic counselling clinic. Autosomal recessivity is confirmed for this disease, with the probable inclusion of unrecognised male phenocopies in clinical series.", "PMID": 745212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6299", "title": "Segregation analysis of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "A formal segregation analysis for the disease 'chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy' is presented. This disease is also known as 'Kugelberg-Welander disease', 'arrested Werdnig-Hoffmann disease', and 'chronic proximal or generalised spinal muscular atrophy'. There were 124 index cases occurring in 115 families. Ascertainment of index patients was by incomplete multiple selection. Three types of segregation analysis were performed: Weinberg Proband, an improved Weinberg Proband with a variance corrected formula for differences both in family size and ascertainment probability and a backeting technique assuming the extremes of both single and of truncate selection. All three methods gave similar results. The improved Weinberg Proband method with corrections for differences in ascertainment and in family size gave a segregation ratio of 0.18 and a 95% confidence range of 0.11 to 0.25. The mid-point of the bracketing method assuming extremes of truncate and of single selection was 0.19. The segregation ratio of that group of children with clinical onset before 9 months of age was 0.21, which does not differ significantly from the 0.25 predicted on the basis of autosomal recessivity. Evidence is presented to indicate that 25% of index patients may be due to new dominant mutations, or phenocopies, or both, and that these occur particularly among sporadic cases with clinical onset over 2 years of age. Empirical risk figures for use in genetic counselling are presented, and the literature of the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Segregation analysis of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy. A formal segregation analysis for the disease 'chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy' is presented. This disease is also known as 'Kugelberg-Welander disease', 'arrested Werdnig-Hoffmann disease', and 'chronic proximal or generalised spinal muscular atrophy'. There were 124 index cases occurring in 115 families. Ascertainment of index patients was by incomplete multiple selection. Three types of segregation analysis were performed: Weinberg Proband, an improved Weinberg Proband with a variance corrected formula for differences both in family size and ascertainment probability and a backeting technique assuming the extremes of both single and of truncate selection. All three methods gave similar results. The improved Weinberg Proband method with corrections for differences in ascertainment and in family size gave a segregation ratio of 0.18 and a 95% confidence range of 0.11 to 0.25. The mid-point of the bracketing method assuming extremes of truncate and of single selection was 0.19. The segregation ratio of that group of children with clinical onset before 9 months of age was 0.21, which does not differ significantly from the 0.25 predicted on the basis of autosomal recessivity. Evidence is presented to indicate that 25% of index patients may be due to new dominant mutations, or phenocopies, or both, and that these occur particularly among sporadic cases with clinical onset over 2 years of age. Empirical risk figures for use in genetic counselling are presented, and the literature of the subject is reviewed.", "PMID": 745213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6300", "title": "Genetics of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "A genetic family study was undertaken by photofluorography of the first, second, and third degree relatives of 116 index patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The index patients were ascertained in the course of an epidemiological screening. The pattern of familial clusters and the recurrence risk related to the number of affected relatives and to the severity of the disorder in the index patients support the theory of polygenic inheritance, a multifactorial-threshold aetiological model. The recurrence risk table for first degree relative, prepared by computerised data processing and analysis, may contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of the disorder.", "contents": "Genetics of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A genetic family study was undertaken by photofluorography of the first, second, and third degree relatives of 116 index patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The index patients were ascertained in the course of an epidemiological screening. The pattern of familial clusters and the recurrence risk related to the number of affected relatives and to the severity of the disorder in the index patients support the theory of polygenic inheritance, a multifactorial-threshold aetiological model. The recurrence risk table for first degree relative, prepared by computerised data processing and analysis, may contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of the disorder.", "PMID": 745214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6301", "title": "Thalassaemia types and their incidence in Sardinia.", "content": "The frequency of thalassaemia syndromes in Sardinia was examined by a population survey. The data indicate that about 12.6% of the Sardinian subjects are carriers of beta-thalassaemia, while 6.9% of the population carries an alpha-thalassaemia gene, with a slight difference between the various provinces. These are among the highest frequencies of thalassaemia genes found in a Caucasian population today. A survey of hospital inpatients and outpatients showed a newborn incidence of homozygous beta-thalassaemia of 1 in 300. The reasons for the difference between the expected and observed incidence figures are discussed. Moreover, 3 subjects with deltabeta0-thalassaemia trait, 6 carriers of heterocellular persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH), 1 sickle cell trait, and 3 subjects with Hb J Sardegna were found. Genetic heterogeneity of beta-thalassaemia syndromes in this population may generally result from interaction of alpha- and beta-thalassaemia genes.", "contents": "Thalassaemia types and their incidence in Sardinia. The frequency of thalassaemia syndromes in Sardinia was examined by a population survey. The data indicate that about 12.6% of the Sardinian subjects are carriers of beta-thalassaemia, while 6.9% of the population carries an alpha-thalassaemia gene, with a slight difference between the various provinces. These are among the highest frequencies of thalassaemia genes found in a Caucasian population today. A survey of hospital inpatients and outpatients showed a newborn incidence of homozygous beta-thalassaemia of 1 in 300. The reasons for the difference between the expected and observed incidence figures are discussed. Moreover, 3 subjects with deltabeta0-thalassaemia trait, 6 carriers of heterocellular persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH), 1 sickle cell trait, and 3 subjects with Hb J Sardegna were found. Genetic heterogeneity of beta-thalassaemia syndromes in this population may generally result from interaction of alpha- and beta-thalassaemia genes.", "PMID": 745215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6302", "title": "Thalassaemia of intermediate severity resulting from the interaction between alpha- and beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "A Sicilian family is described in which the alpha-thalassaemia gene is interacting in several members with beta-thalassaemia resulting in a balanced alpha/beta chain production ratio. In one patient, affected by homozygous beta-thalassaemia, the presence of alpha-thalassaemia resulted in a less severe clinical expression of the disease, less marked imbalance in the alpha/non-alpha ratio, and a lower level of HbF. Further studies of haemoglobin synthesis are needed to clarify the complex genetic picture that results from the interaction of different forms of thalassaemia.", "contents": "Thalassaemia of intermediate severity resulting from the interaction between alpha- and beta-thalassaemia. A Sicilian family is described in which the alpha-thalassaemia gene is interacting in several members with beta-thalassaemia resulting in a balanced alpha/beta chain production ratio. In one patient, affected by homozygous beta-thalassaemia, the presence of alpha-thalassaemia resulted in a less severe clinical expression of the disease, less marked imbalance in the alpha/non-alpha ratio, and a lower level of HbF. Further studies of haemoglobin synthesis are needed to clarify the complex genetic picture that results from the interaction of different forms of thalassaemia.", "PMID": 745216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6303", "title": "Taurodontism and Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "The incidence of taurodontism in 31 patients with XXY Klinefelter's syndrome was studied. Taurodont molars were observed in 6 of the 31 cases (19.4%), a significantly higher rate than among the controls. Though taurodontism is not an obligatory finding in Klinefelter's syndrome, it is believed to be one of the anomalies frequently observed in connection with this condition.", "contents": "Taurodontism and Klinefelter's syndrome. The incidence of taurodontism in 31 patients with XXY Klinefelter's syndrome was studied. Taurodont molars were observed in 6 of the 31 cases (19.4%), a significantly higher rate than among the controls. Though taurodontism is not an obligatory finding in Klinefelter's syndrome, it is believed to be one of the anomalies frequently observed in connection with this condition.", "PMID": 745217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6304", "title": "Meckel syndrome and the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "Two fetuses, terminated after prenatal diagnosis of aneural tube defect, had Meckel syndrome. There have now been three fetuses with this syndrome in a series of 35 terminated because of open lesions of the neural tube. It is suggested that such therapeutically aborted fetuses represent a highly selected group, among which a rare condition like Meckel syndrome will be concentrated. The need for a detailed examination of all terminated fetuses is emphasised, for the identification of such an autosomal recessive condition alters the genetic counselling for a future pregnancy.", "contents": "Meckel syndrome and the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Two fetuses, terminated after prenatal diagnosis of aneural tube defect, had Meckel syndrome. There have now been three fetuses with this syndrome in a series of 35 terminated because of open lesions of the neural tube. It is suggested that such therapeutically aborted fetuses represent a highly selected group, among which a rare condition like Meckel syndrome will be concentrated. The need for a detailed examination of all terminated fetuses is emphasised, for the identification of such an autosomal recessive condition alters the genetic counselling for a future pregnancy.", "PMID": 745218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6305", "title": "X-Y translocation in a retarded phenotypic male. Clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical, and serogenetic studies.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on a mentally retarded boy revealed an X-Y translocation, karyotype 46,X,t(X;Y)(p22;q11). Only 5 other such cases have been reported and these were all females. The unequivocal male phenotype suggested non-random inactivation of the normal maternally derived X chromosome, and that the non-inactivated X-Y translocation chromosome included the locus for male determination. Confirmation of this was provided by unassociated X and Y chromatin in interphase cells, as well as by reverse banding after BrdU incorporation and autoradiography of metaphase chromosomes. There was anomalous Xg blood group inheritance in the proband, indicating possible localisation of the Xg locus to the terminal portion of the X short arm. Linkage of Xg and a form of X-linked mental retardation is suggested. Close linkage of the Xg locus with the loci for alpha-galactosidase, phosphoglycerate kinase, G-6-PD, and MPS II was excluded.", "contents": "X-Y translocation in a retarded phenotypic male. Clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical, and serogenetic studies. Cytogenetic studies on a mentally retarded boy revealed an X-Y translocation, karyotype 46,X,t(X;Y)(p22;q11). Only 5 other such cases have been reported and these were all females. The unequivocal male phenotype suggested non-random inactivation of the normal maternally derived X chromosome, and that the non-inactivated X-Y translocation chromosome included the locus for male determination. Confirmation of this was provided by unassociated X and Y chromatin in interphase cells, as well as by reverse banding after BrdU incorporation and autoradiography of metaphase chromosomes. There was anomalous Xg blood group inheritance in the proband, indicating possible localisation of the Xg locus to the terminal portion of the X short arm. Linkage of Xg and a form of X-linked mental retardation is suggested. Close linkage of the Xg locus with the loci for alpha-galactosidase, phosphoglycerate kinase, G-6-PD, and MPS II was excluded.", "PMID": 745219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6306", "title": "Partial trisomy 6p with karyotype 46,XY,der(22), t(6;22)(p22;q13)mat.", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 6p is reported with a review of the various characteristics of this syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 6p with karyotype 46,XY,der(22), t(6;22)(p22;q13)mat. A case of partial trisomy 6p is reported with a review of the various characteristics of this syndrome.", "PMID": 745220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6307", "title": "The Aase syndrome in a female infant.", "content": "This report describes a 2-month-old female with the Aase syndrome, bringing to 8 the total number of cases of this disorder. Features include triphalangeal thumbs and congenital hypoplastic anaemia. The occurrence of this disorder in sibs born to unaffected parents and in both sexes makes autosomal recessive inheritance the most likely aetiology.", "contents": "The Aase syndrome in a female infant. This report describes a 2-month-old female with the Aase syndrome, bringing to 8 the total number of cases of this disorder. Features include triphalangeal thumbs and congenital hypoplastic anaemia. The occurrence of this disorder in sibs born to unaffected parents and in both sexes makes autosomal recessive inheritance the most likely aetiology.", "PMID": 745221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6308", "title": "Distributions of body-rocking manifested by severely mentally deficient adults in ward environments.", "content": "Systematic observations were made of the stereotyped body-rocking engaged in by twenty-seven mentally deficient adults in ward environments. A significant decline in amount of body-rocking across the session was observed in each of the patients and other evidence suggested that this was an effect of fatigue. For eleven of the patients there was significant evidence of a 90--110 minute ultradian bio-rhythm in the amount of body-rocking. Rates of body-rocking showed less variation during the sessions. It was suggested that these results, plus other cited evidence, make it less likely that body-rocking in experimental, and in natural, environments are the same operants.", "contents": "Distributions of body-rocking manifested by severely mentally deficient adults in ward environments. Systematic observations were made of the stereotyped body-rocking engaged in by twenty-seven mentally deficient adults in ward environments. A significant decline in amount of body-rocking across the session was observed in each of the patients and other evidence suggested that this was an effect of fatigue. For eleven of the patients there was significant evidence of a 90--110 minute ultradian bio-rhythm in the amount of body-rocking. Rates of body-rocking showed less variation during the sessions. It was suggested that these results, plus other cited evidence, make it less likely that body-rocking in experimental, and in natural, environments are the same operants.", "PMID": 745224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6309", "title": "The effect of music on body-rocking manifested by severely mentally deficient patients in ward environments.", "content": "By controlling whether or not music was played in the wards, the effect of music on stereotyped body-rocking was assessed for twelve severely mentally deficient adults who engaged in this behaviour. There were significant differences between male and female patients. While music did not appear to affect rates, but increased the amounts, of body-rocking in both groups, the distribution of this increase was different. These results suggested that the effect of music was to increase the duration of body-rocking sequences. Once the music had been removed there was, for females, a persistence of the increased amount of body-rocking. It was hypothesised that there may be sexual dimorphism in the brain-hemisphere structures which organise rhythmic stimuli.", "contents": "The effect of music on body-rocking manifested by severely mentally deficient patients in ward environments. By controlling whether or not music was played in the wards, the effect of music on stereotyped body-rocking was assessed for twelve severely mentally deficient adults who engaged in this behaviour. There were significant differences between male and female patients. While music did not appear to affect rates, but increased the amounts, of body-rocking in both groups, the distribution of this increase was different. These results suggested that the effect of music was to increase the duration of body-rocking sequences. Once the music had been removed there was, for females, a persistence of the increased amount of body-rocking. It was hypothesised that there may be sexual dimorphism in the brain-hemisphere structures which organise rhythmic stimuli.", "PMID": 745225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6310", "title": "Manual guidance used in a punishment procedure: the active ingredient in overcorrection.", "content": "Simple manual hand and arm guidance used in the context of a punishment paradigm can be effective in suppressing the frequency of self-injurious behaviour in severely retarded individuals. The procedure involves a socially more acceptable consequence for self-injurious behaviour than many other treatment approaches; it is quite economical and easy to administer; and, the procedure appears to produce fairly rapid suppression of response rates. Brief periods of manual guidance following self-injurious behaviour may indeed be the most efficacious intervention for use in on-going treatment programmes. Questions relating to the generalisation of effects and the effects of verbal prompts and other behavioural prompts remain for future research.", "contents": "Manual guidance used in a punishment procedure: the active ingredient in overcorrection. Simple manual hand and arm guidance used in the context of a punishment paradigm can be effective in suppressing the frequency of self-injurious behaviour in severely retarded individuals. The procedure involves a socially more acceptable consequence for self-injurious behaviour than many other treatment approaches; it is quite economical and easy to administer; and, the procedure appears to produce fairly rapid suppression of response rates. Brief periods of manual guidance following self-injurious behaviour may indeed be the most efficacious intervention for use in on-going treatment programmes. Questions relating to the generalisation of effects and the effects of verbal prompts and other behavioural prompts remain for future research.", "PMID": 745226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6311", "title": "Trisomy 18 in an 11 year old girl.", "content": "A case of trisomy 18, confirmed by G banded chromosome analysis, is reported in an eleven year old Australian girl. There is no cytogenetic evidence of mosaicism in the propositus or her parents. The patient's salient clinical features are severe mental and motor retardation with microcephaly, kyphoscoliosis and various congenital anomalies. She has very mild congenital heart disease. She has been totally institutionalised and has required constant medical care. Comparison of her condition with other long-term survivors with trisomy 18 reported in the literature, and also considered to be non-mosaic, reveals many similar features. However, no pattern emerges as to why these rare patients have survived.", "contents": "Trisomy 18 in an 11 year old girl. A case of trisomy 18, confirmed by G banded chromosome analysis, is reported in an eleven year old Australian girl. There is no cytogenetic evidence of mosaicism in the propositus or her parents. The patient's salient clinical features are severe mental and motor retardation with microcephaly, kyphoscoliosis and various congenital anomalies. She has very mild congenital heart disease. She has been totally institutionalised and has required constant medical care. Comparison of her condition with other long-term survivors with trisomy 18 reported in the literature, and also considered to be non-mosaic, reveals many similar features. However, no pattern emerges as to why these rare patients have survived.", "PMID": 745227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6312", "title": "Effects and side-effects of a brief overcorrection procedure in reducing multiple self-stimulatory behaviour: a single case analysis.", "content": "The use of positive practice overcorrection to reduce the classroom self-stimulatory behaviour of a mentally retarded child is described. An initial attempt to reduce four stereotyped hand movements through reinforcement of incompatible behaviour resulted in a decrease in three types of behaviour and an increase in the fourth. When one minute of positive practice overcorrection was then made contingent upon the increased behaviour, it was immediately reduced to near-zero levels with accompanying low occurrences of all other behaviour forms. Response suppression was durable following the evaluation of the overcorrection procedure at 2- and 3.5-month follow-ups.", "contents": "Effects and side-effects of a brief overcorrection procedure in reducing multiple self-stimulatory behaviour: a single case analysis. The use of positive practice overcorrection to reduce the classroom self-stimulatory behaviour of a mentally retarded child is described. An initial attempt to reduce four stereotyped hand movements through reinforcement of incompatible behaviour resulted in a decrease in three types of behaviour and an increase in the fourth. When one minute of positive practice overcorrection was then made contingent upon the increased behaviour, it was immediately reduced to near-zero levels with accompanying low occurrences of all other behaviour forms. Response suppression was durable following the evaluation of the overcorrection procedure at 2- and 3.5-month follow-ups.", "PMID": 745228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6313", "title": "Sizing of phosphatidylcholine vesicles by transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Coating of support films for transmission electron microscopy with silica by evaporation of \"silicon monoxide\" provides a surface which is easily wetted by aqueous systems. Dispersed colloidal particles spread on this surface without the use of added soluble wetting agents. Such coated supports are found to be particularly useful for the quantitative characterization of the size distribution of vesicles prepared from saturated phosphatidylcholine. The weight average vesicle sizes determined for several samples from measurements of negatively stained electron micrographs are in good agreement with values measured by light scattering and ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Sizing of phosphatidylcholine vesicles by transmission electron microscopy. Coating of support films for transmission electron microscopy with silica by evaporation of \"silicon monoxide\" provides a surface which is easily wetted by aqueous systems. Dispersed colloidal particles spread on this surface without the use of added soluble wetting agents. Such coated supports are found to be particularly useful for the quantitative characterization of the size distribution of vesicles prepared from saturated phosphatidylcholine. The weight average vesicle sizes determined for several samples from measurements of negatively stained electron micrographs are in good agreement with values measured by light scattering and ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 745229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6314", "title": "An automatic counter for autoradiographed cells in Petri dishes.", "content": "A simple automatic counting device for cells on Petri dishes is described. The device is tested up to 1 x 10(4) cells (0.01 m)-2 and counts linearly without coincidence error. The counting time for each dish is c. 3-4 min including the time required to place the dish in the apparatus.", "contents": "An automatic counter for autoradiographed cells in Petri dishes. A simple automatic counting device for cells on Petri dishes is described. The device is tested up to 1 x 10(4) cells (0.01 m)-2 and counts linearly without coincidence error. The counting time for each dish is c. 3-4 min including the time required to place the dish in the apparatus.", "PMID": 745230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6315", "title": "[Ureteral metastases from prostatic cancers. 2 cases. Review of the literature].", "content": "The authors report two new observations of ureteral metastases from prostatic cancers and review the 17 already published cases. The relative rarity might well be only apparent, in relation with the delay in the exploration of the first observations. The diagnostic criteria are less clinical and radiological than anatomo-pathological, the metastases contrasting themselves with ureteral invasion by direct propagation. The anatomical status shows no predominance between tumoral or infiltrating forms, nor of any particular site on the ureter, while noting a relative frequence of bilateral involvement. The therapeutic approach is dependant upon these factors. The prognostic is reserved, at the cost of a segmental ureteral resection or a nephro-ureterectomy.", "contents": "[Ureteral metastases from prostatic cancers. 2 cases. Review of the literature]. The authors report two new observations of ureteral metastases from prostatic cancers and review the 17 already published cases. The relative rarity might well be only apparent, in relation with the delay in the exploration of the first observations. The diagnostic criteria are less clinical and radiological than anatomo-pathological, the metastases contrasting themselves with ureteral invasion by direct propagation. The anatomical status shows no predominance between tumoral or infiltrating forms, nor of any particular site on the ureter, while noting a relative frequence of bilateral involvement. The therapeutic approach is dependant upon these factors. The prognostic is reserved, at the cost of a segmental ureteral resection or a nephro-ureterectomy.", "PMID": 745253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6316", "title": "[A case of ureteral stenosis due to bilharziosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ureteral lesions due to biharziosis are often recognized as being associated with bilharziosis of the bladder, but they may sometimes appear to be primary in origin. In both cases, however, prognosis depends mainly on the manner in which the upper urinary tract is affected. The observation of a case of isolated ureteral stenosis due to bilharziosis, which appeared to be primary, is used as a base for reviewing recently acquired new data on this localization of these parasites which are rife in several areas in Tunisia.", "contents": "[A case of ureteral stenosis due to bilharziosis (author's transl)]. Ureteral lesions due to biharziosis are often recognized as being associated with bilharziosis of the bladder, but they may sometimes appear to be primary in origin. In both cases, however, prognosis depends mainly on the manner in which the upper urinary tract is affected. The observation of a case of isolated ureteral stenosis due to bilharziosis, which appeared to be primary, is used as a base for reviewing recently acquired new data on this localization of these parasites which are rife in several areas in Tunisia.", "PMID": 745257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6317", "title": "[Torsion of the testicle in the newborn: report of 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases of torsion of the spermatic pedicle in the newborn and give us a very complete review of the literature. The term torsion of the testicle should be replaced by torsion of the \"spermatic pedicle\", the exact level of the torsion being different in the adolescent from the newborn. In the adolescent, it is the horizontal position of the testicle with lengthening of the intravaginal portion of the pedicle or yet the existence of a true membrane between the epididymis and the testicle which favors intravaginal torsion. This anatomical predisposition was bilateral nine times out of ten. In the newborn, it is the testicle and the tunica vaginalis not yet fixed which, as on a pivot, turn with the cord which lies above the tunica vaginalis. The unevenness of the cremasteric fibers and the (Terme non familier) in the helicoid spermatic veins can facilitate the torsion. Bilateral torsion is even possible in the newborn. The clinical features of torsion in the newborn is non-tenderness when the scrotum is swollen, ecchymotic or nontransilluminating. The only logical approach is emergency surgical exploration. Unfortunately, the already irreversible ischemic necrosis (ill\u00e9gible) a castration. The possibility of bilatertion of the opposite testicle. The nontenderness of the lesion explains the frequent error in diagnosis and a certain number of cases of testicular atrophy in adults from birth.", "contents": "[Torsion of the testicle in the newborn: report of 3 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 3 cases of torsion of the spermatic pedicle in the newborn and give us a very complete review of the literature. The term torsion of the testicle should be replaced by torsion of the \"spermatic pedicle\", the exact level of the torsion being different in the adolescent from the newborn. In the adolescent, it is the horizontal position of the testicle with lengthening of the intravaginal portion of the pedicle or yet the existence of a true membrane between the epididymis and the testicle which favors intravaginal torsion. This anatomical predisposition was bilateral nine times out of ten. In the newborn, it is the testicle and the tunica vaginalis not yet fixed which, as on a pivot, turn with the cord which lies above the tunica vaginalis. The unevenness of the cremasteric fibers and the (Terme non familier) in the helicoid spermatic veins can facilitate the torsion. Bilateral torsion is even possible in the newborn. The clinical features of torsion in the newborn is non-tenderness when the scrotum is swollen, ecchymotic or nontransilluminating. The only logical approach is emergency surgical exploration. Unfortunately, the already irreversible ischemic necrosis (ill\u00e9gible) a castration. The possibility of bilatertion of the opposite testicle. The nontenderness of the lesion explains the frequent error in diagnosis and a certain number of cases of testicular atrophy in adults from birth.", "PMID": 745254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6318", "title": "[Cis-platinum in the treatment of disseminated testicular neoplasms resistant to classical chemotherapy].", "content": "Seven patients with advanced testicular tumors, resistant to existing chemotheurapeutic agents, were treated with a new antitumor agent, the Cisplatinum (associated to mannitol induced hyperdiuresis). There were 3 objective remissions (1 complete and 2 partial). Major toxicity was gastrointestinal. There was little renal and hematologic toxicity in our serie. The drug may have use in combination therapy in advanced non seminomatous testicular tumors.", "contents": "[Cis-platinum in the treatment of disseminated testicular neoplasms resistant to classical chemotherapy]. Seven patients with advanced testicular tumors, resistant to existing chemotheurapeutic agents, were treated with a new antitumor agent, the Cisplatinum (associated to mannitol induced hyperdiuresis). There were 3 objective remissions (1 complete and 2 partial). Major toxicity was gastrointestinal. There was little renal and hematologic toxicity in our serie. The drug may have use in combination therapy in advanced non seminomatous testicular tumors.", "PMID": 745255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6319", "title": "[Y-V plastic repair of the neck of the bladder. A study of 30 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on their own series of 30 Y-V plastic repairs of the neck of the bladder done according to the technique of B. W. Young on male and female patients ranging in age from 8 months to 74 years. They have treated using this technique 8 primary diseases of the neck of the bladder, 11 cord bladders, 5 myocardium bladders and 6 idiopathic retentions. A post-surgical observation period of 1 to 8 years showed a 43 per cent success rate, 30 per cent of improvement and 27 per cent of failure. The best results are obtained in diseases of the neck of the bladder. Protection of the genital functions make the Y-V plastic repair a preferred technique in the young male.", "contents": "[Y-V plastic repair of the neck of the bladder. A study of 30 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on their own series of 30 Y-V plastic repairs of the neck of the bladder done according to the technique of B. W. Young on male and female patients ranging in age from 8 months to 74 years. They have treated using this technique 8 primary diseases of the neck of the bladder, 11 cord bladders, 5 myocardium bladders and 6 idiopathic retentions. A post-surgical observation period of 1 to 8 years showed a 43 per cent success rate, 30 per cent of improvement and 27 per cent of failure. The best results are obtained in diseases of the neck of the bladder. Protection of the genital functions make the Y-V plastic repair a preferred technique in the young male.", "PMID": 745267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6320", "title": "[Simplified urethroplasty in woman. Correction of inveterate stricture (author's transl)].", "content": "Crippling, sclero-inflammatory, inveterate stricture of the urethra is a female disease which remains rare and is most often caused by trauma. Treatment by distension seems painful and useless. Simplified urethroplasty proved useful in these 6 cases, and the procedure is easy to execute.", "contents": "[Simplified urethroplasty in woman. Correction of inveterate stricture (author's transl)]. Crippling, sclero-inflammatory, inveterate stricture of the urethra is a female disease which remains rare and is most often caused by trauma. Treatment by distension seems painful and useless. Simplified urethroplasty proved useful in these 6 cases, and the procedure is easy to execute.", "PMID": 745268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6321", "title": "[Xanthic lithiasis in the child. A study of one case. Review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Seeking medical help because of an acute urinary retention, a 3-year-old child showed at intravenous urography (IVU) multiple radiotransparent lithiases. Hypouricemia suggested a diagnosis of xanthuria. The problems of this condition due to a congenital deficiency in xanthine oxydase are studied in a review of the literature. 56 xanthic lithiases have been published and since the work of Dent and Philpot, 28 xanthinurias have been reported.", "contents": "[Xanthic lithiasis in the child. A study of one case. Review of the literature (author's transl)]. Seeking medical help because of an acute urinary retention, a 3-year-old child showed at intravenous urography (IVU) multiple radiotransparent lithiases. Hypouricemia suggested a diagnosis of xanthuria. The problems of this condition due to a congenital deficiency in xanthine oxydase are studied in a review of the literature. 56 xanthic lithiases have been published and since the work of Dent and Philpot, 28 xanthinurias have been reported.", "PMID": 745270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6322", "title": "[Results of radical surgery for renal cancer in adults].", "content": "For thirteen years, between 1963 and 1976, 120/139 patients with renal cancer were operated. 45 were stage I, 20 were stage II, 45 were stage III and 12 were stage IV (Robson's classification). Of the 45 stage III cancers, 13 had lymphatic invasion and 37 had venous invasion ranging from microscopic stages to invasion of the inferior vena cava. Treatment included: preoperative teleirradiation with cobalt most often a single dose of 500 rads on the day before the operation. Wide excision with primary ligation of the vascular pedicle and node dissection via a lumbar abdominal transperitoneal route remaining the minimum strictly necessary. Sequential monthly chemotherapy over two years of Vincristine and CCNU (chloroethyl cyclo hexylnitroso urea). Postoperative mortality was considerable (14%) but involved patients with advanced cancers, poor general condition (o% stage I, 10% stage II, 22% stage III and 40% stage IV). The long range survival remains excellent in spite of the postoperative losses: 65 p. cent 5 years all stages. However, stage determines the prognosis: 85 p. cent 5 year survival stage I and II and 53 p. cent 5 year survival stage III. Severe affection of the general state of the patient carries a very poor prognosis. Fever does not indicate a worse value except in stage III tumors. In stages I and II it can have value in the paraneoplastic syndrome (terme non familier). The authors, uncertain of the efficacity of preoperative radiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy, concluded that wide excision with node dissection is the proper fundamental treatment of renal cancer in the adult.", "contents": "[Results of radical surgery for renal cancer in adults]. For thirteen years, between 1963 and 1976, 120/139 patients with renal cancer were operated. 45 were stage I, 20 were stage II, 45 were stage III and 12 were stage IV (Robson's classification). Of the 45 stage III cancers, 13 had lymphatic invasion and 37 had venous invasion ranging from microscopic stages to invasion of the inferior vena cava. Treatment included: preoperative teleirradiation with cobalt most often a single dose of 500 rads on the day before the operation. Wide excision with primary ligation of the vascular pedicle and node dissection via a lumbar abdominal transperitoneal route remaining the minimum strictly necessary. Sequential monthly chemotherapy over two years of Vincristine and CCNU (chloroethyl cyclo hexylnitroso urea). Postoperative mortality was considerable (14%) but involved patients with advanced cancers, poor general condition (o% stage I, 10% stage II, 22% stage III and 40% stage IV). The long range survival remains excellent in spite of the postoperative losses: 65 p. cent 5 years all stages. However, stage determines the prognosis: 85 p. cent 5 year survival stage I and II and 53 p. cent 5 year survival stage III. Severe affection of the general state of the patient carries a very poor prognosis. Fever does not indicate a worse value except in stage III tumors. In stages I and II it can have value in the paraneoplastic syndrome (terme non familier). The authors, uncertain of the efficacity of preoperative radiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy, concluded that wide excision with node dissection is the proper fundamental treatment of renal cancer in the adult.", "PMID": 745269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6323", "title": "[Intra renal teratoma. Study of a case in an infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Solid, intra renal tumors of children and infants are in most cases nephroblastomas. All the other types of solid tumors, malignant or benign, are very rare. This observation seems to be the seventh case of intra renal teratoma in the literature. The entire upper pole of the left kidney had disappeared, being occupied by a large tumor which proved to be solid upon specific examinations. Anatomo-pathologic examination, following nephrectomy, proved it to be benign.", "contents": "[Intra renal teratoma. Study of a case in an infant (author's transl)]. Solid, intra renal tumors of children and infants are in most cases nephroblastomas. All the other types of solid tumors, malignant or benign, are very rare. This observation seems to be the seventh case of intra renal teratoma in the literature. The entire upper pole of the left kidney had disappeared, being occupied by a large tumor which proved to be solid upon specific examinations. Anatomo-pathologic examination, following nephrectomy, proved it to be benign.", "PMID": 745271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6324", "title": "[Acute renal failure and aorto and ilio-caval fistulas. A report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of two cases of aorto-caval and ilio-caval A.V. fistulas, where the authors examine the mechanisms for anuria. The renal venous hypertension, which is due to the arteriovenous shunt, seems to be a determining factor in the occurrence of this unveiling complication, as shown by the roentgenological findings.", "contents": "[Acute renal failure and aorto and ilio-caval fistulas. A report of two cases (author's transl)]. A report of two cases of aorto-caval and ilio-caval A.V. fistulas, where the authors examine the mechanisms for anuria. The renal venous hypertension, which is due to the arteriovenous shunt, seems to be a determining factor in the occurrence of this unveiling complication, as shown by the roentgenological findings.", "PMID": 745272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6325", "title": "Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (II) Importance of lower duodenum.", "content": "Sensitivities of the stomach and duodenum to oral copper sulfate emesis were compared in dogs. 1) Dogs equipped with a stainless stell cannula in the middle of the duodenum were challenged to the oral threshold emetic dose of copper sulfate administered by a gastric tube. When the cannulas were opened, the oral thresholds were not effective to elicit vomiting in the most cases (1/13). Fairly rapid and high rate recoveries of copper through the open cannula were noted. With the closed cannulas, the thresholds were highly effective (16/16). 2)In the dogs with a cannula at the upper part of the jejunum, the oral threshold doses were always effective whether the canula was opened (9/9) or closed (11/11). Recovery rates of copper from the cannula were usually poor. 3) The oral thresholds administered into the proximal end or the middle of the duodenum through a PVC tubing were equally effective. 4) Although copper sulfate might irritate the stomach and upper duodenum to evoke vomiting, these results suggested a higher sensitivity of the lower duodenum.", "contents": "Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (II) Importance of lower duodenum. Sensitivities of the stomach and duodenum to oral copper sulfate emesis were compared in dogs. 1) Dogs equipped with a stainless stell cannula in the middle of the duodenum were challenged to the oral threshold emetic dose of copper sulfate administered by a gastric tube. When the cannulas were opened, the oral thresholds were not effective to elicit vomiting in the most cases (1/13). Fairly rapid and high rate recoveries of copper through the open cannula were noted. With the closed cannulas, the thresholds were highly effective (16/16). 2)In the dogs with a cannula at the upper part of the jejunum, the oral threshold doses were always effective whether the canula was opened (9/9) or closed (11/11). Recovery rates of copper from the cannula were usually poor. 3) The oral thresholds administered into the proximal end or the middle of the duodenum through a PVC tubing were equally effective. 4) Although copper sulfate might irritate the stomach and upper duodenum to evoke vomiting, these results suggested a higher sensitivity of the lower duodenum.", "PMID": 745305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6326", "title": "Effects of morphine on the serum prolactin levels of morphine-tolerant and nontolerant male rats and of the in vitro release of pituitary prolactin.", "content": "Morphine increased the serum prolactin (PRL) levels of male rats in a dose response manner. This effect was abolished by naloxone and apomorphine, but was not affected by diphenhydramine. The increase in the serum PRL levels by haloperidol was abolished by apomorphine, but not by naloxone. Repeated administrations of increasing doses of morphine attenuated the response of serum PRL to morphine. Naloxone did not alter the serum PRL levels of morphine-tolerant rats, while it precipitated full withdrawal signs on these rats. Although neither haloperidol nor morphine increased the release of PRL from the isolated anterior pituitary, haloperidol, but not morphine, reversed the inhibition by dopamine of the in vitro release of pituitary PRL. These results indicate that tolerance develops regarding the effect of morphine with a resulting increase in the serum PRL levels, abstinence precipitated by naloxone has no effect on the serum PRL levels, the mechanism of morphine involved in increase in the serum PRL is different from that of haloperidol as the effect of haloperidol is not antagonized by naloxone and morphine does not antagonize the effect of dopamine which inhibits the release of PRL from the anterior pituitary in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of morphine on the serum prolactin levels of morphine-tolerant and nontolerant male rats and of the in vitro release of pituitary prolactin. Morphine increased the serum prolactin (PRL) levels of male rats in a dose response manner. This effect was abolished by naloxone and apomorphine, but was not affected by diphenhydramine. The increase in the serum PRL levels by haloperidol was abolished by apomorphine, but not by naloxone. Repeated administrations of increasing doses of morphine attenuated the response of serum PRL to morphine. Naloxone did not alter the serum PRL levels of morphine-tolerant rats, while it precipitated full withdrawal signs on these rats. Although neither haloperidol nor morphine increased the release of PRL from the isolated anterior pituitary, haloperidol, but not morphine, reversed the inhibition by dopamine of the in vitro release of pituitary PRL. These results indicate that tolerance develops regarding the effect of morphine with a resulting increase in the serum PRL levels, abstinence precipitated by naloxone has no effect on the serum PRL levels, the mechanism of morphine involved in increase in the serum PRL is different from that of haloperidol as the effect of haloperidol is not antagonized by naloxone and morphine does not antagonize the effect of dopamine which inhibits the release of PRL from the anterior pituitary in vitro.", "PMID": 745306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6327", "title": "Studies on combination dosing (III). Aspirin and ethenzamide.", "content": "In our studies with drug combinations, we search for mixtures which would enhance the effectiveness of the related active substances. Ethenzamide was found to possess a specific suppressive effect on the gastric damage induced by aspirin. Such effect could not be demonstrated in analgesic agents such as salicylamide, bucetin, acetaminophen and phenacetin. The combination of aspirin with ethenzamide had a potentiating effect on analgesic activity and reduced motor incoordination and loss of righting reflex. We calculated the safety margins of various ratios of combinations and concluded that the best was aspirin and ethenzamide at a ratio of 2:3.", "contents": "Studies on combination dosing (III). Aspirin and ethenzamide. In our studies with drug combinations, we search for mixtures which would enhance the effectiveness of the related active substances. Ethenzamide was found to possess a specific suppressive effect on the gastric damage induced by aspirin. Such effect could not be demonstrated in analgesic agents such as salicylamide, bucetin, acetaminophen and phenacetin. The combination of aspirin with ethenzamide had a potentiating effect on analgesic activity and reduced motor incoordination and loss of righting reflex. We calculated the safety margins of various ratios of combinations and concluded that the best was aspirin and ethenzamide at a ratio of 2:3.", "PMID": 745307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6328", "title": "Effects of estradiol and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin-like substance from isolated rat uterus.", "content": "Effects of estradiol on the release of prostaglandin-like substance (PG) from rat uterus was investigated. The amount of PG released into a medium that did not contain oxytocin was decreased by estradiol, but the release of PG was remarkably increased by the addition of oxytocin. No significant correlation was found in the relationship between PG release and uterine contraction in uterus of either the ovariectomized rat and that of the estradiol-injected rat. The amount of PG released from the uterus of ovariectomized rat and the uterus of 6 hours after estradiol injection was decreased by indomethacin. The PG release promoting action of oxytocin observed in estradiol-injected rat uterus disappeared completely with treatment of phospholipase C.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin-like substance from isolated rat uterus. Effects of estradiol on the release of prostaglandin-like substance (PG) from rat uterus was investigated. The amount of PG released into a medium that did not contain oxytocin was decreased by estradiol, but the release of PG was remarkably increased by the addition of oxytocin. No significant correlation was found in the relationship between PG release and uterine contraction in uterus of either the ovariectomized rat and that of the estradiol-injected rat. The amount of PG released from the uterus of ovariectomized rat and the uterus of 6 hours after estradiol injection was decreased by indomethacin. The PG release promoting action of oxytocin observed in estradiol-injected rat uterus disappeared completely with treatment of phospholipase C.", "PMID": 745308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6329", "title": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in mammalian brain: differences between bindings of acetylcholine and atropine.", "content": "Studies were made on the bindings of [3H]-acetylcholine and [3H]-atropine to synaptic plasma membranes from rat brain. Synaptic plasma membranes have reversible, high affinity binding sites for both ligands, the KD values for ACh and atropine being about 20 nM and 1 nM, respectively. The maximal binding capacities for ACh and atropine, respectively, are 0.8-1.2 pmoles and about 1.5 pmoles/mg protein of synaptic membranes. The specific binding of ACh is almost completely inhibited by oxotremorine and atropine. 5,5'-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) increased the ACh-binding to about 1.5 pmole/mg protein. It also increased the inhibition of atropine-binding by ACh about 10-fold. Marked discrepancies were found in the inhibitions of atropine- and ACh-bindings by muscarinic agonists, but not in the inhibitions by antagonists. These findings support the hypothesis that muscarinic receptors have different sites for agonists and antagonists. The possibility that one receptor can be simultaneously occupied by both an agonist and an antagonist is also discussed.", "contents": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in mammalian brain: differences between bindings of acetylcholine and atropine. Studies were made on the bindings of [3H]-acetylcholine and [3H]-atropine to synaptic plasma membranes from rat brain. Synaptic plasma membranes have reversible, high affinity binding sites for both ligands, the KD values for ACh and atropine being about 20 nM and 1 nM, respectively. The maximal binding capacities for ACh and atropine, respectively, are 0.8-1.2 pmoles and about 1.5 pmoles/mg protein of synaptic membranes. The specific binding of ACh is almost completely inhibited by oxotremorine and atropine. 5,5'-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) increased the ACh-binding to about 1.5 pmole/mg protein. It also increased the inhibition of atropine-binding by ACh about 10-fold. Marked discrepancies were found in the inhibitions of atropine- and ACh-bindings by muscarinic agonists, but not in the inhibitions by antagonists. These findings support the hypothesis that muscarinic receptors have different sites for agonists and antagonists. The possibility that one receptor can be simultaneously occupied by both an agonist and an antagonist is also discussed.", "PMID": 745309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6330", "title": "Butanol extracts from myelin fragments-II. Some properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine binding.", "content": "The myelin fragments of rat brain stem were treated with butanol-water mixtures, and the butanol extracts (total extract=TE) were incubated with 5 x10(-7) M of C14.5-HT. After incubation, protein, lipid phosphorus and radioactivity were analyzed by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography. Two peaks of components eluted in chloroform-methanol 4:1 (peak I and II) showed the binding capacity for C14.5-HT. The displacement studies with unlabeled 5-HT (5 X 10(-4) M) suggested that peak II was the saturable binding component to 5-HT. On the other hand, butanol extracts from the synaptic membranes of rat brain stem did not show binding for C14.5-HT. Various compounds were studied to determine their inhibitory effects on the saturable binding of 5-HT to TE. The results indicated that acetylcholine, dopamine and tryptamine inhibited the 5-HT binding but LSD, reserpine, colchicine, vinblastine, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) had no effect.", "contents": "Butanol extracts from myelin fragments-II. Some properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine binding. The myelin fragments of rat brain stem were treated with butanol-water mixtures, and the butanol extracts (total extract=TE) were incubated with 5 x10(-7) M of C14.5-HT. After incubation, protein, lipid phosphorus and radioactivity were analyzed by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography. Two peaks of components eluted in chloroform-methanol 4:1 (peak I and II) showed the binding capacity for C14.5-HT. The displacement studies with unlabeled 5-HT (5 X 10(-4) M) suggested that peak II was the saturable binding component to 5-HT. On the other hand, butanol extracts from the synaptic membranes of rat brain stem did not show binding for C14.5-HT. Various compounds were studied to determine their inhibitory effects on the saturable binding of 5-HT to TE. The results indicated that acetylcholine, dopamine and tryptamine inhibited the 5-HT binding but LSD, reserpine, colchicine, vinblastine, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxy-3-indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) had no effect.", "PMID": 745312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6331", "title": "Anti-fertility effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "The anti-fertility activity of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors namely the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: acetyl salicylic acid, indomethacin and oxyphenbutazone were investigated in male and female albino rats and female albino rabbits. Oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin affected the reproductive process in male rats. Indomethacin 3 mg/kg. and acetyl salicylic acid 300 mg/kg produced significant anti-ovulatory activity in the rabbit. In female rats, all three drugs given in high doses over a period of two oestrous cycles reduced mating significantly, while only indomethacin given in a low dose of 0.8 mg/kg over a period of six oestrous cycles could reduce mating significantly. Anti-implantation activity was seen with indomethacin 4 mg/kg. alone, and though post-implantation activity was seen with all three drugs, it was associated with maternal deaths. It appears that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect reproduction in female animals.", "contents": "Anti-fertility effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The anti-fertility activity of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors namely the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: acetyl salicylic acid, indomethacin and oxyphenbutazone were investigated in male and female albino rats and female albino rabbits. Oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin affected the reproductive process in male rats. Indomethacin 3 mg/kg. and acetyl salicylic acid 300 mg/kg produced significant anti-ovulatory activity in the rabbit. In female rats, all three drugs given in high doses over a period of two oestrous cycles reduced mating significantly, while only indomethacin given in a low dose of 0.8 mg/kg over a period of six oestrous cycles could reduce mating significantly. Anti-implantation activity was seen with indomethacin 4 mg/kg. alone, and though post-implantation activity was seen with all three drugs, it was associated with maternal deaths. It appears that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect reproduction in female animals.", "PMID": 745313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6332", "title": "Effect of contralateral noise on the middle components of the averaged electroencephalic response.", "content": "Middle-component AERs were obtained from normal-hearing adults to 1000-Hz tone pips at 20 and 40 dB SL and at silent control. A continuous noise at 20, 40, and 80 dB SL and at silent control was presented to the contralateral ear. When the tone pips were at 20 or 40 dB SL, five peaks were identified visually in waveforms constructed by digitally adding AERs across subject and replication. Peak latencies determined from the composite waveforms for each signal-masker condition were used as time points to measure point-to-point amplitudes in individual AERs. The masker at 20 or 40 dB SL did not alter or degrade the AER produced by the tone pip. It was concluded that clinical masking may be used in EEA when the middle components of the AER are employed as a response index.", "contents": "Effect of contralateral noise on the middle components of the averaged electroencephalic response. Middle-component AERs were obtained from normal-hearing adults to 1000-Hz tone pips at 20 and 40 dB SL and at silent control. A continuous noise at 20, 40, and 80 dB SL and at silent control was presented to the contralateral ear. When the tone pips were at 20 or 40 dB SL, five peaks were identified visually in waveforms constructed by digitally adding AERs across subject and replication. Peak latencies determined from the composite waveforms for each signal-masker condition were used as time points to measure point-to-point amplitudes in individual AERs. The masker at 20 or 40 dB SL did not alter or degrade the AER produced by the tone pip. It was concluded that clinical masking may be used in EEA when the middle components of the AER are employed as a response index.", "PMID": 745364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6333", "title": "Analytic study of the Tadoma method: discrimination ability of untrained observers.", "content": "This study reports the ability of two observers with normal-hearing and sight to discriminate pairs of speech elements through the Tadoma method of speechreading. The observers were blindfolded and exposed to masking noise to eliminate visual and auditory cues. They placed their right hand over the speaker's face and neck so that the thumb rested lightly on the lips and the fingers fanned out over the cheek and neck. The discrimination tests were conducted using an ABX procedure. Average discrimination scores for the five types of test materials used in the ABX tests were 87% on W-22 words, 83% on Modified Rhyme Test words, 70% on vowels, 77% on CV and VC nonsense syllables, and 71% on consonant clusters. In all of the ABX tests, the inexperienced observers performed at least as well as the experienced Tadoma user studied by Norton, et al (1977). This finding indicates that the basic tactile sensitivity of inexperienced observers is comparable to that of an experienced deaf-blind Tadoma user.", "contents": "Analytic study of the Tadoma method: discrimination ability of untrained observers. This study reports the ability of two observers with normal-hearing and sight to discriminate pairs of speech elements through the Tadoma method of speechreading. The observers were blindfolded and exposed to masking noise to eliminate visual and auditory cues. They placed their right hand over the speaker's face and neck so that the thumb rested lightly on the lips and the fingers fanned out over the cheek and neck. The discrimination tests were conducted using an ABX procedure. Average discrimination scores for the five types of test materials used in the ABX tests were 87% on W-22 words, 83% on Modified Rhyme Test words, 70% on vowels, 77% on CV and VC nonsense syllables, and 71% on consonant clusters. In all of the ABX tests, the inexperienced observers performed at least as well as the experienced Tadoma user studied by Norton, et al (1977). This finding indicates that the basic tactile sensitivity of inexperienced observers is comparable to that of an experienced deaf-blind Tadoma user.", "PMID": 745365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6334", "title": "Minimal reaction times for phonatory initiation.", "content": "The maximum speed at which voluntary vocal and digital responses can be initiated was investigated in 15 male and 15 female neurologically normal adults using simple reaction time (RT) methodology. All subjects were pretrained to respond as quickly as possible to stimulus onset following a computer-controlled preparatory interval. Voluntary minimal RTs for phonation initiation were studied as a function of (1) stimulus type (auditory and somesthetic), (2) prephonatory vocal-fold position (abducted and adducted), and (3) subject's lung volume (75%, 50%, and 25% VC). The average minimal vocal RT across subjects was 195 msec, and the fastest recorded vocal RT was 120 msec. Although vocal responses to an auditory stimulus were somewhat shorter than to a somesthetic stimulus, neither these differences nor the RTs between sexes were statistically significant except that females had shorter vocal RTs from an abducted prephonatory vocal-fold position. Shorter vocal RTs were obtained when phonation was initiated at midlung volume than at the lung volume extremes, and for both sexes the average digital RTs were significantly shorter than vocal RTs.", "contents": "Minimal reaction times for phonatory initiation. The maximum speed at which voluntary vocal and digital responses can be initiated was investigated in 15 male and 15 female neurologically normal adults using simple reaction time (RT) methodology. All subjects were pretrained to respond as quickly as possible to stimulus onset following a computer-controlled preparatory interval. Voluntary minimal RTs for phonation initiation were studied as a function of (1) stimulus type (auditory and somesthetic), (2) prephonatory vocal-fold position (abducted and adducted), and (3) subject's lung volume (75%, 50%, and 25% VC). The average minimal vocal RT across subjects was 195 msec, and the fastest recorded vocal RT was 120 msec. Although vocal responses to an auditory stimulus were somewhat shorter than to a somesthetic stimulus, neither these differences nor the RTs between sexes were statistically significant except that females had shorter vocal RTs from an abducted prephonatory vocal-fold position. Shorter vocal RTs were obtained when phonation was initiated at midlung volume than at the lung volume extremes, and for both sexes the average digital RTs were significantly shorter than vocal RTs.", "PMID": 745366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6335", "title": "Sampling of speech pathology treatment activities: an evaluation of momentary and interval sampling procedures.", "content": "Videotaped samples of aphasia treatment sessions were coded, using the Clinical Interaction Analysis System (CIAS), a 39-category system for recording the events that occur in clinician-patient interactions during aphasia treatment sessions. These coded records were then sampled according to various schedules and procedures and the fidelity with which each sampling schedule and procedure represented the content of the entire treatment record was evaluated. In addition, trained observers coded videotaped samples of treatment, using the CIAS with a number of sampling schedules and procedures. The fidelity with which these observers' records represented the content of the treatment sessions sampled was then evaluated. The results of the analysis indicated that momentary sampling at intervals distributed throughout the session generates more accurate records of session content than single longer samples taken from the session, unless those single samples comprise a major part of the session, and that sampling representativeness remains high even when only one event in ten is sampled, if sampled events are uniformly distributed throughout the session.", "contents": "Sampling of speech pathology treatment activities: an evaluation of momentary and interval sampling procedures. Videotaped samples of aphasia treatment sessions were coded, using the Clinical Interaction Analysis System (CIAS), a 39-category system for recording the events that occur in clinician-patient interactions during aphasia treatment sessions. These coded records were then sampled according to various schedules and procedures and the fidelity with which each sampling schedule and procedure represented the content of the entire treatment record was evaluated. In addition, trained observers coded videotaped samples of treatment, using the CIAS with a number of sampling schedules and procedures. The fidelity with which these observers' records represented the content of the treatment sessions sampled was then evaluated. The results of the analysis indicated that momentary sampling at intervals distributed throughout the session generates more accurate records of session content than single longer samples taken from the session, unless those single samples comprise a major part of the session, and that sampling representativeness remains high even when only one event in ten is sampled, if sampled events are uniformly distributed throughout the session.", "PMID": 745367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6336", "title": "Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on loudness discomfort level and most comfortable loudness judgments.", "content": "A simple up-down adaptive procedure was used to estimate the 50% point on the psychometric function for loudness discomfort level (LDL) and the two functions describing the range of most comfortable loudness (MCL) for listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. For pure tone and speech stimuli, median LDL and MCL levels were observed at relatively constant SPLs for subjects with hearing loss less than or equal to dB HL and at progressively higher SPLs with further increase in hearing loss. Correlation analysis verified a statistically significant relationship between LDL and magnitude of hearing loss. The nonlinear relationship between LDL and hearing loss together with the large intersubject variability in the data suggest that prediction of LDL from hearing threshold would often be highly inaccurate. These results also demonstrate that averaging LDL data across a group of subjects with a wide range of hearing loss may lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the effects of sensorineural hearing loss on LDL.", "contents": "Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on loudness discomfort level and most comfortable loudness judgments. A simple up-down adaptive procedure was used to estimate the 50% point on the psychometric function for loudness discomfort level (LDL) and the two functions describing the range of most comfortable loudness (MCL) for listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. For pure tone and speech stimuli, median LDL and MCL levels were observed at relatively constant SPLs for subjects with hearing loss less than or equal to dB HL and at progressively higher SPLs with further increase in hearing loss. Correlation analysis verified a statistically significant relationship between LDL and magnitude of hearing loss. The nonlinear relationship between LDL and hearing loss together with the large intersubject variability in the data suggest that prediction of LDL from hearing threshold would often be highly inaccurate. These results also demonstrate that averaging LDL data across a group of subjects with a wide range of hearing loss may lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the effects of sensorineural hearing loss on LDL.", "PMID": 745368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6337", "title": "Maturational influences on perception of coarticulatory effects.", "content": "Three experimental groups consisting of ten four-year-olds, ten 11-year-olds, and ten adults were presented with tape-recorded voiceless stop + vowel syllables and subsyllabic segments isolated from the syllables by electronic gating. Subjects were instructed to identify each syllable. Comparisons of the performances of subjects in the three age groups permitted description of maturational influences on the ability to utilize coarticulatory cues in speech perception. The responses of the four-year-olds indicated that they were able to process coarticulatory information for the identification of consonants and vowels from subsyllabic segments. However, their ability to utilize these cues were more limited than that of 11-year-olds and adults. The four-year-old children experienced particular difficulty in the use of aperiodic information. The relative distribution of perceptual cues throughout the portions of the CV syllables was similar for all age groups. The overall phoneme identification accuracy levels of the 11-year-olds appeared to be established at an adult accuracy level. However, differences among all three age groups in regard to consistency of responses, markedness of substitution error preferences, and magnitude of the influence of acoustic stimulus duration on response accuracy suggest that strategies for estimation of phoneme identity may undergo further modification beyond the 11-year-old level before attaining the characteristics of the adult decoding process.", "contents": "Maturational influences on perception of coarticulatory effects. Three experimental groups consisting of ten four-year-olds, ten 11-year-olds, and ten adults were presented with tape-recorded voiceless stop + vowel syllables and subsyllabic segments isolated from the syllables by electronic gating. Subjects were instructed to identify each syllable. Comparisons of the performances of subjects in the three age groups permitted description of maturational influences on the ability to utilize coarticulatory cues in speech perception. The responses of the four-year-olds indicated that they were able to process coarticulatory information for the identification of consonants and vowels from subsyllabic segments. However, their ability to utilize these cues were more limited than that of 11-year-olds and adults. The four-year-old children experienced particular difficulty in the use of aperiodic information. The relative distribution of perceptual cues throughout the portions of the CV syllables was similar for all age groups. The overall phoneme identification accuracy levels of the 11-year-olds appeared to be established at an adult accuracy level. However, differences among all three age groups in regard to consistency of responses, markedness of substitution error preferences, and magnitude of the influence of acoustic stimulus duration on response accuracy suggest that strategies for estimation of phoneme identity may undergo further modification beyond the 11-year-old level before attaining the characteristics of the adult decoding process.", "PMID": 745369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6338", "title": "Processing demands during auditory learning under degraded listening conditions.", "content": "This investigation employed measures of learning accuracy (performance) and learning ease (attention or psychological effort) to assess processing demands during auditory learning under degraded listening conditions. Learning accuracy was measured with a highly intelligible paired-associate learning task presented to 49 normal-hearing adults under different signal-to-competition ratios and signal presentation levels. Learning ease was assessed by a simultaneously presented probe reaction-time task. Final results indicated that (1) primary signal presentation level exerted no effect either on learning accuracy or ease, and (2) the introduction of competing speech into the listening environment exerted no effect on learning performance, but resulted in a significant increase in learning effort. These findings have important implications for listening conditions in educational settings, hearing aid selection, education of hearing-impaired and learning-disabled children, and future study of attentional demands during auditory processing.", "contents": "Processing demands during auditory learning under degraded listening conditions. This investigation employed measures of learning accuracy (performance) and learning ease (attention or psychological effort) to assess processing demands during auditory learning under degraded listening conditions. Learning accuracy was measured with a highly intelligible paired-associate learning task presented to 49 normal-hearing adults under different signal-to-competition ratios and signal presentation levels. Learning ease was assessed by a simultaneously presented probe reaction-time task. Final results indicated that (1) primary signal presentation level exerted no effect either on learning accuracy or ease, and (2) the introduction of competing speech into the listening environment exerted no effect on learning performance, but resulted in a significant increase in learning effort. These findings have important implications for listening conditions in educational settings, hearing aid selection, education of hearing-impaired and learning-disabled children, and future study of attentional demands during auditory processing.", "PMID": 745370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6339", "title": "Interference and the persistence of articulatory responses.", "content": "An experimental test of the effect of phonological interference on short-term recall was conducted using non-English phonological sequences which were easily pronounceable. Subjects were normal speaking and normal hearing third-grade English speaking children. Experimental subjects produced the phonologically inadmissible [3a], [u'mI], [vepsilon], and control subjects produced the phonologically allowable [d3a], [u'm\u00ee], [veI]. Following a retention interval of 30 sec, one free recall trial was administered. Experimental subjects correctly recalled significantly less often than control subjects, suggesting that phonological rules can effect a decrement in short-term recall for phonetic units which are easy to pronounce.", "contents": "Interference and the persistence of articulatory responses. An experimental test of the effect of phonological interference on short-term recall was conducted using non-English phonological sequences which were easily pronounceable. Subjects were normal speaking and normal hearing third-grade English speaking children. Experimental subjects produced the phonologically inadmissible [3a], [u'mI], [vepsilon], and control subjects produced the phonologically allowable [d3a], [u'm\u00ee], [veI]. Following a retention interval of 30 sec, one free recall trial was administered. Experimental subjects correctly recalled significantly less often than control subjects, suggesting that phonological rules can effect a decrement in short-term recall for phonetic units which are easy to pronounce.", "PMID": 745371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6340", "title": "Sentence structures of trainable and educable mentally retarded subjects.", "content": "Educable and trainable mentally retarded children were administered a story completion task that elicits 14 grammatical structures. There were more correct responses from educable than from trainable mentally retarded children. Both groups found imperatives easiest, and future, embedded, and double-adjectival structures most difficult. The children classed as educable produced more correct responses than those termed trainable for declarative, question, and single-adjectival structures. The cognitive and linguistic processing of both groups is discussed as are the implications for language remediation.", "contents": "Sentence structures of trainable and educable mentally retarded subjects. Educable and trainable mentally retarded children were administered a story completion task that elicits 14 grammatical structures. There were more correct responses from educable than from trainable mentally retarded children. Both groups found imperatives easiest, and future, embedded, and double-adjectival structures most difficult. The children classed as educable produced more correct responses than those termed trainable for declarative, question, and single-adjectival structures. The cognitive and linguistic processing of both groups is discussed as are the implications for language remediation.", "PMID": 745372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6341", "title": "The influence of context on the auditory comprehension of paragraphs by aphasic subjects.", "content": "Subjects were exposed to two sets of paragraphs that probed their auditory comprehension abilities under various prestimulation conditions. In Experiment 1, aphasic and control subjects listened to four paragraphs. Each paragraph was preceded by a control condition (no antecedent) or one of the following contextual antecedents: picture, verbal, or picture and verbal combined. Prestimulation with a picture alone was detrimental, but prestimulation with a picture used in combination with a verbal context appeared to be of value. In Experiment 2, subjects heard four paragraphs that were less cohesive than those in Experiment 1. Only verbal and control conditions were contrasted. The provision of prior verbal contexts facilitated the auditory comprehension of the paragraphs.", "contents": "The influence of context on the auditory comprehension of paragraphs by aphasic subjects. Subjects were exposed to two sets of paragraphs that probed their auditory comprehension abilities under various prestimulation conditions. In Experiment 1, aphasic and control subjects listened to four paragraphs. Each paragraph was preceded by a control condition (no antecedent) or one of the following contextual antecedents: picture, verbal, or picture and verbal combined. Prestimulation with a picture alone was detrimental, but prestimulation with a picture used in combination with a verbal context appeared to be of value. In Experiment 2, subjects heard four paragraphs that were less cohesive than those in Experiment 1. Only verbal and control conditions were contrasted. The provision of prior verbal contexts facilitated the auditory comprehension of the paragraphs.", "PMID": 745373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6342", "title": "Comprehension strategies in two and three year olds: animate agents or probable events?", "content": "Preschoolers may prefer themselves, the handier toy, the smaller toy, the more probable toy, the animate noun, or the first-mentioned noun as agent in interpreting semantically reversible sentences prior to adult performance. This study asked whether individual children consistently showed preferences and, if so, which preference. Twenty-five children, aged two years, two years and six months, or three years and six months, acted out 36 semantically reversible sentences containing one animate and one inanimate noun with toys. Three separate presentations were made of each of 12 sentences, with relative toy size varying on each. The 12 sentences, which varied in presumed probability of the animate noun as agent, consisted of six simple sentences (for example, The kitty pushes the door) and their reversals (for example, The door pushes the kitty). Two and two and a half year olds showed consistent individual preferences for animate nouns as agents in some sentences but not others. Thus there was evidence only for a sentence-specific probable event strategy rather than a generally applied animate agent strategy. Some two-and-a-half-year-old children also showed consistent position preferences or word order strategies. Children did not confine themselves to a single strategy. Three and a half year olds consistently used a word order strategy. Relative object size was not a significant factor. Age and short-term memory span were more closely related than mean length of utterance to comprehension.", "contents": "Comprehension strategies in two and three year olds: animate agents or probable events? Preschoolers may prefer themselves, the handier toy, the smaller toy, the more probable toy, the animate noun, or the first-mentioned noun as agent in interpreting semantically reversible sentences prior to adult performance. This study asked whether individual children consistently showed preferences and, if so, which preference. Twenty-five children, aged two years, two years and six months, or three years and six months, acted out 36 semantically reversible sentences containing one animate and one inanimate noun with toys. Three separate presentations were made of each of 12 sentences, with relative toy size varying on each. The 12 sentences, which varied in presumed probability of the animate noun as agent, consisted of six simple sentences (for example, The kitty pushes the door) and their reversals (for example, The door pushes the kitty). Two and two and a half year olds showed consistent individual preferences for animate nouns as agents in some sentences but not others. Thus there was evidence only for a sentence-specific probable event strategy rather than a generally applied animate agent strategy. Some two-and-a-half-year-old children also showed consistent position preferences or word order strategies. Children did not confine themselves to a single strategy. Three and a half year olds consistently used a word order strategy. Relative object size was not a significant factor. Age and short-term memory span were more closely related than mean length of utterance to comprehension.", "PMID": 745374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6343", "title": "Stapedial reflex and anxiety in fluent and disfluent speakers.", "content": "Stapedial reflex thresholds were obtained from fluent and disfluent subjects with and without anxiety. Anxiety conditions were measured by monitoring palmar skin resistance with a psychogalvanometer. Eight of nine disfluent speakers had decreased mean stapedial-reflex thresholds ( -2.5 to -10 dB) at 500 or 1000 Hz or both when anxiety was present. This phenomenon did not occur in the fluent group. Only two of the nine fluent subjects showed reflex change with anxiety and the mean reflex change was shown in an increase of +2.5 dB. The disfluent group's mean stapedial reflex was significantly different with and without anxiety status (a = 0.01). Mean reflex for the fluent group did not change with anxiety.", "contents": "Stapedial reflex and anxiety in fluent and disfluent speakers. Stapedial reflex thresholds were obtained from fluent and disfluent subjects with and without anxiety. Anxiety conditions were measured by monitoring palmar skin resistance with a psychogalvanometer. Eight of nine disfluent speakers had decreased mean stapedial-reflex thresholds ( -2.5 to -10 dB) at 500 or 1000 Hz or both when anxiety was present. This phenomenon did not occur in the fluent group. Only two of the nine fluent subjects showed reflex change with anxiety and the mean reflex change was shown in an increase of +2.5 dB. The disfluent group's mean stapedial reflex was significantly different with and without anxiety status (a = 0.01). Mean reflex for the fluent group did not change with anxiety.", "PMID": 745375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6344", "title": "Neural response time of stutterers and nonstutterers in selected oral motor tasks.", "content": "Neural response time (NRT) was compared for 12 adult stutterers and 12 matched normal speakers on two verbal tasks (production of /pae/ and /bae/) and one oral, nonverbal task (lip closure) in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The auditory response stimulus was presented separately to the left and right ears, and the visual stimulus to both eyes. NRT was defined as the time interval between stimulus offset and the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity from orbicularis oris superior muscle. Results show, in general, that stutterers are slower in NRT for all response tasks in both stimulus modes. Significant differences were found, however, for only the auditory mode. Analyses of the differences between and within groups for response tasks and stimulus modes are discussed in terms of recent research in and theory of timing disturbances in stuttering.", "contents": "Neural response time of stutterers and nonstutterers in selected oral motor tasks. Neural response time (NRT) was compared for 12 adult stutterers and 12 matched normal speakers on two verbal tasks (production of /pae/ and /bae/) and one oral, nonverbal task (lip closure) in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The auditory response stimulus was presented separately to the left and right ears, and the visual stimulus to both eyes. NRT was defined as the time interval between stimulus offset and the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity from orbicularis oris superior muscle. Results show, in general, that stutterers are slower in NRT for all response tasks in both stimulus modes. Significant differences were found, however, for only the auditory mode. Analyses of the differences between and within groups for response tasks and stimulus modes are discussed in terms of recent research in and theory of timing disturbances in stuttering.", "PMID": 745376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6345", "title": "Functional clauses and sentence segmentation.", "content": "In two experiments subjects listened to a sentence containing a brief tone, then wrote out the sentence and marked the location of the tone. The experimental sentences were biclausal with the tone placed before or after the clause break. The initial clause was either functionally complete or functionally incomplete. Functionally complete clauses contain a complete set of fully specified grammatical relations, while functionally incomplete clauses do not. In Experiment 1 tones were mislocated toward the clause break and the final word of the first clause significantly more often for functionally complete clauses. Experiment 2 replicated this finding holding deep- and surface-structure variables constant. The results indicate that functionally complete clauses are better segmentation units during sentence perception than functionally incomplete clauses. Purely structural theories of the units of sentence perception cannot account for this finding.", "contents": "Functional clauses and sentence segmentation. In two experiments subjects listened to a sentence containing a brief tone, then wrote out the sentence and marked the location of the tone. The experimental sentences were biclausal with the tone placed before or after the clause break. The initial clause was either functionally complete or functionally incomplete. Functionally complete clauses contain a complete set of fully specified grammatical relations, while functionally incomplete clauses do not. In Experiment 1 tones were mislocated toward the clause break and the final word of the first clause significantly more often for functionally complete clauses. Experiment 2 replicated this finding holding deep- and surface-structure variables constant. The results indicate that functionally complete clauses are better segmentation units during sentence perception than functionally incomplete clauses. Purely structural theories of the units of sentence perception cannot account for this finding.", "PMID": 745377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6346", "title": "Effects of sentence structure on sentence elicited imitation responses.", "content": "This study investigates the effects of sentence structure on the number of error sentences and response latency in a sentence-repetition task. Forty female college students repeated short and long test sentences containing either a single self-embedded or right-branching subject-focus or object-focus relative clause. Sentences were also controlled for deletion of the relative pronoun of the relative clause. Sentence structure was found to affect sentence elicited imitation response accuracy and latency in a manner similar to the effects of structure on ease of comprehension. The findings are consistent with a canonical-sentoid strategy explanation of sentence processing during sentence imitation.", "contents": "Effects of sentence structure on sentence elicited imitation responses. This study investigates the effects of sentence structure on the number of error sentences and response latency in a sentence-repetition task. Forty female college students repeated short and long test sentences containing either a single self-embedded or right-branching subject-focus or object-focus relative clause. Sentences were also controlled for deletion of the relative pronoun of the relative clause. Sentence structure was found to affect sentence elicited imitation response accuracy and latency in a manner similar to the effects of structure on ease of comprehension. The findings are consistent with a canonical-sentoid strategy explanation of sentence processing during sentence imitation.", "PMID": 745378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6347", "title": "The relationship between tissue fluid and lymph. II. Enzymes in tissue fluid and lymph.", "content": "In rabbits both under normal conditions and after burning the activity of intracellular enzymes (LDH, GOT) is higher in tissue fluid than in the peripheral (leg) lymph. The relationship between tissue fluid and lymphatic enzyme concentrations is non-linear. The observations suggest the presence of at least two distinct compartments in tissue fluid. The first compartment forms the pathway taken by the fluid and protein leaving the blood capillaries and is directly drained by the lymphatics. The second compartment is the 'true' tissue fluid, contains the extravascular protein pool and it is in dynamic equilibrium with the first compartment.", "contents": "The relationship between tissue fluid and lymph. II. Enzymes in tissue fluid and lymph. In rabbits both under normal conditions and after burning the activity of intracellular enzymes (LDH, GOT) is higher in tissue fluid than in the peripheral (leg) lymph. The relationship between tissue fluid and lymphatic enzyme concentrations is non-linear. The observations suggest the presence of at least two distinct compartments in tissue fluid. The first compartment forms the pathway taken by the fluid and protein leaving the blood capillaries and is directly drained by the lymphatics. The second compartment is the 'true' tissue fluid, contains the extravascular protein pool and it is in dynamic equilibrium with the first compartment.", "PMID": 745458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6348", "title": "Relative rates of absorption of fluid and protein from the peritoneal cavity in cats.", "content": "The relative rates of fluid and protein absorption from the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized cats were measured over 6 hours at an intraperitoneal pressure of 15 mm Hg and with intraperitoneal protein concentrations from 1-8 g%. The fractional absorption rates of fluid and protein did not change significantly over the 6 hours and were not significantly different from each other within each one hour period. In addition both fractional absorption rates were unaffected by the protein concentration of the fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Although the absolute rate of absorption is greatly increased by elevation of the intraperitoneal pressure, these data indicate that the process remains iso-oncotic as would be expected for lymphatic rather than transcapillary absorption.", "contents": "Relative rates of absorption of fluid and protein from the peritoneal cavity in cats. The relative rates of fluid and protein absorption from the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized cats were measured over 6 hours at an intraperitoneal pressure of 15 mm Hg and with intraperitoneal protein concentrations from 1-8 g%. The fractional absorption rates of fluid and protein did not change significantly over the 6 hours and were not significantly different from each other within each one hour period. In addition both fractional absorption rates were unaffected by the protein concentration of the fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Although the absolute rate of absorption is greatly increased by elevation of the intraperitoneal pressure, these data indicate that the process remains iso-oncotic as would be expected for lymphatic rather than transcapillary absorption.", "PMID": 745459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6349", "title": "Lymph flow mechanism of the subperitoneal diaphragmatic lymphatics.", "content": "Inorganic corpuscles like Indian ink and latex particles as well as erythrocytes penetrate via stomata on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm into the subperitoneal lymphatics when injected intraperitoneally. Electronmicroscopic examinations showed that stomata are formed by intercellular gaps between neighbouring mesothelial and endothelial cells. In these areas there is a lacunar dilatation of the lymphatics, and a basement membrane as well as collagenous fibres are absent. The back flow of the lymph fluid from the stomata into the peritoneal cavity is prevented by overlapping of mesothelial and endothelial cells during inspiration as well as valve like cell processes of endothelial cells. The lymph flow is particularly affected by anchoring filaments of the lymphatics and the respiratory movement of the diaphragm.", "contents": "Lymph flow mechanism of the subperitoneal diaphragmatic lymphatics. Inorganic corpuscles like Indian ink and latex particles as well as erythrocytes penetrate via stomata on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm into the subperitoneal lymphatics when injected intraperitoneally. Electronmicroscopic examinations showed that stomata are formed by intercellular gaps between neighbouring mesothelial and endothelial cells. In these areas there is a lacunar dilatation of the lymphatics, and a basement membrane as well as collagenous fibres are absent. The back flow of the lymph fluid from the stomata into the peritoneal cavity is prevented by overlapping of mesothelial and endothelial cells during inspiration as well as valve like cell processes of endothelial cells. The lymph flow is particularly affected by anchoring filaments of the lymphatics and the respiratory movement of the diaphragm.", "PMID": 745460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6350", "title": "Investigations on the uterine lymphatics of juvenile mice, up to the onset of sexual maturity.", "content": "By means of orthograde and retrograde application of dyestuffs (using patent blue violet and Japan ink) one can successfully demonstrate the uterine lymphatics in juvenile mice, up to the onset of sexual maturity. However, the three subgroups used here do not show the typical features of the cyclical events of nulliparous and parous mice. However, the morphological changes already present, allow one even now to recognize, that with the increasing sequence of individual sexual cycles, cyclical changes in the uterine lymphatics of the mouse were identified.", "contents": "Investigations on the uterine lymphatics of juvenile mice, up to the onset of sexual maturity. By means of orthograde and retrograde application of dyestuffs (using patent blue violet and Japan ink) one can successfully demonstrate the uterine lymphatics in juvenile mice, up to the onset of sexual maturity. However, the three subgroups used here do not show the typical features of the cyclical events of nulliparous and parous mice. However, the morphological changes already present, allow one even now to recognize, that with the increasing sequence of individual sexual cycles, cyclical changes in the uterine lymphatics of the mouse were identified.", "PMID": 745461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6351", "title": "Lymphography in surgically unresectable adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Bipedal lymphograms were performed on 28 consecutive previously untreated patients with biopsy proven and surgically unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas. Four of these patients had findings indicating lymph nodes metastases. In three of these 4 patients, the lymphogram provided the only evidence of metastatic disease. The information provided by bipedal lymphography may be useful in treatment planning.", "contents": "Lymphography in surgically unresectable adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. Bipedal lymphograms were performed on 28 consecutive previously untreated patients with biopsy proven and surgically unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas. Four of these patients had findings indicating lymph nodes metastases. In three of these 4 patients, the lymphogram provided the only evidence of metastatic disease. The information provided by bipedal lymphography may be useful in treatment planning.", "PMID": 745462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6352", "title": "Analysis of the semantic structures of medical languages: part 1. A framework for the semantic power of reference languages.", "content": "A model for analysis of medical reference languages, based on Saussure's distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in language is proposed. Non-structural components, i.e. the size of the reference language and its ability to absorb new concepts are further considered.", "contents": "Analysis of the semantic structures of medical languages: part 1. A framework for the semantic power of reference languages. A model for analysis of medical reference languages, based on Saussure's distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in language is proposed. Non-structural components, i.e. the size of the reference language and its ability to absorb new concepts are further considered.", "PMID": 745472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6353", "title": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 2. Morphological (descriptive) data.", "content": "The linguistic problems involved in the communication of morphological (descriptive) data resulting from investigations performed by physicians were solved by the use of an artificial English language based on: (a) the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) completed by a set of semantic modifiers (mainly adjectives), (b) an elementary syntax using some prepositions and conjunctions, (c) a few simple rules of punctuation and lay-out.", "contents": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 2. Morphological (descriptive) data. The linguistic problems involved in the communication of morphological (descriptive) data resulting from investigations performed by physicians were solved by the use of an artificial English language based on: (a) the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) completed by a set of semantic modifiers (mainly adjectives), (b) an elementary syntax using some prepositions and conjunctions, (c) a few simple rules of punctuation and lay-out.", "PMID": 745473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6354", "title": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 3. Numerical laboratory data.", "content": "The main difficulty with numerical laboratory data is the risk of ignoring significant results scattered in a multitude of normal results. The universal scale of measure attempts to provide an answer to this problem. It reduces every abnormal value of similar severity to the same number.", "contents": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 3. Numerical laboratory data. The main difficulty with numerical laboratory data is the risk of ignoring significant results scattered in a multitude of normal results. The universal scale of measure attempts to provide an answer to this problem. It reduces every abnormal value of similar severity to the same number.", "PMID": 745474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6355", "title": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 4. Health curriculum vitae.", "content": "The health curriculum vitae consists mainly of a chronological sequence of diagnoses, which are the mainstays of the medical record. Each diagnosis is connected vertically in the health curriculum vitae with its aetiological factors and its medical or surgical treatments in a casual concatenation; and horizontally throughout the other three parts of the record with its relevant functional, morphological (descriptive) and numerical laboratory data in a diagnostic association. The health curriculum vitae uses the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), the International Nomenclature of the Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (CIOMS) and the International Standard Classification of Occupations of the Internationl Labour Office.", "contents": "The computerized medical record in gastroenterology: part 4. Health curriculum vitae. The health curriculum vitae consists mainly of a chronological sequence of diagnoses, which are the mainstays of the medical record. Each diagnosis is connected vertically in the health curriculum vitae with its aetiological factors and its medical or surgical treatments in a casual concatenation; and horizontally throughout the other three parts of the record with its relevant functional, morphological (descriptive) and numerical laboratory data in a diagnostic association. The health curriculum vitae uses the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), the International Nomenclature of the Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (CIOMS) and the International Standard Classification of Occupations of the Internationl Labour Office.", "PMID": 745475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6356", "title": "Computer-assisted system for a mycobacteria tuberculosis laboratory using MUMPS.", "content": "A Laboratory Information System (LIS) has been developed and the main part of LIS is an on-line system with auto analysers. In April 1976, the Biochemistry Laboratory was computerized in Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital. This LIS uses a PDP 11/40 minicomputer system using MUMPS language. At present a Mycobacteria Tuberculosis Laboratory (MTL) is computerized using the same computer and MUMPS. In this laboratory, there is no auto analyser, so this computerization aims at saving on labour in paper work and increasing the reliability of test results. This paper shows that the computerization of MTL with no auto analyser can be effectively achieved using MUMPS.", "contents": "Computer-assisted system for a mycobacteria tuberculosis laboratory using MUMPS. A Laboratory Information System (LIS) has been developed and the main part of LIS is an on-line system with auto analysers. In April 1976, the Biochemistry Laboratory was computerized in Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital. This LIS uses a PDP 11/40 minicomputer system using MUMPS language. At present a Mycobacteria Tuberculosis Laboratory (MTL) is computerized using the same computer and MUMPS. In this laboratory, there is no auto analyser, so this computerization aims at saving on labour in paper work and increasing the reliability of test results. This paper shows that the computerization of MTL with no auto analyser can be effectively achieved using MUMPS.", "PMID": 745476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6357", "title": "Processing medical records: data related problems.", "content": "Computer processing of medical data can sometimes give a poor result. This can be due to several reasons. First, medical data may be heterogeneous, sometimes inacurate and often subjective. Secondly, the complex process of codification, data capture and validation is rarely carried out as carefully as possible. Finally, the processing itself can be the cause of some inaccuracy when it does not correspond to the defined objectives for which the data have been collected.", "contents": "Processing medical records: data related problems. Computer processing of medical data can sometimes give a poor result. This can be due to several reasons. First, medical data may be heterogeneous, sometimes inacurate and often subjective. Secondly, the complex process of codification, data capture and validation is rarely carried out as carefully as possible. Finally, the processing itself can be the cause of some inaccuracy when it does not correspond to the defined objectives for which the data have been collected.", "PMID": 745477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6358", "title": "A preliminary report of an out-patient systems study in Sri Lanka.", "content": "Out-patient medical clinics in Sri Lanka often have long queues of patients waiting to see a doctor partly due to a shortage of doctors. To apply operational research techniques to optimize the functioning of the clinic, an initial step is to determine the distributional pattern of patient arrival times and the doctors' service times. The results showed that the arrival times of patients were time dependent. However, analysis of half-hourly data of inter-arrival times showed a negative exponential distribution. The doctor's service time varied from doctor to doctor and whether new or follow up patients were being seen. Each of the service times seemed to fit into an Erlangian distribution.", "contents": "A preliminary report of an out-patient systems study in Sri Lanka. Out-patient medical clinics in Sri Lanka often have long queues of patients waiting to see a doctor partly due to a shortage of doctors. To apply operational research techniques to optimize the functioning of the clinic, an initial step is to determine the distributional pattern of patient arrival times and the doctors' service times. The results showed that the arrival times of patients were time dependent. However, analysis of half-hourly data of inter-arrival times showed a negative exponential distribution. The doctor's service time varied from doctor to doctor and whether new or follow up patients were being seen. Each of the service times seemed to fit into an Erlangian distribution.", "PMID": 745478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6359", "title": "Exploitation of medical records.", "content": "The difficulties in fully exploiting correct and valid medical data held in a computer system are presented. The requirements for such a system to answer a physician's request are detailed and related to the clinical user, the computer interface and the technological interface, in particular that relating to adequate software. The technical aspects of hardware and software govern the progress of change and a degree of long-term compatibility is required, to ensure adequate exploitation of clinical data. The various economic aspects of such changes are considered including the importance of economy in supporting harmonious technical changes.", "contents": "Exploitation of medical records. The difficulties in fully exploiting correct and valid medical data held in a computer system are presented. The requirements for such a system to answer a physician's request are detailed and related to the clinical user, the computer interface and the technological interface, in particular that relating to adequate software. The technical aspects of hardware and software govern the progress of change and a degree of long-term compatibility is required, to ensure adequate exploitation of clinical data. The various economic aspects of such changes are considered including the importance of economy in supporting harmonious technical changes.", "PMID": 745479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6360", "title": "[Effects of contraceptive pills in the field of otolaryngology? (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the wellknown alterations of the Eustachian tube and membrana mucosa nasi there will be discussed the effects of the contraceptive pills on salivarian glands and on inner ear. The influence of gestagen and estrogen on the regulation mechanism of the above mentioned organes is demonstrated. Especially the erectile tissue of the submandibular and parotic glands and recidiving sudden deafness and discussed. To solve the about mentioned problems the interaction of medical statistics with clinical experiences is desirable.", "contents": "[Effects of contraceptive pills in the field of otolaryngology? (author's transl)]. Besides the wellknown alterations of the Eustachian tube and membrana mucosa nasi there will be discussed the effects of the contraceptive pills on salivarian glands and on inner ear. The influence of gestagen and estrogen on the regulation mechanism of the above mentioned organes is demonstrated. Especially the erectile tissue of the submandibular and parotic glands and recidiving sudden deafness and discussed. To solve the about mentioned problems the interaction of medical statistics with clinical experiences is desirable.", "PMID": 745480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6361", "title": "[Kaposi's sarcoma. Pharyngo-laryngeal manifestation, treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Kaposi's sarcoma involvement of the ENT region develops normally years after the onset in the skin. Reports on Kaposi's sarcoma in the ENT literature are therefore very rare. Until now by no kind of treatment including X-ray irradiation satisfactory results could be obtained. The recently introduced longterm-treatment with vinblastine sulfate is very effective reducing the size and extension of the tumorous infiltrations. In the ENT-region the plate, the pharynx, the larynx and the trachea are most frequently involved. We report on a patient with extensive pharyngeal and laryngeal involvement who had to be tracheotomized. While still on treatment with vinblastine-sulfate the decanulement was possible, the patient could resume his profession as bassoonist. This successful treatment regimen has not been mentioned in the ENT-literature previously.", "contents": "[Kaposi's sarcoma. Pharyngo-laryngeal manifestation, treatment (author's transl)]. Kaposi's sarcoma involvement of the ENT region develops normally years after the onset in the skin. Reports on Kaposi's sarcoma in the ENT literature are therefore very rare. Until now by no kind of treatment including X-ray irradiation satisfactory results could be obtained. The recently introduced longterm-treatment with vinblastine sulfate is very effective reducing the size and extension of the tumorous infiltrations. In the ENT-region the plate, the pharynx, the larynx and the trachea are most frequently involved. We report on a patient with extensive pharyngeal and laryngeal involvement who had to be tracheotomized. While still on treatment with vinblastine-sulfate the decanulement was possible, the patient could resume his profession as bassoonist. This successful treatment regimen has not been mentioned in the ENT-literature previously.", "PMID": 745481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6362", "title": "[Rhabdomyoma of the soft palate (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a rhabdomyoma of the soft palate of a 50-year-old woman is reported. The histological characteristics of this rare tumor are demonstrated by light and electron microscopic studies. The findings are compared with the criteria of extracardiac rhabdomyoma cases described in the literature.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyoma of the soft palate (author's transl)]. A case of a rhabdomyoma of the soft palate of a 50-year-old woman is reported. The histological characteristics of this rare tumor are demonstrated by light and electron microscopic studies. The findings are compared with the criteria of extracardiac rhabdomyoma cases described in the literature.", "PMID": 745482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6363", "title": "[Cor pulmonale due to upper airway obstruction by hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cor pulmonale is reported, due to chronic nasopharyngeal obstruction by hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids. This syndrome is characterized by stridor, somnolence, arterial hypoxia and hypercarbia, pulmonary and right heart failure. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is due to pulmonary hypoventilation. After tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy the symptoms disappeared.", "contents": "[Cor pulmonale due to upper airway obstruction by hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids (author's transl)]. A case of cor pulmonale is reported, due to chronic nasopharyngeal obstruction by hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids. This syndrome is characterized by stridor, somnolence, arterial hypoxia and hypercarbia, pulmonary and right heart failure. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is due to pulmonary hypoventilation. After tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy the symptoms disappeared.", "PMID": 745483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6364", "title": "[A new method for haemostasis by tonsillectomy by use of infrared radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Using infrared radiation tisssue is coagulated by infrared radiation and not by electrical current. Main purpose for this procedure is to apply mechanical pressure and radiation. No crust will stick to the artificial tip of the infrared apparatus to open up wounds once more. Infrared radiation for coagulation has been used in the clinic for 2 1/2 years, mainly in parenchymatous haemostasis during tonsillectomy. The method seems to be very effective and should enlargen the different means of dealing with haemorrhage.", "contents": "[A new method for haemostasis by tonsillectomy by use of infrared radiation (author's transl)]. Using infrared radiation tisssue is coagulated by infrared radiation and not by electrical current. Main purpose for this procedure is to apply mechanical pressure and radiation. No crust will stick to the artificial tip of the infrared apparatus to open up wounds once more. Infrared radiation for coagulation has been used in the clinic for 2 1/2 years, mainly in parenchymatous haemostasis during tonsillectomy. The method seems to be very effective and should enlargen the different means of dealing with haemorrhage.", "PMID": 745484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6365", "title": "[Dynamic range of acoustic reflex and its importance for hearing aid evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on the dynamic range of acoustic reflex in the case of normal hearing. Stimulation is carried out with speech noise under free field conditions. The sensitivity of impedance measurement is increased by using an averager, which enables acoustic reflex measurements at sound pressure levels of about 70 dB. Further an exact evaluation of input-output-characteristics becomes possible by this procedure. Basing on this consideration the possibility of objective hearing aid evaluation is discussed. The fundamental point of this technique should be the compensation of pathological input-output-characteristics by suitable hearing aids.", "contents": "[Dynamic range of acoustic reflex and its importance for hearing aid evaluation (author's transl)]. It is reported on the dynamic range of acoustic reflex in the case of normal hearing. Stimulation is carried out with speech noise under free field conditions. The sensitivity of impedance measurement is increased by using an averager, which enables acoustic reflex measurements at sound pressure levels of about 70 dB. Further an exact evaluation of input-output-characteristics becomes possible by this procedure. Basing on this consideration the possibility of objective hearing aid evaluation is discussed. The fundamental point of this technique should be the compensation of pathological input-output-characteristics by suitable hearing aids.", "PMID": 745486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6366", "title": "[Auscultatory detection of respiratory responses to olfactory stimuli. Approach to feigned anosmia (author's transl)].", "content": "The auscultation of breathing noise facilitates the detection of responses to smelled stimuli. In addition the noise of respiration may be recorded. The phenomenon has been used during the evaluation of nonorganic anosmia.", "contents": "[Auscultatory detection of respiratory responses to olfactory stimuli. Approach to feigned anosmia (author's transl)]. The auscultation of breathing noise facilitates the detection of responses to smelled stimuli. In addition the noise of respiration may be recorded. The phenomenon has been used during the evaluation of nonorganic anosmia.", "PMID": 745487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6367", "title": "[Verrucous acanthosis (verrucous carcinoma) of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Verrucous carcinomas are lesions occurring mainly in the buccal mucosa but sometimes they arise also in the larynx. The disease is characterized by a cornifying verrucous proliferation of the squamous epithelium, without atypias or metastases. The clinical and histological pictures of six observations are described and the differential diagnosis from hyperkeratotic papillomas and benign keratosis of the larynx are discussed. In one of these cases, 13 years after the beginning of the disease a focal cancerisation could be observed. The authors consider this disease not as a carcinoma and are not sure whether it is a true tumor at all. They propose therefore the name \"verrucous acanthosis\" instead of verrucous carcinoma and classify these lesions as facultative precanceroses.", "contents": "[Verrucous acanthosis (verrucous carcinoma) of the larynx (author's transl)]. Verrucous carcinomas are lesions occurring mainly in the buccal mucosa but sometimes they arise also in the larynx. The disease is characterized by a cornifying verrucous proliferation of the squamous epithelium, without atypias or metastases. The clinical and histological pictures of six observations are described and the differential diagnosis from hyperkeratotic papillomas and benign keratosis of the larynx are discussed. In one of these cases, 13 years after the beginning of the disease a focal cancerisation could be observed. The authors consider this disease not as a carcinoma and are not sure whether it is a true tumor at all. They propose therefore the name \"verrucous acanthosis\" instead of verrucous carcinoma and classify these lesions as facultative precanceroses.", "PMID": 745488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6368", "title": "[Cervical-lymph node metastasis of unknown primary tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutical results of 39 patients with cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown primary tumour are presented. 34 patients received radiotherapy, 2 chemotherapy, and in 2 cases the metastasis was only excised. In 22 patients the radiotherapy consisted of homogenic irradiation of the neck, in 12 patients the area of tumour manifestation was irradiated with a dosis ranging from 4000 to 6000 rad. The cumulative survival rate of all the patients was 64% after one year and 30% after 4 years. Ninety one per cent of the patients who were without symptoms after the therapy, survived this time interval. All patients without therapeutical success died. The median survival time of all patients was 20 months. In 21 patients the primary tumour was found later. In 13 cases (62%) the tumour was located in the head and neck region. In 7 patients the histology of the tumour had to be changed.", "contents": "[Cervical-lymph node metastasis of unknown primary tumour (author's transl)]. The therapeutical results of 39 patients with cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown primary tumour are presented. 34 patients received radiotherapy, 2 chemotherapy, and in 2 cases the metastasis was only excised. In 22 patients the radiotherapy consisted of homogenic irradiation of the neck, in 12 patients the area of tumour manifestation was irradiated with a dosis ranging from 4000 to 6000 rad. The cumulative survival rate of all the patients was 64% after one year and 30% after 4 years. Ninety one per cent of the patients who were without symptoms after the therapy, survived this time interval. All patients without therapeutical success died. The median survival time of all patients was 20 months. In 21 patients the primary tumour was found later. In 13 cases (62%) the tumour was located in the head and neck region. In 7 patients the histology of the tumour had to be changed.", "PMID": 745489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6369", "title": "[Parasitological diagnosis of onchocerciasis. A critical review of present methods (author's transl)].", "content": "The different methods used for the parasitological diagnosis of onchocerciasis are compared to test their reliability, sensitivity and practicability under field conditions in the Sudan-Savanna area. Two skin snips taken from both iliac crests with a sclerocorneal punch give the best results during large scale field surveys. The incubation of biopsies in normal saline solution is the most sensitive technique and the results may be further improved by filtration on millipore filter-paper and collagenase digestion. However, counting microfilariae emerged after 30 minutes in distilled water is the easiest method and gives a reasonably good reliability for comparison of the results in space and time. The lack of sensitivity can be compensated for by incubation of the negative specimen during 24 hours in saline solution.", "contents": "[Parasitological diagnosis of onchocerciasis. A critical review of present methods (author's transl)]. The different methods used for the parasitological diagnosis of onchocerciasis are compared to test their reliability, sensitivity and practicability under field conditions in the Sudan-Savanna area. Two skin snips taken from both iliac crests with a sclerocorneal punch give the best results during large scale field surveys. The incubation of biopsies in normal saline solution is the most sensitive technique and the results may be further improved by filtration on millipore filter-paper and collagenase digestion. However, counting microfilariae emerged after 30 minutes in distilled water is the easiest method and gives a reasonably good reliability for comparison of the results in space and time. The lack of sensitivity can be compensated for by incubation of the negative specimen during 24 hours in saline solution.", "PMID": 745526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6370", "title": "[The question of anhaptoglobinemia in immigrants from West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Studying the plasmatic level and the phenotype of haptoglobine (Hp) in 71 West Africans living in France, the authors did not record any case of absence of Hp (Hpo) and did not see any significant correlation between the Hp and the duration of stay in France. They conclude that Plasmodium falciparum likely does not play any role in the origin of the Hpo peculiarity in West African immigrants.", "contents": "[The question of anhaptoglobinemia in immigrants from West Africa (author's transl)]. Studying the plasmatic level and the phenotype of haptoglobine (Hp) in 71 West Africans living in France, the authors did not record any case of absence of Hp (Hpo) and did not see any significant correlation between the Hp and the duration of stay in France. They conclude that Plasmodium falciparum likely does not play any role in the origin of the Hpo peculiarity in West African immigrants.", "PMID": 745527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6371", "title": "[HBs antigen in rural population of Senegal (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevalence of HBs Ag has been determined by counter-immuno-electrophoresis among 16,006 Africans of all ages and both sexes living in 132 villages chosen at random in whole Senegal. 8,83 +/- 0,5 p. 100 of the examined people were positive for HBs Ag. HBs Ag is much more frequent among males (11,1 p. 100) than females (7,0 p. 100). Almost non existent before the age of 1, prevalence increases during childhood and reaches its summit between 10 and 14 years for boys (14,7 p. 100) and between 20 and 24 for women (10,1 p. 100), then it decreases regularly with old age and become negligible over 60. Ethnic factors and way of living are more important than geographical factors. Subtyping demonstrated the importance of contamination inside families and consequently the preponderance of oral over percutaneous transmission.", "contents": "[HBs antigen in rural population of Senegal (author's transl)]. The prevalence of HBs Ag has been determined by counter-immuno-electrophoresis among 16,006 Africans of all ages and both sexes living in 132 villages chosen at random in whole Senegal. 8,83 +/- 0,5 p. 100 of the examined people were positive for HBs Ag. HBs Ag is much more frequent among males (11,1 p. 100) than females (7,0 p. 100). Almost non existent before the age of 1, prevalence increases during childhood and reaches its summit between 10 and 14 years for boys (14,7 p. 100) and between 20 and 24 for women (10,1 p. 100), then it decreases regularly with old age and become negligible over 60. Ethnic factors and way of living are more important than geographical factors. Subtyping demonstrated the importance of contamination inside families and consequently the preponderance of oral over percutaneous transmission.", "PMID": 745528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6372", "title": "[Effect of new technologies in the coke industry on aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon concentrations in the ambient air].", "content": "Concentractions of aerosols, amount of polycyclic hydrocarbons, in terms of soluble in benzene fraction and benzo(a)pyrene concentration were determined in coking plant air. Air was sampled on the roofs of modern coke batteries and on old-type batteries prior to, and following, modernization and major reapir. Aerosols were determined by passing 10--100 m3 of air through a 26 X 18.5 cm filter. After a weight determination of aerosol content the filter was subjected to benzene extraction and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons were isolated from the extract, using thin-layer chromatography. Quantitative determination of these hydrocarbons was done using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results of determinations on work-posts in modern and old-type coke batteries prior to, and following, modernization were comapred. Average concentrations of aerosols in the air, amounts of polycyclic hydrocarbons soluble in benzene and concentration of benzo(a)pyrene determined on the roofs of old coke batteries before modernization were as follows: 11.26 mg/m3, 6.37 ug/m3 and 112.28 mg/m3, and after modernization: 0.88 mg/m3, 0.25 mg/m3 and 1.29 ug/m3, respectively. On the roofs of modern high chamber coke batteries average concentrations of aerosols, polycyclic hydrocarbons--benzo(a)pyrene amounts were: 4.21 mg/m3, 0.79 mg/m3 and 5.72 ug/m3, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that work conditions in modernized coking plants are much better than those in old non-modernized coking plants.", "contents": "[Effect of new technologies in the coke industry on aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon concentrations in the ambient air]. Concentractions of aerosols, amount of polycyclic hydrocarbons, in terms of soluble in benzene fraction and benzo(a)pyrene concentration were determined in coking plant air. Air was sampled on the roofs of modern coke batteries and on old-type batteries prior to, and following, modernization and major reapir. Aerosols were determined by passing 10--100 m3 of air through a 26 X 18.5 cm filter. After a weight determination of aerosol content the filter was subjected to benzene extraction and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons were isolated from the extract, using thin-layer chromatography. Quantitative determination of these hydrocarbons was done using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results of determinations on work-posts in modern and old-type coke batteries prior to, and following, modernization were comapred. Average concentrations of aerosols in the air, amounts of polycyclic hydrocarbons soluble in benzene and concentration of benzo(a)pyrene determined on the roofs of old coke batteries before modernization were as follows: 11.26 mg/m3, 6.37 ug/m3 and 112.28 mg/m3, and after modernization: 0.88 mg/m3, 0.25 mg/m3 and 1.29 ug/m3, respectively. On the roofs of modern high chamber coke batteries average concentrations of aerosols, polycyclic hydrocarbons--benzo(a)pyrene amounts were: 4.21 mg/m3, 0.79 mg/m3 and 5.72 ug/m3, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that work conditions in modernized coking plants are much better than those in old non-modernized coking plants.", "PMID": 745536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6373", "title": "[Control of arthropod vectors of human diseases in intertropical Africa: its importance (author's transl)].", "content": "Intertropical Africa is the first area in the world for the frequency of arthropod born human diseases, such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, viral infections (f.i.yellow fever), various filariasis and chiefly onchocerciasis. Control of arthropod vectors is very important indeed in this area. It requires a closed collaboration between entomologists, biologists, hygienists and tropical physicians. Chemical control is still preponderant but it must be associated, as often as possible, with physical, biological and genetic means of control.", "contents": "[Control of arthropod vectors of human diseases in intertropical Africa: its importance (author's transl)]. Intertropical Africa is the first area in the world for the frequency of arthropod born human diseases, such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, viral infections (f.i.yellow fever), various filariasis and chiefly onchocerciasis. Control of arthropod vectors is very important indeed in this area. It requires a closed collaboration between entomologists, biologists, hygienists and tropical physicians. Chemical control is still preponderant but it must be associated, as often as possible, with physical, biological and genetic means of control.", "PMID": 745530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6374", "title": "[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: II--Present means (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the present means of control of arthropod vectors in which the authors consider:--individual means aimed at the prevention of bites by utilizing clothes, repellents, mosquito nets and insecticide sprays,--collective means which are either physical, biological or chemical. Physical means are specially used for water control either in \"peridomestic actions\" or in large scale campaign's related to rural or industrial development scheme. Actually biological means are represented only by larvivorous fishes. The chemical control is the most important, its various requisites, and techniques are given.", "contents": "[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: II--Present means (author's transl)]. A review of the present means of control of arthropod vectors in which the authors consider:--individual means aimed at the prevention of bites by utilizing clothes, repellents, mosquito nets and insecticide sprays,--collective means which are either physical, biological or chemical. Physical means are specially used for water control either in \"peridomestic actions\" or in large scale campaign's related to rural or industrial development scheme. Actually biological means are represented only by larvivorous fishes. The chemical control is the most important, its various requisites, and techniques are given.", "PMID": 745531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6375", "title": "[Correlation between changes in lungs caused by industrial dusts and the composition of amino acids in blood plasma. I. Experimental animal studies].", "content": "Animals, used for experiments, were intoxicated intratracheally with a suspension of grinding, ceramic or welding dust, in a NaCl solution. These studies demonstrated that the ceramic and welding dusts, used in the experiment, showed a rather great biological activity. This has been proved by the increased weight of dried lungs, and increased total content of some aminoacids in lungs, e.g. hydroxyproline, which is thought to be a reliable index of fibrosis of the pulmonary tissue, as well as of the change in the morphological structure of lungs. Parrallel to the mentioned changes of the lungs, the content of free aminoacids in the animals blood plasma has been remarkably reduced. The results described in this paper prove that there is a dependence between the content of aminoacids in the blood plasma and the changes in lungs caused by dust.", "contents": "[Correlation between changes in lungs caused by industrial dusts and the composition of amino acids in blood plasma. I. Experimental animal studies]. Animals, used for experiments, were intoxicated intratracheally with a suspension of grinding, ceramic or welding dust, in a NaCl solution. These studies demonstrated that the ceramic and welding dusts, used in the experiment, showed a rather great biological activity. This has been proved by the increased weight of dried lungs, and increased total content of some aminoacids in lungs, e.g. hydroxyproline, which is thought to be a reliable index of fibrosis of the pulmonary tissue, as well as of the change in the morphological structure of lungs. Parrallel to the mentioned changes of the lungs, the content of free aminoacids in the animals blood plasma has been remarkably reduced. The results described in this paper prove that there is a dependence between the content of aminoacids in the blood plasma and the changes in lungs caused by dust.", "PMID": 745537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6376", "title": "[Multistage studies aimed at early detection of chronic effects of vinyl chloride and mercury vapors].", "content": "168 persons occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and 236 persons exposed to mercury in plants electo two-stage medical and laboratory examinations. Workers exposed to vinyl chloride in average concentrations of 133 mg/m3 were found to show megalohepatia and abnormal enzymatic tests results (transaminic, A1AT, AP). The frequency of disturbances in workers exposed to vinyl chloride, average concentration 17.9 mg/m3, was considerably lesser. The second stage of studies involved those exposed to vinyl chloride for more than 10 years, with megalohepatia and at least 1 abnormal enzymatic test. No angiosarcoma was found. An analysis of the diagnostic value of biological tests used, indicated a great usability of liver scintigraphy and vascular system examinations for early diagnosis of vinyl chloride intoxications. In the plant where workers were exposed to mercury the Hg concentrations were found to range from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. No significant differences between these workers and the control group were found, in respect to medical and laboratory examinations. The second stage of studies involved 118 persons exposed to mercury in concentrations above 20 mg/m3 of air, no matter how long the exposure lasted. The second stage of studies consisted of extensive biochemical studies, examinations of the liver using isotopic scintigraphy, psychological, psychiatric examinations and encephalographic determinations. Psychological, psychiatric and encephalographic examinations were said to be of great importance in early diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxications.", "contents": "[Multistage studies aimed at early detection of chronic effects of vinyl chloride and mercury vapors]. 168 persons occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and 236 persons exposed to mercury in plants electo two-stage medical and laboratory examinations. Workers exposed to vinyl chloride in average concentrations of 133 mg/m3 were found to show megalohepatia and abnormal enzymatic tests results (transaminic, A1AT, AP). The frequency of disturbances in workers exposed to vinyl chloride, average concentration 17.9 mg/m3, was considerably lesser. The second stage of studies involved those exposed to vinyl chloride for more than 10 years, with megalohepatia and at least 1 abnormal enzymatic test. No angiosarcoma was found. An analysis of the diagnostic value of biological tests used, indicated a great usability of liver scintigraphy and vascular system examinations for early diagnosis of vinyl chloride intoxications. In the plant where workers were exposed to mercury the Hg concentrations were found to range from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. No significant differences between these workers and the control group were found, in respect to medical and laboratory examinations. The second stage of studies involved 118 persons exposed to mercury in concentrations above 20 mg/m3 of air, no matter how long the exposure lasted. The second stage of studies consisted of extensive biochemical studies, examinations of the liver using isotopic scintigraphy, psychological, psychiatric examinations and encephalographic determinations. Psychological, psychiatric and encephalographic examinations were said to be of great importance in early diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxications.", "PMID": 745538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6377", "title": "[Changes in lysosomal activity of beta-glucuronidase in leukocytes of rats exposed to benzene under selenic protection].", "content": "The authors demonstrated that a chronic exposure to benzene caused in rats a reduction in the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, decrease in beta-glucoronidase (BG) activity in neutrophils and increase in BG-positive lymphocytes fraction. In addition, a failure was found in lysosomes of lymphocytes, revealed by scattering of a given enzyme in cytoplasma. Administration of 1.0 microgram/kg for 10 consecutive days before benzene exposure, did not prevent lymphocytopenia but hampered BG activity decrease in neutrophils as well as a damage to lymphocytic lysosomes. Administration of 5.0 microgram/kg for 10 successive days prior to benzene exposure, prevented lymphocytopenia and caused a reactive increase in the amount of neutrophils and resulted in an increase of BG-positive lymphocytes fraction, especially those with cytoplasmatic localization of enzyme. The results obtained demonstrate that only a smaller dose of selenium protected lysosomal membrane of lymphocytes from toxic effects of benzene, whereas both selenium doses protect BG in neutrophils.", "contents": "[Changes in lysosomal activity of beta-glucuronidase in leukocytes of rats exposed to benzene under selenic protection]. The authors demonstrated that a chronic exposure to benzene caused in rats a reduction in the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, decrease in beta-glucoronidase (BG) activity in neutrophils and increase in BG-positive lymphocytes fraction. In addition, a failure was found in lysosomes of lymphocytes, revealed by scattering of a given enzyme in cytoplasma. Administration of 1.0 microgram/kg for 10 consecutive days before benzene exposure, did not prevent lymphocytopenia but hampered BG activity decrease in neutrophils as well as a damage to lymphocytic lysosomes. Administration of 5.0 microgram/kg for 10 successive days prior to benzene exposure, prevented lymphocytopenia and caused a reactive increase in the amount of neutrophils and resulted in an increase of BG-positive lymphocytes fraction, especially those with cytoplasmatic localization of enzyme. The results obtained demonstrate that only a smaller dose of selenium protected lysosomal membrane of lymphocytes from toxic effects of benzene, whereas both selenium doses protect BG in neutrophils.", "PMID": 745539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6378", "title": "[Influence of carbon disulfide on hemostasis in rabbits. I. Studies on coagulation and fibrinolysis].", "content": "Rabbits were exposed to carbon disulphide vapours in the toxicological chamber. Fibrinogen level, antiplasmin activity and soluble fibrin monomer complexes in the blood were increased, fibrinolysis time was prolonged. These disturbances in hemostasis depend on the concentration of carbon disulphide in the inhaled air and on the intoxication time. The authors suggest that these findings depend on the changed lipid metabolism and on the direct antagonistic influence of CS2 on coagulation and fibrynolysis agents.", "contents": "[Influence of carbon disulfide on hemostasis in rabbits. I. Studies on coagulation and fibrinolysis]. Rabbits were exposed to carbon disulphide vapours in the toxicological chamber. Fibrinogen level, antiplasmin activity and soluble fibrin monomer complexes in the blood were increased, fibrinolysis time was prolonged. These disturbances in hemostasis depend on the concentration of carbon disulphide in the inhaled air and on the intoxication time. The authors suggest that these findings depend on the changed lipid metabolism and on the direct antagonistic influence of CS2 on coagulation and fibrynolysis agents.", "PMID": 745540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6379", "title": "[Control of vectors of human onchocerciasis in intertropical Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "First the authors make short comments on the two Simuliidae species complexes vectors of African human onchocerciasis (S. damnosum s.l. and S. neavei), as well as on the reasons for renewed interest in the control of those vectors; then they review the various possible methods of control (ecological, biological, genetical and chemical methods) and they finally detail the methodology of anti-S. damnosum chemical larviciding which is the only kind or large scale control presently used against onchocerciasis vectors. The experiences and results of the previous campaigns resulted in the large Onchocerciasis Control Programme in Volta River Basin (O.C.P.) which now appears as a model for present and future control measures against S. damnosum. This Programme is briefly described, together with its results, problems (reinvasion) and orientations. As a conclusion, the excellent level of control of the vectors and onchocerciasis transmission which is obtained is emphasized and it is expected that in the future new large scale campaigns using O.C.P. experience may be initiated.", "contents": "[Control of vectors of human onchocerciasis in intertropical Africa (author's transl)]. First the authors make short comments on the two Simuliidae species complexes vectors of African human onchocerciasis (S. damnosum s.l. and S. neavei), as well as on the reasons for renewed interest in the control of those vectors; then they review the various possible methods of control (ecological, biological, genetical and chemical methods) and they finally detail the methodology of anti-S. damnosum chemical larviciding which is the only kind or large scale control presently used against onchocerciasis vectors. The experiences and results of the previous campaigns resulted in the large Onchocerciasis Control Programme in Volta River Basin (O.C.P.) which now appears as a model for present and future control measures against S. damnosum. This Programme is briefly described, together with its results, problems (reinvasion) and orientations. As a conclusion, the excellent level of control of the vectors and onchocerciasis transmission which is obtained is emphasized and it is expected that in the future new large scale campaigns using O.C.P. experience may be initiated.", "PMID": 745534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6380", "title": "[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: III--Insecticides and questions they raise (author's transl)].", "content": "Insecticides are still nowadays our main way of control of arthropod vectors. Their use raises many important question, resistance of the vectors, toxicity, risks of pollution and costs of spraying campaigns. These various drawbacks are considered with special regard to the problem of resistance its world wide spreading, its mechanisms, its meaning. The various types of toxicity are also detailed.", "contents": "[Bases for control of arthropod vectors: III--Insecticides and questions they raise (author's transl)]. Insecticides are still nowadays our main way of control of arthropod vectors. Their use raises many important question, resistance of the vectors, toxicity, risks of pollution and costs of spraying campaigns. These various drawbacks are considered with special regard to the problem of resistance its world wide spreading, its mechanisms, its meaning. The various types of toxicity are also detailed.", "PMID": 745532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6381", "title": "[The chemical control of disease vectors. Evaluation of new insecticides. Operational insecticides. New insecticides (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemical control of disease vectors which has been very successful during about 15 years is now faced with some difficulties due to the resistance of insects to the insecticides, to the decreasing number of candidate insecticides, to the increase of their price and to the legal restrictions concerning their safe use and their environmental inocuity. Since 1960, W.H.O. has carried out an evaluation programme to define the properties of new insecticides and to access their usefulness for public health. Through this programme several alternative insecticides have been selected and are now used in vector control operations. Although research continues on organophosphorous compounds and carbamates, it also includes the promising groups of pyrethroids and insect growth regulators. The present trend of vector control is to integrate various control techniques and to limit the use of insecticides to the control of the epidemiologically dangerous part of the vector population. This approach might prevent or delay the development of resistance.", "contents": "[The chemical control of disease vectors. Evaluation of new insecticides. Operational insecticides. New insecticides (author's transl)]. The chemical control of disease vectors which has been very successful during about 15 years is now faced with some difficulties due to the resistance of insects to the insecticides, to the decreasing number of candidate insecticides, to the increase of their price and to the legal restrictions concerning their safe use and their environmental inocuity. Since 1960, W.H.O. has carried out an evaluation programme to define the properties of new insecticides and to access their usefulness for public health. Through this programme several alternative insecticides have been selected and are now used in vector control operations. Although research continues on organophosphorous compounds and carbamates, it also includes the promising groups of pyrethroids and insect growth regulators. The present trend of vector control is to integrate various control techniques and to limit the use of insecticides to the control of the epidemiologically dangerous part of the vector population. This approach might prevent or delay the development of resistance.", "PMID": 745533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6382", "title": "[The control of the vectors of the sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma gambiense Dutton (author's transl)].", "content": "In this review on tsetse control, the authors particularly stress the methods used at the present time against riverine species vectors of \"Gambian sleeping sickness\". The different kinds of insecticidal treatments, the means of ground and aerial application of residual or non-residual compounds as well as the planning of control campaigns are described. Besides, the authors show the present trends of the research on tsetse flies ecology, new insecticides, methods of spraying, biological control and the impact of tsetse control operations on the environment.", "contents": "[The control of the vectors of the sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma gambiense Dutton (author's transl)]. In this review on tsetse control, the authors particularly stress the methods used at the present time against riverine species vectors of \"Gambian sleeping sickness\". The different kinds of insecticidal treatments, the means of ground and aerial application of residual or non-residual compounds as well as the planning of control campaigns are described. Besides, the authors show the present trends of the research on tsetse flies ecology, new insecticides, methods of spraying, biological control and the impact of tsetse control operations on the environment.", "PMID": 745535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6383", "title": "[Acute toxic effects of trimethyl and triethyl phosphites].", "content": "The studies on toxic properties of trimethyl and triethyl phosphities involved: determination of acute general toxic effect on white rats following intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of these compounds, based on DL50 test, determination of damaging effect direction, by histopathological examination of animals' internal organs, determination of intensity of primarily irritating action on the skin, eye and conjunctiva, as well as sensitizing effect on guinea-pigs. DL50 value for trimethyl phosphite following intragastric administration was found to be 2.45 g/kg and following intraperitoneal administration--2.25 g/kg; for triethyl phosphite these values were: 4.00 g/kg after intragastric administration and 1.50 g/kg after intraperitoneal administration, respectively. In local action both phosphites mildly irritate the skin, eye and conjunctiva. A weak sensitizing effect of triethyl phosphite was found. Trimethyl and triethyl phosphites have general toxic effects. A particular direction of their action is demonstrated by acroparalysis. Apart from general action they were found to show systemic action and induce parenchymatous degeneration of the liver and kidneys, whatever route of administration. Administered intragastrically, they result in mucosa necrosis, ulceration and fibrino-purulent exudate, exfoliating the mucosa.", "contents": "[Acute toxic effects of trimethyl and triethyl phosphites]. The studies on toxic properties of trimethyl and triethyl phosphities involved: determination of acute general toxic effect on white rats following intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of these compounds, based on DL50 test, determination of damaging effect direction, by histopathological examination of animals' internal organs, determination of intensity of primarily irritating action on the skin, eye and conjunctiva, as well as sensitizing effect on guinea-pigs. DL50 value for trimethyl phosphite following intragastric administration was found to be 2.45 g/kg and following intraperitoneal administration--2.25 g/kg; for triethyl phosphite these values were: 4.00 g/kg after intragastric administration and 1.50 g/kg after intraperitoneal administration, respectively. In local action both phosphites mildly irritate the skin, eye and conjunctiva. A weak sensitizing effect of triethyl phosphite was found. Trimethyl and triethyl phosphites have general toxic effects. A particular direction of their action is demonstrated by acroparalysis. Apart from general action they were found to show systemic action and induce parenchymatous degeneration of the liver and kidneys, whatever route of administration. Administered intragastrically, they result in mucosa necrosis, ulceration and fibrino-purulent exudate, exfoliating the mucosa.", "PMID": 745541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6384", "title": "[Method of determination of hydrogen and chloride ions in the air].", "content": "The turbidimetric method of determination of hydrogen chloride and chloride ions has been elaborated. The determination range of the method is 20--100 microgram Cl-in solution. The precision error is +/- 3.28%.", "contents": "[Method of determination of hydrogen and chloride ions in the air]. The turbidimetric method of determination of hydrogen chloride and chloride ions has been elaborated. The determination range of the method is 20--100 microgram Cl-in solution. The precision error is +/- 3.28%.", "PMID": 745542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6385", "title": "[Determination of vinyl chloride in the air by the gas chromatography method].", "content": "The purpose of the paper was to work out a gas chromatographic method for determination of vinyl chloride in the air at work places in the chemical plants. The best results have been obtained at 50 degrees C on 3-meter column containing 10% SE-30 on Chromosorb W AW DMCS, 80--100 mesh. Two methods of sampling have been considered: that of collecting samples in vacuum pipettes and that of adsorption on charcoal. In the former method stability of collected samples has been investigated (Fig. 3). A slight decrease in concentration of the vinyl chloride (approximately 3%) was found in four hours. In the latter method two ways of determination of vinyl chloride desorption coefficient from charcoal have been investigated. Since no essential difference in values of desorption coefficient has been observed, both ways for determination of desorption coefficient may be employed. A modified device for preparation of standard concentrations of vinyl chloride in the air has been utilized in our research (Fig. 2). The relative standard deviation resulting from analysis of samples was +/- 0.075. The minimum determinable amount of vinyl chloride was found to be 10 ng per injection.", "contents": "[Determination of vinyl chloride in the air by the gas chromatography method]. The purpose of the paper was to work out a gas chromatographic method for determination of vinyl chloride in the air at work places in the chemical plants. The best results have been obtained at 50 degrees C on 3-meter column containing 10% SE-30 on Chromosorb W AW DMCS, 80--100 mesh. Two methods of sampling have been considered: that of collecting samples in vacuum pipettes and that of adsorption on charcoal. In the former method stability of collected samples has been investigated (Fig. 3). A slight decrease in concentration of the vinyl chloride (approximately 3%) was found in four hours. In the latter method two ways of determination of vinyl chloride desorption coefficient from charcoal have been investigated. Since no essential difference in values of desorption coefficient has been observed, both ways for determination of desorption coefficient may be employed. A modified device for preparation of standard concentrations of vinyl chloride in the air has been utilized in our research (Fig. 2). The relative standard deviation resulting from analysis of samples was +/- 0.075. The minimum determinable amount of vinyl chloride was found to be 10 ng per injection.", "PMID": 745543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6386", "title": "[Problems of formal organizational structure of industrial health care complexes].", "content": "The author formulates the thesis that the description of organizational structure of industrial health care complex calls for isolation of the following aspects:--structure of territorial links--systemof organizational units and divisions--organization of basic functions--structure of management--structure of supervision of middle and lowe-level personnel--composition of health care complex council--system of accessibility ranges. Each of the above aspects has been considered on the basis of operative rules of law, using organizational analysis methods.", "contents": "[Problems of formal organizational structure of industrial health care complexes]. The author formulates the thesis that the description of organizational structure of industrial health care complex calls for isolation of the following aspects:--structure of territorial links--systemof organizational units and divisions--organization of basic functions--structure of management--structure of supervision of middle and lowe-level personnel--composition of health care complex council--system of accessibility ranges. Each of the above aspects has been considered on the basis of operative rules of law, using organizational analysis methods.", "PMID": 745544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6387", "title": "[Hearing impairment in operators of motor saws].", "content": "An otolaryngological and audiometric examination was performed among 901 motor-sawers occupationally exposed to motor-saw noise, and among 177 persons in a non-exposed control group. Hearing impairment of various degrees was found in 83.7% of motor-sawers examined. In 63.5% of motor sawers hearing impairment was due to noise exposure. The hearing impairment found, was in 88% a reciprocal receptive loss, more intensified in the left ear. It was positively correlated with motor-savers' age, duration of employment in exposure to motor-saw noise, and the amount of wood cut. The average hearing impairment in both ears was significantly higher among motor-sawers with hearing damage due to various causes, than among those with damage due to the motor-saw noise only, which proves a simultaneous overlapping of different factors inducing impairment, including motor-saw noise.", "contents": "[Hearing impairment in operators of motor saws]. An otolaryngological and audiometric examination was performed among 901 motor-sawers occupationally exposed to motor-saw noise, and among 177 persons in a non-exposed control group. Hearing impairment of various degrees was found in 83.7% of motor-sawers examined. In 63.5% of motor sawers hearing impairment was due to noise exposure. The hearing impairment found, was in 88% a reciprocal receptive loss, more intensified in the left ear. It was positively correlated with motor-savers' age, duration of employment in exposure to motor-saw noise, and the amount of wood cut. The average hearing impairment in both ears was significantly higher among motor-sawers with hearing damage due to various causes, than among those with damage due to the motor-saw noise only, which proves a simultaneous overlapping of different factors inducing impairment, including motor-saw noise.", "PMID": 745545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6388", "title": "[Classification of degenerative bone lesions in operators of motor saws].", "content": "Results of radiological examinations of hands, cubital and acromial articulations of 360 motor-sawers in forestry were analysed. A 4-degree distribution of degenerative lesions of bones in view of their progression was suggested. The authors consider their classification of radiological pictures helpful in prevention and diagnosis of vibration disease.", "contents": "[Classification of degenerative bone lesions in operators of motor saws]. Results of radiological examinations of hands, cubital and acromial articulations of 360 motor-sawers in forestry were analysed. A 4-degree distribution of degenerative lesions of bones in view of their progression was suggested. The authors consider their classification of radiological pictures helpful in prevention and diagnosis of vibration disease.", "PMID": 745546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6389", "title": "The mode of production of endotoxin-induced interferon in rabbit tissue cells. I. Development of priming by pretreatment with interferon.", "content": "In vitro production of endotoxin-induced interferon in rabbit tissue cell cultures could be enhanced by pretreatment with interferon. The enhancible state developed from the first hr of incubation at 37 C and a maximal priming effect was attained at 6 hr of incubation. Yields of interferon from unprimed cultures were usually 20-200 units/ml. In contrast, the primed cultures constantly yielded 1,000-2,500 units/ml of interferon. The pretreatment with interferon seemed to cause an earlier appearance of detectable interferon and the primed cells became more sensitive to endotoxin. It turned out that 10--30 units/ml of rabbit interferon were enough to develop the maximal priming. Even when cells were pretreated with higher doses of rabbit interferon such as 1.0 x 10(4) - 1.0 x 10(5) units/ml, the same level of priming effect was always observed without diminution. Various types of homologous (rabbit) and heterologous (human and mouse) interferon preparations showed similar dose-dependent enhancement of interferon production in proportion to the antiviral titers of these preparations as tested with RK-13 cells of rabbit origin.", "contents": "The mode of production of endotoxin-induced interferon in rabbit tissue cells. I. Development of priming by pretreatment with interferon. In vitro production of endotoxin-induced interferon in rabbit tissue cell cultures could be enhanced by pretreatment with interferon. The enhancible state developed from the first hr of incubation at 37 C and a maximal priming effect was attained at 6 hr of incubation. Yields of interferon from unprimed cultures were usually 20-200 units/ml. In contrast, the primed cultures constantly yielded 1,000-2,500 units/ml of interferon. The pretreatment with interferon seemed to cause an earlier appearance of detectable interferon and the primed cells became more sensitive to endotoxin. It turned out that 10--30 units/ml of rabbit interferon were enough to develop the maximal priming. Even when cells were pretreated with higher doses of rabbit interferon such as 1.0 x 10(4) - 1.0 x 10(5) units/ml, the same level of priming effect was always observed without diminution. Various types of homologous (rabbit) and heterologous (human and mouse) interferon preparations showed similar dose-dependent enhancement of interferon production in proportion to the antiviral titers of these preparations as tested with RK-13 cells of rabbit origin.", "PMID": 745552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6390", "title": "[Effect of a stimulating factor formed by Aspergillus wentii on exoprotease biosynthesis by a culture of Aspergillus kanagawaensis].", "content": "The object of this work was to study the composition of proteases synthesized by an active culture of Aspergillus kanagawaensis (I) as well as that in the presence of a cultural broth of Asp. wentii (II) which did not produce exoproteases. Enzyme complexes I and II are similar in qualitative composition but complex II has a higher proteolytic activity. The preparation containing the stimulating factor produced by Asp. wentii has been separated by gel filtration and ultrafiltration. Biosynthesis of exoproteases is stimulated by low molecular weight fractions of the cultural broth of Asp. wentii.", "contents": "[Effect of a stimulating factor formed by Aspergillus wentii on exoprotease biosynthesis by a culture of Aspergillus kanagawaensis]. The object of this work was to study the composition of proteases synthesized by an active culture of Aspergillus kanagawaensis (I) as well as that in the presence of a cultural broth of Asp. wentii (II) which did not produce exoproteases. Enzyme complexes I and II are similar in qualitative composition but complex II has a higher proteolytic activity. The preparation containing the stimulating factor produced by Asp. wentii has been separated by gel filtration and ultrafiltration. Biosynthesis of exoproteases is stimulated by low molecular weight fractions of the cultural broth of Asp. wentii.", "PMID": 745553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6391", "title": "[Formation and utilization of lactate during methane fermentation of cellulose].", "content": "The role of lactate was studied in the course of methane formation from cellulose by a mixed bacterial association. Lactate was accumulated in the medium during intensive degradation of cellulose and was assimilated in the period of active gas production. Glucose added to the medium was converted into lactate within 30 min. If lactate served as a substrate for a methane forming association which was previously cultivated in a medium containing cellulose, it was almost completely converted into methane; the lag phase was shorter than in the case of cellulose, while the rate of methane formation was higher. In the presence of sulfate in the medium, sulfate reduction preceded methane production from lactate. The combined culture Desulfovibrio vulgaris+Methanosarcina grew in the medium containing lactate, and completely converted it into methane. The formation of methane from lactate by the mixed microbial association can be attributed to the interaction between sulfate reducing and methane producing bacteria.", "contents": "[Formation and utilization of lactate during methane fermentation of cellulose]. The role of lactate was studied in the course of methane formation from cellulose by a mixed bacterial association. Lactate was accumulated in the medium during intensive degradation of cellulose and was assimilated in the period of active gas production. Glucose added to the medium was converted into lactate within 30 min. If lactate served as a substrate for a methane forming association which was previously cultivated in a medium containing cellulose, it was almost completely converted into methane; the lag phase was shorter than in the case of cellulose, while the rate of methane formation was higher. In the presence of sulfate in the medium, sulfate reduction preceded methane production from lactate. The combined culture Desulfovibrio vulgaris+Methanosarcina grew in the medium containing lactate, and completely converted it into methane. The formation of methane from lactate by the mixed microbial association can be attributed to the interaction between sulfate reducing and methane producing bacteria.", "PMID": 745555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6392", "title": "[Deuterated membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus: production and several biochemical properties].", "content": "A technique has been elaborated for preparation of deuterated membranes from deuterated cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus containing 85--90% of deuterium according to the data of IR and PMR spectroscopy. Normal lysis of the deuterated cells of M. lysodeikticus requires a concentration of lysozyme which is eight times higher than for usual cells (8 mg per 1 g of wet deuterated cells) and an addition of the lytic enzymes E-2 (2 mg per 1 g of wet deuterated cells). Preparations of deuterated membranes purified from ribosomes and proteins can be obtained by treating of the lysate with RNAase and washing in 0.5 M NaCl. The purity of the deuterated membranes was evaluated by the evidence of electron microscopy, IR spectra and enzyme activities. After hydrogen atoms were substituted by deuterium, the secondary structure of the total membrane protein, the ratio between the activities of the respiratory chain enzymes, and the relative content of the lipid and protein components of the deuterated membranes remain at the same level as in the protonated ones.", "contents": "[Deuterated membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus: production and several biochemical properties]. A technique has been elaborated for preparation of deuterated membranes from deuterated cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus containing 85--90% of deuterium according to the data of IR and PMR spectroscopy. Normal lysis of the deuterated cells of M. lysodeikticus requires a concentration of lysozyme which is eight times higher than for usual cells (8 mg per 1 g of wet deuterated cells) and an addition of the lytic enzymes E-2 (2 mg per 1 g of wet deuterated cells). Preparations of deuterated membranes purified from ribosomes and proteins can be obtained by treating of the lysate with RNAase and washing in 0.5 M NaCl. The purity of the deuterated membranes was evaluated by the evidence of electron microscopy, IR spectra and enzyme activities. After hydrogen atoms were substituted by deuterium, the secondary structure of the total membrane protein, the ratio between the activities of the respiratory chain enzymes, and the relative content of the lipid and protein components of the deuterated membranes remain at the same level as in the protonated ones.", "PMID": 745557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6393", "title": "[Study of the dynamics of the uptake and utilization of a hydrocarbon in Mycobacterium paraffinicum cells by means of IR-spectroscopy].", "content": "The dynamics of uptake and further utilization of hexadecane in different regions of the cells of Mycobacterium paraffinicum was studied using spectroscopy of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) in the IR range during the whole period of their growth. The outer layers of the cells were found to be rapidly saturated during their growth on a medium containing hexadecane. Oxidation of the hydrocarbon resulted in accumulation of a large amount of triglycerides whose active biosynthesis started at the end of the logarithmic growth phase. The bulk of triglycerides concentrated in the cytoplasm. Later, the content of triglycerides decreased almost twofold, this suggesting assimilation of these compounds by the cell. After 13 days of cultivation, all parameters were stablized; therefore, the metabolic processes decelerated and the state of dormancy occurred. No degradation of the culture was observed.", "contents": "[Study of the dynamics of the uptake and utilization of a hydrocarbon in Mycobacterium paraffinicum cells by means of IR-spectroscopy]. The dynamics of uptake and further utilization of hexadecane in different regions of the cells of Mycobacterium paraffinicum was studied using spectroscopy of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) in the IR range during the whole period of their growth. The outer layers of the cells were found to be rapidly saturated during their growth on a medium containing hexadecane. Oxidation of the hydrocarbon resulted in accumulation of a large amount of triglycerides whose active biosynthesis started at the end of the logarithmic growth phase. The bulk of triglycerides concentrated in the cytoplasm. Later, the content of triglycerides decreased almost twofold, this suggesting assimilation of these compounds by the cell. After 13 days of cultivation, all parameters were stablized; therefore, the metabolic processes decelerated and the state of dormancy occurred. No degradation of the culture was observed.", "PMID": 745556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6394", "title": "[Effect of metal ions on the lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus].", "content": "Various metal ions have different effect on the lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus in the course of cultivation on nutrient media having diverse composition. The fungus particulary requires metal ions for the production of lipase on a mineral medium. Additional introduction of microelements into a medium containing maize extract has no significant effect on the lipolytic activity. Active biosynthesis of lipase by the culture requires zinc.", "contents": "[Effect of metal ions on the lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus]. Various metal ions have different effect on the lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus in the course of cultivation on nutrient media having diverse composition. The fungus particulary requires metal ions for the production of lipase on a mineral medium. Additional introduction of microelements into a medium containing maize extract has no significant effect on the lipolytic activity. Active biosynthesis of lipase by the culture requires zinc.", "PMID": 745554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6395", "title": "[Population composition of Actinomyces tumemacerans and Actinomyces albus var. fungatus].", "content": "The population analysis of Actinomyces tumemacerans and Actinomyces albus var. fungatus has revealed identical homologous series of spontaneous variants, this suggesting the genetical relationship of the cultures. Variants of the same type (basic, oligosporous, asporogenous and proactinomycete-like) are identical not only according to their individual properties (Kuznetsov, 1973) but also in total characteristics typical of the variants of a given species. Populations of the studied cultures comprise variants synthesizing several antibiotics, i.e. albofungin, albonursin and tetraene (basic and oligosporous variants), albofungin and tetraene (asprogenous green variants), as well as variants producing only one tetraene antibiotic (proactinomycete-like variants). Therefore, the population analysis based on the law of homologous series in hereditary variability of actinomycetes can be used as a new approach to the taxonomy of these microorganisms.", "contents": "[Population composition of Actinomyces tumemacerans and Actinomyces albus var. fungatus]. The population analysis of Actinomyces tumemacerans and Actinomyces albus var. fungatus has revealed identical homologous series of spontaneous variants, this suggesting the genetical relationship of the cultures. Variants of the same type (basic, oligosporous, asporogenous and proactinomycete-like) are identical not only according to their individual properties (Kuznetsov, 1973) but also in total characteristics typical of the variants of a given species. Populations of the studied cultures comprise variants synthesizing several antibiotics, i.e. albofungin, albonursin and tetraene (basic and oligosporous variants), albofungin and tetraene (asprogenous green variants), as well as variants producing only one tetraene antibiotic (proactinomycete-like variants). Therefore, the population analysis based on the law of homologous series in hereditary variability of actinomycetes can be used as a new approach to the taxonomy of these microorganisms.", "PMID": 745558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6396", "title": "[Participation of nitrifying bacteria in the disintegration of serpentinous ultrabasic rock].", "content": "Nitrifying bacteria were found to be widely distributed among the products of the weathering crust of ultrabasite rocks. Nitrosospira briensis and Nitrobacter winogradskyi involved in the first and second phases of nitrification, respectively, were detected and isolated as pure cultures. In experiments conducted with a pure culture of Nitrosospira briensis, a correlation was established between degradation of serpentinite by this culture and an increase in the content of nitrites in the growth medium. The presence of nitrogen compounds in the deposits, as well as wide distribution of nitrifying bacteria, suggests that this bacterial group along with other, in particular, heterotrophic microorganisms participates in weathering of serpentinized ultrabasite rocks, leaching of elements, and formation of the weathering crust.", "contents": "[Participation of nitrifying bacteria in the disintegration of serpentinous ultrabasic rock]. Nitrifying bacteria were found to be widely distributed among the products of the weathering crust of ultrabasite rocks. Nitrosospira briensis and Nitrobacter winogradskyi involved in the first and second phases of nitrification, respectively, were detected and isolated as pure cultures. In experiments conducted with a pure culture of Nitrosospira briensis, a correlation was established between degradation of serpentinite by this culture and an increase in the content of nitrites in the growth medium. The presence of nitrogen compounds in the deposits, as well as wide distribution of nitrifying bacteria, suggests that this bacterial group along with other, in particular, heterotrophic microorganisms participates in weathering of serpentinized ultrabasite rocks, leaching of elements, and formation of the weathering crust.", "PMID": 745561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6397", "title": "[Effect of nitragin on alfalfa yield in the chernozem-poor zone of northen Siberia].", "content": "The presence of nitragin in soil on which lucerne was cultivated increased the yield of green biomass as well as the content in it of protein, essential amino acids, nitrogen-less extractive substances and ash, and decreased the content of cellulose. Nitragin increased the yield of green biomass by 44--51% in the absence of spontaneous nodule bacteria in soil and by 10--19% in their presence; the content of protein in the crop increased respectively 2.1--2.4 and 1.4--1.8 times. The most active strains of the lucerne nodule bacteria were 435a, 441a and a \"local\" one; the least active strain was 422a.", "contents": "[Effect of nitragin on alfalfa yield in the chernozem-poor zone of northen Siberia]. The presence of nitragin in soil on which lucerne was cultivated increased the yield of green biomass as well as the content in it of protein, essential amino acids, nitrogen-less extractive substances and ash, and decreased the content of cellulose. Nitragin increased the yield of green biomass by 44--51% in the absence of spontaneous nodule bacteria in soil and by 10--19% in their presence; the content of protein in the crop increased respectively 2.1--2.4 and 1.4--1.8 times. The most active strains of the lucerne nodule bacteria were 435a, 441a and a \"local\" one; the least active strain was 422a.", "PMID": 745560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6398", "title": "[Determination of carbon dioxide released from soil at different humidities].", "content": "The detection of soil microorganisms by their evolution of carbon dioxide does not always correlate with the number of microorganisms and the rate of biochemical processes in soil. New microbial populations appear in the incubation chamber as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases; this results in an increase in the activity of such processes as photosynthesis, chemosynthesis and heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. Life detection on other planets by determining carbon dioxide evolved from the ground may lead to erroneous conclusions on the presence of microorganism in the ground.", "contents": "[Determination of carbon dioxide released from soil at different humidities]. The detection of soil microorganisms by their evolution of carbon dioxide does not always correlate with the number of microorganisms and the rate of biochemical processes in soil. New microbial populations appear in the incubation chamber as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases; this results in an increase in the activity of such processes as photosynthesis, chemosynthesis and heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. Life detection on other planets by determining carbon dioxide evolved from the ground may lead to erroneous conclusions on the presence of microorganism in the ground.", "PMID": 745559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6399", "title": "[Sequence of formation of gaseous products during anaerobic decomposition of cellulose in the presence of several electron acceptors].", "content": "The course of anaerobic cellulose decomposition by a mixed microbial association was studied in the presence of nitrate and sulfate ions in the medium. The succession of reductive processes was evaluated by the formation of gaseous products, i. e. nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and methane. The sequence of processes in the course of cellulose degradation was determined by the energy yield of oxidative-reductive reactions. Sulfate reduction predominated if lactate was assimilated by the same microbial association, while denitrification prevailed when the association used acetate.", "contents": "[Sequence of formation of gaseous products during anaerobic decomposition of cellulose in the presence of several electron acceptors]. The course of anaerobic cellulose decomposition by a mixed microbial association was studied in the presence of nitrate and sulfate ions in the medium. The succession of reductive processes was evaluated by the formation of gaseous products, i. e. nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and methane. The sequence of processes in the course of cellulose degradation was determined by the energy yield of oxidative-reductive reactions. Sulfate reduction predominated if lactate was assimilated by the same microbial association, while denitrification prevailed when the association used acetate.", "PMID": 745563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6400", "title": "[Utilization of aromatic compounds by yeasts of the genus Debaryomyces].", "content": "The ability to utilize phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxydenzoic acid, protocatechuic and gentisic acids was studied among 61 strains of 23 yeast species belonging to the Debaryomyces genus. All species characterized by active fermentation did not utilize these aromatic compounds. If fermentation was absent or weak, some of the aromatic compounds were utilized. This fact suggests an ecological difference between the two above yeast groups, justifying the subdivision of the Debaryomyces genus by some authors into two genera Debaryomyces and Torulaspora. No correlation could be established between the utilization of certain aromatic compounds and the yeast species classified on the basis of their behaviour toward carbohydrates. Therefore, classification of yeasts belonging to the Debaryomyces genus is artificial. It would be expedient to isolate a small number of typical species unless a more accurate relationship is established between cultures of the Debaryomyces genus referred to as different species.", "contents": "[Utilization of aromatic compounds by yeasts of the genus Debaryomyces]. The ability to utilize phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxydenzoic acid, protocatechuic and gentisic acids was studied among 61 strains of 23 yeast species belonging to the Debaryomyces genus. All species characterized by active fermentation did not utilize these aromatic compounds. If fermentation was absent or weak, some of the aromatic compounds were utilized. This fact suggests an ecological difference between the two above yeast groups, justifying the subdivision of the Debaryomyces genus by some authors into two genera Debaryomyces and Torulaspora. No correlation could be established between the utilization of certain aromatic compounds and the yeast species classified on the basis of their behaviour toward carbohydrates. Therefore, classification of yeasts belonging to the Debaryomyces genus is artificial. It would be expedient to isolate a small number of typical species unless a more accurate relationship is established between cultures of the Debaryomyces genus referred to as different species.", "PMID": 745566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6401", "title": "Automated family classification in ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring.", "content": "A system to analyze ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring has been developed which is highly specific and sensitive. It has been used to process seven tapes per day (comprising clinical caseload and data for antiarrhythmic drug studies) in a clinical environment. This system has also been used to investigate two-channel ambulatory electrocardiograms, where the additional information provided is expected to improve the ability to deal with artifact and the problem of isoelectric premature ventricular contractions. A correlation of QRS complexes with operator-selected decisions has also been tested. While time-consuming, it is reliable and amenable to optimization solutions.", "contents": "Automated family classification in ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring. A system to analyze ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring has been developed which is highly specific and sensitive. It has been used to process seven tapes per day (comprising clinical caseload and data for antiarrhythmic drug studies) in a clinical environment. This system has also been used to investigate two-channel ambulatory electrocardiograms, where the additional information provided is expected to improve the ability to deal with artifact and the problem of isoelectric premature ventricular contractions. A correlation of QRS complexes with operator-selected decisions has also been tested. While time-consuming, it is reliable and amenable to optimization solutions.", "PMID": 745569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6402", "title": "[Respiratory system of Pichia guilliermondii yeasts with different levels of flavinogenesis].", "content": "The yeast Pichia guilliermondii was grown on media with different content of iron and its respiration system was studied. When the yeast was cultivated on a complete medium, its respiratory chain operated at the maximum rate in the exponential growth phase, i. e. all the three points of phosphorylation were involved; cytochrome oxidase was the only terminal oxidase. When the growth was decelerated and at the stationary phase, the alternative autooxidable cyanide-resistant pathway inhibited with salicyl hydroxamate partly functioned. Iron deficiency in the medium resulted in a two-three-fold decrease in the content of total and non-hemin iron in the cells, changes in the character and rate of growth, a decrease in the biomass yield, a high rate of flavinogenesis, a slight decrease in the respiration activity, though no drastic changes in the respiration system occurred. This system is represented, as in the case of cells grown on a complete medium, by a typical cytochrome system and an alternative autooxidable pathway. The absence of principal differences in the respiration systems of normal and iron-deficient cells, as well as the operation of the first point of coupling in flavinogenic cells, makes it doubtful that Fenh-proteins of the first segment of the respiratory chain are involved in the regulation of flavinogenesis.", "contents": "[Respiratory system of Pichia guilliermondii yeasts with different levels of flavinogenesis]. The yeast Pichia guilliermondii was grown on media with different content of iron and its respiration system was studied. When the yeast was cultivated on a complete medium, its respiratory chain operated at the maximum rate in the exponential growth phase, i. e. all the three points of phosphorylation were involved; cytochrome oxidase was the only terminal oxidase. When the growth was decelerated and at the stationary phase, the alternative autooxidable cyanide-resistant pathway inhibited with salicyl hydroxamate partly functioned. Iron deficiency in the medium resulted in a two-three-fold decrease in the content of total and non-hemin iron in the cells, changes in the character and rate of growth, a decrease in the biomass yield, a high rate of flavinogenesis, a slight decrease in the respiration activity, though no drastic changes in the respiration system occurred. This system is represented, as in the case of cells grown on a complete medium, by a typical cytochrome system and an alternative autooxidable pathway. The absence of principal differences in the respiration systems of normal and iron-deficient cells, as well as the operation of the first point of coupling in flavinogenic cells, makes it doubtful that Fenh-proteins of the first segment of the respiratory chain are involved in the regulation of flavinogenesis.", "PMID": 745565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6403", "title": "High-speed Holter ECG analysis--what we have learned.", "content": "A system for high-speed quantitative analysis of continuous ECG (Holter) recordings has proved effective in maintaining a measured specificity of 99.67 percent and sensitivity of 99.74 percent. Practical difficulties with common ECG signal artifact, and with unusual QRS complexes, have proved that online operator monitoring of classification accuracy is required. Because of artifactual and physiological variability among patients, Holter analysis of individual recordings is meaningless unless accompanied by an indication of the degree of accuracy of the specific recording. Common definitions of specificity and sensitivity based on results from sample recordings are not sufficient to describe the characteristics of an automated ECG performance on any given recording. A quality assurance program that evaluates both the machine and its operator is discussed.", "contents": "High-speed Holter ECG analysis--what we have learned. A system for high-speed quantitative analysis of continuous ECG (Holter) recordings has proved effective in maintaining a measured specificity of 99.67 percent and sensitivity of 99.74 percent. Practical difficulties with common ECG signal artifact, and with unusual QRS complexes, have proved that online operator monitoring of classification accuracy is required. Because of artifactual and physiological variability among patients, Holter analysis of individual recordings is meaningless unless accompanied by an indication of the degree of accuracy of the specific recording. Common definitions of specificity and sensitivity based on results from sample recordings are not sufficient to describe the characteristics of an automated ECG performance on any given recording. A quality assurance program that evaluates both the machine and its operator is discussed.", "PMID": 745570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6404", "title": "Bromocriptine in lieu of levodopa for Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Thirteen patients with Parkinson's disease, whose disability was increasing and on long-term levodopa therapy (both with and without carbidopa), had the levodopa fully replaced by bromocriptine. At three months, eight of the 13 patients (62%) were less disabled on bromocriptine and none became worse. The present indications for the use of bromocriptine are discussed.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in lieu of levodopa for Parkinson's disease. Thirteen patients with Parkinson's disease, whose disability was increasing and on long-term levodopa therapy (both with and without carbidopa), had the levodopa fully replaced by bromocriptine. At three months, eight of the 13 patients (62%) were less disabled on bromocriptine and none became worse. The present indications for the use of bromocriptine are discussed.", "PMID": 745578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6405", "title": "Prematurity and height of ventricular ectopic beats as criteria for detection in rapid Holter scanners.", "content": "Automatic ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) counters attached to rapid Holter scanners, currently available commercially, should be examined for accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The author, by using permaturity and height as criteria for detection of VEBs, found an average error of 23 percent; at times the error was higher than 50 percent. The Medical Decision Making Theory was applied in an attempt to reduce the error by more sensitive adjustment of the detectors, but this resulted in only minimal improvement. The author has concluded that automatic VEB counters using prematurity and height as detection criteria are potentially very inaccurate and, therefore, not cost-effective.", "contents": "Prematurity and height of ventricular ectopic beats as criteria for detection in rapid Holter scanners. Automatic ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) counters attached to rapid Holter scanners, currently available commercially, should be examined for accuracy and cost-effectiveness. The author, by using permaturity and height as criteria for detection of VEBs, found an average error of 23 percent; at times the error was higher than 50 percent. The Medical Decision Making Theory was applied in an attempt to reduce the error by more sensitive adjustment of the detectors, but this resulted in only minimal improvement. The author has concluded that automatic VEB counters using prematurity and height as detection criteria are potentially very inaccurate and, therefore, not cost-effective.", "PMID": 745573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6406", "title": "Medical management of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Effects of continuous treatment for over three years.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for periods of up to 42 months. On treatment, 82 of these patients noted a rapid alleviation of one or more symptoms of their disease. In 67 patients, the mean growth hormone level of four values taken through the day fell by 14 mu/L or more, or became undetectable. Eighty patients have been treated for over 12 months and this suppression was maintained. Improvement in abnormal glucose tolerance occurred in 25 out of 29 diabetics and tolerance became normal in 19. Bromocriptine is of great value in cases in which surgery or radiotherapy has not been completely effective or as interim treatment until the full effect of other therapy has taken place. However, the long-term effect of high doses of bromocriptine is not yet known.", "contents": "Medical management of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Effects of continuous treatment for over three years. Eighty-seven patients with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for periods of up to 42 months. On treatment, 82 of these patients noted a rapid alleviation of one or more symptoms of their disease. In 67 patients, the mean growth hormone level of four values taken through the day fell by 14 mu/L or more, or became undetectable. Eighty patients have been treated for over 12 months and this suppression was maintained. Improvement in abnormal glucose tolerance occurred in 25 out of 29 diabetics and tolerance became normal in 19. Bromocriptine is of great value in cases in which surgery or radiotherapy has not been completely effective or as interim treatment until the full effect of other therapy has taken place. However, the long-term effect of high doses of bromocriptine is not yet known.", "PMID": 745579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6407", "title": "Noninvasive ambulatory monitoring of physiologic data: recording systolic time intervals.", "content": "Adding physiologic data to ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring data yields information with great potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use. The ear densitogram's stability, demonstrated during exercise and under laboratory conditions, indicates its applicability to ambulatory monitoring as a source of systolic time intervals. Circuitry has  been developed to feed the output of an ear densitogram pickup into one channel of a two-channel Holter monitor. Baseline studies in different postures are used to establish pulse transmission time, which permits the ear densitogram pulse to be used as a delayed aortic pulse in measuring systolic time interval. Feasibility and field studies have shown that systolic time intervals can be precisely determined by this method.", "contents": "Noninvasive ambulatory monitoring of physiologic data: recording systolic time intervals. Adding physiologic data to ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring data yields information with great potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use. The ear densitogram's stability, demonstrated during exercise and under laboratory conditions, indicates its applicability to ambulatory monitoring as a source of systolic time intervals. Circuitry has  been developed to feed the output of an ear densitogram pickup into one channel of a two-channel Holter monitor. Baseline studies in different postures are used to establish pulse transmission time, which permits the ear densitogram pulse to be used as a delayed aortic pulse in measuring systolic time interval. Feasibility and field studies have shown that systolic time intervals can be precisely determined by this method.", "PMID": 745572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6408", "title": "Bromocriptine in treatment of acromegaly: Australian experience.", "content": "Ten acromegalics, 6 females and 4 males, aged 24 to 75, have been treated with bromocriptine (CB). Six patients responded clinically to CB: two subsequently escaped control, three have been treated continuously for from 14 to 32 months, and one withdrew because of side effects. Four patients failed to respond: one at 60 mg/day, two at only 20 mg/day and the fourth at 5 mg/day when treatment was ceased because of side effects. Three patients had severe illnesses during treatment and four patients were troubled by side effects. CB is useful in the treatment of acromegaly where other modalities are unsuitable.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in treatment of acromegaly: Australian experience. Ten acromegalics, 6 females and 4 males, aged 24 to 75, have been treated with bromocriptine (CB). Six patients responded clinically to CB: two subsequently escaped control, three have been treated continuously for from 14 to 32 months, and one withdrew because of side effects. Four patients failed to respond: one at 60 mg/day, two at only 20 mg/day and the fourth at 5 mg/day when treatment was ceased because of side effects. Three patients had severe illnesses during treatment and four patients were troubled by side effects. CB is useful in the treatment of acromegaly where other modalities are unsuitable.", "PMID": 745580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6409", "title": "An adaptive algorithm for noise rejection.", "content": "An adaptive algorithm for the rejection of noise artifact in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings is described. The algorithm is based on increased amplitude distortion or increased frequency of fluctuations associated with an episode of noise artifact. The results of application of the noise rejection algorithm on a high noise population of test tapes are discussed.", "contents": "An adaptive algorithm for noise rejection. An adaptive algorithm for the rejection of noise artifact in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings is described. The algorithm is based on increased amplitude distortion or increased frequency of fluctuations associated with an episode of noise artifact. The results of application of the noise rejection algorithm on a high noise population of test tapes are discussed.", "PMID": 745571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6410", "title": "Transvenous catheter defibrillation: comparison of a half-sinusoidal and trapezoidal waveform.", "content": "This study compares transvenous electrode catheters' defibrillation effectiveness when using the trapezoidal waveform and when using the damped half-sinusoidal waveform, at comparable energy levels. Five greyhounds were used in some 272 fibrillation/defibrillation trials. Neither total energy, peak current, nor peak voltage could be absolutely correlated with percent effectiveness for transvenous defibrillation. However, for a given waveform, an increase in delivered energy was associated with a large and statistically significant increase in percent success.", "contents": "Transvenous catheter defibrillation: comparison of a half-sinusoidal and trapezoidal waveform. This study compares transvenous electrode catheters' defibrillation effectiveness when using the trapezoidal waveform and when using the damped half-sinusoidal waveform, at comparable energy levels. Five greyhounds were used in some 272 fibrillation/defibrillation trials. Neither total energy, peak current, nor peak voltage could be absolutely correlated with percent effectiveness for transvenous defibrillation. However, for a given waveform, an increase in delivered energy was associated with a large and statistically significant increase in percent success.", "PMID": 745574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6411", "title": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine.", "content": "Twelve patients with acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for periods from nine to 23 months. All showed some clinical improvement. There was no significant difference in plasma growth hormone levels before and after therapy with bromocriptine, but a significant fall in plasma prolactin levels was observed after the bromocriptine therapy was commenced. The release of other pituitary hormones was not affected by bromocriptine.", "contents": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Twelve patients with acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for periods from nine to 23 months. All showed some clinical improvement. There was no significant difference in plasma growth hormone levels before and after therapy with bromocriptine, but a significant fall in plasma prolactin levels was observed after the bromocriptine therapy was commenced. The release of other pituitary hormones was not affected by bromocriptine.", "PMID": 745581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6412", "title": "Meningeal seeding from rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck with base of the skull invasion: recognition of the clinical evolution and suggestions for management.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck may spread by diffuse local invasion, resulting in erosion of the base of the skull with possible extension to the leptomeninges, brain, and cranial nerves, as well as invasion of the ventricular system with possible intradural, extramedullary metastases anywhere along the neuraxis. Meningeal spread of tumor is difficult to eradicate, and nearly all patients reviewed died soon after meningeal disease was evident. Patients with erosion of the base of the skull or abnormal cranial nerve findings seem to have a risk of seeding the meninges with tumor. The clinical evolution of this pattern of metastatic spread is reviewed, diagnostic studies are recommended, and therapeutic considerations are discussed. Tentative treatment guidelines are also offered.", "contents": "Meningeal seeding from rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck with base of the skull invasion: recognition of the clinical evolution and suggestions for management. Rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck may spread by diffuse local invasion, resulting in erosion of the base of the skull with possible extension to the leptomeninges, brain, and cranial nerves, as well as invasion of the ventricular system with possible intradural, extramedullary metastases anywhere along the neuraxis. Meningeal spread of tumor is difficult to eradicate, and nearly all patients reviewed died soon after meningeal disease was evident. Patients with erosion of the base of the skull or abnormal cranial nerve findings seem to have a risk of seeding the meninges with tumor. The clinical evolution of this pattern of metastatic spread is reviewed, diagnostic studies are recommended, and therapeutic considerations are discussed. Tentative treatment guidelines are also offered.", "PMID": 745582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6413", "title": "Radiation myelitis following craniospinal irradiation with concurrent actinomycin-D therapy.", "content": "Two patients are presented who developed radiation myelitis as a complication of treatment for medulloblastoma. These patients had been entered onto a pilot study to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment with radiation therapy and actinomycin-D (AMD). AMD is a known radiation enhancer in all tissues but the nervous system. Both of these patients received a full course of cranio-spinal irradiation plus AMD 15 mcg/kg for the first five days of therapy. One patient developed myelitis at 4 months, and the other at 12 months after treatment. Both patients are surviving three years posttreatment without any evidence of recurrent disease. The myelitis in one patient has improved, and it is stable in the other patient. It is concluded that AMD enhances the effect of radiation therapy on the central nervous system. This has never been reported but is important to note now, since radiation enhancers are included in multimodal treatment regimens for a variety of malifnant conditions. Reduction of radiation dose may be necessary when large volumes of the nervous system are treated.", "contents": "Radiation myelitis following craniospinal irradiation with concurrent actinomycin-D therapy. Two patients are presented who developed radiation myelitis as a complication of treatment for medulloblastoma. These patients had been entered onto a pilot study to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment with radiation therapy and actinomycin-D (AMD). AMD is a known radiation enhancer in all tissues but the nervous system. Both of these patients received a full course of cranio-spinal irradiation plus AMD 15 mcg/kg for the first five days of therapy. One patient developed myelitis at 4 months, and the other at 12 months after treatment. Both patients are surviving three years posttreatment without any evidence of recurrent disease. The myelitis in one patient has improved, and it is stable in the other patient. It is concluded that AMD enhances the effect of radiation therapy on the central nervous system. This has never been reported but is important to note now, since radiation enhancers are included in multimodal treatment regimens for a variety of malifnant conditions. Reduction of radiation dose may be necessary when large volumes of the nervous system are treated.", "PMID": 745583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6414", "title": "Steroid receptors study in breast carcinoma.", "content": "Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured on specimens taken from 27 patients with benign breast conditions and 109 patients with breast cancer. Using sucrose gradient assay, 15% (4/27) of benign lesions and 56% (61/109) of malignant tumors were estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive means 8S or 8S+4S levels more than 7 fmoles/mg cytosol protein). Progesterone receptors (PR) were tested on specimens from 28 patients and 39% (10/26) of the cancers were PR-positive. ER protein activity was not correlated with stage, histology, size of primary lesions, or extent of axillary or distant metastasis. Tumors with low ER levels are more likely to recur, and recurrent tumors after longer disease-free intervals are more likely to be ER-positive. Detailed analysis showed that ER levels did correlate with age and serum albumin levels. Concentrations of serum alpha1-globulin were decreased, while IgG and IgM were significantly increased among patients with positive ERs. Eighteen evaluable patients with advanced breast cancer had endocrine therapy, 13 had objective response. Twelve of these 13 had 8S receptor above 10 fmoles/mg, or 4S above 15 moles/mg, or 8S+4S above 25 fmoles/mg. The one exceptional patient had tumor with high PR but without detectable ER.", "contents": "Steroid receptors study in breast carcinoma. Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured on specimens taken from 27 patients with benign breast conditions and 109 patients with breast cancer. Using sucrose gradient assay, 15% (4/27) of benign lesions and 56% (61/109) of malignant tumors were estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive means 8S or 8S+4S levels more than 7 fmoles/mg cytosol protein). Progesterone receptors (PR) were tested on specimens from 28 patients and 39% (10/26) of the cancers were PR-positive. ER protein activity was not correlated with stage, histology, size of primary lesions, or extent of axillary or distant metastasis. Tumors with low ER levels are more likely to recur, and recurrent tumors after longer disease-free intervals are more likely to be ER-positive. Detailed analysis showed that ER levels did correlate with age and serum albumin levels. Concentrations of serum alpha1-globulin were decreased, while IgG and IgM were significantly increased among patients with positive ERs. Eighteen evaluable patients with advanced breast cancer had endocrine therapy, 13 had objective response. Twelve of these 13 had 8S receptor above 10 fmoles/mg, or 4S above 15 moles/mg, or 8S+4S above 25 fmoles/mg. The one exceptional patient had tumor with high PR but without detectable ER.", "PMID": 745584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6415", "title": "Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in a patient with renal dysfunction.", "content": "Plasma and urine platinum concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry during a three-day course of cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (DDP, cis-platinum, cisplatin) therapy in a patient with acute renal failure who was being treated with hemodialysis. Twenty-four hour urine collections, obtained during the oliguric phase, accounted for only 0.36--0.56 percent of the daily DDP dose. The plasma t1/2beta of platinum was approximately 240 hours after the last DDP dose. Platinum could be measured in the dialysate only during the first two hours after DDP administration. Although the data show that the t1/2beta of DDP is prolonged three fold in a patient with profound renal failure, the clinical implications of these findings await further studies.", "contents": "Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in a patient with renal dysfunction. Plasma and urine platinum concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry during a three-day course of cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (DDP, cis-platinum, cisplatin) therapy in a patient with acute renal failure who was being treated with hemodialysis. Twenty-four hour urine collections, obtained during the oliguric phase, accounted for only 0.36--0.56 percent of the daily DDP dose. The plasma t1/2beta of platinum was approximately 240 hours after the last DDP dose. Platinum could be measured in the dialysate only during the first two hours after DDP administration. Although the data show that the t1/2beta of DDP is prolonged three fold in a patient with profound renal failure, the clinical implications of these findings await further studies.", "PMID": 745586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6416", "title": "Septicemia in acute leukemia.", "content": "We have surveyed septicemic episodes occuring in individuals with acute leukemia and have found two factors favorably influencing survival, mainly granulocyte counts over 1,000 mm3 and gram-positive bacteremias. In contrast, blood cultures persistently positive for longer than 48 hours were a bad prognosticator. Significantly, patients with gram-positive bacteremia had received less antibiotics in the week prior to septicemia than had patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "contents": "Septicemia in acute leukemia. We have surveyed septicemic episodes occuring in individuals with acute leukemia and have found two factors favorably influencing survival, mainly granulocyte counts over 1,000 mm3 and gram-positive bacteremias. In contrast, blood cultures persistently positive for longer than 48 hours were a bad prognosticator. Significantly, patients with gram-positive bacteremia had received less antibiotics in the week prior to septicemia than had patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "PMID": 745587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6417", "title": "Plasmacytomas and mesothelioma.", "content": "A patient is reported who developed five plasmacytomas over a four-year period and developed a pleural mesothelioma 12 years later. The relationship of these two entities is discussed and the question of a common environmental carcinogen is raised.", "contents": "Plasmacytomas and mesothelioma. A patient is reported who developed five plasmacytomas over a four-year period and developed a pleural mesothelioma 12 years later. The relationship of these two entities is discussed and the question of a common environmental carcinogen is raised.", "PMID": 745588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6418", "title": "Increasing incidence of Gram-positive sepsis in cancer patients.", "content": "A review of the agents causing septicemia in cancer patients during a nine-year period (1968--76) revealed that Gram-positive organisms (especially S aureus) have become the most frequent isolates during the last two years. This unanticipated increase (P less than 0.001) in the number of Gram-positive isolates could not be related to horizontal transmission nor to changes in patient characteristics or therapy.", "contents": "Increasing incidence of Gram-positive sepsis in cancer patients. A review of the agents causing septicemia in cancer patients during a nine-year period (1968--76) revealed that Gram-positive organisms (especially S aureus) have become the most frequent isolates during the last two years. This unanticipated increase (P less than 0.001) in the number of Gram-positive isolates could not be related to horizontal transmission nor to changes in patient characteristics or therapy.", "PMID": 745589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6419", "title": "Metastatic Ewing sarcoma to the heart simulating adriamycin cardiotoxicity.", "content": "A 20-year-old man with metastatic Ewing Sarcoma developed severe congestive heart failure. Because he had been treated with a large amount of Adriamycin, the diagnosis was initially thought to be Adriamycin cardiotoxicity. However, ante- and post-mortem studies revealed the presence of massive cardiac metastases. At post-mortem, there was no evidence of Adriamycin cardiotoxicity. This case emphasizes that cardiac metastases must be considered in the differential diagnosis of heart failure in patients treated with Adriamycin.", "contents": "Metastatic Ewing sarcoma to the heart simulating adriamycin cardiotoxicity. A 20-year-old man with metastatic Ewing Sarcoma developed severe congestive heart failure. Because he had been treated with a large amount of Adriamycin, the diagnosis was initially thought to be Adriamycin cardiotoxicity. However, ante- and post-mortem studies revealed the presence of massive cardiac metastases. At post-mortem, there was no evidence of Adriamycin cardiotoxicity. This case emphasizes that cardiac metastases must be considered in the differential diagnosis of heart failure in patients treated with Adriamycin.", "PMID": 745591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6420", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes following adriamycin treatment.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty-six patients with a wide variety of advanced neoplasms who were treated with adriamycin at Roswell Park Memorial Institute were studied for electrocardiographic changes. All the patients had pre- and posttreatment electrocardiograms (ECG's) and changes were found in 85 (33.2%). In the group of 1-8 patients with normal pretreatment ECG's, changes occurred in 51 (30.3%). In the group of 88 patients who had abnormal pretreatment ECG's, 34 (38.6%) developed further changes following treatment. Twenty-five patients received cytoxan concomitantly and ECG changes developed in 12 (48%); however, this and the above difference were not statistically significant. Frequency of ECG changes was higher and the extent of histologic abnormality in the myocardium was greater in those patients who received high doses of adriamycin. Arrythmias were rather benign and only a small number of patients required treatment. ECG changes following adriamycin treatment occurred more frequently than previously reported.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes following adriamycin treatment. Two hundred and fifty-six patients with a wide variety of advanced neoplasms who were treated with adriamycin at Roswell Park Memorial Institute were studied for electrocardiographic changes. All the patients had pre- and posttreatment electrocardiograms (ECG's) and changes were found in 85 (33.2%). In the group of 1-8 patients with normal pretreatment ECG's, changes occurred in 51 (30.3%). In the group of 88 patients who had abnormal pretreatment ECG's, 34 (38.6%) developed further changes following treatment. Twenty-five patients received cytoxan concomitantly and ECG changes developed in 12 (48%); however, this and the above difference were not statistically significant. Frequency of ECG changes was higher and the extent of histologic abnormality in the myocardium was greater in those patients who received high doses of adriamycin. Arrythmias were rather benign and only a small number of patients required treatment. ECG changes following adriamycin treatment occurred more frequently than previously reported.", "PMID": 745592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6421", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of in vitro transcriptional complexes: mapping of promoters of the coliphage T5 genome.", "content": "Transcriptional complexes formed in vitro with coliphage T5 DNA as template were analyzed by electron microscopy and the number and location of starting sites utilized by E. coli RNA polymerase were determined. Of the 40 promoters characterized in this way, 6 map in the two terminal \"pre-early\" regions, 29 in the \"early\" and 5 in the \"late\" region. The direction of transcription within the different regions determined in this study agrees with earlier findings derived from RNA synthesized in vivo.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of in vitro transcriptional complexes: mapping of promoters of the coliphage T5 genome. Transcriptional complexes formed in vitro with coliphage T5 DNA as template were analyzed by electron microscopy and the number and location of starting sites utilized by E. coli RNA polymerase were determined. Of the 40 promoters characterized in this way, 6 map in the two terminal \"pre-early\" regions, 29 in the \"early\" and 5 in the \"late\" region. The direction of transcription within the different regions determined in this study agrees with earlier findings derived from RNA synthesized in vivo.", "PMID": 745595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6422", "title": "Phosphorylation of the Ca2+ pump intermediate in intact red cells, isolated membranes and inside-out vesicles.", "content": "Ca2+-entry into intact red cells containing [32P]-ATP increases the phosphorylation of the 150 000 dalton polypeptide of the membrane. This phosphorylation occurs even in Mg2+-depleted red cells. Extracellular lanthanum applied during ATP-depletion further increases the Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. In fragmented membranes or resealed insideout vesicles (IOVs) membrane bound Mg2+ is sufficient to catalyze the phosphorylation of spectrin 2 and Band 3 polypeptides with low concentrations (less than micron of [32P]-ATP. In Ca-EDTA buffers one single polypeptide is phosphorylated which is located in the 150 000 molecular weight region. KmCa for phosphorylation is much lower (0.2 micron) than for active Ca2+ transport (40 micron) in IOVs. Lanthanum induced phosphorylation (up to 250 micron Lafree) is significantly greater than Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. Hg2+ inhibits both Ca2+ and La3+ induced phosphorylation. Ca2+-induced labelling can be rapidly \"chased\" by unlabelled ATP+Mg2+, but not with EGTA+Mg2+. Dephosphorylation in Ca2+ phosphorylated membranes and IOVs is significantly inhibited by La3+. It can be concluded that the mechanism of La3+ and Hg2+ inhibition of the Ca2+ pump is different in intact cells and isolated membranes or Iovs.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of the Ca2+ pump intermediate in intact red cells, isolated membranes and inside-out vesicles. Ca2+-entry into intact red cells containing [32P]-ATP increases the phosphorylation of the 150 000 dalton polypeptide of the membrane. This phosphorylation occurs even in Mg2+-depleted red cells. Extracellular lanthanum applied during ATP-depletion further increases the Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. In fragmented membranes or resealed insideout vesicles (IOVs) membrane bound Mg2+ is sufficient to catalyze the phosphorylation of spectrin 2 and Band 3 polypeptides with low concentrations (less than micron of [32P]-ATP. In Ca-EDTA buffers one single polypeptide is phosphorylated which is located in the 150 000 molecular weight region. KmCa for phosphorylation is much lower (0.2 micron) than for active Ca2+ transport (40 micron) in IOVs. Lanthanum induced phosphorylation (up to 250 micron Lafree) is significantly greater than Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. Hg2+ inhibits both Ca2+ and La3+ induced phosphorylation. Ca2+-induced labelling can be rapidly \"chased\" by unlabelled ATP+Mg2+, but not with EGTA+Mg2+. Dephosphorylation in Ca2+ phosphorylated membranes and IOVs is significantly inhibited by La3+. It can be concluded that the mechanism of La3+ and Hg2+ inhibition of the Ca2+ pump is different in intact cells and isolated membranes or Iovs.", "PMID": 745597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6423", "title": "Hepatic gluconeogenesis in chickens.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis by isolated hepatocytes resulted in glucose release but insignificant rates of glycogen synthesis. The effectiveness of precursors was similar for hepatocytes from fed and starved chickens except for impaired gluconeogenesis from pyruvate when compared to lactate in lactate starved chicken hepatocytes. The impairment was caused by limitations in cytosolic NADH production as a result of the mitochondrial location of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in chicken liver. The order of effectiveness of precursors on hepatic gluconeogenesis was generally similar to the effects of precursors on increasing the plasma glucose concentration in vivo. The exceptions were caused by interactions with other precursors in vivo. The alteration of the NADH/NAD+ ratio by ethanol and ATP/ADP ratio by adenosine could play significant roles in the control of precursor conversion to glucose. Physiological glucagon concentrations stimulated gluconeogenesis from precursors entering the pathway both above and below the level of triose phosphates, and its effect were mimicked by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Previous results on the effects of precursor and glucagon injection on the plasma glucose concentration of chickens in vivo can largely be explained by effects at the hepatic level. Isolated chicken and rat hepatocytes share many common features. Qualitatively the ordering of gluconeogenic effectiveness was similar but quantitive differences existed as a result of differing activities and cellular locations of enzymes. Neither preparation readily synthesised glycogen and the sensitivity to glucagon was similar.", "contents": "Hepatic gluconeogenesis in chickens. Gluconeogenesis by isolated hepatocytes resulted in glucose release but insignificant rates of glycogen synthesis. The effectiveness of precursors was similar for hepatocytes from fed and starved chickens except for impaired gluconeogenesis from pyruvate when compared to lactate in lactate starved chicken hepatocytes. The impairment was caused by limitations in cytosolic NADH production as a result of the mitochondrial location of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in chicken liver. The order of effectiveness of precursors on hepatic gluconeogenesis was generally similar to the effects of precursors on increasing the plasma glucose concentration in vivo. The exceptions were caused by interactions with other precursors in vivo. The alteration of the NADH/NAD+ ratio by ethanol and ATP/ADP ratio by adenosine could play significant roles in the control of precursor conversion to glucose. Physiological glucagon concentrations stimulated gluconeogenesis from precursors entering the pathway both above and below the level of triose phosphates, and its effect were mimicked by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Previous results on the effects of precursor and glucagon injection on the plasma glucose concentration of chickens in vivo can largely be explained by effects at the hepatic level. Isolated chicken and rat hepatocytes share many common features. Qualitatively the ordering of gluconeogenic effectiveness was similar but quantitive differences existed as a result of differing activities and cellular locations of enzymes. Neither preparation readily synthesised glycogen and the sensitivity to glucagon was similar.", "PMID": 745598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6424", "title": "The drug metabolism systems of liver and liver tumors: a comparison of activities and characteristics.", "content": "Transplantable rat liver tumors 5123 t.c., 7288 ct.c., 5123 t.c.(H) and the Novikoff hepatoma have active mixed function oxidase systems capable of metabolizing a variety of drug and polycyclic hydrocarbon substrates. The tumor drug metabolism systems are at best 20% as active as rat liver. The tumor drug metabolism activities are induced by pretreatment with phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone and can be inhibited with specific inhibitors such as carbon monoxide or 7,8-benzoflavone. Tumor drug metabolism systems appear to consist of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase. The properties of the two protein components from tumors are highly similar to the corresponding components of the liver drug metabolism system. Cytochrome P-450 reductase has been at least partially purified from the Novikoff hepatoma and hepatoma 5123 t.c.(H). The kinetic and physical properties of the tumor reductases are similar to those of the liver reductase except that the Km of hepatoma 5123 t.c.(H) reductase, but not of the Novikoff hepatoma reductase for NADPH, is elevated an order of magnitude over the Km of the liver reductase. The mechanism for the interaction of electron donor and electron acceptor with liver or tumor reductases seems to be a sequential reaction mechanism. Experiments on the NADP-inhibition of the interaction of NADPH and cytochrome c with liver reductase indicate that NADP is competitive with NADPH and noncompetitive with cytochrome c. This result is consistent with the postulate of a sequential reaction for NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductases of liver and tumors. These data support the conclusions that an active drug metabolism system is present in liver tumors and that the tumor systems are constituted like the liver system.", "contents": "The drug metabolism systems of liver and liver tumors: a comparison of activities and characteristics. Transplantable rat liver tumors 5123 t.c., 7288 ct.c., 5123 t.c.(H) and the Novikoff hepatoma have active mixed function oxidase systems capable of metabolizing a variety of drug and polycyclic hydrocarbon substrates. The tumor drug metabolism systems are at best 20% as active as rat liver. The tumor drug metabolism activities are induced by pretreatment with phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone and can be inhibited with specific inhibitors such as carbon monoxide or 7,8-benzoflavone. Tumor drug metabolism systems appear to consist of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase. The properties of the two protein components from tumors are highly similar to the corresponding components of the liver drug metabolism system. Cytochrome P-450 reductase has been at least partially purified from the Novikoff hepatoma and hepatoma 5123 t.c.(H). The kinetic and physical properties of the tumor reductases are similar to those of the liver reductase except that the Km of hepatoma 5123 t.c.(H) reductase, but not of the Novikoff hepatoma reductase for NADPH, is elevated an order of magnitude over the Km of the liver reductase. The mechanism for the interaction of electron donor and electron acceptor with liver or tumor reductases seems to be a sequential reaction mechanism. Experiments on the NADP-inhibition of the interaction of NADPH and cytochrome c with liver reductase indicate that NADP is competitive with NADPH and noncompetitive with cytochrome c. This result is consistent with the postulate of a sequential reaction for NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductases of liver and tumors. These data support the conclusions that an active drug metabolism system is present in liver tumors and that the tumor systems are constituted like the liver system.", "PMID": 745599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6425", "title": "[Three levels of structural organization of the eukaryotic chromosomes].", "content": "Three levels of structural organization of eukaryotic DNA in the cell nucleus are considered in this paper: (i) the chain of nucleosomes; (ii) the solenoidal or superbead (nucleomere) model of compactization of the nucleosomal fiber; (iii) the mode of suprasolenoidal DNP-packing--loops or domains. Recent results bearing on the relation of these three levels to functional activity of chromatin are also discussed.", "contents": "[Three levels of structural organization of the eukaryotic chromosomes]. Three levels of structural organization of eukaryotic DNA in the cell nucleus are considered in this paper: (i) the chain of nucleosomes; (ii) the solenoidal or superbead (nucleomere) model of compactization of the nucleosomal fiber; (iii) the mode of suprasolenoidal DNP-packing--loops or domains. Recent results bearing on the relation of these three levels to functional activity of chromatin are also discussed.", "PMID": 745600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6426", "title": "[Charge separation in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers].", "content": "The physical aspects of the primary charge separation process in bacterial photosynthesis are discussed. The donor-acceptor model of electron tranfer through proteins is used. The kinetics of the processes of the photosynthetic reaction centers are considered and their energetic scheme is constructed by means of the nonequilibrium density matrix method. It is shown that the theory is in good agreement with experiment if one takes into account the influence of vibrational sublevels of states which take part in transitions.", "contents": "[Charge separation in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers]. The physical aspects of the primary charge separation process in bacterial photosynthesis are discussed. The donor-acceptor model of electron tranfer through proteins is used. The kinetics of the processes of the photosynthetic reaction centers are considered and their energetic scheme is constructed by means of the nonequilibrium density matrix method. It is shown that the theory is in good agreement with experiment if one takes into account the influence of vibrational sublevels of states which take part in transitions.", "PMID": 745601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6427", "title": "[Soluble complexes of bovine serum albumin with linear polyelectrolytes].", "content": "Interaction of bonive serum albumin with copolymers 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, acrylic and methacrylic acids in different proportions in aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown, that in a wide range of ration of the components soluble cooperative complexes were formed. Ability of amphotheric copolymers to form complexes with bovine serum albumin depend both on the composition of the copolymers and on the pH of the medium. The non-polar interactions of the protein globules with hydrocarbonic 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine chain fragments of the polyampholyte play an important role in the association of similarly charged particals. It was shown that besides this effect of chain fragments of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine a significant contribution in the association is made by non-polar interactions, created by methyl groups in copolymer 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and methacrylic acid. The association mechanism and structure of the formed complexes was studied. It was shown that complex formation is accompanied by non-equal distribution of the chain copolymer between the protein globules and appearance of asymmetric particles of the complex. A correlation between the ability of polyampholytes to bind protein and their physiological action was found.", "contents": "[Soluble complexes of bovine serum albumin with linear polyelectrolytes]. Interaction of bonive serum albumin with copolymers 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, acrylic and methacrylic acids in different proportions in aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown, that in a wide range of ration of the components soluble cooperative complexes were formed. Ability of amphotheric copolymers to form complexes with bovine serum albumin depend both on the composition of the copolymers and on the pH of the medium. The non-polar interactions of the protein globules with hydrocarbonic 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine chain fragments of the polyampholyte play an important role in the association of similarly charged particals. It was shown that besides this effect of chain fragments of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine a significant contribution in the association is made by non-polar interactions, created by methyl groups in copolymer 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and methacrylic acid. The association mechanism and structure of the formed complexes was studied. It was shown that complex formation is accompanied by non-equal distribution of the chain copolymer between the protein globules and appearance of asymmetric particles of the complex. A correlation between the ability of polyampholytes to bind protein and their physiological action was found.", "PMID": 745603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6428", "title": "[Single copy and repetitive DNA sequences of Echinodermata. I. Arrangement of DNA sequences of different multiplicity].", "content": "Arrangement of repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in the DNA of 8 Echinodermata species (sea urchins, starfishes and sea-cucumber) has been studied. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short and long DNA fragments assayed by hydroxyapatite binding indicates that the pattern of DNA sequence organization of all these species is similar to the so called Xenopus pattern found in genomes of most animals and plants. Interspecies differences consist mainly in the quantities of sequences of various repetition degrees and their interspersion with each other and with single copy sequences.  Measurements of the size of S1 nuclease resistant reassociated repetitive sequences show variability in the relative quantities of long and short repetitive sequences of different species. Difference in the arrangement of single copy and repetitive sequences between Echinodermata species are not related to their evolutionary proximity.", "contents": "[Single copy and repetitive DNA sequences of Echinodermata. I. Arrangement of DNA sequences of different multiplicity]. Arrangement of repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in the DNA of 8 Echinodermata species (sea urchins, starfishes and sea-cucumber) has been studied. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short and long DNA fragments assayed by hydroxyapatite binding indicates that the pattern of DNA sequence organization of all these species is similar to the so called Xenopus pattern found in genomes of most animals and plants. Interspecies differences consist mainly in the quantities of sequences of various repetition degrees and their interspersion with each other and with single copy sequences.  Measurements of the size of S1 nuclease resistant reassociated repetitive sequences show variability in the relative quantities of long and short repetitive sequences of different species. Difference in the arrangement of single copy and repetitive sequences between Echinodermata species are not related to their evolutionary proximity.", "PMID": 745604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6429", "title": "[Structural peculiarities of the nucleic factor from ascitic fluid of tumors].", "content": "Several characteristics of the nucleic factor of tumors which is thought to play an important role in suppression of tumor immunity was investigated. This nucleic factor differs from native double-stranded DNA of eukaryotic nuclei by base composition (A: T: G : C = 1: 1.44 : 0.91: 0.69); its affinity to GAP and hyperchromic effect were lower than those in native DNA. Heating above 80 degrees in 1 N KOH destroyed the nucleic factor to fragments that could not be detected in 8% PAK electrophoresis. The results of this and previous reports lead us to a hypothesis that the nucleic factor is a DNA molecule consisting of single- and double-stranded regions, as well as short insertions of RNA. The double-stranded regions in this molecule possess non-parrallel breaks.", "contents": "[Structural peculiarities of the nucleic factor from ascitic fluid of tumors]. Several characteristics of the nucleic factor of tumors which is thought to play an important role in suppression of tumor immunity was investigated. This nucleic factor differs from native double-stranded DNA of eukaryotic nuclei by base composition (A: T: G : C = 1: 1.44 : 0.91: 0.69); its affinity to GAP and hyperchromic effect were lower than those in native DNA. Heating above 80 degrees in 1 N KOH destroyed the nucleic factor to fragments that could not be detected in 8% PAK electrophoresis. The results of this and previous reports lead us to a hypothesis that the nucleic factor is a DNA molecule consisting of single- and double-stranded regions, as well as short insertions of RNA. The double-stranded regions in this molecule possess non-parrallel breaks.", "PMID": 745602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6430", "title": "[Simulation of DNA conformation possibilities by means of nonbonded interaction energy calculations of complementary dinucleoside phosphate complexes].", "content": "Nonbonded interaction energy calculations were performed for complementary deoxydinucleoside phosphate complexes dApdA with dUpdU and dUpdA with dUpdA. All dihedral and bond angles but nitrogen base angles were the variables in minimization of energy. Complex conformations resembling A- and B-family double-helical conformations were recieved as a result of calculations when intramolecular interaction energy approach minima. Dihedral angles of one molecule of the complex may differ from corresponding angles of another by several degrees. Energy optimal complex conformations in other space regions of conformation parameters were found. Biological consequences of possible dihedral and bond angle changes of double stranded nucleic acids at interactions with other molecules are discussed.", "contents": "[Simulation of DNA conformation possibilities by means of nonbonded interaction energy calculations of complementary dinucleoside phosphate complexes]. Nonbonded interaction energy calculations were performed for complementary deoxydinucleoside phosphate complexes dApdA with dUpdU and dUpdA with dUpdA. All dihedral and bond angles but nitrogen base angles were the variables in minimization of energy. Complex conformations resembling A- and B-family double-helical conformations were recieved as a result of calculations when intramolecular interaction energy approach minima. Dihedral angles of one molecule of the complex may differ from corresponding angles of another by several degrees. Energy optimal complex conformations in other space regions of conformation parameters were found. Biological consequences of possible dihedral and bond angle changes of double stranded nucleic acids at interactions with other molecules are discussed.", "PMID": 745605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6431", "title": "Pathology of adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The morphology and sequential evolution of the pulmonary lesions in respiratory distress syndrome have been reviewed. Reasons have been presented to support the conclusion that these lesions are in the main produced by toxic effects of oxygen rather than the underlying disease process which initiated the episode of respiratory failure. The mechanism of oxygen toxicity has been briefly reviewed. The implication of these considerations is that in any patient with acute respiratory impairment, oxygen should be used as therapy only if it is required to prevent death from hypoxia and should be used in the lowest possible effective dose. As the patient improves and arterial oxygen tension rises this dose should be promptly reduced.", "contents": "Pathology of adult respiratory distress syndrome. The morphology and sequential evolution of the pulmonary lesions in respiratory distress syndrome have been reviewed. Reasons have been presented to support the conclusion that these lesions are in the main produced by toxic effects of oxygen rather than the underlying disease process which initiated the episode of respiratory failure. The mechanism of oxygen toxicity has been briefly reviewed. The implication of these considerations is that in any patient with acute respiratory impairment, oxygen should be used as therapy only if it is required to prevent death from hypoxia and should be used in the lowest possible effective dose. As the patient improves and arterial oxygen tension rises this dose should be promptly reduced.", "PMID": 745613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6432", "title": "[A comparative study of Dicrostonyx torquatus chionopaes Allen DNA with different numbers of B-chromosomes].", "content": "In order to elucidate the possible relationship between the karyotype and the polynucleotide sequence organization in DNA, comparison was made between DNA from the liver of Dicrostonyx torquatus chionapaes Allen with different numbers of B-chromosomes (2n = 47-49, 1-3 B-chromosomes; 2n = 52-54,6-8 B-chromosomes). The reassociation kinetics patterns for denatured DNA fragments (about 300 nucleotides long) were obtained by the batch hydroxyapatite method. The analysis of these patterns showed a approximately 10% increase in the proportion of reiterated nucleotide sequences in the DNA of animals with 6-8 B-chromosomes. The increase in the proportion of reiterations in DNA correlated with increase in the number of B-chromosomes can be regarded as an indirect confirmation of the heterochromatic nature of B-chromosomes. The individual fractions of reiterated nucleotide sequences (C0t = 1.0) were isolated from studied DNas. The reassociation kinetics of these fractions and the thermostability of resulting duplexes were examined. The revealed differences are indicative of a certain dissimilarity in the polynucleotide sequences organization that correlate with variation in the number of B-chromosomes. The heterochromatic and euchromatic. DNAas from the liver cell nuclei of animals carrying different numbers of B-chromosomes were studied by thermal denaturation analysis and neutral CsCl equilibrium centrifugation. In the heterochromatic DNAs from livers of D. t. chionopaes with 6-8 B-chromosomes additional components enriched with AT-pairs were revealed. The specific features of DNA correlated with increase in the number of B-chromosomes are discussed in connection with peculiarities of B-chromosomes behaviour and their evolution in Dicrostonyx torquatus chionapaes.", "contents": "[A comparative study of Dicrostonyx torquatus chionopaes Allen DNA with different numbers of B-chromosomes]. In order to elucidate the possible relationship between the karyotype and the polynucleotide sequence organization in DNA, comparison was made between DNA from the liver of Dicrostonyx torquatus chionapaes Allen with different numbers of B-chromosomes (2n = 47-49, 1-3 B-chromosomes; 2n = 52-54,6-8 B-chromosomes). The reassociation kinetics patterns for denatured DNA fragments (about 300 nucleotides long) were obtained by the batch hydroxyapatite method. The analysis of these patterns showed a approximately 10% increase in the proportion of reiterated nucleotide sequences in the DNA of animals with 6-8 B-chromosomes. The increase in the proportion of reiterations in DNA correlated with increase in the number of B-chromosomes can be regarded as an indirect confirmation of the heterochromatic nature of B-chromosomes. The individual fractions of reiterated nucleotide sequences (C0t = 1.0) were isolated from studied DNas. The reassociation kinetics of these fractions and the thermostability of resulting duplexes were examined. The revealed differences are indicative of a certain dissimilarity in the polynucleotide sequences organization that correlate with variation in the number of B-chromosomes. The heterochromatic and euchromatic. DNAas from the liver cell nuclei of animals carrying different numbers of B-chromosomes were studied by thermal denaturation analysis and neutral CsCl equilibrium centrifugation. In the heterochromatic DNAs from livers of D. t. chionopaes with 6-8 B-chromosomes additional components enriched with AT-pairs were revealed. The specific features of DNA correlated with increase in the number of B-chromosomes are discussed in connection with peculiarities of B-chromosomes behaviour and their evolution in Dicrostonyx torquatus chionapaes.", "PMID": 745607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6433", "title": "[Investigation of the structure of magnesium and lithium salts of T2 phage DNA by the method of x-ray diffraction. The possible mechanisms of the participation of cations in the structural transformation of double-stranded DNA].", "content": "The secondary structure of DNA is known to be largely determined by the kind of counterion bound to it. We have used the X-ray diffraction method to study the structure of magnesium and lithium salts of T2 phage DNA in oriented fibres. The structural behaviour of this glucosylated DNA in the form of magnesium and lithium salts was shown to be identical to the behaviour of the same salts of \"normal\" calf thymus DNA throughout the studied range of relative humidities (44-95%). However these two DNAs in the form of sodium salt are known to behave quite differently. One can presume that Mg2+ and Li+ influence the structural behaviour of double-stranded DNA so effectively as to be able to \"ignore\" the fact that T2 phage DNA contains glucoside residues. The results of this work and the already known facts concerning the structure of DNA in the form of various cation salts (in solution and in \"solid\" fibres) indicate that the structural behaviour of double-stranded DNA is mainly determined by the cation located in the region of the narrow groove of the double helix. If cations are graded according to the efficiency of their influence on the structural behaviour of DNA in fibres, the scale will coincide with that of their DNA-binding strength in water solution, that is: Mg2+ greater than Li+ greater than Na+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+. A qualitative consideration of electrostatic interaction between the cations and the negatively charged DNA strands leads one to suppose that this interaction must obstruct the transition of individual DNA molecules from the B-form to the A-form. Aggregation of self-aggregation of DNA molecules is presumed necessary to enable them to adopt the A-conformation.", "contents": "[Investigation of the structure of magnesium and lithium salts of T2 phage DNA by the method of x-ray diffraction. The possible mechanisms of the participation of cations in the structural transformation of double-stranded DNA]. The secondary structure of DNA is known to be largely determined by the kind of counterion bound to it. We have used the X-ray diffraction method to study the structure of magnesium and lithium salts of T2 phage DNA in oriented fibres. The structural behaviour of this glucosylated DNA in the form of magnesium and lithium salts was shown to be identical to the behaviour of the same salts of \"normal\" calf thymus DNA throughout the studied range of relative humidities (44-95%). However these two DNAs in the form of sodium salt are known to behave quite differently. One can presume that Mg2+ and Li+ influence the structural behaviour of double-stranded DNA so effectively as to be able to \"ignore\" the fact that T2 phage DNA contains glucoside residues. The results of this work and the already known facts concerning the structure of DNA in the form of various cation salts (in solution and in \"solid\" fibres) indicate that the structural behaviour of double-stranded DNA is mainly determined by the cation located in the region of the narrow groove of the double helix. If cations are graded according to the efficiency of their influence on the structural behaviour of DNA in fibres, the scale will coincide with that of their DNA-binding strength in water solution, that is: Mg2+ greater than Li+ greater than Na+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+. A qualitative consideration of electrostatic interaction between the cations and the negatively charged DNA strands leads one to suppose that this interaction must obstruct the transition of individual DNA molecules from the B-form to the A-form. Aggregation of self-aggregation of DNA molecules is presumed necessary to enable them to adopt the A-conformation.", "PMID": 745608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6434", "title": "Comparative studies of chromosomal aberration and mutagenicity of the trivalent and hexavalent chromium.", "content": "The comparative cytogenetic and mutagenic effects between trivalent and hexavalent chromium were investigated. Five chromium compounds, K2Cr2O7  and K2CrO4 containing Cr6+, and Cr(CH3COO)3, Cr(NO3)3 and CrCl3 containing Cr3+, were examined for their ability to induce chromosomal damage in cultures of human leukocytes, for their reactivity with DNA by a rec-assay system and for mutagenicity in the E. coli Hs30R test system.  Chromosome-breaking activity was significantly higher for the compounds with hexavalent than trivalent chromium, the efficiency being in the decreasing order K2Cr2OM greater than K2CrO4 greater than Cr(CHCOO)3 greater than Cr(NO3)3, CrCl3. In the rec-assay and mutation assay, hexavalent (K2Cr2O7 and K2CrO4) and trivalent Cr(CH3COO)3) compounds gave positive results, their mutagenic potential being higher in the same order of clastogenic magnitude.", "contents": "Comparative studies of chromosomal aberration and mutagenicity of the trivalent and hexavalent chromium. The comparative cytogenetic and mutagenic effects between trivalent and hexavalent chromium were investigated. Five chromium compounds, K2Cr2O7  and K2CrO4 containing Cr6+, and Cr(CH3COO)3, Cr(NO3)3 and CrCl3 containing Cr3+, were examined for their ability to induce chromosomal damage in cultures of human leukocytes, for their reactivity with DNA by a rec-assay system and for mutagenicity in the E. coli Hs30R test system.  Chromosome-breaking activity was significantly higher for the compounds with hexavalent than trivalent chromium, the efficiency being in the decreasing order K2Cr2OM greater than K2CrO4 greater than Cr(CHCOO)3 greater than Cr(NO3)3, CrCl3. In the rec-assay and mutation assay, hexavalent (K2Cr2O7 and K2CrO4) and trivalent Cr(CH3COO)3) compounds gave positive results, their mutagenic potential being higher in the same order of clastogenic magnitude.", "PMID": 745615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6435", "title": "[Structural organization of the genome of bacteriophage T5 by specific endonucleases].", "content": "The DNA of Bacteriophage T5+ has been treated with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamI, SmaI, PstI, SalI, KpnI and the electrophorectic pattern obtained in agarose gel has been analyzed in order to localize the specific cleavage sites on the T5 DNA. The localization of cleavage sites has been resolved from the electrophoretic pattern of double and partial digests, the digests of isolated restriction fragments and the digests of deletion mutant T5 st(O) DNA. Four BamI cleavage sites have been found and localized on the physical map of T5 DNA at 0.225; 0.68; 0.715 and 0.725 fractional lenght. Endonuclease PstI cuts T5 DNA at 11 sites: 0.095; 0.215; 0.320; 0.510; 0.635; 0.675; 0.710; 0.770; 0.810; 0.840; 0.875 fractional length. Six KpnI cleavage sites have been mapped at 0.140; 0.160; 0.530; 0.720; 0.760; 0.840 fractional length. 14 out of 17 HindIII cleavage sites have been localized at 0.10; 0.24; 0.255; 0.345; 0.40; 0.52; 0.54; 0.57; 0.70; 0.76; 0.80; 0.84; 0.87; 0.89, fractional length of T5 DNA. Complete cleavage map of the phage genome is presented for seven restriction enzymes.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the genome of bacteriophage T5 by specific endonucleases]. The DNA of Bacteriophage T5+ has been treated with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamI, SmaI, PstI, SalI, KpnI and the electrophorectic pattern obtained in agarose gel has been analyzed in order to localize the specific cleavage sites on the T5 DNA. The localization of cleavage sites has been resolved from the electrophoretic pattern of double and partial digests, the digests of isolated restriction fragments and the digests of deletion mutant T5 st(O) DNA. Four BamI cleavage sites have been found and localized on the physical map of T5 DNA at 0.225; 0.68; 0.715 and 0.725 fractional lenght. Endonuclease PstI cuts T5 DNA at 11 sites: 0.095; 0.215; 0.320; 0.510; 0.635; 0.675; 0.710; 0.770; 0.810; 0.840; 0.875 fractional length. Six KpnI cleavage sites have been mapped at 0.140; 0.160; 0.530; 0.720; 0.760; 0.840 fractional length. 14 out of 17 HindIII cleavage sites have been localized at 0.10; 0.24; 0.255; 0.345; 0.40; 0.52; 0.54; 0.57; 0.70; 0.76; 0.80; 0.84; 0.87; 0.89, fractional length of T5 DNA. Complete cleavage map of the phage genome is presented for seven restriction enzymes.", "PMID": 745606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6436", "title": "[Kinetics and equilibrium of reactions between nucleotides and methylol derivatives of beta-alanine].", "content": "The rate constants of forward and reverse reactions between methylol derivatives of beta-alanine and deoxycytidine 5'-phosphate, deoxyadenosine 5'phosphate and deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate and the equilibrium constants of these reactions were determined by the spectrophotometric method at 39,5 degrees C and pH 6,95. Besides, the equilibrium constant of the reaction between beta-alanine and formaldehyde was determined. Unlike deoxycytidine and deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphates, interaction of deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate with methylol derivatives is more complicated. A model proposed for the interaction of deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate with methylol derivatives explains the behavior of this nucleotide in the reaction. The kinetic and equilibrium constants of the interaction of methylol derivatives with nucleotides investigated exceed by two or three orders of magnitude the corresponding constants of the interaction of formaldehyde with these nucleotides.", "contents": "[Kinetics and equilibrium of reactions between nucleotides and methylol derivatives of beta-alanine]. The rate constants of forward and reverse reactions between methylol derivatives of beta-alanine and deoxycytidine 5'-phosphate, deoxyadenosine 5'phosphate and deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate and the equilibrium constants of these reactions were determined by the spectrophotometric method at 39,5 degrees C and pH 6,95. Besides, the equilibrium constant of the reaction between beta-alanine and formaldehyde was determined. Unlike deoxycytidine and deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphates, interaction of deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate with methylol derivatives is more complicated. A model proposed for the interaction of deoxyguanosine 5'phosphate with methylol derivatives explains the behavior of this nucleotide in the reaction. The kinetic and equilibrium constants of the interaction of methylol derivatives with nucleotides investigated exceed by two or three orders of magnitude the corresponding constants of the interaction of formaldehyde with these nucleotides.", "PMID": 745610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6437", "title": "[Electronic-conformational interactions of molecular-biological systems. I. Quantum-chemical aspect of the theory of electronic-conformational interaction].", "content": "Electronic-conformational interactions (ECI) are the main causes of enzymatic catalysis and other biological processes, occuring at the molecular and super-molecular levels. For the studies of several problems, related to ECI the qualitative methods of quantum chemistry can be used, in particular the method of intermolecular orbitals. The possibilities of this method are shown in some simple cases.", "contents": "[Electronic-conformational interactions of molecular-biological systems. I. Quantum-chemical aspect of the theory of electronic-conformational interaction]. Electronic-conformational interactions (ECI) are the main causes of enzymatic catalysis and other biological processes, occuring at the molecular and super-molecular levels. For the studies of several problems, related to ECI the qualitative methods of quantum chemistry can be used, in particular the method of intermolecular orbitals. The possibilities of this method are shown in some simple cases.", "PMID": 745609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6438", "title": "Cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet and crystal violet on mammalian cells in vitro.", "content": "The cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet in Chinese hamster CHO cells in vitro has been studied by analyzing (1) squash preparations from direct fixation for recording mitotic anomalies and (2) air-dried preparations (with colcemid--hypotonic pretreatments) for recording metaphase chromosome aberrations. It was concluded that this compound is a mitotic poison as well as a clastogen in vitro. Its clastogenic property was confirmed in 5 other different mammalian cel types. 10 samples of different gentian violet and crystal violet were surveyed and all were shown to be clastogenic. Unless in vivo studies prove otherwise, gentian violet and crystal violet should be regarded as biohazardous substances.", "contents": "Cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet and crystal violet on mammalian cells in vitro. The cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet in Chinese hamster CHO cells in vitro has been studied by analyzing (1) squash preparations from direct fixation for recording mitotic anomalies and (2) air-dried preparations (with colcemid--hypotonic pretreatments) for recording metaphase chromosome aberrations. It was concluded that this compound is a mitotic poison as well as a clastogen in vitro. Its clastogenic property was confirmed in 5 other different mammalian cel types. 10 samples of different gentian violet and crystal violet were surveyed and all were shown to be clastogenic. Unless in vivo studies prove otherwise, gentian violet and crystal violet should be regarded as biohazardous substances.", "PMID": 745616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6439", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide.", "content": "Styrene and styrene oxide induce various cytogenetic effects, similar in both human lymphocytes in vitro and onion root-tip cells in vivo. Styrene appears to cause chromosome breakage in both systems, and in Allium it shows a strong c-mitotic effect. Styrene oxide, on the other hand, seems to destroy the tertiary folding of the chromatin. Cytotoxicity of styrene oxide is very high (complete mitotic inhibition occurs on 0.03% v/v) in human lymphocytes, whereas, in Allium, styrene is slightly more toxic than styrene oxide. Styrene glycol, a further metabolite of styrene oxide, does not cause mitotic inhibition.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide. Styrene and styrene oxide induce various cytogenetic effects, similar in both human lymphocytes in vitro and onion root-tip cells in vivo. Styrene appears to cause chromosome breakage in both systems, and in Allium it shows a strong c-mitotic effect. Styrene oxide, on the other hand, seems to destroy the tertiary folding of the chromatin. Cytotoxicity of styrene oxide is very high (complete mitotic inhibition occurs on 0.03% v/v) in human lymphocytes, whereas, in Allium, styrene is slightly more toxic than styrene oxide. Styrene glycol, a further metabolite of styrene oxide, does not cause mitotic inhibition.", "PMID": 745617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6440", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of toximul MP8 in human lymphocytes in culture: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "Toximul MP8, a commercial emulsifier formulation, has been used for a number of years to spray forest trees infested with spruce budworm with the organophosphate insecticides, Fenitrothion and Phosphamidon. To assess its cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes varying amounts of Toximul MP8 were added to human whole blood (0--50 ppm) and cultured along with phytohaemagglutinin for 52h. At the end of the culture period cytotoxicity to human lymphocytes was assessed by (1) mitotic index, (2) DNA labelling index and (3) the frequency of chromatid breaks. The cytotoxic effects were apparent even at the lowest concentration tested, i.e., 10 ppm. A significant dose-dependent decrease in the mitotic and DNA-labelling indicies was observed. Toximul MP8 also produced a significant level of chromatid breaks even at 10 ppm.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of toximul MP8 in human lymphocytes in culture: a preliminary investigation. Toximul MP8, a commercial emulsifier formulation, has been used for a number of years to spray forest trees infested with spruce budworm with the organophosphate insecticides, Fenitrothion and Phosphamidon. To assess its cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes varying amounts of Toximul MP8 were added to human whole blood (0--50 ppm) and cultured along with phytohaemagglutinin for 52h. At the end of the culture period cytotoxicity to human lymphocytes was assessed by (1) mitotic index, (2) DNA labelling index and (3) the frequency of chromatid breaks. The cytotoxic effects were apparent even at the lowest concentration tested, i.e., 10 ppm. A significant dose-dependent decrease in the mitotic and DNA-labelling indicies was observed. Toximul MP8 also produced a significant level of chromatid breaks even at 10 ppm.", "PMID": 745618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6441", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone.", "content": "We have repeated as closely as possible the experiments of Zelac et al., who observed significantly elevated levels of chromosome aberrations in short-term cultures of peripheral lymphocytes from Chinese hamsters that had inhaled ozone. Unlike Zelac et al., we observed no increase in chromosome-type aberration levels, though a small increase in chromatid-aberration levels similar to that reported for exposed human subjects by Merz et al. was seen. No increase in the levels of any chromosomal aberration type was seen in parallel direct bone-marrow preparations. Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) levels and cell-replication rates, which were determined in the Chinese hamster peripheral lymphocyte cultures and also in bone-marrow samples from similarly treated mice, failed to show any ozone-induced changes.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone. We have repeated as closely as possible the experiments of Zelac et al., who observed significantly elevated levels of chromosome aberrations in short-term cultures of peripheral lymphocytes from Chinese hamsters that had inhaled ozone. Unlike Zelac et al., we observed no increase in chromosome-type aberration levels, though a small increase in chromatid-aberration levels similar to that reported for exposed human subjects by Merz et al. was seen. No increase in the levels of any chromosomal aberration type was seen in parallel direct bone-marrow preparations. Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) levels and cell-replication rates, which were determined in the Chinese hamster peripheral lymphocyte cultures and also in bone-marrow samples from similarly treated mice, failed to show any ozone-induced changes.", "PMID": 745619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6442", "title": "Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes of men occupationally exposed to cadmium.", "content": "Chromosome studies were carried out on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a population of 40 men occupationally exposed to cadmium salts for periods up to 34 years, and on 13 on-site controls. Although four chromatid interchanges were observed in 3740 cells from the exposed workers and none in the 1243 cells from controls, there was no significant difference in aberration frequency between the two groups. Possible reasons for contrasting findings on the chromosome-damaging effects of cadmium in other published reports are discussed, and the possibility that heavy metals might act synergistically to enhance the mutagenicity of other compounds present in the environment is considered.", "contents": "Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes of men occupationally exposed to cadmium. Chromosome studies were carried out on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a population of 40 men occupationally exposed to cadmium salts for periods up to 34 years, and on 13 on-site controls. Although four chromatid interchanges were observed in 3740 cells from the exposed workers and none in the 1243 cells from controls, there was no significant difference in aberration frequency between the two groups. Possible reasons for contrasting findings on the chromosome-damaging effects of cadmium in other published reports are discussed, and the possibility that heavy metals might act synergistically to enhance the mutagenicity of other compounds present in the environment is considered.", "PMID": 745620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6443", "title": "Retinoids induce sister-chromatid exchanges in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Vitamin A palmitate, retinoic acid and an aromatic retinoic acid analogue (Ro 10-9359) induced sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human diploid fibroblasts. The same SCE level was reached with the 3 compounds tested, when the concentration of vitamin A palmitate was 10 times higher than those of retinoic acid and Ro 10-9395. No correlation was found when the dose-related SCE induction of a retinoid was compared with the respective antineoplastic activity as reported by others.", "contents": "Retinoids induce sister-chromatid exchanges in human diploid fibroblasts. Vitamin A palmitate, retinoic acid and an aromatic retinoic acid analogue (Ro 10-9359) induced sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human diploid fibroblasts. The same SCE level was reached with the 3 compounds tested, when the concentration of vitamin A palmitate was 10 times higher than those of retinoic acid and Ro 10-9395. No correlation was found when the dose-related SCE induction of a retinoid was compared with the respective antineoplastic activity as reported by others.", "PMID": 745621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6444", "title": "Sister-chromatid exchanges induced in rabbit lymphocytes by 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene after in vitro and in vivo metabolic activation.", "content": "Because short in vitro treatments of Chinese hamster cells with 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene did not increase SCEs even in the presence of a metabolic activation system, experiments were carried out with rabbits to see if in vivo activation occurred. Rabbits injected with 2-AF could activate the compound and a transient dose-dependent increase in SCEs was found in peripheral lymphocytes cultured at various times after the injection. With 2-AAF, however, the response was more variable: some rabbits showed an increase immediately, but one showed an increase only after a subsequent injection. This indicated that among rabbits differences exist in their ability to detoxify 2-AAF. Because rabbits could activate the compounds, in vitro experiments were carried out to see if their lymphocytes responded differently from Chinese hamster cells and to see if the metabolic changes brought about by PHA stimulation affect the ability of the cells to activate the chemicals. The addition of PHA and the consequent metabolic stimulation do affect the induction of enzymes involved in the activation of 2-AF and 2-AAF. Benzo[alpha]pyrene, in contrast, can be activated by rabbit lymphocytes independently of PHA stimulation.", "contents": "Sister-chromatid exchanges induced in rabbit lymphocytes by 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene after in vitro and in vivo metabolic activation. Because short in vitro treatments of Chinese hamster cells with 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene did not increase SCEs even in the presence of a metabolic activation system, experiments were carried out with rabbits to see if in vivo activation occurred. Rabbits injected with 2-AF could activate the compound and a transient dose-dependent increase in SCEs was found in peripheral lymphocytes cultured at various times after the injection. With 2-AAF, however, the response was more variable: some rabbits showed an increase immediately, but one showed an increase only after a subsequent injection. This indicated that among rabbits differences exist in their ability to detoxify 2-AAF. Because rabbits could activate the compounds, in vitro experiments were carried out to see if their lymphocytes responded differently from Chinese hamster cells and to see if the metabolic changes brought about by PHA stimulation affect the ability of the cells to activate the chemicals. The addition of PHA and the consequent metabolic stimulation do affect the induction of enzymes involved in the activation of 2-AF and 2-AAF. Benzo[alpha]pyrene, in contrast, can be activated by rabbit lymphocytes independently of PHA stimulation.", "PMID": 745622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6445", "title": "Role of opportunistic fungi in ocular infections in Nigeria.", "content": "The importance of opportunistic fungal pathogens in causing ocular infections is emphasized. A study was conducted over a period of 4 years (1974--1977) to investigate the role of opportunistic fungi in causing mycotic keratitis and to elucidate certain aspects of epidemiology of this disease in Nigeria. Fifty-nine cases of corneal ulcers of suspected mycotic etiology were investigated. Fungal etiology was confirmed in 42 of these cases. The predominant etiological agent was Fusarium solani in 14 cases (33.33%) followed by Penicillium citrinum in 8 cases (19.04%) and Aspergillus fumigatus in 5 cases (11.90%). The yeasts were responsible for only 3 cases (7.14%) i.e. one each caused by Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. Among the remaining 12 cases, one was caused by F. moniliforme, 3 by A. flavus, 2 each by A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium sp., and one each by Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium sp. The clinical features of the cases are briefly described. The incidence of mycotic keratitis in relation to sex, age, occupation, trauma and other factors has been analysed. Corneal trauma appeared to be an important predisposing factor as 27 (67.28%) of the patients gave a history of injuries to the eye. Notably, a large number of patients were farmers and trauma was most often from palm tree leaf, thorn, kernel or other plant objects. Topical application of corticosteroids or broad spectrum antibiotics did not seem to play an important role in the etiology of keratomycosis. Cases were recorded throughout the year although the number of cases was higher in the months of March--May, and November--December than that during the rest of the year. The isolates of the causative agents were studied in detail for their morphological and cultural characters. The isolates of F. solani grew well at 37 degrees C and survived at 40 degrees C for more than 3 weeks. In vitro drug sensitivity tests indicated good antifungal activity of pimaricin and econazole for F. solani, clotrimazole and econazole for Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus and Penicillium citrinum, and 5-fluorocytosine for Candida spp. Investigations on the incidence of fungi in normal healthy eyes of 450 persons comprising 204 adults and 246 children yielded 204 isolates belonging to 21 genera of fungi. Cladosporium was most frequent (12.88%) followed by Penicillium (10.22%) and Aspergillus (6.66%). Another important fungus was Fusarium represented by 10 isolates, viz. 4 of F. solani, 2 of F. moniliforme, 1 of F. exysporum, and 3 of Fusarium sp. The yeasts were represented by two isolates each of Candida tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, Trichosporon sp and Cryptococcus albidus, and one of Candida guilliermondii. Successive culturing of fungi from normal eyes in a small group indicated that fungi occur in the outer eye generally as transients. The epidemiology of mycotic keratitis has been discussed in relation to the present findings and in comparison with observations of other investigators.", "contents": "Role of opportunistic fungi in ocular infections in Nigeria. The importance of opportunistic fungal pathogens in causing ocular infections is emphasized. A study was conducted over a period of 4 years (1974--1977) to investigate the role of opportunistic fungi in causing mycotic keratitis and to elucidate certain aspects of epidemiology of this disease in Nigeria. Fifty-nine cases of corneal ulcers of suspected mycotic etiology were investigated. Fungal etiology was confirmed in 42 of these cases. The predominant etiological agent was Fusarium solani in 14 cases (33.33%) followed by Penicillium citrinum in 8 cases (19.04%) and Aspergillus fumigatus in 5 cases (11.90%). The yeasts were responsible for only 3 cases (7.14%) i.e. one each caused by Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. Among the remaining 12 cases, one was caused by F. moniliforme, 3 by A. flavus, 2 each by A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium sp., and one each by Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium sp. The clinical features of the cases are briefly described. The incidence of mycotic keratitis in relation to sex, age, occupation, trauma and other factors has been analysed. Corneal trauma appeared to be an important predisposing factor as 27 (67.28%) of the patients gave a history of injuries to the eye. Notably, a large number of patients were farmers and trauma was most often from palm tree leaf, thorn, kernel or other plant objects. Topical application of corticosteroids or broad spectrum antibiotics did not seem to play an important role in the etiology of keratomycosis. Cases were recorded throughout the year although the number of cases was higher in the months of March--May, and November--December than that during the rest of the year. The isolates of the causative agents were studied in detail for their morphological and cultural characters. The isolates of F. solani grew well at 37 degrees C and survived at 40 degrees C for more than 3 weeks. In vitro drug sensitivity tests indicated good antifungal activity of pimaricin and econazole for F. solani, clotrimazole and econazole for Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus and Penicillium citrinum, and 5-fluorocytosine for Candida spp. Investigations on the incidence of fungi in normal healthy eyes of 450 persons comprising 204 adults and 246 children yielded 204 isolates belonging to 21 genera of fungi. Cladosporium was most frequent (12.88%) followed by Penicillium (10.22%) and Aspergillus (6.66%). Another important fungus was Fusarium represented by 10 isolates, viz. 4 of F. solani, 2 of F. moniliforme, 1 of F. exysporum, and 3 of Fusarium sp. The yeasts were represented by two isolates each of Candida tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, Trichosporon sp and Cryptococcus albidus, and one of Candida guilliermondii. Successive culturing of fungi from normal eyes in a small group indicated that fungi occur in the outer eye generally as transients. The epidemiology of mycotic keratitis has been discussed in relation to the present findings and in comparison with observations of other investigators.", "PMID": 745623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6446", "title": "Mycotoxicoses of animals.", "content": "Mycotoxicoses are intoxications caused by ingestions of foodstuffs contaminated with mycotoxins, i.e. toxic secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi (moulds). By field observations and by experimental testing, toxins or toxic strains of more than 100 species of fungi have been encountered. However, causal associations have so far only been established for a small number of mycotoxicoses in farm animals, and the more important mycotoxicoses are aflatoxicosis, facial eczema, mycotoxic nephropathy, and estrogenic syndrome. A full assessment of the impact of mycotoxins on the health of farm animals can hardly be made at present, because the amount of surveillance data from mycotoxicoses is very limited, due mainly to inadequate diagnostic criteria. A new set of criteria for the diagnosis of mycotoxicosis is proposed, which has been successfully applied in the causative study of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy.", "contents": "Mycotoxicoses of animals. Mycotoxicoses are intoxications caused by ingestions of foodstuffs contaminated with mycotoxins, i.e. toxic secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi (moulds). By field observations and by experimental testing, toxins or toxic strains of more than 100 species of fungi have been encountered. However, causal associations have so far only been established for a small number of mycotoxicoses in farm animals, and the more important mycotoxicoses are aflatoxicosis, facial eczema, mycotoxic nephropathy, and estrogenic syndrome. A full assessment of the impact of mycotoxins on the health of farm animals can hardly be made at present, because the amount of surveillance data from mycotoxicoses is very limited, due mainly to inadequate diagnostic criteria. A new set of criteria for the diagnosis of mycotoxicosis is proposed, which has been successfully applied in the causative study of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy.", "PMID": 745625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6447", "title": "Renin release and the refractoriness to acute renal failure of rats recovering from prior renal failure.", "content": "Renin substrate concentrations and the release of renin in response to the rapid removal of 15 ml/kg weight blood or subcutaneous administration of 500 microgram/kg body weight isoproterenol were measured in control rats and animals recovering from prior myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure (recovery rats). Blood for these assayas was drawn from chronically implanted aortic catheters, obviating the need for animal handling and anesthesia. Baseline plasma renin titers of recovery rats were modestly elevated but renin substrate concentrations were the same as in controls. Hemorrhage produced equivalent changes in blood pressure and plasma renin titer in the two groups. Isoproternol injection in recovery rats caused a somewhat greater blood pressure fall and almost twice the rise in plasma renin concentration observed in control rats. The marked resistance of recovery animals to a second bout of acute renal failure thus cannot be attributed to impaired renin release or inadequate plasma renin substrate.", "contents": "Renin release and the refractoriness to acute renal failure of rats recovering from prior renal failure. Renin substrate concentrations and the release of renin in response to the rapid removal of 15 ml/kg weight blood or subcutaneous administration of 500 microgram/kg body weight isoproterenol were measured in control rats and animals recovering from prior myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure (recovery rats). Blood for these assayas was drawn from chronically implanted aortic catheters, obviating the need for animal handling and anesthesia. Baseline plasma renin titers of recovery rats were modestly elevated but renin substrate concentrations were the same as in controls. Hemorrhage produced equivalent changes in blood pressure and plasma renin titer in the two groups. Isoproternol injection in recovery rats caused a somewhat greater blood pressure fall and almost twice the rise in plasma renin concentration observed in control rats. The marked resistance of recovery animals to a second bout of acute renal failure thus cannot be attributed to impaired renin release or inadequate plasma renin substrate.", "PMID": 745630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6448", "title": "Lack of inhibition of hog renin by heparin.", "content": "These experiments were performed to test if heparin inhibits the production of angiotensin I from rat renin substrate acted upon by either rat or hog renin. Substrate was prepared from the plasma of nephrectomized rats; commercially prepared hog renin and heparin (0-50 units/ml, final concentration) were added and angiotensin I production was measured by radioimmunoassay following incubation of the mixture at 37-38 degrees C for 30 min. Heparin had no effect on the radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I, nor on the Vmax nor the Km of the renin-renin substrate reaction. Heparin (0 and 50 units/ml, final concentration) was added to rat plasma which contained renin and renin substrate. No effect of heparin on the rate of production of angiotensin I was observed in this system. In conclusion, rat and hog renin are not inhibited by heparin within the range of concentrations used.", "contents": "Lack of inhibition of hog renin by heparin. These experiments were performed to test if heparin inhibits the production of angiotensin I from rat renin substrate acted upon by either rat or hog renin. Substrate was prepared from the plasma of nephrectomized rats; commercially prepared hog renin and heparin (0-50 units/ml, final concentration) were added and angiotensin I production was measured by radioimmunoassay following incubation of the mixture at 37-38 degrees C for 30 min. Heparin had no effect on the radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I, nor on the Vmax nor the Km of the renin-renin substrate reaction. Heparin (0 and 50 units/ml, final concentration) was added to rat plasma which contained renin and renin substrate. No effect of heparin on the rate of production of angiotensin I was observed in this system. In conclusion, rat and hog renin are not inhibited by heparin within the range of concentrations used.", "PMID": 745631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6449", "title": "Normotensive hyperreninemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. An indicator of tubular dysfunction.", "content": "High plasma renin activity (PRA) was found in 16 of 42 randomly selected nonuremic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Mild hypertension was present in 3 of the 16.6 high-PRA and 10 normal-PRA patients were admitted to a metabolic ward. Salt restriction produced a disproportionate rise in both PRA and aldosterone, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a slightly greater negative sodium balance in the group with high PRA. Potassium excretion was less than intake in both groups. Balance studies were performed in 6 additional high-PRA patients before and during indomethacin administration (150 mg/24 h). PRA and aldosterone were markedly suppressed by indomethacin. UnaV was significantly greater than in the control period despite of the 28% reduction in GFR. These results suggest that high PRA is secondary to impaired distal tubular sodium reabsorption. Such a defect could be responsible for the relatively low frequency of hypertension in lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Normotensive hyperreninemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. An indicator of tubular dysfunction. High plasma renin activity (PRA) was found in 16 of 42 randomly selected nonuremic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Mild hypertension was present in 3 of the 16.6 high-PRA and 10 normal-PRA patients were admitted to a metabolic ward. Salt restriction produced a disproportionate rise in both PRA and aldosterone, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a slightly greater negative sodium balance in the group with high PRA. Potassium excretion was less than intake in both groups. Balance studies were performed in 6 additional high-PRA patients before and during indomethacin administration (150 mg/24 h). PRA and aldosterone were markedly suppressed by indomethacin. UnaV was significantly greater than in the control period despite of the 28% reduction in GFR. These results suggest that high PRA is secondary to impaired distal tubular sodium reabsorption. Such a defect could be responsible for the relatively low frequency of hypertension in lupus nephritis.", "PMID": 745633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6450", "title": "Middle molecules re-examined.", "content": "Evidence for and against the presence and pathophysiologic importance of middle molecules in uremia is reviewed. The evidence favors both their presence and importance.", "contents": "Middle molecules re-examined. Evidence for and against the presence and pathophysiologic importance of middle molecules in uremia is reviewed. The evidence favors both their presence and importance.", "PMID": 745634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6451", "title": "Effects of ultrafiltration of diffusion and convection in two newer coils.", "content": "Clearances of sodium and B12 were measured with increasing ultrafiltration in two newer coils with new types of membrane support. In all other coil studies previously reported, clearance increases with ultrafiltration did not equal predictions from contributions of convection implying simultaneous decreases in diffusive solute transport with increasing transmembrane pressure. Such deterioration was attributed to masking of membrane surface area by the membrane support, widening of blood channels, and/or channeling of dialysate flow. In these newer coils, clearance increases were very near to predicted enhancement by convection while diffusion was stable in one type and decreased only modestly in the other. Coil volumes assessed with the kerosene technique increased with higher transmembrane pressure similar to findings in previous coils studies. Thus, although coil blood path dimensions are altered with increasing pressure as in older coils, diffusive clearances remain stable and increases in total clearances equal that predicted from convective solute transport. These results suggest that membrane masking is probably the major mechanism for decreases in diffusion with ultrafiltration in other coils and that the problem has been minimized with improved membrane supports.", "contents": "Effects of ultrafiltration of diffusion and convection in two newer coils. Clearances of sodium and B12 were measured with increasing ultrafiltration in two newer coils with new types of membrane support. In all other coil studies previously reported, clearance increases with ultrafiltration did not equal predictions from contributions of convection implying simultaneous decreases in diffusive solute transport with increasing transmembrane pressure. Such deterioration was attributed to masking of membrane surface area by the membrane support, widening of blood channels, and/or channeling of dialysate flow. In these newer coils, clearance increases were very near to predicted enhancement by convection while diffusion was stable in one type and decreased only modestly in the other. Coil volumes assessed with the kerosene technique increased with higher transmembrane pressure similar to findings in previous coils studies. Thus, although coil blood path dimensions are altered with increasing pressure as in older coils, diffusive clearances remain stable and increases in total clearances equal that predicted from convective solute transport. These results suggest that membrane masking is probably the major mechanism for decreases in diffusion with ultrafiltration in other coils and that the problem has been minimized with improved membrane supports.", "PMID": 745635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6452", "title": "Stenosing renal artery disease in children: clinicopathologic correlation and results of surgical treatment.", "content": "From 1955 to 1977, 27 pediatric patients underwent surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Renal artery disease was most commonly caused by intimal or perimedial fibroplasia and occurred bilaterally in 7 patients. Overall results were 16 patients cured (59%), 5 patients improved (19%) and 6 failures (22%). The best results were obtained in children with unilateral renal artery stenosis. In recent years, ablative surgery has been largely supplanted by reconstructive vascular procedures in the treatment of this disease in children. Autogenous vascular bypass grafts have been most successful and aortorenal reimplantation may occasionally be employed. Renal autotransplantation should be reserved for children with the middle aortic syndrome or multiple lesions involving the branches of the renal artery. Splenorenal bypass and segmental resection with renastomosis have yielded poor results and are best avoided in this age group. Primary nephrectomy should only be performed in patients with renal atrophy or uncorrectable branch vessel disease. Renovascular hypertension in children is a potentially curable disease and revascularization with preservation of renal function should be the combined objectives of surgical therapy in the most cases.", "contents": "Stenosing renal artery disease in children: clinicopathologic correlation and results of surgical treatment. From 1955 to 1977, 27 pediatric patients underwent surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Renal artery disease was most commonly caused by intimal or perimedial fibroplasia and occurred bilaterally in 7 patients. Overall results were 16 patients cured (59%), 5 patients improved (19%) and 6 failures (22%). The best results were obtained in children with unilateral renal artery stenosis. In recent years, ablative surgery has been largely supplanted by reconstructive vascular procedures in the treatment of this disease in children. Autogenous vascular bypass grafts have been most successful and aortorenal reimplantation may occasionally be employed. Renal autotransplantation should be reserved for children with the middle aortic syndrome or multiple lesions involving the branches of the renal artery. Splenorenal bypass and segmental resection with renastomosis have yielded poor results and are best avoided in this age group. Primary nephrectomy should only be performed in patients with renal atrophy or uncorrectable branch vessel disease. Renovascular hypertension in children is a potentially curable disease and revascularization with preservation of renal function should be the combined objectives of surgical therapy in the most cases.", "PMID": 745636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6453", "title": "Bacterial populations of the small intestine in uremia.", "content": "The small intestinal bacterial flora of 15 patients with chronic renal insufficiency was compared with that of subjects with blind loop synDROME. 9 patients were on regular hemodialysis with high protein intake and 6 (serum creatinine 7.5 to 12.5 mg/dl) were maintained on low protein diet. The chronic renal patients harbored a greatly increased microbial flora of both anaerobes and aerobes in the duodenum and jejunum, quantitatively comparable to those in blind loop subjects. The composition did not differ significantly in the two groups. Some organisms may have the potential to metabolize substrates which reach the intestinal lumen from the diet and bile, and perhaps to generate toxic metabolites that could contribute to uremic toxicity or malabsorption.", "contents": "Bacterial populations of the small intestine in uremia. The small intestinal bacterial flora of 15 patients with chronic renal insufficiency was compared with that of subjects with blind loop synDROME. 9 patients were on regular hemodialysis with high protein intake and 6 (serum creatinine 7.5 to 12.5 mg/dl) were maintained on low protein diet. The chronic renal patients harbored a greatly increased microbial flora of both anaerobes and aerobes in the duodenum and jejunum, quantitatively comparable to those in blind loop subjects. The composition did not differ significantly in the two groups. Some organisms may have the potential to metabolize substrates which reach the intestinal lumen from the diet and bile, and perhaps to generate toxic metabolites that could contribute to uremic toxicity or malabsorption.", "PMID": 745639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6454", "title": "Endocytosis: a property of the glomerular visceral epithelial cell.", "content": "The sequential intravenous injections of protamine and heparin into rats results in the deposition of protamine-heparin aggregates along the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane. Morphologic studies indicate that these foreign aggregates are removed from the glomerular basement membrane by virtue of phagocytic activity by the glomerular visceral epithelial cells. We have studied the disappearance rate of protamine-heparin aggregates from the glomerular basement membrane in animals given a single dose of these compounds and in animals receiving chronic administration. The disappearance rate was measured utilizing a computerized morphometric technique to determine the numerical density of protamine-heparin aggregates per 100 micrometer glomerular basement membrane in sequential biopsy specimens taken from 15 to 600 min post-injection. The disappearance rate described a linear function in both acute and chronic animals, with a half-disappearance time of approximately 120 min. Disappearance of the aggregates appeared to be due to epithelial cell phagocytosis. This model provides a method of studying this function in the intact glomerulus in both normal and disease states.", "contents": "Endocytosis: a property of the glomerular visceral epithelial cell. The sequential intravenous injections of protamine and heparin into rats results in the deposition of protamine-heparin aggregates along the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane. Morphologic studies indicate that these foreign aggregates are removed from the glomerular basement membrane by virtue of phagocytic activity by the glomerular visceral epithelial cells. We have studied the disappearance rate of protamine-heparin aggregates from the glomerular basement membrane in animals given a single dose of these compounds and in animals receiving chronic administration. The disappearance rate was measured utilizing a computerized morphometric technique to determine the numerical density of protamine-heparin aggregates per 100 micrometer glomerular basement membrane in sequential biopsy specimens taken from 15 to 600 min post-injection. The disappearance rate described a linear function in both acute and chronic animals, with a half-disappearance time of approximately 120 min. Disappearance of the aggregates appeared to be due to epithelial cell phagocytosis. This model provides a method of studying this function in the intact glomerulus in both normal and disease states.", "PMID": 745642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6455", "title": "Lysine in treatment of hyperornithinemia.", "content": "A metabolic study in a case of hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina is presented. It is demonstrated that the lysine-ornithine antagonism is a physiological, safe, easy to handle therapeutic tool in hyperornithinemia. A lysine load was invariably associated with a reduction of plasma ornithine concentration. This happened at any level of protein intake. It was also shown that diets containing a low protein intake are invariably associated with negative nitrogen balance.", "contents": "Lysine in treatment of hyperornithinemia. A metabolic study in a case of hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina is presented. It is demonstrated that the lysine-ornithine antagonism is a physiological, safe, easy to handle therapeutic tool in hyperornithinemia. A lysine load was invariably associated with a reduction of plasma ornithine concentration. This happened at any level of protein intake. It was also shown that diets containing a low protein intake are invariably associated with negative nitrogen balance.", "PMID": 745643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6456", "title": "Hypothalamic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity: fluctuations with time of day and their modifications by intracranial surgery, adrenalectomy, and pinealectomy.", "content": "Hypothalamic and plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [DBH, EC 1.14.2.1] activites were measured by a coupled radioenzymatic method. Animals representing five experimental groups [intact controls, adrenalectomized, pinealectomized, adrenalectomized pinealectomized, doubly sham-operated] were killed and sampled at 8 times through the 24-hr daily cycle, 15 days postoperation, and at 50-52 days of age. Hypothalamic DBH in intact control animals had statistically significant fluctuations in relation to time of day. These changes were lost or dampened in groups that had had intracranial surgery and were characteristically shifted by adrenalectomy, either alone or with pinealectomy. Plasma DBH fluctuations in the same animals resembled those in hypothalamus in some features (e.g., peak near mid-dark; shift in daily maxima and minima after adrenalectomy) and differed in others [e.g., no effect of intracranial surgery or of sham operation; adrenalectomized pinealectomized animals resembled the solely pinealectomized]. Although temporal patterns in hypothalamic DBH activity thus differed in the experimental animal groups, the daily means of hypothalamic DBH activity were similar.", "contents": "Hypothalamic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity: fluctuations with time of day and their modifications by intracranial surgery, adrenalectomy, and pinealectomy. Hypothalamic and plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [DBH, EC 1.14.2.1] activites were measured by a coupled radioenzymatic method. Animals representing five experimental groups [intact controls, adrenalectomized, pinealectomized, adrenalectomized pinealectomized, doubly sham-operated] were killed and sampled at 8 times through the 24-hr daily cycle, 15 days postoperation, and at 50-52 days of age. Hypothalamic DBH in intact control animals had statistically significant fluctuations in relation to time of day. These changes were lost or dampened in groups that had had intracranial surgery and were characteristically shifted by adrenalectomy, either alone or with pinealectomy. Plasma DBH fluctuations in the same animals resembled those in hypothalamus in some features (e.g., peak near mid-dark; shift in daily maxima and minima after adrenalectomy) and differed in others [e.g., no effect of intracranial surgery or of sham operation; adrenalectomized pinealectomized animals resembled the solely pinealectomized]. Although temporal patterns in hypothalamic DBH activity thus differed in the experimental animal groups, the daily means of hypothalamic DBH activity were similar.", "PMID": 745650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6457", "title": "Evidence for net uptake of GABA into mouse astrocytes in primary cultures--its sodium dependence and potassium independence.", "content": "Content of GABA was measured in cultured, normal astrocytes [from the brain cortex of newborn mice] together with the effect of nonradioactive GABA on the efflux of labeled GABA from cells previously loaded with (14C)GABA. An increase of external GABA concentration from 0 to 25 micron evoked a rise of the GABA content in the cells to a level which was approximately 50 times that of the incubation medium. Neither 200 nor 2000 micron nonradioactive GABA had any effect on the rate of release of radioactivity from cells loaded with (14C)GABA. Both the high tissue/medium ratio and the lack of a GABA-induced enhancement of the release of radioactivity indicate that the previously observed high-affinity uptake of GABA in cultured astrocytes represents a net uptake and not a homoexchange with endogenous GABA. This uptake is sodium dependent but was found to be unaffected in potassium-free media; the quantitative correlation between GABA transport and sodium transport differed from that reported for synaptosomes.", "contents": "Evidence for net uptake of GABA into mouse astrocytes in primary cultures--its sodium dependence and potassium independence. Content of GABA was measured in cultured, normal astrocytes [from the brain cortex of newborn mice] together with the effect of nonradioactive GABA on the efflux of labeled GABA from cells previously loaded with (14C)GABA. An increase of external GABA concentration from 0 to 25 micron evoked a rise of the GABA content in the cells to a level which was approximately 50 times that of the incubation medium. Neither 200 nor 2000 micron nonradioactive GABA had any effect on the rate of release of radioactivity from cells loaded with (14C)GABA. Both the high tissue/medium ratio and the lack of a GABA-induced enhancement of the release of radioactivity indicate that the previously observed high-affinity uptake of GABA in cultured astrocytes represents a net uptake and not a homoexchange with endogenous GABA. This uptake is sodium dependent but was found to be unaffected in potassium-free media; the quantitative correlation between GABA transport and sodium transport differed from that reported for synaptosomes.", "PMID": 745651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6458", "title": "Cystathionine in rat brain: catabolism in vivo.", "content": "The content of cystathionine was measured in 35 rat brains; the range was 10-120 nmol/g wet weight and thus the variability of cystathionine content in rat brain was emphasized. The regional distribution of cystathionine was also determined: the highest level was found in cerebellum; the lowest level was observed in the white and gray matter of the hemispheres. These results are different from those obtained in other species. The radioactive metabolites formed from L-(35S)cystathionine injected intracisternally were measured in brains of rats killed at the following times after injection: 0.25, 1, 2, 4,6, 9, 16, and 27 hr. The radioactivity was found both in the proteins and in the acid-soluble fraction. In the acid-soluble fraction the radioactivity was found in various ninhydrin-reacting compounds: [cysteic cysteine sulfinic] acid, taurine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, cystine, cystathionine, and a compound tentatively identified as the mixed disulfide of cysteine and glutathione. The radioactivity of cystathionine decreased exponentially between the 1st and the 27th hour after injection and its half-life was estimated to be about 5 hr. The radioactivity in the other ninhydrin-reacting compounds increased until the 9th hour after injection, then decreased. Half of this radioactivity was present in reduced glutathione, the rest being shared equally between: [cysteic cysteine sulfinic] acid, taurine, and the mixed disulfide. It is worthwhile to note that the radioactivity in the cystine fraction was always very low.", "contents": "Cystathionine in rat brain: catabolism in vivo. The content of cystathionine was measured in 35 rat brains; the range was 10-120 nmol/g wet weight and thus the variability of cystathionine content in rat brain was emphasized. The regional distribution of cystathionine was also determined: the highest level was found in cerebellum; the lowest level was observed in the white and gray matter of the hemispheres. These results are different from those obtained in other species. The radioactive metabolites formed from L-(35S)cystathionine injected intracisternally were measured in brains of rats killed at the following times after injection: 0.25, 1, 2, 4,6, 9, 16, and 27 hr. The radioactivity was found both in the proteins and in the acid-soluble fraction. In the acid-soluble fraction the radioactivity was found in various ninhydrin-reacting compounds: [cysteic cysteine sulfinic] acid, taurine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, cystine, cystathionine, and a compound tentatively identified as the mixed disulfide of cysteine and glutathione. The radioactivity of cystathionine decreased exponentially between the 1st and the 27th hour after injection and its half-life was estimated to be about 5 hr. The radioactivity in the other ninhydrin-reacting compounds increased until the 9th hour after injection, then decreased. Half of this radioactivity was present in reduced glutathione, the rest being shared equally between: [cysteic cysteine sulfinic] acid, taurine, and the mixed disulfide. It is worthwhile to note that the radioactivity in the cystine fraction was always very low.", "PMID": 745652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6459", "title": "Denaturation of proteins by ascorbic acid: effects on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "Under conditions that are optimum for DbetaH, ascorbic acid denatures serum albumin, gamma-globulin, catalase, and DbetaH. With ascrobate plus Cu2+, the proteins are almost completely destroyed. Pyrazole protects DbetaH and albumin, but not catalase. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is not denatured by ascorbate, with or without Cu2+, and in combination with catalytic amounts of catalase or Fe2+ it stimulates maximum DbetaH activity. In other words, a combination of catalase and SOD, or Fe2+ and SOD, will protect DbetaH. Excessive amounts of catalase and/or other protein, either native or denatured will prevent the effects of superoxide and/or ascrobate, but cannot replace the requirements for catalytic quantities of catalase or Fe2+. The results suggest that the rate of hydroxylation of tyramine may be limited by superoxide, but that the latter per se does not denature DbetaH as does hydrogen peroxide. The in vitro activation of oxygen by DbetaH is a toxic process, involving the production of both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide and possibly other free radicals. In the absence of precise regulation of the production and concentrations of these compounds, the enzyme is denatured.", "contents": "Denaturation of proteins by ascorbic acid: effects on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Under conditions that are optimum for DbetaH, ascorbic acid denatures serum albumin, gamma-globulin, catalase, and DbetaH. With ascrobate plus Cu2+, the proteins are almost completely destroyed. Pyrazole protects DbetaH and albumin, but not catalase. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is not denatured by ascorbate, with or without Cu2+, and in combination with catalytic amounts of catalase or Fe2+ it stimulates maximum DbetaH activity. In other words, a combination of catalase and SOD, or Fe2+ and SOD, will protect DbetaH. Excessive amounts of catalase and/or other protein, either native or denatured will prevent the effects of superoxide and/or ascrobate, but cannot replace the requirements for catalytic quantities of catalase or Fe2+. The results suggest that the rate of hydroxylation of tyramine may be limited by superoxide, but that the latter per se does not denature DbetaH as does hydrogen peroxide. The in vitro activation of oxygen by DbetaH is a toxic process, involving the production of both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide and possibly other free radicals. In the absence of precise regulation of the production and concentrations of these compounds, the enzyme is denatured.", "PMID": 745653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6460", "title": "Amino acid transport in the retina.", "content": "The uptake, exit, homoexchange, inhibitory pattern, and kinetic analysis of transport of three amino acids were studied in the isolated retina of adult rat under different metabolic conditions. Only in the case of glycine, uptake and exit were shown to duplicate the processes observed in brain slices. In the case of lysine, glucose and oxygen showed an inhibitory effect, but with glutamate spontaneous exit could not be measured. It was also found that the rate of homoexchange for glycine and glutamate, but not for lysine, increases in the presence of oxygen and glucose.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in the retina. The uptake, exit, homoexchange, inhibitory pattern, and kinetic analysis of transport of three amino acids were studied in the isolated retina of adult rat under different metabolic conditions. Only in the case of glycine, uptake and exit were shown to duplicate the processes observed in brain slices. In the case of lysine, glucose and oxygen showed an inhibitory effect, but with glutamate spontaneous exit could not be measured. It was also found that the rate of homoexchange for glycine and glutamate, but not for lysine, increases in the presence of oxygen and glucose.", "PMID": 745654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6461", "title": "Taurine deficiency in the kitten subcellular distribution of taurine and [35S]taurine in brain.", "content": "Taurine concentration decreases rapidly in the tissues and physiological fluids of kittens fed a diet of partially purified casein which lacks taurine. We have studied the subcellular distribution in cerebrum of taurine and [35S]taurine administered intravenously to these animals. The taurine concentration of all the fractions isolated from the cerebrum of taurine-deficient kittens was approximately sevenfold less than that observed in the fractions of cerebrum isolated from control kittens. The [35S]taurine was approximately twofold greater in all the brain fractions isolated from the taurine-deficient kittens compared with those isolated from the control kittens. The percent distributions of taurine and [35S]taurine in the fractions isolated from the cerebrum of control and deficient kittens were identical. Thus, in the face of a severe diet-induced deficiency of taurine in kitten brain, there appears to be no conservation of taurine by any particular subcellular pool of taurine. These studies provide no evidence for differences in compartmentation of taurine in cerebrum of taurine-deficient kittens compared with control kittens.", "contents": "Taurine deficiency in the kitten subcellular distribution of taurine and [35S]taurine in brain. Taurine concentration decreases rapidly in the tissues and physiological fluids of kittens fed a diet of partially purified casein which lacks taurine. We have studied the subcellular distribution in cerebrum of taurine and [35S]taurine administered intravenously to these animals. The taurine concentration of all the fractions isolated from the cerebrum of taurine-deficient kittens was approximately sevenfold less than that observed in the fractions of cerebrum isolated from control kittens. The [35S]taurine was approximately twofold greater in all the brain fractions isolated from the taurine-deficient kittens compared with those isolated from the control kittens. The percent distributions of taurine and [35S]taurine in the fractions isolated from the cerebrum of control and deficient kittens were identical. Thus, in the face of a severe diet-induced deficiency of taurine in kitten brain, there appears to be no conservation of taurine by any particular subcellular pool of taurine. These studies provide no evidence for differences in compartmentation of taurine in cerebrum of taurine-deficient kittens compared with control kittens.", "PMID": 745655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6462", "title": "Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid release from rat cerebral cortex slices by barbiturate anesthesia.", "content": "Amobarbital and pentobarbital anesthesia inhibited the potassium-stimulated, Ca-dependent release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from rat cerebral cortex slices during incubation in vitro. Inhibition of GABA release was not found when slices were prepared from rats shortly after they awakened from amobarbital anesthesia. Phenobarbital anesthesia did not affect the release of GABA.", "contents": "Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid release from rat cerebral cortex slices by barbiturate anesthesia. Amobarbital and pentobarbital anesthesia inhibited the potassium-stimulated, Ca-dependent release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from rat cerebral cortex slices during incubation in vitro. Inhibition of GABA release was not found when slices were prepared from rats shortly after they awakened from amobarbital anesthesia. Phenobarbital anesthesia did not affect the release of GABA.", "PMID": 745656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6463", "title": "Potassium-stimulated release of GABA, glycine, and taurine from the chick retina.", "content": "The effect of depolarizing potassium concentration on the release of [14C]glycine, [3H]GABA, and [3S]taurine was investigated in the whole chick retina and in a synaptosomal fraction prepared from the chick retina. In the whole retina, increasing potassium concentration above 40 mM resulted in an increased release of the three amino acids. The release of glycine was the most stimulated and that of taurine, the least. The potassium-evoked release of glycine and GABA was calcium dependent. In the synaptosomal fraction, 68.5 mM potassium significantly stimulated the efflux of GABA and glycine by a calcium-dependent mechanism. The release of taurine from this fraction was unaffected by high potassium.", "contents": "Potassium-stimulated release of GABA, glycine, and taurine from the chick retina. The effect of depolarizing potassium concentration on the release of [14C]glycine, [3H]GABA, and [3S]taurine was investigated in the whole chick retina and in a synaptosomal fraction prepared from the chick retina. In the whole retina, increasing potassium concentration above 40 mM resulted in an increased release of the three amino acids. The release of glycine was the most stimulated and that of taurine, the least. The potassium-evoked release of glycine and GABA was calcium dependent. In the synaptosomal fraction, 68.5 mM potassium significantly stimulated the efflux of GABA and glycine by a calcium-dependent mechanism. The release of taurine from this fraction was unaffected by high potassium.", "PMID": 745657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6464", "title": "Endogenous phosphorylation of rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes in vitro: some methodological aspects.", "content": "The time course of endogenous phosphorylation in vitro of total or separated synaptic plasma membrane proteins (SPM) has been correlated with that of hydrolysis of the phosphate donor (ATP) in the incubation medium. The ATP/SPM ratio in the medium was varied. In a low-ratio medium (7.5 muM ATP; 2.2 microgram SPM/microliter) a complete hydrolysis of ATP occurred almost instantaneously as was measured by the release of free phosphate in and the disappearance of ATP from the medium. As a consequence, only a very short peak of phosphorylation, followed by dephosphorylation was observed. However, when higher ATP/SPM ratios were used (200 muM ATP; 0.4 microgram SPM/microliter and 500 muM ATP; 0.4 microgram SPM/microliter), the incorporation of phosphate into SPM proteins was linear for 20 sec, and the maximum level of phosphate incorporation was increased. Similar results were obtained after separation of 32P-labeled phosphoproteins by slab gel electrophoresis. However, analysis of the autoradiographs obtained from one SPM preparation under different ATP/SPM ratios revealed dependence of phosphorylation of individual protein bands on the conditions used.", "contents": "Endogenous phosphorylation of rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes in vitro: some methodological aspects. The time course of endogenous phosphorylation in vitro of total or separated synaptic plasma membrane proteins (SPM) has been correlated with that of hydrolysis of the phosphate donor (ATP) in the incubation medium. The ATP/SPM ratio in the medium was varied. In a low-ratio medium (7.5 muM ATP; 2.2 microgram SPM/microliter) a complete hydrolysis of ATP occurred almost instantaneously as was measured by the release of free phosphate in and the disappearance of ATP from the medium. As a consequence, only a very short peak of phosphorylation, followed by dephosphorylation was observed. However, when higher ATP/SPM ratios were used (200 muM ATP; 0.4 microgram SPM/microliter and 500 muM ATP; 0.4 microgram SPM/microliter), the incorporation of phosphate into SPM proteins was linear for 20 sec, and the maximum level of phosphate incorporation was increased. Similar results were obtained after separation of 32P-labeled phosphoproteins by slab gel electrophoresis. However, analysis of the autoradiographs obtained from one SPM preparation under different ATP/SPM ratios revealed dependence of phosphorylation of individual protein bands on the conditions used.", "PMID": 745658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6465", "title": "Time course of appearance of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites during development of chick ciliary ganglion and iris.", "content": "The binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (ABTX) to homogenates of ciliary ganglia and irises from embryonic and posthatching chickens has been examined. Specific, high-affinity binding was found in both tissues [KD (iris) equals 2.5 nM; KD (ganglion) equals 2.7 nM]. Binding is saturated above 10 nM toxin concentration and is inhibited by low concentrations of the nicotinic antagonist d-tubocurarine. The binding may be associated with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor in both tissues. The amount of binding in the iris begins to increase soon after functional innervation is first observed, at 12 days of incubation (d.i.), and continues to increase up to four months after hatching (a.h.), the oldest age tested. In contrast, ABTX binding in the ciliary ganglion increases fourfold between 7 and 11 d.i., after which the amount of binding remains unchanged up to four months a.h. When compared to the development of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the ganglion and iris, ABTX binding follows a pattern similar to that of AChE activity. The largest increases in ChAc activity occur later than those of the postsynaptic markers. After 16 d.i. there are approximately 3 x 10(6) toxin molecules bound per neuron in the ciliary ganglion.", "contents": "Time course of appearance of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites during development of chick ciliary ganglion and iris. The binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (ABTX) to homogenates of ciliary ganglia and irises from embryonic and posthatching chickens has been examined. Specific, high-affinity binding was found in both tissues [KD (iris) equals 2.5 nM; KD (ganglion) equals 2.7 nM]. Binding is saturated above 10 nM toxin concentration and is inhibited by low concentrations of the nicotinic antagonist d-tubocurarine. The binding may be associated with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor in both tissues. The amount of binding in the iris begins to increase soon after functional innervation is first observed, at 12 days of incubation (d.i.), and continues to increase up to four months after hatching (a.h.), the oldest age tested. In contrast, ABTX binding in the ciliary ganglion increases fourfold between 7 and 11 d.i., after which the amount of binding remains unchanged up to four months a.h. When compared to the development of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the ganglion and iris, ABTX binding follows a pattern similar to that of AChE activity. The largest increases in ChAc activity occur later than those of the postsynaptic markers. After 16 d.i. there are approximately 3 x 10(6) toxin molecules bound per neuron in the ciliary ganglion.", "PMID": 745659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6466", "title": "Identification of polydisperse RNA in the cytoplasm of neurons isolated from the immature brain cortex.", "content": "The cytoplasmic RNA of 10-day-old rats was studied in bulk-isolated, cortical neurons, obtained under conditions which minimize nuclear contamination. Two RNA fractions, one enriched rRNA and the other in \"polydisperse\" RNA, were obtained by differential extraction with phenol. Gel electrophoresis and pulse labelling with 5-[3H]uridine were used to confirm the delayed appearance of newly synthesized rRNA in the cytoplasm and to demonstrate its stability. \"Polydisperse\" RNA appeared in the cytoplasm earlier and had a shorter half-life than rRNA. A wide range of molecular weights for this RNA was found with no predominant individual species. A set of cytoplasmic RNA components of molecular size between 28S and 18S was also present probably reflecting the in vivo degradation of rRNA. The significance of the unexpectedly high amounts of neuronal polydisperse RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of polydisperse RNA in the cytoplasm of neurons isolated from the immature brain cortex. The cytoplasmic RNA of 10-day-old rats was studied in bulk-isolated, cortical neurons, obtained under conditions which minimize nuclear contamination. Two RNA fractions, one enriched rRNA and the other in \"polydisperse\" RNA, were obtained by differential extraction with phenol. Gel electrophoresis and pulse labelling with 5-[3H]uridine were used to confirm the delayed appearance of newly synthesized rRNA in the cytoplasm and to demonstrate its stability. \"Polydisperse\" RNA appeared in the cytoplasm earlier and had a shorter half-life than rRNA. A wide range of molecular weights for this RNA was found with no predominant individual species. A set of cytoplasmic RNA components of molecular size between 28S and 18S was also present probably reflecting the in vivo degradation of rRNA. The significance of the unexpectedly high amounts of neuronal polydisperse RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 745661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6467", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase. The absence of multiple forms and purification from mouse brain.", "content": "No multiple forms of choline acetyltransferase were found in extracts of human, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, and rat brain. A single form of this enzyme only was also demonstrated in bovine nervous tissue, including brain, dorsal and ventral roots, spinal cord, and femoral nerve. The difference from other published findings is believed to be due to ammonium sulfate fractionation, which was not used in the present study. In addition, multiple forms of the enzyme were obtained by others using isoelectric focusing, whereas this study employed gel filtration. Choline acetyltransferase was highly purified form mouse brain using a procedure similar to that used for the enzyme from bovine brain. The steps involved: (1) making an acetone-chloroform powder from whole mouse brains, (2) extracting the powder and chromatographing the soluble fraction with organomercurial Sepharose, (3) passing the enzyme solution through a column of DEAE-cellulose, (4) eluting from hydroxyapatite, and (5) removing contaminants by subunit exchange chromatography. The final preparation was essentially homogeneous as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase. The absence of multiple forms and purification from mouse brain. No multiple forms of choline acetyltransferase were found in extracts of human, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, and rat brain. A single form of this enzyme only was also demonstrated in bovine nervous tissue, including brain, dorsal and ventral roots, spinal cord, and femoral nerve. The difference from other published findings is believed to be due to ammonium sulfate fractionation, which was not used in the present study. In addition, multiple forms of the enzyme were obtained by others using isoelectric focusing, whereas this study employed gel filtration. Choline acetyltransferase was highly purified form mouse brain using a procedure similar to that used for the enzyme from bovine brain. The steps involved: (1) making an acetone-chloroform powder from whole mouse brains, (2) extracting the powder and chromatographing the soluble fraction with organomercurial Sepharose, (3) passing the enzyme solution through a column of DEAE-cellulose, (4) eluting from hydroxyapatite, and (5) removing contaminants by subunit exchange chromatography. The final preparation was essentially homogeneous as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 745662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6468", "title": "Ontogenesis of histamine in the chick nervous system.", "content": "Tissues from the central and peripheral nervous systems of the chick were analyzed for concentration of histamine (Hm) during development. Of the three CNS organs examined, cerebral hemispheres had the highest Hm content. Expressed on the bases of wet weight, protein, and DNA concentrations, sciatic nerve and the pineal gland had the highest levels of this biogenic amine of the five tissues investigated. The concentration of Hm was higher in the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and thalamus of adult animals than in the 15 to 17-day-old embryos. The level of Hm rose markedly in the sciatic nerve and pineal gland after the 15th day of embryonic development. These data might indicate a possible involvement of Hm in controlling the course of maturation of certain organs in the nervous system.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of histamine in the chick nervous system. Tissues from the central and peripheral nervous systems of the chick were analyzed for concentration of histamine (Hm) during development. Of the three CNS organs examined, cerebral hemispheres had the highest Hm content. Expressed on the bases of wet weight, protein, and DNA concentrations, sciatic nerve and the pineal gland had the highest levels of this biogenic amine of the five tissues investigated. The concentration of Hm was higher in the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and thalamus of adult animals than in the 15 to 17-day-old embryos. The level of Hm rose markedly in the sciatic nerve and pineal gland after the 15th day of embryonic development. These data might indicate a possible involvement of Hm in controlling the course of maturation of certain organs in the nervous system.", "PMID": 745663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6469", "title": "Characteristics of the activation by dithiothreitol and Fe(2+) of tryptophan hydroxylase from the rat brain.", "content": "The preincubation of tryptophan hydroxylase extracted from various areas of the central nervous system of the rat with 30 mM dithiothreitol and 50 muM ferrous ammonium sulfate under nitrogen atmosphere resulted in a persistent increase of its activity. Studies on the enzyme characteristics indicated that this activation was associated with a doubling in its Vmax and a shift (from 7.6 to 7.2) of the optimal pH for its activity. In contrast, the molecular weight and the apparent affinities of tryptophan hydroxylase for its pterin cofactor and for tryptophan were not significantly altered by the preincubation with dithiothreitol and ferrous ammonium sulfate. Since this treatment did not prevent the stimulatory effects of various compounds (phosphatidylserine, ATP and MG(2+), Ca(2+)) on tryptophan hydroxylase activity, this might be a good procedure to activate this enzyme with only minor changes in its regulatory properties.", "contents": "Characteristics of the activation by dithiothreitol and Fe(2+) of tryptophan hydroxylase from the rat brain. The preincubation of tryptophan hydroxylase extracted from various areas of the central nervous system of the rat with 30 mM dithiothreitol and 50 muM ferrous ammonium sulfate under nitrogen atmosphere resulted in a persistent increase of its activity. Studies on the enzyme characteristics indicated that this activation was associated with a doubling in its Vmax and a shift (from 7.6 to 7.2) of the optimal pH for its activity. In contrast, the molecular weight and the apparent affinities of tryptophan hydroxylase for its pterin cofactor and for tryptophan were not significantly altered by the preincubation with dithiothreitol and ferrous ammonium sulfate. Since this treatment did not prevent the stimulatory effects of various compounds (phosphatidylserine, ATP and MG(2+), Ca(2+)) on tryptophan hydroxylase activity, this might be a good procedure to activate this enzyme with only minor changes in its regulatory properties.", "PMID": 745664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6470", "title": "Protein and glycoprotein composition of subsynaptosomal fractions. Implications for Exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Highly enriched fractions of synaptic junctional complexes, synaptic vesicles, and coated vesicles were isolated from rat forebrains and compared, along with synaptosomal plasma membrane and its nonjunctional components, by discontinuous sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When stained for proteins with Coomassie blue, the gels all contained the same protein bands, only in different relative amounts. Mixing experiments revealed no additional bands. However, gel patterns of each fraction were not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different when stained for carbohydrate. These observations suggested that some of the protein bands may vary in their degree of glycosylation among the various synaptic fractions. Within the limits of resolution of the methods used here, these results are consistent with the morphological process of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and recycling but suggest the possibility of a reversible modification of certain membrane glycoproteins as they pass through the various membrane compartments.", "contents": "Protein and glycoprotein composition of subsynaptosomal fractions. Implications for Exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles. Highly enriched fractions of synaptic junctional complexes, synaptic vesicles, and coated vesicles were isolated from rat forebrains and compared, along with synaptosomal plasma membrane and its nonjunctional components, by discontinuous sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When stained for proteins with Coomassie blue, the gels all contained the same protein bands, only in different relative amounts. Mixing experiments revealed no additional bands. However, gel patterns of each fraction were not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different when stained for carbohydrate. These observations suggested that some of the protein bands may vary in their degree of glycosylation among the various synaptic fractions. Within the limits of resolution of the methods used here, these results are consistent with the morphological process of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and recycling but suggest the possibility of a reversible modification of certain membrane glycoproteins as they pass through the various membrane compartments.", "PMID": 745665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6471", "title": "Superoxide dismutase activity in nerve cell culture.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity was assayed in preparations obtained from several clonal lines of nerve cell culture, by enzymatic and nonenzymatic assays. The enzyme was found in dialyzed homogenates of washed cells and in partially purified fractions. The enzyme was also found in cells which had been grown in media containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine, where cell differentiation was observed.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase activity in nerve cell culture. Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity was assayed in preparations obtained from several clonal lines of nerve cell culture, by enzymatic and nonenzymatic assays. The enzyme was found in dialyzed homogenates of washed cells and in partially purified fractions. The enzyme was also found in cells which had been grown in media containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine, where cell differentiation was observed.", "PMID": 745667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6472", "title": "Effect of gamma-glutamyl cycle inhibitors on brain amino acid transport and utilization.", "content": "Two inhibitors of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and 2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid (ICA) were administered to C57LB/6J mice. Both agents resulted in a reduced rate of transport of tyrosine from blood to brain and a decreased rate of incorporation of tyrosine from plasma into brain protein. MSO administration also diminished to concentrations of brain tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. MSO decreased the transport rate of valine by brain as well as the rate of its incorporation into protein when expressed in relation to the plasma specific activity. The results demonstrate a significant role for the gamma-glutamyl cycle in the transport of large neutral amino acids from blood to brain.", "contents": "Effect of gamma-glutamyl cycle inhibitors on brain amino acid transport and utilization. Two inhibitors of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and 2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid (ICA) were administered to C57LB/6J mice. Both agents resulted in a reduced rate of transport of tyrosine from blood to brain and a decreased rate of incorporation of tyrosine from plasma into brain protein. MSO administration also diminished to concentrations of brain tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. MSO decreased the transport rate of valine by brain as well as the rate of its incorporation into protein when expressed in relation to the plasma specific activity. The results demonstrate a significant role for the gamma-glutamyl cycle in the transport of large neutral amino acids from blood to brain.", "PMID": 745666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6473", "title": "Lysosomal storage diseases.", "content": "The majority of lysosomal storage diseases affect the central nervous system. Those that reflect a primary lysosomal disorder are associated with genetically determined deficiencies of specific lysosomal enzymes and storage of the relevant substrate. Autofluorescent lipopigments accumulate in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses, a heterogeneous group of diseases in which lysosomal storage is thought to be a secondary event. In animals, there occurs a group of toxic storage diseases whose pathology mimics that of some of the genetic diseases. In humans some element of control may be achieved by heterozygote detection programmes and/or prenatal diagnosis of pregnancies at risk with elective abortion of an affected foetus. The outlook for specific therapy is not encouraging at this stage.", "contents": "Lysosomal storage diseases. The majority of lysosomal storage diseases affect the central nervous system. Those that reflect a primary lysosomal disorder are associated with genetically determined deficiencies of specific lysosomal enzymes and storage of the relevant substrate. Autofluorescent lipopigments accumulate in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses, a heterogeneous group of diseases in which lysosomal storage is thought to be a secondary event. In animals, there occurs a group of toxic storage diseases whose pathology mimics that of some of the genetic diseases. In humans some element of control may be achieved by heterozygote detection programmes and/or prenatal diagnosis of pregnancies at risk with elective abortion of an affected foetus. The outlook for specific therapy is not encouraging at this stage.", "PMID": 745675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6474", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of the neuropathy of equine idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia.", "content": "A study has been made of the pathological changes in the recurrent laryngeal nerves from horses with clinical and sub-clinical idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. Qualitative and quantitative studies showed in clinical cases there was a progressive distal loss of large myelinated fibres in the left recurrent nerve. Regenerating clusters and onion bulbs were frequently seen in affected nerves both at proximal and distal levels. Degenerating axons were characterized by collections of organelles, and denervated bands of Bungner were common. Similar but less severe changes were seen in the left recurrent nerve of sub-clinical cases, and in both the clinical and sub-clinical cases the distal right recurrent nerve was also affected. Teased fibre studies showed evidence of chronic demyelination and remyelination. The aetiology of this chronic neuropathy remains uncertain but the possibility of nerve compression is discussed.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of the neuropathy of equine idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. A study has been made of the pathological changes in the recurrent laryngeal nerves from horses with clinical and sub-clinical idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. Qualitative and quantitative studies showed in clinical cases there was a progressive distal loss of large myelinated fibres in the left recurrent nerve. Regenerating clusters and onion bulbs were frequently seen in affected nerves both at proximal and distal levels. Degenerating axons were characterized by collections of organelles, and denervated bands of Bungner were common. Similar but less severe changes were seen in the left recurrent nerve of sub-clinical cases, and in both the clinical and sub-clinical cases the distal right recurrent nerve was also affected. Teased fibre studies showed evidence of chronic demyelination and remyelination. The aetiology of this chronic neuropathy remains uncertain but the possibility of nerve compression is discussed.", "PMID": 745676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6475", "title": "Further experience with contrast-enhanced CT in head trauma.", "content": "Abnormal contrast enhancement was seen in 196 (39.8%) of 492 CT scans performed on patients for evaluation of head trauma. It proved most helpful in the diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas and contusions. The advantages of contrast-enhanced CT scans in the evaluation of head trauma more than compensate for the additional time in performing the examination.", "contents": "Further experience with contrast-enhanced CT in head trauma. Abnormal contrast enhancement was seen in 196 (39.8%) of 492 CT scans performed on patients for evaluation of head trauma. It proved most helpful in the diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas and contusions. The advantages of contrast-enhanced CT scans in the evaluation of head trauma more than compensate for the additional time in performing the examination.", "PMID": 745700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6476", "title": "Correlation of long-term follow-up neurologic, psychologic, and cranial computed tomographic evaluations of head trauma patients.", "content": "We followed 153 head-injured patients by computed tomography and neurologic examinations. Twenty-seven also received psychologic evaluations. Cerebral parenchymal disruption was the abnormality produced by head trauma most likely to result in a fixed neurologic or psychologic deficit. Extracerebral hematomas and diffuse cerebral swelling were associated with deficits only if focal parenchymal damage was also present. Of the lesions encountered, midline hemorrhages, reflecting a diffuse shearing injury, were associated with the highest morbidity and mortality. The sites of residual parenchymal damage were associated more frequently with deficits found on psychologic testing than with neurologically detected deficits.", "contents": "Correlation of long-term follow-up neurologic, psychologic, and cranial computed tomographic evaluations of head trauma patients. We followed 153 head-injured patients by computed tomography and neurologic examinations. Twenty-seven also received psychologic evaluations. Cerebral parenchymal disruption was the abnormality produced by head trauma most likely to result in a fixed neurologic or psychologic deficit. Extracerebral hematomas and diffuse cerebral swelling were associated with deficits only if focal parenchymal damage was also present. Of the lesions encountered, midline hemorrhages, reflecting a diffuse shearing injury, were associated with the highest morbidity and mortality. The sites of residual parenchymal damage were associated more frequently with deficits found on psychologic testing than with neurologically detected deficits.", "PMID": 745701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6477", "title": "Computer tomography of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhagic lesions: the change in density and mass effect with time.", "content": "A review of sequential CT examinations on 87 acute nonpenetrating head injury patients with traumatic hemorrhagic lesions has revealed a difference in location and in time course for change in density and mass effect between intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhagic contusion, and diffuse white matter shearing injury.", "contents": "Computer tomography of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhagic lesions: the change in density and mass effect with time. A review of sequential CT examinations on 87 acute nonpenetrating head injury patients with traumatic hemorrhagic lesions has revealed a difference in location and in time course for change in density and mass effect between intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhagic contusion, and diffuse white matter shearing injury.", "PMID": 745702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6478", "title": "[Interobserver variability in CT reporting. A comparative evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a test of interobserver variability 88 CCT images were described by four physicians. In spite of a standardized documentation method, first results demonstrate that continuous quality control is necessary if the data is gathered into CCT data bases. The evaluation of uncontrolled data seems to be limited.", "contents": "[Interobserver variability in CT reporting. A comparative evaluation (author's transl)]. Within a test of interobserver variability 88 CCT images were described by four physicians. In spite of a standardized documentation method, first results demonstrate that continuous quality control is necessary if the data is gathered into CCT data bases. The evaluation of uncontrolled data seems to be limited.", "PMID": 745703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6479", "title": "Inflammation of the neck.", "content": "In the evaluation of a large series of infectious processes in the cervical region, certain diagnostic sonographic patterns have been established, which prove very helpful in differentiating the various stages and the extension of inflammatory processes. The advantages of sonographic imaging are demonstrated.", "contents": "Inflammation of the neck. In the evaluation of a large series of infectious processes in the cervical region, certain diagnostic sonographic patterns have been established, which prove very helpful in differentiating the various stages and the extension of inflammatory processes. The advantages of sonographic imaging are demonstrated.", "PMID": 745704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6480", "title": "Computed tomography in hereditary ataxias.", "content": "Cranial CT in 39 patients (23 belonged to 8 families) with four different groups of hereditary ataxia (HA) showed mainly three combinations of atrophic findings: (1) cerebellar ataxia (CA, n = 17) had marked atrophy of the cerebellum and/or the brain stem combined with moderate cerebral atrophy; (2) an intermediate group consisting of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP, n = 10) and Friedreich's ataxia (FA, n = 7), both with moderate infra- and supratentorial atrophy; (3) atrophy was hardly demonstrated in the group of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT, n = 5). HA cases with atrophy could be distinguished from multiple sclerosis (MS) by CT.", "contents": "Computed tomography in hereditary ataxias. Cranial CT in 39 patients (23 belonged to 8 families) with four different groups of hereditary ataxia (HA) showed mainly three combinations of atrophic findings: (1) cerebellar ataxia (CA, n = 17) had marked atrophy of the cerebellum and/or the brain stem combined with moderate cerebral atrophy; (2) an intermediate group consisting of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP, n = 10) and Friedreich's ataxia (FA, n = 7), both with moderate infra- and supratentorial atrophy; (3) atrophy was hardly demonstrated in the group of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT, n = 5). HA cases with atrophy could be distinguished from multiple sclerosis (MS) by CT.", "PMID": 745705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6481", "title": "Results of computer tomography on chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Sixty adult patients with chronic alcoholism were examined by CT. Psychiatric and neurologic syndromes were given equal consideration. Pronounced brain atrophy was found in 75% of the cases. Cortical, as opposed to subcortical, atrophy was apparent in 64%; it was found especially in the frontotemporal region and cerebellum. Cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy as well as epileptic manifestations revealed global signs of atrophy, not restricted to the brain stem. Further correlations to problems of mental deficiency in alcoholism are discussed together with earlier results.", "contents": "Results of computer tomography on chronic alcoholics. Sixty adult patients with chronic alcoholism were examined by CT. Psychiatric and neurologic syndromes were given equal consideration. Pronounced brain atrophy was found in 75% of the cases. Cortical, as opposed to subcortical, atrophy was apparent in 64%; it was found especially in the frontotemporal region and cerebellum. Cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy as well as epileptic manifestations revealed global signs of atrophy, not restricted to the brain stem. Further correlations to problems of mental deficiency in alcoholism are discussed together with earlier results.", "PMID": 745706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6482", "title": "Ammon's horn sclerosis on pneumoencephalotomography.", "content": "Fourteen cases with psychomotor seizure were examined by pneumoencephalotomographic technique. In all cases uni- or bilateral changes of the inferior horn were found: diverticular dilatation of subiculum, lowering and irregularity of the floor, reduction of width, and deformation of digitation. These findings correlated well with the autopsy reports. In most cases, EEG findings also correlated.", "contents": "Ammon's horn sclerosis on pneumoencephalotomography. Fourteen cases with psychomotor seizure were examined by pneumoencephalotomographic technique. In all cases uni- or bilateral changes of the inferior horn were found: diverticular dilatation of subiculum, lowering and irregularity of the floor, reduction of width, and deformation of digitation. These findings correlated well with the autopsy reports. In most cases, EEG findings also correlated.", "PMID": 745707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6483", "title": "CT in evaluation of the circle of Willis.", "content": "The method of visualizing the circle of Willis intentionally on contrast-enhanced CT scan was studied. The incidence of circle of Willis in our series was 86%. Only mild side effects were observed, in 7.5% of cases. CT of 60 proven cerebral aneurysms were reviewed and aneurysm was detected in 57%. This method has the potential to be a noninvasive screening procedure for evaluation of suspected cerebral aneurysm, as well as evaluation of marked arteriosclerosis, occlusion of major arteries, and mass effect of parasellar tumors.", "contents": "CT in evaluation of the circle of Willis. The method of visualizing the circle of Willis intentionally on contrast-enhanced CT scan was studied. The incidence of circle of Willis in our series was 86%. Only mild side effects were observed, in 7.5% of cases. CT of 60 proven cerebral aneurysms were reviewed and aneurysm was detected in 57%. This method has the potential to be a noninvasive screening procedure for evaluation of suspected cerebral aneurysm, as well as evaluation of marked arteriosclerosis, occlusion of major arteries, and mass effect of parasellar tumors.", "PMID": 745708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6484", "title": "The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog.", "content": "EEG activity and regional cerebral blood flow were studied during 5 h of maintenance following 12-16 min of cardiac arrest in 33 anesthetized dogs. Group I received no treatment. Group II received dextran 40. Group III were given both dextran 40 and streptokinase. In Group III the duration of flat EEG was significantly shorter than in Group I or II (P less than 0.002 and less than 0.008). The EEG score at 3 h had already reached a significant level as compared to Group I (P less than 0.005 at 3 h and P less than 0.002 at 5 h). The blood flow in the grey matter and hippocampus was greater in Group III than in Groups I and II. After 3 h the flow in Group III had already reached a significant level (P less than 0.0002, both grey matter and hippocampus) as compared to that in Group I. The findings suggest that impaired cerebral perfusion and function after cardiac arrest are most likely secondary to a combination of hemoconcentration, hyperviscosity, microthrombi formation, and edema at the microcirculatory level. Thus postischemic encephalopathy is in part due to perfusion abnormalities present after arrest, and is therefore amenable to therapy.", "contents": "The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog. EEG activity and regional cerebral blood flow were studied during 5 h of maintenance following 12-16 min of cardiac arrest in 33 anesthetized dogs. Group I received no treatment. Group II received dextran 40. Group III were given both dextran 40 and streptokinase. In Group III the duration of flat EEG was significantly shorter than in Group I or II (P less than 0.002 and less than 0.008). The EEG score at 3 h had already reached a significant level as compared to Group I (P less than 0.005 at 3 h and P less than 0.002 at 5 h). The blood flow in the grey matter and hippocampus was greater in Group III than in Groups I and II. After 3 h the flow in Group III had already reached a significant level (P less than 0.0002, both grey matter and hippocampus) as compared to that in Group I. The findings suggest that impaired cerebral perfusion and function after cardiac arrest are most likely secondary to a combination of hemoconcentration, hyperviscosity, microthrombi formation, and edema at the microcirculatory level. Thus postischemic encephalopathy is in part due to perfusion abnormalities present after arrest, and is therefore amenable to therapy.", "PMID": 745709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6485", "title": "A nationwide system for computer recording of neuroradiologic examinations.", "content": "For 2 years the system of recording radiologic examinations connected with the computer called SYBAR has been in operation. The examination methods are coded using the Index of Roentgen Examinations of the Swedish National Medical Board (1970), while the diagnoses are coded according to [4]. The positive experience accumulated so far prompted the authors to project and put in operation the system NEURO-SYBAR in order to organize a bank of data of neuroradiologic examinations. This system required the widening of two anatomic fields, 'skull and contents' and 'spine and contents,' according to the 'Index for Roentgen Diagnoses' of the American College of Radiology [1]. The NEURO-SYBAR system was adopted by ten radiologic departments in the country. The complete neuroradiologic data from these departments were collected in one computer center in Lodz.", "contents": "A nationwide system for computer recording of neuroradiologic examinations. For 2 years the system of recording radiologic examinations connected with the computer called SYBAR has been in operation. The examination methods are coded using the Index of Roentgen Examinations of the Swedish National Medical Board (1970), while the diagnoses are coded according to [4]. The positive experience accumulated so far prompted the authors to project and put in operation the system NEURO-SYBAR in order to organize a bank of data of neuroradiologic examinations. This system required the widening of two anatomic fields, 'skull and contents' and 'spine and contents,' according to the 'Index for Roentgen Diagnoses' of the American College of Radiology [1]. The NEURO-SYBAR system was adopted by ten radiologic departments in the country. The complete neuroradiologic data from these departments were collected in one computer center in Lodz.", "PMID": 745710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6486", "title": "Systematic double-catheter epidural venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.", "content": "In epidural venography systematic use of two catheters and simultaneous injection of contrast medium does improve the opacification of the entire lumbar epidural venous system and the reliability of the X-rays. The combined catheterization offers the possibility of over 20 different procedures. The position of the catheters can be chosen according to diagnostic problems or technical catheterization problems during the examination. The method should be regarded as extremely reliable in diagnosing lumbar disc herniation. A small straight vein, which has not been described before, is often shown in the middle of the vertebral canal. Metrizamide may be used as a contrast agent.", "contents": "Systematic double-catheter epidural venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. In epidural venography systematic use of two catheters and simultaneous injection of contrast medium does improve the opacification of the entire lumbar epidural venous system and the reliability of the X-rays. The combined catheterization offers the possibility of over 20 different procedures. The position of the catheters can be chosen according to diagnostic problems or technical catheterization problems during the examination. The method should be regarded as extremely reliable in diagnosing lumbar disc herniation. A small straight vein, which has not been described before, is often shown in the middle of the vertebral canal. Metrizamide may be used as a contrast agent.", "PMID": 745711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6487", "title": "Reduced morbidity in gas myelography.", "content": "Gas myelography is a useful technique in the evaluation of the spinal canal and its contents. Although it has been greatly simplified and the high-resolution imaging greatly improved, morbidity remains a problem. Removal of the gas at the end of the examination through the lumbar route significantly decreases morbidity. This can be achieved through the same needle if the examination is performed via a lumbar puncture. Insertion of a second needle in the lumbar region may be necessary if the cervical or cisternal puncture is employed for gas introduction.", "contents": "Reduced morbidity in gas myelography. Gas myelography is a useful technique in the evaluation of the spinal canal and its contents. Although it has been greatly simplified and the high-resolution imaging greatly improved, morbidity remains a problem. Removal of the gas at the end of the examination through the lumbar route significantly decreases morbidity. This can be achieved through the same needle if the examination is performed via a lumbar puncture. Insertion of a second needle in the lumbar region may be necessary if the cervical or cisternal puncture is employed for gas introduction.", "PMID": 745712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6488", "title": "[Skeletal scinitgraphy in neuroradiological diagnostics (author's transl)].", "content": "From a review of 52 selected cases showing neurologic symptoms, the possible use of skeletal scintigraphy for the purpose of neuroradiologic diagnostics is reported. The close relationship of the nervous system and surrounding structures with the skeletal system means that the skeletal system is often involved in nervous pathologic processes. Such involvement can be detected by skeletal scintigraphy which thus provides a vital aid to diagnosis and therapeutical planning. The basic methods and technical equipment in the field of scintigraphy are discussed.", "contents": "[Skeletal scinitgraphy in neuroradiological diagnostics (author's transl)]. From a review of 52 selected cases showing neurologic symptoms, the possible use of skeletal scintigraphy for the purpose of neuroradiologic diagnostics is reported. The close relationship of the nervous system and surrounding structures with the skeletal system means that the skeletal system is often involved in nervous pathologic processes. Such involvement can be detected by skeletal scintigraphy which thus provides a vital aid to diagnosis and therapeutical planning. The basic methods and technical equipment in the field of scintigraphy are discussed.", "PMID": 745713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6489", "title": "The value of radionuclide myelography in the evaluation of spinal arachnoiditis.", "content": "On the basis of myelographic findings, spinal adhesive arachnoiditis was classified into three types: type I (peripheral or marginal), type II (central), and type III (advanced). Depending on its location and extent, it may be divided into group A (lumbar), group B (thoracic), and group C (cervical). In view of the fact that intrathecal injection both of oily and of water-soluble contrast media tends to produce spinal arachnoiditis, we have been using radionuclides for pre- and postoperative myelography to evaluate arachnoiditis. Radionuclide myelography with 131I-HSA or 111In-DTPA is a safe modality which provides useful information regarding spinal arachnoiditis.", "contents": "The value of radionuclide myelography in the evaluation of spinal arachnoiditis. On the basis of myelographic findings, spinal adhesive arachnoiditis was classified into three types: type I (peripheral or marginal), type II (central), and type III (advanced). Depending on its location and extent, it may be divided into group A (lumbar), group B (thoracic), and group C (cervical). In view of the fact that intrathecal injection both of oily and of water-soluble contrast media tends to produce spinal arachnoiditis, we have been using radionuclides for pre- and postoperative myelography to evaluate arachnoiditis. Radionuclide myelography with 131I-HSA or 111In-DTPA is a safe modality which provides useful information regarding spinal arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 745714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6490", "title": "CT of the spine.", "content": "The level of CT section in the lumbosacral region may be correlated with routine AP views of the spine using a reference plane constructed according to the distance between the iliac crests. CT scans of the spine in 100 patients have been analyzed. The majority of these cases consisted of primary or secondary bone or soft-tissue tumors. CT examination was valuable to supplement plain films and/or myelograms in evaluation of the extent of pathology. It was also useful in the work-up of patients with malignant tumors whose other studies were equivocal.", "contents": "CT of the spine. The level of CT section in the lumbosacral region may be correlated with routine AP views of the spine using a reference plane constructed according to the distance between the iliac crests. CT scans of the spine in 100 patients have been analyzed. The majority of these cases consisted of primary or secondary bone or soft-tissue tumors. CT examination was valuable to supplement plain films and/or myelograms in evaluation of the extent of pathology. It was also useful in the work-up of patients with malignant tumors whose other studies were equivocal.", "PMID": 745715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6491", "title": "[Cervical myelography after lumbar application of metrizamide (author's transl)].", "content": "Cervical myelography by means of lumbar application of metrizamide was performed on 110 patients. The exploration technique, the results, the quality of the myelograms, and the side effects observed are discussed. The most frequent complaint was headache. There were also cases of vertigo, vomitus, pain in the back and legs, and one case of tachycardia. Complications of a more serious nature, in particular epileptic seizures, did not occur.", "contents": "[Cervical myelography after lumbar application of metrizamide (author's transl)]. Cervical myelography by means of lumbar application of metrizamide was performed on 110 patients. The exploration technique, the results, the quality of the myelograms, and the side effects observed are discussed. The most frequent complaint was headache. There were also cases of vertigo, vomitus, pain in the back and legs, and one case of tachycardia. Complications of a more serious nature, in particular epileptic seizures, did not occur.", "PMID": 745716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6492", "title": "A new relative contraindication for lumbar myelography.", "content": "We have taken myelograms of six patients with grave post-tuberculous thoracic gibbus of the spine and gross deformity of the thoracic cage. Two of these patients suffered violent convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur. In one patient the myelogram was taken with Conray Meglumine and in another with Dimer X. We suggest that a grave deformity of the thoracic cage is a relative contraindication for lumbar myelography with these water-soluble contrast media. We assume that the reduced tissue oxygenation in these patients results in a lower threshold for convulsions.", "contents": "A new relative contraindication for lumbar myelography. We have taken myelograms of six patients with grave post-tuberculous thoracic gibbus of the spine and gross deformity of the thoracic cage. Two of these patients suffered violent convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur. In one patient the myelogram was taken with Conray Meglumine and in another with Dimer X. We suggest that a grave deformity of the thoracic cage is a relative contraindication for lumbar myelography with these water-soluble contrast media. We assume that the reduced tissue oxygenation in these patients results in a lower threshold for convulsions.", "PMID": 745717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6493", "title": "CAT of the spine and spinal cord.", "content": "CAT for spine and spinal cord studies was carried out in 182 patients aged 7-80 years during 12 months (April 1977 to March 1978) with the EMI body scanner CT 5005. Three methods were used: (1) standard (noncontrast) scanning; (2) the same, with IV contrast enhancement; (3) the same again, after CSF enhancement with Amipaque (computer-assisted myelography). The combined use of Amipaque and CT seems particularly interesting.", "contents": "CAT of the spine and spinal cord. CAT for spine and spinal cord studies was carried out in 182 patients aged 7-80 years during 12 months (April 1977 to March 1978) with the EMI body scanner CT 5005. Three methods were used: (1) standard (noncontrast) scanning; (2) the same, with IV contrast enhancement; (3) the same again, after CSF enhancement with Amipaque (computer-assisted myelography). The combined use of Amipaque and CT seems particularly interesting.", "PMID": 745718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6494", "title": "[Metastases of the cervico-occipital junction. The value of tomographic detection of prefracture forms (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors stress the frequency of metastases of the cervico-occipital junction unrecognized in medical literature: 30 cases have been diagnosed within four months. They report their different patterns and complications and insist on the prefractured pattern with osteolysis of the body of C-2 which can be shown only by polytomography. The authors propose that a tomographic study of the cervico-occipital junction should be systematically included in every analysis of metastatic extension of osteophilic tumors.", "contents": "[Metastases of the cervico-occipital junction. The value of tomographic detection of prefracture forms (author's transl)]. The authors stress the frequency of metastases of the cervico-occipital junction unrecognized in medical literature: 30 cases have been diagnosed within four months. They report their different patterns and complications and insist on the prefractured pattern with osteolysis of the body of C-2 which can be shown only by polytomography. The authors propose that a tomographic study of the cervico-occipital junction should be systematically included in every analysis of metastatic extension of osteophilic tumors.", "PMID": 745719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6495", "title": "The roentgenographic manifestations and clinical features of lumbar spinal stenosis with special emphasis on the superior articular process.", "content": "Sixty-three cases of surgically confirmed lumbar spinal stenosis were studied with regard to the clinical manifestations, routine spine films, and myelograms. The results are compared with the data in the literature. While our clinical and myelographic findings correspond in general with those published data, we have found important features of the superior articular process seen on routine anteroposterior roentgenograms which have not been described in the literature. Two illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate such features.", "contents": "The roentgenographic manifestations and clinical features of lumbar spinal stenosis with special emphasis on the superior articular process. Sixty-three cases of surgically confirmed lumbar spinal stenosis were studied with regard to the clinical manifestations, routine spine films, and myelograms. The results are compared with the data in the literature. While our clinical and myelographic findings correspond in general with those published data, we have found important features of the superior articular process seen on routine anteroposterior roentgenograms which have not been described in the literature. Two illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate such features.", "PMID": 745720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6496", "title": "Vascular thrombosis induced by direct electric current. A new technique for therapeutic embolisation; animal experimentation; first clinical applications.", "content": "A first series of experiments showed that the passage of a direct current along a positive electrode immersed in heparinised blood caused the formation of an adhering clot whose diameter increased with time and current intensity. A second series of experiments was done on 10 rabbits as follows: under general anaesthesia, a catheter used as a guide to the positive electrode was surgically inserted in the abdominal aorta. The negative electrode was placed on the thigh. A direct current (10 mA, 10V) was applied for 10-20 min. The first two clinical applications in man of this new method of treatment by electric current thrombosis were carried out using catheterisation of branches of the external carotid and cervical arteries.", "contents": "Vascular thrombosis induced by direct electric current. A new technique for therapeutic embolisation; animal experimentation; first clinical applications. A first series of experiments showed that the passage of a direct current along a positive electrode immersed in heparinised blood caused the formation of an adhering clot whose diameter increased with time and current intensity. A second series of experiments was done on 10 rabbits as follows: under general anaesthesia, a catheter used as a guide to the positive electrode was surgically inserted in the abdominal aorta. The negative electrode was placed on the thigh. A direct current (10 mA, 10V) was applied for 10-20 min. The first two clinical applications in man of this new method of treatment by electric current thrombosis were carried out using catheterisation of branches of the external carotid and cervical arteries.", "PMID": 745721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6497", "title": "[Experimental artificial embolization in animals: consequences and clinical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "A fistula was created between the jugular vein and the common carotid artery in rabbits. The fistula was demonstrated by angiography and embolized using material labelled with iodine 131. The embolization material used was fibrin, Tabotamp, and Lyo-Dura. The migration of the emboli was registered by scintigraphy with an Anger camera. The experiment showed that the embolization material is transported from the small to the great circulation.", "contents": "[Experimental artificial embolization in animals: consequences and clinical applications (author's transl)]. A fistula was created between the jugular vein and the common carotid artery in rabbits. The fistula was demonstrated by angiography and embolized using material labelled with iodine 131. The embolization material used was fibrin, Tabotamp, and Lyo-Dura. The migration of the emboli was registered by scintigraphy with an Anger camera. The experiment showed that the embolization material is transported from the small to the great circulation.", "PMID": 745722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6498", "title": "[Embolization and balloon occlusions in craniofacial vascular lesions: seven years' experience (author's transl)].", "content": "We review 258 cases of craniofacial vascular lesion treated by endovascular occlusion in the past 7 years in the Neuroradiology Departments of Nancy, Nantes, and Toulouse. Dural fistulas very often need both embolization and surgery. Craniofacial angiomas are not straightforward indications for therapy: the age of the patient, the unpredictability of evolution, and possible sequelae have to be taken into account; embolization is very successful in counteracting hemorrhage. Angiomatoses such as Rendu-Osler disease can respond well to repeated embolizations over several years. Lesions such as hemolymphangiomas are also excellent indications for embolization, either alone or with surgery. Occlusion by detachable balloon is ideally the most elegant method, but it is not always technically feasible, nor free from complications.", "contents": "[Embolization and balloon occlusions in craniofacial vascular lesions: seven years' experience (author's transl)]. We review 258 cases of craniofacial vascular lesion treated by endovascular occlusion in the past 7 years in the Neuroradiology Departments of Nancy, Nantes, and Toulouse. Dural fistulas very often need both embolization and surgery. Craniofacial angiomas are not straightforward indications for therapy: the age of the patient, the unpredictability of evolution, and possible sequelae have to be taken into account; embolization is very successful in counteracting hemorrhage. Angiomatoses such as Rendu-Osler disease can respond well to repeated embolizations over several years. Lesions such as hemolymphangiomas are also excellent indications for embolization, either alone or with surgery. Occlusion by detachable balloon is ideally the most elegant method, but it is not always technically feasible, nor free from complications.", "PMID": 745723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6499", "title": "[Embolization with adipose tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present their animal experimental work on adipose tissue as an occlusive agent, using the renal and carotid areas as parenchyma in which to test its effect. Work was planned in four series: the first with a survival rate of 24 to 72 h, the second with a survival rate of 7 to 18 days, the third, 45 to 58 days, and the fourth, 58 to 90 days. Angiographic and anatomopathologic postembolization controls were performed, thus supplying conclusive radiologic and histologic documentation on the embolization material under study. In the light of results achieved, it was applied clinically in humans.", "contents": "[Embolization with adipose tissue (author's transl)]. The authors present their animal experimental work on adipose tissue as an occlusive agent, using the renal and carotid areas as parenchyma in which to test its effect. Work was planned in four series: the first with a survival rate of 24 to 72 h, the second with a survival rate of 7 to 18 days, the third, 45 to 58 days, and the fourth, 58 to 90 days. Angiographic and anatomopathologic postembolization controls were performed, thus supplying conclusive radiologic and histologic documentation on the embolization material under study. In the light of results achieved, it was applied clinically in humans.", "PMID": 745724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6500", "title": "C1-2 block vertebra. Fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas with the axis. Follow-up of the fusion in a child.", "content": "A peculiar form of C1-2 block vertebra (anterior arch of the atlas with the axis) is described. The progressive ossification is followed up in a child from the age of 9 to 15. The author also reviews the data of his five previously reported cases.", "contents": "C1-2 block vertebra. Fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas with the axis. Follow-up of the fusion in a child. A peculiar form of C1-2 block vertebra (anterior arch of the atlas with the axis) is described. The progressive ossification is followed up in a child from the age of 9 to 15. The author also reviews the data of his five previously reported cases.", "PMID": 745725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6501", "title": "Unexpected complications following therapeutic embolization.", "content": "Unexpected complications may follow therapeutic embolization, even though no apparent technical errors have occurred. This report includes four cases of facial palsy following middle meningeal artery embolization, one case of aspiration pneumonia following glomus tumor embolization, and a case of pulmonary embolization following embolization of a spinal arteriovenous malformation.", "contents": "Unexpected complications following therapeutic embolization. Unexpected complications may follow therapeutic embolization, even though no apparent technical errors have occurred. This report includes four cases of facial palsy following middle meningeal artery embolization, one case of aspiration pneumonia following glomus tumor embolization, and a case of pulmonary embolization following embolization of a spinal arteriovenous malformation.", "PMID": 745726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6502", "title": "Angiographic, operative, and histologic findings after embolization of craniofacial angiomas.", "content": "After pre- or intraoperative angiography and Gelfoam embolization in patients with deforming vascular malformations in the craniofacial region, the angiographic findings and the results of embolization were controlled by operation and histology. In arteriovenous hemangiomas the disfigurations of the craniofacial region originate from the shunt vessels themselves, in capillary hemangiomas exclusively from neoplastic, pathologically dilated and convoluted veins which could be demonstrated only by percutaneous punctures. Lymphatic hemangiomas also could be radiologically shown only after direct punctures and without any feeding or draining vessels. During operation vast necrosis of the fatty tissue in the region of embolization and massive phlebolithiasis in the draining veins were found. Histologically, arterial obliterations could be shown in the former shunt area. The reconstructive operations could be done in bloodless surgical regions and always showed good cosmetic results, which were regarded as constant because of the embolization of the shunt area.", "contents": "Angiographic, operative, and histologic findings after embolization of craniofacial angiomas. After pre- or intraoperative angiography and Gelfoam embolization in patients with deforming vascular malformations in the craniofacial region, the angiographic findings and the results of embolization were controlled by operation and histology. In arteriovenous hemangiomas the disfigurations of the craniofacial region originate from the shunt vessels themselves, in capillary hemangiomas exclusively from neoplastic, pathologically dilated and convoluted veins which could be demonstrated only by percutaneous punctures. Lymphatic hemangiomas also could be radiologically shown only after direct punctures and without any feeding or draining vessels. During operation vast necrosis of the fatty tissue in the region of embolization and massive phlebolithiasis in the draining veins were found. Histologically, arterial obliterations could be shown in the former shunt area. The reconstructive operations could be done in bloodless surgical regions and always showed good cosmetic results, which were regarded as constant because of the embolization of the shunt area.", "PMID": 745727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6503", "title": "[Embolization in the treatment of medullary arteriovenous malformations in 38 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A Group of 38 medullary arterio-venous malformations have been embolized with solid emboli: 12 retromedullary, 22 intramedullary and four mixed AVM. Indications, contraindications, and long-term results are described.", "contents": "[Embolization in the treatment of medullary arteriovenous malformations in 38 cases (author's transl)]. A Group of 38 medullary arterio-venous malformations have been embolized with solid emboli: 12 retromedullary, 22 intramedullary and four mixed AVM. Indications, contraindications, and long-term results are described.", "PMID": 745728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6504", "title": "The embolization of vascular malformations of the spinal cord with low-viscosity silicone rubber.", "content": "Development of the low-viscosity silicone rubber has made possible the successful embolization and complete obliteration of 9 out of 11 vascular malformations of the spinal cord treated with this material. The procedure is particularly useful in patients where the malformation is fed by a limited number of posterior radicular feeders without any supply from the anterior spinal artery. One patient with a supply from the anterior spinal artery. One patient with a supply from both anterior and posterior feeders was successfully embolized after a temporary occlusion of the anterior spinal radicular feeder. Seven patients out of 11 embolized with silicone rubber showed a clinical improvement of their signs and symptoms.", "contents": "The embolization of vascular malformations of the spinal cord with low-viscosity silicone rubber. Development of the low-viscosity silicone rubber has made possible the successful embolization and complete obliteration of 9 out of 11 vascular malformations of the spinal cord treated with this material. The procedure is particularly useful in patients where the malformation is fed by a limited number of posterior radicular feeders without any supply from the anterior spinal artery. One patient with a supply from the anterior spinal artery. One patient with a supply from both anterior and posterior feeders was successfully embolized after a temporary occlusion of the anterior spinal radicular feeder. Seven patients out of 11 embolized with silicone rubber showed a clinical improvement of their signs and symptoms.", "PMID": 745729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6505", "title": "Selective intra-arterial cytotostatic injections in malignant head and neck tumors.", "content": "Regional intra-arterial drug administration has been advocated in order to reduce the risks of systemic complications in conjunction with systemic tumor chemotherapy. We have been using superselective angiographic techniques to administer the antitumor drug mitomycin C directly into the feeding arteries of the tumor in 15 patients with advanced malignant head and neck tumors. No complications were observed. In five patients the tumor decreased significantly in size, in four patients, tumor cell necrosis was found. A marked decrease in pain was reported by nine of the 15 patients.", "contents": "Selective intra-arterial cytotostatic injections in malignant head and neck tumors. Regional intra-arterial drug administration has been advocated in order to reduce the risks of systemic complications in conjunction with systemic tumor chemotherapy. We have been using superselective angiographic techniques to administer the antitumor drug mitomycin C directly into the feeding arteries of the tumor in 15 patients with advanced malignant head and neck tumors. No complications were observed. In five patients the tumor decreased significantly in size, in four patients, tumor cell necrosis was found. A marked decrease in pain was reported by nine of the 15 patients.", "PMID": 745730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6506", "title": "[Value and limits of computed tomography in processes of the skull base (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 750 skull bases studied with CT, 137 were pathologic cases. Findings in intracranial tumors, in primarily extracranial tumors with intracranial extension, and malformations are described. The value and some limitations of CT in this pathology are described.", "contents": "[Value and limits of computed tomography in processes of the skull base (author's transl)]. Among 750 skull bases studied with CT, 137 were pathologic cases. Findings in intracranial tumors, in primarily extracranial tumors with intracranial extension, and malformations are described. The value and some limitations of CT in this pathology are described.", "PMID": 745731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6507", "title": "Malignant tumours of the sinuses. Radiologic evaluation, including CT scanning, with clinical and pathologic correlation.", "content": "This study is based on experience with 100 patients. The clinical and pathologic features of carcinoma of the sinuses are analyzed. The various radiologic modalities are described and evaluated with respect to diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of the sinuses. Radiologic evaluation, including CT scanning, with clinical and pathologic correlation. This study is based on experience with 100 patients. The clinical and pathologic features of carcinoma of the sinuses are analyzed. The various radiologic modalities are described and evaluated with respect to diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 745732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6508", "title": "Extensions of paranasal sinus tumors and inflammatory disease as evaluated by CT and pluridirectional tomography.", "content": "CT and pluridirectinal tomography are compared in their ability to show the extent of paranasal sinus tumors or benign aggressive processes. Thirty-one cases are reviewed; CT was superior to pluridirectional tomography in showing spreads of tumor to all clinically important areas, including the infratemporal fossa, nasopharynx, orbit, and intracranial compartment. CT not only consistently allowed less equivocal interpretation, but also enabled us to qualify orbital involvement as intra- or extraconal, and to quantitate better both brain and infratemporal fossa involvement. We feel that CT scanning is the better way to determine the extent of such pathology.", "contents": "Extensions of paranasal sinus tumors and inflammatory disease as evaluated by CT and pluridirectional tomography. CT and pluridirectinal tomography are compared in their ability to show the extent of paranasal sinus tumors or benign aggressive processes. Thirty-one cases are reviewed; CT was superior to pluridirectional tomography in showing spreads of tumor to all clinically important areas, including the infratemporal fossa, nasopharynx, orbit, and intracranial compartment. CT not only consistently allowed less equivocal interpretation, but also enabled us to qualify orbital involvement as intra- or extraconal, and to quantitate better both brain and infratemporal fossa involvement. We feel that CT scanning is the better way to determine the extent of such pathology.", "PMID": 745733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6509", "title": "Changes of internal auditory meatus.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with 48 nonoperated acoustic neuromas have been studied by computed tomography (CT) with respect to bone changes. CT and conventional X-ray examination of the skull were compared. The importance of using a small collimator, proper selection of the plane of the CT section, and changing of the window level is stressed. CT detects porus changes as accurately as conventional X-ray methods.", "contents": "Changes of internal auditory meatus. Forty-seven patients with 48 nonoperated acoustic neuromas have been studied by computed tomography (CT) with respect to bone changes. CT and conventional X-ray examination of the skull were compared. The importance of using a small collimator, proper selection of the plane of the CT section, and changing of the window level is stressed. CT detects porus changes as accurately as conventional X-ray methods.", "PMID": 745734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6510", "title": "Computerized tomography of the eye: a study of 62 pathologic cases.", "content": "The usefulness of CT of the eye in diagnosis is discussed, and comparison with ultrasonography is made. The authors draw on experience with 62 patients, including, in particular, cases of tumor, eyeball malformtion, and intraocular foreign bodies. CT is not very useful for study of the eyeball itself, but can be indispensable in the diagnosis of malformations and tumors.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of the eye: a study of 62 pathologic cases. The usefulness of CT of the eye in diagnosis is discussed, and comparison with ultrasonography is made. The authors draw on experience with 62 patients, including, in particular, cases of tumor, eyeball malformtion, and intraocular foreign bodies. CT is not very useful for study of the eyeball itself, but can be indispensable in the diagnosis of malformations and tumors.", "PMID": 745735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6511", "title": "The role of computed axial tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of brain inflammatory and parasitic lesions: our experience in Mexico.", "content": "Computed axial tomography has come to be a most useful procedure in the selection, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with inflammatory and parasitic lesions of the brain, because it allows a more accurate localization and definition of the histologic nature of lesions. Conventional contrast X-ray studies are not to be abandoned, but they do present a certain risk and do not provide the same degree of accuracy as CAT. Cerebral angiography will have to be carried out when CAT shows pathologic lesions.", "contents": "The role of computed axial tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of brain inflammatory and parasitic lesions: our experience in Mexico. Computed axial tomography has come to be a most useful procedure in the selection, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with inflammatory and parasitic lesions of the brain, because it allows a more accurate localization and definition of the histologic nature of lesions. Conventional contrast X-ray studies are not to be abandoned, but they do present a certain risk and do not provide the same degree of accuracy as CAT. Cerebral angiography will have to be carried out when CAT shows pathologic lesions.", "PMID": 745736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6512", "title": "The value of computed tomography in delineating suprasellar extension of pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Pituitary tumors commonly produce suprasellar extension. We have found that in assessing lateral suprasellar extent, the pneumoencephalogram and arteriogram are least accurate. CT scanning significantly increases the accuracy, and it is recommended that all patients with pituitary tumors have an initial CT scan.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography in delineating suprasellar extension of pituitary adenomas. Pituitary tumors commonly produce suprasellar extension. We have found that in assessing lateral suprasellar extent, the pneumoencephalogram and arteriogram are least accurate. CT scanning significantly increases the accuracy, and it is recommended that all patients with pituitary tumors have an initial CT scan.", "PMID": 745737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6513", "title": "Metrizamide CT cisternography combined with Myodil (Pantopaque) cisternography in the investigation of suspected small acoustic neuromata.", "content": "A combined technique for the investigation of suspected small acoustic neuromata, involving the performance of a metrizamide CT cisternogram, a Myodil (Pantopaque) cisternogram, and also an estimation of the CSF protein level, all at the same examination, is described. An entirely negative result excludes an acoustic neuroma. A few illustrative abnormal cases are described.", "contents": "Metrizamide CT cisternography combined with Myodil (Pantopaque) cisternography in the investigation of suspected small acoustic neuromata. A combined technique for the investigation of suspected small acoustic neuromata, involving the performance of a metrizamide CT cisternogram, a Myodil (Pantopaque) cisternogram, and also an estimation of the CSF protein level, all at the same examination, is described. An entirely negative result excludes an acoustic neuroma. A few illustrative abnormal cases are described.", "PMID": 745738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6514", "title": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is an extremely valuable noninvasive method for evaluating orbital soft-tissue structures. The possibility of scanning in the coronal plane has added a new dimension to the study. Direct enlargement viewing of scans on the display console has disclosed minute anatomic and pathologic details.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections. Computed tomography (CT) is an extremely valuable noninvasive method for evaluating orbital soft-tissue structures. The possibility of scanning in the coronal plane has added a new dimension to the study. Direct enlargement viewing of scans on the display console has disclosed minute anatomic and pathologic details.", "PMID": 745739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6515", "title": "Limitations of computerized tomography in diagnosis  of subdural hematoma.", "content": "CT findings in 51 patients with subdural hematomas are studied. Direct signs (hyperdensity, hypodensity) and indirect signs (any form of mass lesion) are distinguished. CT is limited with regard to determining correlations between time and the attenuation values. The factors which influence density of the hematoma are discussed. For a rational approach with subdural hematomas, which present diagnostic problems and reveal the limitations of CT diagnosis, a diagnostic scheme is proposed.", "contents": "Limitations of computerized tomography in diagnosis  of subdural hematoma. CT findings in 51 patients with subdural hematomas are studied. Direct signs (hyperdensity, hypodensity) and indirect signs (any form of mass lesion) are distinguished. CT is limited with regard to determining correlations between time and the attenuation values. The factors which influence density of the hematoma are discussed. For a rational approach with subdural hematomas, which present diagnostic problems and reveal the limitations of CT diagnosis, a diagnostic scheme is proposed.", "PMID": 745741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6516", "title": "Comparison of computerised tomography with other neuroradiological methods. A plea for a different kind of analysis.", "content": "Two different types of retrospective study of the value of CT have been contrasted. In one, the patients were chosen because of the way they presented (with posterior fossa signs of symptoms) or because they were found to have posterior fossa disease; in the other, all were reported as having, or found to have, gliomas or metastases. The first type of study provides a better basis for evaluation of neuroradiological procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of computerised tomography with other neuroradiological methods. A plea for a different kind of analysis. Two different types of retrospective study of the value of CT have been contrasted. In one, the patients were chosen because of the way they presented (with posterior fossa signs of symptoms) or because they were found to have posterior fossa disease; in the other, all were reported as having, or found to have, gliomas or metastases. The first type of study provides a better basis for evaluation of neuroradiological procedures.", "PMID": 745742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6517", "title": "Radiation dose in neuroradiological procedures.", "content": "Radiation dose is cumulative in the radiosensitive organs. In neuroradiology the organ of particular interest is the eye. There is an immutable physical relationship between spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., density discrimination), and dose: Dose alpha (formula: see text). Optimal imaging conditions require a compromise between these three factors. The factors concerned in the effective utilisation of dose are discussed and the various compromises considered. Radiation dose measurements are given for a wide variety of neuroradiological procedures, including CT employing the EMI CT1010 and CT5005.", "contents": "Radiation dose in neuroradiological procedures. Radiation dose is cumulative in the radiosensitive organs. In neuroradiology the organ of particular interest is the eye. There is an immutable physical relationship between spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., density discrimination), and dose: Dose alpha (formula: see text). Optimal imaging conditions require a compromise between these three factors. The factors concerned in the effective utilisation of dose are discussed and the various compromises considered. Radiation dose measurements are given for a wide variety of neuroradiological procedures, including CT employing the EMI CT1010 and CT5005.", "PMID": 745743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6518", "title": "[The diagnostic value of CT and angiography in cerebral tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "In a cooperative study the examination results of CT and angiography of 756 patients with verified supratentorial tumors were compared. CT displayed the higher diagnostic accuracy. Temporobasal tumors cause diagnostic problems for both examination methods. The value of arteriography is still unquestioned because using this examination method the differential diagnosis of mass lesions can be considered largely secured.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of CT and angiography in cerebral tumors (author's transl)]. In a cooperative study the examination results of CT and angiography of 756 patients with verified supratentorial tumors were compared. CT displayed the higher diagnostic accuracy. Temporobasal tumors cause diagnostic problems for both examination methods. The value of arteriography is still unquestioned because using this examination method the differential diagnosis of mass lesions can be considered largely secured.", "PMID": 745745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6519", "title": "The contrast-enhanced CT scan and the radionuclide brain scan: parallel mechanisms of action in the detection of supratentorial astrocytomas.", "content": "The preoperative contrast-enhanced CT scan and the radionuclide brain scan of 70 patients with surgically verified supratentorial astrocytomas were evaluated and compared. The results indicate parallel mechanisms of action of contrast enhancement and radionuclide uptake. These diagnostic modalities apparently mirror the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore are useful in assessing the degree of malignancy of supratentorial gliomas. However, lesions with an intact BBB will be missed with RN imaging. These lesions and/or the associated mass effect will be detected with contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Our findings firmly establish contrast-enhanced CT as the primary investigate tool in the suspected brain tumor.", "contents": "The contrast-enhanced CT scan and the radionuclide brain scan: parallel mechanisms of action in the detection of supratentorial astrocytomas. The preoperative contrast-enhanced CT scan and the radionuclide brain scan of 70 patients with surgically verified supratentorial astrocytomas were evaluated and compared. The results indicate parallel mechanisms of action of contrast enhancement and radionuclide uptake. These diagnostic modalities apparently mirror the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore are useful in assessing the degree of malignancy of supratentorial gliomas. However, lesions with an intact BBB will be missed with RN imaging. These lesions and/or the associated mass effect will be detected with contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Our findings firmly establish contrast-enhanced CT as the primary investigate tool in the suspected brain tumor.", "PMID": 745746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6520", "title": "The radiographic recognition of two clinically elusive mass lesions of the cavernous sinus: meningiomas and aneurysms.", "content": "Cavernous sinus syndromes secondary to chronic mass lesions, although a relatively rare cause of ophthalmoplegia, represent a distinct challenge in neuroradiologic diagnosis. Puzzling neuro-ophthalmologic signs and often subtle radiologic changes consistently lead to erroneous and delayed diagnoses as exemplified by a review of 20 patients; a correct clinical or radiographic diagnosis was initially not made in any individual.", "contents": "The radiographic recognition of two clinically elusive mass lesions of the cavernous sinus: meningiomas and aneurysms. Cavernous sinus syndromes secondary to chronic mass lesions, although a relatively rare cause of ophthalmoplegia, represent a distinct challenge in neuroradiologic diagnosis. Puzzling neuro-ophthalmologic signs and often subtle radiologic changes consistently lead to erroneous and delayed diagnoses as exemplified by a review of 20 patients; a correct clinical or radiographic diagnosis was initially not made in any individual.", "PMID": 745747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6521", "title": "Computed tomography in detecting calvarial metastases: a comparison with skull radiography and radionuclide scanning.", "content": "A clinical study comparing the relative sensitivities of computed tomography, skull radiography, and radionuclide scanning in the detection of skull metastases indicated that CT was the least sensitive of these three modalities. CT could however detect a majority of lesions if scans were viewed at appropriate window settings. Phantom studies showed that the limitations of CT can be related to limited spatial resolution, the density of the lesions, partial volume averaging, and plane of section.", "contents": "Computed tomography in detecting calvarial metastases: a comparison with skull radiography and radionuclide scanning. A clinical study comparing the relative sensitivities of computed tomography, skull radiography, and radionuclide scanning in the detection of skull metastases indicated that CT was the least sensitive of these three modalities. CT could however detect a majority of lesions if scans were viewed at appropriate window settings. Phantom studies showed that the limitations of CT can be related to limited spatial resolution, the density of the lesions, partial volume averaging, and plane of section.", "PMID": 745748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6522", "title": "The contribution of plain x-rays to the management of posterior fossa disease in the CT era.", "content": "The contribution of plain X-rays to the management of 170 patients suspected or actually found to have posterior fossa disease has been retrospectively assessed. A useful contribution was made in 4%.", "contents": "The contribution of plain x-rays to the management of posterior fossa disease in the CT era. The contribution of plain X-rays to the management of 170 patients suspected or actually found to have posterior fossa disease has been retrospectively assessed. A useful contribution was made in 4%.", "PMID": 745749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6523", "title": "[Conventional contrast media examinations and computer tomography in space-occupying processes (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1977, more than 2,000 patients were examined in our department of neuroradiology by means of angiography, computed tomography, and in some cases also by pneumoencephalography. The value of the various neuroradiological examinations is discussed taking as an example two patients suffering from intracranial space-occupying processes of different etiologies. Consequently, the differential diagnostic problems occurring are discussed casuistically. It is demonstrated that correct diagnosis can often be achieved only by use of all the results of the different neuroradiological methods, together with precise knowledge of the course and the clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Conventional contrast media examinations and computer tomography in space-occupying processes (author's transl)]. In 1977, more than 2,000 patients were examined in our department of neuroradiology by means of angiography, computed tomography, and in some cases also by pneumoencephalography. The value of the various neuroradiological examinations is discussed taking as an example two patients suffering from intracranial space-occupying processes of different etiologies. Consequently, the differential diagnostic problems occurring are discussed casuistically. It is demonstrated that correct diagnosis can often be achieved only by use of all the results of the different neuroradiological methods, together with precise knowledge of the course and the clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 745750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6524", "title": "Specificity of computed tomography in the diagnosis of supratentorial neoplasms. Consideration of metastases and meningiomas.", "content": "A previously unsuspected linear relationship between the initial density and the amount of uptake of various tumors is described. As a rule, initially radiodense neoplasms enhance less than radiolucent neoplasms. For a given amount of enhancement, meningiomas are initially more radiodense than metastases; also, breast metastases are more radiodense than lung metastases. The density versus uptake curve tends to show certain specificity for a given type of neoplasm. Absolute differentiation of histologic types is still not possible on the basis of these curves. The correlation, however, is interesting and seems to be related to the amount of damage to the blood-brain barrier and the degree of calcification, vascularity, and cellularity of the various tumors. With improved precision of scanners the specificity of the CT image may be improved.", "contents": "Specificity of computed tomography in the diagnosis of supratentorial neoplasms. Consideration of metastases and meningiomas. A previously unsuspected linear relationship between the initial density and the amount of uptake of various tumors is described. As a rule, initially radiodense neoplasms enhance less than radiolucent neoplasms. For a given amount of enhancement, meningiomas are initially more radiodense than metastases; also, breast metastases are more radiodense than lung metastases. The density versus uptake curve tends to show certain specificity for a given type of neoplasm. Absolute differentiation of histologic types is still not possible on the basis of these curves. The correlation, however, is interesting and seems to be related to the amount of damage to the blood-brain barrier and the degree of calcification, vascularity, and cellularity of the various tumors. With improved precision of scanners the specificity of the CT image may be improved.", "PMID": 745752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6525", "title": "Pericollicular syndromes.", "content": "Five cases of pericollicular focal hemorrhages are presented with a description of their effect on vision and consciousness. Loss of vision, loss of consciousness, extraocular muscle dysfunction, mutism, and dyslexia may result from expansive lesions near the collicular plate.", "contents": "Pericollicular syndromes. Five cases of pericollicular focal hemorrhages are presented with a description of their effect on vision and consciousness. Loss of vision, loss of consciousness, extraocular muscle dysfunction, mutism, and dyslexia may result from expansive lesions near the collicular plate.", "PMID": 745753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6526", "title": "Sequential delayed enhanced CT in brain tumors.", "content": "Delayed enhanced CT was performed in 53 cases and these findings are compared with those of delayed radioisotope scan and with operative and histopathologic findings. We have classified the results of enhancement into four types as follows: (1) immediate enhancement pattern due to rich vascular bed, typical in meningiomas; (2) delayed enhancement pattern due to exudation, often seen in cystic astrocytomas; (3) intermediate sustained pattern due to both mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme; (4) no enhancement pattern as in diffuse astrocytomas. The results of delayed enhanced CT correlated well with those of radioisotope scan.", "contents": "Sequential delayed enhanced CT in brain tumors. Delayed enhanced CT was performed in 53 cases and these findings are compared with those of delayed radioisotope scan and with operative and histopathologic findings. We have classified the results of enhancement into four types as follows: (1) immediate enhancement pattern due to rich vascular bed, typical in meningiomas; (2) delayed enhancement pattern due to exudation, often seen in cystic astrocytomas; (3) intermediate sustained pattern due to both mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme; (4) no enhancement pattern as in diffuse astrocytomas. The results of delayed enhanced CT correlated well with those of radioisotope scan.", "PMID": 745754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6527", "title": "Computed tomography histogram in the pathologic definition of supratentorial brain tumors.", "content": "After studying the histograms of 87 supratentorial brain tumors and 4 abscesses before and after contrast medium injection and analyzing the results, we attempt to determine characteristic signs of the various kinds of tumors in order to improve their pathologic definition. The meningiomas, astrocytomas, and abscesses seem to show the most standard signs. The metastases are the most variable kind of tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography histogram in the pathologic definition of supratentorial brain tumors. After studying the histograms of 87 supratentorial brain tumors and 4 abscesses before and after contrast medium injection and analyzing the results, we attempt to determine characteristic signs of the various kinds of tumors in order to improve their pathologic definition. The meningiomas, astrocytomas, and abscesses seem to show the most standard signs. The metastases are the most variable kind of tumors.", "PMID": 745755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6528", "title": "CT scan and gas encephalography in diagnosis of arachnoid cyst and epidermoid cyst of Galen's cistern.", "content": "The CAT scan is insufficient to make the differential diagnosis between an arachnoid cyst and an epidermoid cyst in the cistern of Galen. Gas encephalography is necessary. This procedure reveals arachnoid cysts of the commmunicating type, but is insufficient in distinguishing between an epidermoid cyst and a non-communicating arachnoid cyst. In this situation, histograms of the absorption values in each section of the lesion may be helpful for the diagnosis.", "contents": "CT scan and gas encephalography in diagnosis of arachnoid cyst and epidermoid cyst of Galen's cistern. The CAT scan is insufficient to make the differential diagnosis between an arachnoid cyst and an epidermoid cyst in the cistern of Galen. Gas encephalography is necessary. This procedure reveals arachnoid cysts of the commmunicating type, but is insufficient in distinguishing between an epidermoid cyst and a non-communicating arachnoid cyst. In this situation, histograms of the absorption values in each section of the lesion may be helpful for the diagnosis.", "PMID": 745756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6529", "title": "The hypodense meningioma: report of two cases.", "content": "Cystic or necrotic hypodense areas are occasionally seen within meningiomas on CT scans. Two diffusely hypodense endotheliomatous meningiomas are reported. The low density was due to a microcystic structure, which caused a spongy appearance and consistency.", "contents": "The hypodense meningioma: report of two cases. Cystic or necrotic hypodense areas are occasionally seen within meningiomas on CT scans. Two diffusely hypodense endotheliomatous meningiomas are reported. The low density was due to a microcystic structure, which caused a spongy appearance and consistency.", "PMID": 745757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6530", "title": "Treatment of small cerebral gliomas with CT-aided stereotaxic curietherapy.", "content": "In cases of stereotaxic irradiation of small tumors, CT makes possible a precise determination of tumor volume and dosage and permits exact positioning of the therapy probe. Iridium 192 wires are interstitially implanted in the tumor (mostly gliomas Grades I-III) after biopsy. The results with 98 CT-controlled patients (from a series of 213 implantations in midline tumors) have provided new information about the method of treating small cerebral gliomas.", "contents": "Treatment of small cerebral gliomas with CT-aided stereotaxic curietherapy. In cases of stereotaxic irradiation of small tumors, CT makes possible a precise determination of tumor volume and dosage and permits exact positioning of the therapy probe. Iridium 192 wires are interstitially implanted in the tumor (mostly gliomas Grades I-III) after biopsy. The results with 98 CT-controlled patients (from a series of 213 implantations in midline tumors) have provided new information about the method of treating small cerebral gliomas.", "PMID": 745758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6531", "title": "Clinical usefulness of Artronix brain scanner multiplanar coronal and sagittal brain images.", "content": "The Artronix 1,100 head scanner is a promising unit which allows reconstitution of the images in coronal and sagittal planes from the axial slice. The clinical usefulness of coronal and sagittal images thus obtained is illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of Artronix brain scanner multiplanar coronal and sagittal brain images. The Artronix 1,100 head scanner is a promising unit which allows reconstitution of the images in coronal and sagittal planes from the axial slice. The clinical usefulness of coronal and sagittal images thus obtained is illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 745759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6532", "title": "CT intracranial localization with a new marker system.", "content": "Application of a new CT localization system for intracranial lesions in pre- and intraoperative guidance is described. This system consists of air grooves within an acrylic plate for CT examinations and a duplicate plate with wires in place of air grooves for scout radiography. This new device can also be applied in stereotaxic surgery or in radiotherapy planning.", "contents": "CT intracranial localization with a new marker system. Application of a new CT localization system for intracranial lesions in pre- and intraoperative guidance is described. This system consists of air grooves within an acrylic plate for CT examinations and a duplicate plate with wires in place of air grooves for scout radiography. This new device can also be applied in stereotaxic surgery or in radiotherapy planning.", "PMID": 745760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6533", "title": "A ring detector positron camera system: its merits: clinical experience.", "content": "A ring detector positron camera system for CT of the brain is described. The system uses 95 NaI (Tl) detectors, arranged with cylindrical geometry, for the simultaneous detection of coincidences from 1,900 detector combinations. With a new sampling technique an experimental system resolution of 7 mm FWHM has been obtained. The sensitivity was found to be 5,300 c/s with a 100-keV energy threshold and using a 19.2-cm-diameter cylindrical phantom with a homogeneous specific activity of 1 muCi/cm3. A clinical study of blood-brain barrier damage using 68Ga-EDTA is reported.", "contents": "A ring detector positron camera system: its merits: clinical experience. A ring detector positron camera system for CT of the brain is described. The system uses 95 NaI (Tl) detectors, arranged with cylindrical geometry, for the simultaneous detection of coincidences from 1,900 detector combinations. With a new sampling technique an experimental system resolution of 7 mm FWHM has been obtained. The sensitivity was found to be 5,300 c/s with a 100-keV energy threshold and using a 19.2-cm-diameter cylindrical phantom with a homogeneous specific activity of 1 muCi/cm3. A clinical study of blood-brain barrier damage using 68Ga-EDTA is reported.", "PMID": 745761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6534", "title": "Evaluation of x-ray CT (EMI scan) and isotope brain studies, including radioisotope axial tomography.", "content": "A comparison is made of the results of computer-assisted X-ray tomography (EMI scan) and those of radionuclide brain scan supplemented by computer-assisted isotope tomography. The X-ray examination shows a wider range of positive diagnosis, but the radionuclide examination is complementary in the detection of supratentorial gliomas. A similar comparative value of the isotope tomogram is noted in the detection of cerebral infarcts.", "contents": "Evaluation of x-ray CT (EMI scan) and isotope brain studies, including radioisotope axial tomography. A comparison is made of the results of computer-assisted X-ray tomography (EMI scan) and those of radionuclide brain scan supplemented by computer-assisted isotope tomography. The X-ray examination shows a wider range of positive diagnosis, but the radionuclide examination is complementary in the detection of supratentorial gliomas. A similar comparative value of the isotope tomogram is noted in the detection of cerebral infarcts.", "PMID": 745762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6535", "title": "Cerebral blood volume and water extraction from cerebral parenchyma by hyperosmolar contrast media.", "content": "The attenuation coefficients of cerebral parenchyma and systemic blood were simultaneously measured at varying times after injection of two contrast agents with differing osmolarities. Cerebral parenchyma was in fact denser than the theory would predict. The osmolarity of the iodinated contrast agents seems to play only a very minor part. However, liposolubility could perhaps explain the leakage of iodine across the BBB and thus the increase in the attenuation coefficient of cerebral parenchyma.", "contents": "Cerebral blood volume and water extraction from cerebral parenchyma by hyperosmolar contrast media. The attenuation coefficients of cerebral parenchyma and systemic blood were simultaneously measured at varying times after injection of two contrast agents with differing osmolarities. Cerebral parenchyma was in fact denser than the theory would predict. The osmolarity of the iodinated contrast agents seems to play only a very minor part. However, liposolubility could perhaps explain the leakage of iodine across the BBB and thus the increase in the attenuation coefficient of cerebral parenchyma.", "PMID": 745764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6536", "title": "The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of certain neurologic disorders. A preliminary report.", "content": "Ultrasonography is the most innocuous and noninvasive procedure, ideally suited for screening patients suspected of having cerebrovascular insufficiency. The Doppler ultrasound and real-time techniques complement each other. The latter can actually display a two-dimensional dynamic image of the carotid artery. B-scan can also be used in fetuses, infants, and young children for precise assessment of the size of the ventricular system. It can be used for serial follow-up evaluation of hydrocephalus. Ultrasound can be utilized in determination of the depth and width of the lumbar spinal canal. Differentiation of cystic from solid masses in the spinal canal may also be made by this modality.", "contents": "The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of certain neurologic disorders. A preliminary report. Ultrasonography is the most innocuous and noninvasive procedure, ideally suited for screening patients suspected of having cerebrovascular insufficiency. The Doppler ultrasound and real-time techniques complement each other. The latter can actually display a two-dimensional dynamic image of the carotid artery. B-scan can also be used in fetuses, infants, and young children for precise assessment of the size of the ventricular system. It can be used for serial follow-up evaluation of hydrocephalus. Ultrasound can be utilized in determination of the depth and width of the lumbar spinal canal. Differentiation of cystic from solid masses in the spinal canal may also be made by this modality.", "PMID": 745765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6537", "title": "A new method of magnification cerebral angioautotomography for the analysis of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The authors have developed a new method of magnification cerebral angioautotomography which is performed by the use of a special head-swing apparatus. From the results of experiences of 24 intracranial aneurysms in 15 patients, the method has proved useful for the intracranial aneurysms in detecting the shape and the stalk of aneurysms which were obscured or hidden on conventional magnification cerebral angiography.", "contents": "A new method of magnification cerebral angioautotomography for the analysis of intracranial aneurysms. The authors have developed a new method of magnification cerebral angioautotomography which is performed by the use of a special head-swing apparatus. From the results of experiences of 24 intracranial aneurysms in 15 patients, the method has proved useful for the intracranial aneurysms in detecting the shape and the stalk of aneurysms which were obscured or hidden on conventional magnification cerebral angiography.", "PMID": 745766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6538", "title": "Stereophotogrammetry: an additional method for three-dimensional x-ray examination.", "content": "A comparison of stereophotogrammetry and computer tomography is made. Advantages of both methods are shown in some examples from neurosurgical practice.", "contents": "Stereophotogrammetry: an additional method for three-dimensional x-ray examination. A comparison of stereophotogrammetry and computer tomography is made. Advantages of both methods are shown in some examples from neurosurgical practice.", "PMID": 745767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6539", "title": "Multiplanar reconstruction as an aid in CT diagnosis.", "content": "Multiplanar reconstructions of the orbit, brain, and spine were performed on 60 patients with a variety of disorders. They were thought to provide significant useful information in 22 cases, some useful information in 26 cases, and no useful information in 12 cases. It is suggested that on-line reconstruction is a useful adjunct to neurologic CT.", "contents": "Multiplanar reconstruction as an aid in CT diagnosis. Multiplanar reconstructions of the orbit, brain, and spine were performed on 60 patients with a variety of disorders. They were thought to provide significant useful information in 22 cases, some useful information in 26 cases, and no useful information in 12 cases. It is suggested that on-line reconstruction is a useful adjunct to neurologic CT.", "PMID": 745768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6540", "title": "Computed tomography of acoustic neuromas with emphasis on small tumor detectability.", "content": "The results of CT analysis of 41 acoustic neuromas are presented. Large and medium-sized tumors are easily detected: our results are comparable to the reported findings of other authors. The detectability of small acoustic neuromas is considerably improved by the application of newer-generation CT apparatus and the use of specific scanning parameters, including extremely thin overlapping slices, low scan speed, high gantry tilt, short time between contrast agent application and tumor scanning, and computer-assisted magnification of the posterior fossa.", "contents": "Computed tomography of acoustic neuromas with emphasis on small tumor detectability. The results of CT analysis of 41 acoustic neuromas are presented. Large and medium-sized tumors are easily detected: our results are comparable to the reported findings of other authors. The detectability of small acoustic neuromas is considerably improved by the application of newer-generation CT apparatus and the use of specific scanning parameters, including extremely thin overlapping slices, low scan speed, high gantry tilt, short time between contrast agent application and tumor scanning, and computer-assisted magnification of the posterior fossa.", "PMID": 745769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6541", "title": "Quantitative investigation of the x-ray absorption coefficient in computed tomography. An approach to numerical diagnosis.", "content": "From printout data of 50 normal and 50 abnormal scans of a brain slice picking up the basal ganglia the numerical values of SD and DC were obtained and those values lying inside M + 2sigma were arbitrarily regarded as normal. By these criteria two cases (4%) were diagnosed as false negative and three cases (6%) as false positive, with a misdiagnosis rate of 5%.", "contents": "Quantitative investigation of the x-ray absorption coefficient in computed tomography. An approach to numerical diagnosis. From printout data of 50 normal and 50 abnormal scans of a brain slice picking up the basal ganglia the numerical values of SD and DC were obtained and those values lying inside M + 2sigma were arbitrarily regarded as normal. By these criteria two cases (4%) were diagnosed as false negative and three cases (6%) as false positive, with a misdiagnosis rate of 5%.", "PMID": 745770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6542", "title": "Direct sagittal computed tomography scanning of the skull and its contents.", "content": "An accessory patient table has been built for use with the wide-aperture Varian CT scanner, which makes it possible to position patients for direct (positional) sagittal CT scans of the head. No extra computer manipulation is required to produce these sagittal images. Density and spatial resolution are similar to those obtained in the axial plane. Practical applications to date include improving visualization of orbital lesions and soft tissue masses involving the face, and aiding surgical and radiotherapy treatment planning for intracranial lesions.", "contents": "Direct sagittal computed tomography scanning of the skull and its contents. An accessory patient table has been built for use with the wide-aperture Varian CT scanner, which makes it possible to position patients for direct (positional) sagittal CT scans of the head. No extra computer manipulation is required to produce these sagittal images. Density and spatial resolution are similar to those obtained in the axial plane. Practical applications to date include improving visualization of orbital lesions and soft tissue masses involving the face, and aiding surgical and radiotherapy treatment planning for intracranial lesions.", "PMID": 745771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6543", "title": "Dual kilovoltage at computed tomography: a prereconstruction method for estimation of effective atomic number and electron density.", "content": "Some of the prior efforts at using postreconstruction dual kilovoltage CT scans to obtain an effective atomic number and electron density are reviewed. A prereconstruction method which avoids beam hardening is applied to a phantom and a beginning clinical trial is described.", "contents": "Dual kilovoltage at computed tomography: a prereconstruction method for estimation of effective atomic number and electron density. Some of the prior efforts at using postreconstruction dual kilovoltage CT scans to obtain an effective atomic number and electron density are reviewed. A prereconstruction method which avoids beam hardening is applied to a phantom and a beginning clinical trial is described.", "PMID": 745772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6544", "title": "Internal structural mapping by nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a well-established tool for studying the properties of materials at the molecular level. The technique has recently been applied to the internal morphological analysis of biological material by producing a series of thin cross-sectional images derived from the distribution of mobile protons. There are grounds for believing that NMR will be more than a mere alternative to computer tomography, for it may prove possible to achieve both a useful degree of tissue characterization through analysing components of the complex NMR signal and also an approach to the measurement of blood flow in vivo.", "contents": "Internal structural mapping by nuclear magnetic resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a well-established tool for studying the properties of materials at the molecular level. The technique has recently been applied to the internal morphological analysis of biological material by producing a series of thin cross-sectional images derived from the distribution of mobile protons. There are grounds for believing that NMR will be more than a mere alternative to computer tomography, for it may prove possible to achieve both a useful degree of tissue characterization through analysing components of the complex NMR signal and also an approach to the measurement of blood flow in vivo.", "PMID": 745773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6545", "title": "Angiography with Amipaque.", "content": "Amipaque (metrizamide) has proved considerably less uncomfortable than Urografin 310 M in 42 patients submitted to selective or subselective external carotid, subclavian, and spinal angiography. Two out of five patients undergoing selective spinal arteriography developed transient neurological complications during the injection of Urografin 310 M. On repeat examination with Amipaque no complications were encountered.", "contents": "Angiography with Amipaque. Amipaque (metrizamide) has proved considerably less uncomfortable than Urografin 310 M in 42 patients submitted to selective or subselective external carotid, subclavian, and spinal angiography. Two out of five patients undergoing selective spinal arteriography developed transient neurological complications during the injection of Urografin 310 M. On repeat examination with Amipaque no complications were encountered.", "PMID": 745775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6546", "title": "Techniques and results of neuroradiologic investigations of experimentally induced brain tumors in rats.", "content": "In two comparable groups of 12 adult rats at a time, the normal anatomy of the cerebral arteries and the pathologic vascular pattern of experimentally induced brain tumors was investigated angiographically. These tumors were malignant mixed gliomas which were inoculated by percutaneous puncture through the vault with a suspension of 10,000 tumor cells. The neuroradiologic examinations consisted of selective angiographies of the internal carotid artery in vivo, postmortem radiographies of cerebrovascular casts of isolated brains as well as of microangiographic and comparative histologic investigations of the tumor. The juxtaventricular localization and the extension of the tumors in the basal ganglia could be angiographically demonstrated approximately 3 to 4 weeks after the implantation of the tumor cells. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative vascular criteria of malignancy could be shown microangiographically which correlated well with the histologic findings. The effects of several therapeutic procedures such as radiotherapy, pharmacoangiography and various techniques of embolization are being studied with this experimental tumor model in order to explore the prerequisites for appropriate treatment of cerebral lesions in man.", "contents": "Techniques and results of neuroradiologic investigations of experimentally induced brain tumors in rats. In two comparable groups of 12 adult rats at a time, the normal anatomy of the cerebral arteries and the pathologic vascular pattern of experimentally induced brain tumors was investigated angiographically. These tumors were malignant mixed gliomas which were inoculated by percutaneous puncture through the vault with a suspension of 10,000 tumor cells. The neuroradiologic examinations consisted of selective angiographies of the internal carotid artery in vivo, postmortem radiographies of cerebrovascular casts of isolated brains as well as of microangiographic and comparative histologic investigations of the tumor. The juxtaventricular localization and the extension of the tumors in the basal ganglia could be angiographically demonstrated approximately 3 to 4 weeks after the implantation of the tumor cells. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative vascular criteria of malignancy could be shown microangiographically which correlated well with the histologic findings. The effects of several therapeutic procedures such as radiotherapy, pharmacoangiography and various techniques of embolization are being studied with this experimental tumor model in order to explore the prerequisites for appropriate treatment of cerebral lesions in man.", "PMID": 745776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6547", "title": "Comparative microangiographic and histologic studies of the embryonal development of intracerebral capillaries.", "content": "In 69 embryos and fetuses of cattle and pigs with an age of gestation of 4 weeks to 4 months the development of intracerebral capillaries was studied comparatively by microangiography and controlled by histologic slices. The first invasion of blood vessels into the wall of the neural tube takes place in the brain stem and colliculus ganglionaris at an age of gestation of 4 weeks. After that, specific and different angioarchitectonic patterns of capillary development can be demonstrated within the telencephalon, basal ganglia, and brain stem. The telencephalic vessels show concentrically arranged areas of ramification which interrupt their longitudinal course towards the ventricular cavity. The branchings are related topographically to the projection fibers from the internal capsule and to the subependymal matrix layer. In the basal ganglia, the developing internal capsule interrupts the blood supply of the caudate nucleus from the periphery, and a new central system is established mainly running radially towards the ventricular canal. Thus, it could be shown in consecutive stages of cerebral development that the angioarchitectonic pattern of a certain embryonal stage and brain area depends on the histologic structure of the neural tissue and its specific metabolic demands.", "contents": "Comparative microangiographic and histologic studies of the embryonal development of intracerebral capillaries. In 69 embryos and fetuses of cattle and pigs with an age of gestation of 4 weeks to 4 months the development of intracerebral capillaries was studied comparatively by microangiography and controlled by histologic slices. The first invasion of blood vessels into the wall of the neural tube takes place in the brain stem and colliculus ganglionaris at an age of gestation of 4 weeks. After that, specific and different angioarchitectonic patterns of capillary development can be demonstrated within the telencephalon, basal ganglia, and brain stem. The telencephalic vessels show concentrically arranged areas of ramification which interrupt their longitudinal course towards the ventricular cavity. The branchings are related topographically to the projection fibers from the internal capsule and to the subependymal matrix layer. In the basal ganglia, the developing internal capsule interrupts the blood supply of the caudate nucleus from the periphery, and a new central system is established mainly running radially towards the ventricular canal. Thus, it could be shown in consecutive stages of cerebral development that the angioarchitectonic pattern of a certain embryonal stage and brain area depends on the histologic structure of the neural tissue and its specific metabolic demands.", "PMID": 745777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6548", "title": "[Acupuncture in the treatment of neuralgic syndromes of the facial region. Methodological studies and evaluation of the clinical results].", "content": "The A. present their experiences in the therapy of 274 facial neuralgias treated by acupuncture at the department of Oral Surgery of the University of Turin Medical School, between September 1973 and June 1976. The problems of a precise diagnosis and a research on the methods of treatment and statistical evaluation of the clinical results are presented with particular interest to the relation between acupuncture treatment and drug therapy.", "contents": "[Acupuncture in the treatment of neuralgic syndromes of the facial region. Methodological studies and evaluation of the clinical results]. The A. present their experiences in the therapy of 274 facial neuralgias treated by acupuncture at the department of Oral Surgery of the University of Turin Medical School, between September 1973 and June 1976. The problems of a precise diagnosis and a research on the methods of treatment and statistical evaluation of the clinical results are presented with particular interest to the relation between acupuncture treatment and drug therapy.", "PMID": 745795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6549", "title": "[Still's disease. Review of the literature and considerations on a case].", "content": "Following an extensive review of all the most recent literature on primary chronic rheumatism in infants or the young, a personal case of Still's disease is reported. Special attention is paid to the good results obtained associating an antitubercular therapy, even though no clinical or laboratory findings suggest any specific tubercular condition: no definitive conclusions are reached but an aspect of the problem which is undoubtedly worth further study is stressed.", "contents": "[Still's disease. Review of the literature and considerations on a case]. Following an extensive review of all the most recent literature on primary chronic rheumatism in infants or the young, a personal case of Still's disease is reported. Special attention is paid to the good results obtained associating an antitubercular therapy, even though no clinical or laboratory findings suggest any specific tubercular condition: no definitive conclusions are reached but an aspect of the problem which is undoubtedly worth further study is stressed.", "PMID": 745803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6550", "title": "[Some human mycoses].", "content": "The increase in cases of mycosis, especially those due to \"opportunistic fungi\", is examined. Reference is made to some rare cases of infection that appear to show that some fungi not usually regarded as pathogenic, but merely as parasites of animals and plants, now tend to result in human infection. Various clinical and epidemiological features of \"deep mycosis\" caused by fungi with dimorphism are also discussed.", "contents": "[Some human mycoses]. The increase in cases of mycosis, especially those due to \"opportunistic fungi\", is examined. Reference is made to some rare cases of infection that appear to show that some fungi not usually regarded as pathogenic, but merely as parasites of animals and plants, now tend to result in human infection. Various clinical and epidemiological features of \"deep mycosis\" caused by fungi with dimorphism are also discussed.", "PMID": 745804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6551", "title": "[Indications and results of surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas].", "content": "A series of 96 cases of spontaneous intracerebral haematoma, 82 of them operated on, is reported. The results are discussed in relation to the site of the haemorrhage, the aetiology, the patient's age, general and neurological conditions, and the time gap between haemorrhage and operation.", "contents": "[Indications and results of surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas]. A series of 96 cases of spontaneous intracerebral haematoma, 82 of them operated on, is reported. The results are discussed in relation to the site of the haemorrhage, the aetiology, the patient's age, general and neurological conditions, and the time gap between haemorrhage and operation.", "PMID": 745805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6552", "title": "[Study of blood viscosity and fibrinogen as a guide to the therapy of atherosclerotic peripheral arteriopathy].", "content": "Of the many blood parameters now regarded as useful in the study of arteriopathy particular importance is attached to viscosity and fibrinogen levels. Changes in viscosity lead to changes in flow and the supply of O2 to the tissues, while fibrinogen alterations frequently accompany or precede atherosclerosis, since they both encourage the intravascular deposition of fibrin and help to modify viscosity. The pharmacological correction of such changes is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of blood viscosity and fibrinogen as a guide to the therapy of atherosclerotic peripheral arteriopathy]. Of the many blood parameters now regarded as useful in the study of arteriopathy particular importance is attached to viscosity and fibrinogen levels. Changes in viscosity lead to changes in flow and the supply of O2 to the tissues, while fibrinogen alterations frequently accompany or precede atherosclerosis, since they both encourage the intravascular deposition of fibrin and help to modify viscosity. The pharmacological correction of such changes is discussed.", "PMID": 745806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6553", "title": "Characterisation of an inhibitor of thymidine uptake produced by cultured human melanoma cells.", "content": "Supernatants of established cultures of human neoplastic and normal cells have been shown to contain a number of different biological activities, including inhibition of DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake. We have found that supernatants of melanoma cell lines contain an inhibitor of thymidine uptake which is heat labile, ultraviolet sensitive, non-filtrable (0.22 mu) and partially sedimentable at 20,000 x g. The mechanism of action of the inhibitor involves the degradation of 3H-thymidine to a non-utilisable form, which we detect by failure of uptake of 3H-thymidine by cultures of mitogen stimulated lymphocytes to which the inhibitor is added. While microbiological tests have failed to reveal mycoplasma contamination of inhibitor producing cultures, treatment of these cultures with kanamycin suppresses inhibitor production. Qualitative evaluation of DNA synthesis by the inhibitor producing cultures using autoradiography and fluorescent DNA staining has confirmed the presence of mycoplasma. With the widespread use of established cell lines in cancer research, it is imperative that screening for mycoplasma contamination go beyond routine microbiological assays. Detection of 3H-thymidine degradation by cell culture supernatants is an additional simple and sensitive indirect test which could be used for this purpose.", "contents": "Characterisation of an inhibitor of thymidine uptake produced by cultured human melanoma cells. Supernatants of established cultures of human neoplastic and normal cells have been shown to contain a number of different biological activities, including inhibition of DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake. We have found that supernatants of melanoma cell lines contain an inhibitor of thymidine uptake which is heat labile, ultraviolet sensitive, non-filtrable (0.22 mu) and partially sedimentable at 20,000 x g. The mechanism of action of the inhibitor involves the degradation of 3H-thymidine to a non-utilisable form, which we detect by failure of uptake of 3H-thymidine by cultures of mitogen stimulated lymphocytes to which the inhibitor is added. While microbiological tests have failed to reveal mycoplasma contamination of inhibitor producing cultures, treatment of these cultures with kanamycin suppresses inhibitor production. Qualitative evaluation of DNA synthesis by the inhibitor producing cultures using autoradiography and fluorescent DNA staining has confirmed the presence of mycoplasma. With the widespread use of established cell lines in cancer research, it is imperative that screening for mycoplasma contamination go beyond routine microbiological assays. Detection of 3H-thymidine degradation by cell culture supernatants is an additional simple and sensitive indirect test which could be used for this purpose.", "PMID": 745809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6554", "title": "Synergistic combination therapy of 5-fluorouracil, vitamin A and cobalt-60 radiation upon head and neck tumors.", "content": "We have applied a triple combination of 5-fluorouracil (5FU), vitamin A and cobalt-60 radiation (FAR therapy) to clinical treatment of head and neck tumors since 1972. The treatment of 33 patients with cancer of larynx and 15 patients with hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer with FAR therapy during three years from 1972 to 1974 resulted in highly effective synergism in vivo, and the improved points of this therapy were presented.", "contents": "Synergistic combination therapy of 5-fluorouracil, vitamin A and cobalt-60 radiation upon head and neck tumors. We have applied a triple combination of 5-fluorouracil (5FU), vitamin A and cobalt-60 radiation (FAR therapy) to clinical treatment of head and neck tumors since 1972. The treatment of 33 patients with cancer of larynx and 15 patients with hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer with FAR therapy during three years from 1972 to 1974 resulted in highly effective synergism in vivo, and the improved points of this therapy were presented.", "PMID": 745810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6555", "title": "Osseous metastases: radiographic monitoring of therapeutic response.", "content": "The application of standard radiographs (metastatic series) and radionuclide scanning in the serial evaluation of patients treated for metastatic osseous lesions is reviewed. False positive interpretations of bone scans are related to the inability to distinguish osteoblastic healing response from osteoblastic response to progressive tumor. False negative scans are uncommon and are related generally to symmetrical osteoblastic activity or to inadequate (subthreshold) osteoblastic response to tumor. Standard radiographs are preferable to bone scans in the serial evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy for osseous metastases in that anatomic quantitation of lesions as well as the dynamic evolution of lytic lesions to \"blastic\" healing may be appreciated. Serial bone scanning should be performed in conjunction with standard radiographs of abnormal areas of radionuclide accumulation.", "contents": "Osseous metastases: radiographic monitoring of therapeutic response. The application of standard radiographs (metastatic series) and radionuclide scanning in the serial evaluation of patients treated for metastatic osseous lesions is reviewed. False positive interpretations of bone scans are related to the inability to distinguish osteoblastic healing response from osteoblastic response to progressive tumor. False negative scans are uncommon and are related generally to symmetrical osteoblastic activity or to inadequate (subthreshold) osteoblastic response to tumor. Standard radiographs are preferable to bone scans in the serial evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy for osseous metastases in that anatomic quantitation of lesions as well as the dynamic evolution of lytic lesions to \"blastic\" healing may be appreciated. Serial bone scanning should be performed in conjunction with standard radiographs of abnormal areas of radionuclide accumulation.", "PMID": 745811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6556", "title": "Differentiated thyroid cancer following radioiodide 131I therapy of hyperthyroidism--a case report.", "content": "Differentiated (papillary) thyroid cancer was detected 17 years following radioiodide 131I treatment for toxic multinodular goiter. 21 cases of thyroid cancers with previous 131 I therapy for hyperthyroidism were summarised. This combination is rare compared to the incidence of thyroid cancers following external irradiation. This may be due to higher absorbed dose to thyroid in 131I treatment.", "contents": "Differentiated thyroid cancer following radioiodide 131I therapy of hyperthyroidism--a case report. Differentiated (papillary) thyroid cancer was detected 17 years following radioiodide 131I treatment for toxic multinodular goiter. 21 cases of thyroid cancers with previous 131 I therapy for hyperthyroidism were summarised. This combination is rare compared to the incidence of thyroid cancers following external irradiation. This may be due to higher absorbed dose to thyroid in 131I treatment.", "PMID": 745812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6557", "title": "Development of Hodgkin's disease in a patient with leprosy.", "content": "We present a patient with leprosy who developed Hodgkin's disease of the nodular sclerosing type. There are two previous reports describing the combination of leprosy and Hodgkin's disease in a single patient [3, 9]. Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed 14 months after the complete disappearance of mycobacterium leprae from the skin lesions, under treatment with DDS (diamino-diphenyl-sulfone). Hodgkin's disease was treated by irradiation and chemotherapy. Obstructive jaundice developed which resolved under treatment by irradiation of the hilar area of the liver, chemotherapy and hormones. During two years of immuno-suppressive therapy, without DDS, no exacerbation of the leprosy occurred.", "contents": "Development of Hodgkin's disease in a patient with leprosy. We present a patient with leprosy who developed Hodgkin's disease of the nodular sclerosing type. There are two previous reports describing the combination of leprosy and Hodgkin's disease in a single patient [3, 9]. Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed 14 months after the complete disappearance of mycobacterium leprae from the skin lesions, under treatment with DDS (diamino-diphenyl-sulfone). Hodgkin's disease was treated by irradiation and chemotherapy. Obstructive jaundice developed which resolved under treatment by irradiation of the hilar area of the liver, chemotherapy and hormones. During two years of immuno-suppressive therapy, without DDS, no exacerbation of the leprosy occurred.", "PMID": 745813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6558", "title": "A new alloplastic material for ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "The application of Proplast in  ocular surgery is in an early stage. We believe our preliminary work may offer a solution to the problem of erosion and slippage common to other types of implants. We are currently investigating the potential of Proplast in keratoprosthesis. Proplast may prove useful in buckles and implants for retina detachment as well as stabilizing splints for blow-out fractures. Proplast is an inert, carbon and Teflon alloplast, not previously described in the ophthalmic literature. Corneal and scleral implants in rabbits are well tolerated. Proplast is porous and microscopic examination of the implants show fibrovascular ingrowth within its matrix, thereby incorporating it into the host tissue. The rate at which the implant is incorporated by host tissue ingrowth and the long-term acceptance of the alloplast have yet to be determined.", "contents": "A new alloplastic material for ophthalmic surgery. The application of Proplast in  ocular surgery is in an early stage. We believe our preliminary work may offer a solution to the problem of erosion and slippage common to other types of implants. We are currently investigating the potential of Proplast in keratoprosthesis. Proplast may prove useful in buckles and implants for retina detachment as well as stabilizing splints for blow-out fractures. Proplast is an inert, carbon and Teflon alloplast, not previously described in the ophthalmic literature. Corneal and scleral implants in rabbits are well tolerated. Proplast is porous and microscopic examination of the implants show fibrovascular ingrowth within its matrix, thereby incorporating it into the host tissue. The rate at which the implant is incorporated by host tissue ingrowth and the long-term acceptance of the alloplast have yet to be determined.", "PMID": 745815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6559", "title": "Experimental scleral buckling with a soft xerogel implant. I. Properties of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) compared with gelatin and other swelling implants.", "content": "Scleral buckling can be obtained with insoluble hydrophilic polymers that are implanted in the dry state (xerogels, which then expand to a predetermined size by imbibing tissue fluids. Absorbable gelatin, nonabsorbable poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(glyceryl methacrylate) (PGMA), have been implanted as xerogels in scleral buckling procedures. Gelatin, PHEMA, and PGMA are soft when hydrated, but are hard and brittle in the dehydrated state. However, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) is soft not only in the dehydrated state. However, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) is soft only when hydrated but also when dehydrated. Dry PHEA can be carved easily to shape and size, and because it is soft it could be very useful for operations on thin, weakened sclera. We have implanted PHEA intrasclerally and suprasclerally in rabbit eyes. Tolerance of PHEA appears to be as good as that of other materials in clinical use. We have impregnated PHEA and gelatin implants with antibiotics to achieve prolonged antibiotic delivery to the surgical site. When dried impregnated gels were assayed for antibiotic activity in agar plates with Sarcina lutea, both gels displayed high but rapidly decreasing activity.", "contents": "Experimental scleral buckling with a soft xerogel implant. I. Properties of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) compared with gelatin and other swelling implants. Scleral buckling can be obtained with insoluble hydrophilic polymers that are implanted in the dry state (xerogels, which then expand to a predetermined size by imbibing tissue fluids. Absorbable gelatin, nonabsorbable poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(glyceryl methacrylate) (PGMA), have been implanted as xerogels in scleral buckling procedures. Gelatin, PHEMA, and PGMA are soft when hydrated, but are hard and brittle in the dehydrated state. However, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) is soft not only in the dehydrated state. However, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) is soft only when hydrated but also when dehydrated. Dry PHEA can be carved easily to shape and size, and because it is soft it could be very useful for operations on thin, weakened sclera. We have implanted PHEA intrasclerally and suprasclerally in rabbit eyes. Tolerance of PHEA appears to be as good as that of other materials in clinical use. We have impregnated PHEA and gelatin implants with antibiotics to achieve prolonged antibiotic delivery to the surgical site. When dried impregnated gels were assayed for antibiotic activity in agar plates with Sarcina lutea, both gels displayed high but rapidly decreasing activity.", "PMID": 745816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6560", "title": "Self-sealing incision for peripheral iridectomy.", "content": "A peripheral iridectomy was done in 42 cases using an incision perpendicular to the cornea at the anterior edge of the conjunctival epithelium. No conjunctivalflap or sutures were used. No attempt was made to reform the anterior chamber by irrigation of fluid through the incision. The results were satisfactory.", "contents": "Self-sealing incision for peripheral iridectomy. A peripheral iridectomy was done in 42 cases using an incision perpendicular to the cornea at the anterior edge of the conjunctival epithelium. No conjunctivalflap or sutures were used. No attempt was made to reform the anterior chamber by irrigation of fluid through the incision. The results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 745817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6561", "title": "Thermal sclerostomy and posterior lip sclerectomy: a comparative study.", "content": "Eighty-two consecutive filtering procedures (47 thermal sclerostomies and 35 posterior lip sclerectomies), performed by senior staff and residents at the Duke University Eye Center between 1972-1976, were reviewed and compared. Operative and early postoperative complications were more common with the posterior lip sclerectomies. However, late postoperative complications were equal for the two groups, with cataracts occurring in approximately 30% of both categories. A final intraocular pressure of 20 mm Hg or less, with or without medication, was achieved in 66% of the thermal sclerostomies and 85.7% of the posterior lip sclerectomies. Residents did not perform as well as the senior staff when using thermal sclerostomy (60% vs. 70%, respectively), but performed equally well when using posterior lip sclerectomy (85.7% for both groups). In comparing black and white patients, the final intraocular pressures were the same in both groups.", "contents": "Thermal sclerostomy and posterior lip sclerectomy: a comparative study. Eighty-two consecutive filtering procedures (47 thermal sclerostomies and 35 posterior lip sclerectomies), performed by senior staff and residents at the Duke University Eye Center between 1972-1976, were reviewed and compared. Operative and early postoperative complications were more common with the posterior lip sclerectomies. However, late postoperative complications were equal for the two groups, with cataracts occurring in approximately 30% of both categories. A final intraocular pressure of 20 mm Hg or less, with or without medication, was achieved in 66% of the thermal sclerostomies and 85.7% of the posterior lip sclerectomies. Residents did not perform as well as the senior staff when using thermal sclerostomy (60% vs. 70%, respectively), but performed equally well when using posterior lip sclerectomy (85.7% for both groups). In comparing black and white patients, the final intraocular pressures were the same in both groups.", "PMID": 745818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6562", "title": "[Visual evoked potentials in patients suspected of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "23 patients with symptoms suggestive of multiple sclerosis were examined with regard to the responses evoked by low frequency flash and also by flicker stimulation. The results obtained by flicker were compared with those reported on the responses evoked by different visual stimuli. The survey of the three parameters of analysis of the visual-evoked responses showed a very high proportion of pathological values.", "contents": "[Visual evoked potentials in patients suspected of multiple sclerosis]. 23 patients with symptoms suggestive of multiple sclerosis were examined with regard to the responses evoked by low frequency flash and also by flicker stimulation. The results obtained by flicker were compared with those reported on the responses evoked by different visual stimuli. The survey of the three parameters of analysis of the visual-evoked responses showed a very high proportion of pathological values.", "PMID": 745819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6563", "title": "About a particular interaction of the fixating eye in strabismic amblyopia after treatment.", "content": "2 cases of strabismic amblyopia which were successfully treated are examined. Later on, a slight myopia appeared in the fixating eye only, while the amblyopic eye remained practically emmetropic. The 2 patients had to wear monocular myopic correction, otherwise the visual acuity of the other eye would have been reduced below the visus (without correction) of the fixating but myopic eye. A third case was reported of a hypermetropic patient with a right amblyopic eye and a left fixating but myopic eye. After the appearance of myopic lesions in the dominating eye, pleoptical treatment was successfully given to the amblyopic eye, so that in the end it turned out better than the other eye. Also, in this case the patient was quite disturbed for a long time due to the interference of the eye which was originally better. The authors underline the importance of these interocular effects, both from the standpoint of practical and medical information.", "contents": "About a particular interaction of the fixating eye in strabismic amblyopia after treatment. 2 cases of strabismic amblyopia which were successfully treated are examined. Later on, a slight myopia appeared in the fixating eye only, while the amblyopic eye remained practically emmetropic. The 2 patients had to wear monocular myopic correction, otherwise the visual acuity of the other eye would have been reduced below the visus (without correction) of the fixating but myopic eye. A third case was reported of a hypermetropic patient with a right amblyopic eye and a left fixating but myopic eye. After the appearance of myopic lesions in the dominating eye, pleoptical treatment was successfully given to the amblyopic eye, so that in the end it turned out better than the other eye. Also, in this case the patient was quite disturbed for a long time due to the interference of the eye which was originally better. The authors underline the importance of these interocular effects, both from the standpoint of practical and medical information.", "PMID": 745820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6564", "title": "Haemangio-endothelioma of the orbit.", "content": "A case of infantile orbital haemangio-endothelioma was successfully treated with corticosteroids. Roentgenological and histological findings before and after treatment are described. It is suggested that an haemangio-endothelioma may be transformed into a cavernous angioma.", "contents": "Haemangio-endothelioma of the orbit. A case of infantile orbital haemangio-endothelioma was successfully treated with corticosteroids. Roentgenological and histological findings before and after treatment are described. It is suggested that an haemangio-endothelioma may be transformed into a cavernous angioma.", "PMID": 745821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6565", "title": "Opsoclonus inducing retinal detachment with a macular hole.", "content": "A 34-year-old man was admitted to the eye department because of conjugate abnormal eye movements and visual field defect of the right eye. Cerebellitis with opsoclonus and retinal detachment with a macular hole were diagnosed. Corticosteroids, diazepam and antibiotics were given. When the opsoclonus was improved, an operation for the retinal detachment was performed as usual, and the retina was reattached. We consider that the opsoclonus greatly contributed to the occurrence and development of the retinal detachment.", "contents": "Opsoclonus inducing retinal detachment with a macular hole. A 34-year-old man was admitted to the eye department because of conjugate abnormal eye movements and visual field defect of the right eye. Cerebellitis with opsoclonus and retinal detachment with a macular hole were diagnosed. Corticosteroids, diazepam and antibiotics were given. When the opsoclonus was improved, an operation for the retinal detachment was performed as usual, and the retina was reattached. We consider that the opsoclonus greatly contributed to the occurrence and development of the retinal detachment.", "PMID": 745822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6566", "title": "Long-term results of retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Patients treated successfully with retinal detachment surgery 11-39 years earlier were called back and examined. The average age was 35 years at the time of surgery and the average interval between the operation and this follow-up examination was 16 years. The visual acuity had decreased in many patients. The most frequent causes of this fall in visual acuity after surgery were cataract and macular degeneration. Chorioretinal atrophy with blackish pigment spots developed in the reattached retina a long time after surgery and caused defects in the visual fields. This atrophy seems to be related to the long duration of retinal detachment before and after operation, which may cause malnutrition of the detached retina and result in incomplete recovery of visual cells, leading to chorioretinal atrophy. Macular degeneration was caused or accelerated by detachment of the macula. There was no difference in postoperative ocular findings between only diathermy and combination of diathermy with segmental scleral-buckling procedures. However, Arruga's ring suture method induced cataract more frequently than did other surgical procedures.", "contents": "Long-term results of retinal detachment surgery. Patients treated successfully with retinal detachment surgery 11-39 years earlier were called back and examined. The average age was 35 years at the time of surgery and the average interval between the operation and this follow-up examination was 16 years. The visual acuity had decreased in many patients. The most frequent causes of this fall in visual acuity after surgery were cataract and macular degeneration. Chorioretinal atrophy with blackish pigment spots developed in the reattached retina a long time after surgery and caused defects in the visual fields. This atrophy seems to be related to the long duration of retinal detachment before and after operation, which may cause malnutrition of the detached retina and result in incomplete recovery of visual cells, leading to chorioretinal atrophy. Macular degeneration was caused or accelerated by detachment of the macula. There was no difference in postoperative ocular findings between only diathermy and combination of diathermy with segmental scleral-buckling procedures. However, Arruga's ring suture method induced cataract more frequently than did other surgical procedures.", "PMID": 745823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6567", "title": "[Iris angiograms in malignant melanoma of the uvea].", "content": "Iris angiograms were performed in 17 cases of uveal malignant melanoma, which were later histologically confirmed. In those 12 patients in whom the tumour was confined to the choroid, the angiograms revealed a punctate leakage of dye at the pupillary margin, a delayed filling of the vessels in certain areas and definite new vessel formation corresponding to rubeosis iridis. These changes were mostly found in those areas of the iris which corresponded to the choroidal tumour. Five peripheral choroidal melanomas, which involved the ciliary body and encroached into the anterior chamber structures, showed additionally to the dye leakage at the pupillary margin a very light central tumour \"borderline fluorescence\".", "contents": "[Iris angiograms in malignant melanoma of the uvea]. Iris angiograms were performed in 17 cases of uveal malignant melanoma, which were later histologically confirmed. In those 12 patients in whom the tumour was confined to the choroid, the angiograms revealed a punctate leakage of dye at the pupillary margin, a delayed filling of the vessels in certain areas and definite new vessel formation corresponding to rubeosis iridis. These changes were mostly found in those areas of the iris which corresponded to the choroidal tumour. Five peripheral choroidal melanomas, which involved the ciliary body and encroached into the anterior chamber structures, showed additionally to the dye leakage at the pupillary margin a very light central tumour \"borderline fluorescence\".", "PMID": 745824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6568", "title": "Retinal ischemia (capillary nonperfusion) in diabetic retinopathy of patients with and without systemic hypertension.", "content": "In a study of 138 patients with diabetic retinopathy and good fluorescein angiograms, areas of CNP were found in 66.5% using a macular centered photograph. There was no statistically significant correlation between the appearance of CNP, their size and number with the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the duration of diabetes (at the onset of diabetic retinopathy), the age at onset of diabetes, the age at examination, the control of the diabetes and the treatment of hypertension. The only borderline statistically significant difference was found between patients with constant hypertension when compared to patients with labile hypertension.", "contents": "Retinal ischemia (capillary nonperfusion) in diabetic retinopathy of patients with and without systemic hypertension. In a study of 138 patients with diabetic retinopathy and good fluorescein angiograms, areas of CNP were found in 66.5% using a macular centered photograph. There was no statistically significant correlation between the appearance of CNP, their size and number with the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the duration of diabetes (at the onset of diabetic retinopathy), the age at onset of diabetes, the age at examination, the control of the diabetes and the treatment of hypertension. The only borderline statistically significant difference was found between patients with constant hypertension when compared to patients with labile hypertension.", "PMID": 745825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6569", "title": "An intradiploic meningioma of the orbital roof: case report.", "content": "The case of a young man with a 4-year history of increasingly severe exophthalmos and no other symptoms is reported. The radiological investigations showed a space-occupying lesion at the level of the roof and medial wall of the right orbit with involvement of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. A tumor within the diplo\u00eb of the orbital roof without intracranial or intraocular involvement was removed and, on histological examination, proved to be a meningioma. Possible starting-points are discussed in the light of the literature consulted, but in view of the clinical, X-ray and operating data, it is concluded that the tumor is an intraosseous ectopic meningioma.", "contents": "An intradiploic meningioma of the orbital roof: case report. The case of a young man with a 4-year history of increasingly severe exophthalmos and no other symptoms is reported. The radiological investigations showed a space-occupying lesion at the level of the roof and medial wall of the right orbit with involvement of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. A tumor within the diplo\u00eb of the orbital roof without intracranial or intraocular involvement was removed and, on histological examination, proved to be a meningioma. Possible starting-points are discussed in the light of the literature consulted, but in view of the clinical, X-ray and operating data, it is concluded that the tumor is an intraosseous ectopic meningioma.", "PMID": 745826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6570", "title": "[Myasthenia syndrome after peroral treatment with penicillamine].", "content": "A 59-year-old woman has been treated for 5 months with penicillamine for a rheumatoid arthritis and developed a myasthenia syndrome with ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia and asthenia. This myasthenia was slowly cured after suppression of the penicillamine and administration of Mestinon, so that after 3 months, the anticholinesterase medication could be stopped.", "contents": "[Myasthenia syndrome after peroral treatment with penicillamine]. A 59-year-old woman has been treated for 5 months with penicillamine for a rheumatoid arthritis and developed a myasthenia syndrome with ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia and asthenia. This myasthenia was slowly cured after suppression of the penicillamine and administration of Mestinon, so that after 3 months, the anticholinesterase medication could be stopped.", "PMID": 745827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6571", "title": "[Trial and temptation in the interpretation of accommodative paralysis as a psychosomatic manifestation].", "content": "An adolescent, presented during 24 months an intermittent bilateral accommodation palsy. All the clinical tests were negative; a few peculiar aspects of the patient's character incited us to carry out, in parallel, a psychological research. The young man proved to be a mixed introvert, with Oedipal and familial problems. The assumption that accommodation palsy could have a psychological--although objectively unprovable motivation--is not in contradiction with the psychological research.", "contents": "[Trial and temptation in the interpretation of accommodative paralysis as a psychosomatic manifestation]. An adolescent, presented during 24 months an intermittent bilateral accommodation palsy. All the clinical tests were negative; a few peculiar aspects of the patient's character incited us to carry out, in parallel, a psychological research. The young man proved to be a mixed introvert, with Oedipal and familial problems. The assumption that accommodation palsy could have a psychological--although objectively unprovable motivation--is not in contradiction with the psychological research.", "PMID": 745828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6572", "title": "Iridocyclectomy for melanomas of the ciliary body: a follow-up study of pathology and surgical morbidity.", "content": "With respect to the effect of surgical treatment upon the eye and the subsequent tumor behavior, 107 cases of ciliary body melanoma treated by iridocyclectomy were studied. Surgically induced complications are discussed; 6% of the patients operated on culminated in enucleation, and 42% of the patients had a final postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Pathologically, most of the cases were spindle cell A or B; a few were mixed or epithelioid type. Histologic evidence of incomplete excision did not regularly predict recurrence in the interval of observation. Cell type is the primary prognostic feature. Local complications such as recurrence of tumor, or the rare metastasis occur early.", "contents": "Iridocyclectomy for melanomas of the ciliary body: a follow-up study of pathology and surgical morbidity. With respect to the effect of surgical treatment upon the eye and the subsequent tumor behavior, 107 cases of ciliary body melanoma treated by iridocyclectomy were studied. Surgically induced complications are discussed; 6% of the patients operated on culminated in enucleation, and 42% of the patients had a final postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Pathologically, most of the cases were spindle cell A or B; a few were mixed or epithelioid type. Histologic evidence of incomplete excision did not regularly predict recurrence in the interval of observation. Cell type is the primary prognostic feature. Local complications such as recurrence of tumor, or the rare metastasis occur early.", "PMID": 745829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6573", "title": "Evaluation of the lacrimal drainage system.", "content": "Methods of testing for lacrimal drainage insufficiency and a modification of the Jones fluorescein dye tests are presented. Despite their excellence, Jones tests have never been widely employed because of difficulty in dye retrieval. The modification consists of instilling one drop of the dye three times at 15 second intervals, and after a one minute period, placing the head down at a 45 degree angle for ten minutes. Anatomic and roentgenogram studies show that the dye can be easily lost posteriorly unless this is done. No nasal vasoconstrictors are used to avoid false negatives.", "contents": "Evaluation of the lacrimal drainage system. Methods of testing for lacrimal drainage insufficiency and a modification of the Jones fluorescein dye tests are presented. Despite their excellence, Jones tests have never been widely employed because of difficulty in dye retrieval. The modification consists of instilling one drop of the dye three times at 15 second intervals, and after a one minute period, placing the head down at a 45 degree angle for ten minutes. Anatomic and roentgenogram studies show that the dye can be easily lost posteriorly unless this is done. No nasal vasoconstrictors are used to avoid false negatives.", "PMID": 745830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6574", "title": "Silicone intubation: an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy.", "content": "Silicone intubation is an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy in selected patients who have epiphora and obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. Silicone tubing may be passed through the nasolacrimal system and left in place for a prolonged period of time. In many instances, this obviates the need for a dacryocystorhinostomy. If the intubation is not completely successful, a dacryocystorhinostomy can always be carried out at a later date.", "contents": "Silicone intubation: an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy. Silicone intubation is an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy in selected patients who have epiphora and obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. Silicone tubing may be passed through the nasolacrimal system and left in place for a prolonged period of time. In many instances, this obviates the need for a dacryocystorhinostomy. If the intubation is not completely successful, a dacryocystorhinostomy can always be carried out at a later date.", "PMID": 745831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6575", "title": "Dacryocystorhinostomy.", "content": "Careful preoperative evaluation and observance of indications for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) result in the appropriate use of this procedure. The surgeon should have a sound knowledge of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system and nose before proceeding with a DCR, which may be done under local or general anesthesia. A method of performing a DCR is described in detail, with postoperative management and treatment of possible postoperative complications discussed.", "contents": "Dacryocystorhinostomy. Careful preoperative evaluation and observance of indications for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) result in the appropriate use of this procedure. The surgeon should have a sound knowledge of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system and nose before proceeding with a DCR, which may be done under local or general anesthesia. A method of performing a DCR is described in detail, with postoperative management and treatment of possible postoperative complications discussed.", "PMID": 745832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6576", "title": "Repair of the lacerated canaliculus.", "content": "There are various techniques used to repair a lacerated canaliculus. Successful functional results are obtained with the use of soft silicone tubing as a canalicular stent. One such technique used by the authors is described.", "contents": "Repair of the lacerated canaliculus. There are various techniques used to repair a lacerated canaliculus. Successful functional results are obtained with the use of soft silicone tubing as a canalicular stent. One such technique used by the authors is described.", "PMID": 745833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6577", "title": "Punctal occlusion in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.", "content": "Occlusion of the lacrimal puncta is a useful and underutilized procedure in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. When artificial tears no longer ameliorate symptoms and the Schirmer tests are 2 mm/5 min or less (repeatedly), combined with positive rose bengal staining, punctal occlusion is indicated. Diathermy is the most practical technique for permanent closure, whereas various punctum plugs can be applied for a temporary effect.", "contents": "Punctal occlusion in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Occlusion of the lacrimal puncta is a useful and underutilized procedure in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. When artificial tears no longer ameliorate symptoms and the Schirmer tests are 2 mm/5 min or less (repeatedly), combined with positive rose bengal staining, punctal occlusion is indicated. Diathermy is the most practical technique for permanent closure, whereas various punctum plugs can be applied for a temporary effect.", "PMID": 745834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6578", "title": "Surgical correction of astigmatism by microwedge resection of the limbus.", "content": "This paper presents a preliminary report on an approach to the surgical correction of corneal astigmatism, ie, the microwedge resection of the cornea, analyzes the quantitative aspects of the surgical treatment, and describes the Jensen double-bladed microsurgical knife designed for making calibrated-uniform microsurgical wedge resections of the cornea. This technique makes correction of even small increments of corneal astigmatism possible.", "contents": "Surgical correction of astigmatism by microwedge resection of the limbus. This paper presents a preliminary report on an approach to the surgical correction of corneal astigmatism, ie, the microwedge resection of the cornea, analyzes the quantitative aspects of the surgical treatment, and describes the Jensen double-bladed microsurgical knife designed for making calibrated-uniform microsurgical wedge resections of the cornea. This technique makes correction of even small increments of corneal astigmatism possible.", "PMID": 745836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6579", "title": "Lacrimal sac tumors.", "content": "Tumors of the lacrimal sac are a rare entity in ophthalmology, but represent a potentially life-threatening situation that can easily be overlooked. This paper will review the literature and describe clinically and pathologically the more common types of lacrimal sac tumors, and give a description of the less common types of primary and secondary tumors of the lacrimal sac and a case presentation.", "contents": "Lacrimal sac tumors. Tumors of the lacrimal sac are a rare entity in ophthalmology, but represent a potentially life-threatening situation that can easily be overlooked. This paper will review the literature and describe clinically and pathologically the more common types of lacrimal sac tumors, and give a description of the less common types of primary and secondary tumors of the lacrimal sac and a case presentation.", "PMID": 745835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6580", "title": "Ophthalmology in medical student education: philosophy, content, and process.", "content": "The level of competency in the diagnosis and treatment of common and emergency disorders needed by nonophthalmologists is assessed and then translated into explicit objectives that specify the levels of mastery to be learned. Effective and efficient methods and materials to achieve those objectives are developed; these, together with more efficient and effective use of instructors, have now been utilized in many different schools and curricular structures, with strong student acceptance.", "contents": "Ophthalmology in medical student education: philosophy, content, and process. The level of competency in the diagnosis and treatment of common and emergency disorders needed by nonophthalmologists is assessed and then translated into explicit objectives that specify the levels of mastery to be learned. Effective and efficient methods and materials to achieve those objectives are developed; these, together with more efficient and effective use of instructors, have now been utilized in many different schools and curricular structures, with strong student acceptance.", "PMID": 745837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6581", "title": "Elective subjects for medical students preparing for a career in ophthalmology.", "content": "Questionnaires asking for information as to what medical school electives should be taken by a student contemplating a career in ophthalmology were sent to 280 practicing ophthalmologists. Seventy-two replies were received and indicated that a medical school background in neurosciences, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, otolaryngology, dermatology, and infectious disease are believed to be most important.", "contents": "Elective subjects for medical students preparing for a career in ophthalmology. Questionnaires asking for information as to what medical school electives should be taken by a student contemplating a career in ophthalmology were sent to 280 practicing ophthalmologists. Seventy-two replies were received and indicated that a medical school background in neurosciences, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, otolaryngology, dermatology, and infectious disease are believed to be most important.", "PMID": 745838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6582", "title": "Absorption of glucose and maltose in congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption.", "content": "An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to study absorption of glucose from free glucose and the disacchairde maltose in a patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption. Minimal absorption of glucose occurred from high luminal concentrations of either free glucose (100 mmole/liter) or maltose (50 mmole/liter). Glucose diffused into the intestinal lumen during perfusion of a 2 mmole/liter glucose solution. These observations offer no support for nutritionally important glucose absorption in congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption by either passive diffusion or via a \"disaccharidase-related\" transport system.", "contents": "Absorption of glucose and maltose in congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption. An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to study absorption of glucose from free glucose and the disacchairde maltose in a patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption. Minimal absorption of glucose occurred from high luminal concentrations of either free glucose (100 mmole/liter) or maltose (50 mmole/liter). Glucose diffused into the intestinal lumen during perfusion of a 2 mmole/liter glucose solution. These observations offer no support for nutritionally important glucose absorption in congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption by either passive diffusion or via a \"disaccharidase-related\" transport system.", "PMID": 745864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6583", "title": "Developmental aspects of maleic acid-induced inhibition of sugar and amino acid transport in the rat renal tubule.", "content": "The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by isolated tubules from Sprague-Dawley rats at different stages of development follows a separate age-dependent pattern for each substrate. The effects of 6 M maleic acid on transport processes differ for amino acids and sugars and become manifest at distinct points during development. Maximum inhibition by maleic acid occurs at a time subsequent to maturity of these transport systems. In an effort to explain these transport phenomena, the uptake and metabolism of 14C-labeled maleic acid by the newborn or adult renal tubule was studied, showing significant binding by the tubule membrane, penetration of the cell by diffusion, and no conversion to 14CO2. Maleic acid has no demonstrable effect on the membrane-associated enzymes which are thought to play a role in the transport of small molecules.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of maleic acid-induced inhibition of sugar and amino acid transport in the rat renal tubule. The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by isolated tubules from Sprague-Dawley rats at different stages of development follows a separate age-dependent pattern for each substrate. The effects of 6 M maleic acid on transport processes differ for amino acids and sugars and become manifest at distinct points during development. Maximum inhibition by maleic acid occurs at a time subsequent to maturity of these transport systems. In an effort to explain these transport phenomena, the uptake and metabolism of 14C-labeled maleic acid by the newborn or adult renal tubule was studied, showing significant binding by the tubule membrane, penetration of the cell by diffusion, and no conversion to 14CO2. Maleic acid has no demonstrable effect on the membrane-associated enzymes which are thought to play a role in the transport of small molecules.", "PMID": 745865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6584", "title": "The ontogeny of sugar transport in kidney.", "content": "Concentrative uptake of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside (AMG) by isolated renal tubule fragments from the newborn Sprague-Dawley rat has been demonstrated and the validity of this phenomenon confirmed by an in vivo demonstration of AMG uptake by the newborn kidney cortex. A kinetic analysis of the entry phenomenon in the newborn tubule reveals the presence of two distinct membrame transport systems for AMG, only one of which is present in the adult tubule. All transport of sugar in both newborn and adult tubules was phlorizin-sensitive, but was only partially ingibited in Na+-free buffer. Glucose was shown to inhibit uptake competitively on the shared, high capacity system. Uptake on the high affinity system in the newborn represents 15-20% of the total at physiologic sugar concentrations. It is concluded that active sugar transport is a characteristic of the newborn rat kidney and that the isolated tubule preparation is a more accurate reflection of this phenomenon than is the renal cortical slice.", "contents": "The ontogeny of sugar transport in kidney. Concentrative uptake of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside (AMG) by isolated renal tubule fragments from the newborn Sprague-Dawley rat has been demonstrated and the validity of this phenomenon confirmed by an in vivo demonstration of AMG uptake by the newborn kidney cortex. A kinetic analysis of the entry phenomenon in the newborn tubule reveals the presence of two distinct membrame transport systems for AMG, only one of which is present in the adult tubule. All transport of sugar in both newborn and adult tubules was phlorizin-sensitive, but was only partially ingibited in Na+-free buffer. Glucose was shown to inhibit uptake competitively on the shared, high capacity system. Uptake on the high affinity system in the newborn represents 15-20% of the total at physiologic sugar concentrations. It is concluded that active sugar transport is a characteristic of the newborn rat kidney and that the isolated tubule preparation is a more accurate reflection of this phenomenon than is the renal cortical slice.", "PMID": 745866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6585", "title": "Corticosterone metabolism and the incorporation of leucine, uridine, and thymidine into fetal mouse brain.", "content": "The change in the pattern of biotransformation of [14C]corticosterone in fetal mouse brain between gestational day 14 and 17 increased the proportion of unchanged hormone from 9-75%. A sharp decrease in the in vitro incorporation of [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine into incubated brain coincided with this change and continued until day 19, when the incorporation of the 3 substrates had fallen to 9, 54, and 16%, respectively, of that on day 14. Injection of dexamethasone reduced values on day 14 to those normally found on days 15-18. Enzymes which metabolize corticosteroids regulate their activity in specific tissues; these data suggest a hormonal influence on developing brain.", "contents": "Corticosterone metabolism and the incorporation of leucine, uridine, and thymidine into fetal mouse brain. The change in the pattern of biotransformation of [14C]corticosterone in fetal mouse brain between gestational day 14 and 17 increased the proportion of unchanged hormone from 9-75%. A sharp decrease in the in vitro incorporation of [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine into incubated brain coincided with this change and continued until day 19, when the incorporation of the 3 substrates had fallen to 9, 54, and 16%, respectively, of that on day 14. Injection of dexamethasone reduced values on day 14 to those normally found on days 15-18. Enzymes which metabolize corticosteroids regulate their activity in specific tissues; these data suggest a hormonal influence on developing brain.", "PMID": 745870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6586", "title": "Corticosteroids, ornithine decarboxylase activity and the incorporation of leucine, uridine, and thymidine into mouse placenta.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation into mouse placenta of [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine fell between gestational days 14 and 19 by 61, 30 and 72%, respectively; ornithine decarboxylase activity fell by 75%. Injection of dexamethasone resulted on day 14 in values normally found between days 15 and 18. These changes coincided with rising activity in fetal liver of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP oxidoreductase, which reduced the abundant 11-dehydrocorticosterone to the active hormone, corticosterone. These events appear to be part of a spectrum of effects produced by corticosteroids on fetal growth at this time, probably mediated primarily by fetal liver.", "contents": "Corticosteroids, ornithine decarboxylase activity and the incorporation of leucine, uridine, and thymidine into mouse placenta. The in vitro incorporation into mouse placenta of [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine fell between gestational days 14 and 19 by 61, 30 and 72%, respectively; ornithine decarboxylase activity fell by 75%. Injection of dexamethasone resulted on day 14 in values normally found between days 15 and 18. These changes coincided with rising activity in fetal liver of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP oxidoreductase, which reduced the abundant 11-dehydrocorticosterone to the active hormone, corticosterone. These events appear to be part of a spectrum of effects produced by corticosteroids on fetal growth at this time, probably mediated primarily by fetal liver.", "PMID": 745871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6587", "title": "Further study of the X-linked recessive gene hypothesis for inheritance of spatial abilities.", "content": "Two measures of spatial ability were administered to 319 undergraduates, 93 parents, and 62 siblings. Although males outperformed females on both tests, the resulting correlational pattern did not conform to the trait pattern hypothesized on the basis of an X-linked recessive trait. Results from a pedigree analysis, however, were in the expected direction. The inclusion of pedigree analyses is urged in future research.", "contents": "Further study of the X-linked recessive gene hypothesis for inheritance of spatial abilities. Two measures of spatial ability were administered to 319 undergraduates, 93 parents, and 62 siblings. Although males outperformed females on both tests, the resulting correlational pattern did not conform to the trait pattern hypothesized on the basis of an X-linked recessive trait. Results from a pedigree analysis, however, were in the expected direction. The inclusion of pedigree analyses is urged in future research.", "PMID": 745873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6588", "title": "\"Spontaneous\" seizing in open-field tests by mongolian gerbils fed magnesium at different rates.", "content": "Accounts of so-called \"spontaneous\" seizures by individual Mongolian gerbils during open-field tests resemble descriptions of magnesium tetany. A possible association between relative magnesium deficiency and tendency toward \"spontaneous\" seizures was explored through feeding groups of gerbils different rates of magnesium and subjecting the groups to open-field tests at intervals. Hypomagnesemia was related in degree of severity to length of survival, onset of seizing, and frequency of seizures.", "contents": "\"Spontaneous\" seizing in open-field tests by mongolian gerbils fed magnesium at different rates. Accounts of so-called \"spontaneous\" seizures by individual Mongolian gerbils during open-field tests resemble descriptions of magnesium tetany. A possible association between relative magnesium deficiency and tendency toward \"spontaneous\" seizures was explored through feeding groups of gerbils different rates of magnesium and subjecting the groups to open-field tests at intervals. Hypomagnesemia was related in degree of severity to length of survival, onset of seizing, and frequency of seizures.", "PMID": 745875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6589", "title": "Body-part size estimation in children.", "content": "30 children in Grades 1, 3, and 5 estimated the sizes of 8 personal body parts, 8 experimenter's body parts, and 4 nonbody objects. Errors of estimation were consistent across subjects and similar to those reported for adults. Hand length was estimated most accurately, and head width, forearm length and lips estimated least accurately, on both self and experimenter. Nonbody objects were estimated most accurately, followed by experimenter's body parts and then personal body parts. No sex or age differences were found.", "contents": "Body-part size estimation in children. 30 children in Grades 1, 3, and 5 estimated the sizes of 8 personal body parts, 8 experimenter's body parts, and 4 nonbody objects. Errors of estimation were consistent across subjects and similar to those reported for adults. Hand length was estimated most accurately, and head width, forearm length and lips estimated least accurately, on both self and experimenter. Nonbody objects were estimated most accurately, followed by experimenter's body parts and then personal body parts. No sex or age differences were found.", "PMID": 745876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6590", "title": "Subjective estimates of body tilt and the rod-and-frame test.", "content": "The existence of an illusion of self-tilt in the rod-and-frame test was demonstrated using a magnitude-estimation procedure. Subjects, seated in a tiltable chair, estimated their body tilt after being placed in one of 13 body tilt positions and while viewing a rod-and-frame display. A shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. The results are consistent with earlier findings using the method of body and head adjustment.", "contents": "Subjective estimates of body tilt and the rod-and-frame test. The existence of an illusion of self-tilt in the rod-and-frame test was demonstrated using a magnitude-estimation procedure. Subjects, seated in a tiltable chair, estimated their body tilt after being placed in one of 13 body tilt positions and while viewing a rod-and-frame display. A shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. The results are consistent with earlier findings using the method of body and head adjustment.", "PMID": 745877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6591", "title": "Accuracy of children on an open-loop pointing task.", "content": "The accuracy of active and passive movements was measured in 4-yr.- to 11-yr.-old children and in adults performing a visuo-manual pointing task without seeing their limbs. Accuracy varied according to age and nature of movement. The younger children performed accurate movements. At age 7 the accuracy suddenly decreased while the difference between active and passive movements increased. Between 7 and 11 yr., the active performance improved progressively until attaining an adult-like level, while the passive performance remained unchanged. It is concluded that a change occurs in the manner of controlling reaching movements at age 7.", "contents": "Accuracy of children on an open-loop pointing task. The accuracy of active and passive movements was measured in 4-yr.- to 11-yr.-old children and in adults performing a visuo-manual pointing task without seeing their limbs. Accuracy varied according to age and nature of movement. The younger children performed accurate movements. At age 7 the accuracy suddenly decreased while the difference between active and passive movements increased. Between 7 and 11 yr., the active performance improved progressively until attaining an adult-like level, while the passive performance remained unchanged. It is concluded that a change occurs in the manner of controlling reaching movements at age 7.", "PMID": 745878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6592", "title": "Application of the theory of signal detectability to the perception of differences in load.", "content": "In applying the theory of signal detectability to the perception of differences in load on a bicycle ergometer, the distributions of signal and noise were tested for normality and equality of variances. Two subjects cycled on a basic load of 40% of their VO2 max. Each subject operated under five different response criteria. The results showed that the assumptions of normality and equality of variance were observed in both cases.", "contents": "Application of the theory of signal detectability to the perception of differences in load. In applying the theory of signal detectability to the perception of differences in load on a bicycle ergometer, the distributions of signal and noise were tested for normality and equality of variances. Two subjects cycled on a basic load of 40% of their VO2 max. Each subject operated under five different response criteria. The results showed that the assumptions of normality and equality of variance were observed in both cases.", "PMID": 745879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6593", "title": "Accuracy of boundary detection by observers of filmed movement.", "content": "The influence of filming speed and body-part velocity on observers' accuracy during the microanalysis of filmed movement was investigated. Four experienced observers analyzed a stimulus film containing initiation and termination boundaries in the movement of a rod oscillating at rates derived from a range of filming speed and body-part velocity combinations. Results indicated that greatest errors in boundary-frame detection occurred at the fastest filming speed and slowest body-part velocity. Furthermore, a boundary-type effect was significant, with initiations being harder to detect accurately than terminations. Attention was drawn to the complexity of microanalysis, and it was suggested that expectations of unconditional absolute accuracy on this task are unrealistic.", "contents": "Accuracy of boundary detection by observers of filmed movement. The influence of filming speed and body-part velocity on observers' accuracy during the microanalysis of filmed movement was investigated. Four experienced observers analyzed a stimulus film containing initiation and termination boundaries in the movement of a rod oscillating at rates derived from a range of filming speed and body-part velocity combinations. Results indicated that greatest errors in boundary-frame detection occurred at the fastest filming speed and slowest body-part velocity. Furthermore, a boundary-type effect was significant, with initiations being harder to detect accurately than terminations. Attention was drawn to the complexity of microanalysis, and it was suggested that expectations of unconditional absolute accuracy on this task are unrealistic.", "PMID": 745880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6594", "title": "Sex differences in familial correlations for visual and kinesthetic aftereffects.", "content": "72 subjects from 16 families performed a visual and kinesthetic aftereffect task where data were also obtained on the pretest variability and on the adjustment times. Considerable sex differences were found, such that for mothers pretest variability correlated positively with magnitude of kinesthetic and negatively with magnitude of visual aftereffect. Daughters showed more pretest variability on both tasks and much larger individual differences on the visual task than sons. These sex differences complicate any attempt at genetic analysis. However, there was some indication of X-linked inheritance in males for magnitude aftereffect and of autosomal inheritance of visual adjustment time in females.", "contents": "Sex differences in familial correlations for visual and kinesthetic aftereffects. 72 subjects from 16 families performed a visual and kinesthetic aftereffect task where data were also obtained on the pretest variability and on the adjustment times. Considerable sex differences were found, such that for mothers pretest variability correlated positively with magnitude of kinesthetic and negatively with magnitude of visual aftereffect. Daughters showed more pretest variability on both tasks and much larger individual differences on the visual task than sons. These sex differences complicate any attempt at genetic analysis. However, there was some indication of X-linked inheritance in males for magnitude aftereffect and of autosomal inheritance of visual adjustment time in females.", "PMID": 745881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6595", "title": "Handedness and dichotic listening to nonverbal features of speech.", "content": "The assumption that pitch and loudness are processed in the right hemisphere was tested by comparing left-handers' with right-handers' performance on pitch and loudness discrimination tasks. Four groups of left-handers (20 subjects in each group) were dichotically presented either with digits varying in pitch or loudness or with pure tones varying in pitch. The subjects identified the digits, or the pitch and loudness variations, from both ears. Confirming the assumption, the data showed that the left-handers, who had no ear preference on any of these tasks, differed significantly from the right-handers, who, preferring the right ear for digit identification, preferred the left ear for the discrimination of the nonverbal features (pitch and loudness) of these digits.", "contents": "Handedness and dichotic listening to nonverbal features of speech. The assumption that pitch and loudness are processed in the right hemisphere was tested by comparing left-handers' with right-handers' performance on pitch and loudness discrimination tasks. Four groups of left-handers (20 subjects in each group) were dichotically presented either with digits varying in pitch or loudness or with pure tones varying in pitch. The subjects identified the digits, or the pitch and loudness variations, from both ears. Confirming the assumption, the data showed that the left-handers, who had no ear preference on any of these tasks, differed significantly from the right-handers, who, preferring the right ear for digit identification, preferred the left ear for the discrimination of the nonverbal features (pitch and loudness) of these digits.", "PMID": 745882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6596", "title": "Can newborn infants distinguish between tone and noise?", "content": "Full-term newborn infants were exposed to sounds produced alternatively either as tone at d = 293 Hz or as noise, each at a sound level of approximately 85 dB. In almost all cases, the infants were disturbed by noise but not by tone. The results suggest that the psychological distinction between tone and noise is inborn rather than conditioned.", "contents": "Can newborn infants distinguish between tone and noise? Full-term newborn infants were exposed to sounds produced alternatively either as tone at d = 293 Hz or as noise, each at a sound level of approximately 85 dB. In almost all cases, the infants were disturbed by noise but not by tone. The results suggest that the psychological distinction between tone and noise is inborn rather than conditioned.", "PMID": 745883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6597", "title": "The Stroop phenomenon: perceptual conflict or response competition?", "content": "The Stroop phenomenon has recently been explained by two contrasting approaches, the perceptual conflict and the response competition. This experiment was designed to evaluate the two different explanations. 24 undergraduates were tested on the three sets of Stroop stimuli while hearing their verbal responses under delayed auditory feedback and under normal feedback. Delayed feedback produced differential response decrements across Stroop conditions. The findings supported predictions of the response-competition hypothesis and disconfirmed those of the perceptual-conflict hypothesis.", "contents": "The Stroop phenomenon: perceptual conflict or response competition? The Stroop phenomenon has recently been explained by two contrasting approaches, the perceptual conflict and the response competition. This experiment was designed to evaluate the two different explanations. 24 undergraduates were tested on the three sets of Stroop stimuli while hearing their verbal responses under delayed auditory feedback and under normal feedback. Delayed feedback produced differential response decrements across Stroop conditions. The findings supported predictions of the response-competition hypothesis and disconfirmed those of the perceptual-conflict hypothesis.", "PMID": 745884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6598", "title": "Immediate auditory feedback to improve putting quickly.", "content": "After being baserated for three putts from each of three distances, six veteran golfers were given immediate feedback for head and body movement in a brief treatment session. Providing immediate feedback of the inappropriate movement resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of putts holed.", "contents": "Immediate auditory feedback to improve putting quickly. After being baserated for three putts from each of three distances, six veteran golfers were given immediate feedback for head and body movement in a brief treatment session. Providing immediate feedback of the inappropriate movement resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of putts holed.", "PMID": 745886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6599", "title": "Effects of special instruction and practice by preschool age children on performance of object projection and stability tests.", "content": "Four criterion measures were used to assess the vulnerability to change of two variables, stability and object projection, included in a perceptual-motor enhancement program for 60 boys and girls enrolled in a 20-wk., 20-session program, as were 36 male and female controls. Both samples ranged in age from 2 yr., 0 mo. to 5 yr., 8 mo., and all were within the normal range of development. Three beam-walking tests (the beam at different heights and angles) and the overhand throw comprised the criterion measures used for assessment of program effectiveness in stability and object projection. Stability measures were distance divided by time, and object projection scores were determined by velocity of the overhand throw. A three-factor analysis of covariance was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, and treatment. No significant differences were observed. Analysis by age and sex were significantly different on the Inclined Beam test. Analysis by treatment yielded significant differences on the Inclined Beam test and the Overhand Throw. Analysis by age and by sex showed a significant difference in the performance of the Overhand Throw. In summary, performance status of the overhand throw by preschool age children can be improved beyond maturational expectations through guided instruction.", "contents": "Effects of special instruction and practice by preschool age children on performance of object projection and stability tests. Four criterion measures were used to assess the vulnerability to change of two variables, stability and object projection, included in a perceptual-motor enhancement program for 60 boys and girls enrolled in a 20-wk., 20-session program, as were 36 male and female controls. Both samples ranged in age from 2 yr., 0 mo. to 5 yr., 8 mo., and all were within the normal range of development. Three beam-walking tests (the beam at different heights and angles) and the overhand throw comprised the criterion measures used for assessment of program effectiveness in stability and object projection. Stability measures were distance divided by time, and object projection scores were determined by velocity of the overhand throw. A three-factor analysis of covariance was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, and treatment. No significant differences were observed. Analysis by age and sex were significantly different on the Inclined Beam test. Analysis by treatment yielded significant differences on the Inclined Beam test and the Overhand Throw. Analysis by age and by sex showed a significant difference in the performance of the Overhand Throw. In summary, performance status of the overhand throw by preschool age children can be improved beyond maturational expectations through guided instruction.", "PMID": 745887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6600", "title": "Correlation between an embedded figures test and tennis rank order at three levels of skill.", "content": "To see if there were a significant relationship between the short form of Dees, O'Reilly, and Griffith embedded figures test and playing ability for tennis as measured by tournament rank order, setting the minimum correlation coefficient at .70, from 116 beginning, 37 advanced, and 72 intercollegiate male and female tennis students from 6 universities data were collected by 9 instructors. Spearman and Kendall rank-order correlations and partial correlation indicated that, even though several values were significant, most were not high enough to conclude that tennis players are field independent.", "contents": "Correlation between an embedded figures test and tennis rank order at three levels of skill. To see if there were a significant relationship between the short form of Dees, O'Reilly, and Griffith embedded figures test and playing ability for tennis as measured by tournament rank order, setting the minimum correlation coefficient at .70, from 116 beginning, 37 advanced, and 72 intercollegiate male and female tennis students from 6 universities data were collected by 9 instructors. Spearman and Kendall rank-order correlations and partial correlation indicated that, even though several values were significant, most were not high enough to conclude that tennis players are field independent.", "PMID": 745888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6601", "title": "Interpersonal touch among adults in cafeteria lines.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases with age. In the present study 1012 pairs of college students and 212 pairs of elderly subjects were observed in cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with sex, race, and body parts used to touch and touched. College students segregated themselves by race and sex just as the younger students had been observed to do in previous studies. Unlike all previous studies the elderly subjects did not segregate themselves by gender. For college students, touch was highest for female to male combinations; blacks were more likely to touch other blacks and least likely to touch whites. Touch was more likely among elderly subjects for female to female interactions than it was for college students, but there were no differences for the other gender combinations. In college students personal body areas were used to touch those of different gender while impersonal body areas were used to touch those of the same gender; personal body areas were more likely to be touched by others of the other gender. For elderly subjects there were no differences in frequencies with which personal or impersonal areas were involved in touch in relation to gender for either area used to touch or area touched.", "contents": "Interpersonal touch among adults in cafeteria lines. Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases with age. In the present study 1012 pairs of college students and 212 pairs of elderly subjects were observed in cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with sex, race, and body parts used to touch and touched. College students segregated themselves by race and sex just as the younger students had been observed to do in previous studies. Unlike all previous studies the elderly subjects did not segregate themselves by gender. For college students, touch was highest for female to male combinations; blacks were more likely to touch other blacks and least likely to touch whites. Touch was more likely among elderly subjects for female to female interactions than it was for college students, but there were no differences for the other gender combinations. In college students personal body areas were used to touch those of different gender while impersonal body areas were used to touch those of the same gender; personal body areas were more likely to be touched by others of the other gender. For elderly subjects there were no differences in frequencies with which personal or impersonal areas were involved in touch in relation to gender for either area used to touch or area touched.", "PMID": 745889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6602", "title": "Stability of Portable Rod-and-Frame Test scores.", "content": "Data were obtained on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for a sample of 31 college women. For a test-retest interval of approximately 9 mo. a stability coefficient of .84 was obtained. There was no difference between test and retest means of 2.15 (SD = 1.93) and 2.50 (SD = 2.12), respectively (t30 = 1.65). These findings provide evidence for the intraindividual stability of scores on the portable task.", "contents": "Stability of Portable Rod-and-Frame Test scores. Data were obtained on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for a sample of 31 college women. For a test-retest interval of approximately 9 mo. a stability coefficient of .84 was obtained. There was no difference between test and retest means of 2.15 (SD = 1.93) and 2.50 (SD = 2.12), respectively (t30 = 1.65). These findings provide evidence for the intraindividual stability of scores on the portable task.", "PMID": 745890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6603", "title": "Relations of pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water with scores on Maudsley Personality Inventory and Manifest Anxiety Scale.", "content": "Testing 56 Japanese undergraduates, the relationships between pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water and personality factors were investigated. Significant negative correlations of moderate magnitude between the pain threshold and scores on Maudsley Neuroticism and the Manifest Anxiety Scale were found. On the contrary, significant positive, moderate correlations between pain tolerance and the Maudsley Extraversion were obtained.", "contents": "Relations of pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water with scores on Maudsley Personality Inventory and Manifest Anxiety Scale. Testing 56 Japanese undergraduates, the relationships between pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water and personality factors were investigated. Significant negative correlations of moderate magnitude between the pain threshold and scores on Maudsley Neuroticism and the Manifest Anxiety Scale were found. On the contrary, significant positive, moderate correlations between pain tolerance and the Maudsley Extraversion were obtained.", "PMID": 745891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6604", "title": "Handedness and smoking.", "content": "This article reports the observation that proportionately more left-handed persons smoke than dextrals, and a greater proportion of left-handers than right-handers smoke 10 or more cigarettes daily, regardless of sex, race, stress of residence (or social class), and prior history of smoking. This association is especially strong among males and persons residing in residence areas of high stress (low income, low education), and weak among black females and persons who smoke 30 or more cigarettes daily. The sample was drawn from four census areas in Detroit differing by race, socioeconomic levels, and crime rates. Respondents and their spouses were 25 to 60 yr. old, married, and had relatives in the metropolitan area (N = 1496).", "contents": "Handedness and smoking. This article reports the observation that proportionately more left-handed persons smoke than dextrals, and a greater proportion of left-handers than right-handers smoke 10 or more cigarettes daily, regardless of sex, race, stress of residence (or social class), and prior history of smoking. This association is especially strong among males and persons residing in residence areas of high stress (low income, low education), and weak among black females and persons who smoke 30 or more cigarettes daily. The sample was drawn from four census areas in Detroit differing by race, socioeconomic levels, and crime rates. Respondents and their spouses were 25 to 60 yr. old, married, and had relatives in the metropolitan area (N = 1496).", "PMID": 745892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6605", "title": "Assessment of swimming performance of preschool children.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to establish the validity and reliability of a swimming scale designed for children, ages 2 to 6 yr. Subjects (N = 57) were tested on nine categories of tasks. These tasks were selected from the skills traditionally included within the motor domain of swimming; therefore, the scale is assumed to be valid. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the interjudge objectivity, and within-day, and between-days reliabilities. The range of values for each were: .99 to .98, .99 to .96, and .97 to .84, respectively. As these values are acceptable, the swimming scale seems to be an appropriate instrument for assessing the performance of preschool children.", "contents": "Assessment of swimming performance of preschool children. The purpose of this research was to establish the validity and reliability of a swimming scale designed for children, ages 2 to 6 yr. Subjects (N = 57) were tested on nine categories of tasks. These tasks were selected from the skills traditionally included within the motor domain of swimming; therefore, the scale is assumed to be valid. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the interjudge objectivity, and within-day, and between-days reliabilities. The range of values for each were: .99 to .98, .99 to .96, and .97 to .84, respectively. As these values are acceptable, the swimming scale seems to be an appropriate instrument for assessing the performance of preschool children.", "PMID": 745893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6606", "title": "Ethnic differences in time perception: a comparison of Anglo and Mexican Americans.", "content": "Social scientists have presented an image of the Mexican American as locked into the present, incapable, or unwilling to project plans and events into the future. This is seen as responsible in part for the lack of social mobility and assimilation exhibited by Mexican Americans. However, there is little empirical support for the contention that Mexican Americans have a restricted sense of future events. The present study compared the temporal perspectives of 31 Mexican American and 41 Anglo American college students. No marked differences were observed.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in time perception: a comparison of Anglo and Mexican Americans. Social scientists have presented an image of the Mexican American as locked into the present, incapable, or unwilling to project plans and events into the future. This is seen as responsible in part for the lack of social mobility and assimilation exhibited by Mexican Americans. However, there is little empirical support for the contention that Mexican Americans have a restricted sense of future events. The present study compared the temporal perspectives of 31 Mexican American and 41 Anglo American college students. No marked differences were observed.", "PMID": 745894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6607", "title": "Effect of sleep deprivation on response threshold for signal detectability parameter, beta.", "content": "In contrast to a previous study (Deaton, Tobias, & Wilkinson, 1971), data are presented which demonstrate significant decreases in response bias (beta) as well as sensitivity (d') following one night of sleep deprivation. It is argued that previous failures to observe significant decreases in beta may be related to the disparity in the number of noise and signal-plus-noise trials in these experiments. The use of parametric analysis to test the effect of sleep deprivation on d' and beta is recommended.", "contents": "Effect of sleep deprivation on response threshold for signal detectability parameter, beta. In contrast to a previous study (Deaton, Tobias, & Wilkinson, 1971), data are presented which demonstrate significant decreases in response bias (beta) as well as sensitivity (d') following one night of sleep deprivation. It is argued that previous failures to observe significant decreases in beta may be related to the disparity in the number of noise and signal-plus-noise trials in these experiments. The use of parametric analysis to test the effect of sleep deprivation on d' and beta is recommended.", "PMID": 745895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6608", "title": "Decisional difficulty in pattern discrimination.", "content": "To assess the relative influence of decisional ambiguity and response uncertainty on task difficulty, a pattern discrimination task was presented to 60 college undergraduates. The comparison stimuli were nine 20 X 20 matrices of randomly assigned black and white squares, with percent of black squares varying evenly from 10% to 90%. The standard contained 50% black squares. In a low-response uncertainty condition there were two response categories, and five in a high uncertainty condition. It was hypothesized that decisional ambiguity should be greatest at the boundaries between categories. The results suggested that decisional ambiguity was the critical factor determining judgment difficulty.", "contents": "Decisional difficulty in pattern discrimination. To assess the relative influence of decisional ambiguity and response uncertainty on task difficulty, a pattern discrimination task was presented to 60 college undergraduates. The comparison stimuli were nine 20 X 20 matrices of randomly assigned black and white squares, with percent of black squares varying evenly from 10% to 90%. The standard contained 50% black squares. In a low-response uncertainty condition there were two response categories, and five in a high uncertainty condition. It was hypothesized that decisional ambiguity should be greatest at the boundaries between categories. The results suggested that decisional ambiguity was the critical factor determining judgment difficulty.", "PMID": 745896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6609", "title": "\"Inner\" darts: effects of mental practice on performance of dart throwing.", "content": "To explore the effects of mental rehearsal on the performance of a motor skill, 32 college undergraduates were scored on dart-throwing ability and randomly assigned to one of 4 practice conditions: no-practice controls, mental rehearsal only, mental rehearsal with simulated dart-throwing motor movements, and direct physical practice. Following 6 days of mental or physical practice by the experimental groups, the performance level on the dart-throwing task was again measured for all subjects. Comparison of improvement showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Follow-up tests showed that all experimental groups differed significantly from the no-practice group, there were no significant differences between mental practice groups and direct physical practice resulted in improvements significantly higher than any other form of practice.", "contents": "\"Inner\" darts: effects of mental practice on performance of dart throwing. To explore the effects of mental rehearsal on the performance of a motor skill, 32 college undergraduates were scored on dart-throwing ability and randomly assigned to one of 4 practice conditions: no-practice controls, mental rehearsal only, mental rehearsal with simulated dart-throwing motor movements, and direct physical practice. Following 6 days of mental or physical practice by the experimental groups, the performance level on the dart-throwing task was again measured for all subjects. Comparison of improvement showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Follow-up tests showed that all experimental groups differed significantly from the no-practice group, there were no significant differences between mental practice groups and direct physical practice resulted in improvements significantly higher than any other form of practice.", "PMID": 745897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6610", "title": "Cross-modal utilization of information: recognition memory for environmental stimuli.", "content": "In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 other the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 75.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).", "contents": "Cross-modal utilization of information: recognition memory for environmental stimuli. In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 other the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 75.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).", "PMID": 745899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6611", "title": "Effects of shock inputs on perceptual vigilance.", "content": "This study concerns the role of an accessory shock stimulus in varying the level of performance of subjects in reporting pairs of tachistoscopic words. On half the trials received either a high or low level of shock together with a pair of words presented for one of two durations. The results indicate that intensity of shock interacted with sex such that for female subjects performance deteriorates with intensity in shock while for male subjects it increases. The role of phasic and tonic arousal is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of shock inputs on perceptual vigilance. This study concerns the role of an accessory shock stimulus in varying the level of performance of subjects in reporting pairs of tachistoscopic words. On half the trials received either a high or low level of shock together with a pair of words presented for one of two durations. The results indicate that intensity of shock interacted with sex such that for female subjects performance deteriorates with intensity in shock while for male subjects it increases. The role of phasic and tonic arousal is discussed.", "PMID": 745900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6612", "title": "Psychological effects of jogging: a preliminary study.", "content": "Three chronic psychiatric patients in a halfway house were enrolled in a program of regular supervised jogging. In comparison with three other chronic patients from the same setting who received the same amount of attention but no jogging, the jogging group showed significantly less posttest trait anxiety. No significant posttest differences in body image were found between groups. The role of multi-process relaxation is discussed.", "contents": "Psychological effects of jogging: a preliminary study. Three chronic psychiatric patients in a halfway house were enrolled in a program of regular supervised jogging. In comparison with three other chronic patients from the same setting who received the same amount of attention but no jogging, the jogging group showed significantly less posttest trait anxiety. No significant posttest differences in body image were found between groups. The role of multi-process relaxation is discussed.", "PMID": 745901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6613", "title": "Role of kinaesthesia in arousal and learning behavior.", "content": "This article presents a rationale of the significance of kinaesthesia. The development of arousal in the central nervous system is primarily peripheral and based on kinaesthesia. Consistent adaptive behavior results from adequate kinaesthetic perception and is the foundation for intersensory integration. Without kinaesthesia learning develops unevenly, as in children with learning disabilities. Inconsistent, bizarre behavior evident in psychopathology may result from inadequate, distorted kinaesthetic perception. Visual and auditory perceptual processes have been researched but the essential role of kinaesthetic perception has been neglected. The implications of adequate kinaesthesia are relevant to teaching and to psychotherapy.", "contents": "Role of kinaesthesia in arousal and learning behavior. This article presents a rationale of the significance of kinaesthesia. The development of arousal in the central nervous system is primarily peripheral and based on kinaesthesia. Consistent adaptive behavior results from adequate kinaesthetic perception and is the foundation for intersensory integration. Without kinaesthesia learning develops unevenly, as in children with learning disabilities. Inconsistent, bizarre behavior evident in psychopathology may result from inadequate, distorted kinaesthetic perception. Visual and auditory perceptual processes have been researched but the essential role of kinaesthetic perception has been neglected. The implications of adequate kinaesthesia are relevant to teaching and to psychotherapy.", "PMID": 745902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6614", "title": "Sex differences in perception of life events using self-weights.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between sex differences and the perception of life events as influenced by social desirability. Change events in the lives of 71 subjects being admitted to the adult inpatient unit of a large mental health center were measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Social desirability and role perception were measured using the L-Scale of the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The findings suggest that sex differences in the appraisal of life events have a social desirability bias rather than an intrinsic difference between males and females.", "contents": "Sex differences in perception of life events using self-weights. This study investigated the relationship between sex differences and the perception of life events as influenced by social desirability. Change events in the lives of 71 subjects being admitted to the adult inpatient unit of a large mental health center were measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Social desirability and role perception were measured using the L-Scale of the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The findings suggest that sex differences in the appraisal of life events have a social desirability bias rather than an intrinsic difference between males and females.", "PMID": 745904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6615", "title": "Letter recognition ability of aphasic subjects.", "content": "This study examined the letter-recognition abilities of 44 aphasic and 10 normal subjects. On a 26-item letter recognition task normal subjects made no errors. Moderately aphasic subjects illustrated minimal difficulty but did not differ significantly in performance from normals. Severely aphasic subjects exhibited marked impairment and made significantly lower letter-recognition scores than moderate aphasic or normal subjects. Type of aphasia as determined by conversational speech fluency (fluent or nonfluent) seemed to affect the letter-recognition performance of the severely aphasic subjects. Fluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups; nonfluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups except the severe nonfluent group. The types of letter-recognition errors produced by the two severely aphasic groups offer some explanation as to their performance differences. Errors of the latter group were more likely to be related to the stimulus letter; errors from the former group tended to be random. Findings indicate the intactness of the aphasic subjects's semantic associational network is important to the letter-recognition process.", "contents": "Letter recognition ability of aphasic subjects. This study examined the letter-recognition abilities of 44 aphasic and 10 normal subjects. On a 26-item letter recognition task normal subjects made no errors. Moderately aphasic subjects illustrated minimal difficulty but did not differ significantly in performance from normals. Severely aphasic subjects exhibited marked impairment and made significantly lower letter-recognition scores than moderate aphasic or normal subjects. Type of aphasia as determined by conversational speech fluency (fluent or nonfluent) seemed to affect the letter-recognition performance of the severely aphasic subjects. Fluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups; nonfluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups except the severe nonfluent group. The types of letter-recognition errors produced by the two severely aphasic groups offer some explanation as to their performance differences. Errors of the latter group were more likely to be related to the stimulus letter; errors from the former group tended to be random. Findings indicate the intactness of the aphasic subjects's semantic associational network is important to the letter-recognition process.", "PMID": 745905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6616", "title": "Field dependence and adaptation-innovation theories.", "content": "Witkin's field dependence and Kitton's adaptation-innovation theories are compared and a theoretical overlap of concepts is advanced. This is confirmed by field study despite the confounding elements of spatial ability and extraversion in the former theory for male responses. Women's scores on the Embedded Figures Test differ from those of males, and this finding continues to constitute a difficulty for Witkin's theory and use of his measure.", "contents": "Field dependence and adaptation-innovation theories. Witkin's field dependence and Kitton's adaptation-innovation theories are compared and a theoretical overlap of concepts is advanced. This is confirmed by field study despite the confounding elements of spatial ability and extraversion in the former theory for male responses. Women's scores on the Embedded Figures Test differ from those of males, and this finding continues to constitute a difficulty for Witkin's theory and use of his measure.", "PMID": 745906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6617", "title": "Matching familiar figures test: a unidimensional measure of reflection-impulsivity?", "content": "In an initial factor-analytic study using preschool children (41 girls, 44 boys), the errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test saturated different factors. A second study (47 boys, 39 girls), employing the Kansas Reflection Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers, replicated this finding. In addition, the error (but not the latency) was associated with measures of gross-motor, fine-motor, and perceptual-motor coordination. The results suggest that error measures a maturational dimension of task-oriented attention for this age group.", "contents": "Matching familiar figures test: a unidimensional measure of reflection-impulsivity? In an initial factor-analytic study using preschool children (41 girls, 44 boys), the errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test saturated different factors. A second study (47 boys, 39 girls), employing the Kansas Reflection Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers, replicated this finding. In addition, the error (but not the latency) was associated with measures of gross-motor, fine-motor, and perceptual-motor coordination. The results suggest that error measures a maturational dimension of task-oriented attention for this age group.", "PMID": 745908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6618", "title": "Creativity and imagery in men and women.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between creativity, imagery, and sex-role orientation in men and women. Instruments measuring creativity, creative production, imagery, and sex-role orientation were administered to 163 students enrolled in introductory psychology. The results showed that creative ability and vividness of imagery were related in women but not in men, whereas creative ability and creative production were related in men but not in women. Creative ability correlated with femininity whereas creative production correlated with masculinity. The author concluded that: (1) men and women show differing patterns of cognitive functioning in the creative process; and (2) men and women differ in the utilization of their creative capacity possibly due to the influence of sex-role stereotypes.", "contents": "Creativity and imagery in men and women. This study investigated the relationship between creativity, imagery, and sex-role orientation in men and women. Instruments measuring creativity, creative production, imagery, and sex-role orientation were administered to 163 students enrolled in introductory psychology. The results showed that creative ability and vividness of imagery were related in women but not in men, whereas creative ability and creative production were related in men but not in women. Creative ability correlated with femininity whereas creative production correlated with masculinity. The author concluded that: (1) men and women show differing patterns of cognitive functioning in the creative process; and (2) men and women differ in the utilization of their creative capacity possibly due to the influence of sex-role stereotypes.", "PMID": 745910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6619", "title": "Field study of eye glance and laterality.", "content": "Because most experiments on lateral eye movement and laterality are done with one parochially based group, it was wondered if percentages of laterality and consistency of glance would be consistent in disparate groups. Five questions eliciting preference, recall, cognition, space and imagination modes of thought were asked of 140 people who made up six groups: randomly selected citizens, children, artists, people-helpers, law-keepers and law-breakers. Results showed significant differences from the norm in three groups and variability within questions.", "contents": "Field study of eye glance and laterality. Because most experiments on lateral eye movement and laterality are done with one parochially based group, it was wondered if percentages of laterality and consistency of glance would be consistent in disparate groups. Five questions eliciting preference, recall, cognition, space and imagination modes of thought were asked of 140 people who made up six groups: randomly selected citizens, children, artists, people-helpers, law-keepers and law-breakers. Results showed significant differences from the norm in three groups and variability within questions.", "PMID": 745911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6620", "title": "Effects of individual psychotherapy on body-cathexis and self-cathexis.", "content": "Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales were administered to 24 people who received individual psychotherapy and a control group of 25 students. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis tests were given before and after the therapeutic sessions. No significant differences were obtained.", "contents": "Effects of individual psychotherapy on body-cathexis and self-cathexis. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales were administered to 24 people who received individual psychotherapy and a control group of 25 students. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis tests were given before and after the therapeutic sessions. No significant differences were obtained.", "PMID": 745912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6621", "title": "Components of the clinician's confidence.", "content": "Judgmental tasks in person perception are related to the degree of confidence of the performing clinician. 10 judges were exposed to increments of video and/or case history information about 10 patients and were asked to rate the patients' characteristics after each phase as well as to indicate how confident they felt about their ratings. The results suggest that the level of confidence varies according to the information available (as found in other research). the item judged, and the personality of the judge. The impact of the mode of information did not become sufficiently clear.", "contents": "Components of the clinician's confidence. Judgmental tasks in person perception are related to the degree of confidence of the performing clinician. 10 judges were exposed to increments of video and/or case history information about 10 patients and were asked to rate the patients' characteristics after each phase as well as to indicate how confident they felt about their ratings. The results suggest that the level of confidence varies according to the information available (as found in other research). the item judged, and the personality of the judge. The impact of the mode of information did not become sufficiently clear.", "PMID": 745913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6622", "title": "Influence of imposed metabolic fatigue on visual capacity components.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise to exhaustion on different components of visual capacity: visual field, and coincidence/anticipation capacity. 16 male subjects were first familiarized with the three visual tests, one day before being submitted to a prefatigue visual test. Metabolic fatigue was induced by working to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the visual tests. Pre- and post-fatigue visual measurements were not significantly different. The results demonstrated the independence between metabolic fatigue and visual capacity.", "contents": "Influence of imposed metabolic fatigue on visual capacity components. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise to exhaustion on different components of visual capacity: visual field, and coincidence/anticipation capacity. 16 male subjects were first familiarized with the three visual tests, one day before being submitted to a prefatigue visual test. Metabolic fatigue was induced by working to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the visual tests. Pre- and post-fatigue visual measurements were not significantly different. The results demonstrated the independence between metabolic fatigue and visual capacity.", "PMID": 745914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6623", "title": "Use of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test with learning disabled children.", "content": "This investigation established the reliability of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test for learning disabled children. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .89 to .92 for a sample of 91 children, 5 through 12 yr., attending private schools for children with learning disabilities. Reversal errors decreased with age for boys and girls, although girls 9 through 12 made significantly fewer errors than did boys in the same age range. Learning disabled children made more errors at all ages than normal children. This test instrument was determined to be a measure of the global tendency to make visual reversal errors and was viewed as an appropriate part of the learning disabilities diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "Use of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test with learning disabled children. This investigation established the reliability of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test for learning disabled children. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .89 to .92 for a sample of 91 children, 5 through 12 yr., attending private schools for children with learning disabilities. Reversal errors decreased with age for boys and girls, although girls 9 through 12 made significantly fewer errors than did boys in the same age range. Learning disabled children made more errors at all ages than normal children. This test instrument was determined to be a measure of the global tendency to make visual reversal errors and was viewed as an appropriate part of the learning disabilities diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 745916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6624", "title": "Sex and generational differences in Senior Apperception Technique projections.", "content": "A major purpose of this study was to compare the projections of 50 young and 50 elderly subjects to the Seniors Apperception Technique.  Specifically, the emotional contents of stories told to the test were compared for sex and generational differences. The results showed, in general, that, while the themes contained more negative than positive feelings, many individuals gave unhappy stories happy conclusions. In addition, the projections of elderly and female respondents were more positive than those of younger and male subjects. The findings were interpreted in light of Neugartin's disengagement theory.", "contents": "Sex and generational differences in Senior Apperception Technique projections. A major purpose of this study was to compare the projections of 50 young and 50 elderly subjects to the Seniors Apperception Technique.  Specifically, the emotional contents of stories told to the test were compared for sex and generational differences. The results showed, in general, that, while the themes contained more negative than positive feelings, many individuals gave unhappy stories happy conclusions. In addition, the projections of elderly and female respondents were more positive than those of younger and male subjects. The findings were interpreted in light of Neugartin's disengagement theory.", "PMID": 745918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6625", "title": "Inter- vs intramodal performance of college men and women: a replication.", "content": "Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes along a temporal dimension were investigated for 52 male and 52 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 33 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented electronically in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated, auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance showed women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performance on intramodal and intermodal tasks. Results are consistent with an earlier report by Gould (1977).", "contents": "Inter- vs intramodal performance of college men and women: a replication. Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes along a temporal dimension were investigated for 52 male and 52 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 33 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented electronically in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated, auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance showed women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performance on intramodal and intermodal tasks. Results are consistent with an earlier report by Gould (1977).", "PMID": 745919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6626", "title": "Effects of instructions for visual imagery on Rorschach responses.", "content": "The Rorschach was administered to two groups of 12 subjects under two conditions. The first group was classified as imagery Reactors based upon their prior responsivity to imagery instructions during therapy. The second group was labelled Nonreactors using the same clinical criteria. The condition administered first utilized the standard Rorschach; in the second, subjects were asked to produce sequences of visual imagery using Rorschach cards as stimuli. Both groups received both Rorschach administrations. Responses were scored without knowledge of the two classifications of subjects. Instructions for imagery appeared to have a disinhibiting effect and led to significant changes in several major Rorschach scoring categories and in a specially derived index of the amount of clinically relevant conflictual and affective material manifested. There were a number of significant differences between Reactors and Nonreactors in Rorschach response levels under the imagery condition, among other changes. Reactors yielded significantly more complex and clinically revealing material under imagery than did Nonreactors. The findings were considered to be particularly useful for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with certain types of patients. The results also suggest the possibility of differences in personality structure between imagery Reactors and Nonreactors which warrant further investigation.", "contents": "Effects of instructions for visual imagery on Rorschach responses. The Rorschach was administered to two groups of 12 subjects under two conditions. The first group was classified as imagery Reactors based upon their prior responsivity to imagery instructions during therapy. The second group was labelled Nonreactors using the same clinical criteria. The condition administered first utilized the standard Rorschach; in the second, subjects were asked to produce sequences of visual imagery using Rorschach cards as stimuli. Both groups received both Rorschach administrations. Responses were scored without knowledge of the two classifications of subjects. Instructions for imagery appeared to have a disinhibiting effect and led to significant changes in several major Rorschach scoring categories and in a specially derived index of the amount of clinically relevant conflictual and affective material manifested. There were a number of significant differences between Reactors and Nonreactors in Rorschach response levels under the imagery condition, among other changes. Reactors yielded significantly more complex and clinically revealing material under imagery than did Nonreactors. The findings were considered to be particularly useful for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with certain types of patients. The results also suggest the possibility of differences in personality structure between imagery Reactors and Nonreactors which warrant further investigation.", "PMID": 745921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6627", "title": "Locus of control in short and long sleepers.", "content": "As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be less reflective and more conformist in their thinking than long sleepers, the I-E scale scores of 15 short and 15 long sleepers were compared. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that to a significant degree, short sleepers view themselves as more externally regulated than long sleepers.", "contents": "Locus of control in short and long sleepers. As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be less reflective and more conformist in their thinking than long sleepers, the I-E scale scores of 15 short and 15 long sleepers were compared. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that to a significant degree, short sleepers view themselves as more externally regulated than long sleepers.", "PMID": 745923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6628", "title": "An assessment of a property analyzer model in predicting adaptation patterns of simple and complex figures.", "content": "Selective adaptation patterns of simple contours and geometrical illusions under monocular stimulation were studied with five subjects. A strict property analyzer model predicted that adaptation patterns would mirror figural contours of both types of forms. The results supported this hypothesis: the geometrical illusions generated adaptation patterns reflecting their physical stimulus properties rather than the illusory percept resulting from contextual juxtaposition. The results are discussed with respect to a model of feature extraction which assumes that property analyzers possess a sensitivity bandwidth.", "contents": "An assessment of a property analyzer model in predicting adaptation patterns of simple and complex figures. Selective adaptation patterns of simple contours and geometrical illusions under monocular stimulation were studied with five subjects. A strict property analyzer model predicted that adaptation patterns would mirror figural contours of both types of forms. The results supported this hypothesis: the geometrical illusions generated adaptation patterns reflecting their physical stimulus properties rather than the illusory percept resulting from contextual juxtaposition. The results are discussed with respect to a model of feature extraction which assumes that property analyzers possess a sensitivity bandwidth.", "PMID": 745924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6629", "title": "Reliability and predictive validity of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule with preadolescents.", "content": "The reliability and predictive validity of scores of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule were estimated with 50 preadolescent children. The schedule is a self-report measure of a respondent's lateral preference for a number of common tasks involving the eyes, ears, hands, feet. One week following the administration of the scale, data were collected on each child's lateral preference when performing the actual tasks. Analysis showed the schedule to be a good predictor of manual patterns of lateral preference. The temporal stability of scores was .91 when all subjects were retested 4 wk. after its initial administration. It was concluded that the scale meets minimum requirements of reliability and predictive validity with preadolescent children.", "contents": "Reliability and predictive validity of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule with preadolescents. The reliability and predictive validity of scores of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule were estimated with 50 preadolescent children. The schedule is a self-report measure of a respondent's lateral preference for a number of common tasks involving the eyes, ears, hands, feet. One week following the administration of the scale, data were collected on each child's lateral preference when performing the actual tasks. Analysis showed the schedule to be a good predictor of manual patterns of lateral preference. The temporal stability of scores was .91 when all subjects were retested 4 wk. after its initial administration. It was concluded that the scale meets minimum requirements of reliability and predictive validity with preadolescent children.", "PMID": 745925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6630", "title": "[Articular and muscular manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. 11 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 11 cases of bacterial endocarditis with muscular and articular manifestations seen over the past ten years. There was arthralgia in 7 cases, vertebral pain in 7 cases and myalgia in 3 cases. Arthritis consisted of a monoarthritis of the ankle in 2 cases and oligoarthritis in 2 cases. There were also 2 cases of lumbar spondylodiscitis and 1 of finger clubbing in the series. The underlying heart disease was a valvular lesion of the left side of the heart in 10 cases out of 11 and the organism isolated by blood culture was a streptococcus in 9 cases and a staphylococcus in 11. We emphasis the need for early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy, in the absence of which the course may be fatal in the short term, as it was the case in one of our own patients.", "contents": "[Articular and muscular manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. 11 cases (author's transl)]. We report 11 cases of bacterial endocarditis with muscular and articular manifestations seen over the past ten years. There was arthralgia in 7 cases, vertebral pain in 7 cases and myalgia in 3 cases. Arthritis consisted of a monoarthritis of the ankle in 2 cases and oligoarthritis in 2 cases. There were also 2 cases of lumbar spondylodiscitis and 1 of finger clubbing in the series. The underlying heart disease was a valvular lesion of the left side of the heart in 10 cases out of 11 and the organism isolated by blood culture was a streptococcus in 9 cases and a staphylococcus in 11. We emphasis the need for early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy, in the absence of which the course may be fatal in the short term, as it was the case in one of our own patients.", "PMID": 745939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6631", "title": "[Treatment of breast carcinoma. Results of telecobaltherapy associated to surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The study was performed on 156 cases of breast carcinoma treated since 1968 with a follow up of 5 to 9 years. The global actuarial survival in 73,5%. The stages T1 T2 N0 treated by tumor excision gave a prominent result: 93%  5 years survival while preserving the breast. Among grave signs the importance of axillar involvement is outlined: the 5 years survival is 65,5% with N1 M0 while 73,5% with N0 - M0. Local recurrences are  rare (8%) and generally in extensive cases. Sequelae are rare (3 to 13%), the most frequent is the arm lymphodema which is related more to the Halstedt surgical procedure than to post operative irradiation. These results in agreement with other publications emphasize the importance of post operative irradiation. Only in the high risk cases one must try in addition to radiotherapy a chemotherapy treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of breast carcinoma. Results of telecobaltherapy associated to surgery (author's transl)]. The study was performed on 156 cases of breast carcinoma treated since 1968 with a follow up of 5 to 9 years. The global actuarial survival in 73,5%. The stages T1 T2 N0 treated by tumor excision gave a prominent result: 93%  5 years survival while preserving the breast. Among grave signs the importance of axillar involvement is outlined: the 5 years survival is 65,5% with N1 M0 while 73,5% with N0 - M0. Local recurrences are  rare (8%) and generally in extensive cases. Sequelae are rare (3 to 13%), the most frequent is the arm lymphodema which is related more to the Halstedt surgical procedure than to post operative irradiation. These results in agreement with other publications emphasize the importance of post operative irradiation. Only in the high risk cases one must try in addition to radiotherapy a chemotherapy treatment.", "PMID": 745940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6632", "title": "[Stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta by endovascular calcification, with hypertension. Surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 24 year-old man in whom, following acute pulmonary oedema complicating hypertension known for a period of three years, stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta produced by a large calcification within a zone of the aorta with an inflammatory appearance was demonstrated. This case is included within the context of the aortic syndrome. Operation led to normalisation of blood pressure immediately afterwords, but there was moderate hypertension 56 months later.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta by endovascular calcification, with hypertension. Surgical treatment (author's transl)]. A case of a 24 year-old man in whom, following acute pulmonary oedema complicating hypertension known for a period of three years, stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta produced by a large calcification within a zone of the aorta with an inflammatory appearance was demonstrated. This case is included within the context of the aortic syndrome. Operation led to normalisation of blood pressure immediately afterwords, but there was moderate hypertension 56 months later.", "PMID": 745941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6633", "title": "[Surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus. A plea for precise technique and pleuro-mediastinal drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "During surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, the authors emphasise the need for selective intubation using a Carlens tube, of avoiding damage to the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve at all levels, and of draining the hemithorax involved in the operation by three drains: anterior and posterior thoracic and madiastino-abdominal. These precautions reduce post-operative difficulties, justifiy excision surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, and to a certain extent make it possible to reduce the contraindications, in particular in the presence of tracheo-bronchial spread. Amongst 107 patients undergoing surgery, in whom there was a risk of respiratory insufficiency in one quarter, surgery (sometimes with extension of the excision: one case in four) was associated with an operative and post-operative mortality of 18%.", "contents": "[Surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus. A plea for precise technique and pleuro-mediastinal drainage (author's transl)]. During surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, the authors emphasise the need for selective intubation using a Carlens tube, of avoiding damage to the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve at all levels, and of draining the hemithorax involved in the operation by three drains: anterior and posterior thoracic and madiastino-abdominal. These precautions reduce post-operative difficulties, justifiy excision surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, and to a certain extent make it possible to reduce the contraindications, in particular in the presence of tracheo-bronchial spread. Amongst 107 patients undergoing surgery, in whom there was a risk of respiratory insufficiency in one quarter, surgery (sometimes with extension of the excision: one case in four) was associated with an operative and post-operative mortality of 18%.", "PMID": 745942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6634", "title": "[Clinicopathological study of the causes of mortality during the acute phase of myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and autopsy study of 100 cases of patients dying during the first 3 weeks of hospitalisation for myocardial infarction revealed the following causes of death: cardiac failure in 59 cases (including 40 of cardiogenic shock), rupture of the heart in 29 cases (24 of rupture of the ventricular wall, 4 of the septum and 1 of a mitral papillary muscle). 4 ventricular arrhythmias and 6 haemorrhagic or embolic complications. In 2 cases, the cause of death could not be accurately determined. In cardiogenic shock, death usually occurred early. It was later in cases of refractory left ventricular failure. Conduction disturbances were much commoner in  cases of myocardial infarction complicated by fatal cardiac failure (57.6%) than in the presence of any other complication (17.1%) (p less than 0.001). The responsible infarction was often extensive and recurrent. Rupture of the heart invariably occurred during the first three days of an infarction often initial (p less than 0.001), anterior (apart from septal rupture) and small in size (p less than 0.01). Other complications play only a secondary role in mortality at the present time, in particular arrhythmias, the gravity of which has greatly decreased since the reduction of delays before hospitalisation and improvements in anti-arrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological study of the causes of mortality during the acute phase of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Clinical and autopsy study of 100 cases of patients dying during the first 3 weeks of hospitalisation for myocardial infarction revealed the following causes of death: cardiac failure in 59 cases (including 40 of cardiogenic shock), rupture of the heart in 29 cases (24 of rupture of the ventricular wall, 4 of the septum and 1 of a mitral papillary muscle). 4 ventricular arrhythmias and 6 haemorrhagic or embolic complications. In 2 cases, the cause of death could not be accurately determined. In cardiogenic shock, death usually occurred early. It was later in cases of refractory left ventricular failure. Conduction disturbances were much commoner in  cases of myocardial infarction complicated by fatal cardiac failure (57.6%) than in the presence of any other complication (17.1%) (p less than 0.001). The responsible infarction was often extensive and recurrent. Rupture of the heart invariably occurred during the first three days of an infarction often initial (p less than 0.001), anterior (apart from septal rupture) and small in size (p less than 0.01). Other complications play only a secondary role in mortality at the present time, in particular arrhythmias, the gravity of which has greatly decreased since the reduction of delays before hospitalisation and improvements in anti-arrhythmic therapy.", "PMID": 745957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6635", "title": "[Fibrorectosigmoidoscopy. Results of 476 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A fibrorectosigmoidoscope, 60 cm in length has been systematically applied in the endoscopy unit to the exploration of the distal colon. Technical parameters have been analysed in 300 patients: --immediate enema preparation was satisfactory (95% of examinations), --tolerance was good (96% of examinations), --mean length of colon explored reached 48,5 cm, --mean length of duration reached 5,15 mn. Efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions was tested in 476 patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic). Tumoral lesions were detected in 105 patients, with a total of 125 adenomas and 31 cancers; 71 lesions were found in the area that could be explored by a rigid rectosigmoidoscope (0-19 cm) while 85 were beyond this limit (20-60 cm). The fibre endoscope explores a larger territory (rectum + sigmoid), resulting in increased efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions. It should therefore replace progressively the rigid instrument in spite of its higher cost.", "contents": "[Fibrorectosigmoidoscopy. Results of 476 cases (author's transl)]. A fibrorectosigmoidoscope, 60 cm in length has been systematically applied in the endoscopy unit to the exploration of the distal colon. Technical parameters have been analysed in 300 patients: --immediate enema preparation was satisfactory (95% of examinations), --tolerance was good (96% of examinations), --mean length of colon explored reached 48,5 cm, --mean length of duration reached 5,15 mn. Efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions was tested in 476 patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic). Tumoral lesions were detected in 105 patients, with a total of 125 adenomas and 31 cancers; 71 lesions were found in the area that could be explored by a rigid rectosigmoidoscope (0-19 cm) while 85 were beyond this limit (20-60 cm). The fibre endoscope explores a larger territory (rectum + sigmoid), resulting in increased efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions. It should therefore replace progressively the rigid instrument in spite of its higher cost.", "PMID": 745959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6636", "title": "[Successive bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytoma. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient underwent surgery for the first time at the age of ten years for a right-sided adrenal phaeochromocytoma. She underwent a second operation at the age of 27 years, for a contro-lateral localisation. Phaeochromocytomas are rare in the child. They are frequently bilateral, multiple and situated extra-adrenally. They fall within the context of Sipple's syndrome more rarely than in the adult. Treatment of these bilateral forms requires bilateral adrenalectomy in one or two stages, followed by substitute hormone therapy.", "contents": "[Successive bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytoma. One case (author's transl)]. A patient underwent surgery for the first time at the age of ten years for a right-sided adrenal phaeochromocytoma. She underwent a second operation at the age of 27 years, for a contro-lateral localisation. Phaeochromocytomas are rare in the child. They are frequently bilateral, multiple and situated extra-adrenally. They fall within the context of Sipple's syndrome more rarely than in the adult. Treatment of these bilateral forms requires bilateral adrenalectomy in one or two stages, followed by substitute hormone therapy.", "PMID": 745960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6637", "title": "[Hypophosphatasia in an adult, with late clinical manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hypophosphatasia with osteomalacia and subtrochanteric pseudo-fractures is described in a 53 years old woman. Bone biopsy showed an excess of osteoid. Alkaline phosphatase activities in sera were low. There was no excretion in the urine of abnormal quantities of phosphoetanolamine. But alkaline phosphatase activities were low in bone and intestine. Two sons were affected by biological hypophosphatasia without clinical features. These data support the diagnosis of minimal hypophosphatasia in an adult.", "contents": "[Hypophosphatasia in an adult, with late clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. A case of hypophosphatasia with osteomalacia and subtrochanteric pseudo-fractures is described in a 53 years old woman. Bone biopsy showed an excess of osteoid. Alkaline phosphatase activities in sera were low. There was no excretion in the urine of abnormal quantities of phosphoetanolamine. But alkaline phosphatase activities were low in bone and intestine. Two sons were affected by biological hypophosphatasia without clinical features. These data support the diagnosis of minimal hypophosphatasia in an adult.", "PMID": 745977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6638", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA.", "content": "The sequence of the 6,408 nucleotides of bacteriophage fd DNA has been determined. This allows to deduce the exact organisation of the filamentous phage genome and provides easy access to DNA segments of known structure and function.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA. The sequence of the 6,408 nucleotides of bacteriophage fd DNA has been determined. This allows to deduce the exact organisation of the filamentous phage genome and provides easy access to DNA segments of known structure and function.", "PMID": 745987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6639", "title": "A protein linked to the 5' termini of both RNA components of the cowpea mosaic virus genome.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the presence of a protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of both M and B RNA components of CPMV. The protein is found to be linked in both cases to the 5' phosphate of the dinucleotide pUpAp, derived by ribonuclease digestion of the RNA. The intact protein is not required for infectivity or for in vitro translation of the RNA in cell-free extracts.", "contents": "A protein linked to the 5' termini of both RNA components of the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Evidence is presented for the presence of a protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of both M and B RNA components of CPMV. The protein is found to be linked in both cases to the 5' phosphate of the dinucleotide pUpAp, derived by ribonuclease digestion of the RNA. The intact protein is not required for infectivity or for in vitro translation of the RNA in cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 745988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6640", "title": "A method for sequencing restriction fragments with dideoxynucleoside triphosphates.", "content": "A rapid enzymatic approach is described for the sequence analysis of a 5' terminally labelled restriction fragment. It involves limited nicking of the strands of the molecule throughout the sequence by pancreatic DNAase I. The 3' hydroxyl groups exposed by each nick are then used to prime chain extension by DNA polymerase I in four separate reactions. Each reaction uses one of the four chain terminating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNT-PSs), together with the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). In a single reaction all the 3' ends are terminated in positions of the same base, which is different for each of the four reactions. When the products of these reactions are resolved by gel electrophoresis according to size, a sequence can be deduced from the pattern of radioactive bands. Sequences can be determined onwards from 10-20 residues from the 5' labelled end. The length of sequence which can be determined is only limited by the resolution of the gel.", "contents": "A method for sequencing restriction fragments with dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. A rapid enzymatic approach is described for the sequence analysis of a 5' terminally labelled restriction fragment. It involves limited nicking of the strands of the molecule throughout the sequence by pancreatic DNAase I. The 3' hydroxyl groups exposed by each nick are then used to prime chain extension by DNA polymerase I in four separate reactions. Each reaction uses one of the four chain terminating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNT-PSs), together with the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). In a single reaction all the 3' ends are terminated in positions of the same base, which is different for each of the four reactions. When the products of these reactions are resolved by gel electrophoresis according to size, a sequence can be deduced from the pattern of radioactive bands. Sequences can be determined onwards from 10-20 residues from the 5' labelled end. The length of sequence which can be determined is only limited by the resolution of the gel.", "PMID": 745989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6641", "title": "DNA methylation at a CCGG sequence in the large intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene: tissue-specific variations.", "content": "We have analysed DNA modification in a HapII site (CCGG) present in the major intron of the discontinuous rabbit beta-globin gene. In most somatic tissues, including erythroid and non-erythroid tissues, about 50% of the DNA is resistant to cleavage at this site by HapII, though 100% cleavage is found with the isoschizomer MspI. Since the former enzyme is unable to cleave CCGG sites if the internal C residue is 5-methyl C (and since methylation is the only form of CpG modification documented in animal DNA), while the latter enzyme cleaves DNA irrespective of methylation at this residue, we infer that 50% of the CCGG sites in the beta-globin gene intron are methylated in these tissues. The same site appears to be 100% methylated (judged by the same criterium) in sperm DNA and about 80% methylated in brain DNA. DNA from the rabbit SIRC cell line is entirely unmethylated at this site.", "contents": "DNA methylation at a CCGG sequence in the large intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene: tissue-specific variations. We have analysed DNA modification in a HapII site (CCGG) present in the major intron of the discontinuous rabbit beta-globin gene. In most somatic tissues, including erythroid and non-erythroid tissues, about 50% of the DNA is resistant to cleavage at this site by HapII, though 100% cleavage is found with the isoschizomer MspI. Since the former enzyme is unable to cleave CCGG sites if the internal C residue is 5-methyl C (and since methylation is the only form of CpG modification documented in animal DNA), while the latter enzyme cleaves DNA irrespective of methylation at this residue, we infer that 50% of the CCGG sites in the beta-globin gene intron are methylated in these tissues. The same site appears to be 100% methylated (judged by the same criterium) in sperm DNA and about 80% methylated in brain DNA. DNA from the rabbit SIRC cell line is entirely unmethylated at this site.", "PMID": 745990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6642", "title": "DNA adjacent to attachment points of deoxyribonucleoprotein fibril to chromosomal axial structure is enriched in reiterated base sequences.", "content": "Mitotic chromosomes of L cells (metaphase plates) were dehistonized by centrifugation through a layer of 2 M NaCl and then treated with restriction endonuclease Bam HI. Alternatively, they were pretreated with EcoRI endonuclease, dehistonized, and additionally digested with EcoRI or HindIII. The DNA remaining attached to the axial structure of the chromosomes was isolated and investigated in renaturation experiments. It was found to be enriched in reiterated base sequences belonging to the satellite and to abundant intermediate repeats. The CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation of this DNA separated the satellite from the fraction containing intermediate repeats.", "contents": "DNA adjacent to attachment points of deoxyribonucleoprotein fibril to chromosomal axial structure is enriched in reiterated base sequences. Mitotic chromosomes of L cells (metaphase plates) were dehistonized by centrifugation through a layer of 2 M NaCl and then treated with restriction endonuclease Bam HI. Alternatively, they were pretreated with EcoRI endonuclease, dehistonized, and additionally digested with EcoRI or HindIII. The DNA remaining attached to the axial structure of the chromosomes was isolated and investigated in renaturation experiments. It was found to be enriched in reiterated base sequences belonging to the satellite and to abundant intermediate repeats. The CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation of this DNA separated the satellite from the fraction containing intermediate repeats.", "PMID": 745991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6643", "title": "Identification of a large precursor of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of estradiol-treated chicks.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine whether vitellogenin mRNA from avian liver has a precursor molecule or not. Total cellular RNA was prepared from estradiol-treated chicken liver in the presence of 8 M guanidine HCl, 2-mercaptoethanol and aurintricarboxylic acid. After denaturation, RNA was fractionated on sodium dodecylsulfate-sucrose gradients and large size RNA was analyzed under stringent conditions on 85% formamide-sucrose gradients at 25 degrees C. RNA fractions collected from the gradients were hybridized with vitellogenin (3H)-cDNA. Besides mature vitellogenin mRNA (32S, 7,000 nucleotides) vitellogenin sequences were also found in RNA fractions ranging from 38-50S with a peak at 45-50S (12-15,000 nucleotides). Only 5-10% of the putative 38-50S pmRNA is polyadenylated. We calculated that the half-life of vitellogenin pmRNA is about 3-4 minutes. We conclude that vitellogenin mRNA has a precursor which is twice the size of the mature mRNA.", "contents": "Identification of a large precursor of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of estradiol-treated chicks. Studies were performed to determine whether vitellogenin mRNA from avian liver has a precursor molecule or not. Total cellular RNA was prepared from estradiol-treated chicken liver in the presence of 8 M guanidine HCl, 2-mercaptoethanol and aurintricarboxylic acid. After denaturation, RNA was fractionated on sodium dodecylsulfate-sucrose gradients and large size RNA was analyzed under stringent conditions on 85% formamide-sucrose gradients at 25 degrees C. RNA fractions collected from the gradients were hybridized with vitellogenin (3H)-cDNA. Besides mature vitellogenin mRNA (32S, 7,000 nucleotides) vitellogenin sequences were also found in RNA fractions ranging from 38-50S with a peak at 45-50S (12-15,000 nucleotides). Only 5-10% of the putative 38-50S pmRNA is polyadenylated. We calculated that the half-life of vitellogenin pmRNA is about 3-4 minutes. We conclude that vitellogenin mRNA has a precursor which is twice the size of the mature mRNA.", "PMID": 745992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6644", "title": "Caffeine inhibits excision of 7-bromomethylbenz (a) anthracene-DNA adducts from exponentially growing but not from stationary phase Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Excision of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene (7-BMBA)-DNA adducts from exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells followed logarithmic kinetics with a half of approximately 20 hrs. Post-treatment incubation in the presence of a sub-toxic concentration of caffeine markedly reduced this loss. Caffeine brought about a concomitant increase in overall DNA synthetic rate in treated exponential cultures. Excision in stationary, non-DNA-replicating cultures, was slower and caffeine did not affect this reduced rate of excision. These findings lend support to a previous proposition that the caffeine-induced inhibition of elongation of nascent DNA on a template containing chemical lesions results in an interference with the excision repair mechanism that removes these lesions.", "contents": "Caffeine inhibits excision of 7-bromomethylbenz (a) anthracene-DNA adducts from exponentially growing but not from stationary phase Chinese hamster cells. Excision of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene (7-BMBA)-DNA adducts from exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells followed logarithmic kinetics with a half of approximately 20 hrs. Post-treatment incubation in the presence of a sub-toxic concentration of caffeine markedly reduced this loss. Caffeine brought about a concomitant increase in overall DNA synthetic rate in treated exponential cultures. Excision in stationary, non-DNA-replicating cultures, was slower and caffeine did not affect this reduced rate of excision. These findings lend support to a previous proposition that the caffeine-induced inhibition of elongation of nascent DNA on a template containing chemical lesions results in an interference with the excision repair mechanism that removes these lesions.", "PMID": 745993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6645", "title": "An octamer of histones H3 and H4 forms a compact complex with DNA of nucleosome size.", "content": "Equimolar mixtures of histones H3 and H4 have been reconstituted onto DNA of nucleosome core size. Two distinct complexes are formed in a relative abundance that depends on the starting ratio of H3 + H4 to DNA. One of these complexes contains two H3-H4 dimers for each DNA molecule, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.5S. The other complex contains an octamer consisting of four H3-H4 dimers, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4S. On the basis of these measurements, we conclude that the octamer complex (but not the tetramer complex) is a fully folded, compact structure resembling the nucleosome.", "contents": "An octamer of histones H3 and H4 forms a compact complex with DNA of nucleosome size. Equimolar mixtures of histones H3 and H4 have been reconstituted onto DNA of nucleosome core size. Two distinct complexes are formed in a relative abundance that depends on the starting ratio of H3 + H4 to DNA. One of these complexes contains two H3-H4 dimers for each DNA molecule, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.5S. The other complex contains an octamer consisting of four H3-H4 dimers, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4S. On the basis of these measurements, we conclude that the octamer complex (but not the tetramer complex) is a fully folded, compact structure resembling the nucleosome.", "PMID": 745994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6646", "title": "The helix-coil transition of closed and nicked DNAs in aqueous neutral trichloroacetate solutions.", "content": "The melting transition for closed, underwound DNAs and for nicked or linear DNAs was monitored by velocity sedimentation and by absorbance spectroscopy in aqueous NaCCl3CO2 (NaTCA) and RbTCA. The addition of neutral trichloroacetate lowers the midpoint of the helix-coil transition by 26% C/M for RbTCA and by 32% C/M for NaTCA, depressing the denaturation region to near room temperature at neutral pH. The melting of nicked DNA is cooperative, occurring over a temperature range of about 5.6 degrees C. The melting profile for closed DNA is broad and noncooperative with a transition breadth greater than 45 degrees. Closed DNAs undergo a structural alteration, as revealed by velocity sedimentation, resulting in a reduction in the number of superhelical turns at temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperature of the nicked DNA. The reduction in the extent of supercoiling continues upon isothermal addition of salt up to the salt concentration at which all superhelical turns are removed. The salt concentration at the principal minimum in the sedimentation velocity profile (3.16 M NaTCA for PM-2 DNA) is approximately the same as that at the midpoint of the helix-coil transition for the nicked DNA.", "contents": "The helix-coil transition of closed and nicked DNAs in aqueous neutral trichloroacetate solutions. The melting transition for closed, underwound DNAs and for nicked or linear DNAs was monitored by velocity sedimentation and by absorbance spectroscopy in aqueous NaCCl3CO2 (NaTCA) and RbTCA. The addition of neutral trichloroacetate lowers the midpoint of the helix-coil transition by 26% C/M for RbTCA and by 32% C/M for NaTCA, depressing the denaturation region to near room temperature at neutral pH. The melting of nicked DNA is cooperative, occurring over a temperature range of about 5.6 degrees C. The melting profile for closed DNA is broad and noncooperative with a transition breadth greater than 45 degrees. Closed DNAs undergo a structural alteration, as revealed by velocity sedimentation, resulting in a reduction in the number of superhelical turns at temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperature of the nicked DNA. The reduction in the extent of supercoiling continues upon isothermal addition of salt up to the salt concentration at which all superhelical turns are removed. The salt concentration at the principal minimum in the sedimentation velocity profile (3.16 M NaTCA for PM-2 DNA) is approximately the same as that at the midpoint of the helix-coil transition for the nicked DNA.", "PMID": 745995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6647", "title": "Methylation of DNA in early development: 5-methyl cytosine content of DNA in sea urchin sperm and embryos.", "content": "By separating formic acid hydrolysates with high pressure chromatography on an Aminex-10 column, we determined the ratio of 5-methyl cytosine to cytosine and other bases of DNA from sea urchin sperm and nuclei of embryos from early cleavage through pluteus stages. Contrary to several previous reports, we could not find any measurable changes in the methylation levels of embryonic nuclear DNAs at different stages of development. We also found no consistent differences between the methylation levels of sea urchin sperm and embryonic nuclei or the 5-methyl cytosine content of fish (Mugil cephalus) sperm and liver nuclei. While these measurements would not have detected subtle variations associated with differentiation, they would have indicated the gross changes previously reported for embryos or between sperm and somatic nuclei had those changes been present.", "contents": "Methylation of DNA in early development: 5-methyl cytosine content of DNA in sea urchin sperm and embryos. By separating formic acid hydrolysates with high pressure chromatography on an Aminex-10 column, we determined the ratio of 5-methyl cytosine to cytosine and other bases of DNA from sea urchin sperm and nuclei of embryos from early cleavage through pluteus stages. Contrary to several previous reports, we could not find any measurable changes in the methylation levels of embryonic nuclear DNAs at different stages of development. We also found no consistent differences between the methylation levels of sea urchin sperm and embryonic nuclei or the 5-methyl cytosine content of fish (Mugil cephalus) sperm and liver nuclei. While these measurements would not have detected subtle variations associated with differentiation, they would have indicated the gross changes previously reported for embryos or between sperm and somatic nuclei had those changes been present.", "PMID": 745996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6648", "title": "Spectroscopic properties of ethidium monoazide: a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids.", "content": "The non-covalent binding of ethidium monoazide to nucleic acids is entirely analogous to that of ethidium (binding constant approximately 2-3 X 10(5) M). The ethidium monoazide can be photochemically covalently linked to nucleic acids in high yield, up to 75%, by long wavelength light. The fluorescence of ethidium monoazide and ethidium crosslinked to nucleic acids show the same environmental sensitivity as does the fluorescence of ethidium. These properties of ethidium monoazide indicate its use as a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids. Ethidium diazide can be photochemically linked to nucleic acids but appears to have properties substantially different from those of ethidium.", "contents": "Spectroscopic properties of ethidium monoazide: a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids. The non-covalent binding of ethidium monoazide to nucleic acids is entirely analogous to that of ethidium (binding constant approximately 2-3 X 10(5) M). The ethidium monoazide can be photochemically covalently linked to nucleic acids in high yield, up to 75%, by long wavelength light. The fluorescence of ethidium monoazide and ethidium crosslinked to nucleic acids show the same environmental sensitivity as does the fluorescence of ethidium. These properties of ethidium monoazide indicate its use as a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids. Ethidium diazide can be photochemically linked to nucleic acids but appears to have properties substantially different from those of ethidium.", "PMID": 745997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6649", "title": "Complex of DNA with chromatin proteins investigated by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide.", "content": "Complexes of mouse main band DNA with a fraction of non-histone proteins (NHP), having a high affinity for DNA, in the absence or presence of histones have been investigated by gradient centrifugation in metrizamide. Two types of complexes were formed at an input ratio of NHP to DNA between 1 and 2.5. In metrizamide gradients a majority of DNA was found in the light complex (at the density of 1.14-1.16 g/cm3) even at the very high NHP to DNA ratio. When histones were present in the reaction mixture, most of the DNA was found in the heavy complex (1.19-1.21 g/cm3). The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins recovered from the heavy and light complexes were different; some fractions of nonhistone proteins were present only in the heavy component.", "contents": "Complex of DNA with chromatin proteins investigated by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide. Complexes of mouse main band DNA with a fraction of non-histone proteins (NHP), having a high affinity for DNA, in the absence or presence of histones have been investigated by gradient centrifugation in metrizamide. Two types of complexes were formed at an input ratio of NHP to DNA between 1 and 2.5. In metrizamide gradients a majority of DNA was found in the light complex (at the density of 1.14-1.16 g/cm3) even at the very high NHP to DNA ratio. When histones were present in the reaction mixture, most of the DNA was found in the heavy complex (1.19-1.21 g/cm3). The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins recovered from the heavy and light complexes were different; some fractions of nonhistone proteins were present only in the heavy component.", "PMID": 745998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6650", "title": "Long-term organ culture of adult rat colon.", "content": "Colon explants from adult rats were maintained in culture for over 3 months in our laboratories with good epithelial preservation and cellular differentiation. The light and transmission electron microscopic features of rat colon mucosa during the culture period are described. In all the explants that remained viable, there was an initial phase of degeneration of the surface and crypt cells, later these areas were repopulated in one week, showing well-formed crypts, goblet cells, and ultrastructural features such as extensive lateral interdigitations, microvilli and glycocalyx--typical of colon. The effect of in vivo carcinogen pretreatment was also studied. The explant culture from control untreated animals showed good epithelial differentiation with crypts until 6 weeks. In contrast, the explants from animals pretreated with 4 weekly doses of azoxymethane consistently showed epithelial differentiation with well-formed crypts up to 13 weeks.", "contents": "Long-term organ culture of adult rat colon. Colon explants from adult rats were maintained in culture for over 3 months in our laboratories with good epithelial preservation and cellular differentiation. The light and transmission electron microscopic features of rat colon mucosa during the culture period are described. In all the explants that remained viable, there was an initial phase of degeneration of the surface and crypt cells, later these areas were repopulated in one week, showing well-formed crypts, goblet cells, and ultrastructural features such as extensive lateral interdigitations, microvilli and glycocalyx--typical of colon. The effect of in vivo carcinogen pretreatment was also studied. The explant culture from control untreated animals showed good epithelial differentiation with crypts until 6 weeks. In contrast, the explants from animals pretreated with 4 weekly doses of azoxymethane consistently showed epithelial differentiation with well-formed crypts up to 13 weeks.", "PMID": 746000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6651", "title": "Effects of chronic oral dosing with quinine sulphate in the rat.", "content": "Male Leeds strain rats were given 0.1% guinine sulphate in their drinking water for up to 15 months. A high mortality rate was obtained, but no tumours arose during the 20 month duration of the experiment. However, liver parenchymal changes were observed which appeared to be associated with chronic toxicity due to quinine and did not include hyperplasia.", "contents": "Effects of chronic oral dosing with quinine sulphate in the rat. Male Leeds strain rats were given 0.1% guinine sulphate in their drinking water for up to 15 months. A high mortality rate was obtained, but no tumours arose during the 20 month duration of the experiment. However, liver parenchymal changes were observed which appeared to be associated with chronic toxicity due to quinine and did not include hyperplasia.", "PMID": 746001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6652", "title": "A new type of congenital nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Description of a newborn male suffering from hydrops fetalis of unknown cause. Placenta showed multiple chorioangiomata. Coincidence of chorioangiomata of the placenta and hydrops fetalis has not been previously reported. The authors suggest a new kind of glomerulopathy as a cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "A new type of congenital nephrotic syndrome. Description of a newborn male suffering from hydrops fetalis of unknown cause. Placenta showed multiple chorioangiomata. Coincidence of chorioangiomata of the placenta and hydrops fetalis has not been previously reported. The authors suggest a new kind of glomerulopathy as a cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 746002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6653", "title": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' 1955-1978.", "content": "A record of fifty-three patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department of the Royal Free Hospital between April 1955 and September 1957 suffering from 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' establishes the fact that the condition was endemic in the general population before, during and after the outbreak among the staff of the hospital. A further outbreak occurred in North Finchley between 1964 and 1967 and sporadic new cases are still being encountered. The majority of these patients show evidence of involvement of the central and sympathetic nervous systems and the reticulo-endothelial system. Abnormal muscular fatigability is the dominant clinical feature and it is suggested that mitochondrial damage may provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Enzyme tests carried out in seven cases show pathologically high levels of lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase. A follow-up study suggests that there is one group of patients that recovers completely or nearly completely, a second that recovers but is subject to relapses and a third that shows little or no recovery, these patients remaining incapacitated.", "contents": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' 1955-1978. A record of fifty-three patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department of the Royal Free Hospital between April 1955 and September 1957 suffering from 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' establishes the fact that the condition was endemic in the general population before, during and after the outbreak among the staff of the hospital. A further outbreak occurred in North Finchley between 1964 and 1967 and sporadic new cases are still being encountered. The majority of these patients show evidence of involvement of the central and sympathetic nervous systems and the reticulo-endothelial system. Abnormal muscular fatigability is the dominant clinical feature and it is suggested that mitochondrial damage may provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Enzyme tests carried out in seven cases show pathologically high levels of lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase. A follow-up study suggests that there is one group of patients that recovers completely or nearly completely, a second that recovers but is subject to relapses and a third that shows little or no recovery, these patients remaining incapacitated.", "PMID": 746017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6654", "title": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London.", "content": "An outbreak of an illness with features in common with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' affected the staff of the Hospital for Sick Children in London between August 1970 and January 1971. At least 145 cases were observed and the majority of these were nurses. Symptomatology was protean, clinical findings minimal and relapses frequent. Care was taken to minimize anxiety and fear in a vulnerable population, and laboratory investigations were purposefully limited in number for this reason. In general, laboratory findings, including virological investigations were negative. A high incidence of anti-complementary activity and the presence of ill defined aggregates in some acute sera on electron microscopy were interesting and possibly significant findings suggesting the presence of immune complexes. These findings, plus the ability of lymphocytes from some patients to proliferate in vitro, were thought to represent possible evidence of an infective process. Although no children were affected during the 1970 outbreak, it is interesting that seven children have recently been referred to the hospital with features compatible with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'.", "contents": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London. An outbreak of an illness with features in common with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' affected the staff of the Hospital for Sick Children in London between August 1970 and January 1971. At least 145 cases were observed and the majority of these were nurses. Symptomatology was protean, clinical findings minimal and relapses frequent. Care was taken to minimize anxiety and fear in a vulnerable population, and laboratory investigations were purposefully limited in number for this reason. In general, laboratory findings, including virological investigations were negative. A high incidence of anti-complementary activity and the presence of ill defined aggregates in some acute sera on electron microscopy were interesting and possibly significant findings suggesting the presence of immune complexes. These findings, plus the ability of lymphocytes from some patients to proliferate in vitro, were thought to represent possible evidence of an infective process. Although no children were affected during the 1970 outbreak, it is interesting that seven children have recently been referred to the hospital with features compatible with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'.", "PMID": 746019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6655", "title": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' in Southwest Ireland.", "content": "During the course of an obscure illness in a teenage girl it was eventually realized that the diagnosis was 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. The illness which occurred between February and September 1976 was characterized by fatigue, pallor, headache, nuchal pain, alterations in mentation, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, paraesthesiae, weakness and heaviness of limbs, and a prolonged relapsing course. Investigation brought to light fourteen patients with similar symptoms--twelve female and two male. In view of the shortcomings of retrospective enquiries, especially those involving the assessment of notes made by other people, and the problem of trying to define a nonfatal illness with protean symptoms, many of a nonspecific nature, with few physical findings and negative laboratory studies, caution is necessary. Under these circumstances it is claimed on clinical epidemiological evidence that a diagnosis of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' could be sustained confidently in three patients and probably in a fourth. Six patients were considered possible cases and four were rejected.", "contents": "'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' in Southwest Ireland. During the course of an obscure illness in a teenage girl it was eventually realized that the diagnosis was 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. The illness which occurred between February and September 1976 was characterized by fatigue, pallor, headache, nuchal pain, alterations in mentation, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, paraesthesiae, weakness and heaviness of limbs, and a prolonged relapsing course. Investigation brought to light fourteen patients with similar symptoms--twelve female and two male. In view of the shortcomings of retrospective enquiries, especially those involving the assessment of notes made by other people, and the problem of trying to define a nonfatal illness with protean symptoms, many of a nonspecific nature, with few physical findings and negative laboratory studies, caution is necessary. Under these circumstances it is claimed on clinical epidemiological evidence that a diagnosis of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' could be sustained confidently in three patients and probably in a fourth. Six patients were considered possible cases and four were rejected.", "PMID": 746020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6656", "title": "Disease due to echovirus type 19 in Birmingham, England, 1975: relationship to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'.", "content": "In the summer of 1975 an extensive epidemic of disease due to echovirus type 19 occurred in the West Midlands. The features of this outbreak, and their relationship to the syndrome referred to as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia', are discussed. The two diseases are considered to be separate entities.", "contents": "Disease due to echovirus type 19 in Birmingham, England, 1975: relationship to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. In the summer of 1975 an extensive epidemic of disease due to echovirus type 19 occurred in the West Midlands. The features of this outbreak, and their relationship to the syndrome referred to as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia', are discussed. The two diseases are considered to be separate entities.", "PMID": 746021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6657", "title": "Ill defined neurological diseases of possible viral origin.", "content": "Any approach towards elucidating the aetiology of an ill defined disease such as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' has to be a comprehensive and wide-ranging one. Although viruses must be strong candidates, by reason of their ubiquity, this need not necessarily be the case and we have recently seen the onset of Legionnaires' disease as a new entity caused by a bacterium. We do not always recognize that a particular virus may affect the entire community and that the patient seen in hospital may represent only the tip of the submerged iceberg and that, in closed communities more of the iceberg will be seen. Silent viral epidemics are probably frequent and may only be recognized in retorspect. As an example the recent epidemic with adenovirus type 7 will be alluded to. Possible variations in virus and, to a lesser extent, in the host which could modify the course of an individual infection are discussed.", "contents": "Ill defined neurological diseases of possible viral origin. Any approach towards elucidating the aetiology of an ill defined disease such as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' has to be a comprehensive and wide-ranging one. Although viruses must be strong candidates, by reason of their ubiquity, this need not necessarily be the case and we have recently seen the onset of Legionnaires' disease as a new entity caused by a bacterium. We do not always recognize that a particular virus may affect the entire community and that the patient seen in hospital may represent only the tip of the submerged iceberg and that, in closed communities more of the iceberg will be seen. Silent viral epidemics are probably frequent and may only be recognized in retorspect. As an example the recent epidemic with adenovirus type 7 will be alluded to. Possible variations in virus and, to a lesser extent, in the host which could modify the course of an individual infection are discussed.", "PMID": 746022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6658", "title": "Electro-encephalographic investigations in myalgic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "The main EEG features are described of thirty-six young adults who were examined at the Royal Free Hospital between 1960 and 1964 and twelve children seen at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, between 1957 and 1977. It is important in the future, if a plan is considered for the study of a fresh epidemic, to include systematic EEG studies covering a period of 2 to 3 years. The EEG alterations found in this limited survey, though modest, would suggest that cerebral function was disturbed with somewhat variable distribution by an insidious illness which has not yet been identified.", "contents": "Electro-encephalographic investigations in myalgic encephalomyelitis. The main EEG features are described of thirty-six young adults who were examined at the Royal Free Hospital between 1960 and 1964 and twelve children seen at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, between 1957 and 1977. It is important in the future, if a plan is considered for the study of a fresh epidemic, to include systematic EEG studies covering a period of 2 to 3 years. The EEG alterations found in this limited survey, though modest, would suggest that cerebral function was disturbed with somewhat variable distribution by an insidious illness which has not yet been identified.", "PMID": 746023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6659", "title": "Epidemiological approaches to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia': syndromes of unknown aetiology (epidemic myalgic encephalopathies).", "content": "The study of future outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' syndromes would be easier if there were a standing advisory arrangement for the co-ordination of basic standart studies, diagnostic tests and long term survey of patients. It is proposed that this might be achieved by establishing an 'EN Outbreaks Panel' at Colindale which, in addition to epidemiologists and virologists might include specialists in infectious diseases, neurology and psychiatry and other fields. The approach to such a panel would be through the Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre (CDSC) when outbreak is suspected. Arrangements could then be made by the CDSC with the Epidemiological Research Laboratory and the Virus Reference Laboratory to assist immediate investigations and for a follow-up to ascertain the incidence of sequelae, as well as for long storage of sera and other specimens.", "contents": "Epidemiological approaches to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia': syndromes of unknown aetiology (epidemic myalgic encephalopathies). The study of future outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' syndromes would be easier if there were a standing advisory arrangement for the co-ordination of basic standart studies, diagnostic tests and long term survey of patients. It is proposed that this might be achieved by establishing an 'EN Outbreaks Panel' at Colindale which, in addition to epidemiologists and virologists might include specialists in infectious diseases, neurology and psychiatry and other fields. The approach to such a panel would be through the Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre (CDSC) when outbreak is suspected. Arrangements could then be made by the CDSC with the Epidemiological Research Laboratory and the Virus Reference Laboratory to assist immediate investigations and for a follow-up to ascertain the incidence of sequelae, as well as for long storage of sera and other specimens.", "PMID": 746024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6660", "title": "[Fiberscopic transbronchial lung biopsy. Study of 100 cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience of 100 transbronchial pulmonary biopsies done during fibroscopy. The technique is easy; patients with respiratory insufficiency or bullous lesions are excluded. Biopsy is done blindly, without any brillance amplifier. A hundred biopsies were performed (34 in limited opacities, 66 in diffuse images). Pulmonary parenchyma was brought out in 77% of cases and a histological diagnosis was made in 52% of cases. Two pneumothorax and 5 minor hemoptysis occured as sequellae of these biopsies. This method of study is interesting mainly for alveolar or interstitial diffuse pneumopathies. In such cases, it represents a real improvement over the bronchial biopsy, often avoiding the need for a surgical biopsy.", "contents": "[Fiberscopic transbronchial lung biopsy. Study of 100 cases]. The authors report their experience of 100 transbronchial pulmonary biopsies done during fibroscopy. The technique is easy; patients with respiratory insufficiency or bullous lesions are excluded. Biopsy is done blindly, without any brillance amplifier. A hundred biopsies were performed (34 in limited opacities, 66 in diffuse images). Pulmonary parenchyma was brought out in 77% of cases and a histological diagnosis was made in 52% of cases. Two pneumothorax and 5 minor hemoptysis occured as sequellae of these biopsies. This method of study is interesting mainly for alveolar or interstitial diffuse pneumopathies. In such cases, it represents a real improvement over the bronchial biopsy, often avoiding the need for a surgical biopsy.", "PMID": 746025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6661", "title": "[Instrumental technics of exploration of the mediastinum].", "content": "Several techniques can be used for the diagnosing of diseases pertaining to the mediastinum. The diagnosis can be made in 78% of cases by mediastinoscopy. When the lesion is situated beyond the reach of mediastinoscopy, needle biopsy and pleuroscopy can be used either alone or associated to mediastinoscopy. The histological diagnosis can be made in almost all cases. But a few precautions are necessary because this technique carries a certain risk for vessels. Therefore preoperative angiography of the superior vena cava or arteriography of the branches of the aortic arch should be performed to help for the diagnosis and ensure its safety.", "contents": "[Instrumental technics of exploration of the mediastinum]. Several techniques can be used for the diagnosing of diseases pertaining to the mediastinum. The diagnosis can be made in 78% of cases by mediastinoscopy. When the lesion is situated beyond the reach of mediastinoscopy, needle biopsy and pleuroscopy can be used either alone or associated to mediastinoscopy. The histological diagnosis can be made in almost all cases. But a few precautions are necessary because this technique carries a certain risk for vessels. Therefore preoperative angiography of the superior vena cava or arteriography of the branches of the aortic arch should be performed to help for the diagnosis and ensure its safety.", "PMID": 746026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6662", "title": "[Respiratory localizations of Launois-Bensaude symmetrical lipomatosis. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors report 3 observations of cervico-facial lipomatosis with mediastinal localization. In the 3 cases the rather unusual localization of Launois and Bensaude's disease produced respiratory troubles which worsened a chronic respiratory insufficiency due to another cause. Once a tracheotomy had to be done because of tracheo-malacia. Another time there was a pharynged localization. This disease etiology always remains obscure, usually appearing in alcoholic addicts of about 50. Mediastinal localizations have been unfrequently described but must be searched for systematically. The evolution is chronic, without specific treatment. If there is already a chronic respiratory insufficiency in relation with a chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy or a cardiac insufficiency, then the mediastinal localization becomes an aggravating factor.", "contents": "[Respiratory localizations of Launois-Bensaude symmetrical lipomatosis. Apropos of 3 cases]. The authors report 3 observations of cervico-facial lipomatosis with mediastinal localization. In the 3 cases the rather unusual localization of Launois and Bensaude's disease produced respiratory troubles which worsened a chronic respiratory insufficiency due to another cause. Once a tracheotomy had to be done because of tracheo-malacia. Another time there was a pharynged localization. This disease etiology always remains obscure, usually appearing in alcoholic addicts of about 50. Mediastinal localizations have been unfrequently described but must be searched for systematically. The evolution is chronic, without specific treatment. If there is already a chronic respiratory insufficiency in relation with a chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy or a cardiac insufficiency, then the mediastinal localization becomes an aggravating factor.", "PMID": 746027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6663", "title": "[Role of surgery in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and prevention of pulmonary embolism].", "content": "Besides anticoagulants and thrombolytic drugs, surgery should be included among the therapeutical means to prevent deep phlebitis of the lower limbs. Early phlebography, thoroughly innocuous, is necessary to any coherent therapy. The prevention of pulmonary embolism which can be done by a ligature of the inferior vena cava or by the fitting of an umbrella-shaped filtre, is performed most of the time with a clamp of Adams and de Weese. Its reliability is satisfactory as the percentage of embolic recurrences does not exceed 5%. Early venous thrombectomy prevents in 60 to 80% of cases the post-phlebitic incidents; but its indication must be reserved to young patients.", "contents": "[Role of surgery in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and prevention of pulmonary embolism]. Besides anticoagulants and thrombolytic drugs, surgery should be included among the therapeutical means to prevent deep phlebitis of the lower limbs. Early phlebography, thoroughly innocuous, is necessary to any coherent therapy. The prevention of pulmonary embolism which can be done by a ligature of the inferior vena cava or by the fitting of an umbrella-shaped filtre, is performed most of the time with a clamp of Adams and de Weese. Its reliability is satisfactory as the percentage of embolic recurrences does not exceed 5%. Early venous thrombectomy prevents in 60 to 80% of cases the post-phlebitic incidents; but its indication must be reserved to young patients.", "PMID": 746028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6664", "title": "[Doxapram. Pharmocokinetic and clinical study].", "content": "Two series of work are reported. The first concerns the pharmacocinetic study of the product after it was administered through different ways and the corresponding evolution of PaCO2. The second study concerns the effect on pulmonary arterial pressure, blood gases and some parameters of ventilatory mechanics, of a perfusion of 200 mg of this product over a two hours period.", "contents": "[Doxapram. Pharmocokinetic and clinical study]. Two series of work are reported. The first concerns the pharmacocinetic study of the product after it was administered through different ways and the corresponding evolution of PaCO2. The second study concerns the effect on pulmonary arterial pressure, blood gases and some parameters of ventilatory mechanics, of a perfusion of 200 mg of this product over a two hours period.", "PMID": 746029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6665", "title": "[Anuric tubular nephritis caused by rifampicin allergy].", "content": "Starting again a Rifampicin treatment gave rise to an acute renal insufficiency, reversible by hemodialysis. This incident resulted from an immunopathological conflict revealed by the presence of anti-Rifampicin antibodies. Renal needle biopsy did not show any immune deposits. The mechanism of these incidents is discussed. Authors draw attention to the necessity of avoiding discontinuous Rifampicin treatment.", "contents": "[Anuric tubular nephritis caused by rifampicin allergy]. Starting again a Rifampicin treatment gave rise to an acute renal insufficiency, reversible by hemodialysis. This incident resulted from an immunopathological conflict revealed by the presence of anti-Rifampicin antibodies. Renal needle biopsy did not show any immune deposits. The mechanism of these incidents is discussed. Authors draw attention to the necessity of avoiding discontinuous Rifampicin treatment.", "PMID": 746030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6666", "title": "Mesenteric mast cell degranulation is not essential for conditioned taste aversion.", "content": "The possible role of mesenteric mast cell degranulation as the mediator of the initial UCS effects in the complex sequences leading to conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied. Both LiCl and Compound 48/80, a potent mast cell degranulator, produced CTA to 10% sucrose. Whereas the Compound 48/80 groups displayed massive mast cell degranulation, neither the LiCl treated nor saline control groups demonstrated any histologically determinable alterations. Administration of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine at dosages known to block radiation-induced CTA before the sucrose CS-UCS pairings did not block either LiCl- or Compound 48/80-induced CTA; the antihistamine actually facilitated the aversion. However, pretreatment with the antihistamine did not alter mesenteric mast cell morphology.", "contents": "Mesenteric mast cell degranulation is not essential for conditioned taste aversion. The possible role of mesenteric mast cell degranulation as the mediator of the initial UCS effects in the complex sequences leading to conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied. Both LiCl and Compound 48/80, a potent mast cell degranulator, produced CTA to 10% sucrose. Whereas the Compound 48/80 groups displayed massive mast cell degranulation, neither the LiCl treated nor saline control groups demonstrated any histologically determinable alterations. Administration of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine at dosages known to block radiation-induced CTA before the sucrose CS-UCS pairings did not block either LiCl- or Compound 48/80-induced CTA; the antihistamine actually facilitated the aversion. However, pretreatment with the antihistamine did not alter mesenteric mast cell morphology.", "PMID": 746046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6667", "title": "Effect of clonidine, amphetamine, and their combinations on the locomotor activity of CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "Clonidine inhibited the exploratory motor activity of C57BL/6 mice non-habituated to the testing conditions. In CD-1 mice clonidine did not depress exploratory activity but did elevate the basal locomotor activity of animals both non-habituated and habituated to testing conditions. Amphetamine increased the locomotor activity of many C57BL/6 mice and conversely inhibited the locomotion of many CD-1 mice. In both strains, amphetamine in doses up to 2 mg/kg was unable to alter effects produced by clonidine. Results suggest that the locomotor activity of C57BL/6 mice is more sensitive than that of CD-1 mice to drugs affecting the central noradrenergic system.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine, amphetamine, and their combinations on the locomotor activity of CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice. Clonidine inhibited the exploratory motor activity of C57BL/6 mice non-habituated to the testing conditions. In CD-1 mice clonidine did not depress exploratory activity but did elevate the basal locomotor activity of animals both non-habituated and habituated to testing conditions. Amphetamine increased the locomotor activity of many C57BL/6 mice and conversely inhibited the locomotion of many CD-1 mice. In both strains, amphetamine in doses up to 2 mg/kg was unable to alter effects produced by clonidine. Results suggest that the locomotor activity of C57BL/6 mice is more sensitive than that of CD-1 mice to drugs affecting the central noradrenergic system.", "PMID": 746049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6668", "title": "Tolerance to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adapted and nonadapted rabbits.", "content": "Two groups of New Zealand white rabbits, one which had been adapted to the testing chamber and one which had not been adapted to the testing chamber, were given delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 0.5 mg/kg, IV) daily for 12 days. During vehicle control and on the first and last day of delta9-THC administration, electroencephalograms (EEG's) were recorded from the motor cortex and hippocampus, while standing, sprawling and behavioral activity were recorded concurrently. The results showed that tolerance to the behavioral and EEG effects of delta9-THC occurs in rabbits and that acute and chronic effects produced by delta9-THC are influenced by environmental factors.", "contents": "Tolerance to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adapted and nonadapted rabbits. Two groups of New Zealand white rabbits, one which had been adapted to the testing chamber and one which had not been adapted to the testing chamber, were given delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 0.5 mg/kg, IV) daily for 12 days. During vehicle control and on the first and last day of delta9-THC administration, electroencephalograms (EEG's) were recorded from the motor cortex and hippocampus, while standing, sprawling and behavioral activity were recorded concurrently. The results showed that tolerance to the behavioral and EEG effects of delta9-THC occurs in rabbits and that acute and chronic effects produced by delta9-THC are influenced by environmental factors.", "PMID": 746051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6669", "title": "Long-term effects of LSD-25 on easy and hard visual discrimination in rats.", "content": "Rats subjected either to unilateral frontal cortex lesion or sham operation were trained to discriminate between a lighted and unlit alley to escape to shock. After reaching criterion, the rats were intubated with either placebo or LSD-25 (1.0 mg/kg). One week or 1 month later they were given discrimination trials with either an increased (hard) level of task difficulty, or with the same (easy) level used in pre-intubation training. A single-dose effect, as long as 1 month post-intubation, was observed both in error scores and running time, but only with hard discriminations. The study emphasizes the sensitivity of the experimental paradigm which reduces the risk of Type II error.", "contents": "Long-term effects of LSD-25 on easy and hard visual discrimination in rats. Rats subjected either to unilateral frontal cortex lesion or sham operation were trained to discriminate between a lighted and unlit alley to escape to shock. After reaching criterion, the rats were intubated with either placebo or LSD-25 (1.0 mg/kg). One week or 1 month later they were given discrimination trials with either an increased (hard) level of task difficulty, or with the same (easy) level used in pre-intubation training. A single-dose effect, as long as 1 month post-intubation, was observed both in error scores and running time, but only with hard discriminations. The study emphasizes the sensitivity of the experimental paradigm which reduces the risk of Type II error.", "PMID": 746054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6670", "title": "The effects of phenobarbital on lithium chloride induced taste aversion.", "content": "The dose related effects of phenobarbital on LiCl induced taste aversion were examined. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min water deprivation schedule. On the Treatment Day animals were offered a novel 0.125% saccharin solution during the 10 min drinking session and were then administered 3.0 mEq/kg LiCl. The saccharin solution was presented again on six subsequent Test Days. Sodium phenobarbital 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg was administered 15 min prior to drinking on the first Test Day. Results indicated that all doses significantly attenuated taste aversion with the maximal effect occurring with the 60 mg/kg dose.", "contents": "The effects of phenobarbital on lithium chloride induced taste aversion. The dose related effects of phenobarbital on LiCl induced taste aversion were examined. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min water deprivation schedule. On the Treatment Day animals were offered a novel 0.125% saccharin solution during the 10 min drinking session and were then administered 3.0 mEq/kg LiCl. The saccharin solution was presented again on six subsequent Test Days. Sodium phenobarbital 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg was administered 15 min prior to drinking on the first Test Day. Results indicated that all doses significantly attenuated taste aversion with the maximal effect occurring with the 60 mg/kg dose.", "PMID": 746057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6671", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on water intake of the rat.", "content": "Indomethacin stimulated water intake in intact rats. This effect could also be demonstrated in bilaterally ureteral ligated rats, but it was totally abolished after bilateral nephrectomy. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of indomathacin on water consumption is mediated by a renal factor.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on water intake of the rat. Indomethacin stimulated water intake in intact rats. This effect could also be demonstrated in bilaterally ureteral ligated rats, but it was totally abolished after bilateral nephrectomy. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of indomathacin on water consumption is mediated by a renal factor.", "PMID": 746060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6672", "title": "Synthesis of some newer formazans and tetrazolium salts as antiviral agents.", "content": "Thirteen new formazans were prepared by the condensation of the phenylhydrazone of 3.4-dimethoxy-6-nitro-veratraldehyde with the appropriate phenyl diazonium salts. Attempts were made to oxidize these highly coloured formazans with various oxidizing agents to their corresponding tetrazolium salts. The most suitable oxidizing agent was found to be H2O2/Fe2+. Both the formazans and tetrazolium salts were screened for their antiviral activity against the Ranikhet disease virus and vaccinia virus in a stationary culture of chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo. Among the 15 compounds tested one of the compounds namely 1-o-carboxyphenyl-3[3'.4'-dimethoxy-6'-nitrophenyl]-5-phenylformazan evinced 100% protection against the Ranikhet disease virus. Rest of the compounds showed significant protection ranging from 83 to 20%. An attempt has also been made to arrive at some structure-activity relationship.", "contents": "Synthesis of some newer formazans and tetrazolium salts as antiviral agents. Thirteen new formazans were prepared by the condensation of the phenylhydrazone of 3.4-dimethoxy-6-nitro-veratraldehyde with the appropriate phenyl diazonium salts. Attempts were made to oxidize these highly coloured formazans with various oxidizing agents to their corresponding tetrazolium salts. The most suitable oxidizing agent was found to be H2O2/Fe2+. Both the formazans and tetrazolium salts were screened for their antiviral activity against the Ranikhet disease virus and vaccinia virus in a stationary culture of chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo. Among the 15 compounds tested one of the compounds namely 1-o-carboxyphenyl-3[3'.4'-dimethoxy-6'-nitrophenyl]-5-phenylformazan evinced 100% protection against the Ranikhet disease virus. Rest of the compounds showed significant protection ranging from 83 to 20%. An attempt has also been made to arrive at some structure-activity relationship.", "PMID": 746062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6673", "title": "NMR studies of sustained release methadone tablets.", "content": "NMR studies for the identification of methadone in sustained release tablets is conducted. Up-field shifts of the N-methyl and phenyl groups of the compound were observed. These changes indicate an increased lipid solubility and therefore better absorptivity of the drug in the current form.", "contents": "NMR studies of sustained release methadone tablets. NMR studies for the identification of methadone in sustained release tablets is conducted. Up-field shifts of the N-methyl and phenyl groups of the compound were observed. These changes indicate an increased lipid solubility and therefore better absorptivity of the drug in the current form.", "PMID": 746066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6674", "title": "Ego strength and psychosocial adaptation to cancer.", "content": "This study investigated a patient's ego strength (Es) at the time of an initial cancer diagnosis and its relationship, over time, to mood disturbance, vulnerability, self-reported physical symptom totals, current concerns, coping strategies, and effectiveness in the resolution of problems. The subjects were 163 newly diagnosed male and female cancer patients representing five primary tumor sites. All patients were seen for an initial evaluation, at which time they completed Barron's Es scale, the Profile of Mood States, the Inventory of Current Concerns, and a semistructured interview. Ratings on patient vulnerability, coping strategies, and problem resolutions were made at each of the five follow-ups. Results showed that psychosocial adaptation to cancer was related to a patient's ego strength. Es correlated positively with a patient's use of effective coping strategies. The concept of Es and problems with Es assessment were discussed within a cognitive-ego analytic frame of reference.", "contents": "Ego strength and psychosocial adaptation to cancer. This study investigated a patient's ego strength (Es) at the time of an initial cancer diagnosis and its relationship, over time, to mood disturbance, vulnerability, self-reported physical symptom totals, current concerns, coping strategies, and effectiveness in the resolution of problems. The subjects were 163 newly diagnosed male and female cancer patients representing five primary tumor sites. All patients were seen for an initial evaluation, at which time they completed Barron's Es scale, the Profile of Mood States, the Inventory of Current Concerns, and a semistructured interview. Ratings on patient vulnerability, coping strategies, and problem resolutions were made at each of the five follow-ups. Results showed that psychosocial adaptation to cancer was related to a patient's ego strength. Es correlated positively with a patient's use of effective coping strategies. The concept of Es and problems with Es assessment were discussed within a cognitive-ego analytic frame of reference.", "PMID": 746104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6675", "title": "Type A behavior, self-involvement, and cardiovascular response.", "content": "Coronary-prone Type A and noncoronary-prone Type B students were challenged by a battery of tasks including cold pressor, mental arithmetic, behavior type interview, and the generation and expression of emotions. Measures of blood pressure, heart rate, and digital vasoconstriction were intercorrelated with reported distress, performance, speech characteristics, emotional intensity, and self-references. The major difference between the two behavior types concerned self-references, measured as the frequency of personal pronouns employed in speech. The Type A's who referred to themselves frequently had a markedly higher systolic blood pressure, a slightly higher diastolic blood pressure, a lower heart rate, higher distress ratings to cold water, and more extreme voice emphasis and emotional intensity than Type A's who referred to themselves less frequently. The Type B's have little relationship of self-references to any of the measures taken. The possible role of self-involvement in generating Type A behavior and cardiovascular response is discussed.", "contents": "Type A behavior, self-involvement, and cardiovascular response. Coronary-prone Type A and noncoronary-prone Type B students were challenged by a battery of tasks including cold pressor, mental arithmetic, behavior type interview, and the generation and expression of emotions. Measures of blood pressure, heart rate, and digital vasoconstriction were intercorrelated with reported distress, performance, speech characteristics, emotional intensity, and self-references. The major difference between the two behavior types concerned self-references, measured as the frequency of personal pronouns employed in speech. The Type A's who referred to themselves frequently had a markedly higher systolic blood pressure, a slightly higher diastolic blood pressure, a lower heart rate, higher distress ratings to cold water, and more extreme voice emphasis and emotional intensity than Type A's who referred to themselves less frequently. The Type B's have little relationship of self-references to any of the measures taken. The possible role of self-involvement in generating Type A behavior and cardiovascular response is discussed.", "PMID": 746105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6676", "title": "Hemodynamic factors and Rorschach testing in borderline and sustained hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamic parameters and the Rorschach test were performed on 48 borderline and 64 sustained essential hypertensive patients, and compared with 33 normal subjects. Hemodynamic patterns suggested (1) in borderline hypertensives, a neurogenic hypertension, and (2) in sustained hypertensives, a volume- and renal-mediated hypertension. Repeat hemodynamic determinations were performed on 35 borderline hypertensives after a 47 +/- 3-month follow-up survey. The results confirmed that, in the same patient, hypertension was successively neurogenic and volume-mediated. The results of the Rorschach test in the overall hypertensive population pointed to an incapacity to form a structured neurosis because of the lack of a fantasy life, and an inadequacy of the mechanisms of repression of aggressive tendencies. These observations were more marked in sustained hypertensives. In borderline hypertensives, the lack of fantasy life, assessed from kinesthetic perceptions, was highly significant (p less than 0.01) and was associated with anxiety and functional symptoms suggesting an increased lability of the autonomic nervous system. In sustained hypertensives, however, there was an inability to express anxiety in a symbolic fashion (p less than 0.01). These differences in psychological findings between borderline and sustained hypertensives agree with the difference in hemodynamic patterns. The results suggest that sustained hypertensives have a predominantly somatic issue in place of the psychological conflicts observed in borderline hypertensives.", "contents": "Hemodynamic factors and Rorschach testing in borderline and sustained hypertension. Hemodynamic parameters and the Rorschach test were performed on 48 borderline and 64 sustained essential hypertensive patients, and compared with 33 normal subjects. Hemodynamic patterns suggested (1) in borderline hypertensives, a neurogenic hypertension, and (2) in sustained hypertensives, a volume- and renal-mediated hypertension. Repeat hemodynamic determinations were performed on 35 borderline hypertensives after a 47 +/- 3-month follow-up survey. The results confirmed that, in the same patient, hypertension was successively neurogenic and volume-mediated. The results of the Rorschach test in the overall hypertensive population pointed to an incapacity to form a structured neurosis because of the lack of a fantasy life, and an inadequacy of the mechanisms of repression of aggressive tendencies. These observations were more marked in sustained hypertensives. In borderline hypertensives, the lack of fantasy life, assessed from kinesthetic perceptions, was highly significant (p less than 0.01) and was associated with anxiety and functional symptoms suggesting an increased lability of the autonomic nervous system. In sustained hypertensives, however, there was an inability to express anxiety in a symbolic fashion (p less than 0.01). These differences in psychological findings between borderline and sustained hypertensives agree with the difference in hemodynamic patterns. The results suggest that sustained hypertensives have a predominantly somatic issue in place of the psychological conflicts observed in borderline hypertensives.", "PMID": 746106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6677", "title": "Relationship of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern to achievement, power, and affiliation motives.", "content": "The present investigation examined the relationship of Pattern A as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and interview to measures of job involvement and a series of motivation constructs included because of their descriptive resemblance to Pattern A. The Type A scores were unrelated to achievement, power, and affiliation motives. Individuals high on resultant achievement motivation (high on nAch and low on test anxiety) scored as extreme Type A's on the JAS. Job involvement was also related to JAS Type A measures but was unrelated to the interview Type A. Evidently Pattern A, because of its multidimensional nature, is not strongly related to individual constructs. As our knowledge increases about the Pattern A characteristics that contribute to coronary-proneness, we can more adequately develop measures of those characteristics and individually relate them to current psychological constructs.", "contents": "Relationship of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern to achievement, power, and affiliation motives. The present investigation examined the relationship of Pattern A as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and interview to measures of job involvement and a series of motivation constructs included because of their descriptive resemblance to Pattern A. The Type A scores were unrelated to achievement, power, and affiliation motives. Individuals high on resultant achievement motivation (high on nAch and low on test anxiety) scored as extreme Type A's on the JAS. Job involvement was also related to JAS Type A measures but was unrelated to the interview Type A. Evidently Pattern A, because of its multidimensional nature, is not strongly related to individual constructs. As our knowledge increases about the Pattern A characteristics that contribute to coronary-proneness, we can more adequately develop measures of those characteristics and individually relate them to current psychological constructs.", "PMID": 746107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6678", "title": "[Comparative study of five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have compared five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (Bio-Rad porphyrins, Porphyrin-T Sibar, Reinkingh-Van Kampen, Schwartz and coll., Fischer-Ham). Based on the results obtained, for total porphyrins the best method appeared to be the Porphyrin-T Sibar test, while for the separate evaluation of uro- and coproporphyrins the most suitable method proved to be the one proposed by Reinkingh-Van Kampen. The investigations has also allowed the AA. to conclude that spectrophotometric reading can replace the fluorimetric one, without affecting the accuracy of results.", "contents": "[Comparative study of five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (author's transl)]. The AA. have compared five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (Bio-Rad porphyrins, Porphyrin-T Sibar, Reinkingh-Van Kampen, Schwartz and coll., Fischer-Ham). Based on the results obtained, for total porphyrins the best method appeared to be the Porphyrin-T Sibar test, while for the separate evaluation of uro- and coproporphyrins the most suitable method proved to be the one proposed by Reinkingh-Van Kampen. The investigations has also allowed the AA. to conclude that spectrophotometric reading can replace the fluorimetric one, without affecting the accuracy of results.", "PMID": 746113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6679", "title": "[Frequency of antibodies towards brucella in subjects of different ages not having specific infection and with the disease in course (author's transl)].", "content": "Results showing the frequency of anti-Brucella antibodies in subjects of different ages without specific infection are presented first. This frequency was not significant in percentage nor titer. Onlwy 3.12% and 1.88% of the subjects examined had a greater titer respectively of 1 : 20 and 1 : 40. In subjects positively affected by specific infection the agglutination titer of 1 : 80-1 : 100 con be considered valid in the diagnosis of Brucellosis.", "contents": "[Frequency of antibodies towards brucella in subjects of different ages not having specific infection and with the disease in course (author's transl)]. Results showing the frequency of anti-Brucella antibodies in subjects of different ages without specific infection are presented first. This frequency was not significant in percentage nor titer. Onlwy 3.12% and 1.88% of the subjects examined had a greater titer respectively of 1 : 20 and 1 : 40. In subjects positively affected by specific infection the agglutination titer of 1 : 80-1 : 100 con be considered valid in the diagnosis of Brucellosis.", "PMID": 746114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6680", "title": "[Psychotherapy in the penitentiary environment: problems and perspectives].", "content": "While recent studies suggest that psychotherapy has little impact on recidivism, these studies are far from conclusive and they tell us little about the ultimate value of psychotherapy in the correctional setting. Aside from the issue of recidivism, psychotherapy in prison has many practical and humanistic advantages. The incarcerated offender may seek psychotherapy because of motivations that are totally unrelated to the issue of release. It is useful to consider psychotherapy of incarcerated offenders in terms of the relevance of helping factors that are critical to all types of psychotherapy. Some of these factors have less therapeutic influence in the prison setting than in the free world. Certain factors such as tension reduction and the learning of new behaviors probably have a greater therapeutic affect in the prison setting.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy in the penitentiary environment: problems and perspectives]. While recent studies suggest that psychotherapy has little impact on recidivism, these studies are far from conclusive and they tell us little about the ultimate value of psychotherapy in the correctional setting. Aside from the issue of recidivism, psychotherapy in prison has many practical and humanistic advantages. The incarcerated offender may seek psychotherapy because of motivations that are totally unrelated to the issue of release. It is useful to consider psychotherapy of incarcerated offenders in terms of the relevance of helping factors that are critical to all types of psychotherapy. Some of these factors have less therapeutic influence in the prison setting than in the free world. Certain factors such as tension reduction and the learning of new behaviors probably have a greater therapeutic affect in the prison setting.", "PMID": 746109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6681", "title": "[Serum cholinesterase activity (CHE) in different classes of chronic liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "ChE activity was studied in a series of 193 patients of different classes of chronic hepatitis. CAH and much more cirrhosis showed a mean value significantly lower than normal controls. In CAH, no difference was found between HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative cases. Alcoholic cirrhotics had serum cholinesterase levels more lowered than non alcoholic patients. Finally, the follow-up of serum cholinesterase levels could be useful in assessing the prognosis of cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "[Serum cholinesterase activity (CHE) in different classes of chronic liver diseases (author's transl)]. ChE activity was studied in a series of 193 patients of different classes of chronic hepatitis. CAH and much more cirrhosis showed a mean value significantly lower than normal controls. In CAH, no difference was found between HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative cases. Alcoholic cirrhotics had serum cholinesterase levels more lowered than non alcoholic patients. Finally, the follow-up of serum cholinesterase levels could be useful in assessing the prognosis of cirrhotic patients.", "PMID": 746115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6682", "title": "[Psychiatric treatment of mentally abnormal delinquents under detention].", "content": "The author examines the situation of psychiatric treatment of abnormal offenders under detention, and lists ten problem areas: 1) Lack of interdisciplinarity; 2) Lack of proper diagnostic categories; 3) Lack of definition of treatment goals; 4) Lack of integration into general criminal policy planning; 5) Mistaken emphasis on \"prediction\"; 6) Politicization of the concept of deviance; 7) Non-recognition, on the part of the professions, of their institutional role--the \"who is the client\" dilemma; 8) Confusion of forensic with criminal justice system roles; 9) Considering detention an isolated process, and not as part of the criminal justice system continuum; 10) Lack of basic research and of comparative studies.", "contents": "[Psychiatric treatment of mentally abnormal delinquents under detention]. The author examines the situation of psychiatric treatment of abnormal offenders under detention, and lists ten problem areas: 1) Lack of interdisciplinarity; 2) Lack of proper diagnostic categories; 3) Lack of definition of treatment goals; 4) Lack of integration into general criminal policy planning; 5) Mistaken emphasis on \"prediction\"; 6) Politicization of the concept of deviance; 7) Non-recognition, on the part of the professions, of their institutional role--the \"who is the client\" dilemma; 8) Confusion of forensic with criminal justice system roles; 9) Considering detention an isolated process, and not as part of the criminal justice system continuum; 10) Lack of basic research and of comparative studies.", "PMID": 746110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6683", "title": "Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. I. Changes of membrane potential of L-cells.", "content": "Changes in the membrane potential of cultured L-929lcells were investigated after irradiation with doses ranging from 5-200 Gy. Immediately after irradiation a depolarisation is observed that is followed by a damped oscillation of the membrane potential and finally by a rapprochement to the control value. Whereas the magnitude of depolarisation does not show any dependence on irradiation dose, the time required to reach the control value again increases with increasing dose. Up to 10 Gy, the period of the first half-oscillation rises rapidly to about 12 min, at higher doses a slow linear increase follows reaching a value of 23 min after 200 Gy.", "contents": "Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. I. Changes of membrane potential of L-cells. Changes in the membrane potential of cultured L-929lcells were investigated after irradiation with doses ranging from 5-200 Gy. Immediately after irradiation a depolarisation is observed that is followed by a damped oscillation of the membrane potential and finally by a rapprochement to the control value. Whereas the magnitude of depolarisation does not show any dependence on irradiation dose, the time required to reach the control value again increases with increasing dose. Up to 10 Gy, the period of the first half-oscillation rises rapidly to about 12 min, at higher doses a slow linear increase follows reaching a value of 23 min after 200 Gy.", "PMID": 746116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6684", "title": "[Violent crime in Italy. Report on the phenomenon of kidnapping for extortion and on the national and international transfer of ransom money].", "content": "The present report contains a collection of statistical data concerning the phenomenon of kidnapping for extorsion purposes during the period from 1968 to 1977; it also contains remarks and observations concerning the development of crime. A brief indication follows of the ways of carrying out negotiations and of paying the ransom, and some initiatives of the insurance companies to cover the risks deriving from kidnapping. The above subjects, which are closely connected with the problem of the illicit transfer of capital of criminal origin, are followed by a brief summary of the action of the magistrature, of the regulations at present governing kidnapping cases and of the measures taken to prevent recycle of currency.", "contents": "[Violent crime in Italy. Report on the phenomenon of kidnapping for extortion and on the national and international transfer of ransom money]. The present report contains a collection of statistical data concerning the phenomenon of kidnapping for extorsion purposes during the period from 1968 to 1977; it also contains remarks and observations concerning the development of crime. A brief indication follows of the ways of carrying out negotiations and of paying the ransom, and some initiatives of the insurance companies to cover the risks deriving from kidnapping. The above subjects, which are closely connected with the problem of the illicit transfer of capital of criminal origin, are followed by a brief summary of the action of the magistrature, of the regulations at present governing kidnapping cases and of the measures taken to prevent recycle of currency.", "PMID": 746111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6685", "title": "[Adolescent dyssocial behavior and lack of a father figure during the latency period].", "content": "The Authors, taking Andry's hypothesis about the pathogenetic role of the deprivation of father-image during infancy in structuring an inadequate, too rigid or incoherent Super-Ego, assume that could be a possible factor in explaining the social misadaptation of adolescents with prolonged experiences of institutionalisation. The test group, consisted of 163 adolescents and pre-adolescents released from three state institutions in Modena, in the period 1966-1973, it seems to confirm, through the indexes of the socialisation in the family, scholastic and work groups after releases from the institutions, as well as through those of social misadaptation and antisociality, the Author's hypothesis interpreting the social misadaptation as one of the manifestations of the difficulties encountered by adolescents in the adaptation process. These difficulties depend a great deal on a surplus of pathological defenses arising from retarding of the consolidation of the Ego and from developing a negative Ego-Ideal. The deprivation of valid parental images for introjective identifications during latency or adolescence seems a very important factor in influencing these structures of personality.", "contents": "[Adolescent dyssocial behavior and lack of a father figure during the latency period]. The Authors, taking Andry's hypothesis about the pathogenetic role of the deprivation of father-image during infancy in structuring an inadequate, too rigid or incoherent Super-Ego, assume that could be a possible factor in explaining the social misadaptation of adolescents with prolonged experiences of institutionalisation. The test group, consisted of 163 adolescents and pre-adolescents released from three state institutions in Modena, in the period 1966-1973, it seems to confirm, through the indexes of the socialisation in the family, scholastic and work groups after releases from the institutions, as well as through those of social misadaptation and antisociality, the Author's hypothesis interpreting the social misadaptation as one of the manifestations of the difficulties encountered by adolescents in the adaptation process. These difficulties depend a great deal on a surplus of pathological defenses arising from retarding of the consolidation of the Ego and from developing a negative Ego-Ideal. The deprivation of valid parental images for introjective identifications during latency or adolescence seems a very important factor in influencing these structures of personality.", "PMID": 746112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6686", "title": "Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. II. Changes of permeability measured by fluorescein efflux.", "content": "The effect of irradiation on the permeability of cell membranes of L-929 cells was investigated. Efflux of fluorescein, accumulated by hydrolysis of fluoresceindiacetate in the cells, was measured using flow cytometry. The changes of rate constants for the permeation of florescein through the cell membrane at different temperatures and after various X-ray doses were studied. Decreasing temperatures yielded substantially slower efflux of fluorescein. After irradiation of cells, the rate constant of fluorescein efflux increased linearly with dose; 180 Gy are required to cause an increase by a factor of 2. The results are discussed with respect to radiation damage of active and passive transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. II. Changes of permeability measured by fluorescein efflux. The effect of irradiation on the permeability of cell membranes of L-929 cells was investigated. Efflux of fluorescein, accumulated by hydrolysis of fluoresceindiacetate in the cells, was measured using flow cytometry. The changes of rate constants for the permeation of florescein through the cell membrane at different temperatures and after various X-ray doses were studied. Decreasing temperatures yielded substantially slower efflux of fluorescein. After irradiation of cells, the rate constant of fluorescein efflux increased linearly with dose; 180 Gy are required to cause an increase by a factor of 2. The results are discussed with respect to radiation damage of active and passive transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 746117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6687", "title": "[Penal deterrents and benefits of clemency: marginal notes on research].", "content": "The article refers to a volume recently issued by the Criminology Department of the National Centre for Prevention and Social Protection, which illustrates the results of some research carried out in order to verify the effects, if any, of the application of the benefits of amnesty and free pardon (not infrequent in the history of Italy) and of the application of the benefits of mercy, on recidivism. Although the research is focused on the formal figures of sentences of punishment, an attempt has been made to reach indicative conclusions based on the behaviour of those to whom these benefits were granted, in order to discover whether their application has reinforced or weakened the crimino-resistance of the subjects. The indications found in the examination lead to the conclusion that those who are predisposed to a certain type of delinquency, greater or lesser, (for example, towards crimes against the patrimony, especially if recidivous) continued to commit crimes at the same rhythm, or even in some cases at a greater rhythm, while those who may have fallen only rarely into crime (particularly women) tended to relapse less into crime. This is the case also with pardon, although in this case the benefit is individualized and conceded generally as a consequence of favourable prognostic evaluations. It is interesting to note that each time a general measure of amnesty or pardon is issued, the percentages of criminality are increased. The article brings these results to the attention of the reader, as material for reflection on the efficacy of reinforcement of the measures of pardon, with respect to the penal system.", "contents": "[Penal deterrents and benefits of clemency: marginal notes on research]. The article refers to a volume recently issued by the Criminology Department of the National Centre for Prevention and Social Protection, which illustrates the results of some research carried out in order to verify the effects, if any, of the application of the benefits of amnesty and free pardon (not infrequent in the history of Italy) and of the application of the benefits of mercy, on recidivism. Although the research is focused on the formal figures of sentences of punishment, an attempt has been made to reach indicative conclusions based on the behaviour of those to whom these benefits were granted, in order to discover whether their application has reinforced or weakened the crimino-resistance of the subjects. The indications found in the examination lead to the conclusion that those who are predisposed to a certain type of delinquency, greater or lesser, (for example, towards crimes against the patrimony, especially if recidivous) continued to commit crimes at the same rhythm, or even in some cases at a greater rhythm, while those who may have fallen only rarely into crime (particularly women) tended to relapse less into crime. This is the case also with pardon, although in this case the benefit is individualized and conceded generally as a consequence of favourable prognostic evaluations. It is interesting to note that each time a general measure of amnesty or pardon is issued, the percentages of criminality are increased. The article brings these results to the attention of the reader, as material for reflection on the efficacy of reinforcement of the measures of pardon, with respect to the penal system.", "PMID": 746108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6688", "title": "Microscopic dose distributions due to iodine isotopes in thyroid.", "content": "Microscopic electron dose distributions inside and outside the colloid spheres of thyroid tissue of radii 15-150 micron containing 1.5 muCi/g 123I, 125I, 131I, and 132I uniformly distributed have been calculated by the application of Berger's scaled absorbed dose functions approximately standard polynomial regression  techniques. For 131I, 123I and 132I whose electron or effective beta energy ranges are at least few times more than the sphere sizes considered the contributions of energy emitted from neighbouring follicles have been included into the dose calculations. Additionally, the frequency mean and energy mean of microscopic  event-size distributions in small spherical 125I sources have been computed in rad per one 125I disintegration.", "contents": "Microscopic dose distributions due to iodine isotopes in thyroid. Microscopic electron dose distributions inside and outside the colloid spheres of thyroid tissue of radii 15-150 micron containing 1.5 muCi/g 123I, 125I, 131I, and 132I uniformly distributed have been calculated by the application of Berger's scaled absorbed dose functions approximately standard polynomial regression  techniques. For 131I, 123I and 132I whose electron or effective beta energy ranges are at least few times more than the sphere sizes considered the contributions of energy emitted from neighbouring follicles have been included into the dose calculations. Additionally, the frequency mean and energy mean of microscopic  event-size distributions in small spherical 125I sources have been computed in rad per one 125I disintegration.", "PMID": 746118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6689", "title": "Thorotrast kinetics and radiation dose: results from studies in thorotrast patients and from animal experiments.", "content": "As a presupposition for estimating the mean tissue dose from intravascularly injected Thorotrast results of investigations on tissue distribution and steady state activity ratios of 232Th and daughters in Thorotrast patients were compiled and are presented as \"best estimates\". Special emphasis has been given to the non-uniformity of Thorotrast distribution on the organ and cellular level on the basis of results from animal experiments. Moreover, the variation widths of the mean tissue doses were calculated from the individual standard errors of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios. According to the results of Thorotrast tissue distribution analyses about 97% of intravascularly injected colloidal ThO2 are retained by the organs of the reticulo-endothelial-system (RES) of the average Thorotrast patient (liver: 59%; spleen: 29%; bone marrow: 9%). Only 0.7 and 0.1% are distributed within the lungs and the kidneys, respectively. The fractional retention of 232Th in the marrow-free skeleton proved to be 2% on the average. Considering in addition the results on the steady state activity ratios between 232Th and its daughters and self-absorption of alpha-energy in Thorotrast agglomerates the mean annual tissue doses to the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, lungs (respiratory zone), and cells on bone surface, e.g., from 30 ml intravascularly injected Thorotrast are about 30 (10-70), 80 (30-200), 10 (4-27), 4.5 (1.8-11.3), and 15 (6-38) rad. The variation widths of the mean tissue doses given in brackets are based upon an average individual standard error of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios of 150%. The data on mean tissue doses, however, do not include variations of the dose due to macroscopic inhomogeneities of Thorotrast distribution on the organ level, which in the liver may go up to a factor of 50. Contrary to the mean tissue dose the local annual dose, i.e., the dose to cells adjacent to the surface of 0.1-50 micron Thorotrast aggregates is between 40 and 40,000 rad.", "contents": "Thorotrast kinetics and radiation dose: results from studies in thorotrast patients and from animal experiments. As a presupposition for estimating the mean tissue dose from intravascularly injected Thorotrast results of investigations on tissue distribution and steady state activity ratios of 232Th and daughters in Thorotrast patients were compiled and are presented as \"best estimates\". Special emphasis has been given to the non-uniformity of Thorotrast distribution on the organ and cellular level on the basis of results from animal experiments. Moreover, the variation widths of the mean tissue doses were calculated from the individual standard errors of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios. According to the results of Thorotrast tissue distribution analyses about 97% of intravascularly injected colloidal ThO2 are retained by the organs of the reticulo-endothelial-system (RES) of the average Thorotrast patient (liver: 59%; spleen: 29%; bone marrow: 9%). Only 0.7 and 0.1% are distributed within the lungs and the kidneys, respectively. The fractional retention of 232Th in the marrow-free skeleton proved to be 2% on the average. Considering in addition the results on the steady state activity ratios between 232Th and its daughters and self-absorption of alpha-energy in Thorotrast agglomerates the mean annual tissue doses to the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, lungs (respiratory zone), and cells on bone surface, e.g., from 30 ml intravascularly injected Thorotrast are about 30 (10-70), 80 (30-200), 10 (4-27), 4.5 (1.8-11.3), and 15 (6-38) rad. The variation widths of the mean tissue doses given in brackets are based upon an average individual standard error of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios of 150%. The data on mean tissue doses, however, do not include variations of the dose due to macroscopic inhomogeneities of Thorotrast distribution on the organ level, which in the liver may go up to a factor of 50. Contrary to the mean tissue dose the local annual dose, i.e., the dose to cells adjacent to the surface of 0.1-50 micron Thorotrast aggregates is between 40 and 40,000 rad.", "PMID": 746119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6690", "title": "Biophysical aspects of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the environment.", "content": "Most of plutonium released by nuclear explosions is Pu-241 which decays to Am-241. We have studied the deposition of Pu-241 and Am-241 in lichens collected since 1958 in the central part of Sweden (62.3 degrees N, 12. 4 degrees E). Comparative studies with Pu-isotopes, Pu-239 + 240 and Pu-238 were also performed. In 1972 the total accumulated deposition of Pu-241 was 8 mCi/km2 of Pu-239 + 240 1 mCi/km2 and of Am-241 0.2 mCi/km2. About 80% of the Am-241 activity has been formed in situ from decay of Pu-241. The biological mean-residence time for all Pu-isotopes were about 6 years and for Am-241 4 years. The spatial distribution of Am-241 in the lichen carpet is quite different from that of Pu-241. The activity concentrations of Am-241 and Pu-241 have been studied in reindeer liver and bone. The average concentrations found were in liver 0.6 and 40 pCi/kg, in bone 0.2 and 6 pCi per kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The activity content of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the Lapps due to their reindeer diet was estimated to be in liver 1.0 E-4 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg, in bone (3-9) E-5 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The estimated values for the fractions of ingested activity retained were in liver 7 E-6 and 14 E-6, in bone 20 E-6 for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The fraction of ingested activity of Pu retained in reindeer liver is about 2-3 times higher than that of Am.", "contents": "Biophysical aspects of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the environment. Most of plutonium released by nuclear explosions is Pu-241 which decays to Am-241. We have studied the deposition of Pu-241 and Am-241 in lichens collected since 1958 in the central part of Sweden (62.3 degrees N, 12. 4 degrees E). Comparative studies with Pu-isotopes, Pu-239 + 240 and Pu-238 were also performed. In 1972 the total accumulated deposition of Pu-241 was 8 mCi/km2 of Pu-239 + 240 1 mCi/km2 and of Am-241 0.2 mCi/km2. About 80% of the Am-241 activity has been formed in situ from decay of Pu-241. The biological mean-residence time for all Pu-isotopes were about 6 years and for Am-241 4 years. The spatial distribution of Am-241 in the lichen carpet is quite different from that of Pu-241. The activity concentrations of Am-241 and Pu-241 have been studied in reindeer liver and bone. The average concentrations found were in liver 0.6 and 40 pCi/kg, in bone 0.2 and 6 pCi per kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The activity content of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the Lapps due to their reindeer diet was estimated to be in liver 1.0 E-4 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg, in bone (3-9) E-5 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The estimated values for the fractions of ingested activity retained were in liver 7 E-6 and 14 E-6, in bone 20 E-6 for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The fraction of ingested activity of Pu retained in reindeer liver is about 2-3 times higher than that of Am.", "PMID": 746120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6691", "title": "Temperature distribution in tissue during laser irradiation.", "content": "During irradiation with an Ar+-and Kr+-laser the temperature rise in living and dead tissue was measured in various depths. The contribution of the blood flow to the heat transport during irradiation was found to be small. The influence of the different depths of penetration and backscattering at the blue-green Ar+-and the red Kr+-radiation was investigated. The measurements compared with theory show reasonable agreement for an one-dimensional model below 100 degrees C. The results are discussed with respect to laser application in medicine.", "contents": "Temperature distribution in tissue during laser irradiation. During irradiation with an Ar+-and Kr+-laser the temperature rise in living and dead tissue was measured in various depths. The contribution of the blood flow to the heat transport during irradiation was found to be small. The influence of the different depths of penetration and backscattering at the blue-green Ar+-and the red Kr+-radiation was investigated. The measurements compared with theory show reasonable agreement for an one-dimensional model below 100 degrees C. The results are discussed with respect to laser application in medicine.", "PMID": 746121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6692", "title": "Studies on the interaction of microwave radiation with cholinesterase.", "content": "The significance of the enzyme cholinesterase in studies on the biological effects of microwaves is discussed. Experiments were performed on the direct effect of microwave radiation on the enzyme activity in aqueous solution, and in rabbit blood. Microwave radiation was found to have an effect only when the temperature increase was great enough to denature the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction of microwave radiation with cholinesterase. The significance of the enzyme cholinesterase in studies on the biological effects of microwaves is discussed. Experiments were performed on the direct effect of microwave radiation on the enzyme activity in aqueous solution, and in rabbit blood. Microwave radiation was found to have an effect only when the temperature increase was great enough to denature the enzyme.", "PMID": 746122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6693", "title": "Ultrastructural study of lens fiber damages after laser irradiation.", "content": "Lens fiber lesions after laser irradiation were studied in the albino rats. Loss of cytoplasmic contrast, pulling apart of intercellular cell junctions and increase of intracellular vesicles were observed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of lens fiber damages after laser irradiation. Lens fiber lesions after laser irradiation were studied in the albino rats. Loss of cytoplasmic contrast, pulling apart of intercellular cell junctions and increase of intracellular vesicles were observed.", "PMID": 746123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6694", "title": "Radiographic screening in the early detection of lung cancer.", "content": "A prospective study designed to detect early lung cancer in a high risk outpatient volunteer population is in progress. At present all 10,362 volunteers have been recruited into the project. A review of the radiographs of patients with lung cancer identified on the initial screen, or in retrospect, has led to the following conclusions: (1) Independent double reading is important in a screening project. (2) There are no reliable radiographic criteria to distinguish early lung cancer from benign disease. (3) The lateral chest radiograph is useful in the high risk patient. From these conclusions the authors have three recommendations for the practicing radiologist. (1) Since double reading improves sensitivity, attempt to doubly read a chest radiograph by removing your eyes from the film and look at it a second time before finalizing your report. (2) Consider any newly appearing, noncalcified lesion in the chest radiograph of a high risk individual as primary lung cancer until proven otherwise. (3) Consider the \"routine chest radiograph\" in a high risk patient as a challenge to detect early lung cancer rather than the drudgery of day to day clinical practice.", "contents": "Radiographic screening in the early detection of lung cancer. A prospective study designed to detect early lung cancer in a high risk outpatient volunteer population is in progress. At present all 10,362 volunteers have been recruited into the project. A review of the radiographs of patients with lung cancer identified on the initial screen, or in retrospect, has led to the following conclusions: (1) Independent double reading is important in a screening project. (2) There are no reliable radiographic criteria to distinguish early lung cancer from benign disease. (3) The lateral chest radiograph is useful in the high risk patient. From these conclusions the authors have three recommendations for the practicing radiologist. (1) Since double reading improves sensitivity, attempt to doubly read a chest radiograph by removing your eyes from the film and look at it a second time before finalizing your report. (2) Consider any newly appearing, noncalcified lesion in the chest radiograph of a high risk individual as primary lung cancer until proven otherwise. (3) Consider the \"routine chest radiograph\" in a high risk patient as a challenge to detect early lung cancer rather than the drudgery of day to day clinical practice.", "PMID": 746141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6695", "title": "Intensive care unit radiology. Problems of interpretation.", "content": "The radiographic examination of the chest plays an important role in the evaluation of patients in the intensive care unit. The maximum diagnostic value of the radiographs can be achieved only if the films are frequently reviewed, preferably in a daily working conference of the radiologist with the clinicians. Without detailed knowledge of the patient's clinical status, the radiologist will be severely limited in the precision with which the radiographs can be used to evaluate the status of a patient in the intensive care unit.", "contents": "Intensive care unit radiology. Problems of interpretation. The radiographic examination of the chest plays an important role in the evaluation of patients in the intensive care unit. The maximum diagnostic value of the radiographs can be achieved only if the films are frequently reviewed, preferably in a daily working conference of the radiologist with the clinicians. Without detailed knowledge of the patient's clinical status, the radiologist will be severely limited in the precision with which the radiographs can be used to evaluate the status of a patient in the intensive care unit.", "PMID": 746142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6696", "title": "The effects of minor degrees of obliquity on the lateral chest radiograph.", "content": "Minor degrees of obliquity affect the appearance of the lateral chest radiograph. For 100 normal subjects we compared findings on three left lateral projections: the \"straight lateral\", rotation of the subject's right side 10 degrees anterior (\"right anterior\"), and rotation of the patient's right side 10 degrees posterior (\"right posterior\"). A number of structures appeared generally best seen in the \"right anterior\" lateral projection, less well seen in the \"straight posterior\" lateral projection and least well seen in \"right posterior\" lateral projection. These structures were the epicardial fat stripe and pericardial line, the anterior margin of the ascending aorta, the hilar vessels, the origins of the upper lobe bronchi, and the posterior wall of the bronchus intermedius. The heart appeared largest in the \"right anterior\" lateral view, while in the \"right posterior\" lateral view it appeared smallest (whether assessed subjectively or by measurement of posterior left ventricular overlap of the inferior vena cava). Similarly, the hilar vascular shadows and major bronchi were most prominent when rotated apart in the \"right anterior\" projection and least prominent when more nearly superimposed in the \"right posterior\" projection. Slight rotation showed no significant effect on the anteroposterior diameter of the trachea, the width of the left pulmonary artery, or the diameters of the upper lobe bronchi. The azygos vein and a well visualized posterior tracheal band were seen in a few patients. They tended to be best and most frequently seen in the \"right posterior\" lateral view. Either obliquity tended to improve delimeation of the anterior pleural margins and the costophrenic angles. This was also true for the interlobar fissures, but confusing superimposition shadows were less likely in the \"right anterior\" than the \"right posterior\" lateral radiograph.", "contents": "The effects of minor degrees of obliquity on the lateral chest radiograph. Minor degrees of obliquity affect the appearance of the lateral chest radiograph. For 100 normal subjects we compared findings on three left lateral projections: the \"straight lateral\", rotation of the subject's right side 10 degrees anterior (\"right anterior\"), and rotation of the patient's right side 10 degrees posterior (\"right posterior\"). A number of structures appeared generally best seen in the \"right anterior\" lateral projection, less well seen in the \"straight posterior\" lateral projection and least well seen in \"right posterior\" lateral projection. These structures were the epicardial fat stripe and pericardial line, the anterior margin of the ascending aorta, the hilar vessels, the origins of the upper lobe bronchi, and the posterior wall of the bronchus intermedius. The heart appeared largest in the \"right anterior\" lateral view, while in the \"right posterior\" lateral view it appeared smallest (whether assessed subjectively or by measurement of posterior left ventricular overlap of the inferior vena cava). Similarly, the hilar vascular shadows and major bronchi were most prominent when rotated apart in the \"right anterior\" projection and least prominent when more nearly superimposed in the \"right posterior\" projection. Slight rotation showed no significant effect on the anteroposterior diameter of the trachea, the width of the left pulmonary artery, or the diameters of the upper lobe bronchi. The azygos vein and a well visualized posterior tracheal band were seen in a few patients. They tended to be best and most frequently seen in the \"right posterior\" lateral view. Either obliquity tended to improve delimeation of the anterior pleural margins and the costophrenic angles. This was also true for the interlobar fissures, but confusing superimposition shadows were less likely in the \"right anterior\" than the \"right posterior\" lateral radiograph.", "PMID": 746143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6697", "title": "A fundamental study on imaging with an off-axis Fresnel zone plate.", "content": "An off-axis Fresnel zone plate, through use of a halftone screen to introduce a spatial carrier frequency, can be used as a large-area, coded aperture for imaging incoherent radiation sources. This paper discusses the structure of off-axis Fresnel zone plate as an aperture and the mentods of imaging from the viewpoint of the spatial resolution by optical simulation, appending some examples of objects, holograms and reconstructed images. It is then concluded that the off-axis Fresnel zone plate having D (diameter) = 5.8 cm and nuc (spatial center frequency) = 23 l/cm is sufficient for the reconstructed images.", "contents": "A fundamental study on imaging with an off-axis Fresnel zone plate. An off-axis Fresnel zone plate, through use of a halftone screen to introduce a spatial carrier frequency, can be used as a large-area, coded aperture for imaging incoherent radiation sources. This paper discusses the structure of off-axis Fresnel zone plate as an aperture and the mentods of imaging from the viewpoint of the spatial resolution by optical simulation, appending some examples of objects, holograms and reconstructed images. It is then concluded that the off-axis Fresnel zone plate having D (diameter) = 5.8 cm and nuc (spatial center frequency) = 23 l/cm is sufficient for the reconstructed images.", "PMID": 746170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6698", "title": "Determination of zirconium in natural water by spectrophotometry following the concentration step with yield tracer.", "content": "Zirconium in natural water samples was determined spectrophotometrically after concentration using95Zr as a yield tracer. Acidified sample (1l) with a known amount of 95Zr was evaporated to dryness, treated with hydrofluoric and nitric acids, and then with nitric and perchloric acids, and evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue was taken up with 2 M perchloric acid and zirconium in the solution was extracted with 0.1 M thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in benzene. The TTA complex solution was converted to hydrochloric acid solution. After the recovery yield was estimated by measuring the radioactivity of 95Zr in the final solution, zirconium was then determined by spectrophotometry with Arsenazo III. Zirconium contents in lake and hot and cold spring samples from Nikko and Shiobara districts were found to be 0.29-2.8 microgram/l by this method.", "contents": "Determination of zirconium in natural water by spectrophotometry following the concentration step with yield tracer. Zirconium in natural water samples was determined spectrophotometrically after concentration using95Zr as a yield tracer. Acidified sample (1l) with a known amount of 95Zr was evaporated to dryness, treated with hydrofluoric and nitric acids, and then with nitric and perchloric acids, and evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue was taken up with 2 M perchloric acid and zirconium in the solution was extracted with 0.1 M thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in benzene. The TTA complex solution was converted to hydrochloric acid solution. After the recovery yield was estimated by measuring the radioactivity of 95Zr in the final solution, zirconium was then determined by spectrophotometry with Arsenazo III. Zirconium contents in lake and hot and cold spring samples from Nikko and Shiobara districts were found to be 0.29-2.8 microgram/l by this method.", "PMID": 746171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6699", "title": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes--on the absorption and excretion of tritium-labelled 2,4-dinitrotoluene (3H-2, 4-DNT) in the rat.", "content": "In order to investigate the detailed absorption and excretion of 2, 4-DNT in the rat, after the single oral administration of 3H2, 4-DNT, the time-course of radioactivity level in blood, liver and digestive organ contents, and of biliary, faecal and urinary excretion were observed. Radioactivity level in blood reaches a peak at 6 hr after the administration and its half-life was about 22 hr. Maximum level of radioactivity in the liver was observed at 6 hr after the administration as well as in the blood. In contrast with the radioactivity levels in blood and liver, amount of radioactivity in small intestine content is markedly decreased for 6 hr after administration. In the biliary excretion, about 10 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in bile within 24 hr. The excretion rate is rising steadily from 6 hr after administration and its peak time was 9-10 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr faeces as reflected with the biliary excretion pattern. On the other hand, the most of  the urinary excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 0-6 hr urine.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes--on the absorption and excretion of tritium-labelled 2,4-dinitrotoluene (3H-2, 4-DNT) in the rat. In order to investigate the detailed absorption and excretion of 2, 4-DNT in the rat, after the single oral administration of 3H2, 4-DNT, the time-course of radioactivity level in blood, liver and digestive organ contents, and of biliary, faecal and urinary excretion were observed. Radioactivity level in blood reaches a peak at 6 hr after the administration and its half-life was about 22 hr. Maximum level of radioactivity in the liver was observed at 6 hr after the administration as well as in the blood. In contrast with the radioactivity levels in blood and liver, amount of radioactivity in small intestine content is markedly decreased for 6 hr after administration. In the biliary excretion, about 10 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in bile within 24 hr. The excretion rate is rising steadily from 6 hr after administration and its peak time was 9-10 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr faeces as reflected with the biliary excretion pattern. On the other hand, the most of  the urinary excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 0-6 hr urine.", "PMID": 746173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6700", "title": "[Renal dysplasias].", "content": "The definition and classification of renal dysplasia are discussed, with reference also to its differentiation from kidney heteromorphism.", "contents": "[Renal dysplasias]. The definition and classification of renal dysplasia are discussed, with reference also to its differentiation from kidney heteromorphism.", "PMID": 746180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6701", "title": "[Upper urinary tract filling defects (author's transl)].", "content": "The distinctive features of true and false filling defects in the radio-opaque image of the upper urinary tract are discussed. The differential diagnosis of intrinsic intraluminal and parietal lacune is examined and several cases are presented by way of illustration.", "contents": "[Upper urinary tract filling defects (author's transl)]. The distinctive features of true and false filling defects in the radio-opaque image of the upper urinary tract are discussed. The differential diagnosis of intrinsic intraluminal and parietal lacune is examined and several cases are presented by way of illustration.", "PMID": 746181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6702", "title": "[Arteriography in the diagnosis of renal tumors].", "content": "Renal angiography with some technical improvements (simultaneous multiple tomography, administration of epinephrine) is still the most reliable method for the diagnosis of a renal tumor; nevertheless, there are limits that this method can not overcome, and an error is always possible. The matter is discussed and a number of cases are reported.", "contents": "[Arteriography in the diagnosis of renal tumors]. Renal angiography with some technical improvements (simultaneous multiple tomography, administration of epinephrine) is still the most reliable method for the diagnosis of a renal tumor; nevertheless, there are limits that this method can not overcome, and an error is always possible. The matter is discussed and a number of cases are reported.", "PMID": 746182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6703", "title": "[Radiological pictures in non-obstructive infantile uropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of the radiological features and the main differentiating aspects of some non-obstructive infantile uropathies, namely vasal lesions and necrosis of the renal tissue, conditions due to abnormal development of the renal parenchyma, and glomerular nephropathy.", "contents": "[Radiological pictures in non-obstructive infantile uropathy (author's transl)]. An account is given of the radiological features and the main differentiating aspects of some non-obstructive infantile uropathies, namely vasal lesions and necrosis of the renal tissue, conditions due to abnormal development of the renal parenchyma, and glomerular nephropathy.", "PMID": 746184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6704", "title": "[Radiological study of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological aspects of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes are reviewed and discussed, particular attention being paid to indications for the various investigation techniques and differential diagnosis. Numerous examples are reported.", "contents": "[Radiological study of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes (author's transl)]. The radiological aspects of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes are reviewed and discussed, particular attention being paid to indications for the various investigation techniques and differential diagnosis. Numerous examples are reported.", "PMID": 746185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6705", "title": "[Present situation and future prospects for epidemiological surveillance within the framework of Quebec new health system (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiological surveillance in Quebec is part of the integral system of this activity throughout the whole of Canada and the United States. Since surveillance is aimed mainly at the ecosystem of the disease rather than just the cases, the activities are insured from the horizontal point of view by several organisations, aided by various Ministeries (health, agriculture, industry and commerce). The vertical structure (besides the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta as coordinator) includes the federal Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, its epidemiology and surveillance bureaus, as well as its territorial epidemiologists, provincial epidemiologists and their teams. Quebec has recently been given a new health structure, introduced in conjunction with the traditional organisations by the new Departments of Community Health, and the Social Centres of Community Services. This structure which is new to North America is characterised mostly by its close integration with community health. Moreover, it represents an excellent opportunity for developing an epidemiological surveillance complementary to local problems and for heightening their responsibility.", "contents": "[Present situation and future prospects for epidemiological surveillance within the framework of Quebec new health system (author's transl)]. Epidemiological surveillance in Quebec is part of the integral system of this activity throughout the whole of Canada and the United States. Since surveillance is aimed mainly at the ecosystem of the disease rather than just the cases, the activities are insured from the horizontal point of view by several organisations, aided by various Ministeries (health, agriculture, industry and commerce). The vertical structure (besides the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta as coordinator) includes the federal Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, its epidemiology and surveillance bureaus, as well as its territorial epidemiologists, provincial epidemiologists and their teams. Quebec has recently been given a new health structure, introduced in conjunction with the traditional organisations by the new Departments of Community Health, and the Social Centres of Community Services. This structure which is new to North America is characterised mostly by its close integration with community health. Moreover, it represents an excellent opportunity for developing an epidemiological surveillance complementary to local problems and for heightening their responsibility.", "PMID": 746188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6706", "title": "[Mathematical model of epidemiology of an anthropozoonose: brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "We are trying to make a model of the epidemiology of Brucellosis by using a two-type branching process. In this text, we are studying the probability of extinction. A complete study on the theory of process with a finite number of types was made by SEVAST'YANOV (1951) [6]. The study of the behaviour of such a process is made with the help of the generating function of the number of infected animals by a single animal. To express this generating function, we start with the same hypothesis as BARTOSZYNSKI [2] (1965) when he makes an interhuman epidemic model by a simple branching process of GALTON-WATSON. However these hypothesis will be modified in order to adapt them to the types of Brucellosis contamination.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of epidemiology of an anthropozoonose: brucellosis (author's transl)]. We are trying to make a model of the epidemiology of Brucellosis by using a two-type branching process. In this text, we are studying the probability of extinction. A complete study on the theory of process with a finite number of types was made by SEVAST'YANOV (1951) [6]. The study of the behaviour of such a process is made with the help of the generating function of the number of infected animals by a single animal. To express this generating function, we start with the same hypothesis as BARTOSZYNSKI [2] (1965) when he makes an interhuman epidemic model by a simple branching process of GALTON-WATSON. However these hypothesis will be modified in order to adapt them to the types of Brucellosis contamination.", "PMID": 746189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6707", "title": "[Generalisation of Martini's model to study the dynamic of infectious diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Martini's model makes it possible to study various epidemiological situations arising in the study of infectious diseases: endemicity, recurrence, presence of a reservoir of pathogenic agent and active immunization. Numerical applications to epidemiological data concerning measles in Uruguay is presented.", "contents": "[Generalisation of Martini's model to study the dynamic of infectious diseases (author's transl)]. Martini's model makes it possible to study various epidemiological situations arising in the study of infectious diseases: endemicity, recurrence, presence of a reservoir of pathogenic agent and active immunization. Numerical applications to epidemiological data concerning measles in Uruguay is presented.", "PMID": 746190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6708", "title": "[Surveillance of human brucellosis in France (author's transl)].", "content": "Brucellosis is an anthropozoonosis, transmissable between animals and from animals to man. There is no interhuman transmission. Practically all domestic and wild animals are sensitive to various species of Brucella which explains the world-wide occurrence of the disease. Animals transmit the disease to man by direct contact (giving rise most often to professional disease which accounts for approximately 2/3 of the cases in France), and by way of food consumption (milk, cheese). The discovery of host animals may guide the diagnosis of human cases but more often the diagnosis of a human case reveals the existence of a host animal. Among the serological tests which help to follow the course of the human disease, the importance of the card test and of the immunofluorescence reaction are especially emphasized. The incidence of the human disease is difficult to determine: from the number of cases notified, the number of cases actually diagnosed can be estimated (from 3 to 5 times greater in France); however the true number of cases is very difficult to estimate owing to the large number of asymptomatic or atypical cases.", "contents": "[Surveillance of human brucellosis in France (author's transl)]. Brucellosis is an anthropozoonosis, transmissable between animals and from animals to man. There is no interhuman transmission. Practically all domestic and wild animals are sensitive to various species of Brucella which explains the world-wide occurrence of the disease. Animals transmit the disease to man by direct contact (giving rise most often to professional disease which accounts for approximately 2/3 of the cases in France), and by way of food consumption (milk, cheese). The discovery of host animals may guide the diagnosis of human cases but more often the diagnosis of a human case reveals the existence of a host animal. Among the serological tests which help to follow the course of the human disease, the importance of the card test and of the immunofluorescence reaction are especially emphasized. The incidence of the human disease is difficult to determine: from the number of cases notified, the number of cases actually diagnosed can be estimated (from 3 to 5 times greater in France); however the true number of cases is very difficult to estimate owing to the large number of asymptomatic or atypical cases.", "PMID": 746192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6709", "title": "[Surveillance of influenza in France (author's transl)].", "content": "The collection of data for influenza surveillance is difficult because clinical cases cannot easily be notified by practitioners and because only a few cases are studied by specific biological methods. In different countries, several indices are used such as: morbidity returns, mortality returns, absenteeism returns preferably in combination. In France, the two National Reference Centres in Paris and Lyon coordinate the activities of all diagnostic laboratories where influenza is detected by collecting and redistributing their findings and by identifying the strains they isolate. Furthermore, a collaborative network of physicians and institutions is being organised to provide a complete coverage of the country. I.N.S.E.R.M. and the National Centres have set up during the last two winters a new method of specific surveillance in school children: it combines observation of absenteeism peak in randomly selected classes and etiologic diagnosis by virus isolation. Surveillance of such a group, particularly sensitive to epidemic spread and probably partly responsible for it, was very efficient: early isolations were obtained and the presence of epidemics was detected before overt outbreaks occurred.", "contents": "[Surveillance of influenza in France (author's transl)]. The collection of data for influenza surveillance is difficult because clinical cases cannot easily be notified by practitioners and because only a few cases are studied by specific biological methods. In different countries, several indices are used such as: morbidity returns, mortality returns, absenteeism returns preferably in combination. In France, the two National Reference Centres in Paris and Lyon coordinate the activities of all diagnostic laboratories where influenza is detected by collecting and redistributing their findings and by identifying the strains they isolate. Furthermore, a collaborative network of physicians and institutions is being organised to provide a complete coverage of the country. I.N.S.E.R.M. and the National Centres have set up during the last two winters a new method of specific surveillance in school children: it combines observation of absenteeism peak in randomly selected classes and etiologic diagnosis by virus isolation. Surveillance of such a group, particularly sensitive to epidemic spread and probably partly responsible for it, was very efficient: early isolations were obtained and the presence of epidemics was detected before overt outbreaks occurred.", "PMID": 746193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6710", "title": "[International surveillance of some viral diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of more than fifteen years the WHO international surveillance system for selected viral diseases has been modified on several occasions. The aims of the surveillance programme on viral diseases are two-fold: to make available world-wide epidemiological information and to contribute to the development of public health laboratories in countries where this is necessary.", "contents": "[International surveillance of some viral diseases (author's transl)]. During a period of more than fifteen years the WHO international surveillance system for selected viral diseases has been modified on several occasions. The aims of the surveillance programme on viral diseases are two-fold: to make available world-wide epidemiological information and to contribute to the development of public health laboratories in countries where this is necessary.", "PMID": 746194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6711", "title": "[Ecology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Guadeloupe. Epidemiological analysis and data for a model study (author's transl)].", "content": "In Guadeloupe, during a general survey on intestinal schistosomiasis, the authors made a structural analysis of a limited focus of infection. The focus is formed by a river basin on the Carribean coast of Basse-Terre island. Sampling of the various elements of the parasitic cycle was done in spatial units defined by ecological and epidemiological criteria. The study of corresponding populations shows that: -- inside the twelve delimited sectors, only two include both hosts and parasites. They are zones with ditches and small temporary streams; -- the vector (Biomphalaria glabrata) density is always high in inhabited sectors; -- the rat, although present over the whole river basin, is only parasitized near inhabited places; -- fluorescent antibody level is an excellent indicator of the level of infection of human populations. Its variation can be detected in a time interval of less than one year; -- distance from contaminated water is one of the principal risk factors. A mathematical expression for this is given.", "contents": "[Ecology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Guadeloupe. Epidemiological analysis and data for a model study (author's transl)]. In Guadeloupe, during a general survey on intestinal schistosomiasis, the authors made a structural analysis of a limited focus of infection. The focus is formed by a river basin on the Carribean coast of Basse-Terre island. Sampling of the various elements of the parasitic cycle was done in spatial units defined by ecological and epidemiological criteria. The study of corresponding populations shows that: -- inside the twelve delimited sectors, only two include both hosts and parasites. They are zones with ditches and small temporary streams; -- the vector (Biomphalaria glabrata) density is always high in inhabited sectors; -- the rat, although present over the whole river basin, is only parasitized near inhabited places; -- fluorescent antibody level is an excellent indicator of the level of infection of human populations. Its variation can be detected in a time interval of less than one year; -- distance from contaminated water is one of the principal risk factors. A mathematical expression for this is given.", "PMID": 746195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6712", "title": "Radiotherapy of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "An analysis of 232 patients with extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been presented. Prognosis of each site has been assessed. The influences of good radiation therapy and stage at the time of first treatment have been evaluated. Simple clinical examination and sedimentation rate appeared to be the first indicators of an existing or threatening relapse. This relapse alarm usually preceded distant relapse or dissemination. Retrospectively, the value of expensive (psychologically and financially to the patient) routine investigations has been evaluated with regard to the information they contributed to the understanding of the disease and hence to probably better treatment. In the same way, the hypothetic benefit from elective superb chemotherapy has been assessed, assuming that this might prevent relapses after good radiation therapy and disregarding the fact that the chemotherapy actually given resulted either in temporary partial response or no response at all.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An analysis of 232 patients with extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been presented. Prognosis of each site has been assessed. The influences of good radiation therapy and stage at the time of first treatment have been evaluated. Simple clinical examination and sedimentation rate appeared to be the first indicators of an existing or threatening relapse. This relapse alarm usually preceded distant relapse or dissemination. Retrospectively, the value of expensive (psychologically and financially to the patient) routine investigations has been evaluated with regard to the information they contributed to the understanding of the disease and hence to probably better treatment. In the same way, the hypothetic benefit from elective superb chemotherapy has been assessed, assuming that this might prevent relapses after good radiation therapy and disregarding the fact that the chemotherapy actually given resulted either in temporary partial response or no response at all.", "PMID": 746242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6713", "title": "Effects of treatment of malignant lymphomas on the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc).", "content": "The goal of this work was to appraise the after-effects of radiotherapy and associated radio- and chemotherapy on hematosarcomas by studying the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc). The bone marrow of 14 subjects was cultured in methylcellulose 1--6.5 years after completion of radiotherapy. The results were recorded as the number of CFUc per 10(5) nucleated medullary cells plated and per 10(5) metamyelocytes plated, and the total number of medullary CFUc was calculated. These different modes of expression are discussed. The post-radiotherapeutic effects appeared to be closely correlated with the volum irradiated. Chemotherapy seemed in several cases to accentuate the effects. Nevertheless, the organism can operate a powerful compensatory mechanism by means of increased mitosis, and in addition, certain subjects are able to maintain a normal number of CFUc after an aggressive treatment. It was possible in certain cases to study the medullary regeneration of the irradiated zone by culture of the CFUc and by the 59Fe external counting. Its extent after radiotherapy seemed for both the granulocytic and the red cell line to be correlated with the volume irradiated. Subject to the study of new cases, regeneration appears to be very reduced when chemotherapy is associated with radiotherapy.", "contents": "Effects of treatment of malignant lymphomas on the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc). The goal of this work was to appraise the after-effects of radiotherapy and associated radio- and chemotherapy on hematosarcomas by studying the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc). The bone marrow of 14 subjects was cultured in methylcellulose 1--6.5 years after completion of radiotherapy. The results were recorded as the number of CFUc per 10(5) nucleated medullary cells plated and per 10(5) metamyelocytes plated, and the total number of medullary CFUc was calculated. These different modes of expression are discussed. The post-radiotherapeutic effects appeared to be closely correlated with the volum irradiated. Chemotherapy seemed in several cases to accentuate the effects. Nevertheless, the organism can operate a powerful compensatory mechanism by means of increased mitosis, and in addition, certain subjects are able to maintain a normal number of CFUc after an aggressive treatment. It was possible in certain cases to study the medullary regeneration of the irradiated zone by culture of the CFUc and by the 59Fe external counting. Its extent after radiotherapy seemed for both the granulocytic and the red cell line to be correlated with the volume irradiated. Subject to the study of new cases, regeneration appears to be very reduced when chemotherapy is associated with radiotherapy.", "PMID": 746246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6714", "title": "Outline of a prospective multicentric study on the clinical significance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 405 patients suggested the clinical relevance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In order to further clarify the clinical and prognostic features of the lymphoma entities diagnosed according to this histopathologic scheme, a prospective multicentric study was initiated by the Kiel Lymphoma Group. Initial staging evaluation is performed according to the Ann Arbor classification. On the basis of the hypothesis that like Hodgkin's disease non-Hodgkin's lymphomas originate, at least in part, as localized nodal or extranodal tumors, extended field irradiation is performed in localized disease (stages I and II) (with the exception of lymphoblastic lymphoma in children and young adults) whereas in more widespread disease (stages III and IV) (with the exception of stage III of centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma) chemotherapy with additional radiotherapy is applied.", "contents": "Outline of a prospective multicentric study on the clinical significance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Retrospective analysis of 405 patients suggested the clinical relevance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In order to further clarify the clinical and prognostic features of the lymphoma entities diagnosed according to this histopathologic scheme, a prospective multicentric study was initiated by the Kiel Lymphoma Group. Initial staging evaluation is performed according to the Ann Arbor classification. On the basis of the hypothesis that like Hodgkin's disease non-Hodgkin's lymphomas originate, at least in part, as localized nodal or extranodal tumors, extended field irradiation is performed in localized disease (stages I and II) (with the exception of lymphoblastic lymphoma in children and young adults) whereas in more widespread disease (stages III and IV) (with the exception of stage III of centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma) chemotherapy with additional radiotherapy is applied.", "PMID": 746247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6715", "title": "Prognostic factors and treatment of multiple myeloma: interest of a cyclic sequential chemohormonotherapy combining cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisone.", "content": "1. A type 2 therapeutic trial consisting of the administration of monthly cycles of chemohormonotherapy, each cycle combining weekly sequences of mephalan, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone, has been achieved in 20 stage II or III myeloma patients. Tolerance of this regimen in treated out-patients was found to be excellent. Preliminary data indicate that the better survival rate in patients treated by this regimen is still not reached at a 30-month follow-up examination by three other nonrandomized control groups of patients receiving continuous therapy with prednisone alone, prednisone + cyclophosphamide, or prednisone + melphalan. 2. Analysis of the main prognostic factors of the four trials indicates that a) IgG-type myelomas are associated with a better prognosis than IgA type; nonexcreting myelomas are associated with the best prognosis, while Bence Jones myelomas are associated with a prognosis as poor as that of the IgA type; b) tumor volume as well as renal insufficiency, at the time of diagnosis, are also prognosis factors; this study confirms the prognostic value of the recently proposed clinical staging system based on these parameters but outlines that 10% of the patients died from a cause not directly related to myeloma plasmocyte proliferation. 3. In conclusion, these results point out: a) the possible advantage of using two alkylating agents instead of one at the beginning of the disease; b) the need to classify multiple myeloma according to prognosis before attempting therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Prognostic factors and treatment of multiple myeloma: interest of a cyclic sequential chemohormonotherapy combining cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisone. 1. A type 2 therapeutic trial consisting of the administration of monthly cycles of chemohormonotherapy, each cycle combining weekly sequences of mephalan, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone, has been achieved in 20 stage II or III myeloma patients. Tolerance of this regimen in treated out-patients was found to be excellent. Preliminary data indicate that the better survival rate in patients treated by this regimen is still not reached at a 30-month follow-up examination by three other nonrandomized control groups of patients receiving continuous therapy with prednisone alone, prednisone + cyclophosphamide, or prednisone + melphalan. 2. Analysis of the main prognostic factors of the four trials indicates that a) IgG-type myelomas are associated with a better prognosis than IgA type; nonexcreting myelomas are associated with the best prognosis, while Bence Jones myelomas are associated with a prognosis as poor as that of the IgA type; b) tumor volume as well as renal insufficiency, at the time of diagnosis, are also prognosis factors; this study confirms the prognostic value of the recently proposed clinical staging system based on these parameters but outlines that 10% of the patients died from a cause not directly related to myeloma plasmocyte proliferation. 3. In conclusion, these results point out: a) the possible advantage of using two alkylating agents instead of one at the beginning of the disease; b) the need to classify multiple myeloma according to prognosis before attempting therapeutic trials.", "PMID": 746249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6716", "title": "Staging in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. What are its benefits? How extensive should it be?", "content": "A review of published reports of the management of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was undertaken to determine the extent to which a staging procedure should be implemented and the benefits which could be derived. A variety of clinical, radiographic, surgical, and laboratory investigations were performed by different investigators. Overall, similar results were obtained for the different stages. The utility of the individual studies was not defined in any single review. However, it appeared that bone marrow biopsy was superior to bone marrow aspirates, staging laparotomy was generally not required, and lymphangiography did not constitute a routine staging procedure. Staging permitted identification of patients with primary sites at high risk for the development of central nervous system disease or failure. The reviews did not specify the minimum number of procedures to be performed. It is concluded that each patient should receive individual consideration, and diagnostic evaluation should consist of a series of tests sequentially performed and interrupted whenever sufficient information has been assembled for institution of therapy.", "contents": "Staging in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. What are its benefits? How extensive should it be? A review of published reports of the management of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was undertaken to determine the extent to which a staging procedure should be implemented and the benefits which could be derived. A variety of clinical, radiographic, surgical, and laboratory investigations were performed by different investigators. Overall, similar results were obtained for the different stages. The utility of the individual studies was not defined in any single review. However, it appeared that bone marrow biopsy was superior to bone marrow aspirates, staging laparotomy was generally not required, and lymphangiography did not constitute a routine staging procedure. Staging permitted identification of patients with primary sites at high risk for the development of central nervous system disease or failure. The reviews did not specify the minimum number of procedures to be performed. It is concluded that each patient should receive individual consideration, and diagnostic evaluation should consist of a series of tests sequentially performed and interrupted whenever sufficient information has been assembled for institution of therapy.", "PMID": 746252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6717", "title": "Genetics of aneuoploidy in man reconsidered by banding studies.", "content": "The effects of aneuploidy are only partially known in man, but the information available suggests that they are remarkably similar to those in Drosophila melanogaster. The fractions of the haploid genome that can be tolerated in three doses and in one dose approach 7 and 3%, respectively. Hypoploidy is more deleterious than hyperploidy. The phenotypic effects of aneuploidy result in an 'aneuploid syndrome' of developmental, mental and growth retardation and multiple malformations. Even if upon closer scrutiny a recognizable collection of dysmorphisms can be detected in some chromosomal imbalances, specific phenotypes result only as the consequence of changes in dosage-sensitive loci. The aneuploidy of man was approached by chromosomal band studies. Available data suggest that R bands may be rich in functional DNA. The proportion of R bands involved in viable imbalances was calculated, and it is concluded that nearly all chromosomal arms tolerate trisomies or monosomies of a proportion of their R band content. This evidence and the demonstration of the involvement of proportionally similar quantities of band type in viable aneuploidies contrast with the idea that imbalances with a higher R band proportion have less chances of survival. Thus band patterns seem to be adequate to provide empirical clinical phenotypes but inadequate to reflect the genetic make-up of a given chromosome.", "contents": "Genetics of aneuoploidy in man reconsidered by banding studies. The effects of aneuploidy are only partially known in man, but the information available suggests that they are remarkably similar to those in Drosophila melanogaster. The fractions of the haploid genome that can be tolerated in three doses and in one dose approach 7 and 3%, respectively. Hypoploidy is more deleterious than hyperploidy. The phenotypic effects of aneuploidy result in an 'aneuploid syndrome' of developmental, mental and growth retardation and multiple malformations. Even if upon closer scrutiny a recognizable collection of dysmorphisms can be detected in some chromosomal imbalances, specific phenotypes result only as the consequence of changes in dosage-sensitive loci. The aneuploidy of man was approached by chromosomal band studies. Available data suggest that R bands may be rich in functional DNA. The proportion of R bands involved in viable imbalances was calculated, and it is concluded that nearly all chromosomal arms tolerate trisomies or monosomies of a proportion of their R band content. This evidence and the demonstration of the involvement of proportionally similar quantities of band type in viable aneuploidies contrast with the idea that imbalances with a higher R band proportion have less chances of survival. Thus band patterns seem to be adequate to provide empirical clinical phenotypes but inadequate to reflect the genetic make-up of a given chromosome.", "PMID": 746292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6718", "title": "Vaccination of leukemic mice with viable drug-altered leukemic cells.", "content": "The treatment in vivo with anti-tumour drugs can induce an antigenic alteration of L1210 leukemia resulting in the rejection of an inoculum of 10 X 10(6) viable cells in syngeneic mice. As drug-induced antigens appeared in excess of any pre-existing tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA), viable altered cells have been used to sensitize syngeneic animals. Experiments showed that viable altered cells elicited stronger anti-TATA reaction than X-inactivated parental cells, as measured by host survival to a challenge of L1210 leukemia. TATA immunogenicity of parental cells has been preminent, in the strain of animals used, to determine the sensitizing effectiveness of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) cells. Host protection to an inoculum of parental tumours has been more proficient with the DTIC subline derived from highly immunogenic L1210Ha cells than from poorly immunogenic L1210Cr cells. Immunoprophylactic inocula, proper chemotherapeutic treatments and adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes used in combination exerted a synergic host protection.", "contents": "Vaccination of leukemic mice with viable drug-altered leukemic cells. The treatment in vivo with anti-tumour drugs can induce an antigenic alteration of L1210 leukemia resulting in the rejection of an inoculum of 10 X 10(6) viable cells in syngeneic mice. As drug-induced antigens appeared in excess of any pre-existing tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA), viable altered cells have been used to sensitize syngeneic animals. Experiments showed that viable altered cells elicited stronger anti-TATA reaction than X-inactivated parental cells, as measured by host survival to a challenge of L1210 leukemia. TATA immunogenicity of parental cells has been preminent, in the strain of animals used, to determine the sensitizing effectiveness of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) cells. Host protection to an inoculum of parental tumours has been more proficient with the DTIC subline derived from highly immunogenic L1210Ha cells than from poorly immunogenic L1210Cr cells. Immunoprophylactic inocula, proper chemotherapeutic treatments and adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes used in combination exerted a synergic host protection.", "PMID": 746293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6719", "title": "Platelet antibody determination by platelet factor 3 assay (comparison with radiolabelled serotonin release and platelet aggregometry).", "content": "Platelet antibody determination by the PF3 test was carried out in 96 thrombocytopenic patients with various disorders, 31 repeatedly transfused patients with or without thrombocytopenia and 24 patients with autoimmune disease (SLE and myasthenia gravis) without thrombocytopenia. The frequency of a positive test was greatest in the patients with ITP (61%), SLE (50%) or a history of numerous blood transfusions (60%). The patients with myasthenia gravis also showed a considerable frequency (20%) of platelet antibodies detectable by the PF3 test. The PF3 test is less sensitive than the serotonin release test in detecting autoantibodies, but it is more sensitive than aggregometry in detecting isoantibodies and drug-related antibodies.", "contents": "Platelet antibody determination by platelet factor 3 assay (comparison with radiolabelled serotonin release and platelet aggregometry). Platelet antibody determination by the PF3 test was carried out in 96 thrombocytopenic patients with various disorders, 31 repeatedly transfused patients with or without thrombocytopenia and 24 patients with autoimmune disease (SLE and myasthenia gravis) without thrombocytopenia. The frequency of a positive test was greatest in the patients with ITP (61%), SLE (50%) or a history of numerous blood transfusions (60%). The patients with myasthenia gravis also showed a considerable frequency (20%) of platelet antibodies detectable by the PF3 test. The PF3 test is less sensitive than the serotonin release test in detecting autoantibodies, but it is more sensitive than aggregometry in detecting isoantibodies and drug-related antibodies.", "PMID": 746295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6720", "title": "The mechanism of proteinuria in three different models of renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "The proteinuria was measured in two-kidney hypertensive rats, in rats made hypertensive by aortic stenosis, in one-kidney hypertensive rats and in a group of control sham-operated animals. It was significantly increased in those of the first and second groups in direct correlation with the PRA which was elevated, while it was only slightly raised in those of the third group with a normal PRA. Following removal of the clip the proteinuria decreased in the two-kidney hypertensive rats, whilst it increased in the other two groups. It is suggested that in the latter cases the increase in protein excretion after removal of the clip could be due to an increase in the blood flow and filtration rate of the revascularized kidneys, whilst in the former this effect could be masked by the constant decreases in proteinuria from the intact kidney due to the fall in the PRA.", "contents": "The mechanism of proteinuria in three different models of renovascular hypertension in the rat. The proteinuria was measured in two-kidney hypertensive rats, in rats made hypertensive by aortic stenosis, in one-kidney hypertensive rats and in a group of control sham-operated animals. It was significantly increased in those of the first and second groups in direct correlation with the PRA which was elevated, while it was only slightly raised in those of the third group with a normal PRA. Following removal of the clip the proteinuria decreased in the two-kidney hypertensive rats, whilst it increased in the other two groups. It is suggested that in the latter cases the increase in protein excretion after removal of the clip could be due to an increase in the blood flow and filtration rate of the revascularized kidneys, whilst in the former this effect could be masked by the constant decreases in proteinuria from the intact kidney due to the fall in the PRA.", "PMID": 746297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6721", "title": "Rapid clearance of HBe antigen and development of anti-HBe antibody in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "The behaviour of the HBe/anti-HBe system in AVH was evaluated, using Magnius technique, by testing serum samples from 47 patients; 29 of them were followed during the clinical evolution of the disease until complete remission was achieved. HBe was more frequent in samples taken from patients in the first 7 days after the onset of jaundice (18/33 = 54%) than in samples collected later (3/14 = 21%). During the clinical evolution of the disease we could always demonstrate the disappearance of HBe not later than 12 days after the onset of jaundice. In one patient studied from the incubation period HBe disappeared before any clinical or laboratory evidence of disease. In 8/29 cases (27%) anti-HBe developed starting from the 15th day of illness, but 4 of these had had no detectable HBe during the acute phase. No significant difference could be demonstrated between HBe +ve and -ve cases in the maximum values of SGPT and bilirubin and the duration of the disease. The changing pattern of the HBe/anti-HBe system could account for the different incidences of these markers reported by many authors in AVH. Our findings support the hypothesis that HBe develops in every HBsAg +ve AVH case. Therefore, it is not the presence of HBe in the early stage, but the persistence of this marker that might be important in predicting progression to chronicity.", "contents": "Rapid clearance of HBe antigen and development of anti-HBe antibody in acute viral hepatitis. The behaviour of the HBe/anti-HBe system in AVH was evaluated, using Magnius technique, by testing serum samples from 47 patients; 29 of them were followed during the clinical evolution of the disease until complete remission was achieved. HBe was more frequent in samples taken from patients in the first 7 days after the onset of jaundice (18/33 = 54%) than in samples collected later (3/14 = 21%). During the clinical evolution of the disease we could always demonstrate the disappearance of HBe not later than 12 days after the onset of jaundice. In one patient studied from the incubation period HBe disappeared before any clinical or laboratory evidence of disease. In 8/29 cases (27%) anti-HBe developed starting from the 15th day of illness, but 4 of these had had no detectable HBe during the acute phase. No significant difference could be demonstrated between HBe +ve and -ve cases in the maximum values of SGPT and bilirubin and the duration of the disease. The changing pattern of the HBe/anti-HBe system could account for the different incidences of these markers reported by many authors in AVH. Our findings support the hypothesis that HBe develops in every HBsAg +ve AVH case. Therefore, it is not the presence of HBe in the early stage, but the persistence of this marker that might be important in predicting progression to chronicity.", "PMID": 746294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6722", "title": "Free urinary cortisol radioimmunoassay (application in the diagnosis of adrenal diseases).", "content": "The availability of a specific antiserum has made it possible to develop in our laboratory a radioimmunoassay for free urinary cortisol which is quite simple and rapid to perform. No preliminary procedures of chromatographic purification are necessary, and no correction for losses is required. Precision and accuracy tests are satisfactory. Seventeen normal subjects, 10 obese subjects, 18 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 4 hypopituitaric patients and 4 with Addison's disease were studied. The values of free urinary cortisol were compared with those of urinary 17-OHCS, plasma cortisol and, in some cases, the cortisol secretion rate. In normal subjects, the mean free urinary cortisol was 77.22 +/- 7.74 microgram/24 h, in obese subjects it was 112.05 +/- 13.64 microgram/24 h, and in patients with Cushing's syndrome it was at significantly higher levels with a mean value of 488.06 +/- 64.39 microgram/24 h. There was no overlap between the values obtained in the first two groups and those of subjects with adrenal hyperfunction, and the results were similar to those shown by the cortisol secretion rate. The same was not true for urinary 17-OHCS and plasma cortisol. Thus, the assay of free urinary cortisol, that is the free biologically active circulating fraction, may provide a relatively simple alternative to measurement of the cortisol secretion rate, as a single differential test for the diagnosis of conditions with adrenal hyperfunction. Less satisfactory were the results obtained in patients with primary and secondary adrenal hypofunction. Another limitation of the method is its relative non-specificity, since the results of 16 urinary samples measured without preliminary chromatography were 29.6% higher than those after previous chromatographic purification. However, in our experience, this overestimation does not affect the value of the method as a screening test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.", "contents": "Free urinary cortisol radioimmunoassay (application in the diagnosis of adrenal diseases). The availability of a specific antiserum has made it possible to develop in our laboratory a radioimmunoassay for free urinary cortisol which is quite simple and rapid to perform. No preliminary procedures of chromatographic purification are necessary, and no correction for losses is required. Precision and accuracy tests are satisfactory. Seventeen normal subjects, 10 obese subjects, 18 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 4 hypopituitaric patients and 4 with Addison's disease were studied. The values of free urinary cortisol were compared with those of urinary 17-OHCS, plasma cortisol and, in some cases, the cortisol secretion rate. In normal subjects, the mean free urinary cortisol was 77.22 +/- 7.74 microgram/24 h, in obese subjects it was 112.05 +/- 13.64 microgram/24 h, and in patients with Cushing's syndrome it was at significantly higher levels with a mean value of 488.06 +/- 64.39 microgram/24 h. There was no overlap between the values obtained in the first two groups and those of subjects with adrenal hyperfunction, and the results were similar to those shown by the cortisol secretion rate. The same was not true for urinary 17-OHCS and plasma cortisol. Thus, the assay of free urinary cortisol, that is the free biologically active circulating fraction, may provide a relatively simple alternative to measurement of the cortisol secretion rate, as a single differential test for the diagnosis of conditions with adrenal hyperfunction. Less satisfactory were the results obtained in patients with primary and secondary adrenal hypofunction. Another limitation of the method is its relative non-specificity, since the results of 16 urinary samples measured without preliminary chromatography were 29.6% higher than those after previous chromatographic purification. However, in our experience, this overestimation does not affect the value of the method as a screening test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.", "PMID": 746298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6723", "title": "Myocardial uptake of radiotechnetium in two cases of ventricular aneurysm after infarction.", "content": "Two very similar cases of persistent positive myocardial scintigraphy with radiotechnetium are described and, in view of agreement of other medical, electrocardiographic, apexcardiographic and radiographic data, this can be ascribed to the presence of a parietal ventricular aneurysm after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial uptake of radiotechnetium in two cases of ventricular aneurysm after infarction. Two very similar cases of persistent positive myocardial scintigraphy with radiotechnetium are described and, in view of agreement of other medical, electrocardiographic, apexcardiographic and radiographic data, this can be ascribed to the presence of a parietal ventricular aneurysm after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 746299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6724", "title": "Fasting serum cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "An increase in fasting cholecystokinin (CCK) levels has been reported in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, but the relationship of these findings to the clinical conditions has not been established. We, therefore, measured fasting serum CCK-like immunoreactivity in 70 patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis (CRP) (38 non-surgically treated and 32 previously surgically treated) and in 44 healthy subjects. The radioimmunoassay detected three circulating forms of CCK. The mean value of the CCK levels in CRP (260.3 +/- 300.8 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that of the controls (56.6 +/- 61.7 pg/ml) (p less than 0.001), but in 39 (56.7%) of the 70 CRP cases the CCK was in the normal range. A smaller overlap with the controls was observed in the non-surgically than in the surgically treated patients (45 vs. 71.8%). In the 38 non-surgically treated CRP cases no relationship was observed between the CCK levels and each of the following parameters: age, length of history, presence or absence of pancreatic calcification, nutritional and alcoholic habits, and the results of exocrine function tests. The absence of the last-mentioned correlation is somewhat unexpected if the high CCK levels are due to the interruption of a feedback loop for CCK secretion. However, previous pancreatic surgical drainage and/or treatment with pancreatic enzymes, present in almost all these patients, could have an effect on CCK behaviour.", "contents": "Fasting serum cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in chronic relapsing pancreatitis. An increase in fasting cholecystokinin (CCK) levels has been reported in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, but the relationship of these findings to the clinical conditions has not been established. We, therefore, measured fasting serum CCK-like immunoreactivity in 70 patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis (CRP) (38 non-surgically treated and 32 previously surgically treated) and in 44 healthy subjects. The radioimmunoassay detected three circulating forms of CCK. The mean value of the CCK levels in CRP (260.3 +/- 300.8 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that of the controls (56.6 +/- 61.7 pg/ml) (p less than 0.001), but in 39 (56.7%) of the 70 CRP cases the CCK was in the normal range. A smaller overlap with the controls was observed in the non-surgically than in the surgically treated patients (45 vs. 71.8%). In the 38 non-surgically treated CRP cases no relationship was observed between the CCK levels and each of the following parameters: age, length of history, presence or absence of pancreatic calcification, nutritional and alcoholic habits, and the results of exocrine function tests. The absence of the last-mentioned correlation is somewhat unexpected if the high CCK levels are due to the interruption of a feedback loop for CCK secretion. However, previous pancreatic surgical drainage and/or treatment with pancreatic enzymes, present in almost all these patients, could have an effect on CCK behaviour.", "PMID": 746300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6725", "title": "Gangliosides, sialoglycoproteins and glucocerebroside in the spleen and bone marrow of patients with beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "Bone marrow and spleen samples were studied biochemically to elucidate the nature of the material stored in the large histiocytes present in beta-thalassemic patients. Only the protein-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) content of the spleen of homozygous beta-thalassemic patients was significantly higher than that of controls. In the bone marrow, which contained a large number of thalassemic storage cells, the lipid-bound NANA and the glucocerebroside showed a moderate increase, while the amount of protein-bound NANA was much greater than that in controls. These results, in agreement with ultrastructural and histochemical observations, differentiate thalassemic storage cells from other storage cells found in diseases characterized by an increased destruction of blood cells and suggest that there may also be an impairment of the sialoglycoprotein metabolism of the red blood cells in homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "contents": "Gangliosides, sialoglycoproteins and glucocerebroside in the spleen and bone marrow of patients with beta-thalassemia major. Bone marrow and spleen samples were studied biochemically to elucidate the nature of the material stored in the large histiocytes present in beta-thalassemic patients. Only the protein-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) content of the spleen of homozygous beta-thalassemic patients was significantly higher than that of controls. In the bone marrow, which contained a large number of thalassemic storage cells, the lipid-bound NANA and the glucocerebroside showed a moderate increase, while the amount of protein-bound NANA was much greater than that in controls. These results, in agreement with ultrastructural and histochemical observations, differentiate thalassemic storage cells from other storage cells found in diseases characterized by an increased destruction of blood cells and suggest that there may also be an impairment of the sialoglycoprotein metabolism of the red blood cells in homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "PMID": 746296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6726", "title": "[The provoked hypercalciuria test. Significance and limitations].", "content": "The calcium tolerance test is of diagnostic importance only in osteomalacia, which it helps to identify before bone biopsy when the static phosphocalcic parameters are not a deciding factor. However, the test does not make it possible to distinguish an osteoporosis from a cortisone osteopathy or an idiopathic hypercalciuria. In the first two diseases, the rates of urinary calcium elimination are comparable to that of normal individuals. It seems that the rate of urinary elimination of I.V. administered calcium is, approximately, all the more elevated as the level of iPTH is low; and, when the level of iPTH is low, the osteoid tissue seems less calcified than normally.", "contents": "[The provoked hypercalciuria test. Significance and limitations]. The calcium tolerance test is of diagnostic importance only in osteomalacia, which it helps to identify before bone biopsy when the static phosphocalcic parameters are not a deciding factor. However, the test does not make it possible to distinguish an osteoporosis from a cortisone osteopathy or an idiopathic hypercalciuria. In the first two diseases, the rates of urinary calcium elimination are comparable to that of normal individuals. It seems that the rate of urinary elimination of I.V. administered calcium is, approximately, all the more elevated as the level of iPTH is low; and, when the level of iPTH is low, the osteoid tissue seems less calcified than normally.", "PMID": 746325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6727", "title": "[[Calciuria and phosphaturia during fasting. Effect of calcitonin alone or with a thyroid hormonotherapy combination].", "content": "The author compares 4 groups of obese individuals subjected to fasting for 7 days: Some took no medication, the others received either triiodothyronine (100 to 150 microgram per day), or calcitonin (1 unit MRC per day) or both triiodothyronine and calcitonin. An increase in calciuria and phosphaturia was observed with either triiodothyronine or calcitonin. Triiodothyronine in association with calcitonin did not increase further the calciuria caused by calcitonin but increased phosphaturia. The author offers an explanation for these various observations.", "contents": "[[Calciuria and phosphaturia during fasting. Effect of calcitonin alone or with a thyroid hormonotherapy combination]. The author compares 4 groups of obese individuals subjected to fasting for 7 days: Some took no medication, the others received either triiodothyronine (100 to 150 microgram per day), or calcitonin (1 unit MRC per day) or both triiodothyronine and calcitonin. An increase in calciuria and phosphaturia was observed with either triiodothyronine or calcitonin. Triiodothyronine in association with calcitonin did not increase further the calciuria caused by calcitonin but increased phosphaturia. The author offers an explanation for these various observations.", "PMID": 746326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6728", "title": "[Coxarthroses due to ischemia. Ischemic coxarthropathy].", "content": "In the first part of their work, the authors present radiological, histopathological and experimental results showing that cartilage of the joint can be originally damaged by articular ischemia. In the second part, they analyze the clinical and radiological features of 40 cases of ischemic coxarthrosis, substantiated by histological examination: these are chronic coxarthropathies with changes in the cartilage without rupture of the femoral head but with medullary necrosis and often trabecular necrosis involving the head and the neck of the femur. These ischemic coxarthroses are most often well centered with a superior or supero-internal pinching and show few osteophytes. They constitute a group of coxarthrosis called \"primitive\", involving the structure because of a previous weakening of the cartilage.", "contents": "[Coxarthroses due to ischemia. Ischemic coxarthropathy]. In the first part of their work, the authors present radiological, histopathological and experimental results showing that cartilage of the joint can be originally damaged by articular ischemia. In the second part, they analyze the clinical and radiological features of 40 cases of ischemic coxarthrosis, substantiated by histological examination: these are chronic coxarthropathies with changes in the cartilage without rupture of the femoral head but with medullary necrosis and often trabecular necrosis involving the head and the neck of the femur. These ischemic coxarthroses are most often well centered with a superior or supero-internal pinching and show few osteophytes. They constitute a group of coxarthrosis called \"primitive\", involving the structure because of a previous weakening of the cartilage.", "PMID": 746327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6729", "title": "Aspects of the role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in metabolism of triglycerides.", "content": "An increased TG secretion from the liver may lead to an increased secretion of LCAT. Studies on isolated rat hepatocytes have shown: 1. Oleic acid added to the medium stimulates TG and LCAT secretion in a similar way. 2. Cycloheximide, colchicine, 4-amino-pyrazolopyrimidine, and D-galactosamine depress the secretion of both TG and LCAT. 3. There is a positive linear correlation between TG and LCAT secretion in cell preparations from rats operated on with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Treatment of rats with orotic acid resulted in maintained plasma LCAT activity despite very low TG concentration. This indicates that LCAT secretion is not dependent upon an intact TG secretion.", "contents": "Aspects of the role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in metabolism of triglycerides. An increased TG secretion from the liver may lead to an increased secretion of LCAT. Studies on isolated rat hepatocytes have shown: 1. Oleic acid added to the medium stimulates TG and LCAT secretion in a similar way. 2. Cycloheximide, colchicine, 4-amino-pyrazolopyrimidine, and D-galactosamine depress the secretion of both TG and LCAT. 3. There is a positive linear correlation between TG and LCAT secretion in cell preparations from rats operated on with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Treatment of rats with orotic acid resulted in maintained plasma LCAT activity despite very low TG concentration. This indicates that LCAT secretion is not dependent upon an intact TG secretion.", "PMID": 746337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6730", "title": "A rapid method for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase estimation in human serum.", "content": "All the described procedures for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) determination in the plasma have raised criticisms: Lack of sensitivity for methods using colorimetric determination of unesterified cholesterol or phosphatidyl-choline in plasma before and after incubation at 37 degrees C. Incomplete isotopic equilibrium of the free cholesterol substrate between the different lipoproteins in radioassay procedures. Gas-liquid chromatography methods cannot be used when LCAT activity is low. A new method, easier, more sensitive and accurate has been developed in our laboratory:plasma samples are delipoproteinized by coprecipitation with Intralipid, dextran sulphate, and calcium chloride. Cholesterol esterification is assayed by a short incubation (30 min) of 100 microliter delipoproteinized plasma and a 30 microliter of 3H-cholesterol-labelled substrate. About 15% of cholesterol is esterified in these conditions in 30 min (35 +/- 7 micromole/h/l). The LCAT reaction is linear for about one hour.", "contents": "A rapid method for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase estimation in human serum. All the described procedures for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) determination in the plasma have raised criticisms: Lack of sensitivity for methods using colorimetric determination of unesterified cholesterol or phosphatidyl-choline in plasma before and after incubation at 37 degrees C. Incomplete isotopic equilibrium of the free cholesterol substrate between the different lipoproteins in radioassay procedures. Gas-liquid chromatography methods cannot be used when LCAT activity is low. A new method, easier, more sensitive and accurate has been developed in our laboratory:plasma samples are delipoproteinized by coprecipitation with Intralipid, dextran sulphate, and calcium chloride. Cholesterol esterification is assayed by a short incubation (30 min) of 100 microliter delipoproteinized plasma and a 30 microliter of 3H-cholesterol-labelled substrate. About 15% of cholesterol is esterified in these conditions in 30 min (35 +/- 7 micromole/h/l). The LCAT reaction is linear for about one hour.", "PMID": 746338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6731", "title": "Investigation of relationship between lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and coronary atheroma, diagnosed by selective coronary angiography.", "content": "140 consecutive patients undergoing selective coronary angiography in the investigation of chest pain had fasting blood specimens collected. 24 specimens were unsuitable due to hemolysis or to incomplete coronary angiography studies. In the 116 remaining patients the serum was analyzed for total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and the initial rate of cholesterol esterification. LCAT activity was determined both as the percentage esterification per minute, and as nmols/ml/min. All the coronary angiograms were examined by a single cardiologist who was unaware of the results of the serum tests. Fixed predetermined criteria were used, resulting in all patients being classified as one of four groups. 36 patients had no detectable atheroma, 23 mild, 21 moderate, and 36 severe. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the presence and severity of coronary atheroma with the patient's age, and an equally strong relationship was found with the patient's total serum cholesterol. No statistically valid correlation could be found between LCAT activity (as determined by esterification in the patient's native serum) and atheroma. Free cholesterol levels also did not correlate with the presence of antheroma. An interesting finding was the presence of severe antheroma in a small number of patients with low normal level of serum cholesterol and high LCAT activity.", "contents": "Investigation of relationship between lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and coronary atheroma, diagnosed by selective coronary angiography. 140 consecutive patients undergoing selective coronary angiography in the investigation of chest pain had fasting blood specimens collected. 24 specimens were unsuitable due to hemolysis or to incomplete coronary angiography studies. In the 116 remaining patients the serum was analyzed for total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and the initial rate of cholesterol esterification. LCAT activity was determined both as the percentage esterification per minute, and as nmols/ml/min. All the coronary angiograms were examined by a single cardiologist who was unaware of the results of the serum tests. Fixed predetermined criteria were used, resulting in all patients being classified as one of four groups. 36 patients had no detectable atheroma, 23 mild, 21 moderate, and 36 severe. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the presence and severity of coronary atheroma with the patient's age, and an equally strong relationship was found with the patient's total serum cholesterol. No statistically valid correlation could be found between LCAT activity (as determined by esterification in the patient's native serum) and atheroma. Free cholesterol levels also did not correlate with the presence of antheroma. An interesting finding was the presence of severe antheroma in a small number of patients with low normal level of serum cholesterol and high LCAT activity.", "PMID": 746339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6732", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase as a possible diagnostic tool in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Basal values of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) were estimated in healthy subjects, in patients with the so-called risk ischemic heart diseases (IHD)--obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipoproteinemia II--and in patients with a IHD-infarction of the myocardium. A precise method employing a 14C-4-cholesterol-labeled common normolipidemic substrate was used. A highly significant difference in the average values of LCAT activity between healthy men and women was found. LCAT in men with 'risk' diseases decreased, while in women it remained at the level of the reference group. To assess the dependence between LCAT-dependent indicators and IHD, criteria for evaluating the deviations from reference values were proposed. The number of deviations from the reference group increased in the sequence: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipoproteinemia, and the infarction of the myocardium.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase as a possible diagnostic tool in ischemic heart disease. Basal values of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) were estimated in healthy subjects, in patients with the so-called risk ischemic heart diseases (IHD)--obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipoproteinemia II--and in patients with a IHD-infarction of the myocardium. A precise method employing a 14C-4-cholesterol-labeled common normolipidemic substrate was used. A highly significant difference in the average values of LCAT activity between healthy men and women was found. LCAT in men with 'risk' diseases decreased, while in women it remained at the level of the reference group. To assess the dependence between LCAT-dependent indicators and IHD, criteria for evaluating the deviations from reference values were proposed. The number of deviations from the reference group increased in the sequence: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipoproteinemia, and the infarction of the myocardium.", "PMID": 746340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6733", "title": "Gas chromatographic study of cholesterol esterification during postheparin lipolysis in vitro in hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Direct gas chromatographic method for quantitative determination of plasma neutral lipids was used for the study of cholesterol esterification in vitro. Fully automated computerized method permits the determination of lipid classes (free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides), as well as their fractions according to the molecular weight, without previous derivatization. All components are determined from one analysis. The method is highly precise and accurate. The coefficient of variation for free and esterified cholesterol is 1.21 and 1.11% in the concentration range 30--430 and 75--545 mg/dl, respectively. The LCAT activity was determined as a decrease in the free cholesterol concentration after one hour's incubation; from the same analysis, the recovery control as an increase in the esterified cholesterol concentration was calculated. The mean difference was 1.06%, maximum difference did not exceed 4%. The LCAT activity in the reference group was 97.2 +/- 28.2 mumol/l/h and was significantly lower than that in hyperlipdemic one. Intravenous administration of heparin had an inhibition effect in subjects with hyperlipidemia of type IV, while only slight changes in the reference group and an increase in hyperlipidemia of type III were observed.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic study of cholesterol esterification during postheparin lipolysis in vitro in hypertriglyceridemia. Direct gas chromatographic method for quantitative determination of plasma neutral lipids was used for the study of cholesterol esterification in vitro. Fully automated computerized method permits the determination of lipid classes (free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides), as well as their fractions according to the molecular weight, without previous derivatization. All components are determined from one analysis. The method is highly precise and accurate. The coefficient of variation for free and esterified cholesterol is 1.21 and 1.11% in the concentration range 30--430 and 75--545 mg/dl, respectively. The LCAT activity was determined as a decrease in the free cholesterol concentration after one hour's incubation; from the same analysis, the recovery control as an increase in the esterified cholesterol concentration was calculated. The mean difference was 1.06%, maximum difference did not exceed 4%. The LCAT activity in the reference group was 97.2 +/- 28.2 mumol/l/h and was significantly lower than that in hyperlipdemic one. Intravenous administration of heparin had an inhibition effect in subjects with hyperlipidemia of type IV, while only slight changes in the reference group and an increase in hyperlipidemia of type III were observed.", "PMID": 746341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6734", "title": "Familial LCAT deficiency. Report of two patients from a Canadian family of Italian and Swedish descent.", "content": "A 16-year-old male (S.F.) and his 21-year-old sister (D.H.) from a large family of Italian and Swedish descent had virtually identical lipoprotein pattern and complete absence of LCAT activity. Both had typical corneal opacities and mild anemia with target cells. S.F., but not D.H., presented with proteinuria, which has increased over three years of follow-up. His kidney biopsy revealed lipid deposits in the glomerular basement membrane. Ten relatives in 4 generations had normal LCAT activity and/or lipoprotein pattern. The patients and their relatives had haptoglobin type 2. Factors that might influence the different clinical presentation in our patients (previous renal disease, diet, abnormal lipoproteins), prognosis, and treatment (diet, enzyme replacement, cholestyramine) are discussed.", "contents": "Familial LCAT deficiency. Report of two patients from a Canadian family of Italian and Swedish descent. A 16-year-old male (S.F.) and his 21-year-old sister (D.H.) from a large family of Italian and Swedish descent had virtually identical lipoprotein pattern and complete absence of LCAT activity. Both had typical corneal opacities and mild anemia with target cells. S.F., but not D.H., presented with proteinuria, which has increased over three years of follow-up. His kidney biopsy revealed lipid deposits in the glomerular basement membrane. Ten relatives in 4 generations had normal LCAT activity and/or lipoprotein pattern. The patients and their relatives had haptoglobin type 2. Factors that might influence the different clinical presentation in our patients (previous renal disease, diet, abnormal lipoproteins), prognosis, and treatment (diet, enzyme replacement, cholestyramine) are discussed.", "PMID": 746343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6735", "title": "Phosphatidylcholine substrate specificity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) has been partially purified by the combined method of ultracentrifugation and dextranblue-2000 4 B affinity chromatography. The enzyme was incubated with liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol in a molar ratio of 10/1. Chemically synthesized phosphatidylcholine substrates with labeled fatty acids in 1-and 2-position were chosen to evaluate the degree of transesterification. It was found that the fatty acid in the 1-position of phosphatidylcholine significantly influences cholesteryl ester formation, both by its direct involvement in the LCAT reaction and its contribution to the physico-chemical properties of phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Phosphatidylcholine substrate specificity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) has been partially purified by the combined method of ultracentrifugation and dextranblue-2000 4 B affinity chromatography. The enzyme was incubated with liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol in a molar ratio of 10/1. Chemically synthesized phosphatidylcholine substrates with labeled fatty acids in 1-and 2-position were chosen to evaluate the degree of transesterification. It was found that the fatty acid in the 1-position of phosphatidylcholine significantly influences cholesteryl ester formation, both by its direct involvement in the LCAT reaction and its contribution to the physico-chemical properties of phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 746344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6736", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency associated with hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Plasma and erythrocyte lipid abnormalities occur in chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni and appear to be related to mild lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. Plasma LCAT activity is about 50% lower than normal in decompensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, whilst the plasma concentrations of cholesteryl ester and lysolecithin and decreased and that of lecithin increased in the earlier hepatointestinal and compensated hepatosplenic forms of the disease as well as in the later decompensated stage. Plasma lipoproteins are also altered in schistosomiasis. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed reduced alpha and pre-beta lipoproteins, whilst other studies consistently showed that lipoproteins from patient plasma are better substrates for LCAT than those of normal plasma. Erythrocyte cholesterol is increased in all forms of the disease, and the cells show increased resistance to lysis either in hypotonic media or in 0.3 M glycerol. The severity of these lipid changes clearly shows a gradation through the successive stages of the disease. In the experimentally infected mouse LCAT deficiency does not seem to be a feature of the disease, but several significant changes in plasma and erythrocyte lipids occur which contrast with those seen in human schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency associated with hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni. Plasma and erythrocyte lipid abnormalities occur in chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni and appear to be related to mild lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. Plasma LCAT activity is about 50% lower than normal in decompensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, whilst the plasma concentrations of cholesteryl ester and lysolecithin and decreased and that of lecithin increased in the earlier hepatointestinal and compensated hepatosplenic forms of the disease as well as in the later decompensated stage. Plasma lipoproteins are also altered in schistosomiasis. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed reduced alpha and pre-beta lipoproteins, whilst other studies consistently showed that lipoproteins from patient plasma are better substrates for LCAT than those of normal plasma. Erythrocyte cholesterol is increased in all forms of the disease, and the cells show increased resistance to lysis either in hypotonic media or in 0.3 M glycerol. The severity of these lipid changes clearly shows a gradation through the successive stages of the disease. In the experimentally infected mouse LCAT deficiency does not seem to be a feature of the disease, but several significant changes in plasma and erythrocyte lipids occur which contrast with those seen in human schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 746348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6737", "title": "Inhibition of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in human plasma by dicarboxylic lecithins.", "content": "The effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase [LCAT] activity was studied with a partially purified preparation [approximately 24-fold]. The presence of dicarboxylic lecithins is followed by the inhibition of LCAT. The inhibition is proportional to the concentration of glutaryl-lecithin and is about 50% with 0.16 mM glutaryl-lecithin. For a higher concentration, the inhibition is total. The inhibition of LCAT activity was of a mixed type. It can be explained by a combination of competitive inhibition and interaction of glutaryl-lecithin with phospholipid, which changes the physical properties of lipid, making it less available for conversion into cholesteryl ester.", "contents": "Inhibition of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in human plasma by dicarboxylic lecithins. The effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase [LCAT] activity was studied with a partially purified preparation [approximately 24-fold]. The presence of dicarboxylic lecithins is followed by the inhibition of LCAT. The inhibition is proportional to the concentration of glutaryl-lecithin and is about 50% with 0.16 mM glutaryl-lecithin. For a higher concentration, the inhibition is total. The inhibition of LCAT activity was of a mixed type. It can be explained by a combination of competitive inhibition and interaction of glutaryl-lecithin with phospholipid, which changes the physical properties of lipid, making it less available for conversion into cholesteryl ester.", "PMID": 746351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6738", "title": "Studies on human hepatic cholesterol ester hydrolase in liver disease.", "content": "Stokke has described a lysosomal cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) in human liver. To clarify the significance of this enzyme, we first modified Stokke's assay to enable CEH determination in hepatic needle biopsies. Studies established optimal pH of 4.6--5.2 and linearity of hydrolysis for at least 12 hours, using homogenates containing about 2 mg liver and radiolabeled cholesterol oleate as substrate. The assay was then applied to patients undergoing percutaneous needle biopsy. Hepatic CEH activity in alcoholic liver disease, obstructive jaundice and a variety of other hepatic disorders was not significantly different from that in histologically normal livers. In patients with acute hepatitis, however, mean CEH activity was more than 3-fold increased (P less than 0.01). Values paralleled SGOT levels, returned to normal as hepatitis resolved, and were unrelated to serum cholesterol levels or to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. In contrast to CEH, activity of acid phosphatase, a standard lysosomal marker enzyme, was the same in hepatitic as in normal livers. We conclude that CEH can be assayed in needle biopsies of human liver, that its activity increases in acute hepatitis, and that this is probably not simply due to a nonspecific general increase in lysosmal enzymes.", "contents": "Studies on human hepatic cholesterol ester hydrolase in liver disease. Stokke has described a lysosomal cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) in human liver. To clarify the significance of this enzyme, we first modified Stokke's assay to enable CEH determination in hepatic needle biopsies. Studies established optimal pH of 4.6--5.2 and linearity of hydrolysis for at least 12 hours, using homogenates containing about 2 mg liver and radiolabeled cholesterol oleate as substrate. The assay was then applied to patients undergoing percutaneous needle biopsy. Hepatic CEH activity in alcoholic liver disease, obstructive jaundice and a variety of other hepatic disorders was not significantly different from that in histologically normal livers. In patients with acute hepatitis, however, mean CEH activity was more than 3-fold increased (P less than 0.01). Values paralleled SGOT levels, returned to normal as hepatitis resolved, and were unrelated to serum cholesterol levels or to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. In contrast to CEH, activity of acid phosphatase, a standard lysosomal marker enzyme, was the same in hepatitic as in normal livers. We conclude that CEH can be assayed in needle biopsies of human liver, that its activity increases in acute hepatitis, and that this is probably not simply due to a nonspecific general increase in lysosmal enzymes.", "PMID": 746352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6739", "title": "Reversible inhibition of LCAT by penicillins. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations.", "content": "A simple and rapid method is described for labelling serum lipoproteins with 3H cholesterol. According to the tracer data as well as cholesterol analyses, the velocity of ester formation in rat sera and beta-lipoprotein-depleted human sera decreased during incubations as a first order reaction. This suggests a level of chemical activity for cholesterol far below the Km of the enzyme. The reversible inhibition by three different penicillins showed a dependency of the inhibitor concentration which supports this notion. 50 per cent inhibition of the rat enzyme was obtained with 0.1 mM dicloxacillin, 0.3 mM benzylpenicillin, and 1.4 mM methicillin (water phase concentrations). The human enzyme was about 10-fold less sensitive. The mechanism of penicillin inhibition, investigated by stripping-recombination experiments with the 20-fold purified rat enzyme chromatographed on penicillin-loaded Sephadex G-25 columns, was found to be a dissociation of the enzyme into two components, an inactive apoenzyme and a coenzyme with a molecular weight below 1000.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of LCAT by penicillins. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations. A simple and rapid method is described for labelling serum lipoproteins with 3H cholesterol. According to the tracer data as well as cholesterol analyses, the velocity of ester formation in rat sera and beta-lipoprotein-depleted human sera decreased during incubations as a first order reaction. This suggests a level of chemical activity for cholesterol far below the Km of the enzyme. The reversible inhibition by three different penicillins showed a dependency of the inhibitor concentration which supports this notion. 50 per cent inhibition of the rat enzyme was obtained with 0.1 mM dicloxacillin, 0.3 mM benzylpenicillin, and 1.4 mM methicillin (water phase concentrations). The human enzyme was about 10-fold less sensitive. The mechanism of penicillin inhibition, investigated by stripping-recombination experiments with the 20-fold purified rat enzyme chromatographed on penicillin-loaded Sephadex G-25 columns, was found to be a dissociation of the enzyme into two components, an inactive apoenzyme and a coenzyme with a molecular weight below 1000.", "PMID": 746355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6740", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation and lipid binding by synthetic fragments of apolipoprotein C-I.", "content": "Peptide fragments of apolipoprotein C-I (apoLP-C-I) have been synthesized by solid phase methodology. After  purification, each peptide showed the correct amino acid analysis and was a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In density gradient ultracentrifugation with vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, peptide fragments 32-57, 24-57, and 17-57 formed stable complexes while 39-57 did not. With mixed vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol 20 micrometer of the fragments 32-57, 24-57 and 17-57 stimulated lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity 50, 60, and 100%, respectively, of the value found for apolipoprotein C-I, while fragment 39-57 was inactive. The results indicate that residues 17-57 contain the structural requirements for LCAT activation by apoLP-C-I, and that residues 32-57 represent one of the major phospholipid-binding regions of apoLP-C-I.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation and lipid binding by synthetic fragments of apolipoprotein C-I. Peptide fragments of apolipoprotein C-I (apoLP-C-I) have been synthesized by solid phase methodology. After  purification, each peptide showed the correct amino acid analysis and was a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In density gradient ultracentrifugation with vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, peptide fragments 32-57, 24-57, and 17-57 formed stable complexes while 39-57 did not. With mixed vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol 20 micrometer of the fragments 32-57, 24-57 and 17-57 stimulated lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity 50, 60, and 100%, respectively, of the value found for apolipoprotein C-I, while fragment 39-57 was inactive. The results indicate that residues 17-57 contain the structural requirements for LCAT activation by apoLP-C-I, and that residues 32-57 represent one of the major phospholipid-binding regions of apoLP-C-I.", "PMID": 746357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6741", "title": "Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses.", "content": "Results of the 2-year followup of the patients included in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization 1973) indicate that patients diagnosed schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centers in developing countries had, on the average, considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centers in developed countries. Part of the variation of course and outcome was related to sociodemographic (e.g., social isolation and marital status) and clinical (e.g., type of onset and precipitating factors) predictors, but another larger part remained statistically unexplained. This suggests that variables usually used to describe psychopathology, the environment, and history of psychiatric patients in European and North American cultures may not account for cross-cultural differences. Clinical diagnosis on initial evaluation appeared to be a good predictor of subsequent symptomatology, but not of the length of the episodes, the total time during which the patient would be psychotic, pattern of course, or the degree of social impairment. A 5-year followup of the IPSS patients has also been completed, and the collected data are being analyzed.", "contents": "Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Results of the 2-year followup of the patients included in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization 1973) indicate that patients diagnosed schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centers in developing countries had, on the average, considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centers in developed countries. Part of the variation of course and outcome was related to sociodemographic (e.g., social isolation and marital status) and clinical (e.g., type of onset and precipitating factors) predictors, but another larger part remained statistically unexplained. This suggests that variables usually used to describe psychopathology, the environment, and history of psychiatric patients in European and North American cultures may not account for cross-cultural differences. Clinical diagnosis on initial evaluation appeared to be a good predictor of subsequent symptomatology, but not of the length of the episodes, the total time during which the patient would be psychotic, pattern of course, or the degree of social impairment. A 5-year followup of the IPSS patients has also been completed, and the collected data are being analyzed.", "PMID": 746359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6742", "title": "Sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia: finding or artifact?", "content": "The literature on schizophrenia has reported a trend toward higher concordance rates for females in both monozygotic and dizygotic same-sexed twins. The validity of this finding is open to question. Rosenthal (1961 and 1962) pointed out that females are more likely than males to become inhabitants of chronic wards. Most of the studies reporting a sex difference used resident hospital populations. Gottesman and Shields (1972) noted that the sex difference disappeared when samples were based upon consecutive admissions. Sex differences have vanished in recent studies both as a result of changing research methods and the changing role of women in society.", "contents": "Sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia: finding or artifact? The literature on schizophrenia has reported a trend toward higher concordance rates for females in both monozygotic and dizygotic same-sexed twins. The validity of this finding is open to question. Rosenthal (1961 and 1962) pointed out that females are more likely than males to become inhabitants of chronic wards. Most of the studies reporting a sex difference used resident hospital populations. Gottesman and Shields (1972) noted that the sex difference disappeared when samples were based upon consecutive admissions. Sex differences have vanished in recent studies both as a result of changing research methods and the changing role of women in society.", "PMID": 746360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6743", "title": "Remitting schizophrenia as a variant of affective disorder.", "content": "Remitting schizophrenia is an important phenomenon in the United States largely because of the broad concept of schizophrenia used here. Clinical and family investigations of this condition suggest a close link between remitting schizophrenia and the affective disorders. However, the elevated morbidity risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of remitting schizophrenics precludes the conclusion that remitting schizophrenia is simply a variant of affective disorders. The following testable hypothesis is consistent with the available data: remitting schizophrenia is a heterogeneous mixture of mania, unipolar depression, and typical schizophrenia. Mania and unipolar depression account for the majority of such disorders although schizophrenia may account for a sizable minority. Other disorders may be included in this mixture; but, their contribution to the remitting schizophrenias is probably small.", "contents": "Remitting schizophrenia as a variant of affective disorder. Remitting schizophrenia is an important phenomenon in the United States largely because of the broad concept of schizophrenia used here. Clinical and family investigations of this condition suggest a close link between remitting schizophrenia and the affective disorders. However, the elevated morbidity risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of remitting schizophrenics precludes the conclusion that remitting schizophrenia is simply a variant of affective disorders. The following testable hypothesis is consistent with the available data: remitting schizophrenia is a heterogeneous mixture of mania, unipolar depression, and typical schizophrenia. Mania and unipolar depression account for the majority of such disorders although schizophrenia may account for a sizable minority. Other disorders may be included in this mixture; but, their contribution to the remitting schizophrenias is probably small.", "PMID": 746363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6744", "title": "A 10-year followup of remitting schizophrenics.", "content": "Fifty-one patients who on admission in 1959-62 were diagnosed schizophrenic and yet achieved full remission were followed for 4-16 years (average 10 years). Subsequently, 20 of the remitting schizophrenics relapsed, spent an average of 25% of the followup period hospitalized, and could unambiguously be relabeled chronic schizophrenia. Except for brief relapses in a few cases, 31 patients maintained full remission throughout the followup period. What was most significant was that on first admission the 20 remitting schizophrenics who became chronic were just as reactive (i.e., manifesting acute onset, precipitants, and good premorbid adjustment) and almost as \"affective\" (i.e., manifesting depression and heredity positive for affective psychosis) as the 31 patients whose remissions were sustained. These findings support the hypothesis that remitting schizophrenics are not necessarily a discrete type of schizophrenic requiring fresh labels. Rather, such patients may be more simply classified as schizophrenics who get predictably better after their first admission.", "contents": "A 10-year followup of remitting schizophrenics. Fifty-one patients who on admission in 1959-62 were diagnosed schizophrenic and yet achieved full remission were followed for 4-16 years (average 10 years). Subsequently, 20 of the remitting schizophrenics relapsed, spent an average of 25% of the followup period hospitalized, and could unambiguously be relabeled chronic schizophrenia. Except for brief relapses in a few cases, 31 patients maintained full remission throughout the followup period. What was most significant was that on first admission the 20 remitting schizophrenics who became chronic were just as reactive (i.e., manifesting acute onset, precipitants, and good premorbid adjustment) and almost as \"affective\" (i.e., manifesting depression and heredity positive for affective psychosis) as the 31 patients whose remissions were sustained. These findings support the hypothesis that remitting schizophrenics are not necessarily a discrete type of schizophrenic requiring fresh labels. Rather, such patients may be more simply classified as schizophrenics who get predictably better after their first admission.", "PMID": 746364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6745", "title": "On the cogency of the ppi-pi effect.", "content": "The present paper discusses briefly the incompatibility between the propositions that (1) the preceding preparatory interval moderates the reaction time of the subsequent trial, and (2) and inability to maintain task-relevant vigilance is the cause of the schizophrenic's peculiar response patterns in reaction time experiments.", "contents": "On the cogency of the ppi-pi effect. The present paper discusses briefly the incompatibility between the propositions that (1) the preceding preparatory interval moderates the reaction time of the subsequent trial, and (2) and inability to maintain task-relevant vigilance is the cause of the schizophrenic's peculiar response patterns in reaction time experiments.", "PMID": 746367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6746", "title": "Cognitive and perceptual differences between schizophrenics and organics.", "content": "Distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients remains a significant clinical problem. However, substantive and methodological difficulties have led to discouragement and consequent loss of interest in this area of differential diagnosis. Several models for making this distinction were proposed: cognitive, empirical-psychometric, attentional motivational, neuropsychological and information processing. In evaluating these models, three persistent methodological problems were identified: diagnostic inaccuracy, inadequate sampling, and difficulty in interpretation of the subject's performance. Various suggestions were made for resolving these difficulties through such means as equating samples for level of deterioration, utilizing modern, objective diagnostic techniques in the selection of samples, comparing subtypes of brain damage and schizophrenia, and using test procedures that have been shown to assess dispositional characteristics of the conditions under study, rather than their epiphenomena. It was suggested that recent substantive findings, mainly those involving neurological deficit in schizophrenia and detection of major behavioral differences among various subtypes of schizophrenia and brain damage, could be used in attempts to resolve the differential diagnostic problem under discussion. It was suggested that resolution of the methodological problems posed in combination with new substantive data concerning schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients may set the stage for a new start for investigating an old problem.", "contents": "Cognitive and perceptual differences between schizophrenics and organics. Distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients remains a significant clinical problem. However, substantive and methodological difficulties have led to discouragement and consequent loss of interest in this area of differential diagnosis. Several models for making this distinction were proposed: cognitive, empirical-psychometric, attentional motivational, neuropsychological and information processing. In evaluating these models, three persistent methodological problems were identified: diagnostic inaccuracy, inadequate sampling, and difficulty in interpretation of the subject's performance. Various suggestions were made for resolving these difficulties through such means as equating samples for level of deterioration, utilizing modern, objective diagnostic techniques in the selection of samples, comparing subtypes of brain damage and schizophrenia, and using test procedures that have been shown to assess dispositional characteristics of the conditions under study, rather than their epiphenomena. It was suggested that recent substantive findings, mainly those involving neurological deficit in schizophrenia and detection of major behavioral differences among various subtypes of schizophrenia and brain damage, could be used in attempts to resolve the differential diagnostic problem under discussion. It was suggested that resolution of the methodological problems posed in combination with new substantive data concerning schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients may set the stage for a new start for investigating an old problem.", "PMID": 746370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6747", "title": "Animal models of schizophrenia: the case for LSD-25.", "content": "Some of the difficulties of trying to establish an animal model of schizophrenia are first considered. Then, after a review of the evidence on the experimental psychopathology of schizophrenia, particularly that concerned with attention and arousal, it is concluded that the core feature which needs to be modeled in animals is some aspect of \"input dysfunction.\" It is argued that, of the pharmacological strategies, LSD-25 comes nearest to meeting that requirement, for two reasons. First, the phenomenology of an LSD \"model psychosis\" closely parallels that of the natural disease. Secondly, the experimental effects of the drug, both in animals and man, are very similar to or can be closely aligned theoretically with those of schizophrenia. An example is quoted from work in the author's laboratory where LSD was found to produce psychophysiological effects virtually identical to those observed occurring naturally in acute psychotic patients and in normal subjects high in \"psychotic\" personality traits. It is suggested that the rejection of LSD as a drug model was premature, especially as the currently popular preference for amphetamine has not been vindicated, either by the latter's ability to mimic an important central feature of the psychotic state or by work on dopamine as a specific common mediator of amphetamine psychosis and of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Animal models of schizophrenia: the case for LSD-25. Some of the difficulties of trying to establish an animal model of schizophrenia are first considered. Then, after a review of the evidence on the experimental psychopathology of schizophrenia, particularly that concerned with attention and arousal, it is concluded that the core feature which needs to be modeled in animals is some aspect of \"input dysfunction.\" It is argued that, of the pharmacological strategies, LSD-25 comes nearest to meeting that requirement, for two reasons. First, the phenomenology of an LSD \"model psychosis\" closely parallels that of the natural disease. Secondly, the experimental effects of the drug, both in animals and man, are very similar to or can be closely aligned theoretically with those of schizophrenia. An example is quoted from work in the author's laboratory where LSD was found to produce psychophysiological effects virtually identical to those observed occurring naturally in acute psychotic patients and in normal subjects high in \"psychotic\" personality traits. It is suggested that the rejection of LSD as a drug model was premature, especially as the currently popular preference for amphetamine has not been vindicated, either by the latter's ability to mimic an important central feature of the psychotic state or by work on dopamine as a specific common mediator of amphetamine psychosis and of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 746371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6748", "title": "Habituation and conditioning of electrodermal responses in high risk children.", "content": "Measures of skin conductance during rest and during experiments testing habituation and conditioning of the skin conductance response were obtained from 42 10-year-old male children, of whom 12 were at risk for schizophrenia and 30 constituted low risk controls. While typical habituation curves for skin conductance response were obtained from both sets of offspring, no differences were found between high and low risk subjects on trials to habituation, response magnitude, latency, or number of spontaneous responses. However, there was evidence suggestive of differential conditioning in the two groups of children as a function of risk status. High risk offspring produced significantly larger skin conductance responses to conditioning test trials than low risk offspring. High risk subjects were also significantly more responsive to the unconditioned stimulus (loud white noise) than low risk subjects, but half-amplitude recovery time did not differentiate between the two groups of children. Finally, high risk offspring manifested lower levels of tonic conductance during conditioning, but not during resting or habituation. These results lend support to two important recent findings by Mednick concerning autonomic differences between high and low risk children, but do not confirm his findings regarding generalization and half-amplitude recovery time.", "contents": "Habituation and conditioning of electrodermal responses in high risk children. Measures of skin conductance during rest and during experiments testing habituation and conditioning of the skin conductance response were obtained from 42 10-year-old male children, of whom 12 were at risk for schizophrenia and 30 constituted low risk controls. While typical habituation curves for skin conductance response were obtained from both sets of offspring, no differences were found between high and low risk subjects on trials to habituation, response magnitude, latency, or number of spontaneous responses. However, there was evidence suggestive of differential conditioning in the two groups of children as a function of risk status. High risk offspring produced significantly larger skin conductance responses to conditioning test trials than low risk offspring. High risk subjects were also significantly more responsive to the unconditioned stimulus (loud white noise) than low risk subjects, but half-amplitude recovery time did not differentiate between the two groups of children. Finally, high risk offspring manifested lower levels of tonic conductance during conditioning, but not during resting or habituation. These results lend support to two important recent findings by Mednick concerning autonomic differences between high and low risk children, but do not confirm his findings regarding generalization and half-amplitude recovery time.", "PMID": 746372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6749", "title": "Planning for the next generation of risk studies.", "content": "Seventy longitudinal studies of social competence in children conducted over the past 3 decades are critically reviewed in an effort to pinpoint current and potential problems in conducting longitudinal research with samples of children at elevated risk for developing severe forms of psychopathology. The review outlines chronic problems in accurately specifying objectives, choosing adequate and appropriate samples, and selecting maximally useful predictor and outcome measures in this reseach area. A variety of institutional and organizational problems that make risk research difficult to undertake and to carry to completion are also described. A federation of risk projects, which could seek unified funding and coordinate institutional support, is suggested. In addition, new grant review procedures that embody coordination of management efforts between funding and research agencies are recommended as one possible alternative to present practices.", "contents": "Planning for the next generation of risk studies. Seventy longitudinal studies of social competence in children conducted over the past 3 decades are critically reviewed in an effort to pinpoint current and potential problems in conducting longitudinal research with samples of children at elevated risk for developing severe forms of psychopathology. The review outlines chronic problems in accurately specifying objectives, choosing adequate and appropriate samples, and selecting maximally useful predictor and outcome measures in this reseach area. A variety of institutional and organizational problems that make risk research difficult to undertake and to carry to completion are also described. A federation of risk projects, which could seek unified funding and coordinate institutional support, is suggested. In addition, new grant review procedures that embody coordination of management efforts between funding and research agencies are recommended as one possible alternative to present practices.", "PMID": 746373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6750", "title": "Further data concerning the relation between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptomatology.", "content": "This study examines the relationship between premorbid adjustment and paranoid status in acute schizophrenia. In order to avoid limitations of previous studies, premorbid adjustment (based on the UCLA Social Attainment Scale) was considered at five levels instead of the usual binary classification (good vs. poor) and paranoid symptomatology (using the Venables and O'Connor Scale) was considered rather  than paranoid diagnosis. In a sample of 112 first lifetime admission schizophrenics, a positive linear relationship was found between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptoms. Definite paranoid symptomatology was largely absent at the lowest levels of premorbidity and increased progressively with more adequate  premorbid adjustment. The one exception to this linear trend was noted for the highest (most superior) level of premorbid adjustment where an increase of nonparanoid cases was observed.", "contents": "Further data concerning the relation between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptomatology. This study examines the relationship between premorbid adjustment and paranoid status in acute schizophrenia. In order to avoid limitations of previous studies, premorbid adjustment (based on the UCLA Social Attainment Scale) was considered at five levels instead of the usual binary classification (good vs. poor) and paranoid symptomatology (using the Venables and O'Connor Scale) was considered rather  than paranoid diagnosis. In a sample of 112 first lifetime admission schizophrenics, a positive linear relationship was found between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptoms. Definite paranoid symptomatology was largely absent at the lowest levels of premorbidity and increased progressively with more adequate  premorbid adjustment. The one exception to this linear trend was noted for the highest (most superior) level of premorbid adjustment where an increase of nonparanoid cases was observed.", "PMID": 746374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6751", "title": "Choosing control groups in the study of schizophrenic subtypes.", "content": "The choice of comparison groups in the study of schizophrenic subtypes is discussed. Current research rests upon the comparison of schizophrenic subtypes and controls unselected for the subtype characteristics used to divide the schizophrenics. One cannot infer, on the basis of this type of group comparison, whether subtype differences are specific to schizophrenia or reflect general personality and behavioral characteristics. It is suggested, therefore, that control groups be selected for their comparability to the schizophrenics on subtype characteristics.", "contents": "Choosing control groups in the study of schizophrenic subtypes. The choice of comparison groups in the study of schizophrenic subtypes is discussed. Current research rests upon the comparison of schizophrenic subtypes and controls unselected for the subtype characteristics used to divide the schizophrenics. One cannot infer, on the basis of this type of group comparison, whether subtype differences are specific to schizophrenia or reflect general personality and behavioral characteristics. It is suggested, therefore, that control groups be selected for their comparability to the schizophrenics on subtype characteristics.", "PMID": 746375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6752", "title": "Do schizophrenics give rare word associations?", "content": "For the past 50 years, researchers have been trying to demonstrate that schizophrenics give uncommon word associations. Although secondary sources largely agree that these demonstrations have been successful a review of the most frequently cited studies reveals that there has been an uncritical acceptance of inadequately documented data. Errors in experimental design, methodology, and even data analysis are described. The support that these data provide for the hypothesis that schizophrenics give rare word associations is illusory. Theories based on the relationship between schizophrenia and rare word associations should either be revised or supported by empirical evidence that such a relationship exists.", "contents": "Do schizophrenics give rare word associations? For the past 50 years, researchers have been trying to demonstrate that schizophrenics give uncommon word associations. Although secondary sources largely agree that these demonstrations have been successful a review of the most frequently cited studies reveals that there has been an uncritical acceptance of inadequately documented data. Errors in experimental design, methodology, and even data analysis are described. The support that these data provide for the hypothesis that schizophrenics give rare word associations is illusory. Theories based on the relationship between schizophrenia and rare word associations should either be revised or supported by empirical evidence that such a relationship exists.", "PMID": 746376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6753", "title": "Xerographic parenchymal patterns and breast cancer.", "content": "The xerographic mammography records of 3,002 patients with breast disease were reviewed and classified according to the criteria of Wolfe. The parenchymal P2 pattern occurred in 59% of patients with cancer and in only 16,9% patients under the age of 40 without cancer, but the incidence of the DY pattern was much the same in patients with cancer and in those without cancer in almost all the age groups studied. The incidence of the P2 pattern tended to rise slightly in patients without cancer, whereas the incidence of the DY pattern tended to remain the same in all groups. The findings of Wolfe and others have been confirmed by this study, which also supports the suggestion that women under the age of 40 undergo a baseline xerographic examination of the breasts for cancer and that subsequent screening be based on the presence of a P2 pattern. This will involve a selection of 16,9% of the under 40-year-old subjects without cancer who might, on screening be expected to show 60% of the cancers in each decade after the age of 40. This information coupled with other factors indicating a high risk for the development of breast cancer, such as florid epithelial dysplasia, a previous history of breast cancer or a family history of breast cancer, should increase the yield of early carcinomas at a preclinical stage and reduce costs of a screening programme.", "contents": "Xerographic parenchymal patterns and breast cancer. The xerographic mammography records of 3,002 patients with breast disease were reviewed and classified according to the criteria of Wolfe. The parenchymal P2 pattern occurred in 59% of patients with cancer and in only 16,9% patients under the age of 40 without cancer, but the incidence of the DY pattern was much the same in patients with cancer and in those without cancer in almost all the age groups studied. The incidence of the P2 pattern tended to rise slightly in patients without cancer, whereas the incidence of the DY pattern tended to remain the same in all groups. The findings of Wolfe and others have been confirmed by this study, which also supports the suggestion that women under the age of 40 undergo a baseline xerographic examination of the breasts for cancer and that subsequent screening be based on the presence of a P2 pattern. This will involve a selection of 16,9% of the under 40-year-old subjects without cancer who might, on screening be expected to show 60% of the cancers in each decade after the age of 40. This information coupled with other factors indicating a high risk for the development of breast cancer, such as florid epithelial dysplasia, a previous history of breast cancer or a family history of breast cancer, should increase the yield of early carcinomas at a preclinical stage and reduce costs of a screening programme.", "PMID": 746397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6754", "title": "The visual evoked potential in children after kwashiorkor.", "content": "An index of the long-term effects of kwashiorkor on the electrocortical development of the child was obtained by recording the visual evoked potential (VEP) of 4 groups of children aged 6--12 years. The malnourished group, consisting of 30 Black children hospitalized for treatment of kwashiorkor during the first 27 months of life, was age-matched with 3 control groups. Some evidence of right hemisphere VEP deficit was found in the kwashiorkor group.", "contents": "The visual evoked potential in children after kwashiorkor. An index of the long-term effects of kwashiorkor on the electrocortical development of the child was obtained by recording the visual evoked potential (VEP) of 4 groups of children aged 6--12 years. The malnourished group, consisting of 30 Black children hospitalized for treatment of kwashiorkor during the first 27 months of life, was age-matched with 3 control groups. Some evidence of right hemisphere VEP deficit was found in the kwashiorkor group.", "PMID": 746398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6755", "title": "[The painful foot].", "content": "The different causes of painful feet, most of which are obvious, but neglected, are discussed. With a good history and examination, almost all the causes can be detected and treated in a simple manner.", "contents": "[The painful foot]. The different causes of painful feet, most of which are obvious, but neglected, are discussed. With a good history and examination, almost all the causes can be detected and treated in a simple manner.", "PMID": 746399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6756", "title": "Trichomoniasis treated with a single dose of benzoylmetronidazole.", "content": "A single 2-g dose of benzoylmetronidazole (Flagyl suspension) was given to patients with vaginal trichomoniasis in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The preparation was well tolerated, there were very few side-effects and the overall cure rate after 7 days was 97,6%.", "contents": "Trichomoniasis treated with a single dose of benzoylmetronidazole. A single 2-g dose of benzoylmetronidazole (Flagyl suspension) was given to patients with vaginal trichomoniasis in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The preparation was well tolerated, there were very few side-effects and the overall cure rate after 7 days was 97,6%.", "PMID": 746400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6757", "title": "Successful drug treatment of schistosomal myelopathy. A case report.", "content": "In a patient who presented with quadriplegia a large mass was demonstrated radiologically in the cervical part of the spinal canal. The patient came from an area where there is a high prevalence of schistosomiasis, and antischistosomal antibodies were present in the serum. Treatment with the antischistosomal drug niridazole led to a total clinical recovery and almost complete disappearance of the myelographic filling defect.", "contents": "Successful drug treatment of schistosomal myelopathy. A case report. In a patient who presented with quadriplegia a large mass was demonstrated radiologically in the cervical part of the spinal canal. The patient came from an area where there is a high prevalence of schistosomiasis, and antischistosomal antibodies were present in the serum. Treatment with the antischistosomal drug niridazole led to a total clinical recovery and almost complete disappearance of the myelographic filling defect.", "PMID": 746401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6758", "title": "The effect of thyrocalcitonin therapy and phosphate deprivation on tumoral calcinosis.", "content": "Six siblings were screened for clinical and biochemical evidence of tumoral calcinosis. The 3 brothers showed all the characteristic manifestations of this entity. Two of them were treated for an initial period of 6 months with large doses of thyrocalcitonin, with virtually no response. After a 9-month equilibration period they were treated by phosphate depletion, and at the end of 6 months they were re-investigated. There was no appreciable objective or radiological difference in the extent of the masses. It was concluded that, in these 2 patients, surgical excision of the tumours was the only feasible form of therapy.", "contents": "The effect of thyrocalcitonin therapy and phosphate deprivation on tumoral calcinosis. Six siblings were screened for clinical and biochemical evidence of tumoral calcinosis. The 3 brothers showed all the characteristic manifestations of this entity. Two of them were treated for an initial period of 6 months with large doses of thyrocalcitonin, with virtually no response. After a 9-month equilibration period they were treated by phosphate depletion, and at the end of 6 months they were re-investigated. There was no appreciable objective or radiological difference in the extent of the masses. It was concluded that, in these 2 patients, surgical excision of the tumours was the only feasible form of therapy.", "PMID": 746428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6759", "title": "Computed axial tomography of the body with the EMI general purpose scanner. A preliminary assessment.", "content": "Computed axial tomography (CAT) of the brain has already proved itself to be the first line in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions. With the installation of the EMI (CT 5005) general purpose scanner at Garden City Clinic in mid-October 1977, we have been utilizing this technique not only on the cranium but on the rest of the body as well. It has proved an invaluable diagnostic tool, in that the diagnosis can often be made with this technique alone. It short-circuits many of the sophisticated routine X-ray studies which require hospitalization, an anaesthetic, and time lost to the patient and doctor. In many cases it has obviated the need for an exploratory laparotomy. In most cases the technique can be performed on outpatients; the patient is perfectly relaxed during the scan, and may be saved days in hospital. There are limitations, however, and patients should be carefully selected. A discussion of the indications for body scanning in both our own and overseas experience therefore seems in order.", "contents": "Computed axial tomography of the body with the EMI general purpose scanner. A preliminary assessment. Computed axial tomography (CAT) of the brain has already proved itself to be the first line in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions. With the installation of the EMI (CT 5005) general purpose scanner at Garden City Clinic in mid-October 1977, we have been utilizing this technique not only on the cranium but on the rest of the body as well. It has proved an invaluable diagnostic tool, in that the diagnosis can often be made with this technique alone. It short-circuits many of the sophisticated routine X-ray studies which require hospitalization, an anaesthetic, and time lost to the patient and doctor. In many cases it has obviated the need for an exploratory laparotomy. In most cases the technique can be performed on outpatients; the patient is perfectly relaxed during the scan, and may be saved days in hospital. There are limitations, however, and patients should be carefully selected. A discussion of the indications for body scanning in both our own and overseas experience therefore seems in order.", "PMID": 746429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6760", "title": "Spontaneous labyrinthine window rupture.", "content": "Spontaneous labyrinthine window rupture has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Seven such case histories and details of subsequent management by tympanotomy and fat graft plugging of the fistulae are reported. The importance of a history of physical stress preceding onset of symptoms is emphasized in the case of certain patients who presented with sudden hearing loss accompanied, in some cases, by tinnitus or vertigo. The first 5 patients were reported in a paper presented in October 1977 at the First South African National Otorhinological Congress in Cape Town.", "contents": "Spontaneous labyrinthine window rupture. Spontaneous labyrinthine window rupture has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Seven such case histories and details of subsequent management by tympanotomy and fat graft plugging of the fistulae are reported. The importance of a history of physical stress preceding onset of symptoms is emphasized in the case of certain patients who presented with sudden hearing loss accompanied, in some cases, by tinnitus or vertigo. The first 5 patients were reported in a paper presented in October 1977 at the First South African National Otorhinological Congress in Cape Town.", "PMID": 746431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6761", "title": "Incidence of hyaline membrane disease in the Cape Coloured.", "content": "Hyaline membrane disease (HMD), which carries a significant mortality and morbidity, is usually a disorder of the preterm infant. Several workers have shown that there is a lower incidence in the Black and Coloured neonate than in the White neonate. These studies have not excluded the growth-retarded baby, in whom the functional maturation of vital organs may be accelerated. This article examines the incidence of HMD among appropriately grown Cape Coloured infants and compares this with the incidence in White infants.", "contents": "Incidence of hyaline membrane disease in the Cape Coloured. Hyaline membrane disease (HMD), which carries a significant mortality and morbidity, is usually a disorder of the preterm infant. Several workers have shown that there is a lower incidence in the Black and Coloured neonate than in the White neonate. These studies have not excluded the growth-retarded baby, in whom the functional maturation of vital organs may be accelerated. This article examines the incidence of HMD among appropriately grown Cape Coloured infants and compares this with the incidence in White infants.", "PMID": 746432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6762", "title": "Renal echinococcosis in children. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of renal echinococcosis in children are described. In one of the children the lungs and liver were involved as well. The pathology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as the usefulness and limitations of the Casoni skin test and serological tests, are discussed.", "contents": "Renal echinococcosis in children. A report of 2 cases. Two cases of renal echinococcosis in children are described. In one of the children the lungs and liver were involved as well. The pathology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as the usefulness and limitations of the Casoni skin test and serological tests, are discussed.", "PMID": 746434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6763", "title": "An approach to the management of children with cleft lip or palate.", "content": "A number of the more common problems which may be encountered in the management of children born with cleft lip and/or cleft palate is discussed. Present-day concepts of aetiology, parental counselling and timing of surgery are referred to and contentious aspects of management are mentioned.", "contents": "An approach to the management of children with cleft lip or palate. A number of the more common problems which may be encountered in the management of children born with cleft lip and/or cleft palate is discussed. Present-day concepts of aetiology, parental counselling and timing of surgery are referred to and contentious aspects of management are mentioned.", "PMID": 746437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6764", "title": "Further local experience in the treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Ninety-two patients suffering from various forms of acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were seen at the Johannesburg General Hospital between January 1972 and December 1977. Seventy-four completed at least one course of therapy, and were therefore available for evaluation. Three basic regimens were used for inducing remissions. These included daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (regimen 1-19 patients); larger doses of daunorubicin together with cytosine arabinoside (regimen 2-29 patients); and a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and prednisone (regimen 3-22 patients). Regimen 3 was normally used only in older patients. Supportive measures included the use of red cell, granulocyte and platelet transfusions. Complete remission rates with the 3 regimens were 36,8%, 55,1% and 40,9% respectively, with corresponding partial remission rates of 5,2%, 0% and 18,1% respectively. The mean duration of survival in those patients who achieved remission was 10 months, 18 months and 8 months respectively. In addition, a complete remission rate of 28,6% was obtained in 14 patients, 10 of whom had relapsed while being treated with other regimens and who were later treated with an 8-drug combination (TRAMPCOL).", "contents": "Further local experience in the treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Ninety-two patients suffering from various forms of acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were seen at the Johannesburg General Hospital between January 1972 and December 1977. Seventy-four completed at least one course of therapy, and were therefore available for evaluation. Three basic regimens were used for inducing remissions. These included daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (regimen 1-19 patients); larger doses of daunorubicin together with cytosine arabinoside (regimen 2-29 patients); and a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and prednisone (regimen 3-22 patients). Regimen 3 was normally used only in older patients. Supportive measures included the use of red cell, granulocyte and platelet transfusions. Complete remission rates with the 3 regimens were 36,8%, 55,1% and 40,9% respectively, with corresponding partial remission rates of 5,2%, 0% and 18,1% respectively. The mean duration of survival in those patients who achieved remission was 10 months, 18 months and 8 months respectively. In addition, a complete remission rate of 28,6% was obtained in 14 patients, 10 of whom had relapsed while being treated with other regimens and who were later treated with an 8-drug combination (TRAMPCOL).", "PMID": 746438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6765", "title": "Psychosomatic gastro-intestinal disease.", "content": "Psychosomatic disease is the commonest disorder in clinical gastro-enterology. It may be of primary importance in the patient's presentation, or act in a secondary role to modify organic disease and its management. Careful history-taking is essential in differentiating whether symptoms arise as a result of psychological stimuli or organic disease, as the effects may be indistinguishable to the patient. Organic disease should always be excluded by appropriate screening investigations.", "contents": "Psychosomatic gastro-intestinal disease. Psychosomatic disease is the commonest disorder in clinical gastro-enterology. It may be of primary importance in the patient's presentation, or act in a secondary role to modify organic disease and its management. Careful history-taking is essential in differentiating whether symptoms arise as a result of psychological stimuli or organic disease, as the effects may be indistinguishable to the patient. Organic disease should always be excluded by appropriate screening investigations.", "PMID": 746439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6766", "title": "The effect of gastrin on gastric ulceration in pigs after bile duct ligation.", "content": "Pigs develop gastric ulceration spontaneously and after bile duct ligation. Despite increased basal acid secretion, serum gastrin levels are not elevated, and a possible 'protective' role of gastrin was proposed. Continuous intravenous infusion of synthetic human gastrin did not protect from gastric ulceration, but was associated with simultaneous duodenal ulceration. Another ulcerogenic mechanism must be invoked.", "contents": "The effect of gastrin on gastric ulceration in pigs after bile duct ligation. Pigs develop gastric ulceration spontaneously and after bile duct ligation. Despite increased basal acid secretion, serum gastrin levels are not elevated, and a possible 'protective' role of gastrin was proposed. Continuous intravenous infusion of synthetic human gastrin did not protect from gastric ulceration, but was associated with simultaneous duodenal ulceration. Another ulcerogenic mechanism must be invoked.", "PMID": 746440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6767", "title": "Fractures of the tibial shaft.", "content": "The closed treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft will usually result in bony union within a period of 4 months. Early weight-bearing in a suitable cast or cast brace is advised. Infection following open reduction is often undetected until months or even years have elapsed. When infection occurs, union is delayed on average for 4 years, and amputation is not infrequently the end-result.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial shaft. The closed treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft will usually result in bony union within a period of 4 months. Early weight-bearing in a suitable cast or cast brace is advised. Infection following open reduction is often undetected until months or even years have elapsed. When infection occurs, union is delayed on average for 4 years, and amputation is not infrequently the end-result.", "PMID": 746441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6768", "title": "Prescribing exercise--walking and jogging.", "content": "The family doctor is the ideal person to lead his patients back to a form of existence which is more dynamic and health-promoting than their customary way of life. Many basic fears of doctors are unfounded, for it is not difficult to acquire a knowledge of the ergological principles involved in natural movement and sport. Patients should be guided into 'forgetting' about their ailments, but at the same time remembering their limitations. The prescription of sensible forms of exercise, e.g. walking and jogging, is advocated. Some tried and sensible programmes are given.", "contents": "Prescribing exercise--walking and jogging. The family doctor is the ideal person to lead his patients back to a form of existence which is more dynamic and health-promoting than their customary way of life. Many basic fears of doctors are unfounded, for it is not difficult to acquire a knowledge of the ergological principles involved in natural movement and sport. Patients should be guided into 'forgetting' about their ailments, but at the same time remembering their limitations. The prescription of sensible forms of exercise, e.g. walking and jogging, is advocated. Some tried and sensible programmes are given.", "PMID": 746442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6769", "title": "'Men must work and...'.", "content": "Women have been deeply involved in the social changes that have taken place in Western society during the last 30 years; the most significant transformers have been 'the pill' and television. As a result of an accelerated emancipation, women have become more assertive; pari passu men have become less dominant, more children have been deprived and the elderly have been increasingly extruded. Mature women have been adversely affected by the loss of charisma of fertility and motherhood, by changes in female reproductive physiology, by the uncertainty of marriage and its alternatives, by increased work and by the emphasis now placed on youth and sexuality. These stresses have been accompanied by a rise among women of 'male' behavior and 'male' diseases, as well as by an increase in self-poisoning, completed suicide and the 'female' disease of depression.", "contents": "'Men must work and...'. Women have been deeply involved in the social changes that have taken place in Western society during the last 30 years; the most significant transformers have been 'the pill' and television. As a result of an accelerated emancipation, women have become more assertive; pari passu men have become less dominant, more children have been deprived and the elderly have been increasingly extruded. Mature women have been adversely affected by the loss of charisma of fertility and motherhood, by changes in female reproductive physiology, by the uncertainty of marriage and its alternatives, by increased work and by the emphasis now placed on youth and sexuality. These stresses have been accompanied by a rise among women of 'male' behavior and 'male' diseases, as well as by an increase in self-poisoning, completed suicide and the 'female' disease of depression.", "PMID": 746443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6770", "title": "Observations on some locally available products.", "content": "A physical grading of some well-known sunburn protectors is described as a guide to the choice of preparation.", "contents": "Observations on some locally available products. A physical grading of some well-known sunburn protectors is described as a guide to the choice of preparation.", "PMID": 746454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6771", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia and circulating anticoagulant.", "content": "We describe a 30-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in whom the only evidence of the disease, during the 10 years before diagnosis was established, was an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a positive Wassermann test. Her disease was characterized by the presence of an anticoagulant without indication of bleeding, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, steroid-resistant renal damage, and persistent false-positive tests for syphilis. The relationship between these results and the presence of anticoagulant, mixed cryoglobulinaemia and renal damage in patients with SLE are discussed.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia and circulating anticoagulant. We describe a 30-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in whom the only evidence of the disease, during the 10 years before diagnosis was established, was an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a positive Wassermann test. Her disease was characterized by the presence of an anticoagulant without indication of bleeding, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, steroid-resistant renal damage, and persistent false-positive tests for syphilis. The relationship between these results and the presence of anticoagulant, mixed cryoglobulinaemia and renal damage in patients with SLE are discussed.", "PMID": 746455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6772", "title": "Breast reduction.", "content": "Large breasts cause problems mainly because of physical discomfort and/or associated emotional problems, and surgery is sought primarily for these rather than for purely cosmetic reasons. Indications for carrying out a breast reduction are given, and important questions are posed and answered to help elucidate many of the factors pertaining to the operation. The overall results that can be expected as well as the possible complications are discussed. A table listing complications in a series of 50 patients is shown. In conclusion, the degree of patient satisfaction that can be expected is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Breast reduction. Large breasts cause problems mainly because of physical discomfort and/or associated emotional problems, and surgery is sought primarily for these rather than for purely cosmetic reasons. Indications for carrying out a breast reduction are given, and important questions are posed and answered to help elucidate many of the factors pertaining to the operation. The overall results that can be expected as well as the possible complications are discussed. A table listing complications in a series of 50 patients is shown. In conclusion, the degree of patient satisfaction that can be expected is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 746456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6773", "title": "Minor psychological problems in a multiracial student population in Rhodesia.", "content": "Experience in the student health service at the multiracial University of Rhodesia suggests that, although the aetiology and manifestations of minor psychological problems are affected by cultural factors, similarities between students of different races are more marked than are divergencies. The students' problems are similar to those reported from universities in other countries.", "contents": "Minor psychological problems in a multiracial student population in Rhodesia. Experience in the student health service at the multiracial University of Rhodesia suggests that, although the aetiology and manifestations of minor psychological problems are affected by cultural factors, similarities between students of different races are more marked than are divergencies. The students' problems are similar to those reported from universities in other countries.", "PMID": 746457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6774", "title": "Community paediatrics in Cap Bon, Tunisia.", "content": "The author spent an undergraduate elective period in Tunisia, and some of the features of a community health scheme in rural Cap Bon are described, such as the use of auxiliaries and standardized techniques.", "contents": "Community paediatrics in Cap Bon, Tunisia. The author spent an undergraduate elective period in Tunisia, and some of the features of a community health scheme in rural Cap Bon are described, such as the use of auxiliaries and standardized techniques.", "PMID": 746458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6775", "title": "Drug research, development and expenditure - what about the future?", "content": "Drug research and development today is an undertaking requiring special skills and understanding, formidable financial resources and the closely co-ordinated co-operation of everyone concerned with the drug programme in all its aspects. Incorrect results, wrong deductions or decisions and unrealistic delays due to bureaucratic obstructions, all have an adverse effect in the final analysis. The price (financially and otherwise) we have to pay for the end-product is invariably intimately related to what happened during the entire development process. Everyone connected with drug development, in whatever capacity, has a moral obligation to ensure that the development programme follows a path which is as smooth as possible.", "contents": "Drug research, development and expenditure - what about the future? Drug research and development today is an undertaking requiring special skills and understanding, formidable financial resources and the closely co-ordinated co-operation of everyone concerned with the drug programme in all its aspects. Incorrect results, wrong deductions or decisions and unrealistic delays due to bureaucratic obstructions, all have an adverse effect in the final analysis. The price (financially and otherwise) we have to pay for the end-product is invariably intimately related to what happened during the entire development process. Everyone connected with drug development, in whatever capacity, has a moral obligation to ensure that the development programme follows a path which is as smooth as possible.", "PMID": 746459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6776", "title": "Repair of a urethral stricture with omentum. A case report.", "content": "The surgical management of a case of urethral stricture with a pedicle graft of omentum is reported. The reasons for using this method are discussed and it is reported since the method has not previously been described.", "contents": "Repair of a urethral stricture with omentum. A case report. The surgical management of a case of urethral stricture with a pedicle graft of omentum is reported. The reasons for using this method are discussed and it is reported since the method has not previously been described.", "PMID": 746460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6777", "title": "Touraine-Solenti-Gol\u00e9 syndrome. A case report.", "content": "Touraine-Solenti-Gol\u00e9 syndrome, characterized by familial acromegaly without the implication of growth hormone in the genesis, and by pachydermia, is reported in a woman aged 62 years with the classic manifestations of acromegalic diabetes, but with no thyroid or lung diseases. The syndrome is discussed, and is followed by a clinical description of our patient.", "contents": "Touraine-Solenti-Gol\u00e9 syndrome. A case report. Touraine-Solenti-Gol\u00e9 syndrome, characterized by familial acromegaly without the implication of growth hormone in the genesis, and by pachydermia, is reported in a woman aged 62 years with the classic manifestations of acromegalic diabetes, but with no thyroid or lung diseases. The syndrome is discussed, and is followed by a clinical description of our patient.", "PMID": 746461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6778", "title": "Clinical and electrophysiological observations with disopyramide in drug-resistant and recurrent symptomatic arrhythmias.", "content": "Seventeen patients with recurrent symptomatic arrhythmias were treated with oral disopyramide (DP). Fifteen of the 17 patients had received other currently conventional anti-arrhythmic therapy, to which only 1 patient responded, yet 13 of these 15 patients with resistant arrhythmias responded to DP. Electrophysiological studies were performed on 9 patients. The most impressive electrophysiological findings were the depressant effect of DP on ventricular automaticity and its action in slowing conduction through the His-Purkinje system (including the bundle branches) without depressing sino-atrial rate and atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction time. Retrograde ventriculo-atrial (VA) conduction was markedly prolonged in 4 patients with reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), including 2 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. All 4 patients with reciprocating SVT appear to be cured of their arrhythmia, probably by this mechanism.", "contents": "Clinical and electrophysiological observations with disopyramide in drug-resistant and recurrent symptomatic arrhythmias. Seventeen patients with recurrent symptomatic arrhythmias were treated with oral disopyramide (DP). Fifteen of the 17 patients had received other currently conventional anti-arrhythmic therapy, to which only 1 patient responded, yet 13 of these 15 patients with resistant arrhythmias responded to DP. Electrophysiological studies were performed on 9 patients. The most impressive electrophysiological findings were the depressant effect of DP on ventricular automaticity and its action in slowing conduction through the His-Purkinje system (including the bundle branches) without depressing sino-atrial rate and atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction time. Retrograde ventriculo-atrial (VA) conduction was markedly prolonged in 4 patients with reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), including 2 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. All 4 patients with reciprocating SVT appear to be cured of their arrhythmia, probably by this mechanism.", "PMID": 746466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6779", "title": "Fractures and dislocations of the ankle joint.", "content": "The classification of fractures of the ankle joint is based on the mechanism of injury, which provides the clue to successful reduction. The physiological movements of the ankle and foot are defined, and the pathological movements associated with injury are described.", "contents": "Fractures and dislocations of the ankle joint. The classification of fractures of the ankle joint is based on the mechanism of injury, which provides the clue to successful reduction. The physiological movements of the ankle and foot are defined, and the pathological movements associated with injury are described.", "PMID": 746467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6780", "title": "The effect of paraquat on the respiration of lung cell fractions.", "content": "The in vitro effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of lung and liver homogenates, as well as on the oxygen consumption of isolated rat and rabbit lung mitochondria, were investigated. It was found that the endogenous oxygen uptake of a 40% lung homogenate was similar to that of a 10% liver homogenate, and that succinate (20 mM) was well oxidized by both homogenates. About 14% of the basal respiration rate was due to cyanide-insensitive oxidative systems in lung and liver homogenates. Paraquat (1 mM and higher concentrations) induced an acute and highly significant increase in the cyanide-insensitive oxygen utilization. We were able to recover about 5% of the protein in the supernatant (1,000 g) of the original homogenate as mitochondrial protein. Only results obtained from mitochondrial preparations with a respiratory control ratio between 2,7 and 3,3 were used in the final analyses, and the normal state 3 respiration values of rabbit and rat lung mitochondria were 45,2 +/- 5,3 and 38,7 +/- 2,9 nmol oxygen per mg protein per minute respectively. Paraquat in concentrations up to 0.5 mM had no significant effect, but higher concentrations up to 1 mM induced a highly significant inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. When slices were pre-incubated with 1 mM and with 0,01 mM paraquat in the incubation medium, the oxygen consumption of the mitochondria isolated after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively, was significantly reduced.", "contents": "The effect of paraquat on the respiration of lung cell fractions. The in vitro effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of lung and liver homogenates, as well as on the oxygen consumption of isolated rat and rabbit lung mitochondria, were investigated. It was found that the endogenous oxygen uptake of a 40% lung homogenate was similar to that of a 10% liver homogenate, and that succinate (20 mM) was well oxidized by both homogenates. About 14% of the basal respiration rate was due to cyanide-insensitive oxidative systems in lung and liver homogenates. Paraquat (1 mM and higher concentrations) induced an acute and highly significant increase in the cyanide-insensitive oxygen utilization. We were able to recover about 5% of the protein in the supernatant (1,000 g) of the original homogenate as mitochondrial protein. Only results obtained from mitochondrial preparations with a respiratory control ratio between 2,7 and 3,3 were used in the final analyses, and the normal state 3 respiration values of rabbit and rat lung mitochondria were 45,2 +/- 5,3 and 38,7 +/- 2,9 nmol oxygen per mg protein per minute respectively. Paraquat in concentrations up to 0.5 mM had no significant effect, but higher concentrations up to 1 mM induced a highly significant inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. When slices were pre-incubated with 1 mM and with 0,01 mM paraquat in the incubation medium, the oxygen consumption of the mitochondria isolated after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively, was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 746468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6781", "title": "Six years' experience of symphysiotomy in a teaching hospital.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-one symphysiotomies were performed at Harari Maternity Hospital, Rhodesia, over a 6-year period. Indications for the operation are discussed and fetal and maternal results reviewed. Seventy-two patients suffered from postoperative complications but the majority of these were minor and of short duration. Multiparous patients did not have a higher morbidity than did primiparous ones. It is concluded that symphysiotomy has a useful role to play in a teaching hospital, provided it is performed by an experienced surgeon on carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Six years' experience of symphysiotomy in a teaching hospital. One hundred and sixty-one symphysiotomies were performed at Harari Maternity Hospital, Rhodesia, over a 6-year period. Indications for the operation are discussed and fetal and maternal results reviewed. Seventy-two patients suffered from postoperative complications but the majority of these were minor and of short duration. Multiparous patients did not have a higher morbidity than did primiparous ones. It is concluded that symphysiotomy has a useful role to play in a teaching hospital, provided it is performed by an experienced surgeon on carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 746479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6782", "title": "The duration of normal labour in Cape Town whites.", "content": "The durations of the various stages of normal labour in White patients delivered at Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Cape Town, have been estimated for parity groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 and over. A significant correlation between age and the duration of the second stage was found in the para 2 group (r = 0,23, P less than 0,05). Previous abortions, marital status and oxytocic augmentation had no significant effect. The mean durations of the 1st and 2nd stages in primigravidas were significantly longer than in multigravidas. The upper limits of normal for the durations of the 1st and 2nd stages and the duration of the active phase were calculated. The mean duration of the 3rd stage was approximately 5 minutes.", "contents": "The duration of normal labour in Cape Town whites. The durations of the various stages of normal labour in White patients delivered at Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Cape Town, have been estimated for parity groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 and over. A significant correlation between age and the duration of the second stage was found in the para 2 group (r = 0,23, P less than 0,05). Previous abortions, marital status and oxytocic augmentation had no significant effect. The mean durations of the 1st and 2nd stages in primigravidas were significantly longer than in multigravidas. The upper limits of normal for the durations of the 1st and 2nd stages and the duration of the active phase were calculated. The mean duration of the 3rd stage was approximately 5 minutes.", "PMID": 746480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6783", "title": "Technical problems and early complications of laparoscopic sterilization done on a day-case basis.", "content": "Two hundred and sixteen patients were selected for laparoscopic sterilization on a day-case basis. Patients were sterilized by electrocautery, by applying Silastic bands (Falope rings), and by means of Hulka-Clemens clips. Three patients required laparotomy and 35 patients were discharged the day after the operation. By the 3rd day 146 (69%) and by the 5th day 184 (86%) patients had returned to their routine work. From the technical and immediate postoperative point of view, there appears to be relatively little difference  between the three techniques. There may be slightly more risk of thermal complications with bipolar cauterization, a slightly highly incidence of postoperative abdominal pain with the Silastic band applicator, and slightly more difficulty in applying the Hulka-Clemens clip. These problems are all reduced by experience and proper training of the operator, which is essential. Our experience confirms that laparoscopic sterilization is safe, efficient, and feasible as a day-case procedure, and that it has major advantages in terms of patient convenience and acceptability as well as reduction in hospitalization costs.", "contents": "Technical problems and early complications of laparoscopic sterilization done on a day-case basis. Two hundred and sixteen patients were selected for laparoscopic sterilization on a day-case basis. Patients were sterilized by electrocautery, by applying Silastic bands (Falope rings), and by means of Hulka-Clemens clips. Three patients required laparotomy and 35 patients were discharged the day after the operation. By the 3rd day 146 (69%) and by the 5th day 184 (86%) patients had returned to their routine work. From the technical and immediate postoperative point of view, there appears to be relatively little difference  between the three techniques. There may be slightly more risk of thermal complications with bipolar cauterization, a slightly highly incidence of postoperative abdominal pain with the Silastic band applicator, and slightly more difficulty in applying the Hulka-Clemens clip. These problems are all reduced by experience and proper training of the operator, which is essential. Our experience confirms that laparoscopic sterilization is safe, efficient, and feasible as a day-case procedure, and that it has major advantages in terms of patient convenience and acceptability as well as reduction in hospitalization costs.", "PMID": 746481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6784", "title": "Amniocentesis in high-risk pregnancies in a rural hospital.", "content": "A series of 100 successive amniocenteses performed on rural patients with high-risk pregnancies is described. The shake test was found to correlate well with gestational age as well as with fetal lung maturity, a practical point of importance in areas without facilities for estimating the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. While the procedure is not without risk, and the shake test should not be used as the sole criterion in management, amniocentesis is useful to those working with minimal facilities among a poorly educated community who have a high rate of obstetric complications.", "contents": "Amniocentesis in high-risk pregnancies in a rural hospital. A series of 100 successive amniocenteses performed on rural patients with high-risk pregnancies is described. The shake test was found to correlate well with gestational age as well as with fetal lung maturity, a practical point of importance in areas without facilities for estimating the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. While the procedure is not without risk, and the shake test should not be used as the sole criterion in management, amniocentesis is useful to those working with minimal facilities among a poorly educated community who have a high rate of obstetric complications.", "PMID": 746482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6785", "title": "Obstetric care in a rural population.", "content": "The results of a survey of a rural population requiring obstetric care are presented. It was found that 56,6% of this population had significant risk factors which warranted hospital delivery. A plea is made for the provision of more 'waiting mothers' areas', especially by provincial hospital authorities, to overcome the problems of communication experienced in rural areas. It is concluded that 85% of patients at risk can be detected by meticulous antenatal screening and be admitted to such waiting areas before the onset of labour, with a consequent improvement in perinatal and maternal mortality rates. The need for the provision of adequate postnatal facilities is discussed, and comments are made regarding the implications of the survey with regard to staff utilization.", "contents": "Obstetric care in a rural population. The results of a survey of a rural population requiring obstetric care are presented. It was found that 56,6% of this population had significant risk factors which warranted hospital delivery. A plea is made for the provision of more 'waiting mothers' areas', especially by provincial hospital authorities, to overcome the problems of communication experienced in rural areas. It is concluded that 85% of patients at risk can be detected by meticulous antenatal screening and be admitted to such waiting areas before the onset of labour, with a consequent improvement in perinatal and maternal mortality rates. The need for the provision of adequate postnatal facilities is discussed, and comments are made regarding the implications of the survey with regard to staff utilization.", "PMID": 746483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6786", "title": "Effect of the duration of dexamethasone treatment on the total phospholipid content of amniotic fluid.", "content": "Obstetric patients requiring premature termination of pregnancy with low levels of surfactant in the amniotic fluid were given dexamethasone for 2 or 7 days to assess the effect of the duration of treatment on the total phospholipid content of the amniotic fluid. A significant  rise in lung surfactant occurred in both groups, but dexamethasone administered for 7 days was not more effective than 2 days' administration. It is suggested that it is not the duration of treatment, but the stage of pregnancy or the functional maturity of the fetus at the time of administration of dexamethasone that affects the outcome.", "contents": "Effect of the duration of dexamethasone treatment on the total phospholipid content of amniotic fluid. Obstetric patients requiring premature termination of pregnancy with low levels of surfactant in the amniotic fluid were given dexamethasone for 2 or 7 days to assess the effect of the duration of treatment on the total phospholipid content of the amniotic fluid. A significant  rise in lung surfactant occurred in both groups, but dexamethasone administered for 7 days was not more effective than 2 days' administration. It is suggested that it is not the duration of treatment, but the stage of pregnancy or the functional maturity of the fetus at the time of administration of dexamethasone that affects the outcome.", "PMID": 746484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6787", "title": "The prediction of fetal pulmonary maturity from amniotic fluid contaminated by vaginal secretion.", "content": "Many patients are admitted with premature rupture of the membranes draining amniotic fluid contaminated with vaginal secretions, and the fluid is used for tests of fetal pulmonary maturity. Among 15 patients contamination of amniotic fluid by vaginal and cervical secretions was found to result in a rise in the bubble score in 6 and a rise in total phospholipids (TPL) in 12.", "contents": "The prediction of fetal pulmonary maturity from amniotic fluid contaminated by vaginal secretion. Many patients are admitted with premature rupture of the membranes draining amniotic fluid contaminated with vaginal secretions, and the fluid is used for tests of fetal pulmonary maturity. Among 15 patients contamination of amniotic fluid by vaginal and cervical secretions was found to result in a rise in the bubble score in 6 and a rise in total phospholipids (TPL) in 12.", "PMID": 746485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6788", "title": "Ovarian abscess. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An isolated ovarian abscess, unassociated with tubal lesions, is a rare occurrence. A case is described and the literature reviewed, with special consideration of the associated aetiological factors.", "contents": "Ovarian abscess. A case report and review of the literature. An isolated ovarian abscess, unassociated with tubal lesions, is a rare occurrence. A case is described and the literature reviewed, with special consideration of the associated aetiological factors.", "PMID": 746486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6789", "title": "Chronic hypercapnia and radiological changes in the pituitary fossa.", "content": "A consecutive series of ten patients with chronic bronchitis and hypercapnia were studied. All seven patients with chronic hypercapnia and one patient with intermittent hypercapnia showed evidence on skull radiographs of raised intracranial pressure. In five male and three female chronic bronchitics matched for age and ventilatory impairment, but without hypercapnia, no such radiological abnormalities were shown. The clinical significance and pathophysiology of this hitherto unreported finding is discussed. It would appear that in some cases the chronicity of hypercapnia may be diagnosed from a radiograph of the pituitary fossa.", "contents": "Chronic hypercapnia and radiological changes in the pituitary fossa. A consecutive series of ten patients with chronic bronchitis and hypercapnia were studied. All seven patients with chronic hypercapnia and one patient with intermittent hypercapnia showed evidence on skull radiographs of raised intracranial pressure. In five male and three female chronic bronchitics matched for age and ventilatory impairment, but without hypercapnia, no such radiological abnormalities were shown. The clinical significance and pathophysiology of this hitherto unreported finding is discussed. It would appear that in some cases the chronicity of hypercapnia may be diagnosed from a radiograph of the pituitary fossa.", "PMID": 746495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6790", "title": "Reproducibility and comparison of responses to inhaled histamine and methacholine.", "content": "The efficiency of a standardised inhalation test procedure was studied by examining the reproducibility of responses to histamine and methacholine. In addition, the responses to the two agents were compared. Each set of duplicate tests was carried out on a separate day within one week, and all factors known or presumed to influence responses were carefully controlled. The results were expressed as the provocative concentration of the agent causing a 20% fall in forced expired volume in one second (PC20). Responses to histamine and methacholine were highly reproducible (coefficients of determination [r2] = 0.994 and 0.990 respectively). Responsiveness to histamine correlated closely with responsiveness to methacholine (r2 = 0.85). There was a small but significant cumulative dose effect with methacholine (P less than 0.01) but not with histamine. Side effects of throat irritation, flushing, and headache were more frequent with histamine than methacholine, and were dose-related. The high level of reproducibility indicates the efficiency of the test procedure. The similar severity of effects by agents with different mechanisms of action suggests that the primary cause of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity lies at the level of bronchial smooth muscle.", "contents": "Reproducibility and comparison of responses to inhaled histamine and methacholine. The efficiency of a standardised inhalation test procedure was studied by examining the reproducibility of responses to histamine and methacholine. In addition, the responses to the two agents were compared. Each set of duplicate tests was carried out on a separate day within one week, and all factors known or presumed to influence responses were carefully controlled. The results were expressed as the provocative concentration of the agent causing a 20% fall in forced expired volume in one second (PC20). Responses to histamine and methacholine were highly reproducible (coefficients of determination [r2] = 0.994 and 0.990 respectively). Responsiveness to histamine correlated closely with responsiveness to methacholine (r2 = 0.85). There was a small but significant cumulative dose effect with methacholine (P less than 0.01) but not with histamine. Side effects of throat irritation, flushing, and headache were more frequent with histamine than methacholine, and were dose-related. The high level of reproducibility indicates the efficiency of the test procedure. The similar severity of effects by agents with different mechanisms of action suggests that the primary cause of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity lies at the level of bronchial smooth muscle.", "PMID": 746496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6791", "title": "Interpretation of increases in the transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (TLCO/VA or KCO).", "content": "During a 15-month period, 27 patients were seen in a routine clinical pulmonary function laboratory in whom the transfer coefficient (TLCO/VA or KCO), measured by the single breath technique, was increased. Pulmonary haemorrhage accounted for two-thirds of the cases; in them sequential measurements of KCO were able to monitor the onset and cessation of bleeding. In the remaining cases the cause of the increase in KCO remains uncertain. All patients had a reduction in vital capacity. Experiments in six normal subjects showed that KCO rose as the breath-holding lung volume was reduced, but that this was insufficient to account for the raised KCO in patients with reduced volumes. Partitioning of the two components of TLCO at different lung volumes in three normal subjects showed that an increase in pulmonary capillary blood volume per unit alveolar volume was chiefly responsible for the increase of KCO in normal subjects at lower lung volumes. The membrane diffusing capacity changed less than predicted per unit volume, suggesting that the thickness of the air-blood barrier remains fairly constant as the lung expands or contracts.", "contents": "Interpretation of increases in the transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (TLCO/VA or KCO). During a 15-month period, 27 patients were seen in a routine clinical pulmonary function laboratory in whom the transfer coefficient (TLCO/VA or KCO), measured by the single breath technique, was increased. Pulmonary haemorrhage accounted for two-thirds of the cases; in them sequential measurements of KCO were able to monitor the onset and cessation of bleeding. In the remaining cases the cause of the increase in KCO remains uncertain. All patients had a reduction in vital capacity. Experiments in six normal subjects showed that KCO rose as the breath-holding lung volume was reduced, but that this was insufficient to account for the raised KCO in patients with reduced volumes. Partitioning of the two components of TLCO at different lung volumes in three normal subjects showed that an increase in pulmonary capillary blood volume per unit alveolar volume was chiefly responsible for the increase of KCO in normal subjects at lower lung volumes. The membrane diffusing capacity changed less than predicted per unit volume, suggesting that the thickness of the air-blood barrier remains fairly constant as the lung expands or contracts.", "PMID": 746497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6792", "title": "Potassium studies in chronic obstructive airways disease.", "content": "Seventeen male patients with chronic obstructive airways disease in remission were separated into two groups according to arterial carbon dioxide tensions. Hypercapnia was associated significantly with hypoxia and increased red cell volume whereas normocapnia was not. Normocapnic patients were significantly lighter than those with hypercapnia. Total body potassium (TBK) measured by the whole body monitor was significantly low in two of the patients studied (P less than 0.005). The mean value for TBK for the normocapnic group as a whole was significantly low (P less than 0.005), but the mean value for the hypercapnic group was not. Serum potassium and erythrocyte potassium concentrations were normal even when TBK was low, and diuretics had no apparent influence on these potassium values. Of four patients (two in the series and two others) who had TBK measured after a recent episode of cor pulmonale, three had significantly low values. The only previous studies using a whole body monitor to measure TBK in chronic obstructive airways disease found no such low values, though other workers estimating exchangeable potassium by isotope dilution techniques had found evidence of gross potassium depletion. It is concluded that low TBK does indeed occur in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and that gross depletion is more likely to follow an episode of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Potassium studies in chronic obstructive airways disease. Seventeen male patients with chronic obstructive airways disease in remission were separated into two groups according to arterial carbon dioxide tensions. Hypercapnia was associated significantly with hypoxia and increased red cell volume whereas normocapnia was not. Normocapnic patients were significantly lighter than those with hypercapnia. Total body potassium (TBK) measured by the whole body monitor was significantly low in two of the patients studied (P less than 0.005). The mean value for TBK for the normocapnic group as a whole was significantly low (P less than 0.005), but the mean value for the hypercapnic group was not. Serum potassium and erythrocyte potassium concentrations were normal even when TBK was low, and diuretics had no apparent influence on these potassium values. Of four patients (two in the series and two others) who had TBK measured after a recent episode of cor pulmonale, three had significantly low values. The only previous studies using a whole body monitor to measure TBK in chronic obstructive airways disease found no such low values, though other workers estimating exchangeable potassium by isotope dilution techniques had found evidence of gross potassium depletion. It is concluded that low TBK does indeed occur in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and that gross depletion is more likely to follow an episode of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 746498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6793", "title": "Pulmonary artery pressure in thoracic scoliosis during and after exercise while breathing air and pure oxygen.", "content": "Pulmonary artery catheterisation was carried out in 25 scoliotics aged 13 to 67 years (mean 30.7). Each then performed a progressive exercise test breathing air, and 11 performed a similar test breathing pure oxygen. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) increased linearly with oxygen uptake (VO2) and with the work rate. The pressure responses have been described in terms of ther intercept and rate of rise of pressure (sPAP/VO2 and sPAP/work rate). sPAP/VO2 was unrelated to the anatomical features of the scoliosis, or to PaO2. It was inversely related to vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. Inspiration of pure oxygen lowered the resting pressure by a mean of 3.2 mmHg but only decreased sPAP/work rate by 9%. The maximum pressure reached during exercise was diminished by a mean of 5.2 mmHg when pure oxygen was breathed. The mean pressures were shown to fall exponentially after exercise. The time constants were proportional to sPAP/VO2 and to the final pressure reached during exercise. Inspiration of pure oxygen did not effect the time constants but decreased the post-exercise pressure load by lowering the final pressure during exercise.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery pressure in thoracic scoliosis during and after exercise while breathing air and pure oxygen. Pulmonary artery catheterisation was carried out in 25 scoliotics aged 13 to 67 years (mean 30.7). Each then performed a progressive exercise test breathing air, and 11 performed a similar test breathing pure oxygen. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) increased linearly with oxygen uptake (VO2) and with the work rate. The pressure responses have been described in terms of ther intercept and rate of rise of pressure (sPAP/VO2 and sPAP/work rate). sPAP/VO2 was unrelated to the anatomical features of the scoliosis, or to PaO2. It was inversely related to vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. Inspiration of pure oxygen lowered the resting pressure by a mean of 3.2 mmHg but only decreased sPAP/work rate by 9%. The maximum pressure reached during exercise was diminished by a mean of 5.2 mmHg when pure oxygen was breathed. The mean pressures were shown to fall exponentially after exercise. The time constants were proportional to sPAP/VO2 and to the final pressure reached during exercise. Inspiration of pure oxygen did not effect the time constants but decreased the post-exercise pressure load by lowering the final pressure during exercise.", "PMID": 746499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6794", "title": "The primary immune response of patients with different stages of squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Using the indirect ELISA technique, the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to the primary test immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) was studied in 30 patients with various clinical stages of primary squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma and compared with values obtained in 15 controls matched for sex, age, smoking habit, and presence of chronic bronchitis. Patients with disseminated disease (stage III) showed a significant decrease in IgG and IgA antibody response (P less than 0.001), but IgM antibodies were relatively high and not different from the controls. Although normal IgG and IgA antibody titres were found at the peak response two weeks after immunisation in patients with localised disease (stage I), these antibody titres showed a significantly more rapid decline after serial investigations at eight and 14 weeks after immunisation compared with the controls (P less than 0.001) despite total removal of the tumour burden at c four weeks after immunisation. In-vitro HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation was considerably decreased in state I patients (P less than 0.01) as well as in stage III patients (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that patients with squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma develop impaired T-cell function, which gives rise to a defective antibody response and in-vitro lymphocyte reactivity to the T-cell dependent primary immunogen HPH.", "contents": "The primary immune response of patients with different stages of squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma. Using the indirect ELISA technique, the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to the primary test immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) was studied in 30 patients with various clinical stages of primary squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma and compared with values obtained in 15 controls matched for sex, age, smoking habit, and presence of chronic bronchitis. Patients with disseminated disease (stage III) showed a significant decrease in IgG and IgA antibody response (P less than 0.001), but IgM antibodies were relatively high and not different from the controls. Although normal IgG and IgA antibody titres were found at the peak response two weeks after immunisation in patients with localised disease (stage I), these antibody titres showed a significantly more rapid decline after serial investigations at eight and 14 weeks after immunisation compared with the controls (P less than 0.001) despite total removal of the tumour burden at c four weeks after immunisation. In-vitro HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation was considerably decreased in state I patients (P less than 0.01) as well as in stage III patients (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that patients with squamous-cell bronchial carcinoma develop impaired T-cell function, which gives rise to a defective antibody response and in-vitro lymphocyte reactivity to the T-cell dependent primary immunogen HPH.", "PMID": 746500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6795", "title": "Deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy.", "content": "In a prospective study of 183 patients undergoing lateral thoracotomy the 125 I fibrinogen uptake test and perioperative heparin prophylaxis for deep-vein thrombosis were investigated. There was an incidence of deep vein thrombosis in 51% in untreated control patients. The heparin prophylaxis effectively reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis to 28% (P less than 0.005) without increasing postoperative blood loss. Unilateral thrombosis was found to be significantly more frequent in the leg opposite the side of the thoracotomy (P less than 0.005). The 125I fibrinogen test is essential in assessing methods of prophylaxis but is not recommended as a routine.", "contents": "Deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy. In a prospective study of 183 patients undergoing lateral thoracotomy the 125 I fibrinogen uptake test and perioperative heparin prophylaxis for deep-vein thrombosis were investigated. There was an incidence of deep vein thrombosis in 51% in untreated control patients. The heparin prophylaxis effectively reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis to 28% (P less than 0.005) without increasing postoperative blood loss. Unilateral thrombosis was found to be significantly more frequent in the leg opposite the side of the thoracotomy (P less than 0.005). The 125I fibrinogen test is essential in assessing methods of prophylaxis but is not recommended as a routine.", "PMID": 746501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6796", "title": "Pulmonary function in coal workers with Caplan's syndrome and non-rheumatoid complicated pneumosoniosis.", "content": "This retrospective study compares the pulmonary function of 24 coal workers with Caplan's syndrome with that of 36 subjects with non-rheumatoid progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Allowing for differences in radiographical category, age, years worked underground, and smoking, obstruction to air flow as reflected in the one-second forced expiratory volume, the vital capacity, and the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, was significantly less in subjects with Caplan's syndrome. No significant differences in transfer factor were found. These findings may be explained by the different pathological features of the two entities. Selection bias does not appear to be responsible for the differences observed between the groups, but studies designed to eliminate this would be desirable.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in coal workers with Caplan's syndrome and non-rheumatoid complicated pneumosoniosis. This retrospective study compares the pulmonary function of 24 coal workers with Caplan's syndrome with that of 36 subjects with non-rheumatoid progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Allowing for differences in radiographical category, age, years worked underground, and smoking, obstruction to air flow as reflected in the one-second forced expiratory volume, the vital capacity, and the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, was significantly less in subjects with Caplan's syndrome. No significant differences in transfer factor were found. These findings may be explained by the different pathological features of the two entities. Selection bias does not appear to be responsible for the differences observed between the groups, but studies designed to eliminate this would be desirable.", "PMID": 746502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6797", "title": "Respiratory function measurements in a cohort of medical students: a ten-year follow-up.", "content": "A cohort of medical students first seen in 1962 has now been examined for a third time. The prevalence of symptoms of cough, phlegm, and breathlessness among them has remained low, and smoking habits have been light in comparison with those of the general population. Results of the three successive sets of measurements of lung function indicate that, in general, optimum values were reached in the early 20s, with little further change up to age 29. There was some evidence of reduced ventilatory capacity in subjects with histories of acute chest illnesses.", "contents": "Respiratory function measurements in a cohort of medical students: a ten-year follow-up. A cohort of medical students first seen in 1962 has now been examined for a third time. The prevalence of symptoms of cough, phlegm, and breathlessness among them has remained low, and smoking habits have been light in comparison with those of the general population. Results of the three successive sets of measurements of lung function indicate that, in general, optimum values were reached in the early 20s, with little further change up to age 29. There was some evidence of reduced ventilatory capacity in subjects with histories of acute chest illnesses.", "PMID": 746504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6798", "title": "The applicability of the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) to clinicopathological correlation studies.", "content": "We studied at necropsy the bronchi of 49 subjects whose lung function has been measured during life. In each case the glands were examined in three bronchi by measuring the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) and by point-counting. The results of the two methods were compared: the data of the gland/wall ratio were normally distributed while those of the volume density established by point-counting were not. Gland/wall ratio and volume density of glands correlated moderately (RSp = 0.524). The function between them was not linear, in contrast with that between gland/wall ratio and gland thickness. The stereological background of these functions is discussed. In 34 subjects without restrictive lung disease FEV1 correlated inversely with the volume density of glands (RSp = -0.396), but not with the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index)(RSp = -0.243). This discrepancy probably results from the different distribution of the data obtained by the two methods and from the non-linear function between them. These findings indicate that the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) is less applicable to clinicopathological correlations than the volume density of glands established by point-counting.", "contents": "The applicability of the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) to clinicopathological correlation studies. We studied at necropsy the bronchi of 49 subjects whose lung function has been measured during life. In each case the glands were examined in three bronchi by measuring the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) and by point-counting. The results of the two methods were compared: the data of the gland/wall ratio were normally distributed while those of the volume density established by point-counting were not. Gland/wall ratio and volume density of glands correlated moderately (RSp = 0.524). The function between them was not linear, in contrast with that between gland/wall ratio and gland thickness. The stereological background of these functions is discussed. In 34 subjects without restrictive lung disease FEV1 correlated inversely with the volume density of glands (RSp = -0.396), but not with the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index)(RSp = -0.243). This discrepancy probably results from the different distribution of the data obtained by the two methods and from the non-linear function between them. These findings indicate that the gland/wall ratio (Reid-Index) is less applicable to clinicopathological correlations than the volume density of glands established by point-counting.", "PMID": 746505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6799", "title": "Lung volumes and distensibility, and maximum respiratory pressures in thyroid disease before and after treatment.", "content": "Lung volumes, static pressure volume curves of the lung, and maximum respiratory pressures were measured in six patients with thyrotoxicosis and three with myxoedema before and after treatment. After treatment three of the thyrotoxic patients had increases in vital capacity of the same order as previously reported, but in contrast to previous reports, the lung volume changes were not associated with, nor due to, concomitant changes in respiratory muscle performance. Static pulmonary compliance increased in four of the six patients. The initial findings were more in keeping with the presence of pulmonary congestion. Only one of the myxoedematous patients had any significant increase in vital capacity after treatment, and in her case this was clearly attributable to increased inspiratory muscle force.", "contents": "Lung volumes and distensibility, and maximum respiratory pressures in thyroid disease before and after treatment. Lung volumes, static pressure volume curves of the lung, and maximum respiratory pressures were measured in six patients with thyrotoxicosis and three with myxoedema before and after treatment. After treatment three of the thyrotoxic patients had increases in vital capacity of the same order as previously reported, but in contrast to previous reports, the lung volume changes were not associated with, nor due to, concomitant changes in respiratory muscle performance. Static pulmonary compliance increased in four of the six patients. The initial findings were more in keeping with the presence of pulmonary congestion. Only one of the myxoedematous patients had any significant increase in vital capacity after treatment, and in her case this was clearly attributable to increased inspiratory muscle force.", "PMID": 746506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6800", "title": "Late presentation of primary pulmonary lymphangiectasis.", "content": "Pulmonary lymphangiectasis can occur either as a primary change or secondary to chronic congestion. Primary lymphangiectasis is generally considered to occur exclusively in young children. This report describes three male patients, aged 13, 16, and 19 years, in whom the changes are limited to one lobe or to two lobes and the mediastinum. So far as could be ascertained these patients are the oldest reported. Lymphangiectasis should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of \"pulmonary cysts\" in children and young adults.", "contents": "Late presentation of primary pulmonary lymphangiectasis. Pulmonary lymphangiectasis can occur either as a primary change or secondary to chronic congestion. Primary lymphangiectasis is generally considered to occur exclusively in young children. This report describes three male patients, aged 13, 16, and 19 years, in whom the changes are limited to one lobe or to two lobes and the mediastinum. So far as could be ascertained these patients are the oldest reported. Lymphangiectasis should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of \"pulmonary cysts\" in children and young adults.", "PMID": 746507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6801", "title": "An unusual mucous cyst of the lung.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman presented with a multilocular mucous cyst of the lung. At operation numerous seedling cysts were present on the parietal pleura, and the appearances strongly resembled those found in pseudomucinous cystadenoma of the ovary. The histological features suggested that the lesion was an unusual benign mucous cyst of the bronchus. After lobectomy and removal of pleural masses the patient has remained free from recurrence for five years.", "contents": "An unusual mucous cyst of the lung. A 68-year-old woman presented with a multilocular mucous cyst of the lung. At operation numerous seedling cysts were present on the parietal pleura, and the appearances strongly resembled those found in pseudomucinous cystadenoma of the ovary. The histological features suggested that the lesion was an unusual benign mucous cyst of the bronchus. After lobectomy and removal of pleural masses the patient has remained free from recurrence for five years.", "PMID": 746508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6802", "title": "Mediastinal thoracic duct cyst.", "content": "A case of mediastinal thoracic duct cyst is described; it is believed to be the first to be reported in Britain. Five surgically treated cases have been reported but in none was the diagnosis made before operation. Symptoms are caused by pressure of the cyst on the trachea and oesophagus and my be aggravted by eating a fatty meal. Differential diagnosis from other mediastinal tumours, especially bronchogenic cyst and neurofibroma, could perhaps be established before operation by lymphangiography.", "contents": "Mediastinal thoracic duct cyst. A case of mediastinal thoracic duct cyst is described; it is believed to be the first to be reported in Britain. Five surgically treated cases have been reported but in none was the diagnosis made before operation. Symptoms are caused by pressure of the cyst on the trachea and oesophagus and my be aggravted by eating a fatty meal. Differential diagnosis from other mediastinal tumours, especially bronchogenic cyst and neurofibroma, could perhaps be established before operation by lymphangiography.", "PMID": 746509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6803", "title": "Diagnosis of a thoracic inlet tumour by transbronchial biopsy.", "content": "A 67-year-old man presented to the pulmonary service with left shoulder and arm pain. Examination disclosed a left Horner's syndrome. Supraclavicular exploration at another hospital was not helpful. Transbronchial biopsy through a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope retrieved tissues showing poorly differentiated carcinoma. There are no previous reports of the use of the technique in the diagnosis of a Pancoast tumour with a normal standard chest radiograph.", "contents": "Diagnosis of a thoracic inlet tumour by transbronchial biopsy. A 67-year-old man presented to the pulmonary service with left shoulder and arm pain. Examination disclosed a left Horner's syndrome. Supraclavicular exploration at another hospital was not helpful. Transbronchial biopsy through a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope retrieved tissues showing poorly differentiated carcinoma. There are no previous reports of the use of the technique in the diagnosis of a Pancoast tumour with a normal standard chest radiograph.", "PMID": 746510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6804", "title": "HLA antigens in two Iranian populations: the Armenians and the Jews.", "content": "The distribution of HLA phenotype, genotype and haplotype frequencies was studied in two Iranian populations, the Armenians and the Jews. Although the frequencies of most antigens in the Armenians have approximately the average Jewish values, haplotype frequencies are quite different between the two populations. The frequencies of antigens in Iranian Jews are more similar to those in the Mazandaranies, a group of non-Jewish Iranians, than to the Jewish populations from Yemen and Cochin, India.", "contents": "HLA antigens in two Iranian populations: the Armenians and the Jews. The distribution of HLA phenotype, genotype and haplotype frequencies was studied in two Iranian populations, the Armenians and the Jews. Although the frequencies of most antigens in the Armenians have approximately the average Jewish values, haplotype frequencies are quite different between the two populations. The frequencies of antigens in Iranian Jews are more similar to those in the Mazandaranies, a group of non-Jewish Iranians, than to the Jewish populations from Yemen and Cochin, India.", "PMID": 746530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6805", "title": "Application of a computer program for the mapping of a gene locus to the disputed PGM3 localization on human chromosome 6.", "content": "The program GENEMAP, which performs the computations of a model for the mapping of a gene locus (Baur & Spitzer 1978), is applied to the localization of the phosphoglucomutase 3 with family data as published by Lamm et al. (1972), Rittner & Kalbheim (1975), Albert et al. (1977) and K\u00f6mpf et al. (1977). On the basis of Lamm's recombination fractions the combined odds were 13 : 1 in favor of an orientation of PGM3 to the HLA--B-side.", "contents": "Application of a computer program for the mapping of a gene locus to the disputed PGM3 localization on human chromosome 6. The program GENEMAP, which performs the computations of a model for the mapping of a gene locus (Baur & Spitzer 1978), is applied to the localization of the phosphoglucomutase 3 with family data as published by Lamm et al. (1972), Rittner & Kalbheim (1975), Albert et al. (1977) and K\u00f6mpf et al. (1977). On the basis of Lamm's recombination fractions the combined odds were 13 : 1 in favor of an orientation of PGM3 to the HLA--B-side.", "PMID": 746531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6806", "title": "Morphological studies on the mantle of the fresh-water mussel Amblema (Unionidae): scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope has been used to describe the surface morphology of the mantle in mantle-shell preparations from the fresh-water mussel Amblema. In some regions (adductor muscle insertions), the mantle is firmly attached to the shell. In other areas (along the main course of the mantle), transient adhesions between the outer mantle epithelial cells and the nacre appear to temporally further compartmentalize the extrapallial fluid possibly as a prerequisite for the initial crystallization phenomenon. At the mantle edge, as well as at the isthmus, the periostracum was seen to extrude from the periostracal groove. At the siphonal edge, peculiar finger-like processes were identified; these may represent primitive photoreceptors. The epithelial cells of the outer mantle epithelium are all microvillated whereas those of the inner mantle epithelium are both microvillated and ciliated. Specific differences in surface morphology are described for various regions of the outer mantle epithelium. These may be related to precise regionalized functional differences of this tissue. Several functions of the mantle, in addition to shell formation, and based on its various morphologies, are also discussed.", "contents": "Morphological studies on the mantle of the fresh-water mussel Amblema (Unionidae): scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscope has been used to describe the surface morphology of the mantle in mantle-shell preparations from the fresh-water mussel Amblema. In some regions (adductor muscle insertions), the mantle is firmly attached to the shell. In other areas (along the main course of the mantle), transient adhesions between the outer mantle epithelial cells and the nacre appear to temporally further compartmentalize the extrapallial fluid possibly as a prerequisite for the initial crystallization phenomenon. At the mantle edge, as well as at the isthmus, the periostracum was seen to extrude from the periostracal groove. At the siphonal edge, peculiar finger-like processes were identified; these may represent primitive photoreceptors. The epithelial cells of the outer mantle epithelium are all microvillated whereas those of the inner mantle epithelium are both microvillated and ciliated. Specific differences in surface morphology are described for various regions of the outer mantle epithelium. These may be related to precise regionalized functional differences of this tissue. Several functions of the mantle, in addition to shell formation, and based on its various morphologies, are also discussed.", "PMID": 746537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6807", "title": "The epitheliomuscular cell of hydra: its fine structure, three-dimensional architecture and relation to morphogenesis.", "content": "Ectodermal epitheliomuscular cells of Hydra attenuata were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and a three-dimensional model was constructed. These cells are cuboidal to columnar, and each cell has one muscle process arising from the basal portion of the oral-facing surface and one from the aboralsurface. Adjacent epitheliomuscular cells are joined apicolaterally by septate junctions. Numerous gap junctions occur between adjacent epitheliomuscular cells and are irregularly distributed along the lateral and basal aspects. Finger-like interdigitations and specialized folds (couplers) also occur along the basal and lateral aspects and interlock adjacent epitheliomuscular cells. In the basal portion of these cells, myofilaments are aggregated into myonemes which are oriented in the oral-aboral axis of the polyp. Myonemes dominate the cytoplasm of muscle processes. Myofilaments are also aggregated in the basal cytoplasm of the cell body when the cell body is in contact with the mesoglea but are sparse or absent when the cell body rests upon other muscle processes. Epitheliomuscular cells and associated muscle processes rest upon other processes and the mesoglea and show variations in these relations. A muscle process and associated cell may rest upon another process; the process may then extend under the preceding process and cell body. This configuration, and variations, present a woven or braided network of muscle processes which collectively form a sheet of muscle on the mesoglea. The interdigitations, couplers and gap junctions between epitheliomuscular cells and the woven network of muscle processes present a cytological basis for the observations that the ectoderm in hydra behaves as a coherent sheet along the body column.", "contents": "The epitheliomuscular cell of hydra: its fine structure, three-dimensional architecture and relation to morphogenesis. Ectodermal epitheliomuscular cells of Hydra attenuata were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and a three-dimensional model was constructed. These cells are cuboidal to columnar, and each cell has one muscle process arising from the basal portion of the oral-facing surface and one from the aboralsurface. Adjacent epitheliomuscular cells are joined apicolaterally by septate junctions. Numerous gap junctions occur between adjacent epitheliomuscular cells and are irregularly distributed along the lateral and basal aspects. Finger-like interdigitations and specialized folds (couplers) also occur along the basal and lateral aspects and interlock adjacent epitheliomuscular cells. In the basal portion of these cells, myofilaments are aggregated into myonemes which are oriented in the oral-aboral axis of the polyp. Myonemes dominate the cytoplasm of muscle processes. Myofilaments are also aggregated in the basal cytoplasm of the cell body when the cell body is in contact with the mesoglea but are sparse or absent when the cell body rests upon other muscle processes. Epitheliomuscular cells and associated muscle processes rest upon other processes and the mesoglea and show variations in these relations. A muscle process and associated cell may rest upon another process; the process may then extend under the preceding process and cell body. This configuration, and variations, present a woven or braided network of muscle processes which collectively form a sheet of muscle on the mesoglea. The interdigitations, couplers and gap junctions between epitheliomuscular cells and the woven network of muscle processes present a cytological basis for the observations that the ectoderm in hydra behaves as a coherent sheet along the body column.", "PMID": 746538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6808", "title": "The trichurid egg-shell: evidence in support of the Bouligand hypothesis of helicoidal architecture.", "content": "Electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze etch replicas of the eggs of the nematodes Trichuris suis and T. muris is used to provide evidence in support of the Bouligand hypothesis of helicoidal architecture. The evidence presented is as follows: 1. The specific objections to the Bouligand model raised by Dennell (1974) and Dalingwater (1975b) are answered by reference to a pyramid of helicoidal tissue in which the corners are blunt. 2. Sections cut normal to the plane of the laminae do not show parabolic patterning. Parabolae appear if the section is tilted--their direction depending upon the direction of tilting. 3. Freeze etching allows the direct visualization of helicoidal architecture. Fibres are parallel within any one lamina but the fibre direction rotates by an angle of 9 degrees in successive laminae. Parabolic arcs are made up of short lengths of straight fibres--curved fibres were not observed. Planes of sectioning producing single and double spiral artifacts are described and the formation of these artifacts discussed. The sense of rotation of the helicoid is shown to be asymmetrical about any mid-plane through the egg.", "contents": "The trichurid egg-shell: evidence in support of the Bouligand hypothesis of helicoidal architecture. Electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze etch replicas of the eggs of the nematodes Trichuris suis and T. muris is used to provide evidence in support of the Bouligand hypothesis of helicoidal architecture. The evidence presented is as follows: 1. The specific objections to the Bouligand model raised by Dennell (1974) and Dalingwater (1975b) are answered by reference to a pyramid of helicoidal tissue in which the corners are blunt. 2. Sections cut normal to the plane of the laminae do not show parabolic patterning. Parabolae appear if the section is tilted--their direction depending upon the direction of tilting. 3. Freeze etching allows the direct visualization of helicoidal architecture. Fibres are parallel within any one lamina but the fibre direction rotates by an angle of 9 degrees in successive laminae. Parabolic arcs are made up of short lengths of straight fibres--curved fibres were not observed. Planes of sectioning producing single and double spiral artifacts are described and the formation of these artifacts discussed. The sense of rotation of the helicoid is shown to be asymmetrical about any mid-plane through the egg.", "PMID": 746539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6809", "title": "Modified pore canals in the cuticle of Gammarus (Crustacea : Amphipoda); a study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A novel type of pore canal is described from the cuticle of three species of Gammarus. Each canal passes from the epidermis vertically through the endocuticle and exocuticle, and in the most distal layers of the latter is slightly expanded. Before entering the epicuticle the canal narrows, forming a neck the base of which is encircled by an electron-dense collar. Several tubular structures arise from the collar and pass distally into the reticular innermost regions of the epicuticle. Within the neck and just below its opening at the cuticle surface, a rod-like structure is inserted; this protrudes a short distance from the pore. Each pore canal is connected to many necks; the openings of the latter are aligned in rows over the surface, the openings and rows being about 0.15 and 1.0 micron apart, respectively. Changes in the pore and canal contents are visible and their significance is discussed.", "contents": "Modified pore canals in the cuticle of Gammarus (Crustacea : Amphipoda); a study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A novel type of pore canal is described from the cuticle of three species of Gammarus. Each canal passes from the epidermis vertically through the endocuticle and exocuticle, and in the most distal layers of the latter is slightly expanded. Before entering the epicuticle the canal narrows, forming a neck the base of which is encircled by an electron-dense collar. Several tubular structures arise from the collar and pass distally into the reticular innermost regions of the epicuticle. Within the neck and just below its opening at the cuticle surface, a rod-like structure is inserted; this protrudes a short distance from the pore. Each pore canal is connected to many necks; the openings of the latter are aligned in rows over the surface, the openings and rows being about 0.15 and 1.0 micron apart, respectively. Changes in the pore and canal contents are visible and their significance is discussed.", "PMID": 746540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6810", "title": "The fibrous structure of coelacanth scales: a twisted 'plywood'.", "content": "Isopedin is a network of collagen bundles present in the scales of most fishes. The scales of coelacanths show a remarkable three-dimensional arrangement of this network which is similar to a regularly twisted plywood. The successive fibrous layers cross at an angle which differs slightly from a right angle. It results that the whole system is twisted. The progressive rotation of the fibril direction is right-handed. Certain preferential orientations of fibrils have been observed, namely parallel to the growth rings. Such arrangments also exist in the embryonic cornea of birds and in the cuticle of certain insects, but do not present such an extensive and regular development.", "contents": "The fibrous structure of coelacanth scales: a twisted 'plywood'. Isopedin is a network of collagen bundles present in the scales of most fishes. The scales of coelacanths show a remarkable three-dimensional arrangement of this network which is similar to a regularly twisted plywood. The successive fibrous layers cross at an angle which differs slightly from a right angle. It results that the whole system is twisted. The progressive rotation of the fibril direction is right-handed. Certain preferential orientations of fibrils have been observed, namely parallel to the growth rings. Such arrangments also exist in the embryonic cornea of birds and in the cuticle of certain insects, but do not present such an extensive and regular development.", "PMID": 746541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6811", "title": "Fine structure of axons associated with the salivary apparatus of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that the neurotransmitter at the salivary gland of the cockroach is probably dopamine. An ultrastructural study of the innervation of these glands was made. It was concluded that there are two types of axon present designated type A and type B. Type A axons possess small agranular eliptical vesicles and large granular vesicles, whereas type B possess only large granular vesicles of larger diameter than those found in type A. The relationship of these types of axon to the cells of the acini is discussed. It is concluded that type A axons are catecholaminergic.", "contents": "Fine structure of axons associated with the salivary apparatus of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Previous studies have shown that the neurotransmitter at the salivary gland of the cockroach is probably dopamine. An ultrastructural study of the innervation of these glands was made. It was concluded that there are two types of axon present designated type A and type B. Type A axons possess small agranular eliptical vesicles and large granular vesicles, whereas type B possess only large granular vesicles of larger diameter than those found in type A. The relationship of these types of axon to the cells of the acini is discussed. It is concluded that type A axons are catecholaminergic.", "PMID": 746542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6812", "title": "The pituitary cleft of the rat: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The epithelium of the pituitary cleft and its colloid have been studied at the ultrastructural level in normal, adrenalectomized, castrated, dehydrated and lactating adult rats. Both control and experimental animals showed cells in different stages of degradation inside the cleft and mixed with the colloid. These exfoliated cells seems to have originated from the cleft's epithelium of the adjacent granular cells. In adrenalectomized and castrated rats the rostral epithelium of the cleft had large intercellular spaces that in some instances appeared to open directly into the cleft. Occasionally, the adenohypophysial canaliculi of the adrenalectomized rats were also seen connecting with the cleft. In lactating and castrated animals dark cells appeared more frequently in the rostral and caudal epithelium of the cleft. The results obtained suggest that the colloids is originated at least in part by involuted pituitary cells. There is also evidence that the follicular cavities of the Pars distalis and the cleft are continuous structures.", "contents": "The pituitary cleft of the rat: an electron microscopic study. The epithelium of the pituitary cleft and its colloid have been studied at the ultrastructural level in normal, adrenalectomized, castrated, dehydrated and lactating adult rats. Both control and experimental animals showed cells in different stages of degradation inside the cleft and mixed with the colloid. These exfoliated cells seems to have originated from the cleft's epithelium of the adjacent granular cells. In adrenalectomized and castrated rats the rostral epithelium of the cleft had large intercellular spaces that in some instances appeared to open directly into the cleft. Occasionally, the adenohypophysial canaliculi of the adrenalectomized rats were also seen connecting with the cleft. In lactating and castrated animals dark cells appeared more frequently in the rostral and caudal epithelium of the cleft. The results obtained suggest that the colloids is originated at least in part by involuted pituitary cells. There is also evidence that the follicular cavities of the Pars distalis and the cleft are continuous structures.", "PMID": 746543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6813", "title": "Fine structure of the myotendinous junction of lathyritic rat muscle with special reference to connectin, a muscle elastic protein.", "content": "The fine structure of the myotendinous junction of the skeletal muscle of lathyritic rats caused by beta-aminopropionitrile was investigated. In the junction there are finger-like processes of muscle fibers, in which thin filaments were extended from the last Z lines of myofibrils and attached to the sarcolemma of the processes. By the heavy meromyosin decoration technique, these thin filaments were identified as actin filaments. In the lathyritic muscle, the thin filaments were markedly fewer in number and distributed sparsely in the sarcoplasm. The content of connectin, an elastic protein, which is localized in myofibrils and also in sarcolemma was significantly decreased in the lathyritic muscle. A possible relationship between the changes in the fine structure of the myotendinous junction and in the connectin contents is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the myotendinous junction of lathyritic rat muscle with special reference to connectin, a muscle elastic protein. The fine structure of the myotendinous junction of the skeletal muscle of lathyritic rats caused by beta-aminopropionitrile was investigated. In the junction there are finger-like processes of muscle fibers, in which thin filaments were extended from the last Z lines of myofibrils and attached to the sarcolemma of the processes. By the heavy meromyosin decoration technique, these thin filaments were identified as actin filaments. In the lathyritic muscle, the thin filaments were markedly fewer in number and distributed sparsely in the sarcoplasm. The content of connectin, an elastic protein, which is localized in myofibrils and also in sarcolemma was significantly decreased in the lathyritic muscle. A possible relationship between the changes in the fine structure of the myotendinous junction and in the connectin contents is discussed.", "PMID": 746544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6814", "title": "Comparative stereology of the mouse and finch left ventricle.", "content": "The volume fractions and surface per unit cell volume of some subcellular components of the left ventricles of the finch and mouse were quantitated by stereologic techniques. These species were chosen for study because they have similar heart rates but differ morphologically in some respects: fiber diameter is larger in the mouse; the mouse has transverse tubules while the finch does not; and the finch has a form of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR), extended JSR (EJSR), located in the cell interior with no direct plasmalemmal contact, while the mouse interior JSR (IJSR) abuts on transverse tubules. Our data show that the volume fraction (Vv) and surface area per unit cell volume (Sv) of total SR, and free SR (FSR) are similar. The volume fractions of mitochondria, myofibrils, and total junctional SR were also similar. The Sv of the cell surface of the finch was similar to the Sv of the cell surface of the mouse (Sv-plasmalemma plus Sv of the transverse tubules). The principal difference was in the distribution of JSR; the mouse peripheral JSR (PJSR) represents only 9% of the total JSR, while the finch PJSR accounts for 24% of the bird's JSR. The similar volume fractions of total junctional SR (PJSR + EJSR in the finch; PJSR + IJSR in the mouse) suggest that the EJSR is not an embryologic remnant, and raises the possibility that some function of JSR is independent of plasmalemmal contact.", "contents": "Comparative stereology of the mouse and finch left ventricle. The volume fractions and surface per unit cell volume of some subcellular components of the left ventricles of the finch and mouse were quantitated by stereologic techniques. These species were chosen for study because they have similar heart rates but differ morphologically in some respects: fiber diameter is larger in the mouse; the mouse has transverse tubules while the finch does not; and the finch has a form of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR), extended JSR (EJSR), located in the cell interior with no direct plasmalemmal contact, while the mouse interior JSR (IJSR) abuts on transverse tubules. Our data show that the volume fraction (Vv) and surface area per unit cell volume (Sv) of total SR, and free SR (FSR) are similar. The volume fractions of mitochondria, myofibrils, and total junctional SR were also similar. The Sv of the cell surface of the finch was similar to the Sv of the cell surface of the mouse (Sv-plasmalemma plus Sv of the transverse tubules). The principal difference was in the distribution of JSR; the mouse peripheral JSR (PJSR) represents only 9% of the total JSR, while the finch PJSR accounts for 24% of the bird's JSR. The similar volume fractions of total junctional SR (PJSR + EJSR in the finch; PJSR + IJSR in the mouse) suggest that the EJSR is not an embryologic remnant, and raises the possibility that some function of JSR is independent of plasmalemmal contact.", "PMID": 746545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6815", "title": "Layered membranes: a diffusion barrier to gases in teleostean swimbladders.", "content": "Flattened cells are dispersed in an overlapping fashion within the submucosa of closed (physoclistous) swimbladders. Within the cells are located round platelets best seen by phase or interference type microscopy. At the electron microscope level the platelets are revealed as repeated, numerous layers of membranous discs. Each disc is a bilayer with an enlarged rim. The bilayer is strongly and preferentially reactive to osmium tetroxide. Swimbladder walls are known to be highly resistant to passage of gases. The randomly disposed platelets with the highly ordered layering of membranes may provide that physical resistance to gas movement.", "contents": "Layered membranes: a diffusion barrier to gases in teleostean swimbladders. Flattened cells are dispersed in an overlapping fashion within the submucosa of closed (physoclistous) swimbladders. Within the cells are located round platelets best seen by phase or interference type microscopy. At the electron microscope level the platelets are revealed as repeated, numerous layers of membranous discs. Each disc is a bilayer with an enlarged rim. The bilayer is strongly and preferentially reactive to osmium tetroxide. Swimbladder walls are known to be highly resistant to passage of gases. The randomly disposed platelets with the highly ordered layering of membranes may provide that physical resistance to gas movement.", "PMID": 746546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6816", "title": "The successful use of work oxen in agricultural development of tsetse infested land in Ethiopia.", "content": "For the past five years a herd of work oxen, now numbering some 450 individuals, has been maintained under the protection of trypanocidal drugs on a settlement scheme in an area of western Ethiopia infested with tsetse. This paper describes the environmental conditions and the epizootiology of trypanosomiasis in the oxen and in the vector, Glossina morsitans. It is concluded that with the strategic use of drugs, oxen can be kept alive and perform useful agricultural work, in areas of high tsetse challenge, provided reasonable standards of veterinary supervision and management are maintained.", "contents": "The successful use of work oxen in agricultural development of tsetse infested land in Ethiopia. For the past five years a herd of work oxen, now numbering some 450 individuals, has been maintained under the protection of trypanocidal drugs on a settlement scheme in an area of western Ethiopia infested with tsetse. This paper describes the environmental conditions and the epizootiology of trypanosomiasis in the oxen and in the vector, Glossina morsitans. It is concluded that with the strategic use of drugs, oxen can be kept alive and perform useful agricultural work, in areas of high tsetse challenge, provided reasonable standards of veterinary supervision and management are maintained.", "PMID": 746583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6817", "title": "A new outbreak of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) in Lesotho and the measures taken to control it.", "content": "Psoroptic mange in sheep was reintroduced to Lesotho in 1975. The course of the disease outbreak, the problems encountered in attempting to limit its spread and the eventual introduction of a simultaneous dipping policy backed by legislation are described.", "contents": "A new outbreak of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) in Lesotho and the measures taken to control it. Psoroptic mange in sheep was reintroduced to Lesotho in 1975. The course of the disease outbreak, the problems encountered in attempting to limit its spread and the eventual introduction of a simultaneous dipping policy backed by legislation are described.", "PMID": 746586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6818", "title": "Salmonellae from dogs in Vom, Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Examination by culture of single faecal samples from 120 domestic dogs in the Vom area of Nigeria showed 22 (18 per cent) of the animals to be excreting Salmonella organisms. One of the dogs yielded two and another three different serotypes. The total number of Salmonella serotypes isolated in the survey was 21. Dogs may be important in Nigeria as agents for the transmission of salmonellosis to man and domestic livestock.", "contents": "Salmonellae from dogs in Vom, Northern Nigeria. Examination by culture of single faecal samples from 120 domestic dogs in the Vom area of Nigeria showed 22 (18 per cent) of the animals to be excreting Salmonella organisms. One of the dogs yielded two and another three different serotypes. The total number of Salmonella serotypes isolated in the survey was 21. Dogs may be important in Nigeria as agents for the transmission of salmonellosis to man and domestic livestock.", "PMID": 746587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6819", "title": "Treatment of the repeat breeder cow syndrome in Kenya.", "content": "One hundred repeat breeder dairy cows have been studied in detail. Although clinically 60 per cent of them were normal bacteria were isolated from the uteri of the majority (90 per cent). Thirty per cent of these isolates were mixed. Intra-uterine infusion of the uteri with diluted Lugol's Iodine solution, supplemented in a few cases by antibiotic therapy, resulted in a 62 per cent conception rate compared with 26 per cent in the control group. It is concluded that dilute Lugol's Iodine is a useful treatment for repeat breeder cows under conditions similar to those described.", "contents": "Treatment of the repeat breeder cow syndrome in Kenya. One hundred repeat breeder dairy cows have been studied in detail. Although clinically 60 per cent of them were normal bacteria were isolated from the uteri of the majority (90 per cent). Thirty per cent of these isolates were mixed. Intra-uterine infusion of the uteri with diluted Lugol's Iodine solution, supplemented in a few cases by antibiotic therapy, resulted in a 62 per cent conception rate compared with 26 per cent in the control group. It is concluded that dilute Lugol's Iodine is a useful treatment for repeat breeder cows under conditions similar to those described.", "PMID": 746589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6820", "title": "ORF in sheep and goats in Nigeria.", "content": "Orf virus was demonstrated in biopsy material taken from lambs during an outbreak of the disease on the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm. Clinical cases were also seen in goats. The confirmation of orf in Nigeria is discussed in relation to peste des petits ruminants, an important virus disease of small ruminants in West African countries.", "contents": "ORF in sheep and goats in Nigeria. Orf virus was demonstrated in biopsy material taken from lambs during an outbreak of the disease on the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm. Clinical cases were also seen in goats. The confirmation of orf in Nigeria is discussed in relation to peste des petits ruminants, an important virus disease of small ruminants in West African countries.", "PMID": 746590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6821", "title": "Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala for growing bull calves.", "content": "Twelve cross-bred (Holstein X Gir) bull calves (11-12 months of age) were divided into two groups and fed over a 90 day period on two levels of leucaena. Animals in Group I were offered leucaena ad lib. whilst those in Group 2 received a restricted amount of leucaena plus a mixture of sorghum straw and molasses (75:25) fed ad lib. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre for leucaena are presented. The live weight gain was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in animals fed leucaena ad lib. than in those fed a restricted amount of the forage. The animals did not show any symptoms of toxicity during the experimental period.", "contents": "Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala for growing bull calves. Twelve cross-bred (Holstein X Gir) bull calves (11-12 months of age) were divided into two groups and fed over a 90 day period on two levels of leucaena. Animals in Group I were offered leucaena ad lib. whilst those in Group 2 received a restricted amount of leucaena plus a mixture of sorghum straw and molasses (75:25) fed ad lib. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre for leucaena are presented. The live weight gain was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in animals fed leucaena ad lib. than in those fed a restricted amount of the forage. The animals did not show any symptoms of toxicity during the experimental period.", "PMID": 746592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6822", "title": "Liveweight performance of crossbred and Zebu cattle grazing on native or Rhodes grass pastures.", "content": "Two experiments are described involving 33 crossbred (mainly Simmental and Jersey X Zebu) and 33 Zebu (Horro and Boran) bulls and steers. In experiment I, growth rates of crossbred and Zebu cattle rotationally grazed on either native pasture or Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) were compared during a 140 day grazing period at a stocking rate of 2.4 animals/ha. In experiment II, growth rate of cattle rotationally grazed for 140 days on native pasture was compared with that of a similar group grazed on Rhodes grass either rotationally or continuously at a stocking rate of seven animals/ha. On native pasture the average daily gain by Zebu animals was similar to that of the crossbreds whilst on Rhodes grass liveweight gain of Zebu animals was lower than that of the crossbreds. Daily gains of cattle were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater on continuous compared with rotationally grazed Rhodes grass.", "contents": "Liveweight performance of crossbred and Zebu cattle grazing on native or Rhodes grass pastures. Two experiments are described involving 33 crossbred (mainly Simmental and Jersey X Zebu) and 33 Zebu (Horro and Boran) bulls and steers. In experiment I, growth rates of crossbred and Zebu cattle rotationally grazed on either native pasture or Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) were compared during a 140 day grazing period at a stocking rate of 2.4 animals/ha. In experiment II, growth rate of cattle rotationally grazed for 140 days on native pasture was compared with that of a similar group grazed on Rhodes grass either rotationally or continuously at a stocking rate of seven animals/ha. On native pasture the average daily gain by Zebu animals was similar to that of the crossbreds whilst on Rhodes grass liveweight gain of Zebu animals was lower than that of the crossbreds. Daily gains of cattle were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater on continuous compared with rotationally grazed Rhodes grass.", "PMID": 746593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6823", "title": "Descriptive epidemiology of cancer of the larynx in the province of Torino, Italy.", "content": "Age-standardized incidence rates of cancer of the larynx in men from 1965-1969 were 14.7/100,000/year in the city of Torino and 8.4 in the non-metropolitan area of the province. These rates are among the highest in Europe. The geographical distribution of cancer of the larynx has been investigated in the non-metropolitan area considering two geographical entities, i.e., the 291 towns and the 12 ecological zones/subzones of the area. The incidence of cancer of the larynx in men was unrelated to the population of towns in 1961, whereas it was positively correlated to indexes of general industrialization as well as to those related to industrialization in the mechanical processes. Tobacco and alcohol consumption have not been taken into account. In order to validate the methodology, the investigation was extended to bladder cancer and to cancer in the children. The former was correlated with general and chemical + rubber industrialization, whereas the latter was not correlated with any industrial process.", "contents": "Descriptive epidemiology of cancer of the larynx in the province of Torino, Italy. Age-standardized incidence rates of cancer of the larynx in men from 1965-1969 were 14.7/100,000/year in the city of Torino and 8.4 in the non-metropolitan area of the province. These rates are among the highest in Europe. The geographical distribution of cancer of the larynx has been investigated in the non-metropolitan area considering two geographical entities, i.e., the 291 towns and the 12 ecological zones/subzones of the area. The incidence of cancer of the larynx in men was unrelated to the population of towns in 1961, whereas it was positively correlated to indexes of general industrialization as well as to those related to industrialization in the mechanical processes. Tobacco and alcohol consumption have not been taken into account. In order to validate the methodology, the investigation was extended to bladder cancer and to cancer in the children. The former was correlated with general and chemical + rubber industrialization, whereas the latter was not correlated with any industrial process.", "PMID": 746594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6824", "title": "Mass screening for early breast cancer detection.", "content": "In 1969 the Center for Social Diseases of Florence started a screening program for early breast cancer detection. The female population over 40 years of age of a group of outlying towns of the District was invited. From January 1969 till March 1977, 21,725 women have been examined in the program. Mammography was the diagnostic procedure of choice, followed by physical examination if necessary. Negative cases were controlled with biennial mammography. This paper summarizes and evaluates the results of this screening program. At first mammography, 67 cancers were detected, 37% of which were clinically unapparent, 62.3% staged T1A, and 52% N--. The average stage at diagnosis is certainly better than the average stage of cancers diagnosed in unscreened women, thus a better prognosis is expected. Actuarial survival rate of detected cancers was 94 +/- 3.7% at 5 years. False negative and false positive cases are reported. The possibility of hazards in the use of repeated mammography in mass screening is discussed. According to reported data the value of this screening program in terms of secondary prevention (early diagnosis) is confirmed.", "contents": "Mass screening for early breast cancer detection. In 1969 the Center for Social Diseases of Florence started a screening program for early breast cancer detection. The female population over 40 years of age of a group of outlying towns of the District was invited. From January 1969 till March 1977, 21,725 women have been examined in the program. Mammography was the diagnostic procedure of choice, followed by physical examination if necessary. Negative cases were controlled with biennial mammography. This paper summarizes and evaluates the results of this screening program. At first mammography, 67 cancers were detected, 37% of which were clinically unapparent, 62.3% staged T1A, and 52% N--. The average stage at diagnosis is certainly better than the average stage of cancers diagnosed in unscreened women, thus a better prognosis is expected. Actuarial survival rate of detected cancers was 94 +/- 3.7% at 5 years. False negative and false positive cases are reported. The possibility of hazards in the use of repeated mammography in mass screening is discussed. According to reported data the value of this screening program in terms of secondary prevention (early diagnosis) is confirmed.", "PMID": 746595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6825", "title": "Response to neoplastic antigens in human oncology: assessment and results of LIF (leucocyte inhibitory factor) test in breast cancer patients.", "content": "The leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) test, revealing the inhibition of leucocyte migration from capillary tubes, was studied with leucocytes from 47 patients with breast cancer, from 14 patients with benign breast tumors, and from 56 normal subjects. As antigens we used formalin-fixed tumor cells. The LIF assay was positive in 38/47 (80.8%) breast cancer patients, in 10/14 (71.4%) benign breast tumor patients, and in 13/56 (23.2%) normal subjects. The negative LIF assays were higher with leucocytes from patients with metastases than with those from patients with no metastases. We found no correlation between the LIF-test response and the histopathologic pattern of the tumors, type of treatment (almost always surgical), and remission or relapse state of our patients at the time of testing.", "contents": "Response to neoplastic antigens in human oncology: assessment and results of LIF (leucocyte inhibitory factor) test in breast cancer patients. The leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) test, revealing the inhibition of leucocyte migration from capillary tubes, was studied with leucocytes from 47 patients with breast cancer, from 14 patients with benign breast tumors, and from 56 normal subjects. As antigens we used formalin-fixed tumor cells. The LIF assay was positive in 38/47 (80.8%) breast cancer patients, in 10/14 (71.4%) benign breast tumor patients, and in 13/56 (23.2%) normal subjects. The negative LIF assays were higher with leucocytes from patients with metastases than with those from patients with no metastases. We found no correlation between the LIF-test response and the histopathologic pattern of the tumors, type of treatment (almost always surgical), and remission or relapse state of our patients at the time of testing.", "PMID": 746596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6826", "title": "Estrogen receptor in human breast cancer in relation to tumor morphology and endocrine therapy.", "content": "The presence of estrogen receptors (ER) was determined in 111 human breast cancer specimens. In 61% of the tumors, specific estrogen binding was found and in 39% of the tumors ER was absent. In 69 tumors no correlation was found between the histological grading of the tumor and the level of ER. The values of ER in tumors from patients over 50 years of age were usually much higher than those for patients under 50 years of age. Different methods of endocrine therapy were applied in 20 patients. In 10 of 15 patients with ER positive tumors, endocrine therapy resulted in remission. Only 1 of 5 patients with ER negative tumors responded with remission. It is concluded that estimation of ER in tumor tissue is helpful in the selection of patients for endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor in human breast cancer in relation to tumor morphology and endocrine therapy. The presence of estrogen receptors (ER) was determined in 111 human breast cancer specimens. In 61% of the tumors, specific estrogen binding was found and in 39% of the tumors ER was absent. In 69 tumors no correlation was found between the histological grading of the tumor and the level of ER. The values of ER in tumors from patients over 50 years of age were usually much higher than those for patients under 50 years of age. Different methods of endocrine therapy were applied in 20 patients. In 10 of 15 patients with ER positive tumors, endocrine therapy resulted in remission. Only 1 of 5 patients with ER negative tumors responded with remission. It is concluded that estimation of ER in tumor tissue is helpful in the selection of patients for endocrine therapy.", "PMID": 746597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6827", "title": "Protein loss after radical mastectomy as a cause of postoperative hypoalbuminemia.", "content": "The concentrations of serum albumin and the cumulative loss of albumin through the drainage tubes were followed in 14 patients who underwent radical mastectomy for cancer. The concentration of serum albumin declined during the postoperative period, and the nadir was on the 5th day. On the first 5 days a good correlation was observed between hypoalbuminemia and loss of albumin from the wound. After this period, hypoalbuminemia persisted unchanged although small quantities of albumin continued to be lost through the drains. It is concluded that in surgery complicated by abundant serum discharge, the albumin loss may be the main cause of postoperative hypoalbuminemia.", "contents": "Protein loss after radical mastectomy as a cause of postoperative hypoalbuminemia. The concentrations of serum albumin and the cumulative loss of albumin through the drainage tubes were followed in 14 patients who underwent radical mastectomy for cancer. The concentration of serum albumin declined during the postoperative period, and the nadir was on the 5th day. On the first 5 days a good correlation was observed between hypoalbuminemia and loss of albumin from the wound. After this period, hypoalbuminemia persisted unchanged although small quantities of albumin continued to be lost through the drains. It is concluded that in surgery complicated by abundant serum discharge, the albumin loss may be the main cause of postoperative hypoalbuminemia.", "PMID": 746598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6828", "title": "Proposal for a new histopathological classification of the carcinomas of the nasopharynx.", "content": "A new classification scheme for malignant tumors of the nasopharynx is proposed in which the undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal types as a prominent position. This term replaces the previous obsolete term lymphoepithelioma on the basis of its clinicopathologic identity, its separation from squamous cell carcinoma, and its potential origin from anatomical areas other than the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Proposal for a new histopathological classification of the carcinomas of the nasopharynx. A new classification scheme for malignant tumors of the nasopharynx is proposed in which the undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal types as a prominent position. This term replaces the previous obsolete term lymphoepithelioma on the basis of its clinicopathologic identity, its separation from squamous cell carcinoma, and its potential origin from anatomical areas other than the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 746599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6829", "title": "Bronchial involvement by Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Two cases of Hodgkin disease, lymphocyte depletion type, with bronchial involvement are described. One patient revealed involvement of the right upper lobar bronchus, the other patient of the left main bronchus. The correct diagnosis was made by fiberbronchoscope examination with cytologic brushing and biopsy. That bronchial involvement by Hodgkin disease is very rare is confirmed by the literature, where only 20 cases have been so far reported.", "contents": "Bronchial involvement by Hodgkin disease. Two cases of Hodgkin disease, lymphocyte depletion type, with bronchial involvement are described. One patient revealed involvement of the right upper lobar bronchus, the other patient of the left main bronchus. The correct diagnosis was made by fiberbronchoscope examination with cytologic brushing and biopsy. That bronchial involvement by Hodgkin disease is very rare is confirmed by the literature, where only 20 cases have been so far reported.", "PMID": 746600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6830", "title": "Malignant pleural mesothelioma.", "content": "A series of 12 cases of mesothelioma is presented, and the data in the literature is reviewed in an attempt to formulate a program of treatment for this malignant, fast-growing and rapidly fatal tumor.", "contents": "Malignant pleural mesothelioma. A series of 12 cases of mesothelioma is presented, and the data in the literature is reviewed in an attempt to formulate a program of treatment for this malignant, fast-growing and rapidly fatal tumor.", "PMID": 746601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6831", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of one case.", "content": "The investigation was carried out on blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, one lymph node biopsy, and the surgically removed spleen of a 53-year-old man with hairy cell leukemia. In the blood smears stained with May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa, 60 to 70% of the hairy cells contained tubular inclusions that corresponded to the ribosome-lamella complexes demonstrated at electron microscopy. In blood smears, imprints and cryostatic sections of the lymph node and of the spleen, hairy cells revealed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and adenosine-triphosphatase activity. In the spleen neutral esterase and alkaline phosphatase demonstrated the numerical increase of the histiocytes, which ultrastructurally displayed phagocytic activity. The presence in the spleen of pseudosinuses lined by hairy cells was confirmed by electron microscopy as well as by cytoenzymology.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of one case. The investigation was carried out on blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, one lymph node biopsy, and the surgically removed spleen of a 53-year-old man with hairy cell leukemia. In the blood smears stained with May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa, 60 to 70% of the hairy cells contained tubular inclusions that corresponded to the ribosome-lamella complexes demonstrated at electron microscopy. In blood smears, imprints and cryostatic sections of the lymph node and of the spleen, hairy cells revealed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and adenosine-triphosphatase activity. In the spleen neutral esterase and alkaline phosphatase demonstrated the numerical increase of the histiocytes, which ultrastructurally displayed phagocytic activity. The presence in the spleen of pseudosinuses lined by hairy cells was confirmed by electron microscopy as well as by cytoenzymology.", "PMID": 746602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6832", "title": "The ureteral pressure profile: an experimental study in canine ureters.", "content": "In 10 anesthesized mongrel dogs ureteral pressure profiles were obtained with two types of high density polyethylene catheters. During the profilometry X-ray image intensification was performed. The data obtained from both ureters and also from both types of catheters did not show any statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05). Near the uretero-vesical junction a statistically significant biphasically shaped graph with mean pressures of 89.2 +/- 5.25 and 81.7 +/- 8.43 (SEM) mm Hg for the proximal and distal top, respectively, was seen (p less than 0.05). This phenomenon corresponds with the morphology, as mentioned in literature and as investigated in this experiment by X-ray photographs at post-mortem specimens.", "contents": "The ureteral pressure profile: an experimental study in canine ureters. In 10 anesthesized mongrel dogs ureteral pressure profiles were obtained with two types of high density polyethylene catheters. During the profilometry X-ray image intensification was performed. The data obtained from both ureters and also from both types of catheters did not show any statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05). Near the uretero-vesical junction a statistically significant biphasically shaped graph with mean pressures of 89.2 +/- 5.25 and 81.7 +/- 8.43 (SEM) mm Hg for the proximal and distal top, respectively, was seen (p less than 0.05). This phenomenon corresponds with the morphology, as mentioned in literature and as investigated in this experiment by X-ray photographs at post-mortem specimens.", "PMID": 746604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6833", "title": "Contractility of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system.", "content": "The patterns of mechanical contractility in the pyeloureteral pacemaker system were explored in an effort to identify some of the properties of initiating ureteral peristalsis. Rabbit renal pelvises were studied in vivo, in vitro perfused with Krebs solution through the renal artery and in segments. The results show that all segments of renal pelvic smooth muscle are capable of spontaneous contractions, the fornix having the highest frequency with respect to the pelvis. It is also demonstrated that the pelvic contractile wave concentrically accelerates along the renal pelvic perimeter. Under steady state conditions, renal pelvic pressure undergoes a low frequency oscillation having a period of 1--2 min which is flow-rate dependent. The results are discussed within the context of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system and the possible existence of a feedback mechanisms between the renal pelvis and the perfusion of the kidney.", "contents": "Contractility of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system. The patterns of mechanical contractility in the pyeloureteral pacemaker system were explored in an effort to identify some of the properties of initiating ureteral peristalsis. Rabbit renal pelvises were studied in vivo, in vitro perfused with Krebs solution through the renal artery and in segments. The results show that all segments of renal pelvic smooth muscle are capable of spontaneous contractions, the fornix having the highest frequency with respect to the pelvis. It is also demonstrated that the pelvic contractile wave concentrically accelerates along the renal pelvic perimeter. Under steady state conditions, renal pelvic pressure undergoes a low frequency oscillation having a period of 1--2 min which is flow-rate dependent. The results are discussed within the context of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system and the possible existence of a feedback mechanisms between the renal pelvis and the perfusion of the kidney.", "PMID": 746605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6834", "title": "Glucose metabolism in renal stone formers.", "content": "Epidemiological studies indicate that renal stone disease is a rapidly increasing problem, already affecting around 10% of the entire adult male population. It has been suggested that environmental factors are responsible for this development, among them particularly disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study, therefore, 156 patients with active renal stone formation were investigated with respect to glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin response. Similar to other reports it was found that hypercalciuric subjects had evidence of an impaired glucose metabolism. However, this was mainly attributed to a tendency towards overweight in this group of patients and there were no firm indications of a true disorder of carbohydrate metabolism connected with hypercalciuria or the process of stone formation.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in renal stone formers. Epidemiological studies indicate that renal stone disease is a rapidly increasing problem, already affecting around 10% of the entire adult male population. It has been suggested that environmental factors are responsible for this development, among them particularly disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study, therefore, 156 patients with active renal stone formation were investigated with respect to glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin response. Similar to other reports it was found that hypercalciuric subjects had evidence of an impaired glucose metabolism. However, this was mainly attributed to a tendency towards overweight in this group of patients and there were no firm indications of a true disorder of carbohydrate metabolism connected with hypercalciuria or the process of stone formation.", "PMID": 746606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6835", "title": "Observations on the value and limitations of infusion pyelography in anuric patients.", "content": "Infusion pyelography was performed in 103 anuric patients with no attendant mortality. It was useful in 83 cases in distinguishing obstructive uropathy from renal parenchymal disease. However, in the remaining 20 cases when either renal parenchymal disease co-existed with obstructive uropathy or obstructive uropathy existed alone under certain circumstances, opacification of the collecting system did not occur. The clinicopathological setting of some of the latter group of cases is illustrated by examples.", "contents": "Observations on the value and limitations of infusion pyelography in anuric patients. Infusion pyelography was performed in 103 anuric patients with no attendant mortality. It was useful in 83 cases in distinguishing obstructive uropathy from renal parenchymal disease. However, in the remaining 20 cases when either renal parenchymal disease co-existed with obstructive uropathy or obstructive uropathy existed alone under certain circumstances, opacification of the collecting system did not occur. The clinicopathological setting of some of the latter group of cases is illustrated by examples.", "PMID": 746607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6836", "title": "Axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase: a new method for tracing nervous control of the bladder.", "content": "A new method for tracing the nervous control of the bladder is described. A protein substance, horseradish peroxidase, has been shown to be absorbed and transported by nerve fibers. The substance was injected into the bladder neck region of a series of dogs. After uptake by motor neurons the horseradish was carried to the spinal cord segment controlling micturition. Implications regarding the neurophysiology of the urinary tract are discussed.", "contents": "Axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase: a new method for tracing nervous control of the bladder. A new method for tracing the nervous control of the bladder is described. A protein substance, horseradish peroxidase, has been shown to be absorbed and transported by nerve fibers. The substance was injected into the bladder neck region of a series of dogs. After uptake by motor neurons the horseradish was carried to the spinal cord segment controlling micturition. Implications regarding the neurophysiology of the urinary tract are discussed.", "PMID": 746608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6837", "title": "Clinical study on correlation with the 60-min plasma phenolsulfonphthalein concentration and other renal function tests.", "content": "An analysis of the reliability of the 60-min plasma phenosulfonphthalein concentration (PSP60) as a renal function test has been made in 40 patients with or without urinary dead space. PSP60 correlates with 15-min urinary PSP excretion and 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance in patients without urinary dead space. 15-min urinary PSP excretion showed unreliability as a renal function test in patients with urinary dead space. However, we confirmed that PSP60 and 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance were reliable indicators of renal function in these patients.", "contents": "Clinical study on correlation with the 60-min plasma phenolsulfonphthalein concentration and other renal function tests. An analysis of the reliability of the 60-min plasma phenosulfonphthalein concentration (PSP60) as a renal function test has been made in 40 patients with or without urinary dead space. PSP60 correlates with 15-min urinary PSP excretion and 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance in patients without urinary dead space. 15-min urinary PSP excretion showed unreliability as a renal function test in patients with urinary dead space. However, we confirmed that PSP60 and 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance were reliable indicators of renal function in these patients.", "PMID": 746609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6838", "title": "[Liver helminthic cenosis study of sheep].", "content": "A total of 2400 incomplete helminthological postmortem examinations were carried out with sheep in 1972-1976. Four species of helminths were found in the liver: D. lanceatum (80.7 per cent), Ech. granulosus (68.4 per cent), F. hepatica (25.6 per cent), and Cyst. tenuicolis (1.7 per cent). Mixed infections were established in 68.2 per cent of the livers: F. hepatica, D. lanceatum, Ech. granulosus--11.5 per cent; F. hepatica, D. lanceatum--6.8 per cent; F. hepatica, Ech. granulosus 3.8 per cent; and D. lanceatum, Ech. granulosus--46.1 per cent. Single worm infections were observed in 26.9 per cent of these organs: D. lanceatum--16.3 per cent; Ech. granulosus--7.1 per cent; F. hepatica--3.5 per cent. Cysticercus tenuicollis was established in 1.7 per cent of the cases. Worm-free were only 5.2 per cent of the livers. In decending order the parasite burden ranked as followes: Ech. granulosus, D. lanceatum, F. hepatica, Cyst. tenuicollis.", "contents": "[Liver helminthic cenosis study of sheep]. A total of 2400 incomplete helminthological postmortem examinations were carried out with sheep in 1972-1976. Four species of helminths were found in the liver: D. lanceatum (80.7 per cent), Ech. granulosus (68.4 per cent), F. hepatica (25.6 per cent), and Cyst. tenuicolis (1.7 per cent). Mixed infections were established in 68.2 per cent of the livers: F. hepatica, D. lanceatum, Ech. granulosus--11.5 per cent; F. hepatica, D. lanceatum--6.8 per cent; F. hepatica, Ech. granulosus 3.8 per cent; and D. lanceatum, Ech. granulosus--46.1 per cent. Single worm infections were observed in 26.9 per cent of these organs: D. lanceatum--16.3 per cent; Ech. granulosus--7.1 per cent; F. hepatica--3.5 per cent. Cysticercus tenuicollis was established in 1.7 per cent of the cases. Worm-free were only 5.2 per cent of the livers. In decending order the parasite burden ranked as followes: Ech. granulosus, D. lanceatum, F. hepatica, Cyst. tenuicollis.", "PMID": 746612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6839", "title": "[Thermal stability of paneled swine-breeding structures].", "content": "Veterinary and hygienic evaluation was made of the thermal stability of panel buildings of the standard BS-70 for the breeding and fattening of pigs. A low correlation was established between the temperature amplitude in- and out-doors, i.e., the thermal stability of the ethologic totality of the buildings was considerable. The correlation between the temperature outdoors and the temperature difference (deltat) as regards the temperature indoors was high and negative, i.e., at lower outdoor temperature the gradient deltat rose, and vice versa. Buildings without heating, having a BS-70 construction retained an optimal temperature regime in the sections for breeding sows, which was within the range of -15 degrees C up to +26 degrees C and in those for fattening--from -21 degrees C up to +24 degrees C. Summer droughts constitute a technologic and technical problem.", "contents": "[Thermal stability of paneled swine-breeding structures]. Veterinary and hygienic evaluation was made of the thermal stability of panel buildings of the standard BS-70 for the breeding and fattening of pigs. A low correlation was established between the temperature amplitude in- and out-doors, i.e., the thermal stability of the ethologic totality of the buildings was considerable. The correlation between the temperature outdoors and the temperature difference (deltat) as regards the temperature indoors was high and negative, i.e., at lower outdoor temperature the gradient deltat rose, and vice versa. Buildings without heating, having a BS-70 construction retained an optimal temperature regime in the sections for breeding sows, which was within the range of -15 degrees C up to +26 degrees C and in those for fattening--from -21 degrees C up to +24 degrees C. Summer droughts constitute a technologic and technical problem.", "PMID": 746613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6840", "title": "[Changes in the serum proteins of cattle with leukemia].", "content": "Studied was the content of total protein and the protein fraction ratio in the blood serum of 14 normal and 58 leukosis-affected cattle. It was found that in the initial phase of leukosis there were no essential changes in the serum proteins. In animals with a more advanced course of the disease (up to 25000 leukocytes per ml, with 65-85 per cent lymphocytes) no drop of the albumins and rise of the alpha-globulins and gamma-globulins were observed, however, there were cases presenting comparatively high lymphocytosis (up to 23000 lymphocytes) without changes in the serum proteins. In animals with well manifested tumoral changes there were almost invariably a strong drop of the albumins (up to 15-20 per cent) and a rise of the alpha1-globulins (up to 15 per cent), alpha2-globulins (up to 18 per cent), and gamma-globulins (up to 51 per cent).", "contents": "[Changes in the serum proteins of cattle with leukemia]. Studied was the content of total protein and the protein fraction ratio in the blood serum of 14 normal and 58 leukosis-affected cattle. It was found that in the initial phase of leukosis there were no essential changes in the serum proteins. In animals with a more advanced course of the disease (up to 25000 leukocytes per ml, with 65-85 per cent lymphocytes) no drop of the albumins and rise of the alpha-globulins and gamma-globulins were observed, however, there were cases presenting comparatively high lymphocytosis (up to 23000 lymphocytes) without changes in the serum proteins. In animals with well manifested tumoral changes there were almost invariably a strong drop of the albumins (up to 15-20 per cent) and a rise of the alpha1-globulins (up to 15 per cent), alpha2-globulins (up to 18 per cent), and gamma-globulins (up to 51 per cent).", "PMID": 746614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6841", "title": "[Toxicity studies of Pharmachem's tylosin tartrate for broilers and turkeys].", "content": "Studied were the acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity of the Pharmachim tylosin tartrate as well as the tolerance of chicken broilers and turkeys. The mean lethal dose of the antibiotic at subcutaneous application to 28-32 day-old broilers was 620 mg/kg; the oral dose was 1500 mg/kg. In the case of 42-45-day-old broilers these values were 740 and 5400 mg/kg. The LD50 at i/v infusion for 75-77-day-old ones was 48 mg/kg. Beside the age and route of introduction toxicity was found to depend on the initial biologic activity of tylosin tartrate. The subcutaneous injection of tylosin tartrate at the rate of 30 mg/kg for 20 days did not lead to changes in the appetite, behaviour, growth, and structure of viscera. A 42-day treatment at the same rate, however, resulted in slightly manifested and fully reversible dystrophic changes in the liver and kidneys. Higher doses (90 and 150 mg/kg) led to transient depression, stunting of growth, and a rise of the urea level and the activity of blood transaminases as well as to moderate destructive changes in the liver and kidneys. The stimulation of growth and the improvement of feed conversion (without deviations in the clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and the structure and development of the viscera in broilers) were recorded after the application of a water-soluble formula of tylosin tartrate for a period of 98 days offered via the drinking water in amounts equal to or exceeding 2 to 4 times the ED50. Turkeys' tolerance for the preparation was evaluated as very good so far as single i/m injective applications were concerned in doses exceeding 3, 5, and 10 times the average effective rates, no differences in this respect being noted with the comparative use of tylosin tartrate produced by the Elanco firm.", "contents": "[Toxicity studies of Pharmachem's tylosin tartrate for broilers and turkeys]. Studied were the acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity of the Pharmachim tylosin tartrate as well as the tolerance of chicken broilers and turkeys. The mean lethal dose of the antibiotic at subcutaneous application to 28-32 day-old broilers was 620 mg/kg; the oral dose was 1500 mg/kg. In the case of 42-45-day-old broilers these values were 740 and 5400 mg/kg. The LD50 at i/v infusion for 75-77-day-old ones was 48 mg/kg. Beside the age and route of introduction toxicity was found to depend on the initial biologic activity of tylosin tartrate. The subcutaneous injection of tylosin tartrate at the rate of 30 mg/kg for 20 days did not lead to changes in the appetite, behaviour, growth, and structure of viscera. A 42-day treatment at the same rate, however, resulted in slightly manifested and fully reversible dystrophic changes in the liver and kidneys. Higher doses (90 and 150 mg/kg) led to transient depression, stunting of growth, and a rise of the urea level and the activity of blood transaminases as well as to moderate destructive changes in the liver and kidneys. The stimulation of growth and the improvement of feed conversion (without deviations in the clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and the structure and development of the viscera in broilers) were recorded after the application of a water-soluble formula of tylosin tartrate for a period of 98 days offered via the drinking water in amounts equal to or exceeding 2 to 4 times the ED50. Turkeys' tolerance for the preparation was evaluated as very good so far as single i/m injective applications were concerned in doses exceeding 3, 5, and 10 times the average effective rates, no differences in this respect being noted with the comparative use of tylosin tartrate produced by the Elanco firm.", "PMID": 746615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6842", "title": "[Production of a polyglobulin preparation against respiratory diseases in calves].", "content": "On the basis of literature data concerning the production of polyglobulins from animal sera with the employment of appropriate, short term methods, and using the author's personal experience a method was tested for the production of specific polyglobulins against the respiratory complex in calves. A particular scheme was used for the purpose, hyperimmunizing adult cattle with killed vaccines against parainfluenza-3, adenoviruses 1 and 3, and IBR. The hyperimmune serum obtained was further treated by the etanol short term method to produce a high-titer polyglobulin. The preparation was tested in the field in the control of respiratory diseases in calves, showing very good prophylactic effects with an abrupt drop of the morbidity rate. In the case of disease outbreaks among treated animals these responded positively to an effective causal therapy. Thanks to its usability the method is recommended for the practice.", "contents": "[Production of a polyglobulin preparation against respiratory diseases in calves]. On the basis of literature data concerning the production of polyglobulins from animal sera with the employment of appropriate, short term methods, and using the author's personal experience a method was tested for the production of specific polyglobulins against the respiratory complex in calves. A particular scheme was used for the purpose, hyperimmunizing adult cattle with killed vaccines against parainfluenza-3, adenoviruses 1 and 3, and IBR. The hyperimmune serum obtained was further treated by the etanol short term method to produce a high-titer polyglobulin. The preparation was tested in the field in the control of respiratory diseases in calves, showing very good prophylactic effects with an abrupt drop of the morbidity rate. In the case of disease outbreaks among treated animals these responded positively to an effective causal therapy. Thanks to its usability the method is recommended for the practice.", "PMID": 746616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6843", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the colostrum of cows].", "content": "Investigated was the isoenzyme spectrum of lactatedehydrogenase in the colostrum of cows which was obtained at various intervals after calving. It was found that the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was most effective immediately following calving when a total of 5 isoenzymes were established, which lowered their activity with the extention of milk secretion.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the colostrum of cows]. Investigated was the isoenzyme spectrum of lactatedehydrogenase in the colostrum of cows which was obtained at various intervals after calving. It was found that the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was most effective immediately following calving when a total of 5 isoenzymes were established, which lowered their activity with the extention of milk secretion.", "PMID": 746617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6844", "title": "[Cases of nacrobacillosis in calves].", "content": "Necrobacillosis was established in 48 out of a total of 90 calves aged from 1 to 6 months, raised on a common premise. The disease affected only calves under the age of 3 months, running a more severe course with high mortality in the younger animals. Along with the clinical manifestations associated with the organs involved there was also bradicardia in most of the diseased calves. Nonreactive necroses were observed in the digestive organs, liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes with adjacent resorptive foci of histiocytes, fibroblasts, and giant cells.", "contents": "[Cases of nacrobacillosis in calves]. Necrobacillosis was established in 48 out of a total of 90 calves aged from 1 to 6 months, raised on a common premise. The disease affected only calves under the age of 3 months, running a more severe course with high mortality in the younger animals. Along with the clinical manifestations associated with the organs involved there was also bradicardia in most of the diseased calves. Nonreactive necroses were observed in the digestive organs, liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes with adjacent resorptive foci of histiocytes, fibroblasts, and giant cells.", "PMID": 746618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6845", "title": "[Effect of the protein content in the ration of sheep on the development and pathogenic action of F. hepatica].", "content": "Examined were two groups of 12 sheep each, infected with metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica. The first group were given a ration that contained 14 g crude protein per kg of metabolic weight, and the second group--a ration, containing 8.24 g, i.e., as much as was fed to animals in the field. In animals that were given higher amounts of protein developed 29.1 per cent less Fasciolae, on an average, and 5.2 per cent less worms reached sexual maturity as against the group that was offered less protein. The higher content of protein in the diet was shown to produce a protective effect against the strong clinical development of facioliasis.", "contents": "[Effect of the protein content in the ration of sheep on the development and pathogenic action of F. hepatica]. Examined were two groups of 12 sheep each, infected with metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica. The first group were given a ration that contained 14 g crude protein per kg of metabolic weight, and the second group--a ration, containing 8.24 g, i.e., as much as was fed to animals in the field. In animals that were given higher amounts of protein developed 29.1 per cent less Fasciolae, on an average, and 5.2 per cent less worms reached sexual maturity as against the group that was offered less protein. The higher content of protein in the diet was shown to produce a protective effect against the strong clinical development of facioliasis.", "PMID": 746619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6846", "title": "Possible existence of hybrid glycosyltransferase in heterozygous blood group AB subjects.", "content": "The human blood group glycosyltransferases A and B have a dimeric structure, i.e., the A enzyme is an aa dimer and the B enzyme is a bb dimer. Considering the fact that the ABO blood group determinant are not x-linked, i.e. both A and/or B genes are expressed in a given cell, a hybrid enzyme (ab dimer) may exist in heterozygous A1B subjects. Because the A enzyme, but not the B enzyme, adsorbs with Sepharose 4-B, the adsorption characteristics of the A and B enzymes from plasma fo various phenotypes were examined to look for this hybrid enzyme. The A enzyme activity from A1 plasma and from a mixture of AU and B plasma was completely adsorbed to Sepharose 4-B, while 25-50% of A enzyme activity from heterozygous A1B plasma was not adsorbed. The results indicated that heterozygous A1B plasma contains an additional enzyme component which does not exist in a mixture of A1 and B plasma, suggesting the existence of a hybrid heterodimer (ab) in heterozygous A1B subjects.", "contents": "Possible existence of hybrid glycosyltransferase in heterozygous blood group AB subjects. The human blood group glycosyltransferases A and B have a dimeric structure, i.e., the A enzyme is an aa dimer and the B enzyme is a bb dimer. Considering the fact that the ABO blood group determinant are not x-linked, i.e. both A and/or B genes are expressed in a given cell, a hybrid enzyme (ab dimer) may exist in heterozygous A1B subjects. Because the A enzyme, but not the B enzyme, adsorbs with Sepharose 4-B, the adsorption characteristics of the A and B enzymes from plasma fo various phenotypes were examined to look for this hybrid enzyme. The A enzyme activity from A1 plasma and from a mixture of AU and B plasma was completely adsorbed to Sepharose 4-B, while 25-50% of A enzyme activity from heterozygous A1B plasma was not adsorbed. The results indicated that heterozygous A1B plasma contains an additional enzyme component which does not exist in a mixture of A1 and B plasma, suggesting the existence of a hybrid heterodimer (ab) in heterozygous A1B subjects.", "PMID": 746631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6847", "title": "The Redelberger antigen Rba.", "content": "A new low frequency antigen, Rba, has been found in three blood donors. Studies on their families show that the antigen is inherited as a Mendelian autosomal dominant character. Rba segregates independently from ABO, MNSs P1, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, ACP1 and PGM1. Anti-Rba is not common in sera containing multiple antibodies ot low frequency antigens.", "contents": "The Redelberger antigen Rba. A new low frequency antigen, Rba, has been found in three blood donors. Studies on their families show that the antigen is inherited as a Mendelian autosomal dominant character. Rba segregates independently from ABO, MNSs P1, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, ACP1 and PGM1. Anti-Rba is not common in sera containing multiple antibodies ot low frequency antigens.", "PMID": 746632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6848", "title": "An improved method for the identification of Gc1 subtypes (group-specific component) by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The occurrence of common subtypes of the Gc1 gene in a German population (n = 261) was investigated by isoelectric focusing on thin layers of polyacrylamide in the pH range 4-6. Six common phenotypes designated Gc 1S, 1F, 1F-1S, 2-1S, 2-1F, and 2 are considered as gene products of three common alleles with the following frequencies: Gc1S=O.603, Gc1F=0.125, and Gc2=0.272. The sum of the allele frequencies of Gc1S and Gc1F corresponds with that of the 'old' Gc allele. Family investigation are in agreement with an autosomal codominant way of inheritance. the method employed provides an identification of the subtypes within 4 h without using anti-Gc-serum for immunoprecipitation.", "contents": "An improved method for the identification of Gc1 subtypes (group-specific component) by isoelectric focusing. The occurrence of common subtypes of the Gc1 gene in a German population (n = 261) was investigated by isoelectric focusing on thin layers of polyacrylamide in the pH range 4-6. Six common phenotypes designated Gc 1S, 1F, 1F-1S, 2-1S, 2-1F, and 2 are considered as gene products of three common alleles with the following frequencies: Gc1S=O.603, Gc1F=0.125, and Gc2=0.272. The sum of the allele frequencies of Gc1S and Gc1F corresponds with that of the 'old' Gc allele. Family investigation are in agreement with an autosomal codominant way of inheritance. the method employed provides an identification of the subtypes within 4 h without using anti-Gc-serum for immunoprecipitation.", "PMID": 746633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6849", "title": "Ethanol and heat-treated plasma fractionation methods in South Africa.", "content": "Modifications of the Cohn techniques are the methods of choice for the preparation fo dilute albumin (PPS) and gamma-globulin solutions on an industrial scale. For the manufacture of refined albumin solutions, however, considerable labour and material is saved if crude, ethanol-precipitated fractions are heated in the presence of stabilisers in order to purify the albumin. The technique is simple and cheap, and yields a safe product of high quality. Bacterially contaminated and highly haemoglobinized plasma can be successfully heat-treated.", "contents": "Ethanol and heat-treated plasma fractionation methods in South Africa. Modifications of the Cohn techniques are the methods of choice for the preparation fo dilute albumin (PPS) and gamma-globulin solutions on an industrial scale. For the manufacture of refined albumin solutions, however, considerable labour and material is saved if crude, ethanol-precipitated fractions are heated in the presence of stabilisers in order to purify the albumin. The technique is simple and cheap, and yields a safe product of high quality. Bacterially contaminated and highly haemoglobinized plasma can be successfully heat-treated.", "PMID": 746634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6850", "title": "Local Shwartzman-like phenomenon prepared with haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex and provoked with prostaglandin.", "content": "Intradermal injection of haptoglobin-hemoglobin (Hp-Hb) complex followed by intravenous injection of prostaglandin (PG) F2a or E2 produced a local Shwartzman-like phenomenon (LSLP) in rabbits, whereas PGE1 has no provoking action. Intradermal injection of hemoglobin or erythrocytes also produced LSLP when provoked with endotoxin or PGF2alpha. The provoking action of endotoxin in the local shwartzman reaction may not be entirely mediated through PGs.", "contents": "Local Shwartzman-like phenomenon prepared with haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex and provoked with prostaglandin. Intradermal injection of haptoglobin-hemoglobin (Hp-Hb) complex followed by intravenous injection of prostaglandin (PG) F2a or E2 produced a local Shwartzman-like phenomenon (LSLP) in rabbits, whereas PGE1 has no provoking action. Intradermal injection of hemoglobin or erythrocytes also produced LSLP when provoked with endotoxin or PGF2alpha. The provoking action of endotoxin in the local shwartzman reaction may not be entirely mediated through PGs.", "PMID": 746636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6851", "title": "Inhibition of the local Shwartzman reaction by turpentine, prostaglandin E2 and carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "The conventional local Shwartzman reaction (LSR) did not occur in rabbits whose plasma haptoglobin (Hp) was lowered by treatment with carbon tetrachloride, nor in animals in whom Hp was elevated after treatment with turpentine, or PGE2 or endotoxin. The possible mechanisms of such inhibition of the LSR are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of the local Shwartzman reaction by turpentine, prostaglandin E2 and carbon tetrachloride. The conventional local Shwartzman reaction (LSR) did not occur in rabbits whose plasma haptoglobin (Hp) was lowered by treatment with carbon tetrachloride, nor in animals in whom Hp was elevated after treatment with turpentine, or PGE2 or endotoxin. The possible mechanisms of such inhibition of the LSR are discussed.", "PMID": 746637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6852", "title": "Fy (a-b-) phenotype in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "A family of gypsy origin, with 5 Fy(a-b-) members was found in Czechoslovakia. The involvement of the silen allele, Fy, in paternity testing is discussed.", "contents": "Fy (a-b-) phenotype in Czechoslovakia. A family of gypsy origin, with 5 Fy(a-b-) members was found in Czechoslovakia. The involvement of the silen allele, Fy, in paternity testing is discussed.", "PMID": 746638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6853", "title": "[The intestinal hormones secretin and pancreozymin, and the study of the secretory pancreatic function in man advanced in years (author's transl)].", "content": "The values of the pancreatic function obtained after stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin have to be regarded as a variant of the geriatric norm. They are of significance for functional diagnostics and for differentiating between peculiarities of the pancreatic function caused by old age on the one hand and pathological changes on the other. The decrease in the exocrine pancreatic function, which was observed in actually healthy persons at an advanced age under normal conditions, goes on in most cases without symptoms. In the event of stress situations (faulty diet, diseases of other organs than the gastrointestinal tract) and likewise in the presence of a clinically marked indigestion, the prescription of a substitution therapy is indicated in particular for persons at an advanced age and old people.", "contents": "[The intestinal hormones secretin and pancreozymin, and the study of the secretory pancreatic function in man advanced in years (author's transl)]. The values of the pancreatic function obtained after stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin have to be regarded as a variant of the geriatric norm. They are of significance for functional diagnostics and for differentiating between peculiarities of the pancreatic function caused by old age on the one hand and pathological changes on the other. The decrease in the exocrine pancreatic function, which was observed in actually healthy persons at an advanced age under normal conditions, goes on in most cases without symptoms. In the event of stress situations (faulty diet, diseases of other organs than the gastrointestinal tract) and likewise in the presence of a clinically marked indigestion, the prescription of a substitution therapy is indicated in particular for persons at an advanced age and old people.", "PMID": 746650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6854", "title": "[Age-specific features of hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland action on liver cells of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Relevant studies show that there is a reduction in the regulation of hormonal stimulation of the genetic system in the cells and tissues at old age, which results in the early appearance of the \"fatigue\" reaction at old age and in reduced stimulation of the ferments tested. In the hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland system the hypothalamus has the smallest regulation range; it reveals manifest changes due to ageing.", "contents": "[Age-specific features of hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland action on liver cells of rats (author's transl)]. Relevant studies show that there is a reduction in the regulation of hormonal stimulation of the genetic system in the cells and tissues at old age, which results in the early appearance of the \"fatigue\" reaction at old age and in reduced stimulation of the ferments tested. In the hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland system the hypothalamus has the smallest regulation range; it reveals manifest changes due to ageing.", "PMID": 746651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6855", "title": "[Cytochemical studies of the alkaline leucocyte phosphatase activity (ALPh-A) in ageing and old patients suffering from acute pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "1. An ALPh activity increase is evident up to advanced age in patients suffering from unspecific acute pneumonia 2. In ageing and old patients, the ALPh activity diminishes manifestly with increasing age 3. ALPh-A diminishes at a slower rate with increasing age than the left shift according to Schilling 4. Cytochemical examination of the ALPh-A can be successfully used for obtaining reliable clinical and paraclinical diagnoses of acute pneumonia.", "contents": "[Cytochemical studies of the alkaline leucocyte phosphatase activity (ALPh-A) in ageing and old patients suffering from acute pneumonia (author's transl)]. 1. An ALPh activity increase is evident up to advanced age in patients suffering from unspecific acute pneumonia 2. In ageing and old patients, the ALPh activity diminishes manifestly with increasing age 3. ALPh-A diminishes at a slower rate with increasing age than the left shift according to Schilling 4. Cytochemical examination of the ALPh-A can be successfully used for obtaining reliable clinical and paraclinical diagnoses of acute pneumonia.", "PMID": 746652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6856", "title": "[Results later many years after TEA in femoro-popliteal segment (author's transl)].", "content": "Our results later many years after 231 TEA in femoro-popliteal segment are based to examinate the indications of this reconstructive operation and to compare with other methods of arterial reconstruction. Resulted: the TEA is always a good method of biological worth without risk. This method authorized to indicate the reconstruction of chronical arterial occlusions. However the method is not to apply to all arterial occlusions without criticism only to selected patients.", "contents": "[Results later many years after TEA in femoro-popliteal segment (author's transl)]. Our results later many years after 231 TEA in femoro-popliteal segment are based to examinate the indications of this reconstructive operation and to compare with other methods of arterial reconstruction. Resulted: the TEA is always a good method of biological worth without risk. This method authorized to indicate the reconstruction of chronical arterial occlusions. However the method is not to apply to all arterial occlusions without criticism only to selected patients.", "PMID": 746653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6857", "title": "[Development of standard psychological values for measuring brain performance at different ages under normal and pathological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The studies have shown that especially those tests that put the person tested under intense time pressure (d2 test and Pauli test) are suited for detecting diminished brain performance caused by cerebrovascular and other defects. The d2 test has proved to be the most sensitive and at the same time the most economical one (5 min). On the other hand the findings made by L\u00f6we, Eitner et al. show that ageing people suffering from cerebrovascular disease but still able to work should be assigned work that requires a great deal of care rather than work that has to be done under time pressure. The determination of the flicker fusion frequency is seen in literature as a measure of vigilance. But the influences are of a very complex nature. We have found no correlation between the tests conducted by us, the attention test, the concentration pattern test and the Pauli test.", "contents": "[Development of standard psychological values for measuring brain performance at different ages under normal and pathological aspects (author's transl)]. The studies have shown that especially those tests that put the person tested under intense time pressure (d2 test and Pauli test) are suited for detecting diminished brain performance caused by cerebrovascular and other defects. The d2 test has proved to be the most sensitive and at the same time the most economical one (5 min). On the other hand the findings made by L\u00f6we, Eitner et al. show that ageing people suffering from cerebrovascular disease but still able to work should be assigned work that requires a great deal of care rather than work that has to be done under time pressure. The determination of the flicker fusion frequency is seen in literature as a measure of vigilance. But the influences are of a very complex nature. We have found no correlation between the tests conducted by us, the attention test, the concentration pattern test and the Pauli test.", "PMID": 746655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6858", "title": "[Changes in the social situation of old-age pensioners in a city (an interval study) (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the study reveal that on the one hand a considerable share of the care required by ageing citizens is provided by members of their family, their friends and neighbours, but on the other hand that due to the forms of life of modern society, especially in cities, the management and organization of the care of the aged must be improved in all its stages in order to register and help every single person in this category in need for help. To achieve this objective all bodies concerned with caring for aged people should work jointly and in a co-ordinated fashion. Owing to the fact that, in our opinion, the present organizational forms of social care no longer meet the requirements determined by the humanitarian objectives of our socialist state the authors propose that new approaches should be elaborated, discussed and introduced.", "contents": "[Changes in the social situation of old-age pensioners in a city (an interval study) (author's transl)]. The results of the study reveal that on the one hand a considerable share of the care required by ageing citizens is provided by members of their family, their friends and neighbours, but on the other hand that due to the forms of life of modern society, especially in cities, the management and organization of the care of the aged must be improved in all its stages in order to register and help every single person in this category in need for help. To achieve this objective all bodies concerned with caring for aged people should work jointly and in a co-ordinated fashion. Owing to the fact that, in our opinion, the present organizational forms of social care no longer meet the requirements determined by the humanitarian objectives of our socialist state the authors propose that new approaches should be elaborated, discussed and introduced.", "PMID": 746656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6859", "title": "[Experience gathered through a sociological analysis within the framework of a gerontological longitudinal study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of a sociological analysis within the framework of a longitudinal study and discuss their relevance.", "contents": "[Experience gathered through a sociological analysis within the framework of a gerontological longitudinal study (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of a sociological analysis within the framework of a longitudinal study and discuss their relevance.", "PMID": 746657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6860", "title": "[The situation existing in some vital forms of care of ageing citizens in an urban district of Leipzig (author's transl)].", "content": "513 old-age pensioners aged 66 to 70 were asked about various aspects of their life in compliance with the \"Guideline for interviewing ageing citizens\". Special attention was paid to simple vital domestic work and conclusions were drawn with regard to improving the care of ageing citizens.", "contents": "[The situation existing in some vital forms of care of ageing citizens in an urban district of Leipzig (author's transl)]. 513 old-age pensioners aged 66 to 70 were asked about various aspects of their life in compliance with the \"Guideline for interviewing ageing citizens\". Special attention was paid to simple vital domestic work and conclusions were drawn with regard to improving the care of ageing citizens.", "PMID": 746658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6861", "title": "[To the process of registration of ageing process (author's transl)].", "content": "A cybernetical scheme and a corresponding system of differential equations, describing the dehydration and the diminishing metabolism rate of the aging cell as well as of the whole of the organism, are generalised to adapt them also to other phenomena of aging. The resulting expressions are tested by comparison with a number of representative theoretical and experimental dates of various aging processes.", "contents": "[To the process of registration of ageing process (author's transl)]. A cybernetical scheme and a corresponding system of differential equations, describing the dehydration and the diminishing metabolism rate of the aging cell as well as of the whole of the organism, are generalised to adapt them also to other phenomena of aging. The resulting expressions are tested by comparison with a number of representative theoretical and experimental dates of various aging processes.", "PMID": 746660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6862", "title": "[The aging changes of biological variability (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Examples are given to justify the concept that biological variability is dependent on age. 2. It appears possible that the variability of fundamental parameters of those with a strong genetic fixation increases toward the middle of the life span and decreases again in the senium. 3. The variability of most variables increases with age. The more complex the variables, the greater the increase. 4. Originally unitary statistical populations may split up into several populations in the course of life. These will then require separate statistical treatment. 5. Our considerations seem to have some significance for the economical planning of tests and the selection of test persons.", "contents": "[The aging changes of biological variability (author's transl)]. 1. Examples are given to justify the concept that biological variability is dependent on age. 2. It appears possible that the variability of fundamental parameters of those with a strong genetic fixation increases toward the middle of the life span and decreases again in the senium. 3. The variability of most variables increases with age. The more complex the variables, the greater the increase. 4. Originally unitary statistical populations may split up into several populations in the course of life. These will then require separate statistical treatment. 5. Our considerations seem to have some significance for the economical planning of tests and the selection of test persons.", "PMID": 746661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6863", "title": "[Initial results of investigations into the proliferation kinetics of enterocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes of absorption appearing in man and caused by aging are probably due to disturbances of the proliferation and exfoliation kinetics of the enterocytes of the small intestine mucosa. The relevant experimental examinations available are insufficient because the results were obtained from a few animals only. Our own systematic autoradiographic examinations of rats are designed to contribute to a clarification of this problem which is important for practice.", "contents": "[Initial results of investigations into the proliferation kinetics of enterocytes (author's transl)]. The changes of absorption appearing in man and caused by aging are probably due to disturbances of the proliferation and exfoliation kinetics of the enterocytes of the small intestine mucosa. The relevant experimental examinations available are insufficient because the results were obtained from a few animals only. Our own systematic autoradiographic examinations of rats are designed to contribute to a clarification of this problem which is important for practice.", "PMID": 746662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6864", "title": "[Intestinal absorption in the elderly (author's transl)].", "content": "The extent of intestinal absorption and malabsorption may be exactly stated by means of the method \"generalized absorption\". According to first-hand examinations an alteration of absorbing kinetics of D-xylose dependent on age could have been demonstrated. The velocity of absorption decreases in the elderly  and the general absorbing process are prolonged. The extent of absorption restriction in the elderly are under physiological circumstances without clinical value. The health elder man disposes of the same power for a complete absorption of an offered substrate like the younger one. An increasing of cases with a malabsorption in the age may be explained by a increased multmorbidity in the elderly.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption in the elderly (author's transl)]. The extent of intestinal absorption and malabsorption may be exactly stated by means of the method \"generalized absorption\". According to first-hand examinations an alteration of absorbing kinetics of D-xylose dependent on age could have been demonstrated. The velocity of absorption decreases in the elderly  and the general absorbing process are prolonged. The extent of absorption restriction in the elderly are under physiological circumstances without clinical value. The health elder man disposes of the same power for a complete absorption of an offered substrate like the younger one. An increasing of cases with a malabsorption in the age may be explained by a increased multmorbidity in the elderly.", "PMID": 746663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6865", "title": "[Enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in dependence on age (author's transl)].", "content": "The levels of the rat liver enzymes glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase and citrate cleavage enzyme decrease between the age groups of 3 and 18 months. The half-life time of these enzymes is uneffected by age and the diminished levels of the enzymes in the liver of old rats can be ascribed to a reduced rate of enzyme synthesis. The half-life time of malic enzyme decreases as a function of age and this increased enzyme destruction may contribute to the diminished malic enzyme level of old rat liver.", "contents": "[Enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in dependence on age (author's transl)]. The levels of the rat liver enzymes glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase and citrate cleavage enzyme decrease between the age groups of 3 and 18 months. The half-life time of these enzymes is uneffected by age and the diminished levels of the enzymes in the liver of old rats can be ascribed to a reduced rate of enzyme synthesis. The half-life time of malic enzyme decreases as a function of age and this increased enzyme destruction may contribute to the diminished malic enzyme level of old rat liver.", "PMID": 746664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6866", "title": "[Age dependence of lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue of rats decreases as a function of age. A diurnal rhythm with a maximum at 14 h was observed in the lipoprotein lipase activities of both 3 month and 18 month old rats.", "contents": "[Age dependence of lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue (author's transl)]. The lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue of rats decreases as a function of age. A diurnal rhythm with a maximum at 14 h was observed in the lipoprotein lipase activities of both 3 month and 18 month old rats.", "PMID": 746665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6867", "title": "[The biosynthesis of fatty acids in dependence of age (author's transl)].", "content": "We determined the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver in vitro, using the method of labeling the fatty acid with tritiated water. After the well-known increase of the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the postnatal period we found an age-dependent decrease which is positively correlated with the activity of lipogenic enzymes of rat liver.", "contents": "[The biosynthesis of fatty acids in dependence of age (author's transl)]. We determined the synthesis of fatty acids in rat liver in vitro, using the method of labeling the fatty acid with tritiated water. After the well-known increase of the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the postnatal period we found an age-dependent decrease which is positively correlated with the activity of lipogenic enzymes of rat liver.", "PMID": 746666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6868", "title": "[Dependence from age of reaction time by acoustical stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The reaction time by optical and acoustical stimulation decreases until 20 years, and ascends then. The acoustical reaction time is shorter than the optical, with the exception of some unexplicable falls in the senium.", "contents": "[Dependence from age of reaction time by acoustical stimulation (author's transl)]. The reaction time by optical and acoustical stimulation decreases until 20 years, and ascends then. The acoustical reaction time is shorter than the optical, with the exception of some unexplicable falls in the senium.", "PMID": 746667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6869", "title": "[A modification of the Gompertz plot resulting from the age index by Ries and an approximation of the survivorship curve (author's transl)].", "content": "The shape of the survivorship curve can easily be interpreted on condition that the probability of death is proportional to an exponentially rising function of ageing. According to the formation of a sum for determining of the age index by Ries it was investigated to what extent the survivorship curve may be approximated by a sum of exponentials. It follows that the difference between the pure exponential function and a sum of exponentials by using possible values is lying within the random variation. Because the probability of death for different diseases is variable, the new statement is a better one.", "contents": "[A modification of the Gompertz plot resulting from the age index by Ries and an approximation of the survivorship curve (author's transl)]. The shape of the survivorship curve can easily be interpreted on condition that the probability of death is proportional to an exponentially rising function of ageing. According to the formation of a sum for determining of the age index by Ries it was investigated to what extent the survivorship curve may be approximated by a sum of exponentials. It follows that the difference between the pure exponential function and a sum of exponentials by using possible values is lying within the random variation. Because the probability of death for different diseases is variable, the new statement is a better one.", "PMID": 746668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6870", "title": "[Living condition of aging working women in family, marriage, and profession (author's transl)].", "content": "Our research has elucidated the important role of family life and intimate sphere for the way of living of women in the conversion phase (40-60 years). It is shown that negative factors lie in too hard housework, in deficiency of help by husband, in familiar conflicts and conflicts of married life, and in unfavourable conditions of employment. The necessity of integrating gerosexualhygiene in measures for preparing for an active and harmonious old age was deduced from our results.", "contents": "[Living condition of aging working women in family, marriage, and profession (author's transl)]. Our research has elucidated the important role of family life and intimate sphere for the way of living of women in the conversion phase (40-60 years). It is shown that negative factors lie in too hard housework, in deficiency of help by husband, in familiar conflicts and conflicts of married life, and in unfavourable conditions of employment. The necessity of integrating gerosexualhygiene in measures for preparing for an active and harmonious old age was deduced from our results.", "PMID": 746669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6871", "title": "[Aging changes of passive electrical and mechanical properties of human skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical and electrical properties of human skin are definable by a apparatus, developed by Pliquett and Rollius (1975). Using this method was determined a value, correlate to the product of the elasticity and the electrical conductance on 90 healthy persons. This value depends in a characteristically way on age, with a maximum near 25 and 55 years. The amount of the maximum depends on sex and profession of the probands.", "contents": "[Aging changes of passive electrical and mechanical properties of human skin (author's transl)]. Mechanical and electrical properties of human skin are definable by a apparatus, developed by Pliquett and Rollius (1975). Using this method was determined a value, correlate to the product of the elasticity and the electrical conductance on 90 healthy persons. This value depends in a characteristically way on age, with a maximum near 25 and 55 years. The amount of the maximum depends on sex and profession of the probands.", "PMID": 746670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6872", "title": "[The value of physical training as a preventive measure in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "A critical valuation of the hitherto achieved results concerning the problems of the influence of a permanent training on the course of the chronic ischaemic heart disease with the following result is performed: -A perseverance training which was begun in adolescence and permanently continued allows to expect a genuine preventive effect concerning the chronic ischaemic heart disease, though not in every case. Moreover it certainly contributes to retard temporarily the beginning of the chronic ischaemic heart disease and to restrict the sequels of a myocardial infarction. -When a chronic ischaemic heart disease exists no effects on the arteriosclerosis in general and the sclerosis of the coronary arteries in particular is to be expected. These show a progredience which cannot be influenced by training. -Also the effects on the myocardium, particularly on the formation of collaterals and the evoking of adaptive effects in the myocardiac cell itself are not to be expected, when the chronic ischaemic heart disease has already developed. Nevertheless, under this condition a perseverance training seems to be not fully hopeless, since through peripheral effects and general effects secondary effects on the heart are possible.", "contents": "[The value of physical training as a preventive measure in chronic ischemic heart disease]. A critical valuation of the hitherto achieved results concerning the problems of the influence of a permanent training on the course of the chronic ischaemic heart disease with the following result is performed: -A perseverance training which was begun in adolescence and permanently continued allows to expect a genuine preventive effect concerning the chronic ischaemic heart disease, though not in every case. Moreover it certainly contributes to retard temporarily the beginning of the chronic ischaemic heart disease and to restrict the sequels of a myocardial infarction. -When a chronic ischaemic heart disease exists no effects on the arteriosclerosis in general and the sclerosis of the coronary arteries in particular is to be expected. These show a progredience which cannot be influenced by training. -Also the effects on the myocardium, particularly on the formation of collaterals and the evoking of adaptive effects in the myocardiac cell itself are not to be expected, when the chronic ischaemic heart disease has already developed. Nevertheless, under this condition a perseverance training seems to be not fully hopeless, since through peripheral effects and general effects secondary effects on the heart are possible.", "PMID": 746671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6873", "title": "[Simultaneous diagnostic studies of bacteriuria as related to method of urine collection].", "content": "In a direct comparative series were compared 204 functional, catheter, and mid-stream urines which were got simultaneously in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. In suprapubic vesical puncture 113 had a sterile urine, 91 showed a bacteriuria. After catheterisation 103 specimens were still sterile and 101 were bacterially infected. Of the mid-stream urines only 90 proved sterile, and 114 times pathogenic agents could be proved. While in males mid-stream urines achieved good results, in females a contamination was pretty frequent. Repeated investigations, estimation of the number of germs, and optimum taking essentially improve evidence. Though in females by means of catheterisation better bacteriological results may be achieved, in rare cases there is the danger of the invasion of germs. A clear judgment is possible, using the suprapubic vesical puncture.", "contents": "[Simultaneous diagnostic studies of bacteriuria as related to method of urine collection]. In a direct comparative series were compared 204 functional, catheter, and mid-stream urines which were got simultaneously in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. In suprapubic vesical puncture 113 had a sterile urine, 91 showed a bacteriuria. After catheterisation 103 specimens were still sterile and 101 were bacterially infected. Of the mid-stream urines only 90 proved sterile, and 114 times pathogenic agents could be proved. While in males mid-stream urines achieved good results, in females a contamination was pretty frequent. Repeated investigations, estimation of the number of germs, and optimum taking essentially improve evidence. Though in females by means of catheterisation better bacteriological results may be achieved, in rare cases there is the danger of the invasion of germs. A clear judgment is possible, using the suprapubic vesical puncture.", "PMID": 746672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6874", "title": "[Optimization of therapy using cardiac glycosides].", "content": "By the estimation of the serum glycoside concentration during the last years numerous new recognitions have been got, particularly concerning the pharmacokinetics of the heart glycosides, which increasingly will be reflected in the clinical practice. Apart from thoughts on pharmacokinetics the author adopts a definite attitude to glycoside tolerance, to the influence of age and bodyweight as well as to the importance of disturbances of the renal function. Moreover it is referred to new aspects in the dosage of heart glycosides, in which case the revision of the central therapy recommendations seems to be necessary.", "contents": "[Optimization of therapy using cardiac glycosides]. By the estimation of the serum glycoside concentration during the last years numerous new recognitions have been got, particularly concerning the pharmacokinetics of the heart glycosides, which increasingly will be reflected in the clinical practice. Apart from thoughts on pharmacokinetics the author adopts a definite attitude to glycoside tolerance, to the influence of age and bodyweight as well as to the importance of disturbances of the renal function. Moreover it is referred to new aspects in the dosage of heart glycosides, in which case the revision of the central therapy recommendations seems to be necessary.", "PMID": 746673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6875", "title": "[Effect of bronchial reactivity on the whole-body plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 and its value in the early diagnosis of chronic nonspecific lung diseases].", "content": "Examinations performed with the help of the body-plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 prove the close connection between the development of chronic unspecific pulmonary diseases and the appearance of disturbances of the ventilatory distribution. The functional disturbance metioned is further increased by the bronchial provocation and may partly be demonstrated in a characteristic way also in inconspicuous initial findings. The body-plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 is, however, not suited for the early diagnosis of chronic unspecific pulmonary diseases, since with its help the verification of disturbances of the ventilatory distribution is successful only then, when the total resistance is already increased. For the final judgment of the aptitude of the bronchial reactivity test for the increase of the valency of methods of the distribution analysis in the early diagnosis further examinations are necessary.", "contents": "[Effect of bronchial reactivity on the whole-body plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 and its value in the early diagnosis of chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. Examinations performed with the help of the body-plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 prove the close connection between the development of chronic unspecific pulmonary diseases and the appearance of disturbances of the ventilatory distribution. The functional disturbance metioned is further increased by the bronchial provocation and may partly be demonstrated in a characteristic way also in inconspicuous initial findings. The body-plethysmographic inhomogeneity parameter REmax/RE0 is, however, not suited for the early diagnosis of chronic unspecific pulmonary diseases, since with its help the verification of disturbances of the ventilatory distribution is successful only then, when the total resistance is already increased. For the final judgment of the aptitude of the bronchial reactivity test for the increase of the valency of methods of the distribution analysis in the early diagnosis further examinations are necessary.", "PMID": 746674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6876", "title": "[Determination of glycogen phosphorylase B--a contribution to the enzymatic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "On the basis of a small number of patients with the tentative diagnosis acute myocardial infarction the diagnostic valency of the glycogen phosphorylase was tested. A separation between severe stenocardia and myocardial infarction is possible. After simplification of the methodology the glycogen phosphorylase might substitute in higher specifity the creatinine kinase.", "contents": "[Determination of glycogen phosphorylase B--a contribution to the enzymatic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct]. On the basis of a small number of patients with the tentative diagnosis acute myocardial infarction the diagnostic valency of the glycogen phosphorylase was tested. A separation between severe stenocardia and myocardial infarction is possible. After simplification of the methodology the glycogen phosphorylase might substitute in higher specifity the creatinine kinase.", "PMID": 746675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6877", "title": "[Bone fluorosis without occupational exposure in chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "Report on a 70-year-old male with bone fluorosis which was ascertained radiologically, by section and fluor analysis in the bone ash. With empty professional anamnesis as cause was found the presence of a chronic renal insufficiency with simultaneously increased fluor content of drinking water. The decreased renal excretion of fluoride might have led to the pathological development in the bones. It is referred to the significance of extra-medical fluor load and the knowledge of the renal function when halogen is therapeutically used.", "contents": "[Bone fluorosis without occupational exposure in chronic renal insufficiency]. Report on a 70-year-old male with bone fluorosis which was ascertained radiologically, by section and fluor analysis in the bone ash. With empty professional anamnesis as cause was found the presence of a chronic renal insufficiency with simultaneously increased fluor content of drinking water. The decreased renal excretion of fluoride might have led to the pathological development in the bones. It is referred to the significance of extra-medical fluor load and the knowledge of the renal function when halogen is therapeutically used.", "PMID": 746676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6878", "title": "[Open disponibility before self - on Medard Boss' Basis of Medicine and Psychology].", "content": "In this book, written in collaboration with Heidegger, Medard Boss endeavours for the first time to use Heidegger's late philosophical oeuvre as a basis for medicine and psychology. Boss attempts to uncover behind the understanding of man as existence, which prevail in \"Sein und Zeit\" and which has been so influential for Binswanger's existential analysis, a more original understanding of man as eksistence, as \"open disponibility\" (Offenst\u00e4ndigkeit). The interest of this view resides in the resulting general principle of classification and interpretation of all forms of disease, giving rise to an \"existenialistic pathology\". The problematic aspect consists in the failure to integrate the \"being-onself\" in the understanding of human existence as open disponibility, which leads to a one-sided interpretation of disease processes.", "contents": "[Open disponibility before self - on Medard Boss' Basis of Medicine and Psychology]. In this book, written in collaboration with Heidegger, Medard Boss endeavours for the first time to use Heidegger's late philosophical oeuvre as a basis for medicine and psychology. Boss attempts to uncover behind the understanding of man as existence, which prevail in \"Sein und Zeit\" and which has been so influential for Binswanger's existential analysis, a more original understanding of man as eksistence, as \"open disponibility\" (Offenst\u00e4ndigkeit). The interest of this view resides in the resulting general principle of classification and interpretation of all forms of disease, giving rise to an \"existenialistic pathology\". The problematic aspect consists in the failure to integrate the \"being-onself\" in the understanding of human existence as open disponibility, which leads to a one-sided interpretation of disease processes.", "PMID": 746677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6879", "title": "[Understanding implicit behavior].", "content": "The point of departure of the present paper is the comprobation that the visible behaviour of an individual conveys information about his internal state to others, yet the description of this information transfer is limited by an insufficient conceptual framework. The most important historical approaches to the field of expressive behaviour are discussed. The peculiarity of language in information transfer as an \"explicit\" system of rules is constrasted with all the other kinds of behaviour which also play \"informative\" and \"communicative\" roles. For these the concept of \"implicit\" system is proposed and discussed. It is further shown that a strict distinction between \"implicit\" and \"explicit\" is not possible for behavioural manifestations, but rather they constitute poles of a continuum in which all communicative modes could be incorporated. Dichotomies most commonly used in human and animal communication and interaction researach are compared with the presented implicit - explicit dichotomy. The advantages of the latter are seen in the semantic clarification it could provide, thus leading to a somewhat clearer approach to different forms of behaviour research.", "contents": "[Understanding implicit behavior]. The point of departure of the present paper is the comprobation that the visible behaviour of an individual conveys information about his internal state to others, yet the description of this information transfer is limited by an insufficient conceptual framework. The most important historical approaches to the field of expressive behaviour are discussed. The peculiarity of language in information transfer as an \"explicit\" system of rules is constrasted with all the other kinds of behaviour which also play \"informative\" and \"communicative\" roles. For these the concept of \"implicit\" system is proposed and discussed. It is further shown that a strict distinction between \"implicit\" and \"explicit\" is not possible for behavioural manifestations, but rather they constitute poles of a continuum in which all communicative modes could be incorporated. Dichotomies most commonly used in human and animal communication and interaction researach are compared with the presented implicit - explicit dichotomy. The advantages of the latter are seen in the semantic clarification it could provide, thus leading to a somewhat clearer approach to different forms of behaviour research.", "PMID": 746678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6880", "title": "[The social partners of depressives].", "content": "The interactional behavior of depressed individuals and that of control subjects was observed by means of a coding system. The partners of depressed individuals showed different categorial frequencies than the partners of non-depressed individuals. In addition, differing categorial frequencies were displayed by long-term and short-term partners. Short-term partners of depressed individuals were reserved and considerate whereas long-term partners tended to display more demanding and critical behavior. The results are discussed in behavioral terms.", "contents": "[The social partners of depressives]. The interactional behavior of depressed individuals and that of control subjects was observed by means of a coding system. The partners of depressed individuals showed different categorial frequencies than the partners of non-depressed individuals. In addition, differing categorial frequencies were displayed by long-term and short-term partners. Short-term partners of depressed individuals were reserved and considerate whereas long-term partners tended to display more demanding and critical behavior. The results are discussed in behavioral terms.", "PMID": 746679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6881", "title": "[Psychic disturbances in adopted children--an overview of the postiion of clinical research].", "content": "Empirical studies on the psychopathology of adoptees are summarized and discussed with regard to the possibility of a relationship between adoption and psychic disturbances. The results leave the question open as to whether adoptees are more prone to psychic disturbances than other individuals. Those under treatment do not seem to be more severely disturbed than others. Whereas however the adoptees display more disturbances in their social behavior rather than neurotic disturbances, the relationsship is reversed in the population of the non-dopted. The causes seem to lie in the conditions in early childhood and in the experience of being adopted itself.", "contents": "[Psychic disturbances in adopted children--an overview of the postiion of clinical research]. Empirical studies on the psychopathology of adoptees are summarized and discussed with regard to the possibility of a relationship between adoption and psychic disturbances. The results leave the question open as to whether adoptees are more prone to psychic disturbances than other individuals. Those under treatment do not seem to be more severely disturbed than others. Whereas however the adoptees display more disturbances in their social behavior rather than neurotic disturbances, the relationsship is reversed in the population of the non-dopted. The causes seem to lie in the conditions in early childhood and in the experience of being adopted itself.", "PMID": 746680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6882", "title": "Lymphokines. VI. Factors in human and other heterologous sera inhibiting the migration of guinea pig macrophages.", "content": "Different heterologous sera including human, rabbit, bovine and fetal calf serum (FCS) showed a strong inhibiting effect on the migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (GPPM), compared to the migration of GPPM in homologous guinea pig serum. The inhibiting effect of these sera on the migration of horse monocytes on the other hand was much less marked. Fractionation of human and rabbit serum showed the 4 S fraction to be most inhibitory on GPPM migration. The migration inhibiting effect of heterologous sera on GPPM was prevented by addition of homologous (GP) serum, by absorption of the sera by various guinea pig cells, by heating at 56 degrees and by addition of alpha-L-fucose. Human sera were found to be strongly cytotoxic for 51Cr-labelled guinea pig erythrocytes and lymphocytes, but not for horse lymphocytes. Upon absorption with guinea pig erythrocytes, lymphocytes and kidney cells, the cytotoxicity of the human sera was strongly reduced. Accordingly, the role of heterophilic antibodies and/or of heat-labile MIF-like factors in heterologous sera has to be considered in al macrophage migration experiments where heterologous sera are being used. These factors may differ from the heat-stable MIF activity generated upon antigen- or mitogen-induced stimulation of cultured lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphokines. VI. Factors in human and other heterologous sera inhibiting the migration of guinea pig macrophages. Different heterologous sera including human, rabbit, bovine and fetal calf serum (FCS) showed a strong inhibiting effect on the migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (GPPM), compared to the migration of GPPM in homologous guinea pig serum. The inhibiting effect of these sera on the migration of horse monocytes on the other hand was much less marked. Fractionation of human and rabbit serum showed the 4 S fraction to be most inhibitory on GPPM migration. The migration inhibiting effect of heterologous sera on GPPM was prevented by addition of homologous (GP) serum, by absorption of the sera by various guinea pig cells, by heating at 56 degrees and by addition of alpha-L-fucose. Human sera were found to be strongly cytotoxic for 51Cr-labelled guinea pig erythrocytes and lymphocytes, but not for horse lymphocytes. Upon absorption with guinea pig erythrocytes, lymphocytes and kidney cells, the cytotoxicity of the human sera was strongly reduced. Accordingly, the role of heterophilic antibodies and/or of heat-labile MIF-like factors in heterologous sera has to be considered in al macrophage migration experiments where heterologous sera are being used. These factors may differ from the heat-stable MIF activity generated upon antigen- or mitogen-induced stimulation of cultured lymphocytes.", "PMID": 746681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6883", "title": "[Determination of the association constant K0 and the number of combining sites n of the mitogenic lectin I and its structural relationship to the nonmitogenic lectin II from the sponge Axinella polypoides (Schmidt) (author's transl)].", "content": "The association constant K0 and the number of combining-sites n for the mitogenic lectin I from the sponge Axinella polypoides was determined. K0 was found to be 2,8 . 10(2) 1/mol and n = 1. Immunoelectrophoretic investigations demonstrated, that lectin I and the nonmitogenic lectin II of Axinella polypoides have structural relationships but have also domains which are unique to them. The correlation between these findings, their carbohydrate specificity and mitogenicity is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of the association constant K0 and the number of combining sites n of the mitogenic lectin I and its structural relationship to the nonmitogenic lectin II from the sponge Axinella polypoides (Schmidt) (author's transl)]. The association constant K0 and the number of combining-sites n for the mitogenic lectin I from the sponge Axinella polypoides was determined. K0 was found to be 2,8 . 10(2) 1/mol and n = 1. Immunoelectrophoretic investigations demonstrated, that lectin I and the nonmitogenic lectin II of Axinella polypoides have structural relationships but have also domains which are unique to them. The correlation between these findings, their carbohydrate specificity and mitogenicity is discussed.", "PMID": 746682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6884", "title": "A special constraint on the evolution of composite signals.", "content": "Many animals use composite signals, combining e. g. auditory and visual components. If the components travel at different speeds, the time lag between reception of the components increases with increasing distance from the sender. Problems arising especially from rhythmical repetition of composite signals are discussed and possible solutions are indicated.", "contents": "A special constraint on the evolution of composite signals. Many animals use composite signals, combining e. g. auditory and visual components. If the components travel at different speeds, the time lag between reception of the components increases with increasing distance from the sender. Problems arising especially from rhythmical repetition of composite signals are discussed and possible solutions are indicated.", "PMID": 746983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6885", "title": "[Clinical and morphological characteristics of chronic endometritis].", "content": "130 cases of chronic endometritis, defined by the histologic criteria, were reviewed retrospectively for etiologic antecedents and clinical course. The over-all incidence of chronic endometritis in the present series was 2.32 per cent. The presence of plasma cells in the endometrium is essential to the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Irregular vaginal bleeding is the commonest presenting symptom. The treatment of chronic endometritis should be individualised and related to the ovarian function.", "contents": "[Clinical and morphological characteristics of chronic endometritis]. 130 cases of chronic endometritis, defined by the histologic criteria, were reviewed retrospectively for etiologic antecedents and clinical course. The over-all incidence of chronic endometritis in the present series was 2.32 per cent. The presence of plasma cells in the endometrium is essential to the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Irregular vaginal bleeding is the commonest presenting symptom. The treatment of chronic endometritis should be individualised and related to the ovarian function.", "PMID": 746984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6886", "title": "[Development of pregnancy in genetic risk patients with special reference to transabdominal amniocentesis].", "content": "A complex 3-stage-method of pregnancy evaluation in genetic patients with a planned-transabdominal amniocentesis reduces essentially the risk of the intervention; the state of maternal organism, placental function and fetal growth are repeatedly assessed. Fetal growth retardation together with poor placental function indicated in 4 cases a malformation of the type not be able to be diagnosed cytogeneticylla. Our experience is derived from 404 pregnancies followed before and after transabdominal amniocentesis.", "contents": "[Development of pregnancy in genetic risk patients with special reference to transabdominal amniocentesis]. A complex 3-stage-method of pregnancy evaluation in genetic patients with a planned-transabdominal amniocentesis reduces essentially the risk of the intervention; the state of maternal organism, placental function and fetal growth are repeatedly assessed. Fetal growth retardation together with poor placental function indicated in 4 cases a malformation of the type not be able to be diagnosed cytogeneticylla. Our experience is derived from 404 pregnancies followed before and after transabdominal amniocentesis.", "PMID": 746985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6887", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on the early stages of embryogenesis].", "content": "Tetracycline and Fusidin have the ability to flow through the placenta in a high quantity. It is proved, that these preparations in the early stage of ontogenesis developed considerable embryotoxic quality. High danger in the pregnancy is given with Tetracycline. Therefore the application of these antibiotics during the pregnancy is not indicated.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on the early stages of embryogenesis]. Tetracycline and Fusidin have the ability to flow through the placenta in a high quantity. It is proved, that these preparations in the early stage of ontogenesis developed considerable embryotoxic quality. High danger in the pregnancy is given with Tetracycline. Therefore the application of these antibiotics during the pregnancy is not indicated.", "PMID": 746986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6888", "title": "[Late toxicosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation disorders and acute fatty liver during pregnancy (Sheehan's disease II)].", "content": "The authors discuss some etiologic and clinical aspects of M. Sheehan II based on 2 histologically proven cases. They point out the consecutive connection between the preeclampsia, DIG and the development of the syndrom. The role as starters of some medicaments beside other factors is suggested. The paramount importance of an immediate diagnosis and adequate and correct therapeutic measures, which include a prompt interruption of pregnancy and treatment of the acid-base dysbalance, the renal and haematologic failure is stressed, as well as the prophylactic measures.", "contents": "[Late toxicosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation disorders and acute fatty liver during pregnancy (Sheehan's disease II)]. The authors discuss some etiologic and clinical aspects of M. Sheehan II based on 2 histologically proven cases. They point out the consecutive connection between the preeclampsia, DIG and the development of the syndrom. The role as starters of some medicaments beside other factors is suggested. The paramount importance of an immediate diagnosis and adequate and correct therapeutic measures, which include a prompt interruption of pregnancy and treatment of the acid-base dysbalance, the renal and haematologic failure is stressed, as well as the prophylactic measures.", "PMID": 746987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6889", "title": "[Pros and cons in the therapy of hypertensive gestoses. I. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia].", "content": "The authors report on the modern trends and the pro and contra in treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Ambulatory therapy is only allowed in mild preeclampsia by rest, high-protein lowcaloric diet and mild sedation. Also during the stationary therapy diuretics should be commonly avoided. As sedative drugs magnesium sulfate, diazepam, clomethiazole and barbiturates are recommended. Antihypertensive drugs are given when the blood pressure exceeds 180/110 mm Hg. Favoured drugs are hydralazine, methyldopa and beta adrenergic substances. For the treatment of eclampsia well tried standardized methods with few drugs as magnesium sulfate and when necessary barbiturates and hydralazine are mentioned, furthermore, the combination with new therapeutic managements as the osmo onco-therapy and the modern anaesthetic technics. There is agreement that in severe preeclampsia induction of labor should be performed before term. The indication for that is facilitated by the modern perinatal diagnostics.", "contents": "[Pros and cons in the therapy of hypertensive gestoses. I. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia]. The authors report on the modern trends and the pro and contra in treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Ambulatory therapy is only allowed in mild preeclampsia by rest, high-protein lowcaloric diet and mild sedation. Also during the stationary therapy diuretics should be commonly avoided. As sedative drugs magnesium sulfate, diazepam, clomethiazole and barbiturates are recommended. Antihypertensive drugs are given when the blood pressure exceeds 180/110 mm Hg. Favoured drugs are hydralazine, methyldopa and beta adrenergic substances. For the treatment of eclampsia well tried standardized methods with few drugs as magnesium sulfate and when necessary barbiturates and hydralazine are mentioned, furthermore, the combination with new therapeutic managements as the osmo onco-therapy and the modern anaesthetic technics. There is agreement that in severe preeclampsia induction of labor should be performed before term. The indication for that is facilitated by the modern perinatal diagnostics.", "PMID": 746988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6890", "title": "[Pros and cons in the therapy of hypertensive gestoses. II. Chronic hypertension].", "content": "The authors discuss some controversial aspects of the therapy of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. In cases in whom the blood pressure has been treated before conception the therapy should be continued. But there is no agreement about beginning of the hypotensive therapy during pregnancy. Some authors recommend an early treatment, others give hypotensive drugs only for those women who show no fall of the blood pressure in the second trimester or when the blood pressure exceeds 170/110 mm. Hg. These controversial opinions result from our defective notice of the uteroplacental blood flow during a long-continued application of antihypertensive drugs and their dose-response. As hypotensive agents methyldopa, hydralazine and beta adrenergic substances are recommended, on part of internists also medicaments which are used in nonpregnant patients. In severe chronic hypertension premature induction of labor is necessary. In hypertension III degree and IV degree the pregnancy should be interrupted.", "contents": "[Pros and cons in the therapy of hypertensive gestoses. II. Chronic hypertension]. The authors discuss some controversial aspects of the therapy of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. In cases in whom the blood pressure has been treated before conception the therapy should be continued. But there is no agreement about beginning of the hypotensive therapy during pregnancy. Some authors recommend an early treatment, others give hypotensive drugs only for those women who show no fall of the blood pressure in the second trimester or when the blood pressure exceeds 170/110 mm. Hg. These controversial opinions result from our defective notice of the uteroplacental blood flow during a long-continued application of antihypertensive drugs and their dose-response. As hypotensive agents methyldopa, hydralazine and beta adrenergic substances are recommended, on part of internists also medicaments which are used in nonpregnant patients. In severe chronic hypertension premature induction of labor is necessary. In hypertension III degree and IV degree the pregnancy should be interrupted.", "PMID": 746989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6891", "title": "[Colposcopic picture of blood vessels in the early stages of cervix cancer].", "content": "A case of carcinoma in situ with the beginning of invasion is presented. In contradistinction to the changes characteristic of such cases, in this case branching vessels completely typical of a normal transformation zone were found. This suggests only adaptive vascular hypertrophy without vascular neoplasia, in spite of the cancerous changes in the epithelium in situ.", "contents": "[Colposcopic picture of blood vessels in the early stages of cervix cancer]. A case of carcinoma in situ with the beginning of invasion is presented. In contradistinction to the changes characteristic of such cases, in this case branching vessels completely typical of a normal transformation zone were found. This suggests only adaptive vascular hypertrophy without vascular neoplasia, in spite of the cancerous changes in the epithelium in situ.", "PMID": 746990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6892", "title": "[Our experiences with prehypoglycemic insulin treatment in the care of pregnant diabetics].", "content": "Results are shown obtained from 88 patients who were pregnant and diabetic, treated from November 1972 until November 1976 at the \"Gonzalez Coro\" Hospital and the Endocrinology Institute of Havana. These patients received a therapeutical regime which took into consideration an increase in the dosis of simple, regular insulin, until the \"maximum tolerated dosis\" was reached in each case, which was capable of situating this patient in a real prehipoglicemic status. Among the modifications which were introduced was the diet with calories requirements estimated attending to the weight, height and age of the pregnant women. We employed two classifications for the patients: that from Pricilla White modified by Pedersen, and our own institution's, which was  aimed to know the \"mother-fetus-prognosis\". The group includes 17 patients of type A, 14 of type B, 20 of type C, 29 of type D and 8 of type F. These last ones were diagnosed through kidney-biopsia during the puerperium. A fix date for birth was not predeterminated; each patient was allowed to go ahead with her pregnancy until spontaneous delivery began. The rate of cesarean operation was 52%, and the weight of the newborns was within the average limits, except in 4 cases. The perinated death-rate of the group was 3,4% and the Apgar-score at the first minute of life was satisfactory in 79,5% of the group. It is concluded that the individual normoglicemia is essential for the control of the diabetic woman, and that mother's glicemia will have an effect on the fetus, producing a reduction of the gradient of mother-fetus glicemia and, on account of this, also a reduction of the hiperinsulinism reaction of the fetus with all its ill results.", "contents": "[Our experiences with prehypoglycemic insulin treatment in the care of pregnant diabetics]. Results are shown obtained from 88 patients who were pregnant and diabetic, treated from November 1972 until November 1976 at the \"Gonzalez Coro\" Hospital and the Endocrinology Institute of Havana. These patients received a therapeutical regime which took into consideration an increase in the dosis of simple, regular insulin, until the \"maximum tolerated dosis\" was reached in each case, which was capable of situating this patient in a real prehipoglicemic status. Among the modifications which were introduced was the diet with calories requirements estimated attending to the weight, height and age of the pregnant women. We employed two classifications for the patients: that from Pricilla White modified by Pedersen, and our own institution's, which was  aimed to know the \"mother-fetus-prognosis\". The group includes 17 patients of type A, 14 of type B, 20 of type C, 29 of type D and 8 of type F. These last ones were diagnosed through kidney-biopsia during the puerperium. A fix date for birth was not predeterminated; each patient was allowed to go ahead with her pregnancy until spontaneous delivery began. The rate of cesarean operation was 52%, and the weight of the newborns was within the average limits, except in 4 cases. The perinated death-rate of the group was 3,4% and the Apgar-score at the first minute of life was satisfactory in 79,5% of the group. It is concluded that the individual normoglicemia is essential for the control of the diabetic woman, and that mother's glicemia will have an effect on the fetus, producing a reduction of the gradient of mother-fetus glicemia and, on account of this, also a reduction of the hiperinsulinism reaction of the fetus with all its ill results.", "PMID": 746991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6893", "title": "[Cytohistologic correlation of stage III using Papanicolaou's method].", "content": "200 cytologic smears classified as Papanicolaou's class III at the department of cytopathology of the \"America Arias\" gynecobstetric teaching hospital are studied. Gynecological procedures, cytologic and histological techniques used in the study of each patient are described. Considerations on the age of appearance of cervix and endometrium benign and malignant lesions are made. Conclusions derived from the final histological diagnosis of patients are made.", "contents": "[Cytohistologic correlation of stage III using Papanicolaou's method]. 200 cytologic smears classified as Papanicolaou's class III at the department of cytopathology of the \"America Arias\" gynecobstetric teaching hospital are studied. Gynecological procedures, cytologic and histological techniques used in the study of each patient are described. Considerations on the age of appearance of cervix and endometrium benign and malignant lesions are made. Conclusions derived from the final histological diagnosis of patients are made.", "PMID": 746992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6894", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes of the terminal placental villi in placental insufficiency].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the placenta in toxemia of pregnancy and in diabetes are described. In toxemia of pregnancy in the placenta definite morphological changes were observed; marked atrophy of the syntitial layer was followed by hyperplasia of the cytotrophoblastie cells. The most expressed changes occurred in the vessel wall: swelling of the endothelium, narrowing of the vessel-lumen, deposition of filamentous material in the cytoplasma. Morphological changes in the placenta in diabetes are moderate as compared to those observed in toxemia. Thickening of the basal membrane seems to be most characteristic. Ultrastructural changes are almost identical to those observed in toxemia. Morphological changes revealed may be responsible for the  insuffiziency of the placenta and the intrauterine damage to the foetus.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes of the terminal placental villi in placental insufficiency]. Ultrastructural changes of the placenta in toxemia of pregnancy and in diabetes are described. In toxemia of pregnancy in the placenta definite morphological changes were observed; marked atrophy of the syntitial layer was followed by hyperplasia of the cytotrophoblastie cells. The most expressed changes occurred in the vessel wall: swelling of the endothelium, narrowing of the vessel-lumen, deposition of filamentous material in the cytoplasma. Morphological changes in the placenta in diabetes are moderate as compared to those observed in toxemia. Thickening of the basal membrane seems to be most characteristic. Ultrastructural changes are almost identical to those observed in toxemia. Morphological changes revealed may be responsible for the  insuffiziency of the placenta and the intrauterine damage to the foetus.", "PMID": 746993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6895", "title": "[Investigations on strain-specific differences in the relationship between hemagglutination-inhibition titers and the number and quality of antibody molecules oriented to influenza virus type A strains (author's transl)].", "content": "For a series of influenza virus A strains, the number of antibody molecules per ml (A) and their quality in terms of the equilibrium constant K was determined. The relationship between the values of A and K and the HI titers was examined and the following results were obtained: 1. For the majority of strains tested, no significant differences in the number of antibody molecules per HI unit were found. For some strains, significantly differing A/HI values were recorded. However, it cannot be excluded that these differences were artifacts, reflecting different numbers of antigenic sites per virus particle for the strains compared and not different numbers of antibody molecules per HI unit. 2. N2 antineuraminidase (= AN) antibodies were found to influence both the A and HI values in like manner when allowed to react simultaneously in presence of antihemagglutinin antibodies with homologous virus. As a consequence, the A/HI ratios were not measurably influenced by AN antibodies, reflecting antihemagglutinin antibodies, only. 3. For the sera tested, the HI titers were found to depend primarily on the values of A and much less on the values of K. The results are interpreted to suggest that the ratios of HI titers measured against different influenza A strains will in first approximation reflect the ratios of the concentration of antibody molecules.", "contents": "[Investigations on strain-specific differences in the relationship between hemagglutination-inhibition titers and the number and quality of antibody molecules oriented to influenza virus type A strains (author's transl)]. For a series of influenza virus A strains, the number of antibody molecules per ml (A) and their quality in terms of the equilibrium constant K was determined. The relationship between the values of A and K and the HI titers was examined and the following results were obtained: 1. For the majority of strains tested, no significant differences in the number of antibody molecules per HI unit were found. For some strains, significantly differing A/HI values were recorded. However, it cannot be excluded that these differences were artifacts, reflecting different numbers of antigenic sites per virus particle for the strains compared and not different numbers of antibody molecules per HI unit. 2. N2 antineuraminidase (= AN) antibodies were found to influence both the A and HI values in like manner when allowed to react simultaneously in presence of antihemagglutinin antibodies with homologous virus. As a consequence, the A/HI ratios were not measurably influenced by AN antibodies, reflecting antihemagglutinin antibodies, only. 3. For the sera tested, the HI titers were found to depend primarily on the values of A and much less on the values of K. The results are interpreted to suggest that the ratios of HI titers measured against different influenza A strains will in first approximation reflect the ratios of the concentration of antibody molecules.", "PMID": 746994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6896", "title": "[Stimulatory action of Brassica oleracea var. sabauda (Savoy) on mycobacteria and mycobacterial infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven vegetable species were investigated for the presence of growth-stimulating activity on mycobacteria. It was found that savoy juice (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda), given orally, posessed a pronounced stimulating effect on M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. avium and M. intracellulare serotype Davis in the serum of experimental animals when tested in auxanograms (Table 1). Another 2 species, paprica (Capsicum frutescens) and radish (Raphanus sativus var. albus) showed only insignificant stimulating activity. Oral application of savoy juice in addition to ordinary diet had an aggravating effect on guinea pigs infected peritoneally with M. kansasii. Tuberculosis of the spleen was found only in the groups treated with savoy juice (in 28.57% after administration of 1 mg and 47.36% after that of 10 mg of mycobacteria). The counts for animals with tuberculous lesions of the lung and liver were significantly higher in the groups treated with savoy juice (Table 2, Fig. 1) as compared with those for infected, but untreated guinea pigs. The possible influence of stimulating substances in vegetables on mycobacterial infection, especially during malnutrition, is discussed.", "contents": "[Stimulatory action of Brassica oleracea var. sabauda (Savoy) on mycobacteria and mycobacterial infection (author's transl)]. Eleven vegetable species were investigated for the presence of growth-stimulating activity on mycobacteria. It was found that savoy juice (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda), given orally, posessed a pronounced stimulating effect on M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. avium and M. intracellulare serotype Davis in the serum of experimental animals when tested in auxanograms (Table 1). Another 2 species, paprica (Capsicum frutescens) and radish (Raphanus sativus var. albus) showed only insignificant stimulating activity. Oral application of savoy juice in addition to ordinary diet had an aggravating effect on guinea pigs infected peritoneally with M. kansasii. Tuberculosis of the spleen was found only in the groups treated with savoy juice (in 28.57% after administration of 1 mg and 47.36% after that of 10 mg of mycobacteria). The counts for animals with tuberculous lesions of the lung and liver were significantly higher in the groups treated with savoy juice (Table 2, Fig. 1) as compared with those for infected, but untreated guinea pigs. The possible influence of stimulating substances in vegetables on mycobacterial infection, especially during malnutrition, is discussed.", "PMID": 746996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6897", "title": "[Present-day status of tularemia prevention in the USSR and further tasks].", "content": "Despite the presence of natural foci of infection at the territory of all the Union republics (excluding the Kirghiz SSR) and intensive epizootics among rodents, tularemia in the USSR is under full control from 1965. Further differentiation of antitularemia measures, depending on local conditions of economy management and the presence of natural foci of infection is necessary.", "contents": "[Present-day status of tularemia prevention in the USSR and further tasks]. Despite the presence of natural foci of infection at the territory of all the Union republics (excluding the Kirghiz SSR) and intensive epizootics among rodents, tularemia in the USSR is under full control from 1965. Further differentiation of antitularemia measures, depending on local conditions of economy management and the presence of natural foci of infection is necessary.", "PMID": 746999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6898", "title": "[Mechanism of the erythrocyte de-agglutination reaction].", "content": "The effect on the indication sensitivity of the level of antigenic sensitization of erythrocytes, molecular parameters of sensitin and of the antigen determined was revealed on various models of agglutinates and antigens determined with the aid of erythrocyte deaggregation reaction (EDR). By its dependence on the EDR sensitivity from the hemosensitization level this reaction was analogous to the passive hemagglutination inhibition test described earlier. Specific deaggregation activity of the antigens depended on their molecular parameters in the same way as their specific agglutinating activity in respect to the erythrocytic antibody diagnostic agents--both of these properties were more intensive in larger antigenic molecules.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the erythrocyte de-agglutination reaction]. The effect on the indication sensitivity of the level of antigenic sensitization of erythrocytes, molecular parameters of sensitin and of the antigen determined was revealed on various models of agglutinates and antigens determined with the aid of erythrocyte deaggregation reaction (EDR). By its dependence on the EDR sensitivity from the hemosensitization level this reaction was analogous to the passive hemagglutination inhibition test described earlier. Specific deaggregation activity of the antigens depended on their molecular parameters in the same way as their specific agglutinating activity in respect to the erythrocytic antibody diagnostic agents--both of these properties were more intensive in larger antigenic molecules.", "PMID": 747000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6899", "title": "[Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the catecholamine content in the adrenals and brain of white rats].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.3 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant on catecholamine content in the adrenal glands and the brain of Wistar rats. There proved to be a sharp reduction of adrenaline and noradrenaline content per gm of adrenal gland raw tissue, and per one adrenal gland at periods of from 1 to 5 weeks after the adjuvant administration, and also a loss of the adrenal gland weight. A less pronounced, but significant increase in the noradrenaline and DOPA concentration was revealed in the brain tissue during the first week after the adjuvant administration, and, of dopamine at all the periods of study. It is suggested that both the peripheral and central links of the sympathoadrenal system were activated by the nonspecific stimulant.", "contents": "[Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the catecholamine content in the adrenals and brain of white rats]. The authors studied the effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.3 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant on catecholamine content in the adrenal glands and the brain of Wistar rats. There proved to be a sharp reduction of adrenaline and noradrenaline content per gm of adrenal gland raw tissue, and per one adrenal gland at periods of from 1 to 5 weeks after the adjuvant administration, and also a loss of the adrenal gland weight. A less pronounced, but significant increase in the noradrenaline and DOPA concentration was revealed in the brain tissue during the first week after the adjuvant administration, and, of dopamine at all the periods of study. It is suggested that both the peripheral and central links of the sympathoadrenal system were activated by the nonspecific stimulant.", "PMID": 747004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6900", "title": "[Change in the nonspecific cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes depending on the method of their isolation].", "content": "The authors present the results of comparative study of nonspecific cytotoxicity of lymphocytes, obtained by different methods, on the cells of cultivated melanoma. The lymphocytes were obtained from defibrinated and heparinized blood of normal donors on a column made of cotton and of phycoll-verographine mixture. Lymphocytes obtained on the latter proved to possess greater cytotoxicity than those obtained on the former. Lymphocyte suspensions from the column, containing platelets were less toxic than lymphocyte suspensions without any platelets. Lymphocytes obtained on the column were more toxic against the melanoma cells of the 22nd--29th passage than against the cells of the 35th--41st passage. This regularity was more pronounced for lymphocyte-platelet suspensions.", "contents": "[Change in the nonspecific cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes depending on the method of their isolation]. The authors present the results of comparative study of nonspecific cytotoxicity of lymphocytes, obtained by different methods, on the cells of cultivated melanoma. The lymphocytes were obtained from defibrinated and heparinized blood of normal donors on a column made of cotton and of phycoll-verographine mixture. Lymphocytes obtained on the latter proved to possess greater cytotoxicity than those obtained on the former. Lymphocyte suspensions from the column, containing platelets were less toxic than lymphocyte suspensions without any platelets. Lymphocytes obtained on the column were more toxic against the melanoma cells of the 22nd--29th passage than against the cells of the 35th--41st passage. This regularity was more pronounced for lymphocyte-platelet suspensions.", "PMID": 747005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6901", "title": "[Study of Vibrio cholerae fractions. II. A comparison of the immunochemical and biological properties of preparations of alkaline extracts (vibrionin) and the endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae].", "content": "Comparative study of immuno-chemical and biological properties of vibrionin and cholera vibrio endotoxin showed vibrionin to contain up to 73.5% of protein, whereas endotoxin preparations contained only 25% of protein. Use of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel permitted to determine the relative electrophoretic mobility of the protein component bands of both preparations. Residual quantities of O-antigenic cholera vibrio determinants were revealed serologically in the vibrionin preparations. Study of biological properties of vibrionin (cholera allergen) demonstrated a possibility of using vibrionin in the capacity of a new bacterial allergen.", "contents": "[Study of Vibrio cholerae fractions. II. A comparison of the immunochemical and biological properties of preparations of alkaline extracts (vibrionin) and the endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae]. Comparative study of immuno-chemical and biological properties of vibrionin and cholera vibrio endotoxin showed vibrionin to contain up to 73.5% of protein, whereas endotoxin preparations contained only 25% of protein. Use of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel permitted to determine the relative electrophoretic mobility of the protein component bands of both preparations. Residual quantities of O-antigenic cholera vibrio determinants were revealed serologically in the vibrionin preparations. Study of biological properties of vibrionin (cholera allergen) demonstrated a possibility of using vibrionin in the capacity of a new bacterial allergen.", "PMID": 747006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6902", "title": "[Study of Vibrio cholerae fractions. III. The gel chromatographic and immunochemical characteristics of vibrionin].", "content": "Three fractions differing by molecular weight (fraction 1--greater than 14 x 10(4)--less than 2 x 10(6) dalton, fraction 11--greater than 7 x 10(4)--less than 14 x 10(4) dalton, fraction III--greater than l0(4) less 35 x 10(3) dalton) were isolated from vibrionin, a preparation of cholera allergen, by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-150. These fractions possessed a different immunochemical activity and were capable of detecting the state of increased sensitivity to cholera vibrio.", "contents": "[Study of Vibrio cholerae fractions. III. The gel chromatographic and immunochemical characteristics of vibrionin]. Three fractions differing by molecular weight (fraction 1--greater than 14 x 10(4)--less than 2 x 10(6) dalton, fraction 11--greater than 7 x 10(4)--less than 14 x 10(4) dalton, fraction III--greater than l0(4) less 35 x 10(3) dalton) were isolated from vibrionin, a preparation of cholera allergen, by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-150. These fractions possessed a different immunochemical activity and were capable of detecting the state of increased sensitivity to cholera vibrio.", "PMID": 747007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6903", "title": "[Production of L forms of the plague microbe].", "content": "Experiments were conducted in vitro. The process of formation of unstable L-form cultures of Pasteurella pestis under the effect of penicillin was studied. A comparatively high frequency of this phenomenon in various strains was demonstrated. A possible role of the L-transformation process in the persistence of the causative agent in the organism of wild animals in endemic foci of infection is put forward.", "contents": "[Production of L forms of the plague microbe]. Experiments were conducted in vitro. The process of formation of unstable L-form cultures of Pasteurella pestis under the effect of penicillin was studied. A comparatively high frequency of this phenomenon in various strains was demonstrated. A possible role of the L-transformation process in the persistence of the causative agent in the organism of wild animals in endemic foci of infection is put forward.", "PMID": 747008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6904", "title": "[Dynamics of humoral immunity indices in patients with the generalized form of meningococcal infection].", "content": "A possibility of using the passive hemagglutination test with meningococcus diagnostic agents of groups A and C for observing the changes in the infectious process was demonstrated. Sera of patients with generalized form of meningococcus infection showed an increase (by the 2nd--3rd week) and a rapid reduction (by the 4th week) of the specific antibodies titres to the levels seen during the first days of the disease. At the remote periods after the disease--in 2 to 5 years--hemagglutinins were revealed in the same titres as in healthy persons (1:10--1:13). Study of physico-chemical nature of antibodies demonstrated that at the early stages of meningococcus infection there formed antibodies referred chiefly to macroglobulins, and at the remote periods (after 3 months)--to microglobulins.", "contents": "[Dynamics of humoral immunity indices in patients with the generalized form of meningococcal infection]. A possibility of using the passive hemagglutination test with meningococcus diagnostic agents of groups A and C for observing the changes in the infectious process was demonstrated. Sera of patients with generalized form of meningococcus infection showed an increase (by the 2nd--3rd week) and a rapid reduction (by the 4th week) of the specific antibodies titres to the levels seen during the first days of the disease. At the remote periods after the disease--in 2 to 5 years--hemagglutinins were revealed in the same titres as in healthy persons (1:10--1:13). Study of physico-chemical nature of antibodies demonstrated that at the early stages of meningococcus infection there formed antibodies referred chiefly to macroglobulins, and at the remote periods (after 3 months)--to microglobulins.", "PMID": 747009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6905", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the L forms of cholera and NAG vibrios].", "content": "Ultrastructure of L-forms of cholera and NAG-vibrios obtained under the effect of penicillin, tetracycline, in prolonged cultivations, and isolated from the external environment was studied. There proved to be no principal differences in their ultrastructural organization. Cells of sphero- and protoplastic type were distinguished in the colonies. The presence in the cell cytoplasm of mesosomes of the lamellar, vesicular type, myelin-like structures, multiple ring-like formations liberated into external environment, and freely lying membranes served as the peculiarity of the L-forms under study. Budding process as a result of which there formed elemental bodies was revealed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the L forms of cholera and NAG vibrios]. Ultrastructure of L-forms of cholera and NAG-vibrios obtained under the effect of penicillin, tetracycline, in prolonged cultivations, and isolated from the external environment was studied. There proved to be no principal differences in their ultrastructural organization. Cells of sphero- and protoplastic type were distinguished in the colonies. The presence in the cell cytoplasm of mesosomes of the lamellar, vesicular type, myelin-like structures, multiple ring-like formations liberated into external environment, and freely lying membranes served as the peculiarity of the L-forms under study. Budding process as a result of which there formed elemental bodies was revealed.", "PMID": 747010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6906", "title": "[L-asparaginase activity of microorganisms].", "content": "L-asparaginase content was studied in 67 different microorganisms, bacterial strains of E. coli, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Proteus, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteria. Xanthomonas, and yeasts and fungi-Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton. All the bacterial strains studied possessed L-asparaginase activity, which varied greatly depending on the representative (10-1200 IU/g dry weight of cells). Yeasts and fungi displayed low L-asparaginase activity.", "contents": "[L-asparaginase activity of microorganisms]. L-asparaginase content was studied in 67 different microorganisms, bacterial strains of E. coli, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Proteus, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteria. Xanthomonas, and yeasts and fungi-Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton. All the bacterial strains studied possessed L-asparaginase activity, which varied greatly depending on the representative (10-1200 IU/g dry weight of cells). Yeasts and fungi displayed low L-asparaginase activity.", "PMID": 747012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6907", "title": "[Isolation of bacteria of the Klebsiella genus in diarrhea in polar researchers].", "content": "Representatives of Klebsiellae tribe (K. pneumoniae, Ent. cloacae, Ent, aerogenes) were isolated in examination of pharyngeal discharge and feces of members of the polar expedition suffering from diarrhea and their contacts; the same microbes were revealed in the antarctic lake which served as the source of drinking water. The mentioned bacteria possessed typical cultural and morphological, as well as biochemical properties. K34 serovar was determined in serological identification of Kl. pneumonia. At the same time it was demonstrated that Klebsiella--representatives of Enterobacteriaceae could be facultative psychophils and persist in the external environment under low temperature conditions; entering human organism they could cause diarrhea, i.e. could act as pathogens.", "contents": "[Isolation of bacteria of the Klebsiella genus in diarrhea in polar researchers]. Representatives of Klebsiellae tribe (K. pneumoniae, Ent. cloacae, Ent, aerogenes) were isolated in examination of pharyngeal discharge and feces of members of the polar expedition suffering from diarrhea and their contacts; the same microbes were revealed in the antarctic lake which served as the source of drinking water. The mentioned bacteria possessed typical cultural and morphological, as well as biochemical properties. K34 serovar was determined in serological identification of Kl. pneumonia. At the same time it was demonstrated that Klebsiella--representatives of Enterobacteriaceae could be facultative psychophils and persist in the external environment under low temperature conditions; entering human organism they could cause diarrhea, i.e. could act as pathogens.", "PMID": 747013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6908", "title": "[Characteristics of the enterobacteria strains isolated from the urine in urinary tract infections].", "content": "Study of biochemical properties of 421 strains of enterobacteria permitted to refer them to the following taxonomic groups of which E. coli constituted 83,4 +/- 3.6%, Enterobactercloacae--97 +/- 3.0%, Klebsiella 4.0 +/- 2.0%. Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter hafnia, Citrobacter, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris were revealed in individual cases (0.2-1.0%). As a result of serological typing there were revealed 105 serological types of Escherichia differing by 55 O-antigen variants, 26 H-antigen variants, and the presence or absence of K-antigen. The following groups occurred most frequently-01, 02, 04, 06, 08, 09, 015, 016, 017, 018, 025, 028, and 075. There were also revealed new 0154 and 0155 groups. In 30.9 + 5,3% of cases Escherichia did not belong to the known 157 O-groups; among them 87.1 +7,2% of the strains had H-antigens which could not be referred to any of the known variants according to the international designation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the enterobacteria strains isolated from the urine in urinary tract infections]. Study of biochemical properties of 421 strains of enterobacteria permitted to refer them to the following taxonomic groups of which E. coli constituted 83,4 +/- 3.6%, Enterobactercloacae--97 +/- 3.0%, Klebsiella 4.0 +/- 2.0%. Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter hafnia, Citrobacter, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris were revealed in individual cases (0.2-1.0%). As a result of serological typing there were revealed 105 serological types of Escherichia differing by 55 O-antigen variants, 26 H-antigen variants, and the presence or absence of K-antigen. The following groups occurred most frequently-01, 02, 04, 06, 08, 09, 015, 016, 017, 018, 025, 028, and 075. There were also revealed new 0154 and 0155 groups. In 30.9 + 5,3% of cases Escherichia did not belong to the known 157 O-groups; among them 87.1 +7,2% of the strains had H-antigens which could not be referred to any of the known variants according to the international designation.", "PMID": 747014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6909", "title": "[Toxicity and the protective activity of a complex staphylococcal antigen obtained by water extraction].", "content": "The toxicity and the protective activity of a complex staphyloccus antigen was studied. Its insignificant toxicity for mice when injected intraperitoneally and protective activity under conditons of experimental infection on mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs were demonstrated. In particular it was shown that the antigen obtained in doses under study protected rabbits from septic staphylococcus infection more than antitoxin and corpuscular vaccine. Under conditons of local experimental infection on mice the complex antigen promoted a more rapid than corpuscular vaccine elimination of the local focus of infection.", "contents": "[Toxicity and the protective activity of a complex staphylococcal antigen obtained by water extraction]. The toxicity and the protective activity of a complex staphyloccus antigen was studied. Its insignificant toxicity for mice when injected intraperitoneally and protective activity under conditons of experimental infection on mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs were demonstrated. In particular it was shown that the antigen obtained in doses under study protected rabbits from septic staphylococcus infection more than antitoxin and corpuscular vaccine. Under conditons of local experimental infection on mice the complex antigen promoted a more rapid than corpuscular vaccine elimination of the local focus of infection.", "PMID": 747015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6910", "title": "[Enterocin typing of enterococci].", "content": "The author worked out a method of enterocinotyping on enterococci. A possibility of enterococcus typing by means of a set of enterocinogenic enterococcus strains was shown. A mobile enterococcus 4 (10 p) strain, possessing a high antagonistic activity, is suggested for enterococcus identification. Differentiation of enterococcus species by the enterocine sensitivity proved to be impossible.", "contents": "[Enterocin typing of enterococci]. The author worked out a method of enterocinotyping on enterococci. A possibility of enterococcus typing by means of a set of enterocinogenic enterococcus strains was shown. A mobile enterococcus 4 (10 p) strain, possessing a high antagonistic activity, is suggested for enterococcus identification. Differentiation of enterococcus species by the enterocine sensitivity proved to be impossible.", "PMID": 747016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6911", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin content in donors].", "content": "Simple radial immunodiffusion method was applied to the study of serum immunoglobulin A, M, and G content in healthy persons (donors), depending on age, sex and blood group reference by the ABO system. Mean serum immunoglobulin level in (IU/ml) in healthy persons was found to be as follows: A--123.8 +/- 3.4, M--143.3 +/- 3.8, and G--139.9 +/- 2.8. There were revealed higher indices of immunoglobulins of class  G, and particularly of M in women; no statistically significant differences were found in the serum immunoglobulins content depending on age and blood reference, at the same time their connection with sex (in women) was detected.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin content in donors]. Simple radial immunodiffusion method was applied to the study of serum immunoglobulin A, M, and G content in healthy persons (donors), depending on age, sex and blood group reference by the ABO system. Mean serum immunoglobulin level in (IU/ml) in healthy persons was found to be as follows: A--123.8 +/- 3.4, M--143.3 +/- 3.8, and G--139.9 +/- 2.8. There were revealed higher indices of immunoglobulins of class  G, and particularly of M in women; no statistically significant differences were found in the serum immunoglobulins content depending on age and blood reference, at the same time their connection with sex (in women) was detected.", "PMID": 747017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6912", "title": "[Wound microflora in injured patients].", "content": "The authors present the results of bacteriological study of fresh wounds in 165 traumatological patients and data on the character of microbial flora in the occurrence of purulent inflammatory complications. Microbes revealed in fresh wounds proved to differ by their species composition and antibiotic sensitivity from these causing suppuration. Purulent inflammatory complications were mostly caused by microbes which were not revealed in the wound at first.", "contents": "[Wound microflora in injured patients]. The authors present the results of bacteriological study of fresh wounds in 165 traumatological patients and data on the character of microbial flora in the occurrence of purulent inflammatory complications. Microbes revealed in fresh wounds proved to differ by their species composition and antibiotic sensitivity from these causing suppuration. Purulent inflammatory complications were mostly caused by microbes which were not revealed in the wound at first.", "PMID": 747018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6913", "title": "[Role of mediators in the quantitative and qualitative changes in the intestinal contents of rabbits with experimental cholera intoxication].", "content": "Experimental cholera intoxication caused in 40 rabbits (control--40 rabbits) by intravenous injection of cholerogen was accompanied by disturbance of the mediator balance in the blood plasma and the intestinal wall, chiefly in the samll intestine. Against the background of an increased catecholamine content in the intestinal wall the amount of fluid containing mostly the sodium and potassium bicarbonates and chlorides increased in the lumer of its corresponding sections. The detected regularity possibly served as one of the pathogenetic factors in the mechanism of fluid accumulation in the intestine under the effect of cholerogen.", "contents": "[Role of mediators in the quantitative and qualitative changes in the intestinal contents of rabbits with experimental cholera intoxication]. Experimental cholera intoxication caused in 40 rabbits (control--40 rabbits) by intravenous injection of cholerogen was accompanied by disturbance of the mediator balance in the blood plasma and the intestinal wall, chiefly in the samll intestine. Against the background of an increased catecholamine content in the intestinal wall the amount of fluid containing mostly the sodium and potassium bicarbonates and chlorides increased in the lumer of its corresponding sections. The detected regularity possibly served as one of the pathogenetic factors in the mechanism of fluid accumulation in the intestine under the effect of cholerogen.", "PMID": 747019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6914", "title": "[Incidence among children of Candida yeast-like fungi].", "content": "The incidence of Candida fungi in healthy children and those suffering from noninfectious diseases was studied. In dealthy children--from the time of birth to 7 years--it constituted 39%, and in sick children treated with antibiotics--53%. Dependence of the frequency of Candida fungi state on age was revealed; there was also a correlation between the amount of the fungi and the presence of lesions on the oral mucosa. Candida fungi were also revealed in the washings from the environmental objects, on the pharyngeal mucosa and hands of the personnel, and in the samples of food for children.", "contents": "[Incidence among children of Candida yeast-like fungi]. The incidence of Candida fungi in healthy children and those suffering from noninfectious diseases was studied. In dealthy children--from the time of birth to 7 years--it constituted 39%, and in sick children treated with antibiotics--53%. Dependence of the frequency of Candida fungi state on age was revealed; there was also a correlation between the amount of the fungi and the presence of lesions on the oral mucosa. Candida fungi were also revealed in the washings from the environmental objects, on the pharyngeal mucosa and hands of the personnel, and in the samples of food for children.", "PMID": 747020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6915", "title": "[Urgent problems in the teaching of epidemiology].", "content": "According to materials of the symposium at the XVI All-Union Congress of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists the author presents some trends in the improvement of teaching epidemiology, including renovation of the programs and teaching plans at the sanitary-hygienic faculty, development of practical habits and rationalization in the organization of practical work at the therapeutic and pediatric faculties.", "contents": "[Urgent problems in the teaching of epidemiology]. According to materials of the symposium at the XVI All-Union Congress of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists the author presents some trends in the improvement of teaching epidemiology, including renovation of the programs and teaching plans at the sanitary-hygienic faculty, development of practical habits and rationalization in the organization of practical work at the therapeutic and pediatric faculties.", "PMID": 747021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6916", "title": "[Structural study of Mycoplasma by a scanning electron microscopy method].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Myc. gallisepticum, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Small spherical elements (0.3--0.5 micrometer) formed a reticular \"framework\" of the colonies in which larger (1--1.5 micrometer) spheroid or irregular-shaped cells (in case of Myc. gallisepticum) and also rod-shaped (1--3 micrometer), filamentous (3--5 micrometer) forms and \"large bodies\" (5 x 3--8 x 3.5 micrometer) were located. Apparently the latter represented conglomerates of adherent spheroid elements that resembled somewhat \"large bodies\" of L-forms. Small spheroid buds were revealed on the surface of all the elements.", "contents": "[Structural study of Mycoplasma by a scanning electron microscopy method]. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Myc. gallisepticum, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Small spherical elements (0.3--0.5 micrometer) formed a reticular \"framework\" of the colonies in which larger (1--1.5 micrometer) spheroid or irregular-shaped cells (in case of Myc. gallisepticum) and also rod-shaped (1--3 micrometer), filamentous (3--5 micrometer) forms and \"large bodies\" (5 x 3--8 x 3.5 micrometer) were located. Apparently the latter represented conglomerates of adherent spheroid elements that resembled somewhat \"large bodies\" of L-forms. Small spheroid buds were revealed on the surface of all the elements.", "PMID": 747025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6917", "title": "[Fertility and the crossing system in Vibrio cholerae].", "content": "A system of crossing of 2 biotypes of cholera strains and nonagglutinating vibrios was worked out by means of modified Parker and Romig's method. The most frequent inheritance of the sex factor was noted in conjugation of strains belonging to the classic biotype. Inheritance of chromosomal genes (pur) was less incident. Sex pili 9 to 10 nm in diameter were revealed in donor V. cholerae 569 (B) P+ strain.", "contents": "[Fertility and the crossing system in Vibrio cholerae]. A system of crossing of 2 biotypes of cholera strains and nonagglutinating vibrios was worked out by means of modified Parker and Romig's method. The most frequent inheritance of the sex factor was noted in conjugation of strains belonging to the classic biotype. Inheritance of chromosomal genes (pur) was less incident. Sex pili 9 to 10 nm in diameter were revealed in donor V. cholerae 569 (B) P+ strain.", "PMID": 747026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6918", "title": "[Transfer of cellular immunity to the causative agent of coccidioidosis using the transfer factor in mice].", "content": "Experiments conducted on non-linear mice demonstrated a possibility of transfer by the intact recipient of delayed hypersensitivity by means of Lawrence'transfer-factor from mice immunized with Coccidioides immitis. The transfer factor administered 48 hours before the intranasal infection protected mice from the lethal dose of coccidioides. This indicated that in coccidioidosis it was possible to transfer delayed hypersensitivity and cellular immunity with the transfer factor.", "contents": "[Transfer of cellular immunity to the causative agent of coccidioidosis using the transfer factor in mice]. Experiments conducted on non-linear mice demonstrated a possibility of transfer by the intact recipient of delayed hypersensitivity by means of Lawrence'transfer-factor from mice immunized with Coccidioides immitis. The transfer factor administered 48 hours before the intranasal infection protected mice from the lethal dose of coccidioides. This indicated that in coccidioidosis it was possible to transfer delayed hypersensitivity and cellular immunity with the transfer factor.", "PMID": 747028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6919", "title": "[Ultrastructure, metabolism and function of the white blood cells in the process of the formation of an immune response and in exposure to glucocorticoids. II. The effect of immunization on the number and sub-microscopic structure of granulocytes in rabbits].", "content": "The absolute count of different types of granulocytes was determined and their ultrastructure was studied in the blood of rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin. Both the primary and repeated antigen administration were followed by regular quantitative and qualitative changes in neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils whose degree and character were determined by the stage of the immune response formation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure, metabolism and function of the white blood cells in the process of the formation of an immune response and in exposure to glucocorticoids. II. The effect of immunization on the number and sub-microscopic structure of granulocytes in rabbits]. The absolute count of different types of granulocytes was determined and their ultrastructure was studied in the blood of rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin. Both the primary and repeated antigen administration were followed by regular quantitative and qualitative changes in neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils whose degree and character were determined by the stage of the immune response formation.", "PMID": 747029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6920", "title": "[Changes in the cytochemical activity of the lymphocytes to antigenic action. I. Lymphocyte dehyrogenases on the administration of bovine serum albumin and ram erythrocytes].", "content": "A study of the changes in dehydrogenase level in lymphocytes after injection of different antigens--bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was made. The activity of succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases altered during the first days after the antigens administration, but before the appearance of antibodies in the peripheral circulation. These changes were specific of BSA and SRBC, respectively.", "contents": "[Changes in the cytochemical activity of the lymphocytes to antigenic action. I. Lymphocyte dehyrogenases on the administration of bovine serum albumin and ram erythrocytes]. A study of the changes in dehydrogenase level in lymphocytes after injection of different antigens--bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was made. The activity of succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases altered during the first days after the antigens administration, but before the appearance of antibodies in the peripheral circulation. These changes were specific of BSA and SRBC, respectively.", "PMID": 747031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6921", "title": "[Importance of carbohydrate tests for interspecies differentiation of staphylococci].", "content": "The authors present the results of interspecies identification of coagulaso-negative staphylococci isolated from different sources. Modification of the method of aerobic carbohydrate and alcohols fermentation of hard media is described. Use of the latest recommendations of the International Subcommittee on taxonomy of staphylocossi and micrococci permitted to identify the greater part of 120 strains studied as Staph. epidermidis and Staph. saprophyticus; however, 1/3 of the cultures differed from these species (\"intermediate\" strains). Galactose and mannose fermentation was characteristic of Staph. epidermidis, and the absence of fermentation of these carbohydrates--of Staph. saprophyticus. The differences in the fermentation of mannite and tregalose, on the one hand, and on mannose and galactose--on the other, were characteristic of 57% of the \"intermediate\" strains. The data obtained permitted to draw a conclusion on nonhomogeneity of the group of coagulase-negative staphylococci by their reference to different carbohydrates and alcohols, and on a possibility of existence of not only of different species of these staphylococci, but also of their biochemical variants.", "contents": "[Importance of carbohydrate tests for interspecies differentiation of staphylococci]. The authors present the results of interspecies identification of coagulaso-negative staphylococci isolated from different sources. Modification of the method of aerobic carbohydrate and alcohols fermentation of hard media is described. Use of the latest recommendations of the International Subcommittee on taxonomy of staphylocossi and micrococci permitted to identify the greater part of 120 strains studied as Staph. epidermidis and Staph. saprophyticus; however, 1/3 of the cultures differed from these species (\"intermediate\" strains). Galactose and mannose fermentation was characteristic of Staph. epidermidis, and the absence of fermentation of these carbohydrates--of Staph. saprophyticus. The differences in the fermentation of mannite and tregalose, on the one hand, and on mannose and galactose--on the other, were characteristic of 57% of the \"intermediate\" strains. The data obtained permitted to draw a conclusion on nonhomogeneity of the group of coagulase-negative staphylococci by their reference to different carbohydrates and alcohols, and on a possibility of existence of not only of different species of these staphylococci, but also of their biochemical variants.", "PMID": 747032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6922", "title": "[Changes of electroretinograms following hippocampus stimulation].", "content": "In chronical experiments the ERG of 5 rabbits were recorded before and after stimulation of the hippocampus. Stimulation of the hippocampus causing short generalized afterdischarge produced changes of the b-wave amplitude. Immediately after the stimulation the b-wave amplitude was larger than the amplitude in the control series. If the intensity of hippocampal stimulation was lower (no generalized afterdischarges) changes of b-wave amplitude were also produced, though being less pronounced. The results suggest that retinal processes are influenced by hippocampus.", "contents": "[Changes of electroretinograms following hippocampus stimulation]. In chronical experiments the ERG of 5 rabbits were recorded before and after stimulation of the hippocampus. Stimulation of the hippocampus causing short generalized afterdischarge produced changes of the b-wave amplitude. Immediately after the stimulation the b-wave amplitude was larger than the amplitude in the control series. If the intensity of hippocampal stimulation was lower (no generalized afterdischarges) changes of b-wave amplitude were also produced, though being less pronounced. The results suggest that retinal processes are influenced by hippocampus.", "PMID": 747033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6923", "title": "Plasma concentrations of insulin and free fatty acids in dietary-induced obesity of Wistar-rats before and after glucose stimulation.", "content": "Colony-bred Wistar-rats develop obesity after long term feeding with a high-fat diet (50% fat, w/w). According to previous investigations a disturbed glucose tolerance after i.v. glucose load could be described for obese rats. Therefore, we measured peripheral IRI-concentrations before and after glucose stimulation in controls and fat-fed rats. In obese animals we observed a basal hyperinsulinemia in the dynamic phase of development of obesity. In controls and fatty rats, no differences in the peripheral insulin response to an i.v. glucose stimulation could be demonstrated, nor did we find indications of an impaired early insulin response in fatty rats. In accordance with the glucose tolerance study, obese rats in the dynamic phase showed lower FFA-levels (fasting state) and a slower decrease of FFA-concentrations after the glucose-induced insulin enhancement. Changing the feeding schedule at 20 weeks of age, e.g. feeding control diets to fatty rats for 4 weeks, reduced basal IRI-concentrations in these animals to control values. Assuming the secondary nature of the basal hyperinsulinemia in obese rats, our present results demonstrate that the observed impairment of glucose tolerance may be related to the peripheral insulin resistance of skeletal muscle and/or hypertrophied adipose tissue.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of insulin and free fatty acids in dietary-induced obesity of Wistar-rats before and after glucose stimulation. Colony-bred Wistar-rats develop obesity after long term feeding with a high-fat diet (50% fat, w/w). According to previous investigations a disturbed glucose tolerance after i.v. glucose load could be described for obese rats. Therefore, we measured peripheral IRI-concentrations before and after glucose stimulation in controls and fat-fed rats. In obese animals we observed a basal hyperinsulinemia in the dynamic phase of development of obesity. In controls and fatty rats, no differences in the peripheral insulin response to an i.v. glucose stimulation could be demonstrated, nor did we find indications of an impaired early insulin response in fatty rats. In accordance with the glucose tolerance study, obese rats in the dynamic phase showed lower FFA-levels (fasting state) and a slower decrease of FFA-concentrations after the glucose-induced insulin enhancement. Changing the feeding schedule at 20 weeks of age, e.g. feeding control diets to fatty rats for 4 weeks, reduced basal IRI-concentrations in these animals to control values. Assuming the secondary nature of the basal hyperinsulinemia in obese rats, our present results demonstrate that the observed impairment of glucose tolerance may be related to the peripheral insulin resistance of skeletal muscle and/or hypertrophied adipose tissue.", "PMID": 747034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6924", "title": "[Vasal flow measurements at the aorta ascendens using the ultrasonic doubler technique in chronic experiments on rabbits].", "content": "The conditions under which flow measurements using the ultrasonic doppler technique can be successfully carried out at the Aorta ascendens in chronical experiments were studied in 25 normal rabbits. Pressure necroses of the vascular wall at agar-agar-gel coupling arise only if the implanted pick-off with its inner diameter is less than the outer diameter of the aorta + about 10%. The ultrasonic intensity permissible in a chronic experiment is only about 0.3 W/cm2. With the 13 implantations the animals were maximally usable for 86.6 days; 70% of them were killed in good health. In a beat-to-beat analysis were determined: (1) heart rate, (2) discharge duration, (3) maximal rate of discharge, (4) acceleration of blood flow, (5) deceleration of blood flow, (6) beat volume, (7) contraction force of the left ventricle, and (8) discharge resistance. The control recordings obtained over several months are on the average within normal limits.", "contents": "[Vasal flow measurements at the aorta ascendens using the ultrasonic doubler technique in chronic experiments on rabbits]. The conditions under which flow measurements using the ultrasonic doppler technique can be successfully carried out at the Aorta ascendens in chronical experiments were studied in 25 normal rabbits. Pressure necroses of the vascular wall at agar-agar-gel coupling arise only if the implanted pick-off with its inner diameter is less than the outer diameter of the aorta + about 10%. The ultrasonic intensity permissible in a chronic experiment is only about 0.3 W/cm2. With the 13 implantations the animals were maximally usable for 86.6 days; 70% of them were killed in good health. In a beat-to-beat analysis were determined: (1) heart rate, (2) discharge duration, (3) maximal rate of discharge, (4) acceleration of blood flow, (5) deceleration of blood flow, (6) beat volume, (7) contraction force of the left ventricle, and (8) discharge resistance. The control recordings obtained over several months are on the average within normal limits.", "PMID": 747035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6925", "title": "[Changes in the excitation contraction coupling in the myocardium of rabbits fed a cholesterol-containing diet].", "content": "It was of interest whether a hypercholesterolemia after feeding a diet containing 2 g cholesterol in sunflower oil per day during 12 weeks induces changes of the myocardiac cells of rabbits which must not necessarily be the consequence of a diminished bloodstream on account of coronary stenosis or the consequence of a lesion of the wall of the vessels. The contractile force and the indirectly measured shortening velocity of the isometrically working papillary muscle out of the left ventricle were not reliably changed. As a result of the feeding the isometric force rose after paired pulse stimulation and after a pause during the rhythmic action, although a considerable deposition of fat within the cells and disseminated necrosis in the myocardium could be observed. Because of the increasing loss of sodium into sodium-free solution in parallel with an increasing sodium content of the myocardium it has been concluded that the permeability of the cell membrane for this ion should be elevated. Furthermore it is assumed that the activation of the ionic pumps is elevated which is recognizable from a higher positive inotropic action of both the application of strophanthine and the substitution of NaCl by LiCl. But it seems that one elevation could not completely compensate the other one. The mean value of the velocity of relaxation related to the isometric force was increased. It has been postulated that after the diet rich in cholesterol and sunflower oil the cardiac cell shows a retarded restitution of the contraction during the interval between beats and elevated content of calcium. This may be one of the causes for the observed necrosis besides the ischemic component of the injurant feeding.", "contents": "[Changes in the excitation contraction coupling in the myocardium of rabbits fed a cholesterol-containing diet]. It was of interest whether a hypercholesterolemia after feeding a diet containing 2 g cholesterol in sunflower oil per day during 12 weeks induces changes of the myocardiac cells of rabbits which must not necessarily be the consequence of a diminished bloodstream on account of coronary stenosis or the consequence of a lesion of the wall of the vessels. The contractile force and the indirectly measured shortening velocity of the isometrically working papillary muscle out of the left ventricle were not reliably changed. As a result of the feeding the isometric force rose after paired pulse stimulation and after a pause during the rhythmic action, although a considerable deposition of fat within the cells and disseminated necrosis in the myocardium could be observed. Because of the increasing loss of sodium into sodium-free solution in parallel with an increasing sodium content of the myocardium it has been concluded that the permeability of the cell membrane for this ion should be elevated. Furthermore it is assumed that the activation of the ionic pumps is elevated which is recognizable from a higher positive inotropic action of both the application of strophanthine and the substitution of NaCl by LiCl. But it seems that one elevation could not completely compensate the other one. The mean value of the velocity of relaxation related to the isometric force was increased. It has been postulated that after the diet rich in cholesterol and sunflower oil the cardiac cell shows a retarded restitution of the contraction during the interval between beats and elevated content of calcium. This may be one of the causes for the observed necrosis besides the ischemic component of the injurant feeding.", "PMID": 747036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6926", "title": "Pancreatic and hepatic balances of endogenous insulin and of glucose in the anaesthetized dog during primed and non-primed infusions of glucose and of mannitol.", "content": "Simultaneous monitoring of pancreatic and hepatic blood flows and serial analyses of blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin activity in arterial, portal, intestinal and hepatic venous blood were performed in anaesthetized laparotomized dogs. Based on these measurements, the rates of pancreatic insulin secretion, of hepatic insulin uptake and the hepatic glucose balance were computed. Under basal conditions pancreatic output was about 40% of the total hepatic insulin input. 30% of hepatic insulin inflow were actually taken up in the liver. During a primed i.v. glucose infusion (steady blood glucose concentration about 330 mg/100 ml) pancreatic and hepatic blood flows increase rapidly and the insulin secretion exhibits a biphasic pattern. The relative part of hepatic insulin inflow taken up in the liver remained unchanged. A non-primed i.v. glucose infusion provoked a slow increase of blood flow and a rapid but monophasic increase of insulin release. Under these conditions the relative hepatic insulin uptake was transiently increased. During both loads hepatic glucose balance switched from release to uptake. However the non-primed infusion was more effective. When pancreatic and hepatic blood flows were increased without any blood glucose alteration by an infusion of mannitol, insulin secretion did not change; hepatic uptake of insulin decreased, but hepatic glucose output was clearly reduced. A correlation between the rates of insulin secretion, of hepatic insulin inflow and of insulin uptake was observed under all conditions. However, the hepatic glucose balance was correlated to the inflow of insulin or glucose and to the hepatic insulin uptake under certain conditions in individual experiments only.", "contents": "Pancreatic and hepatic balances of endogenous insulin and of glucose in the anaesthetized dog during primed and non-primed infusions of glucose and of mannitol. Simultaneous monitoring of pancreatic and hepatic blood flows and serial analyses of blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin activity in arterial, portal, intestinal and hepatic venous blood were performed in anaesthetized laparotomized dogs. Based on these measurements, the rates of pancreatic insulin secretion, of hepatic insulin uptake and the hepatic glucose balance were computed. Under basal conditions pancreatic output was about 40% of the total hepatic insulin input. 30% of hepatic insulin inflow were actually taken up in the liver. During a primed i.v. glucose infusion (steady blood glucose concentration about 330 mg/100 ml) pancreatic and hepatic blood flows increase rapidly and the insulin secretion exhibits a biphasic pattern. The relative part of hepatic insulin inflow taken up in the liver remained unchanged. A non-primed i.v. glucose infusion provoked a slow increase of blood flow and a rapid but monophasic increase of insulin release. Under these conditions the relative hepatic insulin uptake was transiently increased. During both loads hepatic glucose balance switched from release to uptake. However the non-primed infusion was more effective. When pancreatic and hepatic blood flows were increased without any blood glucose alteration by an infusion of mannitol, insulin secretion did not change; hepatic uptake of insulin decreased, but hepatic glucose output was clearly reduced. A correlation between the rates of insulin secretion, of hepatic insulin inflow and of insulin uptake was observed under all conditions. However, the hepatic glucose balance was correlated to the inflow of insulin or glucose and to the hepatic insulin uptake under certain conditions in individual experiments only.", "PMID": 747037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6927", "title": "Asymmetric behaviour induced in caudate nucleus lesioned mice: interaction of aminergic and cholinergic agents.", "content": "Mice with unilateral caudate lesions exhibit a postural asymmetry or turning towards the lesioned side after application of apomorphine and towards the intact side after oxotremorine injections. The apomorphine effect was counteracted both by oxotremorine and by physostigmine. Both this antagonism and the oxotremorine effect itself were abolished by scopolamine. Adamantine reduced the effectiveness of oxotremorine in inducing asymmetric behaviour. The antagonism of oxotremorine and apomorphine was shifted in parachloramphetamine pretreated mice to an increased apomorphine reaction mode. The significance of lesions became apparent by a 50% decrease of dopamine content in the lesioned side. The 5-hydroxytryptamine content was unchanged. Parachloramphetamine lead to a small alteration of the 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid content, different in normal and lesioned animals.", "contents": "Asymmetric behaviour induced in caudate nucleus lesioned mice: interaction of aminergic and cholinergic agents. Mice with unilateral caudate lesions exhibit a postural asymmetry or turning towards the lesioned side after application of apomorphine and towards the intact side after oxotremorine injections. The apomorphine effect was counteracted both by oxotremorine and by physostigmine. Both this antagonism and the oxotremorine effect itself were abolished by scopolamine. Adamantine reduced the effectiveness of oxotremorine in inducing asymmetric behaviour. The antagonism of oxotremorine and apomorphine was shifted in parachloramphetamine pretreated mice to an increased apomorphine reaction mode. The significance of lesions became apparent by a 50% decrease of dopamine content in the lesioned side. The 5-hydroxytryptamine content was unchanged. Parachloramphetamine lead to a small alteration of the 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid content, different in normal and lesioned animals.", "PMID": 747038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6928", "title": "Inhibition of adrenaline-potentiated thrombin-induced reaction of human blood platelets by dihydroergotoxine.", "content": "The potentiating effect of adrenaline on thrombin-induced aggregation and release reaction of human blood platelets has been studied in vitro. Both reactions are inhibited by low doses of dihydroergotoxine. The inhibition of aggregation is of competitive type. The adrenaline-potentiated thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited also after intravenous injection of dihydroergotoxine. The pathophysiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of adrenaline-potentiated thrombin-induced reaction of human blood platelets by dihydroergotoxine. The potentiating effect of adrenaline on thrombin-induced aggregation and release reaction of human blood platelets has been studied in vitro. Both reactions are inhibited by low doses of dihydroergotoxine. The inhibition of aggregation is of competitive type. The adrenaline-potentiated thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited also after intravenous injection of dihydroergotoxine. The pathophysiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 747039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6929", "title": "[A 3H-thymidine paper strip method for stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Culture conditions for human or murine lymphocytes and reproducibility of the paper strip method].", "content": "A simple method for stimulation of human or murine lymphocytes is described. As a possible more rapid test than the standard estimation of [3H]-thymidine uptake after solubilisation of cell sediments, paper strip counting in a liquid scintillation counter was studied in 80 individuals and 20 mice. Counting efficiency approaches 1%, the reproducibility is good within the acceptable 16% range.", "contents": "[A 3H-thymidine paper strip method for stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Culture conditions for human or murine lymphocytes and reproducibility of the paper strip method]. A simple method for stimulation of human or murine lymphocytes is described. As a possible more rapid test than the standard estimation of [3H]-thymidine uptake after solubilisation of cell sediments, paper strip counting in a liquid scintillation counter was studied in 80 individuals and 20 mice. Counting efficiency approaches 1%, the reproducibility is good within the acceptable 16% range.", "PMID": 747040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6930", "title": "[Manipulations of immune reactions by antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates. VI. Antigen specific binding of 6-mercaptopurine-protein conjugates by lymphocytes].", "content": "The immunologic specificity of 6-mercaptopurin-protein conjugates has been determined by rosette inhibition test using antigen-stimulated lymphocytes and antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes. The specific binding of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugated onto immunocompetent cells is as strong as the binding of the native antigen. The increasing aggregation of the conjugates in consequence of the higher coupling ratio and the thus increased multivalence of the antigen may compensate the effect of antigen determinant loss.", "contents": "[Manipulations of immune reactions by antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates. VI. Antigen specific binding of 6-mercaptopurine-protein conjugates by lymphocytes]. The immunologic specificity of 6-mercaptopurin-protein conjugates has been determined by rosette inhibition test using antigen-stimulated lymphocytes and antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes. The specific binding of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugated onto immunocompetent cells is as strong as the binding of the native antigen. The increasing aggregation of the conjugates in consequence of the higher coupling ratio and the thus increased multivalence of the antigen may compensate the effect of antigen determinant loss.", "PMID": 747041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6931", "title": "[Tissue extracts of malignant human lymphomas in the leukocyte migration test].", "content": "Water-soluble lymph node extracts and sera from 23 patients with benign and malignant lymphomas and tissue extracts from liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle of one patient without any lymphatic disease were analyzed using the direct leukocyte migration test (LMT). The leukocytes were obtained from healthy persons. 10 of the lymphomas and 3 of the tissue extracts varied the leukocyte migration. In most cases of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, in 2 cases of Hodgkin's disease, and in extracts of liver, spleen and muscle inhibitory effects were found. Stimulating effects could be demonstrated in 2 cases of immunocytoma and in 4 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The results indicate that in cases of stimulation the target cells might be influenced by a pathological migration inhibitory factor.", "contents": "[Tissue extracts of malignant human lymphomas in the leukocyte migration test]. Water-soluble lymph node extracts and sera from 23 patients with benign and malignant lymphomas and tissue extracts from liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle of one patient without any lymphatic disease were analyzed using the direct leukocyte migration test (LMT). The leukocytes were obtained from healthy persons. 10 of the lymphomas and 3 of the tissue extracts varied the leukocyte migration. In most cases of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, in 2 cases of Hodgkin's disease, and in extracts of liver, spleen and muscle inhibitory effects were found. Stimulating effects could be demonstrated in 2 cases of immunocytoma and in 4 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The results indicate that in cases of stimulation the target cells might be influenced by a pathological migration inhibitory factor.", "PMID": 747042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6932", "title": "[Frequency response of the abdominal stretch receptor neurons of the crayfish Orconectes limosus (RAF.) to intracellular current stimulation].", "content": "In the slowly adapting stretch receptor neurons the temporal decline of the impulse frequency in response to intracellular current stimulation can be interpreted--apart from the high initial overshoot--by the sum of two exponential functions with time constants of approximately 1 and 10 s. In the rapidly adapting cells the discharge frequency decays--after only a little initial overshoot by current step stimulation--nearly rectilinear with about 8 imp./s2 and stops suddenly mostly in the range of 5 s. The current-frequency-characteristic curves show for both receptor cell types nearly straight lines to 7 nA.", "contents": "[Frequency response of the abdominal stretch receptor neurons of the crayfish Orconectes limosus (RAF.) to intracellular current stimulation]. In the slowly adapting stretch receptor neurons the temporal decline of the impulse frequency in response to intracellular current stimulation can be interpreted--apart from the high initial overshoot--by the sum of two exponential functions with time constants of approximately 1 and 10 s. In the rapidly adapting cells the discharge frequency decays--after only a little initial overshoot by current step stimulation--nearly rectilinear with about 8 imp./s2 and stops suddenly mostly in the range of 5 s. The current-frequency-characteristic curves show for both receptor cell types nearly straight lines to 7 nA.", "PMID": 747044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6933", "title": "[Influence of early postnatal nutrition on body height in adolescence].", "content": "Females who were purely bottle-fed during the first trimenon of life showed a significantly increased incidence of overweight at 15 years of age as compared to those who were purely breast-fed or breast plus bottle-fed. Similar findings were obtained in males. In purely bottle-fed females, furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the body weight at 3 months of age and body height at 15 years of age.", "contents": "[Influence of early postnatal nutrition on body height in adolescence]. Females who were purely bottle-fed during the first trimenon of life showed a significantly increased incidence of overweight at 15 years of age as compared to those who were purely breast-fed or breast plus bottle-fed. Similar findings were obtained in males. In purely bottle-fed females, furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the body weight at 3 months of age and body height at 15 years of age.", "PMID": 747046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6934", "title": "[Theoretical studies on the influence of binding constants of hemoglobin for ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on erythrocyte glycolysis].", "content": "In the red blood cell exist a binding equilibrium of ATP and 2,3-DPG with hemoglobin. For the metabolism only the free active levels of organic phosphates are relevant. The binding constants of hemoglobin increase with decreasing temperature and pH. Using a stoichometric model of glycolysis, the change of free concentrations by altered binding constants and its import on the energy metabolism of the erythrocyte was theoretically studied. The results are: 1. Total ATP-content (bound plus free ATP) does not depend on the binding properties of hemoglobin. 2. Total 2,3-DPG-content is changed by altered binding constants of hemoglobin. The direction of change depends on the ratio energy-consumption/substrate-uptake. 3. In the case of strong binding of organic phosphates to hemoglobin the experimentally measurable total ATP-content does not reflect the free ATP-concentration in the cell water. As a result of binding, free ATP may be low even if total ATP is unchanged. 4. The free concentration of 2,3-DPG always parallels the total content.", "contents": "[Theoretical studies on the influence of binding constants of hemoglobin for ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on erythrocyte glycolysis]. In the red blood cell exist a binding equilibrium of ATP and 2,3-DPG with hemoglobin. For the metabolism only the free active levels of organic phosphates are relevant. The binding constants of hemoglobin increase with decreasing temperature and pH. Using a stoichometric model of glycolysis, the change of free concentrations by altered binding constants and its import on the energy metabolism of the erythrocyte was theoretically studied. The results are: 1. Total ATP-content (bound plus free ATP) does not depend on the binding properties of hemoglobin. 2. Total 2,3-DPG-content is changed by altered binding constants of hemoglobin. The direction of change depends on the ratio energy-consumption/substrate-uptake. 3. In the case of strong binding of organic phosphates to hemoglobin the experimentally measurable total ATP-content does not reflect the free ATP-concentration in the cell water. As a result of binding, free ATP may be low even if total ATP is unchanged. 4. The free concentration of 2,3-DPG always parallels the total content.", "PMID": 747047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6935", "title": "Insulin, growth hormone and catecholamines as regulators of energy metabolism in the course of surgery.", "content": "Six patients subjected to major surgery (esophageal resection, group I) and eight patients undergoing moderate surgery (exploratory laparotomy, group II) were investigated in order to study the effects of surgery and glucose infusion on the blood glucose, plasma FFA, serum insulin and growth hormone concentrations as well as on the urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and nitrogen. In the patients undergoing esophageal resection, blood samples were taken at short intervals during five 24-hour periods, covering a time span from the second preoperative to the tenth postoperative day. In the case of exploratory laparotomy four such periods up to fifth postoperative day were similarly investigated. For adrenaline, noradrenaline and nitrogen, urine was collected in two 12-hour samples for each 24-hour period in order to roughly estimate the \"day\" and \"night\" excretions. The results and conclusions can be summarized as follows: A rapid rise in blood glucose and plasma FFA concentrations occurred after the beginning surgery. The zeniths of the curves were recorded about 4--6 hours after the skin incision in both patient groups, despite the different duration of the operations. This suggests that the regulatory mechanism is spontaneously active for a certain time after being initially triggered. Insulin secretion was usually suppressed 4--5 hours after the beginning of surgery. A marked increase of insulin secretion occurred after this time, the rise of IRI being associated with a fall of BG and FFA. Maximum insulin secretion was recorded during the night after surgery. Because excretion of noradrenaline was maximal during this time in group I, noradrenaline activity is perhaps a less likely explanation of the suppression of insulin. The response of growth hormone secretion to surgery and anesthesia was not uniform. Trauma apparently causes no constant rise, whereas a rather regular elevation of serum GH levels follows the fall in BG and plasma FFA concentrations, In group I there was a decrease of insulin and GH secretion and the number of insulin and GH \"peaks\" in the postoperative period, possibly reflecting a weakening of central stimuli after major surgery. The same was not always noted in group II, in which the mean secretion of insulin was postoperatively somewhat elevated compared to the preoperative values. Urine analyses revealed no day--night rhythmicity in catecholamine excretion except possibly on the day of operation, when the \"day\" samples contained absolutely and proportionately more adrenaline than the \"night\" samples.", "contents": "Insulin, growth hormone and catecholamines as regulators of energy metabolism in the course of surgery. Six patients subjected to major surgery (esophageal resection, group I) and eight patients undergoing moderate surgery (exploratory laparotomy, group II) were investigated in order to study the effects of surgery and glucose infusion on the blood glucose, plasma FFA, serum insulin and growth hormone concentrations as well as on the urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and nitrogen. In the patients undergoing esophageal resection, blood samples were taken at short intervals during five 24-hour periods, covering a time span from the second preoperative to the tenth postoperative day. In the case of exploratory laparotomy four such periods up to fifth postoperative day were similarly investigated. For adrenaline, noradrenaline and nitrogen, urine was collected in two 12-hour samples for each 24-hour period in order to roughly estimate the \"day\" and \"night\" excretions. The results and conclusions can be summarized as follows: A rapid rise in blood glucose and plasma FFA concentrations occurred after the beginning surgery. The zeniths of the curves were recorded about 4--6 hours after the skin incision in both patient groups, despite the different duration of the operations. This suggests that the regulatory mechanism is spontaneously active for a certain time after being initially triggered. Insulin secretion was usually suppressed 4--5 hours after the beginning of surgery. A marked increase of insulin secretion occurred after this time, the rise of IRI being associated with a fall of BG and FFA. Maximum insulin secretion was recorded during the night after surgery. Because excretion of noradrenaline was maximal during this time in group I, noradrenaline activity is perhaps a less likely explanation of the suppression of insulin. The response of growth hormone secretion to surgery and anesthesia was not uniform. Trauma apparently causes no constant rise, whereas a rather regular elevation of serum GH levels follows the fall in BG and plasma FFA concentrations, In group I there was a decrease of insulin and GH secretion and the number of insulin and GH \"peaks\" in the postoperative period, possibly reflecting a weakening of central stimuli after major surgery. The same was not always noted in group II, in which the mean secretion of insulin was postoperatively somewhat elevated compared to the preoperative values. Urine analyses revealed no day--night rhythmicity in catecholamine excretion except possibly on the day of operation, when the \"day\" samples contained absolutely and proportionately more adrenaline than the \"night\" samples.", "PMID": 747060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6936", "title": "Changes in serum zinc and copper induced by operative trauma and effects of per- and postoperative zinc infusion.", "content": "Serum zinc, albumin and copper levels were monitored for 5 days after operative trauma in 22 patients. As in earlier studies, a decrease in serum zinc and albumin levels was found. The mean fall in serum zinc was 40% and in albumin, 20%, of the preoperative values. Serum zinc increased after postoperative day 2; albumin remained decreased, indicating a rise in filtrable zinc. A correlation between the fall in serum albumin and serum zinc was found in individual patients. In contrast to previous studies, we found a decrease in serum copper postoperatively. A further 23 patients were supplemented with a zinc and copper containing infusion per- and postoperatively. These patients showed a marked (significant) reduction in the serum zinc fall, the serum level being normalized after 5 days. An insignificant reduction in the fall of serum albumin was also found.", "contents": "Changes in serum zinc and copper induced by operative trauma and effects of per- and postoperative zinc infusion. Serum zinc, albumin and copper levels were monitored for 5 days after operative trauma in 22 patients. As in earlier studies, a decrease in serum zinc and albumin levels was found. The mean fall in serum zinc was 40% and in albumin, 20%, of the preoperative values. Serum zinc increased after postoperative day 2; albumin remained decreased, indicating a rise in filtrable zinc. A correlation between the fall in serum albumin and serum zinc was found in individual patients. In contrast to previous studies, we found a decrease in serum copper postoperatively. A further 23 patients were supplemented with a zinc and copper containing infusion per- and postoperatively. These patients showed a marked (significant) reduction in the serum zinc fall, the serum level being normalized after 5 days. An insignificant reduction in the fall of serum albumin was also found.", "PMID": 747061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6937", "title": "Effects of early wound healing and wound treatment with zinc tape on intestinal absorption and distribution of zinc in rats.", "content": "In rats operated with large excisional skin wounds which were not treated with zinc tape, the serum zinc concentration was decreased at every observation time during the first post-operative day and the absorption of zinc from the intestine was increased. Slight decreases in the zinc concentration were seen in some tissues while liver zinc was very high. In rats with wounds treated with zinc tape, serum zinc was markedly increased at 6 hours, lower but above control levels at 7 and 12 hours and markedly increased again at 24 hours. The absorption of zinc from the intestine was low. Zinc concentration were elevated in most tissues sampled; they were high in testis and kidney and very high in liver. The results strongly indicate that the operative trauma and/or acute inflammatory conditions in the wounds in animals not treated with zinc tape initiate a movement of zinc from serum, some tissues and the content of the intestine to the liver. In the zinc tape treated group the increase in liver zinc was supplied mostly by the zinc tape. It is assumed that these large increases in zinc concentration in the liver are the result of the incorporation of zinc into certain zinc containing proteins which are produced in response to the inflammatory process in the wound. An increase was also found in the copper concentration in the liver of zinc tape treated animals and a decrease in the iron concentration in the liver of both groups of operated animals compared to controls.", "contents": "Effects of early wound healing and wound treatment with zinc tape on intestinal absorption and distribution of zinc in rats. In rats operated with large excisional skin wounds which were not treated with zinc tape, the serum zinc concentration was decreased at every observation time during the first post-operative day and the absorption of zinc from the intestine was increased. Slight decreases in the zinc concentration were seen in some tissues while liver zinc was very high. In rats with wounds treated with zinc tape, serum zinc was markedly increased at 6 hours, lower but above control levels at 7 and 12 hours and markedly increased again at 24 hours. The absorption of zinc from the intestine was low. Zinc concentration were elevated in most tissues sampled; they were high in testis and kidney and very high in liver. The results strongly indicate that the operative trauma and/or acute inflammatory conditions in the wounds in animals not treated with zinc tape initiate a movement of zinc from serum, some tissues and the content of the intestine to the liver. In the zinc tape treated group the increase in liver zinc was supplied mostly by the zinc tape. It is assumed that these large increases in zinc concentration in the liver are the result of the incorporation of zinc into certain zinc containing proteins which are produced in response to the inflammatory process in the wound. An increase was also found in the copper concentration in the liver of zinc tape treated animals and a decrease in the iron concentration in the liver of both groups of operated animals compared to controls.", "PMID": 747062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6938", "title": "Parathyroid localization in patients with previous neck surgery.", "content": "The results of parathyroid arteriography and venous parathyroid hormone assay were evaluated in thirteen patients reexplored for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. The operative findings in these patients were ten adenomas and eight hyperplastic parathyroid glands. Angiography disclosed eight of the adenomas and failed to visualize one. Only two of the hyperplastic glands were disclosed by angiography. By venous sampling the correct side was predicted in seven out of eight cases of unilateral lesions--in one case of an adenoma no hormonal maximum was found. In two cases of bilateral lesions a maximum was found on one side only, while in three cases of unilateral two-lesions the maximum was correct in two cases and contralateral in one. We conclude that a combination of angiography and venous sampling gave localization or lateralisation in 12/13 patients with previous neck surgery for hyperparathyroidism and found the methods to be complementary to each other and prefer both done in these cases.", "contents": "Parathyroid localization in patients with previous neck surgery. The results of parathyroid arteriography and venous parathyroid hormone assay were evaluated in thirteen patients reexplored for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. The operative findings in these patients were ten adenomas and eight hyperplastic parathyroid glands. Angiography disclosed eight of the adenomas and failed to visualize one. Only two of the hyperplastic glands were disclosed by angiography. By venous sampling the correct side was predicted in seven out of eight cases of unilateral lesions--in one case of an adenoma no hormonal maximum was found. In two cases of bilateral lesions a maximum was found on one side only, while in three cases of unilateral two-lesions the maximum was correct in two cases and contralateral in one. We conclude that a combination of angiography and venous sampling gave localization or lateralisation in 12/13 patients with previous neck surgery for hyperparathyroidism and found the methods to be complementary to each other and prefer both done in these cases.", "PMID": 747063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6939", "title": "Clinical experience of parathyroid autotransplantation.", "content": "Parathyroid tissue was transplanted from the neck to the muscles of the non-dominant forearm in 18 patients. The difference in concentration of parathormone between the transplant arm and the contralateral arm was used as a test of parathyroid function. All patients showed a difference in concentration between the arms. Three patients needed calcium supplement for 2 months after surgery, and one patient with no parathyroid tissue left in situ also needed vitamin D for 8 months. The results indicate that parathyroid tissue transplanted to the arm continues to function, and is able to keep the patient normocalcaemic even when no parathyroid tissue is left in situ.", "contents": "Clinical experience of parathyroid autotransplantation. Parathyroid tissue was transplanted from the neck to the muscles of the non-dominant forearm in 18 patients. The difference in concentration of parathormone between the transplant arm and the contralateral arm was used as a test of parathyroid function. All patients showed a difference in concentration between the arms. Three patients needed calcium supplement for 2 months after surgery, and one patient with no parathyroid tissue left in situ also needed vitamin D for 8 months. The results indicate that parathyroid tissue transplanted to the arm continues to function, and is able to keep the patient normocalcaemic even when no parathyroid tissue is left in situ.", "PMID": 747064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6940", "title": "Clinical and socio-economical aspects of hand injuries.", "content": "A prospective investigation of all hand injuries seen at a major general hospital during a period of one year has been made. Over 900 hand injuries have been registered and systematically been followed up during the period of treatment. The survey includes the frequency, severity and treatment of the hand injuries. Furthermore there is an estimation of the medical and socio-economical consequences of the hand injuries. It is shown that hand injuries are extremely usual and imply enormous costs to the community. Postgraduate tranining in hand surgery is therefore desirable for all those general and orthopaedic surgeons, who deal with the treatment of patients with hand injuries.", "contents": "Clinical and socio-economical aspects of hand injuries. A prospective investigation of all hand injuries seen at a major general hospital during a period of one year has been made. Over 900 hand injuries have been registered and systematically been followed up during the period of treatment. The survey includes the frequency, severity and treatment of the hand injuries. Furthermore there is an estimation of the medical and socio-economical consequences of the hand injuries. It is shown that hand injuries are extremely usual and imply enormous costs to the community. Postgraduate tranining in hand surgery is therefore desirable for all those general and orthopaedic surgeons, who deal with the treatment of patients with hand injuries.", "PMID": 747065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6941", "title": "Intraoperative angiography in arterial surgery.", "content": "Intraoperative angiography was performed in 136 cases of surgical reconstruction of the aorta, iliac, femoral and carotid arteries. In 39 cases pathological angiograms were found at operation, some of them quite unsupected. The most common pathological finding was non-occluding thrombosis, but intimal lesions caused by vessel clamps and incomplete endarterectomies were not uncommon. Immediate surgical reexploration and revision resulted in a high frequency of open reconstructions at follow-up, which was performed 1--24 months postoperatively. On the other hand, nonrevised reconstructions with pathological angiograms usually failed in the early postoperative period. In cases with normal intraoperative angiograms the result at follow-up was excellent. In addition to electromagnetic flow determination, intraoperative angiography is a most valuable adjunct in the assessment of vascular surgery during operation and should be used more frequently. All pathological findings in the angiograms must be seriously considered and lead to reexploration and revision.", "contents": "Intraoperative angiography in arterial surgery. Intraoperative angiography was performed in 136 cases of surgical reconstruction of the aorta, iliac, femoral and carotid arteries. In 39 cases pathological angiograms were found at operation, some of them quite unsupected. The most common pathological finding was non-occluding thrombosis, but intimal lesions caused by vessel clamps and incomplete endarterectomies were not uncommon. Immediate surgical reexploration and revision resulted in a high frequency of open reconstructions at follow-up, which was performed 1--24 months postoperatively. On the other hand, nonrevised reconstructions with pathological angiograms usually failed in the early postoperative period. In cases with normal intraoperative angiograms the result at follow-up was excellent. In addition to electromagnetic flow determination, intraoperative angiography is a most valuable adjunct in the assessment of vascular surgery during operation and should be used more frequently. All pathological findings in the angiograms must be seriously considered and lead to reexploration and revision.", "PMID": 747066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6942", "title": "Retroperitoneal approach for implantation of aorto-iliac and aorto-femoral vascular prosthesis.", "content": "During the period 1963--76, sixty-nine patients underwent aorto-iliac of aorto-femoral by-pass operation at the department. Fifty-two of the operations were performed through a retroperitoneal approach. The operative procedure is described. The approach is found gratifying and the statement of earlier authors concerning fewer cases of paralytic ileus and smoother convalescence is confirmed.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal approach for implantation of aorto-iliac and aorto-femoral vascular prosthesis. During the period 1963--76, sixty-nine patients underwent aorto-iliac of aorto-femoral by-pass operation at the department. Fifty-two of the operations were performed through a retroperitoneal approach. The operative procedure is described. The approach is found gratifying and the statement of earlier authors concerning fewer cases of paralytic ileus and smoother convalescence is confirmed.", "PMID": 747067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6943", "title": "The timing of cholecystectomy in patients with gallstone pancreatitis. A retrospective analysis of 89 patients.", "content": "A retrospective analysis has been made of 89 patients, who were treated for acute pancreatitis and later underwent cholecystectomy. The object was to elucidate whether cholecystectomy can be performed soon after recovery from the pancreatitis ('early operation') or must be postponed a few months ('elective operation'). While waiting for operation a quarter of the patients in the elective group had a recurrent attack of pancreatitis or acute cholecystitis. A further quarter of the patients had slight symptoms. The postoperative complications were few, their frequency being comparable in both groups. No damage resulted to the common bile duct, there was no postoperative bleeding and only one case of postoperative pancreatitis in the group of patients operated early. It is concluded that 'early operation' is to be preferred provided a firm diagnosis of gallstone disease has been made. However, the oral cholecystogram is unreliable during the first three weeks after the attack of pancreatitis. If an oral cholecystogram is performed during these weeks and shows nonvisualization of the gallbladder but no stones, a repeated examination must be performed.", "contents": "The timing of cholecystectomy in patients with gallstone pancreatitis. A retrospective analysis of 89 patients. A retrospective analysis has been made of 89 patients, who were treated for acute pancreatitis and later underwent cholecystectomy. The object was to elucidate whether cholecystectomy can be performed soon after recovery from the pancreatitis ('early operation') or must be postponed a few months ('elective operation'). While waiting for operation a quarter of the patients in the elective group had a recurrent attack of pancreatitis or acute cholecystitis. A further quarter of the patients had slight symptoms. The postoperative complications were few, their frequency being comparable in both groups. No damage resulted to the common bile duct, there was no postoperative bleeding and only one case of postoperative pancreatitis in the group of patients operated early. It is concluded that 'early operation' is to be preferred provided a firm diagnosis of gallstone disease has been made. However, the oral cholecystogram is unreliable during the first three weeks after the attack of pancreatitis. If an oral cholecystogram is performed during these weeks and shows nonvisualization of the gallbladder but no stones, a repeated examination must be performed.", "PMID": 747068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6944", "title": "Gastric ulcer in old age.", "content": "One hundred and eleven (16%) of 701 patients with gastric ulcers, admitted to Kommunehospitalet, Copenhagen, from 1955 to 1964, were 70 years of age of older. Of those elderly patients, 43 were treated surgically, 68 non-surgically. The incidences of hemorrhage and extragastric diseases were significantly greater in older patients, whereas the incidence of pain, site of pain, ulcer size, and location, incidence of combined ulcers and gastric retention did not differ from those observed in younger patients. The duration of symptoms was shorter in the aged, though the difference was not significant. Prognosis was less favourable in the aged, largely due to a higher incidence of hemorrhage (47%) and of accessory diseases (47%). The mortality in elderly patients suffering from hemorrhage and accessory diseases was 64% during hospitalization, but only 4% in patients without accessory diseases. Follow-up and autopsy studies of discharged patients revealed that ulcers healed in only half of the non-surgical patients and that surgery was ultimately necessary in 50% of these. It was concluded that the factors which prescribed surgical treatment in elderly patients with gastric ulcers did not differ considerably from those in younger patients. The risk was greater, but this was also true in non-surgical treatment. Close cooperation between surgeon and physician was essential, both pre- and postoperatively, since accessory diseases were very significant for the outcome.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer in old age. One hundred and eleven (16%) of 701 patients with gastric ulcers, admitted to Kommunehospitalet, Copenhagen, from 1955 to 1964, were 70 years of age of older. Of those elderly patients, 43 were treated surgically, 68 non-surgically. The incidences of hemorrhage and extragastric diseases were significantly greater in older patients, whereas the incidence of pain, site of pain, ulcer size, and location, incidence of combined ulcers and gastric retention did not differ from those observed in younger patients. The duration of symptoms was shorter in the aged, though the difference was not significant. Prognosis was less favourable in the aged, largely due to a higher incidence of hemorrhage (47%) and of accessory diseases (47%). The mortality in elderly patients suffering from hemorrhage and accessory diseases was 64% during hospitalization, but only 4% in patients without accessory diseases. Follow-up and autopsy studies of discharged patients revealed that ulcers healed in only half of the non-surgical patients and that surgery was ultimately necessary in 50% of these. It was concluded that the factors which prescribed surgical treatment in elderly patients with gastric ulcers did not differ considerably from those in younger patients. The risk was greater, but this was also true in non-surgical treatment. Close cooperation between surgeon and physician was essential, both pre- and postoperatively, since accessory diseases were very significant for the outcome.", "PMID": 747069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6945", "title": "Assessment of completeness of vagotomy and surgical experience 10 days and 3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Spontaneous and maximum acid secretion was measured before, and 10 days and 3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) to determine the optimal time for testing the completeness of vagotomy. Insulin tests were done 10 days after PGV and it was investigated whether any of the tests could distinguish between experienced and less experienced surgeons. Sixty-eight patients were studied, 38 being operated by experienced and 30 by less experienced surgeons. No significant changes were found in BAO and PAO from 10 days to 3 months after PGV in any of the groups. In contrast to the insulin test results, measurements of BAO and PAO did not discriminate between the two groups of surgeons. However, very incomplete vagotomies according to insulin test results were identified by measurements of PAO 3 months after PGV. It is concluded that early postoperative insulin tests are preferable. The surgeon remembers details of the PGV, the patients is liable to accept the test at this time and insulin tests are more sensitive in discriminating between experienced and less experienced surgeons. Measurements of maximum acid secretion should only replace these tests in patients with cardiac diseases and they should then be performed 3 months after PGV.", "contents": "Assessment of completeness of vagotomy and surgical experience 10 days and 3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy. Spontaneous and maximum acid secretion was measured before, and 10 days and 3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) to determine the optimal time for testing the completeness of vagotomy. Insulin tests were done 10 days after PGV and it was investigated whether any of the tests could distinguish between experienced and less experienced surgeons. Sixty-eight patients were studied, 38 being operated by experienced and 30 by less experienced surgeons. No significant changes were found in BAO and PAO from 10 days to 3 months after PGV in any of the groups. In contrast to the insulin test results, measurements of BAO and PAO did not discriminate between the two groups of surgeons. However, very incomplete vagotomies according to insulin test results were identified by measurements of PAO 3 months after PGV. It is concluded that early postoperative insulin tests are preferable. The surgeon remembers details of the PGV, the patients is liable to accept the test at this time and insulin tests are more sensitive in discriminating between experienced and less experienced surgeons. Measurements of maximum acid secretion should only replace these tests in patients with cardiac diseases and they should then be performed 3 months after PGV.", "PMID": 747070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6946", "title": "Operative technique for recurrent ulcer after vagotmoy and Jaboulay gastroduodenostomy.", "content": "Seven patients with ulcer recurrence following primary operation by vagotomy and Jaboulay gastroduodenostomy were treated by methods depending on the site of recurrence. A recurrent ulcer in the stomach was treated with a broad Billroth I reconstruction. In the anterior wall of the duodenum it was necessary to excise the penetrating ulcer cutting throught the bridge to the resection edge in the first part of the duodenum. A solid longitudinal closure is practical provided that the medial collar of the second part of the duodenum is at least 1 cm from pancreas. Recurrent ulcer in the posterior duodenal wall was in one case treated by leaving a collar of the antrum after removing the mucosa. This collar was used to close the gastroduodenostomy. If a large recurrent ulcer involves the second part of the duodenum, as in three of the referred patients, it was necessary to resect not only the duodenal bulb but also the proximal extent of the second part of the duodenum. One patient developed significant postoperative complications following this procedure. We feel that the procedure itself is technically difficult and should be taken account of by all who contemplate introducing gastroduodenostomy as a routine drainage procedure.", "contents": "Operative technique for recurrent ulcer after vagotmoy and Jaboulay gastroduodenostomy. Seven patients with ulcer recurrence following primary operation by vagotomy and Jaboulay gastroduodenostomy were treated by methods depending on the site of recurrence. A recurrent ulcer in the stomach was treated with a broad Billroth I reconstruction. In the anterior wall of the duodenum it was necessary to excise the penetrating ulcer cutting throught the bridge to the resection edge in the first part of the duodenum. A solid longitudinal closure is practical provided that the medial collar of the second part of the duodenum is at least 1 cm from pancreas. Recurrent ulcer in the posterior duodenal wall was in one case treated by leaving a collar of the antrum after removing the mucosa. This collar was used to close the gastroduodenostomy. If a large recurrent ulcer involves the second part of the duodenum, as in three of the referred patients, it was necessary to resect not only the duodenal bulb but also the proximal extent of the second part of the duodenum. One patient developed significant postoperative complications following this procedure. We feel that the procedure itself is technically difficult and should be taken account of by all who contemplate introducing gastroduodenostomy as a routine drainage procedure.", "PMID": 747071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6947", "title": "Function and morphological picture of the liver in obese patients before and after jejunoileostomy.", "content": "In 40 obese patients, the liver function and the morphological picture were examined before and after jejuno-ileostomy. In 94% of the patients, distinct fatty liver was observed already before the small bowel exclusion, and the function tests showed an impaired function of this organ in 25% of the subjects before the operation. No clinical symptoms of liver insufficiency were recorded during the postoperative period. During one to three months after surgery, an increased impairment of the liver function was ascertained but, later on, a gradual improvement. More than one year after jejuno-ileostomy, the function test results were considerably better than before the operation. The degree of steatosis increased in the majority of the patients within 6 months after surgery, and some time later a considerable decrease in fatty liver was observed. Within 18 to 24 months after the jejunoileostomy, the morphological picture of the liver did not differe from the normal. The impaired function and the increased degree of steatosis were noted during diarrhea and rapid loss of body weight. The reson for this is most probably the protein malnutrition caused by the radical reduction in the absorption surface of the small bowel. The improved function and morphological picture of the liver are related to the progress of adaptation changes of the active part of small bowel. The results of the author's research do not confirm the hypothesis of permanent, harmful effect of jejuno-ileostomy on the state of the liver. The symptoms observed are definitely of a periodical and transient character, and are therefore not contra-indicated in the application of this operation in morbid extreme obesity treatment.", "contents": "Function and morphological picture of the liver in obese patients before and after jejunoileostomy. In 40 obese patients, the liver function and the morphological picture were examined before and after jejuno-ileostomy. In 94% of the patients, distinct fatty liver was observed already before the small bowel exclusion, and the function tests showed an impaired function of this organ in 25% of the subjects before the operation. No clinical symptoms of liver insufficiency were recorded during the postoperative period. During one to three months after surgery, an increased impairment of the liver function was ascertained but, later on, a gradual improvement. More than one year after jejuno-ileostomy, the function test results were considerably better than before the operation. The degree of steatosis increased in the majority of the patients within 6 months after surgery, and some time later a considerable decrease in fatty liver was observed. Within 18 to 24 months after the jejunoileostomy, the morphological picture of the liver did not differe from the normal. The impaired function and the increased degree of steatosis were noted during diarrhea and rapid loss of body weight. The reson for this is most probably the protein malnutrition caused by the radical reduction in the absorption surface of the small bowel. The improved function and morphological picture of the liver are related to the progress of adaptation changes of the active part of small bowel. The results of the author's research do not confirm the hypothesis of permanent, harmful effect of jejuno-ileostomy on the state of the liver. The symptoms observed are definitely of a periodical and transient character, and are therefore not contra-indicated in the application of this operation in morbid extreme obesity treatment.", "PMID": 747072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6948", "title": "The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Indications for surgery and results.", "content": "During the eight-year-period from 1968 to 1975 14 patients have been operated on because of ulcerative colitis. A severe, or fulminant, colitis attack was the cause in 48 of these. Most of these patients had been referred from other hospitals. Eight died, six having had a bowel perforation prior to operation, the others having received protracted conservative treatment and came to operation very late. Five of the patients were more than 58 years old. The indications for elective operations were chronic severe symptoms and/or risk of malignant change. In a conservatively treated patient material and with total involvement of their colitis, the cumulative risk of cancer after 30 years follow-up was over 35%. The mortaility in elective surgery was 3%; are all patients up to 1977 included the mortaility is less than 2%. Ileo-rectoanastomoses gave very poor long-term results. Patients with an ileostomy have shown themselves to be well adjusted both socially and psychologically. There are, however, some risk of sexual disturbances.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Indications for surgery and results. During the eight-year-period from 1968 to 1975 14 patients have been operated on because of ulcerative colitis. A severe, or fulminant, colitis attack was the cause in 48 of these. Most of these patients had been referred from other hospitals. Eight died, six having had a bowel perforation prior to operation, the others having received protracted conservative treatment and came to operation very late. Five of the patients were more than 58 years old. The indications for elective operations were chronic severe symptoms and/or risk of malignant change. In a conservatively treated patient material and with total involvement of their colitis, the cumulative risk of cancer after 30 years follow-up was over 35%. The mortaility in elective surgery was 3%; are all patients up to 1977 included the mortaility is less than 2%. Ileo-rectoanastomoses gave very poor long-term results. Patients with an ileostomy have shown themselves to be well adjusted both socially and psychologically. There are, however, some risk of sexual disturbances.", "PMID": 747073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6949", "title": "Massive parathyroid hemorrhage in a case of water-clear cell hyperplasia.", "content": "A case of water-clear cell hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands is reported. As far as we know this case is unique in respect of the following features. All the parathyroids were located in the superior mediastinum. One abnormal parathyroid gland was removed with the help of a mediastinoscope. The patient survived a massive parathyroid hemorrhage. This case draws attention to the facts that enlarged parathyroid glands can appear as mediastinal tumours and that massive bleeding can occur in abnormal parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Massive parathyroid hemorrhage in a case of water-clear cell hyperplasia. A case of water-clear cell hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands is reported. As far as we know this case is unique in respect of the following features. All the parathyroids were located in the superior mediastinum. One abnormal parathyroid gland was removed with the help of a mediastinoscope. The patient survived a massive parathyroid hemorrhage. This case draws attention to the facts that enlarged parathyroid glands can appear as mediastinal tumours and that massive bleeding can occur in abnormal parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 747075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6950", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm in homocystinuria.", "content": "The first reported case of abdominal aortic aneurysm complicating homocystinuria is presented. The clinical features and microscopic findings were identical to those of an atherosclerotic aneurysm. Homocystinuria may stimulate Marfan's syndrome but can be differentiated by the cyanide-nitroprusside screening test for homocystine in urine. Although homocystinuria is accompanied by an increased risk of thrombosis, surgical treatment of complicating diseases should not be avoided. Pyridoxine treatment is recommended.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm in homocystinuria. The first reported case of abdominal aortic aneurysm complicating homocystinuria is presented. The clinical features and microscopic findings were identical to those of an atherosclerotic aneurysm. Homocystinuria may stimulate Marfan's syndrome but can be differentiated by the cyanide-nitroprusside screening test for homocystine in urine. Although homocystinuria is accompanied by an increased risk of thrombosis, surgical treatment of complicating diseases should not be avoided. Pyridoxine treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 747076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6951", "title": "Obstructive blood thrombus formation in the common bile duct probably due to a silk ligature. Report of a case.", "content": "The case of a 59-year-old, jaundiced male is reported. Autopsy revealed an obstructing blood thrombus in the common bile duct. The thrombus was firmly attached to the duct wall. Microscopic remnants of thread material were found in the centre of the thrombus, but not elsewhere. Approximately 10 months prior to death an elective and uncomplicated cholecystectomy was performed, and the cystic duct was ligated with silk. The unabsorbable thread material is supposed to have migrated through the duct wall, resulting in secondary inflammatory reaction, bleeding and finally the formation of an intra-luminal thrombus. The clinical manifestations were largely in agreement with the patho-anatomical findings.", "contents": "Obstructive blood thrombus formation in the common bile duct probably due to a silk ligature. Report of a case. The case of a 59-year-old, jaundiced male is reported. Autopsy revealed an obstructing blood thrombus in the common bile duct. The thrombus was firmly attached to the duct wall. Microscopic remnants of thread material were found in the centre of the thrombus, but not elsewhere. Approximately 10 months prior to death an elective and uncomplicated cholecystectomy was performed, and the cystic duct was ligated with silk. The unabsorbable thread material is supposed to have migrated through the duct wall, resulting in secondary inflammatory reaction, bleeding and finally the formation of an intra-luminal thrombus. The clinical manifestations were largely in agreement with the patho-anatomical findings.", "PMID": 747077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6952", "title": "Mucocele of the appendix: an unusual finding at exploration for right-sided inguinal pain.", "content": "A case of mucocele of the appendix, uncovered during an abdominal exploration on a tentative diagnosis of incipient inguinal hernia, is reported. The small mucocele is unlikely to have been responsible for the recorded symptoms and signs.", "contents": "Mucocele of the appendix: an unusual finding at exploration for right-sided inguinal pain. A case of mucocele of the appendix, uncovered during an abdominal exploration on a tentative diagnosis of incipient inguinal hernia, is reported. The small mucocele is unlikely to have been responsible for the recorded symptoms and signs.", "PMID": 747078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6953", "title": "[Recovery of vitamin B12 absorption in the late postoperative period in rats subjected to resection of 50% of the distal small intestine].", "content": "Vitamin B12 Co57 intestinal absorption was evaluated in rats, determining the % whole body retention, 12 and 28 weeks after resection of 50% distal small intestine with preservation of ileocecal valve. At week 12th, a statistical significative difference in vitamin B12 absorption was found between rats submitted to surgery and the control group (p less than 0.01). On the other hand, at week 28th vitamin B12 absorption values were very close in both groups of rats. This last fact supports the evidence of recovery of vitamin B12 absorption in ilectomized rats.", "contents": "[Recovery of vitamin B12 absorption in the late postoperative period in rats subjected to resection of 50% of the distal small intestine]. Vitamin B12 Co57 intestinal absorption was evaluated in rats, determining the % whole body retention, 12 and 28 weeks after resection of 50% distal small intestine with preservation of ileocecal valve. At week 12th, a statistical significative difference in vitamin B12 absorption was found between rats submitted to surgery and the control group (p less than 0.01). On the other hand, at week 28th vitamin B12 absorption values were very close in both groups of rats. This last fact supports the evidence of recovery of vitamin B12 absorption in ilectomized rats.", "PMID": 747083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6954", "title": "[Bile lipid composition of cholecystectomized patients during fasting and in postprandial periods].", "content": "Fasting state, 1 and 3 hours postprandial biliary lipid periods are studied in 19 cholecystectomized gallstone patients. Methodological items togeher with the characteristics of the kind of diet: normocaloric; lipids, 15% (50% of which are obtained from animals); proteins, 25%; and carbohydrates, 60% are established. It is concluded that biliary lipids are not quantitatively modified in the subjects on established diet respect fasting, 1 and 3 hours postprandial periods, particularly pointing out that the biliary cholesterol saturation rate remains unchanged--supersaturated--for fasting state, as well as for postprandial periods. We believe that the lack of observable changes may be in relation with the characteristics of the employed diet, which is usually suggested to people suffering from cholecystopathies in Argentina.", "contents": "[Bile lipid composition of cholecystectomized patients during fasting and in postprandial periods]. Fasting state, 1 and 3 hours postprandial biliary lipid periods are studied in 19 cholecystectomized gallstone patients. Methodological items togeher with the characteristics of the kind of diet: normocaloric; lipids, 15% (50% of which are obtained from animals); proteins, 25%; and carbohydrates, 60% are established. It is concluded that biliary lipids are not quantitatively modified in the subjects on established diet respect fasting, 1 and 3 hours postprandial periods, particularly pointing out that the biliary cholesterol saturation rate remains unchanged--supersaturated--for fasting state, as well as for postprandial periods. We believe that the lack of observable changes may be in relation with the characteristics of the employed diet, which is usually suggested to people suffering from cholecystopathies in Argentina.", "PMID": 747084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6955", "title": "[Relation between vasculitis and hepatitis HBsAg].", "content": "The authors present the development of a generalized necrotic vasculitis accompanied by positive Virus B Cronic Hepatitis. A 31 years old female, affected by a multisystemic disease with jaundice, dark urine, and light stools, with biologic values of necrosis of hepatic cells and positive dosages of HBsAg. The biopsy of muscle revealed the presence of an alergic vasculitis with leucocitoclasia and the biopsy of the liver showed and Active Cronic Hepatitis. References are made about the different pathogenical hypothesis of these unusual association.", "contents": "[Relation between vasculitis and hepatitis HBsAg]. The authors present the development of a generalized necrotic vasculitis accompanied by positive Virus B Cronic Hepatitis. A 31 years old female, affected by a multisystemic disease with jaundice, dark urine, and light stools, with biologic values of necrosis of hepatic cells and positive dosages of HBsAg. The biopsy of muscle revealed the presence of an alergic vasculitis with leucocitoclasia and the biopsy of the liver showed and Active Cronic Hepatitis. References are made about the different pathogenical hypothesis of these unusual association.", "PMID": 747085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6956", "title": "[Treatment of advanced digestive cancer with fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU].", "content": "We relate the experience obtained by treatment of 20 advanced digestive cancer patients, with the association of 5 fluorouracil and methyl-C.C.N.U. Objective response was found in 4 patients (20%). Toxicity consisted of leucopenia in 3 patients, allergic phenomena in 2 and diarrhea in 1 patient. Mean survival is increased in 3 months in responders, when compared with non-responders, although this difference has not statistical value.", "contents": "[Treatment of advanced digestive cancer with fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU]. We relate the experience obtained by treatment of 20 advanced digestive cancer patients, with the association of 5 fluorouracil and methyl-C.C.N.U. Objective response was found in 4 patients (20%). Toxicity consisted of leucopenia in 3 patients, allergic phenomena in 2 and diarrhea in 1 patient. Mean survival is increased in 3 months in responders, when compared with non-responders, although this difference has not statistical value.", "PMID": 747086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6957", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum].", "content": "This paper describes our experience with pre-surgical diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. We used a naso-jejunal-ileal tube, through which, we injected small amounts of radio-opaque fluid and air, thus utilizing double contrast. In seven children diverticulum was shown to be present by radioscopic and radiographic techniques; this was later confirmed during laparotomy. X-ray findings were compared with Tc99 scanning results.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum]. This paper describes our experience with pre-surgical diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. We used a naso-jejunal-ileal tube, through which, we injected small amounts of radio-opaque fluid and air, thus utilizing double contrast. In seven children diverticulum was shown to be present by radioscopic and radiographic techniques; this was later confirmed during laparotomy. X-ray findings were compared with Tc99 scanning results.", "PMID": 747087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6958", "title": "Substance P-like content in the hypothalamus of water-deprived rats.", "content": "The content of substance P-like in the hypothalamus of control and dehydrated rats was determined by bioassay on isolated jejunum of rabbits. Depriving the rats of drinking water for twelve days caused statistically significant increase of the substance P-like in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that water deprivation increases the synthesis of substance P-like in the rat hypothalamus.", "contents": "Substance P-like content in the hypothalamus of water-deprived rats. The content of substance P-like in the hypothalamus of control and dehydrated rats was determined by bioassay on isolated jejunum of rabbits. Depriving the rats of drinking water for twelve days caused statistically significant increase of the substance P-like in the hypothalamus. These results suggest that water deprivation increases the synthesis of substance P-like in the rat hypothalamus.", "PMID": 747101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6959", "title": "Audiogenic seizures in rats: relation to noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus.", "content": "Bilateral lesions involving the nucleus locus coeruleus produced a substantial decrease in the forebrain noradrenaline concentrations. Lesioned animals showed an increased susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. It is supposed that noradrenergic neurons, belonging to the locus coeruleus, play an inhibitory role in the seizure mechanism.", "contents": "Audiogenic seizures in rats: relation to noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Bilateral lesions involving the nucleus locus coeruleus produced a substantial decrease in the forebrain noradrenaline concentrations. Lesioned animals showed an increased susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. It is supposed that noradrenergic neurons, belonging to the locus coeruleus, play an inhibitory role in the seizure mechanism.", "PMID": 747102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6960", "title": "Carbohydrate components of serum proteins in the rats with lesions of the septal forebrain area and in the rats subjected to stress.", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the septal forebrain area, surgical stress connected with production of sham lesions of the brain, or four-hour immobilization stress raised the level of neuraminic acid, aminosugars and the total content of carbohydrate components of glycoproteins in the rat serum. The observed effects were probably non-specific results of the pituitary-adrenal system activation developing independently of the causative factor in the observed experimental models. It is suggested by the fact that the effects obtained in the group of rats with lesions of the septal forebrain area did not differ from those observed of the sham lesioned animals.", "contents": "Carbohydrate components of serum proteins in the rats with lesions of the septal forebrain area and in the rats subjected to stress. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the septal forebrain area, surgical stress connected with production of sham lesions of the brain, or four-hour immobilization stress raised the level of neuraminic acid, aminosugars and the total content of carbohydrate components of glycoproteins in the rat serum. The observed effects were probably non-specific results of the pituitary-adrenal system activation developing independently of the causative factor in the observed experimental models. It is suggested by the fact that the effects obtained in the group of rats with lesions of the septal forebrain area did not differ from those observed of the sham lesioned animals.", "PMID": 747103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6961", "title": "Effect of exercise and adrenaline on glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscles of hypokinetic rats.", "content": "Exercise and adrenaline-induced glycogen depletion in different types of skeletal muscle (white, red and intermediate) and the rate of post-exercise glycogen recovery in these muscles were studied in rats subjected to prolonged (28--30 days), severe hypokinesia. It was found that exercise--induced glycogen depletion in the muscles of the hypokinetic rats was similar to that in the normal rats. In the hypokinetic rats adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg) had no effect on the glycogen level in the white muscle and only mildly, though significantly, reduced glycogen level in the red and intermediate muscles. No glycogen repletion occurred in the examined muscles during the fist hour of the post-exercise recovery. In three hours of the recovery period there was pronounced glycogen repletion in the muscles but in each of them glycogen level remained significantly lower than the respective pre-exercise level.", "contents": "Effect of exercise and adrenaline on glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscles of hypokinetic rats. Exercise and adrenaline-induced glycogen depletion in different types of skeletal muscle (white, red and intermediate) and the rate of post-exercise glycogen recovery in these muscles were studied in rats subjected to prolonged (28--30 days), severe hypokinesia. It was found that exercise--induced glycogen depletion in the muscles of the hypokinetic rats was similar to that in the normal rats. In the hypokinetic rats adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg) had no effect on the glycogen level in the white muscle and only mildly, though significantly, reduced glycogen level in the red and intermediate muscles. No glycogen repletion occurred in the examined muscles during the fist hour of the post-exercise recovery. In three hours of the recovery period there was pronounced glycogen repletion in the muscles but in each of them glycogen level remained significantly lower than the respective pre-exercise level.", "PMID": 747104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6962", "title": "Effect of catecholamines on enzyme release from human adipose tissue cells.", "content": "Effect of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) on the release of enzymes were studied in the isolated human adipocytes incubated in Krebs-Hanseleit buffer to which albumins saturated with fatty acids or albumins, from which fatty acids were partly removed, were added. In the incubation fluid the activity of lactic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase was determined. Besides that, the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the adipocytes and on the release of glycerol into the incubation fluid were studied. Both A and NA stimulated the release of all examined enzymes into the incubation medium. The amount of the released enzymes, determined on the basis of changes in their activity in the incubation medium, depended on the degree of albumin saturation with fatty acids. Increased release of enzymes into the incubation fluid was associated with a rise in the content of NEFA in the adipocytes. Gycerol release into the incubation medium was independent of the degree of albumin saturation with fatty acids.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines on enzyme release from human adipose tissue cells. Effect of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) on the release of enzymes were studied in the isolated human adipocytes incubated in Krebs-Hanseleit buffer to which albumins saturated with fatty acids or albumins, from which fatty acids were partly removed, were added. In the incubation fluid the activity of lactic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase was determined. Besides that, the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the adipocytes and on the release of glycerol into the incubation fluid were studied. Both A and NA stimulated the release of all examined enzymes into the incubation medium. The amount of the released enzymes, determined on the basis of changes in their activity in the incubation medium, depended on the degree of albumin saturation with fatty acids. Increased release of enzymes into the incubation fluid was associated with a rise in the content of NEFA in the adipocytes. Gycerol release into the incubation medium was independent of the degree of albumin saturation with fatty acids.", "PMID": 747107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6963", "title": "Liver and muscle glycogen content after glucose infusion in dogs.", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to determine the changes in the liver and muscle glycogen content during and after glucose infusion to elucidate tissue distribution of glucose in dogs. Glucose was infused intravenously during 2 hours in a dose of 1.7 mM . kg-1 . min-1. At designated time intervals venous blood samples were taken for determinations of glucose concentration, and the liver as well as muscle tissue samples were taken using a needle biopsy technique for determination of glycogen content. Liver glycogen content was increased significantly already at 30 th min of glucose infusion, and 60 min after termination of the infusion, it was by 53.1 +/- 0.58 and 174.3 +/- 48.3 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet liver higher than the initial value. Muscle glycogen content was also increasing progressively during the whole period of glucose infusion, and 1 h after termination of the infusion it was by 30.8 +/- 2.5 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet muscle above the initial value. It was calculated that 24.7 per cent of the glucose infused to dogs was stored as liver glycogen and 63.4 per cent as muscle glycogen.", "contents": "Liver and muscle glycogen content after glucose infusion in dogs. The purpose of the present work was to determine the changes in the liver and muscle glycogen content during and after glucose infusion to elucidate tissue distribution of glucose in dogs. Glucose was infused intravenously during 2 hours in a dose of 1.7 mM . kg-1 . min-1. At designated time intervals venous blood samples were taken for determinations of glucose concentration, and the liver as well as muscle tissue samples were taken using a needle biopsy technique for determination of glycogen content. Liver glycogen content was increased significantly already at 30 th min of glucose infusion, and 60 min after termination of the infusion, it was by 53.1 +/- 0.58 and 174.3 +/- 48.3 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet liver higher than the initial value. Muscle glycogen content was also increasing progressively during the whole period of glucose infusion, and 1 h after termination of the infusion it was by 30.8 +/- 2.5 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet muscle above the initial value. It was calculated that 24.7 per cent of the glucose infused to dogs was stored as liver glycogen and 63.4 per cent as muscle glycogen.", "PMID": 747106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6964", "title": "Glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in skeletal muscle of rats adapted to endurance exercise.", "content": "Rats were adapted to endurance exercise (swimming) for six weeks. During the training program each rat swum totally for 108 hours. It was found that the training applied reduced markedly glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg) in each of the examined type of muscle (the white, red and intermediate ones). The reduction of the glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in the trained rats was less pronounced in the intermediate muscle than in the other two muscles. The hyperglycemic effect of adrenaline was also reduced in the trained group. It is concluded that the decreased reactivity of glycogenolytic system in skeletal muscles to adrenaline could be partly responsible for the slower rate of the intramuscular glycogen mobilization during exercise in the trained individuals.", "contents": "Glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in skeletal muscle of rats adapted to endurance exercise. Rats were adapted to endurance exercise (swimming) for six weeks. During the training program each rat swum totally for 108 hours. It was found that the training applied reduced markedly glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg) in each of the examined type of muscle (the white, red and intermediate ones). The reduction of the glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in the trained rats was less pronounced in the intermediate muscle than in the other two muscles. The hyperglycemic effect of adrenaline was also reduced in the trained group. It is concluded that the decreased reactivity of glycogenolytic system in skeletal muscles to adrenaline could be partly responsible for the slower rate of the intramuscular glycogen mobilization during exercise in the trained individuals.", "PMID": 747105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6965", "title": "Copper metabolism in different states of erythropoiesis activity.", "content": "The interrelationship between erythropoiesis activity and the dynamic of copper metabolism in normal rats and the rats with experimentally induced anemia and polycythemia was studied, using 64Cu injected intravenously in the form of CuCl2. The studies demonstrated that the copper metabolism is different in erythropoiesis stimulation and inhibition. Significant changes in the plasma ceruloplasmin level and the plasma copper content as well as in the plasma copper clearance and blood copper turnover were observed.", "contents": "Copper metabolism in different states of erythropoiesis activity. The interrelationship between erythropoiesis activity and the dynamic of copper metabolism in normal rats and the rats with experimentally induced anemia and polycythemia was studied, using 64Cu injected intravenously in the form of CuCl2. The studies demonstrated that the copper metabolism is different in erythropoiesis stimulation and inhibition. Significant changes in the plasma ceruloplasmin level and the plasma copper content as well as in the plasma copper clearance and blood copper turnover were observed.", "PMID": 747109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6966", "title": "The effect of glucagon on myoinositol levels in the blood serum and its excretion with urine.", "content": "The investigations were carried out with a group of ten healthy men aged 20--26 years who were injected intravenously with glucagon in a single dose of 50 microgram per kg of body weight. Glucagon had no effect on myoinositol levels in the blood serum. It caused however, a significant decrease in the myoinositol discharge into urine and lowered the index of renal myoinositol clearance. The creatinine clearance index remained unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on myoinositol levels in the blood serum and its excretion with urine. The investigations were carried out with a group of ten healthy men aged 20--26 years who were injected intravenously with glucagon in a single dose of 50 microgram per kg of body weight. Glucagon had no effect on myoinositol levels in the blood serum. It caused however, a significant decrease in the myoinositol discharge into urine and lowered the index of renal myoinositol clearance. The creatinine clearance index remained unchanged.", "PMID": 747110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6967", "title": "Release of prostaglandin--like substances into cerebral venous blood in conditions injurious to brain in the dog.", "content": "Hypo- and hypercapnia produced in dogs had no effect on the level of endogenous prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) bioassayed continuously in sagittal sinus blood. Increased release of endogenous PLS, predominantly of prostaglandin E-like substance into cerebral venous blood occurred in conditions injurious to brain, such as hypoxia cerebral ischemia and embolism. It may be concluded that increased output of PLS into cerebral venous blood is not related to functional changes in cerebral blood flow, but results from cerebral and/or cerebrovascular damage. Enchanced generation of endogenous prostaglandins and their release into cerebral venous blood preceed the development of structural alterations evoked by hypoxia and ischemia in brain.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin--like substances into cerebral venous blood in conditions injurious to brain in the dog. Hypo- and hypercapnia produced in dogs had no effect on the level of endogenous prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) bioassayed continuously in sagittal sinus blood. Increased release of endogenous PLS, predominantly of prostaglandin E-like substance into cerebral venous blood occurred in conditions injurious to brain, such as hypoxia cerebral ischemia and embolism. It may be concluded that increased output of PLS into cerebral venous blood is not related to functional changes in cerebral blood flow, but results from cerebral and/or cerebrovascular damage. Enchanced generation of endogenous prostaglandins and their release into cerebral venous blood preceed the development of structural alterations evoked by hypoxia and ischemia in brain.", "PMID": 747112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6968", "title": "Influence of intraperitoneal administration of calcium on body temperature and resistance to thermal stress in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of calcium excess (11.26--21.18 mmol/kg of body weight) in rats at room temperature caused a distinct, significant decrease in body temperature (p less than 0.001). H ypothermic animals obtained in this way demonstrated, however, a significant decrease in resistance to quick heating as compared to controls. It was manifested by lower (by approx. 1.4 degrees C) lethal temperature (p less than 0.001), shorter (by approx. 8 min 12 sec) survival time (p less than 0.02) and higher rate of body temperature increase (by approx. 0.05 degrees C/min, p less than 0.001) in comparison with control rats.", "contents": "Influence of intraperitoneal administration of calcium on body temperature and resistance to thermal stress in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of calcium excess (11.26--21.18 mmol/kg of body weight) in rats at room temperature caused a distinct, significant decrease in body temperature (p less than 0.001). H ypothermic animals obtained in this way demonstrated, however, a significant decrease in resistance to quick heating as compared to controls. It was manifested by lower (by approx. 1.4 degrees C) lethal temperature (p less than 0.001), shorter (by approx. 8 min 12 sec) survival time (p less than 0.02) and higher rate of body temperature increase (by approx. 0.05 degrees C/min, p less than 0.001) in comparison with control rats.", "PMID": 747108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6969", "title": "The reversal of the oxygen difference between arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid in chronic, exacerbated respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The relationship between PaO2 and PCSFO2 (along with other acid-base parameters) was studied in patients with long-lasting respiratory failure. These patients exhibited a highly significant reversal of the normal relationship, i.e. their PCSF O2 was invariably higher, than PaO2. It is suggested that this reflects a mechanism protecting the brain against hypoxia.", "contents": "The reversal of the oxygen difference between arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid in chronic, exacerbated respiratory insufficiency. The relationship between PaO2 and PCSFO2 (along with other acid-base parameters) was studied in patients with long-lasting respiratory failure. These patients exhibited a highly significant reversal of the normal relationship, i.e. their PCSF O2 was invariably higher, than PaO2. It is suggested that this reflects a mechanism protecting the brain against hypoxia.", "PMID": 747119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6970", "title": "Effects of clonidine and apomorphine on motor and exploratory activity in mice with frontal lobe lesions.", "content": "The reported investigations were carried out on male Porton white mice, which had bilateral lesions of the cortex of frontal lobes made one month before the experiment. In mice with these lesions the excitatory effect of apomorphine (2 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.1 microgram/kg) was abolished, similarly as the inhibitory effect of clonidine (1 mg/kg) on the motor activity. The data indicate that noadrenergic neurons in the frontal lobes participate in the regulation of the motor and exploratory activity in mice.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine and apomorphine on motor and exploratory activity in mice with frontal lobe lesions. The reported investigations were carried out on male Porton white mice, which had bilateral lesions of the cortex of frontal lobes made one month before the experiment. In mice with these lesions the excitatory effect of apomorphine (2 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.1 microgram/kg) was abolished, similarly as the inhibitory effect of clonidine (1 mg/kg) on the motor activity. The data indicate that noadrenergic neurons in the frontal lobes participate in the regulation of the motor and exploratory activity in mice.", "PMID": 747115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6971", "title": "Effect of sweeteners on energy uptake and its utilization by rats.", "content": "The effect administration of saccharose, glucose and glycine in solutions of equivalent relative sweetness on the uptake and utilization of energy and on blood glucose level was studied in growing female Wistar rats. It was shown that the amount of saccharose and the remaining sweeteners added to drinks has an effect on the regulation of energy uptake from the food and on metabolic processes connected with the energy utilization.", "contents": "Effect of sweeteners on energy uptake and its utilization by rats. The effect administration of saccharose, glucose and glycine in solutions of equivalent relative sweetness on the uptake and utilization of energy and on blood glucose level was studied in growing female Wistar rats. It was shown that the amount of saccharose and the remaining sweeteners added to drinks has an effect on the regulation of energy uptake from the food and on metabolic processes connected with the energy utilization.", "PMID": 747111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6972", "title": "Inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the release of prostaglandins from dog's brain in hypoxia and cerebral embolism.", "content": "Cerebral hypoxia and embolism evoke the release of prostaglandin (PG)-like substances, predominantly of E type, into cerebral venous blood. This has been shown by bioassay used for monitoring the level of PG-like substances in sagittal sinus blood (ssb) in dogs. Hypoxia was induced by inhalation of 8% O2 in N2, embolism by an injection of air into internal carotid artery. This led to an increase in the level of PG-like substances in ssb, with no detectable change in the concentration of PGs in peripheral venous blood, indicating that PGs detected in ssb originate from cerebral venous outflow. The output amounted 6 ng/ml (in PGE2 equivalents). Hydrocortisone (HC) in a dose of 30 mg/kg suppressed the release of PG-like substances induced by either hypoxia or embolism. These results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay of PGs in ssb. Plasma levels of PGs E and F2 alpha were elevated following cerebral embolism as compared to initial values and greatly suppressed by HC administration. Suppression of PG formation by HC in this experimental system seems to be related to the membrane--stabilizing action of this hormone. This is of interest in view of the usefulness of steroid therapy in cerebrovascular pathology.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the release of prostaglandins from dog's brain in hypoxia and cerebral embolism. Cerebral hypoxia and embolism evoke the release of prostaglandin (PG)-like substances, predominantly of E type, into cerebral venous blood. This has been shown by bioassay used for monitoring the level of PG-like substances in sagittal sinus blood (ssb) in dogs. Hypoxia was induced by inhalation of 8% O2 in N2, embolism by an injection of air into internal carotid artery. This led to an increase in the level of PG-like substances in ssb, with no detectable change in the concentration of PGs in peripheral venous blood, indicating that PGs detected in ssb originate from cerebral venous outflow. The output amounted 6 ng/ml (in PGE2 equivalents). Hydrocortisone (HC) in a dose of 30 mg/kg suppressed the release of PG-like substances induced by either hypoxia or embolism. These results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay of PGs in ssb. Plasma levels of PGs E and F2 alpha were elevated following cerebral embolism as compared to initial values and greatly suppressed by HC administration. Suppression of PG formation by HC in this experimental system seems to be related to the membrane--stabilizing action of this hormone. This is of interest in view of the usefulness of steroid therapy in cerebrovascular pathology.", "PMID": 747113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6973", "title": "Normal values of glycogen content in the dog skeletal muscle and liver.", "content": "Glycogen content was measured in the dog quadriceps femoris muscle and liver tissue under resting conditions after 24 h fasting period, using small tissue samples taken by a needle biopsy technique. The glycogen content in the quadriceps femoris ranged from 35.3 to 60.2 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet muscle with a mean of 50.0 +/- (SE) 1.2. The mean value of the liver glycogen content was 235.0 +/- 19.4 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet liver tissue with the average 121.1--316.1 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet tissue. It was calculated that approximately 127 mM glucosyl units of the glycogen is stored in the dog liver.", "contents": "Normal values of glycogen content in the dog skeletal muscle and liver. Glycogen content was measured in the dog quadriceps femoris muscle and liver tissue under resting conditions after 24 h fasting period, using small tissue samples taken by a needle biopsy technique. The glycogen content in the quadriceps femoris ranged from 35.3 to 60.2 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet muscle with a mean of 50.0 +/- (SE) 1.2. The mean value of the liver glycogen content was 235.0 +/- 19.4 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet liver tissue with the average 121.1--316.1 mM glucosyl units per kg of wet tissue. It was calculated that approximately 127 mM glucosyl units of the glycogen is stored in the dog liver.", "PMID": 747118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6974", "title": "Glycogen resynthesis in the rat muscle and liver after physical exercise.", "content": "Glycogen resynthesis was studied in muscles and liver of Wistar rats after a single bout of physical exercise, which included 30 min of enforced swimming in water at 32 degrees C. The experiment was carried out on untrained rats which rested after the exercise from 30 min to 24 h, receiving food ad libitum. During the postexercise restitution a rise was observed in the glycogen content of both tissues. This rise was more rapid in the muscles than in the liver. During the first 9 hours of rest the muscle glycogen content reached 92.6% of the initial value, and after 24 hours it exceeded this value by 20%. On the other hand, the resynthesis of hepatic glycogen was 67% of the initial value after 9 hours, and after 24 hours the liver glycogen content reached only 76.5% of this value. It has been pointed out also that the restitution of glycogen in the muscles occurs in two steps of the intensive increase, while in the liver it is more steady.", "contents": "Glycogen resynthesis in the rat muscle and liver after physical exercise. Glycogen resynthesis was studied in muscles and liver of Wistar rats after a single bout of physical exercise, which included 30 min of enforced swimming in water at 32 degrees C. The experiment was carried out on untrained rats which rested after the exercise from 30 min to 24 h, receiving food ad libitum. During the postexercise restitution a rise was observed in the glycogen content of both tissues. This rise was more rapid in the muscles than in the liver. During the first 9 hours of rest the muscle glycogen content reached 92.6% of the initial value, and after 24 hours it exceeded this value by 20%. On the other hand, the resynthesis of hepatic glycogen was 67% of the initial value after 9 hours, and after 24 hours the liver glycogen content reached only 76.5% of this value. It has been pointed out also that the restitution of glycogen in the muscles occurs in two steps of the intensive increase, while in the liver it is more steady.", "PMID": 747116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6975", "title": "Effect of lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle on the two-way avoidance behavior in rats.", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) were performed in Wistar male rats. Seven to eight days after the surgery animals were trained for two-way avoidance behavior (10 days, 15 trials per day). Lesions of the VB facilitated avoidance acquisition and slightly increased intertial responses. The latency of avoidance reaction as well as latency of escape was unchanged in VB-lesioned animals. The possible role of VB in mechanism of learning is discussed. It is pointed out that VB may play an opposite role to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle which is known to facilitate learning.", "contents": "Effect of lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle on the two-way avoidance behavior in rats. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) were performed in Wistar male rats. Seven to eight days after the surgery animals were trained for two-way avoidance behavior (10 days, 15 trials per day). Lesions of the VB facilitated avoidance acquisition and slightly increased intertial responses. The latency of avoidance reaction as well as latency of escape was unchanged in VB-lesioned animals. The possible role of VB in mechanism of learning is discussed. It is pointed out that VB may play an opposite role to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle which is known to facilitate learning.", "PMID": 747114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6976", "title": "The effects of LSD and propranolol on the motor activity in rabbits.", "content": "In the investigations on the effects of LSD and propranolol on the rabbit motor activity an original device counting and recording all movements of the animals was used. LSD, administered to rabbits in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v., changed the behavior of the animals, increasing their motor activity. Propranolol prevented alterations in the behavior of rabbits and the LSD-induced increase in their motor activity.", "contents": "The effects of LSD and propranolol on the motor activity in rabbits. In the investigations on the effects of LSD and propranolol on the rabbit motor activity an original device counting and recording all movements of the animals was used. LSD, administered to rabbits in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v., changed the behavior of the animals, increasing their motor activity. Propranolol prevented alterations in the behavior of rabbits and the LSD-induced increase in their motor activity.", "PMID": 747117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6977", "title": "The effect of first visual stimulation on incorporation of labelled leucine into cerebral cortex of binocularly deprived kittens.", "content": "One-month old kittens, binocularly deprived with hoods from birth, were used. Before the experiments in which visual stimulation was applied the brainstem of kittens was transected at the pretrigeminal level. Cortical EEG activity and ocular behavior indicated that the isolated cerebrum of preparations was usually awake during experiment. Patterned visual stimulation was directed to one hemisphere, while the other was used as a control. Visual stimulation evoked in some cases (in 8 out of 17) an increase of incorporation of labeled leucine into the proteins of the striate cortex. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel did not reveal any differences in the pattern of insoluble proteins between the stimulated and control visual cortex. It is suggested that first visual stimulation may enhance the protein metabolism of striate cortex in young kittens. Some unknown up to now physiological factors (motivation, attention?) may be critical for these phenomena.", "contents": "The effect of first visual stimulation on incorporation of labelled leucine into cerebral cortex of binocularly deprived kittens. One-month old kittens, binocularly deprived with hoods from birth, were used. Before the experiments in which visual stimulation was applied the brainstem of kittens was transected at the pretrigeminal level. Cortical EEG activity and ocular behavior indicated that the isolated cerebrum of preparations was usually awake during experiment. Patterned visual stimulation was directed to one hemisphere, while the other was used as a control. Visual stimulation evoked in some cases (in 8 out of 17) an increase of incorporation of labeled leucine into the proteins of the striate cortex. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel did not reveal any differences in the pattern of insoluble proteins between the stimulated and control visual cortex. It is suggested that first visual stimulation may enhance the protein metabolism of striate cortex in young kittens. Some unknown up to now physiological factors (motivation, attention?) may be critical for these phenomena.", "PMID": 747126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6978", "title": "Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of strong electrical hippocampal stimulation on performance of two-way avoidance response in cats.", "content": "The influence of a strong, seizure inducing electrical stimulation of the hippocampus on the performance of the active avoidance responses in a shuttle-box was studied. The stimulation (a 10 s train of rectangular, negative pulses, 50/s 200 microamperes) was applied at different stages of training 2 min before experimental sessions. The stimulation evoked a facilitatory or inhibitory effect on the avoidance performance. The kind of effect depended on the level of stabilization of the avoidance response. At an early stage of training facilitatory effect dominated, an inhibitory effect prevailed after stabilization of the avoidance response. Intraperitoneal administration of atropine sulphate decreased the inhibitory effect of stimulation. The results confirm the supposition that hippocampal stimulation influences the performance of conditioned active avoidance responses in a similar way as electroconvulsive shock does.", "contents": "Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of strong electrical hippocampal stimulation on performance of two-way avoidance response in cats. The influence of a strong, seizure inducing electrical stimulation of the hippocampus on the performance of the active avoidance responses in a shuttle-box was studied. The stimulation (a 10 s train of rectangular, negative pulses, 50/s 200 microamperes) was applied at different stages of training 2 min before experimental sessions. The stimulation evoked a facilitatory or inhibitory effect on the avoidance performance. The kind of effect depended on the level of stabilization of the avoidance response. At an early stage of training facilitatory effect dominated, an inhibitory effect prevailed after stabilization of the avoidance response. Intraperitoneal administration of atropine sulphate decreased the inhibitory effect of stimulation. The results confirm the supposition that hippocampal stimulation influences the performance of conditioned active avoidance responses in a similar way as electroconvulsive shock does.", "PMID": 747127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6979", "title": "The effects of exposure time and retention interval on response to environmental change in rats.", "content": "Responses to change of visual stimuli in the environment were studied under 6 different exposure times and 3 different retention intervals in 18 groups. An increase in exposures from 1 to 3 and 5 min had a positive effect on the response-to-change frequency. The level observed after 5 min exposure did not alter significantly when exposures of 10 min and 15 min were applied, while a further increase in exposure time to 20 min reduced the number of responses to change. Elongation of retention intervals from 1 to 3 and 5 min decreased the response-to-change frequency after each exposure. In the case of optimal exposures (5-15 min) the decrease was from 80 percent to approximately 60 percent.", "contents": "The effects of exposure time and retention interval on response to environmental change in rats. Responses to change of visual stimuli in the environment were studied under 6 different exposure times and 3 different retention intervals in 18 groups. An increase in exposures from 1 to 3 and 5 min had a positive effect on the response-to-change frequency. The level observed after 5 min exposure did not alter significantly when exposures of 10 min and 15 min were applied, while a further increase in exposure time to 20 min reduced the number of responses to change. Elongation of retention intervals from 1 to 3 and 5 min decreased the response-to-change frequency after each exposure. In the case of optimal exposures (5-15 min) the decrease was from 80 percent to approximately 60 percent.", "PMID": 747128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6980", "title": "Specific visual disability in relation to ontogeny of brain asymmetry.", "content": "Children with retarded development of visual perception were compared with previously tested normal children Verbal and non-verbal patterns were presented either to the left or to the right hemisphere. In both groups of children the results showed a functional equality of the hemispheres during analysis of the non-verbal patterns. Left hemisphere superiority for verbal material in Normal group was not confirmed by the results in Retarded children. The data are discussed in terms of the relation between the ontogeny of brain asymmetry and specific visual disability in children.", "contents": "Specific visual disability in relation to ontogeny of brain asymmetry. Children with retarded development of visual perception were compared with previously tested normal children Verbal and non-verbal patterns were presented either to the left or to the right hemisphere. In both groups of children the results showed a functional equality of the hemispheres during analysis of the non-verbal patterns. Left hemisphere superiority for verbal material in Normal group was not confirmed by the results in Retarded children. The data are discussed in terms of the relation between the ontogeny of brain asymmetry and specific visual disability in children.", "PMID": 747129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6981", "title": "Some questions related to mechanisms of slave-raids in Amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr.", "content": "A new hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the P. rufescens' slave-raids, is proposed. (i) The so-called pseudo-scouting does not contribute to the slave-raids. (ii) The direction of the raid is determined by the random movement of the most easily aroused individuals - the so-called activists. (iii) Once the direction has been set the army marches straight ahead and returns by the same road orienting itself by visual stimuli; single individuals who lag behind can however follow the scent-trial which had been left by the army. (iv) The slave-capturing instinct of the amazons is not directed at the abduction of pupae alone but also and even perhaps primarily at the abduction of mature individuals belonging to the slave-species; that the amazons bring almost only pupae is caused by the fact that the mature individuals offer resistance and are consequently a more troublesome prey.", "contents": "Some questions related to mechanisms of slave-raids in Amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. A new hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the P. rufescens' slave-raids, is proposed. (i) The so-called pseudo-scouting does not contribute to the slave-raids. (ii) The direction of the raid is determined by the random movement of the most easily aroused individuals - the so-called activists. (iii) Once the direction has been set the army marches straight ahead and returns by the same road orienting itself by visual stimuli; single individuals who lag behind can however follow the scent-trial which had been left by the army. (iv) The slave-capturing instinct of the amazons is not directed at the abduction of pupae alone but also and even perhaps primarily at the abduction of mature individuals belonging to the slave-species; that the amazons bring almost only pupae is caused by the fact that the mature individuals offer resistance and are consequently a more troublesome prey.", "PMID": 747130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6982", "title": "Origin and proliferation of astroglia in the immature rat cerebellar cortex. A double label autoradiographic study.", "content": "The proliferating astroglia cells of the cerebellar internal granular layer (IGL) were studied by a 3H--14C double label autoradiographic technique in 1 mu thick sections of the resin embedded cerebellum of 6-7 day old rats. It was concluded that the proliferating cells undergo repeated mitotic cycles inside the IGL. Thus claims of their acquisition from the external granular layer could be disproved. Calculated from the ratio of 3H- and 3H + 14C-labelled cells, the length of the S phase was 6 hours.", "contents": "Origin and proliferation of astroglia in the immature rat cerebellar cortex. A double label autoradiographic study. The proliferating astroglia cells of the cerebellar internal granular layer (IGL) were studied by a 3H--14C double label autoradiographic technique in 1 mu thick sections of the resin embedded cerebellum of 6-7 day old rats. It was concluded that the proliferating cells undergo repeated mitotic cycles inside the IGL. Thus claims of their acquisition from the external granular layer could be disproved. Calculated from the ratio of 3H- and 3H + 14C-labelled cells, the length of the S phase was 6 hours.", "PMID": 747131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6983", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of intimal surface of normal and atherosclerotic arteries.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study was made of the intimal surfaces of human normal and atherosclerotic thoracic aorta and rabbit normal thoracic aorta, and the thoracic aorta of rabbits with cholesterol atherosclerosis with consequential calciphylaxis. In normal human and rabbit arteries the intimal surface is smooth, the endothelial cells are clustered into regular mounds. In arteries affected by atherosclerosis at some sites the regular linear arrangement of endothelial cells disappears and the intimal surface is characterized by irregular protrusions of formations in the shape of scales or plates.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of intimal surface of normal and atherosclerotic arteries. A scanning electron microscopic study was made of the intimal surfaces of human normal and atherosclerotic thoracic aorta and rabbit normal thoracic aorta, and the thoracic aorta of rabbits with cholesterol atherosclerosis with consequential calciphylaxis. In normal human and rabbit arteries the intimal surface is smooth, the endothelial cells are clustered into regular mounds. In arteries affected by atherosclerosis at some sites the regular linear arrangement of endothelial cells disappears and the intimal surface is characterized by irregular protrusions of formations in the shape of scales or plates.", "PMID": 747132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6984", "title": "Effect of glutaurine on vitamin A and prednisolone treated thymus cultures.", "content": "The hormone of the parathyroid gland, Glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) exerts on rat thymus cultures an effect synergistic with vitamin A and antagonistic to prednisolone. When applied in itself, it increased the vitality and macrophage reaction of thymus cultures.", "contents": "Effect of glutaurine on vitamin A and prednisolone treated thymus cultures. The hormone of the parathyroid gland, Glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) exerts on rat thymus cultures an effect synergistic with vitamin A and antagonistic to prednisolone. When applied in itself, it increased the vitality and macrophage reaction of thymus cultures.", "PMID": 747133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6985", "title": "Effect of glutaurine, a newly discovered parathyroid hormone on rat thymus cultures.", "content": "Under the effect of the recently discovered parathyroid hormone, gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine (Glutaurine) growth of thymus cultures increased in all tested age groups. Epithelial growth was prominent and signs of activation of the macrophage cells appeared. In cell cultures the nuclei and nucleoli increased in size.", "contents": "Effect of glutaurine, a newly discovered parathyroid hormone on rat thymus cultures. Under the effect of the recently discovered parathyroid hormone, gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine (Glutaurine) growth of thymus cultures increased in all tested age groups. Epithelial growth was prominent and signs of activation of the macrophage cells appeared. In cell cultures the nuclei and nucleoli increased in size.", "PMID": 747134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6986", "title": "The effect of thyroid hormone on the formation of rat cerebellar Bergmann-glia.", "content": "H3-thymidine incorporating cells were demonstrated by autoradiography in the developing cortex. Before the 7-8th days labelled cells were distributed throughout the full width of the internal granular layer. Between days 8 to 14 they were found exclusively in the ganglionic layer and were identified as Bergmann-glia. Thyroid hormone treatment brought about an earlier shift of the label to the ganglionic layer indicating an acceleration of Bergmann-glia formation. Since the acceleration coincided with the known accelerating effect of thyroid hormone on granule cell migration, a causal relationship is assumed between Bergmann-glia formation and granula cell migration.", "contents": "The effect of thyroid hormone on the formation of rat cerebellar Bergmann-glia. H3-thymidine incorporating cells were demonstrated by autoradiography in the developing cortex. Before the 7-8th days labelled cells were distributed throughout the full width of the internal granular layer. Between days 8 to 14 they were found exclusively in the ganglionic layer and were identified as Bergmann-glia. Thyroid hormone treatment brought about an earlier shift of the label to the ganglionic layer indicating an acceleration of Bergmann-glia formation. Since the acceleration coincided with the known accelerating effect of thyroid hormone on granule cell migration, a causal relationship is assumed between Bergmann-glia formation and granula cell migration.", "PMID": 747135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6987", "title": "Semi-depot hyposensitization in severe hay fever: its clinical effectiveness and the therapeutic problems. (A four year study using intranasal challenge testing to monitor success).", "content": "Hyposensitization treatment for at least two years using pyridine-extracted alum precipitated (PEAP) extracts was carried out on 332 cases of severe hay fever, some of which were steroid dependent. Subjective self-assessment and weekly average use of additional medication were recorded, nasal challenge tests were conducted before and during treatment and related to the clinical picture. Successful treatment was unrelated to age, though distinctly limited where there was a history of more 15 years illness. It was however related to the pollen count from 1973 to 1976 and to the type and number of the antigens to which there was a clinical response. In spite of specific hyposensitization 4,2% of the pollinosis cases developed additional pollen asthma. In the course of treatment there were several instances of an enlargement of the individual antigen spectrum; sensitization to pollen, mould fungi, house dust and animal epithelia were recorded. In a total of 11,850 injections there were severe local reactions in 16,2% rhinoconjunctivitis in 1,6% asthma in 0,4% and urticaria in 0,4%. One female patient went into anaphylactic shock 12 hours after the administration of the antigen extract. In about 20% of the injections granulomas developed, about the size of a cherry-stone, which persisted for up to six months and which in some instances were reactivated by severe exposure to allergens. There was an unusually high percentage of organ and generalised reactions whenever the treatment was continued using a new antigen solution without reducing the dose.", "contents": "Semi-depot hyposensitization in severe hay fever: its clinical effectiveness and the therapeutic problems. (A four year study using intranasal challenge testing to monitor success). Hyposensitization treatment for at least two years using pyridine-extracted alum precipitated (PEAP) extracts was carried out on 332 cases of severe hay fever, some of which were steroid dependent. Subjective self-assessment and weekly average use of additional medication were recorded, nasal challenge tests were conducted before and during treatment and related to the clinical picture. Successful treatment was unrelated to age, though distinctly limited where there was a history of more 15 years illness. It was however related to the pollen count from 1973 to 1976 and to the type and number of the antigens to which there was a clinical response. In spite of specific hyposensitization 4,2% of the pollinosis cases developed additional pollen asthma. In the course of treatment there were several instances of an enlargement of the individual antigen spectrum; sensitization to pollen, mould fungi, house dust and animal epithelia were recorded. In a total of 11,850 injections there were severe local reactions in 16,2% rhinoconjunctivitis in 1,6% asthma in 0,4% and urticaria in 0,4%. One female patient went into anaphylactic shock 12 hours after the administration of the antigen extract. In about 20% of the injections granulomas developed, about the size of a cherry-stone, which persisted for up to six months and which in some instances were reactivated by severe exposure to allergens. There was an unusually high percentage of organ and generalised reactions whenever the treatment was continued using a new antigen solution without reducing the dose.", "PMID": 747146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6988", "title": "A profile of family therapies in the drug-abuse field.", "content": "This paper presents a profile of 1,117 family therapists who are providing treatment to families of recovering drug abusers. The data was part of a national survey of the current status of family therapy in the drug-abuse field. The results reveal extensive information about the education, training, personal background, caseload characteristics, and theoretical orientations of these individuals.", "contents": "A profile of family therapies in the drug-abuse field. This paper presents a profile of 1,117 family therapists who are providing treatment to families of recovering drug abusers. The data was part of a national survey of the current status of family therapy in the drug-abuse field. The results reveal extensive information about the education, training, personal background, caseload characteristics, and theoretical orientations of these individuals.", "PMID": 747171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6989", "title": "Differential response of heroin and nonheroin abusers to inpatient treatment.", "content": "Differences between heroin and nonheroin users were determined at intake and discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation program. Background data as well as attitudes toward drug-related concepts, mood, and symptoms were gathered from 65 male veterans. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and covariance comparing heroin and nonheroin users at intake and discharge. There were no significant differences between these two groups on their prescores, indicating that heroin and nonheroin patients were quite similar at time of intake. However, at discharge significant differences were found in terms of Tense and Thoughtful from the Mood Scale and Somatization, Obsessive/Compulsiveness, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, and Anxiety from the Symptom Checklist. The heroin subjects had consistently more positive rating than the nonheroin subjects following treatment.", "contents": "Differential response of heroin and nonheroin abusers to inpatient treatment. Differences between heroin and nonheroin users were determined at intake and discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation program. Background data as well as attitudes toward drug-related concepts, mood, and symptoms were gathered from 65 male veterans. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and covariance comparing heroin and nonheroin users at intake and discharge. There were no significant differences between these two groups on their prescores, indicating that heroin and nonheroin patients were quite similar at time of intake. However, at discharge significant differences were found in terms of Tense and Thoughtful from the Mood Scale and Somatization, Obsessive/Compulsiveness, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, and Anxiety from the Symptom Checklist. The heroin subjects had consistently more positive rating than the nonheroin subjects following treatment.", "PMID": 747172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6990", "title": "Quantitative and temporal relationships of alcohol use in narcotic addicts and methadone maintenance patients undergoing alcohol detoxification.", "content": "Evidence exists that alcohol abuse frequently coexists with narcotic addiction and methadone maintenance treatment, and it is the major factor in the development of cirrhosis and liver failure. This study of patients hospitalized for alcohol detoxification compares the quantity of alcohol consumed by alcohol abusers, addicted to narcotics or in a methadone maintenance treatment program, to that consumed by patients not involved with narcotic addiction. Mean daily alcohol consumption was not significantly different in either group using narcotics, including methadone, or in the subgroup of methadone maintenance patients, from the amount consumed by nonnarcotic abusers. Determination of temporal sequence in the use of these substances revealed that in 68% regular alcohol abuse preceded narcotic use. Alcohol abuse reportedly began after entering a methadone maintenance treatment program in 29% of our patients. Alcohol abusers who were in a methadone maintenance treatment program were significantly younger than those who did not use narcotics, including methadone. Time interval according to the patients' estimates, from onset of regular alcohol consumption to heavy drinking, was not significantly different in the two groups.", "contents": "Quantitative and temporal relationships of alcohol use in narcotic addicts and methadone maintenance patients undergoing alcohol detoxification. Evidence exists that alcohol abuse frequently coexists with narcotic addiction and methadone maintenance treatment, and it is the major factor in the development of cirrhosis and liver failure. This study of patients hospitalized for alcohol detoxification compares the quantity of alcohol consumed by alcohol abusers, addicted to narcotics or in a methadone maintenance treatment program, to that consumed by patients not involved with narcotic addiction. Mean daily alcohol consumption was not significantly different in either group using narcotics, including methadone, or in the subgroup of methadone maintenance patients, from the amount consumed by nonnarcotic abusers. Determination of temporal sequence in the use of these substances revealed that in 68% regular alcohol abuse preceded narcotic use. Alcohol abuse reportedly began after entering a methadone maintenance treatment program in 29% of our patients. Alcohol abusers who were in a methadone maintenance treatment program were significantly younger than those who did not use narcotics, including methadone. Time interval according to the patients' estimates, from onset of regular alcohol consumption to heavy drinking, was not significantly different in the two groups.", "PMID": 747173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6991", "title": "Alcoholic mortality: a 12-year follow-up.", "content": "This is a study of alcoholic mortality in which time, cause, and age at death were variables of critical interest. Five cohorts of 100 members each were followed 12, 11, 9, 6, and 4 years. A total of 133 cases were located as deceased. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was .0371. Higher CFR's were observed in years 1 to 6. Cardiovascular disease, violence (homicide, suicide, accidental), cirrhosis, carcionomas, and acute intoxication were the leading causes of death. Violent deaths were more prevalent in younger admission age groups. The cardiovascular/other ratio increased in older admission age groups.", "contents": "Alcoholic mortality: a 12-year follow-up. This is a study of alcoholic mortality in which time, cause, and age at death were variables of critical interest. Five cohorts of 100 members each were followed 12, 11, 9, 6, and 4 years. A total of 133 cases were located as deceased. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was .0371. Higher CFR's were observed in years 1 to 6. Cardiovascular disease, violence (homicide, suicide, accidental), cirrhosis, carcionomas, and acute intoxication were the leading causes of death. Violent deaths were more prevalent in younger admission age groups. The cardiovascular/other ratio increased in older admission age groups.", "PMID": 747174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6992", "title": "The Alcadd test: an extension of norms.", "content": "The construction and research application of the Alcadd are reviewed. Interscale relationships and age and education effects in a large alcoholic inpatient population are examined.", "contents": "The Alcadd test: an extension of norms. The construction and research application of the Alcadd are reviewed. Interscale relationships and age and education effects in a large alcoholic inpatient population are examined.", "PMID": 747175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6993", "title": "Naltrexone and conventionality.", "content": "This study examines the effect of conventionality on whether patients who were scheduled for naltrexone took it, and on treatment outcomes for patients who did take it. It is based on admission and case record data for 147 male opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program. Naltrexone-taking is examined against an array of \"drug\" and \"social\" variables and is found to be strongly related to four in particular: amount spent daily on heroin, number of arrests, type of residence, and employment. These variables are combined into an index which measures a patient's degree of conventionality. It is found that naltrexone-taking varies directly with degree of conventionality. Furthermore, it is found that, among patients who took naltrexone, those who gained in conventionality while in treatment were more likely than others to leave the program opiate-free after terminating naltrexone therapy.", "contents": "Naltrexone and conventionality. This study examines the effect of conventionality on whether patients who were scheduled for naltrexone took it, and on treatment outcomes for patients who did take it. It is based on admission and case record data for 147 male opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program. Naltrexone-taking is examined against an array of \"drug\" and \"social\" variables and is found to be strongly related to four in particular: amount spent daily on heroin, number of arrests, type of residence, and employment. These variables are combined into an index which measures a patient's degree of conventionality. It is found that naltrexone-taking varies directly with degree of conventionality. Furthermore, it is found that, among patients who took naltrexone, those who gained in conventionality while in treatment were more likely than others to leave the program opiate-free after terminating naltrexone therapy.", "PMID": 747176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6994", "title": "Controlled clinical study of naltrexone side effects comparing first-day doses and maintenance regimens.", "content": "In a controlled double-blind clinical study, 42 patients reported side effects and severity of side effects to naltrexone on three different first-day doses and maintenance dosage regimens. Initiating doses of 25, 100, and 150 mg were administered. The maintenance regimens involved 350 mg of naltrexone per week for 4 weeks with drug administration in Group A, five times weekly; in Group B, three times weekly; and in Group C, twice weekly. All three groups received identical doses for the last dosage administered each week. The first-day doses produced no significant quantitative difference in side effects. Overall, the three groups reported little difference in side effects. Nonetheless, the regimen with the least number of patients reporting side effects daily was that of Group B. In no case, regardless of dose or dosage regimen, did any patient have side effects of such a nature as to require termination of their participation in the study.", "contents": "Controlled clinical study of naltrexone side effects comparing first-day doses and maintenance regimens. In a controlled double-blind clinical study, 42 patients reported side effects and severity of side effects to naltrexone on three different first-day doses and maintenance dosage regimens. Initiating doses of 25, 100, and 150 mg were administered. The maintenance regimens involved 350 mg of naltrexone per week for 4 weeks with drug administration in Group A, five times weekly; in Group B, three times weekly; and in Group C, twice weekly. All three groups received identical doses for the last dosage administered each week. The first-day doses produced no significant quantitative difference in side effects. Overall, the three groups reported little difference in side effects. Nonetheless, the regimen with the least number of patients reporting side effects daily was that of Group B. In no case, regardless of dose or dosage regimen, did any patient have side effects of such a nature as to require termination of their participation in the study.", "PMID": 747177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6995", "title": "Is the trimodality of Hb Leslie (alpha 2 beta 2 131 Gln---O) in heterozygotes the result of a variable number of active alpha-chain genes? Evidence for posttranslational control of hemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "Whether the trimodality in the relative concentration of the hemoglobin variant Hb Leslie in heterozygotes (Huisman, Hemoglobin 1:349-382, 1977) is due to a polymorphism of the alpha-chain structural genes was investigated by conventional incubation of reticulocytes with 14C-leucine. In addition, an aliquot from each of the incubations was incubated under the same conditions but without isotope. Three Hb Leslie heterozygotes with presumably four, three (heterozygous alpha-thalassemia-2), and two (homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2) active alpha-chain genes and with 33%, 22% and 11% Hb Leslie respectively, and one patient with the Hb Leslie beta(0)-thalassemia condition with more than 85% Hb Leslie were studied. The data indicate that betaLeslie chains have a lower affinity for alpha chains that betaA chains. A concomitant alpha-chain deficiency results in a reduced incorporation of betaLeslie chains into the tetrameric Hb Leslie molecules, while the quantity of Hb Leslie produced correlates with the degree of alpha-chain deficiency. Excess of betaLeslie chains is preferentially degraded.", "contents": "Is the trimodality of Hb Leslie (alpha 2 beta 2 131 Gln---O) in heterozygotes the result of a variable number of active alpha-chain genes? Evidence for posttranslational control of hemoglobin synthesis. Whether the trimodality in the relative concentration of the hemoglobin variant Hb Leslie in heterozygotes (Huisman, Hemoglobin 1:349-382, 1977) is due to a polymorphism of the alpha-chain structural genes was investigated by conventional incubation of reticulocytes with 14C-leucine. In addition, an aliquot from each of the incubations was incubated under the same conditions but without isotope. Three Hb Leslie heterozygotes with presumably four, three (heterozygous alpha-thalassemia-2), and two (homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2) active alpha-chain genes and with 33%, 22% and 11% Hb Leslie respectively, and one patient with the Hb Leslie beta(0)-thalassemia condition with more than 85% Hb Leslie were studied. The data indicate that betaLeslie chains have a lower affinity for alpha chains that betaA chains. A concomitant alpha-chain deficiency results in a reduced incorporation of betaLeslie chains into the tetrameric Hb Leslie molecules, while the quantity of Hb Leslie produced correlates with the degree of alpha-chain deficiency. Excess of betaLeslie chains is preferentially degraded.", "PMID": 747178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6996", "title": "A new mutant erythrocyte glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) associated with GSH abnormality.", "content": "A case of congenital nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia associated with a new abnormal glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), GSH (reduced glutathione) deficiency, and instability and altered carbohydrate membrane composition is reported. The only functional abnormality of the mutant enzyme seems to be a marked instability to heat, urea, and guanidine-HCl. Family studies suggest that the propositus is doubly heterozygous for a maternal gene producing an inactive enzyme and a paternal gene responsible for a structural alteration causing marked lability of the coded enzyme. Experiments of incubation of normal GPI and the propositus's GPI with oxidizing and reducing agents seem to indicate that the abnormality resides in the SH groups of the mutant GPI.", "contents": "A new mutant erythrocyte glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) associated with GSH abnormality. A case of congenital nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia associated with a new abnormal glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), GSH (reduced glutathione) deficiency, and instability and altered carbohydrate membrane composition is reported. The only functional abnormality of the mutant enzyme seems to be a marked instability to heat, urea, and guanidine-HCl. Family studies suggest that the propositus is doubly heterozygous for a maternal gene producing an inactive enzyme and a paternal gene responsible for a structural alteration causing marked lability of the coded enzyme. Experiments of incubation of normal GPI and the propositus's GPI with oxidizing and reducing agents seem to indicate that the abnormality resides in the SH groups of the mutant GPI.", "PMID": 747179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6997", "title": "Deoxyuridine suppression studies in bone marrow in primary refractory sideroblastic anemia.", "content": "Because unexplained megaloblastic erythroid maturation occurs in patients with primary refractory sideroblastic anemia (PRSA), deoxyuridine (dU) suppression tests using 125I-UdR were performed on bone marrow from five patients with PRSA. All patients had megaloblastic alterations in the marrow erythroid precursors (with normal serum folate and B12 levels) and numerous ringed sideroblasts, and most had marrow iron overload. Results of the dU suppression tests were normal in all five, both with and without incubation with pharmacologic amounts of folate, B12, and pyridoxal phosphate with or without 1-serine. Despite occasional hematologic improvement subsequent to folate, pyridoxine, or pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) administration in some patients with PRSA, normal dU suppression implies that in our group the availability of B12 and folate (and possibly PLP) was not limiting in the utilization of folate for DNA-thymine synthesis. The marrow erythroid maturation defect remains unexplained.", "contents": "Deoxyuridine suppression studies in bone marrow in primary refractory sideroblastic anemia. Because unexplained megaloblastic erythroid maturation occurs in patients with primary refractory sideroblastic anemia (PRSA), deoxyuridine (dU) suppression tests using 125I-UdR were performed on bone marrow from five patients with PRSA. All patients had megaloblastic alterations in the marrow erythroid precursors (with normal serum folate and B12 levels) and numerous ringed sideroblasts, and most had marrow iron overload. Results of the dU suppression tests were normal in all five, both with and without incubation with pharmacologic amounts of folate, B12, and pyridoxal phosphate with or without 1-serine. Despite occasional hematologic improvement subsequent to folate, pyridoxine, or pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) administration in some patients with PRSA, normal dU suppression implies that in our group the availability of B12 and folate (and possibly PLP) was not limiting in the utilization of folate for DNA-thymine synthesis. The marrow erythroid maturation defect remains unexplained.", "PMID": 747181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6998", "title": "Coulter S hematocrit and microhematocrit in polycythemic patients.", "content": "Falsely high microhematocrits are found when compared to Coulter S hematocrit levels. This increase is exaggerated when hematocrit levels are increased and the cells are hypochromic and microcytic. Polycythemic patients monitored with microhematocrits may be phlebotomized incorrectly because of this abnormality. We suggest the use of Coulter S hematocrits or spectrophotometric hemoglobin levels to monitor polycythemic patients.", "contents": "Coulter S hematocrit and microhematocrit in polycythemic patients. Falsely high microhematocrits are found when compared to Coulter S hematocrit levels. This increase is exaggerated when hematocrit levels are increased and the cells are hypochromic and microcytic. Polycythemic patients monitored with microhematocrits may be phlebotomized incorrectly because of this abnormality. We suggest the use of Coulter S hematocrits or spectrophotometric hemoglobin levels to monitor polycythemic patients.", "PMID": 747182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_6999", "title": "Myelofibrosis with complex chromosome abnormality in a patient with erythrocytosis due to hemoglobin Rainier and treated with 32P.", "content": "A patient with familial erythrocytosis associated with Hemoglobin Rainier, and previously treated with 32P, developed myelofibrosis with a hyperdiploid chromosome clone in the myeloid cells (51,XX,+1,2q-(q33),+6,+9,+11,-19,+20q+,+mar 1.) This transformation from a benign disorder of differentiated erythrocytes to a malignant disorder may have been secondary to radiophosphorus therapy.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis with complex chromosome abnormality in a patient with erythrocytosis due to hemoglobin Rainier and treated with 32P. A patient with familial erythrocytosis associated with Hemoglobin Rainier, and previously treated with 32P, developed myelofibrosis with a hyperdiploid chromosome clone in the myeloid cells (51,XX,+1,2q-(q33),+6,+9,+11,-19,+20q+,+mar 1.) This transformation from a benign disorder of differentiated erythrocytes to a malignant disorder may have been secondary to radiophosphorus therapy.", "PMID": 747183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7000", "title": "Hodgkin disease and red cell aplasia.", "content": "A teenage boy with mixed-cellularity Hodgkin disease presented with severe anemia secondary to pure red cell aplasia of marrow without evidence of lymphomatous infiltration or hemolysis. In vitro studies of the patient's serum demonstrated an inhibitor of erythropoietin activity which appeared to be an IgG but which did not directly bind erythropoietin. The patient's anemia resolved and the inhibitor disappeared following chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Presumably, the inhibitor was directed at a very early stage of red blood cell production. This phenomenon may be related to other autoimmune manifestations occasionally seen in patients with lymphomas. The case is presented to bring attention to the unusual occurrence of red cell aplasia in Hodgkin disease. Several hypotheses concerning significance and etiology of the anemia are detailed.", "contents": "Hodgkin disease and red cell aplasia. A teenage boy with mixed-cellularity Hodgkin disease presented with severe anemia secondary to pure red cell aplasia of marrow without evidence of lymphomatous infiltration or hemolysis. In vitro studies of the patient's serum demonstrated an inhibitor of erythropoietin activity which appeared to be an IgG but which did not directly bind erythropoietin. The patient's anemia resolved and the inhibitor disappeared following chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Presumably, the inhibitor was directed at a very early stage of red blood cell production. This phenomenon may be related to other autoimmune manifestations occasionally seen in patients with lymphomas. The case is presented to bring attention to the unusual occurrence of red cell aplasia in Hodgkin disease. Several hypotheses concerning significance and etiology of the anemia are detailed.", "PMID": 747184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7001", "title": "Major loci for lipoprotein concentrations.", "content": "In more than 500 families of Japanese ancestry, selected in part through fathers with hyperlipemia or coronary heart disease, a major locus for hyper-beta-cholesterolemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa) is highly significant (chi22 = 24.02), with an allele frequency .002 in the general population. This gene is revealed with about the same power by fasting levels of LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and total cholesterol. However, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglyceride give no convincing evidence for a major locus in this population, nor was a gene for combined hyperlipoproteinemia detected.", "contents": "Major loci for lipoprotein concentrations. In more than 500 families of Japanese ancestry, selected in part through fathers with hyperlipemia or coronary heart disease, a major locus for hyper-beta-cholesterolemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa) is highly significant (chi22 = 24.02), with an allele frequency .002 in the general population. This gene is revealed with about the same power by fasting levels of LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and total cholesterol. However, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglyceride give no convincing evidence for a major locus in this population, nor was a gene for combined hyperlipoproteinemia detected.", "PMID": 747186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7002", "title": "DNA repair in Cockayne syndrome.", "content": "Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized in part by premature ageing and photosensitive skin. Because of the latter characteristic, this syndrome was considered to be an example of a UV-sensitive DNA repair-defective human disorder. We demonstrated normal levels of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in four unrelated CS patients that show hypersensitivity to both UV and Mitomycin C (MMC). At low UV exposure, CS DNA shows a dose-dependent decrease in size. By contrast, heterozygotes appear to have a threshold below which there is little change in size of single strand DNA. Immediately following UV or MMC treatment, CS DNA is deficient in high molecular weight species, but undergoes a normal transition to larger DNA during a chase interval in the presence or absence of caffeine. This suggests a defect in replication or excision repair and no defect in post-replication repair (PRR). Pulse studies performed in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU) also reveal a deficient production of large DNA, suggesting the defect is in repair. As these cells have normal UDS and normal PRR, the basis for their UV sensitivity must be distinct from that observed in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).", "contents": "DNA repair in Cockayne syndrome. Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized in part by premature ageing and photosensitive skin. Because of the latter characteristic, this syndrome was considered to be an example of a UV-sensitive DNA repair-defective human disorder. We demonstrated normal levels of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in four unrelated CS patients that show hypersensitivity to both UV and Mitomycin C (MMC). At low UV exposure, CS DNA shows a dose-dependent decrease in size. By contrast, heterozygotes appear to have a threshold below which there is little change in size of single strand DNA. Immediately following UV or MMC treatment, CS DNA is deficient in high molecular weight species, but undergoes a normal transition to larger DNA during a chase interval in the presence or absence of caffeine. This suggests a defect in replication or excision repair and no defect in post-replication repair (PRR). Pulse studies performed in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU) also reveal a deficient production of large DNA, suggesting the defect is in repair. As these cells have normal UDS and normal PRR, the basis for their UV sensitivity must be distinct from that observed in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).", "PMID": 747187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7003", "title": "Characterization of unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) deficient human mutants.", "content": "Two families with unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) mutations are described. In one, the proband had the Tay-Sachs disease phenotype with considerable HEX A activity. In the second, the proband was phenotypically normal with absent HEX A activity. Activities using ganglioside GM2 as substrate demonstrate markedly reduced activities in the first case and half-normal activities in the second. Pedigree analyses indicate the presence of two different mutations. In the first, the proband appears to be an allelic compound HEX A 2-4 where mutation HEX A 4 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against GM2 but not for the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, with HEX A 2 being the Tay-Sachs disease (or similar) mutation. In the second family, the proband is an allelic compound HEX A 2-5 where mutation HEX A 5 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, but not for GM2. The presence of either mutation will lead to false-negative (HEX A 4) or false-positive (HEX A 5) assignments of heterozygosity or homozygosity for GM2 gangliosidosis when synthetic substrates are employed. In both families, DM2 N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity in fibroblasts was an accurate determinant of phenotype.", "contents": "Characterization of unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) deficient human mutants. Two families with unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) mutations are described. In one, the proband had the Tay-Sachs disease phenotype with considerable HEX A activity. In the second, the proband was phenotypically normal with absent HEX A activity. Activities using ganglioside GM2 as substrate demonstrate markedly reduced activities in the first case and half-normal activities in the second. Pedigree analyses indicate the presence of two different mutations. In the first, the proband appears to be an allelic compound HEX A 2-4 where mutation HEX A 4 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against GM2 but not for the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, with HEX A 2 being the Tay-Sachs disease (or similar) mutation. In the second family, the proband is an allelic compound HEX A 2-5 where mutation HEX A 5 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, but not for GM2. The presence of either mutation will lead to false-negative (HEX A 4) or false-positive (HEX A 5) assignments of heterozygosity or homozygosity for GM2 gangliosidosis when synthetic substrates are employed. In both families, DM2 N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity in fibroblasts was an accurate determinant of phenotype.", "PMID": 747188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7004", "title": "Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. I. Description and basic properties of the unitary models.", "content": "A general linear model of familial resemblance is described which allows for cultural transmission from parent to offspring, polygenic inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and threshold effects. Three special cases are described in detail which are particularly useful when data are only available about a few classes of relatives reared in intact families. The cultural model, the polygenic model, and the pseudopolygenic model share the common feature that all factors which are transmitted from parent to offspring may be represented by one parameter without any loss of information. We introduce a new model, termed the unitary model, which includes these models and is appropriate when combined genetic and cultural transmission is present and when data are available only for individuals reared in intact nuclear families. The basic properties of these models are explored using path analysis and computer simulation, including description of the relationship between parameters under random and assortative mating, rate of approach to equilibrium, and constraints on the magnitude of the parameters. General formulae for familial resemblance in extended pedigrees are given for any ancestor or descendant of either vertical or collateral relatives. Estimation procedures are described and a FORTRAN program TAU, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. A powerful test for detecting the presence of cultural transmission is suggested and applied to simulated data and to data sets reported by others for human stature, for which cultural transmission is suggested. In addition, it is shown that there is no need to postulate dominance to account for available data about height.", "contents": "Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. I. Description and basic properties of the unitary models. A general linear model of familial resemblance is described which allows for cultural transmission from parent to offspring, polygenic inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and threshold effects. Three special cases are described in detail which are particularly useful when data are only available about a few classes of relatives reared in intact families. The cultural model, the polygenic model, and the pseudopolygenic model share the common feature that all factors which are transmitted from parent to offspring may be represented by one parameter without any loss of information. We introduce a new model, termed the unitary model, which includes these models and is appropriate when combined genetic and cultural transmission is present and when data are available only for individuals reared in intact nuclear families. The basic properties of these models are explored using path analysis and computer simulation, including description of the relationship between parameters under random and assortative mating, rate of approach to equilibrium, and constraints on the magnitude of the parameters. General formulae for familial resemblance in extended pedigrees are given for any ancestor or descendant of either vertical or collateral relatives. Estimation procedures are described and a FORTRAN program TAU, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. A powerful test for detecting the presence of cultural transmission is suggested and applied to simulated data and to data sets reported by others for human stature, for which cultural transmission is suggested. In addition, it is shown that there is no need to postulate dominance to account for available data about height.", "PMID": 747189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7005", "title": "Evaluation of the relation between myopia and dental caries.", "content": "To evaluate more carefully the previously reported relation between myopia and dental caries, the refractive status and dental-caries experience of 196 high school students were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square and computer-based multiple regression analysis. No statistically significant relation between the two conditions was found.", "contents": "Evaluation of the relation between myopia and dental caries. To evaluate more carefully the previously reported relation between myopia and dental caries, the refractive status and dental-caries experience of 196 high school students were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square and computer-based multiple regression analysis. No statistically significant relation between the two conditions was found.", "PMID": 747191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7006", "title": "Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies.", "content": "Phoria, vergence, and fixation-disparity were measured at near working distances for a nonclinical sample of 3rd-yr optometry students. A questionnaire divided the sample into 33 symptomatic and 44 asymptomatic subjects. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which clinical measures best predicted the group to which each subject belonged. Sheard's criterion was a good discriminator for exo deviations, and a variant of Percival's criterion was good for eso deviations. Fixation-disparity variables proved to be valuable diagnostically. The best fixation-disparity measures were the curve slope, curve type, and amount of fixation disparity.", "contents": "Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies. Phoria, vergence, and fixation-disparity were measured at near working distances for a nonclinical sample of 3rd-yr optometry students. A questionnaire divided the sample into 33 symptomatic and 44 asymptomatic subjects. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which clinical measures best predicted the group to which each subject belonged. Sheard's criterion was a good discriminator for exo deviations, and a variant of Percival's criterion was good for eso deviations. Fixation-disparity variables proved to be valuable diagnostically. The best fixation-disparity measures were the curve slope, curve type, and amount of fixation disparity.", "PMID": 747192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7007", "title": "Accuracy of manufacturers' stated center thickness of hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "The center thicknesses of 184 hydrogel lenses--Naturvue, Hydrocurve (thin hefilcon A), Soflens, Aquaflex, and AOsoft--were measured using the Radiuscope in combination with the hydrogel lens platform. The measured center thickness of each lens was compared with the manufacturer's stated center thickness for a lens of the same parameters. In all cases, the mean difference between the measured center thickness and stated center thickness exceeded 0.01 mm, which, based on previous study, was the expected variation in the technique. The mean difference between the measured center thickness and stated center thickness of the various manufactures' lenses ranged from 0.012--0.030 mm.", "contents": "Accuracy of manufacturers' stated center thickness of hydrogel contact lenses. The center thicknesses of 184 hydrogel lenses--Naturvue, Hydrocurve (thin hefilcon A), Soflens, Aquaflex, and AOsoft--were measured using the Radiuscope in combination with the hydrogel lens platform. The measured center thickness of each lens was compared with the manufacturer's stated center thickness for a lens of the same parameters. In all cases, the mean difference between the measured center thickness and stated center thickness exceeded 0.01 mm, which, based on previous study, was the expected variation in the technique. The mean difference between the measured center thickness and stated center thickness of the various manufactures' lenses ranged from 0.012--0.030 mm.", "PMID": 747193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7008", "title": "Recent developments in investigations of visual fields.", "content": "Methods are presented for screening and measuring central and peripheral visual fields as part of a vision examination. The paper describes static quantitative perimetry for single and multiple targets, the Visual Field Analyser, and kinetic and combined static and kinetic perimetry.", "contents": "Recent developments in investigations of visual fields. Methods are presented for screening and measuring central and peripheral visual fields as part of a vision examination. The paper describes static quantitative perimetry for single and multiple targets, the Visual Field Analyser, and kinetic and combined static and kinetic perimetry.", "PMID": 747194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7009", "title": "Evaluation of ophthalmic materials.", "content": "Ophthalmic materials from 11,677 spectacle-prescription orders were evaluated during an 18-mo period in a university optometry clinic. Five percent of the orders received were not acceptable based on criteria stemming from the ANSI-Z80. 1-1972 standards. Almost two-thirds of these rejections were lens related. Frame-related rejections were predominantly due to gross human error. Rejection rate and delivery time varied widely among the supplying laboratories. Rejection rate did not decrease with increased delivery time. Since notifying the laboratories of our results, the percentage of unacceptable orders has decreased.", "contents": "Evaluation of ophthalmic materials. Ophthalmic materials from 11,677 spectacle-prescription orders were evaluated during an 18-mo period in a university optometry clinic. Five percent of the orders received were not acceptable based on criteria stemming from the ANSI-Z80. 1-1972 standards. Almost two-thirds of these rejections were lens related. Frame-related rejections were predominantly due to gross human error. Rejection rate and delivery time varied widely among the supplying laboratories. Rejection rate did not decrease with increased delivery time. Since notifying the laboratories of our results, the percentage of unacceptable orders has decreased.", "PMID": 747195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7010", "title": "Congenital malformations of the optic-nerve head.", "content": "Normal anatomical variations of the eye are a constant source of interest to the clinician. This is particularly true for the optic-nerve head, where neural, vascular, and supportive tissue converge, each with its own variations. Such diverse anomalies as cleft palate, reduced visual acuity, visual-field loss, and distortions of the optic-nerve head may all be related to a single factor affecting embryonic or later development. This paper presents a number of nerve-head malformations in the context of their embryonic development, clinical appearance, and implications for visual function.", "contents": "Congenital malformations of the optic-nerve head. Normal anatomical variations of the eye are a constant source of interest to the clinician. This is particularly true for the optic-nerve head, where neural, vascular, and supportive tissue converge, each with its own variations. Such diverse anomalies as cleft palate, reduced visual acuity, visual-field loss, and distortions of the optic-nerve head may all be related to a single factor affecting embryonic or later development. This paper presents a number of nerve-head malformations in the context of their embryonic development, clinical appearance, and implications for visual function.", "PMID": 747196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7011", "title": "An improved electrode for electroretinography: design and standardization.", "content": "An electrode for electroretinography was developed that fits over the patient's lower lid. The electrode incorporates a platinum strip embedded in a piece of shaped plexiglass. The electrode was standardized for clinical use by comparing ERG recordings from this platinum lid electrode with those recorded from a Burian-Allen electrode. The a- and b-wave implicit times and amplitudes were measured in four subjects, using both electrodes under varying luminance conditions, to provide a measure of the validity of the platinum lid electrode. The same experimental procedure was repeated five times on two individuals to provide a measure of the reliability of both electrodes. Results indicate amplitudes approximately 65% of those recorded with a Burian-Allen electrode but which are otherwise in good agreement.", "contents": "An improved electrode for electroretinography: design and standardization. An electrode for electroretinography was developed that fits over the patient's lower lid. The electrode incorporates a platinum strip embedded in a piece of shaped plexiglass. The electrode was standardized for clinical use by comparing ERG recordings from this platinum lid electrode with those recorded from a Burian-Allen electrode. The a- and b-wave implicit times and amplitudes were measured in four subjects, using both electrodes under varying luminance conditions, to provide a measure of the validity of the platinum lid electrode. The same experimental procedure was repeated five times on two individuals to provide a measure of the reliability of both electrodes. Results indicate amplitudes approximately 65% of those recorded with a Burian-Allen electrode but which are otherwise in good agreement.", "PMID": 747197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7012", "title": "Automated perimetry.", "content": "The history, theory, and practical application of automated perimetry are discussed. Optometrists are urged to consider increasing the efficiency of their examination procedures by using automated field testing--in particular, automated perimetry.", "contents": "Automated perimetry. The history, theory, and practical application of automated perimetry are discussed. Optometrists are urged to consider increasing the efficiency of their examination procedures by using automated field testing--in particular, automated perimetry.", "PMID": 747198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7013", "title": "Anterior-chamber damage as a result of mild ocular trauma.", "content": "Relatively mild ocular trauma may cause lesions within the anterior chamber which are easily overlooked. The frequent onset of secondary glaucoma after such injuries emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating the anterior chamber for the presence of hyphema, iridodialysis, and anterior-chamber recession. A case is reported in which relatively mild trauma caused iridodialysis, anterior-chamber recession, and tearing of the iris stroma and pupillary margin.", "contents": "Anterior-chamber damage as a result of mild ocular trauma. Relatively mild ocular trauma may cause lesions within the anterior chamber which are easily overlooked. The frequent onset of secondary glaucoma after such injuries emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating the anterior chamber for the presence of hyphema, iridodialysis, and anterior-chamber recession. A case is reported in which relatively mild trauma caused iridodialysis, anterior-chamber recession, and tearing of the iris stroma and pupillary margin.", "PMID": 747199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7014", "title": "Reading with a 10X telescope.", "content": "A 10-yr-old partially sighted, one-eyed patient with 10/200 distance acuity and no experience in using an optical aid was able to read successfully by using a 10 x Selsi telescope with a + 3.50 D reading cap, an easel to hold in material upright and free his hands to hold the telescope and write, and a high-intensity desk lamp to provide adequate retinal illiumination through a congenital cataract.", "contents": "Reading with a 10X telescope. A 10-yr-old partially sighted, one-eyed patient with 10/200 distance acuity and no experience in using an optical aid was able to read successfully by using a 10 x Selsi telescope with a + 3.50 D reading cap, an easel to hold in material upright and free his hands to hold the telescope and write, and a high-intensity desk lamp to provide adequate retinal illiumination through a congenital cataract.", "PMID": 747200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7015", "title": "Psychogenic visual disorders in an abused child: a case report.", "content": "A 17-yr-old female, classified as retarded educable, was found to have uncorrected visual acuity of 20/800 in both eyes, unimproved by a pinhole disc. A low myopic correction determined objectively did not improve her visual acuity. Tangent-screen studies uncovered neurasthenic spiral fields superimposed on hysterical tubular contractions of both eyes. Investigation uncovered a history of child abuse since infancy. To rule out organic lesions of the oculocalcarine visual pathways, the patient was referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation. Her visual evoked responses were found to be normal. With the use of strong suggestion, her visual fields were brought out to normal limits and her visual acuity with correction was improved to 20/20 in each eye. With the cooperation of her school counselor, the patient was referred for psychiatric evaluation and therapy.", "contents": "Psychogenic visual disorders in an abused child: a case report. A 17-yr-old female, classified as retarded educable, was found to have uncorrected visual acuity of 20/800 in both eyes, unimproved by a pinhole disc. A low myopic correction determined objectively did not improve her visual acuity. Tangent-screen studies uncovered neurasthenic spiral fields superimposed on hysterical tubular contractions of both eyes. Investigation uncovered a history of child abuse since infancy. To rule out organic lesions of the oculocalcarine visual pathways, the patient was referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation. Her visual evoked responses were found to be normal. With the use of strong suggestion, her visual fields were brought out to normal limits and her visual acuity with correction was improved to 20/20 in each eye. With the cooperation of her school counselor, the patient was referred for psychiatric evaluation and therapy.", "PMID": 747201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7016", "title": "The throat musculature of Sphenodon, with comments on the primitive character states of the throat muscles in lizards.", "content": "The throat musculature of Sphenodon is described and figured, and compared with that of lizards. In many features of its throat musculature, Sphenodon may well represent a primitive lepidosaurian pattern, comparable to some extent to the chelonian structure of throat musculature. To infer primitive character states within extant lizards, one cannot simply extrapolate from the condition observed in Sphenodon. In fact, it must be assumed that a rapid change of many features of the throat muscles occurred during the early evolution of lizards in order to provide the basis for further differentiation with extant lacertilian infraorders.", "contents": "The throat musculature of Sphenodon, with comments on the primitive character states of the throat muscles in lizards. The throat musculature of Sphenodon is described and figured, and compared with that of lizards. In many features of its throat musculature, Sphenodon may well represent a primitive lepidosaurian pattern, comparable to some extent to the chelonian structure of throat musculature. To infer primitive character states within extant lizards, one cannot simply extrapolate from the condition observed in Sphenodon. In fact, it must be assumed that a rapid change of many features of the throat muscles occurred during the early evolution of lizards in order to provide the basis for further differentiation with extant lacertilian infraorders.", "PMID": 747220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7017", "title": "Gross morphology of the alimentary canal in 10 teleostean species.", "content": "The gross morphology of 10 teleostean alimentary canals was compared. Each short, tubular esophagus was connected either to a stomach or, in the agastric species, to a proximal intestinal swelling. 3 stomach types were differentiated according to their shapes, which appeared to be correlated somewhat with diet. Intestines showed variations in amount of coiling and in numbers of pyloric ceca. Ratios of gut lengths to body lengths (RGL, relative gut length) were calculated and the results of previous studies were confirmed in that the RGL of a planktivore was small, while that of an organic detritus feeder was large, and that of a carnivore fell in between.", "contents": "Gross morphology of the alimentary canal in 10 teleostean species. The gross morphology of 10 teleostean alimentary canals was compared. Each short, tubular esophagus was connected either to a stomach or, in the agastric species, to a proximal intestinal swelling. 3 stomach types were differentiated according to their shapes, which appeared to be correlated somewhat with diet. Intestines showed variations in amount of coiling and in numbers of pyloric ceca. Ratios of gut lengths to body lengths (RGL, relative gut length) were calculated and the results of previous studies were confirmed in that the RGL of a planktivore was small, while that of an organic detritus feeder was large, and that of a carnivore fell in between.", "PMID": 747221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7018", "title": "Effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate on renal structure in the mouse and in the European Eel.", "content": "The administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) induces morphological changes in the kidney of mice and eels. Such changes mainly concern the cells of the distal tubules and collecting tubules. These changes are consistent with the hypothesis that the hormone would exert a different action in Mammals and in Teleosts.", "contents": "Effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate on renal structure in the mouse and in the European Eel. The administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) induces morphological changes in the kidney of mice and eels. Such changes mainly concern the cells of the distal tubules and collecting tubules. These changes are consistent with the hypothesis that the hormone would exert a different action in Mammals and in Teleosts.", "PMID": 747222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7019", "title": "Morphometrical study of gross lung vessels.", "content": "The lung trunk, right and left arteries and 4 pulmonary veins were measured on unfixed lung specimens of human adults. Outer and inner radii, thickness of the walls and cross sectional area (CSA) of arterial vessels increase with age. A linear equation was obtained for each value. The age related force influencing factor on parameters of vessels was calculated using analysis of variance. The relation of radii and CSA of the lung trunk and 2 lung arteries was studied and the analysis of this relation was made on the base of optimality principles. The sizes of lung veins, differing from those of arteries, remain constant until old age, but relation between their CSA changes. As a result, in older groups relative narrowings of canals of blood output from lungs can occur. This may play a certain role in genesis of lung circulation disturbances.", "contents": "Morphometrical study of gross lung vessels. The lung trunk, right and left arteries and 4 pulmonary veins were measured on unfixed lung specimens of human adults. Outer and inner radii, thickness of the walls and cross sectional area (CSA) of arterial vessels increase with age. A linear equation was obtained for each value. The age related force influencing factor on parameters of vessels was calculated using analysis of variance. The relation of radii and CSA of the lung trunk and 2 lung arteries was studied and the analysis of this relation was made on the base of optimality principles. The sizes of lung veins, differing from those of arteries, remain constant until old age, but relation between their CSA changes. As a result, in older groups relative narrowings of canals of blood output from lungs can occur. This may play a certain role in genesis of lung circulation disturbances.", "PMID": 747224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7020", "title": "The structure of motor end-plates in the rabbit's diaphragm.", "content": "The musculature of the diaphragm is parallely arranged and is innervated by single segmental nerves. The pattern of distribution of the phrenic nerve is specific, with the zone of branching being restricted. Teloglia, the arborization and fundamental nuclei accompany the terminal branches, and the territory of the motor unit are definable and may be used to sample the whole fiber group. The structure of motor end-plates show only slight variances from those in other muscles.", "contents": "The structure of motor end-plates in the rabbit's diaphragm. The musculature of the diaphragm is parallely arranged and is innervated by single segmental nerves. The pattern of distribution of the phrenic nerve is specific, with the zone of branching being restricted. Teloglia, the arborization and fundamental nuclei accompany the terminal branches, and the territory of the motor unit are definable and may be used to sample the whole fiber group. The structure of motor end-plates show only slight variances from those in other muscles.", "PMID": 747225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7021", "title": "Ultrastructure of the collagen fibril. II. Evidence of the spiral organization of the fibril.", "content": "Unfixed tissue from the human ovary, the tail tendon and skin from the tail of rats are incubated in 5% solutions of uranyl acetate. The collagen fibrils of all tissues are decomposed and display an obvious tridimensional spiral structure on all levels. The fibril is a complex biopolymer constructed out of filaments, surrounded by and associated with an amorphous cementing matrix. The filaments consist of 3 to 5 subfilaments with a thickness of 30--45 A spirally wound around one another. The filaments are twisted along the length of the axis of the fibril under a definite angle of inclination and a pitch of the spiral equal to 1.04--1.12 micrometer for the ovary and from 2.6 to over 5.6 micrometer for the tail tendon. The cross striations seem to spring out of the nodular thickenings along the filaments. Bridge-like connections corresponding to the separate striations are established between adjacent fibrils. A new tridimensional structure model of the collagen fibrils is proposed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the collagen fibril. II. Evidence of the spiral organization of the fibril. Unfixed tissue from the human ovary, the tail tendon and skin from the tail of rats are incubated in 5% solutions of uranyl acetate. The collagen fibrils of all tissues are decomposed and display an obvious tridimensional spiral structure on all levels. The fibril is a complex biopolymer constructed out of filaments, surrounded by and associated with an amorphous cementing matrix. The filaments consist of 3 to 5 subfilaments with a thickness of 30--45 A spirally wound around one another. The filaments are twisted along the length of the axis of the fibril under a definite angle of inclination and a pitch of the spiral equal to 1.04--1.12 micrometer for the ovary and from 2.6 to over 5.6 micrometer for the tail tendon. The cross striations seem to spring out of the nodular thickenings along the filaments. Bridge-like connections corresponding to the separate striations are established between adjacent fibrils. A new tridimensional structure model of the collagen fibrils is proposed.", "PMID": 747226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7022", "title": "[Research technics of enzymes used in the diagnosis of gram negative bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The enzymes used in the identification of Gram negative bacteria belonging to the families of Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Parvobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and to the genera Alteromonas, Xanthomonas, Alkaligenes, Flavobacterium are classified arbitrarily by the author into enzymes essential for the diagnosis of the family (oxidase, nitratase), enzymes useful in the diagnosis of the genus or the species (ONPG-hydrolase, urease, oxidative desaminase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine, arginine dihydrolase, thiosulphate reductase, pectinase), and into enzymes sought to confirm the diagnosis (tetrathionate reductase, gelatinase, lipase, DNase, amylase, beta-xylosidase, lecithinase). The technics permitting their identification are described and their distribution in the species and genera studied is reported.", "contents": "[Research technics of enzymes used in the diagnosis of gram negative bacteria (author's transl)]. The enzymes used in the identification of Gram negative bacteria belonging to the families of Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Parvobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and to the genera Alteromonas, Xanthomonas, Alkaligenes, Flavobacterium are classified arbitrarily by the author into enzymes essential for the diagnosis of the family (oxidase, nitratase), enzymes useful in the diagnosis of the genus or the species (ONPG-hydrolase, urease, oxidative desaminase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine, arginine dihydrolase, thiosulphate reductase, pectinase), and into enzymes sought to confirm the diagnosis (tetrathionate reductase, gelatinase, lipase, DNase, amylase, beta-xylosidase, lecithinase). The technics permitting their identification are described and their distribution in the species and genera studied is reported.", "PMID": 747248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7023", "title": "[Study of the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase: frequent values in relation to age in children, study of conservation (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study we were able to evaluate the total lactate dehydrogenase activity of serum of children year by year. We also defined by electrophoresis the normal isozyme profile for each age group. We noted that the total activity was higher during the first years of life and that during this period, the isoenzymic profile was different from that of adults: higher percentage of LDH 5 (13% as against 8% in adults) and a lower percentage of LDH 1 (19% as against 24% in adults). Furthermore, it seemed to us preferable to determine the total LDH activity on fresh serum for a fall in activity is noted both after preservation at + 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C. Similarly, it is preferable to trace the isoenzyme profile on the same day rather than after preservation of the samples. The average differences show clearly the disappearance of certain fractions (isoenzymes 4 and 2 after six days preservation at + 4 degrees C). However, each serum seems to behave in a somewhat unforseeable manner and the dispersion of individual variations makes any statistical interpretation impossible.", "contents": "[Study of the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase: frequent values in relation to age in children, study of conservation (author's transl)]. In this study we were able to evaluate the total lactate dehydrogenase activity of serum of children year by year. We also defined by electrophoresis the normal isozyme profile for each age group. We noted that the total activity was higher during the first years of life and that during this period, the isoenzymic profile was different from that of adults: higher percentage of LDH 5 (13% as against 8% in adults) and a lower percentage of LDH 1 (19% as against 24% in adults). Furthermore, it seemed to us preferable to determine the total LDH activity on fresh serum for a fall in activity is noted both after preservation at + 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C. Similarly, it is preferable to trace the isoenzyme profile on the same day rather than after preservation of the samples. The average differences show clearly the disappearance of certain fractions (isoenzymes 4 and 2 after six days preservation at + 4 degrees C). However, each serum seems to behave in a somewhat unforseeable manner and the dispersion of individual variations makes any statistical interpretation impossible.", "PMID": 747249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7024", "title": "[Analysis of 17-oxosteroids by gas liquid chromatography after purification of the urinary extract by Girard's T reagent (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method of fractionation of urinary 17-oxosteroids after purification of the urinary extract by Girard's T reagent. After solvolysis, enzyme hydrolysis and purification by Girard's T reagent, the 17-oxosteroids were estimated in the form of trimethyl silyl ethers by gas liquid chromatographye on OV 225 using cholesterol acetate for standardisation. The improvement in the quality of the fraction using this technic, the analytical characteristics of which are studied in this work, is of definite interest, in particular after stimulation by ACTH, HCG, metopirone and in the case of pigmentation of the urine.", "contents": "[Analysis of 17-oxosteroids by gas liquid chromatography after purification of the urinary extract by Girard's T reagent (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method of fractionation of urinary 17-oxosteroids after purification of the urinary extract by Girard's T reagent. After solvolysis, enzyme hydrolysis and purification by Girard's T reagent, the 17-oxosteroids were estimated in the form of trimethyl silyl ethers by gas liquid chromatographye on OV 225 using cholesterol acetate for standardisation. The improvement in the quality of the fraction using this technic, the analytical characteristics of which are studied in this work, is of definite interest, in particular after stimulation by ACTH, HCG, metopirone and in the case of pigmentation of the urine.", "PMID": 747250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7025", "title": "[Micromethod of estimation of total bilirubin using a single stable reagent (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose a method of estimation of total bilirubin characterised by the use of a single stable reagent, excellent reproducibility and a particularly narrow correlation (r = 0.993) with Michaelsson's method. They study the influence of protein, reduced glutathion and hemoglobin on the reaction.", "contents": "[Micromethod of estimation of total bilirubin using a single stable reagent (author's transl)]. The authors propose a method of estimation of total bilirubin characterised by the use of a single stable reagent, excellent reproducibility and a particularly narrow correlation (r = 0.993) with Michaelsson's method. They study the influence of protein, reduced glutathion and hemoglobin on the reaction.", "PMID": 747251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7026", "title": "[Growth of \"Dictyostelium discoideum\" on different species of bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Dictyostelium discoideum (Acrasida) is a predatory amoeba feeding on bacteria of forest soil. Growth of D. discoideum on various bacterial species has been studied. The majority of the species of bacteria tested provide a convenient food source of D. discoideum. However, some species of bacteria do not permit growth of these amoebae; in some cases the reason of this unability has been established: it is due either to the incapacity for amoebae to phagoycte the bacteria or to the bacterial elaboration of compounds toxic for the amoebae.", "contents": "[Growth of \"Dictyostelium discoideum\" on different species of bacteria (author's transl)]. Dictyostelium discoideum (Acrasida) is a predatory amoeba feeding on bacteria of forest soil. Growth of D. discoideum on various bacterial species has been studied. The majority of the species of bacteria tested provide a convenient food source of D. discoideum. However, some species of bacteria do not permit growth of these amoebae; in some cases the reason of this unability has been established: it is due either to the incapacity for amoebae to phagoycte the bacteria or to the bacterial elaboration of compounds toxic for the amoebae.", "PMID": 747269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7027", "title": "[Respiratory and swallowing difficulties after oesophageal atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "The main reason for these problems is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula, either recurrence of the T.O. fistula, either persistance of a fistula which has been neglected during surgery. It has been observed in 7 infants from 19 operated atresias with such problems. These functionnal troubles may be produced by different other anomalies: oesophageal stenosis and or dyskinesia often observed, gastro-oesophageal reflux, associated anomalies of the larynx or trachea; laryngeal paralysis, tracheomalacia, tracheal epithelium metaplasia, tracheal compression by abnormal vessel, neurological dysmaturity, loss of swallowing reflex after a long postoperative course. Radiography and endoscopy are fundamental and complementary investigations. Endoscopy, under general anesthesia, must be minute (with optics), explore oesophageal and laryngo-tracheo-bronchic tract, and use several tests to demonstrate permeability of the fistula when it has been located. A special technique is presented. Several points must be outlined: 1--classical symptoms of persistant fistula are not reliable in authors' experience; any recurrent respiratory and swallowing problem requires investigations; 2--endoscopy and radiographic study have to be repeated sometimes to prove fistula; 3--responsability of some anomalies must be always discussed, because of their possible association with a fistula; several fistulas may also exist.", "contents": "[Respiratory and swallowing difficulties after oesophageal atresia (author's transl)]. The main reason for these problems is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula, either recurrence of the T.O. fistula, either persistance of a fistula which has been neglected during surgery. It has been observed in 7 infants from 19 operated atresias with such problems. These functionnal troubles may be produced by different other anomalies: oesophageal stenosis and or dyskinesia often observed, gastro-oesophageal reflux, associated anomalies of the larynx or trachea; laryngeal paralysis, tracheomalacia, tracheal epithelium metaplasia, tracheal compression by abnormal vessel, neurological dysmaturity, loss of swallowing reflex after a long postoperative course. Radiography and endoscopy are fundamental and complementary investigations. Endoscopy, under general anesthesia, must be minute (with optics), explore oesophageal and laryngo-tracheo-bronchic tract, and use several tests to demonstrate permeability of the fistula when it has been located. A special technique is presented. Several points must be outlined: 1--classical symptoms of persistant fistula are not reliable in authors' experience; any recurrent respiratory and swallowing problem requires investigations; 2--endoscopy and radiographic study have to be repeated sometimes to prove fistula; 3--responsability of some anomalies must be always discussed, because of their possible association with a fistula; several fistulas may also exist.", "PMID": 747278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7028", "title": "[Facial paralysis during progressive chronic otitis. Reflections apropos of 32 cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience of 32 cases of facial paralysis occurring during progressive chronic otitis. Twenty were pre-operative. The conclusions which may be drawn are as follows: 1) It occurs in general in cases of severe chronic otitis with large destructive cholesteatomatous and osteitic lesions. 2) Surgery is often difficult, long full of unexpected findings and risks. 3) The development of facial paralysis in a case of progressive chronic otitis is an indication for immediate surgery, on the same basis as a fistula of the H.S.C.C., which is, in fact, oftan present in association. 4) The lesions encountered are much more extensive at the time of secondary (11) rather than at primary surgery (9). 5) The extent of the lesions (13 cases of fistula or laybrinthine destruction) and auditory impairment (16 cophoses or sub-cophoses) are such that tympanoplasty is useless. The authors report their long term results: 13 cases of complete recovery, 4 nil, 3 partial (2 as a result of a superficial cervical plexus graft). They raise the problem of the management when a markedly contused nerve is discovered: simple liberation with incision of its sheath or immediate graft? The other twelve were postoperative. Five were cases operated upon by the autor. There was 100% recovery in all cases, but one patient, in whom the nerve followed an atypical course, required decompression surgery. In the other seven, the autors performed 3 decompressions followed by an excellent result, apart from in one case in which the nerve was markedly contused. In 2 cases a superficial cervical plexus graft and a XII-VII anastomosis proved necessary.", "contents": "[Facial paralysis during progressive chronic otitis. Reflections apropos of 32 cases]. The authors report their experience of 32 cases of facial paralysis occurring during progressive chronic otitis. Twenty were pre-operative. The conclusions which may be drawn are as follows: 1) It occurs in general in cases of severe chronic otitis with large destructive cholesteatomatous and osteitic lesions. 2) Surgery is often difficult, long full of unexpected findings and risks. 3) The development of facial paralysis in a case of progressive chronic otitis is an indication for immediate surgery, on the same basis as a fistula of the H.S.C.C., which is, in fact, oftan present in association. 4) The lesions encountered are much more extensive at the time of secondary (11) rather than at primary surgery (9). 5) The extent of the lesions (13 cases of fistula or laybrinthine destruction) and auditory impairment (16 cophoses or sub-cophoses) are such that tympanoplasty is useless. The authors report their long term results: 13 cases of complete recovery, 4 nil, 3 partial (2 as a result of a superficial cervical plexus graft). They raise the problem of the management when a markedly contused nerve is discovered: simple liberation with incision of its sheath or immediate graft? The other twelve were postoperative. Five were cases operated upon by the autor. There was 100% recovery in all cases, but one patient, in whom the nerve followed an atypical course, required decompression surgery. In the other seven, the autors performed 3 decompressions followed by an excellent result, apart from in one case in which the nerve was markedly contused. In 2 cases a superficial cervical plexus graft and a XII-VII anastomosis proved necessary.", "PMID": 747283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7029", "title": "[Neonatal laryngeal paralysis. Course and treatment. 56 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "56 laryngeal paralyses were seen in newborn infants between 1970 and 1976 (25 bilateral, 31 unilateral). The aetiology was obstetric trauma in 11 cases, nuclear agenesis in 7 cases, a severe neurological disorder (spina bifida, hydrocephaly, microcephaly, lesions of the central nervous system) in 13 cases, and congenital heart disease in 3 cases. In 10 cases, the paralysis was present in isolation. The initial state was not recorded in 11 cases. The course varied according to the aetiology: 5 deaths, 4 due to the severity of neurological problems. Regression, which invariably occured before the end of the 6th month, was seen in all the cases with an obstetric aetiology and in 50% of those in which the paralysis was present in isolation. There was persistence in the majority of neurological, nuclear or central causes. However, subsequent tolerance of persistent forms was good in all those patients followed-up on a regular basis, apart from 5 who underwent surgery. Treatment consisted of intubation for forms poorly tolerated initially, for the first few weeks. Tracheotomy did not prove necessary in any case. 5 patients underwent surgery: arytenoidectomy or arytenoidopexy via an extralaryngeal approach.", "contents": "[Neonatal laryngeal paralysis. Course and treatment. 56 cases (author's transl)]. 56 laryngeal paralyses were seen in newborn infants between 1970 and 1976 (25 bilateral, 31 unilateral). The aetiology was obstetric trauma in 11 cases, nuclear agenesis in 7 cases, a severe neurological disorder (spina bifida, hydrocephaly, microcephaly, lesions of the central nervous system) in 13 cases, and congenital heart disease in 3 cases. In 10 cases, the paralysis was present in isolation. The initial state was not recorded in 11 cases. The course varied according to the aetiology: 5 deaths, 4 due to the severity of neurological problems. Regression, which invariably occured before the end of the 6th month, was seen in all the cases with an obstetric aetiology and in 50% of those in which the paralysis was present in isolation. There was persistence in the majority of neurological, nuclear or central causes. However, subsequent tolerance of persistent forms was good in all those patients followed-up on a regular basis, apart from 5 who underwent surgery. Treatment consisted of intubation for forms poorly tolerated initially, for the first few weeks. Tracheotomy did not prove necessary in any case. 5 patients underwent surgery: arytenoidectomy or arytenoidopexy via an extralaryngeal approach.", "PMID": 747279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7030", "title": "[Evoked brain stem potentials. Study of their adaptation in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "This study of the Brainstem evoked Response has been done to try to find the exact location of neurologic disorders. The authors wanted to see if there were differences between normal subjects and patients with multilocular sclerosis, when the auditory stimulus in increasing from 10 pps to 50 pps. From 15 normal subjects (30 ears) the results have been compared to those obtained from 6 patients. The findings were: -- there is no adaptation phenomenon in the Brainstem (the conduction time in the Brainstem is absolutely constant). -- there is an adaptation which occurs before the first peak, happening later at 50 pps than at 10 pps. -- in the multilocular sclerosis the findings were: augmentation of the peak to peak delay no synchronisation of the peaks so that is very difficult to recognize each peaks. And the peaks are easier to recognize at 50 pps than at 10 pps which fact unexpectable. This dyssynchronisation at the compression and rarefaction click is for the authors an important factor for the multilocular sclerosis diagnosis.", "contents": "[Evoked brain stem potentials. Study of their adaptation in multiple sclerosis]. This study of the Brainstem evoked Response has been done to try to find the exact location of neurologic disorders. The authors wanted to see if there were differences between normal subjects and patients with multilocular sclerosis, when the auditory stimulus in increasing from 10 pps to 50 pps. From 15 normal subjects (30 ears) the results have been compared to those obtained from 6 patients. The findings were: -- there is no adaptation phenomenon in the Brainstem (the conduction time in the Brainstem is absolutely constant). -- there is an adaptation which occurs before the first peak, happening later at 50 pps than at 10 pps. -- in the multilocular sclerosis the findings were: augmentation of the peak to peak delay no synchronisation of the peaks so that is very difficult to recognize each peaks. And the peaks are easier to recognize at 50 pps than at 10 pps which fact unexpectable. This dyssynchronisation at the compression and rarefaction click is for the authors an important factor for the multilocular sclerosis diagnosis.", "PMID": 747285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7031", "title": "[Epidermoid carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. 61 cases treated at the Claudius-Reguad Center from 1961 to 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a critical review of 61 cases of squamous carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. Most of these cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage, allowing only external radiotherapy to be proposed. The mean delivred dose was 6,000 to 6,500 rads, mainly to telecobaltherapy. Survival rates are poor (SVI = 50%, SV3 = 14%, SV5 = 8%) in the same range than values previously published by others. However, it seems possible to point out some practical trends in order to improve the management of the disease:--in all cases, irradiated volumes must be large;--prophylactic irradiation of cervical nodes in also a key point, especially when tumor reaches the oral cavity, the skin or the pterygomaxillary fossa.", "contents": "[Epidermoid carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. 61 cases treated at the Claudius-Reguad Center from 1961 to 1976 (author's transl)]. Authors present a critical review of 61 cases of squamous carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. Most of these cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage, allowing only external radiotherapy to be proposed. The mean delivred dose was 6,000 to 6,500 rads, mainly to telecobaltherapy. Survival rates are poor (SVI = 50%, SV3 = 14%, SV5 = 8%) in the same range than values previously published by others. However, it seems possible to point out some practical trends in order to improve the management of the disease:--in all cases, irradiated volumes must be large;--prophylactic irradiation of cervical nodes in also a key point, especially when tumor reaches the oral cavity, the skin or the pterygomaxillary fossa.", "PMID": 747280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7032", "title": "[The value of radiotomographic examination in carcinomas of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "The autors compare the interpretation of radiotomographic films and the results of pathological examination of total laryngectomy specimens in 60 cases without contrast and in 15 cases with contrast. They study the value of the interpretation of X-ray films according to the site in terms of height, size, shape, the extent of the carcinoma and possible involvement of the pre-epiglottic space, the thyroid cartilage and the base of the tongue. With the aim of determining the true value of radiotomographic examination in carcinoma of the larynx, comparative tables were drawn up between the radiological interpretation and findings on macroscopic examination of total laryngectomy operative specimens. Radiological examination included standard lateral films, AP tomograms and, more recently, contrast laryngography.", "contents": "[The value of radiotomographic examination in carcinomas of the larynx (author's transl)]. The autors compare the interpretation of radiotomographic films and the results of pathological examination of total laryngectomy specimens in 60 cases without contrast and in 15 cases with contrast. They study the value of the interpretation of X-ray films according to the site in terms of height, size, shape, the extent of the carcinoma and possible involvement of the pre-epiglottic space, the thyroid cartilage and the base of the tongue. With the aim of determining the true value of radiotomographic examination in carcinoma of the larynx, comparative tables were drawn up between the radiological interpretation and findings on macroscopic examination of total laryngectomy operative specimens. Radiological examination included standard lateral films, AP tomograms and, more recently, contrast laryngography.", "PMID": 747286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7033", "title": "[Assessment of a thirty year long experience in treatment of esophageal caustic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 457 esophageal stenosis treated between 1954 and 1977, 258 (56%) were caustic stenosis. The treatment of those is the most difficult. Functionnal healding was satisfactory in 93% of the treated cases by dilatations. Four strict rules ought to be observed in the management of this cases. Immediate and long terme antibiotic treatment of the corrosive esophagitis. X rays are the only means to be used during evolution of corrosive esophagitis. No instrumental performance until sufficient cicatrization. Retrograde dilatations after gastrostomy shall be prefered in serious cases. Gastro-esophageal reflux may complicate this evolution and require surgery. Total esophageal replacement can be averted in most cases.", "contents": "[Assessment of a thirty year long experience in treatment of esophageal caustic stenosis (author's transl)]. Among 457 esophageal stenosis treated between 1954 and 1977, 258 (56%) were caustic stenosis. The treatment of those is the most difficult. Functionnal healding was satisfactory in 93% of the treated cases by dilatations. Four strict rules ought to be observed in the management of this cases. Immediate and long terme antibiotic treatment of the corrosive esophagitis. X rays are the only means to be used during evolution of corrosive esophagitis. No instrumental performance until sufficient cicatrization. Retrograde dilatations after gastrostomy shall be prefered in serious cases. Gastro-esophageal reflux may complicate this evolution and require surgery. Total esophageal replacement can be averted in most cases.", "PMID": 747287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7034", "title": "[Septal surgery and rhinoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "From an anatomical standpoint, the nasal septum makes up the greater part of the bridge, contributes to determination of the length of the pyramid, plays a part in the formation of the columella, projects the tip and divides the space located behind the piriform orifice to limit the two nasal fossae. Deformities may thus affect the morphology of the pyramid and nasal physiology, in other words require correction for aesthetic or functional reasons. These two aspects of the question are considered in succession, with the understanding that the two problems often exist in association, in particular after trauma. Surgical action involving the septum is almost always associated with the operative protocol of a rhinoplasty for aesthetic purposes. Emphasis has been placed above all on operations for functional purposes. Three techniques are discussed: resection and reposition, considered to be procedures involving the septum only, and rhinoplasty where the operation involves the whole of the pyramid. There is no basis for the automatic rejection of any of them, but on the contrary all are valid and mutually interrelated by multiple forms of passage and association.", "contents": "[Septal surgery and rhinoplasty (author's transl)]. From an anatomical standpoint, the nasal septum makes up the greater part of the bridge, contributes to determination of the length of the pyramid, plays a part in the formation of the columella, projects the tip and divides the space located behind the piriform orifice to limit the two nasal fossae. Deformities may thus affect the morphology of the pyramid and nasal physiology, in other words require correction for aesthetic or functional reasons. These two aspects of the question are considered in succession, with the understanding that the two problems often exist in association, in particular after trauma. Surgical action involving the septum is almost always associated with the operative protocol of a rhinoplasty for aesthetic purposes. Emphasis has been placed above all on operations for functional purposes. Three techniques are discussed: resection and reposition, considered to be procedures involving the septum only, and rhinoplasty where the operation involves the whole of the pyramid. There is no basis for the automatic rejection of any of them, but on the contrary all are valid and mutually interrelated by multiple forms of passage and association.", "PMID": 747288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7035", "title": "[Post-embolisation lower motor neurone facial paralysis. Report of one case, discussion, prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of one case of post-embolisation lower moteur neurone facial paralysis, it was felt to be of interest to drawn attention to the possible role played by the middle meningeal artery: -- in the aetiogenesis of certain peripheral problems affecting the facial nerve during embolisation of the medial maxillary artery; -- in the direct recognition of a dangerous anatomical distribution. The easy identification of its endocrine branch and of the stylo-mastoid artery should reveal the mode of arterial distribution of the facial nerve: -- pure petrous; --petro-mastoid: -- pure mastoid; and hence to assess the risks run by patient during embolisation, according to the territory and the equipment.", "contents": "[Post-embolisation lower motor neurone facial paralysis. Report of one case, discussion, prevention (author's transl)]. In the light of one case of post-embolisation lower moteur neurone facial paralysis, it was felt to be of interest to drawn attention to the possible role played by the middle meningeal artery: -- in the aetiogenesis of certain peripheral problems affecting the facial nerve during embolisation of the medial maxillary artery; -- in the direct recognition of a dangerous anatomical distribution. The easy identification of its endocrine branch and of the stylo-mastoid artery should reveal the mode of arterial distribution of the facial nerve: -- pure petrous; --petro-mastoid: -- pure mastoid; and hence to assess the risks run by patient during embolisation, according to the territory and the equipment.", "PMID": 747289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7036", "title": "[Surgical treatment of caustic strictures of the eosophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrosternal esophageal by-pass, mainly using isoperistaltic transverse colon, was performed in ten patients. In three of them, a gastrectomy for antral stenosis was associated. All the patients are alive and normally eating. A resection of the burned segment does not appear as mandatory. That surgery is essentially functionnal, and the indication must make much account of the patient's will.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of caustic strictures of the eosophagus (author's transl)]. A retrosternal esophageal by-pass, mainly using isoperistaltic transverse colon, was performed in ten patients. In three of them, a gastrectomy for antral stenosis was associated. All the patients are alive and normally eating. A resection of the burned segment does not appear as mandatory. That surgery is essentially functionnal, and the indication must make much account of the patient's will.", "PMID": 747290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7037", "title": "[Study under scanning electron microscopy of scales of PUVA treated psoriasis (authors's transl)].", "content": "The authors recall an particular aspect of microvilli at the surface of horney cells in psoriasic disease. These microvilli are rounded, irregular size and spaced. The photochemotherapy involves parallely the disappearance of these microvilli and the recovery of the cutaneous lesions. The authors describe a \"crumpled\" aspect of the microvilli, appearing during the evolution towards the recovery.", "contents": "[Study under scanning electron microscopy of scales of PUVA treated psoriasis (authors's transl)]. The authors recall an particular aspect of microvilli at the surface of horney cells in psoriasic disease. These microvilli are rounded, irregular size and spaced. The photochemotherapy involves parallely the disappearance of these microvilli and the recovery of the cutaneous lesions. The authors describe a \"crumpled\" aspect of the microvilli, appearing during the evolution towards the recovery.", "PMID": 747291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7038", "title": "[Primary bronchogenic and pharyngo-laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 112 case histories of lung cancers, both primary and secondary, has allowed the authors to determine as being of 5% the incidence of primary bronchogenic carcinoma associated with treated pharyngo-laryngeal cancer. One out of three such primaries was a solitary lung opacity. Bronchogenic primaries appeared be almost as frequent as lung, pleura and mediastine secondarie. They can be diagnosed at any moment of the treatment or follow-up of pharyngo-laryngeal cancer, and appear to occur later than pulmonary metastases. Their symptoms are more \"bronchopulmonary\" in nature. They are more frequently associated with endolarynx and chorda carcinomas. They are possibly more frequent in cases of smaller primaries without lymph-node involvement. Solitary lung opacities should be considered as independent primaries and constitute the best candidates for efficient pulmonary treatment. Treated pharyngo-laryngeal patients should undergo regularly spaced lung roentgenograms and frequent tracheal sputum cytology.", "contents": "[Primary bronchogenic and pharyngo-laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)]. The study of 112 case histories of lung cancers, both primary and secondary, has allowed the authors to determine as being of 5% the incidence of primary bronchogenic carcinoma associated with treated pharyngo-laryngeal cancer. One out of three such primaries was a solitary lung opacity. Bronchogenic primaries appeared be almost as frequent as lung, pleura and mediastine secondarie. They can be diagnosed at any moment of the treatment or follow-up of pharyngo-laryngeal cancer, and appear to occur later than pulmonary metastases. Their symptoms are more \"bronchopulmonary\" in nature. They are more frequently associated with endolarynx and chorda carcinomas. They are possibly more frequent in cases of smaller primaries without lymph-node involvement. Solitary lung opacities should be considered as independent primaries and constitute the best candidates for efficient pulmonary treatment. Treated pharyngo-laryngeal patients should undergo regularly spaced lung roentgenograms and frequent tracheal sputum cytology.", "PMID": 747281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7039", "title": "[Treatment of pustular psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359). Report on 9 generalized and 8 localized cases (author's transl)].", "content": "17 patients with pustular psoriasis, i. e. 9 generalized and 8 localized types, were treated orally with the new aromatic retinoid RO 10-9359. The given dose was 0.5-1.0 mg/kg body weight per day. After 4-8 weeks the result was very good or good in 13 cases. Side effects were moderate; only in one female patient the oral treatment was interrupted because of drug-induced alopecia. Histologic examinations revealed spongiform pustules before treatment and typical features of psoriasis vulgaris after 2 weeks; after 4 weeks most tissue changes had returned to normal. An unusual fine granular mucoid material was seen under the electron microscope in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis, being most likely produced in the keratinocytes.", "contents": "[Treatment of pustular psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359). Report on 9 generalized and 8 localized cases (author's transl)]. 17 patients with pustular psoriasis, i. e. 9 generalized and 8 localized types, were treated orally with the new aromatic retinoid RO 10-9359. The given dose was 0.5-1.0 mg/kg body weight per day. After 4-8 weeks the result was very good or good in 13 cases. Side effects were moderate; only in one female patient the oral treatment was interrupted because of drug-induced alopecia. Histologic examinations revealed spongiform pustules before treatment and typical features of psoriasis vulgaris after 2 weeks; after 4 weeks most tissue changes had returned to normal. An unusual fine granular mucoid material was seen under the electron microscope in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis, being most likely produced in the keratinocytes.", "PMID": 747292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7040", "title": "[Oral treatment of severe psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) (author's transl)].", "content": "The aromatic retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359 was administered orally to 25 severe psoriatic patients (14 with generalized plaques, 7 erythrodermic, 4 pustular). The initial dose was 25 mg/20 kg body weight daily for 4 weeks; afterwards the same posology was given every other day during several months (Max : 18 months). Excellent results were obtained in 16 patients (64 p. 100) particularly in severe erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis. However, under follow-up therapy relapses sometimes occurred leading to temporary resumption of initial posology. The most important side effects are cheilitis, palmoplantar scaling with thinning of the skin, hyperhidrosis and diffuse hair loss. A slight increase of transaminases and of alkaline phosphatases was found in a few patients. The Ro 10-9359 compound is a very useful new therapy of severe psoriasis.", "contents": "[Oral treatment of severe psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) (author's transl)]. The aromatic retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359 was administered orally to 25 severe psoriatic patients (14 with generalized plaques, 7 erythrodermic, 4 pustular). The initial dose was 25 mg/20 kg body weight daily for 4 weeks; afterwards the same posology was given every other day during several months (Max : 18 months). Excellent results were obtained in 16 patients (64 p. 100) particularly in severe erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis. However, under follow-up therapy relapses sometimes occurred leading to temporary resumption of initial posology. The most important side effects are cheilitis, palmoplantar scaling with thinning of the skin, hyperhidrosis and diffuse hair loss. A slight increase of transaminases and of alkaline phosphatases was found in a few patients. The Ro 10-9359 compound is a very useful new therapy of severe psoriasis.", "PMID": 747293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7041", "title": "[Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi disease (report on a new case) (author's transl)].", "content": "A typical case of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi disease is reported in a French four years old boy (no parents consanguinity). The clinical aspect of oculo-cutaneous and pilar hypopigmentation, associated with recurrent infections led to the diagnosis of C. H. disease which was confirmed by the presence of giant leukocytes granulations in the blood and giant melanosomes in epidermal melanocytes; these giant pigmented granules, are made of a limiting unique membrane with granular matrix and periodic filamentous structures, which correspond to stade I, II and III melanosomes. In keratinocytes, melanosomes are rare, never isolated and scattered in cytoplasm, but grouped in giant melanosomes complexes. No specific immunity deficiency is found in this patient but the chemotaxis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes was decreased but restored by levamisole treatment. Concanavaline A Cap formation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was abnormally increased, but returned at a normal level after cyclic GMP incubation and levamisole treatment. Unfortuntely, the patient died soon after accelerated phase had begun, in an anatomo-clinical picture of pseudo-lymphoma. A pathogenic discussion of CH disease is presented with the help of a study of 102 cases of literature.", "contents": "[Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi disease (report on a new case) (author's transl)]. A typical case of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi disease is reported in a French four years old boy (no parents consanguinity). The clinical aspect of oculo-cutaneous and pilar hypopigmentation, associated with recurrent infections led to the diagnosis of C. H. disease which was confirmed by the presence of giant leukocytes granulations in the blood and giant melanosomes in epidermal melanocytes; these giant pigmented granules, are made of a limiting unique membrane with granular matrix and periodic filamentous structures, which correspond to stade I, II and III melanosomes. In keratinocytes, melanosomes are rare, never isolated and scattered in cytoplasm, but grouped in giant melanosomes complexes. No specific immunity deficiency is found in this patient but the chemotaxis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes was decreased but restored by levamisole treatment. Concanavaline A Cap formation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was abnormally increased, but returned at a normal level after cyclic GMP incubation and levamisole treatment. Unfortuntely, the patient died soon after accelerated phase had begun, in an anatomo-clinical picture of pseudo-lymphoma. A pathogenic discussion of CH disease is presented with the help of a study of 102 cases of literature.", "PMID": 747294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7042", "title": "[Dermatology and polyposis of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study three rare syndromes which are characterized by the association of cutaneous manifestations with an intestinal polyposis: Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine's syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada's syndrome. The Gardner's syndrome is transmitted with an autosomal prevalence, and its vital prognosis remains very porr. It is characterized by the association of various cutaneous manifestations such as fibromas, freckles, etc. with osteomas, neuro-fibromas and polyps of the large bowel. Its severity is related to the very early malignant degeneration of digestive polyps. The Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine's syndrome is transmitted in an autosomal prevalence and its vital prognosis is benign. The cutaneous manifestations are the very early occurrence of lentigines on the face, around the hiatus, and on the lips. The polyps are situated on the small bowel, and are the source of important functional phenomenons; their malignant change is rare. The Cronkhite-Canada's syndrome is rare. Its etiology is unknown and its prognosis is very poor. Its manifestation is the association of more or less wide-spread cutaneous pigmentations, alopecia, and onyxis with a digestive syndrome secondary to a pseudo-polyposis which is the origin for afecal and serous diarrhea, a cause for very severe denutrition. The diagnosis and the treatment of these three syndromes are discussed.", "contents": "[Dermatology and polyposis of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)]. The authors study three rare syndromes which are characterized by the association of cutaneous manifestations with an intestinal polyposis: Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine's syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada's syndrome. The Gardner's syndrome is transmitted with an autosomal prevalence, and its vital prognosis remains very porr. It is characterized by the association of various cutaneous manifestations such as fibromas, freckles, etc. with osteomas, neuro-fibromas and polyps of the large bowel. Its severity is related to the very early malignant degeneration of digestive polyps. The Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine's syndrome is transmitted in an autosomal prevalence and its vital prognosis is benign. The cutaneous manifestations are the very early occurrence of lentigines on the face, around the hiatus, and on the lips. The polyps are situated on the small bowel, and are the source of important functional phenomenons; their malignant change is rare. The Cronkhite-Canada's syndrome is rare. Its etiology is unknown and its prognosis is very poor. Its manifestation is the association of more or less wide-spread cutaneous pigmentations, alopecia, and onyxis with a digestive syndrome secondary to a pseudo-polyposis which is the origin for afecal and serous diarrhea, a cause for very severe denutrition. The diagnosis and the treatment of these three syndromes are discussed.", "PMID": 747295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7043", "title": "Neural neurotization.", "content": "Controlled experimentation using dogs has demonstrated that free nerve-end insertion into a denervated muscle that has lost its motor nerve at the point of entry into that muscle can sprout axons at its implanted end to unite with neuromuscular endplates, either preexisting or new, and result in a functioning muscle. Clinical applications can be found in the treatment of facial paralysis and traumatically induced avulsions of large muscles.", "contents": "Neural neurotization. Controlled experimentation using dogs has demonstrated that free nerve-end insertion into a denervated muscle that has lost its motor nerve at the point of entry into that muscle can sprout axons at its implanted end to unite with neuromuscular endplates, either preexisting or new, and result in a functioning muscle. Clinical applications can be found in the treatment of facial paralysis and traumatically induced avulsions of large muscles.", "PMID": 747305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7044", "title": "A simplified technique for correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity.", "content": "The cleft lip nasal deformity is a result of imbalance of the structures caused by a collapsed alar cartilage, a widened nostril floor, and a lowered nasal orifice. This deformity can be corrected most readily by repositioning and supporting the collapsed alar cartilage of the cleft side. A technique has been developed to achieve this by releasing the ala from the nasolabial fold, elevating and supporting the alar cartilage, and repositioning the alar rim on its new deepithelialized base. One- to two-year follow-up of seven patients who underwent such repair has demonstrated satisfactory correction of the deformity.", "contents": "A simplified technique for correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity. The cleft lip nasal deformity is a result of imbalance of the structures caused by a collapsed alar cartilage, a widened nostril floor, and a lowered nasal orifice. This deformity can be corrected most readily by repositioning and supporting the collapsed alar cartilage of the cleft side. A technique has been developed to achieve this by releasing the ala from the nasolabial fold, elevating and supporting the alar cartilage, and repositioning the alar rim on its new deepithelialized base. One- to two-year follow-up of seven patients who underwent such repair has demonstrated satisfactory correction of the deformity.", "PMID": 747306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7045", "title": "Cosmetic correction of the mild or partially corrected pectus excavatum utilizing silastic implant.", "content": "The alternative approach to the cosmetic problem of mild or partially corrected pectus excavatum is presented. A case report with a discussion of the use of silicone in this problem is undertaken. An extremely simple method of implant casting is demonstrated.", "contents": "Cosmetic correction of the mild or partially corrected pectus excavatum utilizing silastic implant. The alternative approach to the cosmetic problem of mild or partially corrected pectus excavatum is presented. A case report with a discussion of the use of silicone in this problem is undertaken. An extremely simple method of implant casting is demonstrated.", "PMID": 747307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7046", "title": "The role of pressure therapy in management of earlobe keloids: preliminary report of a controlled study.", "content": "Prevention of postexcisional recurrence of the common earlobe keloid has long been an enigma to the surgeon. The increased realization that pressure aids in diminishing hypertrophic burn scars has stimulated us to develop an effective pressure device to control the collagen overgrowth frequently occurring after initial keloid excision. Our device is a decorative spring-pressure earring that is applied to the earlobe 2 weeks after excision of the keloid. The patient is instructed to wear the earring for 4 to 6 months. An effective evaluation of this device was carried out through its bilateral use in some patients. The earring was used initially on only 1 ear; when early recurrence was detected in the control ear, application of the device diminished and prevented keloid reformation. This innovation promises to be an important adjunct in the prevention of postexcisional recurrence of earlobe keloids, and the preliminary results are reported with a 12 to 15 month follow-up. Constant light pressure is discussed as an effective means of preventing postexcisional recurrence of these lesions.", "contents": "The role of pressure therapy in management of earlobe keloids: preliminary report of a controlled study. Prevention of postexcisional recurrence of the common earlobe keloid has long been an enigma to the surgeon. The increased realization that pressure aids in diminishing hypertrophic burn scars has stimulated us to develop an effective pressure device to control the collagen overgrowth frequently occurring after initial keloid excision. Our device is a decorative spring-pressure earring that is applied to the earlobe 2 weeks after excision of the keloid. The patient is instructed to wear the earring for 4 to 6 months. An effective evaluation of this device was carried out through its bilateral use in some patients. The earring was used initially on only 1 ear; when early recurrence was detected in the control ear, application of the device diminished and prevented keloid reformation. This innovation promises to be an important adjunct in the prevention of postexcisional recurrence of earlobe keloids, and the preliminary results are reported with a 12 to 15 month follow-up. Constant light pressure is discussed as an effective means of preventing postexcisional recurrence of these lesions.", "PMID": 747308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7047", "title": "Clinical observations on the isolated optic nerve injury.", "content": "The optic nerve can be injured indirectly by blunt trauma to the frontoorbital region. The mechanism of injury is related to trauma of the nerve in the tight, bony optic canal. Neurovisual transmission in the canal is interrupted by pressure on the nerve. The conventional management includes careful observation and supportive treatment. Recent interest in this unique clinical problem has prompted the development of new techniques to decompress the injured optic canal extracranially; these approaches have produced encouraging results. Another dividend of the method has been the mapping of the optic nerve region under magnification using the operating room microscope. Any gain of vision, partial or complete, is well appreciated by the patient and the physician.", "contents": "Clinical observations on the isolated optic nerve injury. The optic nerve can be injured indirectly by blunt trauma to the frontoorbital region. The mechanism of injury is related to trauma of the nerve in the tight, bony optic canal. Neurovisual transmission in the canal is interrupted by pressure on the nerve. The conventional management includes careful observation and supportive treatment. Recent interest in this unique clinical problem has prompted the development of new techniques to decompress the injured optic canal extracranially; these approaches have produced encouraging results. Another dividend of the method has been the mapping of the optic nerve region under magnification using the operating room microscope. Any gain of vision, partial or complete, is well appreciated by the patient and the physician.", "PMID": 747310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7048", "title": "Surgical correction of the facial deformities of acromegaly.", "content": "The neurosurgical treatment of acromegaly is well established, but little has been written about correction of the facial deformities of this disease. Although hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues may decrease after successful treatment of the pituitary tumor, there is no reversal of the bony changes. An acromegalic patient is presented whose facial deformities were repaired in stages by mandibular osteotomy and soft tissue excision. The history and pathology of acromegaly are reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the facial deformities of acromegaly. The neurosurgical treatment of acromegaly is well established, but little has been written about correction of the facial deformities of this disease. Although hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues may decrease after successful treatment of the pituitary tumor, there is no reversal of the bony changes. An acromegalic patient is presented whose facial deformities were repaired in stages by mandibular osteotomy and soft tissue excision. The history and pathology of acromegaly are reviewed.", "PMID": 747311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7049", "title": "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland.", "content": "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland is infrequently seen and rarely documented in the American literature. A case history is presented to emphasize its occurrence in older men and to discuss its pathological appearance. A review of the literature shows that superficial conservative parotidectomy is the treatment of choice because the lesion is considered benign.", "contents": "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland. Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland is infrequently seen and rarely documented in the American literature. A case history is presented to emphasize its occurrence in older men and to discuss its pathological appearance. A review of the literature shows that superficial conservative parotidectomy is the treatment of choice because the lesion is considered benign.", "PMID": 747312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7050", "title": "Bridal veil nylon: the trellis effect in rapid wound healing.", "content": "Commercially available bridal veil nylon (BVN) in 2.0-3,0-, and 4.0-mm hexagonal mesh is being used as a sterile dressing for burns and many surgical problems. BVN appears to promote more rapid reepithelialization of granulating burn wounds than other dressings. I suggest that the BVN mesh provides a \"trellis effect\", acting as a supporting structure across which, or over which, epithelium will grow more rapidly than it would without the dressing. Photographic studies illustrating this effect are included. BVN also allows us to secure recent skin grafts, and it appears to be an ideal dressing for recent hair plug transfers. It is possible to examine wounds directly and to clean them with whatever technique is indicated, including hydrotherapy and Hubbard tank regimen, and yet not to disrupt underlying structures such as skin grafts and hair plugs. A major advantage of this dressing is that it minimizes painful removal of Kling and Kurlex type dressings. Photographs demonstrate the use of BVN, which is quite inexpensive and can be gas-autoclaved in any hospital facility.", "contents": "Bridal veil nylon: the trellis effect in rapid wound healing. Commercially available bridal veil nylon (BVN) in 2.0-3,0-, and 4.0-mm hexagonal mesh is being used as a sterile dressing for burns and many surgical problems. BVN appears to promote more rapid reepithelialization of granulating burn wounds than other dressings. I suggest that the BVN mesh provides a \"trellis effect\", acting as a supporting structure across which, or over which, epithelium will grow more rapidly than it would without the dressing. Photographic studies illustrating this effect are included. BVN also allows us to secure recent skin grafts, and it appears to be an ideal dressing for recent hair plug transfers. It is possible to examine wounds directly and to clean them with whatever technique is indicated, including hydrotherapy and Hubbard tank regimen, and yet not to disrupt underlying structures such as skin grafts and hair plugs. A major advantage of this dressing is that it minimizes painful removal of Kling and Kurlex type dressings. Photographs demonstrate the use of BVN, which is quite inexpensive and can be gas-autoclaved in any hospital facility.", "PMID": 747313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7051", "title": "A quick, accurate mammometer.", "content": "Exact knowledge of breast size can be very helpful in many reconstructive procedures, including augmentation mammaplasty and reconstruction after radical mastectomy. We have devised a quick, accurate, dry, versatile method for measuring breast size which can be utilized preoperatively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively.", "contents": "A quick, accurate mammometer. Exact knowledge of breast size can be very helpful in many reconstructive procedures, including augmentation mammaplasty and reconstruction after radical mastectomy. We have devised a quick, accurate, dry, versatile method for measuring breast size which can be utilized preoperatively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively.", "PMID": 747314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7052", "title": "Modern concepts of melanoma and its management.", "content": "Malignant melanoma can be diagnosed at an early biological stage when relatively simple excisional surgery carries a remarkably good prognosis. For this to happen requires good public education, so that patients are aware of the potential danger of any change in a mole, and good professional education, so that physicians of first contact are alert to the possibility of melanoma in these patients.", "contents": "Modern concepts of melanoma and its management. Malignant melanoma can be diagnosed at an early biological stage when relatively simple excisional surgery carries a remarkably good prognosis. For this to happen requires good public education, so that patients are aware of the potential danger of any change in a mole, and good professional education, so that physicians of first contact are alert to the possibility of melanoma in these patients.", "PMID": 747316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7053", "title": "Trypsin inhibitor in sow colostrum and its function.", "content": "A short review is given on physical, chemical, biochemical, physiological, and functional properties of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Special interest is concentrated on the physiological variations in colostrum and milk, and in serum and urine from suckling piglets. Possible significance of the inhibitor in relation to pathology is suggested.", "contents": "Trypsin inhibitor in sow colostrum and its function. A short review is given on physical, chemical, biochemical, physiological, and functional properties of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Special interest is concentrated on the physiological variations in colostrum and milk, and in serum and urine from suckling piglets. Possible significance of the inhibitor in relation to pathology is suggested.", "PMID": 747318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7054", "title": "Passive allergisation of calves and lambs due to colostral antibodies.", "content": "Using an aqueous extract of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) as a naturally occurring antigen it was demonstrated that newborn calves were passively sensitized by oral intake of maternal anaphylactic antibodies. In 3 day-old, colostrum deprived calves and lambs the transfer of this anaphylactic activity was studied by Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. The technical conditions of the in vivo detection of anaphylactic antibodies are described. The relevance of passive anaphylaxis is discussed.", "contents": "Passive allergisation of calves and lambs due to colostral antibodies. Using an aqueous extract of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) as a naturally occurring antigen it was demonstrated that newborn calves were passively sensitized by oral intake of maternal anaphylactic antibodies. In 3 day-old, colostrum deprived calves and lambs the transfer of this anaphylactic activity was studied by Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. The technical conditions of the in vivo detection of anaphylactic antibodies are described. The relevance of passive anaphylaxis is discussed.", "PMID": 747320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7055", "title": "The immunoglobulin composition of colostrum and the persistence of acquired immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in the calf.", "content": "The absolute amounts of immunoglobulins contained in twenty-five samples of colostrum were determined. It was found that the quality of the colostrum is approximately the same for the first nine hours following parturition. The secretion of a cow following an abortion, however, does not have the quality of colostrum and should therefore not be saved to feed newborn calves. Detailed studies concerning the transfer of colostral antibodies to the newborn showed that ideally two liters of colostrum should be given within the first twelve hours. If the calf is derived from a heifer, a young cow or from a newly introduced animal it should receive 50% of its colostrum from an older cow of the herd. The colostrum can be kept in a frozen state for 15 years without losing too much of its original quality. The amounts of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies (against infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Parainfluenza-3) transferred were remarkably high and most likely due to those infections the dams had suffered from. It is proposed that programs should be introduced whereby dams are regularly vaccinated during the late gestation period. The vaccines used and their composition have to depend on the diseases prevalent in the individual countries and regions.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin composition of colostrum and the persistence of acquired immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in the calf. The absolute amounts of immunoglobulins contained in twenty-five samples of colostrum were determined. It was found that the quality of the colostrum is approximately the same for the first nine hours following parturition. The secretion of a cow following an abortion, however, does not have the quality of colostrum and should therefore not be saved to feed newborn calves. Detailed studies concerning the transfer of colostral antibodies to the newborn showed that ideally two liters of colostrum should be given within the first twelve hours. If the calf is derived from a heifer, a young cow or from a newly introduced animal it should receive 50% of its colostrum from an older cow of the herd. The colostrum can be kept in a frozen state for 15 years without losing too much of its original quality. The amounts of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies (against infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Parainfluenza-3) transferred were remarkably high and most likely due to those infections the dams had suffered from. It is proposed that programs should be introduced whereby dams are regularly vaccinated during the late gestation period. The vaccines used and their composition have to depend on the diseases prevalent in the individual countries and regions.", "PMID": 747323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7056", "title": "The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the antibacterial activity of complement, antibodies, and lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum.", "content": "The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on antibacterial factors in bovine colostrum has been studied. Endogenous complement in colostrum was extremely sensitive to both enzymes. IgM was attacked by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin. Trypsin slowly attacked IgG1, causing loss of biological activity due to cleavage of both light and heavy chains. IgG1 was only very slightly attacked by chymotrypsin. Lactoferrin and transferrin in the iron-free state were both susceptible to proteolysis, but the iron saturated forms were more resistant and tended to give rise to stable iron-binding fragments.", "contents": "The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the antibacterial activity of complement, antibodies, and lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum. The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on antibacterial factors in bovine colostrum has been studied. Endogenous complement in colostrum was extremely sensitive to both enzymes. IgM was attacked by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin. Trypsin slowly attacked IgG1, causing loss of biological activity due to cleavage of both light and heavy chains. IgG1 was only very slightly attacked by chymotrypsin. Lactoferrin and transferrin in the iron-free state were both susceptible to proteolysis, but the iron saturated forms were more resistant and tended to give rise to stable iron-binding fragments.", "PMID": 747324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7057", "title": "The role of colostrum antibodies and the significance of antigenic competition in young lambs.", "content": "Young lambs were fed with a small amount of pooled colostrum and injected at either 1, 3, 6 or 12 weeks after birth with the antigen hen egg albumin (Ea). Five days before the Ea injection the experimental group were given a large dose of pooled vaccines (competing antigens). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals after the Ea injection. The results showed marked antigenic competition of Ea at both 6--and 12--weeks of age but the results were partially confounded by the presence of unexpected passive antibodies to Ea in the pooled fed. The experiment was repeated with a separate group of conventionally reared lambs given the same competing antigens but using human serum albumin (HSA) as the suppressed antigen. In this experiment the results differed since antibody concentrations and avidities to HSA were similar in 1, 6 and 12-week-old animals and there was no evidence for antigenic competition. The data presented illustrate the difficulties both of measuring immune responses in young ruminants and also of interpreting such results.", "contents": "The role of colostrum antibodies and the significance of antigenic competition in young lambs. Young lambs were fed with a small amount of pooled colostrum and injected at either 1, 3, 6 or 12 weeks after birth with the antigen hen egg albumin (Ea). Five days before the Ea injection the experimental group were given a large dose of pooled vaccines (competing antigens). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals after the Ea injection. The results showed marked antigenic competition of Ea at both 6--and 12--weeks of age but the results were partially confounded by the presence of unexpected passive antibodies to Ea in the pooled fed. The experiment was repeated with a separate group of conventionally reared lambs given the same competing antigens but using human serum albumin (HSA) as the suppressed antigen. In this experiment the results differed since antibody concentrations and avidities to HSA were similar in 1, 6 and 12-week-old animals and there was no evidence for antigenic competition. The data presented illustrate the difficulties both of measuring immune responses in young ruminants and also of interpreting such results.", "PMID": 747326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7058", "title": "The effect of immunoglobulin levels on calf performance and methods of artificially feeding colostrum to the newborn calf.", "content": "A survey of 1,250 purchased calves found that 40% had blood serum Ig values of less than 15 ZST units. A positive relationship was obtained between initial blood serum Ig level of the purchased calf and subsequent mortality. Calf liveweight gain within two systems of calf rearing was not related to initial blood serum Ig levels. No relationship was obtained between initial Ig levels and incidence of diarrhoea. Artificially feeding the newborn calf to appetite with first milking colostrum in two feeds, the first 4-6 hrs after birth and a second 4-6 hrs later results in 95% of calves having blood serum Ig levels greater than 15 ZST units. Artificially feeding the calf colostrum in the presence of the dam resulted in a significant increase in the calf's blood serum Ig level. Artificially feeding colostrum at room temperature (14 degrees C) did not significantly reduce colostrum intake or calf blood serum Ig levels.", "contents": "The effect of immunoglobulin levels on calf performance and methods of artificially feeding colostrum to the newborn calf. A survey of 1,250 purchased calves found that 40% had blood serum Ig values of less than 15 ZST units. A positive relationship was obtained between initial blood serum Ig level of the purchased calf and subsequent mortality. Calf liveweight gain within two systems of calf rearing was not related to initial blood serum Ig levels. No relationship was obtained between initial Ig levels and incidence of diarrhoea. Artificially feeding the newborn calf to appetite with first milking colostrum in two feeds, the first 4-6 hrs after birth and a second 4-6 hrs later results in 95% of calves having blood serum Ig levels greater than 15 ZST units. Artificially feeding the calf colostrum in the presence of the dam resulted in a significant increase in the calf's blood serum Ig level. Artificially feeding colostrum at room temperature (14 degrees C) did not significantly reduce colostrum intake or calf blood serum Ig levels.", "PMID": 747327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7059", "title": "Effects of orchidectomy and male hormone administration on the adrenal of common myna, Acridotheres tristis.", "content": "When orchidectomized, the adrenals of semi-domestic, adult common myna, Acridotheres tritis atrophied. The cortical cord width and cortico-medullary ratio decreased and ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents of the adrenal increased significantly. Testosterone, depending upon the dose employed either restored the atrophic adrenals to normal condition or caused further atrophy of the glands of the castrated birds, suggesting a stimulatory effect on the adrenals at low and inhibitory at high dose levels.", "contents": "Effects of orchidectomy and male hormone administration on the adrenal of common myna, Acridotheres tristis. When orchidectomized, the adrenals of semi-domestic, adult common myna, Acridotheres tritis atrophied. The cortical cord width and cortico-medullary ratio decreased and ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents of the adrenal increased significantly. Testosterone, depending upon the dose employed either restored the atrophic adrenals to normal condition or caused further atrophy of the glands of the castrated birds, suggesting a stimulatory effect on the adrenals at low and inhibitory at high dose levels.", "PMID": 747378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7060", "title": "[Spermatogenic dysfunction and gonadotrophins (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors try to demonstrate a relation between the number of immature cells of germinal origin in sterile men's sperm and plasmatic gonadotrophin levels of the same patients. Plasma FSH, LH, testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were assayed in two groups of male patients with teratospermia. Results were compared with those obtained in a control group of normal men. Hypophyseal gonadotrophins level is higher in men whose spermatogenesis is defective than in normal men. It is suggested that these results might support the hypothesis that a defect in inhibin synthesis would be responsible for raised gonadotrophins.", "contents": "[Spermatogenic dysfunction and gonadotrophins (author's transl)]. The authors try to demonstrate a relation between the number of immature cells of germinal origin in sterile men's sperm and plasmatic gonadotrophin levels of the same patients. Plasma FSH, LH, testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were assayed in two groups of male patients with teratospermia. Results were compared with those obtained in a control group of normal men. Hypophyseal gonadotrophins level is higher in men whose spermatogenesis is defective than in normal men. It is suggested that these results might support the hypothesis that a defect in inhibin synthesis would be responsible for raised gonadotrophins.", "PMID": 747379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7061", "title": "[Biological parameters of virilism in women].", "content": "Comparative results of the suppression-stimulation test by dexamethasone and chorionic gonadotropin, chromatographic separation of 17-ketosteroids, and plasma testosterone levels in the ovarian and adrenal veins, in cases of virilism in women. Thirteen patients with hirsutism and virilization were investigated as follows: 1. measurement of plasma testosterone (T) levels by radioimmunoassay (RIA) during suppression-stimulation tests by the administration of Dexamethasone (DXM) and chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). 2. chromatographic determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol (P2), and pregnanetriol (P3). An attempt was made to classify virilism as \"ovarian\" or \"adrenal\" based on the results of 1. and 2. 3. bilateral ovarian and adrenal venous catheterization through the femoral vein to measure T (RIA) levels. 4. laparotomy with bilateral wedge resections of the ovaries for therapeutic and biopsy purposes. Surgical catheterization of the ovarian veins was carried out during the operation. The results of these tests show that: a) the dynamic DXM-HCG test can be used to separate those cases in which the ovary is not involved in T formation from those in which, apparently, it is involved. b) chromatographic determination of urinary steroids has no aetiological value, as the variations in the different fractions are not significant. c) in all patients, the principal source of T is the adrenals and not the ovaries, even when there is an increase in T in the ovarian efferent blood vessels.", "contents": "[Biological parameters of virilism in women]. Comparative results of the suppression-stimulation test by dexamethasone and chorionic gonadotropin, chromatographic separation of 17-ketosteroids, and plasma testosterone levels in the ovarian and adrenal veins, in cases of virilism in women. Thirteen patients with hirsutism and virilization were investigated as follows: 1. measurement of plasma testosterone (T) levels by radioimmunoassay (RIA) during suppression-stimulation tests by the administration of Dexamethasone (DXM) and chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). 2. chromatographic determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol (P2), and pregnanetriol (P3). An attempt was made to classify virilism as \"ovarian\" or \"adrenal\" based on the results of 1. and 2. 3. bilateral ovarian and adrenal venous catheterization through the femoral vein to measure T (RIA) levels. 4. laparotomy with bilateral wedge resections of the ovaries for therapeutic and biopsy purposes. Surgical catheterization of the ovarian veins was carried out during the operation. The results of these tests show that: a) the dynamic DXM-HCG test can be used to separate those cases in which the ovary is not involved in T formation from those in which, apparently, it is involved. b) chromatographic determination of urinary steroids has no aetiological value, as the variations in the different fractions are not significant. c) in all patients, the principal source of T is the adrenals and not the ovaries, even when there is an increase in T in the ovarian efferent blood vessels.", "PMID": 747380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7062", "title": "[Auto-immune juvenile polyendocrinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation on a young girl of a chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with a pernicious anemia and a primary defect of parathyroid, adrenal and gonadal functions has brought us to a general review on non tumoral, multiple endocrinopathies in children. The analysis of the 47 observations of literature including the symptomatic triad, moniliasis, hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, correlated with 107 other cases including only an incomplete triad but other well systematized associations, brings us to enlarge the fame of Whitaker's syndrom, to the more generalized one of auto immune juvenile poly-endocrinopathies. It seems to us that this new entity can be individualized: --by clinical features, linked to the age of occurence, to the predilection for the female sex, the specific chronology of the symptoms (moniliasis, hypoparathyroidism, primary hypothyroidism, adrenal and gonadal insufficiencies, Hashimoto thyroiditis, chronic diarrhoea, alopecia, pernicious anemia, \"idiopathic\" liver disease). --by genetic findings : compatible with an autosomic recessive transmission. --by the antaomo pathological aspect of the destroyed endocrine glandes on which the lymphocyte infiltration rises. --and by the etiopathogenic mechanism which is certainly linked to a defect of cell mediated immunity. Moreover, these different features seem to differentiate this juvenile syndrom from the polyendocrinopathies of the adult.", "contents": "[Auto-immune juvenile polyendocrinopathy (author's transl)]. The observation on a young girl of a chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with a pernicious anemia and a primary defect of parathyroid, adrenal and gonadal functions has brought us to a general review on non tumoral, multiple endocrinopathies in children. The analysis of the 47 observations of literature including the symptomatic triad, moniliasis, hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, correlated with 107 other cases including only an incomplete triad but other well systematized associations, brings us to enlarge the fame of Whitaker's syndrom, to the more generalized one of auto immune juvenile poly-endocrinopathies. It seems to us that this new entity can be individualized: --by clinical features, linked to the age of occurence, to the predilection for the female sex, the specific chronology of the symptoms (moniliasis, hypoparathyroidism, primary hypothyroidism, adrenal and gonadal insufficiencies, Hashimoto thyroiditis, chronic diarrhoea, alopecia, pernicious anemia, \"idiopathic\" liver disease). --by genetic findings : compatible with an autosomic recessive transmission. --by the antaomo pathological aspect of the destroyed endocrine glandes on which the lymphocyte infiltration rises. --and by the etiopathogenic mechanism which is certainly linked to a defect of cell mediated immunity. Moreover, these different features seem to differentiate this juvenile syndrom from the polyendocrinopathies of the adult.", "PMID": 747381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7063", "title": "Clinical and endocrinological aspects of induced parturition in multiparous sows.", "content": "Intramuscular administration of PGF2alpha or its analogue ICI 80996 at 110--112 days of gestation results in grouped parturition. The decrease of progesterone levels is interrupted by a temporary increase. During expulsion rather high values are obtained compared to the control group. Unconjugated oestrogens increase, reaching maximum values just before expulsion.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrinological aspects of induced parturition in multiparous sows. Intramuscular administration of PGF2alpha or its analogue ICI 80996 at 110--112 days of gestation results in grouped parturition. The decrease of progesterone levels is interrupted by a temporary increase. During expulsion rather high values are obtained compared to the control group. Unconjugated oestrogens increase, reaching maximum values just before expulsion.", "PMID": 747382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7064", "title": "[Thyroid secretion in experimental hyperplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperactive dog thyroids were prepared by repeated TSH stimulation in vivo. Butanol extractable 125iodine (BE 125I) release in vitro from such hyperactive thyroid slices was enhanced when compared with resting slices. Apical pseudopods an colloid droplets were exceptional in such hyperactive thyroids. Moreover, BE125I release was intensitive to cytochalasin B, microtubules and metabolic inhibitors, and decreased only with temperature. Our data demonstrate that hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroids is not secondary to apical phagocytosis of colloid droplets.", "contents": "[Thyroid secretion in experimental hyperplasia (author's transl)]. Hyperactive dog thyroids were prepared by repeated TSH stimulation in vivo. Butanol extractable 125iodine (BE 125I) release in vitro from such hyperactive thyroid slices was enhanced when compared with resting slices. Apical pseudopods an colloid droplets were exceptional in such hyperactive thyroids. Moreover, BE125I release was intensitive to cytochalasin B, microtubules and metabolic inhibitors, and decreased only with temperature. Our data demonstrate that hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroids is not secondary to apical phagocytosis of colloid droplets.", "PMID": 747383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7065", "title": "[Late metabolic effects of the neo natal andogenisation or oestrogenisation of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Neo natal androgenisation of the female rat provoke at 3 months : 1) an accentuation of the insulin secretion at the glucose loading with the diet rich in saturated fat an a reduction with the diet rich in sucrose or rapesced oil; 2) Hypercholesterolemia with all the diets and 3) hypertriglyceridemia with diet rich in saturated fat or sucrose. Neo natal oestrogenisation of the male rata provoke at 3 months : 1) a reduction of the insulin secretion at the glucose loading with all the diets 2) hypercholesterolemia with the diet rich in saturated fats 3) hypertriglyceridemia with diets rich in M.C.T. or sucrose.", "contents": "[Late metabolic effects of the neo natal andogenisation or oestrogenisation of the rat (author's transl)]. Neo natal androgenisation of the female rat provoke at 3 months : 1) an accentuation of the insulin secretion at the glucose loading with the diet rich in saturated fat an a reduction with the diet rich in sucrose or rapesced oil; 2) Hypercholesterolemia with all the diets and 3) hypertriglyceridemia with diet rich in saturated fat or sucrose. Neo natal oestrogenisation of the male rata provoke at 3 months : 1) a reduction of the insulin secretion at the glucose loading with all the diets 2) hypercholesterolemia with the diet rich in saturated fats 3) hypertriglyceridemia with diets rich in M.C.T. or sucrose.", "PMID": 747384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7066", "title": "Cold-shock induced changes in the interrenal tissue of a fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus.", "content": "Interrenal tissue of Colisa is present in the head kidney as a collar around the right posterior cardinal vein. In the latter, a sphincter-like structure was observed. The adrenocortical cells are organized in irregularly grouped lobules, each lobule having a small lumen at its centre. There are usually 1-3 layers of such lobules around the vein. The chromaffin cells are interspersed between the adrenocortical cells and are readily identified because of their large size and almost transparent cytoplasm. Both the adrenocortical and chromaffin cells are irregular in shape with a single nucleus. Distinct hypertrophy of the adrenal cortical cells and their nuclei is observed at 171 minutes and 267 to 363 minutes following cold-shock (about +2 degrees C). Extrusion of the nucleoli through the nuclear membrane is noticed at 315 minutes. These changes indicate activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis subsequent to the stress of cold-shock. Size of the chromaffin cells and of their nuclei decreased at 75, 123 and 315 minutes post shock, suggesting release of catecholamines leading to the activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis.", "contents": "Cold-shock induced changes in the interrenal tissue of a fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus. Interrenal tissue of Colisa is present in the head kidney as a collar around the right posterior cardinal vein. In the latter, a sphincter-like structure was observed. The adrenocortical cells are organized in irregularly grouped lobules, each lobule having a small lumen at its centre. There are usually 1-3 layers of such lobules around the vein. The chromaffin cells are interspersed between the adrenocortical cells and are readily identified because of their large size and almost transparent cytoplasm. Both the adrenocortical and chromaffin cells are irregular in shape with a single nucleus. Distinct hypertrophy of the adrenal cortical cells and their nuclei is observed at 171 minutes and 267 to 363 minutes following cold-shock (about +2 degrees C). Extrusion of the nucleoli through the nuclear membrane is noticed at 315 minutes. These changes indicate activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis subsequent to the stress of cold-shock. Size of the chromaffin cells and of their nuclei decreased at 75, 123 and 315 minutes post shock, suggesting release of catecholamines leading to the activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis.", "PMID": 747390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7067", "title": "Electron microscopy of lamellated osmiophilic bodies in granular pneumocytes of the toad (Bufo icterus icterus) in an advanced stage of dehydration and after rehydration.", "content": "The effects of body dehydration on the ultrastructural pattern of lamellated osmiophilic bodies of granular pneumocytes of toads were investigated until almost complete absence of these bodies after 40 per cent body weight loss. The presence of lamellated osmiophilic bodies after rehydration would strongly indicate that water has a great influence upon the secretion of these structures.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of lamellated osmiophilic bodies in granular pneumocytes of the toad (Bufo icterus icterus) in an advanced stage of dehydration and after rehydration. The effects of body dehydration on the ultrastructural pattern of lamellated osmiophilic bodies of granular pneumocytes of toads were investigated until almost complete absence of these bodies after 40 per cent body weight loss. The presence of lamellated osmiophilic bodies after rehydration would strongly indicate that water has a great influence upon the secretion of these structures.", "PMID": 747391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7068", "title": "Immune type glomerulonephritis induced by HgCl2 in the Brown Norway rat.", "content": "HgCl2 chronically injected in the Brown-Norway rat induced a biphasic renal disease. The first stage was characterized by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. The second stage by the appearance of immune complexe type deposits in the glomerular tufts and in the small renal arteries. These immune complexes were constituted of a basement membrane component and anti-basement membrane antibodies. Other immune complexes were perhaps involved. In most of the rats, a proteinuria and a nephrotic syndrome appeared, as a consequence of this immune disease. No abnormalities were observed in Lewis rats, suggesting a role for a genetic control of this immune response.", "contents": "Immune type glomerulonephritis induced by HgCl2 in the Brown Norway rat. HgCl2 chronically injected in the Brown-Norway rat induced a biphasic renal disease. The first stage was characterized by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. The second stage by the appearance of immune complexe type deposits in the glomerular tufts and in the small renal arteries. These immune complexes were constituted of a basement membrane component and anti-basement membrane antibodies. Other immune complexes were perhaps involved. In most of the rats, a proteinuria and a nephrotic syndrome appeared, as a consequence of this immune disease. No abnormalities were observed in Lewis rats, suggesting a role for a genetic control of this immune response.", "PMID": 747385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7069", "title": "[Effect of protein additives in mouse food on immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein additives used in mouse food (fish meal, bovine blood meal, milk powder) interfere with the specific immune response induced with sheep red blood cells. Bovine blood meal reduces delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and delays IgG production. Blood derivatives suppress mostly the central induction and not the peripheral expression of DTH since depression can be shown after systemic and not after subcutaneous immunization. The suppression of DTH is specific, it did not appear when DTH was produced with antigens presenting no antigenic cross-reactivity with protein additives (chicken red blood cells, tuberculin). This depressive effect was related neither to the presence of inhibitory serum factor nor to the production after immunization of specific antigen-antibody-blocking factor. Blood derivatives seem to act on the afferent arc of immune response especially on the splenic immunogenicity of the injected antigen to produce DTH.", "contents": "[Effect of protein additives in mouse food on immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice (author's transl)]. Protein additives used in mouse food (fish meal, bovine blood meal, milk powder) interfere with the specific immune response induced with sheep red blood cells. Bovine blood meal reduces delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and delays IgG production. Blood derivatives suppress mostly the central induction and not the peripheral expression of DTH since depression can be shown after systemic and not after subcutaneous immunization. The suppression of DTH is specific, it did not appear when DTH was produced with antigens presenting no antigenic cross-reactivity with protein additives (chicken red blood cells, tuberculin). This depressive effect was related neither to the presence of inhibitory serum factor nor to the production after immunization of specific antigen-antibody-blocking factor. Blood derivatives seem to act on the afferent arc of immune response especially on the splenic immunogenicity of the injected antigen to produce DTH.", "PMID": 747386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7070", "title": "Observations on the structure and levels of expression of murine spermatozoan abnormalities with special reference to tail deformations.", "content": "Spermatozoan abnormalities have been studied by light and electron microscopy in the cauda epididymidis of 3 month old Balb/c and C57Bl mice. A qualitative account of the different abnormality-types at both levels of microscopy is given, with special emphasis on tail-defects which have so far received little attention. Quantitative data by light microscopy are also provided in an attempt to correlate structural abnormalities with the difference in fertility between these strains.", "contents": "Observations on the structure and levels of expression of murine spermatozoan abnormalities with special reference to tail deformations. Spermatozoan abnormalities have been studied by light and electron microscopy in the cauda epididymidis of 3 month old Balb/c and C57Bl mice. A qualitative account of the different abnormality-types at both levels of microscopy is given, with special emphasis on tail-defects which have so far received little attention. Quantitative data by light microscopy are also provided in an attempt to correlate structural abnormalities with the difference in fertility between these strains.", "PMID": 747392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7071", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on the afferent innervation of cat pancreas.", "content": "The afferent innervation of the pancreas was studied with Holme's silver technique in normal and vagotomized cats 24, 48 and 72 hours after sectioning the vagus. Pacinian corpuscles were found in the interlobular and periductal connective tissue. After right vagotomy, degenerative changes were noticed among some of the nerve fibres entering the formation of the perivascular, periacinar, peri-insular and periductal plexuses. Moreover, degenerative changes were noticed in most of the Pacinian corpuscles while others remained unaffected, thus denoting that the right vagus was not the only pathway of the afferent nerve fibres from the pancreas and probably the left vagus contributed in that domain.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on the afferent innervation of cat pancreas. The afferent innervation of the pancreas was studied with Holme's silver technique in normal and vagotomized cats 24, 48 and 72 hours after sectioning the vagus. Pacinian corpuscles were found in the interlobular and periductal connective tissue. After right vagotomy, degenerative changes were noticed among some of the nerve fibres entering the formation of the perivascular, periacinar, peri-insular and periductal plexuses. Moreover, degenerative changes were noticed in most of the Pacinian corpuscles while others remained unaffected, thus denoting that the right vagus was not the only pathway of the afferent nerve fibres from the pancreas and probably the left vagus contributed in that domain.", "PMID": 747393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7072", "title": "[Evolution of muscles in Nereidae (Annelida polycheta) during epitoky. I and II. Atokous and epitokous longitudinal fibres (author's transl)].", "content": "The longitudinal fibres from atokous Nereis belong to the double oblique striation type. Their thick myofilaments, paramyosinic (about 145 A periodicity) are arranged in an hexagonal lattice, well preserved after a glycerol treatment. 9 to 13 thin filaments form an orbit around one thick filament (ratio: 6-7/1). The contraction occurs in two processes: a sliding filament mechanism, and a shearing mechanism. This second mechanism consists in a parallel shifting of thick filaments, arising their overlap and decreasing their degree of stagger; it induces the increase of the myofibrillar (A-bands) oblique angle from 10-12 degrees in isolated glycerol extracted fibres, to 35-38 degrees in the same fibres after contraction by the action of ATP-solution. The longitudinal fibres from epitokous Nereis or Heteronereis are characterized also by a double oblique striation. The structural aspects of the contraction are similar to these ones occurring in atokous fibres. Nevertheless, the epitokous fibres are different from the atokous fibres by many characteristic points. Their thick myofilaments, with an hexagonous array, are thinner and shorter than these ones from atokous fibres. The contractile material is only present in the cortex. The axis of epitokous fibres is filled with numerous mitochondria, between them numerous glycogen particles have been synthetised. The sarcoplasm of the fiber's coelomic edge is often devoided of myofilaments but it is full of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The nucleus, with a voluminous nucleolus, is no more placed in the fibre axis, but in a lateral sarcoplasm containing ribosomes, glycogen and mitochondria. The important transformations of longitudinal fibres are discussed in connection with the Heteronereis locomotor behaviour, very different from this one of the atokus Nereis. Particularly, it seems that the abundance of glycogen and mitochondria in epitokous muscles allows a high contraction frequency. The decrease of the diameter and length from the thick filaments should be set in relation with the augmentation of the contraction's swiftness. These results are very similar to these ones occuring in Syllidae with the stolonization mode of reproduction. The Syllis stolonial fibres present the same characteristics than the Nereis epitokous fibres.", "contents": "[Evolution of muscles in Nereidae (Annelida polycheta) during epitoky. I and II. Atokous and epitokous longitudinal fibres (author's transl)]. The longitudinal fibres from atokous Nereis belong to the double oblique striation type. Their thick myofilaments, paramyosinic (about 145 A periodicity) are arranged in an hexagonal lattice, well preserved after a glycerol treatment. 9 to 13 thin filaments form an orbit around one thick filament (ratio: 6-7/1). The contraction occurs in two processes: a sliding filament mechanism, and a shearing mechanism. This second mechanism consists in a parallel shifting of thick filaments, arising their overlap and decreasing their degree of stagger; it induces the increase of the myofibrillar (A-bands) oblique angle from 10-12 degrees in isolated glycerol extracted fibres, to 35-38 degrees in the same fibres after contraction by the action of ATP-solution. The longitudinal fibres from epitokous Nereis or Heteronereis are characterized also by a double oblique striation. The structural aspects of the contraction are similar to these ones occurring in atokous fibres. Nevertheless, the epitokous fibres are different from the atokous fibres by many characteristic points. Their thick myofilaments, with an hexagonous array, are thinner and shorter than these ones from atokous fibres. The contractile material is only present in the cortex. The axis of epitokous fibres is filled with numerous mitochondria, between them numerous glycogen particles have been synthetised. The sarcoplasm of the fiber's coelomic edge is often devoided of myofilaments but it is full of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The nucleus, with a voluminous nucleolus, is no more placed in the fibre axis, but in a lateral sarcoplasm containing ribosomes, glycogen and mitochondria. The important transformations of longitudinal fibres are discussed in connection with the Heteronereis locomotor behaviour, very different from this one of the atokus Nereis. Particularly, it seems that the abundance of glycogen and mitochondria in epitokous muscles allows a high contraction frequency. The decrease of the diameter and length from the thick filaments should be set in relation with the augmentation of the contraction's swiftness. These results are very similar to these ones occuring in Syllidae with the stolonization mode of reproduction. The Syllis stolonial fibres present the same characteristics than the Nereis epitokous fibres.", "PMID": 747394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7073", "title": "[Relationship between orally induced immune tolerance and local immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "BALB/c mice were immunized by intragastric immunization with sheep red blood cells repeated daily for 4 days. This immunization resulted in the appearance of circulating antibodies which were predominantly of the IgA class. When serum from intragastrically immunized mice was administered intraperitoneally to recipient animals 8 h before parenteral immunization with sheep red blood cells, the subsequent immune response was depressed proportionally to the dose of serum injected. When intragastrically immunized mice were challenged intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells, the level of the IgM response to the parenteral stimulation was in inverse ratio to the IgA response induced by the oral route. These results suggest that orally induced IgA production is related to orally induced immune tolerance and that systemic hyporesponsiveness is achieved while gut plasma cells are producing specific IgA.", "contents": "[Relationship between orally induced immune tolerance and local immune response (author's transl)]. BALB/c mice were immunized by intragastric immunization with sheep red blood cells repeated daily for 4 days. This immunization resulted in the appearance of circulating antibodies which were predominantly of the IgA class. When serum from intragastrically immunized mice was administered intraperitoneally to recipient animals 8 h before parenteral immunization with sheep red blood cells, the subsequent immune response was depressed proportionally to the dose of serum injected. When intragastrically immunized mice were challenged intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells, the level of the IgM response to the parenteral stimulation was in inverse ratio to the IgA response induced by the oral route. These results suggest that orally induced IgA production is related to orally induced immune tolerance and that systemic hyporesponsiveness is achieved while gut plasma cells are producing specific IgA.", "PMID": 747389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7074", "title": "Kinetics of haemolysis by complement. ii.--Development of new equations.", "content": "A new quantitative equation was developed by a process of trial and error. This equation, more complex than the classic Von Krogh equation, nevertheless gives a better account of percentages of haemolysis versus quantities of complement. A basic biological unit independent of red corpuscles quantity and sensitivity can be calculated. In addition, variations of the slope coefficient are of interest in pathology. However, the present paper is devoted to \"normal\" complement kinetics. Time-kinetics were found to follow the rules of general chemistry and could be derived mathematically.", "contents": "Kinetics of haemolysis by complement. ii.--Development of new equations. A new quantitative equation was developed by a process of trial and error. This equation, more complex than the classic Von Krogh equation, nevertheless gives a better account of percentages of haemolysis versus quantities of complement. A basic biological unit independent of red corpuscles quantity and sensitivity can be calculated. In addition, variations of the slope coefficient are of interest in pathology. However, the present paper is devoted to \"normal\" complement kinetics. Time-kinetics were found to follow the rules of general chemistry and could be derived mathematically.", "PMID": 747388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7075", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of the nucleus isthmo-opticus in the pigeon.", "content": "A morphological study of the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) has been carried out using several histological approaches as well as electron microscopic analysis. The nucleus is composed of bipolar cells of relatively constant size. The neurones within a given nuclear region are oriented in the same plane and direction. EM observations show that neighbouring cells often give off complex spinous extensions that come in close contact with each other. The apposed membranes of these extensions display large attachment plaques. The neuropil contains relatively abundantly myelinated axons, thin dendrites, and various types of terminals. A majority of the terminals contain rounded vesicles. The tecto-isthmic projection has been studied electronmicroscopically, by using the degeneration technique. The tecto-isthmic terminals contain predominantly rounded vesicles. They almost always make axo-dendritic contacts. Degeneration and autoradiographic techniques at the light microscope level fully confirm previous data by others on the topologic organization of the projection. The above two techniques were applied to the study of NIO-retinal interrelationships. No retinal projection to NIO could be confirmed. On the other hand, enucleation induces a terminal degeneration of slow time course. This finding suggests the presence of intrinsic fibre collaterals of isthmo-retinal axons. The existence of fibre projections from the oculomotor nuclei is shown by a light microscope degeneration study. Fibres coming from the trochlear nucleus might correspond to collaterals of motor axons.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of the nucleus isthmo-opticus in the pigeon. A morphological study of the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) has been carried out using several histological approaches as well as electron microscopic analysis. The nucleus is composed of bipolar cells of relatively constant size. The neurones within a given nuclear region are oriented in the same plane and direction. EM observations show that neighbouring cells often give off complex spinous extensions that come in close contact with each other. The apposed membranes of these extensions display large attachment plaques. The neuropil contains relatively abundantly myelinated axons, thin dendrites, and various types of terminals. A majority of the terminals contain rounded vesicles. The tecto-isthmic projection has been studied electronmicroscopically, by using the degeneration technique. The tecto-isthmic terminals contain predominantly rounded vesicles. They almost always make axo-dendritic contacts. Degeneration and autoradiographic techniques at the light microscope level fully confirm previous data by others on the topologic organization of the projection. The above two techniques were applied to the study of NIO-retinal interrelationships. No retinal projection to NIO could be confirmed. On the other hand, enucleation induces a terminal degeneration of slow time course. This finding suggests the presence of intrinsic fibre collaterals of isthmo-retinal axons. The existence of fibre projections from the oculomotor nuclei is shown by a light microscope degeneration study. Fibres coming from the trochlear nucleus might correspond to collaterals of motor axons.", "PMID": 747395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7076", "title": "Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The effects of intrauterine onset on lung growth.", "content": "Thoracic gas volume (TGV), resting lung volume at end expiration, was measured by the plethysmographic technique in 9 infants with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Five of these infants were considered to have intrauterine onset of the disease; the mother in each case had reported a pronounced reduction in fetal activity during the last trimester of pregnancy, and 4 were found to be hypotonic at birth. The remaining 4 infants appeared normal at birth and did not develop any signs of the disease until between 2 and 12 weeks postnatally. Those with intrauterine onset of disease had a significantly reduced TGV (mean 20.8 ml kg(-1)), whereas those with postnatal onset had normal lung volumes (means 36.1 ml kg(-1)). The reduction in lung volume correlated only with intrauterine onset of disease, and was not related to either the degree of muscle weakness or the duration of disease. There is increasing evidence that fetal breathing movements may be one of the essential prerequisites for normal fetal lung development. It is therefore possible that diminished fetal breathing movements, resulting from weakness of the respiratory musculature in utero, could be responsible for the reduction in lung volume found in those infants with intrauterine onset of the disease.", "contents": "Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The effects of intrauterine onset on lung growth. Thoracic gas volume (TGV), resting lung volume at end expiration, was measured by the plethysmographic technique in 9 infants with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Five of these infants were considered to have intrauterine onset of the disease; the mother in each case had reported a pronounced reduction in fetal activity during the last trimester of pregnancy, and 4 were found to be hypotonic at birth. The remaining 4 infants appeared normal at birth and did not develop any signs of the disease until between 2 and 12 weeks postnatally. Those with intrauterine onset of disease had a significantly reduced TGV (mean 20.8 ml kg(-1)), whereas those with postnatal onset had normal lung volumes (means 36.1 ml kg(-1)). The reduction in lung volume correlated only with intrauterine onset of disease, and was not related to either the degree of muscle weakness or the duration of disease. There is increasing evidence that fetal breathing movements may be one of the essential prerequisites for normal fetal lung development. It is therefore possible that diminished fetal breathing movements, resulting from weakness of the respiratory musculature in utero, could be responsible for the reduction in lung volume found in those infants with intrauterine onset of the disease.", "PMID": 747396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7077", "title": "Improved accuracy of lactose tolerance test in children, using expired H2 measurement.", "content": "Expired hydrogen and blood glucose were measured during an oral lactose tolerance test in 163 children aged between 9 months and 14 years. Lactose malabsorption, defined as an abnormal increase in expired H2 during a lactose tolerance test, was found in 54 children. Of these, 30 were found to be lactose intolerant as the increased expired H2 was accompanied by clinical symptoms. The other 109 children, in whom there was no rise in expired H2, were assumed to have normal lactose absorption. In children with lactose intolerance the increase in expired H2 tended to occur earlier after lactose ingestion than in children with malabsorption. The mean value of the rise in blood glucose was 2.4 mmol/100 ml) in the lactose-tolerant children and 1.0 mmol/1 (18 mg/100 ml) in the lactose-intolerant ones. Although this difference is significant (p less than 0.001), the rise in blood glucose, in predicting the correct diagnosis, was wrong in 13% of cases in the lactose-tolerant group, and wrong in 37% in the lactose-intolerant group (95% confidence limits 9-19% and 22-53% respectively). It is concluded that a rise in blood glucose, whether or not of more that 1.2 mmol/1 (22mg/100 ml) is of little help in differentiating lactose tolerance from intolerance.", "contents": "Improved accuracy of lactose tolerance test in children, using expired H2 measurement. Expired hydrogen and blood glucose were measured during an oral lactose tolerance test in 163 children aged between 9 months and 14 years. Lactose malabsorption, defined as an abnormal increase in expired H2 during a lactose tolerance test, was found in 54 children. Of these, 30 were found to be lactose intolerant as the increased expired H2 was accompanied by clinical symptoms. The other 109 children, in whom there was no rise in expired H2, were assumed to have normal lactose absorption. In children with lactose intolerance the increase in expired H2 tended to occur earlier after lactose ingestion than in children with malabsorption. The mean value of the rise in blood glucose was 2.4 mmol/100 ml) in the lactose-tolerant children and 1.0 mmol/1 (18 mg/100 ml) in the lactose-intolerant ones. Although this difference is significant (p less than 0.001), the rise in blood glucose, in predicting the correct diagnosis, was wrong in 13% of cases in the lactose-tolerant group, and wrong in 37% in the lactose-intolerant group (95% confidence limits 9-19% and 22-53% respectively). It is concluded that a rise in blood glucose, whether or not of more that 1.2 mmol/1 (22mg/100 ml) is of little help in differentiating lactose tolerance from intolerance.", "PMID": 747397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7078", "title": "Serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children after oral administration of two slow-release theophylline preparations.", "content": "Serum theophylline levels were measured throughout the day in 65 asthmatic children receiving one of two slow-release theophylline compounds. There was a wide interindividual variation in levels obtained with similar doses of pure theophylline, and also a wide intraindividaual variation in levels throughout the day, suggesting that the rates of release and/or absorption of theophylline from these compounds are not uniform. There were fewer side effects associated with taking these compounds than with choline theophyllinate.", "contents": "Serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children after oral administration of two slow-release theophylline preparations. Serum theophylline levels were measured throughout the day in 65 asthmatic children receiving one of two slow-release theophylline compounds. There was a wide interindividual variation in levels obtained with similar doses of pure theophylline, and also a wide intraindividaual variation in levels throughout the day, suggesting that the rates of release and/or absorption of theophylline from these compounds are not uniform. There were fewer side effects associated with taking these compounds than with choline theophyllinate.", "PMID": 747398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7079", "title": "Hypothyroidism in children with cystinosis.", "content": "Eight children with cystinosis (3 with renal transplants, 2 on maintenance haemodialysis, 2 with chronic renal failure, and one with normal renal function) were studied for evidence of hypothyroidism, and compared with a control group of children with chronic renal failure due to other causes. Abnormal thyroid function was present in all the cystinotic patients: thyroxine (T4) low in 1, free thyroxine index (FTI) low in 2, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) raised in 6; all had a supranormal TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation, indicating impaired thyroid reserve compared with patients in the control group who had a depressed or normal TSH response. Increased growth velocity with thyroid supplementation occurred in only 2 patients, and the onset of puberty may have contributed to this improvement. Hypothyroidism is a common finding in cystinosis, and it is suggested that thyroxine treatment be started when the TSH concentration becomes raised.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism in children with cystinosis. Eight children with cystinosis (3 with renal transplants, 2 on maintenance haemodialysis, 2 with chronic renal failure, and one with normal renal function) were studied for evidence of hypothyroidism, and compared with a control group of children with chronic renal failure due to other causes. Abnormal thyroid function was present in all the cystinotic patients: thyroxine (T4) low in 1, free thyroxine index (FTI) low in 2, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) raised in 6; all had a supranormal TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation, indicating impaired thyroid reserve compared with patients in the control group who had a depressed or normal TSH response. Increased growth velocity with thyroid supplementation occurred in only 2 patients, and the onset of puberty may have contributed to this improvement. Hypothyroidism is a common finding in cystinosis, and it is suggested that thyroxine treatment be started when the TSH concentration becomes raised.", "PMID": 747399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7080", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary hormone insufficiency associated with cleft lip and palate.", "content": "Two male patients with congenital cleft lip and palate first seen at ages 10.2 and 21.5 years presented with typical signs of hypothalamic-interior pituitary hormone deficiencies. They were found to lack GH, LH, and FSH and to be partially deficient in TSH and ACTH. Several congenital defects may explain this rare syndrome affecting midline structures in the proximity of the maldeveloped palate, including Rathke's pouch, which migrates distally to develop into the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary hormone insufficiency associated with cleft lip and palate. Two male patients with congenital cleft lip and palate first seen at ages 10.2 and 21.5 years presented with typical signs of hypothalamic-interior pituitary hormone deficiencies. They were found to lack GH, LH, and FSH and to be partially deficient in TSH and ACTH. Several congenital defects may explain this rare syndrome affecting midline structures in the proximity of the maldeveloped palate, including Rathke's pouch, which migrates distally to develop into the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 747400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7081", "title": "Menkes's syndrome. Report of a patient treated from 21 days of age with parenteral copper.", "content": "In an infant with Menkes's steely-hair syndrome, early treatment (from 21 days of age) with parenteral copper failed to halt the disease. In addition to urinary tract abnormalities, panlobular emphysema was present a finding not previously noted in the syndrome.", "contents": "Menkes's syndrome. Report of a patient treated from 21 days of age with parenteral copper. In an infant with Menkes's steely-hair syndrome, early treatment (from 21 days of age) with parenteral copper failed to halt the disease. In addition to urinary tract abnormalities, panlobular emphysema was present a finding not previously noted in the syndrome.", "PMID": 747401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7082", "title": "Use of salbutamol powder in childhood asthma.", "content": "In this study on 31 asthmatic children, salbutamol powder was as effective as salbutamol aerosol in the older asthmatic child studied daily during a 6-week period. The rotahaler can be used successfully from 3 years and, as measured by the peak expiratory flow rate, salbutamol powder is effective in this young age group.", "contents": "Use of salbutamol powder in childhood asthma. In this study on 31 asthmatic children, salbutamol powder was as effective as salbutamol aerosol in the older asthmatic child studied daily during a 6-week period. The rotahaler can be used successfully from 3 years and, as measured by the peak expiratory flow rate, salbutamol powder is effective in this young age group.", "PMID": 747402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7083", "title": "Depigmented hair. The earliest sign of tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "We have studied 4 children with tuberous sclerosis with one or more patches of depigmented scalp hair and in each case these were noticed by the parents at birth. In one patient the finding of a tuft of white hair preceded the appearance of white macules by many months. A tuft of white scalp hair is a useful new sign of tuberous sclerosis in the newborn and young child, and the hair should be examined as carefully as the skin when early 'organic' seizures are unexplained.", "contents": "Depigmented hair. The earliest sign of tuberous sclerosis. We have studied 4 children with tuberous sclerosis with one or more patches of depigmented scalp hair and in each case these were noticed by the parents at birth. In one patient the finding of a tuft of white hair preceded the appearance of white macules by many months. A tuft of white scalp hair is a useful new sign of tuberous sclerosis in the newborn and young child, and the hair should be examined as carefully as the skin when early 'organic' seizures are unexplained.", "PMID": 747403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7084", "title": "Bone growth in thalassaemic children.", "content": "X-ray measurements were made of the length and width of the 3 middle metacarpal bones of both hands, in 61 thalassaemic and 35 control children of both sexes aged 5--13 years. Growth in length of the bone was normal until age 11 years but after this it was smaller in thalassaemic children. The growth of total width in thalassaemic children was greater than that of the controls until age 11 years and then became equal. The proportion of children with bone age retardation was greater after 7 years.", "contents": "Bone growth in thalassaemic children. X-ray measurements were made of the length and width of the 3 middle metacarpal bones of both hands, in 61 thalassaemic and 35 control children of both sexes aged 5--13 years. Growth in length of the bone was normal until age 11 years but after this it was smaller in thalassaemic children. The growth of total width in thalassaemic children was greater than that of the controls until age 11 years and then became equal. The proportion of children with bone age retardation was greater after 7 years.", "PMID": 747404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7085", "title": "Epileptic laughter with precocious puberty.", "content": "A child with associated epileptic laughter and precocious puberty is reported. The significance of epileptic laughter as a possible marker of hypothalamic disease is noted.", "contents": "Epileptic laughter with precocious puberty. A child with associated epileptic laughter and precocious puberty is reported. The significance of epileptic laughter as a possible marker of hypothalamic disease is noted.", "PMID": 747405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7086", "title": "Ecological studies in Madagascar of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. 2. Biology and dynamics in the non-endemic area of Antananarivo.", "content": "The region of Antananarivo, where Schistosomiasis is not yet endemic, is compared to Ambositra, a well established focus of S. mansoni, with regard to climate, hydrology and snail habitats. Higher mean temperatures and a more pronounced dry season in Antananarivo contribute to sometimes less favourable hydrological conditions. Biomphalaria is found in very few and limited habitats. Population dynamics were followed up in selected habitats and showed ecological parameters comparable to those of the Ambositra-strain. Trematode infections were very scarce. Both strains of Biomphalaria are equally susceptible to infections with the malagasy strain of S. mansoni (up to 100 p. 100). Mortality rates, prepatency periods and the electrophoretic pattern of egg proteins are very similar. Foreign snail species like B. glabrata (albino strain) and B. pfeifferi (South African strain) are hardly susceptible to malagasy S. mansoni. Some cases of S. mansoni-infections are mentioned, which presumably had been contracted in non-endemic areas of the province of Antananarivo. The possibility and risk of implantation of schistosomiasis in this region and in the town is evaluated following the discussion of epidemiological details. The author concludes that in spite of some unfavourable conditions for S. mansoni the establishment of the cycle can locally not be excluded. Attention is all the more important, as control of endemic schistosomiasis would be particularly difficult under malagasy conditions of geography, climate, snail dynamics and human behaviour.", "contents": "Ecological studies in Madagascar of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. 2. Biology and dynamics in the non-endemic area of Antananarivo. The region of Antananarivo, where Schistosomiasis is not yet endemic, is compared to Ambositra, a well established focus of S. mansoni, with regard to climate, hydrology and snail habitats. Higher mean temperatures and a more pronounced dry season in Antananarivo contribute to sometimes less favourable hydrological conditions. Biomphalaria is found in very few and limited habitats. Population dynamics were followed up in selected habitats and showed ecological parameters comparable to those of the Ambositra-strain. Trematode infections were very scarce. Both strains of Biomphalaria are equally susceptible to infections with the malagasy strain of S. mansoni (up to 100 p. 100). Mortality rates, prepatency periods and the electrophoretic pattern of egg proteins are very similar. Foreign snail species like B. glabrata (albino strain) and B. pfeifferi (South African strain) are hardly susceptible to malagasy S. mansoni. Some cases of S. mansoni-infections are mentioned, which presumably had been contracted in non-endemic areas of the province of Antananarivo. The possibility and risk of implantation of schistosomiasis in this region and in the town is evaluated following the discussion of epidemiological details. The author concludes that in spite of some unfavourable conditions for S. mansoni the establishment of the cycle can locally not be excluded. Attention is all the more important, as control of endemic schistosomiasis would be particularly difficult under malagasy conditions of geography, climate, snail dynamics and human behaviour.", "PMID": 747438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7087", "title": "[Plesiomonas shigelloides. 23 strains isolated from human stools in Madagascar].", "content": "Twenty-three strains of Plesiomonas shigello\u00efdes isolated from human stools in Antananarivo are studied. Ficklness of some biochemical characters is observed. Ability to pathogenicity is tested on animals (cornea of guinea pigs, intestinal ligatured loops of rabbits).", "contents": "[Plesiomonas shigelloides. 23 strains isolated from human stools in Madagascar]. Twenty-three strains of Plesiomonas shigello\u00efdes isolated from human stools in Antananarivo are studied. Ficklness of some biochemical characters is observed. Ability to pathogenicity is tested on animals (cornea of guinea pigs, intestinal ligatured loops of rabbits).", "PMID": 747440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7088", "title": "[Preliminary studies of Conus geographus venom structural properties: evaluation of the toxin's molecular weight].", "content": "Venom from the posterior half of the venom duct of Conus Geographus was toxic to mice but without effect on a crab, and produced a flaccid spasmodic paralysis in mice. The minimum lethal dose for mice ranged from 5 micrograms to 50 micrograms (net weight) of venom per mouse. Toxin was submitted to Sephadex G 25 chromatography and to ultrafiltration. The venom was inactivated by pronase. The data suggested that the toxin was a peptide of molecular weight of about 1 500-2 000.", "contents": "[Preliminary studies of Conus geographus venom structural properties: evaluation of the toxin's molecular weight]. Venom from the posterior half of the venom duct of Conus Geographus was toxic to mice but without effect on a crab, and produced a flaccid spasmodic paralysis in mice. The minimum lethal dose for mice ranged from 5 micrograms to 50 micrograms (net weight) of venom per mouse. Toxin was submitted to Sephadex G 25 chromatography and to ultrafiltration. The venom was inactivated by pronase. The data suggested that the toxin was a peptide of molecular weight of about 1 500-2 000.", "PMID": 747445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7089", "title": "[Alteromonas putrefaciens. 25 strains isolated in Madagascar].", "content": "25 strains of Alteromonas putrefaciens, most of them from marine medium, isolated in Madagascar, are reported. Biochemical characters are studied to class them in 2 subspecies. Routinely, Alteromonas putrefaciens must be chiefly differentiate with H2S-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The ecology is recapitulated.", "contents": "[Alteromonas putrefaciens. 25 strains isolated in Madagascar]. 25 strains of Alteromonas putrefaciens, most of them from marine medium, isolated in Madagascar, are reported. Biochemical characters are studied to class them in 2 subspecies. Routinely, Alteromonas putrefaciens must be chiefly differentiate with H2S-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The ecology is recapitulated.", "PMID": 747448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7090", "title": "[Tunisian reptiles. III. Distribution and need for protection of terrestrial and fresh water turtles].", "content": "The distribution and habitats in Tunisia of the tortoise Testudo graeca graeca and of the two turtles Emys orbicularis and Mauremys caspica leprosa are investigated throughout the country. The present low level of population density is recent; its causes are precised. The protection, more specially for the two first species, must be very efficient.", "contents": "[Tunisian reptiles. III. Distribution and need for protection of terrestrial and fresh water turtles]. The distribution and habitats in Tunisia of the tortoise Testudo graeca graeca and of the two turtles Emys orbicularis and Mauremys caspica leprosa are investigated throughout the country. The present low level of population density is recent; its causes are precised. The protection, more specially for the two first species, must be very efficient.", "PMID": 747452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7091", "title": "[An enzootic with pseudo-tumoral manifestations in Vipera lebetina in captivity].", "content": "The authors report the clinical and epizootic evolution of an epizooty, characterized by pseudo-tumours, observed on some vipers (Vipera lebetina) maintained in captivity at the \"institut Pasteur de Tunis\". The disease was characterized by 2.3 cm size nodules, scattered under the skin or into splanchnic cavities. These ones, spherical and well capsuled, were formed by a mass of clear rounded cells (histiocytes or monocytes), the necrotic central area of which contained innumerable bacteria. Several reviewed works show that this appearance of chronic abcess is a common and univocal reaction to various pathogenic factors, such as bacteria and parasites. As to etiology, the authors have doubt about the pathological role of the germs which they have identified (Salmonella and other anterobacteria) because these latter belong to the normal microbial flora of snakes and are, in the present case, probably occasional infective agents only.", "contents": "[An enzootic with pseudo-tumoral manifestations in Vipera lebetina in captivity]. The authors report the clinical and epizootic evolution of an epizooty, characterized by pseudo-tumours, observed on some vipers (Vipera lebetina) maintained in captivity at the \"institut Pasteur de Tunis\". The disease was characterized by 2.3 cm size nodules, scattered under the skin or into splanchnic cavities. These ones, spherical and well capsuled, were formed by a mass of clear rounded cells (histiocytes or monocytes), the necrotic central area of which contained innumerable bacteria. Several reviewed works show that this appearance of chronic abcess is a common and univocal reaction to various pathogenic factors, such as bacteria and parasites. As to etiology, the authors have doubt about the pathological role of the germs which they have identified (Salmonella and other anterobacteria) because these latter belong to the normal microbial flora of snakes and are, in the present case, probably occasional infective agents only.", "PMID": 747451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7092", "title": "Influence of chlorpromazine on calcium movements and contractile responses of guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle to agonists.", "content": "The effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the uptake and release of calcium by microsomes prepared from longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum (GPI) in vitro and on contractions of longitudinal muscle of GPI in situ to various agonists were studied. CPZ (0.5-1 mM) blocked calcium uptake of the microsomes by 85-95%, and increased the release of preloaded calcium from the mocrosomes from 5% to 40% in the first 5 min. CPZ-induced calcium release was increased by chelating agents [ethyleneglycolbis (beta-amino-ethyl)-N, N-tetraacetic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate], KCL and NaCl. These agents increased the CPZ-induced calcium release from 40% in the first 5 min to an average of 87% in the first 5 min. CPZ-induced calcium release was inhibited by CaCl2. CPZ (1-10 micrometer) decreased contractile responses of muscle strips to low and high levels of contractile agonists. These agonists were 5-methylfurmethide (an analog of muscarine), 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, BaCl2 and KCl. CPZ moved the dose-response curves to the right and depressed maximal responses. KCl-induced contractions when blocked by CPZ were tested for the shown to be reversed by CaCl2 (9.8 mM). CPZ appears to interfere at 1-10 micrometer levels with calcium movements of the sarcolemma and in vitro at 0.5-1 mM levels with calcium movements of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Influence of chlorpromazine on calcium movements and contractile responses of guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle to agonists. The effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the uptake and release of calcium by microsomes prepared from longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum (GPI) in vitro and on contractions of longitudinal muscle of GPI in situ to various agonists were studied. CPZ (0.5-1 mM) blocked calcium uptake of the microsomes by 85-95%, and increased the release of preloaded calcium from the mocrosomes from 5% to 40% in the first 5 min. CPZ-induced calcium release was increased by chelating agents [ethyleneglycolbis (beta-amino-ethyl)-N, N-tetraacetic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate], KCL and NaCl. These agents increased the CPZ-induced calcium release from 40% in the first 5 min to an average of 87% in the first 5 min. CPZ-induced calcium release was inhibited by CaCl2. CPZ (1-10 micrometer) decreased contractile responses of muscle strips to low and high levels of contractile agonists. These agonists were 5-methylfurmethide (an analog of muscarine), 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, BaCl2 and KCl. CPZ moved the dose-response curves to the right and depressed maximal responses. KCl-induced contractions when blocked by CPZ were tested for the shown to be reversed by CaCl2 (9.8 mM). CPZ appears to interfere at 1-10 micrometer levels with calcium movements of the sarcolemma and in vitro at 0.5-1 mM levels with calcium movements of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 747457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7093", "title": "The effect of theophylline on the responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to nerve stimulation, adenosin 5' triphosphate and histamine.", "content": "The effects of theophylline (10(-5)M, 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M) on the contractile responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to nerve stimulation, adenosin 5' triphosphate (ATP) and histamine have been investigated. Contractile responses were unaffected by 10(-5)M and 10(-4)M therophylline but were significantly reduced by 10(-3)M theophylline. Since responses to histamine were reduced to a similar extent as responses to ATP, it is suggested that theophylline is not a specific antagonist of ATP in this tissue and that the ATP receptors in the bladder differ from those in other smooth muscle preparations.", "contents": "The effect of theophylline on the responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to nerve stimulation, adenosin 5' triphosphate and histamine. The effects of theophylline (10(-5)M, 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M) on the contractile responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to nerve stimulation, adenosin 5' triphosphate (ATP) and histamine have been investigated. Contractile responses were unaffected by 10(-5)M and 10(-4)M therophylline but were significantly reduced by 10(-3)M theophylline. Since responses to histamine were reduced to a similar extent as responses to ATP, it is suggested that theophylline is not a specific antagonist of ATP in this tissue and that the ATP receptors in the bladder differ from those in other smooth muscle preparations.", "PMID": 747458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7094", "title": "[Attempts at inter-specific hybridization in Sphaeroma (Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera)].", "content": "An interspecific hybridization between five tunisian species of the genus Sphaeroma has been attempted. All the trials failed whatever the crossing attempted. The lack of natural hybrids between forms living together constitutes a fundamental criterium for specific discrimination.", "contents": "[Attempts at inter-specific hybridization in Sphaeroma (Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera)]. An interspecific hybridization between five tunisian species of the genus Sphaeroma has been attempted. All the trials failed whatever the crossing attempted. The lack of natural hybrids between forms living together constitutes a fundamental criterium for specific discrimination.", "PMID": 747453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7095", "title": "[Demonstration of an enzyme inhibiting coagulation of blood ingested by the blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)].", "content": "A new fibrinolytic enzyme, \"the prolixase\", was isolated and purified from the haemolymph of Rhodnius Prolixus. The mode of action of the enzyme was studied and compared to that of extracts from salivary glands and midgut of the insect. It appears that the prolixase is involved in inhibiting the coagulation of the blood ingested by Rhodnius during its blood meal. The mode of action of the enzyme in this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of an enzyme inhibiting coagulation of blood ingested by the blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)]. A new fibrinolytic enzyme, \"the prolixase\", was isolated and purified from the haemolymph of Rhodnius Prolixus. The mode of action of the enzyme was studied and compared to that of extracts from salivary glands and midgut of the insect. It appears that the prolixase is involved in inhibiting the coagulation of the blood ingested by Rhodnius during its blood meal. The mode of action of the enzyme in this phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 747454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7096", "title": "The inhibitory effect induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens.", "content": "To analyse the influence of delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the effects induced by sympathomimetic, parasympathomimetic and direct spasmogenic drugs, the isolated rat vas deferens preparation was chosen. Instead of the usual emulsifying agents, we have used 1% ethanol (ET-OH) to keep the cannabinoids in homogeneous dispersion in the bath. THC exerted a non-competitive inhibition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine responses but no synergistic action nor competitive antagonism was seen on the dose range used. BaCl2 was potentiated by ethanol and this effect was abolished by THC. The water soluble derivative SP 111 showed actions similar to those of THC on noradrenaline and acetylcholine responses. It did not affect BaCl2 contractions, indicating that the cannabinoid might act by depressing early events of membrane activation.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens. To analyse the influence of delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the effects induced by sympathomimetic, parasympathomimetic and direct spasmogenic drugs, the isolated rat vas deferens preparation was chosen. Instead of the usual emulsifying agents, we have used 1% ethanol (ET-OH) to keep the cannabinoids in homogeneous dispersion in the bath. THC exerted a non-competitive inhibition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine responses but no synergistic action nor competitive antagonism was seen on the dose range used. BaCl2 was potentiated by ethanol and this effect was abolished by THC. The water soluble derivative SP 111 showed actions similar to those of THC on noradrenaline and acetylcholine responses. It did not affect BaCl2 contractions, indicating that the cannabinoid might act by depressing early events of membrane activation.", "PMID": 747459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7097", "title": "Action of salicylate on failing heart lung preparations of guinea-pig perfused with red blood cells suspended in Tyrode-dextrane.", "content": "Heart lung preparations (HLP) of guinea-pig were perfused with homologous red blood cells suspended in 1.5 volumes of Tyrode containing 6% dextrane. Red blood cells were freshly obtained by centrifugation of heparinized blood and subsequent washing with saline. Reduced pulmonary expansion due to bronchoconstriction, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and heart failure rapidly occurred in these preparations. Addition of salicylate to the perfusing medium delayed and attenuated both the respiratory and the cardiac disturbances. A full protection against cardiopulmonary failure was obtained when salicylate was added to the heparinized blood used for red blood cells preparation and to the saline used for red blood cells washing. It is concluded that pulmonary microembolism, due to platelet aggregation, is the primary factor responsible for HLP failure. Bronchoconstriction and pulmonary vasoconstriction are aggravating factors secondary to microembolism. Salicylate appears to prevent the microembolism and the microembolism depending release of broncho- and vaso-constrictor autacoids.", "contents": "Action of salicylate on failing heart lung preparations of guinea-pig perfused with red blood cells suspended in Tyrode-dextrane. Heart lung preparations (HLP) of guinea-pig were perfused with homologous red blood cells suspended in 1.5 volumes of Tyrode containing 6% dextrane. Red blood cells were freshly obtained by centrifugation of heparinized blood and subsequent washing with saline. Reduced pulmonary expansion due to bronchoconstriction, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and heart failure rapidly occurred in these preparations. Addition of salicylate to the perfusing medium delayed and attenuated both the respiratory and the cardiac disturbances. A full protection against cardiopulmonary failure was obtained when salicylate was added to the heparinized blood used for red blood cells preparation and to the saline used for red blood cells washing. It is concluded that pulmonary microembolism, due to platelet aggregation, is the primary factor responsible for HLP failure. Bronchoconstriction and pulmonary vasoconstriction are aggravating factors secondary to microembolism. Salicylate appears to prevent the microembolism and the microembolism depending release of broncho- and vaso-constrictor autacoids.", "PMID": 747460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7098", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in man].", "content": "We want to repeat the interest of toxoplasmosis serodiagnostic in human pathology. First, to help the diagnostic of this affection, with adult and children; then, to prevent this parasitose with pregnant women. Results in our laboratory, since two years, point out that a large number of women are seronegative. We are proposing a protocol of supervision for women before and during their pregnancy. This protocol avoids the risk of foetal contamination and prevents congenital toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in man]. We want to repeat the interest of toxoplasmosis serodiagnostic in human pathology. First, to help the diagnostic of this affection, with adult and children; then, to prevent this parasitose with pregnant women. Results in our laboratory, since two years, point out that a large number of women are seronegative. We are proposing a protocol of supervision for women before and during their pregnancy. This protocol avoids the risk of foetal contamination and prevents congenital toxoplasmosis.", "PMID": 747450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7099", "title": "[Host-parasite interactions between Coccus hesperidum L. (Hom. Coccidae) and its parasite Coccophagus scutellaris Dalman (Hym. Aphelinidae)].", "content": "The eggs laid in the host gut will develop normally. The larva resulting from those eggs penetrate the hemocele through the gut wall. The structure of the cells near the entry point is not affected because of the continuous renewal of those cells. On the other hand, development of the ovaries is most seriously affected. In fact, ovogenesis is stopped and vitellogenesis slowed down. But this phenomenon is related to the initial level of ovary development. If the attack takes place when the host is young, the effect on the ovaries is more serious. In extreme cases gonad development is annihilated. Otherwise, the host will still be able to lay eggs, but its reproduction capacity is diminished. Factors reducing development of gonads or maintaining them at a juvenile stage are discussed.", "contents": "[Host-parasite interactions between Coccus hesperidum L. (Hom. Coccidae) and its parasite Coccophagus scutellaris Dalman (Hym. Aphelinidae)]. The eggs laid in the host gut will develop normally. The larva resulting from those eggs penetrate the hemocele through the gut wall. The structure of the cells near the entry point is not affected because of the continuous renewal of those cells. On the other hand, development of the ovaries is most seriously affected. In fact, ovogenesis is stopped and vitellogenesis slowed down. But this phenomenon is related to the initial level of ovary development. If the attack takes place when the host is young, the effect on the ovaries is more serious. In extreme cases gonad development is annihilated. Otherwise, the host will still be able to lay eggs, but its reproduction capacity is diminished. Factors reducing development of gonads or maintaining them at a juvenile stage are discussed.", "PMID": 747455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7100", "title": "Absorption and disposition of N-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-N'-[2-(4-pyridinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]urea in rats and dogs.", "content": "N-(1, 1-Dimethylethyl)-N'-[2-(4-pyridinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]urea, Win 40, 882, was eliminated from the blood stream of dogs by two apparent first-order processes with alpha- and beta-phase half-lives of 0.2 hr and 1.4 hr, respectively. Radioactivity of the administered dose was excreted by rats in the feces and via the kidneys; about 40-45% of the dose was recovered in the feces, with the remainder in the urine, over a six day period. One of the terminal methyl groups of the tert-butyl moiety of Win 40,882 is sequentially oxidized by the rat to the alcohol, aldehyde and carboxylic acid. In addition, some of the aldehyde was further metabolized to generate two different monohydroxylated aldehydic metabolites; these hydroxyaldehydes accounted for less than 10% of the dose administered. An unusual metabolic pattern was noted in the excretion of Win 40,882. Over 30% of the urinary metabolites contained the carboxaldehyde function; only8% of the urinary radioactivity was represented by the further oxidation of the aldehyde group to generate the carboxylic acid.", "contents": "Absorption and disposition of N-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-N'-[2-(4-pyridinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]urea in rats and dogs. N-(1, 1-Dimethylethyl)-N'-[2-(4-pyridinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]urea, Win 40, 882, was eliminated from the blood stream of dogs by two apparent first-order processes with alpha- and beta-phase half-lives of 0.2 hr and 1.4 hr, respectively. Radioactivity of the administered dose was excreted by rats in the feces and via the kidneys; about 40-45% of the dose was recovered in the feces, with the remainder in the urine, over a six day period. One of the terminal methyl groups of the tert-butyl moiety of Win 40,882 is sequentially oxidized by the rat to the alcohol, aldehyde and carboxylic acid. In addition, some of the aldehyde was further metabolized to generate two different monohydroxylated aldehydic metabolites; these hydroxyaldehydes accounted for less than 10% of the dose administered. An unusual metabolic pattern was noted in the excretion of Win 40,882. Over 30% of the urinary metabolites contained the carboxaldehyde function; only8% of the urinary radioactivity was represented by the further oxidation of the aldehyde group to generate the carboxylic acid.", "PMID": 747462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7101", "title": "[In vivo titration of tetanus antitoxins].", "content": "The theoretical background and the practical techniques of assay of tetanus antibodies on mice by the L+ toxine procedure, is precisely described in detail. Basing the arguments on certain aspects of the method, the accuracy of the test is estimated and its reproducibility is assessed, in terms of both in vivo and in vitro titrations.", "contents": "[In vivo titration of tetanus antitoxins]. The theoretical background and the practical techniques of assay of tetanus antibodies on mice by the L+ toxine procedure, is precisely described in detail. Basing the arguments on certain aspects of the method, the accuracy of the test is estimated and its reproducibility is assessed, in terms of both in vivo and in vitro titrations.", "PMID": 747456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7102", "title": "Interaction of loperamide and diphenoxylate with ethanol and methohexital.", "content": "The antidiarrheal drugs loperamide and diphenoxylate were tested for their ability to potentiate central nervous system depression induced by ethanol in mice and nethohexital in rats. Oral diphenoxylate potentiated the loss of righting reflex (hypnosis) at 10 mg/kg in mice and at 5 mg/kg in rats, doses which were considerably lower than those required to induce morphine-like behavior in mice and rats. Oral loperamide did not potentiate hypnosis. Increased incidence and duration of hypnosis was observed with loperamide only at very high, nearly toxic doses (100 mg/kg in mice and 80 mg/kg in rats) and these doses induced only nonspecific central nervous system depression. The failure of loperamide to potentiate the action of hypnotics confirms data from clinical trials which showed that loperamide is essentially free of central depressant effects when given orally.", "contents": "Interaction of loperamide and diphenoxylate with ethanol and methohexital. The antidiarrheal drugs loperamide and diphenoxylate were tested for their ability to potentiate central nervous system depression induced by ethanol in mice and nethohexital in rats. Oral diphenoxylate potentiated the loss of righting reflex (hypnosis) at 10 mg/kg in mice and at 5 mg/kg in rats, doses which were considerably lower than those required to induce morphine-like behavior in mice and rats. Oral loperamide did not potentiate hypnosis. Increased incidence and duration of hypnosis was observed with loperamide only at very high, nearly toxic doses (100 mg/kg in mice and 80 mg/kg in rats) and these doses induced only nonspecific central nervous system depression. The failure of loperamide to potentiate the action of hypnotics confirms data from clinical trials which showed that loperamide is essentially free of central depressant effects when given orally.", "PMID": 747464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7103", "title": "Effect of ethanol, pentobarbital and morphine on the toxicity of hemicholinium-3 and d-tubocurarine in mice.", "content": "Pretreatment of mice with either ethanol, pentobarbital or morphine protected against the lethal effects of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) but not curare. The protective action of these compounds was not due to an induced release of corticosteroids in vivo since administration of prednisolone did not protect against HC-3 toxicity. The protective action of morphine was reversed by Nalline hydrochloride. The results suggest that the site of the protective action of ethanol, pentobarbital and morphine and the site of action of the lethal respiratory depression by HC-3 are central in origin.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol, pentobarbital and morphine on the toxicity of hemicholinium-3 and d-tubocurarine in mice. Pretreatment of mice with either ethanol, pentobarbital or morphine protected against the lethal effects of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) but not curare. The protective action of these compounds was not due to an induced release of corticosteroids in vivo since administration of prednisolone did not protect against HC-3 toxicity. The protective action of morphine was reversed by Nalline hydrochloride. The results suggest that the site of the protective action of ethanol, pentobarbital and morphine and the site of action of the lethal respiratory depression by HC-3 are central in origin.", "PMID": 747465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7104", "title": "Pharmacological and histological studies of gastric mucosal lesion induced by serotonin in rats.", "content": "Serotonin in doses of 5 to 80 mg/kg injected subcutaneously to rats injured the gastric mucosa dose-dependently and the lesion was histopathologically regarded as erosion. Aggregated platelets were observed in small blood vessels of the gastric mucosa prior to the development of erosion when serotonin was injected in a subcutaneous dose of 20 mg/kg effective in producing the lesion. Subsequently fibrinous thrombi could be found in the lesional mucosal area at the stage of erosive change. Serotonin in the same dose decreased gastric mucosal blood flow and enhanced gastric motility in the peroid of time when pre-erosive or erosive change occurred. Circulatory disturbance of the gastric mucosa induced by these histological and functional changes seemed to play an important role in development of the gastric mucosal lesion by serotonin. It is unlikely that gastric acid takes part as a trigger in producing the lesion.", "contents": "Pharmacological and histological studies of gastric mucosal lesion induced by serotonin in rats. Serotonin in doses of 5 to 80 mg/kg injected subcutaneously to rats injured the gastric mucosa dose-dependently and the lesion was histopathologically regarded as erosion. Aggregated platelets were observed in small blood vessels of the gastric mucosa prior to the development of erosion when serotonin was injected in a subcutaneous dose of 20 mg/kg effective in producing the lesion. Subsequently fibrinous thrombi could be found in the lesional mucosal area at the stage of erosive change. Serotonin in the same dose decreased gastric mucosal blood flow and enhanced gastric motility in the peroid of time when pre-erosive or erosive change occurred. Circulatory disturbance of the gastric mucosa induced by these histological and functional changes seemed to play an important role in development of the gastric mucosal lesion by serotonin. It is unlikely that gastric acid takes part as a trigger in producing the lesion.", "PMID": 747467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7105", "title": "Regional differences in the effects of denervation, cocaine and chronic reserpine administration on the responses of the rat vas deferens to norepinephrine and acetylcholine.", "content": "The prostatic half and epididymal half of the rat vas deferens was found to show the difference with respect to both the sensitivity (expressed as the geometric mean ED50) and maximal response to norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The epididymal half was more sensitive to both drugs than the prostatic half; the maximal response to norepinephrine was greater in the epididymal half than in the prostatic half. Effects of denervation, 10-6 M cocaine and chronic administration of reserpine (1 mg/kg/day for 5 days) on the responses to the drugs were also found to be qualitatively and/or quantitatively different between the two halves. In the epididymal half, all these procedures produced supersensitivity to acetylcholine as well as to norepinephrine. Whereas, in the prostatic half, supersensitivity to only norepinephrine was observed; the responses to acetylcholine were more or less depressed, accompanied by little change in the sensitivity, by these procedures. Degree of supersensitivity (ED50 control/ED50 treated) to norepinephrine produced by denervation was greater in the prostatic half than in the epididymal half. However, in the case of cocaine or reserpine, there was little difference in the degrees of the two halves. In both halves, the maximal response to norepinephrine was increased by denervation and cocaine, but not by reserpine. The magnitude of such increase in the prostatic half was greater and less, after denervation and cocaine, than that in the epididymal half, respectively. Only cocaine increased the maximal response of the epididymal half to acetylcholine. These results are discussed in relation to those previously obtained using whole vas deferens.", "contents": "Regional differences in the effects of denervation, cocaine and chronic reserpine administration on the responses of the rat vas deferens to norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The prostatic half and epididymal half of the rat vas deferens was found to show the difference with respect to both the sensitivity (expressed as the geometric mean ED50) and maximal response to norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The epididymal half was more sensitive to both drugs than the prostatic half; the maximal response to norepinephrine was greater in the epididymal half than in the prostatic half. Effects of denervation, 10-6 M cocaine and chronic administration of reserpine (1 mg/kg/day for 5 days) on the responses to the drugs were also found to be qualitatively and/or quantitatively different between the two halves. In the epididymal half, all these procedures produced supersensitivity to acetylcholine as well as to norepinephrine. Whereas, in the prostatic half, supersensitivity to only norepinephrine was observed; the responses to acetylcholine were more or less depressed, accompanied by little change in the sensitivity, by these procedures. Degree of supersensitivity (ED50 control/ED50 treated) to norepinephrine produced by denervation was greater in the prostatic half than in the epididymal half. However, in the case of cocaine or reserpine, there was little difference in the degrees of the two halves. In both halves, the maximal response to norepinephrine was increased by denervation and cocaine, but not by reserpine. The magnitude of such increase in the prostatic half was greater and less, after denervation and cocaine, than that in the epididymal half, respectively. Only cocaine increased the maximal response of the epididymal half to acetylcholine. These results are discussed in relation to those previously obtained using whole vas deferens.", "PMID": 747468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7106", "title": "Motility and hemodynamics of the canine gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation by pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and vasopressin.", "content": "Effects of pentagastrin (1-4096 ng/kg), cholecystokinin (1-4096 mU/kg, CCK) and vasopressin (.032-128 mU/kg) on gastrointestinal motility and blood flow, were determined by simultaneous measurement of blood flow (electromagnetic flow probes) to and motor activity (strain gages) of corpus, antrum, duodenum, jejunum, and colon of anesthetized dogs. Antral contractile amplitude was increased by pentagastrin at relatively low doses. Pentagastrin also increased corpus blood flow, corpus tone and antral blood flow. Gastric contractile frequency was least sensitive to pentagastrin. Corpus blood flow was decreased and small intestinal blood flow was increased by cholecystokinin at relatively low doses. CCK also increased small intestinal contractile amplitude and, at higher doses, antral contractile amplitude, and duodenal tone. Time-effect relation and sensitivity were different for the hemodynamic and motor responses to pentagastrin and to cholecystokinin. This shows the lack of correlation between vasoactive and motor-stimulating properties of these drugs. However, strong drug-induced contractions were shown to impede antral blood flow (pentagastrin and CCK) by about 35% and duodenal and jejunal blood flow (CCK) by resp. 70 and 60%. Vasopressin reduced blood flow to stomach and intestines by 50-80%, without affecting gastrointestinal motility.", "contents": "Motility and hemodynamics of the canine gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation by pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and vasopressin. Effects of pentagastrin (1-4096 ng/kg), cholecystokinin (1-4096 mU/kg, CCK) and vasopressin (.032-128 mU/kg) on gastrointestinal motility and blood flow, were determined by simultaneous measurement of blood flow (electromagnetic flow probes) to and motor activity (strain gages) of corpus, antrum, duodenum, jejunum, and colon of anesthetized dogs. Antral contractile amplitude was increased by pentagastrin at relatively low doses. Pentagastrin also increased corpus blood flow, corpus tone and antral blood flow. Gastric contractile frequency was least sensitive to pentagastrin. Corpus blood flow was decreased and small intestinal blood flow was increased by cholecystokinin at relatively low doses. CCK also increased small intestinal contractile amplitude and, at higher doses, antral contractile amplitude, and duodenal tone. Time-effect relation and sensitivity were different for the hemodynamic and motor responses to pentagastrin and to cholecystokinin. This shows the lack of correlation between vasoactive and motor-stimulating properties of these drugs. However, strong drug-induced contractions were shown to impede antral blood flow (pentagastrin and CCK) by about 35% and duodenal and jejunal blood flow (CCK) by resp. 70 and 60%. Vasopressin reduced blood flow to stomach and intestines by 50-80%, without affecting gastrointestinal motility.", "PMID": 747469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7107", "title": "Influence of frequency of stimulation on the toxicity of digoxin on isolated guinea-pig atria in different extracellular Ca2+.", "content": "In isolated guinea-pig left atria driven by rates of 0.5, 1,2, 3 and 4 Hz digoxin was infused continuously until cardiac arrest occurred. The experiments were performed in Tyrode solution with normal and twice the calcium content. Calculated was the toxic concentration of digoxin as that concentration which caused arrest of the preparation. In normal Ca2+-content (1.8 mM) an increase of the driving frequency decreased significantly the toxic concentration of digoxin, i.e. elevated the toxicity of this cardiac glycoside. The elevation of the Ca2+-content of the Tyrode caused a further diminution of the toxic concentrations of digoxin in dependence of the driving rate, thus demonstrating a synergism of Ca2+ and digoxin with regard to its toxicity.", "contents": "Influence of frequency of stimulation on the toxicity of digoxin on isolated guinea-pig atria in different extracellular Ca2+. In isolated guinea-pig left atria driven by rates of 0.5, 1,2, 3 and 4 Hz digoxin was infused continuously until cardiac arrest occurred. The experiments were performed in Tyrode solution with normal and twice the calcium content. Calculated was the toxic concentration of digoxin as that concentration which caused arrest of the preparation. In normal Ca2+-content (1.8 mM) an increase of the driving frequency decreased significantly the toxic concentration of digoxin, i.e. elevated the toxicity of this cardiac glycoside. The elevation of the Ca2+-content of the Tyrode caused a further diminution of the toxic concentrations of digoxin in dependence of the driving rate, thus demonstrating a synergism of Ca2+ and digoxin with regard to its toxicity.", "PMID": 747470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7108", "title": "Drug action on cerebral energy state during and after various hypoxic conditions.", "content": "The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), as well as the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge of the brain were studied in the motor area of the cerebral cortex of beagle dogs. These parameters were evaluated both after various hypoxic conditions (hypoxic hypoxia, hypoxia plus complete or incomplete ischemia) and after 3, 15 or 30 min of post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. The effect of some drugs (papaverine, UDP-glucose, (-)eburnamonine, suloctidil) following intracarotid perfusion has been evaluated in the various quoted experimental conditions. The tested drugs proved unable to improve the deranged brain metabolism under all the hypoxic conditions. On the contrary, an activating effect of suloctidil and (-)eburnamonine could be observed during the recovery after both hypoxia and hypoxia plus complete ischemia, papaverine being ineffective and UDP-glucose increasing the glycogen synthesis. The drugs proved unable to induce a restitution of the altered brain metabolism after hypoxia plus incomplete ischemia.", "contents": "Drug action on cerebral energy state during and after various hypoxic conditions. The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), as well as the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge of the brain were studied in the motor area of the cerebral cortex of beagle dogs. These parameters were evaluated both after various hypoxic conditions (hypoxic hypoxia, hypoxia plus complete or incomplete ischemia) and after 3, 15 or 30 min of post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. The effect of some drugs (papaverine, UDP-glucose, (-)eburnamonine, suloctidil) following intracarotid perfusion has been evaluated in the various quoted experimental conditions. The tested drugs proved unable to improve the deranged brain metabolism under all the hypoxic conditions. On the contrary, an activating effect of suloctidil and (-)eburnamonine could be observed during the recovery after both hypoxia and hypoxia plus complete ischemia, papaverine being ineffective and UDP-glucose increasing the glycogen synthesis. The drugs proved unable to induce a restitution of the altered brain metabolism after hypoxia plus incomplete ischemia.", "PMID": 747471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7109", "title": "The effect of aggregation on the lethality of morphine in mice.", "content": "Morphine was more lethal to mice housed in groups (aggregated) than to mice housed individually (isolated). The aggregation effect on morphine lethality was increased when ambient temperature was increased to 29 degrees C and abolished when ambient temperature was lowered to 19 degrees C. At 29 degrees C morphine produced hypothermia in isolated mice and hyperthermia in aggregated mice. Both isolated and aggregated mice were hypothermic after morphine administration at 19 degrees C. At 29 degrees C the locomotor activity of morphine-treated aggregated mice was significantly greater than that of morphine-treated isolated mice, whereas at 19 degrees C no significant difference was found. The locomotor activity time course of morphine-treated aggregated mice at 29 degrees C closely resembled the rectal temperature time course, which suggests that the hyperthermia in those animals involves an increase in heat production via an increase in locomotor activity. However, the hyperthermia observed was not sufficient to explain the increased lethality in aggregated mice. Differences between the aggregation effect on morphine lethality and that previously reported for amphetamine were discussed.", "contents": "The effect of aggregation on the lethality of morphine in mice. Morphine was more lethal to mice housed in groups (aggregated) than to mice housed individually (isolated). The aggregation effect on morphine lethality was increased when ambient temperature was increased to 29 degrees C and abolished when ambient temperature was lowered to 19 degrees C. At 29 degrees C morphine produced hypothermia in isolated mice and hyperthermia in aggregated mice. Both isolated and aggregated mice were hypothermic after morphine administration at 19 degrees C. At 29 degrees C the locomotor activity of morphine-treated aggregated mice was significantly greater than that of morphine-treated isolated mice, whereas at 19 degrees C no significant difference was found. The locomotor activity time course of morphine-treated aggregated mice at 29 degrees C closely resembled the rectal temperature time course, which suggests that the hyperthermia in those animals involves an increase in heat production via an increase in locomotor activity. However, the hyperthermia observed was not sufficient to explain the increased lethality in aggregated mice. Differences between the aggregation effect on morphine lethality and that previously reported for amphetamine were discussed.", "PMID": 747472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7110", "title": "[A new type of sialidosis with kidney disease: nephrosialidosis. I. Clinical, radiological and nosological study].", "content": "The term nephrosialidosis is proposed to describe a type of oligosaccharidosis in which a glomerular nephropathy develops early and causes death in the early years of life. The clinical and radiological features of the disease are dysmorphic facies, visceral storage disease, early and severe mental retardation and skeletal abnormalities of a type often described in this group of diseases. Foam cells were present in the marrow and, late in the illness, a cherry red spot was present on fundoscopy. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The leucocytes were deficient in alpha-(2-6) neuraminidase, an abnormality that has also been described in mucolipidosis type I and in other conditions quite distinct from nephrosialidosis. Thus the conditions characterised by this enzyme deficiency are definitely heterogeneous.", "contents": "[A new type of sialidosis with kidney disease: nephrosialidosis. I. Clinical, radiological and nosological study]. The term nephrosialidosis is proposed to describe a type of oligosaccharidosis in which a glomerular nephropathy develops early and causes death in the early years of life. The clinical and radiological features of the disease are dysmorphic facies, visceral storage disease, early and severe mental retardation and skeletal abnormalities of a type often described in this group of diseases. Foam cells were present in the marrow and, late in the illness, a cherry red spot was present on fundoscopy. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The leucocytes were deficient in alpha-(2-6) neuraminidase, an abnormality that has also been described in mucolipidosis type I and in other conditions quite distinct from nephrosialidosis. Thus the conditions characterised by this enzyme deficiency are definitely heterogeneous.", "PMID": 747492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7111", "title": "[A new type of sialidosis with kidney disease: nephrosialidosis. II. Anatomic study].", "content": "The anatomical, macroscopical, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural findings in nephrosialidosis have certain similarities to those found in mucolipidoses. (Excess of complex lipid in neural tissue and an excess of light coloured material in the reticulo-endothelial system that is not easily characterised). Several distinct features help to distinguish nephrosialidosis from closely related conditions (renal lesions, storage of material in sympathetic ganglia).", "contents": "[A new type of sialidosis with kidney disease: nephrosialidosis. II. Anatomic study]. The anatomical, macroscopical, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural findings in nephrosialidosis have certain similarities to those found in mucolipidoses. (Excess of complex lipid in neural tissue and an excess of light coloured material in the reticulo-endothelial system that is not easily characterised). Several distinct features help to distinguish nephrosialidosis from closely related conditions (renal lesions, storage of material in sympathetic ganglia).", "PMID": 747493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7112", "title": "[Congenital \"cardio-esophageal\" syndromes. Congenital cardiopathies and multiple abnormalities syndromes in the child with esophageal abnormalities].", "content": "A case of esophageal stenosis and tracheo-esophageal fistula associated with dextrocardia due to dextrorotation, ventricular septal defect and complete double arotic arch is reported. In 116 cases of esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula 9 had an associated cardiac malformation (4 right-sided aortic arch and 4 ventricular septal defects). The possible individualization of multiple abnormality syndromes in which these two types of malformations are associated with others such as vertebral arch defects, limb anomalies, imperforate anus, etc. is discussed. These are so-called \"Vater\" or \"Vactel\" syndromes.", "contents": "[Congenital \"cardio-esophageal\" syndromes. Congenital cardiopathies and multiple abnormalities syndromes in the child with esophageal abnormalities]. A case of esophageal stenosis and tracheo-esophageal fistula associated with dextrocardia due to dextrorotation, ventricular septal defect and complete double arotic arch is reported. In 116 cases of esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula 9 had an associated cardiac malformation (4 right-sided aortic arch and 4 ventricular septal defects). The possible individualization of multiple abnormality syndromes in which these two types of malformations are associated with others such as vertebral arch defects, limb anomalies, imperforate anus, etc. is discussed. These are so-called \"Vater\" or \"Vactel\" syndromes.", "PMID": 747494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7113", "title": "[Enteropathic acrodermatitis treated with zinc sulfate].", "content": "A six month old baby with acrodermatitis enteropathica was treated successfully up to the age of 2 1/2 years with oral zinc sulphate, 100 mg daily. No complications were seen but there were two relapses. The first was at the age of 15 months when the dose of zinc sulphate was reduced to 50 mg daily and the second at 20 months when the zinc was stopped by mistake.", "contents": "[Enteropathic acrodermatitis treated with zinc sulfate]. A six month old baby with acrodermatitis enteropathica was treated successfully up to the age of 2 1/2 years with oral zinc sulphate, 100 mg daily. No complications were seen but there were two relapses. The first was at the age of 15 months when the dose of zinc sulphate was reduced to 50 mg daily and the second at 20 months when the zinc was stopped by mistake.", "PMID": 747495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7114", "title": "[Thyroid involvement in cystinosis].", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in 15 children with cystinosis and it was abnormal in 12. Three of these children were clearly hypothyroid and in the other 9 there were abnormalities of TSH or in the response to TRF. Compensated hypothyroidism is frequent in cystinosis and may be one factor in the severe growth retardation in this condition. The preliminary results of replacement therapy support this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Thyroid involvement in cystinosis]. Thyroid function was assessed in 15 children with cystinosis and it was abnormal in 12. Three of these children were clearly hypothyroid and in the other 9 there were abnormalities of TSH or in the response to TRF. Compensated hypothyroidism is frequent in cystinosis and may be one factor in the severe growth retardation in this condition. The preliminary results of replacement therapy support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 747503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7115", "title": "[Weight, height, skull and chest circumferences, biparietal diameter in the newborn infant as a function of gestational age, weight, height and weight gain of the mother].", "content": "The weights, heights, skull and chest circumferences and biparietal diameters were measured in 7,905 newborns in 1972, in the 5 maternity hospitals of Lyon. These data were studied with respect to the gestational ages of the children and according to the usual weights, heights and weight gains of the mothers. The evolution of these parameters was compared to each other; tentative explanations are given.", "contents": "[Weight, height, skull and chest circumferences, biparietal diameter in the newborn infant as a function of gestational age, weight, height and weight gain of the mother]. The weights, heights, skull and chest circumferences and biparietal diameters were measured in 7,905 newborns in 1972, in the 5 maternity hospitals of Lyon. These data were studied with respect to the gestational ages of the children and according to the usual weights, heights and weight gains of the mothers. The evolution of these parameters was compared to each other; tentative explanations are given.", "PMID": 747505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7116", "title": "[Late lymphedema in Turner's syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of delayed unilateral lymphedema are reported in children presenting with Turner's syndrome. On this occasion, the frequency of lymphedema in Turner's syndrome and the more general problem of the lymphatic changes in this syndrome are discussed. The importance of isotopic lymphography is emphasized, because of its simplicity, its harmlessness and the good quality of the morphological and cinetic data obtained.", "contents": "[Late lymphedema in Turner's syndrome]. Two cases of delayed unilateral lymphedema are reported in children presenting with Turner's syndrome. On this occasion, the frequency of lymphedema in Turner's syndrome and the more general problem of the lymphatic changes in this syndrome are discussed. The importance of isotopic lymphography is emphasized, because of its simplicity, its harmlessness and the good quality of the morphological and cinetic data obtained.", "PMID": 747506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7117", "title": "[Arhinencephaly detected by a pitressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus].", "content": "A 4-month old child presented with facial malformations and severe hypernatremia. Hypernatremia was secondary to diabetes insipidus due to a disorder of ADH secretion, associated with cerebral malformations. Clofibrate treatment was ineffective. However, after the patient was treated by a low osmotic residue diet, an increased water-intake and hydrochlorothiazide, natremia became normal and growth resumed.", "contents": "[Arhinencephaly detected by a pitressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus]. A 4-month old child presented with facial malformations and severe hypernatremia. Hypernatremia was secondary to diabetes insipidus due to a disorder of ADH secretion, associated with cerebral malformations. Clofibrate treatment was ineffective. However, after the patient was treated by a low osmotic residue diet, an increased water-intake and hydrochlorothiazide, natremia became normal and growth resumed.", "PMID": 747508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7118", "title": "[Proliferation of synovial fluid cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations with labelled thymidine indicated that the mononuclear cells of the synovial fluid only rarely proliferateunder physiological conditions. Even in cases of rheumatoid arthritis no elevated proliferation rate was found. Cytophotometric investigations on Feulgen-stained nuclei is another way to determine cellular proliferation. To answer the question if the relative content of neutrophilic granulocytes in synovial fluids influences the proliferation of mononuclear cells, the DNA content of these cells was determined after Feulgen-staining with respect to the number of neutrophilic granulocytes. It was observed that nearly all mononuclear round cells exhibit diploid nuclear DNA content. No effect of the intensity of inflammation (as expressed by the content of neutrophilic granulocytes) was observed. From these results it is concluded that mononuclear cell proliferation is not influenced by the intensity of the inflammation. On the other hand it can be assumed that there is no immunological stimulus for an increassed proliferation of the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Proliferation of synovial fluid cells (author's transl)]. Investigations with labelled thymidine indicated that the mononuclear cells of the synovial fluid only rarely proliferateunder physiological conditions. Even in cases of rheumatoid arthritis no elevated proliferation rate was found. Cytophotometric investigations on Feulgen-stained nuclei is another way to determine cellular proliferation. To answer the question if the relative content of neutrophilic granulocytes in synovial fluids influences the proliferation of mononuclear cells, the DNA content of these cells was determined after Feulgen-staining with respect to the number of neutrophilic granulocytes. It was observed that nearly all mononuclear round cells exhibit diploid nuclear DNA content. No effect of the intensity of inflammation (as expressed by the content of neutrophilic granulocytes) was observed. From these results it is concluded that mononuclear cell proliferation is not influenced by the intensity of the inflammation. On the other hand it can be assumed that there is no immunological stimulus for an increassed proliferation of the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 747510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7119", "title": "[Clinical assessment of the activity and results of therapy in joint diseases through cytologic examination of puncture fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Activity and results of therapy of joint diseases can be evaluated by means of cytological examinations of the synovia which is at the same time a prerequisite for differential diagnosis using the puncture fluid. Our cytological examinations of more than 700 puncture fluids stemming from different joint diseases were carried out immediately after the puncture on the fresh material, in order to prevent misinterpretation. This may occur through flaking out in stored material, which results in decrease in the cell count and a non-representative differential cell picture in the supernatant, as well as through degeneration of cells. In two thirds of our patients the local process activity, measured in terms of the cytological phase of activity, became evident in the total clinical activity. The synovia analysis furthermore permits objective assessment of the result of intra-articular injection treatment. Intractable activity, substantiated through synovia examination indicates synovectomy.", "contents": "[Clinical assessment of the activity and results of therapy in joint diseases through cytologic examination of puncture fluids (author's transl)]. Activity and results of therapy of joint diseases can be evaluated by means of cytological examinations of the synovia which is at the same time a prerequisite for differential diagnosis using the puncture fluid. Our cytological examinations of more than 700 puncture fluids stemming from different joint diseases were carried out immediately after the puncture on the fresh material, in order to prevent misinterpretation. This may occur through flaking out in stored material, which results in decrease in the cell count and a non-representative differential cell picture in the supernatant, as well as through degeneration of cells. In two thirds of our patients the local process activity, measured in terms of the cytological phase of activity, became evident in the total clinical activity. The synovia analysis furthermore permits objective assessment of the result of intra-articular injection treatment. Intractable activity, substantiated through synovia examination indicates synovectomy.", "PMID": 747511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7120", "title": "[Cell reactions in the cerebrospinal fluid with inflammatory and neuroallergie diseases of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of bacterial and abacterial meningoencephalitis the cell reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid can well be surveyed, permitting important conclusions to the reactions occurring in the leptomeningeal vascular connective tissue. The application of additional cytological methods in completion of the panoptic routine staining proved to be favourable. The respective results may be additionnally availed of for the diagnostic confirmation of the activities found in the panoptic routine cell-picture. In addition to the general evaluation of the nitro-blue tetrazolium test, pyroninophilia, peroxidase and PAS-reaction, above all, the observation somehow the despositing of the reaction products in the celles has proved to be important for the activity detection of the nonspecific esterase. For judging the immunreactive processes in the central nervous system, the role of the lymphocytes and their forms of transformation, as well as their behaviour with the different cytological reactions has to be duly considered.", "contents": "[Cell reactions in the cerebrospinal fluid with inflammatory and neuroallergie diseases of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. In the course of bacterial and abacterial meningoencephalitis the cell reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid can well be surveyed, permitting important conclusions to the reactions occurring in the leptomeningeal vascular connective tissue. The application of additional cytological methods in completion of the panoptic routine staining proved to be favourable. The respective results may be additionnally availed of for the diagnostic confirmation of the activities found in the panoptic routine cell-picture. In addition to the general evaluation of the nitro-blue tetrazolium test, pyroninophilia, peroxidase and PAS-reaction, above all, the observation somehow the despositing of the reaction products in the celles has proved to be important for the activity detection of the nonspecific esterase. For judging the immunreactive processes in the central nervous system, the role of the lymphocytes and their forms of transformation, as well as their behaviour with the different cytological reactions has to be duly considered.", "PMID": 747512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7121", "title": "[Chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemotherapy in its systemic form should be reserved for advanced Hodgkin's disease, i.e. stages III B and IV, but it deserves consideration even for stage II B if B-symptoms are prominent. The following problems will be discussed: 1. Monotherapy or combination chemotherapy? 2. Simultaneous or sequential drug application in case of combined chemotherapy? 3. Continuous application or intermittent therapy? 4. Maintenance therapy or unmaintained remission? 5. Use of chemotherapy in early stages too? 6. Use of combined modality approach (chemo-/radiotherapy) with regard to the stage of the disease? Some combination chemotherapy regimens (MOPP, ABDV) as well as sequential drug application in case of treatment failures will be discussed . Hazards of a complete course of chemotherapy following total nodal irradiation or total nodal irradiation following such combination chemotherapy are mentioned. If the radiation dose is reduced, the combined modality approach might still improve results of treatment. Finally some new drugs in development for treatment of resistant disease are introduced.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. The chemotherapy in its systemic form should be reserved for advanced Hodgkin's disease, i.e. stages III B and IV, but it deserves consideration even for stage II B if B-symptoms are prominent. The following problems will be discussed: 1. Monotherapy or combination chemotherapy? 2. Simultaneous or sequential drug application in case of combined chemotherapy? 3. Continuous application or intermittent therapy? 4. Maintenance therapy or unmaintained remission? 5. Use of chemotherapy in early stages too? 6. Use of combined modality approach (chemo-/radiotherapy) with regard to the stage of the disease? Some combination chemotherapy regimens (MOPP, ABDV) as well as sequential drug application in case of treatment failures will be discussed . Hazards of a complete course of chemotherapy following total nodal irradiation or total nodal irradiation following such combination chemotherapy are mentioned. If the radiation dose is reduced, the combined modality approach might still improve results of treatment. Finally some new drugs in development for treatment of resistant disease are introduced.", "PMID": 747513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7122", "title": "[Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of staging laparotomy in 62 patients between 12 and 71 years old are reported. Only in one case postoperative complications were seen. In 27 percent of case the clinical stage was corrected by surgery, mostly from II to III.", "contents": "[Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Results of staging laparotomy in 62 patients between 12 and 71 years old are reported. Only in one case postoperative complications were seen. In 27 percent of case the clinical stage was corrected by surgery, mostly from II to III.", "PMID": 747514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7123", "title": "[Radiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease--especially in stages I and II when it may heal the disease--requires thorough radiation planning. It is recommended to use telecobalt or ultrahard x-rays of a betatron. For superficial lymph node regions, electrons of the betatron are useful.", "contents": "[Radiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Radiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease--especially in stages I and II when it may heal the disease--requires thorough radiation planning. It is recommended to use telecobalt or ultrahard x-rays of a betatron. For superficial lymph node regions, electrons of the betatron are useful.", "PMID": 747515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7124", "title": "[New cytostatics and their clinical application (author's transl)].", "content": "A comprehensive review of the state of development and clinical evaluation of cytostatic agents is given. Special attention is directed to agents which are known for long a time but whose clinical importance has grown only in recent years. This review takes into consideration the chemical structure, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, dosage, side effects, and results of clinical treatment of the following drugs: adriamycin, nitrosourea preparations, DTIC, dibromdulcitol. trofosfamid and ifosfamid, ftorafur, 5-azacytidin, platinum complexes, ICRF-159, cytembena, HMM, VM 26 and VP 16-213, cytostasan, estramustinphosphat, antibody-cytostatic complexes.", "contents": "[New cytostatics and their clinical application (author's transl)]. A comprehensive review of the state of development and clinical evaluation of cytostatic agents is given. Special attention is directed to agents which are known for long a time but whose clinical importance has grown only in recent years. This review takes into consideration the chemical structure, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, dosage, side effects, and results of clinical treatment of the following drugs: adriamycin, nitrosourea preparations, DTIC, dibromdulcitol. trofosfamid and ifosfamid, ftorafur, 5-azacytidin, platinum complexes, ICRF-159, cytembena, HMM, VM 26 and VP 16-213, cytostasan, estramustinphosphat, antibody-cytostatic complexes.", "PMID": 747516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7125", "title": "Effect of maternal nutrition and socio-economic factors on birth weight of babies in Bangladesh.", "content": "One hundred post-partum women and their newly born infants were studied in a local Maternity and Child Health Center. A consistent relation appears to exist betwen mother's weight and birth weight of infants. A significant relationship also exists between birth weight and socio-economic status of mothers as well as her parity. It is concluded that improvement in nutritional status during pregnancy would lead to a substantial decrease in the incidence of low bith weight infants in this country.", "contents": "Effect of maternal nutrition and socio-economic factors on birth weight of babies in Bangladesh. One hundred post-partum women and their newly born infants were studied in a local Maternity and Child Health Center. A consistent relation appears to exist betwen mother's weight and birth weight of infants. A significant relationship also exists between birth weight and socio-economic status of mothers as well as her parity. It is concluded that improvement in nutritional status during pregnancy would lead to a substantial decrease in the incidence of low bith weight infants in this country.", "PMID": 747574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7126", "title": "Birth weight, length, head and chest circumference and haemoglobin level of new born.", "content": "The birth weight, length, head and chest circumference and haemoglobin level of 1002 full term new born babies (506 males and 496 females) were determined. The results were compared with similar data from other countries. The birth weight of the present series of newborns were similar to those of newborns from India, the crown-heel length agreed favourably with the data from India and Indonesia, and the head circumference were almost equal to those of the newborns from Sri Lanka, Jamaica and India.", "contents": "Birth weight, length, head and chest circumference and haemoglobin level of new born. The birth weight, length, head and chest circumference and haemoglobin level of 1002 full term new born babies (506 males and 496 females) were determined. The results were compared with similar data from other countries. The birth weight of the present series of newborns were similar to those of newborns from India, the crown-heel length agreed favourably with the data from India and Indonesia, and the head circumference were almost equal to those of the newborns from Sri Lanka, Jamaica and India.", "PMID": 747575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7127", "title": "Change of serum protein level during pregnancy and the impact of parity and diet on it.", "content": "Serum protein level in the three trimesters of pregnancy and the impact of parity and dietary protein on it were studied in 154 pregnant women. The mean total serum protein during first, second and third trimesters were found to be 6.85, 6.60 and 6.81 gm% respectively whick were lower than the mean value obtained in a group of nonpregnant women (7.55 gm%). The level of serum protein depends on intake of dietary protein and influenced by parity in pregnant women. While primigravidae with adequate protein intake had higher serum protein level than primigravidae with inadequate protein consumption, multigravidae with adequate protein intake had lower serum protein level than primigravidae with adequate protein intake.", "contents": "Change of serum protein level during pregnancy and the impact of parity and diet on it. Serum protein level in the three trimesters of pregnancy and the impact of parity and dietary protein on it were studied in 154 pregnant women. The mean total serum protein during first, second and third trimesters were found to be 6.85, 6.60 and 6.81 gm% respectively whick were lower than the mean value obtained in a group of nonpregnant women (7.55 gm%). The level of serum protein depends on intake of dietary protein and influenced by parity in pregnant women. While primigravidae with adequate protein intake had higher serum protein level than primigravidae with inadequate protein consumption, multigravidae with adequate protein intake had lower serum protein level than primigravidae with adequate protein intake.", "PMID": 747576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7128", "title": "Dibucaine number (DN) in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Dibucaine Number (DN) was determined in 103 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer diagnosed radiologically and 214 normal subjects (control). Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) difference was observed in the distribution of DN in the two groups. Whereas 94% of the control subjects had normal DN (above 70), 6% had intermediate DN (between 40--70) and none had atypical DN, only 32% of patients suffering from duodenal ulcer had normal DN, 64% had intermediate DN and 4% had atypical DN. The results have been discussed.", "contents": "Dibucaine number (DN) in duodenal ulcer. Dibucaine Number (DN) was determined in 103 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer diagnosed radiologically and 214 normal subjects (control). Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) difference was observed in the distribution of DN in the two groups. Whereas 94% of the control subjects had normal DN (above 70), 6% had intermediate DN (between 40--70) and none had atypical DN, only 32% of patients suffering from duodenal ulcer had normal DN, 64% had intermediate DN and 4% had atypical DN. The results have been discussed.", "PMID": 747577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7129", "title": "Effect of anabolic steroid on the development and treatment of rickets in rats.", "content": "The influence of anabolic steroid on the process of production of rickets in vitamin-D deficient animals as well as its influence on healing of rickets with vitamin-D therapy was studied. Long-Evans strains of female rats of two age groups (6 weeks and 4 weeks) were given rachitogenic diet and were divided into five sub-groups-(I) control receiving vitamin-D from the 1st day, (II) rachitic group, (III) receiving vitamin-D from 36th day, (IV) receiving anabolic hormone from the beginning of the experiment and (V) receiving both vitamin-D and anabolic hormone from 36th day of treatment. It was observed grossly as well as histologically and radiographically that: (1) the anabolic steroid minimizes the rachitic changes in the bones of vitamin-D deficient rats, (2) in rachitic animals, a combination therapy of anabolic hormone and vitamin-D results in comparatively greater calcification of osteoid matrix and better healing and remodelling of bone than with vitamin-D alone.", "contents": "Effect of anabolic steroid on the development and treatment of rickets in rats. The influence of anabolic steroid on the process of production of rickets in vitamin-D deficient animals as well as its influence on healing of rickets with vitamin-D therapy was studied. Long-Evans strains of female rats of two age groups (6 weeks and 4 weeks) were given rachitogenic diet and were divided into five sub-groups-(I) control receiving vitamin-D from the 1st day, (II) rachitic group, (III) receiving vitamin-D from 36th day, (IV) receiving anabolic hormone from the beginning of the experiment and (V) receiving both vitamin-D and anabolic hormone from 36th day of treatment. It was observed grossly as well as histologically and radiographically that: (1) the anabolic steroid minimizes the rachitic changes in the bones of vitamin-D deficient rats, (2) in rachitic animals, a combination therapy of anabolic hormone and vitamin-D results in comparatively greater calcification of osteoid matrix and better healing and remodelling of bone than with vitamin-D alone.", "PMID": 747578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7130", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in general practice.", "content": "In order to estimate the psychiatric morbidity in patients asking for consultation with general practitioners, a study was carried out in a general practice in Dacca. This revealed a considerable psychiatric morbidity. The two most frequently encountered psychiatric conditions were neurotic and psychosomatic disorders.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in general practice. In order to estimate the psychiatric morbidity in patients asking for consultation with general practitioners, a study was carried out in a general practice in Dacca. This revealed a considerable psychiatric morbidity. The two most frequently encountered psychiatric conditions were neurotic and psychosomatic disorders.", "PMID": 747579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7131", "title": "Analysis of the epidemiological data of 600 psychiatric patients.", "content": "Analysis of a series of 600 psychiatric patients randomly selected from those attending a psychiatric clinic reveals that every single group of people shows its quota of psychiatric illness and all the major forms of illness are represented in a mixed society. From the present analysis it appears that Hindu patients are more careful for treatment than other religious groups and female patients were less frequently brought for treatment than their male counterpart. Patients coming from urban areas have many advantages over their rural counterpart in seeking scientific psychiatric treatment. Schizophrenia, affective disorders and anxiety neurosis were the three most common illnesses and these contributed to 77% of the total number of patients.", "contents": "Analysis of the epidemiological data of 600 psychiatric patients. Analysis of a series of 600 psychiatric patients randomly selected from those attending a psychiatric clinic reveals that every single group of people shows its quota of psychiatric illness and all the major forms of illness are represented in a mixed society. From the present analysis it appears that Hindu patients are more careful for treatment than other religious groups and female patients were less frequently brought for treatment than their male counterpart. Patients coming from urban areas have many advantages over their rural counterpart in seeking scientific psychiatric treatment. Schizophrenia, affective disorders and anxiety neurosis were the three most common illnesses and these contributed to 77% of the total number of patients.", "PMID": 747580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7132", "title": "Changes in the process of ageing--Part--II.", "content": "Sodum, potassium, calcium and ascorbic acid level in blood of 62 elderly persons (34 males and 28 females) aged between 45 to 80 years of age were determined and compared with the blood levels of 40 (20 males and 20 females) young persons aged between 25 to 38 years of age. No significant difference was observed in the blood levels of elderly males and females or between elderly persons and young persons.", "contents": "Changes in the process of ageing--Part--II. Sodum, potassium, calcium and ascorbic acid level in blood of 62 elderly persons (34 males and 28 females) aged between 45 to 80 years of age were determined and compared with the blood levels of 40 (20 males and 20 females) young persons aged between 25 to 38 years of age. No significant difference was observed in the blood levels of elderly males and females or between elderly persons and young persons.", "PMID": 747581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7133", "title": "A mutational approach to the study of photorespiration.", "content": "A number of quite different types of variant cell lines of tobacco have been isolated. This multiplicity of approaches has been in part dictated by the uncertainities of the photorespiratory pathway. We are in the process of determining the relationship between the observed alterations and the glycolate pathway. The INH-resistant trait has been observed in callus derived from plants regenerated from the original resistant callus and in cone case from seedlings of the subsequent generation. It is hoped that these cultures and the plants derived from them will further our understanding of photorespiration and will eventually lead to the ability to regulate photorespiration and net photosynthesis in higher plants.", "contents": "A mutational approach to the study of photorespiration. A number of quite different types of variant cell lines of tobacco have been isolated. This multiplicity of approaches has been in part dictated by the uncertainities of the photorespiratory pathway. We are in the process of determining the relationship between the observed alterations and the glycolate pathway. The INH-resistant trait has been observed in callus derived from plants regenerated from the original resistant callus and in cone case from seedlings of the subsequent generation. It is hoped that these cultures and the plants derived from them will further our understanding of photorespiration and will eventually lead to the ability to regulate photorespiration and net photosynthesis in higher plants.", "PMID": 747597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7134", "title": "The opportunity for and significance of alteration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities in crop production.", "content": "Increased population and the dietary changes accompanying increased affluence are creating a need for a suggested doubling of world cereal grain production (a 3% per year compounding rate) and quadrupling of grain legume production (a 6% per year compounding rate) during this quarter century (1). CO2 enrichment of field-grown crops has demonstrated the possibility of enhancing RuBP carboxylase activity to achieve improved crop production; it increases the production of grain legumes by 50 to 100% and that of cereal grains, for which the studies are less complete, by perhaps 10 to 50%. Results of O2 alteration of growth-room legumes and cereal grains are consistent with the results of CO2 enrichment except for a second role of O2 in assimilate partitioning. It may be necessary to include other components of the system, e.g., additional soil fertility, especially for non-N2-fixing plants, to enable an improved RuBP carboxylase to increase production. No practical method--chemical, genetic, or physical--of improving RuBP carboxylase activity has been reported.", "contents": "The opportunity for and significance of alteration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities in crop production. Increased population and the dietary changes accompanying increased affluence are creating a need for a suggested doubling of world cereal grain production (a 3% per year compounding rate) and quadrupling of grain legume production (a 6% per year compounding rate) during this quarter century (1). CO2 enrichment of field-grown crops has demonstrated the possibility of enhancing RuBP carboxylase activity to achieve improved crop production; it increases the production of grain legumes by 50 to 100% and that of cereal grains, for which the studies are less complete, by perhaps 10 to 50%. Results of O2 alteration of growth-room legumes and cereal grains are consistent with the results of CO2 enrichment except for a second role of O2 in assimilate partitioning. It may be necessary to include other components of the system, e.g., additional soil fertility, especially for non-N2-fixing plants, to enable an improved RuBP carboxylase to increase production. No practical method--chemical, genetic, or physical--of improving RuBP carboxylase activity has been reported.", "PMID": 747598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7135", "title": "Mechanism of action of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.", "content": "RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase appears to catalyze carboxylation and oxygenation by homologous mechanisms. A common binding site exists on the enzyme for the acceptor substrate, RuBP. A mechanism is proposed whereby RuBP is isomerized, and a carbanion is generated at C2. Then, either CO2 or O2 is added as an electrophile at C2 to form the corresponding 3-keto-2-carboxy-RBP or 3-keto-2-hydroperoxy-RBP adduct. Hydrolytic cleavage at the C2-C3 bonds of these intermediates by the enzyme is envisioned to produce 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate in the carboxylation sequence and 1 molecule of phosphoglycolate and 1 molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate in the oxygenation sequence. Further work will be necessary to establish the validity of the proposed mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase appears to catalyze carboxylation and oxygenation by homologous mechanisms. A common binding site exists on the enzyme for the acceptor substrate, RuBP. A mechanism is proposed whereby RuBP is isomerized, and a carbanion is generated at C2. Then, either CO2 or O2 is added as an electrophile at C2 to form the corresponding 3-keto-2-carboxy-RBP or 3-keto-2-hydroperoxy-RBP adduct. Hydrolytic cleavage at the C2-C3 bonds of these intermediates by the enzyme is envisioned to produce 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate in the carboxylation sequence and 1 molecule of phosphoglycolate and 1 molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate in the oxygenation sequence. Further work will be necessary to establish the validity of the proposed mechanism.", "PMID": 747599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7136", "title": "Regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.", "content": "It may be concluded that the conversion of PGA to DPGA plays a key role in induction and in the regulation of cycle activity. The high concentrations of PGA in actively photosynthesizing chloroplasts reflect this role and the control exerted by adenylate ratios. Thus the cycle can operate at its maximum rate only in the presence of high PGA and low ribulose 5-phosphate concentrations. Once induction is complete, the reductive pentose phosphate pathway will continue to function at its maximum rate if sink activity within the cytoplasm makes available sufficient Pi to support rapid export of triose phosphate. If triose phosphate tends to build up in the straoma, it will favor pentose monophosphate accumulation. A relative excess of ribulose 5-phosphate would, in turn, inhibit PGA reduction (and hence its own formation) by drawing too heavily on the available ATP.", "contents": "Regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. It may be concluded that the conversion of PGA to DPGA plays a key role in induction and in the regulation of cycle activity. The high concentrations of PGA in actively photosynthesizing chloroplasts reflect this role and the control exerted by adenylate ratios. Thus the cycle can operate at its maximum rate only in the presence of high PGA and low ribulose 5-phosphate concentrations. Once induction is complete, the reductive pentose phosphate pathway will continue to function at its maximum rate if sink activity within the cytoplasm makes available sufficient Pi to support rapid export of triose phosphate. If triose phosphate tends to build up in the straoma, it will favor pentose monophosphate accumulation. A relative excess of ribulose 5-phosphate would, in turn, inhibit PGA reduction (and hence its own formation) by drawing too heavily on the available ATP.", "PMID": 747610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7137", "title": "Effects of enhanced coronary flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: development of myocardial edema.", "content": "Coronary blood flow, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, ventricular water content and ventricular thiocyanate space were investigated in empty fibrillating and empty beating dog hearts during cardiopulmonary bypass. In empty fibrillating hearts coronary blood flow was considerably enhanced even at levels of normal perfusion pressure. A close correlation was demonstrated between enhanced coronary flow, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, tissue water content and thiocyanate space.", "contents": "Effects of enhanced coronary flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: development of myocardial edema. Coronary blood flow, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, ventricular water content and ventricular thiocyanate space were investigated in empty fibrillating and empty beating dog hearts during cardiopulmonary bypass. In empty fibrillating hearts coronary blood flow was considerably enhanced even at levels of normal perfusion pressure. A close correlation was demonstrated between enhanced coronary flow, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, tissue water content and thiocyanate space.", "PMID": 747614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7138", "title": "Effect of propranolol on enzymatic and histochemical estimates of infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "Acute myocardial infarction was produced in anesthetized dogs by ligation of the left anterior descendens coronary artery. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) administered 4 hours post ligation was examined for its ability to reduce infarct size estimated by histochemical and enzymatic methods. There was a signficant correlation between these two methods in their estimation of infarct size. Treatment with propranolol significantly decreased infarct size estimated with both methods. It is concluded that some portion of the myocardium can be protected against infarction by pharmacologic intervention as late as 4 hours after the onset of coronary artery occlusion.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on enzymatic and histochemical estimates of infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction. Acute myocardial infarction was produced in anesthetized dogs by ligation of the left anterior descendens coronary artery. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) administered 4 hours post ligation was examined for its ability to reduce infarct size estimated by histochemical and enzymatic methods. There was a signficant correlation between these two methods in their estimation of infarct size. Treatment with propranolol significantly decreased infarct size estimated with both methods. It is concluded that some portion of the myocardium can be protected against infarction by pharmacologic intervention as late as 4 hours after the onset of coronary artery occlusion.", "PMID": 747615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7139", "title": "Exerimental coronary artery occlusion. III. The determinants of collateral blood flow in acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "Coronary collateral blood flow was measured with tracer microspheres in 3 different experimental conditons in the dog heart: 1. after occlusion of a large coronary artery in the in situ beating heart, 2. after occlusion of a small coronary artery in the in situ beating heart and 3. after occlusion of a large coronary artery in the isolated, empty beating, blood-perfused heart. with large coronary artery occlusion in situ, collateral blood flow was very low (5ml/min/100 g). Large coronary artery occlusion in the isolated heart showed a much higher collateral blood flow (25 ml/min/100 g). Small coronary artery occlusion in situ showed a relatively high collateral blood flow (22 ml/min/100 g). Small coronary artery occlusion produced only very small infarcts even when infarct size was expressed as the ratio of infarcted area over the area-at-risk (i.e., perfusion area of the occluded artery). Our experiments showed that acutely available collateral blood flow depends on perfusion pressure, extravascular resistance, size of the area at risk and size, number, and location of collateral vessels.", "contents": "Exerimental coronary artery occlusion. III. The determinants of collateral blood flow in acute coronary occlusion. Coronary collateral blood flow was measured with tracer microspheres in 3 different experimental conditons in the dog heart: 1. after occlusion of a large coronary artery in the in situ beating heart, 2. after occlusion of a small coronary artery in the in situ beating heart and 3. after occlusion of a large coronary artery in the isolated, empty beating, blood-perfused heart. with large coronary artery occlusion in situ, collateral blood flow was very low (5ml/min/100 g). Large coronary artery occlusion in the isolated heart showed a much higher collateral blood flow (25 ml/min/100 g). Small coronary artery occlusion in situ showed a relatively high collateral blood flow (22 ml/min/100 g). Small coronary artery occlusion produced only very small infarcts even when infarct size was expressed as the ratio of infarcted area over the area-at-risk (i.e., perfusion area of the occluded artery). Our experiments showed that acutely available collateral blood flow depends on perfusion pressure, extravascular resistance, size of the area at risk and size, number, and location of collateral vessels.", "PMID": 747617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7140", "title": "Mast cell leukemia and acute basophilic leukemia. Cytochemical studies.", "content": "Human mast cells and basophil granulocytes can be easily recognized in normal tissues by light microscopy. In one mast cell and one basophilic leukemic case considered in this study, mast cells and basophils were morphologically quite similar and could not therefore be clearly defined merely by their morphological features. Both types of cells showed round nuclei and deep purple granules. The diagnosis of mast cell leukemia or basophilic leukemia was made on the basis of different cytochemical patterns. In the case of mast cell leukemia, peroxidase and PAS stains were negative, while chloroesterase was strongly positive; in the case of basophilic leukemia, peroxidase and PAS stains were positive, while chloroesterase reaction showed a peculiar pattern. Toluidine blue metachromasia and astra blue positivity were present in the cells of both cases.", "contents": "Mast cell leukemia and acute basophilic leukemia. Cytochemical studies. Human mast cells and basophil granulocytes can be easily recognized in normal tissues by light microscopy. In one mast cell and one basophilic leukemic case considered in this study, mast cells and basophils were morphologically quite similar and could not therefore be clearly defined merely by their morphological features. Both types of cells showed round nuclei and deep purple granules. The diagnosis of mast cell leukemia or basophilic leukemia was made on the basis of different cytochemical patterns. In the case of mast cell leukemia, peroxidase and PAS stains were negative, while chloroesterase was strongly positive; in the case of basophilic leukemia, peroxidase and PAS stains were positive, while chloroesterase reaction showed a peculiar pattern. Toluidine blue metachromasia and astra blue positivity were present in the cells of both cases.", "PMID": 747630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7141", "title": "Kinetically oriented manipulation of drug management in acute leukaemia.", "content": "The evaluation of the kinetic characteristics of the blast population in AL, at the outset of the disease, establishes its growth rhythm and hence the degree of invasivity. Cases with a higher 3H-Tdr labelling index also display a higher growth fraction, birth and growth rates and a shorter generation time, in other words, greater cell growth potential and invasivity. The labelling index could thus represent an immediate guide to prognosis. Particularly when combined with other prognosis factors, it can be employed to divide AL into high and low growth and invasivity forms. A distinction of this kind can thus be made the basis of differentiated therapeutic programming, whereby more or less aggressive cytocidal drug associations and doses can be administered to improve the therapeutic index and the quality of life.", "contents": "Kinetically oriented manipulation of drug management in acute leukaemia. The evaluation of the kinetic characteristics of the blast population in AL, at the outset of the disease, establishes its growth rhythm and hence the degree of invasivity. Cases with a higher 3H-Tdr labelling index also display a higher growth fraction, birth and growth rates and a shorter generation time, in other words, greater cell growth potential and invasivity. The labelling index could thus represent an immediate guide to prognosis. Particularly when combined with other prognosis factors, it can be employed to divide AL into high and low growth and invasivity forms. A distinction of this kind can thus be made the basis of differentiated therapeutic programming, whereby more or less aggressive cytocidal drug associations and doses can be administered to improve the therapeutic index and the quality of life.", "PMID": 747631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7142", "title": "Impedance cardiography the reproducibility of stroke volume measurements under conditions of mass examination.", "content": "The stroke volume at rest of 81 test subjects with no evident cardiac or circulatory dysfunction was determined by impedance cardiography and the measurements were repeated after 11 weeks. In order to attain comparable and reproducible conditions, 44 test subjects were chosen who showed heart rates at rest not higher than 83 beats per min, and whose changes in heart rate between the two tests were not greater than 11 beats per min. The stroke volumes determined by impedance cardiography are greater than those measured with the invasive methods reported by other authors. If the electrodes are removed between the tests sufficient reproducibility is not obtained. It is concluded that determinations of stroke volume by impedance cardiography as described in the literature are only suitable for detecting directional changes when the electrodes are left in place. It is impossible to obtain comparable data with electrodes once removed and replaced for the second measurement. Impedance cardiography is based on theoretical assumptions which do not permit estimation of errors affecting the measurement.", "contents": "Impedance cardiography the reproducibility of stroke volume measurements under conditions of mass examination. The stroke volume at rest of 81 test subjects with no evident cardiac or circulatory dysfunction was determined by impedance cardiography and the measurements were repeated after 11 weeks. In order to attain comparable and reproducible conditions, 44 test subjects were chosen who showed heart rates at rest not higher than 83 beats per min, and whose changes in heart rate between the two tests were not greater than 11 beats per min. The stroke volumes determined by impedance cardiography are greater than those measured with the invasive methods reported by other authors. If the electrodes are removed between the tests sufficient reproducibility is not obtained. It is concluded that determinations of stroke volume by impedance cardiography as described in the literature are only suitable for detecting directional changes when the electrodes are left in place. It is impossible to obtain comparable data with electrodes once removed and replaced for the second measurement. Impedance cardiography is based on theoretical assumptions which do not permit estimation of errors affecting the measurement.", "PMID": 747620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7143", "title": "Lymphomas of the spleen and bone marrow lymphoid nodules.", "content": "Many nodular primitive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the spleen have a favourable course after splenectomy or chemotherapy. Several observations of this type have been reported in the literature, in which the concept of malignancy is discussed, authors referring to a presarcomatous state or to an idiopathic splenomegaly. The evaluation of the extension of those sarcomas, however, very often show hepatic lesions, and always an increase in the lymphoid marrow nodules. The significance of these nodules is discussed here, with reference to 14 personal observations. These nodules may not always reflect a real extension of the sarcoma to the marrow. From a practical point of view, the presence of lymphoid marrow nodules, when associated with an isolated splenomegaly, is a strong argument to suspect a sarcoma of the spleen, and indicates a splenectomy.", "contents": "Lymphomas of the spleen and bone marrow lymphoid nodules. Many nodular primitive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the spleen have a favourable course after splenectomy or chemotherapy. Several observations of this type have been reported in the literature, in which the concept of malignancy is discussed, authors referring to a presarcomatous state or to an idiopathic splenomegaly. The evaluation of the extension of those sarcomas, however, very often show hepatic lesions, and always an increase in the lymphoid marrow nodules. The significance of these nodules is discussed here, with reference to 14 personal observations. These nodules may not always reflect a real extension of the sarcoma to the marrow. From a practical point of view, the presence of lymphoid marrow nodules, when associated with an isolated splenomegaly, is a strong argument to suspect a sarcoma of the spleen, and indicates a splenectomy.", "PMID": 747637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7144", "title": "Histological prognosis in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "In the prognosis of aplastic anaemia, bone marrow biopsy displays several data which were unknown by the myelogram: quantitative evaluation of marrow cellularity; vascular and mesenchymatous lesions; extension of lymphoid or histiocytic infiltration. Nevertheless, the confrontation and value of these signs with the previously used prognosis data issued from clinical and haematological observations is still discussed. The lack of a clear understanding of the bone marrow failure delimitation is perhaps the reason of these differences. We present the histological results of a cooperative protocol concerning 350 cases of bone marrow failure with 220 first bone marrow biopsies examined in triple blind and confronted in a statistical comparison with the mortality in the first 20 months. We evidence the early unfavourable character of oedema and reticulin lesions: and the unconcerned character of cellularity, and lymphocytic and plasmocytic infiltration. These data must be taken into account in an allograft decision.", "contents": "Histological prognosis in aplastic anaemia. In the prognosis of aplastic anaemia, bone marrow biopsy displays several data which were unknown by the myelogram: quantitative evaluation of marrow cellularity; vascular and mesenchymatous lesions; extension of lymphoid or histiocytic infiltration. Nevertheless, the confrontation and value of these signs with the previously used prognosis data issued from clinical and haematological observations is still discussed. The lack of a clear understanding of the bone marrow failure delimitation is perhaps the reason of these differences. We present the histological results of a cooperative protocol concerning 350 cases of bone marrow failure with 220 first bone marrow biopsies examined in triple blind and confronted in a statistical comparison with the mortality in the first 20 months. We evidence the early unfavourable character of oedema and reticulin lesions: and the unconcerned character of cellularity, and lymphocytic and plasmocytic infiltration. These data must be taken into account in an allograft decision.", "PMID": 747639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7145", "title": "Isolation of a high-molecular-weight high-mobility-group-type non-histone protein from hen oviduct.", "content": "An organ-specific non-histone protein, with a mol.wt. of 95,000, was isolated from hen oviduct. This protein consists of approximately equal amounts of acidic and basic amino acids and has an isolectric point of 7.4. On the basis of its known characteristics, this protein is similar to the high-mobility-group proteins observed in other tissues.", "contents": "Isolation of a high-molecular-weight high-mobility-group-type non-histone protein from hen oviduct. An organ-specific non-histone protein, with a mol.wt. of 95,000, was isolated from hen oviduct. This protein consists of approximately equal amounts of acidic and basic amino acids and has an isolectric point of 7.4. On the basis of its known characteristics, this protein is similar to the high-mobility-group proteins observed in other tissues.", "PMID": 747640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7146", "title": "The influence of respiratory state on monoamine oxidase activity in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Changes in the respiratory state of rat liver mitochondria caused significant changes (up to 10-fold) in the rates of oxidative deamination of tyramine, indicating interactions between the inner coupling membrane and the monoamine oxidase sites in the outer membrane, and suggesting the possibility that monoamine oxidase is regulated by the thermodynamic state of the mitochondria.", "contents": "The influence of respiratory state on monoamine oxidase activity in rat liver mitochondria. Changes in the respiratory state of rat liver mitochondria caused significant changes (up to 10-fold) in the rates of oxidative deamination of tyramine, indicating interactions between the inner coupling membrane and the monoamine oxidase sites in the outer membrane, and suggesting the possibility that monoamine oxidase is regulated by the thermodynamic state of the mitochondria.", "PMID": 747641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7147", "title": "Enhancement by double-stranded polyribonucleotides of production by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages of differentiation-stimulating factor(s) for mouse myeloid leukaemic cells.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages release a factor(s) that stimulates differentiation of a mouse myeloid leukaemic cell line into mature granulocytes and macrophages. Treatment of the macrophages with the synthetic double-stranded polyribonucleotides poly(I).poly(C) and poly(A).poly(U) resulted in enhanced release of the factor into the culture medium. The effect was maximal after treatment with polyribonucleotides for 1 h, and the optimal dose of poly(I).poly(C) was 50 microgram/ml. The single-stranded polyribonucleotides poly(I) and poly(C) at the same concentration were far less effective. The differentiation-stimulating factor was detected not only in the cultured medium but also in the cell lysate. Exposure of macrophages to poly(I).poly(C) enhanced the total activity of the factor in both the culture medium and the cell lysate. The effect of this compound was blocked by the presence of cycloheximide. These results suggest that double-stranded polyribonucleotides enhance production of the differentiation-stimulating factor by peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "Enhancement by double-stranded polyribonucleotides of production by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages of differentiation-stimulating factor(s) for mouse myeloid leukaemic cells. Mouse peritoneal macrophages release a factor(s) that stimulates differentiation of a mouse myeloid leukaemic cell line into mature granulocytes and macrophages. Treatment of the macrophages with the synthetic double-stranded polyribonucleotides poly(I).poly(C) and poly(A).poly(U) resulted in enhanced release of the factor into the culture medium. The effect was maximal after treatment with polyribonucleotides for 1 h, and the optimal dose of poly(I).poly(C) was 50 microgram/ml. The single-stranded polyribonucleotides poly(I) and poly(C) at the same concentration were far less effective. The differentiation-stimulating factor was detected not only in the cultured medium but also in the cell lysate. Exposure of macrophages to poly(I).poly(C) enhanced the total activity of the factor in both the culture medium and the cell lysate. The effect of this compound was blocked by the presence of cycloheximide. These results suggest that double-stranded polyribonucleotides enhance production of the differentiation-stimulating factor by peritoneal macrophages.", "PMID": 747643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7148", "title": "The reduction of diamide by rat liver mitochondria and the role of glutathione.", "content": "Diamide is reduced by mitochondria utilizing endogenous substrates with Vmax. 20nmol/min per mg of protein and Km 75micrometer. The reaction is inhibited by: (a) thiol-blocking reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, mersalyl and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol);(b) respiratory inhibitors (arsenicals, malonate and antimycin, but not cyanide or oligomycin; inhibition by antimycin is reversed by ATP); (c) uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and valinomycin with K+; inhibition by the first of these uncouplers is not reversed by cyanide); (d) reagents affecting energy conservation (Ca2+, increasing pH, phosphate; phosphate inhibition is augmented by catalytic ADP or ATP and augmentation is abolished by respiratory inhibitors). Concentrations of mitochondrial glutathione are high when diamide reduction is uninhibited, but low after adding one of the above inhibitors such that the reduction rate is roughly proportional to the glutathione concentration. Endogenous ATP concentrations are lower in the presence of diamide than without, but the difference is abolished by respiratory inhibitors. With oligomycin added, however, ATP concentrations are higher in the presence of diamide and this positive increment is decreased by antimycin, N-ethylmaleimide and malonate. In the presence of diamide and an uncoupler, the mitochondrial glutathione content does not fall if various reducible substrates are present, although the inhibition of diamide reduction is not relieved. Some of these substrates prevent the fall in reduced glutathione concentration found with diamide and phosphate. They also relieve the inhibition of diamide reduction and the relief is sensitive to butylmalonate. The inhibition of diamide reduction by N-ethylmaleimide, mersalyl or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate is not relieved by reducible substrates, but the latter mitigate the fall in the concentration of glutathione. Inhibitors of carriers of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates also inhibit reduction of diamide. The reduced glutathione concentration remains high when they are added singly, but falls when two of them are combined. It is proposed that diamide may enter the matrix as a protonated adduct formed with the thiol groups of mitochondrial carriers and then be reduced in the matrix by glutathione, which is regenerated via NADH, energy-dependent transhydrogenase and NADP+-specific glutathione reductase. Some of the high-energy equivalents required for the transhydrogeneration may be generated by the substrate phosphorylation step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "The reduction of diamide by rat liver mitochondria and the role of glutathione. Diamide is reduced by mitochondria utilizing endogenous substrates with Vmax. 20nmol/min per mg of protein and Km 75micrometer. The reaction is inhibited by: (a) thiol-blocking reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, mersalyl and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol);(b) respiratory inhibitors (arsenicals, malonate and antimycin, but not cyanide or oligomycin; inhibition by antimycin is reversed by ATP); (c) uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and valinomycin with K+; inhibition by the first of these uncouplers is not reversed by cyanide); (d) reagents affecting energy conservation (Ca2+, increasing pH, phosphate; phosphate inhibition is augmented by catalytic ADP or ATP and augmentation is abolished by respiratory inhibitors). Concentrations of mitochondrial glutathione are high when diamide reduction is uninhibited, but low after adding one of the above inhibitors such that the reduction rate is roughly proportional to the glutathione concentration. Endogenous ATP concentrations are lower in the presence of diamide than without, but the difference is abolished by respiratory inhibitors. With oligomycin added, however, ATP concentrations are higher in the presence of diamide and this positive increment is decreased by antimycin, N-ethylmaleimide and malonate. In the presence of diamide and an uncoupler, the mitochondrial glutathione content does not fall if various reducible substrates are present, although the inhibition of diamide reduction is not relieved. Some of these substrates prevent the fall in reduced glutathione concentration found with diamide and phosphate. They also relieve the inhibition of diamide reduction and the relief is sensitive to butylmalonate. The inhibition of diamide reduction by N-ethylmaleimide, mersalyl or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate is not relieved by reducible substrates, but the latter mitigate the fall in the concentration of glutathione. Inhibitors of carriers of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates also inhibit reduction of diamide. The reduced glutathione concentration remains high when they are added singly, but falls when two of them are combined. It is proposed that diamide may enter the matrix as a protonated adduct formed with the thiol groups of mitochondrial carriers and then be reduced in the matrix by glutathione, which is regenerated via NADH, energy-dependent transhydrogenase and NADP+-specific glutathione reductase. Some of the high-energy equivalents required for the transhydrogeneration may be generated by the substrate phosphorylation step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "PMID": 747642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7149", "title": "Endocytosis of sulphated proteoglycans by cultured skin fibroblasts.", "content": "1. Human skin fibroblasts internalize homologous sulphated proteoglycans by adsorptive endocytosis. Endocytosis rate is half maximal when the concentration of the proteoglycans is 0.1 nM. At saturation, a single fibroblast may endocytose up to 8 X 10(6) proteoglycan molecules/h. 2. The kinetics of prote;glycan binding to the cell surface suggest the presence of 6 X 10(5) high-affinity binding sites per cell. The bulk of sulphated proteoglycans associates to low-affinity binding sites on the cell surface. 3. Glycosaminoglycans and other anionic macromolecules inhibit endocytosis of sulphated proteoglycans non-competitively. The lack of interaction of glycosaminoglycans with the cell-surface receptors for sulphated proteoglycans suggests that the protein core of proteoglycans is essential for binding to the cell surface. 4. The effects of trypsin, cell density, serum concentration and medium pH on endocytosis and degradation of endocytosed sulphated proteoglycans is described. 5. A comparison of the number of the high-affinity binding sites and the number of molecules endocytosed with respect to time suggests a recycling of the proteoglycan receptors between the cell surface and the endocytotic vesicles and/or the lysosomes.", "contents": "Endocytosis of sulphated proteoglycans by cultured skin fibroblasts. 1. Human skin fibroblasts internalize homologous sulphated proteoglycans by adsorptive endocytosis. Endocytosis rate is half maximal when the concentration of the proteoglycans is 0.1 nM. At saturation, a single fibroblast may endocytose up to 8 X 10(6) proteoglycan molecules/h. 2. The kinetics of prote;glycan binding to the cell surface suggest the presence of 6 X 10(5) high-affinity binding sites per cell. The bulk of sulphated proteoglycans associates to low-affinity binding sites on the cell surface. 3. Glycosaminoglycans and other anionic macromolecules inhibit endocytosis of sulphated proteoglycans non-competitively. The lack of interaction of glycosaminoglycans with the cell-surface receptors for sulphated proteoglycans suggests that the protein core of proteoglycans is essential for binding to the cell surface. 4. The effects of trypsin, cell density, serum concentration and medium pH on endocytosis and degradation of endocytosed sulphated proteoglycans is described. 5. A comparison of the number of the high-affinity binding sites and the number of molecules endocytosed with respect to time suggests a recycling of the proteoglycan receptors between the cell surface and the endocytotic vesicles and/or the lysosomes.", "PMID": 747644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7150", "title": "Variation in tissue carnitine concentrations with age and sex in the rat.", "content": "Diabetes, starvation and various hormonal treatments are known to alter drastically carnitine concentrations in the body. Before the mechanisms controlling carnitine metabolism could be determined, it was necessary to establish normal carnitine concentrations in both sexes at different ages. Carnitine was assayed in plasma, liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rats from birth to weaning. The plasma carnitine increased rapidly during the first 2 days after birth. Carnitine in both heart and skeletal muscle increased, whereas liver concentrations declined during the first week of life. A carnitine-free diet containing sufficient precursors for carnitine biosynthesis was fed to weanling rats. Groups of ten male and ten female rats were killed each week for 10 consecutive weeks. Carnitine was determined in plasma, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, urine and epididymis in the male. There was no difference in carnitine concentrations between the sexes at weaning. Plasma, heart and muscle concentrations were higher in adult male rats than in adult females. However, liver carnitine and urinary carnitine concentrations were higher in adult female than in adult male rats. The epididymal carnitine concentration increased very rapidly during 50 to 70 days of age and the differences in carnitine concentrations between the sexes also became apparent during this time. Thus both the age and the sex of the human subject or experimental animal must be considered when investigating carnitine metabolism.", "contents": "Variation in tissue carnitine concentrations with age and sex in the rat. Diabetes, starvation and various hormonal treatments are known to alter drastically carnitine concentrations in the body. Before the mechanisms controlling carnitine metabolism could be determined, it was necessary to establish normal carnitine concentrations in both sexes at different ages. Carnitine was assayed in plasma, liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rats from birth to weaning. The plasma carnitine increased rapidly during the first 2 days after birth. Carnitine in both heart and skeletal muscle increased, whereas liver concentrations declined during the first week of life. A carnitine-free diet containing sufficient precursors for carnitine biosynthesis was fed to weanling rats. Groups of ten male and ten female rats were killed each week for 10 consecutive weeks. Carnitine was determined in plasma, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, urine and epididymis in the male. There was no difference in carnitine concentrations between the sexes at weaning. Plasma, heart and muscle concentrations were higher in adult male rats than in adult females. However, liver carnitine and urinary carnitine concentrations were higher in adult female than in adult male rats. The epididymal carnitine concentration increased very rapidly during 50 to 70 days of age and the differences in carnitine concentrations between the sexes also became apparent during this time. Thus both the age and the sex of the human subject or experimental animal must be considered when investigating carnitine metabolism.", "PMID": 747645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7151", "title": "Age-related changes in the composition and structure of human articular-cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "1. Analysis of the purified proteoglycans extracted from normal human articular cartilage with 4M-guanidinium chloride showed that there was an age-related increase in their content of protein and keratan sulphate. 2. The hydrodynamic size of the dissociated proteoglycans also decreased with advancing age, but there was little change in the proportion that could aggregate. 3. Results suggested that some extracts of aged-human cartilage had an increased content of hyaluronic acid compared with specimens from younger patients. 4. Dissociated proteoglycans, from cartilage of all age groups, bind to hyaluronic acid and form aggregates in direct proportion to the hyaluronic acid concentration. 5. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of the dissociated proteoglycans was demonstrated on polyacrylamide/agarose gels. The number of proteoglycan species observed was also dependent on the age of the patient.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the composition and structure of human articular-cartilage proteoglycans. 1. Analysis of the purified proteoglycans extracted from normal human articular cartilage with 4M-guanidinium chloride showed that there was an age-related increase in their content of protein and keratan sulphate. 2. The hydrodynamic size of the dissociated proteoglycans also decreased with advancing age, but there was little change in the proportion that could aggregate. 3. Results suggested that some extracts of aged-human cartilage had an increased content of hyaluronic acid compared with specimens from younger patients. 4. Dissociated proteoglycans, from cartilage of all age groups, bind to hyaluronic acid and form aggregates in direct proportion to the hyaluronic acid concentration. 5. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of the dissociated proteoglycans was demonstrated on polyacrylamide/agarose gels. The number of proteoglycan species observed was also dependent on the age of the patient.", "PMID": 747646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7152", "title": "Stable enhancement of calcium retention in mitochondria isolated from rat liver after the administration of glucagon to the intact animal.", "content": "1. Mitochondria isolated from rat liver by centrifugation of the homogenate in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose at between 4000 and 8000g-min, 1h after the administration in vivo of 30mug of glucagon/100g body wt., retain Ca(2+) for over 45min after its addition at 100nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein in the presence of 2mm-P(i). In similar experiments, but after the administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) in place of glucagon, Ca(2+) is retained for 6-8min. The ability of glucagon to enhance Ca(2+) retention is completely prevented by co-administration of 4.2mg of puromycin/100g body wt. 2. The resting rate of respiration after Ca(2+) accumulation by mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats remains low by contrast with that from saline-treated rats. Respiration in the latter mitochondria increased markedly after the Ca(2+) accumulation, reflecting the uncoupling action of the ion. 3. Concomitant with the enhanced retention of Ca(2+) and low rates of resting respiration by mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats was an increased ability to retain endogenous adenine nucleotides. 4. An investigation of properties of mitochondria known to influence Ca(2+) transport revealed a significantly higher concentration of adenine nucleotides but not of P(i) in those from glucagon-treated rats. The membrane potential remained unchanged, but the transmembrane pH gradient increased by approx. 10mV, indicating increased alkalinity of the matrix space. 5. Depletion of endogenous adenine nucleotides by P(i) treatment in mitochondria from both glucagon-treated and saline-treated rats led to a marked diminution in ability to retain Ca(2+). The activity of the adenine nucleotide translocase was unaffected by glucagon treatment of rats in vivo. 6. Although the data are consistent with the argument that the Ca(2+)-translocation cycle in rat liver mitochondria is a target for glucagon action in vivo, they do not permit conclusions to be drawn about the molecular mechanisms involved in the glucagon-induced alteration to this cycle.", "contents": "Stable enhancement of calcium retention in mitochondria isolated from rat liver after the administration of glucagon to the intact animal. 1. Mitochondria isolated from rat liver by centrifugation of the homogenate in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose at between 4000 and 8000g-min, 1h after the administration in vivo of 30mug of glucagon/100g body wt., retain Ca(2+) for over 45min after its addition at 100nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein in the presence of 2mm-P(i). In similar experiments, but after the administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) in place of glucagon, Ca(2+) is retained for 6-8min. The ability of glucagon to enhance Ca(2+) retention is completely prevented by co-administration of 4.2mg of puromycin/100g body wt. 2. The resting rate of respiration after Ca(2+) accumulation by mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats remains low by contrast with that from saline-treated rats. Respiration in the latter mitochondria increased markedly after the Ca(2+) accumulation, reflecting the uncoupling action of the ion. 3. Concomitant with the enhanced retention of Ca(2+) and low rates of resting respiration by mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats was an increased ability to retain endogenous adenine nucleotides. 4. An investigation of properties of mitochondria known to influence Ca(2+) transport revealed a significantly higher concentration of adenine nucleotides but not of P(i) in those from glucagon-treated rats. The membrane potential remained unchanged, but the transmembrane pH gradient increased by approx. 10mV, indicating increased alkalinity of the matrix space. 5. Depletion of endogenous adenine nucleotides by P(i) treatment in mitochondria from both glucagon-treated and saline-treated rats led to a marked diminution in ability to retain Ca(2+). The activity of the adenine nucleotide translocase was unaffected by glucagon treatment of rats in vivo. 6. Although the data are consistent with the argument that the Ca(2+)-translocation cycle in rat liver mitochondria is a target for glucagon action in vivo, they do not permit conclusions to be drawn about the molecular mechanisms involved in the glucagon-induced alteration to this cycle.", "PMID": 747647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7153", "title": "The use of rat liver nucleoplasm for the characterization of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. A nucleoplasmic fraction rich in endogenous RNA polymerase II activity was isolated from rat liver nuclei and conditions were determined under which elongation of RNA molecules initiated in vivo continued at maximal rates in vitro. 2. Elongation rates in vitro were calculated to be about 0.25 nucleotide/s and there were about 7 X 10(3) RNA molecules in the process of being elongated by form-II RNA polymerase per original nucleus. 3. Evidence was obtained suggesting that transcription-dependent release of RNA polymerase II molecules from the template occurred during the incubations in vitro. 4. The nascent RNA was tightly associated with protein and banded as ribonucleoprotein in caesium salt gradients. 5. RNA molecules labelled in vitro were up to 13000 nucleotides in length, but consisted of long unlabelled chains transcribed in vivo with only short labelled sequences added in vitro, and without significant polyadenylation. 6. Hybridization of transcripts in the presence of a vast excess of DNA demonstrated that both form-II RNA polymerase and another enzyme, resistant to low alpha-amanitin concentrations, were synthesizing RNA molecules complementary to both reiterated and unique DNA sequences in the genome.", "contents": "The use of rat liver nucleoplasm for the characterization of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. 1. A nucleoplasmic fraction rich in endogenous RNA polymerase II activity was isolated from rat liver nuclei and conditions were determined under which elongation of RNA molecules initiated in vivo continued at maximal rates in vitro. 2. Elongation rates in vitro were calculated to be about 0.25 nucleotide/s and there were about 7 X 10(3) RNA molecules in the process of being elongated by form-II RNA polymerase per original nucleus. 3. Evidence was obtained suggesting that transcription-dependent release of RNA polymerase II molecules from the template occurred during the incubations in vitro. 4. The nascent RNA was tightly associated with protein and banded as ribonucleoprotein in caesium salt gradients. 5. RNA molecules labelled in vitro were up to 13000 nucleotides in length, but consisted of long unlabelled chains transcribed in vivo with only short labelled sequences added in vitro, and without significant polyadenylation. 6. Hybridization of transcripts in the presence of a vast excess of DNA demonstrated that both form-II RNA polymerase and another enzyme, resistant to low alpha-amanitin concentrations, were synthesizing RNA molecules complementary to both reiterated and unique DNA sequences in the genome.", "PMID": 747648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7154", "title": "Sources of ammonia for mammalian urea synthesis.", "content": "The initial rate of incorporation of [15N]alanine into the 6-amino group of the adenine nucleotides in rat hepatocytes was about one-eighteenth of the rate of incorporation into urea. Thus the purine nucleotide cycle cannot provide most of the ammonia needed in urea synthesis for the carbamoyl phosphate synthase reaction (EC 2.7.2.5). On the other hand, contrary to the view expressed by McGivan & Chappell [(1975) FEBS Lett. 52, 1--7], the experiments support the view that hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase can supply the required ammonia.", "contents": "Sources of ammonia for mammalian urea synthesis. The initial rate of incorporation of [15N]alanine into the 6-amino group of the adenine nucleotides in rat hepatocytes was about one-eighteenth of the rate of incorporation into urea. Thus the purine nucleotide cycle cannot provide most of the ammonia needed in urea synthesis for the carbamoyl phosphate synthase reaction (EC 2.7.2.5). On the other hand, contrary to the view expressed by McGivan & Chappell [(1975) FEBS Lett. 52, 1--7], the experiments support the view that hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase can supply the required ammonia.", "PMID": 747649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7155", "title": "Effects of polyamines on prostatic chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions.", "content": "Studies are presented on the influence of polyamines on prostatic chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions involving both exogenous and endogenous substrates. The activities toward the model acidic protein substrate, dephosphophosvitin, were maximal at 160--200mM-NaCl (or -KCl or -NH4Cl). Under these conditions, spermidine and spermine added in concentrations up to 2mM were essentially without effect. However, without addition of NaCl to the medium, marked stimulation of these reactions was elicited by these polyamines at 1--2mM concentrations. The stimulatory effects were not due to non-specific changes in the ionic strength or to substitution of spermine for Mg2+, as maximal stimulation by 1 mM-spermine was observed only at optimal (2--4mM) Mg2+ concentrations. Qualitatively similar effects of polyamines were observed with enzyme preparations from the prostates of castrated rats, and with chromatin and non-histone-protein preparations from other tissues besides ventral prostate. When phosphorylation of endogenous non-histone proteins of the chromatin was measured, spermine stimulated both the initial rates and the final extent of transphosphorylation, even in the presence of optimal concentration of NaCl. By contrast, spermine or spermidine had no effect on the chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions determined with lysine-rich histones as substrates. Chemically NN-dimethylated dephosphophosvitin was a less active substrate for the chromatin-associated protein kinase, but its phosphorylation was more markedly stimulated by spermine in comparison with unmodified dephosphophosvitin. These observations hint that the polyamine stimulations of the various protein kinase reactions may be due to effects on the conformations of the non-histone protein substrates rather than on the kinases themselves.", "contents": "Effects of polyamines on prostatic chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions. Studies are presented on the influence of polyamines on prostatic chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions involving both exogenous and endogenous substrates. The activities toward the model acidic protein substrate, dephosphophosvitin, were maximal at 160--200mM-NaCl (or -KCl or -NH4Cl). Under these conditions, spermidine and spermine added in concentrations up to 2mM were essentially without effect. However, without addition of NaCl to the medium, marked stimulation of these reactions was elicited by these polyamines at 1--2mM concentrations. The stimulatory effects were not due to non-specific changes in the ionic strength or to substitution of spermine for Mg2+, as maximal stimulation by 1 mM-spermine was observed only at optimal (2--4mM) Mg2+ concentrations. Qualitatively similar effects of polyamines were observed with enzyme preparations from the prostates of castrated rats, and with chromatin and non-histone-protein preparations from other tissues besides ventral prostate. When phosphorylation of endogenous non-histone proteins of the chromatin was measured, spermine stimulated both the initial rates and the final extent of transphosphorylation, even in the presence of optimal concentration of NaCl. By contrast, spermine or spermidine had no effect on the chromatin- and non-histone-protein-associated protein kinase reactions determined with lysine-rich histones as substrates. Chemically NN-dimethylated dephosphophosvitin was a less active substrate for the chromatin-associated protein kinase, but its phosphorylation was more markedly stimulated by spermine in comparison with unmodified dephosphophosvitin. These observations hint that the polyamine stimulations of the various protein kinase reactions may be due to effects on the conformations of the non-histone protein substrates rather than on the kinases themselves.", "PMID": 747650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7156", "title": "The development of ketogenesis at birth in the rat.", "content": "In the suckling newborn rat, blood ketone bodies begin to increase slowly 4h after birth and then rise sharply between 12 and 16h, whereas the major increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine occurs during the first 2h of life, parallel with the onset of suckling. In the starved newborn rat, which shows no increase in liver carnitine unless it is fed with a carnitine solution, the developmental pattern of the ketogenic capacity (tested by feeding a triacylglycerol emulsion, which increases plasma non-esterified fatty acids by 3-fold) is the same as in the suckling animal. This suggests that the increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine seen 2h after birth in the suckling animal are not the predominant factors inducing the switch-on of ketogenesis. Injection of butyrate to starved newborn pups resulted in a pattern of blood ketone bodies which was similar to that found after administration of triacylglycerols, but, at all time points studied, the hyperketonaemia was more pronounced with butyrate. It is suggested that, even if the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria is a rate-limiting step, it is not the only factor controlling ketogenesis after birth in the rat. As in the adult rat, there is a reciprocal correlation between the liver glycogen content and the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood.", "contents": "The development of ketogenesis at birth in the rat. In the suckling newborn rat, blood ketone bodies begin to increase slowly 4h after birth and then rise sharply between 12 and 16h, whereas the major increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine occurs during the first 2h of life, parallel with the onset of suckling. In the starved newborn rat, which shows no increase in liver carnitine unless it is fed with a carnitine solution, the developmental pattern of the ketogenic capacity (tested by feeding a triacylglycerol emulsion, which increases plasma non-esterified fatty acids by 3-fold) is the same as in the suckling animal. This suggests that the increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and liver carnitine seen 2h after birth in the suckling animal are not the predominant factors inducing the switch-on of ketogenesis. Injection of butyrate to starved newborn pups resulted in a pattern of blood ketone bodies which was similar to that found after administration of triacylglycerols, but, at all time points studied, the hyperketonaemia was more pronounced with butyrate. It is suggested that, even if the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria is a rate-limiting step, it is not the only factor controlling ketogenesis after birth in the rat. As in the adult rat, there is a reciprocal correlation between the liver glycogen content and the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood.", "PMID": 747651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7157", "title": "Control of gluconeogenesis and of enzymes of glycogen metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. A parallel study of the effect of phenylephrine and of glucagon.", "content": "Hepatocytes isolated from the livers of fed rats were used for a comparative study of the effects of phenylephrine, vasopressin and glucagon on gluconeogenesis and on enzymes of glycogen metabolism. When hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of Ca(2+), phenylephrine stimulated gluconeogenesis from pyruvate less than did glucagon, but, in contrast with this hormone, it did not affect the activities of protein kinase and pyruvate kinase, nor the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, and it did not decrease the release of (3)H(2)O from [6-(3)H]glucose. The effects of vasopressin were similar to those of phenylephrine. Gluconeogenesis from fructose was also stimulated by phenylephrine and, more markedly, by glucagon at the expense of the conversion of fructose into lactate. Insulin was able to antagonize the stimulatory effect of phenylephrine on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. When Ca(2+) was removed from the incubation medium, phenylephrine still stimulated gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, but it also caused an activation of protein kinase and an inactivation of pyruvate kinase; accordingly, the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate was increased, and, in contrast, vasopressin had no effect on all these parameters. The property of phenylephrine to cause the activation of glycogen phosphorylase was decreased by glucose or by the absence of Ca(2+); it was abolished when these two conditions were combined. Glycogen synthase was inactivated by phenylephrine in the presence or the absence of Ca(2+), although presumably by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Control of gluconeogenesis and of enzymes of glycogen metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. A parallel study of the effect of phenylephrine and of glucagon. Hepatocytes isolated from the livers of fed rats were used for a comparative study of the effects of phenylephrine, vasopressin and glucagon on gluconeogenesis and on enzymes of glycogen metabolism. When hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of Ca(2+), phenylephrine stimulated gluconeogenesis from pyruvate less than did glucagon, but, in contrast with this hormone, it did not affect the activities of protein kinase and pyruvate kinase, nor the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, and it did not decrease the release of (3)H(2)O from [6-(3)H]glucose. The effects of vasopressin were similar to those of phenylephrine. Gluconeogenesis from fructose was also stimulated by phenylephrine and, more markedly, by glucagon at the expense of the conversion of fructose into lactate. Insulin was able to antagonize the stimulatory effect of phenylephrine on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. When Ca(2+) was removed from the incubation medium, phenylephrine still stimulated gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, but it also caused an activation of protein kinase and an inactivation of pyruvate kinase; accordingly, the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate was increased, and, in contrast, vasopressin had no effect on all these parameters. The property of phenylephrine to cause the activation of glycogen phosphorylase was decreased by glucose or by the absence of Ca(2+); it was abolished when these two conditions were combined. Glycogen synthase was inactivated by phenylephrine in the presence or the absence of Ca(2+), although presumably by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 747652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7158", "title": "Utilization of methylmalonate for the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids by preparations of chicken liver and sheep adipose tissue.", "content": "1. The utilization of methyl[2-14C]malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis was investigated using synthetase preparations from chicken liver and sheep adipose tissue. 2. The rate of fatty acid synthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA was greatly diminished in the presence of methylmalonyl-CoA. 3. In the absence of malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA was utilized for fatty acid synthesis only very slowly by the synthetase from sheep adipose tissue and not at all by that from chicken liver. 4. Despite the inhibitory effect of methylmalonyl-CoA on fatty acid synthesis from malonyl-CoA, it was utilized by the synthetase preparations from both species to produce a complex mixture of methyl-branched fatty acids.", "contents": "Utilization of methylmalonate for the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids by preparations of chicken liver and sheep adipose tissue. 1. The utilization of methyl[2-14C]malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis was investigated using synthetase preparations from chicken liver and sheep adipose tissue. 2. The rate of fatty acid synthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA was greatly diminished in the presence of methylmalonyl-CoA. 3. In the absence of malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA was utilized for fatty acid synthesis only very slowly by the synthetase from sheep adipose tissue and not at all by that from chicken liver. 4. Despite the inhibitory effect of methylmalonyl-CoA on fatty acid synthesis from malonyl-CoA, it was utilized by the synthetase preparations from both species to produce a complex mixture of methyl-branched fatty acids.", "PMID": 747653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7159", "title": "Differential effects of tryptophan on glucose synthesis in rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "1. Tryptophan inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells is characterized by a 20 min lag period before linear rates of glucose output are attained. 2. Half-maximal inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes is produced by approx. 0.1 mM-tryptophan. 3. Tryptophan inhibits gluconeogenesis from all substrates giving rise to oxaloacetate, but stimulates glycerol-fuelled glucose production. 4. Gluconeogenesis in guinea-pig hepatocytes is insensitive to tryptophan. 5. Changes in metabolite concentrations in rat liver cells are consistent with a locus of inhibition at the step catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 6. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis persists in cells from rats pretreated with tryptophan in vivo. 7. Tryptophan has no effect on urea production from alanine, but decreases [1-14C]palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 and is associated with an increased [hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio. 8. These results are discussed with reference to the control of gluconeogenesis in various species.", "contents": "Differential effects of tryptophan on glucose synthesis in rats and guinea pigs. 1. Tryptophan inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells is characterized by a 20 min lag period before linear rates of glucose output are attained. 2. Half-maximal inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes is produced by approx. 0.1 mM-tryptophan. 3. Tryptophan inhibits gluconeogenesis from all substrates giving rise to oxaloacetate, but stimulates glycerol-fuelled glucose production. 4. Gluconeogenesis in guinea-pig hepatocytes is insensitive to tryptophan. 5. Changes in metabolite concentrations in rat liver cells are consistent with a locus of inhibition at the step catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 6. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis persists in cells from rats pretreated with tryptophan in vivo. 7. Tryptophan has no effect on urea production from alanine, but decreases [1-14C]palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 and is associated with an increased [hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio. 8. These results are discussed with reference to the control of gluconeogenesis in various species.", "PMID": 747654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7160", "title": "Characteristics of the transport of alanine, serine and glutamine across the plasma membrane of isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "1. Alanine, glutamine and serine were actively accumulated in liver cells isolated from starved rats. 2. This accumulation was inhibited when either Na+ or HCO3- ions were omitted from the incubation medium. In general the degree of dependence on Na+ was quantitatively similar to that on HCO3-. 3. The apparent Km values for the transport of all three amino acids were in the range 3--5mM with Vmax. values in the range 15--25nmol/min per mg of cell protein at 37 degrees C. 4. Alanine and serine transport were mutually competitive; glutamine inhibited the transport of alanine and serine non-competitively. 5. The initial rate of transport of these amino acids was inhibited when the intracellular content of ATP was decreased. 6. Ouabain inhibited the rate of alanine transport without inhibiting the rate of alanine metabolism. 7. It is concluded that a minimum of three transport systems must be postulated to exist in the liver cell plasma membrane to account for the transport of alanine, serine and glutamine. The rate of transport of these amino acids in isolated hepatocytes is unlikely to limit the rate at which they are metabolized.", "contents": "Characteristics of the transport of alanine, serine and glutamine across the plasma membrane of isolated rat liver cells. 1. Alanine, glutamine and serine were actively accumulated in liver cells isolated from starved rats. 2. This accumulation was inhibited when either Na+ or HCO3- ions were omitted from the incubation medium. In general the degree of dependence on Na+ was quantitatively similar to that on HCO3-. 3. The apparent Km values for the transport of all three amino acids were in the range 3--5mM with Vmax. values in the range 15--25nmol/min per mg of cell protein at 37 degrees C. 4. Alanine and serine transport were mutually competitive; glutamine inhibited the transport of alanine and serine non-competitively. 5. The initial rate of transport of these amino acids was inhibited when the intracellular content of ATP was decreased. 6. Ouabain inhibited the rate of alanine transport without inhibiting the rate of alanine metabolism. 7. It is concluded that a minimum of three transport systems must be postulated to exist in the liver cell plasma membrane to account for the transport of alanine, serine and glutamine. The rate of transport of these amino acids in isolated hepatocytes is unlikely to limit the rate at which they are metabolized.", "PMID": 747655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7161", "title": "The effects of ammonium chloride and bicarbonate on the activity of glutaminase in isolated liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. Glutamine hydrolysis in liver mitochondria was studied by measuring the production of glutamate under conditions where this compound could not be further metabolized. 2. Glutaminase activity in intact mitochondria was very low in the absence of activators. 3. Glutamine hydrolysis was markedly stimulated by NH4Cl and also by HCO3- ions. 4. The stimulation by each of these compounds was much decreased if the mitochondria were uncoupled. 5. Maximum rates of glutamine hydrolysis required the addition of phosphate. A correlation was observed between the activity of glutaminase in the presence of NH4Cl plus HCO3- and the intramitochondrial content of ATP. 6. In disrupted mitochondria, NH4Cl stimulated glutaminase to a much smaller extent than in intact mitochondria. The NH4Cl stimulation in disrupted mitochondria was much increased by the addition of ATP. KHCO3 also stimulated glutaminase activity in disrupted mitochondria, and ATP increased the magnitude of this stimulation. 7. It was concluded that maximum rates of glutaminase activity in liver mitochondria require the presence of phosphate, ATP and either HCO3- or NH4+. A comparison of the results obtained on intact and broken mitochondria indicates that these effectors have a direct effect on the glutaminase enzyme system rather than an indirect effect mediated by changes in transmembrane ion gradients or in the concentrations of intramitochondrial metabolites.", "contents": "The effects of ammonium chloride and bicarbonate on the activity of glutaminase in isolated liver mitochondria. 1. Glutamine hydrolysis in liver mitochondria was studied by measuring the production of glutamate under conditions where this compound could not be further metabolized. 2. Glutaminase activity in intact mitochondria was very low in the absence of activators. 3. Glutamine hydrolysis was markedly stimulated by NH4Cl and also by HCO3- ions. 4. The stimulation by each of these compounds was much decreased if the mitochondria were uncoupled. 5. Maximum rates of glutamine hydrolysis required the addition of phosphate. A correlation was observed between the activity of glutaminase in the presence of NH4Cl plus HCO3- and the intramitochondrial content of ATP. 6. In disrupted mitochondria, NH4Cl stimulated glutaminase to a much smaller extent than in intact mitochondria. The NH4Cl stimulation in disrupted mitochondria was much increased by the addition of ATP. KHCO3 also stimulated glutaminase activity in disrupted mitochondria, and ATP increased the magnitude of this stimulation. 7. It was concluded that maximum rates of glutaminase activity in liver mitochondria require the presence of phosphate, ATP and either HCO3- or NH4+. A comparison of the results obtained on intact and broken mitochondria indicates that these effectors have a direct effect on the glutaminase enzyme system rather than an indirect effect mediated by changes in transmembrane ion gradients or in the concentrations of intramitochondrial metabolites.", "PMID": 747656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7162", "title": "Post-translational regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue.", "content": "Changes in adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity that are independent of protein synthesis were investigated in an incubation system in vitro. Under appropriate conditions at 25 degrees C a progressive increase in the enzyme activity occurs that is energy-dependent. Part of the enzyme is rapidly inactivated when the tissue is incubated with adrenaline or adrenaline plus theophylline. The mechanism of this inactivation appears to be distinct from, and to follow, the activation of the enzyme. A hypothesis is presented to account for the results in terms of an activation of the enzyme during obligatory post-translational processing and a catecholamine-regulated inactivation of the enzyme as an alternative to secretion from the adipocyte.", "contents": "Post-translational regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue. Changes in adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity that are independent of protein synthesis were investigated in an incubation system in vitro. Under appropriate conditions at 25 degrees C a progressive increase in the enzyme activity occurs that is energy-dependent. Part of the enzyme is rapidly inactivated when the tissue is incubated with adrenaline or adrenaline plus theophylline. The mechanism of this inactivation appears to be distinct from, and to follow, the activation of the enzyme. A hypothesis is presented to account for the results in terms of an activation of the enzyme during obligatory post-translational processing and a catecholamine-regulated inactivation of the enzyme as an alternative to secretion from the adipocyte.", "PMID": 747657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7163", "title": "The binding of 3H-labelled oestradiol- and progesterone-receptor complexes to hypothalamic chromatin of male and female sheep.", "content": "Chromatin isolated from hypothalamic nuclei of sexually mature entire male and female sheep was linked to cellulose in u.v. light. The saturation binding of 3H-labelled oestrogen- and progesterone-receptor complexes, prepared by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation from the 105000g supernatant of hypothalamic cytosol, was then measured in vitro in 0.15m-KCl. Saturation binding was also measured after extraction of histones and masking acidic proteins. Salt + urea was observed to be more effective than guanidine hydrochloride in unmasking receptor acceptor sites, and the binding of labelled receptor complexes to dehistonized unmasked chromatin was shown to be largely resistant to 0.4m-KCl extraction. Whereas extents of receptor-complex binding were similar to published values for comparable preparations of hen oviduct chromatin, no sex-related difference was observed. However, binding of progesterone-receptor to chromatin was greater than that of oestradiol-receptor. Binding also increased more after removal of histones and masking acidic proteins, suggesting the presence of a greater number of progesterone-receptor acceptor sites in hypothalamic chromatin than of estradiol-receptor acceptor sites. The failure to demonstrate a sex-related difference in oestradiol-receptor binding to hypothalamic chromatin in vitro is discussed.", "contents": "The binding of 3H-labelled oestradiol- and progesterone-receptor complexes to hypothalamic chromatin of male and female sheep. Chromatin isolated from hypothalamic nuclei of sexually mature entire male and female sheep was linked to cellulose in u.v. light. The saturation binding of 3H-labelled oestrogen- and progesterone-receptor complexes, prepared by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation from the 105000g supernatant of hypothalamic cytosol, was then measured in vitro in 0.15m-KCl. Saturation binding was also measured after extraction of histones and masking acidic proteins. Salt + urea was observed to be more effective than guanidine hydrochloride in unmasking receptor acceptor sites, and the binding of labelled receptor complexes to dehistonized unmasked chromatin was shown to be largely resistant to 0.4m-KCl extraction. Whereas extents of receptor-complex binding were similar to published values for comparable preparations of hen oviduct chromatin, no sex-related difference was observed. However, binding of progesterone-receptor to chromatin was greater than that of oestradiol-receptor. Binding also increased more after removal of histones and masking acidic proteins, suggesting the presence of a greater number of progesterone-receptor acceptor sites in hypothalamic chromatin than of estradiol-receptor acceptor sites. The failure to demonstrate a sex-related difference in oestradiol-receptor binding to hypothalamic chromatin in vitro is discussed.", "PMID": 747658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7164", "title": "Stimulation by vasopressin, angiotensin and oxytocin of gluconeogenesis in hepatocyte suspensions.", "content": "1. In hepatocytes from starved rats, vasopressin, angiotensin (angiotensin II) and oxytocin stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate by 25--50%; minimal effective concentrations were about 0.02pM, 1 nM and 0.2 nM respectively. 2. Vasopressin and angiotensin also stimulated gluconeogenesis from alanine, pyruvate, serine and glycerol. EGTA decreased gluconeogenesis from these substrates. 3. Hormonal stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. 4. Insulin did not prevent stimulation of gluconeogenesis by vasopressin or angiotensin. 5. The potency of the stimulatory effects of vasopressin and angiotensin on hepatic gluconeogenesis suggests they are operative in vivo. Also, the data suggest that Ca2+ plays a role in the stimulation by these hormones.", "contents": "Stimulation by vasopressin, angiotensin and oxytocin of gluconeogenesis in hepatocyte suspensions. 1. In hepatocytes from starved rats, vasopressin, angiotensin (angiotensin II) and oxytocin stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate by 25--50%; minimal effective concentrations were about 0.02pM, 1 nM and 0.2 nM respectively. 2. Vasopressin and angiotensin also stimulated gluconeogenesis from alanine, pyruvate, serine and glycerol. EGTA decreased gluconeogenesis from these substrates. 3. Hormonal stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. 4. Insulin did not prevent stimulation of gluconeogenesis by vasopressin or angiotensin. 5. The potency of the stimulatory effects of vasopressin and angiotensin on hepatic gluconeogenesis suggests they are operative in vivo. Also, the data suggest that Ca2+ plays a role in the stimulation by these hormones.", "PMID": 747659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7165", "title": "Studies of a factor from dystrophic mouse muscle inhibitory towards protein synthesis.", "content": "A substance inhibitory to protein synthesis was purified from mouse skeletal muscle by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, as well as by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, was 71000. The inhibitory activity was insensitive to ribonuclease A, deoxyribonuclease I and phospholipase C. It was sensitive to Pronase treatment but insensitive to heat-treatment and trypsin degradation. The present results, taken together with previous studies, indicate that the site of action of the inhibitor is not on the initiation phase of protein synthesis but rather at a step after the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The increased inhibitor activity found in dystrophic muscle is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of a factor from dystrophic mouse muscle inhibitory towards protein synthesis. A substance inhibitory to protein synthesis was purified from mouse skeletal muscle by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, as well as by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, was 71000. The inhibitory activity was insensitive to ribonuclease A, deoxyribonuclease I and phospholipase C. It was sensitive to Pronase treatment but insensitive to heat-treatment and trypsin degradation. The present results, taken together with previous studies, indicate that the site of action of the inhibitor is not on the initiation phase of protein synthesis but rather at a step after the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The increased inhibitor activity found in dystrophic muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 747660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7166", "title": "Choice of precursors for the measurement of protein turnover by the double-isotope method. Application to the study of mitochondrial proteins.", "content": "1. The double-isotope concept [Arias, Doyle & Schimke (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 224, 3303--3315] for the measurement of protein turnover was used to estimate the turnover of proteins in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions prepared from rat liver. 2. Double-isotope experiments with [3H]leucine as first precursor and [14C]leucine as second precursor were used to measure the turnover rates of proteins in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove lipids and nucleic acids from trichloroacetic acid precipitates only changed the isotope ratio of the microsomal fraction. It was not possible to measure turnover of proteins in mitochondrial and submitochondrial fractions with these precursors. 3. Double-isotope experiments were designed to minimize first-precursor reutilization by employing NaH14CO3. [3H]Arginine was used as second precursor. The turnover rates of protein in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions was measured. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove lipids and nucleic acids showed changes in the isotope ratio for all subcellular fractions, especially in microsomal and detergent-soluble mitochondrial fractions. Isotope ratios of precipitates after solvent extraction indicate that, whereas considerable heterogeneity exists for the average rates of protein turnover in subcellular fractions, little heterogeneity is observed in the average rates of protein turnover in submitochondrial fractions.", "contents": "Choice of precursors for the measurement of protein turnover by the double-isotope method. Application to the study of mitochondrial proteins. 1. The double-isotope concept [Arias, Doyle & Schimke (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 224, 3303--3315] for the measurement of protein turnover was used to estimate the turnover of proteins in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions prepared from rat liver. 2. Double-isotope experiments with [3H]leucine as first precursor and [14C]leucine as second precursor were used to measure the turnover rates of proteins in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove lipids and nucleic acids from trichloroacetic acid precipitates only changed the isotope ratio of the microsomal fraction. It was not possible to measure turnover of proteins in mitochondrial and submitochondrial fractions with these precursors. 3. Double-isotope experiments were designed to minimize first-precursor reutilization by employing NaH14CO3. [3H]Arginine was used as second precursor. The turnover rates of protein in subcellular and submitochondrial fractions was measured. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove lipids and nucleic acids showed changes in the isotope ratio for all subcellular fractions, especially in microsomal and detergent-soluble mitochondrial fractions. Isotope ratios of precipitates after solvent extraction indicate that, whereas considerable heterogeneity exists for the average rates of protein turnover in subcellular fractions, little heterogeneity is observed in the average rates of protein turnover in submitochondrial fractions.", "PMID": 747661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7167", "title": "Onset of ribosome degradation during cessation of growth in BHK-21/C13 cells.", "content": "When BHK-21/C13 cells growing exponentially in 10% serum are transferred to a medium containing only 0.25% serum, cell growth is decreased. After initial changes in RNA synthesis and degradation, protein content of the cultures reaches a plateau and eventually DNA synthesis is arrested. rRNA is relatively stable in exponentially growing cells. Immediately after 'step-down' rRNA degradation commences, but poly(A)-containing RNA does not appear to be degraded any faster than in control cells. Reutilization of RNA precursors has been independently measured and amounts to less than 1%/h for rRNA, insufficient to influence the conclusion that rRNA degradation begins almost immediately after 'step-down'. The degree of reutilization of uridine is much greater for poly(A)-containing RNA than for poly(A)-free RNA.", "contents": "Onset of ribosome degradation during cessation of growth in BHK-21/C13 cells. When BHK-21/C13 cells growing exponentially in 10% serum are transferred to a medium containing only 0.25% serum, cell growth is decreased. After initial changes in RNA synthesis and degradation, protein content of the cultures reaches a plateau and eventually DNA synthesis is arrested. rRNA is relatively stable in exponentially growing cells. Immediately after 'step-down' rRNA degradation commences, but poly(A)-containing RNA does not appear to be degraded any faster than in control cells. Reutilization of RNA precursors has been independently measured and amounts to less than 1%/h for rRNA, insufficient to influence the conclusion that rRNA degradation begins almost immediately after 'step-down'. The degree of reutilization of uridine is much greater for poly(A)-containing RNA than for poly(A)-free RNA.", "PMID": 747662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7168", "title": "An alternative hypothesis of cellular transport of lysosomal enzymes in fibroblasts. Effect of inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme endocytosis on intra- and extra-cellular lysosomal enzyme activities.", "content": "Recapture of lysosomal enzymes secreted by fibroblasts was inhibited by growing the cells in the presence of either free or immobilized antibodies against lysosomal enzymes or in the presence of phosphorylated carbohydrates known to interact with the cell-surface receptors for lysosomal enzymes. The following results were obtained. 1. Conditions that prevent recapture of released lysosomal enzymes increase the rate of extracellular accumulation of these enzymes up to twice that of controls. 2. Growing cells for 12 days in the presence of 0.5mm-mannose 6-phosphate, which decreases beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis to less than 10% of that of controls, has no effect on the intracellular activity of this and four other lysosomal enzymes. 3. Growing cells for 4 days in the presence of 50mm-mannose 6-phosphate, which is a 1000-fold higher concentration than that required for 50% inhibition of lysosomal enzyme endocytosis, leads to a 4-fold increase in extracellular beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase accumulation and a decrease in intracellular enzyme. These results give evidence that, in fibroblasts, transfer of lysosomal enzymes into lysosomes does not require secretion before a receptor-mediated recapture [Hickman & Neufeld (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.49, 992-999]. We propose that (a) lysosomal enzymes are present in a receptor-bound form in those vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, (b) the major part of the lysosomal enzyme cycles via the cell surface in a receptor-bound form and (c) only a minor part of the lysosomal enzyme is released into the extracellular space during its life cycle.", "contents": "An alternative hypothesis of cellular transport of lysosomal enzymes in fibroblasts. Effect of inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme endocytosis on intra- and extra-cellular lysosomal enzyme activities. Recapture of lysosomal enzymes secreted by fibroblasts was inhibited by growing the cells in the presence of either free or immobilized antibodies against lysosomal enzymes or in the presence of phosphorylated carbohydrates known to interact with the cell-surface receptors for lysosomal enzymes. The following results were obtained. 1. Conditions that prevent recapture of released lysosomal enzymes increase the rate of extracellular accumulation of these enzymes up to twice that of controls. 2. Growing cells for 12 days in the presence of 0.5mm-mannose 6-phosphate, which decreases beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis to less than 10% of that of controls, has no effect on the intracellular activity of this and four other lysosomal enzymes. 3. Growing cells for 4 days in the presence of 50mm-mannose 6-phosphate, which is a 1000-fold higher concentration than that required for 50% inhibition of lysosomal enzyme endocytosis, leads to a 4-fold increase in extracellular beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase accumulation and a decrease in intracellular enzyme. These results give evidence that, in fibroblasts, transfer of lysosomal enzymes into lysosomes does not require secretion before a receptor-mediated recapture [Hickman & Neufeld (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.49, 992-999]. We propose that (a) lysosomal enzymes are present in a receptor-bound form in those vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, (b) the major part of the lysosomal enzyme cycles via the cell surface in a receptor-bound form and (c) only a minor part of the lysosomal enzyme is released into the extracellular space during its life cycle.", "PMID": 747663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7169", "title": "Metabolism of inorganic sulphate in the isolated perfused rat liver. Effect of sulphate concentration on the rate of sulphation by phenol sulphotransferase.", "content": "1. The metabolism of inorganic [(35)S]sulphate (Na(2) (35)SO(4)) was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver at three initial concentrations of inorganic sulphate in the perfusion medium (0, 0.65 and 1.30mm), in relation to sulphation and glucuronidation of a phenolic drug, harmol (7-hydroxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole). 2. [(35)S]Sulphate rapidly equilibrated with endogenous sulphate in the liver. It was excreted in bile and reached, at the lowest concentration in the perfusion medium, concentrations in bile that were much higher than those in the perfusion medium; at the higher sulphate concentrations, these concentrations were equal. The physiological concentration of inorganic sulphate in the liver, available for sulphation of drugs, is similar to the plasma concentration. 3. At zero initial inorganic sulphate in the perfusion medium, the rate of sulphation was very low and harmol was mainly glucuronidated. At 0.65mm-sulphate glucuronidation was much decreased and considerable sulphation took place, indicating efficient competition of conjugation by sulphation. At 1.30mm-sulphate the sulphation increased still further. 4. The results suggest that an important factor in sulphation is the relatively high K(m) of synthesis of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate (the co-substrate of sulphation) for inorganic sulphate, which is of the order of the plasma concentration of inorganic sulphate. The steady-state adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate concentration may determine the rate of sulphate conjugation of drugs in the rat in vivo.", "contents": "Metabolism of inorganic sulphate in the isolated perfused rat liver. Effect of sulphate concentration on the rate of sulphation by phenol sulphotransferase. 1. The metabolism of inorganic [(35)S]sulphate (Na(2) (35)SO(4)) was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver at three initial concentrations of inorganic sulphate in the perfusion medium (0, 0.65 and 1.30mm), in relation to sulphation and glucuronidation of a phenolic drug, harmol (7-hydroxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole). 2. [(35)S]Sulphate rapidly equilibrated with endogenous sulphate in the liver. It was excreted in bile and reached, at the lowest concentration in the perfusion medium, concentrations in bile that were much higher than those in the perfusion medium; at the higher sulphate concentrations, these concentrations were equal. The physiological concentration of inorganic sulphate in the liver, available for sulphation of drugs, is similar to the plasma concentration. 3. At zero initial inorganic sulphate in the perfusion medium, the rate of sulphation was very low and harmol was mainly glucuronidated. At 0.65mm-sulphate glucuronidation was much decreased and considerable sulphation took place, indicating efficient competition of conjugation by sulphation. At 1.30mm-sulphate the sulphation increased still further. 4. The results suggest that an important factor in sulphation is the relatively high K(m) of synthesis of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate (the co-substrate of sulphation) for inorganic sulphate, which is of the order of the plasma concentration of inorganic sulphate. The steady-state adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate concentration may determine the rate of sulphate conjugation of drugs in the rat in vivo.", "PMID": 747664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7170", "title": "Conversion between renin and high-molecular-weight renin in the dog.", "content": "Two forms of renin, one of mol.wt. 43,000 and the other 60,000, were found in the dog kidney. Conversion between the two forms of renin was reversible at neutral pH. Though the molecular weight of renin in kidney-cortex homogenate was 43,000, it was completely converted into high-molecular-weight renin in the presence of substances that react with thiol groups. On the contrary, stored renin in the granules was the form of normal size (mol. wt. 43,000) regardless of the absence or presence of such substances. The present experiments indicated that renin is stored in the granules as the form of normal size and might be converted into high-molecular-weight renin when it is released from the granules and attached to some substance in the soluble fraction of renal-cortical tissue.", "contents": "Conversion between renin and high-molecular-weight renin in the dog. Two forms of renin, one of mol.wt. 43,000 and the other 60,000, were found in the dog kidney. Conversion between the two forms of renin was reversible at neutral pH. Though the molecular weight of renin in kidney-cortex homogenate was 43,000, it was completely converted into high-molecular-weight renin in the presence of substances that react with thiol groups. On the contrary, stored renin in the granules was the form of normal size (mol. wt. 43,000) regardless of the absence or presence of such substances. The present experiments indicated that renin is stored in the granules as the form of normal size and might be converted into high-molecular-weight renin when it is released from the granules and attached to some substance in the soluble fraction of renal-cortical tissue.", "PMID": 747665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7171", "title": "Anion/calcium ion ratios and proton production in some mitochondrial calcium ion uptakes.", "content": "The uptake of Ca2+ by liver mitochondria, when phosphate movement is inhibited, occurs when Co2 is present and not in its absence. Uptake of Ca2+ to form CaCO3 yields 2H+/Ca2+. Heart mitochondria, when phosphate movement is inhibited, will take up Ca2+ with the exact equivalent of hydroxybutyrate, lactate or acetate. By providing a carrier for Cl- with tributyltin, a stoicheiometric uptake of Cl- with the Ca2+ takes place. The uptakes appear to occur without significant pH change; there appears to be no CO2-dependent uptake into heart mitochondria. Oxygenation of anaerobic heart mitochondria, in the presence of an inhibitor of phosphate movement and of generation of phosphate from internal ATP, does not yield significant change of external acidity in relation to the amount of O2 added. Use of Bromothymol Blue as an indicator of the distribution of a weak acid anion confirms that the transient nature of the response of the dye distribution to Ca2+ is connected with movement of endogenous phosphate. Bromothymol Blue accumulated in response to Ca2+ is discharged when entry of the Ca2+ (in the presence of mersalyl) is mediated with nigericin. It is concluded that Ca2+ uptakes will occur alternatively with the equivalent of anions or in exchange for endogenous K+ and that proton production is connected with the changes of ionization of phosphate (unless phosphate movement is inhibited) and in liver mitochondria with the hydration of CO2.", "contents": "Anion/calcium ion ratios and proton production in some mitochondrial calcium ion uptakes. The uptake of Ca2+ by liver mitochondria, when phosphate movement is inhibited, occurs when Co2 is present and not in its absence. Uptake of Ca2+ to form CaCO3 yields 2H+/Ca2+. Heart mitochondria, when phosphate movement is inhibited, will take up Ca2+ with the exact equivalent of hydroxybutyrate, lactate or acetate. By providing a carrier for Cl- with tributyltin, a stoicheiometric uptake of Cl- with the Ca2+ takes place. The uptakes appear to occur without significant pH change; there appears to be no CO2-dependent uptake into heart mitochondria. Oxygenation of anaerobic heart mitochondria, in the presence of an inhibitor of phosphate movement and of generation of phosphate from internal ATP, does not yield significant change of external acidity in relation to the amount of O2 added. Use of Bromothymol Blue as an indicator of the distribution of a weak acid anion confirms that the transient nature of the response of the dye distribution to Ca2+ is connected with movement of endogenous phosphate. Bromothymol Blue accumulated in response to Ca2+ is discharged when entry of the Ca2+ (in the presence of mersalyl) is mediated with nigericin. It is concluded that Ca2+ uptakes will occur alternatively with the equivalent of anions or in exchange for endogenous K+ and that proton production is connected with the changes of ionization of phosphate (unless phosphate movement is inhibited) and in liver mitochondria with the hydration of CO2.", "PMID": 747666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7172", "title": "Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing glucose in lactating rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "1. Microsomal fractions of lactating rabbit mammary gland incubated with UDP-glucose formed lipid-linked mono- and oligo-saccharides. The lipid-linked monosaccharide had chromatographic properties similar to those of dolichol phosphate mannose and yielded glucose on acid hydrolysis. 2. Incubation of the microsomal fraction with GDP-[U14C]-mannose yielded an oligosaccharide lipid of approximately seven monosaccharide units. Further incubation with UDP-glucose increased the size of the oligosaccharide by approximately two units. 3. Explants of lactating rabbit mammary gland incorporated [U-14C]glucose into both lipid-linked mono- and oligo-saccharides. The oligosaccharide lipid was of approx. 11 monosaccharide units. 4. Considerable redistribution of radioactive label occurred in the explant system, and radioactively labelled glucosamine and mannose, as well as glucose, were detected on acid hydrolysis of the oligosaccharide lipid. 5. Glucose was also detected in the acid hydrolysate of explant proteins. Radioactive glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose and mannose were also found in this fraction.", "contents": "Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing glucose in lactating rabbit mammary gland. 1. Microsomal fractions of lactating rabbit mammary gland incubated with UDP-glucose formed lipid-linked mono- and oligo-saccharides. The lipid-linked monosaccharide had chromatographic properties similar to those of dolichol phosphate mannose and yielded glucose on acid hydrolysis. 2. Incubation of the microsomal fraction with GDP-[U14C]-mannose yielded an oligosaccharide lipid of approximately seven monosaccharide units. Further incubation with UDP-glucose increased the size of the oligosaccharide by approximately two units. 3. Explants of lactating rabbit mammary gland incorporated [U-14C]glucose into both lipid-linked mono- and oligo-saccharides. The oligosaccharide lipid was of approx. 11 monosaccharide units. 4. Considerable redistribution of radioactive label occurred in the explant system, and radioactively labelled glucosamine and mannose, as well as glucose, were detected on acid hydrolysis of the oligosaccharide lipid. 5. Glucose was also detected in the acid hydrolysate of explant proteins. Radioactive glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose and mannose were also found in this fraction.", "PMID": 747667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7173", "title": "[Action of high temperature on the integrity of LS fibroblasts. I. Effect of culture in the presence of sucrose].", "content": "LS fibroblasts which have accumulated sucrose into cytoplasmic vacuoles during 4 days are more fragile than normal controls when they are exposed to temperatures between 45 degrees C and 60 degrees C. Continuing to cultivate for 6 more days in the presence of sucrose apparently improves the resistance of the vacuolated cultures to the damaging temperatures, possibly because of a selective enhancement of the more resistant cells.", "contents": "[Action of high temperature on the integrity of LS fibroblasts. I. Effect of culture in the presence of sucrose]. LS fibroblasts which have accumulated sucrose into cytoplasmic vacuoles during 4 days are more fragile than normal controls when they are exposed to temperatures between 45 degrees C and 60 degrees C. Continuing to cultivate for 6 more days in the presence of sucrose apparently improves the resistance of the vacuolated cultures to the damaging temperatures, possibly because of a selective enhancement of the more resistant cells.", "PMID": 747674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7174", "title": "[Action of high temperature on the integrity of LS fibroblasts. II. Effect of duration of presence in a medium containing sucrose].", "content": "The resistance to high temperatures of LS fibroblasts starts lowering quite rapidly when the cells have been suspended in a culture medium containing sucrose. On the other hand, transferring back to normal medium for increasing times cells cultivated for 4 days in the presence of sucrose seems to gradually improve their resistance.", "contents": "[Action of high temperature on the integrity of LS fibroblasts. II. Effect of duration of presence in a medium containing sucrose]. The resistance to high temperatures of LS fibroblasts starts lowering quite rapidly when the cells have been suspended in a culture medium containing sucrose. On the other hand, transferring back to normal medium for increasing times cells cultivated for 4 days in the presence of sucrose seems to gradually improve their resistance.", "PMID": 747675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7175", "title": "[Histological and cytological studies of the inflammatory process induced by polyesters in the guinea pig].", "content": "The inflammatory process caused in the omentum of the guinea pig by the intraperitoneal injection of minced polyester threads is characterized by an increasing number of mononuclear and giant cells surrounding polyester fragments. Lymphocytes and plasma cells have been found to participate in the process when the animals are treated for longer times. The cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity have a large lysosomal apparatus as stained by acridine orange, although the colour is taken up to a lesser degree when the cells are in the presence of the polyester.", "contents": "[Histological and cytological studies of the inflammatory process induced by polyesters in the guinea pig]. The inflammatory process caused in the omentum of the guinea pig by the intraperitoneal injection of minced polyester threads is characterized by an increasing number of mononuclear and giant cells surrounding polyester fragments. Lymphocytes and plasma cells have been found to participate in the process when the animals are treated for longer times. The cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity have a large lysosomal apparatus as stained by acridine orange, although the colour is taken up to a lesser degree when the cells are in the presence of the polyester.", "PMID": 747676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7176", "title": "[Effects of lymphocyte stimulation in vitro of alkaline salts of some aroyl-hydrazino-carbodithioic acids and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives: preliminary research].", "content": "The behaviour of alkaline salts of some aroyl-hydrazine-carbodithioic acids [comp. Ia,b,c,] and derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole [comp. IIa,b,c, e IIIa,b,c] , has been studied, on the capability of lymphoblasts in vitro, in consequence of stimulation by some mitogen agents (PHA, PWM). It has been pointed out that the considered compounds inhibit the cellular mitosis in variable percentage in relation to their structure and to the used mitogen agent, frequently causing some mitogen-like morphological modification, also revealable under a optical microscope. The higher inhibition has been obtained by the Ic, IIc, and IIIc compounds, in which Ar is the 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radical, proving selective, in some cases, for the T lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effects of lymphocyte stimulation in vitro of alkaline salts of some aroyl-hydrazino-carbodithioic acids and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives: preliminary research]. The behaviour of alkaline salts of some aroyl-hydrazine-carbodithioic acids [comp. Ia,b,c,] and derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole [comp. IIa,b,c, e IIIa,b,c] , has been studied, on the capability of lymphoblasts in vitro, in consequence of stimulation by some mitogen agents (PHA, PWM). It has been pointed out that the considered compounds inhibit the cellular mitosis in variable percentage in relation to their structure and to the used mitogen agent, frequently causing some mitogen-like morphological modification, also revealable under a optical microscope. The higher inhibition has been obtained by the Ic, IIc, and IIIc compounds, in which Ar is the 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radical, proving selective, in some cases, for the T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 747677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7177", "title": "Decision-making behaviour during inhalation of subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane.", "content": "The effect of subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane on decision-making behaviour in risk situations was assessed using a signal detection task. The subject heard noise alone (white noise) or a signal superimposed on the noise (1000-Hz tone) and had to report what he heard in each trial. Risk situations were manipulated by changing the monetary reward and penalty associated with correct and incorrect responses. Eight male volunteers participated in this study. It was found that under anaesthetic influence they did not avoid the same risks which had been avoided under control conditions. The findings are explained in terms of influence of the gas on loss of control and lessened responsibility for the result of behaviour.", "contents": "Decision-making behaviour during inhalation of subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane. The effect of subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane on decision-making behaviour in risk situations was assessed using a signal detection task. The subject heard noise alone (white noise) or a signal superimposed on the noise (1000-Hz tone) and had to report what he heard in each trial. Risk situations were manipulated by changing the monetary reward and penalty associated with correct and incorrect responses. Eight male volunteers participated in this study. It was found that under anaesthetic influence they did not avoid the same risks which had been avoided under control conditions. The findings are explained in terms of influence of the gas on loss of control and lessened responsibility for the result of behaviour.", "PMID": 747688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7178", "title": "Effects of low concentrations of enflurane on probability learning.", "content": "The effects of controlled subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane on learning behaviour and on ability to change previously developed decision strategies were studied in 10 male volunteers, using a probability learning task. Subjects were instructed to predict on each of 200 consecutive trials, whether a left or a right light would appear. The appearance of lights was pre-determined by a set relative frequency unknown to the subject. The relative frequency was automatically changed at the end of the first 100 trials, from 8/10 lights in the left side to 4/10. It was found that enflurane at subanaesthetic concentration of 0.25% (end-tidal) slowed the rate of learning, and increased the number of trials required for readjusting the prediction strategy to the changed situation.", "contents": "Effects of low concentrations of enflurane on probability learning. The effects of controlled subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane on learning behaviour and on ability to change previously developed decision strategies were studied in 10 male volunteers, using a probability learning task. Subjects were instructed to predict on each of 200 consecutive trials, whether a left or a right light would appear. The appearance of lights was pre-determined by a set relative frequency unknown to the subject. The relative frequency was automatically changed at the end of the first 100 trials, from 8/10 lights in the left side to 4/10. It was found that enflurane at subanaesthetic concentration of 0.25% (end-tidal) slowed the rate of learning, and increased the number of trials required for readjusting the prediction strategy to the changed situation.", "PMID": 747689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7179", "title": "Preservation of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia during the administration of halothane to dogs.", "content": "The action of halothane on the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia was studied in two groups of dogs. In the first group the redistribution of blood flow between the two lungs was studied with a radioactive isotope method, which provided intermittent measurements, whilst in the second group the distribution of blood flow was observed continuously. In both groups there was no significant alteration of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response with inspired halothane concentrations varying from 0.5 to 1.5%.", "contents": "Preservation of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia during the administration of halothane to dogs. The action of halothane on the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia was studied in two groups of dogs. In the first group the redistribution of blood flow between the two lungs was studied with a radioactive isotope method, which provided intermittent measurements, whilst in the second group the distribution of blood flow was observed continuously. In both groups there was no significant alteration of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response with inspired halothane concentrations varying from 0.5 to 1.5%.", "PMID": 747690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7180", "title": "Lack of effect of morphine and buprenorphine on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused cat lung and the perfused lobe of the dog lung.", "content": "In an isolated perfused cat lung preparation and a perfused lobe of dog lung preparation a pressor response of the pulmonary circulation was elicited to alveolar hypoxia (5% oxygen). The magnitude of this reponse was not affected by either of the opioid drugs, morphine or buprenorphine.", "contents": "Lack of effect of morphine and buprenorphine on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused cat lung and the perfused lobe of the dog lung. In an isolated perfused cat lung preparation and a perfused lobe of dog lung preparation a pressor response of the pulmonary circulation was elicited to alveolar hypoxia (5% oxygen). The magnitude of this reponse was not affected by either of the opioid drugs, morphine or buprenorphine.", "PMID": 747691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7181", "title": "Althesin infusion and regional blockade anaesthesia for major gynaecological surgery.", "content": "The effects of an infusion of a 10% Althesin solution to induce sleep in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery performed under extradural analgesia are presented. There was no significant depressant effect on the cardiovascular system, but a predictable and preventable depression of respiratory function. Liver function tests were unaffected by the infusion. Operating conditions were satisfactory in all patients and postoperative recovery was smooth and uncomplicated.", "contents": "Althesin infusion and regional blockade anaesthesia for major gynaecological surgery. The effects of an infusion of a 10% Althesin solution to induce sleep in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery performed under extradural analgesia are presented. There was no significant depressant effect on the cardiovascular system, but a predictable and preventable depression of respiratory function. Liver function tests were unaffected by the infusion. Operating conditions were satisfactory in all patients and postoperative recovery was smooth and uncomplicated.", "PMID": 747692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7182", "title": "Extradural analgesia--the preferred method of analgesia for vaginal breech delivery.", "content": "A prospective trial was designed to study the effect of extradural analgesia on the management of breech delivery. From a study of 51 patients, it was concluded that the duration of labour was not lengthened, the frequency of breech extraction was decreased and the condition of the infant was improved, as shown by foetal blood sampling and Apgar scores. Therefore we recommend strongly that extradural analgesia should be used in the management of all breech deliveries.", "contents": "Extradural analgesia--the preferred method of analgesia for vaginal breech delivery. A prospective trial was designed to study the effect of extradural analgesia on the management of breech delivery. From a study of 51 patients, it was concluded that the duration of labour was not lengthened, the frequency of breech extraction was decreased and the condition of the infant was improved, as shown by foetal blood sampling and Apgar scores. Therefore we recommend strongly that extradural analgesia should be used in the management of all breech deliveries.", "PMID": 747693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7183", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of althesin--comparison with lignocaine.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of alphaxalone were measured with a gas chromatographic technique in six patients following a single i.v. injection of Althesin, and in five volunteers following oral administration. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data, and the plasma clearance of alphaxalone was similar to the blood flow through the liver. A comparison with the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was made.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of althesin--comparison with lignocaine. The plasma concentrations of alphaxalone were measured with a gas chromatographic technique in six patients following a single i.v. injection of Althesin, and in five volunteers following oral administration. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data, and the plasma clearance of alphaxalone was similar to the blood flow through the liver. A comparison with the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was made.", "PMID": 747694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7184", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of thiopentone: effects of enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia and surgery.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of thiopentone following the injection of 3.5 mg kg-1 i.v. were studied in six patients who received enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia and six volunteers. We identified a three-compartment open model system containing both a \"shallow\" and a \"deep\" peripheral compartment in all the patients and half of the controls, and a two-compartment open model for the remaining volunteers. The distribution of thiopentone to the tissues was very rapid, the alpha and beta distribution half-lives averaging 2.5 min and 46.4 min respectively for the patient group and 2.8 min and 48.7 min for the control group. The wide distribution of the drug was indicated by the apparent volume of distribution, the means of which varied between 2 and 1.5 times body weight. The mean elimination half-life was 5.1 h for the patients and 5.7 h for the volunteers. The return of the drug to the central compartment from the deep peripheral compartment was the rate-controlling factor in its elimination. Neither enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia nor the stress of surgery affected the distribution or clearance of the drug from plasma.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of thiopentone: effects of enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia and surgery. Plasma concentrations of thiopentone following the injection of 3.5 mg kg-1 i.v. were studied in six patients who received enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia and six volunteers. We identified a three-compartment open model system containing both a \"shallow\" and a \"deep\" peripheral compartment in all the patients and half of the controls, and a two-compartment open model for the remaining volunteers. The distribution of thiopentone to the tissues was very rapid, the alpha and beta distribution half-lives averaging 2.5 min and 46.4 min respectively for the patient group and 2.8 min and 48.7 min for the control group. The wide distribution of the drug was indicated by the apparent volume of distribution, the means of which varied between 2 and 1.5 times body weight. The mean elimination half-life was 5.1 h for the patients and 5.7 h for the volunteers. The return of the drug to the central compartment from the deep peripheral compartment was the rate-controlling factor in its elimination. Neither enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia nor the stress of surgery affected the distribution or clearance of the drug from plasma.", "PMID": 747695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7185", "title": "Theatre ventilation. A comparison of design and observed values.", "content": "The ventilation rates of 23 operating theatres were tested randomly. These were found to vary widely from design specifications (--43 to +40%). One modern theatre was studied intensively for 6 months and the causes of poor ventilation determined. Preventative maintenance schemes are justified by a positive relationship with plant performance. The influence of theatre ventilation of contamination with anaesthetic agents and the medico-legal implications of poor theatre ventilation are discussed. There is a need for main duct airflow signals, displayed in theatre, to warn personnel of low levels of theatre ventilation.", "contents": "Theatre ventilation. A comparison of design and observed values. The ventilation rates of 23 operating theatres were tested randomly. These were found to vary widely from design specifications (--43 to +40%). One modern theatre was studied intensively for 6 months and the causes of poor ventilation determined. Preventative maintenance schemes are justified by a positive relationship with plant performance. The influence of theatre ventilation of contamination with anaesthetic agents and the medico-legal implications of poor theatre ventilation are discussed. There is a need for main duct airflow signals, displayed in theatre, to warn personnel of low levels of theatre ventilation.", "PMID": 747696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7186", "title": "Penetration of colloidal carbon through post-capillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the guinea-pig: a potential immunogeneic route.", "content": "Colloidal carbon injected intravascularly provided a selective marker for post-capillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. In the first few minutes a denticulate outline to the lumen was formed by carbon capping the high columnar epithelium and carbon particles were deeply embedded between endothelial cells. Ten minutes after injection carbon had reached the basement membrane and was lying outside this membrane 30 min later, at first free but later engulfed inside macrophages. Carbon was retained in post-capillary venules for the duration of the experiment (8 h). Discontinuities were present in the basement membrane in about one-fifth of venules, and lymphocyte and macrophage penetrating the basement membrane are demonstrated. It is postulated that carbon penetrates the post-capillary venular wall by increased intraluminal hydrostatic pressure arising from contraction of muscles that surrounded the lymphoid tissue in the case of the gut, or skeletal muscle compressing lymph nodes against a bony surface in the axilla, groin or neck. Secondly, if carbon is a model for particulate antigens, then post-capillary venules provide a potential immunogenic route whereby antigens can reach lymphoid tissues from the circulation, as proposed by Burwell (1962) for transplantation antigens.", "contents": "Penetration of colloidal carbon through post-capillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the guinea-pig: a potential immunogeneic route. Colloidal carbon injected intravascularly provided a selective marker for post-capillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. In the first few minutes a denticulate outline to the lumen was formed by carbon capping the high columnar epithelium and carbon particles were deeply embedded between endothelial cells. Ten minutes after injection carbon had reached the basement membrane and was lying outside this membrane 30 min later, at first free but later engulfed inside macrophages. Carbon was retained in post-capillary venules for the duration of the experiment (8 h). Discontinuities were present in the basement membrane in about one-fifth of venules, and lymphocyte and macrophage penetrating the basement membrane are demonstrated. It is postulated that carbon penetrates the post-capillary venular wall by increased intraluminal hydrostatic pressure arising from contraction of muscles that surrounded the lymphoid tissue in the case of the gut, or skeletal muscle compressing lymph nodes against a bony surface in the axilla, groin or neck. Secondly, if carbon is a model for particulate antigens, then post-capillary venules provide a potential immunogenic route whereby antigens can reach lymphoid tissues from the circulation, as proposed by Burwell (1962) for transplantation antigens.", "PMID": 747707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7187", "title": "Repeated myocardial infarction in non-arteriosclerotic and arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Adult male Sprague--Dawley rats, with and without arteriosclerosis, were subjected to an isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. After 4 weeks' convalescence, the survivors were subjected to a second myocardial infarct. Animals free of arterial disease were able to survive only 2 infarcts, whereas those with preexisting arterial disease were able to endure a third and some a fourth infarct. Changes in serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH), lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol), glucose, BUN, and corticosterone manifested intensification or diminution of their characteristic response pattern with each subsequent episode of acute myocardial infarction and repair. Many animals died as a result of left ventricular aneurysm formation. Animals with pre-existent coronary artery disease were especially capable of affecting repair of the myocardium or aneurysmal wall through mesenchymal or fibroblastic activity.", "contents": "Repeated myocardial infarction in non-arteriosclerotic and arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley rats. Adult male Sprague--Dawley rats, with and without arteriosclerosis, were subjected to an isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. After 4 weeks' convalescence, the survivors were subjected to a second myocardial infarct. Animals free of arterial disease were able to survive only 2 infarcts, whereas those with preexisting arterial disease were able to endure a third and some a fourth infarct. Changes in serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH), lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol), glucose, BUN, and corticosterone manifested intensification or diminution of their characteristic response pattern with each subsequent episode of acute myocardial infarction and repair. Many animals died as a result of left ventricular aneurysm formation. Animals with pre-existent coronary artery disease were especially capable of affecting repair of the myocardium or aneurysmal wall through mesenchymal or fibroblastic activity.", "PMID": 747708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7188", "title": "The detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) class-specific rubella antibodies. A commercial rubella haemagglutinin is dried and fixed on to the wells of flexible microtitre plates and allowed to react with serial dilutions of whole or fractionated human sera. Class-specific rubella antibodies are then detected by determining the specific binding of 125I-labelled anti-human IgG or IgM. The RIA was first evaluated by comparison with the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the detection of rubella-specific IgM in gel-filtration fractions. RIA was found to be as specific as HI but 10-150 times more sensitive. Rubella-specific IgG antibodies did not interfere in specific IgM determinations by RIA and therefore the latter technique was applied to unfractionated sera. The results obtained indicate that RIA on unfractionated sera is a practical, sensitive and specific technique which could provide a reliable method for the diagnosis of rubella. The rubella-specific IgM titres obtained by RIA were not increased by the removal of IgG by pretreatment of sera with Staphylococcal Protein A.", "contents": "The detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies by radioimmunoassay. An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) class-specific rubella antibodies. A commercial rubella haemagglutinin is dried and fixed on to the wells of flexible microtitre plates and allowed to react with serial dilutions of whole or fractionated human sera. Class-specific rubella antibodies are then detected by determining the specific binding of 125I-labelled anti-human IgG or IgM. The RIA was first evaluated by comparison with the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the detection of rubella-specific IgM in gel-filtration fractions. RIA was found to be as specific as HI but 10-150 times more sensitive. Rubella-specific IgG antibodies did not interfere in specific IgM determinations by RIA and therefore the latter technique was applied to unfractionated sera. The results obtained indicate that RIA on unfractionated sera is a practical, sensitive and specific technique which could provide a reliable method for the diagnosis of rubella. The rubella-specific IgM titres obtained by RIA were not increased by the removal of IgG by pretreatment of sera with Staphylococcal Protein A.", "PMID": 747709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7189", "title": "Nucleic acid metabolism in the rat following short-term and prolonged ingestion of chrysotile asbestos or cigarette-smoke condensate.", "content": "Rats which have ingested a natural diet containing chrysotile asbestos (50 mg/day) both in the short (one week) and long term (5-15 months) show a statistically significant increase in the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA in the small intestine mucosa, colon and rectum, stomach and spleen and a significant decrease in the incorporation of this radiolabel into liver DNA. However, short-term ingestion of similar quantities of chrysotile produced no significant change in the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA in any tissues, although prolonged ingestion of the mineral induced alterations in RNA metabolism in the lung and liver. By contrast, animals ingesting a natural diet containing cigarette-smoke condensate show a significantly high incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA in the mucosa, submucosa, spleen and heart following short-term exposure. Long-term ingestion of this diet produces similar changes in the submucosa, spleen and lung. The apparent specificity and the mechanism whereby ingested chrysotile interferes with DNA metabolism in some body tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Nucleic acid metabolism in the rat following short-term and prolonged ingestion of chrysotile asbestos or cigarette-smoke condensate. Rats which have ingested a natural diet containing chrysotile asbestos (50 mg/day) both in the short (one week) and long term (5-15 months) show a statistically significant increase in the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA in the small intestine mucosa, colon and rectum, stomach and spleen and a significant decrease in the incorporation of this radiolabel into liver DNA. However, short-term ingestion of similar quantities of chrysotile produced no significant change in the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA in any tissues, although prolonged ingestion of the mineral induced alterations in RNA metabolism in the lung and liver. By contrast, animals ingesting a natural diet containing cigarette-smoke condensate show a significantly high incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA in the mucosa, submucosa, spleen and heart following short-term exposure. Long-term ingestion of this diet produces similar changes in the submucosa, spleen and lung. The apparent specificity and the mechanism whereby ingested chrysotile interferes with DNA metabolism in some body tissues is discussed.", "PMID": 747710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7190", "title": "Rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: uptake by inflammatory and tumour tissues.", "content": "The tissue distribution of intravenously administered 125 I-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and 125I-albumin was studied in rats with inflammatory granuloma or transplanted sarcoma. The marked concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in extra-vascular spaces of the granuloma or sarcoma tissue was observed, most of which remained in a trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable form throughout the experiments. Albeit less marked, albumin also preferentially accumulated in both pathological tissues and presented essentially the same distribution pattern as alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in intact organs except kidney in both morbid states. The results suggest that serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein might play an important role in inflammatory or cell proliferative processes in situ. The studies on trichloroacetic acid fractionation also indicate indicat a selective involvement of the kidney in the catabolic processes of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein as compared to that of albumin.", "contents": "Rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: uptake by inflammatory and tumour tissues. The tissue distribution of intravenously administered 125 I-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and 125I-albumin was studied in rats with inflammatory granuloma or transplanted sarcoma. The marked concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in extra-vascular spaces of the granuloma or sarcoma tissue was observed, most of which remained in a trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable form throughout the experiments. Albeit less marked, albumin also preferentially accumulated in both pathological tissues and presented essentially the same distribution pattern as alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in intact organs except kidney in both morbid states. The results suggest that serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein might play an important role in inflammatory or cell proliferative processes in situ. The studies on trichloroacetic acid fractionation also indicate indicat a selective involvement of the kidney in the catabolic processes of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein as compared to that of albumin.", "PMID": 747711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7191", "title": "Reduction in inflammatory response by prior injection of a different agent at the same site: an experimental study in the rat.", "content": "Glycogen, producing a weak PMN response, and BHI/PP, which induces a strong response, have been injected both separately and sequentially into the peritoneal cavity of the rat. It was found that the first stimulus, glycogen, had a modifying effect on the response to the second stimulus, which was reduced. Changes in the number of PMNs in the peritoneal cavity were found to correspond to PMN count changes in the blood, which were monitored simultaneously. This suggests the possibility that the number of PMNs in an exudate is dependent on blood PMN numbers. The point at which the modifying mechanism has its effect remains to be demonstrated, and an assessment of the importance of the changes in blood counts is crucial in locating the point at which the two stimuli interact.", "contents": "Reduction in inflammatory response by prior injection of a different agent at the same site: an experimental study in the rat. Glycogen, producing a weak PMN response, and BHI/PP, which induces a strong response, have been injected both separately and sequentially into the peritoneal cavity of the rat. It was found that the first stimulus, glycogen, had a modifying effect on the response to the second stimulus, which was reduced. Changes in the number of PMNs in the peritoneal cavity were found to correspond to PMN count changes in the blood, which were monitored simultaneously. This suggests the possibility that the number of PMNs in an exudate is dependent on blood PMN numbers. The point at which the modifying mechanism has its effect remains to be demonstrated, and an assessment of the importance of the changes in blood counts is crucial in locating the point at which the two stimuli interact.", "PMID": 747712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7192", "title": "Effect of antibody avidity on the induction of renal injury in anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis.", "content": "Antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the rat could be fractionated according to their avidity by elution from trypsin-digested GBM (bound to Sepharose) with increasing concentrations of KSCN. The percentage of kidney-fixing antibody in each fraction and the degree of proteinuria induced as determined 24 h after injection increased with the avidity of the antibody fraction when equal doses were administered.", "contents": "Effect of antibody avidity on the induction of renal injury in anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis. Antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the rat could be fractionated according to their avidity by elution from trypsin-digested GBM (bound to Sepharose) with increasing concentrations of KSCN. The percentage of kidney-fixing antibody in each fraction and the degree of proteinuria induced as determined 24 h after injection increased with the avidity of the antibody fraction when equal doses were administered.", "PMID": 747713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7193", "title": "Effect of stimulus repetition on negative sustained potentials elicited by auditory and visual stimuli in the human EEG.", "content": "Effect of repetition of auditory and visual stimuli on sensory-evoked sustained potentials was studied. The stimuli were tones and flashes of 1 sec duration presented in trains of six stimuli with an inter-stimulus-interval of 1 sec. The repetition rate of the trains was 1 train/min. The EEG was recorded from electrodes located at Cz, Pz and Oz. Both auditory and visual stimuli elicited negative sustained potentials which during the first stimuli of the trains were maximal in amplitude and shortest in latency at Cz. Repetition of the stimulus resulted in almost complete disappearance of the sustained potentials; for auditory stimulation a small negative shift was recorded only at Cz, whereas for visual stimulation a small sustained potential was seen only at Pz and Oz. The results indicate that the slow potentials evoked by short tones or lights are composed of at least two components. One of these components may reflect neural processing associated with orienting reflex. The other component seems to be related to specific neural processing of the stimulus.", "contents": "Effect of stimulus repetition on negative sustained potentials elicited by auditory and visual stimuli in the human EEG. Effect of repetition of auditory and visual stimuli on sensory-evoked sustained potentials was studied. The stimuli were tones and flashes of 1 sec duration presented in trains of six stimuli with an inter-stimulus-interval of 1 sec. The repetition rate of the trains was 1 train/min. The EEG was recorded from electrodes located at Cz, Pz and Oz. Both auditory and visual stimuli elicited negative sustained potentials which during the first stimuli of the trains were maximal in amplitude and shortest in latency at Cz. Repetition of the stimulus resulted in almost complete disappearance of the sustained potentials; for auditory stimulation a small negative shift was recorded only at Cz, whereas for visual stimulation a small sustained potential was seen only at Pz and Oz. The results indicate that the slow potentials evoked by short tones or lights are composed of at least two components. One of these components may reflect neural processing associated with orienting reflex. The other component seems to be related to specific neural processing of the stimulus.", "PMID": 747714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7194", "title": "Habituation of the orienting response as a function of arousal induced by three different tasks.", "content": "In order to investigate the extent to which habituation rate is influenced by the level of arousal, three consecutive experiments with 24 subjects each were carried out, involving the manipulation of arousal by a different task in every experiment. In Experiment I this was done  by pressing a dynamometer; in Experiment II by remembering words; and in Experiment III by the instruction to react as quickly as possible to barely noticeable stimuli, which in fact were not presented. Although in all experiments arousal was clearly increased, at least as measured by the number of spontaneous electrodermal responses (EDR) and as indicated by the level of either skin conductance, or heart rate or pulse volume, habituation of the EDR was delayed only in Experiment III. Experiment I however showed a faster habituation rate, at least of the EEG and pulse volume reactions. The results of Experiment III were replicated in Experiment IV with 27 subjects. It was concluded that habituation is not a function of arousal but possibly of a variable criterion for the 'signal value' of the stimulus.", "contents": "Habituation of the orienting response as a function of arousal induced by three different tasks. In order to investigate the extent to which habituation rate is influenced by the level of arousal, three consecutive experiments with 24 subjects each were carried out, involving the manipulation of arousal by a different task in every experiment. In Experiment I this was done  by pressing a dynamometer; in Experiment II by remembering words; and in Experiment III by the instruction to react as quickly as possible to barely noticeable stimuli, which in fact were not presented. Although in all experiments arousal was clearly increased, at least as measured by the number of spontaneous electrodermal responses (EDR) and as indicated by the level of either skin conductance, or heart rate or pulse volume, habituation of the EDR was delayed only in Experiment III. Experiment I however showed a faster habituation rate, at least of the EEG and pulse volume reactions. The results of Experiment III were replicated in Experiment IV with 27 subjects. It was concluded that habituation is not a function of arousal but possibly of a variable criterion for the 'signal value' of the stimulus.", "PMID": 747715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7195", "title": "Effects of physical activity on initial level and response magnitude: an experimental study of the LIV.", "content": "Two exercise and two relaxation conditions were used to manipulate subjects' overall level of physical activity. A digit-transformation-and-recall task was administered under each of these four conditions in order to elicit physiological responses. Measures of prestimulus level and response magnitude were taken for each of six dependent variables: skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), finger pulse volume (PV), and three respiration indices. It was hypothesized that as the subject's degree of activity increased the physiological variables would show ergotropic changes in prestimulus level together with decreasing magnitudes of response to the digit task. The results provided a reasonable degree of support for these predictions. Evidence for concomitant changes in prestimulus level and response magnitude was consistent with Wilder's Law of Intial Value (LIV). There were some cases, however, where response magnitude showed a predicted effect of treatment in the absence of a difference in prestimulus level; these findings could not be explained by the traditional LIV model.", "contents": "Effects of physical activity on initial level and response magnitude: an experimental study of the LIV. Two exercise and two relaxation conditions were used to manipulate subjects' overall level of physical activity. A digit-transformation-and-recall task was administered under each of these four conditions in order to elicit physiological responses. Measures of prestimulus level and response magnitude were taken for each of six dependent variables: skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), finger pulse volume (PV), and three respiration indices. It was hypothesized that as the subject's degree of activity increased the physiological variables would show ergotropic changes in prestimulus level together with decreasing magnitudes of response to the digit task. The results provided a reasonable degree of support for these predictions. Evidence for concomitant changes in prestimulus level and response magnitude was consistent with Wilder's Law of Intial Value (LIV). There were some cases, however, where response magnitude showed a predicted effect of treatment in the absence of a difference in prestimulus level; these findings could not be explained by the traditional LIV model.", "PMID": 747716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7196", "title": "EEG event-related potentials and signal detection.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain previously reported relationships between event-related potentials and measures of signal detection performance occur in vigilance as well as psychophysical settings. In the course of the study, evidence was found which challenges previously proposed psychological correlates of \"P300\". EEG was recorded while 15 subjects carried out a 40-min signal detection test. CNV was measured between a warning click and the brief offset of a dim light denoting the possible (p = 0.5) occurrence of the signal, a faint tone in the constant background noise. P300 was measured at a point 300 msec following offset of the dim light. As reported previously in psychophysical settings, P300 amplitude was positively related to signal intensity and response confidence, and was larger for correct detections (Hits) than for correct rejections, misses or false alarms. From first to second half of the test both Hits and false alarms fell, response criterion beta rose, and the amplitude of both CNV and P300 fell. The latter negative relationship between beta and P300 contrasted with a positive one when subjects rated their signal reports at three levels of confidence; here the most confident ratings (high beta) were associated with the highest amplitude of P300. CNV reflected individual ability to sustain performance. Results are explained in terms of a two-factor version (Wilkinson, 1976) of the prior state/reactive change hypothesis (Karlin, 1970). It is suggested that time on task constitutes a prior state influence on P300, whereas other variables influence P300 by means of either reactive change or 'real' change in an endogenous P300 component.", "contents": "EEG event-related potentials and signal detection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain previously reported relationships between event-related potentials and measures of signal detection performance occur in vigilance as well as psychophysical settings. In the course of the study, evidence was found which challenges previously proposed psychological correlates of \"P300\". EEG was recorded while 15 subjects carried out a 40-min signal detection test. CNV was measured between a warning click and the brief offset of a dim light denoting the possible (p = 0.5) occurrence of the signal, a faint tone in the constant background noise. P300 was measured at a point 300 msec following offset of the dim light. As reported previously in psychophysical settings, P300 amplitude was positively related to signal intensity and response confidence, and was larger for correct detections (Hits) than for correct rejections, misses or false alarms. From first to second half of the test both Hits and false alarms fell, response criterion beta rose, and the amplitude of both CNV and P300 fell. The latter negative relationship between beta and P300 contrasted with a positive one when subjects rated their signal reports at three levels of confidence; here the most confident ratings (high beta) were associated with the highest amplitude of P300. CNV reflected individual ability to sustain performance. Results are explained in terms of a two-factor version (Wilkinson, 1976) of the prior state/reactive change hypothesis (Karlin, 1970). It is suggested that time on task constitutes a prior state influence on P300, whereas other variables influence P300 by means of either reactive change or 'real' change in an endogenous P300 component.", "PMID": 747717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7197", "title": "The sleep of 'morning' and 'evening' types.", "content": "A questionnaire developed by Ostberg to differentiate 'morning' types from 'evening' types was administered to 100 college students. The actual sleep behavior of the 11 extreme 'morning' types (larks) and the 10 extreme 'evening' types (owls) was monitored for two weeks with a sleep log and the Post-sleep Inventory. Data was collected from the owls for a further two-week period in which the owls had been instructed to attempt to arise at the lark arousal time. In addition to going to bed earlier and getting up earlier than the owls, the larks had a less variable sleep length and awakening time and took shorter naps than the owls. Larks further reported fewer physical problems and less mental activity across the night as well as more adequate sleep than owls, who differed little from the normal college population even after having their awakening time shifted.", "contents": "The sleep of 'morning' and 'evening' types. A questionnaire developed by Ostberg to differentiate 'morning' types from 'evening' types was administered to 100 college students. The actual sleep behavior of the 11 extreme 'morning' types (larks) and the 10 extreme 'evening' types (owls) was monitored for two weeks with a sleep log and the Post-sleep Inventory. Data was collected from the owls for a further two-week period in which the owls had been instructed to attempt to arise at the lark arousal time. In addition to going to bed earlier and getting up earlier than the owls, the larks had a less variable sleep length and awakening time and took shorter naps than the owls. Larks further reported fewer physical problems and less mental activity across the night as well as more adequate sleep than owls, who differed little from the normal college population even after having their awakening time shifted.", "PMID": 747718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7198", "title": "A review of the biological effects of total sleep deprivation in man.", "content": "This biologically oriented review attempts to complement earlier and more psychological performance based  reviews of total sleep deprivation. Also, the effects of total sleep deprivation are interpreted, here, from a function of human sleep perspective, rather than from the more usual stress viewpoint. It would appear that total sleep deprivation does not produce any major changes in biochemical and physiological measures of somatic functioning. Such a conclusion would not seem to support an hypothesis that human sleep is for body restitution. Although there are equivocal results amongst several of the more psychophysiological measures, EEG does show a pronounced change. This latter finding, together with many reports of psychological performance detriment, would appear to sustain a CNS or cerebral restitutional role for human sleep. However, before definitive conclusions can be drawn from the biochemical and physiological findings of total sleep deprivation, the following qualifications of experimental methodology are made: (1) Apart from sleep loss, many studies have provided unnatural regimes which may have ameliorated possible effects of total sleep deprivation. (2) Most studies are of relatively short duration and may not have been sufficiently long for effects to develop. (3) Measures are often limited in range and depth of analysis. (4) Subjects are mostly fit, young adult, intelligent males and there is little constitutional variability. (5) Reported changes of statistical significance may be of no physiological significance and changes of possible physiological significance may be obscured by statistical procedures. (6) Intervening behavioural variables, such as novelty and anticipation of the sleep deprivation situation, may confound real effects.", "contents": "A review of the biological effects of total sleep deprivation in man. This biologically oriented review attempts to complement earlier and more psychological performance based  reviews of total sleep deprivation. Also, the effects of total sleep deprivation are interpreted, here, from a function of human sleep perspective, rather than from the more usual stress viewpoint. It would appear that total sleep deprivation does not produce any major changes in biochemical and physiological measures of somatic functioning. Such a conclusion would not seem to support an hypothesis that human sleep is for body restitution. Although there are equivocal results amongst several of the more psychophysiological measures, EEG does show a pronounced change. This latter finding, together with many reports of psychological performance detriment, would appear to sustain a CNS or cerebral restitutional role for human sleep. However, before definitive conclusions can be drawn from the biochemical and physiological findings of total sleep deprivation, the following qualifications of experimental methodology are made: (1) Apart from sleep loss, many studies have provided unnatural regimes which may have ameliorated possible effects of total sleep deprivation. (2) Most studies are of relatively short duration and may not have been sufficiently long for effects to develop. (3) Measures are often limited in range and depth of analysis. (4) Subjects are mostly fit, young adult, intelligent males and there is little constitutional variability. (5) Reported changes of statistical significance may be of no physiological significance and changes of possible physiological significance may be obscured by statistical procedures. (6) Intervening behavioural variables, such as novelty and anticipation of the sleep deprivation situation, may confound real effects.", "PMID": 747719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7199", "title": "Function of fever in infectious disease.", "content": "The survival of fever in infectious disease is a controversial subject. In favour of the hypothesis that the fever response is one of the defence mechanisms of the host aginst micro-organisms are several data ranging from determinations of optimal growth temperatures of micro-organisms in vitro to in vivo experiments on the course of infections in temperature-manipulated warm-blooded and poikilothermic animals. In spite of this, the beneficial effect of an elevated body temperature has only been documented in a few human infections, and antipyretic drugs are still used in enormous quantities in the fight against the symptom \"fever\", as if this were the enemy.", "contents": "Function of fever in infectious disease. The survival of fever in infectious disease is a controversial subject. In favour of the hypothesis that the fever response is one of the defence mechanisms of the host aginst micro-organisms are several data ranging from determinations of optimal growth temperatures of micro-organisms in vitro to in vivo experiments on the course of infections in temperature-manipulated warm-blooded and poikilothermic animals. In spite of this, the beneficial effect of an elevated body temperature has only been documented in a few human infections, and antipyretic drugs are still used in enormous quantities in the fight against the symptom \"fever\", as if this were the enemy.", "PMID": 747720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7200", "title": "The action of vitamin B1 (thiamine) on the cardiovascular system of the cat.", "content": "Vitamin B1 administered in a high dose (160 mg/kg) parenterally is known to cause neuromuscular and ganglionic blockade. The effects on the cardiovascular system however have not been sufficiently investigated. In artificially ventilated cats under light ethrane-anesthesia, following parameters were measured continuously before and after B1 administration : Left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LV dP/dt max, electrocardiogram, heart rate, central venous pressure, and peripheral blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean). The data indicate a three-phase reaction after B1 injection : Phase 1--shortly after injection there is a drop of all parameters lasting for 30 sec. The LVEDP showed no change while CVP increased. The drop could not be eliminated by the pretreatment with antihistaminiergic or anticholinergic drug. Sequential stimulation with norepinephrine was able to re-establish base-line values. In Phase 2 (two minutes after injection) all parameters return to their control values ; except CVP which stays elevated. Phase 3 (around the 7th minute after injection) shows a gradual decrease of all parameters; CVP returns to control values. It is suggested that phase 1 represents an immediate alpha-blockade, phase 2 reveals a compensatory reflex mechanism, and phase 3 shows full ganglionic blockade.", "contents": "The action of vitamin B1 (thiamine) on the cardiovascular system of the cat. Vitamin B1 administered in a high dose (160 mg/kg) parenterally is known to cause neuromuscular and ganglionic blockade. The effects on the cardiovascular system however have not been sufficiently investigated. In artificially ventilated cats under light ethrane-anesthesia, following parameters were measured continuously before and after B1 administration : Left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LV dP/dt max, electrocardiogram, heart rate, central venous pressure, and peripheral blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean). The data indicate a three-phase reaction after B1 injection : Phase 1--shortly after injection there is a drop of all parameters lasting for 30 sec. The LVEDP showed no change while CVP increased. The drop could not be eliminated by the pretreatment with antihistaminiergic or anticholinergic drug. Sequential stimulation with norepinephrine was able to re-establish base-line values. In Phase 2 (two minutes after injection) all parameters return to their control values ; except CVP which stays elevated. Phase 3 (around the 7th minute after injection) shows a gradual decrease of all parameters; CVP returns to control values. It is suggested that phase 1 represents an immediate alpha-blockade, phase 2 reveals a compensatory reflex mechanism, and phase 3 shows full ganglionic blockade.", "PMID": 747722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7201", "title": "Thymidine-suicide of human granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C).", "content": "The quantitative and qualitative changes of human granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) after perturbation give a comprehensive view of their reaction pattern. The proliferative state of CFU-C may be assessed using the 3H-Thymidine (3H-TdR) technique. This technique is well established in experimental animals. In order to utilize it for the study of human CFU-C, the kinetics and the variables affecting the suicide of human CFU-C were analysed in detail. From the results, it appears that under optimal conditions considerable higher 3H-TdR concentrations (greater than or equal to 100/muCi/ml) have to be utilized than have been reported to be satisfactory in the murine system. Colony growth inhibition is S-phase-specific; if reutilization of the label occurs in vitro, it does not detectably affect colony growth. Minimum exposure of CFU-C to 3H-TdR is 20 minutes. Using these optimal suicide conditions, human marrow CFU-C can be shown to be a highly proliferating cell population.", "contents": "Thymidine-suicide of human granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C). The quantitative and qualitative changes of human granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) after perturbation give a comprehensive view of their reaction pattern. The proliferative state of CFU-C may be assessed using the 3H-Thymidine (3H-TdR) technique. This technique is well established in experimental animals. In order to utilize it for the study of human CFU-C, the kinetics and the variables affecting the suicide of human CFU-C were analysed in detail. From the results, it appears that under optimal conditions considerable higher 3H-TdR concentrations (greater than or equal to 100/muCi/ml) have to be utilized than have been reported to be satisfactory in the murine system. Colony growth inhibition is S-phase-specific; if reutilization of the label occurs in vitro, it does not detectably affect colony growth. Minimum exposure of CFU-C to 3H-TdR is 20 minutes. Using these optimal suicide conditions, human marrow CFU-C can be shown to be a highly proliferating cell population.", "PMID": 747723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7202", "title": "Effects of hyperthermia and drug in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Hyperthermia (42 degrees C) and peptichemio (PTC) applied simultaneously result in an increased killing effect and in a significant induction of single strand breaks (SSB) of DNA molecule. The enhanced killing effect was observed in all circumstances, whenever hyperthermia was applied before, during or after PTC treatment, but the most effective cell killing was obtained when hyperthermia and PTC were applied simultaneously. The results show that PTC concentrations used in these experiments do not induce SSB in DNA molecule during incubation for 2 hours at 37 degrees C. When the cells were exposed to PTC and hyperthermia the induction of SSB was observed. The number of SSB depends on the exposure time and PTC concentration. Cells with a greater number of SSB lost the capacity for repair during post-incubation at 42 degrees C.", "contents": "Effects of hyperthermia and drug in cultured mammalian cells. Hyperthermia (42 degrees C) and peptichemio (PTC) applied simultaneously result in an increased killing effect and in a significant induction of single strand breaks (SSB) of DNA molecule. The enhanced killing effect was observed in all circumstances, whenever hyperthermia was applied before, during or after PTC treatment, but the most effective cell killing was obtained when hyperthermia and PTC were applied simultaneously. The results show that PTC concentrations used in these experiments do not induce SSB in DNA molecule during incubation for 2 hours at 37 degrees C. When the cells were exposed to PTC and hyperthermia the induction of SSB was observed. The number of SSB depends on the exposure time and PTC concentration. Cells with a greater number of SSB lost the capacity for repair during post-incubation at 42 degrees C.", "PMID": 747724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7203", "title": "Lymphokine and synthesis of complement by guinea pig spleen cells.", "content": "Lymphokine preparations have been obtained from normal guinea pig spleen cells stimulated in vitro by optimal doses of insoluble Concanavalin A. The biological activity of these preparations was estimated by Macrophage Inhibition Tests performed with peritoneal cells from identical guinea pigs. Addition of these preparations to culture of normal adherent guinea pig spleen cells, gives rise to a dose related inhibition of the normal synthesis of C2, the second component of the complement system, by these latter cells. This inhibition of synthesis, appears to be due to a functional effect of lymphokine on C2-producing cells and not to a cytotoxic effect. Preliminary results indicate that the same lymphokine preparations can have a stimulatory rather than an inhibitory effect on synthesis of haemolytic C1 by the same cells.", "contents": "Lymphokine and synthesis of complement by guinea pig spleen cells. Lymphokine preparations have been obtained from normal guinea pig spleen cells stimulated in vitro by optimal doses of insoluble Concanavalin A. The biological activity of these preparations was estimated by Macrophage Inhibition Tests performed with peritoneal cells from identical guinea pigs. Addition of these preparations to culture of normal adherent guinea pig spleen cells, gives rise to a dose related inhibition of the normal synthesis of C2, the second component of the complement system, by these latter cells. This inhibition of synthesis, appears to be due to a functional effect of lymphokine on C2-producing cells and not to a cytotoxic effect. Preliminary results indicate that the same lymphokine preparations can have a stimulatory rather than an inhibitory effect on synthesis of haemolytic C1 by the same cells.", "PMID": 747725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7204", "title": "Effect of high dose d-l propranolol on the renin-angiotensin system in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rat.", "content": "Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-ischemic and nephrotoxic acute renal failure. This study was designed to determine the effect of d-l propranolol in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats. 50% glycerol administered alone, induced a significant rise in blood urea and plasma renin concentration but no significant change in renal renin concentration. When administered with d-l propranolol (10 mg/kg body weight in 5 subcutaneous injections), mean blood urea, plasma renin and renal renin concentrations were not significantly different from the preceding group. Propranolol alone, administered in the same fashion, unexpectedly induced a rise in plasma renin concentration (p less than 0.05) while blood urea and renal renin concentrations were unchanged. Considering the unusually high dose of propranolol used, a second protocol was devised to compare the effects of d-l propranolol, in doses of 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg. Plasma renin concentration rose after high dose propranolol, but decreased, although not significantly, after administration of 1 mg/kg. Renal renin concentration was unchanged. High dose d-l propranolol, does not protect rats against glycerol induced acute renal failure. Contrarily to the usual 1 mg/kg dose, it was found surprisingly to increase renin release.", "contents": "Effect of high dose d-l propranolol on the renin-angiotensin system in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rat. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-ischemic and nephrotoxic acute renal failure. This study was designed to determine the effect of d-l propranolol in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats. 50% glycerol administered alone, induced a significant rise in blood urea and plasma renin concentration but no significant change in renal renin concentration. When administered with d-l propranolol (10 mg/kg body weight in 5 subcutaneous injections), mean blood urea, plasma renin and renal renin concentrations were not significantly different from the preceding group. Propranolol alone, administered in the same fashion, unexpectedly induced a rise in plasma renin concentration (p less than 0.05) while blood urea and renal renin concentrations were unchanged. Considering the unusually high dose of propranolol used, a second protocol was devised to compare the effects of d-l propranolol, in doses of 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg. Plasma renin concentration rose after high dose propranolol, but decreased, although not significantly, after administration of 1 mg/kg. Renal renin concentration was unchanged. High dose d-l propranolol, does not protect rats against glycerol induced acute renal failure. Contrarily to the usual 1 mg/kg dose, it was found surprisingly to increase renin release.", "PMID": 747726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7205", "title": "Dopamine excretion in benign pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Dopamine excretion is reported in 27 patients with benign pheochromocytoma. In 21 patients the tumours were in the adrenal (one patient, bilateral), four were extra-adrenal, and two were assumed to be so since they were not found at laparotomy. Dopamine excretion was found to be higher in the patients with extra-adrenal tumours and in one patient--with bilateral pheochromocytoma. Slight increase of dopamine excretion was found in two of the remaining patients. These observations--indicate that while increased dopamine excretion may be present in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma it can be also increased in some patients with benign tumours.", "contents": "Dopamine excretion in benign pheochromocytoma. Dopamine excretion is reported in 27 patients with benign pheochromocytoma. In 21 patients the tumours were in the adrenal (one patient, bilateral), four were extra-adrenal, and two were assumed to be so since they were not found at laparotomy. Dopamine excretion was found to be higher in the patients with extra-adrenal tumours and in one patient--with bilateral pheochromocytoma. Slight increase of dopamine excretion was found in two of the remaining patients. These observations--indicate that while increased dopamine excretion may be present in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma it can be also increased in some patients with benign tumours.", "PMID": 747729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7206", "title": "Surface features of small thymocytes of rat: a freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The surface of small thymocytes of 6 day old rats has been examined by freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy. Various procedures were used to enrich the cell population and protect their surfaces. On the basis of morphological criteria, three types of small thymocytes: smooth thymocytes (79.5% of total cells), thymocytes characterized by the presence of ridge-like profiles (16.1%) and thymocytes displaying a moderate number of small microvilli (2.4%). From the results after stimulation with PHA and later separation, it is concluded that the first population corresponds to small cortical thymocytes, and the second to small medullary thymocytes.", "contents": "Surface features of small thymocytes of rat: a freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscope study. The surface of small thymocytes of 6 day old rats has been examined by freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy. Various procedures were used to enrich the cell population and protect their surfaces. On the basis of morphological criteria, three types of small thymocytes: smooth thymocytes (79.5% of total cells), thymocytes characterized by the presence of ridge-like profiles (16.1%) and thymocytes displaying a moderate number of small microvilli (2.4%). From the results after stimulation with PHA and later separation, it is concluded that the first population corresponds to small cortical thymocytes, and the second to small medullary thymocytes.", "PMID": 747730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7207", "title": "The gene(s) controlling the synthesis of C1 esterase inhibitor is not linked to the genes of the HLA system and is not on the 6th chromosome.", "content": "Certain genes of the complement system are carried by the 6th chromosome and are sometimes linked to particular genes of the HLA system. This study shows that in 15 patients suffering from hereditary angioneurotic oedema the gene(s) controlling the synthesis of C1 esterase inhibitor is not linked to the genes HLA-A or B and is not on the 6th chromosome.", "contents": "The gene(s) controlling the synthesis of C1 esterase inhibitor is not linked to the genes of the HLA system and is not on the 6th chromosome. Certain genes of the complement system are carried by the 6th chromosome and are sometimes linked to particular genes of the HLA system. This study shows that in 15 patients suffering from hereditary angioneurotic oedema the gene(s) controlling the synthesis of C1 esterase inhibitor is not linked to the genes HLA-A or B and is not on the 6th chromosome.", "PMID": 747732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7208", "title": "Quantitation of berberine chloride in human urine by use of selected ion monitoring in the field desorption mode.", "content": "A method is described for the microdetermination of berberine chloride in human urine by a field desorption mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring system using a deuterium labelled analogue of berberine chloride as an internal standard. Prior to the quantitation of berberine in human urine, the fundamental problems related to field desorption selected ion monitoring, such as quality of emitters, amounts of sample loading, and the programming rate of the emitter current, were statistically investigated in detail. Berberine chloride can be determined in a concentration of 10 ng ml-1 in human urine by the method described. The analytical results were compared with those from gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring in the chemical ionization mode suggesting that the reliability of field desorption selected ion monitoring may be almost equivalent to that of gas chromatography chemical ionization selected ion monitoring.", "contents": "Quantitation of berberine chloride in human urine by use of selected ion monitoring in the field desorption mode. A method is described for the microdetermination of berberine chloride in human urine by a field desorption mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring system using a deuterium labelled analogue of berberine chloride as an internal standard. Prior to the quantitation of berberine in human urine, the fundamental problems related to field desorption selected ion monitoring, such as quality of emitters, amounts of sample loading, and the programming rate of the emitter current, were statistically investigated in detail. Berberine chloride can be determined in a concentration of 10 ng ml-1 in human urine by the method described. The analytical results were compared with those from gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring in the chemical ionization mode suggesting that the reliability of field desorption selected ion monitoring may be almost equivalent to that of gas chromatography chemical ionization selected ion monitoring.", "PMID": 747733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7209", "title": "[OH]- negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Reactions of [OH]- with methadone, l-alpha-acetylmethadol and their metabolites.", "content": "The [OH]- chemical ionization spectra of methadone and three metabolites and of l-alpha-methadol and six metabolites are presented. The spectra are simple, but the methadol compounds exhibit much fragmentation. The ionization sensitivity is somewhat greater than that in CH4 positive chemical ionization.", "contents": "[OH]- negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Reactions of [OH]- with methadone, l-alpha-acetylmethadol and their metabolites. The [OH]- chemical ionization spectra of methadone and three metabolites and of l-alpha-methadol and six metabolites are presented. The spectra are simple, but the methadol compounds exhibit much fragmentation. The ionization sensitivity is somewhat greater than that in CH4 positive chemical ionization.", "PMID": 747734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7210", "title": "Determination of choline and acetylcholine in distinct rat brain regions by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "The determination of choline and acetylcholine by field desorption mass spectrometry from rat brain tissue samples has been demonstrated. Essential points of the assay are the use of stable isotope labelled internal standards, a simple ion pair extraction procedure, direct analysis of the quaternary ammonium ions without derivatization, and accumulation of the electrically recorded field desorption ion signals with a multi-channel analyser. The analysis of sample amounts in the picogram range gave quantitative data of good precision (0.6--10% standard deviation).", "contents": "Determination of choline and acetylcholine in distinct rat brain regions by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry. The determination of choline and acetylcholine by field desorption mass spectrometry from rat brain tissue samples has been demonstrated. Essential points of the assay are the use of stable isotope labelled internal standards, a simple ion pair extraction procedure, direct analysis of the quaternary ammonium ions without derivatization, and accumulation of the electrically recorded field desorption ion signals with a multi-channel analyser. The analysis of sample amounts in the picogram range gave quantitative data of good precision (0.6--10% standard deviation).", "PMID": 747735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7211", "title": "The identification of ibuprofen and analogues in urine by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "The pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen, Naproxen and Ketoprofen, a series of anti-inflammatory propionic acid derivatives, is shown to proceed via decarboxylation and elimination to yield characteristic ethyl and vinyl fragments. The pyrogram enables the identification of the drug to be achieved as the pure compound, in a formulated dosage form or excreted in urine. The presence of metabolites derived from Ibuprofen causes four new fragments to be observed in the urine pyrogram. The identification of 16 components of the control urine pyrogram is presented.", "contents": "The identification of ibuprofen and analogues in urine by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen, Naproxen and Ketoprofen, a series of anti-inflammatory propionic acid derivatives, is shown to proceed via decarboxylation and elimination to yield characteristic ethyl and vinyl fragments. The pyrogram enables the identification of the drug to be achieved as the pure compound, in a formulated dosage form or excreted in urine. The presence of metabolites derived from Ibuprofen causes four new fragments to be observed in the urine pyrogram. The identification of 16 components of the control urine pyrogram is presented.", "PMID": 747736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7212", "title": "Mass spectrometric determination of cocaine and its biologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine.", "content": "A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay has been developed for the determination of cocaine and its pharmacologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine. [2H3]Cocaine and [2H3]norcocaine were used as internal standards. The assay utilizes selective focusing to monitor in a gas chromatographic effluent the molecular ions of cocaine, [2H3]cocaine and the fragment ions of trifluoroacetylated norcocaine, [2H3]norcocaine generated by electron impact ionization. The assay can measure 2 ng ml-1 each of cocaine and norcocaine with about 5% precision. The curves, relating the amounts of cocaine and norcocaine added to control urine per 'fixed' amounts of their labeled analogs, versus the appropriate ion intensity ratios are straight lines with nearly zero intercepts and slopes of 0.98 +/- 0.01 and 0.98 +/- 0.02, respectively. The methodology is used for the analysis of urinary cocaine and norcocaine from three human subjects who received 100 mg cocaine-HCL intravenously.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric determination of cocaine and its biologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine. A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay has been developed for the determination of cocaine and its pharmacologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine. [2H3]Cocaine and [2H3]norcocaine were used as internal standards. The assay utilizes selective focusing to monitor in a gas chromatographic effluent the molecular ions of cocaine, [2H3]cocaine and the fragment ions of trifluoroacetylated norcocaine, [2H3]norcocaine generated by electron impact ionization. The assay can measure 2 ng ml-1 each of cocaine and norcocaine with about 5% precision. The curves, relating the amounts of cocaine and norcocaine added to control urine per 'fixed' amounts of their labeled analogs, versus the appropriate ion intensity ratios are straight lines with nearly zero intercepts and slopes of 0.98 +/- 0.01 and 0.98 +/- 0.02, respectively. The methodology is used for the analysis of urinary cocaine and norcocaine from three human subjects who received 100 mg cocaine-HCL intravenously.", "PMID": 747737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7213", "title": "Mass spectra of the oxygenated products generated from phenanthrene under simulated environmental conditions.", "content": "The photooxidation of phenanthrene under stimulated environmental conditions to 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, among other oxygenated products, serves as a model for the conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to potentially mutagenic and/or carcinogenic products. The separation and identification were achieved by glass capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and by comparison of gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectral fragmentation patterns with data observed for authentic samples obtained independently through synthesis or from commercial sources. The structural rearrangements of 2,2'-di-substituted biphenyls such as 2-formyl biphenyl-2'-carboxylic acid, 2,2' diformyl biphenyl and diphenic acid anhydride, induced upon electron impact are investigated and discussed in detail. The mass spectral comparison of 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a primary mammalian metabolite of phenanthrene, and certain other structural isomers was conducted and the results of this study suggest a mass spectral technique capable of differentiating arene oxides from oxepin, phenol and carbonyl isomers. A discussion of the potential impact of the sensitized photooxidation of more condensed environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants is presented and the role of bioactive arene oxides produced under such photooxidation conditions is also discussed. Related oxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known to be proximate carcinogens and/or mutagens generated by metabolic activation. The role and significance of solar induced oxidation in the weathering of petroleum hydrocarbons at air-sea interfaces and the incorporation of potentially bioactive organic residues in the food chain are also addressed.", "contents": "Mass spectra of the oxygenated products generated from phenanthrene under simulated environmental conditions. The photooxidation of phenanthrene under stimulated environmental conditions to 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, among other oxygenated products, serves as a model for the conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to potentially mutagenic and/or carcinogenic products. The separation and identification were achieved by glass capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and by comparison of gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectral fragmentation patterns with data observed for authentic samples obtained independently through synthesis or from commercial sources. The structural rearrangements of 2,2'-di-substituted biphenyls such as 2-formyl biphenyl-2'-carboxylic acid, 2,2' diformyl biphenyl and diphenic acid anhydride, induced upon electron impact are investigated and discussed in detail. The mass spectral comparison of 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a primary mammalian metabolite of phenanthrene, and certain other structural isomers was conducted and the results of this study suggest a mass spectral technique capable of differentiating arene oxides from oxepin, phenol and carbonyl isomers. A discussion of the potential impact of the sensitized photooxidation of more condensed environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants is presented and the role of bioactive arene oxides produced under such photooxidation conditions is also discussed. Related oxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known to be proximate carcinogens and/or mutagens generated by metabolic activation. The role and significance of solar induced oxidation in the weathering of petroleum hydrocarbons at air-sea interfaces and the incorporation of potentially bioactive organic residues in the food chain are also addressed.", "PMID": 747738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7214", "title": "Identification of 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-galactose by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to separate and identify a carrageenan component suspected of being the acid ketal 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-galactose. The mass spectral fragmentation pattern is presented as evidence of the presence of this component in the carrageenan from Petrocelis middendorfii (P. franciscana).", "contents": "Identification of 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-galactose by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to separate and identify a carrageenan component suspected of being the acid ketal 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-galactose. The mass spectral fragmentation pattern is presented as evidence of the presence of this component in the carrageenan from Petrocelis middendorfii (P. franciscana).", "PMID": 747739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7215", "title": "Mass spectroscopy of natural products. III--Mass spectrometric comparison of lysergic acid and 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid.", "content": "The influence of the 9,10-double bond in the ergoline skeleton on the fragmentation behaviour of lysergic acid and 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid is discussed. The main fragmentation pathways were determined using high resolution mass spectrometry and metastable ion studies. The 70 eV electron impact spectra are compared with the 12 eV electron impact spectra and the negative ion mass spectra (2--4 eV).", "contents": "Mass spectroscopy of natural products. III--Mass spectrometric comparison of lysergic acid and 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid. The influence of the 9,10-double bond in the ergoline skeleton on the fragmentation behaviour of lysergic acid and 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid is discussed. The main fragmentation pathways were determined using high resolution mass spectrometry and metastable ion studies. The 70 eV electron impact spectra are compared with the 12 eV electron impact spectra and the negative ion mass spectra (2--4 eV).", "PMID": 747740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7216", "title": "A selected ion monitoring method for glutethimide and six metabolites: application to blood and urine from humans intoxicated with glutethimide.", "content": "A method employing selected ion monitoring for the analysis of glutethimide and six of its metabolites has been developed. Hydroxylated metabolites analyzed as trifluoroacetates, included 4-hydroxyglutethimide, (1-hydroxyethyl)glutethimide and p-hydroxyglutethimide. The unchanged drug, 3-dehydroglutethimide, desethylglutethimide and the internal standard, [2H5]glutethimide, were chromatographed underivatized on OV-225. The assay was used to measure drug and metabolites in the plasma and urine of patients intoxicated with glutethimide. High levels (e.g. 20--35 microgram ml-1) of unconjugated 4-hydroxyglutethimide, an active metabolite, were found in all patients at a time when levels of unchanged drug were lower and declining. Other unconjugated and conjugated metabolites were found in relatively low concentrations in the plasma (i.e. less than 4 microgram ml-1). The major urinary metabolites were conjugates of 4-hydroxyglutethimide and (1-hydroxyethyl)glutethimide. The unchanged drug and other conjugated and unconjugated metabolites were found in lower amounts in the urine. Normal plasma half-lives of glutethimide and the relatively small amounts in urine of unchanged drug and unconjugated metabolites indicated that drug elimination was not markedly impaired in the intoxicated patients.", "contents": "A selected ion monitoring method for glutethimide and six metabolites: application to blood and urine from humans intoxicated with glutethimide. A method employing selected ion monitoring for the analysis of glutethimide and six of its metabolites has been developed. Hydroxylated metabolites analyzed as trifluoroacetates, included 4-hydroxyglutethimide, (1-hydroxyethyl)glutethimide and p-hydroxyglutethimide. The unchanged drug, 3-dehydroglutethimide, desethylglutethimide and the internal standard, [2H5]glutethimide, were chromatographed underivatized on OV-225. The assay was used to measure drug and metabolites in the plasma and urine of patients intoxicated with glutethimide. High levels (e.g. 20--35 microgram ml-1) of unconjugated 4-hydroxyglutethimide, an active metabolite, were found in all patients at a time when levels of unchanged drug were lower and declining. Other unconjugated and conjugated metabolites were found in relatively low concentrations in the plasma (i.e. less than 4 microgram ml-1). The major urinary metabolites were conjugates of 4-hydroxyglutethimide and (1-hydroxyethyl)glutethimide. The unchanged drug and other conjugated and unconjugated metabolites were found in lower amounts in the urine. Normal plasma half-lives of glutethimide and the relatively small amounts in urine of unchanged drug and unconjugated metabolites indicated that drug elimination was not markedly impaired in the intoxicated patients.", "PMID": 747741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7217", "title": "Quantitative analysis of propranolol and metabolites by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer technique.", "content": "A quantitative assay for urinary propranolol and six of its unconjugated metabolites by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system has been developed. Conjugated metabolites are also determined following enzyme hydrolysis. These compounds are separated from murine by Amberlite XAD-2 resin column chromatography and are converted to methyl esters and trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Each substance is quantitated from reconstructed ion chromatograms using a specific mass or sum of masses for each compound by comparing its area with that of an appropriate internal standard. The minimum detectable concentrations are in the range of 50--100 ng ml-1. The calibrations are linear from 0.10--15.0 microgram ml-1 with recoveries ranging from 62--91%. This procedure yields a high degree of specificity, selectivity and reproducibility, as demonstrated by the analyses of urine from dogs receiving single 40 mg doses of propranolol orally.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of propranolol and metabolites by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer technique. A quantitative assay for urinary propranolol and six of its unconjugated metabolites by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system has been developed. Conjugated metabolites are also determined following enzyme hydrolysis. These compounds are separated from murine by Amberlite XAD-2 resin column chromatography and are converted to methyl esters and trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Each substance is quantitated from reconstructed ion chromatograms using a specific mass or sum of masses for each compound by comparing its area with that of an appropriate internal standard. The minimum detectable concentrations are in the range of 50--100 ng ml-1. The calibrations are linear from 0.10--15.0 microgram ml-1 with recoveries ranging from 62--91%. This procedure yields a high degree of specificity, selectivity and reproducibility, as demonstrated by the analyses of urine from dogs receiving single 40 mg doses of propranolol orally.", "PMID": 747742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7218", "title": "Determination of clonazepam and its amino and acetamido metaoblites in human plasma by combined gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring.", "content": "Our previously published gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution assay for clonazepam and its 7-amino metabolite in plasma has been modified to obtain more consistent recoveries of the amine metabolite and to permit the determination of the 7-acetamido metabolite of clonazepam. In addition, the manuscript describes the details of a method for a least squares analysis of the nonlinear standard curves associated with the use of certain stable isotope labeled analogs as internal standard.", "contents": "Determination of clonazepam and its amino and acetamido metaoblites in human plasma by combined gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring. Our previously published gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution assay for clonazepam and its 7-amino metabolite in plasma has been modified to obtain more consistent recoveries of the amine metabolite and to permit the determination of the 7-acetamido metabolite of clonazepam. In addition, the manuscript describes the details of a method for a least squares analysis of the nonlinear standard curves associated with the use of certain stable isotope labeled analogs as internal standard.", "PMID": 747743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7219", "title": "A selective and sensitive assay for urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.", "content": "Vapor phase methodology for quantitative analysis of urine for metanephrine and normetanephrine as the pentafluoropropionyl derivative is described. The use of selected ion monitoring provided sufficient sensitivity and selectivity that milliliter aliquots of urine required only a simple scheme of sample processing; preliminary purification consisted of percolation through a column of XAD-2 followed by solvent extraction. The sample extracts were converted to the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Quantitative analysis was based on alpha[2H2]-beta-[2H1]metanephrine and alpha-[2H2]-beta-[2H1]normetanephrine which were added to the urine sample at the outset. The calibration plots for metanephrine and normetanephrine were linear from 10 ng ml-1 to 2000 ng ml-1 of urine permitting the detection of metanephrine and normetanephrine levels throughout the normal range and well into the subnormal range. Examples of application of the methodology to clinical investigation are described. The overall reproducibility of the sample processing methodology and instrumentation was assessed by replicate analyses of the same urine sample over a period of several weeks; the coefficient of variation was +/- 2.5% (n = 8).", "contents": "A selective and sensitive assay for urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Vapor phase methodology for quantitative analysis of urine for metanephrine and normetanephrine as the pentafluoropropionyl derivative is described. The use of selected ion monitoring provided sufficient sensitivity and selectivity that milliliter aliquots of urine required only a simple scheme of sample processing; preliminary purification consisted of percolation through a column of XAD-2 followed by solvent extraction. The sample extracts were converted to the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Quantitative analysis was based on alpha[2H2]-beta-[2H1]metanephrine and alpha-[2H2]-beta-[2H1]normetanephrine which were added to the urine sample at the outset. The calibration plots for metanephrine and normetanephrine were linear from 10 ng ml-1 to 2000 ng ml-1 of urine permitting the detection of metanephrine and normetanephrine levels throughout the normal range and well into the subnormal range. Examples of application of the methodology to clinical investigation are described. The overall reproducibility of the sample processing methodology and instrumentation was assessed by replicate analyses of the same urine sample over a period of several weeks; the coefficient of variation was +/- 2.5% (n = 8).", "PMID": 747744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7220", "title": "Erythroid colony production in vitro as a function of exposure time to erythropoietin.", "content": "The effects of timed exposure to erythropoietin of murine bone marrow cells has been studied in in vitro plasma clot cultures. Erythropoietin was added at the start of the incubation period, and at various times after initiation of the culture an anti-erythropoietin serum was added in an amount adequate to neutralize the erythropoietin. Culture methods were used which allow the transformation of the immediate progenitor stem cell of the recognized erythron, the CFU-E. The incorporation of 59Fe was used as an identity marker for hemoglobin synthesis which allowed the classification of colonies as erythroid in autoradiographs. Brief exposure to the hormone for one to two hours produced activation of about 20% of the control (continuous exposure for the 48 h of culture) value. More protracted exposure to erythropoietin caused the conversion of what appears to be a second population of CFU-E, but even 24 h of exposure was not adequate to cause the maximum activation of CFU-E seen in the control cultures.", "contents": "Erythroid colony production in vitro as a function of exposure time to erythropoietin. The effects of timed exposure to erythropoietin of murine bone marrow cells has been studied in in vitro plasma clot cultures. Erythropoietin was added at the start of the incubation period, and at various times after initiation of the culture an anti-erythropoietin serum was added in an amount adequate to neutralize the erythropoietin. Culture methods were used which allow the transformation of the immediate progenitor stem cell of the recognized erythron, the CFU-E. The incorporation of 59Fe was used as an identity marker for hemoglobin synthesis which allowed the classification of colonies as erythroid in autoradiographs. Brief exposure to the hormone for one to two hours produced activation of about 20% of the control (continuous exposure for the 48 h of culture) value. More protracted exposure to erythropoietin caused the conversion of what appears to be a second population of CFU-E, but even 24 h of exposure was not adequate to cause the maximum activation of CFU-E seen in the control cultures.", "PMID": 747768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7221", "title": "Erythropoiesis: comparison of in vivo and in vitro amplification.", "content": "1. Amplification is defined as the phase of erythropoiesis that includes all cell divisions of the recognizable erythron. 2. In vivo, amplification always takes place surrounding a central histiocyte (erythroblastic island). It is made up of four to five successive synchronous divisions. 3. In vitro, complete maturation and amplification of erythropoietic cells can be obtained without apparent association with a central histiocyte. 4. The functional significance of the 'erythroblastic island' and disorders of amplification are discussed in relation to clinical disorders of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis: comparison of in vivo and in vitro amplification. 1. Amplification is defined as the phase of erythropoiesis that includes all cell divisions of the recognizable erythron. 2. In vivo, amplification always takes place surrounding a central histiocyte (erythroblastic island). It is made up of four to five successive synchronous divisions. 3. In vitro, complete maturation and amplification of erythropoietic cells can be obtained without apparent association with a central histiocyte. 4. The functional significance of the 'erythroblastic island' and disorders of amplification are discussed in relation to clinical disorders of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 747769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7222", "title": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia: Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. Historical and clinical aspects.", "content": "A summary of the historical developments associated with congenital anemias are discussed. The clinical status, the peripheral blood and bone marrow picture of these patients are reviewed. The effectiveness of treatment and prognosis for these patients is evaluated.", "contents": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia: Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. Historical and clinical aspects. A summary of the historical developments associated with congenital anemias are discussed. The clinical status, the peripheral blood and bone marrow picture of these patients are reviewed. The effectiveness of treatment and prognosis for these patients is evaluated.", "PMID": 747770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7223", "title": "Beta thalassemia with reticulocytopenia: clinical, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "An unusual form of beta thalassemia is described in two children of unrelated families. Its main features are a severe anaemia with a low reticulocyte count associated with an erythroblastic hyperplasia; these characteristics indicate a completely ineffective erythropoiesis. The results of the study of haemoglobin synthesis performed on the bone marrow in vitro showed a greater imbalance in chain synthesis than that typically found in Cooley's anaemia. Ultrastructural studies revealed, in erythroblasts, all the features observed in Cooley's anaemia, although these features were more widely encountered. In addition, two peculiar findings were noted: (1) many inclusion bodies, which were partially or totally surrounded by smooth membranes, and which may indicate an autophagic phenomenon; and (2) a spongy appearance of the chromatin in rare erythroblasts of one of the two patients which resembled that found in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I. These findings suggest that the great imbalance in the synthesis of the haemoglobin chain is responsible for the presence of an increased number of inclusion bodies and results in the death of nearly all the late erythroblasts. Furthermore, the present results point out the need for further study of the synthesis of the globin chains in atypical congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias.", "contents": "Beta thalassemia with reticulocytopenia: clinical, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies. An unusual form of beta thalassemia is described in two children of unrelated families. Its main features are a severe anaemia with a low reticulocyte count associated with an erythroblastic hyperplasia; these characteristics indicate a completely ineffective erythropoiesis. The results of the study of haemoglobin synthesis performed on the bone marrow in vitro showed a greater imbalance in chain synthesis than that typically found in Cooley's anaemia. Ultrastructural studies revealed, in erythroblasts, all the features observed in Cooley's anaemia, although these features were more widely encountered. In addition, two peculiar findings were noted: (1) many inclusion bodies, which were partially or totally surrounded by smooth membranes, and which may indicate an autophagic phenomenon; and (2) a spongy appearance of the chromatin in rare erythroblasts of one of the two patients which resembled that found in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I. These findings suggest that the great imbalance in the synthesis of the haemoglobin chain is responsible for the presence of an increased number of inclusion bodies and results in the death of nearly all the late erythroblasts. Furthermore, the present results point out the need for further study of the synthesis of the globin chains in atypical congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias.", "PMID": 747773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7224", "title": "Surface features and ultrastructure of isolated Kupffer cells as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The present report describes ultrastructural and surface features of hepatic Kupffer cells, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of these cells in suspension, as seen under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after their successful isolation by pronase digestion of liver tissue. Kupffer cells were readily recognized in sections of the liver examined by transmission electron microscopy, particularly after tagging by carbon, heat-damaged erythrocytes, and latex spheres. Their ultrastructural features in suspension and in liver sections were similar to those described for peritoneal macrophages. In the present study, a high yield of well-preserved Kupffer cells was obtained after selective enzymatic digestion of intact rat liver. Kupffer cells were readily distinguished from lymphocytes and hepatocytes on the basis of their surface architecture, and showed transverse ridge-like profiles and ruffled folds which became more prominent during phagocytosis. The sequence of events during the various stages of latex bead phagocytosis was well visualized with the SEM. Kupffer cells in suspension, during spreading and attachment to glass and during phagocytosis, resembled peritoneal macrophages isolated from rats, providing further evidence that these cell types are closely related.", "contents": "Surface features and ultrastructure of isolated Kupffer cells as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The present report describes ultrastructural and surface features of hepatic Kupffer cells, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of these cells in suspension, as seen under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after their successful isolation by pronase digestion of liver tissue. Kupffer cells were readily recognized in sections of the liver examined by transmission electron microscopy, particularly after tagging by carbon, heat-damaged erythrocytes, and latex spheres. Their ultrastructural features in suspension and in liver sections were similar to those described for peritoneal macrophages. In the present study, a high yield of well-preserved Kupffer cells was obtained after selective enzymatic digestion of intact rat liver. Kupffer cells were readily distinguished from lymphocytes and hepatocytes on the basis of their surface architecture, and showed transverse ridge-like profiles and ruffled folds which became more prominent during phagocytosis. The sequence of events during the various stages of latex bead phagocytosis was well visualized with the SEM. Kupffer cells in suspension, during spreading and attachment to glass and during phagocytosis, resembled peritoneal macrophages isolated from rats, providing further evidence that these cell types are closely related.", "PMID": 747774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7225", "title": "Determination of red cell shape from random cross-sections.", "content": "By a computer simulation the relative proportion of specified geometrical shapes produced by the sectioning of a mass of randomly-oriented red cells is determined. It is shown that the proportions obtained on the assumption that the cells are all of identical shape are the same as if they had come from a population of cells possessing the normally accepted spread of shapes. It is suggested that a sectioning technique based on the principles presented in this paper could form the basis of a relatively simple procedure for determining on a quantitative basis deviations of red cells from their normal shape.", "contents": "Determination of red cell shape from random cross-sections. By a computer simulation the relative proportion of specified geometrical shapes produced by the sectioning of a mass of randomly-oriented red cells is determined. It is shown that the proportions obtained on the assumption that the cells are all of identical shape are the same as if they had come from a population of cells possessing the normally accepted spread of shapes. It is suggested that a sectioning technique based on the principles presented in this paper could form the basis of a relatively simple procedure for determining on a quantitative basis deviations of red cells from their normal shape.", "PMID": 747776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7226", "title": "On the proper use of the Soret band for hemoglobin detection in erythrocytic cells.", "content": "Intracellular hemoglobin detection by light microscopy in the Soret band (414nm) is a sensitive means of correlating morphology and biochemical function in studies of erythrpoiesis. Correct application of the technique requires a light source with strong emission in the near ultra-violet, a filter with a pass-band at 414nm, a preparation of living cells or an unfixed smear, and a receiver that is sensitive to the Soret wavelength. The human eye is very insensitive to light at 414nm and quite sensitive to stray green light: it is consequently much inferior to a black and white television or camera film for viewing a Soret image. The appearance of hemoglobin during maturation of erythroid cells in human bone marrow can be detected with greater sensitivity by this method than by a peroxidase-benzidine stain and it is the only method applicable to living cells.", "contents": "On the proper use of the Soret band for hemoglobin detection in erythrocytic cells. Intracellular hemoglobin detection by light microscopy in the Soret band (414nm) is a sensitive means of correlating morphology and biochemical function in studies of erythrpoiesis. Correct application of the technique requires a light source with strong emission in the near ultra-violet, a filter with a pass-band at 414nm, a preparation of living cells or an unfixed smear, and a receiver that is sensitive to the Soret wavelength. The human eye is very insensitive to light at 414nm and quite sensitive to stray green light: it is consequently much inferior to a black and white television or camera film for viewing a Soret image. The appearance of hemoglobin during maturation of erythroid cells in human bone marrow can be detected with greater sensitivity by this method than by a peroxidase-benzidine stain and it is the only method applicable to living cells.", "PMID": 747778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7227", "title": "On the role of thymus in hemopoietic differentiation.", "content": "This study was performed to investigate further the connection between the thymus and blood formation suggested by earlier findings. Bone marrow, after in vitro treatment with either anti-thy 1.2 (alpha Thy 1.2) or nonimmune serum and complement, was transplanted to two separate groups of lethally X-irradiated isogenic recipient mice of several different genotypes. Twelve studies were done, and macroscopic spleen-colony numbers were found to be similar in the two groups; however, differences were found when spleens were examined microscopically. The most striking and consistent finding was a decrease in granulopoietic colonies in recipients of alpha-Thy-1.2-treated marrow. There were less pronounced decreases in erythropoietic and in total colonies (all hemopoietic kinds). Ratios of erythropoietic to granulopoietic colonies were regularly increased. Anemia did not develop over a period of 4 months in chimeras given either kind of treated marrow.", "contents": "On the role of thymus in hemopoietic differentiation. This study was performed to investigate further the connection between the thymus and blood formation suggested by earlier findings. Bone marrow, after in vitro treatment with either anti-thy 1.2 (alpha Thy 1.2) or nonimmune serum and complement, was transplanted to two separate groups of lethally X-irradiated isogenic recipient mice of several different genotypes. Twelve studies were done, and macroscopic spleen-colony numbers were found to be similar in the two groups; however, differences were found when spleens were examined microscopically. The most striking and consistent finding was a decrease in granulopoietic colonies in recipients of alpha-Thy-1.2-treated marrow. There were less pronounced decreases in erythropoietic and in total colonies (all hemopoietic kinds). Ratios of erythropoietic to granulopoietic colonies were regularly increased. Anemia did not develop over a period of 4 months in chimeras given either kind of treated marrow.", "PMID": 747779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7228", "title": "The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell.", "content": "Several experimental findings that are inconsistent with the view that the spleen colony-forming cell (CFU-S) is the primary haemopoietic stem cell are reviewed. Recovery of CFU-S, both quantitatively and qualitatively, can proceed differently depending upon the cytotoxic agent or regime used to bring about the depletion. The virtual immortality of the stem cell population is at variance with evidence that the CFU-S population has an 'age-structure' which has been invoked by several workers to explain experimental and clinical observations. To account for these inconsistencies, a hypothesis is proposed in which the stem cell is seen in association with other cells which determine its behaviour. It becomes essentially a fixed tissue cell. Its maturation is prevented and, as a result, its continued proliferation as a stem cell is assured. Its progeny, unless they can occupy a similar stem cell 'niche', are first generation colony-forming cells, which proliferate and mature to acquire a high probability of differentiation, i.e., they have an age-structure. Some of the experimental situations reviewed are discussed in relation to the proposed hypothesis.", "contents": "The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell. Several experimental findings that are inconsistent with the view that the spleen colony-forming cell (CFU-S) is the primary haemopoietic stem cell are reviewed. Recovery of CFU-S, both quantitatively and qualitatively, can proceed differently depending upon the cytotoxic agent or regime used to bring about the depletion. The virtual immortality of the stem cell population is at variance with evidence that the CFU-S population has an 'age-structure' which has been invoked by several workers to explain experimental and clinical observations. To account for these inconsistencies, a hypothesis is proposed in which the stem cell is seen in association with other cells which determine its behaviour. It becomes essentially a fixed tissue cell. Its maturation is prevented and, as a result, its continued proliferation as a stem cell is assured. Its progeny, unless they can occupy a similar stem cell 'niche', are first generation colony-forming cells, which proliferate and mature to acquire a high probability of differentiation, i.e., they have an age-structure. Some of the experimental situations reviewed are discussed in relation to the proposed hypothesis.", "PMID": 747780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7229", "title": "[Action of HCG on isolated and cultivated sow ovarian granulosa cells].", "content": "Granulosa cells harvested from cavitary follicles of varying diameters have been cultivated in vitro in basic conditions and in presence of HCG, and then tested for the activity of steroid-3 beta-ol-dehydrogenase and observed with a scanning electron microscope. As concerns the enzymatic activity, the cells of the smaller follicles (5--6 mm) show a very low reactivity which increases in presence of HCG. In the cells of the larger antral follicles (8--9 mm) the reactivity is remarkably higher, particularly when HCG is added to the medium. With the scanning electron microscope the appearance of the granulosa cells of the larger follicles cultivated with HCG is very peculiar because of the presence on the cell surface of many cytoplasmic evaginations. These are more numerous and thinner than those normally found on the uncultured cells and on the cells cultivated in basic conditions.", "contents": "[Action of HCG on isolated and cultivated sow ovarian granulosa cells]. Granulosa cells harvested from cavitary follicles of varying diameters have been cultivated in vitro in basic conditions and in presence of HCG, and then tested for the activity of steroid-3 beta-ol-dehydrogenase and observed with a scanning electron microscope. As concerns the enzymatic activity, the cells of the smaller follicles (5--6 mm) show a very low reactivity which increases in presence of HCG. In the cells of the larger antral follicles (8--9 mm) the reactivity is remarkably higher, particularly when HCG is added to the medium. With the scanning electron microscope the appearance of the granulosa cells of the larger follicles cultivated with HCG is very peculiar because of the presence on the cell surface of many cytoplasmic evaginations. These are more numerous and thinner than those normally found on the uncultured cells and on the cells cultivated in basic conditions.", "PMID": 747781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7230", "title": "[Pigmentation of feather primordium achieved by grafting of retinal pigment epithelium].", "content": "Small fragments of the retinal pigmented epithelium from White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red chick embryos, and from Quail, Starling and Red Partridge embryos, were grafted into the wing bud of White Leghorn chick embryos. Retinal pigmented epithelium of White Leghorn chick embryos did not give rise to pigmentation of feather primordia in the hosts. In contrast, 60% of grafts from Rhode Island Red, Quail, Starling and Red Partridge, gave rise to feather primordia whose pigmentation was identical to that of the donors. Pigmentation depends on the fact that some graft retinal melanocytes diffuse in the wing bud of the host and reach the feather primordia. This was shown by the Feulgen technique in embryos grafted with Quail retinal pigmented epithelium, taking advantage of the fact that Quail cells possess DNA rich nucleoli. The local factors which allow the migration of the melanocytes are probably inactive on the retinal melanocytes of the White Leghorn chick embryos, whose genotype does not contain the \"feather pigmentation\" character.", "contents": "[Pigmentation of feather primordium achieved by grafting of retinal pigment epithelium]. Small fragments of the retinal pigmented epithelium from White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red chick embryos, and from Quail, Starling and Red Partridge embryos, were grafted into the wing bud of White Leghorn chick embryos. Retinal pigmented epithelium of White Leghorn chick embryos did not give rise to pigmentation of feather primordia in the hosts. In contrast, 60% of grafts from Rhode Island Red, Quail, Starling and Red Partridge, gave rise to feather primordia whose pigmentation was identical to that of the donors. Pigmentation depends on the fact that some graft retinal melanocytes diffuse in the wing bud of the host and reach the feather primordia. This was shown by the Feulgen technique in embryos grafted with Quail retinal pigmented epithelium, taking advantage of the fact that Quail cells possess DNA rich nucleoli. The local factors which allow the migration of the melanocytes are probably inactive on the retinal melanocytes of the White Leghorn chick embryos, whose genotype does not contain the \"feather pigmentation\" character.", "PMID": 747782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7231", "title": "[Action of testosterone on 5'nucleotidase activity in the rat epididymal epithelium].", "content": "The epididymal epithelium of the rat has a 5'nucleotidasic activity, which is located in the basal cells and in the apical border of the principal cells. After bilateral castration, the pattern of this enzymatic activity is modified, but it is restored by a testosterone treatment. Bilateral castration abolished the apical activity of the epithelium, while the basal cells remained active. However different migratory aspects of basal cells seem to show their participation in the secretory function of the epithelium. Testosterone thus appears as a regulator for the basal cells activity and this would explain its role in the epididymal function.", "contents": "[Action of testosterone on 5'nucleotidase activity in the rat epididymal epithelium]. The epididymal epithelium of the rat has a 5'nucleotidasic activity, which is located in the basal cells and in the apical border of the principal cells. After bilateral castration, the pattern of this enzymatic activity is modified, but it is restored by a testosterone treatment. Bilateral castration abolished the apical activity of the epithelium, while the basal cells remained active. However different migratory aspects of basal cells seem to show their participation in the secretory function of the epithelium. Testosterone thus appears as a regulator for the basal cells activity and this would explain its role in the epididymal function.", "PMID": 747783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7232", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "Anatomical and radiological study of the arteries of the temporo-mandibular joint in 18 foetuses and 4 adults. Branches arising from the superficial temporal artery, from the anterior tympanic artery as well as from the deep posterior temporal artery are found in all cases. Branches arising from four other arteries did not occur regularly: those coming from the deep auricular artery, from the transverse facial artery, from the middle meningeal artery, or sometimes directly from the maxillary artery.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the temporomandibular joint]. Anatomical and radiological study of the arteries of the temporo-mandibular joint in 18 foetuses and 4 adults. Branches arising from the superficial temporal artery, from the anterior tympanic artery as well as from the deep posterior temporal artery are found in all cases. Branches arising from four other arteries did not occur regularly: those coming from the deep auricular artery, from the transverse facial artery, from the middle meningeal artery, or sometimes directly from the maxillary artery.", "PMID": 747785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7233", "title": "[Early histochemical aging of arteries submitted to constant physical stress].", "content": "The hemodynamic stress effect on the tissue metabolism of coronary and splenic arteries was histochemically and comparatively studied in beagle dogs 6 months, 1 and 8 years-old. The results indicated that more than 30 enzyme activities (EA) studied are similar in both vessels in the young animal (6 months). During ageing (1--8 years old dogs) the EA linked to aerobic oxydo-reduction, ATP hydrolysis and estero-lipolysis decreased in the coronary arterial wall; conjointly the lysosomal acid phosphatase increased. Splenic artery EA remained unchanged during this period. These data suggest that repeated hemodynamic injuries may accelerate aging of the coronary artery by early perturbations of EA linked to oxydoreduction and to lipolytic power of the arterial smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "[Early histochemical aging of arteries submitted to constant physical stress]. The hemodynamic stress effect on the tissue metabolism of coronary and splenic arteries was histochemically and comparatively studied in beagle dogs 6 months, 1 and 8 years-old. The results indicated that more than 30 enzyme activities (EA) studied are similar in both vessels in the young animal (6 months). During ageing (1--8 years old dogs) the EA linked to aerobic oxydo-reduction, ATP hydrolysis and estero-lipolysis decreased in the coronary arterial wall; conjointly the lysosomal acid phosphatase increased. Splenic artery EA remained unchanged during this period. These data suggest that repeated hemodynamic injuries may accelerate aging of the coronary artery by early perturbations of EA linked to oxydoreduction and to lipolytic power of the arterial smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 747786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7234", "title": "[Mammary carcinoma: prognosis value of intra-mammary spread (author's transl)].", "content": "At the conclusion of this study based on 327 cases of breast cancer T1, T2 T3 (less than 7 cm) No, N1, Mo Pev O, treated by mastectomy and axillary dissection without previous treatment, it appears that the microscopic dissemination to the nipple has a pejorative prognosis value. The 5 years is 84 p. 100 when there is no nipple dissemination, 74 p. 100 when there is an intraductal nipple dissemination, and 57 p. 100 when there is lymphatic or interstitial nipple dissemination. These differences have a statistical value. This value does not seem connected with other pathological prognosis factors: tumors size, Bloom histopronostic grading, and the number of nodes invaded. The intra-mammary spread without nipple involvment has no prognostical value.", "contents": "[Mammary carcinoma: prognosis value of intra-mammary spread (author's transl)]. At the conclusion of this study based on 327 cases of breast cancer T1, T2 T3 (less than 7 cm) No, N1, Mo Pev O, treated by mastectomy and axillary dissection without previous treatment, it appears that the microscopic dissemination to the nipple has a pejorative prognosis value. The 5 years is 84 p. 100 when there is no nipple dissemination, 74 p. 100 when there is an intraductal nipple dissemination, and 57 p. 100 when there is lymphatic or interstitial nipple dissemination. These differences have a statistical value. This value does not seem connected with other pathological prognosis factors: tumors size, Bloom histopronostic grading, and the number of nodes invaded. The intra-mammary spread without nipple involvment has no prognostical value.", "PMID": 747795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7235", "title": "[Human mammary carcinoma: relationship between steroid hormone receptors and histopathology. An hypothesis, the prognostic value of hormone receptors (author's transl)].", "content": "In 318 cases of human primary breast carcinoma, the presence and content of estrogen receptor (ER) have been correlated to histopathological features of these carcinomas. We have evidenced that: a) there is a relationship between the ER presence, the histoprognostic grade and the histological type; b) there is no correlation between the frequency of ER presence, the neoplasic cellularity and the stromal reaction. The presence of ER appears to be related to a differentiated state of the carcinoma and to a moderate neoplasic activity. These data show that ER, correlated with histopathological features, could be used as an estimation's factor of the cellular activity of a human mammary carcinoma, thus as a factor of better prognostic value for the evolution of this tumor.", "contents": "[Human mammary carcinoma: relationship between steroid hormone receptors and histopathology. An hypothesis, the prognostic value of hormone receptors (author's transl)]. In 318 cases of human primary breast carcinoma, the presence and content of estrogen receptor (ER) have been correlated to histopathological features of these carcinomas. We have evidenced that: a) there is a relationship between the ER presence, the histoprognostic grade and the histological type; b) there is no correlation between the frequency of ER presence, the neoplasic cellularity and the stromal reaction. The presence of ER appears to be related to a differentiated state of the carcinoma and to a moderate neoplasic activity. These data show that ER, correlated with histopathological features, could be used as an estimation's factor of the cellular activity of a human mammary carcinoma, thus as a factor of better prognostic value for the evolution of this tumor.", "PMID": 747796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7236", "title": "[Adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. Study of 17 autopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "This article reports on the autopsy results of 17 patients with adenocarcinomas from occult primary tumours: 10 are of bronchial origin, 3 of renal origin, 1 of hepatic origin, 1 of ovarian origin, and 1 of pancreatic or bronchial origin. In one case no primary tumour was found. Factors which can lead the clinicians toward further investigations are the location or nature of the first clinical signs (neurological and respiratory for bronchial cancers, subdiaphragmatic for primary abdominal tumours) and smoking habit (bronchial carcinoma in smokers).", "contents": "[Adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. Study of 17 autopsies (author's transl)]. This article reports on the autopsy results of 17 patients with adenocarcinomas from occult primary tumours: 10 are of bronchial origin, 3 of renal origin, 1 of hepatic origin, 1 of ovarian origin, and 1 of pancreatic or bronchial origin. In one case no primary tumour was found. Factors which can lead the clinicians toward further investigations are the location or nature of the first clinical signs (neurological and respiratory for bronchial cancers, subdiaphragmatic for primary abdominal tumours) and smoking habit (bronchial carcinoma in smokers).", "PMID": 747797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7237", "title": "[Anticancer chemotherapy: practical management and medical coordination (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the conditions of application of a protocol of palliative chemotherapy in breast cancers for the first 100 patients undergoing this protocol. The overall management of the treatment has been satisfactory. The medical team from the cancer center has directed the treatments; however, their participation, although substantial has been limited. The participation of other doctors, especially general practitioners, has been important and of good quality. The coordination between the various doctors has been almost always satisfactory. The authors stress the positive aspects of this study: the protocol has been respected in the majority of the cases; the duties have been well distributed among the various participating doctors; good medical cooperation leaves only a few minor details which could be improved. These results encourage the continuation of an approach whereby the general practitioner participates fully with the oncologic team in patient management and cancer control.", "contents": "[Anticancer chemotherapy: practical management and medical coordination (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the conditions of application of a protocol of palliative chemotherapy in breast cancers for the first 100 patients undergoing this protocol. The overall management of the treatment has been satisfactory. The medical team from the cancer center has directed the treatments; however, their participation, although substantial has been limited. The participation of other doctors, especially general practitioners, has been important and of good quality. The coordination between the various doctors has been almost always satisfactory. The authors stress the positive aspects of this study: the protocol has been respected in the majority of the cases; the duties have been well distributed among the various participating doctors; good medical cooperation leaves only a few minor details which could be improved. These results encourage the continuation of an approach whereby the general practitioner participates fully with the oncologic team in patient management and cancer control.", "PMID": 747798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7238", "title": "[Psychological factors in the etiology of cancers: methodological problems (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a multiplicity of etiological factors in human cancer; psychic factors are probably neither the most important nor the most constant. Nonetheless, owing to the potential infinity of psychological variables, it is necessary to formulate hypotheses in an operational manner. The casuistic method allows a thorough clinical study of objective events, of the manner in which the patient lives them and, especially, of what they mean to him. Such an approach, however, has shortcomings which must be accepted: it cannot administer proof of the hypotheses it advances. The superiority of prospective methods over retrospective methods seems indisputable for there is no evidence that personality traits are not modified by the fatal threat of a serious illness. This criticism also holds for the modified retrospective methods, the so-called predictive methods. Research focussed on particular cancers with a study of limited psychological variables seems desirable.", "contents": "[Psychological factors in the etiology of cancers: methodological problems (author's transl)]. There is a multiplicity of etiological factors in human cancer; psychic factors are probably neither the most important nor the most constant. Nonetheless, owing to the potential infinity of psychological variables, it is necessary to formulate hypotheses in an operational manner. The casuistic method allows a thorough clinical study of objective events, of the manner in which the patient lives them and, especially, of what they mean to him. Such an approach, however, has shortcomings which must be accepted: it cannot administer proof of the hypotheses it advances. The superiority of prospective methods over retrospective methods seems indisputable for there is no evidence that personality traits are not modified by the fatal threat of a serious illness. This criticism also holds for the modified retrospective methods, the so-called predictive methods. Research focussed on particular cancers with a study of limited psychological variables seems desirable.", "PMID": 747799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7239", "title": "Similarity in morphological appearance of cycling and resting hemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "The morphological entity which has been identified previously as the most likely candidate for the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell in mouse bone marrow, has been encountered in HSC concentrates of rat bone marrow. An identical correlation between percentage of HSC identified in electron microscopical preparations and percentages HSC calculated from results of spleen colony assays has been observed for HSC concentrates from normal rat marrow and from rat marrow in which the CFU-s had been induced into the cycling state by in vivo pretreatment with hydroxyurea. The ratio between counted HSC and calculated HSC was 0.5 in both cases and a similar ratio was calculated from previous experiments with mouse bone marrow. Evidence is provided that the deviation of this ratio from the expected value of 1 is not due to the use of erroneous f factors. This discrepancy can be explained by postulating a heterogeneity of spleen colony forming cells, in the sense that only 50 per cent of spleen colonies originates from pluripotential HSC and that the remainder arises from committed stem cells which have a different as yet not identified morphological appearance.", "contents": "Similarity in morphological appearance of cycling and resting hemopoietic stem cells. The morphological entity which has been identified previously as the most likely candidate for the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell in mouse bone marrow, has been encountered in HSC concentrates of rat bone marrow. An identical correlation between percentage of HSC identified in electron microscopical preparations and percentages HSC calculated from results of spleen colony assays has been observed for HSC concentrates from normal rat marrow and from rat marrow in which the CFU-s had been induced into the cycling state by in vivo pretreatment with hydroxyurea. The ratio between counted HSC and calculated HSC was 0.5 in both cases and a similar ratio was calculated from previous experiments with mouse bone marrow. Evidence is provided that the deviation of this ratio from the expected value of 1 is not due to the use of erroneous f factors. This discrepancy can be explained by postulating a heterogeneity of spleen colony forming cells, in the sense that only 50 per cent of spleen colonies originates from pluripotential HSC and that the remainder arises from committed stem cells which have a different as yet not identified morphological appearance.", "PMID": 747800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7240", "title": "S-phase fractions of breast carcinomas. Relationships to morphology, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and early recurrence.", "content": "Analysis of the S-phase fractions (SPF) measured by in vitro thymidine labeling, morphological appearances, and estrogen receptor (ER) assays of primary invasive breast carcinomas demonstrated several interrelationships. Lobular, mucinous, tubular, and adenocystic carcinomas consistently had low SPF and were usually positive for ER. The same was true for the carcinomas of no special histologic type [the not otherwise specified (NOS) group of E. R. Fisher including \"infiltrating ductal\" and undifferentiated carcinomas] with minimal anaplasia. Medullary, atypical medullary, and morphologically unclassifiable carcinomas with marked nuclear anaplasia nearly always had high SPF and were usually negative for ER. High SPF was associated with advanced stages of carcinoma initially or with early recurrence following mastectomy.", "contents": "S-phase fractions of breast carcinomas. Relationships to morphology, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and early recurrence. Analysis of the S-phase fractions (SPF) measured by in vitro thymidine labeling, morphological appearances, and estrogen receptor (ER) assays of primary invasive breast carcinomas demonstrated several interrelationships. Lobular, mucinous, tubular, and adenocystic carcinomas consistently had low SPF and were usually positive for ER. The same was true for the carcinomas of no special histologic type [the not otherwise specified (NOS) group of E. R. Fisher including \"infiltrating ductal\" and undifferentiated carcinomas] with minimal anaplasia. Medullary, atypical medullary, and morphologically unclassifiable carcinomas with marked nuclear anaplasia nearly always had high SPF and were usually negative for ER. High SPF was associated with advanced stages of carcinoma initially or with early recurrence following mastectomy.", "PMID": 747801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7241", "title": "Effect of starvation on survival of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil.", "content": "Three isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., a Bacillus sp. and an Arthrobacter sp., which had been isolated from a meadow soil at Devon Island, Canada, were subjected to starvation under varying conditions. The viabilities of the three isolates during starvation for 30 days in a carbon-free medium was assessed after the organisms had been grown continuously at varying rates in carbon- and nitrogen-limited media at 5 and 15 degrees C. Pseudomonas M216 was the most resistant to starvation stress, Bacillus M153 the least, and Arthrobacter M51 was intermediate in its response. Cells grown and starved at 5 degrees C survived longer than those at 15 degrees C. Carbon-limited Bacillus and Arthrobacter cells grown at high rates prior to starvation survived longer than those grown slowly, while in nitrogen-limited Arthrobacter the reverse was observed. The pattern of endogenous metabolism of the three isolates during starvation at 15 degrees C for 10 days was similar to that observed in other organisms. Levels of endogenous substrates such as carbohydrate and protein showed a rapid decrease in the initial 20 h of starvation, followed by a gradual decline over the remainder of the starvation period. The rates of endogenous metabolism of the isolates were positively correlated with their survival rates during starvation.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on survival of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil. Three isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., a Bacillus sp. and an Arthrobacter sp., which had been isolated from a meadow soil at Devon Island, Canada, were subjected to starvation under varying conditions. The viabilities of the three isolates during starvation for 30 days in a carbon-free medium was assessed after the organisms had been grown continuously at varying rates in carbon- and nitrogen-limited media at 5 and 15 degrees C. Pseudomonas M216 was the most resistant to starvation stress, Bacillus M153 the least, and Arthrobacter M51 was intermediate in its response. Cells grown and starved at 5 degrees C survived longer than those at 15 degrees C. Carbon-limited Bacillus and Arthrobacter cells grown at high rates prior to starvation survived longer than those grown slowly, while in nitrogen-limited Arthrobacter the reverse was observed. The pattern of endogenous metabolism of the three isolates during starvation at 15 degrees C for 10 days was similar to that observed in other organisms. Levels of endogenous substrates such as carbohydrate and protein showed a rapid decrease in the initial 20 h of starvation, followed by a gradual decline over the remainder of the starvation period. The rates of endogenous metabolism of the isolates were positively correlated with their survival rates during starvation.", "PMID": 747809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7242", "title": "Effect of freezing and thawing on survival of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil.", "content": "Three isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Arthrobacter sp., which had been isolated from a meadow soil at Devon Island, Canada, were subjected to freezing and thawing at low rates under various conditions. When cells were frozen in sand or soil, survival was dependent on moisture level, storage time, and thaw rate. Pseudomonas M216 was most susceptible to freeze-thaw damage under these conditions. Arthrobacter M51 was the most resistant of the three isolates when frozen in sand or soil and when frozen at a high rate after growth at varing rates at 5 and 15 degrees C in carbon-or nitrogen-limited media. Pseudomonas M216 was more sensitive to freeze-thaw damage when NaCl was present in the freezing menstruum, even at low freezing rates. Survival of cells frozen in growth medium, water, saline, and soil extract was not affected by the freezing rate when it was less than 1 degrees C min-1. Soil extract did not protect cells from freeze-thaw damage any more than water and for Arthrobacter M51 survival was decreased when it was frozen in soil extract.", "contents": "Effect of freezing and thawing on survival of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil. Three isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Arthrobacter sp., which had been isolated from a meadow soil at Devon Island, Canada, were subjected to freezing and thawing at low rates under various conditions. When cells were frozen in sand or soil, survival was dependent on moisture level, storage time, and thaw rate. Pseudomonas M216 was most susceptible to freeze-thaw damage under these conditions. Arthrobacter M51 was the most resistant of the three isolates when frozen in sand or soil and when frozen at a high rate after growth at varing rates at 5 and 15 degrees C in carbon-or nitrogen-limited media. Pseudomonas M216 was more sensitive to freeze-thaw damage when NaCl was present in the freezing menstruum, even at low freezing rates. Survival of cells frozen in growth medium, water, saline, and soil extract was not affected by the freezing rate when it was less than 1 degrees C min-1. Soil extract did not protect cells from freeze-thaw damage any more than water and for Arthrobacter M51 survival was decreased when it was frozen in soil extract.", "PMID": 747810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7243", "title": "Spore germination, colony development, and secondary metabolism in Penicillium brevicompactum: a radiogas chromatographic and morphological study.", "content": "A study of the first 76 h of development of spores of Penicillium brevicompactum in batch-mode shake culture indicates that mycophenolic acid biosynthesis begins when the hyphae of germinating spores aggregate to form pellets. Supplies of mycophenolic acid so produced augment a pre-existing pool of the material that is associated with the dormant spore. Although acetate metabolism is active at all stages of development, incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetate into 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(1',2'-dioxopropyl)benzoic acid, another secondary metabolite of the fungus, could not be demonstrated. The significance of these data are considered in terms of the function of mycophenolic acid and the substituted benzoic acid in the producing organism.", "contents": "Spore germination, colony development, and secondary metabolism in Penicillium brevicompactum: a radiogas chromatographic and morphological study. A study of the first 76 h of development of spores of Penicillium brevicompactum in batch-mode shake culture indicates that mycophenolic acid biosynthesis begins when the hyphae of germinating spores aggregate to form pellets. Supplies of mycophenolic acid so produced augment a pre-existing pool of the material that is associated with the dormant spore. Although acetate metabolism is active at all stages of development, incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetate into 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(1',2'-dioxopropyl)benzoic acid, another secondary metabolite of the fungus, could not be demonstrated. The significance of these data are considered in terms of the function of mycophenolic acid and the substituted benzoic acid in the producing organism.", "PMID": 747811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7244", "title": "Apparent replication of an unusual virus-like particle in both a parasitoid wasp and its host.", "content": "Nuclear inclusion bodies are found in the hemocytes of all tussock moth larvae parasitized by the braconid wasp Apanteles melanoscelus. These inclusion bodies represent the apparent site of replication of an unusual virus-like particle. Identical particles are observed in the nuclei of a small number of parasitoid calyx cells and are probably transmitted to host larvae during oviposition.", "contents": "Apparent replication of an unusual virus-like particle in both a parasitoid wasp and its host. Nuclear inclusion bodies are found in the hemocytes of all tussock moth larvae parasitized by the braconid wasp Apanteles melanoscelus. These inclusion bodies represent the apparent site of replication of an unusual virus-like particle. Identical particles are observed in the nuclei of a small number of parasitoid calyx cells and are probably transmitted to host larvae during oviposition.", "PMID": 747812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7245", "title": "Characterization of the bacterial flora associated with root systems of Pinus contorta var. latifolia.", "content": "Root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Englem.) were removed from forest stands and the associated aerobic bacterial flora isolated. Characterization of rhizoplane and control soil isolates from these tree root systems demonstrated differences from that reported for agricultural crops. Ammonifying, proteolytic, and amylolytic organisms were proportionately reduced within the rhizoplane. The rhizoplane organisms grew more slowly than the control soil isolates, although they responded in greater numbers to the addition of an amino acid supplement to the growth media. The rhizoplane organisms also showed an increased ability to solubilize phosphate. The chitinolytic organisms were suppressed within the rhizoplane of the mature tree but were stimulated by the young trees. With this exception, the rhizoplane microflora of older and younger trees were similar.", "contents": "Characterization of the bacterial flora associated with root systems of Pinus contorta var. latifolia. Root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Englem.) were removed from forest stands and the associated aerobic bacterial flora isolated. Characterization of rhizoplane and control soil isolates from these tree root systems demonstrated differences from that reported for agricultural crops. Ammonifying, proteolytic, and amylolytic organisms were proportionately reduced within the rhizoplane. The rhizoplane organisms grew more slowly than the control soil isolates, although they responded in greater numbers to the addition of an amino acid supplement to the growth media. The rhizoplane organisms also showed an increased ability to solubilize phosphate. The chitinolytic organisms were suppressed within the rhizoplane of the mature tree but were stimulated by the young trees. With this exception, the rhizoplane microflora of older and younger trees were similar.", "PMID": 747813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7246", "title": "Rhizobium strain identification in Arachis hypogaea nodules by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "The technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for serological identification of peanut Rhizobium strains both in cell suspension of pure culture and in single root nodules of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) plants. Antisera of three peanut Rhizobium strains were tested against eight different Rhizobium isolates. Three serogroups identified by agglutination and immunodiffusion tests were confirmed by ELISA. In this experiment ELISA was more sensitive by four to six orders of magnitude than the agglutination and immunodiffusion tests and enabled the detection of Rhizobium antigens in cell suspensions of 10(4)-10(5) cells per millilitre. The reactions of culture and nodule antigens were identical for all strains investigated. ELISA enabled the precise typing of rhizobial isolates in single small root nodules. The minimum fresh weight of nodule tissue necessary to perform the ELISA test was 0.4 mg crushed in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). ELISA was also successfully used for strain identification in mixed inoculated plants. One of the strains in each pair formed most of the nodules examined.", "contents": "Rhizobium strain identification in Arachis hypogaea nodules by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for serological identification of peanut Rhizobium strains both in cell suspension of pure culture and in single root nodules of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) plants. Antisera of three peanut Rhizobium strains were tested against eight different Rhizobium isolates. Three serogroups identified by agglutination and immunodiffusion tests were confirmed by ELISA. In this experiment ELISA was more sensitive by four to six orders of magnitude than the agglutination and immunodiffusion tests and enabled the detection of Rhizobium antigens in cell suspensions of 10(4)-10(5) cells per millilitre. The reactions of culture and nodule antigens were identical for all strains investigated. ELISA enabled the precise typing of rhizobial isolates in single small root nodules. The minimum fresh weight of nodule tissue necessary to perform the ELISA test was 0.4 mg crushed in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). ELISA was also successfully used for strain identification in mixed inoculated plants. One of the strains in each pair formed most of the nodules examined.", "PMID": 747814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7247", "title": "Oxidation of formate by mycobacteria of the scrofulaceum group.", "content": "Intact cells obtained from Mycobacterium scrofulaceum as well as from mycobacterial strains M.A6 and M.R56 isolated respectively from leprous tissues of armadillo and rat leproma and grown with glycerol as the oxidizable substrate catalyzed complete oxidation of formate. The stoichiometry of formate oxidase system yielded a value of 2 mol of CO2 produced per mole of O2 or per 2 moles of formate consumed. Cell-free preparations from these three strains of mycobacteria contained formate dehydrogenase which was associated exclusively in the particulate fraction. Formate oxidation was markedly stimulated by small amounts of selenite and molybdate added together. Formate-reduced minus oxidized difference spectra disclosed cytochromes of the b type while spectral evidence did not suggest the existence of cytochromes a or c components. The effect of 2-N-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide on the redox state of cytochromes indicated that formate oxidation was mediated by cytochrome b with absorption maximum of 556 nm and not of 562 nm.", "contents": "Oxidation of formate by mycobacteria of the scrofulaceum group. Intact cells obtained from Mycobacterium scrofulaceum as well as from mycobacterial strains M.A6 and M.R56 isolated respectively from leprous tissues of armadillo and rat leproma and grown with glycerol as the oxidizable substrate catalyzed complete oxidation of formate. The stoichiometry of formate oxidase system yielded a value of 2 mol of CO2 produced per mole of O2 or per 2 moles of formate consumed. Cell-free preparations from these three strains of mycobacteria contained formate dehydrogenase which was associated exclusively in the particulate fraction. Formate oxidation was markedly stimulated by small amounts of selenite and molybdate added together. Formate-reduced minus oxidized difference spectra disclosed cytochromes of the b type while spectral evidence did not suggest the existence of cytochromes a or c components. The effect of 2-N-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide on the redox state of cytochromes indicated that formate oxidation was mediated by cytochrome b with absorption maximum of 556 nm and not of 562 nm.", "PMID": 747815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7248", "title": "A rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test for determining dengue neutralizing antibody and for identifying prototype dengue viruses.", "content": "Neutralizing antibody to dengue virus in human and animal sera was assayed by the rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test (RFFIT). Neutralizing-antibody titers could be detected after only 24 h compared to 5--6 days required by the plaque-reduction test. The RFFIT is more definitive than the conventional complement fixation (CF) or hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test in identifying prototype dengue viruses, is reproducible, and is applicable to the routine detection of neutralizing antibodies to dengue viruses.", "contents": "A rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test for determining dengue neutralizing antibody and for identifying prototype dengue viruses. Neutralizing antibody to dengue virus in human and animal sera was assayed by the rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test (RFFIT). Neutralizing-antibody titers could be detected after only 24 h compared to 5--6 days required by the plaque-reduction test. The RFFIT is more definitive than the conventional complement fixation (CF) or hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test in identifying prototype dengue viruses, is reproducible, and is applicable to the routine detection of neutralizing antibodies to dengue viruses.", "PMID": 747816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7249", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the parasporal body of Bacillus popilliae.", "content": "The sporangial wall of Bacillus popilliae encloses a spore and parasporal body and is very resistant to breakage. High-energy sonication can disrupt this envelope and release free spores and parasporal bodies which retain refractility. Parasporal bodies, free spores, and sporangial debris were separated by centrifugation in linear sucrose gradients. Purified parasporal bodies are proteinaceous. Of the 17 amino acids detected, glutamic and aspartic acids are highest in concentration and account for the low isoelectric point of 4.5; a lipid moiety was not found. Parasporal bodies are soluble in 0.1N NaOH, 8M guanidine hydrochloride, 8M urea, or alkaline thioglycollate. Paper electrophoresis at 3000 V separated soluble parasporal protein into three cathodic components. Solubilized or whole intact parasporal bodies fed to third-instar larvae of the Japanese beetle were not detectable toxic. However, solubilized parasporal protein was twice as toxic as the intact parasporal bodies when injected into the hemocoel.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the parasporal body of Bacillus popilliae. The sporangial wall of Bacillus popilliae encloses a spore and parasporal body and is very resistant to breakage. High-energy sonication can disrupt this envelope and release free spores and parasporal bodies which retain refractility. Parasporal bodies, free spores, and sporangial debris were separated by centrifugation in linear sucrose gradients. Purified parasporal bodies are proteinaceous. Of the 17 amino acids detected, glutamic and aspartic acids are highest in concentration and account for the low isoelectric point of 4.5; a lipid moiety was not found. Parasporal bodies are soluble in 0.1N NaOH, 8M guanidine hydrochloride, 8M urea, or alkaline thioglycollate. Paper electrophoresis at 3000 V separated soluble parasporal protein into three cathodic components. Solubilized or whole intact parasporal bodies fed to third-instar larvae of the Japanese beetle were not detectable toxic. However, solubilized parasporal protein was twice as toxic as the intact parasporal bodies when injected into the hemocoel.", "PMID": 747817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7250", "title": "Mode of action of bacteriophage phi 149 on cholera and El Tor vibrios.", "content": "Bacteriophage phi 149 which was propagated in Vibrio cholerae (classical) OGAWA 154 strain, killed Vibrio cholerae (El Tor) strain MAK 757 without phage propagation. El Tor vibrios underwent a small degree of lysis only when infected by the phage phi 149 at a high multiplicity of infection and lost their viability at a rate-dependent multiplicity of phage infection. Evidence was obtained with 32P-labelled bacteriophage phi 149 for penetration of phage DNA into both bacterial strains. In host strain (OGAWA 154) phage particle synthesis occurred normally. In El Tor strain MAK 757 the phage DNA was not degraded but its expression was blocked. The killing effect of phi 149 on El Tor strain MAK 757 is supposed to be due to damage of the cytoplasmic membrane, which could not be repaired under the influence of phage information. This was indicated by a blockage of cellular respiration and RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Mode of action of bacteriophage phi 149 on cholera and El Tor vibrios. Bacteriophage phi 149 which was propagated in Vibrio cholerae (classical) OGAWA 154 strain, killed Vibrio cholerae (El Tor) strain MAK 757 without phage propagation. El Tor vibrios underwent a small degree of lysis only when infected by the phage phi 149 at a high multiplicity of infection and lost their viability at a rate-dependent multiplicity of phage infection. Evidence was obtained with 32P-labelled bacteriophage phi 149 for penetration of phage DNA into both bacterial strains. In host strain (OGAWA 154) phage particle synthesis occurred normally. In El Tor strain MAK 757 the phage DNA was not degraded but its expression was blocked. The killing effect of phi 149 on El Tor strain MAK 757 is supposed to be due to damage of the cytoplasmic membrane, which could not be repaired under the influence of phage information. This was indicated by a blockage of cellular respiration and RNA and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 747818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7251", "title": "Induction of transformation competence in Azotobacter vinelandii iron-limited cultures.", "content": "Azotobacter vinelandii strains UW (Nif+) or UW1 (Nif-) were induced to form competent cells by growing cultures in Burk medium without added iron. Competent cells were generated in either liquid or solid medium. The competent culture was highly colored by the characteristic fluorescent green pigment of A. vinelandii but all pigmented cultures were not competent. In liquid culture, competent cells required a fixed nitrogen source (ammonia, nitrate, or urea) that was also a nitrogenase repressor. Glucose, sucrose, glycerol, and mannitol (1% w/v) were excellent C-sources for competence induction while acetate (1% w/v) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (0.2% w/v) were ineffective. Cells induced in liquid culture remained competent for a 12-h period before the end of the exponential growth phase, then competence decreased rapidly upon the initiation of the stationary phase of growth.", "contents": "Induction of transformation competence in Azotobacter vinelandii iron-limited cultures. Azotobacter vinelandii strains UW (Nif+) or UW1 (Nif-) were induced to form competent cells by growing cultures in Burk medium without added iron. Competent cells were generated in either liquid or solid medium. The competent culture was highly colored by the characteristic fluorescent green pigment of A. vinelandii but all pigmented cultures were not competent. In liquid culture, competent cells required a fixed nitrogen source (ammonia, nitrate, or urea) that was also a nitrogenase repressor. Glucose, sucrose, glycerol, and mannitol (1% w/v) were excellent C-sources for competence induction while acetate (1% w/v) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (0.2% w/v) were ineffective. Cells induced in liquid culture remained competent for a 12-h period before the end of the exponential growth phase, then competence decreased rapidly upon the initiation of the stationary phase of growth.", "PMID": 747819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7252", "title": "Mitogenic and protective activity associated with a lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii.", "content": "A purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the rickettsial agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii phase 1, possesses some of the in vivo and in vitro biological properties previously only associated with bacterial endotoxins. The Coxiella LPS is mitogenic for guinea pig leukocytes, induces non-specific resistance in mice to virulent Candida albicans, causes dermal Schwartzman reactions, and is positive by the limulus lysate assay.", "contents": "Mitogenic and protective activity associated with a lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii. A purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the rickettsial agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii phase 1, possesses some of the in vivo and in vitro biological properties previously only associated with bacterial endotoxins. The Coxiella LPS is mitogenic for guinea pig leukocytes, induces non-specific resistance in mice to virulent Candida albicans, causes dermal Schwartzman reactions, and is positive by the limulus lysate assay.", "PMID": 747820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7253", "title": "Isolation of auxotrophs of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Techniques employing ethane methanesulfonate and modified penicillin enrichment were developed whereby auxotrophs of Bacteroides fragilis could be readily isolated. Several auxotrophic phenotypes are described.", "contents": "Isolation of auxotrophs of Bacteroides fragilis. Techniques employing ethane methanesulfonate and modified penicillin enrichment were developed whereby auxotrophs of Bacteroides fragilis could be readily isolated. Several auxotrophic phenotypes are described.", "PMID": 747821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7254", "title": "Non-toxic goitre: diagnostic role of aspiration cytology, antibodies and serum thyrotrophin.", "content": "Fifty cases of bilateral non-toxic goitre, largely unselected, have been studied using fine needle aspiration cytology (without local anaesthesia); four techniques of thyroid antibody tests; serum thyroid biochemistry (including radioimmunoassay of TSH) and clinical evaluation. Autoimmune thyroiditis was found cytologically in 64%; simple colloid goitre in 24%; subacute thyroiditis of de Quervain in 10%. Aspiration cytology was the most sensitive means of detecting autoimmune thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis. Two antibodies directed against the intra-cellular cytoplasmic antigen--the complement fixation test and an immunofluorescent antibody were of lesser value in detecting autoimmune thyroiditis (80% positivity) though equal to each other. Serum TSH was of some value--being elevated in 63% of cases of autoimmune thyroiditis and in no cases of simple colloid goitre. Two major cytological subtypes of autoimmune thyroiditis have been described--with significant differences in duration of goitre, mode of presentation, frequency of hypothyroidism, and response to thyroxine therapy. The high frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis in this series suggests that endemic goitre is unlikely in Western Australia.", "contents": "Non-toxic goitre: diagnostic role of aspiration cytology, antibodies and serum thyrotrophin. Fifty cases of bilateral non-toxic goitre, largely unselected, have been studied using fine needle aspiration cytology (without local anaesthesia); four techniques of thyroid antibody tests; serum thyroid biochemistry (including radioimmunoassay of TSH) and clinical evaluation. Autoimmune thyroiditis was found cytologically in 64%; simple colloid goitre in 24%; subacute thyroiditis of de Quervain in 10%. Aspiration cytology was the most sensitive means of detecting autoimmune thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis. Two antibodies directed against the intra-cellular cytoplasmic antigen--the complement fixation test and an immunofluorescent antibody were of lesser value in detecting autoimmune thyroiditis (80% positivity) though equal to each other. Serum TSH was of some value--being elevated in 63% of cases of autoimmune thyroiditis and in no cases of simple colloid goitre. Two major cytological subtypes of autoimmune thyroiditis have been described--with significant differences in duration of goitre, mode of presentation, frequency of hypothyroidism, and response to thyroxine therapy. The high frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis in this series suggests that endemic goitre is unlikely in Western Australia.", "PMID": 747891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7255", "title": "The effect of serum ionized calcium elevation on somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release in humans.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on the insulin response to an acute intravenous glucose load was studied in five normal subjects before and after induction hypercalcaemia. In the normocalcaemic state, the insulin response to glucose was depressed by somatostatin. In the hypercalcaemic state, insulin responses to glucose in the presence of somatostatin, were partially restored and appeared to be related to the level of increment of serum ionized calcium. It is concluded that, in the human being, hypercalcaemia and somatostatin have opposite actions on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.", "contents": "The effect of serum ionized calcium elevation on somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release in humans. The effect of somatostatin on the insulin response to an acute intravenous glucose load was studied in five normal subjects before and after induction hypercalcaemia. In the normocalcaemic state, the insulin response to glucose was depressed by somatostatin. In the hypercalcaemic state, insulin responses to glucose in the presence of somatostatin, were partially restored and appeared to be related to the level of increment of serum ionized calcium. It is concluded that, in the human being, hypercalcaemia and somatostatin have opposite actions on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.", "PMID": 747892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7256", "title": "Increased serum oestrone and oestradiol following spironolactone administration in hypertensive men.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to evaluate long-term effects of spironolactone on basal serum oestrone, oestradiol, testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations in hypertensive male patients. Serum prolactin response to TRH was also evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups: a conventional-dosage group, consisting of six males with essential hypertension who took 75 to 150 mg of spironolactone daily for 12 weeks, and a high-dosage group, consisting of two males with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism who took 300 mg of spironolactone daily for more than 40 weeks. In the conventional-dosage group, serum oestrone concentrations significantly increased (P less than 0.01) at 12 weeks, serum oestradiol concentrations gradually increased throughout the study period, however, the increments were not statistically significant (P less than 0.2). Basal serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations were not significantly changed throughout the study period. Enhancement of serum prolactin response to TRH was not found in any of the patients in the conventional-dosage group. In the high-dosage group, serum oestrone maintained high levels from the beginning of this study, and serum oestradiol concentrations increased with the development of gynaecomastia. Serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations did not show any definite change throughout the study period. Thus, long-term spironolactone treatment increased the serum levels of oestrone and oestradiol in hypertensive men followed by the development of gynaecomastia. The elevation in circulating oestrogens could well explain the oestrogenic side-effects of spironolactone treatment.", "contents": "Increased serum oestrone and oestradiol following spironolactone administration in hypertensive men. The present study was undertaken to evaluate long-term effects of spironolactone on basal serum oestrone, oestradiol, testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations in hypertensive male patients. Serum prolactin response to TRH was also evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups: a conventional-dosage group, consisting of six males with essential hypertension who took 75 to 150 mg of spironolactone daily for 12 weeks, and a high-dosage group, consisting of two males with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism who took 300 mg of spironolactone daily for more than 40 weeks. In the conventional-dosage group, serum oestrone concentrations significantly increased (P less than 0.01) at 12 weeks, serum oestradiol concentrations gradually increased throughout the study period, however, the increments were not statistically significant (P less than 0.2). Basal serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations were not significantly changed throughout the study period. Enhancement of serum prolactin response to TRH was not found in any of the patients in the conventional-dosage group. In the high-dosage group, serum oestrone maintained high levels from the beginning of this study, and serum oestradiol concentrations increased with the development of gynaecomastia. Serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations did not show any definite change throughout the study period. Thus, long-term spironolactone treatment increased the serum levels of oestrone and oestradiol in hypertensive men followed by the development of gynaecomastia. The elevation in circulating oestrogens could well explain the oestrogenic side-effects of spironolactone treatment.", "PMID": 747893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7257", "title": "Prolactin and luteal insufficiency.", "content": "The relationship between mid-luteal plasma levels of progesterone and prolactin was studied in 75 women with regular menstrual cycles. Eighteen women had normal prolactin (mean 260 +/- 51.7 mU/l) and normal progesterone levels (mean 67 +/- 21.3 nmol/l). Thirty-nine women had elevated prolactin levels (mean 850 +/- 503 mU/l): progesterone levels were normal in all cases (mean 61 +/- 22.3 nmol/l). Eighteen women had evidence of luteal deficiency (mean progesterone 15.3 +/- 7.7 nmol/l); prolactin levels were normal in all cases (mean 243 +/- 106 mU/l). There was no correlation between plasma prolactin and progesterone levels.", "contents": "Prolactin and luteal insufficiency. The relationship between mid-luteal plasma levels of progesterone and prolactin was studied in 75 women with regular menstrual cycles. Eighteen women had normal prolactin (mean 260 +/- 51.7 mU/l) and normal progesterone levels (mean 67 +/- 21.3 nmol/l). Thirty-nine women had elevated prolactin levels (mean 850 +/- 503 mU/l): progesterone levels were normal in all cases (mean 61 +/- 22.3 nmol/l). Eighteen women had evidence of luteal deficiency (mean progesterone 15.3 +/- 7.7 nmol/l); prolactin levels were normal in all cases (mean 243 +/- 106 mU/l). There was no correlation between plasma prolactin and progesterone levels.", "PMID": 747895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7258", "title": "Growth hormone modulation of arginine-induced glucagon release: studies of isolated growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly.", "content": "Plasma glucagon and insulin responses to L-arginine were compared in normal controls and patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency were characterized by high  plasma glucagon response and low plasma insulin response, whereas acromegalic patients showed exaggerated plasma glucagon response and almost normal insulin response. These results suggest that growth hormone is probably required for optimum function of the islets, and since hyperglucagonaemia was observed in both growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly, metabolic disturbances stemming from the respective primary diseases may affect glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Growth hormone modulation of arginine-induced glucagon release: studies of isolated growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Plasma glucagon and insulin responses to L-arginine were compared in normal controls and patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency were characterized by high  plasma glucagon response and low plasma insulin response, whereas acromegalic patients showed exaggerated plasma glucagon response and almost normal insulin response. These results suggest that growth hormone is probably required for optimum function of the islets, and since hyperglucagonaemia was observed in both growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly, metabolic disturbances stemming from the respective primary diseases may affect glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 747897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7259", "title": "Stimulation by growth hormone of somatostatin release from the rat hypothalamus in vitro.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to cause a dose-dependent increase in the release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the rat hypothalamus in vitro, thus providing further evidence that GH may be involved in a \"short loop\" feedback, controlling its own secretion via hypothalamic somatostatin release.", "contents": "Stimulation by growth hormone of somatostatin release from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to cause a dose-dependent increase in the release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the rat hypothalamus in vitro, thus providing further evidence that GH may be involved in a \"short loop\" feedback, controlling its own secretion via hypothalamic somatostatin release.", "PMID": 747898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7260", "title": "Medical toxicology: a primer for the medicolegal age.", "content": "The medicolegal medical toxicologist is described: What they do, what toxicology is, how the toxicologist moves in a world of regulations, chemicals, differential diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning; his or her knowledge as an expert witness in evaluation of serious adverse drug reactions, medical malpractice, and poisoning cases; and the toxicologist's awareness of the role of alcohol, the problem of causation of death, and the limitations of the laboratory are discussed.", "contents": "Medical toxicology: a primer for the medicolegal age. The medicolegal medical toxicologist is described: What they do, what toxicology is, how the toxicologist moves in a world of regulations, chemicals, differential diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning; his or her knowledge as an expert witness in evaluation of serious adverse drug reactions, medical malpractice, and poisoning cases; and the toxicologist's awareness of the role of alcohol, the problem of causation of death, and the limitations of the laboratory are discussed.", "PMID": 747904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7261", "title": "cis-Platinum ototoxicity.", "content": "The incidence and spectrum of ototoxicity secondary to cis-platinum administration in 104 cancer patients ranging in age from 8-78 years were determined. Pure tone thresholds from 500 to 8000 Hz were evaluated prior to and following cis-platinum administration. The most sensitive frequencies were 6000 and 8000 Hz. Younger patients had lower threshold increases per administered dose than older patients. High drug dosages caused larger threshold elevations and extended to lower frequencies. Prehydration and mannitol infusion did not alter ototoxicity. Audiographic evaluation appears necessary for monitoring the treatment of cancer patients with cis-platinum.", "contents": "cis-Platinum ototoxicity. The incidence and spectrum of ototoxicity secondary to cis-platinum administration in 104 cancer patients ranging in age from 8-78 years were determined. Pure tone thresholds from 500 to 8000 Hz were evaluated prior to and following cis-platinum administration. The most sensitive frequencies were 6000 and 8000 Hz. Younger patients had lower threshold increases per administered dose than older patients. High drug dosages caused larger threshold elevations and extended to lower frequencies. Prehydration and mannitol infusion did not alter ototoxicity. Audiographic evaluation appears necessary for monitoring the treatment of cancer patients with cis-platinum.", "PMID": 747905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7262", "title": "Severe neurotoxicity and lithium therapy.", "content": "The patient, a manic depressive who was treated with lithium for three years, suddenly developed severe neurotoxicity and a glomerulonephritis-like syndrome. The author believes that the lithium toxicity was facilitated by hot weather with excessive sweating, gall bladder pathology with fever, and decreased water and salt intake. The patient improved except for a persistent hypertension. Propranolol not only improved the hypertension but alleviated a lithium-induced tremor as well.", "contents": "Severe neurotoxicity and lithium therapy. The patient, a manic depressive who was treated with lithium for three years, suddenly developed severe neurotoxicity and a glomerulonephritis-like syndrome. The author believes that the lithium toxicity was facilitated by hot weather with excessive sweating, gall bladder pathology with fever, and decreased water and salt intake. The patient improved except for a persistent hypertension. Propranolol not only improved the hypertension but alleviated a lithium-induced tremor as well.", "PMID": 747906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7263", "title": "Modification of cardiopressor and respirogenic effects of doxapram by propranolol.", "content": "The respiratory stimulant doxapram hydrochloride has long been shunned in the United States because of a perpetuated fear of the alleged side effects of hypertension and tachycardia with attendant hypermetabolism and increased oxygen consumption.  This study reports the results of the administration of doxapram alone, and of doxapram in conjunction with the beta-blocker propranolol on the blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate of 12 healthy unanesthetized volunteer subjects. Results showed an augmentation in blood pressure (especially diastolic), a significant decrease in heart rate, and an unexpected actual increase in respiratory rate in the doxapram/propranolol group. Subtleties of sympathetic balance, as well as proposed future studies are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of cardiopressor and respirogenic effects of doxapram by propranolol. The respiratory stimulant doxapram hydrochloride has long been shunned in the United States because of a perpetuated fear of the alleged side effects of hypertension and tachycardia with attendant hypermetabolism and increased oxygen consumption.  This study reports the results of the administration of doxapram alone, and of doxapram in conjunction with the beta-blocker propranolol on the blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate of 12 healthy unanesthetized volunteer subjects. Results showed an augmentation in blood pressure (especially diastolic), a significant decrease in heart rate, and an unexpected actual increase in respiratory rate in the doxapram/propranolol group. Subtleties of sympathetic balance, as well as proposed future studies are discussed.", "PMID": 747907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7264", "title": "Treatment of theophylline intoxication: a model study utilizing peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "This study shows that peritoneal dialysis of theophylline-intoxicated rats results in withdrawal of approximately 27% of the administered dose of theophylline in 4 hr. Clinical consequences of this experience are considered.", "contents": "Treatment of theophylline intoxication: a model study utilizing peritoneal dialysis. This study shows that peritoneal dialysis of theophylline-intoxicated rats results in withdrawal of approximately 27% of the administered dose of theophylline in 4 hr. Clinical consequences of this experience are considered.", "PMID": 747908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7265", "title": "Abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction in patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome.", "content": "In 18 patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and in 11 control subjects the response of the atrioventricular conduction system to heart rate acceleration by right atrial pacing, and, with the aid of His bundle electrogram, the behaviour of individual levels of the atrioventricular conduction system were studied. At spontaneous sinus rhythm A-H interval was shorter in the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome than in the controls. In the latter the A-H interval became markedly prolonged, up to a Wenckebach-type IInd-degree AV block, already at a minor pacing-induced acceleration of the heart rate, whereas in the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome the atrioventricular propagation of excitation at a 1:1 ratio remained preserved even at substantially higher heart-rate values. On the basis of the responses of the A-H interval to pacing the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome were classed into four types.", "contents": "Abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction in patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. In 18 patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and in 11 control subjects the response of the atrioventricular conduction system to heart rate acceleration by right atrial pacing, and, with the aid of His bundle electrogram, the behaviour of individual levels of the atrioventricular conduction system were studied. At spontaneous sinus rhythm A-H interval was shorter in the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome than in the controls. In the latter the A-H interval became markedly prolonged, up to a Wenckebach-type IInd-degree AV block, already at a minor pacing-induced acceleration of the heart rate, whereas in the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome the atrioventricular propagation of excitation at a 1:1 ratio remained preserved even at substantially higher heart-rate values. On the basis of the responses of the A-H interval to pacing the patients with the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome were classed into four types.", "PMID": 747919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7266", "title": "Epidemiology and phenotype of congenital coronary artery anomalies. Analysis of 80 cases found in necropsies of stillborn fetuses and infants.", "content": "In the period from 1961 to 1974, 80 cases of congenital coronary artery anomalies in necropsies of infants and stillborn fetuses were diagnosed in the Czech Socialist Republic among more than 2.1 million consecutive deliveries. In the population thus defined the mean frequency of these anomalies was 3.8 per 100,000, with extreme values from 1.3 to 7.0 per 100,000. The epidemiological and clinical phenomena of these anomalies and their relations to selected biological-genetic and ecological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology and phenotype of congenital coronary artery anomalies. Analysis of 80 cases found in necropsies of stillborn fetuses and infants. In the period from 1961 to 1974, 80 cases of congenital coronary artery anomalies in necropsies of infants and stillborn fetuses were diagnosed in the Czech Socialist Republic among more than 2.1 million consecutive deliveries. In the population thus defined the mean frequency of these anomalies was 3.8 per 100,000, with extreme values from 1.3 to 7.0 per 100,000. The epidemiological and clinical phenomena of these anomalies and their relations to selected biological-genetic and ecological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 747920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7267", "title": "Influence of vagal suppression on early arrhythmias following experimental myocardial infarction in dogs.", "content": "The close relationship between disturbances of heart rhythm that follow acute myocardial infarction, and the autonomic nervous system is of particular interest. These disturbances have been attributed to the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences upon the heart. The present investigation was undertaken in order to study the influence of parasympathetic suppression on early arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction in dogs with acute coronary occlusion. Two series were examined: control and vagotomized animals. In vagotomized dogs, the incidence of early post-infarction arrhythmias was 9 per cent against 66 per cent in the control series. The heart rate and blood pressure did not show significant changes in either series. The results emphasize the importance of the afferent and efferent vagal ways in the genesis of early arrhythmias.", "contents": "Influence of vagal suppression on early arrhythmias following experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. The close relationship between disturbances of heart rhythm that follow acute myocardial infarction, and the autonomic nervous system is of particular interest. These disturbances have been attributed to the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences upon the heart. The present investigation was undertaken in order to study the influence of parasympathetic suppression on early arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction in dogs with acute coronary occlusion. Two series were examined: control and vagotomized animals. In vagotomized dogs, the incidence of early post-infarction arrhythmias was 9 per cent against 66 per cent in the control series. The heart rate and blood pressure did not show significant changes in either series. The results emphasize the importance of the afferent and efferent vagal ways in the genesis of early arrhythmias.", "PMID": 747921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7268", "title": "Age-dependent variations in the intensity of isoprenaline-induced myocardial lesions in rats.", "content": "Isoprenaline dosed 50 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally into rats aged 42 days, 3 months, and 18 months. At intervals of 12, 18, 24, 48 hours and 5 days the degree of myocardial lesion was checked by the technetium-labeled oxytetracycline [99mTc-Sn-oxytetracycline] method. Three hours after its i. v. injection the myocardial radioactivity was measured in a control group and in the group treated with isoprenaline. Markedly higher radioactivity was found in animals given isoprenaline than in the controls. Besides, the degree of myocardial lesion considerably varied in dependence on the animals' age, being lowest in the 42-days-old and highest in the 18-months-old rats. In all age groups a biphasic alteration was observed, consisting of a phase of rapid decrease in radioactivity up to 24 hours, and a phase of slow decrease from the 24th hour till the 5th day after injection of isoprenaline. The authors consider the method using technetium-labeled oxytetracycline convenient for assessing the degree of myocardial lesion.", "contents": "Age-dependent variations in the intensity of isoprenaline-induced myocardial lesions in rats. Isoprenaline dosed 50 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally into rats aged 42 days, 3 months, and 18 months. At intervals of 12, 18, 24, 48 hours and 5 days the degree of myocardial lesion was checked by the technetium-labeled oxytetracycline [99mTc-Sn-oxytetracycline] method. Three hours after its i. v. injection the myocardial radioactivity was measured in a control group and in the group treated with isoprenaline. Markedly higher radioactivity was found in animals given isoprenaline than in the controls. Besides, the degree of myocardial lesion considerably varied in dependence on the animals' age, being lowest in the 42-days-old and highest in the 18-months-old rats. In all age groups a biphasic alteration was observed, consisting of a phase of rapid decrease in radioactivity up to 24 hours, and a phase of slow decrease from the 24th hour till the 5th day after injection of isoprenaline. The authors consider the method using technetium-labeled oxytetracycline convenient for assessing the degree of myocardial lesion.", "PMID": 747922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7269", "title": "The effect of hypokinesis on blood clotting in rabbits.", "content": "In 53 male chinchilla rabbits the effect of 14-day strict immobilization on the blood clotting and myocardial function capacity was studied. Hypercoagulability and enhancement of thrombocytic functional activity were found. The blood platelets of the experimental animals formed larger aggregates than those of the control animals. These changes were accompanied by myocardial ischaemic lesions, proved by electrocardiography.", "contents": "The effect of hypokinesis on blood clotting in rabbits. In 53 male chinchilla rabbits the effect of 14-day strict immobilization on the blood clotting and myocardial function capacity was studied. Hypercoagulability and enhancement of thrombocytic functional activity were found. The blood platelets of the experimental animals formed larger aggregates than those of the control animals. These changes were accompanied by myocardial ischaemic lesions, proved by electrocardiography.", "PMID": 747923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7270", "title": "The renal kallikrein-kinin system in various types of diuresis and under the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in rats.", "content": "In rats with water load, rats with high-salt diet, rats treated with furosemide, and rats treated with indomethacin in low doses (2 mg/kg orally per day for five consecutive days) an enhanced urinary excretion of kallikrein was observed. Higher dosage of indomethacin (5 mg/kg), on the contrary, markedly reduced the urinary kallikrein excretion. The degree of activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system was lowest in water diuresis, and highest at the high-salt diet. In salt- and furosemide-induced diuresis, positive correlations were found between the urinary kallikrein excretion, sodium excretion, urine flow rate, and renal concentration capacity. In water diuresis, a positive correlation was found solely between the kallikrein excretion and the urine flow rate. Indomethacin at low dosages elevated, and at high dosages reduced the activity of the renal kallikrein-kinin system; analogous effects were exerted on the urine flow rate and on sodium excretion.", "contents": "The renal kallikrein-kinin system in various types of diuresis and under the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in rats. In rats with water load, rats with high-salt diet, rats treated with furosemide, and rats treated with indomethacin in low doses (2 mg/kg orally per day for five consecutive days) an enhanced urinary excretion of kallikrein was observed. Higher dosage of indomethacin (5 mg/kg), on the contrary, markedly reduced the urinary kallikrein excretion. The degree of activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system was lowest in water diuresis, and highest at the high-salt diet. In salt- and furosemide-induced diuresis, positive correlations were found between the urinary kallikrein excretion, sodium excretion, urine flow rate, and renal concentration capacity. In water diuresis, a positive correlation was found solely between the kallikrein excretion and the urine flow rate. Indomethacin at low dosages elevated, and at high dosages reduced the activity of the renal kallikrein-kinin system; analogous effects were exerted on the urine flow rate and on sodium excretion.", "PMID": 747924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7271", "title": "[Changes in noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction through ouabain blockade of the transmembranal electrolyte distribution].", "content": "In continuation of their studies concerning changes in the reactivity of vascular segments under isolated perfusion in vivo with simultaneous experimental disturbance of transmembranous distribution of electrolytes, the authors investigated in ten rabbits the effect of noradrenaline in the ear with isolated circulation. After perfusion of an ouabain solution (total concentration: 0.4 X 10(-5) M), in dependence on the duration of the effect of glycoside the vasoconstrictor response to 0.1 and 0.5 micrograms noradrenaline was significantly strengthened, up to 40% of the initial value. After washing-out of the vascular segment under isolated perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit solution, and ensuing restoration of normal cation relationships, the vascular reactivity returned to its initial level. Potential analogous mechanisms of the etiology and pathogenesis of essential hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction through ouabain blockade of the transmembranal electrolyte distribution]. In continuation of their studies concerning changes in the reactivity of vascular segments under isolated perfusion in vivo with simultaneous experimental disturbance of transmembranous distribution of electrolytes, the authors investigated in ten rabbits the effect of noradrenaline in the ear with isolated circulation. After perfusion of an ouabain solution (total concentration: 0.4 X 10(-5) M), in dependence on the duration of the effect of glycoside the vasoconstrictor response to 0.1 and 0.5 micrograms noradrenaline was significantly strengthened, up to 40% of the initial value. After washing-out of the vascular segment under isolated perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit solution, and ensuing restoration of normal cation relationships, the vascular reactivity returned to its initial level. Potential analogous mechanisms of the etiology and pathogenesis of essential hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 747925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7272", "title": "Effects of atrial premature stimulation on sinus node function in isolated rabbit atria.", "content": "The effects of premature atrial depolarizations (PADs) on the sinus node function were studied in isolated rabbit atria by using simultaneous intracellular recordings in the sinus node and adjacent regions. Late PADs (test cycle 85% or more of the basic cycle) did not capture the sinus node, blocking somewhere between this structure and the crista terminalis, inducing however a shortening of action potential, an increased rate of rise (Vmax) and amplitude of phase 0, and a variable depression of phase 4 depolarization on sinus node fibres. These effects were attributed to electrotonic interactions. Earlier PADs (test cycle 45--85% of the basic cycle) penetrated and captured the sinus node, changing its action potential shape, depending on the prematurity of the response. Two major effects were demonstrated: 1) a reduction in the maximum diastolic potential; 2) a linearly-related (p less than 0.001) decrease of the slope of phase 4 depolarization. These effects resulted in a depression of sinus node automaticity that was inversely-related to the test cycle length. Dominant pacemaker shifts within the sinus node were frequently observed with early as well as with late PADs resulting in a change of the basic cycle by as much as 90 msec. It is concluded that the use of the technique of premature atrial stimulation may not permit precise evaluation of sinoatrial conduction time.", "contents": "Effects of atrial premature stimulation on sinus node function in isolated rabbit atria. The effects of premature atrial depolarizations (PADs) on the sinus node function were studied in isolated rabbit atria by using simultaneous intracellular recordings in the sinus node and adjacent regions. Late PADs (test cycle 85% or more of the basic cycle) did not capture the sinus node, blocking somewhere between this structure and the crista terminalis, inducing however a shortening of action potential, an increased rate of rise (Vmax) and amplitude of phase 0, and a variable depression of phase 4 depolarization on sinus node fibres. These effects were attributed to electrotonic interactions. Earlier PADs (test cycle 45--85% of the basic cycle) penetrated and captured the sinus node, changing its action potential shape, depending on the prematurity of the response. Two major effects were demonstrated: 1) a reduction in the maximum diastolic potential; 2) a linearly-related (p less than 0.001) decrease of the slope of phase 4 depolarization. These effects resulted in a depression of sinus node automaticity that was inversely-related to the test cycle length. Dominant pacemaker shifts within the sinus node were frequently observed with early as well as with late PADs resulting in a change of the basic cycle by as much as 90 msec. It is concluded that the use of the technique of premature atrial stimulation may not permit precise evaluation of sinoatrial conduction time.", "PMID": 747926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7273", "title": "Modification of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity by adrenal and pineal extirpations, and time of day dependency of changes.", "content": "Plasma level of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.2.1) activity has been considered important both as a diagnostic aid and as an indicator of temporal changes in sympathetic activity. The present study sought to evaluate the possible dependency of some phases of the circadian rhythm in plasma DBH on adrenal and pineal glands. Male Holtzman (albino) rats were shamoperated, adrenalectomized (AX), pinealectomized (PX) or both adrenalectomized and pinealectomized (AXPX) at 32-35 days of age and after acclimation to controlled conditions with a fixed, 12-h, daily photoperiod (LD 12:12). Animals were killed at selected times 15 days postoperatively, and plasma DBH was measured using a sensitive radioenzymatic method. Results from two successive experiments showed that there was significant reduction in plasma DBH in the AXPX animals, but that this was evident only during the middle of the dark phase. PX and AX alone did not bring about any change in the DBH activity at any of the two times tested. These results show that combined endocrine manipulations can alter the circulatory DBH activity level and that such changes can be evaluated only within the definition of a circadian pattern.", "contents": "Modification of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity by adrenal and pineal extirpations, and time of day dependency of changes. Plasma level of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.2.1) activity has been considered important both as a diagnostic aid and as an indicator of temporal changes in sympathetic activity. The present study sought to evaluate the possible dependency of some phases of the circadian rhythm in plasma DBH on adrenal and pineal glands. Male Holtzman (albino) rats were shamoperated, adrenalectomized (AX), pinealectomized (PX) or both adrenalectomized and pinealectomized (AXPX) at 32-35 days of age and after acclimation to controlled conditions with a fixed, 12-h, daily photoperiod (LD 12:12). Animals were killed at selected times 15 days postoperatively, and plasma DBH was measured using a sensitive radioenzymatic method. Results from two successive experiments showed that there was significant reduction in plasma DBH in the AXPX animals, but that this was evident only during the middle of the dark phase. PX and AX alone did not bring about any change in the DBH activity at any of the two times tested. These results show that combined endocrine manipulations can alter the circulatory DBH activity level and that such changes can be evaluated only within the definition of a circadian pattern.", "PMID": 747985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7274", "title": "Circadian susceptibility rhythm of the rat to alloxan.", "content": "The susceptibility of rats to alloxan undergoes a circadin rhythm. The toxicity rhythm, presumably involving injury to liver, kidney and other sites, pancreatic beta-cells in particular, is demonstrated in pooled data from 370 mature inbred Fischer or Minnesota Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes kept in light from 06(00) to 18(00) alternating with darkness, some with free access to Purina laboratory chow with tap water at all times and some other rats subjected to one of three starvation schedules: 1) a 28-h fast before an intravenous alloxan injection; 2) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h ad libitum feeding before injection; 3) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h pre-injection tube-feeding of Nutrament (Mead and Johnson, Evansville, Indiana), 1.5 ml/100 g body weight. Survival time data on an additional 200 inbred Fischer rats reveal, next, that susceptibility to alloxan increases as the starvation span is lengthened from 24 to 84 h. The shortening in survival time indicative of this susceptibility increase is nonlinear; a circadian rhythmic change in susceptibility to alloxan is seen as a statistically significant wave-form indicative of the basic (persisting) rhythm, of applied interest as well to students of experimental diabetes.", "contents": "Circadian susceptibility rhythm of the rat to alloxan. The susceptibility of rats to alloxan undergoes a circadin rhythm. The toxicity rhythm, presumably involving injury to liver, kidney and other sites, pancreatic beta-cells in particular, is demonstrated in pooled data from 370 mature inbred Fischer or Minnesota Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes kept in light from 06(00) to 18(00) alternating with darkness, some with free access to Purina laboratory chow with tap water at all times and some other rats subjected to one of three starvation schedules: 1) a 28-h fast before an intravenous alloxan injection; 2) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h ad libitum feeding before injection; 3) a 28-h fast, except for a 4-h pre-injection tube-feeding of Nutrament (Mead and Johnson, Evansville, Indiana), 1.5 ml/100 g body weight. Survival time data on an additional 200 inbred Fischer rats reveal, next, that susceptibility to alloxan increases as the starvation span is lengthened from 24 to 84 h. The shortening in survival time indicative of this susceptibility increase is nonlinear; a circadian rhythmic change in susceptibility to alloxan is seen as a statistically significant wave-form indicative of the basic (persisting) rhythm, of applied interest as well to students of experimental diabetes.", "PMID": 747984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7275", "title": "The response of glucose, insulin and FFA to intravenous glucose and glucagon in elderly subjects in the course of morning and afternoon tests.", "content": "The response of glucose, FFA and immunoreactive insulin to intravenous glucose and glucagon was examined in 6 apparently healthy subjects aged 67-77 years at 08(00) and 18(00) with a 3 day interval. The subjects, fasted 12 h before each test, received 0.5 g/kg of glucose i.v. and, 40 min after glucose, 1 mg glucagon i.v. The results confirmed, also in aged subjects, an impaired glucose tolerance in the afternoon test, as previously reported in the adult subject. The insulin response was delayed in the afternoon test, but the total incremental area was not significantly reduced. There was not a clearcut difference in the pattern of FFA response. The results could be a further confirmation of the central role of insulin response as a cause of impaired glucose tolerance in the afternoon also in subjects aged over 65 years.", "contents": "The response of glucose, insulin and FFA to intravenous glucose and glucagon in elderly subjects in the course of morning and afternoon tests. The response of glucose, FFA and immunoreactive insulin to intravenous glucose and glucagon was examined in 6 apparently healthy subjects aged 67-77 years at 08(00) and 18(00) with a 3 day interval. The subjects, fasted 12 h before each test, received 0.5 g/kg of glucose i.v. and, 40 min after glucose, 1 mg glucagon i.v. The results confirmed, also in aged subjects, an impaired glucose tolerance in the afternoon test, as previously reported in the adult subject. The insulin response was delayed in the afternoon test, but the total incremental area was not significantly reduced. There was not a clearcut difference in the pattern of FFA response. The results could be a further confirmation of the central role of insulin response as a cause of impaired glucose tolerance in the afternoon also in subjects aged over 65 years.", "PMID": 747986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7276", "title": "Coincidence of adjacent periodicities of men investigated with the pergressive Fourier analysis.", "content": "The body temperature of 2 persons closed off to the outside world was pergressively analyzed with a short analyzing interval showing that the spontaneous and controlling rhythms of T = 30 h are present as previously demonstrated by ASCHOFF and BLUME. The characteristic properties and differences of both curves are described. Especially it is demonstrated that a transient process is present in the first curve, but not in the second curve. The presence of both rhythms is confirmed by the pergressive Fourier analysis of the first curve with a long analyzing interval. The problem to find out correct values for the parameters of hidden rhythms with the aid of the amplitude spectrum is pointed out. It is not present for the pergressive Fourier analysis.", "contents": "Coincidence of adjacent periodicities of men investigated with the pergressive Fourier analysis. The body temperature of 2 persons closed off to the outside world was pergressively analyzed with a short analyzing interval showing that the spontaneous and controlling rhythms of T = 30 h are present as previously demonstrated by ASCHOFF and BLUME. The characteristic properties and differences of both curves are described. Especially it is demonstrated that a transient process is present in the first curve, but not in the second curve. The presence of both rhythms is confirmed by the pergressive Fourier analysis of the first curve with a long analyzing interval. The problem to find out correct values for the parameters of hidden rhythms with the aid of the amplitude spectrum is pointed out. It is not present for the pergressive Fourier analysis.", "PMID": 747987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7277", "title": "Circadian and circatrigintan rhythms in pulse, oral temperature and blood pressure of a clinically healthy Japanese woman.", "content": "The circadian and circatrigintan (menstrual) system of a healthy Japanese woman has been quantified by single cosinor analyses. The results obtained at only 2 frequencies are discussed against the background of prior chronobiologic information. The paper documents different acrophase relations of rhythms with different frequencies in the same variables and includes a sketch of the position of the single cosinor method as a tool in a methodologic armamentarium of broader interest in anthropology, medicine and more generally in biology.", "contents": "Circadian and circatrigintan rhythms in pulse, oral temperature and blood pressure of a clinically healthy Japanese woman. The circadian and circatrigintan (menstrual) system of a healthy Japanese woman has been quantified by single cosinor analyses. The results obtained at only 2 frequencies are discussed against the background of prior chronobiologic information. The paper documents different acrophase relations of rhythms with different frequencies in the same variables and includes a sketch of the position of the single cosinor method as a tool in a methodologic armamentarium of broader interest in anthropology, medicine and more generally in biology.", "PMID": 747988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7278", "title": "A biological oscillator system and the development of sleep-waking behavior during early infancy.", "content": "The sleep-waking behavior of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first 4 months of life. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule and was fed only if his behavior could be judged as a feeding demand. Using several methods of computerized analysis it could be demonstrated that the spontaneous sleep-waking behavior was mainly driven by two endogenous rhythms, an ultradian cycle and a circadian one. While the ultradian rhythm was already established at term showing a mean period of 4 h, the circadian variation developed during the first 3 months of life. So far our results support earlier studies (KLEITMAN and ENGELMANN; PARMELEE; HELLBRUGGE,). The present paper, however, gives further evidence that both rhythms do not run independently, but seem to constitute a system of connected oscillators. As soon as the circadian rhythm is manifestly developed, the period of the ultradian rhythm seems to be modulated according to circadian variations. More specifically, during the nocturnal phase of the circadian rhythm the ultradian rhythm decelerated. By contrast, during the diurnal phase the ultradian cycle was accelerated. Using circadian frequency modulation of the ultradian cycle as the underlying principle, a computerized model of both connected oscillators was developed. The theoretically predicted sleep-waking behavior was compared to the behavior actually observed in the infant of this study. During postnatal development the coupled rhythms cause characteristic periodicities of the sleep-waking pattern. Since the infant experiences his world within a basic framework of sleep and waking spans, the different periodicities may be considered as a structure timing the information process in the developing brain.", "contents": "A biological oscillator system and the development of sleep-waking behavior during early infancy. The sleep-waking behavior of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first 4 months of life. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule and was fed only if his behavior could be judged as a feeding demand. Using several methods of computerized analysis it could be demonstrated that the spontaneous sleep-waking behavior was mainly driven by two endogenous rhythms, an ultradian cycle and a circadian one. While the ultradian rhythm was already established at term showing a mean period of 4 h, the circadian variation developed during the first 3 months of life. So far our results support earlier studies (KLEITMAN and ENGELMANN; PARMELEE; HELLBRUGGE,). The present paper, however, gives further evidence that both rhythms do not run independently, but seem to constitute a system of connected oscillators. As soon as the circadian rhythm is manifestly developed, the period of the ultradian rhythm seems to be modulated according to circadian variations. More specifically, during the nocturnal phase of the circadian rhythm the ultradian rhythm decelerated. By contrast, during the diurnal phase the ultradian cycle was accelerated. Using circadian frequency modulation of the ultradian cycle as the underlying principle, a computerized model of both connected oscillators was developed. The theoretically predicted sleep-waking behavior was compared to the behavior actually observed in the infant of this study. During postnatal development the coupled rhythms cause characteristic periodicities of the sleep-waking pattern. Since the infant experiences his world within a basic framework of sleep and waking spans, the different periodicities may be considered as a structure timing the information process in the developing brain.", "PMID": 747989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7279", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy on body weight and the size and number of fat cells in the Zucker (fatty) rat.", "content": "Adrenalectomy reduced food intake and the rate of weight gain in the Zucker (fatty) rat to levels indistinguishable from normal. The size of adipocytes in the retroperitoneal and perimetrial fat pads also decreased after adrenalectomy but the number of fat cells in each of these depots increased to reach levels not different from those in the sham-operated fatty rat. Fat accretion in the intact fatty rat was characterized by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the fat cells, but in the adrenalectomized Zucker rats, weight gain was accompanied by hyperplasia and decreased fat cell size. These data show that adrenalectomy can prevent most of the phenotypic expression of the genetic defect in the fatty rat and challenge the concept that reduced food intake can prevent hyperplasia of fat cells.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy on body weight and the size and number of fat cells in the Zucker (fatty) rat. Adrenalectomy reduced food intake and the rate of weight gain in the Zucker (fatty) rat to levels indistinguishable from normal. The size of adipocytes in the retroperitoneal and perimetrial fat pads also decreased after adrenalectomy but the number of fat cells in each of these depots increased to reach levels not different from those in the sham-operated fatty rat. Fat accretion in the intact fatty rat was characterized by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the fat cells, but in the adrenalectomized Zucker rats, weight gain was accompanied by hyperplasia and decreased fat cell size. These data show that adrenalectomy can prevent most of the phenotypic expression of the genetic defect in the fatty rat and challenge the concept that reduced food intake can prevent hyperplasia of fat cells.", "PMID": 747998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7280", "title": "The effects of pinealectomy on pituitary prolactin levels in Carassius auratus exposed to various photoperiod-temperature regimes.", "content": "Pinealectomy has an influence on pituitary prolactin levels in goldfish maintained under certain photoperiod-temperature regimes. The effects of pinealectomy on pituitary prolactin content depend on photoperiod and time of sampling. Thus, differences between pinealectomized and sham operated animals may be due to a shift of a daily variation in pituitary prolactin levels. The pineal in fishes may thus be involved in photoperiod influences on daily prolactin rhythms.", "contents": "The effects of pinealectomy on pituitary prolactin levels in Carassius auratus exposed to various photoperiod-temperature regimes. Pinealectomy has an influence on pituitary prolactin levels in goldfish maintained under certain photoperiod-temperature regimes. The effects of pinealectomy on pituitary prolactin content depend on photoperiod and time of sampling. Thus, differences between pinealectomized and sham operated animals may be due to a shift of a daily variation in pituitary prolactin levels. The pineal in fishes may thus be involved in photoperiod influences on daily prolactin rhythms.", "PMID": 747999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7281", "title": "Comparison of steroid receptors from the androgen responsive DDT1 cell line and the nonresponsive HVP cell line.", "content": "Two hamster cell lines have been isolated from androgen target tissue. The DDT1 cells derived from ductus deferens tissue exhibit a growth response to androgens, while the HVP cells derived from ventral prostate are androgen unresponsive. Both cell lines contain androgen receptors, that are similar when compared by kinetic methods, sedimentation velocity, chromatographic procedures or nuclear translocation ability. The forms of the high salt extracted nuclear receptors are indistinguishable chromatographically. Therefore, we postulate that the lesion preventing androgen induced growth in the HVP cell line is subseqent to nuclear translocation of the steroid receptor complex.", "contents": "Comparison of steroid receptors from the androgen responsive DDT1 cell line and the nonresponsive HVP cell line. Two hamster cell lines have been isolated from androgen target tissue. The DDT1 cells derived from ductus deferens tissue exhibit a growth response to androgens, while the HVP cells derived from ventral prostate are androgen unresponsive. Both cell lines contain androgen receptors, that are similar when compared by kinetic methods, sedimentation velocity, chromatographic procedures or nuclear translocation ability. The forms of the high salt extracted nuclear receptors are indistinguishable chromatographically. Therefore, we postulate that the lesion preventing androgen induced growth in the HVP cell line is subseqent to nuclear translocation of the steroid receptor complex.", "PMID": 748000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7282", "title": "Differential effects of elevated potassium ion concentration and of theophylline on growth hormone release by rat adenohypophyses in vitro.", "content": "The effects of 27 mM K+ and of 6.7 mM theophylline on the release of growth hormone (GH) by rat hemipituitaries in vitro were investigated using bioassay (rat tibia test) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Both agents markedly increased the release of immunoreactive GH. High K+ also promoted the release of bioactive GH but to a much lesser degree than RIA-GH. Theophylline did not consistently affect the release of bioassay-detectable GH. The results suggest that these agents promote massive release of a form of immunoreactive GH (possibly \"immature\") that has little or no activity in the bioassay. Theophylline is relatively more effective in this regard than is elevated K+.", "contents": "Differential effects of elevated potassium ion concentration and of theophylline on growth hormone release by rat adenohypophyses in vitro. The effects of 27 mM K+ and of 6.7 mM theophylline on the release of growth hormone (GH) by rat hemipituitaries in vitro were investigated using bioassay (rat tibia test) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Both agents markedly increased the release of immunoreactive GH. High K+ also promoted the release of bioactive GH but to a much lesser degree than RIA-GH. Theophylline did not consistently affect the release of bioassay-detectable GH. The results suggest that these agents promote massive release of a form of immunoreactive GH (possibly \"immature\") that has little or no activity in the bioassay. Theophylline is relatively more effective in this regard than is elevated K+.", "PMID": 748001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7283", "title": "Interactions of bovine thyrotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin with adenylate cyclase in bovine thyroid membranes.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin bind to bovine thyroid membranes, displace 125I-labeled bovine thyrotropin therefrom, and are weak agonists therein with respect to the activation of adenylate cyclase. The present studies reveal that concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin sufficient to elicit a maximal agonistic response of adenylate cyclase are strongly antagonistic to the stimulatory action of bovine thyrotropin in the thyroid membrane system. This effect is reminiscent of the inhibitory effects of crude human chorionic gonadotropin on other extragonadal tissues in vitro, and, like them, appears to be mediated by some factor(s) other than human chorionic gonadotropin itself, since highly purified human chorionic gonadotropin was without effect.", "contents": "Interactions of bovine thyrotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin with adenylate cyclase in bovine thyroid membranes. Previous studies have shown that crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin bind to bovine thyroid membranes, displace 125I-labeled bovine thyrotropin therefrom, and are weak agonists therein with respect to the activation of adenylate cyclase. The present studies reveal that concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin sufficient to elicit a maximal agonistic response of adenylate cyclase are strongly antagonistic to the stimulatory action of bovine thyrotropin in the thyroid membrane system. This effect is reminiscent of the inhibitory effects of crude human chorionic gonadotropin on other extragonadal tissues in vitro, and, like them, appears to be mediated by some factor(s) other than human chorionic gonadotropin itself, since highly purified human chorionic gonadotropin was without effect.", "PMID": 748002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7284", "title": "Early effects of parathyroid hormone on rat calvarian bone alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Using a quantitative cytochemical method, explanted calvaria of 1- to 6-day-old male rats were used for the measurement of the in situ effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the calcifying bone. The earliest effect of PTH was observed at 4--7 min. The direction and magnitude of the response of AP was dependent on the age of the animal and on the dose of PTH (50 fg-500 pg/ml). The calvaria of younger animals (2-days old) showed a decrease in AP activity, whereas in 5-day-old rats, AP activity was stimulated by PTH. In 5-day-old animals, the linear dependence of ATP stimulation on the PTH dose in the concentration range 50 fg-50 pg/ml could serve as the basis for a bioassay of a high sensitivity. The age-dependent response of AP to PTH may reflect the difference between the early and late stages of the calcification process. Our observations may reconcile conflicting reports on the effect of PTH on bone AP.", "contents": "Early effects of parathyroid hormone on rat calvarian bone alkaline phosphatase. Using a quantitative cytochemical method, explanted calvaria of 1- to 6-day-old male rats were used for the measurement of the in situ effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the calcifying bone. The earliest effect of PTH was observed at 4--7 min. The direction and magnitude of the response of AP was dependent on the age of the animal and on the dose of PTH (50 fg-500 pg/ml). The calvaria of younger animals (2-days old) showed a decrease in AP activity, whereas in 5-day-old rats, AP activity was stimulated by PTH. In 5-day-old animals, the linear dependence of ATP stimulation on the PTH dose in the concentration range 50 fg-50 pg/ml could serve as the basis for a bioassay of a high sensitivity. The age-dependent response of AP to PTH may reflect the difference between the early and late stages of the calcification process. Our observations may reconcile conflicting reports on the effect of PTH on bone AP.", "PMID": 748003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7285", "title": "Glucose and insulin in the regulation of glucagon release from the isolated perfused dog stomach.", "content": "The respective roles of glucose and insulin in the regulation of glucagon release from the canine stomach were investigated using an isolated blood-perfused preparation. At normal blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, the stomach released small amounts of glucagon. Such basal gastric glucagon release was not modified by hyperglycemia. In contrast, gastric glucagon release was increased by hypoglycemia or 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced cytoglycopenia. Antibody neutralization of basal circulating concentrations of insulin (10 +/- 1 microU/ml) doubled the stimulation induced by hypoglycemia alone. It is concluded that: 1) suppression of gastric glucagon release is observed with very low concentrations of insulin; 2) basal gastric glucagon release is not further suppressed by hyperglycemia; and 3) that hypoglycemia and cytoglycopenia stimulate gastric glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Glucose and insulin in the regulation of glucagon release from the isolated perfused dog stomach. The respective roles of glucose and insulin in the regulation of glucagon release from the canine stomach were investigated using an isolated blood-perfused preparation. At normal blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, the stomach released small amounts of glucagon. Such basal gastric glucagon release was not modified by hyperglycemia. In contrast, gastric glucagon release was increased by hypoglycemia or 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced cytoglycopenia. Antibody neutralization of basal circulating concentrations of insulin (10 +/- 1 microU/ml) doubled the stimulation induced by hypoglycemia alone. It is concluded that: 1) suppression of gastric glucagon release is observed with very low concentrations of insulin; 2) basal gastric glucagon release is not further suppressed by hyperglycemia; and 3) that hypoglycemia and cytoglycopenia stimulate gastric glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 748004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7286", "title": "Selective blockade of estrogen-induced uterine responses by the antiestrogen nafoxidine.", "content": "The response of the immature rat uterus to the antiestrogen, nafoxidine (Upjohn U-11, 100A), is maximum at a dose of 5 micrograms. This dose of nafoxidine sustains the uterine response for at least 72 h. After treatment with 5 micrograms nafoxidine for 24 h, uterine cytosol contains approximately one half the total number of estrogen receptors originally present in uteri of untreated animals, and uterine nuclei also contain approximately one half the receptors originally present in unstimulated tissue. The total amount of uterine estrogen receptor, however, is not altered 24 h after treatment with nafoxidine relative to saline-treated controls, while estradiol treatment doubles the total amount of receptor relative to controls. Pretreatment with 5 micrograms nafoxidine for 24 h does not block the uterine response occurring 4 h after the subsequent administration of estradiol, but does block the uterine response occurring 24 h after the subsequent administration of estradiol. These results suggest that uterine nuclei contain different acceptor sites for regulating short term and long term uterine responses to estrogen.", "contents": "Selective blockade of estrogen-induced uterine responses by the antiestrogen nafoxidine. The response of the immature rat uterus to the antiestrogen, nafoxidine (Upjohn U-11, 100A), is maximum at a dose of 5 micrograms. This dose of nafoxidine sustains the uterine response for at least 72 h. After treatment with 5 micrograms nafoxidine for 24 h, uterine cytosol contains approximately one half the total number of estrogen receptors originally present in uteri of untreated animals, and uterine nuclei also contain approximately one half the receptors originally present in unstimulated tissue. The total amount of uterine estrogen receptor, however, is not altered 24 h after treatment with nafoxidine relative to saline-treated controls, while estradiol treatment doubles the total amount of receptor relative to controls. Pretreatment with 5 micrograms nafoxidine for 24 h does not block the uterine response occurring 4 h after the subsequent administration of estradiol, but does block the uterine response occurring 24 h after the subsequent administration of estradiol. These results suggest that uterine nuclei contain different acceptor sites for regulating short term and long term uterine responses to estrogen.", "PMID": 748005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7287", "title": "Comparison of luteolytic potencies of aminoglutethimide enantiomers in the rabbit and rat.", "content": "The luteolytic potency of D- and L-aminoglutethimide (D- and L-AG) was compared in in vivo assays in the rat and rabbit. By assay of plasma progesterone depletion in the rabbit, the potency of L-AG relative to D-AG was 0.21. By the plasma procedure in the rat, the relative potencies of L-AG and of the racemic mixture to D-AG were 0.04 and 0.37, respectively. By the ovarian progesterone depletion method, the L-form had very little activity and the DL-mixture was half as active as the D-isomer. Thus, in both species, almost all of the activity of the racemic mixture results from the content of D-AG. Interpretation of paradoxical data implies that in the rat, L-AG may inhibit liver degradation of progesterone at levels which do not modify secretion from the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Comparison of luteolytic potencies of aminoglutethimide enantiomers in the rabbit and rat. The luteolytic potency of D- and L-aminoglutethimide (D- and L-AG) was compared in in vivo assays in the rat and rabbit. By assay of plasma progesterone depletion in the rabbit, the potency of L-AG relative to D-AG was 0.21. By the plasma procedure in the rat, the relative potencies of L-AG and of the racemic mixture to D-AG were 0.04 and 0.37, respectively. By the ovarian progesterone depletion method, the L-form had very little activity and the DL-mixture was half as active as the D-isomer. Thus, in both species, almost all of the activity of the racemic mixture results from the content of D-AG. Interpretation of paradoxical data implies that in the rat, L-AG may inhibit liver degradation of progesterone at levels which do not modify secretion from the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 748006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7288", "title": "Estrogen receptor in adult male rat liver.", "content": "A 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation has previously been utilized to partially purify the estrogen receptor(s) of female rat liver cytosol. This procedure has now been used to fractionate the estradiol-binding sites of adult male rat liver cytosol. The 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation partially purifies a group of estradiol-binding sites which have properties quite distinct from the large number of sites present in male liver cytosol. The partially purified male sites seem to have the same properties as the partially purified female estradiol-binding sites. They seem to be proteins that are estrogen specific and have a high estradiol affinity (Kd = 1 X 10(-10) M) and a low estrogen capacity (2.3 fmol/mg liver). The estradiol-binding sites of prepubescent male rat liver cytosol have also been fractionated by 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation. The redissolved ammonium sulfate precipitates from prepubescent male rat liver cytosol contain fewer estradiol-binding sites then those from adult male or female rats. It seems that adult male as well as adult female rat liver contains estrogen receptors.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor in adult male rat liver. A 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation has previously been utilized to partially purify the estrogen receptor(s) of female rat liver cytosol. This procedure has now been used to fractionate the estradiol-binding sites of adult male rat liver cytosol. The 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation partially purifies a group of estradiol-binding sites which have properties quite distinct from the large number of sites present in male liver cytosol. The partially purified male sites seem to have the same properties as the partially purified female estradiol-binding sites. They seem to be proteins that are estrogen specific and have a high estradiol affinity (Kd = 1 X 10(-10) M) and a low estrogen capacity (2.3 fmol/mg liver). The estradiol-binding sites of prepubescent male rat liver cytosol have also been fractionated by 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation. The redissolved ammonium sulfate precipitates from prepubescent male rat liver cytosol contain fewer estradiol-binding sites then those from adult male or female rats. It seems that adult male as well as adult female rat liver contains estrogen receptors.", "PMID": 748007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7289", "title": "Cytoplasmic 17 beta-[3H]estradiol binding in rat adipose tissues.", "content": "Ovarian hormones, particularly 17 beta-estradiol, have important effects on body fat levels in rats, but it is not known whether 17 beta-estradiol can act directly on various fat depots to affect adiposity or whether these effects are entirely indirect (e.g. via food intake, exercise, or various metabolic actions). We have found high affinity, estrogen-specific macromolecular binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol in the cytoplasmic fraction of adipose tissues from ovariectomized rats. Saturation analysis indicates a Kd of 7.4 X 10(-10) M, and binding is inhibited by unlabeled 17 beta-estradiol or 11 beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17beta-diol (R2858) but not by progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or cortisol. 17 beta-[3H]Estradiol binding is virtually abolished by incubation with pronase but not with DNase or RNase, indicating that the binding macromolecule is probably a protein. Binding is seen in all adipose tissues studied, including abdominal, sc, and brown fat. Binding site concentration is highest in parametrial fat pads, followed by retroperitoneal, brown, omental, and inguinal depots. Binding is also seen in the cytoplasmic fraction of isolated parametrial adipocytes. These data indicate that the various adipose tissues might be estrogen target tissues in rats. Therefore, it is possible that estrogenic effects on body weight and composition could be mediated in part by direct estrogen action on adipose tissues.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic 17 beta-[3H]estradiol binding in rat adipose tissues. Ovarian hormones, particularly 17 beta-estradiol, have important effects on body fat levels in rats, but it is not known whether 17 beta-estradiol can act directly on various fat depots to affect adiposity or whether these effects are entirely indirect (e.g. via food intake, exercise, or various metabolic actions). We have found high affinity, estrogen-specific macromolecular binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol in the cytoplasmic fraction of adipose tissues from ovariectomized rats. Saturation analysis indicates a Kd of 7.4 X 10(-10) M, and binding is inhibited by unlabeled 17 beta-estradiol or 11 beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17beta-diol (R2858) but not by progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or cortisol. 17 beta-[3H]Estradiol binding is virtually abolished by incubation with pronase but not with DNase or RNase, indicating that the binding macromolecule is probably a protein. Binding is seen in all adipose tissues studied, including abdominal, sc, and brown fat. Binding site concentration is highest in parametrial fat pads, followed by retroperitoneal, brown, omental, and inguinal depots. Binding is also seen in the cytoplasmic fraction of isolated parametrial adipocytes. These data indicate that the various adipose tissues might be estrogen target tissues in rats. Therefore, it is possible that estrogenic effects on body weight and composition could be mediated in part by direct estrogen action on adipose tissues.", "PMID": 748011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7290", "title": "Hormonal control of nuclear estradiol receptor content and the luminal epithelium in the uterus of the golden hamster.", "content": "Uteri were removed and blood was drawn from hamsters during the estrous cycle, on the eighth day of pregnancy, and after different hormonal treatments. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were determined by RIA. Portions of the uteri were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Endogenous uterine nuclear E2 receptor was measured by exchange assay. Large increments of nuclear E2 receptor occurred when the level of serum E2 was rising and that of serum P was falling (diestrus day 2 through proestrus morning); decrements occurred when the serum E2 level was falling and the serum P level was rising (proestrus evening through diestrus day 1). Ovariectomy on proestrus morning led to a decline in the amount of nuclear E2 receptor, and this decline was prevented by administration of E2 at the time of ovariectomy. P depleted nuclear E2 receptor in the presence of high levels of serum E2. The uterine luminal epithelium passed through a phase of mitosis and hypertrophy (diestrus day 2 through proestrus morning), a brief phase suggestive of secretion (proestrus evening), a phase of degeneration (estrus), and a phase of quiescence (diestrus day I). Ovariectomy on proestrus morning led within 24 h to degenerative changes identical to those seen during estrus, and these changes were prevented by treatment with E2 at the time of ovariectomy. P induced these degenerative changes in the presence of high levels of serum E2. After 8 days of pregnancy, the epithelium resembled that seen during diestrus day 1. Elevated uterine nuclear E2 receptor levels were associated with growth and hypertrophy of the luminal epithelium, and severely depressed levels were associated with the degenerative and quiescent phases of the epithelium.", "contents": "Hormonal control of nuclear estradiol receptor content and the luminal epithelium in the uterus of the golden hamster. Uteri were removed and blood was drawn from hamsters during the estrous cycle, on the eighth day of pregnancy, and after different hormonal treatments. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were determined by RIA. Portions of the uteri were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Endogenous uterine nuclear E2 receptor was measured by exchange assay. Large increments of nuclear E2 receptor occurred when the level of serum E2 was rising and that of serum P was falling (diestrus day 2 through proestrus morning); decrements occurred when the serum E2 level was falling and the serum P level was rising (proestrus evening through diestrus day 1). Ovariectomy on proestrus morning led to a decline in the amount of nuclear E2 receptor, and this decline was prevented by administration of E2 at the time of ovariectomy. P depleted nuclear E2 receptor in the presence of high levels of serum E2. The uterine luminal epithelium passed through a phase of mitosis and hypertrophy (diestrus day 2 through proestrus morning), a brief phase suggestive of secretion (proestrus evening), a phase of degeneration (estrus), and a phase of quiescence (diestrus day I). Ovariectomy on proestrus morning led within 24 h to degenerative changes identical to those seen during estrus, and these changes were prevented by treatment with E2 at the time of ovariectomy. P induced these degenerative changes in the presence of high levels of serum E2. After 8 days of pregnancy, the epithelium resembled that seen during diestrus day 1. Elevated uterine nuclear E2 receptor levels were associated with growth and hypertrophy of the luminal epithelium, and severely depressed levels were associated with the degenerative and quiescent phases of the epithelium.", "PMID": 748013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7291", "title": "Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: role of estradiol and antiestrogen.", "content": "Estrogen antagonists are widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, and studies of their mechanism of action may provide clues to an understanding of tumor growth regulation and mechanisms of normal estrogen action. We have used human breast cancer cells in long term culture as an in vitro model to study the roles of estradiol and the antiestrogens, tamoxifen and nafoxidine, on cell growth and progesterone receptor (PgR) induction. Tamoxifen is found to have dual dose-dependent estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. With 1 micrometer tamoxifen, cell growth and PgR induction are suppressed. These effects are reversed by estradiol. At lower doses (less than 0.1 micrometer), however, tamoxifen is a potent estrogen and rapidly induces (24--48 h) PgR, which increases 4- to 10-fold after 4--6 days and falls if tamoxifen is removed. Induction of PgR by estradiol is weaker but follows a similar time course. Tamoxifen-induced PgR is similar to that induced by estradiol; it sediments at 8S on sucrose density gradients, is a tight binder (R5020 Kd, 1.7 micrometer at 4 C and 0.87 nM at 15 C), and can be translocated to the nucleus by R5020. The dual properties of tamoxifen are not due to metabolic formation of an active antiestrogen from a prohormone precursor. In contrast, the action of the antiestrogen nafoxidine is not biphasic in MCF-7 cells; it does not induce PgR over a wide dose range and at high doses, the compound inhibits cell growth.", "contents": "Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: role of estradiol and antiestrogen. Estrogen antagonists are widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, and studies of their mechanism of action may provide clues to an understanding of tumor growth regulation and mechanisms of normal estrogen action. We have used human breast cancer cells in long term culture as an in vitro model to study the roles of estradiol and the antiestrogens, tamoxifen and nafoxidine, on cell growth and progesterone receptor (PgR) induction. Tamoxifen is found to have dual dose-dependent estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. With 1 micrometer tamoxifen, cell growth and PgR induction are suppressed. These effects are reversed by estradiol. At lower doses (less than 0.1 micrometer), however, tamoxifen is a potent estrogen and rapidly induces (24--48 h) PgR, which increases 4- to 10-fold after 4--6 days and falls if tamoxifen is removed. Induction of PgR by estradiol is weaker but follows a similar time course. Tamoxifen-induced PgR is similar to that induced by estradiol; it sediments at 8S on sucrose density gradients, is a tight binder (R5020 Kd, 1.7 micrometer at 4 C and 0.87 nM at 15 C), and can be translocated to the nucleus by R5020. The dual properties of tamoxifen are not due to metabolic formation of an active antiestrogen from a prohormone precursor. In contrast, the action of the antiestrogen nafoxidine is not biphasic in MCF-7 cells; it does not induce PgR over a wide dose range and at high doses, the compound inhibits cell growth.", "PMID": 748014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7292", "title": "Stimulation of ovine placental lactogen secretion by arginine infusion.", "content": "Arginine has been demonstrated to be a potent stimulus to GH and PRL secretion. To determine the effect of arginine on plasma ovine placental lactogen (oPL) concentrations, arginine (50 g in 350 ml distilled water, pH 7.4) or hypertonic saline of identical volume, osmolality, and pH was infused iv over a 30-min period into nine pregnant ewes, and blood samples from chronic indwelling venous catheters were obtained at frequent intervals before and for 8 h after the infusions. After the infusion of hypertonic saline, plasma oPL concentrations (measured by homologous RIA) decreased 20--50% over 1--2 h and then returned to baseline concentrations. After the infusion of arginine, plasma oPL concentrations also decreased by 20--50% for 1--2 h. However, 2--3 h after the infusion, plasma oPL concentrations in creased 79--115% (delta = 204--700 ng/ml) over preinfusion concentrations in seven ewes and 454% (2930 ng/ml) and 1142% (2042 ng/ml) in two ewes and remained elevated for the remainder of the 8-h interval. When the amount of arginine infused was reduced from 50 to 25 g, an increase in plasma oPL concentrations occurred in only one of five ewes. Plasma oPL concentrations increased by 8--58% after infusions of 50 g alanine or glycine but did not increase after 50 g glutamic acid. The delayed oPL response to arginine suggests that the increase in plasma oPL concentrations is not caused directly by arginine but rather by changes in the synthesis, secretion, and/or degradation of oPL induced indirectly by arginine.", "contents": "Stimulation of ovine placental lactogen secretion by arginine infusion. Arginine has been demonstrated to be a potent stimulus to GH and PRL secretion. To determine the effect of arginine on plasma ovine placental lactogen (oPL) concentrations, arginine (50 g in 350 ml distilled water, pH 7.4) or hypertonic saline of identical volume, osmolality, and pH was infused iv over a 30-min period into nine pregnant ewes, and blood samples from chronic indwelling venous catheters were obtained at frequent intervals before and for 8 h after the infusions. After the infusion of hypertonic saline, plasma oPL concentrations (measured by homologous RIA) decreased 20--50% over 1--2 h and then returned to baseline concentrations. After the infusion of arginine, plasma oPL concentrations also decreased by 20--50% for 1--2 h. However, 2--3 h after the infusion, plasma oPL concentrations in creased 79--115% (delta = 204--700 ng/ml) over preinfusion concentrations in seven ewes and 454% (2930 ng/ml) and 1142% (2042 ng/ml) in two ewes and remained elevated for the remainder of the 8-h interval. When the amount of arginine infused was reduced from 50 to 25 g, an increase in plasma oPL concentrations occurred in only one of five ewes. Plasma oPL concentrations increased by 8--58% after infusions of 50 g alanine or glycine but did not increase after 50 g glutamic acid. The delayed oPL response to arginine suggests that the increase in plasma oPL concentrations is not caused directly by arginine but rather by changes in the synthesis, secretion, and/or degradation of oPL induced indirectly by arginine.", "PMID": 748015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7293", "title": "Identification of a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase in the anterior pituitary gland: effect on the chemical and biological properties of rat and bovine growth hormones.", "content": "The NH2-terminal heterogeneity which is generated in bovine GH during its extraction from mildly acidified pituitary homogenates is attributable to a newly identified peptidase. The beta-naphthylamide of Phe-Pro-Ala, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine growth hormone, was cleaved by the peptidase into the tripeptide and B-naphthylamine and served as a substrate for assay of the eznyme. However, the B-naphthylamide of Ala-Phe-Pro, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the alanyl monomer, was not cleaved. In harmony with this specificity, the peptidase cleaved 11 tripeptides sequentially from the NH2-terminus of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine GH but none from the alanyl monomer. Six of the tripeptides nearest the NH2-terminus were unequivocally identified and their sequences were consistent with the NH2-terminal octadecapeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine GH. Five additional peptides were by composition consistent with their being tripeptides derived from residues 19--33. Because of the apparent specificity for the hydrolytic release of tripeptides and inability to cleave substituted tripeptidyl derivatives, the enzyme is considered to be a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase. In its hydrolysis of phenylalanyl monomers of rat growth hormone, a similar number of tripeptides was released, associated with which there was a 70% loss of biological activity but no reduction in immunological activity. The enzyme could be solubilized by extraction with 1% Triton X-100 at pH 3.0, precipitated between 2 and 3 M (NH4)2SO4, and further purified by gel filtration on G-75 in M/10 acetic acid. The enzyme has a mol wt of 57,000 and is optimally active at pH 4. It can be differentiated from cathepsin D by its insensitivity to inhibition by pepstatin.", "contents": "Identification of a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase in the anterior pituitary gland: effect on the chemical and biological properties of rat and bovine growth hormones. The NH2-terminal heterogeneity which is generated in bovine GH during its extraction from mildly acidified pituitary homogenates is attributable to a newly identified peptidase. The beta-naphthylamide of Phe-Pro-Ala, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine growth hormone, was cleaved by the peptidase into the tripeptide and B-naphthylamine and served as a substrate for assay of the eznyme. However, the B-naphthylamide of Ala-Phe-Pro, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the alanyl monomer, was not cleaved. In harmony with this specificity, the peptidase cleaved 11 tripeptides sequentially from the NH2-terminus of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine GH but none from the alanyl monomer. Six of the tripeptides nearest the NH2-terminus were unequivocally identified and their sequences were consistent with the NH2-terminal octadecapeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine GH. Five additional peptides were by composition consistent with their being tripeptides derived from residues 19--33. Because of the apparent specificity for the hydrolytic release of tripeptides and inability to cleave substituted tripeptidyl derivatives, the enzyme is considered to be a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase. In its hydrolysis of phenylalanyl monomers of rat growth hormone, a similar number of tripeptides was released, associated with which there was a 70% loss of biological activity but no reduction in immunological activity. The enzyme could be solubilized by extraction with 1% Triton X-100 at pH 3.0, precipitated between 2 and 3 M (NH4)2SO4, and further purified by gel filtration on G-75 in M/10 acetic acid. The enzyme has a mol wt of 57,000 and is optimally active at pH 4. It can be differentiated from cathepsin D by its insensitivity to inhibition by pepstatin.", "PMID": 748018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7294", "title": "Hormonal control of male reproductive behavior in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis: role of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol.", "content": "The androgen aromatization hypothesis was examined in the male lizard, Anolis carolinensis. After castration, sc silastic implants of testosterone (T) restored both challenge and courtship behavior, while dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 17beta-estradiol (E) had no effect on male behaviors. Both T and DHT, but not E, stimulated hypertrophy and colloid production by the renal sex segment, a secondary sexual characteristic of male lizards. In two separate studies, castrates received DHT in combination with E. In each replicate, half of the castrates responded with increases in courtship behavior after hormone treatment. Epithelial cell height of the sex segment of all DHT and E-treated castrates was comparable to T- or DHT-treated castrates, but colloid production was not stimulated. These experiments indicate that in this species, treatment with T stimulates both sexual behavior and secondary sex character development, whereas treatment with E alone is without effect centrally or peripherally.", "contents": "Hormonal control of male reproductive behavior in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis: role of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol. The androgen aromatization hypothesis was examined in the male lizard, Anolis carolinensis. After castration, sc silastic implants of testosterone (T) restored both challenge and courtship behavior, while dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 17beta-estradiol (E) had no effect on male behaviors. Both T and DHT, but not E, stimulated hypertrophy and colloid production by the renal sex segment, a secondary sexual characteristic of male lizards. In two separate studies, castrates received DHT in combination with E. In each replicate, half of the castrates responded with increases in courtship behavior after hormone treatment. Epithelial cell height of the sex segment of all DHT and E-treated castrates was comparable to T- or DHT-treated castrates, but colloid production was not stimulated. These experiments indicate that in this species, treatment with T stimulates both sexual behavior and secondary sex character development, whereas treatment with E alone is without effect centrally or peripherally.", "PMID": 748019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7295", "title": "Hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroid cells is not secondary to apical phagocytosis.", "content": "Hyperactive dog thyroids were prepared by repeated TSH stimulation in vivo. Butanol-extractable 125I (BE125I) release in vitro from slices and hormonal secretion in vivo in the thyroid vein was enhanced. Apical pseudopods and colloid droplets were very infrequent in such hyperactive thyroids. Moreover, BE125I release was insensitive to cytochalasin B, to inhibitors of microtubules, and to metabolic inhibitors, and decreased only with temperature. Our data demonstrate that hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroids is not secondary to apical phagocytosis (i.e. macropinocytosis). Micropinocytosis or intraluminal hydrolysis of thyroglobulin are suggested as first step of the secretory process.", "contents": "Hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroid cells is not secondary to apical phagocytosis. Hyperactive dog thyroids were prepared by repeated TSH stimulation in vivo. Butanol-extractable 125I (BE125I) release in vitro from slices and hormonal secretion in vivo in the thyroid vein was enhanced. Apical pseudopods and colloid droplets were very infrequent in such hyperactive thyroids. Moreover, BE125I release was insensitive to cytochalasin B, to inhibitors of microtubules, and to metabolic inhibitors, and decreased only with temperature. Our data demonstrate that hormonal secretion by hyperactive thyroids is not secondary to apical phagocytosis (i.e. macropinocytosis). Micropinocytosis or intraluminal hydrolysis of thyroglobulin are suggested as first step of the secretory process.", "PMID": 748020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7296", "title": "Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "Forced immobilization of rats triggers activation of adrenal-medullary discharge of epinephrine (EPI) and sympathetic neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE). Plasma levels of EPI reach peak values, which are about 40-fold greater than in undisturbed rats, at about 20 min and then decline to about one-third the peak levels. Plasma levels of NE are increased about 6-fold throughout the immobilization interval. Decapitation produces an 80-fold increase in plasma levels of EPI and an 8-fold increase in NE. These striking decapitation-induced increases are potentiated about 3-fold by immobilization, presumably as a consequence of an immobilization-induced alteration in the \"set\" of responsivity of spinal cord mechanisms controlling sympathoadrenal medullary discharge. Even minor disturbances produce highly significant increases in plasma EPI and NE and special precautions must be observed when studies involving plasma catecholamines or their effects are performed in animals.", "contents": "Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Forced immobilization of rats triggers activation of adrenal-medullary discharge of epinephrine (EPI) and sympathetic neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE). Plasma levels of EPI reach peak values, which are about 40-fold greater than in undisturbed rats, at about 20 min and then decline to about one-third the peak levels. Plasma levels of NE are increased about 6-fold throughout the immobilization interval. Decapitation produces an 80-fold increase in plasma levels of EPI and an 8-fold increase in NE. These striking decapitation-induced increases are potentiated about 3-fold by immobilization, presumably as a consequence of an immobilization-induced alteration in the \"set\" of responsivity of spinal cord mechanisms controlling sympathoadrenal medullary discharge. Even minor disturbances produce highly significant increases in plasma EPI and NE and special precautions must be observed when studies involving plasma catecholamines or their effects are performed in animals.", "PMID": 748021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7297", "title": "Suppression of serum follicle-stimulating hormone by follicular fluid in the maximally estrogenized, ovariectomized mouse.", "content": "Serum levels of FSH in ovariectomized female mice are only partially suppressed by estradiol regardless of the dosage administered. Conversely, within the limits of detection, serum FSH in intact females is totally suppressed by estradiol. Thus, the present experiments used the maximally estrogenized, ovariectomized female as a test system for evaluating other nonestrogenic factors which could depress serum FSH. It was found that a transplanted ovary lowered serum FSH dramatically under such conditions. Of the large number of steroid and pituitary hormones tested, however, only large doses of testosterone propionate yielded any further suppression of serum FSH (24%). Charcoal-extracted follicular fluid (porcine) markedly lowered serum FSH concentrations (50% suppression), while a charcoal-extracted saline homogenate of PMS-treated mouse ovaries also was active in this regard (26% suppression). Finally, charcoal-extracted porcine follicular fluid was administered to nonestrogenized, ovariectomized females, where it both depressed serum FSH and markedly elevated serum LH concentrations. These studies, when viewed in toto, support a contention that follicular fluid contains a nonsteroidal factor which is capable of acting additively with estradiol to regulate FSH secretion. The question of whether this factor also regulates LH secretion in a reciprocal fashion in the mouse requires further work.", "contents": "Suppression of serum follicle-stimulating hormone by follicular fluid in the maximally estrogenized, ovariectomized mouse. Serum levels of FSH in ovariectomized female mice are only partially suppressed by estradiol regardless of the dosage administered. Conversely, within the limits of detection, serum FSH in intact females is totally suppressed by estradiol. Thus, the present experiments used the maximally estrogenized, ovariectomized female as a test system for evaluating other nonestrogenic factors which could depress serum FSH. It was found that a transplanted ovary lowered serum FSH dramatically under such conditions. Of the large number of steroid and pituitary hormones tested, however, only large doses of testosterone propionate yielded any further suppression of serum FSH (24%). Charcoal-extracted follicular fluid (porcine) markedly lowered serum FSH concentrations (50% suppression), while a charcoal-extracted saline homogenate of PMS-treated mouse ovaries also was active in this regard (26% suppression). Finally, charcoal-extracted porcine follicular fluid was administered to nonestrogenized, ovariectomized females, where it both depressed serum FSH and markedly elevated serum LH concentrations. These studies, when viewed in toto, support a contention that follicular fluid contains a nonsteroidal factor which is capable of acting additively with estradiol to regulate FSH secretion. The question of whether this factor also regulates LH secretion in a reciprocal fashion in the mouse requires further work.", "PMID": 748023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7298", "title": "Stoichiometric translocation of the rat uterine progesterone receptor.", "content": "In several previous studies nuclear accumulation of the progesterone receptor was significantly lower than the quantity depleted from the cytosol one h after progesterone injection. The results presented herein indicate that this apparent lack of stoichiometry is due to loss of detectable receptor from the nucleus during the nuclear washes and after the assay incubation. This decrease in measured receptor results both from solubilization of the receptor-progesterone complex into the supernatant and from dissociation of [3H] ligand from the receptor. Conversely, no significant quantities of receptor were detected in the mitochondrial/microsomal fraction, preincubation nuclear washes, second ethanol extraction of the nuclear pellet, and soluene digest of the extracted pellet. Thin layer chromatography of the radioactive ligand bound to the nuclear receptor after in vitro exchange confirmed that virtually all the specific binding was due to [3H] progesterone, in spite of a 30% conversion to other metabolites in the incubation fluid.", "contents": "Stoichiometric translocation of the rat uterine progesterone receptor. In several previous studies nuclear accumulation of the progesterone receptor was significantly lower than the quantity depleted from the cytosol one h after progesterone injection. The results presented herein indicate that this apparent lack of stoichiometry is due to loss of detectable receptor from the nucleus during the nuclear washes and after the assay incubation. This decrease in measured receptor results both from solubilization of the receptor-progesterone complex into the supernatant and from dissociation of [3H] ligand from the receptor. Conversely, no significant quantities of receptor were detected in the mitochondrial/microsomal fraction, preincubation nuclear washes, second ethanol extraction of the nuclear pellet, and soluene digest of the extracted pellet. Thin layer chromatography of the radioactive ligand bound to the nuclear receptor after in vitro exchange confirmed that virtually all the specific binding was due to [3H] progesterone, in spite of a 30% conversion to other metabolites in the incubation fluid.", "PMID": 748026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7299", "title": "Antisomatostatin serum increases levels of hormones from the pituitary and gut, but not from the pancreas.", "content": "The effects of antisomatostatin serum upon the levels of growth hormone, glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), glucagon, insulin and post-prandial triglyceride levels were examined in a group of 5 dogs before and after a fat-rich meal. Within 1 min after the injection of sheep antisomatostatin, plasma growth hormone and GLI levels increased significantly above baseline levels before the meal and remained elevated for 45 to 60 min after the meal, whereas the administration of nonimmune sheep serum to the same dogs did not cause significant changes in either hormone. Plasma insulin, glucagon and triglyceride levels after antisomatostatin serum were not significantly different from the controls. These findings suggest that endogenous somatostatin influences the secretion of growth hormone and GLI via a pathway readily accessible to intravenously injected antibodies, probably via the circulation, whereas any influence that somatostatin may have upon the secretion of insulin and glucagon must take place via a pathway inaccessible to intravenously administered antisomatostatin serum, i.e. within the islets themselves.", "contents": "Antisomatostatin serum increases levels of hormones from the pituitary and gut, but not from the pancreas. The effects of antisomatostatin serum upon the levels of growth hormone, glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), glucagon, insulin and post-prandial triglyceride levels were examined in a group of 5 dogs before and after a fat-rich meal. Within 1 min after the injection of sheep antisomatostatin, plasma growth hormone and GLI levels increased significantly above baseline levels before the meal and remained elevated for 45 to 60 min after the meal, whereas the administration of nonimmune sheep serum to the same dogs did not cause significant changes in either hormone. Plasma insulin, glucagon and triglyceride levels after antisomatostatin serum were not significantly different from the controls. These findings suggest that endogenous somatostatin influences the secretion of growth hormone and GLI via a pathway readily accessible to intravenously injected antibodies, probably via the circulation, whereas any influence that somatostatin may have upon the secretion of insulin and glucagon must take place via a pathway inaccessible to intravenously administered antisomatostatin serum, i.e. within the islets themselves.", "PMID": 748027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7300", "title": "Characterization of an antiserum used in a radioimmunoassay for arginine-vasopressin: implications for reference standards.", "content": "The region of the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) molecule critical for binding to the effective antibodies in a RIA has been localized to the vicinity of the Phe3 position by using the cross-reaction in the assay between AVP and a number of its structural analogs. Binding seems to be almost independent of any direct contributions from components of the tripeptide tail of AVP. Using this RIA it was found that disequilibrium conditions of incubation produce a 5-fold increase in assay sensitivity over equilibrium conditions. Amino acid analysis revealed that three synthetic peptide preparations used as reference standards comprised only 70-80% of their weight as peptide and this finding points up the need to correct such reference standards for their peptide content. The ratio of rat vasopressor activity to RIA activity of these three preparations as well as of a natural AVP preparation, however, approximated unity. Results obtained comparing measurements of AVP in rat neural lobes by RIA and rat vasopressor assay show a correlation between RIA and bioassay of 0.9406, a slope of 1.086, and an intercept of 20 mU, suggesting good agreement for AVP determined by these two assay systems.", "contents": "Characterization of an antiserum used in a radioimmunoassay for arginine-vasopressin: implications for reference standards. The region of the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) molecule critical for binding to the effective antibodies in a RIA has been localized to the vicinity of the Phe3 position by using the cross-reaction in the assay between AVP and a number of its structural analogs. Binding seems to be almost independent of any direct contributions from components of the tripeptide tail of AVP. Using this RIA it was found that disequilibrium conditions of incubation produce a 5-fold increase in assay sensitivity over equilibrium conditions. Amino acid analysis revealed that three synthetic peptide preparations used as reference standards comprised only 70-80% of their weight as peptide and this finding points up the need to correct such reference standards for their peptide content. The ratio of rat vasopressor activity to RIA activity of these three preparations as well as of a natural AVP preparation, however, approximated unity. Results obtained comparing measurements of AVP in rat neural lobes by RIA and rat vasopressor assay show a correlation between RIA and bioassay of 0.9406, a slope of 1.086, and an intercept of 20 mU, suggesting good agreement for AVP determined by these two assay systems.", "PMID": 748029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7301", "title": "Changes in testicular weight and serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels before, during, and after birth in the perinatal rat.", "content": "Changes in serum and pituitary LH and FSH concentrations have been measured in the newborn male rat before, during, and up to 24 h after birth. A sudden and transient increase of serum and pituitary gonadotropins is observed at birth, which is followed by a rapid increase of absolute and relative testicular weights between 2--12 h (P less than 0.0001) and by a transient increase of serum testosterone between 0 h in utero (810 +/- 26 pg/ml) and 2 h (2820 +/- 318 pg/ml; P less than 0.0001). Similarly, premature newborn rats obtained by cesarian delivery on day 20 of gestation also exhibited an increase in testicular weight between 0--6 h and an increase in serum testosterone levels between 0 h (730 +/- 170 pg/ml) and 2 h (3400 +/- 300 pg/ml; P less than 0.001) with only a slight increase in serum LH. These results show that the hypophyseo-testicular axis of the rats is stimulated at the moment of birth. The factors responsible for this stimulation are discussed. This transient testicular crisis occurring at birth could affect the process of masculinization of the central nervous system of the rat.", "contents": "Changes in testicular weight and serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels before, during, and after birth in the perinatal rat. Changes in serum and pituitary LH and FSH concentrations have been measured in the newborn male rat before, during, and up to 24 h after birth. A sudden and transient increase of serum and pituitary gonadotropins is observed at birth, which is followed by a rapid increase of absolute and relative testicular weights between 2--12 h (P less than 0.0001) and by a transient increase of serum testosterone between 0 h in utero (810 +/- 26 pg/ml) and 2 h (2820 +/- 318 pg/ml; P less than 0.0001). Similarly, premature newborn rats obtained by cesarian delivery on day 20 of gestation also exhibited an increase in testicular weight between 0--6 h and an increase in serum testosterone levels between 0 h (730 +/- 170 pg/ml) and 2 h (3400 +/- 300 pg/ml; P less than 0.001) with only a slight increase in serum LH. These results show that the hypophyseo-testicular axis of the rats is stimulated at the moment of birth. The factors responsible for this stimulation are discussed. This transient testicular crisis occurring at birth could affect the process of masculinization of the central nervous system of the rat.", "PMID": 748030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7302", "title": "Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the nephrectomized pregnant rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were maintained on diets either adequate or deficient in vitamin D. On the 20th day of gestation, animals were either nephrectomized bilaterally or sham operated. Immediately therafter, four groups of nephrectomized or sham-operated pregnant rats received iv [26,27-3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([26,27-3H]25OHD3), while two groups received [1,2-3H,4-14C]D3. The animals were sacrificed 10-24 h later. The distribution of the radiolabeled metabolites of vitamin D3 was determined in extracts of maternal plasma, maternal intestinal tract, placentae, and fetuses after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Both vitamin D3 and 25OHD3 crossed the placenta and entered the fetus. In anephric animals receiving [26,27-3H]-25OHD3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and a polar peak eluting in the position of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D were identified in extracts of maternal plasma and intestinal tracts and of placentae and fetuses. The identities of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 (OH)2D were confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography. In rats receiving [1,2-3H,4-14C]D3, approximately 50% of the polar metabolite consisted of 1,25(OH)2D. We conclude that the anephric pregnant rat is able to synthesize 1,25(OH)2D, that the fetal portion of the feto-placental unit is the most likely site of production of this hormone, and that this metabolite of vitamin D is able to cross the placenta from the fetus to the mother.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the nephrectomized pregnant rat. Pregnant rats were maintained on diets either adequate or deficient in vitamin D. On the 20th day of gestation, animals were either nephrectomized bilaterally or sham operated. Immediately therafter, four groups of nephrectomized or sham-operated pregnant rats received iv [26,27-3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([26,27-3H]25OHD3), while two groups received [1,2-3H,4-14C]D3. The animals were sacrificed 10-24 h later. The distribution of the radiolabeled metabolites of vitamin D3 was determined in extracts of maternal plasma, maternal intestinal tract, placentae, and fetuses after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Both vitamin D3 and 25OHD3 crossed the placenta and entered the fetus. In anephric animals receiving [26,27-3H]-25OHD3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and a polar peak eluting in the position of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D were identified in extracts of maternal plasma and intestinal tracts and of placentae and fetuses. The identities of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 (OH)2D were confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography. In rats receiving [1,2-3H,4-14C]D3, approximately 50% of the polar metabolite consisted of 1,25(OH)2D. We conclude that the anephric pregnant rat is able to synthesize 1,25(OH)2D, that the fetal portion of the feto-placental unit is the most likely site of production of this hormone, and that this metabolite of vitamin D is able to cross the placenta from the fetus to the mother.", "PMID": 748031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7303", "title": "Synergistic effect of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol in the stimulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "Castrate male chickens have low levels of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (13 pmol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 mg tissue . 10 min). This activity is markedly increased by the administration of 5 mg/kg estradiol and 5-20 mg/kg testosterone 24 h before in vitro measurement of the enzyme. Both hormones are required for this stimulation. The testosterone, but not estradiol, requirement for the stimulation can also be satisfied by progesterone. Progesterone (12.5 mg/kg) given in addition to estradiol and testosterone stimulates even further the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity to very high levels (388 pmol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 MG tissue . 10 min). This is accompanied by a 3-fold increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (from 55 to 170 pg/ml), which provides in vivo evidence for the stimulation of the 1 alpha-hydroxylase by sex hormones in birds.", "contents": "Synergistic effect of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol in the stimulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase. Castrate male chickens have low levels of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (13 pmol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 mg tissue . 10 min). This activity is markedly increased by the administration of 5 mg/kg estradiol and 5-20 mg/kg testosterone 24 h before in vitro measurement of the enzyme. Both hormones are required for this stimulation. The testosterone, but not estradiol, requirement for the stimulation can also be satisfied by progesterone. Progesterone (12.5 mg/kg) given in addition to estradiol and testosterone stimulates even further the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity to very high levels (388 pmol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/200 MG tissue . 10 min). This is accompanied by a 3-fold increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (from 55 to 170 pg/ml), which provides in vivo evidence for the stimulation of the 1 alpha-hydroxylase by sex hormones in birds.", "PMID": 748032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7304", "title": "The effects of calcium and magnesium on the secretion of parathormone and parathyroid secretory protein by isolated porcine parathyroid cells.", "content": "The preparation of dispersed parathyroid cells by collagenase digestion of porcine parathyroid glands, essentially as outlined by Brown et al. (Endocrinology 99: 1582, 1976), is described. The cells secrete parathormone linearly for at least 4 h of incubation and rapidly respond in inverse fashion to changes in the medium calcium and magnesium concentrations over the range 0.5-3.0 mM. In terms of inhibition of secretion, either ion was more effective in the presence of a minimum concentration of the other, indicating that calcium and magnesium affect separate cellular sites. Parathormone was identified both by immunoassay of the whole incubation medium and by its separation by polyacrylamide gels and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. When the cells were incubated with radioactive amino acids and both the medium and cells were subsequently analyzed on gels, we found that parathyroid secretory protein as well as parathormone and some immunoactive fragments were present. Analysis of the radioactive protein contained in the cells at high and low calcium concentrations revealed that calcium decreased the formation of the secretory protein by approximately 40% without appreciably affecting the formation of proparathormone or parathormone. The secretion of both parathyroid secretory protein and parathormone were inversely proportional to the concentrations of medium calcium or magnesium. The secretion of the latter, however, was more sensitive (95% inhibition) than parathormone (40-60% inhibition) to changes in medium divalent cations. These results suggest that the synthesis, intracellular processing, or secretion of parathormone and parathyroid secretory protein utilize independent calcium- and magnesium-regulated pathways.", "contents": "The effects of calcium and magnesium on the secretion of parathormone and parathyroid secretory protein by isolated porcine parathyroid cells. The preparation of dispersed parathyroid cells by collagenase digestion of porcine parathyroid glands, essentially as outlined by Brown et al. (Endocrinology 99: 1582, 1976), is described. The cells secrete parathormone linearly for at least 4 h of incubation and rapidly respond in inverse fashion to changes in the medium calcium and magnesium concentrations over the range 0.5-3.0 mM. In terms of inhibition of secretion, either ion was more effective in the presence of a minimum concentration of the other, indicating that calcium and magnesium affect separate cellular sites. Parathormone was identified both by immunoassay of the whole incubation medium and by its separation by polyacrylamide gels and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. When the cells were incubated with radioactive amino acids and both the medium and cells were subsequently analyzed on gels, we found that parathyroid secretory protein as well as parathormone and some immunoactive fragments were present. Analysis of the radioactive protein contained in the cells at high and low calcium concentrations revealed that calcium decreased the formation of the secretory protein by approximately 40% without appreciably affecting the formation of proparathormone or parathormone. The secretion of both parathyroid secretory protein and parathormone were inversely proportional to the concentrations of medium calcium or magnesium. The secretion of the latter, however, was more sensitive (95% inhibition) than parathormone (40-60% inhibition) to changes in medium divalent cations. These results suggest that the synthesis, intracellular processing, or secretion of parathormone and parathyroid secretory protein utilize independent calcium- and magnesium-regulated pathways.", "PMID": 748033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7305", "title": "Euthyroidism via iodide supplementation in hereditary congenital goiter with thyroglobulin deficiency.", "content": "We have studied hereditary congenital goiter in an inbred strain of goats. On a normal diet, the goats were hypothyroid and iodide taken up by the gland was released rapidly in the form of iodinated macromolecular material. This resulted in a low thyroidal iodine pool. An extremely low amount of thyroglobulin-related antigens (12 microgram/g tissue; normal, 100 mg/g tissue) was detected in the goitrous gland by RIA. Addition of 1 mg I-/day to the diet made the goats euthyroid and the serum protein-bound iodine increased to high values. Even under these conditions, however, the amount of thyroglobulin-related antigens was not significantly elevated (19 microgram/g tissue). On sucrose gradient, these antigens sedimented in the 7S region. No thyroglobulin-related antigens sedimented at 12S or 19S. Besides iodoalbumin, a heterogeneous group of abnormal iodoproteins containing T3 and T4 was observed with this high iodide intake and may have accounted for the hormone production. The abnormal iodoproteins had a molecular weight of 300,000-500,000 and a sedimentation value of about 7S. From these findings, we conclude that these goats were unable to synthesize thyroglobulin but with excess iodide, there was sufficient formation of T3 and T4 in the abnormal iodoproteins to make the animals euthyroid.", "contents": "Euthyroidism via iodide supplementation in hereditary congenital goiter with thyroglobulin deficiency. We have studied hereditary congenital goiter in an inbred strain of goats. On a normal diet, the goats were hypothyroid and iodide taken up by the gland was released rapidly in the form of iodinated macromolecular material. This resulted in a low thyroidal iodine pool. An extremely low amount of thyroglobulin-related antigens (12 microgram/g tissue; normal, 100 mg/g tissue) was detected in the goitrous gland by RIA. Addition of 1 mg I-/day to the diet made the goats euthyroid and the serum protein-bound iodine increased to high values. Even under these conditions, however, the amount of thyroglobulin-related antigens was not significantly elevated (19 microgram/g tissue). On sucrose gradient, these antigens sedimented in the 7S region. No thyroglobulin-related antigens sedimented at 12S or 19S. Besides iodoalbumin, a heterogeneous group of abnormal iodoproteins containing T3 and T4 was observed with this high iodide intake and may have accounted for the hormone production. The abnormal iodoproteins had a molecular weight of 300,000-500,000 and a sedimentation value of about 7S. From these findings, we conclude that these goats were unable to synthesize thyroglobulin but with excess iodide, there was sufficient formation of T3 and T4 in the abnormal iodoproteins to make the animals euthyroid.", "PMID": 748035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7306", "title": "Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat kidney: observations on activation by thiols and inhibition by propylthiouracil.", "content": "Enzymatic 5'-deiodination of T4 in various tissues is known to be stimulated by thiols and inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU). Dithiothreitol (DTT) stimulation of rat kidney T4 5'-deiodinase followed saturation kinetics. Inhibition of the enzyme by PTU (10 (-5) M) was overcome in a concentration-dependent manner by DTT, methimazole (MMI), and thiourea. Pretreatment of catalytically active kidney microsomal preparations with PTS caused persistent inhibition of enzyme activity, assayed in the absence of PTU. Similarly, injection of PTU in rats in a dosage of 5 microgram/100 g BW or greater significantly impaired T4 5'-deiodination in subsequently isolated kidney microsomal preparations. Reagents that cleave disulfide bonds (DTT and KCN), as well as the reductant, Na2S2O4, and the thioureylene, MII, partially restored activity to PTU-inactivated enzyme in a time- and concentration-dependent way. These observations suggest that PTU inhibition of T4 5'-deiodinase results from an interaction of PTU with the enzym, possibly via a PTU-enzyme disulfide which can be prevented or reversed by thiols or thioureylene agents, and raise the possibility that protein sulfhydryl groups may undergo oxidation during the reductive 5'-deiodination of L-T4.", "contents": "Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat kidney: observations on activation by thiols and inhibition by propylthiouracil. Enzymatic 5'-deiodination of T4 in various tissues is known to be stimulated by thiols and inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU). Dithiothreitol (DTT) stimulation of rat kidney T4 5'-deiodinase followed saturation kinetics. Inhibition of the enzyme by PTU (10 (-5) M) was overcome in a concentration-dependent manner by DTT, methimazole (MMI), and thiourea. Pretreatment of catalytically active kidney microsomal preparations with PTS caused persistent inhibition of enzyme activity, assayed in the absence of PTU. Similarly, injection of PTU in rats in a dosage of 5 microgram/100 g BW or greater significantly impaired T4 5'-deiodination in subsequently isolated kidney microsomal preparations. Reagents that cleave disulfide bonds (DTT and KCN), as well as the reductant, Na2S2O4, and the thioureylene, MII, partially restored activity to PTU-inactivated enzyme in a time- and concentration-dependent way. These observations suggest that PTU inhibition of T4 5'-deiodinase results from an interaction of PTU with the enzym, possibly via a PTU-enzyme disulfide which can be prevented or reversed by thiols or thioureylene agents, and raise the possibility that protein sulfhydryl groups may undergo oxidation during the reductive 5'-deiodination of L-T4.", "PMID": 748037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7307", "title": "Concentrations of triiodo-L-thyronine in the plasma and tissues of normal rats, as determined by radioimmunoassay: comparison with results obtained by an isotopic equilibrium technique.", "content": "The concentrations of T3 (3',3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine) have been determined by RIA in plasma, liver, kidney, heart, muscle, brain, and lungs of normal male rats. The method involves homogenization, addition of a high specific activity labeled T3 tracer, extraction with ethanol, separation by paper chromatography, elution of the labeled T3 spot, evaporation of an aliquot, and assay of its T3 content by a highly sensitive RIA. In order to validate the results thus obtained, they were compared with the T3 concentrations determined for the same samples using an isotopic equilibrium technique. The data obtained by RIA were in close agreement with those derived from the isotopic equilibrium technique, whenever the latter could be applied accurately. The present RIA method permits the determination of T3 in tissues without imposing the well known limitations of the isotopic equilibrium technique. The concentration of T3 was higher in the kidney than in the liver. In kidney, liver, brain, and lung, it was higher than the concentration in plasma. The concentration of T3 in heart was the same as that in plasma. Similarities and differences with respect to data reported by others are discussed.", "contents": "Concentrations of triiodo-L-thyronine in the plasma and tissues of normal rats, as determined by radioimmunoassay: comparison with results obtained by an isotopic equilibrium technique. The concentrations of T3 (3',3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine) have been determined by RIA in plasma, liver, kidney, heart, muscle, brain, and lungs of normal male rats. The method involves homogenization, addition of a high specific activity labeled T3 tracer, extraction with ethanol, separation by paper chromatography, elution of the labeled T3 spot, evaporation of an aliquot, and assay of its T3 content by a highly sensitive RIA. In order to validate the results thus obtained, they were compared with the T3 concentrations determined for the same samples using an isotopic equilibrium technique. The data obtained by RIA were in close agreement with those derived from the isotopic equilibrium technique, whenever the latter could be applied accurately. The present RIA method permits the determination of T3 in tissues without imposing the well known limitations of the isotopic equilibrium technique. The concentration of T3 was higher in the kidney than in the liver. In kidney, liver, brain, and lung, it was higher than the concentration in plasma. The concentration of T3 in heart was the same as that in plasma. Similarities and differences with respect to data reported by others are discussed.", "PMID": 748038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7308", "title": "The effect of hemorrhage and hypertonic saline upon plasma oxytocin and arginine vasopressin in conscious dogs.", "content": "Sensitive and highly specific RIAs for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) were utilized to assess the specificity of neurohypophyseal hormone release after hemorrhage or infusion of hypertonic saline to trained conscious dogs. Phlebotomy of 12.5 and 25 ml/kg produced increases in plasma AVP from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 7.8 +/- 2.1 and 41.6 +/- 9.7 (SEM) microunit/ml respectively, and both responses differed significantly from values in control experiments (P less than 0.01 after the first phlebotomy and P less than 0.001 after the second phlebotomy). Plasma OT concentrations rose from baseline values of 1.1 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.6 and 8.3 +/- 1.7 microunit/ml (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.001 compared to controls); plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations were unchanged. Both log AVP and log OT were highly correlated with the quantity of blood removed (r = 0.92 and -0.82, each P less than 0.001). Infusion of hypertonic (20g/dl) NaCl (3.4 meq/kg) over 20 min caused plasma osmolality and sodium to rise from 304 +/- 1.0 mosm/kg and 143 +/- 3.0 meq/liter to 316 +/- 1.0 mosm/kg and 150 +/- 3.0 meq/liter (each P less than 0.001). Plasma AVP rose from 1.5 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 microunit/ml (P less than 0.0025) and OT rose from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.6 +/- 0.7 microunit/ml (P less than 0.005). The stimulus response ratios (change in log hormone concentration divided by the rise in plasma osmolality) were comparable for both hormones (0.024 +/- 0.006 for AVP and 0.031 +/- 0.008 for OT; P less than 0.4). The data indicate that hemorrhage or hypertonic saline stimulate release of both AVP and OT. After hemorrhage, there is greater stimulation of AVP than OT, whereas there is comparable stimulation of both peptides after hypertonic saline.", "contents": "The effect of hemorrhage and hypertonic saline upon plasma oxytocin and arginine vasopressin in conscious dogs. Sensitive and highly specific RIAs for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) were utilized to assess the specificity of neurohypophyseal hormone release after hemorrhage or infusion of hypertonic saline to trained conscious dogs. Phlebotomy of 12.5 and 25 ml/kg produced increases in plasma AVP from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 7.8 +/- 2.1 and 41.6 +/- 9.7 (SEM) microunit/ml respectively, and both responses differed significantly from values in control experiments (P less than 0.01 after the first phlebotomy and P less than 0.001 after the second phlebotomy). Plasma OT concentrations rose from baseline values of 1.1 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.6 and 8.3 +/- 1.7 microunit/ml (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.001 compared to controls); plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations were unchanged. Both log AVP and log OT were highly correlated with the quantity of blood removed (r = 0.92 and -0.82, each P less than 0.001). Infusion of hypertonic (20g/dl) NaCl (3.4 meq/kg) over 20 min caused plasma osmolality and sodium to rise from 304 +/- 1.0 mosm/kg and 143 +/- 3.0 meq/liter to 316 +/- 1.0 mosm/kg and 150 +/- 3.0 meq/liter (each P less than 0.001). Plasma AVP rose from 1.5 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 microunit/ml (P less than 0.0025) and OT rose from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.6 +/- 0.7 microunit/ml (P less than 0.005). The stimulus response ratios (change in log hormone concentration divided by the rise in plasma osmolality) were comparable for both hormones (0.024 +/- 0.006 for AVP and 0.031 +/- 0.008 for OT; P less than 0.4). The data indicate that hemorrhage or hypertonic saline stimulate release of both AVP and OT. After hemorrhage, there is greater stimulation of AVP than OT, whereas there is comparable stimulation of both peptides after hypertonic saline.", "PMID": 748039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7309", "title": "Acute and chronic fluctuations of immunoreactive and biologically active plasma calcitonin in the rat.", "content": "Using a sensitive calcitonin (CT) immunoassay and a newly developed bioassay capable of detecting 0.025 MRC mU CT, we have studied acute and chronic plasma CT fluctuations in male and female rats. Immunoassay of serial plasma samples revealed progressive increases in plasma CT concentrations during aging; female rats have higher CT concentrations than age-matched males. Acute periodic CT fluctuations were discovered by immunoassay of plasmas obtained at 3-h intervals; the greatest values occurred just before and during feeding. Fed rats have higher CT than starved rats. We have used immunoadsorbent chromatography to concentrate specifically CT moieties from large volumes of plasma for concurrent immunoassay and bioassay measurements of circulating CT. These concurrent measurements of immunoextracted plasma CT demonstrate that for normal rats, our immunoassay measurements correspond to bioassay measurements. In 1-yr-old rats on a regulated feeding schedule, the biological (hypocalcemic) activity of CT recovered from 15 ml peripheral plasma ranged from less than 0.15 mU in starved males to 0.78 mU in feeding females. We conclude that biologically active CT circulates in normal rats and that the blood concentration of biologically active CT progressively increases during somatosexual maturation, being highest in old females, and increases acutely just before and during feeding.", "contents": "Acute and chronic fluctuations of immunoreactive and biologically active plasma calcitonin in the rat. Using a sensitive calcitonin (CT) immunoassay and a newly developed bioassay capable of detecting 0.025 MRC mU CT, we have studied acute and chronic plasma CT fluctuations in male and female rats. Immunoassay of serial plasma samples revealed progressive increases in plasma CT concentrations during aging; female rats have higher CT concentrations than age-matched males. Acute periodic CT fluctuations were discovered by immunoassay of plasmas obtained at 3-h intervals; the greatest values occurred just before and during feeding. Fed rats have higher CT than starved rats. We have used immunoadsorbent chromatography to concentrate specifically CT moieties from large volumes of plasma for concurrent immunoassay and bioassay measurements of circulating CT. These concurrent measurements of immunoextracted plasma CT demonstrate that for normal rats, our immunoassay measurements correspond to bioassay measurements. In 1-yr-old rats on a regulated feeding schedule, the biological (hypocalcemic) activity of CT recovered from 15 ml peripheral plasma ranged from less than 0.15 mU in starved males to 0.78 mU in feeding females. We conclude that biologically active CT circulates in normal rats and that the blood concentration of biologically active CT progressively increases during somatosexual maturation, being highest in old females, and increases acutely just before and during feeding.", "PMID": 748041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7310", "title": "Mechanism of action of thioureylene antithyroid drugs: factors affecting intrathyroidal metabolism of propylthiouracil and methimazole in rats.", "content": "Experiments were performed with rats to test the physiological significance of a previously proposed mechanism of action of thioureylene antithyroid drugs, which had been derived from results obtained with a model system containing purified thyroid peroxidase. Two features of the previously proposed scheme were tested:1) the effects of drug dosage and 2) the effects of iodine deficiency. In the dosage experiments, rats were injected with graded doses of [35S]PTU (0.18-59 mumol or [35S]mmi (0.16-18 mumol). Thyroid glands were removed 1 and 6--8 h later and 35S distribution in the homogenates was determined by paper chromatography. Serum samples were also analyzed by the same procedure. From the measured 35S activity in the various components and from the known specific activity of the injected drugs, it was possible to calculate thyroidal concentrations of unchanged drug and drug metabolites. At low doses, thyroidal concentrations of unchanged 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MM) significantly exceeded their concentrations in serum, as reported by previous investigators. A major new finding in the present investigation was the observation that intrathyroidal metabolism of PTU and MMI is greatly affected by dosage. Marked inhibition of intrathyroidal drug metabolism was observed at 6-8 when the dosage was increased from 5.9 to 18 mumol for [35S]PTU and from 0.88 to 2.2 mumol for [35S]MMI (per 200 g rat). These findings demonstrate that with increasing dosage, PTU and MMI inhibit their own intrathyroidal metabolism. These dosage effects are similar to results previously reported for in vitro oxidation of PTU and MMI by the thyroid peroxidase system, and they offer support for the physiological significance of the previously proposed scheme. Further evidence for the physiological validity of this scheme was obtained in the experiments with iodine-deficient rats. As predicted from the in vitro findings, intrathyroidal metabolism of [35S]PTU and [35S]MMI was markedly reduced in rats on low iodine diet.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of thioureylene antithyroid drugs: factors affecting intrathyroidal metabolism of propylthiouracil and methimazole in rats. Experiments were performed with rats to test the physiological significance of a previously proposed mechanism of action of thioureylene antithyroid drugs, which had been derived from results obtained with a model system containing purified thyroid peroxidase. Two features of the previously proposed scheme were tested:1) the effects of drug dosage and 2) the effects of iodine deficiency. In the dosage experiments, rats were injected with graded doses of [35S]PTU (0.18-59 mumol or [35S]mmi (0.16-18 mumol). Thyroid glands were removed 1 and 6--8 h later and 35S distribution in the homogenates was determined by paper chromatography. Serum samples were also analyzed by the same procedure. From the measured 35S activity in the various components and from the known specific activity of the injected drugs, it was possible to calculate thyroidal concentrations of unchanged drug and drug metabolites. At low doses, thyroidal concentrations of unchanged 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MM) significantly exceeded their concentrations in serum, as reported by previous investigators. A major new finding in the present investigation was the observation that intrathyroidal metabolism of PTU and MMI is greatly affected by dosage. Marked inhibition of intrathyroidal drug metabolism was observed at 6-8 when the dosage was increased from 5.9 to 18 mumol for [35S]PTU and from 0.88 to 2.2 mumol for [35S]MMI (per 200 g rat). These findings demonstrate that with increasing dosage, PTU and MMI inhibit their own intrathyroidal metabolism. These dosage effects are similar to results previously reported for in vitro oxidation of PTU and MMI by the thyroid peroxidase system, and they offer support for the physiological significance of the previously proposed scheme. Further evidence for the physiological validity of this scheme was obtained in the experiments with iodine-deficient rats. As predicted from the in vitro findings, intrathyroidal metabolism of [35S]PTU and [35S]MMI was markedly reduced in rats on low iodine diet.", "PMID": 748042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7311", "title": "Spontaneous dissociation of human pituitary luteinizing hormone in solution.", "content": "Aliquots of a solution of highly purified human pituitary LH (hLH) were incubated with variations in temperature and time. The incubates were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 as well as on DEAE-Sephadex A25. The column effluents were assayed in radioligand assay and in specific hLH alpha- and hLH beta-RIA systems. The results indicate that there is spontaneous dissociation of hLH at elevated temperatures under otherwise \"normal\" conditions concerning, for example, pH and ionic strength. The degree of dissociation is both time and temperature dependent. This dissociation is not due to proteolytic enzymes. It is concluded that one should be alert when using hLH subunit RIA systems at elevated temperatures for measuring hLH levels, e.g. in clinical samples, because artificial high levels may be obtained.", "contents": "Spontaneous dissociation of human pituitary luteinizing hormone in solution. Aliquots of a solution of highly purified human pituitary LH (hLH) were incubated with variations in temperature and time. The incubates were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 as well as on DEAE-Sephadex A25. The column effluents were assayed in radioligand assay and in specific hLH alpha- and hLH beta-RIA systems. The results indicate that there is spontaneous dissociation of hLH at elevated temperatures under otherwise \"normal\" conditions concerning, for example, pH and ionic strength. The degree of dissociation is both time and temperature dependent. This dissociation is not due to proteolytic enzymes. It is concluded that one should be alert when using hLH subunit RIA systems at elevated temperatures for measuring hLH levels, e.g. in clinical samples, because artificial high levels may be obtained.", "PMID": 748045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7312", "title": "The effects of dietary carbohydrate content on insulin binding and glucose metabolism by isolated rat adipocytes.", "content": "The effects of changes in the amount of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on cellular insulin and glucose metabolism have been assessed in rat adipocytes. Feeding animals a 67% CHO (fat-free) diet resulted in decreased insulin binding but enhanced activity of both the glucose transport system and intracellular pathways of glucose metabolism. Feeding rats a 67% fat (CHO-free) diet resulted in decreased insulin receptors as well as decreased activity of the glucose transport system and intracellular glucose metabolism. Therefore, the in vivo insulin resistance caused by a high fat, low CHO diet seems to be adequately explained, since all aspects of insulin's cellular action were depressed. On the other hand, at first approximation, the increased in vivo insulin response caused by a high CHO diet appears contradictory to the observed decrease in insulin binding. However, a probable explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by the enhanced activity of the cellular insulin effector systems distal to the insulin receptor. Therefore, the increased in vivo insulin responsiveness after high CHO feedings is most likely due to post receptor increases in various aspects of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "The effects of dietary carbohydrate content on insulin binding and glucose metabolism by isolated rat adipocytes. The effects of changes in the amount of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on cellular insulin and glucose metabolism have been assessed in rat adipocytes. Feeding animals a 67% CHO (fat-free) diet resulted in decreased insulin binding but enhanced activity of both the glucose transport system and intracellular pathways of glucose metabolism. Feeding rats a 67% fat (CHO-free) diet resulted in decreased insulin receptors as well as decreased activity of the glucose transport system and intracellular glucose metabolism. Therefore, the in vivo insulin resistance caused by a high fat, low CHO diet seems to be adequately explained, since all aspects of insulin's cellular action were depressed. On the other hand, at first approximation, the increased in vivo insulin response caused by a high CHO diet appears contradictory to the observed decrease in insulin binding. However, a probable explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by the enhanced activity of the cellular insulin effector systems distal to the insulin receptor. Therefore, the increased in vivo insulin responsiveness after high CHO feedings is most likely due to post receptor increases in various aspects of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 748046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7313", "title": "Phylogenetic distribution of aromatase and other androgen-converting enzymes in the central nervous system.", "content": "Metabolism of [3H]androstenedione was studied in brain tissue homogenates of opossum, bird, snake, sea turtle, urodele amphibian, teleost, shark, skate, hagfish, and lobster. Estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, or 17 alpha-estradiol was formed by central neural tissues of all species, with the exception of the opossum, hagfish, and lobster. Aromatase activity was concentrated in the forebrain, although some estrogen was synthesized by mid- or hindbrain homogenates of two lower vertebrates (teleost and skate) and the newly hatched chick. 5 alpha-Androstanedione (5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were products of metabolism in several nonmammalian vertebrates and in the invertebrate central nervous system also. 5 alpha-Reductase was found in all major brain divisions. These and previously reported comparative studies indicate that the ability to aromatize and otherwise transform androgen substrates is a primitive characteristic of the brain that has been widely conserved phylogenetically.", "contents": "Phylogenetic distribution of aromatase and other androgen-converting enzymes in the central nervous system. Metabolism of [3H]androstenedione was studied in brain tissue homogenates of opossum, bird, snake, sea turtle, urodele amphibian, teleost, shark, skate, hagfish, and lobster. Estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, or 17 alpha-estradiol was formed by central neural tissues of all species, with the exception of the opossum, hagfish, and lobster. Aromatase activity was concentrated in the forebrain, although some estrogen was synthesized by mid- or hindbrain homogenates of two lower vertebrates (teleost and skate) and the newly hatched chick. 5 alpha-Androstanedione (5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were products of metabolism in several nonmammalian vertebrates and in the invertebrate central nervous system also. 5 alpha-Reductase was found in all major brain divisions. These and previously reported comparative studies indicate that the ability to aromatize and otherwise transform androgen substrates is a primitive characteristic of the brain that has been widely conserved phylogenetically.", "PMID": 748049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7314", "title": "Blood capillary enlargement during the development of thyroid hyperplasia in the rat.", "content": "To study blood capillary growth in the hyperplastic thyroid gland, rats were fed 0.25% thiouracil in a low iodine diet for time intervals up to 100 days. Thyroids were fixed by vascular perfusion and embeded in Epon. Whole lobes were sectioned from pole to pole and slides were prepared of sections every 0.3 mm. Capillaries were clearly enlarged by 3 days and they enlarged progressively thereafter. By 3 days, the cells of many neighboring capillaries came into close apposition and from this time on, there was evidence of fusion of capillary walls in the form of partial septa in the capillary lumens. Fusion continued until 20 days, when follicles were almost completely surrounded by a continuous endothelial sheet and unfused capillary walls were separated by connective tissue. The vascular pattern around peripheral follicles changed in a way similar to interior follicles, except that in places, capillaries were gradually excluded from the space between epithelium and thyroid capsule. Vascular enlargement was restricted to the thyroid blood vessels. There was no obvious enlargement of the blood capillaries of the parathyroid despite its close proximity to the thyroid.", "contents": "Blood capillary enlargement during the development of thyroid hyperplasia in the rat. To study blood capillary growth in the hyperplastic thyroid gland, rats were fed 0.25% thiouracil in a low iodine diet for time intervals up to 100 days. Thyroids were fixed by vascular perfusion and embeded in Epon. Whole lobes were sectioned from pole to pole and slides were prepared of sections every 0.3 mm. Capillaries were clearly enlarged by 3 days and they enlarged progressively thereafter. By 3 days, the cells of many neighboring capillaries came into close apposition and from this time on, there was evidence of fusion of capillary walls in the form of partial septa in the capillary lumens. Fusion continued until 20 days, when follicles were almost completely surrounded by a continuous endothelial sheet and unfused capillary walls were separated by connective tissue. The vascular pattern around peripheral follicles changed in a way similar to interior follicles, except that in places, capillaries were gradually excluded from the space between epithelium and thyroid capsule. Vascular enlargement was restricted to the thyroid blood vessels. There was no obvious enlargement of the blood capillaries of the parathyroid despite its close proximity to the thyroid.", "PMID": 748050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7315", "title": "The measurement of steroid glucuronides in urine from mice to monitor gonadal function. I. Pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide as an index of progestogen output.", "content": "An attempt has been made to assess the output of progesterone in mice by measuring the concentration of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PdGl in serial samples of unextracted urine. Longitudinal studies with 95 animals have shown that sufficient urine (greater than 40 microliter) can be obtained from individual animals (80% success rate) without stress every day or at intervals of 2 h. The sc administration of 50 microgram progesterone in lauric acid ethyl ester resulted in a 9-fold increase in the concentration of urinary PdGl (within 4 h) and a significantly elevated output for the next 26 h. During the induction of superovulation with PMS and hCG, the values of PdGl increased significantly (P less than 0.0005; by Student's t test) from 2.08 +/- 0.97 to 3.99 +/- 2.55 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) at the time of corpus luteum formation. There was a good correlation (r = 0.84; n = 154) between the values expressed as nanograms per ml urine and nanograms per mg creatinine. The results demonstrate that the concentration of PdGl in serial samples of urine may be used as an index of gonadal function in female mice.", "contents": "The measurement of steroid glucuronides in urine from mice to monitor gonadal function. I. Pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide as an index of progestogen output. An attempt has been made to assess the output of progesterone in mice by measuring the concentration of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PdGl in serial samples of unextracted urine. Longitudinal studies with 95 animals have shown that sufficient urine (greater than 40 microliter) can be obtained from individual animals (80% success rate) without stress every day or at intervals of 2 h. The sc administration of 50 microgram progesterone in lauric acid ethyl ester resulted in a 9-fold increase in the concentration of urinary PdGl (within 4 h) and a significantly elevated output for the next 26 h. During the induction of superovulation with PMS and hCG, the values of PdGl increased significantly (P less than 0.0005; by Student's t test) from 2.08 +/- 0.97 to 3.99 +/- 2.55 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) at the time of corpus luteum formation. There was a good correlation (r = 0.84; n = 154) between the values expressed as nanograms per ml urine and nanograms per mg creatinine. The results demonstrate that the concentration of PdGl in serial samples of urine may be used as an index of gonadal function in female mice.", "PMID": 748051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7316", "title": "Characterization and application of a radioimmunoassay for reduced, carboxymethylated human luteinizing hormone alpha-subunit.", "content": "We have established a double antibody RIA using a rabbit antiserum prepared against reduced, carboxymethylated (RCXM) human LH alpha-subunit, with RCXM-alpha as tracer and standard. This antiserum did not cross-react with any native gonadotropins or subunit, and reacted only weakly with RCXM-alpha. A tryptic digest of RCXM alpha-subunit was completely reactive, while chymotryptic digestion abolished all immunoreactivity. By testing with separate tryptic fragments, the recognition site could be localized to a segment close to the amino-terminus of the peptide chain. When applied to measurement of serum and urine, an immunoreactive species, parallel to RCXM alpha-subunit by serial dilution, was found in concentrations of 1-2 ng/ml in serum and 3-4 ng/ml in urine. Similar levels of the immunoreactive component were found in conditions of elevated gonadotropins (e.g. pregnancy) as well as gonadotropin deficiency(panhypopituitarism and Kallmann's syndrome). After stimulation with LHRH, no rise was noted at times up to 6 h despite the fact that both LH and LH-alpha were elevated. The data indicate that the sequence-specific antiserum may be detecting an immunoreactive form of alpha-subunit of LH whose kinetics of appearance and disappearance differs from those of the native subunit.", "contents": "Characterization and application of a radioimmunoassay for reduced, carboxymethylated human luteinizing hormone alpha-subunit. We have established a double antibody RIA using a rabbit antiserum prepared against reduced, carboxymethylated (RCXM) human LH alpha-subunit, with RCXM-alpha as tracer and standard. This antiserum did not cross-react with any native gonadotropins or subunit, and reacted only weakly with RCXM-alpha. A tryptic digest of RCXM alpha-subunit was completely reactive, while chymotryptic digestion abolished all immunoreactivity. By testing with separate tryptic fragments, the recognition site could be localized to a segment close to the amino-terminus of the peptide chain. When applied to measurement of serum and urine, an immunoreactive species, parallel to RCXM alpha-subunit by serial dilution, was found in concentrations of 1-2 ng/ml in serum and 3-4 ng/ml in urine. Similar levels of the immunoreactive component were found in conditions of elevated gonadotropins (e.g. pregnancy) as well as gonadotropin deficiency(panhypopituitarism and Kallmann's syndrome). After stimulation with LHRH, no rise was noted at times up to 6 h despite the fact that both LH and LH-alpha were elevated. The data indicate that the sequence-specific antiserum may be detecting an immunoreactive form of alpha-subunit of LH whose kinetics of appearance and disappearance differs from those of the native subunit.", "PMID": 748052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7317", "title": "Lipolytic response of rat adipocytes to epinephrine: effect of age and cell size.", "content": "Isolated fat cells from 3, 12 and 28 month old rats were compared intheir lipolytic response to various doses of L-epinephrine. With increasing age a progressive decline in the response occurred when comparing rats with unmatched mean adipocyte diameters. However, this apparently age-related decrease was no longer evident if the diameters were matched since the 28 month old animals had a lipolytic response less than the 3 month old rats but greater than the 12 month olds. Body weight differences between these ages may account for these observations. The biphasic dose response curve to hormone stimulation in the 3 and 12 month olds was monophasic at 28 months. Within each age group the initial lag in glycerol release decreased and the lipolytic response increased as mean cell size increased. The rate of hormone stimulated glycerol release varied inversely with incubations of 3,700 to 25,000 cells/ml and aging had no effect on this parameter. DNA content per fat cell remained constant with age.", "contents": "Lipolytic response of rat adipocytes to epinephrine: effect of age and cell size. Isolated fat cells from 3, 12 and 28 month old rats were compared intheir lipolytic response to various doses of L-epinephrine. With increasing age a progressive decline in the response occurred when comparing rats with unmatched mean adipocyte diameters. However, this apparently age-related decrease was no longer evident if the diameters were matched since the 28 month old animals had a lipolytic response less than the 3 month old rats but greater than the 12 month olds. Body weight differences between these ages may account for these observations. The biphasic dose response curve to hormone stimulation in the 3 and 12 month olds was monophasic at 28 months. Within each age group the initial lag in glycerol release decreased and the lipolytic response increased as mean cell size increased. The rate of hormone stimulated glycerol release varied inversely with incubations of 3,700 to 25,000 cells/ml and aging had no effect on this parameter. DNA content per fat cell remained constant with age.", "PMID": 748053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7318", "title": "Use of the Satz-Mogel abbreviated WAIS with hospitalized geriatric patients.", "content": "The equivalency of standard and Satz-Mogel WAIS scales for psychiatrically hospitalized geriatric patients was studied using a matched control and experimental group, test-retest design. On the Verbal, Performance, Full Scale, and subtest scales the two forms had distributions whose central tendencies and variances were statistically equivalent. Score reliability for the two forms was shown by the finding of only one significant test-retest correlational difference between corresponding scales for the two groups and by difference-score variances which generally pointed to only a slight statistical tendency of the short form to generate larger differences between test and re-test scores.", "contents": "Use of the Satz-Mogel abbreviated WAIS with hospitalized geriatric patients. The equivalency of standard and Satz-Mogel WAIS scales for psychiatrically hospitalized geriatric patients was studied using a matched control and experimental group, test-retest design. On the Verbal, Performance, Full Scale, and subtest scales the two forms had distributions whose central tendencies and variances were statistically equivalent. Score reliability for the two forms was shown by the finding of only one significant test-retest correlational difference between corresponding scales for the two groups and by difference-score variances which generally pointed to only a slight statistical tendency of the short form to generate larger differences between test and re-test scores.", "PMID": 748054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7319", "title": "The interrelationship of memory functions in a nursing home population.", "content": "Memory functioning was assessed in a group of thirty nursing home residents to determine the level of functioning and the interrelationship of memory processes and age in this population. Nine different types of memory processes were measured. Results indicated that memory functions in this population were interrelated to a greater extent than in community based elderly populations, yet not to as great an extent as suggested in other more impaired groups. On the other hand, while 21 of the 36 correlations of scores on the tests of memory were statistically significant, the greatest amount of variance accounted for between these test scores was only 55%. This result was interpreted to indicate that the memory functions assessed in this nursing home population were non-unitary in nature. The implications of these findings for memory theory and for the practitioner are discussed.", "contents": "The interrelationship of memory functions in a nursing home population. Memory functioning was assessed in a group of thirty nursing home residents to determine the level of functioning and the interrelationship of memory processes and age in this population. Nine different types of memory processes were measured. Results indicated that memory functions in this population were interrelated to a greater extent than in community based elderly populations, yet not to as great an extent as suggested in other more impaired groups. On the other hand, while 21 of the 36 correlations of scores on the tests of memory were statistically significant, the greatest amount of variance accounted for between these test scores was only 55%. This result was interpreted to indicate that the memory functions assessed in this nursing home population were non-unitary in nature. The implications of these findings for memory theory and for the practitioner are discussed.", "PMID": 748055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7320", "title": "Problem-solving as a function of age, sex and the role appropriateness of the problem content.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate problem-solving ability as a function of age, sex and problem content by using 20 problems chosen from the problem-solving literature. The problems were administered without time limits to 8 males and 8 females in each of three age groups: 20--30, 40--50, 60--70. Analysis revealed that only age influenced performance with the middle-age group scoring significantly higher than the other groups. Analysis of the time required by each age group to solve the problems showed the young group required significantly less time than the other groups. Finally, the young group was seen to make more errors of commission while the older group made more errors of omission.", "contents": "Problem-solving as a function of age, sex and the role appropriateness of the problem content. The purpose of this study was to investigate problem-solving ability as a function of age, sex and problem content by using 20 problems chosen from the problem-solving literature. The problems were administered without time limits to 8 males and 8 females in each of three age groups: 20--30, 40--50, 60--70. Analysis revealed that only age influenced performance with the middle-age group scoring significantly higher than the other groups. Analysis of the time required by each age group to solve the problems showed the young group required significantly less time than the other groups. Finally, the young group was seen to make more errors of commission while the older group made more errors of omission.", "PMID": 748056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7321", "title": "Influence of contextual variables on blood pressure in the elderly.", "content": "This research evaluated determinants of blood pressure in elderly subjects. Measurements were obtained from 30 subjects in three contexts; in the home measured by the subject, in the home measured by the experimenter, and in a psychophysiological laboratory measured by the experimenter. Four measurements were obtained in the two home conditions and two were obtained in the laboratory condition. For systolic blood pressure, the effects of condition, repeated measurement, and order of treatment presentation were significant. For diastolic blood pressure, the effect of condition was significant. A comparison of sample variances revealed greater variances for systolic blood pressure. It was concluded that initial blood pressure measurements obtained in a laboratory should be regarded as distinct from those obtained later, as the early measurements may be subject to elevation imposed by the context. Due to differing patterns of results for systolic and diastolic pressures as well as differences in variability, it was concluded that there exist conceptual problems with a construct such as mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "Influence of contextual variables on blood pressure in the elderly. This research evaluated determinants of blood pressure in elderly subjects. Measurements were obtained from 30 subjects in three contexts; in the home measured by the subject, in the home measured by the experimenter, and in a psychophysiological laboratory measured by the experimenter. Four measurements were obtained in the two home conditions and two were obtained in the laboratory condition. For systolic blood pressure, the effects of condition, repeated measurement, and order of treatment presentation were significant. For diastolic blood pressure, the effect of condition was significant. A comparison of sample variances revealed greater variances for systolic blood pressure. It was concluded that initial blood pressure measurements obtained in a laboratory should be regarded as distinct from those obtained later, as the early measurements may be subject to elevation imposed by the context. Due to differing patterns of results for systolic and diastolic pressures as well as differences in variability, it was concluded that there exist conceptual problems with a construct such as mean arterial pressure.", "PMID": 748057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7322", "title": "The effect of protein-free diet on blood pressure in the Wistar rat.", "content": "The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and an 18 day protein free diet (PFD) was studied in unanesthetized male Wistar rats beginning at 20 weeks of age. Following cessation of the 18 day diet, BP was monitored for 8 weeks. Both the PFD animals and a control diet (CD) group showed a reduction in BP from 20 weeks to 30 weeks. Reduction in BP for PFD animals was 3 times that of the CD animals across the diet period. The authors caution the reader in terms of generalizing across strains for this effect and suggest that a greater data base is needed before a definite statement can be made concerning the effects of a protein free diet on BP.", "contents": "The effect of protein-free diet on blood pressure in the Wistar rat. The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and an 18 day protein free diet (PFD) was studied in unanesthetized male Wistar rats beginning at 20 weeks of age. Following cessation of the 18 day diet, BP was monitored for 8 weeks. Both the PFD animals and a control diet (CD) group showed a reduction in BP from 20 weeks to 30 weeks. Reduction in BP for PFD animals was 3 times that of the CD animals across the diet period. The authors caution the reader in terms of generalizing across strains for this effect and suggest that a greater data base is needed before a definite statement can be made concerning the effects of a protein free diet on BP.", "PMID": 748058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7323", "title": "Studies on the pepsinogens of human gastric mucosal extracts.", "content": "1. Electrophoretic separation of proteases from human gastric mucosal extracts of five patients with gastric ulcer, one with duodenal ulcer and three with gastric cancer were investigated by agar-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and pH 5.0. 2. In the fundic mucosal study, there were seven faster moving proteases in all nine cases, but the slowest moving protease showed a slightly different picture in each case. In the antral mucosal study, two of eight cases showed mainly group II pepsinogens, seven of nine cases, however, showed the same results as in the fundic mucosal study. 3. In the cases of the nine mucosal extracts activated at pH 1.5 or pH 4.0, they all showed the same electrophoretic separation at each pH level. At these two pH levels, however, quite different electrophoretic patterns were observed. The presence of pepsin 3 appeared to diminish at the higher levels of pH, although that of pepsin 5 and pepsin 7 appeared to increase at pH 4.0 and above. Pepsin 6 appeared for the first time at pH 4.0 and existed at higher pH levels. 4. We thus conclude that electrophoretic patterns of pepsins in the gastric mucosal extracts are changeable depending on the pH level of the incubating medium, and further that diversity of pepsins in gastric juices may also depend on the pH level of gastric juices.", "contents": "Studies on the pepsinogens of human gastric mucosal extracts. 1. Electrophoretic separation of proteases from human gastric mucosal extracts of five patients with gastric ulcer, one with duodenal ulcer and three with gastric cancer were investigated by agar-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and pH 5.0. 2. In the fundic mucosal study, there were seven faster moving proteases in all nine cases, but the slowest moving protease showed a slightly different picture in each case. In the antral mucosal study, two of eight cases showed mainly group II pepsinogens, seven of nine cases, however, showed the same results as in the fundic mucosal study. 3. In the cases of the nine mucosal extracts activated at pH 1.5 or pH 4.0, they all showed the same electrophoretic separation at each pH level. At these two pH levels, however, quite different electrophoretic patterns were observed. The presence of pepsin 3 appeared to diminish at the higher levels of pH, although that of pepsin 5 and pepsin 7 appeared to increase at pH 4.0 and above. Pepsin 6 appeared for the first time at pH 4.0 and existed at higher pH levels. 4. We thus conclude that electrophoretic patterns of pepsins in the gastric mucosal extracts are changeable depending on the pH level of the incubating medium, and further that diversity of pepsins in gastric juices may also depend on the pH level of gastric juices.", "PMID": 748087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7324", "title": "Gastric mucosal barrier in the rats fed with protein deficient diet or treated with carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "The effects of protein deficient diet and liver damage on the gastric mucosal barrier were studied in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups according to their dietary regimens, CCl4 induced liver damage and/or serotonin administration. Group 1 (control) was fed standard rat chow. Group II was fed a nonprotein diet for 2 weeks. Group III and IV were fed standard rat chow and given 1 ml of CCl4 per/Kg body weight intraperitoneally twice weekly for 12 weeks. Rats in Group IV were also injected with 20mg per/Kg of serotonin intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior to surgery. After pyloric ligation, an acid test solution composed of 100 mM HCl, 10mM NaCl, 5mM KCl and 5g per litre of PEG was instilled into the stomach and fluxes of Na +, K +, H + and Cl-ions across the gastric mucosa were measured. Compared to Group I, rats in Group II, III and IV demonstrated an increased net negative hydrogen flux (p less than 0.05). An increased net negative chloride flux (p less than 0.05) was also demonstrated in Group II and IV, but no increase was noted in Group III. There were no significant differences in fluxes of sodium and potassium ions. As mentioned above, a lack of protein in the diet, liver damage or both, renders the gastric mucosa of the rat more susceptible to injury. In the gastric mucosa of these rats, there have occurred more increase in the negative net fluxes of hydrogen and chloride ion, which may indicate the reduction of defence mechanism against a mucosal damage.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal barrier in the rats fed with protein deficient diet or treated with carbon tetrachloride. The effects of protein deficient diet and liver damage on the gastric mucosal barrier were studied in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups according to their dietary regimens, CCl4 induced liver damage and/or serotonin administration. Group 1 (control) was fed standard rat chow. Group II was fed a nonprotein diet for 2 weeks. Group III and IV were fed standard rat chow and given 1 ml of CCl4 per/Kg body weight intraperitoneally twice weekly for 12 weeks. Rats in Group IV were also injected with 20mg per/Kg of serotonin intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior to surgery. After pyloric ligation, an acid test solution composed of 100 mM HCl, 10mM NaCl, 5mM KCl and 5g per litre of PEG was instilled into the stomach and fluxes of Na +, K +, H + and Cl-ions across the gastric mucosa were measured. Compared to Group I, rats in Group II, III and IV demonstrated an increased net negative hydrogen flux (p less than 0.05). An increased net negative chloride flux (p less than 0.05) was also demonstrated in Group II and IV, but no increase was noted in Group III. There were no significant differences in fluxes of sodium and potassium ions. As mentioned above, a lack of protein in the diet, liver damage or both, renders the gastric mucosa of the rat more susceptible to injury. In the gastric mucosa of these rats, there have occurred more increase in the negative net fluxes of hydrogen and chloride ion, which may indicate the reduction of defence mechanism against a mucosal damage.", "PMID": 748088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7325", "title": "A hydraulic behavior of the mucosal structure of the intramural common bile duct. An experimental study.", "content": "In the intramural portion of the common bile duct in the dog, the lumen is occluded by the mucosal folds which are pointed to the direction of the ductal orifice. Luminal occlusion by the folds becomes more marked from the halfway of the portion as judged from the duodenal muscle layers. A pressure study using the pressure ramp apparatus suggested that the mucosal structure plays some role in generating the passage resistance to bile floow and in the prevention of regurgitation of duodenal content.", "contents": "A hydraulic behavior of the mucosal structure of the intramural common bile duct. An experimental study. In the intramural portion of the common bile duct in the dog, the lumen is occluded by the mucosal folds which are pointed to the direction of the ductal orifice. Luminal occlusion by the folds becomes more marked from the halfway of the portion as judged from the duodenal muscle layers. A pressure study using the pressure ramp apparatus suggested that the mucosal structure plays some role in generating the passage resistance to bile floow and in the prevention of regurgitation of duodenal content.", "PMID": 748089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7326", "title": "Reserve capacity of bicarbonate secretion in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "When secretin was given by continuous intravenous infusion in the control subjects, the dose of secretin inducing maximal bicarbonate output was found to be around 6.0 CHR U/kg/hr. Then the pancreatic exocrine secretory response to sequential standard (1.2 CHR U/kg/hr) and augmented (6.0 CHR U/kg/hr) dose of secretin was studied in the controls, in patients with chronic pancreatitis and in its suspected cases. This new method for exocrine pancreatic function did not offer advantage for the diagnosis of well established chronic pancreatitis. But from the results obtained in suspected chronic pancreatitis it was supposed that the decline of increasing rate of bicarbonate output with augmentation of dose and the decrease of response to augmented dose of secretin might be one of functional disorders occurred in the early stage of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Reserve capacity of bicarbonate secretion in chronic pancreatitis. When secretin was given by continuous intravenous infusion in the control subjects, the dose of secretin inducing maximal bicarbonate output was found to be around 6.0 CHR U/kg/hr. Then the pancreatic exocrine secretory response to sequential standard (1.2 CHR U/kg/hr) and augmented (6.0 CHR U/kg/hr) dose of secretin was studied in the controls, in patients with chronic pancreatitis and in its suspected cases. This new method for exocrine pancreatic function did not offer advantage for the diagnosis of well established chronic pancreatitis. But from the results obtained in suspected chronic pancreatitis it was supposed that the decline of increasing rate of bicarbonate output with augmentation of dose and the decrease of response to augmented dose of secretin might be one of functional disorders occurred in the early stage of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 748090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7327", "title": "Analysis of human pure pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas.", "content": "Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 8 control subjects, 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 4 patients with cancer of the pancreas by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1 U/kg) and for 10 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (Boots, 1 U/kg). Determinations of volume, bicarbonate concentration and three hydrolases (amylase, chymotrypsinogen and lipase) were made. Our tentative conclusions are (1) pancreatic enzymes are likely to be affected one after another, not in parallel fashing, in chronic pancreatitis and in cancer of the pancreas, (2) bicarbonate concentration and chymotrypsinogen or lipase are most susceptible in chronic pancreatitis and lipase secretion seems to be more susceptible than other parameters in cancer of the pancreas. Amylase is the least affected enzyme in both pancreatic diseases, and (3) determinations of chymotrypsinogen and/or lipase should be preferably performed among hydrolytic enzymes in the evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in chronic pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas.", "contents": "Analysis of human pure pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas. Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 8 control subjects, 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 4 patients with cancer of the pancreas by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla. Samples were collected at 1 minute intervals for 20 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of secretin (Eisai, 1 U/kg) and for 10 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (Boots, 1 U/kg). Determinations of volume, bicarbonate concentration and three hydrolases (amylase, chymotrypsinogen and lipase) were made. Our tentative conclusions are (1) pancreatic enzymes are likely to be affected one after another, not in parallel fashing, in chronic pancreatitis and in cancer of the pancreas, (2) bicarbonate concentration and chymotrypsinogen or lipase are most susceptible in chronic pancreatitis and lipase secretion seems to be more susceptible than other parameters in cancer of the pancreas. Amylase is the least affected enzyme in both pancreatic diseases, and (3) determinations of chymotrypsinogen and/or lipase should be preferably performed among hydrolytic enzymes in the evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in chronic pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas.", "PMID": 748091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7328", "title": "Effect of exogenously administered glucagon on plasma glucose levels in totally depancreatized dogs.", "content": "Glucagon was administered exogenously via a subcutaneous route to totally depancreatized adult mongrel dogs and studies were made with major emphasis on glucagon effect on the plasma glucose levels. 1. In the totally depancreatized dogs, the plasma glucose levels determined 90 minutes after glucagon injection (40 micrograms/kg s.c.). were compared with the pretreatment fasting plasma glucose levels. The rate of increase in the plasma glucose levels was 5.13 +/- 0.48 times (M +/- SEM) in dogs with low pretreatment level (lower than 100 mg/dl). In dogs with higher pretreatment levels (100-400 mg/dl), the increase was 1.62 +/- 0.40 times. And in dogs with the pretreatment levels higher than 400 mg/dl, the value was 0.90 +/- .07 times. 2. Ninety minutes after regular insulin injection (0.25 U/kg i.v.), glucagon was administered (40 micrograms/kg s.c.), and the changes in the plasma glucose levels were determined. 3. In totally depancreatized dogs, a transient increase in the plasma insulin level was noted when glucagon was administered (40 micrograms/kg s.c.) under infusion of a mixture of glucose and insulin. 4. There was no significant difference in the rate of disappearance of glucagon from the blood between normal and totally depancreatized dogs. 5. It is considered that glucagon would be useful for the treatment of hypoglycemia encountered after total pancreatectomy.", "contents": "Effect of exogenously administered glucagon on plasma glucose levels in totally depancreatized dogs. Glucagon was administered exogenously via a subcutaneous route to totally depancreatized adult mongrel dogs and studies were made with major emphasis on glucagon effect on the plasma glucose levels. 1. In the totally depancreatized dogs, the plasma glucose levels determined 90 minutes after glucagon injection (40 micrograms/kg s.c.). were compared with the pretreatment fasting plasma glucose levels. The rate of increase in the plasma glucose levels was 5.13 +/- 0.48 times (M +/- SEM) in dogs with low pretreatment level (lower than 100 mg/dl). In dogs with higher pretreatment levels (100-400 mg/dl), the increase was 1.62 +/- 0.40 times. And in dogs with the pretreatment levels higher than 400 mg/dl, the value was 0.90 +/- .07 times. 2. Ninety minutes after regular insulin injection (0.25 U/kg i.v.), glucagon was administered (40 micrograms/kg s.c.), and the changes in the plasma glucose levels were determined. 3. In totally depancreatized dogs, a transient increase in the plasma insulin level was noted when glucagon was administered (40 micrograms/kg s.c.) under infusion of a mixture of glucose and insulin. 4. There was no significant difference in the rate of disappearance of glucagon from the blood between normal and totally depancreatized dogs. 5. It is considered that glucagon would be useful for the treatment of hypoglycemia encountered after total pancreatectomy.", "PMID": 748092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7329", "title": "Clinical significance of serum bile acid measurement in liver diseases.", "content": "To determine the clinical significance of serum bile acid measurements, changes in the serum bile acid composition in liver diseases and endogenous bile acid clearance due to test meal loads were investigated. In the case of changes in the serum bile acid composition, a characteristic pattern of a remarkable increase of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was found in fulminant hepatitis. In patients with acute hepatitis, increases in CDCA were somewhat greater than those of cholic acid (CA) and there was tendency for these changes to precede changes in other liver function tests. In cases of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice, the CA/CDCA ratio was a large value exceeding 1.0. In investigations of endogenous bile acid clearance, serum bile acid concentration two hours after the text meal load clearly reflected the hepatic disorder and it was useful in differentiating between active and inactive form in chronic hepatitis and compensation and decompensation in liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "Clinical significance of serum bile acid measurement in liver diseases. To determine the clinical significance of serum bile acid measurements, changes in the serum bile acid composition in liver diseases and endogenous bile acid clearance due to test meal loads were investigated. In the case of changes in the serum bile acid composition, a characteristic pattern of a remarkable increase of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was found in fulminant hepatitis. In patients with acute hepatitis, increases in CDCA were somewhat greater than those of cholic acid (CA) and there was tendency for these changes to precede changes in other liver function tests. In cases of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice, the CA/CDCA ratio was a large value exceeding 1.0. In investigations of endogenous bile acid clearance, serum bile acid concentration two hours after the text meal load clearly reflected the hepatic disorder and it was useful in differentiating between active and inactive form in chronic hepatitis and compensation and decompensation in liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 748093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7330", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. V. Desialylated glycoproteins in chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Serum desialylated glycoprotein level was tested for chronic hepatitic patients. The level was significantly elevated in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis but not in chronic persistent hepatitis comparing to normal subjects. In chronic aggressive hepatitis, severe type (2B), serum desialylated glycoprotein levels were significantly enhanced but not in moderate type (2A) when compared to chronic persistent hepatitis. Sera taken serially from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, severe type (2B), demonstrated a slight correlation between circulating desialylated glycoprotein level and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. V. Desialylated glycoproteins in chronic hepatitis. Serum desialylated glycoprotein level was tested for chronic hepatitic patients. The level was significantly elevated in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis but not in chronic persistent hepatitis comparing to normal subjects. In chronic aggressive hepatitis, severe type (2B), serum desialylated glycoprotein levels were significantly enhanced but not in moderate type (2A) when compared to chronic persistent hepatitis. Sera taken serially from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, severe type (2B), demonstrated a slight correlation between circulating desialylated glycoprotein level and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity.", "PMID": 748094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7331", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. VI. The presence of desialylated glycoprotein binding activity in particulate fraction of human liver homogenate.", "content": "The human liver as well as rat liver particulate fraction was determined to have an ability to bind desialylated alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The binding activity of human liver was the same order of the rat one. A more increased amount of binding of desialylated glycoprotein was found in a new born liver than an adult one. Serum obtained from a cirrhotic patient inhibited the binding. The sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that the activity located partly in fractions in which a membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, was detected. The binding activity was a linear function of concentration of human liver particulate fraction added to incubation mixture.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. VI. The presence of desialylated glycoprotein binding activity in particulate fraction of human liver homogenate. The human liver as well as rat liver particulate fraction was determined to have an ability to bind desialylated alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The binding activity of human liver was the same order of the rat one. A more increased amount of binding of desialylated glycoprotein was found in a new born liver than an adult one. Serum obtained from a cirrhotic patient inhibited the binding. The sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that the activity located partly in fractions in which a membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, was detected. The binding activity was a linear function of concentration of human liver particulate fraction added to incubation mixture.", "PMID": 748095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7332", "title": "[Free transplantation of a fibula with epiphysis].", "content": "Problems of free bone transplantation, as well as those of bone transplantation by microvascular anastomoses are exemplified by a case of free fibula transplantation--the epiphysis being conserved--by microvascular anastomoses. If revascularisation of the bone transplant is immediately achieved, the chance for survival of bone tissue is improved and there is a chance that the epiphysis will retain the capacity to grow. By multiple surgical interventions the stability of the abnormally mobile forearm was reestablished and considerable lengthening of the shortened skeleton was achieved. By tendon and nerve transplantations simple grasp could be restored to the hand which originally was without function.", "contents": "[Free transplantation of a fibula with epiphysis]. Problems of free bone transplantation, as well as those of bone transplantation by microvascular anastomoses are exemplified by a case of free fibula transplantation--the epiphysis being conserved--by microvascular anastomoses. If revascularisation of the bone transplant is immediately achieved, the chance for survival of bone tissue is improved and there is a chance that the epiphysis will retain the capacity to grow. By multiple surgical interventions the stability of the abnormally mobile forearm was reestablished and considerable lengthening of the shortened skeleton was achieved. By tendon and nerve transplantations simple grasp could be restored to the hand which originally was without function.", "PMID": 748108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7333", "title": "[Significance of ulnar ligament injuries in typical radius fractures].", "content": "In 20 patients with COLLES' fractures, stress-films of the wrist demonstrated that without fracture of the ulnar styloid ruptures of the ulnar ligaments are possible, and lead to increased radial abduction of the carpus. This instability together with interposition of the ruptured soft tissue produces a tendency to radial subluxation of the hand, in spite of good alignment of the fragments. In conclusion, we suggest that in younger patients closed reduction should be stabilized by means of percutaneous Kirschner-wires and that the interposed soft tissue should be excised.", "contents": "[Significance of ulnar ligament injuries in typical radius fractures]. In 20 patients with COLLES' fractures, stress-films of the wrist demonstrated that without fracture of the ulnar styloid ruptures of the ulnar ligaments are possible, and lead to increased radial abduction of the carpus. This instability together with interposition of the ruptured soft tissue produces a tendency to radial subluxation of the hand, in spite of good alignment of the fragments. In conclusion, we suggest that in younger patients closed reduction should be stabilized by means of percutaneous Kirschner-wires and that the interposed soft tissue should be excised.", "PMID": 748109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7334", "title": "[Arthrodeses of the small finger joints. Clinical studies of results with Kirschner's wire and tension arthrodeses].", "content": "An analysis of a series of 41 consecutive arthrodeses of finger-joints on 39 patients is given. Functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory. We prefer the tension band arthrodesis for its uncomplicated aftercare, the brief period of morbidity and the short period of absence from work.", "contents": "[Arthrodeses of the small finger joints. Clinical studies of results with Kirschner's wire and tension arthrodeses]. An analysis of a series of 41 consecutive arthrodeses of finger-joints on 39 patients is given. Functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory. We prefer the tension band arthrodesis for its uncomplicated aftercare, the brief period of morbidity and the short period of absence from work.", "PMID": 748110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7335", "title": "[Ambulatory treatment of extensor-tendon injury in general surgery].", "content": "Extensor tendon injuries are mostly treated by younger general surgeons. Good follow-up results in the zone 2, 3, 4 and 6 of VERDAN are observed only 6 to 17 percent (fig. 1), which may be explained by: 1. the complicated anatomy of the extensor tendon in zone 2 to 4, 2. lack of attention to handsurgical principles, 3. infections in up to 40 per cent, which appear especially in connection with extensive soft tissue damage, 4. posttraumatic arthrosis (fig. 3) caused by lesions of the finger-joints or temporary KIRSCHNER wire fixation. The highest restriction of movement is found in the finger-joint distal to the injury (fig. 2.) The degree of flexion deficit in all finger-joints always exceeds the degree of extension deficit (fig. 4). The extension deficit alone is, therefore, not a satisfactory criterion in follow-up. The use of KIRSCHNER wire fixation by the inexperienced and the adoption of conservation therapy for zones 1 and 2 cannot be recommended.", "contents": "[Ambulatory treatment of extensor-tendon injury in general surgery]. Extensor tendon injuries are mostly treated by younger general surgeons. Good follow-up results in the zone 2, 3, 4 and 6 of VERDAN are observed only 6 to 17 percent (fig. 1), which may be explained by: 1. the complicated anatomy of the extensor tendon in zone 2 to 4, 2. lack of attention to handsurgical principles, 3. infections in up to 40 per cent, which appear especially in connection with extensive soft tissue damage, 4. posttraumatic arthrosis (fig. 3) caused by lesions of the finger-joints or temporary KIRSCHNER wire fixation. The highest restriction of movement is found in the finger-joint distal to the injury (fig. 2.) The degree of flexion deficit in all finger-joints always exceeds the degree of extension deficit (fig. 4). The extension deficit alone is, therefore, not a satisfactory criterion in follow-up. The use of KIRSCHNER wire fixation by the inexperienced and the adoption of conservation therapy for zones 1 and 2 cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 748111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7336", "title": "Variations of palmaris longus.", "content": "Although variations of palmaris longus muscle are described in anatomical text books, they are seen rather rarely in practice. Within the last five years of hand surgery we came across threee different cases of such variations described in the above text. We believe that every surgeon must be aware of them, since this, otherwise unimportant muscle, provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery.", "contents": "Variations of palmaris longus. Although variations of palmaris longus muscle are described in anatomical text books, they are seen rather rarely in practice. Within the last five years of hand surgery we came across threee different cases of such variations described in the above text. We believe that every surgeon must be aware of them, since this, otherwise unimportant muscle, provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery.", "PMID": 748113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7337", "title": "[Specific fibre compositon of human hand and arm muscles].", "content": "The authors examined the fiber composition of the finger, hand, and arm muscles. It is established that the type of fiber composition is not influenced by the mechanical employment of the hand- and arm muscles. The fiber composition of the finger muscles, however, is different in the two hands, in that the amount of fiber type II is significantly higher than that of the fiber type I in the dominant hand. In case of the non-dominant hand the fiber type I is predominant.", "contents": "[Specific fibre compositon of human hand and arm muscles]. The authors examined the fiber composition of the finger, hand, and arm muscles. It is established that the type of fiber composition is not influenced by the mechanical employment of the hand- and arm muscles. The fiber composition of the finger muscles, however, is different in the two hands, in that the amount of fiber type II is significantly higher than that of the fiber type I in the dominant hand. In case of the non-dominant hand the fiber type I is predominant.", "PMID": 748114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7338", "title": "[Hanging legs for sural nerve excision (author's transl)].", "content": "The sural nerve is widely used as a graft in autologous nerve transplantation. In major operations on the upper extremities and the brachial plexus the lateral or ventral position of the patient most convenient for harvesting the graft is impossible. It is, however, easy to excise the sural nerve if the legs are hanging.", "contents": "[Hanging legs for sural nerve excision (author's transl)]. The sural nerve is widely used as a graft in autologous nerve transplantation. In major operations on the upper extremities and the brachial plexus the lateral or ventral position of the patient most convenient for harvesting the graft is impossible. It is, however, easy to excise the sural nerve if the legs are hanging.", "PMID": 748115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7339", "title": "Computed tomography of brains of epileptic children.", "content": "1) Most of the intractable epileptic children showed abnormal EEG and abnormal CT findings. 2) The abnormal side of CT findings of focal epilepsy corresponded with the abnormal side of clinical manifestations and EEG findings. 3) CT findings of the brains of patients with infantile spasms exhibited cerebral cortical atrophy. 4) CT findings of the brains of the other epileptic types were not related to clinical manifestations or EEG findings.", "contents": "Computed tomography of brains of epileptic children. 1) Most of the intractable epileptic children showed abnormal EEG and abnormal CT findings. 2) The abnormal side of CT findings of focal epilepsy corresponded with the abnormal side of clinical manifestations and EEG findings. 3) CT findings of the brains of patients with infantile spasms exhibited cerebral cortical atrophy. 4) CT findings of the brains of the other epileptic types were not related to clinical manifestations or EEG findings.", "PMID": 748123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7340", "title": "Long-term prognosis on recurrence of seizures among children with epilepsy after drug withdrawal-elimination.", "content": "The long-term prognosis of 110 children after withdrawal-elimination of the drugs on the basis of our rigid criteria was analyzed. The 12 cases (10.9%) of 110 patients experienced recurrences, which occurred between three months to three years after drug elimination, but there were no recurrences later than three years to 10 years after drug elimination. The asymmetry in the EEG during the first two to three years after drug elimination appeared in 6.4% and seizure discharge appeared in 17.1%. But no asymmetry nor seizure discharge was found in EEG later than three years after drug elimination.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis on recurrence of seizures among children with epilepsy after drug withdrawal-elimination. The long-term prognosis of 110 children after withdrawal-elimination of the drugs on the basis of our rigid criteria was analyzed. The 12 cases (10.9%) of 110 patients experienced recurrences, which occurred between three months to three years after drug elimination, but there were no recurrences later than three years to 10 years after drug elimination. The asymmetry in the EEG during the first two to three years after drug elimination appeared in 6.4% and seizure discharge appeared in 17.1%. But no asymmetry nor seizure discharge was found in EEG later than three years after drug elimination.", "PMID": 748130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7341", "title": "Drug treatment: factors contributing to high risks in institutions.", "content": "Because of the widerspread use of drugs in the treatment of exceptional children, investigators are currently studying the efficacy, suitability and safety of the drugs employed. This paper deals with an aspect of pharmacological management which has been largely neglected in the literature: the administration of prescribed drugs. Focusing on the institutional setting, the following three factors contributing to high risk of drug error or misuse, are delineated: (1) Staff training and sophistication, (2) Number and complexity of drugs employed and (3) Vulnerability of the exceptional child. An attempt is made to state and clarify these issues, to report some preliminary programs which appear to be effective, and to offer some concrete suggestions for persons who are involved in the pharmacological management of exceptional children.", "contents": "Drug treatment: factors contributing to high risks in institutions. Because of the widerspread use of drugs in the treatment of exceptional children, investigators are currently studying the efficacy, suitability and safety of the drugs employed. This paper deals with an aspect of pharmacological management which has been largely neglected in the literature: the administration of prescribed drugs. Focusing on the institutional setting, the following three factors contributing to high risk of drug error or misuse, are delineated: (1) Staff training and sophistication, (2) Number and complexity of drugs employed and (3) Vulnerability of the exceptional child. An attempt is made to state and clarify these issues, to report some preliminary programs which appear to be effective, and to offer some concrete suggestions for persons who are involved in the pharmacological management of exceptional children.", "PMID": 748186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7342", "title": "Vibratory perception by deaf children.", "content": "Audiologists and educators of the deaf have become interested in vibratory perception of speech because: (1) research suggests that profoundly deaf children feel rather than hear amplified speech through their ears, and educators must help them to use this acoustic (vibratory) speech information; and (2) vibratory transducers already are used in many classrooms for deaf children to provide supplementary speech input, and educators must learn how to present vibratory stimuli most effectively for perceptual learning. Vibration provides mainly the gross time-intensity information in speech. This paper describes the variety of speech cues that are available through the vibratory sense, for example, number of syllables; syllable rate, stress, and onset/decay; pause; and roughness. An optical analog (tracings from a storage oscilloscope) is used to show the type of information available to deaf persons through vibration. Deaf children are able to perform not only closed-set recognition tasks but also can learn to identify general characteristics of vibratory speech patterns. Although vibratory perception alone is limited for communication, vibratory input can serve as a supplement to lipreading and also as a speech-training aid for profoundly deaf persons.", "contents": "Vibratory perception by deaf children. Audiologists and educators of the deaf have become interested in vibratory perception of speech because: (1) research suggests that profoundly deaf children feel rather than hear amplified speech through their ears, and educators must help them to use this acoustic (vibratory) speech information; and (2) vibratory transducers already are used in many classrooms for deaf children to provide supplementary speech input, and educators must learn how to present vibratory stimuli most effectively for perceptual learning. Vibration provides mainly the gross time-intensity information in speech. This paper describes the variety of speech cues that are available through the vibratory sense, for example, number of syllables; syllable rate, stress, and onset/decay; pause; and roughness. An optical analog (tracings from a storage oscilloscope) is used to show the type of information available to deaf persons through vibration. Deaf children are able to perform not only closed-set recognition tasks but also can learn to identify general characteristics of vibratory speech patterns. Although vibratory perception alone is limited for communication, vibratory input can serve as a supplement to lipreading and also as a speech-training aid for profoundly deaf persons.", "PMID": 748187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7343", "title": "A discriminatory analysis based on dichotomized Rorschach scores of diabetic children.", "content": "16 diabetic children and 16 non-diabetic children were tested with the Rorschach. 183 dichotomized items were obtained. From the scores of these items a discriminant anlysis based on the weighted H index was obtained and applied to a new group. This group also consisted of 16 diabetic and 16 non-diabetic children. Using the discriminant analysis, all but one of the children in the new group were correctly classified. It is interesting to notice that \"penetration\" a Rorschach item indicating a disturbed body-image, has the highest absolute value of the D-estimate. A disturbed body-image development is a common feature in the diabetic group.", "contents": "A discriminatory analysis based on dichotomized Rorschach scores of diabetic children. 16 diabetic children and 16 non-diabetic children were tested with the Rorschach. 183 dichotomized items were obtained. From the scores of these items a discriminant anlysis based on the weighted H index was obtained and applied to a new group. This group also consisted of 16 diabetic and 16 non-diabetic children. Using the discriminant analysis, all but one of the children in the new group were correctly classified. It is interesting to notice that \"penetration\" a Rorschach item indicating a disturbed body-image, has the highest absolute value of the D-estimate. A disturbed body-image development is a common feature in the diabetic group.", "PMID": 748189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7344", "title": "A study of the play behavior of retarded children.", "content": "Piaget, Almy and Peller have pointed to the necessity of play for cognitive development. Earlier, Lehman and Witty, Boyton and Ford, Horne and Philleo. Tilton, Ottinger and Weiner conducted studies on play in cognitively disturbed children. Hetzer and Inhelder show that the retarded child annot utilize his play area because of poor imagination and lack of expressive skills. Many play activities have a perseverating character. They cannot make sufficient use of the possibilities inherent in the toys presented to them. Uncontrolled drives inhibit creative and constructive play. Often, a plan d'attaque for play is lacking. Following on the heels of earlier studies, systematic play observations of 38 retarded children were made using ten observation categories. In Table II the results are shown of the way in which the child uses a toy. The play behavior of the retarded child is predominated by a great need to explore, experiment and move. He hardly has a chance to use toys in a creative way resulting in a play endproduct. The choice of toys is given in Table III. Boys had a particular interest in vehicles and environmental material, girls in dolls. According to expectation, the level of play behavior (Table IV) and the scores on an intelligence test (HAWIK) appeared to positively correlate with each other. This was also true for the correlations between the subtest scores and play behavior, with the exception of similarities and block design. Also, the variation in the exhibited play behavior correlated positively with the measured IQ's. In view of the correlations found, there are indications that imitation play is important for emotional and social behavior. Older study results, which showed a connection between an identification score and imitation play seem to be confirmed in retarded children, too. For the practical situation in child-rearing and education, the study results point to the necessity of bringing the retarded child into contact with as many different toys as possible.", "contents": "A study of the play behavior of retarded children. Piaget, Almy and Peller have pointed to the necessity of play for cognitive development. Earlier, Lehman and Witty, Boyton and Ford, Horne and Philleo. Tilton, Ottinger and Weiner conducted studies on play in cognitively disturbed children. Hetzer and Inhelder show that the retarded child annot utilize his play area because of poor imagination and lack of expressive skills. Many play activities have a perseverating character. They cannot make sufficient use of the possibilities inherent in the toys presented to them. Uncontrolled drives inhibit creative and constructive play. Often, a plan d'attaque for play is lacking. Following on the heels of earlier studies, systematic play observations of 38 retarded children were made using ten observation categories. In Table II the results are shown of the way in which the child uses a toy. The play behavior of the retarded child is predominated by a great need to explore, experiment and move. He hardly has a chance to use toys in a creative way resulting in a play endproduct. The choice of toys is given in Table III. Boys had a particular interest in vehicles and environmental material, girls in dolls. According to expectation, the level of play behavior (Table IV) and the scores on an intelligence test (HAWIK) appeared to positively correlate with each other. This was also true for the correlations between the subtest scores and play behavior, with the exception of similarities and block design. Also, the variation in the exhibited play behavior correlated positively with the measured IQ's. In view of the correlations found, there are indications that imitation play is important for emotional and social behavior. Older study results, which showed a connection between an identification score and imitation play seem to be confirmed in retarded children, too. For the practical situation in child-rearing and education, the study results point to the necessity of bringing the retarded child into contact with as many different toys as possible.", "PMID": 748190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7345", "title": "[Communicative and social behavior of speech disordered children].", "content": "The spheres covering behaviour disorders, social behaviour and communicative behaviour of speech impaired pupils which until now have been analyzed on a more theoretical level, ought to be studied using psychometric testing procedures and an esperimental observational situation in order to gain base data with which to set up a concrete catalogue of aims (learning program) based on the deficits thereby obtained. The study took place at the special school in Esslinger-Berkheim (Baden-Wurttemberg). By taking into account relevant specialized literature and the results of other studies, the following general hypotheses were advanced, namely, that the communication of speech handicapped children is troubled in respect of its content and relation, and that their social behaviour shows more egoistic than cooperative features. In order to determine social motivations and attitudes, we used Muller's \"Social Motivation Test\" (SMT) and Jorger's \"Group test for the social attitude\" (S-E-T). Due to the inconsistency between the attitudes measured by means of psychometric methods and the sbusequent free and genuine behaviour, an observational situation was developed during which the pupils, either in pairs or in groups of four and using puppets, took turns in thinking up a story, discussing the plot, roles, etc. and finally putting on the play. The whole was then analyzed by means of tape recordings and film shots, the interaction of the communicating partners being analyzed and categorized in two separate assessment stages: communicative behaviour and social behaviour. The pragmatic axioms of P. Watzlawick, the communication researcher, functioned as theoretical background. Flanders's linear time diagram was used as assessment system. Communicative and social learning aims were prepared in accordance with confirming hypotheses to enable a \"preliminary area\" for the practical work in (special) education to be defined. In addition, a rough outline was made of the conditional areas pertaining to social and communicative education of the speech impaired for the purpose of carrying out a systematic change.", "contents": "[Communicative and social behavior of speech disordered children]. The spheres covering behaviour disorders, social behaviour and communicative behaviour of speech impaired pupils which until now have been analyzed on a more theoretical level, ought to be studied using psychometric testing procedures and an esperimental observational situation in order to gain base data with which to set up a concrete catalogue of aims (learning program) based on the deficits thereby obtained. The study took place at the special school in Esslinger-Berkheim (Baden-Wurttemberg). By taking into account relevant specialized literature and the results of other studies, the following general hypotheses were advanced, namely, that the communication of speech handicapped children is troubled in respect of its content and relation, and that their social behaviour shows more egoistic than cooperative features. In order to determine social motivations and attitudes, we used Muller's \"Social Motivation Test\" (SMT) and Jorger's \"Group test for the social attitude\" (S-E-T). Due to the inconsistency between the attitudes measured by means of psychometric methods and the sbusequent free and genuine behaviour, an observational situation was developed during which the pupils, either in pairs or in groups of four and using puppets, took turns in thinking up a story, discussing the plot, roles, etc. and finally putting on the play. The whole was then analyzed by means of tape recordings and film shots, the interaction of the communicating partners being analyzed and categorized in two separate assessment stages: communicative behaviour and social behaviour. The pragmatic axioms of P. Watzlawick, the communication researcher, functioned as theoretical background. Flanders's linear time diagram was used as assessment system. Communicative and social learning aims were prepared in accordance with confirming hypotheses to enable a \"preliminary area\" for the practical work in (special) education to be defined. In addition, a rough outline was made of the conditional areas pertaining to social and communicative education of the speech impaired for the purpose of carrying out a systematic change.", "PMID": 748191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7346", "title": "Socio-cultural and clinical determinants of symptomatology in obsessional neurosis.", "content": "Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological viewpoint in order to unmask the clinical and socio-cultural determinants of symptom-choice in this disorder. The form of obsessions and compulsions seemed to be affected primarily by intrinsic factors (age, sex, I.Q.) while their content was affected equally, if not more, by extrinsic factors (religion, locality, social class). Patient's age at the onset of illness seemed to be an extremely relevant factor insofar as it affected both the form and the content of symptoms. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered these findings. The data is important insofar as it provides a baseline for cross-cultural studies of the phenomenology of obsessional illness.", "contents": "Socio-cultural and clinical determinants of symptomatology in obsessional neurosis. Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological viewpoint in order to unmask the clinical and socio-cultural determinants of symptom-choice in this disorder. The form of obsessions and compulsions seemed to be affected primarily by intrinsic factors (age, sex, I.Q.) while their content was affected equally, if not more, by extrinsic factors (religion, locality, social class). Patient's age at the onset of illness seemed to be an extremely relevant factor insofar as it affected both the form and the content of symptoms. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered these findings. The data is important insofar as it provides a baseline for cross-cultural studies of the phenomenology of obsessional illness.", "PMID": 748223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7347", "title": "Obsessional neurosis, marriage, sex and fertility: some transcultural comparisons.", "content": "In a study of 82 obsessional neurotics, it was found that Indian obsessives, unlike their counterparts in other countries, do not display a higher than expected rate of celibacy, bachelorhood, and low fertility. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered for these findings.", "contents": "Obsessional neurosis, marriage, sex and fertility: some transcultural comparisons. In a study of 82 obsessional neurotics, it was found that Indian obsessives, unlike their counterparts in other countries, do not display a higher than expected rate of celibacy, bachelorhood, and low fertility. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered for these findings.", "PMID": 748224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7348", "title": "Sociocultural factors in hallucinations.", "content": "Sociocultural factors affect both the definition and the sense organs involved in hallucinations. It is suggested that, in addition to the importance of audition in communication on the human level, other sociocultural factors may affect the choice of sense organs in the expression of hallucinatory experience. As compared with non-Western societies, Western attitudes consider hallucinations more shameful and frightening (symptoms of mental illness) and this tend to be more liable to concealment and chronicity. It is proposed that the psychoanalytical approached to the interpretation of dreams or behavioural techniques could be used to overcome the concomitants of Western attitudes toward hallucinations.", "contents": "Sociocultural factors in hallucinations. Sociocultural factors affect both the definition and the sense organs involved in hallucinations. It is suggested that, in addition to the importance of audition in communication on the human level, other sociocultural factors may affect the choice of sense organs in the expression of hallucinatory experience. As compared with non-Western societies, Western attitudes consider hallucinations more shameful and frightening (symptoms of mental illness) and this tend to be more liable to concealment and chronicity. It is proposed that the psychoanalytical approached to the interpretation of dreams or behavioural techniques could be used to overcome the concomitants of Western attitudes toward hallucinations.", "PMID": 748225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7349", "title": "Cultural aspects of psychiatric clinic utilization a cross-cultural study in Hawaii.", "content": "Data was obtained by ethnic status from 411 outpatients at a psychiatric clinic in Honolulu, Hawaii, and were then analyzed according to demographic variables, welfare status, source of referral, primary compliants or symptoms, diagnosis, and duration of treatment received. Clinic utilization was highly related to ethnicity, with Caucasians highly over-represented in proportion to the population, and other groups, especially Japanese, being greatly under-represented. The Caucasians were more likely to be self-referred, to have subjective symptoms of anxiety and depression, and to receive a neurotic diagnosis. The Japanese, and to some extent all other groups, were more often referred after a crisis or severe mental illness, displayed more socially disruptive symptoms, and had a higher percentage of schizophrenic diagnoses. Ethnicity was thus highly related to utilization of mental health services; however, once entry into the system was made, review of therapist case loads and analysis of duration of treatment revealed no ethnic difference in the clinic's response to patients.", "contents": "Cultural aspects of psychiatric clinic utilization a cross-cultural study in Hawaii. Data was obtained by ethnic status from 411 outpatients at a psychiatric clinic in Honolulu, Hawaii, and were then analyzed according to demographic variables, welfare status, source of referral, primary compliants or symptoms, diagnosis, and duration of treatment received. Clinic utilization was highly related to ethnicity, with Caucasians highly over-represented in proportion to the population, and other groups, especially Japanese, being greatly under-represented. The Caucasians were more likely to be self-referred, to have subjective symptoms of anxiety and depression, and to receive a neurotic diagnosis. The Japanese, and to some extent all other groups, were more often referred after a crisis or severe mental illness, displayed more socially disruptive symptoms, and had a higher percentage of schizophrenic diagnoses. Ethnicity was thus highly related to utilization of mental health services; however, once entry into the system was made, review of therapist case loads and analysis of duration of treatment revealed no ethnic difference in the clinic's response to patients.", "PMID": 748226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7350", "title": "Mental illness and the family in America and India.", "content": "The relationship of family support systems to emotional problems is presented from a transcultural perspective in the light of differences in the types of patients seen at one American and two Indian clinics. The American cultural emphasis on individuation and role adequacy is reflected in a much higher incidence of adjustment reactions and personality disorders among American patients. The positive view of mutuality and interdependence among Indians helps decrease the need for psychiatric help for these problems so long as the individual is an integral part of the family. Separation from the supportive role of the family, however, brings about a sharp increase in the incidence of these problems.", "contents": "Mental illness and the family in America and India. The relationship of family support systems to emotional problems is presented from a transcultural perspective in the light of differences in the types of patients seen at one American and two Indian clinics. The American cultural emphasis on individuation and role adequacy is reflected in a much higher incidence of adjustment reactions and personality disorders among American patients. The positive view of mutuality and interdependence among Indians helps decrease the need for psychiatric help for these problems so long as the individual is an integral part of the family. Separation from the supportive role of the family, however, brings about a sharp increase in the incidence of these problems.", "PMID": 748233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7351", "title": "Surface features of S\u00e9zary cells. A scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "The surface features of circulating cells from three patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The S\u00e9zary cells were mostly spherical and displayed varying numbers of microvilli. Most cells had moderately to markedly villous surfaces and had surface features similar to circulating leukemic lymphocytes isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Some cells were more irregular in shape, while others displayed clusters of polarized microvilli and small uropods. Similar findings were seen in thin sections of cells on transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Surface features of S\u00e9zary cells. A scanning electron microscopy study. The surface features of circulating cells from three patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The S\u00e9zary cells were mostly spherical and displayed varying numbers of microvilli. Most cells had moderately to markedly villous surfaces and had surface features similar to circulating leukemic lymphocytes isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Some cells were more irregular in shape, while others displayed clusters of polarized microvilli and small uropods. Similar findings were seen in thin sections of cells on transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 748234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7352", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and subsequent chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient with breast carcinoma.", "content": "This report deals with an unusual case of a patient with four primary tumors. Hodgkin's disease developed in an elderly woman 21 years after she was treated for carcinoma of the breast by surgery and irradiation. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and a liposarcoma of the soft tissues developed two years after the appearance of Hodgkin's lymphoma. The coexistence of four primary tumors in the same patient is rare; the simultaneous occurrence of Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia is in itself a rare association  and is probably a chance finding. The development of these neoplasias may in some way relate to the radiotherapy given to the patient.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and subsequent chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient with breast carcinoma. This report deals with an unusual case of a patient with four primary tumors. Hodgkin's disease developed in an elderly woman 21 years after she was treated for carcinoma of the breast by surgery and irradiation. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and a liposarcoma of the soft tissues developed two years after the appearance of Hodgkin's lymphoma. The coexistence of four primary tumors in the same patient is rare; the simultaneous occurrence of Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia is in itself a rare association  and is probably a chance finding. The development of these neoplasias may in some way relate to the radiotherapy given to the patient.", "PMID": 748235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7353", "title": "Myeloma cells: surface morphology as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Cells from cultured murine myeloma cell lines and circulating leukemic plasma cells from two patients with generalized myeloma were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both circulating and cultured cells exhibited consistent surface architectures. Microvilli and varying numbers of prominent blebs of different sizes were seen. The presence of surface blebs is a characteristic feature of secreting and nonsecreting myeloma cells.", "contents": "Myeloma cells: surface morphology as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cells from cultured murine myeloma cell lines and circulating leukemic plasma cells from two patients with generalized myeloma were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both circulating and cultured cells exhibited consistent surface architectures. Microvilli and varying numbers of prominent blebs of different sizes were seen. The presence of surface blebs is a characteristic feature of secreting and nonsecreting myeloma cells.", "PMID": 748237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7354", "title": "Monoclonal gammopathy and subsequent multiple myeloma in a patient on chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy.", "content": "The development of an IgG lambda-type monoclonal gammopathy and subsequent multiple myeloma in an epilepsy patient on diphenylhydantoin (DILANTIN) therapy for 20 years is reported. We regard the association recorded in this case to be a coincidence despite the known association between the drug and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma. We recommended periodic examination of the serum proteins in patients receiving diphenylhydantoin in order to detect development of monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammopathy and subsequent multiple myeloma in a patient on chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy. The development of an IgG lambda-type monoclonal gammopathy and subsequent multiple myeloma in an epilepsy patient on diphenylhydantoin (DILANTIN) therapy for 20 years is reported. We regard the association recorded in this case to be a coincidence despite the known association between the drug and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma. We recommended periodic examination of the serum proteins in patients receiving diphenylhydantoin in order to detect development of monoclonal gammopathy.", "PMID": 748238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7355", "title": "Rosette formation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: studies of lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymph node biopsy.", "content": "Lymphocytes were obtained from a lymph node biopsy from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in whom B and T lymphocytes were present in equal percentages in the peripheral blood. The lymphocytes were examined for rosette formation with mouse and sheep erythrocytes in order to determine whether the leukemic process was of the B or T cell type.", "contents": "Rosette formation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: studies of lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymph node biopsy. Lymphocytes were obtained from a lymph node biopsy from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in whom B and T lymphocytes were present in equal percentages in the peripheral blood. The lymphocytes were examined for rosette formation with mouse and sheep erythrocytes in order to determine whether the leukemic process was of the B or T cell type.", "PMID": 748239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7356", "title": "Familial leukopenia among Yemenite Jews.", "content": "Benign familial leukopenia was found in 75 of 200 healthy Yemenite Jews examined. The leukopenia was not a constant finding and was not associated with a tendency toward infection. HLA typing showed no significant differences in the frequency of the various HLA antigens between the subjects with and without leukopenia. No similarity was found between the HLA of the Yemenite Jews with leukopenia and that reported in black Africans with benign familial leukopenia. The suggestion of a genetic contribution from African blacks to Yemenite Jews is not supported by these results. The question remains to be answered whether the familial leukopenia in Yemenite Jews and black Africans is the result of a mutation.", "contents": "Familial leukopenia among Yemenite Jews. Benign familial leukopenia was found in 75 of 200 healthy Yemenite Jews examined. The leukopenia was not a constant finding and was not associated with a tendency toward infection. HLA typing showed no significant differences in the frequency of the various HLA antigens between the subjects with and without leukopenia. No similarity was found between the HLA of the Yemenite Jews with leukopenia and that reported in black Africans with benign familial leukopenia. The suggestion of a genetic contribution from African blacks to Yemenite Jews is not supported by these results. The question remains to be answered whether the familial leukopenia in Yemenite Jews and black Africans is the result of a mutation.", "PMID": 748240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7357", "title": "Selective splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II. Results of treatment.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with Hodgkin's disease, in stages I or II, asymptomatic (A) or symptomatic (B), were diagnosed and followed at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center from 1969 to 1976. Only 14 were staged pathologically. Until 1971, the patients received mantle or \"inverted Y\" therapy only; thereafter, an extended field that included mantle, upper abdomen and spleen irradiation was given. Symptomatic patients, as well as patients with extranodal involvement, received MOPP chemotherapy (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) after termination of radiotherapy. Of 51 patients who were in stage IA or IIA, six relapsed 20 to 43 months after irradiation. Three had a pelvic recurrence; two of them were surgically staged. Thus, in only 1 of 51 patients could staging laparotomy possibly have detected pelvic disease and resulted in different therapy. Our results suggest that total nodal irradiation and staging laparotomy are not mandatory in stages IA and IIA of Hodgkin's disease. The group of 12 symptomatic patients is too small to allow us to draw definite conclusions as to the role of staging laparotomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, in view of the high relapse rate in the upstaged symptomatic patients, it seems that chemotherapy should be given to these patients.", "contents": "Selective splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II. Results of treatment. Sixty-three patients with Hodgkin's disease, in stages I or II, asymptomatic (A) or symptomatic (B), were diagnosed and followed at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center from 1969 to 1976. Only 14 were staged pathologically. Until 1971, the patients received mantle or \"inverted Y\" therapy only; thereafter, an extended field that included mantle, upper abdomen and spleen irradiation was given. Symptomatic patients, as well as patients with extranodal involvement, received MOPP chemotherapy (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) after termination of radiotherapy. Of 51 patients who were in stage IA or IIA, six relapsed 20 to 43 months after irradiation. Three had a pelvic recurrence; two of them were surgically staged. Thus, in only 1 of 51 patients could staging laparotomy possibly have detected pelvic disease and resulted in different therapy. Our results suggest that total nodal irradiation and staging laparotomy are not mandatory in stages IA and IIA of Hodgkin's disease. The group of 12 symptomatic patients is too small to allow us to draw definite conclusions as to the role of staging laparotomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, in view of the high relapse rate in the upstaged symptomatic patients, it seems that chemotherapy should be given to these patients.", "PMID": 748241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7358", "title": "Psoroptic ear mites in dairy goats.", "content": "Of 24 adult dairy goats examined at necropsy, 21 were found to be infected with ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi), but none had gross signs of ear scab. Clinical examination of approximately 200 live adult goats on 23 farms revealed ear scabs in only one animal; however, the frequency of head shaking and ear scratching was high. On one farm with 170 lactating does, most of 25 kids examined within 6 weeks of birth were found to be infested. Serial examination of growing kids on another farm revealed mites in the ears of kids by 10 days of age. The onset of clinical signs of ear mite infestation was evident in all kids on the property during the 3rd week of life. In one instance when infested adult goats and kids were penned with adult sheep and lambs, there was no evidence of cross infestation.", "contents": "Psoroptic ear mites in dairy goats. Of 24 adult dairy goats examined at necropsy, 21 were found to be infected with ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi), but none had gross signs of ear scab. Clinical examination of approximately 200 live adult goats on 23 farms revealed ear scabs in only one animal; however, the frequency of head shaking and ear scratching was high. On one farm with 170 lactating does, most of 25 kids examined within 6 weeks of birth were found to be infested. Serial examination of growing kids on another farm revealed mites in the ears of kids by 10 days of age. The onset of clinical signs of ear mite infestation was evident in all kids on the property during the 3rd week of life. In one instance when infested adult goats and kids were penned with adult sheep and lambs, there was no evidence of cross infestation.", "PMID": 748298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7359", "title": "Capsulotomy technique in the presence of an anterior chamber lens.", "content": "A modified Sato technique has proved to be a highly successful and atraumatic method of posterior capsulotomy in the presence of an anterior chamber lens. The lens remains undisturbed and iris-ciliary body, vitreous-retinal traction is avoided.", "contents": "Capsulotomy technique in the presence of an anterior chamber lens. A modified Sato technique has proved to be a highly successful and atraumatic method of posterior capsulotomy in the presence of an anterior chamber lens. The lens remains undisturbed and iris-ciliary body, vitreous-retinal traction is avoided.", "PMID": 748307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7360", "title": "Prophylaxis of aphakic cystoid macular edema using topical indomethacin.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to define clinically the effect of topical indomethacin in preventing CME. The study was conducted on 50 patients who underwent bilateral intracapsular extraction of senile cataracts. One eye was used as the experimental subject and the other as the control. Postoperative alterations in the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the chronological relationship of the changes in the retina and the blood-aqueous barrier were also studied. The mechanism underlying these postoperative ocular changes is discussed. In cases treated with indomethacin, the incidence and severity of CME were much milder than in the untreated fellow eye. These results were satistically significant. The chronological relationship between the hypothesized disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and occurrence of CME after surgery strongly suggests that the latter occurs secondary to the former which, in turn, is initiated by prostaglandins synthesized in the iris during (and probably shortly after) the lens extraction. Thus prostaglandins may serve as a trigger in the production of the disorder, though this is not universally accepted.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of aphakic cystoid macular edema using topical indomethacin. The purpose of the present investigation was to define clinically the effect of topical indomethacin in preventing CME. The study was conducted on 50 patients who underwent bilateral intracapsular extraction of senile cataracts. One eye was used as the experimental subject and the other as the control. Postoperative alterations in the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the chronological relationship of the changes in the retina and the blood-aqueous barrier were also studied. The mechanism underlying these postoperative ocular changes is discussed. In cases treated with indomethacin, the incidence and severity of CME were much milder than in the untreated fellow eye. These results were satistically significant. The chronological relationship between the hypothesized disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and occurrence of CME after surgery strongly suggests that the latter occurs secondary to the former which, in turn, is initiated by prostaglandins synthesized in the iris during (and probably shortly after) the lens extraction. Thus prostaglandins may serve as a trigger in the production of the disorder, though this is not universally accepted.", "PMID": 748308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7361", "title": "Secondary lens implantation in aphakia: visual results and complications.", "content": "We reviewed 70 cases that had undergone secondary lens implantation. The lenses used included 34 Medallion and 36 Choyce Mark VIII lenses. A 20/40 or better vision was present in 74.3% of the cases before implantation, and could be achieved postoperatively in 95.7% of the cases. Corneal changes, i.e. endothelial corneal dystrophy and induced astigmatism, were not noted in cases where Choyce Mark VIII lenses were used. Cystoid macular edema occurred in three cases where surgery followed an intracapsular cataract extraction (5.3%).", "contents": "Secondary lens implantation in aphakia: visual results and complications. We reviewed 70 cases that had undergone secondary lens implantation. The lenses used included 34 Medallion and 36 Choyce Mark VIII lenses. A 20/40 or better vision was present in 74.3% of the cases before implantation, and could be achieved postoperatively in 95.7% of the cases. Corneal changes, i.e. endothelial corneal dystrophy and induced astigmatism, were not noted in cases where Choyce Mark VIII lenses were used. Cystoid macular edema occurred in three cases where surgery followed an intracapsular cataract extraction (5.3%).", "PMID": 748309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7362", "title": "Visual results and complications of 500 intraocular lens implantations.", "content": "These statistics reported for the visual results and complications of 500 intraocular lenses suggest that better visual results are obtained following extracapsular surgery. After all nonoperative causes for vision less than 6/12 were eliminated, 85.2% of the intracapsular cataract extractions had 6/12 or better vision. A similar group of planned extracapsular cataract extractions and phacoemulsifications yielded vision of 6/12 or better in 95% and 91.2% respectively.", "contents": "Visual results and complications of 500 intraocular lens implantations. These statistics reported for the visual results and complications of 500 intraocular lenses suggest that better visual results are obtained following extracapsular surgery. After all nonoperative causes for vision less than 6/12 were eliminated, 85.2% of the intracapsular cataract extractions had 6/12 or better vision. A similar group of planned extracapsular cataract extractions and phacoemulsifications yielded vision of 6/12 or better in 95% and 91.2% respectively.", "PMID": 748310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7363", "title": "The new soft intraocular lens implant.", "content": "The 29 cases using the Type E soft implant demonstrated that: 1. This implant is acceptable to the eye. 2. Good visual acuity can be obtained from a soft implant. 3. Postoperative course is characterized by minimal reaction. 4. This intraocular implant design is acceptable to the eye and stable within it. As with any new procedure, the actual facts are only known after a number of years of experience. The potential long-term success of the soft implant opens up a new vista in the field of intraocular lens implantation. We hope that our continuing efforts will prove useful in approaching the goal of perfect sight following cataract surgery.", "contents": "The new soft intraocular lens implant. The 29 cases using the Type E soft implant demonstrated that: 1. This implant is acceptable to the eye. 2. Good visual acuity can be obtained from a soft implant. 3. Postoperative course is characterized by minimal reaction. 4. This intraocular implant design is acceptable to the eye and stable within it. As with any new procedure, the actual facts are only known after a number of years of experience. The potential long-term success of the soft implant opens up a new vista in the field of intraocular lens implantation. We hope that our continuing efforts will prove useful in approaching the goal of perfect sight following cataract surgery.", "PMID": 748312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7364", "title": "The posterior capsule and phacoemulsification.", "content": "1. The discission rate for 268 patients with intact posterior capsules with a 32-month follow-up in 43%. 2. The discission rate for 160 patients with intact posterior capsules and IOL implants with a 20-months follow-up in 20%. 3. To open or not open the posterior capsule at the time of surgery should be decided by the surgeons using these consistent statistics.", "contents": "The posterior capsule and phacoemulsification. 1. The discission rate for 268 patients with intact posterior capsules with a 32-month follow-up in 43%. 2. The discission rate for 160 patients with intact posterior capsules and IOL implants with a 20-months follow-up in 20%. 3. To open or not open the posterior capsule at the time of surgery should be decided by the surgeons using these consistent statistics.", "PMID": 748313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7365", "title": "Clinical prediction versus ultrasound measurement of IOL power.", "content": "1. Clinical prediction was better than ultrasound prediction for the first 20 cases. It was approximately equal for the next 20 cases, but after this ultrasound was the more accurate. 2. There was no significant difference in ability of either clinical prediction of ultrasound to predict the power of various types of lenses, namely, 4-loop intracapsular lenses, 2-loop extracapsular lenses and Choyce-style anterior chamber lenses. 3. There was no clinically significant difference in accuracy of prediction regardless of the source (manufacturer) studied in this series. 4. Two major factors affecting results which ultrasound is totally helpless in predicting are surgically induced astigmatism and accuracy of stated lens power supplied.", "contents": "Clinical prediction versus ultrasound measurement of IOL power. 1. Clinical prediction was better than ultrasound prediction for the first 20 cases. It was approximately equal for the next 20 cases, but after this ultrasound was the more accurate. 2. There was no significant difference in ability of either clinical prediction of ultrasound to predict the power of various types of lenses, namely, 4-loop intracapsular lenses, 2-loop extracapsular lenses and Choyce-style anterior chamber lenses. 3. There was no clinically significant difference in accuracy of prediction regardless of the source (manufacturer) studied in this series. 4. Two major factors affecting results which ultrasound is totally helpless in predicting are surgically induced astigmatism and accuracy of stated lens power supplied.", "PMID": 748330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7366", "title": "Cataract wound closure with polyglactin 910 following insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens: preliminary report.", "content": "In this preliminary report our results with 8-0 braided polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure after insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens were encouraging. However, more experience is required before valid conclusions can be reached regarding its safety. Early experience indicates that the surgeon should approach the use of 9-0 monofilament polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure following insertion of an intraocular lens with extreme caution.", "contents": "Cataract wound closure with polyglactin 910 following insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens: preliminary report. In this preliminary report our results with 8-0 braided polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure after insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens were encouraging. However, more experience is required before valid conclusions can be reached regarding its safety. Early experience indicates that the surgeon should approach the use of 9-0 monofilament polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure following insertion of an intraocular lens with extreme caution.", "PMID": 748331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7367", "title": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. III. Effects of I-cell and nerve cell densities.", "content": "The interstitial cell (i-cell) of hydra, a multipotent stem cell, produces two classes of differentiated cell types, nerve cells and nematocytes, throughout asexual growth. Using a new assay, the regulation of i-cell commitment to either nerve cell or nematocyte differentiation was investigated. This assay was used to determine the fractions of i-cells differentiating into nerve cells and nematocyte precursors in a variety of in vivo cellular milieus produced by hydroxyurea treatment, differential feeding, and reaggregation of dissociated cells. Nematocyte commitment was found to be positively correlated with the size of the i-cell population and independent of the axial position of the i-cells along the body column. This indicates that i-cell commitment to nematocyte differentiation may be regulated by feedback from the i-cell population. Nerve cell commitment was found to be correlated with regions of high nerve cell density. This suggests that nerve cell commitment is regulated by feedback from the nerve cell population or is dependent on axial position. Implications of such mechanisms for the regulation of i-cell population size and distribution are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. III. Effects of I-cell and nerve cell densities. The interstitial cell (i-cell) of hydra, a multipotent stem cell, produces two classes of differentiated cell types, nerve cells and nematocytes, throughout asexual growth. Using a new assay, the regulation of i-cell commitment to either nerve cell or nematocyte differentiation was investigated. This assay was used to determine the fractions of i-cells differentiating into nerve cells and nematocyte precursors in a variety of in vivo cellular milieus produced by hydroxyurea treatment, differential feeding, and reaggregation of dissociated cells. Nematocyte commitment was found to be positively correlated with the size of the i-cell population and independent of the axial position of the i-cells along the body column. This indicates that i-cell commitment to nematocyte differentiation may be regulated by feedback from the i-cell population. Nerve cell commitment was found to be correlated with regions of high nerve cell density. This suggests that nerve cell commitment is regulated by feedback from the nerve cell population or is dependent on axial position. Implications of such mechanisms for the regulation of i-cell population size and distribution are discussed.", "PMID": 748332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7368", "title": "Effect of temperature and divalent cations on the substratum attachment of rat hepatocytes in vitro.", "content": "The attachment of rat hepatocytes to polystyrene-adsorbed serum protein is relatively insensitive to inhibitors such as dextran sulphate, cycloheximide, colchicine and cytochalasin B, and enzymes like trypsin and neuraminidase, but it is strongly dependent on divalent cations. Mg2+ supports attachment better than Ca2+, but a combination of both is required for maximal attachment. The attachment is very temperature-sensitive, with a biphasic Arrhenius plot indicating an activation energy of 123 kJ/mol above 34 degrees C and 374 kJ/mol below 34 degrees C. The adsorbed attachment-promoting serum factor is inactivated by trypsin, or by Ca2+-dependent proteases which contaminate commercial preparations of collagenase. The adsorbed factor is resistant to treatment with glutaraldehyde, neuraminidase and heating to 90 degrees C, whereas the same factor in the unadsorbed state (in serum) is destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C. The factor in serum is unable to compete with the adsorbed factor for cell binding, hence it would appear that adsorption to polystyrene induces the active, heat-resistant conformation of the factor.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and divalent cations on the substratum attachment of rat hepatocytes in vitro. The attachment of rat hepatocytes to polystyrene-adsorbed serum protein is relatively insensitive to inhibitors such as dextran sulphate, cycloheximide, colchicine and cytochalasin B, and enzymes like trypsin and neuraminidase, but it is strongly dependent on divalent cations. Mg2+ supports attachment better than Ca2+, but a combination of both is required for maximal attachment. The attachment is very temperature-sensitive, with a biphasic Arrhenius plot indicating an activation energy of 123 kJ/mol above 34 degrees C and 374 kJ/mol below 34 degrees C. The adsorbed attachment-promoting serum factor is inactivated by trypsin, or by Ca2+-dependent proteases which contaminate commercial preparations of collagenase. The adsorbed factor is resistant to treatment with glutaraldehyde, neuraminidase and heating to 90 degrees C, whereas the same factor in the unadsorbed state (in serum) is destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C. The factor in serum is unable to compete with the adsorbed factor for cell binding, hence it would appear that adsorption to polystyrene induces the active, heat-resistant conformation of the factor.", "PMID": 748333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7369", "title": "Comparison of cell attachment and caseinolytic activities of five tumour cell types.", "content": "We have examined the ability of 5 tumour cell types to attach to plastic flasks in medium containing either 10% foetal calf serum or 10% normal human serum and compared this ability with cell-associated caseinolytic activity. The cell types used included fibrosarcoma cells which were obtained from a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour in a C57 BL/6 mouse, the SV40-transformed 3T3 (BALB/c) cells, the Walker carcinosarcoma cells and 2 lines of HeLa cells. All 5 cell types attached to the flasks and spread out efficiently in medium containing 10% foetal calf serum. The walker carcinosarcoma cells and the 2 lines of HeLa cells also attached efficiently in medium containing 10% normal human serum and grew into monolayers in this medium. These 3 cell types had no detectable caseinolytic activity. The fibrosarcoma cells and the SV40-transformed 3T3 (BALB/c) cells did not attach in normal human serum-containing medium. These 2 cell types had readily detected caseinolytic activity. Normal human serum and foetal calf serum were compared for levels of protease-inhibitor activity. Human serum was found to have less activity than foetal calf serum against both trypsin and plasmin as well as the cell-associated caseinolytic activity. The low level of protease inhibitor activity in normal human serum may contribute to the inability of this serum to support the attachment of cells with detectable protease activity because the addition of protease inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor, lima bean trypsin inhibitor and bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor to normal human serum dramatically enhanced cell attachment. In contrast to this, the addition of E-amino-n-caproic acid to normal human serum and the removal of plasminogen from normal human serum did not enhance its capacity to support cell attachment.", "contents": "Comparison of cell attachment and caseinolytic activities of five tumour cell types. We have examined the ability of 5 tumour cell types to attach to plastic flasks in medium containing either 10% foetal calf serum or 10% normal human serum and compared this ability with cell-associated caseinolytic activity. The cell types used included fibrosarcoma cells which were obtained from a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour in a C57 BL/6 mouse, the SV40-transformed 3T3 (BALB/c) cells, the Walker carcinosarcoma cells and 2 lines of HeLa cells. All 5 cell types attached to the flasks and spread out efficiently in medium containing 10% foetal calf serum. The walker carcinosarcoma cells and the 2 lines of HeLa cells also attached efficiently in medium containing 10% normal human serum and grew into monolayers in this medium. These 3 cell types had no detectable caseinolytic activity. The fibrosarcoma cells and the SV40-transformed 3T3 (BALB/c) cells did not attach in normal human serum-containing medium. These 2 cell types had readily detected caseinolytic activity. Normal human serum and foetal calf serum were compared for levels of protease-inhibitor activity. Human serum was found to have less activity than foetal calf serum against both trypsin and plasmin as well as the cell-associated caseinolytic activity. The low level of protease inhibitor activity in normal human serum may contribute to the inability of this serum to support the attachment of cells with detectable protease activity because the addition of protease inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor, lima bean trypsin inhibitor and bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor to normal human serum dramatically enhanced cell attachment. In contrast to this, the addition of E-amino-n-caproic acid to normal human serum and the removal of plasminogen from normal human serum did not enhance its capacity to support cell attachment.", "PMID": 748334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7370", "title": "An experimental study of the interaction between the soil amoeba Naegleria gruberi and a glass substrate during amoeboid locomotion.", "content": "The amoeboid locomotion of the soil protozoon Naegleria gruberi has been studied using reflexion-interference microscopy. Two types of contact are made with a planar glass substrate. One, formed at a considerable distance from the substrate in deionized water (congruent to 100 nm) has been termed 'associated contact' and usually involves a considerable surface area (of the order of 100 micrometer2), i.e. about a third of the cell profile. From this broad platform filopodia are produced which form close contacts ('focal contacts'). In locomotion the area of associated contact is very mobile, in contrast to the focal contacts which, once established, are stable. Focal contact sites are left behind on the glass surface ('footprints') when the amoeba moves away. The cell-substrate gap in the associated contact is greatly affected by the ionic strength of the medium and particularly the valency of the cation component. This suggests that long-range forces of attraction play an important role in keeping the amoeba close to a substrate and thus allow the production of filopodia from the ventral surface to form focal contacts.", "contents": "An experimental study of the interaction between the soil amoeba Naegleria gruberi and a glass substrate during amoeboid locomotion. The amoeboid locomotion of the soil protozoon Naegleria gruberi has been studied using reflexion-interference microscopy. Two types of contact are made with a planar glass substrate. One, formed at a considerable distance from the substrate in deionized water (congruent to 100 nm) has been termed 'associated contact' and usually involves a considerable surface area (of the order of 100 micrometer2), i.e. about a third of the cell profile. From this broad platform filopodia are produced which form close contacts ('focal contacts'). In locomotion the area of associated contact is very mobile, in contrast to the focal contacts which, once established, are stable. Focal contact sites are left behind on the glass surface ('footprints') when the amoeba moves away. The cell-substrate gap in the associated contact is greatly affected by the ionic strength of the medium and particularly the valency of the cation component. This suggests that long-range forces of attraction play an important role in keeping the amoeba close to a substrate and thus allow the production of filopodia from the ventral surface to form focal contacts.", "PMID": 748335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7371", "title": "Long-term maintenance of reaggregated hypothalamic cultures developed from embryonic rat hypothalamus: prostaglandin release during synaptogenesis in vitro.", "content": "Hypothalamic aggregate cultures were developed from hypothalami taken from rat embryos at 17-19 days gestation. The aggregate cultures exhibited a prominent morphological differentiation during 3-4 weeks in culture. The fine structure of the synapses formed in the aggregates resembled synapses in tha adult animal. During synaptogenesis the aggregates spontaneously release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The amount of PGE2 released in the media was reversed upon the morphological differentiation of the hypothalamic cultures. Media containing a higher PGE2 concentration increased the extracellular prolactin accumulation in monolayer cultures developed from adult rat hypophysis.", "contents": "Long-term maintenance of reaggregated hypothalamic cultures developed from embryonic rat hypothalamus: prostaglandin release during synaptogenesis in vitro. Hypothalamic aggregate cultures were developed from hypothalami taken from rat embryos at 17-19 days gestation. The aggregate cultures exhibited a prominent morphological differentiation during 3-4 weeks in culture. The fine structure of the synapses formed in the aggregates resembled synapses in tha adult animal. During synaptogenesis the aggregates spontaneously release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The amount of PGE2 released in the media was reversed upon the morphological differentiation of the hypothalamic cultures. Media containing a higher PGE2 concentration increased the extracellular prolactin accumulation in monolayer cultures developed from adult rat hypophysis.", "PMID": 748336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7372", "title": "The mechansim of antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro: a study by phase-contrast and electron microscopy.", "content": "A characteristic sequence of events has been identified by phase-contrast and electron microscopy during antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Human eosinophils initially adhere to the intact schistosomulum and then, in the presence of antibody, flatten and spread very intimately over the parasite's surface. Subsequently, dense material similar to the contents of the lysosomal granules of the eosinophils appears in the extracellular space between the eosinophil and the schistosomulum, probably following fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane of the cell. Eventually all the eosinophils adhering to the parasite are completely degranulated and large amounts of the dense material are observed on the surface of the schistosomulum. This release of granular material from the eosinophils is followed by structural changes in the schistosomulum, starting with vacuolation of the inner layer of the tegument, followed by removal of the tegument, often in the form of large sheets. Subsequently the tegument disintegrates and the fragments are phagocytosed by other eosinophils which have not degranulated. Eosinophils then attach to the exposed muscle layers of the schistosomula and participate in the further degradation of the parasites by phagocytosing fragments of muscle fibres and other cellular components. This sequence of events is compared with published observations of the damage induced by various combinations of antibody, complement and effector cells in vitro, and of cell-mediated damage to schistosomula in vivo, and it is concluded that the observations described in the present paper may reflect a process of destruction of schistosomula in the immune host.", "contents": "The mechansim of antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro: a study by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. A characteristic sequence of events has been identified by phase-contrast and electron microscopy during antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Human eosinophils initially adhere to the intact schistosomulum and then, in the presence of antibody, flatten and spread very intimately over the parasite's surface. Subsequently, dense material similar to the contents of the lysosomal granules of the eosinophils appears in the extracellular space between the eosinophil and the schistosomulum, probably following fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane of the cell. Eventually all the eosinophils adhering to the parasite are completely degranulated and large amounts of the dense material are observed on the surface of the schistosomulum. This release of granular material from the eosinophils is followed by structural changes in the schistosomulum, starting with vacuolation of the inner layer of the tegument, followed by removal of the tegument, often in the form of large sheets. Subsequently the tegument disintegrates and the fragments are phagocytosed by other eosinophils which have not degranulated. Eosinophils then attach to the exposed muscle layers of the schistosomula and participate in the further degradation of the parasites by phagocytosing fragments of muscle fibres and other cellular components. This sequence of events is compared with published observations of the damage induced by various combinations of antibody, complement and effector cells in vitro, and of cell-mediated damage to schistosomula in vivo, and it is concluded that the observations described in the present paper may reflect a process of destruction of schistosomula in the immune host.", "PMID": 748337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7373", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase: a useful marker for the isolation of sarcolemma from the bivalve (Modiolus demissus demissus) myocardium.", "content": "The presence of cholinesterase activity in M. demissus hearts was demonstrated by light- and electron-microscopic histochemistry and by enzymic assay. The enzyme proved to be acetylcholinesterase (AChE) since acetylthiocholine was the preferred substrate, and eserine or BW284C5I inhibited the enzyme activity, while isoOMPA was without effect. The AChE was localized and uniformly distributed along the cell surface membranes of the cardiac muscle cells. A fraction 8-fold enriched in AChE was isolated from pooled ventricles by a combination of differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This sarcolemmal fraction contained little mitochondrial contamination as determined by electron microscopy and by succinate cytochrome c reductase activity. In addition, this fraction stained uniformly for AChE, indicating that it was free of other membrane types (for example sarcoplasmic reticulum which did not stain for AChE). Therefore, this fraction contained purified cell surface membrane free of contamination by other membranous organelles.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase: a useful marker for the isolation of sarcolemma from the bivalve (Modiolus demissus demissus) myocardium. The presence of cholinesterase activity in M. demissus hearts was demonstrated by light- and electron-microscopic histochemistry and by enzymic assay. The enzyme proved to be acetylcholinesterase (AChE) since acetylthiocholine was the preferred substrate, and eserine or BW284C5I inhibited the enzyme activity, while isoOMPA was without effect. The AChE was localized and uniformly distributed along the cell surface membranes of the cardiac muscle cells. A fraction 8-fold enriched in AChE was isolated from pooled ventricles by a combination of differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This sarcolemmal fraction contained little mitochondrial contamination as determined by electron microscopy and by succinate cytochrome c reductase activity. In addition, this fraction stained uniformly for AChE, indicating that it was free of other membrane types (for example sarcoplasmic reticulum which did not stain for AChE). Therefore, this fraction contained purified cell surface membrane free of contamination by other membranous organelles.", "PMID": 748338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7374", "title": "Fine-structural changes in the nucleus of primordial oocytes in immature hamsters.", "content": "This study reports observations on fine-structural changes in the nucleus of the oocyte in hamsters during the establishment of the primordial (unilaminar) follicle at 7 to 12 days after birth. Following pachytene, the nuclei at early diplotene contain simple chromosomal cores surrounding by a sheath of fibrillo-granular material symmetrically disposed in the form of lateral projections and loops. From 9 days onwards increasing numbers of the oocytes show nuclei lacking such chromosomal threads: instead, they contain randomly disposed, condensed fibrillar clumps with associated dense knots of material, and prominent aggregations of 25--30-nm granules. This second nuclear form is assumed by all oocytes examined at 11 and 12 days and appears to be the definitive diplotene phase. These changes in the appearance of the nuclear chromatin are discussed in the light of those found in oocytes of other species, and it is concluded that the hamster diplotene phase consists of a transitory 'compace' or uniform lampbrush stage, followed by a definitive dictyate condition like that in the rat, but with markedly differential condensation or extreme diffusion of lateral loops. This conclusion is examined in relation to findings which report a marked increase in the sensitivity of hamster oocytes to X-radiation at the time that the observed changes in nuclear configuration are taking place. The combined observations support the hypothesis that the dictyate stage in rodent oocytes represents a modified diplotene phase in which the high degree of spatial diffusion of components of chromosomes of the lampbrush type results in a reduced capacity for repair following exposure to ionizing radiations.", "contents": "Fine-structural changes in the nucleus of primordial oocytes in immature hamsters. This study reports observations on fine-structural changes in the nucleus of the oocyte in hamsters during the establishment of the primordial (unilaminar) follicle at 7 to 12 days after birth. Following pachytene, the nuclei at early diplotene contain simple chromosomal cores surrounding by a sheath of fibrillo-granular material symmetrically disposed in the form of lateral projections and loops. From 9 days onwards increasing numbers of the oocytes show nuclei lacking such chromosomal threads: instead, they contain randomly disposed, condensed fibrillar clumps with associated dense knots of material, and prominent aggregations of 25--30-nm granules. This second nuclear form is assumed by all oocytes examined at 11 and 12 days and appears to be the definitive diplotene phase. These changes in the appearance of the nuclear chromatin are discussed in the light of those found in oocytes of other species, and it is concluded that the hamster diplotene phase consists of a transitory 'compace' or uniform lampbrush stage, followed by a definitive dictyate condition like that in the rat, but with markedly differential condensation or extreme diffusion of lateral loops. This conclusion is examined in relation to findings which report a marked increase in the sensitivity of hamster oocytes to X-radiation at the time that the observed changes in nuclear configuration are taking place. The combined observations support the hypothesis that the dictyate stage in rodent oocytes represents a modified diplotene phase in which the high degree of spatial diffusion of components of chromosomes of the lampbrush type results in a reduced capacity for repair following exposure to ionizing radiations.", "PMID": 748339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7375", "title": "Change of the nuclear pore frequency during the nuclear cycle of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The change of the nuclear pore frequency during the nuclear cycle of synchronous plasmodia of Physaru- polycephalum was investigated. Counts were made on platinum-carbon replicas of isolated nuclei. Pore numbers varied markedly at any given time of the nuclear cycle, possibly due to the variable DNA contents of the nuclei. The average pore frequency per nucleus increased from 336 at 1 h after mitosis to 770 at 50 min before the subsequent mitosis. The results suggest a quantitative relation between the nuclear DNA content and pore frequency. This is compatible with the hypothesis that pore complexes serve as attachment sites for nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Change of the nuclear pore frequency during the nuclear cycle of Physarum polycephalum. The change of the nuclear pore frequency during the nuclear cycle of synchronous plasmodia of Physaru- polycephalum was investigated. Counts were made on platinum-carbon replicas of isolated nuclei. Pore numbers varied markedly at any given time of the nuclear cycle, possibly due to the variable DNA contents of the nuclei. The average pore frequency per nucleus increased from 336 at 1 h after mitosis to 770 at 50 min before the subsequent mitosis. The results suggest a quantitative relation between the nuclear DNA content and pore frequency. This is compatible with the hypothesis that pore complexes serve as attachment sites for nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 748340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7376", "title": "DNA-binding properties of nuclear matrix proteins.", "content": "Mouse nuclear matrix proteins, examined by a filter assay, were found to bind to DNA. There was no preference for homologous mouse compared to heterologous E. coli DNA. Competition assays showed a preference for AT-rich DNA and of the 4 single-stranded homopolymers there was a preference for poly(dT). These observations are consistent with the possibility that the matrix may play a role in the formation of AT-rich chromomeres (G-bands).", "contents": "DNA-binding properties of nuclear matrix proteins. Mouse nuclear matrix proteins, examined by a filter assay, were found to bind to DNA. There was no preference for homologous mouse compared to heterologous E. coli DNA. Competition assays showed a preference for AT-rich DNA and of the 4 single-stranded homopolymers there was a preference for poly(dT). These observations are consistent with the possibility that the matrix may play a role in the formation of AT-rich chromomeres (G-bands).", "PMID": 748341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7377", "title": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. IV. Nerve cell commitment in head regeneration is position-dependent.", "content": "In hydra, nerve cells are a differentiation product of the interstitial cell, a multipotent stem cell. Nerve cell commitment was examined during head regeneration in Hydra attenuata. Within 3 h of head removal there is a 10- to 20-fold increase in nerve cell commitment in the tissue which subsequently forms the new head. Nerve cell commitment is unaltered in the remainder of the gastric region. This local increase in nerve cell commitment is responsible for about one half the new nerve cells formed during head regeneration, while one half differentiate from interstitial cells that migrate into the regenerating tip.", "contents": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. IV. Nerve cell commitment in head regeneration is position-dependent. In hydra, nerve cells are a differentiation product of the interstitial cell, a multipotent stem cell. Nerve cell commitment was examined during head regeneration in Hydra attenuata. Within 3 h of head removal there is a 10- to 20-fold increase in nerve cell commitment in the tissue which subsequently forms the new head. Nerve cell commitment is unaltered in the remainder of the gastric region. This local increase in nerve cell commitment is responsible for about one half the new nerve cells formed during head regeneration, while one half differentiate from interstitial cells that migrate into the regenerating tip.", "PMID": 748342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7378", "title": "RNA transcription on the giant lateral loops of the lampbrush chromosomes of the American newt Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "By counting silver grains in autoradiographs of lampbush chromosomes the rates of incorporation of [3H]adenine, [3H]cytidine, [3H]guanosine and [3H]uridine, administered separately, into RNA on the giant loops of chromosome II of Notophthalmus viridescens, were compared with the rates of incorporation of these same precursors into RNA on other, unidentified loops. The overall rate of RNA transcription on the giant loops is only about half that on the generality of other loops, and the RNA transcribed on the giant loops is computed to have a base ratio of approximately 25 A:39 C:9 G:27 U, implying that there must be about 4 times as many guanine residues on the transcribed as on the non-transcribed strand of the giant loops' DNA.", "contents": "RNA transcription on the giant lateral loops of the lampbrush chromosomes of the American newt Notophthalmus viridescens. By counting silver grains in autoradiographs of lampbush chromosomes the rates of incorporation of [3H]adenine, [3H]cytidine, [3H]guanosine and [3H]uridine, administered separately, into RNA on the giant loops of chromosome II of Notophthalmus viridescens, were compared with the rates of incorporation of these same precursors into RNA on other, unidentified loops. The overall rate of RNA transcription on the giant loops is only about half that on the generality of other loops, and the RNA transcribed on the giant loops is computed to have a base ratio of approximately 25 A:39 C:9 G:27 U, implying that there must be about 4 times as many guanine residues on the transcribed as on the non-transcribed strand of the giant loops' DNA.", "PMID": 748343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7379", "title": "Evidence for centriolar region RNA functioning in spindle formation in dividing PTK2 cells.", "content": "The light-activated, nucleic acid-binding drugs, psoralens, were used in conjunction with a 365-nm laser microbeam to selectively bind to any nucleic acids in the centriolar region. 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8--trimethyl-psoralen (AMT) has a high affinity for both RNA and DNA and can be shown to cause mitotic abortion when centriolar regions of prophase PTK2 cells and reacted with AMT and 365-nm laser light. Other psoralen derivatives which have a high affinity for DNA and a low affinity for RNA are not effective in blocking mitosis in dividing PTK2 cells. Examination of psoralen-bound centriolar regions by single-cell electron microscopy shows that at various times after treatment, the number of microtubules associated with the irradiated poles is much lower than in normal, dividing cells. Light-activated psoralen binding of the centriolar regions does not seem to affect the condensation or structure of mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded that there is an RNA in the centriolar region that is responsible for the formation of the spindle in dividing cells.", "contents": "Evidence for centriolar region RNA functioning in spindle formation in dividing PTK2 cells. The light-activated, nucleic acid-binding drugs, psoralens, were used in conjunction with a 365-nm laser microbeam to selectively bind to any nucleic acids in the centriolar region. 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8--trimethyl-psoralen (AMT) has a high affinity for both RNA and DNA and can be shown to cause mitotic abortion when centriolar regions of prophase PTK2 cells and reacted with AMT and 365-nm laser light. Other psoralen derivatives which have a high affinity for DNA and a low affinity for RNA are not effective in blocking mitosis in dividing PTK2 cells. Examination of psoralen-bound centriolar regions by single-cell electron microscopy shows that at various times after treatment, the number of microtubules associated with the irradiated poles is much lower than in normal, dividing cells. Light-activated psoralen binding of the centriolar regions does not seem to affect the condensation or structure of mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded that there is an RNA in the centriolar region that is responsible for the formation of the spindle in dividing cells.", "PMID": 748344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7380", "title": "Nuclear divisions with reduced numbers of microtubules in Tetrahymena.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations on micronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila, WH-6 dividing in the presence of colchicine suggest that the microtubules present at the time of drug addition persist, but no new microtubules are formed. It is suggested that the great amount of elongation seen in these drug-treated micronuclei may not be due to the persisting microtubules alone. On the basis of ultrastructural and light-microscopic observations, it is proposed that at least part of the motive force responsible for the elongation which occurs in colchicine may be due to an active sliding of the micronuclear membrane on some element of the cell cortex. In addition, the macronucleus of this species of Tetrahymena was found to be capable of dividing in colchicine in the absence of internal nuclear microtubules.", "contents": "Nuclear divisions with reduced numbers of microtubules in Tetrahymena. Ultrastructural observations on micronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila, WH-6 dividing in the presence of colchicine suggest that the microtubules present at the time of drug addition persist, but no new microtubules are formed. It is suggested that the great amount of elongation seen in these drug-treated micronuclei may not be due to the persisting microtubules alone. On the basis of ultrastructural and light-microscopic observations, it is proposed that at least part of the motive force responsible for the elongation which occurs in colchicine may be due to an active sliding of the micronuclear membrane on some element of the cell cortex. In addition, the macronucleus of this species of Tetrahymena was found to be capable of dividing in colchicine in the absence of internal nuclear microtubules.", "PMID": 748345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7381", "title": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. V. Inability of regenerating head to support nematocyte differentiation.", "content": "Nematocyte differentiation was examined during head regeneration in Hydra attenuata. Nematocyte precursors were found to decrease in head-regenerating tissue. This decrease could not be attributed to decreased stem cell commitment or to altered cellular kinetics. The nematocyte precursors could be 'rescued' by regrafting a head onto the initially regenerating tissue only prior to the time at which head determination occurred. These results suggest that concurrent with head determination an irreversible change occurs in the tissue environment, resulting in decreased survival of cells committed to nematocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. V. Inability of regenerating head to support nematocyte differentiation. Nematocyte differentiation was examined during head regeneration in Hydra attenuata. Nematocyte precursors were found to decrease in head-regenerating tissue. This decrease could not be attributed to decreased stem cell commitment or to altered cellular kinetics. The nematocyte precursors could be 'rescued' by regrafting a head onto the initially regenerating tissue only prior to the time at which head determination occurred. These results suggest that concurrent with head determination an irreversible change occurs in the tissue environment, resulting in decreased survival of cells committed to nematocyte differentiation.", "PMID": 748346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7382", "title": "Associated changes in the size and number of mitochondria present in the midgut of the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica and phospholipid composition of the larvae.", "content": "A possible relationship between the phospholipid base composition of larvae of the housefly and the size, number and total volume of midgut mitochondria was examined. The phospholipid composition of the larvae was altered by restricting the amount of choline, substituting choline by N-dimethylethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ammonium salt or 2-N-dimethylaminoethanol and by the addition of 2-aminobutan-1-ol to the larval diet. Mitochondrial measurements were made on electron micrographs of the epithelial cells in the midgut of third instar larvae. Reduction in the normal proportion of phosphatidylcholine in the phospholipids of the larvae was associated with an increase in the average size of the mitochondria and a decrease in their number, probably due to enhanced mitochondrial fusion. The opposite effect was noted when phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol was present as a part replacement of the phosphatidyl-ethanolamine normally present in the larvae. Larvae which contained both phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol as well as reduced amounts of phosphatidylcholine, contained mitochondria which were intermediate in both size and number. The effects associated with the changes in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol were independent of each other. The presence of the analogue of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol had no significant effect on the mitochondrial distribution. Total mitochondrial volume remained unaffected by alterations in the phospholipid composition of the larvae.", "contents": "Associated changes in the size and number of mitochondria present in the midgut of the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica and phospholipid composition of the larvae. A possible relationship between the phospholipid base composition of larvae of the housefly and the size, number and total volume of midgut mitochondria was examined. The phospholipid composition of the larvae was altered by restricting the amount of choline, substituting choline by N-dimethylethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ammonium salt or 2-N-dimethylaminoethanol and by the addition of 2-aminobutan-1-ol to the larval diet. Mitochondrial measurements were made on electron micrographs of the epithelial cells in the midgut of third instar larvae. Reduction in the normal proportion of phosphatidylcholine in the phospholipids of the larvae was associated with an increase in the average size of the mitochondria and a decrease in their number, probably due to enhanced mitochondrial fusion. The opposite effect was noted when phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol was present as a part replacement of the phosphatidyl-ethanolamine normally present in the larvae. Larvae which contained both phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol as well as reduced amounts of phosphatidylcholine, contained mitochondria which were intermediate in both size and number. The effects associated with the changes in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl-2-aminobutan-1-ol were independent of each other. The presence of the analogue of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol had no significant effect on the mitochondrial distribution. Total mitochondrial volume remained unaffected by alterations in the phospholipid composition of the larvae.", "PMID": 748347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7383", "title": "The preparation and ultrastructure of avian erythrocyte nuclear envelope enclosed by the plasma membrane.", "content": "A procedure is described for the preparation of avian erythrocyte nuclear envelope ghosts which remain enclosed by the ellipsoid plasma membrane. Haemoglobin-free nucleated chicken erythrocyte ghosts are treated in a low ionic strength buffer plus heparin which brings about decondensation of the chromatin. This is followed by solubilization of the chromatin by digestion with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease-1. When studied by light microscopy using either phase-contrast or Nomarski interference optics, the ellipsoid plasma membrane is clearly seen to remain with the collapsed nuclear envelope trapped inside. This interpretation is supported by negative-staining electron microscopy using ammonium molybdate, which in addition reveals the presence of the nuclear pore complexes. The suggestion is advanced that structural protection is provided for the fragile nuclear envelope system by the surrounding plasma membrane, which might account for the final nuclear envelope being in the form of relatively intact ghosts with well defined nuclear pore complexes. The nuclear envelope is highly fragmented when the plasma membrane is absent, the nuclear pore complexes showing appreciable breakdown. Thin sectioning supports the results of negative staining and in addition shows the nuclear envelope retained within the plasma membrane to be composed of both inner and outer nuclear membranes, but the nuclear pore complexes are not clearly defined.", "contents": "The preparation and ultrastructure of avian erythrocyte nuclear envelope enclosed by the plasma membrane. A procedure is described for the preparation of avian erythrocyte nuclear envelope ghosts which remain enclosed by the ellipsoid plasma membrane. Haemoglobin-free nucleated chicken erythrocyte ghosts are treated in a low ionic strength buffer plus heparin which brings about decondensation of the chromatin. This is followed by solubilization of the chromatin by digestion with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease-1. When studied by light microscopy using either phase-contrast or Nomarski interference optics, the ellipsoid plasma membrane is clearly seen to remain with the collapsed nuclear envelope trapped inside. This interpretation is supported by negative-staining electron microscopy using ammonium molybdate, which in addition reveals the presence of the nuclear pore complexes. The suggestion is advanced that structural protection is provided for the fragile nuclear envelope system by the surrounding plasma membrane, which might account for the final nuclear envelope being in the form of relatively intact ghosts with well defined nuclear pore complexes. The nuclear envelope is highly fragmented when the plasma membrane is absent, the nuclear pore complexes showing appreciable breakdown. Thin sectioning supports the results of negative staining and in addition shows the nuclear envelope retained within the plasma membrane to be composed of both inner and outer nuclear membranes, but the nuclear pore complexes are not clearly defined.", "PMID": 748348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7384", "title": "The distribution of spectrin along the membranes of normal and echinocytic human erythrocytes.", "content": "Spectrin molecules are distributed uniformly throughout the submembranous regions of intact human erythrocytes. Spectrin does not appear to extend into the red blood cell cytoplasm to any significant extent. Thus, it does not form a recognizable internal scaffolding nor does it seem to connect distant segments of the cell membrane. Spectrin retains its submembranous location in the spiny processes of echinocytes produced by ATP depletion. Thus, these processes do not seem to form by a simple extrusion mechanism powered by contraction of the spectrin network. Spectrin seems to be important for the stability of the lipid bilayer of the red cell membrane, and it probably also plays a role in regulating red cell shape. How it performs either function is still unknown.", "contents": "The distribution of spectrin along the membranes of normal and echinocytic human erythrocytes. Spectrin molecules are distributed uniformly throughout the submembranous regions of intact human erythrocytes. Spectrin does not appear to extend into the red blood cell cytoplasm to any significant extent. Thus, it does not form a recognizable internal scaffolding nor does it seem to connect distant segments of the cell membrane. Spectrin retains its submembranous location in the spiny processes of echinocytes produced by ATP depletion. Thus, these processes do not seem to form by a simple extrusion mechanism powered by contraction of the spectrin network. Spectrin seems to be important for the stability of the lipid bilayer of the red cell membrane, and it probably also plays a role in regulating red cell shape. How it performs either function is still unknown.", "PMID": 748349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7385", "title": "[Preoperative intravenous cholangiography and residual common bile duct calculi. 600 cases reviewed 2 to 15 years after operation].", "content": "The authors have carried out as a routine since 1960 before operation a good intravenous cholangiography, i.e. showing up satisfactorily the bile ducts from the bifurcation of the common bile duct to the duodenum and have abandoned routine per-operative radiography. Satisfactory cholangiography was obtained in 96% of cases of simple cholecystitis and in 80% of complicated cases. 600 cases were questionned 2 to 15 years after operation (average 7 years).  The 567 controllable cases were all questionned or seen again. The reliability of pre-operative cholangiography is excellent: no common bile duct declared normal on X-ray was found to contain a gall stone either during or after operation and the negative choledocotomies were only 0.17%. The operative simplification permitted us to reduce the operative mortality of simple cholecystectomy to 0.4%. The number of controlled residual calculi was 5.8%. With routine per-operative radiomanometry, the average level without control at the Lille Colloquium in 1968 was 7%. But with late control according to the estimation of the authors it should be about 10%.", "contents": "[Preoperative intravenous cholangiography and residual common bile duct calculi. 600 cases reviewed 2 to 15 years after operation]. The authors have carried out as a routine since 1960 before operation a good intravenous cholangiography, i.e. showing up satisfactorily the bile ducts from the bifurcation of the common bile duct to the duodenum and have abandoned routine per-operative radiography. Satisfactory cholangiography was obtained in 96% of cases of simple cholecystitis and in 80% of complicated cases. 600 cases were questionned 2 to 15 years after operation (average 7 years).  The 567 controllable cases were all questionned or seen again. The reliability of pre-operative cholangiography is excellent: no common bile duct declared normal on X-ray was found to contain a gall stone either during or after operation and the negative choledocotomies were only 0.17%. The operative simplification permitted us to reduce the operative mortality of simple cholecystectomy to 0.4%. The number of controlled residual calculi was 5.8%. With routine per-operative radiomanometry, the average level without control at the Lille Colloquium in 1968 was 7%. But with late control according to the estimation of the authors it should be about 10%.", "PMID": 748350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7386", "title": "[Medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. General review apropos of 3 further cases].", "content": "The authors report of three cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and, from a review of the literature, study the definition, frequency, embryological and etiological characteristics of this disease. The physiology of thyrocalcitonin, the concept of the APUD system the secretion of active substances by the tumour cells are considered. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and its mode of spread are described. The two main clinical forms, the sporadic form and the familial form are described together with the other endocrine involvements. Among the factors in positive diagnosis, accent is placed on per-operative histological examination and on biological tests of familial detection. Among the forms of treatment the essential place of surgery explains partly the relatively favourable course and prognosis of the malignant disease.", "contents": "[Medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. General review apropos of 3 further cases]. The authors report of three cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and, from a review of the literature, study the definition, frequency, embryological and etiological characteristics of this disease. The physiology of thyrocalcitonin, the concept of the APUD system the secretion of active substances by the tumour cells are considered. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and its mode of spread are described. The two main clinical forms, the sporadic form and the familial form are described together with the other endocrine involvements. Among the factors in positive diagnosis, accent is placed on per-operative histological examination and on biological tests of familial detection. Among the forms of treatment the essential place of surgery explains partly the relatively favourable course and prognosis of the malignant disease.", "PMID": 748351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7387", "title": "[Internal pinning of the humerus by the supra-epitrochlear route. Apropos of 20 cases].", "content": "The authors report 20 cases of internal fixation of the humerus by the internal route, they discuss the place of internal fixation among other therapeutic methods and recall the advantages of the supratrochlear internal route, more simple to carry out and always atraumatic. This method is however only used where orthopedic treatment has failed.", "contents": "[Internal pinning of the humerus by the supra-epitrochlear route. Apropos of 20 cases]. The authors report 20 cases of internal fixation of the humerus by the internal route, they discuss the place of internal fixation among other therapeutic methods and recall the advantages of the supratrochlear internal route, more simple to carry out and always atraumatic. This method is however only used where orthopedic treatment has failed.", "PMID": 748352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7388", "title": "[Urinary complications of the resectable cancers of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the urinary complications following 721 operations performed between 1960 and 1974 for cervix uterin carcinoma. The surgical method was the one used at the Fondation Curie according to the protocol of treatment. They have noted that: --first, the surgical act as primary treatment (672 cases) was innocuous, as this series showed only 0,6% of the severe complications; in contrast, when the surgery is performed for a recurrence after a total dose irradiation, the severe complications raised to 8%; --secondly, the uretero-hydronephroses following this type of surgery are relatively frequent on the systematic urograms, but most of them are quite asymptomatic and without later sequelae only 0,3% of them required a surgical treatment. The authors analyse the factors influencing the ureteral stenoses, especially the extent of lymphadenectomy and the associated external irradiation. They studied too the ureteral stenoses due to a local recurrence.", "contents": "[Urinary complications of the resectable cancers of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. The authors studied the urinary complications following 721 operations performed between 1960 and 1974 for cervix uterin carcinoma. The surgical method was the one used at the Fondation Curie according to the protocol of treatment. They have noted that: --first, the surgical act as primary treatment (672 cases) was innocuous, as this series showed only 0,6% of the severe complications; in contrast, when the surgery is performed for a recurrence after a total dose irradiation, the severe complications raised to 8%; --secondly, the uretero-hydronephroses following this type of surgery are relatively frequent on the systematic urograms, but most of them are quite asymptomatic and without later sequelae only 0,3% of them required a surgical treatment. The authors analyse the factors influencing the ureteral stenoses, especially the extent of lymphadenectomy and the associated external irradiation. They studied too the ureteral stenoses due to a local recurrence.", "PMID": 748353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7389", "title": "[End-to-side ileo-colonic anastomosis perpendicular to the band (30 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Over the last 3 years, the authors restore intestinal continuity after ileo-colonic removal by end-to-side anastomosis according to Bloch's technic the colonic incision is made perpendicular to the peritoneal band. This type of anastomosis, in view of the mode of distribution of the colonic arterioles does not cause any loss of blood supply as is sometimes the case on the antemesocolic border of the incision when it is made on the band. The first results appear very encouraging as in the first thirty cases there was only one case of breakdown of sutures in the anastomosis. The latter was not due to the technic but to recutting of the ileum in an area with a poor blood supply.", "contents": "[End-to-side ileo-colonic anastomosis perpendicular to the band (30 cases) (author's transl)]. Over the last 3 years, the authors restore intestinal continuity after ileo-colonic removal by end-to-side anastomosis according to Bloch's technic the colonic incision is made perpendicular to the peritoneal band. This type of anastomosis, in view of the mode of distribution of the colonic arterioles does not cause any loss of blood supply as is sometimes the case on the antemesocolic border of the incision when it is made on the band. The first results appear very encouraging as in the first thirty cases there was only one case of breakdown of sutures in the anastomosis. The latter was not due to the technic but to recutting of the ileum in an area with a poor blood supply.", "PMID": 748354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7390", "title": "[Fracture of the penis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have made a bibliografic review on the base of a personal observation rare case of a traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum. Upon all-literature, we have study, the only were 18 cases until 1956 and 64 in 1977. Ours would be the 65th. In this report we talk about the etiopathogenesis and symptomatology of this process. We insist on the need of a early surgery to get a good haemostasia, emptying of the haematoma and as a result prevention of cicatrization sequels which would determine penis significant deformities with subsequent disturbances in the erection and normal intercourse.", "contents": "[Fracture of the penis (author's transl)]. We have made a bibliografic review on the base of a personal observation rare case of a traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum. Upon all-literature, we have study, the only were 18 cases until 1956 and 64 in 1977. Ours would be the 65th. In this report we talk about the etiopathogenesis and symptomatology of this process. We insist on the need of a early surgery to get a good haemostasia, emptying of the haematoma and as a result prevention of cicatrization sequels which would determine penis significant deformities with subsequent disturbances in the erection and normal intercourse.", "PMID": 748355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7391", "title": "[Congenital cyst of the common hepatic duct. Adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder and of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report an unusual case of coexistence in the same patient of a congenital cyst of the common bile duct, a mucous adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a gall bladder adenocarcinoma. There was a favourable short term course after gastrectomy, cholecystectomy and resection of the cyst followed by bilio-digestive anastomosis on a long jejunal Y-shaped loop. The authors review recent literature.", "contents": "[Congenital cyst of the common hepatic duct. Adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder and of the stomach (author's transl)]. The authors report an unusual case of coexistence in the same patient of a congenital cyst of the common bile duct, a mucous adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a gall bladder adenocarcinoma. There was a favourable short term course after gastrectomy, cholecystectomy and resection of the cyst followed by bilio-digestive anastomosis on a long jejunal Y-shaped loop. The authors review recent literature.", "PMID": 748356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7392", "title": "[Comparative biochemical and histological studies of the effect of magnesium and profound hypothermia on the preservation of the isolated perfused rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine, if magnesium aspartate has the same favorable effect on the liver as on the arrested heart, the isolated rat liver preperfused with isotonique Mg-aspartate or saline solution 15 minutes and stored 1 hour at 36 degrees C or 12 hours at 36 degrees C has been reperfused 150 minutes at 37 degrees C. During the storage the concentrations of ATP and ADP decrease significantly whereas AMP, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increase remarkably, accompanied by a pronounced breakdown of glycogen. Upon reperfusion a de novo synthesis of ATP and ADP is resumed. Lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and AMP approach normal values whereas a resynthesis of glycogen is missing. A focal distribution of well preserved and disintegrated hepatocytes is being observed and seems rather to be due microcirculatory disorders. No conclusive evidence of a protective Mg-effect as observed in induced cardiac arrest has been obtained. Several concentrations of Mg-aspartate should be studied, in order to elucidate the different acting mechanism of Mg++ on the two organs.", "contents": "[Comparative biochemical and histological studies of the effect of magnesium and profound hypothermia on the preservation of the isolated perfused rat liver (author's transl)]. In order to determine, if magnesium aspartate has the same favorable effect on the liver as on the arrested heart, the isolated rat liver preperfused with isotonique Mg-aspartate or saline solution 15 minutes and stored 1 hour at 36 degrees C or 12 hours at 36 degrees C has been reperfused 150 minutes at 37 degrees C. During the storage the concentrations of ATP and ADP decrease significantly whereas AMP, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increase remarkably, accompanied by a pronounced breakdown of glycogen. Upon reperfusion a de novo synthesis of ATP and ADP is resumed. Lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and AMP approach normal values whereas a resynthesis of glycogen is missing. A focal distribution of well preserved and disintegrated hepatocytes is being observed and seems rather to be due microcirculatory disorders. No conclusive evidence of a protective Mg-effect as observed in induced cardiac arrest has been obtained. Several concentrations of Mg-aspartate should be studied, in order to elucidate the different acting mechanism of Mg++ on the two organs.", "PMID": 748357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7393", "title": "Metabolism of biphenyl in the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of biphenyl in the rat has been studied by using gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. The free and conjugated urinary metabolites were characterized. Eight new metabolites were isolated: a dihydrodiol and two hydroxydihydrodiols were characteristic for the epoxide--diol pathway. There were two dihydroxybiphenyls, a trihydroxybiphenyl, a trihydroxymethoxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-methylthiobiphenyl. The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the metabolites exhibited characteristic doubly charged and metastable ions.", "contents": "Metabolism of biphenyl in the rat. The metabolism of biphenyl in the rat has been studied by using gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. The free and conjugated urinary metabolites were characterized. Eight new metabolites were isolated: a dihydrodiol and two hydroxydihydrodiols were characteristic for the epoxide--diol pathway. There were two dihydroxybiphenyls, a trihydroxybiphenyl, a trihydroxymethoxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-methylthiobiphenyl. The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the metabolites exhibited characteristic doubly charged and metastable ions.", "PMID": 748358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7394", "title": "Headspace volatiles of marihuana and hashish: gas chromatographic analysis of samples of different geographic origin.", "content": "The sweet odor of marihuana is of interest for instrumental monitoring of illicit drug traffic and for applications in forensic work. Headspace volatiles of marihuana and hashish of different origin are examined by gas chromatography, and relative compositions of 24 samples are compared. No correlation between volatile make up and geography was found, but the profiling procedures are shown to be of use in the forensic problem of relating samples to a common source.", "contents": "Headspace volatiles of marihuana and hashish: gas chromatographic analysis of samples of different geographic origin. The sweet odor of marihuana is of interest for instrumental monitoring of illicit drug traffic and for applications in forensic work. Headspace volatiles of marihuana and hashish of different origin are examined by gas chromatography, and relative compositions of 24 samples are compared. No correlation between volatile make up and geography was found, but the profiling procedures are shown to be of use in the forensic problem of relating samples to a common source.", "PMID": 748359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7395", "title": "Extraction and liquid-solid chromatography cleanup procedures for the direct analysis of four pyrethroid insecticides in crops by gas--liquid chromatography.", "content": "The extraction of four pyrethroid insecticides, fenpropanate (WL 41706, S-3206), permethrin (WL 43479, FMC-33297, PP 557, NRDC-143), cypermethrin (WL 43467, NRDC 149), and fenvalerate (WL 43775, S-5602) from carrots, tomatoes celery, and onions with acetone followed by extraction of the resulting acetone--water mixture with hexane, was investigated and found suitable for residue analysis. The elution of the four materials from two types of silica and alumina absorbents with mixtures of organic solvents of varying polarity was examined. The elution patterns and recoveries from silica gel, aluminum oxide, and water deactivated Florisil indicated potential utility in cleanup. Florisil was found to provide cleanup for asparagus, carrots, tomatoes, tobacco, and onions permitting analyses to less than 0.01 ppm for most of the insecticides by electron capture gas--liquid chromatography, at extract concentrations of 1 g/ml. The other adsorbents, singly or in combination, were found to provide the cleanup required for radishes and those cases involving other crops where Florisil cleanup was insufficient.", "contents": "Extraction and liquid-solid chromatography cleanup procedures for the direct analysis of four pyrethroid insecticides in crops by gas--liquid chromatography. The extraction of four pyrethroid insecticides, fenpropanate (WL 41706, S-3206), permethrin (WL 43479, FMC-33297, PP 557, NRDC-143), cypermethrin (WL 43467, NRDC 149), and fenvalerate (WL 43775, S-5602) from carrots, tomatoes celery, and onions with acetone followed by extraction of the resulting acetone--water mixture with hexane, was investigated and found suitable for residue analysis. The elution of the four materials from two types of silica and alumina absorbents with mixtures of organic solvents of varying polarity was examined. The elution patterns and recoveries from silica gel, aluminum oxide, and water deactivated Florisil indicated potential utility in cleanup. Florisil was found to provide cleanup for asparagus, carrots, tomatoes, tobacco, and onions permitting analyses to less than 0.01 ppm for most of the insecticides by electron capture gas--liquid chromatography, at extract concentrations of 1 g/ml. The other adsorbents, singly or in combination, were found to provide the cleanup required for radishes and those cases involving other crops where Florisil cleanup was insufficient.", "PMID": 748360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7396", "title": "Determination of indicine N-oxide and indicine in plasma and urine by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method is described for the quantitative analysis of indicine N-oxide and indicine in plasma and urine. Indicine N-oxide is reduced to the tertiary amine with zinc--acetic acid (plasma) or zinc--ammonium chloride (urine). The indicine is derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to provide electron-capture detection. Assay of rabbit and human plasma and urine samples can detect 100 ng/ml (plasma) and 200 ng/ml (urine), and the method was applied to the analysis of indicine N-oxide and indicine in rabbits and one patient following administration of indicine N-oxide.", "contents": "Determination of indicine N-oxide and indicine in plasma and urine by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. A sensitive and specific method is described for the quantitative analysis of indicine N-oxide and indicine in plasma and urine. Indicine N-oxide is reduced to the tertiary amine with zinc--acetic acid (plasma) or zinc--ammonium chloride (urine). The indicine is derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to provide electron-capture detection. Assay of rabbit and human plasma and urine samples can detect 100 ng/ml (plasma) and 200 ng/ml (urine), and the method was applied to the analysis of indicine N-oxide and indicine in rabbits and one patient following administration of indicine N-oxide.", "PMID": 748361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7397", "title": "Micro-determination of tolmetin in plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A highly sensitive, specific and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of the anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin in micro-samples of blood plasma is described. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of tolmetin, which can be detected down to picogram levels using electron-capture detection, has been prepared. The lowest concentration of tolmetin which can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 15%) in a 25-microliter plasma sample is 0.1 microgram/ml. Previously reported assays require a sample size 20--80 times larger and have a detection limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives of both tolmetin and the internal standard have been identified from their chemical ionization mass spectra. The present method was found to be in good agreement with another published gas chromatographic assay when both methods were employed to analyze the same set of plasma samples from four juvenile reheumatoid arthritic patients.", "contents": "Micro-determination of tolmetin in plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography. A highly sensitive, specific and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of the anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin in micro-samples of blood plasma is described. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of tolmetin, which can be detected down to picogram levels using electron-capture detection, has been prepared. The lowest concentration of tolmetin which can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 15%) in a 25-microliter plasma sample is 0.1 microgram/ml. Previously reported assays require a sample size 20--80 times larger and have a detection limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives of both tolmetin and the internal standard have been identified from their chemical ionization mass spectra. The present method was found to be in good agreement with another published gas chromatographic assay when both methods were employed to analyze the same set of plasma samples from four juvenile reheumatoid arthritic patients.", "PMID": 748362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7398", "title": "The micellar sink: a quantitative assessment of the association of organic anions with mixed micelles and other macromolecular aggregates in rat bile.", "content": "Although the importance of mixed micelles in the solubilization and biliary excretion of lipids is established, little is known about a possible role of mixed micelles in the excretion of other biliary solutes. Ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation techniques were used to investigate the interaction between substances that are excreted in bile and biliary mixed micelles. Substances (urea, erythritol, sucrose) excreted in bile at concentrations equal to, or less than, that in plasma did not show an association with mixed micelles, whereas substances (indocyanine green, iopanoic acid, rose bengal, unconjugated and conjugated sulfobromophthalein, and conjugated bilirubin) excreted in bile at high concentration relative to plasma did. The percentage of these latter substances in bile associated with micelles varied from 26 to 93% and was relatively independent of concentration. In addition to their association with mixed micelles, these test solutes formed self-aggregates that were stabilized primarily by ionic bonds, and only a small percentage (range = 0-5%) of these solutes were present in bile in the form of monomer or complexes small enough to pass a 5,000-mol wt membrane.These findings offer a possible explanation for the increase in sulfobromophthalein, bilirubin, and indocyanine green maximal biliary excretory rate produced by bile salt infusion, and suggest that the concentrative transport into bile of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics may result from their incorporation into mixed micelles and other macromolecular complexes.", "contents": "The micellar sink: a quantitative assessment of the association of organic anions with mixed micelles and other macromolecular aggregates in rat bile. Although the importance of mixed micelles in the solubilization and biliary excretion of lipids is established, little is known about a possible role of mixed micelles in the excretion of other biliary solutes. Ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation techniques were used to investigate the interaction between substances that are excreted in bile and biliary mixed micelles. Substances (urea, erythritol, sucrose) excreted in bile at concentrations equal to, or less than, that in plasma did not show an association with mixed micelles, whereas substances (indocyanine green, iopanoic acid, rose bengal, unconjugated and conjugated sulfobromophthalein, and conjugated bilirubin) excreted in bile at high concentration relative to plasma did. The percentage of these latter substances in bile associated with micelles varied from 26 to 93% and was relatively independent of concentration. In addition to their association with mixed micelles, these test solutes formed self-aggregates that were stabilized primarily by ionic bonds, and only a small percentage (range = 0-5%) of these solutes were present in bile in the form of monomer or complexes small enough to pass a 5,000-mol wt membrane.These findings offer a possible explanation for the increase in sulfobromophthalein, bilirubin, and indocyanine green maximal biliary excretory rate produced by bile salt infusion, and suggest that the concentrative transport into bile of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics may result from their incorporation into mixed micelles and other macromolecular complexes.", "PMID": 748371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7399", "title": "Human monocyte antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to tumor cells.", "content": "Previous investigations of mononuclear cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward tumor cells suggest that K lymphocytes and not monocytes are active in this cytotoxic reaction. This report, however, demonstrates that human monocytes are able to carry out ADCC toward three different human tumor cell lines (CEM T lymphoblasts, Raji bone marrow-derived (B) lymphoblasts, and HeLa cells). The cytolytic event was found to be temperature dependent and rapid, with most of the lysis occurring in the first 4 h of incubation. The extent of lysis was directly related to the number of monocytes (effector cells) and to the degree of antibody sensitization of the target cells. The antibody-dependent cell contact-mediated nature of the cytolytic event was confirmed by inhibition with competing nonspecific monomeric immunoglobulin and by the ability of monocytes in \"innocent bystander\" experiments to lyse antibody-coated targets but not nonantibody-coated target cells. Evidence that monocytes were clearly the effector cells in the monocyte preparations included the observation that preincubation of effector cells with opsonized zymosan particles abolished ADCC by monocytes, but had little effect on lymphocyte ADCC. Furthermore, no evidence for Fc receptor K lymphocyte contamination of the monocyte preparations was found using antibody-coated target cells that were selectively lysed by lymphocytes but not monocytes. We suggest that ADCC toward tumor cell targets may prove to be a useful assay of monocyte function in normal and disease states.", "contents": "Human monocyte antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to tumor cells. Previous investigations of mononuclear cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward tumor cells suggest that K lymphocytes and not monocytes are active in this cytotoxic reaction. This report, however, demonstrates that human monocytes are able to carry out ADCC toward three different human tumor cell lines (CEM T lymphoblasts, Raji bone marrow-derived (B) lymphoblasts, and HeLa cells). The cytolytic event was found to be temperature dependent and rapid, with most of the lysis occurring in the first 4 h of incubation. The extent of lysis was directly related to the number of monocytes (effector cells) and to the degree of antibody sensitization of the target cells. The antibody-dependent cell contact-mediated nature of the cytolytic event was confirmed by inhibition with competing nonspecific monomeric immunoglobulin and by the ability of monocytes in \"innocent bystander\" experiments to lyse antibody-coated targets but not nonantibody-coated target cells. Evidence that monocytes were clearly the effector cells in the monocyte preparations included the observation that preincubation of effector cells with opsonized zymosan particles abolished ADCC by monocytes, but had little effect on lymphocyte ADCC. Furthermore, no evidence for Fc receptor K lymphocyte contamination of the monocyte preparations was found using antibody-coated target cells that were selectively lysed by lymphocytes but not monocytes. We suggest that ADCC toward tumor cell targets may prove to be a useful assay of monocyte function in normal and disease states.", "PMID": 748372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7400", "title": "Properties of endogenous somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and synthetic somatostatin in dog plasma.", "content": "Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the peripheral venous plasma of dogs and in their pancreatic and gastric venous effluents was characterized and compared with synthetic somatostatin. Both endogenuous plasma SLI and somatostatin added to plasma were eluted from Sephadex gels at pH 8.8 in the 150,000--200,000-mol wt region but at pH 2.5 both appeared in the 1,500--2,000-mol wt region. The SLI released from the isolated dog pancreas perfused with plasma-free buffer was eluted entirely as a 1,600-dalton polypeptide, but when the pancreas was perfused with plasma, SLI was eluted in the 150,000--200,000-mol wt zone. Affinity chromatography of plasma samples on immobilized antibodies directed against the central portion of the somatostatin molecule (residues 5--9 and 11) removed approximately equal to 90% of both endogenous SLI and somatostatin added to plasma, but neither was removed by affinity chromatography on antibodies directed against the NH2-terminal region of somatostatin (residues 1--4). The SLI from plasma and from pancreas perfusate isolated by affinity chromatography was identical in molecular size, charge, and immunometric properties to synthetic somatostatin. It is concluded that endogenous SLI is secreted by the pancreas and stomach in a form not distinguishable from synthetic somatostatin, but circulates in plasma bound to large molecular weight components; the NH2-terminal residues of somatostatin appear to be important in this binding.", "contents": "Properties of endogenous somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and synthetic somatostatin in dog plasma. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the peripheral venous plasma of dogs and in their pancreatic and gastric venous effluents was characterized and compared with synthetic somatostatin. Both endogenuous plasma SLI and somatostatin added to plasma were eluted from Sephadex gels at pH 8.8 in the 150,000--200,000-mol wt region but at pH 2.5 both appeared in the 1,500--2,000-mol wt region. The SLI released from the isolated dog pancreas perfused with plasma-free buffer was eluted entirely as a 1,600-dalton polypeptide, but when the pancreas was perfused with plasma, SLI was eluted in the 150,000--200,000-mol wt zone. Affinity chromatography of plasma samples on immobilized antibodies directed against the central portion of the somatostatin molecule (residues 5--9 and 11) removed approximately equal to 90% of both endogenous SLI and somatostatin added to plasma, but neither was removed by affinity chromatography on antibodies directed against the NH2-terminal region of somatostatin (residues 1--4). The SLI from plasma and from pancreas perfusate isolated by affinity chromatography was identical in molecular size, charge, and immunometric properties to synthetic somatostatin. It is concluded that endogenous SLI is secreted by the pancreas and stomach in a form not distinguishable from synthetic somatostatin, but circulates in plasma bound to large molecular weight components; the NH2-terminal residues of somatostatin appear to be important in this binding.", "PMID": 748373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7401", "title": "Reversible depression in myocardial performance in dogs with experimental phosphorus deficiency.", "content": "The effects of phosphorus depletion on cardiac muscle function in six awake dogs were evaluated with surgically implanted transducers to serially measure ascending aortic root blood flow and high fidelity left ventricular pressure. After the animals recovered from surgery, phosphorus depletion was induced by feeding them a synthetic phosphorus-deficient diet plus aluminum carbonate gel for 35 days, followed by the same diet with phosphorus supplementation for 21 days. In addition to the cardiac studies, sequential measurements of phosphorus content in skeletal muscle and phosphorus in serum were obtained to ascertain the level of phosphorus depletion. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (mg/100 ml) decreased from 5.1 +/- 0.1 on day 0 to 0.9 +/- 0.1 on day 35 (P less than 0.01), and total muscle phosphorus (content mmul/100 g fat-free dry weight) decreased from 28.0 +/- on day 0 to 22.6 +/- 0.5 on day 35 (P less than 0.01). During the period of phosphorus depletion, there was no significant change in heart rate; however, stroke volume (milliliter) and peak blood flow velocity (centimeter per second) declined from 24 +/- 2 to 17 +/- 2 (P less than 0.01) and 121 +/- 12 to 98 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), respectively. Maximum ascending aortic blood flow acceleration (centimeter per second square) and maximum left ventricular time rate of change of pressure (mm Hg per second) also decreased from 4,630 +/- 313 to 3,817 +/0 346 (P less than 0.01) and 2,582 +/- 347 to 2,120 +/- 297 (P less than 0.01) during phosphorus depletion. After repletion all values returned to control values. These results indicate that moderate diet-induced phosphorus depletion can depress myocardial performance. With repletion of phosphorus, myocardial performance improves.", "contents": "Reversible depression in myocardial performance in dogs with experimental phosphorus deficiency. The effects of phosphorus depletion on cardiac muscle function in six awake dogs were evaluated with surgically implanted transducers to serially measure ascending aortic root blood flow and high fidelity left ventricular pressure. After the animals recovered from surgery, phosphorus depletion was induced by feeding them a synthetic phosphorus-deficient diet plus aluminum carbonate gel for 35 days, followed by the same diet with phosphorus supplementation for 21 days. In addition to the cardiac studies, sequential measurements of phosphorus content in skeletal muscle and phosphorus in serum were obtained to ascertain the level of phosphorus depletion. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (mg/100 ml) decreased from 5.1 +/- 0.1 on day 0 to 0.9 +/- 0.1 on day 35 (P less than 0.01), and total muscle phosphorus (content mmul/100 g fat-free dry weight) decreased from 28.0 +/- on day 0 to 22.6 +/- 0.5 on day 35 (P less than 0.01). During the period of phosphorus depletion, there was no significant change in heart rate; however, stroke volume (milliliter) and peak blood flow velocity (centimeter per second) declined from 24 +/- 2 to 17 +/- 2 (P less than 0.01) and 121 +/- 12 to 98 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), respectively. Maximum ascending aortic blood flow acceleration (centimeter per second square) and maximum left ventricular time rate of change of pressure (mm Hg per second) also decreased from 4,630 +/- 313 to 3,817 +/0 346 (P less than 0.01) and 2,582 +/- 347 to 2,120 +/- 297 (P less than 0.01) during phosphorus depletion. After repletion all values returned to control values. These results indicate that moderate diet-induced phosphorus depletion can depress myocardial performance. With repletion of phosphorus, myocardial performance improves.", "PMID": 748374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7402", "title": "Deep nephron function after release of acute unilateral ureteral obstruction in the young rat.", "content": "The effects of acute unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of 18 h duration on deep nephron function was evaluated in 14 weanling rats with the technique of micropuncture. After release of UUO, 3.4 +/- 0.66% (SE) of the filtered water remained at the tip of the collecting duct nearly fivefold greater than in controls (0.75 +/- 0.10%). Similar differences were seen in fractional sodium that remained at this site. The ratio of tubular fluid osmolality to that of plasma was also reduced in the UUO group (1.53 +/- 0.06 vs. 4.60 +/- 0.26 in controls, P less than 0.001). Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of cortical and deep nephrons was significantly less (P less than 0.001) after release of UUO. Although the percentage of filtering nephrons was significantly reduced in both nephron populations, the decline in glomerular filtration rate was greater in cortical than in juxtamedullary nephrons (cortical:juxtamedullary nephrons = 27.6 +/- 4.5% vs. 53.3 +/- 5.2% in controls, P less than 0.005) which suggests that single nephron glomerular filtration rate is redistributed to deep nephrons after release of UUO. In contrast to cortical nephrons, the amount of tubular fluid which remains near the bend of the loop of Henle of deep nephrons was greater after release of UUO. This appeared to be the result of a decrease in the reabsorption of both water (tubular fluid:plasma inulin = 2.41 +/- 0.16 vs. 7.94 +/- 0.69 in controls, P less than 0.001) and sodium (52.3 +/- 4% vs. 40.7 +/- 2.9% of the filtered sodium in controls, P less than 0.02). It is suggested that this altered reabsorption occurs along both the proximal tubule and descending limb of the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons. Inner medullary plasma flow (IMPF), as measured with the [125I]albumin-accumulation technique, was significantly depressed before release of UUO, but exceeded control values 90 min postrelease. Such changes imply that the filtration fraction of deep nephrons is decreased and that physical factors in the proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium have been altered. When papillary solute content was measured before release of UUO it was low (428 +/- 23 vs. 1,205 +/- 106 mosmol/kg in controls, P less than 0.001) which indicates that the decline in papillary osmolality is not a consequence of the increased IMPF seen after ureteral release, but rather precedes it. In fact, the decline in papillary osmolality may contribute to the increase in IMPF after release of UUO and to the decreased reabsorption of fluid along the descending limb of the loop of Henle.", "contents": "Deep nephron function after release of acute unilateral ureteral obstruction in the young rat. The effects of acute unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of 18 h duration on deep nephron function was evaluated in 14 weanling rats with the technique of micropuncture. After release of UUO, 3.4 +/- 0.66% (SE) of the filtered water remained at the tip of the collecting duct nearly fivefold greater than in controls (0.75 +/- 0.10%). Similar differences were seen in fractional sodium that remained at this site. The ratio of tubular fluid osmolality to that of plasma was also reduced in the UUO group (1.53 +/- 0.06 vs. 4.60 +/- 0.26 in controls, P less than 0.001). Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of cortical and deep nephrons was significantly less (P less than 0.001) after release of UUO. Although the percentage of filtering nephrons was significantly reduced in both nephron populations, the decline in glomerular filtration rate was greater in cortical than in juxtamedullary nephrons (cortical:juxtamedullary nephrons = 27.6 +/- 4.5% vs. 53.3 +/- 5.2% in controls, P less than 0.005) which suggests that single nephron glomerular filtration rate is redistributed to deep nephrons after release of UUO. In contrast to cortical nephrons, the amount of tubular fluid which remains near the bend of the loop of Henle of deep nephrons was greater after release of UUO. This appeared to be the result of a decrease in the reabsorption of both water (tubular fluid:plasma inulin = 2.41 +/- 0.16 vs. 7.94 +/- 0.69 in controls, P less than 0.001) and sodium (52.3 +/- 4% vs. 40.7 +/- 2.9% of the filtered sodium in controls, P less than 0.02). It is suggested that this altered reabsorption occurs along both the proximal tubule and descending limb of the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons. Inner medullary plasma flow (IMPF), as measured with the [125I]albumin-accumulation technique, was significantly depressed before release of UUO, but exceeded control values 90 min postrelease. Such changes imply that the filtration fraction of deep nephrons is decreased and that physical factors in the proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium have been altered. When papillary solute content was measured before release of UUO it was low (428 +/- 23 vs. 1,205 +/- 106 mosmol/kg in controls, P less than 0.001) which indicates that the decline in papillary osmolality is not a consequence of the increased IMPF seen after ureteral release, but rather precedes it. In fact, the decline in papillary osmolality may contribute to the increase in IMPF after release of UUO and to the decreased reabsorption of fluid along the descending limb of the loop of Henle.", "PMID": 748376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7403", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in sera of children with neuroblastoma: correlation with stage of disease.", "content": "The presence of circulating immune complexes (ICS) in freshly drawn sera of 67 children with neuroblastoma was studied by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay of Theofilopoulos et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 57: 169--182), with particular emphasis on the correlation of levels of ICS with stage of disease and changes attributable to treatment. There was a close correlation between amount of complexes and stage of disease and treatment. Levels of ICS increased as the stage of the disease advanced, and were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in stage IV than in all other stages combined. When patients with stage IV disease were subdivided into \"before,\" \"during,\" and \"after\" treatment groups, there was a significant decrease in ICS levels as treatment progressed. Studies of complement and complement components did not give such a clear relationship. A significant decrease of hemolytic C1 values was found in patients with \"active disease\" compared to normal age-matched controls. Some high C3 levels, determined immunochemically, were associated with low hemolytic levels of C3, which were attributed to C3 cleavage detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Based on our survival data, ICS, which were significantly different in 20 patients now decreased when compared to those of other patients, are very valuable in the prognosis of neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in sera of children with neuroblastoma: correlation with stage of disease. The presence of circulating immune complexes (ICS) in freshly drawn sera of 67 children with neuroblastoma was studied by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay of Theofilopoulos et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 57: 169--182), with particular emphasis on the correlation of levels of ICS with stage of disease and changes attributable to treatment. There was a close correlation between amount of complexes and stage of disease and treatment. Levels of ICS increased as the stage of the disease advanced, and were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in stage IV than in all other stages combined. When patients with stage IV disease were subdivided into \"before,\" \"during,\" and \"after\" treatment groups, there was a significant decrease in ICS levels as treatment progressed. Studies of complement and complement components did not give such a clear relationship. A significant decrease of hemolytic C1 values was found in patients with \"active disease\" compared to normal age-matched controls. Some high C3 levels, determined immunochemically, were associated with low hemolytic levels of C3, which were attributed to C3 cleavage detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Based on our survival data, ICS, which were significantly different in 20 patients now decreased when compared to those of other patients, are very valuable in the prognosis of neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 748375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7404", "title": "Hypophosphatemia and rhabdomyolysis.", "content": "Clinical observations suggest that overt rhabdomyolysis may occur if severe hypophosphatemia is superimposed upon a pre-existing subclinical myopathy. To examine this possibility, a subclinical muscle cell injury was induced in 23 dogs by feeding them a phosphorus- and calorie-deficient diet until they lost 30% of their original weight. To induce acute, severe hypophosphatemia in the animals after partial starvation, 17 of the dogs were given large quantities of the same phosphorus-deficient diet in conjunction with an oral carbohydrate supplement, which together provided 140 kcal/kg per day. After phosphorus and caloric deprivation, serum phosphorus and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity were normal. Total muscle phosphorus content fell from 28.0+/-1.3 to 26.1+/-2.5 mmol/dg fat-free dry solids. Sodium, chloride, and water contents rose. These changes resembled those observed in patients with subclinical alcoholic myopathy. When studied after 3 days of hyperalimentation, the animals not receiving phosphorus showed weakness, tremulousness, and in some cases, seizures. Serum phosphorus fell, the average lowest value was 0.8 mg/dl (P <0.001). CPK activity rose from 66+/-357 to 695+/-1,288 IU/liter (P <0.001). Muscle phosphorus content fell further to 21.1+/-7.7 mmol/dg fat-free dry solids (P <0.001). Muscle Na and Cl contents became higher (P <0.01). Sections of gracilis muscle showed frank rhabdomyolysis.6 of the 23 phosphorus- and calorie-deprived dogs were also given 140 kal/kg per day but in addition, each received 147 mmol of elemental phosphorus. These dogs consumed their diet avidly and displayed no symptoms. They did not become hypophosphatemic, their CPK remained normal, and derangements of cellular Na, Cl, and H(2)O were rapidly corrected. The gracilis muscle appeared normal histologically in these animals. These data suggest that a subclinical myopathy may set the stage for rhabdomyolysis if acute, severe hypophosphatemia is superimposed. Neither acute hypophosphatemia nor rhabdomyolysis occur if abundant phosphorus is provided during hyperalimentation.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemia and rhabdomyolysis. Clinical observations suggest that overt rhabdomyolysis may occur if severe hypophosphatemia is superimposed upon a pre-existing subclinical myopathy. To examine this possibility, a subclinical muscle cell injury was induced in 23 dogs by feeding them a phosphorus- and calorie-deficient diet until they lost 30% of their original weight. To induce acute, severe hypophosphatemia in the animals after partial starvation, 17 of the dogs were given large quantities of the same phosphorus-deficient diet in conjunction with an oral carbohydrate supplement, which together provided 140 kcal/kg per day. After phosphorus and caloric deprivation, serum phosphorus and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity were normal. Total muscle phosphorus content fell from 28.0+/-1.3 to 26.1+/-2.5 mmol/dg fat-free dry solids. Sodium, chloride, and water contents rose. These changes resembled those observed in patients with subclinical alcoholic myopathy. When studied after 3 days of hyperalimentation, the animals not receiving phosphorus showed weakness, tremulousness, and in some cases, seizures. Serum phosphorus fell, the average lowest value was 0.8 mg/dl (P <0.001). CPK activity rose from 66+/-357 to 695+/-1,288 IU/liter (P <0.001). Muscle phosphorus content fell further to 21.1+/-7.7 mmol/dg fat-free dry solids (P <0.001). Muscle Na and Cl contents became higher (P <0.01). Sections of gracilis muscle showed frank rhabdomyolysis.6 of the 23 phosphorus- and calorie-deprived dogs were also given 140 kal/kg per day but in addition, each received 147 mmol of elemental phosphorus. These dogs consumed their diet avidly and displayed no symptoms. They did not become hypophosphatemic, their CPK remained normal, and derangements of cellular Na, Cl, and H(2)O were rapidly corrected. The gracilis muscle appeared normal histologically in these animals. These data suggest that a subclinical myopathy may set the stage for rhabdomyolysis if acute, severe hypophosphatemia is superimposed. Neither acute hypophosphatemia nor rhabdomyolysis occur if abundant phosphorus is provided during hyperalimentation.", "PMID": 748377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7405", "title": "Direct release of parathyroid hormone fragments from functioning bovine parathyroid glands in vitro.", "content": "To determine the origin of circulating parathyroid hormone fragments, hormonal peptides released from bovine parathyroid tissue in a physiologically responsive in vitro \"perifusion\" system were analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography and region-specific radioimmunoassays. When exposed to low Ca++, the tissue released large quantities of intact hormone (parathyroid hormone 1--84) as well as amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments. Fragments of the hormone were also released when the tissue was exposed to high Ca++, but the carboxyl fragments comprised a much greater proportion of the hormonal peptides released. Control experiments indicated that fragmentation of the hormone occurred within the gland and not after it was secreted. These experiments provide direct evidence, therefore, that release of fragments from the parathyroid gland may contribute to the immunologic heterogeneity of the hormone in the circulation.", "contents": "Direct release of parathyroid hormone fragments from functioning bovine parathyroid glands in vitro. To determine the origin of circulating parathyroid hormone fragments, hormonal peptides released from bovine parathyroid tissue in a physiologically responsive in vitro \"perifusion\" system were analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography and region-specific radioimmunoassays. When exposed to low Ca++, the tissue released large quantities of intact hormone (parathyroid hormone 1--84) as well as amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments. Fragments of the hormone were also released when the tissue was exposed to high Ca++, but the carboxyl fragments comprised a much greater proportion of the hormonal peptides released. Control experiments indicated that fragmentation of the hormone occurred within the gland and not after it was secreted. These experiments provide direct evidence, therefore, that release of fragments from the parathyroid gland may contribute to the immunologic heterogeneity of the hormone in the circulation.", "PMID": 748378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7406", "title": "Evidence that the brain participates in the humoral natriuretic mechanism of blood volume expansion in the dog.", "content": "We examined the role of the central nervous system in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion. Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs pretreated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (15 mg/day) and sodium chloride for 12 days. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of the volume expanded dog served as the bioassay system for the humoral natriuretic factor. In group I volume expansion of intact dogs (n = 14) with equilibrated blood promoted an increase in fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)) from a control level of 2.6+/-0.5 to 13.6+/-1.6%, P <0.001. In the isolated kidney FE(Na) increased from 3.6+/-0.8 to 6.8+/-1.1%, P <0.01. The natriuresis from the isolated kidney occurred in the absence of significant changes in renal arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, plasma protein concentration, or packed cell volume, whereas renal blood flow decreased slightly. In group II (n = 20) the dogs were decapitated by means of a specially designed neck vise. In 10 dogs blood pressure was supported by a constant infusion of dopamine (3.8+/-0.7 mug/min per kg body weight). Despite the fact that in response to the same volume stimulus, decapitated dogs manifested an increase in blood volume and cardiac output similar in magnitude to that of intact dogs whereas the rise in mean arterial pressure of decapitated dogs exceeded that of intact dogs, the natriuretic response of decapitated dogs was significantly less than that of intact dogs. FE(Na) in decapitated dogs increased 4.7+/-1.1 compared to 11.1+/-1.4% in intact dogs (p <0.01). Furthermore, volume expansion of decapitated dogs failed to elicit a natriuretic response from the isolated kidney. FE(Na) in the isolated kidney measured 2.6+/-0.4 before and 2.6+/-0.4% after blood volume expansion. These data indicate that decapitation inhibits activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion and are consistent with the interpretation that the brain is the source of the natriuretic factor or that the brain participates in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism at some other site in the body.", "contents": "Evidence that the brain participates in the humoral natriuretic mechanism of blood volume expansion in the dog. We examined the role of the central nervous system in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion. Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs pretreated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (15 mg/day) and sodium chloride for 12 days. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of the volume expanded dog served as the bioassay system for the humoral natriuretic factor. In group I volume expansion of intact dogs (n = 14) with equilibrated blood promoted an increase in fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)) from a control level of 2.6+/-0.5 to 13.6+/-1.6%, P <0.001. In the isolated kidney FE(Na) increased from 3.6+/-0.8 to 6.8+/-1.1%, P <0.01. The natriuresis from the isolated kidney occurred in the absence of significant changes in renal arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, plasma protein concentration, or packed cell volume, whereas renal blood flow decreased slightly. In group II (n = 20) the dogs were decapitated by means of a specially designed neck vise. In 10 dogs blood pressure was supported by a constant infusion of dopamine (3.8+/-0.7 mug/min per kg body weight). Despite the fact that in response to the same volume stimulus, decapitated dogs manifested an increase in blood volume and cardiac output similar in magnitude to that of intact dogs whereas the rise in mean arterial pressure of decapitated dogs exceeded that of intact dogs, the natriuretic response of decapitated dogs was significantly less than that of intact dogs. FE(Na) in decapitated dogs increased 4.7+/-1.1 compared to 11.1+/-1.4% in intact dogs (p <0.01). Furthermore, volume expansion of decapitated dogs failed to elicit a natriuretic response from the isolated kidney. FE(Na) in the isolated kidney measured 2.6+/-0.4 before and 2.6+/-0.4% after blood volume expansion. These data indicate that decapitation inhibits activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion and are consistent with the interpretation that the brain is the source of the natriuretic factor or that the brain participates in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism at some other site in the body.", "PMID": 748379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7407", "title": "Evidence of incomplete left ventricular relaxation in the dog: prediction from the time constant for isovolumic pressure fall.", "content": "Although it has been proposed that incomplete relaxation explains certain increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure relative to volume, there has been no clear demonstration that incomplete relaxation occurs in the intact working ventricle. To identify incomplete relaxation, left ventricular pressure-dimension relationships were studied in 10 canine right heart bypass preparations during ventricular pacing. The fully relaxed, exponential diastolic pressure-dimension line for each ventricle was first determined from pressure and dimension values at the end of prolonged diastoles after interruption of pacing. For 167 beats during pacing under widely varying hemodynamic conditions, diastolic pressure-dimension values encountered this line defining the fully relaxed state during the filling period indicating that relaxation was complete before end diastole. The time constant for isovolumic exponential pressure fall (T) was determined for all beats. For this exponential function, if no diastolic filling occurred, 97% of pressure fall would be complete by 3.5 T after maximal negative dP/dt. For the 167 beats the fully relaxed pressure-dimension line was always encountered before 3.5 T. With very rapid pacing rates (170-200 beats/min) and(or) with pharmacologic prolongation of relaxation, incomplete relaxation occurred as evidenced by the fact that the line defining the fully relaxed state was never reached during diastole (n = 15). This evidence of incomplete relaxation occurred only when the subsequent beat began before 3.5 T but did not always occur under these conditions. Thus, an increase in end diastolic pressure relative to diastolic volume may result from incomplete relaxation under conditions of sufficiently rapid heart rate or sufficiently prolonged ventricular relaxation. Incomplete relaxation does not occur when the next beat begins more than 3.5 T after maximum negative dP/dt.", "contents": "Evidence of incomplete left ventricular relaxation in the dog: prediction from the time constant for isovolumic pressure fall. Although it has been proposed that incomplete relaxation explains certain increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure relative to volume, there has been no clear demonstration that incomplete relaxation occurs in the intact working ventricle. To identify incomplete relaxation, left ventricular pressure-dimension relationships were studied in 10 canine right heart bypass preparations during ventricular pacing. The fully relaxed, exponential diastolic pressure-dimension line for each ventricle was first determined from pressure and dimension values at the end of prolonged diastoles after interruption of pacing. For 167 beats during pacing under widely varying hemodynamic conditions, diastolic pressure-dimension values encountered this line defining the fully relaxed state during the filling period indicating that relaxation was complete before end diastole. The time constant for isovolumic exponential pressure fall (T) was determined for all beats. For this exponential function, if no diastolic filling occurred, 97% of pressure fall would be complete by 3.5 T after maximal negative dP/dt. For the 167 beats the fully relaxed pressure-dimension line was always encountered before 3.5 T. With very rapid pacing rates (170-200 beats/min) and(or) with pharmacologic prolongation of relaxation, incomplete relaxation occurred as evidenced by the fact that the line defining the fully relaxed state was never reached during diastole (n = 15). This evidence of incomplete relaxation occurred only when the subsequent beat began before 3.5 T but did not always occur under these conditions. Thus, an increase in end diastolic pressure relative to diastolic volume may result from incomplete relaxation under conditions of sufficiently rapid heart rate or sufficiently prolonged ventricular relaxation. Incomplete relaxation does not occur when the next beat begins more than 3.5 T after maximum negative dP/dt.", "PMID": 748380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7408", "title": "Aldosterone stimulation of riboflavin incorporation into rat renal flavin coenzymes and the effect of inhibition by riboflavin analogues on sodium reabsorption.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate a possible relationship between the effect of aldosterone upon urinary electrolytes and the incorporation of [(14)C]riboflavin into renal [(14)C]flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and [(14)C]flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rats that weighed between 185 and 210 g were pretreated with 15 mug/100 g body wt dexamethasone intraperitoneally. 16 h later they were administered aldosterone (1.5 mug/100 g body wt) and [(14)C]riboflavin (5.0 muCi/200 g body wt). The urethra of each rat was ligated, and the rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 h later. The urine was aspirated from the bladders of each rat and analyzed for total Na(+) and K(+) excretion while the kidneys were removed and the formation of [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD was determined for each kidney. There was a significant increase in the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD (27.3 and 14.4%, respectively) after aldosterone treatment. Aldosterone significantly decreased the excretion of Na(+) by 50%, and increased that of K(+) by 55%. To determine if the increased incorporation of [(14)C]riboflavin into renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD was an important intermediary step in the aldosterone-induced alterations in urinary Na(+) and K(+), the riboflavin analogues 7,8-dimethyl-10-formylmethyl isoalloxazine or 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2'-hydroxyethyl) isoalloxazine were given to the animals i.p. to diminish the conversion of riboflavin to FMN by competitively inhibiting the enzyme flavokinase (EC 2.7.1.26). These analogues were found to significantly counteract the decreased urinary excretion of Na(+) as a result of aldosterone from 26+/-9% to 124+/-58% (SEM) with a dose-related response when administered from 10 to 25 mug/100 g body wt. The same doses of the analogues that significantly increased the urinary output of Na(+) when administered simultaneously with aldosterone also significantly decreased the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN from 15+/-4 to 38+/-3% when compared with the effects of aldosterone alone. The analogues exerted no significant effect on the increased urinary excretion of K(+) by aldosterone. The analogues alone had no influence on urinary Na(+) and K(+) output or the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD at the dose levels that we investigated. These data strongly suggest that the enhanced synthesis of renal FMN and FAD may be a causative factor in the increased reabsorption of Na(+) as a result of aldosterone; and, consequently, riboflavin analogues may function as a novel class of antimineralocorticoids.", "contents": "Aldosterone stimulation of riboflavin incorporation into rat renal flavin coenzymes and the effect of inhibition by riboflavin analogues on sodium reabsorption. This study was designed to investigate a possible relationship between the effect of aldosterone upon urinary electrolytes and the incorporation of [(14)C]riboflavin into renal [(14)C]flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and [(14)C]flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rats that weighed between 185 and 210 g were pretreated with 15 mug/100 g body wt dexamethasone intraperitoneally. 16 h later they were administered aldosterone (1.5 mug/100 g body wt) and [(14)C]riboflavin (5.0 muCi/200 g body wt). The urethra of each rat was ligated, and the rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 h later. The urine was aspirated from the bladders of each rat and analyzed for total Na(+) and K(+) excretion while the kidneys were removed and the formation of [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD was determined for each kidney. There was a significant increase in the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD (27.3 and 14.4%, respectively) after aldosterone treatment. Aldosterone significantly decreased the excretion of Na(+) by 50%, and increased that of K(+) by 55%. To determine if the increased incorporation of [(14)C]riboflavin into renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD was an important intermediary step in the aldosterone-induced alterations in urinary Na(+) and K(+), the riboflavin analogues 7,8-dimethyl-10-formylmethyl isoalloxazine or 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2'-hydroxyethyl) isoalloxazine were given to the animals i.p. to diminish the conversion of riboflavin to FMN by competitively inhibiting the enzyme flavokinase (EC 2.7.1.26). These analogues were found to significantly counteract the decreased urinary excretion of Na(+) as a result of aldosterone from 26+/-9% to 124+/-58% (SEM) with a dose-related response when administered from 10 to 25 mug/100 g body wt. The same doses of the analogues that significantly increased the urinary output of Na(+) when administered simultaneously with aldosterone also significantly decreased the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN from 15+/-4 to 38+/-3% when compared with the effects of aldosterone alone. The analogues exerted no significant effect on the increased urinary excretion of K(+) by aldosterone. The analogues alone had no influence on urinary Na(+) and K(+) output or the formation of renal [(14)C]FMN and [(14)C]FAD at the dose levels that we investigated. These data strongly suggest that the enhanced synthesis of renal FMN and FAD may be a causative factor in the increased reabsorption of Na(+) as a result of aldosterone; and, consequently, riboflavin analogues may function as a novel class of antimineralocorticoids.", "PMID": 748381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7409", "title": "Bile formation in the rat: the role of the paracellular shunt pathway.", "content": "Transepithelial movement of water and solute occurs both through the cell membrane as well as across the intercellular junctional complex (paracellular shunt pathways). Permeability of paracellular shunt pathways is increase by transmucosal osmotic gradients, and in certain epithelia these changes are associated with bullous-like deformations (blisters) of the zonula occludens and localization of lanthanum within junctional complexes. Although bile acids increase biliary secretion by osmotic forces, the source of this water movement into bile is not known. In the present studies we examined whether a choleretic infusion of sodium dehydrocholic acid (DHC) or its taurine conjugate, taurodehydrocholate, altered the solute permeability characteristics and morphologic appearance of the junctional complexes of rat hepatocytes. Animals were continuously infused for 1 hr with 1% albumin--0.9% NaCl alone or 120 mumol of DHC and bile flow and biliary clearance of [14C]sucrose, an indirect marker of biliary permeability were measured. The number of intercellular blisters adjacent to the bile canaliculus were counted in an unbiased manner from photographs obtained with scanning electron microscopy. Bile flow and the biliary sucrose clearance remained unchanged in control animals whereas DHC infusions resulted in a progressive increase in the biliary clearance of [14C]sucrose during the 60 min of infusion even though the choleretic response to DHC was stable during the final 30 min of infusion. DHC infusions produced surface invaginations, or blisters, (0.1--0.7 micrometer in diameter) which were located immediately adjacent to the hemi-bile canaliculus and occurred with a frequency of 1.62 +/- 0.08 per hepatocyte surface, which was fivefold greater than observed in controls. In separate groups of animals 5 mM ionic lanthanum chloride was perfused intraportally after taurodehydrocholate infusions, and the number of junctional complexes that contained the electron dense marker were quantitated by transmission electron microscopy. Localization of lanthanum in the junctional complexes of fasted control animals was not observed, whereas approximately equal to 50% of the zonula occludens in DHC-infused animals contained lanthanum which was also occasionally identified within the lumen of the bile canaliculus. These results indicate that infusions of DHC cause blisters adjacent to the junctional complex of rat hepatocytes in association with changes in solute conductivity of the zonula occludens to cations such as ionic lanthanum chloride, and presumably to larger solutes such as sucrose. Qualitatively similar morphologic findings were also observed during the infusion of sodium taurocholate at physiologic rate (40 mumol/h). These studies suggest that the paracellular shunt pathway in the liver is an important site for bile acid-induced water and solute movement into bile.", "contents": "Bile formation in the rat: the role of the paracellular shunt pathway. Transepithelial movement of water and solute occurs both through the cell membrane as well as across the intercellular junctional complex (paracellular shunt pathways). Permeability of paracellular shunt pathways is increase by transmucosal osmotic gradients, and in certain epithelia these changes are associated with bullous-like deformations (blisters) of the zonula occludens and localization of lanthanum within junctional complexes. Although bile acids increase biliary secretion by osmotic forces, the source of this water movement into bile is not known. In the present studies we examined whether a choleretic infusion of sodium dehydrocholic acid (DHC) or its taurine conjugate, taurodehydrocholate, altered the solute permeability characteristics and morphologic appearance of the junctional complexes of rat hepatocytes. Animals were continuously infused for 1 hr with 1% albumin--0.9% NaCl alone or 120 mumol of DHC and bile flow and biliary clearance of [14C]sucrose, an indirect marker of biliary permeability were measured. The number of intercellular blisters adjacent to the bile canaliculus were counted in an unbiased manner from photographs obtained with scanning electron microscopy. Bile flow and the biliary sucrose clearance remained unchanged in control animals whereas DHC infusions resulted in a progressive increase in the biliary clearance of [14C]sucrose during the 60 min of infusion even though the choleretic response to DHC was stable during the final 30 min of infusion. DHC infusions produced surface invaginations, or blisters, (0.1--0.7 micrometer in diameter) which were located immediately adjacent to the hemi-bile canaliculus and occurred with a frequency of 1.62 +/- 0.08 per hepatocyte surface, which was fivefold greater than observed in controls. In separate groups of animals 5 mM ionic lanthanum chloride was perfused intraportally after taurodehydrocholate infusions, and the number of junctional complexes that contained the electron dense marker were quantitated by transmission electron microscopy. Localization of lanthanum in the junctional complexes of fasted control animals was not observed, whereas approximately equal to 50% of the zonula occludens in DHC-infused animals contained lanthanum which was also occasionally identified within the lumen of the bile canaliculus. These results indicate that infusions of DHC cause blisters adjacent to the junctional complex of rat hepatocytes in association with changes in solute conductivity of the zonula occludens to cations such as ionic lanthanum chloride, and presumably to larger solutes such as sucrose. Qualitatively similar morphologic findings were also observed during the infusion of sodium taurocholate at physiologic rate (40 mumol/h). These studies suggest that the paracellular shunt pathway in the liver is an important site for bile acid-induced water and solute movement into bile.", "PMID": 748382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7410", "title": "Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration.", "content": "A case of thorotrastosis occurred 25 years after thorotrast angiography, with the previously unrecorded association of myeloma type paraproteinaemia. The relationship between haemangioendothelioma due to thorotrast and other vascular sarcomas of the liver is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration. A case of thorotrastosis occurred 25 years after thorotrast angiography, with the previously unrecorded association of myeloma type paraproteinaemia. The relationship between haemangioendothelioma due to thorotrast and other vascular sarcomas of the liver is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 748384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7411", "title": "Acute hepatitis: significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "The value of testing for core antibody (anti HBc) in acute hepatitis was assessed in 503 patients. All hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients tested were also anti HBc positive. Of the 110 HBsAg negative, anti HBc positive patients, 32 were found to have surface antibody, indicating previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Of the remaining 78 patients in whom anti HBc alone was detectable, follow-up specimens were received from 28 and, of these, 21 were then found to be anti HBc negative. Thus in acute hepatitis non-specific transient reactions to core antigen may appear, and the presence of anti HBc alone cannot be considered adequate evidence for a diagnosis of HBV infection.", "contents": "Acute hepatitis: significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The value of testing for core antibody (anti HBc) in acute hepatitis was assessed in 503 patients. All hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients tested were also anti HBc positive. Of the 110 HBsAg negative, anti HBc positive patients, 32 were found to have surface antibody, indicating previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Of the remaining 78 patients in whom anti HBc alone was detectable, follow-up specimens were received from 28 and, of these, 21 were then found to be anti HBc negative. Thus in acute hepatitis non-specific transient reactions to core antigen may appear, and the presence of anti HBc alone cannot be considered adequate evidence for a diagnosis of HBV infection.", "PMID": 748385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7412", "title": "An evaluation of two new haemagglutination tests for the rapid diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "content": "Two haemagglutination tests using preserved turkey erythrocytes are described for the detection of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies, respectively. Comparative studies with the more traditional sheep cell techniques show good correlation  of titres when testing sera from patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders.", "contents": "An evaluation of two new haemagglutination tests for the rapid diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Two haemagglutination tests using preserved turkey erythrocytes are described for the detection of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies, respectively. Comparative studies with the more traditional sheep cell techniques show good correlation  of titres when testing sera from patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 748386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7413", "title": "Latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and protein A co-agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Specimens of cerebrospinal fluid from 201 patients with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis groups A/B/C/135, Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 types), and Haemophilus influenzae type b were tested for the presence of specific bacterial antigens by latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and protein A co-agglutination. Specific antigens were found in 75% of the specimens by latex agglutination and CIE, and in 60% of the specimens by protein A co-agglutination. Non-specific reactions in protein A co-agglutination were prevented by heating the specimens to 100 degrees C for a few minutes. The three methods are simple and quick to perform. The smallest amount of antiserum was used in protein A co-agglutination, but we found this method less sensitive. Latex agglutination and CIE proved to be equally sensitive, but the first method was easier to adopt in practice.", "contents": "Latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and protein A co-agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Specimens of cerebrospinal fluid from 201 patients with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis groups A/B/C/135, Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 types), and Haemophilus influenzae type b were tested for the presence of specific bacterial antigens by latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and protein A co-agglutination. Specific antigens were found in 75% of the specimens by latex agglutination and CIE, and in 60% of the specimens by protein A co-agglutination. Non-specific reactions in protein A co-agglutination were prevented by heating the specimens to 100 degrees C for a few minutes. The three methods are simple and quick to perform. The smallest amount of antiserum was used in protein A co-agglutination, but we found this method less sensitive. Latex agglutination and CIE proved to be equally sensitive, but the first method was easier to adopt in practice.", "PMID": 748387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7414", "title": "Acquisition of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus in skin patients.", "content": "Acquisition of resistance to neomycin, gentamicin, fusidic acid, or clindamycin has been observed in three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and data from three patients infected with these strains are presented in detail. Clindamycin resistance followed the expected pattern by appearing in a strain of Staph. aureus with dissociated resistance to erythromycin after treatment with erythromycin and clindamycin. Low-level resistance to fusidic acid appeared in two strains in the apparent absence of exposure to that antibiotic. Labile neomycin resistance was encountered in a previously sensitive strain after topical neomycin therapy. Gentamicin resistance appeared in all three strains after topical therapy. In all three strains, a labile resistance (presumably plasmid-mediated) occurred with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 64-128 microgram/ml but in one strain a stable resistance with MIC over 3000 microgram/ml appeared.", "contents": "Acquisition of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus in skin patients. Acquisition of resistance to neomycin, gentamicin, fusidic acid, or clindamycin has been observed in three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and data from three patients infected with these strains are presented in detail. Clindamycin resistance followed the expected pattern by appearing in a strain of Staph. aureus with dissociated resistance to erythromycin after treatment with erythromycin and clindamycin. Low-level resistance to fusidic acid appeared in two strains in the apparent absence of exposure to that antibiotic. Labile neomycin resistance was encountered in a previously sensitive strain after topical neomycin therapy. Gentamicin resistance appeared in all three strains after topical therapy. In all three strains, a labile resistance (presumably plasmid-mediated) occurred with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 64-128 microgram/ml but in one strain a stable resistance with MIC over 3000 microgram/ml appeared.", "PMID": 748388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7415", "title": "A computer system for clinical microbiology.", "content": "The Department of Clinical Microbiology at St Thomas' Hospital has been producing bacteriological reports on a computer for more than three years and is now producing some 2300 reports per week. The system is operated entirely by laboratory staff without special training, and involves the use of optical mark reader (OMR) forms as worksheets, automatic validation and release of most reports, the use of local terminals, and scrutiny of reports by pathologists using a visual display unit. The OMR worksheet records not only the final result but also most of the tests and observations made on the samples; it is the only working document used by technicians. One specialist clinic submits its laboratory requests on an OMR form, which is subsequently used to record the results. The reports are printed and also filed in the computer to produce analyses for hospital, laboratory, and clinical management.", "contents": "A computer system for clinical microbiology. The Department of Clinical Microbiology at St Thomas' Hospital has been producing bacteriological reports on a computer for more than three years and is now producing some 2300 reports per week. The system is operated entirely by laboratory staff without special training, and involves the use of optical mark reader (OMR) forms as worksheets, automatic validation and release of most reports, the use of local terminals, and scrutiny of reports by pathologists using a visual display unit. The OMR worksheet records not only the final result but also most of the tests and observations made on the samples; it is the only working document used by technicians. One specialist clinic submits its laboratory requests on an OMR form, which is subsequently used to record the results. The reports are printed and also filed in the computer to produce analyses for hospital, laboratory, and clinical management.", "PMID": 748389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7416", "title": "Frequency distribution and 'reference values' of plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity in the adult population of a Scottish new town.", "content": "As part of a study to establish the prevalence of renal calculus disease, alkaline phosphatase activity was measured by the method recommended by the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology in the plasma of 3823 adults from the Scottish new town of Cumbernauld. The enzyme activity differs in males and females and increases with age. Reference ranges are presented.", "contents": "Frequency distribution and 'reference values' of plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity in the adult population of a Scottish new town. As part of a study to establish the prevalence of renal calculus disease, alkaline phosphatase activity was measured by the method recommended by the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology in the plasma of 3823 adults from the Scottish new town of Cumbernauld. The enzyme activity differs in males and females and increases with age. Reference ranges are presented.", "PMID": 748390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7417", "title": "Effect of calcitonin treatment on osteoclast counts in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Histological and biochemical changes during calcitonin treatment have been studied in 15 patients with Paget's disease of bone. For each patient, osteoclast counts were made by the same observer on serial needle biopsies of diseased bone from the posterosuperior iliac spine. Serial estimations were also made of the serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. A total of 66 biopsies was examined (ranging from two to seven per patient). Osteoclast populations and the biochemical measurements were log normally distributed. During calcitonin treatment there was a statistically significant decrease in: (1) the total osteoclast count per square millimetre; (2) the number per square millimetre of osteoclasts in resorption cavities on the trabecular surface; (3) the relative proportion of osteoclasts sited in resorption cavities compared with total osteoclasts; (4) the serum alkaline phosphatase level; (5) 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion. On stopping treatment there was a statistically significant increase in all of these histological and biochemical values except that the proportion of osteoclasts in resorption cavities remained low. The trabecular cement line pattern remained abnormal during and after treatment in all biopsies examined, and complete suppression of osteoclast activity was not observed. One of the patients developed a Paget's osteosarcoma while on calcitonin therapy.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin treatment on osteoclast counts in Paget's disease of bone. Histological and biochemical changes during calcitonin treatment have been studied in 15 patients with Paget's disease of bone. For each patient, osteoclast counts were made by the same observer on serial needle biopsies of diseased bone from the posterosuperior iliac spine. Serial estimations were also made of the serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. A total of 66 biopsies was examined (ranging from two to seven per patient). Osteoclast populations and the biochemical measurements were log normally distributed. During calcitonin treatment there was a statistically significant decrease in: (1) the total osteoclast count per square millimetre; (2) the number per square millimetre of osteoclasts in resorption cavities on the trabecular surface; (3) the relative proportion of osteoclasts sited in resorption cavities compared with total osteoclasts; (4) the serum alkaline phosphatase level; (5) 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion. On stopping treatment there was a statistically significant increase in all of these histological and biochemical values except that the proportion of osteoclasts in resorption cavities remained low. The trabecular cement line pattern remained abnormal during and after treatment in all biopsies examined, and complete suppression of osteoclast activity was not observed. One of the patients developed a Paget's osteosarcoma while on calcitonin therapy.", "PMID": 748391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7418", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with unusual cytoplasmic inclusions.", "content": "A case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia is described which appears to be at variance with the accepted classification. The morphological findings are of normoblastic hyperplasia with marked cytoplasmic vacuolation. Electron microscopy shows these to be myelin figures in all stages of erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with unusual cytoplasmic inclusions. A case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia is described which appears to be at variance with the accepted classification. The morphological findings are of normoblastic hyperplasia with marked cytoplasmic vacuolation. Electron microscopy shows these to be myelin figures in all stages of erythroid differentiation.", "PMID": 748393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7419", "title": "Differential cell counts in the histiocytic variant of lymphocytic predominance subtype of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Differential cell counts were made on a lymph node, the structure of which was replaced by the histiocytic variant of the lymphocytic predominance subtype of diffuse Hodgkin's disease. In terms of numbers of cells in various categories, this lymph node bears a closer relationship to the mixed cellularity subtype than to the classical lymphocytic predominance subtype. In this node, unlike the mixed cellularity subtype, the histiocytes are largely differentiated into epithelioid cells; the significance of this cellular adaptation for defence against neoplastic cells is not known.", "contents": "Differential cell counts in the histiocytic variant of lymphocytic predominance subtype of Hodgkin's disease. Differential cell counts were made on a lymph node, the structure of which was replaced by the histiocytic variant of the lymphocytic predominance subtype of diffuse Hodgkin's disease. In terms of numbers of cells in various categories, this lymph node bears a closer relationship to the mixed cellularity subtype than to the classical lymphocytic predominance subtype. In this node, unlike the mixed cellularity subtype, the histiocytes are largely differentiated into epithelioid cells; the significance of this cellular adaptation for defence against neoplastic cells is not known.", "PMID": 748394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7420", "title": "Comparative study of the endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium test in disease and health.", "content": "Endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was evaluated in 853 individuals: 270 healthy controls, 334 with various non-neoplastic conditions, 220 with solid non-lymphomatous tumours, and 29 with lymphoma. Each of the above groups was divided into three age subgroups: less than 60, 60-69, and greater than or equal to 70 years. In the controls and in patients with nonmalignant diseases, significantly lower values were recorded for elderly subjects (greater than or equal to 60 years) compared with younger subjects of the same group, whereas in cancer patients the results were independent of age. Under the age of 60, stimulated values for both patient groups were significantly lower than the control values, and in patients with solid non-lymphomatous tumours significantly lower values were attained than in the other patients. NBT reduction in lymphoma patients was comparable to that of the controls. In the elderly (age greater than or equal to 70) no significant differences were noted between patients and controls. It is suggested that stimulated NBT reduction declines with advancing age. While this test clearly demonstrates some leucocyte dysfunction in solid cancer, its value in investigating neutrophil behaviour in elderly subjects is questioned.", "contents": "Comparative study of the endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium test in disease and health. Endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was evaluated in 853 individuals: 270 healthy controls, 334 with various non-neoplastic conditions, 220 with solid non-lymphomatous tumours, and 29 with lymphoma. Each of the above groups was divided into three age subgroups: less than 60, 60-69, and greater than or equal to 70 years. In the controls and in patients with nonmalignant diseases, significantly lower values were recorded for elderly subjects (greater than or equal to 60 years) compared with younger subjects of the same group, whereas in cancer patients the results were independent of age. Under the age of 60, stimulated values for both patient groups were significantly lower than the control values, and in patients with solid non-lymphomatous tumours significantly lower values were attained than in the other patients. NBT reduction in lymphoma patients was comparable to that of the controls. In the elderly (age greater than or equal to 70) no significant differences were noted between patients and controls. It is suggested that stimulated NBT reduction declines with advancing age. While this test clearly demonstrates some leucocyte dysfunction in solid cancer, its value in investigating neutrophil behaviour in elderly subjects is questioned.", "PMID": 748395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7421", "title": "Inhibition of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cell adenylyl cyclase activity by somatostatin.", "content": "Somatostatin inhibits basal and chlorpromazine stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in homogenates of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells. The Dtryp8-Dcys14 analogue is more potent than tyrosyl somatostatin as an inhibitor of both basal and chlorpromazine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. Somatostatin had no effect on sodium fluoride or quanylyl-imidodiphosphate-stimulated cyclase in GH1 cell homogenates or on basal, epinephrine or prostaglandin E1 stimulated cyclase activity in sonicated BHK fibroblasts. These results indicate a specific effect of somatostatin to inhibit pituitary adenylyl cyclase activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cell adenylyl cyclase activity by somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits basal and chlorpromazine stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in homogenates of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells. The Dtryp8-Dcys14 analogue is more potent than tyrosyl somatostatin as an inhibitor of both basal and chlorpromazine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. Somatostatin had no effect on sodium fluoride or quanylyl-imidodiphosphate-stimulated cyclase in GH1 cell homogenates or on basal, epinephrine or prostaglandin E1 stimulated cyclase activity in sonicated BHK fibroblasts. These results indicate a specific effect of somatostatin to inhibit pituitary adenylyl cyclase activity.", "PMID": 748397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7422", "title": "Effect of exercise on glucocorticoids and other cellular components of blood.", "content": "The effect of exercise during the dry period on glucocorticoids, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leucocytes, and differential leucocyte count was examined with 87 Holstein cows. Cows were divided randomly into groups: 1) control, 2) 3.2 km at 3.5 km/h, 3) 9.6 km at 3.5 km/h, and 4) 3.2 km at 5.5 km/h. Sampling for blood analysis was at weekly intervals preexercise and immediately postexercise. Both glucocorticoids and hemoglobin concentrations were increased by exercise. Correlations between glucocorticoids and most other traits were practically zero. No eosinopenia was noted with increasing glucocorticoids. Lymphocyte numbers were correlated negatively with all traits measured. Glucocorticoid concentration increased from pre- to postexercise with both distance and speed. Although glucocorticoid concentration varied among cows, neither day sampled, days dry, weight, nor age affected glucocorticoids. Increased hemoglobin of postexercise cows could not be attributed to speed or distance exercised. Traits measured in this study, other than glucocorticoid concentration, are ineffective in evaluating response to increased exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on glucocorticoids and other cellular components of blood. The effect of exercise during the dry period on glucocorticoids, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leucocytes, and differential leucocyte count was examined with 87 Holstein cows. Cows were divided randomly into groups: 1) control, 2) 3.2 km at 3.5 km/h, 3) 9.6 km at 3.5 km/h, and 4) 3.2 km at 5.5 km/h. Sampling for blood analysis was at weekly intervals preexercise and immediately postexercise. Both glucocorticoids and hemoglobin concentrations were increased by exercise. Correlations between glucocorticoids and most other traits were practically zero. No eosinopenia was noted with increasing glucocorticoids. Lymphocyte numbers were correlated negatively with all traits measured. Glucocorticoid concentration increased from pre- to postexercise with both distance and speed. Although glucocorticoid concentration varied among cows, neither day sampled, days dry, weight, nor age affected glucocorticoids. Increased hemoglobin of postexercise cows could not be attributed to speed or distance exercised. Traits measured in this study, other than glucocorticoid concentration, are ineffective in evaluating response to increased exercise.", "PMID": 748398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7423", "title": "Milk progesterone to predict reproductive status in a commercial dairy herd.", "content": "Progesterone was measured in milk strippings of cows to evaluate potential diagnosis of pregnancy and to estimate embryonic mortality. Progesterone in milk was measured at 20 days and at 10-day intervals thereafter through 90 days after artificial insemination when the cows were palpated for pregnancy. Mean progesterone for 24 nonpregnant cows in estrus was 4.5 ng/ml at 20 days after insemination. Cows were classified as pregnant or nonpregnant by a formula which provided a progesterone concentration for which the probability of nonpregnancy was .8. At 20 days after insemination, the success in identifying the nonpregnant and pregnant cows was 87% and 67%. Ten of 34 nonpregnant cows with low (nonpregnant range) progesterone in milk on day 20 were not seen in estrus. Progesterone at sampling intervals after 20 days was used to investigate incorrect assessments. Seventeen nonpregnant cows had progesterone indicative of pregnancy at day 20. Progesterone in milk decreased at various later sampling intervals in all 17 cows. Two of these cows were diagnosed as having pathology of their reproductive tracts. If the other 15 cows experienced death of their embryos, the frequency of embryonic mortality was 28%.", "contents": "Milk progesterone to predict reproductive status in a commercial dairy herd. Progesterone was measured in milk strippings of cows to evaluate potential diagnosis of pregnancy and to estimate embryonic mortality. Progesterone in milk was measured at 20 days and at 10-day intervals thereafter through 90 days after artificial insemination when the cows were palpated for pregnancy. Mean progesterone for 24 nonpregnant cows in estrus was 4.5 ng/ml at 20 days after insemination. Cows were classified as pregnant or nonpregnant by a formula which provided a progesterone concentration for which the probability of nonpregnancy was .8. At 20 days after insemination, the success in identifying the nonpregnant and pregnant cows was 87% and 67%. Ten of 34 nonpregnant cows with low (nonpregnant range) progesterone in milk on day 20 were not seen in estrus. Progesterone at sampling intervals after 20 days was used to investigate incorrect assessments. Seventeen nonpregnant cows had progesterone indicative of pregnancy at day 20. Progesterone in milk decreased at various later sampling intervals in all 17 cows. Two of these cows were diagnosed as having pathology of their reproductive tracts. If the other 15 cows experienced death of their embryos, the frequency of embryonic mortality was 28%.", "PMID": 748399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7424", "title": "Blood metabolic profiles: their use and relation to nutritional status of dairy cows.", "content": "Profiles of blood metabolites have been used widely to identify problem herds and to indicate dietary causes of disease or low production. Related herd survey studies and designed experiments are reviewed. An initial study of profiles and estimated nutrient intake of five \"normal\" and four \"problem\" herds was conducted between 1972 and 1974 to establish baseline values for blood metabolites. Profiles of blood metabolites for additional problem herds were obtained during 1974 through 1977. Variation due to herd of origin, production, stage of lactation, and season of year are important causes of variation in concentrations of metabolites in jugular blood of dairy cows. They need to be considered carefully in interpreting profiles of blood metabolites. Several relationships between dietary intake of nutrients and concentrations of associated components in jugular blood are significant. Concentrations of metabolites are of almost no practical use for individual cows because of extreme variations in diet required to generate abnormal concentrations of blood metabolites. Averages of glucose of blood and nitrogen in urea on seven to ten cows, adjusted for the factors mentioned above, have limited practical value in detecting inadequate energy and protein intake, respectively.", "contents": "Blood metabolic profiles: their use and relation to nutritional status of dairy cows. Profiles of blood metabolites have been used widely to identify problem herds and to indicate dietary causes of disease or low production. Related herd survey studies and designed experiments are reviewed. An initial study of profiles and estimated nutrient intake of five \"normal\" and four \"problem\" herds was conducted between 1972 and 1974 to establish baseline values for blood metabolites. Profiles of blood metabolites for additional problem herds were obtained during 1974 through 1977. Variation due to herd of origin, production, stage of lactation, and season of year are important causes of variation in concentrations of metabolites in jugular blood of dairy cows. They need to be considered carefully in interpreting profiles of blood metabolites. Several relationships between dietary intake of nutrients and concentrations of associated components in jugular blood are significant. Concentrations of metabolites are of almost no practical use for individual cows because of extreme variations in diet required to generate abnormal concentrations of blood metabolites. Averages of glucose of blood and nitrogen in urea on seven to ten cows, adjusted for the factors mentioned above, have limited practical value in detecting inadequate energy and protein intake, respectively.", "PMID": 748400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7425", "title": "Use and limitations of profiles in assessing health or nutritional status of dairy herds.", "content": "A number of factors limit the usefulness of blood or metabolic profiles. These include sampling problems, low correlations with nutrient intake, inconsistent patterns in disease, and difficulties in interpretation. Despite these limitations, profiles properly used may serve as an adjunct to more conventional technology in alleviating some dairy herd problems. Their use appears justified when feed analysis, ration evaluation, disease testing, and checks on management do not alleviate herd problems. Considerable potential for misuse of profiles exists due to the complexities of interpretation.", "contents": "Use and limitations of profiles in assessing health or nutritional status of dairy herds. A number of factors limit the usefulness of blood or metabolic profiles. These include sampling problems, low correlations with nutrient intake, inconsistent patterns in disease, and difficulties in interpretation. Despite these limitations, profiles properly used may serve as an adjunct to more conventional technology in alleviating some dairy herd problems. Their use appears justified when feed analysis, ration evaluation, disease testing, and checks on management do not alleviate herd problems. Considerable potential for misuse of profiles exists due to the complexities of interpretation.", "PMID": 748401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7426", "title": "Orthoptic treatment of strabismus.", "content": "The purpose of this paper will be to carefully examine the effectiveness of orthoptics as a viable treatment modality for strabismus. It will be necessary to first examine the scope of this problem and the significance of functional cure. A short discussion of perceptual and psychological effects will be included. A review of pertinent literature and an analysis of the data will be presented. Any commonalities or generalizations which can be identified will then be discussed and analyzed. Finally, the training of the optometrist in orthoptics and associated subjects will be examined to demonstrate the qualification of the optometrist to administer orthoptics in the treatment of visual anomalies.", "contents": "Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. The purpose of this paper will be to carefully examine the effectiveness of orthoptics as a viable treatment modality for strabismus. It will be necessary to first examine the scope of this problem and the significance of functional cure. A short discussion of perceptual and psychological effects will be included. A review of pertinent literature and an analysis of the data will be presented. Any commonalities or generalizations which can be identified will then be discussed and analyzed. Finally, the training of the optometrist in orthoptics and associated subjects will be examined to demonstrate the qualification of the optometrist to administer orthoptics in the treatment of visual anomalies.", "PMID": 748410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7427", "title": "Strabismus therapy in private practice: Cure rates after three months of therapy.", "content": "In this study, a random strabismus sample of 86 strabismus therapy patients meeting certain criteria was evaluated. The roles of retinal correspondence, amblyopia, eccentric fixation, prior surgeries, type and magnitude of deviation, number of therapy sessions undertaken, age  at onset of therapy, and academic difficulties were scrutinized to see how they affect prognosis for functional cures(Flom's criteria), cosmetic cures (angle less than, or equal to 15 prism diopters) and total cures; the sum of functional cures and cosmetic cures.", "contents": "Strabismus therapy in private practice: Cure rates after three months of therapy. In this study, a random strabismus sample of 86 strabismus therapy patients meeting certain criteria was evaluated. The roles of retinal correspondence, amblyopia, eccentric fixation, prior surgeries, type and magnitude of deviation, number of therapy sessions undertaken, age  at onset of therapy, and academic difficulties were scrutinized to see how they affect prognosis for functional cures(Flom's criteria), cosmetic cures (angle less than, or equal to 15 prism diopters) and total cures; the sum of functional cures and cosmetic cures.", "PMID": 748411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7428", "title": "Stability of CAB contact lenses with hydration.", "content": "The effects of hydration on the base curve of CAB lenses were measured with a radiuscope. A significant amount of lens warpage and variability in curvature was detected in all lenses under conditions of continuous hydration. Thinner lenses flattened more than thicker lenses of the same power. Lenses of greater minus power flattened more than lenses of less minus power for a given lens thickenss. Plus power lenses were more stable than minus power lenses. Control lenses, stored dry, did not flatten or warp.", "contents": "Stability of CAB contact lenses with hydration. The effects of hydration on the base curve of CAB lenses were measured with a radiuscope. A significant amount of lens warpage and variability in curvature was detected in all lenses under conditions of continuous hydration. Thinner lenses flattened more than thicker lenses of the same power. Lenses of greater minus power flattened more than lenses of less minus power for a given lens thickenss. Plus power lenses were more stable than minus power lenses. Control lenses, stored dry, did not flatten or warp.", "PMID": 748412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7429", "title": "Eye care delivery in prepaid group practice.", "content": "This paper represents original research from the clinical implementation over a five-year period of eye care as a primary health care resource within the Medical Group of the Genesee Valley Group Health Association at the Joseph C. Wilson Health Center in Rochester, New York. The primary care delivered at this health maintenance organization has been organized in a multidisciplinary fashion with the doctor of optometry functioning as the primary eye care provider, and clinical administrator, and the ophthalmologist functioning as the medical and surgical consultative specialist. The data and information generated from this research represents four years of extensive clinical care delivered to a prepaid patient population in excess of 35,000 members.", "contents": "Eye care delivery in prepaid group practice. This paper represents original research from the clinical implementation over a five-year period of eye care as a primary health care resource within the Medical Group of the Genesee Valley Group Health Association at the Joseph C. Wilson Health Center in Rochester, New York. The primary care delivered at this health maintenance organization has been organized in a multidisciplinary fashion with the doctor of optometry functioning as the primary eye care provider, and clinical administrator, and the ophthalmologist functioning as the medical and surgical consultative specialist. The data and information generated from this research represents four years of extensive clinical care delivered to a prepaid patient population in excess of 35,000 members.", "PMID": 748413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7430", "title": "The effect of non-contact tonometry on corneal topography.", "content": "A sensitive photokeratoscope was used to determine the effect on corneal topography of non-contact tonometry in six subjects. No corneal distortion was detected.", "contents": "The effect of non-contact tonometry on corneal topography. A sensitive photokeratoscope was used to determine the effect on corneal topography of non-contact tonometry in six subjects. No corneal distortion was detected.", "PMID": 748414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7431", "title": "RNA polymerase activities in liver and brain tissue of aging mice.", "content": "RNA polymerase activity has been measured in liver and brain of C57BL-6J mice to determine if a change in enzyme activity can be correlated with decreasing survivorship of the animals. The RNA polymerases in tissue homogenates were solubilized by treatment with a buffer of high ionic strength and resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Enzyme activity was quantitated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]UMP into RNA using heat denatured calf thymus DNA as the template. Statistically significant differences in polymerase activities were not observed in liver tissue from 18-, 25-, and 29-month-old animals or in brain tissue from 23- to 31-month-old animals. These age groups span the period of most rapid decrease in survivors,ip in our colony of mice (from 93% to 16%). The evidence indicates that changes in liver or brain RNA polymerase activities are not correlated with the rapid decrease in survivorship of these animals.", "contents": "RNA polymerase activities in liver and brain tissue of aging mice. RNA polymerase activity has been measured in liver and brain of C57BL-6J mice to determine if a change in enzyme activity can be correlated with decreasing survivorship of the animals. The RNA polymerases in tissue homogenates were solubilized by treatment with a buffer of high ionic strength and resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Enzyme activity was quantitated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]UMP into RNA using heat denatured calf thymus DNA as the template. Statistically significant differences in polymerase activities were not observed in liver tissue from 18-, 25-, and 29-month-old animals or in brain tissue from 23- to 31-month-old animals. These age groups span the period of most rapid decrease in survivors,ip in our colony of mice (from 93% to 16%). The evidence indicates that changes in liver or brain RNA polymerase activities are not correlated with the rapid decrease in survivorship of these animals.", "PMID": 748426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7432", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides and hyperlipoproteinemia in elderly women.", "content": "Calculated energy, fat and carbohydrate intakes, and serum cholesterol and lipid concentrations for 70 elderly women 62 to 99 years of age were related to age, income, education, and type of residence. Serum lipoproteins were determined by electrophoresis. Total fat and saturated fatty acid intakes decreased with age. As percentage of energy from fat decreased, percentage of energy from carbohydrate increased. Approximately one-fourth of the women had cholesterol levels in excess of 250 mg/dl, and 41% had triglyceride levels above 170 mg/dl. Mean triglyceride and cholesterol levels were higher in younger subjects than in older subjects, in higher income groups compared to lower income level, and cholesterol levels of women with education beyond high school level exceeded those of women with less education. Hyperlipoproteinemia, diagnosed for 14% of the subjects, occurred most often in the 70- to 79-year group.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides and hyperlipoproteinemia in elderly women. Calculated energy, fat and carbohydrate intakes, and serum cholesterol and lipid concentrations for 70 elderly women 62 to 99 years of age were related to age, income, education, and type of residence. Serum lipoproteins were determined by electrophoresis. Total fat and saturated fatty acid intakes decreased with age. As percentage of energy from fat decreased, percentage of energy from carbohydrate increased. Approximately one-fourth of the women had cholesterol levels in excess of 250 mg/dl, and 41% had triglyceride levels above 170 mg/dl. Mean triglyceride and cholesterol levels were higher in younger subjects than in older subjects, in higher income groups compared to lower income level, and cholesterol levels of women with education beyond high school level exceeded those of women with less education. Hyperlipoproteinemia, diagnosed for 14% of the subjects, occurred most often in the 70- to 79-year group.", "PMID": 748427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7433", "title": "Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. I. The respiratory system.", "content": "Static lung volumes, closing volumes and pulmonary diffusing capacity have been measured in a group of 19 subjects (9 M, 10 F) 60 - 76 years old, all volunteers for an exercise training program (nominal 4 hours per week for 11 weeks). Initial static lung volumes were larger than in some previous series, perhaps because our sample was health-conscious and mainly nonsmokers. Training produced no significant changes in any of the pulmonary variables tested, despite a 10% increase of maximum oxygen intake seen in those members of the group who progressed to intensive training (heart rate 145 - 155/min). This reflects the fact that oxygen transport depends more on blood transport than on the respiratory system.", "contents": "Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. I. The respiratory system. Static lung volumes, closing volumes and pulmonary diffusing capacity have been measured in a group of 19 subjects (9 M, 10 F) 60 - 76 years old, all volunteers for an exercise training program (nominal 4 hours per week for 11 weeks). Initial static lung volumes were larger than in some previous series, perhaps because our sample was health-conscious and mainly nonsmokers. Training produced no significant changes in any of the pulmonary variables tested, despite a 10% increase of maximum oxygen intake seen in those members of the group who progressed to intensive training (heart rate 145 - 155/min). This reflects the fact that oxygen transport depends more on blood transport than on the respiratory system.", "PMID": 748428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7434", "title": "Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. II. The cardiovascular system.", "content": "CO2 rebreathing measurements of cardiac output have been made in 8 men and 7 women aged 60--76 years, before and immediately after participation in an 11-week endurance training programme. Initial values showed a lower heart rate than in younger subjects at a given percentage of maximum oxygen intake. Stroke volume decreased slightly over the range of 40--80% of maximum oxygen intake. Relative to younger subjects, metabolic needs were thus met to a larger extent by a widening of arterio-venous oxygen difference and redistribution of blood flow. Over the period of observation, training induced a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output at a given sub-maximum work load, with no change in stroke volume or arterio-venous oxygen difference.", "contents": "Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. II. The cardiovascular system. CO2 rebreathing measurements of cardiac output have been made in 8 men and 7 women aged 60--76 years, before and immediately after participation in an 11-week endurance training programme. Initial values showed a lower heart rate than in younger subjects at a given percentage of maximum oxygen intake. Stroke volume decreased slightly over the range of 40--80% of maximum oxygen intake. Relative to younger subjects, metabolic needs were thus met to a larger extent by a widening of arterio-venous oxygen difference and redistribution of blood flow. Over the period of observation, training induced a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output at a given sub-maximum work load, with no change in stroke volume or arterio-venous oxygen difference.", "PMID": 748429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7435", "title": "Age differences in visual sensory memory.", "content": "Age differences in visual sensory memory were studied using the direct measure procedure of Haber and Standing (1969) -- the longest interstimulus interval at which subjects reported a single stimulus as continuous was measured. The visual storage of the young (mean age 24 years) was found to persist for 289 msec compared to 248 for the old (mean age 67 years). Similar estimates of sensory memory duration were obtained when either monoptic or dichoptic stimulus presentations were employed, supporting the idea that visual storage is centrally mediated for both age groups. The relevance of these findings for age differences in the registration of information into primary and secondary memory and their implications for the stimulus persistence hypothesis are considered. The appropriateness and validity of the persistence of form task for studies of sensory memory and aging are also discussed.", "contents": "Age differences in visual sensory memory. Age differences in visual sensory memory were studied using the direct measure procedure of Haber and Standing (1969) -- the longest interstimulus interval at which subjects reported a single stimulus as continuous was measured. The visual storage of the young (mean age 24 years) was found to persist for 289 msec compared to 248 for the old (mean age 67 years). Similar estimates of sensory memory duration were obtained when either monoptic or dichoptic stimulus presentations were employed, supporting the idea that visual storage is centrally mediated for both age groups. The relevance of these findings for age differences in the registration of information into primary and secondary memory and their implications for the stimulus persistence hypothesis are considered. The appropriateness and validity of the persistence of form task for studies of sensory memory and aging are also discussed.", "PMID": 748430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7436", "title": "Evaluated time: a life course perspective.", "content": "Evaluated time is a dimension of time perspective which has received minimal attention from researchers; it subsumes those constructs dealing with the affective tone, or feelings, placed upon different points of the life cycle. Using data from a cross-sectional study of 216 men and women aged 16 to 67, a variety of approaches to the study of evaluated time were examined. Evaluations were found to differ by the respondents' stage of life and by sex, with older respondents and women generally being more optimistic in their perceptions of later life. For example, while all the younger respondents viewed old age more negatively than other periods, older respondents drew a distinction between the young old and the old old. The former period was protrayed as a time of continued satisfaction.", "contents": "Evaluated time: a life course perspective. Evaluated time is a dimension of time perspective which has received minimal attention from researchers; it subsumes those constructs dealing with the affective tone, or feelings, placed upon different points of the life cycle. Using data from a cross-sectional study of 216 men and women aged 16 to 67, a variety of approaches to the study of evaluated time were examined. Evaluations were found to differ by the respondents' stage of life and by sex, with older respondents and women generally being more optimistic in their perceptions of later life. For example, while all the younger respondents viewed old age more negatively than other periods, older respondents drew a distinction between the young old and the old old. The former period was protrayed as a time of continued satisfaction.", "PMID": 748431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7437", "title": "Actual and perceived sex and generational differences in interpersonal style: structural and quantitative issues.", "content": "This study investigated the validity of using the Interpersonal Checklist in self-ratings by older individuals and under across generation instructional sets by college students. Effects of sex of target and sex of rater were also investigated. Qualitative evaluation of correlation matrices indicated construct validity for the instrument for self-report instructions among the aged but that the matrices obtained under across generation instructions differed from the expected model. The implication for the heteroperception methodology is that dimensional or trait comparisons should be interpreted with caution. The quantitative results indicated significant generational differences and significant misperceptions of older adults by students. These findings suggest a hypothesis of interpersonal conflict between the generations with interpersonal dominance as a possible central issue.", "contents": "Actual and perceived sex and generational differences in interpersonal style: structural and quantitative issues. This study investigated the validity of using the Interpersonal Checklist in self-ratings by older individuals and under across generation instructional sets by college students. Effects of sex of target and sex of rater were also investigated. Qualitative evaluation of correlation matrices indicated construct validity for the instrument for self-report instructions among the aged but that the matrices obtained under across generation instructions differed from the expected model. The implication for the heteroperception methodology is that dimensional or trait comparisons should be interpreted with caution. The quantitative results indicated significant generational differences and significant misperceptions of older adults by students. These findings suggest a hypothesis of interpersonal conflict between the generations with interpersonal dominance as a possible central issue.", "PMID": 748432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7438", "title": "Adult age differences in reflection-impulsivity.", "content": "Adult age differences in reflection-impulsivity were examined on a modified version of Kagan's adult Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF). The sample consisted of 20 elderly adults (mean age = 70.6) and 20 young adults (mean age = 21.9), each of whom was administered the modified MFF by an adult examiner. On half of the 24 items, the original (i.e., the standard) was present among the four alternatives (\"original present\" condition), while on the other half, all the alternatives were variants of the standard (\"original not present\" condition). The elderly subjects were generally more impulsive (had shorter latencies and committed more errors) than were the young adults. The results, though, varied somewhat with the two stimulus conditions employed. An analysis of the mean scores of both age groups indicated that the elderly took less time to respond only in the \"original present\" condition. A higher number of errors was observed for the older group in both conditions, and both age groups had fewer errors in the \"original present\" condition. Possible interpretations of these findings, in terms of age group differences in search strategy, anxiety, and other aspects of decision style are offered, and implications for further research are provided.", "contents": "Adult age differences in reflection-impulsivity. Adult age differences in reflection-impulsivity were examined on a modified version of Kagan's adult Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF). The sample consisted of 20 elderly adults (mean age = 70.6) and 20 young adults (mean age = 21.9), each of whom was administered the modified MFF by an adult examiner. On half of the 24 items, the original (i.e., the standard) was present among the four alternatives (\"original present\" condition), while on the other half, all the alternatives were variants of the standard (\"original not present\" condition). The elderly subjects were generally more impulsive (had shorter latencies and committed more errors) than were the young adults. The results, though, varied somewhat with the two stimulus conditions employed. An analysis of the mean scores of both age groups indicated that the elderly took less time to respond only in the \"original present\" condition. A higher number of errors was observed for the older group in both conditions, and both age groups had fewer errors in the \"original present\" condition. Possible interpretations of these findings, in terms of age group differences in search strategy, anxiety, and other aspects of decision style are offered, and implications for further research are provided.", "PMID": 748433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7439", "title": "Long-term durability and transfer of enhanced conceptual performance in the elderly.", "content": "To evaluate the durability and transfer of enhanced cognitive functioning in the elderly, subjects (ages 64 to 84) who had previously participated in a unidimensional concept identification study were tested on a bidimensional conjunctive concept identification problem. The conjunctive problem was administered approximately 12 mo after completion of the unidimensional study. In the earlier unidimensional study, substantial and equivalent improvement had been found with both a training group and a reinforced training group. In this study, efficient conjunctive problem solving was found with the (unidimensional) training group, showing that enhanced cognitive performance can be durable and transfer to a similar task. Durability and trasnfer were not observed with the (unidimensional) reinforced training group, however, a finding that appears to have resulted from the extrinsic reinforcement token system employed in the unidimensional training with that group.", "contents": "Long-term durability and transfer of enhanced conceptual performance in the elderly. To evaluate the durability and transfer of enhanced cognitive functioning in the elderly, subjects (ages 64 to 84) who had previously participated in a unidimensional concept identification study were tested on a bidimensional conjunctive concept identification problem. The conjunctive problem was administered approximately 12 mo after completion of the unidimensional study. In the earlier unidimensional study, substantial and equivalent improvement had been found with both a training group and a reinforced training group. In this study, efficient conjunctive problem solving was found with the (unidimensional) training group, showing that enhanced cognitive performance can be durable and transfer to a similar task. Durability and trasnfer were not observed with the (unidimensional) reinforced training group, however, a finding that appears to have resulted from the extrinsic reinforcement token system employed in the unidimensional training with that group.", "PMID": 748434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7440", "title": "Incentive and practice in the psychomotor performance of the elderly.", "content": "Adults aged 64 to 76 years were compared to adults aged 19 to 25 years in regard to the effects of practice and special incentive in Digit Symbol substitution performance. Differential age effects of motivation were not observed but those of practice were.", "contents": "Incentive and practice in the psychomotor performance of the elderly. Adults aged 64 to 76 years were compared to adults aged 19 to 25 years in regard to the effects of practice and special incentive in Digit Symbol substitution performance. Differential age effects of motivation were not observed but those of practice were.", "PMID": 748435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7441", "title": "Reality orientation versus sheltered workshops as treatment for the institutionalized aging.", "content": "The effects of two psychosocial treatments, Reality Orientation and Sheltered Workshops, were evaluated against an assessment-only control. Thirty nursing home residents (mean age, 64.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups in one of the three experimental conditions. Residents assigned to therapy conditions met for 15 group sessions led by trained nursing home personnel. Program effects were assessed before and after treatment using three variables: the Life Satisfaction Index-A, nurses' ratings, and behavior observations. The Sheltered Workshop treatment produced significant gains in Life Satisfaction Index-A scores and staff perceived social interest; Reality Orientation resulted in nonsignificant decrements in Life Satisfaction Index-A scores. Neither treatment produced effects on observer-rated on-ward behavior. The results underscore the importance of empirically evaluating therapy effects with the institutionalized aging and suggest that Sheltered Workshops may be more beneficial for this population than has previously been recognized.", "contents": "Reality orientation versus sheltered workshops as treatment for the institutionalized aging. The effects of two psychosocial treatments, Reality Orientation and Sheltered Workshops, were evaluated against an assessment-only control. Thirty nursing home residents (mean age, 64.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups in one of the three experimental conditions. Residents assigned to therapy conditions met for 15 group sessions led by trained nursing home personnel. Program effects were assessed before and after treatment using three variables: the Life Satisfaction Index-A, nurses' ratings, and behavior observations. The Sheltered Workshop treatment produced significant gains in Life Satisfaction Index-A scores and staff perceived social interest; Reality Orientation resulted in nonsignificant decrements in Life Satisfaction Index-A scores. Neither treatment produced effects on observer-rated on-ward behavior. The results underscore the importance of empirically evaluating therapy effects with the institutionalized aging and suggest that Sheltered Workshops may be more beneficial for this population than has previously been recognized.", "PMID": 748436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7442", "title": "Comparability of the measured labor force of older women in Japan and the United States.", "content": "Older women in Japan are more likely to be in the labor force than are women in the United States, according to national Census and survey data. However, differences in measured participation, rather than reflection major differences in labor force behavior or utilization between the two countries, may be due to differences in enumeration procedures. The definition of unpaid family work and the timing of the census are different in Japan and the United States and affect the comparability of the measured level of and changes over time in participation by older women in the labor force.", "contents": "Comparability of the measured labor force of older women in Japan and the United States. Older women in Japan are more likely to be in the labor force than are women in the United States, according to national Census and survey data. However, differences in measured participation, rather than reflection major differences in labor force behavior or utilization between the two countries, may be due to differences in enumeration procedures. The definition of unpaid family work and the timing of the census are different in Japan and the United States and affect the comparability of the measured level of and changes over time in participation by older women in the labor force.", "PMID": 748437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7443", "title": "Aging in minority populations. An examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis.", "content": "The plight of minority aged has been characterized by many as one of double jeopardy: in addition to the disadvantages imposed by their minority group status, the minority aged are said also to experience the devaluation in status associated with old age in our society. Other research has indicated, however, that the gaps between minority and majority individuals tend to decline with age, such that the status disparity between white and minority aged actually may have decreased from middle to old age. To test these competing hypotheses, a series of health, income, life satisfaction, and social participation variables (interaction with family, kin, neighbors, and friends) was examined with data from a large (N = 1269) sample of middle-aged and older blacks, Mexican Americans and whites in Los Angeles County. Differences among the three ethnic groups were found which, in some cases, constituted a case of \"double jeopardy\" for minority aged. On variables measuring life satisfaction or frequency of contact with relatives, however, the extent of ethnic variation declined across age strata, indicating some support for the \"age as leveler\" hypothesis.", "contents": "Aging in minority populations. An examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis. The plight of minority aged has been characterized by many as one of double jeopardy: in addition to the disadvantages imposed by their minority group status, the minority aged are said also to experience the devaluation in status associated with old age in our society. Other research has indicated, however, that the gaps between minority and majority individuals tend to decline with age, such that the status disparity between white and minority aged actually may have decreased from middle to old age. To test these competing hypotheses, a series of health, income, life satisfaction, and social participation variables (interaction with family, kin, neighbors, and friends) was examined with data from a large (N = 1269) sample of middle-aged and older blacks, Mexican Americans and whites in Los Angeles County. Differences among the three ethnic groups were found which, in some cases, constituted a case of \"double jeopardy\" for minority aged. On variables measuring life satisfaction or frequency of contact with relatives, however, the extent of ethnic variation declined across age strata, indicating some support for the \"age as leveler\" hypothesis.", "PMID": 748438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7444", "title": "An empirical typology of adjustment to aging.", "content": "Using the PGC and LSI indices of adjustment to old age, an empirical typology of adjustors was developed. Cluster analysis was employed to locate three male types of adjustors: Low adjustors, Acceptors, and Fighters, and two female types: Low adjustors and Moderate adjustors. These findings were compared to previous typologies. The solution was cross-validated. Further examination of the data revealed that the types did not differ on level of activity in either formal or informal organizations. Both activity and disengagement theories of adjustment to aging may therefore be questioned.", "contents": "An empirical typology of adjustment to aging. Using the PGC and LSI indices of adjustment to old age, an empirical typology of adjustors was developed. Cluster analysis was employed to locate three male types of adjustors: Low adjustors, Acceptors, and Fighters, and two female types: Low adjustors and Moderate adjustors. These findings were compared to previous typologies. The solution was cross-validated. Further examination of the data revealed that the types did not differ on level of activity in either formal or informal organizations. Both activity and disengagement theories of adjustment to aging may therefore be questioned.", "PMID": 748439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7445", "title": "Residential segregation by age in American metropolitan areas.", "content": "Dissimilarity Indexes were computed for 241 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1970 measuring the dissimilarity of residential distribution between the population 65 and over and the population under 65. When possible comparable indexes were also computed for the same areas for 1960, 1950, and 1940. The pattern of age segregation in 1970 was analyzed and trends were computed from 1940--1970. The average DI in 1970 was 23.1 with a range from 10.9 to 44.4. The highest segregation was found in rapidly growing SMSAs, particularly in the West and South, and in areas with major military or educational institutions which fostered aggregations of age-homogeneous populations. A trend toward increased age segregation was found, especially in the period of rapid urban sprawl during the 1950s. The main factor conducive to age segreation was growth and differentiation accompanying it, although the presence of higher proportions of aged retarded the process and high proportions of nonwhites accelerated it.", "contents": "Residential segregation by age in American metropolitan areas. Dissimilarity Indexes were computed for 241 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1970 measuring the dissimilarity of residential distribution between the population 65 and over and the population under 65. When possible comparable indexes were also computed for the same areas for 1960, 1950, and 1940. The pattern of age segregation in 1970 was analyzed and trends were computed from 1940--1970. The average DI in 1970 was 23.1 with a range from 10.9 to 44.4. The highest segregation was found in rapidly growing SMSAs, particularly in the West and South, and in areas with major military or educational institutions which fostered aggregations of age-homogeneous populations. A trend toward increased age segregation was found, especially in the period of rapid urban sprawl during the 1950s. The main factor conducive to age segreation was growth and differentiation accompanying it, although the presence of higher proportions of aged retarded the process and high proportions of nonwhites accelerated it.", "PMID": 748440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7446", "title": "[A consideration of \"avoidable deaths\". A study on early neonatal mortality in Ille-et-Vilaine from 1972 to 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have made a study of 514 case notes of early neonatal deaths that occurred in Ille-et-Viliane from the 1st January 1972 to the 1st January 1977 among a total of 61,400 deliveries. They had 3 objects in mind: 1. To know what mechanisms had produced these deaths. In order to do this they divided their observations into 4 groups according to what seemed to them at the time to be the primary cause of the death, namely a lethal congenital malformation, a complication occurring in pregnancy, an accident that happened during the delivery, prematurity and dysmaturity. 2. To establish the importance of what is now called \"avoidable deaths\" and the conditions under which they were produced. 3. To show the means and methods that might eventually reduce this mortality after studying these results. On the conclusion of this study it seems to them that this improvement can here and now be obtained not so much by new procedures as by better monitoring of the state of pregnancy and the puerperium, and by more attention to the classical rules and more sensible use of the numerous techniques that already exist today.", "contents": "[A consideration of \"avoidable deaths\". A study on early neonatal mortality in Ille-et-Vilaine from 1972 to 1977 (author's transl)]. The authors have made a study of 514 case notes of early neonatal deaths that occurred in Ille-et-Viliane from the 1st January 1972 to the 1st January 1977 among a total of 61,400 deliveries. They had 3 objects in mind: 1. To know what mechanisms had produced these deaths. In order to do this they divided their observations into 4 groups according to what seemed to them at the time to be the primary cause of the death, namely a lethal congenital malformation, a complication occurring in pregnancy, an accident that happened during the delivery, prematurity and dysmaturity. 2. To establish the importance of what is now called \"avoidable deaths\" and the conditions under which they were produced. 3. To show the means and methods that might eventually reduce this mortality after studying these results. On the conclusion of this study it seems to them that this improvement can here and now be obtained not so much by new procedures as by better monitoring of the state of pregnancy and the puerperium, and by more attention to the classical rules and more sensible use of the numerous techniques that already exist today.", "PMID": 748441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7447", "title": "[Plasma prolactin, progestrone and oestradiol during labour and postpartum (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in the levels of plasma prolactin, progesterone and oestradiol were studied in 20 women during labour and immediately after delivery. The study of these levels shows that there is a mechanism for inhibiting the galactopoietic action of prolactin. Lifting this inhibition allows the milk to come in. This inhibition is probably due to circulating steroids, but this study does not allow us to differentiate clearly between the respective roles of oestradiol and progesterone, chiefly because of their short half-life.", "contents": "[Plasma prolactin, progestrone and oestradiol during labour and postpartum (author's transl)]. The changes in the levels of plasma prolactin, progesterone and oestradiol were studied in 20 women during labour and immediately after delivery. The study of these levels shows that there is a mechanism for inhibiting the galactopoietic action of prolactin. Lifting this inhibition allows the milk to come in. This inhibition is probably due to circulating steroids, but this study does not allow us to differentiate clearly between the respective roles of oestradiol and progesterone, chiefly because of their short half-life.", "PMID": 748442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7448", "title": "[The antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies. A preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "From now on antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies is possible. Fetal blood can be taken from the uterus from the 17th to the 20th week of the pregnancy by direct puncture of the placenta or placentocentesis or by selective puncture of a straight vein close to its insertion in the cord on the fetal surface of the placenta, using a fetoscope. Biochemical techniques today allow us to detect beta thalassaemia major (with total absence of synthesis or with synthesis of less than 2 per cent of the beta A chain of haemoglobin by the fetus) and drepanocytosis (which is the synthesis of the chain beta S by the in the absence of production of the chain beta A). It is possible in cases where the fetal blood that has been taken is seriously contaminated by maternal blood (which is often the case with direct punctures) by using purification methods to increase the proportion of fetal red blood cells in the sample by eliminating adult reticulocytes which could cause errors in diagnosis. There are several centres where this type of diagnosis is being carried out. Some of them now have two years' experience and their results are encouraging. In spite of their difficulty these methods of investigation can allow couples at risk to have normal children or heterozygous infants. They can help them to avoid the need for termination of pregnancy or permanent contraception.", "contents": "[The antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies. A preliminary study (author's transl)]. From now on antenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies is possible. Fetal blood can be taken from the uterus from the 17th to the 20th week of the pregnancy by direct puncture of the placenta or placentocentesis or by selective puncture of a straight vein close to its insertion in the cord on the fetal surface of the placenta, using a fetoscope. Biochemical techniques today allow us to detect beta thalassaemia major (with total absence of synthesis or with synthesis of less than 2 per cent of the beta A chain of haemoglobin by the fetus) and drepanocytosis (which is the synthesis of the chain beta S by the in the absence of production of the chain beta A). It is possible in cases where the fetal blood that has been taken is seriously contaminated by maternal blood (which is often the case with direct punctures) by using purification methods to increase the proportion of fetal red blood cells in the sample by eliminating adult reticulocytes which could cause errors in diagnosis. There are several centres where this type of diagnosis is being carried out. Some of them now have two years' experience and their results are encouraging. In spite of their difficulty these methods of investigation can allow couples at risk to have normal children or heterozygous infants. They can help them to avoid the need for termination of pregnancy or permanent contraception.", "PMID": 748443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7449", "title": "[Pelvic echinococcus in Tunisian women. 12 cases histories (author's transl)].", "content": "We have seen 12 cases of pelvic echinococcus in the Gynaecological and Obstetric Department of the Charles Nicolle Hospital in the last 10 years. These case histories have been worked up into a thesis. The frequency of this infection in a country like ours where it is endemic, and the rarity of its localisation in the pelvis among other sites has persuaded us to report the conclusions of this study. It recalls the difficulties of the diagnosis and of the treatment of pelvic hydatid disease.", "contents": "[Pelvic echinococcus in Tunisian women. 12 cases histories (author's transl)]. We have seen 12 cases of pelvic echinococcus in the Gynaecological and Obstetric Department of the Charles Nicolle Hospital in the last 10 years. These case histories have been worked up into a thesis. The frequency of this infection in a country like ours where it is endemic, and the rarity of its localisation in the pelvis among other sites has persuaded us to report the conclusions of this study. It recalls the difficulties of the diagnosis and of the treatment of pelvic hydatid disease.", "PMID": 748444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7450", "title": "[Myasthenia and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past 25 years, we have studied 73 cases of Myasthenia. 19 of these have had 24 pregnancies. We confirm the results that are given in the literature (15). Pregnancy does not trigger off Myasthenia. The action of pregnancy on Myasthenia is variable and there is an equal chance of worsening, improvement or a stationary state of the condition. All the same, patients who are well stabilised and have been for some time do not become worse. Worsening, when it does happen, happens especially in the first trimester of the pregnancy and calls for precise observation of the patient in order to regulate the treatment. Myasthenia has no direct or indirect action on the fetus and the pregnancy is not disturbed. Labour can be normal but the second stage often has to be aided because of the patient's muscle tiredness. In labour and particularly in the second stage an acute crisis can occur with difficulty in breathing. For this it is necessary to have an anaesthetist present who can resuscitate the patient and if necessary give respiratory aid by ventilation. Curare and like substances are absoultely contra-indicated if general anaesthesia is required. Transitory neonatal Myasthenia is rare, but the severity of the respiratory complications can be such that is should be sought for routinely and if there is the slightest doubt the newborn should be transferred to the special care neonatal unit.", "contents": "[Myasthenia and pregnancy (author's transl)]. In the past 25 years, we have studied 73 cases of Myasthenia. 19 of these have had 24 pregnancies. We confirm the results that are given in the literature (15). Pregnancy does not trigger off Myasthenia. The action of pregnancy on Myasthenia is variable and there is an equal chance of worsening, improvement or a stationary state of the condition. All the same, patients who are well stabilised and have been for some time do not become worse. Worsening, when it does happen, happens especially in the first trimester of the pregnancy and calls for precise observation of the patient in order to regulate the treatment. Myasthenia has no direct or indirect action on the fetus and the pregnancy is not disturbed. Labour can be normal but the second stage often has to be aided because of the patient's muscle tiredness. In labour and particularly in the second stage an acute crisis can occur with difficulty in breathing. For this it is necessary to have an anaesthetist present who can resuscitate the patient and if necessary give respiratory aid by ventilation. Curare and like substances are absoultely contra-indicated if general anaesthesia is required. Transitory neonatal Myasthenia is rare, but the severity of the respiratory complications can be such that is should be sought for routinely and if there is the slightest doubt the newborn should be transferred to the special care neonatal unit.", "PMID": 748445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7451", "title": "[The effect of amniofetography on the fetal thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "Although there are certain advantages of amniofetography they must be considered against the risk of fetal hypothyroidism \"in utero\" with its prognostic danger. The authors report six case histories which illustrate this risk and they draw attention to the possible effect on the thyroid gland \"in utero\". Amniofetography should therefore be reserved solely for those cases in which the indications exist and there are no other possible means of diagnosis. If it is indicated means must be found of treating the possible transitory iatrogenic hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[The effect of amniofetography on the fetal thyroid (author's transl)]. Although there are certain advantages of amniofetography they must be considered against the risk of fetal hypothyroidism \"in utero\" with its prognostic danger. The authors report six case histories which illustrate this risk and they draw attention to the possible effect on the thyroid gland \"in utero\". Amniofetography should therefore be reserved solely for those cases in which the indications exist and there are no other possible means of diagnosis. If it is indicated means must be found of treating the possible transitory iatrogenic hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 748446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7452", "title": "[Progress in the treatment of tubal sterility: microsurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last few years microsurgery has evoked general enthusiasm in several surgical specialities and especially in plastic surgery. This is also true of gynaecology, where it is used for the surgery of sterility. Tubal microsurgery improves the results of operations by ensuring that the anatomical reconstruction shall be more precise and by lessening the amount of adhesions and secondary fibrosis. The first results that have been published prove this. The superiority of these difficult techniques is especially demonstrated by tubal recanalisations effected after sterilisation when the anastomosis is made in healthy tissue, being from the isthmus to the isthmus or from the isthmus to the uterus. Microsurgery is also the sole hope for the surgery of tubes that are at present inoperable. It will effect transplantation of the tube as soon as the problem of rejection has been solved.", "contents": "[Progress in the treatment of tubal sterility: microsurgery (author's transl)]. During the last few years microsurgery has evoked general enthusiasm in several surgical specialities and especially in plastic surgery. This is also true of gynaecology, where it is used for the surgery of sterility. Tubal microsurgery improves the results of operations by ensuring that the anatomical reconstruction shall be more precise and by lessening the amount of adhesions and secondary fibrosis. The first results that have been published prove this. The superiority of these difficult techniques is especially demonstrated by tubal recanalisations effected after sterilisation when the anastomosis is made in healthy tissue, being from the isthmus to the isthmus or from the isthmus to the uterus. Microsurgery is also the sole hope for the surgery of tubes that are at present inoperable. It will effect transplantation of the tube as soon as the problem of rejection has been solved.", "PMID": 748447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7453", "title": "[A histological study of a microsurgical tubo-tubal anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a histological study of a microsurgical tubo-tubal anastomosis undertaken to restore patency after ligation. It confirms the good level of tissue tolerance of the suture material employed. It emphasizes the difficulty of anastomosis in the ampulloisthmial region because of the discrepancy in size of the parts that have to be brought together. From this we can emphasize the need for carrying out sterilizations only on a limited lenght of the isthmus.", "contents": "[A histological study of a microsurgical tubo-tubal anastomosis (author's transl)]. We report a histological study of a microsurgical tubo-tubal anastomosis undertaken to restore patency after ligation. It confirms the good level of tissue tolerance of the suture material employed. It emphasizes the difficulty of anastomosis in the ampulloisthmial region because of the discrepancy in size of the parts that have to be brought together. From this we can emphasize the need for carrying out sterilizations only on a limited lenght of the isthmus.", "PMID": 748448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7454", "title": "[The progesterone releasing I.U.D. Its indications in function of the menstrual disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Progesterone releasing I.U.D. improves dysmenorrhea and hypermenorrhea. This type of I.U.D. may be used whereas other I.U.D. are contra indicated. But over all it is a new kind of drug delivery system which could be used with other medications, for other purposes than contraception.", "contents": "[The progesterone releasing I.U.D. Its indications in function of the menstrual disorders (author's transl)]. Progesterone releasing I.U.D. improves dysmenorrhea and hypermenorrhea. This type of I.U.D. may be used whereas other I.U.D. are contra indicated. But over all it is a new kind of drug delivery system which could be used with other medications, for other purposes than contraception.", "PMID": 748449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7455", "title": "Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex. IV. Evolution of the total cortical volume, of the population of neurons and glial cells.", "content": "The total neocortical volume delimited between precise anatomical features was measured. Serial frontal sections cresyl-violet stained were measured with plainimetric methods and the total volume evaluated at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 180 days. The total volume was used to obtain the total number of neurons and glial cells at each age using our quantitative data (published in our previous papers). The evolution of the cellular densities were studied in the sensory and motor areas 10--4--3 and 2 (Leuba and coll. 1977) and in the visual and auditory areas 17--18a--18--41 and 20 (Heumann anc coll. 1977) in the mouse cerebral neocortex. 1. The total neocortical volume increases rapidly between 5 and 10 days, less between 10 and 30 days, slightly decreases at 60 days and reincreases at 180 days. 2. Between 5 and 30 days, the loss of cortical neurons is of about 30% by neuronal death. 3. The total number of glial cells doubles between 5 and 180 days. The increase is progressive through the development.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the mouse cerebral neocortex. IV. Evolution of the total cortical volume, of the population of neurons and glial cells. The total neocortical volume delimited between precise anatomical features was measured. Serial frontal sections cresyl-violet stained were measured with plainimetric methods and the total volume evaluated at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 180 days. The total volume was used to obtain the total number of neurons and glial cells at each age using our quantitative data (published in our previous papers). The evolution of the cellular densities were studied in the sensory and motor areas 10--4--3 and 2 (Leuba and coll. 1977) and in the visual and auditory areas 17--18a--18--41 and 20 (Heumann anc coll. 1977) in the mouse cerebral neocortex. 1. The total neocortical volume increases rapidly between 5 and 10 days, less between 10 and 30 days, slightly decreases at 60 days and reincreases at 180 days. 2. Between 5 and 30 days, the loss of cortical neurons is of about 30% by neuronal death. 3. The total number of glial cells doubles between 5 and 180 days. The increase is progressive through the development.", "PMID": 748450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7456", "title": "Divergent responses to thyroid hormone treatment of the different secondary germinal layers in the postnatal rat brain.", "content": "The effect of daily triiodothyronine (T3) treatment (first injection on the day of birth) was studied on the postnatal development of various parts of the rat brain. It was found that the T3 treatment resulted in an increase of the cell multiplication in the external grannular layer of the cerebellum but decreased the cell division or had no significant effect in the periventricular germinal layer and in the polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus. From the 10th day the T3 treatment resulted in a decrease of the cell division in all secondary germinal layers examined. As a reason for this different effect is can be suggested that the triidothyronine acts differently upon the various neuronal and glial precursors or upon the germinal layers producing them.", "contents": "Divergent responses to thyroid hormone treatment of the different secondary germinal layers in the postnatal rat brain. The effect of daily triiodothyronine (T3) treatment (first injection on the day of birth) was studied on the postnatal development of various parts of the rat brain. It was found that the T3 treatment resulted in an increase of the cell multiplication in the external grannular layer of the cerebellum but decreased the cell division or had no significant effect in the periventricular germinal layer and in the polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus. From the 10th day the T3 treatment resulted in a decrease of the cell division in all secondary germinal layers examined. As a reason for this different effect is can be suggested that the triidothyronine acts differently upon the various neuronal and glial precursors or upon the germinal layers producing them.", "PMID": 748451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7457", "title": "[Embryonic development of the brain of Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). III. The optical system and adjacent nuclei in the tegmentum mesencephali].", "content": "The ontogenesis of the optic system in the brain has been studied with reference to the general biology of the embryo and to the cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum. 1. Sharks vary in terms of retinal structure (Franz 1931). Scyliorhinus shows densely packed and large cellular layers alternating with thin fiber layers. 2. The optic tracts, which are not excessively large, cross in the optic chiasm by approximately 95%. The optic fibers, forming a medial and a lateral tract, enter the tectum in zones 9 and 11. 3. The eye muscle nuclei do not differ from the general vertebrate pattern. The oculomotor nucleus represents the largest portion; the abducens nucleus is small. 4. The nucleus interstitialis of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis is remarkably developed and consists of large neurons. Together with the interpreduncula nucleus it receives fibers of fasciculus retroflexus.", "contents": "[Embryonic development of the brain of Scyliorhinus canicula (L.). III. The optical system and adjacent nuclei in the tegmentum mesencephali]. The ontogenesis of the optic system in the brain has been studied with reference to the general biology of the embryo and to the cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum. 1. Sharks vary in terms of retinal structure (Franz 1931). Scyliorhinus shows densely packed and large cellular layers alternating with thin fiber layers. 2. The optic tracts, which are not excessively large, cross in the optic chiasm by approximately 95%. The optic fibers, forming a medial and a lateral tract, enter the tectum in zones 9 and 11. 3. The eye muscle nuclei do not differ from the general vertebrate pattern. The oculomotor nucleus represents the largest portion; the abducens nucleus is small. 4. The nucleus interstitialis of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis is remarkably developed and consists of large neurons. Together with the interpreduncula nucleus it receives fibers of fasciculus retroflexus.", "PMID": 748452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7458", "title": "Dentritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in the cat. 3. The range of dendrites of the lateral region neurons.", "content": "The first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in kittens and mature cats were examined with Golgi method. It was found that the dendrites of large and medium neurons situated in the lateral region of the intermediate gray penetrated lamina V dorsally, and lamina VIII and motor nuclei ventrally. Laterally these dendrites reached the lateral horns and even the lateral funicles. Paracentrally they ran along the whole intermediate gray of the cord, entered the thoracic nucleus, and even the white commisure.", "contents": "Dentritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in the cat. 3. The range of dendrites of the lateral region neurons. The first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in kittens and mature cats were examined with Golgi method. It was found that the dendrites of large and medium neurons situated in the lateral region of the intermediate gray penetrated lamina V dorsally, and lamina VIII and motor nuclei ventrally. Laterally these dendrites reached the lateral horns and even the lateral funicles. Paracentrally they ran along the whole intermediate gray of the cord, entered the thoracic nucleus, and even the white commisure.", "PMID": 748454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7459", "title": "Dentritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in the cat. 4. The range of dendrites of the lateral horn neurons.", "content": "The topography of dendrites of the lateral horn neurons at the level of L1--L2 have been investigated in young and mature cats using Golgi impregnation method. It has been stated that the dendrites of investigated neurons reach the lamina III (dorsally), the lateral funiculi (laterally), and the lateral and central parts of the intermediate gray (medially). They penetrate the thoracic nucleus as well. In their ventral course they were found within the laminae VIII and IX. Afferent connections of the neurons are also discussed.", "contents": "Dentritic range of the neurons of the intermediate gray at the levels of the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord in the cat. 4. The range of dendrites of the lateral horn neurons. The topography of dendrites of the lateral horn neurons at the level of L1--L2 have been investigated in young and mature cats using Golgi impregnation method. It has been stated that the dendrites of investigated neurons reach the lamina III (dorsally), the lateral funiculi (laterally), and the lateral and central parts of the intermediate gray (medially). They penetrate the thoracic nucleus as well. In their ventral course they were found within the laminae VIII and IX. Afferent connections of the neurons are also discussed.", "PMID": 748455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7460", "title": "[Relationship between the environment and pyramidal neuron differentiation in the hippocampus (CA 1) of the rat. Differentiation of apical lateral and basal dendrites].", "content": "A total of 60 newborn Wistar-rats was divided into three groups, each of which was exposed to a different environmental situation. The first group was reared in complete darkness while the second one was subjected to permanent noise. The third group (controls) was reared under normal laboratory conditions. The animals of all three groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 15 and prepared according to the Golgi-Kopsch technique. Apical oblique dendrites and basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells (CA 1 region) were ranked in a centrifugal ordering system for measurements of dendritic length and for spine counts. In the successive dendritic orders as well as in the dendritic field (all branches of a dendrite arising from the cell body or main apical shaft) no statistically significant differences between the groups were found with regard to dendritic length. The spine counts, however, revealed significant changes. In the dark reared group, the number of spines on oblique dendrites as well as on basal dendrites is significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. On the contrary, animals subjected to permanent noise exhibit significantly more spines on oblique and basal dendrites when compared with the controls (mean number of spines in the apical dendritic field: controls 30.1 +/- 26.9, dark reared animals 17l1 +/- 15.4 (-43.2%), animals subjected to noise 36.4 +/- 31.4 (+ 20.9%); basal dendritic field: controls 82.2 +/- 70.1, dark reared animals 47.3 +/- 35.1 (-42.5%), animals exposed to noise 114,1 +/- 94.6 (+ 38.8%)). These results confirm previous studies on the number of spines along the main apical shaft of CA 1 pyramidal cells (Frotscher et al. 1975) and on the number of synapses in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 (Frotscher et al. 1977) in rats reared under identical experimental conditions. On the basis of these results it seems to be obvious that synaptogenesis in the hippocampus is influenced by the environmental conditions used though this region is not directly involved in the optic or in the acoustic pathway.", "contents": "[Relationship between the environment and pyramidal neuron differentiation in the hippocampus (CA 1) of the rat. Differentiation of apical lateral and basal dendrites]. A total of 60 newborn Wistar-rats was divided into three groups, each of which was exposed to a different environmental situation. The first group was reared in complete darkness while the second one was subjected to permanent noise. The third group (controls) was reared under normal laboratory conditions. The animals of all three groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 15 and prepared according to the Golgi-Kopsch technique. Apical oblique dendrites and basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells (CA 1 region) were ranked in a centrifugal ordering system for measurements of dendritic length and for spine counts. In the successive dendritic orders as well as in the dendritic field (all branches of a dendrite arising from the cell body or main apical shaft) no statistically significant differences between the groups were found with regard to dendritic length. The spine counts, however, revealed significant changes. In the dark reared group, the number of spines on oblique dendrites as well as on basal dendrites is significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. On the contrary, animals subjected to permanent noise exhibit significantly more spines on oblique and basal dendrites when compared with the controls (mean number of spines in the apical dendritic field: controls 30.1 +/- 26.9, dark reared animals 17l1 +/- 15.4 (-43.2%), animals subjected to noise 36.4 +/- 31.4 (+ 20.9%); basal dendritic field: controls 82.2 +/- 70.1, dark reared animals 47.3 +/- 35.1 (-42.5%), animals exposed to noise 114,1 +/- 94.6 (+ 38.8%)). These results confirm previous studies on the number of spines along the main apical shaft of CA 1 pyramidal cells (Frotscher et al. 1975) and on the number of synapses in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 (Frotscher et al. 1977) in rats reared under identical experimental conditions. On the basis of these results it seems to be obvious that synaptogenesis in the hippocampus is influenced by the environmental conditions used though this region is not directly involved in the optic or in the acoustic pathway.", "PMID": 748456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7461", "title": "Variations of the dog cerebral sulci, compared in particular with those of the cat.", "content": "Various types of 15 sulci, ill on the lateral and 4 on the medial surface, of the dog cerebral hemisphere, were examined. Each sulcus has several formes and a sulcal pattern which shows the highest frequency is taken as a \"standard\" type. A standard map of the dog brain is presented based upon the present observation. Sulcal patterns of the dog cerebrum are in general as consistent as those of the cat brain. However, some sulci, i.e., a small branch of the suprasylvian sulcus, the suprasplenial and postsplenial sulci, the ectolateral, the genual, the prorean, and the eetosylvian sulcus, show variety of formes. Variations of the dog sulci are discussed and compared with those of the cat. The comparison shows that the sulcal patterns which appear only in the dog are on the whole most variable.", "contents": "Variations of the dog cerebral sulci, compared in particular with those of the cat. Various types of 15 sulci, ill on the lateral and 4 on the medial surface, of the dog cerebral hemisphere, were examined. Each sulcus has several formes and a sulcal pattern which shows the highest frequency is taken as a \"standard\" type. A standard map of the dog brain is presented based upon the present observation. Sulcal patterns of the dog cerebrum are in general as consistent as those of the cat brain. However, some sulci, i.e., a small branch of the suprasylvian sulcus, the suprasplenial and postsplenial sulci, the ectolateral, the genual, the prorean, and the eetosylvian sulcus, show variety of formes. Variations of the dog sulci are discussed and compared with those of the cat. The comparison shows that the sulcal patterns which appear only in the dog are on the whole most variable.", "PMID": 748457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7462", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the subependymal plate in the hamster.", "content": "The subependymal plate of the hypothalamus of the hamster has been studied in this work. Our observations with the electron microscope show that the basal surface of the ependymal cells in this area are situated directly over the astrocytic elements. Ultrastructural studies which indicate two types of glial cells in the subependymal plate contradicted by the results of the present investigation demonstrating one type of glial cells in the hypothalamic subependymal plate. This fact is interpreted as the final result of a glial differentiation in adult hamsters.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the subependymal plate in the hamster. The subependymal plate of the hypothalamus of the hamster has been studied in this work. Our observations with the electron microscope show that the basal surface of the ependymal cells in this area are situated directly over the astrocytic elements. Ultrastructural studies which indicate two types of glial cells in the subependymal plate contradicted by the results of the present investigation demonstrating one type of glial cells in the hypothalamic subependymal plate. This fact is interpreted as the final result of a glial differentiation in adult hamsters.", "PMID": 748458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7463", "title": "Giant cell arteritis-a systemic spectrum including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are closely associated disorders that may pose serious threats to the elderly. While the etiological factors remain unknown, these clinical entities may represent different expressions of a common disorder. Recent evidence suggests that autoimmunological involvement of the internal elastic lamina of the large and medium-sized arteries might play an importent role in pathogenesis. Genetic and environmental factors may also contribute. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis have subtle and protean manifestations and formes frustes occur, contributing to delays in diagnosis unless the clinician holds a high index of suspicion while treating the elderly. The sequelae, including generalized disability, blindness, myocardial and cerebrovascular catastrophies can probably be avoided by timely and prudent use of corticosteroids. These are not uncommon disorders are among the most amenable to treatment of the rheumatological diseases. Family physicians must be diligent in their efforts to diagnose these disorders since early generalized and focal signs and symptoms frequently precede the catastrophic events.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis-a systemic spectrum including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are closely associated disorders that may pose serious threats to the elderly. While the etiological factors remain unknown, these clinical entities may represent different expressions of a common disorder. Recent evidence suggests that autoimmunological involvement of the internal elastic lamina of the large and medium-sized arteries might play an importent role in pathogenesis. Genetic and environmental factors may also contribute. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis have subtle and protean manifestations and formes frustes occur, contributing to delays in diagnosis unless the clinician holds a high index of suspicion while treating the elderly. The sequelae, including generalized disability, blindness, myocardial and cerebrovascular catastrophies can probably be avoided by timely and prudent use of corticosteroids. These are not uncommon disorders are among the most amenable to treatment of the rheumatological diseases. Family physicians must be diligent in their efforts to diagnose these disorders since early generalized and focal signs and symptoms frequently precede the catastrophic events.", "PMID": 748486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7464", "title": "Complete right bundle branch block and acute myocardial infarction an ominous sign.", "content": "Complete right bundle branch block associated with a normal QRS axis and a normal PR interval was observed in 2.8 percent of 500 consecutive acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a community teaching hospital. This experience and a review of the literature reveals that this unifascicular block complicating acute myocardial infarction is typically associated with (1) an elderly patient population, (2) a hospital mortality rate in excess of 50 percent, and (3) a \"new\" onset complete right bundle branch block which carries a higher mortality than when this electrocardiographic pattern preexists the acute infarction.", "contents": "Complete right bundle branch block and acute myocardial infarction an ominous sign. Complete right bundle branch block associated with a normal QRS axis and a normal PR interval was observed in 2.8 percent of 500 consecutive acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a community teaching hospital. This experience and a review of the literature reveals that this unifascicular block complicating acute myocardial infarction is typically associated with (1) an elderly patient population, (2) a hospital mortality rate in excess of 50 percent, and (3) a \"new\" onset complete right bundle branch block which carries a higher mortality than when this electrocardiographic pattern preexists the acute infarction.", "PMID": 748487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7465", "title": "Effect of topical corticosteroids on symptoms of clinical sunburn.", "content": "Topical corticosteroids have been advocated in the treatment of sunburn. This therapy was evaluated by means of a random, double-blind study in which subjects who had acquired acute natural sunburn served as their own controls. Subjects applied fluocinolone cream to an acutely exposed area of their body and the inert carrier base to a symmetrical, similarly exposed area twice a day for five days while avoiding further exposure. The subjects recorded by means of a rating scale the progression, at both sites, of redness, pain, blistering, swelling, and peeling. The natural course of mild to moderate sunburn to symptomatic resolution was observed to be about three to five days. There was no significant difference in response between the steroid-treated area and the inert-base-treated area.", "contents": "Effect of topical corticosteroids on symptoms of clinical sunburn. Topical corticosteroids have been advocated in the treatment of sunburn. This therapy was evaluated by means of a random, double-blind study in which subjects who had acquired acute natural sunburn served as their own controls. Subjects applied fluocinolone cream to an acutely exposed area of their body and the inert carrier base to a symmetrical, similarly exposed area twice a day for five days while avoiding further exposure. The subjects recorded by means of a rating scale the progression, at both sites, of redness, pain, blistering, swelling, and peeling. The natural course of mild to moderate sunburn to symptomatic resolution was observed to be about three to five days. There was no significant difference in response between the steroid-treated area and the inert-base-treated area.", "PMID": 748488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7466", "title": "A systematic approach to brief psychological intervention in the primary care setting.", "content": "A systematic approach to psychological intervention that can be used by the primary care physician is presented. The approach specifies the sequence the physician takes when providing therapy: (1) identify the context of the patient's complaint(s), (2) assess the patient's current status, (3) develop a therapeutic plan, and (4) implement a therapy approach. These steps are based on four current status categories-functional, ambiguous, crisis, and dysfunctional-that describe the patient's life situation. Each category serves as a gateway for planning and for carrying out therapy. Four types of psychological intervention-short-term therapy, structured assessment, crisis intervention, and referral-are described and methods for implementing each activity are given. The advantages of the schema and a brief critique are presented.", "contents": "A systematic approach to brief psychological intervention in the primary care setting. A systematic approach to psychological intervention that can be used by the primary care physician is presented. The approach specifies the sequence the physician takes when providing therapy: (1) identify the context of the patient's complaint(s), (2) assess the patient's current status, (3) develop a therapeutic plan, and (4) implement a therapy approach. These steps are based on four current status categories-functional, ambiguous, crisis, and dysfunctional-that describe the patient's life situation. Each category serves as a gateway for planning and for carrying out therapy. Four types of psychological intervention-short-term therapy, structured assessment, crisis intervention, and referral-are described and methods for implementing each activity are given. The advantages of the schema and a brief critique are presented.", "PMID": 748489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7467", "title": "The family as patient: preliminary experience with a recorded assessment schema.", "content": "Although family medicine has become a well-established discipline, emphasis more often than not continues to be on the individual and not the family. It is the intent of this paper to expand the focus of physician concern beyond the presenting symptom and, indeed, beyond the individual patient, to include the concept of family as patient. The family is discussed as part of a complex interactional system of stress and support factors both from within the family itself and from the wider social system of which it forms a part. A three-dimensional model for the comprehensive psychosocial evaluation of family functioning in health and illness has been presented both diagrammatically and descriptively. Most importantly, a simple set of questions is provided as an instrument to assist the physician in the assessment of family functioning in health and illness.", "contents": "The family as patient: preliminary experience with a recorded assessment schema. Although family medicine has become a well-established discipline, emphasis more often than not continues to be on the individual and not the family. It is the intent of this paper to expand the focus of physician concern beyond the presenting symptom and, indeed, beyond the individual patient, to include the concept of family as patient. The family is discussed as part of a complex interactional system of stress and support factors both from within the family itself and from the wider social system of which it forms a part. A three-dimensional model for the comprehensive psychosocial evaluation of family functioning in health and illness has been presented both diagrammatically and descriptively. Most importantly, a simple set of questions is provided as an instrument to assist the physician in the assessment of family functioning in health and illness.", "PMID": 748490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7468", "title": "The no-show patient in the model family practice unit.", "content": "Appointment breaking by patients causes problems for the physician's office. Patients who neither keep nor cancel their appointments are often referred to as \"no shows.\" Twenty variables were identified as potential predictors of no-show behavior. These predictors were applied to 291 Family Practice Center patients during a one-month study in April 1977. A discriminant function and multiple regression procedure were utilized ascertain the predictability of the selected variables. Predictive accuracy of the variables was 67.4 percent compared to the presently utilized constant predictor technique, which is 73 percent accurate. Modification of appointment schedules based upon utilization of the variables studies as predictors of show/no-show behavior does not appear to be an effective strategy in the Family Practice Center of the Community Hospital of Sonoma County, Santa Rosa, due to the high proportion of patients who do, in fact, show. In clinics with lower show rates, the technique may prove to be an effective strategy.", "contents": "The no-show patient in the model family practice unit. Appointment breaking by patients causes problems for the physician's office. Patients who neither keep nor cancel their appointments are often referred to as \"no shows.\" Twenty variables were identified as potential predictors of no-show behavior. These predictors were applied to 291 Family Practice Center patients during a one-month study in April 1977. A discriminant function and multiple regression procedure were utilized ascertain the predictability of the selected variables. Predictive accuracy of the variables was 67.4 percent compared to the presently utilized constant predictor technique, which is 73 percent accurate. Modification of appointment schedules based upon utilization of the variables studies as predictors of show/no-show behavior does not appear to be an effective strategy in the Family Practice Center of the Community Hospital of Sonoma County, Santa Rosa, due to the high proportion of patients who do, in fact, show. In clinics with lower show rates, the technique may prove to be an effective strategy.", "PMID": 748491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7469", "title": "Analysis of after-hours calls and visits in a family practice.", "content": "The after-hours encounter is an important aspect of primary care. This study examined the pattern of patient behavior after hours in a rural Ontario setting serving a mixed white and native population. Of the 83 telephone calls and 59 visits over a six-week period, approximately 60 percent were from females (52 percent of the clinic population), and 70 percnet were for new problems, with acute infection accounting for nearly one third of the contacts. Forty-seven percent of the calls were rated as highly necessary; 56 percent of the calls received visits. The following factors related to the preceding call increased the likelihood of a visit: (1) an early evening call; (2) a high necessity rating; (3) a classification of trauma: (4) caller at the limit of tolerance of symptoms: (5) white caller. The significance of the results and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of after-hours calls and visits in a family practice. The after-hours encounter is an important aspect of primary care. This study examined the pattern of patient behavior after hours in a rural Ontario setting serving a mixed white and native population. Of the 83 telephone calls and 59 visits over a six-week period, approximately 60 percent were from females (52 percent of the clinic population), and 70 percnet were for new problems, with acute infection accounting for nearly one third of the contacts. Forty-seven percent of the calls were rated as highly necessary; 56 percent of the calls received visits. The following factors related to the preceding call increased the likelihood of a visit: (1) an early evening call; (2) a high necessity rating; (3) a classification of trauma: (4) caller at the limit of tolerance of symptoms: (5) white caller. The significance of the results and their implications are discussed.", "PMID": 748492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7470", "title": "Problems in family practice: the suicidal patient.", "content": "Suicidal patients are common in family practice. Risk factors can alert the family physician to persons at unusual risk. Demographic factors, especially those revealing changing social status, recent loss, intentionality, lethality, past history, and high-risk groups, can be rapidly assessed. Viewing suicide as a final common pathway of system dysfunction at any or all major levels-biologic, psychologic, sociocultural-leads to an appreciation of the ubiquitous nature of passive or active \"self murder\" impulses. Persons depressed for any significant length of time for whatever reasons are potentially suicidal. Thus, the \"typical\" depression is suicidal but so are persons whose depression is related to drug side effects, primary illness effects, to living in a dysfunctional family system, or to normal grief. Diagnosis requires inquiry about the depth of the patient's depression pain. Treatment takes into account the aforementioned risk factors, plus interventions appropriate to the malfunctioning system.", "contents": "Problems in family practice: the suicidal patient. Suicidal patients are common in family practice. Risk factors can alert the family physician to persons at unusual risk. Demographic factors, especially those revealing changing social status, recent loss, intentionality, lethality, past history, and high-risk groups, can be rapidly assessed. Viewing suicide as a final common pathway of system dysfunction at any or all major levels-biologic, psychologic, sociocultural-leads to an appreciation of the ubiquitous nature of passive or active \"self murder\" impulses. Persons depressed for any significant length of time for whatever reasons are potentially suicidal. Thus, the \"typical\" depression is suicidal but so are persons whose depression is related to drug side effects, primary illness effects, to living in a dysfunctional family system, or to normal grief. Diagnosis requires inquiry about the depth of the patient's depression pain. Treatment takes into account the aforementioned risk factors, plus interventions appropriate to the malfunctioning system.", "PMID": 748493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7471", "title": "The ultrastructural effects of acute decompression on the lung of rats: the influence of frusemide.", "content": "Rats were placed in a decompression chamber and the chamber and the pressure reduced to 265 mm Hg over a period of 1 hr. Other rats were subjected to the same treatment after having been given an injection of frusemide. An ultrastructural study of the lungs of these rats showed that acute decompression of this magnitude can cause swelling and disintegration of type I alveolar epithelial cells. Although capillary endothelial cells showed only minor cytoplasmic damage many capillaries were ruptured with diapedesis of red cells. This is believed to be caused by gross capillary dilatation associated with pulmonary congestion. Pretreatment with frusemide prevented capillary rupture and reduced the degree of epithelial degeneration. However, frusemide induced swelling of capillary endothelial cells which was unassociated with acute decompression.", "contents": "The ultrastructural effects of acute decompression on the lung of rats: the influence of frusemide. Rats were placed in a decompression chamber and the chamber and the pressure reduced to 265 mm Hg over a period of 1 hr. Other rats were subjected to the same treatment after having been given an injection of frusemide. An ultrastructural study of the lungs of these rats showed that acute decompression of this magnitude can cause swelling and disintegration of type I alveolar epithelial cells. Although capillary endothelial cells showed only minor cytoplasmic damage many capillaries were ruptured with diapedesis of red cells. This is believed to be caused by gross capillary dilatation associated with pulmonary congestion. Pretreatment with frusemide prevented capillary rupture and reduced the degree of epithelial degeneration. However, frusemide induced swelling of capillary endothelial cells which was unassociated with acute decompression.", "PMID": 748513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7472", "title": "Acid mucins in human intestinal goblet cells.", "content": "Acid mucins in goblet cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of neonates and infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and without CF were measured by scanning microdensitometry after alcian blue staining according to the protocol of McCarthy and Reid (1963) which characterises four groups of acidic mucins. In CF infants over 6 mth of age, but not in controls, there was an increase along the gut from duodenum to ileum of both weakly acidic and strongly acidic sulphomucins. In the ileum the increase was in total mucins from 6 mth previously in the same CF patients and this difference could be accounted for by an increase of sialidase-resistant mucins. The increase in sulphomucins was more marked at the tip than at the base of the villi. In CF neonates there was significant difference in the quantities of acidic mucins. The question whether the mucins of CF are chemically abnormal or merely accumulated to an abnormal extent is probably best investigated by analysis of sialidase-resistant mucins and sulphomucins of the ileum and strongly acidic sulphomucins of the duodenum and jejunum in CF infants over 6 mth of age.", "contents": "Acid mucins in human intestinal goblet cells. Acid mucins in goblet cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of neonates and infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and without CF were measured by scanning microdensitometry after alcian blue staining according to the protocol of McCarthy and Reid (1963) which characterises four groups of acidic mucins. In CF infants over 6 mth of age, but not in controls, there was an increase along the gut from duodenum to ileum of both weakly acidic and strongly acidic sulphomucins. In the ileum the increase was in total mucins from 6 mth previously in the same CF patients and this difference could be accounted for by an increase of sialidase-resistant mucins. The increase in sulphomucins was more marked at the tip than at the base of the villi. In CF neonates there was significant difference in the quantities of acidic mucins. The question whether the mucins of CF are chemically abnormal or merely accumulated to an abnormal extent is probably best investigated by analysis of sialidase-resistant mucins and sulphomucins of the ileum and strongly acidic sulphomucins of the duodenum and jejunum in CF infants over 6 mth of age.", "PMID": 748514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7473", "title": "Ultrastructure of human foetal and neonatal hyaline cartilage.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies showed that human foetal and neonatal hyaline cartilage contained at least two types of chondrocytes. The predominant chondrocytes of chief cells were characterised by scanty, flat endoplasmic reticulum, few mitochondria, a rudimentary Golgi zone, and by the presence of clear cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained electron-dense granules and beaded filaments. The second type of cells had dark or electron-dense cytoplasm which contained numerous dilated endoplasmic reticulum and prominent Golgi zones; these cells gave rise to slender cytoplasmic processes from which the matrix vesicles were probably derived. The lacunar matrices surrounding both cell types were morphologically different reflecting some functional differences between these cells. Both types of cells participated in the formation of costochondral growth zones. Condrocytes with morphology of the chief cells proliferated, columnised, underwent hypertrophy,  and differentiated either into a compact hypertrophic cell or a swollen pale cell. The cells also became hypertrophic and gave rise to increasing numbers of dense vesicles. Calcification was first noted in the longitudinal septa inside or adjacent to matrix vesicles. The recognition of the heterogeneity of chondrocytes in human hyaline cartilage may be helpful in understanding the pathology of the chondrodysplasias.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human foetal and neonatal hyaline cartilage. Ultrastructural studies showed that human foetal and neonatal hyaline cartilage contained at least two types of chondrocytes. The predominant chondrocytes of chief cells were characterised by scanty, flat endoplasmic reticulum, few mitochondria, a rudimentary Golgi zone, and by the presence of clear cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained electron-dense granules and beaded filaments. The second type of cells had dark or electron-dense cytoplasm which contained numerous dilated endoplasmic reticulum and prominent Golgi zones; these cells gave rise to slender cytoplasmic processes from which the matrix vesicles were probably derived. The lacunar matrices surrounding both cell types were morphologically different reflecting some functional differences between these cells. Both types of cells participated in the formation of costochondral growth zones. Condrocytes with morphology of the chief cells proliferated, columnised, underwent hypertrophy,  and differentiated either into a compact hypertrophic cell or a swollen pale cell. The cells also became hypertrophic and gave rise to increasing numbers of dense vesicles. Calcification was first noted in the longitudinal septa inside or adjacent to matrix vesicles. The recognition of the heterogeneity of chondrocytes in human hyaline cartilage may be helpful in understanding the pathology of the chondrodysplasias.", "PMID": 748515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7474", "title": "Endocytosis and formation of macrophage polykarya: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes in foreign body granulomas become entrapped by the lamellipodia or enter the intracytoplasmic membranous labyrinth of macrophage polykarya. Evidence of membrane fusion was found in such instances and it is suggested that the internalisation of the mononuclear phagocyte is allied to the motility of the syncytium. This concept is also supported by the reports of other authors who emphasise the role of endocytosis in the formation of macrophage polykarya. The net effect of such a mechanism is growth of the syncytium.", "contents": "Endocytosis and formation of macrophage polykarya: an ultrastructural study. Mononuclear phagocytes in foreign body granulomas become entrapped by the lamellipodia or enter the intracytoplasmic membranous labyrinth of macrophage polykarya. Evidence of membrane fusion was found in such instances and it is suggested that the internalisation of the mononuclear phagocyte is allied to the motility of the syncytium. This concept is also supported by the reports of other authors who emphasise the role of endocytosis in the formation of macrophage polykarya. The net effect of such a mechanism is growth of the syncytium.", "PMID": 748516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7475", "title": "The leucocoyte disappearance reaction in non-immune acute inflammation.", "content": "Injection of a variety of irritants (saline, ovalbumin, compound 48/80 and powdered glass) into the rat pleural cavity induced the disappearance of pleural leucocytes during the first two hours of the reaction. This phenomenon, termed the leucocyte disappearance reaction (LDR), was suppressed by treatment with the anticoagulants heparin and warfarin. The in-vitro incubation of normal, or inflammatory pleural leucocytes resulted in the deposition of dense interconnecting meshwork of fibrin only upon addition of fibrinogen to the culture medium. It is suggested from these results that the LDR is related to the clotting system, involving leucocyte-derived enzyme(s) analogous to those of the clotting system (e.g., tissue thromboplastin), which convert fibrogen to fibrin, resulting in cell-trapping and subsequent \"disappearance\" of pleural leuococytes. Similarities were observed betweeen the LDR in non-immune inflammation and the macrophage disappearance reaction of cell-mediated immunity. The significance of these phenomena in the inflammatory process, both immune and non-immune, is discussed.", "contents": "The leucocoyte disappearance reaction in non-immune acute inflammation. Injection of a variety of irritants (saline, ovalbumin, compound 48/80 and powdered glass) into the rat pleural cavity induced the disappearance of pleural leucocytes during the first two hours of the reaction. This phenomenon, termed the leucocyte disappearance reaction (LDR), was suppressed by treatment with the anticoagulants heparin and warfarin. The in-vitro incubation of normal, or inflammatory pleural leucocytes resulted in the deposition of dense interconnecting meshwork of fibrin only upon addition of fibrinogen to the culture medium. It is suggested from these results that the LDR is related to the clotting system, involving leucocyte-derived enzyme(s) analogous to those of the clotting system (e.g., tissue thromboplastin), which convert fibrogen to fibrin, resulting in cell-trapping and subsequent \"disappearance\" of pleural leuococytes. Similarities were observed betweeen the LDR in non-immune inflammation and the macrophage disappearance reaction of cell-mediated immunity. The significance of these phenomena in the inflammatory process, both immune and non-immune, is discussed.", "PMID": 748517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7476", "title": "[Breast check-up and high risk factors in breast cancer screening (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1966 and 1977, 142 breast cancers have been discovered in 85 250 women among 120,000 routine clinical examinations. Comparison between the information given by mammography alone compared with the panel of specialized techniques (cytology, thermography, mammography, echography) shows superiority for the latter. Complete breast check-ups have doubled the percentage of cancers discovered in the women that were examined (from 0,8% to 1,8%). A family history of breast cancer does not help in the discovery of cancer, except in cases of mammary changes noticed by the patient herself. However, these women have to be checked regularly, because the number of cancers diagnosed does not decrease at subsequent visits. The generalized practice of self-examination and of less mutilating treatment should encourage patients to consult earlier, as they have less fear that mutilating surgery will be performed.", "contents": "[Breast check-up and high risk factors in breast cancer screening (author's transl)]. Between 1966 and 1977, 142 breast cancers have been discovered in 85 250 women among 120,000 routine clinical examinations. Comparison between the information given by mammography alone compared with the panel of specialized techniques (cytology, thermography, mammography, echography) shows superiority for the latter. Complete breast check-ups have doubled the percentage of cancers discovered in the women that were examined (from 0,8% to 1,8%). A family history of breast cancer does not help in the discovery of cancer, except in cases of mammary changes noticed by the patient herself. However, these women have to be checked regularly, because the number of cancers diagnosed does not decrease at subsequent visits. The generalized practice of self-examination and of less mutilating treatment should encourage patients to consult earlier, as they have less fear that mutilating surgery will be performed.", "PMID": 748537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7477", "title": "[Present day development of the Paris System. First part: coplanar patterns and those called \"in squares\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The Paris System is a previsional dosimetric system which facilitates the work of curietherapists working with iridium 192 wires. Introduced about twelve years ago for radio-active implantations in one linear plane, this system has now become more generalized for implantations in two or more linear planes. After a brief review of the principles on which the Paris System is based, and introducing the new definitions arising from its development, the authors present the results of a systematic computerized study. The results obtained were used to establish, among others, the simple relationships between the geometric implantation data (disposition, length, number, separation... of the radioactive lines) and the dimensions of the volume treated, for the coplanar patterns and those called \"in squares\",", "contents": "[Present day development of the Paris System. First part: coplanar patterns and those called \"in squares\" (author's transl)]. The Paris System is a previsional dosimetric system which facilitates the work of curietherapists working with iridium 192 wires. Introduced about twelve years ago for radio-active implantations in one linear plane, this system has now become more generalized for implantations in two or more linear planes. After a brief review of the principles on which the Paris System is based, and introducing the new definitions arising from its development, the authors present the results of a systematic computerized study. The results obtained were used to establish, among others, the simple relationships between the geometric implantation data (disposition, length, number, separation... of the radioactive lines) and the dimensions of the volume treated, for the coplanar patterns and those called \"in squares\",", "PMID": 748538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7478", "title": "The relation of rheumatoid arthritis to hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "The following hypothesis is proposed. Hypogammaglobulinemia is produced by an excess of normal 7S complement-fixing anti-immunoglobulin which is specific for \"altered\" Fc portions of immunoglobulin. This is present lesser amount in normal blood, is not reactive with the native immunoglobulins of blood, and plays a part in controlling the normal level of antibody production. When it is present in excess, some patients respond by producing also an excess of normal non-complement-fixing 7S anti-immunoglobulin of the same specificity as well as classical 19S IgM rheumatoid factor. These latter agents successfully prevent the hypogammaglobulinemia but they produce \"side effects\". These \"side effects\" constitute classical rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "The relation of rheumatoid arthritis to hypogammaglobulinemia. The following hypothesis is proposed. Hypogammaglobulinemia is produced by an excess of normal 7S complement-fixing anti-immunoglobulin which is specific for \"altered\" Fc portions of immunoglobulin. This is present lesser amount in normal blood, is not reactive with the native immunoglobulins of blood, and plays a part in controlling the normal level of antibody production. When it is present in excess, some patients respond by producing also an excess of normal non-complement-fixing 7S anti-immunoglobulin of the same specificity as well as classical 19S IgM rheumatoid factor. These latter agents successfully prevent the hypogammaglobulinemia but they produce \"side effects\". These \"side effects\" constitute classical rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 748548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7479", "title": "Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. VIII. Fractionation of rheumatoid samples containing immune complex-like material.", "content": "Fractionation studies were performed of an immune complex-like material measured in rheumatoid synovial fluid using a biological assay based on histamine release from guinea pig lung. This material was eluted from Sepharose 6B in the excluded fraction, from DEAE cellulose predominantly in the third buffer, and from polyacrylamide electrophoresis in a cathodal position. Heterogeneity of the complexes was evident on iso-electric focussing, with one peak of activity at a pH of 4.2--5.6 and the other at pH 6.8--8.6. Purification of the material was limited by a loss of activity which occurred on using three fractionation procedure in sequence. This instability was avoided in the case of Sepharose 6B by adding 0.1% bovine or rabbit albumin to the elution buffer.", "contents": "Studies into the occurrence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in disease. VIII. Fractionation of rheumatoid samples containing immune complex-like material. Fractionation studies were performed of an immune complex-like material measured in rheumatoid synovial fluid using a biological assay based on histamine release from guinea pig lung. This material was eluted from Sepharose 6B in the excluded fraction, from DEAE cellulose predominantly in the third buffer, and from polyacrylamide electrophoresis in a cathodal position. Heterogeneity of the complexes was evident on iso-electric focussing, with one peak of activity at a pH of 4.2--5.6 and the other at pH 6.8--8.6. Purification of the material was limited by a loss of activity which occurred on using three fractionation procedure in sequence. This instability was avoided in the case of Sepharose 6B by adding 0.1% bovine or rabbit albumin to the elution buffer.", "PMID": 748549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7480", "title": "Inter-relationships of laboratory variables in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The inter-relationships of 25 variables in 140 rheumatoid patients were studied. One group, consisting mainly of hematologic variables, was differentiated on the basis of its high correlation with disease activity. The second group consisted of CRP and rheumatoid factor, which had highly significant positive correlations with each other. The third group consisted of serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine, antistreptolysin titre and blood eosinophils. These relationships are discussed.", "contents": "Inter-relationships of laboratory variables in rheumatoid arthritis. The inter-relationships of 25 variables in 140 rheumatoid patients were studied. One group, consisting mainly of hematologic variables, was differentiated on the basis of its high correlation with disease activity. The second group consisted of CRP and rheumatoid factor, which had highly significant positive correlations with each other. The third group consisted of serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine, antistreptolysin titre and blood eosinophils. These relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 748550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7481", "title": "Candida tropicalis arthritis - assessment of amphotericin B therapy.", "content": "A 28 year old male heroin addict developed Candida tropicalis infection of the knee joint in association with candidemia. Assessment of amphotericin B therapy was facilitated by the determination of serum and synovial fluid amphotericin B concentrations using a radiometric bio-assay method. The results indicate that adequate synovial fluid drug levels were achieved with intravenous systemic therapy.", "contents": "Candida tropicalis arthritis - assessment of amphotericin B therapy. A 28 year old male heroin addict developed Candida tropicalis infection of the knee joint in association with candidemia. Assessment of amphotericin B therapy was facilitated by the determination of serum and synovial fluid amphotericin B concentrations using a radiometric bio-assay method. The results indicate that adequate synovial fluid drug levels were achieved with intravenous systemic therapy.", "PMID": 748551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7482", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis with a normal erythroycte sedimentation rate.", "content": "A persistently normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the presence of active synovitis was found in 17 out of 500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These were compared with 17 age- and sex-matched random rheumatoid arthritis controls. The patients were mostly female (15/17) and seronegative (12/17). Other acute phase reactants were measured in some cases and were also normal. Athough erosion and deformity occurred in more than half, significant involvement was restricted to the small, peripheral joints. The limited mass of inflamed synovial tissue may account for the absence of an acute phase response.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis with a normal erythroycte sedimentation rate. A persistently normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the presence of active synovitis was found in 17 out of 500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These were compared with 17 age- and sex-matched random rheumatoid arthritis controls. The patients were mostly female (15/17) and seronegative (12/17). Other acute phase reactants were measured in some cases and were also normal. Athough erosion and deformity occurred in more than half, significant involvement was restricted to the small, peripheral joints. The limited mass of inflamed synovial tissue may account for the absence of an acute phase response.", "PMID": 748552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7483", "title": "Cogan's syndrome with arthritis and aortic insufficiency.", "content": "A young man with nonsyphilitic keratitis and vestibulo-auditory dysfunction (Cogan's syndrome) and a recurrent febrile illness has been observed over a 10 year period. The systemic manifestations have included a splenic abscess vasculitis, pericarditis, aortic valvulitis, and mono-articular inflammatory arthritis.", "contents": "Cogan's syndrome with arthritis and aortic insufficiency. A young man with nonsyphilitic keratitis and vestibulo-auditory dysfunction (Cogan's syndrome) and a recurrent febrile illness has been observed over a 10 year period. The systemic manifestations have included a splenic abscess vasculitis, pericarditis, aortic valvulitis, and mono-articular inflammatory arthritis.", "PMID": 748553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7484", "title": "Cardiopulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Nine of 17 patients (52%) with systemic lupus erythematosus participating in a controlled prospective study were found to have maximal mid-expiratory flow rates suggestive of obstructive or obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smokers with systemic lupus erythematosus had significantly lower (P less than .05) maximal mid-expiratory flow rates than either non-smokers with systemic lupus erythematosus or smokers with degenerative joint disease. By echocardiography, pericardial thickening was seen in six of 17 patients (41%) and mitral valvular abnormalities were noted in four of 17 (24%) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Echocardiography was found to be an effective means of detecting pericardial disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nine of 17 patients (52%) with systemic lupus erythematosus participating in a controlled prospective study were found to have maximal mid-expiratory flow rates suggestive of obstructive or obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smokers with systemic lupus erythematosus had significantly lower (P less than .05) maximal mid-expiratory flow rates than either non-smokers with systemic lupus erythematosus or smokers with degenerative joint disease. By echocardiography, pericardial thickening was seen in six of 17 patients (41%) and mitral valvular abnormalities were noted in four of 17 (24%) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Echocardiography was found to be an effective means of detecting pericardial disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 748554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7485", "title": "The CREST syndrome variant of scleroderma in a mother-daughter pair.", "content": "The CREST syndrome variant of scleroderma was discovered in a 48 year old woman whose mother, age 70, also had CREST syndrome characterized by extensive skin involvement. HLA  typing of the two patients, as well as the two asymptomatic daughters of the proband, revealed the A11-Bw22 haplotype. Review of the family relationships revealed two first cousin marriages. This is the fifth case report of vertical transmission of PSS or its variants, and the first report of this HLA type in such patients. An unusual feature of the illness in the mother was a large perforation of the nasal septum of the type usually associated with Wegener's disease.", "contents": "The CREST syndrome variant of scleroderma in a mother-daughter pair. The CREST syndrome variant of scleroderma was discovered in a 48 year old woman whose mother, age 70, also had CREST syndrome characterized by extensive skin involvement. HLA  typing of the two patients, as well as the two asymptomatic daughters of the proband, revealed the A11-Bw22 haplotype. Review of the family relationships revealed two first cousin marriages. This is the fifth case report of vertical transmission of PSS or its variants, and the first report of this HLA type in such patients. An unusual feature of the illness in the mother was a large perforation of the nasal septum of the type usually associated with Wegener's disease.", "PMID": 748555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7486", "title": "Prevalence of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis in psoriasis patients.", "content": "The presence of sacroiliitis was studied in 100 consecutive psoriatic patients, 62 males and 38 females. In this selected population 14 patients (14%) had grade 2 to 4 sacroiliitis, in seven associated with clinical findings of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac joint involvement was significantly related to more severe cutaneous and ungual psoriatic disease. Sacroiliitis was observed in nine males and five females but clinical AS predominated in the males, six males and one female. No difference in distribution was observed by sex, onset age, or duration of psoriasis when patients with and without sacroiliitis were compared. However, patients with sacroiliitis more frequently had peripheral joint involvement.", "contents": "Prevalence of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis in psoriasis patients. The presence of sacroiliitis was studied in 100 consecutive psoriatic patients, 62 males and 38 females. In this selected population 14 patients (14%) had grade 2 to 4 sacroiliitis, in seven associated with clinical findings of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac joint involvement was significantly related to more severe cutaneous and ungual psoriatic disease. Sacroiliitis was observed in nine males and five females but clinical AS predominated in the males, six males and one female. No difference in distribution was observed by sex, onset age, or duration of psoriasis when patients with and without sacroiliitis were compared. However, patients with sacroiliitis more frequently had peripheral joint involvement.", "PMID": 748556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7487", "title": "Beh\u00e7et's disease: a case with hemoptysis, pseudotumor cerbri, and arteritis.", "content": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's diease with massive hemoptyis is described. The hemoptysis occurred during disease exacerbation with extensive oropharyngeal and laryngeal ulcerations, and responded to high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Other unusual manifestations included a light sensitive dermatitis, pseudotumor cerebri, and right bundle branch block. Also, arteritis and subsequent occlusion of the femoral and popliteal arteries occurred. Although uncommon, pumonary involvement may be life-threatening and should be treated with corticosteroids. Both pulmonary and neurologic involvement tend to occur with active aphthosis and respond to corticosteroids. This case underscores the protean nature of the organ system involvement in Beh\u00e7et's disease and supports the concept that vasculitis is a primary pathophysiologic event.", "contents": "Beh\u00e7et's disease: a case with hemoptysis, pseudotumor cerbri, and arteritis. A case of Beh\u00e7et's diease with massive hemoptyis is described. The hemoptysis occurred during disease exacerbation with extensive oropharyngeal and laryngeal ulcerations, and responded to high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Other unusual manifestations included a light sensitive dermatitis, pseudotumor cerebri, and right bundle branch block. Also, arteritis and subsequent occlusion of the femoral and popliteal arteries occurred. Although uncommon, pumonary involvement may be life-threatening and should be treated with corticosteroids. Both pulmonary and neurologic involvement tend to occur with active aphthosis and respond to corticosteroids. This case underscores the protean nature of the organ system involvement in Beh\u00e7et's disease and supports the concept that vasculitis is a primary pathophysiologic event.", "PMID": 748557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7488", "title": "Bone ankylosis. a rare manifestation of gout.", "content": "A 44 year old man with neglected tophaceous gout developed progressive bony and fibrous ankylosis of the lower leg articulations extending from a toe through the ankle, in spite of three years of otherwise successful therapy.", "contents": "Bone ankylosis. a rare manifestation of gout. A 44 year old man with neglected tophaceous gout developed progressive bony and fibrous ankylosis of the lower leg articulations extending from a toe through the ankle, in spite of three years of otherwise successful therapy.", "PMID": 748558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7489", "title": "Impairments of glycogen and drug metabolisms by chloropeptide, a hepatotoxic mycotoxin of Penicillium islandicum sopp.", "content": "Administration of chloropeptide, a hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptide of Penicillium islandicum Sopp, caused a marked decline in the hepatic glycogen synthetase activity with concomitant increase in NADP-dependent G-6-P dehydrogenase activity. The microsomalmixed function oxygenases were also reduced in the liver of rats following chloropeptide treatment.", "contents": "Impairments of glycogen and drug metabolisms by chloropeptide, a hepatotoxic mycotoxin of Penicillium islandicum sopp. Administration of chloropeptide, a hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptide of Penicillium islandicum Sopp, caused a marked decline in the hepatic glycogen synthetase activity with concomitant increase in NADP-dependent G-6-P dehydrogenase activity. The microsomalmixed function oxygenases were also reduced in the liver of rats following chloropeptide treatment.", "PMID": 748561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7490", "title": "Potentiation of toluene toxicity by hepatic enzyme inhibition in mice.", "content": "The toxicity of toluene was evaluated in male mice by the narcotic effects and lethality. The i.p. LD50 of toluene for male mice was calculated to be 1.15g/kg according to the method of Weil. Pretreatment with phenobarbital, produced a marked decrease in the number of sleep induced by a test dose (0.96 g/kg i.p.) of toluene. By contrast, pretreatment with a variety of hepatic enzyme inhibitors such as CCl4, SKF 525A, pyrazole and cyanamide was found to produce an increase in the number of sleep and death, accompanied with the prolongation of sleeping time. The present results suggest that the toxicity of toluene is enhanced by the inhibition of any step of metabolism.", "contents": "Potentiation of toluene toxicity by hepatic enzyme inhibition in mice. The toxicity of toluene was evaluated in male mice by the narcotic effects and lethality. The i.p. LD50 of toluene for male mice was calculated to be 1.15g/kg according to the method of Weil. Pretreatment with phenobarbital, produced a marked decrease in the number of sleep induced by a test dose (0.96 g/kg i.p.) of toluene. By contrast, pretreatment with a variety of hepatic enzyme inhibitors such as CCl4, SKF 525A, pyrazole and cyanamide was found to produce an increase in the number of sleep and death, accompanied with the prolongation of sleeping time. The present results suggest that the toxicity of toluene is enhanced by the inhibition of any step of metabolism.", "PMID": 748562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7491", "title": "Protein-mediated transfer of DDT to adipose tissue.", "content": "The in vitro transfer of DDT through various media to rat adipose tissue was examined. About 15% of DDT was transferred through Krebs-Ringer solution to the tissue slices after 2-hr incubation at 37 degrees C. The addition of albumin accelerated the transfer of DDT proportionally to the concentrations up to 1.0%. Hemoglobin and gamma-globulin showed a lesser accelerating activity, but protamine, trypsin and pepsin showed little or no effect. When the Krebs-Ringer solution was replaced by triglyceride suspensions, only a small amount of DDT was taken up by the adipose tissue. Ffflux experiments revealed that the adipose tissue scarcely released DDT into albumin solution or triglyceride suspensions. The results suggest that lipid may play an important role as a storage site of DDT and that albumin may behave as a carrier system.", "contents": "Protein-mediated transfer of DDT to adipose tissue. The in vitro transfer of DDT through various media to rat adipose tissue was examined. About 15% of DDT was transferred through Krebs-Ringer solution to the tissue slices after 2-hr incubation at 37 degrees C. The addition of albumin accelerated the transfer of DDT proportionally to the concentrations up to 1.0%. Hemoglobin and gamma-globulin showed a lesser accelerating activity, but protamine, trypsin and pepsin showed little or no effect. When the Krebs-Ringer solution was replaced by triglyceride suspensions, only a small amount of DDT was taken up by the adipose tissue. Ffflux experiments revealed that the adipose tissue scarcely released DDT into albumin solution or triglyceride suspensions. The results suggest that lipid may play an important role as a storage site of DDT and that albumin may behave as a carrier system.", "PMID": 748563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7492", "title": "Effects of heavy metal ions on the electrical properties of mucous epithelial cells in the newt stomach.", "content": "Zinc ion, Cu2+ and Cd2+ at 10(-4) M or lower concentrations caused a marked decrease in the membrane potential of mucous epithelial cells in the isolated newt stomach without appreciable change in the effective membrane resistance and electrical coupling ratio. Cysteine and acetylpenicillamine antagonized the action of these ions. These ions as well as ouabain blocked the hyperpolarization of membrane due to an increase in intracellular Na+. The effect of the ions on the relationship between external K+-concentration and membrane potential was similar to that of ouabain. Discussion is made on the possibility that the ions inhibit active ion transport by combining with a SH-group of the cell membrane and, thus, bring about a decrease in membrane potential.", "contents": "Effects of heavy metal ions on the electrical properties of mucous epithelial cells in the newt stomach. Zinc ion, Cu2+ and Cd2+ at 10(-4) M or lower concentrations caused a marked decrease in the membrane potential of mucous epithelial cells in the isolated newt stomach without appreciable change in the effective membrane resistance and electrical coupling ratio. Cysteine and acetylpenicillamine antagonized the action of these ions. These ions as well as ouabain blocked the hyperpolarization of membrane due to an increase in intracellular Na+. The effect of the ions on the relationship between external K+-concentration and membrane potential was similar to that of ouabain. Discussion is made on the possibility that the ions inhibit active ion transport by combining with a SH-group of the cell membrane and, thus, bring about a decrease in membrane potential.", "PMID": 748564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7493", "title": "On the metabolic detoxication of 4-iodothymol in man.", "content": "The detoxication of 4-iodothymol was investigated in man. A new metabolite was isolated as a crystalline derivative from 4-iodothymol medicated urine and identified as 4-iodothymol glucuronide as a methyl acetyl derivative. The deiodinated metabolite of 4-iodothymol, thymoquinone, was also recognized in a very small amount in 4-iodothymol medicated urine.", "contents": "On the metabolic detoxication of 4-iodothymol in man. The detoxication of 4-iodothymol was investigated in man. A new metabolite was isolated as a crystalline derivative from 4-iodothymol medicated urine and identified as 4-iodothymol glucuronide as a methyl acetyl derivative. The deiodinated metabolite of 4-iodothymol, thymoquinone, was also recognized in a very small amount in 4-iodothymol medicated urine.", "PMID": 748565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7494", "title": "[Neurofilament hypertrophy induced in the rabbit spinal cord after intracisternal injection of aluminum chloride (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytological changes induced in the spinal cords of rabbits by intracisternal injections of aluminum chloride have been studied at the light- and electron-microscopic level for examining the progress of the 100 A filament hypertrophy. A moderate increase in the number of the 100 A filament was detected in perikarya of neurones in anterior, lateral, and dorsal horns 4--5 days after aluminum injection. Tangles of 100 A filament were seen in perikarya and proximal parts of dendrites in these neurones 1--2 weeks after the administration of aluminum. In this stage the tangles were detected as large clear spots at light-microscopic level. The 100 A filament bundles developed in between clumps of densely aggregated endoplasmic reticulum keeping close contact with this and squeezing other organella out. In high resolution studies the 100 A filament closely resembled the neurofilament in normal neurones in size and appearances and was seen to be connected with each other via side arms coming out from its wall. Relations between the endoplasmic reticulum and the 100 A filament hypertrophy was discussed referring to intoxicating effects of aluminum compounds on the nucleus of the neuron.", "contents": "[Neurofilament hypertrophy induced in the rabbit spinal cord after intracisternal injection of aluminum chloride (author's transl)]. The cytological changes induced in the spinal cords of rabbits by intracisternal injections of aluminum chloride have been studied at the light- and electron-microscopic level for examining the progress of the 100 A filament hypertrophy. A moderate increase in the number of the 100 A filament was detected in perikarya of neurones in anterior, lateral, and dorsal horns 4--5 days after aluminum injection. Tangles of 100 A filament were seen in perikarya and proximal parts of dendrites in these neurones 1--2 weeks after the administration of aluminum. In this stage the tangles were detected as large clear spots at light-microscopic level. The 100 A filament bundles developed in between clumps of densely aggregated endoplasmic reticulum keeping close contact with this and squeezing other organella out. In high resolution studies the 100 A filament closely resembled the neurofilament in normal neurones in size and appearances and was seen to be connected with each other via side arms coming out from its wall. Relations between the endoplasmic reticulum and the 100 A filament hypertrophy was discussed referring to intoxicating effects of aluminum compounds on the nucleus of the neuron.", "PMID": 748566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7495", "title": "[Subacute toxicity test of AMI-U-II, a new amino acid solution for renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Subacute toxicity test of AMI-U-II was carried out using male and female JCL:SD rats. The animals were given intravenously AMI-U-II (80, 40 and 20ml/kg) or reference solution (80 and 40ml/kg) for five weeks. Tachypnea, depression of spontaneous activity, blepharoptosis and edema of face were observed in rats treated with AMI-U-II or reference solution at highest dose. Food consumptions and gaining body weight were slightly reduced in male of these animals, but water intakes were increased in both sexes. Autopsies of the animals which died during five weeks showed pulmonary congestion and/or edema, ascites and pleural effusion. Microscopically, hydropic degeneration of liver cells and dilation of renal tubules and Bowman's capsules were shown. It seems likely that most of these findings were caused by hypervolumic administration of amino acid solution.", "contents": "[Subacute toxicity test of AMI-U-II, a new amino acid solution for renal failure (author's transl)]. Subacute toxicity test of AMI-U-II was carried out using male and female JCL:SD rats. The animals were given intravenously AMI-U-II (80, 40 and 20ml/kg) or reference solution (80 and 40ml/kg) for five weeks. Tachypnea, depression of spontaneous activity, blepharoptosis and edema of face were observed in rats treated with AMI-U-II or reference solution at highest dose. Food consumptions and gaining body weight were slightly reduced in male of these animals, but water intakes were increased in both sexes. Autopsies of the animals which died during five weeks showed pulmonary congestion and/or edema, ascites and pleural effusion. Microscopically, hydropic degeneration of liver cells and dilation of renal tubules and Bowman's capsules were shown. It seems likely that most of these findings were caused by hypervolumic administration of amino acid solution.", "PMID": 748567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7496", "title": "Rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis.", "content": "Seventy-one patients diagnosed to have tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid, streptomycin plus either rifampicin (36 patients or ethambutol (35 patients). Results of therapy were identical in both treatment-groups (approximately 50 per cent mortality). Rifampicin appears to be as effective as ethambutol in the treatment of this infection.", "contents": "Rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Seventy-one patients diagnosed to have tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid, streptomycin plus either rifampicin (36 patients or ethambutol (35 patients). Results of therapy were identical in both treatment-groups (approximately 50 per cent mortality). Rifampicin appears to be as effective as ethambutol in the treatment of this infection.", "PMID": 748569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7497", "title": "Attitudes of Sudanese urban and rural population to mental illness.", "content": "A systematic sample of 200 Sudanese individuals (100 males and 100 females) attending 4 health centres (2 urban and 2 rural) were interviewed, using standardized vignettes and a structured questionnaire, to explore their attitudes to mental illness and the mentally ill people. Information obtained from 183 (91.5%) of the respondents was analysed. Serious mental illness, represented by schizophrenia, was recognized as such by 76 per cent of both the urban and rural population and psychiatric treatment was suggested for it by more than half of them. About one-third of the respondents though of depression as just over-worry. The least recognition, as mental illness, was for alcoholism especially in the rural areas. More rural people than urban opted for religious healing as a method of treatment. Religious factors and people's concept of mental illness seem to influence their tolerance of deviant behaviour.", "contents": "Attitudes of Sudanese urban and rural population to mental illness. A systematic sample of 200 Sudanese individuals (100 males and 100 females) attending 4 health centres (2 urban and 2 rural) were interviewed, using standardized vignettes and a structured questionnaire, to explore their attitudes to mental illness and the mentally ill people. Information obtained from 183 (91.5%) of the respondents was analysed. Serious mental illness, represented by schizophrenia, was recognized as such by 76 per cent of both the urban and rural population and psychiatric treatment was suggested for it by more than half of them. About one-third of the respondents though of depression as just over-worry. The least recognition, as mental illness, was for alcoholism especially in the rural areas. More rural people than urban opted for religious healing as a method of treatment. Religious factors and people's concept of mental illness seem to influence their tolerance of deviant behaviour.", "PMID": 748570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7498", "title": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Persian Gulf.", "content": "We have been able to establish, for the first time, the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in the waters of the Persian Gulf. Samples were collected from water, fish, shrimp, sand and sea vegetation around various coastal towns of the Persian Gulf during November 1977--April 1978. Various biochemical tests have confirmed the identification of an isolate from one of the water samples as V. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Persian Gulf. We have been able to establish, for the first time, the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in the waters of the Persian Gulf. Samples were collected from water, fish, shrimp, sand and sea vegetation around various coastal towns of the Persian Gulf during November 1977--April 1978. Various biochemical tests have confirmed the identification of an isolate from one of the water samples as V. parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 748571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7499", "title": "An experimental study on the role of coronary collateral development in preservation and improvement of contractile force in the ischemic myocardium.", "content": "Attempts have been made to demonstrate that the presence of coronary collateral development can preserve and improve the regional contractile force in the ischemic myocardium. Studies were carried out in dogs with developed collaterals and in control dogs. Contractile force was measured with strain-gauge sutured onto the ischemic and the border areas of the myocardium. After ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery, an augmentation of coronary collateral flow via the left circumflex artery was carried out by means of infusion pump up to two and a half fold level. In dogs with developed collaterals, contractile force decreased by 57.6 +/- 11.1% (p less than 0.01) in the ischemic area and 27.2 +/- 5.4% (p less than 0.01) in the border area after coronary ligation. The marked recovery of contractile force up to 63.5 +/- 20.4% (p less than 0.05) of control level in the ischemic area and 70.4 +/- 20.4% (p less than 0.01) in the border area was observed by the augmentation. In control dogs, however, contractile force decreased by 93.2 +/- 17.2% (p less than 0.01) in the ischemic area and 24.6 +/- 5.5% (p less than 0.01) in the border area after the ligation. The augmentation of coronary flow did not recover the depressed contractile force in both areas. These results indicated that the beneficial effect was observed only when the ischemic area was supplied by developed collaterals and closely correlated with the extent of coronary collateral development.", "contents": "An experimental study on the role of coronary collateral development in preservation and improvement of contractile force in the ischemic myocardium. Attempts have been made to demonstrate that the presence of coronary collateral development can preserve and improve the regional contractile force in the ischemic myocardium. Studies were carried out in dogs with developed collaterals and in control dogs. Contractile force was measured with strain-gauge sutured onto the ischemic and the border areas of the myocardium. After ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery, an augmentation of coronary collateral flow via the left circumflex artery was carried out by means of infusion pump up to two and a half fold level. In dogs with developed collaterals, contractile force decreased by 57.6 +/- 11.1% (p less than 0.01) in the ischemic area and 27.2 +/- 5.4% (p less than 0.01) in the border area after coronary ligation. The marked recovery of contractile force up to 63.5 +/- 20.4% (p less than 0.05) of control level in the ischemic area and 70.4 +/- 20.4% (p less than 0.01) in the border area was observed by the augmentation. In control dogs, however, contractile force decreased by 93.2 +/- 17.2% (p less than 0.01) in the ischemic area and 24.6 +/- 5.5% (p less than 0.01) in the border area after the ligation. The augmentation of coronary flow did not recover the depressed contractile force in both areas. These results indicated that the beneficial effect was observed only when the ischemic area was supplied by developed collaterals and closely correlated with the extent of coronary collateral development.", "PMID": 748602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7500", "title": "The effects of diltiazem hydrochloride on the cardiac conduction: a clinical study of His bundle electrogram.", "content": "The effects of diltiazem hydrochloride, a new Ca++ antagonistic antianginal drug, on the cardiac conductivity were evaluted in 10 patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. His bundle electrograms were obtained by catheter technique. R-R, A-H and H-V intervals were measured before and after intravenous administration of diltiazem. Diltiazem acted towards significant prolongation in A-H interval. R-R and H-V intervals were insensitive to diltiazem. Diltiazem did not interrupt the cardiac effects of atropine when A-H prolongation was still observed in the subject pretreated with atropine. In short, diltiazem depresses the conductivity of the atrioventricular node selectively and this is not mediated through vagus tone change. This Ca++ antagonist induced A-H prolongation strongly suggests the contribution of Ca++ current on the generation of atrioventricular nodal action potential in humans.", "contents": "The effects of diltiazem hydrochloride on the cardiac conduction: a clinical study of His bundle electrogram. The effects of diltiazem hydrochloride, a new Ca++ antagonistic antianginal drug, on the cardiac conductivity were evaluted in 10 patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. His bundle electrograms were obtained by catheter technique. R-R, A-H and H-V intervals were measured before and after intravenous administration of diltiazem. Diltiazem acted towards significant prolongation in A-H interval. R-R and H-V intervals were insensitive to diltiazem. Diltiazem did not interrupt the cardiac effects of atropine when A-H prolongation was still observed in the subject pretreated with atropine. In short, diltiazem depresses the conductivity of the atrioventricular node selectively and this is not mediated through vagus tone change. This Ca++ antagonist induced A-H prolongation strongly suggests the contribution of Ca++ current on the generation of atrioventricular nodal action potential in humans.", "PMID": 748603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7501", "title": "A case of myocarditis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "A 16-year-old girl with myocarditis and hepatitis in the course of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was reported. She had fever and coughed for ten days prior to admission. At the time of admission infiltrations of the left lower lung field were revealed on the chest X-ray films. The ESR was elevated and CRP+6. There were no leukocytosis and anemia, but S-GOT, S-GPT and LDH were moderately increased. On the 11th day of admission VPC in bigeminy appeared and the third sound was heard. Subsequently biphastic and inverted T waves in leads V2 and V3 and flattening of T waves in leads II and aVF appeared. At the same time, the cardiac shadow was enlarged. Antibody titer to mycoplasma pneumoniae increased to more than 1:640 two weeks after admission and then it decreased gradually. The cold agglutinin test was 1:64 on the 8th day of the disease and then it became normal. ASO, antibodies to DNA and immunoglobulins were normal; ANA, Coombs test and LE test were negative. The abnormal ECG-findings were normalized three months later.", "contents": "A case of myocarditis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A 16-year-old girl with myocarditis and hepatitis in the course of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was reported. She had fever and coughed for ten days prior to admission. At the time of admission infiltrations of the left lower lung field were revealed on the chest X-ray films. The ESR was elevated and CRP+6. There were no leukocytosis and anemia, but S-GOT, S-GPT and LDH were moderately increased. On the 11th day of admission VPC in bigeminy appeared and the third sound was heard. Subsequently biphastic and inverted T waves in leads V2 and V3 and flattening of T waves in leads II and aVF appeared. At the same time, the cardiac shadow was enlarged. Antibody titer to mycoplasma pneumoniae increased to more than 1:640 two weeks after admission and then it decreased gradually. The cold agglutinin test was 1:64 on the 8th day of the disease and then it became normal. ASO, antibodies to DNA and immunoglobulins were normal; ANA, Coombs test and LE test were negative. The abnormal ECG-findings were normalized three months later.", "PMID": 748605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7502", "title": "Isolated stenosis of the pulmonary artery branches--an autopsy case with review of the literatures.", "content": "A necropsy of a 21-year-old male with isolated stenosis of the pulmonary artery was presented. The pulmonary artery branches showed various fibrous thickening including atheromata and mural thrombi. Those findings appeared mostly in elastic and large muscular pulmonary arteries as well as in medium sized arteries, while the small arteries and arterioles remained in slight changes. Systemic large elastic arteries seemed to be small and showed atheromatous lesions similar to those of the main pulmonary arteries. Moreover, eight autopsy cases with pulmonary artery stenosis from the literature were shortly reviewed and some pathological findings as an aid for angiographic cardiovascular studies were discussed.", "contents": "Isolated stenosis of the pulmonary artery branches--an autopsy case with review of the literatures. A necropsy of a 21-year-old male with isolated stenosis of the pulmonary artery was presented. The pulmonary artery branches showed various fibrous thickening including atheromata and mural thrombi. Those findings appeared mostly in elastic and large muscular pulmonary arteries as well as in medium sized arteries, while the small arteries and arterioles remained in slight changes. Systemic large elastic arteries seemed to be small and showed atheromatous lesions similar to those of the main pulmonary arteries. Moreover, eight autopsy cases with pulmonary artery stenosis from the literature were shortly reviewed and some pathological findings as an aid for angiographic cardiovascular studies were discussed.", "PMID": 748606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7503", "title": "IgG.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cultured liver cells in patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and normal controls (N) using a non-immune allogeneic lymphocytes and cultured rat parenchymal cells (Coon cells). Normal non sheep erythrocyte rosette forming cells (non E-RFC) alone showed a mild cytotoxicity to Coon cells in the absence of human sera (21.5 +/- 1.5) and in the presence of N sera (26.0) +/- 1.5) and in the presence of N sera (29.0) +/- 5.1), however, preincubation of Coon cells with CAH sera significantly augmented the cytotoxic activity of normal non E-RFC (49.4 +/- 8.7). This was blocked by aggregated IgG, anti-IgG and anti-IgG/Fc. CAH sera absorbed with Coon cells or rat hepatocyte-surface membranes failed to induce significant target cell lysis. In the absence of normal non E-RFC, N and CAH sera alone did not provoke cytotoxicity to Coon cells. Using membrane immunofluorescence method membrane-fixed IgG on target Coon cells was demonstrated in 7 of 10 sera from CAH. It seems likely that the IgG.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity may play a role in pathogenesis of CAH.", "contents": "IgG.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cultured liver cells in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and normal controls (N) using a non-immune allogeneic lymphocytes and cultured rat parenchymal cells (Coon cells). Normal non sheep erythrocyte rosette forming cells (non E-RFC) alone showed a mild cytotoxicity to Coon cells in the absence of human sera (21.5 +/- 1.5) and in the presence of N sera (26.0) +/- 1.5) and in the presence of N sera (29.0) +/- 5.1), however, preincubation of Coon cells with CAH sera significantly augmented the cytotoxic activity of normal non E-RFC (49.4 +/- 8.7). This was blocked by aggregated IgG, anti-IgG and anti-IgG/Fc. CAH sera absorbed with Coon cells or rat hepatocyte-surface membranes failed to induce significant target cell lysis. In the absence of normal non E-RFC, N and CAH sera alone did not provoke cytotoxicity to Coon cells. Using membrane immunofluorescence method membrane-fixed IgG on target Coon cells was demonstrated in 7 of 10 sera from CAH. It seems likely that the IgG.antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity may play a role in pathogenesis of CAH.", "PMID": 748618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7504", "title": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolities of fusaria. XII. Fate and distribution of T-2 toxin in mice.", "content": "Tissue distribution, excretion and fate of T-2 toxin, a potent cytotoxic mycotoxin of Fusarium species, were examined in mice and rats by using tracer method as well as chromatographic technique. Orally administered T-2 toxin to mice and rats was rapidly eliminated into the feces and urine with a ratio of 4--5:1. In mice, the toxin distrubited in the liver, kidney and other organs without showing a specific accumulation. In rats, the toxin was excreted into the feces partly as HT-2 toxin, 8-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol) and three unidentified metabolites. Toxicological significance of the hepatic and derm floral carboxyesterase was discussed in regard to the specific deacetylation of T-2 toxin.", "contents": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolities of fusaria. XII. Fate and distribution of T-2 toxin in mice. Tissue distribution, excretion and fate of T-2 toxin, a potent cytotoxic mycotoxin of Fusarium species, were examined in mice and rats by using tracer method as well as chromatographic technique. Orally administered T-2 toxin to mice and rats was rapidly eliminated into the feces and urine with a ratio of 4--5:1. In mice, the toxin distrubited in the liver, kidney and other organs without showing a specific accumulation. In rats, the toxin was excreted into the feces partly as HT-2 toxin, 8-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol) and three unidentified metabolites. Toxicological significance of the hepatic and derm floral carboxyesterase was discussed in regard to the specific deacetylation of T-2 toxin.", "PMID": 748619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7505", "title": "Evaluation of the intrathoracic injection method for screening of filaricides.", "content": "Intrathoracic injection technique was utilized to examine its value in screening of antifilaria drugs in Litomosoides carinii in the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, using existing filaricides such as diethylcarbamazine, Mel W. metrifonate, suramin, arsenics and antimonials. Diethylcarbamazine at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 5 days given intrathoracically caused marked decrease of more than 95% of the microfilaria count in the blood 1 week after the initial injection which is the same effect as was observed by intraperitoneal injection. Whereas adult worms in the pleural cavity were not affected. Mel W at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days killed all adults but had no effect on microfilaria density in the blood. When it was given intraperitoneally, even a larger dose of 50 mg/kg did not affect adults in the pleural cavity. In cotton rats tolerating suramin at 80 and 40 mg/kg for 5 days, adult worms were intact. However, a reduced dose of 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg given weekly for 6 weeks showed remarkable macrofilaricidal activity. Thus the slow action of suramin was reproduced by this method. There was no significant change in the microfilaria density in the blood. Aresenics such as Mapharsemin and Neo Neo Arsemin, and antimonials such as stibophen and tartar emetic were shown to have macrofilaricidal activity by intrathoracic injection with no effect on microfilaria density in the blood within a week. Effect of existing filaricides by this method showed remarkable coincidence with their action Wuchereria bancrofti.", "contents": "Evaluation of the intrathoracic injection method for screening of filaricides. Intrathoracic injection technique was utilized to examine its value in screening of antifilaria drugs in Litomosoides carinii in the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, using existing filaricides such as diethylcarbamazine, Mel W. metrifonate, suramin, arsenics and antimonials. Diethylcarbamazine at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 5 days given intrathoracically caused marked decrease of more than 95% of the microfilaria count in the blood 1 week after the initial injection which is the same effect as was observed by intraperitoneal injection. Whereas adult worms in the pleural cavity were not affected. Mel W at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days killed all adults but had no effect on microfilaria density in the blood. When it was given intraperitoneally, even a larger dose of 50 mg/kg did not affect adults in the pleural cavity. In cotton rats tolerating suramin at 80 and 40 mg/kg for 5 days, adult worms were intact. However, a reduced dose of 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg given weekly for 6 weeks showed remarkable macrofilaricidal activity. Thus the slow action of suramin was reproduced by this method. There was no significant change in the microfilaria density in the blood. Aresenics such as Mapharsemin and Neo Neo Arsemin, and antimonials such as stibophen and tartar emetic were shown to have macrofilaricidal activity by intrathoracic injection with no effect on microfilaria density in the blood within a week. Effect of existing filaricides by this method showed remarkable coincidence with their action Wuchereria bancrofti.", "PMID": 748620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7506", "title": "Protease-induced experimental emphysema: the relationship between elastolytic activity and emphysema induction.", "content": "Induction of experimental emphysema by protease was performed with several proteases both in vivo and in vitro to compare the ability of inducing emphysematous change and their elastolytic activity. The following results were obtained. 1) Only elastase and papain have emphysema inducing capacity. Emphysematous changes induced by elastase in vitro were dose dependent. But papain has no genuine elastolytic activity. Nature of the emphysema-inducing capacity of papain remains obscure. 2) Advantages of using the isolated lung for experiment were discussed, especially for the small dose required for enzyme-instillation. Moreover, there is no interferencey by endogeneous enzyme or protease-inhibitors. 3) Guinea pig is useful for the experiemnt of emphysema-induction both in vivo and in vitro. Minimal requirement of elastase is 50 microgram in vitro and 250 microgram for in vivo experiment.", "contents": "Protease-induced experimental emphysema: the relationship between elastolytic activity and emphysema induction. Induction of experimental emphysema by protease was performed with several proteases both in vivo and in vitro to compare the ability of inducing emphysematous change and their elastolytic activity. The following results were obtained. 1) Only elastase and papain have emphysema inducing capacity. Emphysematous changes induced by elastase in vitro were dose dependent. But papain has no genuine elastolytic activity. Nature of the emphysema-inducing capacity of papain remains obscure. 2) Advantages of using the isolated lung for experiment were discussed, especially for the small dose required for enzyme-instillation. Moreover, there is no interferencey by endogeneous enzyme or protease-inhibitors. 3) Guinea pig is useful for the experiemnt of emphysema-induction both in vivo and in vitro. Minimal requirement of elastase is 50 microgram in vitro and 250 microgram for in vivo experiment.", "PMID": 748621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7507", "title": "[Effects of hippocampal lesions on punishment training in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The present experiment was designed to determine the effect of hippocampal lesions on punishment training and to evaluate the spatial cognition hypothesis. Hippocampectomized and operated control rats were each divided into runway and goal box punishment groups. Food motivated animals were tested in the elevated straight alley on 10 acquisition days and 1 punishment day. Start box latency, runway running time, goal box entry time and goal box time were measured. The controls spent longer time in all measures on the postashock trial. The hippocampals showed no hesitation in the start box latency on the postshock trial, but they spent longer time in other measures. The location of punishment had significant effects only on the start box latency of the controls. These results support the spatial cognition hypothesis.", "contents": "[Effects of hippocampal lesions on punishment training in rats (author's transl)]. The present experiment was designed to determine the effect of hippocampal lesions on punishment training and to evaluate the spatial cognition hypothesis. Hippocampectomized and operated control rats were each divided into runway and goal box punishment groups. Food motivated animals were tested in the elevated straight alley on 10 acquisition days and 1 punishment day. Start box latency, runway running time, goal box entry time and goal box time were measured. The controls spent longer time in all measures on the postashock trial. The hippocampals showed no hesitation in the start box latency on the postshock trial, but they spent longer time in other measures. The location of punishment had significant effects only on the start box latency of the controls. These results support the spatial cognition hypothesis.", "PMID": 748657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7508", "title": "[A developmental study of visual-motor function in cerebral palsied children (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the disorder in the visual-motor function of cerebral palsied children was affected by specific defects or by the distortion in perceptual motor system or by mere developmental lag in the function of recognition and reconstruction using the method of multiple choice and Shochi's Block Design Test (1971). The results were as follows : Cerebral palsied children's developmental lag in the function of recognition was not conspicuous but the development in the function of reconstruction was obviously inferior to that of normal children. There was the difference in reconstruction ability by children with the types of cerebral palsy and intellectual levels and design-constructive patterns. Those factors and the developmental lag cause visual-motor disorders.", "contents": "[A developmental study of visual-motor function in cerebral palsied children (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the disorder in the visual-motor function of cerebral palsied children was affected by specific defects or by the distortion in perceptual motor system or by mere developmental lag in the function of recognition and reconstruction using the method of multiple choice and Shochi's Block Design Test (1971). The results were as follows : Cerebral palsied children's developmental lag in the function of recognition was not conspicuous but the development in the function of reconstruction was obviously inferior to that of normal children. There was the difference in reconstruction ability by children with the types of cerebral palsy and intellectual levels and design-constructive patterns. Those factors and the developmental lag cause visual-motor disorders.", "PMID": 748658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7509", "title": "[Hemispheric differences in the mode of information processing (author's transl)].", "content": "To examine hemispheric differences in the mode of information processing, 24 normal right-handed subjects were required to make same or different responses to a set of letters varying in number from two to four which were all identical or contained one letter differing from the rest. When letters were presented in the normal upright position, the left hemisphere showed serial processing wherein reaction times increased as a function of number of letters. The right hemisphere, however, showed no increase of reaction times, i.e. parallel processing. When letters were presented in the inverted upside-down position, the left hemisphere showed partial serial processing, despite letters being analyzed physically. The results suggest that visuopatial analysis doesn't always force parallel processing in the left hemisphere.", "contents": "[Hemispheric differences in the mode of information processing (author's transl)]. To examine hemispheric differences in the mode of information processing, 24 normal right-handed subjects were required to make same or different responses to a set of letters varying in number from two to four which were all identical or contained one letter differing from the rest. When letters were presented in the normal upright position, the left hemisphere showed serial processing wherein reaction times increased as a function of number of letters. The right hemisphere, however, showed no increase of reaction times, i.e. parallel processing. When letters were presented in the inverted upside-down position, the left hemisphere showed partial serial processing, despite letters being analyzed physically. The results suggest that visuopatial analysis doesn't always force parallel processing in the left hemisphere.", "PMID": 748659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7510", "title": "[Two kinds of apparent size distortion in the Ponzo illusion (author's transl)].", "content": "It was proposed that there are two kinds of apparent size distortion to be distinguished in the Ponzo illusion. The apparent size of the single line in the converging lines (CL) became larger as it was located nearer to the apex. However, this distortion could not predict the obtained illusion sufficiently. Hence there should be assumed another kind of size distortion in the perception of the size relation as a result of comparison of two paralle lines (PL). In this comparison process, breaking of the continuity of CL and elimination of the oblique components from CL had a slight decreasing effect on the illusion. Moreover, it was found in the various contour figures that the greater the separation of PL was, the larger the illusion was.", "contents": "[Two kinds of apparent size distortion in the Ponzo illusion (author's transl)]. It was proposed that there are two kinds of apparent size distortion to be distinguished in the Ponzo illusion. The apparent size of the single line in the converging lines (CL) became larger as it was located nearer to the apex. However, this distortion could not predict the obtained illusion sufficiently. Hence there should be assumed another kind of size distortion in the perception of the size relation as a result of comparison of two paralle lines (PL). In this comparison process, breaking of the continuity of CL and elimination of the oblique components from CL had a slight decreasing effect on the illusion. Moreover, it was found in the various contour figures that the greater the separation of PL was, the larger the illusion was.", "PMID": 748660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7511", "title": "[Effects of a warning signal on heart rate and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test whether a warning signal given prior to an unpleasant stimulus would influence heart rate (HR) and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid in urine (17-OHCS). The results for HR were as follows: (a) In the anticipation period, subjects given no warning signal (NS group) showed higher degree in their HR than that of those given a warning signal (S group), (b) On at impact, a warning signal tended to decrease subjects' HR when an unpleasant stimulus was given, (c) In the recovery period, subject group indicated lower degree in their HR than that of NS group, and (d) Subject group showed more adaptation by repeated trials to an unpleasant stimulus in their HR. However, as for urinary 17-OHC, nosignificant difference was observed.", "contents": "[Effects of a warning signal on heart rate and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid in urine (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to test whether a warning signal given prior to an unpleasant stimulus would influence heart rate (HR) and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid in urine (17-OHCS). The results for HR were as follows: (a) In the anticipation period, subjects given no warning signal (NS group) showed higher degree in their HR than that of those given a warning signal (S group), (b) On at impact, a warning signal tended to decrease subjects' HR when an unpleasant stimulus was given, (c) In the recovery period, subject group indicated lower degree in their HR than that of NS group, and (d) Subject group showed more adaptation by repeated trials to an unpleasant stimulus in their HR. However, as for urinary 17-OHC, nosignificant difference was observed.", "PMID": 748661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7512", "title": "[EEG asymmetry during mental arithmetic and recalls of verbal (kanji, kana, the alphabet) and visual imageries (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG was recorded from the left and the right parietal areas in normal subjects with eyes-closed while they were engaged in mental arithmetic, recalls of verbal (Japanese kanji characters, kana syllabary, and the alphabet) and visual (scenery) imageries. Fourier analysis of EEG revealed attenuations of the alpha activity (a) in the left hemisphere during the mental arithmetic, (b) in the right hemisphere during the visual imagination of a scenery, and (c) in the both hemispheres during the kanji imagery accompanies by a stroke-count task. Results suggest that the kanji characters seem to activate cognitive processes of the both hemispheres. No attenuation of the alpha activity in the both hemispheres was seen during either the alphabet or kana syllabary imagery.", "contents": "[EEG asymmetry during mental arithmetic and recalls of verbal (kanji, kana, the alphabet) and visual imageries (author's transl)]. EEG was recorded from the left and the right parietal areas in normal subjects with eyes-closed while they were engaged in mental arithmetic, recalls of verbal (Japanese kanji characters, kana syllabary, and the alphabet) and visual (scenery) imageries. Fourier analysis of EEG revealed attenuations of the alpha activity (a) in the left hemisphere during the mental arithmetic, (b) in the right hemisphere during the visual imagination of a scenery, and (c) in the both hemispheres during the kanji imagery accompanies by a stroke-count task. Results suggest that the kanji characters seem to activate cognitive processes of the both hemispheres. No attenuation of the alpha activity in the both hemispheres was seen during either the alphabet or kana syllabary imagery.", "PMID": 748662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7513", "title": "Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in isolated renal tubules of normal dogs.", "content": "The kinetics of lactate and pyruvate (1 and 5 mM in each case) metabolism was studied in isolated dog renal tubules. Utilization of these two substrates and the production of glucose, pyruvate, or lactate, and alanine were determined. The rates of lactate and pyruvate utilization and of glucose production were constant during 60 min of incubation. Glucose production from pyruvate was less than that from lactate. Addition of albumin to the incubation medium greatly inhibited lactate and pyruvate utilization at both substrate concentrations. It stimulated, however, glucose production from 1 mM, but not 5 mM, lactate or pyruvate. These effects were found to be due to the presence of fatty acids in the albumin solution used. In the absence of fatty acids, glucose production represented 35 to 40% of lactate uptake, but represented less than 20% of pyruvate uptake. Fatty acids markedly enhanced the percentage of transformation of lactate and pyruvate into glucose, and that of pyruvate into lactate. Alanine represented 20% or less of lactate and pyruvate uptake. These results suggest that fatty acids have a regulatory influence on lactate and pyruvate dog kidney metabolism.", "contents": "Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in isolated renal tubules of normal dogs. The kinetics of lactate and pyruvate (1 and 5 mM in each case) metabolism was studied in isolated dog renal tubules. Utilization of these two substrates and the production of glucose, pyruvate, or lactate, and alanine were determined. The rates of lactate and pyruvate utilization and of glucose production were constant during 60 min of incubation. Glucose production from pyruvate was less than that from lactate. Addition of albumin to the incubation medium greatly inhibited lactate and pyruvate utilization at both substrate concentrations. It stimulated, however, glucose production from 1 mM, but not 5 mM, lactate or pyruvate. These effects were found to be due to the presence of fatty acids in the albumin solution used. In the absence of fatty acids, glucose production represented 35 to 40% of lactate uptake, but represented less than 20% of pyruvate uptake. Fatty acids markedly enhanced the percentage of transformation of lactate and pyruvate into glucose, and that of pyruvate into lactate. Alanine represented 20% or less of lactate and pyruvate uptake. These results suggest that fatty acids have a regulatory influence on lactate and pyruvate dog kidney metabolism.", "PMID": 748668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7514", "title": "Structural-functional heterogeneity along the rabbit collecting tubule.", "content": "The possibility that the rabbit collecting tubule is heterogeneous with respect to electrical and morphologic properties was examined in isolated segments. Collecting tubules from rabbits treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate were dissected from various locations within the cortex and outer medulla, and the transepithelial potential was measured. The cortical collecting tubule always displayed a negative potential. In contrast, collecting tubules dissected from the inner stripe of the outer medulla displayed a positive potential. That this change is a function of position within the kidney is supported by the observation that some tubules generated a negative potential at the superficial (cortical) end and a positive potential at the deep (medullary) end of the same tubule. Histologic evaluation of tubules after perfusion resulted in a striking correlation between the existence of a negative potential and the presence of dark cells. The results of this study provide evidence that the collecting tubule is heterogeneous with respect to active transport processes and suggest that these functional differences may correlate with morphologic differences between the cortical segment and the medullary segment of the collecting tubule.", "contents": "Structural-functional heterogeneity along the rabbit collecting tubule. The possibility that the rabbit collecting tubule is heterogeneous with respect to electrical and morphologic properties was examined in isolated segments. Collecting tubules from rabbits treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate were dissected from various locations within the cortex and outer medulla, and the transepithelial potential was measured. The cortical collecting tubule always displayed a negative potential. In contrast, collecting tubules dissected from the inner stripe of the outer medulla displayed a positive potential. That this change is a function of position within the kidney is supported by the observation that some tubules generated a negative potential at the superficial (cortical) end and a positive potential at the deep (medullary) end of the same tubule. Histologic evaluation of tubules after perfusion resulted in a striking correlation between the existence of a negative potential and the presence of dark cells. The results of this study provide evidence that the collecting tubule is heterogeneous with respect to active transport processes and suggest that these functional differences may correlate with morphologic differences between the cortical segment and the medullary segment of the collecting tubule.", "PMID": 748670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7515", "title": "Radioimmunologic method for detection of antitubular basement membrane antibodies.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for detection of antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibodies was set up using a human TBM antigen (mol wt, 70,000 daltons), purified after collagenase treatment of the insoluble membrane by preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and labeled with iodine 125. Free labeled antigens were separated from those bound to immunoglobulins by a 20% polyethylene glycol (mol wt, 6,000 daltons) solution. In the presence of normal human or Brown Norway rat sera, less than 10% of the labeled antigens were precipitated. In the presence of sera or of kidney eluates from rats immunized with human TBM, the precipitation of the labeled TBM antigens reached 73%, but in the presence of sera from two patients presenting with an interstitial nephritis and linear deposits along the TBM only, up to 47% of the same antigens were precipitated. In these two cases, the anti-TBM antibodies were mainly directed against the heteropolysaccharide-containing glycopeptides isolated from TBM, that is, against the noncollagenous polypeptides of the TBM antigens. Anti-TBM antibodies were sought in the sera of 52 normal blood donors and of 11 patients presenting with glomerulonephritis and linear deposits of immunoglobulins. The average percentage (+/- 1 SD) of labeled TBM antigens precipitated in the serum of normal blood donors was 7.1 +/- 1.2. Of the patients presenting with glomerulonephritis and linear deposits along the GBM, 9 out of 11 exhibited anti-TBM antibodies by radioimmunoassay; among these 9 patients, 8 also displayed linear deposits of IgG along the TBM. Absorption of anti-TBM and anti-GMB antibodies with particulate TBM or GBM, with both types of glycopeptides isolated from GBM or TBM, indicated that the anti-TBM antibodies were directed against the noncollagenous polypeptides of TBM but that the anti-GBM antibodies mainly reacted with the collagenous polypeptides of TBM and GBM. Finally, it was found that the sera of 2 patients out of 15 presenting with lupus nephritis contained a significant anti-TBM-binding activity, mainly directed against the noncollagenous material of TBM.", "contents": "Radioimmunologic method for detection of antitubular basement membrane antibodies. A radioimmunoassay for detection of antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibodies was set up using a human TBM antigen (mol wt, 70,000 daltons), purified after collagenase treatment of the insoluble membrane by preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and labeled with iodine 125. Free labeled antigens were separated from those bound to immunoglobulins by a 20% polyethylene glycol (mol wt, 6,000 daltons) solution. In the presence of normal human or Brown Norway rat sera, less than 10% of the labeled antigens were precipitated. In the presence of sera or of kidney eluates from rats immunized with human TBM, the precipitation of the labeled TBM antigens reached 73%, but in the presence of sera from two patients presenting with an interstitial nephritis and linear deposits along the TBM only, up to 47% of the same antigens were precipitated. In these two cases, the anti-TBM antibodies were mainly directed against the heteropolysaccharide-containing glycopeptides isolated from TBM, that is, against the noncollagenous polypeptides of the TBM antigens. Anti-TBM antibodies were sought in the sera of 52 normal blood donors and of 11 patients presenting with glomerulonephritis and linear deposits of immunoglobulins. The average percentage (+/- 1 SD) of labeled TBM antigens precipitated in the serum of normal blood donors was 7.1 +/- 1.2. Of the patients presenting with glomerulonephritis and linear deposits along the GBM, 9 out of 11 exhibited anti-TBM antibodies by radioimmunoassay; among these 9 patients, 8 also displayed linear deposits of IgG along the TBM. Absorption of anti-TBM and anti-GMB antibodies with particulate TBM or GBM, with both types of glycopeptides isolated from GBM or TBM, indicated that the anti-TBM antibodies were directed against the noncollagenous polypeptides of TBM but that the anti-GBM antibodies mainly reacted with the collagenous polypeptides of TBM and GBM. Finally, it was found that the sera of 2 patients out of 15 presenting with lupus nephritis contained a significant anti-TBM-binding activity, mainly directed against the noncollagenous material of TBM.", "PMID": 748671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7516", "title": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccination in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "A bivalent type A inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing both sets of H3N2 and Hsw1N1 antigens was given to patients with chronic renal failure and to control subjects. The patients were divided into an azotemic group in whom dialysis was not yet required and a hemodialyzed group. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses were measured at time intervals of 1,3, and 4 weeks after vaccination. We found that the mean postvaccination HI titers against both sets of antigens in the patients as a group did not differ significantly from those found in the control subjects as a group. The proportion of responders showing a fourfold or greater increase in post-vaccination antibody responses over prevaccination antibody values for either set of antigens was similar in both groups of patients and the group of control subjects. In general, an inverse correlation was found between prevaccination antibody levels and postvaccination antibody responses in both patients and control subjects. The only exception to this trend was the response of two of the azotemic patients to the H3N2 antigens who failed to respond despite low prevaccination antibody levels. These were the patients with the highest serum creatinine values.", "contents": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccination in patients with chronic renal failure. A bivalent type A inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing both sets of H3N2 and Hsw1N1 antigens was given to patients with chronic renal failure and to control subjects. The patients were divided into an azotemic group in whom dialysis was not yet required and a hemodialyzed group. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses were measured at time intervals of 1,3, and 4 weeks after vaccination. We found that the mean postvaccination HI titers against both sets of antigens in the patients as a group did not differ significantly from those found in the control subjects as a group. The proportion of responders showing a fourfold or greater increase in post-vaccination antibody responses over prevaccination antibody values for either set of antigens was similar in both groups of patients and the group of control subjects. In general, an inverse correlation was found between prevaccination antibody levels and postvaccination antibody responses in both patients and control subjects. The only exception to this trend was the response of two of the azotemic patients to the H3N2 antigens who failed to respond despite low prevaccination antibody levels. These were the patients with the highest serum creatinine values.", "PMID": 748672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7517", "title": "Independence of normal phenotypic properties and cell surface receptor mobility in variant cell lines.", "content": "We report the use of three classes of variants from the long-established, malignantly transformed LM cell line to demonstrate that the apparent mobility of cell surface receptors need not be dependent on the expression of the transformed phenotype in vitro.", "contents": "Independence of normal phenotypic properties and cell surface receptor mobility in variant cell lines. We report the use of three classes of variants from the long-established, malignantly transformed LM cell line to demonstrate that the apparent mobility of cell surface receptors need not be dependent on the expression of the transformed phenotype in vitro.", "PMID": 748674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7518", "title": "Glycolipids as indicators of tumorigenesis.", "content": "Hyperplastic liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in rats by oral administration of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Neoplastic tissue was compared with control, fetal, neonatal, and precancerous liver tissues. The development of the tumors was slow, such that temporal changes in the biochemical and morphologic development of carcinogenesis could be identified. Ganglioside sialic acid levels were elevated in all but the most poorly differentiated tumors. Experiments to monitor individual enzymes suggested that the alterations in glycolipid composition were a direct effect of alterations in biosynthetic activities. The pattern during tumorigenesis was the inverse of that during normal development. Also, ganglioside patterns showed a progressive simplification from hyperplastic nodules to well-differentiated hepatomas and through two grades of poorly differentiated hepatomas. An increase in the activity of the branchpoint enzyme of ganglioside biosynthesis preceded both a decrease in the branchpoint enzyme of the disialoganglioside pathway and a marked increase in the galactosyltranferase of GM1 formation. The results indicate that ganglioside deletions are the end result of a cascade of events in the tumorigenic transformation. The onset of ganglioside deletions but not of the cascade per se may correlate with the onset of malignancy. Glycolipid levels are elevated early in certain surrounding tissues especially in the blood. In rats bearing transplantable hepatomas, serum levels of lipid-bound sialic acid were elevated 2.5-fold. Similar results were obtained with sera of mice bearing transplantable mammary carcinomas and of cancer patients. These findings provide new emphasis for gangliosides in both cancer detection and as regulatory signals for growth and multiplication of cells.", "contents": "Glycolipids as indicators of tumorigenesis. Hyperplastic liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in rats by oral administration of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Neoplastic tissue was compared with control, fetal, neonatal, and precancerous liver tissues. The development of the tumors was slow, such that temporal changes in the biochemical and morphologic development of carcinogenesis could be identified. Ganglioside sialic acid levels were elevated in all but the most poorly differentiated tumors. Experiments to monitor individual enzymes suggested that the alterations in glycolipid composition were a direct effect of alterations in biosynthetic activities. The pattern during tumorigenesis was the inverse of that during normal development. Also, ganglioside patterns showed a progressive simplification from hyperplastic nodules to well-differentiated hepatomas and through two grades of poorly differentiated hepatomas. An increase in the activity of the branchpoint enzyme of ganglioside biosynthesis preceded both a decrease in the branchpoint enzyme of the disialoganglioside pathway and a marked increase in the galactosyltranferase of GM1 formation. The results indicate that ganglioside deletions are the end result of a cascade of events in the tumorigenic transformation. The onset of ganglioside deletions but not of the cascade per se may correlate with the onset of malignancy. Glycolipid levels are elevated early in certain surrounding tissues especially in the blood. In rats bearing transplantable hepatomas, serum levels of lipid-bound sialic acid were elevated 2.5-fold. Similar results were obtained with sera of mice bearing transplantable mammary carcinomas and of cancer patients. These findings provide new emphasis for gangliosides in both cancer detection and as regulatory signals for growth and multiplication of cells.", "PMID": 748675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7519", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide effects on sensitive and resistant variant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary (CHO . K1 . PRO) cell growth was inhibited by addition of a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the cell culture medium. Growth inhibition began after three or four days of incubation, was dose-dependent up to a maximum at an LPS concentration of 500 microgram/ml and was accompanied by cell shape changes and enhanced cytoplasmic vacuolization. Formation of bizarre CHO . K1 . PRO cell shapes and vacuole formation were most pronounced after seven days of incubation with LPS and could be observed by light and electron microscopy. An LPS-resistant cell population was obtained by intermittent in vitro exposure to high levels of LPS; these variant cells or clones derived from them failed to display growth inhibition in the presence of LPS. A clone from the LPS-resistant variant population showed altered cell properties compared to the parental cell line which included changes in cell morphology, adhesion, and endocytosis. Parental cells was markedly density-inhibited, whereas the cariant clone exhibited considerable growth after confluency. The LPS-resistant variant cells showed a more elongated morphology than the parental line. No significant differences were observed between rates of detachment of parental and variant cells when sparse cultures of either line were removed from tissue culture dishes by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA). However, at confluency approximately 100% of the variant cells versus 35% of the parental cells were removed by EDTA in one hour. Measurements of 125I-ferritin uptake by parental and variant cells showed approximately twenty-fold and twofold increases, respectively, in uptake induced by LPS when compared to untreated control cultures.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide effects on sensitive and resistant variant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO . K1 . PRO) cell growth was inhibited by addition of a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the cell culture medium. Growth inhibition began after three or four days of incubation, was dose-dependent up to a maximum at an LPS concentration of 500 microgram/ml and was accompanied by cell shape changes and enhanced cytoplasmic vacuolization. Formation of bizarre CHO . K1 . PRO cell shapes and vacuole formation were most pronounced after seven days of incubation with LPS and could be observed by light and electron microscopy. An LPS-resistant cell population was obtained by intermittent in vitro exposure to high levels of LPS; these variant cells or clones derived from them failed to display growth inhibition in the presence of LPS. A clone from the LPS-resistant variant population showed altered cell properties compared to the parental cell line which included changes in cell morphology, adhesion, and endocytosis. Parental cells was markedly density-inhibited, whereas the cariant clone exhibited considerable growth after confluency. The LPS-resistant variant cells showed a more elongated morphology than the parental line. No significant differences were observed between rates of detachment of parental and variant cells when sparse cultures of either line were removed from tissue culture dishes by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA). However, at confluency approximately 100% of the variant cells versus 35% of the parental cells were removed by EDTA in one hour. Measurements of 125I-ferritin uptake by parental and variant cells showed approximately twenty-fold and twofold increases, respectively, in uptake induced by LPS when compared to untreated control cultures.", "PMID": 748676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7520", "title": "Binding of ricin A chain to rat liver ribosomes: relationship to ribosome inactivation.", "content": "Ricin A chain was radioactively labeled using reductive alkylation, lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination, and reaction with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The inhibition of cell-free rat liver protein synthesis by the modified A chains and the ribosome binding characteristics of each of the labeled derivatives was examined. [3H] NEW was found to quantitatively react with the A chain sulfhydryl group normally involved in a disulfide bond with the B chain in intact ricin. Labeling the protein with [3H] NEM had no effect on the in vitro inhibition of protein synthesis by the A chain. [3H] NEM-labeled A chain binds to rat liver ribosomes in a manner which is dependent on the concentrations of NaCl and Mg2+. At optimal Mg2+ concentration (5.5 mM), A chain binding to ribosomes is saturable and fully reversible either by dilution of the reaction mixture or by addition of unlabeled A chain. At 5.5 mM Mg2+, A chain was found to bind to a single site on rat liver ribosomes with a dissociation constant of 6.2 x 10(-8) M. [3H] NEM-labeled A chain did not bind to isolated 40S ribosomal subunits and bound to 60S ribosomal subunits with a 1 : 1 molar stoichiometry and a dissociation constant of 2.2 x 10(-7) M. The relationship between ribosome binding and A chain inhibition of eucaryotic protein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Binding of ricin A chain to rat liver ribosomes: relationship to ribosome inactivation. Ricin A chain was radioactively labeled using reductive alkylation, lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination, and reaction with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The inhibition of cell-free rat liver protein synthesis by the modified A chains and the ribosome binding characteristics of each of the labeled derivatives was examined. [3H] NEW was found to quantitatively react with the A chain sulfhydryl group normally involved in a disulfide bond with the B chain in intact ricin. Labeling the protein with [3H] NEM had no effect on the in vitro inhibition of protein synthesis by the A chain. [3H] NEM-labeled A chain binds to rat liver ribosomes in a manner which is dependent on the concentrations of NaCl and Mg2+. At optimal Mg2+ concentration (5.5 mM), A chain binding to ribosomes is saturable and fully reversible either by dilution of the reaction mixture or by addition of unlabeled A chain. At 5.5 mM Mg2+, A chain was found to bind to a single site on rat liver ribosomes with a dissociation constant of 6.2 x 10(-8) M. [3H] NEM-labeled A chain did not bind to isolated 40S ribosomal subunits and bound to 60S ribosomal subunits with a 1 : 1 molar stoichiometry and a dissociation constant of 2.2 x 10(-7) M. The relationship between ribosome binding and A chain inhibition of eucaryotic protein synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 748677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7521", "title": "Membrane effects of imidoesters in hereditary stomatocytosis.", "content": "The marked increase in cation (Na+, K+) permeability that results in swollen, cup-shaped red cells in the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome can be corrected in vitro with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate (DMA). 45Ca influx in intact RBC, 45Ca efflux in red ghosts, and 45Ca retention in red ghosts are normal and not influenced by DMA. Endocytosis in resealed red ghosts is strikingly impaired but becomes normal if cells are first treated with 2 mM DMA. Protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of membrane proteins by AT32P--only 20--40% of normal control values in both shortterm (5 min) and more extended (60 min) incubations--is not improved by DMA. After reaction of 14C-DMA with stomatocytes, radiolabel is found associated with phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and is also widely distributed among membrane proteins. Cation permeability of stomatocytes in corrected at DMA concentrations (1 mM) that result in barely detectable crosslinking of aminophospholipids or proteins, suggesting that either crosslinking of a minor component present in only small quantities or intramolecular (rather than intermolecular) crosslinking is responsible for the permeability effects. DMA, whose maximal crosslinking dimension is 7.3--9 A, is the most effective bifunctional imidoester of those tested. Shorter (dimethyl malonimidate) or longer (dimethylsuberimidate) reagents are either less effective than DMA or totally without effect.", "contents": "Membrane effects of imidoesters in hereditary stomatocytosis. The marked increase in cation (Na+, K+) permeability that results in swollen, cup-shaped red cells in the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome can be corrected in vitro with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate (DMA). 45Ca influx in intact RBC, 45Ca efflux in red ghosts, and 45Ca retention in red ghosts are normal and not influenced by DMA. Endocytosis in resealed red ghosts is strikingly impaired but becomes normal if cells are first treated with 2 mM DMA. Protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of membrane proteins by AT32P--only 20--40% of normal control values in both shortterm (5 min) and more extended (60 min) incubations--is not improved by DMA. After reaction of 14C-DMA with stomatocytes, radiolabel is found associated with phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and is also widely distributed among membrane proteins. Cation permeability of stomatocytes in corrected at DMA concentrations (1 mM) that result in barely detectable crosslinking of aminophospholipids or proteins, suggesting that either crosslinking of a minor component present in only small quantities or intramolecular (rather than intermolecular) crosslinking is responsible for the permeability effects. DMA, whose maximal crosslinking dimension is 7.3--9 A, is the most effective bifunctional imidoester of those tested. Shorter (dimethyl malonimidate) or longer (dimethylsuberimidate) reagents are either less effective than DMA or totally without effect.", "PMID": 748678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7522", "title": "Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins from Chinese hamster cells sensitive and resistant to actinomycin D.", "content": "Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins have been isolated from Chinese hamster cells of the spontaneously transformed DC-3F parental cell line and the DC-3F/AD X line with a high level of acquired resistance to actinomycin D. Plasma membrane preparations from both cell lines band at 1.16 g/ml after isopycnic centrifugation. We present evidence to indicate differences in the leucylpeptide backbones of the antibiotic-sensitive cells and the drug-resistant DC-3F/AD X cells. In addition, there are differences in the plasma membrane glycopeptides of the two cell lines as revealed by sodium dodecyl gel electrophoresis. Drug-resistant cells synthesize a surface glycopeptide which is much larger than the major one present on the drug-sensitive cells. Both of these cell lines are devoid of 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The role of plasma membrane protein differences in drug-resistant cells is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins from Chinese hamster cells sensitive and resistant to actinomycin D. Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins have been isolated from Chinese hamster cells of the spontaneously transformed DC-3F parental cell line and the DC-3F/AD X line with a high level of acquired resistance to actinomycin D. Plasma membrane preparations from both cell lines band at 1.16 g/ml after isopycnic centrifugation. We present evidence to indicate differences in the leucylpeptide backbones of the antibiotic-sensitive cells and the drug-resistant DC-3F/AD X cells. In addition, there are differences in the plasma membrane glycopeptides of the two cell lines as revealed by sodium dodecyl gel electrophoresis. Drug-resistant cells synthesize a surface glycopeptide which is much larger than the major one present on the drug-sensitive cells. Both of these cell lines are devoid of 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The role of plasma membrane protein differences in drug-resistant cells is discussed.", "PMID": 748679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7523", "title": "Transmembrane action of thrombin initiates chick cell division.", "content": "Thrombin immobilized on polystyrene beads initiates DNA synthesis and cell division in quiescent cultures of chick embryo (CE) cells in serum-free medium. These thrombin beads also produce morphological changes in CE cells similar to those produced by soluble thrombin. The amount of acid-precipitable material released from 125I-thrombin-beads into the culture medium was 60-fold less than the amount of soluble thrombin required to produce an equivalent increase in cell number. Moreover, EM autoradiography of CE cells 10 h after 125I-thrombin-bead addition showed that there was no direct release and accumulation of radioactive material in the cytoplasm of these cells. These results demonstrate that thrombin action at the cell surface is sufficient to initiate proliferation of CE cells.", "contents": "Transmembrane action of thrombin initiates chick cell division. Thrombin immobilized on polystyrene beads initiates DNA synthesis and cell division in quiescent cultures of chick embryo (CE) cells in serum-free medium. These thrombin beads also produce morphological changes in CE cells similar to those produced by soluble thrombin. The amount of acid-precipitable material released from 125I-thrombin-beads into the culture medium was 60-fold less than the amount of soluble thrombin required to produce an equivalent increase in cell number. Moreover, EM autoradiography of CE cells 10 h after 125I-thrombin-bead addition showed that there was no direct release and accumulation of radioactive material in the cytoplasm of these cells. These results demonstrate that thrombin action at the cell surface is sufficient to initiate proliferation of CE cells.", "PMID": 748680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7524", "title": "Resistance of the intact and reconstituted adipocyte hexose transport system to irreversible inhibition by sulfhydryl and amino reagents.", "content": "Sensitivity of the adipocyte D-glucose transport system in intact plasma membranes or following solubilization and reconstruction into phospholipid vesicles to several protein-modifying reagents was investigated. When intact plasma membranes were incubated with N-ethylmaleimide (20 mM) or fluorodinitrobenzene (4 mM), D-glucose transport activity was virtually abolished. However, washing the membranes free of unreacted reagents restored transport activity, indicating that covalent interaction with the membrane did not mediate the transport inhibition. Reaction of [3H]N-ethylmaleimide with plasma membranes under similar conditions resulted in extensive labeling of all protein fractions resolved on dodecyl sulfate gels. Similarly, addition of N-ethylmaleimide to cholate-solubilized membrane protein had no effect on transport activity in artificial phospholipid vesicles reconstituted under conditions where the membrane protein was free of unreacted N-ethylmaleimide. Transport activity in plasma membranes was also inhibited by both reduced and oxidized dithiothreitol or glutathione (15 mM) in a readily reversible manner. consistent with a noncovalent mode of inhibition. Thus, the insulin-responsive adipocyte D-glucose transport system differs from the red cell hexose transport system in its remarkable insensitivity to modulation by covalent blockade of sulfhydryal or amino groups by the reagents studied.", "contents": "Resistance of the intact and reconstituted adipocyte hexose transport system to irreversible inhibition by sulfhydryl and amino reagents. Sensitivity of the adipocyte D-glucose transport system in intact plasma membranes or following solubilization and reconstruction into phospholipid vesicles to several protein-modifying reagents was investigated. When intact plasma membranes were incubated with N-ethylmaleimide (20 mM) or fluorodinitrobenzene (4 mM), D-glucose transport activity was virtually abolished. However, washing the membranes free of unreacted reagents restored transport activity, indicating that covalent interaction with the membrane did not mediate the transport inhibition. Reaction of [3H]N-ethylmaleimide with plasma membranes under similar conditions resulted in extensive labeling of all protein fractions resolved on dodecyl sulfate gels. Similarly, addition of N-ethylmaleimide to cholate-solubilized membrane protein had no effect on transport activity in artificial phospholipid vesicles reconstituted under conditions where the membrane protein was free of unreacted N-ethylmaleimide. Transport activity in plasma membranes was also inhibited by both reduced and oxidized dithiothreitol or glutathione (15 mM) in a readily reversible manner. consistent with a noncovalent mode of inhibition. Thus, the insulin-responsive adipocyte D-glucose transport system differs from the red cell hexose transport system in its remarkable insensitivity to modulation by covalent blockade of sulfhydryal or amino groups by the reagents studied.", "PMID": 748681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7525", "title": "Transmembrane interactions and the mechanisms of transport of proteins across membranes.", "content": "We have made observations, by double fluorescence staining of the same cell, of the distributions of surface receptors, and of intracellular actin and myosin, on cultured normal fibroblasts and other flat cells, and on lymphocytes and other rounded cells. The binding of multivalent ligands (a lectin or specific antibodies) to a cell surface receptor on flat cells clusters the cell receptors into small patches, which line up directly over the actin- and myosin-containing stress fibers inside the cell. Similar ligands binding to rounded cells can cause their surface receptors to be collected into caps on the surface, and these caps are invariably found to be associated with concentrations of actin and myosin under the capped membrane. Although these ligand-induced surface phenomena appear to be different on flat and rounded cells, we propose that in both cases clusters of receptors become linked across the membrane to actin- and myosin-containing structures. In flat cells these structures are very long stress fibers; therefore, when clusters of receptors become linked to these fibers, the clusters are immobilized. In round cells, membrane-associated actin- and myosin-containing structures are apparently much less extensive than in flat cells; therefore, clusters of receptors linked to these structures are still mobile in the plane of the membrane. We suggest that in this case the clusters are then actively collected into a cap by an analogue of the muscle sliding filament mechanism. To explain the transmembrane linkage, we propose that actin is associated with the plasma membrane as a peripheral protein which is directly or indirectly bound to an integral protein (or proteins) X of the membrane. Individual molecules of any receptor are not bound to X, but after they are specifically clustered into patches, a patch of receptors then becomes bound to S and hence to actin/myosin.", "contents": "Transmembrane interactions and the mechanisms of transport of proteins across membranes. We have made observations, by double fluorescence staining of the same cell, of the distributions of surface receptors, and of intracellular actin and myosin, on cultured normal fibroblasts and other flat cells, and on lymphocytes and other rounded cells. The binding of multivalent ligands (a lectin or specific antibodies) to a cell surface receptor on flat cells clusters the cell receptors into small patches, which line up directly over the actin- and myosin-containing stress fibers inside the cell. Similar ligands binding to rounded cells can cause their surface receptors to be collected into caps on the surface, and these caps are invariably found to be associated with concentrations of actin and myosin under the capped membrane. Although these ligand-induced surface phenomena appear to be different on flat and rounded cells, we propose that in both cases clusters of receptors become linked across the membrane to actin- and myosin-containing structures. In flat cells these structures are very long stress fibers; therefore, when clusters of receptors become linked to these fibers, the clusters are immobilized. In round cells, membrane-associated actin- and myosin-containing structures are apparently much less extensive than in flat cells; therefore, clusters of receptors linked to these structures are still mobile in the plane of the membrane. We suggest that in this case the clusters are then actively collected into a cap by an analogue of the muscle sliding filament mechanism. To explain the transmembrane linkage, we propose that actin is associated with the plasma membrane as a peripheral protein which is directly or indirectly bound to an integral protein (or proteins) X of the membrane. Individual molecules of any receptor are not bound to X, but after they are specifically clustered into patches, a patch of receptors then becomes bound to S and hence to actin/myosin.", "PMID": 748682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7526", "title": "Effects of PTH and Ca2+ on renal adenyl cyclase.", "content": "The effects of calcium ion on the adenylate cyclase system was studied in isolated, renal basal-lateral plasma membranes of the rat. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) and a guanyl triphosphate analogue, Gpp(NH)p were used to stimulate cyclase activity. Under conditions of maximal stimulation, calcium ions inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, the formation rate falling exponentially with the calcium concentration. Fifty percent inhibition of either bPTH- or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity was given by approximately 50 microns Ca++. Also the Hill coefficient for the inhibition was close to unity in both cases. The concentration of bPTH giving half-maximal stimulation of cAMP formation (1.8 x 10(-8) M) was unchanged by the presence of calcium. These data suggest that calcium acts at some point other than the initial hormone-receptor interaction, presumably decreasing the catalytic efficiency of the enzymic moiety of the membrane complex.", "contents": "Effects of PTH and Ca2+ on renal adenyl cyclase. The effects of calcium ion on the adenylate cyclase system was studied in isolated, renal basal-lateral plasma membranes of the rat. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) and a guanyl triphosphate analogue, Gpp(NH)p were used to stimulate cyclase activity. Under conditions of maximal stimulation, calcium ions inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, the formation rate falling exponentially with the calcium concentration. Fifty percent inhibition of either bPTH- or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity was given by approximately 50 microns Ca++. Also the Hill coefficient for the inhibition was close to unity in both cases. The concentration of bPTH giving half-maximal stimulation of cAMP formation (1.8 x 10(-8) M) was unchanged by the presence of calcium. These data suggest that calcium acts at some point other than the initial hormone-receptor interaction, presumably decreasing the catalytic efficiency of the enzymic moiety of the membrane complex.", "PMID": 748683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7527", "title": "Bilayer balance and regulation of red cell shape changes.", "content": "Discocytic human red cells undergo discocyte-echinocyte and discocyte-stomatocyte transformations under the action of a wide variety of lipid-soluble anionic and cationic agents respectively. These shape transformations are explained by the bilayer couple hypothesis of Sheetz and Singer to be the result of preferential distribution of the anionic agents in the outer half of the bilayer and the cationic agents in the inner half of the bilayer. We demonstrate that echinocytogenic effects indeed occur when the naturally occurring phospholipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is localized in the outer half of the bilayer, and stomatocytogenic effects occur when LPC is in the inner half. However, in contrast to the bilayer couple hypothesis, our results show that simple equivalent membrane surface area expansion on each layer is insufficient to maintain the discocytic shape and there exists a differential concentration effect of LPC on the two halves of the bilayer.", "contents": "Bilayer balance and regulation of red cell shape changes. Discocytic human red cells undergo discocyte-echinocyte and discocyte-stomatocyte transformations under the action of a wide variety of lipid-soluble anionic and cationic agents respectively. These shape transformations are explained by the bilayer couple hypothesis of Sheetz and Singer to be the result of preferential distribution of the anionic agents in the outer half of the bilayer and the cationic agents in the inner half of the bilayer. We demonstrate that echinocytogenic effects indeed occur when the naturally occurring phospholipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is localized in the outer half of the bilayer, and stomatocytogenic effects occur when LPC is in the inner half. However, in contrast to the bilayer couple hypothesis, our results show that simple equivalent membrane surface area expansion on each layer is insufficient to maintain the discocytic shape and there exists a differential concentration effect of LPC on the two halves of the bilayer.", "PMID": 748684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7528", "title": "Production of complete and incomplete antibodies to human red blood cells in dogs and rabbits.", "content": "The characteristics of the immune response of dogs and rabbits to single and multiple injections of human red blood cells were analysed. The results show that the primary and secondary response of both species are essentially the same. Following repeated stimulation with this antigen quantitative differences of the immune response between these animals were observed. The rabbit produced substantially greater amounts of IgG complete and incomplete antibody, and proportionally greater amounts of IgM antibody, whereas the dog response was seen to be inhibited.", "contents": "Production of complete and incomplete antibodies to human red blood cells in dogs and rabbits. The characteristics of the immune response of dogs and rabbits to single and multiple injections of human red blood cells were analysed. The results show that the primary and secondary response of both species are essentially the same. Following repeated stimulation with this antigen quantitative differences of the immune response between these animals were observed. The rabbit produced substantially greater amounts of IgG complete and incomplete antibody, and proportionally greater amounts of IgM antibody, whereas the dog response was seen to be inhibited.", "PMID": 748709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7529", "title": "A quantitative ultrastructural and chemical investigation of the accumulation of iodophilic polysaccharide in two cariogenic strains of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The amount of intracellular, iodophilic, glycogen-like polysaccharide (IPS) present in cells of two strains of Streptococcus mutans at various stages of growth in a chemically defined medium was determined by quantitative electron microscopy. The results obtained were then compared with the chemically determined, iodophilic polysaccharide content of cultures. The ultrastructural method used determined the fraction of area of central longitudinal sections of individual cells occupied by stained granules, and was therefore capable of determining amounts of polysaccharide in cells starved of glucose. Although the results of the two methods showed very good quantitative correlation, the ultrastructural method allowed study of glycogen synthesis on a cellular basis, and detected some heterogeneity in amounts of IPS stored by individual cells. The ultrastructural method also permits the detection of much smaller amounts of stored IPS than does the chemical method.", "contents": "A quantitative ultrastructural and chemical investigation of the accumulation of iodophilic polysaccharide in two cariogenic strains of Streptococcus mutans. The amount of intracellular, iodophilic, glycogen-like polysaccharide (IPS) present in cells of two strains of Streptococcus mutans at various stages of growth in a chemically defined medium was determined by quantitative electron microscopy. The results obtained were then compared with the chemically determined, iodophilic polysaccharide content of cultures. The ultrastructural method used determined the fraction of area of central longitudinal sections of individual cells occupied by stained granules, and was therefore capable of determining amounts of polysaccharide in cells starved of glucose. Although the results of the two methods showed very good quantitative correlation, the ultrastructural method allowed study of glycogen synthesis on a cellular basis, and detected some heterogeneity in amounts of IPS stored by individual cells. The ultrastructural method also permits the detection of much smaller amounts of stored IPS than does the chemical method.", "PMID": 748710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7530", "title": "Pathogenicity and pathology of Jos virus infection in mice and tissue culture.", "content": "Jos virus was pathogenic to suckling mice infected by intracerebral (i.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and oral (per os) routes. However, consistent fatality was only obtained in adult mice infected intracerebrally. Suckling mice inoculated by the i.c. route developed viraemia within 24 h post infection, and virions were rapidly disseminated into all visceral organs. High infectivity titres found in organs such as liver and lung as compared to blood indicated that virus multiplication took place in them. Pathological studies in infected suckling mice showed acute cell necrosis in the liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Other organs, including the brain, were unaffected. Secondary cell culture did not readily support growth of the virus and there was no evidence of cytopathic effect or virus multiplication in Vero and BHK-21 cell culture after three passages.", "contents": "Pathogenicity and pathology of Jos virus infection in mice and tissue culture. Jos virus was pathogenic to suckling mice infected by intracerebral (i.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and oral (per os) routes. However, consistent fatality was only obtained in adult mice infected intracerebrally. Suckling mice inoculated by the i.c. route developed viraemia within 24 h post infection, and virions were rapidly disseminated into all visceral organs. High infectivity titres found in organs such as liver and lung as compared to blood indicated that virus multiplication took place in them. Pathological studies in infected suckling mice showed acute cell necrosis in the liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Other organs, including the brain, were unaffected. Secondary cell culture did not readily support growth of the virus and there was no evidence of cytopathic effect or virus multiplication in Vero and BHK-21 cell culture after three passages.", "PMID": 748711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7531", "title": "Some physiological studies on Penicillium expansum Link.", "content": "Penicillium expansum Link showed excellent/good growth on all carbohydrates except ribose, lactose, sorbose and sucrose, which induced fair or poor growth. It made excellent growth on mannitol and dulcitol while the rest of the carbon sources were either poorly utilized or not utilized. Sorbose neither inhibited nor promoted growth of the pathogen in the presence of good carbon sources. The pathogen showed fair/poor growth on cystine, phenylalanine, histidine, mono-HCl, histidine di-HCl, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, and urea, while the rest of the nitrogen sources induced excellent/good growth. However, there was no growth on potassium nitrite. Cystine inhibited the growth of the pathogen to some extent in the presence of good amino acids, i.e. serine proline, methionine, arginine mono-HCl, tyrosine and tryptophane, and not at all were inhibited in the presence of the remaining amino acids.", "contents": "Some physiological studies on Penicillium expansum Link. Penicillium expansum Link showed excellent/good growth on all carbohydrates except ribose, lactose, sorbose and sucrose, which induced fair or poor growth. It made excellent growth on mannitol and dulcitol while the rest of the carbon sources were either poorly utilized or not utilized. Sorbose neither inhibited nor promoted growth of the pathogen in the presence of good carbon sources. The pathogen showed fair/poor growth on cystine, phenylalanine, histidine, mono-HCl, histidine di-HCl, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, and urea, while the rest of the nitrogen sources induced excellent/good growth. However, there was no growth on potassium nitrite. Cystine inhibited the growth of the pathogen to some extent in the presence of good amino acids, i.e. serine proline, methionine, arginine mono-HCl, tyrosine and tryptophane, and not at all were inhibited in the presence of the remaining amino acids.", "PMID": 748712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7532", "title": "Biological autoxidation. II. Cholesterol esters as inert barrier antioxidants. Self-assembly of porous membrane sacs. An hypothesis.", "content": "The antioxidation defenses recognized thus far appear too weak. Needed are inert barriers to encapsulate foci of activated oxygen (FAOs) and contain their spreading. These capsules must: 1. self-assemble nonenzymatically and spontaneously in face of adversity; 2. resist oxidation and dissolution in water; and 3. be moderately fluid and elastic enough to withstand flexing by tissues. Evidence shows activated oxygen: a. is produced by common cholesterolester (CE)-raising agents; b. boosts accumulation of CEs; and c. splits low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus releasing CE-rich coalescence-prone lipid micelles. I am proposing that CEs, combined with polar lipids, are uniquely suited to form inert-lipid antioxidation barriers (ILABs). Porous ILAB capsules self-assemble from lipid micelles released by oxidatively degraded LDL. The capsules are thermodynamically unstable but elastic, durable and capable of self-repair through oxidation of ambient LDL. All capsules tend to contract into spheres. Enclosed needle-like \"foreign bodies\", such as asbestos, puncture the contracting capsules. Hence the odd bulbous architecture of asbestos bodies. ILABs protect from--and their failure initiates and promotes--carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis. ILABs may be mediators of membrane biogenesis. The loss of arterial flexibility in atherosclerosis protects ILAB capsules from breakage.", "contents": "Biological autoxidation. II. Cholesterol esters as inert barrier antioxidants. Self-assembly of porous membrane sacs. An hypothesis. The antioxidation defenses recognized thus far appear too weak. Needed are inert barriers to encapsulate foci of activated oxygen (FAOs) and contain their spreading. These capsules must: 1. self-assemble nonenzymatically and spontaneously in face of adversity; 2. resist oxidation and dissolution in water; and 3. be moderately fluid and elastic enough to withstand flexing by tissues. Evidence shows activated oxygen: a. is produced by common cholesterolester (CE)-raising agents; b. boosts accumulation of CEs; and c. splits low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus releasing CE-rich coalescence-prone lipid micelles. I am proposing that CEs, combined with polar lipids, are uniquely suited to form inert-lipid antioxidation barriers (ILABs). Porous ILAB capsules self-assemble from lipid micelles released by oxidatively degraded LDL. The capsules are thermodynamically unstable but elastic, durable and capable of self-repair through oxidation of ambient LDL. All capsules tend to contract into spheres. Enclosed needle-like \"foreign bodies\", such as asbestos, puncture the contracting capsules. Hence the odd bulbous architecture of asbestos bodies. ILABs protect from--and their failure initiates and promotes--carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis. ILABs may be mediators of membrane biogenesis. The loss of arterial flexibility in atherosclerosis protects ILAB capsules from breakage.", "PMID": 748727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7533", "title": "A hypothesis concerning the structural relationship between memory and emotion.", "content": "Limbic and temporal lobe structures have long been implicated as the anatomic substratum for emotion. Recent investigations have localized the processing of short term memory to a virtually identical anatomical locus. It would seem logical that the same structures subserve both functions if one assumes that the strength of the memory trace is dependent on the emotional value of the information for the organism. Under this hypothesis, the hippocampus emotionally weights sensory data as a preliminary to incorporation of such material into long term memory. It is not necessary, nor is it likely, that long term memory reside within the temporal lobe. Previous associations stored in remote memory can be accessed by the temporal lobe and these may serve to modulate the weighting of the present stimulus. Some of the functions of the temporal lobe can be modeled by a simple electronic filter; the addition of a single feedback loop to this system can account for other properties inherent in the hypothesis. The anatomical connections of the system would permit it to be an early and efficient repressor, in the pyschodynamic sense.", "contents": "A hypothesis concerning the structural relationship between memory and emotion. Limbic and temporal lobe structures have long been implicated as the anatomic substratum for emotion. Recent investigations have localized the processing of short term memory to a virtually identical anatomical locus. It would seem logical that the same structures subserve both functions if one assumes that the strength of the memory trace is dependent on the emotional value of the information for the organism. Under this hypothesis, the hippocampus emotionally weights sensory data as a preliminary to incorporation of such material into long term memory. It is not necessary, nor is it likely, that long term memory reside within the temporal lobe. Previous associations stored in remote memory can be accessed by the temporal lobe and these may serve to modulate the weighting of the present stimulus. Some of the functions of the temporal lobe can be modeled by a simple electronic filter; the addition of a single feedback loop to this system can account for other properties inherent in the hypothesis. The anatomical connections of the system would permit it to be an early and efficient repressor, in the pyschodynamic sense.", "PMID": 748728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7534", "title": "The olive and central control of blood pressure.", "content": "This evidence, then, would suggest that the olive becomes active when, with a change in the motor task, the motor performance is required to adjust to the new circumstance. From Smith's experiments on blood pressure, it is extrapolated that the olive becomes active when there is a change in the physiological state, and the autonomic performance is required to adjust to the new circumstance. The important point is that the olive does have an experimental effect on blood pressure, and that it is a specific, though indirect, effect acting through the carotid sinus reflex. This effect appears similar to the effect on motor control which is specific for motor learning, and appears to act indirectly through the cerebellum. The hypothesis is being put forward because of the importance of blood pressure abnormalities, and the possible therpeutic benefits to be derived from an understanding of the central control of blood pressure. It is hoped that in pursuing this elusive control system one shall not overlook the olive.", "contents": "The olive and central control of blood pressure. This evidence, then, would suggest that the olive becomes active when, with a change in the motor task, the motor performance is required to adjust to the new circumstance. From Smith's experiments on blood pressure, it is extrapolated that the olive becomes active when there is a change in the physiological state, and the autonomic performance is required to adjust to the new circumstance. The important point is that the olive does have an experimental effect on blood pressure, and that it is a specific, though indirect, effect acting through the carotid sinus reflex. This effect appears similar to the effect on motor control which is specific for motor learning, and appears to act indirectly through the cerebellum. The hypothesis is being put forward because of the importance of blood pressure abnormalities, and the possible therpeutic benefits to be derived from an understanding of the central control of blood pressure. It is hoped that in pursuing this elusive control system one shall not overlook the olive.", "PMID": 748730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7535", "title": "The relationship of hormones to arterial glycosaminoglycans and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan fractions were measured in representative large and medium sized arteries of normal, hypophysectomized and hormone treated young beagles. Hyaluronate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and the isomeric chondroitin sulphates were determined in the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal segments, in the external iliac, superior mesenteric, renal, common carotid and coronary arteries. The hormones used for replacement therapy of hypophysectomized animals were growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisone and the sex hormones testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. The sensitivity to an individual hormone was found to differ in various segments of the arterial tree; the thoracic and abdominal aorta were most responsive but renal and superior mesenteric arteries were relatively inert. The hypothesis is advanced that arteries with a GAG metabolism highly sensitive to hormones are more prone to develop atherosclerosis than arteries that have a limited sensitivity to alterations in endocrine balance.", "contents": "The relationship of hormones to arterial glycosaminoglycans and atherosclerosis. Glycosaminoglycan fractions were measured in representative large and medium sized arteries of normal, hypophysectomized and hormone treated young beagles. Hyaluronate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and the isomeric chondroitin sulphates were determined in the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal segments, in the external iliac, superior mesenteric, renal, common carotid and coronary arteries. The hormones used for replacement therapy of hypophysectomized animals were growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisone and the sex hormones testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. The sensitivity to an individual hormone was found to differ in various segments of the arterial tree; the thoracic and abdominal aorta were most responsive but renal and superior mesenteric arteries were relatively inert. The hypothesis is advanced that arteries with a GAG metabolism highly sensitive to hormones are more prone to develop atherosclerosis than arteries that have a limited sensitivity to alterations in endocrine balance.", "PMID": 748726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7536", "title": "Role of platelet factors in the growth of cells in culture.", "content": "The studies reported suggest that the principal mitogen(s) present in sera responsible for the proliferation of diploid cells in culture is derived from the physiologic response of platelet adherence, aggregation, and release upon their exposure to factors present in serum, such as thrombin, or in tissue, such as collagen. Since it is impossible to make whole blood serum without platelet release, all sera contain platelet mitogenic factor(s). In contrast, serum made from platelet-free plasma lacks mitogenic activity and permits maintenance of cells in culture in a quiescent state for long periods if the cells are routinely fed. The platelet factor(s) appears to be a heat-stable, basic polypeptide or protein, that upon exposure to the cells recruits them into the cell cycle, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. The factor(s) has been shown to act not only in cell culture but in vivo as well. Maintaining cells in a culture medium containing platelet-free, plasma-derived serum may be more analogous to the quiescence of adult cells in vivo, since quiescent cells in adult tissues are normally exposed to interstitial fluid that is probably more like a filtrate of plasma or lymph rather than to whole blood serum. In contrast, growth of cells in a culture medium containing whole blood serum would be more analogous to the pathologic situation that occurs during tissue injury accompanied by hemorrhage.", "contents": "Role of platelet factors in the growth of cells in culture. The studies reported suggest that the principal mitogen(s) present in sera responsible for the proliferation of diploid cells in culture is derived from the physiologic response of platelet adherence, aggregation, and release upon their exposure to factors present in serum, such as thrombin, or in tissue, such as collagen. Since it is impossible to make whole blood serum without platelet release, all sera contain platelet mitogenic factor(s). In contrast, serum made from platelet-free plasma lacks mitogenic activity and permits maintenance of cells in culture in a quiescent state for long periods if the cells are routinely fed. The platelet factor(s) appears to be a heat-stable, basic polypeptide or protein, that upon exposure to the cells recruits them into the cell cycle, DNA synthesis, and mitosis. The factor(s) has been shown to act not only in cell culture but in vivo as well. Maintaining cells in a culture medium containing platelet-free, plasma-derived serum may be more analogous to the quiescence of adult cells in vivo, since quiescent cells in adult tissues are normally exposed to interstitial fluid that is probably more like a filtrate of plasma or lymph rather than to whole blood serum. In contrast, growth of cells in a culture medium containing whole blood serum would be more analogous to the pathologic situation that occurs during tissue injury accompanied by hemorrhage.", "PMID": 748746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7537", "title": "Role of bovine albumin in a serum-free culture medium and its application.", "content": "Our experiments showed that fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin V (BSA) played an important role in the growth of cells in primary culture. A serum-free culture medium containing BSA could support continuous growth of various normal and malignant cells from primary culture, and the amount of BSA in the medium could be reduced by supplementation with minute amounts of basic high polymers.", "contents": "Role of bovine albumin in a serum-free culture medium and its application. Our experiments showed that fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin V (BSA) played an important role in the growth of cells in primary culture. A serum-free culture medium containing BSA could support continuous growth of various normal and malignant cells from primary culture, and the amount of BSA in the medium could be reduced by supplementation with minute amounts of basic high polymers.", "PMID": 748747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7538", "title": "The somatomedin group of peptide growth factors.", "content": "The somatomedins, a group of serum growth factors, have in common the ability to stimulate proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage. All are growth hormone dependent and have insulinomimetic properties in extraskeletal tissues. All stimulate DNA synthesis and mitosis in a variety of cell lines. Somatomedin-A and multiplication-stimulating activity are neutral peptides of 7,000--10,000 daltons, whereas nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and somatomedin-C are basic peptides of 5,700--7,000 daltons. Whether some of these substances are identical remains to be established. By use of a highly specific  radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C and less specific radioreceptor assays for insulin-like activity and somatomedin-C, evidence has been obtained for the existence of two major classes of somatomedins: neutral somatomedin, which is more insulin-like, and basic somatomedin, which is more rigorously growth hormone dependent, and which, in some systems, is s more powerful stimulant of growth.", "contents": "The somatomedin group of peptide growth factors. The somatomedins, a group of serum growth factors, have in common the ability to stimulate proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage. All are growth hormone dependent and have insulinomimetic properties in extraskeletal tissues. All stimulate DNA synthesis and mitosis in a variety of cell lines. Somatomedin-A and multiplication-stimulating activity are neutral peptides of 7,000--10,000 daltons, whereas nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and somatomedin-C are basic peptides of 5,700--7,000 daltons. Whether some of these substances are identical remains to be established. By use of a highly specific  radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C and less specific radioreceptor assays for insulin-like activity and somatomedin-C, evidence has been obtained for the existence of two major classes of somatomedins: neutral somatomedin, which is more insulin-like, and basic somatomedin, which is more rigorously growth hormone dependent, and which, in some systems, is s more powerful stimulant of growth.", "PMID": 748748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7539", "title": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA): a somatomedin-like polypeptide from cultured rat liver cells.", "content": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) has been purified to homogeneity with the use of Dowex chromatography. Sephadex gel filtration, and preparative disc gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 8,700 was determined for both native and reduced and alkylated MSA by chromatography on a 6% agarose column in 6 M guanidine HCl. Amino acid analysis of performic acid-oxidized MSA revealed 2--3 cysteic acid residues, and reduction and alkylation resulted in loss of biologic residues, and reduction and alkylation resulted in loss of biologic activity. These results suggested the presence on one intrachain disulfide bond, which is required for biologic activity. Specific receptors for MSA have been identified on chick embryo fibroblasts, human skin fibroblasts, a rat liver cell line, and purified rat liver plasma membranes. The closely related peptides, acid ethanol-soluble nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) and somatomedin-A, competed for MSA tracer binding to these MSA receptors, whereas unrelated peptides did not compete. MSA receptors were divided into two types based on their reactivity with insulin and proinsulin. Insulin and proinsulin competed potently for MSA binding to chick embryo and human skin fibroblasts (type II) but did not compete for MSA tracer binding to rat liver cells and purified rat liver membranes (type I). In chick embryo fibroblasts, the concentrations of MSA, insulin, proinsulin, and somatomedin-A, which inhibited [125I]MSA binding by 50%, also gave half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis, consistent with the MSA receptor being a mediator of DNA synthesis. MSA tracer has also been shown to bind specifically to rat serum proteins. The MSA binding profile on Sephadex G-200 was shown to be growth hormone dependent. Since the serum half-life of somatomedin activity in the rat was also growth hormone dependent, these results suggest that growth hormone induces the binding protein for somatomedin and thereby governs the half-life of somatomedin. Finally, the ability of two rat liver cells lines to multiply in serum-free medium did not depend upon the level of MSA in the conditioned medium.", "contents": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA): a somatomedin-like polypeptide from cultured rat liver cells. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) has been purified to homogeneity with the use of Dowex chromatography. Sephadex gel filtration, and preparative disc gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 8,700 was determined for both native and reduced and alkylated MSA by chromatography on a 6% agarose column in 6 M guanidine HCl. Amino acid analysis of performic acid-oxidized MSA revealed 2--3 cysteic acid residues, and reduction and alkylation resulted in loss of biologic residues, and reduction and alkylation resulted in loss of biologic activity. These results suggested the presence on one intrachain disulfide bond, which is required for biologic activity. Specific receptors for MSA have been identified on chick embryo fibroblasts, human skin fibroblasts, a rat liver cell line, and purified rat liver plasma membranes. The closely related peptides, acid ethanol-soluble nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) and somatomedin-A, competed for MSA tracer binding to these MSA receptors, whereas unrelated peptides did not compete. MSA receptors were divided into two types based on their reactivity with insulin and proinsulin. Insulin and proinsulin competed potently for MSA binding to chick embryo and human skin fibroblasts (type II) but did not compete for MSA tracer binding to rat liver cells and purified rat liver membranes (type I). In chick embryo fibroblasts, the concentrations of MSA, insulin, proinsulin, and somatomedin-A, which inhibited [125I]MSA binding by 50%, also gave half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis, consistent with the MSA receptor being a mediator of DNA synthesis. MSA tracer has also been shown to bind specifically to rat serum proteins. The MSA binding profile on Sephadex G-200 was shown to be growth hormone dependent. Since the serum half-life of somatomedin activity in the rat was also growth hormone dependent, these results suggest that growth hormone induces the binding protein for somatomedin and thereby governs the half-life of somatomedin. Finally, the ability of two rat liver cells lines to multiply in serum-free medium did not depend upon the level of MSA in the conditioned medium.", "PMID": 748750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7540", "title": "Cell culture for the study of epithelial cells.", "content": "Keratinocytes depend on the support of fibroblasts or fibroblast products to grow from single cells into colonies. The essentials of a human stratified squamous epithelium can be constructed from single human epidermal keratinocytes and lethally irradiated fibroblasts. Established lines of mouse keratinocytes obtained from teratomas have many of the same properties. In this way it is possible to study many aspects of this epithelial tissue or organ under essentially cell culture conditions.", "contents": "Cell culture for the study of epithelial cells. Keratinocytes depend on the support of fibroblasts or fibroblast products to grow from single cells into colonies. The essentials of a human stratified squamous epithelium can be constructed from single human epidermal keratinocytes and lethally irradiated fibroblasts. Established lines of mouse keratinocytes obtained from teratomas have many of the same properties. In this way it is possible to study many aspects of this epithelial tissue or organ under essentially cell culture conditions.", "PMID": 748751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7541", "title": "Induction of differentiation in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "In the presence of 1--2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), mouse neuroblastoma cells are induced to differentiate morphologically as well as electrically. In addition, treatment of neurolbastoma cells with 2% DMSO results in a marked increase in the veratridine-activated K+ or Rb+ efflux. At 4% DMSO, neurite outgrowth is completely repressed and electrical activity is poorly developed. However, at this concentration, the cells have a relatively high resting potential which suggested that membrane components determining passive and active permeability properties are not necessarily under coordinated control. Induction of differentiation by 2% DMSO is also accompanied by an increase in a heavier molecular form of acetylcholinesterase sedimenting at 10.5S. The effect of other agents on the growth and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells is also presented.", "contents": "Induction of differentiation in mouse neuroblastoma cells. In the presence of 1--2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), mouse neuroblastoma cells are induced to differentiate morphologically as well as electrically. In addition, treatment of neurolbastoma cells with 2% DMSO results in a marked increase in the veratridine-activated K+ or Rb+ efflux. At 4% DMSO, neurite outgrowth is completely repressed and electrical activity is poorly developed. However, at this concentration, the cells have a relatively high resting potential which suggested that membrane components determining passive and active permeability properties are not necessarily under coordinated control. Induction of differentiation by 2% DMSO is also accompanied by an increase in a heavier molecular form of acetylcholinesterase sedimenting at 10.5S. The effect of other agents on the growth and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells is also presented.", "PMID": 748753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7542", "title": "In vitro studies on neural specificity.", "content": "The migration of the retinal ganglionic axons through the optic nerve, over the tectal surface, and into the tectum to synapse correctly with brain neurons has been one of the most studied paradigms of neural specificity. Through the use of dissected tecta from the developing chick embryo, dissociated retinal cells can make the same choices in vitro that the ganglion cell termini make in vivo. That is, cells from the dorsal retina prefer to adhere to ventral tectum fragments and vice versa, in accord with the final map of the retina on the tectum. This assay has been used to analyze the biochemical components on the cell and tectal surfaces that might account for the recognition observed. Also, the assay has made it clear that virtually all the retinal cells can distinguish between dorsal and ventral tectal fragments, even though the cells of the retina that normally synapse with the tectum make up not more than 5% of the total population of the retina. One reason for this may be that, although only the retinal ganglion cells send their processes into the brain, these processes use all of the retina initially to get to the fundus of the retina, where the optic nerve begins. The vast majority of the retinal cells may possess surface recognition molecules not for finding the tectum but for serving as substrates for the few retinal cells whose axons must first leave the retina before finding the correct tectal locus.", "contents": "In vitro studies on neural specificity. The migration of the retinal ganglionic axons through the optic nerve, over the tectal surface, and into the tectum to synapse correctly with brain neurons has been one of the most studied paradigms of neural specificity. Through the use of dissected tecta from the developing chick embryo, dissociated retinal cells can make the same choices in vitro that the ganglion cell termini make in vivo. That is, cells from the dorsal retina prefer to adhere to ventral tectum fragments and vice versa, in accord with the final map of the retina on the tectum. This assay has been used to analyze the biochemical components on the cell and tectal surfaces that might account for the recognition observed. Also, the assay has made it clear that virtually all the retinal cells can distinguish between dorsal and ventral tectal fragments, even though the cells of the retina that normally synapse with the tectum make up not more than 5% of the total population of the retina. One reason for this may be that, although only the retinal ganglion cells send their processes into the brain, these processes use all of the retina initially to get to the fundus of the retina, where the optic nerve begins. The vast majority of the retinal cells may possess surface recognition molecules not for finding the tectum but for serving as substrates for the few retinal cells whose axons must first leave the retina before finding the correct tectal locus.", "PMID": 748754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7543", "title": "Establishment of mouse neuroblastoma clone N18, rat glioma clone C6, and rat striated muscle clone L6 in serum-free, chemically defined medium.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma clone N18, rat glioma clone C6, and rat striated muscle clone L6 were grown in a serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Their doubling times were 48 hours, 40 hours, and 4 days, respectively. Morphologic features were similar to the original parent cell lines. Membrane components of N18 and C6 grown in serum-free medium were compared with the original parent cell lines. Defects of several membrane proteins were found with sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Establishment of mouse neuroblastoma clone N18, rat glioma clone C6, and rat striated muscle clone L6 in serum-free, chemically defined medium. Mouse neuroblastoma clone N18, rat glioma clone C6, and rat striated muscle clone L6 were grown in a serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Their doubling times were 48 hours, 40 hours, and 4 days, respectively. Morphologic features were similar to the original parent cell lines. Membrane components of N18 and C6 grown in serum-free medium were compared with the original parent cell lines. Defects of several membrane proteins were found with sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 748755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7544", "title": "Surface membrane glycopeptides and cell differentiation.", "content": "It is suggested that a correlation exists between the proportions of specific groups of glycopeptides that are found in the surface membranes and the ability of neuroblastoma clones to differentiate morphologically. The evidence for this is examined and a comparison is made with other properties of the differentiated cells.", "contents": "Surface membrane glycopeptides and cell differentiation. It is suggested that a correlation exists between the proportions of specific groups of glycopeptides that are found in the surface membranes and the ability of neuroblastoma clones to differentiate morphologically. The evidence for this is examined and a comparison is made with other properties of the differentiated cells.", "PMID": 748756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7545", "title": "Phenotypic modulation in mouse neuroblastoma cells: the case of acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 contains two species of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which sediment at 4S and 11S. The former is predominant in growing cells (70%), whereas the 11S is more abundant in cells with neurites (55--65%). When cell replication is arrested by sodium butyrate, there is an increase in AChE activity but no modification in the proportion of 4S:11S species. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide provokes a slow increase in the 11S form and a parallel decrease in 4S. Neurite retraction in presence of colchicine or excess serum does not lead to a concomitant reversion in the high 11S proportion. We postulate that the 11S AChE is formed by a conversion of the 4S and that the shift in the S-value ratio of the enzyme reflects changes in membrane remodeling during neurite extension.", "contents": "Phenotypic modulation in mouse neuroblastoma cells: the case of acetylcholinesterase. Mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 contains two species of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which sediment at 4S and 11S. The former is predominant in growing cells (70%), whereas the 11S is more abundant in cells with neurites (55--65%). When cell replication is arrested by sodium butyrate, there is an increase in AChE activity but no modification in the proportion of 4S:11S species. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide provokes a slow increase in the 11S form and a parallel decrease in 4S. Neurite retraction in presence of colchicine or excess serum does not lead to a concomitant reversion in the high 11S proportion. We postulate that the 11S AChE is formed by a conversion of the 4S and that the shift in the S-value ratio of the enzyme reflects changes in membrane remodeling during neurite extension.", "PMID": 748757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7546", "title": "Adenylate cyclase activity of normal and transformed fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "The intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP regulates many cellular properties of normal rat, mouse, and human fibroblasts in culture. Thus it is important to elucidate how the activity of adenylate cyclase of fibroblasts might be altered and regulated by both intracellular and extracellular agents and events. In studies with several virally transformed fibroblast lines, as well as those transformed spontaneously or by 3-methylcholanthrene, a common feature of each type of transformation is a defective adenylate cyclase system. However, the means by which adenylate cyclase activity is altered differs with the cell system and the type of transformation. Here we concentrate on efforts to understand the regulatory properties of the adenylate cyclase from normal rat kidney fibroblasts. The modulation (increase or decrease) of the hormonal responsiveness of this enzyme may play an important role in its regulation. Of substantial interest is the isolation from serum of a high-molecular weight factor that selectively decreases the GTP and hormone-stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase. These findings are of value in our attempts at elucidation of the reasons for altered cyclase activity following virus transformation and during various stages of growth.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase activity of normal and transformed fibroblasts in culture. The intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP regulates many cellular properties of normal rat, mouse, and human fibroblasts in culture. Thus it is important to elucidate how the activity of adenylate cyclase of fibroblasts might be altered and regulated by both intracellular and extracellular agents and events. In studies with several virally transformed fibroblast lines, as well as those transformed spontaneously or by 3-methylcholanthrene, a common feature of each type of transformation is a defective adenylate cyclase system. However, the means by which adenylate cyclase activity is altered differs with the cell system and the type of transformation. Here we concentrate on efforts to understand the regulatory properties of the adenylate cyclase from normal rat kidney fibroblasts. The modulation (increase or decrease) of the hormonal responsiveness of this enzyme may play an important role in its regulation. Of substantial interest is the isolation from serum of a high-molecular weight factor that selectively decreases the GTP and hormone-stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase. These findings are of value in our attempts at elucidation of the reasons for altered cyclase activity following virus transformation and during various stages of growth.", "PMID": 748758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7547", "title": "Recent developments with karyoplast regeneration and nuclear transplantation.", "content": "Karyoplasts and cytoplasts prepared by cytochalasin-induced enucleation techniques were used in the development of systems for large-scale nuclear transplantation and the regeneration of karyoplasts to reform whole viable cells. Ten to 20% of a preparation of mouse L929 karyoplasts remained viable. These bodies, purified from whole cells, cytoplasts, and nonviable karyoplats, contained less than 10% of the cytoplasm in whole cells. By the technique of mass nuclear transplantation, up to 40% of a culture of cytoplasts could be renucleated by fusion of karyoplasts to a monolayer of enucleated cells. More than 5 x 10(5) renucleated or true cytoplasmic-nuclear hybrid cells could be prepared from a single cytoplast monolayer culture.", "contents": "Recent developments with karyoplast regeneration and nuclear transplantation. Karyoplasts and cytoplasts prepared by cytochalasin-induced enucleation techniques were used in the development of systems for large-scale nuclear transplantation and the regeneration of karyoplasts to reform whole viable cells. Ten to 20% of a preparation of mouse L929 karyoplasts remained viable. These bodies, purified from whole cells, cytoplasts, and nonviable karyoplats, contained less than 10% of the cytoplasm in whole cells. By the technique of mass nuclear transplantation, up to 40% of a culture of cytoplasts could be renucleated by fusion of karyoplasts to a monolayer of enucleated cells. More than 5 x 10(5) renucleated or true cytoplasmic-nuclear hybrid cells could be prepared from a single cytoplast monolayer culture.", "PMID": 748759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7548", "title": "Cellular and molecular studies on globin gene expression.", "content": "Globin gene expression has been studied with the use of a combination of cell and molecular biology techniques. With a somatic cell hybrid between mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) and human erythroid cells, human and mouse globin genes can be coexpressed in the same hybrid cell. Somatic cell hybridization between MEL cells and nonerythroid cells (e.g., human fibroblasts) results in hybrid cells that cannot be induced to produce hemoglobin of any type. Molecular hybridization of cellular DNA and RNA with globin cDNA indicates that the globin genes are present but that no globin mRNA is in the nonexpressing hybrid cell. This finding demonstrates that the loss of globin gene expression in the hybrid cell occurs at the level of transcription or mRNA processing. The nucleus of the nonerythroid cell is not necessary for the extinction of globin gene expression, since cybrids formed from MEL cells with enucleated nonerythroid cells also result in cells which cannot be induced to synthesize hemoglobin even after 40 or more generations. These data suggest that the cytoplasm of cells contains diffusible regulatory molecules which influence globin gene expression. In our attempt to develop an intracellular assay to test for regulatory molecules, we studied the procedure microinjection with red blood cell (RBC) ghosts. Rabbit globin mRNA (with hemin) was loaded into RBC's and then, by Sendai virus-mediated fusion, into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells growing in culture; these microinjected CHO cells synthesized hemoglobin. Since this microinjection procedure appears to be effective in inserting both proteins and nucleic acids into intact cells, it should be possible to develop modifications for inserting aliquots of fractionated cytoplasm into growing cells. The procedure might then be useful as an assay for putative genetic regulatory molecules.", "contents": "Cellular and molecular studies on globin gene expression. Globin gene expression has been studied with the use of a combination of cell and molecular biology techniques. With a somatic cell hybrid between mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) and human erythroid cells, human and mouse globin genes can be coexpressed in the same hybrid cell. Somatic cell hybridization between MEL cells and nonerythroid cells (e.g., human fibroblasts) results in hybrid cells that cannot be induced to produce hemoglobin of any type. Molecular hybridization of cellular DNA and RNA with globin cDNA indicates that the globin genes are present but that no globin mRNA is in the nonexpressing hybrid cell. This finding demonstrates that the loss of globin gene expression in the hybrid cell occurs at the level of transcription or mRNA processing. The nucleus of the nonerythroid cell is not necessary for the extinction of globin gene expression, since cybrids formed from MEL cells with enucleated nonerythroid cells also result in cells which cannot be induced to synthesize hemoglobin even after 40 or more generations. These data suggest that the cytoplasm of cells contains diffusible regulatory molecules which influence globin gene expression. In our attempt to develop an intracellular assay to test for regulatory molecules, we studied the procedure microinjection with red blood cell (RBC) ghosts. Rabbit globin mRNA (with hemin) was loaded into RBC's and then, by Sendai virus-mediated fusion, into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells growing in culture; these microinjected CHO cells synthesized hemoglobin. Since this microinjection procedure appears to be effective in inserting both proteins and nucleic acids into intact cells, it should be possible to develop modifications for inserting aliquots of fractionated cytoplasm into growing cells. The procedure might then be useful as an assay for putative genetic regulatory molecules.", "PMID": 748760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7549", "title": "Use of an EK-2 vector for the cloning of DNA from higher organisms.", "content": "A certified EK2 bacteriophage lambda vector, which is useful for cloning fragments of DNA from higher organisms, is described.", "contents": "Use of an EK-2 vector for the cloning of DNA from higher organisms. A certified EK2 bacteriophage lambda vector, which is useful for cloning fragments of DNA from higher organisms, is described.", "PMID": 748761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7550", "title": "Amplification and characterization of eukaryotic structural genes.", "content": "An approach to the study of eukaryotic structural genes which are differentially expressed during development is described. This approach involves the isolation and amplification of mRNA sequences by in vitro conversion of mRNA to double-stranded cDNA followed by molecular cloning in bacterial plasmids. This procedure provides highly specific hybridization probes that can be used to identify genes and their contiguous DNA sequences in genomic DNA, and to detect specific RNA transcripts during development. The nature of the method allows the isolation of individual mRNA sequences from a complex population of molecules at different stages of development.", "contents": "Amplification and characterization of eukaryotic structural genes. An approach to the study of eukaryotic structural genes which are differentially expressed during development is described. This approach involves the isolation and amplification of mRNA sequences by in vitro conversion of mRNA to double-stranded cDNA followed by molecular cloning in bacterial plasmids. This procedure provides highly specific hybridization probes that can be used to identify genes and their contiguous DNA sequences in genomic DNA, and to detect specific RNA transcripts during development. The nature of the method allows the isolation of individual mRNA sequences from a complex population of molecules at different stages of development.", "PMID": 748763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7551", "title": "Castration effects on tumor-specific immunity.", "content": "Using 2 immunogenic (3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in BALB/c x DBA/2 F1 (CD2F1) male mice, we observed initially that the rate of tumor growth might be enhanced by castration. For confirmation, tumor transplantation experiments with over 500 mice were done to compare tumor-specific transplantation immunity in castrate and in control male mice. Inbred mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma transplant underwent surgical excision of the tumor; specific resistance to subsequent challenges with varying doses of that tumor cell line were compared in castrate and in noncastrate groups of mice. Although castration influenced the rate of tumor growth, it had no apparent effect on tumor-specific immunoresistance. Mechanisms of host-tumor immunorelationships are discussed as they might relate to endocrine therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Castration effects on tumor-specific immunity. Using 2 immunogenic (3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in BALB/c x DBA/2 F1 (CD2F1) male mice, we observed initially that the rate of tumor growth might be enhanced by castration. For confirmation, tumor transplantation experiments with over 500 mice were done to compare tumor-specific transplantation immunity in castrate and in control male mice. Inbred mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma transplant underwent surgical excision of the tumor; specific resistance to subsequent challenges with varying doses of that tumor cell line were compared in castrate and in noncastrate groups of mice. Although castration influenced the rate of tumor growth, it had no apparent effect on tumor-specific immunoresistance. Mechanisms of host-tumor immunorelationships are discussed as they might relate to endocrine therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 748764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7552", "title": "Monocyte chemotactic mechanisms in patients with hypernephroma.", "content": "Peripheral blood monocyte chemotaxis was evaluated in 15 patients with hypernephroma, 10 of whom were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Five patients had a significantly reduced response preoperatively that returned to normal levels after radical nephrectomy. Animal experiments confirm the presence of a low-molecular weight (6,000--10,000 daltons) inhibitor, which is heat labile and functions at the macrophage level. Preliminary experiments indicate inhibitors of macrophage chemotaxis can be extracted from renal cell carcinomas. The importance of these inhibitors in modulating immune surveillance is discussed.", "contents": "Monocyte chemotactic mechanisms in patients with hypernephroma. Peripheral blood monocyte chemotaxis was evaluated in 15 patients with hypernephroma, 10 of whom were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Five patients had a significantly reduced response preoperatively that returned to normal levels after radical nephrectomy. Animal experiments confirm the presence of a low-molecular weight (6,000--10,000 daltons) inhibitor, which is heat labile and functions at the macrophage level. Preliminary experiments indicate inhibitors of macrophage chemotaxis can be extracted from renal cell carcinomas. The importance of these inhibitors in modulating immune surveillance is discussed.", "PMID": 748765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7553", "title": "Prostate carcinoma: mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation in response to mitogenic stimulation with PHA was studied in 46 patients with carcinoma of the prostate who have been followed for more than 3 years. This was related to clinical stage and histologic grade to form a prognostic index to forecast the natural history of this disease.", "contents": "Prostate carcinoma: mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin. Lymphocyte transformation in response to mitogenic stimulation with PHA was studied in 46 patients with carcinoma of the prostate who have been followed for more than 3 years. This was related to clinical stage and histologic grade to form a prognostic index to forecast the natural history of this disease.", "PMID": 748766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7554", "title": "Factors that affect the results of microcytotoxicity testing in man.", "content": "A great number of variables affect the pattern of test results obtained in studies of cell-mediated cytotoxicity of blood lymphocytes for tumor cells in vitro. The classic microcytotoxicity test measures both cell destruction and effects on cell growth. Microcytotoxicity tests in which isotopically prelabeled target cells are used measure primarily cell destruction. The method of preparation of effector cells from human blood can greatly influence results of such tests. Perhaps the most clear-cut example of this influence is the effect of Tris--NH4Cl treatment of effector cells to lyse contaminating red blood cells. This treatment inactivates the lytic function of certain effector cell types. In addition, a major consideration that must be kept in mind is the difference in patients under study by different groups of investigators.", "contents": "Factors that affect the results of microcytotoxicity testing in man. A great number of variables affect the pattern of test results obtained in studies of cell-mediated cytotoxicity of blood lymphocytes for tumor cells in vitro. The classic microcytotoxicity test measures both cell destruction and effects on cell growth. Microcytotoxicity tests in which isotopically prelabeled target cells are used measure primarily cell destruction. The method of preparation of effector cells from human blood can greatly influence results of such tests. Perhaps the most clear-cut example of this influence is the effect of Tris--NH4Cl treatment of effector cells to lyse contaminating red blood cells. This treatment inactivates the lytic function of certain effector cell types. In addition, a major consideration that must be kept in mind is the difference in patients under study by different groups of investigators.", "PMID": 748767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7555", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma: tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation assay.", "content": "A tumor plasma membrane LSA has been developed to measure cell-mediated immunity in patients with renal cell carcinoma. In this assay system, plasma membranes are adjusted to antigenic equivalence with the use of HLA as a plasma membrane marker. Fifteen patients were studied; 6 of 8 had a significant response to autologous tumor (P less than 0.05). Of 7 patients studied with allogeneic tumor, only 1 was responsive. Various parameters of the tumor membrane LSA are discussed, including dose response, kinetics, and method of data presentation.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma: tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation assay. A tumor plasma membrane LSA has been developed to measure cell-mediated immunity in patients with renal cell carcinoma. In this assay system, plasma membranes are adjusted to antigenic equivalence with the use of HLA as a plasma membrane marker. Fifteen patients were studied; 6 of 8 had a significant response to autologous tumor (P less than 0.05). Of 7 patients studied with allogeneic tumor, only 1 was responsive. Various parameters of the tumor membrane LSA are discussed, including dose response, kinetics, and method of data presentation.", "PMID": 748768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7556", "title": "In vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by tumor extracts of transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Results of experiments in which in vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes were used are presented. Problems of specificity and levels of cytotoxicity are also briefly discussed.", "contents": "In vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by tumor extracts of transitional cell carcinoma. Results of experiments in which in vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes were used are presented. Problems of specificity and levels of cytotoxicity are also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 748769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7557", "title": "Correlation of primary tumor bed lymphocytic infiltration and peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Patients with transitional cell carcinoma were studied in an attempt to correlate lymphocyte infiltration into the primary tumor bed with peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity as measured by a chromium-51 release assay.", "contents": "Correlation of primary tumor bed lymphocytic infiltration and peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma. Patients with transitional cell carcinoma were studied in an attempt to correlate lymphocyte infiltration into the primary tumor bed with peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity as measured by a chromium-51 release assay.", "PMID": 748770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7558", "title": "Evaluation of the relationships of prealbumin components in sera of patients with cancer.", "content": "Serum proteins of cancer and control sera have been evaluated by the conventional Mancini method as well as by scanning densitometry measurements of components after separation by gradient PAGE. We established than in sera of cancer patients, prealbumin levels decrease and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels increase significantly. However, the Mancini method was not as sensitive as PAGE for quantitative evaluation of differences among sera of healthy adults, smokers, and patients with benign disease. We find that a more sensitive measure is the ratio between the two components (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and prealbumin) and suggest that these values possibly may be useful as a CSI. In this study, the average CSI for healthy adults is 0.79, for heavy smokers, 1.24; for benign diseases, 1.67; and patients with various forms of cancer as follows: early lung, 4.17; late lung, 8.78; bladder, 8.92; colon, 13.77; breast, 2.43; and melanoma, 9.22.", "contents": "Evaluation of the relationships of prealbumin components in sera of patients with cancer. Serum proteins of cancer and control sera have been evaluated by the conventional Mancini method as well as by scanning densitometry measurements of components after separation by gradient PAGE. We established than in sera of cancer patients, prealbumin levels decrease and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels increase significantly. However, the Mancini method was not as sensitive as PAGE for quantitative evaluation of differences among sera of healthy adults, smokers, and patients with benign disease. We find that a more sensitive measure is the ratio between the two components (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and prealbumin) and suggest that these values possibly may be useful as a CSI. In this study, the average CSI for healthy adults is 0.79, for heavy smokers, 1.24; for benign diseases, 1.67; and patients with various forms of cancer as follows: early lung, 4.17; late lung, 8.78; bladder, 8.92; colon, 13.77; breast, 2.43; and melanoma, 9.22.", "PMID": 748771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7559", "title": "Use of serum beta-chain human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testis tumor.", "content": "One-third of all testis tumors secrete HCG which can be detected in the serum by radioimmunoassay. beta-HCG levels can be used for diagnosis and follow-up of testis tumors. Seminomas with elevated serum beta-HCG levels probably have nonseminomatous metastases.", "contents": "Use of serum beta-chain human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testis tumor. One-third of all testis tumors secrete HCG which can be detected in the serum by radioimmunoassay. beta-HCG levels can be used for diagnosis and follow-up of testis tumors. Seminomas with elevated serum beta-HCG levels probably have nonseminomatous metastases.", "PMID": 748772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7560", "title": "The carcinoembryonic antigen test in urologic cancer.", "content": "The diagnostic value of the CEA test was evaluated in 2,029 blood and urine samples from 308 patients with urologic cancer, 13 with nonurologic cancer, 20 urologic patients with nonmalignant disease, and in 30 controls. The blood CEA test was positive in 50% of the patients with active urologic cancer and in 35% of those with inactive cancer. The urine CEA test was elevated only in patients with active bladder cancer, but most of these had concurrently infected urines. At the present time, the CEA test does not reflect the accuracy necessary for an acceptable diagnostic test for the detection of urologic cancer.", "contents": "The carcinoembryonic antigen test in urologic cancer. The diagnostic value of the CEA test was evaluated in 2,029 blood and urine samples from 308 patients with urologic cancer, 13 with nonurologic cancer, 20 urologic patients with nonmalignant disease, and in 30 controls. The blood CEA test was positive in 50% of the patients with active urologic cancer and in 35% of those with inactive cancer. The urine CEA test was elevated only in patients with active bladder cancer, but most of these had concurrently infected urines. At the present time, the CEA test does not reflect the accuracy necessary for an acceptable diagnostic test for the detection of urologic cancer.", "PMID": 748773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7561", "title": "Transitional cell cancer: establishment and characterization of cell lines.", "content": "Eleven long-term (in culture more than 1 yr) cell lines were established from surgical specimens of human TCC. Characterization studies performed on the individual cell lines showed that each 1) demonstrated an abnormal human karyotype, 2) grew in soft agar, 3) exhibited rapid growth and multilayering 4) was free from microbial and HeLa cell contamination, 5) produced tumors in cheek pouches of immunosuppressed Syrian golden hamsters, 6) contained ultrastructural features consistently found in epithelial cells in culture, and 7) could be grown to high cell densities in roller-bottle cultures.", "contents": "Transitional cell cancer: establishment and characterization of cell lines. Eleven long-term (in culture more than 1 yr) cell lines were established from surgical specimens of human TCC. Characterization studies performed on the individual cell lines showed that each 1) demonstrated an abnormal human karyotype, 2) grew in soft agar, 3) exhibited rapid growth and multilayering 4) was free from microbial and HeLa cell contamination, 5) produced tumors in cheek pouches of immunosuppressed Syrian golden hamsters, 6) contained ultrastructural features consistently found in epithelial cells in culture, and 7) could be grown to high cell densities in roller-bottle cultures.", "PMID": 748774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7562", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen as an adjunct to determination of clinical stage in prostate cancer.", "content": "CEA level has been measured in a series of prostate cancer patients. Data are presented to show CEA correlation with clinical course and acid phosphatase level.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen as an adjunct to determination of clinical stage in prostate cancer. CEA level has been measured in a series of prostate cancer patients. Data are presented to show CEA correlation with clinical course and acid phosphatase level.", "PMID": 748775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7563", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase has demonstrated substantially greater biochemical sensitivity than a standard enzymatic method for which p-nitrophenylphosphate was used as substrate. Preliminary data indicate that the radioimmunochemical approach can precisely classify 43% stage I-II and 94% stage III-IV prostate cancers. In contrast, the standard enzymatic methods correctly classified only 9% stage I-II and 46% stage III-IV cancers. It is clinically apparent that a radioimmunochemical approach for the measurement of human prostatic phosphatase may have distinct potential in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase. A solid phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase has demonstrated substantially greater biochemical sensitivity than a standard enzymatic method for which p-nitrophenylphosphate was used as substrate. Preliminary data indicate that the radioimmunochemical approach can precisely classify 43% stage I-II and 94% stage III-IV prostate cancers. In contrast, the standard enzymatic methods correctly classified only 9% stage I-II and 46% stage III-IV cancers. It is clinically apparent that a radioimmunochemical approach for the measurement of human prostatic phosphatase may have distinct potential in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer.", "PMID": 748776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7564", "title": "Biochemical and immunologic techniques for acid phosphatase measurement in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.", "content": "A counter immunoelectrophoresis procedure for the measurement of acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was purified from human prostate. A monospecific antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits. With the specific antiserum and a sensitive chemical staining technique, a counter immunoelectrophoresis assay was developed for detection of serum prostate acid phosphatase. The isoenzymes of serum prostate acid phosphatase were also studied by an isoelectric focusing technique.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunologic techniques for acid phosphatase measurement in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. A counter immunoelectrophoresis procedure for the measurement of acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was purified from human prostate. A monospecific antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits. With the specific antiserum and a sensitive chemical staining technique, a counter immunoelectrophoresis assay was developed for detection of serum prostate acid phosphatase. The isoenzymes of serum prostate acid phosphatase were also studied by an isoelectric focusing technique.", "PMID": 748777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7565", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma: circulating tumor antigen correlated with presence/absence of tumor (leukocyte migration assay).", "content": "Sera from patients with TCC of the urinary bladder have been fractionated. We tested the fractions for activity in the leukocyte migration test, using peripheral blood leukocytes from TCC patients, other cancer patients, and healthy control donors as indicator cells. The results suggest that an antigen associated with TCC can be detected in the sera of patients bearing TCC but not in tumor-free individuals.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma: circulating tumor antigen correlated with presence/absence of tumor (leukocyte migration assay). Sera from patients with TCC of the urinary bladder have been fractionated. We tested the fractions for activity in the leukocyte migration test, using peripheral blood leukocytes from TCC patients, other cancer patients, and healthy control donors as indicator cells. The results suggest that an antigen associated with TCC can be detected in the sera of patients bearing TCC but not in tumor-free individuals.", "PMID": 748778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7566", "title": "Skin tests with soluble tumor membrane antigens in patients with transitional cell cancers.", "content": "Patients with transitional cell cancers and control patients with other forms of cancer were tested with cell membranes and soluble membrane antigens with the use of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests. These ongoing and parallel studies in which LMI tests are used have not been completed.", "contents": "Skin tests with soluble tumor membrane antigens in patients with transitional cell cancers. Patients with transitional cell cancers and control patients with other forms of cancer were tested with cell membranes and soluble membrane antigens with the use of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests. These ongoing and parallel studies in which LMI tests are used have not been completed.", "PMID": 748779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7567", "title": "Characterization of prostate carcinoma lines in the Copenhagen rat.", "content": "A comprehensive study of the R-3327 line of prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was performed. This tumor, investigated in its histologic, endocrinologic, and immunologic aspects, was compared with a squamous cell prostate carcinoma derived from the R-3327. The two tumor lines differ in their rates of growth and in their androgen receptor contents, i.e., the adenocarcinoma is androgen dependent and grows slowly, whereas the squamous cell carcinoma has a rapid rate of growth and is androgen independent. A study of cell-mediated immune responses revealed that: 1) Nonspecific responses to mitogens in the blastogenic assay, as well as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, are enhanced in animals bearing tumors. 2) The R-3327 is immunogenic to its host as demonstrated by two parameters. 3) The antigens present in the squamous cell carcinoma are not recognized by lymphocytes of the animals bearing the adenocarcinoma, substantiating the specificity of the reaction. For these reasons, the system of R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma provides a relevant model for the study of prostate cancer.", "contents": "Characterization of prostate carcinoma lines in the Copenhagen rat. A comprehensive study of the R-3327 line of prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was performed. This tumor, investigated in its histologic, endocrinologic, and immunologic aspects, was compared with a squamous cell prostate carcinoma derived from the R-3327. The two tumor lines differ in their rates of growth and in their androgen receptor contents, i.e., the adenocarcinoma is androgen dependent and grows slowly, whereas the squamous cell carcinoma has a rapid rate of growth and is androgen independent. A study of cell-mediated immune responses revealed that: 1) Nonspecific responses to mitogens in the blastogenic assay, as well as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, are enhanced in animals bearing tumors. 2) The R-3327 is immunogenic to its host as demonstrated by two parameters. 3) The antigens present in the squamous cell carcinoma are not recognized by lymphocytes of the animals bearing the adenocarcinoma, substantiating the specificity of the reaction. For these reasons, the system of R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma provides a relevant model for the study of prostate cancer.", "PMID": 748780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7568", "title": "An animal model for the study of prostate carcinoma.", "content": "We report here the development of the Dunning R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Tumors, produced by sc or intraprostate injection of viable cells, had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs as well. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing line arose that grew equally well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor. A tissue culture line derived from R-3327 was capable of producing tumors in recipient rats with characteristics similar to the original Dunning tumor.", "contents": "An animal model for the study of prostate carcinoma. We report here the development of the Dunning R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Tumors, produced by sc or intraprostate injection of viable cells, had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs as well. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing line arose that grew equally well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor. A tissue culture line derived from R-3327 was capable of producing tumors in recipient rats with characteristics similar to the original Dunning tumor.", "PMID": 748781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7569", "title": "Growth characteristics and immunogenicity of the R-3327 rat prostate carcinoma.", "content": "The transplantable R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma (Dunning tumor) has been studied in the Copenhagen rat. We present information about androgen-dependent and hormone-independent tumors in regard to metastasis, growth rate, extrapolated cell kinetics, and response to treatment.", "contents": "Growth characteristics and immunogenicity of the R-3327 rat prostate carcinoma. The transplantable R-3327 prostate adenocarcinoma (Dunning tumor) has been studied in the Copenhagen rat. We present information about androgen-dependent and hormone-independent tumors in regard to metastasis, growth rate, extrapolated cell kinetics, and response to treatment.", "PMID": 748782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7570", "title": "Immunogenicity of N-[-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced bladder cancer.", "content": "Five transplantable TCC initially induced by the carcinogen FANFT were systematically tested for individual immunogenicity and then for the presence of cross-reacting tumor antigens. The classic amputation challenge technique was used. Three of the 5 tumors were immunogenic, as determined by their ability to reduce the growth of a challenge tumor dose in mice immunized with the same bladder tumor. Prior immunization with one of the immunogenic tumors failed to reduce the incidence or growth of primary bladder tumors induced by the ingestion of 0.1% FANFT in C3H/HeJ mice. The lack of cross-reacting tumor antigens has important implications for the use of allogeneic tumor cells as an antigen source in immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of N-[-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced bladder cancer. Five transplantable TCC initially induced by the carcinogen FANFT were systematically tested for individual immunogenicity and then for the presence of cross-reacting tumor antigens. The classic amputation challenge technique was used. Three of the 5 tumors were immunogenic, as determined by their ability to reduce the growth of a challenge tumor dose in mice immunized with the same bladder tumor. Prior immunization with one of the immunogenic tumors failed to reduce the incidence or growth of primary bladder tumors induced by the ingestion of 0.1% FANFT in C3H/HeJ mice. The lack of cross-reacting tumor antigens has important implications for the use of allogeneic tumor cells as an antigen source in immunotherapy.", "PMID": 748783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7571", "title": "Spontaneous urinary bladder and ureter tumors in the Brown Norway rat.", "content": "Cell lines have been developed in Brown Norway rats from 3 primary uroepithelial tumors and from 2 in vivo transplanted uroepithelial tumors. After sc injection, cells of all cell lines gave rise to progressively growing tumors that eventually kill the host.", "contents": "Spontaneous urinary bladder and ureter tumors in the Brown Norway rat. Cell lines have been developed in Brown Norway rats from 3 primary uroepithelial tumors and from 2 in vivo transplanted uroepithelial tumors. After sc injection, cells of all cell lines gave rise to progressively growing tumors that eventually kill the host.", "PMID": 748784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7572", "title": "Teratoma and teratocarcinoma in experimental animals.", "content": "Different models of spontaneous and experimentally induced teratomas and teratocarcinomas were presented. The role of various control mechanisms operating in the tumor-bearing host is outlined.", "contents": "Teratoma and teratocarcinoma in experimental animals. Different models of spontaneous and experimentally induced teratomas and teratocarcinomas were presented. The role of various control mechanisms operating in the tumor-bearing host is outlined.", "PMID": 748785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7573", "title": "A teratoma model system.", "content": "The technique of genital ridge transplantation in mice was described. The use of this model system for the study of teratomas is stressed.", "contents": "A teratoma model system. The technique of genital ridge transplantation in mice was described. The use of this model system for the study of teratomas is stressed.", "PMID": 748786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7574", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy in superficial bladder cancer.", "content": "The use of BCG as an intracavitary form of immunotherapy in human bladder cancers is discussed. The result of a clinical trial in which BCG is administered in the treatment of human bladder cancers is reported. Possible uses of this tumor model in the study of immunotherapy employing BCG are suggested.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy in superficial bladder cancer. The use of BCG as an intracavitary form of immunotherapy in human bladder cancers is discussed. The result of a clinical trial in which BCG is administered in the treatment of human bladder cancers is reported. Possible uses of this tumor model in the study of immunotherapy employing BCG are suggested.", "PMID": 748787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7575", "title": "Effectiveness of long-term chemotherapy and/or BCG on murine bladder cancer.", "content": "Cure following surgery of bladder cancer is limited by recurrence of the original tumor or by the development of new primary tumors. TCC of the bladder induced in C3H/HeJ mice by FANFT closely resemble their human counterpart and have been used to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy and/or BCG on the induction and growth of these tumors. Three hundred five mice were divided into a control group of 30 and 11 treatment groups of 25. Therapy was initiated at 5 and 7 months after FANFT. The first tumors in this system are observed at 8 months with an expected incidence of 70-90% by 11 months. Therapy consisted of: 1) BCG; 2) cyclophosphamide; 3) cyclophosphamide + BCG; 4) cyclophosphamide + 5-FU; 5) cyclophosphamide + adriamycin; and 6) adriamycin. All mice were killed after 11 months on FANFT. Bladders were wieghed and the tumors were staged. Tumor incidence was reduced by only two regimens: adriamycin and cyclophosphamide + adriamycin. Cyclophosphamide significantly reduced subsequent tumor volume compared with the control group, with the effect being more pronounced in mice beginning treatment at 5 months. The combination regimens were superior to cyclophosphamide alone. BCG did not potentiate the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide and, when used alone, actually enhanced tumor growth (P less than 0.025). The use of BCG immunotherapy should be cautioned, but the effectiveness of the antineoplastic drugs suggests their use in clinical trials in patients with bladder cancer.", "contents": "Effectiveness of long-term chemotherapy and/or BCG on murine bladder cancer. Cure following surgery of bladder cancer is limited by recurrence of the original tumor or by the development of new primary tumors. TCC of the bladder induced in C3H/HeJ mice by FANFT closely resemble their human counterpart and have been used to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy and/or BCG on the induction and growth of these tumors. Three hundred five mice were divided into a control group of 30 and 11 treatment groups of 25. Therapy was initiated at 5 and 7 months after FANFT. The first tumors in this system are observed at 8 months with an expected incidence of 70-90% by 11 months. Therapy consisted of: 1) BCG; 2) cyclophosphamide; 3) cyclophosphamide + BCG; 4) cyclophosphamide + 5-FU; 5) cyclophosphamide + adriamycin; and 6) adriamycin. All mice were killed after 11 months on FANFT. Bladders were wieghed and the tumors were staged. Tumor incidence was reduced by only two regimens: adriamycin and cyclophosphamide + adriamycin. Cyclophosphamide significantly reduced subsequent tumor volume compared with the control group, with the effect being more pronounced in mice beginning treatment at 5 months. The combination regimens were superior to cyclophosphamide alone. BCG did not potentiate the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide and, when used alone, actually enhanced tumor growth (P less than 0.025). The use of BCG immunotherapy should be cautioned, but the effectiveness of the antineoplastic drugs suggests their use in clinical trials in patients with bladder cancer.", "PMID": 748788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7576", "title": "A bladder tumor model response to immunotherapy.", "content": "The author presented results of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum treatment of the transplantable mouse FANFT bladder tumor carried in the host's leg. A comparison was made of the results of treatment with BCG alone and C. parvum alone or either used in conjunction with Cytoxan upon effectiveness in increasing animal survival and retarding tumor growth.", "contents": "A bladder tumor model response to immunotherapy. The author presented results of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum treatment of the transplantable mouse FANFT bladder tumor carried in the host's leg. A comparison was made of the results of treatment with BCG alone and C. parvum alone or either used in conjunction with Cytoxan upon effectiveness in increasing animal survival and retarding tumor growth.", "PMID": 748789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7577", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma receiving BCG.", "content": "Our modified lymphocyte-mediated microcytotoxicity assay, which allows the serial estimation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity, was used to evaluate the immune response of patients with advanced renal cell and transitional cell carcinoma who were receiving BCG therapy. Preliminary data suggested that this assay may be useful in monitoring cancer patients receiving BCG.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma receiving BCG. Our modified lymphocyte-mediated microcytotoxicity assay, which allows the serial estimation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity, was used to evaluate the immune response of patients with advanced renal cell and transitional cell carcinoma who were receiving BCG therapy. Preliminary data suggested that this assay may be useful in monitoring cancer patients receiving BCG.", "PMID": 748791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7578", "title": "Treatment of hypernephroma with xenogeneic immune RNA.", "content": "The treatment of patients with hypernephroma with xenogeneic immune RNA was discussed. The toxicity from xenogeneic immune RNA therapy was minimal in patients receiving simple doses from 4 to 64 mg intracutaneously and with cumulative doses of 450 mg during a 30-month period.", "contents": "Treatment of hypernephroma with xenogeneic immune RNA. The treatment of patients with hypernephroma with xenogeneic immune RNA was discussed. The toxicity from xenogeneic immune RNA therapy was minimal in patients receiving simple doses from 4 to 64 mg intracutaneously and with cumulative doses of 450 mg during a 30-month period.", "PMID": 748792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7579", "title": "Prostate carcinoma: immunostaging and adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were entered into separate protocols: 1) immunostaging, and 2) BCG adjuvant immunotherapy. Immunostaging is a new method of assessing patients immunologically prior to and after immunotherapy. Thirty of these patients were immunostaged with the use of humoral and cellular immune parameters. A positive correlation was noted between the patient's immunostage and the clinical stage of his cancer. The 33 patients with a histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were entered into an ongoing protocol of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in addition to conventional therapy (19 patients received BCG and 14 served as controls). The patients receiving BCG had a longer mean survival time; minimal morbidity and no mortality resulted from this therapy.", "contents": "Prostate carcinoma: immunostaging and adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG. Thirty-three patients with histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were entered into separate protocols: 1) immunostaging, and 2) BCG adjuvant immunotherapy. Immunostaging is a new method of assessing patients immunologically prior to and after immunotherapy. Thirty of these patients were immunostaged with the use of humoral and cellular immune parameters. A positive correlation was noted between the patient's immunostage and the clinical stage of his cancer. The 33 patients with a histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were entered into an ongoing protocol of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in addition to conventional therapy (19 patients received BCG and 14 served as controls). The patients receiving BCG had a longer mean survival time; minimal morbidity and no mortality resulted from this therapy.", "PMID": 748793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7580", "title": "The concept of induction and elicitation as an immunotherapeutic approach.", "content": "The concept of \"induction and elicitation,\" propounded by Stuart Mudd, circumvents the dangers of infecting the immunologically impaired individual without abrogating the effectiveness of the antigenic stimulus provided by an initial infection with living organisms. Mudd's concept utilizes the ubiquitous and naturally established delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus as the primary induction step for the more effective use of bacterial fractions, such as staphylococcal phage lysate, a potent immunizing agent, commercially licensed and available, in the subsequent elicitation of a nonspecific, cell-mediated immune response. The results of an exploratory study in which induction and elicitation were applied as an immunotherapeutic modality, in combination with surgery, in a metastasizing animal tumor model (the F344 rat) are presented.", "contents": "The concept of induction and elicitation as an immunotherapeutic approach. The concept of \"induction and elicitation,\" propounded by Stuart Mudd, circumvents the dangers of infecting the immunologically impaired individual without abrogating the effectiveness of the antigenic stimulus provided by an initial infection with living organisms. Mudd's concept utilizes the ubiquitous and naturally established delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus as the primary induction step for the more effective use of bacterial fractions, such as staphylococcal phage lysate, a potent immunizing agent, commercially licensed and available, in the subsequent elicitation of a nonspecific, cell-mediated immune response. The results of an exploratory study in which induction and elicitation were applied as an immunotherapeutic modality, in combination with surgery, in a metastasizing animal tumor model (the F344 rat) are presented.", "PMID": 748794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7581", "title": "Cryosurgery in prostate carcinoma: clinical evidence of immunostimulation of host versus tumor.", "content": "Results of cryosurgery in the manipulation of prostate cancer in a rabbit animal model is discussed. Clinical application of cryosurgery in the treatment of prostate cancer in man and its effect on metastases is presented.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in prostate carcinoma: clinical evidence of immunostimulation of host versus tumor. Results of cryosurgery in the manipulation of prostate cancer in a rabbit animal model is discussed. Clinical application of cryosurgery in the treatment of prostate cancer in man and its effect on metastases is presented.", "PMID": 748795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7582", "title": "Tumor immunity following cryosurgery or electrocauterization.", "content": "Cryosurgery of MCA-10 in C57BL mice resulted in significantly greater humoral and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to MCA-10 target cells than in untreated, tumor-bearing mice or animals which had undergone tumor amputation. This result was tumor specific and could be reproduced by treatment of the tumor-bearing and amputated mice with frozen exogenous tumor antigen. A similar response was produced by electrocauterization of tumor.", "contents": "Tumor immunity following cryosurgery or electrocauterization. Cryosurgery of MCA-10 in C57BL mice resulted in significantly greater humoral and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to MCA-10 target cells than in untreated, tumor-bearing mice or animals which had undergone tumor amputation. This result was tumor specific and could be reproduced by treatment of the tumor-bearing and amputated mice with frozen exogenous tumor antigen. A similar response was produced by electrocauterization of tumor.", "PMID": 748796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7583", "title": "Immunostimulation by cryosurgery: an orthotopic model of prostate and bladder cancer in the rat.", "content": "In patients with prostate cancer, cryosurgery has been highly effective in eradication of the primary tumor. Certain clinical observations have suggested the presence of an additional systemic anticancer effect, presumably immunologic in nature, but proof is lacking. To study this problem further, we developed two animal tumor models. Instead of using the classical subcutaneous site, we transplanted the 11095A and R-3327 prostate tumors into rat prostate, the 4909 bladder tumor into rat bladder. In these respective orthotopic locations, the 3 tumors displayed favorable growth characteristics with good accessibility for cryosurgery. This model should be considered for studies involving any localized treatment of an established urologic tumor.", "contents": "Immunostimulation by cryosurgery: an orthotopic model of prostate and bladder cancer in the rat. In patients with prostate cancer, cryosurgery has been highly effective in eradication of the primary tumor. Certain clinical observations have suggested the presence of an additional systemic anticancer effect, presumably immunologic in nature, but proof is lacking. To study this problem further, we developed two animal tumor models. Instead of using the classical subcutaneous site, we transplanted the 11095A and R-3327 prostate tumors into rat prostate, the 4909 bladder tumor into rat bladder. In these respective orthotopic locations, the 3 tumors displayed favorable growth characteristics with good accessibility for cryosurgery. This model should be considered for studies involving any localized treatment of an established urologic tumor.", "PMID": 748797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7584", "title": "Testis carcinoma: transplantation into nude mice.", "content": "Heterotransplantation of primary and secondary human testis tumors and the established cell lines, tera-1 and tera-2, into nude mice has been performed. The cell lines have been successfully grown subcutaneously and in the anterior chamber of the eye, without further immunosuppression, and this has contributed to the characterization of the lines. Growth has not been obtained with the fresh tumor material.", "contents": "Testis carcinoma: transplantation into nude mice. Heterotransplantation of primary and secondary human testis tumors and the established cell lines, tera-1 and tera-2, into nude mice has been performed. The cell lines have been successfully grown subcutaneously and in the anterior chamber of the eye, without further immunosuppression, and this has contributed to the characterization of the lines. Growth has not been obtained with the fresh tumor material.", "PMID": 748798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7585", "title": "Isolation of lymphocyte populations.", "content": "Lymphocytes are smaller than most mammalian cells. Although their densities are heterogeneous and overlap those of other mammalian cells, the average lymphocyte is less dense than the vast majority of mammalian cells. Because of these physical properties, lymphocytes sediment less rapidly than most mammalian cells during velocity sedimentation in the isokinetic gradient. Our separations of lymphocytes from several kinds of tissues including human blood, transplantable tumors, and the tumor of Hodgkin's disease are described.", "contents": "Isolation of lymphocyte populations. Lymphocytes are smaller than most mammalian cells. Although their densities are heterogeneous and overlap those of other mammalian cells, the average lymphocyte is less dense than the vast majority of mammalian cells. Because of these physical properties, lymphocytes sediment less rapidly than most mammalian cells during velocity sedimentation in the isokinetic gradient. Our separations of lymphocytes from several kinds of tissues including human blood, transplantable tumors, and the tumor of Hodgkin's disease are described.", "PMID": 748799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7586", "title": "Cryopreservation of lymphocytes to standardize in vitro immune functions.", "content": "The responses of fresh and frozen lymphocytes to mitogens and antigens have been compared with the use of samples collected on five occasions from 1 normal donor. The day-to-day variation seen with the fresh cells was eliminated by the use of frozen cells. Thawed cells from 1 donor, collected once but studied on five occasions and compared with fresh cells on the same days, fluctuated from day to day as well, confirming that the day-to-day variation seen is due to technical and not biologic phenomena. Cryopreserved cells showed a decrease in responses to specific microbial antigens, a slight shift in the PHA dose-response curve, but no significant difference in responses to Con A or PWM. The relative proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations changed with freezing and thawing. The proportion of T- and B-cells increased and decreased, respectively.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of lymphocytes to standardize in vitro immune functions. The responses of fresh and frozen lymphocytes to mitogens and antigens have been compared with the use of samples collected on five occasions from 1 normal donor. The day-to-day variation seen with the fresh cells was eliminated by the use of frozen cells. Thawed cells from 1 donor, collected once but studied on five occasions and compared with fresh cells on the same days, fluctuated from day to day as well, confirming that the day-to-day variation seen is due to technical and not biologic phenomena. Cryopreserved cells showed a decrease in responses to specific microbial antigens, a slight shift in the PHA dose-response curve, but no significant difference in responses to Con A or PWM. The relative proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations changed with freezing and thawing. The proportion of T- and B-cells increased and decreased, respectively.", "PMID": 748800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7587", "title": "Function of cryopreserved human effector cells in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Cells active in an ADCC model were studied for their ability to withstand cryopreservation. For this model, we used the [3H]proline microcytotoxicity assay with fibroblast target cells and a serum containing lymphocyte-dependent antibody reactive with the alloantigens on those target cells. Human blood effector cells active in this system can be successfully cryopreserved with minor dimunition in function with standard techniques and concentrations between 9 and 12% DMSO.", "contents": "Function of cryopreserved human effector cells in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cells active in an ADCC model were studied for their ability to withstand cryopreservation. For this model, we used the [3H]proline microcytotoxicity assay with fibroblast target cells and a serum containing lymphocyte-dependent antibody reactive with the alloantigens on those target cells. Human blood effector cells active in this system can be successfully cryopreserved with minor dimunition in function with standard techniques and concentrations between 9 and 12% DMSO.", "PMID": 748801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7588", "title": "Influence of surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy on growth of a metastasizing rat mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Based upon the hypothesis that a factor most pertinent to the absence of an effective immune response in cancer is the inadequacy of the antigenic stimulus provided by the neoplasm, either in terms of weak immunogenicity of the tumor antigen or of the necessary antigen mass available to the reticuloendothelial tissues at any one time for effective sensitization, the host immune response capabilities were stimulated within a time frame synchronous with a greater release of tumor antigens. In the treatment of a metastasizing, solid tumor model syngeneic with F344 rats, immunotherapy was most effectively applied in combinations with chemotherapy and/or localized radiotherapy, therapeutic modalities that induced a degree of oncolysis and tumor resorption. Surgery combined with chemotherapy permitted evaluation of therapeutic effects against metastases. The methanol-soluble fraction of Mycobacterium butyricum was used as the nonspecific immunologic adjuvant.", "contents": "Influence of surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy on growth of a metastasizing rat mammary adenocarcinoma. Based upon the hypothesis that a factor most pertinent to the absence of an effective immune response in cancer is the inadequacy of the antigenic stimulus provided by the neoplasm, either in terms of weak immunogenicity of the tumor antigen or of the necessary antigen mass available to the reticuloendothelial tissues at any one time for effective sensitization, the host immune response capabilities were stimulated within a time frame synchronous with a greater release of tumor antigens. In the treatment of a metastasizing, solid tumor model syngeneic with F344 rats, immunotherapy was most effectively applied in combinations with chemotherapy and/or localized radiotherapy, therapeutic modalities that induced a degree of oncolysis and tumor resorption. Surgery combined with chemotherapy permitted evaluation of therapeutic effects against metastases. The methanol-soluble fraction of Mycobacterium butyricum was used as the nonspecific immunologic adjuvant.", "PMID": 748802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7589", "title": "Central nystagmus and its interaction with optokinetic and reversive postoptokinetic forms of nystagmus.", "content": "Interaction of central nystagmus (CN) with optokinetic (OKN) and reversive postoptokinetic (RPN) forms of nystagmus was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits. During interaction of CN with OKN or RPN not in the same direction, the latter are inhibited and CN is manifested during the next 5 sec. The reverse process is observed after a cessation of electrical stimulation. If CN coincides in direction with OKN and RPN, the period from the beginning of electrical stimulation until establishment of regular resultant nystagmus is considerably shortened. Furthermore, the period from the moment of cessation of electrical stimulation until establishment of regular OKN and RPN also is shortened.", "contents": "Central nystagmus and its interaction with optokinetic and reversive postoptokinetic forms of nystagmus. Interaction of central nystagmus (CN) with optokinetic (OKN) and reversive postoptokinetic (RPN) forms of nystagmus was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits. During interaction of CN with OKN or RPN not in the same direction, the latter are inhibited and CN is manifested during the next 5 sec. The reverse process is observed after a cessation of electrical stimulation. If CN coincides in direction with OKN and RPN, the period from the beginning of electrical stimulation until establishment of regular resultant nystagmus is considerably shortened. Furthermore, the period from the moment of cessation of electrical stimulation until establishment of regular OKN and RPN also is shortened.", "PMID": 748825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7590", "title": "What constitutes a School Readiness examination? The component parts.", "content": "The School Readiness medical examination is probably the single most important examination a child has outside of the infancy period. This examination helps to determine whether or not the child is physically, emotionally and intellectually ready to handle a more structured, academic environment. The physician should devote enough time and effort to do a thorough evaluation. The physician also, should be appropriately compensated for this medical evaluation based upon time, training, experience, and length of discussion with the family.", "contents": "What constitutes a School Readiness examination? The component parts. The School Readiness medical examination is probably the single most important examination a child has outside of the infancy period. This examination helps to determine whether or not the child is physically, emotionally and intellectually ready to handle a more structured, academic environment. The physician should devote enough time and effort to do a thorough evaluation. The physician also, should be appropriately compensated for this medical evaluation based upon time, training, experience, and length of discussion with the family.", "PMID": 748832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7591", "title": "Skin testing for allergic diseases: techniques, indications and interpretations.", "content": "Despite significant strides in serologic methodologies, the skin test, when properly done, has remained the single most sensitive and practical assay for specific dermal-bound reaginic antibody. Its value could further be enhanced if and when characterization and standardization of the allergen extracts become a reality. While the technique is simple, the indications and interpretations of allergy skin tests required the expertise of well-trained allergists. A positive skin reaction is no more than a mere supportive laboratory aid in the diagnosis of allergic disease, which is arrived at through a carefully taken detailed history and a meticulously done physical examination.", "contents": "Skin testing for allergic diseases: techniques, indications and interpretations. Despite significant strides in serologic methodologies, the skin test, when properly done, has remained the single most sensitive and practical assay for specific dermal-bound reaginic antibody. Its value could further be enhanced if and when characterization and standardization of the allergen extracts become a reality. While the technique is simple, the indications and interpretations of allergy skin tests required the expertise of well-trained allergists. A positive skin reaction is no more than a mere supportive laboratory aid in the diagnosis of allergic disease, which is arrived at through a carefully taken detailed history and a meticulously done physical examination.", "PMID": 748833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7592", "title": "An approach to office pediatric ophthalmology.", "content": "Recognition of common eye problems affecting children is essential in the everyday practice of pediatrics. The physician should become familiar with a systematic approach for all ocular problems, including the examination of the newborn as well as trauma cases. The eye is a very accessible organ and the diagnosis of many problems is relatively easy. Management is often straightforward, cure is usually rapid, and satisfaction is great for the patient and pediatrician alike.", "contents": "An approach to office pediatric ophthalmology. Recognition of common eye problems affecting children is essential in the everyday practice of pediatrics. The physician should become familiar with a systematic approach for all ocular problems, including the examination of the newborn as well as trauma cases. The eye is a very accessible organ and the diagnosis of many problems is relatively easy. Management is often straightforward, cure is usually rapid, and satisfaction is great for the patient and pediatrician alike.", "PMID": 748834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7593", "title": "The energy metabolism of adult Haemonchus contortus, in vitro.", "content": "A comparison was made of the major excretory products when adult Haemonchus contortus worms were incubated with D-[U-14C]glucose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Catabolites measured were propan-1-ol, acetate, n-propionate and CO2 and the only major difference was that nearly twice as much CO2 both in terms of quantity and radioactivity was excreted under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. The worms were also much more physically active under aerobic conditions. When worms were incubated under aerobic conditions with increasing amounts of fluoroacetate their CO2 production was progressively reduced to the anaerobic level. Their movement and their ability to clump together was also progressively reduced. After aerobic incubation with fluoroacetate and D-[U-14C]glucose the quantity and radioactivity of citrate within worms increased greatly. When worms were similarly incubated anaerobically no increase in citrate occurred, no radioactivity was associated with the citrate and the worms appeared physically unaffected. When worms were incubated aerobically with fluoro[1(-14)C]acetate they produced radioactive fluorocitrate.", "contents": "The energy metabolism of adult Haemonchus contortus, in vitro. A comparison was made of the major excretory products when adult Haemonchus contortus worms were incubated with D-[U-14C]glucose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Catabolites measured were propan-1-ol, acetate, n-propionate and CO2 and the only major difference was that nearly twice as much CO2 both in terms of quantity and radioactivity was excreted under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. The worms were also much more physically active under aerobic conditions. When worms were incubated under aerobic conditions with increasing amounts of fluoroacetate their CO2 production was progressively reduced to the anaerobic level. Their movement and their ability to clump together was also progressively reduced. After aerobic incubation with fluoroacetate and D-[U-14C]glucose the quantity and radioactivity of citrate within worms increased greatly. When worms were similarly incubated anaerobically no increase in citrate occurred, no radioactivity was associated with the citrate and the worms appeared physically unaffected. When worms were incubated aerobically with fluoro[1(-14)C]acetate they produced radioactive fluorocitrate.", "PMID": 748835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7594", "title": "Relations between immunological and neurological memory: learning ability in rats during immunostimulation.", "content": "The effect of an immunostimulator, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), on the ability of Wistar rats to learn in a visual discrimination test was studied by foodgetting and electric-shock avoidance methods. A significant improvement in learning ability was demonstrated under the influence of FCA when the negative reinforcement method was used, but a worsening when the positive reinforcement method was used. Analysis of the dynamics of extinction of the reflexes formed gave similar results. The possible relations between immunogenesis and memory forming processes are discussed.", "contents": "Relations between immunological and neurological memory: learning ability in rats during immunostimulation. The effect of an immunostimulator, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), on the ability of Wistar rats to learn in a visual discrimination test was studied by foodgetting and electric-shock avoidance methods. A significant improvement in learning ability was demonstrated under the influence of FCA when the negative reinforcement method was used, but a worsening when the positive reinforcement method was used. Analysis of the dynamics of extinction of the reflexes formed gave similar results. The possible relations between immunogenesis and memory forming processes are discussed.", "PMID": 748828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7595", "title": "The effect of concurrent infection with Trichinella spiralis on Hymenolepis microstoma in mice.", "content": "The intestinal changes brought about by rejection of Trichinella spiralis from mice were studied in relation to their effects on a concurrent infection with Hymenolepis microstoma, a cestode not normally rejected from mice. The rejection phase of T. spiralis was associated with a marked stunting of growth of H. microstoma given just before, during, or just after rejection of the nematode. The survival of H. microstoma was affected only when rejection of T. spiralis coincided with the intestinal phase of the cestode: if T. spiralis rejection was timed to occur after the scolex of the cestode had entered the bile duct there was no loss of H. microstoma. It is suggested that the adverse effects on growth and establishment of H. microstoma were due to the non-specific inflammatory component of the host's response to infection with T. spiralis.", "contents": "The effect of concurrent infection with Trichinella spiralis on Hymenolepis microstoma in mice. The intestinal changes brought about by rejection of Trichinella spiralis from mice were studied in relation to their effects on a concurrent infection with Hymenolepis microstoma, a cestode not normally rejected from mice. The rejection phase of T. spiralis was associated with a marked stunting of growth of H. microstoma given just before, during, or just after rejection of the nematode. The survival of H. microstoma was affected only when rejection of T. spiralis coincided with the intestinal phase of the cestode: if T. spiralis rejection was timed to occur after the scolex of the cestode had entered the bile duct there was no loss of H. microstoma. It is suggested that the adverse effects on growth and establishment of H. microstoma were due to the non-specific inflammatory component of the host's response to infection with T. spiralis.", "PMID": 748836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7596", "title": "Behavioral hyperreactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared to its normotensive progenitor.", "content": "The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an excellent model of essential hypertensive disease. Hyperreactivity has been postulated as a contributing factor in the development of high blood pressure in the SHR and in man. In the maturing organism recurring hypertensive stesss responses may promote permanent vascular changes and result in a fixed hypertension. Simple behavioral activity and emotionality rating scales were used to compare a large number of SHR with equally large groups of closely-related and distantly-related normotensive rats. As predicted, the SHR were clearly more active and emotional than their ancestral Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain. However, the distantly-related normotensive Wistars did not differ from the SHR in either activity or emotionality. These results indicate that behavior and hypertension are not necessarily related in the rat. Nonetheless, the behavioral differences between the SHR and their closest genetic match, the WKY, suggest that arousal and blood pressure levels may be causally linked in this case of naturally occurring hypertension.", "contents": "Behavioral hyperreactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared to its normotensive progenitor. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an excellent model of essential hypertensive disease. Hyperreactivity has been postulated as a contributing factor in the development of high blood pressure in the SHR and in man. In the maturing organism recurring hypertensive stesss responses may promote permanent vascular changes and result in a fixed hypertension. Simple behavioral activity and emotionality rating scales were used to compare a large number of SHR with equally large groups of closely-related and distantly-related normotensive rats. As predicted, the SHR were clearly more active and emotional than their ancestral Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain. However, the distantly-related normotensive Wistars did not differ from the SHR in either activity or emotionality. These results indicate that behavior and hypertension are not necessarily related in the rat. Nonetheless, the behavioral differences between the SHR and their closest genetic match, the WKY, suggest that arousal and blood pressure levels may be causally linked in this case of naturally occurring hypertension.", "PMID": 748844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7597", "title": "A vigilance model for latent learning.", "content": "The author proposes a heuristic model for latent learning. It is concluded that to regard academic learning as qualitatively different from other forms of learning is to deny evolutionary continuity. Academic learning is not a unitary process governed by a single set of parameters. In addition, it is observed that the problem of student motivation may very well turn out to be purely academic. The instructional technique for a captive audience of a class may be so structured as to make the direction of attention irresistible, the performance of a response, when needed, compelling, and the acquisition of knowledge inevitable. Vigilance is an instance of innate foundation. Its most striking characteristics are its universality in the animal world, its ready evocation by a wide range of stimuli, and its apparent behavior and physiological manifestations. The last two are the natural resources for objective investigation, and the first may well be the basis of broad and valid generalizations.", "contents": "A vigilance model for latent learning. The author proposes a heuristic model for latent learning. It is concluded that to regard academic learning as qualitatively different from other forms of learning is to deny evolutionary continuity. Academic learning is not a unitary process governed by a single set of parameters. In addition, it is observed that the problem of student motivation may very well turn out to be purely academic. The instructional technique for a captive audience of a class may be so structured as to make the direction of attention irresistible, the performance of a response, when needed, compelling, and the acquisition of knowledge inevitable. Vigilance is an instance of innate foundation. Its most striking characteristics are its universality in the animal world, its ready evocation by a wide range of stimuli, and its apparent behavior and physiological manifestations. The last two are the natural resources for objective investigation, and the first may well be the basis of broad and valid generalizations.", "PMID": 748845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7598", "title": "Total peripheral resistance changes in dogs during aversive classical conditioning.", "content": "The arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance of laboratory dogs were monitored continuously before and during a 30 min period in which aversive classical conditioning procedures were applied. The experimental stimulation generated inhibition of behavioral activity (\"freezing\") together with sustained increases in arterial pressure averaging 30%, and increases in heart rate anc cardiac output of 60-70%. The calculated total peripheral resistance decreased by an average of 20%. The behavioral and cardiovascular responses were sustained during the aversive conditioning period. The results suggest that significant peripheral vasodilation occurred under these conditions which was probably not due to metabolic byproducts of behavioral activity, but probably reflected sympathetic cholinergic effects upon blood vessels in the skeletal muscles. These data document the significance of the skeletal muscle circulation in the total peripheral resistance to blood flow in unanesthetized animals.", "contents": "Total peripheral resistance changes in dogs during aversive classical conditioning. The arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance of laboratory dogs were monitored continuously before and during a 30 min period in which aversive classical conditioning procedures were applied. The experimental stimulation generated inhibition of behavioral activity (\"freezing\") together with sustained increases in arterial pressure averaging 30%, and increases in heart rate anc cardiac output of 60-70%. The calculated total peripheral resistance decreased by an average of 20%. The behavioral and cardiovascular responses were sustained during the aversive conditioning period. The results suggest that significant peripheral vasodilation occurred under these conditions which was probably not due to metabolic byproducts of behavioral activity, but probably reflected sympathetic cholinergic effects upon blood vessels in the skeletal muscles. These data document the significance of the skeletal muscle circulation in the total peripheral resistance to blood flow in unanesthetized animals.", "PMID": 748846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7599", "title": "The effect of cul length and hippocampal lesions on maze learning in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-four rats, 8 with bilateral hippocampal lesions, 8 with cortical lesions and 8 unoperated rats, were tested on one of 2 mazes. Half of each group were run in a conventional 5 choice multiple Y maze. The other half were run in a symetrical, long cul maze in which distance and number of successive choice point were equal for a right or wrong choice before the animal reached an cul end or the goal box. The correct path in the long cul maze was identical to that of the short cul maze. S's were run one trial a day for 15 days. On the symetrical, long cul maze there were no differences between groups. On the short cul maze, hippocampals were significantly worse than control S's and looked similar to control S's on the long cul maze. The results are interpreted in terms of frustration theory.", "contents": "The effect of cul length and hippocampal lesions on maze learning in the rat. Twenty-four rats, 8 with bilateral hippocampal lesions, 8 with cortical lesions and 8 unoperated rats, were tested on one of 2 mazes. Half of each group were run in a conventional 5 choice multiple Y maze. The other half were run in a symetrical, long cul maze in which distance and number of successive choice point were equal for a right or wrong choice before the animal reached an cul end or the goal box. The correct path in the long cul maze was identical to that of the short cul maze. S's were run one trial a day for 15 days. On the symetrical, long cul maze there were no differences between groups. On the short cul maze, hippocampals were significantly worse than control S's and looked similar to control S's on the long cul maze. The results are interpreted in terms of frustration theory.", "PMID": 748847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7600", "title": "Measurement of neo-Pavlovian properties of higher nervous activity by motor reaction-time tasks.", "content": "A preliminary study involving 80 paid subjects, 40 of each sex, investigated the usefulness of motor response-time tasks as measures of three neo-Pavlovian properties of higher nervous activity, excitatory strength, dynamism, and mobility. Six independent factors were extracted from a set of variables measuring those properties. These factors demonstrated the independence of the three properties, of the excitatory and inhibitory processes in dynamism and mobility, and of strength and sensitivity at least when such tasks are used as measures of properties in the auditory modality. These findings are promising, however, further investigation is required to validate these tasks against the classical tests of properties of higher nervous activity.", "contents": "Measurement of neo-Pavlovian properties of higher nervous activity by motor reaction-time tasks. A preliminary study involving 80 paid subjects, 40 of each sex, investigated the usefulness of motor response-time tasks as measures of three neo-Pavlovian properties of higher nervous activity, excitatory strength, dynamism, and mobility. Six independent factors were extracted from a set of variables measuring those properties. These factors demonstrated the independence of the three properties, of the excitatory and inhibitory processes in dynamism and mobility, and of strength and sensitivity at least when such tasks are used as measures of properties in the auditory modality. These findings are promising, however, further investigation is required to validate these tasks against the classical tests of properties of higher nervous activity.", "PMID": 748848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7601", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The clinical course of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been reviewed with special emphasis on the electrocardiographic changes. Thirty two of 50 of these patients presented electrocardiographic abnormalities and two cases had myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic changes were associated with activity of the sickness. It is possible that the electrocardiovasculars manifestations represent the first manifestation of the rheumatoid arthritis therefore it is convenient to check them the whole time, even in case the patient does not present clinical abnormalities.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis]. The clinical course of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been reviewed with special emphasis on the electrocardiographic changes. Thirty two of 50 of these patients presented electrocardiographic abnormalities and two cases had myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic changes were associated with activity of the sickness. It is possible that the electrocardiovasculars manifestations represent the first manifestation of the rheumatoid arthritis therefore it is convenient to check them the whole time, even in case the patient does not present clinical abnormalities.", "PMID": 748909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7602", "title": "[Generalized peritonitis. Morbidity and mortality with respect to the development of oncotic pressure in the early postoperative period].", "content": "A group of forty patients with generalized peritonitis was studied comparing their clinical evolution and mortality with the plasma coloidosmotic pressure values (COP). Twentynine patients survived without complications (Group I) this patients had the higher mean COP values, 17.56 mm Hg at the beggining and 19.06 mm Hg at the end of the study. Three patients showed complications directly related with peritonitis but finally survived (Group II). Their mean COP values were 16.08 mm Hg at the beggining and 13.44 mm Hg at the end. Eight patients died (Group III) lower mean COP values were obtained in this group; 13.5 at the begging and 11.94 at the end. Despite the same kind of medical and surgical treatment, response was very different in each group. Lower values of COP were found as clinical avolution worsened. A very low inicial value or failure to raise it despite the treatment may be considered as a bad prognosis sing.", "contents": "[Generalized peritonitis. Morbidity and mortality with respect to the development of oncotic pressure in the early postoperative period]. A group of forty patients with generalized peritonitis was studied comparing their clinical evolution and mortality with the plasma coloidosmotic pressure values (COP). Twentynine patients survived without complications (Group I) this patients had the higher mean COP values, 17.56 mm Hg at the beggining and 19.06 mm Hg at the end of the study. Three patients showed complications directly related with peritonitis but finally survived (Group II). Their mean COP values were 16.08 mm Hg at the beggining and 13.44 mm Hg at the end. Eight patients died (Group III) lower mean COP values were obtained in this group; 13.5 at the begging and 11.94 at the end. Despite the same kind of medical and surgical treatment, response was very different in each group. Lower values of COP were found as clinical avolution worsened. A very low inicial value or failure to raise it despite the treatment may be considered as a bad prognosis sing.", "PMID": 748910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7603", "title": "[Familial neoplasms and childhood dermatomyositis].", "content": "Familial frequency of malignant neoplasms from 20 children with dermatomyositis was investigated and compared with 225 controls. Eight patients with dermatomyositis (40 per cent) had nine family members with a malignant tumour; this frequency is significantly higher than those found in the controls with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (P less than 0.01), neoplasms (P less than 0.01), and a variety of diseases (P less than 0.05). This finding and the known association of neoplasm-dermatomyositis might suggest an hereditary predisposing factor, possibly a subtle inmune deficiency, common for tumours and dermatomyositis.", "contents": "[Familial neoplasms and childhood dermatomyositis]. Familial frequency of malignant neoplasms from 20 children with dermatomyositis was investigated and compared with 225 controls. Eight patients with dermatomyositis (40 per cent) had nine family members with a malignant tumour; this frequency is significantly higher than those found in the controls with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (P less than 0.01), neoplasms (P less than 0.01), and a variety of diseases (P less than 0.05). This finding and the known association of neoplasm-dermatomyositis might suggest an hereditary predisposing factor, possibly a subtle inmune deficiency, common for tumours and dermatomyositis.", "PMID": 748911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7604", "title": "Preparation of radioactive labelled (57Co) sulfitocobalamin.", "content": "Farquharson and Adams (Br. J. Nutr. 36, 127-135 (1976)) have identified sulfitocobalamin (SO3-Cb1) as one of the naturally occurring cobalamins (Cb1s) in foods. We have devised a method of making radioactive labelled SO3-Cb1 for in vivo and in vitro studies of this form of Cb1. 57Co labelled cyanocobalamin (57Co CN-Cb1) was acid photolyzed to 57Co hydroxocobalamin (57Co OH-Cb1) followed by ligand substitution with SO3-2 ion from aqueous sodium (meta) bisulfite in the dark. The resulting 57Co SO3-Cb1 was purified by organic extraction and cation exchange chromatography. The final preparation was greater than 99% 57Co SO3-Cb1 with an overall yield of greater than 70%, stable for up to four weeks at 20 degrees C in the dark, and capable of binding to the human Cb1 binding proteins Transcobalamin II (TC II), Intrinsic factor (IF) and Salivary R. This method allows a simple 1 day preparation of high specific activity labelled 57CO SO3-Cb1 for biological studies.", "contents": "Preparation of radioactive labelled (57Co) sulfitocobalamin. Farquharson and Adams (Br. J. Nutr. 36, 127-135 (1976)) have identified sulfitocobalamin (SO3-Cb1) as one of the naturally occurring cobalamins (Cb1s) in foods. We have devised a method of making radioactive labelled SO3-Cb1 for in vivo and in vitro studies of this form of Cb1. 57Co labelled cyanocobalamin (57Co CN-Cb1) was acid photolyzed to 57Co hydroxocobalamin (57Co OH-Cb1) followed by ligand substitution with SO3-2 ion from aqueous sodium (meta) bisulfite in the dark. The resulting 57Co SO3-Cb1 was purified by organic extraction and cation exchange chromatography. The final preparation was greater than 99% 57Co SO3-Cb1 with an overall yield of greater than 70%, stable for up to four weeks at 20 degrees C in the dark, and capable of binding to the human Cb1 binding proteins Transcobalamin II (TC II), Intrinsic factor (IF) and Salivary R. This method allows a simple 1 day preparation of high specific activity labelled 57CO SO3-Cb1 for biological studies.", "PMID": 748915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7605", "title": "Purification of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by affinity and hydrophobic chromatography.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been purified by a procedure involving chromatography on norleucine-Sepharose, using a decreasing (NH4)2 SO4-inorganic phosphate concentration gradient, followed by chromatography on GMP-Sepharose. The enzyme is eluted from the affinity column with 2.5 X 10(-5)m IDP. The same procedure is applicable to hog mitochondrial and cytosol enzymes yielding the enzyme as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The corresponding molecular weight is 65,000 for each enzyme. Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the mitochondrial enzyme gave two sharp bands that were found to contain carboxykinase activity upon assay of gel slices. Similar analysis of the cytosol enzyme showed a much different staining pattern and four regions of carboxykinase activity. Plots of relative mobility of the two mitochondrial bands vs. per cent polyacrylamide in the gels gave parallel lines, confirming that the two bands did not result from enzyme aggregation. Elution of the enzyme upon analytical Sephacryl S-200 chromatography did, however, produce some resolution of the two bands without change in specific activity. The purification procedure described above has been applied also to the human mitochondrial enzyme with similar results. The molecular weight, similarly is 68,000.", "contents": "Purification of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by affinity and hydrophobic chromatography. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been purified by a procedure involving chromatography on norleucine-Sepharose, using a decreasing (NH4)2 SO4-inorganic phosphate concentration gradient, followed by chromatography on GMP-Sepharose. The enzyme is eluted from the affinity column with 2.5 X 10(-5)m IDP. The same procedure is applicable to hog mitochondrial and cytosol enzymes yielding the enzyme as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The corresponding molecular weight is 65,000 for each enzyme. Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the mitochondrial enzyme gave two sharp bands that were found to contain carboxykinase activity upon assay of gel slices. Similar analysis of the cytosol enzyme showed a much different staining pattern and four regions of carboxykinase activity. Plots of relative mobility of the two mitochondrial bands vs. per cent polyacrylamide in the gels gave parallel lines, confirming that the two bands did not result from enzyme aggregation. Elution of the enzyme upon analytical Sephacryl S-200 chromatography did, however, produce some resolution of the two bands without change in specific activity. The purification procedure described above has been applied also to the human mitochondrial enzyme with similar results. The molecular weight, similarly is 68,000.", "PMID": 748916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7606", "title": "[Uremia and hypothyroidism. Report of a case].", "content": "It was diagnosed hypothyroidism in a 53-year-old man with chronic renal failure, with blood urea of 306 mg/dl and serum creatinine of 14.9 mg/dl. At three months of triiodothyronine therapy, the patient became asymptomatic and blood urea and serum creatinine diminished to 49 and 1.1 mg/dl respectively. The possible mechanisms responsible of that reversible uremia of such unusual amount in this hypothyroid patient are discussed.", "contents": "[Uremia and hypothyroidism. Report of a case]. It was diagnosed hypothyroidism in a 53-year-old man with chronic renal failure, with blood urea of 306 mg/dl and serum creatinine of 14.9 mg/dl. At three months of triiodothyronine therapy, the patient became asymptomatic and blood urea and serum creatinine diminished to 49 and 1.1 mg/dl respectively. The possible mechanisms responsible of that reversible uremia of such unusual amount in this hypothyroid patient are discussed.", "PMID": 748912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7607", "title": "[Non-parasitic calcified hepatic cyst. Report of a clinical case and review of the literature].", "content": "A case is presented of a 40 years old female, with an illness of three weeks duration, characterized by right upper quadrant fullness, pain and tenderness to palpation. Subsequently, her X ray studies showed a radiolucenly in the liver, with calcified solitary-hepatic cyst. A review is made of the pertinent literature, and it is stressed the diagnostic clues between a congenital and a parasitic hepatic cyst, in order to proceed to its proper therapy. Brief considerations of the present knowledge of the congenital calcified hepatic cyst and management are done.", "contents": "[Non-parasitic calcified hepatic cyst. Report of a clinical case and review of the literature]. A case is presented of a 40 years old female, with an illness of three weeks duration, characterized by right upper quadrant fullness, pain and tenderness to palpation. Subsequently, her X ray studies showed a radiolucenly in the liver, with calcified solitary-hepatic cyst. A review is made of the pertinent literature, and it is stressed the diagnostic clues between a congenital and a parasitic hepatic cyst, in order to proceed to its proper therapy. Brief considerations of the present knowledge of the congenital calcified hepatic cyst and management are done.", "PMID": 748914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7608", "title": "Electrophoresis in gels suspended in hydrophobic solvents.", "content": "Protein components in mixtures may be separated by zone electrophoresis in columns of gel suspended in hydrophobic solvents. The method is useful for the location of specific antibodies in IgG electrophoretic spectra.", "contents": "Electrophoresis in gels suspended in hydrophobic solvents. Protein components in mixtures may be separated by zone electrophoresis in columns of gel suspended in hydrophobic solvents. The method is useful for the location of specific antibodies in IgG electrophoretic spectra.", "PMID": 748917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7609", "title": "Purification of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "The purine salvage pathway enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.42.7) has been purified to greater than 85% homogeneity from crude rat liver 100,000 x g supernatant in one step by affinity chromatography. The enzyme binds to an AMP-agarose column and is eluted off the column by 1 mM 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate with a 50 to 80% recovery. Enzyme kinetics indicate that the mechanism of the specific elution is due to competition of the product AMP and substrate 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate for the same site on the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase by affinity chromatography. The purine salvage pathway enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.42.7) has been purified to greater than 85% homogeneity from crude rat liver 100,000 x g supernatant in one step by affinity chromatography. The enzyme binds to an AMP-agarose column and is eluted off the column by 1 mM 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate with a 50 to 80% recovery. Enzyme kinetics indicate that the mechanism of the specific elution is due to competition of the product AMP and substrate 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate for the same site on the enzyme.", "PMID": 748918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7610", "title": "A method for the increased extraction of cholesterol from human red blood cells by modified plasma lipoprotein.", "content": "The in vitro extraction of cholesterol from erythrocytes by plasma lipoproteins of reduced cholesterol content would be expected to be free of cholesterol-unrelated alterations of the cell membrane. The earlier application of this method utilized whole blood plasma in which the major part of the lipoprotein cholesterol was esterified by the plasma enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) in a preliminary incubation. Because of the cholesterol remaining unesterified in the plasma, only 35% of the cell cholesterol could be removed. The method reported here uses HDL3, a plasma lipoprotein which is the preferred substrate for LCAT, instead of whole plasma for the extraction. Multiple extractions with LCAT treated HDL3 resulted in the removal of up to 77% of the erythrocyte cholesterol with only minor hemolysis.", "contents": "A method for the increased extraction of cholesterol from human red blood cells by modified plasma lipoprotein. The in vitro extraction of cholesterol from erythrocytes by plasma lipoproteins of reduced cholesterol content would be expected to be free of cholesterol-unrelated alterations of the cell membrane. The earlier application of this method utilized whole blood plasma in which the major part of the lipoprotein cholesterol was esterified by the plasma enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) in a preliminary incubation. Because of the cholesterol remaining unesterified in the plasma, only 35% of the cell cholesterol could be removed. The method reported here uses HDL3, a plasma lipoprotein which is the preferred substrate for LCAT, instead of whole plasma for the extraction. Multiple extractions with LCAT treated HDL3 resulted in the removal of up to 77% of the erythrocyte cholesterol with only minor hemolysis.", "PMID": 748919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7611", "title": "[Production of exocellular amylase by pseudomonads].", "content": "Over 400 strains of Pseudomonads, when cultivated on starch media, were examined with respect to their capacity for extracellular production of amylases. Seven strains were selected that accumulated up to 6 g/l dry biomass and secreted amylase with an activity of up to 5.4 mg maltose/ml medium. The total and specific growth rate of the cultures was measured. Their physiological and biosynthetic activity in the course of development was evaluated. The economic coefficient was calculated. The dependence of the above parameters on the substrate concentration was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Production of exocellular amylase by pseudomonads]. Over 400 strains of Pseudomonads, when cultivated on starch media, were examined with respect to their capacity for extracellular production of amylases. Seven strains were selected that accumulated up to 6 g/l dry biomass and secreted amylase with an activity of up to 5.4 mg maltose/ml medium. The total and specific growth rate of the cultures was measured. Their physiological and biosynthetic activity in the course of development was evaluated. The economic coefficient was calculated. The dependence of the above parameters on the substrate concentration was demonstrated.", "PMID": 748920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7612", "title": "[Effect of serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation by rat heart and liver mitochondria].", "content": "The effect of serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine (inhibitor MAO) on the activity of glutathione peroxidase and intensity of ascorbate-dependent peroxidation of lipids in mitochondria was investigated. Serotonin injected intraperitoneally at a concentration of 20 m/kg increased activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver mitochondria and nonfermented ascorbate-dependent peroxidation of lipids in heart mitochondria. In experiments in vitro serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase an inhibited nonfermented ascorbate-dependent peroxidation in mitochondria of the heart and liver of rats.", "contents": "[Effect of serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation by rat heart and liver mitochondria]. The effect of serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine (inhibitor MAO) on the activity of glutathione peroxidase and intensity of ascorbate-dependent peroxidation of lipids in mitochondria was investigated. Serotonin injected intraperitoneally at a concentration of 20 m/kg increased activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver mitochondria and nonfermented ascorbate-dependent peroxidation of lipids in heart mitochondria. In experiments in vitro serotonin and malate benzyl hydrazine decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase an inhibited nonfermented ascorbate-dependent peroxidation in mitochondria of the heart and liver of rats.", "PMID": 748921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7613", "title": "Inhalation lung imaging with radioactive aerosols and gases.", "content": "Krypton lung-imaging is considered the ventilation procedure of choice when it is available. Aerosol and krypton wash-in images both reveal regional abnormalities of ventilation, but the aerosol images also disclose evidence of major airways disease. Xenon wash-out images are probably the most sensitive indicators of regional abnormalities of ventilation and/or small airways obstruction, whereas xenon wash-in images are far less sensitive and may be frequently misinterpreted. The Tc-DTPA aerosol inhalation procedure is perferred over xenon and krypton ventilation imaging for routine use immediately after a perfusion examination in pulmonary embolism suspects. This combined method provides the referring physician with the necessary diagnostic information quickly and with around-the-clock availability. In our opinion, this new aerosol procedure deserves wider application in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary disease. Lung imaging procedures, performed after th inhalation of 99mTechnetium labeled aerosols, 133Xenon and and 81mKrypton gases, were used to visualize the sites of airway obstruction and regional abnormalities of ventilatory function in normal volunteers, patients with obstructive airway disease and pulmonary embolism suspects. This chapter presents intercomparisons of these three methods regarding their functional significance, diagnostic merits, and limitations. A new nebulizer-radioaerosol delivery system is described. Test agent kits are inexpensive and readily available for on site assembly. Currently, we consider radioaerosol imaging in multiple views as more informative and suitable for routine use than xenon methods to detect regional abnormalities of the airways and ventilatory function. The krypton procedure is preferred in pulmonary embolism suspects because it requires far less patient cooperation than the xenon and aerosol methods and the lung images disclose regional ventilatory impairment quickly and accurately. However, krypton gas is cyclotron-produced and not yet commercially available.", "contents": "Inhalation lung imaging with radioactive aerosols and gases. Krypton lung-imaging is considered the ventilation procedure of choice when it is available. Aerosol and krypton wash-in images both reveal regional abnormalities of ventilation, but the aerosol images also disclose evidence of major airways disease. Xenon wash-out images are probably the most sensitive indicators of regional abnormalities of ventilation and/or small airways obstruction, whereas xenon wash-in images are far less sensitive and may be frequently misinterpreted. The Tc-DTPA aerosol inhalation procedure is perferred over xenon and krypton ventilation imaging for routine use immediately after a perfusion examination in pulmonary embolism suspects. This combined method provides the referring physician with the necessary diagnostic information quickly and with around-the-clock availability. In our opinion, this new aerosol procedure deserves wider application in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary disease. Lung imaging procedures, performed after th inhalation of 99mTechnetium labeled aerosols, 133Xenon and and 81mKrypton gases, were used to visualize the sites of airway obstruction and regional abnormalities of ventilatory function in normal volunteers, patients with obstructive airway disease and pulmonary embolism suspects. This chapter presents intercomparisons of these three methods regarding their functional significance, diagnostic merits, and limitations. A new nebulizer-radioaerosol delivery system is described. Test agent kits are inexpensive and readily available for on site assembly. Currently, we consider radioaerosol imaging in multiple views as more informative and suitable for routine use than xenon methods to detect regional abnormalities of the airways and ventilatory function. The krypton procedure is preferred in pulmonary embolism suspects because it requires far less patient cooperation than the xenon and aerosol methods and the lung images disclose regional ventilatory impairment quickly and accurately. However, krypton gas is cyclotron-produced and not yet commercially available.", "PMID": 748965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7614", "title": "Xenon-127.", "content": "The ventilation perfusion study is of proven value in the diagnosis of patients with lung disease. The technique would be even more useful if the ventilation study could be performed after the perfusion lung scan. Then only those patients with a perfusion defect would require a ventilation study and the study could be performed in the position which best demonstrates the lesion. This cannot be done satisfactorily with 133Xe. Because of its physical properties, 127Xe is the isotope of choice for ventilation studies. With this gas, the ventilation study can be performed after the perfusion lung scan with no interference from the 99mTc. The resolution of lesions within the lung is better with 127Xe than with 133Xe. Finally, the reduced tissue absorption and high photon yield permit the use of small amounts of 127Xe and therefore reduced cost and a smaller radiation dose to the patient.", "contents": "Xenon-127. The ventilation perfusion study is of proven value in the diagnosis of patients with lung disease. The technique would be even more useful if the ventilation study could be performed after the perfusion lung scan. Then only those patients with a perfusion defect would require a ventilation study and the study could be performed in the position which best demonstrates the lesion. This cannot be done satisfactorily with 133Xe. Because of its physical properties, 127Xe is the isotope of choice for ventilation studies. With this gas, the ventilation study can be performed after the perfusion lung scan with no interference from the 99mTc. The resolution of lesions within the lung is better with 127Xe than with 133Xe. Finally, the reduced tissue absorption and high photon yield permit the use of small amounts of 127Xe and therefore reduced cost and a smaller radiation dose to the patient.", "PMID": 748974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7615", "title": "N13-N2(1).", "content": "13N when coupled with a positron camera allows excellent quantification and imaging of regional lung function. The studies can be readily repeated since the half-life of the 13N is uncer 10 min and the radiation dose to the patient with each study is low. The very low solubility of 13N not only enhances lung imaging but reduces total body radiation by remaining confined to the lung.", "contents": "N13-N2(1). 13N when coupled with a positron camera allows excellent quantification and imaging of regional lung function. The studies can be readily repeated since the half-life of the 13N is uncer 10 min and the radiation dose to the patient with each study is low. The very low solubility of 13N not only enhances lung imaging but reduces total body radiation by remaining confined to the lung.", "PMID": 748977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7616", "title": "Serum relaxin levels in prostaglandin E2 induced abortions.", "content": "Relaxin, a peptide hormone produced only by the corpus luteum of pregnancy, can be used as a marker of luteal function in human pregnancy. Serum immunoreactive relaxin levels were measured serially in six women having second trimester abortions induced with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppositories. All patients aborted within 17 hours of the first suppository. No significant changes were detectable in serum relaxin levels in any of the patients. It is concluded that PGE2 does not interfere with the corpus luteum's ability to secrete relaxin in the second trimester of human pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum relaxin levels in prostaglandin E2 induced abortions. Relaxin, a peptide hormone produced only by the corpus luteum of pregnancy, can be used as a marker of luteal function in human pregnancy. Serum immunoreactive relaxin levels were measured serially in six women having second trimester abortions induced with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppositories. All patients aborted within 17 hours of the first suppository. No significant changes were detectable in serum relaxin levels in any of the patients. It is concluded that PGE2 does not interfere with the corpus luteum's ability to secrete relaxin in the second trimester of human pregnancy.", "PMID": 748978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7617", "title": "The action of prostaglandin E2 and F1alpha on myocardial ischaemia-infarction arrhythmias in the dog.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 and F1alpha infusions have been tested for their ability to reduce the arrhythmias associated with occlusion of the left descending coronary artery in the anaesthetised dog. At 1 microgram/kg/min both PGs reduced the incidence of premature ventricular contractions occurring during 25-min occlusions, while not reducing the incidence of ventricular fibrillation occurring on occlusion release. When infused for 5-min periods at 1 to 16 microgram/kg/min, neither PGE2 nor PGF1alpha effectively reduced the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias occurring 24 hr after a permanent coronary occlusion.", "contents": "The action of prostaglandin E2 and F1alpha on myocardial ischaemia-infarction arrhythmias in the dog. Prostaglandin E2 and F1alpha infusions have been tested for their ability to reduce the arrhythmias associated with occlusion of the left descending coronary artery in the anaesthetised dog. At 1 microgram/kg/min both PGs reduced the incidence of premature ventricular contractions occurring during 25-min occlusions, while not reducing the incidence of ventricular fibrillation occurring on occlusion release. When infused for 5-min periods at 1 to 16 microgram/kg/min, neither PGE2 nor PGF1alpha effectively reduced the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias occurring 24 hr after a permanent coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 748980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7618", "title": "The effect of physiological levels of non-esterified fatty acids on the radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins.", "content": "Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) can significantly interfere with the radioimmunoassay of PGE and PGF2alpha using commercially available anti-sera. PGB1 antigen-antibody binding is 50% inhibited by 110 pg of PGB1, 48 ng of PGE1, 3.5 microgram of PGF2alpha, or 9.0 microgram linoleic, 14 microgram arachidonic, 22 microgram delta-linoleic, 40 microgram palmitoleic or 45 microgram oleic acids. PGF2alpha antigen-antibody binding is 50% inhibited by 270 pg of PGF2alpha, 70 ng of PGE1, or 4.2 microgram arachidonic, 14 microgram delta-linoleic, 22 microgram linoleic, 70 microgram palmitoleic or 110 microgram oleic acids. Physiological levels of NEFA, such as the quantities found in small volumes of plasma, are sufficient to prohibit accurate prostaglandin measurements. Chromatography on small columns of silicic acid proved to be an effective technique for separation of NEFA and prostaglandin from lipid extracts, however, the results of this study suggest that the interference produced by the presence of NEFA in the measurement of prostaglandin from certain physiological fluids may be avoided if the prostaglandins are not extracted prior to radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "The effect of physiological levels of non-esterified fatty acids on the radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) can significantly interfere with the radioimmunoassay of PGE and PGF2alpha using commercially available anti-sera. PGB1 antigen-antibody binding is 50% inhibited by 110 pg of PGB1, 48 ng of PGE1, 3.5 microgram of PGF2alpha, or 9.0 microgram linoleic, 14 microgram arachidonic, 22 microgram delta-linoleic, 40 microgram palmitoleic or 45 microgram oleic acids. PGF2alpha antigen-antibody binding is 50% inhibited by 270 pg of PGF2alpha, 70 ng of PGE1, or 4.2 microgram arachidonic, 14 microgram delta-linoleic, 22 microgram linoleic, 70 microgram palmitoleic or 110 microgram oleic acids. Physiological levels of NEFA, such as the quantities found in small volumes of plasma, are sufficient to prohibit accurate prostaglandin measurements. Chromatography on small columns of silicic acid proved to be an effective technique for separation of NEFA and prostaglandin from lipid extracts, however, the results of this study suggest that the interference produced by the presence of NEFA in the measurement of prostaglandin from certain physiological fluids may be avoided if the prostaglandins are not extracted prior to radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 748981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7619", "title": "Prostaglandin production and lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes as affected by dietary fat.", "content": "The influence of dietary fat on prostaglandin production and lipolysis was tested in basal and norepinephrine stimulated adipocytes isolated from the epididymal fat pads of fasted rats. Seven diets varying in fat calories and polyunsaturation were utilized. No basal differences were noted for prostaglandin E2 production or lipolysis. Norepinephrine stimulated prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha production was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased with greater polyunsaturation of fat, but not by increased fat calories. Norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis was depressed by an increase in fat calories but was unaffected by the degree of polyunsaturation of fat. This is in vitro evidence against the concept that prostaglandins play a feedback regulator role in fat cell lipolysis since no correlation could be made between the two parameters.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production and lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes as affected by dietary fat. The influence of dietary fat on prostaglandin production and lipolysis was tested in basal and norepinephrine stimulated adipocytes isolated from the epididymal fat pads of fasted rats. Seven diets varying in fat calories and polyunsaturation were utilized. No basal differences were noted for prostaglandin E2 production or lipolysis. Norepinephrine stimulated prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha production was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased with greater polyunsaturation of fat, but not by increased fat calories. Norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis was depressed by an increase in fat calories but was unaffected by the degree of polyunsaturation of fat. This is in vitro evidence against the concept that prostaglandins play a feedback regulator role in fat cell lipolysis since no correlation could be made between the two parameters.", "PMID": 748982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7620", "title": "Prostaglandin-mediated hyperemia and renin-mediated hypertension during acute ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Acute elevation of ureteral pressure to 100 mm Hg in anesthetized dogs (n=7) resulted in an increase (P less than 0.005) in systemic blood pressure form 151 +/- 7 to 163 +/- 7 mm Hg, a transient (approximately 15 min) increase (P less than 0.05) in renal blood flow from 413 +/- 27 to 465 +/- 27 ml/min and a rise (P less than 0.05) in plasma renin activity from 6.0 +/- 1.6 to 10.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml/hr. Pretreatment with a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, i.e. sar1gly8AII, abolished the hypertensive response to acute ureteral obstruction, and pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of either indomethacin (n=6) or meclofenamate (n=3), 15 min before obstruction, prevented the hyperemic response. These results suggest that acute ureteral obstruction leads to hypertension via activation of the renin-angiotensin system and hyperemia via a prostaglandin-initiated mechanism.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-mediated hyperemia and renin-mediated hypertension during acute ureteral obstruction. Acute elevation of ureteral pressure to 100 mm Hg in anesthetized dogs (n=7) resulted in an increase (P less than 0.005) in systemic blood pressure form 151 +/- 7 to 163 +/- 7 mm Hg, a transient (approximately 15 min) increase (P less than 0.05) in renal blood flow from 413 +/- 27 to 465 +/- 27 ml/min and a rise (P less than 0.05) in plasma renin activity from 6.0 +/- 1.6 to 10.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml/hr. Pretreatment with a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, i.e. sar1gly8AII, abolished the hypertensive response to acute ureteral obstruction, and pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of either indomethacin (n=6) or meclofenamate (n=3), 15 min before obstruction, prevented the hyperemic response. These results suggest that acute ureteral obstruction leads to hypertension via activation of the renin-angiotensin system and hyperemia via a prostaglandin-initiated mechanism.", "PMID": 748983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7621", "title": "Influence of short term dietary supplementation of different lipids on aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit platelets.", "content": "Semisynthetic diets containing 8% by weight of either corn oil or butter were fed to male New Zealand rabbits for three weeks. The plasma cholesterol values were determined, the threshold concentrations for aggregation of platelet rich plasmas were measured for collagen and Na arachidonate, and the conversion of 14C arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 and hydroxy fatty acids (HETE and HHT) at 10, 20 and 40 microM substrate concentrations were studied. The thresholds for arachidonate induced aggregation were lower and the amplitudes of collagen induced aggregations were greater in the butter fed than in the corn oil fed rabbits. Conversions of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 but not to hydroxy fatty acids were greater in the butter fed rabbits at 10 and 20 microM substrate. The observed changes were accompanied by only slight modifications of plasma cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Influence of short term dietary supplementation of different lipids on aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit platelets. Semisynthetic diets containing 8% by weight of either corn oil or butter were fed to male New Zealand rabbits for three weeks. The plasma cholesterol values were determined, the threshold concentrations for aggregation of platelet rich plasmas were measured for collagen and Na arachidonate, and the conversion of 14C arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 and hydroxy fatty acids (HETE and HHT) at 10, 20 and 40 microM substrate concentrations were studied. The thresholds for arachidonate induced aggregation were lower and the amplitudes of collagen induced aggregations were greater in the butter fed than in the corn oil fed rabbits. Conversions of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 but not to hydroxy fatty acids were greater in the butter fed rabbits at 10 and 20 microM substrate. The observed changes were accompanied by only slight modifications of plasma cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 748984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7622", "title": "Arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid after extra-amniotic instillation of rivanol for midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Free arachidonic acid was measured by gas liquid chromatography in amniotic fluid in 13 women during induction of midtrimester abortion. The abortions were induced by extraamniotic instillation of 0.1% Rivanol. Serial sampling of amniotic fluid were performed through a transabdominal catheter up to 22 hrs. Free, total arachidonic acid showed a significant increase from 26 +/- 8 ng/ml to 293 +/- 102 ng/ml at 22 hrs. The percentage of free arachidonic acid in total free fatty acids increased significantly from 2.2 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 1.6+ during the same time. The results suggest a selective release of arachidonic acid during Rivanol-induced abortion.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid after extra-amniotic instillation of rivanol for midtrimester abortion. Free arachidonic acid was measured by gas liquid chromatography in amniotic fluid in 13 women during induction of midtrimester abortion. The abortions were induced by extraamniotic instillation of 0.1% Rivanol. Serial sampling of amniotic fluid were performed through a transabdominal catheter up to 22 hrs. Free, total arachidonic acid showed a significant increase from 26 +/- 8 ng/ml to 293 +/- 102 ng/ml at 22 hrs. The percentage of free arachidonic acid in total free fatty acids increased significantly from 2.2 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 1.6+ during the same time. The results suggest a selective release of arachidonic acid during Rivanol-induced abortion.", "PMID": 748986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7623", "title": "Induction of second trimester abortion: comparison between vaginal 15-methyl-PGF2alpha methyl ester and intra-amniotic PGF2alpha.", "content": "The efficiency and acceptability of a single-dose, long-acting vaginal suppository containing 3.0 mg of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester was compared with intra-amniotic administration of 50 mg of PGF2alpha in 100 patients with a second trimester pregnancy termination. Within 24 hours, 78 per cent of the patients in the vaginal group and 92 per cent in the intra-amniotic group had aborted. The mean induction-abortion interval was 17.9 hours in the vaginal group and 15.8 hours in the intra-amniotic group. Gastrointestinal side-effects were more frequent, but the procedure was less painful, with vaginal 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester than with intra-amniotic PGF2alpha. The vaginal route is technically simple for adaptation to large-scale use, but the high frequency of gastrointestinal side-effects still limits the acceptability of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester in vaginal administration.", "contents": "Induction of second trimester abortion: comparison between vaginal 15-methyl-PGF2alpha methyl ester and intra-amniotic PGF2alpha. The efficiency and acceptability of a single-dose, long-acting vaginal suppository containing 3.0 mg of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester was compared with intra-amniotic administration of 50 mg of PGF2alpha in 100 patients with a second trimester pregnancy termination. Within 24 hours, 78 per cent of the patients in the vaginal group and 92 per cent in the intra-amniotic group had aborted. The mean induction-abortion interval was 17.9 hours in the vaginal group and 15.8 hours in the intra-amniotic group. Gastrointestinal side-effects were more frequent, but the procedure was less painful, with vaginal 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester than with intra-amniotic PGF2alpha. The vaginal route is technically simple for adaptation to large-scale use, but the high frequency of gastrointestinal side-effects still limits the acceptability of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester in vaginal administration.", "PMID": 748987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7624", "title": "[The correlation between radiological and haemodynamic pictures in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison between the radiographical findings and the haemodynamic data was made in 53 cases of chronic bronchial obstruction. The results were used in an assessment of the reliability of standard chest X-rays in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Reference is also made to quantitative indices. Several cases are presented by way of example.", "contents": "[The correlation between radiological and haemodynamic pictures in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive diseases (author's transl)]. A comparison between the radiographical findings and the haemodynamic data was made in 53 cases of chronic bronchial obstruction. The results were used in an assessment of the reliability of standard chest X-rays in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Reference is also made to quantitative indices. Several cases are presented by way of example.", "PMID": 748988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7625", "title": "[Use of a standard radioactive paste in the study of esophago-gastric kinesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of esophago-gastric kinesis has been studied comparatively by administering BaSO4 and normal food respectively, labelled with 1 mCi of 99mTc-DTPA. The results are discussed and the differences observed are stressed. These confirm the non-physiological nature of the conventional opaque paste employed in X-ray diagnosis.", "contents": "[Use of a standard radioactive paste in the study of esophago-gastric kinesis (author's transl)]. The behaviour of esophago-gastric kinesis has been studied comparatively by administering BaSO4 and normal food respectively, labelled with 1 mCi of 99mTc-DTPA. The results are discussed and the differences observed are stressed. These confirm the non-physiological nature of the conventional opaque paste employed in X-ray diagnosis.", "PMID": 748994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7626", "title": "[Computerized axial tomography. Technical principles, clinical application, organizational aspects].", "content": "The technical principles, clinical application and organisational problems associated with computerised axial tomography are discussed. Numerous examples of pictures obtained on the brain and the whole body and in the normal subjects and various diseases are presented.", "contents": "[Computerized axial tomography. Technical principles, clinical application, organizational aspects]. The technical principles, clinical application and organisational problems associated with computerised axial tomography are discussed. Numerous examples of pictures obtained on the brain and the whole body and in the normal subjects and various diseases are presented.", "PMID": 748996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7627", "title": "[The intra-arterial use of lidocaine to reduce pain in aorto-femoral arteriography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 patients subjected to aorto-femoral arteriography, the examination was carried out with and without the addition of 1 cm3 of 2% lidocaine per 10 cm3 of contrast medium; in 43/50 lidocaine led to a more or less notable reduction in pain without side-effects.", "contents": "[The intra-arterial use of lidocaine to reduce pain in aorto-femoral arteriography (author's transl)]. In 50 patients subjected to aorto-femoral arteriography, the examination was carried out with and without the addition of 1 cm3 of 2% lidocaine per 10 cm3 of contrast medium; in 43/50 lidocaine led to a more or less notable reduction in pain without side-effects.", "PMID": 749024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7628", "title": "[Papillary cancer of the thyroid: biological behaviour and therapeutic planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of about 600 thyroid tumors treated from 1956 to 1976, a series of 216 papillary cancers were selected at an hystological reevaluation. The correlation between survival rate and clinical features as well as extent of the primary tumor and presence of regional and distant metastases was investigated. An improvement in results may be expected by more extensive surgery on the thyroid, adequate post-operative X-ray and 131I radiation therapy, associated with suppression of TSH production in case of endocrine-dependent tumors.", "contents": "[Papillary cancer of the thyroid: biological behaviour and therapeutic planning (author's transl)]. Out of about 600 thyroid tumors treated from 1956 to 1976, a series of 216 papillary cancers were selected at an hystological reevaluation. The correlation between survival rate and clinical features as well as extent of the primary tumor and presence of regional and distant metastases was investigated. An improvement in results may be expected by more extensive surgery on the thyroid, adequate post-operative X-ray and 131I radiation therapy, associated with suppression of TSH production in case of endocrine-dependent tumors.", "PMID": 749025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7629", "title": "[A biological approach to the problem of dose fractionation in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of what has come to be called \"the four R's\" of modern radiobiology is reviewed from a general and applied point of view. Especially, repair of subletal damage, redistribution of cells within their cycle, tissue repopulation, cell reoxygenation, are considered with attention to their intervention in the sterilization of tumor clonogenic cells in human radiotherapy.", "contents": "[A biological approach to the problem of dose fractionation in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The role of what has come to be called \"the four R's\" of modern radiobiology is reviewed from a general and applied point of view. Especially, repair of subletal damage, redistribution of cells within their cycle, tissue repopulation, cell reoxygenation, are considered with attention to their intervention in the sterilization of tumor clonogenic cells in human radiotherapy.", "PMID": 749026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7630", "title": "[Evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planes in terms of iso-TDF curves (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of working out radiotherapy treatment planes using radiobiological iso-effect curves instead of only iso-dose curves is explained. Examples of the application of iso-TDF curves are presented with reference to the method of Ellis.", "contents": "[Evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planes in terms of iso-TDF curves (author's transl)]. The usefulness of working out radiotherapy treatment planes using radiobiological iso-effect curves instead of only iso-dose curves is explained. Examples of the application of iso-TDF curves are presented with reference to the method of Ellis.", "PMID": 749027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7631", "title": "[Old and new in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent advances in diagnostic radiology are reviewed. Reference is also made to the question of keeping down the extent of exposure of the patient. Emphasis is placed on the need for continuous instruction of radiologists on account of the rapid updating of techniques and the state of the art.", "contents": "[Old and new in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. Recent advances in diagnostic radiology are reviewed. Reference is also made to the question of keeping down the extent of exposure of the patient. Emphasis is placed on the need for continuous instruction of radiologists on account of the rapid updating of techniques and the state of the art.", "PMID": 749028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7632", "title": "[Old and new in obstetrics radiodiagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "After recalling the techniques in use prior to the sixties, the possibilities of employing teleradiopelvimetry and echography are reported. Amniography and its therapeutic applications is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Old and new in obstetrics radiodiagnosis (author's transl)]. After recalling the techniques in use prior to the sixties, the possibilities of employing teleradiopelvimetry and echography are reported. Amniography and its therapeutic applications is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 749029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7633", "title": "[Renal agenesia: angiographic diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of renal agenesia was noted in 25 cases of about 1,500 abdominal angiographic examinations. Clinical symptomatology and radiological findings are discussed and some cases reported.", "contents": "[Renal agenesia: angiographic diagnosis (author's transl)]. The existence of renal agenesia was noted in 25 cases of about 1,500 abdominal angiographic examinations. Clinical symptomatology and radiological findings are discussed and some cases reported.", "PMID": 749030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7634", "title": "[First clinical results with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the arterial embolisation of cancer of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative embolisation with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate by means of an intra-arterial catheter during selective angiography was experimented in 2 cases of carcinoma of the kidney. The technique and the results obtained are described and discussed.", "contents": "[First clinical results with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the arterial embolisation of cancer of the kidney (author's transl)]. Preoperative embolisation with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate by means of an intra-arterial catheter during selective angiography was experimented in 2 cases of carcinoma of the kidney. The technique and the results obtained are described and discussed.", "PMID": 749031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7635", "title": "[Outcome of pregnancy and prenatal care among immigrant women (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective survey on a representative sample of births in France in 1972 relating to more than 11000 women showed the amount of perinatal pathology among immigrants as compared with French women: a higher rate of foetal or neonatal distress, a three to four times higher stillbirth rate among Portuguese and North African women, a prematurity rate more than twice as higher among North African women. When differences in parity and socio-cultural level between immigrant and French women were allowed for, there remained a higher rate of perinatal pathology among immigrants. Prenatal care was also more often inadequate among immigrants, even when taking into account their low socio-cultural standard. Attitude towards prenatal care was highly influenced by the level of adaptation in France. But, even with equal prenatal care, perinatal pathology was higher among immigrant women: being an immigrant is a risk factor in itself.", "contents": "[Outcome of pregnancy and prenatal care among immigrant women (author's transl)]. A retrospective survey on a representative sample of births in France in 1972 relating to more than 11000 women showed the amount of perinatal pathology among immigrants as compared with French women: a higher rate of foetal or neonatal distress, a three to four times higher stillbirth rate among Portuguese and North African women, a prematurity rate more than twice as higher among North African women. When differences in parity and socio-cultural level between immigrant and French women were allowed for, there remained a higher rate of perinatal pathology among immigrants. Prenatal care was also more often inadequate among immigrants, even when taking into account their low socio-cultural standard. Attitude towards prenatal care was highly influenced by the level of adaptation in France. But, even with equal prenatal care, perinatal pathology was higher among immigrant women: being an immigrant is a risk factor in itself.", "PMID": 749050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7636", "title": "[Relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and social or medical data in a child mental health center (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the present study is to point out the most significant sociodemographic and medical parameters related to psychiatric diagnoses, such as registered at the Alfred-Binet Child Mental Health Center (Paris). Statistical analysis shows the specific tendencies of each diagnosis and their similarities. Some diagnoses are particularly associated to negative aspects of the investigated parameters. This is true for psychotic disorders whereas normal variations are linked to positive aspects. Between these two extremes, neurotic disorders, the most numerous, are located in a middle position for all the investigated variables.", "contents": "[Relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and social or medical data in a child mental health center (author's transl)]. The aim of the present study is to point out the most significant sociodemographic and medical parameters related to psychiatric diagnoses, such as registered at the Alfred-Binet Child Mental Health Center (Paris). Statistical analysis shows the specific tendencies of each diagnosis and their similarities. Some diagnoses are particularly associated to negative aspects of the investigated parameters. This is true for psychotic disorders whereas normal variations are linked to positive aspects. Between these two extremes, neurotic disorders, the most numerous, are located in a middle position for all the investigated variables.", "PMID": 749051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7637", "title": "[Origin and frequency of the serotypes of Salmonella received in the French national center during the years 1973--1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "38,343 strains of Salmonella (34,138 isolated in Metropolitan France) were examined at the national Salmonella Centre (Pasteur Institute, Paris), during the years 1973 to 1976. The origins are scheduled in this report according to the serotypes classified in alphabetical order with O groups of Kauffmann-White schema. Incidence of II and IV subgenera is low. One serotype of the sub-genus III, S. arizonae 18 : z4, z32 : has appeared in poultry plants, specially in turkeys. The most frequent serotype remains S. typhi-murium, followed by S. wien (appeared in France in 1970), S. saint-paul the numbers of which increase. S. panama is at 4th place. S. isangi and S. ordonez, probably imported from West Africa are in expansion. 29 new serotypes, 5 of which from France, have been discovered.", "contents": "[Origin and frequency of the serotypes of Salmonella received in the French national center during the years 1973--1976 (author's transl)]. 38,343 strains of Salmonella (34,138 isolated in Metropolitan France) were examined at the national Salmonella Centre (Pasteur Institute, Paris), during the years 1973 to 1976. The origins are scheduled in this report according to the serotypes classified in alphabetical order with O groups of Kauffmann-White schema. Incidence of II and IV subgenera is low. One serotype of the sub-genus III, S. arizonae 18 : z4, z32 : has appeared in poultry plants, specially in turkeys. The most frequent serotype remains S. typhi-murium, followed by S. wien (appeared in France in 1970), S. saint-paul the numbers of which increase. S. panama is at 4th place. S. isangi and S. ordonez, probably imported from West Africa are in expansion. 29 new serotypes, 5 of which from France, have been discovered.", "PMID": 749053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7638", "title": "[Mathematical model of the propagation of a vulpine rabies epizootic (author's transl)].", "content": "A mathematical model of propagation of a vulpine rabies epizootic has been worked out in order to build a prediction tool and to fix a suitable prophylaxis. The main ecological hypotheses and their mathematical expression are presented. This consists of a system of two integro-differential equations which have been discretizited to approximate their solution numerically. The results of the simulation of this model are consistent with the data observed in the field.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of the propagation of a vulpine rabies epizootic (author's transl)]. A mathematical model of propagation of a vulpine rabies epizootic has been worked out in order to build a prediction tool and to fix a suitable prophylaxis. The main ecological hypotheses and their mathematical expression are presented. This consists of a system of two integro-differential equations which have been discretizited to approximate their solution numerically. The results of the simulation of this model are consistent with the data observed in the field.", "PMID": 749054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7639", "title": "[The development of potential years of life lost as an indicator of premature mortality (author's transl)].", "content": "The indicator of potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality. This proposal is based on a review of existing mortality indicators and indices and of the history of the concept of potential years of life lost. The method of calculation along with the corresponding rate and the age-adjusted rate are discussed and presented with applications to canadian data and interpretation. Several methodological aspects are discussed, particularly the comparison with more sophisticated approaches based on life tables, which do not appear to alter the ranking of major causes of premature death. This indicator fits well into the category of social indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths. Epidemiological studies could also make use of this indicator of premature mortality. The simplicity of calculation and ease of comprehension should facilitate its use.", "contents": "[The development of potential years of life lost as an indicator of premature mortality (author's transl)]. The indicator of potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality. This proposal is based on a review of existing mortality indicators and indices and of the history of the concept of potential years of life lost. The method of calculation along with the corresponding rate and the age-adjusted rate are discussed and presented with applications to canadian data and interpretation. Several methodological aspects are discussed, particularly the comparison with more sophisticated approaches based on life tables, which do not appear to alter the ranking of major causes of premature death. This indicator fits well into the category of social indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths. Epidemiological studies could also make use of this indicator of premature mortality. The simplicity of calculation and ease of comprehension should facilitate its use.", "PMID": 749055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7640", "title": "[Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environment (author's transl)].", "content": "Laboratory experiments have proved that at ambiant temperature in shade Y. enterocolitica can survive in surface water as well as in a dried state. Survival time is variable: (1) In sea water, some strains disappeared in a few days while other strains survived several weeks (2) In spring water, with little organic matter, the number of living organisms diminished rapidly and none could be cultivated after one and a half months, (3) In dry chemically pure sand, the number of living organisms began to fall off after three months and fell to zero after six months, (4) The longest survival time was observed in surface water, rich in organic matter, such as pond waters. After more than 900 days, living organisms could still be isolated. The facts give some insight into the survival of Y. enterocolitica in the environment and help us to understand some epidemiological observations.", "contents": "[Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environment (author's transl)]. Laboratory experiments have proved that at ambiant temperature in shade Y. enterocolitica can survive in surface water as well as in a dried state. Survival time is variable: (1) In sea water, some strains disappeared in a few days while other strains survived several weeks (2) In spring water, with little organic matter, the number of living organisms diminished rapidly and none could be cultivated after one and a half months, (3) In dry chemically pure sand, the number of living organisms began to fall off after three months and fell to zero after six months, (4) The longest survival time was observed in surface water, rich in organic matter, such as pond waters. After more than 900 days, living organisms could still be isolated. The facts give some insight into the survival of Y. enterocolitica in the environment and help us to understand some epidemiological observations.", "PMID": 749056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7641", "title": "[Drinking waters and drug resistant bacteria. Implications for water quality standards (author's transl)].", "content": "A systematic investigation of antibiotic sensibility has been carried out on 1,000 strains of enterobacteria and Aeromonas isolated from drinking water. 81,6% are resistant to one or more antibiotics. The incidence of this resistance and its epidemiological consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Drinking waters and drug resistant bacteria. Implications for water quality standards (author's transl)]. A systematic investigation of antibiotic sensibility has been carried out on 1,000 strains of enterobacteria and Aeromonas isolated from drinking water. 81,6% are resistant to one or more antibiotics. The incidence of this resistance and its epidemiological consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 749057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7642", "title": "Cancer in Cameroon: a relative frequency study.", "content": "Some 1,390 male and 1,418 female cancer cases examined histologically in Cameroon--1969-1973--were analysed. The relatively most frequent cancers were: Males: skin 30%, malignant lymphomas 13%, primary liver cancer 11%. Females: skin 20%, uterine cervix 16%, breast 10%. Kaposi's sarcoma comprised 31% of all male skin cancer with a high male-female ratio (157/14). Tumours of the lung and intestinal tract were rare. Ethnic differences were noted with regard to cancer of the liver, skin, buccal cavity, lung and bladder. Possible sources of bias are discussed.", "contents": "Cancer in Cameroon: a relative frequency study. Some 1,390 male and 1,418 female cancer cases examined histologically in Cameroon--1969-1973--were analysed. The relatively most frequent cancers were: Males: skin 30%, malignant lymphomas 13%, primary liver cancer 11%. Females: skin 20%, uterine cervix 16%, breast 10%. Kaposi's sarcoma comprised 31% of all male skin cancer with a high male-female ratio (157/14). Tumours of the lung and intestinal tract were rare. Ethnic differences were noted with regard to cancer of the liver, skin, buccal cavity, lung and bladder. Possible sources of bias are discussed.", "PMID": 749058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7643", "title": "[Longitudinal study of vital capacity during the growth of 69 poliomyelitics (author's transl)].", "content": "A longitudinal study of vital capacity (VC) during the growth of 69 children with poliomyelitis was made starting shortly after the end of the period of muscular recovery until they attained 17 years. VC was compared with two theoretical values (VCT). The beginning of puberty was determined by the acceleration of growth of total height and the appearance of pubic hair. Statistical analysis of VC/VCT between the beginning and the end of the study reveals that intercostal paralysis, costal deformities, dorsal scoliosis over 30 degrees and atelectasis were significantly more frequent among the 46 children with unfavourable evolution than among the 23 children with favourable evolution. Comparison of the VC/VCT means at different periods of growth reveals that the growth of VC in poliomyelitics does not undergo the same acceleration as that of height during the two years after the beginning of puberty. In normal subjects, this phenomen has not been clearly seen in cross sectional studies which do not take into account the stage of puberty.", "contents": "[Longitudinal study of vital capacity during the growth of 69 poliomyelitics (author's transl)]. A longitudinal study of vital capacity (VC) during the growth of 69 children with poliomyelitis was made starting shortly after the end of the period of muscular recovery until they attained 17 years. VC was compared with two theoretical values (VCT). The beginning of puberty was determined by the acceleration of growth of total height and the appearance of pubic hair. Statistical analysis of VC/VCT between the beginning and the end of the study reveals that intercostal paralysis, costal deformities, dorsal scoliosis over 30 degrees and atelectasis were significantly more frequent among the 46 children with unfavourable evolution than among the 23 children with favourable evolution. Comparison of the VC/VCT means at different periods of growth reveals that the growth of VC in poliomyelitics does not undergo the same acceleration as that of height during the two years after the beginning of puberty. In normal subjects, this phenomen has not been clearly seen in cross sectional studies which do not take into account the stage of puberty.", "PMID": 749059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7644", "title": "[Reducing the burden of hypertension on the community. From control to prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypertension is a powerful and widespread cardiovascular risk factor, that can be effectively treated, but is still considerably undertreated. Better control of hypertension could be achieved by enhancing case finding, stimulating antihypertensive drug prescription, and improving patient compliance through a better doctor-patient relationship. Whatever the effectiveness of the current programmes of control of hypertension in the community, it remains to develop a preventive approach based on reducing salt intake and preventing overweight in young adults.", "contents": "[Reducing the burden of hypertension on the community. From control to prevention (author's transl)]. Hypertension is a powerful and widespread cardiovascular risk factor, that can be effectively treated, but is still considerably undertreated. Better control of hypertension could be achieved by enhancing case finding, stimulating antihypertensive drug prescription, and improving patient compliance through a better doctor-patient relationship. Whatever the effectiveness of the current programmes of control of hypertension in the community, it remains to develop a preventive approach based on reducing salt intake and preventing overweight in young adults.", "PMID": 749060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7645", "title": "[The health image among the inhabitants of Lorraine. A psycho social approach to the representations of health (author's transl)].", "content": "How does the population define health? To put to the test the techniques of a socio-psychological approach to this question, a study was made on a sample of the population of Lorraine who underwent a medical examination: a straight forward question on the best definition of health put to 4,000 participants received 6,172 replies which were classified according to 41 principal themes (or definitions), themselves logically grouped under 10 headings (or groups of definitions). In the different socio-professional categories, which proved to be the most relevant, there was a gradded series of health definitions. It thus appears that the health image varies according to the relationship of the individual to society through his job, since among manual workers the health image is more negative and socialized than among white collar workers where the image is more positive and personalized.", "contents": "[The health image among the inhabitants of Lorraine. A psycho social approach to the representations of health (author's transl)]. How does the population define health? To put to the test the techniques of a socio-psychological approach to this question, a study was made on a sample of the population of Lorraine who underwent a medical examination: a straight forward question on the best definition of health put to 4,000 participants received 6,172 replies which were classified according to 41 principal themes (or definitions), themselves logically grouped under 10 headings (or groups of definitions). In the different socio-professional categories, which proved to be the most relevant, there was a gradded series of health definitions. It thus appears that the health image varies according to the relationship of the individual to society through his job, since among manual workers the health image is more negative and socialized than among white collar workers where the image is more positive and personalized.", "PMID": 749063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7646", "title": "[Effect of atypical mycobacteria infections on BCG immunization in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of atypical mycobacteria infections on BCG responses was studied in 1,038 schoolchildren. A comparaison of the sizes of the scars and a study of control tuberculin tests 10 weeks later confirm the experimental results and suggest that there is a protective effect against tuberculosis induced by atypical mycobacteria.", "contents": "[Effect of atypical mycobacteria infections on BCG immunization in man (author's transl)]. The influence of atypical mycobacteria infections on BCG responses was studied in 1,038 schoolchildren. A comparaison of the sizes of the scars and a study of control tuberculin tests 10 weeks later confirm the experimental results and suggest that there is a protective effect against tuberculosis induced by atypical mycobacteria.", "PMID": 749064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7647", "title": "[Health assessment of managers 63 and 64 years old. (Results of the first step of a prospective study on the adaptation to retirement) (author's transl)].", "content": "A cross-sectional study has been carried out on a group of 180 male preretired managers and top executives in order to investigate their health status. This study is the first part of a longitudinal survey undertaken to analyze the adjustment to retirement among managers. These 180 subjects were 63 or 64 years old, still working at full time. The study included a standardized medical questionnaire, a medical examination as well as various biological, physiological and psychological measurements. For each main ICD categories of diseases, the prevalence rate was assessed; for each subject two indices of global morbidity were established. Furthermore, some risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases were assessed.", "contents": "[Health assessment of managers 63 and 64 years old. (Results of the first step of a prospective study on the adaptation to retirement) (author's transl)]. A cross-sectional study has been carried out on a group of 180 male preretired managers and top executives in order to investigate their health status. This study is the first part of a longitudinal survey undertaken to analyze the adjustment to retirement among managers. These 180 subjects were 63 or 64 years old, still working at full time. The study included a standardized medical questionnaire, a medical examination as well as various biological, physiological and psychological measurements. For each main ICD categories of diseases, the prevalence rate was assessed; for each subject two indices of global morbidity were established. Furthermore, some risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases were assessed.", "PMID": 749065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7648", "title": "[Water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. Discussion of evidence from geographical pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of a significant negative correlation between hardness of drinking water and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease has been established by numerous authors. The intensity of this relationship varies according to the country concerned, the size of the areas studied, and the confounding factors taken into consideration. Nevertheless, the problem concerning the interpretation of the correlation has not yet been resolved. In particular the methodological problem resulting from the contiguity of the geographic units has been generally neglected. It is shown that these difficulties weaken the conviction that the relationship is a causal one.", "contents": "[Water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. Discussion of evidence from geographical pathology (author's transl)]. The existence of a significant negative correlation between hardness of drinking water and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease has been established by numerous authors. The intensity of this relationship varies according to the country concerned, the size of the areas studied, and the confounding factors taken into consideration. Nevertheless, the problem concerning the interpretation of the correlation has not yet been resolved. In particular the methodological problem resulting from the contiguity of the geographic units has been generally neglected. It is shown that these difficulties weaken the conviction that the relationship is a causal one.", "PMID": 749066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7649", "title": "[Water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. A study of 947 alsatian communities (author's transl)].", "content": "In Alsace (France) drinking water is supplied from two different sources. This situation is favourable to study the effects on human health of various water characteristics, among which hardness. However it would be misleading to consider the 947 towns or villages as independent units of observation because of their geographical adjacencies. An aggregation algorithm of these units has been set up. It consists in a progressive regrouping of adjacent areas, similar \"enough\" from the point of view of the parameters studied, the aim of the procedure being to get final areas with contrasted values of water characteristics. This partition is then used to compute rank correlation coefficients between water parameters and various mortality rates. With this method, no significant correlation was found between water hardness and mortality, in spite of the existence of a sharp gradient of hardness.", "contents": "[Water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. A study of 947 alsatian communities (author's transl)]. In Alsace (France) drinking water is supplied from two different sources. This situation is favourable to study the effects on human health of various water characteristics, among which hardness. However it would be misleading to consider the 947 towns or villages as independent units of observation because of their geographical adjacencies. An aggregation algorithm of these units has been set up. It consists in a progressive regrouping of adjacent areas, similar \"enough\" from the point of view of the parameters studied, the aim of the procedure being to get final areas with contrasted values of water characteristics. This partition is then used to compute rank correlation coefficients between water parameters and various mortality rates. With this method, no significant correlation was found between water hardness and mortality, in spite of the existence of a sharp gradient of hardness.", "PMID": 749068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7650", "title": "The ascertainment of psychiatric cases in a developing country.", "content": "This artricle suggests procedures for locating these individuals in a developing country who have mental health problems. It assumes minimum facilities, e.g. that there is no mental hospital and no qualified psychiatrist and is based on experience in Tonga. The register of those involuntarily admitted to an institution looking after the mentally sick is invaluable for a variety of reasons and will well repay detailed study. Voluntary health and Welfare organisations may also supply valuable data. Home visiting often achieves much more than prearranged hospital or clinic appointments which are often not kept. A study of neglected cases may indicate the need to educate a community to recognize the value of medical treatment for the mentally sick.", "contents": "The ascertainment of psychiatric cases in a developing country. This artricle suggests procedures for locating these individuals in a developing country who have mental health problems. It assumes minimum facilities, e.g. that there is no mental hospital and no qualified psychiatrist and is based on experience in Tonga. The register of those involuntarily admitted to an institution looking after the mentally sick is invaluable for a variety of reasons and will well repay detailed study. Voluntary health and Welfare organisations may also supply valuable data. Home visiting often achieves much more than prearranged hospital or clinic appointments which are often not kept. A study of neglected cases may indicate the need to educate a community to recognize the value of medical treatment for the mentally sick.", "PMID": 749069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7651", "title": "A method of mortality analysis: application to breast cancer.", "content": "A regression analysis of mortality can benefit from the introduction of certain apparently redundant factors. Following a description of the method of calculating the regression coefficients, data on mortality from breast cancer in England and Wales for 1951-1970 are analysed as a function of age group, quinquennium of birth and quinquennium of death.", "contents": "A method of mortality analysis: application to breast cancer. A regression analysis of mortality can benefit from the introduction of certain apparently redundant factors. Following a description of the method of calculating the regression coefficients, data on mortality from breast cancer in England and Wales for 1951-1970 are analysed as a function of age group, quinquennium of birth and quinquennium of death.", "PMID": 749070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7652", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the ovicidal activity of fenbendazole.", "content": "The in vitro ovicidal activity of fenbendazole against eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed using different concentrations of active principle. The optimum concentration for ovicidal activity is evidently 0.5 ppm fenbendazole. A further increase in concentration results in a decrease in activity which is probably due to physical causes. Ovicidal activity of the product is assessed by the proportion of non embryonated eggs as well as embryonated eggs which are not capable of hatching. By this method of evaluation a higher ovicidal activity is recorded. Ten h after treating sheep with fenbendazole (dose 5 mg/kg) a large number of eggs whose development was inhibited, as well as atypical eggs were detectable in the faeces. Twelve h after treatment, the capacity for development of the eggs was largely suppressed.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the ovicidal activity of fenbendazole. The in vitro ovicidal activity of fenbendazole against eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed using different concentrations of active principle. The optimum concentration for ovicidal activity is evidently 0.5 ppm fenbendazole. A further increase in concentration results in a decrease in activity which is probably due to physical causes. Ovicidal activity of the product is assessed by the proportion of non embryonated eggs as well as embryonated eggs which are not capable of hatching. By this method of evaluation a higher ovicidal activity is recorded. Ten h after treating sheep with fenbendazole (dose 5 mg/kg) a large number of eggs whose development was inhibited, as well as atypical eggs were detectable in the faeces. Twelve h after treatment, the capacity for development of the eggs was largely suppressed.", "PMID": 749077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7653", "title": "Decreased plasma testosterone concentrations in rams affected by ryegrass staggers.", "content": "Feeding ryegrass, cut from pasture that had caused an outbreak of ryegrass staggers, to 10 mature rams caused a significant decrease in plasma testosterone concentrations in six animals. Six rams also developed staggers, but these did not all have decreased testosterone levels. This discrepancy suggests that toxic pasture could cause these two effects independently.", "contents": "Decreased plasma testosterone concentrations in rams affected by ryegrass staggers. Feeding ryegrass, cut from pasture that had caused an outbreak of ryegrass staggers, to 10 mature rams caused a significant decrease in plasma testosterone concentrations in six animals. Six rams also developed staggers, but these did not all have decreased testosterone levels. This discrepancy suggests that toxic pasture could cause these two effects independently.", "PMID": 749078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7654", "title": "Effect of repeated injections of iron dextran on the haematological, serological and pathological changes in experimental avian tuberculosis.", "content": "Eight intramuscular injections of 200 mg/kg of iron (DFe), given as iron dextran twice weekly in the week before and the three weeks after intravenous infection with about 10(7.5) colony-forming units of Mycobacterium avium, significantly prolonged (by about 11 days) the mean 'time-to-death' of immature male fowl (Gallus domesticus) compared with corresponding regimes using dextran (Dx) only or saline, When a proportion of the birds were examined 21 days after infection many of the abnormalities associated with the disease, including a marked hypochromic anaemia, were less severe in DFe-treated than in the Dx- or saline-treated chicks and there were about 10- to 85-fold fewer viable tubercle bacilli in the liver and spleen of the DFe-treated birds.", "contents": "Effect of repeated injections of iron dextran on the haematological, serological and pathological changes in experimental avian tuberculosis. Eight intramuscular injections of 200 mg/kg of iron (DFe), given as iron dextran twice weekly in the week before and the three weeks after intravenous infection with about 10(7.5) colony-forming units of Mycobacterium avium, significantly prolonged (by about 11 days) the mean 'time-to-death' of immature male fowl (Gallus domesticus) compared with corresponding regimes using dextran (Dx) only or saline, When a proportion of the birds were examined 21 days after infection many of the abnormalities associated with the disease, including a marked hypochromic anaemia, were less severe in DFe-treated than in the Dx- or saline-treated chicks and there were about 10- to 85-fold fewer viable tubercle bacilli in the liver and spleen of the DFe-treated birds.", "PMID": 749079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7655", "title": "The efficacy of febantel on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.", "content": "Febantel (Bay h 5757, Rintal) is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic of a new type. A single oral dose of 5 mg/kg is fully effective against larval and adult stages of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Ostertagia circumcincta and Bunostomum trigonocephalum in sheep.", "contents": "The efficacy of febantel on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Febantel (Bay h 5757, Rintal) is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic of a new type. A single oral dose of 5 mg/kg is fully effective against larval and adult stages of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Ostertagia circumcincta and Bunostomum trigonocephalum in sheep.", "PMID": 749080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7656", "title": "Observations on thyroid hormones in the blood of thoroughbreds.", "content": "During an investigation of a group of clinically well thoroughbreds housed in the same stable, it was noted that seven of the 14 had no detectable thyroxine in the plasma (less than 5 nmol/litre). An investigation of thoroughbreds in this stable over a five month period suggested that the thyroids were functioning normally and that the thyroxine was excreted in the urine. Thyroxine binding studies on the blood of these horses suggested that the major part of the circulating thyroxine was bound to albumin. The thyroxine had been displaced resulting in an apparent absence of plasma thyroxine since the limit of detection for normal radioimmunoassay is 5 nmol/litre. It is concluded that the measurement of plasma thyroxine as an indication of thyroid function in the thoroughbred can prove unreliable.", "contents": "Observations on thyroid hormones in the blood of thoroughbreds. During an investigation of a group of clinically well thoroughbreds housed in the same stable, it was noted that seven of the 14 had no detectable thyroxine in the plasma (less than 5 nmol/litre). An investigation of thoroughbreds in this stable over a five month period suggested that the thyroids were functioning normally and that the thyroxine was excreted in the urine. Thyroxine binding studies on the blood of these horses suggested that the major part of the circulating thyroxine was bound to albumin. The thyroxine had been displaced resulting in an apparent absence of plasma thyroxine since the limit of detection for normal radioimmunoassay is 5 nmol/litre. It is concluded that the measurement of plasma thyroxine as an indication of thyroid function in the thoroughbred can prove unreliable.", "PMID": 749081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7657", "title": "Changes in blood values of sheep suffering from acute and chronic helminthiasis.", "content": "Systematic blood changes in two groups of sheep, one suffering from acute and the other from chronic helminthiasis were studied. In the group with acute infection, there was a rapid increase in helminth egg output coupled with rapid decline in the values of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBC). Fluctuations were observed in the value of white blood cells (WBC). In the group with chronic infection, a slow and unsteady increase in helminth egg output was accompanied by a slow and steady fall in the values of PCV, Hb and RBC. As with acute infection, the value of WBC was unsteady.", "contents": "Changes in blood values of sheep suffering from acute and chronic helminthiasis. Systematic blood changes in two groups of sheep, one suffering from acute and the other from chronic helminthiasis were studied. In the group with acute infection, there was a rapid increase in helminth egg output coupled with rapid decline in the values of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBC). Fluctuations were observed in the value of white blood cells (WBC). In the group with chronic infection, a slow and unsteady increase in helminth egg output was accompanied by a slow and steady fall in the values of PCV, Hb and RBC. As with acute infection, the value of WBC was unsteady.", "PMID": 749082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7658", "title": "Effects of rapeseed meal on laying hens (Gallus domesticus) in relation to fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome and egg taint.", "content": "Fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) occurred in the controls and was modified in hens that received a diet containing 10 per cent rapeseed meal. This diet increased the extent and severity of the hepatic haemorrhage without affecting the reticulin content of the liver but decreased the body weight and liver lipid levels and so weakened the correlation between these parameters and haemorrhage score found in FLHS. Plasma aspartate transaminase and beta-glucuronidase activities tended to increase with the score. The rapeseed meal diet also produced thyroid hypertrophy and since this was greater in the hens that produced tainted eggs and was positively correlated with the trimethylamine (TMA) content of the eggs it was postulated that rapeseed meal goitrogens may be involved as secondary factors in producing the disturbance in TMA metabolism that causes the egg taint. This abnormality was associated with a reduction in the soluble protein content of the liver, which reflected a decrease in TMA oxidase activity, but was not related to hepatic haemorrhage, steatosis or reticulolysis, or to lipid levels and the activities of lysosomal enzymes and transaminases in the plasma.", "contents": "Effects of rapeseed meal on laying hens (Gallus domesticus) in relation to fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome and egg taint. Fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) occurred in the controls and was modified in hens that received a diet containing 10 per cent rapeseed meal. This diet increased the extent and severity of the hepatic haemorrhage without affecting the reticulin content of the liver but decreased the body weight and liver lipid levels and so weakened the correlation between these parameters and haemorrhage score found in FLHS. Plasma aspartate transaminase and beta-glucuronidase activities tended to increase with the score. The rapeseed meal diet also produced thyroid hypertrophy and since this was greater in the hens that produced tainted eggs and was positively correlated with the trimethylamine (TMA) content of the eggs it was postulated that rapeseed meal goitrogens may be involved as secondary factors in producing the disturbance in TMA metabolism that causes the egg taint. This abnormality was associated with a reduction in the soluble protein content of the liver, which reflected a decrease in TMA oxidase activity, but was not related to hepatic haemorrhage, steatosis or reticulolysis, or to lipid levels and the activities of lysosomal enzymes and transaminases in the plasma.", "PMID": 749083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7659", "title": "Histopathology of the heart from rats fed rapeseed oils.", "content": "The cardiopathogenicity of oils from new, low erucic acid (EA) rapeseed, Brassica napus, cv Tower (0.88 per cent EA) and Brassica napus, cv 1788 (3.6 per cent EA) were tested on rats following 18 weeks of feeding. Oil from Brassica napus, cv Target, with 38.9 per cent EA served as a positive control and corn oil as the negative control. Tower and 1788 rapeseed oils showed noticeable cardiopathogenicity, and a few mild lesions were also noted in the corn oil group. The main pathological change was from fresh to relatively old foci of myocardial necrosis. The presence of droplets accompanying the platelet aggregates suggested the possibility of their involvement in the development of the lesions. The pathological changes in the small and minute blood vessel walls were interpreted as one of the predisposing factors for the development of fatty embolism and subsequently of myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Histopathology of the heart from rats fed rapeseed oils. The cardiopathogenicity of oils from new, low erucic acid (EA) rapeseed, Brassica napus, cv Tower (0.88 per cent EA) and Brassica napus, cv 1788 (3.6 per cent EA) were tested on rats following 18 weeks of feeding. Oil from Brassica napus, cv Target, with 38.9 per cent EA served as a positive control and corn oil as the negative control. Tower and 1788 rapeseed oils showed noticeable cardiopathogenicity, and a few mild lesions were also noted in the corn oil group. The main pathological change was from fresh to relatively old foci of myocardial necrosis. The presence of droplets accompanying the platelet aggregates suggested the possibility of their involvement in the development of the lesions. The pathological changes in the small and minute blood vessel walls were interpreted as one of the predisposing factors for the development of fatty embolism and subsequently of myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 749084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7660", "title": "Attempts to demonstrate cell-mediated immune response during Mycoplasma suipneumoniae infection of pigs.", "content": "Measurements of lymphocyte transformation and skin sensitivity were used to investigate whether pigs previously inoculated with Mycoplasma suipneumoniae would show a T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response. In the lymphocyte transformation test blood lymphocytes, obtained at various intervals after intranasal inoculation of M suipneumoniae cultures, were incubated with specific antigen and the degree of transformation was assessed by 14C-thymidine uptake. Reaction to intradermal antigen was assessed both grossly and histologically. Significant lymphocyte transformation was first obtained at approximately 15 weeks and was demonstrable up to the maximum observation period of 44 weeks after inoculation; this corresponded to the stage of progressive recovery from infection earlier described. Skin hypersensitivity, characterised histologically by perivascular mononuclear cell accumulation in the dermis, was demonstrated in all tests performed between 20 and 46 weeks after inoculation on previously infected pigs, and was apparently enhanced by repeated intranasal inoculation. Both types of responses were more marked in pigs inoculated with pathogenic M suipneumoniae than in pigs inoculated with attenuated M suipneumoniae.", "contents": "Attempts to demonstrate cell-mediated immune response during Mycoplasma suipneumoniae infection of pigs. Measurements of lymphocyte transformation and skin sensitivity were used to investigate whether pigs previously inoculated with Mycoplasma suipneumoniae would show a T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response. In the lymphocyte transformation test blood lymphocytes, obtained at various intervals after intranasal inoculation of M suipneumoniae cultures, were incubated with specific antigen and the degree of transformation was assessed by 14C-thymidine uptake. Reaction to intradermal antigen was assessed both grossly and histologically. Significant lymphocyte transformation was first obtained at approximately 15 weeks and was demonstrable up to the maximum observation period of 44 weeks after inoculation; this corresponded to the stage of progressive recovery from infection earlier described. Skin hypersensitivity, characterised histologically by perivascular mononuclear cell accumulation in the dermis, was demonstrated in all tests performed between 20 and 46 weeks after inoculation on previously infected pigs, and was apparently enhanced by repeated intranasal inoculation. Both types of responses were more marked in pigs inoculated with pathogenic M suipneumoniae than in pigs inoculated with attenuated M suipneumoniae.", "PMID": 749085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7661", "title": "Haematology, weight and condition of captive red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) infected with caecal threadworm (Trichostrongylus tenuis).", "content": "Red grouse infected with the caecal threadworm Trichostrongylus tenuis developed a mild anaemia. Haemoglobin and albumin levels in the blood fell but there were no significant changes in the number of red blood cells or their size. In infected birds the numbers of circulating eosinophils and heterophils increase, as did the concentration of alpha, beta and gamma globulin. Body weights did not change but muscle masses shrank. Birds that subsequently died had the lowest concentration of haemoglobin and packed cell volumes and the highest counts of eosinophils. The survivors were affected little by worms and their haematology showed small deviations from normal.", "contents": "Haematology, weight and condition of captive red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) infected with caecal threadworm (Trichostrongylus tenuis). Red grouse infected with the caecal threadworm Trichostrongylus tenuis developed a mild anaemia. Haemoglobin and albumin levels in the blood fell but there were no significant changes in the number of red blood cells or their size. In infected birds the numbers of circulating eosinophils and heterophils increase, as did the concentration of alpha, beta and gamma globulin. Body weights did not change but muscle masses shrank. Birds that subsequently died had the lowest concentration of haemoglobin and packed cell volumes and the highest counts of eosinophils. The survivors were affected little by worms and their haematology showed small deviations from normal.", "PMID": 749086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7662", "title": "Failure to demonstrate resistance in goats, sheep and cattle to Fasciola hepatica after infection with Cysticercus tenuicollis.", "content": "Goats, sheep and cattle given 1000--1500 eggs of Taenia hydatigena and challenged orally 12 weeks later with 400 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae, showed no evidence of resistance. The fluke burdens were not significantly different from those in control animals.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate resistance in goats, sheep and cattle to Fasciola hepatica after infection with Cysticercus tenuicollis. Goats, sheep and cattle given 1000--1500 eggs of Taenia hydatigena and challenged orally 12 weeks later with 400 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae, showed no evidence of resistance. The fluke burdens were not significantly different from those in control animals.", "PMID": 749087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7663", "title": "The biochemical characteristics of Campylobacter-like organisms from cattle and pigs.", "content": "Examination of catalase-positive Campylobacter-like organisms from cattle and pig abortions, indicated the existence of two distinct biochemical groups. The group 1 strains, predominantly of intestinal origin, were identified as C fetus subspecies intestinalis whereas the group 2 strains appeared similar but not identical to C fetus subspecies venerealis. This second group of organisms was recovered from fetal and placental tissue of animals which aborted, however, the majority of strains were isolated only at 30 degrees C in media not generally employed for Campylobacter isolation. All of the strains from group 2 became aerotolerant on subculture.", "contents": "The biochemical characteristics of Campylobacter-like organisms from cattle and pigs. Examination of catalase-positive Campylobacter-like organisms from cattle and pig abortions, indicated the existence of two distinct biochemical groups. The group 1 strains, predominantly of intestinal origin, were identified as C fetus subspecies intestinalis whereas the group 2 strains appeared similar but not identical to C fetus subspecies venerealis. This second group of organisms was recovered from fetal and placental tissue of animals which aborted, however, the majority of strains were isolated only at 30 degrees C in media not generally employed for Campylobacter isolation. All of the strains from group 2 became aerotolerant on subculture.", "PMID": 749088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7664", "title": "Physiological characteristics of free-living and parasitic stages of strains of Haemonchus contortus, susceptible or resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics.", "content": "The effect of changes in genetic constitution (associated with developing benzimidazole resistance) on the physiological characteristics of Haemonchus contortus was investigated. Benzimidazole resistant H contortus were significantly more infective for sheep (20 per cent) than benzimidazole susceptible strains. Pathological changes were more severe in sheep infected with resistant H contortus as measured by packed cell volume, plasma protein concentration and haemoglobin levels. Faecal egg output was significantly higher for resistant strains as was the development and survival of eggs and free-living stages on pasture. Infective third stage larvae of benzimidazole resistant H contortus had a significantly faster exsheathment rate in rumenal fluid than did susceptible strains. These adaptive changes in response to continuing anthelmintic selection of resistant worm populations are discussed and the implications of these findings for worm control programmes indicated.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of free-living and parasitic stages of strains of Haemonchus contortus, susceptible or resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics. The effect of changes in genetic constitution (associated with developing benzimidazole resistance) on the physiological characteristics of Haemonchus contortus was investigated. Benzimidazole resistant H contortus were significantly more infective for sheep (20 per cent) than benzimidazole susceptible strains. Pathological changes were more severe in sheep infected with resistant H contortus as measured by packed cell volume, plasma protein concentration and haemoglobin levels. Faecal egg output was significantly higher for resistant strains as was the development and survival of eggs and free-living stages on pasture. Infective third stage larvae of benzimidazole resistant H contortus had a significantly faster exsheathment rate in rumenal fluid than did susceptible strains. These adaptive changes in response to continuing anthelmintic selection of resistant worm populations are discussed and the implications of these findings for worm control programmes indicated.", "PMID": 749089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7665", "title": "Characterisation of the antibodies detected by the film inhibition test for Mycoplasma bovis.", "content": "The class of antibody detected by the film inhibition test was determined. Density gradient ultracentrifugation and disulphide-bond reduction showed it to be 7S(IgG) immunoglobulin. Antibody absorption and ion exchange chromatography studies confirmed this and indicated that IgG2 is probably the major type of antibody involved.", "contents": "Characterisation of the antibodies detected by the film inhibition test for Mycoplasma bovis. The class of antibody detected by the film inhibition test was determined. Density gradient ultracentrifugation and disulphide-bond reduction showed it to be 7S(IgG) immunoglobulin. Antibody absorption and ion exchange chromatography studies confirmed this and indicated that IgG2 is probably the major type of antibody involved.", "PMID": 749090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7666", "title": "Protection of cattle against Babesia major by the inoculation of irradiated piroplasms.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out on Babesia major in splenectomised calves. In the first one, the parasite was titrated and a linear relationship was observed between infective dose (10(2)--10(7) parasites) and onset of disease. In the second experiment aliquots of 1.2 X 10(10) parasites were irradiated at doses of 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 krads and inoculated into groups of calves, while control calves received 1.2 X 10(7) or 1.2 X 10(4) parasites. Animals which received parasites irradiated at 24 or 28 krads had mild reactions and were immune to homologous challenge. Animals receiving parasites irradiated at the higher dose levels had limited ability to resist the challenge.", "contents": "Protection of cattle against Babesia major by the inoculation of irradiated piroplasms. Two experiments were carried out on Babesia major in splenectomised calves. In the first one, the parasite was titrated and a linear relationship was observed between infective dose (10(2)--10(7) parasites) and onset of disease. In the second experiment aliquots of 1.2 X 10(10) parasites were irradiated at doses of 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 krads and inoculated into groups of calves, while control calves received 1.2 X 10(7) or 1.2 X 10(4) parasites. Animals which received parasites irradiated at 24 or 28 krads had mild reactions and were immune to homologous challenge. Animals receiving parasites irradiated at the higher dose levels had limited ability to resist the challenge.", "PMID": 749091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7667", "title": "A technique for measuring hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption in the anaesthetised pig.", "content": "A technique for implanting a catheter in the hepatic vein of anaesthetised pigs is described. Hepatic blood flow (mean 1100 ml/min +/- 180 ml/min SEM) was estimated by the hepatic uptake of indocyanine green and the oxygen consumption by the liver (mean 62 ml/min +/- 3.4 ml/min SEM) was calculated from the difference in oxygen content between arterial and hepatic venous blood.", "contents": "A technique for measuring hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption in the anaesthetised pig. A technique for implanting a catheter in the hepatic vein of anaesthetised pigs is described. Hepatic blood flow (mean 1100 ml/min +/- 180 ml/min SEM) was estimated by the hepatic uptake of indocyanine green and the oxygen consumption by the liver (mean 62 ml/min +/- 3.4 ml/min SEM) was calculated from the difference in oxygen content between arterial and hepatic venous blood.", "PMID": 749092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7668", "title": "The haemoglobin types of northern Nigerian sheep.", "content": "The haemoglobin type of 515 sheep from various areas in northern Nigeria was determined. The gene-frequency of the Hb-B type was 1.00 in Uda and Balamy sheep and 0.998 in Yankassas.", "contents": "The haemoglobin types of northern Nigerian sheep. The haemoglobin type of 515 sheep from various areas in northern Nigeria was determined. The gene-frequency of the Hb-B type was 1.00 in Uda and Balamy sheep and 0.998 in Yankassas.", "PMID": 749093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7669", "title": "The susceptibility of strains of mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "The survival times of a number of strains of mice after infection with a stabilate of Trypanosoma brucei or of T congolense were examined. The mean survival times of all the strains when infected with T brucei TREU 667 ranged from 27 to 63 days. Greater disparity was observed after infection with T congolense GVR1 where the mean survival time ranged from seven (BALB/c) to 74 days (C57 Bl). It is suggested that the C57 Bl mouse might provide a laboratory model for the study of trypanotolerance in cattle.", "contents": "The susceptibility of strains of mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense. The survival times of a number of strains of mice after infection with a stabilate of Trypanosoma brucei or of T congolense were examined. The mean survival times of all the strains when infected with T brucei TREU 667 ranged from 27 to 63 days. Greater disparity was observed after infection with T congolense GVR1 where the mean survival time ranged from seven (BALB/c) to 74 days (C57 Bl). It is suggested that the C57 Bl mouse might provide a laboratory model for the study of trypanotolerance in cattle.", "PMID": 749094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7670", "title": "Liquid nitrogen storage of Anaplasma marginale complement-fixation antigen by a multiple small aliquot technique.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale complement fixation test antigens were frozen as drops in liquid nitrogen using an easily constructed apparatus. Economy in the use of antigen was achieved as the frozen drops were retrieved from storage in any required volume. The potency of the antigen was unaffected by the freezing and thawing technique. The technique is useful for storing other biological reagents.", "contents": "Liquid nitrogen storage of Anaplasma marginale complement-fixation antigen by a multiple small aliquot technique. Anaplasma marginale complement fixation test antigens were frozen as drops in liquid nitrogen using an easily constructed apparatus. Economy in the use of antigen was achieved as the frozen drops were retrieved from storage in any required volume. The potency of the antigen was unaffected by the freezing and thawing technique. The technique is useful for storing other biological reagents.", "PMID": 749095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7671", "title": "[Tomographic study in humans of blood flow and oxygen consumption of the brain by continuous inhalation of oxygen 15. Preliminary findings in cerebral ischemic accidents].", "content": "Transverse axial tomographic imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) were obtained in 13 patients hospitalizedfor ischemic strokes (eleven middle cerebral artery territory infarcts, one capsular or pontine lacune, one transient hemispheric attack) by continuous inhalation of 15O2 and C15O2 to equilibrium and exclusive detection of the gamma rays emitted in coincidence by means of a tomograph for positron emitting agents. In the transient ischemic attack and in the case of lacune the rCBF and the rOEF images were found to be normal, and they were abnormal in all cases of middle cerebral artery territory infarcts. In recent infarcts, rOEF was always strikingly decreased in the clinically suspected area, whilst the rCBF was either decreased, normal or increased. In infarcts older than 30 days rCBF was always clearly decreased over the clinically suspected area whilst rOEF was in most cases normal or only slightly decreased. These results are briefly discussed. Some practical and theoretical limitations of this method are mentioned. The potential of the present technique appears great however, since it is possible to simultaneously visualize in tomographic fashion the blood flow and the oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain that are of small volume, and however deep they are. A quantification of these parameters is presently under investigation, as well as the verification of the theoretical model on which such method is based. The non-invasiveness of the present method, the feasibility of repeating it at regular intervals of time, and the possibility of measuring the immediate effects of a given therapeutic mode on the regional metabolism of brain all constitute further advantages whose action apply preeminently in the field of the cerebral ischemic diseases.", "contents": "[Tomographic study in humans of blood flow and oxygen consumption of the brain by continuous inhalation of oxygen 15. Preliminary findings in cerebral ischemic accidents]. Transverse axial tomographic imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) were obtained in 13 patients hospitalizedfor ischemic strokes (eleven middle cerebral artery territory infarcts, one capsular or pontine lacune, one transient hemispheric attack) by continuous inhalation of 15O2 and C15O2 to equilibrium and exclusive detection of the gamma rays emitted in coincidence by means of a tomograph for positron emitting agents. In the transient ischemic attack and in the case of lacune the rCBF and the rOEF images were found to be normal, and they were abnormal in all cases of middle cerebral artery territory infarcts. In recent infarcts, rOEF was always strikingly decreased in the clinically suspected area, whilst the rCBF was either decreased, normal or increased. In infarcts older than 30 days rCBF was always clearly decreased over the clinically suspected area whilst rOEF was in most cases normal or only slightly decreased. These results are briefly discussed. Some practical and theoretical limitations of this method are mentioned. The potential of the present technique appears great however, since it is possible to simultaneously visualize in tomographic fashion the blood flow and the oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain that are of small volume, and however deep they are. A quantification of these parameters is presently under investigation, as well as the verification of the theoretical model on which such method is based. The non-invasiveness of the present method, the feasibility of repeating it at regular intervals of time, and the possibility of measuring the immediate effects of a given therapeutic mode on the regional metabolism of brain all constitute further advantages whose action apply preeminently in the field of the cerebral ischemic diseases.", "PMID": 749117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7672", "title": "[Quasi-aphasia associated with thalamic lesions: relation between the language disorder and elective activation of the left hemisphere in 4 cases of left and right thalamic lesions].", "content": "The authors report on four patients with vascular lesions of the thalamus, three on the left side and one on the right, two of which were due to haemorrhage and two to infarcts. Language difficulties were observed in those cases with left thalamic lesions only. Speech was either slower or faster than normal, and there were verbal perseveration, semantic paraphasia, and more especially, reduction in verbal fluency with loss of control of logic, causing a true jargon in some tests in certain cases. Articulation, and phonemic programming were unaffected, as were comprehension, reading and writing. A comparison is made between these findings and those reported in the literature. Among the hypo-theses suggested, the authors subscribe to that which accepts the predominant role played by the interruption of the activating system of the left hemisphere by the thalamic lesion. The relative inactivation resulting from this could produce modifications in language dynamics and disturbances in attention in relation to language. The semantic paraphasia could be related to the intrusion of the right hemisphere apparatus into language, because of the lack of balance between the activation of each of the two hemispheres. The fact that thalamic lesions are characterized by language disorders would tend to show that sub-cortical dynamic factors constantly regulate the activation of the hemispheres.", "contents": "[Quasi-aphasia associated with thalamic lesions: relation between the language disorder and elective activation of the left hemisphere in 4 cases of left and right thalamic lesions]. The authors report on four patients with vascular lesions of the thalamus, three on the left side and one on the right, two of which were due to haemorrhage and two to infarcts. Language difficulties were observed in those cases with left thalamic lesions only. Speech was either slower or faster than normal, and there were verbal perseveration, semantic paraphasia, and more especially, reduction in verbal fluency with loss of control of logic, causing a true jargon in some tests in certain cases. Articulation, and phonemic programming were unaffected, as were comprehension, reading and writing. A comparison is made between these findings and those reported in the literature. Among the hypo-theses suggested, the authors subscribe to that which accepts the predominant role played by the interruption of the activating system of the left hemisphere by the thalamic lesion. The relative inactivation resulting from this could produce modifications in language dynamics and disturbances in attention in relation to language. The semantic paraphasia could be related to the intrusion of the right hemisphere apparatus into language, because of the lack of balance between the activation of each of the two hemispheres. The fact that thalamic lesions are characterized by language disorders would tend to show that sub-cortical dynamic factors constantly regulate the activation of the hemispheres.", "PMID": 749118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7673", "title": "[Frequency and symptomatology of disorders of micturition during cerebrovascular accidents. Interest of complementary examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 228 patients with cerebrovascular accidents have been studied since 1975. Micturition disorders were present in 124 cases (54 p. 100), including total incontinence in 45 p. 100, imperative micturition in 37 p. 100, and complete retention in 18 p. 100 of the patients. They are associated in a significant manner with severe psycho-intellectual disorders, an extensive hemiplegia, bilateral pyramidal signs, and ruological abnormalities. Useful complementary examinations and some therapeutic modalities are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Frequency and symptomatology of disorders of micturition during cerebrovascular accidents. Interest of complementary examinations (author's transl)]. A total of 228 patients with cerebrovascular accidents have been studied since 1975. Micturition disorders were present in 124 cases (54 p. 100), including total incontinence in 45 p. 100, imperative micturition in 37 p. 100, and complete retention in 18 p. 100 of the patients. They are associated in a significant manner with severe psycho-intellectual disorders, an extensive hemiplegia, bilateral pyramidal signs, and ruological abnormalities. Useful complementary examinations and some therapeutic modalities are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 749119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7674", "title": "[Anatomical and clinical considerations in aphasia: the value of tomodensitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Tomometric tests were carried out in 54 patients with a clinical picture of stabilized or regressive aphasia, some time after the initial episode. The correlation between clinical and topographic findings were satisfactory in 90 p. 100 of the cases. The frequency of lesions extending into several lobes (70 cases) and of multiple lesions is stressed. There is a significant relationship between the severity of the clinical findings  during tomometric testing and the volume or multiplicity of the lesions. The progression of the disease after 6 months, as studied in 31 patients, was also related to the volume of the lesion, but was not influenced by the presence of diffuse atrophy, except where the disease was deteriorating. The value of tomometry in the study of aphasia involves 3 factors: precise clinical and lesional correlation, and the effect of the volume of the lesion on its initial severity and progression. In the future, tomometry should enable a correlative symptomatic study of aphasic disorders to be made.", "contents": "[Anatomical and clinical considerations in aphasia: the value of tomodensitometry (author's transl)]. Tomometric tests were carried out in 54 patients with a clinical picture of stabilized or regressive aphasia, some time after the initial episode. The correlation between clinical and topographic findings were satisfactory in 90 p. 100 of the cases. The frequency of lesions extending into several lobes (70 cases) and of multiple lesions is stressed. There is a significant relationship between the severity of the clinical findings  during tomometric testing and the volume or multiplicity of the lesions. The progression of the disease after 6 months, as studied in 31 patients, was also related to the volume of the lesion, but was not influenced by the presence of diffuse atrophy, except where the disease was deteriorating. The value of tomometry in the study of aphasia involves 3 factors: precise clinical and lesional correlation, and the effect of the volume of the lesion on its initial severity and progression. In the future, tomometry should enable a correlative symptomatic study of aphasic disorders to be made.", "PMID": 749120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7675", "title": "[Tomodensitometric aspects of 3 cases of acute bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 3 cases of acute bismuth encephalopathy by C. T. scanner revealed indisputable evidence of abnormal hyperdensity in certain brain regions. These hyperdensities, or rather hyperattenuations, are very typical in case no. 1, where the central grey nuclei, especially the caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex, have an important hyperdence appearance. The images are heterogenous, sometimes granular, and are not modified by the injection of a contrast medium. There are also ventricular and cisternal dilatations which are even more remarkable when the age of the patients (less than 45 years) is considered. Cases Nos. 2 and 3 showed hyperdensity which was mainly in the cortical hemispheres. Blood bismuth levels vary according to the date of bismuth stoppage, lying between 850 and 1.350 microgram p. 1.000 ml. The pathogenesis of these tomodensitometric images are discussed as a function the of atomic number of bismuth metal and its unequal distribution in the cerebral parenchyma and the meninges.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometric aspects of 3 cases of acute bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)]. A study of 3 cases of acute bismuth encephalopathy by C. T. scanner revealed indisputable evidence of abnormal hyperdensity in certain brain regions. These hyperdensities, or rather hyperattenuations, are very typical in case no. 1, where the central grey nuclei, especially the caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex, have an important hyperdence appearance. The images are heterogenous, sometimes granular, and are not modified by the injection of a contrast medium. There are also ventricular and cisternal dilatations which are even more remarkable when the age of the patients (less than 45 years) is considered. Cases Nos. 2 and 3 showed hyperdensity which was mainly in the cortical hemispheres. Blood bismuth levels vary according to the date of bismuth stoppage, lying between 850 and 1.350 microgram p. 1.000 ml. The pathogenesis of these tomodensitometric images are discussed as a function the of atomic number of bismuth metal and its unequal distribution in the cerebral parenchyma and the meninges.", "PMID": 749121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7676", "title": "[Electro-oculographic study of a case of abolition of horizontal saccades with viscosity of eye movements in hereditary cerebellar degeneration].", "content": "A case of familial cerebellar ataxia is reported during the course of which horizontal ocular movements were slow, and \"viscous\". The electro-oculographic study showed complete abolition of horizontal jerks, induced by either voluntary, automatic (optokinetic nystagmus), or reflex (vestibular) stimuli. Slow movements, however, were normal, and voluntary vertical jerks were conserved while being slightly slowed towards the top. The physiopathological interpretation of these facts remains a point for discussion. Results from animal experiments and neuropathological studies suggest that the abolition of jerks in such cases is probably due to loss of facilitating influences from the cerebral cortex and central grey nuclei.", "contents": "[Electro-oculographic study of a case of abolition of horizontal saccades with viscosity of eye movements in hereditary cerebellar degeneration]. A case of familial cerebellar ataxia is reported during the course of which horizontal ocular movements were slow, and \"viscous\". The electro-oculographic study showed complete abolition of horizontal jerks, induced by either voluntary, automatic (optokinetic nystagmus), or reflex (vestibular) stimuli. Slow movements, however, were normal, and voluntary vertical jerks were conserved while being slightly slowed towards the top. The physiopathological interpretation of these facts remains a point for discussion. Results from animal experiments and neuropathological studies suggest that the abolition of jerks in such cases is probably due to loss of facilitating influences from the cerebral cortex and central grey nuclei.", "PMID": 749123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7677", "title": "[Non-syringomelic medullary syndrome with Arnold-Chiari malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 15 observations of a medullary syndrome of the non-syringomelic type, in patients with Arnold-Chiari's malformation (type I; 13 times - type II; twice), verified surgically, and without severe malformations of the occipito-vertebral articulation. Brown-Sequard's disease was present in 6 cases, subacute combined degeneration in 2 cases, and pyramidal lesions were very predominant in two other cases. The last 5 cases had cordonal signs associated with signs of disturbance of the anterior horns in the medulla, affecting all four limbs, and more especially the lower limbs. In four cases the medullary cavity was exposed, and in two cases extended along the whole length of the cord up to the terminal cone. The literature is reviewed and diagnostic and pathogenic problems raised by these myelopathies are discussed. They merit systematic investigation.", "contents": "[Non-syringomelic medullary syndrome with Arnold-Chiari malformation (author's transl)]. The authors present 15 observations of a medullary syndrome of the non-syringomelic type, in patients with Arnold-Chiari's malformation (type I; 13 times - type II; twice), verified surgically, and without severe malformations of the occipito-vertebral articulation. Brown-Sequard's disease was present in 6 cases, subacute combined degeneration in 2 cases, and pyramidal lesions were very predominant in two other cases. The last 5 cases had cordonal signs associated with signs of disturbance of the anterior horns in the medulla, affecting all four limbs, and more especially the lower limbs. In four cases the medullary cavity was exposed, and in two cases extended along the whole length of the cord up to the terminal cone. The literature is reviewed and diagnostic and pathogenic problems raised by these myelopathies are discussed. They merit systematic investigation.", "PMID": 749125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7678", "title": "[Carbon monoxide poisoning of the fetus. Apropos of a clinico-pathological case].", "content": "Anatomical and clinical observations are described in a case of carbon monoxide poisoning which caused the death of the baby rapidly. The anatomical lesions are comparable to those observed in 8 other cases reported in the literature. The physiopathological mechanism involved is discussed in relation to previously reported clinical, toxicological, and experimental data.", "contents": "[Carbon monoxide poisoning of the fetus. Apropos of a clinico-pathological case]. Anatomical and clinical observations are described in a case of carbon monoxide poisoning which caused the death of the baby rapidly. The anatomical lesions are comparable to those observed in 8 other cases reported in the literature. The physiopathological mechanism involved is discussed in relation to previously reported clinical, toxicological, and experimental data.", "PMID": 749124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7679", "title": "[Neuropathy in long term treatment with metronidazole (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients developed a sensory neuropathy while under treatment with Metronidazole for Crohn's disease. Recovery took place within a few months after drug withdrawal but was still incomplete in one patient one year after cessation of Metronidazole intake. The incidence of neuropathy appears to be high in long term use of this drug. The morphological study of a sural nerve biopsy showed a severe loss of myelinated fibers (1 800 par mm2). Quantitative teased fibers preparation showed that 56 per cent of the fibers were undergoing wallerian degenerations ; segmental demyelination with subsequent remyelination was found in 4 per cent of the fibers and seem to be secondary to axonal involvement.", "contents": "[Neuropathy in long term treatment with metronidazole (author's transl)]. Two patients developed a sensory neuropathy while under treatment with Metronidazole for Crohn's disease. Recovery took place within a few months after drug withdrawal but was still incomplete in one patient one year after cessation of Metronidazole intake. The incidence of neuropathy appears to be high in long term use of this drug. The morphological study of a sural nerve biopsy showed a severe loss of myelinated fibers (1 800 par mm2). Quantitative teased fibers preparation showed that 56 per cent of the fibers were undergoing wallerian degenerations ; segmental demyelination with subsequent remyelination was found in 4 per cent of the fibers and seem to be secondary to axonal involvement.", "PMID": 749126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7680", "title": "[Clinical and epidemiological aspects of human trichostrongyloidosis].", "content": "In the course of parazitological investigations in a rural environment, including 2349 subjects, infestation with different helminths was found in 927 persons (39%), i.e. in 49.9% with Ascaris lumbricoides, in 24.1% Trichuris trichiura, in 4.2% Strongyloides stercoralis, in 3.6% Giardia intestinalis, in 2.1% Enterobius vermicularis and in 1.6% Trichostrongylus. There were several cases of associated parasites : Ascaris-Trichuris in 11.1%, Ascaris-Trichostrongylus in 0.2%, Trichostrongylus-Trichuris in 0.3% and other associations in 3% of cases. The patients with trichostrogyliasis were repeatedly examined clinically, radiologically and coproparazitologically throughout the duration of the treatment and after recovery. The treatment consisted of 25 mg Mintezol/kg body weight/day.", "contents": "[Clinical and epidemiological aspects of human trichostrongyloidosis]. In the course of parazitological investigations in a rural environment, including 2349 subjects, infestation with different helminths was found in 927 persons (39%), i.e. in 49.9% with Ascaris lumbricoides, in 24.1% Trichuris trichiura, in 4.2% Strongyloides stercoralis, in 3.6% Giardia intestinalis, in 2.1% Enterobius vermicularis and in 1.6% Trichostrongylus. There were several cases of associated parasites : Ascaris-Trichuris in 11.1%, Ascaris-Trichostrongylus in 0.2%, Trichostrongylus-Trichuris in 0.3% and other associations in 3% of cases. The patients with trichostrogyliasis were repeatedly examined clinically, radiologically and coproparazitologically throughout the duration of the treatment and after recovery. The treatment consisted of 25 mg Mintezol/kg body weight/day.", "PMID": 749147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7681", "title": "[Current possibilities of optimizing emergency tetanus immunization].", "content": "Retrospective analysis of the tetanus cases, admitted over a six year period, shows the high risks involved by the insufficient immunoprotection. The failure of emergency immunization, with its effects on the incidence and evolution of the disease, may be accounted for by : the difficulty in establishing the vaccination past history, probable decrease of protection with time due to basal immunization, inconstant response to the booster dose, immunodepressive side effects, the drawbacks of antitoxic serum. With reference to their own experience and the published data concerning the methods applied for obtaining a more rapid response to anatoxin and possible optimizing of the protective titre concurrent with the incubation period of tetanus. Experimental investigations have demonstrated the superiority of repeated, multifocal inoculations for obtaining an earlier antitoxic immunity.", "contents": "[Current possibilities of optimizing emergency tetanus immunization]. Retrospective analysis of the tetanus cases, admitted over a six year period, shows the high risks involved by the insufficient immunoprotection. The failure of emergency immunization, with its effects on the incidence and evolution of the disease, may be accounted for by : the difficulty in establishing the vaccination past history, probable decrease of protection with time due to basal immunization, inconstant response to the booster dose, immunodepressive side effects, the drawbacks of antitoxic serum. With reference to their own experience and the published data concerning the methods applied for obtaining a more rapid response to anatoxin and possible optimizing of the protective titre concurrent with the incubation period of tetanus. Experimental investigations have demonstrated the superiority of repeated, multifocal inoculations for obtaining an earlier antitoxic immunity.", "PMID": 749146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7682", "title": "[Incidence of lambliasis in the child population of an urban district].", "content": "A study was carried out on the infestation with Giardia lamblia in 9316 children within the district served medically by the Titan University Polyclinic, in 1976. The mean annual infestation was 13.1% with slight monthly differences, except September and October when the proportion of children with G. lamblia exceeded 16%. The infestation was of 4.1% in the 0--1 year age-group, reaching a peak of 16.8% in the 3--5 years age-group, then gradually falling to 6.3% after the age of 14 years. In September and October the incidence increased to 16.9% and 16.4% respectively, but it should be emphasized that in the sick children referred for medical treatment during this period the incidence of infestation was within the mean monthly values for 1976, whereas in the children without clinical symptoms, examined for admission to children's communities, the infestation index rose to 19%. The fact that infestation with G. lamblia is greater in healthy than in sick children renders the control of giardiasis more difficult.", "contents": "[Incidence of lambliasis in the child population of an urban district]. A study was carried out on the infestation with Giardia lamblia in 9316 children within the district served medically by the Titan University Polyclinic, in 1976. The mean annual infestation was 13.1% with slight monthly differences, except September and October when the proportion of children with G. lamblia exceeded 16%. The infestation was of 4.1% in the 0--1 year age-group, reaching a peak of 16.8% in the 3--5 years age-group, then gradually falling to 6.3% after the age of 14 years. In September and October the incidence increased to 16.9% and 16.4% respectively, but it should be emphasized that in the sick children referred for medical treatment during this period the incidence of infestation was within the mean monthly values for 1976, whereas in the children without clinical symptoms, examined for admission to children's communities, the infestation index rose to 19%. The fact that infestation with G. lamblia is greater in healthy than in sick children renders the control of giardiasis more difficult.", "PMID": 749148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7683", "title": "[Normal values of the neutrophil granulocyte adhesion test in the peripheral blood of adults].", "content": "After emphasizing the importance of adhesion of cells to a substrate as fundamental biological phenomenon, the authors discuss recently published data concerning adhesion of human neutrophil granulocytes and the clinical implications of its deficiency, showing the method developed in the Center of Haematology, Bucharest, based upon the Taga-Sturdza procedure and the works of Gifford and Malawista. The study included 82 young healthy subjects. The normal mean adhesion index in women was 5.10 +/- 0.34 and in men 4.61 +/- 0.27; the statistical difference between the sexes is not significant. The proportion of NBT-positive adherent cells was 40--60% in both groups.", "contents": "[Normal values of the neutrophil granulocyte adhesion test in the peripheral blood of adults]. After emphasizing the importance of adhesion of cells to a substrate as fundamental biological phenomenon, the authors discuss recently published data concerning adhesion of human neutrophil granulocytes and the clinical implications of its deficiency, showing the method developed in the Center of Haematology, Bucharest, based upon the Taga-Sturdza procedure and the works of Gifford and Malawista. The study included 82 young healthy subjects. The normal mean adhesion index in women was 5.10 +/- 0.34 and in men 4.61 +/- 0.27; the statistical difference between the sexes is not significant. The proportion of NBT-positive adherent cells was 40--60% in both groups.", "PMID": 749149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7684", "title": "[Action of some chemical products--insecticides and detergents--on the larvae of mosquitoes of Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus and Culex pipiens autogenicus species].", "content": "The larvicide effects of some insecticides and detergents on the Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus species--laboratory colonie--and Culex pipiens autogenicus species, living in flooded basements of some block-houses in the town of Slobozia, were estimated. These products were classified in some categories, depending on their effects: 1. knock-down effect products ; 2. products having a relatively strong effect ; 3. products having a slow effect ; 4. products with a slight effect. Remanence tests were performed on Culex pipiens autogenicus, which showed that Toxid and Lindatox have a longer remanence than the other substances used. In mosquito larvae field control 1 ppm pyrethrum products like Decis and Isathrine, trichlorfon products like Clorofos, Dipterex and Dimetox and organophosphorus carbetox on both species are recommended.", "contents": "[Action of some chemical products--insecticides and detergents--on the larvae of mosquitoes of Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus and Culex pipiens autogenicus species]. The larvicide effects of some insecticides and detergents on the Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus species--laboratory colonie--and Culex pipiens autogenicus species, living in flooded basements of some block-houses in the town of Slobozia, were estimated. These products were classified in some categories, depending on their effects: 1. knock-down effect products ; 2. products having a relatively strong effect ; 3. products having a slow effect ; 4. products with a slight effect. Remanence tests were performed on Culex pipiens autogenicus, which showed that Toxid and Lindatox have a longer remanence than the other substances used. In mosquito larvae field control 1 ppm pyrethrum products like Decis and Isathrine, trichlorfon products like Clorofos, Dipterex and Dimetox and organophosphorus carbetox on both species are recommended.", "PMID": 749150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7685", "title": "[Histopathology of bone lesions in 9 cases of algodystrophy of the hip].", "content": "The authors present the results of histo-pathological observations made in 9 cases of sympatic algodystrophy reflex of the hip, subjected to a punch biopsy of the head and neck of the femur. The punch biopsy was decided upon, either because of difficult diagnosis, or because of the abnormally long duration of the pain syndrome. In all cases, there were bone lesions. The most common were in the marrow tissue, with stasis (9 cases), fibrosis (7 cases) and necrosis at small, isolated points (5 cases). There was osteoclastic resorption in the bones in 3 cases, and rapid osteogenesis in 6 cases. The latter anomaly revealed the rapid reconstruction characterizing the syndrome. Finally, the authors comment on the relationship between algodystrophy and necrosis of the hip, and the advantages of punch biopsy.", "contents": "[Histopathology of bone lesions in 9 cases of algodystrophy of the hip]. The authors present the results of histo-pathological observations made in 9 cases of sympatic algodystrophy reflex of the hip, subjected to a punch biopsy of the head and neck of the femur. The punch biopsy was decided upon, either because of difficult diagnosis, or because of the abnormally long duration of the pain syndrome. In all cases, there were bone lesions. The most common were in the marrow tissue, with stasis (9 cases), fibrosis (7 cases) and necrosis at small, isolated points (5 cases). There was osteoclastic resorption in the bones in 3 cases, and rapid osteogenesis in 6 cases. The latter anomaly revealed the rapid reconstruction characterizing the syndrome. Finally, the authors comment on the relationship between algodystrophy and necrosis of the hip, and the advantages of punch biopsy.", "PMID": 749182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7686", "title": "[Zinc and enzymes in the synovial fluid and blood in various types of rheumatism].", "content": "It appears that in rheumatoid arthritis and, to a lesser extent, in the other forms of inflammatory rheumatism, the level of zinc in the blood serum is lowered, whereas synovial zinc is increased. In the synovial fluid, there is a very significant correlation between enzyme activity and the concentration of zinc. Practical experiments aimed at demonstrating in vitro the action of zinc on lacticodeshydrogenase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase did not produce the anticipated results and do not explain the metabolic disorders of zinc seen during inflammatory rheumatisms.", "contents": "[Zinc and enzymes in the synovial fluid and blood in various types of rheumatism]. It appears that in rheumatoid arthritis and, to a lesser extent, in the other forms of inflammatory rheumatism, the level of zinc in the blood serum is lowered, whereas synovial zinc is increased. In the synovial fluid, there is a very significant correlation between enzyme activity and the concentration of zinc. Practical experiments aimed at demonstrating in vitro the action of zinc on lacticodeshydrogenase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase did not produce the anticipated results and do not explain the metabolic disorders of zinc seen during inflammatory rheumatisms.", "PMID": 749183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7687", "title": "[The synovial membrane in articular chondrocalcinosis. Clinico-pathological data].", "content": "The study of 25 samples of synovial membrane taken from 118 subjects with articular chondrocalcinosis makes it possible to identify three histological aspects : the complete forms showing a crystalline deposit of calcium pyrophosphate of variable volume and alterations of an inflammatory or degenerative type ; incomplete forms showing no calcium deposit, but in which one can observe two sorts of modifications : forms of chondroid metamorphism or inflammatory stigmatas causing an indeterminate chronic synovitis ; finally, forms of superficial fibrosis of the chorion are sometimes encountered. In all, the synovial membrane in articular chodrocalcinosis is often little different from an arthrosic or senile one. However, the presence of crystalline deposits rich in calcium and phosphorous and varying in size can, in the face of certain articular manifestations of uncertain cause, point to the existence of an articular chondrocalcinosis.", "contents": "[The synovial membrane in articular chondrocalcinosis. Clinico-pathological data]. The study of 25 samples of synovial membrane taken from 118 subjects with articular chondrocalcinosis makes it possible to identify three histological aspects : the complete forms showing a crystalline deposit of calcium pyrophosphate of variable volume and alterations of an inflammatory or degenerative type ; incomplete forms showing no calcium deposit, but in which one can observe two sorts of modifications : forms of chondroid metamorphism or inflammatory stigmatas causing an indeterminate chronic synovitis ; finally, forms of superficial fibrosis of the chorion are sometimes encountered. In all, the synovial membrane in articular chodrocalcinosis is often little different from an arthrosic or senile one. However, the presence of crystalline deposits rich in calcium and phosphorous and varying in size can, in the face of certain articular manifestations of uncertain cause, point to the existence of an articular chondrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 749184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7688", "title": "Respiratory cycle time duration during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Respiratory cycle time components during rest and graded exercise were measured in 18 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and compared with controls matched for sex and age. For a given exercise level (50 W) increased minute ventilation was present in the patients. This was due to shorter cycle time. Both inspiratory and expiratory time shortened to the same degree rendering the ratio inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time similar in the two groups. At maximal exercise total respiratory cycle time and inspiratory time was shorter in the patients than in the control group, but the ratio between them was still similar. However, for a given total cycle time during maximal exercise inspiratory time was shorter. Inspiratory time and the ratio inspiratory time/total cycle time as measured during 50 W exercise, were positively correlated with the patient's exercise capacity, but not of sufficient accuracy for useful prediction of the latter. The difference in concomitant variation of tidal volume and inspiratory time during exercise ventilation between the patients and the control subjects seemed satisfactorily explained by the different lung volumes at which the two groups were breathing.", "contents": "Respiratory cycle time duration during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Respiratory cycle time components during rest and graded exercise were measured in 18 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and compared with controls matched for sex and age. For a given exercise level (50 W) increased minute ventilation was present in the patients. This was due to shorter cycle time. Both inspiratory and expiratory time shortened to the same degree rendering the ratio inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time similar in the two groups. At maximal exercise total respiratory cycle time and inspiratory time was shorter in the patients than in the control group, but the ratio between them was still similar. However, for a given total cycle time during maximal exercise inspiratory time was shorter. Inspiratory time and the ratio inspiratory time/total cycle time as measured during 50 W exercise, were positively correlated with the patient's exercise capacity, but not of sufficient accuracy for useful prediction of the latter. The difference in concomitant variation of tidal volume and inspiratory time during exercise ventilation between the patients and the control subjects seemed satisfactorily explained by the different lung volumes at which the two groups were breathing.", "PMID": 749188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7689", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms].", "content": "The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to achieve cure when the more usual means of treatment fail to do so. This can be achieved in some animal models where tumor rejection antigens have been demonstrated. In man, the contribution of immunotherapy to the treatment of minimal residual but disseminated disease has been exceedingly poor. This discrepancy should be analyzed, in an effort to detect and define in vitro putative tumor rejection antigens in human tumors.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms]. The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to achieve cure when the more usual means of treatment fail to do so. This can be achieved in some animal models where tumor rejection antigens have been demonstrated. In man, the contribution of immunotherapy to the treatment of minimal residual but disseminated disease has been exceedingly poor. This discrepancy should be analyzed, in an effort to detect and define in vitro putative tumor rejection antigens in human tumors.", "PMID": 749189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7690", "title": "[Therapeutic advances in breast neoplasms achieved through multimodal treatment].", "content": "The epidemiology of breast cancer and the frustrating stagnation of present primary care by local means such as surgery (with or without postoperative radiotherapy) are reviewed. The unsolved problem of early occult micrometastases in breast cancer--as in many other tumors--renders unlikely any real further progress towards higher curability in mammary carcinoma by \"optimizing\" or even \"minimizing\" local therapy alone. In contrast, higher remission rates and prolonged tumor control in metastatic breast cancer have been achieved during the last 10 years by advances in combination chemo- or chemo-hormono-therapy. Current controlled studies with adjuvant chemotherapy added to radical mastectomy show encouraging results, such as decreased over-all recurrence rates within 3--4 years and possibly also increased survival. Recent data of Swiss and foreign randomized adjuvant studies in primary breast cancer are reviewed and analyzed. Since mode of administration, duration and patient selection are not yet sufficiently clarified and standardized, routine use of \"adjuvant chemotherapy\" cannot be advocated on a large scale basis at the present time. There is, however, an urgent need for controlled patient trials with the inclusion of hormonal and possibly immunological \"adjuvant regimens\", to assure critical evaluation of clinical benefit and protect future patient cohorts from the possible long-term risks of additional primary cytotoxic therapy.", "contents": "[Therapeutic advances in breast neoplasms achieved through multimodal treatment]. The epidemiology of breast cancer and the frustrating stagnation of present primary care by local means such as surgery (with or without postoperative radiotherapy) are reviewed. The unsolved problem of early occult micrometastases in breast cancer--as in many other tumors--renders unlikely any real further progress towards higher curability in mammary carcinoma by \"optimizing\" or even \"minimizing\" local therapy alone. In contrast, higher remission rates and prolonged tumor control in metastatic breast cancer have been achieved during the last 10 years by advances in combination chemo- or chemo-hormono-therapy. Current controlled studies with adjuvant chemotherapy added to radical mastectomy show encouraging results, such as decreased over-all recurrence rates within 3--4 years and possibly also increased survival. Recent data of Swiss and foreign randomized adjuvant studies in primary breast cancer are reviewed and analyzed. Since mode of administration, duration and patient selection are not yet sufficiently clarified and standardized, routine use of \"adjuvant chemotherapy\" cannot be advocated on a large scale basis at the present time. There is, however, an urgent need for controlled patient trials with the inclusion of hormonal and possibly immunological \"adjuvant regimens\", to assure critical evaluation of clinical benefit and protect future patient cohorts from the possible long-term risks of additional primary cytotoxic therapy.", "PMID": 749190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7691", "title": "[Interdisciplinary therapeutic planning in the treatment in malignant lymphoma and its results].", "content": "The development of curative treatment for malignant lymphoma over the last few years is described. Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are discussed separately. The current improved cure rates for Hodgkin's disease have become possible only with more exact determination of disease stage and a clinically relevant histological classification and definition of other risk factors. These prognostic criteria provide the basis for determining whether radiotherapy alone, chemotherapy alone, or a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. --For the much more heterogenous disease group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, a similar line of development is in progress. Here better forms of chemotherapy have been of primary importance and have significantly improved the prospects of cure, especially for cases in stage III and IV with unfavorable histologies. Combination treatment with radio- and chemotherapy is still in the developmental stage for non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The place of large volume radiotherapy such as total body or total abdominal irradiation has still to be determined.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary therapeutic planning in the treatment in malignant lymphoma and its results]. The development of curative treatment for malignant lymphoma over the last few years is described. Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are discussed separately. The current improved cure rates for Hodgkin's disease have become possible only with more exact determination of disease stage and a clinically relevant histological classification and definition of other risk factors. These prognostic criteria provide the basis for determining whether radiotherapy alone, chemotherapy alone, or a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. --For the much more heterogenous disease group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, a similar line of development is in progress. Here better forms of chemotherapy have been of primary importance and have significantly improved the prospects of cure, especially for cases in stage III and IV with unfavorable histologies. Combination treatment with radio- and chemotherapy is still in the developmental stage for non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The place of large volume radiotherapy such as total body or total abdominal irradiation has still to be determined.", "PMID": 749191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7692", "title": "[Curability of advanced malignant lymphoma under conditions of modern combination chemotherapy].", "content": "102 patients from the same oncologic center with malignant lymphomas (52 with Hodgkin's disease, 50 with non-Hodgkin lymphomas) have been analyzed. One population received monochemotherapy only and the other polychemotherapy: the first remission and survival results were published in 1975 on the basis of calculated life expectancy. Now, 3 years later, the same populations are again analyzed and \"real\" survival data are compared with those calculated. All patients now have a minimal observation time of 6 years. Even if our first published data were too optimistic, polychemotherapy still appears to offer the better life expectancy.", "contents": "[Curability of advanced malignant lymphoma under conditions of modern combination chemotherapy]. 102 patients from the same oncologic center with malignant lymphomas (52 with Hodgkin's disease, 50 with non-Hodgkin lymphomas) have been analyzed. One population received monochemotherapy only and the other polychemotherapy: the first remission and survival results were published in 1975 on the basis of calculated life expectancy. Now, 3 years later, the same populations are again analyzed and \"real\" survival data are compared with those calculated. All patients now have a minimal observation time of 6 years. Even if our first published data were too optimistic, polychemotherapy still appears to offer the better life expectancy.", "PMID": 749192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7693", "title": "[Simultaneous hormonal and drug therapy, compared to hormonal therapy, followed by chemotherapy, in the treatment of metastasizing breast neoplasms. Preliminary results of an ongoing study].", "content": "The preliminary results of a still ongoing phase III study in patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer are reported. 210 cases are already evaluable. In this study patients are randomized to hormonotherapy either concurrently with combination chemotherapy or alone, chemotherapy being delayed until the occurrence of tumor progression. In both groups patients are further randomly allocated to 3 chemotherapy programs. So far there appear to be differences between remission rates, but not with regard to survival course.", "contents": "[Simultaneous hormonal and drug therapy, compared to hormonal therapy, followed by chemotherapy, in the treatment of metastasizing breast neoplasms. Preliminary results of an ongoing study]. The preliminary results of a still ongoing phase III study in patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer are reported. 210 cases are already evaluable. In this study patients are randomized to hormonotherapy either concurrently with combination chemotherapy or alone, chemotherapy being delayed until the occurrence of tumor progression. In both groups patients are further randomly allocated to 3 chemotherapy programs. So far there appear to be differences between remission rates, but not with regard to survival course.", "PMID": 749193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7694", "title": "[Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on chemotaxis of human neutrophils studied in vitro].", "content": "Using a modified Boyden chamber the effect of three antiinflammatory drugs on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils has been tested in vitro. Gold salt produced a reduction of both neutrophil migration and the ability of plasma to attract this cell. Betamethasone decreased chemotaxis by an action on the cell itself but not on the plasma. Aspirin had no effect on this function. These data suggest that antiinflammatory drugs act through different mechanisms and that the reduction of neutrophil chemotaxis may contribute to the antiinflammatory action of gold salts.", "contents": "[Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on chemotaxis of human neutrophils studied in vitro]. Using a modified Boyden chamber the effect of three antiinflammatory drugs on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils has been tested in vitro. Gold salt produced a reduction of both neutrophil migration and the ability of plasma to attract this cell. Betamethasone decreased chemotaxis by an action on the cell itself but not on the plasma. Aspirin had no effect on this function. These data suggest that antiinflammatory drugs act through different mechanisms and that the reduction of neutrophil chemotaxis may contribute to the antiinflammatory action of gold salts.", "PMID": 749194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7695", "title": "[Immunologic study of pleural neoplastic effusions: Detection of immune complexes and complement activation].", "content": "Occurrence of immune complexes in malignant pleural effusions has been investigated by the 125I-c1q binding test. 55% of the pleural effusions had C1q binding activity levels higher than those found in transudates used as controls. The levels of C1q binding activity in effusions were significantly higher than those found in the serum of the same cancer patients. High levels of C1q binding activity were found in malignant effusion independently of type or differentiation of the tumors involved. The C1q binding material had properties of immune complexes. The levels of CH50 and C3d, i.e. the degradation product of C3, in malignant effusion were similar to those of transudates. These observations show a high incidence of immune complexes in malignant effusions and a slight activation of complement inadequate for its local consumption. The persistence in major quantity of immune complexes in malignant effusion suggests local formation or decreased clearance.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of pleural neoplastic effusions: Detection of immune complexes and complement activation]. Occurrence of immune complexes in malignant pleural effusions has been investigated by the 125I-c1q binding test. 55% of the pleural effusions had C1q binding activity levels higher than those found in transudates used as controls. The levels of C1q binding activity in effusions were significantly higher than those found in the serum of the same cancer patients. High levels of C1q binding activity were found in malignant effusion independently of type or differentiation of the tumors involved. The C1q binding material had properties of immune complexes. The levels of CH50 and C3d, i.e. the degradation product of C3, in malignant effusion were similar to those of transudates. These observations show a high incidence of immune complexes in malignant effusions and a slight activation of complement inadequate for its local consumption. The persistence in major quantity of immune complexes in malignant effusion suggests local formation or decreased clearance.", "PMID": 749195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7696", "title": "[Significance of noradrenaline in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Preliminary report].", "content": "The pathogenic role of the sympathetic system in essential hypertension was evaluated by combined analysis of urinary and plasma catecholamine levels and pressor sensitivity to endogenous noradrenaline. The latter was estimated indirectly by the ratio between percentile changes in blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline following adrenergic neuronal blockade with the agent debrisoquine. In normal and mildly hypertensive (141/91 to 160/105 mm Hg) subjects, supine or upright plasma levels and excretion rates of noradrenaline correlated (p less than 0.01) with age and were comparable; no correlation was present in patients with moderate to severe hypertension (greater than 160/105 mm Hg) who tended to have supernormal noradrenaline levels under the age of 40 years. Adrenaline values were normal in essential hypertension. Pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline was comparable in normal and mildly hypertensive subjects (0.03 +/- 0.08 [SE] and 0.17 +/- 0.04, respectively) but increased (p less than 0.001) in moderate to severe hypertension (0.62 +/- 0.11). These findings suggest that moderate to severe essential hypertension may be maintained, at least partly, by the inappropriate association of normal plasma noradrenaline levels with increased noradrenaline pressor sensitivity. This may also provide a rational basis for the use of pharmacologic adrenergic inhibition in the treatment of moderate to severe essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Significance of noradrenaline in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Preliminary report]. The pathogenic role of the sympathetic system in essential hypertension was evaluated by combined analysis of urinary and plasma catecholamine levels and pressor sensitivity to endogenous noradrenaline. The latter was estimated indirectly by the ratio between percentile changes in blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline following adrenergic neuronal blockade with the agent debrisoquine. In normal and mildly hypertensive (141/91 to 160/105 mm Hg) subjects, supine or upright plasma levels and excretion rates of noradrenaline correlated (p less than 0.01) with age and were comparable; no correlation was present in patients with moderate to severe hypertension (greater than 160/105 mm Hg) who tended to have supernormal noradrenaline levels under the age of 40 years. Adrenaline values were normal in essential hypertension. Pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline was comparable in normal and mildly hypertensive subjects (0.03 +/- 0.08 [SE] and 0.17 +/- 0.04, respectively) but increased (p less than 0.001) in moderate to severe hypertension (0.62 +/- 0.11). These findings suggest that moderate to severe essential hypertension may be maintained, at least partly, by the inappropriate association of normal plasma noradrenaline levels with increased noradrenaline pressor sensitivity. This may also provide a rational basis for the use of pharmacologic adrenergic inhibition in the treatment of moderate to severe essential hypertension.", "PMID": 749196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7697", "title": "[Toxicity and blood concentration of thiocyanate during sodium nitroprusside treatment].", "content": "In 25 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion for hypertension, the influence of SNP on renal function, thiocyanate (SCN) concentration, half-life of SCN and hemolytic actions or methemoglobinemia was measured. Creatinine clearance showed a slight increase while plasma creatinine was unchanged. There was no definite relationship between creatinine clearance and SCN clearance. For the individual patient there was no relationship between the SCN concentration at a constant dose of SNP and the degree of renal function. Independently of the grade of renal insufficiency, toxic concentrations of SCN were never seen if less than 100 gamma/min/SNP were infused for less than 5 days ( = less than 720 mg total dose). There was a linear relationship between half-life of SCN and the degree of renal function. Signs of hemolytic action could not be demonstrated. There was no methemoglobinemia. Although SCN concentration in relation to dose of SNP and renal function cannot be predicted, it is proposed that plasma SCN be checked only in patients receiving more than 100 gamma/min for more than 5 days.", "contents": "[Toxicity and blood concentration of thiocyanate during sodium nitroprusside treatment]. In 25 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion for hypertension, the influence of SNP on renal function, thiocyanate (SCN) concentration, half-life of SCN and hemolytic actions or methemoglobinemia was measured. Creatinine clearance showed a slight increase while plasma creatinine was unchanged. There was no definite relationship between creatinine clearance and SCN clearance. For the individual patient there was no relationship between the SCN concentration at a constant dose of SNP and the degree of renal function. Independently of the grade of renal insufficiency, toxic concentrations of SCN were never seen if less than 100 gamma/min/SNP were infused for less than 5 days ( = less than 720 mg total dose). There was a linear relationship between half-life of SCN and the degree of renal function. Signs of hemolytic action could not be demonstrated. There was no methemoglobinemia. Although SCN concentration in relation to dose of SNP and renal function cannot be predicted, it is proposed that plasma SCN be checked only in patients receiving more than 100 gamma/min for more than 5 days.", "PMID": 749197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7698", "title": "[Thorotrast kidney as a precancerous condition].", "content": "9 cases of \"thorotrast kidney\" after retrograde pyelography with reflux are presented. In 6 patients carcinoma of the renal pelvis developed 47--31 years after thorotrast pyelography. Because of this high rate of carcinoma induction, thorotrast kidney must be classified as a precancerous condition with high-rate tumor manifestation. Thorotrast kidney is diagnosed on X-ray by very opaque linear densities following the calices and pyelon. Early ureteronephrectomy is the treatment of choice in unilateral thorotrast kidneys. If uretero-nephrectomy is not possible, the patient should be followed up regularly with urinary cytologic examinations for early detection of malignancy.", "contents": "[Thorotrast kidney as a precancerous condition]. 9 cases of \"thorotrast kidney\" after retrograde pyelography with reflux are presented. In 6 patients carcinoma of the renal pelvis developed 47--31 years after thorotrast pyelography. Because of this high rate of carcinoma induction, thorotrast kidney must be classified as a precancerous condition with high-rate tumor manifestation. Thorotrast kidney is diagnosed on X-ray by very opaque linear densities following the calices and pyelon. Early ureteronephrectomy is the treatment of choice in unilateral thorotrast kidneys. If uretero-nephrectomy is not possible, the patient should be followed up regularly with urinary cytologic examinations for early detection of malignancy.", "PMID": 749198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7699", "title": "Chemical stimulation of single human fungiform taste papillae: sensitivity profiles and locus of stimulation.", "content": "Psychophysical responses to chemical stimulation of single human fungiform taste papillae were obtained from 40 papillae in four subjects. Effects of solution concentration and locus of stimulation were examined for nine test compounds. Sensitivity profiles constructed for individual papillae showed that single fungiform papillae mediate more than a single taste quality. In addition, the chemical sensitivities of individual papillae were reflected in their thresholds for all compounds, and correlation coefficients between recognition thresholds were no greater for similar than for dissimilar tasting compounds. No differences in mediation of quality were found as a function of locus of stimulation on the papilla, although sensitivity was found to be greater on the dorsal surface than on the sides. The data were discussed within the context of previous studies of response characteristics of single papilla.", "contents": "Chemical stimulation of single human fungiform taste papillae: sensitivity profiles and locus of stimulation. Psychophysical responses to chemical stimulation of single human fungiform taste papillae were obtained from 40 papillae in four subjects. Effects of solution concentration and locus of stimulation were examined for nine test compounds. Sensitivity profiles constructed for individual papillae showed that single fungiform papillae mediate more than a single taste quality. In addition, the chemical sensitivities of individual papillae were reflected in their thresholds for all compounds, and correlation coefficients between recognition thresholds were no greater for similar than for dissimilar tasting compounds. No differences in mediation of quality were found as a function of locus of stimulation on the papilla, although sensitivity was found to be greater on the dorsal surface than on the sides. The data were discussed within the context of previous studies of response characteristics of single papilla.", "PMID": 749199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7700", "title": "Olfactory self- and cross-adaptation: effects of time of adaptation on perceived odor intensity.", "content": "The time-course of self- and cross-adaptation of the olfactory system was investigated for two constant concentrations of three odorous substances. The substances (hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and pyridine) were matched, in a pilot experiment, with regard to perceived odor intensity. The time of adaptation was controlled by the number of inhalations (1-10). A two-step scaling method, involving cross-modality matching and numerical scaling of the matching continuum, was used for measuring perceived odor intensity during adaptation. The results show that the time-course function for self-adaptation seems to be an exponential function for two of the substances (H2S, DMDS), while for the third (pyridine) the form of the function is less distinct. Cross-adaptation between substances was found for the high concentrations, while for the low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl disulfide gave rise to pronounced cross-facilitation. The latter effect increased with time of adaptation.", "contents": "Olfactory self- and cross-adaptation: effects of time of adaptation on perceived odor intensity. The time-course of self- and cross-adaptation of the olfactory system was investigated for two constant concentrations of three odorous substances. The substances (hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and pyridine) were matched, in a pilot experiment, with regard to perceived odor intensity. The time of adaptation was controlled by the number of inhalations (1-10). A two-step scaling method, involving cross-modality matching and numerical scaling of the matching continuum, was used for measuring perceived odor intensity during adaptation. The results show that the time-course function for self-adaptation seems to be an exponential function for two of the substances (H2S, DMDS), while for the third (pyridine) the form of the function is less distinct. Cross-adaptation between substances was found for the high concentrations, while for the low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl disulfide gave rise to pronounced cross-facilitation. The latter effect increased with time of adaptation.", "PMID": 749200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7701", "title": "Perceived odor intensity as a function of air flow through the nose.", "content": "The relationship between perceived odor intensity and flow rate during inhalation was studied. Thirty subjects, mainly students of psychology, participated. The odor from a solution of pyridine and water (0.5 ml/liter of H2O) was inhaled at five different flow rates, ranging from 75 to 1000 ml/sec. Three different conditions of sniffing were used, i.e., constant-duration sniffing (2 sec), constant-volume sniffing (1000 ml), and three successive short sniffs. The perceived odor intensity, expressed with a magnitude-estimation method, was found to increase with flow rate under all sniffing conditions.", "contents": "Perceived odor intensity as a function of air flow through the nose. The relationship between perceived odor intensity and flow rate during inhalation was studied. Thirty subjects, mainly students of psychology, participated. The odor from a solution of pyridine and water (0.5 ml/liter of H2O) was inhaled at five different flow rates, ranging from 75 to 1000 ml/sec. Three different conditions of sniffing were used, i.e., constant-duration sniffing (2 sec), constant-volume sniffing (1000 ml), and three successive short sniffs. The perceived odor intensity, expressed with a magnitude-estimation method, was found to increase with flow rate under all sniffing conditions.", "PMID": 749201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7702", "title": "Temperature-touch interaction: Weber's phenomenon revisited.", "content": "The six experiments reported here stemmed from Weber's (E. H. Weber, In R. Wagner (Ed.), Handwn\u00f6rterbuch der Physiologie, 1846. Vol. 3, pp. 481-588) report that cold objects on the forehead feel heavier than warm ones, implying an effect of temperature on the touch modality. The experiments arrived at first-order answers to how temperature, force of stimulation, areal size of stimulation, and body locus might influence the magnitude of touch sensation. Typically, concomitant cooling greatly intensifies touch magnitude as perceived via the forehead and the forearm. Warning has little or no effect via the forehead but gives a significant intensification (less pronounced than that of cooling) on the forearm. When the areal size of the stimulation becomes very small, the intensification effects cannot be reliably demonstrated. The findings are reviewed in the light of what is known about the physiology of the cutaneous nerves.", "contents": "Temperature-touch interaction: Weber's phenomenon revisited. The six experiments reported here stemmed from Weber's (E. H. Weber, In R. Wagner (Ed.), Handwn\u00f6rterbuch der Physiologie, 1846. Vol. 3, pp. 481-588) report that cold objects on the forehead feel heavier than warm ones, implying an effect of temperature on the touch modality. The experiments arrived at first-order answers to how temperature, force of stimulation, areal size of stimulation, and body locus might influence the magnitude of touch sensation. Typically, concomitant cooling greatly intensifies touch magnitude as perceived via the forehead and the forearm. Warning has little or no effect via the forehead but gives a significant intensification (less pronounced than that of cooling) on the forearm. When the areal size of the stimulation becomes very small, the intensification effects cannot be reliably demonstrated. The findings are reviewed in the light of what is known about the physiology of the cutaneous nerves.", "PMID": 749202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7703", "title": "Referred thermal sensations: warmth versus cold.", "content": "The present study investigates further the phenomenon of thermal referral, in which thermal sensations are \"referred\" to the site of nearby tactile stimuli. First demonstrated with three stimulators (Green, B.G. Perception and Psychophysics, 1977, 22, 331-337), the present experiments show that referral also occurs between two contact stimuli. Measurements with two stimulators reveal that (1) on the arm and fingers, warmth refers more strongly that cold, and (2) referral of warmth is affected relatively little by increasing the distance between stimulators; (3) on the fingertips, referral is greater when the thermal sensation refers away from rather than toward the first digit; and (4) the pattern or referral across fingers differs for warmth and cold and appears unrelated to the pattern of peripheral innervation. The phenomenon of referral illustrates that information about locus gathered through the tactile sense is available to the thermal senses, which means that information about stimulus locus and quality can be carried on separate nerve fibers.", "contents": "Referred thermal sensations: warmth versus cold. The present study investigates further the phenomenon of thermal referral, in which thermal sensations are \"referred\" to the site of nearby tactile stimuli. First demonstrated with three stimulators (Green, B.G. Perception and Psychophysics, 1977, 22, 331-337), the present experiments show that referral also occurs between two contact stimuli. Measurements with two stimulators reveal that (1) on the arm and fingers, warmth refers more strongly that cold, and (2) referral of warmth is affected relatively little by increasing the distance between stimulators; (3) on the fingertips, referral is greater when the thermal sensation refers away from rather than toward the first digit; and (4) the pattern or referral across fingers differs for warmth and cold and appears unrelated to the pattern of peripheral innervation. The phenomenon of referral illustrates that information about locus gathered through the tactile sense is available to the thermal senses, which means that information about stimulus locus and quality can be carried on separate nerve fibers.", "PMID": 749203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7704", "title": "Psychophysical tuning curves in vibrotaction.", "content": "The frequency-response characteristics of channels used in human vibrotaction were studied by using a psychophysical tuning-curve paradigm derived from auditory research. Sinusodial 200-msec vibratory bursts delivered to the thenar eminence of the hand were detected in the presence of sinusodial maskers delivered to the same skin area either continuously or pulsed in forward masking. Psychophysical tuning curves were obtained by determining the intensity of maskers of varied frequency necessary to mask a 10-dB SL test stimulus of fixed frequency. The results support the notion that at least two independent channels operate in human vibrotaction. There was no evidence for frequency selective mechanisms other than those at the periphery. Psychophysical tuning curves were similar to neural tuning curves for individual cutaneous mechanoreceptors.", "contents": "Psychophysical tuning curves in vibrotaction. The frequency-response characteristics of channels used in human vibrotaction were studied by using a psychophysical tuning-curve paradigm derived from auditory research. Sinusodial 200-msec vibratory bursts delivered to the thenar eminence of the hand were detected in the presence of sinusodial maskers delivered to the same skin area either continuously or pulsed in forward masking. Psychophysical tuning curves were obtained by determining the intensity of maskers of varied frequency necessary to mask a 10-dB SL test stimulus of fixed frequency. The results support the notion that at least two independent channels operate in human vibrotaction. There was no evidence for frequency selective mechanisms other than those at the periphery. Psychophysical tuning curves were similar to neural tuning curves for individual cutaneous mechanoreceptors.", "PMID": 749204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7705", "title": "Serological study for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in Jakarta, Indonesia.", "content": "A total of 280 sera from medical students, laboratory personnel from the University of Indonesia and other persons living in Jakarta were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. Antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:256 were considered positive and were detected in 35 or 12.5% of the persons tested. The sero-positivity rates were not significant between 178 males (13.5%) and 102 females (10.8%) but were significantly different between persons of Indonesian ancestry (14.3%) and those of Chinese ancestry (2.3%). No correlation could be found between ownership of domestic cats and eating habits and positive titers.", "contents": "Serological study for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 280 sera from medical students, laboratory personnel from the University of Indonesia and other persons living in Jakarta were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. Antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:256 were considered positive and were detected in 35 or 12.5% of the persons tested. The sero-positivity rates were not significant between 178 males (13.5%) and 102 females (10.8%) but were significantly different between persons of Indonesian ancestry (14.3%) and those of Chinese ancestry (2.3%). No correlation could be found between ownership of domestic cats and eating habits and positive titers.", "PMID": 749222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7706", "title": "Clinical features of timorian filariasis among immigrants to an endemic area in West Flores, Indonesia.", "content": "Fifty-nine persons, who immigrated into a Brugia timori endemic area from non-filarial areas on the island of Flores, Indonesia were examined for filariasis after residing in the village for 2 to 10 years. Six persons had B. timori microfilaremia and 31 had filarial disease. The disease seems to affect immigrants from non-filarial areas severely within a relatively short period. Among those residing in the village, for 2 years, the microfilaria rate was 5% and the elephantiasis rate 21%. Selective treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per Kg body weight was given to all microfilaria (Mf) positive persons. Approximately one year later the Mf-rate by finger stick and Nuclepore filtration was 9% and 18% respectively. There was indirect indications that the Mf-rate might increase with the passage of time. However, the total filarial disease rate remained constant during the one year period. The relationship between these findings and American servicemen exposed to filariasis during World World II is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Clinical features of timorian filariasis among immigrants to an endemic area in West Flores, Indonesia. Fifty-nine persons, who immigrated into a Brugia timori endemic area from non-filarial areas on the island of Flores, Indonesia were examined for filariasis after residing in the village for 2 to 10 years. Six persons had B. timori microfilaremia and 31 had filarial disease. The disease seems to affect immigrants from non-filarial areas severely within a relatively short period. Among those residing in the village, for 2 years, the microfilaria rate was 5% and the elephantiasis rate 21%. Selective treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per Kg body weight was given to all microfilaria (Mf) positive persons. Approximately one year later the Mf-rate by finger stick and Nuclepore filtration was 9% and 18% respectively. There was indirect indications that the Mf-rate might increase with the passage of time. However, the total filarial disease rate remained constant during the one year period. The relationship between these findings and American servicemen exposed to filariasis during World World II is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 749223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7707", "title": "Toxicological studies of insecticides on Cullex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.).", "content": "Toxicity tests carried out on the larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus showed the former to be more tolerant of all insecticides tested, the order of toxicity being temephos greater than DDT greater than DDVP greater than malathion greater than lindane greater than carbaryl; also the second instar larvae of A. aegypti were more susceptible than fourth instar larvae. Enzyme kinetic studies on the total non-specific esterases and CarEs of adults and larvae of both species showed the Km values for total esterases of adult A. aegypti to be 0.333 mM vs 0.233 mM for C. quinquefasciatus; for adult CarEs it was 0.250 mM vs 0.220 mM. For total larval esterases of A. aegypti it was 0.112 mM vs 0.175 mM for C. quinquefasciatus: and for larval CarES it was 0.159 mM vs 0.213 mM respectively. Although some correlation between in vivo toxicity (LD50 values) and in vitro esterase inhibition (I50 values) between species could be discerned, overall correlation could not be established.", "contents": "Toxicological studies of insecticides on Cullex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.). Toxicity tests carried out on the larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus showed the former to be more tolerant of all insecticides tested, the order of toxicity being temephos greater than DDT greater than DDVP greater than malathion greater than lindane greater than carbaryl; also the second instar larvae of A. aegypti were more susceptible than fourth instar larvae. Enzyme kinetic studies on the total non-specific esterases and CarEs of adults and larvae of both species showed the Km values for total esterases of adult A. aegypti to be 0.333 mM vs 0.233 mM for C. quinquefasciatus; for adult CarEs it was 0.250 mM vs 0.220 mM. For total larval esterases of A. aegypti it was 0.112 mM vs 0.175 mM for C. quinquefasciatus: and for larval CarES it was 0.159 mM vs 0.213 mM respectively. Although some correlation between in vivo toxicity (LD50 values) and in vitro esterase inhibition (I50 values) between species could be discerned, overall correlation could not be established.", "PMID": 749224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7708", "title": "Co-existence and attempted hybridization between Anopheles litoralis (King) and Anopheles sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) in Sabah, Malaysia.", "content": "Anopheles (Cellia) litoralis King and Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus Rodenwaldt, vectors of malaria, were collected from the same brackis and sea-water habitats in six localities in Sabah. They share the same breeding habitats with predominance of one species over the other. The two species although distinct have small morphological differences and are taxonomically separated by certain wing characters. Hybridization between the two species was successful. Reciprocal crosses produced viable progeny which appeared to develop normally to adults. Hybridized females laid fewer viable eggs in comparison with the parents. The F1 hybrids resembled the litoralis parent in most characters. Backcrosses of both litoralis and sundaicus parents with the F1 hybrids yielded no eggs. F1 male hybrids were thus assumed to be sterile. The results obtained from cross matings between the two species suggested something more than subspecific status.", "contents": "Co-existence and attempted hybridization between Anopheles litoralis (King) and Anopheles sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) in Sabah, Malaysia. Anopheles (Cellia) litoralis King and Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus Rodenwaldt, vectors of malaria, were collected from the same brackis and sea-water habitats in six localities in Sabah. They share the same breeding habitats with predominance of one species over the other. The two species although distinct have small morphological differences and are taxonomically separated by certain wing characters. Hybridization between the two species was successful. Reciprocal crosses produced viable progeny which appeared to develop normally to adults. Hybridized females laid fewer viable eggs in comparison with the parents. The F1 hybrids resembled the litoralis parent in most characters. Backcrosses of both litoralis and sundaicus parents with the F1 hybrids yielded no eggs. F1 male hybrids were thus assumed to be sterile. The results obtained from cross matings between the two species suggested something more than subspecific status.", "PMID": 749225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7709", "title": "Lead concentrations in breast milk at various stages of lactation.", "content": "A total of 164 breast-milk samples from Thai mothers in different stages of lactation, from one day to over nine months postpartum, and 35 samples of infant milk formulas commercially available were analyzed for their lead concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean lead concentration in breast milk was 0.0846 +/- 0.0332 microgram per ml which is in the low range and is safe for infants, whereas the mean lead concentration in commercial infant mild formulas was 0.1587 +/- 0.0232 microgram per ml which can become a potential health hazard to infants.", "contents": "Lead concentrations in breast milk at various stages of lactation. A total of 164 breast-milk samples from Thai mothers in different stages of lactation, from one day to over nine months postpartum, and 35 samples of infant milk formulas commercially available were analyzed for their lead concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean lead concentration in breast milk was 0.0846 +/- 0.0332 microgram per ml which is in the low range and is safe for infants, whereas the mean lead concentration in commercial infant mild formulas was 0.1587 +/- 0.0232 microgram per ml which can become a potential health hazard to infants.", "PMID": 749227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7710", "title": "Teratologic evaluation of styrene given to rats and rabbits by inhalation or by gavage.", "content": "Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits inhaled 0, 300 or 600 ppm of styrene 7 h/day from days 6 through 15 (rats) and 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. Additional groups of rats were given styrene by gavage at dose levels of 0, 90 or 150 mg/kg twice daily (0, 180 or 300 mg/kg, respectively) from days 6 through 15 of gestation. Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity were not evident in rats or rabbits inhaling styrene or in rats given the compound orally. Maternal effects (decreased body weight gain and decreased food consumption) were noted in all groups of rats given styrene but none were observed in rabbits. No teratogenic effect was detected in either species inhaling styrene or in rats given styrene by gavage.", "contents": "Teratologic evaluation of styrene given to rats and rabbits by inhalation or by gavage. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits inhaled 0, 300 or 600 ppm of styrene 7 h/day from days 6 through 15 (rats) and 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. Additional groups of rats were given styrene by gavage at dose levels of 0, 90 or 150 mg/kg twice daily (0, 180 or 300 mg/kg, respectively) from days 6 through 15 of gestation. Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity were not evident in rats or rabbits inhaling styrene or in rats given the compound orally. Maternal effects (decreased body weight gain and decreased food consumption) were noted in all groups of rats given styrene but none were observed in rabbits. No teratogenic effect was detected in either species inhaling styrene or in rats given styrene by gavage.", "PMID": 749271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7711", "title": "The effects of paraquat on prostaglandin synthesis of guinea pig lungs.", "content": "The effects of paraquat treatment (10 mg/kg i.p.) on the prostaglandin synthesizing ability of guinea pig lungs were examined in the present study. It was observed that paraquat-treated animals, as compared to controls, had a significantly reduced ability to synthesize PGF2 alpha and \"PGE2\" at 24 and 48 h after the treatment. Paraquat, however, failed to have any effect on prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. A decrease in the ability of prostaglandin synthesis in paraquat-treated guinea pig lung was attributed possibly to a decrease in the amount of lung microsomal protein.", "contents": "The effects of paraquat on prostaglandin synthesis of guinea pig lungs. The effects of paraquat treatment (10 mg/kg i.p.) on the prostaglandin synthesizing ability of guinea pig lungs were examined in the present study. It was observed that paraquat-treated animals, as compared to controls, had a significantly reduced ability to synthesize PGF2 alpha and \"PGE2\" at 24 and 48 h after the treatment. Paraquat, however, failed to have any effect on prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. A decrease in the ability of prostaglandin synthesis in paraquat-treated guinea pig lung was attributed possibly to a decrease in the amount of lung microsomal protein.", "PMID": 749272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7712", "title": "Protective role of ascorbic acid in fishes exposed to organochlorine pollution.", "content": "Protective role of ascorbic acid on the toxic effect of aldrin pollution in an air-breathing fish Channa punctatus Bloch is reported. Fishes fed with aldrin mixed diet at 0.25% showed 25% mortality in 30 days. Mortality is preceded by certain changes in peripheral blood such as polycythemia and leucocytosis with increased thrombocyte but decreased neutrophil population. However, a massive dose of ascorbic acid (500 mg/100 g diet) was found to considerably neutralize the toxic effect as evidenced by 10-fold decrease in mortality and significantly lowered haematological response. The significance of these studies in the light of physiological role of ascorbic acid as a micronutrient for protection against pollution stress is discussed.", "contents": "Protective role of ascorbic acid in fishes exposed to organochlorine pollution. Protective role of ascorbic acid on the toxic effect of aldrin pollution in an air-breathing fish Channa punctatus Bloch is reported. Fishes fed with aldrin mixed diet at 0.25% showed 25% mortality in 30 days. Mortality is preceded by certain changes in peripheral blood such as polycythemia and leucocytosis with increased thrombocyte but decreased neutrophil population. However, a massive dose of ascorbic acid (500 mg/100 g diet) was found to considerably neutralize the toxic effect as evidenced by 10-fold decrease in mortality and significantly lowered haematological response. The significance of these studies in the light of physiological role of ascorbic acid as a micronutrient for protection against pollution stress is discussed.", "PMID": 749273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7713", "title": "Urinary catecholamine excretion and blood sugar response during acute poisonings with dinitrobenzenes.", "content": "Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.015 mmol of p-dinitrobenzene/kg, 0.15 mmol of m-dinitrobenzene/kg and 0.45 mmol of o-dinitrobenzene/kg body wt. The dinitrobenzenes induced methaemoglobin concentrations of 86%, 60% and 49%, respectively, as well as increases of urinary catecholamine excretion and blood sugar concentration. Due to hyperglycaemia the glycolysis may be stimulated as mechanism for energy production in methaemoglobin-induced oxygen deficiency and as mechanism for reduction of methaemoglobin, that means as responses favouring survival after poisoning.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamine excretion and blood sugar response during acute poisonings with dinitrobenzenes. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.015 mmol of p-dinitrobenzene/kg, 0.15 mmol of m-dinitrobenzene/kg and 0.45 mmol of o-dinitrobenzene/kg body wt. The dinitrobenzenes induced methaemoglobin concentrations of 86%, 60% and 49%, respectively, as well as increases of urinary catecholamine excretion and blood sugar concentration. Due to hyperglycaemia the glycolysis may be stimulated as mechanism for energy production in methaemoglobin-induced oxygen deficiency and as mechanism for reduction of methaemoglobin, that means as responses favouring survival after poisoning.", "PMID": 749274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7714", "title": "Interaction of endosulfan and metepa in rats.", "content": "Repeated administration of endosulfan or metepa or their mixture did not induce any significant histological changes in the organs examined in male rats. Similarly, the activity of different enzymes assayed here showed no significant alterations. The level of endosulfan did not differ significantly in presence or absence of metepa in the samples of blood, brain, fatty tissue, kidney, liver and testis. The observations do not suggest any kind of additive or antagonistic effects or potentiation of each compound in presence of the other, at the doses and duration studied in male rats.", "contents": "Interaction of endosulfan and metepa in rats. Repeated administration of endosulfan or metepa or their mixture did not induce any significant histological changes in the organs examined in male rats. Similarly, the activity of different enzymes assayed here showed no significant alterations. The level of endosulfan did not differ significantly in presence or absence of metepa in the samples of blood, brain, fatty tissue, kidney, liver and testis. The observations do not suggest any kind of additive or antagonistic effects or potentiation of each compound in presence of the other, at the doses and duration studied in male rats.", "PMID": 749275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7715", "title": "Arthropod-borne virus infections in Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya): a serological retrospection.", "content": "A serological investigation, covering many localities throughout Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya) in 1958-1961 showed that: A general endemicity of arbovirus infections rather than sporadic epidemics, exists in the southern lowlands--large differences exist in geographical distribution of these viruses especially when comparing coastal areas of the southern, with those of the northern and north western parts of the island--in both arbovirus groups noticeable differences in altitude were observed corresponding with the epidemiology of malaria in Irian Jaya--in one locality there was a specific virus prevalence, notably Sindbis virus, within a group--historical and serological evidence suggests that antibody detected to Dengue 2 virus, merely in adult humans, in the coastal area was due to exposure before migration from Indonesia to New Guinea--comparable results were archieved with similar surveys by other workers in Papuan New Guinea and Northern Queensland.", "contents": "Arthropod-borne virus infections in Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya): a serological retrospection. A serological investigation, covering many localities throughout Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya) in 1958-1961 showed that: A general endemicity of arbovirus infections rather than sporadic epidemics, exists in the southern lowlands--large differences exist in geographical distribution of these viruses especially when comparing coastal areas of the southern, with those of the northern and north western parts of the island--in both arbovirus groups noticeable differences in altitude were observed corresponding with the epidemiology of malaria in Irian Jaya--in one locality there was a specific virus prevalence, notably Sindbis virus, within a group--historical and serological evidence suggests that antibody detected to Dengue 2 virus, merely in adult humans, in the coastal area was due to exposure before migration from Indonesia to New Guinea--comparable results were archieved with similar surveys by other workers in Papuan New Guinea and Northern Queensland.", "PMID": 749276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7716", "title": "Endemic goitre in  Kenya: the pattern of iodine excretion.", "content": "A national random sample survey of iodine excretion among primary schoolchildren in Kenya was carried out in 1974/75, in order to monitor the endemic goitre situation and its control more accurately and to gain more insight in the geographical distribution of iodine deficiency in the country. Urine samples were collected in 59 randomly chosen primary schools in 32 districts from which the individual iodine/creatinine ratios were determined. The results are analysed and presented per school, per district and per province, showing areas of normal, moderate and low iodine intake, and latter coinciding with the known goitre areas in Kenya. Although some doubts have been cast on the methods used in this survey and the consequent reliability of its conclusions, the authors consider its publication yet justified.", "contents": "Endemic goitre in  Kenya: the pattern of iodine excretion. A national random sample survey of iodine excretion among primary schoolchildren in Kenya was carried out in 1974/75, in order to monitor the endemic goitre situation and its control more accurately and to gain more insight in the geographical distribution of iodine deficiency in the country. Urine samples were collected in 59 randomly chosen primary schools in 32 districts from which the individual iodine/creatinine ratios were determined. The results are analysed and presented per school, per district and per province, showing areas of normal, moderate and low iodine intake, and latter coinciding with the known goitre areas in Kenya. Although some doubts have been cast on the methods used in this survey and the consequent reliability of its conclusions, the authors consider its publication yet justified.", "PMID": 749277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7717", "title": "Diabetes and its vascular complications in Malaysia.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-two newly diagnosed Asian diabetic patients (39  Malay, 30 Chinese and 63 Indians) have been studied in Kuala Lumpur. The highest proportion of diabetic patients were Indian and the lowest were Chinese. Vascular complications were equally common in Asian diabetic patients as in Europeans; coronary heart disease was relatively more common in Indians and cerebral vascular disease in Chinese. Twenty percent of all Asian diabetic patients requiring admission to hospital also had coronary heart disease, 9% had cerebral vascular disease and 8% had gangrene or ulceration of the feet. In Kuala Lumpur, diabetes is a very important risk factor for coronary heart disease: 17% of all patients admitted to the General Hospital with coronary heart disease were already diabetic.", "contents": "Diabetes and its vascular complications in Malaysia. One hundred and thirty-two newly diagnosed Asian diabetic patients (39  Malay, 30 Chinese and 63 Indians) have been studied in Kuala Lumpur. The highest proportion of diabetic patients were Indian and the lowest were Chinese. Vascular complications were equally common in Asian diabetic patients as in Europeans; coronary heart disease was relatively more common in Indians and cerebral vascular disease in Chinese. Twenty percent of all Asian diabetic patients requiring admission to hospital also had coronary heart disease, 9% had cerebral vascular disease and 8% had gangrene or ulceration of the feet. In Kuala Lumpur, diabetes is a very important risk factor for coronary heart disease: 17% of all patients admitted to the General Hospital with coronary heart disease were already diabetic.", "PMID": 749278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7718", "title": "Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in Nigeria.", "content": "Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis formed less than a quarter of the 125 consecutive cases of osteomyelitis seen by the authors and followed up for a minimum of six months and an average of one year and four months. Of the twenty-nine cases of acute osteomyelitis a third occurred in patients with normal haemoglobin genotype (AA); a third of homozygous S disease (SS disease) and sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC disease); a quarter in sickle cell trait (AS) and haemoglobin AC trait, while in the remaining cases the haemoglobin genotype was not known. The sex incidence was equal, and children aged 1 to 15 years predominated. Most patients presented late with florid disease. Gram negative bone infection and multiple, entire diaphysial involvement were significantly commoner in SS and SC disease than in the other haemoglobin genotype. There was a high incidence of resistance of the infecting organisms to the commonly available antibiotics. Treatment was mostly conservative. There were no deaths, but the incidence and severity of complications were quite high. The significance of these results are discussed and the need for establishing the sensitivity of the infecting organism in every case and for early surgical exploration in non-sicklers are stressed.", "contents": "Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in Nigeria. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis formed less than a quarter of the 125 consecutive cases of osteomyelitis seen by the authors and followed up for a minimum of six months and an average of one year and four months. Of the twenty-nine cases of acute osteomyelitis a third occurred in patients with normal haemoglobin genotype (AA); a third of homozygous S disease (SS disease) and sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC disease); a quarter in sickle cell trait (AS) and haemoglobin AC trait, while in the remaining cases the haemoglobin genotype was not known. The sex incidence was equal, and children aged 1 to 15 years predominated. Most patients presented late with florid disease. Gram negative bone infection and multiple, entire diaphysial involvement were significantly commoner in SS and SC disease than in the other haemoglobin genotype. There was a high incidence of resistance of the infecting organisms to the commonly available antibiotics. Treatment was mostly conservative. There were no deaths, but the incidence and severity of complications were quite high. The significance of these results are discussed and the need for establishing the sensitivity of the infecting organism in every case and for early surgical exploration in non-sicklers are stressed.", "PMID": 749279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7719", "title": "Geographical distribution of Burkitt's lymphoma in Nigeria.", "content": "Eight hundred and eighty cases of Burkitt's lymphoma recorded in the Cancer Registry, University College Hospital (U.C.H.) Ibadan during a fifteen-year period (1961-1975) were reviewed. The geographical locations ascertained represent 87 cities or towns. No case of Burkitt's lymphoma has been reported from areas above latitude 11 degrees north of the equator which are essentially desert areas. There is no explanation for the yearly and monthly variations in the number of cases reported. A case-detection programme probably will give a true picture of the geographical distribution of the disease including possible 'clustering of cases in space and time'.", "contents": "Geographical distribution of Burkitt's lymphoma in Nigeria. Eight hundred and eighty cases of Burkitt's lymphoma recorded in the Cancer Registry, University College Hospital (U.C.H.) Ibadan during a fifteen-year period (1961-1975) were reviewed. The geographical locations ascertained represent 87 cities or towns. No case of Burkitt's lymphoma has been reported from areas above latitude 11 degrees north of the equator which are essentially desert areas. There is no explanation for the yearly and monthly variations in the number of cases reported. A case-detection programme probably will give a true picture of the geographical distribution of the disease including possible 'clustering of cases in space and time'.", "PMID": 749280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7720", "title": "Sarcoidosis in Africans.", "content": "Four cases of sarcoidosis seen within ten months in Nigerians by the author are reported. The clinical picture did not differ from those described in temperate countries. Histological confirmation was obtained in all the cases. The rarity of this disease among Africans as reported in the literature might be more apparent than real.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in Africans. Four cases of sarcoidosis seen within ten months in Nigerians by the author are reported. The clinical picture did not differ from those described in temperate countries. Histological confirmation was obtained in all the cases. The rarity of this disease among Africans as reported in the literature might be more apparent than real.", "PMID": 749281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7721", "title": "Pulmonary function studies in sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "Pulmonary studies including the measurements of single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL); Forced Vital Capacity (FVC); Residual Volume (RV) and Total Lung Capacity (TLC) were carried out in forty normal subjects; twelve patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia and five patients with iron deficiency anaemia due to hookworm infestation. Normal subjects had a mean haemoglobin content of 13.4 g per 100 ml and a mean DL value of 28 ml/min/mmHg. In the patients with hookworm anaemia, the mean haemoglobin was 4.9 g per 100 ml while the mean DL value was 9 ml/min per mmHg. Patients with sickle cell anaemia had a mean haemoglobin content of 6.2 g/100 ml yet the mean DL value was 20 ml/min per mmHg. The study showed that patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia have a disproportionately high DL value in the presence of severe anaemia which might be due to a chronically expanded pulmonary capillary blood volume as a compensatory mechanism to maintain an appropriate level of DL.", "contents": "Pulmonary function studies in sickle cell anaemia. Pulmonary studies including the measurements of single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL); Forced Vital Capacity (FVC); Residual Volume (RV) and Total Lung Capacity (TLC) were carried out in forty normal subjects; twelve patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia and five patients with iron deficiency anaemia due to hookworm infestation. Normal subjects had a mean haemoglobin content of 13.4 g per 100 ml and a mean DL value of 28 ml/min/mmHg. In the patients with hookworm anaemia, the mean haemoglobin was 4.9 g per 100 ml while the mean DL value was 9 ml/min per mmHg. Patients with sickle cell anaemia had a mean haemoglobin content of 6.2 g/100 ml yet the mean DL value was 20 ml/min per mmHg. The study showed that patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia have a disproportionately high DL value in the presence of severe anaemia which might be due to a chronically expanded pulmonary capillary blood volume as a compensatory mechanism to maintain an appropriate level of DL.", "PMID": 749282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7722", "title": "The rarity of urinary calculus in Nigeria.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of urinary calculous disease has been carried out in Nigeria. This involved the use of questionnaires, personal interview of doctors and clinical and autopsy reviews in several large medical centres in the country. It is evident that urinary calculi are rare among Nigerians in spite of the high temperature and high carbohydrate diet. There does not appear to be any particular tribe or geographical location that is more predisposed to stone formation than the others. It is possible that the low calcium content of Nigerian waters, the minimal consumption of dairy products, the physically active life and some other unknown factors protect Nigerians against urinary calculus formation.", "contents": "The rarity of urinary calculus in Nigeria. An epidemiological survey of urinary calculous disease has been carried out in Nigeria. This involved the use of questionnaires, personal interview of doctors and clinical and autopsy reviews in several large medical centres in the country. It is evident that urinary calculi are rare among Nigerians in spite of the high temperature and high carbohydrate diet. There does not appear to be any particular tribe or geographical location that is more predisposed to stone formation than the others. It is possible that the low calcium content of Nigerian waters, the minimal consumption of dairy products, the physically active life and some other unknown factors protect Nigerians against urinary calculus formation.", "PMID": 749283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7723", "title": "Simple gastric lavage cytology in carcinoma stomach; its relevance to developing countries.", "content": "Fifty patients suffering from stomach carcinoma and other non-malignant abdominal disorders, comprising the study group and the control group respectively, were subjected to simple saline lavage for obtaining exfoliated cells from the gastric mucosa. A positive cytological diagnosis was made in 40% cases of carcinoma stomach while the control group gave only 5% false postive results.", "contents": "Simple gastric lavage cytology in carcinoma stomach; its relevance to developing countries. Fifty patients suffering from stomach carcinoma and other non-malignant abdominal disorders, comprising the study group and the control group respectively, were subjected to simple saline lavage for obtaining exfoliated cells from the gastric mucosa. A positive cytological diagnosis was made in 40% cases of carcinoma stomach while the control group gave only 5% false postive results.", "PMID": 749284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7724", "title": "Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate during lactation.", "content": "Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were determined in lactating Ghanaian women up to the twelfth month after delivery. The mean serum calcium and magnesium were found to be very significantly lower than the corresponding means of non-lactating non-pregnant women, although most of the serum calcium and magnesium values of the lactating women were within the normal ranges. The changes in serum calcium concentrations were not accounted for by the levels of serum albumin. There was only a slightly significant reduction in the serum inorganic phosphate concentrations of the lactating women.", "contents": "Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate during lactation. Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were determined in lactating Ghanaian women up to the twelfth month after delivery. The mean serum calcium and magnesium were found to be very significantly lower than the corresponding means of non-lactating non-pregnant women, although most of the serum calcium and magnesium values of the lactating women were within the normal ranges. The changes in serum calcium concentrations were not accounted for by the levels of serum albumin. There was only a slightly significant reduction in the serum inorganic phosphate concentrations of the lactating women.", "PMID": 749286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7725", "title": "Fly borne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta.", "content": "V. parahaemolyticus has been detected from flies in all months of the year in Calcutta. The mean percentage of isolation is: housefly 14.1, blue bottle fly 18.5, external washing 10.1, viscera 22.6, flies of sweet shops 9.7 and those from fish market 22.7. Flies revealed higher (4.4%) isolation of Kanagawa postive V. parahaemolyticus strains than those of water and fish specimens (0.8%) studied previously. Strains negative to Kanagawa test but simulating enteropathogenic serotypes are recorded in 8.0% isolates. Possibility of fly borne contamination from the sources like human faeces, sewage and fish is discussed.", "contents": "Fly borne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta. V. parahaemolyticus has been detected from flies in all months of the year in Calcutta. The mean percentage of isolation is: housefly 14.1, blue bottle fly 18.5, external washing 10.1, viscera 22.6, flies of sweet shops 9.7 and those from fish market 22.7. Flies revealed higher (4.4%) isolation of Kanagawa postive V. parahaemolyticus strains than those of water and fish specimens (0.8%) studied previously. Strains negative to Kanagawa test but simulating enteropathogenic serotypes are recorded in 8.0% isolates. Possibility of fly borne contamination from the sources like human faeces, sewage and fish is discussed.", "PMID": 749287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7726", "title": "Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. X. Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza A (H3N2) and influenza B virus in sera from children living in the Machakos District of Kenya.", "content": "In the framework of the Machakos Project bloodcollections from random samples of children under 5 years of age and living in a rural area of Kenya were done with regular intervals, Serum samples of two collections were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza A and B viruses. The children had been exposed to the Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus or its variants during one, two or three episodes of circulation and probably to only one epidosde of B/Hong Kong/8/73 virus. The results can be explained by the assumption that 30-40 percent of non-immune children were infected per epidosde of exposure to influenza A and not more than 12 percent per episode of influenza B circulation.", "contents": "Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. X. Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza A (H3N2) and influenza B virus in sera from children living in the Machakos District of Kenya. In the framework of the Machakos Project bloodcollections from random samples of children under 5 years of age and living in a rural area of Kenya were done with regular intervals, Serum samples of two collections were tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza A and B viruses. The children had been exposed to the Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus or its variants during one, two or three episodes of circulation and probably to only one epidosde of B/Hong Kong/8/73 virus. The results can be explained by the assumption that 30-40 percent of non-immune children were infected per epidosde of exposure to influenza A and not more than 12 percent per episode of influenza B circulation.", "PMID": 749289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7727", "title": "Two new leptospira serovars belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup.", "content": "Two new serovars in the leptospira Hebdomadis serogroup are described following parallel investigations by the \"classical\" comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar names nyanza with reference strain Kibos and dikkeni with reference strain Mannuthi are proposed.", "contents": "Two new leptospira serovars belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup. Two new serovars in the leptospira Hebdomadis serogroup are described following parallel investigations by the \"classical\" comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar names nyanza with reference strain Kibos and dikkeni with reference strain Mannuthi are proposed.", "PMID": 749290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7728", "title": "[Proteolysis intensification during influenza virus interaction with plasma membrane of sensitive cells].", "content": "The possibility of the proteolotic enzymes incorporation into the viral particle and the changes in proteolysis during interaction of the purified influenza virus (A2 Hong-Kong (1)68) with isolated plasmatic membranes of the mice lungs were studied. The presence of trypsin-like protease in the purified influenza virion was found. It is established that proteolysis intensifies during a short-term interaction of the isolated plasmatic membranes with the influenza virus.", "contents": "[Proteolysis intensification during influenza virus interaction with plasma membrane of sensitive cells]. The possibility of the proteolotic enzymes incorporation into the viral particle and the changes in proteolysis during interaction of the purified influenza virus (A2 Hong-Kong (1)68) with isolated plasmatic membranes of the mice lungs were studied. The presence of trypsin-like protease in the purified influenza virion was found. It is established that proteolysis intensifies during a short-term interaction of the isolated plasmatic membranes with the influenza virus.", "PMID": 749293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7729", "title": "[Changes in mitochondria energy function under the effect of eserine and picrotoxin].", "content": "Intoxication caused by intramuscular injection of picrotoxin and eserine (5 and 10 mg/kg) to albino rats is found to increase the degree of coupling of oxidation to phosphorylation and the rate of succinate oxidation. The conclusion may be drawn that the reaction of the oxidative phosphorylation system to the injection of the above pharmacological agents is not specific but reflects the compensatory shift in the microchondria functioning in response to hypoxia and seizures accompanying the intoxication.", "contents": "[Changes in mitochondria energy function under the effect of eserine and picrotoxin]. Intoxication caused by intramuscular injection of picrotoxin and eserine (5 and 10 mg/kg) to albino rats is found to increase the degree of coupling of oxidation to phosphorylation and the rate of succinate oxidation. The conclusion may be drawn that the reaction of the oxidative phosphorylation system to the injection of the above pharmacological agents is not specific but reflects the compensatory shift in the microchondria functioning in response to hypoxia and seizures accompanying the intoxication.", "PMID": 749294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7730", "title": "[Peculiarities of alkyl tin effects on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation were studied as affected by tinalkyls. It is shown that all of them inhibit effectively respiration of the rat liver mitochondria. The action of bis(tributyl tin)oxide and dibutyl diisooctyl thioglycolate tin on the mitochondria in a state of dissociation is localized in the terminal step of the respiration chain. The other alkyls act in the site located before cytocrome c. The effect of bis (tributyl tin) oxide on both the ADP-activated respiration and DNP-activated ATPase of intact mitochondria is similar to that of oligomycin. These effects might be explained by the presence two electrophilic centres in a molecule of this compound.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of alkyl tin effects on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria]. Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation were studied as affected by tinalkyls. It is shown that all of them inhibit effectively respiration of the rat liver mitochondria. The action of bis(tributyl tin)oxide and dibutyl diisooctyl thioglycolate tin on the mitochondria in a state of dissociation is localized in the terminal step of the respiration chain. The other alkyls act in the site located before cytocrome c. The effect of bis (tributyl tin) oxide on both the ADP-activated respiration and DNP-activated ATPase of intact mitochondria is similar to that of oligomycin. These effects might be explained by the presence two electrophilic centres in a molecule of this compound.", "PMID": 749295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7731", "title": "[Free amino acid content of tissues of rats which prefer either water or ethanol solutions].", "content": "The content of free amino acids is determined in tissue of rats which prefer either water or 5% water solution of ethanol. The rats which prefer ethanol have a higher content of taurine, threonine and urea in the liver, a larger amount of lysine and beta-aminobutyrate in the brain, less of ornithine in blood plasm and a larger amount of taurine, aspartate and urea in urine. Significant differences are supposed to be in the amino acids metabolism in rats which prefer either water or ethanol.", "contents": "[Free amino acid content of tissues of rats which prefer either water or ethanol solutions]. The content of free amino acids is determined in tissue of rats which prefer either water or 5% water solution of ethanol. The rats which prefer ethanol have a higher content of taurine, threonine and urea in the liver, a larger amount of lysine and beta-aminobutyrate in the brain, less of ornithine in blood plasm and a larger amount of taurine, aspartate and urea in urine. Significant differences are supposed to be in the amino acids metabolism in rats which prefer either water or ethanol.", "PMID": 749296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7732", "title": "[Squalene and sterols of rat stomach tissue and the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on their content].", "content": "The contents of squalene, free and esterified sterols (metastenol, lathosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, cholesterol) in tissues of the rat esophageal and glandular stomach were studied in normalcy and under the effect of acetyl salicylic acid. The tissue of different stomach regions differs in the content of squalene, free and esterified sterols. Under the effect of acetyl salicylic acid the content of squalene and free sterols in tissues of the both stomach regions lowers. The amount of esterified sterols rises in the tissue of glandular stomach and lowers in the tissue of esophageal region. The data obtained are discussed taking into account the function of sterols in biological membranes.", "contents": "[Squalene and sterols of rat stomach tissue and the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on their content]. The contents of squalene, free and esterified sterols (metastenol, lathosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, cholesterol) in tissues of the rat esophageal and glandular stomach were studied in normalcy and under the effect of acetyl salicylic acid. The tissue of different stomach regions differs in the content of squalene, free and esterified sterols. Under the effect of acetyl salicylic acid the content of squalene and free sterols in tissues of the both stomach regions lowers. The amount of esterified sterols rises in the tissue of glandular stomach and lowers in the tissue of esophageal region. The data obtained are discussed taking into account the function of sterols in biological membranes.", "PMID": 749299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7733", "title": "[Simple technic for multiple small sample lyophilization].", "content": "This simple and easily reproducible technique does not pretend to be new in principle but is still very convenient for drying numerous samples. The advantage of the technique is based on preliminary sample freezing just before dessication. The tubes must be sealed with needle punctured cellophane to avoid the samples squeezing out by ice-entraped air bubbles. This approach is especially convenient for protein structure investigations when it is necessary to dry and accumulate peptides from the maps on high-voltage electrophoresis and chromatography. In a 1.5-litre dessicator some 20 ml of sample can be dried out without reloading.", "contents": "[Simple technic for multiple small sample lyophilization]. This simple and easily reproducible technique does not pretend to be new in principle but is still very convenient for drying numerous samples. The advantage of the technique is based on preliminary sample freezing just before dessication. The tubes must be sealed with needle punctured cellophane to avoid the samples squeezing out by ice-entraped air bubbles. This approach is especially convenient for protein structure investigations when it is necessary to dry and accumulate peptides from the maps on high-voltage electrophoresis and chromatography. In a 1.5-litre dessicator some 20 ml of sample can be dried out without reloading.", "PMID": 749300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7734", "title": "[Characteristics of energy metabolism in tissues of edible frog in different seasons].", "content": "The lowest content of glycogen (2540 mg%) in the vigil frog liver tissue is found in March, soon after hibernation, the maximum content (8000 mg%) is marked in November, before hibernation. In autumn the highest level of nonesterified fatty acids is observed in blood (0.33 muequiv./ml), that of creatine phosphate (64.3 mg%) and ATP (66.6 mg%) in the brain tissues. In December-January, in the period of a week an one-and-a-half month hibernation (2-4 degrees C) the content of glycogen in the liver is 5.5-3.2 times as low, in the brain tissues and femur muscles it increases. The content of glucose in the liver, blood, muscles (but not in the brain) also increase; the level of fatty acids in blood lowers slightly. The content of macroergic phosphates in the brain tissues becomes 5.4-2.1 times as low. Awakening does not lead to a decrease in the content of glycogen in the tissues, the content of fatty acids increased by 110%.", "contents": "[Characteristics of energy metabolism in tissues of edible frog in different seasons]. The lowest content of glycogen (2540 mg%) in the vigil frog liver tissue is found in March, soon after hibernation, the maximum content (8000 mg%) is marked in November, before hibernation. In autumn the highest level of nonesterified fatty acids is observed in blood (0.33 muequiv./ml), that of creatine phosphate (64.3 mg%) and ATP (66.6 mg%) in the brain tissues. In December-January, in the period of a week an one-and-a-half month hibernation (2-4 degrees C) the content of glycogen in the liver is 5.5-3.2 times as low, in the brain tissues and femur muscles it increases. The content of glucose in the liver, blood, muscles (but not in the brain) also increase; the level of fatty acids in blood lowers slightly. The content of macroergic phosphates in the brain tissues becomes 5.4-2.1 times as low. Awakening does not lead to a decrease in the content of glycogen in the tissues, the content of fatty acids increased by 110%.", "PMID": 749297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7735", "title": "[Blood glycoprotein composition of thyroidectomized rats in the presence of L-thyroxine].", "content": "The effect of L-thyroxin on the content of different glycoproteid components in blood serum was studied in thyroidectomized albino male rats. Changes in this index connected with the absence of thyroid hormones in the organism of thyroidectomized rats may be removed by means of the mentioned hormone. The dose and period of its application should be taken into account. The normal content of the glycoproteid components in blood may be completely restored by applying L-thyroxin in small doses for 48 days, in average doses for 36 days and in large doses for 24 days.", "contents": "[Blood glycoprotein composition of thyroidectomized rats in the presence of L-thyroxine]. The effect of L-thyroxin on the content of different glycoproteid components in blood serum was studied in thyroidectomized albino male rats. Changes in this index connected with the absence of thyroid hormones in the organism of thyroidectomized rats may be removed by means of the mentioned hormone. The dose and period of its application should be taken into account. The normal content of the glycoproteid components in blood may be completely restored by applying L-thyroxin in small doses for 48 days, in average doses for 36 days and in large doses for 24 days.", "PMID": 749298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7736", "title": "Definition of a seasonal infertility problem in pigs.", "content": "A summer infertility problem was investigated on a large intensive piggery in a warm temperate climatic zone in Eastern Australia. The period of infertility correlates with the period of summer heat stress. The infertility problem was manifest as a delayed return of sows to oestrus after mating and an increase in the number of sows found non-pregnant when due to farrow. Litter size was apparently not adversely affected. Gilts and first parity sows were most frequently involved. The subsequent breeding performance of sows affected by this infertility problem was quite normal. There was no apparent effect of heat stress on the boars. It is proposed that the infertility is caused by heat stress imposed more than seven days after mating causing whole litter loss and the return of the sow to oestrus.", "contents": "Definition of a seasonal infertility problem in pigs. A summer infertility problem was investigated on a large intensive piggery in a warm temperate climatic zone in Eastern Australia. The period of infertility correlates with the period of summer heat stress. The infertility problem was manifest as a delayed return of sows to oestrus after mating and an increase in the number of sows found non-pregnant when due to farrow. Litter size was apparently not adversely affected. Gilts and first parity sows were most frequently involved. The subsequent breeding performance of sows affected by this infertility problem was quite normal. There was no apparent effect of heat stress on the boars. It is proposed that the infertility is caused by heat stress imposed more than seven days after mating causing whole litter loss and the return of the sow to oestrus.", "PMID": 749312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7737", "title": "Antigens associated with canine spontaneous mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Soluble proteins were prepared from canine spontaneous mammary carcinoma (CSMC) cells by extraction with 3M KCl or limited hydrolysis of isolated cell membranes with papain. These preparations were assayed for tumour-associated antigens by inhibition of fully absorbed rabbit antisera. Organ-specific reactivity was demonstrated and antigenic specificity indicated the possible involvement of fetal components. Exclusion chromatography showed that antigenic activity was associated with macromolecules of different sizes in each of the protein preparations which allowed partial purification of tumour-associated antigens. Antigens were also prepared from circulating immune complexes in the serum of tumour-bearing animals. These studies provide a basis for the development of serological markers of malignancy in CSMC.", "contents": "Antigens associated with canine spontaneous mammary carcinoma. Soluble proteins were prepared from canine spontaneous mammary carcinoma (CSMC) cells by extraction with 3M KCl or limited hydrolysis of isolated cell membranes with papain. These preparations were assayed for tumour-associated antigens by inhibition of fully absorbed rabbit antisera. Organ-specific reactivity was demonstrated and antigenic specificity indicated the possible involvement of fetal components. Exclusion chromatography showed that antigenic activity was associated with macromolecules of different sizes in each of the protein preparations which allowed partial purification of tumour-associated antigens. Antigens were also prepared from circulating immune complexes in the serum of tumour-bearing animals. These studies provide a basis for the development of serological markers of malignancy in CSMC.", "PMID": 749311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7738", "title": "Transcervical transfer of bovine embryos.", "content": "Six-to nine-day-old embryos collected either surgically or nonsurgically from superovulated donor cows were transferred transcervically to recipient cows. Polyethylene tubes and plastic insemination pipettes were used to transfer the embryos. When embryos were transferred under controlled conditions (laboratory transfer) to 12 recipients, 10 (83.3 per cent) and eight (66.7 per cent) were tested pregnant at 45 and 90 days after transfer respectively. When transfers were made to 12 recipients under field conditions (paddock transfer), nine (75 per cent) and five (41.7 per cent) were tested pregnant at 45 and 90 days after transfer respectively. The difference in pregnancy rates between laboratory and paddock transfers was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Transcervical transfer of bovine embryos. Six-to nine-day-old embryos collected either surgically or nonsurgically from superovulated donor cows were transferred transcervically to recipient cows. Polyethylene tubes and plastic insemination pipettes were used to transfer the embryos. When embryos were transferred under controlled conditions (laboratory transfer) to 12 recipients, 10 (83.3 per cent) and eight (66.7 per cent) were tested pregnant at 45 and 90 days after transfer respectively. When transfers were made to 12 recipients under field conditions (paddock transfer), nine (75 per cent) and five (41.7 per cent) were tested pregnant at 45 and 90 days after transfer respectively. The difference in pregnancy rates between laboratory and paddock transfers was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 749319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7739", "title": "Diseases of chelonians: (2) necropsy survey of terrapins and turtles.", "content": "A total of 122 terrapins (freshwater chelonians) of 36 species and seven turtles (marine chelonians) represented by three species, all of which had died in captivity, were necropsied. In terrapins, bacterial infections were a common cause of death (15.5 per cent). Although salmonella infections appear to be less common in Great Britain than in the USA, terrapins are a potentially important source of infection to humans. Fungal infections amounted to only 3.3 per cent. Nutritional disorders, especially hypovitaminosis A and osteodystrophies, were common (19.7 per cent), particularly in pets. Parasitism appeared to be less prevalent than in tortoises. Nematodes were found in 18.9 per cent. No other helminths were found. Protozoan infections amounted to at least 33.6 per cent, but most protozoa are seldom pathogenic. In 33.6 per cent of cases, no diagnosis was made. Bacterial and fungal diseases were diagnosed in turtles.", "contents": "Diseases of chelonians: (2) necropsy survey of terrapins and turtles. A total of 122 terrapins (freshwater chelonians) of 36 species and seven turtles (marine chelonians) represented by three species, all of which had died in captivity, were necropsied. In terrapins, bacterial infections were a common cause of death (15.5 per cent). Although salmonella infections appear to be less common in Great Britain than in the USA, terrapins are a potentially important source of infection to humans. Fungal infections amounted to only 3.3 per cent. Nutritional disorders, especially hypovitaminosis A and osteodystrophies, were common (19.7 per cent), particularly in pets. Parasitism appeared to be less prevalent than in tortoises. Nematodes were found in 18.9 per cent. No other helminths were found. Protozoan infections amounted to at least 33.6 per cent, but most protozoa are seldom pathogenic. In 33.6 per cent of cases, no diagnosis was made. Bacterial and fungal diseases were diagnosed in turtles.", "PMID": 749320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7740", "title": "[Effect of freezing, high temperatures and drying on the eggs and larvae of Nematodirus spathiger Railliet, 1896].", "content": "A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the effect of freezing (--8 to --10 degrees C), high temperatures (15 to 20 degrees C, 26--28 degrees C, 36--37 degrees C, and 58--60 degrees C) on the eggs and larvae of N. spathiger in water, in a dry state, and in the faces. It was found under freezing the eggs retained their viability in water up to 260 days (5.4%), in a dry state up to 330 days (2.8%), and in the feces up to 373 days (5.3%). Embryonated eggs at --8 to --10 degrees C retained their viability up to 440 days. Infective larvae under freezing remained viable in water up to 150 days (4.6%), in a dry state up to 195 days (3.3%), and in the fecal mass up to 230 days (5.2%). Live larvae were detected in the fecal mass on the 450th day (4.6%) when kept at room temperature, on the 395th day (3.5%) at 26--28 degrees C, on the 186th day (5.5%) at 36--37 degrees C, and at the 180th minute (0.8%) at 58--60 degrees C. Frequent wetting and drying of larvae did not produce any unfavourable effect on their viability. A bioassay revealed that infective larvae frozen at --8 to --10 degrees C in the course of 150 days as well as dried at 15--20 degrees C for 166 days remained intact.", "contents": "[Effect of freezing, high temperatures and drying on the eggs and larvae of Nematodirus spathiger Railliet, 1896]. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the effect of freezing (--8 to --10 degrees C), high temperatures (15 to 20 degrees C, 26--28 degrees C, 36--37 degrees C, and 58--60 degrees C) on the eggs and larvae of N. spathiger in water, in a dry state, and in the faces. It was found under freezing the eggs retained their viability in water up to 260 days (5.4%), in a dry state up to 330 days (2.8%), and in the feces up to 373 days (5.3%). Embryonated eggs at --8 to --10 degrees C retained their viability up to 440 days. Infective larvae under freezing remained viable in water up to 150 days (4.6%), in a dry state up to 195 days (3.3%), and in the fecal mass up to 230 days (5.2%). Live larvae were detected in the fecal mass on the 450th day (4.6%) when kept at room temperature, on the 395th day (3.5%) at 26--28 degrees C, on the 186th day (5.5%) at 36--37 degrees C, and at the 180th minute (0.8%) at 58--60 degrees C. Frequent wetting and drying of larvae did not produce any unfavourable effect on their viability. A bioassay revealed that infective larvae frozen at --8 to --10 degrees C in the course of 150 days as well as dried at 15--20 degrees C for 166 days remained intact.", "PMID": 749324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7741", "title": "Serological study of ovine toxoplasmosis in Colombia: prevalence of haemagglutinating antibodies to toxoplasma in sheep.", "content": "A total of 1655 ovine sera from the six principal sheep rearing areas of Colombia were examined for toxoplasma antibodies using the indirect haemagglutination test. It was shown that 58 per cent of these samples had titres of 1/16 or greater. Seropositive animals were distributed throughout all the areas studied. The possible factors affecting the distribution of seropositive sheep in one of the areas are discussed.", "contents": "Serological study of ovine toxoplasmosis in Colombia: prevalence of haemagglutinating antibodies to toxoplasma in sheep. A total of 1655 ovine sera from the six principal sheep rearing areas of Colombia were examined for toxoplasma antibodies using the indirect haemagglutination test. It was shown that 58 per cent of these samples had titres of 1/16 or greater. Seropositive animals were distributed throughout all the areas studied. The possible factors affecting the distribution of seropositive sheep in one of the areas are discussed.", "PMID": 749321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7742", "title": "[Immune reactivity of piglets vaccinated at an early age with a live vaccine against erysipelas].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the immune response in pigs that had been treated at various intervals following birth with a live vaccine against erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The pigs originated from sows that had been vaccinated against the disease on the 80th day of pregnancy. Both biologic and morphologic investigation were performed. It was found that passive immunity protected the small pigs against an experimental infection up to the age of 45 days, inhibiting during this period being the action of the vaccine applied. The young pigs built up an active immunity against swine erysipelas after their vaccination at the age of 2 months, which protected them against control challenging, while the nonvaccinated animals reacted with a rise in temperature and reddening at the site of scarification. The morphologic studies confirmed the results of the biologic experiments.", "contents": "[Immune reactivity of piglets vaccinated at an early age with a live vaccine against erysipelas]. Studies were carried out on the immune response in pigs that had been treated at various intervals following birth with a live vaccine against erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The pigs originated from sows that had been vaccinated against the disease on the 80th day of pregnancy. Both biologic and morphologic investigation were performed. It was found that passive immunity protected the small pigs against an experimental infection up to the age of 45 days, inhibiting during this period being the action of the vaccine applied. The young pigs built up an active immunity against swine erysipelas after their vaccination at the age of 2 months, which protected them against control challenging, while the nonvaccinated animals reacted with a rise in temperature and reddening at the site of scarification. The morphologic studies confirmed the results of the biologic experiments.", "PMID": 749325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7743", "title": "[Live vaccine against salmonellosis in swine].", "content": "A live vaccine was produced against salmonellosis in pigs, using a mutant strain 3--297 of Salmonella cholerae suis. The vaccine proved fully innocuous at the rate of 1 cm3 to guinea pigs and at 2-5 ml to pigs, and 15 days following injection the vaccinal strains was no longer isolated from the test animals. Guinea pigs injected singly at the rate of 1cm3 of the vaccine and infected on the 12th day with a pathogenic Salmonella cholerae suis strain died up to 12 per cent (the control ones up to 91 per cent). Pigs vaccinated singly or twice at the rate of 2 cm3 and infected on the 20th day (i/v) with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella cholerae suis died up to 14 per cent (the control ones up to 80 per cent).", "contents": "[Live vaccine against salmonellosis in swine]. A live vaccine was produced against salmonellosis in pigs, using a mutant strain 3--297 of Salmonella cholerae suis. The vaccine proved fully innocuous at the rate of 1 cm3 to guinea pigs and at 2-5 ml to pigs, and 15 days following injection the vaccinal strains was no longer isolated from the test animals. Guinea pigs injected singly at the rate of 1cm3 of the vaccine and infected on the 12th day with a pathogenic Salmonella cholerae suis strain died up to 12 per cent (the control ones up to 91 per cent). Pigs vaccinated singly or twice at the rate of 2 cm3 and infected on the 20th day (i/v) with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella cholerae suis died up to 14 per cent (the control ones up to 80 per cent).", "PMID": 749326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7744", "title": "[Experiments with vaccination against infectious epididymitis in rams].", "content": "Two killed vaccines were produced, differing by the adjuvant used--a hydroxide one and an oil one--employing four strains of Brucella ovis. They were applied twice at an interval of 20 days to rams under experimental conditions as well as to rams in filed conditions. On the 45th day following vaccination the experimental rams were challenged with a virulent Brucella ovis strain. To determine the acquired resistance the rams were investigated after the complement-fixation test, hemagglutination reaction, and agar gel immunodiffusion as well as through clinical and bacteriological examination of sampled semen for the presence of bacteria. It was established that rams treated with an oil vaccine built up a solid immunity. The postvaccinal antibodies disappeared after the third month of vaccination. It is suggested to carry out vaccinations with rams of the infected flocks each 6 months. The infected animals can be identified by means of serologic examination three months following vaccination. Vaccination makes it possible to use valuable animals for a longer period, which, though infected are not hazardous in spreading the infection in the flock. A programme is referred to for the curing of flocks by means of vaccination applied to the intact rams and gradual elimination of the infected animals.", "contents": "[Experiments with vaccination against infectious epididymitis in rams]. Two killed vaccines were produced, differing by the adjuvant used--a hydroxide one and an oil one--employing four strains of Brucella ovis. They were applied twice at an interval of 20 days to rams under experimental conditions as well as to rams in filed conditions. On the 45th day following vaccination the experimental rams were challenged with a virulent Brucella ovis strain. To determine the acquired resistance the rams were investigated after the complement-fixation test, hemagglutination reaction, and agar gel immunodiffusion as well as through clinical and bacteriological examination of sampled semen for the presence of bacteria. It was established that rams treated with an oil vaccine built up a solid immunity. The postvaccinal antibodies disappeared after the third month of vaccination. It is suggested to carry out vaccinations with rams of the infected flocks each 6 months. The infected animals can be identified by means of serologic examination three months following vaccination. Vaccination makes it possible to use valuable animals for a longer period, which, though infected are not hazardous in spreading the infection in the flock. A programme is referred to for the curing of flocks by means of vaccination applied to the intact rams and gradual elimination of the infected animals.", "PMID": 749327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7745", "title": "[Comparative studies of the virulent and immunogenic properties of the Toxoplasma strains isolated from domestic animals].", "content": "Comparative investigations were carried out on the virulent and immunogenic properties of 5 cytogenic Toxoplasma strains (3 isolated from rabbits and 2--from fetuses of ewes that had miscarried). It was found that at shortening the interval of passage to 7--10 days and increasing the amount of the inoculate the virulence of the strains rose. Particularly virulent for albino mice proved the oocysts of T. gondii obtained after the feeding of kittens with cysts. The role was confirmed of Toxoplasma organisms in the etiology of abortions observed in experimentally infected guinea pigs and sheep. There were in the placenta and the brain of aborted fetuses characteristic histopathologic changes. Immunologic studies revealed that the isolated strains were immunologically identical.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the virulent and immunogenic properties of the Toxoplasma strains isolated from domestic animals]. Comparative investigations were carried out on the virulent and immunogenic properties of 5 cytogenic Toxoplasma strains (3 isolated from rabbits and 2--from fetuses of ewes that had miscarried). It was found that at shortening the interval of passage to 7--10 days and increasing the amount of the inoculate the virulence of the strains rose. Particularly virulent for albino mice proved the oocysts of T. gondii obtained after the feeding of kittens with cysts. The role was confirmed of Toxoplasma organisms in the etiology of abortions observed in experimentally infected guinea pigs and sheep. There were in the placenta and the brain of aborted fetuses characteristic histopathologic changes. Immunologic studies revealed that the isolated strains were immunologically identical.", "PMID": 749328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7746", "title": "[Respiratory enzootics in sheep caused by Pasteurella haemolytica].", "content": "Bacteriologically in 25 per cent of the materials taken from lambs, weaned lambs, and adult sheep Pasteurella haemolytica was invariably isolated. Serologic typing revealed that serotypes A2 and A6 were mostly widespread. The remaining serotypes proved to be encountered. Widely occurring were likewise the carriers of Pasteurella haemolytica both among the diseased animals and among the normal contacts--30 and 6 per cent, respectively. The serotype of the isolated strains (swab samples) was shown to be identical with the serotype of the strains isolated from pathologic materials on the same farm. This spoke of the symptomless existence of the infection in the flock and the important part played by such stress factors as movement, transportation, etc. in the outbreaks and the aggravation of the P. haemolytica infections. The isolated strains were apathogenic for albino mice and were sensitive in vitro penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and streptomocin.", "contents": "[Respiratory enzootics in sheep caused by Pasteurella haemolytica]. Bacteriologically in 25 per cent of the materials taken from lambs, weaned lambs, and adult sheep Pasteurella haemolytica was invariably isolated. Serologic typing revealed that serotypes A2 and A6 were mostly widespread. The remaining serotypes proved to be encountered. Widely occurring were likewise the carriers of Pasteurella haemolytica both among the diseased animals and among the normal contacts--30 and 6 per cent, respectively. The serotype of the isolated strains (swab samples) was shown to be identical with the serotype of the strains isolated from pathologic materials on the same farm. This spoke of the symptomless existence of the infection in the flock and the important part played by such stress factors as movement, transportation, etc. in the outbreaks and the aggravation of the P. haemolytica infections. The isolated strains were apathogenic for albino mice and were sensitive in vitro penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and streptomocin.", "PMID": 749330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7747", "title": "[Use of peroral DL-methionine in the prevention and treatment of ketosis in highly productive cows].", "content": "Pregnant cows in the dry period were given methionine at the rate of 0.5 cent of the dry matter of the ration 20 days before parturition. It was shown that such animals manifest no ketosis and other disturbances in the liver. High-producing, lactating cows that were offered DL-methionine orally at 0.6 per cent in the first 90 day of the lactation period did not likewise develop ketosis and other liver troubles, while animals that were deprived from this amino acid were affected up to 10 per cent. The blood levels of sugar, ketone bodies, total lipids and protein, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, and aldolase were influenced positively by the administration of methionine to high-producing cows. The total amount of amino acids in the blood of lactating cows rose, methionine reaching 80 per cent above the ordinary level when diets containing synthetic methionine were fed to the animals.", "contents": "[Use of peroral DL-methionine in the prevention and treatment of ketosis in highly productive cows]. Pregnant cows in the dry period were given methionine at the rate of 0.5 cent of the dry matter of the ration 20 days before parturition. It was shown that such animals manifest no ketosis and other disturbances in the liver. High-producing, lactating cows that were offered DL-methionine orally at 0.6 per cent in the first 90 day of the lactation period did not likewise develop ketosis and other liver troubles, while animals that were deprived from this amino acid were affected up to 10 per cent. The blood levels of sugar, ketone bodies, total lipids and protein, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, and aldolase were influenced positively by the administration of methionine to high-producing cows. The total amount of amino acids in the blood of lactating cows rose, methionine reaching 80 per cent above the ordinary level when diets containing synthetic methionine were fed to the animals.", "PMID": 749331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7748", "title": "Remarks on the pathogenic significance of HBsAg subtypes.", "content": "The frequent controversies concerning the possible different pathogenic significance of antigenic hepatitis B virus subtypes determined the authors to analyse the mean values of some biochemical tests in two groups of acute viral hepatitis patients. The results obtained show that a more marked alteration of these values is correlated with the presence of HBsAg/ay in one of the groups (89 patients) and with that of HBsAg/ad in the other group (33 patients). Some explanations of these findings are suggested.", "contents": "Remarks on the pathogenic significance of HBsAg subtypes. The frequent controversies concerning the possible different pathogenic significance of antigenic hepatitis B virus subtypes determined the authors to analyse the mean values of some biochemical tests in two groups of acute viral hepatitis patients. The results obtained show that a more marked alteration of these values is correlated with the presence of HBsAg/ay in one of the groups (89 patients) and with that of HBsAg/ad in the other group (33 patients). Some explanations of these findings are suggested.", "PMID": 749332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7749", "title": "Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis in patients with gynecologic diseases and abortion in the 2nd--3rd month of pregnancy.", "content": "The presence of Mycoplasma hominis was investigated in 100 patients with gynecologic diseases, 20 infertility cases and 50 cases of abortion in the 2nd--3rd month of pregnancy. M. hominis could be isolated from the vaginal secretions of 20 patients with gynecologic diseases and of 3 infertility cases. Eighteen M. hominis isolates were recovered from 13 patients with abortion (8 strains from the placenta and 10 from vaginal secretions). High titers (1/64--1/512) of complement fixing antibodies to M. hominis were found in 16 patients with gynecologic diseases, 12 infertility and 17 abortion cases.", "contents": "Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis in patients with gynecologic diseases and abortion in the 2nd--3rd month of pregnancy. The presence of Mycoplasma hominis was investigated in 100 patients with gynecologic diseases, 20 infertility cases and 50 cases of abortion in the 2nd--3rd month of pregnancy. M. hominis could be isolated from the vaginal secretions of 20 patients with gynecologic diseases and of 3 infertility cases. Eighteen M. hominis isolates were recovered from 13 patients with abortion (8 strains from the placenta and 10 from vaginal secretions). High titers (1/64--1/512) of complement fixing antibodies to M. hominis were found in 16 patients with gynecologic diseases, 12 infertility and 17 abortion cases.", "PMID": 749335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7750", "title": "[Differences in the polypeptide composition of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in reproduction in chick embryo fibroblast culture].", "content": "The loss of the capacity for secondary infection of the cells in reproduction of avirulent Newcastle disease virus strains in chick embryo fibroblast cultures was found. This loss was shown to be associated with changes in the polypeptide composition of the virions. In virions of the avirulent Queensland strain incapable of infection CEF cultures an additional polypeptide was found with molecular mass of 67,000 daltons which was lacking in virions of the virulent Beaudette strain and corresponded to F0 protein of paramyxoviruses.", "contents": "[Differences in the polypeptide composition of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in reproduction in chick embryo fibroblast culture]. The loss of the capacity for secondary infection of the cells in reproduction of avirulent Newcastle disease virus strains in chick embryo fibroblast cultures was found. This loss was shown to be associated with changes in the polypeptide composition of the virions. In virions of the avirulent Queensland strain incapable of infection CEF cultures an additional polypeptide was found with molecular mass of 67,000 daltons which was lacking in virions of the virulent Beaudette strain and corresponded to F0 protein of paramyxoviruses.", "PMID": 749337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7751", "title": "[Study of the virus carrier state in chicken influenza].", "content": "The problems of virus carrier state in influenza are connected with two aspects of the disease: the duration of virus antigen persistence in convalescents and changes of influenza virus properties in the course of persistence. In the present study, natural influenza infection in chickens caused by influenza A/chicken/USSR/336/74 virus (Hav6H3--N2) was used to determine the duration of virus antigen persistence (up to 60 days) and the entire period of virus isolation from the survivers (up to 30 days). Administration of hydrocortisone on the 50th day of convalescence permitted to obtain from the chickens several influenza A virus isolates antigenically unrelated to the epizootic strain either in hemagglutinin or in neuraminidase. Cultivation of isolate No. 42 (Hav7Neq1) in the presence of the homologous serum yielded strain 42' which was neutralized by the serum to Hav6H3--N2 virus. The isolates differed from the epizootic virus by their biological properties: the eluting activity, pathogenesis and morphology. The above facts of antigenic variability are  considered in the light of the antigenic heterogeneity of the natural virus population and the possibility of virus activation by the provoking effect of extreme conditions on the carriers of latent infection.", "contents": "[Study of the virus carrier state in chicken influenza]. The problems of virus carrier state in influenza are connected with two aspects of the disease: the duration of virus antigen persistence in convalescents and changes of influenza virus properties in the course of persistence. In the present study, natural influenza infection in chickens caused by influenza A/chicken/USSR/336/74 virus (Hav6H3--N2) was used to determine the duration of virus antigen persistence (up to 60 days) and the entire period of virus isolation from the survivers (up to 30 days). Administration of hydrocortisone on the 50th day of convalescence permitted to obtain from the chickens several influenza A virus isolates antigenically unrelated to the epizootic strain either in hemagglutinin or in neuraminidase. Cultivation of isolate No. 42 (Hav7Neq1) in the presence of the homologous serum yielded strain 42' which was neutralized by the serum to Hav6H3--N2 virus. The isolates differed from the epizootic virus by their biological properties: the eluting activity, pathogenesis and morphology. The above facts of antigenic variability are  considered in the light of the antigenic heterogeneity of the natural virus population and the possibility of virus activation by the provoking effect of extreme conditions on the carriers of latent infection.", "PMID": 749338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7752", "title": "Spectrofluorimetric techniques in the study of the interaction between fluorescent dyes and proteins or nuclear acids.", "content": "After a review of the applications of spectrofluorimetric techniques to the study of ligand--biological substrate interactions, mention is made of the main fluorescent dyes used for the demonstration of structural characteristics and conformational alterations in proteins, nucleic acids, etc. The possibilities of using new compounds recommended in the literature (fluorescamine, fluoropa, a.o.) for the identification and study of proteins are analysed and original investigations with newly synthesized fluorescent compounds (anthraquinone dyes, anhydrides of peridicarboxylic acids, Tb3+ and Sm3+ complexes of the pyridine -2,6-dicarboxylic acid) are presented.", "contents": "Spectrofluorimetric techniques in the study of the interaction between fluorescent dyes and proteins or nuclear acids. After a review of the applications of spectrofluorimetric techniques to the study of ligand--biological substrate interactions, mention is made of the main fluorescent dyes used for the demonstration of structural characteristics and conformational alterations in proteins, nucleic acids, etc. The possibilities of using new compounds recommended in the literature (fluorescamine, fluoropa, a.o.) for the identification and study of proteins are analysed and original investigations with newly synthesized fluorescent compounds (anthraquinone dyes, anhydrides of peridicarboxylic acids, Tb3+ and Sm3+ complexes of the pyridine -2,6-dicarboxylic acid) are presented.", "PMID": 749334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7753", "title": "[Biological characteristics of influenza B viruses isolated during influenza B epidemics in 1976-1977].", "content": "Comparative studies of the antigenic structure of influenza B viruses isolated in 1976-1977 and in previous years demonstrated one-way relationship of the hemagglutinin of B/76 viruses with that of B/72 viruses. Antisera to new B/76 strains neutralized the hemagglutinating activity of all known reference influenza B virus strains beginning from 1972. Influenza B/76 viruses were divided into two groups depending on complete or partial neutralization by antiserum B/Hong Kong/7/75. The study of the antigenic structure of neuraminidase showed no significant differences between influenza B/76 and B/72 virus neuraminidase. All the influenza B viruses from different years under study had marked interferon-inducing properties and were sensitive to interferon. Unlike the Yamagata/1/73 strain, all the influenza B/76 viruses under study were resistant to thermostable inhibitors of normal horse, guinea pig, and rabbit sera.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics of influenza B viruses isolated during influenza B epidemics in 1976-1977]. Comparative studies of the antigenic structure of influenza B viruses isolated in 1976-1977 and in previous years demonstrated one-way relationship of the hemagglutinin of B/76 viruses with that of B/72 viruses. Antisera to new B/76 strains neutralized the hemagglutinating activity of all known reference influenza B virus strains beginning from 1972. Influenza B/76 viruses were divided into two groups depending on complete or partial neutralization by antiserum B/Hong Kong/7/75. The study of the antigenic structure of neuraminidase showed no significant differences between influenza B/76 and B/72 virus neuraminidase. All the influenza B viruses from different years under study had marked interferon-inducing properties and were sensitive to interferon. Unlike the Yamagata/1/73 strain, all the influenza B/76 viruses under study were resistant to thermostable inhibitors of normal horse, guinea pig, and rabbit sera.", "PMID": 749340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7754", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical study of biological activity of poly G-poly C complex].", "content": "Poly(G).poly(C) inoculated intravenously to mice in a dose of 100 microgram induced interferon in the blood in amounts comparable to those induced by poly(I).poly (C). In contrast to rapid accumulation (within 2 hours after induction) and rapid disappearance of interferon in response to poly(I).poly(C) inoculation, the interferon induced by poly(G).poly(C) reached the maximum titer by 6 hours and remained at a high level for 24 hours after inoculation. When given to human volunteers intranasally in a dose of 6 mg, the poly(G).poly(C) complex induced interferon in the blood serum in 70% of the subjects in a titer of 85 units/ml within 24 hours.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical study of biological activity of poly G-poly C complex]. Poly(G).poly(C) inoculated intravenously to mice in a dose of 100 microgram induced interferon in the blood in amounts comparable to those induced by poly(I).poly (C). In contrast to rapid accumulation (within 2 hours after induction) and rapid disappearance of interferon in response to poly(I).poly(C) inoculation, the interferon induced by poly(G).poly(C) reached the maximum titer by 6 hours and remained at a high level for 24 hours after inoculation. When given to human volunteers intranasally in a dose of 6 mg, the poly(G).poly(C) complex induced interferon in the blood serum in 70% of the subjects in a titer of 85 units/ml within 24 hours.", "PMID": 749342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7755", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of the relationship between influenza A virus (H3N2) and human peripheral blood leukocytes].", "content": "The electron microscopic examinations of formed elements of human peripheral blood infected with a freshly isolated A/Sev/76 virus strain and vaccine A/Victoria/36/72 virus demonstrated that virions of both strains adsorbed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes and penetrated into the cells by phagocytosis and viropexis; most virus was concentrated in neutrophils and thrombocytes.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of the relationship between influenza A virus (H3N2) and human peripheral blood leukocytes]. The electron microscopic examinations of formed elements of human peripheral blood infected with a freshly isolated A/Sev/76 virus strain and vaccine A/Victoria/36/72 virus demonstrated that virions of both strains adsorbed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes and penetrated into the cells by phagocytosis and viropexis; most virus was concentrated in neutrophils and thrombocytes.", "PMID": 749339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7756", "title": "[Various properties of continuous culture of mosquito cells].", "content": "The possibility of cultivating a continuous line of Aedes aegypti mosquito cells in Mitsuhashi and Maramorosh medium and medium C-45 was studied. The results of morphological, karyological, and electron microscopic studies of these cells as well as the results of the study of isoenzymes of A. aegypti mosquito cells are presented. Replication of Sindbis, Okhotsky, and Baku viruses in these cells was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Various properties of continuous culture of mosquito cells]. The possibility of cultivating a continuous line of Aedes aegypti mosquito cells in Mitsuhashi and Maramorosh medium and medium C-45 was studied. The results of morphological, karyological, and electron microscopic studies of these cells as well as the results of the study of isoenzymes of A. aegypti mosquito cells are presented. Replication of Sindbis, Okhotsky, and Baku viruses in these cells was demonstrated.", "PMID": 749343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7757", "title": "[Nonspecific resistance to heterologous viral infection after immunization with smallpox vaccine].", "content": "The level of development of nonspecific resistance to influenza virus infection after immunization with variola vaccine, the dynamics of changes in DNA synthesis in the spleen cells and concentration of nonspecific immunoglobulins in the blood serum of mice after immunization and infection with influenza virus were studied. A close correlation between DNA synthesis, concentration of immunoglobulins, and the level of nonspecific resistance to heterologous virus infection was found.", "contents": "[Nonspecific resistance to heterologous viral infection after immunization with smallpox vaccine]. The level of development of nonspecific resistance to influenza virus infection after immunization with variola vaccine, the dynamics of changes in DNA synthesis in the spleen cells and concentration of nonspecific immunoglobulins in the blood serum of mice after immunization and infection with influenza virus were studied. A close correlation between DNA synthesis, concentration of immunoglobulins, and the level of nonspecific resistance to heterologous virus infection was found.", "PMID": 749341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7758", "title": "[Fragmentation of human adenovirus type 1 DNA by the specific endonucleases R. SaLI, R. EcoRI and R. BamHI].", "content": "The restricting endonuclease R. EcoRI hydrolyses human adenovirus type I (Adl) DNA with formation of three fragments with molecular weights of 17.5 x 10(6), 3.7 x 10(6), and 1.55 x 10(6) dalton. Under the effect of R. SaLI restrictase DNA Adl disintegrates into 5 fragments with molecular weights: 8.0 x 10(6), 6.0 x 10(6), 4.6 x 10(6), 4.0 x 10(6), and 0.2 x 10(6) dalton. Treatment of DNA with R. BamHI produces 4 fragments with molecular weights 10.0 x 10(6), 6.8 x 10(6), 4.0 x 10(6), and 2.2 x 10(6) dalton. Fragments of R. SaLI and R. BamHI form sequences BECAD and ACBD, respectively.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of human adenovirus type 1 DNA by the specific endonucleases R. SaLI, R. EcoRI and R. BamHI]. The restricting endonuclease R. EcoRI hydrolyses human adenovirus type I (Adl) DNA with formation of three fragments with molecular weights of 17.5 x 10(6), 3.7 x 10(6), and 1.55 x 10(6) dalton. Under the effect of R. SaLI restrictase DNA Adl disintegrates into 5 fragments with molecular weights: 8.0 x 10(6), 6.0 x 10(6), 4.6 x 10(6), 4.0 x 10(6), and 0.2 x 10(6) dalton. Treatment of DNA with R. BamHI produces 4 fragments with molecular weights 10.0 x 10(6), 6.8 x 10(6), 4.0 x 10(6), and 2.2 x 10(6) dalton. Fragments of R. SaLI and R. BamHI form sequences BECAD and ACBD, respectively.", "PMID": 749344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7759", "title": "[Mapping of lengthy changes in the genomes of lambda-phages by using restriction endonucleases].", "content": "Fragmentation and mapping of DNA of two derivatives of lambda-phage, lambdapgal and lambda delta were done using restricting endonucleases R. EcoRI, R. BamHI, and R. SmaI. In DNA of lambdapgal phage a fragment of chromosome lambda of the wild type with molecular mass of 3.7--4.7 megadaltons to the left of the integration site was replaced with a fragment of chromosome of E. coli with the molecular mass of 2.3--3.3 MD containing a complete galactose operon. In the chromosome of lambda delta phage as compared with lambda-phage of the wild type there is a deletion of 5.2 MD in size. The localization of the deletion was determined. Possible ways of using DNA of lambdapgal in genetic engineering studies as the \"pure\" source of gal-operon for its transplantation using various restricting endonucleases are discussed.", "contents": "[Mapping of lengthy changes in the genomes of lambda-phages by using restriction endonucleases]. Fragmentation and mapping of DNA of two derivatives of lambda-phage, lambdapgal and lambda delta were done using restricting endonucleases R. EcoRI, R. BamHI, and R. SmaI. In DNA of lambdapgal phage a fragment of chromosome lambda of the wild type with molecular mass of 3.7--4.7 megadaltons to the left of the integration site was replaced with a fragment of chromosome of E. coli with the molecular mass of 2.3--3.3 MD containing a complete galactose operon. In the chromosome of lambda delta phage as compared with lambda-phage of the wild type there is a deletion of 5.2 MD in size. The localization of the deletion was determined. Possible ways of using DNA of lambdapgal in genetic engineering studies as the \"pure\" source of gal-operon for its transplantation using various restricting endonucleases are discussed.", "PMID": 749345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7760", "title": "[Antibodies to double-helical RNA and several viruses in medical personnel caring for systemic lupus erythematosus patients].", "content": "An average level of antibody to double-stranded RNA in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and medical staff taking care of these patients is higher than that in physicians from other institutions and donors. The level of antibodies to antigens of various viruses in lupus patients is elevated in comparison with that in the medical staff. No statistically significant differences in the levels of antibody to viruses in the staff of various institutions were found.", "contents": "[Antibodies to double-helical RNA and several viruses in medical personnel caring for systemic lupus erythematosus patients]. An average level of antibody to double-stranded RNA in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and medical staff taking care of these patients is higher than that in physicians from other institutions and donors. The level of antibodies to antigens of various viruses in lupus patients is elevated in comparison with that in the medical staff. No statistically significant differences in the levels of antibody to viruses in the staff of various institutions were found.", "PMID": 749347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7761", "title": "[Use of the plaque method to reveal the phenomenon of autointerference in influenza virus].", "content": "The paper describes a simple and convenient method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the capacity of influenza virus for autointerference consisting in the lack or considerable reduction of the cytolytic effect of the virus under agar overlay at a high multiplicity of infection. Some experimental and theoretical arguments assuming the role of defective interfering particles in the formation of the observed phenomenon. It is assumed that the detection of autointerference under agar may be used as an additional criterion for detection of non-plaque-forming strains of influenza virus, tentative determination of their interfering capacity as well as for the establishment of biological relationships of viruses.", "contents": "[Use of the plaque method to reveal the phenomenon of autointerference in influenza virus]. The paper describes a simple and convenient method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the capacity of influenza virus for autointerference consisting in the lack or considerable reduction of the cytolytic effect of the virus under agar overlay at a high multiplicity of infection. Some experimental and theoretical arguments assuming the role of defective interfering particles in the formation of the observed phenomenon. It is assumed that the detection of autointerference under agar may be used as an additional criterion for detection of non-plaque-forming strains of influenza virus, tentative determination of their interfering capacity as well as for the establishment of biological relationships of viruses.", "PMID": 749350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7762", "title": "[Comparative study of the oncornavirus A and D proteins of human J-96 cells by the methods of isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Three peaks of 14C-radioactivity with buoyant densities of 1.23--1.24, 1.26 and 1.29 g/ml were detected in a cytoplasmic extract of J-96 cells upon equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Electron microscopy of the 1.23--1.24 g/ml buoyant density fraction revealed particles 60--80 nm in diameter showing morphology characteristic of oncornavirus A. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel showed polypeptides of extracellular D virus and oncornavirus A to differ in isofocusing points (pI). Proteins of extracellular D virus were localized in zones with pH 3.7, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 8.1, 9.45, and 10.0; polypeptide of intracytoplasmic oncornavirus A had the following isofocusing points: 4.0, 4.9, 6.7, 7.3, 9.0, 9.45 and over 10.0. Electrophoresis of polypeptides of D virus and intracellular oncornavirus A revealed differences in the molecular weights of the components. No proteins with molecular weights of 10,000, 12,000, 15,000, and 27,000 dalton characteristic of the extracellular D virus were found in oncornavirus A virions. The analysis of protein patterns obtained in parallel experiments of isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that oncornaviruses A and D of J-96 cells differ in the characteristics (pI and molecular weight) of the structural polypeptide components.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the oncornavirus A and D proteins of human J-96 cells by the methods of isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. Three peaks of 14C-radioactivity with buoyant densities of 1.23--1.24, 1.26 and 1.29 g/ml were detected in a cytoplasmic extract of J-96 cells upon equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Electron microscopy of the 1.23--1.24 g/ml buoyant density fraction revealed particles 60--80 nm in diameter showing morphology characteristic of oncornavirus A. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel showed polypeptides of extracellular D virus and oncornavirus A to differ in isofocusing points (pI). Proteins of extracellular D virus were localized in zones with pH 3.7, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 8.1, 9.45, and 10.0; polypeptide of intracytoplasmic oncornavirus A had the following isofocusing points: 4.0, 4.9, 6.7, 7.3, 9.0, 9.45 and over 10.0. Electrophoresis of polypeptides of D virus and intracellular oncornavirus A revealed differences in the molecular weights of the components. No proteins with molecular weights of 10,000, 12,000, 15,000, and 27,000 dalton characteristic of the extracellular D virus were found in oncornavirus A virions. The analysis of protein patterns obtained in parallel experiments of isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that oncornaviruses A and D of J-96 cells differ in the characteristics (pI and molecular weight) of the structural polypeptide components.", "PMID": 749351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7763", "title": "[Immunologic memory in influenza patients according to the blast transformation reaction to specific antigen].", "content": "One hundred-sixty patients with the laboratorily confirmed diagnosis of influenza were examined in the study on the capacity of T-and B-lymphocytes to retain immunological memory for influenza infection by the method of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation (LBT). The studies were carried out in the epidemic periods of influenza A2, A1, and B at various stages of the disease and convalescence. The LBT test was positive in 21--70% of tests depending on the time after the onset. Memory cells were detectable as early as by the end of the 1st week of the disease. The optimal results were found within 2--4 months after the disease. Early in the disease LBT was detected mostly in influenza A2, less frequently in influenza A1 and was practically absent in influenza B. The specificity of reaction in response to the stimulation with influenza A2 and B viruses was demonstrated. The accompanying bacterial pneumonia, a severe course of the disease, concurrent other viral infections did not prevent immunological memory formation.", "contents": "[Immunologic memory in influenza patients according to the blast transformation reaction to specific antigen]. One hundred-sixty patients with the laboratorily confirmed diagnosis of influenza were examined in the study on the capacity of T-and B-lymphocytes to retain immunological memory for influenza infection by the method of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation (LBT). The studies were carried out in the epidemic periods of influenza A2, A1, and B at various stages of the disease and convalescence. The LBT test was positive in 21--70% of tests depending on the time after the onset. Memory cells were detectable as early as by the end of the 1st week of the disease. The optimal results were found within 2--4 months after the disease. Early in the disease LBT was detected mostly in influenza A2, less frequently in influenza A1 and was practically absent in influenza B. The specificity of reaction in response to the stimulation with influenza A2 and B viruses was demonstrated. The accompanying bacterial pneumonia, a severe course of the disease, concurrent other viral infections did not prevent immunological memory formation.", "PMID": 749348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7764", "title": "Bacteremia due to Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium or Lactobacillus; twenty-one cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of bacteremia due to Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus are described. Transient bacteremic episodes with these organisms may follow trauma to the mouth, intestine, or vagina. The majority of the patients were female and most had an underlying condition that may have predisposed to bacteremia. Ten of the patients died despite antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Bacteremia due to Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium or Lactobacillus; twenty-one cases and review of the literature. Twenty-one cases of bacteremia due to Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus are described. Transient bacteremic episodes with these organisms may follow trauma to the mouth, intestine, or vagina. The majority of the patients were female and most had an underlying condition that may have predisposed to bacteremia. Ten of the patients died despite antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 749356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7765", "title": "[Postnatal changes in the regions bordering the ventricle in the telencephalon of the cat].", "content": "In frontal, sagittal and horizontal series of sections through the telencephalon of 15 cats the postnatal development of the periventricular regions has been examined. Structure, distribution and postnatal changes of the matrix, of a zone of undifferentiated cells near the ventricle, and of packets of undifferentiated cells, so-called cell nests, are described in detail. In cats aged from postnatal day 1 to 84, the following findings have been obtained: 1. At term, almost the entire lateral wall of the lateral ventricle is lined by a matrix layer. After birth, it undergoes involution at rates varying at different sites.--In the medial wall of the lateral ventricle, a matrix occurs only in cats aged 1--5 days in a region rostral to the lamina terminalis. 2. In newborn and young cats a less compact layer of undifferentiated cells with dark nuclei was found to abut on the matrix. Near the album, this layer is characterized by a cell-rich outer zone, called the cell wall. The cell content of the layer of undifferentiated cells increases up to the 11th to 16th postnatal day. Later on it decreases. 3. The cell nests consist of groups of closely packed cells with small nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cell nests may be round, ellipsoid, elongated or irregular in form. They are often localized in direct contact to blood vessels. The cell nests occur in certain predilection areas, particularly in the region of the frontal white matter and in the centrum semiovale. In most regions of the cerebral cortex where cell nests occur, their number increases up to the 11th to 16th postnatal day and later decreases. At the 40th day most of the cell nests have disappeared. 4. Within the matrix and the layer of undifferentiated cells near the ventricle, and also within the cell nests, cell divisions and cell deaths occur. The structural changes described are discussed with respect to postnatal development of the cerebral hemispheres.", "contents": "[Postnatal changes in the regions bordering the ventricle in the telencephalon of the cat]. In frontal, sagittal and horizontal series of sections through the telencephalon of 15 cats the postnatal development of the periventricular regions has been examined. Structure, distribution and postnatal changes of the matrix, of a zone of undifferentiated cells near the ventricle, and of packets of undifferentiated cells, so-called cell nests, are described in detail. In cats aged from postnatal day 1 to 84, the following findings have been obtained: 1. At term, almost the entire lateral wall of the lateral ventricle is lined by a matrix layer. After birth, it undergoes involution at rates varying at different sites.--In the medial wall of the lateral ventricle, a matrix occurs only in cats aged 1--5 days in a region rostral to the lamina terminalis. 2. In newborn and young cats a less compact layer of undifferentiated cells with dark nuclei was found to abut on the matrix. Near the album, this layer is characterized by a cell-rich outer zone, called the cell wall. The cell content of the layer of undifferentiated cells increases up to the 11th to 16th postnatal day. Later on it decreases. 3. The cell nests consist of groups of closely packed cells with small nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cell nests may be round, ellipsoid, elongated or irregular in form. They are often localized in direct contact to blood vessels. The cell nests occur in certain predilection areas, particularly in the region of the frontal white matter and in the centrum semiovale. In most regions of the cerebral cortex where cell nests occur, their number increases up to the 11th to 16th postnatal day and later decreases. At the 40th day most of the cell nests have disappeared. 4. Within the matrix and the layer of undifferentiated cells near the ventricle, and also within the cell nests, cell divisions and cell deaths occur. The structural changes described are discussed with respect to postnatal development of the cerebral hemispheres.", "PMID": 749373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7766", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the paraplacenta in the cat].", "content": "Even in the early stages of pregnancy microscopically demarcated zones were distinguished on the paraplacenta of the cat towards the poles and way from the zonary placenta. Along the zonary placenta there exists a transitional zone; this is characterized by having a uterine epithelium which possesses coral-shaped buddings or sprouts. In the main, the epithelium of the latter structures is decomposed apically and detritus is present. From the open-lying and partially injured capillaries there appears a ring shaped haematoma which is subsequently characterized as a marginal haematoma. In this, likewise, there grows a branched uterine epithelium with protruding buds. The chorion of the paraplacenta becomes immersed in the extravasated blood of the haematoma by means of long cell protrusions which bear clusters of microvilli. Polewards from the marginal haematoma there is a contact zone with adhesions between the chorionic and uterine epithelium. In the position of close contact with the chorion, the uterine epithelium is transformed into a maternal epithelial symplasma. Furthermore, the chorion develops a rosettelike epithelial proliferation. In addition, small and larger vesicles appear which could have developed from both epithelia. Finally there is an area on the dome-shaped poles of the placenta where there is no contact between the chorionic and uterine epithelium. The epithelium of the paraplacental chorion becomes almost entirely dissociated 1...2 days prior to birth. However, the uterine epithelium with the exception of the protruding buds on the margin of the zonary placenta remains intact. The post partum epithelialization of the wound area commences from this intact area. With the exception of a few short, deep lying tubuli the crypts and glandulae uterinae of the paraplacental disappear in the course of pregnancy. Through the stretching of the uterine wall they are widened and imcorporated into the uterine surface epithelium.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the paraplacenta in the cat]. Even in the early stages of pregnancy microscopically demarcated zones were distinguished on the paraplacenta of the cat towards the poles and way from the zonary placenta. Along the zonary placenta there exists a transitional zone; this is characterized by having a uterine epithelium which possesses coral-shaped buddings or sprouts. In the main, the epithelium of the latter structures is decomposed apically and detritus is present. From the open-lying and partially injured capillaries there appears a ring shaped haematoma which is subsequently characterized as a marginal haematoma. In this, likewise, there grows a branched uterine epithelium with protruding buds. The chorion of the paraplacenta becomes immersed in the extravasated blood of the haematoma by means of long cell protrusions which bear clusters of microvilli. Polewards from the marginal haematoma there is a contact zone with adhesions between the chorionic and uterine epithelium. In the position of close contact with the chorion, the uterine epithelium is transformed into a maternal epithelial symplasma. Furthermore, the chorion develops a rosettelike epithelial proliferation. In addition, small and larger vesicles appear which could have developed from both epithelia. Finally there is an area on the dome-shaped poles of the placenta where there is no contact between the chorionic and uterine epithelium. The epithelium of the paraplacental chorion becomes almost entirely dissociated 1...2 days prior to birth. However, the uterine epithelium with the exception of the protruding buds on the margin of the zonary placenta remains intact. The post partum epithelialization of the wound area commences from this intact area. With the exception of a few short, deep lying tubuli the crypts and glandulae uterinae of the paraplacental disappear in the course of pregnancy. Through the stretching of the uterine wall they are widened and imcorporated into the uterine surface epithelium.", "PMID": 749374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7767", "title": "Histo-physiology of the salivary glands of the red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigii (Pyrrhocoridae-Heteroptera)--histological, histochemical, autoradiographic and electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "1. Gross morphology, histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Dysdercus koenigii have been studied. The mode of origin of saliva was investigated by tracer techniques. 2. Differences in histological structure of the glandular lobules, consistency and staining properties of the lumen contents, as also in their capability to incorporate materials from haemolymph have been observed, pointing to a possible division of labour among the different parts of the gland. 3. 3H-thymidine experiments showed that some of the nuclei of the gland cells incorporate the label asynchronously, indicating their polyploid growth or repair DNA synthesis or even specific gene amplification. 4. 3H-uridine incorporation patterns showed that the gland cell nuclei are the principal centres of RNA synthesis. The synthetic products move into the cytoplasm and then into the glandular lumen. The RNA exported into the lumen conjugates with the protein to form RNP which provides the material for the formation of the protective sheath around the mandibular, and maxillary stylets at the time of piercing and sucking. 5. Autoradiographic experiments with 3H-L-histidine showed that the site of heavy labelling shifts from outside inwards with progressive incubation times, indicating that the glandular epithelium is capable of transporting haemolymph materials (proteins?) into the lumen. Some of the haemolymph protein fractions could possibly be used as the precursors of salivary components, in addition to the endogenously synthesised materials. 6. Salivary histochemical studies revealed the presence of glycogen both in the lumen and in the granular epithelium. 3H-glucose labelling patterns are in agreement with the histochemical localization of glycogen and suggest that the blood sugar (trehalose) might be appropriated by the gland cell epithelium for the formation of glycoproteins. 7. Ultrastructural observations of the gland cells showed that the basal borders of the cells are highly folded to form pits. Pinocytotic uptake of the haemolymph materials may be facilitated by these pit formations. The apical borders of the cells facing the lumen develop numerous microvilli and the secretion granules escape into the lumen by pinocytosis, as revealed also by the autoradiographic studies with tritiated histidine. The distribution of golgi vesicles, mitochondria, microtubules is not uniform. They tend to show a higher density towards the apical border than towards the basal border of the cells. This difference may be related to the well-known functions of these organelles in packing the secretion products and to provide energy and channels for their transport. The rER exists in the form of numerous vesicles scattered evenly throughout the cytoplasmic space. But they also exist as stacks of membranes. Their proximity with golgi vesicles seems to be significant for the packing process of the secretion products.", "contents": "Histo-physiology of the salivary glands of the red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigii (Pyrrhocoridae-Heteroptera)--histological, histochemical, autoradiographic and electron-microscopic studies. 1. Gross morphology, histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Dysdercus koenigii have been studied. The mode of origin of saliva was investigated by tracer techniques. 2. Differences in histological structure of the glandular lobules, consistency and staining properties of the lumen contents, as also in their capability to incorporate materials from haemolymph have been observed, pointing to a possible division of labour among the different parts of the gland. 3. 3H-thymidine experiments showed that some of the nuclei of the gland cells incorporate the label asynchronously, indicating their polyploid growth or repair DNA synthesis or even specific gene amplification. 4. 3H-uridine incorporation patterns showed that the gland cell nuclei are the principal centres of RNA synthesis. The synthetic products move into the cytoplasm and then into the glandular lumen. The RNA exported into the lumen conjugates with the protein to form RNP which provides the material for the formation of the protective sheath around the mandibular, and maxillary stylets at the time of piercing and sucking. 5. Autoradiographic experiments with 3H-L-histidine showed that the site of heavy labelling shifts from outside inwards with progressive incubation times, indicating that the glandular epithelium is capable of transporting haemolymph materials (proteins?) into the lumen. Some of the haemolymph protein fractions could possibly be used as the precursors of salivary components, in addition to the endogenously synthesised materials. 6. Salivary histochemical studies revealed the presence of glycogen both in the lumen and in the granular epithelium. 3H-glucose labelling patterns are in agreement with the histochemical localization of glycogen and suggest that the blood sugar (trehalose) might be appropriated by the gland cell epithelium for the formation of glycoproteins. 7. Ultrastructural observations of the gland cells showed that the basal borders of the cells are highly folded to form pits. Pinocytotic uptake of the haemolymph materials may be facilitated by these pit formations. The apical borders of the cells facing the lumen develop numerous microvilli and the secretion granules escape into the lumen by pinocytosis, as revealed also by the autoradiographic studies with tritiated histidine. The distribution of golgi vesicles, mitochondria, microtubules is not uniform. They tend to show a higher density towards the apical border than towards the basal border of the cells. This difference may be related to the well-known functions of these organelles in packing the secretion products and to provide energy and channels for their transport. The rER exists in the form of numerous vesicles scattered evenly throughout the cytoplasmic space. But they also exist as stacks of membranes. Their proximity with golgi vesicles seems to be significant for the packing process of the secretion products.", "PMID": 749375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7768", "title": "[Quantitative electron microscopic studies of the environment dependent differentiation of synapses in the hippocampus (CA 1) of the rat].", "content": "The influence of environmental factors on synaptogenesis in the rat hippocampus (stratum radiatum of CA 1) was studied by the aid of quantitative electron microscopy. Three groups of newborn Wistar-rats were exposed to different environmental conditions (sensory deprivation and stimulation, respectively). The first group was raised in complete darkness while the second was exposed to permanent noise. The third group (controls) was reared under normal laboratory conditions. The animals were sacrificed either on the 15th or on the 35th postnatal day and prepared for electron microscopy. In the 15 day old dark raised animals the number of synapses in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 was significantly decreased by 24% in comparison with the normal. On the other hand, 15 day old rats exposed to permanent noise exhibit significantly more synapses (+ 28%) in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 (the mean number of synapses/25 micrometer 2 is 4,30 +/- 1,85 in the controls, 3,29 +/- 1,66 in the dark raised group and 5,52 +/- 2,35 in the animals subjected to permanent noise). No significant differences in the number of synapses between experimental animals and controls could be found in 35 day old rats. In accordance with earlier studies on the development of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons the results of the present paper indicate an environment-dependent differentiation of synaptic structures in the hippocampus of the rat during the early postnatal period.", "contents": "[Quantitative electron microscopic studies of the environment dependent differentiation of synapses in the hippocampus (CA 1) of the rat]. The influence of environmental factors on synaptogenesis in the rat hippocampus (stratum radiatum of CA 1) was studied by the aid of quantitative electron microscopy. Three groups of newborn Wistar-rats were exposed to different environmental conditions (sensory deprivation and stimulation, respectively). The first group was raised in complete darkness while the second was exposed to permanent noise. The third group (controls) was reared under normal laboratory conditions. The animals were sacrificed either on the 15th or on the 35th postnatal day and prepared for electron microscopy. In the 15 day old dark raised animals the number of synapses in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 was significantly decreased by 24% in comparison with the normal. On the other hand, 15 day old rats exposed to permanent noise exhibit significantly more synapses (+ 28%) in the stratum radiatum of CA 1 (the mean number of synapses/25 micrometer 2 is 4,30 +/- 1,85 in the controls, 3,29 +/- 1,66 in the dark raised group and 5,52 +/- 2,35 in the animals subjected to permanent noise). No significant differences in the number of synapses between experimental animals and controls could be found in 35 day old rats. In accordance with earlier studies on the development of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons the results of the present paper indicate an environment-dependent differentiation of synaptic structures in the hippocampus of the rat during the early postnatal period.", "PMID": 749376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7769", "title": "Ultrastructural features and glycogen distribution in the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata L.", "content": "The ultrastructural topography of glycogen in the electic organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata has been examined following Thi\u00e9ry's method and the modified osmium tetroxide post-fixation of De Bruijn. Both methods reveal a high concentration of glycogen particles in the nerve terminals, particularly in pedunculate pouches issuing from the nerve endings and bulging into the intersyncytial area. A few sparse positive particles are scattered at random in the Schwann cells and in the cuff cells occasionally encapsulating the myelinated and ummyelinated subsynaptic axons. In the electric cell, glycogen occurs in the form of scattered particles homogenously distributed among all the cytoplasm. The structure and the size of glycogen granules in relation to the detection methods used and to previous parallel investigations are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features and glycogen distribution in the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata L. The ultrastructural topography of glycogen in the electic organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata has been examined following Thi\u00e9ry's method and the modified osmium tetroxide post-fixation of De Bruijn. Both methods reveal a high concentration of glycogen particles in the nerve terminals, particularly in pedunculate pouches issuing from the nerve endings and bulging into the intersyncytial area. A few sparse positive particles are scattered at random in the Schwann cells and in the cuff cells occasionally encapsulating the myelinated and ummyelinated subsynaptic axons. In the electric cell, glycogen occurs in the form of scattered particles homogenously distributed among all the cytoplasm. The structure and the size of glycogen granules in relation to the detection methods used and to previous parallel investigations are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 749377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7770", "title": "The structure of teleost epidermis with special reference to new qualitative and quantitative data from the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters.", "content": "Scales from the midlateral body region of adult male guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, were investigated morphometrically by light and electron microscopy. The epidermis consists of one superficial layer and, in general, two basal layers of filament-containing cells and a number of mucous cells. There are scattered chemosensory cells and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Superficial cells are flattened and form apical ridges in a fingerprint-like arrangement. The volume density of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and numerical density of dictyosomes are higher in superficial cells than in basal cells. The superficial cells are secretorily active. Small electron dense vesicles are transported from the dictyosomes to the body surface and yield the glycocalyx material, which is not identical with the slime produced by the mucous cells.", "contents": "The structure of teleost epidermis with special reference to new qualitative and quantitative data from the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters. Scales from the midlateral body region of adult male guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, were investigated morphometrically by light and electron microscopy. The epidermis consists of one superficial layer and, in general, two basal layers of filament-containing cells and a number of mucous cells. There are scattered chemosensory cells and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Superficial cells are flattened and form apical ridges in a fingerprint-like arrangement. The volume density of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and numerical density of dictyosomes are higher in superficial cells than in basal cells. The superficial cells are secretorily active. Small electron dense vesicles are transported from the dictyosomes to the body surface and yield the glycocalyx material, which is not identical with the slime produced by the mucous cells.", "PMID": 749378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7771", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies of the duck cere with special reference to Grandry and Herbst bodies].", "content": "The results of the investigations into the cere of the domestic duck (Anas boscas domestica) and the mallard (Anas platyrhyncha) may be summarized as follows. The parts of ceroma are the epidermis and the corium. The epidermis is a laminated epithelium and the corium consists of fibrous connective tissues. The later one frequently contains mastocytes and pigment cells. There are many blood vessels, Schwann's cells, nerve fibres, Grandry's and Herbst's bodies. The sensory cells of Grandry's bodies are bodies with processes. They are characterized by the round nucleus, dense core vesicles, the small Golgi's complexes, the narrow endoplasmatic ducts and the cytoplasmatic fascicles. In the nerve fibre running between the sensory cells there are plenty of mitochondria but few clear vesicles and neurofilaments. The axolemma, cytolemma, and the empty space lying between these are sharply obvious. In Grandry's bodies with more than one sensory cells the nerve fibre ramifies. In the branches there are no mitochondria. These are replaced by clear vesicles. In Grandry's bodies with one sensory cell the axon ends in a disc growing narrow at its termination. Both of them are full of mitochondria. The terminal disc is characterized by the elliptical bodies and the thickenings of the membrane. Herbst's body consists of three parts. One of these is the inner knob, the other is the inner cavity, the third is the external capsule. The inner knob consists of two series of cells. The number of cells is ten in both rows each. From the cells, 20 to 50 lamina-like processes are originating. The laminar system of every cell is connected with the system of the cell before and behind it, as well as with the laminar system of the other side. In the nerve fibre running between the rows of cells mainly in its terminal part, some groups are formed by mitochondria, the dense-core vesicles, and the elliptical bodies. The inner cavity consists of laminae of different breadths, limited by cavities full of some meshwork. The laminae vary in form and extent. There are among them some ramifying ones, some forms terminating in a point and some of blunt ends. They are characterized by dense and long ribosomeseries, arranged close to one another. The external capsule consists of several parallel laminae, separated from one another by collagenous fibrin fascicles. The laminae are mostly narrow, their cytoplasm is spongoid, they are characterized by egg-shaped cysterns. There is no synaptic organization either in Grandry's or in Herbst's body. The junction between the membrane is to be regarded as a parallel contact in both places.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies of the duck cere with special reference to Grandry and Herbst bodies]. The results of the investigations into the cere of the domestic duck (Anas boscas domestica) and the mallard (Anas platyrhyncha) may be summarized as follows. The parts of ceroma are the epidermis and the corium. The epidermis is a laminated epithelium and the corium consists of fibrous connective tissues. The later one frequently contains mastocytes and pigment cells. There are many blood vessels, Schwann's cells, nerve fibres, Grandry's and Herbst's bodies. The sensory cells of Grandry's bodies are bodies with processes. They are characterized by the round nucleus, dense core vesicles, the small Golgi's complexes, the narrow endoplasmatic ducts and the cytoplasmatic fascicles. In the nerve fibre running between the sensory cells there are plenty of mitochondria but few clear vesicles and neurofilaments. The axolemma, cytolemma, and the empty space lying between these are sharply obvious. In Grandry's bodies with more than one sensory cells the nerve fibre ramifies. In the branches there are no mitochondria. These are replaced by clear vesicles. In Grandry's bodies with one sensory cell the axon ends in a disc growing narrow at its termination. Both of them are full of mitochondria. The terminal disc is characterized by the elliptical bodies and the thickenings of the membrane. Herbst's body consists of three parts. One of these is the inner knob, the other is the inner cavity, the third is the external capsule. The inner knob consists of two series of cells. The number of cells is ten in both rows each. From the cells, 20 to 50 lamina-like processes are originating. The laminar system of every cell is connected with the system of the cell before and behind it, as well as with the laminar system of the other side. In the nerve fibre running between the rows of cells mainly in its terminal part, some groups are formed by mitochondria, the dense-core vesicles, and the elliptical bodies. The inner cavity consists of laminae of different breadths, limited by cavities full of some meshwork. The laminae vary in form and extent. There are among them some ramifying ones, some forms terminating in a point and some of blunt ends. They are characterized by dense and long ribosomeseries, arranged close to one another. The external capsule consists of several parallel laminae, separated from one another by collagenous fibrin fascicles. The laminae are mostly narrow, their cytoplasm is spongoid, they are characterized by egg-shaped cysterns. There is no synaptic organization either in Grandry's or in Herbst's body. The junction between the membrane is to be regarded as a parallel contact in both places.", "PMID": 749379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7772", "title": "Calcitonin cells and unusual follicle in four month old wistar rats.", "content": "1. The thyroid gland of 4 month old Wistar rats (both sexes) were made into serial sections and investigated by means of haematoxylin-eosin, PAS-haematoxylin, Davenport's silver impregnation and lead haematoxylin stainings. Calcitonln (C) cells are easily discernible by these techniques. 2. These cells are unevenly distributed and randomly concentrated in the thyroid. They are completely absent from cephalic and caudal poles of thyroid and are generally present in its middle region. They are scare in peripheral follicles and plentiful among central follicles. 3. The isthmus and the parathyroid are completely devoid of C cells. 4. Secretory granules in these cells have a tendency to concentrate towards vascular pole. 5. The unusual follicle is lined by squamous cells and filled with desquamated cells. C cells are completely absent from its epithelial lining.", "contents": "Calcitonin cells and unusual follicle in four month old wistar rats. 1. The thyroid gland of 4 month old Wistar rats (both sexes) were made into serial sections and investigated by means of haematoxylin-eosin, PAS-haematoxylin, Davenport's silver impregnation and lead haematoxylin stainings. Calcitonln (C) cells are easily discernible by these techniques. 2. These cells are unevenly distributed and randomly concentrated in the thyroid. They are completely absent from cephalic and caudal poles of thyroid and are generally present in its middle region. They are scare in peripheral follicles and plentiful among central follicles. 3. The isthmus and the parathyroid are completely devoid of C cells. 4. Secretory granules in these cells have a tendency to concentrate towards vascular pole. 5. The unusual follicle is lined by squamous cells and filled with desquamated cells. C cells are completely absent from its epithelial lining.", "PMID": 749380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7773", "title": "[Autoradiographic studies of the neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the cingulate region in the rat. I. Proliferation patterns in different pre- and postnatal stages].", "content": "The proliferation of the matrix-cells in the limbic cortex of 219 embryonic rats has been investigated by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of foetal life. The course of the labeling index indicates that matrix-cells represent a cell population in which cell multiplication is both rapid and continuous. Moreover the number of labeled cells decreases following the migration of labeled neuroblasts to another site. Because the beginning of migration retards after a division a proliferative compartment and a differentiating compartment were found in the subventricular and the ventricular zone. The migration appears in waves not before 24 hours after division of cells. We have found that, between the second and the third day and between the third and the fourth day after injection, migrating cells arise with 1/2 or 1/4 of the number of silver grains respectively. Cell division and migration both indicate in the brain a sequential nature; after each mitosis only one of the daughter-cells retains their proliferative capacity, the other becomes differentiated into neuroblast and leaves the proliferative compartment.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic studies of the neurogenesis and morphogenesis of the cingulate region in the rat. I. Proliferation patterns in different pre- and postnatal stages]. The proliferation of the matrix-cells in the limbic cortex of 219 embryonic rats has been investigated by means of autoradiographs, after injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of foetal life. The course of the labeling index indicates that matrix-cells represent a cell population in which cell multiplication is both rapid and continuous. Moreover the number of labeled cells decreases following the migration of labeled neuroblasts to another site. Because the beginning of migration retards after a division a proliferative compartment and a differentiating compartment were found in the subventricular and the ventricular zone. The migration appears in waves not before 24 hours after division of cells. We have found that, between the second and the third day and between the third and the fourth day after injection, migrating cells arise with 1/2 or 1/4 of the number of silver grains respectively. Cell division and migration both indicate in the brain a sequential nature; after each mitosis only one of the daughter-cells retains their proliferative capacity, the other becomes differentiated into neuroblast and leaves the proliferative compartment.", "PMID": 749381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7774", "title": "[Glands in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina(L.); Discoglossidae, Anura): type, number, size and distribution under natural and experimental conditions].", "content": "1. In the skin of the fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) 5 types of glands are found. By analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands. The callous glands were omitted from the present study. 2. Lumpy glands are most numerous in the middle of the back of the fire-bellied toad, their numbers decreasing progressively over the sides to the middle of the ventral surface. Mucous glands are more common cranially than caudally. The toxic and small glands are uniformly distributed over the body. 3. On the average there are 700 glands per square cm of skin in the fire-bellied toad. Of these, in the male the lumpy glands represent less than 10%, while the toxic, mucous and small glands each account for 30%. In the females 50% of the total number of glands are mucous glands, and only about 10% toxic glands; lumpy and small glands occur in the same proportions as in the males. Following gonadotropin injection, no change in the number of glands was observed in the male. 4. The largest toxic and lumpy glands are located cranially; toward the tail their size is reduced. The mucous glands have the greatest volume on the sides of the body. Small glands are of similar size everywhere. 5. Glands of uniform size are arranged in longitudinal rows on this toad. The dorsally situated toxic, lumpy and mucous glands are larger, on the whole, than the more ventral glands of the same types. 6. All 4 gland types on the body of Bombina are larger in males than in females. 7. Following administration of PMS to the male there is a selective increase in volume of the toxic and lumpy glands on the dorsal surface, but no corresponding increase on the ventral surface. Mucous and small glands do not change in size after hormone treatment. 8. The capacity of all the glands in a cm2 of skin, in terms of mean volume, is 1.7 mm3 in males not treated with hormones. After PMS treatment of the male the gland volume per cm2 increase to 2.5 mm3. The total volume per cm2 in females is only 0.65 mm3.", "contents": "[Glands in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina(L.); Discoglossidae, Anura): type, number, size and distribution under natural and experimental conditions]. 1. In the skin of the fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) 5 types of glands are found. By analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands. The callous glands were omitted from the present study. 2. Lumpy glands are most numerous in the middle of the back of the fire-bellied toad, their numbers decreasing progressively over the sides to the middle of the ventral surface. Mucous glands are more common cranially than caudally. The toxic and small glands are uniformly distributed over the body. 3. On the average there are 700 glands per square cm of skin in the fire-bellied toad. Of these, in the male the lumpy glands represent less than 10%, while the toxic, mucous and small glands each account for 30%. In the females 50% of the total number of glands are mucous glands, and only about 10% toxic glands; lumpy and small glands occur in the same proportions as in the males. Following gonadotropin injection, no change in the number of glands was observed in the male. 4. The largest toxic and lumpy glands are located cranially; toward the tail their size is reduced. The mucous glands have the greatest volume on the sides of the body. Small glands are of similar size everywhere. 5. Glands of uniform size are arranged in longitudinal rows on this toad. The dorsally situated toxic, lumpy and mucous glands are larger, on the whole, than the more ventral glands of the same types. 6. All 4 gland types on the body of Bombina are larger in males than in females. 7. Following administration of PMS to the male there is a selective increase in volume of the toxic and lumpy glands on the dorsal surface, but no corresponding increase on the ventral surface. Mucous and small glands do not change in size after hormone treatment. 8. The capacity of all the glands in a cm2 of skin, in terms of mean volume, is 1.7 mm3 in males not treated with hormones. After PMS treatment of the male the gland volume per cm2 increase to 2.5 mm3. The total volume per cm2 in females is only 0.65 mm3.", "PMID": 749382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7775", "title": "[Projection of different ganglion cell classes in the albino rat retina. A study using horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "In order to demonstrate the central projections of the different ganglion cell classes in the albino rat retina horseradish-peroxidase was injected into the superior colliculus (CS) and into the lateral geniculate nucleus (Cgl). The study presents the following results: a) Injection into the CS: Labelled cells are only in the contralateral retina. Topistically, the retino-collicular projection is in good agreement with the findings of physiological methods. The nasal half of the retina projects mainly to the posterior part and the superior half to the lataral part of the CS. Taking into consideration our cell-size-classification among 500 labelled cells we found 63% of the small group (7...10 micrometer soma diameter), 35% of the medium-sized (11...14 micrometer) and only 2% of the large group (15...23 micrometer). The small cells (W-system)project mainly, but not alone and not exclusively to the CS. b) Injection into the Cgl: In the ipsilateral retina we found a few labelled cells in the superior, temporal region. Contralateral--as after CS-injection--only half of ganglion cells is labelled. The quantitative analysis of 500 labelled cells indicates: 32% belong to hte small group, 51% to the medium-sized and 17% to the large group. There are fibers of all three classes, but in the majority those of the medium-sized class terminating in the Cgl. It is discussed whether these results allow a comparison of the size classes with the W-, X- and Y-system. Our findings show that there is no clear agreement between cell-size and projection site as demonstrated in cats. There is a large overlapping of the cell classes with respect to their central projection. We found that with increasing soma-diameter the ganglion cells project more and more to the Cgl. It is known that in the Golgi-picture cells with different soma diameter are of the same neuron type. Therefore, a morphological comparison of the ganglion cells of the rat with the W-, X- and Y-system is only ingenious taking into consideration also the dendritic structure.", "contents": "[Projection of different ganglion cell classes in the albino rat retina. A study using horseradish peroxidase]. In order to demonstrate the central projections of the different ganglion cell classes in the albino rat retina horseradish-peroxidase was injected into the superior colliculus (CS) and into the lateral geniculate nucleus (Cgl). The study presents the following results: a) Injection into the CS: Labelled cells are only in the contralateral retina. Topistically, the retino-collicular projection is in good agreement with the findings of physiological methods. The nasal half of the retina projects mainly to the posterior part and the superior half to the lataral part of the CS. Taking into consideration our cell-size-classification among 500 labelled cells we found 63% of the small group (7...10 micrometer soma diameter), 35% of the medium-sized (11...14 micrometer) and only 2% of the large group (15...23 micrometer). The small cells (W-system)project mainly, but not alone and not exclusively to the CS. b) Injection into the Cgl: In the ipsilateral retina we found a few labelled cells in the superior, temporal region. Contralateral--as after CS-injection--only half of ganglion cells is labelled. The quantitative analysis of 500 labelled cells indicates: 32% belong to hte small group, 51% to the medium-sized and 17% to the large group. There are fibers of all three classes, but in the majority those of the medium-sized class terminating in the Cgl. It is discussed whether these results allow a comparison of the size classes with the W-, X- and Y-system. Our findings show that there is no clear agreement between cell-size and projection site as demonstrated in cats. There is a large overlapping of the cell classes with respect to their central projection. We found that with increasing soma-diameter the ganglion cells project more and more to the Cgl. It is known that in the Golgi-picture cells with different soma diameter are of the same neuron type. Therefore, a morphological comparison of the ganglion cells of the rat with the W-, X- and Y-system is only ingenious taking into consideration also the dendritic structure.", "PMID": 749383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7776", "title": "Seasonal variations in the parathyroid gland of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii (Gray).", "content": "Morphology, histology and seasonal changes in the parathyroid gland of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii are reported. The lizard possesses a pair of glands consisting of a single type of cells. Parathyroid gland undergoes well defined seasonal changes. During breeding season (Summer) gland showed hyperactivity, whereas in winter, when lizard is quiescent, parathyroid gland shows degenerative changes. Though parathyroid gland from both male and female exhibited hyperactive phase during summer, plasma calcium and phosphorus concentration of female only has increased during this period suggesting that the changes in the parathyroid gland are not due to the endogenous circulating calcium level.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the parathyroid gland of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii (Gray). Morphology, histology and seasonal changes in the parathyroid gland of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii are reported. The lizard possesses a pair of glands consisting of a single type of cells. Parathyroid gland undergoes well defined seasonal changes. During breeding season (Summer) gland showed hyperactivity, whereas in winter, when lizard is quiescent, parathyroid gland shows degenerative changes. Though parathyroid gland from both male and female exhibited hyperactive phase during summer, plasma calcium and phosphorus concentration of female only has increased during this period suggesting that the changes in the parathyroid gland are not due to the endogenous circulating calcium level.", "PMID": 749384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7777", "title": "Micromorphology of the median eminence in the percoid fish, Trichogaster fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider).", "content": "The pituitary of Trichogaster fasciatus is devoid of a distinct stalk and is closely attached to the floor of the brain. The third ventricle is in wide communication with the anterior neurohypophysis adjacent to the pars distalis. The subterminal region of the hypothalamus and the anterior neurohypophysis forms the median eminence. Structurally this region can be compared to the median eminence of tetrapods as it is differentiated into ependymal, fibrous and reticular layers. A close morphological contact between the stainable neurosecretory and silver positive axons with the capillary plexus and accumulation of neurosecretory material around the capillary network suggest the presence of an incipient tetrapodan type of median eminence in this species.", "contents": "Micromorphology of the median eminence in the percoid fish, Trichogaster fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider). The pituitary of Trichogaster fasciatus is devoid of a distinct stalk and is closely attached to the floor of the brain. The third ventricle is in wide communication with the anterior neurohypophysis adjacent to the pars distalis. The subterminal region of the hypothalamus and the anterior neurohypophysis forms the median eminence. Structurally this region can be compared to the median eminence of tetrapods as it is differentiated into ependymal, fibrous and reticular layers. A close morphological contact between the stainable neurosecretory and silver positive axons with the capillary plexus and accumulation of neurosecretory material around the capillary network suggest the presence of an incipient tetrapodan type of median eminence in this species.", "PMID": 749385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7778", "title": "Corpuscles of Stannius in a hillstream teleost, Glyptothorax pectinopterus (McClelland).", "content": "There is a pair of corpuscles of Stannius in the hillstream catfish, Glyptothorax pectinopterus. They are rounded or oval bodies visible to the naked eye, and situated ventrolaterally in the posterior mesonephros. Each CS is enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. Histologically, the CS have granulated secretory cells which stain positively with AF, PAS and CAH. They have oval or spherical nucleus with one or two nucleoli. Neural structures are present in the capsule as well as in the substance of the corpuscle.", "contents": "Corpuscles of Stannius in a hillstream teleost, Glyptothorax pectinopterus (McClelland). There is a pair of corpuscles of Stannius in the hillstream catfish, Glyptothorax pectinopterus. They are rounded or oval bodies visible to the naked eye, and situated ventrolaterally in the posterior mesonephros. Each CS is enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. Histologically, the CS have granulated secretory cells which stain positively with AF, PAS and CAH. They have oval or spherical nucleus with one or two nucleoli. Neural structures are present in the capsule as well as in the substance of the corpuscle.", "PMID": 749386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7779", "title": "[Karyovolumetric studies of postnatal differentiation of the amygdaloid complex in ovarectomized rats].", "content": "The caryovolumetrically definable prepubertal morphokinesis of the medial, cortical and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei in intact female rats (DOCKE and SMOLLICH 1978), which is probably related to the maturation of the ovulatory meachnisms, could not be demonstrated in females ovariectomized on the first day after birth and autopsied at 21, 26, 32, 36 or 39 days of age. Simultaneously, postnatal castration induced a specific stimulation of the metabolic activity of amygdaloid neurons. A distinct increase of cell nuclear volumes as compared to intact rats was recorded in the medial and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei and, to a lower degree, in the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. Neurons located in the parietal cortex did not respond in this way. The findings support the assumption that the mediocortical and basolateral amygdaloid regions belong to the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis and are involved in the differentiation and/or maturation of this axis.", "contents": "[Karyovolumetric studies of postnatal differentiation of the amygdaloid complex in ovarectomized rats]. The caryovolumetrically definable prepubertal morphokinesis of the medial, cortical and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei in intact female rats (DOCKE and SMOLLICH 1978), which is probably related to the maturation of the ovulatory meachnisms, could not be demonstrated in females ovariectomized on the first day after birth and autopsied at 21, 26, 32, 36 or 39 days of age. Simultaneously, postnatal castration induced a specific stimulation of the metabolic activity of amygdaloid neurons. A distinct increase of cell nuclear volumes as compared to intact rats was recorded in the medial and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei and, to a lower degree, in the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. Neurons located in the parietal cortex did not respond in this way. The findings support the assumption that the mediocortical and basolateral amygdaloid regions belong to the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis and are involved in the differentiation and/or maturation of this axis.", "PMID": 749387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7780", "title": "Head-kidney thyroid in some Indian teleosts.", "content": "Six species of fishes, with different habits and belonging to different habitats and families, have been investigated. Only four, namely Discognathus lamta, Carassius auratus, Glossogobius giuris and Polynemus sexfilis have shown the presence of heterotopic thyroid follicles in their head-kidneys. The heterotopic thyroid follicles of Discognathus lamta appear to be functional while those of the rest of fishes are in non-functional state.", "contents": "Head-kidney thyroid in some Indian teleosts. Six species of fishes, with different habits and belonging to different habitats and families, have been investigated. Only four, namely Discognathus lamta, Carassius auratus, Glossogobius giuris and Polynemus sexfilis have shown the presence of heterotopic thyroid follicles in their head-kidneys. The heterotopic thyroid follicles of Discognathus lamta appear to be functional while those of the rest of fishes are in non-functional state.", "PMID": 749388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7781", "title": "[Normal structure and ultrastructure of the superior cervical ganglion cells in the rat].", "content": "It is surprising to ascertain, as did DE LEMNOS and PICK, that the fine structure of rat ganglia has not raised up more interest, If one considers neurons only, S.I.F. and satellite cells are not generally described. Relatively little information is available on the nucleus organization, except nuclear mambran folds (FORSSMANN). Cajal's intranuclear rod shaped inclusions have been omitted or imperfectly studied except by SEITE. However, the presence of the structures testifies the biochemical activity in neurons. In the present ultrastructural investigation, perticular attention was given to the perikaryon fine structure in neurons. Changes in neuronal appearance were estimated in cultures and grafts with reference to morphological features of the perikaryon.", "contents": "[Normal structure and ultrastructure of the superior cervical ganglion cells in the rat]. It is surprising to ascertain, as did DE LEMNOS and PICK, that the fine structure of rat ganglia has not raised up more interest, If one considers neurons only, S.I.F. and satellite cells are not generally described. Relatively little information is available on the nucleus organization, except nuclear mambran folds (FORSSMANN). Cajal's intranuclear rod shaped inclusions have been omitted or imperfectly studied except by SEITE. However, the presence of the structures testifies the biochemical activity in neurons. In the present ultrastructural investigation, perticular attention was given to the perikaryon fine structure in neurons. Changes in neuronal appearance were estimated in cultures and grafts with reference to morphological features of the perikaryon.", "PMID": 749389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7782", "title": "[Effect of sensory deprivation on the lamina V pyramidal neurons in the rat cingulate gyrus].", "content": "Three groups of Wistar-rats were reared in the dark during different periods in their postnatal life: the first group was reared in the dark starting from birth for a period of four weeks, the second one from birth up to nine weeks of age and the third one from the fifth up to the ninth week postnatal. Two groups of control animals were reared under normal laboratory conditions from birth up to four or else up to nine weeks of age. The brains were processed according to a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. In lamina-V-pyramids of the gyrus cinguli there were evaluated lightmicroscopically for every group: length, number and distribution of spines on the main apical dendrites; on the apical oblique dendrites, too, these measures were made in the groups of four weeks of age (experimental and control animals). Main results are: 1. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the fourth week of age, i.e. during the early period of the postnatal brain development causes a growing-inhibition: the number of apical oblique dendrites (first order) was significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. The apical spines-values are not significantly altered. 2. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the ninth week of age as well as during the later postnatal development (from the fifth up to the ninth week) cause a statistically significant increase of spines values on the main apical dendrite. 3. These findings are discussed from a functional point of view and with the references.", "contents": "[Effect of sensory deprivation on the lamina V pyramidal neurons in the rat cingulate gyrus]. Three groups of Wistar-rats were reared in the dark during different periods in their postnatal life: the first group was reared in the dark starting from birth for a period of four weeks, the second one from birth up to nine weeks of age and the third one from the fifth up to the ninth week postnatal. Two groups of control animals were reared under normal laboratory conditions from birth up to four or else up to nine weeks of age. The brains were processed according to a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. In lamina-V-pyramids of the gyrus cinguli there were evaluated lightmicroscopically for every group: length, number and distribution of spines on the main apical dendrites; on the apical oblique dendrites, too, these measures were made in the groups of four weeks of age (experimental and control animals). Main results are: 1. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the fourth week of age, i.e. during the early period of the postnatal brain development causes a growing-inhibition: the number of apical oblique dendrites (first order) was significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. The apical spines-values are not significantly altered. 2. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the ninth week of age as well as during the later postnatal development (from the fifth up to the ninth week) cause a statistically significant increase of spines values on the main apical dendrite. 3. These findings are discussed from a functional point of view and with the references.", "PMID": 749390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7783", "title": "Studies on the ovarian activity of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "Post-ovulatory corpora haemorrhagica and mature corpora lutea were seen in the ovary of non pregnant dromedary only during the spring season. Regressed corpora lutea were noticed in the pvaries all-over the year together with many follicles of different sizes. 2 or 3 corpora lutea in different stages of regression might be found in the same ovary. Premordial follicles in the ovary of the dromedary were found to be distributed under tunica albuginea and extend deeply for a short distance in the cortical tissue. Number of these follicles are intact while others are atretic. The ovary of the dromedary shows very few number of intact growing follicles all-over the year. The majority of the growing follicles were found to show different stages of atresia. A large number of Graafian follicles is noticed in the ovaries of the dromedary examined all-over the year. Some of these Graafian follicles are intact, others show signs of atresia. The most common type of atresia that affects the large antral follicles is the cystic atresia. Both granulosa and theca cells of the dromedary undergo luteinization after ovulation to form the corpus luteum. This occurs earlier in the granulosa cells than in the theca cells. Regression of the  corpus luteum was found to occur in the dromedary by 2 different ways, termed vascular and avascular types. Sometimes the 2 types of regression occur in the same ovary.", "contents": "Studies on the ovarian activity of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Post-ovulatory corpora haemorrhagica and mature corpora lutea were seen in the ovary of non pregnant dromedary only during the spring season. Regressed corpora lutea were noticed in the pvaries all-over the year together with many follicles of different sizes. 2 or 3 corpora lutea in different stages of regression might be found in the same ovary. Premordial follicles in the ovary of the dromedary were found to be distributed under tunica albuginea and extend deeply for a short distance in the cortical tissue. Number of these follicles are intact while others are atretic. The ovary of the dromedary shows very few number of intact growing follicles all-over the year. The majority of the growing follicles were found to show different stages of atresia. A large number of Graafian follicles is noticed in the ovaries of the dromedary examined all-over the year. Some of these Graafian follicles are intact, others show signs of atresia. The most common type of atresia that affects the large antral follicles is the cystic atresia. Both granulosa and theca cells of the dromedary undergo luteinization after ovulation to form the corpus luteum. This occurs earlier in the granulosa cells than in the theca cells. Regression of the  corpus luteum was found to occur in the dromedary by 2 different ways, termed vascular and avascular types. Sometimes the 2 types of regression occur in the same ovary.", "PMID": 749391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7784", "title": "[Brain warts].", "content": "26% of the brains studied (108) reveal warty extraversions which predominantly lie within the limits of the frontal lobe where they can be most frequently encountered on the lower frontal gyrus. Most of them occupy the crest of a gyrus. Only a few elongated ones can be found in the vicinity of the bottom of a sulcus. The various laminae of the cortex are subjected to variations. The molecular layer (I) contains a great number of ectopic nerve cells. Pigment-laden stellate cells and those devoid of pigment inclusions can be encountered besides a great number of various types of pyramidal cells. The nerve cells of the corpuscular layer (II) appear loosely arranged. The pyramidal layer (III) follows the curvature of the wart but appears attenuated towards its tip. Both the ganglionic layer and the multi-form layer show a lens-shaped thickening. If compared with an equal-sized part of the adjoining normal isocortex there is no numerical increase of nerve cells within the wart.", "contents": "[Brain warts]. 26% of the brains studied (108) reveal warty extraversions which predominantly lie within the limits of the frontal lobe where they can be most frequently encountered on the lower frontal gyrus. Most of them occupy the crest of a gyrus. Only a few elongated ones can be found in the vicinity of the bottom of a sulcus. The various laminae of the cortex are subjected to variations. The molecular layer (I) contains a great number of ectopic nerve cells. Pigment-laden stellate cells and those devoid of pigment inclusions can be encountered besides a great number of various types of pyramidal cells. The nerve cells of the corpuscular layer (II) appear loosely arranged. The pyramidal layer (III) follows the curvature of the wart but appears attenuated towards its tip. Both the ganglionic layer and the multi-form layer show a lens-shaped thickening. If compared with an equal-sized part of the adjoining normal isocortex there is no numerical increase of nerve cells within the wart.", "PMID": 749392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7785", "title": "[Changes caused by ultrasound in the isolated rat heart and in the rat heart in situ].", "content": "1. The morphological alterations of rat hearts were investigated on isolated and on in situ organs after exposure to ultrasound. The ultrasonic waves, at 850 kHz frequency, were administered for 2 to 4 minutes with an energy of 2 to 4 watts/cm2. 2. In the exposed area, the pathological modifications are occurring in four successive steps. At the initial stage, the myocardial cells swell, at the second one one they contract and still later they show cleared spots and breakage lines, which may lead to fragmentation of the fibres. At the fourth stage the cells undergo a granular, mottling and vacuolar degeneration. 3. The epicardium demonstrates spotted blebs and swollen areas. It sometimes disintegrates or disappears, and can also cover some bleedings. Similar changes are found in the endocardium. 4. The alterations of the connective and endothelial cells correspond to those of the myocardial cells. Where the latter are swollen or contracted, the blood vessels are enlarged. In the regions with fragmented or degenerated muscle cells they are frequently necrotic. 5. In the wall of the left ventricle, the ventral part demonstrate more alterations than the dorsal one. However an exception is made by the tissues immediately next to border zones. Cellular and tissular damages augmented by increase in exposure period or energy.", "contents": "[Changes caused by ultrasound in the isolated rat heart and in the rat heart in situ]. 1. The morphological alterations of rat hearts were investigated on isolated and on in situ organs after exposure to ultrasound. The ultrasonic waves, at 850 kHz frequency, were administered for 2 to 4 minutes with an energy of 2 to 4 watts/cm2. 2. In the exposed area, the pathological modifications are occurring in four successive steps. At the initial stage, the myocardial cells swell, at the second one one they contract and still later they show cleared spots and breakage lines, which may lead to fragmentation of the fibres. At the fourth stage the cells undergo a granular, mottling and vacuolar degeneration. 3. The epicardium demonstrates spotted blebs and swollen areas. It sometimes disintegrates or disappears, and can also cover some bleedings. Similar changes are found in the endocardium. 4. The alterations of the connective and endothelial cells correspond to those of the myocardial cells. Where the latter are swollen or contracted, the blood vessels are enlarged. In the regions with fragmented or degenerated muscle cells they are frequently necrotic. 5. In the wall of the left ventricle, the ventral part demonstrate more alterations than the dorsal one. However an exception is made by the tissues immediately next to border zones. Cellular and tissular damages augmented by increase in exposure period or energy.", "PMID": 749393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7786", "title": "[Ultrastructure of hepatocytes is teleost fishes following food deprivation].", "content": "Liver tissue of nine teleost species has been investigated electron microscopically after periods of fasting. Ultrastructural changes tn the hepatocytes are described mainly from Haplochromis burtoni. 70 days of food deprivation have the following effects: the intercellular spaces are widened; the size of the hepatocytes is reduced; lysosomes are enlarged and reach the diameter of the nucleus and have increased in number; the amount glycogen is reduced; the endoplasmatic reticulum bears less ribosomes. All alterations are reversible. The comparison of different species mainly shows differences conceming to the amount of lipid, which may be reduced or enlarged.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of hepatocytes is teleost fishes following food deprivation]. Liver tissue of nine teleost species has been investigated electron microscopically after periods of fasting. Ultrastructural changes tn the hepatocytes are described mainly from Haplochromis burtoni. 70 days of food deprivation have the following effects: the intercellular spaces are widened; the size of the hepatocytes is reduced; lysosomes are enlarged and reach the diameter of the nucleus and have increased in number; the amount glycogen is reduced; the endoplasmatic reticulum bears less ribosomes. All alterations are reversible. The comparison of different species mainly shows differences conceming to the amount of lipid, which may be reduced or enlarged.", "PMID": 749394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7787", "title": "[II. Ultrastructure of rat superior cervical ganglion cells in organ culture and grafts].", "content": "Ultrastructural modifications of neurons in organ cultures were more and less obvious, while remaining always identical in cultures at the same age. Between 5 and 6 days after culture, neurons showed numerous dense bodies, nuclear pockets, sparse Nissl's bodies broken into fragments, bundles of microfilaments, elongated mitochondria and a slightly distended Golgi apparatus. Sometimes, the nucleus was indented and the nucleolus was shaded off. S.I.F. cells had indented nucleus, dense bodies and bundles of microfibrils. Neurons from direct grafts presented modifications similar to those observed in cultures at short time intervals. Then the breaking up of Nissl's bodies and mitochondria and the hyalin transformation of dense bodies took place. A restoration, at first involving the nucleus, could occur in relation with immunological conditions. The evolution of S.I.F. cells was quite comparable to that of neurons. In either case, features of cellular degeneracy were always little marked and fugitive.", "contents": "[II. Ultrastructure of rat superior cervical ganglion cells in organ culture and grafts]. Ultrastructural modifications of neurons in organ cultures were more and less obvious, while remaining always identical in cultures at the same age. Between 5 and 6 days after culture, neurons showed numerous dense bodies, nuclear pockets, sparse Nissl's bodies broken into fragments, bundles of microfilaments, elongated mitochondria and a slightly distended Golgi apparatus. Sometimes, the nucleus was indented and the nucleolus was shaded off. S.I.F. cells had indented nucleus, dense bodies and bundles of microfibrils. Neurons from direct grafts presented modifications similar to those observed in cultures at short time intervals. Then the breaking up of Nissl's bodies and mitochondria and the hyalin transformation of dense bodies took place. A restoration, at first involving the nucleus, could occur in relation with immunological conditions. The evolution of S.I.F. cells was quite comparable to that of neurons. In either case, features of cellular degeneracy were always little marked and fugitive.", "PMID": 749395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7788", "title": "[Luminal surface of human esophagus during ontogeny].", "content": "The development of human esophagus epithelium was continuously examined from the 7th to the 23rd week post conception (p.c.) by transmission as well as scanning electron microscopes. Essential steps of the development are: 1. From the 7th to the 9th week p.c. the lumen of the esophagus is open along the whole length. Many superficial cells cease their mitotic activity and produce single cilia. 2. In the 9th week p.c. large low electron dense areas still exist in the cells. Most of the superficial cells are incapable of mitosis. 3. In the 11th week p.c. we found two possibilities for differentiation of the primary cells: ciliated cells and cells with glycogen. 4. In the 14th week p.c. there is the greatest amount of ciliated cells. At the same time, the transformation of ciliated cells to columnar cells begins. The reduction of mitochondria correlates with the migration of the nucleus. 5. After the 17th week p.c. no more glycogen-rich cells exist. The number of ciliated cells decreases discontinuously. 6. Polygonal shaped epithelial cells predominate in the 23rd week p.c. Stratified epithelium develops only after 23 weeks p.c. Thus, through the use of transmission and scanning electron microscopes, we found new aspects which are contrary to the known theories based on light microscopical investigations.", "contents": "[Luminal surface of human esophagus during ontogeny]. The development of human esophagus epithelium was continuously examined from the 7th to the 23rd week post conception (p.c.) by transmission as well as scanning electron microscopes. Essential steps of the development are: 1. From the 7th to the 9th week p.c. the lumen of the esophagus is open along the whole length. Many superficial cells cease their mitotic activity and produce single cilia. 2. In the 9th week p.c. large low electron dense areas still exist in the cells. Most of the superficial cells are incapable of mitosis. 3. In the 11th week p.c. we found two possibilities for differentiation of the primary cells: ciliated cells and cells with glycogen. 4. In the 14th week p.c. there is the greatest amount of ciliated cells. At the same time, the transformation of ciliated cells to columnar cells begins. The reduction of mitochondria correlates with the migration of the nucleus. 5. After the 17th week p.c. no more glycogen-rich cells exist. The number of ciliated cells decreases discontinuously. 6. Polygonal shaped epithelial cells predominate in the 23rd week p.c. Stratified epithelium develops only after 23 weeks p.c. Thus, through the use of transmission and scanning electron microscopes, we found new aspects which are contrary to the known theories based on light microscopical investigations.", "PMID": 749396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7789", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the prostomium and anterior segments of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L., Eisenia foetida Sav.).", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the epithelium of the prostomium, anterior segments, mouth and pharynx was performed in Lumbricus terrestris L. and Eisenia foetida Sav. Numerous ciliated areas (number of cilia up to 800) identified as receptor organs, were found scattered on the prostomium and 1st segment. From the 2nd segment on, the number of organs decreased and they were arranged in several rows. Receptor organs small in size and number, were also found in the buccal and pharyngeal epithelium. The cilia of the sensory organs stuck out of holes of different sizes of the epithelial cuticle thickened by a supracuticular matrix. In addition, there were groups of about 5 cilia scattered below the epithelial cuticle. Each cilium lay in a narrow groove of the subcuticular surface of the epithelium characterized by an abundance of short thick microvilli protruding into evenly sized holes of the cuticle. The cilia appeared to be identical with those of solitary sensory cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the prostomium and anterior segments of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L., Eisenia foetida Sav.). A scanning electron microscopic study of the epithelium of the prostomium, anterior segments, mouth and pharynx was performed in Lumbricus terrestris L. and Eisenia foetida Sav. Numerous ciliated areas (number of cilia up to 800) identified as receptor organs, were found scattered on the prostomium and 1st segment. From the 2nd segment on, the number of organs decreased and they were arranged in several rows. Receptor organs small in size and number, were also found in the buccal and pharyngeal epithelium. The cilia of the sensory organs stuck out of holes of different sizes of the epithelial cuticle thickened by a supracuticular matrix. In addition, there were groups of about 5 cilia scattered below the epithelial cuticle. Each cilium lay in a narrow groove of the subcuticular surface of the epithelium characterized by an abundance of short thick microvilli protruding into evenly sized holes of the cuticle. The cilia appeared to be identical with those of solitary sensory cells.", "PMID": 749397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7790", "title": "Responses of gill to various changes in salinity in fresh water teleost Colisa fasciatus (Bl. and Schn.).", "content": "In the present study the effects of different osmotic conditions have been observed on the gills of a fresh water air breathing teleost Colisa fasciatus. 1. In control fishes two types of specialised cells (mucous gland and mast cells) are found in the gill. There is no special type of \"chloride cell\". None of the cells give AgNO3/HNO3 test. The size of the mucous cells varies from 5.50 micrometer to 5.94 micrometer. 2. After distilled water treatment, the epithelium is severely swollen and at some places completely desquamated from the lamellae, leaving only the blood capillaries and supporting pilasler cells, due to endosmosis. 3. After 40% salt water treatment the exhaustive stages in mucous glands and marked shrinkage of the entire respiratory epithelium is observed. The excess of salt causes exosmosis resulting in death of the fishes. 4. After 8% salt water treatment the number and the size of mucous prodicing cells of treated fish increases approximately four times as compared to controlled fishes during the first week of adaptation. In case of one month treated fish the gill surface area increases extensively and is occupied by the mucous cells. These mucous producing cells are AgNO3/HNO3 positive indicating their transformation into so called \"chloride cells\". The size of mucous cell increases upto 19.63 micrometer.", "contents": "Responses of gill to various changes in salinity in fresh water teleost Colisa fasciatus (Bl. and Schn.). In the present study the effects of different osmotic conditions have been observed on the gills of a fresh water air breathing teleost Colisa fasciatus. 1. In control fishes two types of specialised cells (mucous gland and mast cells) are found in the gill. There is no special type of \"chloride cell\". None of the cells give AgNO3/HNO3 test. The size of the mucous cells varies from 5.50 micrometer to 5.94 micrometer. 2. After distilled water treatment, the epithelium is severely swollen and at some places completely desquamated from the lamellae, leaving only the blood capillaries and supporting pilasler cells, due to endosmosis. 3. After 40% salt water treatment the exhaustive stages in mucous glands and marked shrinkage of the entire respiratory epithelium is observed. The excess of salt causes exosmosis resulting in death of the fishes. 4. After 8% salt water treatment the number and the size of mucous prodicing cells of treated fish increases approximately four times as compared to controlled fishes during the first week of adaptation. In case of one month treated fish the gill surface area increases extensively and is occupied by the mucous cells. These mucous producing cells are AgNO3/HNO3 positive indicating their transformation into so called \"chloride cells\". The size of mucous cell increases upto 19.63 micrometer.", "PMID": 749398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7791", "title": "[Glia of median eminence. Electron microscopic studies of normal, adrenalectomized and castrated rats ].", "content": "The glia is investigated in an oral and middle region of the median eminence (EM). Both zones have in common that they can be subdivided in the ependyma and subependyma (with ependymal cells, tanycytes and some oligodendroglial cells, astrocytes and glia which cannot be further classified), internal zone (with astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia) and external zone (with astrocytic tanycytes, microglia and a few astrocytes). Quantitative differences exist between the oral and middle part of the EM since the area which is occupied by the glia decreases per section in the caudal direction. For the first time a new type of glia cells is described which are designated as astrocytic tanycyte; they posses the structural features of tanycytes as well as of astrocytes.--After adrenalectomy and castration the area of the glia is bigger in the external zone than in untreated animals. Under the same conditions the number and size of the lipoprotein granules of the glia increase. A general activation of the glia of the EM occurs which is considered to be a reaction which runs parallel with the stimulation of the neurosecretory systems.", "contents": "[Glia of median eminence. Electron microscopic studies of normal, adrenalectomized and castrated rats ]. The glia is investigated in an oral and middle region of the median eminence (EM). Both zones have in common that they can be subdivided in the ependyma and subependyma (with ependymal cells, tanycytes and some oligodendroglial cells, astrocytes and glia which cannot be further classified), internal zone (with astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia) and external zone (with astrocytic tanycytes, microglia and a few astrocytes). Quantitative differences exist between the oral and middle part of the EM since the area which is occupied by the glia decreases per section in the caudal direction. For the first time a new type of glia cells is described which are designated as astrocytic tanycyte; they posses the structural features of tanycytes as well as of astrocytes.--After adrenalectomy and castration the area of the glia is bigger in the external zone than in untreated animals. Under the same conditions the number and size of the lipoprotein granules of the glia increase. A general activation of the glia of the EM occurs which is considered to be a reaction which runs parallel with the stimulation of the neurosecretory systems.", "PMID": 749399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7792", "title": "Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of sodium tungstate.", "content": "The effect of sodium tungstate in the culture media of three different species of Azotobacter, isolated from Allahabad soil, was studied. It was observed that the presence of tungstate in the culture media of bacterial sample A2 and A3 decreased the fixation of nitrogen, except in the bacterial sample A1.", "contents": "Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of sodium tungstate. The effect of sodium tungstate in the culture media of three different species of Azotobacter, isolated from Allahabad soil, was studied. It was observed that the presence of tungstate in the culture media of bacterial sample A2 and A3 decreased the fixation of nitrogen, except in the bacterial sample A1.", "PMID": 749407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7793", "title": "Investigation of cerium and yttrium ions effects on microbial nitrogen fixation and determination of inhibition.", "content": "Critical investigation of the effect of yttrium and cerium ions in culture media for nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed strong inhibition. There was a decrease in the amount of nitrogen fixed; simultaneously, in the samples containing cerium ions, carbon consumption values increased as the molarity of metal ion was enhanced. Inhibition rate was invariably maximum at the highest concentration of metal ions.", "contents": "Investigation of cerium and yttrium ions effects on microbial nitrogen fixation and determination of inhibition. Critical investigation of the effect of yttrium and cerium ions in culture media for nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed strong inhibition. There was a decrease in the amount of nitrogen fixed; simultaneously, in the samples containing cerium ions, carbon consumption values increased as the molarity of metal ion was enhanced. Inhibition rate was invariably maximum at the highest concentration of metal ions.", "PMID": 749408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7794", "title": "Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of lanthanum sulphate with sodium molybdate.", "content": "The effect of lanthanum sulphate together with 100 micrometer of sodium molybdate show that there is considerable increase in nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in the culture medium of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter species A1 and A2, isolated from Allahabad soil. But these combination decrease the nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in case of another species, Azotobacter A3, of the same soil.", "contents": "Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of lanthanum sulphate with sodium molybdate. The effect of lanthanum sulphate together with 100 micrometer of sodium molybdate show that there is considerable increase in nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in the culture medium of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter species A1 and A2, isolated from Allahabad soil. But these combination decrease the nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in case of another species, Azotobacter A3, of the same soil.", "PMID": 749409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7795", "title": "Carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Aerobacter aerogenes for valine production.", "content": "A number of carbon and nitrogen compounds were tested for their effect on growth of Aerobacter aerogenes and valine production. Sucrose was found to be the superior carbon source for valine production, while mannose supported maximum cellular growth with very poor yield of valine. Urea was found to be the adequate nitrogen source for valine production. Supplementation of the synthetic medium with complex nutrients lowered the yield of valine. No direct relationship between the growth of the organism and the formation of the amino acid was noticed. On the basis of this study, a suitable synthetic medium for valine production has been developed.", "contents": "Carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Aerobacter aerogenes for valine production. A number of carbon and nitrogen compounds were tested for their effect on growth of Aerobacter aerogenes and valine production. Sucrose was found to be the superior carbon source for valine production, while mannose supported maximum cellular growth with very poor yield of valine. Urea was found to be the adequate nitrogen source for valine production. Supplementation of the synthetic medium with complex nutrients lowered the yield of valine. No direct relationship between the growth of the organism and the formation of the amino acid was noticed. On the basis of this study, a suitable synthetic medium for valine production has been developed.", "PMID": 749410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7796", "title": "Production of adventitious root primordia on hypocotyls of castor bean seedling, infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "The development of sterile secondary tumours on hypocotyls of castor bean seedlings, inoculated with any of the ten isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens tested, were observed below the site of the primary tumours. Histopathological studies performed in the present work indicate that the observed secondary tumours were adventitious root primordia and not the ordinary type of secondary tumours. According to the available literature such findings are reported here for the first time. All the tested isolates of the present study were also able to initiate well defined roots in conjunction with crown gall (teratomas) on Bryophyllum crenata and Kalanchoe marmorata, but not in tomato.", "contents": "Production of adventitious root primordia on hypocotyls of castor bean seedling, infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The development of sterile secondary tumours on hypocotyls of castor bean seedlings, inoculated with any of the ten isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens tested, were observed below the site of the primary tumours. Histopathological studies performed in the present work indicate that the observed secondary tumours were adventitious root primordia and not the ordinary type of secondary tumours. According to the available literature such findings are reported here for the first time. All the tested isolates of the present study were also able to initiate well defined roots in conjunction with crown gall (teratomas) on Bryophyllum crenata and Kalanchoe marmorata, but not in tomato.", "PMID": 749411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7797", "title": "Identification of Erwinia sp., causing stalk rot of maize in Egypt.", "content": "The physiological characteristics, pathogenic propensities, and the sensitivity towards certain antibiotics of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize, isolated in Egypt, were studied. Different isolates of Erwinia carotovora and E. atroseptica were included for comparative studies. The antibiotic sensitivity tests (including erythromycin) are of no value in differentiating between E. carotovora and E. atroseptica. The cultures of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize showed physiological characteristics similar to those known for E. chrysanthemi. The pathogenic propensities of E. chrysanthemi isolates suggest the presence of a number of pathotypes of E. chrysanthemi. The proposal of HARTMAN and KELMAN to identify maize stalk rot pathogen as E. chrysanthemi (corn pathotype) seems, therefore, to be the most appropriate name for this bacterium.", "contents": "Identification of Erwinia sp., causing stalk rot of maize in Egypt. The physiological characteristics, pathogenic propensities, and the sensitivity towards certain antibiotics of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize, isolated in Egypt, were studied. Different isolates of Erwinia carotovora and E. atroseptica were included for comparative studies. The antibiotic sensitivity tests (including erythromycin) are of no value in differentiating between E. carotovora and E. atroseptica. The cultures of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize showed physiological characteristics similar to those known for E. chrysanthemi. The pathogenic propensities of E. chrysanthemi isolates suggest the presence of a number of pathotypes of E. chrysanthemi. The proposal of HARTMAN and KELMAN to identify maize stalk rot pathogen as E. chrysanthemi (corn pathotype) seems, therefore, to be the most appropriate name for this bacterium.", "PMID": 749412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7798", "title": "[Structurally dependent effects of substituted thioureas on the concentration of potato virus X in Nicotiana tabacum L. \"Samsun\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been made to investigate the effects of N-alkyl- and aryl-substituted thioureas as well as N,N'-alkyl-alkyl-, alkyl-aryl-, and aryl-aryl-substituted thioureas on the multiplication of PVX in Nicotiana tabacum L. \"Samsun\". The virus concentrations of the treated plants were serologically determined and compared with these of untreated controls. The weak antiphytoviral effect of nonsubstituted thiourea remained virtually unchanged in N,N'-dimethyl thiourea, and in N,N,N'-trimethyl thiourea. A stronger antiphytoviral effect was observed for N-phenyl, N',N'-pentamethylene thiourea, as well as N-methyl thiourea. All other substitutions, especially those by longer-chain substituents or by a larger number of substituents, were not found to have an influence on viral multiplication.", "contents": "[Structurally dependent effects of substituted thioureas on the concentration of potato virus X in Nicotiana tabacum L. \"Samsun\" (author's transl)]. A study has been made to investigate the effects of N-alkyl- and aryl-substituted thioureas as well as N,N'-alkyl-alkyl-, alkyl-aryl-, and aryl-aryl-substituted thioureas on the multiplication of PVX in Nicotiana tabacum L. \"Samsun\". The virus concentrations of the treated plants were serologically determined and compared with these of untreated controls. The weak antiphytoviral effect of nonsubstituted thiourea remained virtually unchanged in N,N'-dimethyl thiourea, and in N,N,N'-trimethyl thiourea. A stronger antiphytoviral effect was observed for N-phenyl, N',N'-pentamethylene thiourea, as well as N-methyl thiourea. All other substitutions, especially those by longer-chain substituents or by a larger number of substituents, were not found to have an influence on viral multiplication.", "PMID": 749413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7799", "title": "Efficacy of some essential oils and their constituents on few ubiquitous molds.", "content": "Six essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Anethum sowa, Cymbopogon winterianus, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Commiphora mukul were selected and tested for their efficacy against Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. sulphureus, Mucor fragilis, and Rhizopus stolonifer. These oils were fungistatic or fungicidal to one or the other molds, depending upon the concentrations.", "contents": "Efficacy of some essential oils and their constituents on few ubiquitous molds. Six essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Anethum sowa, Cymbopogon winterianus, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Commiphora mukul were selected and tested for their efficacy against Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. sulphureus, Mucor fragilis, and Rhizopus stolonifer. These oils were fungistatic or fungicidal to one or the other molds, depending upon the concentrations.", "PMID": 749414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7800", "title": "The effect of the water activity of the milieu on rates of glucose uptake by the osmophilic yeasts Saccharomyces rouxii and Debaryomyces hansenii.", "content": "Rates of glucose uptake in baker's yeast and in the osmophilic yeasts D. hansenii and S. rouxii were investigated at different values of water activity of the milieu, as regulated either by glycerol or sodium chloride. In both cases, D. hansenii could maintain relatively higher rates of glucose uptake. At lower values of water activity, sodium chloride exerted an inhibitory effect on rates of glucose uptake by S. rouxii, while in the presence of glycerol, rates of glucose uptake shown by S. rouxii resembled those shown by D. hansenii. Rates of glucose uptake by baker's yeast were drastically affected at lower values of water activity in the presence of either solute. Lower values of water activity exerted a stimulatory effect on catalase activity of both S. rouxii and D. hansenii. However, activities of baker's yeast with regard to catalase and invertase were moderately affected under such conditions. Results presented may lead to the presumption that osmophilic yeasts, at least partly, have solved the problem of osmotic tolerance over nonosmotolerant strains by possessing a high capacity for maintaining higher rates of glucose uptake, in spite of the adverse external concentration of solute.", "contents": "The effect of the water activity of the milieu on rates of glucose uptake by the osmophilic yeasts Saccharomyces rouxii and Debaryomyces hansenii. Rates of glucose uptake in baker's yeast and in the osmophilic yeasts D. hansenii and S. rouxii were investigated at different values of water activity of the milieu, as regulated either by glycerol or sodium chloride. In both cases, D. hansenii could maintain relatively higher rates of glucose uptake. At lower values of water activity, sodium chloride exerted an inhibitory effect on rates of glucose uptake by S. rouxii, while in the presence of glycerol, rates of glucose uptake shown by S. rouxii resembled those shown by D. hansenii. Rates of glucose uptake by baker's yeast were drastically affected at lower values of water activity in the presence of either solute. Lower values of water activity exerted a stimulatory effect on catalase activity of both S. rouxii and D. hansenii. However, activities of baker's yeast with regard to catalase and invertase were moderately affected under such conditions. Results presented may lead to the presumption that osmophilic yeasts, at least partly, have solved the problem of osmotic tolerance over nonosmotolerant strains by possessing a high capacity for maintaining higher rates of glucose uptake, in spite of the adverse external concentration of solute.", "PMID": 749415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7801", "title": "The effect of the fungus Clavatia utriformis on the morphological picture and physiological behaviour of bacteria.", "content": "When investigating the effect of various fungi on various bacteria, we found that the edible fungus Clavatia caelata (utriformis) affected the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis in a triple way. A large zone of inhibition of these bacteria was found around the piece of this fungus. Bacteria growing in the outer, i.e., bacteriostatic zone, were morphologically changed/mostly elongated, but also thickened) and also enhanced in their haemolysis. These features are similar to those of some bacteria when under the influence of some antibiotics (esp. penicillins). These changes were only phenotypic. The changed bacterial forms reverted to normal bacterial form and normal haemolysis in 24 hrs. after the transfer to a medium without the influence of the fungus.", "contents": "The effect of the fungus Clavatia utriformis on the morphological picture and physiological behaviour of bacteria. When investigating the effect of various fungi on various bacteria, we found that the edible fungus Clavatia caelata (utriformis) affected the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis in a triple way. A large zone of inhibition of these bacteria was found around the piece of this fungus. Bacteria growing in the outer, i.e., bacteriostatic zone, were morphologically changed/mostly elongated, but also thickened) and also enhanced in their haemolysis. These features are similar to those of some bacteria when under the influence of some antibiotics (esp. penicillins). These changes were only phenotypic. The changed bacterial forms reverted to normal bacterial form and normal haemolysis in 24 hrs. after the transfer to a medium without the influence of the fungus.", "PMID": 749416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7802", "title": "[On the phenotypical characteristics of haemophilus isolates from human respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "50 strains of hemophilic bacteria from the human upper respiratory tract were studied using morphological, physiological, and biochemical features including respiratory quinones. The isolates were associated with the conventional species Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and H. aegyptius. They were grouped into the proposed biovarieties of the Influenzae- and Parainfluenzae-groups according to Kilian's classification. The heterogeneous group of Aegyptius-strains was not classified in detail, and the taxonomic position of one haemophilus-like strain which required blood serum for growth could not be elucidated. In order to differentiate between Influenzae and Parainfluenzae strains independently from the growth factor requirements, some diagnostic criteria were pointed out, namely the decolorization of the indicator bromthymolblue in the OF-test medium, growth characteristics and suspendability in proteose-peptone medium, size of colonies on chocolate agar, production of indole and of acid from sucrose, fructose, xylose and maltose.", "contents": "[On the phenotypical characteristics of haemophilus isolates from human respiratory tract (author's transl)]. 50 strains of hemophilic bacteria from the human upper respiratory tract were studied using morphological, physiological, and biochemical features including respiratory quinones. The isolates were associated with the conventional species Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and H. aegyptius. They were grouped into the proposed biovarieties of the Influenzae- and Parainfluenzae-groups according to Kilian's classification. The heterogeneous group of Aegyptius-strains was not classified in detail, and the taxonomic position of one haemophilus-like strain which required blood serum for growth could not be elucidated. In order to differentiate between Influenzae and Parainfluenzae strains independently from the growth factor requirements, some diagnostic criteria were pointed out, namely the decolorization of the indicator bromthymolblue in the OF-test medium, growth characteristics and suspendability in proteose-peptone medium, size of colonies on chocolate agar, production of indole and of acid from sucrose, fructose, xylose and maltose.", "PMID": 749417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7803", "title": "[The use of clostridial antigens for a serological and autoradiographical early diagnosis of tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In continuation of the examinations on the usefulness of Cl. oncolyticum M 55 spores reported by M\u00f6se new experiments with an auto-radiographical method are plannes. After the isolation, chemical characterization of the cell wall antigens and the exo-antigens and the formation of antibodies, these antibodies should be at first labelled with 125 J and henceforth with 131 J. The iodine-labelled antibodies should allow the diagnosis and localization of the tumours.", "contents": "[The use of clostridial antigens for a serological and autoradiographical early diagnosis of tumours (author's transl)]. In continuation of the examinations on the usefulness of Cl. oncolyticum M 55 spores reported by M\u00f6se new experiments with an auto-radiographical method are plannes. After the isolation, chemical characterization of the cell wall antigens and the exo-antigens and the formation of antibodies, these antibodies should be at first labelled with 125 J and henceforth with 131 J. The iodine-labelled antibodies should allow the diagnosis and localization of the tumours.", "PMID": 749418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7804", "title": "[Immunelectrophoretical evidence on inactivation of neuraminidase by limulus polyphemus-amebocyte-lysate (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuraminidase in concentrations up to 0.5 nu/0.1 ml (0.05 nu/0.1 ml) added to Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) in equal volumes (each 0.1 ml) releases a gelation reaction. Human AB-serum - subjected to immunelectrophoresis - is used as an indicator system to show that neuraminidase is bond to the LAL (incorporated in the gel). If there is a free amount of neuraminidase immunelectrophoresis of the serum glycoproteins indicates the typical changes previously described by M\u00fcller (6, 7). LAL does not cause any immunelectrophoretically detectable changes on serum glycoproteins by itself in the temperature range from +4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. It must be assumed that neuraminidase in a certain amount is releasing the coagulation system.", "contents": "[Immunelectrophoretical evidence on inactivation of neuraminidase by limulus polyphemus-amebocyte-lysate (author's transl)]. Neuraminidase in concentrations up to 0.5 nu/0.1 ml (0.05 nu/0.1 ml) added to Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) in equal volumes (each 0.1 ml) releases a gelation reaction. Human AB-serum - subjected to immunelectrophoresis - is used as an indicator system to show that neuraminidase is bond to the LAL (incorporated in the gel). If there is a free amount of neuraminidase immunelectrophoresis of the serum glycoproteins indicates the typical changes previously described by M\u00fcller (6, 7). LAL does not cause any immunelectrophoretically detectable changes on serum glycoproteins by itself in the temperature range from +4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. It must be assumed that neuraminidase in a certain amount is releasing the coagulation system.", "PMID": 749419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7805", "title": "[Investigations on the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin on DST-agar (author's transl)].", "content": "Since in some European countries the activity of antimicrobial substances are assessed on Disc-Sensitivity-Test (DST)-agar, routinely, it has been investigated whether and under which conditions Fosfomycin might be tested on DST-agar with the agar-dilution and -diffusion technique. A total of 320 strains representing 7 species were used as teststrains, and Mueller-Hinton (MH)-agar was employed as reference medium. On DST-agar the MIC-values were increased for some genera like Klebsiella by a factor of 128, a fact that was explained by the sixfold concentration of antagonistically acting Phosphate in DST-agar. Addition of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) enhanced the sensitivity towards Fosfomycin only with some species. As the endpoint of growth is difficult to determine on DST-agar its use for agar-dilution tests with Fosfomycin can not be recommended. For agar-diffusion tests, however, this medium may be used provided that a thin film of growth or single colonies within the inhibition zones are being disregarded and that the disc content is increased from 50 microgram as being usual at present to 100 or 200 microgram. Diameters of inhibition zones that were obtained with such discs on DST-agar correlated very well (r = --0,89 und --0,93, respectively) with MIC-values derived from agar-dilution tests on MH-agar (+ G-6-P). With discs containing only 50 microgram no inhibition zones are formed by strains that should still be classified as \"sensitive\" (MIC: 8--32 microgram/ml).", "contents": "[Investigations on the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin on DST-agar (author's transl)]. Since in some European countries the activity of antimicrobial substances are assessed on Disc-Sensitivity-Test (DST)-agar, routinely, it has been investigated whether and under which conditions Fosfomycin might be tested on DST-agar with the agar-dilution and -diffusion technique. A total of 320 strains representing 7 species were used as teststrains, and Mueller-Hinton (MH)-agar was employed as reference medium. On DST-agar the MIC-values were increased for some genera like Klebsiella by a factor of 128, a fact that was explained by the sixfold concentration of antagonistically acting Phosphate in DST-agar. Addition of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) enhanced the sensitivity towards Fosfomycin only with some species. As the endpoint of growth is difficult to determine on DST-agar its use for agar-dilution tests with Fosfomycin can not be recommended. For agar-diffusion tests, however, this medium may be used provided that a thin film of growth or single colonies within the inhibition zones are being disregarded and that the disc content is increased from 50 microgram as being usual at present to 100 or 200 microgram. Diameters of inhibition zones that were obtained with such discs on DST-agar correlated very well (r = --0,89 und --0,93, respectively) with MIC-values derived from agar-dilution tests on MH-agar (+ G-6-P). With discs containing only 50 microgram no inhibition zones are formed by strains that should still be classified as \"sensitive\" (MIC: 8--32 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 749420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7806", "title": "[Experimental studies on the affinity of Toxoplasma gondii to various organs of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "In response to their alleged \"uterus affinity\" the organotropism of various Toxoplasma strains was investigated in the female mouse. Using quantitative histological (immunofluorescence) and serological (Sabin-Feldman-dye test, complement fixation test), we examined the brain, heart, lung, spleen, striated muscle, uterus and ovaries. The following results were obtained: All four of the Toxoplasma strains (ALT, DX, WEISS, GAIL) showed a definite neurotropism. Located in the brain were one hundred times as many cysts as in the sexual organs and ten times as many as in the reamining organs. The uterus and ovary show a low susceptibility, invasion rarely occuring. An \"uterus affinity\" could not be confirmed. All four Toxoplasma strains showed the same affinity for the various organs. The strain ALT showed the most virulence and formed the most cysts.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the affinity of Toxoplasma gondii to various organs of mice (author's transl)]. In response to their alleged \"uterus affinity\" the organotropism of various Toxoplasma strains was investigated in the female mouse. Using quantitative histological (immunofluorescence) and serological (Sabin-Feldman-dye test, complement fixation test), we examined the brain, heart, lung, spleen, striated muscle, uterus and ovaries. The following results were obtained: All four of the Toxoplasma strains (ALT, DX, WEISS, GAIL) showed a definite neurotropism. Located in the brain were one hundred times as many cysts as in the sexual organs and ten times as many as in the reamining organs. The uterus and ovary show a low susceptibility, invasion rarely occuring. An \"uterus affinity\" could not be confirmed. All four Toxoplasma strains showed the same affinity for the various organs. The strain ALT showed the most virulence and formed the most cysts.", "PMID": 749421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7807", "title": "[Endemic pleural plaques and environmental factors (author's transl)].", "content": "In an agricultural town in Burgenland (Austria) we found an increased prevalence of pleural plaques. These calcifying thickenings of the pleura are related to minimal asbestos exposure such as is mesothelioma, but they cannot be regarded as a precancerosis. The increased occurrence of pleural plaques in this town of nearly 3500 inhabitants (in which during 1916 to 1945 asbestos was mined) we first found at the chest x-ray archives of a pulmologic hospital, then by mass radiography and blind comparison with control groups. A photofluoroscopy of 300 persons yielded 16 cases with definite pleural plaques (5.3%) among which were 4 cases with suspected asbestosis and another 14 cases with uncertain pleural plaques (4.7%). The 600 control persons showed no such radiological changes. Interviews wich persons detected for pleural plaques at mass radiography gave no indication that they had occupational asbestos exposure. But asbestos was detected in the soil of vineyards and in the dust of the houses. Asbestos was also detectable in the atmospheric dust by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques.", "contents": "[Endemic pleural plaques and environmental factors (author's transl)]. In an agricultural town in Burgenland (Austria) we found an increased prevalence of pleural plaques. These calcifying thickenings of the pleura are related to minimal asbestos exposure such as is mesothelioma, but they cannot be regarded as a precancerosis. The increased occurrence of pleural plaques in this town of nearly 3500 inhabitants (in which during 1916 to 1945 asbestos was mined) we first found at the chest x-ray archives of a pulmologic hospital, then by mass radiography and blind comparison with control groups. A photofluoroscopy of 300 persons yielded 16 cases with definite pleural plaques (5.3%) among which were 4 cases with suspected asbestosis and another 14 cases with uncertain pleural plaques (4.7%). The 600 control persons showed no such radiological changes. Interviews wich persons detected for pleural plaques at mass radiography gave no indication that they had occupational asbestos exposure. But asbestos was detected in the soil of vineyards and in the dust of the houses. Asbestos was also detectable in the atmospheric dust by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques.", "PMID": 749422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7808", "title": "[Passive smoking at the workplace--injurious to health? (author's transl)].", "content": "The question as to whether passive smoking at the workplace is injurious to health is dealt with. With the aid of the bibliographic standard literature on industrial, social and preventive medicine, all experimental investigations of this subject and published since 1970 were considered. The important results and findings are presented in tabulated surveys broken down by the substances contained in smoke. The present results of investigation are discussed with respect to a practical workplace model whose air-hygienic conditions are determined by legal prescriptions for workplaces. The measured concentrations of the particulate mass and of the most important individual constituents of smoke, carbon monoxide, nicotine and aldehyde make it highly unlikely that passive smoking at the workplace causes injury to health if the prevailing regulations governing the workplace are complied with. Particular attention has to be given to the occupational problems existing in night bars, restaurants and discothecs.", "contents": "[Passive smoking at the workplace--injurious to health? (author's transl)]. The question as to whether passive smoking at the workplace is injurious to health is dealt with. With the aid of the bibliographic standard literature on industrial, social and preventive medicine, all experimental investigations of this subject and published since 1970 were considered. The important results and findings are presented in tabulated surveys broken down by the substances contained in smoke. The present results of investigation are discussed with respect to a practical workplace model whose air-hygienic conditions are determined by legal prescriptions for workplaces. The measured concentrations of the particulate mass and of the most important individual constituents of smoke, carbon monoxide, nicotine and aldehyde make it highly unlikely that passive smoking at the workplace causes injury to health if the prevailing regulations governing the workplace are complied with. Particular attention has to be given to the occupational problems existing in night bars, restaurants and discothecs.", "PMID": 749423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7809", "title": "[Tobacco smoking and lung cancer: relative risk for Kreyberg groups I and II (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper provides additional information about the not yet completely solved relation of smoking and lung cancer of group Kreyberg II. This problem was analysed for the first time in Austria. In retrospective case-control-study datas were collected about smoking habits of 494 male patients with verivied lung cancer (440 cases belonging to group Kreyberg I and 54 to group Kreyberg II) and 1000 controls. By a computer program the relative risk of smokers compared to non smokers, additionaly in relation to the amount of cigarettes smoked, was calculated for: all lung cancer types, groups Kreyberg I and Kreyberg II. The relative risk for smokers compared to non smokers was for Kreyberg I-tumours 7.78 and for Kreyberg II-tumours 3.42 (statistically significant). In relation to the amount of cigarettes smoked, Kreyberg I-tumours had a significant risk at an amount up to 5000 consumed cigarette packs, Kreyberg II-tumours at an amount of more than 20000 cigarette packs.", "contents": "[Tobacco smoking and lung cancer: relative risk for Kreyberg groups I and II (author's transl)]. This paper provides additional information about the not yet completely solved relation of smoking and lung cancer of group Kreyberg II. This problem was analysed for the first time in Austria. In retrospective case-control-study datas were collected about smoking habits of 494 male patients with verivied lung cancer (440 cases belonging to group Kreyberg I and 54 to group Kreyberg II) and 1000 controls. By a computer program the relative risk of smokers compared to non smokers, additionaly in relation to the amount of cigarettes smoked, was calculated for: all lung cancer types, groups Kreyberg I and Kreyberg II. The relative risk for smokers compared to non smokers was for Kreyberg I-tumours 7.78 and for Kreyberg II-tumours 3.42 (statistically significant). In relation to the amount of cigarettes smoked, Kreyberg I-tumours had a significant risk at an amount up to 5000 consumed cigarette packs, Kreyberg II-tumours at an amount of more than 20000 cigarette packs.", "PMID": 749424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7810", "title": "[Investigations on the mercury pollutions of drinking water in the urban and rural regions of Styria (Austria) (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on the inspection of more than 1000 drinking water supply plants with the purpose of determining the content of mercury. The investigations were carried out during the years from 1974 to 1977, and were intended to clarify whether in Styria (Austria), a partly industrialised and partly agricultural area, the ground water is polluted by mercury resulting from the use of mercury-containing plant preservation chemicals, seed dressings and industrial chemicals. The standard of assessment was taken from the German Drinking Water Regulation of 1975 which establishes a max. permissible mercury content of 4 ppb Hg for drinking water. In 70 per cent of the samples no mercury was detected. Of the remaining 30 per cent of the samples, about 90 per cent proved to have mercury below 1 ppb. The remaining water samples contained more than 4 ppb Hg and these values were attributable to geological or civilisatory causes. In two instances it was impossible to determine the origin of the mercury.", "contents": "[Investigations on the mercury pollutions of drinking water in the urban and rural regions of Styria (Austria) (author's transl)]. The paper reports on the inspection of more than 1000 drinking water supply plants with the purpose of determining the content of mercury. The investigations were carried out during the years from 1974 to 1977, and were intended to clarify whether in Styria (Austria), a partly industrialised and partly agricultural area, the ground water is polluted by mercury resulting from the use of mercury-containing plant preservation chemicals, seed dressings and industrial chemicals. The standard of assessment was taken from the German Drinking Water Regulation of 1975 which establishes a max. permissible mercury content of 4 ppb Hg for drinking water. In 70 per cent of the samples no mercury was detected. Of the remaining 30 per cent of the samples, about 90 per cent proved to have mercury below 1 ppb. The remaining water samples contained more than 4 ppb Hg and these values were attributable to geological or civilisatory causes. In two instances it was impossible to determine the origin of the mercury.", "PMID": 749425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7811", "title": "Cause of death risk in relation to general mortality in zones with different degrees of urbanization.", "content": "This investigation deals with the distribution of mortality of four groups of causes (Diseases of the Circulatory System, of the Respiratory System, of the Digestive System, Injuries and Poisonings) in the coastal (urban area), hill (semi-urban area) and mountain (rural area) zones of the Marche (a region of Central Italy) with the aim of evaluating the risk of death from a specific cause in relation to mortality from all causes. Besides the Age Standardized Mortality Rates (ASDR), both the Relative Standardized Mortality Ratios (RSMR) and the Standardized Proportional Mortality Ratios (SPMR) were utilized.--The results obtained showed that the RSMR and the ASDR had the same trend when the urgan area and the rural area were compared--excluding the diseases of the circulatory system--the risk of death from causes was higher in the urban area. On the contrary, comparing the semi-urban area with the urban area and the rural area, dissonant behaviour between the two parameters was revealed.--The results obtained with the RSMR and with the SPMR were almost always similar.--To determine the significance of the deviation between expected number and observed number of deaths, the procedure for estimating the relation of mortality from specific causes to that from all causes (adaptation of Mantel-Haenszel method) was used. The deviation of the observed from expected number of deaths in the mountain zone, taking the coastal zone as control, was statistically significant or very close to significance for each cause with the exception of injuries and poisonings in females and diseases of the circulatory system in both sexes.", "contents": "Cause of death risk in relation to general mortality in zones with different degrees of urbanization. This investigation deals with the distribution of mortality of four groups of causes (Diseases of the Circulatory System, of the Respiratory System, of the Digestive System, Injuries and Poisonings) in the coastal (urban area), hill (semi-urban area) and mountain (rural area) zones of the Marche (a region of Central Italy) with the aim of evaluating the risk of death from a specific cause in relation to mortality from all causes. Besides the Age Standardized Mortality Rates (ASDR), both the Relative Standardized Mortality Ratios (RSMR) and the Standardized Proportional Mortality Ratios (SPMR) were utilized.--The results obtained showed that the RSMR and the ASDR had the same trend when the urgan area and the rural area were compared--excluding the diseases of the circulatory system--the risk of death from causes was higher in the urban area. On the contrary, comparing the semi-urban area with the urban area and the rural area, dissonant behaviour between the two parameters was revealed.--The results obtained with the RSMR and with the SPMR were almost always similar.--To determine the significance of the deviation between expected number and observed number of deaths, the procedure for estimating the relation of mortality from specific causes to that from all causes (adaptation of Mantel-Haenszel method) was used. The deviation of the observed from expected number of deaths in the mountain zone, taking the coastal zone as control, was statistically significant or very close to significance for each cause with the exception of injuries and poisonings in females and diseases of the circulatory system in both sexes.", "PMID": 749426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7812", "title": "Comparison of the toxicity of some metals and their tetracyanide complexes on the respiration of non acclimated activated sludges.", "content": "The toxic effect of the metal ions of cadmium, zinc, nickel and mercury and their tetracyanide salt complexes, on the activated sludge not previously acclimated, has been studied. The evaluation of the effect was carried out using both the Warburg and TTC-method. The results obtained have shown that the toxicity of the cadmium and zinc complexes is higher than that of the corresponding metals, while the toxicity of Ni(CN)4(2-) is lower than that of the corresponding metals. No differences have been found between the effect of mercury and the corresponding tetracyanide complex. From the data obtained it appears that it is not possible to generalize about the biological effect of complexation with the CN- group, but it should be stated that, generally, there are substantial differences between metals and their cyanide complexes as far as toxicity for activated sludge is concerned.", "contents": "Comparison of the toxicity of some metals and their tetracyanide complexes on the respiration of non acclimated activated sludges. The toxic effect of the metal ions of cadmium, zinc, nickel and mercury and their tetracyanide salt complexes, on the activated sludge not previously acclimated, has been studied. The evaluation of the effect was carried out using both the Warburg and TTC-method. The results obtained have shown that the toxicity of the cadmium and zinc complexes is higher than that of the corresponding metals, while the toxicity of Ni(CN)4(2-) is lower than that of the corresponding metals. No differences have been found between the effect of mercury and the corresponding tetracyanide complex. From the data obtained it appears that it is not possible to generalize about the biological effect of complexation with the CN- group, but it should be stated that, generally, there are substantial differences between metals and their cyanide complexes as far as toxicity for activated sludge is concerned.", "PMID": 749427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7813", "title": "Bactericidal activity of 40 potential disinfectant inactivators.", "content": "Forty commonly used inactivators, both simple substances and mixtures, were tested by a quantitative suspension test for the property of being non-toxic to the bacterial cell. Some inactivators proved to be too inhibitory, even for undamaged organisms, namely cysteine in concentrations of 1.0% and higher, 0.3% and 2.0% lecithin (both especially for P. aeruginosa), and the mixtures 0.3% lecithin/2.0% polysorbate 80/0.1% histidine/2.0% turkey-oil red (for St. aureus) and 0.3% lecithin/3.0% polysorbate 80/0.4% sodium laurylsulfate (for both test organisms).", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of 40 potential disinfectant inactivators. Forty commonly used inactivators, both simple substances and mixtures, were tested by a quantitative suspension test for the property of being non-toxic to the bacterial cell. Some inactivators proved to be too inhibitory, even for undamaged organisms, namely cysteine in concentrations of 1.0% and higher, 0.3% and 2.0% lecithin (both especially for P. aeruginosa), and the mixtures 0.3% lecithin/2.0% polysorbate 80/0.1% histidine/2.0% turkey-oil red (for St. aureus) and 0.3% lecithin/3.0% polysorbate 80/0.4% sodium laurylsulfate (for both test organisms).", "PMID": 749428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7814", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the acute phase of experimental subarachnoid bleed.", "content": "Our experiment seems to confirm the hypothesis, implying an active CBF autoregulation as one of the interacting four survival mechanisms during an intracranial hemorrhage. While our present study has indicated that the autoregulation operates during the initial bleed, it is fully conceivable that the autoregulatory capacity may be exhausted after recurrent hemorrhages. Earlier experiments (H\u00e4ggendal et al. [1970]) showed that autoregulation is easily abolished for prolonged periods after periods of intracranial hypertension. Further experiments are necessary to evaluate the capacity of the cerebral autoregulation to withstand repeated intracranial bleeds.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the acute phase of experimental subarachnoid bleed. Our experiment seems to confirm the hypothesis, implying an active CBF autoregulation as one of the interacting four survival mechanisms during an intracranial hemorrhage. While our present study has indicated that the autoregulation operates during the initial bleed, it is fully conceivable that the autoregulatory capacity may be exhausted after recurrent hemorrhages. Earlier experiments (H\u00e4ggendal et al. [1970]) showed that autoregulation is easily abolished for prolonged periods after periods of intracranial hypertension. Further experiments are necessary to evaluate the capacity of the cerebral autoregulation to withstand repeated intracranial bleeds.", "PMID": 749430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7815", "title": "[The brain abscess today].", "content": "In spite of refined diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, the cerebral abscess continues to be a disease involving great risks. A comparison of surgically treated groups of patients of the periods 1954 to 1962 and 1963 to 1977 does not show any reduction in lethality. This amounted to 15 per cent for the first group and 17.6 per cent for the second group. Extirpation of cerebral abscesses shows the most favourable results of treatment as compared to other surgical procedures. In our opinion, however, it will not remain the only method of treatment in future because it can only be employed if the patient is in a condition permitting an operation. That is why the open abscess treatment will continue to be justified for all cases where cerebral abscesses occur in combination with subdural or epidural empyemas. Certainly, modern anaesthesia methods as well as intensive pre- and postoperative therapy will further reduce the number of patients who are subjected to a primary puncture treatment. Since 1972, we have treated our patients exclusively by abscess exstirpations. Until 1977, none of the total number of 12 patients treated by us has died. We consider the use of scintigraphic and EEG controls of inflammatory cerebral processes to be of decisive importance. These controls enable a differentiation between diffuse and local inflammatory processes which are accompanied by a liquefaction and in this way permit the selection of the optimum time of operation. A basic condition, however, will always be a good interdisciplinary co-operation with infection departments, paediatric and ENT hospitals where in most cases patients suffering from brain abscesses are first admitted.", "contents": "[The brain abscess today]. In spite of refined diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, the cerebral abscess continues to be a disease involving great risks. A comparison of surgically treated groups of patients of the periods 1954 to 1962 and 1963 to 1977 does not show any reduction in lethality. This amounted to 15 per cent for the first group and 17.6 per cent for the second group. Extirpation of cerebral abscesses shows the most favourable results of treatment as compared to other surgical procedures. In our opinion, however, it will not remain the only method of treatment in future because it can only be employed if the patient is in a condition permitting an operation. That is why the open abscess treatment will continue to be justified for all cases where cerebral abscesses occur in combination with subdural or epidural empyemas. Certainly, modern anaesthesia methods as well as intensive pre- and postoperative therapy will further reduce the number of patients who are subjected to a primary puncture treatment. Since 1972, we have treated our patients exclusively by abscess exstirpations. Until 1977, none of the total number of 12 patients treated by us has died. We consider the use of scintigraphic and EEG controls of inflammatory cerebral processes to be of decisive importance. These controls enable a differentiation between diffuse and local inflammatory processes which are accompanied by a liquefaction and in this way permit the selection of the optimum time of operation. A basic condition, however, will always be a good interdisciplinary co-operation with infection departments, paediatric and ENT hospitals where in most cases patients suffering from brain abscesses are first admitted.", "PMID": 749431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7816", "title": "[400 intraspinal space-narrowing processes--a clinical study].", "content": "Among 400 observations by the authors, 2 per cent were admitted without and another 22 per cent with slight neurological disturbances. An incomplete transverse lesion of the cord with paraplegia was found in 61.7 per cent, a complete paralysis in 14.3 per cent of the cases. Meningiomas and neurinomas were found in 60 per cent of the patients. The average age of the tumour patients was 43,8 years. Meningiomas and metastases show a tendency to occur in older age groups. The \"Glioma Age\" was around 25 years. The majority of the tumours were located at the level of the thoracic cord. When breaking down according to the kinds of tumours, a different picture is obtained: neurinomas are chiefly located in the region of the cervical medulla and the thoracolumbar region; gliomas are mainly found in the cervical part of the medulla up to the central thoracic cord. A dissociation of the cerebrospinal fluid was found in 90 per cent of the examinations; in 50 per cent of the patients it was above 200 mg%. Within a period of four weeks after the operation, the following results were obtained: 5 per cent free from complaints, improvement in 39  per cent, aggravation in 10 per cent and 46 per cent still uninfluenced. Meningiomas and neurinomas showed the highest degree of improvement. 24 per cent of the patients suffered from transitory rectovesical disturbances, 15 per cent from urinary tract infections, 12 per cent from decubitus, 9 per cent from wound healing disturbances and another 9 per cent from pneumonia. Meningitis was found in 2 per cent. Within four weeks post operationem, the death rate was 10.5 per cent, but this was in the phase before the introduction of microsurgery. On the accuracy of the diagnoses: in 18 per cent the neurological findings were in agreement with the diagnosis and in 49 per cent they showed differences of 1 to 3 segments; in 11 per cent no definite diagnosis could be made. In 46 per cent the native X-ray picture showed pathological changes. Myelography with positive contrast media showed positive findings in 97 per cent and 98 per cent of positive findings were obtained with myeloscintigraphy.", "contents": "[400 intraspinal space-narrowing processes--a clinical study]. Among 400 observations by the authors, 2 per cent were admitted without and another 22 per cent with slight neurological disturbances. An incomplete transverse lesion of the cord with paraplegia was found in 61.7 per cent, a complete paralysis in 14.3 per cent of the cases. Meningiomas and neurinomas were found in 60 per cent of the patients. The average age of the tumour patients was 43,8 years. Meningiomas and metastases show a tendency to occur in older age groups. The \"Glioma Age\" was around 25 years. The majority of the tumours were located at the level of the thoracic cord. When breaking down according to the kinds of tumours, a different picture is obtained: neurinomas are chiefly located in the region of the cervical medulla and the thoracolumbar region; gliomas are mainly found in the cervical part of the medulla up to the central thoracic cord. A dissociation of the cerebrospinal fluid was found in 90 per cent of the examinations; in 50 per cent of the patients it was above 200 mg%. Within a period of four weeks after the operation, the following results were obtained: 5 per cent free from complaints, improvement in 39  per cent, aggravation in 10 per cent and 46 per cent still uninfluenced. Meningiomas and neurinomas showed the highest degree of improvement. 24 per cent of the patients suffered from transitory rectovesical disturbances, 15 per cent from urinary tract infections, 12 per cent from decubitus, 9 per cent from wound healing disturbances and another 9 per cent from pneumonia. Meningitis was found in 2 per cent. Within four weeks post operationem, the death rate was 10.5 per cent, but this was in the phase before the introduction of microsurgery. On the accuracy of the diagnoses: in 18 per cent the neurological findings were in agreement with the diagnosis and in 49 per cent they showed differences of 1 to 3 segments; in 11 per cent no definite diagnosis could be made. In 46 per cent the native X-ray picture showed pathological changes. Myelography with positive contrast media showed positive findings in 97 per cent and 98 per cent of positive findings were obtained with myeloscintigraphy.", "PMID": 749432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7817", "title": "[Results of psychological examinations for the optimization of rehabilitation following neurosurgical therapeutic measures in cerebral lesions of adults].", "content": "On the basis of statistical data on neurosurgical therapy measures carried out in two five-year periods in adult patients with cerebral lesions, the need of rehabilitation, psychic peculiarities, and problems of social integration are discussed. The results of the neuropsychological examinations demonstrate the multifactorial dependence of inter-individual and environmental factors in postoperative problems. Aspects of psychological consultation, of special pedagogical therapy measures and of forms of communication are presented as promising possibilities of an optimisation of rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Results of psychological examinations for the optimization of rehabilitation following neurosurgical therapeutic measures in cerebral lesions of adults]. On the basis of statistical data on neurosurgical therapy measures carried out in two five-year periods in adult patients with cerebral lesions, the need of rehabilitation, psychic peculiarities, and problems of social integration are discussed. The results of the neuropsychological examinations demonstrate the multifactorial dependence of inter-individual and environmental factors in postoperative problems. Aspects of psychological consultation, of special pedagogical therapy measures and of forms of communication are presented as promising possibilities of an optimisation of rehabilitation.", "PMID": 749433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7818", "title": "[Current problems in the surgical management of parasellar meningiomas].", "content": "In the period from 1967 to 1972, 302 patients suffering from basal parasellar meningiomas were operated on at the Burdenko Institute of Moscow. Further, an analysis of the results obtained in the surgical treatment of 43 patients is given who were operated on in the last two years by employing the microsurgical technique. The considerable advantages of the use of the operating microscope and the microtechnique are shown. The mortality rate was reduced to one half and the radicality increased from 50 to 80--85 per cent. All Tuberculum sellae meningiomas could be removed totally. Also in the presence of bad general conditions of the patients no contraindications were seen but the very last chances were used. Postoperative supervision consisted in measuring and checking the cerebrospinal pressure, intracerebral pressure, interstitial fluid pressure, local and regional blood flow, pCO2 and pO2, electrolyte balance, osmolarity and pH. In this way, low pressure conditions could frequently also be determined. The influence of an early diagnosis on the prognosis of the disease is specially pointed out.", "contents": "[Current problems in the surgical management of parasellar meningiomas]. In the period from 1967 to 1972, 302 patients suffering from basal parasellar meningiomas were operated on at the Burdenko Institute of Moscow. Further, an analysis of the results obtained in the surgical treatment of 43 patients is given who were operated on in the last two years by employing the microsurgical technique. The considerable advantages of the use of the operating microscope and the microtechnique are shown. The mortality rate was reduced to one half and the radicality increased from 50 to 80--85 per cent. All Tuberculum sellae meningiomas could be removed totally. Also in the presence of bad general conditions of the patients no contraindications were seen but the very last chances were used. Postoperative supervision consisted in measuring and checking the cerebrospinal pressure, intracerebral pressure, interstitial fluid pressure, local and regional blood flow, pCO2 and pO2, electrolyte balance, osmolarity and pH. In this way, low pressure conditions could frequently also be determined. The influence of an early diagnosis on the prognosis of the disease is specially pointed out.", "PMID": 749434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7819", "title": "[The moyamoya syndrome].", "content": "The Moyamoya vascular convolutions are interpreted as an unspecific collateral system in unilateral and bilateral progressive stenosing of the A. carotis interna and additional transdural externainterna anastomoses. In such cases one should speak of a Moyamoya syndrome. The designation Moyamoya disease only applies to the congenital form. In an unclarified case observed by the authors, which however showed clinically and angiographically the typical findings of the Moyamoya syndrome, a haemodynamically effective anastomosis of the A. occipitalis externa to the A. vertebralis on the left side was also found for the first time in the series of transdural inflow variants.", "contents": "[The moyamoya syndrome]. The Moyamoya vascular convolutions are interpreted as an unspecific collateral system in unilateral and bilateral progressive stenosing of the A. carotis interna and additional transdural externainterna anastomoses. In such cases one should speak of a Moyamoya syndrome. The designation Moyamoya disease only applies to the congenital form. In an unclarified case observed by the authors, which however showed clinically and angiographically the typical findings of the Moyamoya syndrome, a haemodynamically effective anastomosis of the A. occipitalis externa to the A. vertebralis on the left side was also found for the first time in the series of transdural inflow variants.", "PMID": 749435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7820", "title": "[Determination of the concentration of free magnesium ions in hemolysates of oxygenated and deoxygenated packed human erythrocytes].", "content": "Concentrations of ionized magnesium in hemolyzates of oxygenated and deoxygenated human erythrocytes were measured directly by means of an ion exchange method. At total concentrations of hemoglobin of 8 mmol/l H2O and total magnesium of 3.6 mmol/l H2O, mean values of [Mg2+] were found to be 0.45 in the oxygenated state and 0.57 mmol/l H2O in the deoxygenated state. The difference of 0.12 +/- 0.1 mmol/l H2O is considerably smaller than corresponding literature data obtained from equilibrium calculation.", "contents": "[Determination of the concentration of free magnesium ions in hemolysates of oxygenated and deoxygenated packed human erythrocytes]. Concentrations of ionized magnesium in hemolyzates of oxygenated and deoxygenated human erythrocytes were measured directly by means of an ion exchange method. At total concentrations of hemoglobin of 8 mmol/l H2O and total magnesium of 3.6 mmol/l H2O, mean values of [Mg2+] were found to be 0.45 in the oxygenated state and 0.57 mmol/l H2O in the deoxygenated state. The difference of 0.12 +/- 0.1 mmol/l H2O is considerably smaller than corresponding literature data obtained from equilibrium calculation.", "PMID": 749452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7821", "title": "The dependence on the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio of the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated by a new procedure from rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "A simple method for preparation of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria is presented using gentle mechanical homogenization in a syringe and nagarse treatment (EC 3.4.4.16). This method enables the preparation of skeletal muscle mitochondria, whose outer membrane is intact to 95%. Furthermore, with mitochondria prepared by this method the regulation of respiration and phosphorylation by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio can be demonstrated. In accordance to rat liver and heart mitochondria and to mitochondria of rabbit reticulocytes, the regulation by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio lies in the range from 5 (corresponding to 98% of the maximum respiration) to 100 (corresponding to state 4). At extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratios from 0.01 to 1 the respiration rate is nearly constant (maximum rate of respiration).", "contents": "The dependence on the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio of the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated by a new procedure from rat skeletal muscle. A simple method for preparation of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria is presented using gentle mechanical homogenization in a syringe and nagarse treatment (EC 3.4.4.16). This method enables the preparation of skeletal muscle mitochondria, whose outer membrane is intact to 95%. Furthermore, with mitochondria prepared by this method the regulation of respiration and phosphorylation by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio can be demonstrated. In accordance to rat liver and heart mitochondria and to mitochondria of rabbit reticulocytes, the regulation by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratio lies in the range from 5 (corresponding to 98% of the maximum respiration) to 100 (corresponding to state 4). At extramitochondrial ATP/ADP-ratios from 0.01 to 1 the respiration rate is nearly constant (maximum rate of respiration).", "PMID": 749453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7822", "title": "[Comparison of procedures for determining Michaelis-Menten parameters together with their standard deviations using simulated measurement series].", "content": "The direct non-linear fit of Cleland and different methods applying linear regression analysis to linearized forms of the Michaelis-Menten equation have been compared. Comparison was made with respect to bias and standard deviation of the estimated values of Km, Vm, deltak and deltav. The Lineweaver-Burk method, weighted by approximately v3, turned out to produce estimates nearly as reliable as the direct fit of Cleland if one does not know whether the velocities are subject to constant absolute or relative errors. The comparison was based on ca. 10000 simulated series of velocity measurements. Runs with fewer simulated measurement series showed that for comparing different evaluation methods, at least 1000 measurement series should be simulated in order to get reliable results.", "contents": "[Comparison of procedures for determining Michaelis-Menten parameters together with their standard deviations using simulated measurement series]. The direct non-linear fit of Cleland and different methods applying linear regression analysis to linearized forms of the Michaelis-Menten equation have been compared. Comparison was made with respect to bias and standard deviation of the estimated values of Km, Vm, deltak and deltav. The Lineweaver-Burk method, weighted by approximately v3, turned out to produce estimates nearly as reliable as the direct fit of Cleland if one does not know whether the velocities are subject to constant absolute or relative errors. The comparison was based on ca. 10000 simulated series of velocity measurements. Runs with fewer simulated measurement series showed that for comparing different evaluation methods, at least 1000 measurement series should be simulated in order to get reliable results.", "PMID": 749454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7823", "title": "[Characterization of a protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (thermitase). 1. Purification of thermitase].", "content": "The paper deals with the purification of the microbial protease preparation \"thermitase\" (submerged cultivation of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris; treatment of culture filtrate with ethanol or Na2SO4, vacuum drying of precipitate). The crude substance was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-50. The proteolytically active fractions were in each case united, freeze dried and tested for protein components and protease activity by gel electrophoresis. After passage of the third column the isolated protease (4.5 fold enrichment in the specific activity) was further characterized. The electropherogram (pH 8.9) presented a protease band moving to the anode which was accompanied by 2 very weak protease bands. Furthermore there could be detected a very active protease band (main component of Thermitase) as well as a side band with lower activity both moving to the cathode. The freeze dried preparation contained 85% protein and 4% carbohydrates (glucose as single monomer component after acid hydrolysis). A molecular weight of 11,000 was determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. This value is critically discussed. Hints are given for autolytic processes taking place during the purification procedure.", "contents": "[Characterization of a protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (thermitase). 1. Purification of thermitase]. The paper deals with the purification of the microbial protease preparation \"thermitase\" (submerged cultivation of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris; treatment of culture filtrate with ethanol or Na2SO4, vacuum drying of precipitate). The crude substance was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-50. The proteolytically active fractions were in each case united, freeze dried and tested for protein components and protease activity by gel electrophoresis. After passage of the third column the isolated protease (4.5 fold enrichment in the specific activity) was further characterized. The electropherogram (pH 8.9) presented a protease band moving to the anode which was accompanied by 2 very weak protease bands. Furthermore there could be detected a very active protease band (main component of Thermitase) as well as a side band with lower activity both moving to the cathode. The freeze dried preparation contained 85% protein and 4% carbohydrates (glucose as single monomer component after acid hydrolysis). A molecular weight of 11,000 was determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. This value is critically discussed. Hints are given for autolytic processes taking place during the purification procedure.", "PMID": 749455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7824", "title": "[Characterization of a protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (thermitase). 2. Single-step fine purification and protein-chemical characterization].", "content": "The fine purification of an alkaline protease (thermitase) from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris by means of isoelectrical focussing in the flat-bed procedure using granulated gel is reported. An Na2SO4-precipitated crude product serves as the starting material. Isoelectrical focussing leads in a single step to a highly purified protein with an uniform N-terminal end group. The enzyme has an IP at 9.0 and a mol. wt. of 37,400; it consists of a polypeptide chain with arginine as the N-terminal, and tyrosine as the C-terminal end group. In addition to an essential serine residue, a SH group could be demonstrated which is hardly accessible in the native enzyme. Furthermore, the influence of different protease inhibitors was studied.", "contents": "[Characterization of a protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (thermitase). 2. Single-step fine purification and protein-chemical characterization]. The fine purification of an alkaline protease (thermitase) from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris by means of isoelectrical focussing in the flat-bed procedure using granulated gel is reported. An Na2SO4-precipitated crude product serves as the starting material. Isoelectrical focussing leads in a single step to a highly purified protein with an uniform N-terminal end group. The enzyme has an IP at 9.0 and a mol. wt. of 37,400; it consists of a polypeptide chain with arginine as the N-terminal, and tyrosine as the C-terminal end group. In addition to an essential serine residue, a SH group could be demonstrated which is hardly accessible in the native enzyme. Furthermore, the influence of different protease inhibitors was studied.", "PMID": 749456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7825", "title": "[Hypersynchronous EEG activity and conditioned avoidance reflexes in rats].", "content": "The influence of dimethylsulfolane on active avoidance conditioning with simultaneous registration of EEG was investigated. Dimethylsulfolane, which shows some pharmacological properties of pentylenetetrazole causes a decrease of the amount of conditioned reactions. There was no strong correlation between the impairment of learning ability and the number of EEG spindle discharges after dimethylsulfolane.", "contents": "[Hypersynchronous EEG activity and conditioned avoidance reflexes in rats]. The influence of dimethylsulfolane on active avoidance conditioning with simultaneous registration of EEG was investigated. Dimethylsulfolane, which shows some pharmacological properties of pentylenetetrazole causes a decrease of the amount of conditioned reactions. There was no strong correlation between the impairment of learning ability and the number of EEG spindle discharges after dimethylsulfolane.", "PMID": 749457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7826", "title": "The autoregressive time series modelling of stabilograms.", "content": "Power spectral density analysis of frontal and sagittal stabilograms in young male subjects with a normal vestibular function indicates the fitting of parametric time series models to stabilograms. Subjects were standing on a force platform under three different standing conditions. Stabilograms lasting for 2 minutes were processed by means of a TPAi computer with the CAMAC system. Following digital high-pass filtering, correlation functions and power spectral density distributions were estimated. Linear autoregressive models of increasing order up to 30 were fitted to stabilograms on the basis of the autocorrelation functions by means of a recursive scheme. The goodness of fit of the autoregressive models was significantly different in the standing conditions, planes and subjects. The orders of models for frontal stabilograms were higher than for sagittal ones, whereas the residual variances were lower than for sagittal stabilograms. We arrived at the conclusion that autoregressive modelling is a suitable approach for obtaining reliable spectral estimates and for characterizing the control system of body sway.", "contents": "The autoregressive time series modelling of stabilograms. Power spectral density analysis of frontal and sagittal stabilograms in young male subjects with a normal vestibular function indicates the fitting of parametric time series models to stabilograms. Subjects were standing on a force platform under three different standing conditions. Stabilograms lasting for 2 minutes were processed by means of a TPAi computer with the CAMAC system. Following digital high-pass filtering, correlation functions and power spectral density distributions were estimated. Linear autoregressive models of increasing order up to 30 were fitted to stabilograms on the basis of the autocorrelation functions by means of a recursive scheme. The goodness of fit of the autoregressive models was significantly different in the standing conditions, planes and subjects. The orders of models for frontal stabilograms were higher than for sagittal ones, whereas the residual variances were lower than for sagittal stabilograms. We arrived at the conclusion that autoregressive modelling is a suitable approach for obtaining reliable spectral estimates and for characterizing the control system of body sway.", "PMID": 749458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7827", "title": "Photodegradation of bilirubin as enhanced by photosensitizers in vitro.", "content": "Photosensitizers such as methylene blue or riboflavin enhance the rate of bilirubin photodegradation in vitro. This effect is studied with respect to dose-response and time-response relationships, the influence of concentrations of bilirubin and albumin, and the oxygen consumption. The results are discussed in view of the probability that the effects described also occur in vivo and that riboflavin supplementation to neonates could improve the phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.", "contents": "Photodegradation of bilirubin as enhanced by photosensitizers in vitro. Photosensitizers such as methylene blue or riboflavin enhance the rate of bilirubin photodegradation in vitro. This effect is studied with respect to dose-response and time-response relationships, the influence of concentrations of bilirubin and albumin, and the oxygen consumption. The results are discussed in view of the probability that the effects described also occur in vivo and that riboflavin supplementation to neonates could improve the phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.", "PMID": 749459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7828", "title": "[Effect of omega-H-perfluorinated carbonic acids on the wet weight, membrane potential and contractility of isolated skeletal muscle].", "content": "To investigate the effect of fluoralkanes on cellular functions, isolated frog muscles were exposed to octafluoro-pentanoic acid (OP) and hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid (HN). 20 MM of OP induced a small depression of the contraction amplitude and a loss of wet weight of 10% which was similar to the osmotic effect of pentanoic acid or sucrose. The membrane resting potential was not changed up to 50 mM. HN was much more effective: 0,5 mM decreased the contraction amplitude in a few minutes and depolarized the membrane by 20 to 30 mV in 2 h. 10 mM HN induced a weight gain of 20% connected with a contracture. Since the caffeine contracture was also depressed by 1 mM it is assumed that HN interact with cellular membranes and alter their Ca-binding properties.", "contents": "[Effect of omega-H-perfluorinated carbonic acids on the wet weight, membrane potential and contractility of isolated skeletal muscle]. To investigate the effect of fluoralkanes on cellular functions, isolated frog muscles were exposed to octafluoro-pentanoic acid (OP) and hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid (HN). 20 MM of OP induced a small depression of the contraction amplitude and a loss of wet weight of 10% which was similar to the osmotic effect of pentanoic acid or sucrose. The membrane resting potential was not changed up to 50 mM. HN was much more effective: 0,5 mM decreased the contraction amplitude in a few minutes and depolarized the membrane by 20 to 30 mV in 2 h. 10 mM HN induced a weight gain of 20% connected with a contracture. Since the caffeine contracture was also depressed by 1 mM it is assumed that HN interact with cellular membranes and alter their Ca-binding properties.", "PMID": 749460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7829", "title": "[Effect of lithium on fat, protein and water content in rats].", "content": "The effect of lithium (0.55 g lithium carbonate per kg dry food), administered in rats for a period of 6 weeks, upon body composition (fat, protein, water) was studied. In lithium treated rats, which are after lithium treatment overweight or underweight, the percentual body fat decreases significantly in comparison to untreated rats. The percentual protein content is unchanged. The percentual water content is statistically increased in underweight lithium treated animals.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium on fat, protein and water content in rats]. The effect of lithium (0.55 g lithium carbonate per kg dry food), administered in rats for a period of 6 weeks, upon body composition (fat, protein, water) was studied. In lithium treated rats, which are after lithium treatment overweight or underweight, the percentual body fat decreases significantly in comparison to untreated rats. The percentual protein content is unchanged. The percentual water content is statistically increased in underweight lithium treated animals.", "PMID": 749461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7830", "title": "Detoxication of phosphonothioates and phosphonofluoridates in the rat.", "content": "0-isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate and 0-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate were i.m. administered in doses of 2 x LD50 to female rats and the blood acetylcholinesterase was continuously monitored using the automatic colorimeter Auto Analyzer. This activity rapidly decreased after the injection of the two organophosphates studied. If the blood flow in the leg muscles was stopped by compression and reopened by relaxation at different time intervals, acetylcholinesterase activity was either unaffected (detoxication present) or decreased (detoxication absent). It was observed that phosphonofluoridate was detoxified; on the other hand, phosphonothioate was not detoxified in the rat organism.", "contents": "Detoxication of phosphonothioates and phosphonofluoridates in the rat. 0-isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate and 0-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate were i.m. administered in doses of 2 x LD50 to female rats and the blood acetylcholinesterase was continuously monitored using the automatic colorimeter Auto Analyzer. This activity rapidly decreased after the injection of the two organophosphates studied. If the blood flow in the leg muscles was stopped by compression and reopened by relaxation at different time intervals, acetylcholinesterase activity was either unaffected (detoxication present) or decreased (detoxication absent). It was observed that phosphonofluoridate was detoxified; on the other hand, phosphonothioate was not detoxified in the rat organism.", "PMID": 749462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7831", "title": "Immunochemical studies on human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Highly purified GAPD preparations from human erythrocytes and skeletal muscle have been used as immunogenes in rabbits. The antibodies produced readily precipitated their antigens and also inhibited their enzymatic activities. An immunochemical evaluation of the precipitability of both enzymes exhibited no immunochemical differences between them. Furthermore, the antibodies were tested against several tissue homogenates from man and revealed an identical precipitability. The identical cross-reactivity indicating a lack of antigenic differences support the absence of GAPD-isoenyzmes in man. The amount of GAPD in several organ extracts was estimated by the technique of single radial immunodiffusion. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the GAPD is bound to the membrane only under hypotonic conditions of hemolysis, while under approximated intracellular conditions of hemolysis the GAPD is not membrane bound.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Highly purified GAPD preparations from human erythrocytes and skeletal muscle have been used as immunogenes in rabbits. The antibodies produced readily precipitated their antigens and also inhibited their enzymatic activities. An immunochemical evaluation of the precipitability of both enzymes exhibited no immunochemical differences between them. Furthermore, the antibodies were tested against several tissue homogenates from man and revealed an identical precipitability. The identical cross-reactivity indicating a lack of antigenic differences support the absence of GAPD-isoenyzmes in man. The amount of GAPD in several organ extracts was estimated by the technique of single radial immunodiffusion. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the GAPD is bound to the membrane only under hypotonic conditions of hemolysis, while under approximated intracellular conditions of hemolysis the GAPD is not membrane bound.", "PMID": 749463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7832", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis on cortical hypersynchronous activity in the rat].", "content": "Stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (B7) with low frequency electrical current in freely moving albino rats provoked an increase of hypersynchronous activity in the epileptogenic focus. The time course of this effect points to an action of the liberated 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis on cortical hypersynchronous activity in the rat]. Stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (B7) with low frequency electrical current in freely moving albino rats provoked an increase of hypersynchronous activity in the epileptogenic focus. The time course of this effect points to an action of the liberated 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 749464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7833", "title": "[Effect of the intraventricular administration of vasopressin and oxytocin on hypothalamic self stimulation].", "content": "The influence of 500 microunits oxytocin as well as 50 micrunits lysine-vasopressin on hypothalamic self-stimulation rate after intraventricular application was studied. Oxytocin caused an increase and vasopressin a decrease in the self-stimulation rate.", "contents": "[Effect of the intraventricular administration of vasopressin and oxytocin on hypothalamic self stimulation]. The influence of 500 microunits oxytocin as well as 50 micrunits lysine-vasopressin on hypothalamic self-stimulation rate after intraventricular application was studied. Oxytocin caused an increase and vasopressin a decrease in the self-stimulation rate.", "PMID": 749465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7834", "title": "Study of blood coagulation in experimental diabetes.", "content": "In experimental alloxan diabetes of rats a twofold increase in fibrinogen level was observated at 48 and 144 hrs following alloxanization. Other coagulation parameters did not show any alteration.", "contents": "Study of blood coagulation in experimental diabetes. In experimental alloxan diabetes of rats a twofold increase in fibrinogen level was observated at 48 and 144 hrs following alloxanization. Other coagulation parameters did not show any alteration.", "PMID": 749466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7835", "title": "[Changes in the liver following a single administration of 11-H-eicosafluoroundecanoic acid in rats].", "content": "A single oral administration of 27 mg 11-H-eicosafluorundecanoic acid/kg of body weight (according to 1/20 of the oral LD50; 0.049 mM) resulted in a long lasting hepatomegaly in male rats. This was accompanied by a decrease of the triglyceride and total lipid levels in blood serum, a temporary increase of the total lipids in the liver, and an increase of the hexobarbital sleeping time, the latter being normalized before the liver/body weight ratio reached the control level. The bromothalein elimination and the S-alanine amino transferase and S-alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected.", "contents": "[Changes in the liver following a single administration of 11-H-eicosafluoroundecanoic acid in rats]. A single oral administration of 27 mg 11-H-eicosafluorundecanoic acid/kg of body weight (according to 1/20 of the oral LD50; 0.049 mM) resulted in a long lasting hepatomegaly in male rats. This was accompanied by a decrease of the triglyceride and total lipid levels in blood serum, a temporary increase of the total lipids in the liver, and an increase of the hexobarbital sleeping time, the latter being normalized before the liver/body weight ratio reached the control level. The bromothalein elimination and the S-alanine amino transferase and S-alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected.", "PMID": 749467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7836", "title": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit. II. Characterization of pre-mRNA isolated by phenol extraction and poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography.", "content": "Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) was extracted from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit by the methods of Georgiev and Mantieva modified by Markov and Arion and of Holmes and Bonner, respectively. Density gradient centrifugation, base analysis and the effects of alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D on the synthesis of the cellular RNA showed signs of degradation in the rRNA-free 85 degrees C-fraction of the preparation according to Georgiev and Mantieva and a substantial rRNA contamination of the 65 degrees C-fraction. This RNA-fraction as well as the total RNA-preparation extracted according to Holmes and Bonner was purified from rRNA by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. Poly(A)+-RNA of all size-classes, among it a substantial amount of high molecular weight RNA (greater than 45 S), was isolated by this purification procedure. Especially the extraction according to Holmes and Bonner yields high molecular weight material but the critical step of this procedure often resulting in degradation of the RNA is the DNase treatment of the heavily DNA-contaminated total RNA-preparation either due to RNase contamination of the DNase or to the existence of RNase in the less intensive deproteinized RNA. The investigated cellular system is characterized by a very intensive rRNA synthesis which is typical for cells in the early stages of hematopoiesis. In contrast to investigations with purified RNA-polymerases and subcellular systems, but in accordance with data of in vivo experiments, alpha-amanitin inhibits both the pre-mRNA and the pre-rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit. II. Characterization of pre-mRNA isolated by phenol extraction and poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) was extracted from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit by the methods of Georgiev and Mantieva modified by Markov and Arion and of Holmes and Bonner, respectively. Density gradient centrifugation, base analysis and the effects of alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D on the synthesis of the cellular RNA showed signs of degradation in the rRNA-free 85 degrees C-fraction of the preparation according to Georgiev and Mantieva and a substantial rRNA contamination of the 65 degrees C-fraction. This RNA-fraction as well as the total RNA-preparation extracted according to Holmes and Bonner was purified from rRNA by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. Poly(A)+-RNA of all size-classes, among it a substantial amount of high molecular weight RNA (greater than 45 S), was isolated by this purification procedure. Especially the extraction according to Holmes and Bonner yields high molecular weight material but the critical step of this procedure often resulting in degradation of the RNA is the DNase treatment of the heavily DNA-contaminated total RNA-preparation either due to RNase contamination of the DNase or to the existence of RNase in the less intensive deproteinized RNA. The investigated cellular system is characterized by a very intensive rRNA synthesis which is typical for cells in the early stages of hematopoiesis. In contrast to investigations with purified RNA-polymerases and subcellular systems, but in accordance with data of in vivo experiments, alpha-amanitin inhibits both the pre-mRNA and the pre-rRNA synthesis.", "PMID": 749468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7837", "title": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit. III. Poly(A)-, oligo(U)- and double stranded sequences.", "content": "Pre-mRNA from bone marrow of rabbits enriched in erythroid cells was analyzed by T1 and pancreatic RNase treatment and poly(U)- and poly(A)-Sepharose chromatography to contain poly(A)-, oligo(U)- and double stranded sequences. The length of the poly(A)- and oligo(U)-sequences was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using poly(A)- and oligo(U)-standards of defined length. Poly(A) from poly(A)+pre-mRNA isolated according to the method of Holmes and Bonner shows a size distribution between 40 and 130 nucleotides with an average of 75 nucleotides. Hot phenol extraction according to Georgiev et al. leads to a smaller size of about 25 nucleotides. The oligo(U)-segment consists of 80% U and is about 25 nucleotides long. Poly(A)+ pre-mRNA of about 12000--16000 nucleotides posseses 1--2 oligo(U)-units and one double strand of about 70 nucleotide pairs. Most (greater than 90%) of the oligo(U)-and the double stranded sequences are localized at least 1700 nucleotides away from the 3'terminus. Double strands were investigated with respect to their reannealing behaviour. The material consists of two types of double strands: 20% which reassociate at a cot/2  cot/2 of 1.3 . 10(-4) represent only one or a few types of double strands, the remaining 80% reassociate at a cot/2 of about 7 . 10(-2) and are more complex. Under hybridization conditions pre-mRNA molecules are able to self-annealation. 10% of the sequences become RNase stable.", "contents": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit. III. Poly(A)-, oligo(U)- and double stranded sequences. Pre-mRNA from bone marrow of rabbits enriched in erythroid cells was analyzed by T1 and pancreatic RNase treatment and poly(U)- and poly(A)-Sepharose chromatography to contain poly(A)-, oligo(U)- and double stranded sequences. The length of the poly(A)- and oligo(U)-sequences was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using poly(A)- and oligo(U)-standards of defined length. Poly(A) from poly(A)+pre-mRNA isolated according to the method of Holmes and Bonner shows a size distribution between 40 and 130 nucleotides with an average of 75 nucleotides. Hot phenol extraction according to Georgiev et al. leads to a smaller size of about 25 nucleotides. The oligo(U)-segment consists of 80% U and is about 25 nucleotides long. Poly(A)+ pre-mRNA of about 12000--16000 nucleotides posseses 1--2 oligo(U)-units and one double strand of about 70 nucleotide pairs. Most (greater than 90%) of the oligo(U)-and the double stranded sequences are localized at least 1700 nucleotides away from the 3'terminus. Double strands were investigated with respect to their reannealing behaviour. The material consists of two types of double strands: 20% which reassociate at a cot/2  cot/2 of 1.3 . 10(-4) represent only one or a few types of double strands, the remaining 80% reassociate at a cot/2 of about 7 . 10(-2) and are more complex. Under hybridization conditions pre-mRNA molecules are able to self-annealation. 10% of the sequences become RNase stable.", "PMID": 749469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7838", "title": "Studies on proteins of animal ribosomes. XXVIII. Preparation and antigenic properties of 40 S subunit proteins of rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "By combination of ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and perchloric acid fractionation 21 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit of rat liver were isolated with a purity of more than 95%. It could be demonstrated by immunological studies that no extensive structural homologies exist between these proteins.", "contents": "Studies on proteins of animal ribosomes. XXVIII. Preparation and antigenic properties of 40 S subunit proteins of rat liver ribosomes. By combination of ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and perchloric acid fractionation 21 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit of rat liver were isolated with a purity of more than 95%. It could be demonstrated by immunological studies that no extensive structural homologies exist between these proteins.", "PMID": 749470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7839", "title": "[Effect of Na+ and Ca++ ion concentrations in the outer medium surrounding the erythrocyte membrane on the viscosity of blood suspensions].", "content": "A small concentration of Na+ ions (0.1 mM) causes an enlargement of the viscosity in suspensions of erythrocytes which is partial reversible by addition of Na+ ions. Ca++ ions have a conserving function. The relative viscosity is changed in the relation of concentrations of ions of Ca++:Na+ = 1:2. Changes in the viscosities are refered to change of structure of the components of membrane, especially for the part of lipids.", "contents": "[Effect of Na+ and Ca++ ion concentrations in the outer medium surrounding the erythrocyte membrane on the viscosity of blood suspensions]. A small concentration of Na+ ions (0.1 mM) causes an enlargement of the viscosity in suspensions of erythrocytes which is partial reversible by addition of Na+ ions. Ca++ ions have a conserving function. The relative viscosity is changed in the relation of concentrations of ions of Ca++:Na+ = 1:2. Changes in the viscosities are refered to change of structure of the components of membrane, especially for the part of lipids.", "PMID": 749471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7840", "title": "The influence of charged matrix surfaces on the thermostabilizing effect of calcium ions on immobilized fungal alpha-amylase.", "content": "The stabilizing effect of calcium ions on fungal alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) immobilized on a polystyrene anion exchanger (P+ amylase) was investigated and compared to the behaviour of soluble amylase. Moreover, gamma-(1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)-aminopropyl silica-amylase (Si(n) amylase) as a conjugate with weakly basic amino groups and gamma-succinamidopropyl silica amylase (Si- amylase) as a conjugate with free carboxyl groups were applied for comparison. Depending on the calcium ion concentration the immobilized amylases showed a lower thermal stability than the soluble enzyme. The reduced stability was attributed to matrix effects in the microenvironment of the immobilized amylases and the calcium ion concentration in the carrier phase, which was changed in comparison with the external solution. Contrary to the non-measurable matrix effects in the microenvironment, altered calcium ion concentrations in the carrier phase of the polystyrene anion exchanger (P+) and gamma-succinamidopropyl silica (Si-) could be detected. With increasing calcium ion concentration a greater decrease of activity was observed for the soluble amylase than for the immobilized enzymes. The thermal stability of soluble amylase and P+ amylase was studied in dependence on pH. In the acidic pH-range P+ amylase indicated a higher thermal stability than the soluble enzyme in the presence of Ca2+ as well as in the absence of Ca2+. Contrary to soluble amylase the stabilizing effect of calcium ions on P+ amylase begins already at pH 3.5. Kinetic investigations for thermal inactivation were performed on soluble amylase and P+ amylase in the presence and absence of Ca2+ in the temperature range between 44--60 degrees C. Thermal inactivation proceeded by first order reactions. The inactivation rate constants kin served as a measure of thermal stability for discussing the stabilizing effect by Ca2+ depending on the temperature. The activation energies of inactivation EA were determined from the Arrhenius-plot of the inactivation rate constants.", "contents": "The influence of charged matrix surfaces on the thermostabilizing effect of calcium ions on immobilized fungal alpha-amylase. The stabilizing effect of calcium ions on fungal alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) immobilized on a polystyrene anion exchanger (P+ amylase) was investigated and compared to the behaviour of soluble amylase. Moreover, gamma-(1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)-aminopropyl silica-amylase (Si(n) amylase) as a conjugate with weakly basic amino groups and gamma-succinamidopropyl silica amylase (Si- amylase) as a conjugate with free carboxyl groups were applied for comparison. Depending on the calcium ion concentration the immobilized amylases showed a lower thermal stability than the soluble enzyme. The reduced stability was attributed to matrix effects in the microenvironment of the immobilized amylases and the calcium ion concentration in the carrier phase, which was changed in comparison with the external solution. Contrary to the non-measurable matrix effects in the microenvironment, altered calcium ion concentrations in the carrier phase of the polystyrene anion exchanger (P+) and gamma-succinamidopropyl silica (Si-) could be detected. With increasing calcium ion concentration a greater decrease of activity was observed for the soluble amylase than for the immobilized enzymes. The thermal stability of soluble amylase and P+ amylase was studied in dependence on pH. In the acidic pH-range P+ amylase indicated a higher thermal stability than the soluble enzyme in the presence of Ca2+ as well as in the absence of Ca2+. Contrary to soluble amylase the stabilizing effect of calcium ions on P+ amylase begins already at pH 3.5. Kinetic investigations for thermal inactivation were performed on soluble amylase and P+ amylase in the presence and absence of Ca2+ in the temperature range between 44--60 degrees C. Thermal inactivation proceeded by first order reactions. The inactivation rate constants kin served as a measure of thermal stability for discussing the stabilizing effect by Ca2+ depending on the temperature. The activation energies of inactivation EA were determined from the Arrhenius-plot of the inactivation rate constants.", "PMID": 749472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7841", "title": "[Osmotherapy of acute kidney failure with special reference to plasma renin activity and mineral balance].", "content": "13 dogs were used to generate an acute toxic renal failure by sublimate. The alterations both of plasma renin activity (PRA) and of the acid-base and mineral balance were observed in uremia and after \"osmotherapy\" with mannitol (13 dogs). In the course of toxic renal failure the PRA increases on the average. A decompensated metabolic acidosis with general transmineralization is observed. Since in the stage of anuria the Na+ in urine fails to reach the macula densa cell canicularly, the theory is advanced that only the intracellular sodium in the macula densa cell is responsible for the regulation of the position of the vas deferens. Following \"osmotherapy\" the PRA is significantly lowered. The acidosis is still worsened under conditions of anuria. For the regulation of renin it has to be assumed that the enzyme in acute anuria after osmotherapy is being altered especially by volume receptors. Thus, osmotic therapy seems to be reasonable only with existing residual diuresis. This is valid especially for the administration of mannitol, because this substance remains strictly outside the cell.", "contents": "[Osmotherapy of acute kidney failure with special reference to plasma renin activity and mineral balance]. 13 dogs were used to generate an acute toxic renal failure by sublimate. The alterations both of plasma renin activity (PRA) and of the acid-base and mineral balance were observed in uremia and after \"osmotherapy\" with mannitol (13 dogs). In the course of toxic renal failure the PRA increases on the average. A decompensated metabolic acidosis with general transmineralization is observed. Since in the stage of anuria the Na+ in urine fails to reach the macula densa cell canicularly, the theory is advanced that only the intracellular sodium in the macula densa cell is responsible for the regulation of the position of the vas deferens. Following \"osmotherapy\" the PRA is significantly lowered. The acidosis is still worsened under conditions of anuria. For the regulation of renin it has to be assumed that the enzyme in acute anuria after osmotherapy is being altered especially by volume receptors. Thus, osmotic therapy seems to be reasonable only with existing residual diuresis. This is valid especially for the administration of mannitol, because this substance remains strictly outside the cell.", "PMID": 749473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7842", "title": "[EEG power spectrum of the rabbit visual cortex in long-term experiments].", "content": "In chronic experiments the EEG of visual cortex in rabbits was investigated by means of power spectral analysis. The transition from wakefulness to slow wave sleep was characterized by a power shift from theta into delta range. The mean value of power spectra have shown a long term habituation.", "contents": "[EEG power spectrum of the rabbit visual cortex in long-term experiments]. In chronic experiments the EEG of visual cortex in rabbits was investigated by means of power spectral analysis. The transition from wakefulness to slow wave sleep was characterized by a power shift from theta into delta range. The mean value of power spectra have shown a long term habituation.", "PMID": 749474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7843", "title": "[Spectral analysis of blood pressure-, heart rate- and respiration rhythms in different postures in probands and patients with neurovegetative disorders].", "content": "In a statistical comparison between autospectra of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rhythms in 16 healthy volunteers in sitting and standing position and between these and results in 16 patients suffering from autonomic disorders there have been shown: (1) significantly higher power spectral densities in distinct frequency bands of the parameters in orthostasis (with exception of heart rate spectra) and (2) more distinct changes in patients. Moreover, a significant decrease of spectral densities of heart rate waves was computerized in patients. The physiological background is discussed.", "contents": "[Spectral analysis of blood pressure-, heart rate- and respiration rhythms in different postures in probands and patients with neurovegetative disorders]. In a statistical comparison between autospectra of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rhythms in 16 healthy volunteers in sitting and standing position and between these and results in 16 patients suffering from autonomic disorders there have been shown: (1) significantly higher power spectral densities in distinct frequency bands of the parameters in orthostasis (with exception of heart rate spectra) and (2) more distinct changes in patients. Moreover, a significant decrease of spectral densities of heart rate waves was computerized in patients. The physiological background is discussed.", "PMID": 749475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7844", "title": "[Learning and memory processes during postnatal ontogenesis in rats with spontaneous hypertension].", "content": "The examination of learning and memory processes by a conditional reflectory locomotor avoidance reaction on 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, 20-, 26-, and 50-week-old rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR Okamoto/Aoki) revealed, up to an age of 20 weeks, correlations between the height of blood pressure and learning and memory performance by analogy with parameters of the hydrocarbon metabolism [1,2]. Three stages were observed: Stage I: Juvenile animals (8--10 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values of 150 to 170 torr showed a comparatively low restriction of learning and memory processes. Stage II: In adult animals (12--20 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values of 180 to 210 torr learning was inhibited by about 50%, while retention of memory was completely disturbed. Stage III: In old animals (26--50 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values above 200 torr the faculty to learn a conditional avoidance reflex was virtually lost. Destruction or blockage of hypothalamic behavioral substances are assumed to cause the derangement of learning and memory processes in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "[Learning and memory processes during postnatal ontogenesis in rats with spontaneous hypertension]. The examination of learning and memory processes by a conditional reflectory locomotor avoidance reaction on 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, 20-, 26-, and 50-week-old rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR Okamoto/Aoki) revealed, up to an age of 20 weeks, correlations between the height of blood pressure and learning and memory performance by analogy with parameters of the hydrocarbon metabolism [1,2]. Three stages were observed: Stage I: Juvenile animals (8--10 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values of 150 to 170 torr showed a comparatively low restriction of learning and memory processes. Stage II: In adult animals (12--20 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values of 180 to 210 torr learning was inhibited by about 50%, while retention of memory was completely disturbed. Stage III: In old animals (26--50 weeks) with mean systolic blood pressure values above 200 torr the faculty to learn a conditional avoidance reflex was virtually lost. Destruction or blockage of hypothalamic behavioral substances are assumed to cause the derangement of learning and memory processes in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 749476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7845", "title": "[Adjustment of systolic and diastolic pressure in the left ventricle during acute changes in outflow resistance in a rat heart-lung preparation].", "content": "Knowledge of the course of active and passive pressure regulation of the heart is essential for characterizing its faculty of self-regulation. We therefore studied the adjustment of systolic and end-diastolic pressure development through the left ventricle of the heart-lung preparation of rat against an acutely enhanced outflow resistance. It had been determined previously, how and how long hemodynamic stability of the preparation could be reached and maintained under the given experimental conditions. On sudden enhancement of the outflow resistance from 60 to values of 100--160 mm Hg we observed a multiphasic response of the systolic and diastolic pressure whose extent and dynamics were proportional to load. The ability of the end-diastolic pressure to re-adjust was determined to be 60--68%. The results suggest a multifactorial mechanism of self-regulation.", "contents": "[Adjustment of systolic and diastolic pressure in the left ventricle during acute changes in outflow resistance in a rat heart-lung preparation]. Knowledge of the course of active and passive pressure regulation of the heart is essential for characterizing its faculty of self-regulation. We therefore studied the adjustment of systolic and end-diastolic pressure development through the left ventricle of the heart-lung preparation of rat against an acutely enhanced outflow resistance. It had been determined previously, how and how long hemodynamic stability of the preparation could be reached and maintained under the given experimental conditions. On sudden enhancement of the outflow resistance from 60 to values of 100--160 mm Hg we observed a multiphasic response of the systolic and diastolic pressure whose extent and dynamics were proportional to load. The ability of the end-diastolic pressure to re-adjust was determined to be 60--68%. The results suggest a multifactorial mechanism of self-regulation.", "PMID": 749477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7846", "title": "The wayward pacemaker electrode.", "content": "Complications from the use of permanent cardiac pacemakers are frequent and manifold. The most common complications associated with pacemaker electrodes, both endocardial and myocardial, as well as their prevention and treatment are discussed. Also described is a new technique of inserting a myocardial electrode without formal thoracotomy.", "contents": "The wayward pacemaker electrode. Complications from the use of permanent cardiac pacemakers are frequent and manifold. The most common complications associated with pacemaker electrodes, both endocardial and myocardial, as well as their prevention and treatment are discussed. Also described is a new technique of inserting a myocardial electrode without formal thoracotomy.", "PMID": 749481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7847", "title": "[Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. Surgical indications and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The surgical indications of a benign multinodular euthyroid struma are:  compression of trachea and oesophagus or a possible malignity of the lesion. The operation of choice is a bilateral subtotal lobectomy. To avoid postoperative vocal cord paralysis or hypocalcemia due to damage of the parathyroid glands, it is important to demonstrate systematically the recurrent nerve and spare the inferior thyroid artery.", "contents": "[Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. Surgical indications and treatment (author's transl)]. The surgical indications of a benign multinodular euthyroid struma are:  compression of trachea and oesophagus or a possible malignity of the lesion. The operation of choice is a bilateral subtotal lobectomy. To avoid postoperative vocal cord paralysis or hypocalcemia due to damage of the parathyroid glands, it is important to demonstrate systematically the recurrent nerve and spare the inferior thyroid artery.", "PMID": 749483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7848", "title": "[Which thyroid nodules need to be operated? (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to 20% of isolated cold thyroid nodules are malignant neoplasms. However, in the case of 1-4 cm large nodules entirely cystic as demonstrated by echotomography, surgery is not necessary as the frequency of malignancy is only 1%. In cases of hot nodules the risk of cancer is regarded as almost nil, but such nodules can lead to thyrotoxicosis. Treatment by surgery or 131l will depend on the patient's age and condition; it must be performed for all hyperthyroid patients and, as a preventive measure, for all elderly or cardiac patients to prevent the consequences of even slight hyperthyroidism. The complete work up of a nodule requires not only scintigraphy and thyroid echotomography but also a careful clinical examination, tracheal X-ray, determination of serum antithyroid antibodies, assessment of thyroid function and, in some cases, trial therapy using thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Which thyroid nodules need to be operated? (author's transl)]. Up to 20% of isolated cold thyroid nodules are malignant neoplasms. However, in the case of 1-4 cm large nodules entirely cystic as demonstrated by echotomography, surgery is not necessary as the frequency of malignancy is only 1%. In cases of hot nodules the risk of cancer is regarded as almost nil, but such nodules can lead to thyrotoxicosis. Treatment by surgery or 131l will depend on the patient's age and condition; it must be performed for all hyperthyroid patients and, as a preventive measure, for all elderly or cardiac patients to prevent the consequences of even slight hyperthyroidism. The complete work up of a nodule requires not only scintigraphy and thyroid echotomography but also a careful clinical examination, tracheal X-ray, determination of serum antithyroid antibodies, assessment of thyroid function and, in some cases, trial therapy using thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 749485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7849", "title": "[Surgery of the intrathoracic goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "One is often obliged to resect intrathoracic goiters. This is not directed towards functional problems but towards the local compression on other organs in the vicinity. Goiters that extend through the cervicomediastinal inlet are of this kind. In cases where the major part is in the mediastinum there still exists a continuity with the cervical part. Most cases can be resected by a cervicostomy. The vascularization comes from the neck except in true thoraic goiters. This makes it possible to ligate the vessels before extracting the gland. In difficult cases a mid sternotomy may be useful so that all thoracic goiters can be operated safely.", "contents": "[Surgery of the intrathoracic goiter (author's transl)]. One is often obliged to resect intrathoracic goiters. This is not directed towards functional problems but towards the local compression on other organs in the vicinity. Goiters that extend through the cervicomediastinal inlet are of this kind. In cases where the major part is in the mediastinum there still exists a continuity with the cervical part. Most cases can be resected by a cervicostomy. The vascularization comes from the neck except in true thoraic goiters. This makes it possible to ligate the vessels before extracting the gland. In difficult cases a mid sternotomy may be useful so that all thoracic goiters can be operated safely.", "PMID": 749484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7850", "title": "[Cold nodules of the thyroid gland. Therapeutic strategy, histopathological results and postoperative events (author's transl)].", "content": "Isotopic investigation of the thyroid disorders has brought up the notion of cold areas. These cold foci may exist in a goiter or in an otherwise normal gland (isolated cold nodules). A number of these are cancers, especially the isolated nodules. Thus the best treatment is the systematic resection of the area containing the lesion: i.e. subtotal thyroidectomy for a goiter and partial thyroidectomy for isolated cold nodules. The technique is described. We prefer the delayed histological analysis which is more reliable. It will command the following treatment, for instance a total resection in case of cancer. Histological analyses of resected specimens are presented. The postoperative results are examined: there are few complications either early or late. When systematically researched, postresection hypothyroidism is rare.", "contents": "[Cold nodules of the thyroid gland. Therapeutic strategy, histopathological results and postoperative events (author's transl)]. Isotopic investigation of the thyroid disorders has brought up the notion of cold areas. These cold foci may exist in a goiter or in an otherwise normal gland (isolated cold nodules). A number of these are cancers, especially the isolated nodules. Thus the best treatment is the systematic resection of the area containing the lesion: i.e. subtotal thyroidectomy for a goiter and partial thyroidectomy for isolated cold nodules. The technique is described. We prefer the delayed histological analysis which is more reliable. It will command the following treatment, for instance a total resection in case of cancer. Histological analyses of resected specimens are presented. The postoperative results are examined: there are few complications either early or late. When systematically researched, postresection hypothyroidism is rare.", "PMID": 749486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7851", "title": "Duplication of the blood glucose curve of an OGTT in dogs by a prospectively programmed I.V. infusion: infusion pattern and IRI response.", "content": "In conscious dogs the peripheral venous blood glucose profile of an OGTT (1.0 g/kg) was individually duplicated by a computed i.v. glucose infusion. The correspondence reached between both tests was demonstrated by the correlation between the paired increments of the reactive blood glucose concentration areas. The average total dose needed for duplication was 0.52 +/-0.04 g/kg (no. = 11). There was a more rapid and greater IRI increase in OGTT than in the infusion test. When 1.0 g glucose per kg was given according to the same pattern by a computed infusion, the integrated areas both of blood glucose and of IRI was twice that in OGTT. We concluded that the IRI increase in OGTT reinforced by enteral mechanisms favors the direct hepatic uptake of absorbed glucose. This could also protect the body from an excessive insulin release provoked by the entire oral load if it reached the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Duplication of the blood glucose curve of an OGTT in dogs by a prospectively programmed I.V. infusion: infusion pattern and IRI response. In conscious dogs the peripheral venous blood glucose profile of an OGTT (1.0 g/kg) was individually duplicated by a computed i.v. glucose infusion. The correspondence reached between both tests was demonstrated by the correlation between the paired increments of the reactive blood glucose concentration areas. The average total dose needed for duplication was 0.52 +/-0.04 g/kg (no. = 11). There was a more rapid and greater IRI increase in OGTT than in the infusion test. When 1.0 g glucose per kg was given according to the same pattern by a computed infusion, the integrated areas both of blood glucose and of IRI was twice that in OGTT. We concluded that the IRI increase in OGTT reinforced by enteral mechanisms favors the direct hepatic uptake of absorbed glucose. This could also protect the body from an excessive insulin release provoked by the entire oral load if it reached the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 749495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7852", "title": "I.V. glucose tolerance test: correlation between FFA, glucose and IRI in normal, obese and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Insulin response and FFA behavior have been evaluated during an IVGTT in 63 subjects of whom 18 were normal, 31 were obese (with varying degrees of carbohydrate tolerance) and 14 were mild non insulin-dependent diabetics. The extreme reduction of insulin secretion in the early phase (delta 0-15 min) and the less severe impairment of the late phase (delta 15-60 min) have been confirmed; obese subjects showed on the average an active insulin response to venous loading; this was more marked and more consistent in the late phase. Compared to controls, FFA concentration both in basal conditions and during IVGTT was progressively higher in obese and diabetic patients. When analyzing the interplay between IRI, KG and FFA in the course of IVGTT, it was observed that: (1) a close correlation exists between IG and early insulin response (r = 0.72); (2) a correlation between delta IRI 0-15 min and percentage decrease of FFA at 45 min is found only in normal subjects; (3) a negative highly significant correlation is found between KG and mean FFA plasma level 0-60 min. This last correlation is evidence of the important role played by FFA in carbohydrate tolerance. The conflicting results reported by others have been discussed.", "contents": "I.V. glucose tolerance test: correlation between FFA, glucose and IRI in normal, obese and diabetic subjects. Insulin response and FFA behavior have been evaluated during an IVGTT in 63 subjects of whom 18 were normal, 31 were obese (with varying degrees of carbohydrate tolerance) and 14 were mild non insulin-dependent diabetics. The extreme reduction of insulin secretion in the early phase (delta 0-15 min) and the less severe impairment of the late phase (delta 15-60 min) have been confirmed; obese subjects showed on the average an active insulin response to venous loading; this was more marked and more consistent in the late phase. Compared to controls, FFA concentration both in basal conditions and during IVGTT was progressively higher in obese and diabetic patients. When analyzing the interplay between IRI, KG and FFA in the course of IVGTT, it was observed that: (1) a close correlation exists between IG and early insulin response (r = 0.72); (2) a correlation between delta IRI 0-15 min and percentage decrease of FFA at 45 min is found only in normal subjects; (3) a negative highly significant correlation is found between KG and mean FFA plasma level 0-60 min. This last correlation is evidence of the important role played by FFA in carbohydrate tolerance. The conflicting results reported by others have been discussed.", "PMID": 749494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7853", "title": "Method for tapping the parotid gland. Studies in patients with bilateral englargement of the parotid gland.", "content": "A new biopsy method for the study of the parotid gland is proposed. 60 patients with enlarged parotid gland were studied and samples in 44 of them were obtained for investigation. There was a hematoma in the tapping area of two patients but both recoved. This new-method implies a simple procedure, without serious complications that will facilitate the development of clinical studies and further investigation of the parotid gland.", "contents": "Method for tapping the parotid gland. Studies in patients with bilateral englargement of the parotid gland. A new biopsy method for the study of the parotid gland is proposed. 60 patients with enlarged parotid gland were studied and samples in 44 of them were obtained for investigation. There was a hematoma in the tapping area of two patients but both recoved. This new-method implies a simple procedure, without serious complications that will facilitate the development of clinical studies and further investigation of the parotid gland.", "PMID": 749503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7854", "title": "[Protein loss in gastrectomized patients with or without steatorrhea].", "content": "Intestinal protein loss was determined in a group of patients with gastric resection by measuring the faecal radioactivity in the stools of 4 days, after intravenous administration of Cl3Cr51. The patients studied were divided in three groups: a) 10 healthy control subjects, b) 5 patients with gastrectomy BII without steatorrhoea, c) 15 patients with gastrectomy BII with steatorrhoea. In group (a) faecal radioactivity was 0.36 +/- 0.26% of the administrated dosis; in group (b) the value was 1.24 +/- 1.07% and in group (c) the activity was 1.40 +/- 1%. Statistically significative difference between groups (a) and (b) ((p less than 0.05) was found between groups (a) and (c) the difference was highly significative (p less than 0.001). However there was no significative difference between groups (b) and (c) (p less than 0.8). We think that serum protein intestinal loss may be, one of the causes of the hipoalbuminemia present in some patients who underwent partial gastrectomy because of gastroduodenal ulcer. Otherwise we did not find a relation between protein loss and steatorrhoea.", "contents": "[Protein loss in gastrectomized patients with or without steatorrhea]. Intestinal protein loss was determined in a group of patients with gastric resection by measuring the faecal radioactivity in the stools of 4 days, after intravenous administration of Cl3Cr51. The patients studied were divided in three groups: a) 10 healthy control subjects, b) 5 patients with gastrectomy BII without steatorrhoea, c) 15 patients with gastrectomy BII with steatorrhoea. In group (a) faecal radioactivity was 0.36 +/- 0.26% of the administrated dosis; in group (b) the value was 1.24 +/- 1.07% and in group (c) the activity was 1.40 +/- 1%. Statistically significative difference between groups (a) and (b) ((p less than 0.05) was found between groups (a) and (c) the difference was highly significative (p less than 0.001). However there was no significative difference between groups (b) and (c) (p less than 0.8). We think that serum protein intestinal loss may be, one of the causes of the hipoalbuminemia present in some patients who underwent partial gastrectomy because of gastroduodenal ulcer. Otherwise we did not find a relation between protein loss and steatorrhoea.", "PMID": 749502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7855", "title": "[Annular pancreas. Considerations on 2 cases].", "content": "Two patients with annular pancreas are presented. Sintoms, complications, association with another congenital diseases, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative course are commented. Theories of embriologic development of pancreas and annular pancreas etiology are mentioned.", "contents": "[Annular pancreas. Considerations on 2 cases]. Two patients with annular pancreas are presented. Sintoms, complications, association with another congenital diseases, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative course are commented. Theories of embriologic development of pancreas and annular pancreas etiology are mentioned.", "PMID": 749504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7856", "title": "[Gastric polyps: review and analysis of 37 cases].", "content": "The results of the study of 37 patients with gastric polyps are analysed. The different methods show as most frequent findings; solitary polyps, 73%; sessile, 60%; of antral localization, 70%; smaller than 2 cm., 78%; with chronic gastritis histology, 50%; and with hypochlorhydria, 77% (achlorhydria, 62%). The incidence of malignancy was of 10%. The fost frequent concomitant pathologies were cholecystopathy (33%) and diabetes mellitus (30%). Abdominal pain, anaemia and digestive tube bleeding were the most frequent findings, with an incidence of 40%. An attempt is made to establish diagnostic and therapeutics standards and follow up criteria are presented.", "contents": "[Gastric polyps: review and analysis of 37 cases]. The results of the study of 37 patients with gastric polyps are analysed. The different methods show as most frequent findings; solitary polyps, 73%; sessile, 60%; of antral localization, 70%; smaller than 2 cm., 78%; with chronic gastritis histology, 50%; and with hypochlorhydria, 77% (achlorhydria, 62%). The incidence of malignancy was of 10%. The fost frequent concomitant pathologies were cholecystopathy (33%) and diabetes mellitus (30%). Abdominal pain, anaemia and digestive tube bleeding were the most frequent findings, with an incidence of 40%. An attempt is made to establish diagnostic and therapeutics standards and follow up criteria are presented.", "PMID": 749505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7857", "title": "[Psychic disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "After reviewing the literature on psychic disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus, the author reports on 26 cases of CSF drainage. Impairment of memory and concentration were always present in normal pressure hydrocephalus; behaviour disorders were very frequent and characterized by both types of frontal behaviour; the mental picture also comprised difficulties of calculation, writing, visuoconstructive praxis and, less frequently, impaired speech and reading ability. CSF drainage brought clinical improvement in 73% of the cases. Disorders of consciousness, mental function and behaviour regressed generally progressively as soon as the operation had been performed. Two major factors affecting therapeutic efficacity appear to be the patient's age and the length of time between onset of the symptoms and start of therapy.", "contents": "[Psychic disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. After reviewing the literature on psychic disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus, the author reports on 26 cases of CSF drainage. Impairment of memory and concentration were always present in normal pressure hydrocephalus; behaviour disorders were very frequent and characterized by both types of frontal behaviour; the mental picture also comprised difficulties of calculation, writing, visuoconstructive praxis and, less frequently, impaired speech and reading ability. CSF drainage brought clinical improvement in 73% of the cases. Disorders of consciousness, mental function and behaviour regressed generally progressively as soon as the operation had been performed. Two major factors affecting therapeutic efficacity appear to be the patient's age and the length of time between onset of the symptoms and start of therapy.", "PMID": 749513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7858", "title": "[Hemotachymetry by Doppler effect (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcutaneous hemotachymetry by ultrasonic Doppler effect is a simple, rapid, atraumatic and inexpensive method for obtaining hemodynamic data from cervical arteries; it is immensely useful for diagnosis of circulatory disorders. The author consider the physical principles of the method, its advantages and its drawbacks. Reproducibility and normal hemodynamic values are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemotachymetry by Doppler effect (author's transl)]. Transcutaneous hemotachymetry by ultrasonic Doppler effect is a simple, rapid, atraumatic and inexpensive method for obtaining hemodynamic data from cervical arteries; it is immensely useful for diagnosis of circulatory disorders. The author consider the physical principles of the method, its advantages and its drawbacks. Reproducibility and normal hemodynamic values are discussed.", "PMID": 749514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7859", "title": "Sporadic oculopharyngeal myopathy with abnormal mitochondria.", "content": "A case of late onset ophthalmoplegia and dysphagia is presented. Serum enzymes, ECG, EEG, thyroid function and edrophonium test were normal. Muscle biopsy revealed the presence at oxidative enzymes of 5% of fibres displaying subsarcolemmal hyperactivity and a coarse network pattern, mainly involving type II fibres. At electron microscopy mitochondrial abnormalities with paracrystalline inclusions were detected. The case is discussed in the light of the heterogeneity of ocular myopathies and their overlapping both with one another and with the so called mitochondrial myopathies.", "contents": "Sporadic oculopharyngeal myopathy with abnormal mitochondria. A case of late onset ophthalmoplegia and dysphagia is presented. Serum enzymes, ECG, EEG, thyroid function and edrophonium test were normal. Muscle biopsy revealed the presence at oxidative enzymes of 5% of fibres displaying subsarcolemmal hyperactivity and a coarse network pattern, mainly involving type II fibres. At electron microscopy mitochondrial abnormalities with paracrystalline inclusions were detected. The case is discussed in the light of the heterogeneity of ocular myopathies and their overlapping both with one another and with the so called mitochondrial myopathies.", "PMID": 749515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7860", "title": "Single unit responses to moving spots in the superior colliculus of the cat's isolated midbrain.", "content": "The midbrain was isolated from the pons and forebrain by two brainstem transections, pretrigeminal and \"preoptic\", inclined at 32 degree or 35 degree to the vertical plane. The preoptic transection passed along the rostral border of the optic tract, leaving it and the chiasm intact. Thus, direct visual input into the isolated tissue was maintained. Single unit responses to a moving spot were investigated in the superior colliculus. This stimulus evoked vigorous responses in most cells. Of the 70 tested units, 25 showed direction-selectivity, 48 speed-selectivity and 47 reacted to diffuse flash. Compared to cats with only pretrigeminal transection only the number of direction-selective units was reduced. The reduction was similar to that found previously in cats with ablated visual cortex or visually deprived from birth. Thus, the cells of the isolated superior colliculus show a striking degree of functional integrity.", "contents": "Single unit responses to moving spots in the superior colliculus of the cat's isolated midbrain. The midbrain was isolated from the pons and forebrain by two brainstem transections, pretrigeminal and \"preoptic\", inclined at 32 degree or 35 degree to the vertical plane. The preoptic transection passed along the rostral border of the optic tract, leaving it and the chiasm intact. Thus, direct visual input into the isolated tissue was maintained. Single unit responses to a moving spot were investigated in the superior colliculus. This stimulus evoked vigorous responses in most cells. Of the 70 tested units, 25 showed direction-selectivity, 48 speed-selectivity and 47 reacted to diffuse flash. Compared to cats with only pretrigeminal transection only the number of direction-selective units was reduced. The reduction was similar to that found previously in cats with ablated visual cortex or visually deprived from birth. Thus, the cells of the isolated superior colliculus show a striking degree of functional integrity.", "PMID": 749550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7861", "title": "Problem of behavioral plasticity in slave-making Amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. and in its slave-ants Formica fusca L. and Formica cinerea Mayr.", "content": "Changes in the natural behavior, expressing adaptation to cohabitation in a community, were observed in the slave-making ants P. rufescens and the slave-species F. fusca and F. cinerea. After a few raids, the initially undirected arousal evoked in the slaves by the amazons' raids, begins to acquire attributes appropriate to the situation, but completely different in both studied slave-species. F. cinerea picks up the pupae abandoned on the nest by the slave-making ants and eventually begins to wrench them away from the amazons arriving with prey. F. fusca, whose nests have openings so narrow that it prevents the mass entry of amazons with prey, begin to enlarge those openings shortly after the amazons return. After a certain number of raids, F. fusca begin to enlarge the openings immediately after the departure of the amazons for the slave-raid. The amazons, on their side, adjust soon to the specific behavior of the given slave-species; in nests with F. fusca, they make use of enlarged openings, carrying their prey through them into the nest; when F. cinerea are the slaves, most of the amazons begin to drop the pupae on the nest, and later even surrender the prey to the slaves who meet them. It is supposed that in all three species, under the influence of specific conditions there occurs the process of learning of new forms of behavior.", "contents": "Problem of behavioral plasticity in slave-making Amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. and in its slave-ants Formica fusca L. and Formica cinerea Mayr. Changes in the natural behavior, expressing adaptation to cohabitation in a community, were observed in the slave-making ants P. rufescens and the slave-species F. fusca and F. cinerea. After a few raids, the initially undirected arousal evoked in the slaves by the amazons' raids, begins to acquire attributes appropriate to the situation, but completely different in both studied slave-species. F. cinerea picks up the pupae abandoned on the nest by the slave-making ants and eventually begins to wrench them away from the amazons arriving with prey. F. fusca, whose nests have openings so narrow that it prevents the mass entry of amazons with prey, begin to enlarge those openings shortly after the amazons return. After a certain number of raids, F. fusca begin to enlarge the openings immediately after the departure of the amazons for the slave-raid. The amazons, on their side, adjust soon to the specific behavior of the given slave-species; in nests with F. fusca, they make use of enlarged openings, carrying their prey through them into the nest; when F. cinerea are the slaves, most of the amazons begin to drop the pupae on the nest, and later even surrender the prey to the slaves who meet them. It is supposed that in all three species, under the influence of specific conditions there occurs the process of learning of new forms of behavior.", "PMID": 749551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7862", "title": "Evaluation of functional degeneration of the amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. under an influence of socially parasitic way of life.", "content": "In certain, infrequently occurring, favorable circumstances the ants P. rufescens can display patterns of behavior which seem to be disappearing as a result of their parasitic way of life: the ability to food themselves, independently though ineffectively, elements of the offspring-protection behavior, transporting of nestmates, escape reaction. Similar events reinforce the infrequently used, latent reflexes, preventing their complete extinction. It is supposed that the characteristic in conventional parasitism disappearance of certain elements of behavior is inhibited by a social way of life. It may also be true of other, non-insect communities.", "contents": "Evaluation of functional degeneration of the amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. under an influence of socially parasitic way of life. In certain, infrequently occurring, favorable circumstances the ants P. rufescens can display patterns of behavior which seem to be disappearing as a result of their parasitic way of life: the ability to food themselves, independently though ineffectively, elements of the offspring-protection behavior, transporting of nestmates, escape reaction. Similar events reinforce the infrequently used, latent reflexes, preventing their complete extinction. It is supposed that the characteristic in conventional parasitism disappearance of certain elements of behavior is inhibited by a social way of life. It may also be true of other, non-insect communities.", "PMID": 749552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7863", "title": "Hedonesthesia: the nervous process determining motivated ingestive behavior.", "content": "The hedonistic theory of motivated ingestive behavior is discussed against drive-reduction theories, which claim that ingestive motivated behavior is mainly determined by the urge to meet the basic needs of the organism, often ignoring the important role of sensations. Evidence is supplied that mere sensations derived by exteroceptors can play an essential part in motivated behavior. A view is put forward that the reinforcing properties of exteroceptive stimulation in motivated ingestive 'behavior should be related to their ability to generate positive emotional states experienced as pleasure. It was pointed out, however, that the same external gustatory stimulation may possess a different hedonic value, depending on the current nutritional state of the organism. Therefore, the existence of a special nervous process which makes these stimuli emotionally positive, neutral or negative, i.e., pleasant, indifferent or aversive, depending on the given state of need is postulated. We call this nervous process hedonesthesia, and claim that it plays a decisive part in motivated ingestive behavior. The possible mechanism of hedonesthesia is explained on the block model.", "contents": "Hedonesthesia: the nervous process determining motivated ingestive behavior. The hedonistic theory of motivated ingestive behavior is discussed against drive-reduction theories, which claim that ingestive motivated behavior is mainly determined by the urge to meet the basic needs of the organism, often ignoring the important role of sensations. Evidence is supplied that mere sensations derived by exteroceptors can play an essential part in motivated behavior. A view is put forward that the reinforcing properties of exteroceptive stimulation in motivated ingestive 'behavior should be related to their ability to generate positive emotional states experienced as pleasure. It was pointed out, however, that the same external gustatory stimulation may possess a different hedonic value, depending on the current nutritional state of the organism. Therefore, the existence of a special nervous process which makes these stimuli emotionally positive, neutral or negative, i.e., pleasant, indifferent or aversive, depending on the given state of need is postulated. We call this nervous process hedonesthesia, and claim that it plays a decisive part in motivated ingestive behavior. The possible mechanism of hedonesthesia is explained on the block model.", "PMID": 749553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7864", "title": "Phrenic nerve activity and ventilation during lung oedema in rabbits.", "content": "Single fibre and \"integrated\" phrenic nerve activity was recorded in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits, during experimentally induced lung oedema. Tidal volume, blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, were monitored. In oedema the number of impulses in each volley slightly decreased while the discharge frequency was increased relatively to control values. The latter effect was due to the increased respiratory rate. \"Integrated\" phrenic nerve activity was also increased, contrary to tidal volume which was diminished. Minute ventilation obtained from pneumotachograph records [f per V(T)] was compared to the neural output in terms of tidal phrenic amplitude times frequency [f per V(T) eq]. The minute ventilation rose insignificantly by 45 +/- 40 percent and neural output was increased on the average by 150 percent.", "contents": "Phrenic nerve activity and ventilation during lung oedema in rabbits. Single fibre and \"integrated\" phrenic nerve activity was recorded in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits, during experimentally induced lung oedema. Tidal volume, blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, were monitored. In oedema the number of impulses in each volley slightly decreased while the discharge frequency was increased relatively to control values. The latter effect was due to the increased respiratory rate. \"Integrated\" phrenic nerve activity was also increased, contrary to tidal volume which was diminished. Minute ventilation obtained from pneumotachograph records [f per V(T)] was compared to the neural output in terms of tidal phrenic amplitude times frequency [f per V(T) eq]. The minute ventilation rose insignificantly by 45 +/- 40 percent and neural output was increased on the average by 150 percent.", "PMID": 749555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7865", "title": "[Hemoglobin A1c: a new factor in the supervision of diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemoglobin A1c is one of the minor components of normal human hemoglobin. It differs from Hb A by the presence of one molecule of glucose fixed to the N-terminal extremity of every beta chain. It is synthesized from Hb A by a very slow and only slightly reversible mechanism which continuously occurs during the 120 days of the red cell life. Hb A1c represents nearly 5% of total hemoglobin of the normal subject. In patients suffering of diabetes mellitus, its level seems to reflect closely the degree of equilibrium of the disease for 4 to 5 weeks which preceeded the evaluation.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin A1c: a new factor in the supervision of diabetes (author's transl)]. Hemoglobin A1c is one of the minor components of normal human hemoglobin. It differs from Hb A by the presence of one molecule of glucose fixed to the N-terminal extremity of every beta chain. It is synthesized from Hb A by a very slow and only slightly reversible mechanism which continuously occurs during the 120 days of the red cell life. Hb A1c represents nearly 5% of total hemoglobin of the normal subject. In patients suffering of diabetes mellitus, its level seems to reflect closely the degree of equilibrium of the disease for 4 to 5 weeks which preceeded the evaluation.", "PMID": 749562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7866", "title": "[Analysis of gallstones by infrared spectrophotometry. Advantages and limits of the method (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous clinicians criticise the insufficiency and imprecision, and the incoherency of the analyses of biological calculations by the usual clinical methods and thus frequently avoid prescribing such an examination. The authors propose the application of a physical method, infrared spectrophotometry for the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of the composition of stones of all origins. They recall the often heterogeneous structure of the stones and emphasise the importance which they attribute of differential analysis by separate zones during careful dissection, the results of which may orient the therapeutic attitude of the clinician. The differentiation of a few crystalline structures and the study of complex mixtures are dealt with in the form of characteristic infrared spectra. The advantages and limits of the method compared with other technics of analysis are discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of gallstones by infrared spectrophotometry. Advantages and limits of the method (author's transl)]. Numerous clinicians criticise the insufficiency and imprecision, and the incoherency of the analyses of biological calculations by the usual clinical methods and thus frequently avoid prescribing such an examination. The authors propose the application of a physical method, infrared spectrophotometry for the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of the composition of stones of all origins. They recall the often heterogeneous structure of the stones and emphasise the importance which they attribute of differential analysis by separate zones during careful dissection, the results of which may orient the therapeutic attitude of the clinician. The differentiation of a few crystalline structures and the study of complex mixtures are dealt with in the form of characteristic infrared spectra. The advantages and limits of the method compared with other technics of analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 749563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7867", "title": "[Radiocompetitive estimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "A radiocompetitive estimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human serum is described. After extraction, a stage of purification by chromatography on a Sephadex LH 20 column permits separation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D from Vitamin D and other metabolites. The reaction of radiocompetition uses as tracer tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and as source of binding protein, rat renal cytosol. The characteristics of the binding protein and the presence in human plasma of significant quantities of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D render necessary the chromatographic stage. This technic permits one to measure simply and specifically 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the human serum, of which normal levels (average +/- standard deviation) are 12.88 +/- 5.42 microgram/l 3.2.10(-8) + 1.35.10(-8) mol/l).", "contents": "[Radiocompetitive estimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human serum (author's transl)]. A radiocompetitive estimation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human serum is described. After extraction, a stage of purification by chromatography on a Sephadex LH 20 column permits separation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D from Vitamin D and other metabolites. The reaction of radiocompetition uses as tracer tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and as source of binding protein, rat renal cytosol. The characteristics of the binding protein and the presence in human plasma of significant quantities of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D render necessary the chromatographic stage. This technic permits one to measure simply and specifically 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the human serum, of which normal levels (average +/- standard deviation) are 12.88 +/- 5.42 microgram/l 3.2.10(-8) + 1.35.10(-8) mol/l).", "PMID": 749564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7868", "title": "[Determination of plasma theophylline in the newborn by high resolution gas chromatography and specific detection (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a micromethod for the determination of blood concentration of theophylline in premature newborn infants. The method includes the specificity of separation in gas phase chromatography on a glass capillary column, and the sensitivity of thermo-ionic detection. After addition of isobutyl-3-methyl-1-xanthine, which constitutes an internal standard, extraction is performed in acid pH, with the mixture dichloromethane-isopropanol. The derivation consists of an N-pentyl reaction. Analysis was carried out on a glass capillary column SE-30 measuring 75 m x 0.5 mm. The technic used is simple and rapid. Its application in pediatrics has been particularly studied; the limit of quantitative detection was 0.1 mg/l. The plasma sample may be 0.05 ml. The reproducibility is about 2% in usual therapeutic doses. The specificity of the method has been widely debated, in particular the stages of extraction, derivation, separation and detection. The authors are convinced that the analyses requiring systems of specific detection, more and more widely used, require a chromatographic apparatus with a high power of resolution; this is illustrated by an example.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma theophylline in the newborn by high resolution gas chromatography and specific detection (author's transl)]. The authors describe a micromethod for the determination of blood concentration of theophylline in premature newborn infants. The method includes the specificity of separation in gas phase chromatography on a glass capillary column, and the sensitivity of thermo-ionic detection. After addition of isobutyl-3-methyl-1-xanthine, which constitutes an internal standard, extraction is performed in acid pH, with the mixture dichloromethane-isopropanol. The derivation consists of an N-pentyl reaction. Analysis was carried out on a glass capillary column SE-30 measuring 75 m x 0.5 mm. The technic used is simple and rapid. Its application in pediatrics has been particularly studied; the limit of quantitative detection was 0.1 mg/l. The plasma sample may be 0.05 ml. The reproducibility is about 2% in usual therapeutic doses. The specificity of the method has been widely debated, in particular the stages of extraction, derivation, separation and detection. The authors are convinced that the analyses requiring systems of specific detection, more and more widely used, require a chromatographic apparatus with a high power of resolution; this is illustrated by an example.", "PMID": 749565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7869", "title": "[Estimation of plasma cortisol by radiocompetition or radioimmunoassay. Use of commercial kits (author's transl)].", "content": "The estimation of plasma cortisol is carried out in daily practice by numerous laboratories. The use of commercial kits permits a specific, sure and relatively precise estimation. Two kits are studied; the results obtained are compared with those given by a method of measurement of fluorescence. Economic assessment together with estimation of the risks due to manipulation of radioactive substances permit one to judge the relative value of these methods of analysis.", "contents": "[Estimation of plasma cortisol by radiocompetition or radioimmunoassay. Use of commercial kits (author's transl)]. The estimation of plasma cortisol is carried out in daily practice by numerous laboratories. The use of commercial kits permits a specific, sure and relatively precise estimation. Two kits are studied; the results obtained are compared with those given by a method of measurement of fluorescence. Economic assessment together with estimation of the risks due to manipulation of radioactive substances permit one to judge the relative value of these methods of analysis.", "PMID": 749566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7870", "title": "[Total acid phosphatase. Trials of commercial kits and control sera (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors estimated the total serum acid phosphatase activity of human serum and that of ten commercial sera using seven commercial kits. The reproducibility and the average of the results, the value of the control sera are given for these seven commercial kits.", "contents": "[Total acid phosphatase. Trials of commercial kits and control sera (author's transl)]. The authors estimated the total serum acid phosphatase activity of human serum and that of ten commercial sera using seven commercial kits. The reproducibility and the average of the results, the value of the control sera are given for these seven commercial kits.", "PMID": 749567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7871", "title": "Physiologic properties of contraction of the canine cremaster and cranial preputial muscles.", "content": "Contraction properties of the cremaster and the cranial preputial muscles of 11 mature intact male dogs were investigated. Isometric recordings of muscle contractile tension were performed in situ. Muscle contractions were elicited by stimulating the severed motor nerves. Contraction times of 73.8 ms and 103.2 ms were obtained for the cremaster and the cranial preputial muslces, respectively. Application of repetitive stiumuli produced summation of contractions at low stimulus frequencies. Apparent tetanic fusion and maximum tetanic tension were also observed at relatively low stimulus frequencies, 30 Hz for the cremaster muscle and 28 Hz for the cranial preputial muscle. Optimum length for the cremaster muscle was coincident with its observed in situ resting length (+/- 5 mm), but the optimum length for the cranial preputial muslce deviated by some 20 to 25 mm above the resting length. Possible artifactual errors regarding the cranial preputial muslce's length-tension relationship are discussed.", "contents": "Physiologic properties of contraction of the canine cremaster and cranial preputial muscles. Contraction properties of the cremaster and the cranial preputial muscles of 11 mature intact male dogs were investigated. Isometric recordings of muscle contractile tension were performed in situ. Muscle contractions were elicited by stimulating the severed motor nerves. Contraction times of 73.8 ms and 103.2 ms were obtained for the cremaster and the cranial preputial muslces, respectively. Application of repetitive stiumuli produced summation of contractions at low stimulus frequencies. Apparent tetanic fusion and maximum tetanic tension were also observed at relatively low stimulus frequencies, 30 Hz for the cremaster muscle and 28 Hz for the cranial preputial muscle. Optimum length for the cremaster muscle was coincident with its observed in situ resting length (+/- 5 mm), but the optimum length for the cranial preputial muslce deviated by some 20 to 25 mm above the resting length. Possible artifactual errors regarding the cranial preputial muslce's length-tension relationship are discussed.", "PMID": 749569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7872", "title": "Ductuli efferentes in the epididymis of boar, goat, ram, bull, and stallion.", "content": "Dutculi efferentes were studied by microdissection and histologic methods in 2 boar, 6 goat, 5 ram, 25 bull, and 19 stallion epididymides. On the basis of the present findings and the data of others and relating them to the total number of specimens examined in each species, an estimate (narrow range) was made of the minimal-maximal numbers of efferent ductules as follows: dog 13 to 15; cat 14 to 17; boar 14 to 16; goat 18 to 19; ram 17 to 20; bull 13 to 16; and stallion 14 to 17. The histologic appearance of the efferent ductules of the bull, including measurements of their diameter, lumen, and epithelium, was briefly described. Attention was focused on the presence of blind-ending ductules, because it was thought that they might be a factor in the cause of spermiostasis. Blind-ending ductules were found in 1 of 2 porcine, 1 of 6 caprine, 2 of 5 ovine, 8 of 25 bovine, and 13 of 19 equine ductules per affected male were 4 in the boar, 1 in the goat, 2 to 3 in the ram, 1 to 5 in the bull, and 1 to 14 in the stallion. From our work, it appears that in the bull and stallion at least, blind-ending ductules were present in sufficient numbers to be considered a factor in spermiostasis and the infertility resulting from it.", "contents": "Ductuli efferentes in the epididymis of boar, goat, ram, bull, and stallion. Dutculi efferentes were studied by microdissection and histologic methods in 2 boar, 6 goat, 5 ram, 25 bull, and 19 stallion epididymides. On the basis of the present findings and the data of others and relating them to the total number of specimens examined in each species, an estimate (narrow range) was made of the minimal-maximal numbers of efferent ductules as follows: dog 13 to 15; cat 14 to 17; boar 14 to 16; goat 18 to 19; ram 17 to 20; bull 13 to 16; and stallion 14 to 17. The histologic appearance of the efferent ductules of the bull, including measurements of their diameter, lumen, and epithelium, was briefly described. Attention was focused on the presence of blind-ending ductules, because it was thought that they might be a factor in the cause of spermiostasis. Blind-ending ductules were found in 1 of 2 porcine, 1 of 6 caprine, 2 of 5 ovine, 8 of 25 bovine, and 13 of 19 equine ductules per affected male were 4 in the boar, 1 in the goat, 2 to 3 in the ram, 1 to 5 in the bull, and 1 to 14 in the stallion. From our work, it appears that in the bull and stallion at least, blind-ending ductules were present in sufficient numbers to be considered a factor in spermiostasis and the infertility resulting from it.", "PMID": 749571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7873", "title": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole in white-tailed deer.", "content": "Albendazole at dose rates of 11 to 54 mg/kg (mean of 25 +/- 11 SD) of body weight was highly effective (greater than 99%) against Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia odocoilei, O mossi, Trichostrongylus askivali and Nematodirus odocoilei in 22 white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Texas. It was 38% effective against mature and immature deer liver flukes (Fascioloides magna). Toxicoses associated with treatment were not observed. Large numbers of abomasal nematodes (mean of 2,949 +/- 3.147 SD) were recovered from 16 untreated control deer, indicating these may have had a potential impact on herd health and indicating the importance of treatment or other management alternatives.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole in white-tailed deer. Albendazole at dose rates of 11 to 54 mg/kg (mean of 25 +/- 11 SD) of body weight was highly effective (greater than 99%) against Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia odocoilei, O mossi, Trichostrongylus askivali and Nematodirus odocoilei in 22 white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Texas. It was 38% effective against mature and immature deer liver flukes (Fascioloides magna). Toxicoses associated with treatment were not observed. Large numbers of abomasal nematodes (mean of 2,949 +/- 3.147 SD) were recovered from 16 untreated control deer, indicating these may have had a potential impact on herd health and indicating the importance of treatment or other management alternatives.", "PMID": 749572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7874", "title": "Variation among cows in the ability of milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Marked variation existed among cows in the ability of their milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from their milk to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, milk samples that supported a low degree of phagocytosis were generally obtained from cows that had a greater occurrence of clinical mastitis per lactation (r = 0.41). Results from this study suggest that variation in the phagocytic defense mechanism of the bovine mammary gland could contribute to the difference in susceptibility to infection by mastitis pathogens.", "contents": "Variation among cows in the ability of milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus. Marked variation existed among cows in the ability of their milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from their milk to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, milk samples that supported a low degree of phagocytosis were generally obtained from cows that had a greater occurrence of clinical mastitis per lactation (r = 0.41). Results from this study suggest that variation in the phagocytic defense mechanism of the bovine mammary gland could contribute to the difference in susceptibility to infection by mastitis pathogens.", "PMID": 749573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7875", "title": "Hepatic and renal metallothionein concentrations in cows, swine, and chickens given cadmium and lead in feed.", "content": "Dairy cows, growing swine, and laying chickens were given supplemental cadmium (Cd) at concentrations of approximately 2 and 10 ppm in feed as cadmium chloride and were given lead at concentrations of 5 and 25 ppm in feed as lead acetate for 12 to 24 weeks. Metallothionein (MT) and Cd concentrations increased more in renal than in hepatic tissues of the Cd-treated animals. The hepatic MT values in pigs and chickens and the renal MT values in all species continued to increase for several weeks after Cd feeding was stopped. A significant correlation between Cd and MT concentrations of the hepatic and the renal tissues was observed, except in bovine liver. The feeding of lead did not have any effect on the hepatic or the renal MT concentrations in cows, pigs, and chickens. Dietary Cd and possibly some other metals, but not lead, may be determinants of concentration of metal binding protein in tissues.", "contents": "Hepatic and renal metallothionein concentrations in cows, swine, and chickens given cadmium and lead in feed. Dairy cows, growing swine, and laying chickens were given supplemental cadmium (Cd) at concentrations of approximately 2 and 10 ppm in feed as cadmium chloride and were given lead at concentrations of 5 and 25 ppm in feed as lead acetate for 12 to 24 weeks. Metallothionein (MT) and Cd concentrations increased more in renal than in hepatic tissues of the Cd-treated animals. The hepatic MT values in pigs and chickens and the renal MT values in all species continued to increase for several weeks after Cd feeding was stopped. A significant correlation between Cd and MT concentrations of the hepatic and the renal tissues was observed, except in bovine liver. The feeding of lead did not have any effect on the hepatic or the renal MT concentrations in cows, pigs, and chickens. Dietary Cd and possibly some other metals, but not lead, may be determinants of concentration of metal binding protein in tissues.", "PMID": 749574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7876", "title": "Sporotrichosis in a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens).", "content": "A severe necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by Sporothrix schenckii was diagnosed in a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) that had been in captivity for about 3 years. Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies, as well as fluorescent antibody techniques, were used to identify S schenckii as the etiologic agent.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis in a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). A severe necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by Sporothrix schenckii was diagnosed in a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) that had been in captivity for about 3 years. Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies, as well as fluorescent antibody techniques, were used to identify S schenckii as the etiologic agent.", "PMID": 749575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7877", "title": "Renal adenoma in an Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).", "content": "A solitary renal adenoma was an incidental finding at the pole of a kidney of an aged male Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) which had been captured in the Gulf of Mexico near St. Petersburg Beach, Fla, and maintained at Marine Attractions, Inc, St. Petersburg. The only other significant findings were widespread cutaneous lesions of Lobo disease.", "contents": "Renal adenoma in an Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A solitary renal adenoma was an incidental finding at the pole of a kidney of an aged male Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) which had been captured in the Gulf of Mexico near St. Petersburg Beach, Fla, and maintained at Marine Attractions, Inc, St. Petersburg. The only other significant findings were widespread cutaneous lesions of Lobo disease.", "PMID": 749576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7878", "title": "Pressure-volume relationships of the normal canine eye.", "content": "Changes in intraocular volume and pressure induced by Schi\u00f8tz tonometry were measured and utilized to calculate the in vivo rigidity of the normal canine eye. Rigidity was found to be dependent upon intraocular pressure (IOP) and tonometer weight; rigidity assumed a parabolic relationship to IOP, decreasing from 0.0754 at 5 mm of Hg IOP to 0.0274 at 55 mm of Hg IOP and gradually increasing to 0.0333 at 100 mm of Hg IOP.", "contents": "Pressure-volume relationships of the normal canine eye. Changes in intraocular volume and pressure induced by Schi\u00f8tz tonometry were measured and utilized to calculate the in vivo rigidity of the normal canine eye. Rigidity was found to be dependent upon intraocular pressure (IOP) and tonometer weight; rigidity assumed a parabolic relationship to IOP, decreasing from 0.0754 at 5 mm of Hg IOP to 0.0274 at 55 mm of Hg IOP and gradually increasing to 0.0333 at 100 mm of Hg IOP.", "PMID": 749577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7879", "title": "Isolation of previously unreported serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from swine.", "content": "Serologic, biochemical, and pathogenic characteristics of 11 porcine isolants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that could not be placed in any of 16 established serotypes, were examined. On the basis of double-diffusion percipitin reactions, isolants were divided into 4 serologic variants, given serotype designations 17, 18, 19, and 20. Biochemical activity of the isolants was typical of E rhusiopathiae. One or more isolants of each serologic variant were pathogenic for both mice and swine.", "contents": "Isolation of previously unreported serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from swine. Serologic, biochemical, and pathogenic characteristics of 11 porcine isolants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that could not be placed in any of 16 established serotypes, were examined. On the basis of double-diffusion percipitin reactions, isolants were divided into 4 serologic variants, given serotype designations 17, 18, 19, and 20. Biochemical activity of the isolants was typical of E rhusiopathiae. One or more isolants of each serologic variant were pathogenic for both mice and swine.", "PMID": 749579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7880", "title": "Survey for infection with Onchocerca cervicalis in horses in eastern United States.", "content": "This survey was performed to study the prevalence of infection with Onchocerca cervicalis in horses in the eastern United States. In the course of the survey, 121 horses, 1 mule and 1 donkey were examined. Microfilariae were recovered from 74 (61%) of the horses examined. All infected horses showed microfilariae of O cervicalis in the umbilical sample, 62 (84%) were infected in the eyelid and, in 36 (49%), microfilariae had invaded the eye. The mule was unifected and the donkey was infected with O cervicalis.", "contents": "Survey for infection with Onchocerca cervicalis in horses in eastern United States. This survey was performed to study the prevalence of infection with Onchocerca cervicalis in horses in the eastern United States. In the course of the survey, 121 horses, 1 mule and 1 donkey were examined. Microfilariae were recovered from 74 (61%) of the horses examined. All infected horses showed microfilariae of O cervicalis in the umbilical sample, 62 (84%) were infected in the eyelid and, in 36 (49%), microfilariae had invaded the eye. The mule was unifected and the donkey was infected with O cervicalis.", "PMID": 749580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7881", "title": "Mammary gland exposure of cows to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "Mycobacterium paratuberculosis injected into the mammary gland was transported to the supramammary lymph nodes in 5 of 6 cows and to the intestine of 1 cow. The bacillus caused hypersensitivity to johnin and stimulated the production of complement-fixing antibodies. Apparently, the bacillus is not a cause mastitis.", "contents": "Mammary gland exposure of cows to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis injected into the mammary gland was transported to the supramammary lymph nodes in 5 of 6 cows and to the intestine of 1 cow. The bacillus caused hypersensitivity to johnin and stimulated the production of complement-fixing antibodies. Apparently, the bacillus is not a cause mastitis.", "PMID": 749582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7882", "title": "Isolation of bovine adenovirus type 1 without an adenovirus-associated virus.", "content": "This report describes the isolation and identification of a strain of bovine adenovirus type 1 from a cow in a herd that had undergone an episode of diarrhea and abortions. This strain of bovine adenovirus type 1 did not agglutinate either guinea pig or human 0 erythrocytes, and no 20-nm virus particles were evident by electron microscopy, further indicating that it was not contaminated by adenovirus-associated virus.", "contents": "Isolation of bovine adenovirus type 1 without an adenovirus-associated virus. This report describes the isolation and identification of a strain of bovine adenovirus type 1 from a cow in a herd that had undergone an episode of diarrhea and abortions. This strain of bovine adenovirus type 1 did not agglutinate either guinea pig or human 0 erythrocytes, and no 20-nm virus particles were evident by electron microscopy, further indicating that it was not contaminated by adenovirus-associated virus.", "PMID": 749583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7883", "title": "[A case of cryptogenetic Frey's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of gustatory sudation of the cheek without previous parotid lesions. The results of pharmacological tests confirmed the neurogenic origin, blocked by atropine and stimulated by A.C. The published literature is reviewed and a tentative explanation suggested, based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved in Freis syndrome, that the lesion was of neuritic type but had not been recognized.", "contents": "[A case of cryptogenetic Frey's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case is reported of gustatory sudation of the cheek without previous parotid lesions. The results of pharmacological tests confirmed the neurogenic origin, blocked by atropine and stimulated by A.C. The published literature is reviewed and a tentative explanation suggested, based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved in Freis syndrome, that the lesion was of neuritic type but had not been recognized.", "PMID": 749611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7884", "title": "[Auricular consequences of lightning (author's transl)].", "content": "Auricular accidents provoqued by lightning and induced by telephone are extremely rare. The authors of this paper relate the case of a young lady suffering from an inflammation of the external auditive canal and of an irritation of the tympanic membrane with an perception's hypacusis of 30 db. A physiological explanation is proposed and two factors come into account:--The acoustic traumatism induced by the thunder;--The burn produced by the electrical current.", "contents": "[Auricular consequences of lightning (author's transl)]. Auricular accidents provoqued by lightning and induced by telephone are extremely rare. The authors of this paper relate the case of a young lady suffering from an inflammation of the external auditive canal and of an irritation of the tympanic membrane with an perception's hypacusis of 30 db. A physiological explanation is proposed and two factors come into account:--The acoustic traumatism induced by the thunder;--The burn produced by the electrical current.", "PMID": 749610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7885", "title": "[Undifferentiated cancers of the thyroid gland. Value of adriblastin].", "content": "About 21 cases, the authors recall general characteristics of undifferentiated cancers of thyroid gland. They underline the difference between undifferentiated trabecular cancers and anaplastic cancers of which evolution is highly malign and explosive. A few observations confirm interest of Adriblastin associated with a wide surgery.", "contents": "[Undifferentiated cancers of the thyroid gland. Value of adriblastin]. About 21 cases, the authors recall general characteristics of undifferentiated cancers of thyroid gland. They underline the difference between undifferentiated trabecular cancers and anaplastic cancers of which evolution is highly malign and explosive. A few observations confirm interest of Adriblastin associated with a wide surgery.", "PMID": 749613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7886", "title": "[Blood serum biochemistry of ponies (author's transl)].", "content": "A wide blood serum biochemical profile, concerning especially blood lipids has been performed in 31 apparently healthy Shetland and Potiock ponies. These blood standard values will be useful for studies on ponies' hyperlipemia.", "contents": "[Blood serum biochemistry of ponies (author's transl)]. A wide blood serum biochemical profile, concerning especially blood lipids has been performed in 31 apparently healthy Shetland and Potiock ponies. These blood standard values will be useful for studies on ponies' hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 749642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7887", "title": "Cell-wall proteins of Staphylococcus aureus : a kinetic study of release by lysostaphin.", "content": "The kinetics of cell-wall hydrolysis of Staphylococcus aureus (strain Cowan I) by lysostaphin was studied by turbidity, quantitative determination of hexosamines, phosphorus, total proteins, protein A and by electron microscopy. In our experimental conditions, the lytic activity of lysostaphin was very fast and no characteristic cell-wall structures could be seen after five minutes. The release of hexosamines, phosphorus and protein A was synchronous and could be recorded even though turbidity had become stable. At the end of the hydrolysis, the totality of these components was solubilized. Total proteins represented about 14% of the cell-wall dry weight. During hydrolysis protein A was the only protein solubilized.", "contents": "Cell-wall proteins of Staphylococcus aureus : a kinetic study of release by lysostaphin. The kinetics of cell-wall hydrolysis of Staphylococcus aureus (strain Cowan I) by lysostaphin was studied by turbidity, quantitative determination of hexosamines, phosphorus, total proteins, protein A and by electron microscopy. In our experimental conditions, the lytic activity of lysostaphin was very fast and no characteristic cell-wall structures could be seen after five minutes. The release of hexosamines, phosphorus and protein A was synchronous and could be recorded even though turbidity had become stable. At the end of the hydrolysis, the totality of these components was solubilized. Total proteins represented about 14% of the cell-wall dry weight. During hydrolysis protein A was the only protein solubilized.", "PMID": 749643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7888", "title": "Bovine immunoglobulins and brucellosis. 3. Activity of IgG, IgG2 and IgM versus different commercial batches of Rose Bengal antigen.", "content": "The serological diagnosis of bovine Brucellosis by the Rose Bengal test has been disputed on account of the amount of active immunoglobulins and the results obtained in field trials. In order to try and explain these discrepancies, we have compared the activity of different commercial preparations of the Rose Bengal antigen for purified IgG1, IgG2 OR Igm dies. Two antigens which give the same titer for the Ig1 differ by a factor 8 in the titration of the IgM. Some antigens titer the IgG2, others, do not at all, or very little. Heifers in the 6th month of gestation were experimentally infected with Brucella abortus and half the animals showed \"positive\" from the 12th day with one antigen, whereas with another, they did not register until the 30th day. Heifers vaccinated at the age of 6-8 months with the B19 which still react to the Rose Bengal test 14 months later are 4 times more numerous with one of the antigens than with another.", "contents": "Bovine immunoglobulins and brucellosis. 3. Activity of IgG, IgG2 and IgM versus different commercial batches of Rose Bengal antigen. The serological diagnosis of bovine Brucellosis by the Rose Bengal test has been disputed on account of the amount of active immunoglobulins and the results obtained in field trials. In order to try and explain these discrepancies, we have compared the activity of different commercial preparations of the Rose Bengal antigen for purified IgG1, IgG2 OR Igm dies. Two antigens which give the same titer for the Ig1 differ by a factor 8 in the titration of the IgM. Some antigens titer the IgG2, others, do not at all, or very little. Heifers in the 6th month of gestation were experimentally infected with Brucella abortus and half the animals showed \"positive\" from the 12th day with one antigen, whereas with another, they did not register until the 30th day. Heifers vaccinated at the age of 6-8 months with the B19 which still react to the Rose Bengal test 14 months later are 4 times more numerous with one of the antigens than with another.", "PMID": 749644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7889", "title": "Copper and zinc deficiencies treatement by intramuscular injections in sheep.", "content": "In two experiments, compared to 10 control, 10 ewes were injected intramuscularly either with metallic copper dust or zinc oxide, suspended in purified olive oil. Copper injection raised the plasma and hepatic copper of the treated ewes. Similarly, injected zinc oxide produced a rise in plasma zinc. These increases started respectively on the 6th and 3rd day after the injection and lasted till the 21st or 17th day. No detrimental inflammation appeared. This form of treatment is therefore efficient against trace element deficiencies without any side effect.", "contents": "Copper and zinc deficiencies treatement by intramuscular injections in sheep. In two experiments, compared to 10 control, 10 ewes were injected intramuscularly either with metallic copper dust or zinc oxide, suspended in purified olive oil. Copper injection raised the plasma and hepatic copper of the treated ewes. Similarly, injected zinc oxide produced a rise in plasma zinc. These increases started respectively on the 6th and 3rd day after the injection and lasted till the 21st or 17th day. No detrimental inflammation appeared. This form of treatment is therefore efficient against trace element deficiencies without any side effect.", "PMID": 749645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7890", "title": "Copper deficiency prophylaxis in grazing sheep by copper oxide injection.", "content": "21 ewes weighing about 46 kg were transfered to grass on a copper deficient Rye Grass pasture. 11 ewes were injected intramuscularly with 60 mg of copper as copper oxide (CuO) suspended in 5 ml of purified olive oil. The concentration of copper in the plasma of control ewes declined during the 67 days of experiment and three became copper deficient. The injected ewes were protected against deficiency and had higher concentration of copper in plasma than the controls throughout the experiment. At slaughter the amount of copper in the liver of the treated animals was significantly higher than in the untreated controls. The copper dose used (60) mg) is probably a maximum for adult sheep since one of the injected ewes at slaughter had a liver copper content of 1060 micrograms/g D.M. which approaches the toxic limit.", "contents": "Copper deficiency prophylaxis in grazing sheep by copper oxide injection. 21 ewes weighing about 46 kg were transfered to grass on a copper deficient Rye Grass pasture. 11 ewes were injected intramuscularly with 60 mg of copper as copper oxide (CuO) suspended in 5 ml of purified olive oil. The concentration of copper in the plasma of control ewes declined during the 67 days of experiment and three became copper deficient. The injected ewes were protected against deficiency and had higher concentration of copper in plasma than the controls throughout the experiment. At slaughter the amount of copper in the liver of the treated animals was significantly higher than in the untreated controls. The copper dose used (60) mg) is probably a maximum for adult sheep since one of the injected ewes at slaughter had a liver copper content of 1060 micrograms/g D.M. which approaches the toxic limit.", "PMID": 749646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7891", "title": "On the control of caecal motility in sheep.", "content": "The electrical activity of the terminal ileum and of the caecum was recorded continuously from chronically implanted electrodes in 8 ewes fed on hay ad libitum. The caecum even as an isolated pouch showed a cyclic activity closely linked tho the frequency of myoelectric complexes on the terminal ileum. This phenomenon disappeared in the absence of myoelectric complexes. The distention of an isolated caecal pouch induced local changes in the electrical activity with disappearance of the cyclic activity. It is concluded that two factors are involved in the control of caecal motility, one originating at the distal ileum and the other related to the endoluminal pressure.", "contents": "On the control of caecal motility in sheep. The electrical activity of the terminal ileum and of the caecum was recorded continuously from chronically implanted electrodes in 8 ewes fed on hay ad libitum. The caecum even as an isolated pouch showed a cyclic activity closely linked tho the frequency of myoelectric complexes on the terminal ileum. This phenomenon disappeared in the absence of myoelectric complexes. The distention of an isolated caecal pouch induced local changes in the electrical activity with disappearance of the cyclic activity. It is concluded that two factors are involved in the control of caecal motility, one originating at the distal ileum and the other related to the endoluminal pressure.", "PMID": 749647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7892", "title": "[Pathogenic study of turkey coccidiosis due to Eimeria adenoeides (author's transl)].", "content": "Male turkeys were infected with Eimeria adenoeides at approximately 15 or more days old. They received either a single inoculation or daily infections comprising a constant dose of oocytsts. The observed decrease in growth was largely due to a lower than normal intake of food. A comparison of single and multiple infections showed that the duration of the observed symptoms hardly differed in either case. Changes in certain blood parameters which occured during the course of the disease were similar to the changes seen in chickens with caecal coccidiosis. The persistence of these changes following repeated infections revealed the action of a parasite on digestive function which is not found in chickens infected with E. tenella. Modifications of the caecal bacterial flora were also observed (an increase in the populations of enterobacterial and anaerobes) during the course of the development of the parasitic disorder. Repeated infections prolonged the duration of this phenomenon. The similarity of those variations to those observed in the chicken with caecal coccidiosis suggests a fundamental role of some bacteria in the expression of the pathogenic potential of E. adenoeides.", "contents": "[Pathogenic study of turkey coccidiosis due to Eimeria adenoeides (author's transl)]. Male turkeys were infected with Eimeria adenoeides at approximately 15 or more days old. They received either a single inoculation or daily infections comprising a constant dose of oocytsts. The observed decrease in growth was largely due to a lower than normal intake of food. A comparison of single and multiple infections showed that the duration of the observed symptoms hardly differed in either case. Changes in certain blood parameters which occured during the course of the disease were similar to the changes seen in chickens with caecal coccidiosis. The persistence of these changes following repeated infections revealed the action of a parasite on digestive function which is not found in chickens infected with E. tenella. Modifications of the caecal bacterial flora were also observed (an increase in the populations of enterobacterial and anaerobes) during the course of the development of the parasitic disorder. Repeated infections prolonged the duration of this phenomenon. The similarity of those variations to those observed in the chicken with caecal coccidiosis suggests a fundamental role of some bacteria in the expression of the pathogenic potential of E. adenoeides.", "PMID": 749648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7893", "title": "Behavioural and pituitary-adrenal characteristics of pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane anesthesia. 1. Behavioural measures.", "content": "Behavioural responses were compared in Pietrain pigs and in Large White pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane. Non reactive Pietran pigs (P--) displayed a higher level of locomotor activity in a new environment than either reactive Pietrain pigs (P+) or Large White pigs. Pietran pigs performed better in a latent learning proceudre (latency of approach or feeding response, after exploration of the new environment) and in a continuound P-- did not reach significance, but P+ pigs tended to be superior to P-- animals. The three groups did not differ on a measure of passive avoidance. These results suggest that Large White pigs are characterized by a lower ability to initiate active responding when confronted with aversive events. The same would be true when Pietrain positive pigs are compared with Pietrain negative pigs, although to a lesser extent.", "contents": "Behavioural and pituitary-adrenal characteristics of pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane anesthesia. 1. Behavioural measures. Behavioural responses were compared in Pietrain pigs and in Large White pigs differing by their susceptibility to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome induced by halothane. Non reactive Pietran pigs (P--) displayed a higher level of locomotor activity in a new environment than either reactive Pietrain pigs (P+) or Large White pigs. Pietran pigs performed better in a latent learning proceudre (latency of approach or feeding response, after exploration of the new environment) and in a continuound P-- did not reach significance, but P+ pigs tended to be superior to P-- animals. The three groups did not differ on a measure of passive avoidance. These results suggest that Large White pigs are characterized by a lower ability to initiate active responding when confronted with aversive events. The same would be true when Pietrain positive pigs are compared with Pietrain negative pigs, although to a lesser extent.", "PMID": 749649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7894", "title": "The influence of dietary sulphur, molybdate and copper on the absorption, excretion and plasma fraction levels of 99Mo in sheep.", "content": "The effect of increased dietary sulphur, copper and molybdate on the metabolism of 99Mo administered via the rumen or duodenum was examined. Duodenally administered 99MoO4= was efficiently and rapidly absorbed and excreted via the urine; dietary modifications did not alter this pattern although increased dietary S increased the excretion rate. The passge of 99MoO4= through the rumen led to chemical modification, so that, particularly at high S levels, most of the radioactivity remained in the feces; increased dietary Mo led to increased absorption whereas increased copper decreased absorption. Incorportion of radioactivity into the TCA insoluble plasma fraction was shown with increased dietary S and particularly when both dietary S and Mo were increased. The compatiblity of the results with the hypothesis of ruminal thiomolybdate formation and subsequent reaction with dietary or tissue copper is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of dietary sulphur, molybdate and copper on the absorption, excretion and plasma fraction levels of 99Mo in sheep. The effect of increased dietary sulphur, copper and molybdate on the metabolism of 99Mo administered via the rumen or duodenum was examined. Duodenally administered 99MoO4= was efficiently and rapidly absorbed and excreted via the urine; dietary modifications did not alter this pattern although increased dietary S increased the excretion rate. The passge of 99MoO4= through the rumen led to chemical modification, so that, particularly at high S levels, most of the radioactivity remained in the feces; increased dietary Mo led to increased absorption whereas increased copper decreased absorption. Incorportion of radioactivity into the TCA insoluble plasma fraction was shown with increased dietary S and particularly when both dietary S and Mo were increased. The compatiblity of the results with the hypothesis of ruminal thiomolybdate formation and subsequent reaction with dietary or tissue copper is discussed.", "PMID": 749650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7895", "title": "Peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone in the bitch with pyometra.", "content": "In the present study, 35 bitches (various breeds and ages) with pyometra were involved. Blood sampling (jugular vein) took place every day between examination and hysterectomy. All the bitches examined after 60 days post-oestrus had a low progesterone concentration (about 1 ng/ml). Along the 27 bitches observed before that time, 22 had a high mean level (about 8 ng/ml). By contrast 5 of them had low levels. As a whole these results suggest that: 1) There is no evidence of an essentially high or prolonged progesterone secretion in pyometra. 2) Luteolysis occuring normally about 60 days post ovulation is not postponed by this affection and 3) In some animals, early luteolysis seems to occur. Therefore it cannot be concluded that progesterone has an indispensalbe role in polymetra.", "contents": "Peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone in the bitch with pyometra. In the present study, 35 bitches (various breeds and ages) with pyometra were involved. Blood sampling (jugular vein) took place every day between examination and hysterectomy. All the bitches examined after 60 days post-oestrus had a low progesterone concentration (about 1 ng/ml). Along the 27 bitches observed before that time, 22 had a high mean level (about 8 ng/ml). By contrast 5 of them had low levels. As a whole these results suggest that: 1) There is no evidence of an essentially high or prolonged progesterone secretion in pyometra. 2) Luteolysis occuring normally about 60 days post ovulation is not postponed by this affection and 3) In some animals, early luteolysis seems to occur. Therefore it cannot be concluded that progesterone has an indispensalbe role in polymetra.", "PMID": 749651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7896", "title": "Spondylodiscitis and ankylosing spondylitis: HLA typing and nosological implications.", "content": "Nine cases from among 64 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are described. In addition to bilateral sacroiliitis these cases had a peculiar type of spondylodiscitis characterised by quite diffuse and marked sclerosis of multiple vertebral bodies, with only minimal erosions of the adjacent vertebral plates while classical syndesmophytosis was absent. The antigen HLA-B27 was found only in 1 of these 9 cases. This type of spondylodiscitis could discriminate among all the patients with AS a subgroup with a peculiar clinical pattern and a probably distinctive pathological mechanism.", "contents": "Spondylodiscitis and ankylosing spondylitis: HLA typing and nosological implications. Nine cases from among 64 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are described. In addition to bilateral sacroiliitis these cases had a peculiar type of spondylodiscitis characterised by quite diffuse and marked sclerosis of multiple vertebral bodies, with only minimal erosions of the adjacent vertebral plates while classical syndesmophytosis was absent. The antigen HLA-B27 was found only in 1 of these 9 cases. This type of spondylodiscitis could discriminate among all the patients with AS a subgroup with a peculiar clinical pattern and a probably distinctive pathological mechanism.", "PMID": 749694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7897", "title": "Sacroiliitis and HLA. A clinical and genetical study.", "content": "Among 39 patients (23 males, 16 females) with sacroiliitis (SI) 17 were HLA-B27 positive. The female/male ratio in the B27-positive group was 2/15. Seventy-four first-degree relatives of 26 probands were also investigated. A high occurrence of SI (20%) was observed in the families of B27-positive probands compared with only 3.7% in the families of B27-negative probands. In the former families SI occurred only in B27-positive subjects with an earlier onset of symptoms and a male prevalence. In the latter, the disease showed a later onset and a lack of male preponderance. The nosological and prognostic relevance of the B27 typing is stressed.", "contents": "Sacroiliitis and HLA. A clinical and genetical study. Among 39 patients (23 males, 16 females) with sacroiliitis (SI) 17 were HLA-B27 positive. The female/male ratio in the B27-positive group was 2/15. Seventy-four first-degree relatives of 26 probands were also investigated. A high occurrence of SI (20%) was observed in the families of B27-positive probands compared with only 3.7% in the families of B27-negative probands. In the former families SI occurred only in B27-positive subjects with an earlier onset of symptoms and a male prevalence. In the latter, the disease showed a later onset and a lack of male preponderance. The nosological and prognostic relevance of the B27 typing is stressed.", "PMID": 749695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7898", "title": "Subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and reactive synovitis of local origin.", "content": "Subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 in serum were examined in 40 patients (28 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 12 cases of reactive synovitis of local origin) and also in synovial fluid of the knee joint in 17 of these patients. The levels of IgA1 and IgA2 in serum were statistically significantly higher than in synovial fluid in both groups of patients (P = 0.0237--0.0018), but significant correlations between serum and synovial fluid for IgA1 (R = 0.8855, P = 0.0010) and for IgA2 (r = 0.7630, P = 0.0124) were found only in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. A percentage evaluation revealed a significant disproportion (P = 0.0028) in favour of IgA1 in synovial fluid during rheumatoid arthritis. The analysis of proportions of IgA subclasses and rheumatoid factor has shown no significant relationships.", "contents": "Subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and reactive synovitis of local origin. Subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 in serum were examined in 40 patients (28 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 12 cases of reactive synovitis of local origin) and also in synovial fluid of the knee joint in 17 of these patients. The levels of IgA1 and IgA2 in serum were statistically significantly higher than in synovial fluid in both groups of patients (P = 0.0237--0.0018), but significant correlations between serum and synovial fluid for IgA1 (R = 0.8855, P = 0.0010) and for IgA2 (r = 0.7630, P = 0.0124) were found only in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. A percentage evaluation revealed a significant disproportion (P = 0.0028) in favour of IgA1 in synovial fluid during rheumatoid arthritis. The analysis of proportions of IgA subclasses and rheumatoid factor has shown no significant relationships.", "PMID": 749696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7899", "title": "Lateral subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Involvement of the cervical spine by rheumatoid disease is common, but lateral subluxation at the atlanto-axial level has not been recorded previously. The condition is due to asymmetrical erosion of the lateral atlanto-axial facet joint, and may be complicated by collapse of the lateral mass of the axis. The condition should be suspected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who present with occipital, auricular, and/or facial pain.", "contents": "Lateral subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint in rheumatoid arthritis. Involvement of the cervical spine by rheumatoid disease is common, but lateral subluxation at the atlanto-axial level has not been recorded previously. The condition is due to asymmetrical erosion of the lateral atlanto-axial facet joint, and may be complicated by collapse of the lateral mass of the axis. The condition should be suspected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who present with occipital, auricular, and/or facial pain.", "PMID": 749697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7900", "title": "Radiological study of cervical spine and hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 15 years' duration: an assessment of the effects of corticosteroid treatment.", "content": "Radiological abnormalities in the cervical spine were assessed in detail in a group of 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of approximately 15 years' duration, of whom 33 had been treated with corticosteroids and 29 had not. The 10 criteria of damage described by Bland (1974), which include subluxation, correlated as a whole with the severity of the disease in general but not with the duration of corticosteroid treatment. Subluxation alone, whether assessed in the cervical spine as a whole or in the atlanto-axial joint alone, was less closely related to disease activity, was on average greater in patients treated with corticosteroids, and tended to increase in relation to the duration of treatment. Corticosteroid treatment thus tends to produce, over the course of years, a degree of subluxation in addition to that caused by the disease itself. Radiological signs of damage to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and carpal bones correlated with both the degree of damage and the degree of subluxation in the cervical spine as well as with corticosteroid treatment. Mutilans deformity at the MCP joints was associated with subluxation in the neck and with corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "Radiological study of cervical spine and hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 15 years' duration: an assessment of the effects of corticosteroid treatment. Radiological abnormalities in the cervical spine were assessed in detail in a group of 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of approximately 15 years' duration, of whom 33 had been treated with corticosteroids and 29 had not. The 10 criteria of damage described by Bland (1974), which include subluxation, correlated as a whole with the severity of the disease in general but not with the duration of corticosteroid treatment. Subluxation alone, whether assessed in the cervical spine as a whole or in the atlanto-axial joint alone, was less closely related to disease activity, was on average greater in patients treated with corticosteroids, and tended to increase in relation to the duration of treatment. Corticosteroid treatment thus tends to produce, over the course of years, a degree of subluxation in addition to that caused by the disease itself. Radiological signs of damage to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and carpal bones correlated with both the degree of damage and the degree of subluxation in the cervical spine as well as with corticosteroid treatment. Mutilans deformity at the MCP joints was associated with subluxation in the neck and with corticosteroid treatment.", "PMID": 749698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7901", "title": "Pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Several series have suggested that pulmonary function abnormalities are common in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, only isolated studies have attempted to relate these abnormalities to immunological aspects of the diseases. In the present study respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests, and immunological data were reviewed in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Seventeen subjects had either clinical evidence or abnormalities of lung function suggestive of pulmonary involvement. A restrictive ventilatory defect or reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was demonstrated in 14 of the patients only 4 of whom were dyspnoeic. There was no correlation between pulmonary involvement, co-existent renal lupus, and immunological abnormality.", "contents": "Pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Several series have suggested that pulmonary function abnormalities are common in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, only isolated studies have attempted to relate these abnormalities to immunological aspects of the diseases. In the present study respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests, and immunological data were reviewed in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Seventeen subjects had either clinical evidence or abnormalities of lung function suggestive of pulmonary involvement. A restrictive ventilatory defect or reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was demonstrated in 14 of the patients only 4 of whom were dyspnoeic. There was no correlation between pulmonary involvement, co-existent renal lupus, and immunological abnormality.", "PMID": 749699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7902", "title": "Arthroscopy in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae.", "content": "Chondromalacia patellae is difficult to diagnosis clinically with accuracy. In order to clarify the relevant symptoms and signs, 78 patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of chondromalacia were examined by arthroscopy. In 49% of the knees no abnormalities were found. Presenting symptoms were similar in the normal and abnormal groups. Physical signs were more helpful in diagnosis and it is considered that the presence of an effusion, quadriceps wasting, and patello-femoral crepitus are the most important clinical findings in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae. The arthroscope is valuable instrument in establishing the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae especially in the teenage female.", "contents": "Arthroscopy in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae. Chondromalacia patellae is difficult to diagnosis clinically with accuracy. In order to clarify the relevant symptoms and signs, 78 patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of chondromalacia were examined by arthroscopy. In 49% of the knees no abnormalities were found. Presenting symptoms were similar in the normal and abnormal groups. Physical signs were more helpful in diagnosis and it is considered that the presence of an effusion, quadriceps wasting, and patello-femoral crepitus are the most important clinical findings in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae. The arthroscope is valuable instrument in establishing the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae especially in the teenage female.", "PMID": 749700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7903", "title": "The effect of zinc on alkaline phosphatase activity in rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "To examine the reported beneficial effect of zinc in rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid synovial tissue has been maintained in vitro in non-proliferative culture with or without zinc sulphate in the culture medium. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured by microdensitometry of the cytochemical reaction in cryostat sections; the activity in blood vessels was measured separately from that in the supporting tissue below the synovial surface. Zinc enhanced this activity optimally at concentrations of between 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/l.", "contents": "The effect of zinc on alkaline phosphatase activity in rheumatoid synovial tissue. To examine the reported beneficial effect of zinc in rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid synovial tissue has been maintained in vitro in non-proliferative culture with or without zinc sulphate in the culture medium. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured by microdensitometry of the cytochemical reaction in cryostat sections; the activity in blood vessels was measured separately from that in the supporting tissue below the synovial surface. Zinc enhanced this activity optimally at concentrations of between 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/l.", "PMID": 749701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7904", "title": "Joint fluid cytology in Reiter's disease.", "content": "The diagnostic value of the finding of cytophagocytic macrophages (CPM) in the joint fluid of patients with Reiter's disease has been re-examined. CPM were found in 46% of Reiter's disease fluids and in 45% of other inflammatory knee joint fluids. Higher CPM scores, on a 4-point grading, were commoner in Reiter's disease but the difference was not statistically significant. Further, although the graded polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytosis shown by CPM was greater in Reiter's disease this also was not significant. It is concluded that the presence of CPM in joint fluid is of little discriminating value.", "contents": "Joint fluid cytology in Reiter's disease. The diagnostic value of the finding of cytophagocytic macrophages (CPM) in the joint fluid of patients with Reiter's disease has been re-examined. CPM were found in 46% of Reiter's disease fluids and in 45% of other inflammatory knee joint fluids. Higher CPM scores, on a 4-point grading, were commoner in Reiter's disease but the difference was not statistically significant. Further, although the graded polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytosis shown by CPM was greater in Reiter's disease this also was not significant. It is concluded that the presence of CPM in joint fluid is of little discriminating value.", "PMID": 749702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7905", "title": "Jaccoud's arthropathy. A case report and necropsy study.", "content": "We present a case of Jaccoud's arthropathy in a 59-year-old woman. She developed painless correctable ulnar deviation at the metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands following 4 attacks of rheumatic fever. Radiology did not show the hook lesions previously described, but we do not consider this sign essential for the diagnosis. There was no clinical evidence of rheumatoid arthritis. We were able to examine 3 complete joints from the left little finger at necropsy. Pathological examination of this kind has been possible only once before. The histological findings were fibrous thickening of the joint capsule, secondary degenerative changes, presumably due to longstanding joint deformity, and no evidence of significant synovial pathology.", "contents": "Jaccoud's arthropathy. A case report and necropsy study. We present a case of Jaccoud's arthropathy in a 59-year-old woman. She developed painless correctable ulnar deviation at the metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands following 4 attacks of rheumatic fever. Radiology did not show the hook lesions previously described, but we do not consider this sign essential for the diagnosis. There was no clinical evidence of rheumatoid arthritis. We were able to examine 3 complete joints from the left little finger at necropsy. Pathological examination of this kind has been possible only once before. The histological findings were fibrous thickening of the joint capsule, secondary degenerative changes, presumably due to longstanding joint deformity, and no evidence of significant synovial pathology.", "PMID": 749703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7906", "title": "Movement aftereffects in the visual cortex.", "content": "Transient effects of prolonged stimulation with moving gratings were studied in single units of the cat striate cortex. In most units, differential adaptation aftereffects of opposite directions of motion could be demonstrated. These results correlate with the psychophysical movement aftereffects.", "contents": "Movement aftereffects in the visual cortex. Transient effects of prolonged stimulation with moving gratings were studied in single units of the cat striate cortex. In most units, differential adaptation aftereffects of opposite directions of motion could be demonstrated. These results correlate with the psychophysical movement aftereffects.", "PMID": 749707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7907", "title": "Possible role of acetylcholine in the mediation of non-retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus region.", "content": "In these series of experiments, the effects of acetylcholine and related substances administered by iontophoresis or by intravenous injection, have been examined on neurones of the lateral geniculate nucleus region to see whether non-retinal inputs on these cells use acetylcholine as a mediator. Quantitative analysis has shown that the somatic induced facilitation of the visual responses evoked in the lateral geniculate nucleus is suppressed after intravenous administration of atropine. This observation favors the intervention of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the mediation of non-retinal inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus region.", "contents": "Possible role of acetylcholine in the mediation of non-retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus region. In these series of experiments, the effects of acetylcholine and related substances administered by iontophoresis or by intravenous injection, have been examined on neurones of the lateral geniculate nucleus region to see whether non-retinal inputs on these cells use acetylcholine as a mediator. Quantitative analysis has shown that the somatic induced facilitation of the visual responses evoked in the lateral geniculate nucleus is suppressed after intravenous administration of atropine. This observation favors the intervention of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the mediation of non-retinal inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus region.", "PMID": 749708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7908", "title": "On the question of neuronal plasticity in the mature visual cortex.", "content": "In adult cats one eye was surgically immobilized by sectioning the eye muscles, or inverted by 180 degrees rotation, or pattern-deprived by suturing the eyelids for 1-12 weeks. Orientation and direction selectivity of cortical cells and binocularity were preserved; no shift in the ocular dominance distribution toward either eye was found. The visual cortex of adult cats is therefore not susceptible to changes in the content of the visual input.", "contents": "On the question of neuronal plasticity in the mature visual cortex. In adult cats one eye was surgically immobilized by sectioning the eye muscles, or inverted by 180 degrees rotation, or pattern-deprived by suturing the eyelids for 1-12 weeks. Orientation and direction selectivity of cortical cells and binocularity were preserved; no shift in the ocular dominance distribution toward either eye was found. The visual cortex of adult cats is therefore not susceptible to changes in the content of the visual input.", "PMID": 749711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7909", "title": "Role of Siamese cat's crossed and uncrossed retinal fibres in pattern discrimination and interocular transfer.", "content": "Siamese and ordinary cats were monocularly tested in pattern discriminations and visual perimetry following unilateral optic tract section. While ordinary cats exhibited similar performances when tested with either eye, in Siamese cats the eye contralateral to the sectioned optic tract was practically blind. Thus, the Siamese cat's uncrossed visual pathways are not able to subserve either form or ambient vision. The nature of such a loss is discussed.", "contents": "Role of Siamese cat's crossed and uncrossed retinal fibres in pattern discrimination and interocular transfer. Siamese and ordinary cats were monocularly tested in pattern discriminations and visual perimetry following unilateral optic tract section. While ordinary cats exhibited similar performances when tested with either eye, in Siamese cats the eye contralateral to the sectioned optic tract was practically blind. Thus, the Siamese cat's uncrossed visual pathways are not able to subserve either form or ambient vision. The nature of such a loss is discussed.", "PMID": 749712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7910", "title": "Some neural and non-neural factors in visual development of the kitten.", "content": "Kittens appear visually immature at eye opening and studies were conducted to trace changes with maturity. Longitudinal determinations of optical quality indicate that optical factors may not limit visual performance in young kittens. Estimates of visual axis alignment in alert kittens at various ages show that functional visual divergence does not occur even when the pupillary axes are divergently misaligned. It is thus possible that fused binocular vision may occur in very young kittens, suggesting that procedures that disrupt binocularity may have effects at the cortical level. Single-unit analysis of striate cortex in kittens monocularly deprived for varying periods during the first three postnatal weeks confirms this possibility. Effects are also found for kittens reared with monocular defocus to simulate anisometropia. Binocular recovery from the effects of monocular deprivation is found to be quite limited in kittens given binocular exposure following unilateral lid-suture. The recovery that occurs requires active visual input rather than a cessation of imbalance in the two eyes. A long period of binocular exposure appears to be ineffective in restoring binocular connections in a cat reared with optically induced strabismus.", "contents": "Some neural and non-neural factors in visual development of the kitten. Kittens appear visually immature at eye opening and studies were conducted to trace changes with maturity. Longitudinal determinations of optical quality indicate that optical factors may not limit visual performance in young kittens. Estimates of visual axis alignment in alert kittens at various ages show that functional visual divergence does not occur even when the pupillary axes are divergently misaligned. It is thus possible that fused binocular vision may occur in very young kittens, suggesting that procedures that disrupt binocularity may have effects at the cortical level. Single-unit analysis of striate cortex in kittens monocularly deprived for varying periods during the first three postnatal weeks confirms this possibility. Effects are also found for kittens reared with monocular defocus to simulate anisometropia. Binocular recovery from the effects of monocular deprivation is found to be quite limited in kittens given binocular exposure following unilateral lid-suture. The recovery that occurs requires active visual input rather than a cessation of imbalance in the two eyes. A long period of binocular exposure appears to be ineffective in restoring binocular connections in a cat reared with optically induced strabismus.", "PMID": 749713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7911", "title": "Psychophysical and neurophysiological investigations of the effects of early visual deprivation in the cat.", "content": "Cats can locate objects with their monocularly deprived eye best in the monocular segment of their visual field. In contrast they show a marked deficit towards the midline and an almost total failure in the binocular segment contralateral to the deprived eye. This correlates well with the relative frequency of units in the superior colliculus activated by that eye. The performance of the cat in a pattern discrimination task is three times better with the normal eye than with the deprived eye if the patterns have to be detected on a background of visual noise. This correlates well with the loss of units in the visual cortex activated by the deprived eye. There is no loss of visual acuity in the units in lamina A of the lateral geniculate body, but in lamina A1 visual acuity is reduced to half the normal value due to monocular deprivation.", "contents": "Psychophysical and neurophysiological investigations of the effects of early visual deprivation in the cat. Cats can locate objects with their monocularly deprived eye best in the monocular segment of their visual field. In contrast they show a marked deficit towards the midline and an almost total failure in the binocular segment contralateral to the deprived eye. This correlates well with the relative frequency of units in the superior colliculus activated by that eye. The performance of the cat in a pattern discrimination task is three times better with the normal eye than with the deprived eye if the patterns have to be detected on a background of visual noise. This correlates well with the loss of units in the visual cortex activated by the deprived eye. There is no loss of visual acuity in the units in lamina A of the lateral geniculate body, but in lamina A1 visual acuity is reduced to half the normal value due to monocular deprivation.", "PMID": 749726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7912", "title": "[Biotechnical increase of litter size in early pregnant sows using steroid application. 1. The effect of a single application of hydroxyprogesterone capronate on fertility response in ovulation-synchronized gilts and old sows].", "content": "One single intramuscular injection of hydropyrogesteroncapronate was given in an experiment to 199 gilts and 239 old sows on the 13th or 15th or 17th day after insemination to test various fertility performance parameters. Doses were 50 mg, 75 mg or 100 mg. Positive effects on litter size were established from the majority of nine compared experimental variants. The number of live-born piglets was increased up to two. Several groups of gilts had higher mean litter weights. More studies are necessary to prepare an adequate therapeutic regime by which to reduce loss of embryos in swine.", "contents": "[Biotechnical increase of litter size in early pregnant sows using steroid application. 1. The effect of a single application of hydroxyprogesterone capronate on fertility response in ovulation-synchronized gilts and old sows]. One single intramuscular injection of hydropyrogesteroncapronate was given in an experiment to 199 gilts and 239 old sows on the 13th or 15th or 17th day after insemination to test various fertility performance parameters. Doses were 50 mg, 75 mg or 100 mg. Positive effects on litter size were established from the majority of nine compared experimental variants. The number of live-born piglets was increased up to two. Several groups of gilts had higher mean litter weights. More studies are necessary to prepare an adequate therapeutic regime by which to reduce loss of embryos in swine.", "PMID": 749736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7913", "title": "[Ovulation in gilts following biotechnical puberty induction and followed by ovulation stimulation].", "content": "Eighty gilts were slaughtered following different time intervals from biotechnical puberty induction, using 500 IU or PMS and 250 IU of HCG, and stimulation of ovulation, using 500 IU of HCG, 72 hours after puberty had been induced. The majority of those animals was found to have ovulated between 96 and 120 hours from puberty induction. Only 3.2 per cent of the follicles formed had undergone ovulation after 96 hours but as much as 94,0 per cent after 120. Not only had sexual maturity been reached by all animals, following the above treatment, but genuine superovulation was recordable from the first oestrus, with the average of formed follicles being 23.9. Stimulation of ovulation following puberty induction, therefore, is considered to be useful in providing favourable conditions for effective time-oriented insemination.", "contents": "[Ovulation in gilts following biotechnical puberty induction and followed by ovulation stimulation]. Eighty gilts were slaughtered following different time intervals from biotechnical puberty induction, using 500 IU or PMS and 250 IU of HCG, and stimulation of ovulation, using 500 IU of HCG, 72 hours after puberty had been induced. The majority of those animals was found to have ovulated between 96 and 120 hours from puberty induction. Only 3.2 per cent of the follicles formed had undergone ovulation after 96 hours but as much as 94,0 per cent after 120. Not only had sexual maturity been reached by all animals, following the above treatment, but genuine superovulation was recordable from the first oestrus, with the average of formed follicles being 23.9. Stimulation of ovulation following puberty induction, therefore, is considered to be useful in providing favourable conditions for effective time-oriented insemination.", "PMID": 749737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7914", "title": "[Morphology and biochemistry of various Mustelidae. 2. Effect of different blood collection technics on various plasma enzyme activities in Mink (Mustela vision Schreber, 1777)].", "content": "Blood sampling by catheterisation of the abdominal aorta to test plasma haemoglobin and various plasma enzyme activities was compared with two other blood sampling techniques and their application to farm-kept minks under general anaesthesia, cardiac puncture and tail-tip amputation. The plasma haemoglobin values in plasma obtained from the abdominal aorta were significantly lower than those recorded from the two other blood sampling techniques, which applied to plasma enzyme activities, as well. Those findings were equal for males and females. The plasma enzyme activities tested were glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase. Some plasma enzyme actvities were tested from a random sample of 164 animals for sex-dependence (88 males and 76 non-pregnant unserved females), with no consideration being given to blood sampling techniques. The standards or physiological indices derived from those tests are reported.", "contents": "[Morphology and biochemistry of various Mustelidae. 2. Effect of different blood collection technics on various plasma enzyme activities in Mink (Mustela vision Schreber, 1777)]. Blood sampling by catheterisation of the abdominal aorta to test plasma haemoglobin and various plasma enzyme activities was compared with two other blood sampling techniques and their application to farm-kept minks under general anaesthesia, cardiac puncture and tail-tip amputation. The plasma haemoglobin values in plasma obtained from the abdominal aorta were significantly lower than those recorded from the two other blood sampling techniques, which applied to plasma enzyme activities, as well. Those findings were equal for males and females. The plasma enzyme activities tested were glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase. Some plasma enzyme actvities were tested from a random sample of 164 animals for sex-dependence (88 males and 76 non-pregnant unserved females), with no consideration being given to blood sampling techniques. The standards or physiological indices derived from those tests are reported.", "PMID": 749738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7915", "title": "[Distribution pattern, statistical analysis and correlation of selenium levels in swine selenium-indicating organs].", "content": "There is a potential risk of excessive selenium levels in organs of swine, resulting in toxicity and residues in pork, or selenium deficit. Therefore, random selenium mean values in \"selenium-indicating\" organs of pigs selected from suspicious populations were compared with mean and limiting values (reference or normal values) recorded from animals with intact metabolism. Prerequisites required for such comparative assessment included the availability of estimated variance values and knowledge of the presence of abscence of agreement between normal distribution and empirical frequency distribution for the population concerned. Knowledge must be available also on the informative value of measured selenium data in blood plasma and their relevance to the general selenium situation in the organism and muscle at large. These were some of the problems studied by determining selenium levels in the liver, kidneys, blood plasma, and M. longissimus dorsi. Organic selenium concentrations were found to be distributed with right axis deviation but almost normal. The parameters established were typical of the majority of data known from literature. Those date, however, are quite variable, so that the need for independently prepared reference values cannot be abandoned. Correlation analysis showed reciprocal relationships between selenium levels in blooc plasma, liver, and muscles but much less correlation between these, on the one hand, and selenium in kidneys, on the other. The correlations between blood plasma and muscle selenium were close enough to take blood plasma values recorded from the living animal as reference from which to draw conclusions as to the muscular selenium state.", "contents": "[Distribution pattern, statistical analysis and correlation of selenium levels in swine selenium-indicating organs]. There is a potential risk of excessive selenium levels in organs of swine, resulting in toxicity and residues in pork, or selenium deficit. Therefore, random selenium mean values in \"selenium-indicating\" organs of pigs selected from suspicious populations were compared with mean and limiting values (reference or normal values) recorded from animals with intact metabolism. Prerequisites required for such comparative assessment included the availability of estimated variance values and knowledge of the presence of abscence of agreement between normal distribution and empirical frequency distribution for the population concerned. Knowledge must be available also on the informative value of measured selenium data in blood plasma and their relevance to the general selenium situation in the organism and muscle at large. These were some of the problems studied by determining selenium levels in the liver, kidneys, blood plasma, and M. longissimus dorsi. Organic selenium concentrations were found to be distributed with right axis deviation but almost normal. The parameters established were typical of the majority of data known from literature. Those date, however, are quite variable, so that the need for independently prepared reference values cannot be abandoned. Correlation analysis showed reciprocal relationships between selenium levels in blooc plasma, liver, and muscles but much less correlation between these, on the one hand, and selenium in kidneys, on the other. The correlations between blood plasma and muscle selenium were close enough to take blood plasma values recorded from the living animal as reference from which to draw conclusions as to the muscular selenium state.", "PMID": 749739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7916", "title": "[Occurrence of various enzymes in synovial fluid of cattle and swine].", "content": "The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fructose-1.6-diphosphate aldolase (ALD), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) were determined on the basis of 75 synovia samples taken from the tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis) of 41 cattle for slaughter of different sexes and aged between one and 13 years as well as on the basis of 56 synovia samples taken from the knee joints (Art. femoropatellaris), tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis), and carpal joints (Art. intercarpicus) of 20 fattening pigs. Both the general condition and cell content of synovial fluid in clinically intact joints are described. The activities of ALD and AspAT (less than 15 IU/l), LDH (less than 200 IU/l), and NAG (less than 6,000 IU/l) in synovial fluid of cattle were much lower than those in blood serum of the same species. They were normally distributed. AP activity (less than 150 IU/l) in synovial fluid, however, was higher by several factors as compared to activity in blblished. In swine synovial AspAT and AP activities were just as high as in blood serum, while LDH activities were higher by 1.5 times. Major NAG activity was observed, as well. All enzyme activities were characterised by normal distribution. All five LDH isoenzymes but only one AP isoenzyme were established. The above data were compared with findings reported by other authors, and the comparison showed these results as being characteristic of synovial enzyme activities in clinically intact joints of the two species under review.", "contents": "[Occurrence of various enzymes in synovial fluid of cattle and swine]. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fructose-1.6-diphosphate aldolase (ALD), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) were determined on the basis of 75 synovia samples taken from the tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis) of 41 cattle for slaughter of different sexes and aged between one and 13 years as well as on the basis of 56 synovia samples taken from the knee joints (Art. femoropatellaris), tarsal joints (Art. talocruralis), and carpal joints (Art. intercarpicus) of 20 fattening pigs. Both the general condition and cell content of synovial fluid in clinically intact joints are described. The activities of ALD and AspAT (less than 15 IU/l), LDH (less than 200 IU/l), and NAG (less than 6,000 IU/l) in synovial fluid of cattle were much lower than those in blood serum of the same species. They were normally distributed. AP activity (less than 150 IU/l) in synovial fluid, however, was higher by several factors as compared to activity in blblished. In swine synovial AspAT and AP activities were just as high as in blood serum, while LDH activities were higher by 1.5 times. Major NAG activity was observed, as well. All enzyme activities were characterised by normal distribution. All five LDH isoenzymes but only one AP isoenzyme were established. The above data were compared with findings reported by other authors, and the comparison showed these results as being characteristic of synovial enzyme activities in clinically intact joints of the two species under review.", "PMID": 749740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7917", "title": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis of parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis in hormonally castrated boars. 3. Studies of boars following treatment with steroid test substance 547].", "content": "Morphokinetic effects caused in parts of the hypothalamic adenohypophyseogonadal axis of boars by treatment, using No. 547 steroid test substance (ZIMET, Jena) were to some extent identical with those resulting from analogous CAP application (inhibition of testicular androgen producers, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, nucleus praeopticus medialis) or those following analogous norgestrel treatment (testes weight, tubule length). The findings recorded were largely attributed to the androgenic properties of No. 547 steroid test substance.", "contents": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis of parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis in hormonally castrated boars. 3. Studies of boars following treatment with steroid test substance 547]. Morphokinetic effects caused in parts of the hypothalamic adenohypophyseogonadal axis of boars by treatment, using No. 547 steroid test substance (ZIMET, Jena) were to some extent identical with those resulting from analogous CAP application (inhibition of testicular androgen producers, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, nucleus praeopticus medialis) or those following analogous norgestrel treatment (testes weight, tubule length). The findings recorded were largely attributed to the androgenic properties of No. 547 steroid test substance.", "PMID": 749741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7918", "title": "[Use of attenuated mutants of Pasteurella multocida strain, pathogenic to calves, in experimental mouse model studies. 4. Immunogenicity of selected revertants of temperature-sensitive, streptomycin-dependent mutants as potential vaccine strains].", "content": "Temperature-resistant or streptomycin-independent revertants were isolated from temperature-sensitive or streptomycin-dependent mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity to calf. The revertants were tested for virulence in mice and for their immunogenicity against wild-strain infection, using 100 times and more of the lethal dose. The following conclusions may be derived from the results thus obtained: 1. Most of the fully attenuated streptomycin-independent revertants failed to provide sufficient protection against wild-strain infection, following one single intraperitoneal immunization. 2. Selected streptomycin-independent revertants protect about 60% of mice immunized with one single intraperitoneal less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose, and 100% of mice immunized two times against lethal challenge. 3. Selected temperature-resistant revertants produced high immunity in mice, with one single intraperitoneally less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose protecting roughly 95 per cent of all animals against lethal infection. 4. The temperature-resistant revertant 9 b/1 and 9 b/5 and the streptomycin-independent revertant 1/14 are on the agenda as potential vaccine strains which can provide full or sufficient protection on the basis of one single immunization.", "contents": "[Use of attenuated mutants of Pasteurella multocida strain, pathogenic to calves, in experimental mouse model studies. 4. Immunogenicity of selected revertants of temperature-sensitive, streptomycin-dependent mutants as potential vaccine strains]. Temperature-resistant or streptomycin-independent revertants were isolated from temperature-sensitive or streptomycin-dependent mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity to calf. The revertants were tested for virulence in mice and for their immunogenicity against wild-strain infection, using 100 times and more of the lethal dose. The following conclusions may be derived from the results thus obtained: 1. Most of the fully attenuated streptomycin-independent revertants failed to provide sufficient protection against wild-strain infection, following one single intraperitoneal immunization. 2. Selected streptomycin-independent revertants protect about 60% of mice immunized with one single intraperitoneal less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose, and 100% of mice immunized two times against lethal challenge. 3. Selected temperature-resistant revertants produced high immunity in mice, with one single intraperitoneally less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose protecting roughly 95 per cent of all animals against lethal infection. 4. The temperature-resistant revertant 9 b/1 and 9 b/5 and the streptomycin-independent revertant 1/14 are on the agenda as potential vaccine strains which can provide full or sufficient protection on the basis of one single immunization.", "PMID": 749742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7919", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the pig heart following transport stress].", "content": "The myocardium of ten selected hybrid fattening pigs of different origin was examined by electron microscopy, immediately following lorry transport of something between 60 and 120 minutes. The animals were severely exhausted, and some of them had collapsed. While little information was obtainable from the histological findings, ultrastructural tests revealed multiple focal myofibrillolysis (destruction of I-band and Z-band). Oedematisation, loss of glycogen, and hydropic degeneration of mitochondria were processes additionally recorded from the muscular fibres. The terminal vessels exhibited hydropic endothelia swellings which narrowed vascular lumens, focal statis, and incipient thrombosis. Those changes suggested an involvement of the myocardium in the pathogenesis of transport death and justified the definition of those phenomena as \"stress-caused cardiomyopathy\" in the wider context of stress myopathies of swine.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the pig heart following transport stress]. The myocardium of ten selected hybrid fattening pigs of different origin was examined by electron microscopy, immediately following lorry transport of something between 60 and 120 minutes. The animals were severely exhausted, and some of them had collapsed. While little information was obtainable from the histological findings, ultrastructural tests revealed multiple focal myofibrillolysis (destruction of I-band and Z-band). Oedematisation, loss of glycogen, and hydropic degeneration of mitochondria were processes additionally recorded from the muscular fibres. The terminal vessels exhibited hydropic endothelia swellings which narrowed vascular lumens, focal statis, and incipient thrombosis. Those changes suggested an involvement of the myocardium in the pathogenesis of transport death and justified the definition of those phenomena as \"stress-caused cardiomyopathy\" in the wider context of stress myopathies of swine.", "PMID": 749743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7920", "title": "[Fibrochondrogenesis].", "content": "Fibrochondrogenesis is a lethal form of dwarfism similar to thanatophoric dwarfism. It is distinguished radiologically by the widening of the metaphyses of the long bones, and, on lateral x-ray of the spine, by a median fissure of the body of the vertebra without any loss of vertebral height. The condition is inherited an autosomal recessive. A study of growing cartilage confirms that this disease is a distinct entity as there is fibrosis of the cartilage which is never present in thanatophoric dwarfism or in the different forms of achondrogenesis.", "contents": "[Fibrochondrogenesis]. Fibrochondrogenesis is a lethal form of dwarfism similar to thanatophoric dwarfism. It is distinguished radiologically by the widening of the metaphyses of the long bones, and, on lateral x-ray of the spine, by a median fissure of the body of the vertebra without any loss of vertebral height. The condition is inherited an autosomal recessive. A study of growing cartilage confirms that this disease is a distinct entity as there is fibrosis of the cartilage which is never present in thanatophoric dwarfism or in the different forms of achondrogenesis.", "PMID": 749746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7921", "title": "[Myxedema caused by ectopic lingual thyroid treated by autotransplantation. Results 18 years later].", "content": "An ectopic thyro\u00efd  gland causing hypothyro\u00efdism was found in a 7 years old girl. The treatment was stopped six months later, nevertheless the growth rate was not affected. Sudden mechanical airway obstruction caused by the lingual goiter needed at the age of 16 years a surgical management. A thyr\u00f6id nodule auto-transplantation was performed with a rather good success. Special comments about some physiopathological aspects of this original case.", "contents": "[Myxedema caused by ectopic lingual thyroid treated by autotransplantation. Results 18 years later]. An ectopic thyro\u00efd  gland causing hypothyro\u00efdism was found in a 7 years old girl. The treatment was stopped six months later, nevertheless the growth rate was not affected. Sudden mechanical airway obstruction caused by the lingual goiter needed at the age of 16 years a surgical management. A thyr\u00f6id nodule auto-transplantation was performed with a rather good success. Special comments about some physiopathological aspects of this original case.", "PMID": 749747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7922", "title": "[Cholesterol ester storage disease in children. Comparative biochemistry of hepatocyte and fibroblast cultures].", "content": "The results of biochemical studies in three children with cholesterol ester storage disease are reported. This rare disease (13 published cases) and the related Wolman's disease are characterised by a deficiency of acid lipase. Affected children mostly present with isolated hepatomegaly. Hepatic cells (one patient) and fibroblasts (two patients) were cultured and cholesterol accumulation measured. Hepatic cells contained more cholesterol than fibroblasts but the enzyme deficiency, assessed by the abnormal degree of esterification was the same in both cell types.", "contents": "[Cholesterol ester storage disease in children. Comparative biochemistry of hepatocyte and fibroblast cultures]. The results of biochemical studies in three children with cholesterol ester storage disease are reported. This rare disease (13 published cases) and the related Wolman's disease are characterised by a deficiency of acid lipase. Affected children mostly present with isolated hepatomegaly. Hepatic cells (one patient) and fibroblasts (two patients) were cultured and cholesterol accumulation measured. Hepatic cells contained more cholesterol than fibroblasts but the enzyme deficiency, assessed by the abnormal degree of esterification was the same in both cell types.", "PMID": 749752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7923", "title": "[Culture of normal and pathological human growth cartilage. Action of vitamin D derivatives and somatomedin].", "content": "Chondrocytes from normal cartilage of a 2 month old child have been cultured. In vitro the cells maintained their morphological identity and synthesised proteoglycans with electrophoretic properties similar to those synthesised by cartilage in vivo. Sulphation was stimulated by vitamin D metabolites and by somatomedin. This technique has been used to study biopsies of abnormal cartilage.", "contents": "[Culture of normal and pathological human growth cartilage. Action of vitamin D derivatives and somatomedin]. Chondrocytes from normal cartilage of a 2 month old child have been cultured. In vitro the cells maintained their morphological identity and synthesised proteoglycans with electrophoretic properties similar to those synthesised by cartilage in vivo. Sulphation was stimulated by vitamin D metabolites and by somatomedin. This technique has been used to study biopsies of abnormal cartilage.", "PMID": 749754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7924", "title": "[Photosensitization and DNA repair. Possible nosologic relationship between Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne's syndrome].", "content": "UV-sensitivity is a common feature of several diseases including Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and Bloom syndrome (BS). In 12 children with such diseases, cell viability and DNA repair following UV-irradiation as well as PHA transformation of lymphocytes were studied. In 5 of 6 XP cases, in 1 child with CS and in 1 of 2 children with BS, DNA repair and PHA transformation of lymphocytes showed extremely depressed values. A similar study was performed in 2 children with a rare association of XP and CS. Results suggest a relationship between these 2 diseases", "contents": "[Photosensitization and DNA repair. Possible nosologic relationship between Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne's syndrome]. UV-sensitivity is a common feature of several diseases including Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and Bloom syndrome (BS). In 12 children with such diseases, cell viability and DNA repair following UV-irradiation as well as PHA transformation of lymphocytes were studied. In 5 of 6 XP cases, in 1 child with CS and in 1 of 2 children with BS, DNA repair and PHA transformation of lymphocytes showed extremely depressed values. A similar study was performed in 2 children with a rare association of XP and CS. Results suggest a relationship between these 2 diseases", "PMID": 749755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7925", "title": "Effects of hypothermia and rewarming on the neonatal circulation.", "content": "Thirteen unanesthetized lambs, aged 1-3 days, were cooled from 40 degrees to 30 degrees C and then rewarmed. During cooling, heart rate dropped from 196 +/- 47 to 140 +/- 42 beats per minute, a 29% change; cardiac output, femoral arterial and pulse pressures did not change significantly; but inferior vena cava pressure (IVC) increased from 5 to 9 mm of mercury, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased from 8 to 25 mm/Hg. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 29 to 40 mm/Hg. Metabolic acidosis and hypoxia developed during the cooling. There were marked changes in the distribution of cardiac output; the proportion of cardiac output increased by 450% to brown fat, 66% to the skeletal muscles, and 30% to the right ventricular myocardium and atria. No significant change in the distribution to the left ventricule and septum was observed. Distribution to the other organs decreased markedly. After rewarming, all the previous parameters returned to normal except CVP and LVEDP, which remained elevated.", "contents": "Effects of hypothermia and rewarming on the neonatal circulation. Thirteen unanesthetized lambs, aged 1-3 days, were cooled from 40 degrees to 30 degrees C and then rewarmed. During cooling, heart rate dropped from 196 +/- 47 to 140 +/- 42 beats per minute, a 29% change; cardiac output, femoral arterial and pulse pressures did not change significantly; but inferior vena cava pressure (IVC) increased from 5 to 9 mm of mercury, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased from 8 to 25 mm/Hg. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 29 to 40 mm/Hg. Metabolic acidosis and hypoxia developed during the cooling. There were marked changes in the distribution of cardiac output; the proportion of cardiac output increased by 450% to brown fat, 66% to the skeletal muscles, and 30% to the right ventricular myocardium and atria. No significant change in the distribution to the left ventricule and septum was observed. Distribution to the other organs decreased markedly. After rewarming, all the previous parameters returned to normal except CVP and LVEDP, which remained elevated.", "PMID": 749756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7926", "title": "Induction of heterotopic bone marrow formation in osteopetrotic rats by allogeneic decalcified bone matrix.", "content": "Contrary to theoretical expectations in osteopetrotic mutants heterotopic bone marrow formation was closely associated with osteogenesis, what is not observed in the orthotopic skeletal bones in these animals.", "contents": "Induction of heterotopic bone marrow formation in osteopetrotic rats by allogeneic decalcified bone matrix. Contrary to theoretical expectations in osteopetrotic mutants heterotopic bone marrow formation was closely associated with osteogenesis, what is not observed in the orthotopic skeletal bones in these animals.", "PMID": 749757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7927", "title": "Transplantation of the \"presumptive\" Peyer's patch of fetus or newborn mice under the kidney capsule of adult syngeneic recipient.", "content": "Small fragments of caecum from fetus, newborn or several-day-old mice were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult syngeneic hosts. Transplants were derived from such a part of caecum at which in adult mice a Peyer's patch is always present (experimental group) or from such a part at which Peyer's patch is never located (control group). Donors were chosen from such early developmental stage at which Peyer's patches not yet been formed, hoping to observe Peyer's patch formation in transplants in view of possible influence of intestinal epithelium on a lymphocyte homing. After 10 to 150 days, transplants were asessed histologically. None Peyer's patche was formed. However, small accumulations of lymphoid cells were located in vicinity of epithelial cysts and blood vessels occasionally filled with lymphocytes were seen in the experimental but not in control group. The results showed that either number of epithelial cells or degree of their specialization were unsufficient for Peyer's patch formation. Other factors like the antigenic stimulation from the gut lumen might be thus necessary for Peyer's patch development.", "contents": "Transplantation of the \"presumptive\" Peyer's patch of fetus or newborn mice under the kidney capsule of adult syngeneic recipient. Small fragments of caecum from fetus, newborn or several-day-old mice were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult syngeneic hosts. Transplants were derived from such a part of caecum at which in adult mice a Peyer's patch is always present (experimental group) or from such a part at which Peyer's patch is never located (control group). Donors were chosen from such early developmental stage at which Peyer's patches not yet been formed, hoping to observe Peyer's patch formation in transplants in view of possible influence of intestinal epithelium on a lymphocyte homing. After 10 to 150 days, transplants were asessed histologically. None Peyer's patche was formed. However, small accumulations of lymphoid cells were located in vicinity of epithelial cysts and blood vessels occasionally filled with lymphocytes were seen in the experimental but not in control group. The results showed that either number of epithelial cells or degree of their specialization were unsufficient for Peyer's patch formation. Other factors like the antigenic stimulation from the gut lumen might be thus necessary for Peyer's patch development.", "PMID": 749758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7928", "title": "Investigations on immunogenicity of bovine fibrous connective tissue.", "content": "The immunogenicity of fibrous connective bovine tissue preserved by different methods was tested by a regional lymph node blastic cell reaction. The results were presented after transplantation of 10 experimental groups of grafts.", "contents": "Investigations on immunogenicity of bovine fibrous connective tissue. The immunogenicity of fibrous connective bovine tissue preserved by different methods was tested by a regional lymph node blastic cell reaction. The results were presented after transplantation of 10 experimental groups of grafts.", "PMID": 749759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7929", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of H-active pentaglycosylceramide by human bone marrow fucosyltransferase.", "content": "Synthesis of two fucoglycolipides I and II was obtained from GDP-fucose and lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide using either solubilized or particulate enzymic preparation from human bone marrow. Fucoglycolipid I on the basis of its chromatographic mobility and immunoprecipitation with Ulex europeus lectin was identified as H blood group active penta glycosylceramide. Fucoglycolipid II did not react with Ulex europeus and its fucosyl residue was hydrolyzed by alpha (1 leads to 3/4)-L-fucosidase of Trichomonas fetus. Most probably the fucose residue of glycolipid II was linked to N-acetyloglucosamine by 1 leads to 3 linkage.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of H-active pentaglycosylceramide by human bone marrow fucosyltransferase. Synthesis of two fucoglycolipides I and II was obtained from GDP-fucose and lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide using either solubilized or particulate enzymic preparation from human bone marrow. Fucoglycolipid I on the basis of its chromatographic mobility and immunoprecipitation with Ulex europeus lectin was identified as H blood group active penta glycosylceramide. Fucoglycolipid II did not react with Ulex europeus and its fucosyl residue was hydrolyzed by alpha (1 leads to 3/4)-L-fucosidase of Trichomonas fetus. Most probably the fucose residue of glycolipid II was linked to N-acetyloglucosamine by 1 leads to 3 linkage.", "PMID": 749762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7930", "title": "Interaction of human erythrocyte MN glycoprotein with rabbit IgG immunoglobulins.", "content": "The interaction of rabbit non-specific IgG and human erythrocyte glycoprotein was investigated using the solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy method. This interaction manifested itself by decreasing accessibility of chromophores to perturbants. Masking of the chromophores was abolished by low detergent concentrations and by changes of native IgG structure by 3 M urea. The sialic acid residues of the glycoprotein were necessary for this effect but probably not due to simple electrostatic interactions. It seems that the IgG-glycoprotein interaction requires intact both--the IgG molecule structure and the structure of the glycoprotein micelle. Interaction of this kind was not observed between glycoprotein and some other proteins as bovine serum albumin, alpha-chymotrypsynogen and human IgA.", "contents": "Interaction of human erythrocyte MN glycoprotein with rabbit IgG immunoglobulins. The interaction of rabbit non-specific IgG and human erythrocyte glycoprotein was investigated using the solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy method. This interaction manifested itself by decreasing accessibility of chromophores to perturbants. Masking of the chromophores was abolished by low detergent concentrations and by changes of native IgG structure by 3 M urea. The sialic acid residues of the glycoprotein were necessary for this effect but probably not due to simple electrostatic interactions. It seems that the IgG-glycoprotein interaction requires intact both--the IgG molecule structure and the structure of the glycoprotein micelle. Interaction of this kind was not observed between glycoprotein and some other proteins as bovine serum albumin, alpha-chymotrypsynogen and human IgA.", "PMID": 749763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7931", "title": "Localization and immunochemical characterization of the lectin Evonymous europaeus receptor site on the glycoprotein from human O erythrocytes.", "content": "Purified and desialylated glycoprotein M from human O erythrocytes precipitates with B and H specific lectin from Evonymous europaeus seeds, both in PBS and 0.2% Triton X-100. Desialylated, N-terminal fragment (MT-1) obtained by trypsin digestion of M glycoprotein does not precipitate with Evonymous lectin but inhibits precipitation.", "contents": "Localization and immunochemical characterization of the lectin Evonymous europaeus receptor site on the glycoprotein from human O erythrocytes. Purified and desialylated glycoprotein M from human O erythrocytes precipitates with B and H specific lectin from Evonymous europaeus seeds, both in PBS and 0.2% Triton X-100. Desialylated, N-terminal fragment (MT-1) obtained by trypsin digestion of M glycoprotein does not precipitate with Evonymous lectin but inhibits precipitation.", "PMID": 749764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7932", "title": "Efficiency of the determinant method of estimating gene frequencies in three allelic models.", "content": "Efficiency of three different methods: Bernstein's, maximum likelihood and determinant method were compared. A relative efficiency calculated as a ratio of variances of estimators was used for the comparison. It was shown that the determinant method is almost as efficient for estimating of recessive gene frequency as the method of maximum likelihood, and more efficient than the Bernstein's method.", "contents": "Efficiency of the determinant method of estimating gene frequencies in three allelic models. Efficiency of three different methods: Bernstein's, maximum likelihood and determinant method were compared. A relative efficiency calculated as a ratio of variances of estimators was used for the comparison. It was shown that the determinant method is almost as efficient for estimating of recessive gene frequency as the method of maximum likelihood, and more efficient than the Bernstein's method.", "PMID": 749765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7933", "title": "Frequency of Gt types in the Polish population.", "content": "The genetic polimorphism of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase was studied in the sample of Polish population including 133 subjects. Three phenotypes were found, Gt 1-1 with a frequency of 0.8722; Gt-2-1 0.1203 and Gt 2-2 with a frequency 0.0075. Gene frequencies were Gt1 0.932 and Gt2 0.068.", "contents": "Frequency of Gt types in the Polish population. The genetic polimorphism of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase was studied in the sample of Polish population including 133 subjects. Three phenotypes were found, Gt 1-1 with a frequency of 0.8722; Gt-2-1 0.1203 and Gt 2-2 with a frequency 0.0075. Gene frequencies were Gt1 0.932 and Gt2 0.068.", "PMID": 749766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7934", "title": "GLO polymorphism in Polish population.", "content": "The determination of GLO types was carried out using two methods: on high voltage agarose gel and cellulose acetate foil. In the sample of the Polish population including 201 persons, three GLO types were encountered with the following frequencies: GLO 1-1 0.2438, GLO 2-1 0.4477, GLO 2-2 0.3035. Frequencies of GLO1 gene was 0.4726, GLO2 0.5724.", "contents": "GLO polymorphism in Polish population. The determination of GLO types was carried out using two methods: on high voltage agarose gel and cellulose acetate foil. In the sample of the Polish population including 201 persons, three GLO types were encountered with the following frequencies: GLO 1-1 0.2438, GLO 2-1 0.4477, GLO 2-2 0.3035. Frequencies of GLO1 gene was 0.4726, GLO2 0.5724.", "PMID": 749767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7935", "title": "Types of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in rheumatoid patients.", "content": "Four group systems of serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Km, Gm) and five group systems of erythrocyte enzymes (AP, PGM1, GPT, AK, EsD) were determined in samples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were found in Gm system, namely Gm(1) factor was more frequent in rheumatoid patients than in healthy subjects.", "contents": "Types of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in rheumatoid patients. Four group systems of serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Km, Gm) and five group systems of erythrocyte enzymes (AP, PGM1, GPT, AK, EsD) were determined in samples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were found in Gm system, namely Gm(1) factor was more frequent in rheumatoid patients than in healthy subjects.", "PMID": 749768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7936", "title": "The relation between transferrin locus and the breeding quality traits of our country cattle race: lowland black-white and lowland red-white.", "content": "The relation between transferrin locus and the breeding quality, especially such traits as--milk quantity, fattening and fertility rate expressed through nine traits, were analyzed. There are presented some results of phenotypes distribution and frequency of alleles of transferrin. Changing of allele frequencies in time in certain direction was observed. The calculated coefficients of regression of frequency on a year in race lrw were: bA = -0.0080; bD = 0.0137; BE = -0.0057 and in race lbw: bA = 0.0134; bD = -0.0034; bE = -0.0089.", "contents": "The relation between transferrin locus and the breeding quality traits of our country cattle race: lowland black-white and lowland red-white. The relation between transferrin locus and the breeding quality, especially such traits as--milk quantity, fattening and fertility rate expressed through nine traits, were analyzed. There are presented some results of phenotypes distribution and frequency of alleles of transferrin. Changing of allele frequencies in time in certain direction was observed. The calculated coefficients of regression of frequency on a year in race lrw were: bA = -0.0080; bD = 0.0137; BE = -0.0057 and in race lbw: bA = 0.0134; bD = -0.0034; bE = -0.0089.", "PMID": 749769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7937", "title": "The survival time of rabbit's erythrocytes. I. Elimination of auto- and allogenic erythrocytes radioactively labeled with chromium 51Cr from circulation.", "content": "The speed of eliminating allogenic erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr from circulation was examined. Donor's erythrocytes with AFHR phenotype were injected to the recipient with FR phenotype. A fast elimination of allogenic erythrocytes was observed, T 1/2 = 7.6 days. The survival time of autogenic erythrocytes was T 1/2 = 18.2 days. In sera of those rabbits to whom allogenic erythrocytes had been injected, no anti-erythrocyte antibodies against the donor's hemocytes appeared.", "contents": "The survival time of rabbit's erythrocytes. I. Elimination of auto- and allogenic erythrocytes radioactively labeled with chromium 51Cr from circulation. The speed of eliminating allogenic erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr from circulation was examined. Donor's erythrocytes with AFHR phenotype were injected to the recipient with FR phenotype. A fast elimination of allogenic erythrocytes was observed, T 1/2 = 7.6 days. The survival time of autogenic erythrocytes was T 1/2 = 18.2 days. In sera of those rabbits to whom allogenic erythrocytes had been injected, no anti-erythrocyte antibodies against the donor's hemocytes appeared.", "PMID": 749770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7938", "title": "HLA antigens in asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen and in carriers of anti-HBs antibodies.", "content": "HLA antigens were typed in 42 asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen and in 20 carriers of anti-HBs antibodies. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 antigen was detected in the group of HBs antigen carriers (p less than 0.025). For individuals with the antigen the relative risk (RR) of carrying HBs was increased to 2.3 at p (0.53 less than RR less than 1.89) greater than or equal 1-0.001.", "contents": "HLA antigens in asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen and in carriers of anti-HBs antibodies. HLA antigens were typed in 42 asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen and in 20 carriers of anti-HBs antibodies. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 antigen was detected in the group of HBs antigen carriers (p less than 0.025). For individuals with the antigen the relative risk (RR) of carrying HBs was increased to 2.3 at p (0.53 less than RR less than 1.89) greater than or equal 1-0.001.", "PMID": 749771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7939", "title": "HLA antigens in gouty patients.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 26 patients with primary gout were typed for eighteen antigens from A and B loci. An increased \"relative risk\" of the disease was established in patients carrying antigen HLA-B14, but the correlation is not sufficient for using HLA typing as a diagnostic tool in the gout. Nevertheless HLA-B14 seems to be one of the genetic factors which predispose to the appearance of the articular lesions.", "contents": "HLA antigens in gouty patients. Lymphocytes from 26 patients with primary gout were typed for eighteen antigens from A and B loci. An increased \"relative risk\" of the disease was established in patients carrying antigen HLA-B14, but the correlation is not sufficient for using HLA typing as a diagnostic tool in the gout. Nevertheless HLA-B14 seems to be one of the genetic factors which predispose to the appearance of the articular lesions.", "PMID": 749772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7940", "title": "Immunological activity of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum.", "content": "The results presented in the paper showed that PRP increased permeability of skin vessels in guinea pigs and that PRP stimulates or suppresses the immunological response in mice, depending on the magnitude of the response.", "contents": "Immunological activity of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum. The results presented in the paper showed that PRP increased permeability of skin vessels in guinea pigs and that PRP stimulates or suppresses the immunological response in mice, depending on the magnitude of the response.", "PMID": 749775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7941", "title": "Studies of a receptor for FP3-phage in Salmonella minnesota R595.", "content": "The adsorption rate constant of the phage FP3 to sensitive S. minnesota R595 strain was used to evaluate the inactivating capacity towards phage FP3 exhibited by isolated glycolipid and free lipid A. The results suggest that phage FP3 receptor is localized in the glycolipid structure. Phage FP3 is not adsorbed on the other Re mutant cells, Proteus R45, but respective products: glycolipid and free lipid A from R45 exhibitory the inhibition capacity towards phage FP3, comparable to the activity of the products derived from the host strain; the minimal PhI50 concentration of glycolipids is 7.8 and 15.6 microgram/ml respectively.", "contents": "Studies of a receptor for FP3-phage in Salmonella minnesota R595. The adsorption rate constant of the phage FP3 to sensitive S. minnesota R595 strain was used to evaluate the inactivating capacity towards phage FP3 exhibited by isolated glycolipid and free lipid A. The results suggest that phage FP3 receptor is localized in the glycolipid structure. Phage FP3 is not adsorbed on the other Re mutant cells, Proteus R45, but respective products: glycolipid and free lipid A from R45 exhibitory the inhibition capacity towards phage FP3, comparable to the activity of the products derived from the host strain; the minimal PhI50 concentration of glycolipids is 7.8 and 15.6 microgram/ml respectively.", "PMID": 749776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7942", "title": "Immunogenicity of methyl esters of nocardomycolic acids.", "content": "Immunogenicity of methyl esters of fatty acids of nocardiae (Nocardia (Nocardia asteroides ATCC 19247, N, brasiliensis N318 and N. caviae N231) was studied. The rabbit antisera obtained against the lipid fractions reacted in the complement fixation test (CF) and in the pash sive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). The results of absorption experiments witt separated fractions of fatty acids esters indicate that the antisera showed activity againsmethyl esters of nocardomycolic acids.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of methyl esters of nocardomycolic acids. Immunogenicity of methyl esters of fatty acids of nocardiae (Nocardia (Nocardia asteroides ATCC 19247, N, brasiliensis N318 and N. caviae N231) was studied. The rabbit antisera obtained against the lipid fractions reacted in the complement fixation test (CF) and in the pash sive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). The results of absorption experiments witt separated fractions of fatty acids esters indicate that the antisera showed activity againsmethyl esters of nocardomycolic acids.", "PMID": 749777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7943", "title": "Serological study of Nocardia pellegrino.", "content": "The serological relationship between Nocardia pellegrino strains was studied by means of immunodiffusion technique. Seven reference precipitation systems, including Nocardia asteroides (three strains), N. pellegrino Sn 5112, Rhodococcus, rhodochrous (two strains)  and N. erythropolis were used. With one exception all of the strains of Nocardia pellegrino examined, seemed to be serologically related to the reference strain of N. pellegrino Sn 5112. They showed 4-5 common precipitates.", "contents": "Serological study of Nocardia pellegrino. The serological relationship between Nocardia pellegrino strains was studied by means of immunodiffusion technique. Seven reference precipitation systems, including Nocardia asteroides (three strains), N. pellegrino Sn 5112, Rhodococcus, rhodochrous (two strains)  and N. erythropolis were used. With one exception all of the strains of Nocardia pellegrino examined, seemed to be serologically related to the reference strain of N. pellegrino Sn 5112. They showed 4-5 common precipitates.", "PMID": 749778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7944", "title": "DNA homology studies on Nocardia and Rhodococcus strains.", "content": "The genetic homogeneity of Nocardia amarae, Nocardia autotrophica and Rhodococcus strains and the relationship among these groups of microorganisms have been studied using the DNA reassociation method. Strains belonging to N. amarae and N. autotrophica form genetically homogeneous groups. Distinct differences have been found out among Rhodococcus strains.", "contents": "DNA homology studies on Nocardia and Rhodococcus strains. The genetic homogeneity of Nocardia amarae, Nocardia autotrophica and Rhodococcus strains and the relationship among these groups of microorganisms have been studied using the DNA reassociation method. Strains belonging to N. amarae and N. autotrophica form genetically homogeneous groups. Distinct differences have been found out among Rhodococcus strains.", "PMID": 749779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7945", "title": "Proliferation of human lymphocytes by mitogen stimulated cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes cultured for three days with PHA or Con A were capable of inducing vigorous proliferation of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. Kinetics of the response varied with mitogen dose used for obtaining stimulating cells and with the ratio of stimulating to responder cells. A requirement for viable, mitogen-reactive lymphocytes cultured for at least two days with the mitogen, for their contact with the reacting cells and an absence of significant quantities of mitogen on Con A lymphoblasts examined by electron microscopy demonstrated that a mitogen itself was not responsible for the stimulation. The PHA blast-stimulated lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to PHA blasts nor did they diminish lymphocyte stimulating abilities of PHA blasts in vitro cultures. This indicated that PHA did not induce proliferation of autologous lymphocytes by derivatization of lymphocyte surface.", "contents": "Proliferation of human lymphocytes by mitogen stimulated cells. Lymphocytes cultured for three days with PHA or Con A were capable of inducing vigorous proliferation of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. Kinetics of the response varied with mitogen dose used for obtaining stimulating cells and with the ratio of stimulating to responder cells. A requirement for viable, mitogen-reactive lymphocytes cultured for at least two days with the mitogen, for their contact with the reacting cells and an absence of significant quantities of mitogen on Con A lymphoblasts examined by electron microscopy demonstrated that a mitogen itself was not responsible for the stimulation. The PHA blast-stimulated lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to PHA blasts nor did they diminish lymphocyte stimulating abilities of PHA blasts in vitro cultures. This indicated that PHA did not induce proliferation of autologous lymphocytes by derivatization of lymphocyte surface.", "PMID": 749780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7946", "title": "Study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). I. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from healthy individuals.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 32 healthy blood donors were determined for their ability to mediate the cytolysis of antibody-coated target cells. As target cells a murine lymphoma cells the cytolysis of antibody-coated target cells. As target cells a murine lymphoma cells L1210 were used. Heat-inactivated rabbit anti-L1210 antiserum was source of antibody. ADCC activity was determined at following effector to target cell ratsio: 100:1, 30:1, 10:1, 3:1, 1:1. Lymphocytes of males had significantly higher activity as compared to female ones. The individual fluctuation among both groups was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). I. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from healthy individuals. Lymphocytes from 32 healthy blood donors were determined for their ability to mediate the cytolysis of antibody-coated target cells. As target cells a murine lymphoma cells the cytolysis of antibody-coated target cells. As target cells a murine lymphoma cells L1210 were used. Heat-inactivated rabbit anti-L1210 antiserum was source of antibody. ADCC activity was determined at following effector to target cell ratsio: 100:1, 30:1, 10:1, 3:1, 1:1. Lymphocytes of males had significantly higher activity as compared to female ones. The individual fluctuation among both groups was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 749781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7947", "title": "Study of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). III. Preliminary findings concerning the influence of immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "The present studies were undertaken to characterize cytotoxic activity of lymphocyte-(ADCC) in the course of primary glomerulonephritis and to evaluate the influence of some of the immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes of examined patients. 18 patients were studied; 12 of them were treated by combined therapy with prednisone, azathioprine and chlorambucil. Results were analyzed on the basis of healthy individuals ADCC activity. In the 11 treated patients significant decrease of ADCC activity was observed while non-treated group exhibited as high activity as healthy individuals. Which of given drugs is responsible for the decreased ADCC activity, remains questionable and is currently under the study.", "contents": "Study of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). III. Preliminary findings concerning the influence of immunosuppressive drugs. The present studies were undertaken to characterize cytotoxic activity of lymphocyte-(ADCC) in the course of primary glomerulonephritis and to evaluate the influence of some of the immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes of examined patients. 18 patients were studied; 12 of them were treated by combined therapy with prednisone, azathioprine and chlorambucil. Results were analyzed on the basis of healthy individuals ADCC activity. In the 11 treated patients significant decrease of ADCC activity was observed while non-treated group exhibited as high activity as healthy individuals. Which of given drugs is responsible for the decreased ADCC activity, remains questionable and is currently under the study.", "PMID": 749782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7948", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of concanavalin-A. II. In vivo suppression of cytotoxic lymphocytes generation in alloimmunized mice.", "content": "An examination was carried out of the in vivo effect of Concanavalin-A (Con-A) on the induction of secondary cytotoxic response (CL) to allogeneic spleen cells in mice. CL responses were suppressed by one i.v. injection of 200 micrograms of Con-A one day before first or second immunization or two i.v. injections of Con-A, 200 micrograms each, given simultaneously with immunization. Single dose of 200 microgram of Con-A given simultaneously inhibited anamnestic CL response only partially, to the range observed in the primary response.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of concanavalin-A. II. In vivo suppression of cytotoxic lymphocytes generation in alloimmunized mice. An examination was carried out of the in vivo effect of Concanavalin-A (Con-A) on the induction of secondary cytotoxic response (CL) to allogeneic spleen cells in mice. CL responses were suppressed by one i.v. injection of 200 micrograms of Con-A one day before first or second immunization or two i.v. injections of Con-A, 200 micrograms each, given simultaneously with immunization. Single dose of 200 microgram of Con-A given simultaneously inhibited anamnestic CL response only partially, to the range observed in the primary response.", "PMID": 749783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7949", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera of pregnant women: serological and clinical studies.", "content": "In order to obtain the sera for determining the histocompatibility antigens, 290 samples of blood collected from 278 women were examined for anti-HLA lymphocytotoxic antibodies. These were found in sera of 55 women (20%) and their specificity was identified in 15 samples. No effect of antepartum hemorrhage, premature births and abortions on the production of antibodies was found. The presence of cytotoxic antibodies had no effect on the course of pregnancy and timing of delivery.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera of pregnant women: serological and clinical studies. In order to obtain the sera for determining the histocompatibility antigens, 290 samples of blood collected from 278 women were examined for anti-HLA lymphocytotoxic antibodies. These were found in sera of 55 women (20%) and their specificity was identified in 15 samples. No effect of antepartum hemorrhage, premature births and abortions on the production of antibodies was found. The presence of cytotoxic antibodies had no effect on the course of pregnancy and timing of delivery.", "PMID": 749784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7950", "title": "Anti-TNP antibodies from bovine serum and colostrum.", "content": "Specifically purified anti-TNP antibodies of subclass IgGI and IgG2 were isolated using immunoadsorbent prepared from AH-Sepharose and TNP-BSA. Isoelectric focusing in poliacrylamide gel showed differences between antibodies obtained from colostrum and serum. These differences were more observable when H chains of IgG1 subclasses were compared. No differences were observed in L chains. The antibodies obtained were the non-precipitating ones. Spectral measurements in the presence of SO3- ions, showed that the antibodies studied were of low affinity (below 10(-6) M). The difference spectra showed, that binding of a hapten (epsilon-TNP aminocapronate acid) to the investigated antibodies caused the shift of the hapten's absorption bands indicating that the binding occured in the hydrophobic pocket of the antibody binding site. The strongest effect was observed in the case of antibodies of IgG1 subclass.", "contents": "Anti-TNP antibodies from bovine serum and colostrum. Specifically purified anti-TNP antibodies of subclass IgGI and IgG2 were isolated using immunoadsorbent prepared from AH-Sepharose and TNP-BSA. Isoelectric focusing in poliacrylamide gel showed differences between antibodies obtained from colostrum and serum. These differences were more observable when H chains of IgG1 subclasses were compared. No differences were observed in L chains. The antibodies obtained were the non-precipitating ones. Spectral measurements in the presence of SO3- ions, showed that the antibodies studied were of low affinity (below 10(-6) M). The difference spectra showed, that binding of a hapten (epsilon-TNP aminocapronate acid) to the investigated antibodies caused the shift of the hapten's absorption bands indicating that the binding occured in the hydrophobic pocket of the antibody binding site. The strongest effect was observed in the case of antibodies of IgG1 subclass.", "PMID": 749785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7951", "title": "The influence of cyclophosphamide on lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice.", "content": "The research was carried out on mice of the Swiss strain in the following groups: after a single dose od cyclophosphamide (CY--300 mg/kg), after the administration of sheep erythrocytes (2 X 10(8) into the pads of hind feet and on animals sheep erythrocytes were given to on the fourth days after the CY administration. On the days following the administration of CY, a histological evaluation of the popliteal lymph nodes was performed. The total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the number of EA and EAC-rosette forming lymphocytes in lymph nodes and peripheral blood was established. The results made it possible to state, that CY causes a selective lymphocyte depletion of the lymph node lymphoid cell in the cortical areas (thymus independent), which effect was the strongest on the fourth day after the CY injection. The administration of sheep erythrocytes during this period caused changes characteristic for the immunological response in lymph nodes and in peripheral blood. Those changes, as observed in the examined parameters, were less intensified than in animals not treated with CY.", "contents": "The influence of cyclophosphamide on lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice. The research was carried out on mice of the Swiss strain in the following groups: after a single dose od cyclophosphamide (CY--300 mg/kg), after the administration of sheep erythrocytes (2 X 10(8) into the pads of hind feet and on animals sheep erythrocytes were given to on the fourth days after the CY administration. On the days following the administration of CY, a histological evaluation of the popliteal lymph nodes was performed. The total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the number of EA and EAC-rosette forming lymphocytes in lymph nodes and peripheral blood was established. The results made it possible to state, that CY causes a selective lymphocyte depletion of the lymph node lymphoid cell in the cortical areas (thymus independent), which effect was the strongest on the fourth day after the CY injection. The administration of sheep erythrocytes during this period caused changes characteristic for the immunological response in lymph nodes and in peripheral blood. Those changes, as observed in the examined parameters, were less intensified than in animals not treated with CY.", "PMID": 749786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7952", "title": "Lymphocyte recirculation through the non-lymphoid tissues of normal rats.", "content": "Recirculation of lymphocytes labeled with 51Cr and 125IUDR was studied in the non-lymphoid tissues of normal rat. About 10% of the 51Cr and 40% of the 125IUDR-labeled cells were found in the extralymphoid tissues. The 125IUDR-labeled cells showed predilection toward the gut, lungs and skin. Migration of these cells to skin is an original observation, but the mechanism of the phenomenon is unknown so far.", "contents": "Lymphocyte recirculation through the non-lymphoid tissues of normal rats. Recirculation of lymphocytes labeled with 51Cr and 125IUDR was studied in the non-lymphoid tissues of normal rat. About 10% of the 51Cr and 40% of the 125IUDR-labeled cells were found in the extralymphoid tissues. The 125IUDR-labeled cells showed predilection toward the gut, lungs and skin. Migration of these cells to skin is an original observation, but the mechanism of the phenomenon is unknown so far.", "PMID": 749787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7953", "title": "Division of the spleen cells and popliteal lymph nodes in non-continuous BSA gradient of the bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Lymphocytes from the popliteal lymph nodes and the spleen of a rabbit were divided by means of rotating in the gradient of bovine albumin (BSA). Nine fractions were obtained, and the percentage of the T lymphocytes as well as the total number of cells were determined.", "contents": "Division of the spleen cells and popliteal lymph nodes in non-continuous BSA gradient of the bovine serum albumin. Lymphocytes from the popliteal lymph nodes and the spleen of a rabbit were divided by means of rotating in the gradient of bovine albumin (BSA). Nine fractions were obtained, and the percentage of the T lymphocytes as well as the total number of cells were determined.", "PMID": 749788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7954", "title": "The regulatory role of macrophage factors on rat lymphocyte reactivity.", "content": "The sensitized peritoneal rat macrophages released in vitro soluble factors stimulating and transforming normal syngenic lymphocytes into the cytotoxic cells with nonspecific activity. Normal peritoneal macrophages released factors stimulating a low spontaneous synthesis of DNA in lymph node lymphocytes or suppressing a high spontaneous synthesis of DNA in native and cortisone-resistant thymocytes. Normal lymph node macrophages in addition to factors suppressing the spontaneous synthesis of DNA in native and cortisone-resistant thymocytes also release factors enhancing or depressing the response of lymphocytes to PHA; the revealing of one of the opposite activities was dependent on the rate of lymphocyte stimulation with PHA. The factors released by lymph node macrophages could also reconstitute the reactivity of lymphocytes depleted of adherent cells to PHA.", "contents": "The regulatory role of macrophage factors on rat lymphocyte reactivity. The sensitized peritoneal rat macrophages released in vitro soluble factors stimulating and transforming normal syngenic lymphocytes into the cytotoxic cells with nonspecific activity. Normal peritoneal macrophages released factors stimulating a low spontaneous synthesis of DNA in lymph node lymphocytes or suppressing a high spontaneous synthesis of DNA in native and cortisone-resistant thymocytes. Normal lymph node macrophages in addition to factors suppressing the spontaneous synthesis of DNA in native and cortisone-resistant thymocytes also release factors enhancing or depressing the response of lymphocytes to PHA; the revealing of one of the opposite activities was dependent on the rate of lymphocyte stimulation with PHA. The factors released by lymph node macrophages could also reconstitute the reactivity of lymphocytes depleted of adherent cells to PHA.", "PMID": 749789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7955", "title": "Storage of macrophages at -196 degrees C.", "content": "Oil induced mice peritoneal cells were stored at -196 degrees C for 3 months, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective medium. Recovery counts upon thawing were about 90%. Macrophages retained their phagocytic activity of SRBC in 89% and there were no significant differences in spontaneous migration, expression of membrane immune receptors and non-specific cytotoxicity of frozen-thawed cells compared with the controls.", "contents": "Storage of macrophages at -196 degrees C. Oil induced mice peritoneal cells were stored at -196 degrees C for 3 months, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective medium. Recovery counts upon thawing were about 90%. Macrophages retained their phagocytic activity of SRBC in 89% and there were no significant differences in spontaneous migration, expression of membrane immune receptors and non-specific cytotoxicity of frozen-thawed cells compared with the controls.", "PMID": 749790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7956", "title": "Isolation and identification of rat Kupffer cells.", "content": "Preservation of liver for transplantation into allogeneic recipient affects the integrity and function of Kupffer cells. Rapid method for obtaining pure macrophages by dispersing the liver with collagenase and pronase would open possibility for different investigations. The experiments concerning morphology and phagocytic function were performed on Kupffer cells after 21 hours in vitro culture in Eagle medium with 20% inactivated calf serum. Studies on endocytosis using human red cells and colloidal carbon indicated that Kupffer cells revealed high phagocytic activity after culture.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of rat Kupffer cells. Preservation of liver for transplantation into allogeneic recipient affects the integrity and function of Kupffer cells. Rapid method for obtaining pure macrophages by dispersing the liver with collagenase and pronase would open possibility for different investigations. The experiments concerning morphology and phagocytic function were performed on Kupffer cells after 21 hours in vitro culture in Eagle medium with 20% inactivated calf serum. Studies on endocytosis using human red cells and colloidal carbon indicated that Kupffer cells revealed high phagocytic activity after culture.", "PMID": 749791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7957", "title": "Surface topography of immunoglobulin molecules. I. Accessibility of aromatic chromophores of rabbit IgG.", "content": "Non-ionic detergent, Tween-20, was used in solvent perturbation studies of accessibility of aromatic amino acid residues in rabbit IgG molecules. It has been found that surface aromatic residues are localized in cervices inaccessible to perturbant molecules larger than ca. 10 A in diameter.", "contents": "Surface topography of immunoglobulin molecules. I. Accessibility of aromatic chromophores of rabbit IgG. Non-ionic detergent, Tween-20, was used in solvent perturbation studies of accessibility of aromatic amino acid residues in rabbit IgG molecules. It has been found that surface aromatic residues are localized in cervices inaccessible to perturbant molecules larger than ca. 10 A in diameter.", "PMID": 749792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7958", "title": "The in vitro migration inhibition of mononuclear cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "The response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA and PPD in migration inhibition test has been studied in patients with Duke's B-D colorectal carcinoma. It was found the response of patients cells to both stimulants was increased. This enhanced lymphokine release and/or production was closely connected with the tumor load. The implications of these findings to the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response in cancer patients are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The in vitro migration inhibition of mononuclear cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma. The response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA and PPD in migration inhibition test has been studied in patients with Duke's B-D colorectal carcinoma. It was found the response of patients cells to both stimulants was increased. This enhanced lymphokine release and/or production was closely connected with the tumor load. The implications of these findings to the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response in cancer patients are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 749793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7959", "title": "Studies on antigenicity and immunogenicity of transplantable melanoma in hamster by using migration inhibition test.", "content": "The migration of spleen cells taken from hamster bearing transplantable melanoma was measured in the presence of melanoma cells isolated from appropriate tumors. The inhibition of macrophage migration in the presence of both amelanotic and melanotic tumor cells was observed, however higher response in the case of amelanotic tumor cells was detected.", "contents": "Studies on antigenicity and immunogenicity of transplantable melanoma in hamster by using migration inhibition test. The migration of spleen cells taken from hamster bearing transplantable melanoma was measured in the presence of melanoma cells isolated from appropriate tumors. The inhibition of macrophage migration in the presence of both amelanotic and melanotic tumor cells was observed, however higher response in the case of amelanotic tumor cells was detected.", "PMID": 749795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7960", "title": "The stimulatory effect of human PMNI lysosomes on lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The proteins isolated from human PMNL lysosome granules have activated the lymphocytes in vitro. It was found that T cells undergo transformation in response to lysosome mitogens but no LIF production was observed. Transformation induced by PHA, PWM and Con A was depressed in the presence of lysosome mitogens. The in vivo response to T-dependent antigens is amplified by lysosome mitogens. The above experiments demonstrate that lysosome mitogens stimulate T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The stimulatory effect of human PMNI lysosomes on lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. The proteins isolated from human PMNL lysosome granules have activated the lymphocytes in vitro. It was found that T cells undergo transformation in response to lysosome mitogens but no LIF production was observed. Transformation induced by PHA, PWM and Con A was depressed in the presence of lysosome mitogens. The in vivo response to T-dependent antigens is amplified by lysosome mitogens. The above experiments demonstrate that lysosome mitogens stimulate T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 749796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7961", "title": "The in vivo phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcal mutants by guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "The rate of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcal mutants of different cell wall structure or those deprived of alpha-toxin production was studied in vivo in guinea pig peritoneal cavity. All mutants were ingested and killed at minor rates than standard S. aureus strains but only in the first hour of the observations.", "contents": "The in vivo phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcal mutants by guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. The rate of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcal mutants of different cell wall structure or those deprived of alpha-toxin production was studied in vivo in guinea pig peritoneal cavity. All mutants were ingested and killed at minor rates than standard S. aureus strains but only in the first hour of the observations.", "PMID": 749797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7962", "title": "Evaluation of the function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with glomerulonephritis. I. Influence of nitrogen metabolites retention, in renal failure on functional activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "The function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in two groups of patients with glomerulonephritis was investigated. Patients were divided according to renal efficiency. In the group of 37 patients with renal failure a decrease in chemotactic activity, phagocytal index and iodination activity of leukocytes was observed (as compared with the control group). Our data indicate that renal insufficiency has some influence on the activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "contents": "Evaluation of the function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with glomerulonephritis. I. Influence of nitrogen metabolites retention, in renal failure on functional activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in two groups of patients with glomerulonephritis was investigated. Patients were divided according to renal efficiency. In the group of 37 patients with renal failure a decrease in chemotactic activity, phagocytal index and iodination activity of leukocytes was observed (as compared with the control group). Our data indicate that renal insufficiency has some influence on the activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "PMID": 749798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7963", "title": "Microorganisms labeled with 14C for measurement of phagocytosis.", "content": "An isotopic method for determination of phagocytic activity is presented. The method of labelling of Staphylococcus aureus 519 with 14C is described. Effects of various parameters (e.g. time of incubation, serum dilution, number of phagocytes and bacteria undergoing phagocytosis) on phagocytosis were studied. The effect of tuftsin and its lysine analogue on phagocytic granulocytes is also described.", "contents": "Microorganisms labeled with 14C for measurement of phagocytosis. An isotopic method for determination of phagocytic activity is presented. The method of labelling of Staphylococcus aureus 519 with 14C is described. Effects of various parameters (e.g. time of incubation, serum dilution, number of phagocytes and bacteria undergoing phagocytosis) on phagocytosis were studied. The effect of tuftsin and its lysine analogue on phagocytic granulocytes is also described.", "PMID": 749799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7964", "title": "Application of the NBT test in calves.", "content": "A modified nitrobluetetrazolium test (NBT) was used to study 114 blood samples from calves, beginning from the birth to the 21-st day of life. The calves came from two farms with different breeding conditions. The absolute number of granulocytes with the ability to reduce NBT ranged between 0-9737. Comparison of mean values of the index calculated for individual days of life shows appreciable differences between calves from the two examined farms.", "contents": "Application of the NBT test in calves. A modified nitrobluetetrazolium test (NBT) was used to study 114 blood samples from calves, beginning from the birth to the 21-st day of life. The calves came from two farms with different breeding conditions. The absolute number of granulocytes with the ability to reduce NBT ranged between 0-9737. Comparison of mean values of the index calculated for individual days of life shows appreciable differences between calves from the two examined farms.", "PMID": 749800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7965", "title": "Properties of TFX-A product obtained from calf thymus.", "content": "Properties of TFX--a product obtained from calf thymus by Pharmaceutical Comp. in Jelenia G\u00f3ra--are described. The preparate is a mixture of polypeptides and peptides of various molecular weights with various biological activities. Attempts of isolation of active fractions, devoid of balast proteins are described.", "contents": "Properties of TFX-A product obtained from calf thymus. Properties of TFX--a product obtained from calf thymus by Pharmaceutical Comp. in Jelenia G\u00f3ra--are described. The preparate is a mixture of polypeptides and peptides of various molecular weights with various biological activities. Attempts of isolation of active fractions, devoid of balast proteins are described.", "PMID": 749801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7966", "title": "Production of interferon in human fibroblast cultures: effect of temperature.", "content": "To obtain several harvests of interferon from the same culture the human fibroblasts have been incubated at various temperatures after the induction with virus. Preincubation of the culture infected with Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) at 37 degrees C for 8-10 hrs before the transfer of it to 25 degrees C resulted in the optimal harvest of interferon at 24th and 48th hrs after the induction. Also the preincubation of the culture infected with NDV for 8-10 hrs at 25 degrees C before its transfer to 37 degrees C resulted in better harvests of interferon than that obtained after the constant incubation at 37 degrees C. The same preparation of NDV could be used repeatedly 10 times without substantial loss of its interferon-inducing activity.", "contents": "Production of interferon in human fibroblast cultures: effect of temperature. To obtain several harvests of interferon from the same culture the human fibroblasts have been incubated at various temperatures after the induction with virus. Preincubation of the culture infected with Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) at 37 degrees C for 8-10 hrs before the transfer of it to 25 degrees C resulted in the optimal harvest of interferon at 24th and 48th hrs after the induction. Also the preincubation of the culture infected with NDV for 8-10 hrs at 25 degrees C before its transfer to 37 degrees C resulted in better harvests of interferon than that obtained after the constant incubation at 37 degrees C. The same preparation of NDV could be used repeatedly 10 times without substantial loss of its interferon-inducing activity.", "PMID": 749802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7967", "title": "Interferon and humoral immune response in experimental influenza. I. Infection with virus unadapted to the mouse.", "content": "Production of interferon by the peritoneal and alveolar cells as well as the production of antibody-producing cells by spleen in the experimental influenza in the mouse has been studied. At the time when the replication of virus lung was at the peak the alveolar cells, but not peritoneal cells were found to produce in vitro more interferon than the cells from the uninfected mice. At the same time in the spleen increased number of antibody forming cells (PFC) against sheep red blood cells was observed. In contrast, after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of 5 X 10(8) EID50 of influenza virus which induced approximately 10(3) units of interferon per ml there was an inhibition of PFC in the spleen.", "contents": "Interferon and humoral immune response in experimental influenza. I. Infection with virus unadapted to the mouse. Production of interferon by the peritoneal and alveolar cells as well as the production of antibody-producing cells by spleen in the experimental influenza in the mouse has been studied. At the time when the replication of virus lung was at the peak the alveolar cells, but not peritoneal cells were found to produce in vitro more interferon than the cells from the uninfected mice. At the same time in the spleen increased number of antibody forming cells (PFC) against sheep red blood cells was observed. In contrast, after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of 5 X 10(8) EID50 of influenza virus which induced approximately 10(3) units of interferon per ml there was an inhibition of PFC in the spleen.", "PMID": 749803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7968", "title": "Effect of interferon and poly I: C on DNA fiber propagation in L 929 cells.", "content": "Autoradiographic analysis of DNA fiber replication was used to measure the rate of DNA propagation, the distances between initiation points of adjacent replicons and the direction of DNA propagation in L929 cells treated with either interferon or poly I: C, or untreated. Poly I:C ceased by 44% the rate of DNA propagation while the interferon had no effect. Poly I:C but not interferon reduced the mean distance between initiation points by 32%.", "contents": "Effect of interferon and poly I: C on DNA fiber propagation in L 929 cells. Autoradiographic analysis of DNA fiber replication was used to measure the rate of DNA propagation, the distances between initiation points of adjacent replicons and the direction of DNA propagation in L929 cells treated with either interferon or poly I: C, or untreated. Poly I:C ceased by 44% the rate of DNA propagation while the interferon had no effect. Poly I:C but not interferon reduced the mean distance between initiation points by 32%.", "PMID": 749804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7969", "title": "Purification of influenza A virus and preliminary characterization of virus proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).", "content": "Influenza A/ZSSR/053/74 (H3N2) from egg ellantoic fluid was partially purified by absorption and elution on chick erythrocytes and chromatography on Sepharose 2B. Concentrated and partially purified preparation of virus containing 5000 HAV and 80 micrograms of protein per ml was subjected to PAGE in 0.1% SDS. Eleven protein bands were selected of which three were identified as NA, NP and HA.", "contents": "Purification of influenza A virus and preliminary characterization of virus proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Influenza A/ZSSR/053/74 (H3N2) from egg ellantoic fluid was partially purified by absorption and elution on chick erythrocytes and chromatography on Sepharose 2B. Concentrated and partially purified preparation of virus containing 5000 HAV and 80 micrograms of protein per ml was subjected to PAGE in 0.1% SDS. Eleven protein bands were selected of which three were identified as NA, NP and HA.", "PMID": 749805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7970", "title": "In vitro studies on cellular immunity in mice infected with influenza virus.", "content": "Cell mediated immune response in mice infected with influenza A (Scotland) 73 (H3 N2) was studied by defining of the leukocyte migration inhibition, in vitro lymphocyte transformation and phagocytosis of S. aureus 209 P by the peritoneal exudate cells. It was found that the infection induces several changes in the reactivity of lymphoid cells which react with influenza antigens. The macrophage migration-inhibition occurs and it sustains until the 14th day. The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin weakens but, in the early period of infection the phagocytosis does not change but on the 14th day it also weakens.", "contents": "In vitro studies on cellular immunity in mice infected with influenza virus. Cell mediated immune response in mice infected with influenza A (Scotland) 73 (H3 N2) was studied by defining of the leukocyte migration inhibition, in vitro lymphocyte transformation and phagocytosis of S. aureus 209 P by the peritoneal exudate cells. It was found that the infection induces several changes in the reactivity of lymphoid cells which react with influenza antigens. The macrophage migration-inhibition occurs and it sustains until the 14th day. The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin weakens but, in the early period of infection the phagocytosis does not change but on the 14th day it also weakens.", "PMID": 749806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7971", "title": "The influence of some thiosemicarbazone derivatives with antiviral activity on immune response in mice.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of the thiosemicarbazone-group of compounds with antiviral activity on the humoral and cellular immune response in R III, CBA and Balb/c mice, immunized with sheep erythrocytes or sensitized with oxazolon. The plaque forming cells test, according to Jerne's method and the oxazolon hypersensitivity test were performed. All of the examined compounds, inhibited the humoral immune response, and three of them decreased also the cellular response. The relationship between the antiviral activity and their immuno-suppressive activity has been discussed. Low antiviral activity of compound Hoe 105 could be due to its immunosuppressive action. Moreover, the mechanism of antiviral activity of one of the tested compounds, which displayed strong activity against vaccinia virus, was examined and compared with the activity of methisazone.", "contents": "The influence of some thiosemicarbazone derivatives with antiviral activity on immune response in mice. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of the thiosemicarbazone-group of compounds with antiviral activity on the humoral and cellular immune response in R III, CBA and Balb/c mice, immunized with sheep erythrocytes or sensitized with oxazolon. The plaque forming cells test, according to Jerne's method and the oxazolon hypersensitivity test were performed. All of the examined compounds, inhibited the humoral immune response, and three of them decreased also the cellular response. The relationship between the antiviral activity and their immuno-suppressive activity has been discussed. Low antiviral activity of compound Hoe 105 could be due to its immunosuppressive action. Moreover, the mechanism of antiviral activity of one of the tested compounds, which displayed strong activity against vaccinia virus, was examined and compared with the activity of methisazone.", "PMID": 749807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7972", "title": "Evaluation of immune response in chronically hemodialysed carriers of HB, antigen.", "content": "The presence of anti-HBs antibodies was studied by immunoelectroprecipitation and the presence of anti-HBc antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in sera of 15 HBs antigen (HBsAg) carriers chronically haemodialysed due to uremia, of whom 7 had suffered from acute viral hepatitis B. In the latter group, PHA-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes and leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence of HBsAg was estimated. In none of the cases could anti-HBs antibodies be detected while anti-HBc antibodies were present in all studied persons. Mitotic indices showed normal reactivity of lymphocytes to PHA. Except for 2 cases, the HBsAg carriers who once suffered from acute viral hepatitis B contained in their blood no HBsAg-sensitized lymphocytes. In 12 examined individuals ayw subtype of HBs was demonstrated and 3 persons had adw subtype.", "contents": "Evaluation of immune response in chronically hemodialysed carriers of HB, antigen. The presence of anti-HBs antibodies was studied by immunoelectroprecipitation and the presence of anti-HBc antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in sera of 15 HBs antigen (HBsAg) carriers chronically haemodialysed due to uremia, of whom 7 had suffered from acute viral hepatitis B. In the latter group, PHA-induced blast transformation of lymphocytes and leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence of HBsAg was estimated. In none of the cases could anti-HBs antibodies be detected while anti-HBc antibodies were present in all studied persons. Mitotic indices showed normal reactivity of lymphocytes to PHA. Except for 2 cases, the HBsAg carriers who once suffered from acute viral hepatitis B contained in their blood no HBsAg-sensitized lymphocytes. In 12 examined individuals ayw subtype of HBs was demonstrated and 3 persons had adw subtype.", "PMID": 749808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7973", "title": "Cobalt-activated acylase in serum of patients with viral hepatitis.", "content": "Newly synthesized and non-toxic acyl derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid were used as substrates indiagnostic kit for assay of cobalt-activated acylase activity. The enzyme activity, in serum of patients with viral hepatitis, depends on time, type and treatment of the disease and also on age and sex of patients. The presence of HBs antigen has no influence on it. In the patient sera 1-3 molecular forms of the enzyme were found but in the liver of healthy or sick individuals two forms were noted. Using alpha-hydroxy-isocaproyl-tyrosine covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B as a bioadsorbent; the form 2 of acylase from human liver was isolated and separated from the form 1, aminoacylase and aspartyl acylase. Specific immunoglobulins anti-form 2 does not react with other forms of the enzyme either in serum or in the liver.", "contents": "Cobalt-activated acylase in serum of patients with viral hepatitis. Newly synthesized and non-toxic acyl derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid were used as substrates indiagnostic kit for assay of cobalt-activated acylase activity. The enzyme activity, in serum of patients with viral hepatitis, depends on time, type and treatment of the disease and also on age and sex of patients. The presence of HBs antigen has no influence on it. In the patient sera 1-3 molecular forms of the enzyme were found but in the liver of healthy or sick individuals two forms were noted. Using alpha-hydroxy-isocaproyl-tyrosine covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B as a bioadsorbent; the form 2 of acylase from human liver was isolated and separated from the form 1, aminoacylase and aspartyl acylase. Specific immunoglobulins anti-form 2 does not react with other forms of the enzyme either in serum or in the liver.", "PMID": 749809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7974", "title": "Capillary transport of immunoglobulins and complement proteins to the interstitial fluid and lymph.", "content": "Low concentration of immunoglobulins G, A and M and complement component proteins were found in leg lymph of normal men. The lymph/serum ratios of different proteins ranged from 0.07 to 0.24 and depended on the molecular weight of the measured protein. Major variations in concentration were found dependent on the rate of capillary filtration and lymph formation. Hemolytic activity of total complement and of the 9 components were low, with the L/S ratio from 0.06 to 0.25. The C3H50 in lymph was much lower than of the remainder of components. Remarkably low immune adherence capacity of lymph C was noted.", "contents": "Capillary transport of immunoglobulins and complement proteins to the interstitial fluid and lymph. Low concentration of immunoglobulins G, A and M and complement component proteins were found in leg lymph of normal men. The lymph/serum ratios of different proteins ranged from 0.07 to 0.24 and depended on the molecular weight of the measured protein. Major variations in concentration were found dependent on the rate of capillary filtration and lymph formation. Hemolytic activity of total complement and of the 9 components were low, with the L/S ratio from 0.06 to 0.25. The C3H50 in lymph was much lower than of the remainder of components. Remarkably low immune adherence capacity of lymph C was noted.", "PMID": 749810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7975", "title": "Ultrastructure and antigenic differentiation of bacteriophages of the CII and CIII morphological groups.", "content": "45 bacteriophages of two morphological groups (CII and CIII) were serologically tested. The results point out the possibility of serological differentiation of bacteriophages within one morphological type. The aim of the undertaken studies was to examine ultrastructure and antigenic differentiation of bacteriophages belonging to CII and CIII morphological groups.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and antigenic differentiation of bacteriophages of the CII and CIII morphological groups. 45 bacteriophages of two morphological groups (CII and CIII) were serologically tested. The results point out the possibility of serological differentiation of bacteriophages within one morphological type. The aim of the undertaken studies was to examine ultrastructure and antigenic differentiation of bacteriophages belonging to CII and CIII morphological groups.", "PMID": 749811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7976", "title": "Evaluation of immunological parameters in rabbits inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus in view of specific and non-specific stimulation.", "content": "Rabbits were repeatedly immunized with Staphylococcus aureus and a number of immunological parameters concerning humoral and cellular immunity of homologous and heterologous strains was studied. Immunological activation with reference to all the strains, was presented and it proved to be higher in the case of homologous strain. This finding proves the specific and non-specific stimulation of the immunological mechanisms by staphylococcal vaccine.", "contents": "Evaluation of immunological parameters in rabbits inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus in view of specific and non-specific stimulation. Rabbits were repeatedly immunized with Staphylococcus aureus and a number of immunological parameters concerning humoral and cellular immunity of homologous and heterologous strains was studied. Immunological activation with reference to all the strains, was presented and it proved to be higher in the case of homologous strain. This finding proves the specific and non-specific stimulation of the immunological mechanisms by staphylococcal vaccine.", "PMID": 749812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7977", "title": "Evaluation of certain immunological parameters in the course of autovaccine treatment in patients with chronic ostitis and carbunculosis.", "content": "Certain parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were observed in patients with staphylococcal chronic ostitis and carbunculosis treated with autovaccines. It was found out, that due to the application of autovaccine, the immunological indices displayed elevation or normalization as compared with the controls.", "contents": "Evaluation of certain immunological parameters in the course of autovaccine treatment in patients with chronic ostitis and carbunculosis. Certain parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were observed in patients with staphylococcal chronic ostitis and carbunculosis treated with autovaccines. It was found out, that due to the application of autovaccine, the immunological indices displayed elevation or normalization as compared with the controls.", "PMID": 749813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7978", "title": "Pathogenicity of various Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes towards mice of Swiss and Balb/c strains.", "content": "Series of experiments aimed at determining LD50 of various Y. enterocolitica serotypes toward mice of Swiss and Balb/c strains infected by different route have been made. It appeared impossible to establish the LD50 in mice of Swiss strains after a single and repeated intravenous infection. Attention has been paid to a clear relationship between the mortality of Balb/c mice and culture conditions of Y. enterocolitica strains used for infection. In regard to particular serotypes LC50 could be determined on different days of observation and with various routes of infection of Balb/c mice. However, it concerned only those mice groups which were given suspensions of bacteria or broth culture incubated for 72 hrs at 22 degrees C. Irradiated Balb/c mice were more susceptible to infection with all serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. In the course of oral infection of Balb/c mice with serotypes IA and V of Y. enterocolitica it was possible to check the development of pathological lesions in gut and other organs, this did not refer, however, to Y. enterocolitica serotypes IB, II, III, IV, and VI.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of various Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes towards mice of Swiss and Balb/c strains. Series of experiments aimed at determining LD50 of various Y. enterocolitica serotypes toward mice of Swiss and Balb/c strains infected by different route have been made. It appeared impossible to establish the LD50 in mice of Swiss strains after a single and repeated intravenous infection. Attention has been paid to a clear relationship between the mortality of Balb/c mice and culture conditions of Y. enterocolitica strains used for infection. In regard to particular serotypes LC50 could be determined on different days of observation and with various routes of infection of Balb/c mice. However, it concerned only those mice groups which were given suspensions of bacteria or broth culture incubated for 72 hrs at 22 degrees C. Irradiated Balb/c mice were more susceptible to infection with all serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. In the course of oral infection of Balb/c mice with serotypes IA and V of Y. enterocolitica it was possible to check the development of pathological lesions in gut and other organs, this did not refer, however, to Y. enterocolitica serotypes IB, II, III, IV, and VI.", "PMID": 749814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7979", "title": "Humoral and cellular immune reaction in Balb/c mice infected with Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on Balb/c mice infected with Y. enterocolitica serotypes IA, IB, II, III, IV, V and VI (according to Knopp and Thal) to check humoral and cellular immune response both primary and secondary. It was shown that the occurrence of anti-OH agglutinins and their dynamics depends on the serological type of Y. enterocolitica used for infection, and that it is related to the primary and secondary challenge. The presence of anti-OH agglutinins and hemagglutinins was observed only in cases of secondary infection of the mice. Delayed hypersensitivity evaluated as a cellular reaction assayed with a capillary test of spleen macrophages migration was found only in the cases of infection with serotypes IB, II, IV and VI. The inhibition of macrophage migration was not observed in the cases when infection of Balb/c mice had been evoked with Y. enterocolitica serotypes IA, III and V.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immune reaction in Balb/c mice infected with Yersinia enterocolitica. Experiments were carried out on Balb/c mice infected with Y. enterocolitica serotypes IA, IB, II, III, IV, V and VI (according to Knopp and Thal) to check humoral and cellular immune response both primary and secondary. It was shown that the occurrence of anti-OH agglutinins and their dynamics depends on the serological type of Y. enterocolitica used for infection, and that it is related to the primary and secondary challenge. The presence of anti-OH agglutinins and hemagglutinins was observed only in cases of secondary infection of the mice. Delayed hypersensitivity evaluated as a cellular reaction assayed with a capillary test of spleen macrophages migration was found only in the cases of infection with serotypes IB, II, IV and VI. The inhibition of macrophage migration was not observed in the cases when infection of Balb/c mice had been evoked with Y. enterocolitica serotypes IA, III and V.", "PMID": 749815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7980", "title": "The usefulness of various Yersinia enterocolitica antigens for passive hemagglutination test.", "content": "Using various antigen preparations of seven Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes (according to Knapp and Thal) and homologous rabbit immune sera the author succeeded in standardization of passive hemagglutination test. The usefulness of preparations termed \"supernatant\" derived from heated cells at 100 degrees C and lyophilized \"crude\" preparations of all serotypes were assessed using blood donors' sera and sera of subjects suspected of infection with Y. enterocolitica. It has been shown that though the diagnostic value of supernatant is higher than that of crude fraction, with the former one it is not possible to differentiate hemagglutinins against particular serotypes. More detailed assessment has been limited to serotype IA, only. An equal usefulness for passive hemagglutination of preparations termed \"CA free crude\" and \"ethanol insoluble fraction\" derived from TCA extracted cell sediment has been found.", "contents": "The usefulness of various Yersinia enterocolitica antigens for passive hemagglutination test. Using various antigen preparations of seven Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes (according to Knapp and Thal) and homologous rabbit immune sera the author succeeded in standardization of passive hemagglutination test. The usefulness of preparations termed \"supernatant\" derived from heated cells at 100 degrees C and lyophilized \"crude\" preparations of all serotypes were assessed using blood donors' sera and sera of subjects suspected of infection with Y. enterocolitica. It has been shown that though the diagnostic value of supernatant is higher than that of crude fraction, with the former one it is not possible to differentiate hemagglutinins against particular serotypes. More detailed assessment has been limited to serotype IA, only. An equal usefulness for passive hemagglutination of preparations termed \"CA free crude\" and \"ethanol insoluble fraction\" derived from TCA extracted cell sediment has been found.", "PMID": 749816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7981", "title": "Standardization of the agglutination test in the diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica infection.", "content": "For preparation of antigens standard strains of Yersinia enterocolitica representing serological groups I to VI (according to KNAPP and THAL) were used. The following antigens preparations were used: antigens autoclaved at 121 degrees C, antigens treated with formaline and living cells. The antigens were titrated against homologous immune sera, and their optical density was estimated spectrophotometrically. In the rabbit immune sera, and additionally, in the sera of blood donors and subjects suspected of Y. enterocolitica infection the levels of agglutinins were estimated against the antigens of all serotypes. The results from both groups of sera were analysed numerically with the use of the \"Odra 1204\" computer. Basing on the antigen titers frequency distribution critical and diagnostically doubtless values were established. The usefulness of living cells and antigens treated with formaline of the serotype IA and serotype V in the serological diagnosis of the Y. enterocolitica infections was demonstrated.", "contents": "Standardization of the agglutination test in the diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica infection. For preparation of antigens standard strains of Yersinia enterocolitica representing serological groups I to VI (according to KNAPP and THAL) were used. The following antigens preparations were used: antigens autoclaved at 121 degrees C, antigens treated with formaline and living cells. The antigens were titrated against homologous immune sera, and their optical density was estimated spectrophotometrically. In the rabbit immune sera, and additionally, in the sera of blood donors and subjects suspected of Y. enterocolitica infection the levels of agglutinins were estimated against the antigens of all serotypes. The results from both groups of sera were analysed numerically with the use of the \"Odra 1204\" computer. Basing on the antigen titers frequency distribution critical and diagnostically doubtless values were established. The usefulness of living cells and antigens treated with formaline of the serotype IA and serotype V in the serological diagnosis of the Y. enterocolitica infections was demonstrated.", "PMID": 749817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7982", "title": "Mycotic sinusitis in children.", "content": "Mycological and bacteriological examinations were carried out in 414 children aged 3-15 years, suffering from recurrent mucopurulent and in most cases accompanied by other respiratory diseases. 22 cases have been diagnosed as mycotic mucopurulent sinusitis and 97 as myco-bacterial sinusitis. The results of mycotic examination are discussed in relation to clinical picture.", "contents": "Mycotic sinusitis in children. Mycological and bacteriological examinations were carried out in 414 children aged 3-15 years, suffering from recurrent mucopurulent and in most cases accompanied by other respiratory diseases. 22 cases have been diagnosed as mycotic mucopurulent sinusitis and 97 as myco-bacterial sinusitis. The results of mycotic examination are discussed in relation to clinical picture.", "PMID": 749818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7983", "title": "The development of humoral and cellular immune response in pregnant rabbits after infection with Toxoplasma gondii and their influence on foetal infections.", "content": "Both humoral and cellular immune response during experimental toxoplasmosis of rabbits were studied in different stages of pregnancy. The application of different schemes of immunization made possible to detect immunological phenomena in particular stage of development depending on foetus evolution. The research conducted so far, has demonstrated no significant protective influence of humoral as well as cellular resistance to foetus infection of mothers acute infection.", "contents": "The development of humoral and cellular immune response in pregnant rabbits after infection with Toxoplasma gondii and their influence on foetal infections. Both humoral and cellular immune response during experimental toxoplasmosis of rabbits were studied in different stages of pregnancy. The application of different schemes of immunization made possible to detect immunological phenomena in particular stage of development depending on foetus evolution. The research conducted so far, has demonstrated no significant protective influence of humoral as well as cellular resistance to foetus infection of mothers acute infection.", "PMID": 749819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7984", "title": "Some aspects of the bacteriologic and immunologic status in parturient women and newborns.", "content": "In the search for new methods of diagnosing or suspension of intrauterine infection, bacteriologic methods were used, sections of the placenta were examined, content of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins was determined, and neutrophilic leukocytes in peripheral blood were counted in the parturient women and their children, and in neonates polymorphonuclear leukocytes were also counted in gastric smears. The studies were carried out in two groups. Group I was composed of 24 randomly selected parturient women and their children, and group II of parturient women and their children in whom infection was suspected. The results confirm the existence of defense mechanisms which protect against infection in most cases.", "contents": "Some aspects of the bacteriologic and immunologic status in parturient women and newborns. In the search for new methods of diagnosing or suspension of intrauterine infection, bacteriologic methods were used, sections of the placenta were examined, content of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins was determined, and neutrophilic leukocytes in peripheral blood were counted in the parturient women and their children, and in neonates polymorphonuclear leukocytes were also counted in gastric smears. The studies were carried out in two groups. Group I was composed of 24 randomly selected parturient women and their children, and group II of parturient women and their children in whom infection was suspected. The results confirm the existence of defense mechanisms which protect against infection in most cases.", "PMID": 749820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7985", "title": "Lysozyme activity in parturient women and their newborns in cases of infection.", "content": "Using the method of Smolelis and Harstell, modified by Kope\u0107, lysozyme activity was assayed in parturient women in venous blood and fetal waters, and in healthy and infected newborns born in term or prematurely, in cord blood on the third and seventh days of life, and in cases of acquired infection on the third, seventh and 10th days of life. The assays showed statistically significant higher levels of lysozyme activity in cord blood and in later days of life in comparison with lysozyme activity in maternal venous blood and in fetal waters.", "contents": "Lysozyme activity in parturient women and their newborns in cases of infection. Using the method of Smolelis and Harstell, modified by Kope\u0107, lysozyme activity was assayed in parturient women in venous blood and fetal waters, and in healthy and infected newborns born in term or prematurely, in cord blood on the third and seventh days of life, and in cases of acquired infection on the third, seventh and 10th days of life. The assays showed statistically significant higher levels of lysozyme activity in cord blood and in later days of life in comparison with lysozyme activity in maternal venous blood and in fetal waters.", "PMID": 749821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7986", "title": "Influence of L-asparaginase on spleen colony formation in mice.", "content": "L-asparaginase pretreatment prior to sublethal whole body irradiation resulted in decrease of endogenous spleen colonies. This effect was abolished by the simultaneous addition of L-asparagine. L-asparaginase administered after sublethal irradiation did not reduce the number of spleen colonies. This result agrees with the suggestion that L-asparaginase inhibits the proliferation of undifferentiated but not of differentiated cells.", "contents": "Influence of L-asparaginase on spleen colony formation in mice. L-asparaginase pretreatment prior to sublethal whole body irradiation resulted in decrease of endogenous spleen colonies. This effect was abolished by the simultaneous addition of L-asparagine. L-asparaginase administered after sublethal irradiation did not reduce the number of spleen colonies. This result agrees with the suggestion that L-asparaginase inhibits the proliferation of undifferentiated but not of differentiated cells.", "PMID": 749822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7987", "title": "Reaginic sensitization of mice and rats.", "content": "The reagin response to hemocyanin (KLH) and egg albumin (EA) was studied in inbred strains (Balb/c, 129, C3H/A, C57BL/6J) and Swiss-Copacabana mice. Both antigens induced apparent and in certain experimental conditions, persistent reagin production, KLH being more effective. Al(OH)3 gel as an adjuvant was more suitable for IgE antibody production, while the Freund's complete adjuvant appeared more appropriate for IgG1 antibody response. The reaginic response to EA and Al(OH)3 in rats Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and F1 hybrids (Wistar x August) was weak and transient. The best sensitization, though relatively low as compared with mouse sensitization, was obtained in Sprague-Dawley and F1 hybrids. The results suggest, that a mouse model of sensitization is quite suitable for studying the persistent reagin response, while a rat model may be useful for investigating the early suppression of reagin response.", "contents": "Reaginic sensitization of mice and rats. The reagin response to hemocyanin (KLH) and egg albumin (EA) was studied in inbred strains (Balb/c, 129, C3H/A, C57BL/6J) and Swiss-Copacabana mice. Both antigens induced apparent and in certain experimental conditions, persistent reagin production, KLH being more effective. Al(OH)3 gel as an adjuvant was more suitable for IgE antibody production, while the Freund's complete adjuvant appeared more appropriate for IgG1 antibody response. The reaginic response to EA and Al(OH)3 in rats Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and F1 hybrids (Wistar x August) was weak and transient. The best sensitization, though relatively low as compared with mouse sensitization, was obtained in Sprague-Dawley and F1 hybrids. The results suggest, that a mouse model of sensitization is quite suitable for studying the persistent reagin response, while a rat model may be useful for investigating the early suppression of reagin response.", "PMID": 749823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7988", "title": "The relation between magnesium, blood histamine level and eosinophilia in the acute stage of the allergic reactions in humans.", "content": "Investigation of magnesium, blood histamine level and eosinophilia were carried out on 28 bronchial asthma patients during the exacerbation of asthma and in asymptomatic period of the disease. Control group consisted of 30 healthy persons. It was found that during asthma attack in the patients with atopic asthma magnesium level in blood and erythrocytes decreased which is correlated to the rise in histamine level and the number of eosinophils in blood. This relationship was less marked in patients with non-atopic asthma. Results obtained are a further confirmation of the role of magnesium ions in the pathomechanism of immediate allergic reactions in humans and its participation in the immunological release of histamine.", "contents": "The relation between magnesium, blood histamine level and eosinophilia in the acute stage of the allergic reactions in humans. Investigation of magnesium, blood histamine level and eosinophilia were carried out on 28 bronchial asthma patients during the exacerbation of asthma and in asymptomatic period of the disease. Control group consisted of 30 healthy persons. It was found that during asthma attack in the patients with atopic asthma magnesium level in blood and erythrocytes decreased which is correlated to the rise in histamine level and the number of eosinophils in blood. This relationship was less marked in patients with non-atopic asthma. Results obtained are a further confirmation of the role of magnesium ions in the pathomechanism of immediate allergic reactions in humans and its participation in the immunological release of histamine.", "PMID": 749826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7989", "title": "Blood histamine level and histamine content in the lung tissue in immediate immunological reactions in human and experimental animals.", "content": "The blood histamine level was determined in 66 patients with bronchial asthma and 25 guinea-pigs in whom the asthma attacks were induced by histamine or ovoalbumin inhalation after previous immunization of the animals. At the same time, histamine content of the lung tissue of the guinea-pigs was determined. It was found that in both humans and animals the level of blood histamine during immediate allergic reactions rises significantly. The extent of this rise depends on intensity of the reaction and time of determination. In asymptomatic period the blood histamine level did not differ from that of the control groups. Histamine concentration in the lung tissue of many of the animals increased during asthma attack but not in all cases was this increase correlated to the rise in blood histamine level. The reasons for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Blood histamine level and histamine content in the lung tissue in immediate immunological reactions in human and experimental animals. The blood histamine level was determined in 66 patients with bronchial asthma and 25 guinea-pigs in whom the asthma attacks were induced by histamine or ovoalbumin inhalation after previous immunization of the animals. At the same time, histamine content of the lung tissue of the guinea-pigs was determined. It was found that in both humans and animals the level of blood histamine during immediate allergic reactions rises significantly. The extent of this rise depends on intensity of the reaction and time of determination. In asymptomatic period the blood histamine level did not differ from that of the control groups. Histamine concentration in the lung tissue of many of the animals increased during asthma attack but not in all cases was this increase correlated to the rise in blood histamine level. The reasons for these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 749827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7990", "title": "Importance of respiratory allergy in provoking reversible bronchial obstruction.", "content": "In five groups of children: representative sample of normal population, children suffering from bronchitis in the past and children with diagnosed asthmatics, results of unspecific bronchial reactivity to histamine were evaluated and in some of the groups results of skin and inhalatory reactions to allergen solutions were compared. Important discrepancy between skin and inhalatory reactions was shown. Potentialization of unspecific bronchial hyperreactivity after history of bronchitis was noticed. No relationship between attacks of bronchitis in the first 12 months of life and respiratory allergization could be found.", "contents": "Importance of respiratory allergy in provoking reversible bronchial obstruction. In five groups of children: representative sample of normal population, children suffering from bronchitis in the past and children with diagnosed asthmatics, results of unspecific bronchial reactivity to histamine were evaluated and in some of the groups results of skin and inhalatory reactions to allergen solutions were compared. Important discrepancy between skin and inhalatory reactions was shown. Potentialization of unspecific bronchial hyperreactivity after history of bronchitis was noticed. No relationship between attacks of bronchitis in the first 12 months of life and respiratory allergization could be found.", "PMID": 749829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7991", "title": "New contact allergens and allergen sources.", "content": "In the report new contact allergens and allergen sources detected in Warsaw in the period 1975-1977 are described. They are divided into 3 groups: industrial allergens, remaining occupational allergens and cosmetics. There are given some data concerning the substances present in industrial oils, hardeners and epoxy resin solvents, drugs sensitizing nurses, several new sources of chromium allergens, essential oils and synthetic flavours. Results obtained with various star anise oil samples are described. Essential oils and synthetic flavours. Results obtained with various star anise oil samples are described. Essential oils and synthetic flavours are discussed as the main allergens in cosmetics.", "contents": "New contact allergens and allergen sources. In the report new contact allergens and allergen sources detected in Warsaw in the period 1975-1977 are described. They are divided into 3 groups: industrial allergens, remaining occupational allergens and cosmetics. There are given some data concerning the substances present in industrial oils, hardeners and epoxy resin solvents, drugs sensitizing nurses, several new sources of chromium allergens, essential oils and synthetic flavours. Results obtained with various star anise oil samples are described. Essential oils and synthetic flavours. Results obtained with various star anise oil samples are described. Essential oils and synthetic flavours are discussed as the main allergens in cosmetics.", "PMID": 749830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7992", "title": "Autoimmune phenomena in psoriasis.", "content": "The striatum corneum (SC) antibodies are present in all human sera as seen by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining. They appear to bind in vivo to the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions. They fix complement in vitro in a two step complement IF test system using either anti C4 or anti C3 conjugates as indicators. IF tests with proper controls showed that the SC antigen in psoriatic scales is coated not only with IgG but in a majority of the lesions also with complement. These observations afford indirect evidence for the participation of SC antibodies and the ensuing fixation of complement in the development of psoriatic lesions.", "contents": "Autoimmune phenomena in psoriasis. The striatum corneum (SC) antibodies are present in all human sera as seen by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining. They appear to bind in vivo to the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions. They fix complement in vitro in a two step complement IF test system using either anti C4 or anti C3 conjugates as indicators. IF tests with proper controls showed that the SC antigen in psoriatic scales is coated not only with IgG but in a majority of the lesions also with complement. These observations afford indirect evidence for the participation of SC antibodies and the ensuing fixation of complement in the development of psoriatic lesions.", "PMID": 749831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7993", "title": "Studies on the Koebner phenomenon.", "content": "The examination of induced Koebner reactions in 71 patients by the IF methods and by histology at selected times after scratching, show, that immunologically specific but non-disease specific reactions of stratum corneum (SC) antibodies occur adjacent to the crusts in both control subjects and psoriasis patients. In lesions induced by scratching in patients with psoriasis there develop progressively additional foci of apparent in viveo binding of SC antibodies. IF deposits may appear before histologic or clinical changes. The widespread immune deposits in the SC with typical histologic changes of psoriasis seem to be a sign of impending clinical psoriasis while single foci of in vivo bound SC antibodies may be cleared by the body without the development of psoriasis.", "contents": "Studies on the Koebner phenomenon. The examination of induced Koebner reactions in 71 patients by the IF methods and by histology at selected times after scratching, show, that immunologically specific but non-disease specific reactions of stratum corneum (SC) antibodies occur adjacent to the crusts in both control subjects and psoriasis patients. In lesions induced by scratching in patients with psoriasis there develop progressively additional foci of apparent in viveo binding of SC antibodies. IF deposits may appear before histologic or clinical changes. The widespread immune deposits in the SC with typical histologic changes of psoriasis seem to be a sign of impending clinical psoriasis while single foci of in vivo bound SC antibodies may be cleared by the body without the development of psoriasis.", "PMID": 749832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7994", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations bearing different surface markers in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Lymphoid cells isolated from peripheral blood and lymph nodes were examined by using the rosette test with sheep erythrocytes (E), the immunofluorescent staining of the surface immunoglobulins (SmIg), the rosette test with mouse C 57 BL erythrocytes (Em and a combined test (SmIg + E). These studies were performed in 143 patients with various subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in 110 controls. In the control group the following percentage of cell types was obtained: 1) blood (n = 110): T-68 +/- 12, B- 20 +/- 3, O- 11 +/- 7, BT- 1 +/- 1.4, Em+ cells--9 +/- 7, C3+ cells--21 +/- 3, 2) lymph nodes (n = 23): T- 66 +/- 10, B- 17 +/- 10, O- 15.7 +/- 9, BT- 0.8 +/- 1.7. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma lymph nodes a statistically significant increase of null and B cells- was noted in comparison to the controls (p less than 0.001). Similar changes were observed in the blood of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients in which the leukocyte count exceeded 10(3)/microliter, whereas in the cases with low leukocythosis the B-T values were within the nomal range. It is concluded that the marker studied does allow to differentiate in most cases between the non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other disorders of the lymphoid system. They also give additional information about the more exact nature of the lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations bearing different surface markers in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphoid cells isolated from peripheral blood and lymph nodes were examined by using the rosette test with sheep erythrocytes (E), the immunofluorescent staining of the surface immunoglobulins (SmIg), the rosette test with mouse C 57 BL erythrocytes (Em and a combined test (SmIg + E). These studies were performed in 143 patients with various subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in 110 controls. In the control group the following percentage of cell types was obtained: 1) blood (n = 110): T-68 +/- 12, B- 20 +/- 3, O- 11 +/- 7, BT- 1 +/- 1.4, Em+ cells--9 +/- 7, C3+ cells--21 +/- 3, 2) lymph nodes (n = 23): T- 66 +/- 10, B- 17 +/- 10, O- 15.7 +/- 9, BT- 0.8 +/- 1.7. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma lymph nodes a statistically significant increase of null and B cells- was noted in comparison to the controls (p less than 0.001). Similar changes were observed in the blood of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients in which the leukocyte count exceeded 10(3)/microliter, whereas in the cases with low leukocythosis the B-T values were within the nomal range. It is concluded that the marker studied does allow to differentiate in most cases between the non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other disorders of the lymphoid system. They also give additional information about the more exact nature of the lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 749833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7995", "title": "Synthesis of combined protein antigens. Cross-linking of Hg-(p-chloromercuribenzoate) and--SH(thiolactone) substituted proteins.", "content": "The method of coupling of -Hg (p-chloromercuribenzoate) substituted proteins with protein substituted by -SH (thiolactone) groups was designed to obtain AnBm type copolymers not associated with An or Bm homopolymers. Reaction of p-chloromercuribenzoate with human serum albumin (HSA) was performed in 1.47 M imidazole. The conjugate was treated with thiolated proteins (human immunoglobulin G or human serum albumin). Disulfide linking of thiolated proteins was negligible under the conditions used. The total yield of polymerization reached the value 35%-75% of proteins taken for the reaction. It depended on the amount of reactive groups substituted and ratio of proteins A/B, used for cross-linking. The results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on Bernoulli distribution.", "contents": "Synthesis of combined protein antigens. Cross-linking of Hg-(p-chloromercuribenzoate) and--SH(thiolactone) substituted proteins. The method of coupling of -Hg (p-chloromercuribenzoate) substituted proteins with protein substituted by -SH (thiolactone) groups was designed to obtain AnBm type copolymers not associated with An or Bm homopolymers. Reaction of p-chloromercuribenzoate with human serum albumin (HSA) was performed in 1.47 M imidazole. The conjugate was treated with thiolated proteins (human immunoglobulin G or human serum albumin). Disulfide linking of thiolated proteins was negligible under the conditions used. The total yield of polymerization reached the value 35%-75% of proteins taken for the reaction. It depended on the amount of reactive groups substituted and ratio of proteins A/B, used for cross-linking. The results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on Bernoulli distribution.", "PMID": 749834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7996", "title": "Immune profile of patients with reticuloplasmocytoma treated with alkeran and prednisone.", "content": "The humoral and cellular immune response was examined in 26 patients with reticuloplasmocytoma. In 14 patients the tests were repeated after 6-8 month treatment with Alkeran and Prednisone. The following parameters were determined: level of immunoglobulin G, A and M, lymphocyte count and differential count (T, B and O), leukocytes migration tests and tuberculine skin test. It appeared from our studies, that patients with reticuloplasmocytoma have defects in humoral and cellular responses, however, the treatment applied, did not influence any of the measured parameters.", "contents": "Immune profile of patients with reticuloplasmocytoma treated with alkeran and prednisone. The humoral and cellular immune response was examined in 26 patients with reticuloplasmocytoma. In 14 patients the tests were repeated after 6-8 month treatment with Alkeran and Prednisone. The following parameters were determined: level of immunoglobulin G, A and M, lymphocyte count and differential count (T, B and O), leukocytes migration tests and tuberculine skin test. It appeared from our studies, that patients with reticuloplasmocytoma have defects in humoral and cellular responses, however, the treatment applied, did not influence any of the measured parameters.", "PMID": 749835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7997", "title": "Combined therapy of mice bearing L1210 leukemia with adriamycin and mycobacteria.", "content": "Infection of CDF1 mice with non-toxic doses of different strains of mycobacteria had no influence on the growth rate of the L1210 leukemia. In combined therapy, pretreatment of mice with M. smegmatis did not show any significant effect on the antitumor activity of adriamycin when tested in mice inoculated iv with 10(3) leukemic cells. Moreover, for high doses of adriamycin (15, 20 mg/kg) combined with post-treatment with mycobacteria the shortened survival time was observed. In experiments in which mice were injected iv with 10(2) L1210 cells potentiation of antileukemic activity of adriamycin in infected animals was achieved.", "contents": "Combined therapy of mice bearing L1210 leukemia with adriamycin and mycobacteria. Infection of CDF1 mice with non-toxic doses of different strains of mycobacteria had no influence on the growth rate of the L1210 leukemia. In combined therapy, pretreatment of mice with M. smegmatis did not show any significant effect on the antitumor activity of adriamycin when tested in mice inoculated iv with 10(3) leukemic cells. Moreover, for high doses of adriamycin (15, 20 mg/kg) combined with post-treatment with mycobacteria the shortened survival time was observed. In experiments in which mice were injected iv with 10(2) L1210 cells potentiation of antileukemic activity of adriamycin in infected animals was achieved.", "PMID": 749836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7998", "title": "Diagnostic specificity of autoantibodies. III. Age related changes in appearing autoantibodies serum IgD levels and their association with peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles.", "content": "Comparisons made between old and young people depicted the increase with aging in ANA and thyroid antibody incidence. In contrast to these antibodies SMA were frequently seen in young women. Also in women serum IgM levels were higher as compared to men. Conversely serum IgD levels were higher in men; both these differences were seen in the young group only. Proportions and numbers of E-RFC were significantly reduced in the older group of people as compared to the values of the younger group. Interestingly, the autoantibodies appearing were correlated in women with a lower percentage of E-RFC. Also in women low IgD levels were associated significantly with higher percentage of E-RFC.", "contents": "Diagnostic specificity of autoantibodies. III. Age related changes in appearing autoantibodies serum IgD levels and their association with peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles. Comparisons made between old and young people depicted the increase with aging in ANA and thyroid antibody incidence. In contrast to these antibodies SMA were frequently seen in young women. Also in women serum IgM levels were higher as compared to men. Conversely serum IgD levels were higher in men; both these differences were seen in the young group only. Proportions and numbers of E-RFC were significantly reduced in the older group of people as compared to the values of the younger group. Interestingly, the autoantibodies appearing were correlated in women with a lower percentage of E-RFC. Also in women low IgD levels were associated significantly with higher percentage of E-RFC.", "PMID": 749837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_7999", "title": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. I. Categories of cell surface antigens on mouse leukemia and their serological identification.", "content": "Analysis of cell surface antigens is most advanced with mouse tumors, mainly because of the availability of inbred strains with known susceptibility to naturally occuring or induced tumors. The development of serological techniques enables identification of gene products which are expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The naturally occuring and induced leukemias in mice are a particularly suitable model for the studies of surface antigens, because the leukemia cells can be easily obtained in cell suspension, they are highly sensitive to cytotoxic antibodies and they can be compared, because of common origin, with normal thymocytes and lymphocytes. In addition to conventional alloantigens (MHC), differentiation alloantigens (Thy, Tl and Lyt) viral structural (MuLV and occasionally MMTV) also viral related cellular antigens are detectable. Various categories of cell surface antigens and antisera defining their presence on the surface of mouse lymphocyte produced and used for studies carried on in the Department of Tumor Immunology are listed and discussed in the present and following papers (No. I-V).", "contents": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. I. Categories of cell surface antigens on mouse leukemia and their serological identification. Analysis of cell surface antigens is most advanced with mouse tumors, mainly because of the availability of inbred strains with known susceptibility to naturally occuring or induced tumors. The development of serological techniques enables identification of gene products which are expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The naturally occuring and induced leukemias in mice are a particularly suitable model for the studies of surface antigens, because the leukemia cells can be easily obtained in cell suspension, they are highly sensitive to cytotoxic antibodies and they can be compared, because of common origin, with normal thymocytes and lymphocytes. In addition to conventional alloantigens (MHC), differentiation alloantigens (Thy, Tl and Lyt) viral structural (MuLV and occasionally MMTV) also viral related cellular antigens are detectable. Various categories of cell surface antigens and antisera defining their presence on the surface of mouse lymphocyte produced and used for studies carried on in the Department of Tumor Immunology are listed and discussed in the present and following papers (No. I-V).", "PMID": 749838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8000", "title": "Influence of the cysteine derivatives on the cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The immunosuppressive action of N,N, S-trimethyl-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine hydrazide hydrochloride and L-cysteine hydrazide on the course of post-adjuvant polyarthritis, graft-versus-host reaction, turpentine oedema and incorporation of 3H-thymidine into spontaneous or PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures was examined. Inhibition of post-adjuvant polyarthritis and prolongation of skin allograft survival time were observed. L-cysteine hydrazide had shown the most inhibiting action. In vitro, S-methyl-L-cysteine hydrazide hydrochloride decreased and N,N, S-trimethyl-cysteine increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the lymphocyte cultures stimulated by PHA. The obtained results were compared with the action of DL-cysteine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Influence of the cysteine derivatives on the cell-mediated immunity. The immunosuppressive action of N,N, S-trimethyl-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine hydrazide hydrochloride and L-cysteine hydrazide on the course of post-adjuvant polyarthritis, graft-versus-host reaction, turpentine oedema and incorporation of 3H-thymidine into spontaneous or PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures was examined. Inhibition of post-adjuvant polyarthritis and prolongation of skin allograft survival time were observed. L-cysteine hydrazide had shown the most inhibiting action. In vitro, S-methyl-L-cysteine hydrazide hydrochloride decreased and N,N, S-trimethyl-cysteine increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the lymphocyte cultures stimulated by PHA. The obtained results were compared with the action of DL-cysteine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 749839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8001", "title": "Synthesis of L-cysteine derivatives of immunotropic activity.", "content": "Working on the problem entitled \"Synthesis of cysteine derivatives of immunotropic activity\" the following compounds were synthesized; cysteine hydrazide and its hydrochloride, S-methylcysteine hydrazide hydrochloride, S, N, N-trimethylcysteine and S-benzylcysteinyl-S-benzylcysteine. We modified the synthesis of cysteine hydrazide and prepared its hydrochloride. This way a better yield and simplification of the synthesis were achieved. The above compounds were obtained with good yields.", "contents": "Synthesis of L-cysteine derivatives of immunotropic activity. Working on the problem entitled \"Synthesis of cysteine derivatives of immunotropic activity\" the following compounds were synthesized; cysteine hydrazide and its hydrochloride, S-methylcysteine hydrazide hydrochloride, S, N, N-trimethylcysteine and S-benzylcysteinyl-S-benzylcysteine. We modified the synthesis of cysteine hydrazide and prepared its hydrochloride. This way a better yield and simplification of the synthesis were achieved. The above compounds were obtained with good yields.", "PMID": 749840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8002", "title": "Pharmacological activity in the group of new substituted thiazoloacetic and thiazinocarboxyl acid derivatives.", "content": "37 newly synthesized compounds in the group of thiazoloacetic and thiazinocarboxyl aciderivatives with the possibly immunotropic, antiinflammatory and probably central activity were studied. A number of them was not resorbed and only 21 agents were immunopharmacologically investigated. The correlations between the biological activity and chemical structure were confirmed. Among acyl derivatives of thiazoloacetic acid the compounds containing two carboxyl radicals at C2 and C5 revealed the most interesting activity. For 2-N-aralkylo-alfa-sulfonic derivatives of thiazoloacetic acid, the distinct immunosuppressive activity with antiinflammatory component was found. The group of 16 derivatives of thiazinocarboxyl acid had the chemical structure correlated with the immunotropic activity (immunosuppressive or immunostimulative) and antiinflammatory component. Immunosuppressive activity was manifested, in the first place, by the derivatives containing radicals--ethyl, butyl, methoxyphenyl and two groups of cyclohexyl. The compound with allylimino group showed, however, the most immunostimulating activity. The antiinflammatory activity was correlated especially with radicals--cyclohexyl, chlorophenyl and allylimino.", "contents": "Pharmacological activity in the group of new substituted thiazoloacetic and thiazinocarboxyl acid derivatives. 37 newly synthesized compounds in the group of thiazoloacetic and thiazinocarboxyl aciderivatives with the possibly immunotropic, antiinflammatory and probably central activity were studied. A number of them was not resorbed and only 21 agents were immunopharmacologically investigated. The correlations between the biological activity and chemical structure were confirmed. Among acyl derivatives of thiazoloacetic acid the compounds containing two carboxyl radicals at C2 and C5 revealed the most interesting activity. For 2-N-aralkylo-alfa-sulfonic derivatives of thiazoloacetic acid, the distinct immunosuppressive activity with antiinflammatory component was found. The group of 16 derivatives of thiazinocarboxyl acid had the chemical structure correlated with the immunotropic activity (immunosuppressive or immunostimulative) and antiinflammatory component. Immunosuppressive activity was manifested, in the first place, by the derivatives containing radicals--ethyl, butyl, methoxyphenyl and two groups of cyclohexyl. The compound with allylimino group showed, however, the most immunostimulating activity. The antiinflammatory activity was correlated especially with radicals--cyclohexyl, chlorophenyl and allylimino.", "PMID": 749841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8003", "title": "Synthesis of derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid.", "content": "In the course of studies on compounds with expected antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive action a number of new derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-s-acetic acid have been synthetized. The chemical structure of these compounds has been confirmed by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The newly obtained compounds were investigated pharmacologically. It has been found that some of the derivatives possess antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. In the course of studies on compounds with expected antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive action a number of new derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-s-acetic acid have been synthetized. The chemical structure of these compounds has been confirmed by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The newly obtained compounds were investigated pharmacologically. It has been found that some of the derivatives possess antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity.", "PMID": 749842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8004", "title": "Studies on derivatives of tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine.", "content": "In the course of studies on compounds with expected antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity a series of new derivatives of tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine-4-one-6-carboxylic acid, tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine-4,6-dione and 2-thiobarbituric acid have been synthetized. Several new and unexpected details of the chemical behavior of these compounds were revealed. The chemical structure of the new compounds was confirmed by degradation and identification of the decomposition products and spectral analysis. Pharmacologic analysis showed that some of the compounds exerted an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity.", "contents": "Studies on derivatives of tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine. In the course of studies on compounds with expected antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity a series of new derivatives of tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine-4-one-6-carboxylic acid, tetrahydro [1,3]-thiazine-4,6-dione and 2-thiobarbituric acid have been synthetized. Several new and unexpected details of the chemical behavior of these compounds were revealed. The chemical structure of the new compounds was confirmed by degradation and identification of the decomposition products and spectral analysis. Pharmacologic analysis showed that some of the compounds exerted an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity.", "PMID": 749843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8005", "title": "Syntheses in the group of aminoguanidine derivatives with immunosuppressive and cytostatic properties.", "content": "A number of new derivatives of amino-, nitroamino- and diaminoguanidine (I, II, III) were synthetized. The course of the reactions was studied and the structure of new compounds obtained was confirmed. Some of them exhibited strong immunosuppressive and cytostatic activities, especially compounds: IV, VI, VII, VIII and IX.", "contents": "Syntheses in the group of aminoguanidine derivatives with immunosuppressive and cytostatic properties. A number of new derivatives of amino-, nitroamino- and diaminoguanidine (I, II, III) were synthetized. The course of the reactions was studied and the structure of new compounds obtained was confirmed. Some of them exhibited strong immunosuppressive and cytostatic activities, especially compounds: IV, VI, VII, VIII and IX.", "PMID": 749844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8006", "title": "[The effect of colchicine on liver function tests and hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic active hepatitis: a study of 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with chronic active hepatitis received Colchicine therapy, as an antifibrotic drug. The effect of this drug is analysed biochemically (serum albumin, total serum billirubin and amino-transferase aspartate) and histologically before and after colchicine therapy. Biochemical improvement was observed. No histological change was noted.", "contents": "[The effect of colchicine on liver function tests and hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic active hepatitis: a study of 3 cases (author's transl)]. Three patients with chronic active hepatitis received Colchicine therapy, as an antifibrotic drug. The effect of this drug is analysed biochemically (serum albumin, total serum billirubin and amino-transferase aspartate) and histologically before and after colchicine therapy. Biochemical improvement was observed. No histological change was noted.", "PMID": 749848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8007", "title": "[Immediate and late results of surgical alternatives in the treatment of non-resectable duodenal ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 69 patients with duodenal ulcer considered as non-resectable (\"difficult duodenum\"). Troncular vagotomy associated with gastrojejunostomy (VTGE) were performed in 26 cases. This surgical approach was chosen for patients with advanced age, poor general condition and, obesity. When local conditions such as deformity, post-bulbar ulcer and penetrating ulcers were present, troncular vagotomy with antrectomy and Finsterer exclusion (VTAF) was the procedure of choice (43 cases). The incidence of duodenal fistula during the hospital stay was high (6,9%) in the VTAF group but the mortality rate was low, as oposed to the high mortality rate after VTGE. This is in agreement with other authors. Regarding the late results (follow-up for over 1 year in 58.3% of the VTGE group and, 70.5% of the VTAF group) a recurrence rate of 16.6% was observed in the VTGE group and, none in the CTAF group. The authors conclude that in the non-resectable duodenum, the procedure of choice is troncular vagotomy with antrectomy and Finsterer exclusion. Troncular vagotomy and jejunostomy should be considered as an alternative and, performed only in obese patients, over the age of 65 and in poor general condition.", "contents": "[Immediate and late results of surgical alternatives in the treatment of non-resectable duodenal ulcers (author's transl)]. The authors present 69 patients with duodenal ulcer considered as non-resectable (\"difficult duodenum\"). Troncular vagotomy associated with gastrojejunostomy (VTGE) were performed in 26 cases. This surgical approach was chosen for patients with advanced age, poor general condition and, obesity. When local conditions such as deformity, post-bulbar ulcer and penetrating ulcers were present, troncular vagotomy with antrectomy and Finsterer exclusion (VTAF) was the procedure of choice (43 cases). The incidence of duodenal fistula during the hospital stay was high (6,9%) in the VTAF group but the mortality rate was low, as oposed to the high mortality rate after VTGE. This is in agreement with other authors. Regarding the late results (follow-up for over 1 year in 58.3% of the VTGE group and, 70.5% of the VTAF group) a recurrence rate of 16.6% was observed in the VTGE group and, none in the CTAF group. The authors conclude that in the non-resectable duodenum, the procedure of choice is troncular vagotomy with antrectomy and Finsterer exclusion. Troncular vagotomy and jejunostomy should be considered as an alternative and, performed only in obese patients, over the age of 65 and in poor general condition.", "PMID": 749846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8008", "title": "[Frequency of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in icteric patients. Comparison with some bioquimical data (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the frequency of an abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X), by the method presented by YAE e col. (21). The LP-X test is useful in differentiating of a cholestatic process from a non-cholestatic one, but it is not adequate to distinguish an intrahepatic cholestasis from an extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Out of the 41 icteric patients who were studied, a frequency of the presence of the LP-X was observed in 68.3% thus distributed: viral hepatitis 90,5% obstructive jaundice 85,7%, jaundice of uncertain etiology 37.6%; it was not present in 5 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in the serum of 21 healthy volunteers. A significant association was found between the presence of LP-X and an abnormal curve of lipoproteins.", "contents": "[Frequency of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in icteric patients. Comparison with some bioquimical data (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the frequency of an abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X), by the method presented by YAE e col. (21). The LP-X test is useful in differentiating of a cholestatic process from a non-cholestatic one, but it is not adequate to distinguish an intrahepatic cholestasis from an extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Out of the 41 icteric patients who were studied, a frequency of the presence of the LP-X was observed in 68.3% thus distributed: viral hepatitis 90,5% obstructive jaundice 85,7%, jaundice of uncertain etiology 37.6%; it was not present in 5 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in the serum of 21 healthy volunteers. A significant association was found between the presence of LP-X and an abnormal curve of lipoproteins.", "PMID": 749847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8009", "title": "Primary neurilemmal tumour of the liver: case report.", "content": "A probably unique case of primary benign neurilemmoma of the liver is presented in which no evidence of visceral neurofibromatosis was observed. The histological characteristic of the tumour are discussed.", "contents": "Primary neurilemmal tumour of the liver: case report. A probably unique case of primary benign neurilemmoma of the liver is presented in which no evidence of visceral neurofibromatosis was observed. The histological characteristic of the tumour are discussed.", "PMID": 749850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8010", "title": "Gastro-intestinal hormones. What remains?", "content": "Study of gastro-intestinal hormones is a very young science. It's break through came with the isolation and synthesis of pure hormones and in particular with introduction of radio-immunoassay in gastroenterology. Even from clinical viewpoint the practical advances in so short a period of time are considerable. Almost impossible to grasp is the growth of knowledge, which grew in the physiological and technical field from the study of gastro-intestinal hormones.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal hormones. What remains? Study of gastro-intestinal hormones is a very young science. It's break through came with the isolation and synthesis of pure hormones and in particular with introduction of radio-immunoassay in gastroenterology. Even from clinical viewpoint the practical advances in so short a period of time are considerable. Almost impossible to grasp is the growth of knowledge, which grew in the physiological and technical field from the study of gastro-intestinal hormones.", "PMID": 749849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8011", "title": "[AW23 and AW24 associated with chronic calcifying pancreatitis of alcoholic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Determinations of histocompatibility antigens of A and B loci was undertaken in 22 white male patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) of alcoholic etiology and compared to 100 controls. Results were analysed by the kappa2 test with Yates correction. HLA--AW23 and AW24 were significantly more prevalent in patients than in controls and HLA-B8 was absent in all CCP cases. Although the small number of cases is insufficient to allow any definite conclusion, the obtained data suggests the presence of a genetic predisposition to this disease.", "contents": "[AW23 and AW24 associated with chronic calcifying pancreatitis of alcoholic origin (author's transl)]. Determinations of histocompatibility antigens of A and B loci was undertaken in 22 white male patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) of alcoholic etiology and compared to 100 controls. Results were analysed by the kappa2 test with Yates correction. HLA--AW23 and AW24 were significantly more prevalent in patients than in controls and HLA-B8 was absent in all CCP cases. Although the small number of cases is insufficient to allow any definite conclusion, the obtained data suggests the presence of a genetic predisposition to this disease.", "PMID": 749853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8012", "title": "[Insulin and disaccharidases levels of the small intestine of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "It was taken 32 male Wistar rats, weighting between 130 g and 150 g, free feeding, to study the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of small intestine of rats. The animals were divided by chance in 3 experimental and 1 control group. 1. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats: treated with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day: after the 4th day of aloxane administration, all rats were killed. 2. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats--treated for 5 days with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day; after the 5th day until the 7th they were treated with 4 units of NPH insulin and were also killed. 3. group--Hyperinsulinism rats--Normal rats were treated for 4 days with 4 units of NPH insulin every day. After the 5th day they were killed. 4. group--Control group--Normal rats, free feeding. They were observed during 4 days and were also killed. The results showed that none difference was observed in the 4 groups of rats about the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of the small intestine. In this study, all the animals with aloxanic diabetes were treated with insulin. Then, it is possible that the insulin inhibited the stimulator effect of the diabetes upon the dissacaridases of the small intestine of the rats.", "contents": "[Insulin and disaccharidases levels of the small intestine of the rat (author's transl)]. It was taken 32 male Wistar rats, weighting between 130 g and 150 g, free feeding, to study the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of small intestine of rats. The animals were divided by chance in 3 experimental and 1 control group. 1. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats: treated with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day: after the 4th day of aloxane administration, all rats were killed. 2. group--Aloxanic diabetes rats--treated for 5 days with 1 unit of NPH insulin every day; after the 5th day until the 7th they were treated with 4 units of NPH insulin and were also killed. 3. group--Hyperinsulinism rats--Normal rats were treated for 4 days with 4 units of NPH insulin every day. After the 5th day they were killed. 4. group--Control group--Normal rats, free feeding. They were observed during 4 days and were also killed. The results showed that none difference was observed in the 4 groups of rats about the total and specific activities of lactase, invertase and maltase of the small intestine. In this study, all the animals with aloxanic diabetes were treated with insulin. Then, it is possible that the insulin inhibited the stimulator effect of the diabetes upon the dissacaridases of the small intestine of the rats.", "PMID": 749851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8013", "title": "[Anatomoradiological patterns of vermiform appendix's arterial supply (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors tried to establish the most frequents anatomo-radiological patterns of the irrigation on the vermiform appendix. The search was done in one hundred cases they found six different patterns of arterial irrigation.", "contents": "[Anatomoradiological patterns of vermiform appendix's arterial supply (author's transl)]. The authors tried to establish the most frequents anatomo-radiological patterns of the irrigation on the vermiform appendix. The search was done in one hundred cases they found six different patterns of arterial irrigation.", "PMID": 749855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8014", "title": "D-xylose blood test (ninety-minute) in assymptomatic children from marginal areas of S\u00e3o Paulo City.", "content": "Assymptomatic children from marginal socio-economical area of S\u00e3o Paulo city, classified as \"normal\" according to the growth parameters for Brazilian children, were submitted to an oral D-Xylose test and the blood pentose values were checked in fasting time and ninety minutes after sugar ingestion. Based on body weight, the children were divided in three groups. The homogeneity of the three groups' results, as confirmed by statistics, permitted the aggregation of the values in a single one. The lower degree of dispersion suggested a narrow range of intestinal absorption capacity when compared with the value of normal children from well-developed countries. The lower critical normal limit of blood D-Xylose value, around 20 mg/100 ml. coincided with the same parameter for children from matured countries. These facts suggest an adaptation to the difficult environment conditions, that probably is a characteristic among children living in the marginal areas of great cities in developing countries.", "contents": "D-xylose blood test (ninety-minute) in assymptomatic children from marginal areas of S\u00e3o Paulo City. Assymptomatic children from marginal socio-economical area of S\u00e3o Paulo city, classified as \"normal\" according to the growth parameters for Brazilian children, were submitted to an oral D-Xylose test and the blood pentose values were checked in fasting time and ninety minutes after sugar ingestion. Based on body weight, the children were divided in three groups. The homogeneity of the three groups' results, as confirmed by statistics, permitted the aggregation of the values in a single one. The lower degree of dispersion suggested a narrow range of intestinal absorption capacity when compared with the value of normal children from well-developed countries. The lower critical normal limit of blood D-Xylose value, around 20 mg/100 ml. coincided with the same parameter for children from matured countries. These facts suggest an adaptation to the difficult environment conditions, that probably is a characteristic among children living in the marginal areas of great cities in developing countries.", "PMID": 749858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8015", "title": "[Vascular malformations of the posterior fossa with otorhinolaryngological symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Aneurysms, angiomas and arterio-venous fistulas of the posterior fossa are neurosurgical problems. However, if these malformations produce symptoms like deafness, tinnitus, vertigo or nystagmus otorhinolaryngologists are involved. Pathogenetic factors are either the local pressure of the malformation or reduction of cerebral or pontine blood supply. The otorhinological, neurological and diagnostical problems of these malformations are presented. Special emphasis is applied to the operative procedures.", "contents": "[Vascular malformations of the posterior fossa with otorhinolaryngological symptoms (author's transl)]. Aneurysms, angiomas and arterio-venous fistulas of the posterior fossa are neurosurgical problems. However, if these malformations produce symptoms like deafness, tinnitus, vertigo or nystagmus otorhinolaryngologists are involved. Pathogenetic factors are either the local pressure of the malformation or reduction of cerebral or pontine blood supply. The otorhinological, neurological and diagnostical problems of these malformations are presented. Special emphasis is applied to the operative procedures.", "PMID": 749862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8016", "title": "[The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy is more advantageous than all other accesses because the pituitary gland can be removed oppositely. By that way the damage of e.g. the optic nerve or the carotid artery can be avoided. The possiblity of perforation of the nasal septum, deformation of the tip of the nose or rhinitis sicca has only small importance. Moreover the neurosurgeon meets with a great and clear operating area because the anterior wall of the sella turcica can be resected extremely. The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is simple, distinct and shortens the operation time.", "contents": "[The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy (author's transl)]. The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach in hypophysectomy is more advantageous than all other accesses because the pituitary gland can be removed oppositely. By that way the damage of e.g. the optic nerve or the carotid artery can be avoided. The possiblity of perforation of the nasal septum, deformation of the tip of the nose or rhinitis sicca has only small importance. Moreover the neurosurgeon meets with a great and clear operating area because the anterior wall of the sella turcica can be resected extremely. The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is simple, distinct and shortens the operation time.", "PMID": 749863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8017", "title": "[How effective is the inferior meatal antrostomy in chronic maxillary sinusitis? (author's transl)].", "content": "44 inferior meatal antrostomies in 32 patients have been followed over a period of 2 years. Control of the results by means of sinuscopy, ultrasonography, x-ray's, biopsies and subjective as well as objective findings revealed good results in 89% of the patients. Closure of the fenestration occurred in 29,5% but had no bearing on the recurrency rate of sinusitis. Improvement was noticeable even after closure. Allergy did not play an important role. Mucociliary transport was evident through the window, permitting adequate ventilation and drainage.", "contents": "[How effective is the inferior meatal antrostomy in chronic maxillary sinusitis? (author's transl)]. 44 inferior meatal antrostomies in 32 patients have been followed over a period of 2 years. Control of the results by means of sinuscopy, ultrasonography, x-ray's, biopsies and subjective as well as objective findings revealed good results in 89% of the patients. Closure of the fenestration occurred in 29,5% but had no bearing on the recurrency rate of sinusitis. Improvement was noticeable even after closure. Allergy did not play an important role. Mucociliary transport was evident through the window, permitting adequate ventilation and drainage.", "PMID": 749864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8018", "title": "[Hearing loss and hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The audiometric findings on 23 patients with diquited hypothyroidism for a minimum of 4 months to a maximum of 20 years are presented. Audiometric tests, including acustic impedance measurements (tympanometry, stapedius reflex) were performed on all patients before and after an adequate substitution therapy. In 12 patients there was a definite impairment of hearing before the substitution therapy. Eight of them have shown a mild to moderate sensory-neural deafness. Four showed a mixed deafness, in three of which a negative pressure of 300 mm H2O was measured in the middle ear, the fourth one had a seromucotympanon. In three patients with pure sensory-neural deafness the stapedius reflex was elicitated only 30 dB over the pure tone threshold in speech frequencies. The audiometric measurements after an adequate substitution therapy of minimum 4 months has shown a definite improvement of hearing loss.", "contents": "[Hearing loss and hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. The audiometric findings on 23 patients with diquited hypothyroidism for a minimum of 4 months to a maximum of 20 years are presented. Audiometric tests, including acustic impedance measurements (tympanometry, stapedius reflex) were performed on all patients before and after an adequate substitution therapy. In 12 patients there was a definite impairment of hearing before the substitution therapy. Eight of them have shown a mild to moderate sensory-neural deafness. Four showed a mixed deafness, in three of which a negative pressure of 300 mm H2O was measured in the middle ear, the fourth one had a seromucotympanon. In three patients with pure sensory-neural deafness the stapedius reflex was elicitated only 30 dB over the pure tone threshold in speech frequencies. The audiometric measurements after an adequate substitution therapy of minimum 4 months has shown a definite improvement of hearing loss.", "PMID": 749865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8019", "title": "[Duodenal ulcer treated by carbenoxolone sodium. Endoscopically controlled trial (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of a clinical and endoscopic controlled trial of outpatients with duodenal ulcer treated with carbenoxolone (CBX) and carbenoxolone plus antacids (CBX + AA). They observed complete healing of the duodenal ulcer in 77%-83,3% in both groups of patients. They concluded that CBX is important in the treatment of duodenal ulcer been equally effective alone or in association with antacids.", "contents": "[Duodenal ulcer treated by carbenoxolone sodium. Endoscopically controlled trial (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of a clinical and endoscopic controlled trial of outpatients with duodenal ulcer treated with carbenoxolone (CBX) and carbenoxolone plus antacids (CBX + AA). They observed complete healing of the duodenal ulcer in 77%-83,3% in both groups of patients. They concluded that CBX is important in the treatment of duodenal ulcer been equally effective alone or in association with antacids.", "PMID": 749854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8020", "title": "[Hypacusis in acquired hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined 56 patients with latent or clinically manifest hypothyroidism and 18 patients with acute athyreosis as a control group. We were especially interested in the localization and extent of hearing abnormalities. 45% of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism showed a hearing loss. Of these, two patients had a pure conductive loss, seven a combined hearing loss and 16 a sensori-neural hearing loss. We demonstrated hair cell damage in 13 of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism. The hearing loss was mild to moderate in over 90% of the cases. Although several patients had a basocochlear hearing loss, no characteristic audiogram was found. There was a correlation between the conductive loss and the severity of the hypothyroidism. 50% of the patients showed a significant improvement in hearing after substitution therapy. The results of our examinations are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Hypacusis in acquired hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. We examined 56 patients with latent or clinically manifest hypothyroidism and 18 patients with acute athyreosis as a control group. We were especially interested in the localization and extent of hearing abnormalities. 45% of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism showed a hearing loss. Of these, two patients had a pure conductive loss, seven a combined hearing loss and 16 a sensori-neural hearing loss. We demonstrated hair cell damage in 13 of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism. The hearing loss was mild to moderate in over 90% of the cases. Although several patients had a basocochlear hearing loss, no characteristic audiogram was found. There was a correlation between the conductive loss and the severity of the hypothyroidism. 50% of the patients showed a significant improvement in hearing after substitution therapy. The results of our examinations are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 749866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8021", "title": "[Anal fissure: technic used to have an internal lateral anal sphincterotomy for its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors show a variant technic very simple of the Internal lateral anal sphincterotomy for treatment of chronic anal fissure. They present the description of this procedure with the designs of the different parts of the surgery.", "contents": "[Anal fissure: technic used to have an internal lateral anal sphincterotomy for its treatment (author's transl)]. The authors show a variant technic very simple of the Internal lateral anal sphincterotomy for treatment of chronic anal fissure. They present the description of this procedure with the designs of the different parts of the surgery.", "PMID": 749857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8022", "title": "[The differential diagnosis in Meni\u00e8res disease: the basilar impression (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined the cranio-cervical region in 180 patients with nonspecific dizziness and in most cases unilateral sensory-neural hearing loss. In 32 cases we found malformations of the cranio-cervical region. The sympatomatology of the basilar impression is probably caused by the compression of the vessels of the lower cerebellar regions and the brain stem as well as disturbances of the cerebro-spinal fluid circulation. The basilar impression is diagnosed by means of lateral X-rays of the skull base, tomography of this region and in some cases computertomography of the posterior cranial fossa. The importance of basilar impression in the differential diagnosis of Meni\u00e8res disease and acoustic neuroma is discussed.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis in Meni\u00e8res disease: the basilar impression (author's transl)]. We examined the cranio-cervical region in 180 patients with nonspecific dizziness and in most cases unilateral sensory-neural hearing loss. In 32 cases we found malformations of the cranio-cervical region. The sympatomatology of the basilar impression is probably caused by the compression of the vessels of the lower cerebellar regions and the brain stem as well as disturbances of the cerebro-spinal fluid circulation. The basilar impression is diagnosed by means of lateral X-rays of the skull base, tomography of this region and in some cases computertomography of the posterior cranial fossa. The importance of basilar impression in the differential diagnosis of Meni\u00e8res disease and acoustic neuroma is discussed.", "PMID": 749867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8023", "title": "[The structure of the round window membrane studied by thin section.- freeze-fracture- and scanning electron microscopic technique (author's transl)].", "content": "In thin sections of the round window membrane of chinchilla there were found tight junctions between the cells of the outer and of the inner cell layer as well. Their structure was demonstrated in freeze-fracture replica, and in the scanning electron microscope both faces of the membrane appeared uninterrupted. The tight junctions between the mucosal cells constantly became visible and are considered impermeable; however, the junctions connecting the mesothelial cells, which face the perilymph, demonstrated high susceptibility against differences in preparation and were structurally different.", "contents": "[The structure of the round window membrane studied by thin section.- freeze-fracture- and scanning electron microscopic technique (author's transl)]. In thin sections of the round window membrane of chinchilla there were found tight junctions between the cells of the outer and of the inner cell layer as well. Their structure was demonstrated in freeze-fracture replica, and in the scanning electron microscope both faces of the membrane appeared uninterrupted. The tight junctions between the mucosal cells constantly became visible and are considered impermeable; however, the junctions connecting the mesothelial cells, which face the perilymph, demonstrated high susceptibility against differences in preparation and were structurally different.", "PMID": 749868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8024", "title": "[Endoscopic needle biopsy in larynx and pharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "The needle-biopsy taken in the pharynx and larynx is a simple and reliable procedure for the histological diagnosis of submucosal tumours. It can be performed either in local anaesthesia using the zoom-endoscope by v. Stuckrad or during microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesie. This method however does neither replace the single biopsy of exophtic tumours nor the microlaryngoscopic excision of suspicious, precancerous lesions.", "contents": "[Endoscopic needle biopsy in larynx and pharynx (author's transl)]. The needle-biopsy taken in the pharynx and larynx is a simple and reliable procedure for the histological diagnosis of submucosal tumours. It can be performed either in local anaesthesia using the zoom-endoscope by v. Stuckrad or during microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesie. This method however does neither replace the single biopsy of exophtic tumours nor the microlaryngoscopic excision of suspicious, precancerous lesions.", "PMID": 749869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8025", "title": "[Three- and five-years-follow-up of combined therapy of advanced carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported the follow-up of 163 laryngectomized patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the larynx. 93 of them have been irradiated pre- and postoperatively by 3.000 rad at a time. In this way the laryngectomy followed the preoperative irradiation immediately. 70 patients have been irradiated by 6.000 rad postoperatively. The comparative study of both groups showed, that patients with preoperatively irradiated carcinomas of the supraglottic space reached the three- and five-years in a higher percentage than those irradiated postoperatively alone. The postoperative mortality rate and the degree of healing-complications was higher in the group of preoperatively irradiated patients but not as high as it is published by other authors.", "contents": "[Three- and five-years-follow-up of combined therapy of advanced carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. It is reported the follow-up of 163 laryngectomized patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the larynx. 93 of them have been irradiated pre- and postoperatively by 3.000 rad at a time. In this way the laryngectomy followed the preoperative irradiation immediately. 70 patients have been irradiated by 6.000 rad postoperatively. The comparative study of both groups showed, that patients with preoperatively irradiated carcinomas of the supraglottic space reached the three- and five-years in a higher percentage than those irradiated postoperatively alone. The postoperative mortality rate and the degree of healing-complications was higher in the group of preoperatively irradiated patients but not as high as it is published by other authors.", "PMID": 749871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8026", "title": "[Pathohistological findings in infarcted parotid glands (necrotizing sialometaplasia) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1973 Abrams et al. described a nonneoplastic lesion named \"necrotizing sialometaplasia\". Since this date additional cases have been reported. The lesion might be misdiagnosed either mucoid tumor or squamous carcinoma. The cases reported in the following years were localised on the hard palate, lower lip, nose and in the major salivary glands. By the \"Speicheldr\u00fcsenregister\" of the Institute of Pathology of the University of Hamburg five cases of infarcted parotid glands were registered during the years of 1965--1977. All infarcts are observed in patients with tumors in the parotid region. No infarct happened spontaneously. Histologically two forms of infarcts are distinguished: haemorrhagic and ischaemic. In both forms of infarcts there necrosis of acini and squamous metaplasia in intercalar and striated ducts. Degenerative changes are seen in the center of ducts with squamous metaplasia. The reaction of the interstices of the two forms of infarction are different: In the ischaemic there lipomatosis, and in the haemorrhagic there are fibrosis. Our findings are exactly as described for minor salivary glands in necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "contents": "[Pathohistological findings in infarcted parotid glands (necrotizing sialometaplasia) (author's transl)]. In 1973 Abrams et al. described a nonneoplastic lesion named \"necrotizing sialometaplasia\". Since this date additional cases have been reported. The lesion might be misdiagnosed either mucoid tumor or squamous carcinoma. The cases reported in the following years were localised on the hard palate, lower lip, nose and in the major salivary glands. By the \"Speicheldr\u00fcsenregister\" of the Institute of Pathology of the University of Hamburg five cases of infarcted parotid glands were registered during the years of 1965--1977. All infarcts are observed in patients with tumors in the parotid region. No infarct happened spontaneously. Histologically two forms of infarcts are distinguished: haemorrhagic and ischaemic. In both forms of infarcts there necrosis of acini and squamous metaplasia in intercalar and striated ducts. Degenerative changes are seen in the center of ducts with squamous metaplasia. The reaction of the interstices of the two forms of infarction are different: In the ischaemic there lipomatosis, and in the haemorrhagic there are fibrosis. Our findings are exactly as described for minor salivary glands in necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "PMID": 749872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8027", "title": "[Clinical relevance of the early and the late acoustically evoked potentials at Meni\u00e8res disease and at sudden hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "At some patients suffering from Meni\u00e8res disease or sudden hearing loss the brainstem potentials and the late auditory potential N1 were registered. It could be shown that an exact differential diagnosis between these both illnesses was not possible by means of these acoustically evoked potentials. Furthermore it was not possible by means of these potentials to predict an improvement of hearing at patients with sudden hearing loss. Finally the potentials showed an increasing of their latencies which was greater at patients with sudden hearing loss than at patients with Meni\u00e8res disease.", "contents": "[Clinical relevance of the early and the late acoustically evoked potentials at Meni\u00e8res disease and at sudden hearing loss (author's transl)]. At some patients suffering from Meni\u00e8res disease or sudden hearing loss the brainstem potentials and the late auditory potential N1 were registered. It could be shown that an exact differential diagnosis between these both illnesses was not possible by means of these acoustically evoked potentials. Furthermore it was not possible by means of these potentials to predict an improvement of hearing at patients with sudden hearing loss. Finally the potentials showed an increasing of their latencies which was greater at patients with sudden hearing loss than at patients with Meni\u00e8res disease.", "PMID": 749873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8028", "title": "[Electrode model for multiaxonal stimulation of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "An electrode arrangement is described, which allows an isolated stimulation of 25--50 singular axons: By laser beams a small ceramic plate got 25--50 perforations through which glass isolated platin wires were so fixed that they end like a brush. Only the tips of the \"hairs\" are not isolated. The diameter of the electrodes is approximately 10 micrometer, the length ranges between 0,5 and 1,5 mm. This electrode system is enough stabile to be pressed into a hard boiled egg without being damaged.", "contents": "[Electrode model for multiaxonal stimulation of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)]. An electrode arrangement is described, which allows an isolated stimulation of 25--50 singular axons: By laser beams a small ceramic plate got 25--50 perforations through which glass isolated platin wires were so fixed that they end like a brush. Only the tips of the \"hairs\" are not isolated. The diameter of the electrodes is approximately 10 micrometer, the length ranges between 0,5 and 1,5 mm. This electrode system is enough stabile to be pressed into a hard boiled egg without being damaged.", "PMID": 749874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8029", "title": "[The effect of noise trauma on speech discrimination in silence and under influence of party noise (author's transl)].", "content": "Speech audiometry investigations were carried out in silence and under action of cocktail party noise in 44 soldiers. The testing subjects were grouped according to age and degree of noise lesion. The statistical evaluation of discrimination losses measured in silence and under acting party noise indicated that noise lesions induced considerable discrimination losses even in young subjects particularly under cocktail party noise conditions. Discrimination decreases significantly as the degree of noise trauma increases. In order to assess the real effect of the hearing loss caused by noise trauma upon speech discrimination, the tests of speech audiometry should be performed under noise conditions.", "contents": "[The effect of noise trauma on speech discrimination in silence and under influence of party noise (author's transl)]. Speech audiometry investigations were carried out in silence and under action of cocktail party noise in 44 soldiers. The testing subjects were grouped according to age and degree of noise lesion. The statistical evaluation of discrimination losses measured in silence and under acting party noise indicated that noise lesions induced considerable discrimination losses even in young subjects particularly under cocktail party noise conditions. Discrimination decreases significantly as the degree of noise trauma increases. In order to assess the real effect of the hearing loss caused by noise trauma upon speech discrimination, the tests of speech audiometry should be performed under noise conditions.", "PMID": 749875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8030", "title": "[The medicolegal judgement of noise induced hearing loss combined with other kinds of hearing impairment (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of noise induced hearing loss, the medicolegal judgement of causality often is complicated by the coincidence of endogenous hearing impairments, which conceal the audiological characteristis and the degree of Nihl. The recognition of an occupational disease however is possible only when there is a dominant probability; the possibility of Nihl alone in sight of the labour conditions is not sufficient for this recognition. In such cases, the medical expert therefore, besides of an extensive audiological analysis, must have sufficient information on noise immission, on the course of hearing impairment in regard to working time, and on other diseases and accidents which possibly can influence hearing function.", "contents": "[The medicolegal judgement of noise induced hearing loss combined with other kinds of hearing impairment (author's transl)]. In cases of noise induced hearing loss, the medicolegal judgement of causality often is complicated by the coincidence of endogenous hearing impairments, which conceal the audiological characteristis and the degree of Nihl. The recognition of an occupational disease however is possible only when there is a dominant probability; the possibility of Nihl alone in sight of the labour conditions is not sufficient for this recognition. In such cases, the medical expert therefore, besides of an extensive audiological analysis, must have sufficient information on noise immission, on the course of hearing impairment in regard to working time, and on other diseases and accidents which possibly can influence hearing function.", "PMID": 749876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8031", "title": "[Time resolution ability in dichotic hearing experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Concerning auditory analysis of speech signals time resolution is one of the most important ability of the hearing system. In psychoacustic experiments with dichotic represented bursts of noise the delection and time resolution of short changes of interaural time delay and noise coherence are investigated. The results of normal and pathological binaural hearing are discussed and compared to other auditory time analysis experiments.", "contents": "[Time resolution ability in dichotic hearing experiments (author's transl)]. Concerning auditory analysis of speech signals time resolution is one of the most important ability of the hearing system. In psychoacustic experiments with dichotic represented bursts of noise the delection and time resolution of short changes of interaural time delay and noise coherence are investigated. The results of normal and pathological binaural hearing are discussed and compared to other auditory time analysis experiments.", "PMID": 749877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8032", "title": "[Indications and methods of lingual tonsillectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications of lingual tonsillectomy are conditioned by the symptoms of the patient. Without symptoms, no operation. If the conservative treatment does not minimize the clinical signs, surgical treatment is indicated. The surgical procedures vary with the degree of hyperplasia from the electrosurgical resection to an operative procedure with a lingual and laryngeal phase and previous tracheotomy.", "contents": "[Indications and methods of lingual tonsillectomy (author's transl)]. The indications of lingual tonsillectomy are conditioned by the symptoms of the patient. Without symptoms, no operation. If the conservative treatment does not minimize the clinical signs, surgical treatment is indicated. The surgical procedures vary with the degree of hyperplasia from the electrosurgical resection to an operative procedure with a lingual and laryngeal phase and previous tracheotomy.", "PMID": 749878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8033", "title": "[The pathogenesis of the secondary adhesive processes. A clinical and experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the clinical experience the rate of relapses in operated adhesive processes is very high. We found tympanic pressure to be normal in one third of the cases, therefore the impaired tubal function cannot be the only reason for relapses. With a special method we could demonstrate that there is a great difference in the development of tympanic pressure in cases of operated adhesive processes compared with cases with normal elasticity of the tympanic membrane. So changes of the elasticity may be an important factor influencing the rate of relapses. We could support this conception using models for tympanometric experiments.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of the secondary adhesive processes. A clinical and experimental study (author's transl)]. According to the clinical experience the rate of relapses in operated adhesive processes is very high. We found tympanic pressure to be normal in one third of the cases, therefore the impaired tubal function cannot be the only reason for relapses. With a special method we could demonstrate that there is a great difference in the development of tympanic pressure in cases of operated adhesive processes compared with cases with normal elasticity of the tympanic membrane. So changes of the elasticity may be an important factor influencing the rate of relapses. We could support this conception using models for tympanometric experiments.", "PMID": 749880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8034", "title": "[Evaluation of the fistula test and the positional test in the diagnosis of a fistula of the labyrinth (author's transl)].", "content": "111 patients with a chronic otitis media and symptoms of dizziness were investigated. Out of 75 patients, who were operated, a fistula of the labyrinth was suspected in 25 patients due to a positive fistula test or a positive (fistula) positional test. A fistula was found in 15 patients. In those 15 cases both the fistula and the positional (fistula) test were positive in nine cases. In the remaining six cases three had a positive fistula test and three a positive (fistula) positional test. The other 50 patients all with negative fistula reactions one fistula was whereas found by the operation. This would indicate, that a positive fistula test and a positive (fistula) positional test are of value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with chronic otitis media and symptoms of vertigo.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the fistula test and the positional test in the diagnosis of a fistula of the labyrinth (author's transl)]. 111 patients with a chronic otitis media and symptoms of dizziness were investigated. Out of 75 patients, who were operated, a fistula of the labyrinth was suspected in 25 patients due to a positive fistula test or a positive (fistula) positional test. A fistula was found in 15 patients. In those 15 cases both the fistula and the positional (fistula) test were positive in nine cases. In the remaining six cases three had a positive fistula test and three a positive (fistula) positional test. The other 50 patients all with negative fistula reactions one fistula was whereas found by the operation. This would indicate, that a positive fistula test and a positive (fistula) positional test are of value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with chronic otitis media and symptoms of vertigo.", "PMID": 749881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8035", "title": "[Effects of contraceptive pills in the field of otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the wellknown alterations of the Eustachian tube there will be discussed the effects of the contraceptive pills on salivarian glands and on inner ear. The influence of the gestagen and estrogen on the regulation mechanism of the above mentioned organs is demonstrated. Especially the erectile tissue of the submandibular and parotic glands and recidiving sudden deafness are discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of contraceptive pills in the field of otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. Besides the wellknown alterations of the Eustachian tube there will be discussed the effects of the contraceptive pills on salivarian glands and on inner ear. The influence of the gestagen and estrogen on the regulation mechanism of the above mentioned organs is demonstrated. Especially the erectile tissue of the submandibular and parotic glands and recidiving sudden deafness are discussed.", "PMID": 749882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8036", "title": "Suppression of immunoresponses to Haemophilus gallinarum with nonviable Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens.", "content": "The suppressive effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) immune response was shown. Antibody response to HG was highly suppressed when chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with HG-MG combined bacterin. Findings were similar in chickens injected intramuscularly with HG and MG bacterin separately at adjacent sites. No immunosuppressive effect was recognized when injections with HG and MG bacterins were in the left and right thigh muscles, respectively, or from intravenous inoculation with the combined bacterin. Nor did HG-Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) combined bacterin injected intramuscularly evidence immunosuppression. Recovery rate of HG and clinical symptoms were more evident in chickens with suppression of antibody responses than in chickens without suppression.", "contents": "Suppression of immunoresponses to Haemophilus gallinarum with nonviable Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. The suppressive effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) immune response was shown. Antibody response to HG was highly suppressed when chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with HG-MG combined bacterin. Findings were similar in chickens injected intramuscularly with HG and MG bacterin separately at adjacent sites. No immunosuppressive effect was recognized when injections with HG and MG bacterins were in the left and right thigh muscles, respectively, or from intravenous inoculation with the combined bacterin. Nor did HG-Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) combined bacterin injected intramuscularly evidence immunosuppression. Recovery rate of HG and clinical symptoms were more evident in chickens with suppression of antibody responses than in chickens without suppression.", "PMID": 749885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8037", "title": "Photosensitization in ducklings induced by seeds of Cymopterus watsonii and C. longipes.", "content": "For 14 days ducklings were fed seeds of Cymopterus watsonii or C. longipes at 100 mg, 500 mg, or 2 g/kg of body weight and exposed to sunlight. Those fed C. longipes at 500 mg showed transient photosensitization. C. watsonii at 2 g induced mild photosensitization at 8 days, with consequent beak deformity and little apparent effect on the birds' health. C. longipes at 2 g induced acute photosensitization within 3 days, with consequent severe damage to the skin of the head, beak, footwebs, and legs. These birds showed extreme stunting within 8 days of first ingesting the seeds, and several weeks later were still very retarded, with severely deformed beaks and footwebs. One bird in this group died at 22 days.", "contents": "Photosensitization in ducklings induced by seeds of Cymopterus watsonii and C. longipes. For 14 days ducklings were fed seeds of Cymopterus watsonii or C. longipes at 100 mg, 500 mg, or 2 g/kg of body weight and exposed to sunlight. Those fed C. longipes at 500 mg showed transient photosensitization. C. watsonii at 2 g induced mild photosensitization at 8 days, with consequent beak deformity and little apparent effect on the birds' health. C. longipes at 2 g induced acute photosensitization within 3 days, with consequent severe damage to the skin of the head, beak, footwebs, and legs. These birds showed extreme stunting within 8 days of first ingesting the seeds, and several weeks later were still very retarded, with severely deformed beaks and footwebs. One bird in this group died at 22 days.", "PMID": 749886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8038", "title": "Effect of tiamulin in chickens and turkeys infected experimentally with avian Mycoplasma.", "content": "Tiamulin was compared, under a variety of experimental conditions, with 4 water-soluble antibiotic preparations available commercially for the control and treatment of mycoplasmal infections in poultry. In chickens, tiamulin was more effective than the reference antibiotics in preventing and eradicating airsacculitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and preventing airsacculitis and synovitis caused by M. synoviae. In turkeys, tiamulin and tylosin were equally active in preventing airsacculitis caused by M. gallisepticum. Tiamulin was highly effective in preventing airsacculitis also when administered as a single subcutaneous dose.", "contents": "Effect of tiamulin in chickens and turkeys infected experimentally with avian Mycoplasma. Tiamulin was compared, under a variety of experimental conditions, with 4 water-soluble antibiotic preparations available commercially for the control and treatment of mycoplasmal infections in poultry. In chickens, tiamulin was more effective than the reference antibiotics in preventing and eradicating airsacculitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and preventing airsacculitis and synovitis caused by M. synoviae. In turkeys, tiamulin and tylosin were equally active in preventing airsacculitis caused by M. gallisepticum. Tiamulin was highly effective in preventing airsacculitis also when administered as a single subcutaneous dose.", "PMID": 749887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8039", "title": "Comparison of Mycoplasma meleagridis antibodies demonstrated by tube agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.", "content": "Groups of turkeys inoculated intravenously with hemagglutinating (HA) and nonhemagglutinating (NHA) strains of Mycoplasma meleagridis developed similar antibody titers as demonstrated by the tube agglutination (TA) test, but use of the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test indicated markedly higher titers for turkeys inoculated with the HA strain than for those inoculated with the NHA strain. Adsorption of serum antibody with NHA strain antigen removed most agglutination activity but had little effect on HI activity. These results indicate that the HI and TA tests demonstrated antibody against different antigens, with the HI test detecting antibody directed against the hemagglutinin and the TA test detecting antibody directed against membrane antigens common to both strains.", "contents": "Comparison of Mycoplasma meleagridis antibodies demonstrated by tube agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Groups of turkeys inoculated intravenously with hemagglutinating (HA) and nonhemagglutinating (NHA) strains of Mycoplasma meleagridis developed similar antibody titers as demonstrated by the tube agglutination (TA) test, but use of the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test indicated markedly higher titers for turkeys inoculated with the HA strain than for those inoculated with the NHA strain. Adsorption of serum antibody with NHA strain antigen removed most agglutination activity but had little effect on HI activity. These results indicate that the HI and TA tests demonstrated antibody against different antigens, with the HI test detecting antibody directed against the hemagglutinin and the TA test detecting antibody directed against membrane antigens common to both strains.", "PMID": 749888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8040", "title": "Rapid method for basophil count in domestic fowl.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and reproducible method for absolute basophil count in adult domestic fowl is described that uses toluidine-blue stain. The absolute basophil count was variable from bird to bird and breed to breed. The importance of a high basophil count in relation to inflammation and hypersensitivity in birds is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid method for basophil count in domestic fowl. A simple, rapid, and reproducible method for absolute basophil count in adult domestic fowl is described that uses toluidine-blue stain. The absolute basophil count was variable from bird to bird and breed to breed. The importance of a high basophil count in relation to inflammation and hypersensitivity in birds is discussed.", "PMID": 749889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8041", "title": "Marek's disease virus-induced tumor transplants: development and rejection in various genetic strains of chickens.", "content": "This study compares the ability of strains of chickens of varied genetic resistance to Marek's disease (MD) to resist or regress both local and general reactions to transplantable tumor cells induced by a variety of MD virus strains and to transmissible lymphoid tumor cells (Olson's TLT) induced by an avian leukosis-sarcoma retrovirus. Previous studies have dealt with only a single MD transplant. Three conclusions can be drawn from our data: 1) MD virus infection alone could induce progressive tumors at the site of inoculation. 2) Progression or regression of transplant tumors was independent of genetic susceptibility to MD. 3) Incidence of virus-induced host tumors was dependent upon genetic susceptibility to MD.", "contents": "Marek's disease virus-induced tumor transplants: development and rejection in various genetic strains of chickens. This study compares the ability of strains of chickens of varied genetic resistance to Marek's disease (MD) to resist or regress both local and general reactions to transplantable tumor cells induced by a variety of MD virus strains and to transmissible lymphoid tumor cells (Olson's TLT) induced by an avian leukosis-sarcoma retrovirus. Previous studies have dealt with only a single MD transplant. Three conclusions can be drawn from our data: 1) MD virus infection alone could induce progressive tumors at the site of inoculation. 2) Progression or regression of transplant tumors was independent of genetic susceptibility to MD. 3) Incidence of virus-induced host tumors was dependent upon genetic susceptibility to MD.", "PMID": 749890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8042", "title": "Thermostability of the hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus as a strain marker in epizootiologic studies.", "content": "The recent isolation of viscerotropic velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus having a thermosensitive hemagglutinin and of a lentogenic strain with an unusually thermostable hemagglutinin confirmed that virulence for chickens was not related to the thermostability and could be used as a marker for strains in epizootiologic investigations.", "contents": "Thermostability of the hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus as a strain marker in epizootiologic studies. The recent isolation of viscerotropic velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus having a thermosensitive hemagglutinin and of a lentogenic strain with an unusually thermostable hemagglutinin confirmed that virulence for chickens was not related to the thermostability and could be used as a marker for strains in epizootiologic investigations.", "PMID": 749891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8043", "title": "Chlamydia shedding by four species of wild birds.", "content": "Four wild bird species--great-tailed grackle (Cassidix mexicanus), common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), and mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura)--were either inoculated intratracheally with Chlamydia psittaci or exposed indirectly as uninoculated cagemates. Shedding of chlamydiae was monitored by inoculating mice with suspensions of material eluted from cloacal swabs collected from all birds, usually at 3-day intervals. Sporadic shedding of chlamydiae was demonstrated in three species (great-tailed grackle, brown-headed cowbird, and mourning dove) that were inoculated, and also in uninoculated grackles of both species exposed to inoculated great-tailed grackles. All inoculated birds except one mourning dove developed antibody detectable by complement-fixation (CF). Of the exposed birds, only grackles had antibody. However, two great-tailed grackles which did shed chlamydiae did not develop CF antibody. The modified direct CF (MDCF) method was slightly more sensitive than the direct CF method. The agar-gel precipitin method was not entirely reliable for antibody detection, for it did not correlate with CF serology and shedding of chlamydiae. It is concluded that: 1) grackles are potential reservoir hosts that could be important in the transmission cycle of C. psittaci in nature; and 2) epidemiologic studies of chlamydiosis in wild birds should include both serologic testing (preferably by the MDCF method) and attempts to isolate chlamydiae from cloacal swabs.", "contents": "Chlamydia shedding by four species of wild birds. Four wild bird species--great-tailed grackle (Cassidix mexicanus), common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), and mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura)--were either inoculated intratracheally with Chlamydia psittaci or exposed indirectly as uninoculated cagemates. Shedding of chlamydiae was monitored by inoculating mice with suspensions of material eluted from cloacal swabs collected from all birds, usually at 3-day intervals. Sporadic shedding of chlamydiae was demonstrated in three species (great-tailed grackle, brown-headed cowbird, and mourning dove) that were inoculated, and also in uninoculated grackles of both species exposed to inoculated great-tailed grackles. All inoculated birds except one mourning dove developed antibody detectable by complement-fixation (CF). Of the exposed birds, only grackles had antibody. However, two great-tailed grackles which did shed chlamydiae did not develop CF antibody. The modified direct CF (MDCF) method was slightly more sensitive than the direct CF method. The agar-gel precipitin method was not entirely reliable for antibody detection, for it did not correlate with CF serology and shedding of chlamydiae. It is concluded that: 1) grackles are potential reservoir hosts that could be important in the transmission cycle of C. psittaci in nature; and 2) epidemiologic studies of chlamydiosis in wild birds should include both serologic testing (preferably by the MDCF method) and attempts to isolate chlamydiae from cloacal swabs.", "PMID": 749892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8044", "title": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. VI. Nature of systemic immunity and analysis of the correlation between levels of immunity induced by various fowl cholera vaccines and protection against challenge.", "content": "The nature of the systemic immunity induced by various vaccines against fowl cholera disease in turkeys was investigated. Used as vaccines were three avirulent strains (CU, M2283, and P1580) of Pasteurella multocida administered in the drinking water and a bacterin administered parenterally. A passive hemagglutination test was developed to measure levels of systemic humoral immunity. Systemic cell-mediated immune response was assayed by an in vitro immunostimulation microculture system utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes. The bacterin induced high levels of systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses which respectively persisted for 8 and 6 weeks. The CU strain of live vaccine induced average levels of systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The M2283 strain of live vaccine also induced average levels of systemic immunity (less than induced by the CU strain) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The P1580 strain of live vaccine induced low levels of systemic immunity which persisted for only 2 weeks. Results from data generated from an analysis of correlation between levels of immunity and protection indicate that systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) played a significant role.", "contents": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. VI. Nature of systemic immunity and analysis of the correlation between levels of immunity induced by various fowl cholera vaccines and protection against challenge. The nature of the systemic immunity induced by various vaccines against fowl cholera disease in turkeys was investigated. Used as vaccines were three avirulent strains (CU, M2283, and P1580) of Pasteurella multocida administered in the drinking water and a bacterin administered parenterally. A passive hemagglutination test was developed to measure levels of systemic humoral immunity. Systemic cell-mediated immune response was assayed by an in vitro immunostimulation microculture system utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes. The bacterin induced high levels of systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses which respectively persisted for 8 and 6 weeks. The CU strain of live vaccine induced average levels of systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The M2283 strain of live vaccine also induced average levels of systemic immunity (less than induced by the CU strain) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The P1580 strain of live vaccine induced low levels of systemic immunity which persisted for only 2 weeks. Results from data generated from an analysis of correlation between levels of immunity and protection indicate that systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) played a significant role.", "PMID": 749893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8045", "title": "Innate and acquired immunity vs. anticoccidial medication in managing coccidiosis in turkeys.", "content": "Turkeys 2, 6, or 10 weeks old that had been reared free of coccidial infection were susceptibe to infection with Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, and E. gallopavonis. The 6- or 10-week-old birds were more resistant to infection than the 2-week-old birds (no deaths from coccidiosis vs. 100% mortality). Lesion scores were lower in 10-week-old birds than in 6-week-old birds, but significantly greater weight losses occurred in the older birds. Turkeys reared in floor pens contaminated experimentally with coccidia were immune to homologous challenge at 10 weeks old, with only slight (numerical) reduction of weight gains following challenge with 50,000 oocysts/bird of each species. These results demonstrated some degree of innate resistance associated with age, although not enough to protect against heavy challenge. The resistance of birds reared in floor pens was due largely to acquired immunity resulting from infection with coccidia. Amprolium (125 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), or Polystat (250 ppm) protected the turkeys against experimental infections in floor pens, as measured by weight gains, feed efficiency, death due to coccidiosis, and lesion scores.", "contents": "Innate and acquired immunity vs. anticoccidial medication in managing coccidiosis in turkeys. Turkeys 2, 6, or 10 weeks old that had been reared free of coccidial infection were susceptibe to infection with Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, and E. gallopavonis. The 6- or 10-week-old birds were more resistant to infection than the 2-week-old birds (no deaths from coccidiosis vs. 100% mortality). Lesion scores were lower in 10-week-old birds than in 6-week-old birds, but significantly greater weight losses occurred in the older birds. Turkeys reared in floor pens contaminated experimentally with coccidia were immune to homologous challenge at 10 weeks old, with only slight (numerical) reduction of weight gains following challenge with 50,000 oocysts/bird of each species. These results demonstrated some degree of innate resistance associated with age, although not enough to protect against heavy challenge. The resistance of birds reared in floor pens was due largely to acquired immunity resulting from infection with coccidia. Amprolium (125 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), or Polystat (250 ppm) protected the turkeys against experimental infections in floor pens, as measured by weight gains, feed efficiency, death due to coccidiosis, and lesion scores.", "PMID": 749894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8046", "title": "Serological and cultural studies on broiler breeder multiplier flocks infected with Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "Nine broiler breeder flocks found infected with Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) at 17 to 42 weeks of age were used for serological tests and isolations of MS. Five live females and 20 to 30 serums were brought to the laboratory from each flock on three occasions. Serums from flocks naturally infected reacted to the serum plate agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests throughout one laying season. MS was isolated from the trachea, turbinates, sinus, lung, and air sacs throughout one laying season. The medium with 0.1 g NAD isolated MS more efficiently than the medium with 0.01 g NAD. MS was isolated more frequently from the trachea, turbinates, and sinus than from the lung and air sacs.", "contents": "Serological and cultural studies on broiler breeder multiplier flocks infected with Mycoplasma synoviae. Nine broiler breeder flocks found infected with Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) at 17 to 42 weeks of age were used for serological tests and isolations of MS. Five live females and 20 to 30 serums were brought to the laboratory from each flock on three occasions. Serums from flocks naturally infected reacted to the serum plate agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests throughout one laying season. MS was isolated from the trachea, turbinates, sinus, lung, and air sacs throughout one laying season. The medium with 0.1 g NAD isolated MS more efficiently than the medium with 0.01 g NAD. MS was isolated more frequently from the trachea, turbinates, and sinus than from the lung and air sacs.", "PMID": 749895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8047", "title": "Slide-agglutination test of Haemophilus gallinarum antigen treated by trypsin to inhibit spontaneous agglutination.", "content": "Spontaneous agglutination of Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) cells cultured in Kato's broth was inhibited by trypsin treatment. The treated cell had the same antigenicity as the common antigen prepared from chicken meat infusion broth. Trypsinized antigen could be used in the slide-agglutination test to detect HG antibody in chicken serum.", "contents": "Slide-agglutination test of Haemophilus gallinarum antigen treated by trypsin to inhibit spontaneous agglutination. Spontaneous agglutination of Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) cells cultured in Kato's broth was inhibited by trypsin treatment. The treated cell had the same antigenicity as the common antigen prepared from chicken meat infusion broth. Trypsinized antigen could be used in the slide-agglutination test to detect HG antibody in chicken serum.", "PMID": 749897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8048", "title": "Renal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria gaviae n. sp. in a common loon (Gavia immer).", "content": "Renal coccidiosis was diagnosed in a common loon (Gavia immer). This is the first report of coccidium from the kidney of a member of the Order Gaviiformes. Morphologically, the coccidium was considered to be an Eimeria sp. distinct from Eimeria truncata, and was named Eimeria gaviae n. sp.", "contents": "Renal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria gaviae n. sp. in a common loon (Gavia immer). Renal coccidiosis was diagnosed in a common loon (Gavia immer). This is the first report of coccidium from the kidney of a member of the Order Gaviiformes. Morphologically, the coccidium was considered to be an Eimeria sp. distinct from Eimeria truncata, and was named Eimeria gaviae n. sp.", "PMID": 749899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8049", "title": "Experimental and natural infections of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in waterfowl and shore birds.", "content": "The occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. is reported for five species of fish-eating birds collected in the western-basin region of Lake Erie. Mature specimens of E. tubifex were recovered from 5 of 74 laboratory-reared Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally with larval worms taken from Yellow perch, Perca flavescens.", "contents": "Experimental and natural infections of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in waterfowl and shore birds. The occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. is reported for five species of fish-eating birds collected in the western-basin region of Lake Erie. Mature specimens of E. tubifex were recovered from 5 of 74 laboratory-reared Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally with larval worms taken from Yellow perch, Perca flavescens.", "PMID": 749896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8050", "title": "Giardia infection in parakeets.", "content": "Giardia infection causing high morbidity and mortality in parakeets in 3 commercial aviaries is described. The disease was successfully treated with dimetridazole.", "contents": "Giardia infection in parakeets. Giardia infection causing high morbidity and mortality in parakeets in 3 commercial aviaries is described. The disease was successfully treated with dimetridazole.", "PMID": 749900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8051", "title": "Studies on the use of mumps virus for treatment of human cancer.", "content": "Purified mumps virus (Urabe strain) was given mainly by intravenous injection to a total of 200 patients with cancer. The only adverse clinical reaction was transient mild fever in about half the patients. The beneficial clinical effects were as follows; decrease or disappearance of ascites and edema of the lower limbs at high rates (26/37 and 4/4, respectively), usually within a week after treatment: decrease or stoppage of cancerous bleeding in 30 of 35 patients: decrease or disappearance of pain in most of the patients: and tumor regression in 26 patients with cancer of the breast, rectum, ileocaecum, thyroid gland, uterus, skin, etc. Histologically, the virus-treatment caused shrinkage of nuclei and vacuolization of the cytoplasma of tumor cells, but the degenerative changes of tumor cells were not so great as those after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Infiltration of lymphocytes, fibrosis and collagenesis occurred around tumor tissues, where necrosis or exfoliation of tumor cells was frequently observed.", "contents": "Studies on the use of mumps virus for treatment of human cancer. Purified mumps virus (Urabe strain) was given mainly by intravenous injection to a total of 200 patients with cancer. The only adverse clinical reaction was transient mild fever in about half the patients. The beneficial clinical effects were as follows; decrease or disappearance of ascites and edema of the lower limbs at high rates (26/37 and 4/4, respectively), usually within a week after treatment: decrease or stoppage of cancerous bleeding in 30 of 35 patients: decrease or disappearance of pain in most of the patients: and tumor regression in 26 patients with cancer of the breast, rectum, ileocaecum, thyroid gland, uterus, skin, etc. Histologically, the virus-treatment caused shrinkage of nuclei and vacuolization of the cytoplasma of tumor cells, but the degenerative changes of tumor cells were not so great as those after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Infiltration of lymphocytes, fibrosis and collagenesis occurred around tumor tissues, where necrosis or exfoliation of tumor cells was frequently observed.", "PMID": 749908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8052", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic control of proteolysis.", "content": "Proteolysis in heart muscle is regulated by hormonal and metabolic factors. In the absence of insulin, protein degradation accelerated, autophagic vacuoles appeared within the heart and latency of lysosomal enzymes decreased. Addition of insulin prevented or reversed these changes. Provision of leucine inhibited proteolysis in control hearts. Addition of the products of transamination and oxidative decarboxylation of leucine, isoleucine and valine had similar inhibitory effects. Protein degradation was inhibited in ischaemic or anoxic hearts, but latency of lysosomal enzymes was decreased. Inhibition of degradation in energy-poor tissue may represent both an energy-requirement for proteolysis and inhibition by accumulation of metabolic products, such as lactate.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic control of proteolysis. Proteolysis in heart muscle is regulated by hormonal and metabolic factors. In the absence of insulin, protein degradation accelerated, autophagic vacuoles appeared within the heart and latency of lysosomal enzymes decreased. Addition of insulin prevented or reversed these changes. Provision of leucine inhibited proteolysis in control hearts. Addition of the products of transamination and oxidative decarboxylation of leucine, isoleucine and valine had similar inhibitory effects. Protein degradation was inhibited in ischaemic or anoxic hearts, but latency of lysosomal enzymes was decreased. Inhibition of degradation in energy-poor tissue may represent both an energy-requirement for proteolysis and inhibition by accumulation of metabolic products, such as lactate.", "PMID": 749913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8053", "title": "Hormonal regulation of ketone-body metabolism in man.", "content": "The main hormones involved in ketone-body metabolism are the anabolic hormone insulin and the primarily catabolic hormones, glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines and growth hormone. These hormones may regulate ketone-body metabolism at three sites: adipose tissue, by regulating fatty acid supply to the liver; the liver itself, by determining the relative activities of the re-esterification and fatty acid oxidation pathways; and the periphery, by influencing the rate of extrahepatic utilization of ketone bodies. The first two are quantitatively the most important. Insulin acts on all three regulatory sites. In adipose tissue lipolysis is inhibited and re-esterification enhanced with consequent decrease of fatty acid release. Both these processes are extremely insulin-sensitive. In the liver insulin increases fatty acid synthesis and esterification. At the same time malonyl-CoA formation is increased, which inhibits the acylcarnitine transferase system and thus decreases the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and hence fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Insulin also has a small stimulatory effect on extrahepatic ketone-body utilization. The effects of glucagon depend on whether insulin is present. In normal man glucagon stimulates insulin secretion and the predominant effect is that of insulin, i.e. decreased ketogenesis. In insulin deficiency glucagon has a mild stimulatory effect on lipolysis, increasing fatty acid supply to the liver. The main effects of glucagon are, however, on the liver. It activates the carnitine acyltransferase system through inhibition of malonyl-CoA synthesis. Fatty acid oxidation is increased and ketogenesis enhanced. The overall effect on the liver depends on the relative amounts of insulin and glucagon present. Studies with somatostatin show that glucagon can increase ketogenesis acutely when insulin secretion is inhibited in normal man, but the effects are short-lived. Cortisol has similar effects to glucagon. In the presence of insulin there is a small increase in fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue, secondary to impaired glucose entry, and perhaps a small effect on lipolysis itself. This fatty acid is, however, directed to triacylglycerol in the liver. In insulin deficiency, again demonstrated by somatostatin infusion, the incoming fatty acidstone-body formation. The mechanism remains obscure. Catecholamines, in contrast, have their most potent effects on adipose tissue, stimulating lipolysis and fatty acid release even in the presence of insulin. They thus act mainly by enhancing precursor supply and have only minor effects on liver and no effect on peripheral utilization. Growth hormone, like glucagon, has little effect in the presence of insulin, but can enhance ketogenesis in insulin deficiency, although again the mechanism is unknown. Thus in normally fed man the effects of insulin will be overriding and little ketogenesis occurs because of limited fatty acid availability in the liver...", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of ketone-body metabolism in man. The main hormones involved in ketone-body metabolism are the anabolic hormone insulin and the primarily catabolic hormones, glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines and growth hormone. These hormones may regulate ketone-body metabolism at three sites: adipose tissue, by regulating fatty acid supply to the liver; the liver itself, by determining the relative activities of the re-esterification and fatty acid oxidation pathways; and the periphery, by influencing the rate of extrahepatic utilization of ketone bodies. The first two are quantitatively the most important. Insulin acts on all three regulatory sites. In adipose tissue lipolysis is inhibited and re-esterification enhanced with consequent decrease of fatty acid release. Both these processes are extremely insulin-sensitive. In the liver insulin increases fatty acid synthesis and esterification. At the same time malonyl-CoA formation is increased, which inhibits the acylcarnitine transferase system and thus decreases the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and hence fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Insulin also has a small stimulatory effect on extrahepatic ketone-body utilization. The effects of glucagon depend on whether insulin is present. In normal man glucagon stimulates insulin secretion and the predominant effect is that of insulin, i.e. decreased ketogenesis. In insulin deficiency glucagon has a mild stimulatory effect on lipolysis, increasing fatty acid supply to the liver. The main effects of glucagon are, however, on the liver. It activates the carnitine acyltransferase system through inhibition of malonyl-CoA synthesis. Fatty acid oxidation is increased and ketogenesis enhanced. The overall effect on the liver depends on the relative amounts of insulin and glucagon present. Studies with somatostatin show that glucagon can increase ketogenesis acutely when insulin secretion is inhibited in normal man, but the effects are short-lived. Cortisol has similar effects to glucagon. In the presence of insulin there is a small increase in fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue, secondary to impaired glucose entry, and perhaps a small effect on lipolysis itself. This fatty acid is, however, directed to triacylglycerol in the liver. In insulin deficiency, again demonstrated by somatostatin infusion, the incoming fatty acidstone-body formation. The mechanism remains obscure. Catecholamines, in contrast, have their most potent effects on adipose tissue, stimulating lipolysis and fatty acid release even in the presence of insulin. They thus act mainly by enhancing precursor supply and have only minor effects on liver and no effect on peripheral utilization. Growth hormone, like glucagon, has little effect in the presence of insulin, but can enhance ketogenesis in insulin deficiency, although again the mechanism is unknown. Thus in normally fed man the effects of insulin will be overriding and little ketogenesis occurs because of limited fatty acid availability in the liver...", "PMID": 749914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8054", "title": "[Neuropsychopharmacological effects of TCDD].", "content": "It has been found that TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), in rats, endoperitoneally or orally administered at dose of 1-10 mcg/kg, provokes irritability, aggressivity and restlessness (increase of spontaneous crossings in the shuttle box). The TCDD does not modify the conditioned avoidance (C.A.) or the conflictual situation. In \"vitro\" the TCDD stimulates directly the striatal and hypothalamic adenylate cyclase of rat. The TCDD increases the stimulation produced by dopamine on striatal adenylate cyclase. Haloperidol (dopamine antagonist) inhibits the stimulation produced by TCDD. TCDD does not significantly modify the stimulation by hystamine on hypothalamic adenylate cyclase. Cimetidine (H2) antagonist) causes a remarkable increase of the TCDD stimulating effect.", "contents": "[Neuropsychopharmacological effects of TCDD]. It has been found that TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), in rats, endoperitoneally or orally administered at dose of 1-10 mcg/kg, provokes irritability, aggressivity and restlessness (increase of spontaneous crossings in the shuttle box). The TCDD does not modify the conditioned avoidance (C.A.) or the conflictual situation. In \"vitro\" the TCDD stimulates directly the striatal and hypothalamic adenylate cyclase of rat. The TCDD increases the stimulation produced by dopamine on striatal adenylate cyclase. Haloperidol (dopamine antagonist) inhibits the stimulation produced by TCDD. TCDD does not significantly modify the stimulation by hystamine on hypothalamic adenylate cyclase. Cimetidine (H2) antagonist) causes a remarkable increase of the TCDD stimulating effect.", "PMID": 749917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8055", "title": "[Interaction of calcium and some neuropharmacological agents on the isolated nerve fiber].", "content": "It has been suggested that calcium interferes with the effect of the local anesthetics (Blaustein and Goldman, 1966). Experiments were therefore made with the anionic phenobarbital and the cationic procaine and chlorpromazine in high (18 mM/1) and in low (0,18 mM/1) calcium concentration. These experiments showed that the effect of drugs used, and of changes in calcium concentration were independent of each other.", "contents": "[Interaction of calcium and some neuropharmacological agents on the isolated nerve fiber]. It has been suggested that calcium interferes with the effect of the local anesthetics (Blaustein and Goldman, 1966). Experiments were therefore made with the anionic phenobarbital and the cationic procaine and chlorpromazine in high (18 mM/1) and in low (0,18 mM/1) calcium concentration. These experiments showed that the effect of drugs used, and of changes in calcium concentration were independent of each other.", "PMID": 749920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8056", "title": "Changes of granulopoiesis during and after adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer.", "content": "Adjuvant chemotherapy allows a study of the effects of cytotoxic drugs on natural human haematopoiesis. We describe serial studies of granulopoiesis performed during and after intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide, given for six courses at monthly intervals). After drug administration, a sequential wave of depletion and regeneration through successive granulopoietic compartments was observed. With repeated chemotherapy, moderate neutropenia developed, and the blood CFU-C pool size became progressively reduced. After the sixth chemotherapeutic course, granulopoietic regeneration was delayed. Following discontinuation of chemotherapy, a long-lasting (greater than 200 d) reduction of the blood CFU-C pool size, together with neutropenia and reduction of marrow segmented neutrophils, was observed, suggesting a defect of granulopoiesis with persistent granulopoietic hypoplasia. In patients with expected long survival, residual bone marrow damage should be added to the list of potential late side effects of cytotoxic drug therapy.", "contents": "Changes of granulopoiesis during and after adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy allows a study of the effects of cytotoxic drugs on natural human haematopoiesis. We describe serial studies of granulopoiesis performed during and after intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide, given for six courses at monthly intervals). After drug administration, a sequential wave of depletion and regeneration through successive granulopoietic compartments was observed. With repeated chemotherapy, moderate neutropenia developed, and the blood CFU-C pool size became progressively reduced. After the sixth chemotherapeutic course, granulopoietic regeneration was delayed. Following discontinuation of chemotherapy, a long-lasting (greater than 200 d) reduction of the blood CFU-C pool size, together with neutropenia and reduction of marrow segmented neutrophils, was observed, suggesting a defect of granulopoiesis with persistent granulopoietic hypoplasia. In patients with expected long survival, residual bone marrow damage should be added to the list of potential late side effects of cytotoxic drug therapy.", "PMID": 749923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8057", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of haemopoiesis in W/Wv anaemic mice.", "content": "This study is an ultrastructural analysis of haemopoiesis in W/Wv anaemic mice in whom the anaemia is caused by a defect in the haemopoietic stem cell. Cellularity of marrow is normal but there is an increase in the proportion of less mature cells suggesting a delay in maturation. In addition, heterochromatin constitutes a higher proportion than normal of the nucleus in most stages of maturation suggesting a defect in DNA activation. The findings suggest that in this strain not only the differentiation of the haemopoietic stem cell but also the maturation of the committed cell is defective.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of haemopoiesis in W/Wv anaemic mice. This study is an ultrastructural analysis of haemopoiesis in W/Wv anaemic mice in whom the anaemia is caused by a defect in the haemopoietic stem cell. Cellularity of marrow is normal but there is an increase in the proportion of less mature cells suggesting a delay in maturation. In addition, heterochromatin constitutes a higher proportion than normal of the nucleus in most stages of maturation suggesting a defect in DNA activation. The findings suggest that in this strain not only the differentiation of the haemopoietic stem cell but also the maturation of the committed cell is defective.", "PMID": 749924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8058", "title": "Splenic red cell pooling: a diagnostic feature in polycythaemia.", "content": "Total red cell volumes and splenic red cell pools were measured in 31 patients with polycythaemia. 22 had polycythaemia vera (PV), 12 of whom had clinically detectable splenomegaly, and nine patients had secondary polycythaemia (PS). The mean red cell pool was 192.8 ml (SD 126.6) in PV (all cases), and 130.9 ml (SD 28.4 ml) in PV without splenomegaly; it was 61.1 ml (SD 8.3 ml) in PS. When expressed relative to spleen size (in cm), differences were even more striking: PV (all cases)--mean 13.7 ml/cm (SD 4.3); PV without splenomegaly--mean 12.7 ml/cm (SD 2.2); PS--mean 6.6 ml/cm (SD 1.2). Measurement of splenic red cell pool thus appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool for distinguishing between PV and PS. The findings point to the presence in PV of a splenic structural abnormality which is not simply an effect of the increased circulating red cell mass.", "contents": "Splenic red cell pooling: a diagnostic feature in polycythaemia. Total red cell volumes and splenic red cell pools were measured in 31 patients with polycythaemia. 22 had polycythaemia vera (PV), 12 of whom had clinically detectable splenomegaly, and nine patients had secondary polycythaemia (PS). The mean red cell pool was 192.8 ml (SD 126.6) in PV (all cases), and 130.9 ml (SD 28.4 ml) in PV without splenomegaly; it was 61.1 ml (SD 8.3 ml) in PS. When expressed relative to spleen size (in cm), differences were even more striking: PV (all cases)--mean 13.7 ml/cm (SD 4.3); PV without splenomegaly--mean 12.7 ml/cm (SD 2.2); PS--mean 6.6 ml/cm (SD 1.2). Measurement of splenic red cell pool thus appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool for distinguishing between PV and PS. The findings point to the presence in PV of a splenic structural abnormality which is not simply an effect of the increased circulating red cell mass.", "PMID": 749925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8059", "title": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and changes in delta-aminolaevulinic acid concentration in various forms of anaemia.", "content": "Whole blood delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) concentrations and erythrocyte ALA dehydratase activity have been measured in patients with iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia and secondary anaemia, and in normal subjects. ALA concentration was found to be significantly increased in all types of anaemia compared with normal. Erythrocyte ALA dehydratase activity was significantly increased in iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia but not in secondary anaemia.", "contents": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and changes in delta-aminolaevulinic acid concentration in various forms of anaemia. Whole blood delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) concentrations and erythrocyte ALA dehydratase activity have been measured in patients with iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia and secondary anaemia, and in normal subjects. ALA concentration was found to be significantly increased in all types of anaemia compared with normal. Erythrocyte ALA dehydratase activity was significantly increased in iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia but not in secondary anaemia.", "PMID": 749926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8060", "title": "Fetal haemoglobin production and the sickle gene in the oases of Eastern Saudi Arabia.", "content": "Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels have been measured in 137 normal (AA) subjects, 109 with the sickle-cell trait (AS) and 237 with sickle-cell anaemia (SS) from the oasis population of Eastern Saudi Arabia. In addition the proportion of F-cells has been estimated in 71 AA, 51 AS and 34 SS subjects. The mean HbF% (and the range of F-cells %) were: AA 0.77 (0.3--18), AS 1.38 (2.3--43) and SS 25.56 (33--98). The distribution of Hb F was always heterocellular. The influence of pregnancy accounts for most of the excess female subjects with sickle-cell trait showing raised Hb F and F-cells. Whilst the normal Arabs and those with sickle-cell trait did not differ from comparable groups of American blacks, both the % Hb F and % F-cells in Saudi Arabian patients with sickle-cell anaemia were much higher than in Blacks. The high Hb F levels in individuals with sickle-cell anaemia are not due to coexistent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or alpha-thalassaemia trait, and the Hb F level showed an inverse correlation with the degree of haemolysis. These findings indicate that the unusually elevated levels of Hb F are not due to an associated high frequency of a gene for hetero-cellular hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin in the oasis population, but rather from a genetically determined absolute increase in Hb F production related in some way to the SS genotype.", "contents": "Fetal haemoglobin production and the sickle gene in the oases of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels have been measured in 137 normal (AA) subjects, 109 with the sickle-cell trait (AS) and 237 with sickle-cell anaemia (SS) from the oasis population of Eastern Saudi Arabia. In addition the proportion of F-cells has been estimated in 71 AA, 51 AS and 34 SS subjects. The mean HbF% (and the range of F-cells %) were: AA 0.77 (0.3--18), AS 1.38 (2.3--43) and SS 25.56 (33--98). The distribution of Hb F was always heterocellular. The influence of pregnancy accounts for most of the excess female subjects with sickle-cell trait showing raised Hb F and F-cells. Whilst the normal Arabs and those with sickle-cell trait did not differ from comparable groups of American blacks, both the % Hb F and % F-cells in Saudi Arabian patients with sickle-cell anaemia were much higher than in Blacks. The high Hb F levels in individuals with sickle-cell anaemia are not due to coexistent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or alpha-thalassaemia trait, and the Hb F level showed an inverse correlation with the degree of haemolysis. These findings indicate that the unusually elevated levels of Hb F are not due to an associated high frequency of a gene for hetero-cellular hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin in the oasis population, but rather from a genetically determined absolute increase in Hb F production related in some way to the SS genotype.", "PMID": 749927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8061", "title": "The determinants of irreversibly sickled cells in homozygous sickle cell disease.", "content": "The relationship between the irreversibly sickled cell (ISC) count and other haematological parameters has been investigated. Positive correlations occurred with the MCH, MCHC, and with two expressions of intracellular Hb S content. Since the ISC has a high MCHC, the positive correlations with MCHC and with factors derived from the MCHC may be difficult to evaluate. Negative correlations occurred with total haemoglobin and Hb F. The MCHC was found to affect the relationship between HbF and ISC count, a low MCHC being associated with, and probably determining, lower ISC counts at any level of Hb F. It is proposed that a low MCHC may inhibit ISC formation and the practical implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "The determinants of irreversibly sickled cells in homozygous sickle cell disease. The relationship between the irreversibly sickled cell (ISC) count and other haematological parameters has been investigated. Positive correlations occurred with the MCH, MCHC, and with two expressions of intracellular Hb S content. Since the ISC has a high MCHC, the positive correlations with MCHC and with factors derived from the MCHC may be difficult to evaluate. Negative correlations occurred with total haemoglobin and Hb F. The MCHC was found to affect the relationship between HbF and ISC count, a low MCHC being associated with, and probably determining, lower ISC counts at any level of Hb F. It is proposed that a low MCHC may inhibit ISC formation and the practical implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 749928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8062", "title": "IgM inhibitors of the contact activation phase of coagulation in chlorpromazine-treated patients.", "content": "In this report we have described three patients with chronic schizophrenia on long-term chlorpromazine therapy who developed asymptomatic IgM inhibitors of the intrinsic phase of blood coagulation. The anticoagulant resulted in decreased measurements of all of the plasma clotting factors in the intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI, XII, Fletcher factor and Fitzgerald factor). Using crude coagulation reagents, the serum of these patients interfered with the clot promoting activity of contact product. To determine the relationship between drug therapy and these IgM inhibitors, we have studied nine additional schizophrenic patients on long-term chlorpromazine therapy. All nine chlorpromazine-treated patients had significantly increased levels of serum IgM and asymptomatic inhibitors of coagulation. We conclude that long-term high-dose chlorpromazine treatment of schizophrenic patients results in an increased concentration of IgM which has inhibitory activity in the contact phase of blood coagulation.", "contents": "IgM inhibitors of the contact activation phase of coagulation in chlorpromazine-treated patients. In this report we have described three patients with chronic schizophrenia on long-term chlorpromazine therapy who developed asymptomatic IgM inhibitors of the intrinsic phase of blood coagulation. The anticoagulant resulted in decreased measurements of all of the plasma clotting factors in the intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI, XII, Fletcher factor and Fitzgerald factor). Using crude coagulation reagents, the serum of these patients interfered with the clot promoting activity of contact product. To determine the relationship between drug therapy and these IgM inhibitors, we have studied nine additional schizophrenic patients on long-term chlorpromazine therapy. All nine chlorpromazine-treated patients had significantly increased levels of serum IgM and asymptomatic inhibitors of coagulation. We conclude that long-term high-dose chlorpromazine treatment of schizophrenic patients results in an increased concentration of IgM which has inhibitory activity in the contact phase of blood coagulation.", "PMID": 749929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8063", "title": "Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure platelet factor 4 (PF4) in biological fluids both in vitro and in vivo. The assay has been shown to be highly specific for PF4 and has a sensitivity of 0.08 ng/assay tube and 1.6 ng/ml of plasma. The preparation of plasma for the measurement of in vivo levels of PF4 requires the use of an anticoagulant containing EDTA, theophylline and prostaglandin E1, the immediate cooling of the blood and high speed or prolonged centrifugation to reduce platelet contamination. Plasma levels of PF4 are normally between 4 and 24 ng/ml with a median of 7.4 ng/ml. Plasma PF4 levels are markedly increased during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with shortened 51Cr-labelled platelet survival times and during arterial thrombosis. However, despite similarly shortened platelet survival times, the level of PF4 is normal in immune thrombocytopenia. Elevations of plasma PF4 levels are found following surgery, acute myocardial infarction and frequently during acute infections and in inflammatory states. On the contrary, normal levels are usual in disseminated malignancy, in severe hepatic and renal disease and in chronic arterial disease. The measurement of PF4 is a useful addition to the study of platelet pathophysiology. It is apparent, however, that raised levels are by no means specific for thromboembolic disease and similarly platelet destruction is not invariably associated with abnormally increased plasma PF4 levels.", "contents": "Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 measured by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure platelet factor 4 (PF4) in biological fluids both in vitro and in vivo. The assay has been shown to be highly specific for PF4 and has a sensitivity of 0.08 ng/assay tube and 1.6 ng/ml of plasma. The preparation of plasma for the measurement of in vivo levels of PF4 requires the use of an anticoagulant containing EDTA, theophylline and prostaglandin E1, the immediate cooling of the blood and high speed or prolonged centrifugation to reduce platelet contamination. Plasma levels of PF4 are normally between 4 and 24 ng/ml with a median of 7.4 ng/ml. Plasma PF4 levels are markedly increased during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with shortened 51Cr-labelled platelet survival times and during arterial thrombosis. However, despite similarly shortened platelet survival times, the level of PF4 is normal in immune thrombocytopenia. Elevations of plasma PF4 levels are found following surgery, acute myocardial infarction and frequently during acute infections and in inflammatory states. On the contrary, normal levels are usual in disseminated malignancy, in severe hepatic and renal disease and in chronic arterial disease. The measurement of PF4 is a useful addition to the study of platelet pathophysiology. It is apparent, however, that raised levels are by no means specific for thromboembolic disease and similarly platelet destruction is not invariably associated with abnormally increased plasma PF4 levels.", "PMID": 749930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8064", "title": "Visual behavior, eye and retina of the parasitic fish Carapus mourlani.", "content": "1. This is the first transmission electron microscope description of the retina of a parasitic fish. 2. The retina is well supplied with capillaries, some of which occur on the inner surface of the retina. An unusual and possibly primitive type of capillary junction is described. 3. The outer segments of the retina of Carapus mourlani, which measure approximately 2 micron in diameter, are of one type only. A certain degree of banking was observed. Outer segments are not isolated from each other by screening pigments; they are, however, surrounded by about 15 calycal processes. 4. Typical spheroids or conoids were not seen in the outer plexiform layer. The inner nuclear layer consists of only one or two layers of nuclei. The inner plexiform layer is unusually wide and some amacrine synapses can be identified. There are few ganglion cells and the ratio of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer to those of the inner nuclear layer to ganglion cells is approximately 100:10:1. 5. The eye of C. mourlani combines features of degenerated photoreceptors, characteristic of cave-organisms, with adaptations which are commonly found in nocturnal and deep-sea forms. 6. The visual behavior of the animal indicates that the eye is fully functional in spite of its corneal keratosis and small number of optic nerve fibers.", "contents": "Visual behavior, eye and retina of the parasitic fish Carapus mourlani. 1. This is the first transmission electron microscope description of the retina of a parasitic fish. 2. The retina is well supplied with capillaries, some of which occur on the inner surface of the retina. An unusual and possibly primitive type of capillary junction is described. 3. The outer segments of the retina of Carapus mourlani, which measure approximately 2 micron in diameter, are of one type only. A certain degree of banking was observed. Outer segments are not isolated from each other by screening pigments; they are, however, surrounded by about 15 calycal processes. 4. Typical spheroids or conoids were not seen in the outer plexiform layer. The inner nuclear layer consists of only one or two layers of nuclei. The inner plexiform layer is unusually wide and some amacrine synapses can be identified. There are few ganglion cells and the ratio of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer to those of the inner nuclear layer to ganglion cells is approximately 100:10:1. 5. The eye of C. mourlani combines features of degenerated photoreceptors, characteristic of cave-organisms, with adaptations which are commonly found in nocturnal and deep-sea forms. 6. The visual behavior of the animal indicates that the eye is fully functional in spite of its corneal keratosis and small number of optic nerve fibers.", "PMID": 749933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8065", "title": "Cellular morphology and architecture during early morphogenesis of the ascidian egg: an SEM study.", "content": "1. Cellular morphology and architecture during early morphogenesis of the ascidian embryo were examined by SEM. 2. The outer surface of the embryo was essentially smooth. The blastocoel could be seen in the dissected blastula. On the cell surface bordering the blastocoel, numerous pseudopodia extended from cells onto adjacent cells. These pseudopodia were suggested to contribute to cell-to-cell adhesion. 3. Before the initiation of gastrulation, a layer of the cells of the animal (ventral) hemisphere and that of the cells of the vegetal (dorsal) hemisphere adhered closely together. The blastocoel could no longer be observed. 4. The gastrulation began during the seventh cleavage. The gastrocoel was formed by a folding of the two layers of the cells. Examinations of the dissected gastrulae suggested two cooperative forces for the gastrulation: first, the epibolic or enfolding movement of the ventral ectoderm cells and secondly, the change in shape of the constituent cells. 5. The neural tube formation progressed in a similar fashion to that of vertebrates.", "contents": "Cellular morphology and architecture during early morphogenesis of the ascidian egg: an SEM study. 1. Cellular morphology and architecture during early morphogenesis of the ascidian embryo were examined by SEM. 2. The outer surface of the embryo was essentially smooth. The blastocoel could be seen in the dissected blastula. On the cell surface bordering the blastocoel, numerous pseudopodia extended from cells onto adjacent cells. These pseudopodia were suggested to contribute to cell-to-cell adhesion. 3. Before the initiation of gastrulation, a layer of the cells of the animal (ventral) hemisphere and that of the cells of the vegetal (dorsal) hemisphere adhered closely together. The blastocoel could no longer be observed. 4. The gastrulation began during the seventh cleavage. The gastrocoel was formed by a folding of the two layers of the cells. Examinations of the dissected gastrulae suggested two cooperative forces for the gastrulation: first, the epibolic or enfolding movement of the ventral ectoderm cells and secondly, the change in shape of the constituent cells. 5. The neural tube formation progressed in a similar fashion to that of vertebrates.", "PMID": 749934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8066", "title": "Cortical potential correlates of selective attention in multidimensional scaling.", "content": "Cortical evoked potentials were recorded from the vertex of subjects performing a similarity rating task. Proximity data were analysed according to INDSCAL (Carroll and Chang, 1970). Brain activity was averaged separately for different stimulus attributes and different stages of the judgement process. The amplitudes of the two positive deflections of the averaged evoked potential, peaking around 160 and 330 msec after stimulus onset respectively, were systematically influenced by two factors: The weight, which the evoking attribute received in the overall dissimilarity judgement, and the position of the evoking attribute in the stimulus train. The results support the hypothesis that differences in the perception of similarity are due to differences in attentional set. Reference is made to the 'additive-difference model' of scaling behaviour (Tversky and Krantz, 1970) and Broadbent's (1970) distinction between stimulus set and response set attention.", "contents": "Cortical potential correlates of selective attention in multidimensional scaling. Cortical evoked potentials were recorded from the vertex of subjects performing a similarity rating task. Proximity data were analysed according to INDSCAL (Carroll and Chang, 1970). Brain activity was averaged separately for different stimulus attributes and different stages of the judgement process. The amplitudes of the two positive deflections of the averaged evoked potential, peaking around 160 and 330 msec after stimulus onset respectively, were systematically influenced by two factors: The weight, which the evoking attribute received in the overall dissimilarity judgement, and the position of the evoking attribute in the stimulus train. The results support the hypothesis that differences in the perception of similarity are due to differences in attentional set. Reference is made to the 'additive-difference model' of scaling behaviour (Tversky and Krantz, 1970) and Broadbent's (1970) distinction between stimulus set and response set attention.", "PMID": 749935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8067", "title": "Short-term memory and the EEG: effects of instructions to rehearse.", "content": "Transoccipital EEG was analyzed during the performance of a task involving the presentation and recall of auditorily presented nine-digit strings. Three strategies of processing were imposed by instruction: (i) passive listening without recall; (ii) passive listening followed by attempted recall; (iii) active rehersal followed by attempted recall. Phasic EEG arousal (8.5-12.5 Hz), inferred from the decline in abundance during string presentation, was found to be a function of the level of 'engagement' in the task. This finding was viewed as supporting an earlier phenomenological description of the task demands involved in recall. Tonic levels of arousal were found to be frequency dependent. At low frequencies (8.5-10.5 Hz) EEG abundance was inversely related to engagement but at higher frequencies (10.5-12.5 Hz) abundance was directly related to the level of engagement. The results are discussed in terms of a possible functional dissociation of EEG arousal within the alpha frequency band.", "contents": "Short-term memory and the EEG: effects of instructions to rehearse. Transoccipital EEG was analyzed during the performance of a task involving the presentation and recall of auditorily presented nine-digit strings. Three strategies of processing were imposed by instruction: (i) passive listening without recall; (ii) passive listening followed by attempted recall; (iii) active rehersal followed by attempted recall. Phasic EEG arousal (8.5-12.5 Hz), inferred from the decline in abundance during string presentation, was found to be a function of the level of 'engagement' in the task. This finding was viewed as supporting an earlier phenomenological description of the task demands involved in recall. Tonic levels of arousal were found to be frequency dependent. At low frequencies (8.5-10.5 Hz) EEG abundance was inversely related to engagement but at higher frequencies (10.5-12.5 Hz) abundance was directly related to the level of engagement. The results are discussed in terms of a possible functional dissociation of EEG arousal within the alpha frequency band.", "PMID": 749936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8068", "title": "Efficacy of pattern feedback for the dissociation of heart rate and respiration rate.", "content": "The present study assessed the efficacy of pattern feedback for producing integrative and dissociative patterns of heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR). 60 uninformed subjects were assigned to six groups in which beat-by-beat feedback was contingent upon production of a specific pattern of increased ( ), decreased ( ), or unchanged (=) HR and RR during 11 feedback trials. Concomitant changes in respiratory volume and general activity (GA) were also recorded. Groups given feedback for HR and RR changes in the same directions (HR RR and HR RR ) ANd for changes in opposite directions (HR RR and HR RR ) were generally unable to produce the respective patterns, indicating that pattern feedback does not enable subjects to produce a wide range of HR-RR patterns. However, evidence of dissociation of HR and RR was obtained in the HR RR= and HR RR= groups in which HR changed significantly in the appropriate directions without significant changes in RR. These results are not consistent with the view that RR changes are necessary for HR control, although significant concomitant changes in respiratory volume and GA indicated that HR control was non-specific relative to these variables.", "contents": "Efficacy of pattern feedback for the dissociation of heart rate and respiration rate. The present study assessed the efficacy of pattern feedback for producing integrative and dissociative patterns of heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR). 60 uninformed subjects were assigned to six groups in which beat-by-beat feedback was contingent upon production of a specific pattern of increased ( ), decreased ( ), or unchanged (=) HR and RR during 11 feedback trials. Concomitant changes in respiratory volume and general activity (GA) were also recorded. Groups given feedback for HR and RR changes in the same directions (HR RR and HR RR ) ANd for changes in opposite directions (HR RR and HR RR ) were generally unable to produce the respective patterns, indicating that pattern feedback does not enable subjects to produce a wide range of HR-RR patterns. However, evidence of dissociation of HR and RR was obtained in the HR RR= and HR RR= groups in which HR changed significantly in the appropriate directions without significant changes in RR. These results are not consistent with the view that RR changes are necessary for HR control, although significant concomitant changes in respiratory volume and GA indicated that HR control was non-specific relative to these variables.", "PMID": 749937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8069", "title": "Within-subject covariation of reaction time and foreperiod cardiac deceleration: effects of respiration and imperative stimulus intensity.", "content": "The warned foreperiod reaction time (RT) task is claimed to provide data supportive of the Laceys' visceral afferent feedback theory. However, although there are many reports of significant between-subject correlations between heart rate (HR) and RT, more direct tests examining within-subject covariation show, at best, inconclusive results. These studies suggested several procedural refinements which could produce stronger within-subject relationships. The procedures adopted in this investigation included manipulating attentional involvement by varying imperative stimulus (IS) intensity, using a respiratory control and a repeated measures design, recording electromyographic RT, employing a contact switch manipulandum with no moving parts, and having subjects initiate trial presentation. 40 males were divided between normal breathing and hold breath groups. Subjects received three blocks of 24 trials with the IS at either 10, 50, or 80 db. A variety of measurement and statistical approaches yielded generally negative results, with an overall mean within-subject correlation in the predicted direction of -0.06.", "contents": "Within-subject covariation of reaction time and foreperiod cardiac deceleration: effects of respiration and imperative stimulus intensity. The warned foreperiod reaction time (RT) task is claimed to provide data supportive of the Laceys' visceral afferent feedback theory. However, although there are many reports of significant between-subject correlations between heart rate (HR) and RT, more direct tests examining within-subject covariation show, at best, inconclusive results. These studies suggested several procedural refinements which could produce stronger within-subject relationships. The procedures adopted in this investigation included manipulating attentional involvement by varying imperative stimulus (IS) intensity, using a respiratory control and a repeated measures design, recording electromyographic RT, employing a contact switch manipulandum with no moving parts, and having subjects initiate trial presentation. 40 males were divided between normal breathing and hold breath groups. Subjects received three blocks of 24 trials with the IS at either 10, 50, or 80 db. A variety of measurement and statistical approaches yielded generally negative results, with an overall mean within-subject correlation in the predicted direction of -0.06.", "PMID": 749938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8070", "title": "A simple method for estimating stresses in natural and prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Flexible-leaflet prosthetic heart valves offer certain advantages over the lateral-flow central-occluding devices in current use. However, achieving sufficient strength and fatigue resistance in the flexible leaflets is a difficult design problem. The present paper contributes to the solution of this problem by describing a simple step-by-step method for estimating the stress in a flexible leaflet valve. The method is especially suited for evaluating preliminary proposed designs since it requires only a few simple measurements and calculations. An example is presented in which stresses estimated by the method are compared with those obtained from a finite element analysis. In addition, an error is pointed out in a previously-published method for estimating stresses in leaflet valves.", "contents": "A simple method for estimating stresses in natural and prosthetic heart valves. Flexible-leaflet prosthetic heart valves offer certain advantages over the lateral-flow central-occluding devices in current use. However, achieving sufficient strength and fatigue resistance in the flexible leaflets is a difficult design problem. The present paper contributes to the solution of this problem by describing a simple step-by-step method for estimating the stress in a flexible leaflet valve. The method is especially suited for evaluating preliminary proposed designs since it requires only a few simple measurements and calculations. An example is presented in which stresses estimated by the method are compared with those obtained from a finite element analysis. In addition, an error is pointed out in a previously-published method for estimating stresses in leaflet valves.", "PMID": 749939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8071", "title": "Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. II. Tissue ingrowth.", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation on the interfacial strength of the porous polymethylmethacrylate implant/oral tissue union and the amount of tissue growth was investigated in the fourth premolars of dogs. The study indicates the interfacial strength peaks at about three weeks and decreases thereafter for both control and the stimulated specimens. The stimulated side showed consistently higher strength than its paired control. There was a positive relationship between implant period and amount of tissue in the pores although the latter was not correlated with the interfacial strength. Microradiographs showed a different pattern of new bone formation on the stimulated side when compared to the control. On both sides, bone formation occurred upward from the bottom of the tooth socket while on the stimulated side, new bone also developed from the sides of the tooth socket which was minimal in the controls. It is proposed that the direction of oral tissue formation is responsible for the different results obtained in this study compared with a similar study on long bones.", "contents": "Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. II. Tissue ingrowth. The effect of electrical stimulation on the interfacial strength of the porous polymethylmethacrylate implant/oral tissue union and the amount of tissue growth was investigated in the fourth premolars of dogs. The study indicates the interfacial strength peaks at about three weeks and decreases thereafter for both control and the stimulated specimens. The stimulated side showed consistently higher strength than its paired control. There was a positive relationship between implant period and amount of tissue in the pores although the latter was not correlated with the interfacial strength. Microradiographs showed a different pattern of new bone formation on the stimulated side when compared to the control. On both sides, bone formation occurred upward from the bottom of the tooth socket while on the stimulated side, new bone also developed from the sides of the tooth socket which was minimal in the controls. It is proposed that the direction of oral tissue formation is responsible for the different results obtained in this study compared with a similar study on long bones.", "PMID": 749940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8072", "title": "Reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) grafts for haemodialysis.", "content": "Twenty-five vascular grafts made of expanded reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were inserted as arteriovenous fistulae in 20 patients requiring intermittent haemodialysis. Thirteen grafts were placed in the forearm, either as a looped or straight configuration, and 12 straight grafts were placed in the thigh. Whereas only 45% of the forearm grafts functioned adequately, 92% of the thigh grafts supported haemodialysis satisfactorily. It is suggested that when a vascular graft for haemodialysis is required, then an arteriovenous connection of expanded PTFE placed in the thigh achieves reasonable success.", "contents": "Reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) grafts for haemodialysis. Twenty-five vascular grafts made of expanded reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were inserted as arteriovenous fistulae in 20 patients requiring intermittent haemodialysis. Thirteen grafts were placed in the forearm, either as a looped or straight configuration, and 12 straight grafts were placed in the thigh. Whereas only 45% of the forearm grafts functioned adequately, 92% of the thigh grafts supported haemodialysis satisfactorily. It is suggested that when a vascular graft for haemodialysis is required, then an arteriovenous connection of expanded PTFE placed in the thigh achieves reasonable success.", "PMID": 749941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8073", "title": "The effect of the physiological environment on the mechanical properties of biomaterials in cardiovascular applications.", "content": "The long-term biocompatibility and physical performance of polymeric materials in the physiological environment depend both on adsorption and absorption processes. While the former has received significant attention in the literature, the latter has not been sufficiently appreciated. Accelerated testing of prosthetic devices in the wrong media and temperatures yield misleading information as exemplified by pumping bladders of heart assist devices and heart valves. Although glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft heart valves performed better than expected in humans over a period of several years, physical degradations that have been observed may be associated with the breakdown of the cross-links. Appropriately selected smooth-surfaced biomaterials and hydrogels are far better suited for temporary blood contacting prosthetic applications such as left ventricular heart assist devices (LVADs) than polyester flocked fibril surfaces that result in the deposition of a thick layer of fibrin/cellular mesh with clot-like morphology with inherent dangers of loss of polyester fibrils, and the shedding of clots as the result of cyclic flexing of the pump bladders. With the proliferation of various medical devices, the possibility of increased litigations with secondary and tertiary liabilities involving not only physicians, surgeons, and device manufacturers, but also suppliers of materials and components, it is essential to select pertinent rather than complex test procedures.", "contents": "The effect of the physiological environment on the mechanical properties of biomaterials in cardiovascular applications. The long-term biocompatibility and physical performance of polymeric materials in the physiological environment depend both on adsorption and absorption processes. While the former has received significant attention in the literature, the latter has not been sufficiently appreciated. Accelerated testing of prosthetic devices in the wrong media and temperatures yield misleading information as exemplified by pumping bladders of heart assist devices and heart valves. Although glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft heart valves performed better than expected in humans over a period of several years, physical degradations that have been observed may be associated with the breakdown of the cross-links. Appropriately selected smooth-surfaced biomaterials and hydrogels are far better suited for temporary blood contacting prosthetic applications such as left ventricular heart assist devices (LVADs) than polyester flocked fibril surfaces that result in the deposition of a thick layer of fibrin/cellular mesh with clot-like morphology with inherent dangers of loss of polyester fibrils, and the shedding of clots as the result of cyclic flexing of the pump bladders. With the proliferation of various medical devices, the possibility of increased litigations with secondary and tertiary liabilities involving not only physicians, surgeons, and device manufacturers, but also suppliers of materials and components, it is essential to select pertinent rather than complex test procedures.", "PMID": 749942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8074", "title": "Intramedullary fixation of implants pre-coated with bone cement: a preliminary study.", "content": "A preliminary study on the feasibility of implants pre-coated with an acrylic bone cement has been performed. Four types of implants, an actual canine femoral prosthesis, a polished steel rod (0.49 cm dia. x 13 cm long) with and without pre-coating, and a sand-blasted steel rod with pre-coating were implanted into canine femurs in vitro to evaluate the interfacial shear strengths. After serial sectioning the samples in discs, push-out tests were made. The weakest interfacial shear strength was exhibited by the polished rod/cement interface (0.5 MPa) while the strongest was the \"old\" and \"new\" cement interface (23.4 MPa). The bone/cement interfacial strength was in between (1.17 MPa). The shear strength of rod/cement interface increased substantially by sand-blasting (6.84 MPa or 585% increase). The proposed method increases the modified implant's interfacial shear strength by 337% (from 1.17 to 3.84 MPa) over the conventional implants. It may furthermore reduce the setting temperature, the shrinkage, and the amount of monomer released during operation due to the reduced amount of cement at the time of implantation. The more gradual transmission of load from implant to bone and \"auto-centering\" of implants during operation by pre-coating, are thought to be advantageous over conventional cement fixation method.", "contents": "Intramedullary fixation of implants pre-coated with bone cement: a preliminary study. A preliminary study on the feasibility of implants pre-coated with an acrylic bone cement has been performed. Four types of implants, an actual canine femoral prosthesis, a polished steel rod (0.49 cm dia. x 13 cm long) with and without pre-coating, and a sand-blasted steel rod with pre-coating were implanted into canine femurs in vitro to evaluate the interfacial shear strengths. After serial sectioning the samples in discs, push-out tests were made. The weakest interfacial shear strength was exhibited by the polished rod/cement interface (0.5 MPa) while the strongest was the \"old\" and \"new\" cement interface (23.4 MPa). The bone/cement interfacial strength was in between (1.17 MPa). The shear strength of rod/cement interface increased substantially by sand-blasting (6.84 MPa or 585% increase). The proposed method increases the modified implant's interfacial shear strength by 337% (from 1.17 to 3.84 MPa) over the conventional implants. It may furthermore reduce the setting temperature, the shrinkage, and the amount of monomer released during operation due to the reduced amount of cement at the time of implantation. The more gradual transmission of load from implant to bone and \"auto-centering\" of implants during operation by pre-coating, are thought to be advantageous over conventional cement fixation method.", "PMID": 749943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8075", "title": "Exploratory analysis of disease prevalence data from survival/sacrifice experiments.", "content": "The paper considers the problem of analyzing disease prevalence data from survival experiments in which there may also be some serial sacrifice. The primary objective of the analysis is to describe the composition of the treated and control populations, in terms of age-dependent disease prevalences, by removing distortions in the data caused by the biased nature of the primary sampling mechanism (death). The statistical model which is utilized for this purpose is parameterized in terms of illness state prevalences and lethalities. It does not require determination of cause of death; nor does it assume that diseases progress independently. Methods are presented for estimating various quantities of interest, including disease-specific relative risks and measures of association among diseases. An application of this analysis is shown, using data from a large experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on laboratory mice.", "contents": "Exploratory analysis of disease prevalence data from survival/sacrifice experiments. The paper considers the problem of analyzing disease prevalence data from survival experiments in which there may also be some serial sacrifice. The primary objective of the analysis is to describe the composition of the treated and control populations, in terms of age-dependent disease prevalences, by removing distortions in the data caused by the biased nature of the primary sampling mechanism (death). The statistical model which is utilized for this purpose is parameterized in terms of illness state prevalences and lethalities. It does not require determination of cause of death; nor does it assume that diseases progress independently. Methods are presented for estimating various quantities of interest, including disease-specific relative risks and measures of association among diseases. An application of this analysis is shown, using data from a large experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on laboratory mice.", "PMID": 749944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8076", "title": "A linear models application of competing risks to multiple causes of death.", "content": "An analysis is performed to ascertain the joint incidence of two causes of death, acute myocardial infarct and stroke, for the deaths of residents of Massachusetts and North Carolina in 1969. To assay their association an explicit biological model of the nature of the relation is posited. It is shown that, under this model, Chiang's (1968) theory of competing risks may be extended to the case in which an individual's death may have multiple causes. Furthermore, techniques are developed which allow us to model the survival parameters derived under the model by categorical data procedures of the type introduced by Grizzle, Starmer and Koch (1969). The study shows that there is a greater incidence of the joint occurrence of stroke and myocardial infarct on death certificates in North Carolina than in Massachusetts, a pattern consistent with the generally higher stroke mortality in North Carolina. Furthermore, the incidence of the joint occurrence of the two diseases shows a clear age \"gradient\" increasing through the age range of the analysis. Males and females show somewhat different patterns of age variation in that state-by-age interaction terms are more prominent in the model fitted for females than for males.", "contents": "A linear models application of competing risks to multiple causes of death. An analysis is performed to ascertain the joint incidence of two causes of death, acute myocardial infarct and stroke, for the deaths of residents of Massachusetts and North Carolina in 1969. To assay their association an explicit biological model of the nature of the relation is posited. It is shown that, under this model, Chiang's (1968) theory of competing risks may be extended to the case in which an individual's death may have multiple causes. Furthermore, techniques are developed which allow us to model the survival parameters derived under the model by categorical data procedures of the type introduced by Grizzle, Starmer and Koch (1969). The study shows that there is a greater incidence of the joint occurrence of stroke and myocardial infarct on death certificates in North Carolina than in Massachusetts, a pattern consistent with the generally higher stroke mortality in North Carolina. Furthermore, the incidence of the joint occurrence of the two diseases shows a clear age \"gradient\" increasing through the age range of the analysis. Males and females show somewhat different patterns of age variation in that state-by-age interaction terms are more prominent in the model fitted for females than for males.", "PMID": 749945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8077", "title": "A semi-Markovian model for predator-prey interactions.", "content": "In the study of population dynamics, the predator-prey system is recognized as a vitally important aspect in natural population control. On aspect of predator-prey interactions is studied in this paper. The attack cycle of a predator is assumed to consist of four different activities, namely, search, pursuit, handle and eat, and digestion. A semi-Markovian model is proposed to obtain the number of prey devoured by a predator during the activity of a day. The advantages of a new semi-Markovian model to the queueing model developed by Curry and DeMichele (1977) is demonstrated, as the results from the semi-Markovian model are closer to Holling's (1966) experimental data than their results, which were based entirely on Poisson assumptions.", "contents": "A semi-Markovian model for predator-prey interactions. In the study of population dynamics, the predator-prey system is recognized as a vitally important aspect in natural population control. On aspect of predator-prey interactions is studied in this paper. The attack cycle of a predator is assumed to consist of four different activities, namely, search, pursuit, handle and eat, and digestion. A semi-Markovian model is proposed to obtain the number of prey devoured by a predator during the activity of a day. The advantages of a new semi-Markovian model to the queueing model developed by Curry and DeMichele (1977) is demonstrated, as the results from the semi-Markovian model are closer to Holling's (1966) experimental data than their results, which were based entirely on Poisson assumptions.", "PMID": 749946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8078", "title": "A stochastic model for cell survival after irradiation.", "content": "A theory of cell survival after irradiation has been developed based on a single compartment model of a living cell and taking into account a recovery phenomenon. The basis of the model is the assumption that once a cell is repaired, it will behave like a normal cell if irradiated further. Theoretical expressions for the probability of survival or damage of an irradiated cell at an arbitrary instant in time have been obtained for a constant damage rate and a general repair-time distribution. An application of these derived expressions has been made to experimental data.", "contents": "A stochastic model for cell survival after irradiation. A theory of cell survival after irradiation has been developed based on a single compartment model of a living cell and taking into account a recovery phenomenon. The basis of the model is the assumption that once a cell is repaired, it will behave like a normal cell if irradiated further. Theoretical expressions for the probability of survival or damage of an irradiated cell at an arbitrary instant in time have been obtained for a constant damage rate and a general repair-time distribution. An application of these derived expressions has been made to experimental data.", "PMID": 749947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8079", "title": "An exact confidence region for a relative potency estimated from combined bioassays.", "content": "A distributionally exact confidence region is derived for a relative potency estimated from several parallel line assays. This is compared with the approximate confidence region derived from the likelihood ratio statistic.", "contents": "An exact confidence region for a relative potency estimated from combined bioassays. A distributionally exact confidence region is derived for a relative potency estimated from several parallel line assays. This is compared with the approximate confidence region derived from the likelihood ratio statistic.", "PMID": 749948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8080", "title": "The effect of accessing medical records by date of death on estimates of survival.", "content": "An inefficient, but quickly and easily calculated, estimate of a survival-time distribution is described. Conditions for the estimate to be unbiased specify bounds on the length of time a study has been in progress and the way in which people must enter a study. These appear to be frequently met when a large medical registry is examined with a view to establishing base line survival experience for a selected class of patients.", "contents": "The effect of accessing medical records by date of death on estimates of survival. An inefficient, but quickly and easily calculated, estimate of a survival-time distribution is described. Conditions for the estimate to be unbiased specify bounds on the length of time a study has been in progress and the way in which people must enter a study. These appear to be frequently met when a large medical registry is examined with a view to establishing base line survival experience for a selected class of patients.", "PMID": 749949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8081", "title": "The analysis of pair-matched case-control studies, a multivariate approach.", "content": "In matched case-control studies one frequently must consider more than one variable in the analysis and in this paper a log-linear model is presented to meet this objective. A conditional argument yields a method for making inferences on the parameters measuring the association between the variables and disease. The result is similar to the problem of fitting a Bradley-Terry model when one has paired comparisons. Two methods of obtaining maximum conditional likelihood estimates of the parameters are possible: (i) fitting a quasi-independence model in the usual log-linear models context and (ii) fitting a linear logistic model. The results are illustrated with examples.", "contents": "The analysis of pair-matched case-control studies, a multivariate approach. In matched case-control studies one frequently must consider more than one variable in the analysis and in this paper a log-linear model is presented to meet this objective. A conditional argument yields a method for making inferences on the parameters measuring the association between the variables and disease. The result is similar to the problem of fitting a Bradley-Terry model when one has paired comparisons. Two methods of obtaining maximum conditional likelihood estimates of the parameters are possible: (i) fitting a quasi-independence model in the usual log-linear models context and (ii) fitting a linear logistic model. The results are illustrated with examples.", "PMID": 749950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8082", "title": "Strategies for the selection of log-linear models.", "content": "In a multidimensional contingency table strategies have been proposed to build log-linear models using either stepwise methods or standardized estimates of the parameters of the saturated model. Brown (1976) proposed a two-step procedure to screen effects and then test a subset of models. Alternate methods of model building are discussed with respect to the final choice of model and with respect to intermediate information available to the data analyst during the selection process.", "contents": "Strategies for the selection of log-linear models. In a multidimensional contingency table strategies have been proposed to build log-linear models using either stepwise methods or standardized estimates of the parameters of the saturated model. Brown (1976) proposed a two-step procedure to screen effects and then test a subset of models. Alternate methods of model building are discussed with respect to the final choice of model and with respect to intermediate information available to the data analyst during the selection process.", "PMID": 749951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8083", "title": "Biological conversion of beta-phenylhydracrylic acid to hippuric acid.", "content": "Loadings in rats with 4-deuterium labeled beta-phenylhydracrylic acid results in the excretion of large amounts of deuterium labelled hippuric acid. Labelled benzoic acid was also detected.", "contents": "Biological conversion of beta-phenylhydracrylic acid to hippuric acid. Loadings in rats with 4-deuterium labeled beta-phenylhydracrylic acid results in the excretion of large amounts of deuterium labelled hippuric acid. Labelled benzoic acid was also detected.", "PMID": 749955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8084", "title": "Negative ion mass spectrometry of phenothiazines.", "content": "Mass spectra of a number of phenothiazines have been obtained by negative chemical ionization and compared with the corresponding mass spectra by positive chemical ionization and conventional electron impact. NH3, CH4, and N2O were used as reagent gases for negative chemical ionization, iso-C4H10 and CH4 for positive chemical ionization. The negative chemical ionization technique gives significant information regarding the molecular weight and the ring system of this group of compounds. As a complementary method to positive electron impact, negative chemical ionization is more informative than positive chemical ionization. Phenothiazines with two, but not three, methylene groups between the ring and the sidechain nitrogens given an intense rearrangement anion due to loss of the substituted nitrogen in the sidechain and two additional hydrogens. A 5-membered ring structure is postulated for this anion, which is formed with the reagents NH3 and CH4. but not with N2O. Apart from this peculiarity, the negative chemical ionization spectra are easy to understand.  With NH3 as reagent, the anions representing the ring system and [M -- 1]- dominate the anion current. With CH4, both quasimolecular ions [M + 1]- and [M -- 1]- can be detected along with the much more intense ring anion. The reagent N2O yields cluster anions by oxidation of the ring and the molecule with the negatively charged oxygen formed in the ion source.", "contents": "Negative ion mass spectrometry of phenothiazines. Mass spectra of a number of phenothiazines have been obtained by negative chemical ionization and compared with the corresponding mass spectra by positive chemical ionization and conventional electron impact. NH3, CH4, and N2O were used as reagent gases for negative chemical ionization, iso-C4H10 and CH4 for positive chemical ionization. The negative chemical ionization technique gives significant information regarding the molecular weight and the ring system of this group of compounds. As a complementary method to positive electron impact, negative chemical ionization is more informative than positive chemical ionization. Phenothiazines with two, but not three, methylene groups between the ring and the sidechain nitrogens given an intense rearrangement anion due to loss of the substituted nitrogen in the sidechain and two additional hydrogens. A 5-membered ring structure is postulated for this anion, which is formed with the reagents NH3 and CH4. but not with N2O. Apart from this peculiarity, the negative chemical ionization spectra are easy to understand.  With NH3 as reagent, the anions representing the ring system and [M -- 1]- dominate the anion current. With CH4, both quasimolecular ions [M + 1]- and [M -- 1]- can be detected along with the much more intense ring anion. The reagent N2O yields cluster anions by oxidation of the ring and the molecule with the negatively charged oxygen formed in the ion source.", "PMID": 749956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8085", "title": "Plasma amino acid quantitation using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry and 13C amino acids as internal standards.", "content": "A specific and sensitive method for the quantitation of 16 alpha amino acids has been developed. The technique employed uses methane chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the carboxy-n-butyl, N-trifluoroacetyl amino acid derivatives. A commercial 13C amino acid mixture provided individual internal standards for 14 alpha amino acids. A computer controlled quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for selected ion monitoring of those ions characteristic of each N-trifluoroacetyl amino acid/13C amino acid pair. A BASIC computer program located peak maxima and background intensities in each selected ion recording. Standard curves for each amino acid/13C amino acid pair were utilized by the program to calculate the plasma concentration of each detected amino acid. The total instrumental analysis occupied 30 min with sample preparation and derivatization accounting for an additional 2 h. Based on the detection of known amounts of standard amino acids the method will quantitate at the 1-5 nanogram level of detection.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid quantitation using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry and 13C amino acids as internal standards. A specific and sensitive method for the quantitation of 16 alpha amino acids has been developed. The technique employed uses methane chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the carboxy-n-butyl, N-trifluoroacetyl amino acid derivatives. A commercial 13C amino acid mixture provided individual internal standards for 14 alpha amino acids. A computer controlled quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for selected ion monitoring of those ions characteristic of each N-trifluoroacetyl amino acid/13C amino acid pair. A BASIC computer program located peak maxima and background intensities in each selected ion recording. Standard curves for each amino acid/13C amino acid pair were utilized by the program to calculate the plasma concentration of each detected amino acid. The total instrumental analysis occupied 30 min with sample preparation and derivatization accounting for an additional 2 h. Based on the detection of known amounts of standard amino acids the method will quantitate at the 1-5 nanogram level of detection.", "PMID": 749957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8086", "title": "Study of the metabolic pathways of alprenolol in man and the dog using stable isotopes.", "content": "The metabolic pathways of alprenolol have been investigated in man and the dog, using an ion doublet technique of deuterium labelling combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The drug is eliminated mainly by aromatic hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Specific analytical methods are applied to demonstrate that allylic oxidation and oxidative deamination are quantitatively of minor importance. The mechanism for oxidative deamination via an intermediary aldehyde could be elucidated by using the deuterium labelled compound. A method for characterization of 4-hydroxy-alprenolol glucuronides based on formation of stable derivatives and the following enzymatic hydrolysis is described. This approach has a general applicability to hydroxylated metabolites from compounds with an aminopropanol structure common for beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, for example. The metabolic routes for alprenolol in man and the dog are almost identical and in man more than 95% of a given dose can be accounted for.", "contents": "Study of the metabolic pathways of alprenolol in man and the dog using stable isotopes. The metabolic pathways of alprenolol have been investigated in man and the dog, using an ion doublet technique of deuterium labelling combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The drug is eliminated mainly by aromatic hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Specific analytical methods are applied to demonstrate that allylic oxidation and oxidative deamination are quantitatively of minor importance. The mechanism for oxidative deamination via an intermediary aldehyde could be elucidated by using the deuterium labelled compound. A method for characterization of 4-hydroxy-alprenolol glucuronides based on formation of stable derivatives and the following enzymatic hydrolysis is described. This approach has a general applicability to hydroxylated metabolites from compounds with an aminopropanol structure common for beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, for example. The metabolic routes for alprenolol in man and the dog are almost identical and in man more than 95% of a given dose can be accounted for.", "PMID": 749958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8087", "title": "\"No-effect-level\" of malathion (o,o'-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mervaptosuccinate) in Bubalus bubalis.", "content": "An oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day malathion continuously administered for one year has been investigated to produce no change in biochemical (RChE, PChE, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases, blood glucose, serum urea and plasma total proteins) or haematological (Hb, PCV, tRBC and tWBC) parameters and, therefore, considered to be \"no-effect-level\" in Bubalus bubalis. However, the administration of higher doses (1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg/day) produced significant (P less than 0.05) changes in all biochemical parameters studied. With these doses leucocytosis was evident among haematological parameters measured.", "contents": "\"No-effect-level\" of malathion (o,o'-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mervaptosuccinate) in Bubalus bubalis. An oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day malathion continuously administered for one year has been investigated to produce no change in biochemical (RChE, PChE, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases, blood glucose, serum urea and plasma total proteins) or haematological (Hb, PCV, tRBC and tWBC) parameters and, therefore, considered to be \"no-effect-level\" in Bubalus bubalis. However, the administration of higher doses (1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg/day) produced significant (P less than 0.05) changes in all biochemical parameters studied. With these doses leucocytosis was evident among haematological parameters measured.", "PMID": 749980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8088", "title": "Trace element concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, in California.", "content": "The trace element (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, were determined at twelve locations along the california coastline. The mean silver concentration of the organisms was highest at Pt. La Jolla, but no elemental concentration exhibited measurable geographic differences. Simple linear correlation coefficients and multiple analysis of variance statistics indicated a general independence of the elemental concentrations from each other and from other biological and geographic variables, in the total sample.", "contents": "Trace element concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, in California. The trace element (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, were determined at twelve locations along the california coastline. The mean silver concentration of the organisms was highest at Pt. La Jolla, but no elemental concentration exhibited measurable geographic differences. Simple linear correlation coefficients and multiple analysis of variance statistics indicated a general independence of the elemental concentrations from each other and from other biological and geographic variables, in the total sample.", "PMID": 749982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8089", "title": "Endosulfan: lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats.", "content": "Cytogenetic effects of endosulfan (Thiodan) a member of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide was tested in male albino rats. The insecticide was administered orally to rats at 0, 11.00, 22.00, 36.60 and 55.00 mg/kg daily for 5 days. The highest doses were associated with clinical signs of insecticide poisoning and death. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells and spermatogenial cells did not reveal any significant effect of the insecticides on chromosomes. The ratio of mitotic index and frequency of chromatid break in the two cell types had no correlation with the doses tested and was not very different from those of the control group.", "contents": "Endosulfan: lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats. Cytogenetic effects of endosulfan (Thiodan) a member of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide was tested in male albino rats. The insecticide was administered orally to rats at 0, 11.00, 22.00, 36.60 and 55.00 mg/kg daily for 5 days. The highest doses were associated with clinical signs of insecticide poisoning and death. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells and spermatogenial cells did not reveal any significant effect of the insecticides on chromosomes. The ratio of mitotic index and frequency of chromatid break in the two cell types had no correlation with the doses tested and was not very different from those of the control group.", "PMID": 749981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8090", "title": "Effects of a single dose of fluoride on calcium metabolism.", "content": "Fluoride 27 mg was given perorally to 14 subjects. It was found that the serum fluoride concentration increased followed by a decrease to normal levels during 24 h. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate decreased initially whereas those of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone increased. After 24 h the measured quantities were within normal limits. The results are discussed with reference to mineralization of hard tissues and to fluoride treatment of osteoporotic patients.", "contents": "Effects of a single dose of fluoride on calcium metabolism. Fluoride 27 mg was given perorally to 14 subjects. It was found that the serum fluoride concentration increased followed by a decrease to normal levels during 24 h. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate decreased initially whereas those of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone increased. After 24 h the measured quantities were within normal limits. The results are discussed with reference to mineralization of hard tissues and to fluoride treatment of osteoporotic patients.", "PMID": 750063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8091", "title": "Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes.", "content": "Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11-0.15 micrometer diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95-180 A diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.", "contents": "Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes. Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11-0.15 micrometer diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95-180 A diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.", "PMID": 750066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8092", "title": "Stimulation of duodenal and ileal absorption of phosphate in the chick by low-calcium and low-phosphorus diets.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of phosphate has been studied in vivo in the chick using ligated segments of duodenum and ileum. Feeding diets low in calcium (0.1%) and/or low in phosphorus (0.25%) caused an increase in the absorption of phosphate from both the duodenum and ileum. These changes are consistent with a putative increase in the renal production and mucosal uptake of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "Stimulation of duodenal and ileal absorption of phosphate in the chick by low-calcium and low-phosphorus diets. The intestinal absorption of phosphate has been studied in vivo in the chick using ligated segments of duodenum and ileum. Feeding diets low in calcium (0.1%) and/or low in phosphorus (0.25%) caused an increase in the absorption of phosphate from both the duodenum and ileum. These changes are consistent with a putative increase in the renal production and mucosal uptake of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 750067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8093", "title": "Lead-loaded ion-exchange resin bead as a calcergen.", "content": "Several heavy metals have direct calcifying effects in connective tissues; most notable among them is lead (Pb), whether administered topically (1) or systemically with local injury (2). The mechanisms of metal-induced soft tissue calcification have been studied by injecting salts of known in vitro calcifying potential into subcutaneous connective tissue (3); of the metals used, only lead and holmium produced an early accumulation of minerals on collagen in vivo. Lead is also claimed to accelerate bone healing in the rabbit leg with no toxic effects (4). Lead-loaded ion-exchange resin beads, implanted into surgically prepared subcutaneous pouches in rats, rapidly induced subcutaneous calcification which has been studied by microradiography and electron-probe microanalysis.", "contents": "Lead-loaded ion-exchange resin bead as a calcergen. Several heavy metals have direct calcifying effects in connective tissues; most notable among them is lead (Pb), whether administered topically (1) or systemically with local injury (2). The mechanisms of metal-induced soft tissue calcification have been studied by injecting salts of known in vitro calcifying potential into subcutaneous connective tissue (3); of the metals used, only lead and holmium produced an early accumulation of minerals on collagen in vivo. Lead is also claimed to accelerate bone healing in the rabbit leg with no toxic effects (4). Lead-loaded ion-exchange resin beads, implanted into surgically prepared subcutaneous pouches in rats, rapidly induced subcutaneous calcification which has been studied by microradiography and electron-probe microanalysis.", "PMID": 750068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8094", "title": "Natural calcification of the prosomatic endosternite in the Phalangiidae (Arachnida:Opiliones).", "content": "Extracellular masses of crystals are present in the endosternite of certain opilions (Phalangium, Odiellus, and Leiobunum). X-ray spectrography and secondary-ion analysis have shown them to be rich in calcium but poor in phosphorus and other elements. The associated anion has not been identified, but is most probably organic in nature and perhaps an oxalate.", "contents": "Natural calcification of the prosomatic endosternite in the Phalangiidae (Arachnida:Opiliones). Extracellular masses of crystals are present in the endosternite of certain opilions (Phalangium, Odiellus, and Leiobunum). X-ray spectrography and secondary-ion analysis have shown them to be rich in calcium but poor in phosphorus and other elements. The associated anion has not been identified, but is most probably organic in nature and perhaps an oxalate.", "PMID": 750069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8095", "title": "Ultrastructure, histology, and innervation of the mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi.", "content": "The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure, histology, and innervation of the mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.", "PMID": 750070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8096", "title": "Application of 125I radioimmunoassay to measure inhibition of precipitin reactions using carbohydrate-specific antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies raised to an artificial antigen with beta-D-galactopyranosyl groups as antigenic determinants were purified using an immunoadsorbent prepared from the hapten involved in the synthesis of the antigen. In order to study the specificity of these antibodies, 125I radiolabelling of either the artificial antigen or the antibody was used in the study of inhibitions of the precipitin reaction. The method, involving labelling of the artificial antigen and counting radioactivity in the supernatant, was found to be more accurate and faster than the usual methods based on measuring the amount of protein precipitated by chemical or spectroscopic methods.", "contents": "Application of 125I radioimmunoassay to measure inhibition of precipitin reactions using carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Antibodies raised to an artificial antigen with beta-D-galactopyranosyl groups as antigenic determinants were purified using an immunoadsorbent prepared from the hapten involved in the synthesis of the antigen. In order to study the specificity of these antibodies, 125I radiolabelling of either the artificial antigen or the antibody was used in the study of inhibitions of the precipitin reaction. The method, involving labelling of the artificial antigen and counting radioactivity in the supernatant, was found to be more accurate and faster than the usual methods based on measuring the amount of protein precipitated by chemical or spectroscopic methods.", "PMID": 750071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8097", "title": "A new recirculation reactor system for kinetic studies of immobilized enzymes.", "content": "A new recirculation reactor for kinetic studies of immobilized enzyme is proposed. The reactor consists of two tubes in the same thermostatting jacket. One of the tubes is filled with the immobilized enzyme, the other is filled only with the support. During the approach to steady-state temperature, the circulation is carried out only in the inactive tube. Subsequently, when temperature is stable, the active reactor is used and the solution is not recirculated.", "contents": "A new recirculation reactor system for kinetic studies of immobilized enzymes. A new recirculation reactor for kinetic studies of immobilized enzyme is proposed. The reactor consists of two tubes in the same thermostatting jacket. One of the tubes is filled with the immobilized enzyme, the other is filled only with the support. During the approach to steady-state temperature, the circulation is carried out only in the inactive tube. Subsequently, when temperature is stable, the active reactor is used and the solution is not recirculated.", "PMID": 750072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8098", "title": "Evidence for an in vivo conformational change in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from Puma rye during cold adaptation.", "content": "Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBPCase) from leaves of cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Chemical properties that might be associated with a previously demonstrated difference in molecular charge of purified RUBPCase from cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye were investigated. Amino acid analyses indicated no significant differences in amino acid composition or average hydrophobicity per residue. Enzymes from hardened and unhardened rye were reversibly cold inactivated at 0 degrees C. However, the former was more stable at this temperature than the latter. Titration with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) indicated the presence of fast and slow titrating sulfhydryl groups in both enzyme preparations but there were 50% fewer SH groups titrated in the enzyme from hardened rye in 30 min that in the enzyme from unhardened rye. Activation of both enzymes by HCO-3 enhanced the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups to titration with DTNB. According to the kinetics of the slow titrating SH groups, the enzyme from hardened rye was less susceptible to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate than was the same enzyme from unhardened rye. It is concluded that the tertiary structure of RUBPCase from Puma rye is affected during low-temperature adaptation.", "contents": "Evidence for an in vivo conformational change in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from Puma rye during cold adaptation. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBPCase) from leaves of cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Chemical properties that might be associated with a previously demonstrated difference in molecular charge of purified RUBPCase from cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye were investigated. Amino acid analyses indicated no significant differences in amino acid composition or average hydrophobicity per residue. Enzymes from hardened and unhardened rye were reversibly cold inactivated at 0 degrees C. However, the former was more stable at this temperature than the latter. Titration with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) indicated the presence of fast and slow titrating sulfhydryl groups in both enzyme preparations but there were 50% fewer SH groups titrated in the enzyme from hardened rye in 30 min that in the enzyme from unhardened rye. Activation of both enzymes by HCO-3 enhanced the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups to titration with DTNB. According to the kinetics of the slow titrating SH groups, the enzyme from hardened rye was less susceptible to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate than was the same enzyme from unhardened rye. It is concluded that the tertiary structure of RUBPCase from Puma rye is affected during low-temperature adaptation.", "PMID": 750074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8099", "title": "Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by analogues of aurintricarboxylic acid.", "content": "Aurintricarboxylic acid is a potent inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis by the post-mitochondrial supernatant of chick brain and the translation of mRNA by wheat germ lysate. Comparison of commercially available and chemically synthesized analogues of aurintricarboxylic acid indicates that the unique aurin triphenyl methane ring system and the carboxylic acid groups are both necessary for inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis in both systems.", "contents": "Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by analogues of aurintricarboxylic acid. Aurintricarboxylic acid is a potent inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis by the post-mitochondrial supernatant of chick brain and the translation of mRNA by wheat germ lysate. Comparison of commercially available and chemically synthesized analogues of aurintricarboxylic acid indicates that the unique aurin triphenyl methane ring system and the carboxylic acid groups are both necessary for inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis in both systems.", "PMID": 750075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8100", "title": "Regional diastolic coronary blood flow during diastolic ventricular hypertension.", "content": "The effect of diastolic ventricular hypertension on regional diastolic coronary flow was measured with radioactive microspheres in the canine heart paced at a constant rate and perfused only during diastole with a constant coronary perfusion pressure. Diastolic ventricular hypertension produced an homogenous increase of diastolic flow across the left ventricular wall when the metabolic coronary autoregulation was intact, but produced a decrease in subendocardial diastolic flow when the autoregulation was abolished. These results suggest that diastolic ventricular hypertension produces a higher subendocardial than subepicardial mechanical resistance to diastolic coronary flow.", "contents": "Regional diastolic coronary blood flow during diastolic ventricular hypertension. The effect of diastolic ventricular hypertension on regional diastolic coronary flow was measured with radioactive microspheres in the canine heart paced at a constant rate and perfused only during diastole with a constant coronary perfusion pressure. Diastolic ventricular hypertension produced an homogenous increase of diastolic flow across the left ventricular wall when the metabolic coronary autoregulation was intact, but produced a decrease in subendocardial diastolic flow when the autoregulation was abolished. These results suggest that diastolic ventricular hypertension produces a higher subendocardial than subepicardial mechanical resistance to diastolic coronary flow.", "PMID": 750076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8101", "title": "A study of the labetalol-induced changes in conductivity and refractoriness of the dog heart in situ.", "content": "The effect of labetalol, an alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blocking agent, on the electrophysiology of the dog heart in situ was studied. Pentobarbital anaesthesia which is known to increase the sympathetic tone was used. Labetalolol in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg.kg-1 injected intravenously caused a slight decrease in median heart rate and a slight reduction in the median conduction velocity in the atrioventricular (A-V) node in six dogs. A significant increase in the functional refractory period of the A-V node occurred at doses of 1.0 to 4.0 mg.kg-1. The functional and the effective refractory periods of the right atrium and ventricle were increased by labetalol at all doses tested. The plasma concentrations of labetalol were in the range 0.05 ot 0.8 microgram.cm-3 in five out of six dogs at the three lowest doses tested which is far below the values which could be expected to cause a membrane-stabilising effect. The alpha and beta adrenoreceptor blocking effects of labetalol on cardiac electrophysiology in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "A study of the labetalol-induced changes in conductivity and refractoriness of the dog heart in situ. The effect of labetalol, an alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blocking agent, on the electrophysiology of the dog heart in situ was studied. Pentobarbital anaesthesia which is known to increase the sympathetic tone was used. Labetalolol in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg.kg-1 injected intravenously caused a slight decrease in median heart rate and a slight reduction in the median conduction velocity in the atrioventricular (A-V) node in six dogs. A significant increase in the functional refractory period of the A-V node occurred at doses of 1.0 to 4.0 mg.kg-1. The functional and the effective refractory periods of the right atrium and ventricle were increased by labetalol at all doses tested. The plasma concentrations of labetalol were in the range 0.05 ot 0.8 microgram.cm-3 in five out of six dogs at the three lowest doses tested which is far below the values which could be expected to cause a membrane-stabilising effect. The alpha and beta adrenoreceptor blocking effects of labetalol on cardiac electrophysiology in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 750077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8102", "title": "Spontaneous heart rate, propranolol, and ischaemia-induced ventricular fibrillation in the dog.", "content": "Abrupt coronary occlusion was performed in anaesthetised, open-chest dogs with pre-occlusion arterial blood PO2 ranging from 8.0 to 10.7 kPa (60 to mmHg). Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 15/19 dogs with high spontaneous heart rate (less than 155 beats.min-1) and in 0/8 dogs with low spontaneous heart rate (less than 155 beats.min-1). Dogs with low spontaneous heart rate fibrillated when paced at a fast rate (200.min-1) (4/5). In dogs with high spontaneous heart rate fibrillation occurred in 0/5 dogs when propranolol reduced spontaneous heart rate, but in 3/5 dogs when reduction in spontaneous heart rate in response to propranolol was prevented by pacing.", "contents": "Spontaneous heart rate, propranolol, and ischaemia-induced ventricular fibrillation in the dog. Abrupt coronary occlusion was performed in anaesthetised, open-chest dogs with pre-occlusion arterial blood PO2 ranging from 8.0 to 10.7 kPa (60 to mmHg). Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 15/19 dogs with high spontaneous heart rate (less than 155 beats.min-1) and in 0/8 dogs with low spontaneous heart rate (less than 155 beats.min-1). Dogs with low spontaneous heart rate fibrillated when paced at a fast rate (200.min-1) (4/5). In dogs with high spontaneous heart rate fibrillation occurred in 0/5 dogs when propranolol reduced spontaneous heart rate, but in 3/5 dogs when reduction in spontaneous heart rate in response to propranolol was prevented by pacing.", "PMID": 750078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8103", "title": "Transmural triglycerides in acute myocardial ischaemia.", "content": "The effect of coronary artery occlusion on endogenous triglycerides of left ventricular subepicardium and subendocardium was studied in the open-chest anaesthetised dog. Under control conditions, the subepicardium was found to have a greater concentration of triglycerides than the subendocardium. Thirty minutes after acute coronary artery occlusion there was a decrease followed by a steady increase at 60, 120, and 240 min in subepicardial triglycerides of the ischaemic region. No change in triglycerides in the subendocardium of normal or ischaemic regions was observed. The initial decrease of subepicardial triglycerides in the ischaemic region was blocked by administration of propranolol or bevantolol (CI-775; a specific beta 1 antagonist) given 30 min before occlusion. It is concluded that the effect of coronary artery ligation on transmural endogenous triglycerides is biphasic with an initial period of increased mobilisation followed by a period of increased deposition.", "contents": "Transmural triglycerides in acute myocardial ischaemia. The effect of coronary artery occlusion on endogenous triglycerides of left ventricular subepicardium and subendocardium was studied in the open-chest anaesthetised dog. Under control conditions, the subepicardium was found to have a greater concentration of triglycerides than the subendocardium. Thirty minutes after acute coronary artery occlusion there was a decrease followed by a steady increase at 60, 120, and 240 min in subepicardial triglycerides of the ischaemic region. No change in triglycerides in the subendocardium of normal or ischaemic regions was observed. The initial decrease of subepicardial triglycerides in the ischaemic region was blocked by administration of propranolol or bevantolol (CI-775; a specific beta 1 antagonist) given 30 min before occlusion. It is concluded that the effect of coronary artery ligation on transmural endogenous triglycerides is biphasic with an initial period of increased mobilisation followed by a period of increased deposition.", "PMID": 750079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8104", "title": "Anatomical arrangement of muscle tissue in the anterior mitral leaflet in man.", "content": "Muscle tissue in atrioventricular (A-V) cardiac valve leaflets was studied in 35 human hearts and was found to be more prominent in the anterior leaflet of the mitral (MAL) than in the other valve leaflets. From serial sectioning and wax model reconstruction, the anatomic arrangement of the muscle in the MAL indicates bundles passing from the two commissural regions towards the mid-zone of the valve. Age did not appear to reduce the mass of muscle tissue in the MAL. The possibility of muscle contraction in the MAL increasing leaflet tension and accelerating post-artial movements received support by comparisons of the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve in their movements towards closure.", "contents": "Anatomical arrangement of muscle tissue in the anterior mitral leaflet in man. Muscle tissue in atrioventricular (A-V) cardiac valve leaflets was studied in 35 human hearts and was found to be more prominent in the anterior leaflet of the mitral (MAL) than in the other valve leaflets. From serial sectioning and wax model reconstruction, the anatomic arrangement of the muscle in the MAL indicates bundles passing from the two commissural regions towards the mid-zone of the valve. Age did not appear to reduce the mass of muscle tissue in the MAL. The possibility of muscle contraction in the MAL increasing leaflet tension and accelerating post-artial movements received support by comparisons of the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve in their movements towards closure.", "PMID": 750080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8105", "title": "Assessment of refractoriness of the human Purkinje system.", "content": "In 35 unselected patients premature right ventricular stimulation during a constant right ventricular drive rhythm was performed at the rates of 80, 100, and 120 per min. Several surface ECG leads and intracardiac electrograms were simultaneously recorded. To assess the beginning of decreased conductivity of the His-Purkinje system for retrograde conduction the premature test pulse interval was measured when the retrograde intraventricular conduction to the bundle of His prolonged for the first time. This interval was defined as the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system. Additionally, the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle was determined. A rate dependancy between the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system and the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle, as it is known from animal experiments, could be established with significantly different (P less than 0.001) mean values at the three different heart rates. The method described may be the only means by which to obtain approximate information about normal and abnormal conductivity of the human Purkinje system. It is inferred that critical prolongation of refractoriness of the Purkinje system relative to the refractoriness of the myocardium may be relevant to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Assessment of refractoriness of the human Purkinje system. In 35 unselected patients premature right ventricular stimulation during a constant right ventricular drive rhythm was performed at the rates of 80, 100, and 120 per min. Several surface ECG leads and intracardiac electrograms were simultaneously recorded. To assess the beginning of decreased conductivity of the His-Purkinje system for retrograde conduction the premature test pulse interval was measured when the retrograde intraventricular conduction to the bundle of His prolonged for the first time. This interval was defined as the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system. Additionally, the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle was determined. A rate dependancy between the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system and the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle, as it is known from animal experiments, could be established with significantly different (P less than 0.001) mean values at the three different heart rates. The method described may be the only means by which to obtain approximate information about normal and abnormal conductivity of the human Purkinje system. It is inferred that critical prolongation of refractoriness of the Purkinje system relative to the refractoriness of the myocardium may be relevant to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 750081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8106", "title": "Proliferative activity of myocardial capillary wall cells in dipyridamole--treated rats.", "content": "The hearts of rats treated with dipyridamole were studied by light microscope autoradiography and measurement of tissue radioactivity after intravenous injection of 3H-thymidine. Total tissue radioactivity was significantly increased in the hearts of the dipyridamole-treated animals. Only capillary wall cells were labelled in the autoradiograms. The observations indicate a proliferation of capillary wall cells, suggesting a neoformation of myocardial capillaries during dipyridamole treatment.", "contents": "Proliferative activity of myocardial capillary wall cells in dipyridamole--treated rats. The hearts of rats treated with dipyridamole were studied by light microscope autoradiography and measurement of tissue radioactivity after intravenous injection of 3H-thymidine. Total tissue radioactivity was significantly increased in the hearts of the dipyridamole-treated animals. Only capillary wall cells were labelled in the autoradiograms. The observations indicate a proliferation of capillary wall cells, suggesting a neoformation of myocardial capillaries during dipyridamole treatment.", "PMID": 750082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8107", "title": "Correlations between experimental chemotherapy in the murine glioma and effectiveness of clinical therapy regimens.", "content": "Intracerebral murine glioma 26 was used as a model system for evaluating two-drug combinations of antitumor agents, BCNU was combined with either procarbazine, dianhydrogalactitol, or ellipticine. CCNU was combined with procarbazine. All combinations were more active than the individual drugs alone. The most potent combinations achieved 85-100% tumor \"cure\" at 120 days, with combined toxicity indices of 0.25 (CCNU-procarbazine) to 1.30 (NCNU-dianhydrogalactitol). The experimental data were compared to clinical studies with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine, and BCNU-procarbazine.", "contents": "Correlations between experimental chemotherapy in the murine glioma and effectiveness of clinical therapy regimens. Intracerebral murine glioma 26 was used as a model system for evaluating two-drug combinations of antitumor agents, BCNU was combined with either procarbazine, dianhydrogalactitol, or ellipticine. CCNU was combined with procarbazine. All combinations were more active than the individual drugs alone. The most potent combinations achieved 85-100% tumor \"cure\" at 120 days, with combined toxicity indices of 0.25 (CCNU-procarbazine) to 1.30 (NCNU-dianhydrogalactitol). The experimental data were compared to clinical studies with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine, and BCNU-procarbazine.", "PMID": 750103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8108", "title": "In vivo toxicity to lymphoid tissue by 2'-deoxycoformycin.", "content": "The enzyme adenosine deaminase has an essential role in lymphocyte metabolism. To examine the in vivo effects of inhibition of this enzyme healthy BDF1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2'-deoxycoformycin, a stoichiometric tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Of the treated animals, 20% died of overwhelming infection, and histopathological examination of these, and surviving animals sacrificed 10 days following treatment indicated a selective toxicity to lymphoid cells. No toxicity to tissues other than the lymphoid system was observed, which is consistent with the hypothesis that 2'-deoxycoformycin offers a new and selective approach to the treatment of lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "In vivo toxicity to lymphoid tissue by 2'-deoxycoformycin. The enzyme adenosine deaminase has an essential role in lymphocyte metabolism. To examine the in vivo effects of inhibition of this enzyme healthy BDF1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2'-deoxycoformycin, a stoichiometric tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Of the treated animals, 20% died of overwhelming infection, and histopathological examination of these, and surviving animals sacrificed 10 days following treatment indicated a selective toxicity to lymphoid cells. No toxicity to tissues other than the lymphoid system was observed, which is consistent with the hypothesis that 2'-deoxycoformycin offers a new and selective approach to the treatment of lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 750104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8109", "title": "Antitumor activity of 1-alkylcarbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil in a variety of mouse tumors.", "content": "The antitumor properties of 1-alkylcarbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil were examined in various mouse tumor systems to select promising compounds for clinical use. Almost all alkylcarbamoyl derivatives were active against various tumors when given by oral administration. Among them, 1-methyl, 1-ethyl, 1-isopropyl, 1-hexyl and 1-octyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil were moderately or markedly active in six mouse tumor systems tested. However, 1-methyl, 1-ethyl, and 1-isopropyl carbamoyl derivatives were toxic to mice, though not lethal. As a result, 1-hexyl and 1-octyl carbamoyl derivatives were selected as the best candidates for antitumor agents in further study.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of 1-alkylcarbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil in a variety of mouse tumors. The antitumor properties of 1-alkylcarbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil were examined in various mouse tumor systems to select promising compounds for clinical use. Almost all alkylcarbamoyl derivatives were active against various tumors when given by oral administration. Among them, 1-methyl, 1-ethyl, 1-isopropyl, 1-hexyl and 1-octyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil were moderately or markedly active in six mouse tumor systems tested. However, 1-methyl, 1-ethyl, and 1-isopropyl carbamoyl derivatives were toxic to mice, though not lethal. As a result, 1-hexyl and 1-octyl carbamoyl derivatives were selected as the best candidates for antitumor agents in further study.", "PMID": 750108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8110", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous cyclophosphamide in man, estimated by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic assay utilising alkali flame ionisation detection is described for the estimation of cyclophosphamide as its trifluoroacetate derivative from plasma. Examination of five patients following intravenous cyclophosphamide gave values of 8.9 h (SD 2.7) for the half-life and 0.061 liters/h/kg (SD 0.011) for whole-body clearance of the drug.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous cyclophosphamide in man, estimated by gas-liquid chromatography. A simple gas chromatographic assay utilising alkali flame ionisation detection is described for the estimation of cyclophosphamide as its trifluoroacetate derivative from plasma. Examination of five patients following intravenous cyclophosphamide gave values of 8.9 h (SD 2.7) for the half-life and 0.061 liters/h/kg (SD 0.011) for whole-body clearance of the drug.", "PMID": 750109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8111", "title": "Relationship of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) pharmacokinetics of uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partitioning in rat organs and intracerebral tumors.", "content": "To obtain a clearer definition of the relationship between the structure of BCNU and CCNU and their antitumor activity, we determined the uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partition ratios of both compounds in normal organs and intracerebral (ic) 9L tumors in rats. Greater uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partition ratios were obtained for parent CCNU in fat, liver, and brain, and for parent BCNU in kidney. CCNU distributes more rapidly and extensively than BCNU only in fatty tissues. BCNU distributed more extensively in kidney and liver. Rats received bolus IV injections of 14C-labeled BCNU or CCNU in increasing doses; measurements taken 30 min after injection showed that three- to fourfold more BCNU than CCNU was bound to nucleic acids in brain and ic 9L tumor tissue. Because the chloroethyl group is the alkylating moiety for both drugs, these findings implied that BCNU biotransformed to its reactive intermediate more rapidly than did CCNU. These observations, together with previous findings, indicate that one reason for the greater effectiveness of BCNU than CCNU against ic 9L tumors is its superior ability to form an intermediate that can bind to ic 9L tumor cell nucleic acids.", "contents": "Relationship of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) pharmacokinetics of uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partitioning in rat organs and intracerebral tumors. To obtain a clearer definition of the relationship between the structure of BCNU and CCNU and their antitumor activity, we determined the uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partition ratios of both compounds in normal organs and intracerebral (ic) 9L tumors in rats. Greater uptake, distribution, and tissue/plasma partition ratios were obtained for parent CCNU in fat, liver, and brain, and for parent BCNU in kidney. CCNU distributes more rapidly and extensively than BCNU only in fatty tissues. BCNU distributed more extensively in kidney and liver. Rats received bolus IV injections of 14C-labeled BCNU or CCNU in increasing doses; measurements taken 30 min after injection showed that three- to fourfold more BCNU than CCNU was bound to nucleic acids in brain and ic 9L tumor tissue. Because the chloroethyl group is the alkylating moiety for both drugs, these findings implied that BCNU biotransformed to its reactive intermediate more rapidly than did CCNU. These observations, together with previous findings, indicate that one reason for the greater effectiveness of BCNU than CCNU against ic 9L tumors is its superior ability to form an intermediate that can bind to ic 9L tumor cell nucleic acids.", "PMID": 750110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8112", "title": "Effect of various substitutions in positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxyadriamycin.", "content": "Previous studies on structure-activity relationships of anthracycline antitumor antibiotics have shown that removal of the methoxyl group at position 4 of the aglycone causes a marked increase in the potency of the compounds: 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxyadriamycin had an antitumor effect similar to that of the parent compound at doses five to eight times lower, and they were active even when administered orally. This paper reports the effects of further substitutions at positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 4-demethoxy aglycone. The introduction of methyl groups at positions 2 and 3, or 1 and 4 resulted in decreased cytotoxicity and biological activity. The addition of a benzoyl ring at positions 2 and 3 decreased the activity further. 1,4-Dichloro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 2,3-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin were respectively as active and 2.5 times less active than was daunorubicin against HeLa cells in vitro while they were inactive against P388 and L1210 leukemias in vivo. 2,3-Dimethyl-4-demethoxyadriamycin showed an antitumor activity against mouse leukemias that was slightly higher than was that of adriamycin.", "contents": "Effect of various substitutions in positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxyadriamycin. Previous studies on structure-activity relationships of anthracycline antitumor antibiotics have shown that removal of the methoxyl group at position 4 of the aglycone causes a marked increase in the potency of the compounds: 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxyadriamycin had an antitumor effect similar to that of the parent compound at doses five to eight times lower, and they were active even when administered orally. This paper reports the effects of further substitutions at positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 4-demethoxy aglycone. The introduction of methyl groups at positions 2 and 3, or 1 and 4 resulted in decreased cytotoxicity and biological activity. The addition of a benzoyl ring at positions 2 and 3 decreased the activity further. 1,4-Dichloro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 2,3-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin were respectively as active and 2.5 times less active than was daunorubicin against HeLa cells in vitro while they were inactive against P388 and L1210 leukemias in vivo. 2,3-Dimethyl-4-demethoxyadriamycin showed an antitumor activity against mouse leukemias that was slightly higher than was that of adriamycin.", "PMID": 750112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8113", "title": "Metabolism of factor B of serum complement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "An increased rate of catabolism of radio-iodinated Factor B has been shown in five out of ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Serum levels of Factor B were normal, the increased catabolism being matched by increased synthesis. The patients showing high catabolic rates had more manifestations of extra articular disease than did those with normal catabolic rates and they had higher rheumatoid factor titres. In seven patients, the catabolic rate for Factor B correlated significantly with the rate of IgG catabolism. In this series, the Raji-cell assay for immune complex-like material was in the normal or near normal range in all but one patient.", "contents": "Metabolism of factor B of serum complement in rheumatoid arthritis. An increased rate of catabolism of radio-iodinated Factor B has been shown in five out of ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Serum levels of Factor B were normal, the increased catabolism being matched by increased synthesis. The patients showing high catabolic rates had more manifestations of extra articular disease than did those with normal catabolic rates and they had higher rheumatoid factor titres. In seven patients, the catabolic rate for Factor B correlated significantly with the rate of IgG catabolism. In this series, the Raji-cell assay for immune complex-like material was in the normal or near normal range in all but one patient.", "PMID": 750113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8114", "title": "Absence of IgG lymphocytotoxins in untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients.", "content": "Six of twenty-three sera (26%) from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) contained IgG antibody with an affinity for human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. All sera were negative for complement-dependent and antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity against human lymphoid cells irrespective of their binding capacity. It is suggested that the antilymphocyte antibodies seen in HD are not of pathogenic significance but are a non-specific consequence of B-cell stimulation.", "contents": "Absence of IgG lymphocytotoxins in untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients. Six of twenty-three sera (26%) from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) contained IgG antibody with an affinity for human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. All sera were negative for complement-dependent and antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity against human lymphoid cells irrespective of their binding capacity. It is suggested that the antilymphocyte antibodies seen in HD are not of pathogenic significance but are a non-specific consequence of B-cell stimulation.", "PMID": 750114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8115", "title": "Immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis. Kinetic properties of the acetylcholine-receptor antibody studied during lymph drainage.", "content": "A specific immunoglobulin, the receptor antibody, can be found in most patients with myasthenia gravis. In order to study the kinetic properties of this antibody, serial determinations of receptor antibody, total IgG and IgG 3 were made during drainage of thoracic duct lymph in three patients. The values obtained were used in a mathematical model to calculate some kinetic parameters. Values for T 1/2 and fractional rates of synthesis and catabolism obtained for total IgG and IgG 3 by this method were shown to agree with those found with other techniques. Most of the receptor antibody activity was found in the IgG 3 fraction but the receptor antibody had a shorter T 1/2 and higher fractional rates of synthesis and catabolism than IgG 3. These kinetic characteristics are consistent with rapid variations in plasma concentration of the receptor antibody. The cause of this rapid turnover could be strong antigenic stimuli and rapid elimination by the antigen, the cholinergic receptor protein.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis. Kinetic properties of the acetylcholine-receptor antibody studied during lymph drainage. A specific immunoglobulin, the receptor antibody, can be found in most patients with myasthenia gravis. In order to study the kinetic properties of this antibody, serial determinations of receptor antibody, total IgG and IgG 3 were made during drainage of thoracic duct lymph in three patients. The values obtained were used in a mathematical model to calculate some kinetic parameters. Values for T 1/2 and fractional rates of synthesis and catabolism obtained for total IgG and IgG 3 by this method were shown to agree with those found with other techniques. Most of the receptor antibody activity was found in the IgG 3 fraction but the receptor antibody had a shorter T 1/2 and higher fractional rates of synthesis and catabolism than IgG 3. These kinetic characteristics are consistent with rapid variations in plasma concentration of the receptor antibody. The cause of this rapid turnover could be strong antigenic stimuli and rapid elimination by the antigen, the cholinergic receptor protein.", "PMID": 750115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8116", "title": "Measurement of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by antigen-binding assay, using a partially purified fraction of mite extract (F4P1).", "content": "An extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus culture has been fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Pevikon block electrophoresis to obtain a partially purified allergen (F4P1). This preparation has a molecular weight of between 15--25,000 Dalton, migrates slowly on electrophoresis, and is colourless in solution. The skin-test reactivity of F1P1 was comparable to that of crude D. pteronyssinus extract. F4P1 was radio-labelled with 125I and used in an antigen-binding radioimmunoassay to measure IgG, IgA and IgE antibody (ab) to D. pteronyssinus. IgG, ab was detected in serum from 32/34 (94%) mite-allergic persons, and from 10/31 (30%) nonallergic persons. IgA ab and IgE ab were found in sera from 22/34 (65%) and 37/34 (79%) allergic persons respectively. Neither IgA nor IgE ab could be detected in sera from non-allergic persons. An excellent correlation was found between radioallergo-sorbent technique (RAST), using crude D. pteronyssinus extract and IgE-binding activity (BA) for F4P1, (r=0.94, P less than 0.001). The antigen-binding assay for IgE BA was as sensitive as RAST, but less sensitive than PK testing. There was a very good quantitative correlation between IgG BA and IgE BA (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). IgG BA was shown to rise in the serum of three patients treated with injections of D. pteronyssinus extract.", "contents": "Measurement of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by antigen-binding assay, using a partially purified fraction of mite extract (F4P1). An extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus culture has been fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Pevikon block electrophoresis to obtain a partially purified allergen (F4P1). This preparation has a molecular weight of between 15--25,000 Dalton, migrates slowly on electrophoresis, and is colourless in solution. The skin-test reactivity of F1P1 was comparable to that of crude D. pteronyssinus extract. F4P1 was radio-labelled with 125I and used in an antigen-binding radioimmunoassay to measure IgG, IgA and IgE antibody (ab) to D. pteronyssinus. IgG, ab was detected in serum from 32/34 (94%) mite-allergic persons, and from 10/31 (30%) nonallergic persons. IgA ab and IgE ab were found in sera from 22/34 (65%) and 37/34 (79%) allergic persons respectively. Neither IgA nor IgE ab could be detected in sera from non-allergic persons. An excellent correlation was found between radioallergo-sorbent technique (RAST), using crude D. pteronyssinus extract and IgE-binding activity (BA) for F4P1, (r=0.94, P less than 0.001). The antigen-binding assay for IgE BA was as sensitive as RAST, but less sensitive than PK testing. There was a very good quantitative correlation between IgG BA and IgE BA (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). IgG BA was shown to rise in the serum of three patients treated with injections of D. pteronyssinus extract.", "PMID": 750116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8117", "title": "Inhibition of neutrophil Fc receptor function by cotricosteroids.", "content": "The ability of hydrocortisone sodium succinate to inhibit the adherence of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes (EA) to human peripheral blood neutrophil monolayers is described. The steroid inhibitory effect was dose-dependent with a 32.4+/-2.4% decrease in EA binding at 2 X 10(-4)M. There was no difference between the addition of hydrocortisone prior to or at the same time as EA and steroid interference with EA binding was completely reversible. In addition, hydrocortisone was unable to displace bound EA. These findings suggest that hydrocortisone interferes with the availability of the neutrophil Fc receptor for binding and provides further insight into the host factors which are compromised during corticosteroid administration.", "contents": "Inhibition of neutrophil Fc receptor function by cotricosteroids. The ability of hydrocortisone sodium succinate to inhibit the adherence of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes (EA) to human peripheral blood neutrophil monolayers is described. The steroid inhibitory effect was dose-dependent with a 32.4+/-2.4% decrease in EA binding at 2 X 10(-4)M. There was no difference between the addition of hydrocortisone prior to or at the same time as EA and steroid interference with EA binding was completely reversible. In addition, hydrocortisone was unable to displace bound EA. These findings suggest that hydrocortisone interferes with the availability of the neutrophil Fc receptor for binding and provides further insight into the host factors which are compromised during corticosteroid administration.", "PMID": 750117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8118", "title": "Circulating IgG complexes in primary biliary cirrhosis. A serial study in forty patients followed for two years.", "content": "Several antibodies are present in sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have looked for evidence of antigen-antibody complexes in sera of PBC assuming that some of the antibodies may circulate complexed with an antigen. The Raji cell radioimmunoassay, which determines complement-bound immune complexes, was used to determine the levels of such complexes in serial samples of sera from forty patients with PBC followed for 2 years. Twenty-four patients (60%) were found to have significantly elevated levels of circulating complexes. In the majority they were detected from the beginning of the study and the high levels persisted. In seven patients whose sera initially had normal levels of complexes, the levels increased to become abnormal during the following year. These complexes sedimented at greater than or equal to 19S in the majority of patients studied. The mean level of C3 but not C4 was lower in patients with elevated complexes than in those with normal complexes. A significant correlation was observed between the presence of elevated complexes and the severity of the inflammatory cell infiltrate surrounding intrahepatic portal tracts and serum IgG and IgM levels. There was also a significant correlation with titres of antimitochondrial antibody, but not with the histological stage of disease or with the collagen and copper content of the liver. Although the method of detection of immune complexes is indirect and the antigen is unknown, the presence of such high levels of complexes suggests a possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of PBC.", "contents": "Circulating IgG complexes in primary biliary cirrhosis. A serial study in forty patients followed for two years. Several antibodies are present in sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have looked for evidence of antigen-antibody complexes in sera of PBC assuming that some of the antibodies may circulate complexed with an antigen. The Raji cell radioimmunoassay, which determines complement-bound immune complexes, was used to determine the levels of such complexes in serial samples of sera from forty patients with PBC followed for 2 years. Twenty-four patients (60%) were found to have significantly elevated levels of circulating complexes. In the majority they were detected from the beginning of the study and the high levels persisted. In seven patients whose sera initially had normal levels of complexes, the levels increased to become abnormal during the following year. These complexes sedimented at greater than or equal to 19S in the majority of patients studied. The mean level of C3 but not C4 was lower in patients with elevated complexes than in those with normal complexes. A significant correlation was observed between the presence of elevated complexes and the severity of the inflammatory cell infiltrate surrounding intrahepatic portal tracts and serum IgG and IgM levels. There was also a significant correlation with titres of antimitochondrial antibody, but not with the histological stage of disease or with the collagen and copper content of the liver. Although the method of detection of immune complexes is indirect and the antigen is unknown, the presence of such high levels of complexes suggests a possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of PBC.", "PMID": 750118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8119", "title": "Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on sheep RBC-binding lymphocytes in newborn infants.", "content": "Sheep erythrocyte-binding human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc-part of IgG and/or complement were studied in twenty newborn pre-term and term infants and fifteen adult controls. A technique with mixed rosettes and fluorescein-labelled sheep erythrocytes was used. The newborn infants had a significantly lower proportion of lymphocytes with receptors for sheep erythrocytes and the Fc-part of IgG (1.6%) than the adults (6.7%). Also the percentage of lymphocytes binding both sheep erythrocytes and complement-coated indicator cells was significantly lower in the newborn infants (2.6%) than in the adults (8.9%). A significantly higher proportion of lymphocytes had receptors for sheep erythrocytes and complement than for sheep erythrocytes and the Fc-part of IgG in both newborn infants and adults. There was no correlation between the values of lymphocytes binding sheep erythrocytes, or the Fc of IgG or complement and the proportion of mixed rosettes.", "contents": "Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on sheep RBC-binding lymphocytes in newborn infants. Sheep erythrocyte-binding human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc-part of IgG and/or complement were studied in twenty newborn pre-term and term infants and fifteen adult controls. A technique with mixed rosettes and fluorescein-labelled sheep erythrocytes was used. The newborn infants had a significantly lower proportion of lymphocytes with receptors for sheep erythrocytes and the Fc-part of IgG (1.6%) than the adults (6.7%). Also the percentage of lymphocytes binding both sheep erythrocytes and complement-coated indicator cells was significantly lower in the newborn infants (2.6%) than in the adults (8.9%). A significantly higher proportion of lymphocytes had receptors for sheep erythrocytes and complement than for sheep erythrocytes and the Fc-part of IgG in both newborn infants and adults. There was no correlation between the values of lymphocytes binding sheep erythrocytes, or the Fc of IgG or complement and the proportion of mixed rosettes.", "PMID": 750119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8120", "title": "Transfer of experimental allergic orchitis with immune RNA studies in vivo.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid extracts (RNA) obtained from the lymph nodes and spleens of guinea pigs, which were immunized with testicular antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), were injected intraperitoneally into normal guinea pigs. The transferred guinea pigs developed a delayed hypersensitivity to sperm antigens and testicular lesions which resembled the lesions obtained in the donor RNA guinea pigs. When the transfer was performed with RNA extracted from guinea pigs immunized with FCA alone or with 'immune' RNA treated with Ribonuclease, neither cellular immunity nor testicular lesions were observed.", "contents": "Transfer of experimental allergic orchitis with immune RNA studies in vivo. Ribonucleic acid extracts (RNA) obtained from the lymph nodes and spleens of guinea pigs, which were immunized with testicular antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), were injected intraperitoneally into normal guinea pigs. The transferred guinea pigs developed a delayed hypersensitivity to sperm antigens and testicular lesions which resembled the lesions obtained in the donor RNA guinea pigs. When the transfer was performed with RNA extracted from guinea pigs immunized with FCA alone or with 'immune' RNA treated with Ribonuclease, neither cellular immunity nor testicular lesions were observed.", "PMID": 750120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8121", "title": "Comparison of human myofibrillar protein catabolic rate derived from 3-methylhistidine excretion with synthetic rate from muscle biopsies during L-[alpha-15N]lysine infusion.", "content": "1. Urine was collected in five healthy men over 10--14 days, with fasting blood samples on days 1, 5 and 10, whilst they consumed a standard creatine-free diet, which was quantitatively related to their body surface area. 2. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine fell to a plateau by day 5 in all subjects. Myofibrillar protein catabolic rate calculated from the mean value of 3-methylhistidine excretion from day 5 to day 10 averaged 1.21 g day-1 kg-1 body weight. The average turnover of muscle myofibrillar protein was calculated to be 2.16%/day. 3. From a previous study using continuous intravenous infusion of L-[alpha-15N]lysine with serial muscle biopsies on the same subjects, the mean myofibrillar protein synthetic rate was calculated to be 0.82 g day-1 kg-1 body weight, and the mean turnover rate was 1.47%/day of total muscle myofibrillar protein. 4. The estimations of myofibrillar protein turnover rate derived from the two methods are compared and the differences discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of human myofibrillar protein catabolic rate derived from 3-methylhistidine excretion with synthetic rate from muscle biopsies during L-[alpha-15N]lysine infusion. 1. Urine was collected in five healthy men over 10--14 days, with fasting blood samples on days 1, 5 and 10, whilst they consumed a standard creatine-free diet, which was quantitatively related to their body surface area. 2. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine fell to a plateau by day 5 in all subjects. Myofibrillar protein catabolic rate calculated from the mean value of 3-methylhistidine excretion from day 5 to day 10 averaged 1.21 g day-1 kg-1 body weight. The average turnover of muscle myofibrillar protein was calculated to be 2.16%/day. 3. From a previous study using continuous intravenous infusion of L-[alpha-15N]lysine with serial muscle biopsies on the same subjects, the mean myofibrillar protein synthetic rate was calculated to be 0.82 g day-1 kg-1 body weight, and the mean turnover rate was 1.47%/day of total muscle myofibrillar protein. 4. The estimations of myofibrillar protein turnover rate derived from the two methods are compared and the differences discussed.", "PMID": 750147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8122", "title": "Total body water, total exchangeable sodium and related variables in the Ghanaian.", "content": "1. Standard radioisotope dilution techniques employing [3H]water and [22Na]sodium chloride have been used to determine the total body water and total exchangeable sodium of 20 male and 10 female normal Ghanaians (Africans) aged 19--25 years. 2. Lean body mass and total body fat are calculated as a percentage of body weight; the total exchangeable sodium values have been expressed in relation to lean body mass. 3. Comparison of the data for Ghanaian subjects with published figures for Caucasian subjects of similar age shows that the Ghanaian men have much less total body fat and the women a little less total body fat than their Caucasian counterparts. 4. Total exchangeable sodium expressed in terms of lean body mass shows close agreement in both men and women.", "contents": "Total body water, total exchangeable sodium and related variables in the Ghanaian. 1. Standard radioisotope dilution techniques employing [3H]water and [22Na]sodium chloride have been used to determine the total body water and total exchangeable sodium of 20 male and 10 female normal Ghanaians (Africans) aged 19--25 years. 2. Lean body mass and total body fat are calculated as a percentage of body weight; the total exchangeable sodium values have been expressed in relation to lean body mass. 3. Comparison of the data for Ghanaian subjects with published figures for Caucasian subjects of similar age shows that the Ghanaian men have much less total body fat and the women a little less total body fat than their Caucasian counterparts. 4. Total exchangeable sodium expressed in terms of lean body mass shows close agreement in both men and women.", "PMID": 750148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8123", "title": "Renal vascular response to haemorrhage in the rabbit after pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane and ether anaesthesia.", "content": "1. Total renal blood flow and its cortical distribution were measured by the microsphere technique before and after haemorrhage in conscious rabbits, and after haemorrhage in rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane or ether. 2. The average blood loss necessary to achieve a fall in systolic blood pressure to about 65 mmHg was 101 ml in conscious rabbits and 38, 90 and 118 ml in weight-matched groups of rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane and ether respectively. 3. After haemorrhage in conscious rabbits total renal blood flow fell by 25%, this fall being confined to the superficial renal cortex. 4. In rabbits subject to haemorrhage under pentobarbitone anaesthesia renal blood flow fell by a further 23% when compared with the conscious bled rabbits. This reduction in blood flow was confined to the superficial cortex. 5. Haemorrhage in the rabbits subjected to chloralose-urethane anaesthesia caused no significant change in renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits. 6. Haemorrhage under ether anaesthesia was associated with a further 33% fall in total renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits. This was associated with a fall of 32% and 34% in superficial and deep cortical blood flow respectively. 7. Animals subjected to general anaesthesia may be particularly susceptible to the renal haemodynamic effects of haemorrhage.", "contents": "Renal vascular response to haemorrhage in the rabbit after pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane and ether anaesthesia. 1. Total renal blood flow and its cortical distribution were measured by the microsphere technique before and after haemorrhage in conscious rabbits, and after haemorrhage in rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane or ether. 2. The average blood loss necessary to achieve a fall in systolic blood pressure to about 65 mmHg was 101 ml in conscious rabbits and 38, 90 and 118 ml in weight-matched groups of rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane and ether respectively. 3. After haemorrhage in conscious rabbits total renal blood flow fell by 25%, this fall being confined to the superficial renal cortex. 4. In rabbits subject to haemorrhage under pentobarbitone anaesthesia renal blood flow fell by a further 23% when compared with the conscious bled rabbits. This reduction in blood flow was confined to the superficial cortex. 5. Haemorrhage in the rabbits subjected to chloralose-urethane anaesthesia caused no significant change in renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits. 6. Haemorrhage under ether anaesthesia was associated with a further 33% fall in total renal blood flow, as compared with conscious bled rabbits. This was associated with a fall of 32% and 34% in superficial and deep cortical blood flow respectively. 7. Animals subjected to general anaesthesia may be particularly susceptible to the renal haemodynamic effects of haemorrhage.", "PMID": 750150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8124", "title": "Effect of hyperosmolar stimuli and coeliac disease on the permeability of the human gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "1. Oral loads have been used to assess the permeability of the human gastrointestinal tract, with lactulose (mol. wt. 342), raffinose (mol. wt. 504), stachyose (mol. wt. 666) and a fluoresceinlabelled dextran (mol. wt. 3000) as marker substances. Timed urinary recovery of these substances, which are not metabolized, was measured by quantitative paper chromatography and direct fluorimetry, and the results were used as an indication of passive intestinal permeability. 2. Results in healthy adults showed that permeability to these markers was dependent on molecular size, even after correction for aqueous diffusion differences, such that a profile of restricted permeability could be described for this range of markers. Interpretation in terms of conventional pore theory suggested the presence of more than one population of pores. 3. Ingestion of solutions made hyperosmotic by inclusion of glycerol resulted in a large increase in permeability, in a pattern that suggested an increase in either the size or frequency of a range of smaller pores. 4. A similar increase in permeability and alteration in the profile of restriction was found in patients with coeliac disease. 5. The possible location of such pores in the gastrointestinal mucosa is discussed in relation to the cell membrane, the intercellular junction, and the sites of cell exfoliation.", "contents": "Effect of hyperosmolar stimuli and coeliac disease on the permeability of the human gastrointestinal tract. 1. Oral loads have been used to assess the permeability of the human gastrointestinal tract, with lactulose (mol. wt. 342), raffinose (mol. wt. 504), stachyose (mol. wt. 666) and a fluoresceinlabelled dextran (mol. wt. 3000) as marker substances. Timed urinary recovery of these substances, which are not metabolized, was measured by quantitative paper chromatography and direct fluorimetry, and the results were used as an indication of passive intestinal permeability. 2. Results in healthy adults showed that permeability to these markers was dependent on molecular size, even after correction for aqueous diffusion differences, such that a profile of restricted permeability could be described for this range of markers. Interpretation in terms of conventional pore theory suggested the presence of more than one population of pores. 3. Ingestion of solutions made hyperosmotic by inclusion of glycerol resulted in a large increase in permeability, in a pattern that suggested an increase in either the size or frequency of a range of smaller pores. 4. A similar increase in permeability and alteration in the profile of restriction was found in patients with coeliac disease. 5. The possible location of such pores in the gastrointestinal mucosa is discussed in relation to the cell membrane, the intercellular junction, and the sites of cell exfoliation.", "PMID": 750151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8125", "title": "Effects of acute acid--base alterations on glutamine metabolism and renal ammoniagenesis in the dog.", "content": "1. The effects of acute acid-base alterations on renal ammonia production and glutamine metabolism were studied in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Plasma glutamine rose with acidosis and also when both PCO2 and plasma HCO-3 were raised isohydrically. 3. Blood urea fell when acidosis was induced with hydrochloric acid. 4. The renal production of ammonia per ml of renal blood flow was increased in acidosis, but this was independent of the amount of glutamine delivered to the kidney. 5. The results indicate that acute acidosis affects production of urea and glutamine and increases the capacity of the renal cells to extract glutamine from blood.", "contents": "Effects of acute acid--base alterations on glutamine metabolism and renal ammoniagenesis in the dog. 1. The effects of acute acid-base alterations on renal ammonia production and glutamine metabolism were studied in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Plasma glutamine rose with acidosis and also when both PCO2 and plasma HCO-3 were raised isohydrically. 3. Blood urea fell when acidosis was induced with hydrochloric acid. 4. The renal production of ammonia per ml of renal blood flow was increased in acidosis, but this was independent of the amount of glutamine delivered to the kidney. 5. The results indicate that acute acidosis affects production of urea and glutamine and increases the capacity of the renal cells to extract glutamine from blood.", "PMID": 750152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8126", "title": "Determination of human leg blood flow: a thermodilution technique based on femoral venous bolus injection.", "content": "1. A thermodilution method was developed for the determination of human leg blood flow. The method is based on bolus injection of an indicator distally into the femoral vein, at room temperature, and recording of the dilution curve in the same vessel at the level of the inguinal ligament. The blood flow was computed automatically with two thermistors and an integrator. 2. The leg blood flow determined by this method at rest and during exercise at work loads of 50, 100 and 150 W in six healthy subjects was found to agree closely with measurements by an intraarterial indicator-dilution technique. A linear relationship was found between leg blood flow and work. The reproducibility of the blood flow determinations, expressed as the coefficient of variation for a single determination, was 12.9 at rest and 5.3 or less during exercise. 3. The method was used in two patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg. Extremely low leg blood flows were found in these patients when they were forced to interrupt the exercise by severe calf pain", "contents": "Determination of human leg blood flow: a thermodilution technique based on femoral venous bolus injection. 1. A thermodilution method was developed for the determination of human leg blood flow. The method is based on bolus injection of an indicator distally into the femoral vein, at room temperature, and recording of the dilution curve in the same vessel at the level of the inguinal ligament. The blood flow was computed automatically with two thermistors and an integrator. 2. The leg blood flow determined by this method at rest and during exercise at work loads of 50, 100 and 150 W in six healthy subjects was found to agree closely with measurements by an intraarterial indicator-dilution technique. A linear relationship was found between leg blood flow and work. The reproducibility of the blood flow determinations, expressed as the coefficient of variation for a single determination, was 12.9 at rest and 5.3 or less during exercise. 3. The method was used in two patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg. Extremely low leg blood flows were found in these patients when they were forced to interrupt the exercise by severe calf pain", "PMID": 750153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8127", "title": "Saline-induced natriuresis in the dog without prior exposure of the kidney to the physical effects of expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment.", "content": "1. Experiments were carried out in dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was reduced 40 min before beginning expansion of the extracellular fluid space by 10% with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sodium excretion increased up to 590% of control values in spite of the fact that the filtered load of sodium was below that of the control period and circulating mineralocorticoids were not suppressed. 2. The findings indicate that, in the dog, prior exposure of the kidney to the volume-expanded state is not a prerequisite for natriuresis to occur.", "contents": "Saline-induced natriuresis in the dog without prior exposure of the kidney to the physical effects of expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment. 1. Experiments were carried out in dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was reduced 40 min before beginning expansion of the extracellular fluid space by 10% with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sodium excretion increased up to 590% of control values in spite of the fact that the filtered load of sodium was below that of the control period and circulating mineralocorticoids were not suppressed. 2. The findings indicate that, in the dog, prior exposure of the kidney to the volume-expanded state is not a prerequisite for natriuresis to occur.", "PMID": 750154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8128", "title": "An evaluation of bilirubin kinetics with respect to the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome.", "content": "1. The kinetics of the plasma disappearance of bilirubin (2 mg/kg intravenously) were studied in 106 patients with Gilbert's syndrome and in 13 normal subjects. 2. All patients had significant decreases in hepatic bilirubin clearance and transfer rates from plasma to liver, resulting in increased values for plasma retention at 4 h. The calculated value for unconugated bilirubin production was normal in 40% of patients and increased in the remainder. 3. In 29 of the Gilbert's patients their bromosulphthalein kinetics were studied 1 week before the bilirubin test. These results were essentially normal and it was concluded that the hepatic clearance mechanisms for bilirubin and bromosulphthalein are different. 4. In 10 patients the bilirubin transport maximum (Tm) was found to be low whereas the relative storage capacity (S) was normal. Phenobarbitone treatment in four patients resulted in an increase in Tm, and S decreased in two patients and remained unchanged in the other two. 5. These results support the hypothesis that there are several variants of Gilbert's syndrome and that the bilirubin tolerance test is a useful diagnostic test.", "contents": "An evaluation of bilirubin kinetics with respect to the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome. 1. The kinetics of the plasma disappearance of bilirubin (2 mg/kg intravenously) were studied in 106 patients with Gilbert's syndrome and in 13 normal subjects. 2. All patients had significant decreases in hepatic bilirubin clearance and transfer rates from plasma to liver, resulting in increased values for plasma retention at 4 h. The calculated value for unconugated bilirubin production was normal in 40% of patients and increased in the remainder. 3. In 29 of the Gilbert's patients their bromosulphthalein kinetics were studied 1 week before the bilirubin test. These results were essentially normal and it was concluded that the hepatic clearance mechanisms for bilirubin and bromosulphthalein are different. 4. In 10 patients the bilirubin transport maximum (Tm) was found to be low whereas the relative storage capacity (S) was normal. Phenobarbitone treatment in four patients resulted in an increase in Tm, and S decreased in two patients and remained unchanged in the other two. 5. These results support the hypothesis that there are several variants of Gilbert's syndrome and that the bilirubin tolerance test is a useful diagnostic test.", "PMID": 750155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8129", "title": "The organelle pathology and demonstration of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase deficiency in two patients with Dubin--Johnson--Sprinz syndrome.", "content": "1. Liver biopsies from two patients with the Dubin-Johnson-Sprinz syndrome were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and enzymic microassays. 2. A selective deficiency of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase has been demonstrated in these patients. 3. The significance of this enzyme deficiency is discussed in relation to the organelle pathology of the syndrome.", "contents": "The organelle pathology and demonstration of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase deficiency in two patients with Dubin--Johnson--Sprinz syndrome. 1. Liver biopsies from two patients with the Dubin-Johnson-Sprinz syndrome were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and enzymic microassays. 2. A selective deficiency of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase has been demonstrated in these patients. 3. The significance of this enzyme deficiency is discussed in relation to the organelle pathology of the syndrome.", "PMID": 750156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8130", "title": "Effect of saralasin and serum in myohaemoglobinuric acute renal failure of rats.", "content": "1. In rats deprived of food and water for 24 h acute renal failure was produced by the intramuscular injection of glycerol. Eight hours later plasma urea concentration had increased threefold despite a small rise in urine volume. Plasma concentrations of renin and renin substrate were elevated. 2. When saralasin, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, was infused for 8 h after glycerol injection, urine volume and plasma urea were similar to values in rats that had received an infusion of saline. 3. Administration of rat serum (4.5 ml h-1 kg-1) for 4 h suppressed plasma renin concentrations, but plasma urea increased to the same extent as in rats without serum. 4. When saralasin and serum were infused at the same time, urine volume, urine osmolality and solute excretion increased and the rise of plasma urea was diminished. 5. Saralasin has a protective effect against glycerol-induced acute renal failure only when volume is replaced concomitantly.", "contents": "Effect of saralasin and serum in myohaemoglobinuric acute renal failure of rats. 1. In rats deprived of food and water for 24 h acute renal failure was produced by the intramuscular injection of glycerol. Eight hours later plasma urea concentration had increased threefold despite a small rise in urine volume. Plasma concentrations of renin and renin substrate were elevated. 2. When saralasin, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, was infused for 8 h after glycerol injection, urine volume and plasma urea were similar to values in rats that had received an infusion of saline. 3. Administration of rat serum (4.5 ml h-1 kg-1) for 4 h suppressed plasma renin concentrations, but plasma urea increased to the same extent as in rats without serum. 4. When saralasin and serum were infused at the same time, urine volume, urine osmolality and solute excretion increased and the rise of plasma urea was diminished. 5. Saralasin has a protective effect against glycerol-induced acute renal failure only when volume is replaced concomitantly.", "PMID": 750157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8131", "title": "Renal prostaglandins in renal hypertensive dogs.", "content": "1. Hypertension produced in two-kidney Goldblatt dogs was accompanied by a transient fluid retention, reaching a maximum 4 days after clamping. 2. Prostaglandin E and F concentrations in venous blood from the intact kidney also rose transiently, showing a maximum by the fifth day. 3. The rise in prostaglandin release from the intact kidney may be related to the fluid retention.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandins in renal hypertensive dogs. 1. Hypertension produced in two-kidney Goldblatt dogs was accompanied by a transient fluid retention, reaching a maximum 4 days after clamping. 2. Prostaglandin E and F concentrations in venous blood from the intact kidney also rose transiently, showing a maximum by the fifth day. 3. The rise in prostaglandin release from the intact kidney may be related to the fluid retention.", "PMID": 750158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8132", "title": "Effect of zinc on leucocyte sodium transport in vitro.", "content": "1. In a preparation of human leucocytes maintained in tissue culture fluid, increasing the extracellular zinc concentration leads to a significant increase in both ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and in sodium influx. 2. Cell water and sodium content do not alter significantly with increasing extracellular zinc concentration. 3. A small increase in the ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux can be demonstrated when the external zinc concentration is raised from 0.75 mumol/l to 90 mumol/l.", "contents": "Effect of zinc on leucocyte sodium transport in vitro. 1. In a preparation of human leucocytes maintained in tissue culture fluid, increasing the extracellular zinc concentration leads to a significant increase in both ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and in sodium influx. 2. Cell water and sodium content do not alter significantly with increasing extracellular zinc concentration. 3. A small increase in the ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux can be demonstrated when the external zinc concentration is raised from 0.75 mumol/l to 90 mumol/l.", "PMID": 750160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8133", "title": "Rapid detection of amphetamine in urine by micro thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence.", "content": "A rapid, inexpensive, and simple screening procedure for the detection of amphetamine abuse was developed for use by laboratories without sophisticated equipment. A small volume of extract from a pH-adjusted urine specimen is used to spot a high-resolution micro TLC plate. The developed TLC plate is sprayed with a solution of fluorescamine in dry acetone. When viewed under ultraviolet illumination, amphetamines and other compounds with a primary amino group complexed with fluorescamine appear as greenish or bluish-white fluorescent spots. Secondary or tertiary amines do not react with fluorescamine. About 20 min is required to perform the procedure; the lower limit of detectability is approximately 100 ng/ml urine.", "contents": "Rapid detection of amphetamine in urine by micro thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence. A rapid, inexpensive, and simple screening procedure for the detection of amphetamine abuse was developed for use by laboratories without sophisticated equipment. A small volume of extract from a pH-adjusted urine specimen is used to spot a high-resolution micro TLC plate. The developed TLC plate is sprayed with a solution of fluorescamine in dry acetone. When viewed under ultraviolet illumination, amphetamines and other compounds with a primary amino group complexed with fluorescamine appear as greenish or bluish-white fluorescent spots. Secondary or tertiary amines do not react with fluorescamine. About 20 min is required to perform the procedure; the lower limit of detectability is approximately 100 ng/ml urine.", "PMID": 750161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8134", "title": "Comparison of two procedures for determination of cholinesterase in livestock.", "content": "Our data indicate that the serum or plasma Bio-Dynamics/bmc automated procedure may be substituted satisfactorily for, or used as an alternative method to the Radeleff procedure for determining cholinesterase activity in cattle, swine, and sheep. The automated procedure is capable of 77 determinations/hr, and the Radeleff procedures about 20/hr. Either serum or plasma may be used, but the sample must be hemolyzed.", "contents": "Comparison of two procedures for determination of cholinesterase in livestock. Our data indicate that the serum or plasma Bio-Dynamics/bmc automated procedure may be substituted satisfactorily for, or used as an alternative method to the Radeleff procedure for determining cholinesterase activity in cattle, swine, and sheep. The automated procedure is capable of 77 determinations/hr, and the Radeleff procedures about 20/hr. Either serum or plasma may be used, but the sample must be hemolyzed.", "PMID": 750162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8135", "title": "Establishment of a regional poison center.", "content": "Since its inception in 1972, the San Diego Poison Center has made considerable progress towards achieving its goal of developing a poison care system which will decrease incidence, morbidity, and cost of poisonings. A systems approach has been developed to care for patients at all levels of severity. Subregional centers have been identified and linked to the poison center. Education of the region's emergency medical personnel and the public have been actively pursued. Calls to the center have increased from 6829 in 1972 to 25,949 in 1976. Eighty-five percent of poisoning calls in 1976 were managed at home over the telephone. A follow-up call at 24 hours for each case revealed that less than 1% sought additional medical care. The percent of all emergency department visits resulting from poisoning in a tracer group (children under age 12 leaving emergency department asymptomatic) dropped from 6.1% in 1971 to 1.9% in 1976. The percent of hospital admissions due to poisoning in children under 10 years also dropped by 40% between 1971 and 1974. Estimated cost savings to the community by preventing emergency department visits alone each year covers the cost of operation of the poison center itself.", "contents": "Establishment of a regional poison center. Since its inception in 1972, the San Diego Poison Center has made considerable progress towards achieving its goal of developing a poison care system which will decrease incidence, morbidity, and cost of poisonings. A systems approach has been developed to care for patients at all levels of severity. Subregional centers have been identified and linked to the poison center. Education of the region's emergency medical personnel and the public have been actively pursued. Calls to the center have increased from 6829 in 1972 to 25,949 in 1976. Eighty-five percent of poisoning calls in 1976 were managed at home over the telephone. A follow-up call at 24 hours for each case revealed that less than 1% sought additional medical care. The percent of all emergency department visits resulting from poisoning in a tracer group (children under age 12 leaving emergency department asymptomatic) dropped from 6.1% in 1971 to 1.9% in 1976. The percent of hospital admissions due to poisoning in children under 10 years also dropped by 40% between 1971 and 1974. Estimated cost savings to the community by preventing emergency department visits alone each year covers the cost of operation of the poison center itself.", "PMID": 750163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8136", "title": "Basic principles in selecting animal species for research projects.", "content": "One of the most important facets of biomedical research is selecting the species of laboratory animal best suited for a particular purpose. The four major categories of animal models are experimental, spontaneous, negative, and orphan. The experimental model is the one most frequently used, but each category has a place in medical research. Once the investigator has decided which type of model the project calls for, numerous other factors must be considered: ease of handling and surgical manipulation; size, docility, and body conformation; cost of the animal and its related supplies (food, bedding, and caging); the accessibility of superficial blood vessels; and the investigator's familiarity with the various species which are available. Among the biologic factors which should be considered are resistance to natural diseases, nutritional requirements, genotype, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.", "contents": "Basic principles in selecting animal species for research projects. One of the most important facets of biomedical research is selecting the species of laboratory animal best suited for a particular purpose. The four major categories of animal models are experimental, spontaneous, negative, and orphan. The experimental model is the one most frequently used, but each category has a place in medical research. Once the investigator has decided which type of model the project calls for, numerous other factors must be considered: ease of handling and surgical manipulation; size, docility, and body conformation; cost of the animal and its related supplies (food, bedding, and caging); the accessibility of superficial blood vessels; and the investigator's familiarity with the various species which are available. Among the biologic factors which should be considered are resistance to natural diseases, nutritional requirements, genotype, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.", "PMID": 750165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8137", "title": "First experience of a rehabilitation centre for schizophrenics in a developing country.", "content": "The mental health services in Pakistan are still at the elementary level. There are only a few mental hospitals to look after the psychiatric needs of the country. The discharged patients from the mental hospitals find great difficulty in rehabilitating themselves in the community, particularly when the period of hospitalization has been long. This article discusses a new approach in psychiatric rehabilitation which is relevant to the needs of developing countries.", "contents": "First experience of a rehabilitation centre for schizophrenics in a developing country. The mental health services in Pakistan are still at the elementary level. There are only a few mental hospitals to look after the psychiatric needs of the country. The discharged patients from the mental hospitals find great difficulty in rehabilitating themselves in the community, particularly when the period of hospitalization has been long. This article discusses a new approach in psychiatric rehabilitation which is relevant to the needs of developing countries.", "PMID": 750168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8138", "title": "Using television for health education in rural India.", "content": "The author relates his experiences in adapting the medium of television to the purpose of health education in rural India. Working under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Information and UNESCO, he gained experience in the \"appropriate\" application of sophisticated Western technology to the needs of an underdeveloped area. Television is not a panacea for health education needs, but is nevertheless an important element in an overall health care strategy which must also involve the efforts of health administrators and practitioners at every level of society to further public education and the cultivation of preventive measures.", "contents": "Using television for health education in rural India. The author relates his experiences in adapting the medium of television to the purpose of health education in rural India. Working under the auspices of the Indian Ministry of Information and UNESCO, he gained experience in the \"appropriate\" application of sophisticated Western technology to the needs of an underdeveloped area. Television is not a panacea for health education needs, but is nevertheless an important element in an overall health care strategy which must also involve the efforts of health administrators and practitioners at every level of society to further public education and the cultivation of preventive measures.", "PMID": 750169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8139", "title": "Effects of the first (ether) extract of ginseng on the cardiovascular dynamics of dogs during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was chronically implanted around the ascending aorta in ten dogs. Subsequently, these animals were maintained under halothane (0.75%) anesthesia during the intravenous administration of an ether extract (40 mg/kg) of ginseng. Five other dogs were anesthetized without injecting ginseng. Eleven cardiovascular variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were compared during the ensuing 120 minutes. The heart rate was significantly decreased and central venous pressure increased significantly following ginseng. There were no other meaningful changes in either group.", "contents": "Effects of the first (ether) extract of ginseng on the cardiovascular dynamics of dogs during halothane anesthesia. An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was chronically implanted around the ascending aorta in ten dogs. Subsequently, these animals were maintained under halothane (0.75%) anesthesia during the intravenous administration of an ether extract (40 mg/kg) of ginseng. Five other dogs were anesthetized without injecting ginseng. Eleven cardiovascular variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were compared during the ensuing 120 minutes. The heart rate was significantly decreased and central venous pressure increased significantly following ginseng. There were no other meaningful changes in either group.", "PMID": 750170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8140", "title": "Febrile spontaneous abortion and the IUD.", "content": "A case-control study was done to determine the risk and pathogenesis of febrile spontaneous abortion for intrauterine device (IUD) wearers compared to non-wearers. Four groups of women coming to a large city hospital between 1970 and 1975 were compared: 1) women presenting with febrile spontaneous abortion, 2) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion, 3) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion which subsequently became febrile, and 4) women delivering a live infant. Pregnant women with an IUD in situ had a 5-fold higher risk of both febrile and afebrile spontaneous abortion compared to pregnant women without an IUD in situ. Women who had a spontaneous abortion that shifted from afebrile to febrile were somewhat more likely to be IUD wearers than the other 2 spontaneous abortion groups. In our study population, the increased risk of febrile spontaneous abortion for IUD wearers appeared primarily due to the increased risk of the spontaneous abortion event itself, rather than a primary IUD-related infection causing febrile spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Febrile spontaneous abortion and the IUD. A case-control study was done to determine the risk and pathogenesis of febrile spontaneous abortion for intrauterine device (IUD) wearers compared to non-wearers. Four groups of women coming to a large city hospital between 1970 and 1975 were compared: 1) women presenting with febrile spontaneous abortion, 2) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion, 3) women presenting with afebrile spontaneous abortion which subsequently became febrile, and 4) women delivering a live infant. Pregnant women with an IUD in situ had a 5-fold higher risk of both febrile and afebrile spontaneous abortion compared to pregnant women without an IUD in situ. Women who had a spontaneous abortion that shifted from afebrile to febrile were somewhat more likely to be IUD wearers than the other 2 spontaneous abortion groups. In our study population, the increased risk of febrile spontaneous abortion for IUD wearers appeared primarily due to the increased risk of the spontaneous abortion event itself, rather than a primary IUD-related infection causing febrile spontaneous abortion.", "PMID": 750186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8141", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of norethindrone : serum levels of norethindrone in lactating women after insertion of a single Silastic implant releasing norethindrone acetate.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the estimation of norethindrone levels in the serum of lactating women. A conjugate of norethindrone-3-BSA was synthesized and antiserum raised against it in rabbits. The antiserum showed high affinity (1.5 x 10(9)M/L) and titer and was specific. The sensitivity of the assay was 125 pg/ml serum. Serum levels of norethindrone were estimated in 25 lactating women, inserted with subdermal implant releasing about 150 ug of norethindrone acetate daily. The norethindrone levels were initially high in the first two months. From there onwards the levels of norethindrone remained constant with an average value of 1.0 ng/ml up to six months. These values were comparable to those obtained in non-lactating women. Thus, lactation does not seem to alter or affect the release of norethindrone acetate from the subdermal implant or its metabolism.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of norethindrone : serum levels of norethindrone in lactating women after insertion of a single Silastic implant releasing norethindrone acetate. A specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the estimation of norethindrone levels in the serum of lactating women. A conjugate of norethindrone-3-BSA was synthesized and antiserum raised against it in rabbits. The antiserum showed high affinity (1.5 x 10(9)M/L) and titer and was specific. The sensitivity of the assay was 125 pg/ml serum. Serum levels of norethindrone were estimated in 25 lactating women, inserted with subdermal implant releasing about 150 ug of norethindrone acetate daily. The norethindrone levels were initially high in the first two months. From there onwards the levels of norethindrone remained constant with an average value of 1.0 ng/ml up to six months. These values were comparable to those obtained in non-lactating women. Thus, lactation does not seem to alter or affect the release of norethindrone acetate from the subdermal implant or its metabolism.", "PMID": 750187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8142", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for norethindrone (NET): measurement of serum NET concentrations following ingestion of NET-containing oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of norethindrone (NET) in serum has been established employing anti-11 alpha-hydroxynorethindrone 11-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin serum in conjunction with norethindrone-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodohistamine. Of a number of ring A reduced NET metabolites, only 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-ethinyl-5 beta-estran-3-one (43%) and 17 alpha-ethinyl-5 alpha-estrane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (15.7%) cross-reacted appreciably in this RIA. Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and mestranol (MEE2) exhibited cross-reactions of only 1.1 and 0.4%, respectively. Serum NET levels were measured in four groups of 3 women, each ingesting either 1 mg NET plus 0.05 mg MEE2 (Norinyl 1 + 50 or Ortho Novum 1/50), 0.5 mg NET plus 0.035 mg EE2 (Brevicon) or only 0.35 mg NET (Micronor) daily for 5 consecutive days. Peak serum NET levels were observed within 1/2 to 4 hours after oral intake and fell precipitously thereafter. After reaching a maximum, serum NET concentrations declined in a manner consistent with at least two disposition phases. The average half-life for the first disposition phase was 2.3, 3.4, 3.9 and 4.4 hours in subjects ingesting Norinyl 1 + 50, Ortho Novum 1/50, Brevicon and Micronor, respectively. Peak and 3-hour post-ingestion serum NET concentrations were dose-related but showed considerable subject-to-subject variations. Following discontinuation of tablet intake, serum NET levels remained detectable (greater than 0.05 ng/ml) for at least 5 days in all 3 women who had taken Ortho Novum 1/50, but in none of the other 9 volunteers. These results suggest that different preparations of identical doses and combinations of oral contraceptive steroids may yield different serum NET profiles. However, due to considerable subject-to-subject variations, larger numbers of subjects are required for a conclusive investigation.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for norethindrone (NET): measurement of serum NET concentrations following ingestion of NET-containing oral contraceptive steroids. A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of norethindrone (NET) in serum has been established employing anti-11 alpha-hydroxynorethindrone 11-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin serum in conjunction with norethindrone-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodohistamine. Of a number of ring A reduced NET metabolites, only 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-ethinyl-5 beta-estran-3-one (43%) and 17 alpha-ethinyl-5 alpha-estrane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (15.7%) cross-reacted appreciably in this RIA. Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and mestranol (MEE2) exhibited cross-reactions of only 1.1 and 0.4%, respectively. Serum NET levels were measured in four groups of 3 women, each ingesting either 1 mg NET plus 0.05 mg MEE2 (Norinyl 1 + 50 or Ortho Novum 1/50), 0.5 mg NET plus 0.035 mg EE2 (Brevicon) or only 0.35 mg NET (Micronor) daily for 5 consecutive days. Peak serum NET levels were observed within 1/2 to 4 hours after oral intake and fell precipitously thereafter. After reaching a maximum, serum NET concentrations declined in a manner consistent with at least two disposition phases. The average half-life for the first disposition phase was 2.3, 3.4, 3.9 and 4.4 hours in subjects ingesting Norinyl 1 + 50, Ortho Novum 1/50, Brevicon and Micronor, respectively. Peak and 3-hour post-ingestion serum NET concentrations were dose-related but showed considerable subject-to-subject variations. Following discontinuation of tablet intake, serum NET levels remained detectable (greater than 0.05 ng/ml) for at least 5 days in all 3 women who had taken Ortho Novum 1/50, but in none of the other 9 volunteers. These results suggest that different preparations of identical doses and combinations of oral contraceptive steroids may yield different serum NET profiles. However, due to considerable subject-to-subject variations, larger numbers of subjects are required for a conclusive investigation.", "PMID": 750188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8143", "title": "Termination of second trimester pregnancy with intraamniotic administration of 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PgE2-methylsulfonamide (SHB 286) alone and combined with oxytocin and calcium gluconate.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was succesfully induced within 30 hours in 62 out of 90 patients by intraamniotic administration of 16-phenoxy-omega-17,18,19, 20-tetranor-prostaglandine-E2-methylsulfonamide. The Pg-analogue was tested in 5 groups of patients which received 1,2 or 3 mg. In group IV, 2 mg of the analogue was combined with oxytocin. In group V, 3 mg of the analogue was combined with 2.75 grams of calcium gluconate. The success rate was significantly influenced by the amount of the drug administered. Side effects were minimal. Multiparous women respond better to the therapy than nulliparous patients. The combination with oxytocin was more effective than the Pg-analogue alone and the combination of sulprostone with calcium gluconate was 87% succesful within 30 hours and 100% succesful within 36 hours.", "contents": "Termination of second trimester pregnancy with intraamniotic administration of 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PgE2-methylsulfonamide (SHB 286) alone and combined with oxytocin and calcium gluconate. Midtrimester abortion was succesfully induced within 30 hours in 62 out of 90 patients by intraamniotic administration of 16-phenoxy-omega-17,18,19, 20-tetranor-prostaglandine-E2-methylsulfonamide. The Pg-analogue was tested in 5 groups of patients which received 1,2 or 3 mg. In group IV, 2 mg of the analogue was combined with oxytocin. In group V, 3 mg of the analogue was combined with 2.75 grams of calcium gluconate. The success rate was significantly influenced by the amount of the drug administered. Side effects were minimal. Multiparous women respond better to the therapy than nulliparous patients. The combination with oxytocin was more effective than the Pg-analogue alone and the combination of sulprostone with calcium gluconate was 87% succesful within 30 hours and 100% succesful within 36 hours.", "PMID": 750189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8144", "title": "Use of intra- and extra-amniotic prostaglandins for the termination of pregnancies--report of multicentric trial in India.", "content": "The Indian Council of Medical Research initiated a multicentric trial with prostaglandins in 1976 to assess the safety and efficacy of their use in midtrimester abortions. PGF2 alpha and 15-Me-PGF2 alpha were compared using the intra-amniotic (I.A.) route. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha was also evaluated by extra-amniotic (E.A.) route. With intra-amniotic instillation, success rate was 88.1 per cent with PGF2 alpha and 93.0 per cent with 15-Me-PGF2 alpha within 48 hours and by the extra-amniotic route it was 78.1 per cent within 36 hours. The mean induction-abortion interval was 19 hours with I.A. and 14.8 hours with E.A. Abortions were complete in 48.8 per cent of the women following I.A. PGF2 alpha, 56.0 per cent following I.A. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha and only 23.0 per cent following E.A. administration. Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most commonly reported side effects. Cervical injuries were 4.7 per cent with I.A. PGF2 alpha, 1.4 per cent with I.A. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha and only 0.6 per cent with E.A. route.", "contents": "Use of intra- and extra-amniotic prostaglandins for the termination of pregnancies--report of multicentric trial in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research initiated a multicentric trial with prostaglandins in 1976 to assess the safety and efficacy of their use in midtrimester abortions. PGF2 alpha and 15-Me-PGF2 alpha were compared using the intra-amniotic (I.A.) route. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha was also evaluated by extra-amniotic (E.A.) route. With intra-amniotic instillation, success rate was 88.1 per cent with PGF2 alpha and 93.0 per cent with 15-Me-PGF2 alpha within 48 hours and by the extra-amniotic route it was 78.1 per cent within 36 hours. The mean induction-abortion interval was 19 hours with I.A. and 14.8 hours with E.A. Abortions were complete in 48.8 per cent of the women following I.A. PGF2 alpha, 56.0 per cent following I.A. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha and only 23.0 per cent following E.A. administration. Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most commonly reported side effects. Cervical injuries were 4.7 per cent with I.A. PGF2 alpha, 1.4 per cent with I.A. 15-Me-PGF2 alpha and only 0.6 per cent with E.A. route.", "PMID": 750190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8145", "title": "Prenatal progesterone. I. Its effect on development and on intellectual and academic achievement.", "content": "The development of two groups of children whose mothers had been given progesterone supplements during pregnancy to relieve symptoms of toxaemia was assessed, one group at 2 yr of age and the other at 16 yr of age. There was no evidence that progesterone supplements accelerated development in the 2-yr-old age group or enhanced intellectual and academic attainment in the 16-yr-old age group. In addition, the evidence regarding the reported beneficial effects on intellectual attainment of in utero exposure to excess sex steroids is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal progesterone. I. Its effect on development and on intellectual and academic achievement. The development of two groups of children whose mothers had been given progesterone supplements during pregnancy to relieve symptoms of toxaemia was assessed, one group at 2 yr of age and the other at 16 yr of age. There was no evidence that progesterone supplements accelerated development in the 2-yr-old age group or enhanced intellectual and academic attainment in the 16-yr-old age group. In addition, the evidence regarding the reported beneficial effects on intellectual attainment of in utero exposure to excess sex steroids is discussed.", "PMID": 750191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8146", "title": "Prenatal progesterone II. Its role in the treatment of pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its effect on the off-spring's intelligence: a reappraisal.", "content": "Dalton's results concerning the beneficial effect of progesterone supplementation in preventing pre-eclamptic toxaemia [16] and in enhancing intellectual potential [17,18] were reappraised. We could find no evidence in the data that progesterone supplementation was any better at preventing pre-eclamptic toxaemia than treating the disorder symptomatically. Nor could we find any convincing evidence that excess progesterone enhances development at 1 yr of age, academic attainment at 9--10 yr of age, or success in school leaving examinations and improves the chances of continuing further full-time education after leaving school.", "contents": "Prenatal progesterone II. Its role in the treatment of pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its effect on the off-spring's intelligence: a reappraisal. Dalton's results concerning the beneficial effect of progesterone supplementation in preventing pre-eclamptic toxaemia [16] and in enhancing intellectual potential [17,18] were reappraised. We could find no evidence in the data that progesterone supplementation was any better at preventing pre-eclamptic toxaemia than treating the disorder symptomatically. Nor could we find any convincing evidence that excess progesterone enhances development at 1 yr of age, academic attainment at 9--10 yr of age, or success in school leaving examinations and improves the chances of continuing further full-time education after leaving school.", "PMID": 750192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8147", "title": "Mother-infant interaction; effects of sex of infant on feeding behaviour.", "content": "Mother--child interaction was studied on the 2nd and 4th days after delivery. Mothers with girls showed more distal contact behaviour such as talking, smiling, and 'en face' responses. They also displayed more skin-to-skin contact behaviour (patting, rubbing, kissing, and touching) toward girl babies. Mothers with boys, on the other hand, showed more types of behaviours directed to clothed parts of the infant such as patting and adjusting clothes. These findings were statistically significant only on the 2nd day after delivery. On day 4 differences between male and female infants both in the frequency and in the pattern of sucking were observed.", "contents": "Mother-infant interaction; effects of sex of infant on feeding behaviour. Mother--child interaction was studied on the 2nd and 4th days after delivery. Mothers with girls showed more distal contact behaviour such as talking, smiling, and 'en face' responses. They also displayed more skin-to-skin contact behaviour (patting, rubbing, kissing, and touching) toward girl babies. Mothers with boys, on the other hand, showed more types of behaviours directed to clothed parts of the infant such as patting and adjusting clothes. These findings were statistically significant only on the 2nd day after delivery. On day 4 differences between male and female infants both in the frequency and in the pattern of sucking were observed.", "PMID": 750193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8148", "title": "The behaviour of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy.", "content": "The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale was used to compare the behaviour patterns of infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those whose mothers did not smoke. Smokers were mothers who had smoked more than 15 cigarettes/day throughout their pregnancy. Over a period of 9 mth, a total of 32 infants (15 of whose mothers smoked and 17 whose mothers did not smoke) between 4 and 6 days of age were examined and the results compared. The two groups were matched for maternal age, social class and parity. All infants were spontaneously delivered at term and of normal birthweight. Sex distribution was equal. Duration of labour and analgesia during labour were similar for smokers and non-smokers. Examinations were carried out in a warm, quiet semi-dark room, the examiner being unaware of which category the infant was in. There was evidence to suggest that the behavioural patterns of infants can be influenced by smoking in pregnancy and that in particular the auditory senses are affected.", "contents": "The behaviour of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale was used to compare the behaviour patterns of infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those whose mothers did not smoke. Smokers were mothers who had smoked more than 15 cigarettes/day throughout their pregnancy. Over a period of 9 mth, a total of 32 infants (15 of whose mothers smoked and 17 whose mothers did not smoke) between 4 and 6 days of age were examined and the results compared. The two groups were matched for maternal age, social class and parity. All infants were spontaneously delivered at term and of normal birthweight. Sex distribution was equal. Duration of labour and analgesia during labour were similar for smokers and non-smokers. Examinations were carried out in a warm, quiet semi-dark room, the examiner being unaware of which category the infant was in. There was evidence to suggest that the behavioural patterns of infants can be influenced by smoking in pregnancy and that in particular the auditory senses are affected.", "PMID": 750194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8149", "title": "The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight and the subsequent health of the child.", "content": "The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth weight was studied in 12,068 births, the mothers in 1819 of which were regarded as smokers. The children of the smokers were compared with those of controls of similar age, parity, marital status and place of residence. Maternal smoking reduced birth weight in a dose-related manner. Birth weight was least affected among young, primiparous mothers who smoked only slightly, a difference which was, however, entirely caused by those mothers who stopped smoking for the last 3 mth of pregnancy, and this subgroup showed similar figures for postneonatal mortality and morbidity up to the age of 5 to those of their controls. Postneonatal mortality was higher in the total group of the smokers than among their controls, the primiparous or young mothers not differing in this respect from the others. Morbidity up to the age of 5 was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) among the children of the smokers, the children of the primiparas and young mothers being affected in a similar way to the others. The low birth weight infants of the smokers had a higher mean birth weight and lower perinatal mortality than the low birth weight infants of the controls, but morbidity up to age of 5 and postneonatal mortality were higher among the smokers in respect of both low birth weight infants and others.", "contents": "The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight and the subsequent health of the child. The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth weight was studied in 12,068 births, the mothers in 1819 of which were regarded as smokers. The children of the smokers were compared with those of controls of similar age, parity, marital status and place of residence. Maternal smoking reduced birth weight in a dose-related manner. Birth weight was least affected among young, primiparous mothers who smoked only slightly, a difference which was, however, entirely caused by those mothers who stopped smoking for the last 3 mth of pregnancy, and this subgroup showed similar figures for postneonatal mortality and morbidity up to the age of 5 to those of their controls. Postneonatal mortality was higher in the total group of the smokers than among their controls, the primiparous or young mothers not differing in this respect from the others. Morbidity up to the age of 5 was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) among the children of the smokers, the children of the primiparas and young mothers being affected in a similar way to the others. The low birth weight infants of the smokers had a higher mean birth weight and lower perinatal mortality than the low birth weight infants of the controls, but morbidity up to age of 5 and postneonatal mortality were higher among the smokers in respect of both low birth weight infants and others.", "PMID": 750195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8150", "title": "Nutrition and early growth of preterm infants.", "content": "Recent studies have renewed the controversy over what should constitute the best milk for preterm infants. While pooled human breast milk continues to be widely recommended it seems for reasons poorly understood not to allow adequate early post-natal growth. In view of possible programming of later growth and neuropsychological development by early nutritional experiences there is a need to further research the question of what should constitute optimum nutrition for preterm infants. We suggest that modifying or finding natural modifications in human milk rather than further altering cow's milk might provide some of the answers. Particular attention also needs to be given to long-term neurological, anthropometric and psychological assessment to relate functional outcome to early nutritional experiences.", "contents": "Nutrition and early growth of preterm infants. Recent studies have renewed the controversy over what should constitute the best milk for preterm infants. While pooled human breast milk continues to be widely recommended it seems for reasons poorly understood not to allow adequate early post-natal growth. In view of possible programming of later growth and neuropsychological development by early nutritional experiences there is a need to further research the question of what should constitute optimum nutrition for preterm infants. We suggest that modifying or finding natural modifications in human milk rather than further altering cow's milk might provide some of the answers. Particular attention also needs to be given to long-term neurological, anthropometric and psychological assessment to relate functional outcome to early nutritional experiences.", "PMID": 750196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8151", "title": "Carbon 11 labeling of the psychoactive drug o-methyl-bufotenine and its distribution in the animal organism.", "content": "A methylated derivative of serotonin, O-methyl-bufotenine has been labeled with 11C on the two methyl groups of the amine function. In order to avoid the cyclization which occurs during the Eschweiler-Clarke synthesis, we adopted a milder methylation procedure, based on Borch's method using [11C]formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. Several tens of millicuries of injectable product could be obtained in 50 min in a perfectly pure state and having a specific radioactivity of 50 to 100 mCi/mumol. The distribution study of O-methyl-bufotenine in the mouse and rabbit showed an accumulation of significant quantities of the compound in the brain, kidneys, lungs and liver. The study of the rapid kinetics of this hallucinogenic molecule is compatible with labeling by 11C, having a period of 20 min. The use of O-methyl-[11C]bufotenine to detect serotonin receptors in vivo in mental diseases, is considered.", "contents": "Carbon 11 labeling of the psychoactive drug o-methyl-bufotenine and its distribution in the animal organism. A methylated derivative of serotonin, O-methyl-bufotenine has been labeled with 11C on the two methyl groups of the amine function. In order to avoid the cyclization which occurs during the Eschweiler-Clarke synthesis, we adopted a milder methylation procedure, based on Borch's method using [11C]formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. Several tens of millicuries of injectable product could be obtained in 50 min in a perfectly pure state and having a specific radioactivity of 50 to 100 mCi/mumol. The distribution study of O-methyl-bufotenine in the mouse and rabbit showed an accumulation of significant quantities of the compound in the brain, kidneys, lungs and liver. The study of the rapid kinetics of this hallucinogenic molecule is compatible with labeling by 11C, having a period of 20 min. The use of O-methyl-[11C]bufotenine to detect serotonin receptors in vivo in mental diseases, is considered.", "PMID": 750198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8152", "title": "The bedside determination of extravascular lung water: a non-invasive double indicator technique using 123I-antipyrine, 113mIn-transferrin and external counting.", "content": "Using the formulae of Fazio and coworkers, we calculated the extravascular lung water per unit of blood volume (ELW/V) and per unit of blood flow (ELW/F) after intravenous injection of 113In-transferrin as the blood label, and 123I-antipyrine as the diffusible, i.e. water label. Time-activity curves were recorded over the right anterior upper chest wall using a mobile detector. The curves were digitalized and fitted to a gamma-variate using a GAMMA-11 computer. Area over height calculations gave the mean transit times (t). Sixteen control subjects, without evidence of cardiac or pulmonary disease, and 10 patients, with clinical and radiological evidence of left heart failure, were examined. In the control group ELW/V was 0.37 plus or minus 0.17 and ELW/F 3.39 plus or minus 1.56 (mean plus or minus 1 SD). In the patients ELW/V was 0.71 plus or minus 0.26 and ELW/F 13.10 plus or minus 5.67. The difference between both ELW/V and ELW/F for the control group and the patient group is statistically significant. Our values for ELW/V both in patients and control subjects are very similar to those obtained by Fazio and coworkers using H2 15O. However, our values for ELW/F differed from those of Fazio; this could be partly due to dependence of this parameter on the cardiac output.", "contents": "The bedside determination of extravascular lung water: a non-invasive double indicator technique using 123I-antipyrine, 113mIn-transferrin and external counting. Using the formulae of Fazio and coworkers, we calculated the extravascular lung water per unit of blood volume (ELW/V) and per unit of blood flow (ELW/F) after intravenous injection of 113In-transferrin as the blood label, and 123I-antipyrine as the diffusible, i.e. water label. Time-activity curves were recorded over the right anterior upper chest wall using a mobile detector. The curves were digitalized and fitted to a gamma-variate using a GAMMA-11 computer. Area over height calculations gave the mean transit times (t). Sixteen control subjects, without evidence of cardiac or pulmonary disease, and 10 patients, with clinical and radiological evidence of left heart failure, were examined. In the control group ELW/V was 0.37 plus or minus 0.17 and ELW/F 3.39 plus or minus 1.56 (mean plus or minus 1 SD). In the patients ELW/V was 0.71 plus or minus 0.26 and ELW/F 13.10 plus or minus 5.67. The difference between both ELW/V and ELW/F for the control group and the patient group is statistically significant. Our values for ELW/V both in patients and control subjects are very similar to those obtained by Fazio and coworkers using H2 15O. However, our values for ELW/F differed from those of Fazio; this could be partly due to dependence of this parameter on the cardiac output.", "PMID": 750199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8153", "title": "A comparison of the structure and function of the terminal ileum in Crohn's disease using radiology, the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test and [14C] G.C.A. breath test.", "content": "Twenty patients with Crohn's disease were studied. Thirteen had radiological evidence of involvement of the terminal ileum. None had significant bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel contents and none had had resection of the terminal ileum. In all patients a [14C] glycocholic acid ([14C] G.C.A.) breath test and a \"Dicopac\" Schilling test were performed to assess terminal ileal function. The data showed poor correlation between the radiological appearance of the terminal ileum and the results of the functional tests. There was also poor correlation between the results of the [14C] G.C.A. breath test and the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test. Without terminal ileal histology, any assessment of the extent of Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum and of its effect on terminal ileal function, must include the [14C] G.C.A. breath test as well as radiology and the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test. The limitations of the [14C] G.C.A. breath test as a test of terminal ileal function in Crohn's disease are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the structure and function of the terminal ileum in Crohn's disease using radiology, the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test and [14C] G.C.A. breath test. Twenty patients with Crohn's disease were studied. Thirteen had radiological evidence of involvement of the terminal ileum. None had significant bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel contents and none had had resection of the terminal ileum. In all patients a [14C] glycocholic acid ([14C] G.C.A.) breath test and a \"Dicopac\" Schilling test were performed to assess terminal ileal function. The data showed poor correlation between the radiological appearance of the terminal ileum and the results of the functional tests. There was also poor correlation between the results of the [14C] G.C.A. breath test and the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test. Without terminal ileal histology, any assessment of the extent of Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum and of its effect on terminal ileal function, must include the [14C] G.C.A. breath test as well as radiology and the \"Dicopac\" Schilling test. The limitations of the [14C] G.C.A. breath test as a test of terminal ileal function in Crohn's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 750201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8154", "title": "Computerized tomography and nuclear imaging of the liver: a comparative study in 83 cases.", "content": "This study was performed to comparatively assess the diagnostic accuracy of computerized tomography (CT) and nuclear liver-scanning in detecting and defining circumscript and diffuse liver diseases in 83 patients. Presence or absence of liver diseases was assessed based on the results of invasive diagnostic procedures such as biopsy, laparoscopy, laparotomy, and/or autopsy. The percentage of true negative diagnoses was 94% for CT and 91% for static gamma-imaging (n = 33). With a rate of 94% true positive diagnoses, CT proved to be superior to gamma imaging with radiocolloids (81% true positives) in diagnosing circumscript liver diseases (n = 31). In addition. CT was superior to nuclear imaging regarding discrimination of number and size of space-occupying lesions within the liver. In contrast to nuclear screening, CT scans were pathognomonic to some circumscript liver diseases such as cysts, metastases, and perhaps echinococciasis. This was also true for obstructive jaundice. Nuclear imaging, because it reflects a sort of liver function, was superior with cirrhosis, whereas CT showed only alterations in the size and shape of the liver and spleen.", "contents": "Computerized tomography and nuclear imaging of the liver: a comparative study in 83 cases. This study was performed to comparatively assess the diagnostic accuracy of computerized tomography (CT) and nuclear liver-scanning in detecting and defining circumscript and diffuse liver diseases in 83 patients. Presence or absence of liver diseases was assessed based on the results of invasive diagnostic procedures such as biopsy, laparoscopy, laparotomy, and/or autopsy. The percentage of true negative diagnoses was 94% for CT and 91% for static gamma-imaging (n = 33). With a rate of 94% true positive diagnoses, CT proved to be superior to gamma imaging with radiocolloids (81% true positives) in diagnosing circumscript liver diseases (n = 31). In addition. CT was superior to nuclear imaging regarding discrimination of number and size of space-occupying lesions within the liver. In contrast to nuclear screening, CT scans were pathognomonic to some circumscript liver diseases such as cysts, metastases, and perhaps echinococciasis. This was also true for obstructive jaundice. Nuclear imaging, because it reflects a sort of liver function, was superior with cirrhosis, whereas CT showed only alterations in the size and shape of the liver and spleen.", "PMID": 750203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8155", "title": "Experimental study on tumor affinity of 201T1-chloride.", "content": "The tumor affinity of 201T1 was studied with normal and VX-2 cancer-bearing rabbits. 201T1 distribution in normal rabbit tissues was greatest in the kidney and heart muscle, followed by thyroid gland small intestine, spleen, lung, liver, bone marrow, bone, skeletal muscle, and blood, respectively. Accumulation into the thyroid varied greatly according to individuals. Generally, the taller the height of follicular cells, the greater was the affinity. Accumulation of 201T1 into the tumor transplanted into femoral muscle reached its maximum within 1 h after administration, and thereafter decreased gradually. When the tumor affinity was compared with that of 67Ga, the ratio of 67Ga accumulation to tissues (except blood) was greater than that of 201T1. Accumulation of 201T1 is significantly correlated to that of 42K, and the mechanism of 201T1-tumor affinity seems to be triggered by the acceleration of the potassium metabolism of a tumor. Accumulation into the inflammatory focus was greater with 67Ga as a ratio to muscle, while the ratio to blood was greater with 201T1.", "contents": "Experimental study on tumor affinity of 201T1-chloride. The tumor affinity of 201T1 was studied with normal and VX-2 cancer-bearing rabbits. 201T1 distribution in normal rabbit tissues was greatest in the kidney and heart muscle, followed by thyroid gland small intestine, spleen, lung, liver, bone marrow, bone, skeletal muscle, and blood, respectively. Accumulation into the thyroid varied greatly according to individuals. Generally, the taller the height of follicular cells, the greater was the affinity. Accumulation of 201T1 into the tumor transplanted into femoral muscle reached its maximum within 1 h after administration, and thereafter decreased gradually. When the tumor affinity was compared with that of 67Ga, the ratio of 67Ga accumulation to tissues (except blood) was greater than that of 201T1. Accumulation of 201T1 is significantly correlated to that of 42K, and the mechanism of 201T1-tumor affinity seems to be triggered by the acceleration of the potassium metabolism of a tumor. Accumulation into the inflammatory focus was greater with 67Ga as a ratio to muscle, while the ratio to blood was greater with 201T1.", "PMID": 750204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8156", "title": "99mTc-diethyl-HIDA: a contribution to the study of its structure.", "content": "Sephadex column chromatography has shown that 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA consists of two clearly separable components. One of them seems to be an intermediate compound changing into the other, almost completely within two hours after reconstitution of the diethyl-HIDA (Solco HIDA) with pertechnetate. The two components could be the mono- and biscomplex of N-(2,6-diethyl-acetanilid)-imino diacetic acid with one atom of technetium. Animal experiments show that there is no important difference in the biological distribution in mice between the two components.", "contents": "99mTc-diethyl-HIDA: a contribution to the study of its structure. Sephadex column chromatography has shown that 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA consists of two clearly separable components. One of them seems to be an intermediate compound changing into the other, almost completely within two hours after reconstitution of the diethyl-HIDA (Solco HIDA) with pertechnetate. The two components could be the mono- and biscomplex of N-(2,6-diethyl-acetanilid)-imino diacetic acid with one atom of technetium. Animal experiments show that there is no important difference in the biological distribution in mice between the two components.", "PMID": 750205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8157", "title": "In vitro labeling of platelets with stable rubidium compounds.", "content": "It is a common practice in diagnostic hematology to mark blood cells with radioactive tracers, such as 51Cr, 55Fe, 75Fe, etc., to determine their life-span and study their metabolism. A program has been started to verify the possibility of marking blood cells with stable indicators, assayed by radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence analysis. All elements may be considered as indicators aggregating to blood cells, and for in vivo measurements, which are not toxic in the quantities injected, calculated on the basis of the limit of detection of the technique. In this study platelets were marked with a very small quantity of stable compounds of rubidium, a potassium analog. Measurements were carried out in vitro on platelets of normal subjects and in vivo on platelets of rats and rabbits. Several survival curves were deduced and life-span values obtained in accord with previously reported values.", "contents": "In vitro labeling of platelets with stable rubidium compounds. It is a common practice in diagnostic hematology to mark blood cells with radioactive tracers, such as 51Cr, 55Fe, 75Fe, etc., to determine their life-span and study their metabolism. A program has been started to verify the possibility of marking blood cells with stable indicators, assayed by radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence analysis. All elements may be considered as indicators aggregating to blood cells, and for in vivo measurements, which are not toxic in the quantities injected, calculated on the basis of the limit of detection of the technique. In this study platelets were marked with a very small quantity of stable compounds of rubidium, a potassium analog. Measurements were carried out in vitro on platelets of normal subjects and in vivo on platelets of rats and rabbits. Several survival curves were deduced and life-span values obtained in accord with previously reported values.", "PMID": 750206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8158", "title": "A chemical method for the labeling of fibrinogen with 99mTc.", "content": "A new method allowing the labelling of fibrinogen with 99mTcO4- is described. The 99mTcO4- is reduced by stannous chloride in an alkaline medium. After 1 h incubation with fibrinogen, the pH was brought down to 7.1. The study of (1) the pH of the solution, (2) the quantity of the reducer, and (3) the time of incubation allowed us to specify optimal conditions for labeling. The labeling yield varied from 91.68% plus or minus 6.05% to 95.18% plus or minus 2.13% according to the method of control used: the precipitation of fibrinogen by (NH4)2SO4 25% or thin-layer chromatography with methylethylketone as solvent. Clottable radioactivity averaged 72% plus or minus 4.43%. Column chromatography separated the tracer into two radioactive peaks. The first peak corresponded to the fibrinogen and carried 73.36% plus or minus 5.8% of the total radioactivity. The total recovered radioactivity amounted to 89.86% plus or minus 8.07%. Spectroscopic clottability was 88.23% plus or minus 2.42%. The in vivo stability of the labeling and the molecule was followed for 24 h after intravenous injection. If the radioactivity measured in the 5 min sample was considered to equal 100%, the 24 h sample averaged 32.71% plus or minus 3.25%, of which 85.68% plus or minus 2.92% was recovered in the clot. In conclusion, this method enabled us to obtain a stable tracer that we used for routine investigations in man.", "contents": "A chemical method for the labeling of fibrinogen with 99mTc. A new method allowing the labelling of fibrinogen with 99mTcO4- is described. The 99mTcO4- is reduced by stannous chloride in an alkaline medium. After 1 h incubation with fibrinogen, the pH was brought down to 7.1. The study of (1) the pH of the solution, (2) the quantity of the reducer, and (3) the time of incubation allowed us to specify optimal conditions for labeling. The labeling yield varied from 91.68% plus or minus 6.05% to 95.18% plus or minus 2.13% according to the method of control used: the precipitation of fibrinogen by (NH4)2SO4 25% or thin-layer chromatography with methylethylketone as solvent. Clottable radioactivity averaged 72% plus or minus 4.43%. Column chromatography separated the tracer into two radioactive peaks. The first peak corresponded to the fibrinogen and carried 73.36% plus or minus 5.8% of the total radioactivity. The total recovered radioactivity amounted to 89.86% plus or minus 8.07%. Spectroscopic clottability was 88.23% plus or minus 2.42%. The in vivo stability of the labeling and the molecule was followed for 24 h after intravenous injection. If the radioactivity measured in the 5 min sample was considered to equal 100%, the 24 h sample averaged 32.71% plus or minus 3.25%, of which 85.68% plus or minus 2.92% was recovered in the clot. In conclusion, this method enabled us to obtain a stable tracer that we used for routine investigations in man.", "PMID": 750207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8159", "title": "Heartburn in pregnancy.", "content": "It is assessed that heartburn with associated oesophagitis is experienced by 45% to 70% of pregnant women. Posture is the most constant associated factor; bile regurgitation through the pylorus is likely to be important in its aetiology but gastric acidity is not. Treatment with alkalis or dilute hydrochloric acid affords some relief in 95% of cases and patient acceptability is the most important factor in choice of preparation. Hiatus hernia is likely to be present in severe cases and rupture of the oseophagus has been reported. Early delivery may be advisable in the interest of the mother.", "contents": "Heartburn in pregnancy. It is assessed that heartburn with associated oesophagitis is experienced by 45% to 70% of pregnant women. Posture is the most constant associated factor; bile regurgitation through the pylorus is likely to be important in its aetiology but gastric acidity is not. Treatment with alkalis or dilute hydrochloric acid affords some relief in 95% of cases and patient acceptability is the most important factor in choice of preparation. Hiatus hernia is likely to be present in severe cases and rupture of the oseophagus has been reported. Early delivery may be advisable in the interest of the mother.", "PMID": 750249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8160", "title": "Some problems with antacids.", "content": "The author points out that because a high intake of Vitamin D and calcium is normally encouraged in pregnancy, care should be taken in the prescription of certain antacids likely to cause alkalosis. Calcium-containing antacids are probably best avoided because of nocturnal acid rebound. Because of undesirable fluid retention in some situations in pregnancy caution should be exercised in the use of sodium-containing antacids. The very high sodium content of some antacids is stressed.", "contents": "Some problems with antacids. The author points out that because a high intake of Vitamin D and calcium is normally encouraged in pregnancy, care should be taken in the prescription of certain antacids likely to cause alkalosis. Calcium-containing antacids are probably best avoided because of nocturnal acid rebound. Because of undesirable fluid retention in some situations in pregnancy caution should be exercised in the use of sodium-containing antacids. The very high sodium content of some antacids is stressed.", "PMID": 750251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8161", "title": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy: a review article.", "content": "The author sets out a comprehensive review of gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy. Comment is offered on the fairly limited means of treating this troublesome condition and some of the problems in future research are discussed.", "contents": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy: a review article. The author sets out a comprehensive review of gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy. Comment is offered on the fairly limited means of treating this troublesome condition and some of the problems in future research are discussed.", "PMID": 750252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8162", "title": "The place of apomorphine prior to obstetric analgesia.", "content": "The use of apomorphine is investigated as an alternative to the use of a stomach tube to empty the stomachs of patients in labour prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Apomorphine was found to be much pleasanter for the patients, to be just as effective as a stomach tube and to have no deleterious effects on the infant.", "contents": "The place of apomorphine prior to obstetric analgesia. The use of apomorphine is investigated as an alternative to the use of a stomach tube to empty the stomachs of patients in labour prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Apomorphine was found to be much pleasanter for the patients, to be just as effective as a stomach tube and to have no deleterious effects on the infant.", "PMID": 750253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8163", "title": "The contribution of anaesthesia to maternal mortality.", "content": "Anaesthesia is now an important cause of maternal death. Most deaths which occur in association with anaesthesia are preventable. Mendelson's syndrome and hypoxic cardiac arrest account for almost all maternal anaesthetic deaths. Although routine antacid therapy in labour does not guarantee to prevent Mendelson's syndrome, the use of antacids is nevertheless fully justified. There remains the possibility of pulmonary irritation due to food particles, bile salts and even the antacid itself. The role of difficult or failed tracheal intubation is emphasized in the causation of hypoxia and the pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents.", "contents": "The contribution of anaesthesia to maternal mortality. Anaesthesia is now an important cause of maternal death. Most deaths which occur in association with anaesthesia are preventable. Mendelson's syndrome and hypoxic cardiac arrest account for almost all maternal anaesthetic deaths. Although routine antacid therapy in labour does not guarantee to prevent Mendelson's syndrome, the use of antacids is nevertheless fully justified. There remains the possibility of pulmonary irritation due to food particles, bile salts and even the antacid itself. The role of difficult or failed tracheal intubation is emphasized in the causation of hypoxia and the pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents.", "PMID": 750254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8164", "title": "The measurement of gastric emptying during labour.", "content": "The author describes how the rate of paracetamol absorption may be used as an indirect measure of gastric emptying rate in clinical situations such as during labour or post-partum, when direct measurement would be impracticable.", "contents": "The measurement of gastric emptying during labour. The author describes how the rate of paracetamol absorption may be used as an indirect measure of gastric emptying rate in clinical situations such as during labour or post-partum, when direct measurement would be impracticable.", "PMID": 750255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8165", "title": "Gastric emptying in labour: some recent findings and their clinical significance.", "content": "A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the investigation of gastric emptying time in labour is presented with the results obtained recently in a series when the effects of narcotic analgesics, epidural analgesia, no analgesia and antagonistic drugs were studied. It is deduced that narcotic analgesics play a very large part in gastric delay in labour and epidural analgesia a comparatively small part. Some suggestions for future investigation and current management of the patient with delayed gastric emptying in labour are presented.", "contents": "Gastric emptying in labour: some recent findings and their clinical significance. A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the investigation of gastric emptying time in labour is presented with the results obtained recently in a series when the effects of narcotic analgesics, epidural analgesia, no analgesia and antagonistic drugs were studied. It is deduced that narcotic analgesics play a very large part in gastric delay in labour and epidural analgesia a comparatively small part. Some suggestions for future investigation and current management of the patient with delayed gastric emptying in labour are presented.", "PMID": 750256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8166", "title": "General practitioner management of gastroenterological problems in pregnancy.", "content": "This paper discusses the problems of sickness and allied conditions in the pregnant patient, as dealt with by the general practitioner obstetrician who may use a General Practitioner Unit. Reference to basic physiology is made.", "contents": "General practitioner management of gastroenterological problems in pregnancy. This paper discusses the problems of sickness and allied conditions in the pregnant patient, as dealt with by the general practitioner obstetrician who may use a General Practitioner Unit. Reference to basic physiology is made.", "PMID": 750257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8167", "title": "Chronic gastric ulcer and stress. A comparison of an ulcer population with a control population regarding stressful events over a lifetime.", "content": "Stress was measured by the frequency of 31 major life events with consequent change and distress scores in 50 patients with chronic gastric ulcer and 50 control subjects, matched for age, sex and place of residence. The gastric ulcer population did not differ from the control population regarding the number of events experienced and the associated change and distress scores. However, when analysed according to social grade, the ulcer patients in the lower status suburbs experienced more events and more change than their controls, but the stress scores were similar. In the higher status suburbs, no difference was present between the patients and controls. Change and distress scores rose progressively with age, but there was no significant difference in the number of events experienced between the three age groups. Both men patients and their controls experienced significantly more events and higher change scores than women patients and their controls.", "contents": "Chronic gastric ulcer and stress. A comparison of an ulcer population with a control population regarding stressful events over a lifetime. Stress was measured by the frequency of 31 major life events with consequent change and distress scores in 50 patients with chronic gastric ulcer and 50 control subjects, matched for age, sex and place of residence. The gastric ulcer population did not differ from the control population regarding the number of events experienced and the associated change and distress scores. However, when analysed according to social grade, the ulcer patients in the lower status suburbs experienced more events and more change than their controls, but the stress scores were similar. In the higher status suburbs, no difference was present between the patients and controls. Change and distress scores rose progressively with age, but there was no significant difference in the number of events experienced between the three age groups. Both men patients and their controls experienced significantly more events and higher change scores than women patients and their controls.", "PMID": 750258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8168", "title": "Age-dependent constitutional change in acidic glycosaminoglycans in human esophagus.", "content": "The age-dependent constituents of esophageal acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) were studied using 35 healthy individuals by electrophoretic characterization and enzymic assay with specific chondroitinases and hyaluronidase. Human esophageal AGAG comprised hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate and oversulfated dermatan sulfate. Hyaluronic acid was the major part of AGAG at the young age but it decreased definitely with the advance of age. The proportion of dermatan sulfate and the oversulfated isomer to total AGAG significantly increased until adult age and then tended to somewhat decrease with increasing age. The proportion of heparan sulfate consistently increased with the advance of age.", "contents": "Age-dependent constitutional change in acidic glycosaminoglycans in human esophagus. The age-dependent constituents of esophageal acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) were studied using 35 healthy individuals by electrophoretic characterization and enzymic assay with specific chondroitinases and hyaluronidase. Human esophageal AGAG comprised hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate and oversulfated dermatan sulfate. Hyaluronic acid was the major part of AGAG at the young age but it decreased definitely with the advance of age. The proportion of dermatan sulfate and the oversulfated isomer to total AGAG significantly increased until adult age and then tended to somewhat decrease with increasing age. The proportion of heparan sulfate consistently increased with the advance of age.", "PMID": 750259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8169", "title": "Role of the ileocecal valve and site of intestinal resection in malabsorption after extensive small bowel resection.", "content": "Intestinal absorption after extensive small bowel resections, for diseases other than Crohn's disease, was studied in 17 patients. When the ileocecal valve and the right colon were preserved, malabsorption was transient and moderate and had no prejudicial nutritional effect (fecal fat: 8.8 +/- 1.8 g/24 h in resections sparing the 2 distal bowel loops, and 16.2 +/- 4.8 g/24 h in resections including the distal ileum; mean +/- SEM). When colectomy was associated, malabsorption was severe and persistent (fecal fat: 47.4 +/- 12.2 g/24 h; mean +/- SEM). These findings suggest that the most important prognostic factor in extensive small bowel resection is the site of the resection, and particularly the presence or absence of the right colon and ileocecal valve.", "contents": "Role of the ileocecal valve and site of intestinal resection in malabsorption after extensive small bowel resection. Intestinal absorption after extensive small bowel resections, for diseases other than Crohn's disease, was studied in 17 patients. When the ileocecal valve and the right colon were preserved, malabsorption was transient and moderate and had no prejudicial nutritional effect (fecal fat: 8.8 +/- 1.8 g/24 h in resections sparing the 2 distal bowel loops, and 16.2 +/- 4.8 g/24 h in resections including the distal ileum; mean +/- SEM). When colectomy was associated, malabsorption was severe and persistent (fecal fat: 47.4 +/- 12.2 g/24 h; mean +/- SEM). These findings suggest that the most important prognostic factor in extensive small bowel resection is the site of the resection, and particularly the presence or absence of the right colon and ileocecal valve.", "PMID": 750260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8170", "title": "Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption.", "content": "The relationship between the average daily intake of alcohol and the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis was studied in two surveys, one in Marseille (France), the other in 9 centers, in Caucasian-populated countries. In the latter survey, the interactions between alcohol, protein and fat consumption and the risk of chronic pancreatitis have also been statistically analyzed. These studies were performed with hierarchical log-linear models for contingency tables, the relative odds being taken as an approximation of the relative risk. It has been shown that there is no apparent threshold of toxicity of alcohol on the human pancreas. The logarithm of the relative risk of chronic pancreatitis increases linearly as a function of the quantity of alcohol and protein consumed, and varies quadratically as a function of average daily lipid intake (a low- or high-lipid diet increases the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis in comparison to an average-fat diet (85--110 g fat per day). The effects on log-relative risk of alcohol, fat and protein daily consumption are additive. In Marseille, the average duration of alcohol consumption before the appearance of symptoms is 18 +/- 11 years for males and 11 +/- 8 years for females, which is much shorter than the duration of alcohol consumption before onset of symptoms in cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "Multicenter survey of the etiology of pancreatic diseases. Relationship between the relative risk of developing chronic pancreaitis and alcohol, protein and lipid consumption. The relationship between the average daily intake of alcohol and the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis was studied in two surveys, one in Marseille (France), the other in 9 centers, in Caucasian-populated countries. In the latter survey, the interactions between alcohol, protein and fat consumption and the risk of chronic pancreatitis have also been statistically analyzed. These studies were performed with hierarchical log-linear models for contingency tables, the relative odds being taken as an approximation of the relative risk. It has been shown that there is no apparent threshold of toxicity of alcohol on the human pancreas. The logarithm of the relative risk of chronic pancreatitis increases linearly as a function of the quantity of alcohol and protein consumed, and varies quadratically as a function of average daily lipid intake (a low- or high-lipid diet increases the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis in comparison to an average-fat diet (85--110 g fat per day). The effects on log-relative risk of alcohol, fat and protein daily consumption are additive. In Marseille, the average duration of alcohol consumption before the appearance of symptoms is 18 +/- 11 years for males and 11 +/- 8 years for females, which is much shorter than the duration of alcohol consumption before onset of symptoms in cirrhotic patients.", "PMID": 750261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8171", "title": "Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by somatostatin in dogs.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on the pancreatic exocrine response to different doses of exogenous stimuli and the somatostatin dose-response relationships on pancreatic secretion were studied in conscious dogs. Somatostatin caused a strong inhibition of basal or slightly stimulated pancreatic secretion but failed to inhibit the maximal responses, suggesting that somatostatin interacts with secretin or caerulein by a competitive mechanism. A higher maximal percentage of inhibition and a dose-response relationship was observed with protein outputs and enzyme concentrations. Volumes and bicarbonate outputs were also inhibited but the maximal percentage of inhibition was lower.", "contents": "Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by somatostatin in dogs. The effect of somatostatin on the pancreatic exocrine response to different doses of exogenous stimuli and the somatostatin dose-response relationships on pancreatic secretion were studied in conscious dogs. Somatostatin caused a strong inhibition of basal or slightly stimulated pancreatic secretion but failed to inhibit the maximal responses, suggesting that somatostatin interacts with secretin or caerulein by a competitive mechanism. A higher maximal percentage of inhibition and a dose-response relationship was observed with protein outputs and enzyme concentrations. Volumes and bicarbonate outputs were also inhibited but the maximal percentage of inhibition was lower.", "PMID": 750262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8172", "title": "Proteolytic proenzymes in the pancreas in the course of experimental bile-induced pancreatitis in the guinea pig.", "content": "The levels of the proenzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen were studied in guinea pigs with pancreatitis induced by injection of sodium taurocholate containing the antibiotic cephalothin. This treatment inhibited the enzyme activities and prolonged the activation times of the proenzymes. Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content decreased after induction of pancreatitis, but there were no significant changes in the proenzyme contents in relation to injection-to-excision times. Sodium taurocholate and cephalothin were cleared from the pancreas in 2 h. Administration of chlorophyll-a together with the inducer caused a slight increase in proenzyme levels.", "contents": "Proteolytic proenzymes in the pancreas in the course of experimental bile-induced pancreatitis in the guinea pig. The levels of the proenzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen were studied in guinea pigs with pancreatitis induced by injection of sodium taurocholate containing the antibiotic cephalothin. This treatment inhibited the enzyme activities and prolonged the activation times of the proenzymes. Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content decreased after induction of pancreatitis, but there were no significant changes in the proenzyme contents in relation to injection-to-excision times. Sodium taurocholate and cephalothin were cleared from the pancreas in 2 h. Administration of chlorophyll-a together with the inducer caused a slight increase in proenzyme levels.", "PMID": 750263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8173", "title": "Influence of biliary stasis on enterokinase activity in the rat.", "content": "After 48 h of bile duct ligation, enterokinase activity in rat mucosa was significantly lowered in comparison with controls or rats with bile fistula. Rats with bile fistula were similar to controls. Sucrase levels were similar in all groups. Without endogenous trypsinogen, duodenal perfusion with a trypsinogen-containing solution led to more conversion to trypsin by controls. When their own pancreatic secretion was the source of trypsinogen, trypsin was much higher in perfusate from bile-ligated rats. Solubilized enterokinase was also higher in this group. These results indicate that bile stasis leads to decreased mucosal enterokinase activity and increased pancreatic function. The latter may have caused accelerated loss of enterokinase into the lumen, leading to lower mucosal levels.", "contents": "Influence of biliary stasis on enterokinase activity in the rat. After 48 h of bile duct ligation, enterokinase activity in rat mucosa was significantly lowered in comparison with controls or rats with bile fistula. Rats with bile fistula were similar to controls. Sucrase levels were similar in all groups. Without endogenous trypsinogen, duodenal perfusion with a trypsinogen-containing solution led to more conversion to trypsin by controls. When their own pancreatic secretion was the source of trypsinogen, trypsin was much higher in perfusate from bile-ligated rats. Solubilized enterokinase was also higher in this group. These results indicate that bile stasis leads to decreased mucosal enterokinase activity and increased pancreatic function. The latter may have caused accelerated loss of enterokinase into the lumen, leading to lower mucosal levels.", "PMID": 750264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8174", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on tritiated thymidine incorporation by the stomach, jejunum, colon, liver and spleen of mice.", "content": "The administration of cimetidine to mice at a dose of 200 mg/kg and per 24 h inhibits the tritiated thymidine incorporation by the stomach, jejunum, colon and liver and stimulates incorporation by the spleen. These results may furnish an explanation for the rare secondary effects observed in humans. It is also proposed that endogenous histamine may play a role of cytohormone, regulating tissue trophicity.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on tritiated thymidine incorporation by the stomach, jejunum, colon, liver and spleen of mice. The administration of cimetidine to mice at a dose of 200 mg/kg and per 24 h inhibits the tritiated thymidine incorporation by the stomach, jejunum, colon and liver and stimulates incorporation by the spleen. These results may furnish an explanation for the rare secondary effects observed in humans. It is also proposed that endogenous histamine may play a role of cytohormone, regulating tissue trophicity.", "PMID": 750265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8175", "title": "Reprogramming and DNA synthesis in Galleria mellonella larval epidermal cells.", "content": "Epidermal cells from ligated day-3 last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella secrete a larval cuticle if exposed to ecdysone immediately following ligation; whereas, they deposit a pupal cuticle if exposed to ecdysone three to four days after ligation. During the period of reprogramming the genome in the diploid cells of the wax moth larvae no DNA synthesis occurs. This is direct proof that DNA synthesis is not required for reprogramming in the epidermis of Galleria during larval-pupal transformation.", "contents": "Reprogramming and DNA synthesis in Galleria mellonella larval epidermal cells. Epidermal cells from ligated day-3 last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella secrete a larval cuticle if exposed to ecdysone immediately following ligation; whereas, they deposit a pupal cuticle if exposed to ecdysone three to four days after ligation. During the period of reprogramming the genome in the diploid cells of the wax moth larvae no DNA synthesis occurs. This is direct proof that DNA synthesis is not required for reprogramming in the epidermis of Galleria during larval-pupal transformation.", "PMID": 750267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8176", "title": "Postfertilization poly(A) . protein complex formation on sea urchin maternal messenger RNA.", "content": "A two-fold increase in polyadenylate [poly(A)] content occurs between fertilization and the two-cell stage in sea urchin zygotes. In this report the role of this cytoplasmic polyadenylation process in the provision of binding sites for poly(A)-associated proteins during early development of Lytechinus pictus is evaluated. Protein-associated poly(A) sequences, from ribonuclease-treated, post-mitochondrial supernatants of various developmental stages, were collected by nitrocellulose filtration and quantified by 3H-poly(U) complex formation. The proportion of protein-associated poly(A) rose from about 27% to about 60% of the total poly(A), on a nucleotide basis, during the period between fertilization and the eight-cell stage. However, the actual increase in number of poly(A) sequences associated with protein was more extensive, about 2.5-fold, since protein-associated poly(A) sequences average about 45 nucleotides longer than free poly(A). The protein-associated poly(A) of eggs and zygotes is found in two types of protease-sensitive complexes which sediment at 8--12 S and 15--20 S. The 8--12 S complex appears to be selectively increased in amount following fertilization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the poly(A) protein complex fraction indicates the presence of 87,000 and 130,000 molecular weight polypeptides in both eggs and zygotes. It is concluded that quantitative, but not qualitative, alterations in the proportion of protein-associated poly(A) accompanies post-fertilization cytoplasmic polyadenylation in sea urchin zygotes. The attachment of specific proteins to the 3' terminus of maternal RNA's may be involved in their subsequent activities during early embryogenesis.", "contents": "Postfertilization poly(A) . protein complex formation on sea urchin maternal messenger RNA. A two-fold increase in polyadenylate [poly(A)] content occurs between fertilization and the two-cell stage in sea urchin zygotes. In this report the role of this cytoplasmic polyadenylation process in the provision of binding sites for poly(A)-associated proteins during early development of Lytechinus pictus is evaluated. Protein-associated poly(A) sequences, from ribonuclease-treated, post-mitochondrial supernatants of various developmental stages, were collected by nitrocellulose filtration and quantified by 3H-poly(U) complex formation. The proportion of protein-associated poly(A) rose from about 27% to about 60% of the total poly(A), on a nucleotide basis, during the period between fertilization and the eight-cell stage. However, the actual increase in number of poly(A) sequences associated with protein was more extensive, about 2.5-fold, since protein-associated poly(A) sequences average about 45 nucleotides longer than free poly(A). The protein-associated poly(A) of eggs and zygotes is found in two types of protease-sensitive complexes which sediment at 8--12 S and 15--20 S. The 8--12 S complex appears to be selectively increased in amount following fertilization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the poly(A) protein complex fraction indicates the presence of 87,000 and 130,000 molecular weight polypeptides in both eggs and zygotes. It is concluded that quantitative, but not qualitative, alterations in the proportion of protein-associated poly(A) accompanies post-fertilization cytoplasmic polyadenylation in sea urchin zygotes. The attachment of specific proteins to the 3' terminus of maternal RNA's may be involved in their subsequent activities during early embryogenesis.", "PMID": 750268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8177", "title": "Tubercidin metabolism in mouse L5178y cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) is a strong inhibitor of cell proliferation in mouse L5178y cells. Radioactive tubercidin is incorporated into DNA and RNA. Poly(A)-containing RNA shows the highest specific radioactivity. The amount of low molecular weight 4S and 5S RNA is diminished to some extent under the influence of the compound. Tubercidin triphosphate is a potent inhibitor of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases alpha and beta, and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II, and III, although the efficiency of its incorporation is lower than of dATP and ATP. Tubercidin triphosphate also seems to be a good substrate for the Mg2+-dependent poly(A) polymerase.", "contents": "Tubercidin metabolism in mouse L5178y cells in vivo and in vitro. Tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) is a strong inhibitor of cell proliferation in mouse L5178y cells. Radioactive tubercidin is incorporated into DNA and RNA. Poly(A)-containing RNA shows the highest specific radioactivity. The amount of low molecular weight 4S and 5S RNA is diminished to some extent under the influence of the compound. Tubercidin triphosphate is a potent inhibitor of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases alpha and beta, and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II, and III, although the efficiency of its incorporation is lower than of dATP and ATP. Tubercidin triphosphate also seems to be a good substrate for the Mg2+-dependent poly(A) polymerase.", "PMID": 750269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8178", "title": "Microsomal enzymes in patients with gastric carcinoma as determined by plasma half-life of antipyrine.", "content": "Metabolism of antipyrine was studied in 12 patients with gastric carcinoma and 5 control subjects with peptic ulcer matched for sex, body weight, height, and smoking history. The mean antipyrine half-life was significantly longer (21.5 +/- 1.5 hr) in 3 patients with disseminated gastric carcinoma compared to control subjects (9.3 +/- 1.5 hr) (P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean antipyrine half-life between 9 patients with localized gastric carcinoma and control subjects. Similarily, the mean metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine was significantly lower (22.8 +/- 5.0 ml/hr/kg) in patients with disseminated gastric carcinoma compared to control subjects (52.6 +/- 13.4 ml/hr/kg) (P less than 0.02). Thus, the presence of gastric carcinoma in humans might alter antipyrine elimination. Significant negative correlation was observed between antipyrine half-life and albumin concentration (r = -0.786, P less than 0.01). These observations indicate that the decrease in antipyrine half-life is not primarily due to the presence of tumor but rather to the nutritional status of an individual.", "contents": "Microsomal enzymes in patients with gastric carcinoma as determined by plasma half-life of antipyrine. Metabolism of antipyrine was studied in 12 patients with gastric carcinoma and 5 control subjects with peptic ulcer matched for sex, body weight, height, and smoking history. The mean antipyrine half-life was significantly longer (21.5 +/- 1.5 hr) in 3 patients with disseminated gastric carcinoma compared to control subjects (9.3 +/- 1.5 hr) (P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean antipyrine half-life between 9 patients with localized gastric carcinoma and control subjects. Similarily, the mean metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine was significantly lower (22.8 +/- 5.0 ml/hr/kg) in patients with disseminated gastric carcinoma compared to control subjects (52.6 +/- 13.4 ml/hr/kg) (P less than 0.02). Thus, the presence of gastric carcinoma in humans might alter antipyrine elimination. Significant negative correlation was observed between antipyrine half-life and albumin concentration (r = -0.786, P less than 0.01). These observations indicate that the decrease in antipyrine half-life is not primarily due to the presence of tumor but rather to the nutritional status of an individual.", "PMID": 750270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8179", "title": "Effect of azathiopurine and OK-432 on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "The effect of azathiopurine and OK-432 on bladder carcinogenesis in rats was evaluated using the carcinogens, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT). Azathiopurine did not affect FANFT bladder carcinogenesis in any treatment. By contrast, when azathiopurine was fed simultaneously with BBN there was a significant increase in the incidence of bladder tumors, although it had no effect if administered before or after BBN. Short-term administration (8 weeks) of OK-432 subcutaneously before, during, or after BBN did not affect bladder carcinogenesis, but if OK-432 was begun after BBN and continued until the end of the experiment, the incidence of BBN-induced bladder tumor was significantly reduced. No bladder lesions were observed in control rats or in rats receiving only azathiopurine or OK-432.", "contents": "Effect of azathiopurine and OK-432 on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. The effect of azathiopurine and OK-432 on bladder carcinogenesis in rats was evaluated using the carcinogens, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT). Azathiopurine did not affect FANFT bladder carcinogenesis in any treatment. By contrast, when azathiopurine was fed simultaneously with BBN there was a significant increase in the incidence of bladder tumors, although it had no effect if administered before or after BBN. Short-term administration (8 weeks) of OK-432 subcutaneously before, during, or after BBN did not affect bladder carcinogenesis, but if OK-432 was begun after BBN and continued until the end of the experiment, the incidence of BBN-induced bladder tumor was significantly reduced. No bladder lesions were observed in control rats or in rats receiving only azathiopurine or OK-432.", "PMID": 750272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8180", "title": "Tumor induction in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of a single or a few doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine during the newborn period.", "content": "When N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was orally intubated to conventional newborn rats by the catheter technique, the rats were found with tumors almost exclusively developed in the glandular stomach, mostly until 280 days after the first intubation. Tumor incidence was about 50% in both sexs of rats that survived the intubation of a single dose of MNNG in rats of less than 24 hr after birth and almost 100% in both sexes of rats that survived the intubation of three consecutive daily doses of MNNG on 5th day after birth. Out of 52 rats treated with MNNG, 40.4% developed carcinomas (20 adenocarcinomas and 1 squamous cell carcinoma), three of them having metastatic lesions. The predilective localization of tumors in the glandular, especially fundic, portion of the stomach, might be attributed to the use of newborns and to the catheter technique devised here.", "contents": "Tumor induction in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of a single or a few doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine during the newborn period. When N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was orally intubated to conventional newborn rats by the catheter technique, the rats were found with tumors almost exclusively developed in the glandular stomach, mostly until 280 days after the first intubation. Tumor incidence was about 50% in both sexs of rats that survived the intubation of a single dose of MNNG in rats of less than 24 hr after birth and almost 100% in both sexes of rats that survived the intubation of three consecutive daily doses of MNNG on 5th day after birth. Out of 52 rats treated with MNNG, 40.4% developed carcinomas (20 adenocarcinomas and 1 squamous cell carcinoma), three of them having metastatic lesions. The predilective localization of tumors in the glandular, especially fundic, portion of the stomach, might be attributed to the use of newborns and to the catheter technique devised here.", "PMID": 750273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8181", "title": "Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton immunotherapy on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with lung cancer after radiotherapy.", "content": "The effect of radiotherapy on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of lung cancer and the effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on recovery of impaired PBL were examined. A remarkable depression of the absolute number of E- or EAC-rosette cells and of the response of PBL to mitogens were observed immediately after radiotherapy, and these continued for several months. With BCG-CWS immunotherapy, the response of PBL to phytohemagglutinin recovered rapidly, compared with non-vaccinated patients. The response of PBL to pokeweed mitogen seemed to give similar results. These results suggested that BCG-CWS injection to the patient receiving radiotherapy was effective for recovery of T-cell response.", "contents": "Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton immunotherapy on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with lung cancer after radiotherapy. The effect of radiotherapy on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of lung cancer and the effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on recovery of impaired PBL were examined. A remarkable depression of the absolute number of E- or EAC-rosette cells and of the response of PBL to mitogens were observed immediately after radiotherapy, and these continued for several months. With BCG-CWS immunotherapy, the response of PBL to phytohemagglutinin recovered rapidly, compared with non-vaccinated patients. The response of PBL to pokeweed mitogen seemed to give similar results. These results suggested that BCG-CWS injection to the patient receiving radiotherapy was effective for recovery of T-cell response.", "PMID": 750274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8182", "title": "Antitumor activity of prolonged-release derivative of cytosine arabinoside, cytosine arabinoside-agarose conjugate.", "content": "A prolonged-release derivative of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), cytosine arabinoside-agarose bead conjugate (Ara-C-AB), was synthesized and its pharmaceutical and pharmacological characteristics were examined. Ara-C was released successively for considerably long period from Ara-C-AB in vitro. Following intraperitoneal injection of 3H-Ara-C-AB, radioactivity could be detected in plasma and urine of BDF1 mouse for four days, while 3H-Ara-C administered as a free form was excreted completely in the first 24 hr. Increase in lifespan of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice was demonstrated after intraperitoneal injection of Ara-C-AB with both the dosage schedules of three days before and one day after inoculation of L1210 cells at the dose of 30 mg equivalent Ara-C/kg.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of prolonged-release derivative of cytosine arabinoside, cytosine arabinoside-agarose conjugate. A prolonged-release derivative of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), cytosine arabinoside-agarose bead conjugate (Ara-C-AB), was synthesized and its pharmaceutical and pharmacological characteristics were examined. Ara-C was released successively for considerably long period from Ara-C-AB in vitro. Following intraperitoneal injection of 3H-Ara-C-AB, radioactivity could be detected in plasma and urine of BDF1 mouse for four days, while 3H-Ara-C administered as a free form was excreted completely in the first 24 hr. Increase in lifespan of L1210 leukemia-bearing mice was demonstrated after intraperitoneal injection of Ara-C-AB with both the dosage schedules of three days before and one day after inoculation of L1210 cells at the dose of 30 mg equivalent Ara-C/kg.", "PMID": 750275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8183", "title": "Effect of vitamin A acetate on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in rats.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A acetate on the urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was determined in male Wistar rats. Vitamin A acetate at the dose administered induced no changes in the urinary bladder or other organs when administered without the carcinogen. However, hypervitaminosis A inhibited keratinization and squamous metaplasia in bladder lesions induced by BBN, and the incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and papilloma of the urinary bladder was significantly reduced at a dose greater than 100 IU/g diet (P less than 0.02). The present experiment suggests that for the urinary bladder epithelium of rats hypervitaminosis A reduced susceptibility to the tumorigenicity of BBN.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A acetate on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in rats. The effect of vitamin A acetate on the urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was determined in male Wistar rats. Vitamin A acetate at the dose administered induced no changes in the urinary bladder or other organs when administered without the carcinogen. However, hypervitaminosis A inhibited keratinization and squamous metaplasia in bladder lesions induced by BBN, and the incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and papilloma of the urinary bladder was significantly reduced at a dose greater than 100 IU/g diet (P less than 0.02). The present experiment suggests that for the urinary bladder epithelium of rats hypervitaminosis A reduced susceptibility to the tumorigenicity of BBN.", "PMID": 750276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8184", "title": "Canine kidney cells: III. Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids of primary canine kidney cells in monolayer culture.", "content": "Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids were studied in monolayer grown primary canine kidney whole cells and their plasma membranes which were isolated by the Warren fluorescein-mercuric acetate technique. Triglyceride and unesterified cholesterol were the predominant neutral lipids of whole cells, while cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, and unesterified cholesterol were the major neutral lipids of plasma membranes. The total neutral lipid value is about 2-fold greater in plasma membranes than in whole cells. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and physophatidyl choline are the major phospholipids of whole cells and plasma membranes. The total phospholipid value is almost 1.8-fold greater in plasma membranes than in whole cells. The fatty acid profiles of both whole cells and plasma membranes differ from that of calf serum used in the growth medium. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids is considerably lower while the amount of saturated fatty acids is higher than the corresponding values obtained in calf serum.", "contents": "Canine kidney cells: III. Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids of primary canine kidney cells in monolayer culture. Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids were studied in monolayer grown primary canine kidney whole cells and their plasma membranes which were isolated by the Warren fluorescein-mercuric acetate technique. Triglyceride and unesterified cholesterol were the predominant neutral lipids of whole cells, while cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, and unesterified cholesterol were the major neutral lipids of plasma membranes. The total neutral lipid value is about 2-fold greater in plasma membranes than in whole cells. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and physophatidyl choline are the major phospholipids of whole cells and plasma membranes. The total phospholipid value is almost 1.8-fold greater in plasma membranes than in whole cells. The fatty acid profiles of both whole cells and plasma membranes differ from that of calf serum used in the growth medium. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids is considerably lower while the amount of saturated fatty acids is higher than the corresponding values obtained in calf serum.", "PMID": 750306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8185", "title": "Allometry and multivariate growth.", "content": "Multivariate allometry, and conservative and nonconservative growth models are generalized by a set of global differential equations, preserving the linear trajectory property. Linear least squares methods are exposited for estimation of parameters, comparing special cases and drawing qualitative conclusions. Three classical sets of data are analyzed in detail, illustrating the usefulness and simplicity of the method.", "contents": "Allometry and multivariate growth. Multivariate allometry, and conservative and nonconservative growth models are generalized by a set of global differential equations, preserving the linear trajectory property. Linear least squares methods are exposited for estimation of parameters, comparing special cases and drawing qualitative conclusions. Three classical sets of data are analyzed in detail, illustrating the usefulness and simplicity of the method.", "PMID": 750307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8186", "title": "The net weight of the rat liver.", "content": "Contribution of blood to the post-mortem weight of the liver was measured by an isotopic technique in 269 rats with body weights ranging from 110 g to 480 g. Amounts of blood in the liver increased proportionately to the body and liver weights so that the portion of gross organ weight attributable to blood remained constant at 16.9-17.9%. Examination of the liver weight: whole body weight relationship for both gross and net liver weights by the conventional equation, Y = aXb, indicates that trapped blood affects exponent b very little but it alters coefficient a.", "contents": "The net weight of the rat liver. Contribution of blood to the post-mortem weight of the liver was measured by an isotopic technique in 269 rats with body weights ranging from 110 g to 480 g. Amounts of blood in the liver increased proportionately to the body and liver weights so that the portion of gross organ weight attributable to blood remained constant at 16.9-17.9%. Examination of the liver weight: whole body weight relationship for both gross and net liver weights by the conventional equation, Y = aXb, indicates that trapped blood affects exponent b very little but it alters coefficient a.", "PMID": 750308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8187", "title": "Longissimus muscle and plasma enzymes and metabolites in fetally decapitated pigs.", "content": "Fetuses of nine gilts were decapitated (D) in utero and fetuses of eight gilts were sham operated (C) at 43 to 47 days of pregnancy. At 110 days, one fetus from each gilt was studied. Heart, liver, kidney, thyroid and body weights were recorded. Thyroids were evaluated for the degree of colloid accumulation and height of the follicular epithelium. Blood glucose, lactate, triglycerides and creatine phosphokinase activity were determined. Longissimus muscle glycogen was evaluated histochemically. Longissimus muscle total phosphorylase, phosphorylase a, G-6-PDH and SDH activity and glycogen were determined biochemically. The D fetuses were hairless, edematous, devoid of adrenal glands and unaffected by maternal anesthesia. Results indicate that the fetal pig pituitary gland is not required for continued fetal growth, but is necessary for normal organ and endocrine gland development. Fetal decapitation caused delayed maturation of the longissimus muscle with little change in anaerobic glycolytic capacity but decreased aerobic glycolytic capacity accompanied by increased activity of the pentose shunt.", "contents": "Longissimus muscle and plasma enzymes and metabolites in fetally decapitated pigs. Fetuses of nine gilts were decapitated (D) in utero and fetuses of eight gilts were sham operated (C) at 43 to 47 days of pregnancy. At 110 days, one fetus from each gilt was studied. Heart, liver, kidney, thyroid and body weights were recorded. Thyroids were evaluated for the degree of colloid accumulation and height of the follicular epithelium. Blood glucose, lactate, triglycerides and creatine phosphokinase activity were determined. Longissimus muscle glycogen was evaluated histochemically. Longissimus muscle total phosphorylase, phosphorylase a, G-6-PDH and SDH activity and glycogen were determined biochemically. The D fetuses were hairless, edematous, devoid of adrenal glands and unaffected by maternal anesthesia. Results indicate that the fetal pig pituitary gland is not required for continued fetal growth, but is necessary for normal organ and endocrine gland development. Fetal decapitation caused delayed maturation of the longissimus muscle with little change in anaerobic glycolytic capacity but decreased aerobic glycolytic capacity accompanied by increased activity of the pentose shunt.", "PMID": 750309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8188", "title": "The effects of lipectomy on remaining adipose tissue depots in the Sprague Dawley rat.", "content": "Adult male castrate Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to surgical removal of the right inguinal and both epididymal fat depots. Lipectomized rats were not significantly different from controls in total body fat at approximately 13 weeks after surgery suggesting a compensatory fat gain in response to the lipectomy. Mean wet weight of the major individual fat depots dissected from lipectomized rats exceeded those of the control rats with the exception of surgically excised depots. The generalized trend for the adipose tissue mass to compensate in response to lipectomy was in part due to a partial regeneration of the excised inguinal fat depot. It was observed that the cellular nature of the fat compensation was dependent on the location of the tissue. The major internal depots compensated by a significant increase in average fat cell size, whereas the major subcutaneous depot (inguinal) compensated by a significant increase in the apparent fat cell number with no change in cell size.", "contents": "The effects of lipectomy on remaining adipose tissue depots in the Sprague Dawley rat. Adult male castrate Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to surgical removal of the right inguinal and both epididymal fat depots. Lipectomized rats were not significantly different from controls in total body fat at approximately 13 weeks after surgery suggesting a compensatory fat gain in response to the lipectomy. Mean wet weight of the major individual fat depots dissected from lipectomized rats exceeded those of the control rats with the exception of surgically excised depots. The generalized trend for the adipose tissue mass to compensate in response to lipectomy was in part due to a partial regeneration of the excised inguinal fat depot. It was observed that the cellular nature of the fat compensation was dependent on the location of the tissue. The major internal depots compensated by a significant increase in average fat cell size, whereas the major subcutaneous depot (inguinal) compensated by a significant increase in the apparent fat cell number with no change in cell size.", "PMID": 750310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8189", "title": "Size and shape of Kedah-Kelantan cows.", "content": "Body weight and nine body measurements were recorded on 79 mature Kedah-Kelantan cows at two locations. The Kedah-Kelantan is an indigenous cattle of Malaysia. A principal component analysis was used to study size and shape as indicated by the dependence structure among measurements. The total variation among measurements associated with the first principal component which was interpreted as a measure of general size was 40.8%. The second principal component contrasted cows tall at the withers, and deep at the chest with top line sloping downward and under line sloping upward from front to rear with those having less wither height and chest depth and straighter lines. This contrast accounted for 14.3% of the variation in body dimensions. The third principal component contrasted long, narrow, and deeper cows with a more compact type. This contrast accounted for 10.7% of the variation in body dimensions.", "contents": "Size and shape of Kedah-Kelantan cows. Body weight and nine body measurements were recorded on 79 mature Kedah-Kelantan cows at two locations. The Kedah-Kelantan is an indigenous cattle of Malaysia. A principal component analysis was used to study size and shape as indicated by the dependence structure among measurements. The total variation among measurements associated with the first principal component which was interpreted as a measure of general size was 40.8%. The second principal component contrasted cows tall at the withers, and deep at the chest with top line sloping downward and under line sloping upward from front to rear with those having less wither height and chest depth and straighter lines. This contrast accounted for 14.3% of the variation in body dimensions. The third principal component contrasted long, narrow, and deeper cows with a more compact type. This contrast accounted for 10.7% of the variation in body dimensions.", "PMID": 750311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8190", "title": "Hormonal influences on the growth and enzymic differentiation of the small intestine of the hypophysectomized rat.", "content": "When rats are hypophysectomized in neonatal life, the growth of the small intestine is more severely retarded than the growth of the body as a whole. It was shown previously that intestinal growth is not rectified by doses of cortisone and/or throxine that restore normal activity of brush border enzymes in hypophysectomized sucklings; growth hormone did not affect relative weight or enzyme activity. Reexamination of this problem with much lower doses of hormones than previously employed has now shown that relative weight of the intestine is enhanced by cortisone and thyroxine together, and is normalized by cortisone and thyroxine in combination with rat growth hormone. Growth induced by treatment with the three hormones involved increases of crypt depth and villus height, and of mitotic index. Body weight was not affected by hormonal treatment, but the tails of the hypophysectomized sucklings were significantly lengthened by thyroxine alone, the effect being enhanced when growth hormone was also given. The physiological dose of hormones used in the present study were as effective in elevating activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase as the larger doses previously used. Cortisone had a greater effect on sucrase, thyroxine on phosphatase. Pentagastrin did not influence either growth or enzyme activity.", "contents": "Hormonal influences on the growth and enzymic differentiation of the small intestine of the hypophysectomized rat. When rats are hypophysectomized in neonatal life, the growth of the small intestine is more severely retarded than the growth of the body as a whole. It was shown previously that intestinal growth is not rectified by doses of cortisone and/or throxine that restore normal activity of brush border enzymes in hypophysectomized sucklings; growth hormone did not affect relative weight or enzyme activity. Reexamination of this problem with much lower doses of hormones than previously employed has now shown that relative weight of the intestine is enhanced by cortisone and thyroxine together, and is normalized by cortisone and thyroxine in combination with rat growth hormone. Growth induced by treatment with the three hormones involved increases of crypt depth and villus height, and of mitotic index. Body weight was not affected by hormonal treatment, but the tails of the hypophysectomized sucklings were significantly lengthened by thyroxine alone, the effect being enhanced when growth hormone was also given. The physiological dose of hormones used in the present study were as effective in elevating activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase as the larger doses previously used. Cortisone had a greater effect on sucrase, thyroxine on phosphatase. Pentagastrin did not influence either growth or enzyme activity.", "PMID": 750312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8191", "title": "Plasma concentrations of chloroquinaldol (Sterosan) after administration of a vaginal tablet.", "content": "The systemic absorption and the plasma concentrations of chloroquinaldol have been determined after local application of one vaginal tablet of Sterosan. A peak plasma concentration of 33 ng/ml was determined 12 h after application. A mean absorption of 6.0% of the applied dose was estimated.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of chloroquinaldol (Sterosan) after administration of a vaginal tablet. The systemic absorption and the plasma concentrations of chloroquinaldol have been determined after local application of one vaginal tablet of Sterosan. A peak plasma concentration of 33 ng/ml was determined 12 h after application. A mean absorption of 6.0% of the applied dose was estimated.", "PMID": 750325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8192", "title": "Antihypertensive treatment with the adrenergic beta-receptor blocker metoprolol during pregnancy.", "content": "In 101 hypertensive gravidae the selective beta-blocking agent metoprolol alone or in combination with hydralazine has been used. The effects of the mother and fetus have been compared with those of 97 hypertensive gravidae treated with hydralazine. In both groups a small dose of a thiazide was added. Perinatal mortality was lower in the metoprolol group (2.0%) than in the hydralazine group (8.0%). The rate of fetal growth retardations also was lower when using metoprolol (11.7 and 16.3% respectively). No abnormal effects of the beta-blocker was noticed on the fetus.", "contents": "Antihypertensive treatment with the adrenergic beta-receptor blocker metoprolol during pregnancy. In 101 hypertensive gravidae the selective beta-blocking agent metoprolol alone or in combination with hydralazine has been used. The effects of the mother and fetus have been compared with those of 97 hypertensive gravidae treated with hydralazine. In both groups a small dose of a thiazide was added. Perinatal mortality was lower in the metoprolol group (2.0%) than in the hydralazine group (8.0%). The rate of fetal growth retardations also was lower when using metoprolol (11.7 and 16.3% respectively). No abnormal effects of the beta-blocker was noticed on the fetus.", "PMID": 750326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8193", "title": "Influence of long-term beta-mimetic therapy on the lecithin content of amniotic fluid.", "content": "The lecithin content of 157 amniotic fluid samples taken from 60 patients who had been treated with Fenoterol over a long period of time (longer than 30 mg/daily per os for 14 days; intravenous infusion for longer than 7 days) was calculated thin-layer chromatographically according to Kynast and Saling. These lecithin levels were statistically compared with the levels in a control (Wilcoxon test). It emerged that the lecithin levels in the long-term beta-mimetic therapy group were significantly lower, i.e., from 33/0 to 39/6 (33/0-34/6, p less than 0.05; 35/0-39/6, p less than 0.01). The answer to the question how often levels occur in the long-term group which are below the as critical described level of 3 mg Lec/100 ml amniotic fluid appears to be clinically important. It is shown that values below the critical level from 33/0 to 39/6 are much more frequent in the long-term beta-mimetics therapy group than in the control group. There is no known explanation for this. It was concluded that the application of beta-mimetics in cases of long-term tocolysis should only be discontinued when the lecithin content of the amniotic fluid lies above the critical limit of 3 mg Lec/100 ml.", "contents": "Influence of long-term beta-mimetic therapy on the lecithin content of amniotic fluid. The lecithin content of 157 amniotic fluid samples taken from 60 patients who had been treated with Fenoterol over a long period of time (longer than 30 mg/daily per os for 14 days; intravenous infusion for longer than 7 days) was calculated thin-layer chromatographically according to Kynast and Saling. These lecithin levels were statistically compared with the levels in a control (Wilcoxon test). It emerged that the lecithin levels in the long-term beta-mimetic therapy group were significantly lower, i.e., from 33/0 to 39/6 (33/0-34/6, p less than 0.05; 35/0-39/6, p less than 0.01). The answer to the question how often levels occur in the long-term group which are below the as critical described level of 3 mg Lec/100 ml amniotic fluid appears to be clinically important. It is shown that values below the critical level from 33/0 to 39/6 are much more frequent in the long-term beta-mimetics therapy group than in the control group. There is no known explanation for this. It was concluded that the application of beta-mimetics in cases of long-term tocolysis should only be discontinued when the lecithin content of the amniotic fluid lies above the critical limit of 3 mg Lec/100 ml.", "PMID": 750327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8194", "title": "[Studies on the anti-ulcer effects of isoprenyl flavonoids (1). The anti-ulcer effects of isoprenyl chalcone extracted from Sophora subprostrata (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of extracted fractions from sophora subprostrata was screened by determining anti-ulcer effects in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. Fr. [C-2] had the most potent anti-ulcer effects of all fractions extracted. Sophoradin and sophoranone which were isolated from Fr. [C-2] were also found to have inhibitory effects on ulcer formation in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoradin was relatively potent in comparison with that of sophoranone and/or Fr. [C-2]. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoranone was approximately the same as that of Fr. [C-2]. The authors examined the effects of sophoradin and sophoranone on gastric secretion in pylorus ligated rats. Sophoradin and sophoranone significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice. Sophoradin but not sophoranone inhibited the free and total acid output of gastric juice. The effect of sophoradin was examined on various secretagogues which induced gastric secretions in rats with acute fistula. Sophoradin showed a tendency to inhibit tetragastrin- and insulin-induced gastric acid secretion, but there were no effects on methacholine- and histamine-induced secretions. These results suggest that sophoradin may have marked anti-ulcer and inhibitory effects on gastric secretion.", "contents": "[Studies on the anti-ulcer effects of isoprenyl flavonoids (1). The anti-ulcer effects of isoprenyl chalcone extracted from Sophora subprostrata (author's transl)]. A series of extracted fractions from sophora subprostrata was screened by determining anti-ulcer effects in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. Fr. [C-2] had the most potent anti-ulcer effects of all fractions extracted. Sophoradin and sophoranone which were isolated from Fr. [C-2] were also found to have inhibitory effects on ulcer formation in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoradin was relatively potent in comparison with that of sophoranone and/or Fr. [C-2]. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoranone was approximately the same as that of Fr. [C-2]. The authors examined the effects of sophoradin and sophoranone on gastric secretion in pylorus ligated rats. Sophoradin and sophoranone significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice. Sophoradin but not sophoranone inhibited the free and total acid output of gastric juice. The effect of sophoradin was examined on various secretagogues which induced gastric secretions in rats with acute fistula. Sophoradin showed a tendency to inhibit tetragastrin- and insulin-induced gastric acid secretion, but there were no effects on methacholine- and histamine-induced secretions. These results suggest that sophoradin may have marked anti-ulcer and inhibitory effects on gastric secretion.", "PMID": 750329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8195", "title": "[Research on the contracting and relaxant actions of cardiac steroids on the taenia coli of guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Actions of cardiac steroid (CS) such as bufadienolides and cardenolides, on guinea pig taenia coli were studied using the double sucrose-gap method. When an appropriate dose of CS was applied, the taenia coli first contracted, then relaxed. After removal of CS, the relaxation was enhanced and continued for 20-40 min. In decreasing order of the relaxant action were bufalin, ouabain, cinobufagin and resibufogenin. Further application of CS after occurrence of the relaxation induced a secondary gradual contraction. The contraction occurred with the membrane depolarization and increase in spike discharge, and the relaxation corresponded fairly well with decrease in spike discharge and the membrane repolarization. Membrane resistance was decreased during the contraction as well as the relaxation. The decrease in membrane resistance continued during the relaxation after removal of CS, Na, K and Ga conductances were increased by CS application, respectively. The increase of Na conductance was relatively high during the contraction, and the increase of K conductance was remarkable during the relaxation and after removal of CS. From the foregoing results it is considered that the contracting action is due to inhibition of the Na pump and that the relaxant action is due to the change in electrical properties of membrane produced by a marked increase in intracellular Na and the increase of K permeability. The relaxation after removal of CS is considered to be due to the activated electrogenic Na pump as indicated from the changes in electrical properties of membrane.", "contents": "[Research on the contracting and relaxant actions of cardiac steroids on the taenia coli of guinea pig (author's transl)]. Actions of cardiac steroid (CS) such as bufadienolides and cardenolides, on guinea pig taenia coli were studied using the double sucrose-gap method. When an appropriate dose of CS was applied, the taenia coli first contracted, then relaxed. After removal of CS, the relaxation was enhanced and continued for 20-40 min. In decreasing order of the relaxant action were bufalin, ouabain, cinobufagin and resibufogenin. Further application of CS after occurrence of the relaxation induced a secondary gradual contraction. The contraction occurred with the membrane depolarization and increase in spike discharge, and the relaxation corresponded fairly well with decrease in spike discharge and the membrane repolarization. Membrane resistance was decreased during the contraction as well as the relaxation. The decrease in membrane resistance continued during the relaxation after removal of CS, Na, K and Ga conductances were increased by CS application, respectively. The increase of Na conductance was relatively high during the contraction, and the increase of K conductance was remarkable during the relaxation and after removal of CS. From the foregoing results it is considered that the contracting action is due to inhibition of the Na pump and that the relaxant action is due to the change in electrical properties of membrane produced by a marked increase in intracellular Na and the increase of K permeability. The relaxation after removal of CS is considered to be due to the activated electrogenic Na pump as indicated from the changes in electrical properties of membrane.", "PMID": 750330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8196", "title": "[Changes in cholinesterase activity of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the rat after crush of the sciatic nerve, and effects of a vitamin B complex on those changes (author's transl)].", "content": "In an analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle, the microsomal fraction showed the highest cholinesterase (ChE) activity. The ChE activity of all fractions decreased to a greater extent after strong nerve crushing than after weak crushing. This change in the activity in the microsomal fraction was the most marked change observed. Although in the analysis of the soleus muscle the ChE activity was measured only in the homogenate and in the microsomal fraction, the results were the same as those obtained with the gastrocnemius. A preparation of vitamins B1, B2, and B12 (B complex) had little effect on the ChE activity in the gastrocnemius muscle. In the soleus muscle on the lesion side, the B complex increased the ChE activity to some extent after nerve crushing, but such was not significant. However, the B complex signifiicantly increased this activity in the soleus on the intact side. In the soleus muscle, strong nerve crushing induced more marked muscle atrophy than weak crushing. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the gastrocnemius. Effects of the B complex on muscle atrophy were found in the soleus, but not in the gastrocnemius. These results suggest that the ChE activity in the microsomal fraction containing sarcoplasmic reticulum reflects the nervous disorders clearly, and that the B complex increases the ChE activity and muscle weight in the soleus, but not in the gastrocnemius muscle.", "contents": "[Changes in cholinesterase activity of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the rat after crush of the sciatic nerve, and effects of a vitamin B complex on those changes (author's transl)]. In an analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle, the microsomal fraction showed the highest cholinesterase (ChE) activity. The ChE activity of all fractions decreased to a greater extent after strong nerve crushing than after weak crushing. This change in the activity in the microsomal fraction was the most marked change observed. Although in the analysis of the soleus muscle the ChE activity was measured only in the homogenate and in the microsomal fraction, the results were the same as those obtained with the gastrocnemius. A preparation of vitamins B1, B2, and B12 (B complex) had little effect on the ChE activity in the gastrocnemius muscle. In the soleus muscle on the lesion side, the B complex increased the ChE activity to some extent after nerve crushing, but such was not significant. However, the B complex signifiicantly increased this activity in the soleus on the intact side. In the soleus muscle, strong nerve crushing induced more marked muscle atrophy than weak crushing. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the gastrocnemius. Effects of the B complex on muscle atrophy were found in the soleus, but not in the gastrocnemius. These results suggest that the ChE activity in the microsomal fraction containing sarcoplasmic reticulum reflects the nervous disorders clearly, and that the B complex increases the ChE activity and muscle weight in the soleus, but not in the gastrocnemius muscle.", "PMID": 750331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8197", "title": "[Studies on circadian susceptibility rhythm to haloperidol (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were given haloperidol in a variety of doses and time combinations and the sedation period were then measured. A clear-cut daily fluctuation in the sedative effect was observed, and the pattern of fluctuation differed depending on the dosage. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon, haloperidol was administered at two different times between which there was a significant difference in the sedation period. No difference was found. Thus it is presumed that daily fluctuation in the sedative effect of haloperidol may be ascribed not to the daily fluctuation in the levels of absorption, excretion, metabolism, or distribution of this drug, but rather to the daily fluctuation at the level of catecholamine receptors in the brain. There was a daily fluctuation in the antiapomorphine effect of haloperidol in a variety of doses and time combinations, and the pattern of fluctuation almost equaled that of the sedative effects of haloperidol. The daily fluctuation of the sedative effect is probably due to effects of circadian rhythm in brain dopamine receptors.", "contents": "[Studies on circadian susceptibility rhythm to haloperidol (author's transl)]. Rats were given haloperidol in a variety of doses and time combinations and the sedation period were then measured. A clear-cut daily fluctuation in the sedative effect was observed, and the pattern of fluctuation differed depending on the dosage. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon, haloperidol was administered at two different times between which there was a significant difference in the sedation period. No difference was found. Thus it is presumed that daily fluctuation in the sedative effect of haloperidol may be ascribed not to the daily fluctuation in the levels of absorption, excretion, metabolism, or distribution of this drug, but rather to the daily fluctuation at the level of catecholamine receptors in the brain. There was a daily fluctuation in the antiapomorphine effect of haloperidol in a variety of doses and time combinations, and the pattern of fluctuation almost equaled that of the sedative effects of haloperidol. The daily fluctuation of the sedative effect is probably due to effects of circadian rhythm in brain dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 750332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8198", "title": "[Psychopharmacological effects of flutazolam (MS-4101) (author's transl)].", "content": "Behavioral effects of Flutazolam (MS-4101), a new derivative of benzodiazepines, was investigated and compared with effects of diazepam in mice and rats. MS-4101 suppressed hyperemotionality in septal rats, fighting behavior in long-term isolated mice and pentylenetetrazol convulsion and potentiated thiopental sleep. These effects of MS-4101 were the same in potency as those of diazepam. MS-4101 was more potent than diazepam in reducing the spontaneous locomotor activity in the open-field test and potentiating the stimulant effect of methamphetamine on locomotor activity. On the other hand, suppression of hyperemotionality in O. B. rats, potentiation of ethanol-induced anesthesia, prevention of maximal electroshock, prevention of strychnine convulsin and muscle relaxant effect of MS-4101 were less potent than in the case of diazepam. MS-4101 had also an anticonflict effect, which was less potent than that seen with diazepam. Suppression of locomotor activity was potentiated by chronic administration of MS-4101, but disappeared with chronic administration of diazepam. MS-4101 inhibited considerably both scratching and head-twitch induced by mescaline in mice. Scratching was increased with small doses of diazepam and decreased with high doses. Head-twitch was decreased with small doses of diazepam and increased with high doses.", "contents": "[Psychopharmacological effects of flutazolam (MS-4101) (author's transl)]. Behavioral effects of Flutazolam (MS-4101), a new derivative of benzodiazepines, was investigated and compared with effects of diazepam in mice and rats. MS-4101 suppressed hyperemotionality in septal rats, fighting behavior in long-term isolated mice and pentylenetetrazol convulsion and potentiated thiopental sleep. These effects of MS-4101 were the same in potency as those of diazepam. MS-4101 was more potent than diazepam in reducing the spontaneous locomotor activity in the open-field test and potentiating the stimulant effect of methamphetamine on locomotor activity. On the other hand, suppression of hyperemotionality in O. B. rats, potentiation of ethanol-induced anesthesia, prevention of maximal electroshock, prevention of strychnine convulsin and muscle relaxant effect of MS-4101 were less potent than in the case of diazepam. MS-4101 had also an anticonflict effect, which was less potent than that seen with diazepam. Suppression of locomotor activity was potentiated by chronic administration of MS-4101, but disappeared with chronic administration of diazepam. MS-4101 inhibited considerably both scratching and head-twitch induced by mescaline in mice. Scratching was increased with small doses of diazepam and decreased with high doses. Head-twitch was decreased with small doses of diazepam and increased with high doses.", "PMID": 750333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8199", "title": "[Effect of oxythiamine and pyrithiamine on rat brain--morphological changes in the thiamine deficient rat brain (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed under light and electron microscopes morphological changes in the brains of rats in a thiamine deficient state as induced by an oxythiamine, pyrithiamine and thiamine deficient diet (OT, PT and TDD). We simultaneously determined thiamine levels in the whole brain of rats. The rats were separated into six groups-normal control, OT or PT treated rats (OT or PT group), OT or PT treated rats fed a TDD (OTD or PTD group), rats fed a TDD (TDD group)-. Microscopically, there were symmetrically distributed lesions containing spongy reticulation mainly in the vestibular nucleus. Electron microscopically, we found more advanced lesions in the OTD and PTD groups than in the TDD group. These ultrastructural changes were seen in the vicinity of capillaries and such consisted of abnormal endothelial cells and pericytes, excrescence of microglias, swelling or vacuolation of astrocytes, nerve cells containing distorted organelle and myelin degeneration, besides extracellular edema. The thiamine level in the TDD group decreased to 56% that of control. No effect of OT on the thiamine level was observed either in case of ingestion of a regular diet or when TDD was given. On the other hand, the thiamine level decreased to 43% in the PT group and to 17-23 in PTD. These results suggest that encephalopathy caused by the OT or PT-induced thiamine deficiency has the same selective vulnerable site as does the TDD-induced deficiency, however cellular sensitivity may differ slightly with the various ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "[Effect of oxythiamine and pyrithiamine on rat brain--morphological changes in the thiamine deficient rat brain (author's transl)]. We observed under light and electron microscopes morphological changes in the brains of rats in a thiamine deficient state as induced by an oxythiamine, pyrithiamine and thiamine deficient diet (OT, PT and TDD). We simultaneously determined thiamine levels in the whole brain of rats. The rats were separated into six groups-normal control, OT or PT treated rats (OT or PT group), OT or PT treated rats fed a TDD (OTD or PTD group), rats fed a TDD (TDD group)-. Microscopically, there were symmetrically distributed lesions containing spongy reticulation mainly in the vestibular nucleus. Electron microscopically, we found more advanced lesions in the OTD and PTD groups than in the TDD group. These ultrastructural changes were seen in the vicinity of capillaries and such consisted of abnormal endothelial cells and pericytes, excrescence of microglias, swelling or vacuolation of astrocytes, nerve cells containing distorted organelle and myelin degeneration, besides extracellular edema. The thiamine level in the TDD group decreased to 56% that of control. No effect of OT on the thiamine level was observed either in case of ingestion of a regular diet or when TDD was given. On the other hand, the thiamine level decreased to 43% in the PT group and to 17-23 in PTD. These results suggest that encephalopathy caused by the OT or PT-induced thiamine deficiency has the same selective vulnerable site as does the TDD-induced deficiency, however cellular sensitivity may differ slightly with the various ultrastructural changes.", "PMID": 750334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8200", "title": "On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia.--Part II: prognosis, course and defect.", "content": "Twenty-three adolescent schizophrenics were studied in regard to the problems of the course of illness, prognosis and defect. Illustrations of cases (follow-up for three to 15 years) were presented. 1) The course was considered chiefly from the viewpoint of positive symptoms, namely paranoid-hallucinatory experiences. It was divided into the following four categories; remittent, persistent, scanty and fading types. At the same time, general characteristics of each type were discussed. 2) As to the changes in clinical forms, hebephrenia was gradually manifested in more than half of the cases. There were some cases in which the expansion of paranoid activities were observed. These two prominent tendencies might be explained in terms of personality disintegration and maturation. We were impressed, in this regard, that autistic tendencies and behavior disturbances were more manifest in the initial stages in patients who later turned more hebephrenic. 3) A mild defect was observed in fourteen cases, while a medium or severe defect was recognized in eight cases. Generally, the degree of defect seemed to be more manifest in female patients than in males. Moreover, the defect was generally more severe in early adolescent cases and in patients with insidious onsets as well as in those with a longer duration of illness than in mid-adolescent patients and those with acute onsets and a shorter duration of illness. 4) As the result of this investigation, it was substantiated that the prognosis in adolescent schizophrenia, especially in early adolescence, was unfavorable. 5) Finally, we were impressed by the fact that there were many patients who were treated mainly in ambulatory clinics or who stayed at home in spite of the above-mentioned unfavorable prognosis.", "contents": "On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia.--Part II: prognosis, course and defect. Twenty-three adolescent schizophrenics were studied in regard to the problems of the course of illness, prognosis and defect. Illustrations of cases (follow-up for three to 15 years) were presented. 1) The course was considered chiefly from the viewpoint of positive symptoms, namely paranoid-hallucinatory experiences. It was divided into the following four categories; remittent, persistent, scanty and fading types. At the same time, general characteristics of each type were discussed. 2) As to the changes in clinical forms, hebephrenia was gradually manifested in more than half of the cases. There were some cases in which the expansion of paranoid activities were observed. These two prominent tendencies might be explained in terms of personality disintegration and maturation. We were impressed, in this regard, that autistic tendencies and behavior disturbances were more manifest in the initial stages in patients who later turned more hebephrenic. 3) A mild defect was observed in fourteen cases, while a medium or severe defect was recognized in eight cases. Generally, the degree of defect seemed to be more manifest in female patients than in males. Moreover, the defect was generally more severe in early adolescent cases and in patients with insidious onsets as well as in those with a longer duration of illness than in mid-adolescent patients and those with acute onsets and a shorter duration of illness. 4) As the result of this investigation, it was substantiated that the prognosis in adolescent schizophrenia, especially in early adolescence, was unfavorable. 5) Finally, we were impressed by the fact that there were many patients who were treated mainly in ambulatory clinics or who stayed at home in spite of the above-mentioned unfavorable prognosis.", "PMID": 750335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8201", "title": "The effects of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol levels in depressive patients.", "content": "The circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol levels was studied in 20 endogenous depressive patients who received one-night sleep deprivation therapy and 10 normal controls who were also deprived of sleep together with patients by estimation at four-hourly intervals over 36 hours. The mean values at each sampling time were compared. The result can be summarized as follows: The mean values of depressive patients tended to be higher than those of controls on the day following sleep deprivation. In depressive patients the mean values on the following day were higher compared to those on the preceding day. In the patients who responded well to sleep deprivation therapy, the circadian variation of mean values which was obscure the preceding day showed an evident rhythm the following day. These findings suggest that sleep deprivation may cause a different effect between depressive patients and normal subjects, and that the possible mechanism of the anti-depressive efficacy of sleep deprivation may be to normalize the disturbed rhythm of the physiological function in depressive patients.", "contents": "The effects of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol levels in depressive patients. The circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol levels was studied in 20 endogenous depressive patients who received one-night sleep deprivation therapy and 10 normal controls who were also deprived of sleep together with patients by estimation at four-hourly intervals over 36 hours. The mean values at each sampling time were compared. The result can be summarized as follows: The mean values of depressive patients tended to be higher than those of controls on the day following sleep deprivation. In depressive patients the mean values on the following day were higher compared to those on the preceding day. In the patients who responded well to sleep deprivation therapy, the circadian variation of mean values which was obscure the preceding day showed an evident rhythm the following day. These findings suggest that sleep deprivation may cause a different effect between depressive patients and normal subjects, and that the possible mechanism of the anti-depressive efficacy of sleep deprivation may be to normalize the disturbed rhythm of the physiological function in depressive patients.", "PMID": 750337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8202", "title": "Unusual case of presenile dementia.", "content": "A 63-year-old woman showed the dominant clinical features of aphasia as the initial symptom in the course of presenile progressive dementia. Computerized axial tomography showed strikingly dilated Sylvian fissures, particularly in its posterior aspect, in the presence of moderate diffuse cortical atrophy. EEG revealed a slowdown in activity with the dominance in the left fronto-temporal area. The radiographic and EEG findings correlated well with the clinical data. This case was compared with those of presenile dementia previously reported. This is a unique case report of presenile dementia.", "contents": "Unusual case of presenile dementia. A 63-year-old woman showed the dominant clinical features of aphasia as the initial symptom in the course of presenile progressive dementia. Computerized axial tomography showed strikingly dilated Sylvian fissures, particularly in its posterior aspect, in the presence of moderate diffuse cortical atrophy. EEG revealed a slowdown in activity with the dominance in the left fronto-temporal area. The radiographic and EEG findings correlated well with the clinical data. This case was compared with those of presenile dementia previously reported. This is a unique case report of presenile dementia.", "PMID": 750338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8203", "title": "Anxiety symptoms of the patients with aortic arch syndrome.", "content": "We reported six cases of the aortic arch syndrome with brain symptoms. Two could be explained directly as an organic impairment of the brain. In the remaining four cases, however, the mental symptoms were considered to have a basis of \"anxiety.\"  They were easily precipitated by iatrogenic and other various environmental factors. The hyperventilation syndrome had a high incidence occurring in three out of the four cases of anxiety. Thus, it seems appropriate to interpret their symptoms psychosomatically. The production of brain symptoms may be due to psychosomatic mechanisms in many cases of the aortic arch syndrome.", "contents": "Anxiety symptoms of the patients with aortic arch syndrome. We reported six cases of the aortic arch syndrome with brain symptoms. Two could be explained directly as an organic impairment of the brain. In the remaining four cases, however, the mental symptoms were considered to have a basis of \"anxiety.\"  They were easily precipitated by iatrogenic and other various environmental factors. The hyperventilation syndrome had a high incidence occurring in three out of the four cases of anxiety. Thus, it seems appropriate to interpret their symptoms psychosomatically. The production of brain symptoms may be due to psychosomatic mechanisms in many cases of the aortic arch syndrome.", "PMID": 750341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8204", "title": "On so-called atypical psychosis in early and mid-adolescence.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of adolescent atypical psychosis were reported, of which 12 were followed for more than three years (at the longest about 18 years). Our cases indicated apparent atypicalness in regard to the symptomatology and to the course, quite different from cyclothymic psychosis and schizophrenia. In an etiological point of view, hereditary predispositions were more frequently recognized in our cases than in schizophrenic cases, but because schizophrenics were found in the families of these patients, it was difficult for us to determine whether our cases belonged to an etiologically independent endogenous psychosis. However, we received the impression that atypical psychosis could be differentiated from others even in adolescents. But this psychosis was seldom found in childhood. While, through the comparison of these patients with adult cases and by considering previous research, we were led to the assumption that adolescent atypical psychosis might be understood as a minor pattern of the fully-developed psychosis in adults but was provided with many properties specific to adolescense.", "contents": "On so-called atypical psychosis in early and mid-adolescence. Twenty-three cases of adolescent atypical psychosis were reported, of which 12 were followed for more than three years (at the longest about 18 years). Our cases indicated apparent atypicalness in regard to the symptomatology and to the course, quite different from cyclothymic psychosis and schizophrenia. In an etiological point of view, hereditary predispositions were more frequently recognized in our cases than in schizophrenic cases, but because schizophrenics were found in the families of these patients, it was difficult for us to determine whether our cases belonged to an etiologically independent endogenous psychosis. However, we received the impression that atypical psychosis could be differentiated from others even in adolescents. But this psychosis was seldom found in childhood. While, through the comparison of these patients with adult cases and by considering previous research, we were led to the assumption that adolescent atypical psychosis might be understood as a minor pattern of the fully-developed psychosis in adults but was provided with many properties specific to adolescense.", "PMID": 750342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8205", "title": "The property of contingent negative variation (CNV) in psychiatric patients: schizophrenia and neurosis.", "content": "The CNV parameters (amplitude and morphology) and the relationship between CNV parameters and performances (motor response time) were studied on schizophrenics (15 subjects), neurotics (15 subjects) and normal controls (30 subjects divided into 2 groups) in order to clarify the property of CNV in psychiatric patients. Also, the relationship between CNV and personality traits was investigated in neurotics. Since it has been known that age, sex and psychoactive drugs influence the CNV genesis in normal subjects, the control group method was used for these factors in this study. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Mean amplitudes of CNV's for schizophrenics and neurotics in each session of control, nonresponse and recovery tended to be lower than those for normal controls. Significant differences were found between schizophrenics and normal controls. 2) Correlations between CNV amplitude and response time in schizophrenics tended to be positive, while normal controls showed significantly high negative correlations. These findings were discussed from the viewpoint of the arousal theory of CNV genesis. 3) For the neurotic patients, the personality variables appeared to influence CNV amplitude. 4) Type B-CNV was most frequently seen in all sessions for normal controls. Schizophrenics and neurotics tended to show the increment of type P-CNV in nonresponse sessions without a motor response. 5) \"Field Dependency\" type-CNV was not found in psychiatric patients. This result did not correspond with the data reported by other investigators. 6) Type III- and type IV-prolonged CNV's appeared almost especially in schizophrenics although type II-CNV was observed in all groups. The mechanism of genesis of the prolonged CNV's was discussed.", "contents": "The property of contingent negative variation (CNV) in psychiatric patients: schizophrenia and neurosis. The CNV parameters (amplitude and morphology) and the relationship between CNV parameters and performances (motor response time) were studied on schizophrenics (15 subjects), neurotics (15 subjects) and normal controls (30 subjects divided into 2 groups) in order to clarify the property of CNV in psychiatric patients. Also, the relationship between CNV and personality traits was investigated in neurotics. Since it has been known that age, sex and psychoactive drugs influence the CNV genesis in normal subjects, the control group method was used for these factors in this study. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Mean amplitudes of CNV's for schizophrenics and neurotics in each session of control, nonresponse and recovery tended to be lower than those for normal controls. Significant differences were found between schizophrenics and normal controls. 2) Correlations between CNV amplitude and response time in schizophrenics tended to be positive, while normal controls showed significantly high negative correlations. These findings were discussed from the viewpoint of the arousal theory of CNV genesis. 3) For the neurotic patients, the personality variables appeared to influence CNV amplitude. 4) Type B-CNV was most frequently seen in all sessions for normal controls. Schizophrenics and neurotics tended to show the increment of type P-CNV in nonresponse sessions without a motor response. 5) \"Field Dependency\" type-CNV was not found in psychiatric patients. This result did not correspond with the data reported by other investigators. 6) Type III- and type IV-prolonged CNV's appeared almost especially in schizophrenics although type II-CNV was observed in all groups. The mechanism of genesis of the prolonged CNV's was discussed.", "PMID": 750343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8206", "title": "Dissociation of visual and auditory language comprehension capacity in aphasia.", "content": "Visual language comprehension capacity was compared with auditory language comprehension capacity in 26 aphasic subjects. The Token Test was used for both modalities. By the means of the difference in scores on the two tests three groups were separated, that is (1) a group with no essential difference between the two capacities, (2) a group with superior reading capacity and (3) a group with superior auditory capacity. Particular attention was directed to the second group. Seven subjects showed this type of dissociated comprehension. The group was found to be heterogeneous in their linguistic characteristics. The clinical type of aphasia included not only Wernicke's aphasia but also Broca's aphasia. A possible psychological explanation underlying this phenomenon was attempted. Anatomical correlation was also attempted. The hypothesis of sparing the left inferior parietal lobe is proposed as an explanation of why visual comprehension was better preserved than auditory comprehension.", "contents": "Dissociation of visual and auditory language comprehension capacity in aphasia. Visual language comprehension capacity was compared with auditory language comprehension capacity in 26 aphasic subjects. The Token Test was used for both modalities. By the means of the difference in scores on the two tests three groups were separated, that is (1) a group with no essential difference between the two capacities, (2) a group with superior reading capacity and (3) a group with superior auditory capacity. Particular attention was directed to the second group. Seven subjects showed this type of dissociated comprehension. The group was found to be heterogeneous in their linguistic characteristics. The clinical type of aphasia included not only Wernicke's aphasia but also Broca's aphasia. A possible psychological explanation underlying this phenomenon was attempted. Anatomical correlation was also attempted. The hypothesis of sparing the left inferior parietal lobe is proposed as an explanation of why visual comprehension was better preserved than auditory comprehension.", "PMID": 750344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8207", "title": "Further studies of effects of chlorpromazine on the contingent negative variation.", "content": "The effect of 25 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the contingent negative variation (CNV) at Cz and Oz was studied in nine male subjects. Two kinds of warning stimulus (S1)--imperative stimulus--and motor response (MR) were used. A click as S1 was common to both, while either flashes or electrical stimulation was used as S2. Simultaneously with CNV recording, the reaction time of the finger movement as MR to S2 was measured in five of nine subjects. The results obtained were as follows. 1) CNV amplitudes after CPZ administration were decreased significantly both at Cz and Oz when S2 was flashes and only at Cz when S2 was electrical stimulation. 2) Significant positive correlations of CNV amplitudes between Cz and Oz were found both before and after the drug administration. 3) Reaction times to flashes and electrical stimulation as S2 were not affected by CPZ administration. 4) The reaction time to flashes was significantly shorter than that to electrical stimulation irrespective of pre- and post-administration of CPZ.", "contents": "Further studies of effects of chlorpromazine on the contingent negative variation. The effect of 25 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the contingent negative variation (CNV) at Cz and Oz was studied in nine male subjects. Two kinds of warning stimulus (S1)--imperative stimulus--and motor response (MR) were used. A click as S1 was common to both, while either flashes or electrical stimulation was used as S2. Simultaneously with CNV recording, the reaction time of the finger movement as MR to S2 was measured in five of nine subjects. The results obtained were as follows. 1) CNV amplitudes after CPZ administration were decreased significantly both at Cz and Oz when S2 was flashes and only at Cz when S2 was electrical stimulation. 2) Significant positive correlations of CNV amplitudes between Cz and Oz were found both before and after the drug administration. 3) Reaction times to flashes and electrical stimulation as S2 were not affected by CPZ administration. 4) The reaction time to flashes was significantly shorter than that to electrical stimulation irrespective of pre- and post-administration of CPZ.", "PMID": 750345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8208", "title": "Pontine infarction with diffuse myelin destruction.", "content": "A 57-year-old man with clinical symptoms of dementia and spastic paraplegia revealed pathologically scattered cerebral arteriosclerotic changes and diffuse myelin destruction in the basis pontis. The latter was characterized by comcomitances with an eminent fibrous gliosis and a neuronal as well as an axonal loss. Pontine infarction and the following fibrous gliosis possibly caused a wide area of myelin destruction resembling cpm.", "contents": "Pontine infarction with diffuse myelin destruction. A 57-year-old man with clinical symptoms of dementia and spastic paraplegia revealed pathologically scattered cerebral arteriosclerotic changes and diffuse myelin destruction in the basis pontis. The latter was characterized by comcomitances with an eminent fibrous gliosis and a neuronal as well as an axonal loss. Pontine infarction and the following fibrous gliosis possibly caused a wide area of myelin destruction resembling cpm.", "PMID": 750346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8209", "title": "The structural events associated with the attachment of complement components to cell membranes in reactive lysis.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of the events occurring at the cell membrane during reactive lysis by complement, showed that a foliaceous particle was formed at the C5b-7 stage, that enlarged to a particle with a variable number of arms at the C5b-8 stage. Up to this point, no typical complement lesions were found. At the C5b-9 stages, the particles were completely converted to typical complement lesions, i.e. hollow cylinders projecting from the cell membrane and partly penetrating it. C5b-9 complexes assembled in the fluid phase did not show the typical structure of the lesions, but were amorphous masses of fibres.", "contents": "The structural events associated with the attachment of complement components to cell membranes in reactive lysis. Electron microscopic study of the events occurring at the cell membrane during reactive lysis by complement, showed that a foliaceous particle was formed at the C5b-7 stage, that enlarged to a particle with a variable number of arms at the C5b-8 stage. Up to this point, no typical complement lesions were found. At the C5b-9 stages, the particles were completely converted to typical complement lesions, i.e. hollow cylinders projecting from the cell membrane and partly penetrating it. C5b-9 complexes assembled in the fluid phase did not show the typical structure of the lesions, but were amorphous masses of fibres.", "PMID": 750370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8210", "title": "Studies on the immune protection to murine experimental brucellosis conferred by Brucella fractions. I. Positive role of immune serum.", "content": "Mouse inoculation with three different phenol-insoluble fractions extracted from Brucella melitensis (fractions 'PI', '4A' and '5') induces an acceleration of the blood clearance of i.v. inoculated live Brucella and a diminution of the rate of multiplication of the injected bacteria in the spleen. Preincubation of the challenge inoculum in immune serum or i.p. injections of immune serum confer a good specific protection to non-immunized hosts. The results observed with fractionated sera suggest that, not only antibodies, but also other serum constituents may participate in the protective activity of immune sera. This discussed in terms of the respective importance of humoral and cellular immunity to Brucella and of the choice of the best preparations for human or animal vaccination.", "contents": "Studies on the immune protection to murine experimental brucellosis conferred by Brucella fractions. I. Positive role of immune serum. Mouse inoculation with three different phenol-insoluble fractions extracted from Brucella melitensis (fractions 'PI', '4A' and '5') induces an acceleration of the blood clearance of i.v. inoculated live Brucella and a diminution of the rate of multiplication of the injected bacteria in the spleen. Preincubation of the challenge inoculum in immune serum or i.p. injections of immune serum confer a good specific protection to non-immunized hosts. The results observed with fractionated sera suggest that, not only antibodies, but also other serum constituents may participate in the protective activity of immune sera. This discussed in terms of the respective importance of humoral and cellular immunity to Brucella and of the choice of the best preparations for human or animal vaccination.", "PMID": 750371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8211", "title": "The fate of concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes in the spleens of recipient mice.", "content": "The fate of mouse spleen cells, stimulated with Concanavalin (Con A) and labelled with [3H] thymidine in culture, has been followed after transfer into recipients, syngeneic to the cell donors. The labelled cells, localizing in the spleen, were found mainly in the white pulp in both germinal centre and periarteriolar sheath areas. The number of cells with labelled nuclei found in the spleens of recipients was much greater than could be accounted for simply on the basis of the radioactivity present. Using donor cells, whose DNA had been substituted with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr) in sufficient amounts to increase its buoyant density, it was concluded that redistribution of label rather than cell division was responsible for this increase of labelled nuclei. In addition to these findings, the spleens of recipient mice showed evidence of a vigorous immunological response to the donor cells, very similar to that following injection of an antigen such as sheep red cells. These results show that caution must be exercised in interpreting the results of transfer of lymphocytes into recipients, even when a highly stable molecule such as DNA contains the radioactively-labelled material such as [3H] thymidine.", "contents": "The fate of concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes in the spleens of recipient mice. The fate of mouse spleen cells, stimulated with Concanavalin (Con A) and labelled with [3H] thymidine in culture, has been followed after transfer into recipients, syngeneic to the cell donors. The labelled cells, localizing in the spleen, were found mainly in the white pulp in both germinal centre and periarteriolar sheath areas. The number of cells with labelled nuclei found in the spleens of recipients was much greater than could be accounted for simply on the basis of the radioactivity present. Using donor cells, whose DNA had been substituted with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr) in sufficient amounts to increase its buoyant density, it was concluded that redistribution of label rather than cell division was responsible for this increase of labelled nuclei. In addition to these findings, the spleens of recipient mice showed evidence of a vigorous immunological response to the donor cells, very similar to that following injection of an antigen such as sheep red cells. These results show that caution must be exercised in interpreting the results of transfer of lymphocytes into recipients, even when a highly stable molecule such as DNA contains the radioactively-labelled material such as [3H] thymidine.", "PMID": 750372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8212", "title": "Production of C2 by human alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Human and rat alveolar macrophages produce haemolytic C2 during in vitro culture. We conclude that C2 synthetic ability is maintained during in vivo maturation of human monocytes to macrophages and that production of complement components by mature tissue macrophages may be important for optimal generation of inflammatory responses.", "contents": "Production of C2 by human alveolar macrophages. Human and rat alveolar macrophages produce haemolytic C2 during in vitro culture. We conclude that C2 synthetic ability is maintained during in vivo maturation of human monocytes to macrophages and that production of complement components by mature tissue macrophages may be important for optimal generation of inflammatory responses.", "PMID": 750373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8213", "title": "Organophosphorus inhibition of lysosomal enzyme secretion from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Evidence of a lack of a requirement for esterase activation.", "content": "Previously, di-isopropylphosphorofloridate (DFP) was shown to inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes induced by chemotactic factors. It was suggested that the inhibition was due to the phosphorylation of a cell bound serine esterase activated by the chemotactic factor. However, as shown here, di-isopropyl methyl phosphate, a nonphosphorylating analogue of DFP, inhibits just as well as DFP, the release of lysozyme and beta glucuronidase from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by chemotactic factor in the presence of cytochalasin B. Similarly, the poorly phosphorylating phenyl ethyl pentylphosphonate and phenyl ethyl phenylpropylphosphonate inhibit enzyme release, induced under the same conditions, as well as or better than the corresponding good phosphorylators, p-nitropheny ethyl pentylphosphonate and p-nitrophenyl ethyl phenylpropylphosphonate. Phenyl ethyl pentylphosphonate inhibits at least as well or probably better than p-nitrophenyl ethyl pentyl phosphonate, the chemotactic factor induced relase of lysozyme from polymorphonuclear leucocytes spread on Millipore filters in the absence of cytochalasin B. We conclude that, under the circumstances tested, there is no evidence that the release of lysosomal enzymes from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by chemotactic factor involves the activation of an esterase.", "contents": "Organophosphorus inhibition of lysosomal enzyme secretion from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Evidence of a lack of a requirement for esterase activation. Previously, di-isopropylphosphorofloridate (DFP) was shown to inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes induced by chemotactic factors. It was suggested that the inhibition was due to the phosphorylation of a cell bound serine esterase activated by the chemotactic factor. However, as shown here, di-isopropyl methyl phosphate, a nonphosphorylating analogue of DFP, inhibits just as well as DFP, the release of lysozyme and beta glucuronidase from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by chemotactic factor in the presence of cytochalasin B. Similarly, the poorly phosphorylating phenyl ethyl pentylphosphonate and phenyl ethyl phenylpropylphosphonate inhibit enzyme release, induced under the same conditions, as well as or better than the corresponding good phosphorylators, p-nitropheny ethyl pentylphosphonate and p-nitrophenyl ethyl phenylpropylphosphonate. Phenyl ethyl pentylphosphonate inhibits at least as well or probably better than p-nitrophenyl ethyl pentyl phosphonate, the chemotactic factor induced relase of lysozyme from polymorphonuclear leucocytes spread on Millipore filters in the absence of cytochalasin B. We conclude that, under the circumstances tested, there is no evidence that the release of lysosomal enzymes from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by chemotactic factor involves the activation of an esterase.", "PMID": 750374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8214", "title": "Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein.", "content": "Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein (THP), prepared by salt precipitation of pooled urine from normal individuals, stimulated purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to undergo blastoid transformation. the response was measured by tritiated thymidine uptake into DNA after 6 days in culture. Several batches of THP stimulated, in varying degrees, all samples of PBL tested and the response approached that seen with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) after 4 days in culture. The response usually exceeded that seen after 6 days with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in Mantoux positive lymphocyte donors.", "contents": "Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein. Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein (THP), prepared by salt precipitation of pooled urine from normal individuals, stimulated purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to undergo blastoid transformation. the response was measured by tritiated thymidine uptake into DNA after 6 days in culture. Several batches of THP stimulated, in varying degrees, all samples of PBL tested and the response approached that seen with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) after 4 days in culture. The response usually exceeded that seen after 6 days with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in Mantoux positive lymphocyte donors.", "PMID": 750375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8215", "title": "Visceral reflex responses following right intra-atrial injection of phenyldiguanide in rats.", "content": "1. Intra-atrial injection (right atrium) of pdg in nembutal anaesthetised rats produced bradycardia, hypotension and apnoea followed by hyperpnoea. In very lightly anaesthetised rats, injection of pdg close to the aortic valves produced similar responses and those responses disappeared on maintaining the animals in well-anaesthetised condition. 2. Administration of pdg either into the cerebral circulation or into cerebral ventricles did not produce bradycardia and apnoea. 3. The afferent pathway for these autonomic responses runs in vagus nerve, as shown by experiments before and after bilateral vagotomy. 4. The electrical activity of both expiratory and inspiratory muscles was inhibited during end-expiratory apnoea phase following injection of pdg into the right atrium. 5. Glycine, administered centrally or intravenously, exhibited blockade of pdg induced autonomic responses for more than forty minutes.", "contents": "Visceral reflex responses following right intra-atrial injection of phenyldiguanide in rats. 1. Intra-atrial injection (right atrium) of pdg in nembutal anaesthetised rats produced bradycardia, hypotension and apnoea followed by hyperpnoea. In very lightly anaesthetised rats, injection of pdg close to the aortic valves produced similar responses and those responses disappeared on maintaining the animals in well-anaesthetised condition. 2. Administration of pdg either into the cerebral circulation or into cerebral ventricles did not produce bradycardia and apnoea. 3. The afferent pathway for these autonomic responses runs in vagus nerve, as shown by experiments before and after bilateral vagotomy. 4. The electrical activity of both expiratory and inspiratory muscles was inhibited during end-expiratory apnoea phase following injection of pdg into the right atrium. 5. Glycine, administered centrally or intravenously, exhibited blockade of pdg induced autonomic responses for more than forty minutes.", "PMID": 750486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8216", "title": "A correlative study of seminal biochemistry and testicular histology in infertile males.", "content": "Two androgen-dependent constituents of the seminal plasma, fructose and acid phosphatase, have been estimated in 50 infertile males along with a testicular biopsy. Azoospermics, as a group, showed a very wide range of fructose (16-600 mg%) as compared to 210-397 mg% in healthy fertile males. Oligospermics tended to have low values with a mean of 218 +/- 75.1 mg%. Acid phosphatase in the controls was 1927 +/- 164.6 K.A. unit/ml and was generally higher in the infertile groups. The state of spermatogenesis, as revealed by testicular biopsy, bore no consistent relationship with the seminal fructose or acid phosphatase. It appears that there may be no inter-relationship between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the secretion of the accessory glands and, although both are androgen-dependent, they can be affected separately by a multitude of factors in human infertility.", "contents": "A correlative study of seminal biochemistry and testicular histology in infertile males. Two androgen-dependent constituents of the seminal plasma, fructose and acid phosphatase, have been estimated in 50 infertile males along with a testicular biopsy. Azoospermics, as a group, showed a very wide range of fructose (16-600 mg%) as compared to 210-397 mg% in healthy fertile males. Oligospermics tended to have low values with a mean of 218 +/- 75.1 mg%. Acid phosphatase in the controls was 1927 +/- 164.6 K.A. unit/ml and was generally higher in the infertile groups. The state of spermatogenesis, as revealed by testicular biopsy, bore no consistent relationship with the seminal fructose or acid phosphatase. It appears that there may be no inter-relationship between the activity of the germinal epithelium and the secretion of the accessory glands and, although both are androgen-dependent, they can be affected separately by a multitude of factors in human infertility.", "PMID": 750487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8217", "title": "Hypoglycemic responses to insulin in normothermic and hyperthermic young dogs.", "content": "The present study was conducted in 10 healthy young dogs in which pattern of hypoglycemia to injected insulin (0.12 U/kg I.V.) was studied at normothermic (38.5 degrees C) and hyperthermic (42.5 degrees C) body temperatures. Average maximum fall in plasma glucose concentration from the control level was 44.3% and 53.8% in normothermic and hyperthermic dogs respectively. The hypoglycemic response to injected insulin was much greater and prolonged in hyperthermic dogs. The recovery of plasma glucose to preinjection level was also very sluggish and incomplete in these dogs. The above changes in hyperthermic animals may be due to enhanced secretion of insulin, as well as an increased sensitivity to injected insulin. The slow recovery of plasma glucose to preinjection level following insulin administration in hyperthermic dogs would indicate inefficient feedback mechanisms which normally operate to raise the plasma glucose during hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic responses to insulin in normothermic and hyperthermic young dogs. The present study was conducted in 10 healthy young dogs in which pattern of hypoglycemia to injected insulin (0.12 U/kg I.V.) was studied at normothermic (38.5 degrees C) and hyperthermic (42.5 degrees C) body temperatures. Average maximum fall in plasma glucose concentration from the control level was 44.3% and 53.8% in normothermic and hyperthermic dogs respectively. The hypoglycemic response to injected insulin was much greater and prolonged in hyperthermic dogs. The recovery of plasma glucose to preinjection level was also very sluggish and incomplete in these dogs. The above changes in hyperthermic animals may be due to enhanced secretion of insulin, as well as an increased sensitivity to injected insulin. The slow recovery of plasma glucose to preinjection level following insulin administration in hyperthermic dogs would indicate inefficient feedback mechanisms which normally operate to raise the plasma glucose during hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 750488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8218", "title": "Eliciting conditioned taste aversion by cobra venom neurotoxin in rats.", "content": "An attempt is made to study conditioned taste aversion (CTA) using cobra venom antivenom or lithium chloride as the Unconditioned Stimulus (US). Twenty-four hour water deprived rats were habituated for two consecutive days to drinking tap water in the drinking box for 15 minutes daily. On 3rd day they were allowed to drink 0.1% sodium saccharin. Thirty minutes later, they were injected with cobra venom (45 micrograms), antivenom (0.022 microliter), antivenom followed by venom, lithium chloride (0.15 M, 4% body weight) or physiological saline. After two days of recovery the animals were water deprived for twenty four hours and water intake was measured on the 7th and 8th day. Retention test on the 9th day shows reduced saccharin consumption in the lithium chloride and venom groups. CTA was significantly reduced in the antivenom-venom group and absent in the antivenom and control group. It is concluded cobra venom can induce clear-cut CTA in rats.", "contents": "Eliciting conditioned taste aversion by cobra venom neurotoxin in rats. An attempt is made to study conditioned taste aversion (CTA) using cobra venom antivenom or lithium chloride as the Unconditioned Stimulus (US). Twenty-four hour water deprived rats were habituated for two consecutive days to drinking tap water in the drinking box for 15 minutes daily. On 3rd day they were allowed to drink 0.1% sodium saccharin. Thirty minutes later, they were injected with cobra venom (45 micrograms), antivenom (0.022 microliter), antivenom followed by venom, lithium chloride (0.15 M, 4% body weight) or physiological saline. After two days of recovery the animals were water deprived for twenty four hours and water intake was measured on the 7th and 8th day. Retention test on the 9th day shows reduced saccharin consumption in the lithium chloride and venom groups. CTA was significantly reduced in the antivenom-venom group and absent in the antivenom and control group. It is concluded cobra venom can induce clear-cut CTA in rats.", "PMID": 750489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8219", "title": "Interactions between reserpine and anticonvulsants on convulsion parameters.", "content": "Reserpine lowered the MET and this lowering of MET was antagonized by chloridaze-poxide but not by acetazoleamide and phenytoin. With increasing doses of reserpine the extension time in an MES test was increased and this was antagonized by all anticonvulsants tested namely acetazolamide, chlordiazepoxide, phenytoin and propranolol. High doses of reserpine abolished flexion component and this was restored by propranolol, phenytoin, atropine, chlordiazepoxide and acetazolamide.", "contents": "Interactions between reserpine and anticonvulsants on convulsion parameters. Reserpine lowered the MET and this lowering of MET was antagonized by chloridaze-poxide but not by acetazoleamide and phenytoin. With increasing doses of reserpine the extension time in an MES test was increased and this was antagonized by all anticonvulsants tested namely acetazolamide, chlordiazepoxide, phenytoin and propranolol. High doses of reserpine abolished flexion component and this was restored by propranolol, phenytoin, atropine, chlordiazepoxide and acetazolamide.", "PMID": 750490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8220", "title": "Modification of hyperglycaemic effect of angiotensin by indomethacin.", "content": "Effect of angiotensin II was studied on blood sugar level in dogs. Angiotensins given by intravenous route caused a marked rise in blood sugar level. Indomethacin and propranolol significantly influence the changes in blood sugar level induced by angiotensin. It is suggested that the hyperglycaemia induced by angiotensin appears to be mediated by facilitation of adrenaline and prostaglandin release.", "contents": "Modification of hyperglycaemic effect of angiotensin by indomethacin. Effect of angiotensin II was studied on blood sugar level in dogs. Angiotensins given by intravenous route caused a marked rise in blood sugar level. Indomethacin and propranolol significantly influence the changes in blood sugar level induced by angiotensin. It is suggested that the hyperglycaemia induced by angiotensin appears to be mediated by facilitation of adrenaline and prostaglandin release.", "PMID": 750491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8221", "title": "Alteration in some hepatic dehydrogenases and certain lipid components in thiamin deficiency.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to study the influence of thiamin deficiency on hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (NADP), lactate dehydrogenase and it's isoenzymes, total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids in adult male albino rats. Typical thiamin deficiency symptoms developed in the 6th week. The specific activity of the said enzymes was significantly decreased in deficient rats as compared to pairfed controls. A significant drop in total lipid and phospholipid content was noted in deficient group while total cholesterol remained unchanged. Refeeding of control diet to deficient animals caused reversal of enzyme activities to normal.", "contents": "Alteration in some hepatic dehydrogenases and certain lipid components in thiamin deficiency. An investigation was conducted to study the influence of thiamin deficiency on hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (NADP), lactate dehydrogenase and it's isoenzymes, total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids in adult male albino rats. Typical thiamin deficiency symptoms developed in the 6th week. The specific activity of the said enzymes was significantly decreased in deficient rats as compared to pairfed controls. A significant drop in total lipid and phospholipid content was noted in deficient group while total cholesterol remained unchanged. Refeeding of control diet to deficient animals caused reversal of enzyme activities to normal.", "PMID": 750493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8222", "title": "Effect of oestrogen on the incidence of drumsticks in the rabbit neutrophils.", "content": "Adult female rabbits were given daily intramuscular injections of 0.5 microgram of oestradiol diproprionate for four weeks. Weekly drum-stick counts were made from their blood smears and percent incidences of drum-sticks in the neutrophils was recorded. A highly significant increase in the drum-stick counts compared to the control animals was noted after one week's treatment with the oestrogen. Subsequent values after 2nd, 3rd and 4th week's treatment were not significantly different from values obtained from the corresponding untreated animals. It was concluded that oestrogen produces only an initial increase in the drumstick count and subsequent continued treatment neither increases nor decreases the drum-stick counts significantly.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen on the incidence of drumsticks in the rabbit neutrophils. Adult female rabbits were given daily intramuscular injections of 0.5 microgram of oestradiol diproprionate for four weeks. Weekly drum-stick counts were made from their blood smears and percent incidences of drum-sticks in the neutrophils was recorded. A highly significant increase in the drum-stick counts compared to the control animals was noted after one week's treatment with the oestrogen. Subsequent values after 2nd, 3rd and 4th week's treatment were not significantly different from values obtained from the corresponding untreated animals. It was concluded that oestrogen produces only an initial increase in the drumstick count and subsequent continued treatment neither increases nor decreases the drum-stick counts significantly.", "PMID": 750492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8223", "title": "Small intestinal and hepatic amylase activity of different vertebrates and invertebrates.", "content": "Studies have been done on amylase activity of the small intestine and liver of toad, calotes, pigeon rat, guinea pig and pilaglobosa. It has been found that amylase activity was maximum in pigeon, rat, guinea pig and then in calotes and pilaglobosa and least activity was found in toad, and seem to be related to the phylogeny and the dietary habbit.", "contents": "Small intestinal and hepatic amylase activity of different vertebrates and invertebrates. Studies have been done on amylase activity of the small intestine and liver of toad, calotes, pigeon rat, guinea pig and pilaglobosa. It has been found that amylase activity was maximum in pigeon, rat, guinea pig and then in calotes and pilaglobosa and least activity was found in toad, and seem to be related to the phylogeny and the dietary habbit.", "PMID": 750495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8224", "title": "Modelling the cell-mediated immunity in homograft refection.", "content": "Lymphocytes which become sensitised at the periphery travel to the regional lymph nodes where they initiate an immunological response by increasing the production of immuno-competent lymphocytes. These lymphocytes migrate into the tissues via the blood stream and bring about the destruction of target cells. These notions, in the present analysis, are translated into a simple mathematical model. The model specifically considers the lymphocyte memory and increased secondary response.", "contents": "Modelling the cell-mediated immunity in homograft refection. Lymphocytes which become sensitised at the periphery travel to the regional lymph nodes where they initiate an immunological response by increasing the production of immuno-competent lymphocytes. These lymphocytes migrate into the tissues via the blood stream and bring about the destruction of target cells. These notions, in the present analysis, are translated into a simple mathematical model. The model specifically considers the lymphocyte memory and increased secondary response.", "PMID": 750500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8225", "title": "[Minicomputer system to automate the input of stimuli and the collection of related response parameters].", "content": "This paper describes a system based on a minicomputer that enables one to automate the input of stimuli and to collect a certain number of parameters directly obtained from the analog signals representing the responses of the tested subject.", "contents": "[Minicomputer system to automate the input of stimuli and the collection of related response parameters]. This paper describes a system based on a minicomputer that enables one to automate the input of stimuli and to collect a certain number of parameters directly obtained from the analog signals representing the responses of the tested subject.", "PMID": 750501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8226", "title": "Discussion on basic equations for a flow in human air passages and their representation.", "content": "Basic equations of time-dependent flow are discussed in the case of rigid or elastic branches and according to the airway representation pattern, both continuous and discontinuous. Two relevant fundamental continuous functions are defined: the 'order of generation' G(x) and the cumulative bronchial diameter D(x). A numerical solution is outlined in the former case, then in the latter case, and the system of equations which completely describes the flow is solved.", "contents": "Discussion on basic equations for a flow in human air passages and their representation. Basic equations of time-dependent flow are discussed in the case of rigid or elastic branches and according to the airway representation pattern, both continuous and discontinuous. Two relevant fundamental continuous functions are defined: the 'order of generation' G(x) and the cumulative bronchial diameter D(x). A numerical solution is outlined in the former case, then in the latter case, and the system of equations which completely describes the flow is solved.", "PMID": 750502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8227", "title": "On-line electro-oculography.", "content": "The design and use of an on-line PDP 11/40-based system for quantitative study of ocular kinetics are described. The system can be used in neurophysiological or ophthalmological applications. Two different techniques are presented. In one, horizontal, vertical or oblique eye motion can be studied, in the other horizontal eye motion only. Several parameters of eye motion can be measured including saccadic velocity, eye movement latency and accuracy of refixation. For ophthalmological EOG applications the system allows measurement of the absolute voltage excursion corresponding to a horizontal eye movement of a specific amplitude. The system consists of five software programs and supporting signal processing equipment. The software package runs under the RSX11M executive.", "contents": "On-line electro-oculography. The design and use of an on-line PDP 11/40-based system for quantitative study of ocular kinetics are described. The system can be used in neurophysiological or ophthalmological applications. Two different techniques are presented. In one, horizontal, vertical or oblique eye motion can be studied, in the other horizontal eye motion only. Several parameters of eye motion can be measured including saccadic velocity, eye movement latency and accuracy of refixation. For ophthalmological EOG applications the system allows measurement of the absolute voltage excursion corresponding to a horizontal eye movement of a specific amplitude. The system consists of five software programs and supporting signal processing equipment. The software package runs under the RSX11M executive.", "PMID": 750503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8228", "title": "Certain observations in electrocardiogram and enzyme variation in dogs, following scorpion venom injection.", "content": "The effect of scorpion venom of Buthus Tamulus species on blood pressure, ECG, enzyme and electrolytes were studied in dogs. Venom was given in doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight. Hypotension and tachycardia were observed with low dose and bradycardia was significant with high dose. ST segment depression, T wave changes, shortening of PR interval were the important ECG changes apart from ventricular extrasystoles. With high dose, QRS amplitude was reduced and duration prolonged. QTC interval was also significantly prolonged. Significant increase in SGOT, SGPT and LDH levels were observed but no change in serum electolytes was seen.", "contents": "Certain observations in electrocardiogram and enzyme variation in dogs, following scorpion venom injection. The effect of scorpion venom of Buthus Tamulus species on blood pressure, ECG, enzyme and electrolytes were studied in dogs. Venom was given in doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight. Hypotension and tachycardia were observed with low dose and bradycardia was significant with high dose. ST segment depression, T wave changes, shortening of PR interval were the important ECG changes apart from ventricular extrasystoles. With high dose, QRS amplitude was reduced and duration prolonged. QTC interval was also significantly prolonged. Significant increase in SGOT, SGPT and LDH levels were observed but no change in serum electolytes was seen.", "PMID": 750494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8229", "title": "The impact of work/study programs on employment of the mentally retarded: some findings from two sources.", "content": "There were two purposes of this study. The primary goal was to examine the employment success of both graduates and early terminators from high school work/study programs for educable retarded young adults (16--21 years old). A second goal was to study the employment levels of these same mentally retarded persons. Data sources included the vocational placement results of students who terminated from work/study programs in 14 Oregon school districts, along with analogous information about work/study terminators from 43 Federally funded work/study projects conducted in the United States between 1955 and 1972. Both the Oregon and the Federal program participants demonstrated that mentally retarded persons who finished their work/study programs had substantially higher employment levels than did similar retarded persons not completing or only partially served by their programs. Also, work/study program completors had comparable employment levels with same age non-white adults in the general population.", "contents": "The impact of work/study programs on employment of the mentally retarded: some findings from two sources. There were two purposes of this study. The primary goal was to examine the employment success of both graduates and early terminators from high school work/study programs for educable retarded young adults (16--21 years old). A second goal was to study the employment levels of these same mentally retarded persons. Data sources included the vocational placement results of students who terminated from work/study programs in 14 Oregon school districts, along with analogous information about work/study terminators from 43 Federally funded work/study projects conducted in the United States between 1955 and 1972. Both the Oregon and the Federal program participants demonstrated that mentally retarded persons who finished their work/study programs had substantially higher employment levels than did similar retarded persons not completing or only partially served by their programs. Also, work/study program completors had comparable employment levels with same age non-white adults in the general population.", "PMID": 750513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8230", "title": "Highlights on the etiology of keloid.", "content": "The keloid phenomenon is old and perplexing. Many hypotheses were advanced to account for keloid growth but none of them provided a satisfactory explanation for the clinical manifestations of the disease. To solve the mystery of keloid detailed clinical studies coupled with laboratory tests were undertaken on keloid and non-keloid individuals; these highlighted the determinants of the disease and paved the way to the formulation of the Sebum Auto-immune Theory. The latter provided valid explanations for the clinical manifestations of the disease and indicated a rationale for new trends of management.", "contents": "Highlights on the etiology of keloid. The keloid phenomenon is old and perplexing. Many hypotheses were advanced to account for keloid growth but none of them provided a satisfactory explanation for the clinical manifestations of the disease. To solve the mystery of keloid detailed clinical studies coupled with laboratory tests were undertaken on keloid and non-keloid individuals; these highlighted the determinants of the disease and paved the way to the formulation of the Sebum Auto-immune Theory. The latter provided valid explanations for the clinical manifestations of the disease and indicated a rationale for new trends of management.", "PMID": 750526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8231", "title": "Globin-chain synthesis in Hb H disease: the activity of red cell precursors and their mRNA.", "content": "Globin-chain synthesis was determined in bone marrow and blood of four patients with Hb H disease and in a cell-free system supplemented with poly(A)-rich RNA from the patients. The relative synthesis of alpha-globin ranged between 0.36 and 0.49 in erythroid precursors and between 0.09 and 0.28 in reticulocytes. The relative quantity of biologically active alpha-globin mRNA in poly(A)-rich RNA from bone marrow and blood of these patients ranged between 0.09 and 0.21. The findings suggest the operation, within alpha-thalassemic bone marrow cells, of a translational control mechanism and/or the instability of alpha-globin mRNA.", "contents": "Globin-chain synthesis in Hb H disease: the activity of red cell precursors and their mRNA. Globin-chain synthesis was determined in bone marrow and blood of four patients with Hb H disease and in a cell-free system supplemented with poly(A)-rich RNA from the patients. The relative synthesis of alpha-globin ranged between 0.36 and 0.49 in erythroid precursors and between 0.09 and 0.28 in reticulocytes. The relative quantity of biologically active alpha-globin mRNA in poly(A)-rich RNA from bone marrow and blood of these patients ranged between 0.09 and 0.21. The findings suggest the operation, within alpha-thalassemic bone marrow cells, of a translational control mechanism and/or the instability of alpha-globin mRNA.", "PMID": 750533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8232", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "The authors present a case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, observed by chance in a patient previously subjected to end-to-end jejunoileal bypass for severe obesity. Using their observation and the cases reported in the literature as a starting point, the authors discuss the etiopathogenetic and clinical aspects of the disease, and briefly indicate what is, at present considered the correct therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and jejunoileal bypass. The authors present a case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, observed by chance in a patient previously subjected to end-to-end jejunoileal bypass for severe obesity. Using their observation and the cases reported in the literature as a starting point, the authors discuss the etiopathogenetic and clinical aspects of the disease, and briefly indicate what is, at present considered the correct therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 750529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8233", "title": "Iron chelation in thalassemia: mechanism of desferrioxamine action.", "content": "The mechanism of iron chelation was studied in 16 patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Following the i.v. infusion of desferrioxamine, chelated iron accumulated in the plasma and its maximal level at 2 h was closely correlated with the 24-h excretion of iron in the urine. The high specific activity of chelated urinary iron indicated that the chelatable pool was much smaller than the total storage iron pool and was probably derived from nonviable red blood cells in the reticuloendothelial system. This postulate was confirmed by the direct measurement of specific activities in the spleen and liver, revealing identical values of chelated urinary iron and of iron in reticuloendothelial tissues. These findings support the concept of an easily chelatable iron pool that is derived from the catabolism of hemoglobin.", "contents": "Iron chelation in thalassemia: mechanism of desferrioxamine action. The mechanism of iron chelation was studied in 16 patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Following the i.v. infusion of desferrioxamine, chelated iron accumulated in the plasma and its maximal level at 2 h was closely correlated with the 24-h excretion of iron in the urine. The high specific activity of chelated urinary iron indicated that the chelatable pool was much smaller than the total storage iron pool and was probably derived from nonviable red blood cells in the reticuloendothelial system. This postulate was confirmed by the direct measurement of specific activities in the spleen and liver, revealing identical values of chelated urinary iron and of iron in reticuloendothelial tissues. These findings support the concept of an easily chelatable iron pool that is derived from the catabolism of hemoglobin.", "PMID": 750535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8234", "title": "Ultrasonography: its continuing value in diagnostic ophthalmology.", "content": "This case history re-emphasizes the absolute necessity for all cases of leukokoria or opaque media, where a view of the fundus is impossible, to have preliminary \"A\" or \"B\" scan ultrasonography. In 1960 perhaps only two or three institutions had the high resolution \"B\" scan equipment at their disposal. Today at least 75 units are in use throughout the U.S., including a larger number of the calibrated \"A\" scans. In fact, ultrasound is a valuable adjunct before any cataract surgery, vitrectomies, I.O. lens implantations, or retinal detachment surgery. Ultrasound is perhaps the only non-invasive technique available today in the ophthalmological armentarium for soft tissue differentiation using acoustic wave fronts. This case amply demonstrates the legal and technical problems had the surgeon planned to perform \"cataract\" surgery, and possibly a corneal transplant. The anguish avoided by both the surgeon and patient is obvious.", "contents": "Ultrasonography: its continuing value in diagnostic ophthalmology. This case history re-emphasizes the absolute necessity for all cases of leukokoria or opaque media, where a view of the fundus is impossible, to have preliminary \"A\" or \"B\" scan ultrasonography. In 1960 perhaps only two or three institutions had the high resolution \"B\" scan equipment at their disposal. Today at least 75 units are in use throughout the U.S., including a larger number of the calibrated \"A\" scans. In fact, ultrasound is a valuable adjunct before any cataract surgery, vitrectomies, I.O. lens implantations, or retinal detachment surgery. Ultrasound is perhaps the only non-invasive technique available today in the ophthalmological armentarium for soft tissue differentiation using acoustic wave fronts. This case amply demonstrates the legal and technical problems had the surgeon planned to perform \"cataract\" surgery, and possibly a corneal transplant. The anguish avoided by both the surgeon and patient is obvious.", "PMID": 750530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8235", "title": "Absence of functional beta-globin messenger RNA in Kurdish Jews with beta0-thalassemia.", "content": "Human globin messenger RNA was isolated from reticulocytes of four Jewish patients of Kurdish origin with homozygous beta0-thalassemia. On translation in the wheat-germ cell-free system, messenger RNA from these patients directed extensive synthesis of alpha- and gamma-globin chains, but synthesis of beta-globin chains was not detectable. In contrast, nonthalassemic human globin messenger RNA directed the synthesis of essentially equimolar amounts of alpha- and beta-globin. The patterns of globin synthesized by beta0-thalassemic messenger RNA in the cell-free system were virtually identical to the patterns of globin synthesized in peripheral blood cells of these patients. beta0-thalassemic messenger RNA similarly failed to direct any detectable beta-globin synthesis in a micrococcal nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate, even in the presence of an excess of purified eukaryotic initiation factor 2. These results strongly suggest that functional messenger RNA for beta-globin chains is absent in Kurdish Jews with homozygous beta0-thalassemia.", "contents": "Absence of functional beta-globin messenger RNA in Kurdish Jews with beta0-thalassemia. Human globin messenger RNA was isolated from reticulocytes of four Jewish patients of Kurdish origin with homozygous beta0-thalassemia. On translation in the wheat-germ cell-free system, messenger RNA from these patients directed extensive synthesis of alpha- and gamma-globin chains, but synthesis of beta-globin chains was not detectable. In contrast, nonthalassemic human globin messenger RNA directed the synthesis of essentially equimolar amounts of alpha- and beta-globin. The patterns of globin synthesized by beta0-thalassemic messenger RNA in the cell-free system were virtually identical to the patterns of globin synthesized in peripheral blood cells of these patients. beta0-thalassemic messenger RNA similarly failed to direct any detectable beta-globin synthesis in a micrococcal nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate, even in the presence of an excess of purified eukaryotic initiation factor 2. These results strongly suggest that functional messenger RNA for beta-globin chains is absent in Kurdish Jews with homozygous beta0-thalassemia.", "PMID": 750536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8236", "title": "Serum ferritin in beta-thalassemia trait.", "content": "The diagnostic value of serum ferritin measurements in discriminating iron-deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait has been studied. In contrast to serum iron, percent transferrin saturation and total iron-binding capacity, where a high degree of overlap existed between the two groups, a clear-cut difference in serum ferritin levels was found between iron deficiency and thalassemia trait. The best separation of iron deficiency, thalassemia and normal controls was given by the combination of mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin. Although definitive diagnosis of beta-thalassemia trait requires the demonstration of abnormal Hb A2 levels or beta-chain synthesis, serum ferritin is a useful screening test for the initial diagnosis of thalassemia trait. Because of the very small amounts of serum required for the measurement of ferritin, it is particularly suitable for surveying populations with a high prevalence of hypochromic-microcytic anemias.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in beta-thalassemia trait. The diagnostic value of serum ferritin measurements in discriminating iron-deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait has been studied. In contrast to serum iron, percent transferrin saturation and total iron-binding capacity, where a high degree of overlap existed between the two groups, a clear-cut difference in serum ferritin levels was found between iron deficiency and thalassemia trait. The best separation of iron deficiency, thalassemia and normal controls was given by the combination of mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin. Although definitive diagnosis of beta-thalassemia trait requires the demonstration of abnormal Hb A2 levels or beta-chain synthesis, serum ferritin is a useful screening test for the initial diagnosis of thalassemia trait. Because of the very small amounts of serum required for the measurement of ferritin, it is particularly suitable for surveying populations with a high prevalence of hypochromic-microcytic anemias.", "PMID": 750537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8237", "title": "Hemorrhagic tendency in beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "A mild hemorrhagic tendency was observed in a group of beta-thalassemia major patients. This included easy bruising and frequent epistaxis. A consistent platelet anomaly manifested by diminished platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, ristocetin and epinephrine was found in these patients, and could be responsible in part for the hemorrhagic phenomena.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic tendency in beta-thalassemia major. A mild hemorrhagic tendency was observed in a group of beta-thalassemia major patients. This included easy bruising and frequent epistaxis. A consistent platelet anomaly manifested by diminished platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, ristocetin and epinephrine was found in these patients, and could be responsible in part for the hemorrhagic phenomena.", "PMID": 750538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8238", "title": "An unusual type of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with thalassemia features.", "content": "A 25-year-old male patient of Kurdish Jewish origin presented with mild anemia and splenomegaly. The acidified serum test was strongly positive with three of four normal sera and the anti-i agglutination of the red cells was negative. Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed an increase of Hb A2 (3.4%). Blood smears showed changes compatible with thalassemia. On bone marrow examination, approximately 3% of the normoblasts showed changes typical of dyserythropoiesis, including binucleated orthochromatic normoblasts and large trinucleated and quadrinucleated megaloblasts. Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow cells revealed characteristic features of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, including irregular cytoplasmic pseudopodia, perinuclear cisternae, intrusion of cytoplasmic material into the nucleus and incomplete cytoplasmic cisternae.", "contents": "An unusual type of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with thalassemia features. A 25-year-old male patient of Kurdish Jewish origin presented with mild anemia and splenomegaly. The acidified serum test was strongly positive with three of four normal sera and the anti-i agglutination of the red cells was negative. Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed an increase of Hb A2 (3.4%). Blood smears showed changes compatible with thalassemia. On bone marrow examination, approximately 3% of the normoblasts showed changes typical of dyserythropoiesis, including binucleated orthochromatic normoblasts and large trinucleated and quadrinucleated megaloblasts. Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow cells revealed characteristic features of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, including irregular cytoplasmic pseudopodia, perinuclear cisternae, intrusion of cytoplasmic material into the nucleus and incomplete cytoplasmic cisternae.", "PMID": 750539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8239", "title": "Aberrant congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with negative acidified serum tests and features of thalassemia in a Kurdish family.", "content": "Three siblings of a Kurdish Jewish family with clinical and hematologic findings compatible with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) are described. All patients presented with mild anemia, marked hyperbilirubinemia and splenomegaly. The bone marrow morphology and ultrastructure of the normoblasts was typical of CDA type II and there was strong agglutination of the patients' red blood cells by anti-i serum. These patients displayed two features that were not characteristic of CDA type II, namely, the acidified serum lysis test was negative on more than 10 occasions, and high levels of Hb A2 were observed in two siblings. In one of the siblings, abnormal globin-chain synthesis was found and alpha-chain production exceeded beta-chain production, as in beta-thalassemia minor. In the light of the above findings, our patients are perhaps best classified as having aberrant CDA with features of thalassemia.", "contents": "Aberrant congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with negative acidified serum tests and features of thalassemia in a Kurdish family. Three siblings of a Kurdish Jewish family with clinical and hematologic findings compatible with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) are described. All patients presented with mild anemia, marked hyperbilirubinemia and splenomegaly. The bone marrow morphology and ultrastructure of the normoblasts was typical of CDA type II and there was strong agglutination of the patients' red blood cells by anti-i serum. These patients displayed two features that were not characteristic of CDA type II, namely, the acidified serum lysis test was negative on more than 10 occasions, and high levels of Hb A2 were observed in two siblings. In one of the siblings, abnormal globin-chain synthesis was found and alpha-chain production exceeded beta-chain production, as in beta-thalassemia minor. In the light of the above findings, our patients are perhaps best classified as having aberrant CDA with features of thalassemia.", "PMID": 750540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8240", "title": "Kinetics of erythroblast proliferation in states of hypoferremia.", "content": "By application of the method of quantitative 14C-autoradiography, the kinetics of erythroblast proliferation were studied in seven patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), in five cases of anemia associated with infection or malignancy (ACD), and in two patients with bleeding anemia (BLA). The turnover rate of erythroblasts was significantly reduced in IDA and ACD, and was normal in BLA. Proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts in IDA and ACD were increasingly slowed down with advancing development into mature cells. Neither changes in the number of cell divisions nor ineffective erythropoiesis were observed within the proliferative compartments. The kinetic impairments found in IDA and ACD could readily be counterbalanced by a twofold increase in the rate of stem cell differentiation. Within recognizable erythropoiesis, no compensatory effort was detectable, not even in proerythroblasts. Insufficient compensation at the stem cell level is therefore regarded as the prime lesion in IDA and ACD.", "contents": "Kinetics of erythroblast proliferation in states of hypoferremia. By application of the method of quantitative 14C-autoradiography, the kinetics of erythroblast proliferation were studied in seven patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), in five cases of anemia associated with infection or malignancy (ACD), and in two patients with bleeding anemia (BLA). The turnover rate of erythroblasts was significantly reduced in IDA and ACD, and was normal in BLA. Proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts in IDA and ACD were increasingly slowed down with advancing development into mature cells. Neither changes in the number of cell divisions nor ineffective erythropoiesis were observed within the proliferative compartments. The kinetic impairments found in IDA and ACD could readily be counterbalanced by a twofold increase in the rate of stem cell differentiation. Within recognizable erythropoiesis, no compensatory effort was detectable, not even in proerythroblasts. Insufficient compensation at the stem cell level is therefore regarded as the prime lesion in IDA and ACD.", "PMID": 750541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8241", "title": "Cell separation, cell differential and granulocyte colony frequency in polycythemia vera.", "content": "In seven patients with polycythemia vera, the agar colony growth of bone marrow total nucleated cell suspensions and of the cell fractions obtained with an albumin discontinuous density gradient were studied. In one patient, the density distribution of colony-forming units in culture (CFUc) before and after alkylating treatment was evaluated and cell differentials on smears obtained from each density fraction were determined. A high percentage of low density CFUc compared with the total CFUc population and with that in the normal control subjects in the same density fractions was observed.", "contents": "Cell separation, cell differential and granulocyte colony frequency in polycythemia vera. In seven patients with polycythemia vera, the agar colony growth of bone marrow total nucleated cell suspensions and of the cell fractions obtained with an albumin discontinuous density gradient were studied. In one patient, the density distribution of colony-forming units in culture (CFUc) before and after alkylating treatment was evaluated and cell differentials on smears obtained from each density fraction were determined. A high percentage of low density CFUc compared with the total CFUc population and with that in the normal control subjects in the same density fractions was observed.", "PMID": 750542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8242", "title": "Hyperlipemia and myocardial infarction in polycythemia vera.", "content": "Hyperlipemia was found in 46 of 118 polycythemia vera patients and in 20 of a control group of 115 healthy subjects. Myocardial infarction in the polycythemia vera group occurred in 14 of the 46 hyperlipemic and in 17 of the remaining 72 nonhyperlipemic patients. Repeated phlebotomies may induce hyperlipemia; therefore, this form of treatment may be potentially dangerous in polycythemia vera patients who are already hyperlipemic.", "contents": "Hyperlipemia and myocardial infarction in polycythemia vera. Hyperlipemia was found in 46 of 118 polycythemia vera patients and in 20 of a control group of 115 healthy subjects. Myocardial infarction in the polycythemia vera group occurred in 14 of the 46 hyperlipemic and in 17 of the remaining 72 nonhyperlipemic patients. Repeated phlebotomies may induce hyperlipemia; therefore, this form of treatment may be potentially dangerous in polycythemia vera patients who are already hyperlipemic.", "PMID": 750543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8243", "title": "Human red blood cell membrane adenylate cyclase in sickle-cell disease.", "content": "The basal and the NaF-stimulated activities of human red blood cell membrane adenylate cyclase were found to be 5.3 +/- 0.8 (SE) and 219 +/- 76 (SE) pmol . mg-1 . min-1, respectively. Both activities were increased in nine patients with homozygous sickle-cell disease. There was no apparent correlation between this increase and the increase in the reticulocyte count.", "contents": "Human red blood cell membrane adenylate cyclase in sickle-cell disease. The basal and the NaF-stimulated activities of human red blood cell membrane adenylate cyclase were found to be 5.3 +/- 0.8 (SE) and 219 +/- 76 (SE) pmol . mg-1 . min-1, respectively. Both activities were increased in nine patients with homozygous sickle-cell disease. There was no apparent correlation between this increase and the increase in the reticulocyte count.", "PMID": 750545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8244", "title": "Heme synthesis in anemia of the uremic state.", "content": "Anemia is a constant complication of uremia. As it has been suggested that uremic toxins (middle molecules) play an important role in the mechanism of anemia, we studied the activities of three heme-synthesizing enzymes: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and ferrochelatase. In 26 patients on regular dialysis therapy, all three enzymes had significantly lower values than in normal control subjects. From our results, it can be assumed that the decreased heme biosynthesis in chronic uremic patients might be caused by a lack of erythropoietin or by uremic toxins inhibiting erythropoietin and/or heme-synthesizing enzymes.", "contents": "Heme synthesis in anemia of the uremic state. Anemia is a constant complication of uremia. As it has been suggested that uremic toxins (middle molecules) play an important role in the mechanism of anemia, we studied the activities of three heme-synthesizing enzymes: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and ferrochelatase. In 26 patients on regular dialysis therapy, all three enzymes had significantly lower values than in normal control subjects. From our results, it can be assumed that the decreased heme biosynthesis in chronic uremic patients might be caused by a lack of erythropoietin or by uremic toxins inhibiting erythropoietin and/or heme-synthesizing enzymes.", "PMID": 750546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8245", "title": "Combined glucose phosphate isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of erythrocytes.", "content": "A patient with combined deficiency of erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is presented. The propositus has persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. One of his two brothers exhibits the same rare enzymatic defect, but without any clinical symptoms. The electrophoretic pattern of GPI showed GPI type 1. There seems to be a correlation between the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and the combined enzymopathy in our patient.", "contents": "Combined glucose phosphate isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of erythrocytes. A patient with combined deficiency of erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is presented. The propositus has persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. One of his two brothers exhibits the same rare enzymatic defect, but without any clinical symptoms. The electrophoretic pattern of GPI showed GPI type 1. There seems to be a correlation between the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and the combined enzymopathy in our patient.", "PMID": 750548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8246", "title": "Hepatic sinusoidal cells in iron overload. Ultrastructural observations.", "content": "The ultrastructure of sinusoidal cells was studied in 18 liver biopsies from patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. No conspicuous iron was seen in sinusoidal cells from biopsies obtained before transfusion therapy was initiated, although electron-dense iron was present in some parenchymal cells. Biopsies following the high transfusion regime showed progressive increase in the size and number of iron-containing lysosomes in both parenchymal and sinusoidal cells. This study confirms the view that transfusional iron is largely segregated in reticuloendothelial cells. Examination of stained and unstained sections showed the Kupffer cells and endothelial cells had different types of iron-containing lysosome that were also dissimilar from most iron-containing lysosomes seen in hepatocytes. The described cell-specific morphological features of the lysosomes facilitate the identification of various cells during iron overload. The importance of phagocytic sinusoidal cells during chronic iron overload is stressed.", "contents": "Hepatic sinusoidal cells in iron overload. Ultrastructural observations. The ultrastructure of sinusoidal cells was studied in 18 liver biopsies from patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. No conspicuous iron was seen in sinusoidal cells from biopsies obtained before transfusion therapy was initiated, although electron-dense iron was present in some parenchymal cells. Biopsies following the high transfusion regime showed progressive increase in the size and number of iron-containing lysosomes in both parenchymal and sinusoidal cells. This study confirms the view that transfusional iron is largely segregated in reticuloendothelial cells. Examination of stained and unstained sections showed the Kupffer cells and endothelial cells had different types of iron-containing lysosome that were also dissimilar from most iron-containing lysosomes seen in hepatocytes. The described cell-specific morphological features of the lysosomes facilitate the identification of various cells during iron overload. The importance of phagocytic sinusoidal cells during chronic iron overload is stressed.", "PMID": 750549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8247", "title": "Beta-chain variants in Jamaican newborns.", "content": "In an electrophoretic study of 15,661 Jamaican cord bloods, 8 rare beta-chain variants were found in 18 subjects in addition to the common beta-chain variants, Hb S and Hb C. The heterozygote frequencies for Hb S and Hb C were 10.1% and 3.7% respectively. The most frequent of the rare beta-chain variants were Hb Korle Bu (beta 73 Asp leads to Asn) (7 cases) and Hb O su-Christiansborg (beta 52 Asp leads to Asn) (3 cases). One new beta-chain variant, Hb Caribbean (beta 91 Leu leads to Arg) was found.", "contents": "Beta-chain variants in Jamaican newborns. In an electrophoretic study of 15,661 Jamaican cord bloods, 8 rare beta-chain variants were found in 18 subjects in addition to the common beta-chain variants, Hb S and Hb C. The heterozygote frequencies for Hb S and Hb C were 10.1% and 3.7% respectively. The most frequent of the rare beta-chain variants were Hb Korle Bu (beta 73 Asp leads to Asn) (7 cases) and Hb O su-Christiansborg (beta 52 Asp leads to Asn) (3 cases). One new beta-chain variant, Hb Caribbean (beta 91 Leu leads to Arg) was found.", "PMID": 750551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8248", "title": "Delta beta-thalassemia in a Mexican family: clinical differences among homozygotes.", "content": "Three delta beta-thalassemia homozygotes were found in a Mexican family. Both parents and two sibling had heterozygous delta beta-thalassemia with about 10% Hb F, mild microcytosis and mild hypochromia, while three siblings were normal. Hb F, which was the only Hb component in the homozygotes, had equal quantities of Ggamma and Agamma chains as in BgammaAgamma-delta beta-thalassemia. The homozygotes had comparable erythrocytic indices which were about the same as those of the heterozygotes. However, two were clinically and hematologically healthy but the third had a severe chronic hemolytic anemia and a more severe in vitro chain synthesis imbalance than her homozygous sisters. Comparison of these cases with other GgammaAgamma-delta beta-thalassemia homozygotes and with GgammaAgamma-HPFH homozygotes indicates the possibility that the proliferation of F-cell precursors may be defective in delta beta-thalassemia.", "contents": "Delta beta-thalassemia in a Mexican family: clinical differences among homozygotes. Three delta beta-thalassemia homozygotes were found in a Mexican family. Both parents and two sibling had heterozygous delta beta-thalassemia with about 10% Hb F, mild microcytosis and mild hypochromia, while three siblings were normal. Hb F, which was the only Hb component in the homozygotes, had equal quantities of Ggamma and Agamma chains as in BgammaAgamma-delta beta-thalassemia. The homozygotes had comparable erythrocytic indices which were about the same as those of the heterozygotes. However, two were clinically and hematologically healthy but the third had a severe chronic hemolytic anemia and a more severe in vitro chain synthesis imbalance than her homozygous sisters. Comparison of these cases with other GgammaAgamma-delta beta-thalassemia homozygotes and with GgammaAgamma-HPFH homozygotes indicates the possibility that the proliferation of F-cell precursors may be defective in delta beta-thalassemia.", "PMID": 750552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8249", "title": "Hemoglobins Aida (alpha 64 Asp leads to Asn) and D-Los Angeles (beta 121 Glu leads to Gln) in an Asian-Indian family.", "content": "Hemoglobins D-Los Angeles (beta 121 Gln) and Aida (alpha 64 Asn) were encountered in an Asian Indian, unassociated with any clinical manifestations. These hemoglobins had normal oxygen affinities and were stable to heat and isopropanol. The ratio of alpha chain synthesis to beta chain synthesis was close to unity. The identical change in isoelectric points of the two variants produced an interesting electrophoretic pattern.", "contents": "Hemoglobins Aida (alpha 64 Asp leads to Asn) and D-Los Angeles (beta 121 Glu leads to Gln) in an Asian-Indian family. Hemoglobins D-Los Angeles (beta 121 Gln) and Aida (alpha 64 Asn) were encountered in an Asian Indian, unassociated with any clinical manifestations. These hemoglobins had normal oxygen affinities and were stable to heat and isopropanol. The ratio of alpha chain synthesis to beta chain synthesis was close to unity. The identical change in isoelectric points of the two variants produced an interesting electrophoretic pattern.", "PMID": 750553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8250", "title": "Hemoglobin Hofu or alpha 2 beta 2 [126 (H4) Va1 leads to Glu] found in combination with hemoglobin S.", "content": "Hb Hofu, alpha 2 beta 2 [126 (H4) Va1 leads to Glu], was found in 10 members of 2 apparently unrelated Valmiki families in central India. None showed evidence of hemolysis and hemoglobin levels were normal in most. In two individuals, Hb Hofu occurred in combination with Hg S, but neither had clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. In samples containing Hb Hofu, the isopropanol precipitation test was positive. Quantitation of the hemoglobin fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed that Hb Hofu constituted a mean of 23--25% of the total whether in combination with Hb A or Hb S.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Hofu or alpha 2 beta 2 [126 (H4) Va1 leads to Glu] found in combination with hemoglobin S. Hb Hofu, alpha 2 beta 2 [126 (H4) Va1 leads to Glu], was found in 10 members of 2 apparently unrelated Valmiki families in central India. None showed evidence of hemolysis and hemoglobin levels were normal in most. In two individuals, Hb Hofu occurred in combination with Hg S, but neither had clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. In samples containing Hb Hofu, the isopropanol precipitation test was positive. Quantitation of the hemoglobin fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed that Hb Hofu constituted a mean of 23--25% of the total whether in combination with Hb A or Hb S.", "PMID": 750554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8251", "title": "Evaluation of triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics in normal subjects, in hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid patients using specific antiserum for the determination of labeled T3 in plasma.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics was evaluated using [125I]T3 and the single injection technique; 5 hypothyroid, 6 hyperthyroid patients, and 10 euthyroid control subjects were studied. Plasma-labeled T3 concentration was measured by means of a new method based on extraction of the hormone on Sephadex G-25 columns followed by elution with the specific antiserum. This technique allows a far better separation of the hormonal radioactivity from the labeled iodide produced from T3 catabolism in comparison with the TCA-precipitation-butanol extraction method. The analysis of the experimental data has been performed using non-compartmental treatment (integral approach); results of mono-compartmental analysis of the same data are also reported for comparison. Average metabolic clearance was 15.3 +/- 0.6 (mean + SEM) liters/day/m2 body surface in normal subjects; it was significantly decreased in hypothyroid patients (11.4 +/- 1.1) and significantly increased (33.4 +/- 4.0) in hyperthyroidism. The total plasma equivalent distribution volume was found significantly enlarged in hyperthyroid patients (22.6 +/- 0.9 liters/m2) in respect to that measured in the control group (15.6 +/- 0.4), whereas it was not different from normal value in hypothyroid patients (17 +/- 1.7). Using plasma concentration of native T3, absolute turnover rate and extrathyroidal pool were also estimated; their values were 6.5, 23.7, and 131.7 micrograms/day/m2 and 10.1, 24.2, and 90.6 micrograms/m2, respectively, in hypothyroid, normal, and hyperthyroid groups.", "contents": "Evaluation of triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics in normal subjects, in hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid patients using specific antiserum for the determination of labeled T3 in plasma. Triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics was evaluated using [125I]T3 and the single injection technique; 5 hypothyroid, 6 hyperthyroid patients, and 10 euthyroid control subjects were studied. Plasma-labeled T3 concentration was measured by means of a new method based on extraction of the hormone on Sephadex G-25 columns followed by elution with the specific antiserum. This technique allows a far better separation of the hormonal radioactivity from the labeled iodide produced from T3 catabolism in comparison with the TCA-precipitation-butanol extraction method. The analysis of the experimental data has been performed using non-compartmental treatment (integral approach); results of mono-compartmental analysis of the same data are also reported for comparison. Average metabolic clearance was 15.3 +/- 0.6 (mean + SEM) liters/day/m2 body surface in normal subjects; it was significantly decreased in hypothyroid patients (11.4 +/- 1.1) and significantly increased (33.4 +/- 4.0) in hyperthyroidism. The total plasma equivalent distribution volume was found significantly enlarged in hyperthyroid patients (22.6 +/- 0.9 liters/m2) in respect to that measured in the control group (15.6 +/- 0.4), whereas it was not different from normal value in hypothyroid patients (17 +/- 1.7). Using plasma concentration of native T3, absolute turnover rate and extrathyroidal pool were also estimated; their values were 6.5, 23.7, and 131.7 micrograms/day/m2 and 10.1, 24.2, and 90.6 micrograms/m2, respectively, in hypothyroid, normal, and hyperthyroid groups.", "PMID": 750602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8252", "title": "Effects of altered free fatty acid mobilization on the metabolic response to exercise.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the metabolic response to limitation of fat mobilization during severe exercise in man. To this end, we assessed the relationship between fat mobilization, lipid-ketone physiology, and exercise-induced elevations in the counter-regulatory hormones. Ten well trained athletes ran a 10-mile premeasured course in as short a time as possible during both a placebo and an experimental study. In the experimental study, fat mobilization was inhibited by the oral administration of 2 g of nicotinic acid. Blood samples for multiple substrate and hormonal assay were obtained 2 h before exercise, immediately before exercise, and immediately after exercise. In the experimental study, nicotinic acid effectively blocked the expected rise in plasma free fatty acid concentration observed in the placebo study. Although blunted, the exercise-induced rise in plasma ketone concentration persisted in spite of the reduced free fatty acid levels. The significance of the concommitant exagerated rise in glucagon and GH in stimulating ketogenesis is discussed. The inhibition of fat mobilization did not reduce the mean time required to run 10 miles. Since muscle uptake of free fatty acid is directly proportional to the plasma concentration of this substrate, our study suggests that the inability to mobilize fat does not prevent severe exercise for 70 min.", "contents": "Effects of altered free fatty acid mobilization on the metabolic response to exercise. This study was designed to evaluate the metabolic response to limitation of fat mobilization during severe exercise in man. To this end, we assessed the relationship between fat mobilization, lipid-ketone physiology, and exercise-induced elevations in the counter-regulatory hormones. Ten well trained athletes ran a 10-mile premeasured course in as short a time as possible during both a placebo and an experimental study. In the experimental study, fat mobilization was inhibited by the oral administration of 2 g of nicotinic acid. Blood samples for multiple substrate and hormonal assay were obtained 2 h before exercise, immediately before exercise, and immediately after exercise. In the experimental study, nicotinic acid effectively blocked the expected rise in plasma free fatty acid concentration observed in the placebo study. Although blunted, the exercise-induced rise in plasma ketone concentration persisted in spite of the reduced free fatty acid levels. The significance of the concommitant exagerated rise in glucagon and GH in stimulating ketogenesis is discussed. The inhibition of fat mobilization did not reduce the mean time required to run 10 miles. Since muscle uptake of free fatty acid is directly proportional to the plasma concentration of this substrate, our study suggests that the inability to mobilize fat does not prevent severe exercise for 70 min.", "PMID": 750603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8253", "title": "Assay of unbound cortisol in plasma.", "content": "A method for measuring the unbound fraction of plasma cortisol which is suitable for clinical use is described. It is shown that unless some precise experimental conditions are fulfilled, important errors may result when determining the unbound fraction of the hormone. The assay is practical (2 ml of plasma are necessary) and reproducible (coefficient of variation: 2.7% within the same assay and 3.1% in different assays). Unbound cortisol measured at 0800 h in 86 healthy individuals was 9.7 +/- 2.6% (SD) of total cortisol and 15.0 +/- 8.5 ng/ml of plasma (temperature: 37 C). No significant difference was found between men and women or according to age. In most cases, variations of unbound plasma cortisol were more important than the variations of total plasma cortisol. This explains why unbound cortisol was a better discriminator in some pathological conditions. In Cushing's syndrome unbound cortisol was found to be increased on the average 2.9 fold whereas total cortisol was only increased by 53%. Unbound cortisol was especially high (24.7 +/- 3.8% of total cortisol and 78 +/- 18.5 ng/ml of plasma) in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal carcinoma. In adrenal insufficiency, unbound cortisol averaged 6% of total cortisol and 1.4 ng/ml of plasma.", "contents": "Assay of unbound cortisol in plasma. A method for measuring the unbound fraction of plasma cortisol which is suitable for clinical use is described. It is shown that unless some precise experimental conditions are fulfilled, important errors may result when determining the unbound fraction of the hormone. The assay is practical (2 ml of plasma are necessary) and reproducible (coefficient of variation: 2.7% within the same assay and 3.1% in different assays). Unbound cortisol measured at 0800 h in 86 healthy individuals was 9.7 +/- 2.6% (SD) of total cortisol and 15.0 +/- 8.5 ng/ml of plasma (temperature: 37 C). No significant difference was found between men and women or according to age. In most cases, variations of unbound plasma cortisol were more important than the variations of total plasma cortisol. This explains why unbound cortisol was a better discriminator in some pathological conditions. In Cushing's syndrome unbound cortisol was found to be increased on the average 2.9 fold whereas total cortisol was only increased by 53%. Unbound cortisol was especially high (24.7 +/- 3.8% of total cortisol and 78 +/- 18.5 ng/ml of plasma) in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal carcinoma. In adrenal insufficiency, unbound cortisol averaged 6% of total cortisol and 1.4 ng/ml of plasma.", "PMID": 750605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8254", "title": "Vitamin D metabolites and bone mineralization in man.", "content": "A comparison was made of the biochemical and osseous effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], 1 alpha-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3], and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] in adult vitamin D-deficient man. Administration of 50 micrograms/d of 25(OH)D3 for 8 weeks led to a return of the mineralization front to normal associated with a return of TmPO4/GFR to normal, an increase in serum phosphate and calcium concentrations, a fall in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Giving 2.5 micrograms/d of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 did not produce these effects. Administration of 1 alpha, 25 (OH)2D3 caused an increase in intestinal calcium absorption, and a rise in serum calcium associated with a fall in serum immunoreactive parathormone (IPTH) concentrations but no sustained rise in either alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate concentration, nor in TmPO4/GFR. Its administration caused an increase in the extent of the osteoclastic bone resorption surface but the extent of the mineralization front remained subnormal. Administration of 20 micrograms/d of 24,25(OH)2D3 caused a fall in urinary calcium excretion and in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase, but no change in TmPO4/GFR or serum phosphate, and only a slight increase in the extent of the mineralization front. Combined treatment with 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 led to a return of the mineralization front of normal even though both TmPO4/GFR and serum phosphate concentration remained low. It is concluded that 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is not the sole biologically active metabolite of vitamin D in man. It is apparent that either 25(OH)D3 or some as yet unidentified metabolite of 25(OH)D3 stimulates the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, and that the subsequent rise in serum phosphate concentrations along with the direct actions of 1 alpha-25(OH)2D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and possibly 25(OH)D3 on bone cells all participate in the restoration of normal bone formation and bone mineralization in vitamin D-deficient man.", "contents": "Vitamin D metabolites and bone mineralization in man. A comparison was made of the biochemical and osseous effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], 1 alpha-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3], and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] in adult vitamin D-deficient man. Administration of 50 micrograms/d of 25(OH)D3 for 8 weeks led to a return of the mineralization front to normal associated with a return of TmPO4/GFR to normal, an increase in serum phosphate and calcium concentrations, a fall in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Giving 2.5 micrograms/d of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 did not produce these effects. Administration of 1 alpha, 25 (OH)2D3 caused an increase in intestinal calcium absorption, and a rise in serum calcium associated with a fall in serum immunoreactive parathormone (IPTH) concentrations but no sustained rise in either alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate concentration, nor in TmPO4/GFR. Its administration caused an increase in the extent of the osteoclastic bone resorption surface but the extent of the mineralization front remained subnormal. Administration of 20 micrograms/d of 24,25(OH)2D3 caused a fall in urinary calcium excretion and in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase, but no change in TmPO4/GFR or serum phosphate, and only a slight increase in the extent of the mineralization front. Combined treatment with 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 led to a return of the mineralization front of normal even though both TmPO4/GFR and serum phosphate concentration remained low. It is concluded that 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is not the sole biologically active metabolite of vitamin D in man. It is apparent that either 25(OH)D3 or some as yet unidentified metabolite of 25(OH)D3 stimulates the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, and that the subsequent rise in serum phosphate concentrations along with the direct actions of 1 alpha-25(OH)2D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and possibly 25(OH)D3 on bone cells all participate in the restoration of normal bone formation and bone mineralization in vitamin D-deficient man.", "PMID": 750606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8255", "title": "Volume as a determinant of plasma aldosterone in anephric man.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck (NI), produces a prompt and profound suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) without concomitant alterations in serum sodium and potassium concentrations. The NI model was utilized to assess the responsiveness of PA to volume expansion in 12 anephric subjects. The patients were studied on 2 occasions, 48 h after their last dialysis: during a seated control study (7 of the patients) and during 3 h of NI (all 12 patients). The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. Blood for PRA, PA, and cortisol was obtained at 30-min intervals for 5 h. PRA was undetectable in all patients. NI failed to alter PA. Plasma cortisol declined progressively throughout NI; serum potassium concentration remained unchanged. An identical NI study in normal subjects suppressed PA by 60%. These data demonstrate that when plasma composition and posture are maintained constant, marked central hypervolemia does not alter PA in anephric man. The present findings support the role of the renin-angiotensin system as the prepotent mediator of volume-induced changes in PA.", "contents": "Volume as a determinant of plasma aldosterone in anephric man. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck (NI), produces a prompt and profound suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) without concomitant alterations in serum sodium and potassium concentrations. The NI model was utilized to assess the responsiveness of PA to volume expansion in 12 anephric subjects. The patients were studied on 2 occasions, 48 h after their last dialysis: during a seated control study (7 of the patients) and during 3 h of NI (all 12 patients). The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. Blood for PRA, PA, and cortisol was obtained at 30-min intervals for 5 h. PRA was undetectable in all patients. NI failed to alter PA. Plasma cortisol declined progressively throughout NI; serum potassium concentration remained unchanged. An identical NI study in normal subjects suppressed PA by 60%. These data demonstrate that when plasma composition and posture are maintained constant, marked central hypervolemia does not alter PA in anephric man. The present findings support the role of the renin-angiotensin system as the prepotent mediator of volume-induced changes in PA.", "PMID": 750607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8256", "title": "Cord blood reverse T3 in congenital hypothyroidism.", "content": "Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) was measured in cord serum from 5 infants with congenital hypothyroidism and compared with normal values in 70 euthyroid control infants. The mean (and SEM) value in the affected infants (135 +/- 12 ng/dl) was significantly lower than that in the control population (270 +/- 9 ng/dl). However, the large overlap in range of concentrations in affected and control infants indicates that newborn screening based on the determination of rT3 in cord blood specimens offers no advantage over present screening methods.", "contents": "Cord blood reverse T3 in congenital hypothyroidism. Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) was measured in cord serum from 5 infants with congenital hypothyroidism and compared with normal values in 70 euthyroid control infants. The mean (and SEM) value in the affected infants (135 +/- 12 ng/dl) was significantly lower than that in the control population (270 +/- 9 ng/dl). However, the large overlap in range of concentrations in affected and control infants indicates that newborn screening based on the determination of rT3 in cord blood specimens offers no advantage over present screening methods.", "PMID": 750608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8257", "title": "Thyroid stimulating antibodies in patients with subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "A radioreceptor assay was used to measure thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) during the acute and recovery phases in 7 patients with subacute thyroiditis. High levels of TSAb were detected in 4 patients during the acute phase. In two other patients, tests were borderline positive. In the latter two patients tests were negative by two weeks, whilst in the 4 patients with strongly positive tests initially, levels persisted for several weeks, falling to within the normal range by 3 months in the two patients in whom repeated tests were carried out. TSAb probably do not play a role in the transient hyperthyroidism commonly seen in this disorder, since the detection of TSAb did not correlate with clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism. Thus, in this disorder, TSAb are apparently able to bind to thyroid membranes in vitro, but not stimulate the gland in vivo. On the other hand TSAb could possibly play a role in the recovery phase. The possible role of suppressor cells in the development of the transient immune abnormalities which are associated with temporary thyroid damage is discussed.", "contents": "Thyroid stimulating antibodies in patients with subacute thyroiditis. A radioreceptor assay was used to measure thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) during the acute and recovery phases in 7 patients with subacute thyroiditis. High levels of TSAb were detected in 4 patients during the acute phase. In two other patients, tests were borderline positive. In the latter two patients tests were negative by two weeks, whilst in the 4 patients with strongly positive tests initially, levels persisted for several weeks, falling to within the normal range by 3 months in the two patients in whom repeated tests were carried out. TSAb probably do not play a role in the transient hyperthyroidism commonly seen in this disorder, since the detection of TSAb did not correlate with clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism. Thus, in this disorder, TSAb are apparently able to bind to thyroid membranes in vitro, but not stimulate the gland in vivo. On the other hand TSAb could possibly play a role in the recovery phase. The possible role of suppressor cells in the development of the transient immune abnormalities which are associated with temporary thyroid damage is discussed.", "PMID": 750609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8258", "title": "Dialysis dementia -- the Chicago experience.", "content": "In the four years between 1972 and 1976 twenty out of 160 maintenance dialysis patients developed dialysis dementia. Their illness was characterized by an insidious onset of mental deterioration, speech disturbance, apraxia, and myoclonus. The disease progressed inexorably to a fatal outcome, the onset of seizures being an ominous sign, and the average duration of the illness being seven months. Routine biochemical studies were unremarkable, and osteodystrophy was not a prominent feature. Serial electroencephalograms (EEG) showed progressive slowing of the rhythm, usually antedating the neurologic symptoms. Brain scan and  flow studies were normal. Radio-iodinated serum albumin (RISA) scans in seven patients showed changes suggesting altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Treatment was generally ineffective, but ventriculo-peritoneal shunting produced transient neurologic improvement in one patient. Epidemiologic investigations showed high aluminum levels in city water during the period of the outbreak.", "contents": "Dialysis dementia -- the Chicago experience. In the four years between 1972 and 1976 twenty out of 160 maintenance dialysis patients developed dialysis dementia. Their illness was characterized by an insidious onset of mental deterioration, speech disturbance, apraxia, and myoclonus. The disease progressed inexorably to a fatal outcome, the onset of seizures being an ominous sign, and the average duration of the illness being seven months. Routine biochemical studies were unremarkable, and osteodystrophy was not a prominent feature. Serial electroencephalograms (EEG) showed progressive slowing of the rhythm, usually antedating the neurologic symptoms. Brain scan and  flow studies were normal. Radio-iodinated serum albumin (RISA) scans in seven patients showed changes suggesting altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Treatment was generally ineffective, but ventriculo-peritoneal shunting produced transient neurologic improvement in one patient. Epidemiologic investigations showed high aluminum levels in city water during the period of the outbreak.", "PMID": 750611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8259", "title": "An outbreak of dialysis dementia due to aluminum in the dialysate.", "content": "The dialysis dementia syndrome was observed in eight of 21  patients dialyzed in a small center during a 22-month period in which dialysate contained aluminum levels of 618 microgram/liter. This incidence of 38% was significantly higher than the zero incidence of four prior years when no aluminum was added to city water (p less than 0.05) and also when compared to the zero incidence in the 2.5 years subsequent to deionization of dialysis water which lowered its aluminum content to less than 1 microgram/liter (p less than 0.0002). Since other factors were not altered, we conclude that aluminum intoxication from the dialysate was the cause for the outbreak of this progressive encephalopathy.", "contents": "An outbreak of dialysis dementia due to aluminum in the dialysate. The dialysis dementia syndrome was observed in eight of 21  patients dialyzed in a small center during a 22-month period in which dialysate contained aluminum levels of 618 microgram/liter. This incidence of 38% was significantly higher than the zero incidence of four prior years when no aluminum was added to city water (p less than 0.05) and also when compared to the zero incidence in the 2.5 years subsequent to deionization of dialysis water which lowered its aluminum content to less than 1 microgram/liter (p less than 0.0002). Since other factors were not altered, we conclude that aluminum intoxication from the dialysate was the cause for the outbreak of this progressive encephalopathy.", "PMID": 750612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8260", "title": "Hyper/hypo-osmotic peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "This report concerns the augmentation of peritoneal dialysis using alternating hyper/hypoosmotic peritoneal dialysates, and covers a detailed examination of the longest lived, anephric goat to be maintained using this delivery system. Experimental results show that with this technique: 1) urea clearance can be increased some 200% over control values, 2) the convective transport of urea is unimportant and the increased urea clearance is due primarily to increased peritoneal permeability, 3) net ultrafiltration and electrolyte balance can be easily controlled by variation of total electrolyte and glucose about an appropriate mean. A detailed autopsy failed to demonstrate any gross or microscopic pathology.", "contents": "Hyper/hypo-osmotic peritoneal dialysis. This report concerns the augmentation of peritoneal dialysis using alternating hyper/hypoosmotic peritoneal dialysates, and covers a detailed examination of the longest lived, anephric goat to be maintained using this delivery system. Experimental results show that with this technique: 1) urea clearance can be increased some 200% over control values, 2) the convective transport of urea is unimportant and the increased urea clearance is due primarily to increased peritoneal permeability, 3) net ultrafiltration and electrolyte balance can be easily controlled by variation of total electrolyte and glucose about an appropriate mean. A detailed autopsy failed to demonstrate any gross or microscopic pathology.", "PMID": 750613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8261", "title": "Locus of control and degree of compliance in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that dialysis patients with an internal locus of control orientation will show a higher rate of compliance to medication and dietary restrictions than those patients with an external locus of control. The results strongly supported the hypothesis. The possibility of interventions to modify patient locus of control is discussed, as is the use of this widely studied personality variable in predicting patient compliance.", "contents": "Locus of control and degree of compliance in hemodialysis patients. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that dialysis patients with an internal locus of control orientation will show a higher rate of compliance to medication and dietary restrictions than those patients with an external locus of control. The results strongly supported the hypothesis. The possibility of interventions to modify patient locus of control is discussed, as is the use of this widely studied personality variable in predicting patient compliance.", "PMID": 750614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8262", "title": "Repetitive activity and Hopf bifurcation under point-stimulation for a simple FitzHugh-Naguma nerve conduction model.", "content": "In response to point-stimulation with a constant current, a neuron may propagate a repetitive train of action potentials along its axon. For maintained repetitive activity, the current strength I must be, typically, neither too small nor too large. For I outside some range, time independent steady behavior is observed following a transient phase just after the current is applied. We present analytical results for a piecewise linear FitzHugh-Nagumo model for a point-stimulated (non-space-clamped) nerve which are consistent with this qualitative experimental picture. For each value of I there is a unique, spatially nonuniform, steady state solution. We show that this solution is stable except for an interval (I*, I(*)) of I values. Stability for I too small or too large corresponds to experiments with sub-threshold I or the excessive I which leads to 'nerve block'. For I = I*, I(*) we find Hopf bifurcation of spatially nonuniform, time periodic solutions. We conclude that (I*, I(*)) lies interior to the range of I values for repetitive activity. The values of I* and I(*) and their dependence on the model parameters are determined. Qualitative differences between results for the point-stimulated configuration and the space-clamped case are discussed.", "contents": "Repetitive activity and Hopf bifurcation under point-stimulation for a simple FitzHugh-Naguma nerve conduction model. In response to point-stimulation with a constant current, a neuron may propagate a repetitive train of action potentials along its axon. For maintained repetitive activity, the current strength I must be, typically, neither too small nor too large. For I outside some range, time independent steady behavior is observed following a transient phase just after the current is applied. We present analytical results for a piecewise linear FitzHugh-Nagumo model for a point-stimulated (non-space-clamped) nerve which are consistent with this qualitative experimental picture. For each value of I there is a unique, spatially nonuniform, steady state solution. We show that this solution is stable except for an interval (I*, I(*)) of I values. Stability for I too small or too large corresponds to experiments with sub-threshold I or the excessive I which leads to 'nerve block'. For I = I*, I(*) we find Hopf bifurcation of spatially nonuniform, time periodic solutions. We conclude that (I*, I(*)) lies interior to the range of I values for repetitive activity. The values of I* and I(*) and their dependence on the model parameters are determined. Qualitative differences between results for the point-stimulated configuration and the space-clamped case are discussed.", "PMID": 750625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8263", "title": "Mating for schistosomes.", "content": "A mathematical model for schistosomiasis is developed under the hypothesis of promiscuous mating between mature schistosomes. The model is used to study epidemiology, control, and eradication of schistosome infections. Comparisons are made with previously published models that deal with monogamous mating and with parthenogenesis. We find that the two modes of mating give results that are essentially similar. On the other hand, essential differences exist between either mode of mating and the parthenogenetic case. Thus, we conclude that it is not of essential importance to find out if mature schistosomes are monogamous or promiscuous. A second conclusion is that the simplifying assumption of parthenogenetic egg-laying of schistosomes is not acceptable.", "contents": "Mating for schistosomes. A mathematical model for schistosomiasis is developed under the hypothesis of promiscuous mating between mature schistosomes. The model is used to study epidemiology, control, and eradication of schistosome infections. Comparisons are made with previously published models that deal with monogamous mating and with parthenogenesis. We find that the two modes of mating give results that are essentially similar. On the other hand, essential differences exist between either mode of mating and the parthenogenetic case. Thus, we conclude that it is not of essential importance to find out if mature schistosomes are monogamous or promiscuous. A second conclusion is that the simplifying assumption of parthenogenetic egg-laying of schistosomes is not acceptable.", "PMID": 750626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8264", "title": "A stochastic locomotor control model for the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum.", "content": "The locomotor behavior of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is characterized by 17 variables (frequency and ratios of left, right, and total turns; their radians; straight paths (steps); distance travelled; and velocity) Within each of these variables there is an internal time dependency the structure of which was elaborated together with an improved statistical model predicting their behavior within 90% confidence limits. The model allows for the sensitive detection of subtle locomotor response to sensory stimulation as values of variables may exceed the established confidence limits within minutes after onset of the stimulus. The locomotor activity is well described by an autoregression time series model and can be predicted by only seven variables. Six of these form two independently operating clusters. The first one consists of: the number of right turns, the distance travelled and the mean velocity; the second one of: the mean size of right turns, of left turns, and of all turns. The same clustering is obtained independently by a cluster analysis of cross-sections of the seven time series. It is apparent that, among a total of 17 locomotor variables, seven behave as individually independent agents, presumably controlled by seven separate and independent centers. The output of each center can only be predicted by its own behavior. In spite of the individual of the seven variables, their internal structure is similar in important aspects which may result from control by a common command center. The shark locomotor model differs in important aspects from the previously constructed for the goldfish. The interdependence of the locomotor variables in both species may be related to the control mechanisms postulated by von Holst for the coordination of rhythmic fin movements in fishes. A locomotor control model for the nurse shark is proposed.", "contents": "A stochastic locomotor control model for the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. The locomotor behavior of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is characterized by 17 variables (frequency and ratios of left, right, and total turns; their radians; straight paths (steps); distance travelled; and velocity) Within each of these variables there is an internal time dependency the structure of which was elaborated together with an improved statistical model predicting their behavior within 90% confidence limits. The model allows for the sensitive detection of subtle locomotor response to sensory stimulation as values of variables may exceed the established confidence limits within minutes after onset of the stimulus. The locomotor activity is well described by an autoregression time series model and can be predicted by only seven variables. Six of these form two independently operating clusters. The first one consists of: the number of right turns, the distance travelled and the mean velocity; the second one of: the mean size of right turns, of left turns, and of all turns. The same clustering is obtained independently by a cluster analysis of cross-sections of the seven time series. It is apparent that, among a total of 17 locomotor variables, seven behave as individually independent agents, presumably controlled by seven separate and independent centers. The output of each center can only be predicted by its own behavior. In spite of the individual of the seven variables, their internal structure is similar in important aspects which may result from control by a common command center. The shark locomotor model differs in important aspects from the previously constructed for the goldfish. The interdependence of the locomotor variables in both species may be related to the control mechanisms postulated by von Holst for the coordination of rhythmic fin movements in fishes. A locomotor control model for the nurse shark is proposed.", "PMID": 750627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8265", "title": "Stability of periodic travelling wave solutions of a nerve conduction equation.", "content": "Nagumo's nerve conduction equation has travelling wave solutions of pulse type and periodic wave type. We consider the stability of the latter ones. We denote by L(c) the minimum spatial period of a periodic travelling wave solution whose propagation speed is c. It is shown that this travelling wave solution is unstable if L'(c) less than 0.", "contents": "Stability of periodic travelling wave solutions of a nerve conduction equation. Nagumo's nerve conduction equation has travelling wave solutions of pulse type and periodic wave type. We consider the stability of the latter ones. We denote by L(c) the minimum spatial period of a periodic travelling wave solution whose propagation speed is c. It is shown that this travelling wave solution is unstable if L'(c) less than 0.", "PMID": 750628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8266", "title": "The permeability coefficient of the wall of a villous membrane.", "content": "The equations hitherto used to correct the permeability coefficient for the unstirred layer influence are valid only for flat membranes. Therefore, appropriate equations for membranes with a villous surface (e.g., small intestine) have been derived. They take into account the non-linear concentration gradient in the intervillous part of the unstirred layer. Quantitative information about the geometry of the villous surface and the unstirred layer thickness are needed to calculate the permeability coefficient of the membrane wall (e.g., intestinal epithelium). The concentration of highly permeable substances drops sharply already in the upper part of intervillous space, so that the tips of the villi function as effective absorbing area. The intervillous concentration gradient of a substance with a low permeability coefficient is so small, that such a substance is absorbed by the total surface area of the villous membrane. The effective absorbing area of substances with intermediate permeability coefficient lies between the described limits.", "contents": "The permeability coefficient of the wall of a villous membrane. The equations hitherto used to correct the permeability coefficient for the unstirred layer influence are valid only for flat membranes. Therefore, appropriate equations for membranes with a villous surface (e.g., small intestine) have been derived. They take into account the non-linear concentration gradient in the intervillous part of the unstirred layer. Quantitative information about the geometry of the villous surface and the unstirred layer thickness are needed to calculate the permeability coefficient of the membrane wall (e.g., intestinal epithelium). The concentration of highly permeable substances drops sharply already in the upper part of intervillous space, so that the tips of the villi function as effective absorbing area. The intervillous concentration gradient of a substance with a low permeability coefficient is so small, that such a substance is absorbed by the total surface area of the villous membrane. The effective absorbing area of substances with intermediate permeability coefficient lies between the described limits.", "PMID": 750629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8267", "title": "Computer simulation of calcium-induced myotonia.", "content": "In an extensive research project on myotonia, the ionic mechanisms which are at the basis of the phenomenon of calcium-induced myotonia have been taken into consideration. A mathematical model of a muscle fibre was constructed to demonstrate the possibility that anomalous values of the membrane permeability to Calcium ions have an active part in the genesis of myotonia.", "contents": "Computer simulation of calcium-induced myotonia. In an extensive research project on myotonia, the ionic mechanisms which are at the basis of the phenomenon of calcium-induced myotonia have been taken into consideration. A mathematical model of a muscle fibre was constructed to demonstrate the possibility that anomalous values of the membrane permeability to Calcium ions have an active part in the genesis of myotonia.", "PMID": 750630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8268", "title": "A fully coupled transient excited state model for the sodium channel. II. Implications for action potential generation, threshold, repetitive firing, and accommodation.", "content": "The axon membrane is simulated by standard Hodgkin-Huxley leakage and potassium channels plus a coupled transient excited state kinetic scheme for the sodium channel. This scheme for the sodium channel is as proposed previously by the author. Simulations are presented showing the form of the action potential, threshold behavior, accommodation, and repetitive firing. It is seen that the form of the individual action potential, its all-or-none nature, and its refractory period are well simulated by this model, as they are by the standard Hodgkin-Huxley model. However, the model differs markedly from the Hodgkin-Huxley model with respect to repetitive firing and accommodation to stimulating currents of slowly rising intensity, in ways that are shown to be related to those features of the sodium inactivation which are anomalous to the H-H model. The tendency for repetitive firing is highly dependent on that parameter which primarily determines the existence of the inactivation shift in voltage clamp experiments, in such a way that the more pronounced the inactivation shift, the less the tendency for repetitive firing. The tendency for accommodation is highly dependent on that parameter which primarily determines the 'tauc-tauh' separation, in such a way that the greater the separation the greater the tendency for the membrane to accommodate without firing action potentials to a slowly rising current.", "contents": "A fully coupled transient excited state model for the sodium channel. II. Implications for action potential generation, threshold, repetitive firing, and accommodation. The axon membrane is simulated by standard Hodgkin-Huxley leakage and potassium channels plus a coupled transient excited state kinetic scheme for the sodium channel. This scheme for the sodium channel is as proposed previously by the author. Simulations are presented showing the form of the action potential, threshold behavior, accommodation, and repetitive firing. It is seen that the form of the individual action potential, its all-or-none nature, and its refractory period are well simulated by this model, as they are by the standard Hodgkin-Huxley model. However, the model differs markedly from the Hodgkin-Huxley model with respect to repetitive firing and accommodation to stimulating currents of slowly rising intensity, in ways that are shown to be related to those features of the sodium inactivation which are anomalous to the H-H model. The tendency for repetitive firing is highly dependent on that parameter which primarily determines the existence of the inactivation shift in voltage clamp experiments, in such a way that the more pronounced the inactivation shift, the less the tendency for repetitive firing. The tendency for accommodation is highly dependent on that parameter which primarily determines the 'tauc-tauh' separation, in such a way that the greater the separation the greater the tendency for the membrane to accommodate without firing action potentials to a slowly rising current.", "PMID": 750631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8269", "title": "Topological considerations in the theory of replication of DNA.", "content": "An obvious difficulty of the Watson-Crick model of DNA is that the intertwining of the strands would seem to hinder their separation during replication. The nature of the difficulty is here made precise and is called the alignment problem. It is shown that the swivelase theory, found in current textbooks and thought to overcome the difficulty, does not in fact do so. The various conceivable solutions of the alignment problem are considered and rejected, leading to the conclusion that chromosomal DNA is not double-helical. An alternative model of DNA is discussed. In addition a topological classification of DNA denaturation processes is given, and an alternative interpretation of the gel electrophoresis experiments on circular duplex DNA is suggested.", "contents": "Topological considerations in the theory of replication of DNA. An obvious difficulty of the Watson-Crick model of DNA is that the intertwining of the strands would seem to hinder their separation during replication. The nature of the difficulty is here made precise and is called the alignment problem. It is shown that the swivelase theory, found in current textbooks and thought to overcome the difficulty, does not in fact do so. The various conceivable solutions of the alignment problem are considered and rejected, leading to the conclusion that chromosomal DNA is not double-helical. An alternative model of DNA is discussed. In addition a topological classification of DNA denaturation processes is given, and an alternative interpretation of the gel electrophoresis experiments on circular duplex DNA is suggested.", "PMID": 750633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8270", "title": "An analysis of the mammalian ventricular action potential.", "content": "A Hodgkin-Huxley model for ventricular excitation is abstracted from electrophysiological data. A singular perturbation analysis of the 8-dimensional phase portrait of the model characterizes the role of calcium during the plateau phase of the ventricular action potential and demonstrates how the calcium refractory period prevents tetanization.", "contents": "An analysis of the mammalian ventricular action potential. A Hodgkin-Huxley model for ventricular excitation is abstracted from electrophysiological data. A singular perturbation analysis of the 8-dimensional phase portrait of the model characterizes the role of calcium during the plateau phase of the ventricular action potential and demonstrates how the calcium refractory period prevents tetanization.", "PMID": 750632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8271", "title": "Surveillance and follow-up of patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker by telephone transmission.", "content": "A follow-up study on pacemaker function in 15 patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker has been performed by telephone transmission. The transmitting set consisting of electrocardiograph, pacemaker pulse modulator and acoustic coupler was manipulated by the patients themselves. ECG, pacemaker pulse, and pulse rate were simultaneously transmitted through 1 channel to the receiver in our clinic. Of 56 patients with pacemaker, 15 patients were surveyed by telephone transmission. In these patients battery exhaustion was detected in 3, competition in 2, and lead fracture in 1. The fact that surveillance and follow-up of the patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker could be carried out by telephone transmission as well as by clinic visitation tells us that the telephone transmission is a useful method and plays an important role in a pacemaker clinic. Moreover our study established its further usefulness in the patient's preference due to difficulties in travelling to the pacemaker clinic and in reducing patient's anxiety.", "contents": "Surveillance and follow-up of patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker by telephone transmission. A follow-up study on pacemaker function in 15 patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker has been performed by telephone transmission. The transmitting set consisting of electrocardiograph, pacemaker pulse modulator and acoustic coupler was manipulated by the patients themselves. ECG, pacemaker pulse, and pulse rate were simultaneously transmitted through 1 channel to the receiver in our clinic. Of 56 patients with pacemaker, 15 patients were surveyed by telephone transmission. In these patients battery exhaustion was detected in 3, competition in 2, and lead fracture in 1. The fact that surveillance and follow-up of the patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker could be carried out by telephone transmission as well as by clinic visitation tells us that the telephone transmission is a useful method and plays an important role in a pacemaker clinic. Moreover our study established its further usefulness in the patient's preference due to difficulties in travelling to the pacemaker clinic and in reducing patient's anxiety.", "PMID": 750667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8272", "title": "A study on the irregularity of the sequence of R-R intervals in chronic atrial fibrillation in man based on the time series analysis and the information theory.", "content": "The mechanism of the irregularity of R-R intervals and especially the genesis of the long R-R intervals in atrial fibrillation were clarified. From the point of view of the present study, the sequence of successive R-R intervals can be regarded as a stochastic process, and consequently mathematical analyses can be applied, and the following conclusion could be obtained: the stability of the data, mathematically called stationarity, is present in the sequence of R-R intervals, and these intervals are independently and identically distributed. The probability density function is an Erlangian distribution with phase k of 20 to 26. Namely, as soon as, on the average, 20 to 26 atrial excitatory stimuli have arrived at the AV node, a threshold value of the AV node is reached and ventricular activation is induced. However, if we examine the mathematical structure of the sequence of successive R-R intervals in more detail, the following results can be evidently obtained: during atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, the sequence of R-R intervals is completely independent, but with intermediate or slow ventricular response the adjacent R-R intervals correclate with each other and these adjacent intervals have at least the first order Markov property, which seems to be caused by the concealed conduction. Because of this Markow property due to the prolongation of the refractory period of the AV node, slow ventricular response results.", "contents": "A study on the irregularity of the sequence of R-R intervals in chronic atrial fibrillation in man based on the time series analysis and the information theory. The mechanism of the irregularity of R-R intervals and especially the genesis of the long R-R intervals in atrial fibrillation were clarified. From the point of view of the present study, the sequence of successive R-R intervals can be regarded as a stochastic process, and consequently mathematical analyses can be applied, and the following conclusion could be obtained: the stability of the data, mathematically called stationarity, is present in the sequence of R-R intervals, and these intervals are independently and identically distributed. The probability density function is an Erlangian distribution with phase k of 20 to 26. Namely, as soon as, on the average, 20 to 26 atrial excitatory stimuli have arrived at the AV node, a threshold value of the AV node is reached and ventricular activation is induced. However, if we examine the mathematical structure of the sequence of successive R-R intervals in more detail, the following results can be evidently obtained: during atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, the sequence of R-R intervals is completely independent, but with intermediate or slow ventricular response the adjacent R-R intervals correclate with each other and these adjacent intervals have at least the first order Markov property, which seems to be caused by the concealed conduction. Because of this Markow property due to the prolongation of the refractory period of the AV node, slow ventricular response results.", "PMID": 750668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8273", "title": "Sodium metabolism in essential hypertension. Natriuretic response to acute hypertonic saline load.", "content": "In order to investigate the mechanism of the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" in hypertension, 300 ml of 3% saline was infused for 1 hour during hydropenia in 13 patients with normal renin essential hypertension and 5 normotensive subjects on a daily ingestion of 4 Gm and 16 Gm of NaCl. At the end of the infusion, the circulating blood volume indicated by the change in serum total protein concentration and the glomerular filtered load were increased in a similar manner in both groups. Prompt the enhanced natriuresis and diuresis were seen within 1--2 hours after starting the infusion in the hypertensives on a daily ingestion of 16 Gm of NaCl. Significant positive correlations were found between the change in mean arterial blood pressure (deltaMAP) and UV, and between deltaMAP and UNa V in the hypertensives either on a daily 4 Gm or 16 Gm ingestion of NaCl. Free water reabsorption (Tc H2O) was lower in the hypertensives than that in the controls at high levels of osmolar clearance (Cosm). Plasma renin activity (PRA) did not differ in either group on either NaCl ingestion and was equally suppressed on a daily ingestion of 4 Gm of NaCl, while little changed on a high salt intake. Plasma aldosterone levels changed in parallel with PRA. It is suggested that the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" is due to the decreased tubular sodium reabsorption, which may be the result of intrarenal hemodynamic changes related to the elevated renal perfusion pressure. The decreased medullary osmolar gradient probably induced by an increase in the medullary blood flow is a possible contributing factor in the enhanced sodium and water excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system does not seem to play an important role.", "contents": "Sodium metabolism in essential hypertension. Natriuretic response to acute hypertonic saline load. In order to investigate the mechanism of the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" in hypertension, 300 ml of 3% saline was infused for 1 hour during hydropenia in 13 patients with normal renin essential hypertension and 5 normotensive subjects on a daily ingestion of 4 Gm and 16 Gm of NaCl. At the end of the infusion, the circulating blood volume indicated by the change in serum total protein concentration and the glomerular filtered load were increased in a similar manner in both groups. Prompt the enhanced natriuresis and diuresis were seen within 1--2 hours after starting the infusion in the hypertensives on a daily ingestion of 16 Gm of NaCl. Significant positive correlations were found between the change in mean arterial blood pressure (deltaMAP) and UV, and between deltaMAP and UNa V in the hypertensives either on a daily 4 Gm or 16 Gm ingestion of NaCl. Free water reabsorption (Tc H2O) was lower in the hypertensives than that in the controls at high levels of osmolar clearance (Cosm). Plasma renin activity (PRA) did not differ in either group on either NaCl ingestion and was equally suppressed on a daily ingestion of 4 Gm of NaCl, while little changed on a high salt intake. Plasma aldosterone levels changed in parallel with PRA. It is suggested that the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" is due to the decreased tubular sodium reabsorption, which may be the result of intrarenal hemodynamic changes related to the elevated renal perfusion pressure. The decreased medullary osmolar gradient probably induced by an increase in the medullary blood flow is a possible contributing factor in the enhanced sodium and water excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system does not seem to play an important role.", "PMID": 750669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8274", "title": "Effects of beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol (LB46) on cardiac fibers in relation to its membrane effects.", "content": "Direct membrane effects and beta-adrenergic blocking action of pindolol were studied comparatively on isolated perfused cardiac fibers of dogs. In Purkinje fibers, the duration of transmembrane action potential decreased in concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/L. Maximum rate of depolarization also decreased in higher concentrations (5.0 mg/L or more). The functional refractory period decreased to a lesser degree compared with the decrease of the action potential duration. Nevertheless, slow-rising action potentials could not be abolished in premature responses, probably because of membrane depressant effects of this drug. In ventricular muscle fibers, these changes were minimum in the same range of concentrations. On the other hand, 0.05 mg/L of pindolol which was close to the therapeutic plasma concentrations and had no effect on action potentials of both Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers, minimized the increase in automaticity of Purkinje fibers induced by 0.2 mg/L of isoproterenol. It is rationally speculated that the mechanism of antiarrhthmic action of pindolol is mainly due to its beta-adrenergic blocking action.", "contents": "Effects of beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol (LB46) on cardiac fibers in relation to its membrane effects. Direct membrane effects and beta-adrenergic blocking action of pindolol were studied comparatively on isolated perfused cardiac fibers of dogs. In Purkinje fibers, the duration of transmembrane action potential decreased in concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/L. Maximum rate of depolarization also decreased in higher concentrations (5.0 mg/L or more). The functional refractory period decreased to a lesser degree compared with the decrease of the action potential duration. Nevertheless, slow-rising action potentials could not be abolished in premature responses, probably because of membrane depressant effects of this drug. In ventricular muscle fibers, these changes were minimum in the same range of concentrations. On the other hand, 0.05 mg/L of pindolol which was close to the therapeutic plasma concentrations and had no effect on action potentials of both Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers, minimized the increase in automaticity of Purkinje fibers induced by 0.2 mg/L of isoproterenol. It is rationally speculated that the mechanism of antiarrhthmic action of pindolol is mainly due to its beta-adrenergic blocking action.", "PMID": 750670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8275", "title": "Direct positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of ouabain in the isolated and blood-perfused canine atrium.", "content": "Using isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial preparations the effects of ouabain on sinus rate and contraction were investigated in 20 preparations. A continuous infusion of ouabain (1 microgram/min) usually induced a significant increase in sinus rate but occasionally a slight but no significant decrease followed by a clear increase, and then finally decrease followed by atrial arrest. On the inotropy, ouabain induced only distinct positive inotropic effect from the earlier stage, and the time to the maximum positive inotropic effect was much earlier than that to the maximum chronotropic effect. The positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine was not affected by ouabain in the dose for inducing marked positive inotropic effect. On the other hand, the positive inotropic effect of norepinephrine was suppressed in percent changes by ouabain but not abolished. The negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of ACh were not significantly affected by ouabain in the dose for inducing marked positive inotropic effect. During atrial arrest by ouabain infusion, distinct staircase phenomenon disappeared. In this condition, atrial muscle responded more readily to higher frequencies of electric pacing (above 2 Hz) than to lower frequencies (under 1 Hz).", "contents": "Direct positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of ouabain in the isolated and blood-perfused canine atrium. Using isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial preparations the effects of ouabain on sinus rate and contraction were investigated in 20 preparations. A continuous infusion of ouabain (1 microgram/min) usually induced a significant increase in sinus rate but occasionally a slight but no significant decrease followed by a clear increase, and then finally decrease followed by atrial arrest. On the inotropy, ouabain induced only distinct positive inotropic effect from the earlier stage, and the time to the maximum positive inotropic effect was much earlier than that to the maximum chronotropic effect. The positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine was not affected by ouabain in the dose for inducing marked positive inotropic effect. On the other hand, the positive inotropic effect of norepinephrine was suppressed in percent changes by ouabain but not abolished. The negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of ACh were not significantly affected by ouabain in the dose for inducing marked positive inotropic effect. During atrial arrest by ouabain infusion, distinct staircase phenomenon disappeared. In this condition, atrial muscle responded more readily to higher frequencies of electric pacing (above 2 Hz) than to lower frequencies (under 1 Hz).", "PMID": 750671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8276", "title": "Increased vascular permeability of developing collateral arteries after femoral artery ligation in rabbits.", "content": "Ligation of the main femoral artery is followed by a rapid development of collateral arteries. To detect an increase in vascular permeability of the collateral arteries, colloidal carbon (1 ml/Kg, iv) was injected into 153 rabbits at various times after ligation or sham-ligation of the main femoral artery. These animals were killed later and collateral arteries was dissected. Increase in vascular permeability was identified by the presence of visible carbon deposits on the vascular walls. The carbon deposits were frequently found on the intermediate segments of the collateral system in legs with ligation, but were not found on any arteries either in legs with sham-ligation or in contralateral untouched legs. The increase in vascular permeability was observed in 15 of 17 animals as early as 6 hours, in 32 of 36 animals 1 day but only in 5 of 21 animals 6 to 8 days after ligation. The arterial segments with carbon deposits showed various structural changes such as fragmentation of the internal elastic layer, degeneration of the medial muscle and deposition of fibrinoid material. These results indicate that vascular permeability transiently increases in the intermediate segments of developing collateral arteries. Acute vasodilatation may be responsible for the increase in vascular permeability.", "contents": "Increased vascular permeability of developing collateral arteries after femoral artery ligation in rabbits. Ligation of the main femoral artery is followed by a rapid development of collateral arteries. To detect an increase in vascular permeability of the collateral arteries, colloidal carbon (1 ml/Kg, iv) was injected into 153 rabbits at various times after ligation or sham-ligation of the main femoral artery. These animals were killed later and collateral arteries was dissected. Increase in vascular permeability was identified by the presence of visible carbon deposits on the vascular walls. The carbon deposits were frequently found on the intermediate segments of the collateral system in legs with ligation, but were not found on any arteries either in legs with sham-ligation or in contralateral untouched legs. The increase in vascular permeability was observed in 15 of 17 animals as early as 6 hours, in 32 of 36 animals 1 day but only in 5 of 21 animals 6 to 8 days after ligation. The arterial segments with carbon deposits showed various structural changes such as fragmentation of the internal elastic layer, degeneration of the medial muscle and deposition of fibrinoid material. These results indicate that vascular permeability transiently increases in the intermediate segments of developing collateral arteries. Acute vasodilatation may be responsible for the increase in vascular permeability.", "PMID": 750672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8277", "title": "Effect of verapamil on the transmural energy metabolism in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesion.", "content": "The effect of verapamil on the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced transmural metabolic lesion in the left ventricular wall was investigated in the rat heart. The treatment with ISO 2.5 mg/Kg s.c. on 2 consecutive days resulted in significant decreases of creatine phosphate in the subendocardium (ENDO) and of adenosine triphosphate in the ENDO and the subepicardium. On the other hand, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and lactate (LA) were increased in both layers. These changes were more prominent in the ENDO. Pretreatment with verapamil 25 mg/Kg s.c. prevented the reduction of high energy phosphate compounds and the increases of Pi and LA in both layers by ISO.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on the transmural energy metabolism in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesion. The effect of verapamil on the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced transmural metabolic lesion in the left ventricular wall was investigated in the rat heart. The treatment with ISO 2.5 mg/Kg s.c. on 2 consecutive days resulted in significant decreases of creatine phosphate in the subendocardium (ENDO) and of adenosine triphosphate in the ENDO and the subepicardium. On the other hand, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and lactate (LA) were increased in both layers. These changes were more prominent in the ENDO. Pretreatment with verapamil 25 mg/Kg s.c. prevented the reduction of high energy phosphate compounds and the increases of Pi and LA in both layers by ISO.", "PMID": 750673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8278", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of the concomitant use of intra-aortic balloon pumping and venoarterial bypass without oxygenation in cardiogenic shock.", "content": "The concomitant use of INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMPING (IABP) and venoarterial bypass (VAB) without oxygenation (VABsO) was performed in 10 experiments using 6 dogs in cardiogenic shock. VABsO was accomplished with the cricuit from the right atrium to the femoral artery and bypass flow rates were set at approximately one third of the baseline cardiac output. Displacement volume of the IABP balloon was 10 or 20 ml. Evaluation of hemodynamic effects of the concomitant use was carried out, as compared with the single use of IABP or VABsO. The following findings were obtained: (1) In the concomitant use, left ventricular afterload decreased, while mean aortic root pressure increased. Increase in total perfusion flow, decrease in mean left atrial pressure and decrease in left ventricular stroke work were shown more effective than each of the single uses. (2) These results suggest that the concomitant use of IABP and VABsO can be used as a second step assisted circulation when IABP is shown uneffective in the case of severe cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of the concomitant use of intra-aortic balloon pumping and venoarterial bypass without oxygenation in cardiogenic shock. The concomitant use of INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMPING (IABP) and venoarterial bypass (VAB) without oxygenation (VABsO) was performed in 10 experiments using 6 dogs in cardiogenic shock. VABsO was accomplished with the cricuit from the right atrium to the femoral artery and bypass flow rates were set at approximately one third of the baseline cardiac output. Displacement volume of the IABP balloon was 10 or 20 ml. Evaluation of hemodynamic effects of the concomitant use was carried out, as compared with the single use of IABP or VABsO. The following findings were obtained: (1) In the concomitant use, left ventricular afterload decreased, while mean aortic root pressure increased. Increase in total perfusion flow, decrease in mean left atrial pressure and decrease in left ventricular stroke work were shown more effective than each of the single uses. (2) These results suggest that the concomitant use of IABP and VABsO can be used as a second step assisted circulation when IABP is shown uneffective in the case of severe cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 750674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8279", "title": "Primary aldosteronism aggravated during peripartum period.", "content": "Two cases are reported of a 30-year-old and of a 28-year-old Japanese women with primary aldosteronism in whom metabolic and blood pressure abnormalities were aggravated during peripartum period. The characteristic findings in 2 present cases are as follows; 1) lower blood pressure during pregnancy, 2) elevated blood pressure during peripartum period, and 3) after parturition, serum potassium decreased, and the blood pressure elevated. The reason why the hypertension and hypokalemia associated with primary aldosteronism were ameliorated during pregnancy was thought to be due to the increased secretion of progesterone. Furthermore, the rapid recurrence of symptoms, increase in blood pressure, and hypokalemia in the post-partum period could be related to elevated prolactin and decreased progesterone levels.", "contents": "Primary aldosteronism aggravated during peripartum period. Two cases are reported of a 30-year-old and of a 28-year-old Japanese women with primary aldosteronism in whom metabolic and blood pressure abnormalities were aggravated during peripartum period. The characteristic findings in 2 present cases are as follows; 1) lower blood pressure during pregnancy, 2) elevated blood pressure during peripartum period, and 3) after parturition, serum potassium decreased, and the blood pressure elevated. The reason why the hypertension and hypokalemia associated with primary aldosteronism were ameliorated during pregnancy was thought to be due to the increased secretion of progesterone. Furthermore, the rapid recurrence of symptoms, increase in blood pressure, and hypokalemia in the post-partum period could be related to elevated prolactin and decreased progesterone levels.", "PMID": 750675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8280", "title": "Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the left ventricle.", "content": "A rare case of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the left ventricle was reported. The echocardiogram was suggestive of the diagnosis. The abnormal echo extended from the aortic root to the left ventricular cavity in diastole and disappeared in systole. Discussion was made on the etiology and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the left ventricle. A rare case of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the left ventricle was reported. The echocardiogram was suggestive of the diagnosis. The abnormal echo extended from the aortic root to the left ventricular cavity in diastole and disappeared in systole. Discussion was made on the etiology and differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 750676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8281", "title": "Final localization of Schistosoma japonicum in the lungs of field rats, Rattus mindanensis, in Leyte, Philippines.", "content": "Among 45 specimens of Rattus mindanensis (Hearns, 1,905) caught in an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica in Leyte, Philippines, 39 (86%) were found to be positive for Schistosoma japonicum. Lung examination of 24 autopsied rats revealed a high incidence of pulmonary infection and the flukes were found in 20 rats (83%). In 24 (73%) out of 33 rats, the flukes were seen in the hepatic portal vein. Only 29% of the rats were positive for Schistosoma ova in the intestinal wall. The average number of living worms was much greater in the lungs (19.2) than in the liver (12.4). However, fewer fully developed worms of oviposition stage were found in the lungs than in the liver. In the lungs widespread and massive nodules containing living worms and distinct lesions due to embolism were observed histopathologically.", "contents": "Final localization of Schistosoma japonicum in the lungs of field rats, Rattus mindanensis, in Leyte, Philippines. Among 45 specimens of Rattus mindanensis (Hearns, 1,905) caught in an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica in Leyte, Philippines, 39 (86%) were found to be positive for Schistosoma japonicum. Lung examination of 24 autopsied rats revealed a high incidence of pulmonary infection and the flukes were found in 20 rats (83%). In 24 (73%) out of 33 rats, the flukes were seen in the hepatic portal vein. Only 29% of the rats were positive for Schistosoma ova in the intestinal wall. The average number of living worms was much greater in the lungs (19.2) than in the liver (12.4). However, fewer fully developed worms of oviposition stage were found in the lungs than in the liver. In the lungs widespread and massive nodules containing living worms and distinct lesions due to embolism were observed histopathologically.", "PMID": 750677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8282", "title": "An analysis of the fatty acid composition of total lipids from mycoplasmas.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of the total lipids obtained from 9 species (22 strains) of Mycoplasma and 3 species (7 strains) of Acholeplasma was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major fatty acids of the Mycoplasma species were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). Lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) were present in small amounts in this genus. For the Mycoplasma species, the most prevalent fatty acid was C16:0 or C14:0, and other leading fatty acids were C12:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2. A substantial amount of C12:0 and C14:0 was found in the Acholeplasma species. It was confirmed that C12:0 and C14:0 were synthesized de novo, based on the fact that 14C-acetate was incorporated into these acids. The total percentage of C16 fatty acid was less than that of C18 fatty acids in all the strains of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma except 4 strains. This may be related to osmo-regulation of the L-forms of Streptococci as mentioned in other reports.", "contents": "An analysis of the fatty acid composition of total lipids from mycoplasmas. The fatty acid composition of the total lipids obtained from 9 species (22 strains) of Mycoplasma and 3 species (7 strains) of Acholeplasma was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major fatty acids of the Mycoplasma species were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). Lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) were present in small amounts in this genus. For the Mycoplasma species, the most prevalent fatty acid was C16:0 or C14:0, and other leading fatty acids were C12:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2. A substantial amount of C12:0 and C14:0 was found in the Acholeplasma species. It was confirmed that C12:0 and C14:0 were synthesized de novo, based on the fact that 14C-acetate was incorporated into these acids. The total percentage of C16 fatty acid was less than that of C18 fatty acids in all the strains of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma except 4 strains. This may be related to osmo-regulation of the L-forms of Streptococci as mentioned in other reports.", "PMID": 750678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8283", "title": "[Studies on predilection area of gastric ulcer viewed from healing process of experimental gastric ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinically, it is true that gastric ulcer is more common along the lesser curvature and less common along the greater curvature. To elucidate this difference in ulcerognesis, two experimental ulcers were prepared in dogs at the sites, one at the angular incisure and the other at the corresponding greater curvature after the method by Hatafuku & Thal. The fates of these ulcers studied endoscopically, macroscopically, histologically and with the use of microangiography. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) When two ulcers only were prepared, better healing was consistent for the greater curve ulcer. 2) Experimental ulcers with simultaneous ligation of gastric vessels resulted in poor healing of both ulcers, though the greater curve ulcer showed better healing than the lesser curve ulcer. 3) Endoscopically, dogs with vessel ligation showed antral congestion and edema. These findings, however, disappeared in 3 to 4 weeks. 4) Histamine injection accelerated the rate of early perforation and both experimental ulcers showed no tendency of healing. In conclusion, delayed healing was almost consistent for the lesser curve ulcer under various conditions. The cause for this may be explained by the increased motility with repeated ischemic condition at the lesser curvature.", "contents": "[Studies on predilection area of gastric ulcer viewed from healing process of experimental gastric ulcers (author's transl)]. Clinically, it is true that gastric ulcer is more common along the lesser curvature and less common along the greater curvature. To elucidate this difference in ulcerognesis, two experimental ulcers were prepared in dogs at the sites, one at the angular incisure and the other at the corresponding greater curvature after the method by Hatafuku & Thal. The fates of these ulcers studied endoscopically, macroscopically, histologically and with the use of microangiography. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) When two ulcers only were prepared, better healing was consistent for the greater curve ulcer. 2) Experimental ulcers with simultaneous ligation of gastric vessels resulted in poor healing of both ulcers, though the greater curve ulcer showed better healing than the lesser curve ulcer. 3) Endoscopically, dogs with vessel ligation showed antral congestion and edema. These findings, however, disappeared in 3 to 4 weeks. 4) Histamine injection accelerated the rate of early perforation and both experimental ulcers showed no tendency of healing. In conclusion, delayed healing was almost consistent for the lesser curve ulcer under various conditions. The cause for this may be explained by the increased motility with repeated ischemic condition at the lesser curvature.", "PMID": 750685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8284", "title": "[Studies on predilection area of gastric ulcer viewed from gastric motility (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinically, most gastric ulcers are located in the region of the incisura angularis, but they are least found along the greater curvature. To elucidate this difference, following experiments were carried out. A total of 22 mongrel dogs were used. A set of bipolar electrodes and/or a water-proof strain gage were chronically implanted at both the incisura and the corresponding site of the greater curvature. Electrical and contractile activities of these two sites were compared at the fasted state and under the stimulations by food, neostigmine and tetragastrin. Results are summarized as follows. 1. Electromyographically, the propagation velocity was always greater along the greater curvature than the lesser curvature. The discharge interval of BER and incidence of antiperistalsis were identical for both the lesser and greater curvature. 2. Through the course before and after the stimulation, there was no difference in the frequency of contraction waves, while the amplitude and motility index of the contraction were definitely greater at the incisura than the corresponding greater curvature. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the contractile force of the incisura was always greater than that of the corresponding greater curvature. It is possible that the peristaltic contraction could cause stronger repetitive ischemic condition of the incisura than the corresponding greater curvature. It is estimated that the gastric motility is one of the important factors for the predilection or delayed healing of gastric ulcers seen in the region of the incisura angularis.", "contents": "[Studies on predilection area of gastric ulcer viewed from gastric motility (author's transl)]. Clinically, most gastric ulcers are located in the region of the incisura angularis, but they are least found along the greater curvature. To elucidate this difference, following experiments were carried out. A total of 22 mongrel dogs were used. A set of bipolar electrodes and/or a water-proof strain gage were chronically implanted at both the incisura and the corresponding site of the greater curvature. Electrical and contractile activities of these two sites were compared at the fasted state and under the stimulations by food, neostigmine and tetragastrin. Results are summarized as follows. 1. Electromyographically, the propagation velocity was always greater along the greater curvature than the lesser curvature. The discharge interval of BER and incidence of antiperistalsis were identical for both the lesser and greater curvature. 2. Through the course before and after the stimulation, there was no difference in the frequency of contraction waves, while the amplitude and motility index of the contraction were definitely greater at the incisura than the corresponding greater curvature. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the contractile force of the incisura was always greater than that of the corresponding greater curvature. It is possible that the peristaltic contraction could cause stronger repetitive ischemic condition of the incisura than the corresponding greater curvature. It is estimated that the gastric motility is one of the important factors for the predilection or delayed healing of gastric ulcers seen in the region of the incisura angularis.", "PMID": 750687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8285", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies on anti-reflux effect of modified end-to-side esophagogastrostomy in proximal gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A modified end-to-side esophagogastrostomy devised at our department to prevent postoperative reflux was evaluated both experimentally in 15 dogs and clinically in 4 cases. The seromuscular coat of the anterior wall of the remnant stomach was excised longitudinally, the distal esophagus was buried and anastomosed at its distal end so as to provide an effective thin flap valve. The presence of gastroesophageal reflux was attested by the use of withdrawal pH, intraluminal pressure and fluoroscopy studies as well as by autopsy in dogs. Furthermore, 7 out of 15 dogs were subjected to the analytical study of reflux prevention mechanism employing an intraoperative pressure measurement. The results are summarized as follows: Gastroesophageal reflux was absent in 11 out of 15 dogs and in all the 4 clinical cases. A specific finding after this procedure was that even after resection of the cardia, there was seen creation of an artificial high pressure zone at the site of the anastomosis serving as a barrier to reflux. Reflux prevention mechanism of the present method lies in an effective flap valve mechanism which seals the distal esophagus receiving the side pressure from the artificial fundus. The procedure is technically easy and seems to serve overcoming the problem of postoperative reflux highly seen after conventional end-to-end or end-to-side esophagogastrostomy.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies on anti-reflux effect of modified end-to-side esophagogastrostomy in proximal gastrectomy (author's transl)]. A modified end-to-side esophagogastrostomy devised at our department to prevent postoperative reflux was evaluated both experimentally in 15 dogs and clinically in 4 cases. The seromuscular coat of the anterior wall of the remnant stomach was excised longitudinally, the distal esophagus was buried and anastomosed at its distal end so as to provide an effective thin flap valve. The presence of gastroesophageal reflux was attested by the use of withdrawal pH, intraluminal pressure and fluoroscopy studies as well as by autopsy in dogs. Furthermore, 7 out of 15 dogs were subjected to the analytical study of reflux prevention mechanism employing an intraoperative pressure measurement. The results are summarized as follows: Gastroesophageal reflux was absent in 11 out of 15 dogs and in all the 4 clinical cases. A specific finding after this procedure was that even after resection of the cardia, there was seen creation of an artificial high pressure zone at the site of the anastomosis serving as a barrier to reflux. Reflux prevention mechanism of the present method lies in an effective flap valve mechanism which seals the distal esophagus receiving the side pressure from the artificial fundus. The procedure is technically easy and seems to serve overcoming the problem of postoperative reflux highly seen after conventional end-to-end or end-to-side esophagogastrostomy.", "PMID": 750688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8286", "title": "[Effects of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on canine gastric motility (author's transl)].", "content": "With the use of electromyography and intraluminal pressure recording of the pylorus, the effect of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on the gastric motility was investigated in 10 dogs. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Control dogs showed regular discharge intervals with elevation of intrapyloric pressure coinciding with the action potentials. There was seen no occurrence of antiperistalsis. 2. Selective proximal vagotomy resulted in the prolongation of discharge intervals along with slight decrease in the incidence of action potentials. The rate of antiperistalsis was 4.4%. Besides, the rate of pyloric contraction also showed a tendency of slight decrease. 3. Truncal vagotomy lead to the prolongation of discharge intervals and decrease in the incidence of action potentials, though these changes were milder than those after selective proximal vagotomy. The incidence of antiperistalsis was 6.8% which was higher than the one after selective proximal vagotomy. Eelvation of intrapyloric pressure did not necessarily took place coinciding with the action potentials. Intrapyloric pressure as well as the incidence of pyloric contraction showed a marked decrease when compared with those of the control and selective proximal vagotomy dogs. Out of these results, it is concluded that the selective proximal vagotomy is superior to the truncal vagotomy when viewed from the preservation of the gastric motility.", "contents": "[Effects of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on canine gastric motility (author's transl)]. With the use of electromyography and intraluminal pressure recording of the pylorus, the effect of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on the gastric motility was investigated in 10 dogs. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Control dogs showed regular discharge intervals with elevation of intrapyloric pressure coinciding with the action potentials. There was seen no occurrence of antiperistalsis. 2. Selective proximal vagotomy resulted in the prolongation of discharge intervals along with slight decrease in the incidence of action potentials. The rate of antiperistalsis was 4.4%. Besides, the rate of pyloric contraction also showed a tendency of slight decrease. 3. Truncal vagotomy lead to the prolongation of discharge intervals and decrease in the incidence of action potentials, though these changes were milder than those after selective proximal vagotomy. The incidence of antiperistalsis was 6.8% which was higher than the one after selective proximal vagotomy. Eelvation of intrapyloric pressure did not necessarily took place coinciding with the action potentials. Intrapyloric pressure as well as the incidence of pyloric contraction showed a marked decrease when compared with those of the control and selective proximal vagotomy dogs. Out of these results, it is concluded that the selective proximal vagotomy is superior to the truncal vagotomy when viewed from the preservation of the gastric motility.", "PMID": 750689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8287", "title": "Localization of glutamine accumulation and tubular reabsorption in rat nephron.", "content": "Glutamine accumulation in rat kidney was investigated by giving large loads of gluta, mate and aspartate and measuring glutamine changes in seven completely defined portions of the nephron and in small patches from the thin limb area and from the papilla. Both glutamate and aspartate (which is partly coverted to glutamate) caused increases up to sixfold in glutamine which were mainly confined to the proximal straight tubule. Plasma glutamine is minimally affected. In contrast, large glutamine loads doubled plasma glutamine and caused about a doubling of glutamine concentrations in all parts of the nephron, but resulted in no greater change in the proximal straight tubule than elsewhere. Simultaneous inulin and glutamine measurements make it seem likely that the proximal convoluted tubule is a major site of glutamine reabsorption. The low glutamine concentrations in these cells (only 40% higher than that in plasma) indicate a very small gradient at the antiluminal surface. We suggest that the proximal straight tubule is the major site of glutamine synthesis but that it may not be an important site of glutamine breakdown.", "contents": "Localization of glutamine accumulation and tubular reabsorption in rat nephron. Glutamine accumulation in rat kidney was investigated by giving large loads of gluta, mate and aspartate and measuring glutamine changes in seven completely defined portions of the nephron and in small patches from the thin limb area and from the papilla. Both glutamate and aspartate (which is partly coverted to glutamate) caused increases up to sixfold in glutamine which were mainly confined to the proximal straight tubule. Plasma glutamine is minimally affected. In contrast, large glutamine loads doubled plasma glutamine and caused about a doubling of glutamine concentrations in all parts of the nephron, but resulted in no greater change in the proximal straight tubule than elsewhere. Simultaneous inulin and glutamine measurements make it seem likely that the proximal convoluted tubule is a major site of glutamine reabsorption. The low glutamine concentrations in these cells (only 40% higher than that in plasma) indicate a very small gradient at the antiluminal surface. We suggest that the proximal straight tubule is the major site of glutamine synthesis but that it may not be an important site of glutamine breakdown.", "PMID": 750690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8288", "title": "Some hemodynamic determinants of immune complex trapping by the kidney.", "content": "This study was undertaken to help clarify the relationship between capillary hemodynamic events and the tissue uptake of circulating immune complexes (IC). In each of 23 dogs, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit antiBSA soluble IC labeled with 125I were given by constant i.v. infusion, and IC uptake by a normally perfused kidney was compared to that of the contralateral kidney in which renal blood flow (RBF) was changed by renal artery constriction or raised ureteral pressure. In these same animals, IC uptake in 15 other major organ systems was also measured simultaneously. During IC infusion microspheres of 85Sr were injected to measure cardiac output and tissue blood flow, and red cells labeled with 51Cr were infused to mark tissue vascular volume. At completion of the IC infusion, tissue samples were taken from the kidneys and the 15 other major organs systems. From the isotope content of each tissue, we determined IC content, blood flow rate, vascular transit time, and fractional uptake of IC (FIC). In addition, glomeruli were isolated from renal cortex to assess IC uptake in glomerular versus renal nonglomerular tissue. We found that 1) for kidney, IC delivery rate, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and capillary ultrafiltration rate are less important than the plasma IC concentration in determining IC uptake; 2) for each organ studied, the principal determinant of IC uptake per gram of tissue, at any given PIC, is vascular volume per gram of tissue; 3) tissue vascular volume per gram of tissue may determine IC uptake per gram of tissue because tissue vascular volume determines the capillary surface area in contact with circulating IC or because tissue vascular volume determines tissue vascular transit time, at any given tissue blood flow rate.", "contents": "Some hemodynamic determinants of immune complex trapping by the kidney. This study was undertaken to help clarify the relationship between capillary hemodynamic events and the tissue uptake of circulating immune complexes (IC). In each of 23 dogs, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit antiBSA soluble IC labeled with 125I were given by constant i.v. infusion, and IC uptake by a normally perfused kidney was compared to that of the contralateral kidney in which renal blood flow (RBF) was changed by renal artery constriction or raised ureteral pressure. In these same animals, IC uptake in 15 other major organ systems was also measured simultaneously. During IC infusion microspheres of 85Sr were injected to measure cardiac output and tissue blood flow, and red cells labeled with 51Cr were infused to mark tissue vascular volume. At completion of the IC infusion, tissue samples were taken from the kidneys and the 15 other major organs systems. From the isotope content of each tissue, we determined IC content, blood flow rate, vascular transit time, and fractional uptake of IC (FIC). In addition, glomeruli were isolated from renal cortex to assess IC uptake in glomerular versus renal nonglomerular tissue. We found that 1) for kidney, IC delivery rate, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and capillary ultrafiltration rate are less important than the plasma IC concentration in determining IC uptake; 2) for each organ studied, the principal determinant of IC uptake per gram of tissue, at any given PIC, is vascular volume per gram of tissue; 3) tissue vascular volume per gram of tissue may determine IC uptake per gram of tissue because tissue vascular volume determines the capillary surface area in contact with circulating IC or because tissue vascular volume determines tissue vascular transit time, at any given tissue blood flow rate.", "PMID": 750692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8289", "title": "Renal sodium retention during volume expansion in experimental nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "We have studied sodium retention during volume expansion in rats with autologous immune complex nephropathy (AICN), a model of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in which GFR after volume expansion was not different from that in adjuvant-injected controls (C). AICN rats developed heavy proteinuria (298 +/- 27 vs. less than 10 mg/day), hypoalbuminemia (2.14 +/- 0.15 vs. 3.08 +/- 0.12 g/100 ml) and hypercholesterolemia (181 +/- 22 vs. 58 +/- 4 mg/100 ml). After saline, there were no significant differences in blood pressure (119 +/- 2 vs. 114 +/- 2 mm Hg), renal plasma flow (4.9 +/- 0.41 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.28 ml/min), inulin clearance (1.37 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.55 +/- 0.10 ml/min), or SNGFR (47 +/- 2 vs. 53 +/- 4 nl/min). Sodium excretion, however, was significantly lower in NS rats (4.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.2 muEq/min). Proximal sodium reabsorption was decreased in NS rats (35 +/- 2 vs. 41 +/- 2%, 2.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.2 nEq/min). Sodium delivery into the loop, however, was equal in NS and C, since the slightly lower filtered load in NS rats offset the depression in proximal reabsorption. Sodium reabsorption by the loop and by the distal convoluted tubules were equal in NS and C. Thus, sodium delivered into the cortical collecting ducts was the same in both groups (0.33 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.07 nEq/min; 4.5 +/- 0.6% of filtered sodium vs. 4.4 +/- 0.3%). The percent of filtered sodium excreted in the urine, however, was significantly lower in the NS rats, 2.18 +/- 0.48% vs. 4.0 +/- 0.58%. We conclude that antinatriuresis in this model of NS is determined beyond the superficial late distal convoluted tubule. The inability to excrete the sodium load during volume expansion is due to either enhanced reabsorption by the collecting duct or to abnormal function in deep nephrons.", "contents": "Renal sodium retention during volume expansion in experimental nephrotic syndrome. We have studied sodium retention during volume expansion in rats with autologous immune complex nephropathy (AICN), a model of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in which GFR after volume expansion was not different from that in adjuvant-injected controls (C). AICN rats developed heavy proteinuria (298 +/- 27 vs. less than 10 mg/day), hypoalbuminemia (2.14 +/- 0.15 vs. 3.08 +/- 0.12 g/100 ml) and hypercholesterolemia (181 +/- 22 vs. 58 +/- 4 mg/100 ml). After saline, there were no significant differences in blood pressure (119 +/- 2 vs. 114 +/- 2 mm Hg), renal plasma flow (4.9 +/- 0.41 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.28 ml/min), inulin clearance (1.37 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.55 +/- 0.10 ml/min), or SNGFR (47 +/- 2 vs. 53 +/- 4 nl/min). Sodium excretion, however, was significantly lower in NS rats (4.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 9.2 +/- 1.2 muEq/min). Proximal sodium reabsorption was decreased in NS rats (35 +/- 2 vs. 41 +/- 2%, 2.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.2 nEq/min). Sodium delivery into the loop, however, was equal in NS and C, since the slightly lower filtered load in NS rats offset the depression in proximal reabsorption. Sodium reabsorption by the loop and by the distal convoluted tubules were equal in NS and C. Thus, sodium delivered into the cortical collecting ducts was the same in both groups (0.33 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.07 nEq/min; 4.5 +/- 0.6% of filtered sodium vs. 4.4 +/- 0.3%). The percent of filtered sodium excreted in the urine, however, was significantly lower in the NS rats, 2.18 +/- 0.48% vs. 4.0 +/- 0.58%. We conclude that antinatriuresis in this model of NS is determined beyond the superficial late distal convoluted tubule. The inability to excrete the sodium load during volume expansion is due to either enhanced reabsorption by the collecting duct or to abnormal function in deep nephrons.", "PMID": 750693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8290", "title": "Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia.", "content": "Daily measurements of nitrogen balance were made at two levels of protein intake in five patients undergoing chronic intermittent dialysis therapy. During ingestion of high (1.4 g/kg of body wt) protein intake, nitrogen balance was positive on nondialysis days and negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for the week of study was not different from zero. During ingestion of low (0.5 g/kg) protein intake, nitrogen balance was approximately zero on nondialysis days but was again negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for this period was negative. The negative nitrogen balance observed on dialysis days was associated with a higher rate of urea nitrogen generation (Gu, g/24 hr, determined by a kinetic model of urea nitrogen in dialysis patients) that was most evident in the hours immediately following dialysis. Net protein catabolic rate (PCR, g/24 hr), derived from total nitrogen mass balance equations, correlated very closely with Gu:Gu = 0.154 PCR - 1.7, r = 0.96. This relationship agreed well with previous observations made in nondialyzed uremic patients under more steady-state conditions. These studies demonstrate that nitrogen balance is negative on dialysis days regardless of protein intake, and that Gu is higher on dialysis days. The negative nitrogen balance could result from amino acid loss in dialysate and from increased protein catabolism stimulated by loss of glucose into dialysate.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia. Daily measurements of nitrogen balance were made at two levels of protein intake in five patients undergoing chronic intermittent dialysis therapy. During ingestion of high (1.4 g/kg of body wt) protein intake, nitrogen balance was positive on nondialysis days and negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for the week of study was not different from zero. During ingestion of low (0.5 g/kg) protein intake, nitrogen balance was approximately zero on nondialysis days but was again negative on dialysis days, so that cumulative balance for this period was negative. The negative nitrogen balance observed on dialysis days was associated with a higher rate of urea nitrogen generation (Gu, g/24 hr, determined by a kinetic model of urea nitrogen in dialysis patients) that was most evident in the hours immediately following dialysis. Net protein catabolic rate (PCR, g/24 hr), derived from total nitrogen mass balance equations, correlated very closely with Gu:Gu = 0.154 PCR - 1.7, r = 0.96. This relationship agreed well with previous observations made in nondialyzed uremic patients under more steady-state conditions. These studies demonstrate that nitrogen balance is negative on dialysis days regardless of protein intake, and that Gu is higher on dialysis days. The negative nitrogen balance could result from amino acid loss in dialysate and from increased protein catabolism stimulated by loss of glucose into dialysate.", "PMID": 750694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8291", "title": "Evidence of an autologous immune complex pathogenic mechanism in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Clinical and experimental studies have suggested a role for antiimmunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with streptococcal infection. We attempted to localize anti-IgG in the kidneys of 22 patients who had renal biopsies performed 7 to 66 days after the onset of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). In addition to routine localization of immunoglobulins and C3, specimens were stained with neuraminidase-treated, heat-aggregated, and unmodified IgG. Twelve biopsies showed staining with fluorescein-labeled human neuraminidase-treated IgG. A lesser number gave positive staining with the other IgG preparations. Following treatment of slides with 0.01 M citrate buffer, seven previously negative biopsies showed positive staining with neuraminidase-treated IgG. The demonstration of anti-IgG by these methods was possible in 19 out of 22 biopsies. It correlated best with the presence of C3 and IgG, and to a lesser extent with IgM, in the renal glomerulus. These results and our previous finding of elevated levels of serum anti-IgG early in the course of APSGN, and as early as 8 days following the antecedent streptococcal infection, support a role for anti-IgG in the immune pathogenesis of APSGN. Although our series of studies support the hypothesis that anti-IgG is formed to an IgG modified enzymatically by streptococcal product, the formation of this autoantibody to IgG incorporated in an exogenous (streptococcal antigen-antibody) complex can not be ruled out.", "contents": "Evidence of an autologous immune complex pathogenic mechanism in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clinical and experimental studies have suggested a role for antiimmunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with streptococcal infection. We attempted to localize anti-IgG in the kidneys of 22 patients who had renal biopsies performed 7 to 66 days after the onset of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). In addition to routine localization of immunoglobulins and C3, specimens were stained with neuraminidase-treated, heat-aggregated, and unmodified IgG. Twelve biopsies showed staining with fluorescein-labeled human neuraminidase-treated IgG. A lesser number gave positive staining with the other IgG preparations. Following treatment of slides with 0.01 M citrate buffer, seven previously negative biopsies showed positive staining with neuraminidase-treated IgG. The demonstration of anti-IgG by these methods was possible in 19 out of 22 biopsies. It correlated best with the presence of C3 and IgG, and to a lesser extent with IgM, in the renal glomerulus. These results and our previous finding of elevated levels of serum anti-IgG early in the course of APSGN, and as early as 8 days following the antecedent streptococcal infection, support a role for anti-IgG in the immune pathogenesis of APSGN. Although our series of studies support the hypothesis that anti-IgG is formed to an IgG modified enzymatically by streptococcal product, the formation of this autoantibody to IgG incorporated in an exogenous (streptococcal antigen-antibody) complex can not be ruled out.", "PMID": 750695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8292", "title": "Nonprogressive, histologically mild membranous glomerulonephritis appearing in all evolutionary phases as histologically \"early\" membranous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Seven adult patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and with a glomerular histology considered normal but with ultrastructurally provable membranous glomerulonephritis (MNG) were studied. The glomerular lesions were found to represent all ultrastructural evolutionary phases (A,B, and C) of MGN. In patients with serial biopsies, the membranous lesion seemed to have passed through all of its evolutionary phases towards healing (C) without developing spikes or thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), i.e., the traditional light microscopic characteristics of MGN. This evolution was associated with a benign clinical course. The membranous lesions were associated with a vacuolization visible in obliquely or tangentially cut segments of the GBM in silver-stained paraffin sections. This alteration seemed to be created by irregularities of the argyrophilic lamina densa of the GBM and not by subepithelial deposits, as suggested previously. All seven patients had a remission of the nephrotic syndrome which appeared to be spontaneous and not drug-induced. The amount of proteinuria correlated with the ultrastructural phase of MGN and with the intensity of immunofluorescent staining. In one patient, the latter became negative.", "contents": "Nonprogressive, histologically mild membranous glomerulonephritis appearing in all evolutionary phases as histologically \"early\" membranous glomerulonephritis. Seven adult patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and with a glomerular histology considered normal but with ultrastructurally provable membranous glomerulonephritis (MNG) were studied. The glomerular lesions were found to represent all ultrastructural evolutionary phases (A,B, and C) of MGN. In patients with serial biopsies, the membranous lesion seemed to have passed through all of its evolutionary phases towards healing (C) without developing spikes or thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), i.e., the traditional light microscopic characteristics of MGN. This evolution was associated with a benign clinical course. The membranous lesions were associated with a vacuolization visible in obliquely or tangentially cut segments of the GBM in silver-stained paraffin sections. This alteration seemed to be created by irregularities of the argyrophilic lamina densa of the GBM and not by subepithelial deposits, as suggested previously. All seven patients had a remission of the nephrotic syndrome which appeared to be spontaneous and not drug-induced. The amount of proteinuria correlated with the ultrastructural phase of MGN and with the intensity of immunofluorescent staining. In one patient, the latter became negative.", "PMID": 750696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8293", "title": "[The clinical course of an embolism of a branch of the retinal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The way in which a varying amount  of blood runs past an almost obliterating yellowish-grey, homogenous \"embolus\" in a branch of the artery is shown. Finally although the \"embolus\" remained, there was an almost normal blood flow in amount. Retinal arteries running downwards showed changing vascular spasms, sometimes at the origin, sometimes further away from the central artery. This produces reversible scotomas. A small artery running nasally is sometimes better and sometimes worse supplied with blood. Temporary and permanent scotomata develop. Haemorrhages appearing here vary in extent.", "contents": "[The clinical course of an embolism of a branch of the retinal artery (author's transl)]. The way in which a varying amount  of blood runs past an almost obliterating yellowish-grey, homogenous \"embolus\" in a branch of the artery is shown. Finally although the \"embolus\" remained, there was an almost normal blood flow in amount. Retinal arteries running downwards showed changing vascular spasms, sometimes at the origin, sometimes further away from the central artery. This produces reversible scotomas. A small artery running nasally is sometimes better and sometimes worse supplied with blood. Temporary and permanent scotomata develop. Haemorrhages appearing here vary in extent.", "PMID": 750700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8294", "title": "[An error in the fluorescence angiographic diagnosis of a subretinal process (author's transl)].", "content": "A presentation is given of a malignant melanoma of the choroid of a 15-year-old girl. The tumor was erroneously considered as to be a subretinal hemorrhage produced by a choroidal rupture after an accident. A beginning melanosis bulbi resulted in the enucleation and the histological examination of the eye, which confirmed malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "contents": "[An error in the fluorescence angiographic diagnosis of a subretinal process (author's transl)]. A presentation is given of a malignant melanoma of the choroid of a 15-year-old girl. The tumor was erroneously considered as to be a subretinal hemorrhage produced by a choroidal rupture after an accident. A beginning melanosis bulbi resulted in the enucleation and the histological examination of the eye, which confirmed malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "PMID": 750701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8295", "title": "[On the distribution of the values of intra-ocular pressure in the normal population (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of applanation intraocular pressure was studied in a normal population over a period of 7 years. The distribution shows a bimodal curve with peaks at 13 and 17 mm. The assumption is made of two populations whose pressures are symmetrically distributed. Some genetic and clinical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "[On the distribution of the values of intra-ocular pressure in the normal population (author's transl)]. The distribution of applanation intraocular pressure was studied in a normal population over a period of 7 years. The distribution shows a bimodal curve with peaks at 13 and 17 mm. The assumption is made of two populations whose pressures are symmetrically distributed. Some genetic and clinical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 750702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8296", "title": "[Glaucoma in the presence of chalcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "There are only few reports in the literature about the coincidence of a glaucoma with a chalcosis. After briefly presenting such a case the authors discuss the differential diagnosis; a strictly monocular chronic simple glaucoma, a contusion glaucoma or a glaucoma secondary to chalcosis. Since glaucoma and chalcosis coincide so infrequently there is no basis for assuming a true secondary glaucoma due to chalcosis existing, as is the case with siderosis.", "contents": "[Glaucoma in the presence of chalcosis (author's transl)]. There are only few reports in the literature about the coincidence of a glaucoma with a chalcosis. After briefly presenting such a case the authors discuss the differential diagnosis; a strictly monocular chronic simple glaucoma, a contusion glaucoma or a glaucoma secondary to chalcosis. Since glaucoma and chalcosis coincide so infrequently there is no basis for assuming a true secondary glaucoma due to chalcosis existing, as is the case with siderosis.", "PMID": 750703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8297", "title": "[On the differential diagnosis of inflammatory illness of the orbit. Computer tomographic results (author's transl)].", "content": "Selectet CT-findings in inflammatory orbital diseases are demonstrated with special regard to the differential diagnostic importance of details. Based on the criteria-density of retrobulbar fat, swelling of extraocular muscles, dilatation of orbital vessels, representation of osseous borders of the orbit, pneumatisation of paranasal sinuses etc-typical CT-patterns of disease entities are demonstrated. The differentiation of inflammatory diseases, orbital tumors, and vascular disorders is discussed. The limits of diagnostic interpretation are pointed out.", "contents": "[On the differential diagnosis of inflammatory illness of the orbit. Computer tomographic results (author's transl)]. Selectet CT-findings in inflammatory orbital diseases are demonstrated with special regard to the differential diagnostic importance of details. Based on the criteria-density of retrobulbar fat, swelling of extraocular muscles, dilatation of orbital vessels, representation of osseous borders of the orbit, pneumatisation of paranasal sinuses etc-typical CT-patterns of disease entities are demonstrated. The differentiation of inflammatory diseases, orbital tumors, and vascular disorders is discussed. The limits of diagnostic interpretation are pointed out.", "PMID": 750704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8298", "title": "[Light-and electron microscopic appearances of the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with chronic progressive ocular muscular dystrophy and in normal persons (author's transl)].", "content": "In 8 patients with chronic progressive ocular muscular dystrophy, of whom some showed a weakness of lid closure, and in 3 normal persons (aged 62 to 69 years) biopsies of the orbicularis oculi muscle were investigated with the light- and electron microscopes. We tried to find out if the histopathological investigation alone of the orbicularis oculi muscle can establish the diagnosis of ocular muscular dystrophy or not. Both groups of investigated persons showed myopathic changes in the orbicularis oculi muscle. These changes were explained as followings of catabiosis (so called \"secondary myopathic reaction\") in the normal persons. The changes of the patients with myopathies, however, were explained as primarily myopathic, especially with regard to the anomalies of structure, and the pathological inclusions of the mitochondria. The findings showed that there occurred similar histopathological phenomena seen by light microscope in both groups of investigated persons; the muscle cell changes of the myopathy patients, however, were more prominent in the examination of the ultrastructure.", "contents": "[Light-and electron microscopic appearances of the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with chronic progressive ocular muscular dystrophy and in normal persons (author's transl)]. In 8 patients with chronic progressive ocular muscular dystrophy, of whom some showed a weakness of lid closure, and in 3 normal persons (aged 62 to 69 years) biopsies of the orbicularis oculi muscle were investigated with the light- and electron microscopes. We tried to find out if the histopathological investigation alone of the orbicularis oculi muscle can establish the diagnosis of ocular muscular dystrophy or not. Both groups of investigated persons showed myopathic changes in the orbicularis oculi muscle. These changes were explained as followings of catabiosis (so called \"secondary myopathic reaction\") in the normal persons. The changes of the patients with myopathies, however, were explained as primarily myopathic, especially with regard to the anomalies of structure, and the pathological inclusions of the mitochondria. The findings showed that there occurred similar histopathological phenomena seen by light microscope in both groups of investigated persons; the muscle cell changes of the myopathy patients, however, were more prominent in the examination of the ultrastructure.", "PMID": 750706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8299", "title": "[Severe microphthalmus with Patau's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new-born child with Patau's syndrome in which D-trisomy was zytogenetically proved. The interest in this case is justified by the fact that an anophthalmos was suspected on clinical examination, but the histological examination showed a severe grade of bulb hypoplasia. The authors stress the significance of chromosome examination in cases of multiple congenital deformities associated with eye changes.", "contents": "[Severe microphthalmus with Patau's syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new-born child with Patau's syndrome in which D-trisomy was zytogenetically proved. The interest in this case is justified by the fact that an anophthalmos was suspected on clinical examination, but the histological examination showed a severe grade of bulb hypoplasia. The authors stress the significance of chromosome examination in cases of multiple congenital deformities associated with eye changes.", "PMID": 750707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8300", "title": "[The influence of local anesthetics on corneal epithelium. A scanning electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of different local anesthetics (Cocain 4%, Lidocaine 2%, Proparacain) on the corneal epithelium in rabbits was examined under scanning electron microscope. The experiment was divided into three groups. Group 1 received one application of two drops of the given local anesthetic for a reaction time of 5 minutes. Group 2 received two drops of the given anesthetic after 0, 5 and 10 minutes. The cornea was excised after 15 minutes. Group 3 were measured after a single application of Proparacain using a Schi\u00f6tz or hand applanation tonometer according to Draeger. After a single dose of a local anesthetic principally the same changes in the surface of the cornea were observed with all the preparations used: a distinct decrease in the number of microvilli and microplicae, disruption of the intercellular spaces and the prominence of the cell nuclei which under normal conditions are not visible. After several applications the greater toxicity of Cocain compared with the other preparations was clearly seen through the disruption of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. The damage effected several layers of cells. Tonometry when correctly performed causes no additional damage to the cell surface.- The effect of local anesthetics on the cell membrane can only take place after the disruption of the tear film. The results emphasize that local anesthetics should only be applied when absolutely essential.", "contents": "[The influence of local anesthetics on corneal epithelium. A scanning electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. The effect of different local anesthetics (Cocain 4%, Lidocaine 2%, Proparacain) on the corneal epithelium in rabbits was examined under scanning electron microscope. The experiment was divided into three groups. Group 1 received one application of two drops of the given local anesthetic for a reaction time of 5 minutes. Group 2 received two drops of the given anesthetic after 0, 5 and 10 minutes. The cornea was excised after 15 minutes. Group 3 were measured after a single application of Proparacain using a Schi\u00f6tz or hand applanation tonometer according to Draeger. After a single dose of a local anesthetic principally the same changes in the surface of the cornea were observed with all the preparations used: a distinct decrease in the number of microvilli and microplicae, disruption of the intercellular spaces and the prominence of the cell nuclei which under normal conditions are not visible. After several applications the greater toxicity of Cocain compared with the other preparations was clearly seen through the disruption of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. The damage effected several layers of cells. Tonometry when correctly performed causes no additional damage to the cell surface.- The effect of local anesthetics on the cell membrane can only take place after the disruption of the tear film. The results emphasize that local anesthetics should only be applied when absolutely essential.", "PMID": 750708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8301", "title": "[Experimental investigations concerning a topical application of sisomicin in the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Sisomicin is a new aminoglycoside, which sometimes is active against bacterial isolates resistant to other antibiotics of this group. The compatibility of sisomicin and its penetration into the different tissues of the eye were studied in rabbits. The substance was well tolerated, when applied as drops or injected subconjunctivally. Concentrations of sisomicin which are effective against most bacteria were found in the cornea and in the aqueous humour, but it did not penetrate into the vitreous body.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations concerning a topical application of sisomicin in the eye (author's transl)]. Sisomicin is a new aminoglycoside, which sometimes is active against bacterial isolates resistant to other antibiotics of this group. The compatibility of sisomicin and its penetration into the different tissues of the eye were studied in rabbits. The substance was well tolerated, when applied as drops or injected subconjunctivally. Concentrations of sisomicin which are effective against most bacteria were found in the cornea and in the aqueous humour, but it did not penetrate into the vitreous body.", "PMID": 750709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8302", "title": "[Autophagy in visual cell renewal processes (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological significance of autophagy in the metabolism of visual cells is discussed. In the process of autophagy, parts of the cytoplasm including cell organelles are surrounded by membranes. This formation is called an autophagic vacuole. Then, the contents of the vacuole are degraded by enzymes. Autophagy is a well known phenomenon occuring in various tissues. In visual cells, however, it was only recently first described by Rem\u00e9 and Young and Rem\u00e9. Autophagy has been shown to occur in the visual cells of several normal species. The amount of autophagic activity follows a 24-hour rhythm, complementary to an overall protein synthesis. Thus, within a 24-hour period, one cycle of formation and degradation in visual cells is completed. Incubation of isolated retinas significantly increases the number of autophagic vacuoles in inner segments, indicating an adaptation of visual cells to changed metabolic conditions. It is assumed that changes in normal autophagic turnover may be an important factor in visual cell degenerative diseases, thus opening up a new field in retinal pathology.", "contents": "[Autophagy in visual cell renewal processes (author's transl)]. The biological significance of autophagy in the metabolism of visual cells is discussed. In the process of autophagy, parts of the cytoplasm including cell organelles are surrounded by membranes. This formation is called an autophagic vacuole. Then, the contents of the vacuole are degraded by enzymes. Autophagy is a well known phenomenon occuring in various tissues. In visual cells, however, it was only recently first described by Rem\u00e9 and Young and Rem\u00e9. Autophagy has been shown to occur in the visual cells of several normal species. The amount of autophagic activity follows a 24-hour rhythm, complementary to an overall protein synthesis. Thus, within a 24-hour period, one cycle of formation and degradation in visual cells is completed. Incubation of isolated retinas significantly increases the number of autophagic vacuoles in inner segments, indicating an adaptation of visual cells to changed metabolic conditions. It is assumed that changes in normal autophagic turnover may be an important factor in visual cell degenerative diseases, thus opening up a new field in retinal pathology.", "PMID": 750710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8303", "title": "[Advantages of Ocusert treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical service of Deutsche Bundesbahn supervises through its eye-doctors all those employees who, affected to glaucoma caused by shift and stress, are rated approximately 170 per year. The drug carrier Ocusert (Federal Republic of Germany: Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal) which is applied on most of the glaucomas is discussed-especially with regard to social-medical aspects.", "contents": "[Advantages of Ocusert treatment (author's transl)]. The medical service of Deutsche Bundesbahn supervises through its eye-doctors all those employees who, affected to glaucoma caused by shift and stress, are rated approximately 170 per year. The drug carrier Ocusert (Federal Republic of Germany: Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal) which is applied on most of the glaucomas is discussed-especially with regard to social-medical aspects.", "PMID": 750711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8304", "title": "[Clinical tests on the use of ethoxzolamide in glaucoma therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethoxzolamide is a potent carboxyanhydrase inhibitor, and its use in chronic glaucoma and in the acute glaucoma attack is described in the present investigation. Ethoxzolamide shows itself to be extremely well tolerated. The frequency and intensity of the side-effects is low. The electrolyte balance remains also after prolonged administration compensated. The important advantage of this drug is its low dosability. Ethoxzolamide, which was already 1958 clinically evaluated (Gordon-Posner), represents a valuable medication for conservative glaucoma therapy.", "contents": "[Clinical tests on the use of ethoxzolamide in glaucoma therapy (author's transl)]. Ethoxzolamide is a potent carboxyanhydrase inhibitor, and its use in chronic glaucoma and in the acute glaucoma attack is described in the present investigation. Ethoxzolamide shows itself to be extremely well tolerated. The frequency and intensity of the side-effects is low. The electrolyte balance remains also after prolonged administration compensated. The important advantage of this drug is its low dosability. Ethoxzolamide, which was already 1958 clinically evaluated (Gordon-Posner), represents a valuable medication for conservative glaucoma therapy.", "PMID": 750712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8305", "title": "[Treatment results with weak concentrations of pilocarpine in patients with primary glaucoma (Spersacarpin 0.25%) (author's transl)].", "content": "25 Patients suffering from simple chronic glaucoma were treated with a 0.25% Spersacarpin solution. The intraocular tension was normalised in 22 Patients; only in 3 was it necessary to use stronger concentrations. The Spersacarpin 0.25% solution, which has a strong hypotensive and myotic effect but hardly any myopia inducing action, was well tolerated by all patients.", "contents": "[Treatment results with weak concentrations of pilocarpine in patients with primary glaucoma (Spersacarpin 0.25%) (author's transl)]. 25 Patients suffering from simple chronic glaucoma were treated with a 0.25% Spersacarpin solution. The intraocular tension was normalised in 22 Patients; only in 3 was it necessary to use stronger concentrations. The Spersacarpin 0.25% solution, which has a strong hypotensive and myotic effect but hardly any myopia inducing action, was well tolerated by all patients.", "PMID": 750713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8306", "title": "[On the conservation of the tear ducts in tumor surgery in the eyelid region (author's transl)].", "content": "The conservation of the tear ducts, as well as their partial conservation, must be considered when operating on smaller tumors, depending on the clinical picture and the histological aspect. However, the preparation should be done under magnification to facilitate delineation of the borders of the tumor and to immediately recognize when the tear ducts are opened. The histological description of the kind of tumor and the answer to the question of excision into the healthy tissue decide the further procedure. The placing of an indwelling tear duct probe in the form of a supramid thread or of a polyethylene tube has proved favorable. In case partial resection of the peripheral parts of the canal system is necessary, the remains of the posterior wall of the vertical or horizontal part of the canaliculus must be opened with Vanna's scissors. The remaining vertical or horizontal part of the canaliculus does not lose its suctionpressure pump capillarity when it is opened, but ensures tear drainage.", "contents": "[On the conservation of the tear ducts in tumor surgery in the eyelid region (author's transl)]. The conservation of the tear ducts, as well as their partial conservation, must be considered when operating on smaller tumors, depending on the clinical picture and the histological aspect. However, the preparation should be done under magnification to facilitate delineation of the borders of the tumor and to immediately recognize when the tear ducts are opened. The histological description of the kind of tumor and the answer to the question of excision into the healthy tissue decide the further procedure. The placing of an indwelling tear duct probe in the form of a supramid thread or of a polyethylene tube has proved favorable. In case partial resection of the peripheral parts of the canal system is necessary, the remains of the posterior wall of the vertical or horizontal part of the canaliculus must be opened with Vanna's scissors. The remaining vertical or horizontal part of the canaliculus does not lose its suctionpressure pump capillarity when it is opened, but ensures tear drainage.", "PMID": 750714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8307", "title": "[Results of research on the microflora of the conjunctiva with either chemotherapeutically pretreated eyes or eyes not influenced by drugs concerning the question of the preoperative prophylaxis against infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study the results of 396 smears of conjunctiva are analysed concerning the microflora of chemotherapeutically pretreated eyes in comparison with eyes not treated. The results of microbiological culture indicate only a small statistically unsignificant difference in regard to the quantitity of sterile smears as well as the distribution of bacteria of both research groups. The discussion is on the question of unaimed preoperative prophylaxis of infection as conditio sine qua non before intraocular procedures on eyes free of phlogistic irritation.", "contents": "[Results of research on the microflora of the conjunctiva with either chemotherapeutically pretreated eyes or eyes not influenced by drugs concerning the question of the preoperative prophylaxis against infections (author's transl)]. In this study the results of 396 smears of conjunctiva are analysed concerning the microflora of chemotherapeutically pretreated eyes in comparison with eyes not treated. The results of microbiological culture indicate only a small statistically unsignificant difference in regard to the quantitity of sterile smears as well as the distribution of bacteria of both research groups. The discussion is on the question of unaimed preoperative prophylaxis of infection as conditio sine qua non before intraocular procedures on eyes free of phlogistic irritation.", "PMID": 750715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8308", "title": "[An unusual form of cogwheel macula degeneration: central and paramacular alveolar pigment epitheliopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A peculiar and rare form of spoke-like macular lesion is described as found bilaterally in a 53 year old woman. The unmistakable ophthalmoscopic and angiographic findings are also discussed. Although the clinical picture can be explained by a pigment epitheliopathy with secondary involvement of the neuroepithelium, the precise etiology of this fundus disease still remains problematic.", "contents": "[An unusual form of cogwheel macula degeneration: central and paramacular alveolar pigment epitheliopathy (author's transl)]. A peculiar and rare form of spoke-like macular lesion is described as found bilaterally in a 53 year old woman. The unmistakable ophthalmoscopic and angiographic findings are also discussed. Although the clinical picture can be explained by a pigment epitheliopathy with secondary involvement of the neuroepithelium, the precise etiology of this fundus disease still remains problematic.", "PMID": 750717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8309", "title": "[Conjunctival alterations by sympathomimetic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the report of two patients, who used eye drops containing adrenergic agents for a relatively long period of time because of conjunctival troubles. The eye drops contained phenylephrine or tetryzoline or naphazoline. As a consequence of the vasoconstriction, the treatment led to an epithelial xerosis in the region of the caruncula and of the neighbouring eyelid edges. The keratinisation resulted in a closure and disappearance of the puncta lacrimalia. Therefore, the application of vasoconstrictive eye drops for a longer period of time is discouraged. Moreover, eye drops with a low concentration of the sympathomimetic agent should be preferred.", "contents": "[Conjunctival alterations by sympathomimetic drugs (author's transl)]. This is the report of two patients, who used eye drops containing adrenergic agents for a relatively long period of time because of conjunctival troubles. The eye drops contained phenylephrine or tetryzoline or naphazoline. As a consequence of the vasoconstriction, the treatment led to an epithelial xerosis in the region of the caruncula and of the neighbouring eyelid edges. The keratinisation resulted in a closure and disappearance of the puncta lacrimalia. Therefore, the application of vasoconstrictive eye drops for a longer period of time is discouraged. Moreover, eye drops with a low concentration of the sympathomimetic agent should be preferred.", "PMID": 750716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8310", "title": "[Intensive transillumination and spot-lighting with a new fiber optic light source (author's transl)].", "content": "An equipment for intensive transillumination is described which is able to provide approximate 8 fould higher angular emittance and 2.5 fould higher flux compared with customary used tools. The diameter of the fiber optic is about 1 mm and the angle of emittance of 30 or 60 degrees can be chosen. Even the experimental use of fiber optic with smaller diameter for intravitreal illumination has shown higher light intensity compared with other available light sources.", "contents": "[Intensive transillumination and spot-lighting with a new fiber optic light source (author's transl)]. An equipment for intensive transillumination is described which is able to provide approximate 8 fould higher angular emittance and 2.5 fould higher flux compared with customary used tools. The diameter of the fiber optic is about 1 mm and the angle of emittance of 30 or 60 degrees can be chosen. Even the experimental use of fiber optic with smaller diameter for intravitreal illumination has shown higher light intensity compared with other available light sources.", "PMID": 750718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8311", "title": "Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection of guinea pigs and mice.", "content": "The susceptibility of five inbred strains of mice, designated DBA/1J, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, Balf/CJ, and AKR/J, as well as outbred Hartley and Moen-Chase guinea pigs to infection with Coxiella burnetii by several routes was studied. The DBA/2J mice were more susceptible to infection and had higher mortality rates than other strains of mice. Guinea pigs were more susceptible to infection than mice. Lesions observed in the infected animals were similar to those previously described in man and experimentally infected animals.", "contents": "Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection of guinea pigs and mice. The susceptibility of five inbred strains of mice, designated DBA/1J, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, Balf/CJ, and AKR/J, as well as outbred Hartley and Moen-Chase guinea pigs to infection with Coxiella burnetii by several routes was studied. The DBA/2J mice were more susceptible to infection and had higher mortality rates than other strains of mice. Guinea pigs were more susceptible to infection than mice. Lesions observed in the infected animals were similar to those previously described in man and experimentally infected animals.", "PMID": 750726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8312", "title": "Preliminary report on the magnesium deficient rat as a model of epilepsy.", "content": "Weanling male rats fed a low magnesium diet for 14 days were protected from audiogenic seizures by administration of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. Amphetamine, levo-dopa, and magnesium chloride injected 45 minutes prior to testing did not prevent the seizures. In contrast to weanling male rats which became mortally seizure prone, 3--5 week-old female rats fed a low magnesium diet for 17--21 days varied as to their susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. If thrown into seizures by a loud noise, the females frequently could be revived for subsequent testing, thus affording the opportunity to design experiments using fewer animals.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the magnesium deficient rat as a model of epilepsy. Weanling male rats fed a low magnesium diet for 14 days were protected from audiogenic seizures by administration of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. Amphetamine, levo-dopa, and magnesium chloride injected 45 minutes prior to testing did not prevent the seizures. In contrast to weanling male rats which became mortally seizure prone, 3--5 week-old female rats fed a low magnesium diet for 17--21 days varied as to their susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. If thrown into seizures by a loud noise, the females frequently could be revived for subsequent testing, thus affording the opportunity to design experiments using fewer animals.", "PMID": 750727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8313", "title": "Prevention of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs by vaccination.", "content": "Cervical lymphadenitis, caused by beta hemolytic Streptococcus of Lancefield's group C, was experimentally produced in guinea pigs. Experimental transmission of cervical lymphadenitis was successful when a scratch in the oral mucous membrane was inoculated with a strain of the causative organism which had been isolated during an epizootic of cervical lymphadenitis. Animals without a mouth lesion did not develop the disease when inoculated in the same manner. Another strain, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC-12960) was also used. This latter strain was found to have a low degree of pathogenicity for guinea pigs, and it was used for immunization experiments. Seventy-nine percent of animals inoculated orally with strain 12960 withstood later challenge with the virulent strain, whereas only 5% of the controls withstood the same challenge.", "contents": "Prevention of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs by vaccination. Cervical lymphadenitis, caused by beta hemolytic Streptococcus of Lancefield's group C, was experimentally produced in guinea pigs. Experimental transmission of cervical lymphadenitis was successful when a scratch in the oral mucous membrane was inoculated with a strain of the causative organism which had been isolated during an epizootic of cervical lymphadenitis. Animals without a mouth lesion did not develop the disease when inoculated in the same manner. Another strain, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC-12960) was also used. This latter strain was found to have a low degree of pathogenicity for guinea pigs, and it was used for immunization experiments. Seventy-nine percent of animals inoculated orally with strain 12960 withstood later challenge with the virulent strain, whereas only 5% of the controls withstood the same challenge.", "PMID": 750728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8314", "title": "Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from the nares of healthy rabbits with pneumonia.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 42 of the 135 (31%) deep nasal swabs from clinically healthy conventional rabbits supplied by two vendors. The prevalences were significantly different among sex, age, and sources. The females and adults had higher prevalences when compared to males and juveniles, respectively. One vendor's rabbits had a prevalence of 41% while the other had 20%. Biochemically, only 24% of the 42 isolates decarboxylated L-ornithine, and 55% produced indol. All isolates were sensitive in vitro to several of the commonly used antibiotics, but most isolates were resistant to lincomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Typing with a hyaluronidase inhibition test revealed that 28 of the 42 (67%) isolates were type A. Type A was the major type isolate, whether the samples came from healthy rabbits or from rabbits with pyogenic lesions. The acriflavine flocculation test showed that two of the 42 (5%) isolates were type D. Although none of the 42 isolates were positive to both hyalurondase and acriflavine tests, 12 of the 42 (29%) isolates were negative to both tests, indicating that these isolates were not typeable by these two methods. The demonstration of more than one capsular type of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits indicates the need for more extensive studies on this important rabbit pathogen.", "contents": "Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from the nares of healthy rabbits with pneumonia. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 42 of the 135 (31%) deep nasal swabs from clinically healthy conventional rabbits supplied by two vendors. The prevalences were significantly different among sex, age, and sources. The females and adults had higher prevalences when compared to males and juveniles, respectively. One vendor's rabbits had a prevalence of 41% while the other had 20%. Biochemically, only 24% of the 42 isolates decarboxylated L-ornithine, and 55% produced indol. All isolates were sensitive in vitro to several of the commonly used antibiotics, but most isolates were resistant to lincomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Typing with a hyaluronidase inhibition test revealed that 28 of the 42 (67%) isolates were type A. Type A was the major type isolate, whether the samples came from healthy rabbits or from rabbits with pyogenic lesions. The acriflavine flocculation test showed that two of the 42 (5%) isolates were type D. Although none of the 42 isolates were positive to both hyalurondase and acriflavine tests, 12 of the 42 (29%) isolates were negative to both tests, indicating that these isolates were not typeable by these two methods. The demonstration of more than one capsular type of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits indicates the need for more extensive studies on this important rabbit pathogen.", "PMID": 750729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8315", "title": "Decrease in the lethal effect of snake venom by serum of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis.", "content": "Decrease in the lethal effect of several crotalid snake venoms were compared when diluted or mixed with opossum serum, normal horse serum, or normal dog serum and injected into mice. Normal dog and horse serum showed no protective qualities while opossum serum and diluted antivenin were approximately equivalent in their protective effect.", "contents": "Decrease in the lethal effect of snake venom by serum of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Decrease in the lethal effect of several crotalid snake venoms were compared when diluted or mixed with opossum serum, normal horse serum, or normal dog serum and injected into mice. Normal dog and horse serum showed no protective qualities while opossum serum and diluted antivenin were approximately equivalent in their protective effect.", "PMID": 750730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8316", "title": "Hepatic jaundice in a colony of nude mice.", "content": "A colony of nude mice was maintained under controlled standards of care for 12 months, at which time a rapidly escalating liver disease developed in the animals, characterized by jaundice, emaciation, and rapid death. Histologically, the livers had swollen, vacuolated hepatic cells and increased numbers of enlarged Kupffer cells. Mouse hepatitis virus was not isolated from the livers of sick mice. Although the nature of the lesions suggested toxicity, efforts to reproduce the lesions by increased exposure to chemical compounds used for colony husbandry were unsuccessful. A definitive determination of the causative agent was not made.", "contents": "Hepatic jaundice in a colony of nude mice. A colony of nude mice was maintained under controlled standards of care for 12 months, at which time a rapidly escalating liver disease developed in the animals, characterized by jaundice, emaciation, and rapid death. Histologically, the livers had swollen, vacuolated hepatic cells and increased numbers of enlarged Kupffer cells. Mouse hepatitis virus was not isolated from the livers of sick mice. Although the nature of the lesions suggested toxicity, efforts to reproduce the lesions by increased exposure to chemical compounds used for colony husbandry were unsuccessful. A definitive determination of the causative agent was not made.", "PMID": 750731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8317", "title": "A simple method for extending the period of surgical anesthesia in rats.", "content": "The period of surgical anesthesia induced in a laboratory rat by the recommended intraperitoneal dose of pentobarbital may be extended fourfold by the oral administration of a second dose of pentobarbital diluted with water.", "contents": "A simple method for extending the period of surgical anesthesia in rats. The period of surgical anesthesia induced in a laboratory rat by the recommended intraperitoneal dose of pentobarbital may be extended fourfold by the oral administration of a second dose of pentobarbital diluted with water.", "PMID": 750732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8318", "title": "An outbreak of cecal mucosal hyperplasia in hamsters.", "content": "Cecal mucosal hyperplasia associated with diarrhea, runting, and high mortality in suckling and weanling hamsters occurred as a natural disease outbreak in a production colony. Young hamsters were runted, and their perineal hair was stained and matted with liquid feces. Their ceca were thickened, contracted, congested, and had scant luminal content. There were severe hyperplasia of cecal crypts, accompanied by increased mitotic activity, inflammation, and focal mucosal erosion. A variety of bacteria was isolated, but none was considered pathogenic. No relationship of cecal hyperplasia to transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters was found. Hyperimmune serum from hamsters with transmissible ileal hyperplasia did not react by immunofluorescence against hyperplastic cecal mucosa. Electron microscopy did not reveal a caustive agent. Transmission attempts have been unsuccessful. Cecal mucosal hyperplasia is apparently a newly discovered disease entity in hamsters with the clinical sign of diarrhea.", "contents": "An outbreak of cecal mucosal hyperplasia in hamsters. Cecal mucosal hyperplasia associated with diarrhea, runting, and high mortality in suckling and weanling hamsters occurred as a natural disease outbreak in a production colony. Young hamsters were runted, and their perineal hair was stained and matted with liquid feces. Their ceca were thickened, contracted, congested, and had scant luminal content. There were severe hyperplasia of cecal crypts, accompanied by increased mitotic activity, inflammation, and focal mucosal erosion. A variety of bacteria was isolated, but none was considered pathogenic. No relationship of cecal hyperplasia to transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters was found. Hyperimmune serum from hamsters with transmissible ileal hyperplasia did not react by immunofluorescence against hyperplastic cecal mucosa. Electron microscopy did not reveal a caustive agent. Transmission attempts have been unsuccessful. Cecal mucosal hyperplasia is apparently a newly discovered disease entity in hamsters with the clinical sign of diarrhea.", "PMID": 750733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8319", "title": "Fiberoptic esophagogastroscopy, brushings, and biopsy in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The esophagus and stomach of rabbits were examined with a pediatric fiberoptic endoscope. The procedure involved general anesthesia and placement of an endotracheal airway followed by endoscopy. Photography, biopsies, and brushings for histology, cytology, and microbiological cultures were accomplished using this procedure. Rabbits were endoscoped and brushed repetitively on successive days without inducing esophagitis.", "contents": "Fiberoptic esophagogastroscopy, brushings, and biopsy in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The esophagus and stomach of rabbits were examined with a pediatric fiberoptic endoscope. The procedure involved general anesthesia and placement of an endotracheal airway followed by endoscopy. Photography, biopsies, and brushings for histology, cytology, and microbiological cultures were accomplished using this procedure. Rabbits were endoscoped and brushed repetitively on successive days without inducing esophagitis.", "PMID": 750734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8320", "title": "Intravenous cannulation of hens for long-term infusion.", "content": "Intravenous cannulation was performed on the brachial vein of the hen. The cannulation system consisted of a jacket that fitted around the body of the hen. An external sheath passed through the top of the cage, over a small pulley and was counter-weighted with lead. A subcutaneous polyethylene sheath was extended from the wing near the site of cannulation to the mid-point of the back between the wings and into the external sheath. Once the polyethylene cannula was inserted into and attached to the brachial vein, the free end was passed through the subcutaneous sheath, into and through the external sheath, and attached to a syringe or pump. No special post-cannulation care was necessary. The hens were housed in wire cages and received feed and water ad libitum. Twenty-four hens were continuously or intermittently infused for up to 73 days after cannulation.", "contents": "Intravenous cannulation of hens for long-term infusion. Intravenous cannulation was performed on the brachial vein of the hen. The cannulation system consisted of a jacket that fitted around the body of the hen. An external sheath passed through the top of the cage, over a small pulley and was counter-weighted with lead. A subcutaneous polyethylene sheath was extended from the wing near the site of cannulation to the mid-point of the back between the wings and into the external sheath. Once the polyethylene cannula was inserted into and attached to the brachial vein, the free end was passed through the subcutaneous sheath, into and through the external sheath, and attached to a syringe or pump. No special post-cannulation care was necessary. The hens were housed in wire cages and received feed and water ad libitum. Twenty-four hens were continuously or intermittently infused for up to 73 days after cannulation.", "PMID": 750735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8321", "title": "Intracellular compartmentation and transport of metabolites.", "content": "The intracellular locations of enzymes and metabolites were determined for ornithine metabolism in Neurospora. Pulse label experiments were used to measure the rates of intracellular translocations and the sizes of compartmented pools of metabolites in the mitochondrial, cytosolic and vesicular compartments. The results indicate that rapid equilibration occurs between these pools during growth in minimal medium, although the vast majority of the ornithine is confined to the vesicular compartment. Arginine, the biosynthetic end-product of ornithine metabolism, regulates ornithine utilization through a combination of feedback inhibition, repression, and control of intracellular translocations. The last phenomenon plays a decisive role indicating that the regulation of intercompartmental translocations may be a common mechanism in rapid adaptation responses in eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Intracellular compartmentation and transport of metabolites. The intracellular locations of enzymes and metabolites were determined for ornithine metabolism in Neurospora. Pulse label experiments were used to measure the rates of intracellular translocations and the sizes of compartmented pools of metabolites in the mitochondrial, cytosolic and vesicular compartments. The results indicate that rapid equilibration occurs between these pools during growth in minimal medium, although the vast majority of the ornithine is confined to the vesicular compartment. Arginine, the biosynthetic end-product of ornithine metabolism, regulates ornithine utilization through a combination of feedback inhibition, repression, and control of intracellular translocations. The last phenomenon plays a decisive role indicating that the regulation of intercompartmental translocations may be a common mechanism in rapid adaptation responses in eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 750761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8322", "title": "Increase in the affinity of the uridine phosphorylation system for ATP after serum or insulin activation of 3T3 fibroblasts.", "content": "The stimulation of uridine uptake, brought about by the addition of serum or insulin to quiescent 3T3 fibroblasts, is associated in the half-saturation concentration of the uridine phosphorylating system for the substrate ATP, with relatively little change in the maximum uptake or in the affinity for uridine. In stimulated cells the Km towards ATP fell in the range 0.053--0.187 mM, while V max was 34 to 52 pmoles/10(6) cells/min. In quiescent cells these values were 2.89--4.22 mM and 74.5--126 pmoles/10(6) cells/min, respectively. No difference was found, however, between the Km's for ATP when phosphorylation of uridine was determined using cell-free extracts prepared from either quiescent cells or from stimulated cells.", "contents": "Increase in the affinity of the uridine phosphorylation system for ATP after serum or insulin activation of 3T3 fibroblasts. The stimulation of uridine uptake, brought about by the addition of serum or insulin to quiescent 3T3 fibroblasts, is associated in the half-saturation concentration of the uridine phosphorylating system for the substrate ATP, with relatively little change in the maximum uptake or in the affinity for uridine. In stimulated cells the Km towards ATP fell in the range 0.053--0.187 mM, while V max was 34 to 52 pmoles/10(6) cells/min. In quiescent cells these values were 2.89--4.22 mM and 74.5--126 pmoles/10(6) cells/min, respectively. No difference was found, however, between the Km's for ATP when phosphorylation of uridine was determined using cell-free extracts prepared from either quiescent cells or from stimulated cells.", "PMID": 750762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8323", "title": "Steroid hormone receptor characterization of several histologic variants of a rat prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Several histologic variants of the transplantable R-3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma carried in male Copenhagen rats have been characterized and the histologic types have been correlated with steroid hormone receptor content. One type is clearly an adenocarcinoma; this tumor is hormonally responsive and contains substantial amounts of both androgen and estrogen receptors. In contrast, another histologic type, a fibrosarcoma, is hormonally nonresponsive and does not contain either receptor. A third histologic variant is classified as a carcinosarcoma and contains histological elements of both adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma and is also hormonally responsive. This tumor contains lower receptor levels than the adenocarcinomas but more than the fibrosarcomas. The androgen receptor appears to be identical in the different histologic forms of the tumor: the sedimentation coefficient is 7.8S and the dissociatiln constant for methyltrienolone is 4 x 10(-9) M. Similarly, the estrogen receptor from the different histologic forms of the tumor has a sedimentation coefficient of 8.3S and the dissociation constant for estradiol is 7 x 10(-10) M. These findings clearly distinguish the cytosol binding macromolecules from plasma binding proteins, and classify them as steroid hormone receptors. Further, rat serum was devoid of androgen and estrogen binding in the 8S region. Normal prostate tissue from Copenhagen rats contained low levels of an androgen receptor, but no estrogen receptor. It is possible that during growth and/or passage of the R-3327 tumor, the hormonally responsive adenocarcinoma cells do not survive and there is a gradual emergence of the nonresponsive fibrosarcoma. If, as we suspect, the receptors are found in the epithelial cells and not the stromal cells, there clearly should be considerable variation of receptor content in the different intermediary histologic forms of the tumor.", "contents": "Steroid hormone receptor characterization of several histologic variants of a rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Several histologic variants of the transplantable R-3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma carried in male Copenhagen rats have been characterized and the histologic types have been correlated with steroid hormone receptor content. One type is clearly an adenocarcinoma; this tumor is hormonally responsive and contains substantial amounts of both androgen and estrogen receptors. In contrast, another histologic type, a fibrosarcoma, is hormonally nonresponsive and does not contain either receptor. A third histologic variant is classified as a carcinosarcoma and contains histological elements of both adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma and is also hormonally responsive. This tumor contains lower receptor levels than the adenocarcinomas but more than the fibrosarcomas. The androgen receptor appears to be identical in the different histologic forms of the tumor: the sedimentation coefficient is 7.8S and the dissociatiln constant for methyltrienolone is 4 x 10(-9) M. Similarly, the estrogen receptor from the different histologic forms of the tumor has a sedimentation coefficient of 8.3S and the dissociation constant for estradiol is 7 x 10(-10) M. These findings clearly distinguish the cytosol binding macromolecules from plasma binding proteins, and classify them as steroid hormone receptors. Further, rat serum was devoid of androgen and estrogen binding in the 8S region. Normal prostate tissue from Copenhagen rats contained low levels of an androgen receptor, but no estrogen receptor. It is possible that during growth and/or passage of the R-3327 tumor, the hormonally responsive adenocarcinoma cells do not survive and there is a gradual emergence of the nonresponsive fibrosarcoma. If, as we suspect, the receptors are found in the epithelial cells and not the stromal cells, there clearly should be considerable variation of receptor content in the different intermediary histologic forms of the tumor.", "PMID": 750763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8324", "title": "Murine leukemia cell hybrids: the quantity of TL antigens expressed by parental and hybrid cells fails to correlate with their sensitivity to TL antibody and complement.", "content": "The quantity of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens expressed by murine leukemia cells is significantly greater than that expressed by somatic hybrids of such cells. Based upon the results of 125I-lactoperoxidase labeling and antibody absorption procedures, and corrected for size differences between the two cell types, the quantity of TL antigens expressed by RADA-1 cells, a radiation-induced murine leukemia cell line of strain A/J mice, is approximately 5.0 times greater than that of somatic hybrids of RADA-1 and LM(TK)- cells. LM(TK)- cells are a thymidine kinase-deficient TL(-) mouse fibroblast cell line. The quantity of TL antigens expressed is related only in part to their susceptibility to lysis by TL antibodies and guinea pig complement (GPC). RADA-1 cells resist lysis. The quantity of TL antigens expressed by RADA-1 cells is analogous to that formed by nonneoplastic thymocytes obtained from F1 hybrids of two strains of TL(+) and TL(-) mice; cells from both strains are sensitive to TL antiserum and GPC. ASL-1 cells, a spontaneously occurring leukemia cell line of A/J mice, express TL antigens in significantly higher quantities than any of the cell types examined. Exposed to TL antisera, the quantity of TL antigens of ASL-1 cells, but not that of hybrid cells, gradually diminishes. ASL-1 cells convert over a 6-h period of exposure to antibody and guinea pig complement (GPC) resistance; hybrid cells remain sensitive. However, ASL-1 cells converted to TL antibody and GPC resistance continue for a time to express TL antigens in quantities similar to that of sensitive F1 thymocytes and resistant RADA-1 cells. RADA-1 X LM(TK)- hybrid cells, which are sensitive to TL antibodies and GPC, express the lowest quantities of TL antigens of any of the cell types examined. It is likely that differences in the quantities of TL antigens expressed by different cell lines reflect genetic mechanisms controlling TL antigen expression. The failure of TL antisera to affect the quantities of TL antigens expressed by hybrid cells is taken as an indication that genetic controls governing antigen expression may be distinguished from those involved in regulating responsiveness to specific antiserum.", "contents": "Murine leukemia cell hybrids: the quantity of TL antigens expressed by parental and hybrid cells fails to correlate with their sensitivity to TL antibody and complement. The quantity of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens expressed by murine leukemia cells is significantly greater than that expressed by somatic hybrids of such cells. Based upon the results of 125I-lactoperoxidase labeling and antibody absorption procedures, and corrected for size differences between the two cell types, the quantity of TL antigens expressed by RADA-1 cells, a radiation-induced murine leukemia cell line of strain A/J mice, is approximately 5.0 times greater than that of somatic hybrids of RADA-1 and LM(TK)- cells. LM(TK)- cells are a thymidine kinase-deficient TL(-) mouse fibroblast cell line. The quantity of TL antigens expressed is related only in part to their susceptibility to lysis by TL antibodies and guinea pig complement (GPC). RADA-1 cells resist lysis. The quantity of TL antigens expressed by RADA-1 cells is analogous to that formed by nonneoplastic thymocytes obtained from F1 hybrids of two strains of TL(+) and TL(-) mice; cells from both strains are sensitive to TL antiserum and GPC. ASL-1 cells, a spontaneously occurring leukemia cell line of A/J mice, express TL antigens in significantly higher quantities than any of the cell types examined. Exposed to TL antisera, the quantity of TL antigens of ASL-1 cells, but not that of hybrid cells, gradually diminishes. ASL-1 cells convert over a 6-h period of exposure to antibody and guinea pig complement (GPC) resistance; hybrid cells remain sensitive. However, ASL-1 cells converted to TL antibody and GPC resistance continue for a time to express TL antigens in quantities similar to that of sensitive F1 thymocytes and resistant RADA-1 cells. RADA-1 X LM(TK)- hybrid cells, which are sensitive to TL antibodies and GPC, express the lowest quantities of TL antigens of any of the cell types examined. It is likely that differences in the quantities of TL antigens expressed by different cell lines reflect genetic mechanisms controlling TL antigen expression. The failure of TL antisera to affect the quantities of TL antigens expressed by hybrid cells is taken as an indication that genetic controls governing antigen expression may be distinguished from those involved in regulating responsiveness to specific antiserum.", "PMID": 750764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8325", "title": "Membrane alterations in irreversibly sickled cells: hemoglobin--membrane interaction.", "content": "Irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) are sickle erythrocytes which retain bipolar elongated shapes despite reoxygenation and owe their biophysical abnormalities to acquired membrane alterations. Freeze-etched membranes both of ISCs produced in vitro and ISCs isolated in vivo reveal microbodies fixed to the internal (PS) surface which obscure spectrin filaments. Intramembranous particles (IMPs) on the intramembrane (PF) surface aggregate over regions of subsurface microbodies. Electron microscopy of diaminobenzidine-treated of ISC ghosts show the microbodies to contain hemoglobin and/or hemoglobin derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy and freeze-etching demonstrate that membrane--hemoglobin S interaction in ISCs enhances the membrane loss by microspherulation. Membrane-bound hemoglobin is five times greater in in vivo ISCs than non-ISCs, and increases during ISC production, parallelling depletion of adenosine triphosphate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ISC membranes shows the presence of high-molecular-weight heteropolymers in the pre--band 1 region, a decrease in band 4.1 and an increase in bands 7, 8, and globin. The role of cross-linked membrane protein polymers in the generation of ISCs is discussed and is synthesized in terms of a unified concept for the determinants of the genesis of ISCs.", "contents": "Membrane alterations in irreversibly sickled cells: hemoglobin--membrane interaction. Irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) are sickle erythrocytes which retain bipolar elongated shapes despite reoxygenation and owe their biophysical abnormalities to acquired membrane alterations. Freeze-etched membranes both of ISCs produced in vitro and ISCs isolated in vivo reveal microbodies fixed to the internal (PS) surface which obscure spectrin filaments. Intramembranous particles (IMPs) on the intramembrane (PF) surface aggregate over regions of subsurface microbodies. Electron microscopy of diaminobenzidine-treated of ISC ghosts show the microbodies to contain hemoglobin and/or hemoglobin derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy and freeze-etching demonstrate that membrane--hemoglobin S interaction in ISCs enhances the membrane loss by microspherulation. Membrane-bound hemoglobin is five times greater in in vivo ISCs than non-ISCs, and increases during ISC production, parallelling depletion of adenosine triphosphate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ISC membranes shows the presence of high-molecular-weight heteropolymers in the pre--band 1 region, a decrease in band 4.1 and an increase in bands 7, 8, and globin. The role of cross-linked membrane protein polymers in the generation of ISCs is discussed and is synthesized in terms of a unified concept for the determinants of the genesis of ISCs.", "PMID": 750765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8326", "title": "Loss of spousal consortium.", "content": "Analysis of medical malpractice decisions shows this particular type of spousal consortium claim is treated by the courts in a fashion similar to spousal consortium claims based on other types of negligent injury. That is, whether a spouse is permitted to maintain an action for loss of consortium is dependent, not on the medical malpractice basis of the claim, but on whether consortium recovery is permitted in that jurisdiction--by the spouse seeking damages--for any type of negligent injury. The common law right of a husband to seek compensation for loss of consortium due to negligent injury to his wife is well established in most U.S. jurisdictions. Four states, however, have abolished the husband's right to this cause of action--rather than perhaps be forced to extend it to the wife under a theory of constitutionally required equal protection. In contrast, 35 jurisdictions have shifted from their earlier common law view that a wife has no consortium rights and now permit her to bring such an action.", "contents": "Loss of spousal consortium. Analysis of medical malpractice decisions shows this particular type of spousal consortium claim is treated by the courts in a fashion similar to spousal consortium claims based on other types of negligent injury. That is, whether a spouse is permitted to maintain an action for loss of consortium is dependent, not on the medical malpractice basis of the claim, but on whether consortium recovery is permitted in that jurisdiction--by the spouse seeking damages--for any type of negligent injury. The common law right of a husband to seek compensation for loss of consortium due to negligent injury to his wife is well established in most U.S. jurisdictions. Four states, however, have abolished the husband's right to this cause of action--rather than perhaps be forced to extend it to the wife under a theory of constitutionally required equal protection. In contrast, 35 jurisdictions have shifted from their earlier common law view that a wife has no consortium rights and now permit her to bring such an action.", "PMID": 750804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8327", "title": "How laetrile laws affect MDs.", "content": "A variety of problems exist in the 17 states that have passed laetrile laws. The precise legal relationship of these statutes to state food and drug laws and state medical practice acts is not well defined. The variability of the laws, state to state, is great and substances other than laetril are sometimes involved. The passage of substance-specific legislation confers \"pseudo-approval\" status on that substance in the public's mind. This results in a shifting of the drug approval process away from normal health regulatory channels into the political arena. Physicians should become familiar with the legal, medical, and social implications of such laws in their own states. More importantly, they need to articulate clearly to legislators the inherent problems and dangers in passing such legislation.", "contents": "How laetrile laws affect MDs. A variety of problems exist in the 17 states that have passed laetrile laws. The precise legal relationship of these statutes to state food and drug laws and state medical practice acts is not well defined. The variability of the laws, state to state, is great and substances other than laetril are sometimes involved. The passage of substance-specific legislation confers \"pseudo-approval\" status on that substance in the public's mind. This results in a shifting of the drug approval process away from normal health regulatory channels into the political arena. Physicians should become familiar with the legal, medical, and social implications of such laws in their own states. More importantly, they need to articulate clearly to legislators the inherent problems and dangers in passing such legislation.", "PMID": 750807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8328", "title": "Will your medical records get you into trouble?", "content": "Medical records frequently become legal documents. They can be the physician's best friend or worst enemy, depending on how the healthy care provider has maintained and cared for the record. Medical records that are properly maintained, including those that have properly made changes, can turn out to be a physician's staunchest ally. One cannot hope to rely on the support of a friend when the relationship has been tampered with. The health care provider has the duty to properly maintain the custody of the record, protecting the patient's right to confidentiality.", "contents": "Will your medical records get you into trouble? Medical records frequently become legal documents. They can be the physician's best friend or worst enemy, depending on how the healthy care provider has maintained and cared for the record. Medical records that are properly maintained, including those that have properly made changes, can turn out to be a physician's staunchest ally. One cannot hope to rely on the support of a friend when the relationship has been tampered with. The health care provider has the duty to properly maintain the custody of the record, protecting the patient's right to confidentiality.", "PMID": 750816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8329", "title": "The effect of elaidic acid incorporation upon the lipid composition of Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells and of the host's liver.", "content": "The incorporation of elaidic acid into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC) upon feeding the host an elaidic acid-rich diet has been investigated in the present study. The EATC lipids contained only one-half the concentration of elaidic acid found in the lipids of either the host livers or of livers from normal mice. On the other hand, elaidic acid incorporation into tumor cells was close to that of ascites fluid. This incorporation was mainly into phospholipids; the highest into choline phospholipids and ethanolamine phospholipids. Some changes in the EATC fatty acid composition were noted due to this incorporation. EATC phospholipids had reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared with oleic acid-grown cells. The same was true with respect to ascites fluid phospholipids, but neutral lipids were not altered. Tumor development was accompanied by an increase in elaidic acid of the host's liver. Elaidic acid incorporation into tumor cells resulted in a reduction in the amount of all major lipids in the tumor. In contrast, elaidic acid had no effect on lipid composition of livers from normal mice and and-tumor bearing mice, and also had no effect upon the lipids of the ascites fluid that bathes the tumor cells. The incorporation of elaidic acid into the lipids of EATC, normal liver and host liver did not affect the relative composition of phospholipids in these tissues. The development of the tumor did result in decreases in triacylglycerols and esterified cholesterol, and increases in phospholipids and free cholesterol in the livers of host animals.", "contents": "The effect of elaidic acid incorporation upon the lipid composition of Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells and of the host's liver. The incorporation of elaidic acid into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC) upon feeding the host an elaidic acid-rich diet has been investigated in the present study. The EATC lipids contained only one-half the concentration of elaidic acid found in the lipids of either the host livers or of livers from normal mice. On the other hand, elaidic acid incorporation into tumor cells was close to that of ascites fluid. This incorporation was mainly into phospholipids; the highest into choline phospholipids and ethanolamine phospholipids. Some changes in the EATC fatty acid composition were noted due to this incorporation. EATC phospholipids had reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared with oleic acid-grown cells. The same was true with respect to ascites fluid phospholipids, but neutral lipids were not altered. Tumor development was accompanied by an increase in elaidic acid of the host's liver. Elaidic acid incorporation into tumor cells resulted in a reduction in the amount of all major lipids in the tumor. In contrast, elaidic acid had no effect on lipid composition of livers from normal mice and and-tumor bearing mice, and also had no effect upon the lipids of the ascites fluid that bathes the tumor cells. The incorporation of elaidic acid into the lipids of EATC, normal liver and host liver did not affect the relative composition of phospholipids in these tissues. The development of the tumor did result in decreases in triacylglycerols and esterified cholesterol, and increases in phospholipids and free cholesterol in the livers of host animals.", "PMID": 750825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8330", "title": "Distinctive medium chain wax esters, triglycerides, and diacyl glyceryl ethers in the head fats of the Pacific beaked whale, Berardius bairdi.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from the mandibular fat body (jaw), the fatty forehead (melon), and the dorsal blubber of a Pacific beaked whale (Berardius bairdi) and separated into lipid classes by preparative thin layer chromatogrphy. The head fats were mixtures of wax esters and triglycerides with a very small amount of diacyl glyceryl ether. The blubber fat contained 97% wax ester and 3% triglyceride. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the intac lipid classes indicated an unusually low C26-C30 range for most of the jaw and melon wax esters compared to the more normal C32-C40 molecules found in the blubber. Distinctive lower molecular weight C24-C40 triglycerides occurred in the head fats vs. the usual C44-C58 range in the blubber. Most diacyl glyceryl ethers were in the C35-C46 range, below the molecular weight of hexadecyldipalmitoyl glyceryl ether (C48). GLC of the derived fatty acid methyl esters showed that the lower molecular weight neutral lipids in the head fats were due to high levels of iso-10:0, n-10:0, iso-11:0, iso-12:0, N-12:0, and iso-13:0 acids. The wax ester fatty alcohols and the alkoxy chains of the glyceryl ethers were mostly the C14-C20 chain lengths commonly observed in marine organisms. The distinctive medium chain neutral lipids in the jaw and melon fats of this whale may be related to the postulated acoustical role of these tissues in echolocation.", "contents": "Distinctive medium chain wax esters, triglycerides, and diacyl glyceryl ethers in the head fats of the Pacific beaked whale, Berardius bairdi. Lipids were extracted from the mandibular fat body (jaw), the fatty forehead (melon), and the dorsal blubber of a Pacific beaked whale (Berardius bairdi) and separated into lipid classes by preparative thin layer chromatogrphy. The head fats were mixtures of wax esters and triglycerides with a very small amount of diacyl glyceryl ether. The blubber fat contained 97% wax ester and 3% triglyceride. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the intac lipid classes indicated an unusually low C26-C30 range for most of the jaw and melon wax esters compared to the more normal C32-C40 molecules found in the blubber. Distinctive lower molecular weight C24-C40 triglycerides occurred in the head fats vs. the usual C44-C58 range in the blubber. Most diacyl glyceryl ethers were in the C35-C46 range, below the molecular weight of hexadecyldipalmitoyl glyceryl ether (C48). GLC of the derived fatty acid methyl esters showed that the lower molecular weight neutral lipids in the head fats were due to high levels of iso-10:0, n-10:0, iso-11:0, iso-12:0, N-12:0, and iso-13:0 acids. The wax ester fatty alcohols and the alkoxy chains of the glyceryl ethers were mostly the C14-C20 chain lengths commonly observed in marine organisms. The distinctive medium chain neutral lipids in the jaw and melon fats of this whale may be related to the postulated acoustical role of these tissues in echolocation.", "PMID": 750826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8331", "title": "Incidence and severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cerebral prostaglandin synthesis in essential fatty acid deficient and aspirin-treated rats.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in rats of the Lewis strain fed diets adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). After induction of the disease, the diets were supplemented with aspirin (3.75 g/kg diet), and the effects of the drug on the course of EAE and on the synthesis of prostaglandin F (PGF) by brain slices from diseased animals and their Freund controls were examined. Aspirin supplementation delayed the onset of EAE in both dietary groups. EFA-deficient rats experienced an incidence and severity of the disease similar to that of aspirin-free, EFA-deficiet rats, while the EFA-adequate group showed a greater severity but not an increased incidence, compared to aspirin-free controls. Aspirin treatment led to an increased PGF production by brain slices from rats on either diet and not subjected to an immunochallenge. When the diet was deficient in EFA, challenge with antigen plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone tended to decrease PGF synthesis by brain slices, and when the diet was adequate in EFA, immunochallenge caused a marked depression on PGF synthesis. It was concluded that the PG synthetase inhibitor aspirin can alter the course of EAE in the rat, providing further evidence that PGs or related metabolites may be involved in the immune response in this disease.", "contents": "Incidence and severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cerebral prostaglandin synthesis in essential fatty acid deficient and aspirin-treated rats. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in rats of the Lewis strain fed diets adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). After induction of the disease, the diets were supplemented with aspirin (3.75 g/kg diet), and the effects of the drug on the course of EAE and on the synthesis of prostaglandin F (PGF) by brain slices from diseased animals and their Freund controls were examined. Aspirin supplementation delayed the onset of EAE in both dietary groups. EFA-deficient rats experienced an incidence and severity of the disease similar to that of aspirin-free, EFA-deficiet rats, while the EFA-adequate group showed a greater severity but not an increased incidence, compared to aspirin-free controls. Aspirin treatment led to an increased PGF production by brain slices from rats on either diet and not subjected to an immunochallenge. When the diet was deficient in EFA, challenge with antigen plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone tended to decrease PGF synthesis by brain slices, and when the diet was adequate in EFA, immunochallenge caused a marked depression on PGF synthesis. It was concluded that the PG synthetase inhibitor aspirin can alter the course of EAE in the rat, providing further evidence that PGs or related metabolites may be involved in the immune response in this disease.", "PMID": 750827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8332", "title": "Esterification of palmitic acid in swine aortic homogenates.", "content": "The incorporation of [1-14C] palmitic acid into tissue lipids of the medial and intimal layers of swine aortic homogenates was investigated. The homogenates obtained were metabolically active as indicated by their ready incorporation of labeled palmitic acid into phospholipids, diglycerides and triglycerides in the presence of alpha-glycerophosphate in the incubation medium. Predominantly, labeling of phospholipids and especially of phosphatidylcholine was found when alpha-glycerophosphate or lysolecithin served as the fatty acid acceptor. Glycerol and monoolein did not serve as fatty acid acceptors. More than 98% of the radioactivity was recovered as the rephosphatidylcholine fraction at the level of 0.64 micromoles/ml of lysolecithin in the incubation medium.", "contents": "Esterification of palmitic acid in swine aortic homogenates. The incorporation of [1-14C] palmitic acid into tissue lipids of the medial and intimal layers of swine aortic homogenates was investigated. The homogenates obtained were metabolically active as indicated by their ready incorporation of labeled palmitic acid into phospholipids, diglycerides and triglycerides in the presence of alpha-glycerophosphate in the incubation medium. Predominantly, labeling of phospholipids and especially of phosphatidylcholine was found when alpha-glycerophosphate or lysolecithin served as the fatty acid acceptor. Glycerol and monoolein did not serve as fatty acid acceptors. More than 98% of the radioactivity was recovered as the rephosphatidylcholine fraction at the level of 0.64 micromoles/ml of lysolecithin in the incubation medium.", "PMID": 750828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8333", "title": "The role of dietary fat and hepatic triglyceride secretion in cancer-induced hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induces hyperlipemia in mice. In the present study using male Swiss-Webster mice, we examined whether the usual elevations of plasma triglyceride levels in cancerous mice would occur in the absence of dietary fat. Hypertiglyceridemia developed at a similar rate and to a comparable degree in tumerous mice eating a fat-free (58% glucose) diet and in those fed Purina chow. Maximal hyperlipidemia was observed on day 6 or day 8 in tumorous mice fed either diet. To determine whether the endogenous cancer-induced hyperlipidemia was due to hypersecretion of triglycerides by the liver, triglyceride secretion rates were studied 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days after tumor inoculation using Triton WR-1339. The secretory rates did not increase prior to or during the development of hypertriglyceridemia in tumorous mice and were not significantly different from those of control mice. On days 10 and 12, triglyceride secretion actually decreased in tumorous mice. Other possible causes for hypertriglyceridemia are discussed in light of the present findings of undetectable differences in triglyceride secretion rates accompanying growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.", "contents": "The role of dietary fat and hepatic triglyceride secretion in cancer-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induces hyperlipemia in mice. In the present study using male Swiss-Webster mice, we examined whether the usual elevations of plasma triglyceride levels in cancerous mice would occur in the absence of dietary fat. Hypertiglyceridemia developed at a similar rate and to a comparable degree in tumerous mice eating a fat-free (58% glucose) diet and in those fed Purina chow. Maximal hyperlipidemia was observed on day 6 or day 8 in tumorous mice fed either diet. To determine whether the endogenous cancer-induced hyperlipidemia was due to hypersecretion of triglycerides by the liver, triglyceride secretion rates were studied 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days after tumor inoculation using Triton WR-1339. The secretory rates did not increase prior to or during the development of hypertriglyceridemia in tumorous mice and were not significantly different from those of control mice. On days 10 and 12, triglyceride secretion actually decreased in tumorous mice. Other possible causes for hypertriglyceridemia are discussed in light of the present findings of undetectable differences in triglyceride secretion rates accompanying growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.", "PMID": 750829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8334", "title": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis and fatty acid composition in rat renal medulla.", "content": "Studies are reported on the capacity of isolated rat renal papilla (inner medulla) to synthesize and release prostaglandin (PG) E from endogenous and exogenous precursor(s) during development of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in the rat. Weanling (21-day-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a fat-free diet supplemented with either 5% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) or 5% safflower oil (SO). At approximately 3, 6 and 7 weeks (6. 9 and 10 weeks of age), groups of animals fed each diet were killed for studies of PGE synthesis in the renal papillae. Differences in the fatty acid composition of the papillae lipids of the animals of each group were also determined. The in vitro production of PGE from endogenous precursor(s) was significantly reduced in the papillae from the 6-week-old rats fed the HCO diet compared to the control (SO) rats, and appeared to be near maximally depressed in the 10-week-old animals compared to that of animals fed an EFA deficient diet for over a year in an accessory experiment. Analyses of the fatty acids of the papillae lipids of the HCO groups showed that the levels of 18:2 and 20:4 were markedly reduced, and those of 16:1, 18:1 and 20:3 were elevated compared to the controls even in the 6-week-old animals, typical of an EFA deficiency. The papillae lipids of the animals fed the HCO diet were also depleted of their stores of 22:4 omega 6. A fatty acid believed to be derived by chain elongation of 20:3 omega 9, 22:3, was found in large concentrations in the papillae triglycerides of the EFA deficient rats. Incubations of exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4) in homogenates and tissue slices of the papillae of the HCO dietary groups showed that the PG synthetase was not impaired by an EFA deficiency. The rate of PGE synthesis in the papillae of the EFA deficient animals was generally enhanced when exogenous 20:4 was added, indicating that the concentration of available precursor(s) is a primary factor in the control of PGE synthesis in the papilla of the rat.", "contents": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis and fatty acid composition in rat renal medulla. Studies are reported on the capacity of isolated rat renal papilla (inner medulla) to synthesize and release prostaglandin (PG) E from endogenous and exogenous precursor(s) during development of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in the rat. Weanling (21-day-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a fat-free diet supplemented with either 5% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) or 5% safflower oil (SO). At approximately 3, 6 and 7 weeks (6. 9 and 10 weeks of age), groups of animals fed each diet were killed for studies of PGE synthesis in the renal papillae. Differences in the fatty acid composition of the papillae lipids of the animals of each group were also determined. The in vitro production of PGE from endogenous precursor(s) was significantly reduced in the papillae from the 6-week-old rats fed the HCO diet compared to the control (SO) rats, and appeared to be near maximally depressed in the 10-week-old animals compared to that of animals fed an EFA deficient diet for over a year in an accessory experiment. Analyses of the fatty acids of the papillae lipids of the HCO groups showed that the levels of 18:2 and 20:4 were markedly reduced, and those of 16:1, 18:1 and 20:3 were elevated compared to the controls even in the 6-week-old animals, typical of an EFA deficiency. The papillae lipids of the animals fed the HCO diet were also depleted of their stores of 22:4 omega 6. A fatty acid believed to be derived by chain elongation of 20:3 omega 9, 22:3, was found in large concentrations in the papillae triglycerides of the EFA deficient rats. Incubations of exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4) in homogenates and tissue slices of the papillae of the HCO dietary groups showed that the PG synthetase was not impaired by an EFA deficiency. The rate of PGE synthesis in the papillae of the EFA deficient animals was generally enhanced when exogenous 20:4 was added, indicating that the concentration of available precursor(s) is a primary factor in the control of PGE synthesis in the papilla of the rat.", "PMID": 750830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8335", "title": "Availability of lysophosphatidylcholine in single bilayer vesicles for hydrolysis by lysophospholipase.", "content": "Single bilayer vesicles were prepared from total rat liver microsomal lipids to which 5 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine had been added. The availability of lysophosphatidylcholine for enzymatic hydrolysis by lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) was found to be higher in vesicles prepared by the cholate dispersion technique when compared with sonicated vesicles. Sepharose 4 B chromatography showed that the vesicles prepared by the cholate technique were smaller than those prepared by sonication. This is in contrast to previous observations for egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Total rat liver microsomal extracts were found to contain proteolipid, which could be removed by ether precipitation. Cholate vesicles prepared from proteolipid-free extracts were still smaller than sonicated vesicle from this extract. Experiments with [14C] dextran entrapped in the vesicles indicate that there is no loss of the permeability barrier of the vesicles for high molecular weight solutes during vesicle treatment with lysophospholipase. The high availability of lysophosphatidylcholine in cholate vesicles of total rat liver microsomal lipids is discussed in terms of a highly asymmetric distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine over the inner and outer monolayer of the bilayer.", "contents": "Availability of lysophosphatidylcholine in single bilayer vesicles for hydrolysis by lysophospholipase. Single bilayer vesicles were prepared from total rat liver microsomal lipids to which 5 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine had been added. The availability of lysophosphatidylcholine for enzymatic hydrolysis by lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) was found to be higher in vesicles prepared by the cholate dispersion technique when compared with sonicated vesicles. Sepharose 4 B chromatography showed that the vesicles prepared by the cholate technique were smaller than those prepared by sonication. This is in contrast to previous observations for egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Total rat liver microsomal extracts were found to contain proteolipid, which could be removed by ether precipitation. Cholate vesicles prepared from proteolipid-free extracts were still smaller than sonicated vesicle from this extract. Experiments with [14C] dextran entrapped in the vesicles indicate that there is no loss of the permeability barrier of the vesicles for high molecular weight solutes during vesicle treatment with lysophospholipase. The high availability of lysophosphatidylcholine in cholate vesicles of total rat liver microsomal lipids is discussed in terms of a highly asymmetric distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine over the inner and outer monolayer of the bilayer.", "PMID": 750831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8336", "title": "Separation of sulfated bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "In order to establish a new method for stimultaneous determination of sulfated bile acids without deconjugation, separation of 3-sulfates of unconjugated, glyco- and tauroconjugated bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography has been undertaken. The preliminary experiment indicated that reversed phase chromatography on an ODS SC-02 column using ammonium carbonate aqueous solution/acetonitrile as a mobile phase would be promising. The ratio of peak width to retention time was varied depending upon the salt concentration. The content of water in mobile phase exerted an influence on the capacity ratio to a certain extent, but not on the resolution. The use of 0.5% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (26:8 and 20:8, v/v) was found to be suitable for complete resolution of sulfated cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, lithocholate and their glyco- and tauro-conjugates.", "contents": "Separation of sulfated bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. In order to establish a new method for stimultaneous determination of sulfated bile acids without deconjugation, separation of 3-sulfates of unconjugated, glyco- and tauroconjugated bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography has been undertaken. The preliminary experiment indicated that reversed phase chromatography on an ODS SC-02 column using ammonium carbonate aqueous solution/acetonitrile as a mobile phase would be promising. The ratio of peak width to retention time was varied depending upon the salt concentration. The content of water in mobile phase exerted an influence on the capacity ratio to a certain extent, but not on the resolution. The use of 0.5% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (26:8 and 20:8, v/v) was found to be suitable for complete resolution of sulfated cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, lithocholate and their glyco- and tauro-conjugates.", "PMID": 750832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8337", "title": "Biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid: side-chain hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol by subcellular fractions of guinea pig liver.", "content": "Side-chain hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha diol was studied in subcellular fractions of guinea pig liver. The purity of the microsomal and the mitochrondrial fractions was determined with marker enzymes, and relatively little cross contamination between the particulate fractions was detected. Methods for the analysis of the incubation mixture by thin-layer chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed. Optimal assay conditons were established for the major hydroxylation reactions, namely the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation and the microsomal 25-hydroxylation, It was found that the most active side-chain hydroxylation in the guinea pig was the microsomal 25-hydroxylation. The mitochondrial omega-hydroxylation was stereospecific, in that the rate of formation of (25R)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 26-triol was 8 times greater than that of the 25S isomer. The microsomal \"25\" hydroxylation was not stereospecific under the conditions employed. It is concluded that the mitochondrial \"26\" hydroxylation (leading to the formation of (25R)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 26-triol) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid. The participation of microsomal 25-hydroxylation in the formation of chenodeoxycholic acids requires further investigation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid: side-chain hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol by subcellular fractions of guinea pig liver. Side-chain hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha diol was studied in subcellular fractions of guinea pig liver. The purity of the microsomal and the mitochrondrial fractions was determined with marker enzymes, and relatively little cross contamination between the particulate fractions was detected. Methods for the analysis of the incubation mixture by thin-layer chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed. Optimal assay conditons were established for the major hydroxylation reactions, namely the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation and the microsomal 25-hydroxylation, It was found that the most active side-chain hydroxylation in the guinea pig was the microsomal 25-hydroxylation. The mitochondrial omega-hydroxylation was stereospecific, in that the rate of formation of (25R)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 26-triol was 8 times greater than that of the 25S isomer. The microsomal \"25\" hydroxylation was not stereospecific under the conditions employed. It is concluded that the mitochondrial \"26\" hydroxylation (leading to the formation of (25R)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 26-triol) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid. The participation of microsomal 25-hydroxylation in the formation of chenodeoxycholic acids requires further investigation.", "PMID": 750834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8338", "title": "Bile acids in tissues: binding of lithocholic acid to protein.", "content": "Human liver contains two forms of lithocholic acid. One form is readily extractable by 95% ethanol/0.1% ammonia (soluble lithocholate, SL), while the other remains firmly bound to the residue (tissue-bound lithocholate, TBL). TBL could be hydrolytically released using clostridial cholanoylamino acid hydrolase, suggesting a peptide link between lithocholate and protein. With bovine serum albumin (BSA), lithocholic acid showed spontaneous amino group-modifying activity. When small molecular weight lysine (alpha-t-BOC-1-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide) and arginine peptides (alpha-CBZ-di-arginyl-beta-naphthylamide) were used in place of BSA, lithocholate bound specifically to the lysine peptide. The unusual affinity for lysine suggested that this amino acid might be involved as a residue in TBL. Synthesis of lithocholyl lysines and comparison with products of acid hydrolysis of TBL established epsilon-lithocholyl lysine as the predominant form in which lithocholic acid is found in tissue bound form.", "contents": "Bile acids in tissues: binding of lithocholic acid to protein. Human liver contains two forms of lithocholic acid. One form is readily extractable by 95% ethanol/0.1% ammonia (soluble lithocholate, SL), while the other remains firmly bound to the residue (tissue-bound lithocholate, TBL). TBL could be hydrolytically released using clostridial cholanoylamino acid hydrolase, suggesting a peptide link between lithocholate and protein. With bovine serum albumin (BSA), lithocholic acid showed spontaneous amino group-modifying activity. When small molecular weight lysine (alpha-t-BOC-1-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide) and arginine peptides (alpha-CBZ-di-arginyl-beta-naphthylamide) were used in place of BSA, lithocholate bound specifically to the lysine peptide. The unusual affinity for lysine suggested that this amino acid might be involved as a residue in TBL. Synthesis of lithocholyl lysines and comparison with products of acid hydrolysis of TBL established epsilon-lithocholyl lysine as the predominant form in which lithocholic acid is found in tissue bound form.", "PMID": 750835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8339", "title": "Bile acids LVII. Analysis of bile acids by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "Several high pressure liquid chromatographic methods for the separation of conjugated and free bile acids are presented. A mixture of synthetic conjugated bile acids has been separated by reverse-phase systems consisting of either a Waters Associated' \"fatty-acid analysis\" or a muBondapak/C18 column eluted with a mixture of 2-propanol/potassium phosphage buffer (pH 2.5 or 7.0). The major conjugated bile acids present in the gallbladder bile of obese subjects have been analyzed each in less than 30 min and quantitated with a U.V. detector set at 193 nm. Some of the 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomers of conjugated bile salts could be resolved in straight-phase systems on Corasil II or muPorasil columns. Mass spectra of the conjugated bile acids obtained by electron impact were characteristics of the type of amino acid attached to the side chain, and the number of hydroxyl substituents on the nucleus. Most of the isomers could readily be differentiated by the relative intensities of the fragment ions.", "contents": "Bile acids LVII. Analysis of bile acids by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Several high pressure liquid chromatographic methods for the separation of conjugated and free bile acids are presented. A mixture of synthetic conjugated bile acids has been separated by reverse-phase systems consisting of either a Waters Associated' \"fatty-acid analysis\" or a muBondapak/C18 column eluted with a mixture of 2-propanol/potassium phosphage buffer (pH 2.5 or 7.0). The major conjugated bile acids present in the gallbladder bile of obese subjects have been analyzed each in less than 30 min and quantitated with a U.V. detector set at 193 nm. Some of the 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomers of conjugated bile salts could be resolved in straight-phase systems on Corasil II or muPorasil columns. Mass spectra of the conjugated bile acids obtained by electron impact were characteristics of the type of amino acid attached to the side chain, and the number of hydroxyl substituents on the nucleus. Most of the isomers could readily be differentiated by the relative intensities of the fragment ions.", "PMID": 750836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8340", "title": "Bile acids LVIII. Bile acids and colorectal cancer.", "content": "Significant correlations have been reported by epidemiologists between the mortality from colorectal cancer in various populations and the consumption of meat or lipids by these populations. These have directed considerable attention to possible relationships between diet and the occurrence of this neoplasm. We have carried out studies of the composition of bile from rats as influenced by diets of varying lipid content. Two cannulas were surgically implanted to form an externalized bile duct through which bile was drained from the common duct and returned to the duodenum. Small aliquots were analyzed for total bile acids by enzymatic assay and for individual bile acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectometry. Animals consuming diets highest in lipid content provided bile with the greatest amounts of bile acids. The primary bile acids, taurocholic, taurochenodeoxychilic, and tauro alpha- and beta-muricholic acids made up more than 99% of the 3 alph-hydroxy bile acids and were found in approximate molar ratio of 2:1:1. Either complete drainage of bile without return to the duodenum, or biliary tract obstruction had pronounced influence on the rate of secretion of bile and its composition.", "contents": "Bile acids LVIII. Bile acids and colorectal cancer. Significant correlations have been reported by epidemiologists between the mortality from colorectal cancer in various populations and the consumption of meat or lipids by these populations. These have directed considerable attention to possible relationships between diet and the occurrence of this neoplasm. We have carried out studies of the composition of bile from rats as influenced by diets of varying lipid content. Two cannulas were surgically implanted to form an externalized bile duct through which bile was drained from the common duct and returned to the duodenum. Small aliquots were analyzed for total bile acids by enzymatic assay and for individual bile acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectometry. Animals consuming diets highest in lipid content provided bile with the greatest amounts of bile acids. The primary bile acids, taurocholic, taurochenodeoxychilic, and tauro alpha- and beta-muricholic acids made up more than 99% of the 3 alph-hydroxy bile acids and were found in approximate molar ratio of 2:1:1. Either complete drainage of bile without return to the duodenum, or biliary tract obstruction had pronounced influence on the rate of secretion of bile and its composition.", "PMID": 750837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8341", "title": "Metabolic responses of females to high intensity interval training of different frequencies.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of frequency and distance of high intensity, interval training on females. Thirty-two females participated in an eight-week program of interval run training. Subjects were assigned to either a 2 day/week or a 4 day/week group, as well as a high intensity, short distance (50,101,201 meters), or high intensity longer distance (604, 805, 1208 meters) group. Estimates of training intensity were 170% and 130% Vo2max for the short and longer distance groups, respectively. Maximal and submaximal measures of oxygen consumption (Vo2), heart rate (HR), and venous blood lactic acid were determined prior to and following the training program. After training, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in Vo2max (13%) (deltax = 0.32 1/min or 5.2 ml/kg.min). Maximal VE increased approximately 12% after training (P less than 0.01). Max HR, max lactic acid, and submax Vo2 were not altered by the training. However, HR submax decreased significantly (P less than .05) after training by approximately 6%. Analysis of coveriance indicated that these changes were independent of training frequency, distance, and intensity. It was concluded that the changes in aerobic power and submaximal HR of females are independent of frequency, distance, and intensity of high-intensity interval training programs.", "contents": "Metabolic responses of females to high intensity interval training of different frequencies. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of frequency and distance of high intensity, interval training on females. Thirty-two females participated in an eight-week program of interval run training. Subjects were assigned to either a 2 day/week or a 4 day/week group, as well as a high intensity, short distance (50,101,201 meters), or high intensity longer distance (604, 805, 1208 meters) group. Estimates of training intensity were 170% and 130% Vo2max for the short and longer distance groups, respectively. Maximal and submaximal measures of oxygen consumption (Vo2), heart rate (HR), and venous blood lactic acid were determined prior to and following the training program. After training, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in Vo2max (13%) (deltax = 0.32 1/min or 5.2 ml/kg.min). Maximal VE increased approximately 12% after training (P less than 0.01). Max HR, max lactic acid, and submax Vo2 were not altered by the training. However, HR submax decreased significantly (P less than .05) after training by approximately 6%. Analysis of coveriance indicated that these changes were independent of training frequency, distance, and intensity. It was concluded that the changes in aerobic power and submaximal HR of females are independent of frequency, distance, and intensity of high-intensity interval training programs.", "PMID": 750838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8342", "title": "Maximal oxygen uptake in young women with training, inactivity, and retraining.", "content": "Six young, healthy, sedentary females performed intense endurance training at a constant training stimulus (HR = 170 beats x min-1) twice a week in two 7-week periods separated by seven weeks of inactivity. Inactivity was defined as a period without scheduled exercise but with necessary daily activities. An increase in Vo2max (10-14%) and in training intensity at target heart rate (24%) were observed in both periods (p less than 0.001). Considering the intensity and duration of the program these gains are similar to those reported previously in women and men. The training response was the same in the two periods. Thus, there was no indication of beneficial effects during retraining from the previously performed activity. After the inactivity period Vo2max, as well as the work intensity at target heart rate, did not differ significantly from the pretraining observations. Thus seven weeks with no training was sufficient to neutralize the effect of a conditioning program of similar duration.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen uptake in young women with training, inactivity, and retraining. Six young, healthy, sedentary females performed intense endurance training at a constant training stimulus (HR = 170 beats x min-1) twice a week in two 7-week periods separated by seven weeks of inactivity. Inactivity was defined as a period without scheduled exercise but with necessary daily activities. An increase in Vo2max (10-14%) and in training intensity at target heart rate (24%) were observed in both periods (p less than 0.001). Considering the intensity and duration of the program these gains are similar to those reported previously in women and men. The training response was the same in the two periods. Thus, there was no indication of beneficial effects during retraining from the previously performed activity. After the inactivity period Vo2max, as well as the work intensity at target heart rate, did not differ significantly from the pretraining observations. Thus seven weeks with no training was sufficient to neutralize the effect of a conditioning program of similar duration.", "PMID": 750839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8343", "title": "Physiological responses of international female lacrosse players to pre-season conditioning.", "content": "This study examined the changes in body composition, maximum aerobic power (Vo2max) and maximum anaerobic power in seven Australian international women lacrosse players during a 3-month pre-season conditioning program. Monthly tests were conducted and the data were analyzed by an ANOVA repeated measures design and subjected to a polynomial orthogonal test of trend in the event of a significant F-ratio at the .05 level. The trend analysis for relative body fat (X = 24.9 [initial], 22.8, [first month], 23.1 [second month] and 23.1% [third month]) indicated significant linear and quadratic components since the major adjustment had occurred by the end of the first month. The players also experienced an overall average weight loss of 1.55 kg. The mean Vo2max values were: 44.0, 48.6, 52.3 and 52.9 ml/kg x min. Thus aerobic power had plateaued by the end of the second month and the trend analysis accordingly indicated significant linear and quadratic components. Anaerobic alactacid power was measured by Margaria's stair run. Both the times and power (kgm/kg x sec) exhibited significant linear trends. Post-exercise blood samples taken at the start and end of the 3-month training program indicated a significant increase (P less than .05) in lactate (X = 9.0 and 11.8 mmol/l) following a short duration maximum treadmill run.", "contents": "Physiological responses of international female lacrosse players to pre-season conditioning. This study examined the changes in body composition, maximum aerobic power (Vo2max) and maximum anaerobic power in seven Australian international women lacrosse players during a 3-month pre-season conditioning program. Monthly tests were conducted and the data were analyzed by an ANOVA repeated measures design and subjected to a polynomial orthogonal test of trend in the event of a significant F-ratio at the .05 level. The trend analysis for relative body fat (X = 24.9 [initial], 22.8, [first month], 23.1 [second month] and 23.1% [third month]) indicated significant linear and quadratic components since the major adjustment had occurred by the end of the first month. The players also experienced an overall average weight loss of 1.55 kg. The mean Vo2max values were: 44.0, 48.6, 52.3 and 52.9 ml/kg x min. Thus aerobic power had plateaued by the end of the second month and the trend analysis accordingly indicated significant linear and quadratic components. Anaerobic alactacid power was measured by Margaria's stair run. Both the times and power (kgm/kg x sec) exhibited significant linear trends. Post-exercise blood samples taken at the start and end of the 3-month training program indicated a significant increase (P less than .05) in lactate (X = 9.0 and 11.8 mmol/l) following a short duration maximum treadmill run.", "PMID": 750840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8344", "title": "Anthropometric estimation of body density, fat, and lean body weight in women gymnasts.", "content": "Measurements from 44 highly skilled women gymnasts were used to evaluate previously derived equations for estimating body composition and to develop new equations by step-wise linear regression. True composition values were computed from body density (DB). Measures were taken of skeletal diameters (D), circumferences (C) and skin-folds (SF). Equations evaluated were those by Sloan et al. (23), F. Katch and Michael (15), Wilmore and Behnke (28), F. Katch and McArdle (18) and Weltman and V. Katch (26). With exception of the Weltman-Katch equation, correlations between true and estimated LBW's were high (.91 to .95) but underestimated true LBW 1.13 to 3.88 kg. Regression analysis suggested adjustment of ordinate values would give these equations acceptable accuracy for use with women gymnasts. New equations were derived from variables that had been selected by using factor analysis to minimize shared variance. Equations derived were DB - 1.024620 + .002024 Neck C--.001435 Supra-iliac SF--.001039 Juxta-um-bilicus SF (R.806, +/- .0061); Fat = .3798--.5809 Neck C + .3253 Abdominal C + .3007 Supra-iliac SF + .2047 Juxta-umbilicus SF, (R .891, +/- 1.29) and LBW = .3973 Height + .8357 Neck C + .4317 Shoulder C--87.203 (R .923, +/- 1.75).", "contents": "Anthropometric estimation of body density, fat, and lean body weight in women gymnasts. Measurements from 44 highly skilled women gymnasts were used to evaluate previously derived equations for estimating body composition and to develop new equations by step-wise linear regression. True composition values were computed from body density (DB). Measures were taken of skeletal diameters (D), circumferences (C) and skin-folds (SF). Equations evaluated were those by Sloan et al. (23), F. Katch and Michael (15), Wilmore and Behnke (28), F. Katch and McArdle (18) and Weltman and V. Katch (26). With exception of the Weltman-Katch equation, correlations between true and estimated LBW's were high (.91 to .95) but underestimated true LBW 1.13 to 3.88 kg. Regression analysis suggested adjustment of ordinate values would give these equations acceptable accuracy for use with women gymnasts. New equations were derived from variables that had been selected by using factor analysis to minimize shared variance. Equations derived were DB - 1.024620 + .002024 Neck C--.001435 Supra-iliac SF--.001039 Juxta-um-bilicus SF (R.806, +/- .0061); Fat = .3798--.5809 Neck C + .3253 Abdominal C + .3007 Supra-iliac SF + .2047 Juxta-umbilicus SF, (R .891, +/- 1.29) and LBW = .3973 Height + .8357 Neck C + .4317 Shoulder C--87.203 (R .923, +/- 1.75).", "PMID": 750841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8345", "title": "Physiological responses of women to thermal stress: a review.", "content": "The recent increase in women's participation in physically challenging activities prompted this review of female responses to heat and cold (68 references). Relevant sex differences include hormone levels, anthropometric factors, and body composition. Many studies show that women are less heat tolerant than men, particularly when physical work is required. Much of the difference is related to women's relatively low level of physical fitness and lack of heat acclimatization, which are in turn a result of their traditionally sedentary lifestyle. When work load is adjusted relative to individual capacity, females respond to heat stress much as males do. Acclimatization mechanisms are the same. Women generally have lower sweat rates, an appropriate adjustment to lesser cooling needs. The menstrual cycle has no meaningful effect on heat tolerance. Cold response reflects individual subcutaneous fat thickness, and women have an advantage there, but in extreme cold exposure they may be handicapped by their small muscle mass. Sex per se is but a small factor in determining human thermal responses; individual body size, physical fitness, and state of acclimatization play for more important roles.", "contents": "Physiological responses of women to thermal stress: a review. The recent increase in women's participation in physically challenging activities prompted this review of female responses to heat and cold (68 references). Relevant sex differences include hormone levels, anthropometric factors, and body composition. Many studies show that women are less heat tolerant than men, particularly when physical work is required. Much of the difference is related to women's relatively low level of physical fitness and lack of heat acclimatization, which are in turn a result of their traditionally sedentary lifestyle. When work load is adjusted relative to individual capacity, females respond to heat stress much as males do. Acclimatization mechanisms are the same. Women generally have lower sweat rates, an appropriate adjustment to lesser cooling needs. The menstrual cycle has no meaningful effect on heat tolerance. Cold response reflects individual subcutaneous fat thickness, and women have an advantage there, but in extreme cold exposure they may be handicapped by their small muscle mass. Sex per se is but a small factor in determining human thermal responses; individual body size, physical fitness, and state of acclimatization play for more important roles.", "PMID": 750842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8346", "title": "Maximal oxygen uptake, heat tolerance and rectal temperature.", "content": "To determine the relation of rectal temperature (Tre) to Vo2max and heat tolerance, eight untrained, eight trained and five heat acclimated subjects (respective means +/- SE for Vo2max in ml/kg.min of 37.5 +/- 1.6; 55.7 +/- 1.5; and 54.5 +/- 3.2) were tested in 3 conditions: 60 min of exercise at a fixed load of 35 W at room temperature of 23 degrees C; 60 min of exercise at 35% Vo2max also at 23 degrees C, and 3-hr of exercise in heat (40 degrees C DB, 30 degrees C WB). The heat-acclimated group showed the best heat tolerance, while the untrained group showed the poorest responses in heat. Exercise at 35 W resulted in higher heart rates shown by the untrained, compared with the other subjects, while equilibrium Tre were 37.6, 37.9, and 38.2 degrees C, in the heat-acclimated, trained and untrained groups, respectively, with corresponding differences for resting Tre (36.7, 36.9, and 37.1 degrees C). During exercise at 35% Vo2max, the heat-acclimated group showed lower Tre than the trained group despite working at the same relative loads. Tre during exercise at 35 W at 23 degrees C correlated r = -70 with Vo2max and r = 0.80 with Tre during exercise in heat. These results show that Vo2max accounts for only part of the variability which determines the level of Tre in cool conditions with heat acclimatization accounting for the remainder of this relationship.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen uptake, heat tolerance and rectal temperature. To determine the relation of rectal temperature (Tre) to Vo2max and heat tolerance, eight untrained, eight trained and five heat acclimated subjects (respective means +/- SE for Vo2max in ml/kg.min of 37.5 +/- 1.6; 55.7 +/- 1.5; and 54.5 +/- 3.2) were tested in 3 conditions: 60 min of exercise at a fixed load of 35 W at room temperature of 23 degrees C; 60 min of exercise at 35% Vo2max also at 23 degrees C, and 3-hr of exercise in heat (40 degrees C DB, 30 degrees C WB). The heat-acclimated group showed the best heat tolerance, while the untrained group showed the poorest responses in heat. Exercise at 35 W resulted in higher heart rates shown by the untrained, compared with the other subjects, while equilibrium Tre were 37.6, 37.9, and 38.2 degrees C, in the heat-acclimated, trained and untrained groups, respectively, with corresponding differences for resting Tre (36.7, 36.9, and 37.1 degrees C). During exercise at 35% Vo2max, the heat-acclimated group showed lower Tre than the trained group despite working at the same relative loads. Tre during exercise at 35 W at 23 degrees C correlated r = -70 with Vo2max and r = 0.80 with Tre during exercise in heat. These results show that Vo2max accounts for only part of the variability which determines the level of Tre in cool conditions with heat acclimatization accounting for the remainder of this relationship.", "PMID": 750843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8347", "title": "Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women.", "content": "An alternating cycle of eccentric-concentric contractions in locomotion represents a sequence when storage and utilization of elastic energy takes place. It is possible that this storage capacity and its utilization depends on the imposed stretch loads in activated muscles, and that sex differences may be present in these phenomena. To investigate these assumed differences, subjects from both sexes and of good physical condition performed vertical jumps on the force-platform from the following experimental conditions: squatting jump (SJ) from a static starting position; counter-movement jump (CMJ) from a free standing position and with a preparatory counter-movement; drop jumps (DJ) from the various heights (20 to 100 cm) on to the platform followed immediately by a vertical jump. In all subjects the SJ, in which condition no appreciable storage of elastic energy takes place, produced the lowest height of rise of the whole body center of gravity (C.G.). The stretch load (drop height) influenced the performance so that height of rise of C. of G. increased when the drop height increased from 26 up to 62 cm (males) and from 20 to 50 cm (females). In all jumping conditions the men jumped higher than the women. However, examination of the utilization of elastic energy indicated that in CMJ the female subjects were able to utilize most (congruent to 90%) of the energy produced in the prestretching phase. Similarly, in DJ the overall change in positive energy over SJ condition was higher in women as compared to men. Thus the results suggest that although the leg extensor muscles of the men subjects could sustain much higher stretch loads, the females may be able to utilize a greater portion of the stored elastic energy in jumping activities.", "contents": "Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. An alternating cycle of eccentric-concentric contractions in locomotion represents a sequence when storage and utilization of elastic energy takes place. It is possible that this storage capacity and its utilization depends on the imposed stretch loads in activated muscles, and that sex differences may be present in these phenomena. To investigate these assumed differences, subjects from both sexes and of good physical condition performed vertical jumps on the force-platform from the following experimental conditions: squatting jump (SJ) from a static starting position; counter-movement jump (CMJ) from a free standing position and with a preparatory counter-movement; drop jumps (DJ) from the various heights (20 to 100 cm) on to the platform followed immediately by a vertical jump. In all subjects the SJ, in which condition no appreciable storage of elastic energy takes place, produced the lowest height of rise of the whole body center of gravity (C.G.). The stretch load (drop height) influenced the performance so that height of rise of C. of G. increased when the drop height increased from 26 up to 62 cm (males) and from 20 to 50 cm (females). In all jumping conditions the men jumped higher than the women. However, examination of the utilization of elastic energy indicated that in CMJ the female subjects were able to utilize most (congruent to 90%) of the energy produced in the prestretching phase. Similarly, in DJ the overall change in positive energy over SJ condition was higher in women as compared to men. Thus the results suggest that although the leg extensor muscles of the men subjects could sustain much higher stretch loads, the females may be able to utilize a greater portion of the stored elastic energy in jumping activities.", "PMID": 750844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8348", "title": "Muscle strength and power changes during maximal isokinetic training.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of short duration, high intensity training on skeletal muscle. The extensors and flexors of the knee were tested and exercised by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. Measurements of peak torque were obtained at velocities ranging from 0 degrees/sec (isometric) to 300 degrees/sec through a distance of 90 degrees. Total work output was measured during repeated knee extensions and flexions for work tasks of 6 sec and 30 sec duration. A 1-min test of repeated maximal contractions was administered to examine muscular fatiguability before and after training. The subjects trained one leg with repeated 6 sec exercise bouts, while the other leg was trained using repeated 30 sec bouts. All training and testing was executed at near maximal force and at a constant velocity (180 degrees/sec). The subjects trained four times per week for a period of seven weeks. The daily work output was equal for the 6 and 30 sec training legs. Results indicate that: (1) isokinetic training programs of 6 and 30 seconds duration can significantly (P less than .05) increase peak muscular torque; (2) training velocity may be an important consideration in improving peak torque; (3) total work output was increased an average of 30% with either training at relatively slow (60 degrees/sec) or fast (180 degrees/sec) velocities; (4) both training programs significantly reduced the fatiguability of the knee extensor muscles.", "contents": "Muscle strength and power changes during maximal isokinetic training. This study investigated the effects of short duration, high intensity training on skeletal muscle. The extensors and flexors of the knee were tested and exercised by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. Measurements of peak torque were obtained at velocities ranging from 0 degrees/sec (isometric) to 300 degrees/sec through a distance of 90 degrees. Total work output was measured during repeated knee extensions and flexions for work tasks of 6 sec and 30 sec duration. A 1-min test of repeated maximal contractions was administered to examine muscular fatiguability before and after training. The subjects trained one leg with repeated 6 sec exercise bouts, while the other leg was trained using repeated 30 sec bouts. All training and testing was executed at near maximal force and at a constant velocity (180 degrees/sec). The subjects trained four times per week for a period of seven weeks. The daily work output was equal for the 6 and 30 sec training legs. Results indicate that: (1) isokinetic training programs of 6 and 30 seconds duration can significantly (P less than .05) increase peak muscular torque; (2) training velocity may be an important consideration in improving peak torque; (3) total work output was increased an average of 30% with either training at relatively slow (60 degrees/sec) or fast (180 degrees/sec) velocities; (4) both training programs significantly reduced the fatiguability of the knee extensor muscles.", "PMID": 750845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8349", "title": "Effect of contraction frequency on effort sensations during cycling at a constant resistance.", "content": "Five subjects performed 6 min of cycling exercise at a constant resistance (2 kg) and three pedalling frequencies (30, 50 and 75 rev.min-1). The resulting exercise intensities required 32, 45, 68% of their average Vo2max. Electromyographic tracings (EMG) from the left quadriceps and magnitude estimates of overall effort sensations were made continuously. There was no difference in the area of the smooth rectified EMG resulting from frequency or number of contractions. Slopes of the effort-time functions were not significantly different between 30 and 50 rev.min-1 and thus raised the issue of discriminability between cycling exercise intensities. The difference in slope between 50 and 75 rev.min-1 was significant (p less than 0.01). Oxygen uptake averaged for all subjects reached steady state between about 2-3 min of exercise but magnitude estimates of effort increased continuously during exercise. Thus, no correspondence was found between effort and Vo2 when the peripheral signal to the effort sense was held constant. It is concluded that the second input to the effort sense does not arise from cardiovascular and respiratory responses to oxygen demand from the periphery.", "contents": "Effect of contraction frequency on effort sensations during cycling at a constant resistance. Five subjects performed 6 min of cycling exercise at a constant resistance (2 kg) and three pedalling frequencies (30, 50 and 75 rev.min-1). The resulting exercise intensities required 32, 45, 68% of their average Vo2max. Electromyographic tracings (EMG) from the left quadriceps and magnitude estimates of overall effort sensations were made continuously. There was no difference in the area of the smooth rectified EMG resulting from frequency or number of contractions. Slopes of the effort-time functions were not significantly different between 30 and 50 rev.min-1 and thus raised the issue of discriminability between cycling exercise intensities. The difference in slope between 50 and 75 rev.min-1 was significant (p less than 0.01). Oxygen uptake averaged for all subjects reached steady state between about 2-3 min of exercise but magnitude estimates of effort increased continuously during exercise. Thus, no correspondence was found between effort and Vo2 when the peripheral signal to the effort sense was held constant. It is concluded that the second input to the effort sense does not arise from cardiovascular and respiratory responses to oxygen demand from the periphery.", "PMID": 750846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8350", "title": "Achievement motivation and competition: perceptions and responses.", "content": "This study investigated the influence of achievement motivation (Nach) on how individuals perceive an evaluative competition situation, whether they prefer to perform in this type of setting, and whether they seek the inherent appraisal information regarding their motoric competence. Specifically, perceived threat to self esteem was examined as indicated by state anxiety responses and measured by the Competitive Short Form of the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. State anxiety was assessed at rest, while performing a motor task alone in a nonevaluative setting, and during competition against an equal ability opponent. Situation perference and information seeking behavior were assessed at the conclusion of the closely paced competition. Subjects were asked whether they had perferred performing in the noncompetition or competition situation and were given the opportunity to select the relative ability level of a future opponent. As predicted, the major findings indicated that high Nach males experienced less threat during competition than low Nach males. Further, more high than low Nach individuals perferred the competition situation to the noncompetition situation and sought the evaluative ability information to a greater extent by choosing opponents of equal or greater relative ability for a future hypothetical competition.", "contents": "Achievement motivation and competition: perceptions and responses. This study investigated the influence of achievement motivation (Nach) on how individuals perceive an evaluative competition situation, whether they prefer to perform in this type of setting, and whether they seek the inherent appraisal information regarding their motoric competence. Specifically, perceived threat to self esteem was examined as indicated by state anxiety responses and measured by the Competitive Short Form of the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. State anxiety was assessed at rest, while performing a motor task alone in a nonevaluative setting, and during competition against an equal ability opponent. Situation perference and information seeking behavior were assessed at the conclusion of the closely paced competition. Subjects were asked whether they had perferred performing in the noncompetition or competition situation and were given the opportunity to select the relative ability level of a future opponent. As predicted, the major findings indicated that high Nach males experienced less threat during competition than low Nach males. Further, more high than low Nach individuals perferred the competition situation to the noncompetition situation and sought the evaluative ability information to a greater extent by choosing opponents of equal or greater relative ability for a future hypothetical competition.", "PMID": 750847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8351", "title": "Effects on traction of outsole composition and hardnesses of basketball shoes and three types of playing surfaces.", "content": "The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effects of outsole composition and hardness, playing surfaces and player weight on the dynamic torque, traction forces and static drag developed at the shoe-surface interface. Basketball shoes of polyurethane and elastomer outsoles, each of three different hardnesses, were tested on clean and dusty hardwood floor samples, and on a sample of an artificial gymnasium flooring. The tests were conducted using a laboratory apparatus which included a player leg assembly with simulation of two player weights. Dynamic torque, traction forces from side and rear impacts and static drag were measured at the shoe surface interface. The results indicated that in basketball the magnitude of the resistance forces and torques are influenced by the outsole material and outsole hardness of the shoes, the playing surface and player weights.", "contents": "Effects on traction of outsole composition and hardnesses of basketball shoes and three types of playing surfaces. The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effects of outsole composition and hardness, playing surfaces and player weight on the dynamic torque, traction forces and static drag developed at the shoe-surface interface. Basketball shoes of polyurethane and elastomer outsoles, each of three different hardnesses, were tested on clean and dusty hardwood floor samples, and on a sample of an artificial gymnasium flooring. The tests were conducted using a laboratory apparatus which included a player leg assembly with simulation of two player weights. Dynamic torque, traction forces from side and rear impacts and static drag were measured at the shoe surface interface. The results indicated that in basketball the magnitude of the resistance forces and torques are influenced by the outsole material and outsole hardness of the shoes, the playing surface and player weights.", "PMID": 750848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8352", "title": "Glycogen depletion patterns during ice hockey performance.", "content": "Eight male varsity ice hockey players were studied during 4 hockey games to investigate the alteration in blood substrates and the depletion pattern of glycogen in the fibers of the vastus lateralis muscle. Venous blood was sampled before and after each period and biopsies were taken prior to and immediately following each game. Significant elevations (p less than 0.05) in blood glucose, lactate and plasma FFA occurred following each period with little difference shown between the periods. Muscle glycogen declined an average of 60%. The histochemically determined glycogen depletion pattern indicated utilization of Type I, IIA and IIB fibers, with the greatest depletion occurring in the Type I fibers. In spite of the differences between forwards and defensemen in the length and number of shifts, the blood substrate profile, amount and pattern of glycogen depletion were similar.", "contents": "Glycogen depletion patterns during ice hockey performance. Eight male varsity ice hockey players were studied during 4 hockey games to investigate the alteration in blood substrates and the depletion pattern of glycogen in the fibers of the vastus lateralis muscle. Venous blood was sampled before and after each period and biopsies were taken prior to and immediately following each game. Significant elevations (p less than 0.05) in blood glucose, lactate and plasma FFA occurred following each period with little difference shown between the periods. Muscle glycogen declined an average of 60%. The histochemically determined glycogen depletion pattern indicated utilization of Type I, IIA and IIB fibers, with the greatest depletion occurring in the Type I fibers. In spite of the differences between forwards and defensemen in the length and number of shifts, the blood substrate profile, amount and pattern of glycogen depletion were similar.", "PMID": 750849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8353", "title": "Status of police officers with regard to selected cardio-respiratory and body compositional fitness variables.", "content": "Physical performance and body composition characteristics of members (n = 75) and recruits (n = 61) of the Louisville Police Department (total n = 136) were assessed. Members were randomly selected males and ranged in age from 20 to 55 years and were ranked from the newest inductee through and including the Chief of Police. Members between the ages of 20 and 29 years assigned to active duty possessed average cardio-respiratory fitness (Vo2max). With age, cardio-respiratory fitness decreased and body weight and body fatness progressively increased. Male and female recruits entering basic training also demonstrated average cardio-respiratory fitness. Significant (P less than .05) increases for males and females in Vo2max and decreases in body fatness (males) were found following 4 months of physically rigorous recruit training. Fifteen of the male recruits who completed training were retested following 1 year of active duty. During active duty, physical activity involvement was limited to job requirements with no additional physical training imposed. Cardio-respiratory fitness and body fatness reverted to pre-training levels. It was concluded that the physical demands associated with police work are too low to permit maintenance of physical fitness.", "contents": "Status of police officers with regard to selected cardio-respiratory and body compositional fitness variables. Physical performance and body composition characteristics of members (n = 75) and recruits (n = 61) of the Louisville Police Department (total n = 136) were assessed. Members were randomly selected males and ranged in age from 20 to 55 years and were ranked from the newest inductee through and including the Chief of Police. Members between the ages of 20 and 29 years assigned to active duty possessed average cardio-respiratory fitness (Vo2max). With age, cardio-respiratory fitness decreased and body weight and body fatness progressively increased. Male and female recruits entering basic training also demonstrated average cardio-respiratory fitness. Significant (P less than .05) increases for males and females in Vo2max and decreases in body fatness (males) were found following 4 months of physically rigorous recruit training. Fifteen of the male recruits who completed training were retested following 1 year of active duty. During active duty, physical activity involvement was limited to job requirements with no additional physical training imposed. Cardio-respiratory fitness and body fatness reverted to pre-training levels. It was concluded that the physical demands associated with police work are too low to permit maintenance of physical fitness.", "PMID": 750850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8354", "title": "Violent sex and suicide.", "content": "Early literature on sexual disorders and suicidiology are reviewed in this paper in the light of relationships between sexual problems, especially violent sexual ones, and suicide. The relationship between guilt feelings and suicide is viewed from the standpoint of current observations about sexually violent behavior and suicide. It was postulated that sexual perversions constitute a defensive means of coping with internal stress. Suicide is viewed as serving the same aim. Specific violent sexual behaviors such as sexual asphyxia and rape are discussed in terms of suicide. Transsexuality and transvestism are treated similarly. It is concluded that sexual violence and preversion in general are forms of self-destruction in themselves.", "contents": "Violent sex and suicide. Early literature on sexual disorders and suicidiology are reviewed in this paper in the light of relationships between sexual problems, especially violent sexual ones, and suicide. The relationship between guilt feelings and suicide is viewed from the standpoint of current observations about sexually violent behavior and suicide. It was postulated that sexual perversions constitute a defensive means of coping with internal stress. Suicide is viewed as serving the same aim. Specific violent sexual behaviors such as sexual asphyxia and rape are discussed in terms of suicide. Transsexuality and transvestism are treated similarly. It is concluded that sexual violence and preversion in general are forms of self-destruction in themselves.", "PMID": 750873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8355", "title": "Community theatre: another tool for achieving social change in poverty neighborhoods.", "content": "Although group therapists and neighborhood social workers have long made use of dramatics, community theatre is a new way of achieving development and deliberate social change in impoverished urban neighborhoods. After defining community theatre, this paper explores some of its theoretical and practical implications. Its relevance for community social work is stressed.", "contents": "Community theatre: another tool for achieving social change in poverty neighborhoods. Although group therapists and neighborhood social workers have long made use of dramatics, community theatre is a new way of achieving development and deliberate social change in impoverished urban neighborhoods. After defining community theatre, this paper explores some of its theoretical and practical implications. Its relevance for community social work is stressed.", "PMID": 750874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8356", "title": "Suicide attempt and the emergency room of the general hospital.", "content": "Data are presented on 270 consecutive cases of suicide attempts examined by a psychiatrist in a community general hospital's emergency room in Tel Aviv, Israel, during the years 1972--1974. The rates were 55:100,000, 42:100,000 and 33:100,000 respectively. The male-female ratio was 1:4. Predominantly young women having emotional problems used an overdosage of tranquillizers in an attempt to secure help. The second category of patients attempting suicide were males suffering from mental illness.", "contents": "Suicide attempt and the emergency room of the general hospital. Data are presented on 270 consecutive cases of suicide attempts examined by a psychiatrist in a community general hospital's emergency room in Tel Aviv, Israel, during the years 1972--1974. The rates were 55:100,000, 42:100,000 and 33:100,000 respectively. The male-female ratio was 1:4. Predominantly young women having emotional problems used an overdosage of tranquillizers in an attempt to secure help. The second category of patients attempting suicide were males suffering from mental illness.", "PMID": 750875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8357", "title": "In search of a violence-free community.", "content": "The search for a violence-free community is as old as human society itself. The author reports on a nomadic tribe having two distinctive societies, as far as aggression and violence are concerned. The roots of this divergence are studied and its direct relationship to the introduction of a new frame of reference, in regard to violence, to one portion of the tribe is demonstrated. Some of the characteristics of this new frame of reference, the Baha'i faith, are elaborated upon.", "contents": "In search of a violence-free community. The search for a violence-free community is as old as human society itself. The author reports on a nomadic tribe having two distinctive societies, as far as aggression and violence are concerned. The roots of this divergence are studied and its direct relationship to the introduction of a new frame of reference, in regard to violence, to one portion of the tribe is demonstrated. Some of the characteristics of this new frame of reference, the Baha'i faith, are elaborated upon.", "PMID": 750881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8358", "title": "Migration and urbanisation problems in Calcutta.", "content": "This paper discusses the massive migration into Calcutta when India was divided in 1947 and afterwards. Assimilation of these refugees into the city's social structure and its effect on the living pattern, crime and mental illness are discussed. The process of urbanisation is found to be unique due to the nature of this city.", "contents": "Migration and urbanisation problems in Calcutta. This paper discusses the massive migration into Calcutta when India was divided in 1947 and afterwards. Assimilation of these refugees into the city's social structure and its effect on the living pattern, crime and mental illness are discussed. The process of urbanisation is found to be unique due to the nature of this city.", "PMID": 750882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8359", "title": "Single session psychotherapy in secondary male impotence.", "content": "The feasibility of re-achieving sexual potency in males suffering from secondary impotence of nonorganic origin by the use of brief psychotherapy is demonstrated. Four cases are presented in which this result was achieved in a single session, as well as two others in which some further work had to be done. The importance of intervening psychotherapeutically as early as possible is stressed. Some of the prevalent dynamic features found in these cases are discussed.", "contents": "Single session psychotherapy in secondary male impotence. The feasibility of re-achieving sexual potency in males suffering from secondary impotence of nonorganic origin by the use of brief psychotherapy is demonstrated. Four cases are presented in which this result was achieved in a single session, as well as two others in which some further work had to be done. The importance of intervening psychotherapeutically as early as possible is stressed. Some of the prevalent dynamic features found in these cases are discussed.", "PMID": 750884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8360", "title": "A programme for the establishment and functioning of a community mental health service in the area of Beit Shemesh and the Jerusalem Corridor, Israel.", "content": "The area of Beit Shemesh, situated in the Jerusalem Corridor has a socioeconomic structure of the pluralistic type characteristic of modern Israel. It includes a small but quickly growing industrial city, several cooperative (moshav) and communal (kibbutz) agricultural settlements, and has a population of colourful ethnic heterogenity. The main effort in the community mental health program which was established and developed in this area was made on the levels of primary and secondary psychiatric prevention. The psychiatric community work was accomplished with a highly flexible approach and an abundance of tactics and techniques, examples of which are presented in this article.", "contents": "A programme for the establishment and functioning of a community mental health service in the area of Beit Shemesh and the Jerusalem Corridor, Israel. The area of Beit Shemesh, situated in the Jerusalem Corridor has a socioeconomic structure of the pluralistic type characteristic of modern Israel. It includes a small but quickly growing industrial city, several cooperative (moshav) and communal (kibbutz) agricultural settlements, and has a population of colourful ethnic heterogenity. The main effort in the community mental health program which was established and developed in this area was made on the levels of primary and secondary psychiatric prevention. The psychiatric community work was accomplished with a highly flexible approach and an abundance of tactics and techniques, examples of which are presented in this article.", "PMID": 750885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8361", "title": "Induction of polygalacturonase production in legume roots as a consequence of extrachromosomal DNA carried by Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "The ability of Rhizobium meliloti to induce polygalacturonase production in legume roots decreased during culture under laboratory conditions but was inducible with mitomycin C. This character was irreversibly lost after treatment with acridine orange. Extrachromosomal DNA of molecular weight 5.9 x 10(6) daltons was detectable in neutral sucrose gradient but was absent from cells 'cured' with acridine orange. Therefore, the ability to induce the enzyme production may be controlled by a plasmid.", "contents": "Induction of polygalacturonase production in legume roots as a consequence of extrachromosomal DNA carried by Rhizobium meliloti. The ability of Rhizobium meliloti to induce polygalacturonase production in legume roots decreased during culture under laboratory conditions but was inducible with mitomycin C. This character was irreversibly lost after treatment with acridine orange. Extrachromosomal DNA of molecular weight 5.9 x 10(6) daltons was detectable in neutral sucrose gradient but was absent from cells 'cured' with acridine orange. Therefore, the ability to induce the enzyme production may be controlled by a plasmid.", "PMID": 750886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8362", "title": "Analysis of rocking behavior.", "content": "Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the study of stereotyped body-rocking movements. Six mentally retarded children were tested individually in a fully automated situation under the following conditions: (a) free operant baseline; (b) intense auditory stimulation; (c) variable-interval (VI) and fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules; (d) differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL); (e) differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO); and (f) noncontingent reinforcement. The results indicated: (a) intense auditory stimulation increased the rate of rocking movements in four of six subjects; (b) VI and FR schedules generated curves that are representative of these schedules; (c) DRL schedules decelerated high-rate rocking; (d) DRO schedules eliminated high-rate rocking; (e) noncontigent reinforcement increased variability and resulted in decreased rate of responding. In conclusion, the data support the hypothesis that body-rocking movements in the mentally retarded are an operant and reflect the established characteristics of reinforcement schedules and operant controls.", "contents": "Analysis of rocking behavior. Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the study of stereotyped body-rocking movements. Six mentally retarded children were tested individually in a fully automated situation under the following conditions: (a) free operant baseline; (b) intense auditory stimulation; (c) variable-interval (VI) and fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules; (d) differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL); (e) differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO); and (f) noncontingent reinforcement. The results indicated: (a) intense auditory stimulation increased the rate of rocking movements in four of six subjects; (b) VI and FR schedules generated curves that are representative of these schedules; (c) DRL schedules decelerated high-rate rocking; (d) DRO schedules eliminated high-rate rocking; (e) noncontigent reinforcement increased variability and resulted in decreased rate of responding. In conclusion, the data support the hypothesis that body-rocking movements in the mentally retarded are an operant and reflect the established characteristics of reinforcement schedules and operant controls.", "PMID": 750911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8363", "title": "A nonvocal system for teaching retarded children to read and write.", "content": "This study investigated the development of nonvocal teaching of reading and writing in severely retarded children. Fourteen subjects were selected who demonstrated limited communication skills, and were randomly placed into two groups. Group A received training procedures utilizing abstract plastic symbols which were arbitrarily assigned to represent specific words. The training program was divided into three phases. Phase I consisted of training left to right sequencing of four color--coded forms; Phase II consisted of training of matching symbols to stimulus pictures; and Phase III consisted of training of fading from symbols to printed words. The subjects completing this training program demonstrated the ability to learn selected reading and writing skills, i.e., they learned to sequence an article, subject noun, auxiliary verb, and verb. They also demonstrated functional semantic comprehension of five nouns and five verbs. Thirteen subjects finished the communication training program in less than four months with a mean training of 7 hours and 55 minutes. This is approximately 2 hours of training a month per subject to learn these skills. The data showed that Group B (rebuses) required fewer trials than Group A (abstract symbols) to meet criterion for Phase II, matching symbols to stimulus pictures. This suggests that Group B subjects may have had a meaningful association for the rebus signs which generalized to stimulus pictures. Group A (abstract symbols) required fewer trials than Group B (rebuse) to meet criterion for Phase 111, matching printed words to stimulus pictures. This indicates that perhaps Group A's training with abstract symbols positively affected learning to read printed words. The success of the visual nonvocal treatment program with the severely retarded is encouraging. Indeed, this is a different and viable approach in teaching communication skills (reading and writing) to the retarded.", "contents": "A nonvocal system for teaching retarded children to read and write. This study investigated the development of nonvocal teaching of reading and writing in severely retarded children. Fourteen subjects were selected who demonstrated limited communication skills, and were randomly placed into two groups. Group A received training procedures utilizing abstract plastic symbols which were arbitrarily assigned to represent specific words. The training program was divided into three phases. Phase I consisted of training left to right sequencing of four color--coded forms; Phase II consisted of training of matching symbols to stimulus pictures; and Phase III consisted of training of fading from symbols to printed words. The subjects completing this training program demonstrated the ability to learn selected reading and writing skills, i.e., they learned to sequence an article, subject noun, auxiliary verb, and verb. They also demonstrated functional semantic comprehension of five nouns and five verbs. Thirteen subjects finished the communication training program in less than four months with a mean training of 7 hours and 55 minutes. This is approximately 2 hours of training a month per subject to learn these skills. The data showed that Group B (rebuses) required fewer trials than Group A (abstract symbols) to meet criterion for Phase II, matching symbols to stimulus pictures. This suggests that Group B subjects may have had a meaningful association for the rebus signs which generalized to stimulus pictures. Group A (abstract symbols) required fewer trials than Group B (rebuse) to meet criterion for Phase 111, matching printed words to stimulus pictures. This indicates that perhaps Group A's training with abstract symbols positively affected learning to read printed words. The success of the visual nonvocal treatment program with the severely retarded is encouraging. Indeed, this is a different and viable approach in teaching communication skills (reading and writing) to the retarded.", "PMID": 750912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8364", "title": "Developing generalized instruction-following behavior in severely retarded people.", "content": "A sequence of studies used a transfer of stimulus control procedure to train severely and profoundly retarded people to follow verb-noun instructions and to perform correctly when given only a verbal label for an action or object. Procedures were developed and utilized for providing the subjects with strategies for successfully generalizing to untrained instructions. When training was initiated on more complex instructions involving color or size adjectives, all subjects had some difficulty in acquiring the conditional discriminations. Modifications in the training procedures resulted in most of the subjects learning to respond correctly. Many of the variables deemed critical in training instruction-following skills with such a population are discussed in detail based on the data presented. The implications for training expressive skills in such a population are also discussed.", "contents": "Developing generalized instruction-following behavior in severely retarded people. A sequence of studies used a transfer of stimulus control procedure to train severely and profoundly retarded people to follow verb-noun instructions and to perform correctly when given only a verbal label for an action or object. Procedures were developed and utilized for providing the subjects with strategies for successfully generalizing to untrained instructions. When training was initiated on more complex instructions involving color or size adjectives, all subjects had some difficulty in acquiring the conditional discriminations. Modifications in the training procedures resulted in most of the subjects learning to respond correctly. Many of the variables deemed critical in training instruction-following skills with such a population are discussed in detail based on the data presented. The implications for training expressive skills in such a population are also discussed.", "PMID": 750913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8365", "title": "Profound developmental retardation: descriptive and theoretical utility of the Bayley Mental Scale.", "content": "Although infant developmental tests have been available for decades, their employment in the analysis of profound developmental retardation has been limited to the prediction of later retardation and the global evaluation of intervention effects. This report summarizes a descriptive study of a sample of profoundly retarded, organically impaired children and adults (IQ less than 15), all of whom were administered the Mental Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). One purpose was to promote a more empirically based as well as developmentally oriented treatment of profound retardation, one that bears a closer relationship to the study of normal intellectual development. Another purpose was to examine the reliability of the Mental Scale as tool for assessing behavioral repertoires and for evaluating the effects of intervention with the profoundly retarded. With several qualifications related to test-retest reliability, the Bayley Mental Scale appears capable of serving both descriptive and theoretical functions, and thus of assisting in the organization of new approaches to intervention with profoundly retarded and organically impaired individuals.", "contents": "Profound developmental retardation: descriptive and theoretical utility of the Bayley Mental Scale. Although infant developmental tests have been available for decades, their employment in the analysis of profound developmental retardation has been limited to the prediction of later retardation and the global evaluation of intervention effects. This report summarizes a descriptive study of a sample of profoundly retarded, organically impaired children and adults (IQ less than 15), all of whom were administered the Mental Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). One purpose was to promote a more empirically based as well as developmentally oriented treatment of profound retardation, one that bears a closer relationship to the study of normal intellectual development. Another purpose was to examine the reliability of the Mental Scale as tool for assessing behavioral repertoires and for evaluating the effects of intervention with the profoundly retarded. With several qualifications related to test-retest reliability, the Bayley Mental Scale appears capable of serving both descriptive and theoretical functions, and thus of assisting in the organization of new approaches to intervention with profoundly retarded and organically impaired individuals.", "PMID": 750914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8366", "title": "Behavioral changes in nonambulatory, profoundly mentally retarded individuals.", "content": "Nonambulatory, profoundly mentally retarded (NPMR) individuals seldom have been studied as a distinct population. This investigation sought to describe the pshysical, etiological, and behavioral characteristics of NPMR children and adults and to evaluate the effects of intensive physical and social stimulation on their ongoing behavior. Sixteen NPMR subjects were studied for 2 1/2 years. All were PMR, bedridden, abnormally small, and unresponsive to external stimulation. Baseline data concerning developmental status, diurnal patterns of sleep and activity, behavior in a novel situation, ongoing ward behavior, and anthropometric measures were obtained. Subjects were highly variable in their responses to items from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, with overall performance below that of a normal six month old. Although subjects showed some diurnal pattern of sleep, they frequently fell asleep for short periods at random time during the day. In a novel situation subjects responded minimally to stimulus objects, or not at all. Typically, their ongoing ward behavior consisted of very low level activity, involving small peripheral limb movements, wandering or blinking eyes, mouthing or grimacing, and repetitive, reflexive types of patterns labeled \"fixed action sequences.\" Experimental treatment consisted of three phases of daily stimulation. (1) Subjects were placed in an upright or elevated position in specially constructed \"playpens.\" (2) Subjects were placed in \"playpens\" and many toys were presented. (3) Subjects were positioned in pairs so that direct physical contact was provided. Each phase resulted in changed behavioral profiles during treatment. Furthermore, all experimental subjects showed beneficial effects of treatment in their ongoing ward behavior, diurnal sleep patterns, Bayley performance, or response to novel situations. Implications of this research extend to understanding environmentally induced changes in neurological maturation and social development in individuals previously thought to be hopelessly devastated. The descriptive data are intended to provide a useful framework for further systematic research with NPMR populations.", "contents": "Behavioral changes in nonambulatory, profoundly mentally retarded individuals. Nonambulatory, profoundly mentally retarded (NPMR) individuals seldom have been studied as a distinct population. This investigation sought to describe the pshysical, etiological, and behavioral characteristics of NPMR children and adults and to evaluate the effects of intensive physical and social stimulation on their ongoing behavior. Sixteen NPMR subjects were studied for 2 1/2 years. All were PMR, bedridden, abnormally small, and unresponsive to external stimulation. Baseline data concerning developmental status, diurnal patterns of sleep and activity, behavior in a novel situation, ongoing ward behavior, and anthropometric measures were obtained. Subjects were highly variable in their responses to items from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, with overall performance below that of a normal six month old. Although subjects showed some diurnal pattern of sleep, they frequently fell asleep for short periods at random time during the day. In a novel situation subjects responded minimally to stimulus objects, or not at all. Typically, their ongoing ward behavior consisted of very low level activity, involving small peripheral limb movements, wandering or blinking eyes, mouthing or grimacing, and repetitive, reflexive types of patterns labeled \"fixed action sequences.\" Experimental treatment consisted of three phases of daily stimulation. (1) Subjects were placed in an upright or elevated position in specially constructed \"playpens.\" (2) Subjects were placed in \"playpens\" and many toys were presented. (3) Subjects were positioned in pairs so that direct physical contact was provided. Each phase resulted in changed behavioral profiles during treatment. Furthermore, all experimental subjects showed beneficial effects of treatment in their ongoing ward behavior, diurnal sleep patterns, Bayley performance, or response to novel situations. Implications of this research extend to understanding environmentally induced changes in neurological maturation and social development in individuals previously thought to be hopelessly devastated. The descriptive data are intended to provide a useful framework for further systematic research with NPMR populations.", "PMID": 750915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8367", "title": "Biochemical and physiologic consequences of carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency.", "content": "A patient with a long history of exercise-unduced pain developed myoglobinuria and respiratory failure following extensive exercise (football). Although muscle histochemistry was normal, tissue oxidation of 14C-labeled palmitate was decreased, and muscle carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) activity was one-tenth of normal. During fasting, his creatine kinase (CK) rose from 127 mu/ml to 278 mu/ml and blood ketones failed to exhibit a normal rise. Triglycerides were normal, as was fatty-acid mobilization. Prolonged exercise resulted in an inordinately increased CK with only moderate elevations in lactate. Treatment with medium-chain triglycerides did not alter his symptoms or improve exercise performance. Pain on exercise is a common complaint, but the occurrence of myoglobinuria points to a defect of energy metabolism; Screening for defects of fat utilization may be accomplished by the prolonged-exercise test, invitro oxidation of 14C-labeled substrates, and prolonged fasting.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiologic consequences of carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency. A patient with a long history of exercise-unduced pain developed myoglobinuria and respiratory failure following extensive exercise (football). Although muscle histochemistry was normal, tissue oxidation of 14C-labeled palmitate was decreased, and muscle carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) activity was one-tenth of normal. During fasting, his creatine kinase (CK) rose from 127 mu/ml to 278 mu/ml and blood ketones failed to exhibit a normal rise. Triglycerides were normal, as was fatty-acid mobilization. Prolonged exercise resulted in an inordinately increased CK with only moderate elevations in lactate. Treatment with medium-chain triglycerides did not alter his symptoms or improve exercise performance. Pain on exercise is a common complaint, but the occurrence of myoglobinuria points to a defect of energy metabolism; Screening for defects of fat utilization may be accomplished by the prolonged-exercise test, invitro oxidation of 14C-labeled substrates, and prolonged fasting.", "PMID": 750917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8368", "title": "Subacute skeletal myopathy induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "Rats and guinea pigs were injected with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) in amounts sufficient to keep them myotonic for over 12 hr daily. The biceps brachii muscles were studied by histochemistry, epoxy resin histology, and electron microscopy after one to five days. Changes observed include proliferation of the longitudinal component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, production of new myofilaments on the periphery of cells and in nuclei, activation of satellite cells, accumulation of lipid droplets, myofibrillar damage with Z-disc streaming, necrosis, and regeneration. The action mehanisms of 2,4-D are not well understood. Some of the phenomena observed could be classified as proliferative and may be analogous to the auxin action of 2,4-D in plants. The production of intranuclear filaments is probably related to the diffusion of newly formed cytoplasmic proteins into nuclei.", "contents": "Subacute skeletal myopathy induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in rats and guinea pigs. Rats and guinea pigs were injected with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) in amounts sufficient to keep them myotonic for over 12 hr daily. The biceps brachii muscles were studied by histochemistry, epoxy resin histology, and electron microscopy after one to five days. Changes observed include proliferation of the longitudinal component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, production of new myofilaments on the periphery of cells and in nuclei, activation of satellite cells, accumulation of lipid droplets, myofibrillar damage with Z-disc streaming, necrosis, and regeneration. The action mehanisms of 2,4-D are not well understood. Some of the phenomena observed could be classified as proliferative and may be analogous to the auxin action of 2,4-D in plants. The production of intranuclear filaments is probably related to the diffusion of newly formed cytoplasmic proteins into nuclei.", "PMID": 750919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8369", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in muscular dystrophic mice.", "content": "The activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assayed in various tissues of dystrophic (dy/dy) and normal mice of Bar Harbor strain 129. The brain weights of these dystrophic mice were not significantly different from those of normal mice, but the average body weight of these dystrophic mice was only 66.8% of that of the controls. The activity of CAT (expressed as unit activity per mg of protein) was very similar in the brains of both groups of animals, but the CAT activity (per mg of protein) in the hindlimb muscles of the dystrophic mice was significantly higher than that of the controls. The patterns of AChE activity, as separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were distinctly different in extracts of dystrophic and normal muscle. Compared with controls, decreased activity of the 15-S and 10-S forms of AChE, with increased activity of a 4.3-S formed of AChE, was observed in dystrophic muscle.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in muscular dystrophic mice. The activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assayed in various tissues of dystrophic (dy/dy) and normal mice of Bar Harbor strain 129. The brain weights of these dystrophic mice were not significantly different from those of normal mice, but the average body weight of these dystrophic mice was only 66.8% of that of the controls. The activity of CAT (expressed as unit activity per mg of protein) was very similar in the brains of both groups of animals, but the CAT activity (per mg of protein) in the hindlimb muscles of the dystrophic mice was significantly higher than that of the controls. The patterns of AChE activity, as separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were distinctly different in extracts of dystrophic and normal muscle. Compared with controls, decreased activity of the 15-S and 10-S forms of AChE, with increased activity of a 4.3-S formed of AChE, was observed in dystrophic muscle.", "PMID": 750918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8370", "title": "Isometric tension from rotary stimulation of fast and slow cat muscles.", "content": "In cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, different populations of motor units in soleus, plantaris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated in rotation through surgically divided groups of ventral roots. As a result, smooth muscular contractions were obtained at low frequencies of rotary stimulation, and maximal tetanic tensions were induced at frequencies within the upper range of voluntary contractions. The frequencies necessary to induce maximal tetanic contractions were lower for slow-twitch muscles than for fast-twitch muscles. It is speculated that the primary benefit resulting from asynchronous stimulation of the muscles is in the engagement of the tendon, which permits motor units to exert their tension without having to overcome a major portion of the elastic damping.", "contents": "Isometric tension from rotary stimulation of fast and slow cat muscles. In cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, different populations of motor units in soleus, plantaris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated in rotation through surgically divided groups of ventral roots. As a result, smooth muscular contractions were obtained at low frequencies of rotary stimulation, and maximal tetanic tensions were induced at frequencies within the upper range of voluntary contractions. The frequencies necessary to induce maximal tetanic contractions were lower for slow-twitch muscles than for fast-twitch muscles. It is speculated that the primary benefit resulting from asynchronous stimulation of the muscles is in the engagement of the tendon, which permits motor units to exert their tension without having to overcome a major portion of the elastic damping.", "PMID": 750921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8371", "title": "Sensory (1a) and F-wave conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the tibial nerve.", "content": "The F-wave was used to estimate the fastest motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (spinal cord to knee) of the axons of the tibial nerve in 65 control subjects, 8 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy, and 4 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Terminal latencies and MNCV along the distal segment (knee to ankle) of the nerve were also estimated with the conventional M-response technique. This article describes another method for estimating sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) along 1a fibers of the tibial nerve for the spinal cord-to-knee segment. Proximal and distal MNCV showed moderate slowing in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and severe slowing in those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In 17 control subjects, proximal MNCV for the axons supplying the abductor hallucis muscle was compared to that estimated for the axons to the gastrocnemius muscle. MNCV for the proximal is faster than that for the distal small muscle. In 2 patients, M- and F-responses were not obtained from the abductor hallucis; in these patients, effective estimation of the proximal MNCV was made from the gastrocnemius muscle and showed marked reduction.", "contents": "Sensory (1a) and F-wave conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the tibial nerve. The F-wave was used to estimate the fastest motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (spinal cord to knee) of the axons of the tibial nerve in 65 control subjects, 8 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy, and 4 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Terminal latencies and MNCV along the distal segment (knee to ankle) of the nerve were also estimated with the conventional M-response technique. This article describes another method for estimating sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) along 1a fibers of the tibial nerve for the spinal cord-to-knee segment. Proximal and distal MNCV showed moderate slowing in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and severe slowing in those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In 17 control subjects, proximal MNCV for the axons supplying the abductor hallucis muscle was compared to that estimated for the axons to the gastrocnemius muscle. MNCV for the proximal is faster than that for the distal small muscle. In 2 patients, M- and F-responses were not obtained from the abductor hallucis; in these patients, effective estimation of the proximal MNCV was made from the gastrocnemius muscle and showed marked reduction.", "PMID": 750920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8372", "title": "Muscle trophic factor: II. Ontogenic development of activity of a muscle trophic factor in chicken serum.", "content": "The activity of chicken skeletal muscle cell trophic factor was greater in chicken serum than in other tissues examined. The variation of this activity in chicken serum was studied pre- and post hatching. The activity of the factor in the embryo was high from day 11 to day 13 of incubation and then decreased, reaching a minimum on day 16. It subsequently increased again, reaching a peak around the day of hatching. After hatching, the activity in serum began to decrease on day 4, reaching a minimum at day 18. In the hen, activity did not very significantly beyond day 18. In the rooster, however, activity increased gradually from about day 50, reached a new maximum by day 110, and was maintained at this level thereafter. The ratio of the average activity of serum from roosters older than 110 days to that of hens of the same age was about 4:3. The time course of activity of the trophic factor closely parallels that of the growth and differentiation of the muscle in vivo.", "contents": "Muscle trophic factor: II. Ontogenic development of activity of a muscle trophic factor in chicken serum. The activity of chicken skeletal muscle cell trophic factor was greater in chicken serum than in other tissues examined. The variation of this activity in chicken serum was studied pre- and post hatching. The activity of the factor in the embryo was high from day 11 to day 13 of incubation and then decreased, reaching a minimum on day 16. It subsequently increased again, reaching a peak around the day of hatching. After hatching, the activity in serum began to decrease on day 4, reaching a minimum at day 18. In the hen, activity did not very significantly beyond day 18. In the rooster, however, activity increased gradually from about day 50, reached a new maximum by day 110, and was maintained at this level thereafter. The ratio of the average activity of serum from roosters older than 110 days to that of hens of the same age was about 4:3. The time course of activity of the trophic factor closely parallels that of the growth and differentiation of the muscle in vivo.", "PMID": 750923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8373", "title": "Monomelic muscle hypertrophy following transient ischemic attacks: a case report.", "content": "A 39-year-old right-handed male suffered several episodes of transient right-sided weakness, sensory loss, and Broca's aphasia at age 31. Diagnostic studies failed to demonstrate any cause for these events. Following a complete recovery, he noted the onset of stiffness and increasing muscle bulk in his right arm, which gradually restricted its use. Simultaneous recordings from contracting biceps and triceps muscles in both arms suggested that the hypertrophy was physiologically induced by an abnormal mechanism providing resistance during phasing activity.", "contents": "Monomelic muscle hypertrophy following transient ischemic attacks: a case report. A 39-year-old right-handed male suffered several episodes of transient right-sided weakness, sensory loss, and Broca's aphasia at age 31. Diagnostic studies failed to demonstrate any cause for these events. Following a complete recovery, he noted the onset of stiffness and increasing muscle bulk in his right arm, which gradually restricted its use. Simultaneous recordings from contracting biceps and triceps muscles in both arms suggested that the hypertrophy was physiologically induced by an abnormal mechanism providing resistance during phasing activity.", "PMID": 750924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8374", "title": "Muscle trophic factor: I. Assay of a muscle trophic factor by measurement of muscle cell nuclei.", "content": "A method for assaying a skeletal muscle cell trophic factor in chicken serum is described. The number of myoblast and myotube nuclei was considered to reflect the rate of myoblast multiplication and was thus adopted as an index for the activity of the trophic factor. In a 35-mm Falcon plastic Petri dish, 2.5 x 10(40) to 10(5) myoblasts were cultured. The culture medium consisted of 85% Eagle's minimum essential medium and 15% horse serum. The assay medium was composed of 2.4 ml of this culture medium and 0.1 ml of partially purified trophic factor or appropriately diluted chicken serum. Four dishes were prepared for each sample under identical conditions. On day 4 of incubation, cells were fixed, stained and observed under a microscope, and the number of nuclei in 20 fields was counted. The mean number of nuclei obtained from the four dishes was used to denote a single point. A three-point common-zero method of slope-ratio assay was used to calculate activity. The activity of the trophic factor was expressed with reference to the effect of the control serum on myoblast multiplication.", "contents": "Muscle trophic factor: I. Assay of a muscle trophic factor by measurement of muscle cell nuclei. A method for assaying a skeletal muscle cell trophic factor in chicken serum is described. The number of myoblast and myotube nuclei was considered to reflect the rate of myoblast multiplication and was thus adopted as an index for the activity of the trophic factor. In a 35-mm Falcon plastic Petri dish, 2.5 x 10(40) to 10(5) myoblasts were cultured. The culture medium consisted of 85% Eagle's minimum essential medium and 15% horse serum. The assay medium was composed of 2.4 ml of this culture medium and 0.1 ml of partially purified trophic factor or appropriately diluted chicken serum. Four dishes were prepared for each sample under identical conditions. On day 4 of incubation, cells were fixed, stained and observed under a microscope, and the number of nuclei in 20 fields was counted. The mean number of nuclei obtained from the four dishes was used to denote a single point. A three-point common-zero method of slope-ratio assay was used to calculate activity. The activity of the trophic factor was expressed with reference to the effect of the control serum on myoblast multiplication.", "PMID": 750922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8375", "title": "Acute muscle necrosis after chronic overdosage of phenformin and fenfluramine.", "content": "A case of acute muscle necrosis with probable myoglobinuria is presented. The patient had been taking excessive doses of phenformin and fenfluramine, and a toxic etiology is suggested. Muscle necrosis is tentatively attributed either to the combined effect of these drugs on some underlying biochemical abnormality of muscle or to a defect of oxygen utilization secondary to myoglobin alterations.", "contents": "Acute muscle necrosis after chronic overdosage of phenformin and fenfluramine. A case of acute muscle necrosis with probable myoglobinuria is presented. The patient had been taking excessive doses of phenformin and fenfluramine, and a toxic etiology is suggested. Muscle necrosis is tentatively attributed either to the combined effect of these drugs on some underlying biochemical abnormality of muscle or to a defect of oxygen utilization secondary to myoglobin alterations.", "PMID": 750925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8376", "title": "Muscle trophic factor: III. Effect of hormones and tissue extracts on muscle trophic-factor activity.", "content": "The ability of classical hormones or extract from adult chicken tissues to replace or influence the activity of chicken skeletal muscle cell trophic factor was investigated. Pituitary gland extract did not replace the trophic factor in a range equivalent to the serum concentrations of somatotropin, although high concentrations of such extract showed a significant ability to mimic trophic-factor activity. Insulin, triiodothyronine, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (Stanolone), and estradiol did not show any ability to mimic trophic-factor activity. Both pituitary extract and insulin showed a potentiating effect on the trophic factor when added to the medium; however, the concentrations necessary for this effect were too high to be considered physiologic. Triiodothyronine, testosterone, Stanolone, and estradiol did not potentiate the trophic factor; indeed, at higher concentrations, these hormones actually suppressed the activity of the trophic factor. Every tissue extract examined showed, to a greater or lesser extent, the ability to potentiate the trophic factor.", "contents": "Muscle trophic factor: III. Effect of hormones and tissue extracts on muscle trophic-factor activity. The ability of classical hormones or extract from adult chicken tissues to replace or influence the activity of chicken skeletal muscle cell trophic factor was investigated. Pituitary gland extract did not replace the trophic factor in a range equivalent to the serum concentrations of somatotropin, although high concentrations of such extract showed a significant ability to mimic trophic-factor activity. Insulin, triiodothyronine, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (Stanolone), and estradiol did not show any ability to mimic trophic-factor activity. Both pituitary extract and insulin showed a potentiating effect on the trophic factor when added to the medium; however, the concentrations necessary for this effect were too high to be considered physiologic. Triiodothyronine, testosterone, Stanolone, and estradiol did not potentiate the trophic factor; indeed, at higher concentrations, these hormones actually suppressed the activity of the trophic factor. Every tissue extract examined showed, to a greater or lesser extent, the ability to potentiate the trophic factor.", "PMID": 750932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8377", "title": "Three new species of penicillium.", "content": "Three new species of microfungi belonging to the genus Penicillium Link ex Fries are described and illustrated. All but one have been isolated from the atmosphere of las Palmas, capital city of the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). They clearly differ from all species of the genus described so far and are, therefore, described and proposed as new species: Penicillium hispanicum sp. nov., Penicillium grancanariae sp. nov., and Penicillium palmensis sp. nov.", "contents": "Three new species of penicillium. Three new species of microfungi belonging to the genus Penicillium Link ex Fries are described and illustrated. All but one have been isolated from the atmosphere of las Palmas, capital city of the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). They clearly differ from all species of the genus described so far and are, therefore, described and proposed as new species: Penicillium hispanicum sp. nov., Penicillium grancanariae sp. nov., and Penicillium palmensis sp. nov.", "PMID": 750938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8378", "title": "The effect of prednisolone trimethylacetate on the pathogenicity of Dermatophilus congolensis to white mice.", "content": "Albino mice were successfully infected intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and on the intact and scarified skin with Dermatophilus congolensis. Various gross lesions were observed. Large subcutaneous nodules were produced in mice that were injected subcutaneously. Lesions involving the internal organs were obtained in mice that had been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally in addition to microabsessation and scab formation on the tails of those that were injected intravenously. The application of D. congolensis on scarified skin resulted in scab formation covering the whole area while its application on non-scarified skin produced isolated lesions. The organism was isolated in pure culture from exudate, pus and scab material obtained from lesions. Severe histopathological changes were noted in sections prepared from the lesions. Premedication of mice with prednisolone trimethylacetate increased the severity of the experimentally induced lesions.", "contents": "The effect of prednisolone trimethylacetate on the pathogenicity of Dermatophilus congolensis to white mice. Albino mice were successfully infected intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and on the intact and scarified skin with Dermatophilus congolensis. Various gross lesions were observed. Large subcutaneous nodules were produced in mice that were injected subcutaneously. Lesions involving the internal organs were obtained in mice that had been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally in addition to microabsessation and scab formation on the tails of those that were injected intravenously. The application of D. congolensis on scarified skin resulted in scab formation covering the whole area while its application on non-scarified skin produced isolated lesions. The organism was isolated in pure culture from exudate, pus and scab material obtained from lesions. Severe histopathological changes were noted in sections prepared from the lesions. Premedication of mice with prednisolone trimethylacetate increased the severity of the experimentally induced lesions.", "PMID": 750937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8379", "title": "Electrodiagnostic findings in acute porphyric neuropathy.", "content": "Of 115 patients with acute intermittent porphyria seen during a 20-year period, 11 had experienced an acute episode of quadriparesis. Nerve conduction studies performed on 8 of these 11 patients showed low-amplitude compound action potentials and normal velocity measurements. Needle electromyography demonstrated prominent fibrillation potentials, especially in proximal muscles. The changes in these findings with time confirm that this disorder is an acute axonal neuropathy.", "contents": "Electrodiagnostic findings in acute porphyric neuropathy. Of 115 patients with acute intermittent porphyria seen during a 20-year period, 11 had experienced an acute episode of quadriparesis. Nerve conduction studies performed on 8 of these 11 patients showed low-amplitude compound action potentials and normal velocity measurements. Needle electromyography demonstrated prominent fibrillation potentials, especially in proximal muscles. The changes in these findings with time confirm that this disorder is an acute axonal neuropathy.", "PMID": 750931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8380", "title": "On the occurrence of striated muscle within the spinal leptomeninges.", "content": "A clinically normal adult male rabbit was found to possess fascicles of muscle fibers within the leptomeninges over the spinal cord at L6, L7, and S1. The finding is believed to be purely incidental and unrelated to any experimental procedure. Morphologically, the fascicles had the characteristics of striated muscle; and, while most were of normal dimensions, several were made up of small fibers 4-10 micron in diameter. Motor endplates, capillaries, and endomysial and perimysial connective tissue were also present. Axons myelinated by Schwann cells were associated with the normal bundles but were absent from the bundles of small fibers. In such bundles, large, unmyelinated axons predominated, some of which lacked ensheathment while others were invested by perineurial-type cells. The observation of incidental intraleptomeningeal skeletal muscle probably reflects a rare developmental anomaly. Its occurrence in humans is also discussed.", "contents": "On the occurrence of striated muscle within the spinal leptomeninges. A clinically normal adult male rabbit was found to possess fascicles of muscle fibers within the leptomeninges over the spinal cord at L6, L7, and S1. The finding is believed to be purely incidental and unrelated to any experimental procedure. Morphologically, the fascicles had the characteristics of striated muscle; and, while most were of normal dimensions, several were made up of small fibers 4-10 micron in diameter. Motor endplates, capillaries, and endomysial and perimysial connective tissue were also present. Axons myelinated by Schwann cells were associated with the normal bundles but were absent from the bundles of small fibers. In such bundles, large, unmyelinated axons predominated, some of which lacked ensheathment while others were invested by perineurial-type cells. The observation of incidental intraleptomeningeal skeletal muscle probably reflects a rare developmental anomaly. Its occurrence in humans is also discussed.", "PMID": 750934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8381", "title": "[Diagnosis of intraocular tumors: phosphorus 32 test].", "content": "The 32P test occupies an interesting place among the methods used in the diagnosis of intraocular tumours. It must, however, be reserved for certain situations only, and carried out under clearly defined conditions. The authors outline the indications and modalities of this test, and report the results obtained at the clinic of ophthalmology of Lausanne where it has been in use over the last 10 years.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of intraocular tumors: phosphorus 32 test]. The 32P test occupies an interesting place among the methods used in the diagnosis of intraocular tumours. It must, however, be reserved for certain situations only, and carried out under clearly defined conditions. The authors outline the indications and modalities of this test, and report the results obtained at the clinic of ophthalmology of Lausanne where it has been in use over the last 10 years.", "PMID": 750951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8382", "title": "Presence of endoarterial dispositives regulating retinal blood circulation.", "content": "We have observed for the first time some pedunculated blocking formations of the central retinal artery. Their function could be to regulate retinal blood perfusion.", "contents": "Presence of endoarterial dispositives regulating retinal blood circulation. We have observed for the first time some pedunculated blocking formations of the central retinal artery. Their function could be to regulate retinal blood perfusion.", "PMID": 750952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8383", "title": "On the management of congenital cataract with Dardenne's equipment.", "content": "After a short review of the operative techniques applied for the extraction of congenital cataract the authors describe the method of irrigation-aspiration of the lens material by means of the Dardenne equipment. Following an analysis of the results obtained with this procedure in a number of patients operated on at the Eye Clinic at Athens University, they discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the method, insisting in particular on: the importance of a complete removal of the lens debris; the careful scraping of the posterior lens capsule, and the necessity of an intensive postoperative anti-inflammatory therapy, especially in cases of congenital cataract due to rubella.", "contents": "On the management of congenital cataract with Dardenne's equipment. After a short review of the operative techniques applied for the extraction of congenital cataract the authors describe the method of irrigation-aspiration of the lens material by means of the Dardenne equipment. Following an analysis of the results obtained with this procedure in a number of patients operated on at the Eye Clinic at Athens University, they discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the method, insisting in particular on: the importance of a complete removal of the lens debris; the careful scraping of the posterior lens capsule, and the necessity of an intensive postoperative anti-inflammatory therapy, especially in cases of congenital cataract due to rubella.", "PMID": 750953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8384", "title": "[Experiences with transtrabecular iridectomy].", "content": "A transtrabecular iridectomy was performed in 17 eyes with narrow angle glaucoma, and in 3 eyes in which the trabecular meshwork was gonioscopically not visible. Postoperatively, the conjunctive lied directly on the sclera in 14 cases; in 6 cases a circumscribed conjunctival bleb developed in the operation field. After a follow-up of 12 or 24 months, the intraocular pressure was normalized without miotics in 15 of 17 eyes. The mechanism of transtrabecular iridectomy is discussed.", "contents": "[Experiences with transtrabecular iridectomy]. A transtrabecular iridectomy was performed in 17 eyes with narrow angle glaucoma, and in 3 eyes in which the trabecular meshwork was gonioscopically not visible. Postoperatively, the conjunctive lied directly on the sclera in 14 cases; in 6 cases a circumscribed conjunctival bleb developed in the operation field. After a follow-up of 12 or 24 months, the intraocular pressure was normalized without miotics in 15 of 17 eyes. The mechanism of transtrabecular iridectomy is discussed.", "PMID": 750954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8385", "title": "[Attempt to minimize postoperative trauma after trabeculotomy].", "content": "We tried to modify the technique of trabeculotomy in order to minimize the trauma to the anterior part of the eye, when tearing the trabecular meshwork. (1) With help of an annular probe, having a lumen, a nylon thread is pushed through Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork cutted circumferentially. (2) With a 'flat probe', corresponding to the configuration of Schlemm's canal, the trabecular meshwork is torn. (3) A so-called 'hook probe' is described, which tears the trabecular meshwork while being sucessively pulled backwards. According to our experiments, the usefulness of the thread technique and of the 'flat probe' is not yet to be decided upon. On the other hand, the advantages of the 'hook probe' are clearly visible, in avoiding the complications connected with twisting the probe into the anterior chamber.", "contents": "[Attempt to minimize postoperative trauma after trabeculotomy]. We tried to modify the technique of trabeculotomy in order to minimize the trauma to the anterior part of the eye, when tearing the trabecular meshwork. (1) With help of an annular probe, having a lumen, a nylon thread is pushed through Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork cutted circumferentially. (2) With a 'flat probe', corresponding to the configuration of Schlemm's canal, the trabecular meshwork is torn. (3) A so-called 'hook probe' is described, which tears the trabecular meshwork while being sucessively pulled backwards. According to our experiments, the usefulness of the thread technique and of the 'flat probe' is not yet to be decided upon. On the other hand, the advantages of the 'hook probe' are clearly visible, in avoiding the complications connected with twisting the probe into the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 750955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8386", "title": "Adenoma of the iris pigment epithelium.", "content": "The clinical, fluorescein angiographical and histopathological findings of a mucous-producing adenoma apparently arising from the iris pigment epithelium is reported, and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Benign epitheliomas of the iris pigment epithelium are exceedingly rare and are usually heavily pigmented tumors. This appears to be the second documented case of a nonpigmented benign epithelioma of the iris.", "contents": "Adenoma of the iris pigment epithelium. The clinical, fluorescein angiographical and histopathological findings of a mucous-producing adenoma apparently arising from the iris pigment epithelium is reported, and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Benign epitheliomas of the iris pigment epithelium are exceedingly rare and are usually heavily pigmented tumors. This appears to be the second documented case of a nonpigmented benign epithelioma of the iris.", "PMID": 750956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8387", "title": "The efficacy of various insecticides against the larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), the green blowfly of sheep. I. In vitro tests using a resistant and susceptible strain.", "content": "In order to determine the larvicidal action of different insecticides against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains in the Republic of South Africa, an attempt was made to find a suitable in vitro method for mortality counts and potency evaluations. After a series of preliminary trials the Australian method of Roxburgh & Shanahan (1973) was adopted as the most reliable for this purpose. A statistical analysis by computer of the basic data at Onderstepoort established the superiority of the LC50 value in biological assays over the LC99 or the closely related minimum lethal concentration (MLC). The insecticidal action of different blowfly compounds was evaluated for relative potency against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains by comparing their LC50 values in their logarithmic form. Comparisons are fully justifiable where the individual regression coefficients of the insecticides under test do not deviate significantly from a common slope initially calculated (Finney, 1971). A diazinon formulation proved the most potent against susceptible blowflies and fenthion ethyl against the resistant strain from Riversdale. Relative insecticidal potencies varied from 0,07-0,62 in the former compound and from 0,35-0,66 in the latter.", "contents": "The efficacy of various insecticides against the larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), the green blowfly of sheep. I. In vitro tests using a resistant and susceptible strain. In order to determine the larvicidal action of different insecticides against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains in the Republic of South Africa, an attempt was made to find a suitable in vitro method for mortality counts and potency evaluations. After a series of preliminary trials the Australian method of Roxburgh & Shanahan (1973) was adopted as the most reliable for this purpose. A statistical analysis by computer of the basic data at Onderstepoort established the superiority of the LC50 value in biological assays over the LC99 or the closely related minimum lethal concentration (MLC). The insecticidal action of different blowfly compounds was evaluated for relative potency against both susceptible and resistant blowfly strains by comparing their LC50 values in their logarithmic form. Comparisons are fully justifiable where the individual regression coefficients of the insecticides under test do not deviate significantly from a common slope initially calculated (Finney, 1971). A diazinon formulation proved the most potent against susceptible blowflies and fenthion ethyl against the resistant strain from Riversdale. Relative insecticidal potencies varied from 0,07-0,62 in the former compound and from 0,35-0,66 in the latter.", "PMID": 750957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8388", "title": "Light and electron microscopical studies on canine encephalitozoonosis: cerebral vasculitis.", "content": "Brain lesions in 2 natural cases of canine encephalitozoonosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Granulomatous reactions, associated with small vessels and capillaries, partly originated from extensive perithelial cell proliferation which ultimately produced the epithelioid cell component. Diffuse glial reactions apparently occurred in relation to the vasculitis. Lymphoid cells infiltrated the epithelioid and glial cell inflammation. Encephalitozoon in all its reproductive stages was identified as the aetiological agent, and ultrastructurally differentiated from Nosema on the basis that a single nucleus was observed. Viable organisms were present only within endothelial cells. Macrophages containing dead spores were usually seen around parasitized vessels and, less frequently, in the neuropil. Organisms, whether viable or non-viable, were never seen extracellularly at the ultrastructural level. Selected histochemical stains and electron microscopy were used to differentiate between viable and non-viable spores. Vasculitis is demonstrated as the underlying lesion of canine encephalitozoonosis affecting the brain and is suggested to be the basic factor in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopical studies on canine encephalitozoonosis: cerebral vasculitis. Brain lesions in 2 natural cases of canine encephalitozoonosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Granulomatous reactions, associated with small vessels and capillaries, partly originated from extensive perithelial cell proliferation which ultimately produced the epithelioid cell component. Diffuse glial reactions apparently occurred in relation to the vasculitis. Lymphoid cells infiltrated the epithelioid and glial cell inflammation. Encephalitozoon in all its reproductive stages was identified as the aetiological agent, and ultrastructurally differentiated from Nosema on the basis that a single nucleus was observed. Viable organisms were present only within endothelial cells. Macrophages containing dead spores were usually seen around parasitized vessels and, less frequently, in the neuropil. Organisms, whether viable or non-viable, were never seen extracellularly at the ultrastructural level. Selected histochemical stains and electron microscopy were used to differentiate between viable and non-viable spores. Vasculitis is demonstrated as the underlying lesion of canine encephalitozoonosis affecting the brain and is suggested to be the basic factor in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 750958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8389", "title": "Effects of 60Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae).", "content": "The effects of 60Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 were studied by mating normal females to males irradiated to attain dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kilorad. The males of all 5 groups were observed mating 7 days after being placed on the host. The higher the irradiation dosage received by the males, progressively longer were the feeding periods of the females mated with them and fewer completed their engorgement. Furthermore, the mass of the females when engorged was lower, fewer laid eggs and the number of eggs they laid decreased progressively. None of the egg batches produced by females mated with irradiated males hatched. No chromosomal abnormalities or discrepancies in spermiophore formation were found in the 2 and 4 kilorad group males, while no micro- or macroscopical growth of the 6 and 8 kilorad group male testes took place, although accessory gland development appeared normal. A. hebraeum males have a chromosome complement of 10 bivalents and a univalent sex chromosome.", "contents": "Effects of 60Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae). The effects of 60Co irradiation on Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 were studied by mating normal females to males irradiated to attain dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kilorad. The males of all 5 groups were observed mating 7 days after being placed on the host. The higher the irradiation dosage received by the males, progressively longer were the feeding periods of the females mated with them and fewer completed their engorgement. Furthermore, the mass of the females when engorged was lower, fewer laid eggs and the number of eggs they laid decreased progressively. None of the egg batches produced by females mated with irradiated males hatched. No chromosomal abnormalities or discrepancies in spermiophore formation were found in the 2 and 4 kilorad group males, while no micro- or macroscopical growth of the 6 and 8 kilorad group male testes took place, although accessory gland development appeared normal. A. hebraeum males have a chromosome complement of 10 bivalents and a univalent sex chromosome.", "PMID": 750959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8390", "title": "Amicarbalide: a therapeutic agent for anaplasmosis.", "content": "When administered subcutaneously in 2 equal daily doses at a total dosage rate of 20 mg/kg, amicarbalide was found to be an effective agent for controlling acute infections of Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale in intact and splenectomized cattle. Attempts to sterilize patent and latent Anaplasma infections, however, were unsuccessful. At total dosage rates of 40 mg/kg and higher, amicarbalide exhibited potent hepato- and nephrotoxic tendencies.", "contents": "Amicarbalide: a therapeutic agent for anaplasmosis. When administered subcutaneously in 2 equal daily doses at a total dosage rate of 20 mg/kg, amicarbalide was found to be an effective agent for controlling acute infections of Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale in intact and splenectomized cattle. Attempts to sterilize patent and latent Anaplasma infections, however, were unsuccessful. At total dosage rates of 40 mg/kg and higher, amicarbalide exhibited potent hepato- and nephrotoxic tendencies.", "PMID": 750960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8391", "title": "Nutritional values of different blood diets expressed as reproductive potentials in adult Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "Experiments with Stomoxys calcitrans adults showed that different blood diets markedly affect the lifespan and reproductive potential of this species. When fed on blood from herbivores (cattle, sheep, goat, horse and donkey) the adults lay more eggs than they do when fed on blood from omnivores (pig). Blood from carnivores (dog) is even less suitable than that from omnivores, and no eggs are laid when the flies are fed on chicken blood.", "contents": "Nutritional values of different blood diets expressed as reproductive potentials in adult Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Experiments with Stomoxys calcitrans adults showed that different blood diets markedly affect the lifespan and reproductive potential of this species. When fed on blood from herbivores (cattle, sheep, goat, horse and donkey) the adults lay more eggs than they do when fed on blood from omnivores (pig). Blood from carnivores (dog) is even less suitable than that from omnivores, and no eggs are laid when the flies are fed on chicken blood.", "PMID": 750961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8392", "title": "Bovine parafilariosis in Southern Africa: a preliminary report.", "content": "A total of 32,042 cattle, slaughtered at the Pretoria, Johannesburg and Durban abattoirs, was examined for parafilariosis and as many animals as possible were traced to the farms from which they originated. The disease is most prevalent in the Bushveld areas of the northern Transvaal. The most important factors limiting its distribution are the annual rainfall and the duration of the frost period. Mention is made of some aspects of the economic loss involved. The effect of routine anthelmintic treatment and dipping on the prevalence of the parasite is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Bovine parafilariosis in Southern Africa: a preliminary report. A total of 32,042 cattle, slaughtered at the Pretoria, Johannesburg and Durban abattoirs, was examined for parafilariosis and as many animals as possible were traced to the farms from which they originated. The disease is most prevalent in the Bushveld areas of the northern Transvaal. The most important factors limiting its distribution are the annual rainfall and the duration of the frost period. Mention is made of some aspects of the economic loss involved. The effect of routine anthelmintic treatment and dipping on the prevalence of the parasite is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 750962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8393", "title": "Are there two classes of classically-conditioned responses?", "content": "It is proposed that two response classes interact during classical conditioning: (1) a specific effect which directs responding towards or away from the CS, depending upon whether a positive or negative outcome is signaled, and (2) a general, emotional effect which interferes with responding. The interaction between these two response classes can account for the varied results obtained under CER and autoshaping procedures, and must be considered in any analysis which attempts to account for the complex nature of the conditioned response.", "contents": "Are there two classes of classically-conditioned responses? It is proposed that two response classes interact during classical conditioning: (1) a specific effect which directs responding towards or away from the CS, depending upon whether a positive or negative outcome is signaled, and (2) a general, emotional effect which interferes with responding. The interaction between these two response classes can account for the varied results obtained under CER and autoshaping procedures, and must be considered in any analysis which attempts to account for the complex nature of the conditioned response.", "PMID": 750966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8394", "title": "The relationship between motor and secretory behaviors in classical appetitive conditioning.", "content": "Three hungry dogs received pairings of food with an accessible, illuminated panel. This resulted in the dogs' approaching the lighted panel and salivating. Despite the similarity of these conditioning procedures to those used in a large body of research primarily with avians, however, the dogs did not physically contact the lighted stimulus panel. These results bear on several issues concerning the form and direction of classically conditioned behaviors.", "contents": "The relationship between motor and secretory behaviors in classical appetitive conditioning. Three hungry dogs received pairings of food with an accessible, illuminated panel. This resulted in the dogs' approaching the lighted panel and salivating. Despite the similarity of these conditioning procedures to those used in a large body of research primarily with avians, however, the dogs did not physically contact the lighted stimulus panel. These results bear on several issues concerning the form and direction of classically conditioned behaviors.", "PMID": 750967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8395", "title": "\"Reinforcement\" in behavior theory.", "content": "In its Pavlovian context, \"reinforcement\" was actually a descriptive term for the functional relation between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus. When it was adopted into operant conditioning, \"reinforcement\" became the central concept and the key operation, but with new qualifications, new referents, and new expectations. Some behavior theorists believed that \"reinforcers\" comprise a special and limited class of stimuli or events, and they speculated about what the essential \"nature of reinforcement\" might be. It is now known that any stimulus can serve a reinforcing function, with due recognition of such parameters as subject species characteristics, stimulus intensity, sensory modality, and schedule of application. This paper comments on these developments from the standpoint of reflex behavior theory.", "contents": "\"Reinforcement\" in behavior theory. In its Pavlovian context, \"reinforcement\" was actually a descriptive term for the functional relation between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus. When it was adopted into operant conditioning, \"reinforcement\" became the central concept and the key operation, but with new qualifications, new referents, and new expectations. Some behavior theorists believed that \"reinforcers\" comprise a special and limited class of stimuli or events, and they speculated about what the essential \"nature of reinforcement\" might be. It is now known that any stimulus can serve a reinforcing function, with due recognition of such parameters as subject species characteristics, stimulus intensity, sensory modality, and schedule of application. This paper comments on these developments from the standpoint of reflex behavior theory.", "PMID": 750964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8396", "title": "Exposition of visual stimuli in an aversive situation and self-exposure to light in rats.", "content": "The aim of the work presented was to test the effect of associating visual stimuli with an aversive situation on later self-exposure to these stimuli. Forty-five male albino rats (Wistar) aged approximately 90 days were divided into three groups; visual trained in avoidance response to visual stimuli; auditory trained in avoidance response to auditory stimuli; and neutral untrained in avoidance response. In part two of the experiment all the rats were tested in a chamber for self-exposure to light. A statistically significant increase in the rewarding value of visual stimulation was found in the visual group in comparison with the remaining groups. This effect is interpreted as a result of extinction of anxiety response to visual stimuli as a result of which relaxation begins to positively reinforce the response leading to switching on the light.", "contents": "Exposition of visual stimuli in an aversive situation and self-exposure to light in rats. The aim of the work presented was to test the effect of associating visual stimuli with an aversive situation on later self-exposure to these stimuli. Forty-five male albino rats (Wistar) aged approximately 90 days were divided into three groups; visual trained in avoidance response to visual stimuli; auditory trained in avoidance response to auditory stimuli; and neutral untrained in avoidance response. In part two of the experiment all the rats were tested in a chamber for self-exposure to light. A statistically significant increase in the rewarding value of visual stimulation was found in the visual group in comparison with the remaining groups. This effect is interpreted as a result of extinction of anxiety response to visual stimuli as a result of which relaxation begins to positively reinforce the response leading to switching on the light.", "PMID": 750965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8397", "title": "The localization over time of exogenous aldosterone and angiotensin II in various organs.", "content": "Central nervous system effects have been demonstrated for angiotensin II and suggested for aldosterone. In order to determine whether either of these chemicals naturally crosses the blood-brain barrier, radioactive aldosterone and angiotensin II were introduced via intracardiac injections in rats. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, adrenals, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus were collected at three, 15, and 60 minutes, frozen, dissolved, and counted. Blood levels for aldosterone and angiotensin II remained constant over 60 minutes. Aldosterone accumulated in the liver, kidney, adrenals and hypothalamus three minutes after injection, and levels diminished over time. Angiotensin II levels peaked in the adrenal, kidney, and liver after three minutes, and in the hypothalamus after 15 minutes. Cerebral cortex levels were lower than hypothalamic levels by 30% for aldosterone and 50% for angiotensin II. This suggests that both drugs may enter the central nervous system and selectively accumulate in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "The localization over time of exogenous aldosterone and angiotensin II in various organs. Central nervous system effects have been demonstrated for angiotensin II and suggested for aldosterone. In order to determine whether either of these chemicals naturally crosses the blood-brain barrier, radioactive aldosterone and angiotensin II were introduced via intracardiac injections in rats. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, adrenals, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus were collected at three, 15, and 60 minutes, frozen, dissolved, and counted. Blood levels for aldosterone and angiotensin II remained constant over 60 minutes. Aldosterone accumulated in the liver, kidney, adrenals and hypothalamus three minutes after injection, and levels diminished over time. Angiotensin II levels peaked in the adrenal, kidney, and liver after three minutes, and in the hypothalamus after 15 minutes. Cerebral cortex levels were lower than hypothalamic levels by 30% for aldosterone and 50% for angiotensin II. This suggests that both drugs may enter the central nervous system and selectively accumulate in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 750968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8398", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones (SL) part XXIV. Further studies on cytotoxic activities of SL in tissue culture of human cancer cells.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of most of the 18 new sesquiterpene lactones (SL), derivatives of germacran, guaian, pseudoguaian, and selinan, and related glycosides was studied by tissue culture method on human KB and HeLa cell lines. Eleven compounds with ED50, activity values between 0.24 and 2.40 microgram/ml (9,2.10(-7)--9.1.10(-6) M) were qualified for further in vivo investigation. It seems that: a) unsaturated alpha-exo-methylene-gamma-lactone ring:-O-CO-C=CH2 conjugated with basic terpene carbocyclic skeleton plays the main role for cytotoxicity of SL. The next determinants of the activity are apparently: b) sesquiterpenoid carbocyclic grouping (germacranolides (GE), pseudoguaianolides (PGU), guaianolides (GU), c) the position of cyclization of gamma-lactone ring (C6--C12) or C8--C12), d) some substituents with an epoxide and/or keto-function in different positions of sesquiterpenoids. The natural and modified alpha-exo-methylene-guaianolide-C3-glycosides (GUG) are not significantly more potent than the remaining alpha-exo-methylene-gamma-lactones.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones (SL) part XXIV. Further studies on cytotoxic activities of SL in tissue culture of human cancer cells. Cytotoxicity of most of the 18 new sesquiterpene lactones (SL), derivatives of germacran, guaian, pseudoguaian, and selinan, and related glycosides was studied by tissue culture method on human KB and HeLa cell lines. Eleven compounds with ED50, activity values between 0.24 and 2.40 microgram/ml (9,2.10(-7)--9.1.10(-6) M) were qualified for further in vivo investigation. It seems that: a) unsaturated alpha-exo-methylene-gamma-lactone ring:-O-CO-C=CH2 conjugated with basic terpene carbocyclic skeleton plays the main role for cytotoxicity of SL. The next determinants of the activity are apparently: b) sesquiterpenoid carbocyclic grouping (germacranolides (GE), pseudoguaianolides (PGU), guaianolides (GU), c) the position of cyclization of gamma-lactone ring (C6--C12) or C8--C12), d) some substituents with an epoxide and/or keto-function in different positions of sesquiterpenoids. The natural and modified alpha-exo-methylene-guaianolide-C3-glycosides (GUG) are not significantly more potent than the remaining alpha-exo-methylene-gamma-lactones.", "PMID": 751004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8399", "title": "Phenazone metabolism during perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver.", "content": "After 3 hr of perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver with a medium containing 407 ng/ml of phenazone, the drug concentration in the bile was 1.5 times higher than the initial concentration in the perfusion fluid. This indicates that in addition to phenazone metabolism, liver eliminates the drug by active releasing it to the bile. The active release is responsible for depression of phenazone concentration during the perfusion in approx. 6%. The remaining loss of phenazone is due to its hepatic metabolism.", "contents": "Phenazone metabolism during perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver. After 3 hr of perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver with a medium containing 407 ng/ml of phenazone, the drug concentration in the bile was 1.5 times higher than the initial concentration in the perfusion fluid. This indicates that in addition to phenazone metabolism, liver eliminates the drug by active releasing it to the bile. The active release is responsible for depression of phenazone concentration during the perfusion in approx. 6%. The remaining loss of phenazone is due to its hepatic metabolism.", "PMID": 751005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8400", "title": "Effects of lesions of the Locus coeruleus and the ventral noradrenergic bundle on the antinociceptive action of clonidine in rats.", "content": "Effects of electrolytic lesions of noradrenergic brain systems on clonidine-induced analgesia were tested in rats by tail-compression method. Bilateral lesions of the locus coereleus decreased clonidine analgesia whilst lesions involving the ventral noradrenergic bundle produced no significant effect. These data demonstrate that antinociceptive effect of clonidine is related to action upon the noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the Locus coeruleus and the ventral noradrenergic bundle on the antinociceptive action of clonidine in rats. Effects of electrolytic lesions of noradrenergic brain systems on clonidine-induced analgesia were tested in rats by tail-compression method. Bilateral lesions of the locus coereleus decreased clonidine analgesia whilst lesions involving the ventral noradrenergic bundle produced no significant effect. These data demonstrate that antinociceptive effect of clonidine is related to action upon the noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 751006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8401", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 1,3 and 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones.", "content": "We described synthesis of 1-aryl-3 and 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones (2a--5a and 3b--4b). Pharmacological studies revealed that compounds 3b, 4a and 4b have analgetic and antiinflammatory properties. None of the compounds posesses neuroleptic or anticonvulsant properties.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 1,3 and 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones. We described synthesis of 1-aryl-3 and 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones (2a--5a and 3b--4b). Pharmacological studies revealed that compounds 3b, 4a and 4b have analgetic and antiinflammatory properties. None of the compounds posesses neuroleptic or anticonvulsant properties.", "PMID": 751008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8402", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some N-carboxymethylbarbituric acid derivatives. I.", "content": "Reaction of haloacetate with barbital and methylphenobarbital in polar aprotic solvents in the presence of anhydrous K2CO3 gave N-carboalkoxymethyl derivatives in good yields. Acidic hydrolysis of the latter compounds affords N-carboxymethyl derivatives of barbital 8 or methylphenobarbital 7. From acid 7 and 8 via acid chlorides, amides 11--20 were prepared. These amides lack anticonvulsant activity and show only slight sedative and analgesic action.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some N-carboxymethylbarbituric acid derivatives. I. Reaction of haloacetate with barbital and methylphenobarbital in polar aprotic solvents in the presence of anhydrous K2CO3 gave N-carboalkoxymethyl derivatives in good yields. Acidic hydrolysis of the latter compounds affords N-carboxymethyl derivatives of barbital 8 or methylphenobarbital 7. From acid 7 and 8 via acid chlorides, amides 11--20 were prepared. These amides lack anticonvulsant activity and show only slight sedative and analgesic action.", "PMID": 751009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8403", "title": "Cancerostatics. III. Synthesis and some chemical transformations of 3-cyano-5(pyridyl-4.)pyrid-2-one.", "content": "In reaction of 3-dimethylamino-2-(pyridyl-4')acrolein with cyanoacetic acid and malononitrile new derivatives of 3,4'-dipyridyl were obtained. The synthesis of pyridyl-4-cyanoacetaldehyde 2 is also described. One of these compounds (8) showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "contents": "Cancerostatics. III. Synthesis and some chemical transformations of 3-cyano-5(pyridyl-4.)pyrid-2-one. In reaction of 3-dimethylamino-2-(pyridyl-4')acrolein with cyanoacetic acid and malononitrile new derivatives of 3,4'-dipyridyl were obtained. The synthesis of pyridyl-4-cyanoacetaldehyde 2 is also described. One of these compounds (8) showed significant cytostatic activity against transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma.", "PMID": 751010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8404", "title": "Pyridazino[1,2-a] 1,2,5-triazepines.", "content": "By the condensation of 1,2-di(chloracetyl)piperidazine with primary amines 3-substituted derivatives of 1,5-diketoperhydropyridazino[1,2-a] 1,2,5-triazepine (1--8, Fig. 1) were obtained. Some of them show sedative action at the 25--100 mg/k dosis level and are of low ip toxicity.", "contents": "Pyridazino[1,2-a] 1,2,5-triazepines. By the condensation of 1,2-di(chloracetyl)piperidazine with primary amines 3-substituted derivatives of 1,5-diketoperhydropyridazino[1,2-a] 1,2,5-triazepine (1--8, Fig. 1) were obtained. Some of them show sedative action at the 25--100 mg/k dosis level and are of low ip toxicity.", "PMID": 751011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8405", "title": "Acylation of benzoxazolin-2-ones and 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazoles.", "content": "The acylation courses of 5-bromo and 5,7-dibromo derivatives of benzoxazolin-2--one (BO) and isomeric 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazoles (BIO) with acetic anhydride, benzoyl chlorides and alkyl chloroformates were investigated. In view of principal course of N-acylation in BO-and O-acylation in BIO-group some of the newly obtained compounds, namely 5,7-Br2-2-(o-chlorobenzoyloxy)-BO (5a) and N-alkoxycarbonyl BIO (22a--27a) make the exceptions. Compounds 25a and 26a were found to possess relatively the most intensive depressant action on the CNS.", "contents": "Acylation of benzoxazolin-2-ones and 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazoles. The acylation courses of 5-bromo and 5,7-dibromo derivatives of benzoxazolin-2--one (BO) and isomeric 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazoles (BIO) with acetic anhydride, benzoyl chlorides and alkyl chloroformates were investigated. In view of principal course of N-acylation in BO-and O-acylation in BIO-group some of the newly obtained compounds, namely 5,7-Br2-2-(o-chlorobenzoyloxy)-BO (5a) and N-alkoxycarbonyl BIO (22a--27a) make the exceptions. Compounds 25a and 26a were found to possess relatively the most intensive depressant action on the CNS.", "PMID": 751012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8406", "title": "Effect of Venoruton on the factor XIII activity in rat plasma.", "content": "The effect of Venoruton [O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside] on the activity of factor XIII in rat plasma was studied in vivo. The drug was administered to the animals intragastrically 6 times a week during 90 days in doses of 5 mg/100 g body weight. An about twofold increase in factor XIII activity beginning after several days of treatment and lasting for several weeks was observed. Then an attenuation of factor XIII activity down to the control level took place in spite of systematic Venoruton administration. Spectrofluorimetric determinations of factor XIII activity were confirmed by thromboelastrographic studies.", "contents": "Effect of Venoruton on the factor XIII activity in rat plasma. The effect of Venoruton [O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside] on the activity of factor XIII in rat plasma was studied in vivo. The drug was administered to the animals intragastrically 6 times a week during 90 days in doses of 5 mg/100 g body weight. An about twofold increase in factor XIII activity beginning after several days of treatment and lasting for several weeks was observed. Then an attenuation of factor XIII activity down to the control level took place in spite of systematic Venoruton administration. Spectrofluorimetric determinations of factor XIII activity were confirmed by thromboelastrographic studies.", "PMID": 751007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8407", "title": "Hexahydrochromane derivatives. Part I.", "content": "Several new 4-substituted derivatives of hexahydrochromane were obtained. A new method for preparing the key intermediate for synthesis of this compounds i.e. ethyl 4-cyanohexahydrochromane-4-carboxylate 2 was elaborated. Comp. 8 shown central depressive activity.", "contents": "Hexahydrochromane derivatives. Part I. Several new 4-substituted derivatives of hexahydrochromane were obtained. A new method for preparing the key intermediate for synthesis of this compounds i.e. ethyl 4-cyanohexahydrochromane-4-carboxylate 2 was elaborated. Comp. 8 shown central depressive activity.", "PMID": 751013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8408", "title": "Subcutaneous vaccination of chickens with a live, avirulent Pasteurella multocida, Vaccine.", "content": "The immunogenic responses to various routes of vaccination of broiler-type chickens to the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were evaluated. Broilers were vaccinated at 9 or 10 weeks of age using the oral (drinking water), palatine cleft, ocular, or subcutaneous injection routes. All birds were challenged at 11 or 12 weeks of age with virulent X-73 strain of P. multocida by the palatine cleft method. The degree of efficacy of the various vaccination routes differed among three experiments. Nevertheless, the subcutaneous route produced the greatest degree of protection in all experiments and in two experiments differences were highly significant (P less than .01). Protection levels as high as 95% and 97.5% were attained in broilers vaccinated subcutaneously and no undesirable lesions or cheesy masses formed under the skin in the back of the necks of broilers.", "contents": "Subcutaneous vaccination of chickens with a live, avirulent Pasteurella multocida, Vaccine. The immunogenic responses to various routes of vaccination of broiler-type chickens to the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were evaluated. Broilers were vaccinated at 9 or 10 weeks of age using the oral (drinking water), palatine cleft, ocular, or subcutaneous injection routes. All birds were challenged at 11 or 12 weeks of age with virulent X-73 strain of P. multocida by the palatine cleft method. The degree of efficacy of the various vaccination routes differed among three experiments. Nevertheless, the subcutaneous route produced the greatest degree of protection in all experiments and in two experiments differences were highly significant (P less than .01). Protection levels as high as 95% and 97.5% were attained in broilers vaccinated subcutaneously and no undesirable lesions or cheesy masses formed under the skin in the back of the necks of broilers.", "PMID": 751031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8409", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the effect of gentamicin sulfate on the efficacy of the turkey herpesvirus vaccine.", "content": "In vitro studies indicate that the titer of the cell-free or cell-associated turkey herpevirus (HVT) vaccine was not appreciably reduced when incubated with .1, .2, or .3 mg of gentamicin sulfate for up to 2 hr. However, the titer of both the cell-free and cell-associated HVT vaccines was reduced when incubated with .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate for 2 hr. However, in vivo studies show that the incidence of Marek's disease (MD) in chickens which were vaccinated with the cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine which had been incubated with ,1, .2, .3, or .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate up to 2 hr was not increased when compared to chickens receiving only the HVT vaccine. The results of other laboratory studies also show that there was no increase in the incidence of MD when comparing chickens which received either 1360 or 6360 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine or 1250 or 5690 PFU of cell-associated HVT vaccine to those vaccinated with the same doses of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine containing .2 mg of gentamicin sulfate.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the effect of gentamicin sulfate on the efficacy of the turkey herpesvirus vaccine. In vitro studies indicate that the titer of the cell-free or cell-associated turkey herpevirus (HVT) vaccine was not appreciably reduced when incubated with .1, .2, or .3 mg of gentamicin sulfate for up to 2 hr. However, the titer of both the cell-free and cell-associated HVT vaccines was reduced when incubated with .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate for 2 hr. However, in vivo studies show that the incidence of Marek's disease (MD) in chickens which were vaccinated with the cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine which had been incubated with ,1, .2, .3, or .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate up to 2 hr was not increased when compared to chickens receiving only the HVT vaccine. The results of other laboratory studies also show that there was no increase in the incidence of MD when comparing chickens which received either 1360 or 6360 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine or 1250 or 5690 PFU of cell-associated HVT vaccine to those vaccinated with the same doses of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine containing .2 mg of gentamicin sulfate.", "PMID": 751032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8410", "title": "Studies on the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the antioxidants added to human and animal feed products in concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 ppm to delay degradation of the labile lipid components. BHT is known to be an inactivator of mammalian and bacterial viruses that contain lipid. Results of in vitro studies showed that 10 ppm of BHT in Mycoplasma medium prevented growth of each of the six Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) isolates. BHT added at 100, 200, and 400 ppm in the feed did not have any significant in vivo effect on the Ms serological responses or show any chemoprophylactic effect on birds infected with Ms.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on Mycoplasma synoviae. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the antioxidants added to human and animal feed products in concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 ppm to delay degradation of the labile lipid components. BHT is known to be an inactivator of mammalian and bacterial viruses that contain lipid. Results of in vitro studies showed that 10 ppm of BHT in Mycoplasma medium prevented growth of each of the six Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) isolates. BHT added at 100, 200, and 400 ppm in the feed did not have any significant in vivo effect on the Ms serological responses or show any chemoprophylactic effect on birds infected with Ms.", "PMID": 751033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8411", "title": "The accumulation and elimination of tissue residues after feeding pentachloronitrobenzene to White Leghorn cockerels.", "content": "Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were fed graded levels (10, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm) of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) containing pentachlorobenzene (PCB), tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at trace contaminants, for 12 weeks. Bioaccumulation of PCNB and its metabolites in tissues does not appear to occur to any major extent. The contaminants of PCNB, HCB, and PCB were found to accumulate to a greater degree in adipose tissue than does PCNB itself. TCNB was also detected in adipose tissue and in trace amounts in other tissues. PCNB accumulated to the highest concentration in body fat followed by gizzard and kidney. Only traces of PCNB were found in heart, liver, leg, and heart muscle. Metabolites, pentachloroaniline (PCA), and pentachlorphenylmethylsulfide (PCMS) were found in only trace quantities following the feeding of 1000 ppm PCNB. Half-life values for the depletion of the contaminants of PCNB, PCB, and HCB were determined in adipose tissue of cockerels; values as high as 53 and 95 days were found for PCB and HCB, respectively.", "contents": "The accumulation and elimination of tissue residues after feeding pentachloronitrobenzene to White Leghorn cockerels. Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were fed graded levels (10, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm) of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) containing pentachlorobenzene (PCB), tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at trace contaminants, for 12 weeks. Bioaccumulation of PCNB and its metabolites in tissues does not appear to occur to any major extent. The contaminants of PCNB, HCB, and PCB were found to accumulate to a greater degree in adipose tissue than does PCNB itself. TCNB was also detected in adipose tissue and in trace amounts in other tissues. PCNB accumulated to the highest concentration in body fat followed by gizzard and kidney. Only traces of PCNB were found in heart, liver, leg, and heart muscle. Metabolites, pentachloroaniline (PCA), and pentachlorphenylmethylsulfide (PCMS) were found in only trace quantities following the feeding of 1000 ppm PCNB. Half-life values for the depletion of the contaminants of PCNB, PCB, and HCB were determined in adipose tissue of cockerels; values as high as 53 and 95 days were found for PCB and HCB, respectively.", "PMID": 751034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8412", "title": "Toxicological studies with mirex in bobwhite quail.", "content": "Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) received dietary mirex in concentrations of 1, 20 and 40 ppm to investigate reproductive effects of long term exposure to this chemical. Residue analyses of Fo generation breeders indicated that male adipose tissue contained approximately 10 times the mirex level in the diet. Elimination of mirex in females probably was facilitated by egg laying, which reduced mirex buildup in adipose tissue to five times the dietary level. Both sexes were noted to concentrate mirex in fat and breast tissue in direct proportion to the intake of dietary mirex. Eggs collected from Fo generation breeders were not affected deleteriously by mirex as measured by embryo survival to 3 weeks, and thenumber of eggs failing to hatch. Indeed, increased rates of egg fertility and hatchability were associated with higher dietary concentrations. Chick survival data was obtained in Fp and F1 generation hatchlings from hatching through 2 weeks. No chick mortality attributable to pesticide stress was detected in either group of birds. Eggs collected from F1 generation breeders that received 1 ppm were not affected harmfully as measured by embryonation, embryo survival, and hatchability rates. Comparison of residues in wild bobwhites with residues in our experimental findings indicates mirex is apparently not affecting deleteriously reproductive success of wild quail.", "contents": "Toxicological studies with mirex in bobwhite quail. Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) received dietary mirex in concentrations of 1, 20 and 40 ppm to investigate reproductive effects of long term exposure to this chemical. Residue analyses of Fo generation breeders indicated that male adipose tissue contained approximately 10 times the mirex level in the diet. Elimination of mirex in females probably was facilitated by egg laying, which reduced mirex buildup in adipose tissue to five times the dietary level. Both sexes were noted to concentrate mirex in fat and breast tissue in direct proportion to the intake of dietary mirex. Eggs collected from Fo generation breeders were not affected deleteriously by mirex as measured by embryo survival to 3 weeks, and thenumber of eggs failing to hatch. Indeed, increased rates of egg fertility and hatchability were associated with higher dietary concentrations. Chick survival data was obtained in Fp and F1 generation hatchlings from hatching through 2 weeks. No chick mortality attributable to pesticide stress was detected in either group of birds. Eggs collected from F1 generation breeders that received 1 ppm were not affected harmfully as measured by embryonation, embryo survival, and hatchability rates. Comparison of residues in wild bobwhites with residues in our experimental findings indicates mirex is apparently not affecting deleteriously reproductive success of wild quail.", "PMID": 751035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8413", "title": "Leg bone abnormalities and histopathology of caged and floor reared broilers fed diets devoid of selected vitamins and minerals.", "content": "Summers et al., 1978, described an experiment in which performance and leg conditions of birds fed diets devoid of synthetic biotin, choline, folic acid, manganese, and miacin were observed and recoreded. This is a report on birds from the same experiment. Dyschondroplasia of the tibia was documented and the distal end of each tibia examined histologically. Metatarsal length and condyle depth of the distal tibia were also determined. Metatarsal length was influenced by vitamin deficiencies as well as the type of floor on which binds were raised. The depth of the intercondyle space was affected more by a manganese deficiency than by vitamin deficiencies and, in this case, was greater on plastic and litter as opposed to wire floors. There did not appear to be a correlation between the space depth and slipping of the tendons; however, a large number of birds should be examined to provide more data. Dyschondroplasia was more prevalent in choline deficient birds, particularly those birds raised on litter or plastic floors. Histology changes in relation to nutrient deficiencies were comparable to those reported previously.", "contents": "Leg bone abnormalities and histopathology of caged and floor reared broilers fed diets devoid of selected vitamins and minerals. Summers et al., 1978, described an experiment in which performance and leg conditions of birds fed diets devoid of synthetic biotin, choline, folic acid, manganese, and miacin were observed and recoreded. This is a report on birds from the same experiment. Dyschondroplasia of the tibia was documented and the distal end of each tibia examined histologically. Metatarsal length and condyle depth of the distal tibia were also determined. Metatarsal length was influenced by vitamin deficiencies as well as the type of floor on which binds were raised. The depth of the intercondyle space was affected more by a manganese deficiency than by vitamin deficiencies and, in this case, was greater on plastic and litter as opposed to wire floors. There did not appear to be a correlation between the space depth and slipping of the tendons; however, a large number of birds should be examined to provide more data. Dyschondroplasia was more prevalent in choline deficient birds, particularly those birds raised on litter or plastic floors. Histology changes in relation to nutrient deficiencies were comparable to those reported previously.", "PMID": 751037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8414", "title": "Viral proliferation patterns of a velogenic (VLT), a mesogenic (Komarov), and a lentogenic (F) strain of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "A highly pathogenic and two avirulent vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus were investigated quantitatively for their proliferation in various tissues of experimentally infected SPF chickens. Virulent strain VLT multiplied extensively in all the tested tissues whereas a mesogenic strain (K) was not detected in the brain during the period of observations. A lentogenic strain (F) was only detected in moderate quantities in trachea. The development of antibodies seemed to correlate with the disappearance of the two avirulent strains from the tissues.", "contents": "Viral proliferation patterns of a velogenic (VLT), a mesogenic (Komarov), and a lentogenic (F) strain of Newcastle disease virus. A highly pathogenic and two avirulent vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus were investigated quantitatively for their proliferation in various tissues of experimentally infected SPF chickens. Virulent strain VLT multiplied extensively in all the tested tissues whereas a mesogenic strain (K) was not detected in the brain during the period of observations. A lentogenic strain (F) was only detected in moderate quantities in trachea. The development of antibodies seemed to correlate with the disappearance of the two avirulent strains from the tissues.", "PMID": 751038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8415", "title": "The effect of dietary protein levels in isocaloric diets on the composition of avian pancreatic juice.", "content": "A permanent indwelling cannula was placed in the main pancreatic duct of 10-week-old commercial strain male chickens. The birds were fed isocaloric corn-soybean meal diets containing either 11.5% or 18.5% crude protein for two 5-day periods in a reversal experimental design. Irrespective of diet, chickens consumed more feed and secreted more pancreatic juice during the daytime than during the nighttime (P less than .01). The concentrations of crude protein and chloride ion and the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase in the pancreatic juice were the same for the daytime and nighttime periods. Significant differences were observed between the two collection periods for the total quantities of these materials secreted (P less than .01). Although the chickens consumed equal amounts of the two rations, trypsin and chymotrypsin responded to the dietary change. Greater proteolytic enzyme activities were found in the pancreatic juice as a response to eating the 18.5% protein diet. The chickens remained in excellent condition throughout the experiment, the cannulas remained unobstructed, and the pancreata secreted up to seven weeks with no cessation of flow.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein levels in isocaloric diets on the composition of avian pancreatic juice. A permanent indwelling cannula was placed in the main pancreatic duct of 10-week-old commercial strain male chickens. The birds were fed isocaloric corn-soybean meal diets containing either 11.5% or 18.5% crude protein for two 5-day periods in a reversal experimental design. Irrespective of diet, chickens consumed more feed and secreted more pancreatic juice during the daytime than during the nighttime (P less than .01). The concentrations of crude protein and chloride ion and the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase in the pancreatic juice were the same for the daytime and nighttime periods. Significant differences were observed between the two collection periods for the total quantities of these materials secreted (P less than .01). Although the chickens consumed equal amounts of the two rations, trypsin and chymotrypsin responded to the dietary change. Greater proteolytic enzyme activities were found in the pancreatic juice as a response to eating the 18.5% protein diet. The chickens remained in excellent condition throughout the experiment, the cannulas remained unobstructed, and the pancreata secreted up to seven weeks with no cessation of flow.", "PMID": 751039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8416", "title": "Comparison of the transfer of 125I, 82Br, and 26Cl into the growing oocytes of the Japanese quail.", "content": "Laying Japanese quail were doubly-labeled with either 125I and 36Cl or 82Br and 36Cl. Eighteen-hour accumulations, expressed as percent of tracer doses, were: growing oocytes, 125I 48.2 vs. 36Cl 2.07, 82Br 4.01 vs. 36Cl 1.99; thyroids, 125I 10.6 vs. 36Cl .030, 82Br .027 vs. 36Cl .020. Concentrations (expressed as percent per gram) of the radionuclides in the growing oocytes and the thyroids as compared with concentrations in the plasma were: for oocytes, the mean 125I concentration was 199 times the mean plasma concentration, 82Br was .34 x and 36Cl was .13 x; for thyroids, 125I was 13,500 x, 82Br was .48 x, and 36Cl was .41 x the mean plasma concentration. Eight day totals for yolks of eggs laid were 125I 29% vs. 36Cl 3.7%.", "contents": "Comparison of the transfer of 125I, 82Br, and 26Cl into the growing oocytes of the Japanese quail. Laying Japanese quail were doubly-labeled with either 125I and 36Cl or 82Br and 36Cl. Eighteen-hour accumulations, expressed as percent of tracer doses, were: growing oocytes, 125I 48.2 vs. 36Cl 2.07, 82Br 4.01 vs. 36Cl 1.99; thyroids, 125I 10.6 vs. 36Cl .030, 82Br .027 vs. 36Cl .020. Concentrations (expressed as percent per gram) of the radionuclides in the growing oocytes and the thyroids as compared with concentrations in the plasma were: for oocytes, the mean 125I concentration was 199 times the mean plasma concentration, 82Br was .34 x and 36Cl was .13 x; for thyroids, 125I was 13,500 x, 82Br was .48 x, and 36Cl was .41 x the mean plasma concentration. Eight day totals for yolks of eggs laid were 125I 29% vs. 36Cl 3.7%.", "PMID": 751040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8417", "title": "An assay procedure for inositol pentaphosphate in avian erythrocytes.", "content": "A method to determine the concentration of inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) in chicken erythrocytes is described. Lysates of washed erythrocytes were treated with trichloroacetic acid to remove protein and were chromatographed on Dowex-1 chloride columns. After eluting the other organic phosphates with .3 N HCl, IP5 was eluted with .5 N HCl and quantitated by phosphorus assay. The mean for 12 chickens was 15.4 +/- 2.71 micromoles/g hemoglobin. The method should be useful for the assay of large numbers of samples.", "contents": "An assay procedure for inositol pentaphosphate in avian erythrocytes. A method to determine the concentration of inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) in chicken erythrocytes is described. Lysates of washed erythrocytes were treated with trichloroacetic acid to remove protein and were chromatographed on Dowex-1 chloride columns. After eluting the other organic phosphates with .3 N HCl, IP5 was eluted with .5 N HCl and quantitated by phosphorus assay. The mean for 12 chickens was 15.4 +/- 2.71 micromoles/g hemoglobin. The method should be useful for the assay of large numbers of samples.", "PMID": 751041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8418", "title": "Changes in erythrocyte metabolism following acute blood loss in chickens.", "content": "The effect of acute blood loss on erythrocyte metabolism has been studied in a number of mammals. This study was designated to provide comparative data in chickens. Twenty to 30 ml of blood were removed from 7 chickens for 3 successive days. Packed red cell volumes were restored at the rate of 1.46% per day, and a maximum reticulocyte count (26.7%) occurred on the third day after the initial phlebotomy. Fourteen of the 16 erythrocyte enzymes measured became elevated significantly. Enzymatic activity was increased when the greatest numbers of young red cells were in the circulation and declined as the erythrocytes aged. Initial enzymatic activity was not related to the subsequent magnitude of increased activity. Inositol pentaphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and reduced glutathione, but not 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, increased significantly in the postphlebotomy period. The markedly rapid and significant rise of inositol pentaphosphate suggested that it was controlled. That could be the way hemoglobin function is controlled during changing physiologic requirements.", "contents": "Changes in erythrocyte metabolism following acute blood loss in chickens. The effect of acute blood loss on erythrocyte metabolism has been studied in a number of mammals. This study was designated to provide comparative data in chickens. Twenty to 30 ml of blood were removed from 7 chickens for 3 successive days. Packed red cell volumes were restored at the rate of 1.46% per day, and a maximum reticulocyte count (26.7%) occurred on the third day after the initial phlebotomy. Fourteen of the 16 erythrocyte enzymes measured became elevated significantly. Enzymatic activity was increased when the greatest numbers of young red cells were in the circulation and declined as the erythrocytes aged. Initial enzymatic activity was not related to the subsequent magnitude of increased activity. Inositol pentaphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and reduced glutathione, but not 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, increased significantly in the postphlebotomy period. The markedly rapid and significant rise of inositol pentaphosphate suggested that it was controlled. That could be the way hemoglobin function is controlled during changing physiologic requirements.", "PMID": 751042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8419", "title": "The filling and emptying of the uterovaginal sperm-host glands in the domestic hen.", "content": "In a series of three replicated experiments, dwarf hens were inseminated with semen of one phenotype (normal or dwarf) and then reinseminated 4 hr later with semen of the other phenotype. All eggs were pedigree-hatched for two weeks following the inseminations. Subsequent phenotypic determinations of the progeny demonstrated a preponderance of offspring from the latter insemination. The results suggested that spermatozoa sequentially filled the uterovaginal sperm-host glands which produced a permanent stratification of sperm cells, and mixing did not occur within a gland. Emptying of the host-glands appeared to follow a pattern of slow superficial leakage where spermatozoa from the second insemination were the first spermatozoa released, giving rise to the large number of progeny phenotypes from the second insemination. In addition, progeny phenotypes from the second insemination were predominant throughout the fertility period suggesting that the storage capacity of the uterovaginal sperm-host glands can exceed the functional life span of stored spermatozoa following a normal insemination.", "contents": "The filling and emptying of the uterovaginal sperm-host glands in the domestic hen. In a series of three replicated experiments, dwarf hens were inseminated with semen of one phenotype (normal or dwarf) and then reinseminated 4 hr later with semen of the other phenotype. All eggs were pedigree-hatched for two weeks following the inseminations. Subsequent phenotypic determinations of the progeny demonstrated a preponderance of offspring from the latter insemination. The results suggested that spermatozoa sequentially filled the uterovaginal sperm-host glands which produced a permanent stratification of sperm cells, and mixing did not occur within a gland. Emptying of the host-glands appeared to follow a pattern of slow superficial leakage where spermatozoa from the second insemination were the first spermatozoa released, giving rise to the large number of progeny phenotypes from the second insemination. In addition, progeny phenotypes from the second insemination were predominant throughout the fertility period suggesting that the storage capacity of the uterovaginal sperm-host glands can exceed the functional life span of stored spermatozoa following a normal insemination.", "PMID": 751043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8420", "title": "Determination of corticosterone concentration in plasma of turkeys using raioimmunoassay.", "content": "A method of determining corticosterone concentration in turkey plasma was developed using radioimmunoassay. Compared to fluorometric analysis and competitive protein-binding radioassay, this method had the following advantages: 1) results were consistent, 2) the method was simple and rapid to perform, 3) only 20 lambda of plasma was required, 4) all procedures were performed using the same tube except for counting, and 5) unknown and standard samples were treated identically. The coefficient of variation with the 5 ng/ml standard sample between 14 sets of assays was 12.6% and the average coefficient of variation within duplicate assays of unknown samples randomly selected from each of the 14 series was 4%. Using this method, there was an increase in the average plasma corticosterone concentration in all groups of inoculated turkeys one day after inoculation of Pasteurella multocida which was significantly (P less than .05) greater than that of the noninoculated groups.", "contents": "Determination of corticosterone concentration in plasma of turkeys using raioimmunoassay. A method of determining corticosterone concentration in turkey plasma was developed using radioimmunoassay. Compared to fluorometric analysis and competitive protein-binding radioassay, this method had the following advantages: 1) results were consistent, 2) the method was simple and rapid to perform, 3) only 20 lambda of plasma was required, 4) all procedures were performed using the same tube except for counting, and 5) unknown and standard samples were treated identically. The coefficient of variation with the 5 ng/ml standard sample between 14 sets of assays was 12.6% and the average coefficient of variation within duplicate assays of unknown samples randomly selected from each of the 14 series was 4%. Using this method, there was an increase in the average plasma corticosterone concentration in all groups of inoculated turkeys one day after inoculation of Pasteurella multocida which was significantly (P less than .05) greater than that of the noninoculated groups.", "PMID": 751044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8421", "title": "Sexual maturity in broiler breeder males.", "content": "Sexual maturity and fertility of two lines of broiler breeder males, one commercial and one experimental, were evaluated individually in order to determine the earliest age at which they could be expected to produce viable spermatozoa capable of producing acceptable fertility. Comparative data for the two lines were also collected on duration of fertility, percent fertility, percent hatchability and chicks per hen during an 8-week period using pooled semen from each of the two lines. The results of this study indicate that 9.1 and 6.8% of the male of the experimental and commercial lines, respectively, produce viable spermatozoa at 11 weeks of age, and consequently, could be selected at that age and used to reproduce stock under selection. The duration of fertility was 10.5 days for the experimental line and 8.8 days for the commercial lines; with fertility levels of 86.1 and 82.8%, respectively, for the eggs produced by the two lines during this period. There were no differences in fertility, hatchability, or chicks produce per hen between the two lines for the 8-week reproductive period.", "contents": "Sexual maturity in broiler breeder males. Sexual maturity and fertility of two lines of broiler breeder males, one commercial and one experimental, were evaluated individually in order to determine the earliest age at which they could be expected to produce viable spermatozoa capable of producing acceptable fertility. Comparative data for the two lines were also collected on duration of fertility, percent fertility, percent hatchability and chicks per hen during an 8-week period using pooled semen from each of the two lines. The results of this study indicate that 9.1 and 6.8% of the male of the experimental and commercial lines, respectively, produce viable spermatozoa at 11 weeks of age, and consequently, could be selected at that age and used to reproduce stock under selection. The duration of fertility was 10.5 days for the experimental line and 8.8 days for the commercial lines; with fertility levels of 86.1 and 82.8%, respectively, for the eggs produced by the two lines during this period. There were no differences in fertility, hatchability, or chicks produce per hen between the two lines for the 8-week reproductive period.", "PMID": 751045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8422", "title": "Initial observations on the effect of corticosterone and inbred antibody competency in chickens on population development of the northern fowl mite.", "content": "Roosters from a line artificially selected for high initial antibody response to sheep red blood cells were more resistant to development of populations of Ornitbonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) than were birds selected for low antibody response. Oral administration of corticosterone to test chickens at doses ranging from 10 to 40 ppm did not affect mite development. The steroid regimen was shown to reduce lymphocyte and testes mass as well as total weight gain. Postmortem measurements were not different for the 2 inbred lines. Analysis of data indicated that antibody competency alone probably was not responsbile for the observed differences in mite populations.", "contents": "Initial observations on the effect of corticosterone and inbred antibody competency in chickens on population development of the northern fowl mite. Roosters from a line artificially selected for high initial antibody response to sheep red blood cells were more resistant to development of populations of Ornitbonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) than were birds selected for low antibody response. Oral administration of corticosterone to test chickens at doses ranging from 10 to 40 ppm did not affect mite development. The steroid regimen was shown to reduce lymphocyte and testes mass as well as total weight gain. Postmortem measurements were not different for the 2 inbred lines. Analysis of data indicated that antibody competency alone probably was not responsbile for the observed differences in mite populations.", "PMID": 751046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8423", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of chicken corticosteroid-binding globulin.", "content": "Affinity chromatography of pooled chicken serum yielded a solution in which 45% of the protein was corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Further purification by single passes through hydroxylapatite and Biogel A-.5m resulted in a final product with about 91% purity. The molecular weight was 56,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration and 63,000 as determined by sodium dodecysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition was similar to that of mammalian CBG's when compared on the basis of total amino acid residues of each type. However, the avian CBG was much lower than mammalian CBG in half-cystine residues. The corticosteroid-binding ability of the purified CBG was increased up to tenfold by treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). Of several cations tested, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ exhibited some synergism with DTT, but were ineffective by themselves; Cu2+ was inhibitory. The association constant toward corticosterone at 4 degrees was 3.6 X 10(-7) M-1. Unlike mammalian CBG, which does not bind dexamethasone, the chicken CBG binds dexamethasone with almost the same affinity as corticosterone.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of chicken corticosteroid-binding globulin. Affinity chromatography of pooled chicken serum yielded a solution in which 45% of the protein was corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Further purification by single passes through hydroxylapatite and Biogel A-.5m resulted in a final product with about 91% purity. The molecular weight was 56,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration and 63,000 as determined by sodium dodecysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition was similar to that of mammalian CBG's when compared on the basis of total amino acid residues of each type. However, the avian CBG was much lower than mammalian CBG in half-cystine residues. The corticosteroid-binding ability of the purified CBG was increased up to tenfold by treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). Of several cations tested, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ exhibited some synergism with DTT, but were ineffective by themselves; Cu2+ was inhibitory. The association constant toward corticosterone at 4 degrees was 3.6 X 10(-7) M-1. Unlike mammalian CBG, which does not bind dexamethasone, the chicken CBG binds dexamethasone with almost the same affinity as corticosterone.", "PMID": 751047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8424", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in chicken serum.", "content": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay is described for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in chicken serum. Primary antibody produced in a rabbit had negligible crossreactivity with 3,3,5'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine. The primary antibody diluted 1:1000 bound 50% of a tracer dose of 125I-T3, and a standard curve of 0 to 800 pg/tube was used. Percent binding ranged from 14.1 to 54.1 for a standard curve. Serum volume ranging from 50 to 150 microliter tube did not affect assay results. Coefficient of variation was 2.8% within the assay and 5.5% between assays. The inhibitor 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid was necessary for recovery of T3 from spiked samples. Young chickens had reduced serum T3 concentrations when fed diets containing .1% thiouracil for 14 days when compared with serum T3 concentrations of chickens fed the diet without thiouracil. Feeding .2% thiouracil for 3 days did not affect serum T3 concentration.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in chicken serum. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay is described for 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in chicken serum. Primary antibody produced in a rabbit had negligible crossreactivity with 3,3,5'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine. The primary antibody diluted 1:1000 bound 50% of a tracer dose of 125I-T3, and a standard curve of 0 to 800 pg/tube was used. Percent binding ranged from 14.1 to 54.1 for a standard curve. Serum volume ranging from 50 to 150 microliter tube did not affect assay results. Coefficient of variation was 2.8% within the assay and 5.5% between assays. The inhibitor 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid was necessary for recovery of T3 from spiked samples. Young chickens had reduced serum T3 concentrations when fed diets containing .1% thiouracil for 14 days when compared with serum T3 concentrations of chickens fed the diet without thiouracil. Feeding .2% thiouracil for 3 days did not affect serum T3 concentration.", "PMID": 751048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8425", "title": "Oxidation of [U-14C] palmitic acid by cock spermatozoa.", "content": "When washed cock spermatozoa were incubated with [U-14 C] palmitic acid at 37 C for 2 hr under aerobic conditions, radioactivity was recovered as carbon dioxide indicating the fatty acid was oxidized. Little if any radioactivity was recovered as carbon dioxide when spermatozoa were killed by boiling, indicating the necessity for viable spermatozoa for the successful incorporation and oxidation of palmitic acid. To determine whether the oxidation of palmitic acid could serve as a source of energy for cock spermatozoa, ATP concentrations of spermatozoa were compared immediately following ejaculation and after 1,2, and 3 hr of incubation (37 C) with and without the addition of palmitic acid. At 1,2, and 3 hr of incubation, spermatozoa with palmitic acid as a substrate produced significantly (P less than or equal to .03) more ATP (2.62, 2.24, and 1.26 micrograms ATP/10(9) cells, respectively) than did spermatozoa without palmitic acid (1.62, 1.11, and .79 micrograms ATP/10(9) cells, respectively). These findings indicate that palmitic acid, one of the most abundant long-chain saturated fatty acids in cock spermatozoa, can be utilized as a source of energy.", "contents": "Oxidation of [U-14C] palmitic acid by cock spermatozoa. When washed cock spermatozoa were incubated with [U-14 C] palmitic acid at 37 C for 2 hr under aerobic conditions, radioactivity was recovered as carbon dioxide indicating the fatty acid was oxidized. Little if any radioactivity was recovered as carbon dioxide when spermatozoa were killed by boiling, indicating the necessity for viable spermatozoa for the successful incorporation and oxidation of palmitic acid. To determine whether the oxidation of palmitic acid could serve as a source of energy for cock spermatozoa, ATP concentrations of spermatozoa were compared immediately following ejaculation and after 1,2, and 3 hr of incubation (37 C) with and without the addition of palmitic acid. At 1,2, and 3 hr of incubation, spermatozoa with palmitic acid as a substrate produced significantly (P less than or equal to .03) more ATP (2.62, 2.24, and 1.26 micrograms ATP/10(9) cells, respectively) than did spermatozoa without palmitic acid (1.62, 1.11, and .79 micrograms ATP/10(9) cells, respectively). These findings indicate that palmitic acid, one of the most abundant long-chain saturated fatty acids in cock spermatozoa, can be utilized as a source of energy.", "PMID": 751050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8426", "title": "Studies on dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells. II. Formation of contacts and cell sorting in aggregates of unincubated chick blastoderm and heart cells.", "content": "The configuration of blastoderm-heart cell aggregates after cell sorting depended largely on the proportion of each cell type initially present in the culture. In heterotypic aggregates, blastoderm cells were always found to partially or completely surround heart cells with both cell types retaining their characteristic morphology. Specialized junctions (e.g. desmosomes) developed only between cells of the same type. These observations suggest that blastoderm cells are unable to recognize and form stable contacts with heart cells.", "contents": "Studies on dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells. II. Formation of contacts and cell sorting in aggregates of unincubated chick blastoderm and heart cells. The configuration of blastoderm-heart cell aggregates after cell sorting depended largely on the proportion of each cell type initially present in the culture. In heterotypic aggregates, blastoderm cells were always found to partially or completely surround heart cells with both cell types retaining their characteristic morphology. Specialized junctions (e.g. desmosomes) developed only between cells of the same type. These observations suggest that blastoderm cells are unable to recognize and form stable contacts with heart cells.", "PMID": 751051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8427", "title": "The effect of sodium pentobarbital on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa.", "content": "The effect of three levels of sodium pentobarbital in modified glycine-citrate extender on the preservation of the fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa was tested. Extended semen samples were stored for 24 and 48 hr at 2 C before insemination. Insemination with semen stored for 24 hr in the extender containing 120 mg of sodium pentobarbital provided the best results (73.9%).", "contents": "The effect of sodium pentobarbital on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa. The effect of three levels of sodium pentobarbital in modified glycine-citrate extender on the preservation of the fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa was tested. Extended semen samples were stored for 24 and 48 hr at 2 C before insemination. Insemination with semen stored for 24 hr in the extender containing 120 mg of sodium pentobarbital provided the best results (73.9%).", "PMID": 751052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8428", "title": "Hemoglobulin levels of turkeys from 1 to 28 days of age.", "content": "Average circulating hemoglobin levels +/- standard deviations of male turkeys were 11.6 +/- 1.5 g, 8.8 +/- 1.6 g, and 10.4 +/- .8g/dl at 1,5, and 14 days of age, respectively. Hemoglobin levels remained relatively stable from 14 to 28 days of age. Although the changes in hemoglobin levels during the first 14 days after hatch were not statistically significant, the data are consistent with observations made by other researchers with chicks, geese, and quail.", "contents": "Hemoglobulin levels of turkeys from 1 to 28 days of age. Average circulating hemoglobin levels +/- standard deviations of male turkeys were 11.6 +/- 1.5 g, 8.8 +/- 1.6 g, and 10.4 +/- .8g/dl at 1,5, and 14 days of age, respectively. Hemoglobin levels remained relatively stable from 14 to 28 days of age. Although the changes in hemoglobin levels during the first 14 days after hatch were not statistically significant, the data are consistent with observations made by other researchers with chicks, geese, and quail.", "PMID": 751053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8429", "title": "Lipid peroxidation in fowl spermatozoa.", "content": "During aerobic incubation at 40 to 41 C washed cock spermatozoa resuspended in phosphate buffer formed a thiobarbituric acid-reactive product. Their susceptibility to peroxidation was enhanced by the addition of ascorbate and was not altered by storage for 24 hr at 0 C. A severe impairment of motility was associated with the peroxidized spermatozoa.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation in fowl spermatozoa. During aerobic incubation at 40 to 41 C washed cock spermatozoa resuspended in phosphate buffer formed a thiobarbituric acid-reactive product. Their susceptibility to peroxidation was enhanced by the addition of ascorbate and was not altered by storage for 24 hr at 0 C. A severe impairment of motility was associated with the peroxidized spermatozoa.", "PMID": 751054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8430", "title": "The effect of oviposition on fertility in chickens.", "content": "The fertility between the first two eggs of a clutch and between eggs oviposited by the same bird on the same day were compared to determine the effect of oviposition on fertility. No differences in fertility were observed indicating that factors other than oviposition are involved in the mechanism of spermatozoal release and fertility in chickens.", "contents": "The effect of oviposition on fertility in chickens. The fertility between the first two eggs of a clutch and between eggs oviposited by the same bird on the same day were compared to determine the effect of oviposition on fertility. No differences in fertility were observed indicating that factors other than oviposition are involved in the mechanism of spermatozoal release and fertility in chickens.", "PMID": 751055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8431", "title": "Hydrazine and quinoxaline derivatives of aryl L-ascorbic acid analogs.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of 4-aryl-2-hydroxytetronimides (1) and their oxidation products (2) with nitrous acid is described. The aryl-2,3-dioxobutyrolactones (2) with acyl- or arylhydrazines gave the corresponding bisacyl- (3) or bisarylhydrazones (4). Furthermore, the lactones 2 with o-phenylenediamine gave, either quinoxaline derivatives (5) or Schiff bases (6) depending upon the reactant ratio.", "contents": "Hydrazine and quinoxaline derivatives of aryl L-ascorbic acid analogs. The synthesis of a series of 4-aryl-2-hydroxytetronimides (1) and their oxidation products (2) with nitrous acid is described. The aryl-2,3-dioxobutyrolactones (2) with acyl- or arylhydrazines gave the corresponding bisacyl- (3) or bisarylhydrazones (4). Furthermore, the lactones 2 with o-phenylenediamine gave, either quinoxaline derivatives (5) or Schiff bases (6) depending upon the reactant ratio.", "PMID": 751065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8432", "title": "Synthesis of some 4-hydroxypiperazine and N.N.-dibenzylhydroxylamine esters with potential local anaesthetic activity.", "content": "In the synthetic approach to some new local anaesthetics, it was desirable to prepare esters of N1-methyl-N4-hydroxypiperazine and N.N-dibenzylhydroxylamine. Their local anaesthetic activity testing is in progress.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 4-hydroxypiperazine and N.N.-dibenzylhydroxylamine esters with potential local anaesthetic activity. In the synthetic approach to some new local anaesthetics, it was desirable to prepare esters of N1-methyl-N4-hydroxypiperazine and N.N-dibenzylhydroxylamine. Their local anaesthetic activity testing is in progress.", "PMID": 751066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8433", "title": "Synthesis of substituted 7-hydroxy-5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3.2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones with anticipated antimicrobial activity.", "content": "The synthesis of some derivatives of substituted 7-hydroxy-5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3.2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones, as possible antimicrobial agents, is described. The IR, NMR and MS data of representative members of the series are reported. Proposed common fragmentation pathways for this series are deduced.", "contents": "Synthesis of substituted 7-hydroxy-5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3.2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones with anticipated antimicrobial activity. The synthesis of some derivatives of substituted 7-hydroxy-5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3.2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones, as possible antimicrobial agents, is described. The IR, NMR and MS data of representative members of the series are reported. Proposed common fragmentation pathways for this series are deduced.", "PMID": 751067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8434", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of chloramphenicol-sulphacetamide in eye drops.", "content": "A rapid method for the determination of chloramphenicol in chloramphenicol-sulphacetamide drops is discussed. The method depends upon precipitating sulphacetamide as its silver salt by a solution of silver nitrate. Chloramphenicol is determined in the filtrate using the modified Vierordt's method. Sulphacetamide was determined by suitably diluting the drops with 0.01 N H2SO4 and then applying the modified Vierordt's method. The presence of macrogols proved not to interfere with the determination. Mean percentage recoveries +/- s.d. for chloramphenicol and sulphacetamide were found to be 100.8 +/- 0.95 and 100.2 +/- 1.0, respectively.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of chloramphenicol-sulphacetamide in eye drops. A rapid method for the determination of chloramphenicol in chloramphenicol-sulphacetamide drops is discussed. The method depends upon precipitating sulphacetamide as its silver salt by a solution of silver nitrate. Chloramphenicol is determined in the filtrate using the modified Vierordt's method. Sulphacetamide was determined by suitably diluting the drops with 0.01 N H2SO4 and then applying the modified Vierordt's method. The presence of macrogols proved not to interfere with the determination. Mean percentage recoveries +/- s.d. for chloramphenicol and sulphacetamide were found to be 100.8 +/- 0.95 and 100.2 +/- 1.0, respectively.", "PMID": 751070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8435", "title": "Effect of guar gum on the dissolution rate of ephedrine hydrochloride and sulphadimidine tablets.", "content": "The effect of guar gum as a binder was studied in comparison with other commonly used binders namely: gun acacia, Carbopol 934, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and Explotab on the disintegration time and the dissolution rate of tablets containing ephedrine hydrochloride and sulphadimidine. The results revealed that the solubility of the drug as well as the concentration and the type of binder affect both the disintegration time and the dissolution rate of the tablet.", "contents": "Effect of guar gum on the dissolution rate of ephedrine hydrochloride and sulphadimidine tablets. The effect of guar gum as a binder was studied in comparison with other commonly used binders namely: gun acacia, Carbopol 934, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and Explotab on the disintegration time and the dissolution rate of tablets containing ephedrine hydrochloride and sulphadimidine. The results revealed that the solubility of the drug as well as the concentration and the type of binder affect both the disintegration time and the dissolution rate of the tablet.", "PMID": 751071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8436", "title": "Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human electroencephalogram and behavior.", "content": "In a pilot study of ten human subjects, temporary changes in brain waves and behavior were seen on exposure to power densities lower than 10(-12) W/cm2, which is substantially below typical urban levels. Frequencies included .1 to 960 MHz continuous and 8.5 to 9.6 GHz pulse-modulated waves. Since the relaxation frequency of protein-bound water is considered to fall between 100 and 1,000 MHz, absorptions and quantum effects may be the mechanistic basis for the electroencephalogram changes observed in most of the subjects produced by 10(-15) W/cm2 cw radio-frequency energy of between 130 and 960 MHz. Constructive and destructive interference patterns from standing waves within the skull possibly interact with the bioelectric generators in the brain, since electroencephalogram wave amplitudes and frequencies increased or decreased respectively at different radio wavelengths.", "contents": "Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human electroencephalogram and behavior. In a pilot study of ten human subjects, temporary changes in brain waves and behavior were seen on exposure to power densities lower than 10(-12) W/cm2, which is substantially below typical urban levels. Frequencies included .1 to 960 MHz continuous and 8.5 to 9.6 GHz pulse-modulated waves. Since the relaxation frequency of protein-bound water is considered to fall between 100 and 1,000 MHz, absorptions and quantum effects may be the mechanistic basis for the electroencephalogram changes observed in most of the subjects produced by 10(-15) W/cm2 cw radio-frequency energy of between 130 and 960 MHz. Constructive and destructive interference patterns from standing waves within the skull possibly interact with the bioelectric generators in the brain, since electroencephalogram wave amplitudes and frequencies increased or decreased respectively at different radio wavelengths.", "PMID": 751078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8437", "title": "The cure of advanced cancer by diet therapy: a summary of 30 years of clinical experimentation.", "content": "Thirty years of clinical experimentation has led to a successful therapy for advanced cancer. This therapy is based on the concepts (1) that cancer patients have low immuno-reactivity and generalized tissue damage, especially of the liver, and (2) that when the cancer is destroyed, toxic degradation products appear in the bloodstream which lead to coma and death from liver failure. The therapy consists of high potassium, low sodium diet, with no fats or oils, and minimal animal proteins. Juices of raw fruits and vegetables and of raw liver provide active oxidizing enzymes which facilitate rehabilitation of the liver. Iodine and niacin supplementation is used. Caffeine enemas cause dilation of bile ducts, which facilitates excretion of toxic cancer breakdown products by the liver and dialysis of toxic products from blood across the colonic wall. The therapy must be used as an integrated whole. Parts of the therapy used in isolation will not be successful. This therapy has cured many cases of advanced cancer.", "contents": "The cure of advanced cancer by diet therapy: a summary of 30 years of clinical experimentation. Thirty years of clinical experimentation has led to a successful therapy for advanced cancer. This therapy is based on the concepts (1) that cancer patients have low immuno-reactivity and generalized tissue damage, especially of the liver, and (2) that when the cancer is destroyed, toxic degradation products appear in the bloodstream which lead to coma and death from liver failure. The therapy consists of high potassium, low sodium diet, with no fats or oils, and minimal animal proteins. Juices of raw fruits and vegetables and of raw liver provide active oxidizing enzymes which facilitate rehabilitation of the liver. Iodine and niacin supplementation is used. Caffeine enemas cause dilation of bile ducts, which facilitates excretion of toxic cancer breakdown products by the liver and dialysis of toxic products from blood across the colonic wall. The therapy must be used as an integrated whole. Parts of the therapy used in isolation will not be successful. This therapy has cured many cases of advanced cancer.", "PMID": 751079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8438", "title": "A medical application of the Ling association-induction hypothesis: the high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson cancer therapy.", "content": "The high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson therapy has been observed experimentally to cure many cases of advanced cancer in man, but the reason was not clear. Recent studies from the laboratory of Ling indicate that high potassium, low sodium environments can partially return damaged cell proteins to their normal undamaged configuration. Therefore, the damage in other tissues, induced by toxins and breakdown products from the cancer, is probably partly repaired by the Gerson therapy throught this mechanism.", "contents": "A medical application of the Ling association-induction hypothesis: the high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson cancer therapy. The high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson therapy has been observed experimentally to cure many cases of advanced cancer in man, but the reason was not clear. Recent studies from the laboratory of Ling indicate that high potassium, low sodium environments can partially return damaged cell proteins to their normal undamaged configuration. Therefore, the damage in other tissues, induced by toxins and breakdown products from the cancer, is probably partly repaired by the Gerson therapy throught this mechanism.", "PMID": 751080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8439", "title": "Studies on homosynaptic (posttetanic) potentiation: a cholinergic modulator of presynaptic origin.", "content": "Effects of soluble proteins (peptides, glycopeptides) extracted from presynaptic cholinergic vesicles of both rat brain and electric organ of Torpedo marmorata on postsynaptic spike generation were studied. The extracts potentiated postsynaptic effects of both endogenous and exogenous acetylcholine and had properties that fulfilled the minimum necessary requirements by Zetler of a modulator of a specific putative neurotransmitter effect. This modulator seems responsible for homosynaptic (posttetanic) potentiation. Therefore when cholinergic vesicle walls fuse with presynaptic terminal membrane during presynaptic stimulation, they verse into the synaptic cleft \"modulator\" substance(s) together with acetylcholine.", "contents": "Studies on homosynaptic (posttetanic) potentiation: a cholinergic modulator of presynaptic origin. Effects of soluble proteins (peptides, glycopeptides) extracted from presynaptic cholinergic vesicles of both rat brain and electric organ of Torpedo marmorata on postsynaptic spike generation were studied. The extracts potentiated postsynaptic effects of both endogenous and exogenous acetylcholine and had properties that fulfilled the minimum necessary requirements by Zetler of a modulator of a specific putative neurotransmitter effect. This modulator seems responsible for homosynaptic (posttetanic) potentiation. Therefore when cholinergic vesicle walls fuse with presynaptic terminal membrane during presynaptic stimulation, they verse into the synaptic cleft \"modulator\" substance(s) together with acetylcholine.", "PMID": 751083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8440", "title": "The clinical value of digoxin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm.", "content": "Six patients in sinus rhythm with congestive heart failure due to either myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy, were given oral frusemide to eliminate oedema. Symptomatic relief occurred as body weight was reduced, and after a 'dry' basal weight had been achieved, progressive-load exercise testing was done to examine any benefit that derived from adding oral digoxin to the diuretic. Three pairs of sub-maximal exercise tests were done at intervals over three months, and the responses of each patient when using digoxin and diuretics were compared with those when using diuretics alone. One patient did not complete this study, because more frequent premature beats and increased angina followed the withdrawal of digoxin. For the five patients who completed three pairs of tests, there was no significant change in symptoms, in workload achieved, or in heart rate, respiratory rate, ventilation and respiratory quotient, whether digoxin was added or removed. It is concluded that in these patients where salt and water retention was controlled with diuretics, digoxin did not improve the capacity for exercise, and it is suggested that for such patients with myocardial disease in sinus rhythm, treatment should begin with diuretics.", "contents": "The clinical value of digoxin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. Six patients in sinus rhythm with congestive heart failure due to either myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy, were given oral frusemide to eliminate oedema. Symptomatic relief occurred as body weight was reduced, and after a 'dry' basal weight had been achieved, progressive-load exercise testing was done to examine any benefit that derived from adding oral digoxin to the diuretic. Three pairs of sub-maximal exercise tests were done at intervals over three months, and the responses of each patient when using digoxin and diuretics were compared with those when using diuretics alone. One patient did not complete this study, because more frequent premature beats and increased angina followed the withdrawal of digoxin. For the five patients who completed three pairs of tests, there was no significant change in symptoms, in workload achieved, or in heart rate, respiratory rate, ventilation and respiratory quotient, whether digoxin was added or removed. It is concluded that in these patients where salt and water retention was controlled with diuretics, digoxin did not improve the capacity for exercise, and it is suggested that for such patients with myocardial disease in sinus rhythm, treatment should begin with diuretics.", "PMID": 751085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8441", "title": "Peri-partum cardiac failure.", "content": "The syndrome of peri-partum cardiac failure (PPCF) has been studied in 224 women seen in three years in Zaria, in northern Nigeria. A very high proportion were rural Hausa patients. There was a seasonal peak in July, and the incidence was about one per cent of deliveries. The risk increased with both age and parity. Symptoms began most commonly in the second week after delivery, and admission was commonest in the fourth. Typical signs of cardiac failure were found, and pulsus alternans, atrio-ventricular valvular incompetence, transient systemic hypertension and splenomegaly were common. The chest radiograph showed marked cardiomegaly, and extrasystoles and inverted T waves were often present in the electrocardiogram (ECG). Hypoalbuminaemia was common. Digoxin and diuretics were rapidly effective, causing a mean weight loss of 29 per cent in 15 days, resolution of hypertension, and a fall in the cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) from 61 to 53 per cent. During the first year after diagnosis, the CTR became normal in 82 per cent of patients, and the ECG in 60 per cent. PPCF recurred, again with the same seasonal variation, after 19 per cent of subsequent pregnancies. During follow up for two to five years, 22 per cent of the women became hypertensive, and 11 per cent died. The prognosis was worst in those with an arrhythmia, hypertension, sustained cardiomegaly or aged 30 or more. Asymtomatic post-partum hypertension (PPHT) was found in 61 per cent of normal Hausa women, with a seasonal peak in May, especially in those with hypertension during pregnancy or labour, and twin pregnancies. Peri-partum cardiac failure may be due to the combined pressure load of PPHT, the volume load from eating the customary sodium-rich kanwa, and the cardiovascular demands of heat, both climatic and traditionally self-imposed.", "contents": "Peri-partum cardiac failure. The syndrome of peri-partum cardiac failure (PPCF) has been studied in 224 women seen in three years in Zaria, in northern Nigeria. A very high proportion were rural Hausa patients. There was a seasonal peak in July, and the incidence was about one per cent of deliveries. The risk increased with both age and parity. Symptoms began most commonly in the second week after delivery, and admission was commonest in the fourth. Typical signs of cardiac failure were found, and pulsus alternans, atrio-ventricular valvular incompetence, transient systemic hypertension and splenomegaly were common. The chest radiograph showed marked cardiomegaly, and extrasystoles and inverted T waves were often present in the electrocardiogram (ECG). Hypoalbuminaemia was common. Digoxin and diuretics were rapidly effective, causing a mean weight loss of 29 per cent in 15 days, resolution of hypertension, and a fall in the cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) from 61 to 53 per cent. During the first year after diagnosis, the CTR became normal in 82 per cent of patients, and the ECG in 60 per cent. PPCF recurred, again with the same seasonal variation, after 19 per cent of subsequent pregnancies. During follow up for two to five years, 22 per cent of the women became hypertensive, and 11 per cent died. The prognosis was worst in those with an arrhythmia, hypertension, sustained cardiomegaly or aged 30 or more. Asymtomatic post-partum hypertension (PPHT) was found in 61 per cent of normal Hausa women, with a seasonal peak in May, especially in those with hypertension during pregnancy or labour, and twin pregnancies. Peri-partum cardiac failure may be due to the combined pressure load of PPHT, the volume load from eating the customary sodium-rich kanwa, and the cardiovascular demands of heat, both climatic and traditionally self-imposed.", "PMID": 751087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8442", "title": "Myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis and marathon running.", "content": "Rhabdomyolysis, secondary to exertion is known to result in myoglobinuria and is occasionally associated with acute renal failure. In this study myoglobinaemia occurred in 25 of 44 runners completing a 99 km marathon. A marked rise in the values of myoglobin, lactate and the enzymes creatine kinase (CPK), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was noted. A linear correlation was demonstrated between the level of serum myoglobin and the serum concentrations of urate, CPK, AST and LDH. Both the myoglobin itself and the increased concentration of urate may contribute to the acute renal failure. The pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis during exertion is discussed in the context of other causes of myoglobinuria. A classification of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria is suggested.", "contents": "Myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis and marathon running. Rhabdomyolysis, secondary to exertion is known to result in myoglobinuria and is occasionally associated with acute renal failure. In this study myoglobinaemia occurred in 25 of 44 runners completing a 99 km marathon. A marked rise in the values of myoglobin, lactate and the enzymes creatine kinase (CPK), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was noted. A linear correlation was demonstrated between the level of serum myoglobin and the serum concentrations of urate, CPK, AST and LDH. Both the myoglobin itself and the increased concentration of urate may contribute to the acute renal failure. The pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis during exertion is discussed in the context of other causes of myoglobinuria. A classification of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria is suggested.", "PMID": 751088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8443", "title": "Lung function in acromegaly.", "content": "Lung function has been assessed by spirometry, body plethysmography, flow volume loops and single breath transfer factor in thirty patients with acromegaly. Having excluded eight patients with kyphosis and/or clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension we have found a significant correlation between duration of acromegaly and lung size as assessed by total lung capacity. Excluding the same eight patients we have found evidence of small airways narrowing in eight patients, seven of these eight had had acromegaly for nine years or longer, and the duration of acromegaly was significantly longer in the patients with small airways narrowing than in those without. In the absence of other recognized causes it is possible that small airways narrowing in acromegaly is caused either by the increased whole blood volume with pulmonary vascular engorgement, or by increase in size of the soft tissues of the small conducting airways. Six of the eight patients with kyphosis and/or pulmonary venous hypertension also had evidence of small airways narrowing. Thus fourteen of the thirty patients with acromegaly had small airways narrowing. Five men had evidence of extra thoracic airway narrowing and in four the duration of acromegaly was ten years or longer. We conclude that the increase in total lung capacity, the incidence of small airways narrowing and the incidence of upper airway narrowing are all related to the duration of acromegaly. It seems that once duration exceeds eight years patients are very likely to develop abnormalities of lung function either primarily from the effects of acromegaly on the airways and lung or secondarily from the associated cardiovascular and thoracic skeletal abnormalities. It seems probable that the small airways and upper airway narrowing contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this disease. This study provides further evidence that acromegaly should be treated early.", "contents": "Lung function in acromegaly. Lung function has been assessed by spirometry, body plethysmography, flow volume loops and single breath transfer factor in thirty patients with acromegaly. Having excluded eight patients with kyphosis and/or clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension we have found a significant correlation between duration of acromegaly and lung size as assessed by total lung capacity. Excluding the same eight patients we have found evidence of small airways narrowing in eight patients, seven of these eight had had acromegaly for nine years or longer, and the duration of acromegaly was significantly longer in the patients with small airways narrowing than in those without. In the absence of other recognized causes it is possible that small airways narrowing in acromegaly is caused either by the increased whole blood volume with pulmonary vascular engorgement, or by increase in size of the soft tissues of the small conducting airways. Six of the eight patients with kyphosis and/or pulmonary venous hypertension also had evidence of small airways narrowing. Thus fourteen of the thirty patients with acromegaly had small airways narrowing. Five men had evidence of extra thoracic airway narrowing and in four the duration of acromegaly was ten years or longer. We conclude that the increase in total lung capacity, the incidence of small airways narrowing and the incidence of upper airway narrowing are all related to the duration of acromegaly. It seems that once duration exceeds eight years patients are very likely to develop abnormalities of lung function either primarily from the effects of acromegaly on the airways and lung or secondarily from the associated cardiovascular and thoracic skeletal abnormalities. It seems probable that the small airways and upper airway narrowing contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this disease. This study provides further evidence that acromegaly should be treated early.", "PMID": 751089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8444", "title": "Lipoid proteinosis; a clinical, pathological and genetic study.", "content": "The clinical, pathological, and genetic findings in two closely related families in which a number of cases of lipoid proteinosis occurred are described. The necropsy findings, particularly the neuropathological aspects, in a patient who died from a coincidental pancreatic carcinoma are detailed. The genetic aspects are reviewed.", "contents": "Lipoid proteinosis; a clinical, pathological and genetic study. The clinical, pathological, and genetic findings in two closely related families in which a number of cases of lipoid proteinosis occurred are described. The necropsy findings, particularly the neuropathological aspects, in a patient who died from a coincidental pancreatic carcinoma are detailed. The genetic aspects are reviewed.", "PMID": 751090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8445", "title": "[Progress in cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies contributed by cytocentrifugation].", "content": "Immunological studies in cerebrospinal fluid of acute viral and tubercular meningitidis, and other inflammatory diseases of CNS require a strict cellular detection and identification, that may be reached by cytocentrifugation. Several cases are reported, in which cytocentrifugation was obtained by Shandon-Elliott cytocentrifuge. Some morphological aspects are discussed, as the presence of high levels of \"reticulomonocytes\" in encephalitis, plasma-cells in acute disorders, activated lymphocytes in viral meningitis.", "contents": "[Progress in cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies contributed by cytocentrifugation]. Immunological studies in cerebrospinal fluid of acute viral and tubercular meningitidis, and other inflammatory diseases of CNS require a strict cellular detection and identification, that may be reached by cytocentrifugation. Several cases are reported, in which cytocentrifugation was obtained by Shandon-Elliott cytocentrifuge. Some morphological aspects are discussed, as the presence of high levels of \"reticulomonocytes\" in encephalitis, plasma-cells in acute disorders, activated lymphocytes in viral meningitis.", "PMID": 751091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8446", "title": "[The importance of biological standardization in clinical laboratory examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. consider the various causes that can give rise to different results regarding one same biological sample which has been examined various times in the same or in different laboratories. From the analysis of the possible sources of variability and from the results obtained in research performed by various laboratories in the course of a polycentric co-ordinate study, the AA. deduce some general considerations about the measures to be taken in order to reduce the different sources of variability (either fortuitous or systematic) and they especially emphasize the practic usefulness of considering the question of \"laboratory errors\" not only as a question of accurate dosage, but also, and primarily, as a question of biological standardization.", "contents": "[The importance of biological standardization in clinical laboratory examinations (author's transl)]. The AA. consider the various causes that can give rise to different results regarding one same biological sample which has been examined various times in the same or in different laboratories. From the analysis of the possible sources of variability and from the results obtained in research performed by various laboratories in the course of a polycentric co-ordinate study, the AA. deduce some general considerations about the measures to be taken in order to reduce the different sources of variability (either fortuitous or systematic) and they especially emphasize the practic usefulness of considering the question of \"laboratory errors\" not only as a question of accurate dosage, but also, and primarily, as a question of biological standardization.", "PMID": 751092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8447", "title": "[Relationship between the platelet aggregation of the newborn and mother (author's transl)].", "content": "The platelets function of newborn aroused great interest in these last years. On this line, AA. made the stretching test according to Breddin K. and Burck K. H., and. Breddin's Aggregation test on blood coming from 30 couples mother-newborn, drawn immediately after the birth. 22 newborns (73.3%) showed a stretching less than 65%, as well as 21 mothers (70%). The average stretching of mothers resulted 59.5% (+/- 2.26), whereas the average of newborns resulted 55.03% (+/- 2.71). Student's T, calculated on these values, did not result statistically meaningfull. Data-difference of Aggregation test according to Breddin and Burck, pertinent the couples mother-newborn gave on contrary satisfactory statistical information (p less than 0.0001). The explanatory characteristics of stretching test did not allow further issues, whereas Aggregation test results allow to come to the conclusion that newborn's platelets show a less capacity, as to mother's platelets, to aggregata under a mechanical standardized stimulation.", "contents": "[Relationship between the platelet aggregation of the newborn and mother (author's transl)]. The platelets function of newborn aroused great interest in these last years. On this line, AA. made the stretching test according to Breddin K. and Burck K. H., and. Breddin's Aggregation test on blood coming from 30 couples mother-newborn, drawn immediately after the birth. 22 newborns (73.3%) showed a stretching less than 65%, as well as 21 mothers (70%). The average stretching of mothers resulted 59.5% (+/- 2.26), whereas the average of newborns resulted 55.03% (+/- 2.71). Student's T, calculated on these values, did not result statistically meaningfull. Data-difference of Aggregation test according to Breddin and Burck, pertinent the couples mother-newborn gave on contrary satisfactory statistical information (p less than 0.0001). The explanatory characteristics of stretching test did not allow further issues, whereas Aggregation test results allow to come to the conclusion that newborn's platelets show a less capacity, as to mother's platelets, to aggregata under a mechanical standardized stimulation.", "PMID": 751093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8448", "title": "[Emerson-Trinder reaction: study of various chromogens and analyses of the principle interferences (author's transl)].", "content": "Several phenolic compounds and aromatic amines were tested with a system consisting of hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and 4-aminophenazone for their chromogenic activity in the Emerson-Trinder reaction: sulphonated 2,4-diclorophenol had the greatest activity, about 4 times that of unsubstituted phenol. The mechanism of action of serum components (serum proteins, bilirubin and ascorbic acid) which can interfere in the Emerson-Trinder reaction was also investigated by the same analytical system. Binding of phenolic compounds to serum was found to be responsible for protein interference: this can be overcome by increasing the phenolic compounds concentration. The interference by bilirubin and ascorbic acid is due to hydrogen peroxide consumption, in competition with the chromogenic substrate.", "contents": "[Emerson-Trinder reaction: study of various chromogens and analyses of the principle interferences (author's transl)]. Several phenolic compounds and aromatic amines were tested with a system consisting of hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and 4-aminophenazone for their chromogenic activity in the Emerson-Trinder reaction: sulphonated 2,4-diclorophenol had the greatest activity, about 4 times that of unsubstituted phenol. The mechanism of action of serum components (serum proteins, bilirubin and ascorbic acid) which can interfere in the Emerson-Trinder reaction was also investigated by the same analytical system. Binding of phenolic compounds to serum was found to be responsible for protein interference: this can be overcome by increasing the phenolic compounds concentration. The interference by bilirubin and ascorbic acid is due to hydrogen peroxide consumption, in competition with the chromogenic substrate.", "PMID": 751094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8449", "title": "[Local synthesis of immunoglobulins in pleural effusions. II].", "content": "A report is given about the synthesis of IgG immunoglobulins in the pleural infiltrations. The quantity of immunoglobulins locally yielded is estimated through the ratio IgG/Albumin in the blood and in the infiltration. Evidence is given that the mechanic and neoplastic transudates are easily detectable on account of the failed local synthesis of immunoglobulins of IgG type. A short account is given of the local synthesis of IgA.", "contents": "[Local synthesis of immunoglobulins in pleural effusions. II]. A report is given about the synthesis of IgG immunoglobulins in the pleural infiltrations. The quantity of immunoglobulins locally yielded is estimated through the ratio IgG/Albumin in the blood and in the infiltration. Evidence is given that the mechanic and neoplastic transudates are easily detectable on account of the failed local synthesis of immunoglobulins of IgG type. A short account is given of the local synthesis of IgA.", "PMID": 751095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8450", "title": "[The true error and the attributed error: analysis of the causes and remedies from specimen collection to response].", "content": "After a brief definition of accidental, systematic error and blunder, the AA. analyse the causes and remedies of the error, before and during the laboratory stage. During the latter they analyse the manual and automatic steps of the tests. The AA. conclude that the modern laboratory is a very efficient and sometimes resolving means in order to formulate a diagnosis. It's not the diagnosis.", "contents": "[The true error and the attributed error: analysis of the causes and remedies from specimen collection to response]. After a brief definition of accidental, systematic error and blunder, the AA. analyse the causes and remedies of the error, before and during the laboratory stage. During the latter they analyse the manual and automatic steps of the tests. The AA. conclude that the modern laboratory is a very efficient and sometimes resolving means in order to formulate a diagnosis. It's not the diagnosis.", "PMID": 751096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8451", "title": "[Current problems in diagnosis and screening of thalassemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of different forms of thalassemia, considering the genetic variant giving different hematological pattern, is discussed. The laboratory tests useful for this diagnosis and mainly the most recent techniques are particularly considered for their specificity and convenience. The problems of screening with special consideration for health education, laboratory tests and different social and psychological aspects are treated.", "contents": "[Current problems in diagnosis and screening of thalassemia (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of different forms of thalassemia, considering the genetic variant giving different hematological pattern, is discussed. The laboratory tests useful for this diagnosis and mainly the most recent techniques are particularly considered for their specificity and convenience. The problems of screening with special consideration for health education, laboratory tests and different social and psychological aspects are treated.", "PMID": 751098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8452", "title": "[Proposed new method of separation of Hb A2 for standardization of the screening of microcythemias].", "content": "The AA. suggest a dose-method of Hb A2, which implies the adoption of tris-EDTA-Glycin tampon with a different concentration anode-cathode; the electrophoretic bands, obtained by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, are eluted in the same tampon, but it is suggested to use 15 cc of tampon for A fraction elution and 1.5 cc for A2 fraction elution. The lecture must be done by spectrophotometry to 415 nm. By using this method the normal values of Hb A2 ranges from 1.7% to 3.5% and so there isn't any confusion with pathologic values. The AA. compare this method with that recommend a densitometric lecture of the strips and with those that imply the adoption of cromathographic columns, and they underline its advantages. In conclusion, the AA. suggest the adoption of an unified method for microcytemic screening that could be used in all laboratories.", "contents": "[Proposed new method of separation of Hb A2 for standardization of the screening of microcythemias]. The AA. suggest a dose-method of Hb A2, which implies the adoption of tris-EDTA-Glycin tampon with a different concentration anode-cathode; the electrophoretic bands, obtained by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, are eluted in the same tampon, but it is suggested to use 15 cc of tampon for A fraction elution and 1.5 cc for A2 fraction elution. The lecture must be done by spectrophotometry to 415 nm. By using this method the normal values of Hb A2 ranges from 1.7% to 3.5% and so there isn't any confusion with pathologic values. The AA. compare this method with that recommend a densitometric lecture of the strips and with those that imply the adoption of cromathographic columns, and they underline its advantages. In conclusion, the AA. suggest the adoption of an unified method for microcytemic screening that could be used in all laboratories.", "PMID": 751099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8453", "title": "[The IgA myeloma, personal contribution and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "After reporting the most important differences between the IgA and IgG myeloma and between the two varieties on the IgA myeloma, the A. relate one uncommon case of IgA myeloma, with an alpha2-electrophoretic migration, a considerable increase of the myelomatosis paraprotein and an increase of the seric viscosithy, without the hyperviscosity syndrome.", "contents": "[The IgA myeloma, personal contribution and review of the literature (author's transl)]. After reporting the most important differences between the IgA and IgG myeloma and between the two varieties on the IgA myeloma, the A. relate one uncommon case of IgA myeloma, with an alpha2-electrophoretic migration, a considerable increase of the myelomatosis paraprotein and an increase of the seric viscosithy, without the hyperviscosity syndrome.", "PMID": 751100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8454", "title": "[Evaluation of globular osmotic resistance (GOR) and of the lysis test with glycerol (GLT/50) in the screening of heterozygous thalassemia].", "content": "A rapid and simple procedure measuring the rate of hemolysis of 50% of erytrocytes suspended in a standardized glycerol mixture (GLT/50) has been compared with the erytrocyte osmotic fragility to NaCl 0.375% concentration, carried out according to Parpat's method modified, in order to estimate the respective behaviour in the screening of beta-thalassemia trait. The GLT/50 is provided with more selectivity especially between beta-thalassemia trait carriers and other subjects with iron deficiency anemia.", "contents": "[Evaluation of globular osmotic resistance (GOR) and of the lysis test with glycerol (GLT/50) in the screening of heterozygous thalassemia]. A rapid and simple procedure measuring the rate of hemolysis of 50% of erytrocytes suspended in a standardized glycerol mixture (GLT/50) has been compared with the erytrocyte osmotic fragility to NaCl 0.375% concentration, carried out according to Parpat's method modified, in order to estimate the respective behaviour in the screening of beta-thalassemia trait. The GLT/50 is provided with more selectivity especially between beta-thalassemia trait carriers and other subjects with iron deficiency anemia.", "PMID": 751101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8455", "title": "[Australia antigen: biological and technical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "The A. examines the constitution of Australia antigen by the point of view of the relevant groups, and exposes his own classification of these structures. After having dealed with some epidemiological data and with some diagnostic and physiopathologic aspects of the serum hepatitis, the A. describes the cautions that have been taken in IGEA Laboratory against the infection danger. The final part of this work is dedicated to a circumstantial report of Austria II radioimmunologic method with discussion and criticism about some technical data risen from a recent experiment carried out on about 3,000 serums. In particular, RIA method has been submitted to a series of quality controls to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity.", "contents": "[Australia antigen: biological and technical considerations (author's transl)]. The A. examines the constitution of Australia antigen by the point of view of the relevant groups, and exposes his own classification of these structures. After having dealed with some epidemiological data and with some diagnostic and physiopathologic aspects of the serum hepatitis, the A. describes the cautions that have been taken in IGEA Laboratory against the infection danger. The final part of this work is dedicated to a circumstantial report of Austria II radioimmunologic method with discussion and criticism about some technical data risen from a recent experiment carried out on about 3,000 serums. In particular, RIA method has been submitted to a series of quality controls to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity.", "PMID": 751103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8456", "title": "[Program for the production of mollusks in Venezuela].", "content": "This paper discusses an integrated project in Venezuela, planned and designed to ascertain the best procedures required for production of large quantities of shellfish, including: selection and maintenance of pollution-free growing areas; the best harvesting methods; and the safest and most economical marketing procedures. The major problems involved in producing safe, wholesome and nutritious shellfish are primarily those of sanitation and adequate preservation of the foods until they finally reach the consumer. Therefore, it is essential that these products be produced and handled in a sanitary manner on a continuous basis. There are numerous codes of recommended handling practices for shellfish, most developed only after many technical conferences were organized to evaluate all of the available scientific evidence. Therefore, for producing safe shellfish in Venezuela, this publication recommends the adoption of these sanitary and handling practices, designed and tested by the faculty and staff personnel of Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.", "contents": "[Program for the production of mollusks in Venezuela]. This paper discusses an integrated project in Venezuela, planned and designed to ascertain the best procedures required for production of large quantities of shellfish, including: selection and maintenance of pollution-free growing areas; the best harvesting methods; and the safest and most economical marketing procedures. The major problems involved in producing safe, wholesome and nutritious shellfish are primarily those of sanitation and adequate preservation of the foods until they finally reach the consumer. Therefore, it is essential that these products be produced and handled in a sanitary manner on a continuous basis. There are numerous codes of recommended handling practices for shellfish, most developed only after many technical conferences were organized to evaluate all of the available scientific evidence. Therefore, for producing safe shellfish in Venezuela, this publication recommends the adoption of these sanitary and handling practices, designed and tested by the faculty and staff personnel of Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.", "PMID": 751106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8457", "title": "[Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Costa Rica: the importance of domestic rodents].", "content": "A positive dye test for Toxoplasma antibodies was observed in 5% of 100 mice (Mus musculus) and 30.4% of 23 rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus). The parasite was isolated from two mice. The animals were captured in several urban localities in the metropolitan area of San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica. The number of positive animals found appears to be enough to infect cats, whose principal source of infections are the Toxoplasma cysts in the rodents. Therefore it is apparent that domestic mice and rats, besides the felines play an important role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in Costa Rica. Additional studies showed that the presence of Eimeria falciformis, a common coccidian in domestic mice, did not inhibit the Toxoplasma infections in these rodents.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Costa Rica: the importance of domestic rodents]. A positive dye test for Toxoplasma antibodies was observed in 5% of 100 mice (Mus musculus) and 30.4% of 23 rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus). The parasite was isolated from two mice. The animals were captured in several urban localities in the metropolitan area of San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica. The number of positive animals found appears to be enough to infect cats, whose principal source of infections are the Toxoplasma cysts in the rodents. Therefore it is apparent that domestic mice and rats, besides the felines play an important role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in Costa Rica. Additional studies showed that the presence of Eimeria falciformis, a common coccidian in domestic mice, did not inhibit the Toxoplasma infections in these rodents.", "PMID": 751107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8458", "title": "[Teaching of anatomy in school of dentistry: evaluation of achievement (author's transl)].", "content": "An experience of application didactics to the teaching of Anatomy in Dentistry's School was performed. The general part of Anatomy--Systems of the Human Body--was given and evaluated according to the subjects aims of this paper. It were also presented the experience characteristics and the degree of student's achievement in the differents groups was statistically analysed.", "contents": "[Teaching of anatomy in school of dentistry: evaluation of achievement (author's transl)]. An experience of application didactics to the teaching of Anatomy in Dentistry's School was performed. The general part of Anatomy--Systems of the Human Body--was given and evaluated according to the subjects aims of this paper. It were also presented the experience characteristics and the degree of student's achievement in the differents groups was statistically analysed.", "PMID": 751108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8459", "title": "The effect of N-2-cyano-ethylamphetamine. HCl on total lipid contents of placenta and some material and fetal tissues of the rat.", "content": "Female rats received 1.25 mg/kg body weight of N-2-cyano-ethylamphetamine. HCl (Fenproporex chlorhydrate) by oral route, once daily from the 5th to the 21st day of pregnancy, and compared to untreated pregnant rats, showed an increased total lipid content in maternal blood and fetal hearts; liver and heart have had total lipids decrease, while in placenta and fetal livers they were not observed significant differences.", "contents": "The effect of N-2-cyano-ethylamphetamine. HCl on total lipid contents of placenta and some material and fetal tissues of the rat. Female rats received 1.25 mg/kg body weight of N-2-cyano-ethylamphetamine. HCl (Fenproporex chlorhydrate) by oral route, once daily from the 5th to the 21st day of pregnancy, and compared to untreated pregnant rats, showed an increased total lipid content in maternal blood and fetal hearts; liver and heart have had total lipids decrease, while in placenta and fetal livers they were not observed significant differences.", "PMID": 751109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8460", "title": "[Comparative assay between PPD-Rt 23 and PPD-T in a school population (author's transl)].", "content": "226 students of both sexes from 12 to 14 years old were examined for tuberculin hypersensitivity with PPD-Rt 23 and PPD-T antigens. Strong reactions (greater than or equal to 10 mm diameter) were noted in 25,2 and 23,5% of the population, respectively. Individuals showing a weak or no reaction to PPD-Rt 23 had a weaker reaction to PPD-T, but those with a strong reaction to PPD-Rt 23 had an equivalent reaction with PPD-T.", "contents": "[Comparative assay between PPD-Rt 23 and PPD-T in a school population (author's transl)]. 226 students of both sexes from 12 to 14 years old were examined for tuberculin hypersensitivity with PPD-Rt 23 and PPD-T antigens. Strong reactions (greater than or equal to 10 mm diameter) were noted in 25,2 and 23,5% of the population, respectively. Individuals showing a weak or no reaction to PPD-Rt 23 had a weaker reaction to PPD-T, but those with a strong reaction to PPD-Rt 23 had an equivalent reaction with PPD-T.", "PMID": 751110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8461", "title": "[Prevalence of mycobacterial infection in school children of Rio de Janeiro city (author's transl)].", "content": "Skin-test were performed in 226 students, 12 to 14 years old, in a Rio de Janeiro elementary school using PPD-Rt23, PPD-G210 and PPD-B. The differential tuberculin test using these three antigens showed that 24,3% of the children presented a stronger reaction for non-tuberculous mycobacterial tuberculins than to PPD-Rt23, suggesting that infections with such organisms may occur. A high proportion (74,5%) showed the strongest reaction with PPD-G210 and probably this antigen is the most interesting to be used simultaneously with PPD-Rt23. Children with the largest tuberculin reaction to PPD-Rt23 represented 27,4% of the total. This group consists of individuals who have had a tuberculous infection. The third group (48,3%) provided evidence for a heterogeneous sensitization with the tubercle bacillus and at least one atypical mycobacteria.", "contents": "[Prevalence of mycobacterial infection in school children of Rio de Janeiro city (author's transl)]. Skin-test were performed in 226 students, 12 to 14 years old, in a Rio de Janeiro elementary school using PPD-Rt23, PPD-G210 and PPD-B. The differential tuberculin test using these three antigens showed that 24,3% of the children presented a stronger reaction for non-tuberculous mycobacterial tuberculins than to PPD-Rt23, suggesting that infections with such organisms may occur. A high proportion (74,5%) showed the strongest reaction with PPD-G210 and probably this antigen is the most interesting to be used simultaneously with PPD-Rt23. Children with the largest tuberculin reaction to PPD-Rt23 represented 27,4% of the total. This group consists of individuals who have had a tuberculous infection. The third group (48,3%) provided evidence for a heterogeneous sensitization with the tubercle bacillus and at least one atypical mycobacteria.", "PMID": 751111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8462", "title": "[Molluscicidal properties of the Euphorbia cotinifolia L (author's transl)].", "content": "The hexanic extract from the leaves of Euphorbia cotinifolia L. has been experimentally used as molluscicide against Biomphalaria glabrata. The extract was fractionated and the most actives fractions were those of numbers 6 and 7. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90 obtained using fraction 6 against adult snails were 1,2 and 2,4 ppm; for the eggs they were 25,0 and 48,0 ppm. With fraction 7 the lethal concentrations were 1,4 and 3,4 ppm for adult snails; for newly hatched snails they were 4,8 and 8,0 ppm; for the eggs they were 13,0 and 31,0 ppm. In the field the hexanic extract was lethal for the snails in concentrations of 20 ppm in stagnant water. Fractions 6 and 7 were lethal for S. mansoni cercariae and to fish (Lebistes reticulatus) in concentrations below 10 ppm. For mice the extract did not display any toxity in concentrations of 600 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Molluscicidal properties of the Euphorbia cotinifolia L (author's transl)]. The hexanic extract from the leaves of Euphorbia cotinifolia L. has been experimentally used as molluscicide against Biomphalaria glabrata. The extract was fractionated and the most actives fractions were those of numbers 6 and 7. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90 obtained using fraction 6 against adult snails were 1,2 and 2,4 ppm; for the eggs they were 25,0 and 48,0 ppm. With fraction 7 the lethal concentrations were 1,4 and 3,4 ppm for adult snails; for newly hatched snails they were 4,8 and 8,0 ppm; for the eggs they were 13,0 and 31,0 ppm. In the field the hexanic extract was lethal for the snails in concentrations of 20 ppm in stagnant water. Fractions 6 and 7 were lethal for S. mansoni cercariae and to fish (Lebistes reticulatus) in concentrations below 10 ppm. For mice the extract did not display any toxity in concentrations of 600 mg/kg.", "PMID": 751112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8463", "title": "[Cell cycle phases: determination of G1, S e G2 by fluorometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle in Allium cepa root tips were determined in Acriflavin--Feulgen--stained material. Pigeon erythrocyte nuclei were employed as standard for DNA dry mass determinations. Micro-interferometric and fluorometric measurements gave the average of 77,1. 10(-12) g for the G1 nuclei from the root tips.", "contents": "[Cell cycle phases: determination of G1, S e G2 by fluorometry (author's transl)]. The G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle in Allium cepa root tips were determined in Acriflavin--Feulgen--stained material. Pigeon erythrocyte nuclei were employed as standard for DNA dry mass determinations. Micro-interferometric and fluorometric measurements gave the average of 77,1. 10(-12) g for the G1 nuclei from the root tips.", "PMID": 751113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8464", "title": "[Evolutive mechanisms in the epidemiology of the communicable diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective pressures playing on the interaction between an infectious agent and its host lead to a condition of maximal survival for both. Based on simple epidemiological relationships, we propose a model which permits the evaluation of the degree of adaptation of a host to the infectious agent.", "contents": "[Evolutive mechanisms in the epidemiology of the communicable diseases (author's transl)]. Selective pressures playing on the interaction between an infectious agent and its host lead to a condition of maximal survival for both. Based on simple epidemiological relationships, we propose a model which permits the evaluation of the degree of adaptation of a host to the infectious agent.", "PMID": 751114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8465", "title": "[Acute pneumonia treatment with a new antibiotic (tobramycin) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied a new antibiotic Tobramycin in 30 patients with acute infectious pulmonary disease, denominated type I, II and III, according to associated factors, severity and previous pulmonary alterations, being 29 patients included in type II and III. The pneumonia diagnosis has obeyed to clinical, laboratorial, radiological and microbiological criteria. The results after the Tobramycin therapy in 28 evaluable cases were: 3 failures and 25 therapeutic successes. The gram negative bacteria predominated among the causative pathogens and, in 14 patients, strains of Klebisiella Enterobacter group were isolated. The M.I.C. for the pathogenic isolated bacteria in acute pulmonary processes was less than 1,0 microgram/ml in 26 cases. Adverse reactions were observed in 13 patients, from which 9 have presented only laboratorial alterations. The remaining 4 patients have also presented clinical manifestations. These findings were similar to those reported for other aminoglicosides.", "contents": "[Acute pneumonia treatment with a new antibiotic (tobramycin) (author's transl)]. The authors have studied a new antibiotic Tobramycin in 30 patients with acute infectious pulmonary disease, denominated type I, II and III, according to associated factors, severity and previous pulmonary alterations, being 29 patients included in type II and III. The pneumonia diagnosis has obeyed to clinical, laboratorial, radiological and microbiological criteria. The results after the Tobramycin therapy in 28 evaluable cases were: 3 failures and 25 therapeutic successes. The gram negative bacteria predominated among the causative pathogens and, in 14 patients, strains of Klebisiella Enterobacter group were isolated. The M.I.C. for the pathogenic isolated bacteria in acute pulmonary processes was less than 1,0 microgram/ml in 26 cases. Adverse reactions were observed in 13 patients, from which 9 have presented only laboratorial alterations. The remaining 4 patients have also presented clinical manifestations. These findings were similar to those reported for other aminoglicosides.", "PMID": 751115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8466", "title": "New spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenothiazine derivatives.", "content": "The use of a reduced solution of phosphomolybdic acid for the precipitation of phenothiazine derivatives offers excellent conditions for the assay of these compounds. The quantitative assay range for each of the phenothiazine derivatives was determined by the precipitation, proportionality, in accordance with the procedure used for chlorpromazine. The conditions offered by the new method make it possible to assay 12 phenothiazine derivatives.", "contents": "New spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenothiazine derivatives. The use of a reduced solution of phosphomolybdic acid for the precipitation of phenothiazine derivatives offers excellent conditions for the assay of these compounds. The quantitative assay range for each of the phenothiazine derivatives was determined by the precipitation, proportionality, in accordance with the procedure used for chlorpromazine. The conditions offered by the new method make it possible to assay 12 phenothiazine derivatives.", "PMID": 751116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8467", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica as a cause of infantile diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica is reported as the causative agent of infantile diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Four strains were isolated from 70 children with diarrhoea. Apparently, this is the first report of Y. enterocolitica-associated diarrhoea in Latin-America.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica as a cause of infantile diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Yersinia enterocolitica is reported as the causative agent of infantile diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Four strains were isolated from 70 children with diarrhoea. Apparently, this is the first report of Y. enterocolitica-associated diarrhoea in Latin-America.", "PMID": 751117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8468", "title": "[Problems of methodology when studying the relationship between EEG and behaviour: use of the technique of sedation threshold to sodium amytal (author's transl)].", "content": "The objective of the study was to clarify the relations between EEG activity and behaviour using the technique of the sedation threshold to sodium amytal. Our results show that there is no parellelism between the EEG and behavioural thresholds, more especially because, in male subjects, there is resistance to falling asleep which delays the appearance of errors in calculation. Contrary to Shagass, whose work on the sedation threshold is based on the implicit postulation of the existence of a close relationship between EEG and behaviour, our results lead to the theoretical conclusion that we must take into account a certain freedom of behavioural responses, in relation to physiological phenomena upon which they are based.", "contents": "[Problems of methodology when studying the relationship between EEG and behaviour: use of the technique of sedation threshold to sodium amytal (author's transl)]. The objective of the study was to clarify the relations between EEG activity and behaviour using the technique of the sedation threshold to sodium amytal. Our results show that there is no parellelism between the EEG and behavioural thresholds, more especially because, in male subjects, there is resistance to falling asleep which delays the appearance of errors in calculation. Contrary to Shagass, whose work on the sedation threshold is based on the implicit postulation of the existence of a close relationship between EEG and behaviour, our results lead to the theoretical conclusion that we must take into account a certain freedom of behavioural responses, in relation to physiological phenomena upon which they are based.", "PMID": 751119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8469", "title": "[Alpha activity in a group of schizophrenics: spectral analysis and comparison with a control group (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectral analysis of tracings from four leads; C3-P3, P3-O1, C4-P4, and P4-O2, were used to compare the results of fiftyseven electroencephalograms from 10 schizophrenics, and 14 normal subjects used as controls. The results show that the mean frequencies of the alpha waves are identical in schizophrenics and controls. Patients with hebephrenia show the lowest variations in alpha wave frequency but with the highest voltage, whereas paranoid schizophrenics have tracings with the lowest amplitude and the greatest variation in frequency. There is also better left intrahemispheric correlation of relative alpha intensities in those patients with the lowest variation in right alpha intensity in relation to controls. The preliminary results suggest that there is a reduction in functional asymmetry of the hemispheres in the electroencephalograms from schizophrenics, when looking at the alpha activity.", "contents": "[Alpha activity in a group of schizophrenics: spectral analysis and comparison with a control group (author's transl)]. Spectral analysis of tracings from four leads; C3-P3, P3-O1, C4-P4, and P4-O2, were used to compare the results of fiftyseven electroencephalograms from 10 schizophrenics, and 14 normal subjects used as controls. The results show that the mean frequencies of the alpha waves are identical in schizophrenics and controls. Patients with hebephrenia show the lowest variations in alpha wave frequency but with the highest voltage, whereas paranoid schizophrenics have tracings with the lowest amplitude and the greatest variation in frequency. There is also better left intrahemispheric correlation of relative alpha intensities in those patients with the lowest variation in right alpha intensity in relation to controls. The preliminary results suggest that there is a reduction in functional asymmetry of the hemispheres in the electroencephalograms from schizophrenics, when looking at the alpha activity.", "PMID": 751120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8470", "title": "[Statistical spectral study of alpha rhythms: modifications due to the tardive action of a hypnotic (author's transl)].", "content": "In a simple blind study to evaluate electroencephalographic criteria objectively, and to continue characterization of psychotropic compounds, 5 mg of nitrazepam, a hypnotic derivative, was given to seven subjects the night before the recording. We noted that in most subjects there was a reduction in the spectral intensity of the alpha rhythm, associated with a greater frequency instability, several hours after the absorption of nitrazepam. This corresponds to the tardive hypnotic action of the psychotrope, the importance of which is wellknown at the present time. In the same way as the increase in rapid rhythms, the slipping of 0.5 c/s of the dominant alpha frequency to the top could be characteristic of the action of nitrazepam.", "contents": "[Statistical spectral study of alpha rhythms: modifications due to the tardive action of a hypnotic (author's transl)]. In a simple blind study to evaluate electroencephalographic criteria objectively, and to continue characterization of psychotropic compounds, 5 mg of nitrazepam, a hypnotic derivative, was given to seven subjects the night before the recording. We noted that in most subjects there was a reduction in the spectral intensity of the alpha rhythm, associated with a greater frequency instability, several hours after the absorption of nitrazepam. This corresponds to the tardive hypnotic action of the psychotrope, the importance of which is wellknown at the present time. In the same way as the increase in rapid rhythms, the slipping of 0.5 c/s of the dominant alpha frequency to the top could be characteristic of the action of nitrazepam.", "PMID": 751121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8471", "title": "[The measurement of sensory conduction in the median nerve and its diagnostic value in the carpal canal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the rate of sensory conduction of the median nerve in three groups of subjects: a group including subjects of different ages in order to determine the variations in conduction and the evoked response as a function of age; a group of patients with the carpal canal syndrome; a group treated by median nerve infiltration in the carpal canal. It was confirmed that there is a slowing of the rate of sensory conduction and spreading of the evoked response in the elderly subjects. The electromyographic data in the carpal canal syndrome is defined, as well as the difficulty of diagnosis which sometimes necessitates specific measurement of the conduction rate between the carpal canal limits.", "contents": "[The measurement of sensory conduction in the median nerve and its diagnostic value in the carpal canal syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors studied the rate of sensory conduction of the median nerve in three groups of subjects: a group including subjects of different ages in order to determine the variations in conduction and the evoked response as a function of age; a group of patients with the carpal canal syndrome; a group treated by median nerve infiltration in the carpal canal. It was confirmed that there is a slowing of the rate of sensory conduction and spreading of the evoked response in the elderly subjects. The electromyographic data in the carpal canal syndrome is defined, as well as the difficulty of diagnosis which sometimes necessitates specific measurement of the conduction rate between the carpal canal limits.", "PMID": 751122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8472", "title": "[Post-natal respiratory disorders and hypothyroidism. Polygraphic study of a case].", "content": "A new-born baby with hypothyroidism showed only one clinical manifestation of the condition. There were repeated lasting attacks of apnoea, and periodic respiration was demonstrated by polygraphic recordings. These recordings, made during the waking periods and sleep, between the 10th day and 7th month, showed the evolution of the apnoea and periodic respiration as a function of the two treatments applied. Theophylline had a symptomatic effect on both respiratory phenomena, which reappeared after stopping treatment. The apnoea and periodic respiration disappeared after the administration of thyroid extract.", "contents": "[Post-natal respiratory disorders and hypothyroidism. Polygraphic study of a case]. A new-born baby with hypothyroidism showed only one clinical manifestation of the condition. There were repeated lasting attacks of apnoea, and periodic respiration was demonstrated by polygraphic recordings. These recordings, made during the waking periods and sleep, between the 10th day and 7th month, showed the evolution of the apnoea and periodic respiration as a function of the two treatments applied. Theophylline had a symptomatic effect on both respiratory phenomena, which reappeared after stopping treatment. The apnoea and periodic respiration disappeared after the administration of thyroid extract.", "PMID": 751123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8473", "title": "[Unexplained electrographic temporal discharges (author's transl)].", "content": "Unilateral or bilateral electrographic temporal discharges at 5 Hz were analyzed in relation to their morphological characteristics, their topography, and their evolution in II subjects. The clinical context, in which there was no evidence of epileptic disorder, was also analyzed. These discharges were compared to other infraclinical critical phenomena reported in the literature, and related to similar manifestations described by the Gibbs \"school\" as \"Psychomotor variant type of discharge\", or by Hughes group as \"Rhythmic mid Temporal discharges\".", "contents": "[Unexplained electrographic temporal discharges (author's transl)]. Unilateral or bilateral electrographic temporal discharges at 5 Hz were analyzed in relation to their morphological characteristics, their topography, and their evolution in II subjects. The clinical context, in which there was no evidence of epileptic disorder, was also analyzed. These discharges were compared to other infraclinical critical phenomena reported in the literature, and related to similar manifestations described by the Gibbs \"school\" as \"Psychomotor variant type of discharge\", or by Hughes group as \"Rhythmic mid Temporal discharges\".", "PMID": 751124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8474", "title": "[Apparently critical posterior activity in a non-epileptic subject: variations during wakefulness and sleep (author's transl)].", "content": "Sub-clinical critical discharges arising from the posterior temporal or temporo-occipital regions, which were bilateral but independent, were seen at each examination (5) of a 13 year old non-epileptic child over a period of more than a year. The discharges were present during wakefulness and while falling asleep. They were blocked during the deep slom-ware stage and paradoxical phase of sleep. They were not modified by anti-convulsant therapy and there was no previous family history. Their relation to Gibb's \"Psychomotor variant discharge\" is envisaged.", "contents": "[Apparently critical posterior activity in a non-epileptic subject: variations during wakefulness and sleep (author's transl)]. Sub-clinical critical discharges arising from the posterior temporal or temporo-occipital regions, which were bilateral but independent, were seen at each examination (5) of a 13 year old non-epileptic child over a period of more than a year. The discharges were present during wakefulness and while falling asleep. They were blocked during the deep slom-ware stage and paradoxical phase of sleep. They were not modified by anti-convulsant therapy and there was no previous family history. Their relation to Gibb's \"Psychomotor variant discharge\" is envisaged.", "PMID": 751125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8475", "title": "[Evoked potentials in movement epilepsy (a report on 4 observations) (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of evoked potentials; visual (V.E.P.) auditory (A.E.P), and somatosensorial (S.E.P.) in 4 cases of movement epilepsy. Their correlation to clinical findings (provoking factors, control of the attacks), electroencephalographic and neuroradiological (scanner) data, shows that two types of information can be obtained: lesional and functional. Three types of modification can be described: a) the topographically limited changes in E.P. depend on lesional localization; b) the increase in amplitude of the late components and of the post-discharge of the E.P. (\"paroxystical\" aspect) appear to be a characteristic common to all epilepsies, whatever the mechanism; c) the abnormal exaggeration of the E.P. during voluntary movement seems to be a dynamic element peculiar to movement epilepsy. The information given by E.P.'s in some well-defined cases of epilepsy suggest that it is possible to draw conclusions from tests of the capacity for sensory-motor control to enable functional therapy of some attacks.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials in movement epilepsy (a report on 4 observations) (author's transl)]. A study of evoked potentials; visual (V.E.P.) auditory (A.E.P), and somatosensorial (S.E.P.) in 4 cases of movement epilepsy. Their correlation to clinical findings (provoking factors, control of the attacks), electroencephalographic and neuroradiological (scanner) data, shows that two types of information can be obtained: lesional and functional. Three types of modification can be described: a) the topographically limited changes in E.P. depend on lesional localization; b) the increase in amplitude of the late components and of the post-discharge of the E.P. (\"paroxystical\" aspect) appear to be a characteristic common to all epilepsies, whatever the mechanism; c) the abnormal exaggeration of the E.P. during voluntary movement seems to be a dynamic element peculiar to movement epilepsy. The information given by E.P.'s in some well-defined cases of epilepsy suggest that it is possible to draw conclusions from tests of the capacity for sensory-motor control to enable functional therapy of some attacks.", "PMID": 751126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8476", "title": "[Periodic familial paralysis with hypokalemia. Hemodynamic and metabolic studies: favourable effect of acetazolamide (author's transl)].", "content": "The same protocol was used three times to produce a paralytic episode in a typical case of periodic familial paralysis with hypokalemia. This consisted of an effort together with a perfusion of hypertonic glucose serum and insulin. The first test provoked an attach of hypokalemic tetraplegia. The second test, two months after treatment with 500 mg daily of acetazolamide, produced no reaction. In the third test, the metabolic acidosis caused by acetazolamide was reduced by the injection of sodium bicarbonate, and a stronger effect than in the first test was observed. This confirms the efficacy of acetazolamide as a preventive treatment for paralytic attacks; the most reasonable hypothesis being that it acts through the metabolic acidosis that it induces. Metabolic and hemodynamic studies were carried out during the provoked attacks. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption are increased, while pulmonary capillary pressure and periopheral resistance are reduced. Diastolic pressure is lower when measured by an arm-cuff but shows no change when direct readings are taken in the blood-vessels. These results suggest that there is an increase in cellular energy needs, or that the smooth muscle in the vessel walls is paralyzed. The two tetraplegic attacks in tests 1 and 3 were associated with a metabolic acidosis, which is explained by a simultaneous transfer, though in the opposite direction, of H+ and K+ ions; the intra-cellular pH, as measured by the D.M.O. technique, was acid when there was not an attack, and this increased during paralysis.", "contents": "[Periodic familial paralysis with hypokalemia. Hemodynamic and metabolic studies: favourable effect of acetazolamide (author's transl)]. The same protocol was used three times to produce a paralytic episode in a typical case of periodic familial paralysis with hypokalemia. This consisted of an effort together with a perfusion of hypertonic glucose serum and insulin. The first test provoked an attach of hypokalemic tetraplegia. The second test, two months after treatment with 500 mg daily of acetazolamide, produced no reaction. In the third test, the metabolic acidosis caused by acetazolamide was reduced by the injection of sodium bicarbonate, and a stronger effect than in the first test was observed. This confirms the efficacy of acetazolamide as a preventive treatment for paralytic attacks; the most reasonable hypothesis being that it acts through the metabolic acidosis that it induces. Metabolic and hemodynamic studies were carried out during the provoked attacks. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption are increased, while pulmonary capillary pressure and periopheral resistance are reduced. Diastolic pressure is lower when measured by an arm-cuff but shows no change when direct readings are taken in the blood-vessels. These results suggest that there is an increase in cellular energy needs, or that the smooth muscle in the vessel walls is paralyzed. The two tetraplegic attacks in tests 1 and 3 were associated with a metabolic acidosis, which is explained by a simultaneous transfer, though in the opposite direction, of H+ and K+ ions; the intra-cellular pH, as measured by the D.M.O. technique, was acid when there was not an attack, and this increased during paralysis.", "PMID": 751160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8477", "title": "[Spinal meningeal hemorrhage due to tumors: a report on 5 cases with arteriography (author's transl)].", "content": "Meningeal hemorrhages in 5 patients with tumors of the cauda equina are reported. In each case there were signs from the brain area which led to a false diagnosis of ruptured intracranial aneurism, before attention was drawn to the cauda equina by a relapse with hemorrhage or other signs. The value of medullary arteriography for positively diagnosing cauda equina tumors, and their differential diagnosis from medullary arteriovenous malformations--principal cause of spinal meningeal hemorrhages--is discussed, as well as the necessity for systematically evoking this topography in children and young adults when arteriographic exploration is negative.", "contents": "[Spinal meningeal hemorrhage due to tumors: a report on 5 cases with arteriography (author's transl)]. Meningeal hemorrhages in 5 patients with tumors of the cauda equina are reported. In each case there were signs from the brain area which led to a false diagnosis of ruptured intracranial aneurism, before attention was drawn to the cauda equina by a relapse with hemorrhage or other signs. The value of medullary arteriography for positively diagnosing cauda equina tumors, and their differential diagnosis from medullary arteriovenous malformations--principal cause of spinal meningeal hemorrhages--is discussed, as well as the necessity for systematically evoking this topography in children and young adults when arteriographic exploration is negative.", "PMID": 751161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8478", "title": "[Sensory-motor intermittent claudication syndrome of the cauda equina. Etiopathogenetic study of 25 cases].", "content": "The twenty-five patients with the intermittent claudication syndrome of th cauda equina included 19 men and 6 women aged from 23 to 70 years. The results of operation were very good in 16 cases, with improvement in 6 others and failure in 3 cases. There are various mechanisms which can cause the stenosis. The authors stress the importance of congenital vertebral abnormalities and the presence of apophyseal appendices which, at the present time, have not been considered responsible.", "contents": "[Sensory-motor intermittent claudication syndrome of the cauda equina. Etiopathogenetic study of 25 cases]. The twenty-five patients with the intermittent claudication syndrome of th cauda equina included 19 men and 6 women aged from 23 to 70 years. The results of operation were very good in 16 cases, with improvement in 6 others and failure in 3 cases. There are various mechanisms which can cause the stenosis. The authors stress the importance of congenital vertebral abnormalities and the presence of apophyseal appendices which, at the present time, have not been considered responsible.", "PMID": 751162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8479", "title": "[Alterations in two enzymes: superoxide dismutase and glutathion peroxidase in developmental infantile psychosis (infantile autism) (author's transl)].", "content": "After they gave a classification of the different circumstances under which the infantile autism can exist, the authors expose the data of their researches on the intermediate metabolism of oxygen of those children. Superoxyde dismutase I and glutathion peroxydase activities seem to be abnormal in the erythrocytes whereas only superoxyde dismutase I activity appears to be abnormal in the platelets.", "contents": "[Alterations in two enzymes: superoxide dismutase and glutathion peroxidase in developmental infantile psychosis (infantile autism) (author's transl)]. After they gave a classification of the different circumstances under which the infantile autism can exist, the authors expose the data of their researches on the intermediate metabolism of oxygen of those children. Superoxyde dismutase I and glutathion peroxydase activities seem to be abnormal in the erythrocytes whereas only superoxyde dismutase I activity appears to be abnormal in the platelets.", "PMID": 751163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8480", "title": "[The deep linguo-mental reflex: an early sign of temporal lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The deep linguo-mental reflex is produced by light tapping on a spatula placed on the protruding tongue one centimeter in front of the dental arch. It is positive when contraction of the chin muscles occurs. This reflex is the only early neurological sign evoking a diagnosis of temporal lesions. It is usually found on the opposite side from that of the lesion. In psychotic patients and in those with behavioral disorders having impulsive and violent tendencies, the reflex is bilateral or contralateral to the dominant hemisphere. In dysphoric emotional disorders it is contralateral to the minor hemisphere affected. This reflex is not found in normal adults or in neurological diseases without cerebral lesions.", "contents": "[The deep linguo-mental reflex: an early sign of temporal lesions (author's transl)]. The deep linguo-mental reflex is produced by light tapping on a spatula placed on the protruding tongue one centimeter in front of the dental arch. It is positive when contraction of the chin muscles occurs. This reflex is the only early neurological sign evoking a diagnosis of temporal lesions. It is usually found on the opposite side from that of the lesion. In psychotic patients and in those with behavioral disorders having impulsive and violent tendencies, the reflex is bilateral or contralateral to the dominant hemisphere. In dysphoric emotional disorders it is contralateral to the minor hemisphere affected. This reflex is not found in normal adults or in neurological diseases without cerebral lesions.", "PMID": 751164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8481", "title": "[Anton-Babinski syndrome with recognition of the left upper limb on visualization in a mirror [author's transl)].", "content": "A patient presenting with an Anton-Babinski syndrome accompanied by a delusional conviction recognised her left upper limb with the aid of her right hand, but immediately denied its existence when she viewed it directly. In contrast, when placed in front of a mirror, she recognised this upper limb perfectly, recognition disappearing again when direct vision was associated with vision in the mirror. The authors suggest the possibility of a resurgence in adult life of the duality of the visual body image, direct or reflected, such as is normally experienced in childhood and, more prolonged, in identical twins.", "contents": "[Anton-Babinski syndrome with recognition of the left upper limb on visualization in a mirror [author's transl)]. A patient presenting with an Anton-Babinski syndrome accompanied by a delusional conviction recognised her left upper limb with the aid of her right hand, but immediately denied its existence when she viewed it directly. In contrast, when placed in front of a mirror, she recognised this upper limb perfectly, recognition disappearing again when direct vision was associated with vision in the mirror. The authors suggest the possibility of a resurgence in adult life of the duality of the visual body image, direct or reflected, such as is normally experienced in childhood and, more prolonged, in identical twins.", "PMID": 751165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8482", "title": "Serological study of amoebiasis and toxoplasmosis in the Malili area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "Results of a serology survey in September 1972 for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among 915 volunteers from the Malili area of South Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia are presented. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for amoebiasis were found in 22.7% of the sampled population while 9.5% demonstrated antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:128. The frequency distribution of antibody titers were similar by sex and age. There was no significant correlation between stool positivity and seropositivity. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for T. gondii were detected in 62% of the population sampled, and titers greater than or equal to 1:32 were demonstrated in 29% of the samples tested. The distribution of antibody titers was similar in males and females. In both sexes the prevalence of IHA antibody titer against T. gondii increased with age. There was no consistent association between altitude and prevalence of seropositive samples.", "contents": "Serological study of amoebiasis and toxoplasmosis in the Malili area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results of a serology survey in September 1972 for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among 915 volunteers from the Malili area of South Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia are presented. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for amoebiasis were found in 22.7% of the sampled population while 9.5% demonstrated antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:128. The frequency distribution of antibody titers were similar by sex and age. There was no significant correlation between stool positivity and seropositivity. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for T. gondii were detected in 62% of the population sampled, and titers greater than or equal to 1:32 were demonstrated in 29% of the samples tested. The distribution of antibody titers was similar in males and females. In both sexes the prevalence of IHA antibody titer against T. gondii increased with age. There was no consistent association between altitude and prevalence of seropositive samples.", "PMID": 751213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8483", "title": "Distribution of rats infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus) in an edge habitat.", "content": "No focalization of rats (Rattus tiomanicus and R. argentiventer) infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi could be discerned over a 500 m trapping transect at the border between a forest and lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica). R. tiomanicus appeared to occupy 250 m of the transect on the average and had periods during which infections were observed which averaged 97 days. Calulations indicated that more than 50% of individuals become infected over their life-time. The high rate of infection in this and other areas described in earlier publications and the habits of the rats suggest that infected mites are densely and widely dispersed in the areas studied in Malaysia.", "contents": "Distribution of rats infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus) in an edge habitat. No focalization of rats (Rattus tiomanicus and R. argentiventer) infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi could be discerned over a 500 m trapping transect at the border between a forest and lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica). R. tiomanicus appeared to occupy 250 m of the transect on the average and had periods during which infections were observed which averaged 97 days. Calulations indicated that more than 50% of individuals become infected over their life-time. The high rate of infection in this and other areas described in earlier publications and the habits of the rats suggest that infected mites are densely and widely dispersed in the areas studied in Malaysia.", "PMID": 751214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8484", "title": "Studies on the susceptibility of a large urban population of Aedes aegypti to infection with dengue viruses.", "content": "A large urban population of Aedes aegypti in Jakarta, Indonesia was studied for one year to determine whether it was homogeneous in terms of susceptibility to dengue viruses and whether seasonal changes in susceptibility to dengue viruses occurred. Mosquitoes from several districts in Jakarta showed a low but homogeneous susceptibility to dengue 2 virus from November 1975 to April 1976. In June 1976, increased susceptibility to dengue 2 virus was observed among some of the subpopulations of Ae. aegypti, and higher infection rates and increased variation were observed among these mosquitoes during the rest of the study period. Correlation with confirmed DHF cases in Jakarta was discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the susceptibility of a large urban population of Aedes aegypti to infection with dengue viruses. A large urban population of Aedes aegypti in Jakarta, Indonesia was studied for one year to determine whether it was homogeneous in terms of susceptibility to dengue viruses and whether seasonal changes in susceptibility to dengue viruses occurred. Mosquitoes from several districts in Jakarta showed a low but homogeneous susceptibility to dengue 2 virus from November 1975 to April 1976. In June 1976, increased susceptibility to dengue 2 virus was observed among some of the subpopulations of Ae. aegypti, and higher infection rates and increased variation were observed among these mosquitoes during the rest of the study period. Correlation with confirmed DHF cases in Jakarta was discussed.", "PMID": 751215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8485", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Malaysian Orang Asli.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M, D and E levels were determined in the forest-dwelling Orang Asli of age group 8 to 64 years. The levels are higher than observed for urban Malaysians and comparable to levels reported for populations residing in the tropics. There was no significant difference in serum levels of all the immunoglobulins studied in both sexes. The elevated serum immunoglobulins levels are discussed in terms of the nature of the immune defence developed in the Orang Asli to contend with the many parasites prevalent in their environment.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Malaysian Orang Asli. Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M, D and E levels were determined in the forest-dwelling Orang Asli of age group 8 to 64 years. The levels are higher than observed for urban Malaysians and comparable to levels reported for populations residing in the tropics. There was no significant difference in serum levels of all the immunoglobulins studied in both sexes. The elevated serum immunoglobulins levels are discussed in terms of the nature of the immune defence developed in the Orang Asli to contend with the many parasites prevalent in their environment.", "PMID": 751216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8486", "title": "Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins in iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins were determined in 20 patients with iron deficiency anaemia who showed low haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron levels and hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. The serum vitamin B12 levels in these patients were significantly lower than that of the normal subjects. Nine of 20 patients had serum vitamin B12 less than 350 pg/ml. There was a significant increase in serum UBBC and TBBC levels in patient group and 9 of 20 patients had higher UBBC values than those of the normal subjects. The absolute values of TCI and TCII increased significantly while TCIII was within the normal limit even though the percentage of UBBC were not different from that of the normal subjects.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins in iron deficiency anaemia. Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins were determined in 20 patients with iron deficiency anaemia who showed low haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron levels and hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. The serum vitamin B12 levels in these patients were significantly lower than that of the normal subjects. Nine of 20 patients had serum vitamin B12 less than 350 pg/ml. There was a significant increase in serum UBBC and TBBC levels in patient group and 9 of 20 patients had higher UBBC values than those of the normal subjects. The absolute values of TCI and TCII increased significantly while TCIII was within the normal limit even though the percentage of UBBC were not different from that of the normal subjects.", "PMID": 751217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8487", "title": "Angiostrongyliasis in Indonesia: additional geographic and host occurrence records.", "content": "Geographical and host occurrence records for Angiostrongylus cantonensis throughout the Indonesian archipelago a;e reported. A. cantonensis was found in the following provinces: West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, North Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara. Infections were diagnosed in the following rodents: Rattus rattus diardii, Rattus exulans, Rattus tiomanicus jaloriensis, Rattus lepturus, Rattus norvegicus and Bandicota indica setifera and in the giant African land snail, Achatina fulica. Infection rates varied considerably.", "contents": "Angiostrongyliasis in Indonesia: additional geographic and host occurrence records. Geographical and host occurrence records for Angiostrongylus cantonensis throughout the Indonesian archipelago a;e reported. A. cantonensis was found in the following provinces: West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, North Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara. Infections were diagnosed in the following rodents: Rattus rattus diardii, Rattus exulans, Rattus tiomanicus jaloriensis, Rattus lepturus, Rattus norvegicus and Bandicota indica setifera and in the giant African land snail, Achatina fulica. Infection rates varied considerably.", "PMID": 751218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8488", "title": "New hosts of Breinlia booliati with observations on its distribution in Southeast Asia.", "content": "Breinlia booliati Singh & Ho, 1973 first described from Peninsular Malaysia has been shown to infect a large range of murids ranging in distribution from southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak to Ciloto, Indonesia. Probably further work will reveal a greater host range as well as its geographical distribution. The vectors involved in its transmission need to be elucidated.", "contents": "New hosts of Breinlia booliati with observations on its distribution in Southeast Asia. Breinlia booliati Singh & Ho, 1973 first described from Peninsular Malaysia has been shown to infect a large range of murids ranging in distribution from southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak to Ciloto, Indonesia. Probably further work will reveal a greater host range as well as its geographical distribution. The vectors involved in its transmission need to be elucidated.", "PMID": 751219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8489", "title": "A case report of Hymenolepis diminuta in Bangkok, Thailand.", "content": "A 20-month-old Thai girl was brought to the Phramongkutkao Hospital in Bangkok. The girl's stool was examined and ova of Hymenolepis diminuta were found. She was treated with Niclosamide and magnesium sulphate. Six hours after medication three tapeworms without the scolex were expelled in stool.", "contents": "A case report of Hymenolepis diminuta in Bangkok, Thailand. A 20-month-old Thai girl was brought to the Phramongkutkao Hospital in Bangkok. The girl's stool was examined and ova of Hymenolepis diminuta were found. She was treated with Niclosamide and magnesium sulphate. Six hours after medication three tapeworms without the scolex were expelled in stool.", "PMID": 751220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8490", "title": "Disseminated strongyloidiasis: report of seven cases.", "content": "Disseminated strongyloidiasis with associated infection from various organisms in 7 cases on corticosteroid therapy are reported. Either respiratory or abdominal symptoms or both without other obvious etiological factors are its usual clinical manifestations. The highly motile filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were demonstrated in sputum, gastric content, peritoneal fluid as well as in stool. Associated infection from various organisms were found in 6 cases and it is believed that these contributed to immediate cause of death since disseminated strongyloidiasis had been eradicated before death. Only one case survived. Thiabendazole therapy in conventional dosage is adequate in eradicating disseminated strongyloidiasis.", "contents": "Disseminated strongyloidiasis: report of seven cases. Disseminated strongyloidiasis with associated infection from various organisms in 7 cases on corticosteroid therapy are reported. Either respiratory or abdominal symptoms or both without other obvious etiological factors are its usual clinical manifestations. The highly motile filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were demonstrated in sputum, gastric content, peritoneal fluid as well as in stool. Associated infection from various organisms were found in 6 cases and it is believed that these contributed to immediate cause of death since disseminated strongyloidiasis had been eradicated before death. Only one case survived. Thiabendazole therapy in conventional dosage is adequate in eradicating disseminated strongyloidiasis.", "PMID": 751221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8491", "title": "Co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "The efficacy and possible adverse reactions of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever with G-6-PD deficiency were investigated in 68 typhoid children aged 2 to 14 years old. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 45 patients but all had a significant rise of Widal agglutinin titres during the course of the disease. Decrease in G-6-PD activity of the red blood cells was found in 37 out of 51 patients tested. A daily dose of 6--10 mg of trimethoprim plus 30--50 mg of sulfamethoxazole per kg body weight was given for 14 days. Patients with G-6-PD deficiency were closely observed for evidence of intravascular hemolysis. All patients responded well and the mean period of defervescence after starting therapy was approximately 8 days. One patient with G-6-PD deficiency developed acute hemolysis on the second day of medication. The hemolytic symptoms subsided within 14 days with the continuation of co-trimoxazole therapy. No other major side-effect of the drug was observed. It is concluded that co-trimoxazole can be used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever in G-6-PD deficient children with little risk of serious adverse reaction.", "contents": "Co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The efficacy and possible adverse reactions of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever with G-6-PD deficiency were investigated in 68 typhoid children aged 2 to 14 years old. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 45 patients but all had a significant rise of Widal agglutinin titres during the course of the disease. Decrease in G-6-PD activity of the red blood cells was found in 37 out of 51 patients tested. A daily dose of 6--10 mg of trimethoprim plus 30--50 mg of sulfamethoxazole per kg body weight was given for 14 days. Patients with G-6-PD deficiency were closely observed for evidence of intravascular hemolysis. All patients responded well and the mean period of defervescence after starting therapy was approximately 8 days. One patient with G-6-PD deficiency developed acute hemolysis on the second day of medication. The hemolytic symptoms subsided within 14 days with the continuation of co-trimoxazole therapy. No other major side-effect of the drug was observed. It is concluded that co-trimoxazole can be used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever in G-6-PD deficient children with little risk of serious adverse reaction.", "PMID": 751223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8492", "title": "[Septicemia secondary to an infected pacemaker system: removal of the endocardial lead with the aid of extracorporeal circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Right ventriculotomy with extracorporeal circulation was used for removal of an infected transvenous pacemaker electrode which was firmly attached to the myocardium in a patient with septicemia. Alternative methods and suggestions to prohibit electrode incarceration are discussed.", "contents": "[Septicemia secondary to an infected pacemaker system: removal of the endocardial lead with the aid of extracorporeal circulation (author's transl)]. Right ventriculotomy with extracorporeal circulation was used for removal of an infected transvenous pacemaker electrode which was firmly attached to the myocardium in a patient with septicemia. Alternative methods and suggestions to prohibit electrode incarceration are discussed.", "PMID": 751279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8493", "title": "[Isolated left ventricular--right atrial shunt after blunt chest trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of left-ventricular-right-atrial septal defect secundary to blunt chest trauma is described. The etiology of this type of septal defect, e. g. congenital, following aortic and mitral valve replacement, endocarditis and trauma, is discussed. Early defect closure is recommended in the presence of significant shunt volume.", "contents": "[Isolated left ventricular--right atrial shunt after blunt chest trauma (author's transl)]. A case of left-ventricular-right-atrial septal defect secundary to blunt chest trauma is described. The etiology of this type of septal defect, e. g. congenital, following aortic and mitral valve replacement, endocarditis and trauma, is discussed. Early defect closure is recommended in the presence of significant shunt volume.", "PMID": 751280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8494", "title": "[Pericardial tamponade, an acute emergency during transvenous cardiac pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of right ventricular perforation and acute pericardial tamponade during transvenous pacemaker implantation and one case of chronic electrode penetration are reported. Successful repair was achieved via pericardiotomy in all cases with acute tamponade. Fragility of the myocardium in the elderly is considered to be the major reason for this complication which may occur despite the use of flexible electrodes and correct surgical technique. The relatively small intervention of inferior pericardiotomy appears to be the therapy of choice in case of tamponade. This approach should be feasible when transvenous pacemakers are implanted. Immediate availability of general anesthesia and postoperative intensive care appears to be manatory.", "contents": "[Pericardial tamponade, an acute emergency during transvenous cardiac pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. Three cases of right ventricular perforation and acute pericardial tamponade during transvenous pacemaker implantation and one case of chronic electrode penetration are reported. Successful repair was achieved via pericardiotomy in all cases with acute tamponade. Fragility of the myocardium in the elderly is considered to be the major reason for this complication which may occur despite the use of flexible electrodes and correct surgical technique. The relatively small intervention of inferior pericardiotomy appears to be the therapy of choice in case of tamponade. This approach should be feasible when transvenous pacemakers are implanted. Immediate availability of general anesthesia and postoperative intensive care appears to be manatory.", "PMID": 751281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8495", "title": "[Dissecting aneurysm of the splenic artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a dissecting aneurysm of the splenic artery is presented. Although aneurysms of the splenic artery are common, a dissecting aneurysm has been mentioned infrequently in the available literature. Clinical aspects, confirmation of the diagnosis by celiac arteriography and surgical therapy are described. The pathogenesis is discussed briefly. The necessity of clinical awareness in cases of obscure abdominal pain is emphasized.", "contents": "[Dissecting aneurysm of the splenic artery (author's transl)]. A case of a dissecting aneurysm of the splenic artery is presented. Although aneurysms of the splenic artery are common, a dissecting aneurysm has been mentioned infrequently in the available literature. Clinical aspects, confirmation of the diagnosis by celiac arteriography and surgical therapy are described. The pathogenesis is discussed briefly. The necessity of clinical awareness in cases of obscure abdominal pain is emphasized.", "PMID": 751282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8496", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombus on a Hancock bioprosthesis in mitral position following endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute stenosis of a Hancock bioprosthesis in mitral position was found eight months after surgery and three months following septic periproctitic abscess in a 59 year old woman. Echocardiography revealed almost complete valve obstruction by thrombus formation: unusual dense and inhomogenous structures between the anterior and posterior stent echos of the prosthesis were seen in systole as well as in diastole. Echocardiography appears to be a useful non-invasive method for detection of the rare thrombotic complications in Hancock bioprostheses.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombus on a Hancock bioprosthesis in mitral position following endocarditis (author's transl)]. Acute stenosis of a Hancock bioprosthesis in mitral position was found eight months after surgery and three months following septic periproctitic abscess in a 59 year old woman. Echocardiography revealed almost complete valve obstruction by thrombus formation: unusual dense and inhomogenous structures between the anterior and posterior stent echos of the prosthesis were seen in systole as well as in diastole. Echocardiography appears to be a useful non-invasive method for detection of the rare thrombotic complications in Hancock bioprostheses.", "PMID": 751283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8497", "title": "[Correction of left coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula on the occasion of pulmonary embolectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 42 year old woman a left coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula was proved by catheterization and coronary angiography. During this investigations a right femoral hernia became symptomatic, and surgical correction was carried out. Three days postoperatively a massive pulmonary embolism occurred causing shock and fibrillation of the heart. After intubation the patient was brought to the operating theatre under external massage, and a pulmonary embolectomy using ECC was performed. The fistula in the main pulmonary artery was closed by suture. The vascular convolute was left in place. A primarily additional ligature of the fistula artery at the starting point was reopened because of a failing right ventricle under the assumption of a possible partial vascular supply of the right ventricular myocardium which could not be proved.", "contents": "[Correction of left coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula on the occasion of pulmonary embolectomy (author's transl)]. In a 42 year old woman a left coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula was proved by catheterization and coronary angiography. During this investigations a right femoral hernia became symptomatic, and surgical correction was carried out. Three days postoperatively a massive pulmonary embolism occurred causing shock and fibrillation of the heart. After intubation the patient was brought to the operating theatre under external massage, and a pulmonary embolectomy using ECC was performed. The fistula in the main pulmonary artery was closed by suture. The vascular convolute was left in place. A primarily additional ligature of the fistula artery at the starting point was reopened because of a failing right ventricle under the assumption of a possible partial vascular supply of the right ventricular myocardium which could not be proved.", "PMID": 751284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8498", "title": "[Percutaneous transluminal recanalization in a patient with arterial occlusive disease and multiple injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 66 year old patient with multiple injuries is reported. A combination of conventional trauma treatment and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTR) of a segmented superficial femoral artery occlusion prevented leg amputation. When the patient died 8 weeks later from trauma sequelae the successful recanalization was demonstrated in histopathology investigation. It is concluded that PTR is an ideal accessory to the present therapeutic spectrum in vascular surgery.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transluminal recanalization in a patient with arterial occlusive disease and multiple injuries (author's transl)]. A case of a 66 year old patient with multiple injuries is reported. A combination of conventional trauma treatment and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTR) of a segmented superficial femoral artery occlusion prevented leg amputation. When the patient died 8 weeks later from trauma sequelae the successful recanalization was demonstrated in histopathology investigation. It is concluded that PTR is an ideal accessory to the present therapeutic spectrum in vascular surgery.", "PMID": 751285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8499", "title": "[Cystic adventitial degeneration of radial artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The cystic adventitial degeneration of peripheral blood vessels is a rare lesion with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The lesions are most frequent with a predominantly unilateral manifestation in the popliteal artery. The own observations included a rare affection of the radial artery. The literature relating to this condition has been reviewed. Etiology and histogenesis of the arterial alterations have been discussed.", "contents": "[Cystic adventitial degeneration of radial artery (author's transl)]. The cystic adventitial degeneration of peripheral blood vessels is a rare lesion with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The lesions are most frequent with a predominantly unilateral manifestation in the popliteal artery. The own observations included a rare affection of the radial artery. The literature relating to this condition has been reviewed. Etiology and histogenesis of the arterial alterations have been discussed.", "PMID": 751286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8500", "title": "[Longitudinal rupture of the aortic arche (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a case report of a 75 year old man who sustained a longitudinal rupture of the aortic arch in addition to cerebral and extremity trauma following a traffic accident. An emergency operation without the use of the heart-lung-machine could not save the patient's life. Possible mechanisms leading to this unusual damage to the aortic arch are discussed.", "contents": "[Longitudinal rupture of the aortic arche (author's transl)]. This is a case report of a 75 year old man who sustained a longitudinal rupture of the aortic arch in addition to cerebral and extremity trauma following a traffic accident. An emergency operation without the use of the heart-lung-machine could not save the patient's life. Possible mechanisms leading to this unusual damage to the aortic arch are discussed.", "PMID": 751287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8501", "title": "[Behaviour of ATP and lactate in human papillary muscle during profound hypothermia and injection cardioplegia with magnesium-asparatate-procaine (author's transl)].", "content": "In 53 patients with mitral- or aortic-mitral valve disease, the content of ATP and lactate of the papillary muscles resected at the time of valve replacement was investigated at the beginning of ischemic arrest and at the time of reperfusion. Profound body hypothermia (25 degrees C) and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine were applied for myocardial protection. In hypertrophic papillary muscles the myocardial ATP content decreased at a slower rate (ATP decay 12% of the initial value after 60 minutes of ischemia) than in normal papillary muscles obtained from patients with isolated mitral stenosis (ATP decay 33% of the initial value after 40 minutes of ischemia). 20% of the patients required temporary inotropic circulatory support postoperatively for 12 to 88 hours. The ATP content of the papillary muscles of these patients differed only little from those, in who no myocardial failure occurred. However the myocardial lactate levels were higher in patients in whom a low cardiac output state evolved.", "contents": "[Behaviour of ATP and lactate in human papillary muscle during profound hypothermia and injection cardioplegia with magnesium-asparatate-procaine (author's transl)]. In 53 patients with mitral- or aortic-mitral valve disease, the content of ATP and lactate of the papillary muscles resected at the time of valve replacement was investigated at the beginning of ischemic arrest and at the time of reperfusion. Profound body hypothermia (25 degrees C) and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine were applied for myocardial protection. In hypertrophic papillary muscles the myocardial ATP content decreased at a slower rate (ATP decay 12% of the initial value after 60 minutes of ischemia) than in normal papillary muscles obtained from patients with isolated mitral stenosis (ATP decay 33% of the initial value after 40 minutes of ischemia). 20% of the patients required temporary inotropic circulatory support postoperatively for 12 to 88 hours. The ATP content of the papillary muscles of these patients differed only little from those, in who no myocardial failure occurred. However the myocardial lactate levels were higher in patients in whom a low cardiac output state evolved.", "PMID": 751288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8502", "title": "[Some psychological predictors for psychosis after open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In a study of postoperative psychosis after open heart surgery three psychopathological syndromes were identified which had different psychological predictors. Predictors of postoperative emotional disturbances are family problems and the lack of plans for the future, whereas patients with postoperative disorientations seem to have difficulties in their jobs and therefore feel distressed preoperatively. Predictors of the paranoid syndrome after the operation are: a high degree of fear in awaiting the operation and little confidence in the doctors. The social surroundings of these patients are often unstable and although they have no precise plans for the future they object to start working again after operation.", "contents": "[Some psychological predictors for psychosis after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. In a study of postoperative psychosis after open heart surgery three psychopathological syndromes were identified which had different psychological predictors. Predictors of postoperative emotional disturbances are family problems and the lack of plans for the future, whereas patients with postoperative disorientations seem to have difficulties in their jobs and therefore feel distressed preoperatively. Predictors of the paranoid syndrome after the operation are: a high degree of fear in awaiting the operation and little confidence in the doctors. The social surroundings of these patients are often unstable and although they have no precise plans for the future they object to start working again after operation.", "PMID": 751290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8503", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of total phosphorylase activity for diagnosis of carcinoma cells in human stomach and intestines.", "content": "Modified techniques for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase of value in the diagnosis of cancer cells of human gastro-intestinal origin are described. Preservation of the enzyme activity is especially considered; this is facilitated by the use of thoroughly dried cryostat sections. Routine use of these techniques in the clinical laboratory is suggested. Using these procedures, carcinoma cells of human stomach and intestines stained in 102 of 117 cases; normal control sections of human gastric epithelial cells are regularly unstained.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of total phosphorylase activity for diagnosis of carcinoma cells in human stomach and intestines. Modified techniques for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase of value in the diagnosis of cancer cells of human gastro-intestinal origin are described. Preservation of the enzyme activity is especially considered; this is facilitated by the use of thoroughly dried cryostat sections. Routine use of these techniques in the clinical laboratory is suggested. Using these procedures, carcinoma cells of human stomach and intestines stained in 102 of 117 cases; normal control sections of human gastric epithelial cells are regularly unstained.", "PMID": 751291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8504", "title": "Priapism.", "content": "Since priapism often leads to impotence immediate therapy should be given with few exceptions (patients with sickle cell disease, neoplasm and infections). A careful history and a search for the etiology are important. The physician should protect himself against legal retribution by obtaining the patient's signature on an informed and witnessed consent to treat.", "contents": "Priapism. Since priapism often leads to impotence immediate therapy should be given with few exceptions (patients with sickle cell disease, neoplasm and infections). A careful history and a search for the etiology are important. The physician should protect himself against legal retribution by obtaining the patient's signature on an informed and witnessed consent to treat.", "PMID": 751308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8505", "title": "Selected autoimmune diseases in the dog.", "content": "In summary, previous attempts to explain the role of inheritance in autoimmune disorders through family studies have been hampered by the variable degree of phenotypic expression. Our evidence utilizing dogs in family studies is consistent with the concept that genetic factors play some role in determining disease susceptibility. Recognizing the complexity of the genetic components involved in these studies, we have proposed a hypothesis of two classes of genes, one that relates to immunoregulation and another that specifies pathologic lesions (and thus the clinical signs). This dual system of interacting genes provides a rational explanation for many of the observations previously encountered in both human and canine studies.", "contents": "Selected autoimmune diseases in the dog. In summary, previous attempts to explain the role of inheritance in autoimmune disorders through family studies have been hampered by the variable degree of phenotypic expression. Our evidence utilizing dogs in family studies is consistent with the concept that genetic factors play some role in determining disease susceptibility. Recognizing the complexity of the genetic components involved in these studies, we have proposed a hypothesis of two classes of genes, one that relates to immunoregulation and another that specifies pathologic lesions (and thus the clinical signs). This dual system of interacting genes provides a rational explanation for many of the observations previously encountered in both human and canine studies.", "PMID": 751309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8506", "title": "A canine cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease resembling mycosis fungoides in man.", "content": "A dog with a lymphoproliferative disease resembling mycosis fungoides in man, the second reported canine case, had slowly progressive, multicentric cutaneous nodules and plaques. Nearly half the body surface was involved. The lesions consisted of multiple, flat, infiltrative, cutaneous tumors composed of heterogeneous, pleomorphic cells, some of which resembled histiocytes or activated lymphocytes. Intracutaneous foci of tumor cells and numerous tumor cells with bizarre convoluted nuclei were distinctive features that permitted the lesions to be distinguished from other non-epithelial cutaneous neoplasms.", "contents": "A canine cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease resembling mycosis fungoides in man. A dog with a lymphoproliferative disease resembling mycosis fungoides in man, the second reported canine case, had slowly progressive, multicentric cutaneous nodules and plaques. Nearly half the body surface was involved. The lesions consisted of multiple, flat, infiltrative, cutaneous tumors composed of heterogeneous, pleomorphic cells, some of which resembled histiocytes or activated lymphocytes. Intracutaneous foci of tumor cells and numerous tumor cells with bizarre convoluted nuclei were distinctive features that permitted the lesions to be distinguished from other non-epithelial cutaneous neoplasms.", "PMID": 751310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8507", "title": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. II. Anemia and erythroid response.", "content": "The anemia caused by Trypanosoma conogolense TREU 112 in Holstein calves was of moderate severity and normochromic, macrocytic in the acute phase changing to normochromic, normocytic with chronicity. The anemia was hemolytic and responsive as shown by sharply decreased myeloid:erythroid ratio and increased mean corpuscular volume. 51Cr red cell labelling studies showed that red cell lifespan was halved in the acute phase and there was an increase in plasma volume. Surface organ counting of liver showed it to be the major site of red cell destruction. The anemia was partly dilutional as a result of the increased plasma volume and primarily hemolytic likely of a non-specific immune (innocent bystander) pathogenesis.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. II. Anemia and erythroid response. The anemia caused by Trypanosoma conogolense TREU 112 in Holstein calves was of moderate severity and normochromic, macrocytic in the acute phase changing to normochromic, normocytic with chronicity. The anemia was hemolytic and responsive as shown by sharply decreased myeloid:erythroid ratio and increased mean corpuscular volume. 51Cr red cell labelling studies showed that red cell lifespan was halved in the acute phase and there was an increase in plasma volume. Surface organ counting of liver showed it to be the major site of red cell destruction. The anemia was partly dilutional as a result of the increased plasma volume and primarily hemolytic likely of a non-specific immune (innocent bystander) pathogenesis.", "PMID": 751311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8508", "title": "The pathogenesis of primary and secondary infection with Fasciola hepatica in mice.", "content": "Primary and secondary infections of F. hepatica in mice were compared to determine how prior exposure to the parasite affected host response. Mice with primary parenchymal Fasciola infections initially had hemorrhagic tunnels filled with inflammatory cells and connective tissue. These lesions were progressive and became most severe 30 days after exposure as the parasites entered the bile ducts. At this time there was much hyperplasia and thickening of all layers of the duct system near the parasites and occasionally severe periportal fibrosis. By 2 months after exposure regeneration of the damaged liver cells was complete although hyperplasia persisted in bile ducts containing flukes. In mice with secondary infections (mice exposed 40 to 50 days after first infection), the inflammatory response was faster and shorter. Most lesions were resolved by 30 days after the second exposure. There was little difference in histology of primary and secondary infections during the chronic phase of the disease.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of primary and secondary infection with Fasciola hepatica in mice. Primary and secondary infections of F. hepatica in mice were compared to determine how prior exposure to the parasite affected host response. Mice with primary parenchymal Fasciola infections initially had hemorrhagic tunnels filled with inflammatory cells and connective tissue. These lesions were progressive and became most severe 30 days after exposure as the parasites entered the bile ducts. At this time there was much hyperplasia and thickening of all layers of the duct system near the parasites and occasionally severe periportal fibrosis. By 2 months after exposure regeneration of the damaged liver cells was complete although hyperplasia persisted in bile ducts containing flukes. In mice with secondary infections (mice exposed 40 to 50 days after first infection), the inflammatory response was faster and shorter. Most lesions were resolved by 30 days after the second exposure. There was little difference in histology of primary and secondary infections during the chronic phase of the disease.", "PMID": 751312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8509", "title": "[Effect of the temperature-humidity regimen on broiler resistance and on the efficacy of coccidiostats in experimental coccidial infection].", "content": "Experiments are carried out to elucidate the effect of the temperature and Moisture Regime on the resistance of broiler chickens to an experimental infection with coccidia and how far the prophylactic, anti-coccidial activity of coccidiostatics may be raised or reduced on this basis. During the experiment, prior to and after the infection of the chicken, investigations have been carried out on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood, determining the contents of hemoglobin, total protein, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is established that the hematological and biochemical indices correlate with the course followed by the coccidiosis process and are related to the temperature and moisture regime in tending the broilers. If all other conditions are similar, the coccidiostatic activity of the Pankoksin Plus preparation is reduced both at lower temperatures and at higher degrees of infection with coccidia in broilers, and at a higher temperature and a lower relative, air moisture. The resistance of broiler chickens, grown at a temperature of 32 degrees C and air moisture of 70--75%, to coccidia infection is higher as compared with that of broiler chickens, kept at a higher temperature and a lower air moisture.", "contents": "[Effect of the temperature-humidity regimen on broiler resistance and on the efficacy of coccidiostats in experimental coccidial infection]. Experiments are carried out to elucidate the effect of the temperature and Moisture Regime on the resistance of broiler chickens to an experimental infection with coccidia and how far the prophylactic, anti-coccidial activity of coccidiostatics may be raised or reduced on this basis. During the experiment, prior to and after the infection of the chicken, investigations have been carried out on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood, determining the contents of hemoglobin, total protein, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is established that the hematological and biochemical indices correlate with the course followed by the coccidiosis process and are related to the temperature and moisture regime in tending the broilers. If all other conditions are similar, the coccidiostatic activity of the Pankoksin Plus preparation is reduced both at lower temperatures and at higher degrees of infection with coccidia in broilers, and at a higher temperature and a lower relative, air moisture. The resistance of broiler chickens, grown at a temperature of 32 degrees C and air moisture of 70--75%, to coccidia infection is higher as compared with that of broiler chickens, kept at a higher temperature and a lower air moisture.", "PMID": 751317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8510", "title": "[Role of flies in the epizootiology of coccidiosis in poultry].", "content": "The possibility is shown Musca domestica L. to ingest considerable amounts of oocysts of Eimeria tenella which remain in their digestive tract during 120 hrs. Both sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts remain viable and infectable. Non-sporulated oocysts do not form spores in the digestive tracts of flies, but after their excretion, they terminate normally their development under favourable conditions. It is shown that when flies, infected with oocysts, are fed to susceptible chicks, they are affected with coccidiosis.", "contents": "[Role of flies in the epizootiology of coccidiosis in poultry]. The possibility is shown Musca domestica L. to ingest considerable amounts of oocysts of Eimeria tenella which remain in their digestive tract during 120 hrs. Both sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts remain viable and infectable. Non-sporulated oocysts do not form spores in the digestive tracts of flies, but after their excretion, they terminate normally their development under favourable conditions. It is shown that when flies, infected with oocysts, are fed to susceptible chicks, they are affected with coccidiosis.", "PMID": 751318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8511", "title": "[Ultrastructural reactivity of the pulmonary alveoli under the influence of the aerosol use of gentamycin and tetracycline].", "content": "Studied is the effect of the aerosol application of the gentamycin and tetracycline antibiotics on the ultrastructure of tung alveoli. It is found that these two antibiotics when applied singly and at doses of 0.3024 mg/rat, 1.728 mg/rat and 12.824 mg/rat for the gentamycin and of 1.652 mg/rat and 3.304 mg/rat for the tetracycline may cause catarrhal pneumonia, accompanied by strong fibrinosis of the alveolar septa and of the alveolar basal membrane. The partial or total lysis of nuclear chromation of all alveolar cell nuclei (epithelial, endothelial, septal, and granulated pneomcytes), the nuclei of the blood granulocytes and macrophages included, is established as a specific ultrastructural change.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural reactivity of the pulmonary alveoli under the influence of the aerosol use of gentamycin and tetracycline]. Studied is the effect of the aerosol application of the gentamycin and tetracycline antibiotics on the ultrastructure of tung alveoli. It is found that these two antibiotics when applied singly and at doses of 0.3024 mg/rat, 1.728 mg/rat and 12.824 mg/rat for the gentamycin and of 1.652 mg/rat and 3.304 mg/rat for the tetracycline may cause catarrhal pneumonia, accompanied by strong fibrinosis of the alveolar septa and of the alveolar basal membrane. The partial or total lysis of nuclear chromation of all alveolar cell nuclei (epithelial, endothelial, septal, and granulated pneomcytes), the nuclei of the blood granulocytes and macrophages included, is established as a specific ultrastructural change.", "PMID": 751320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8512", "title": "[Nitrosoguanidine induction of mutants in Salmonella cholerae suis].", "content": "On treatment two strains of Salmonella cholerae suis with nitrosoguanidine and using Ledeberg's contact technique, some 100 colonies of one of the strains were obtained, seven out of which were auxotrophic. These seven mutants were auxotropic, of which three -- to tyrosine, two -- to adenine, one -- to glutamic acid and one -- to histidine. The mutant of the second Salmonella cholerae suis strain is auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine. The colonies of these mutants are smaller. Their growth in MPB is sparse. Their fermentation is deleyed by a higher degree. The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine, manifests a delayed fermentation in ramnose and is negative to lysine and to ornithodecarboxylase. The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, possesses a negative argininedehydrolase. Mutants Nos 3,5 and 6 are auxotrophic to adenine, glutamic acid and histidine, respectively, and are with a negative ornithodecarboxylase. Four of the eight mutants were for tested for pathogenicity to white mice. All manifested a decreased pathogenicity, ranging from 1000- to 10,000-fold lower.", "contents": "[Nitrosoguanidine induction of mutants in Salmonella cholerae suis]. On treatment two strains of Salmonella cholerae suis with nitrosoguanidine and using Ledeberg's contact technique, some 100 colonies of one of the strains were obtained, seven out of which were auxotrophic. These seven mutants were auxotropic, of which three -- to tyrosine, two -- to adenine, one -- to glutamic acid and one -- to histidine. The mutant of the second Salmonella cholerae suis strain is auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine. The colonies of these mutants are smaller. Their growth in MPB is sparse. Their fermentation is deleyed by a higher degree. The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine, manifests a delayed fermentation in ramnose and is negative to lysine and to ornithodecarboxylase. The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, possesses a negative argininedehydrolase. Mutants Nos 3,5 and 6 are auxotrophic to adenine, glutamic acid and histidine, respectively, and are with a negative ornithodecarboxylase. Four of the eight mutants were for tested for pathogenicity to white mice. All manifested a decreased pathogenicity, ranging from 1000- to 10,000-fold lower.", "PMID": 751321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8513", "title": "[Antimicrobial and antispirochetal activity of Pharmachem's tylosin].", "content": "Studies are the following preparations, produced by \"PHARMACHIM\": tylosine-base (Tylosine-50), tylosine tartarate (Tylosine pulvis) and tylosine phosphate (substance and granules) and their analogues: tylosine-base (Tylan-50), tylosine tartarate (Tylan soluble) and tylosine phosphate (Tylan AF 99), produced by the \"Elanco\" Company. The biological activity of the preparation was determined by means of the microbiological method of diffusion in agar. In the case of all experimental treatments, the preparations were compared in conformity with their biological activity expressed in IU/mg of the preparations. The minimum inhibition concentrations of the preparations were determined by the method of serial dilutions in liquid nutritive media on 19 different pathogenic strains. The antispirochetal activity of the preparations compared was tested on 130 cockerels and pullets, experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina of the Surnevo and Pamoukchii serotypes. The application of the preparations started simultaneously with the infection or 24 and 48 hrs after it and continued for days. No significant differences are found in the antibacterial and antispirochetal activities of the Bulgarian tylosine preparations and those manufactured by the \"Elanko\" Company. The tylosine base does not differ significantly in its antimicrobial and antispirochetal activities from the tylosine phosphate and the tylosine tartarate when equal in IU concentrations and doses are applied.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial and antispirochetal activity of Pharmachem's tylosin]. Studies are the following preparations, produced by \"PHARMACHIM\": tylosine-base (Tylosine-50), tylosine tartarate (Tylosine pulvis) and tylosine phosphate (substance and granules) and their analogues: tylosine-base (Tylan-50), tylosine tartarate (Tylan soluble) and tylosine phosphate (Tylan AF 99), produced by the \"Elanco\" Company. The biological activity of the preparation was determined by means of the microbiological method of diffusion in agar. In the case of all experimental treatments, the preparations were compared in conformity with their biological activity expressed in IU/mg of the preparations. The minimum inhibition concentrations of the preparations were determined by the method of serial dilutions in liquid nutritive media on 19 different pathogenic strains. The antispirochetal activity of the preparations compared was tested on 130 cockerels and pullets, experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina of the Surnevo and Pamoukchii serotypes. The application of the preparations started simultaneously with the infection or 24 and 48 hrs after it and continued for days. No significant differences are found in the antibacterial and antispirochetal activities of the Bulgarian tylosine preparations and those manufactured by the \"Elanko\" Company. The tylosine base does not differ significantly in its antimicrobial and antispirochetal activities from the tylosine phosphate and the tylosine tartarate when equal in IU concentrations and doses are applied.", "PMID": 751322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8514", "title": "Goiter in Tibetan medicine.", "content": "The visit of two Tibetan physicians provided a unique opportunity to gain insight into a practice of medicine very different from that of Western civilization. Initial discussions indicated that the practice of medicine and mysticism were inextricably interwoven in the Tibetan culture. Accordingly, the focus of the study was directed to goiter, which is both common in the Himalayas and easy to define.In Tibetan medical practice, illness is considered to be derived from both proximate and distant causes. Three humors, \"wind,\" \"bile,\" and \"phlegm\" are thought to be responsible for normal mental and physical functions when in balance, but disease when out of balance. Goiter was thought to be due to an imbalance of these humors. The Western discovery that endemic goiter in the Himalayas was due to iodine deficiency explained the proximate cause but did not explain why some individuals have goiter and others do not in the same iodine deficient village.", "contents": "Goiter in Tibetan medicine. The visit of two Tibetan physicians provided a unique opportunity to gain insight into a practice of medicine very different from that of Western civilization. Initial discussions indicated that the practice of medicine and mysticism were inextricably interwoven in the Tibetan culture. Accordingly, the focus of the study was directed to goiter, which is both common in the Himalayas and easy to define.In Tibetan medical practice, illness is considered to be derived from both proximate and distant causes. Three humors, \"wind,\" \"bile,\" and \"phlegm\" are thought to be responsible for normal mental and physical functions when in balance, but disease when out of balance. Goiter was thought to be due to an imbalance of these humors. The Western discovery that endemic goiter in the Himalayas was due to iodine deficiency explained the proximate cause but did not explain why some individuals have goiter and others do not in the same iodine deficient village.", "PMID": 751325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8515", "title": "Immune deficiency, thrombocytopenia and osteomyelitis in pediatric patients.", "content": "Surgical decompression of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients should be an essential part of therapy in most cases. The initial deferral of prompt decompression in two patients because of underlying chronic, hemorrhagic (thrombocytopenic) disorders-one with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and one with Gaucher's disease-resulted in more serious and prolonged courses of the infectious processes. The complications might have been ameliorated by earlier drainage in each case. Based upon the experience gained from these two patients, we recommend early drainage, with appropriate treatment of the hemorrhagic disorder, to prevent more widespread dissemination or prolongation of osseous infection in similarly affected children.", "contents": "Immune deficiency, thrombocytopenia and osteomyelitis in pediatric patients. Surgical decompression of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients should be an essential part of therapy in most cases. The initial deferral of prompt decompression in two patients because of underlying chronic, hemorrhagic (thrombocytopenic) disorders-one with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and one with Gaucher's disease-resulted in more serious and prolonged courses of the infectious processes. The complications might have been ameliorated by earlier drainage in each case. Based upon the experience gained from these two patients, we recommend early drainage, with appropriate treatment of the hemorrhagic disorder, to prevent more widespread dissemination or prolongation of osseous infection in similarly affected children.", "PMID": 751324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8516", "title": "Formation of chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis.", "content": "In this study the formation of the chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis was studied by electron microscopy. The formation of the chromatoid body was divided into three stages: the mitochondrial stage, the condensing stage and the maturing stage. During meiotic prophase there were seen similar pores in the nuclear envelope close to the chromatoid body as have previously been described in the early spermatids. It is suggested that through these pores material that participates in the formation of the chromatoid body, passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This material is first located close to mitochondria where it forms the mitochondrial stage chromatoid body. During late pachytene the intermitochondrial material begins to accumulate and forms several condensing stage chromatoid bodies. These are present in the cells during the meiotic divisions and appear to be evenly distributed to the spermatids. In the spermatids the final maturation of the chromatoid body occurs.", "contents": "Formation of chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis. In this study the formation of the chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis was studied by electron microscopy. The formation of the chromatoid body was divided into three stages: the mitochondrial stage, the condensing stage and the maturing stage. During meiotic prophase there were seen similar pores in the nuclear envelope close to the chromatoid body as have previously been described in the early spermatids. It is suggested that through these pores material that participates in the formation of the chromatoid body, passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This material is first located close to mitochondria where it forms the mitochondrial stage chromatoid body. During late pachytene the intermitochondrial material begins to accumulate and forms several condensing stage chromatoid bodies. These are present in the cells during the meiotic divisions and appear to be evenly distributed to the spermatids. In the spermatids the final maturation of the chromatoid body occurs.", "PMID": 751333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8517", "title": "[Initial axonal degeneration in the pulp of deciduous teeth].", "content": "Initial stages of the regressive process on the nerve fibers can be found already in the pulp of deciduous molars of children about the age of four till five. The axonal degenerative changes can most distinctly found at the contact-sides of the axons and the fibroblasts and concern as well the axolemma as different organelles of the axoplasm too.", "contents": "[Initial axonal degeneration in the pulp of deciduous teeth]. Initial stages of the regressive process on the nerve fibers can be found already in the pulp of deciduous molars of children about the age of four till five. The axonal degenerative changes can most distinctly found at the contact-sides of the axons and the fibroblasts and concern as well the axolemma as different organelles of the axoplasm too.", "PMID": 751334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8518", "title": "Ultrastructure of developing interstitial cells in chick embryonic gonad in relation to their genesis and steroidogenic function.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies on the development of interstitial (steroidogenic) cells in embryonic chick gonads were carried out in a chronological sequence from the time of their appearance to the end of incubation, in a comparative aspect in both female and male sexes, and through a comparison with light microscopic findings. An asynchrony in the development of these cells in both sexes is established. In the ovaries (left and right) individual steroidogenic cells are detected for the first time towards the 7th embryonic day, grouping themselves towards the 9th...10th embryonic day in nests, interstitial organoids. In the testis this takes place towards the 10th and 14th...15th days, respectively, the interstitial organoids forming as incomplete muffs around the seminiferous cords and later on (towards the 16th embryonic day) also as nests in stroma. On the basis of observations that the precursers of the steroidogenic cells differentiate within the sex cords (first proliferation) and separate from them, falling into the stroma, the authors adopt the concept of the mesothelial (epithelial) origin of those cells. Particular protrusions (multivesicular structures) of the cytoplasm of the interstitial cell are described whose role is believed to be connected with the mechanism of the steroid secretion of the gonads. The results are discussed in relation to some biochemical and experimental data on the morphogenetic function of the embryonic sex hormones.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of developing interstitial cells in chick embryonic gonad in relation to their genesis and steroidogenic function. Electron microscopic studies on the development of interstitial (steroidogenic) cells in embryonic chick gonads were carried out in a chronological sequence from the time of their appearance to the end of incubation, in a comparative aspect in both female and male sexes, and through a comparison with light microscopic findings. An asynchrony in the development of these cells in both sexes is established. In the ovaries (left and right) individual steroidogenic cells are detected for the first time towards the 7th embryonic day, grouping themselves towards the 9th...10th embryonic day in nests, interstitial organoids. In the testis this takes place towards the 10th and 14th...15th days, respectively, the interstitial organoids forming as incomplete muffs around the seminiferous cords and later on (towards the 16th embryonic day) also as nests in stroma. On the basis of observations that the precursers of the steroidogenic cells differentiate within the sex cords (first proliferation) and separate from them, falling into the stroma, the authors adopt the concept of the mesothelial (epithelial) origin of those cells. Particular protrusions (multivesicular structures) of the cytoplasm of the interstitial cell are described whose role is believed to be connected with the mechanism of the steroid secretion of the gonads. The results are discussed in relation to some biochemical and experimental data on the morphogenetic function of the embryonic sex hormones.", "PMID": 751335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8519", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the skeletal muscle (M. triceps brachii) capillaries in white rats aged 2 to 20 months].", "content": "The capillarisation of the triceps muscle of white rats was investigated with light and electron microscope up to the age of 20th month. During the postnatal development the capillary to fiber ratio corresponding to the increase of the number of capillaries is well adapted to an exponential function. The rapid increase of thickness of the muscle fibers causes a decrease of the number of capillaries per area unit. After the third week of life with histochemical methods the differentiation of muscle fiber types is possible, well correlated to the beginning of motoric activity. Ultrastructural alterations of the muscle capillaries consist in a flattening of the endothelium within the first month of postnatal life, a decrease of the content of organelles, a high degree of vesiculation and a continuous thickining of the basement membrane up to more than 100 nm. The interendothelial clefts show a simple structure containing 1--2 junctional zones and only few dilatations.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the skeletal muscle (M. triceps brachii) capillaries in white rats aged 2 to 20 months]. The capillarisation of the triceps muscle of white rats was investigated with light and electron microscope up to the age of 20th month. During the postnatal development the capillary to fiber ratio corresponding to the increase of the number of capillaries is well adapted to an exponential function. The rapid increase of thickness of the muscle fibers causes a decrease of the number of capillaries per area unit. After the third week of life with histochemical methods the differentiation of muscle fiber types is possible, well correlated to the beginning of motoric activity. Ultrastructural alterations of the muscle capillaries consist in a flattening of the endothelium within the first month of postnatal life, a decrease of the content of organelles, a high degree of vesiculation and a continuous thickining of the basement membrane up to more than 100 nm. The interendothelial clefts show a simple structure containing 1--2 junctional zones and only few dilatations.", "PMID": 751336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8520", "title": "Effect of oestrogen on the pituitary gland of male Syrian hamsters. I. Electron microscope studies of pars intermedia.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of normal and oestrogen-treated male Syrian hamsters is described. 3 types of cell were observed in normal gland, namely, 2 types of \"light\" cell and a \"dark\" cell. Light cells were regular in shape with round or oval nuclei and could be divided into type 1 and 2 by the size of their granules 200 to 250 nm in type 1 and 100 to 150 nm in type 2. Dark cells were fewer in number, irregular in outline with highly-indented chromatin-rich nuclei and occasional secretory granules in the Golgi area. Treatment for 6 weeks with diethylstibestrol (DES) 0.6 mg in 0.2 ml distilled water subcutaneously 3 times  per week failed to induce recognisable change in the pars intermedia although after 12 weeks treatment cytoplasmic changes were observed. From that time until the experiment ended after 30 weeks of treatment progressive changes indicative of enhanced synthesis of hormone were present, greater cytoplasmic volume, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, marked development of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, increased numbers of secretory granules and the presence of granules within granules.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen on the pituitary gland of male Syrian hamsters. I. Electron microscope studies of pars intermedia. The ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of normal and oestrogen-treated male Syrian hamsters is described. 3 types of cell were observed in normal gland, namely, 2 types of \"light\" cell and a \"dark\" cell. Light cells were regular in shape with round or oval nuclei and could be divided into type 1 and 2 by the size of their granules 200 to 250 nm in type 1 and 100 to 150 nm in type 2. Dark cells were fewer in number, irregular in outline with highly-indented chromatin-rich nuclei and occasional secretory granules in the Golgi area. Treatment for 6 weeks with diethylstibestrol (DES) 0.6 mg in 0.2 ml distilled water subcutaneously 3 times  per week failed to induce recognisable change in the pars intermedia although after 12 weeks treatment cytoplasmic changes were observed. From that time until the experiment ended after 30 weeks of treatment progressive changes indicative of enhanced synthesis of hormone were present, greater cytoplasmic volume, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, marked development of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, increased numbers of secretory granules and the presence of granules within granules.", "PMID": 751337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8521", "title": "Further investigations on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The submicroscopic studies of spermatozoa were performed on 40 chronic alcoholics with the period of alcoholism surpassing 15 years (on average 19 years). After a double routine morphological evaluation of semen the electron microscopic studies were made. They revealed the following abnormalities: malformations of the head and nucleus, altered chromatin condensation, abnormalities of the acrosome which was often absent, chaotic arrangement of mitochondria or even their local absence. Double-headed spermatozoa were observed. The hitherto undescribed, in man, \"whorls\" were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of the head and neck. The dependence of these abnormalities on the length of the period of alcoholism was discussed.", "contents": "Further investigations on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in chronic alcoholics. The submicroscopic studies of spermatozoa were performed on 40 chronic alcoholics with the period of alcoholism surpassing 15 years (on average 19 years). After a double routine morphological evaluation of semen the electron microscopic studies were made. They revealed the following abnormalities: malformations of the head and nucleus, altered chromatin condensation, abnormalities of the acrosome which was often absent, chaotic arrangement of mitochondria or even their local absence. Double-headed spermatozoa were observed. The hitherto undescribed, in man, \"whorls\" were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of the head and neck. The dependence of these abnormalities on the length of the period of alcoholism was discussed.", "PMID": 751338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8522", "title": "[Circadian changes of various enzyme activities in the kidney macula densa of gerbils (Meriones unguiculati)].", "content": "Circadian Changes of the Activity of some Enzymes in the Macula densa of the Kidney of Mongolian Gerbilis.--The authors investigated the enzyme histochemical activity of some dehydrogenases in the macula densa of desert rodents killed respectively at 11 a.m. and at 11 p.m. The percentage of macula cells which, in comparison with the non specific distal convolution epithelial cells, showed the same or even enhanced enzyme activities was higher at 11 p. m., i.e. nightly (see Tab. 1).", "contents": "[Circadian changes of various enzyme activities in the kidney macula densa of gerbils (Meriones unguiculati)]. Circadian Changes of the Activity of some Enzymes in the Macula densa of the Kidney of Mongolian Gerbilis.--The authors investigated the enzyme histochemical activity of some dehydrogenases in the macula densa of desert rodents killed respectively at 11 a.m. and at 11 p.m. The percentage of macula cells which, in comparison with the non specific distal convolution epithelial cells, showed the same or even enhanced enzyme activities was higher at 11 p. m., i.e. nightly (see Tab. 1).", "PMID": 751339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8523", "title": "[Population of hair cells in the Corti's organ of shrews].", "content": "In shrews (family Soricidase) the organ of Corti was examined by means of the surface specimen technique. The analysis of the qualitative deviations from the normal cellular pattern of Corti organ was based on more than 160 ears of shrews (Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, and Crocidura suaveolens). The dislocation, rotation, malformation of hair cells, and one finding of the giant outer hair cell are described. The quantitative analyses of the population of hair cells are based on 61 ears of Sorex araneus divided into 2 age groups. The mean values of aplasias and of missing and supernumerary hair cells in dependence on individual rows and half-turns of cochlea are given. The loss of hair cells depends on the age of the animal. The findings of aplasias and supernumerary outer hair cells (especially those of atypical 4th row) are relatively frequent in shrews. The organ of Corti in shows has a very regular arrangement; deviations of all types are scant and thus we may hold the ideal cochleogram for the norm. The found deviations seem to have no functional meaning.", "contents": "[Population of hair cells in the Corti's organ of shrews]. In shrews (family Soricidase) the organ of Corti was examined by means of the surface specimen technique. The analysis of the qualitative deviations from the normal cellular pattern of Corti organ was based on more than 160 ears of shrews (Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, and Crocidura suaveolens). The dislocation, rotation, malformation of hair cells, and one finding of the giant outer hair cell are described. The quantitative analyses of the population of hair cells are based on 61 ears of Sorex araneus divided into 2 age groups. The mean values of aplasias and of missing and supernumerary hair cells in dependence on individual rows and half-turns of cochlea are given. The loss of hair cells depends on the age of the animal. The findings of aplasias and supernumerary outer hair cells (especially those of atypical 4th row) are relatively frequent in shrews. The organ of Corti in shows has a very regular arrangement; deviations of all types are scant and thus we may hold the ideal cochleogram for the norm. The found deviations seem to have no functional meaning.", "PMID": 751340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8524", "title": "Cytochemical and histoenzymological studies on the adrenal of the teleost, Puntius sophore (Ham.).", "content": "In Puntius sophore the adrenal tissue is situated in the pronephric head kidney. The medullary cells are arranged closely around the wall of the cardinal veins and their branches. The cortical cells are located around the medullary cells in several layers forming a large mass of tissue. With the aid of chromaffin reaction techniques the medullary cells were differentiated. Noradrenaline cells were identified with iodate reaction technique. Cortical cells gave positive reaction to cholesterol, lipid, phospholipid and ascorbic acid tests. The steroidogenic property of these cells is suggested by the presence of delta 5 3 beta HSDH, G-6-PD and 11 beta HSDH enzymes. The intense MAO activity which is reported largely in the cortical tissue of Puntius sophore is not well known in the fishes.", "contents": "Cytochemical and histoenzymological studies on the adrenal of the teleost, Puntius sophore (Ham.). In Puntius sophore the adrenal tissue is situated in the pronephric head kidney. The medullary cells are arranged closely around the wall of the cardinal veins and their branches. The cortical cells are located around the medullary cells in several layers forming a large mass of tissue. With the aid of chromaffin reaction techniques the medullary cells were differentiated. Noradrenaline cells were identified with iodate reaction technique. Cortical cells gave positive reaction to cholesterol, lipid, phospholipid and ascorbic acid tests. The steroidogenic property of these cells is suggested by the presence of delta 5 3 beta HSDH, G-6-PD and 11 beta HSDH enzymes. The intense MAO activity which is reported largely in the cortical tissue of Puntius sophore is not well known in the fishes.", "PMID": 751341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8525", "title": "Histological changes in the ovaries of Dysdercus cingulatus (F.) caused by the \"paper factor\".", "content": "The histological changes in the ovarioles of the red cotton bug following treatment with \"Paper Factor\" to the adults are discussed. The changes in the shape of egg, resorption of the yolk and the formation of compound chambers with double nuclei were probably caused through deformation either in the germarium or follicular epithelial cells.", "contents": "Histological changes in the ovaries of Dysdercus cingulatus (F.) caused by the \"paper factor\". The histological changes in the ovarioles of the red cotton bug following treatment with \"Paper Factor\" to the adults are discussed. The changes in the shape of egg, resorption of the yolk and the formation of compound chambers with double nuclei were probably caused through deformation either in the germarium or follicular epithelial cells.", "PMID": 751342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8526", "title": "Effect of experimental hypercalcemia on the ultimobranchial gland of the lizard with special reference to age.", "content": "Effect of induced hypercalcemia on the ultimobranchial gland of the young and adult lizard, Uromasix hardwickii was studied. Experimental hypercalcemia produced hyperactive changes in the ultimobranchial gland of the young animal. However, no measurable changes were observed in the ultimobranchial gland of adult lizard. It seems that ultiimobranchial gland of the lizard is active only in the young animals.", "contents": "Effect of experimental hypercalcemia on the ultimobranchial gland of the lizard with special reference to age. Effect of induced hypercalcemia on the ultimobranchial gland of the young and adult lizard, Uromasix hardwickii was studied. Experimental hypercalcemia produced hyperactive changes in the ultimobranchial gland of the young animal. However, no measurable changes were observed in the ultimobranchial gland of adult lizard. It seems that ultiimobranchial gland of the lizard is active only in the young animals.", "PMID": 751343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8527", "title": "[Somatic contacts in the superior cervical ganglion and the carotid body of the rat].", "content": "Unusual contacts could be found in the Superior Cervical Ganglion in the Carotid Corpuscle of the white rat (Wistar) close to the Classical Synapses.--Somato-somatic synapses. In the Carotid Corpuscle they have granulated vesicles and post synaptic membrane more or less differentiated.--Recurrent synapses in the Carotid Corpuscle. The cells I attachment plaques of which take part in the polarized junctions. The attention is drawn by an erosion of the membranes near the synapses.", "contents": "[Somatic contacts in the superior cervical ganglion and the carotid body of the rat]. Unusual contacts could be found in the Superior Cervical Ganglion in the Carotid Corpuscle of the white rat (Wistar) close to the Classical Synapses.--Somato-somatic synapses. In the Carotid Corpuscle they have granulated vesicles and post synaptic membrane more or less differentiated.--Recurrent synapses in the Carotid Corpuscle. The cells I attachment plaques of which take part in the polarized junctions. The attention is drawn by an erosion of the membranes near the synapses.", "PMID": 751344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8528", "title": "The origin of Fromm's arteries in trout gills.", "content": "In trout gills two small arteries paralleling the main afferent filament vessel have been described by Fromm (1974). In search of their origin from branchial arteries the orifices of numerous small vessels were detected in the efferent branchial artery (EBA) by scanning electron microscopy. These small vessels are bordered by specialized endothelial cells that seem to have grown out against the blood stream into the EBA. By studying serial sections, the small vessels originating from the EBA were confirmed to be the roots of Fromm's arteries.", "contents": "The origin of Fromm's arteries in trout gills. In trout gills two small arteries paralleling the main afferent filament vessel have been described by Fromm (1974). In search of their origin from branchial arteries the orifices of numerous small vessels were detected in the efferent branchial artery (EBA) by scanning electron microscopy. These small vessels are bordered by specialized endothelial cells that seem to have grown out against the blood stream into the EBA. By studying serial sections, the small vessels originating from the EBA were confirmed to be the roots of Fromm's arteries.", "PMID": 751345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8529", "title": "Adaptation of the ammoniacal silver reaction to cytochemical demonstration of myelin basic protein.", "content": "A modification of Black and Ansley's ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) for histones is proposed for visualizing myelin basic protien (MBP) in the nervous system. The reaction is performed on histological sections of tissues fixed in neutralized formalin-alcohol and delipidized in the course of the routine paraffin embedding. The deparaffinized sections are again treated with formalin in order to make the \"unmasked\" by the delipidization basic groups of MBP reactive to ammoniacal silver. After treatment with this reagent MBP of the myelin sheaths of the nerve fibres is impregnated brownish-black. Deparaffinized sections subjected to an extraction of MBP with hydrochloric acid exhibit a negative reaction at the level of the myelin sheaths the same reaction being preserved at the level of the nuclear histones. The reaction is positive in paper spots of nervous tissue extracts obtained with the same acid. These assays indicate the specificity of the modified ASR. The method can be used for studies on the processes of myelination and demylination in normal histogenesis and in pathology of the nervous tissue.", "contents": "Adaptation of the ammoniacal silver reaction to cytochemical demonstration of myelin basic protein. A modification of Black and Ansley's ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) for histones is proposed for visualizing myelin basic protien (MBP) in the nervous system. The reaction is performed on histological sections of tissues fixed in neutralized formalin-alcohol and delipidized in the course of the routine paraffin embedding. The deparaffinized sections are again treated with formalin in order to make the \"unmasked\" by the delipidization basic groups of MBP reactive to ammoniacal silver. After treatment with this reagent MBP of the myelin sheaths of the nerve fibres is impregnated brownish-black. Deparaffinized sections subjected to an extraction of MBP with hydrochloric acid exhibit a negative reaction at the level of the myelin sheaths the same reaction being preserved at the level of the nuclear histones. The reaction is positive in paper spots of nervous tissue extracts obtained with the same acid. These assays indicate the specificity of the modified ASR. The method can be used for studies on the processes of myelination and demylination in normal histogenesis and in pathology of the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 751346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8530", "title": "Fenestrated capillaries in the rat paw dermis adjacent to epidermis and skin appendages.", "content": "The fine structure of dermal blood vessels of male Wistar rats was studied in paw regions. Electron microscopy revealed a well-developed plexus of fenestrated capillaries in papillary dermis and adjacent to skin appendages. Intravenously injected ferritin escaped from some of these capillaries. It is suggested that these blood vessels play a role in the exchange of substances at sites of high epithelical turnover.", "contents": "Fenestrated capillaries in the rat paw dermis adjacent to epidermis and skin appendages. The fine structure of dermal blood vessels of male Wistar rats was studied in paw regions. Electron microscopy revealed a well-developed plexus of fenestrated capillaries in papillary dermis and adjacent to skin appendages. Intravenously injected ferritin escaped from some of these capillaries. It is suggested that these blood vessels play a role in the exchange of substances at sites of high epithelical turnover.", "PMID": 751347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8531", "title": "Interaction of metal ions withe nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with xanthosine and its derivatives.", "content": "It was found that in the interaction of xanthosine with copper(II) nitrogen N-7, and not oxygen atoms of carbonyl groups, is involved. In aqueous solution of XMP, copper(II) interacts not only with N-7 and the phosphate group but also with ribose. In a crystalline copper(II)-XMP complex [Cu(C10H11O9N4P).H2O], only the phosphate group and N-7 are involved.", "contents": "Interaction of metal ions withe nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with xanthosine and its derivatives. It was found that in the interaction of xanthosine with copper(II) nitrogen N-7, and not oxygen atoms of carbonyl groups, is involved. In aqueous solution of XMP, copper(II) interacts not only with N-7 and the phosphate group but also with ribose. In a crystalline copper(II)-XMP complex [Cu(C10H11O9N4P).H2O], only the phosphate group and N-7 are involved.", "PMID": 751361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8532", "title": "A simple and rapid procedure for isolation of ceruloplasmin from porcine and bovine blood serum.", "content": "A rapid and simole procedure for isolation of ceruloplasmin from porcine and bovine blood sera was elaborated; it involves DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography, precipitation with an ethanol-chloroform mixture plus extraction with saline, and preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The preparations obtained showed a high degree of electrophoretic homogeneity and a higher A610/A280 ratio and specific activity than the preparations obtained by the modified method of Broman & Kjellin (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 82, 101-109, 1964).", "contents": "A simple and rapid procedure for isolation of ceruloplasmin from porcine and bovine blood serum. A rapid and simole procedure for isolation of ceruloplasmin from porcine and bovine blood sera was elaborated; it involves DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography, precipitation with an ethanol-chloroform mixture plus extraction with saline, and preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The preparations obtained showed a high degree of electrophoretic homogeneity and a higher A610/A280 ratio and specific activity than the preparations obtained by the modified method of Broman & Kjellin (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 82, 101-109, 1964).", "PMID": 751362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8533", "title": "Isolationand in vitro translation of leghaemoglobin mRNA from yellow lupin root nodules.", "content": "Messenger RNA for leghaemoglobin, extracted from polysomes of yellow lupin root nodules, was purified by chromatography on oligo(dT1-cellulose followed by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. Leghaemoglobin mRNA activity was assayed in a cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. The purified mRNA was sedimented in surcrose gradient in the 9S region which corresponds to a molecular weight of about 225,000. The poly(A) segment was estimated to be 66 nucleotides in length, based on hybridization with [3H]poly(U). Analysis of the translation product using immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions revealed that the product made in vitro was identical with authentic leghaemoglobin.", "contents": "Isolationand in vitro translation of leghaemoglobin mRNA from yellow lupin root nodules. Messenger RNA for leghaemoglobin, extracted from polysomes of yellow lupin root nodules, was purified by chromatography on oligo(dT1-cellulose followed by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. Leghaemoglobin mRNA activity was assayed in a cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. The purified mRNA was sedimented in surcrose gradient in the 9S region which corresponds to a molecular weight of about 225,000. The poly(A) segment was estimated to be 66 nucleotides in length, based on hybridization with [3H]poly(U). Analysis of the translation product using immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions revealed that the product made in vitro was identical with authentic leghaemoglobin.", "PMID": 751363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8534", "title": "Effect of ionic strength on the activity of native and acetylated ribonuclease.", "content": "Acetylation of free amino groups in RNAase abolishes the stimulating effect of ionic strength on the enzyme activity. Distinct differences in the effect of ionic strength on catalytic function of native and acetylated RNAase are observed only with the natural substrate, RNA. In the presence of synthetic substrates, cyclic cytidine 2':3'-phosphate and cytidyl(3'-5')adenosine phosphate, this effect was not observed.", "contents": "Effect of ionic strength on the activity of native and acetylated ribonuclease. Acetylation of free amino groups in RNAase abolishes the stimulating effect of ionic strength on the enzyme activity. Distinct differences in the effect of ionic strength on catalytic function of native and acetylated RNAase are observed only with the natural substrate, RNA. In the presence of synthetic substrates, cyclic cytidine 2':3'-phosphate and cytidyl(3'-5')adenosine phosphate, this effect was not observed.", "PMID": 751364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8535", "title": "Hemoglobin variants in India.", "content": "The occurrence of different types of hemoglobin variants in India has been well-documented in urban populations and in certain tribal areas. Beta-thalassaemia and hemoglobins D,E,H,S, and rare variants like Hb Lepore, have been found in varying percentages. There is a higher incidence of Hb E in the Eastern region and of Hb D in certain Northern populations. The association of Hb E with beta thalassaemia G6PD deficiency has been established. The relationship with other environmental factors, like malaria, is not yet clear.", "contents": "Hemoglobin variants in India. The occurrence of different types of hemoglobin variants in India has been well-documented in urban populations and in certain tribal areas. Beta-thalassaemia and hemoglobins D,E,H,S, and rare variants like Hb Lepore, have been found in varying percentages. There is a higher incidence of Hb E in the Eastern region and of Hb D in certain Northern populations. The association of Hb E with beta thalassaemia G6PD deficiency has been established. The relationship with other environmental factors, like malaria, is not yet clear.", "PMID": 751379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8536", "title": "Genetic and nongenetic variation in the AB0 agglutinin levels of plasma, saliva and milk.", "content": "The agglutinin levels of 250 parturient women and their newborn babies were studied and the modifying influence of 16 variables evaluated. The most important factor in this variability is the AB0 phenotype. The agglutinin titers are generally higher in milk than in plasma or saliva. Blacks always show salivary agglutinins in higher frequencies than Whites. Within each fluid the amount of anti-A and anti-B are always highly correlated (r 0.59-0.79). Associations were also observed between the titers in plasma and milk (r 0.25--0.30). The plasma and milk anti-A levels of the 0 mothers are correlated with those of their 0 children (r 0.28-0.37), but the anti-B are not. Socioeconomic conditions may affect the salivary anti-A and anti-B titers.", "contents": "Genetic and nongenetic variation in the AB0 agglutinin levels of plasma, saliva and milk. The agglutinin levels of 250 parturient women and their newborn babies were studied and the modifying influence of 16 variables evaluated. The most important factor in this variability is the AB0 phenotype. The agglutinin titers are generally higher in milk than in plasma or saliva. Blacks always show salivary agglutinins in higher frequencies than Whites. Within each fluid the amount of anti-A and anti-B are always highly correlated (r 0.59-0.79). Associations were also observed between the titers in plasma and milk (r 0.25--0.30). The plasma and milk anti-A levels of the 0 mothers are correlated with those of their 0 children (r 0.28-0.37), but the anti-B are not. Socioeconomic conditions may affect the salivary anti-A and anti-B titers.", "PMID": 751380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8537", "title": "Incidence of twin births in Denmark from 1911 to 1974.", "content": "A survey of twin births in Denmark in relation to the total number of births from 1911 to 1974 shows a significant decrease in the dizygotic twin birth rate for all maternal age groups. The possible environmental causes of such a decrease are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of twin births in Denmark from 1911 to 1974. A survey of twin births in Denmark in relation to the total number of births from 1911 to 1974 shows a significant decrease in the dizygotic twin birth rate for all maternal age groups. The possible environmental causes of such a decrease are discussed.", "PMID": 751381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8538", "title": "Cytogenetic observations in infertile men working with insecticidal compounds.", "content": "The negative influence of some insecticides on male fertility has been noted. We report our cytogenetic observations on a group of infertile insecticide workers. Increased chromosomal breakage was a constant finding and the Y chromosome was especially damaged. This may account for impaired spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of heterochromatic chromosomal variants both in the individual susceptibility to the chemically induced damage and in the reproductive fitness is emphasized.", "contents": "Cytogenetic observations in infertile men working with insecticidal compounds. The negative influence of some insecticides on male fertility has been noted. We report our cytogenetic observations on a group of infertile insecticide workers. Increased chromosomal breakage was a constant finding and the Y chromosome was especially damaged. This may account for impaired spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of heterochromatic chromosomal variants both in the individual susceptibility to the chemically induced damage and in the reproductive fitness is emphasized.", "PMID": 751382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8539", "title": "Delineation of syndromes due to partial 6q imbalances. Trisomy 6q21 leads to qter and monosomy 6q221 leads to qter in two unrelated patients.", "content": "Two unrelated patients carrying imbalances involving the long arm of chromosome 6 are described. In the first trisomy 6q21 leads to qter had segregated from a maternal translocation t(6;16)(q15;q24). The clinical data of the proposita are compared with those of three other published cases. A partial 6q trisomy syndrome is postulated characterized by: growth deficiency of prenatal onset, psychomotor retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (microcephalia, hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, flattened nasal bridge, long philtrum, hypoplastic perioral features, large jaw resulting in a round appearance of the face, receding chin, malformed ears) and dysmorphic extremities (contractures of limbs due to short flexor tendons, hypoplastic fingers, toes and nails). In the second case, monosomy 6q221 leads to qter resulted from a de novo rearrangement and was responsible for mental retardation and facial dysmorphism (reduced biparietal diameter, hypotelorism, absent eyebrows, prominent nose, ptosis, receding chin, dysmorphic ears). Studies of HLA and PGM3 segregation showed normal inheritance patterns and ruled out the location of these genes in bands 6q221 leads to qter.", "contents": "Delineation of syndromes due to partial 6q imbalances. Trisomy 6q21 leads to qter and monosomy 6q221 leads to qter in two unrelated patients. Two unrelated patients carrying imbalances involving the long arm of chromosome 6 are described. In the first trisomy 6q21 leads to qter had segregated from a maternal translocation t(6;16)(q15;q24). The clinical data of the proposita are compared with those of three other published cases. A partial 6q trisomy syndrome is postulated characterized by: growth deficiency of prenatal onset, psychomotor retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (microcephalia, hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, flattened nasal bridge, long philtrum, hypoplastic perioral features, large jaw resulting in a round appearance of the face, receding chin, malformed ears) and dysmorphic extremities (contractures of limbs due to short flexor tendons, hypoplastic fingers, toes and nails). In the second case, monosomy 6q221 leads to qter resulted from a de novo rearrangement and was responsible for mental retardation and facial dysmorphism (reduced biparietal diameter, hypotelorism, absent eyebrows, prominent nose, ptosis, receding chin, dysmorphic ears). Studies of HLA and PGM3 segregation showed normal inheritance patterns and ruled out the location of these genes in bands 6q221 leads to qter.", "PMID": 751383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8540", "title": "Partial trisomy 8q resulting from maternal translocation t(2;8)(q373;q23).", "content": "A patient with multiple congenital malformations due to partial 8q trisomy is reported. Karyotype-phenotype correlations suggest the possibility that partial trisomy 8q is a nosologically distinct syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 8q resulting from maternal translocation t(2;8)(q373;q23). A patient with multiple congenital malformations due to partial 8q trisomy is reported. Karyotype-phenotype correlations suggest the possibility that partial trisomy 8q is a nosologically distinct syndrome.", "PMID": 751384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8541", "title": "Inbreeding effects in a coastal village and other parts of Andhra Pradesh.", "content": "A survey was carried out among fisher-women in Pallepalam, in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh, to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity and its effects on fertility, mortality, and morbidity. Of the 106 marriages investigated, 54.72% were consanguineous with predominant proportions of first cousin (36.79%) and uncle-niece (13.21%) marriages. The average inbreeding coefficients for autosomal and sex-linked genes were found to be 0.0405 and 0.0448 respectively. The differences between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages were studied with respect to fertility, mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Inbreeding effects in a coastal village and other parts of Andhra Pradesh. A survey was carried out among fisher-women in Pallepalam, in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh, to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity and its effects on fertility, mortality, and morbidity. Of the 106 marriages investigated, 54.72% were consanguineous with predominant proportions of first cousin (36.79%) and uncle-niece (13.21%) marriages. The average inbreeding coefficients for autosomal and sex-linked genes were found to be 0.0405 and 0.0448 respectively. The differences between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages were studied with respect to fertility, mortality and morbidity.", "PMID": 751385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8542", "title": "Visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked responses in patients with cerebrovascular disorders.", "content": "A diagnostic evoked response battery, consisting of visual evoked responses to flashes and to a checkerboard pattern, auditory evoked responses to three different tones and somatosensory evoked responses to left, right and bilateral median nerve stimulation, was administered to 20 patients with strokes, and compared with 20 normal control subjects. Recordings were obtained at  C3, C4, O1, O2, T3 and T4. Evoked responses were found to be of lower amplitudes and lower amplitudes and lower waveform symmetry (expressed by low correlation coefficients between left and right homologous areas) in the patients than in normal subjects. A discriminant equation with 17 variates was computed to separate the two groups. One patient (5%) and 2 (10%) normal subjects were misclassified. Comparison between patients with left or right lesions showed that somatosensory and auditory evoked responses were very useful for identification of the affected side. Quantitative study of evoked responses to different types of stimuli and sensory modalities provides a sensitive method for the evaluation of brain function in such patients. This technique gives higher accuracy than the routine EEG examination in terms of both the percentage of dectection and the accuracy of localization of the affected side.", "contents": "Visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked responses in patients with cerebrovascular disorders. A diagnostic evoked response battery, consisting of visual evoked responses to flashes and to a checkerboard pattern, auditory evoked responses to three different tones and somatosensory evoked responses to left, right and bilateral median nerve stimulation, was administered to 20 patients with strokes, and compared with 20 normal control subjects. Recordings were obtained at  C3, C4, O1, O2, T3 and T4. Evoked responses were found to be of lower amplitudes and lower amplitudes and lower waveform symmetry (expressed by low correlation coefficients between left and right homologous areas) in the patients than in normal subjects. A discriminant equation with 17 variates was computed to separate the two groups. One patient (5%) and 2 (10%) normal subjects were misclassified. Comparison between patients with left or right lesions showed that somatosensory and auditory evoked responses were very useful for identification of the affected side. Quantitative study of evoked responses to different types of stimuli and sensory modalities provides a sensitive method for the evaluation of brain function in such patients. This technique gives higher accuracy than the routine EEG examination in terms of both the percentage of dectection and the accuracy of localization of the affected side.", "PMID": 751420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8543", "title": "Genetically selected winner and loser rats: what was selected?", "content": "Throughout the 6--12th generation, genetically selected winner and loser rats in the straight runway test, were studied, in relation to weight, open field behavior, behavioral responses to footshock and adrenocortical response following stimulation. The results showed that the Loser Runway Strain (LRS) when compared to the Winner Runway Strain (WRS), were (1) lighter in weight, (2) defecated less, ambulated more and showed higher frequency of rearing-up when submitted to an open field (3) defecated less and jumped more in reaction to footshock and (14) had a higher rise of corticosterone levels following handling or footshock. These differences between WRS--LRS are the same found between male-female rats. This conclusion does not favor the validity of the runway test as a social measure, and suggests that WSR--LRS were selected according to male-female characteristics instead of a winning or losing trait.", "contents": "Genetically selected winner and loser rats: what was selected? Throughout the 6--12th generation, genetically selected winner and loser rats in the straight runway test, were studied, in relation to weight, open field behavior, behavioral responses to footshock and adrenocortical response following stimulation. The results showed that the Loser Runway Strain (LRS) when compared to the Winner Runway Strain (WRS), were (1) lighter in weight, (2) defecated less, ambulated more and showed higher frequency of rearing-up when submitted to an open field (3) defecated less and jumped more in reaction to footshock and (14) had a higher rise of corticosterone levels following handling or footshock. These differences between WRS--LRS are the same found between male-female rats. This conclusion does not favor the validity of the runway test as a social measure, and suggests that WSR--LRS were selected according to male-female characteristics instead of a winning or losing trait.", "PMID": 751421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8544", "title": "The vasomotor component of the orienting response in man related to spontaneous fluctuation of vasomotor activity in the acral skin zone.", "content": "A plethymographic study of the effect of a weak indifferent light or sound stimulus and of a physically identical light stimulus with signal meaning on vasomotor activity in the acral skin zone of man has shown that during stimulus presentation there was a significant rise in the percent of occurrence of vasmotor waves corresponding to the criteria for the vasomotor orienting response (VOR). VOR is elicited significantly more often by stimuli with signal meaning than by physically identical indifferent stimuli. After the acute extinction or VOR disinhibition followed in all cases, and after 40--60 repeated stimuli the occurrence of VOR was still significant. Repeated stimuli had a significant effect on the course of the plethysmographic curve, especially on the component of waves of third order, changing the frequency spectrum and time contingency of waves.", "contents": "The vasomotor component of the orienting response in man related to spontaneous fluctuation of vasomotor activity in the acral skin zone. A plethymographic study of the effect of a weak indifferent light or sound stimulus and of a physically identical light stimulus with signal meaning on vasomotor activity in the acral skin zone of man has shown that during stimulus presentation there was a significant rise in the percent of occurrence of vasmotor waves corresponding to the criteria for the vasomotor orienting response (VOR). VOR is elicited significantly more often by stimuli with signal meaning than by physically identical indifferent stimuli. After the acute extinction or VOR disinhibition followed in all cases, and after 40--60 repeated stimuli the occurrence of VOR was still significant. Repeated stimuli had a significant effect on the course of the plethysmographic curve, especially on the component of waves of third order, changing the frequency spectrum and time contingency of waves.", "PMID": 751422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8545", "title": "Neocortico-amygdalar interaction in the conditioned taste aversion in rats.", "content": "Corticoamygdalar interaction in the acquisition and retrieval of the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied in rats by combination of unilateral lesion of basolateral amygdala with unilateral functional decortication by cortical spreading depression (CSD). Sodium saccharin (0.1%, 15 min) served as the CS, intraperitoneal injection od LiCl (0.15 M, 4% body weight) as the US. The CS-US delay was 20 min. Aversion was tested by measuring sacharin consumption 5 days later. Marked CTA was found in the unoperated and in the unilaterally lesioned controls. Amygdalectomized rats subjected during CTA acquisition to unilateral CSD ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion, drank less saccharin and developed weaker CTA than the controls. Retrieval of CTA acquired by undepressed operated animals was prevented by funcitonal hemidecortication of the intact but not of the lesioned hemisphere. It is concluded that ipsilateral connections between neocortex and basolateral amygdala are more important for retrieval than for acquisition of CTA.", "contents": "Neocortico-amygdalar interaction in the conditioned taste aversion in rats. Corticoamygdalar interaction in the acquisition and retrieval of the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied in rats by combination of unilateral lesion of basolateral amygdala with unilateral functional decortication by cortical spreading depression (CSD). Sodium saccharin (0.1%, 15 min) served as the CS, intraperitoneal injection od LiCl (0.15 M, 4% body weight) as the US. The CS-US delay was 20 min. Aversion was tested by measuring sacharin consumption 5 days later. Marked CTA was found in the unoperated and in the unilaterally lesioned controls. Amygdalectomized rats subjected during CTA acquisition to unilateral CSD ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion, drank less saccharin and developed weaker CTA than the controls. Retrieval of CTA acquired by undepressed operated animals was prevented by funcitonal hemidecortication of the intact but not of the lesioned hemisphere. It is concluded that ipsilateral connections between neocortex and basolateral amygdala are more important for retrieval than for acquisition of CTA.", "PMID": 751424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8546", "title": "Development of tolerance to morphine and pethidine in rats in dependence on age.", "content": "The development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine (10 mg/kg.i.p.) and to pethidine 40 mg)/kg i.p.), given every 3 hours 13 times in succession or every 6 or 24 hours 7 times in succession, was studied in rats of different age groups (21 days, 42 days, 3 months and 18 months old). Pain threshold was determined by electric algic stimulation. The rate of tolerance development to the analgetic effect of morphine and pethidine decreased with age and changed only slightly with the frequency of application. In young animals (21 days old) the analgesic effect was very intensive after the first application of pethidine as well as morphine, after further applications the analgesic effect was reduced sharply until its complete disappearance. In animals aged 42 days and 3 months the analgesic effect was not so strong after the first applicaion but the decrease, too, was slower. In 18 months old animals the analgesic effect after the first dose was high and declined very moderately after further doses. It is assumed that the development of tolerance to the effect of strong analgesics is related to the rate of protein synthesis in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Development of tolerance to morphine and pethidine in rats in dependence on age. The development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine (10 mg/kg.i.p.) and to pethidine 40 mg)/kg i.p.), given every 3 hours 13 times in succession or every 6 or 24 hours 7 times in succession, was studied in rats of different age groups (21 days, 42 days, 3 months and 18 months old). Pain threshold was determined by electric algic stimulation. The rate of tolerance development to the analgetic effect of morphine and pethidine decreased with age and changed only slightly with the frequency of application. In young animals (21 days old) the analgesic effect was very intensive after the first application of pethidine as well as morphine, after further applications the analgesic effect was reduced sharply until its complete disappearance. In animals aged 42 days and 3 months the analgesic effect was not so strong after the first applicaion but the decrease, too, was slower. In 18 months old animals the analgesic effect after the first dose was high and declined very moderately after further doses. It is assumed that the development of tolerance to the effect of strong analgesics is related to the rate of protein synthesis in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 751425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8547", "title": "Cardiovascular monitoring with special emphasis on mixed venous oxygen measurements.", "content": "With the advent of complicated surgical procedures the need for invasive hemodynamic monitoring has taken a prominent place in the management of patients. This has resulted in improved morbidity and mortality in overall patient care. Along with conventional monitoring of heart rate, arterial pressure and central venous pressure, the information about the function of the left heart is essential. This paper describes the usefulness of Swan-Ganz catheter (SG catheter) during intensive care. The purposes of the study is to determine the relationship between mixed venous oxygen saturation measurement, peripheral skin temperature and volume replacement in the immediate postoperative period, as well as the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation in shocked patients.", "contents": "Cardiovascular monitoring with special emphasis on mixed venous oxygen measurements. With the advent of complicated surgical procedures the need for invasive hemodynamic monitoring has taken a prominent place in the management of patients. This has resulted in improved morbidity and mortality in overall patient care. Along with conventional monitoring of heart rate, arterial pressure and central venous pressure, the information about the function of the left heart is essential. This paper describes the usefulness of Swan-Ganz catheter (SG catheter) during intensive care. The purposes of the study is to determine the relationship between mixed venous oxygen saturation measurement, peripheral skin temperature and volume replacement in the immediate postoperative period, as well as the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation in shocked patients.", "PMID": 751430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8548", "title": "Monitoring of cardiac output by pulse contour method.", "content": "A pulse contour method for cardiac output determination was evaluated in sixteen cardiac surgery patients. Stroke volume was derived from the aortic pressure waveform by means of a formula developed by Wesseling and was calculated with an in-built computer (Philips cardiac output module). The method was used for continuous postoperative monitoring and was compared with thermodilution cardiac output determinations. The overall comparison of data (71 simultaneous measurements) yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.78 (regression y = 0.81 x + 1.07 liter) (p less than 0.001). Advantages and disadvantages of the pulse contour method are discussed.", "contents": "Monitoring of cardiac output by pulse contour method. A pulse contour method for cardiac output determination was evaluated in sixteen cardiac surgery patients. Stroke volume was derived from the aortic pressure waveform by means of a formula developed by Wesseling and was calculated with an in-built computer (Philips cardiac output module). The method was used for continuous postoperative monitoring and was compared with thermodilution cardiac output determinations. The overall comparison of data (71 simultaneous measurements) yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.78 (regression y = 0.81 x + 1.07 liter) (p less than 0.001). Advantages and disadvantages of the pulse contour method are discussed.", "PMID": 751431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8549", "title": "Computer assisted monitoring in intensive medicine.", "content": "Intensive Medicine is always associated with the problem of handling the mass and assuring the quality of information on vital signs, fluid and blood balance, laboratory data, physiological calculations, etc., required in patient care. A computer based monitoring system for intensive care was introduced in 1973 at the Academic Hospital in Leuven. The basic software was developed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital of the Harvard Medical School and the medical division of the Hewlett Packard Company; the computer used was a H.P. 2100 central processor with 32K of core memory. Initially, the program allowed mainly acquisition, storage and retrieval of bedside monitored and manual data of cardiac and circulatory function. Very soon however, the software was extended and modified by the division of \"Medical Informatics\" in order to meet new or different requirements. In the present situation our vision on the use of computer-assisted monitoring has changed and our present program has been extended as follows : 1. On-line collection and retrieval of bedside monitored data including heart rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic-diastolic-mean) left atrial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, intracranial pressure. Trend analysis of those data, with calculation of mean values, standard variation and corresponding t-tests. 2. Computer assistance in performing time consuming calculations on off-line data such as : -- clearance-values (renal function), -- temperature-correction of blood-gasvalues, -- hour-to-hour fluid balance, including calculation of in-sensible losses, -- blood-balance. 3. Data transmission of laboratory results as soon as available in the central laboratory through a direct link between laboratory and I.T.U. 4. Computer assisted E.C.G. analysis. The three first objectives are realised, on-line E.C.G.-analysis is being developed. The same computer serves the remotely located medical and coronary care units and one bed in the emergency department. An assessment of computer assistance in intensive therapy, on nursing labor and on quality of patient care is made.", "contents": "Computer assisted monitoring in intensive medicine. Intensive Medicine is always associated with the problem of handling the mass and assuring the quality of information on vital signs, fluid and blood balance, laboratory data, physiological calculations, etc., required in patient care. A computer based monitoring system for intensive care was introduced in 1973 at the Academic Hospital in Leuven. The basic software was developed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital of the Harvard Medical School and the medical division of the Hewlett Packard Company; the computer used was a H.P. 2100 central processor with 32K of core memory. Initially, the program allowed mainly acquisition, storage and retrieval of bedside monitored and manual data of cardiac and circulatory function. Very soon however, the software was extended and modified by the division of \"Medical Informatics\" in order to meet new or different requirements. In the present situation our vision on the use of computer-assisted monitoring has changed and our present program has been extended as follows : 1. On-line collection and retrieval of bedside monitored data including heart rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic-diastolic-mean) left atrial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, intracranial pressure. Trend analysis of those data, with calculation of mean values, standard variation and corresponding t-tests. 2. Computer assistance in performing time consuming calculations on off-line data such as : -- clearance-values (renal function), -- temperature-correction of blood-gasvalues, -- hour-to-hour fluid balance, including calculation of in-sensible losses, -- blood-balance. 3. Data transmission of laboratory results as soon as available in the central laboratory through a direct link between laboratory and I.T.U. 4. Computer assisted E.C.G. analysis. The three first objectives are realised, on-line E.C.G.-analysis is being developed. The same computer serves the remotely located medical and coronary care units and one bed in the emergency department. An assessment of computer assistance in intensive therapy, on nursing labor and on quality of patient care is made.", "PMID": 751433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8550", "title": "Two cases of burns caused by misuse of coagulation unit and monitoring.", "content": "Two cases of severe burns with monitoring apparatus are described. In a female patient of 45 years, a severe third degree burn occurred by misuse of coagulation apparatus (inversion of the poles of an older Bovie apparatus), in the presence of a non-floating ECG monitoring device. A high intensity current was established from the coagulation unit, via the earth plate under the buttocks, to the indifferent electrode placed on the chest, where burns occurred. In an 8 month female baby, having laparotomy for a neuroblastoma, a third degree burn of 5 cm diameter occurred with a non-floating ECG monitor. A twin-wired disposable earth plate was placed just beneath the indifferent ECG electrode on the leg. A burning current was established between the Bovie coagulation unit and the monitor.", "contents": "Two cases of burns caused by misuse of coagulation unit and monitoring. Two cases of severe burns with monitoring apparatus are described. In a female patient of 45 years, a severe third degree burn occurred by misuse of coagulation apparatus (inversion of the poles of an older Bovie apparatus), in the presence of a non-floating ECG monitoring device. A high intensity current was established from the coagulation unit, via the earth plate under the buttocks, to the indifferent electrode placed on the chest, where burns occurred. In an 8 month female baby, having laparotomy for a neuroblastoma, a third degree burn of 5 cm diameter occurred with a non-floating ECG monitor. A twin-wired disposable earth plate was placed just beneath the indifferent ECG electrode on the leg. A burning current was established between the Bovie coagulation unit and the monitor.", "PMID": 751435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8551", "title": "Monitoring instrumentation. Isolated inputs, electrosurgery filtering, burns protection: what does it mean?", "content": "1. 50Hz Interference : the patient's body acts as can an antenna picking up several volts of 50 Hz noise from the power line. Differential amplifiers are the key separating the 1 mV E.C.G. signal wanted from 50Hz. Further reduction of this interference is possible with the help of high input impedance amplifiers and proper electrode techniques. 2. Isolated inputs : electrodes internal to the body give rise to potential hazards. Isolated inputs prevent dangerous currents from flowing directly through the patient to ground, should he come into contact with 50Hz AC power. Even micro-shocks caused by leakage currents as low as 50 micro-amps are prevented. These can cause ventricular fibrillation when applied directly to the heart. 3. Electrosurgery interference : electrosurgery machines generate high frequency signals with amplitudes of several hundred volts. This interference is minimized by low-pass filtering, shielding of the input circuitry and using proper monitoring and electrosurgery techniques. (Electrodes, cables, monitor and electrosurgery machine positioning). 4. Patient burns protection :isolated inputs do not protect against high frequency eleectrosurgery currents. Burns occur if the normal return path is interrupted and the current flows to ground through the monitor. Burns can be prevented by making sure that the patient is in intimate contact with the return patient plate, by using high frequency blocks (chokes) close to the E.G.C. electrodes sites and by using isolated-output electrosurgery units. 5. Monitor protection against damage from defibrillator pulses and electrosurgery currents : very sensitive input amplifiers must be able to survive up to 6,000 volt levels. 6. Battery powered monitors have a unique problem : Lack of a connection to ground. Whereas this is  most often considered a safety advantage, it can be a hazard if the patient or operator becomes the link from the equipment to ground for a dangerously high current. A very expensive cabinet design could eliminate the above hazard and make the battery powered monitor the ideal operating room instrument.", "contents": "Monitoring instrumentation. Isolated inputs, electrosurgery filtering, burns protection: what does it mean? 1. 50Hz Interference : the patient's body acts as can an antenna picking up several volts of 50 Hz noise from the power line. Differential amplifiers are the key separating the 1 mV E.C.G. signal wanted from 50Hz. Further reduction of this interference is possible with the help of high input impedance amplifiers and proper electrode techniques. 2. Isolated inputs : electrodes internal to the body give rise to potential hazards. Isolated inputs prevent dangerous currents from flowing directly through the patient to ground, should he come into contact with 50Hz AC power. Even micro-shocks caused by leakage currents as low as 50 micro-amps are prevented. These can cause ventricular fibrillation when applied directly to the heart. 3. Electrosurgery interference : electrosurgery machines generate high frequency signals with amplitudes of several hundred volts. This interference is minimized by low-pass filtering, shielding of the input circuitry and using proper monitoring and electrosurgery techniques. (Electrodes, cables, monitor and electrosurgery machine positioning). 4. Patient burns protection :isolated inputs do not protect against high frequency eleectrosurgery currents. Burns occur if the normal return path is interrupted and the current flows to ground through the monitor. Burns can be prevented by making sure that the patient is in intimate contact with the return patient plate, by using high frequency blocks (chokes) close to the E.G.C. electrodes sites and by using isolated-output electrosurgery units. 5. Monitor protection against damage from defibrillator pulses and electrosurgery currents : very sensitive input amplifiers must be able to survive up to 6,000 volt levels. 6. Battery powered monitors have a unique problem : Lack of a connection to ground. Whereas this is  most often considered a safety advantage, it can be a hazard if the patient or operator becomes the link from the equipment to ground for a dangerously high current. A very expensive cabinet design could eliminate the above hazard and make the battery powered monitor the ideal operating room instrument.", "PMID": 751436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8552", "title": "Ventilation problems with a cuffed armoured latex endotracheal tube.", "content": "A case of mechanical airway obstruction is described. The cause of the obstruction proved to be an internal berniation resulting from detachment of the innermost latex layers of the tube. The various measures to avoid the hazards are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Ventilation problems with a cuffed armoured latex endotracheal tube. A case of mechanical airway obstruction is described. The cause of the obstruction proved to be an internal berniation resulting from detachment of the innermost latex layers of the tube. The various measures to avoid the hazards are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 751437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8553", "title": "The effect of premedicants upon the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "content": "The barrier function of the lower oesophageal sphincter is of great practical importance in the prevention of regurgitation and aspiration. The action of seven most commonly used premedicants upon the lower oesophageal sphincter was studied in ten healthy volunteers. The results were compared with a placebo injection in eight volunteers. Sodium pentobarbital, droperidol and triflupromazine increased the presenting pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Decreases were observed after promethazine, pethidine, the combination of droperidol plus fentanyl and atropine.", "contents": "The effect of premedicants upon the lower oesophageal sphincter. The barrier function of the lower oesophageal sphincter is of great practical importance in the prevention of regurgitation and aspiration. The action of seven most commonly used premedicants upon the lower oesophageal sphincter was studied in ten healthy volunteers. The results were compared with a placebo injection in eight volunteers. Sodium pentobarbital, droperidol and triflupromazine increased the presenting pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Decreases were observed after promethazine, pethidine, the combination of droperidol plus fentanyl and atropine.", "PMID": 751438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8554", "title": "Measurement of endocardial viability ratio (E.V.R.) during anesthesia for cardiac surgery.", "content": "Since sub-endocardial ischemia is the consequence of a discrepancy between the blood demand and supply of oxygen at this level, the study of the myocardial performance by the measurement of the endocardial viability ratio (E.V.R.) is both useful and possible during anesthesia. E.V.R. is the ratio between the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium. It is equal to the diastolic pressure time index (D.P.T.I.) over the tension time index (T.T.I.). Measurements are made at different times, by means of the arterial pressure and the left atrial pressure, as well as with the Datascope-E.V.R. Computer. During gradual morphine administration (0.5-1-1.5 mg/kg) and if no major surgical stress occurs, E.V.R. remains excellent and stable (1.46 - 1.48 - 1.43). It deteriorates more or less (1.29 - 1.09) during tachycardia or hypertension. Within the hour following the end of extracorporeal circulation, E.V.R. significantly improves (1.04 - 1.06 - 1.09 - 1.23). Although E.V.R. measurement is easy during cardiac surgery, it is impossible to carry out in case of arrhythmia. While morphine anesthesia induces no variation in E.V.R., tachycardia or hypertension require the addition of therapeutic drug. Within one hour following the end of extra-corporeal circulation, E.V.R. measurement shows improved endocardial viability, although the hemodynamic parameters undergo no significant change.", "contents": "Measurement of endocardial viability ratio (E.V.R.) during anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Since sub-endocardial ischemia is the consequence of a discrepancy between the blood demand and supply of oxygen at this level, the study of the myocardial performance by the measurement of the endocardial viability ratio (E.V.R.) is both useful and possible during anesthesia. E.V.R. is the ratio between the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium. It is equal to the diastolic pressure time index (D.P.T.I.) over the tension time index (T.T.I.). Measurements are made at different times, by means of the arterial pressure and the left atrial pressure, as well as with the Datascope-E.V.R. Computer. During gradual morphine administration (0.5-1-1.5 mg/kg) and if no major surgical stress occurs, E.V.R. remains excellent and stable (1.46 - 1.48 - 1.43). It deteriorates more or less (1.29 - 1.09) during tachycardia or hypertension. Within the hour following the end of extracorporeal circulation, E.V.R. significantly improves (1.04 - 1.06 - 1.09 - 1.23). Although E.V.R. measurement is easy during cardiac surgery, it is impossible to carry out in case of arrhythmia. While morphine anesthesia induces no variation in E.V.R., tachycardia or hypertension require the addition of therapeutic drug. Within one hour following the end of extra-corporeal circulation, E.V.R. measurement shows improved endocardial viability, although the hemodynamic parameters undergo no significant change.", "PMID": 751439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8555", "title": "Severe burn cases : a tentative analysis of the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological data.", "content": "We have computerized the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological data of 140 serious burn cases, hospitalized in our intensive care unit (I.C.U.). The most relevant conclusions are : Epidemiology : it is imperative to exert a prophylactic action against domestic burns through scalds and explosions. Clinic : the most frequent cause of death, during the phases of sept icemia, is cardiac failure. Lung burns significantly increase the mortality rate and they are impossible to codify in the classical systems of burn descriptions. Bacteriology : preventive antibiotic therapy determines, after three days, the strains which resist the usual antibiotics. An antibiotic loses some of its effect when used intensively in reanimation care. We express our concern with regard to the efficiency of antibiotic therapy in intensive care. We suggest to try and standardize data collection, so that multi-centre studies may help to increase the efficiency of their processing.", "contents": "Severe burn cases : a tentative analysis of the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological data. We have computerized the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological data of 140 serious burn cases, hospitalized in our intensive care unit (I.C.U.). The most relevant conclusions are : Epidemiology : it is imperative to exert a prophylactic action against domestic burns through scalds and explosions. Clinic : the most frequent cause of death, during the phases of sept icemia, is cardiac failure. Lung burns significantly increase the mortality rate and they are impossible to codify in the classical systems of burn descriptions. Bacteriology : preventive antibiotic therapy determines, after three days, the strains which resist the usual antibiotics. An antibiotic loses some of its effect when used intensively in reanimation care. We express our concern with regard to the efficiency of antibiotic therapy in intensive care. We suggest to try and standardize data collection, so that multi-centre studies may help to increase the efficiency of their processing.", "PMID": 751440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8556", "title": "Role of intracellular calcium in the phasic and tonic contractions of stomach smooth muscles.", "content": "The double sucrose gap is used to study the role of Ca-ions in the electromechanical coupling in the phasic and tonic contractions in the different parts of cat stomach. Extracellular Ca2+ is of primary importance in the activation of the tonic contractions. The regulation of the muscle tone under the action of external stimuli is achieved through gradual changes in the Ca-permeability of the cell membrane. Of primary significance for the activation of the phasic contractions is Ca which is released from the intracellular stores. The Ca2+-influx during the action potential results in additional modelation of the intensity of phasic contractions as well as to a re-charging of the intracellular Ca-depots. It is assumed that the differences in the mechanisms of activation of phasic and tonic contractions result not only from the specificities of membrane control but also from definite differences in the organization of the intracellular systems responsible for these contractions.", "contents": "Role of intracellular calcium in the phasic and tonic contractions of stomach smooth muscles. The double sucrose gap is used to study the role of Ca-ions in the electromechanical coupling in the phasic and tonic contractions in the different parts of cat stomach. Extracellular Ca2+ is of primary importance in the activation of the tonic contractions. The regulation of the muscle tone under the action of external stimuli is achieved through gradual changes in the Ca-permeability of the cell membrane. Of primary significance for the activation of the phasic contractions is Ca which is released from the intracellular stores. The Ca2+-influx during the action potential results in additional modelation of the intensity of phasic contractions as well as to a re-charging of the intracellular Ca-depots. It is assumed that the differences in the mechanisms of activation of phasic and tonic contractions result not only from the specificities of membrane control but also from definite differences in the organization of the intracellular systems responsible for these contractions.", "PMID": 751447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8557", "title": "Effect of subacute intoxication with some heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and metabolism.", "content": "In experiments on albino rats it is found that cobaltous dichloride, cadmium nitrate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and lead acetate, applied subcutaneously for 7 days, potentiate hexobarbital anaesthesia, while mercury dichloride and iron dichloride have no effect on it. A higher hexobarbital content is found in the blood serum of rats, treated with cobaltous dichloride, cadmium nitrate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and lead acetate, compared with the control animals. Treatment for 7 days with cobalt dichloride, cadmium nitrate, copper sulphate and nickel sulphate inhibits the activity of the liver microsomal hexobarbital-oxidizing enzyme system. The prolonged hexobarbital sleep in rats subjected to subacute intoxication with cobalt, cadmium, nickel, copper and lead is probably due to a considerable extent to the inhibition of the hexobarbital metabolism by these metals.", "contents": "Effect of subacute intoxication with some heavy metals on hexobarbital sleep and metabolism. In experiments on albino rats it is found that cobaltous dichloride, cadmium nitrate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and lead acetate, applied subcutaneously for 7 days, potentiate hexobarbital anaesthesia, while mercury dichloride and iron dichloride have no effect on it. A higher hexobarbital content is found in the blood serum of rats, treated with cobaltous dichloride, cadmium nitrate, nickel sulphate, copper sulphate and lead acetate, compared with the control animals. Treatment for 7 days with cobalt dichloride, cadmium nitrate, copper sulphate and nickel sulphate inhibits the activity of the liver microsomal hexobarbital-oxidizing enzyme system. The prolonged hexobarbital sleep in rats subjected to subacute intoxication with cobalt, cadmium, nickel, copper and lead is probably due to a considerable extent to the inhibition of the hexobarbital metabolism by these metals.", "PMID": 751449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8558", "title": "Discharge frequency of the motor units in human muscles under different stationary isometric tension, investigated by a new method.", "content": "A new method has been worked out for selective recording of the impulses of individual MU under high muscular efforts. It is suggested to use the EMG derivatives (the differentiated EMG-DEMG and the double differentiated EMG-DDEMG and possibly the higher derivatives). It was demonstrated that at different stationary isometric tensions the dependence between the discharge frequency and the tension may be linear or non-linear, with a bigger growth at the small efforts and a smaller growth at the big efforts. The inverse non-linearity--sharp rise of the frequency at the high efforts--was not established. Conformation was found for the possibility of distinguishing between two types of MU according to the type of this dependence.", "contents": "Discharge frequency of the motor units in human muscles under different stationary isometric tension, investigated by a new method. A new method has been worked out for selective recording of the impulses of individual MU under high muscular efforts. It is suggested to use the EMG derivatives (the differentiated EMG-DEMG and the double differentiated EMG-DDEMG and possibly the higher derivatives). It was demonstrated that at different stationary isometric tensions the dependence between the discharge frequency and the tension may be linear or non-linear, with a bigger growth at the small efforts and a smaller growth at the big efforts. The inverse non-linearity--sharp rise of the frequency at the high efforts--was not established. Conformation was found for the possibility of distinguishing between two types of MU according to the type of this dependence.", "PMID": 751450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8559", "title": "On certain effects of dopaminergic agents in pentylenetetrazol convulsions.", "content": "In experiments with pentylenetetrazol convulsion model it has been found that L-DOPA in a dose of 50 mg/kg has no influence, while 500 mg/kg potentiate convulsions. Amantadine in a dose of 25 mg/kg and particularly markedly in a dose of 100 mg/kg potentaites convulsive seizures. Amphetamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg has no effect, while 5 mg/kg potentiate convulsive seizures, which is particularly pronounced in mice. Apomorphine in doses of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg has no marked effect on convulsions. Haloperidol in doses of 0.2 and 2 mg/kg does not have a pronounced effect on convulsive-seizure reactions and does not influence the effect of L-DOPA and amantadine on these reactions. The results obtained suggested a rather indirect effect of the dopaminergic system on convulsive-seizure reactivity. It is possible that the effects of some of the dopaminergic agents studied are realized through influencing the relationships between the dopaminergic system and other neurotransmitter systems (especially cholinergic, GABA-ergic and serotonin-ergic).", "contents": "On certain effects of dopaminergic agents in pentylenetetrazol convulsions. In experiments with pentylenetetrazol convulsion model it has been found that L-DOPA in a dose of 50 mg/kg has no influence, while 500 mg/kg potentiate convulsions. Amantadine in a dose of 25 mg/kg and particularly markedly in a dose of 100 mg/kg potentaites convulsive seizures. Amphetamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg has no effect, while 5 mg/kg potentiate convulsive seizures, which is particularly pronounced in mice. Apomorphine in doses of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg has no marked effect on convulsions. Haloperidol in doses of 0.2 and 2 mg/kg does not have a pronounced effect on convulsive-seizure reactions and does not influence the effect of L-DOPA and amantadine on these reactions. The results obtained suggested a rather indirect effect of the dopaminergic system on convulsive-seizure reactivity. It is possible that the effects of some of the dopaminergic agents studied are realized through influencing the relationships between the dopaminergic system and other neurotransmitter systems (especially cholinergic, GABA-ergic and serotonin-ergic).", "PMID": 751452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8560", "title": "Cu2+-effects on mitochondrial resistance to sodium deoxycholate.", "content": "The effect of the preincubation of mitochondria with different doses of Cu2+ on the action of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was studied. The amount of protein released from mitochondria upon their treatment with Cu2+ as an indice for the intactness of mitochondria was studied, too. On the account of Cu2+-influence on the level of mitochondrial SH groups Cu2+-effects on the action of DOC were compared with those of a thiol reagent p-chlormercuribenzoate (p-CMB). The results obtained show the following: Cu2+ in doses higher than 20 nmoles/mg protein induces conformational changes in mitochondrial membranes becoming more pronounced over 100 nmoles Cu2+/mg protein. These changes increase mitochondrial resistance to the action of DOC. Cu2+ in doses up to 100 nmoles/mg protein depending on the protein concentration of the suspension provokes a release of lower or higher amounts of protein from mitochondria. The higher resistance of mitochondria to DOC, as well as the release of protein from mitochondria after Cu2+-incubation are not due to mercaptide binding of SH groups as p-CMB does not affect these parameters.", "contents": "Cu2+-effects on mitochondrial resistance to sodium deoxycholate. The effect of the preincubation of mitochondria with different doses of Cu2+ on the action of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was studied. The amount of protein released from mitochondria upon their treatment with Cu2+ as an indice for the intactness of mitochondria was studied, too. On the account of Cu2+-influence on the level of mitochondrial SH groups Cu2+-effects on the action of DOC were compared with those of a thiol reagent p-chlormercuribenzoate (p-CMB). The results obtained show the following: Cu2+ in doses higher than 20 nmoles/mg protein induces conformational changes in mitochondrial membranes becoming more pronounced over 100 nmoles Cu2+/mg protein. These changes increase mitochondrial resistance to the action of DOC. Cu2+ in doses up to 100 nmoles/mg protein depending on the protein concentration of the suspension provokes a release of lower or higher amounts of protein from mitochondria. The higher resistance of mitochondria to DOC, as well as the release of protein from mitochondria after Cu2+-incubation are not due to mercaptide binding of SH groups as p-CMB does not affect these parameters.", "PMID": 751453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8561", "title": "Perception of orientation of short lines: its dependence on line's length and intensity.", "content": "The threshold intensity necessary for correct identification of orientation of a briefly presented line was measured as a function of line's lenght and number of possible orientations (2 orientations differing by 90 degrees, 4 differing by 45 degrees, and 8 differing by 22.5 degrees). The thresholds were the same for 2, 4 and 8 orientations when the lines were longer than 20 min of arc. On the contrary, in the case of short lines, the correct report of 8 orientations required much more intensive stimulation than the report of 2 orientations. The discrimination of small differences in orientation of short lines involves additional processes to those for their detection and coarse perception of their orientation.", "contents": "Perception of orientation of short lines: its dependence on line's length and intensity. The threshold intensity necessary for correct identification of orientation of a briefly presented line was measured as a function of line's lenght and number of possible orientations (2 orientations differing by 90 degrees, 4 differing by 45 degrees, and 8 differing by 22.5 degrees). The thresholds were the same for 2, 4 and 8 orientations when the lines were longer than 20 min of arc. On the contrary, in the case of short lines, the correct report of 8 orientations required much more intensive stimulation than the report of 2 orientations. The discrimination of small differences in orientation of short lines involves additional processes to those for their detection and coarse perception of their orientation.", "PMID": 751454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8562", "title": "[The concept of depression. Evolution of thoughts from Kraepelin until today (author's transl)].", "content": "Our concept of depression have been profondly modified during these last decennies. The work of Kraepelin keeps an interest more than historical. By proposing a medical model for thymic troubles, he has opened the avenue for genetic and biochemical research which will confirm or not the nosology based on clinical investigations. Other models have been proposed for affective troubles : psychodynamic, ethological and experimental models. It is not yet possible to make a synthesis integrating psychological and biological parameters.", "contents": "[The concept of depression. Evolution of thoughts from Kraepelin until today (author's transl)]. Our concept of depression have been profondly modified during these last decennies. The work of Kraepelin keeps an interest more than historical. By proposing a medical model for thymic troubles, he has opened the avenue for genetic and biochemical research which will confirm or not the nosology based on clinical investigations. Other models have been proposed for affective troubles : psychodynamic, ethological and experimental models. It is not yet possible to make a synthesis integrating psychological and biological parameters.", "PMID": 751465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8563", "title": "[The place of psychopharmacology in the treatment of depressions (author's transl)].", "content": "The great strides science has made in the field of pharmacology, on the one hand, and the refinement of numerous psychotherapeutic techniques, on the otherhand, provides the psychiatrist with efficient means to not only fight but also cure depressive illness. In certain cases electroconvulsive shock therapy performed under anaesthesia and under cover of a myoplegic remains nevertheless a necessity. This possibility must always be considered as it is not harmful to the patient.", "contents": "[The place of psychopharmacology in the treatment of depressions (author's transl)]. The great strides science has made in the field of pharmacology, on the one hand, and the refinement of numerous psychotherapeutic techniques, on the otherhand, provides the psychiatrist with efficient means to not only fight but also cure depressive illness. In certain cases electroconvulsive shock therapy performed under anaesthesia and under cover of a myoplegic remains nevertheless a necessity. This possibility must always be considered as it is not harmful to the patient.", "PMID": 751467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8564", "title": "The diagnosis and classification of depressions.", "content": "The International Calassification of Diseases and other contemporary classifications of depression are discussed, together with some general and practical classification problems. Unambiguous operational criteria need to be used for establishing diagnostic validity and comparability. There is widespread agreement on the distinction between Type A and Type B depressions and between unipolar and bipolar illness.", "contents": "The diagnosis and classification of depressions. The International Calassification of Diseases and other contemporary classifications of depression are discussed, together with some general and practical classification problems. Unambiguous operational criteria need to be used for establishing diagnostic validity and comparability. There is widespread agreement on the distinction between Type A and Type B depressions and between unipolar and bipolar illness.", "PMID": 751466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8565", "title": "Allergy to pollen from different deciduous trees in Sweden. An investigation with skin tests, provocation tests and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in springtime hay fever patients.", "content": "92 adult patients with springtime allergy were investigated with skin tests, provocation tests and the RAST. Allergen extracts from 12 different deciduous trees were used. Positive reactions, often of high intensity, were most often found with birch, alder, bog-myrtle, beech and hazel allergens whereas oak, aspen, linden, elm, sallow, maple and poplar allergens more often gave negative or only weak positive test results. Cross sensitizations were found between botanically related as well as between less related species of the trees. Almost all patients with a clinically relevant tree pollen allergy had positive provocation tests with birch pollen. No patient had positive reactions to all the 12 allergens included in the study. 68% had positive provocation tests with the combination birch, alder and hazel. It is concluded that for diagnostic screening purposes it is sufficient to use birch pollen allergen. If the majority of relevant tree pollens are to be included in a diagnostic or therapeutic programme in Western Sweden it should contain birch, alder, hazel, beech and bog-myrtle allergens.", "contents": "Allergy to pollen from different deciduous trees in Sweden. An investigation with skin tests, provocation tests and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in springtime hay fever patients. 92 adult patients with springtime allergy were investigated with skin tests, provocation tests and the RAST. Allergen extracts from 12 different deciduous trees were used. Positive reactions, often of high intensity, were most often found with birch, alder, bog-myrtle, beech and hazel allergens whereas oak, aspen, linden, elm, sallow, maple and poplar allergens more often gave negative or only weak positive test results. Cross sensitizations were found between botanically related as well as between less related species of the trees. Almost all patients with a clinically relevant tree pollen allergy had positive provocation tests with birch pollen. No patient had positive reactions to all the 12 allergens included in the study. 68% had positive provocation tests with the combination birch, alder and hazel. It is concluded that for diagnostic screening purposes it is sufficient to use birch pollen allergen. If the majority of relevant tree pollens are to be included in a diagnostic or therapeutic programme in Western Sweden it should contain birch, alder, hazel, beech and bog-myrtle allergens.", "PMID": 751527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8566", "title": "The significance of nasal protease inhibitor concentrations in house dust allergy.", "content": "In 57 patients with house dust allergy and 20 controls protease inhibitor concentrations in nasal secretions were measured before and after antigen challenge. A correlation was found between low inhibitor levels and long duration of disease. Furthermore, significant differences of inhibitor concentrations could be demonstrated between patients with strong or moderate reactions to antigen provocation, and between patients with isolated rhinitis or a combination of rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The clinical significance of the results will be discussed with special regard to different biochemical mechanisms in the pathophysiology of seasonal and perennial immediate-type rhinitis.", "contents": "The significance of nasal protease inhibitor concentrations in house dust allergy. In 57 patients with house dust allergy and 20 controls protease inhibitor concentrations in nasal secretions were measured before and after antigen challenge. A correlation was found between low inhibitor levels and long duration of disease. Furthermore, significant differences of inhibitor concentrations could be demonstrated between patients with strong or moderate reactions to antigen provocation, and between patients with isolated rhinitis or a combination of rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The clinical significance of the results will be discussed with special regard to different biochemical mechanisms in the pathophysiology of seasonal and perennial immediate-type rhinitis.", "PMID": 751528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8567", "title": "Prevention of experimental anaphylactic ulcer by antigen prefeeding.", "content": "Studies were performed in animals to establish whether antigen prefeeding could present homocytotropic antibody synthesis and the induction of gastric ulcer resulting from mucosal anaphylaxis. A single digestive exposure to 1 or 10 mg ovalbumin induced a state of specific immunologic tolerance. Inhibition of the formation of specific reagins was shown by the study of mast cell degranulation. Tolerant animals presented a reduced incidence of gastric ulcer after subsequent mucosal challenge. These results are important for the development of methods of prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.", "contents": "Prevention of experimental anaphylactic ulcer by antigen prefeeding. Studies were performed in animals to establish whether antigen prefeeding could present homocytotropic antibody synthesis and the induction of gastric ulcer resulting from mucosal anaphylaxis. A single digestive exposure to 1 or 10 mg ovalbumin induced a state of specific immunologic tolerance. Inhibition of the formation of specific reagins was shown by the study of mast cell degranulation. Tolerant animals presented a reduced incidence of gastric ulcer after subsequent mucosal challenge. These results are important for the development of methods of prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.", "PMID": 751529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8568", "title": "Polymorphism of A, B and C loci of lactate dehydrogenase in european fish species of the Cyprinidae family.", "content": "In 24 fish species of the Cyprinidae family, belonging to 21 genera, isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined, which could be classified in the majority of cases into 3 main groups. Isoenzyme patterns in natural hybrids of roach and rudd, roach and bream, roach and bleak were also analysed. In bitterling, polymorphism was observed in B locus of LDH. In white bream polymorphism exists in the A locus. In bream, rudd, silver carp and barbel polymorphism was found in C loci. Isoenzyme patterns indicate that in each case the polymorphism is genetically controlled by two alleles at a single locus. The populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences were found in the activity of liver LDH in various polymorphic types of C loci of bream and rudd.", "contents": "Polymorphism of A, B and C loci of lactate dehydrogenase in european fish species of the Cyprinidae family. In 24 fish species of the Cyprinidae family, belonging to 21 genera, isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined, which could be classified in the majority of cases into 3 main groups. Isoenzyme patterns in natural hybrids of roach and rudd, roach and bream, roach and bleak were also analysed. In bitterling, polymorphism was observed in B locus of LDH. In white bream polymorphism exists in the A locus. In bream, rudd, silver carp and barbel polymorphism was found in C loci. Isoenzyme patterns indicate that in each case the polymorphism is genetically controlled by two alleles at a single locus. The populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences were found in the activity of liver LDH in various polymorphic types of C loci of bream and rudd.", "PMID": 751530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8569", "title": "The hemopexin locus: its assignment to linkage group I in the laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and evidence for a fourth allele.", "content": "The hemopexin locus phenotypes were determined for 450 animals with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the presence of a fourth allele at this locus was revealed. Of the 19 mating types segregating at this locus, 17 demonstrated segregation ratios consistent with the hypothesis of a four allele, codominant, autosomal system. Studies of three of our largest inbreeding lines indicated that fixation at this locus has occurred in two of them. Linkage studies showed that the Hx locus is located between the color locus, c, and the Hq blood group locus; therefore it is assigned to Linkage Group I of the rabbit.", "contents": "The hemopexin locus: its assignment to linkage group I in the laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and evidence for a fourth allele. The hemopexin locus phenotypes were determined for 450 animals with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the presence of a fourth allele at this locus was revealed. Of the 19 mating types segregating at this locus, 17 demonstrated segregation ratios consistent with the hypothesis of a four allele, codominant, autosomal system. Studies of three of our largest inbreeding lines indicated that fixation at this locus has occurred in two of them. Linkage studies showed that the Hx locus is located between the color locus, c, and the Hq blood group locus; therefore it is assigned to Linkage Group I of the rabbit.", "PMID": 751531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8570", "title": "NADH diaphorase as a genetic marker for sheep red cells.", "content": "Three NADH diaphorase phenotypes were observed in the red cells of sheep. Breeding data indicated that this polymorphism was under the control of two autosomal codominant alleles, designated DiaF and DiaS. Phenotype Dia F had significantly lower NADH diaphorase activity than phenotype Dia S. The frequency of DiaF and DiaS was determined in 9 different breeds.", "contents": "NADH diaphorase as a genetic marker for sheep red cells. Three NADH diaphorase phenotypes were observed in the red cells of sheep. Breeding data indicated that this polymorphism was under the control of two autosomal codominant alleles, designated DiaF and DiaS. Phenotype Dia F had significantly lower NADH diaphorase activity than phenotype Dia S. The frequency of DiaF and DiaS was determined in 9 different breeds.", "PMID": 751532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8571", "title": "Close linkage between the albumin and Gc loci in the horse.", "content": "Evidence for close linkage between the structural loci for albumin and Gc protein in the horse was presented. A recombination frequency (c) of 0.009 +/- 0.006 (95% confidence limits: 0.001 less than c less than 0.032) was estimated. These results were based on a study of a large sire family comprising 223 offspring from informative matings. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed in one horse population studied.", "contents": "Close linkage between the albumin and Gc loci in the horse. Evidence for close linkage between the structural loci for albumin and Gc protein in the horse was presented. A recombination frequency (c) of 0.009 +/- 0.006 (95% confidence limits: 0.001 less than c less than 0.032) was estimated. These results were based on a study of a large sire family comprising 223 offspring from informative matings. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed in one horse population studied.", "PMID": 751533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8572", "title": "Protein polymorphism and genic variation in a population of the loach Cobitis delicata.", "content": "Hemoglobin, non-enzymatic and enzymatic muscle proteins of the loach Cobitis delicata were examined electrophoretically. Eleven proteins were shown to be under control by 20 loci. Only two loci were defined as polymorphic and 14 loci were completely monomorphic. Estimated average heterozygosity over all 20 loci was 0.011 in the loach population.", "contents": "Protein polymorphism and genic variation in a population of the loach Cobitis delicata. Hemoglobin, non-enzymatic and enzymatic muscle proteins of the loach Cobitis delicata were examined electrophoretically. Eleven proteins were shown to be under control by 20 loci. Only two loci were defined as polymorphic and 14 loci were completely monomorphic. Estimated average heterozygosity over all 20 loci was 0.011 in the loach population.", "PMID": 751535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8573", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase electrophoretic patterns of the loach Cobitis biwae.", "content": "Phosphoglucomutase of two groups of the loach Cobitis biwae, a fresh-water teleost, was examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Some of the fishes had six-banded electrophoretic patterns not observed in other loach species (e.g. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cobitis delicata). The complexity of the pattern is explainable by an assumption that the loaches are tetraploid fishes. The result suggests that a diploid-tetraploid relationship exists within the species Cobitis biwae.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase electrophoretic patterns of the loach Cobitis biwae. Phosphoglucomutase of two groups of the loach Cobitis biwae, a fresh-water teleost, was examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Some of the fishes had six-banded electrophoretic patterns not observed in other loach species (e.g. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cobitis delicata). The complexity of the pattern is explainable by an assumption that the loaches are tetraploid fishes. The result suggests that a diploid-tetraploid relationship exists within the species Cobitis biwae.", "PMID": 751536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8574", "title": "[Effects of mode of food sterilization on mineral absorption in germ-free and conventional rats].", "content": "Min\u00e9ral balances of P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe and Cu were determined for three groups of holoxenic rats (CV) fed a non sterilized (CVN), steamsterilized (CVA) or irradiated (CVI) diet and for two groups of axenic (GF) rats fed a steam-sterilized (GFA) or irradiated (GFI) diet. In the group of CV rats as compared to CVN group of rats, the CVA and CVI rats retained less Cu and more Fe and Mn, their urinary excretion of P and Mg was higher and they retained less Mg. Comparison between CV and GF rats showed that the apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu were higher in GF than in CV rats. On the contrary, the apparent absorption of Na and K was lower in GF than in CV rats. However, the observed differences were modified by the mode of diet sterilization. Thus, with respect to the apparent absorption of Na, K, Mn and urinary excretion of Mg, the differences between CV and GF rats were larger when the diet was irradiated than when it was steam-sterilized. On the contrary, the apparent digestibility and urinary excretion of Mg, the apparent absorption and retention of Fe were more modified when the diet was steam-sterilized than when irradiated. For some parameters of the metabolism of Na, K, Fe, Mn, Mg, and P measured in GF rats, the differences observed between GFA and GFI rats were larger than in CV rats. Accordingly, the mode of sterilization is liable to modify the metabolism of some minerals and the microbial flora of the digestive tract is capable of modifying this action.", "contents": "[Effects of mode of food sterilization on mineral absorption in germ-free and conventional rats]. Min\u00e9ral balances of P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe and Cu were determined for three groups of holoxenic rats (CV) fed a non sterilized (CVN), steamsterilized (CVA) or irradiated (CVI) diet and for two groups of axenic (GF) rats fed a steam-sterilized (GFA) or irradiated (GFI) diet. In the group of CV rats as compared to CVN group of rats, the CVA and CVI rats retained less Cu and more Fe and Mn, their urinary excretion of P and Mg was higher and they retained less Mg. Comparison between CV and GF rats showed that the apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu were higher in GF than in CV rats. On the contrary, the apparent absorption of Na and K was lower in GF than in CV rats. However, the observed differences were modified by the mode of diet sterilization. Thus, with respect to the apparent absorption of Na, K, Mn and urinary excretion of Mg, the differences between CV and GF rats were larger when the diet was irradiated than when it was steam-sterilized. On the contrary, the apparent digestibility and urinary excretion of Mg, the apparent absorption and retention of Fe were more modified when the diet was steam-sterilized than when irradiated. For some parameters of the metabolism of Na, K, Fe, Mn, Mg, and P measured in GF rats, the differences observed between GFA and GFI rats were larger than in CV rats. Accordingly, the mode of sterilization is liable to modify the metabolism of some minerals and the microbial flora of the digestive tract is capable of modifying this action.", "PMID": 751548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8575", "title": "[Choice of bread].", "content": "Bread can vary according to the flours used, extraction rate of fermentation methods, but the wast majority of French people usually consume white bread made with wheat flour. Size more than composition is the main criterion in the choice of bread. The choice of loaves with a large diameter corresponds to the traditional consumer in rural areas, but the general tendency is in favour of long loaves with a maximum of crust. This shape is more related to the qualities sought by consumers who want a \"light\", \"crusty\", well-baked (golden brown) loaf. Thus they are more interested in the consistency than in the taste, as bread is now only an accessory to a well-flavoured dish. Despite the large drop in the consumption of bread, this search for a good consistency is strong enough to justify quite frequently a detour to a baker whose quality of bread is better. However, this desire for quality does not seem to lead to a larger individual consumption. For various reasons, since the beginning of this century, man has lost his \"taste for bread\" and any improvement in the \"taste of bread\" would not be sufficient to make him find it again.", "contents": "[Choice of bread]. Bread can vary according to the flours used, extraction rate of fermentation methods, but the wast majority of French people usually consume white bread made with wheat flour. Size more than composition is the main criterion in the choice of bread. The choice of loaves with a large diameter corresponds to the traditional consumer in rural areas, but the general tendency is in favour of long loaves with a maximum of crust. This shape is more related to the qualities sought by consumers who want a \"light\", \"crusty\", well-baked (golden brown) loaf. Thus they are more interested in the consistency than in the taste, as bread is now only an accessory to a well-flavoured dish. Despite the large drop in the consumption of bread, this search for a good consistency is strong enough to justify quite frequently a detour to a baker whose quality of bread is better. However, this desire for quality does not seem to lead to a larger individual consumption. For various reasons, since the beginning of this century, man has lost his \"taste for bread\" and any improvement in the \"taste of bread\" would not be sufficient to make him find it again.", "PMID": 751549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8576", "title": "[Thyroid gland carcinomas. Statistical study of 79 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with 79 adult patients treated for thyroid cancer. The authors study different parameters of these cancers, particularly sex and age, circumstances of discovery and histological distribution. The state precisely their operative procedure and arguments on account of total thyroidectomy.", "contents": "[Thyroid gland carcinomas. Statistical study of 79 cases (author's transl)]. Experience with 79 adult patients treated for thyroid cancer. The authors study different parameters of these cancers, particularly sex and age, circumstances of discovery and histological distribution. The state precisely their operative procedure and arguments on account of total thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 751561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8577", "title": "[Partial surgery of carcinomas of the glottis. Results and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a computerized study of the prognosis of 132 cases of carcinoma of the glottis treated by vertical, partial surgery and seen over a period of 1 to 15 years at the Laennec Hospital. After defining the percentage survival at 3.5 in 10 years, the authors studied the causes of death and showed that, after 5 years, it is still deaths due to malignant recurrence which influenced the vital prognosis. These local, lymphnode and metastatic oncological failures are subsequently analyzed on the basis of clinical, surgical and histological parameters as well as in terms of the course of the disease. Such analysis makes it possible to draw the distinction between local recurrence and a second local tumor localization, and pulmonary metastases from a second pulmonary localization. Finally, the prevention of rare lymphnode recurrences is considered in terms of specific surgery for this purpose.", "contents": "[Partial surgery of carcinomas of the glottis. Results and prognosis (author's transl)]. The authors present a computerized study of the prognosis of 132 cases of carcinoma of the glottis treated by vertical, partial surgery and seen over a period of 1 to 15 years at the Laennec Hospital. After defining the percentage survival at 3.5 in 10 years, the authors studied the causes of death and showed that, after 5 years, it is still deaths due to malignant recurrence which influenced the vital prognosis. These local, lymphnode and metastatic oncological failures are subsequently analyzed on the basis of clinical, surgical and histological parameters as well as in terms of the course of the disease. Such analysis makes it possible to draw the distinction between local recurrence and a second local tumor localization, and pulmonary metastases from a second pulmonary localization. Finally, the prevention of rare lymphnode recurrences is considered in terms of specific surgery for this purpose.", "PMID": 751562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8578", "title": "[Topographical diagnosis of facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Topographical diagnosis using Schirmer's test and measurement of the stapes reflex was carried out in a series of 45 cases of Bell's palsy. The aim of this study was to define the exact location of the nerve lesion in order to guide the possible choice of surgical decompression of the facial nerve. The authors noted the existence of a geniculate or suprageniculate lesion in 62% of cases. A study of the literature shows marked disagreement between the various publications. This leads to discussion of the value and interpretation of topographical tests.", "contents": "[Topographical diagnosis of facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) (author's transl)]. Topographical diagnosis using Schirmer's test and measurement of the stapes reflex was carried out in a series of 45 cases of Bell's palsy. The aim of this study was to define the exact location of the nerve lesion in order to guide the possible choice of surgical decompression of the facial nerve. The authors noted the existence of a geniculate or suprageniculate lesion in 62% of cases. A study of the literature shows marked disagreement between the various publications. This leads to discussion of the value and interpretation of topographical tests.", "PMID": 751563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8579", "title": "[Facial nerve tumors: three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The first one is a neurofibroma associated with a Charcot-Marie Tooth's disease involving all the tympanic segment of the facial nerve: extirpation and graft. Improvement of facial motricity to 42%. The second one is a small Schwannoma lateral to tympanic segment: extirpation without paralysis. The third is a large Schawannoma of the tympanic masto\u00efd segments involving the facial nerve to its division in the parotid gland, and with a limited extension in the cerebello-pontine angle. Extirpation and graft. Discussion and recent bibliography.", "contents": "[Facial nerve tumors: three cases (author's transl)]. The first one is a neurofibroma associated with a Charcot-Marie Tooth's disease involving all the tympanic segment of the facial nerve: extirpation and graft. Improvement of facial motricity to 42%. The second one is a small Schwannoma lateral to tympanic segment: extirpation without paralysis. The third is a large Schawannoma of the tympanic masto\u00efd segments involving the facial nerve to its division in the parotid gland, and with a limited extension in the cerebello-pontine angle. Extirpation and graft. Discussion and recent bibliography.", "PMID": 751564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8580", "title": "[Scintigraphy with Technetium 99. Picture of hot nodule on cancerous nodule (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors explain a new case of discordance between scintigraphy with Technetium 99 and Iodin 131. Medullary carninoma with appearance of hot nodule with Technetium and cold with Iodin.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy with Technetium 99. Picture of hot nodule on cancerous nodule (author's transl)]. The authors explain a new case of discordance between scintigraphy with Technetium 99 and Iodin 131. Medullary carninoma with appearance of hot nodule with Technetium and cold with Iodin.", "PMID": 751565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8581", "title": "[Hemangiopericytoma of the parotid in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "A very rare case of localization in a large salivary gland (parotid) of a hemangiopericytoma in a 9 and 1/2 year old child. Detailed and discussed histopathological examinations resulted in a diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma (N\u00e9zelof, G\u00e9rard-Marchant). Despite wide excision by parotidectomy, there was a local recurrence two years later.", "contents": "[Hemangiopericytoma of the parotid in the child (author's transl)]. A very rare case of localization in a large salivary gland (parotid) of a hemangiopericytoma in a 9 and 1/2 year old child. Detailed and discussed histopathological examinations resulted in a diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma (N\u00e9zelof, G\u00e9rard-Marchant). Despite wide excision by parotidectomy, there was a local recurrence two years later.", "PMID": 751566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8582", "title": "[Jugulo-carotid glomus and false glomus tumors. Three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A carotid glomus is, classically, a firm, non-pulsatile tumor situated just behind the carotid bifurcation. Erreurs are possible: -- the tumor may be pulsatile, -- the site impossible to define if the tumor is large. Carotid arteriography is essential, in the case of a glomus tumor showing widening of the carotid bifurcation. Treatment is surgical, with possible ablation or reconstruction of the carotid axis. Such surgery must be performed in a specialized centre.", "contents": "[Jugulo-carotid glomus and false glomus tumors. Three cases (author's transl)]. A carotid glomus is, classically, a firm, non-pulsatile tumor situated just behind the carotid bifurcation. Erreurs are possible: -- the tumor may be pulsatile, -- the site impossible to define if the tumor is large. Carotid arteriography is essential, in the case of a glomus tumor showing widening of the carotid bifurcation. Treatment is surgical, with possible ablation or reconstruction of the carotid axis. Such surgery must be performed in a specialized centre.", "PMID": 751567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8583", "title": "[Specific ENT involvement in a case of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 78 year old man with an unusual localization (soft palate and tonsil) of an angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Clinically, the syndrome combines fever, a marked change in general condition, multiple lymphadenopathy and skin rash. From a laboratory standpoint, the picture is dominated by polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, often associated with a hemolytic anemia. Histologically, only lymphnode biopsy allows the diagnosis to be made, with the following findings: disruption of the normal architecture of the node, marked vascular neogenesis, presence of acidophilic interstitial substance, lympho-plasmo-immunoblastic proliferation. The course is in general rapidly fatal despite corticosteroids and multiple chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Specific ENT involvement in a case of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 78 year old man with an unusual localization (soft palate and tonsil) of an angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Clinically, the syndrome combines fever, a marked change in general condition, multiple lymphadenopathy and skin rash. From a laboratory standpoint, the picture is dominated by polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, often associated with a hemolytic anemia. Histologically, only lymphnode biopsy allows the diagnosis to be made, with the following findings: disruption of the normal architecture of the node, marked vascular neogenesis, presence of acidophilic interstitial substance, lympho-plasmo-immunoblastic proliferation. The course is in general rapidly fatal despite corticosteroids and multiple chemotherapy.", "PMID": 751568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8584", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the dogfish mature egg-capsule gland zones secreting proteic and glycoproteic material (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the zones (D, E, F1) of a dogfish mature egg-shell gland secreting proteic and glycoproteic material brings evidence of a wide range of secretions. Besides the two types of grain found in each of the two zones D and E (respectively spiralled and heterogeneous) a second type of heterogeneous grain as well as a fourth one composed of tiny dense particles are present in zone E. A fifth type of grain is revealed in zone F1. The Golgi apparatus is undoubtly involved in the formation of F1 grains and of both heterogeneous grains, but seems to be irrelevant to zone E secretion of dense grains. As regards spiralled grains there is no evidence of the first stage of their formation in the mature gland. After this first ultrastructural study, the grains specifically involved in the formation of the collagenic protein cannot yet be positively identified.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the dogfish mature egg-capsule gland zones secreting proteic and glycoproteic material (author's transl)]. The ultrastructural study of the zones (D, E, F1) of a dogfish mature egg-shell gland secreting proteic and glycoproteic material brings evidence of a wide range of secretions. Besides the two types of grain found in each of the two zones D and E (respectively spiralled and heterogeneous) a second type of heterogeneous grain as well as a fourth one composed of tiny dense particles are present in zone E. A fifth type of grain is revealed in zone F1. The Golgi apparatus is undoubtly involved in the formation of F1 grains and of both heterogeneous grains, but seems to be irrelevant to zone E secretion of dense grains. As regards spiralled grains there is no evidence of the first stage of their formation in the mature gland. After this first ultrastructural study, the grains specifically involved in the formation of the collagenic protein cannot yet be positively identified.", "PMID": 751570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8585", "title": "[Role of the mesenchyme in the fusion of palatine shelves (author's transl)].", "content": "Na2 35SO4 was either injected to pregnant mice or added to a \"Wolff and Haffen\" culture medium. In various experiments, palatine shelves and half-lips remained one hour on this labeled culture medium. They were thereafter associated to another labeled fragment, either to their homologous shelf in a homotypical culture, or to a half-lip in heterotypical culture. In the same way, labeled half-lips were coupled to unlabeled palatine shelves. In all these cases, the mesenchyme was labeled by the tracer while the epithelial cells remained empty. In the medio-palatine epithelium, some dislocations could be noticed between the cells. These gaps were filled by the labeled mesenchyme with which they were in continuity. At this level the tracer appeared on the external surface. In the homotypical associations, it invaded, through these channels, the labeled antagonistic explant; in the heterotypical associations, lips plus palatine shelves, the labial epithelium prevented all the penetrations, except when alterations occurred, due to a long lasting culture. The role of the mesenchyme in the process of fusion and in the possible building of a surface coating is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the mesenchyme in the fusion of palatine shelves (author's transl)]. Na2 35SO4 was either injected to pregnant mice or added to a \"Wolff and Haffen\" culture medium. In various experiments, palatine shelves and half-lips remained one hour on this labeled culture medium. They were thereafter associated to another labeled fragment, either to their homologous shelf in a homotypical culture, or to a half-lip in heterotypical culture. In the same way, labeled half-lips were coupled to unlabeled palatine shelves. In all these cases, the mesenchyme was labeled by the tracer while the epithelial cells remained empty. In the medio-palatine epithelium, some dislocations could be noticed between the cells. These gaps were filled by the labeled mesenchyme with which they were in continuity. At this level the tracer appeared on the external surface. In the homotypical associations, it invaded, through these channels, the labeled antagonistic explant; in the heterotypical associations, lips plus palatine shelves, the labial epithelium prevented all the penetrations, except when alterations occurred, due to a long lasting culture. The role of the mesenchyme in the process of fusion and in the possible building of a surface coating is discussed.", "PMID": 751571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8586", "title": "The marginal band and its role in the ellipsoidal shape of Geochelone carbonaria erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocytes from a chelonian (Geochelone carbonaria) were submitted to physical and chemical treatments. Observations of their change in shape from ellipsoidal to spherical were made by means of light microscopy. A 100% change to the spherical shape was attained with erythrocytes under high temperature treatment (42 degrees C) for 45 min., and at room temperature (29 degrees C) plus colchicine, for 60 min. Erythrocytes kept at room temperature present changes in shape while those kept at low temperature (10 degrees C) did not exhibit significant changes in their original ellipsoidal shape, but displayed an intact marginal band (MB). By direct examination the diameter of microtubules was found to be nearly 300 A in the dissociated form and 0.70 mu when bundled. In cross section the value found for microtubule diameter was up to 210 A. These measures are compatible with those found by several other authors. Counting of microtubules by ultrathin sectioning indicated approximately 70 tubules per cell, a value that is higher than that found in other species. By means of electron microscopy the marginal band can be observed intact or dissociated into several dense rings formed by parallel microtubules running nearly or accompanying the periphery of the stroma. Temperature and colchicine are responsible for the depolymerization of the microtubules. In the stroma of spherical erythrocytes a dense peripheric fold can be observed but microtubules were never found. It is suggested therefore that the role of the marginal band is essential to maintain the ellipsoidal shape of chelonian erythrocytes.", "contents": "The marginal band and its role in the ellipsoidal shape of Geochelone carbonaria erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from a chelonian (Geochelone carbonaria) were submitted to physical and chemical treatments. Observations of their change in shape from ellipsoidal to spherical were made by means of light microscopy. A 100% change to the spherical shape was attained with erythrocytes under high temperature treatment (42 degrees C) for 45 min., and at room temperature (29 degrees C) plus colchicine, for 60 min. Erythrocytes kept at room temperature present changes in shape while those kept at low temperature (10 degrees C) did not exhibit significant changes in their original ellipsoidal shape, but displayed an intact marginal band (MB). By direct examination the diameter of microtubules was found to be nearly 300 A in the dissociated form and 0.70 mu when bundled. In cross section the value found for microtubule diameter was up to 210 A. These measures are compatible with those found by several other authors. Counting of microtubules by ultrathin sectioning indicated approximately 70 tubules per cell, a value that is higher than that found in other species. By means of electron microscopy the marginal band can be observed intact or dissociated into several dense rings formed by parallel microtubules running nearly or accompanying the periphery of the stroma. Temperature and colchicine are responsible for the depolymerization of the microtubules. In the stroma of spherical erythrocytes a dense peripheric fold can be observed but microtubules were never found. It is suggested therefore that the role of the marginal band is essential to maintain the ellipsoidal shape of chelonian erythrocytes.", "PMID": 751572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8587", "title": "[Histoenzymological contribution to the study of the rat blood-brain barrier (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities evidenced in capillaries endothelium of the Rat brain have been compared in cerebral areas with or without the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There is a good topographical correlation: structures devoid of BBB (caudal part of the subfornical organ, choroid plexus, area postrema) do not display any non-specific cholinesterase activity with photonic microscope methods and an intense alkaline phosphatase activity; whereas structures with BBB (cortex, subcommissural organ, rostral part of the subfornical organ) show both enzymatic activities. At the ultrastructural level, more sensitive methods allow to disclose a non-specific cholinesterase activity in the reticulum endoplasmic cisternae and in the nuclear membrane in all endothelial cells. Alkaline phosphatase activities are present in the capillaries endothelium and in the conjonctive cells of pericapillaries spaces which exist in the circumventricular organs. Besides, these activities are closely related with the lateral and basal plasmalemmas of the choroidal cells responsible for the blood-cerebro-spinal fluid barrier. The apical plasmalemma is almost devoid of enzymatic activity. This result confirms the noticeable polarity of the choroidal cells, both morphologically and cytochemically.", "contents": "[Histoenzymological contribution to the study of the rat blood-brain barrier (author's transl)]. The localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities evidenced in capillaries endothelium of the Rat brain have been compared in cerebral areas with or without the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There is a good topographical correlation: structures devoid of BBB (caudal part of the subfornical organ, choroid plexus, area postrema) do not display any non-specific cholinesterase activity with photonic microscope methods and an intense alkaline phosphatase activity; whereas structures with BBB (cortex, subcommissural organ, rostral part of the subfornical organ) show both enzymatic activities. At the ultrastructural level, more sensitive methods allow to disclose a non-specific cholinesterase activity in the reticulum endoplasmic cisternae and in the nuclear membrane in all endothelial cells. Alkaline phosphatase activities are present in the capillaries endothelium and in the conjonctive cells of pericapillaries spaces which exist in the circumventricular organs. Besides, these activities are closely related with the lateral and basal plasmalemmas of the choroidal cells responsible for the blood-cerebro-spinal fluid barrier. The apical plasmalemma is almost devoid of enzymatic activity. This result confirms the noticeable polarity of the choroidal cells, both morphologically and cytochemically.", "PMID": 751573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8588", "title": "[In vivo evidence for bispecific myotubes containing chick and quail nuclei (author's transl)].", "content": "The nuclear specificity of 12 day embryonic skeletal muscle cells has been studied in ectopic limbs that developed after implantation of quail limb somatopleural mesoderm into chick hosts. In eleven cases, the nuclearity of the myotubes was homospecifically of chick type. In the remnant eight cases, the musculature was heterospecific, the myotubes being homospecific and constituted by chick or quail nuclei or the myotubes being heterospecific and containing at random chick and quail nuclei. The heterospecific multinuclearity was analyzed in 85 portions of myotubes. The degeneration of numerous heterospecific muscle cells was attested by the shrinked and hyperchromatic states of the nuclei and by the fragmentation of the sarcoplasm that contained cellular debris. Nevertheless, there is no correlation between myotube degeneration and heterospecificity, because the same necrotic figures are observed in chick host homospecific myotubes that have reached the same degree of development.", "contents": "[In vivo evidence for bispecific myotubes containing chick and quail nuclei (author's transl)]. The nuclear specificity of 12 day embryonic skeletal muscle cells has been studied in ectopic limbs that developed after implantation of quail limb somatopleural mesoderm into chick hosts. In eleven cases, the nuclearity of the myotubes was homospecifically of chick type. In the remnant eight cases, the musculature was heterospecific, the myotubes being homospecific and constituted by chick or quail nuclei or the myotubes being heterospecific and containing at random chick and quail nuclei. The heterospecific multinuclearity was analyzed in 85 portions of myotubes. The degeneration of numerous heterospecific muscle cells was attested by the shrinked and hyperchromatic states of the nuclei and by the fragmentation of the sarcoplasm that contained cellular debris. Nevertheless, there is no correlation between myotube degeneration and heterospecificity, because the same necrotic figures are observed in chick host homospecific myotubes that have reached the same degree of development.", "PMID": 751574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8589", "title": "[Intracranial tumors in childhood. Study of 106 cases].", "content": "The authors analyze 106 intracranial tumors occurring in patients from 0 to 15 years of age. This study was carried on during the period from 1962 up to 1977. In 85 cases the diagnostic work up was made on clinical, radiological, and histological grounds; the remaining 21 cases had their diagnosis based solely on clinical and radiological evidence. Observations involving incidence according to age, sex, localization and histological types are made. The signs and symptoms and supplementary examination are discussed. The frequency of primary intracranial tumors in children under 1 year of age is stressed.", "contents": "[Intracranial tumors in childhood. Study of 106 cases]. The authors analyze 106 intracranial tumors occurring in patients from 0 to 15 years of age. This study was carried on during the period from 1962 up to 1977. In 85 cases the diagnostic work up was made on clinical, radiological, and histological grounds; the remaining 21 cases had their diagnosis based solely on clinical and radiological evidence. Observations involving incidence according to age, sex, localization and histological types are made. The signs and symptoms and supplementary examination are discussed. The frequency of primary intracranial tumors in children under 1 year of age is stressed.", "PMID": 751611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8590", "title": "[Brain changes in leukemias. Histopathological aspects of choroid plexus involvement].", "content": "In the study of 38 cases of leukemia, neoplastic infiltration of the brain was the most frequent lesion, occuring in 70,5%, compared to 48,5% for hemorrhage. The leptomeninges were the most frequent site of leukemic infiltration followed by the choroid plexus (57,8%) and the nervous tissue (50%). In few cases leukemic infiltration of choroid plexus was seen in the absence of meningeal involvement. Very often the leukemic infiltration of the CNS courses without clinical manifestations. The paper points out the importance of the cytologic study of the cerebro-spinal fluid as a routine procedure in cases of leukemia, since it is well known that the therapeutic agents have difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and that foci of CNS leukemic infiltration may represent points of reactivation points of reactivation of the disease even during the therapeutic remission.", "contents": "[Brain changes in leukemias. Histopathological aspects of choroid plexus involvement]. In the study of 38 cases of leukemia, neoplastic infiltration of the brain was the most frequent lesion, occuring in 70,5%, compared to 48,5% for hemorrhage. The leptomeninges were the most frequent site of leukemic infiltration followed by the choroid plexus (57,8%) and the nervous tissue (50%). In few cases leukemic infiltration of choroid plexus was seen in the absence of meningeal involvement. Very often the leukemic infiltration of the CNS courses without clinical manifestations. The paper points out the importance of the cytologic study of the cerebro-spinal fluid as a routine procedure in cases of leukemia, since it is well known that the therapeutic agents have difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and that foci of CNS leukemic infiltration may represent points of reactivation points of reactivation of the disease even during the therapeutic remission.", "PMID": 751612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8591", "title": "[Frontal astrocytoma with spinal cord metastasis. Report of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "A case of a right frontal astrocytoma with spinal metastatic lesion in the region of the third dorsal vertebra is reported. The metastatic nodule was removed six months after the craniotomy. In the literature concerning to the dissemination of tumors cells is suggested that there is not a causal relationship between CSF seeding and operative intervention. Access to the ventricular system or basal cisterns is of primary importance in the production of metastases.", "contents": "[Frontal astrocytoma with spinal cord metastasis. Report of a case and review of the literature]. A case of a right frontal astrocytoma with spinal metastatic lesion in the region of the third dorsal vertebra is reported. The metastatic nodule was removed six months after the craniotomy. In the literature concerning to the dissemination of tumors cells is suggested that there is not a causal relationship between CSF seeding and operative intervention. Access to the ventricular system or basal cisterns is of primary importance in the production of metastases.", "PMID": 751613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8592", "title": "[Extensive cerebellar necrosis in sickle cell anemia. Report of a case].", "content": "A 6 month-old mulatto boy was admitted on account of acute gastroenteritis, malnutrition and dehydration. In the hospital, the child developed septicemia, and temperature reached up to 38.6 degrees C. Despite intensive antibiotic treatment the patient died 12 days after admission. Necropsy disclosed bilateral bronchopneumonia, bilateral fronto-parietal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and extensive necrosis of the inferior half of both cerebellar hemispheres. On histopathological examination of the necrotic cerebellar cortex, numerous sickled erythrocytes were observed in petechial hemorrhages, and, in lesser quantities, inside capillaries. Lesions of the central nervous system in sickle cell anemia most often involve the cerebral cortex, and a single extensive cerebellar infarction as present in this case seems extremely rare. The pathogenetic mechanism of the necrosis is unclear, since thrombosis was not observed either in large blood vessels or in capillaries. Possible contributory factors were the infectious condition (septicemia), fever, and anoxia caused by the extensive bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "[Extensive cerebellar necrosis in sickle cell anemia. Report of a case]. A 6 month-old mulatto boy was admitted on account of acute gastroenteritis, malnutrition and dehydration. In the hospital, the child developed septicemia, and temperature reached up to 38.6 degrees C. Despite intensive antibiotic treatment the patient died 12 days after admission. Necropsy disclosed bilateral bronchopneumonia, bilateral fronto-parietal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and extensive necrosis of the inferior half of both cerebellar hemispheres. On histopathological examination of the necrotic cerebellar cortex, numerous sickled erythrocytes were observed in petechial hemorrhages, and, in lesser quantities, inside capillaries. Lesions of the central nervous system in sickle cell anemia most often involve the cerebral cortex, and a single extensive cerebellar infarction as present in this case seems extremely rare. The pathogenetic mechanism of the necrosis is unclear, since thrombosis was not observed either in large blood vessels or in capillaries. Possible contributory factors were the infectious condition (septicemia), fever, and anoxia caused by the extensive bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 751614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8593", "title": "[Cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle simulating a posterior fossa neoplasm in cerebral scintillography. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a twelve year old child with intracerebral hypertension and cerebellar syndrome in whom the neuroradiological and neurological examinations were suggestive of posterior cranial fossa tumor is reported. The brain scan depicted the scintigraphic pattern of midline neoplasms, most likely medulloblastoma or astrocytoma. At surgery a Cysticercus cellulosae was removed from the fourth ventricle. The authors suggest that in geographical areas with high prevalence of neurocysticercosis in the infantile population the hypothesis of the pseudotumoral form of the disease be remembered when one attempts to characterize the type of neoplasms of the posterior fossa as detected by brain scan.", "contents": "[Cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle simulating a posterior fossa neoplasm in cerebral scintillography. Report of a case]. The case of a twelve year old child with intracerebral hypertension and cerebellar syndrome in whom the neuroradiological and neurological examinations were suggestive of posterior cranial fossa tumor is reported. The brain scan depicted the scintigraphic pattern of midline neoplasms, most likely medulloblastoma or astrocytoma. At surgery a Cysticercus cellulosae was removed from the fourth ventricle. The authors suggest that in geographical areas with high prevalence of neurocysticercosis in the infantile population the hypothesis of the pseudotumoral form of the disease be remembered when one attempts to characterize the type of neoplasms of the posterior fossa as detected by brain scan.", "PMID": 751615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8594", "title": "Effect of high-intensity sound on cochlear microphonics and activity of inferior colliculus neurons in the guinea pig.", "content": "The input-output functions of cochlear microphonics (recorded from the round window) in guinea pigs exposed briefly to high-intensity sound (2 kHz, 130 dB, 30 min) were shifted toward higher intensities by about 15 dB in comparison with normal animals. 2-4 h after the exposure this shift decreases to 10 dB. The response characteristics of the inferior colliculus neurons were compared under similar conditions. Thresholds at the characteristc frequencies (CF) measured 2-4 h after exposure, were raised by 30-50 dB, a higher threshold increase was observed at frequencies from 5-7 kHz. 48 h after exposure the thresholds approached those obtained in normal animals. There was no pronounced hair cell loss after exposure. It is assumed that in addition to the impairment of sound transduction in hair cells there may be a specific effect of high-intensity sound exposure on neuronal transmission in the auditory pathway.", "contents": "Effect of high-intensity sound on cochlear microphonics and activity of inferior colliculus neurons in the guinea pig. The input-output functions of cochlear microphonics (recorded from the round window) in guinea pigs exposed briefly to high-intensity sound (2 kHz, 130 dB, 30 min) were shifted toward higher intensities by about 15 dB in comparison with normal animals. 2-4 h after the exposure this shift decreases to 10 dB. The response characteristics of the inferior colliculus neurons were compared under similar conditions. Thresholds at the characteristc frequencies (CF) measured 2-4 h after exposure, were raised by 30-50 dB, a higher threshold increase was observed at frequencies from 5-7 kHz. 48 h after exposure the thresholds approached those obtained in normal animals. There was no pronounced hair cell loss after exposure. It is assumed that in addition to the impairment of sound transduction in hair cells there may be a specific effect of high-intensity sound exposure on neuronal transmission in the auditory pathway.", "PMID": 751616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8595", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the greater epithelial ridge and its relationship to the developing tectorial membrane in the cochlear duct of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "In early stages of fetal development (36th day, 3rd turn) the thickening of the epithelium at the basal side of the cochlear duct forms two ridges. Later in fetal development the laterally situated lesser epithelial ridge forms the major part of the organ of Corti, whereas the medially situated greater epithelial ridge contributes only a small part to this organ. The medial part of the greater ridge consists of the columnar inner supporting cells, which bear a border of closely packed microvilli at their upper surface. Up to the time of the opening of the internal spiral sulcus in the 48th day of fetal development, there is a close spacial relationship between microvilli and filaments of the tectorial membrane. We conclude that the inner supporting cells contribute to the formation of the tectorial membrane. However, thus far we cannot entirely exclude a different possibility, that the inner supporting cells absorb material of the tectorial membrane. During the opening of the sulcus spiralis internus the inner supporting cells become considerably smaller, some of them undergo complete destruction by cytolysis, with pyknosis and karyorrhexis.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of the greater epithelial ridge and its relationship to the developing tectorial membrane in the cochlear duct of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. In early stages of fetal development (36th day, 3rd turn) the thickening of the epithelium at the basal side of the cochlear duct forms two ridges. Later in fetal development the laterally situated lesser epithelial ridge forms the major part of the organ of Corti, whereas the medially situated greater epithelial ridge contributes only a small part to this organ. The medial part of the greater ridge consists of the columnar inner supporting cells, which bear a border of closely packed microvilli at their upper surface. Up to the time of the opening of the internal spiral sulcus in the 48th day of fetal development, there is a close spacial relationship between microvilli and filaments of the tectorial membrane. We conclude that the inner supporting cells contribute to the formation of the tectorial membrane. However, thus far we cannot entirely exclude a different possibility, that the inner supporting cells absorb material of the tectorial membrane. During the opening of the sulcus spiralis internus the inner supporting cells become considerably smaller, some of them undergo complete destruction by cytolysis, with pyknosis and karyorrhexis.", "PMID": 751617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8596", "title": "[Digital filtering of acoustical evoked potentials].", "content": "For better analysis of ERA-potentials it is necessary to eliminate disturbing frequencies by a smoothing filter. For this we propose a special optimized digital filter, which is applicable without falsification of form and amplitude of potentials. Its efficiency will be compared with other smoothing techniques.", "contents": "[Digital filtering of acoustical evoked potentials]. For better analysis of ERA-potentials it is necessary to eliminate disturbing frequencies by a smoothing filter. For this we propose a special optimized digital filter, which is applicable without falsification of form and amplitude of potentials. Its efficiency will be compared with other smoothing techniques.", "PMID": 751618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8597", "title": "10 years of experience with intratympanally applied streptomycin (gentamycin) in the therapy of Morbus Meni\u00e8re.", "content": "During the last 10 years a total of 83 patients with severe cases of unilateral Morbus Meni\u00e8re were treated in our clinic. The proposed therapy was to administer streptomycin (gentamycinsulfate) intratympanically by applying two different ways of procedure. In the first group of 40 patients we attempted to destroy the vestibular organ without harming the cochlea whereby we avoided surgical intervention. In the second group of 43 patients we integrated more recent findings in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Morbus Meni\u00e8re into our therapeutic considerations and attempted to exclusively destroy the secretorial epithelium with minimal dosages of aminoclycoside antibiotics. The results after treatment were clearly better for the second group of patients.", "contents": "10 years of experience with intratympanally applied streptomycin (gentamycin) in the therapy of Morbus Meni\u00e8re. During the last 10 years a total of 83 patients with severe cases of unilateral Morbus Meni\u00e8re were treated in our clinic. The proposed therapy was to administer streptomycin (gentamycinsulfate) intratympanically by applying two different ways of procedure. In the first group of 40 patients we attempted to destroy the vestibular organ without harming the cochlea whereby we avoided surgical intervention. In the second group of 43 patients we integrated more recent findings in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Morbus Meni\u00e8re into our therapeutic considerations and attempted to exclusively destroy the secretorial epithelium with minimal dosages of aminoclycoside antibiotics. The results after treatment were clearly better for the second group of patients.", "PMID": 751619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8598", "title": "[Microphonic potentials in guinea pigs with liver damages].", "content": "In guinea pigs we produced certain histological liver damage. By 16 guic results of 16 guinea pigs without liver damage. The microphonic potentials of liverdamage animals was lower about 3.4 dB than potentials of healthy animals. Experimence in animals confirmed the hearingloss of inner ear and also pathological adaption by patients with chronic liver parenchym damage.", "contents": "[Microphonic potentials in guinea pigs with liver damages]. In guinea pigs we produced certain histological liver damage. By 16 guic results of 16 guinea pigs without liver damage. The microphonic potentials of liverdamage animals was lower about 3.4 dB than potentials of healthy animals. Experimence in animals confirmed the hearingloss of inner ear and also pathological adaption by patients with chronic liver parenchym damage.", "PMID": 751620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8599", "title": "Electron microscopical and histochemical studies of outer hair cells in normal rabbits.", "content": "The outer hair cells of the rabbit were electron microscopically and histochemically investigated. The results clearly showed that the outer hair cells of the rabbit have no agglomeration of mitochondria in its infranuclear region. This anatomical fact means that the functional mechanism in the outer hair cells of the rabbit may be substantially different from that of other animals which have agglomeration of mitochondria. From the results of the histochemical study, it is reasonably supposed that the anaerobic energy metabolism may ordinarily play the leading part in sustaining the cellular functions in the infranuclear region of the outer hair cells of the rabbit.", "contents": "Electron microscopical and histochemical studies of outer hair cells in normal rabbits. The outer hair cells of the rabbit were electron microscopically and histochemically investigated. The results clearly showed that the outer hair cells of the rabbit have no agglomeration of mitochondria in its infranuclear region. This anatomical fact means that the functional mechanism in the outer hair cells of the rabbit may be substantially different from that of other animals which have agglomeration of mitochondria. From the results of the histochemical study, it is reasonably supposed that the anaerobic energy metabolism may ordinarily play the leading part in sustaining the cellular functions in the infranuclear region of the outer hair cells of the rabbit.", "PMID": 751621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8600", "title": "Respiratory quotient of stria vascularis of guinea pig in vitro.", "content": "The respiratory quotient of the stria vascularis was measured in vitro by means of Cartesian diver microgasometry. A value of about 1.2 was found when the incubation medium was phosphate-buffered serum substitute with glucose as the sole substrate. This value suggests that endogenous lipids and amino acids do not contribute significantly to strial respiratory metabolism and that carbohydrate is the primary fuel in vitro. A high activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway may be responsible for raising the respiroatyr quotient above unity.", "contents": "Respiratory quotient of stria vascularis of guinea pig in vitro. The respiratory quotient of the stria vascularis was measured in vitro by means of Cartesian diver microgasometry. A value of about 1.2 was found when the incubation medium was phosphate-buffered serum substitute with glucose as the sole substrate. This value suggests that endogenous lipids and amino acids do not contribute significantly to strial respiratory metabolism and that carbohydrate is the primary fuel in vitro. A high activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway may be responsible for raising the respiroatyr quotient above unity.", "PMID": 751622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8601", "title": "A correction and extension of the acetylated amino terminal sequence of ovalbumin.", "content": "The acetylpeptides derived from S-carboxymethylovalbumin by cyanogen bromide and chymotrypsin have been isolated and shown by enzyme digestion and the dansyl-Edman method to fit the sequence acetyl-Gly-Ser-Ile-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu-Phe. This corrects the order of the third and fourth residues in the five-residue sequence given by Narita and Ishii [J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 1962, 52, 367--73]. The overlap of the C-terminal sequence of this extended sequence with the six-residue N-terminal sequence surrounding a half-cystine residue in ovalbumin gives the N-terminal sequence for ovalbumin as acetyl-Gly-Ser-Ile-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu-Phe-Cys-Phe-Asp-Val-Phe-Lys with residue 11 a cysteine residue.", "contents": "A correction and extension of the acetylated amino terminal sequence of ovalbumin. The acetylpeptides derived from S-carboxymethylovalbumin by cyanogen bromide and chymotrypsin have been isolated and shown by enzyme digestion and the dansyl-Edman method to fit the sequence acetyl-Gly-Ser-Ile-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu-Phe. This corrects the order of the third and fourth residues in the five-residue sequence given by Narita and Ishii [J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 1962, 52, 367--73]. The overlap of the C-terminal sequence of this extended sequence with the six-residue N-terminal sequence surrounding a half-cystine residue in ovalbumin gives the N-terminal sequence for ovalbumin as acetyl-Gly-Ser-Ile-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu-Phe-Cys-Phe-Asp-Val-Phe-Lys with residue 11 a cysteine residue.", "PMID": 751625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8602", "title": "Uptake of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes into lipid bilayers.", "content": "A description in thermodynamic terms is given of ligand-membrane interaction which may occur by either or both a binding and a partition process. Results obtained by fluorescence enhancement and polarization techniques on the uptake of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids by phospholipid bilayers are analysed to show that binding rather than partition effects primarily determine the extent of probe uptake. Liposome concentration-dependence effects are also reported which required that binding results obtained with different probes be compared at fixed lipid concentrations. On this basis it is concluded that as the separation of the anthracene and carboxyl groups within the fatty acid molecule is increased, and hence as the anthracene group moves deeper into the bilayer, the fluorescent probe is bound to the bilayer with greater affinity but is accepted by fewer binding sites within the membrane. Studies on probe uptake at high ionic strength and into negatively charged bilayers indicate that hydrophobic rather than electrostatic interactions make the dominant contribution to the free energy of binding.", "contents": "Uptake of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes into lipid bilayers. A description in thermodynamic terms is given of ligand-membrane interaction which may occur by either or both a binding and a partition process. Results obtained by fluorescence enhancement and polarization techniques on the uptake of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids by phospholipid bilayers are analysed to show that binding rather than partition effects primarily determine the extent of probe uptake. Liposome concentration-dependence effects are also reported which required that binding results obtained with different probes be compared at fixed lipid concentrations. On this basis it is concluded that as the separation of the anthracene and carboxyl groups within the fatty acid molecule is increased, and hence as the anthracene group moves deeper into the bilayer, the fluorescent probe is bound to the bilayer with greater affinity but is accepted by fewer binding sites within the membrane. Studies on probe uptake at high ionic strength and into negatively charged bilayers indicate that hydrophobic rather than electrostatic interactions make the dominant contribution to the free energy of binding.", "PMID": 751626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8603", "title": "Ultrastructural development of adipose tissue in foetal sheep.", "content": "The development of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue in foetal sheep of 40--150 days conceptual age was examined using electromicroscopy. Adipose tissue from both sites developed from pre-adipose cells of similar appearance, with few mitochondria, and commenced accumulating  lipid on about day 70 of gestation. In the perirenal fat there was marked proliferation of mitochondria between days 80 and 90 and the tissue developed into brown fat, cell profiles being characterized by many mitochondria with numerous distinct cristae, whereas in the subcutaneous cells which developed into white adipose tissue few mitochondria with fewer cristae were observed. Multilocular and unilocular cells occurred in both tissues near term. Nerves were first seen between brown adipose cells in a 130-day-old foetus and were frequently seen in older foetuses, but very few nerves were seen in the white adipose tissue. In hypophysectomized foetuses, either full- or post-term, the subcutaneous fat and internal fat were shown to be white and brown adipose tissue respectively, as in normal foetuses, although in one 164-day-old foetus the perirenal tissue appeared to be a mixture of brown and white fat.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of adipose tissue in foetal sheep. The development of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue in foetal sheep of 40--150 days conceptual age was examined using electromicroscopy. Adipose tissue from both sites developed from pre-adipose cells of similar appearance, with few mitochondria, and commenced accumulating  lipid on about day 70 of gestation. In the perirenal fat there was marked proliferation of mitochondria between days 80 and 90 and the tissue developed into brown fat, cell profiles being characterized by many mitochondria with numerous distinct cristae, whereas in the subcutaneous cells which developed into white adipose tissue few mitochondria with fewer cristae were observed. Multilocular and unilocular cells occurred in both tissues near term. Nerves were first seen between brown adipose cells in a 130-day-old foetus and were frequently seen in older foetuses, but very few nerves were seen in the white adipose tissue. In hypophysectomized foetuses, either full- or post-term, the subcutaneous fat and internal fat were shown to be white and brown adipose tissue respectively, as in normal foetuses, although in one 164-day-old foetus the perirenal tissue appeared to be a mixture of brown and white fat.", "PMID": 751629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8604", "title": "A receptor assay for somatomedin-like activity using multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) as radioligand.", "content": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) in the medium of cultured rat liver cells was purified 120-fold by chromatography on Dowex 50W and Sephadex G 50. MSA was labelled with 125I-iodine and bound to a human placental membrane receptor. An assay for somatomedin-like receptor activity (SmLRA) in unextracted serum was based on the displacement of 125I-MSA from the placental receptor. The mean lambda (precision) was 0.063, sensitivity was less than 0.006 SmLRA units and interassay variation was 18%. The mean (+/- S.D.) SmLRA concentrations in 13 normal subjects, 7 growth hormone deficient patients and 8 patients with active acromegaly were 0.86 +/- 0.19, 0.34 +/- 0.08 and 2.34 +/- 0.82 U/ml, respectively. This assay may have potential clinical application in disorders of growth hormone secretion.", "contents": "A receptor assay for somatomedin-like activity using multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) as radioligand. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) in the medium of cultured rat liver cells was purified 120-fold by chromatography on Dowex 50W and Sephadex G 50. MSA was labelled with 125I-iodine and bound to a human placental membrane receptor. An assay for somatomedin-like receptor activity (SmLRA) in unextracted serum was based on the displacement of 125I-MSA from the placental receptor. The mean lambda (precision) was 0.063, sensitivity was less than 0.006 SmLRA units and interassay variation was 18%. The mean (+/- S.D.) SmLRA concentrations in 13 normal subjects, 7 growth hormone deficient patients and 8 patients with active acromegaly were 0.86 +/- 0.19, 0.34 +/- 0.08 and 2.34 +/- 0.82 U/ml, respectively. This assay may have potential clinical application in disorders of growth hormone secretion.", "PMID": 751631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8605", "title": "Haemoglobins in cattle and buffalo. Haemoglobin types of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos banteng and Bubalis bubalis in northern Australia.", "content": "The frequency of haemoglobin types in several major breeds of cattle in northern Austrailia was determined. In all Boss taurus cattle examined only the three common bovine haemoglobin types (AA, AB, BB) were found. F2 Africander cross-breeds showed only AA patterns. The frequency of haemoglobin B was significantly higher in Bos indicus type cattle than in Bos taurus breeds. In the pure breed Banteng cattle (Bos banteng) three genotypes (BB, CB, CC) were present. The eleven buffaloes types each showed two haemoglobins (A1 and A2) in proporotions of 71 to 29 respectively.", "contents": "Haemoglobins in cattle and buffalo. Haemoglobin types of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos banteng and Bubalis bubalis in northern Australia. The frequency of haemoglobin types in several major breeds of cattle in northern Austrailia was determined. In all Boss taurus cattle examined only the three common bovine haemoglobin types (AA, AB, BB) were found. F2 Africander cross-breeds showed only AA patterns. The frequency of haemoglobin B was significantly higher in Bos indicus type cattle than in Bos taurus breeds. In the pure breed Banteng cattle (Bos banteng) three genotypes (BB, CB, CC) were present. The eleven buffaloes types each showed two haemoglobins (A1 and A2) in proporotions of 71 to 29 respectively.", "PMID": 751632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8606", "title": "Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumours. Influence of responder genotype on the specificity of the immune response to plasmacytomas and T lymphomas.", "content": "A tumour-associated antigen has been identified which is expressed on both BALB/c plasmacytomas and T lymphomas, but which does not induce a detectable cell-mediated immune response in the strain of origin of the tumours. The (BALB/c x C57BL) F1 hybrid, however, makes a readily detectable response both in vivo and in vitro in vitro experiments with various BALB/c H-2 F1 cogenic mice indicated that the genetic control of the response was not H-2 linked, and was associated with other C57BL genes.", "contents": "Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumours. Influence of responder genotype on the specificity of the immune response to plasmacytomas and T lymphomas. A tumour-associated antigen has been identified which is expressed on both BALB/c plasmacytomas and T lymphomas, but which does not induce a detectable cell-mediated immune response in the strain of origin of the tumours. The (BALB/c x C57BL) F1 hybrid, however, makes a readily detectable response both in vivo and in vitro in vitro experiments with various BALB/c H-2 F1 cogenic mice indicated that the genetic control of the response was not H-2 linked, and was associated with other C57BL genes.", "PMID": 751633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8607", "title": "Effect of mannitol on sodium retention during whole-gut perfusion.", "content": "To undergo whole-gut perfusion, normal Chinese subjects drank an isotonic saline solution at a rate of 40 ml/min for 3-6 h. In spite of a diuresis, expansion of the extracellular fluid was evidenced by an increase of body weight and a decrease of haematocrit and plasma specific gravity at the end of perfusion. This fluid expansion resulted from sodium retention at a rate of about 140 mmole/h. When the NaCl of the perfusion solution was gradually replaced by isomotic amounts of mannitol, sodium retention was gradually reduced. Addition to the perfusion solution of up to 144-152 millimolar mannitol reduced the sodium retention rate to 6.5 mmole/h and thus prevented fluid expansion. We found that the sodium retention rate was inversely related to the difference between sodium concentration in the plasma and that in the perfusion solution. Thus, our results suggest that addition of mannitol with a decrease of sodium concentration in the perfusion solution creates a sodium concentration gradient between plasma and intestinal lumen which is unfavourable for intestinal absorption of sodium.", "contents": "Effect of mannitol on sodium retention during whole-gut perfusion. To undergo whole-gut perfusion, normal Chinese subjects drank an isotonic saline solution at a rate of 40 ml/min for 3-6 h. In spite of a diuresis, expansion of the extracellular fluid was evidenced by an increase of body weight and a decrease of haematocrit and plasma specific gravity at the end of perfusion. This fluid expansion resulted from sodium retention at a rate of about 140 mmole/h. When the NaCl of the perfusion solution was gradually replaced by isomotic amounts of mannitol, sodium retention was gradually reduced. Addition to the perfusion solution of up to 144-152 millimolar mannitol reduced the sodium retention rate to 6.5 mmole/h and thus prevented fluid expansion. We found that the sodium retention rate was inversely related to the difference between sodium concentration in the plasma and that in the perfusion solution. Thus, our results suggest that addition of mannitol with a decrease of sodium concentration in the perfusion solution creates a sodium concentration gradient between plasma and intestinal lumen which is unfavourable for intestinal absorption of sodium.", "PMID": 751634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8608", "title": "Factors influencing lipoprotein lipase activity in choline deficiency.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of the lipotropic agent, ethyl trichloracetate, to rats with established choline deficiency raised their plasma triglycerides by 60% and completely removed the hyperglyceridaemic response of Triton WR 1339. The plasma triglyceride levels of choline-supplemented rats were depressed slightly by ethyl trichloracetate administration, which was effective in abolishing response to Triton WR 1339. Lipoprotein lipase activity of epididymal fat pad was stimulated 60% while plasma lipoprotein was not stimulated by ethyl trichloracetate. The increased peripheral removal of low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride complex, allowing greater use to be made of existing apo-proteins, may explain the lipotropic character of the ester.", "contents": "Factors influencing lipoprotein lipase activity in choline deficiency. Subcutaneous injections of the lipotropic agent, ethyl trichloracetate, to rats with established choline deficiency raised their plasma triglycerides by 60% and completely removed the hyperglyceridaemic response of Triton WR 1339. The plasma triglyceride levels of choline-supplemented rats were depressed slightly by ethyl trichloracetate administration, which was effective in abolishing response to Triton WR 1339. Lipoprotein lipase activity of epididymal fat pad was stimulated 60% while plasma lipoprotein was not stimulated by ethyl trichloracetate. The increased peripheral removal of low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride complex, allowing greater use to be made of existing apo-proteins, may explain the lipotropic character of the ester.", "PMID": 751635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8609", "title": "Alpha tocopherol and blood pressure in PN/n mice.", "content": "The tail cuff blood pressure of PN/n mice, previously studied for arteritis and glomerulitis, was found to be raised before histological changes appeared. The pressure of mice bred for two generations on a diet containing a low level of alpha tocopherol (E) fell to that of control CBA mice. Replacement of E in the diet, or by intraperitoneal injection, led to a rise of pressure. The pressure reached a mean of 150 mm/Hg after breeding the mice for a further three generations on a more complete diet with additional E. An inhibitory effect of E on prostaglandin production was postulated. E had no effect on the pressure of CBA/MAC mice.", "contents": "Alpha tocopherol and blood pressure in PN/n mice. The tail cuff blood pressure of PN/n mice, previously studied for arteritis and glomerulitis, was found to be raised before histological changes appeared. The pressure of mice bred for two generations on a diet containing a low level of alpha tocopherol (E) fell to that of control CBA mice. Replacement of E in the diet, or by intraperitoneal injection, led to a rise of pressure. The pressure reached a mean of 150 mm/Hg after breeding the mice for a further three generations on a more complete diet with additional E. An inhibitory effect of E on prostaglandin production was postulated. E had no effect on the pressure of CBA/MAC mice.", "PMID": 751636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8610", "title": "A technique for glottic reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy.", "content": "In order to obtain a good phonatory function by glottic reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy, the following basic conditions should be satisfied: (1) adequate glottic closure should occur during phonation; (2) the top of the bulge constructed on the operated side should be located at the level of the vocal fold in order to prevent ventricular fold vibration; and (3) the surface of the bulge should be smooth. A technique for glottic reconstruction which appears to meet these requirements is described. The sternohyoid muscle is dissected at the requirements is described. The sternohyoid muscle is dissected at the level 5 cm below the vocal fold, and the upper portion is used as a single pedicled flap. The muscle flap is bent approximately 90 degrees at the level of the upper border of the cricoid cartilage and inserted into the intralaryngeal wound so as to make a large bulge. The muscle flap is covered by hypopharyngeal mucosa or a free graft of lip mucosa.", "contents": "A technique for glottic reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy. In order to obtain a good phonatory function by glottic reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy, the following basic conditions should be satisfied: (1) adequate glottic closure should occur during phonation; (2) the top of the bulge constructed on the operated side should be located at the level of the vocal fold in order to prevent ventricular fold vibration; and (3) the surface of the bulge should be smooth. A technique for glottic reconstruction which appears to meet these requirements is described. The sternohyoid muscle is dissected at the requirements is described. The sternohyoid muscle is dissected at the level 5 cm below the vocal fold, and the upper portion is used as a single pedicled flap. The muscle flap is bent approximately 90 degrees at the level of the upper border of the cricoid cartilage and inserted into the intralaryngeal wound so as to make a large bulge. The muscle flap is covered by hypopharyngeal mucosa or a free graft of lip mucosa.", "PMID": 751637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8611", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the oropharynx producing kappa-type Bence-Jonas protein.", "content": "A case of extramedullary plasmacytoma in the oropharynx of a 41 year-old woman is reported. Histologically, the tumor was plasmacytoma consisting mainly of matured plasma cells and showing a deposit of amyloid in the interstitial structure. Immunoelectrophoretic studies of the concentrated urine specimen revealed a kappa-type Bence-Jones protein even though there was no increase in blood M-protein. Lineac electron radiation of 5,100 rad was given over a period of eight weeks but no effect was noted. After the tumor was surgically removed, follow up of the patient was made for 2 years without evidence of recurrence or metastasis.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the oropharynx producing kappa-type Bence-Jonas protein. A case of extramedullary plasmacytoma in the oropharynx of a 41 year-old woman is reported. Histologically, the tumor was plasmacytoma consisting mainly of matured plasma cells and showing a deposit of amyloid in the interstitial structure. Immunoelectrophoretic studies of the concentrated urine specimen revealed a kappa-type Bence-Jones protein even though there was no increase in blood M-protein. Lineac electron radiation of 5,100 rad was given over a period of eight weeks but no effect was noted. After the tumor was surgically removed, follow up of the patient was made for 2 years without evidence of recurrence or metastasis.", "PMID": 751638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8612", "title": "Identification and properties of UDP-glucose: cyanidin-3-O-glucosyltransferase isolated from petals of the red campion (Silene dioica).", "content": "An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the glucosyl moiety of UDP-glucose to the 3-hydroxyl group of cyanidin has been demonstrated in petal extracts of Silene dioica mutants with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the petals. This transferase activity was also present in young rosette leaves and calyces of these plants. The highest glucosyltransferase activity was found in petals of opening flowers of young plants. The enzyme was purified ninetyfold by PVP and Sephadex chromatography. The glucosyltransferase had a pH optimum of 7.5, had a \"true Km value\" of 4.1 x 10(-4) M for UDP-glucose and 0.4 x 10(-4) M for cyanidin chloride, and was not stimulated by divalent metal ions. Both p-chloromercuribenzoate and HgCl2 inhibited the enzyme activity. Pelargonidin chloride and delphinidin chloride at reduced rates also served as substrates. The enzyme did not catalyze the glucosylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of flavonols or the 5-hydroxyl group of anthocyanins. ADP-glucose could not serve as a glucosyl donor. The results of Sephadex G150 chromatography suggest that the glucosyltransferase can exist as dimer of about 125,000 daltons and as active monomers of 60,000 daltons. The genetic control of the glucosyltransferase activity is discussed.", "contents": "Identification and properties of UDP-glucose: cyanidin-3-O-glucosyltransferase isolated from petals of the red campion (Silene dioica). An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the glucosyl moiety of UDP-glucose to the 3-hydroxyl group of cyanidin has been demonstrated in petal extracts of Silene dioica mutants with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the petals. This transferase activity was also present in young rosette leaves and calyces of these plants. The highest glucosyltransferase activity was found in petals of opening flowers of young plants. The enzyme was purified ninetyfold by PVP and Sephadex chromatography. The glucosyltransferase had a pH optimum of 7.5, had a \"true Km value\" of 4.1 x 10(-4) M for UDP-glucose and 0.4 x 10(-4) M for cyanidin chloride, and was not stimulated by divalent metal ions. Both p-chloromercuribenzoate and HgCl2 inhibited the enzyme activity. Pelargonidin chloride and delphinidin chloride at reduced rates also served as substrates. The enzyme did not catalyze the glucosylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of flavonols or the 5-hydroxyl group of anthocyanins. ADP-glucose could not serve as a glucosyl donor. The results of Sephadex G150 chromatography suggest that the glucosyltransferase can exist as dimer of about 125,000 daltons and as active monomers of 60,000 daltons. The genetic control of the glucosyltransferase activity is discussed.", "PMID": 751640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8613", "title": "Identification, properties, and genetic control of UDP-glucose: cyanidin-3-rhamnosyl-(1 leads to 6)-glucoside-5-O-glucosyltransferase isolated from petals of the red campion (Silene dioica).", "content": "An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the glucosyl moiety of UDP-glucose to the 5-hydroxyl group of cyanidin-3-rhamnosyl-(1 leads to 6)-glucoside has been demonstrated in petal extracts of Silene dioica plants. This glucosyltransferase activity was not detectable in green parts of these plants. The enzyme activity is controlled by a single dominant gene M; no glucosyltransferase activity could be demonstrated in petals of m/m plants. The enzyme was purified eightyfold by PVP and Sephadex G50 chromatography. The glucosyltransferase had a pH optimum of 7.4, had a molecular weight of about 55,000, was stimulated by divalent metal ions, and had a \"true Km\" values of 0.5 x 10(-3) M for UDP-glucose and 3.6 x 10(-3) M for cyanidin-3-rhamnosylglucoside. Pelargonidin-3-rhamnosylglucoside also could serve as acceptor. The enzyme did not catalyze the glucosylation of the 5-hydroxyl group of cyanidin-3-glucoside, although in petals of M/- n/n mutants cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside is present. ADP-glucose could not serve as a glucosyl donor.", "contents": "Identification, properties, and genetic control of UDP-glucose: cyanidin-3-rhamnosyl-(1 leads to 6)-glucoside-5-O-glucosyltransferase isolated from petals of the red campion (Silene dioica). An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the glucosyl moiety of UDP-glucose to the 5-hydroxyl group of cyanidin-3-rhamnosyl-(1 leads to 6)-glucoside has been demonstrated in petal extracts of Silene dioica plants. This glucosyltransferase activity was not detectable in green parts of these plants. The enzyme activity is controlled by a single dominant gene M; no glucosyltransferase activity could be demonstrated in petals of m/m plants. The enzyme was purified eightyfold by PVP and Sephadex G50 chromatography. The glucosyltransferase had a pH optimum of 7.4, had a molecular weight of about 55,000, was stimulated by divalent metal ions, and had a \"true Km\" values of 0.5 x 10(-3) M for UDP-glucose and 3.6 x 10(-3) M for cyanidin-3-rhamnosylglucoside. Pelargonidin-3-rhamnosylglucoside also could serve as acceptor. The enzyme did not catalyze the glucosylation of the 5-hydroxyl group of cyanidin-3-glucoside, although in petals of M/- n/n mutants cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside is present. ADP-glucose could not serve as a glucosyl donor.", "PMID": 751641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8614", "title": "Acetylation of sulfamethazine in a Nigerian population.", "content": "Sulfamethazine (syn, sulfadimidine) is inactivated by conversion to its N-acetyl derivative. Individuals are phenotyped as either \"rapid\" or \"slow\" acetylators. We have tested the validity of this theory in a Nigerian population. The frequency distribution histograms of the percentage acetylsulfamethazine in urine and serum were found to be bimodal, indicating the existence of a genetic polymorphism as observed by earlier workers. A plot of the percentage of the drug acetylated in serum against that in urine of the same individual results in a satisfactory separation of the rapid and slow acetylator phenotypes. An incidence of the slow acetylator phenotype of 41% was observed in the Nigerian population tested. How this observation fits into the hypothesis that the slow frequency of the allele increases from the Arctic Circle toward the Equator is discussed.", "contents": "Acetylation of sulfamethazine in a Nigerian population. Sulfamethazine (syn, sulfadimidine) is inactivated by conversion to its N-acetyl derivative. Individuals are phenotyped as either \"rapid\" or \"slow\" acetylators. We have tested the validity of this theory in a Nigerian population. The frequency distribution histograms of the percentage acetylsulfamethazine in urine and serum were found to be bimodal, indicating the existence of a genetic polymorphism as observed by earlier workers. A plot of the percentage of the drug acetylated in serum against that in urine of the same individual results in a satisfactory separation of the rapid and slow acetylator phenotypes. An incidence of the slow acetylator phenotype of 41% was observed in the Nigerian population tested. How this observation fits into the hypothesis that the slow frequency of the allele increases from the Arctic Circle toward the Equator is discussed.", "PMID": 751642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8615", "title": "Esterase 13, a new mouse esterase locus with recessive expression and its genetic location on chromosome 9.", "content": "A new esterase locus (Es-13) has been identified in Musculus. Strains AEJ/GnRk, LG/J, SJL/J, and SWR/J carry a recessive allele, Es-13b, for a locus possibly involved in the posttranslational modification of a kidney esterase. All other strains observed carried the dominant Es-13a allele. Es-13 was mapped on Chr 9 by recombinant inbred lines and by conventional backcrossing experiments. Backcross data produced the following gene order and map distances: Lap-1 (31.6 +/- 7.5 cM) Es-13 (2.6 +/- 2.6 cM) Mod-1.", "contents": "Esterase 13, a new mouse esterase locus with recessive expression and its genetic location on chromosome 9. A new esterase locus (Es-13) has been identified in Musculus. Strains AEJ/GnRk, LG/J, SJL/J, and SWR/J carry a recessive allele, Es-13b, for a locus possibly involved in the posttranslational modification of a kidney esterase. All other strains observed carried the dominant Es-13a allele. Es-13 was mapped on Chr 9 by recombinant inbred lines and by conventional backcrossing experiments. Backcross data produced the following gene order and map distances: Lap-1 (31.6 +/- 7.5 cM) Es-13 (2.6 +/- 2.6 cM) Mod-1.", "PMID": 751643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8616", "title": "Xanthommatin biosynthesis in wild-type and mutant strains of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.", "content": "The synthesis of eye pigments has been studied in the seven eye color mutants of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Six appears to be affected primarily in the synthesis of xanthommatin. In wild type, the onset of xanthommatin biosynthesis occurs midway through metamorphosis. Developmental patterns of accumulation of the xanthommatin precursors tryptophan, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine have also been established for wild type. By determining the levels of these precursors in late pupae of the mutants, it has been shown that the mutant yellowish accumulates excess tryptophan and the mutant yellow accumulates excess kynurenine. The implications of these results--that yellowish lacks tryptophan oxygenase, thus failing to convert tryptophan to kynurenine, and that yellow lacks kynurenine hydroxylase (blockade in the conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine)--have been confirmed. This has involved in vitro assays of tryphophan oxygenase and precursor feeding experiments. The precursor accumulation patterns are less clear for the other mutants.", "contents": "Xanthommatin biosynthesis in wild-type and mutant strains of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. The synthesis of eye pigments has been studied in the seven eye color mutants of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Six appears to be affected primarily in the synthesis of xanthommatin. In wild type, the onset of xanthommatin biosynthesis occurs midway through metamorphosis. Developmental patterns of accumulation of the xanthommatin precursors tryptophan, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine have also been established for wild type. By determining the levels of these precursors in late pupae of the mutants, it has been shown that the mutant yellowish accumulates excess tryptophan and the mutant yellow accumulates excess kynurenine. The implications of these results--that yellowish lacks tryptophan oxygenase, thus failing to convert tryptophan to kynurenine, and that yellow lacks kynurenine hydroxylase (blockade in the conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine)--have been confirmed. This has involved in vitro assays of tryphophan oxygenase and precursor feeding experiments. The precursor accumulation patterns are less clear for the other mutants.", "PMID": 751645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8617", "title": "Variation in the genetic structure of Peromyscus populations. I. Genetic heterozygosity--its relationship to adaptive divergence.", "content": "The genetic structure of nine Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis demes from southeastern Wyoming was determined by analyzing allozymes encoded by 23 genetic loci with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic variability is extremely high for two genetic parameters; the proportion of loci polymorphic per deme averaged 0.41. Previous estimates of genetic heterozygosity for species within the genus Peromyscus have a mean of 0.06. The results of the present study suggest that genetic heterozygosity is considerably higher within P. maniculatus demes than within demes of other species in the genus. Geographic range is correlated with heterozygosity among Peromyscus species, as is adaptive divergence into broad-niched species. These correlates suggest that high heterozygosity may reflect an adaptation to a variable environment.", "contents": "Variation in the genetic structure of Peromyscus populations. I. Genetic heterozygosity--its relationship to adaptive divergence. The genetic structure of nine Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis demes from southeastern Wyoming was determined by analyzing allozymes encoded by 23 genetic loci with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic variability is extremely high for two genetic parameters; the proportion of loci polymorphic per deme averaged 0.41. Previous estimates of genetic heterozygosity for species within the genus Peromyscus have a mean of 0.06. The results of the present study suggest that genetic heterozygosity is considerably higher within P. maniculatus demes than within demes of other species in the genus. Geographic range is correlated with heterozygosity among Peromyscus species, as is adaptive divergence into broad-niched species. These correlates suggest that high heterozygosity may reflect an adaptation to a variable environment.", "PMID": 751646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8618", "title": "The V gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin of the orangutan.", "content": "Previous studies suggested that orangutans have nonallelic structural genes for their gamma chains, because either a threonyl or an alanyl residue may occupy position 135. Further investigation has now detected that position 75 may have either an isoleucyl or a valyl residue. From available evidence, the isoleucyl and threonyl residues are in one chain an the valyl and alanyl in the other. Orangutans appear to be homozygous for the two types of nonallelic genes.", "contents": "The V gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin of the orangutan. Previous studies suggested that orangutans have nonallelic structural genes for their gamma chains, because either a threonyl or an alanyl residue may occupy position 135. Further investigation has now detected that position 75 may have either an isoleucyl or a valyl residue. From available evidence, the isoleucyl and threonyl residues are in one chain an the valyl and alanyl in the other. Orangutans appear to be homozygous for the two types of nonallelic genes.", "PMID": 751647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8619", "title": "Genetics and ontogeny of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: localization of Ahd-1 encoding the mitochondrial isozyme on chromosome 4.", "content": "Electrophoretic variants for the mitochondrial isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD) have been observed in inbred strains and in Harwell linkage testing stocks of Mus musculus. F1 (LVC X C57BL/Go) mice showed a codominant allele three-bounded phenotype, which suggests a dimeric subunit structure (designated AHD-A2). The anodal-migrating supernatant isozyme of AHD was electrophoretically invariant among the 23 inbred strains and stocks examined. The genetic locus encoding AHD-A2 (suggested name Ahd-1) is localized on chromosome 4 and was mapped close to je (jerker) and Gpd-1 (encoding the liver and kidney isoenzyme of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that both AHD isozymes exhibited low activity in late fetal and early neonatal liver and kidney extracts, and reached adult levels within 3 weeks of birth.", "contents": "Genetics and ontogeny of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: localization of Ahd-1 encoding the mitochondrial isozyme on chromosome 4. Electrophoretic variants for the mitochondrial isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD) have been observed in inbred strains and in Harwell linkage testing stocks of Mus musculus. F1 (LVC X C57BL/Go) mice showed a codominant allele three-bounded phenotype, which suggests a dimeric subunit structure (designated AHD-A2). The anodal-migrating supernatant isozyme of AHD was electrophoretically invariant among the 23 inbred strains and stocks examined. The genetic locus encoding AHD-A2 (suggested name Ahd-1) is localized on chromosome 4 and was mapped close to je (jerker) and Gpd-1 (encoding the liver and kidney isoenzyme of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that both AHD isozymes exhibited low activity in late fetal and early neonatal liver and kidney extracts, and reached adult levels within 3 weeks of birth.", "PMID": 751648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8620", "title": "Genetic variation in the activity of the histidine catabolic enzymes between inbred strains of mice: a structural locus for a cytosol histidine aminotransferase isozyme (Hat-1).", "content": "Variation in activity of the main histidine catabolic enzymes (histidase, urocanase, and aminotransferase) has been surveyed using inbred strains of mice (C57BL, DBA, Peru, SM, and SWR). Some variation was found in the activity of all enzymes, but only in the case of cytosolic histidine aminotransferase was it greater than twofold (SM 3.3-fold greater than C57BL). The divergent strains for the activity of this enzyme were crossed and the F1's were backcrossed; the segregation analysis indicated a single locus with additively acting alleles (designated Hat-1: a allele SM, b allele C57BL). Cytosolic histidine aminotransferase differed in heat stability between SM and C57BL, indicating that Hat-1 is a structural locus. The conflict in the biochemical literature (Morris et al., 1973; Noguchi et al., 1976a,b) over the number and subcellular distribution of the histidine aminotransferase isozymes is partly resolved by the acquisition of a variant at the Hat-1 locus. Hat-1 affects the cytosolic form but not the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. Purification and analysis of the isozymes of histidine aminotransferase from livers of C57BL and SM mice will further clarify the situation.", "contents": "Genetic variation in the activity of the histidine catabolic enzymes between inbred strains of mice: a structural locus for a cytosol histidine aminotransferase isozyme (Hat-1). Variation in activity of the main histidine catabolic enzymes (histidase, urocanase, and aminotransferase) has been surveyed using inbred strains of mice (C57BL, DBA, Peru, SM, and SWR). Some variation was found in the activity of all enzymes, but only in the case of cytosolic histidine aminotransferase was it greater than twofold (SM 3.3-fold greater than C57BL). The divergent strains for the activity of this enzyme were crossed and the F1's were backcrossed; the segregation analysis indicated a single locus with additively acting alleles (designated Hat-1: a allele SM, b allele C57BL). Cytosolic histidine aminotransferase differed in heat stability between SM and C57BL, indicating that Hat-1 is a structural locus. The conflict in the biochemical literature (Morris et al., 1973; Noguchi et al., 1976a,b) over the number and subcellular distribution of the histidine aminotransferase isozymes is partly resolved by the acquisition of a variant at the Hat-1 locus. Hat-1 affects the cytosolic form but not the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. Purification and analysis of the isozymes of histidine aminotransferase from livers of C57BL and SM mice will further clarify the situation.", "PMID": 751649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8621", "title": "[Plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients under basal conditions and in various postures: preliminary data].", "content": "We have studied PRA levels in 10 healthy subjects compared with 10 patients affected with essential hypertension (with low PRA) on venous blood samples collected after 8 hours of rest and after 15-20 minutes of slow plain walk. Contemporarely we have taken up arterious pression levels in each class of subjects of these studies. No significant differences of PRA are demonstrable in healthy subjects and in patients affected with essential hypertension. Postural changes in hypertension produces significant rise of PRA, not related to arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients under basal conditions and in various postures: preliminary data]. We have studied PRA levels in 10 healthy subjects compared with 10 patients affected with essential hypertension (with low PRA) on venous blood samples collected after 8 hours of rest and after 15-20 minutes of slow plain walk. Contemporarely we have taken up arterious pression levels in each class of subjects of these studies. No significant differences of PRA are demonstrable in healthy subjects and in patients affected with essential hypertension. Postural changes in hypertension produces significant rise of PRA, not related to arterial pressure.", "PMID": 751661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8622", "title": "[Oxoprenolol and plasmatic renin activity in essential hypertension: preliminary data].", "content": "We have studied PRA levels in 10 healthy subjects compared with 10 patients affected with essential hypertension (with low PRA) on venous blood samples collected after 8 hours of rest and after 15-20 minutes of slow plain walk and 15 minutes after intravenous administration of oxoprenolol (mg 2). Contemporarely we have taken up arterious pression levels in each class of subjects of these studies. Postural changes produces significant rise of PRA in subjects affected with essential hypertension, that is significantly inhibited by pharmacologic interference produced by beta-blocking agents. This occurrence is independent of arterial pressure changes.", "contents": "[Oxoprenolol and plasmatic renin activity in essential hypertension: preliminary data]. We have studied PRA levels in 10 healthy subjects compared with 10 patients affected with essential hypertension (with low PRA) on venous blood samples collected after 8 hours of rest and after 15-20 minutes of slow plain walk and 15 minutes after intravenous administration of oxoprenolol (mg 2). Contemporarely we have taken up arterious pression levels in each class of subjects of these studies. Postural changes produces significant rise of PRA in subjects affected with essential hypertension, that is significantly inhibited by pharmacologic interference produced by beta-blocking agents. This occurrence is independent of arterial pressure changes.", "PMID": 751662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8623", "title": "[Incorporation of S-adenosylmethionine in the isolated and perfused rat liver. Preliminary study].", "content": "The uptake of labeled S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by isolated and perfused rat liver has been compared to that of methionine: the rate of incorporation of the amino acid exceeds by about three times that of the sulfonium compound. S-Adenosylmethionine transport system shows saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 59,5 microM and is energy-dependent, as demonstrated by the inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "contents": "[Incorporation of S-adenosylmethionine in the isolated and perfused rat liver. Preliminary study]. The uptake of labeled S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by isolated and perfused rat liver has been compared to that of methionine: the rate of incorporation of the amino acid exceeds by about three times that of the sulfonium compound. S-Adenosylmethionine transport system shows saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 59,5 microM and is energy-dependent, as demonstrated by the inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "PMID": 751663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8624", "title": "[Study of circadian variations of plasma renin activity in the normal human in the supine position].", "content": "A study of circadian variations of plasma renin activity in normal supine man.--The cosinor analysis has detected circadian rhythm of PRA in fifteen normal supine men, aged 21-28, studied over a 24-hour span. The acrophase occurs at 05.55 and it is consistent with the findings of the other authors.", "contents": "[Study of circadian variations of plasma renin activity in the normal human in the supine position]. A study of circadian variations of plasma renin activity in normal supine man.--The cosinor analysis has detected circadian rhythm of PRA in fifteen normal supine men, aged 21-28, studied over a 24-hour span. The acrophase occurs at 05.55 and it is consistent with the findings of the other authors.", "PMID": 751669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8625", "title": "[Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the motility of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes].", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an important role in the inflammatory process, and their functions are likely to be regulated by pharmacological agents. In this paper we report the \"in vitro\" effect of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on random and chemotactic motility of human leucocytes, and demonstrate that the two forms of movement, spontaneous and directional, are differently inhibited by low concentrations of these agents. Leucocytes of patients with recurrent inflammation are unaffected by these drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the motility of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes]. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an important role in the inflammatory process, and their functions are likely to be regulated by pharmacological agents. In this paper we report the \"in vitro\" effect of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on random and chemotactic motility of human leucocytes, and demonstrate that the two forms of movement, spontaneous and directional, are differently inhibited by low concentrations of these agents. Leucocytes of patients with recurrent inflammation are unaffected by these drugs.", "PMID": 751670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8626", "title": "Changes in the lung alveolar proteins in some experimental conditions.", "content": "The Authors have directed their research to the alveolar lining (the surfactant) proteins and they have particularly studied its alterations in shock pathological conditions. Some rats have been subjected to haemorrhagic and toxic shock, by Escherichia Coli's lipopolysaccharide; then lung washing has been performed and on extracted liquid proteins have been studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (TDI). The obtained data have been encouraging and very useful for studies process.", "contents": "Changes in the lung alveolar proteins in some experimental conditions. The Authors have directed their research to the alveolar lining (the surfactant) proteins and they have particularly studied its alterations in shock pathological conditions. Some rats have been subjected to haemorrhagic and toxic shock, by Escherichia Coli's lipopolysaccharide; then lung washing has been performed and on extracted liquid proteins have been studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (TDI). The obtained data have been encouraging and very useful for studies process.", "PMID": 751676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8627", "title": "The proteins of the lung alveolar lining.", "content": "The protein composition of the lung washing has been analysed by immunochemical methods: it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of many proteins, mainly albumin, immunoglobulins and beta-globulins, some of them seem laying in the alveolar lining and having the function of stabilizing the surfactant system.", "contents": "The proteins of the lung alveolar lining. The protein composition of the lung washing has been analysed by immunochemical methods: it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of many proteins, mainly albumin, immunoglobulins and beta-globulins, some of them seem laying in the alveolar lining and having the function of stabilizing the surfactant system.", "PMID": 751677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8628", "title": "Responses of the intestine of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) to acetylcholine in Meng's solution with low sodium, potassium and calcium ions.", "content": "Decreasing the concentration of sodium in Meng's solution produced a non-parallel shift of the dose-response of acetylcholine on the intestine of the Giant African Snail Achatina fulica. This decrease in sodium decreases the sensitivity of the tissue to acetylcholine and sensitivity was not restored with several washings. The response to decrease calcium is very similar to that of sodium. In the case of potassium however 10% K+ produced less depression in sensitivity than 25% which even caused less depression of sensitivity compared with 50% potassium. The results show an abundance of spare receptors.", "contents": "Responses of the intestine of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) to acetylcholine in Meng's solution with low sodium, potassium and calcium ions. Decreasing the concentration of sodium in Meng's solution produced a non-parallel shift of the dose-response of acetylcholine on the intestine of the Giant African Snail Achatina fulica. This decrease in sodium decreases the sensitivity of the tissue to acetylcholine and sensitivity was not restored with several washings. The response to decrease calcium is very similar to that of sodium. In the case of potassium however 10% K+ produced less depression in sensitivity than 25% which even caused less depression of sensitivity compared with 50% potassium. The results show an abundance of spare receptors.", "PMID": 751678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8629", "title": "Relation between haemolymph proteins and fat body during metamorphosis in Danais chrysippus Linn. II.", "content": "Changes in haemolymph protein fractions and histology, of adipose tissue has been observed in the larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults of Danais chrysippus. At time of pupation, proteins get accumulated in the fat body and in turn are utilized in metabolic process occuring during metamorphosis. A clear correlation exists between the adipose tissue and haemolymph proteins. A human-serum-albumine like proteins was not observed in this insect species.", "contents": "Relation between haemolymph proteins and fat body during metamorphosis in Danais chrysippus Linn. II. Changes in haemolymph protein fractions and histology, of adipose tissue has been observed in the larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults of Danais chrysippus. At time of pupation, proteins get accumulated in the fat body and in turn are utilized in metabolic process occuring during metamorphosis. A clear correlation exists between the adipose tissue and haemolymph proteins. A human-serum-albumine like proteins was not observed in this insect species.", "PMID": 751679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8630", "title": "Hematologic and hemopoietic alterations following experimental benzene exposure in newts (Triturus cristatus).", "content": "Changes in the hematological picture in newts have been investigated utilizing benzene exposure. The first deviation occurs in circulating white cells that become more numerous. Subsequently there is an increase of immature cells on the cortical zone of the liver. About two weeks after the first treatments a decrease of circulating leukocytes begins and the immature white cells continue to increase both in circulation and in the cortical zone of the liver. The red  cells present a decrease after one month of treatment. This is preceeded by a decrease in hemoglobin percentage and an increase in the size of red cells and in the number of immature red cells. The data concerning animals treated with an hemolytic agent and with benzene demonstrates an early action of benzene also on red cells. The results suggest a maturation in capacity caused by benzene in both white and in red cells. The intensity of alteration seems proportional to the frequency of treatments. The onset of a particular modification, however, is related to the time interval following the first treatment.", "contents": "Hematologic and hemopoietic alterations following experimental benzene exposure in newts (Triturus cristatus). Changes in the hematological picture in newts have been investigated utilizing benzene exposure. The first deviation occurs in circulating white cells that become more numerous. Subsequently there is an increase of immature cells on the cortical zone of the liver. About two weeks after the first treatments a decrease of circulating leukocytes begins and the immature white cells continue to increase both in circulation and in the cortical zone of the liver. The red  cells present a decrease after one month of treatment. This is preceeded by a decrease in hemoglobin percentage and an increase in the size of red cells and in the number of immature red cells. The data concerning animals treated with an hemolytic agent and with benzene demonstrates an early action of benzene also on red cells. The results suggest a maturation in capacity caused by benzene in both white and in red cells. The intensity of alteration seems proportional to the frequency of treatments. The onset of a particular modification, however, is related to the time interval following the first treatment.", "PMID": 751680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8631", "title": "Transitory colour-change mechanism in a fresh-water teleost, Clarias batrachus (L).", "content": "The rate of colour change in the fish Clarias batrachus (L.) has been studied as a response from black to white background and vice versa. The 'Derived Ostwald Index (D.O.I.)' method proposed by Healey (1967) has been used to measure the melanophore responses of the fish. Observations show that the fish is quite sensitive to background responses. The rate of colour change is fast. The colour change is quite rapid in both, the paling and the darkening experiments in the beginning as compared to the later stages which are slow and gradual. The results indicate that the process of colour change is mainly under nervous control in the initial stages while in the later stages the chromatic response seems to be regulated mainly by hormone(s). The fish is better adapted on a white background (maximum paling 1.7 grades of D.O.I. scale in 10 hours) than on a black background (maximum darkening 6.35 grades of D.O.I. scale in 20 hours). It is suggested that chromatic control mechanisms in the fish include the sympathetic pigment-aggregating fibres constituting the nervous control and at least a pituitary principle, the melanophore-aggregating hormone (MAH) constituting the hormonal control.", "contents": "Transitory colour-change mechanism in a fresh-water teleost, Clarias batrachus (L). The rate of colour change in the fish Clarias batrachus (L.) has been studied as a response from black to white background and vice versa. The 'Derived Ostwald Index (D.O.I.)' method proposed by Healey (1967) has been used to measure the melanophore responses of the fish. Observations show that the fish is quite sensitive to background responses. The rate of colour change is fast. The colour change is quite rapid in both, the paling and the darkening experiments in the beginning as compared to the later stages which are slow and gradual. The results indicate that the process of colour change is mainly under nervous control in the initial stages while in the later stages the chromatic response seems to be regulated mainly by hormone(s). The fish is better adapted on a white background (maximum paling 1.7 grades of D.O.I. scale in 10 hours) than on a black background (maximum darkening 6.35 grades of D.O.I. scale in 20 hours). It is suggested that chromatic control mechanisms in the fish include the sympathetic pigment-aggregating fibres constituting the nervous control and at least a pituitary principle, the melanophore-aggregating hormone (MAH) constituting the hormonal control.", "PMID": 751681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8632", "title": "Biofeedback in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "A wide range of secretory (salivation, gastric acid and bile secretion) and motor functions (rumination, esophageal and anal sphincter contraction, gastric and colonic motility) have been successfully modified using operant conditioning procedures or biofeedback training. The clinical syndromes to which these studies have been addressed include rumination, reflux esophagitis, hypersecretion of acid associated with peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and fecal incontinence. The available evidence strongly suggests that biofeedback is effective and is the treatment of choice for some types of fecal incontinence, and the evidence supports the effectiveness of operant conditioning for the treatment of intractable rumination in infants or retarded individuals. There is suggestive evidence that a nonspecific biofeedback technique, EMG biofeedback for skeletal muscle relaxation, may contribute to the healing of peptic ulcers, but the data are so far inconclusive. Biofeedback approaches to the treatment of other clinical syndromes are at the investigational stage only, and no predictions can be made regarding their efficacy.", "contents": "Biofeedback in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. A wide range of secretory (salivation, gastric acid and bile secretion) and motor functions (rumination, esophageal and anal sphincter contraction, gastric and colonic motility) have been successfully modified using operant conditioning procedures or biofeedback training. The clinical syndromes to which these studies have been addressed include rumination, reflux esophagitis, hypersecretion of acid associated with peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and fecal incontinence. The available evidence strongly suggests that biofeedback is effective and is the treatment of choice for some types of fecal incontinence, and the evidence supports the effectiveness of operant conditioning for the treatment of intractable rumination in infants or retarded individuals. There is suggestive evidence that a nonspecific biofeedback technique, EMG biofeedback for skeletal muscle relaxation, may contribute to the healing of peptic ulcers, but the data are so far inconclusive. Biofeedback approaches to the treatment of other clinical syndromes are at the investigational stage only, and no predictions can be made regarding their efficacy.", "PMID": 751683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8633", "title": "Problems of science in the development of cotton growing in the USSR.", "content": "This article considers the development of cotton growing in the USSR as one of the leading branches of agriculture. The production of raw cotton and the yield of cultivated varieties of cotton reached a high level. Further increase in yield and increase in production of raw cotton are accompanied by the need to resolve a number of problems. In resolving them, a leading role will be played by science. The author enumerates the principal problems to which efforts of scientific-research institutions will have to be addressed.", "contents": "Problems of science in the development of cotton growing in the USSR. This article considers the development of cotton growing in the USSR as one of the leading branches of agriculture. The production of raw cotton and the yield of cultivated varieties of cotton reached a high level. Further increase in yield and increase in production of raw cotton are accompanied by the need to resolve a number of problems. In resolving them, a leading role will be played by science. The author enumerates the principal problems to which efforts of scientific-research institutions will have to be addressed.", "PMID": 751686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8634", "title": "Prospects for developing and improving a chemical method of pest control in the next 10 to 15 years.", "content": "The assortment of chemical substances for pest control which exists in the world or is planned by us, and the reserves which exist in scientific research make it possible to assert that: 1) It is possible to produce an assortment of pesticides that is practically harmless for man and useful animals; 2) it is possible to eliminate the accumulation of pesticides and their residue in the environment, in food products, and in food chains; 3) it is possible to produce highly selective pesticides which will not damage useful inhabitants of the biosphere, particularly useful arthropods and soil microorganisms; 4) it is possible with the proper technical approaches, especially with proper alternation of pesticides, to avoid the development of resistant strains of pests. This requires continuation of intensive scientific and technical investigations both of the pesticides themselves and in producing integrated systems with the use of an entire complex of means and methods for protecting the harvest, and improving the technical means of application.", "contents": "Prospects for developing and improving a chemical method of pest control in the next 10 to 15 years. The assortment of chemical substances for pest control which exists in the world or is planned by us, and the reserves which exist in scientific research make it possible to assert that: 1) It is possible to produce an assortment of pesticides that is practically harmless for man and useful animals; 2) it is possible to eliminate the accumulation of pesticides and their residue in the environment, in food products, and in food chains; 3) it is possible to produce highly selective pesticides which will not damage useful inhabitants of the biosphere, particularly useful arthropods and soil microorganisms; 4) it is possible with the proper technical approaches, especially with proper alternation of pesticides, to avoid the development of resistant strains of pests. This requires continuation of intensive scientific and technical investigations both of the pesticides themselves and in producing integrated systems with the use of an entire complex of means and methods for protecting the harvest, and improving the technical means of application.", "PMID": 751687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8635", "title": "Ability of free-living nodule bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen.", "content": "Literature material is presented on the ability of free-living nodule bacteria for asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, detected for the first time in 1975. Necessary components of the nutrient medium in the use of which the nitrogen-fixing ability of rhizobia in pure cultures is manifested, proved to be sugars and intermediates of the citric acid cycle, as well as small quantities of bound nitrogen. The experimental data available in the literature are evidence of the presence of a complete assortment of genes for the synthesis of the nitrogenase enzyme complex in free-living nodule bacteria.", "contents": "Ability of free-living nodule bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Literature material is presented on the ability of free-living nodule bacteria for asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, detected for the first time in 1975. Necessary components of the nutrient medium in the use of which the nitrogen-fixing ability of rhizobia in pure cultures is manifested, proved to be sugars and intermediates of the citric acid cycle, as well as small quantities of bound nitrogen. The experimental data available in the literature are evidence of the presence of a complete assortment of genes for the synthesis of the nitrogenase enzyme complex in free-living nodule bacteria.", "PMID": 751688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8636", "title": "Quantitative cytochemistry of glycogen in cells of pea and lupine nodule bacteria.", "content": "Using a fluorescent variation of the method of PAS reaction with auramine OO-SO2, the content of PAS-positive substance, identified on the basis of supplementary treatments of the preparations with alpha-amylase and a hot mixture of chloroform with methanol and glycogen, was determined cytofluorimetrically in cells of effective and ineffective strains of lupine and pea nodule bacteria in pure culture and under conditions of symbiosis. The largest level of glycogen was detected in bacteroid forms from lupine nodules and especially those of the pea after inoculation with ineffective strains: in comparison with the bacteroids from nodules of effective bean-Rhizobium symbiosis, it was 2.5--3.0 times as high. Cytofluorimetric determination of glycogen in cells of nodule bacteria, especially under conditions of symbiosis, can be considered as an indirect criterion of effectiveness in the preliminary selection of strains.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemistry of glycogen in cells of pea and lupine nodule bacteria. Using a fluorescent variation of the method of PAS reaction with auramine OO-SO2, the content of PAS-positive substance, identified on the basis of supplementary treatments of the preparations with alpha-amylase and a hot mixture of chloroform with methanol and glycogen, was determined cytofluorimetrically in cells of effective and ineffective strains of lupine and pea nodule bacteria in pure culture and under conditions of symbiosis. The largest level of glycogen was detected in bacteroid forms from lupine nodules and especially those of the pea after inoculation with ineffective strains: in comparison with the bacteroids from nodules of effective bean-Rhizobium symbiosis, it was 2.5--3.0 times as high. Cytofluorimetric determination of glycogen in cells of nodule bacteria, especially under conditions of symbiosis, can be considered as an indirect criterion of effectiveness in the preliminary selection of strains.", "PMID": 751689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8637", "title": "Metabolism of [14C]nicotine in wild species of Nicotiana.", "content": "Nicotine metabolism was studied in a number of wild species of the genus Nicotiana. It was shown that exogenous alkaloid, labeled with 14C on the methyl, as well as in each of the heterocycles individually, when introduced into the above-ground organs of these species during the period of their vegetative development, is actively metabolized. It was established that as a result of the conversions of exogenous nicotine, anabasine is formed in anabasine species of the genus Nicotiana, while nornicotine is formed in nornicotine and certain nicotine species. It can be assumed that the low content of alkaloids in wild species of the genus Nicotiana is due to the fact that the ability of these species to metabolize the indicated compounds is considerably more pronounced than in cultivated tobaccos.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C]nicotine in wild species of Nicotiana. Nicotine metabolism was studied in a number of wild species of the genus Nicotiana. It was shown that exogenous alkaloid, labeled with 14C on the methyl, as well as in each of the heterocycles individually, when introduced into the above-ground organs of these species during the period of their vegetative development, is actively metabolized. It was established that as a result of the conversions of exogenous nicotine, anabasine is formed in anabasine species of the genus Nicotiana, while nornicotine is formed in nornicotine and certain nicotine species. It can be assumed that the low content of alkaloids in wild species of the genus Nicotiana is due to the fact that the ability of these species to metabolize the indicated compounds is considerably more pronounced than in cultivated tobaccos.", "PMID": 751691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8638", "title": "Organic phosphorus of the soil and its mineralization.", "content": "The question of the composition of organic phosphorus in soil and pathways of its mineralization is discussed. The literature data and the author's own results on the content of polyphosphates in microorganisms and in soil are cited. Possible ways of studying the accessibility of soil factors depending on the composition of the microflora and degree of polymerization of immobilized inorganic polyphosphates are discussed.", "contents": "Organic phosphorus of the soil and its mineralization. The question of the composition of organic phosphorus in soil and pathways of its mineralization is discussed. The literature data and the author's own results on the content of polyphosphates in microorganisms and in soil are cited. Possible ways of studying the accessibility of soil factors depending on the composition of the microflora and degree of polymerization of immobilized inorganic polyphosphates are discussed.", "PMID": 751690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8639", "title": "Method of determining the amino acid composition of plant samples and separation of proteins into fractions with buffer solutions.", "content": "In the proposed method, the determination of the amount and amino acid composition of extractable and inextractable proteins, nonprotein nitrogen, and free amino acids is performed in one analytical sample. The above-mentioned nitrogenous substances are extracted with borate buffer. Shortened and expanded schemes of separation of proteins into fractions using buffer solutions are given. For the shortened schemes of analysis, the proteins are separated into readily soluble, medium soluble, sparingly soluble, and insoluble fractions, and in the expanded scheme into eight fractions: three fractions of readily soluble proteins, two fractions each of medium- and sparingly-soluble proteins, and insoluble proteins.", "contents": "Method of determining the amino acid composition of plant samples and separation of proteins into fractions with buffer solutions. In the proposed method, the determination of the amount and amino acid composition of extractable and inextractable proteins, nonprotein nitrogen, and free amino acids is performed in one analytical sample. The above-mentioned nitrogenous substances are extracted with borate buffer. Shortened and expanded schemes of separation of proteins into fractions using buffer solutions are given. For the shortened schemes of analysis, the proteins are separated into readily soluble, medium soluble, sparingly soluble, and insoluble fractions, and in the expanded scheme into eight fractions: three fractions of readily soluble proteins, two fractions each of medium- and sparingly-soluble proteins, and insoluble proteins.", "PMID": 751692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8640", "title": "Methods of utilization of regularities in modificational variability of quantitative characters in plant breeding.", "content": "The nature of the modificational and genotypic variability of 30 quantitative characters in wheat varieties with different numbers of genes for dwarfing, and nine characters in contrasting pea varieties, differing in leaf type, was investigated. The experimental data, obtained in 1971--1974 and analyzed in the M-220M and Minsk-22 computers, showed a high degree of similarity in the modificational variability of similar quantitative characters for all varieties of the same crop. Significant similarities were also found in the modificational variability of identical quantitative characters for the two species (wheat and peas), which showed that the regularities in modificational variability are generally applicable in biology. The coefficients of variation, calculated from the total data obtained, for modificational (CVm), genotypic (CVg) and overall modificational-genotypic (CVm+g) variability, for the different quantitative characters, may be useful criteria in plant breeding. They may reveal genotypic differences in the quantitative characters in hybrids and mutant populations, and may thus be useful in improving the efficiency of selection of wheat and pea strains.", "contents": "Methods of utilization of regularities in modificational variability of quantitative characters in plant breeding. The nature of the modificational and genotypic variability of 30 quantitative characters in wheat varieties with different numbers of genes for dwarfing, and nine characters in contrasting pea varieties, differing in leaf type, was investigated. The experimental data, obtained in 1971--1974 and analyzed in the M-220M and Minsk-22 computers, showed a high degree of similarity in the modificational variability of similar quantitative characters for all varieties of the same crop. Significant similarities were also found in the modificational variability of identical quantitative characters for the two species (wheat and peas), which showed that the regularities in modificational variability are generally applicable in biology. The coefficients of variation, calculated from the total data obtained, for modificational (CVm), genotypic (CVg) and overall modificational-genotypic (CVm+g) variability, for the different quantitative characters, may be useful criteria in plant breeding. They may reveal genotypic differences in the quantitative characters in hybrids and mutant populations, and may thus be useful in improving the efficiency of selection of wheat and pea strains.", "PMID": 751693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8641", "title": "Production of Staphylococcus membranes and their enzymatic and protein characteristics.", "content": "Three methods of decomposition of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P cells were compared for the production of membranes-ultrasound, a press, and enzymatic lysis. All the tested methods permitted the isolation of enzymatically active membranes, differing somewhat in protein composition.", "contents": "Production of Staphylococcus membranes and their enzymatic and protein characteristics. Three methods of decomposition of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P cells were compared for the production of membranes-ultrasound, a press, and enzymatic lysis. All the tested methods permitted the isolation of enzymatically active membranes, differing somewhat in protein composition.", "PMID": 751694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8642", "title": "Cumulative effect in microwave irradiation.", "content": "In experiments on 853 nonpedigreed mice a study was made of the cumulative effect of microwave irradiation using the lethal effect as a criterion. It was demonstrated that there is a correlation between the coefficient of accumulation and conditions of irradiation.", "contents": "Cumulative effect in microwave irradiation. In experiments on 853 nonpedigreed mice a study was made of the cumulative effect of microwave irradiation using the lethal effect as a criterion. It was demonstrated that there is a correlation between the coefficient of accumulation and conditions of irradiation.", "PMID": 751696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8643", "title": "Metabolism of nucleic acids in hepatomas with a different degree of differentiation.", "content": "A comparative study was made of the metabolism of nucleic acids in hepatomas with a different degree of differentiation (46, 60, and 22A), liver, and regenerating liver. A direct correlation was found between the initial rate of incorporation of [14C]thymidine into DNA and the maximum growth rate of the hepatomas and regenerating liver. An increase of the specific DNA content as the hepatomas deviated from the normal liver is shown. A direct relation was found between the value of the RNA/DNA ratio and maximum growth rate of the hepatomas. A study of the catabolism of nucleic acids revealed inhibition of the breakdown of nucleic acids of hepatomas in comparison with a number of normal tissues, except liver tissues. The possible cause of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of nucleic acids in hepatomas with a different degree of differentiation. A comparative study was made of the metabolism of nucleic acids in hepatomas with a different degree of differentiation (46, 60, and 22A), liver, and regenerating liver. A direct correlation was found between the initial rate of incorporation of [14C]thymidine into DNA and the maximum growth rate of the hepatomas and regenerating liver. An increase of the specific DNA content as the hepatomas deviated from the normal liver is shown. A direct relation was found between the value of the RNA/DNA ratio and maximum growth rate of the hepatomas. A study of the catabolism of nucleic acids revealed inhibition of the breakdown of nucleic acids of hepatomas in comparison with a number of normal tissues, except liver tissues. The possible cause of these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 751700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8644", "title": "Synthesis of aminoacyl adenylates and their role in abiogenic peptide synthesis.", "content": "Preparative synthesis of adenylates of amino acids with modifications of Meister's method, pertaining to the purification and identification of the reaction products, is described. The significance of the synthesized substances is discussed in connection with the problem of abiogenic synthesis of peptides.", "contents": "Synthesis of aminoacyl adenylates and their role in abiogenic peptide synthesis. Preparative synthesis of adenylates of amino acids with modifications of Meister's method, pertaining to the purification and identification of the reaction products, is described. The significance of the synthesized substances is discussed in connection with the problem of abiogenic synthesis of peptides.", "PMID": 751697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8645", "title": "Influence of serotonin on calcium transport in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "It was shown in experiments in vitro that serotonin, depending on the concentration, has different effects on calcium transport in rat liver mitochondria. In a concentration of 10(-6) M it increases the ability of the mitochondria to bind calcium; in a higher concentration (10(-4) M) serotonin accelerates the release of calcium from the mitochondria. The effect of serotonin is detected at a calcium concentration in sucrose medium of the order of 10(-4) M and is not observed when the mitochondria are incubated in a complete reaction medium.", "contents": "Influence of serotonin on calcium transport in rat liver mitochondria. It was shown in experiments in vitro that serotonin, depending on the concentration, has different effects on calcium transport in rat liver mitochondria. In a concentration of 10(-6) M it increases the ability of the mitochondria to bind calcium; in a higher concentration (10(-4) M) serotonin accelerates the release of calcium from the mitochondria. The effect of serotonin is detected at a calcium concentration in sucrose medium of the order of 10(-4) M and is not observed when the mitochondria are incubated in a complete reaction medium.", "PMID": 751702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8646", "title": "Glycosides during ensiling.", "content": "The content of glycosinolates in crucifers and other plants and their behavior during ensiling was studied. It was found that up to 80% of glycosinolates decompose during ensiling. Acidification of the mass with formic acid somewhat slows down the decomposition of glycosinolates. Decomposition of glycosinolates does not occur during ensiling of clover, which, in the authors' opinion, is explained by the low activity of glycosinolate hydrolases. The evolution of hydrogen sulfide at the start of ensiling of a number of crops was established.", "contents": "Glycosides during ensiling. The content of glycosinolates in crucifers and other plants and their behavior during ensiling was studied. It was found that up to 80% of glycosinolates decompose during ensiling. Acidification of the mass with formic acid somewhat slows down the decomposition of glycosinolates. Decomposition of glycosinolates does not occur during ensiling of clover, which, in the authors' opinion, is explained by the low activity of glycosinolate hydrolases. The evolution of hydrogen sulfide at the start of ensiling of a number of crops was established.", "PMID": 751699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8647", "title": "Effect of a strong magnetostatic field on proliferation of duodenal epithelial cells in mice.", "content": "The proliferative activity of duodenal epithelial cells in mice subjected to the effect of a 1000-Oe magnetostatic field (MSF) was studied. It was established that the one-day effect of a strong MSF causes transient disturbance of cell division processes. This is indicated by changes in the mitotic index and content of cells in the duodenal crypt, and also by the increase in the number of pathological forms of mitoses with a predominance of chromosomal damages.", "contents": "Effect of a strong magnetostatic field on proliferation of duodenal epithelial cells in mice. The proliferative activity of duodenal epithelial cells in mice subjected to the effect of a 1000-Oe magnetostatic field (MSF) was studied. It was established that the one-day effect of a strong MSF causes transient disturbance of cell division processes. This is indicated by changes in the mitotic index and content of cells in the duodenal crypt, and also by the increase in the number of pathological forms of mitoses with a predominance of chromosomal damages.", "PMID": 751701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8648", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and adriamycin treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "Treatment with a combination of adriamycin (ADM) and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) has been evaluated in 24 patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Twenty patients had received prior chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Objective remissions were seen in ten patients. The usual toxic manifestations of ADM and DDP were observed. It is concluded that the combination is effective therapy for ovarian cancer. Further investigation of this combination versus single agents is warranted.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and adriamycin treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Treatment with a combination of adriamycin (ADM) and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) has been evaluated in 24 patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Twenty patients had received prior chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Objective remissions were seen in ten patients. The usual toxic manifestations of ADM and DDP were observed. It is concluded that the combination is effective therapy for ovarian cancer. Further investigation of this combination versus single agents is warranted.", "PMID": 751711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8649", "title": "Potential anticancer agents. XVII. New developments in the benzoic acid nitrogen mustards area.", "content": "In order to obtain aromatic nitrogen mustards with improved therapeutic index against experimental neoplasms, greater than 75 new compounds were synthetized and studied. Their structure-activity relationship analysis led to the following conclusions: (a) the carboxylic group (especially when located in the meta position with respect to the nitrogen mustard group) exerts a favorable effect on the biologic properties of such compounds, probably by improving their transport characteristics; (b) a linear relationship was found between the chemical reactivity (expressed as alkylation rate, log k66) and toxicity (LD50) of 31 investigated compounds; and (c) the ortho effects also seem to be of importance in this area for a more accurate control of the nitrogen mustard activity. Other criteria (ie, log P, nucleophilicity of the target centers) involved in the rational design of aromatic nitrogen mustards are discussed. The design of new derivatives was oriented toward compounds which (a) were able to couple with selected proteins (ie, antibodies) leaving the cytotoxic moiety intact, and (b) were obtained by coupling of the 3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-4-methyl-benzoyl moiety with selected carriers (steroids, chromanones, etc) by way of an esteric bond.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents. XVII. New developments in the benzoic acid nitrogen mustards area. In order to obtain aromatic nitrogen mustards with improved therapeutic index against experimental neoplasms, greater than 75 new compounds were synthetized and studied. Their structure-activity relationship analysis led to the following conclusions: (a) the carboxylic group (especially when located in the meta position with respect to the nitrogen mustard group) exerts a favorable effect on the biologic properties of such compounds, probably by improving their transport characteristics; (b) a linear relationship was found between the chemical reactivity (expressed as alkylation rate, log k66) and toxicity (LD50) of 31 investigated compounds; and (c) the ortho effects also seem to be of importance in this area for a more accurate control of the nitrogen mustard activity. Other criteria (ie, log P, nucleophilicity of the target centers) involved in the rational design of aromatic nitrogen mustards are discussed. The design of new derivatives was oriented toward compounds which (a) were able to couple with selected proteins (ie, antibodies) leaving the cytotoxic moiety intact, and (b) were obtained by coupling of the 3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-4-methyl-benzoyl moiety with selected carriers (steroids, chromanones, etc) by way of an esteric bond.", "PMID": 751714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8650", "title": "Perturbed cell kinetics of 9L rat brain tumor cells following dianhydrogalactitol.", "content": "Kinetic changes induced by dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in cultured 9L rat brain tumor cells were studied using conventional autoradiography and flow cytometry. Cell cycle parameters for the untreated cell line were: G1, 8.5 hours; S, 8.2 hours; G2, 3.2 hours; M, 0.5 hour; and cell cycle time, 19.5--20 hours. Treatment with 5 micrograms/ml of DAG, which caused 89.8% cell kill as measured by the colony-forming efficiency assay, resulted in the following effects: (a) undisturbed progression of G2 cells toward mitosis; (b) disturbed progression of the cells in the S--G2 boundary; (c) extreme prolongation of DNA synthesis time; and (d) temporary accumulation in G2 phase of cells that were in G1 or S phase at the time of treatment.", "contents": "Perturbed cell kinetics of 9L rat brain tumor cells following dianhydrogalactitol. Kinetic changes induced by dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in cultured 9L rat brain tumor cells were studied using conventional autoradiography and flow cytometry. Cell cycle parameters for the untreated cell line were: G1, 8.5 hours; S, 8.2 hours; G2, 3.2 hours; M, 0.5 hour; and cell cycle time, 19.5--20 hours. Treatment with 5 micrograms/ml of DAG, which caused 89.8% cell kill as measured by the colony-forming efficiency assay, resulted in the following effects: (a) undisturbed progression of G2 cells toward mitosis; (b) disturbed progression of the cells in the S--G2 boundary; (c) extreme prolongation of DNA synthesis time; and (d) temporary accumulation in G2 phase of cells that were in G1 or S phase at the time of treatment.", "PMID": 751715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8651", "title": "Therapeutic potentiation of nitrosoureas using chlorpromazine and caffeine in the treatment of murine tumors.", "content": "The therapeutic usefulness of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and caffeine (CAF) in combination with selected nitrosoureas was investigated in mice bearing L1210 leukemia, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 melanoma. We found that using BCNU with either CAF or CPZ was therapeutically superior to using either agent alone to treat mice bearing L1210 leukemia. Administering all three drugs in combination did not improve upon the therapeutic responses obtained with the two-drug combinations. In mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma or B16 melanoma, responses to treatment with the triple combination of methyl-CCNU, CAF, and CPZ suggested, but did not clearly establish, superiority over each two-drug combination or methyl-CCNU alone.", "contents": "Therapeutic potentiation of nitrosoureas using chlorpromazine and caffeine in the treatment of murine tumors. The therapeutic usefulness of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and caffeine (CAF) in combination with selected nitrosoureas was investigated in mice bearing L1210 leukemia, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 melanoma. We found that using BCNU with either CAF or CPZ was therapeutically superior to using either agent alone to treat mice bearing L1210 leukemia. Administering all three drugs in combination did not improve upon the therapeutic responses obtained with the two-drug combinations. In mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma or B16 melanoma, responses to treatment with the triple combination of methyl-CCNU, CAF, and CPZ suggested, but did not clearly establish, superiority over each two-drug combination or methyl-CCNU alone.", "PMID": 751716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8652", "title": "Positive phase II trial of dibromodulcitol in patients with metastatic melanoma refractory to DTIC and a nitrosourea.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with measurable metastatic melanoma refractory to DTIC and a nitrosourea were treated with dibromodulcitol (DBD). DBD was administered orally at bedtime at a dose of 100 mg/m2/day until hematologic toxicity (a greater than or equal to 50% decrease in the wbc or platelet count) was induced. Five patients experienced clinically useful objective remissions; responding lesions included both soft tissue metastases and visceral metastatic disease. It is concluded that DBD is useful in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and thus joins DTIC and the nitrosoureas as single agents which are active against this malignancy.", "contents": "Positive phase II trial of dibromodulcitol in patients with metastatic melanoma refractory to DTIC and a nitrosourea. Twenty-five patients with measurable metastatic melanoma refractory to DTIC and a nitrosourea were treated with dibromodulcitol (DBD). DBD was administered orally at bedtime at a dose of 100 mg/m2/day until hematologic toxicity (a greater than or equal to 50% decrease in the wbc or platelet count) was induced. Five patients experienced clinically useful objective remissions; responding lesions included both soft tissue metastases and visceral metastatic disease. It is concluded that DBD is useful in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and thus joins DTIC and the nitrosoureas as single agents which are active against this malignancy.", "PMID": 751717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8653", "title": "Phase II study of mitomycin C and vinblastine in women with advanced breast cancer refractory to standard cytotoxic therapy.", "content": "The combination of mitomycin C and vinblastine in the dose and schedule used in this study (6 and 5 mg/m2, respectively, every 14 days) was of little clinical efficacy in the management of metastatic breast cancer already refractory to standard chemotherapy and hormonal therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Phase II study of mitomycin C and vinblastine in women with advanced breast cancer refractory to standard cytotoxic therapy. The combination of mitomycin C and vinblastine in the dose and schedule used in this study (6 and 5 mg/m2, respectively, every 14 days) was of little clinical efficacy in the management of metastatic breast cancer already refractory to standard chemotherapy and hormonal therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 751719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8654", "title": "Testing of 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (3-oxauracil) in mouse L1210 leukemia and 37 sarcoma.", "content": "The antimetabolite 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (3-oxauracil) has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate its effects on survival time of DBA/2 and B6D2F1 mice with L1210 leukemia and of outbred albino mice with 37 sarcoma. A significant increase in survival time was observed in mice with 37 sarcoma and slight effects were observed in mice with L1210 leukemia when treated with 3 x 12.5 or 3 x 25 mg/kg of 3-oxauracil. No toxic side effects were observed when large therapeutic doses of the drug were given.", "contents": "Testing of 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (3-oxauracil) in mouse L1210 leukemia and 37 sarcoma. The antimetabolite 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (3-oxauracil) has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate its effects on survival time of DBA/2 and B6D2F1 mice with L1210 leukemia and of outbred albino mice with 37 sarcoma. A significant increase in survival time was observed in mice with 37 sarcoma and slight effects were observed in mice with L1210 leukemia when treated with 3 x 12.5 or 3 x 25 mg/kg of 3-oxauracil. No toxic side effects were observed when large therapeutic doses of the drug were given.", "PMID": 751720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8655", "title": "Ventricular overdrive suppression of idioventricular rhythm in patients with complete heart block.", "content": "Idioventricular rate, QRS width, site of block and responses to ventricular overdrive pacing were studied in 29 patients with chronic complete heart block in an attempt to distinguish patients liable to syncopal attacks. Ten patients were asymptomatic, 5 gave a history of presyncope and 14 of syncope. Although the mean idioventricular rate of the 10 patients in the narrow QRS group (40.0 per min) was significantly faster than that of the 19 patients in the wide QRS group (35.5 per min; P less than 0.02), the rate did not distinguish symptomatic patients in either the narrow or the wide QRS groups. His bundle studies of the site of block were also unhelpful. Overdrive right ventricular pacing at increasing rates was used to assess ventricular escape times which were not significantly different in symptomatic and asymptomatic wide QRS patients. There was, however, a significant difference in the product of maximum ventricular escape time X overdrive cycle length between symptomatic and asymptomatic narrow QRS patients after 30 s overdrive (3.850+/-1.670 vs 1.070+/-0.475; P less than 0.01); 60 s overdrive (5.020+/-2.170 vs 1.240+/-0.515; P less than 0.01) and 120 s overdrive (6.040+/-2.900 vs 1.460+/-0.275; P less than 0.01) which may have clinical predictive values.", "contents": "Ventricular overdrive suppression of idioventricular rhythm in patients with complete heart block. Idioventricular rate, QRS width, site of block and responses to ventricular overdrive pacing were studied in 29 patients with chronic complete heart block in an attempt to distinguish patients liable to syncopal attacks. Ten patients were asymptomatic, 5 gave a history of presyncope and 14 of syncope. Although the mean idioventricular rate of the 10 patients in the narrow QRS group (40.0 per min) was significantly faster than that of the 19 patients in the wide QRS group (35.5 per min; P less than 0.02), the rate did not distinguish symptomatic patients in either the narrow or the wide QRS groups. His bundle studies of the site of block were also unhelpful. Overdrive right ventricular pacing at increasing rates was used to assess ventricular escape times which were not significantly different in symptomatic and asymptomatic wide QRS patients. There was, however, a significant difference in the product of maximum ventricular escape time X overdrive cycle length between symptomatic and asymptomatic narrow QRS patients after 30 s overdrive (3.850+/-1.670 vs 1.070+/-0.475; P less than 0.01); 60 s overdrive (5.020+/-2.170 vs 1.240+/-0.515; P less than 0.01) and 120 s overdrive (6.040+/-2.900 vs 1.460+/-0.275; P less than 0.01) which may have clinical predictive values.", "PMID": 751723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8656", "title": "Synthesis of myosin heavy and light chains in the afterloaded guinea pig right ventricle.", "content": "Increased afterload causes increased cardiac myosin synthesis and ultimately leads to hypertrophy. Since the latter is associated with altered myosin ATPase activity, it was of interest to study the synthesis of myosin subunits in the acute response to this stress. An in vitro guinea pig heart preparation was used which allowed application of afterload to the right ventricle with unaltered coronary flow, and also permitted measurement of synthesis of myosin heavy chains (HC) and combined light chains (LC) by continuous perfusion with labelled amino acids (3H-lysine and/or 3H-phenylalanine) of constant specific activity. Isolation of 3H-labelled HC and LC with heterologous unlabelled carrier was possible because of identical mobilities of HC's and LC's from unlabelled lamb carrier myosin and 3H-labelled guinea pig myosin. This permitted study of comparative synthesis of the HC and LC in small samples as the single guinea pig right ventricle (100--150 mg) and avoided errors inherent in pooling hearts or in measurement of turnover in the nonsteady state. After 3 h or perfusion, the ratio of synthesis of HC/LC was 2 : 1 in controls. This ratio increased significantly to 3 : 1 in after load. It is possible that the disproportionate increase in HC synthesis may lead to stoichiometric problems in myosin assembly which ultimately effect altered myosin ATPase activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of myosin heavy and light chains in the afterloaded guinea pig right ventricle. Increased afterload causes increased cardiac myosin synthesis and ultimately leads to hypertrophy. Since the latter is associated with altered myosin ATPase activity, it was of interest to study the synthesis of myosin subunits in the acute response to this stress. An in vitro guinea pig heart preparation was used which allowed application of afterload to the right ventricle with unaltered coronary flow, and also permitted measurement of synthesis of myosin heavy chains (HC) and combined light chains (LC) by continuous perfusion with labelled amino acids (3H-lysine and/or 3H-phenylalanine) of constant specific activity. Isolation of 3H-labelled HC and LC with heterologous unlabelled carrier was possible because of identical mobilities of HC's and LC's from unlabelled lamb carrier myosin and 3H-labelled guinea pig myosin. This permitted study of comparative synthesis of the HC and LC in small samples as the single guinea pig right ventricle (100--150 mg) and avoided errors inherent in pooling hearts or in measurement of turnover in the nonsteady state. After 3 h or perfusion, the ratio of synthesis of HC/LC was 2 : 1 in controls. This ratio increased significantly to 3 : 1 in after load. It is possible that the disproportionate increase in HC synthesis may lead to stoichiometric problems in myosin assembly which ultimately effect altered myosin ATPase activity.", "PMID": 751724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8657", "title": "Vibration-induced hyperresponsiveness of arterial smooth muscle to noradrenaline with special reference to Raynaud's phenomenon in vibration disease.", "content": "Effects of in vitro and in vivo vibratory stimulations were studied on dose-response relationships of noradrenaline in excised femoral arteries of dogs and rats. The responsiveness of these arteries were enhanced after the application of the stimulation. The degree of the hyperresponsiveness was dependent upon frequency, amplitude, and duration of the stimulation. Based on the experimental results, a possible explanation was offered for Raynaud's phenomenon in vibration disease.", "contents": "Vibration-induced hyperresponsiveness of arterial smooth muscle to noradrenaline with special reference to Raynaud's phenomenon in vibration disease. Effects of in vitro and in vivo vibratory stimulations were studied on dose-response relationships of noradrenaline in excised femoral arteries of dogs and rats. The responsiveness of these arteries were enhanced after the application of the stimulation. The degree of the hyperresponsiveness was dependent upon frequency, amplitude, and duration of the stimulation. Based on the experimental results, a possible explanation was offered for Raynaud's phenomenon in vibration disease.", "PMID": 751727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8658", "title": "Morphological and topographical variations of the outlet chamber in complex congenital heart disease: an angiocardiographic study.", "content": "The outlet chamber of the human heart can show considerable variations in its morphology and topography (relationship to main ventricular chamber), and such variations in anatomy and spacial relationship may be predictive of the associated intracardiac anatomy. Although there is considerable debate about whether the position of the outlet chamber is indicative of the type of bulboventricular loop (whether D- or L-), a right-sided and anterior outlet chamber has different implications than a left-sided, superior, and more posterior positioned one. The inflows into the outlet chamber can vary anatomically, and progressive changes in the calibers of these communications can adversely alter the natural history. One or both of the greak vessels, or neither, or a persistent truncus arteriosus can originate from the outlet chamber, and any significant morphological change in the outlet chamber may or may not adversely affect either the pulmonary or systemic blood supply, or both. Finally, any consideration of the outlet chamber raises important conceptual difference in terminologies. At present, there is not unanimity as to what constitutes either an outlet chamber (as compared to a \"small right ventricle\" in tricuspid atresia) or a single (primitive) ventricle. Any discussion of the morphological and topographical variations of the outlet chamber must be viewed with respect to the terminology employed.", "contents": "Morphological and topographical variations of the outlet chamber in complex congenital heart disease: an angiocardiographic study. The outlet chamber of the human heart can show considerable variations in its morphology and topography (relationship to main ventricular chamber), and such variations in anatomy and spacial relationship may be predictive of the associated intracardiac anatomy. Although there is considerable debate about whether the position of the outlet chamber is indicative of the type of bulboventricular loop (whether D- or L-), a right-sided and anterior outlet chamber has different implications than a left-sided, superior, and more posterior positioned one. The inflows into the outlet chamber can vary anatomically, and progressive changes in the calibers of these communications can adversely alter the natural history. One or both of the greak vessels, or neither, or a persistent truncus arteriosus can originate from the outlet chamber, and any significant morphological change in the outlet chamber may or may not adversely affect either the pulmonary or systemic blood supply, or both. Finally, any consideration of the outlet chamber raises important conceptual difference in terminologies. At present, there is not unanimity as to what constitutes either an outlet chamber (as compared to a \"small right ventricle\" in tricuspid atresia) or a single (primitive) ventricle. Any discussion of the morphological and topographical variations of the outlet chamber must be viewed with respect to the terminology employed.", "PMID": 751728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8659", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment of the new aortic Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis.", "content": "Although glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic Hancock heterografts have lower thromboembolism incidence than mechanical aortic valves, Hancock xenografts provide less functional aortic outflow orifices and thereby greater transvalvular gradients than mechanical prostheses. The newly developed aortic Carpentier-Edwards porcine heterografts comprise a thin-walled Elgiloy flexible metal stent covered with Teflon which provides somewhat wider internal orifices than aortic Hancock valves of the same external annulus diameter. Since aortic Carpentier-Edwards xenografts have not been clinically evaluated previously, the present study assessed cardiac function and heterograft performance (1.7 months postoperation) and clinical status (4.2 months postoperation) of 19 patients with severe aortic stenosis and/or regurgitation prior to surgery. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures decreased (17 to 9 mm Hg), cardiac index remained normal, and clinical symptomatology diminished markedly. Mean peak transxenograft systolic pressure was only 16 mm Hg (valve area 1.73 cm2), without meaningful regurgitation. Thus aortic Carpentier-Edwards bioprostheses provide generally excellent heterograft function which appears more favorable than previous reports of Hancock xenografts.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment of the new aortic Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis. Although glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic Hancock heterografts have lower thromboembolism incidence than mechanical aortic valves, Hancock xenografts provide less functional aortic outflow orifices and thereby greater transvalvular gradients than mechanical prostheses. The newly developed aortic Carpentier-Edwards porcine heterografts comprise a thin-walled Elgiloy flexible metal stent covered with Teflon which provides somewhat wider internal orifices than aortic Hancock valves of the same external annulus diameter. Since aortic Carpentier-Edwards xenografts have not been clinically evaluated previously, the present study assessed cardiac function and heterograft performance (1.7 months postoperation) and clinical status (4.2 months postoperation) of 19 patients with severe aortic stenosis and/or regurgitation prior to surgery. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures decreased (17 to 9 mm Hg), cardiac index remained normal, and clinical symptomatology diminished markedly. Mean peak transxenograft systolic pressure was only 16 mm Hg (valve area 1.73 cm2), without meaningful regurgitation. Thus aortic Carpentier-Edwards bioprostheses provide generally excellent heterograft function which appears more favorable than previous reports of Hancock xenografts.", "PMID": 751729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8660", "title": "Effects of dextran infusion on left ventricular volume and pressure in man.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to quantitate the changes in left ventricular volume and end-diastolic pressure that occur with rapid infusion of 500 ml of low molecular weight dextran, and thus to study left ventricular pressure-volume relationships. Left ventricular pressure and echocardiographic dimensions were recorded before, during, and following dextran infusion in eight patients with normal left ventricular function. With the infusion of dextran, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose progressively from 10 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- SD) to 24 +/- 5 mmHg, whereas end-diastolic volume increased from 95 +/- 23 ml to 118 +/- 26 ml (24%). These results serve to emphasize the steepness of the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship at end-diastole in subjects with normal ventricular function when in the supine position.", "contents": "Effects of dextran infusion on left ventricular volume and pressure in man. The purpose of this investigation was to quantitate the changes in left ventricular volume and end-diastolic pressure that occur with rapid infusion of 500 ml of low molecular weight dextran, and thus to study left ventricular pressure-volume relationships. Left ventricular pressure and echocardiographic dimensions were recorded before, during, and following dextran infusion in eight patients with normal left ventricular function. With the infusion of dextran, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose progressively from 10 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- SD) to 24 +/- 5 mmHg, whereas end-diastolic volume increased from 95 +/- 23 ml to 118 +/- 26 ml (24%). These results serve to emphasize the steepness of the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship at end-diastole in subjects with normal ventricular function when in the supine position.", "PMID": 751730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8661", "title": "Determination and importance of the magnification factor in the calculation of ventricular volume: development of a simple, accurate method.", "content": "A study of single-plane right anterior oblique left ventricular angiography was undertaken to determine the importance of obtaining correct positioning of a magnification grid and to develop a simple but accurate technique to minimize magnification errors. Theoretical and experimental volume determinations demonstrated 3% to 28% volume errors for grid placement errors ranging from 1 centimeter to 5 centimeters. An experiment was designed whereby cross table lateral radiographs of the chest were taken during contrast injections of the left ventricle. The relative position of the left ventricular center was found at a point 66% of the distance from the anterior to the posterior margin of the heart. Finding this point on noncontrast lateral films of the chest for positioning of a square centimeter grid should yield a more accurate determination of the magnification factor than other current emperic methods.", "contents": "Determination and importance of the magnification factor in the calculation of ventricular volume: development of a simple, accurate method. A study of single-plane right anterior oblique left ventricular angiography was undertaken to determine the importance of obtaining correct positioning of a magnification grid and to develop a simple but accurate technique to minimize magnification errors. Theoretical and experimental volume determinations demonstrated 3% to 28% volume errors for grid placement errors ranging from 1 centimeter to 5 centimeters. An experiment was designed whereby cross table lateral radiographs of the chest were taken during contrast injections of the left ventricle. The relative position of the left ventricular center was found at a point 66% of the distance from the anterior to the posterior margin of the heart. Finding this point on noncontrast lateral films of the chest for positioning of a square centimeter grid should yield a more accurate determination of the magnification factor than other current emperic methods.", "PMID": 751731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8662", "title": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery above the left sinus of Valsalva.", "content": "Various anomalies of coronary arterial origin have been described. These anatomical variations are discovered either by coronary angiography or at autopsy. We are reporting a case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery above the left sinus of Valsalva. To our knowledge, this anomaly has not been described before. A technique for selectively catheterizing such an aberrant coronary artery is described.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery above the left sinus of Valsalva. Various anomalies of coronary arterial origin have been described. These anatomical variations are discovered either by coronary angiography or at autopsy. We are reporting a case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery above the left sinus of Valsalva. To our knowledge, this anomaly has not been described before. A technique for selectively catheterizing such an aberrant coronary artery is described.", "PMID": 751732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8663", "title": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva.", "content": "We present the clinical, angiographic and surgical findings in a 63-year-old man with anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of valsalva. The course of the left main artery was abnormal in that it passed between the aorta and the pulmonary artery; in addition, there was obstructive disease involving the left main coronary artery. The association of these two entities in this age group is unusual.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva. We present the clinical, angiographic and surgical findings in a 63-year-old man with anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of valsalva. The course of the left main artery was abnormal in that it passed between the aorta and the pulmonary artery; in addition, there was obstructive disease involving the left main coronary artery. The association of these two entities in this age group is unusual.", "PMID": 751733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8664", "title": "Sudden death in severe aortic stenosis following cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Five patients with critical aortic stenosis (aortic valve area 0.6 cm2 or less) died 2 days to 21 days following cardiac catheterization performed in anticipation of cardiac surgery. A sixth patient was successfully resuscitated for spontaneous ventricular fibrillation, and successful aortic valve replacement was accomplished. Two patients had prior history of syncope; one patient, of ventricular tachycardia; three patients, of pulmonary edema; and three patients, of crescendo angina. One patient had severe hypotension during maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. The mode of death was sudden but not witnessed in two patients. The terminal cardiac rhythms were slow junctional in one patient, idioventricular in one, ventricular tachycardia in one, and ventricular fibrillation in the fourth patient. We conclude that symptomatic patients with critical aortic stenosis should be monitored after cardiac catheterization, and surgery should be performed as soon as possible since sudden death is not unusual.", "contents": "Sudden death in severe aortic stenosis following cardiac catheterization. Five patients with critical aortic stenosis (aortic valve area 0.6 cm2 or less) died 2 days to 21 days following cardiac catheterization performed in anticipation of cardiac surgery. A sixth patient was successfully resuscitated for spontaneous ventricular fibrillation, and successful aortic valve replacement was accomplished. Two patients had prior history of syncope; one patient, of ventricular tachycardia; three patients, of pulmonary edema; and three patients, of crescendo angina. One patient had severe hypotension during maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. The mode of death was sudden but not witnessed in two patients. The terminal cardiac rhythms were slow junctional in one patient, idioventricular in one, ventricular tachycardia in one, and ventricular fibrillation in the fourth patient. We conclude that symptomatic patients with critical aortic stenosis should be monitored after cardiac catheterization, and surgery should be performed as soon as possible since sudden death is not unusual.", "PMID": 751734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8665", "title": "Problems in the detection of acute severe mitral insufficiency using flow-directed catheters.", "content": "A case of acute severe mitral insufficiency is described wherein bedside Swan-Ganz right heart catheterization failed to established the diagnosis. Emphasis is given to problems inherent in recording the diagnostic large dominant V-waves with this technique, and to the necessity of resolving conflicting measurements with conventional cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Problems in the detection of acute severe mitral insufficiency using flow-directed catheters. A case of acute severe mitral insufficiency is described wherein bedside Swan-Ganz right heart catheterization failed to established the diagnosis. Emphasis is given to problems inherent in recording the diagnostic large dominant V-waves with this technique, and to the necessity of resolving conflicting measurements with conventional cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 751736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8666", "title": "Uptake of melanosomes and increased melanin formation by cultured melanoma cells after treatment with isolated melanosomes.", "content": "Melanosomes isolated from a subcutaneous Harding-Passey mouse melanoma and purified by density gradient centrifugation were labelled in vitro with 14C-tyrosine or 3H-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the melanin portion. Incubation of monolayer cultures of Harding-Passey melanoma cells during exponential growth phase (wherin cells contained relatively few melanosomes) with isolated and labelled melanosomes during a time-period of up to 3 days resulted in rapid cellular uptake of label (reaching a saturation level after about half a day). Following a lag period of several hours, the melanin content rose near-linearly in the course of 3 days. Comparison of curves of uptake of radioactivity and melanin concentration indicates that the latter rise is due primarily to newly formed melanin. Ultrastructural studies revealed a strikingly increased number of melanosomes in melanosome-treated cells. Some of these appeared to be the result of phagocytotic uptake. In fact, invagigations of the plasma membrane containing exogenous melanosomes were observed. Since most intracellular melanosomes were localized directly in the cytoplasmic matrix, dissolution of the phagosome membrane appeared to have taken place. Aggregates of melanosomes either surrounded by a membrane or free in the cytoplasm were also observed. These bodies might represent phagolysosomes or/and centres for the formation of new melanosomes. The combined biochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest stimulated melanogenesis induced by phagocytized melanosomes.", "contents": "Uptake of melanosomes and increased melanin formation by cultured melanoma cells after treatment with isolated melanosomes. Melanosomes isolated from a subcutaneous Harding-Passey mouse melanoma and purified by density gradient centrifugation were labelled in vitro with 14C-tyrosine or 3H-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the melanin portion. Incubation of monolayer cultures of Harding-Passey melanoma cells during exponential growth phase (wherin cells contained relatively few melanosomes) with isolated and labelled melanosomes during a time-period of up to 3 days resulted in rapid cellular uptake of label (reaching a saturation level after about half a day). Following a lag period of several hours, the melanin content rose near-linearly in the course of 3 days. Comparison of curves of uptake of radioactivity and melanin concentration indicates that the latter rise is due primarily to newly formed melanin. Ultrastructural studies revealed a strikingly increased number of melanosomes in melanosome-treated cells. Some of these appeared to be the result of phagocytotic uptake. In fact, invagigations of the plasma membrane containing exogenous melanosomes were observed. Since most intracellular melanosomes were localized directly in the cytoplasmic matrix, dissolution of the phagosome membrane appeared to have taken place. Aggregates of melanosomes either surrounded by a membrane or free in the cytoplasm were also observed. These bodies might represent phagolysosomes or/and centres for the formation of new melanosomes. The combined biochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest stimulated melanogenesis induced by phagocytized melanosomes.", "PMID": 751776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8667", "title": "Inhibitory effects of the herbicide trifluralin on the establishment of the clover root nodule symbiosis.", "content": "Trifluralin, a widely used herbicide (Rahman, 1977), may act via interaction with plant microtubule protein (Hess and Bayer, 1974, 1977). In trifluralin treated seedlings of Trifolium repens, root tips increased in diameter and decreased in length, cell elongation was decreased, cell wall deposition was abnormal, root hairs were deformed, and a marked reduction was seen in the number of infection threads induced by the bacterial symbionts. Our observations support the hypothesis that trifluralin (at low concentrations, from 2 x 10(-6) M) interferes with microtubule-based morphogenetic processes in developing seedlings and adversely affects the establishment of the bacteria-legume symbiosis.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of the herbicide trifluralin on the establishment of the clover root nodule symbiosis. Trifluralin, a widely used herbicide (Rahman, 1977), may act via interaction with plant microtubule protein (Hess and Bayer, 1974, 1977). In trifluralin treated seedlings of Trifolium repens, root tips increased in diameter and decreased in length, cell elongation was decreased, cell wall deposition was abnormal, root hairs were deformed, and a marked reduction was seen in the number of infection threads induced by the bacterial symbionts. Our observations support the hypothesis that trifluralin (at low concentrations, from 2 x 10(-6) M) interferes with microtubule-based morphogenetic processes in developing seedlings and adversely affects the establishment of the bacteria-legume symbiosis.", "PMID": 751777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8668", "title": "In vitro induction of uncoiled chromosomes with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "When inhibitors of cellular DNA, RNA or protein synthesis are added to the growth medium of human lymphoid cells in G2 phase, these agents produce, within narrow ranges of concentrations, G banded or uncoiled chromosomes in the treated metaphase cells. It is suggested that the induced structural alteration is a consequence of an inhibition of the normal chromosome condensation and fusion of bands taking place between prometaphase and metaphase. This inhibition seems to be due to a partial inhibition of G2 phase synthesis of RNA and protein molecules, necessary for normal chromosome condensation in metaphase. It is found that this condensation can be reversed during a resting period after metaphase.", "contents": "In vitro induction of uncoiled chromosomes with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. When inhibitors of cellular DNA, RNA or protein synthesis are added to the growth medium of human lymphoid cells in G2 phase, these agents produce, within narrow ranges of concentrations, G banded or uncoiled chromosomes in the treated metaphase cells. It is suggested that the induced structural alteration is a consequence of an inhibition of the normal chromosome condensation and fusion of bands taking place between prometaphase and metaphase. This inhibition seems to be due to a partial inhibition of G2 phase synthesis of RNA and protein molecules, necessary for normal chromosome condensation in metaphase. It is found that this condensation can be reversed during a resting period after metaphase.", "PMID": 751778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8669", "title": "Comparison of determined and undetermined meristems of Selaginella willdenovii Baker.", "content": "Three types of meristems from Selaginella willdenovii were compared. Undetermined dorsal branch junction meristems were aseptically cultured for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days on Knop's medium prior to fixation. Root tips and shoot tips, which have meristems already determiend developmentally, were excised from intact plants and fixed immediately. The cellular ultrastructure of each meristem was studied showing some differences in chloroplast structure, microtubule deposition, vesicle formation, degree of vacuolation, and invaginations of the plasma membrane. Some of these features, such as microtubule deposition and vesicle formation and vacuolation could be attributed to the different developmental states of the meristems.", "contents": "Comparison of determined and undetermined meristems of Selaginella willdenovii Baker. Three types of meristems from Selaginella willdenovii were compared. Undetermined dorsal branch junction meristems were aseptically cultured for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days on Knop's medium prior to fixation. Root tips and shoot tips, which have meristems already determiend developmentally, were excised from intact plants and fixed immediately. The cellular ultrastructure of each meristem was studied showing some differences in chloroplast structure, microtubule deposition, vesicle formation, degree of vacuolation, and invaginations of the plasma membrane. Some of these features, such as microtubule deposition and vesicle formation and vacuolation could be attributed to the different developmental states of the meristems.", "PMID": 751779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8670", "title": "Band and nucleolar polymorphisms in polytene chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes (Diptera, Simuliidae).", "content": "Polymorphisms for the presence or absence of supernumerary bands, for band size, nucleolar expression and the location of secondary nucleolar organisers found in the polytene chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes are described. In all the seven band polymorphisms analysed, six of which involve single bands and one a multiple band complex (IILH), phylogenetic evidence shows that there has been an addition of material. IILH consists of seven amplified C-bands, two supernumerary C-bands and a supernumerary segment involving two C-bands and an interband region. These bands are linked to the peracentric inversion IIL-3, five of the bands being located only within inverted segments. Comparison with mitotic chromosomes suggests that IILH heterochromatin is not under replicated in polytene chromosomes. Recombination between IILH components occurs at a very low level which is insufficient to disrupt the integrity of the polymorphism. It is concluded therefore that the complex evolved in a sequential series, the origin of IIL-3 being the first step. Single band polymorphisms, some of which are also linked to inversions, show similar heterochromatic properties to the IILH bands. A mechanism of selective DNA sequence amplification is proposed to explain increase in band size and the accompanying heterochromatinization. Most supernumerary bands may be amplifications of submicroscopic bands. Nucleolar organisers show heteromorphism for expression and rare secondary nucleoli are found on all chromosomes. It is argued that a multiplicity of sites for ribosomal genes are distributed in the genome and that selective sequence amplification, similar to that proposed above, can increase these sequences to a functional level at any of the sites. This would explain the lability of nucleolar sites in different blackfly species.", "contents": "Band and nucleolar polymorphisms in polytene chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes (Diptera, Simuliidae). Polymorphisms for the presence or absence of supernumerary bands, for band size, nucleolar expression and the location of secondary nucleolar organisers found in the polytene chromosomes of Simulium ornatipes are described. In all the seven band polymorphisms analysed, six of which involve single bands and one a multiple band complex (IILH), phylogenetic evidence shows that there has been an addition of material. IILH consists of seven amplified C-bands, two supernumerary C-bands and a supernumerary segment involving two C-bands and an interband region. These bands are linked to the peracentric inversion IIL-3, five of the bands being located only within inverted segments. Comparison with mitotic chromosomes suggests that IILH heterochromatin is not under replicated in polytene chromosomes. Recombination between IILH components occurs at a very low level which is insufficient to disrupt the integrity of the polymorphism. It is concluded therefore that the complex evolved in a sequential series, the origin of IIL-3 being the first step. Single band polymorphisms, some of which are also linked to inversions, show similar heterochromatic properties to the IILH bands. A mechanism of selective DNA sequence amplification is proposed to explain increase in band size and the accompanying heterochromatinization. Most supernumerary bands may be amplifications of submicroscopic bands. Nucleolar organisers show heteromorphism for expression and rare secondary nucleoli are found on all chromosomes. It is argued that a multiplicity of sites for ribosomal genes are distributed in the genome and that selective sequence amplification, similar to that proposed above, can increase these sequences to a functional level at any of the sites. This would explain the lability of nucleolar sites in different blackfly species.", "PMID": 751780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8671", "title": "Heterochromatin in mitotic chromosomes of Drosophila nasuta.", "content": "The heterochromatin in mitotic cells of larval neural ganglia of Drosophila nasuta has been analysed by C-banding and by fluorescence studies. All chromosomes, except the 'dot'-like 4th chromosome pair, carry large blocks of heterochromatin which are darkly stained by C-banding, and which fluoresce uniformly brightly with Hoechst 33258, quinacrine mustard, and acridine orange. These heterochromatic segments make up about 40% of the total metaphase chromosome length. The heterochromatic segments also fluoresce brightly with all the dyes at the anaphase stage. In interphase nuclei, all the heterochromatic segments form a common, compact and homogeneous mass which fluoresces brightly with the three fluorochromes used. The size of the bright chromocentre is similar with all the dyes. It is suggested that the heterochromatic segments of different chromosomes are relatively homogeneous in their DNA base sequences, which are likely to be A-T rich in view of their bright fluorescence with Hoechst 33258 as well as quinacrine mustard.", "contents": "Heterochromatin in mitotic chromosomes of Drosophila nasuta. The heterochromatin in mitotic cells of larval neural ganglia of Drosophila nasuta has been analysed by C-banding and by fluorescence studies. All chromosomes, except the 'dot'-like 4th chromosome pair, carry large blocks of heterochromatin which are darkly stained by C-banding, and which fluoresce uniformly brightly with Hoechst 33258, quinacrine mustard, and acridine orange. These heterochromatic segments make up about 40% of the total metaphase chromosome length. The heterochromatic segments also fluoresce brightly with all the dyes at the anaphase stage. In interphase nuclei, all the heterochromatic segments form a common, compact and homogeneous mass which fluoresces brightly with the three fluorochromes used. The size of the bright chromocentre is similar with all the dyes. It is suggested that the heterochromatic segments of different chromosomes are relatively homogeneous in their DNA base sequences, which are likely to be A-T rich in view of their bright fluorescence with Hoechst 33258 as well as quinacrine mustard.", "PMID": 751781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8672", "title": "Differential rates of DNA denaturation and renaturation in situ in relation to the C-banding of Allium cepa chromosomes.", "content": "Telomeric heterochromatin can be demonstrated in Allium cepa chromosomes when root tip squashes are subjected to a C-banding procedure (treatment with saturated barium hydroxide for 10 min, followed by 1 h in phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C). Acridine orange (A0) staining indicated that the chromosomal DNA was denatured by the alkaline treatment and that it renatured within the first 3-7 min in the hot buffer. The DNA of the telomeres reannealed somewhat faster than the rest of the chromosomal DNA, but the AO staining suggested that all chromosomal DNA was double stranded after 7 min in buffer. Digestion of the chromosomes with a single strand specific nuclease, DNase S1, followed by Feulgen staining, demonstrated that the AO staining gives a somewhat misleading picture of the extent of DNA denaturation and renaturation. The S1 nuclease results showed that the chromosomal DNA was completely denatured by the alkaline treatment, but that a fraction of the DNA reannealed during the deionized water wash that preceded the incubation in hot buffer. Neither controls nor chromosomes subjected to the complete C-banding procedure were affected by S1 nuclease digestion, demonstrating that virtually all of the chromosomal DNA was double stranded both before and after the C-banding process. These results, along with the fact that the appearance of the bands was unaffected when the buffer incubation was performed at high (80 degrees C) or low (40 degrees C) temperature, indicated that differential DNA denaturation and renaturation is unlikely to be responsible for C-banding in this species.", "contents": "Differential rates of DNA denaturation and renaturation in situ in relation to the C-banding of Allium cepa chromosomes. Telomeric heterochromatin can be demonstrated in Allium cepa chromosomes when root tip squashes are subjected to a C-banding procedure (treatment with saturated barium hydroxide for 10 min, followed by 1 h in phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C). Acridine orange (A0) staining indicated that the chromosomal DNA was denatured by the alkaline treatment and that it renatured within the first 3-7 min in the hot buffer. The DNA of the telomeres reannealed somewhat faster than the rest of the chromosomal DNA, but the AO staining suggested that all chromosomal DNA was double stranded after 7 min in buffer. Digestion of the chromosomes with a single strand specific nuclease, DNase S1, followed by Feulgen staining, demonstrated that the AO staining gives a somewhat misleading picture of the extent of DNA denaturation and renaturation. The S1 nuclease results showed that the chromosomal DNA was completely denatured by the alkaline treatment, but that a fraction of the DNA reannealed during the deionized water wash that preceded the incubation in hot buffer. Neither controls nor chromosomes subjected to the complete C-banding procedure were affected by S1 nuclease digestion, demonstrating that virtually all of the chromosomal DNA was double stranded both before and after the C-banding process. These results, along with the fact that the appearance of the bands was unaffected when the buffer incubation was performed at high (80 degrees C) or low (40 degrees C) temperature, indicated that differential DNA denaturation and renaturation is unlikely to be responsible for C-banding in this species.", "PMID": 751782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8673", "title": "Development of a tubular apparatus in chloroplasts of ageing Cyphomandra leaves.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of chloroplasts from leaves of the solanaceous genus Cyphomandra during maturation and early senescence showed unusual activities of the inner chloroplast membrane. Before leaf maturity, released small vesicles and saccules. During continued development these structures apparently produced narrow, irregular small tubules which by short branching, slight enlargement and slight coiling became closely associated to form a relatively small tubular apparatus. In the senescing leaf the inner membrane developed long and enlarged extensions into the matrix which branched and coiled in a few cases so as to isolate bits of matrix which were released into the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Development of a tubular apparatus in chloroplasts of ageing Cyphomandra leaves. Ultrastructural studies of chloroplasts from leaves of the solanaceous genus Cyphomandra during maturation and early senescence showed unusual activities of the inner chloroplast membrane. Before leaf maturity, released small vesicles and saccules. During continued development these structures apparently produced narrow, irregular small tubules which by short branching, slight enlargement and slight coiling became closely associated to form a relatively small tubular apparatus. In the senescing leaf the inner membrane developed long and enlarged extensions into the matrix which branched and coiled in a few cases so as to isolate bits of matrix which were released into the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 751783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8674", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of a possible tubulin synthesis-polymerization complex in oocytes of a pond-skater.", "content": "Maturing oocytes of Gerris najas display, in ultrathin sections, protein fibrils extending from ribosomes, which are often arranged on ring-like cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some cases, the fibrils apparently continue into typical microtubules. The possibility is discussed that the huge amount of microtubules of the egg cell is synthesized and polymerized in the form of specific ribosome-tubulin-filament-microtubule complexes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of a possible tubulin synthesis-polymerization complex in oocytes of a pond-skater. Maturing oocytes of Gerris najas display, in ultrathin sections, protein fibrils extending from ribosomes, which are often arranged on ring-like cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some cases, the fibrils apparently continue into typical microtubules. The possibility is discussed that the huge amount of microtubules of the egg cell is synthesized and polymerized in the form of specific ribosome-tubulin-filament-microtubule complexes.", "PMID": 751784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8675", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Lepidospyris demissus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae).", "content": "The diploid number of chromosomes in Lepidospyris demissus is 22 including a pair of sex-chromosomes (Xy). However, in its polymorphic forms the diploid number is 23 with three sex-chromosomes (X,yy).", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Lepidospyris demissus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). The diploid number of chromosomes in Lepidospyris demissus is 22 including a pair of sex-chromosomes (Xy). However, in its polymorphic forms the diploid number is 23 with three sex-chromosomes (X,yy).", "PMID": 751785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8676", "title": "Evaluation of sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "The pattern of sister chromatid labelling and incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), including the effects of caffeine on SCE, were examined with several techniques in normal human cells and in those of a patient with Bloom's syndrome following 1--3 mitotic cycles. The results indicate, in confirmation of those obtained by others with different cells, that SCE in the cells studied is not due to a post-replication repair process, but more likely involves exchanges between the double strands of chromatids.", "contents": "Evaluation of sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome. The pattern of sister chromatid labelling and incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), including the effects of caffeine on SCE, were examined with several techniques in normal human cells and in those of a patient with Bloom's syndrome following 1--3 mitotic cycles. The results indicate, in confirmation of those obtained by others with different cells, that SCE in the cells studied is not due to a post-replication repair process, but more likely involves exchanges between the double strands of chromatids.", "PMID": 751786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8677", "title": "Insulin delivery rate in response to glucose infusion in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "The insulin delivery rates were estimated in 8 normal and 8 diabetic subjects from the results of peripheral insulin response to a single bolus iv injection of glucose, taking account of fractionally removed insulin. The delivered insulin response to 0.5 g/Kg body weight of glucose injection was biphasic in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal subjects, 1.7 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase (0-10 min) and 5.6 +/- 1.6 U during the second phase (11-60 min). In diabetic subjects, 0.4 +/- 0.2 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase and 1.8 +/- 0.5 U during the second phase. The amounts of delivered insulin during the first and second phases were significantly decreased in diabetics (p less than 0.01). The insulin delivery rates during the first and second phases fitted by the same line to the glucose concentration at each period. This suggests that a common glucoreceptor or glucose-mediated signal of the insulin response might exist during both phases. The glucose-insulin response curves in mild diabetics seemed to be similar to those in the normals, but shifted toward higher glucose levels. This finding suggests that the decreased glucose sensitivity of pancreatic beta cells in mild diabetics can be corrected by high glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Insulin delivery rate in response to glucose infusion in normal and diabetic subjects. The insulin delivery rates were estimated in 8 normal and 8 diabetic subjects from the results of peripheral insulin response to a single bolus iv injection of glucose, taking account of fractionally removed insulin. The delivered insulin response to 0.5 g/Kg body weight of glucose injection was biphasic in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal subjects, 1.7 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase (0-10 min) and 5.6 +/- 1.6 U during the second phase (11-60 min). In diabetic subjects, 0.4 +/- 0.2 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase and 1.8 +/- 0.5 U during the second phase. The amounts of delivered insulin during the first and second phases were significantly decreased in diabetics (p less than 0.01). The insulin delivery rates during the first and second phases fitted by the same line to the glucose concentration at each period. This suggests that a common glucoreceptor or glucose-mediated signal of the insulin response might exist during both phases. The glucose-insulin response curves in mild diabetics seemed to be similar to those in the normals, but shifted toward higher glucose levels. This finding suggests that the decreased glucose sensitivity of pancreatic beta cells in mild diabetics can be corrected by high glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 751797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8678", "title": "Failure of somatostatin to decrease blood glucose by suppression of extrapancreatic glucagon in severely diabetic depancreatized dogs.", "content": "Effects of somatostatin on extrapancreatic glucagon secretion in totally depancreatized dogs were examined. Somatostatin infusion at a rate of 3 microgram/min showed a rapid decrease of total glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (total GLI) measured by nonspecific antiserum, AGS 10, and gut glucagon immunoreactivity (gut GI) measured by specific antiserum, AGS 18, in systemic blood. Gut GLI calculated as the difference between total GLI and GI did not decrease significantly within 30 min. No changes of blood glucose were noted. Significant decreases of all glucagon fractions were observed when the rate of somatostatin infusion was increased to 10 microgram/min and prolonged for 90 min, whereas again blood glucose did not change at all. It is concluded that somatostatin inhibits both gut GI and GLI secretion, although gut GLI remains in circulation longer than gut GI. Suppression of gut GI is not effective for the reduction of blood glucose once an extreme hyperglycemia is brought about by insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Failure of somatostatin to decrease blood glucose by suppression of extrapancreatic glucagon in severely diabetic depancreatized dogs. Effects of somatostatin on extrapancreatic glucagon secretion in totally depancreatized dogs were examined. Somatostatin infusion at a rate of 3 microgram/min showed a rapid decrease of total glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (total GLI) measured by nonspecific antiserum, AGS 10, and gut glucagon immunoreactivity (gut GI) measured by specific antiserum, AGS 18, in systemic blood. Gut GLI calculated as the difference between total GLI and GI did not decrease significantly within 30 min. No changes of blood glucose were noted. Significant decreases of all glucagon fractions were observed when the rate of somatostatin infusion was increased to 10 microgram/min and prolonged for 90 min, whereas again blood glucose did not change at all. It is concluded that somatostatin inhibits both gut GI and GLI secretion, although gut GLI remains in circulation longer than gut GI. Suppression of gut GI is not effective for the reduction of blood glucose once an extreme hyperglycemia is brought about by insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 751798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8679", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on calcium concentration in serum and liver of rats ligated bile duct.", "content": "The effect of calcitonin (CT) on the serum and liver calcium is examined in rats ligated the bile duct. The subcutaneous administration of CT (80 MCR mU/100 g BW) significantly prevented the increase of serum calcium concentration after a single oral injection of calcium (50 mg/100 g BW) to sham-operated rats. But the ligation of bile duct prevented the hypocalcemic effect of CT. Meanwhile, CT significantly increased the liver calcium content after the calcium injection to sham-operated rats. However, the liver calcium content after CT administration was markedly elevated by the ligation of bile duct in comparison with that of sham-operated rats. The present results suggest that the liver calcium increased by CT administration secretes into the bile.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on calcium concentration in serum and liver of rats ligated bile duct. The effect of calcitonin (CT) on the serum and liver calcium is examined in rats ligated the bile duct. The subcutaneous administration of CT (80 MCR mU/100 g BW) significantly prevented the increase of serum calcium concentration after a single oral injection of calcium (50 mg/100 g BW) to sham-operated rats. But the ligation of bile duct prevented the hypocalcemic effect of CT. Meanwhile, CT significantly increased the liver calcium content after the calcium injection to sham-operated rats. However, the liver calcium content after CT administration was markedly elevated by the ligation of bile duct in comparison with that of sham-operated rats. The present results suggest that the liver calcium increased by CT administration secretes into the bile.", "PMID": 751799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8680", "title": "Nuclei and DNA-binding form of the steroid receptor complex in the liver and the ventral prostate of rats.", "content": "Repeated treatments of the liver cytosol prelabeled with 3H-dexamethasone with DNA-cellulose followed by treatments with purified liver nuclei enabled us to assess the amount of two forms of dexamethasone-receptor complex, one binds only to nuclei and the other binds to DNA and nuclei. The comparable amount of these two forms of the receptor complex was detected in the dexamethasone-labeled liver cytosol, while only one form which binds only to nuclei was found in the liver cytosol labeled with antiglucocorticoid, cortexolone. The significant amount of receptor complex which binds to DNA and nuclei was not present in the cytosol from the ventral prostate preincubated with 3H-dihydrotestosterone.", "contents": "Nuclei and DNA-binding form of the steroid receptor complex in the liver and the ventral prostate of rats. Repeated treatments of the liver cytosol prelabeled with 3H-dexamethasone with DNA-cellulose followed by treatments with purified liver nuclei enabled us to assess the amount of two forms of dexamethasone-receptor complex, one binds only to nuclei and the other binds to DNA and nuclei. The comparable amount of these two forms of the receptor complex was detected in the dexamethasone-labeled liver cytosol, while only one form which binds only to nuclei was found in the liver cytosol labeled with antiglucocorticoid, cortexolone. The significant amount of receptor complex which binds to DNA and nuclei was not present in the cytosol from the ventral prostate preincubated with 3H-dihydrotestosterone.", "PMID": 751800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8681", "title": "Effect of HCG on human corpus luteum of menstruation and early gestation.", "content": "In order to evaluate the luteotropic effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the human corpus luteum, HCG was administered at the menstrual luteal phase and early gestation. Serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) levels were compared after determination by radioimmunoassay. At the mid-luteal phase, although E2 secretion did not increase significantly, P secretion showed a significant increase and peaked 6-8 hr after intravenous injection of 20,000 IU HCG. Three intramuscular injections of 5,000 IU HCG were administered every other day. An increase in sex steroid production and prolongation of luteal span occurred when HCG was administered in the +7 to +11 day period (following LH peak), rather than the +3 to +7 day period. During early pregnancy (from 5 to 10 weeks' gestation) in threatened abortion cases followed by either normal continuation of pregnancy or abortion, neither a single high dosage of HCG (20,000 to 100,000 IU) nor 20,000 IU per day for 7 days produced any significant change in sex steroid secretion. From these observations, it is likely that exogenous HCG shows a luteotropic effect on the human corpus luteum during menstruation, but not during gestation.", "contents": "Effect of HCG on human corpus luteum of menstruation and early gestation. In order to evaluate the luteotropic effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the human corpus luteum, HCG was administered at the menstrual luteal phase and early gestation. Serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) levels were compared after determination by radioimmunoassay. At the mid-luteal phase, although E2 secretion did not increase significantly, P secretion showed a significant increase and peaked 6-8 hr after intravenous injection of 20,000 IU HCG. Three intramuscular injections of 5,000 IU HCG were administered every other day. An increase in sex steroid production and prolongation of luteal span occurred when HCG was administered in the +7 to +11 day period (following LH peak), rather than the +3 to +7 day period. During early pregnancy (from 5 to 10 weeks' gestation) in threatened abortion cases followed by either normal continuation of pregnancy or abortion, neither a single high dosage of HCG (20,000 to 100,000 IU) nor 20,000 IU per day for 7 days produced any significant change in sex steroid secretion. From these observations, it is likely that exogenous HCG shows a luteotropic effect on the human corpus luteum during menstruation, but not during gestation.", "PMID": 751803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8682", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative estimation of urinary kallikrein in a patient with Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein in a patient with Bartter's syndrome was remarkably higher than normal. Indomethacin treatments increased serum potassium concentration and urinary Na/K ratio, and improved the response of blood pressure to angiotensin II infusion, while it decreased plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and urinary kallikrein. The purified urinary kallikrein had one component of the iso-electric point 4.3 by isoelectric focusing using Ampholine system, and its molecular weight was 4.2 x 10(4), which was greater than those of three components of normal human urinary kallikreins (normal HUK). Also Km values with TAME and BAME of urinary kallikrein in our patient with Bartter's syndrome did not correspond to those of normal HUK. Thus it can be said that urinary kallikrein in our patient with Bartter's syndrome was qualitatively different from normal HUK. The present observation might be a reflection of renal tubular dysfunction in this patient with Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative estimation of urinary kallikrein in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. Urinary kallikrein in a patient with Bartter's syndrome was remarkably higher than normal. Indomethacin treatments increased serum potassium concentration and urinary Na/K ratio, and improved the response of blood pressure to angiotensin II infusion, while it decreased plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and urinary kallikrein. The purified urinary kallikrein had one component of the iso-electric point 4.3 by isoelectric focusing using Ampholine system, and its molecular weight was 4.2 x 10(4), which was greater than those of three components of normal human urinary kallikreins (normal HUK). Also Km values with TAME and BAME of urinary kallikrein in our patient with Bartter's syndrome did not correspond to those of normal HUK. Thus it can be said that urinary kallikrein in our patient with Bartter's syndrome was qualitatively different from normal HUK. The present observation might be a reflection of renal tubular dysfunction in this patient with Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 751804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8683", "title": "Effect of vasopressin on intracranial pressure of rabbit.", "content": "Effect of vasopressin on intracranial pressure (ICP) was examined by an intraventricular administration of the hormone to a rabbit. ICP was determined at the cisterna magna with a manometer and recorded automatically with a recorder. An injection of over 150 micro U of vasopressin lowered ICP, but there was no clear dose-response relationship of the effect of vasopressin on ICP. When vasopressin was injected intraventricularly after lowering ICP by an intravenous injection of acetazolamide which inhibits the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an additive effect of the hormone on ICP was observed. The effect of vasopressin on excretion of water in CSF was examined by the determination of drainage of tritiated water injected into the lateral ventricle of a rabbit. Drainage of radioactive water into vein was measured by collection of blood at the internal jugular vein and radioactivity of the plasma was counted. Vasopressin accelerated excretion of tritiated water into vein. These results indicate that vasopressin facilitated drainage of CSF into vein to lower ICP.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin on intracranial pressure of rabbit. Effect of vasopressin on intracranial pressure (ICP) was examined by an intraventricular administration of the hormone to a rabbit. ICP was determined at the cisterna magna with a manometer and recorded automatically with a recorder. An injection of over 150 micro U of vasopressin lowered ICP, but there was no clear dose-response relationship of the effect of vasopressin on ICP. When vasopressin was injected intraventricularly after lowering ICP by an intravenous injection of acetazolamide which inhibits the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an additive effect of the hormone on ICP was observed. The effect of vasopressin on excretion of water in CSF was examined by the determination of drainage of tritiated water injected into the lateral ventricle of a rabbit. Drainage of radioactive water into vein was measured by collection of blood at the internal jugular vein and radioactivity of the plasma was counted. Vasopressin accelerated excretion of tritiated water into vein. These results indicate that vasopressin facilitated drainage of CSF into vein to lower ICP.", "PMID": 751805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8684", "title": "Dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone (3 beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) in normal men.", "content": "In order to examine the dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone, 9 a.m. and overnight suppression tests were performed in normal adult subjects and plasma pregnenolone levels were radioimmunoassayed. The results were as follows: 1) In the 9 a.m. test, plasma pregnenolone was suppressed to the lowest level at the time between 30 min and 2 hr after dexamethasone; 2) there was no significant difference in dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone between the 9 a.m. test and overnight test; 3) there was no significant difference from each other among the plasma pregnenolone levels after dexamethasone administration (0.5 mg to 3 mg) in both tests; 4) after dexamethasone administration, plasma pregnenolone was not suppressed below 40% of the basal level in both tests; 5) discussions were made about the results, comparing with those of the suppressibility of cortisol which were previously reported from this laboratory.", "contents": "Dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone (3 beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) in normal men. In order to examine the dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone, 9 a.m. and overnight suppression tests were performed in normal adult subjects and plasma pregnenolone levels were radioimmunoassayed. The results were as follows: 1) In the 9 a.m. test, plasma pregnenolone was suppressed to the lowest level at the time between 30 min and 2 hr after dexamethasone; 2) there was no significant difference in dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma pregnenolone between the 9 a.m. test and overnight test; 3) there was no significant difference from each other among the plasma pregnenolone levels after dexamethasone administration (0.5 mg to 3 mg) in both tests; 4) after dexamethasone administration, plasma pregnenolone was not suppressed below 40% of the basal level in both tests; 5) discussions were made about the results, comparing with those of the suppressibility of cortisol which were previously reported from this laboratory.", "PMID": 751806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8685", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin using labeled [Asu1, 7]-human calcitonin analogue.", "content": "Application of synthetic human calcitonin analogue ([Asul,7]-hCT) was attempted, since it is chemically more stable than native hCT. [Asu1, 7]-hCT was successfully labeled with 125I to a specific activity ranging from 410 to 540 microCi/microgram. Sensitivity, recovery and reproducibility of the assay system using 125I-labeled [Asu1,7]-hCT analogue, standard synthetic hCT and its antibodies, were 49 pg/ml, 99.8 +/- 4%, and 7.95% (C. V. within assay) or 21.9% (C. V. between assays), respectively. The dilution curve of the sera obtained from patients with medullary carcinoma paralled well with the standard curve. 125-I-labeled [Asu1, 7]-hCT analogue can be used for routine radioimmunoassay of hCT.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin using labeled [Asu1, 7]-human calcitonin analogue. Application of synthetic human calcitonin analogue ([Asul,7]-hCT) was attempted, since it is chemically more stable than native hCT. [Asu1, 7]-hCT was successfully labeled with 125I to a specific activity ranging from 410 to 540 microCi/microgram. Sensitivity, recovery and reproducibility of the assay system using 125I-labeled [Asu1,7]-hCT analogue, standard synthetic hCT and its antibodies, were 49 pg/ml, 99.8 +/- 4%, and 7.95% (C. V. within assay) or 21.9% (C. V. between assays), respectively. The dilution curve of the sera obtained from patients with medullary carcinoma paralled well with the standard curve. 125-I-labeled [Asu1, 7]-hCT analogue can be used for routine radioimmunoassay of hCT.", "PMID": 751807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8686", "title": "Report on a case of functioning thyroid carcinoma provoking thyrotoxicosis with review of literature.", "content": "A 57-year old woman with thyroid carcinoma manifesting overt thyrotoxicosis is presented. After the patient had been made euthyroid with propylthiouracil, right lobectomy and lymph node dissection were performed. Permanent paraffin sections revealed follicular adenocarcinoma with capsular and vascular invasion. Metastases to the right humerus, both femurs, the skull and pleural cavity became prominent with the recurrence of thyrotoxicosis and the patient died 2 years and 3 months after operation. The clinical evidence indicates that thyrotoxicosis in the present case is caused by the excessive secretion of thyroid hormone by both the original carcinoma and the secondary deposits. Twenty three similar cases reported in the English and Japanese literatures are summarized.", "contents": "Report on a case of functioning thyroid carcinoma provoking thyrotoxicosis with review of literature. A 57-year old woman with thyroid carcinoma manifesting overt thyrotoxicosis is presented. After the patient had been made euthyroid with propylthiouracil, right lobectomy and lymph node dissection were performed. Permanent paraffin sections revealed follicular adenocarcinoma with capsular and vascular invasion. Metastases to the right humerus, both femurs, the skull and pleural cavity became prominent with the recurrence of thyrotoxicosis and the patient died 2 years and 3 months after operation. The clinical evidence indicates that thyrotoxicosis in the present case is caused by the excessive secretion of thyroid hormone by both the original carcinoma and the secondary deposits. Twenty three similar cases reported in the English and Japanese literatures are summarized.", "PMID": 751808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8687", "title": "Insulin secretion after oral calcium load.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance test with 50 g glucose was carried out with and without simultaneous oral administration of 3 g calcium lactate. Blood sugar and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were measured before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose load in 11 diabetics and 11 non-diabetics. Similar oral glucose tolerance test was performed with and without intravenous administration of 10 ml 8.5% calcium gluconate in 6 diabetics and 6 non-diabetics. Maximum serum level after glucose load (Max IRI), maximum rise of serum IRI following glucose load (Max delta IRI), maximum delta IRI/delta BS following oralglu cose load (Max delta IRI/delta BS), the area surrounded by the delta IRI curve and the abscissa (sigma delta IRI) and the area surrounded by the delta IRI/delta BS curve and the abscissa (sigma delta IRI/delta BS) significantly increased in diabetics but not in non-diabetics after oral calcium load, whereas intravenous calcium load failed to influence any of these values. Oral calcium load thus appears to augment glucose-induced insulin secretion only in diabetics, suggesting some abnormality in the mechanism of insulin secretion with reference to calcium in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Insulin secretion after oral calcium load. Oral glucose tolerance test with 50 g glucose was carried out with and without simultaneous oral administration of 3 g calcium lactate. Blood sugar and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were measured before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose load in 11 diabetics and 11 non-diabetics. Similar oral glucose tolerance test was performed with and without intravenous administration of 10 ml 8.5% calcium gluconate in 6 diabetics and 6 non-diabetics. Maximum serum level after glucose load (Max IRI), maximum rise of serum IRI following glucose load (Max delta IRI), maximum delta IRI/delta BS following oralglu cose load (Max delta IRI/delta BS), the area surrounded by the delta IRI curve and the abscissa (sigma delta IRI) and the area surrounded by the delta IRI/delta BS curve and the abscissa (sigma delta IRI/delta BS) significantly increased in diabetics but not in non-diabetics after oral calcium load, whereas intravenous calcium load failed to influence any of these values. Oral calcium load thus appears to augment glucose-induced insulin secretion only in diabetics, suggesting some abnormality in the mechanism of insulin secretion with reference to calcium in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 751809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8688", "title": "Aspects of consumer satisfaction with brief family therapy.", "content": "In an evaluative study of brief family therapy, 279 families were administered a Family Satisfaction Questionnaire in their own homes, six months after treatment terminated. This questionnaire was designed to assess several aspects of the families' satisfaction with services received. The identified patient in all families was a child with academic and/or behavioral problems at school. A variety of outcome measures were also obtained both at treatment termination and at the six-month follow-up. Families were generally satisfied with the overall services received but expressed widely varying degrees of satisfaction with various aspects of treatment. Very little dissatisfaction was expressed regarding the availability of services (less than 7 per cent), but a sizeable proportion of families (45 per cent) did not feel that the services provided were comprehensive and adequate. Despite concerns regarding comprehensiveness and adequacy of the service, the majority of families were functioning well at the time of follow-up as assessed by a number of independent measures. Global satisfaction should not be regarded as the only index of treatment effectiveness, as many families who were dissatisfied experienced successful treatment outcomes.", "contents": "Aspects of consumer satisfaction with brief family therapy. In an evaluative study of brief family therapy, 279 families were administered a Family Satisfaction Questionnaire in their own homes, six months after treatment terminated. This questionnaire was designed to assess several aspects of the families' satisfaction with services received. The identified patient in all families was a child with academic and/or behavioral problems at school. A variety of outcome measures were also obtained both at treatment termination and at the six-month follow-up. Families were generally satisfied with the overall services received but expressed widely varying degrees of satisfaction with various aspects of treatment. Very little dissatisfaction was expressed regarding the availability of services (less than 7 per cent), but a sizeable proportion of families (45 per cent) did not feel that the services provided were comprehensive and adequate. Despite concerns regarding comprehensiveness and adequacy of the service, the majority of families were functioning well at the time of follow-up as assessed by a number of independent measures. Global satisfaction should not be regarded as the only index of treatment effectiveness, as many families who were dissatisfied experienced successful treatment outcomes.", "PMID": 751810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8689", "title": "Difficulties in family therapy evaluation. I. A comparison of insight vs. problem-solving approaches. II. Design critique and recommendations.", "content": "In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight-oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem-Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self-report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem-Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight-treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem-Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight-treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination. In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.", "contents": "Difficulties in family therapy evaluation. I. A comparison of insight vs. problem-solving approaches. II. Design critique and recommendations. In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight-oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem-Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self-report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem-Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight-treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem-Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight-treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination. In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.", "PMID": 751811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8690", "title": "Power relationships in families: a social-exchange perspective.", "content": "Although researchers have investigated power relationships in families for twenty-five years, conclusions about normative family power patterns have been inconsistent and contradictory. Comparisons across studies have been difficult owing to different definitions of the construct, multiple methodologies, and inconsistent goals. With such confusion, a new, more integrated theoretical approach to the power issue seems warranted, as is suggested by the present paper. The current individual focus on power as a personal attribute can be replaced by a more dynamic, reciprocal, interactive process. Instead of specific or stable power patterns, power interactions should be fluid and time- or situation- specific. No one member would dominate, since power involves a mutual relationship system that changes its content, though not its rules of operation, across decision-making areas. Furthermore, family adjustment would relate to those rules and the family members' reactions to their particular exchange system but not to specific types of power structures. With these considerations, future research should analyze the process, not the content, of power operations in order to maximize the clinical and theoretical utility of its construct.", "contents": "Power relationships in families: a social-exchange perspective. Although researchers have investigated power relationships in families for twenty-five years, conclusions about normative family power patterns have been inconsistent and contradictory. Comparisons across studies have been difficult owing to different definitions of the construct, multiple methodologies, and inconsistent goals. With such confusion, a new, more integrated theoretical approach to the power issue seems warranted, as is suggested by the present paper. The current individual focus on power as a personal attribute can be replaced by a more dynamic, reciprocal, interactive process. Instead of specific or stable power patterns, power interactions should be fluid and time- or situation- specific. No one member would dominate, since power involves a mutual relationship system that changes its content, though not its rules of operation, across decision-making areas. Furthermore, family adjustment would relate to those rules and the family members' reactions to their particular exchange system but not to specific types of power structures. With these considerations, future research should analyze the process, not the content, of power operations in order to maximize the clinical and theoretical utility of its construct.", "PMID": 751812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8691", "title": "Social-exchange theory: cognitive restructuring in marital therapy.", "content": "Problems arise in marital relationships when any of the following conditions are not met: first, that the couple have correspondence of their beliefs, or rules, as to what behaviors constitute \"value messages\" or \"devalue messages\"; second, that they depend primarily upon nonpainful channels for sending and receiving value messages; and third, that each partner's required quota of value messages from the other be of a reasonable quantity, not inflated by unrealistic fear of abandonment or devaluation. Problems in any of these areas may present in a variety of seemingly disparate fashions. Each of these problems is amenable to cognitive restructuring strategies. Different demands are placed on the therapeutic alliance and the marital alliance by the elucidation of each of these three types of problems; proper timing of interventions is therefore necessary.", "contents": "Social-exchange theory: cognitive restructuring in marital therapy. Problems arise in marital relationships when any of the following conditions are not met: first, that the couple have correspondence of their beliefs, or rules, as to what behaviors constitute \"value messages\" or \"devalue messages\"; second, that they depend primarily upon nonpainful channels for sending and receiving value messages; and third, that each partner's required quota of value messages from the other be of a reasonable quantity, not inflated by unrealistic fear of abandonment or devaluation. Problems in any of these areas may present in a variety of seemingly disparate fashions. Each of these problems is amenable to cognitive restructuring strategies. Different demands are placed on the therapeutic alliance and the marital alliance by the elucidation of each of these three types of problems; proper timing of interventions is therefore necessary.", "PMID": 751813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8692", "title": "Relabeling and reframing reconsidered: the beneficial effects of a pathological label.", "content": "Traditional labeling theory usually contends that pathological labels contribute to pathology and benign labels help alleviate it. However, it is likely that the role of pathological labels as the cause of pathology has been overstated and overgeneralized. Family therapists have probably overused the practice of substituting a benign label for a pathological label--relabeling. In fact, there are many families in which a pathological label applied to one family member may have beneficial impact on the family system, including that member. Five such cases are presented, and labeling theory is reviewed. Definitions of the terms reframing and relabeling are suggested, and the differing implications of diagnosis and labeling theory are discussed.", "contents": "Relabeling and reframing reconsidered: the beneficial effects of a pathological label. Traditional labeling theory usually contends that pathological labels contribute to pathology and benign labels help alleviate it. However, it is likely that the role of pathological labels as the cause of pathology has been overstated and overgeneralized. Family therapists have probably overused the practice of substituting a benign label for a pathological label--relabeling. In fact, there are many families in which a pathological label applied to one family member may have beneficial impact on the family system, including that member. Five such cases are presented, and labeling theory is reviewed. Definitions of the terms reframing and relabeling are suggested, and the differing implications of diagnosis and labeling theory are discussed.", "PMID": 751814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8693", "title": "Concurrent grandparent death and birth of schizophrenic offspring: an intriguing finding.", "content": "The finding, in the following study, of grandparent death within +/- two years of birth of 41 per cent of schizophrenics (N = 70), a rate significantly higher than that in psychiatric (N = 45) and normal (N = 25) control groups, raises the possibility that this family stress factor may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. The implications are considered regarding the likelihood that the concurrent stresses of the death and the birth, two major events in the family life cycle, could confound and impede mourning and parenting processes. Two hypotheses are suggested: (a) that a bereaved parent may be emotionally unavailable to spouse and infant, and (b) that attention to the child may block mourning and absorb painful feelings, with the child assuming a special replacement role. The dysfunctional potential is related to other interacting variables, including biological factors, mourning resolution, and the family system. Further study is called for.", "contents": "Concurrent grandparent death and birth of schizophrenic offspring: an intriguing finding. The finding, in the following study, of grandparent death within +/- two years of birth of 41 per cent of schizophrenics (N = 70), a rate significantly higher than that in psychiatric (N = 45) and normal (N = 25) control groups, raises the possibility that this family stress factor may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. The implications are considered regarding the likelihood that the concurrent stresses of the death and the birth, two major events in the family life cycle, could confound and impede mourning and parenting processes. Two hypotheses are suggested: (a) that a bereaved parent may be emotionally unavailable to spouse and infant, and (b) that attention to the child may block mourning and absorb painful feelings, with the child assuming a special replacement role. The dysfunctional potential is related to other interacting variables, including biological factors, mourning resolution, and the family system. Further study is called for.", "PMID": 751815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8694", "title": "Charting as a multipurpose treatment intervention for family therapy.", "content": "This paper discusses the behavior modification technique of charting as a double-bind communication. Though the procedure was initially employed as a step in demonstrating operant conditioning (7) and later in diagnosis of the antecedents and consequences maintaining undesired behavior (8), it also proved one of the more powerful therapeutic interventions. Literature reviews on treatment programs for obesity (6) and behavioral approaches to marital therapy (2) support this contention. Its efficacy can be explained by integrating the viewpoints of behaviorist and family therapy approaches espoused by Haley (4) and Weakland et al. (9). Following are brief case reports in which charting resulted in quick and sometimes dramatic change.", "contents": "Charting as a multipurpose treatment intervention for family therapy. This paper discusses the behavior modification technique of charting as a double-bind communication. Though the procedure was initially employed as a step in demonstrating operant conditioning (7) and later in diagnosis of the antecedents and consequences maintaining undesired behavior (8), it also proved one of the more powerful therapeutic interventions. Literature reviews on treatment programs for obesity (6) and behavioral approaches to marital therapy (2) support this contention. Its efficacy can be explained by integrating the viewpoints of behaviorist and family therapy approaches espoused by Haley (4) and Weakland et al. (9). Following are brief case reports in which charting resulted in quick and sometimes dramatic change.", "PMID": 751816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8695", "title": "Fixation and regression in the family life cycle.", "content": "In spite of the obvious fact that families differ significantly depending upon their current stage of the life cycle, most of the family therapy literature focuses on intervening in ongoing family interaction without specific attention to the dimension of family development. Family sociologists, on the other hand, while not dealing with modifying family functioning, have provided more detailed tools with which to understand variations in family functioning based on stages of family development. Our work with families in acute distress suggests the need to increase the specificity with which our assessments and interventions are tailored, by incorporating the family developmental view. This paper explores the utility of the family developmental view using the concepts of fixation and regression in the family life cycle. These concepts were found to be relatively refined and quite pragmatic assessment devices that assist therapists in specifying developmental issues of the family. Case examples of actual families in crisis are presented in order to demonstrate the utility of these conceptual tools.", "contents": "Fixation and regression in the family life cycle. In spite of the obvious fact that families differ significantly depending upon their current stage of the life cycle, most of the family therapy literature focuses on intervening in ongoing family interaction without specific attention to the dimension of family development. Family sociologists, on the other hand, while not dealing with modifying family functioning, have provided more detailed tools with which to understand variations in family functioning based on stages of family development. Our work with families in acute distress suggests the need to increase the specificity with which our assessments and interventions are tailored, by incorporating the family developmental view. This paper explores the utility of the family developmental view using the concepts of fixation and regression in the family life cycle. These concepts were found to be relatively refined and quite pragmatic assessment devices that assist therapists in specifying developmental issues of the family. Case examples of actual families in crisis are presented in order to demonstrate the utility of these conceptual tools.", "PMID": 751817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8696", "title": "An index for measuring agency involvement in family therapy.", "content": "The Progress Index for Family Therapy Programs, an instrument for measuring the relative level of involvement in family therapy by treatment programs, is presented. It was developed as part of a national survey on the use of family therapy for treating drug abuse and includes data from 500 agencies, 76 of which were Community Mental Health Centers. The Index may be useful for assessing extent of family therapy involvement for differing agencies treating different populations.", "contents": "An index for measuring agency involvement in family therapy. The Progress Index for Family Therapy Programs, an instrument for measuring the relative level of involvement in family therapy by treatment programs, is presented. It was developed as part of a national survey on the use of family therapy for treating drug abuse and includes data from 500 agencies, 76 of which were Community Mental Health Centers. The Index may be useful for assessing extent of family therapy involvement for differing agencies treating different populations.", "PMID": 751818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8697", "title": "The renal circulations.", "content": "The plural is used advisedly. Each of several microcirculations with specialized structural and functional properties is necessary to the physiologic functioning of the kidney. Newly elucidated aspects of renal vascular anatomy are mapped out and clearly related to the exchange processes that occur at the capillary level in each part of the nephron to produce the final ureteral urine of the required volume and composition.", "contents": "The renal circulations. The plural is used advisedly. Each of several microcirculations with specialized structural and functional properties is necessary to the physiologic functioning of the kidney. Newly elucidated aspects of renal vascular anatomy are mapped out and clearly related to the exchange processes that occur at the capillary level in each part of the nephron to produce the final ureteral urine of the required volume and composition.", "PMID": 751876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8698", "title": "Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus disease in mice.", "content": "The use of a potent antiinterferon serum has demonstrated the importance of the interferon response in host resistance to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Inoculation of mice with potent antiinterferon globulin was associated with a very marked effect on the evolution of HSV disease, as shown by an acclerated appearance of signs of disease and death. In a total of seven experiments, i.v. administration of a sheep antimouse interferon globulin (titre 4 x 10(5)) resulted in the early appearance of disease and death, and increased the overall mortality due to HSV-1 strain F injected either i.p. or s.c. Comparable results were obtained with strain B-12. Twenty-five mice that had survived HSV inoculation (s.c. or i.p.) were injected with antiinterferon globulin 18 days after viral inoculation. In no instance did this treatment induce signs of HSV disease.", "contents": "Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus disease in mice. The use of a potent antiinterferon serum has demonstrated the importance of the interferon response in host resistance to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Inoculation of mice with potent antiinterferon globulin was associated with a very marked effect on the evolution of HSV disease, as shown by an acclerated appearance of signs of disease and death. In a total of seven experiments, i.v. administration of a sheep antimouse interferon globulin (titre 4 x 10(5)) resulted in the early appearance of disease and death, and increased the overall mortality due to HSV-1 strain F injected either i.p. or s.c. Comparable results were obtained with strain B-12. Twenty-five mice that had survived HSV inoculation (s.c. or i.p.) were injected with antiinterferon globulin 18 days after viral inoculation. In no instance did this treatment induce signs of HSV disease.", "PMID": 751900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8699", "title": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, other malignant lymphomas, leukaemia and lymphoma cell lines.", "content": "Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and tumour tissues of patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) showed a reduced cap-forming ability and increased agglutinability by concanavalin A (con A) compared to normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas showed a similar reduction in cap formation and increase in agglutination compared to normal lymphocytes, lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma, and lymphocytes from patients with non-malignant disorders. The cap formation of lymphocytes from a healthy donor or a lymphoma patient was independent of the source from which the cells were isolated, e.g., lymph-node, spleen or blood. Lymphoma cell lines established from tumours of BL patients and lymphoblastoid cell lines originating from other sources also exhibited an increased agglutination and reduced cap formation with con A. Further studies indicated that EBV-carrying human lymphoid lines had a reduced cap-forming ability compared to EBV-negative lines.", "contents": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, other malignant lymphomas, leukaemia and lymphoma cell lines. Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and tumour tissues of patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) showed a reduced cap-forming ability and increased agglutinability by concanavalin A (con A) compared to normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas showed a similar reduction in cap formation and increase in agglutination compared to normal lymphocytes, lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma, and lymphocytes from patients with non-malignant disorders. The cap formation of lymphocytes from a healthy donor or a lymphoma patient was independent of the source from which the cells were isolated, e.g., lymph-node, spleen or blood. Lymphoma cell lines established from tumours of BL patients and lymphoblastoid cell lines originating from other sources also exhibited an increased agglutination and reduced cap formation with con A. Further studies indicated that EBV-carrying human lymphoid lines had a reduced cap-forming ability compared to EBV-negative lines.", "PMID": 751902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8700", "title": "Cellular immunity in infectious mononucleosis: I. Spontaneous and phytohaemagglutinin-induced blast transformation in infectious mononucleosis, with special reference to depressed cellular reactivity and stimulation-blocking serum factors.", "content": "Lymphocytes of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), EBV sero-positive subjects, patients with viral infections other than EBV, and EBV sero-negative subjects were tested for phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced and spontaneous transformation in vitro. Lymphocytes of EBV sero-positive healthy subjects, tested in autologous serum, have higher spontaneous transformation than those of EBV sero-negative subjects. IM patients, in the acute phase of illness, have depressed spontaneous lymphocyte transformation, independent of serum factors. Serum factors are present in acute IM that depress spontaneous transformation further, and to a lesser extent depress reactivity to PHA. By the time the IM patients had recovered, greater than 9 weeks after onset of illness, the defects observed had disappeared.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in infectious mononucleosis: I. Spontaneous and phytohaemagglutinin-induced blast transformation in infectious mononucleosis, with special reference to depressed cellular reactivity and stimulation-blocking serum factors. Lymphocytes of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), EBV sero-positive subjects, patients with viral infections other than EBV, and EBV sero-negative subjects were tested for phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced and spontaneous transformation in vitro. Lymphocytes of EBV sero-positive healthy subjects, tested in autologous serum, have higher spontaneous transformation than those of EBV sero-negative subjects. IM patients, in the acute phase of illness, have depressed spontaneous lymphocyte transformation, independent of serum factors. Serum factors are present in acute IM that depress spontaneous transformation further, and to a lesser extent depress reactivity to PHA. By the time the IM patients had recovered, greater than 9 weeks after onset of illness, the defects observed had disappeared.", "PMID": 751903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8701", "title": "On the etiological role of Herpesvirus ovis in jaagsiekte.", "content": "Serologically related ovine herpesviruses have been isolated independently by various workers in different countries from adenomatous lung tissue of sheep or cell cultures derived from it. Although the disease can be transmitted with lung homogenates and with cell cultures, transmission attempts with virus alone failed. IUDR treatment of tumour-cell cultures and co-cultivation or fusion with cells permissive for virus replication induced antigens which react with some sera from tumour-bearing animals. These antigens give positive immunofluorescence reactions with sera both positive and negative in neutralization assays against the virus, however. Hybridization studies failed to demonstrate the presence of viral genomes in 15.4 tumour cells.", "contents": "On the etiological role of Herpesvirus ovis in jaagsiekte. Serologically related ovine herpesviruses have been isolated independently by various workers in different countries from adenomatous lung tissue of sheep or cell cultures derived from it. Although the disease can be transmitted with lung homogenates and with cell cultures, transmission attempts with virus alone failed. IUDR treatment of tumour-cell cultures and co-cultivation or fusion with cells permissive for virus replication induced antigens which react with some sera from tumour-bearing animals. These antigens give positive immunofluorescence reactions with sera both positive and negative in neutralization assays against the virus, however. Hybridization studies failed to demonstrate the presence of viral genomes in 15.4 tumour cells.", "PMID": 751905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8702", "title": "The development and application of a direct radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone using 125I-labeled ligand--comparison of three methods.", "content": "A direct, rapid, sensitive, and highly specific radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone has been developed using aldosterone conjugated to [125I]histamine as ligand and a highly specific aldosterone antiserum. This assay permits the direct measurement of plasma aldosterone without preliminary extraction or purification steps and hence allows a single technician to assay 500 samples in a week. An excellent correlation was obtained between the results of the direct assay and the levels measured after paper chromatography (n = 43, r = 0.99, P less than 0.001) or after extraction (n = 43, r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). The coefficients of variation for intra-assay and inter-assay determinations of samples from a normal plasma pool were 7.6% and 9.3%, respectively.", "contents": "The development and application of a direct radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone using 125I-labeled ligand--comparison of three methods. A direct, rapid, sensitive, and highly specific radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone has been developed using aldosterone conjugated to [125I]histamine as ligand and a highly specific aldosterone antiserum. This assay permits the direct measurement of plasma aldosterone without preliminary extraction or purification steps and hence allows a single technician to assay 500 samples in a week. An excellent correlation was obtained between the results of the direct assay and the levels measured after paper chromatography (n = 43, r = 0.99, P less than 0.001) or after extraction (n = 43, r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). The coefficients of variation for intra-assay and inter-assay determinations of samples from a normal plasma pool were 7.6% and 9.3%, respectively.", "PMID": 752013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8703", "title": "Evidence for an angiotensinogenic mechanism of the hypertension of Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "The blood pressure response to the angiotensin II analog 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II, or saralasin, was studied in five patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of Cushing's syndrome. Plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate, and plasma renin concentration were measured in all five patients. The renin system and the response to saralasin were measured after furosemide administration. Plasma aldosterone was measured after infusion of 2 liters normal saline. All patients studied showed a hypotensive response to saralasin, the mean BP changing from 163/108 mm Hg to 130/85 mm Hg (P less than 0.02). There was a significant elevation of the plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration in the patients compared to normal subjects, although plasma renin substrate was not significantly different from normal values. There was normal suppression of plasma aldosterone after the infusion of 0.9% saline. The findings indicate that the hypertension of these patients with Cushing's syndrome was mediated in large part by angiotensin II.", "contents": "Evidence for an angiotensinogenic mechanism of the hypertension of Cushing's syndrome. The blood pressure response to the angiotensin II analog 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II, or saralasin, was studied in five patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of Cushing's syndrome. Plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate, and plasma renin concentration were measured in all five patients. The renin system and the response to saralasin were measured after furosemide administration. Plasma aldosterone was measured after infusion of 2 liters normal saline. All patients studied showed a hypotensive response to saralasin, the mean BP changing from 163/108 mm Hg to 130/85 mm Hg (P less than 0.02). There was a significant elevation of the plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration in the patients compared to normal subjects, although plasma renin substrate was not significantly different from normal values. There was normal suppression of plasma aldosterone after the infusion of 0.9% saline. The findings indicate that the hypertension of these patients with Cushing's syndrome was mediated in large part by angiotensin II.", "PMID": 752014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8704", "title": "Control of pancreatic polypeptide secretion by glucose in man.", "content": "In this work we have evaluated the effects of blood sugar changes on human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) secretion in young, healthy subjects. Mean fasting hPP level was 74 +/- 5 (SEM) pg/ml (n = 53). Insulin-induced as well as tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia clearly provoked hPP secretion (peaks: 1201 +/- 370 pg/ml, P = 0.03, and 520 +/- 112 pg/ml, P = 0.005, respectively). In contrast, the induction of hyperglycemia by intravenous glucose infusion (0.6 g/min) elicited a significant depression of circulating hPP (37-49% of basal values); discontinuing the infusion resulted in an increase of hPP concentrations (peak: 519 +/- 141 pg/ml, P = 0.018), which coincided with the decline of blood sugar to sub-baseline levels. Glucose as an intravenous bolus (0.33 g/kg) also induced a fall in plasma hPP. Glucose ingestion (1.75 g/kg) was followed by a small and short lived elevation of hPP (154 +/- 34 pg/ml at 15 min, P = 0.04) and by a marked rise during the late hypoglycemic phase of the test (538 +/- 168 pg/ml at 120 min, P = 0.028). Finally, after intravenous arginine, a delayed increase of hPP values was observed, occurring subsequently to the plasma glucose drop. The foregoing data indicate that experimental fluctuations in glycemia inversely affect hPP secretion. Nevertheless, this relationship does not necessarily mean that hPP should be directly implicated in glucose homeostasis.", "contents": "Control of pancreatic polypeptide secretion by glucose in man. In this work we have evaluated the effects of blood sugar changes on human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) secretion in young, healthy subjects. Mean fasting hPP level was 74 +/- 5 (SEM) pg/ml (n = 53). Insulin-induced as well as tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia clearly provoked hPP secretion (peaks: 1201 +/- 370 pg/ml, P = 0.03, and 520 +/- 112 pg/ml, P = 0.005, respectively). In contrast, the induction of hyperglycemia by intravenous glucose infusion (0.6 g/min) elicited a significant depression of circulating hPP (37-49% of basal values); discontinuing the infusion resulted in an increase of hPP concentrations (peak: 519 +/- 141 pg/ml, P = 0.018), which coincided with the decline of blood sugar to sub-baseline levels. Glucose as an intravenous bolus (0.33 g/kg) also induced a fall in plasma hPP. Glucose ingestion (1.75 g/kg) was followed by a small and short lived elevation of hPP (154 +/- 34 pg/ml at 15 min, P = 0.04) and by a marked rise during the late hypoglycemic phase of the test (538 +/- 168 pg/ml at 120 min, P = 0.028). Finally, after intravenous arginine, a delayed increase of hPP values was observed, occurring subsequently to the plasma glucose drop. The foregoing data indicate that experimental fluctuations in glycemia inversely affect hPP secretion. Nevertheless, this relationship does not necessarily mean that hPP should be directly implicated in glucose homeostasis.", "PMID": 752016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8705", "title": "Aromatization of androgens by muscle and adipose tissue in vivo.", "content": "[7-3HA1Androstenedione and [4-14C]estrone or [7-3H]testosterone and [14C]estradiol were infused at constant rates into brachial arm veins of 15 normal men. During the infusions blood samples were obtained from the brachial artery, a deep vein draining primarily muscle, and a superficial vein draining primarily adipose tissue of the arm contralateral to the infusion. In seven men the mean +/- SE value for the fractional conversion of androstene tissue. In eight men the mean +/- SE value for the fractional conversion of testosterone to estradiol was 0.0007 +/- 0.0001 for muscle and 0.0012 +/- 0.0002 for adipose tissue. Both of these values were significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the respective values of androstenedione aromatization to estrone. If constancy of tissue aromatization throughout the body is assumed, the muscle accounts for 25-30% and adipose tissue for 10-15% of the total extragonadal aromatization of androgens to estrogens.", "contents": "Aromatization of androgens by muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. [7-3HA1Androstenedione and [4-14C]estrone or [7-3H]testosterone and [14C]estradiol were infused at constant rates into brachial arm veins of 15 normal men. During the infusions blood samples were obtained from the brachial artery, a deep vein draining primarily muscle, and a superficial vein draining primarily adipose tissue of the arm contralateral to the infusion. In seven men the mean +/- SE value for the fractional conversion of androstene tissue. In eight men the mean +/- SE value for the fractional conversion of testosterone to estradiol was 0.0007 +/- 0.0001 for muscle and 0.0012 +/- 0.0002 for adipose tissue. Both of these values were significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the respective values of androstenedione aromatization to estrone. If constancy of tissue aromatization throughout the body is assumed, the muscle accounts for 25-30% and adipose tissue for 10-15% of the total extragonadal aromatization of androgens to estrogens.", "PMID": 752017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8706", "title": "Turner's syndrome: index case after 44 years (a tribute to Dr. Henry H. Turner).", "content": "Forty-four years after Dr. Henry Turner's original observations, the index case of Turner's syndrome was re-examined. Mild hypertension and sensorineural deafness were found in addition to the classic somatic changes of gonadal dysgenesis. Buccal smear examination and chromosome analysis, previously not performed, revealed absence of chromation bodies and 45,X, respectively.", "contents": "Turner's syndrome: index case after 44 years (a tribute to Dr. Henry H. Turner). Forty-four years after Dr. Henry Turner's original observations, the index case of Turner's syndrome was re-examined. Mild hypertension and sensorineural deafness were found in addition to the classic somatic changes of gonadal dysgenesis. Buccal smear examination and chromosome analysis, previously not performed, revealed absence of chromation bodies and 45,X, respectively.", "PMID": 752018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8707", "title": "Somatomedin activity and inorganic sulfate in children undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "Bioassayable serum somatomedin activity could be estimated in uremic subjects only after appropriate correction for increased circulating inorganic sulfate. Somatomedin activity increased after hemodialysis in six of ten patients, possibly due to removal of somatomedin inhibitors.", "contents": "Somatomedin activity and inorganic sulfate in children undergoing hemodialysis. Bioassayable serum somatomedin activity could be estimated in uremic subjects only after appropriate correction for increased circulating inorganic sulfate. Somatomedin activity increased after hemodialysis in six of ten patients, possibly due to removal of somatomedin inhibitors.", "PMID": 752019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8708", "title": "Early paradoxical decrease in serum somatomedin activity following injection of growth hormone.", "content": "The early effects have been investigated of an intra-muscular growth hormone injection (6 mg/m2) on serum somatomedin activity in 21 children with growth hormone deficiency and in 5 children with constitutional short stature. In cases of hGH total deficiency, there was an early and significant decrease in SM activity, which reached a minimum level 2 hours after the injection (-34% p less than 0.01). After 24 hours, SM activity increased to +64% above basal levels. In cases of hGH partial deficiency and in short, non-hGH deficient children, no similar early changes were observed. Neither was any correlation found between the variations in SM activity and those in hGH or free fatty acid levels. The unexpected early decrease in SM activity following hGH administration seems to be related to GH deficiency.", "contents": "Early paradoxical decrease in serum somatomedin activity following injection of growth hormone. The early effects have been investigated of an intra-muscular growth hormone injection (6 mg/m2) on serum somatomedin activity in 21 children with growth hormone deficiency and in 5 children with constitutional short stature. In cases of hGH total deficiency, there was an early and significant decrease in SM activity, which reached a minimum level 2 hours after the injection (-34% p less than 0.01). After 24 hours, SM activity increased to +64% above basal levels. In cases of hGH partial deficiency and in short, non-hGH deficient children, no similar early changes were observed. Neither was any correlation found between the variations in SM activity and those in hGH or free fatty acid levels. The unexpected early decrease in SM activity following hGH administration seems to be related to GH deficiency.", "PMID": 752020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8709", "title": "The immediate pressor effect of saralasin in man.", "content": "An immediate pressor response to [Sar1-Ala8]-angiotensin II (saralasin) is described in all of 16 hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure rose within 1-3 min, peaked at 4-6 min, then returned toward baseline. Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity were unchanged by saralasin, indicating that the pressor response is not mediated by saralasin-induced catecholamine release. Ten normal renin hypertensives had diastolic pressor responses of 19.4 +/- 3.3 mm Hg. After 5 weeks of diuretic therapy, the diastolic pressor responses to saralasin were decreased to 4.9 +/- 2.4 mm Hg. Six low renin hypertensives had diastolic pressor responses of 26.2 +/- 6.2 mm Hg, but 5 weeks of diuretic therapy did not decrease these pressor responses significantly. In two normal and two low renin hypertensives, the diastolic blood pressure rose to levels greater than 150 mm Hg. The amplitudes of the immediate pressor responses were inversely correlated with the base-line plasma renin activities, r = -0.46. The data support the concept that the agonist activity of saralasin occurs at the angiotensin II vascular receptor level with clinical expression mediated by sodium and/or volume changes.", "contents": "The immediate pressor effect of saralasin in man. An immediate pressor response to [Sar1-Ala8]-angiotensin II (saralasin) is described in all of 16 hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure rose within 1-3 min, peaked at 4-6 min, then returned toward baseline. Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity were unchanged by saralasin, indicating that the pressor response is not mediated by saralasin-induced catecholamine release. Ten normal renin hypertensives had diastolic pressor responses of 19.4 +/- 3.3 mm Hg. After 5 weeks of diuretic therapy, the diastolic pressor responses to saralasin were decreased to 4.9 +/- 2.4 mm Hg. Six low renin hypertensives had diastolic pressor responses of 26.2 +/- 6.2 mm Hg, but 5 weeks of diuretic therapy did not decrease these pressor responses significantly. In two normal and two low renin hypertensives, the diastolic blood pressure rose to levels greater than 150 mm Hg. The amplitudes of the immediate pressor responses were inversely correlated with the base-line plasma renin activities, r = -0.46. The data support the concept that the agonist activity of saralasin occurs at the angiotensin II vascular receptor level with clinical expression mediated by sodium and/or volume changes.", "PMID": 752023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8710", "title": "Estriol production rates and breast cancer.", "content": "We have infused [6,7-3H]estrone or [6,7-3H]estradiol and [4-14C]estriol into seven women who had had breast cancer and into five normal postmenopausal women. We measured the endogenous concentrations and the metabolic clearance rates of estrone, estradiol, and estriol and calculated the blood production rates for these steroids in each group. There were no significant differences between the respective measurements for each group. Our data does not support the argument that physiological amounts of estriol are protective against breast cancer development in women.", "contents": "Estriol production rates and breast cancer. We have infused [6,7-3H]estrone or [6,7-3H]estradiol and [4-14C]estriol into seven women who had had breast cancer and into five normal postmenopausal women. We measured the endogenous concentrations and the metabolic clearance rates of estrone, estradiol, and estriol and calculated the blood production rates for these steroids in each group. There were no significant differences between the respective measurements for each group. Our data does not support the argument that physiological amounts of estriol are protective against breast cancer development in women.", "PMID": 752024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8711", "title": "The relationships between serum concentrations of 17OH-progesterone and other serum and urinary steroids in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of serum concentrations of 17OH-progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, and of urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol have been performed at intervals in 31 patients with the C21-hydroxylase form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In prepubertal patients there were highly significant correlations between levels of 17OH-progesterone and those of testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, respectively. Similar correlations were observed in adolescent girls. In adolescent boys rising 17OH-progesterone levels were reflected by increasing levels of androstenedione and progesterone, but there was no change in serum testosterone concentrations. Levels of serum 17OH-progesterone below 200 ng/dl were uniformly associated with normal serum concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, and normal urinary 17-ketosteroid and pregnanetriol excretion. In contrast, levels above 1000 ng/dl were accompanied by increased levels of the other steroids except in adolescent males; in this group the finding of unchanging serum testosterone concentrations in spite of rising 17OH-progesterone levels presumably indicates that testosterone of adrenal origin causes suppression of testicular testosterone production, either through a direct effect upon Leydig cells or via suppression of LH release.", "contents": "The relationships between serum concentrations of 17OH-progesterone and other serum and urinary steroids in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Simultaneous determinations of serum concentrations of 17OH-progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, and of urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol have been performed at intervals in 31 patients with the C21-hydroxylase form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In prepubertal patients there were highly significant correlations between levels of 17OH-progesterone and those of testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, respectively. Similar correlations were observed in adolescent girls. In adolescent boys rising 17OH-progesterone levels were reflected by increasing levels of androstenedione and progesterone, but there was no change in serum testosterone concentrations. Levels of serum 17OH-progesterone below 200 ng/dl were uniformly associated with normal serum concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone, and normal urinary 17-ketosteroid and pregnanetriol excretion. In contrast, levels above 1000 ng/dl were accompanied by increased levels of the other steroids except in adolescent males; in this group the finding of unchanging serum testosterone concentrations in spite of rising 17OH-progesterone levels presumably indicates that testosterone of adrenal origin causes suppression of testicular testosterone production, either through a direct effect upon Leydig cells or via suppression of LH release.", "PMID": 752027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8712", "title": "Amniotic fluid reverse triiodothyronine in complicated pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of reverse triiodothyronine (3,3',5'-T3 or rT3) in amniotic fluid (AF) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 81 patients with various complications of pregnancy and in 39 normal pregnant patients at equivalent gestational age. In normal pregnancy, AFrT3 concentrations decreased with advancing gestational age. At 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, and 36-40 weeks of normal pregnancy, AFrT3 concentrations (mean +/- SE) were 353 +/- 62 (n = 6), 131 +/- 49 (n = 7), 94 +/- 25 (n = 14), and 93 +/- 5 (n = 20) ng/dl, respectively (ranges: 200-600, 57-350, 66-135, and 50-135). Both normal and supranormal values of AFrT3 were found in patients with complicated pregnancy. In patients with RH isoimmune disease, higher than normal AFrT3 concentrations were associated with seriously affected or gravely ill fetuses wheras normal AFrT3 concentrations predicted a more favorable outcome. There was a good correlation between AFrT3 and AF pigment (deltaOD450) levels (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). In complicated pregnancy other than erythroblastosis fetalis, AFrT3 concentrations were not of any prognostic significance, and there was no correlation between AFrT3 and lecithin/spingomyelin ratio. The data suggest that AFrT3 determination may help in the assessment of the fetal condition in erythroblastosis fetalis.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid reverse triiodothyronine in complicated pregnancy. The concentrations of reverse triiodothyronine (3,3',5'-T3 or rT3) in amniotic fluid (AF) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 81 patients with various complications of pregnancy and in 39 normal pregnant patients at equivalent gestational age. In normal pregnancy, AFrT3 concentrations decreased with advancing gestational age. At 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, and 36-40 weeks of normal pregnancy, AFrT3 concentrations (mean +/- SE) were 353 +/- 62 (n = 6), 131 +/- 49 (n = 7), 94 +/- 25 (n = 14), and 93 +/- 5 (n = 20) ng/dl, respectively (ranges: 200-600, 57-350, 66-135, and 50-135). Both normal and supranormal values of AFrT3 were found in patients with complicated pregnancy. In patients with RH isoimmune disease, higher than normal AFrT3 concentrations were associated with seriously affected or gravely ill fetuses wheras normal AFrT3 concentrations predicted a more favorable outcome. There was a good correlation between AFrT3 and AF pigment (deltaOD450) levels (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). In complicated pregnancy other than erythroblastosis fetalis, AFrT3 concentrations were not of any prognostic significance, and there was no correlation between AFrT3 and lecithin/spingomyelin ratio. The data suggest that AFrT3 determination may help in the assessment of the fetal condition in erythroblastosis fetalis.", "PMID": 752028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8713", "title": "Sex variations in free fatty acids and ketones during fasting: evidence for a role of glucagon.", "content": "Women differ markedly from men in their metabolic response to caloric deprivation. To determine if these differences could be attributed solely to changes in insulin concentration, a group of 8 women was matched with a group of 7 men so that the mean fall in serum insulin during a 72-h fast did not differ between the groups. Glucose levels fell to a greater degree in the women than in the men. The serum concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies rose more rapidly in the women and closely paralleled the earlier rise in glucagon concentrations. Over the first 36 h of fasting the change in free fatty acids was positively correlated to the change in glucagon and negatively correlated to the change in insulin. For the second 36 h of fasting, only changes in glucagon correlated with changes in free fatty acids. These correlations were true for both sexes and support the hypothesis that glucagon plays a physiologically significant role the regulation of lipolysis during starvation.", "contents": "Sex variations in free fatty acids and ketones during fasting: evidence for a role of glucagon. Women differ markedly from men in their metabolic response to caloric deprivation. To determine if these differences could be attributed solely to changes in insulin concentration, a group of 8 women was matched with a group of 7 men so that the mean fall in serum insulin during a 72-h fast did not differ between the groups. Glucose levels fell to a greater degree in the women than in the men. The serum concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies rose more rapidly in the women and closely paralleled the earlier rise in glucagon concentrations. Over the first 36 h of fasting the change in free fatty acids was positively correlated to the change in glucagon and negatively correlated to the change in insulin. For the second 36 h of fasting, only changes in glucagon correlated with changes in free fatty acids. These correlations were true for both sexes and support the hypothesis that glucagon plays a physiologically significant role the regulation of lipolysis during starvation.", "PMID": 752030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8714", "title": "Metabolism of 19-hydroxyandrostenedione in human subjects. Urinary excretion of conjugates.", "content": "A mixture of [19-3H]hydroxyandrostenedione and [14C]androstenedione was administered intravenously to 3 women and urine was collected. Only negligible radioactivity could be extracted from the untreated urine. Most of the 14C but only 11% of the 3H was rendered solube in organic solvents by beta-glucuronidase. [3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione was recovered from this fraction. The conjugates remaining in the urine were extracted into CHCl3 as their pyridinium salts. After solvolysis of the extract with HCLO4 in tetrahydrofuran, neutral metabolites were obtained. Substances extractable from water with organic solvents were obtained by solvolysis of the conjugates with perchloric acid in tetrahydrofuran. [3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione was identified by isotopic dilution as the major product of solvolysis. Thus, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid and probably sulfuric acid, most likely at C-19. The major urinary metabolite is the sulfate-like conjugate. Reduction in ring A is less important than for other steroids.", "contents": "Metabolism of 19-hydroxyandrostenedione in human subjects. Urinary excretion of conjugates. A mixture of [19-3H]hydroxyandrostenedione and [14C]androstenedione was administered intravenously to 3 women and urine was collected. Only negligible radioactivity could be extracted from the untreated urine. Most of the 14C but only 11% of the 3H was rendered solube in organic solvents by beta-glucuronidase. [3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione was recovered from this fraction. The conjugates remaining in the urine were extracted into CHCl3 as their pyridinium salts. After solvolysis of the extract with HCLO4 in tetrahydrofuran, neutral metabolites were obtained. Substances extractable from water with organic solvents were obtained by solvolysis of the conjugates with perchloric acid in tetrahydrofuran. [3H-19]hydroxyandrostenedione was identified by isotopic dilution as the major product of solvolysis. Thus, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid and probably sulfuric acid, most likely at C-19. The major urinary metabolite is the sulfate-like conjugate. Reduction in ring A is less important than for other steroids.", "PMID": 752031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8715", "title": "Effect of atropine on meal-stimulated gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) release.", "content": "The effect of atropine on meal-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and gastrin release was studied in 5 purebred foxhounds and compared with control studies done in the same animals given a meal without atropine, peak incremental serum gastrin occurred between 5 and 15 min after the meal whereas the greatest increment in serum GIP occurred 60 min postcibal. Atropine had no effect on basal concentrations of gastrin or GIP. However, when atropine was given before feeding serum gastrin concentrations from 75 to 120 min postcibal were significantly higher (P less than 0.04) than after the meal alone. The normal meal-stimulated rise in serum GIP was almost completely inhibited by atropine. We conclude that: 1) the rise in serum gastrin adter a meal preceeds the rise in serum GIP; 2) atropine potentiates the late gastrin response while suppressing the increase in serum GIP after a meal; and 3) the mechanism by which atropine potentiates gastrin release may be related to its suppressive effects on intestinal inhibitors of gastrin secretion, such as GIP.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on meal-stimulated gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) release. The effect of atropine on meal-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and gastrin release was studied in 5 purebred foxhounds and compared with control studies done in the same animals given a meal without atropine, peak incremental serum gastrin occurred between 5 and 15 min after the meal whereas the greatest increment in serum GIP occurred 60 min postcibal. Atropine had no effect on basal concentrations of gastrin or GIP. However, when atropine was given before feeding serum gastrin concentrations from 75 to 120 min postcibal were significantly higher (P less than 0.04) than after the meal alone. The normal meal-stimulated rise in serum GIP was almost completely inhibited by atropine. We conclude that: 1) the rise in serum gastrin adter a meal preceeds the rise in serum GIP; 2) atropine potentiates the late gastrin response while suppressing the increase in serum GIP after a meal; and 3) the mechanism by which atropine potentiates gastrin release may be related to its suppressive effects on intestinal inhibitors of gastrin secretion, such as GIP.", "PMID": 752033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8716", "title": "Integrated concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone and puberty.", "content": "Integrated serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone are compared from 25 males (aged 6-27 years) and 8 females (aged 5-16 years). Mean levels of FSH among prepubertal and early-to-mid pubertal individuals were significantly greater during sleep than while awake. Levels for late pubertal and postpubertal individuals do not differ between waking and sleeping periods.", "contents": "Integrated concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone and puberty. Integrated serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone are compared from 25 males (aged 6-27 years) and 8 females (aged 5-16 years). Mean levels of FSH among prepubertal and early-to-mid pubertal individuals were significantly greater during sleep than while awake. Levels for late pubertal and postpubertal individuals do not differ between waking and sleeping periods.", "PMID": 752034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8717", "title": "Some limitations of using equilibrium dialysis to study human serum albumin-testosterone interaction.", "content": "The apparent association constant of testosterone binding to pure human serum albumin was found to be significantly less at 5 g/dl (1.79 x 10(4) M-1) than at 1 g/dl (2.29 x 10(4) M-1). This demonstrates that the common assumption that binding site characteristics are constant with serum protein dilution is not strictly valid. Determination of the percent free testosterone at normal serum protein concentrations by equilibrium dialysis may also be in error by 20% or more due to fluid shifts within the test system.", "contents": "Some limitations of using equilibrium dialysis to study human serum albumin-testosterone interaction. The apparent association constant of testosterone binding to pure human serum albumin was found to be significantly less at 5 g/dl (1.79 x 10(4) M-1) than at 1 g/dl (2.29 x 10(4) M-1). This demonstrates that the common assumption that binding site characteristics are constant with serum protein dilution is not strictly valid. Determination of the percent free testosterone at normal serum protein concentrations by equilibrium dialysis may also be in error by 20% or more due to fluid shifts within the test system.", "PMID": 752035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8718", "title": "Abnormal response of pancreatic glucagon to glycemic changes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In order to determine pancreatic alpha cell function in diabetes mellitus, plasma glucagon responses to either an oral glucose load or insulin-induced hypoglycemia were investigated. Plasma glucagon in 6 normal control subjects fell significantly after the administration of glucose, whereas the levels of plasma glucagon did not decrease after glucose ingestion in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the group with severe diabetes, whose fasting blood glucose exceeded 200 mg/100 ml, the plasma glucagon level rose after glucose administration instead of decreasing. In 6 patients with diabetes mellitus, plasma glucagon did not decrease but rather increased during a glucose tolerance test which was performed after treatment with insulin and/or diet. In 6 control subjects, there was a remarkable rise of plasma glucagon in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In contrast, no significant rise in plasma glucagon was demonstrated in 19 diabetic subjects undergoing intravenous insulin test. Seven patients, in whom an insulin test was repeated after treatment with insulin, sulfonylurea, or diet had a small rise in peak plasma glucagon and an increase in the integrated area under the glucagon response curve. It is concluded that the abnormal glucagon response to changes in blood glucose might be a primary defect in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Abnormal response of pancreatic glucagon to glycemic changes in diabetes mellitus. In order to determine pancreatic alpha cell function in diabetes mellitus, plasma glucagon responses to either an oral glucose load or insulin-induced hypoglycemia were investigated. Plasma glucagon in 6 normal control subjects fell significantly after the administration of glucose, whereas the levels of plasma glucagon did not decrease after glucose ingestion in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the group with severe diabetes, whose fasting blood glucose exceeded 200 mg/100 ml, the plasma glucagon level rose after glucose administration instead of decreasing. In 6 patients with diabetes mellitus, plasma glucagon did not decrease but rather increased during a glucose tolerance test which was performed after treatment with insulin and/or diet. In 6 control subjects, there was a remarkable rise of plasma glucagon in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In contrast, no significant rise in plasma glucagon was demonstrated in 19 diabetic subjects undergoing intravenous insulin test. Seven patients, in whom an insulin test was repeated after treatment with insulin, sulfonylurea, or diet had a small rise in peak plasma glucagon and an increase in the integrated area under the glucagon response curve. It is concluded that the abnormal glucagon response to changes in blood glucose might be a primary defect in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 752036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8719", "title": "Increased plasma somatomedin reactivity in chronic renal failure as determined by acid gel filtration and radioreceptor assay.", "content": "Plasma Somatomedin (SM) reactivity has been determined in patients with chronic renal failure and in normal children by radioreceptor assay (RRA) following acid gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Total small molecular weight SM reactivity was obtained by the summation of all values between Kav 0.55 to 0.75. The mean SM reactivity (+/-SE) for the renal failure group (N = 9) was 154 +/- 10 ng/ml and for the normal subjects (N = 9) was 91 +/- 5 ng/ml (p less than .001). The renal failure group also had significantly increased mean levels of insulin, GH and PRL, but individual increases were not always concordant. Our data reveal that small molecular weight SM reactivity as determined by RRA of column eluates is increased in chronic renal failure compared to normal controls. Thus SM reactivity is not low in chronic renal failure, supporting the suggestion that peripheral antagonism to SM action contributes to the growth failure observed in these patients.", "contents": "Increased plasma somatomedin reactivity in chronic renal failure as determined by acid gel filtration and radioreceptor assay. Plasma Somatomedin (SM) reactivity has been determined in patients with chronic renal failure and in normal children by radioreceptor assay (RRA) following acid gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Total small molecular weight SM reactivity was obtained by the summation of all values between Kav 0.55 to 0.75. The mean SM reactivity (+/-SE) for the renal failure group (N = 9) was 154 +/- 10 ng/ml and for the normal subjects (N = 9) was 91 +/- 5 ng/ml (p less than .001). The renal failure group also had significantly increased mean levels of insulin, GH and PRL, but individual increases were not always concordant. Our data reveal that small molecular weight SM reactivity as determined by RRA of column eluates is increased in chronic renal failure compared to normal controls. Thus SM reactivity is not low in chronic renal failure, supporting the suggestion that peripheral antagonism to SM action contributes to the growth failure observed in these patients.", "PMID": 752037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8720", "title": "Response of norepinephrine and blood pressure to stress increases with age.", "content": "While at rest young subjects have lower mean arterial blood pressure than old subjects and lower circulating levels of the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine (NE). After standing and performing an isometric exercise, young subjects increase their circulating levels of NE less than old subjects. The cold pressor test is commonly used as a stimulus to the sympathetic nervous system, and young subjects have a much smaller pressor response than old subjects. In response to uniform stresses young subjects secrete less NE and have a smaller blood pressure response than old subjects.", "contents": "Response of norepinephrine and blood pressure to stress increases with age. While at rest young subjects have lower mean arterial blood pressure than old subjects and lower circulating levels of the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine (NE). After standing and performing an isometric exercise, young subjects increase their circulating levels of NE less than old subjects. The cold pressor test is commonly used as a stimulus to the sympathetic nervous system, and young subjects have a much smaller pressor response than old subjects. In response to uniform stresses young subjects secrete less NE and have a smaller blood pressure response than old subjects.", "PMID": 752038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8721", "title": "The effect of age on amino acid composition of human skin collagen.", "content": "To study the effect of age on amino acid composition of human skin collagen, skins from 8 women aged 0 to 93 were extracted with acetone and EDTA and then gelatinized. Gelatin was purified by extraction with chloroform-methanol and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Hydroxyproline was spectrophotometrically determined and its contents were essentially the same (12.6%). Amino acid analysis indicated no significant age-related variations in the contents of proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and hydroxylysine over the range of 0 to 93 years of age. The content of cysteine was reasonably low (0.4 to 0.6 per 1,000 amino acid residues) except in the cases of those 0 and 93 years of age. Aldehyde content was slightly lower in young cases than in infant and old cases. These results indicate that the changes in cross-links derived from aldehyde may be responsible for the effect of age.", "contents": "The effect of age on amino acid composition of human skin collagen. To study the effect of age on amino acid composition of human skin collagen, skins from 8 women aged 0 to 93 were extracted with acetone and EDTA and then gelatinized. Gelatin was purified by extraction with chloroform-methanol and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Hydroxyproline was spectrophotometrically determined and its contents were essentially the same (12.6%). Amino acid analysis indicated no significant age-related variations in the contents of proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and hydroxylysine over the range of 0 to 93 years of age. The content of cysteine was reasonably low (0.4 to 0.6 per 1,000 amino acid residues) except in the cases of those 0 and 93 years of age. Aldehyde content was slightly lower in young cases than in infant and old cases. These results indicate that the changes in cross-links derived from aldehyde may be responsible for the effect of age.", "PMID": 752039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8722", "title": "Electroencephalograms and autopsy findings in geropsychiatry.", "content": "The relationships between post-mortem findings and electroencephalographic tests obtained during the 12 mo before death were investigated for 100 psychogeriatric subjects. The results, which due to methodological limitations are only tentative, suggest a fairly close correlation between the two sets of data, which can, however, be obscured by a number of factors, notably the presence of severe physical illness (cerebral and systemic, including severe drug effects) of a nonstructural type at the time of the EEG. In their absence, diffuse EEG slowing strongly suggests senile-Alzheimer's brain disease (it is associated with plaque and tangle formation, ventricular dilatation, and cortical atrophy); and intermittent lateralized slow waves strongly suggest hemodynamic problems due to sclerosis of cerebral arteries. Brain lesions produce EEG changes mostly if large and close to the cortex. If the necessary precuations in EEG interpretation are taken (i.e., mainly consideration of present clinical state), the EEG is diagnostically quite helpful in this group of subjects.", "contents": "Electroencephalograms and autopsy findings in geropsychiatry. The relationships between post-mortem findings and electroencephalographic tests obtained during the 12 mo before death were investigated for 100 psychogeriatric subjects. The results, which due to methodological limitations are only tentative, suggest a fairly close correlation between the two sets of data, which can, however, be obscured by a number of factors, notably the presence of severe physical illness (cerebral and systemic, including severe drug effects) of a nonstructural type at the time of the EEG. In their absence, diffuse EEG slowing strongly suggests senile-Alzheimer's brain disease (it is associated with plaque and tangle formation, ventricular dilatation, and cortical atrophy); and intermittent lateralized slow waves strongly suggest hemodynamic problems due to sclerosis of cerebral arteries. Brain lesions produce EEG changes mostly if large and close to the cortex. If the necessary precuations in EEG interpretation are taken (i.e., mainly consideration of present clinical state), the EEG is diagnostically quite helpful in this group of subjects.", "PMID": 752040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8723", "title": "Haptic exploration in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults.", "content": "Matching accuracy and strategy utilization in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults was examined in a series of intramodal, haptic match-to-standard problems. Subjects were presented with 2-, 3-, and 4-comparison stimulus arrays and asked to locate by touch alone the comparison stimulus that exactly matched the standard. Results indicated that elderly adults, in comparison to young and middle-aged adults, were less successful in solving the haptic problems. Furthermore, they also displayed less systematic and logical haptic search strategies. Discussion of the results focused on the competence-performance distinction and the relation of selectivity and performance during the aging process.", "contents": "Haptic exploration in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Matching accuracy and strategy utilization in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults was examined in a series of intramodal, haptic match-to-standard problems. Subjects were presented with 2-, 3-, and 4-comparison stimulus arrays and asked to locate by touch alone the comparison stimulus that exactly matched the standard. Results indicated that elderly adults, in comparison to young and middle-aged adults, were less successful in solving the haptic problems. Furthermore, they also displayed less systematic and logical haptic search strategies. Discussion of the results focused on the competence-performance distinction and the relation of selectivity and performance during the aging process.", "PMID": 752041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8724", "title": "Age and familiarity in memory scanning.", "content": "Sixty-five healthy males (31 to 75 years old) memorized lists of six letters (familiar or unfamiliar organization). Letters were then presented singly, and subjects responded yes or no according to whether a given letter was in the memorized set. Subjects of all ages took longer to respond in the case of the unfamiliar list. This was disproportionately true for the oldest subjects, consistent with the idea that the age-related differences in the unfamiliar condition could not be wholly accounted for by psychomotor factors. The distributions of response latencies in the oldest groups had greater variance and skew.", "contents": "Age and familiarity in memory scanning. Sixty-five healthy males (31 to 75 years old) memorized lists of six letters (familiar or unfamiliar organization). Letters were then presented singly, and subjects responded yes or no according to whether a given letter was in the memorized set. Subjects of all ages took longer to respond in the case of the unfamiliar list. This was disproportionately true for the oldest subjects, consistent with the idea that the age-related differences in the unfamiliar condition could not be wholly accounted for by psychomotor factors. The distributions of response latencies in the oldest groups had greater variance and skew.", "PMID": 752042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8725", "title": "Differences and changes with age in the Benton visual retention test.", "content": "The relation of adult age and performance on memory for designs (Benton Revised Visual Retention Test) was determined for men by analyzing: (a) three cross-sectional samples (Ns = 402, 162, and 293); (b) two longitudinal samples (repeated measures at least 6 years apart, Ns = 268 and 82); and (c) within-cohort comparisons of men born in the same period, but tested at different times. The results were essentially the same for the age differences, age changes, and estimates of age changes based upon within-cohort differences. Increases in errors were small for the young groups, moderate for the men in their 50s and 60s, and substantial for the men over 70. WAIS Vocabulary measures for these same samples showed small cross-sectional differences favoring the older men, no overall longitudinal change but small relative deficits for the older participants, and small declines in estimates of age changes based upon comparisons of independent samples born during the same period. In general, the results indicate age declines in memory-for-designs performance for men particularly late in life, but only small (if any) age declines in vocabulary for the same samples. No correlation was found in either longitudinal sample between change in memory performance and change in vocabularly score.", "contents": "Differences and changes with age in the Benton visual retention test. The relation of adult age and performance on memory for designs (Benton Revised Visual Retention Test) was determined for men by analyzing: (a) three cross-sectional samples (Ns = 402, 162, and 293); (b) two longitudinal samples (repeated measures at least 6 years apart, Ns = 268 and 82); and (c) within-cohort comparisons of men born in the same period, but tested at different times. The results were essentially the same for the age differences, age changes, and estimates of age changes based upon within-cohort differences. Increases in errors were small for the young groups, moderate for the men in their 50s and 60s, and substantial for the men over 70. WAIS Vocabulary measures for these same samples showed small cross-sectional differences favoring the older men, no overall longitudinal change but small relative deficits for the older participants, and small declines in estimates of age changes based upon comparisons of independent samples born during the same period. In general, the results indicate age declines in memory-for-designs performance for men particularly late in life, but only small (if any) age declines in vocabulary for the same samples. No correlation was found in either longitudinal sample between change in memory performance and change in vocabularly score.", "PMID": 752043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8726", "title": "Cognitive egocentrism in institutionalized adult males.", "content": "Spatial egocentrism and its relationships to discrimination ability and communicative egocentrism were investigated in a sample of 80 adult males from a single institutional setting. The participants ranged in age from 33 to 83 years. As predicted, no significant age differences were obtained on any of the three dependent measures. However, significant effects of order of task presentation indicated that the experimental procedure influenced performance on the spatial and communicative egocentrism and discrimination tasks. The findings, which provide support for the Piagetian position of maintenance of operational level through the life-span, were discussed in terms of social and affective factors which may influence adult performance on cognitive tasks.", "contents": "Cognitive egocentrism in institutionalized adult males. Spatial egocentrism and its relationships to discrimination ability and communicative egocentrism were investigated in a sample of 80 adult males from a single institutional setting. The participants ranged in age from 33 to 83 years. As predicted, no significant age differences were obtained on any of the three dependent measures. However, significant effects of order of task presentation indicated that the experimental procedure influenced performance on the spatial and communicative egocentrism and discrimination tasks. The findings, which provide support for the Piagetian position of maintenance of operational level through the life-span, were discussed in terms of social and affective factors which may influence adult performance on cognitive tasks.", "PMID": 752044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8727", "title": "The effect of aging on the stages of processing in a choice reaction time task.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of aging on the encoding and response selection stages of a choice reaction time task. In Experiment I, the Sternberg Additive Factor Method was used. Young (average age 20) and old (average age 73) subjects pressed a left- or right-hand key in response to the onset of an X or an O. The discriminability of these characters was manipulated so as to affect primarily the stimulus encoding stage. A tone presented simultaneously with the characters provided an irrelevant directional cue which previous research had indicated affects the response selection stage. The pattern of interactions of these manipulated variables with age suggested that aging affected stimulus encoding but not response selection. Results of Experiment II suggested that reducing stimulus discriminability may affect information processing prior to the encoding stage but confirmed the major conclusion of Experiment I that the encoding stage was the primary locus of the slowing which accompanied aging.", "contents": "The effect of aging on the stages of processing in a choice reaction time task. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of aging on the encoding and response selection stages of a choice reaction time task. In Experiment I, the Sternberg Additive Factor Method was used. Young (average age 20) and old (average age 73) subjects pressed a left- or right-hand key in response to the onset of an X or an O. The discriminability of these characters was manipulated so as to affect primarily the stimulus encoding stage. A tone presented simultaneously with the characters provided an irrelevant directional cue which previous research had indicated affects the response selection stage. The pattern of interactions of these manipulated variables with age suggested that aging affected stimulus encoding but not response selection. Results of Experiment II suggested that reducing stimulus discriminability may affect information processing prior to the encoding stage but confirmed the major conclusion of Experiment I that the encoding stage was the primary locus of the slowing which accompanied aging.", "PMID": 752045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8728", "title": "Effects of social incentives on task performance in the elderly.", "content": "The performance of 60 elderly volunteers (mean age = 74.5 years) on two cancellation tasks was examined under one of three experimental conditions: social praise, social reproof, or no comment. When compared with the no-comment group, subjects in the reproof condition showed response increments over baseline performance (p less than .05). Praise, when compared with no comment, failed to reach statistical significance. Results are interpreted in terms of the possible negative reinforcement, challenge, or informational properties of reproof. The clear implications from these data are that social incentives may well facilitate behavioral change in the aged and that there is a need for further examination of the effects of this variable.", "contents": "Effects of social incentives on task performance in the elderly. The performance of 60 elderly volunteers (mean age = 74.5 years) on two cancellation tasks was examined under one of three experimental conditions: social praise, social reproof, or no comment. When compared with the no-comment group, subjects in the reproof condition showed response increments over baseline performance (p less than .05). Praise, when compared with no comment, failed to reach statistical significance. Results are interpreted in terms of the possible negative reinforcement, challenge, or informational properties of reproof. The clear implications from these data are that social incentives may well facilitate behavioral change in the aged and that there is a need for further examination of the effects of this variable.", "PMID": 752046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8729", "title": "Young children's contact with the elderly.", "content": "The present research is an investigation of the frequency and type of contact which young children have had with elderly persons. It is also an examination of the relationship between this contact and children's ability to identify or discriminate elderly persons. Interview data were gathered from children's parents pertaining to experiences which the children had with persons 70 years or older. The same children were also exposed to a series of stimulus discrimination tasks in which they were asked to identify the oldest man from  a range of pictures. The research yielded descriptive data pertaining to the contact which children have with the elderly. It also revealed a statistically significant relationship between children's frequency of contact with elderly persons and their ability to identify the elderly.", "contents": "Young children's contact with the elderly. The present research is an investigation of the frequency and type of contact which young children have had with elderly persons. It is also an examination of the relationship between this contact and children's ability to identify or discriminate elderly persons. Interview data were gathered from children's parents pertaining to experiences which the children had with persons 70 years or older. The same children were also exposed to a series of stimulus discrimination tasks in which they were asked to identify the oldest man from  a range of pictures. The research yielded descriptive data pertaining to the contact which children have with the elderly. It also revealed a statistically significant relationship between children's frequency of contact with elderly persons and their ability to identify the elderly.", "PMID": 752047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8730", "title": "Retirement choice and retirement satisfaction.", "content": "Retirees from major corporations who reported they retired voluntarily were compared with nonvoluntary retirees to determine the individual factors that led to a voluntary or nonvoluntary decision to retire and the impact of that voluntary/nonvoluntary decision on retirement attitudes and satisfaction. Seven firms provided mailing lists of recent retirees, and 1486 respondents completed questionnaires. Voluntary retirees tended to be persons with higher income, occupation, and health status, who had more positive feelings about retirement and more family support for their decision to retire, compared with nonvoluntary retirees. Voluntary retirees were significantly more likely to have positive attitudes and higher satisfaction in retirement than nonvoluntary retirees. However, health status and preretirement feelings about retirement were more significant predictors of retirement attitudes and satisfaction than the voluntary/nonvoluntary decision. Implications of these findings for preretirement counseling and retirement policies are discussed.", "contents": "Retirement choice and retirement satisfaction. Retirees from major corporations who reported they retired voluntarily were compared with nonvoluntary retirees to determine the individual factors that led to a voluntary or nonvoluntary decision to retire and the impact of that voluntary/nonvoluntary decision on retirement attitudes and satisfaction. Seven firms provided mailing lists of recent retirees, and 1486 respondents completed questionnaires. Voluntary retirees tended to be persons with higher income, occupation, and health status, who had more positive feelings about retirement and more family support for their decision to retire, compared with nonvoluntary retirees. Voluntary retirees were significantly more likely to have positive attitudes and higher satisfaction in retirement than nonvoluntary retirees. However, health status and preretirement feelings about retirement were more significant predictors of retirement attitudes and satisfaction than the voluntary/nonvoluntary decision. Implications of these findings for preretirement counseling and retirement policies are discussed.", "PMID": 752048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8731", "title": "Aging and the right to terminate medical treatment.", "content": "Belief in the right of patient and/or family to terminate medical care in the case of irreversible terminal illness is analyzed by age level, education, health, and attitudes to patient rights in general. The issue of terminating treatment has become important as the result of new technologies which permit continuance of bodily functions by mechanical means; stopping care involves confrontation with the norm of maintaining life at all costs. Although age is related to support of the right to halt treatment, with those over 65 least likely to agree, the style of relation to professional care in general has more explanatory power.", "contents": "Aging and the right to terminate medical treatment. Belief in the right of patient and/or family to terminate medical care in the case of irreversible terminal illness is analyzed by age level, education, health, and attitudes to patient rights in general. The issue of terminating treatment has become important as the result of new technologies which permit continuance of bodily functions by mechanical means; stopping care involves confrontation with the norm of maintaining life at all costs. Although age is related to support of the right to halt treatment, with those over 65 least likely to agree, the style of relation to professional care in general has more explanatory power.", "PMID": 752049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8732", "title": "Issues and findings relating to multi-level accommodation for seniors.", "content": "Tenants in self-contained suites and board-residence in a building also offering personal care were interviewed pre- and post-move and were compared with tenants in more traditional retirement housing, offering only self-contained suites, with applicants who did not move in and with elderly nonapplicants. There was no evidence of differential decline, relative to controls, in the self-reported health status, level of interaction with family and friends, or in the activity level of those who moved to the multilevel facility. If anything, benefits accrued from the move in the form of higher morale and increased interaction with neighbors. Furthermore, more in the multi-level tenant group than in any other group felt that they had more friends and that they were \"getting out\" and \"dressing up\" to a greater extent than when interviewed 18 mo earlier. These findings should help to allay the fears of those concerned that the well-elderly might find it depressing to be among those less competent and that the availability of on-site meals, housekeeping and nursing services, and recreation might foster dependency and/or disengagement from the broader community.", "contents": "Issues and findings relating to multi-level accommodation for seniors. Tenants in self-contained suites and board-residence in a building also offering personal care were interviewed pre- and post-move and were compared with tenants in more traditional retirement housing, offering only self-contained suites, with applicants who did not move in and with elderly nonapplicants. There was no evidence of differential decline, relative to controls, in the self-reported health status, level of interaction with family and friends, or in the activity level of those who moved to the multilevel facility. If anything, benefits accrued from the move in the form of higher morale and increased interaction with neighbors. Furthermore, more in the multi-level tenant group than in any other group felt that they had more friends and that they were \"getting out\" and \"dressing up\" to a greater extent than when interviewed 18 mo earlier. These findings should help to allay the fears of those concerned that the well-elderly might find it depressing to be among those less competent and that the availability of on-site meals, housekeeping and nursing services, and recreation might foster dependency and/or disengagement from the broader community.", "PMID": 752050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8733", "title": "The occurrence of Oesophagostomum multifoliatum Daubney and Hudson, 1932, in Nigerian cattle.", "content": "Oesophagostomum multifoliatum, previously known to occur only in Kenya, Rhodesia and Tanzania, was found on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria in cattle. Of the 120 cattle examined post-mortem, 78 (65%), were found to be infected. The faecal egg, of which only the size was hitherto known, is described and figured; it shows striking similarities to that of Nematodirus. The possibility is expressed that O. multifoliatum might have been mistaken for the more familiar but closely related species O. radiatum and O. columbianum or its egg with that of Nematodirus; it is probable that it is much more widespread than hitherto thought.", "contents": "The occurrence of Oesophagostomum multifoliatum Daubney and Hudson, 1932, in Nigerian cattle. Oesophagostomum multifoliatum, previously known to occur only in Kenya, Rhodesia and Tanzania, was found on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria in cattle. Of the 120 cattle examined post-mortem, 78 (65%), were found to be infected. The faecal egg, of which only the size was hitherto known, is described and figured; it shows striking similarities to that of Nematodirus. The possibility is expressed that O. multifoliatum might have been mistaken for the more familiar but closely related species O. radiatum and O. columbianum or its egg with that of Nematodirus; it is probable that it is much more widespread than hitherto thought.", "PMID": 752055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8734", "title": "A study of the relationship between the energy contents of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and their death during penetration of mammalian host skin.", "content": "Immersion of Biomphalaria pfeifferi in 1.5% glucose solution showed that the snails did not absorb any glucose during the first six hours but that almost 30% of the glucose was absorbed after 24 hours. The glycogen content of such \"glucose-fed\" snails was much higher than that of control normal snails. Cercariae of S. mansoni collected from the former snails exhibited a much lower level of death (20%), during penetration of mouse skin, than that of control normal cercariae (36%). It is suggested that death of S. mansoni cercariae during penetration of mammalian host skin is probably due to exhaustion of their energy reserves.", "contents": "A study of the relationship between the energy contents of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and their death during penetration of mammalian host skin. Immersion of Biomphalaria pfeifferi in 1.5% glucose solution showed that the snails did not absorb any glucose during the first six hours but that almost 30% of the glucose was absorbed after 24 hours. The glycogen content of such \"glucose-fed\" snails was much higher than that of control normal snails. Cercariae of S. mansoni collected from the former snails exhibited a much lower level of death (20%), during penetration of mouse skin, than that of control normal cercariae (36%). It is suggested that death of S. mansoni cercariae during penetration of mammalian host skin is probably due to exhaustion of their energy reserves.", "PMID": 752056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8735", "title": "Morphological variations within the species Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa in buffaloes and cattle in India, with special reference to the male tail and cuticular ornamentation.", "content": "Morphological variations in Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa, from buffalo and cattle, with special reference to male tail and cuticular ornamentation, have been studied from a large collection of worms available from the infected aortae and ligamentum nuchae, procured from slaughter houses at 3 different localities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Seven variations in the disposition of caudal papillae in males in O. armillata and 14 in O. gutturosa are described. The prevalence of these two Onchocerca species in bubaline and bovine populations appears to be widespread.", "contents": "Morphological variations within the species Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa in buffaloes and cattle in India, with special reference to the male tail and cuticular ornamentation. Morphological variations in Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa, from buffalo and cattle, with special reference to male tail and cuticular ornamentation, have been studied from a large collection of worms available from the infected aortae and ligamentum nuchae, procured from slaughter houses at 3 different localities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Seven variations in the disposition of caudal papillae in males in O. armillata and 14 in O. gutturosa are described. The prevalence of these two Onchocerca species in bubaline and bovine populations appears to be widespread.", "PMID": 752057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8736", "title": "Identification of active cell in potassium transporting epithelium.", "content": "Epithelial ion transport regulates the environment of cells and modulates the environment inside them, making possible the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. Analysis of the transport process requires that the route taken by ions as they are actively transported across epithelia be known. The route can be determined by locating ion pumps electrically and by measuring transport pool sizes kinetically provided that the epithelial structure is simple enough to enable the results to be interpreted in cellular terms. The route by which potassium is actively transported across the lepidopteran midgut is demonstrated here by a combination of electrical and kinetic analyses. Two sorts of cells, goblet and columnar cells, are distinguished by their electrical properties. The goblet cell is identified as the site of active potassium transport, the pump being localized in its apical membrane. The goblet cells are electrically coupled with columnar cells only when midguts that have been isolated from diet-reared larvae are short circuited. A corollary to this result is that the size of the pool of potassium which is involved in transport should be small when the goblet cells are not coupled with columnar cells and should become large when they are coupled. This corollary has been confirmed by direct measurement of the transport pools using isotope tracer kinetic analysis. This is the first time that the cell type responsible for active ion transport in a polymorphic tissue has been identified directly by physiological means.", "contents": "Identification of active cell in potassium transporting epithelium. Epithelial ion transport regulates the environment of cells and modulates the environment inside them, making possible the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. Analysis of the transport process requires that the route taken by ions as they are actively transported across epithelia be known. The route can be determined by locating ion pumps electrically and by measuring transport pool sizes kinetically provided that the epithelial structure is simple enough to enable the results to be interpreted in cellular terms. The route by which potassium is actively transported across the lepidopteran midgut is demonstrated here by a combination of electrical and kinetic analyses. Two sorts of cells, goblet and columnar cells, are distinguished by their electrical properties. The goblet cell is identified as the site of active potassium transport, the pump being localized in its apical membrane. The goblet cells are electrically coupled with columnar cells only when midguts that have been isolated from diet-reared larvae are short circuited. A corollary to this result is that the size of the pool of potassium which is involved in transport should be small when the goblet cells are not coupled with columnar cells and should become large when they are coupled. This corollary has been confirmed by direct measurement of the transport pools using isotope tracer kinetic analysis. This is the first time that the cell type responsible for active ion transport in a polymorphic tissue has been identified directly by physiological means.", "PMID": 752058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8737", "title": "Refinements in the short-circuit technique and its application to active potassium transport across the cecropia midgut.", "content": "1. The conventional, two-electrode method for measuring potential difference across an epithelium is subject to error due to potential gradients caused by current flow in the bathing medium. Mathematical analysis shows that the error in measuring short-circuit current is proportional to the resistivity of the bathing medium and to the separation of the two recording electrodes. It is particularly serious for the insect larval midgut, where the resistivity of the medium is high, and that of the tissue is low. 2. A system has been devised, which uses a third recording electrode to monitor directly the potential gradient in the bathing medium. By suitable electrical connexions, the gradient can be automatically compensated, leaving a residual error which depends on the thickness of the tissue, but not on the electrode separation. Because the thicknesses of most epithelia are smaller than the smallest practical electrode spacing, this error is smaller than that inherent in a two-electrode system. 3. Since voltage-gradients are automatically compensated, it is possible to obtain continuous readings of potential and current. A 'voltage-clamp' circuit is described, which allows the time-course of the short-circuit current to be studied. 4.The three-electrode system has been used to study the larval midgut of Hyalophora cecropia. The average results from five experiments were: initial potential difference (open-circuit): 98+/-11 mV (S.E.M.); short-circuit current at time 60 min: 498+/-160 microA cm=2; 'steady-state' resistance at 60 min: 150+/-26 omega cm2. The current is equivalent to a net potassium transport of 18.6 mu-equiv cm-2 h-1. 5. The electrical parameters of the midgut change rapidly with time. The potential difference decays with a half-time of about 158 min, the resistance increases with a half-time of about 16 min, and the short-circuit current decays as the sum of two exponential terms, with half-times of about 16 and 158 min respectively. In addition, potential and short-circuit current show transient responses to step changes. 6. The properties of the midgut are compared with those of other transporting epithelia, and their dependence on the degree of folding of the preparation is discussed. Their time-dependence is discussed in the context of changes in potassium content of the tissue, and the implications for measurements depending on the assumption of a steady state are outlined.", "contents": "Refinements in the short-circuit technique and its application to active potassium transport across the cecropia midgut. 1. The conventional, two-electrode method for measuring potential difference across an epithelium is subject to error due to potential gradients caused by current flow in the bathing medium. Mathematical analysis shows that the error in measuring short-circuit current is proportional to the resistivity of the bathing medium and to the separation of the two recording electrodes. It is particularly serious for the insect larval midgut, where the resistivity of the medium is high, and that of the tissue is low. 2. A system has been devised, which uses a third recording electrode to monitor directly the potential gradient in the bathing medium. By suitable electrical connexions, the gradient can be automatically compensated, leaving a residual error which depends on the thickness of the tissue, but not on the electrode separation. Because the thicknesses of most epithelia are smaller than the smallest practical electrode spacing, this error is smaller than that inherent in a two-electrode system. 3. Since voltage-gradients are automatically compensated, it is possible to obtain continuous readings of potential and current. A 'voltage-clamp' circuit is described, which allows the time-course of the short-circuit current to be studied. 4.The three-electrode system has been used to study the larval midgut of Hyalophora cecropia. The average results from five experiments were: initial potential difference (open-circuit): 98+/-11 mV (S.E.M.); short-circuit current at time 60 min: 498+/-160 microA cm=2; 'steady-state' resistance at 60 min: 150+/-26 omega cm2. The current is equivalent to a net potassium transport of 18.6 mu-equiv cm-2 h-1. 5. The electrical parameters of the midgut change rapidly with time. The potential difference decays with a half-time of about 158 min, the resistance increases with a half-time of about 16 min, and the short-circuit current decays as the sum of two exponential terms, with half-times of about 16 and 158 min respectively. In addition, potential and short-circuit current show transient responses to step changes. 6. The properties of the midgut are compared with those of other transporting epithelia, and their dependence on the degree of folding of the preparation is discussed. Their time-dependence is discussed in the context of changes in potassium content of the tissue, and the implications for measurements depending on the assumption of a steady state are outlined.", "PMID": 752059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8738", "title": "Non-release of lactic acid from anaerobic swimming muscle of plaice Pleuronectes platessa L.: a stress reaction.", "content": "1. Plaice caught by trawl net and plaice exercised in laboratory tanks all show high levels of lactic acid (33--44 mmol/kg) in the anaerobic swimming muscle. During exhausting exercise 2 moles of lactate are formed from 1 mole of glycogen glucose. After an 8 h rest 50--80% of the muscle glycogen is restored. 2. Blood lactate levels remain low (0.5--2 mmol/l) in the majority of plaice caught by trawl. In a small number of plaice, peak levels over 5 mmol/l are reached 2--4 h after capture. Low blood lactate levels could be guaranteed in all fish exercised 24 h after the stress of capture and in tank-adapted fish exercised and injected with the beta-adrenergic stimulating drug, isoxsuprine hydrochloride. The blood lactate in plaice, tank-adapted for more than 8 days and then exercised, may reach peak levels up to 5 mmol/l 2--4 h later. 3. High blood lactate levels were obtained by injecting the beta-adrenergic block propranolol to stressed exercised fish. The alpha-adrenergic block did not have this effect. All plaice with blood lactate levels reaching 5--12 mmol/l died. 4. The results indicate that the muscle cells regulate the release or nonrelease of their lactate load to the blood stream and increases in the blood circulating to the muscle do not influence this release. The non-release mechanism may be actived by a catecholamine circulated in the blood stream following a stress.", "contents": "Non-release of lactic acid from anaerobic swimming muscle of plaice Pleuronectes platessa L.: a stress reaction. 1. Plaice caught by trawl net and plaice exercised in laboratory tanks all show high levels of lactic acid (33--44 mmol/kg) in the anaerobic swimming muscle. During exhausting exercise 2 moles of lactate are formed from 1 mole of glycogen glucose. After an 8 h rest 50--80% of the muscle glycogen is restored. 2. Blood lactate levels remain low (0.5--2 mmol/l) in the majority of plaice caught by trawl. In a small number of plaice, peak levels over 5 mmol/l are reached 2--4 h after capture. Low blood lactate levels could be guaranteed in all fish exercised 24 h after the stress of capture and in tank-adapted fish exercised and injected with the beta-adrenergic stimulating drug, isoxsuprine hydrochloride. The blood lactate in plaice, tank-adapted for more than 8 days and then exercised, may reach peak levels up to 5 mmol/l 2--4 h later. 3. High blood lactate levels were obtained by injecting the beta-adrenergic block propranolol to stressed exercised fish. The alpha-adrenergic block did not have this effect. All plaice with blood lactate levels reaching 5--12 mmol/l died. 4. The results indicate that the muscle cells regulate the release or nonrelease of their lactate load to the blood stream and increases in the blood circulating to the muscle do not influence this release. The non-release mechanism may be actived by a catecholamine circulated in the blood stream following a stress.", "PMID": 752060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8739", "title": "Reproduction versus somatic growth: hormonal control in Octopus vulgaris.", "content": "1. Octopus vulgaris can be forced into precocious maturity by removal of the subpedunculate lobe from the brain, an operation that releases the optic glands from inhibition, and allows them to secrete a gonadotropin. 2. 14C-leucine was injected into the bloodstream of immature animals and its subsequent incorporation into muscle protein followed by taking successive samples from the arms. The optic glands were then activated, and a further injection of 3H-leucine given and followed by means of further arm samples. 3. Optic gland secretion suppresses protein synthesis in the muscles. This is associated with an increase in the total amino acid pool in the muscles and with a considerable increase in the concentration of free amino acids circulating in the blood. 4. If an ovary is present these events are associated with a rapid growth of the ovary and its ducts, and a loss of weight elsewhere. In ovariectomized animals the ducts grow, but there is no yolk to absorb the large pool of free amino acids, and the animals gain weight by osmotic uptake of water into the muscles. 5. The developing ovary may produce a hormone that increases the release of amino acids from muscle, since the concentration circulating in the blood of intact animals remains at least as high as in ovariectomized octopuses, despite the demands of the developing ovary. 6. These matters are discussed in relation to other evidence for a gonadial hormone and in relation to the 'self-destruct' effect of the optic gland secretion in determining the post-reproductive death of octopuses.", "contents": "Reproduction versus somatic growth: hormonal control in Octopus vulgaris. 1. Octopus vulgaris can be forced into precocious maturity by removal of the subpedunculate lobe from the brain, an operation that releases the optic glands from inhibition, and allows them to secrete a gonadotropin. 2. 14C-leucine was injected into the bloodstream of immature animals and its subsequent incorporation into muscle protein followed by taking successive samples from the arms. The optic glands were then activated, and a further injection of 3H-leucine given and followed by means of further arm samples. 3. Optic gland secretion suppresses protein synthesis in the muscles. This is associated with an increase in the total amino acid pool in the muscles and with a considerable increase in the concentration of free amino acids circulating in the blood. 4. If an ovary is present these events are associated with a rapid growth of the ovary and its ducts, and a loss of weight elsewhere. In ovariectomized animals the ducts grow, but there is no yolk to absorb the large pool of free amino acids, and the animals gain weight by osmotic uptake of water into the muscles. 5. The developing ovary may produce a hormone that increases the release of amino acids from muscle, since the concentration circulating in the blood of intact animals remains at least as high as in ovariectomized octopuses, despite the demands of the developing ovary. 6. These matters are discussed in relation to other evidence for a gonadial hormone and in relation to the 'self-destruct' effect of the optic gland secretion in determining the post-reproductive death of octopuses.", "PMID": 752061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8740", "title": "Decreased locomotor and investigatory exploration after denervation of catecholamine terminal fields in the forebrain of rats.", "content": "1. Pressures on the right and left sides of the tails of swimming bluefish were measured and found to have a range of +5.9 to -5.9 cm H2O. The pressures were resolved into their forward and lateral vectorial components of force to allow calculation of forward and lateral force and power at speeds ranging from 0.26 to 0.87 m/s. 2. The peak to peak changes in force of acceleration of the body, measured with a forward accelerometer averaged 209 g or 2.05 N at 0.48 m/s, and were compared with the maximum to minimum excursions of forward tail force averaging 201 g or 1.97 N at the same speed. The mean difference was 8 g, S.D. of the mean difference +/-29, SE. of mean difference +/-10 g. 3. Mean tail thrust was calculated as the time average of tail force in the forward direction. It averaged 65 g , or 0.64 N, at 0.48 m/s. The mean forward power was 0.34 N m/s at 0.48 m/s. The drag of the gauges and wires accounted for 10% of this figure. 4. The mean lateral power of the tail was 1.28 N m/s at a mean speed of 0.48 m/s. 5. The propulsive efficiency of the tail, calculated as the ratio of forward power to forward plus lateral power, was found to be 0.20 S.D.+/-0.04, S.E.+/-0.01 and was not related to speed. This suggests that 80% of the mechanical power of the tail was wasted. Turbulence in the water may have contributed to this large drag and low tail efficiency.", "contents": "Decreased locomotor and investigatory exploration after denervation of catecholamine terminal fields in the forebrain of rats. 1. Pressures on the right and left sides of the tails of swimming bluefish were measured and found to have a range of +5.9 to -5.9 cm H2O. The pressures were resolved into their forward and lateral vectorial components of force to allow calculation of forward and lateral force and power at speeds ranging from 0.26 to 0.87 m/s. 2. The peak to peak changes in force of acceleration of the body, measured with a forward accelerometer averaged 209 g or 2.05 N at 0.48 m/s, and were compared with the maximum to minimum excursions of forward tail force averaging 201 g or 1.97 N at the same speed. The mean difference was 8 g, S.D. of the mean difference +/-29, SE. of mean difference +/-10 g. 3. Mean tail thrust was calculated as the time average of tail force in the forward direction. It averaged 65 g , or 0.64 N, at 0.48 m/s. The mean forward power was 0.34 N m/s at 0.48 m/s. The drag of the gauges and wires accounted for 10% of this figure. 4. The mean lateral power of the tail was 1.28 N m/s at a mean speed of 0.48 m/s. 5. The propulsive efficiency of the tail, calculated as the ratio of forward power to forward plus lateral power, was found to be 0.20 S.D.+/-0.04, S.E.+/-0.01 and was not related to speed. This suggests that 80% of the mechanical power of the tail was wasted. Turbulence in the water may have contributed to this large drag and low tail efficiency.", "PMID": 752062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8741", "title": "Measurement of single nephron filtration rate in the kidney of the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L.", "content": "1. The reliability of [3H]inulin as a reference substance for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in river lampreys was investigated. 2. Simultaneously measured renal clearances of [3H]inulin and [14C]-polyethylene glycol (PEG) were not significantly different. 3. Recoveries of [3H]inulin in the urine following its injection into the proximal tubule and urinary duct averaged 83.5+/-4.0% (n = 14) and 93.0+/-4.6% (n = 9) respectively. 4. No evidence was obtained to suggest penetration of the tubular wall by by [3H]inulin following its introduction into peritubular capillaries. 5. Gel-filtration of lamprey plasma and urine produced no signs of any significant degradation of the inulin to fructose. 6. [3H]inulin recoveries, though significantly below 100% (P less than 0.001), were considered adequate to justify its use after allowing for possible sources of error. 7. A mean single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) value of 7.02+/-0.27 nl/min (n = 89) was obtained from the kidneys of anaesthetized freshwater lampreys. 8. [51 Cr]EDTA was found to be totally unsuitable for the measurement of GFR in this species.", "contents": "Measurement of single nephron filtration rate in the kidney of the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. 1. The reliability of [3H]inulin as a reference substance for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in river lampreys was investigated. 2. Simultaneously measured renal clearances of [3H]inulin and [14C]-polyethylene glycol (PEG) were not significantly different. 3. Recoveries of [3H]inulin in the urine following its injection into the proximal tubule and urinary duct averaged 83.5+/-4.0% (n = 14) and 93.0+/-4.6% (n = 9) respectively. 4. No evidence was obtained to suggest penetration of the tubular wall by by [3H]inulin following its introduction into peritubular capillaries. 5. Gel-filtration of lamprey plasma and urine produced no signs of any significant degradation of the inulin to fructose. 6. [3H]inulin recoveries, though significantly below 100% (P less than 0.001), were considered adequate to justify its use after allowing for possible sources of error. 7. A mean single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) value of 7.02+/-0.27 nl/min (n = 89) was obtained from the kidneys of anaesthetized freshwater lampreys. 8. [51 Cr]EDTA was found to be totally unsuitable for the measurement of GFR in this species.", "PMID": 752063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8742", "title": "Partial trisomy 13q inherited from balanced translocation (5;13) (p14;q13).", "content": "A girl with multiple congenital malformations was found to have an abnormal karyotype: 46,XX,t(5;13) (13pter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5qter), meaning that she is monosomic for the distal part of the short arm of chromosome No. 5 (from 5pter to 5p14) and trisomic for the long arm of chromosome No. 13 (from 13q13 to 13qter). The proband's father is a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation: 46, XY, t(5;13) (p14;q13) (13qter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5qter; 13pter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5pter). Therefore, the propositus' abnormal karyotype was interpreted as the result from an adjacent type 1 malsegregation of the meiotic paternal quadrivalent MI22,IV (5p 14;13q13). Her phenotype agrees with the preliminar map of No\u00ebl et al. (1976) but, in addition, she shows craniosynostosis and practically normal psychomotor maturation.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 13q inherited from balanced translocation (5;13) (p14;q13). A girl with multiple congenital malformations was found to have an abnormal karyotype: 46,XX,t(5;13) (13pter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5qter), meaning that she is monosomic for the distal part of the short arm of chromosome No. 5 (from 5pter to 5p14) and trisomic for the long arm of chromosome No. 13 (from 13q13 to 13qter). The proband's father is a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation: 46, XY, t(5;13) (p14;q13) (13qter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5qter; 13pter leads to 13q13 : : 5p14 leads to 5pter). Therefore, the propositus' abnormal karyotype was interpreted as the result from an adjacent type 1 malsegregation of the meiotic paternal quadrivalent MI22,IV (5p 14;13q13). Her phenotype agrees with the preliminar map of No\u00ebl et al. (1976) but, in addition, she shows craniosynostosis and practically normal psychomotor maturation.", "PMID": 752064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8743", "title": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome: clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. I. Clinical, genetic and electrophysiological findings and classification.", "content": "1. A clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy study of 49 index cases with peroneal muscular atrophy is reported. 2. In dominantly inherited cases, motor conduction velocities of the upper limbs within kinships indicated segregation into five groups which we have termed: a) hypertrophic neuropathy (less than 25 m/sec); b) intermediate group (25-45 m/sec); c) neuronal sensorimotor neuropathy (greater than 45 m/sec); d) neuronal motor neuropathy (greater than 45 m/sec); e) neuronal motor neuropathy with upper motor neurone involvement (greater than 45 m/sec). 3. The intermediate group is distinguished from the hypertrophic neuropathy group by the absence of clinically observed nerve hypertrophy and by the presence of a number of clinical features, including a more rapidly progressive disease. It is concluded to be genetically separate. This group is similarly quite distinct from the neuronal groups. Nerve biopsy studies support this view (Madrid et al., 1977; Bradley et al., 1977). 4. There was a relationship between severity of the disease and the conduction velocity which was most evident in the intermediate group. 5. There appeared to be an increase in motor conduction velocity with age in the hypertrophic neuropathy group, while the velocity fell in older patients in the intermediate group. 6. Sensory conduction velocity generally paralleled motor velocity but showed relatively less reduction. 7. Upper motor neurone features were not uncommon, appearing particularly in the intermediate group. Their presence may not therefore be a reliable basis for the classification of cases of peroneal muscular atrophy. 8. Tremor was observed in the hypertrophic, intermediate and neuronal motor neuropathy groups of patients, and does not provide a useful criterion for the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy. 9. There was occasional evidence to suggest poor or abnormal expression of the gene in dominantly inherited cases. Until more specific markers are available sporadic cases should be classified on the basis of the dominant forms, though they show a greater variability.", "contents": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome: clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. I. Clinical, genetic and electrophysiological findings and classification. 1. A clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy study of 49 index cases with peroneal muscular atrophy is reported. 2. In dominantly inherited cases, motor conduction velocities of the upper limbs within kinships indicated segregation into five groups which we have termed: a) hypertrophic neuropathy (less than 25 m/sec); b) intermediate group (25-45 m/sec); c) neuronal sensorimotor neuropathy (greater than 45 m/sec); d) neuronal motor neuropathy (greater than 45 m/sec); e) neuronal motor neuropathy with upper motor neurone involvement (greater than 45 m/sec). 3. The intermediate group is distinguished from the hypertrophic neuropathy group by the absence of clinically observed nerve hypertrophy and by the presence of a number of clinical features, including a more rapidly progressive disease. It is concluded to be genetically separate. This group is similarly quite distinct from the neuronal groups. Nerve biopsy studies support this view (Madrid et al., 1977; Bradley et al., 1977). 4. There was a relationship between severity of the disease and the conduction velocity which was most evident in the intermediate group. 5. There appeared to be an increase in motor conduction velocity with age in the hypertrophic neuropathy group, while the velocity fell in older patients in the intermediate group. 6. Sensory conduction velocity generally paralleled motor velocity but showed relatively less reduction. 7. Upper motor neurone features were not uncommon, appearing particularly in the intermediate group. Their presence may not therefore be a reliable basis for the classification of cases of peroneal muscular atrophy. 8. Tremor was observed in the hypertrophic, intermediate and neuronal motor neuropathy groups of patients, and does not provide a useful criterion for the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy. 9. There was occasional evidence to suggest poor or abnormal expression of the gene in dominantly inherited cases. Until more specific markers are available sporadic cases should be classified on the basis of the dominant forms, though they show a greater variability.", "PMID": 752065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8744", "title": "[Familial manifestation of a circumscribed cutaneous aplasia of the vertex associated, in one case, with cardiac malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors described a one-month-old baby girl showing a zone of cutaneous aplasia of the vertex; she presented, in addition, an extensive interventricular communication. A family study enabled them to ascertain that her three-year-old brother had a scarred alopecial area starting at the bregmatic region and continuing backwards along the median line; the six-year-old sister also had a scar on the vertex. Neither parent had any anomaly of the scalp. It would appear that circumscribed cutaneous aplasias generally result from a localised developmental defect, the exact mechanism of which remains unexplained. Circumscribed cutaneous aplasia which is sporadic and isolated in the majority of cases of trisomy 13) can, however, be transmitted as a mendelian trait, usually dominant. In the family under study, the absence of any lesion in the parents and the very small distance separating the two communes from which they originated rather favour a recessive autosomal mode of heredity.", "contents": "[Familial manifestation of a circumscribed cutaneous aplasia of the vertex associated, in one case, with cardiac malformation (author's transl)]. The authors described a one-month-old baby girl showing a zone of cutaneous aplasia of the vertex; she presented, in addition, an extensive interventricular communication. A family study enabled them to ascertain that her three-year-old brother had a scarred alopecial area starting at the bregmatic region and continuing backwards along the median line; the six-year-old sister also had a scar on the vertex. Neither parent had any anomaly of the scalp. It would appear that circumscribed cutaneous aplasias generally result from a localised developmental defect, the exact mechanism of which remains unexplained. Circumscribed cutaneous aplasia which is sporadic and isolated in the majority of cases of trisomy 13) can, however, be transmitted as a mendelian trait, usually dominant. In the family under study, the absence of any lesion in the parents and the very small distance separating the two communes from which they originated rather favour a recessive autosomal mode of heredity.", "PMID": 752066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8745", "title": "[Porphyria variegata: a study of a large family (author's transl)].", "content": "Porphyria variegata (or South-African porphyria) is not a rare disease in Europe. Its transmission, in a Walloon family, is described. The pedigree extends over 7 generations and comprises 184 individuals. It was possible to carry out biological studies on 100 family members. The results of the analyses are presented and discussed. The levels of fecal porphyrines, the presence of cutaneous lesions and the genealogical relationships permitted the establishment of a coherent picture. Three other families suffering from the same disease are briefly reported. A systematic search for carriers of the gene is indispensable in porphyrias. All identified carriers must be warned of the risks they run and must be supplied with a list of medicaments to be avoided. The prevention of cutaneous lesions by beta-carotene is envisaged.", "contents": "[Porphyria variegata: a study of a large family (author's transl)]. Porphyria variegata (or South-African porphyria) is not a rare disease in Europe. Its transmission, in a Walloon family, is described. The pedigree extends over 7 generations and comprises 184 individuals. It was possible to carry out biological studies on 100 family members. The results of the analyses are presented and discussed. The levels of fecal porphyrines, the presence of cutaneous lesions and the genealogical relationships permitted the establishment of a coherent picture. Three other families suffering from the same disease are briefly reported. A systematic search for carriers of the gene is indispensable in porphyrias. All identified carriers must be warned of the risks they run and must be supplied with a list of medicaments to be avoided. The prevention of cutaneous lesions by beta-carotene is envisaged.", "PMID": 752067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8746", "title": "[Genetic risk in cases of reciprocal translocation (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of 206 families with reciprocal translocations revealed thanks to a patient who was a carrier of an unbalanced translocation demonstrated the risk of a child suffering from the disease at about 16.4%, in the case of a meiotic segregation 2 : 2. In the case of translocation with meiotic segregation 3 : 1, the risk is much less, i.e. 7.6% for female carriers and significantly less than 3/83 for male carriers. It is extremely important to take this difference into account when evaluating the risks during genetic counselling. On the other hand, the freqeuncy of spontaneous abortions is practically the same for carriers of translocations with these two types of segregation and rises to nearly 23%; i.e. the postzygotic selection influences, to the same degree, zygotes with one chromosome too many, one two few, and zygotes with 46 chromosomes, but of which one has a defect or an excess of genetic material. Such selection depends rather on an interaction between the abnormal genome of the zygote (embryo) and the genome of the mother, whilst the prezygotic selection operates against the gametes having one chromosome too many or one too few. A large asymmetry in the length of the exchanged fragments could be one of the causes of the 3 : 1 segregation. This is proved by a more frequent participation (48/60) of the acrocentric chromosomes in the translocations with segregation 3 : 1. On the other hand, in translocations with segregation 2 : 2, acrocentrics are found much more rarely (66/146).", "contents": "[Genetic risk in cases of reciprocal translocation (author's transl)]. The analysis of 206 families with reciprocal translocations revealed thanks to a patient who was a carrier of an unbalanced translocation demonstrated the risk of a child suffering from the disease at about 16.4%, in the case of a meiotic segregation 2 : 2. In the case of translocation with meiotic segregation 3 : 1, the risk is much less, i.e. 7.6% for female carriers and significantly less than 3/83 for male carriers. It is extremely important to take this difference into account when evaluating the risks during genetic counselling. On the other hand, the freqeuncy of spontaneous abortions is practically the same for carriers of translocations with these two types of segregation and rises to nearly 23%; i.e. the postzygotic selection influences, to the same degree, zygotes with one chromosome too many, one two few, and zygotes with 46 chromosomes, but of which one has a defect or an excess of genetic material. Such selection depends rather on an interaction between the abnormal genome of the zygote (embryo) and the genome of the mother, whilst the prezygotic selection operates against the gametes having one chromosome too many or one too few. A large asymmetry in the length of the exchanged fragments could be one of the causes of the 3 : 1 segregation. This is proved by a more frequent participation (48/60) of the acrocentric chromosomes in the translocations with segregation 3 : 1. On the other hand, in translocations with segregation 2 : 2, acrocentrics are found much more rarely (66/146).", "PMID": 752068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8747", "title": "[Onycho-osteo-dysplasia (in connection with two familial observations) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on two familial observations of hereditary onycho-osteo-dysplasia and review the principal characteristics of this syndrome. Only one of the three reported cases presented the classical dysplastic tetrad. The other two suffered only from three associated anomalies (absence of elbow dysplasia). No renal involvement was observed. Dominant autosomal transmission was confirmed, in addition to a linkage with ABO blood groups. Finally, the authors emphasise the identity of phenotypic expression found in the cases studied.", "contents": "[Onycho-osteo-dysplasia (in connection with two familial observations) (author's transl)]. The authors report on two familial observations of hereditary onycho-osteo-dysplasia and review the principal characteristics of this syndrome. Only one of the three reported cases presented the classical dysplastic tetrad. The other two suffered only from three associated anomalies (absence of elbow dysplasia). No renal involvement was observed. Dominant autosomal transmission was confirmed, in addition to a linkage with ABO blood groups. Finally, the authors emphasise the identity of phenotypic expression found in the cases studied.", "PMID": 752069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8748", "title": "Cytogenetic polymorphism or Y/15 translocation in a black male with ambiguous genitalia.", "content": "A black male with ambiguous genitalia was found to have presumptive Y/15 translocation (46,XY,der(15) ? t(15;Y) (13;q12.2). The proband inherited this translocation from his father. All banding techniques were utilized to determine whether this was a polymorphism or a Y/15 translocation. No definite conclusion was reached but the results of QFQ, RFA, CBG, and GTG banding techniques are highly suggestive of Y/15 translocation.", "contents": "Cytogenetic polymorphism or Y/15 translocation in a black male with ambiguous genitalia. A black male with ambiguous genitalia was found to have presumptive Y/15 translocation (46,XY,der(15) ? t(15;Y) (13;q12.2). The proband inherited this translocation from his father. All banding techniques were utilized to determine whether this was a polymorphism or a Y/15 translocation. No definite conclusion was reached but the results of QFQ, RFA, CBG, and GTG banding techniques are highly suggestive of Y/15 translocation.", "PMID": 752070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8749", "title": "The future of veterinary services in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Future developments will depend mainly on new information generated by research and on effective application of preventive medicine. In the latter case, the various diagnostic centres in South Africa will have to be developed to their full extent, leading to the drawing up of computerised disease profiles and monitoring of the incidence of scheduled diseases. Dealing with these problems will require further knowledge to be generated by research. Problems of increasing drug, insecticide and acaricide resistance and problems of virus bionomics will call for attack at the molecular, biochemical, biophysical and immunological levels. This will demand adjustment of post-graduate veterinary education and of ever closer collaboration with scientists well-versed in the basic disciplines. Despite the argument that animal production will be ousted by crop production, the former, particularly in South Africa, is bound to develop and will call for more attention to the physiology of digestion and metabolism and to diseases of metabolism of ruminants. Concern is expressed that so few young veterinarians take up research as a career, as South Africa has many veterinary problems peculiar to itself.", "contents": "The future of veterinary services in the Republic of South Africa. Future developments will depend mainly on new information generated by research and on effective application of preventive medicine. In the latter case, the various diagnostic centres in South Africa will have to be developed to their full extent, leading to the drawing up of computerised disease profiles and monitoring of the incidence of scheduled diseases. Dealing with these problems will require further knowledge to be generated by research. Problems of increasing drug, insecticide and acaricide resistance and problems of virus bionomics will call for attack at the molecular, biochemical, biophysical and immunological levels. This will demand adjustment of post-graduate veterinary education and of ever closer collaboration with scientists well-versed in the basic disciplines. Despite the argument that animal production will be ousted by crop production, the former, particularly in South Africa, is bound to develop and will call for more attention to the physiology of digestion and metabolism and to diseases of metabolism of ruminants. Concern is expressed that so few young veterinarians take up research as a career, as South Africa has many veterinary problems peculiar to itself.", "PMID": 752076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8750", "title": "Swimming--a method to study the physiologic response of the horse to exercise.", "content": "The literature on exercise physiology in the horse with special reference to swimming is briefly reviewed. The use of a pool for swimming horses is described and a technique discussed for the collection of haematologic and haemodynamic data using this form of exercise.", "contents": "Swimming--a method to study the physiologic response of the horse to exercise. The literature on exercise physiology in the horse with special reference to swimming is briefly reviewed. The use of a pool for swimming horses is described and a technique discussed for the collection of haematologic and haemodynamic data using this form of exercise.", "PMID": 752078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8751", "title": "Cube colic.", "content": "\"Cube colic\" is described and vain attempts to cause the problem on an experimental basis are recorded. It is concluded that not all horses are susceptible to cube colic and if colic occurs in horses being fed on cubes, it is not necessarily due to feeding of cubes. Nomenclature of bowel disorders is considered.", "contents": "Cube colic. \"Cube colic\" is described and vain attempts to cause the problem on an experimental basis are recorded. It is concluded that not all horses are susceptible to cube colic and if colic occurs in horses being fed on cubes, it is not necessarily due to feeding of cubes. Nomenclature of bowel disorders is considered.", "PMID": 752079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8752", "title": "Fatal ovine nephrosis caused by Anagallis arvensis L.", "content": "Cases of acute mortality in sheep, characterised by severe nephrosis and resultant uraemia, were investigated on two farms 150 km apart in the Winter Rainfall area of the Republic of South Africa. This condition was experimentally reproduced by dosing sheep with Anagallis arvensis L plants. The most consipicious lesion was a coagulative necrosis with intratubular haemorrhage in the renal cortex. The history, clinical signs and the pathology, and experimental reproduction of the disease are described.", "contents": "Fatal ovine nephrosis caused by Anagallis arvensis L. Cases of acute mortality in sheep, characterised by severe nephrosis and resultant uraemia, were investigated on two farms 150 km apart in the Winter Rainfall area of the Republic of South Africa. This condition was experimentally reproduced by dosing sheep with Anagallis arvensis L plants. The most consipicious lesion was a coagulative necrosis with intratubular haemorrhage in the renal cortex. The history, clinical signs and the pathology, and experimental reproduction of the disease are described.", "PMID": 752080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8753", "title": "The current status of resistance to organophosphorus ixodicides by the blue tick, Boophilus Decoloratus (Koch) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei.", "content": "In a four year survey 253 isolates of Boophilus decoloratus from the Republic of South Africa and Transkei were tested in the laboratory for their susceptibility to certain organophosphorus ixodicides. Fifty-seven of these isolates were susceptible to organophosphorus compounds, 88 isolates showed a range of susceptibility between that of the susceptible laboratory strain and a strain having a resistance greater than that for the Berlin type strain. A field trial confirmed degrees of resistance shown in the laboratory to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, chlorfenvinphos, dioxathion, dicrotophos, quintiofos and chlorfenvinphos/dioxathion.", "contents": "The current status of resistance to organophosphorus ixodicides by the blue tick, Boophilus Decoloratus (Koch) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei. In a four year survey 253 isolates of Boophilus decoloratus from the Republic of South Africa and Transkei were tested in the laboratory for their susceptibility to certain organophosphorus ixodicides. Fifty-seven of these isolates were susceptible to organophosphorus compounds, 88 isolates showed a range of susceptibility between that of the susceptible laboratory strain and a strain having a resistance greater than that for the Berlin type strain. A field trial confirmed degrees of resistance shown in the laboratory to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, chlorfenvinphos, dioxathion, dicrotophos, quintiofos and chlorfenvinphos/dioxathion.", "PMID": 752081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8754", "title": "Resistance to certain organophosphorus ixodicides in the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland.", "content": "A series of in vitro trails confirmed resistance in the three-host tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, to the organophosphorus ixodicides, dioxathion, chlorfenvinphos, quintiofos, bromophos-ethyl and a dioxathion/chlorfenvinphos combination. The results of a routine survey showed that a resistance factor of greater than 100x was present in the offspring of ticks in six of 115 field isolates tested. These six isolates were confined to the lowveld areas of the province of Natal, Republic of South Africa, and Swaziland. Ticks in a further 59 isolates were less susceptible than the reference strain. Resistance was present in all three tick instars. This is the first recorded resistance to the organophosphorus group of ixodicides by multi-host ticks in Africa.", "contents": "Resistance to certain organophosphorus ixodicides in the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland. A series of in vitro trails confirmed resistance in the three-host tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, to the organophosphorus ixodicides, dioxathion, chlorfenvinphos, quintiofos, bromophos-ethyl and a dioxathion/chlorfenvinphos combination. The results of a routine survey showed that a resistance factor of greater than 100x was present in the offspring of ticks in six of 115 field isolates tested. These six isolates were confined to the lowveld areas of the province of Natal, Republic of South Africa, and Swaziland. Ticks in a further 59 isolates were less susceptible than the reference strain. Resistance was present in all three tick instars. This is the first recorded resistance to the organophosphorus group of ixodicides by multi-host ticks in Africa.", "PMID": 752082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8755", "title": "The divided dosage/low dosage concept using fenbendazole.", "content": "Fenbendazole was administered as an anthelmintic to cattle and sheep by incorporation into feed blocks. The therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg live mass for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle was administered in divided dosages over periods of 4 d and in some cases 5 d. The periods were limited to obviate possible development of resistance. The anthelmintic effect was equal to, or better than, the standard therapeutic dose administered as a single dose in the form of the commercially available fenbendazole suspensions, when comparing the results obtained by the modified non-parametric method of evaluating anthelmintics.", "contents": "The divided dosage/low dosage concept using fenbendazole. Fenbendazole was administered as an anthelmintic to cattle and sheep by incorporation into feed blocks. The therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg live mass for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle was administered in divided dosages over periods of 4 d and in some cases 5 d. The periods were limited to obviate possible development of resistance. The anthelmintic effect was equal to, or better than, the standard therapeutic dose administered as a single dose in the form of the commercially available fenbendazole suspensions, when comparing the results obtained by the modified non-parametric method of evaluating anthelmintics.", "PMID": 752084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8756", "title": "A chronic wasting syndrome in a horse associated with granulomatous enteritis.", "content": "A case of granulomatous enteritis in a 2 year-old Thoroughbred colt is reported. Clinically the horse showed chronic wasting and subcutaneous oedema of the ventral parts of the body and legs. Grossly the wall of the jejunum and ileum was uniformly thickened. Microscopically the lamina propria, submucosa and the tunica muscalaris of the small intestine were infiltrated with lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid cells and occasional multinucleated giant cells. The granulomatous reaction was most marked in the muscular layers of the gut wall.", "contents": "A chronic wasting syndrome in a horse associated with granulomatous enteritis. A case of granulomatous enteritis in a 2 year-old Thoroughbred colt is reported. Clinically the horse showed chronic wasting and subcutaneous oedema of the ventral parts of the body and legs. Grossly the wall of the jejunum and ileum was uniformly thickened. Microscopically the lamina propria, submucosa and the tunica muscalaris of the small intestine were infiltrated with lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid cells and occasional multinucleated giant cells. The granulomatous reaction was most marked in the muscular layers of the gut wall.", "PMID": 752085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8757", "title": "Oestrogen-induced bone marrow aplasia in a dog.", "content": "A case of oestrogen toxicity in the dog is described. The bone marrow was primarily affected with resultant non-regenerative anaemia, leukocytosis followed by leukopaenia, and thrombocytopaenia. Endometritis, toxaemia and disseminate intravascular coagulation were complicating factors. The case terminated fatally intensive therapy.", "contents": "Oestrogen-induced bone marrow aplasia in a dog. A case of oestrogen toxicity in the dog is described. The bone marrow was primarily affected with resultant non-regenerative anaemia, leukocytosis followed by leukopaenia, and thrombocytopaenia. Endometritis, toxaemia and disseminate intravascular coagulation were complicating factors. The case terminated fatally intensive therapy.", "PMID": 752088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8758", "title": "Financial awareness for the veterinarian in private practice.", "content": "The need for economic awareness is stressed, and some practical aspects which the author has found helpful are described in detail. Some such examples are: linking both professional and other salaries to gross fees as an aid to motivation, cash or credit for accounts receivable, financial analysis to guide money management, and the marketing of pet vaccines.", "contents": "Financial awareness for the veterinarian in private practice. The need for economic awareness is stressed, and some practical aspects which the author has found helpful are described in detail. Some such examples are: linking both professional and other salaries to gross fees as an aid to motivation, cash or credit for accounts receivable, financial analysis to guide money management, and the marketing of pet vaccines.", "PMID": 752090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8759", "title": "Mechanism of alteration in baroreflex cardiovascular responses due to volume loading.", "content": "The effect and mechanism of volume loading (VL) on the baroreflex sensitivity, in terms of the changes in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) to a given change in carotid sinus pressure (CSP), were studied in rabbits anesthetized with chloralose and urethan. The carotid sinuses were vascularly isolated in order to regulate the CSP independently from the systemic arterial pressure. VL was accomplished by intravenous infusion of dextran solution or whole blood to raise the right atrial pressure from 0.4 to 10 cm water. When the CSP was lowered from 90 to 40 mmHg, VL reduced the baroreflex pressor response by 10.1 mmHg (42%) and 19.9 mmHg (46%) before and after aortic nerves section, respectively. The attenuation effect of VL on the carotid pressor response was abolished after cervical vagotomy. VL also reduced the extent of bradycardia and hypotension upon an elevation of CSP from 90 to 140 mmHg. Before aortic nerve section, the reduction by VL was 19.7 beats/min (41%) for the bradycardic response, and 15.1 mmHg (43%) for the depressor response. These attenuation effects of VL were absent after aortic denervation. The results suggest that VL alters the carotid baroreflex pressor response via the vagal afferents subserving the cardiopulmonary receptors, whereas it reduces the depressor and bradycardic responses through the aortic baroreceptor.", "contents": "Mechanism of alteration in baroreflex cardiovascular responses due to volume loading. The effect and mechanism of volume loading (VL) on the baroreflex sensitivity, in terms of the changes in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) to a given change in carotid sinus pressure (CSP), were studied in rabbits anesthetized with chloralose and urethan. The carotid sinuses were vascularly isolated in order to regulate the CSP independently from the systemic arterial pressure. VL was accomplished by intravenous infusion of dextran solution or whole blood to raise the right atrial pressure from 0.4 to 10 cm water. When the CSP was lowered from 90 to 40 mmHg, VL reduced the baroreflex pressor response by 10.1 mmHg (42%) and 19.9 mmHg (46%) before and after aortic nerves section, respectively. The attenuation effect of VL on the carotid pressor response was abolished after cervical vagotomy. VL also reduced the extent of bradycardia and hypotension upon an elevation of CSP from 90 to 140 mmHg. Before aortic nerve section, the reduction by VL was 19.7 beats/min (41%) for the bradycardic response, and 15.1 mmHg (43%) for the depressor response. These attenuation effects of VL were absent after aortic denervation. The results suggest that VL alters the carotid baroreflex pressor response via the vagal afferents subserving the cardiopulmonary receptors, whereas it reduces the depressor and bradycardic responses through the aortic baroreceptor.", "PMID": 752092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8760", "title": "Caffeine contracture in transverse tubules-disrupted fiber and effect of anomalous anions on the contracture in frog twitch fiber.", "content": "Caffeine contracture in transverse tubules-disrupted (T-disrupted) muscle preparation and the effect of anomalous anions (SCN and NO3) on the contracture in single twitch fibers or thin bundles consisting of 2 or 3 fibers of frog were investigated. The magnitude and the rate of rise of caffeine contracture tension were decreased by T-disruption and the decrease was more marked at lower concentrations of caffeine. No seasonal difference between summer and winter frogs on the effect of T-disruption on caffeine contracture was observed. On the other hand, the magnitude and the rate of rise of caffeine contracture tension in the intact preparation was increased by anomalous anions, whereas the rate of spontaneous relaxation of the contracture was decreased. The effect of SCN on caffeine contracture appeared 5 min after the pre-exposure of muscle preparation of SCN-Ringer solution, with the maximal effect appearing after 10 min. The threshold curve of caffeine contracture was shifted toward the lower caffeine concentrations by anomalous anions and the extent of the shift in the curve was more pronounced with SCN than with NO2. In contrast, the potentiating effect of these anions on the caffeine contracture completely disappeared in T-disrupted muscle preparation. On the basis of these results, the caffeine pathway to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the sites and mechanism of the action of anomalous anions on caffeine contracture are discussed.", "contents": "Caffeine contracture in transverse tubules-disrupted fiber and effect of anomalous anions on the contracture in frog twitch fiber. Caffeine contracture in transverse tubules-disrupted (T-disrupted) muscle preparation and the effect of anomalous anions (SCN and NO3) on the contracture in single twitch fibers or thin bundles consisting of 2 or 3 fibers of frog were investigated. The magnitude and the rate of rise of caffeine contracture tension were decreased by T-disruption and the decrease was more marked at lower concentrations of caffeine. No seasonal difference between summer and winter frogs on the effect of T-disruption on caffeine contracture was observed. On the other hand, the magnitude and the rate of rise of caffeine contracture tension in the intact preparation was increased by anomalous anions, whereas the rate of spontaneous relaxation of the contracture was decreased. The effect of SCN on caffeine contracture appeared 5 min after the pre-exposure of muscle preparation of SCN-Ringer solution, with the maximal effect appearing after 10 min. The threshold curve of caffeine contracture was shifted toward the lower caffeine concentrations by anomalous anions and the extent of the shift in the curve was more pronounced with SCN than with NO2. In contrast, the potentiating effect of these anions on the caffeine contracture completely disappeared in T-disrupted muscle preparation. On the basis of these results, the caffeine pathway to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the sites and mechanism of the action of anomalous anions on caffeine contracture are discussed.", "PMID": 752093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8761", "title": "Binding of 45Ca to intercalated discs of cardiac muscles studied by electron microscope autoradiography.", "content": "The binding sites of Ca2+ entering the injured cardiac muscle cell was investigated by 45Ca electron microscope autoradiography in guinea pig papillary muscle and in frog ventricular muscle. The muscle was injured in Ca-free Tyrode's solution, transfered into 45Ca-Tyrode's solution and, after 30 min, fixed and cut into thin sections. An autoradiogram was taken after exposure (4--7 weeks) the thin film of the section was developed. Fine, or sometimes filamentous, silver grains produced by radiation with 45Ca were frequently observed on the intercalated discs of injured cells where most of the nexal membranes were separated. The number of 45Ca grains on the discs of injured cells was eight times more than that found on intact cells. The concentration of 45Ca grains estimated by the number of grains per unit area was 3.2 times higher in the disc region than that in the other cytoplasmic regions in the injured cells, while in the intact cells it was only 1/3 of that found in the latter. The localization of 45Ca grains along the disc of the injured cell was also examined and the fine grains were seen to be located on the separated nexal membrane or at the cytoplasmic side of the desmosome and fascia adherens. It is likely that Ca2+ binds with the nexal membrane and the resulting structural change, such as nexal separation, is indispensable for intercellular uncoupling or healing-over of cardiac muscles.", "contents": "Binding of 45Ca to intercalated discs of cardiac muscles studied by electron microscope autoradiography. The binding sites of Ca2+ entering the injured cardiac muscle cell was investigated by 45Ca electron microscope autoradiography in guinea pig papillary muscle and in frog ventricular muscle. The muscle was injured in Ca-free Tyrode's solution, transfered into 45Ca-Tyrode's solution and, after 30 min, fixed and cut into thin sections. An autoradiogram was taken after exposure (4--7 weeks) the thin film of the section was developed. Fine, or sometimes filamentous, silver grains produced by radiation with 45Ca were frequently observed on the intercalated discs of injured cells where most of the nexal membranes were separated. The number of 45Ca grains on the discs of injured cells was eight times more than that found on intact cells. The concentration of 45Ca grains estimated by the number of grains per unit area was 3.2 times higher in the disc region than that in the other cytoplasmic regions in the injured cells, while in the intact cells it was only 1/3 of that found in the latter. The localization of 45Ca grains along the disc of the injured cell was also examined and the fine grains were seen to be located on the separated nexal membrane or at the cytoplasmic side of the desmosome and fascia adherens. It is likely that Ca2+ binds with the nexal membrane and the resulting structural change, such as nexal separation, is indispensable for intercellular uncoupling or healing-over of cardiac muscles.", "PMID": 752094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8762", "title": "Developmental changes of the contractile activity and the drug sensitivity of smooth muscle of the alimentary tract of guinea pig.", "content": "The mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of guinea pig alimentary tract changed during fetal and postnatal development. At the F20 (fetus, body weight 20 g) stage of the fetus, the antrum, small intestinal and colonic preparations showed no spontaneous activity. After this stage, spontaneous activity occurred but the patterns of contractile activity of various regions of the alimentary tract differed from those of the adult. However, at later fetal stages (F50 or later), the mechanical patterns of various regions, except the lower region of colon, were similar to adult patterns. An excitatory response to acetylcholine was observed in all regions at the F20 stage but catecholamines were not effective at this stage. Responses to catecholamines appeared later than those to acetylcholine but they were not constant. During development of the colon, the excitatory effect of adrenaline was significant and the effect was blocked by phenoxybenzamine, and isoprenaline inhibited the spontaneous activity. However, sympathetic nerve stimulation at F70 inhibited the mechanical activity and propranolol blocked the inhibitory action of sympathetic nerves. These results indicate the co-existence of alpha-excitatory and beta-inhibitory receptors on the developing colonic smooth muscle cell membrane.", "contents": "Developmental changes of the contractile activity and the drug sensitivity of smooth muscle of the alimentary tract of guinea pig. The mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of guinea pig alimentary tract changed during fetal and postnatal development. At the F20 (fetus, body weight 20 g) stage of the fetus, the antrum, small intestinal and colonic preparations showed no spontaneous activity. After this stage, spontaneous activity occurred but the patterns of contractile activity of various regions of the alimentary tract differed from those of the adult. However, at later fetal stages (F50 or later), the mechanical patterns of various regions, except the lower region of colon, were similar to adult patterns. An excitatory response to acetylcholine was observed in all regions at the F20 stage but catecholamines were not effective at this stage. Responses to catecholamines appeared later than those to acetylcholine but they were not constant. During development of the colon, the excitatory effect of adrenaline was significant and the effect was blocked by phenoxybenzamine, and isoprenaline inhibited the spontaneous activity. However, sympathetic nerve stimulation at F70 inhibited the mechanical activity and propranolol blocked the inhibitory action of sympathetic nerves. These results indicate the co-existence of alpha-excitatory and beta-inhibitory receptors on the developing colonic smooth muscle cell membrane.", "PMID": 752095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8763", "title": "Isolation and characterization of defective interfering particle of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Newcastle disease virus grown in embryonated eggs was separated and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into two distinct type of particles, B and T, the former being normal virus particles with high activities of hemagglutination, hemolysis, neuraminidase and infectivity, the latter being non-infectious virus particles with low activities of hemolysis and neuraminidase but high hemagglutination activity. B and T particles were shown to share a common antigen by immunodiffusion test. T particles were deficient in viral RNA, since they contained only 13s RNA in a small amount, whereas B particles possessed a large amount of 57s RNA and a small amount of 13s RNA. T particles interfered with the multiplication of normal Newcastle disease virus in primary cultures of chick embryo cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of defective interfering particle of Newcastle disease virus. Newcastle disease virus grown in embryonated eggs was separated and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into two distinct type of particles, B and T, the former being normal virus particles with high activities of hemagglutination, hemolysis, neuraminidase and infectivity, the latter being non-infectious virus particles with low activities of hemolysis and neuraminidase but high hemagglutination activity. B and T particles were shown to share a common antigen by immunodiffusion test. T particles were deficient in viral RNA, since they contained only 13s RNA in a small amount, whereas B particles possessed a large amount of 57s RNA and a small amount of 13s RNA. T particles interfered with the multiplication of normal Newcastle disease virus in primary cultures of chick embryo cells.", "PMID": 752096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8764", "title": "Carcinogenicity and polarographic behavior of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]acridine and dibenz[a,h]phenazine.", "content": "In a simultaneous test of carcinogenicity the authors have studied the activities of dibenz-[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]acridine and dibenz-[a,h]phenazine. These compounds were dispersed in paraffin disks and subcutaneously implanted in rats. Each experimental group consisted of 30 animals. The number of sarcomas induced by the above-mentioned compounds was 20, 5 and 3 respectively. Tumorigenicity of the aza analogues of dibenz[a,h]anthracene was proportional to their electron donation and inversely proportional to their electron acceptance in the performed polarographic test. The authors discuss the possibilities of using polarography as a screening test for the exclusion of carcinogenic polycyclic compounds.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and polarographic behavior of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]acridine and dibenz[a,h]phenazine. In a simultaneous test of carcinogenicity the authors have studied the activities of dibenz-[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]acridine and dibenz-[a,h]phenazine. These compounds were dispersed in paraffin disks and subcutaneously implanted in rats. Each experimental group consisted of 30 animals. The number of sarcomas induced by the above-mentioned compounds was 20, 5 and 3 respectively. Tumorigenicity of the aza analogues of dibenz[a,h]anthracene was proportional to their electron donation and inversely proportional to their electron acceptance in the performed polarographic test. The authors discuss the possibilities of using polarography as a screening test for the exclusion of carcinogenic polycyclic compounds.", "PMID": 752112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8765", "title": "F-wave conduction velocity in the deep peroneal nerve: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and dystrophia myotonica.", "content": "The F-wave has been used to estimate the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (spinal cord to knee) of the axons of the deep peroneal nerve in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and those with dystrophia myotonica. A new, modified method has been applied to estimate proximal MNCV in patients in whom F-waves or M-responses cannot be obtained from the small muscles of the foot. Terminal latencies and MNCV along the distal nerve segment (knee to ankle) have also been estimated using conventional techniques. The results have been compared with those obtained for control subjects. Proximal MNCV was severely slowed in every patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; the degrees of proximal and distal MNCV decreases were related. In patients with dystrophia myotonica, distal and proximal MNCVs were significantly reduced in comparison with control subjects, the MNCV slowing was not related to the degree of muscle atrophy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the nerves and muscles are independently affected in dystrophia myotonica. It is concluded that the F-wave MNCV technique is as useful as, and may be more sensitive than, the conventional MNCV method.", "contents": "F-wave conduction velocity in the deep peroneal nerve: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and dystrophia myotonica. The F-wave has been used to estimate the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (spinal cord to knee) of the axons of the deep peroneal nerve in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and those with dystrophia myotonica. A new, modified method has been applied to estimate proximal MNCV in patients in whom F-waves or M-responses cannot be obtained from the small muscles of the foot. Terminal latencies and MNCV along the distal nerve segment (knee to ankle) have also been estimated using conventional techniques. The results have been compared with those obtained for control subjects. Proximal MNCV was severely slowed in every patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; the degrees of proximal and distal MNCV decreases were related. In patients with dystrophia myotonica, distal and proximal MNCVs were significantly reduced in comparison with control subjects, the MNCV slowing was not related to the degree of muscle atrophy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the nerves and muscles are independently affected in dystrophia myotonica. It is concluded that the F-wave MNCV technique is as useful as, and may be more sensitive than, the conventional MNCV method.", "PMID": 752107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8766", "title": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy of L5178Y lymphoma.", "content": "The antitumoral effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy with BCG and/or irradiated L5178Y cells has been compared to antitumoral effect of chemotherapy alone. Significantly better results were noted in a transplantable L5178Y lymphoma grafted on DBA/2-J mice treated with methotrexate and BCG than in any other group which was not treated with BCG. The effect of irradiated lymphoma cells was similar to effectivity of methotrexate alone.", "contents": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy of L5178Y lymphoma. The antitumoral effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy with BCG and/or irradiated L5178Y cells has been compared to antitumoral effect of chemotherapy alone. Significantly better results were noted in a transplantable L5178Y lymphoma grafted on DBA/2-J mice treated with methotrexate and BCG than in any other group which was not treated with BCG. The effect of irradiated lymphoma cells was similar to effectivity of methotrexate alone.", "PMID": 752113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8767", "title": "Effect of ethanol on lactic acid production by exercised normal muscle.", "content": "Several studies have suggested that muscle lactic acid production is defective in alcoholic myopathy. However, normal controls have not been evaluated. To study the effects of ethanol on the production of lactic acid in normal exercised muscle, oral ethanol (1 g per kg body weight, 20% v/v) was given to eight nonalcoholic subjects. Forearm ischemic exercise with a total work load of 7.2 kg-m/min was performed just before and 90 min after ingestion of ethanol. At the time of exercise, the serum ethanol level was 95.7 +/- 15.1 mg% (mean +/- SD). Resting serum lactic acid was significantly higher after ingestion of ethanol (15.7 +/- 4.5 mg%) than before (8.5 +/- 4.7 mg%). Lactic acid generation with ischemic exercise was significantly lower after ethanol ingestion. The mean peak serum lactic acid level (expressed as percentage elevation above resting) was 330.5 +/- 118.2% before and 127.9 +/- 75.1% after (p less than .05). These results indicate that a single oral dose of ethanol decreases lactic acid production by exercised muscle in normal subjects.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on lactic acid production by exercised normal muscle. Several studies have suggested that muscle lactic acid production is defective in alcoholic myopathy. However, normal controls have not been evaluated. To study the effects of ethanol on the production of lactic acid in normal exercised muscle, oral ethanol (1 g per kg body weight, 20% v/v) was given to eight nonalcoholic subjects. Forearm ischemic exercise with a total work load of 7.2 kg-m/min was performed just before and 90 min after ingestion of ethanol. At the time of exercise, the serum ethanol level was 95.7 +/- 15.1 mg% (mean +/- SD). Resting serum lactic acid was significantly higher after ingestion of ethanol (15.7 +/- 4.5 mg%) than before (8.5 +/- 4.7 mg%). Lactic acid generation with ischemic exercise was significantly lower after ethanol ingestion. The mean peak serum lactic acid level (expressed as percentage elevation above resting) was 330.5 +/- 118.2% before and 127.9 +/- 75.1% after (p less than .05). These results indicate that a single oral dose of ethanol decreases lactic acid production by exercised muscle in normal subjects.", "PMID": 752108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8768", "title": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. VI. The influence of proton-donor on reduction of carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment.", "content": "The authors have studied the electrochemical behaviour of a series of carcinogenic and inactive aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment in the presence of a proton-donor. As anhydrous environment the authors used water-free dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide; as proton-donor phenol. Phenol gave rise to quantitative changes in the number of polarographic waves when the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons were undergoing reduction. Between the two original waves there originated in the presence of phenol a new polarographic wave in these hydrocarbons. In inactive analogues of the investigated hydrocarbons no such effect of phenol has been ascertained. In their present study the authors discuss the potential mechanism of electroreduction of carcinogenic and inactive aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment in the presence of a proton-donor and compare the values of half-wave potentials of the investigated compounds measured in water-free dimethylformamide, dimethylformamide + phenol and in ethylenglycolmonomethylether.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. VI. The influence of proton-donor on reduction of carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment. The authors have studied the electrochemical behaviour of a series of carcinogenic and inactive aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment in the presence of a proton-donor. As anhydrous environment the authors used water-free dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide; as proton-donor phenol. Phenol gave rise to quantitative changes in the number of polarographic waves when the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons were undergoing reduction. Between the two original waves there originated in the presence of phenol a new polarographic wave in these hydrocarbons. In inactive analogues of the investigated hydrocarbons no such effect of phenol has been ascertained. In their present study the authors discuss the potential mechanism of electroreduction of carcinogenic and inactive aromatic hydrocarbons in anhydrous environment in the presence of a proton-donor and compare the values of half-wave potentials of the investigated compounds measured in water-free dimethylformamide, dimethylformamide + phenol and in ethylenglycolmonomethylether.", "PMID": 752114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8769", "title": "Centronuclear myopathy: possible central nervous system origin.", "content": "The authors describe a case of myopathy characterized physically by limb weakness, eyelid ptosis, voluntary and reflex paralysis of vertical movements of gaze, and loss of deep tendon reflexes; and morphologically by the abnormal presence of centrally located nuclei in muscle fibers and type 1 fiber hypotrophy. The establishment in this case study of two particular findings--the probably nuclear or supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and the apparently impaired nuclear migration from the center of the muscle fiber toward its periphery--supports the hypothesis of a neuromuscular disorder whose level of severity depends on the degree of difficulty in the nuclear migration itself. This would be linked to a reduction in central nervous system influence.", "contents": "Centronuclear myopathy: possible central nervous system origin. The authors describe a case of myopathy characterized physically by limb weakness, eyelid ptosis, voluntary and reflex paralysis of vertical movements of gaze, and loss of deep tendon reflexes; and morphologically by the abnormal presence of centrally located nuclei in muscle fibers and type 1 fiber hypotrophy. The establishment in this case study of two particular findings--the probably nuclear or supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and the apparently impaired nuclear migration from the center of the muscle fiber toward its periphery--supports the hypothesis of a neuromuscular disorder whose level of severity depends on the degree of difficulty in the nuclear migration itself. This would be linked to a reduction in central nervous system influence.", "PMID": 752109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8770", "title": "Establishment of cell line derived from human malignant melanoma.", "content": "A new human cell line of malignant melanoma (MJM) was established with the use of the in vitro fragment technique. It has been maintained over 34 months of continuous cultivation. Three types of cells can be recognized by light microscope. The epitheloid elements predominate, less frequent are fibroblastoid and giant multinuclear cells. The pigment production is not macroscopically visible. Over 60 per cent of analyzed metabphases showed hyperdiploid number of chromosomes, the rest was mostly tetra and hexaploid. No marker chromosomes were detected. The growth studies indicate the MJM cells have 63-hr doubling time. Cytochemistry revealed positive pigment or propigment granules in 36 per cent of cells. Ultrastructural studies did not detect melanin granules but some particles resembling atypical premelanosomes and melanosomes were recognized in some sections.", "contents": "Establishment of cell line derived from human malignant melanoma. A new human cell line of malignant melanoma (MJM) was established with the use of the in vitro fragment technique. It has been maintained over 34 months of continuous cultivation. Three types of cells can be recognized by light microscope. The epitheloid elements predominate, less frequent are fibroblastoid and giant multinuclear cells. The pigment production is not macroscopically visible. Over 60 per cent of analyzed metabphases showed hyperdiploid number of chromosomes, the rest was mostly tetra and hexaploid. No marker chromosomes were detected. The growth studies indicate the MJM cells have 63-hr doubling time. Cytochemistry revealed positive pigment or propigment granules in 36 per cent of cells. Ultrastructural studies did not detect melanin granules but some particles resembling atypical premelanosomes and melanosomes were recognized in some sections.", "PMID": 752115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8771", "title": "Cytologic criteria in diagnostics of esophageal dysplasia.", "content": "On the basis of exfoliative cytology material of 62 patients with precancerous esophageal diseases 3 stages of esophageal dysplasia were determined: mild, moderate and severe. In order to establish the stage of dysplastic alteration the author used morphological, functional, morphometric and cytochemical criteria. Cytologic criteria suggest by the author are objective indicies to find out early malignancy of esophageal epithelium. The usage of the above mentioned criteria enable to distinguish earlier forms of cancer of the esophagus and permits to lower the number of advanced cases.", "contents": "Cytologic criteria in diagnostics of esophageal dysplasia. On the basis of exfoliative cytology material of 62 patients with precancerous esophageal diseases 3 stages of esophageal dysplasia were determined: mild, moderate and severe. In order to establish the stage of dysplastic alteration the author used morphological, functional, morphometric and cytochemical criteria. Cytologic criteria suggest by the author are objective indicies to find out early malignancy of esophageal epithelium. The usage of the above mentioned criteria enable to distinguish earlier forms of cancer of the esophagus and permits to lower the number of advanced cases.", "PMID": 752116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8772", "title": "Immunoglobin levels in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The authors examined a course of immunoglobulin values (IgA, IgG, IgM) in 40 patients with the Hodgkin's disease and repeatedly in 11 healthy persons. In the patients they followed the levels of the immunoglobulins during the disease, up to 5 years. In untreated patients there were statistically significant increased IgA levels and insignificant increase of IgG. In the course of remission the immunoglobulin values were normalized. The radiotherapy did not affect significantly the value of immunoglobulins, the combined chemotherapy (COPP) led to a drop of this level. The levels of immunoglobulins are recovered after chemotherapy in the case of successful treatment. In terms of the prognosis the authors consider as unfavorable high increase in the immunoglobulin levels in untreated patients and their rapid drop during the chemotherapy. They observed an average preterminal drop of the IgA by 27%, IgG by 23% and IgM by 44% with respect to controls.", "contents": "Immunoglobin levels in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The authors examined a course of immunoglobulin values (IgA, IgG, IgM) in 40 patients with the Hodgkin's disease and repeatedly in 11 healthy persons. In the patients they followed the levels of the immunoglobulins during the disease, up to 5 years. In untreated patients there were statistically significant increased IgA levels and insignificant increase of IgG. In the course of remission the immunoglobulin values were normalized. The radiotherapy did not affect significantly the value of immunoglobulins, the combined chemotherapy (COPP) led to a drop of this level. The levels of immunoglobulins are recovered after chemotherapy in the case of successful treatment. In terms of the prognosis the authors consider as unfavorable high increase in the immunoglobulin levels in untreated patients and their rapid drop during the chemotherapy. They observed an average preterminal drop of the IgA by 27%, IgG by 23% and IgM by 44% with respect to controls.", "PMID": 752117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8773", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Fifty six patients with metastatic cancer of the breast (stage IV) were treated with Cyclophosphamide, 5-Fluorouracil and Cyclophosphamide + 5-Fluorouracil. Tests for delayed hypersensitivity to homologous tumor antigen before treatment were positive in 83.9% and negative in 16.1%. Response to DNCB was positive before treatment in 51.8% and negative in 48.2%. Following chemotherapy the skin reaction, to homologous tumor antigen remained positive, only in 12.6% and negative in 87.4%. The reaction of DNCB remained positive after treatment only in 17.8%. In the remaining 82.2% suppression of the reaction occurred. These data show that chemotherapy may suppress, to a certain excent, immune responses. It is established that among patients who have shown a positive reaction to homologous tumor antigen 55.3% of all cases have displayed objective response to the treatment, and among these with negative skin reactions objective responses were observed in 22.22% of all cases. In patients with positive DNCB reactions objective responses were observed in 79.3% and among the negative ones--in 37.4%.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients with breast cancer. Fifty six patients with metastatic cancer of the breast (stage IV) were treated with Cyclophosphamide, 5-Fluorouracil and Cyclophosphamide + 5-Fluorouracil. Tests for delayed hypersensitivity to homologous tumor antigen before treatment were positive in 83.9% and negative in 16.1%. Response to DNCB was positive before treatment in 51.8% and negative in 48.2%. Following chemotherapy the skin reaction, to homologous tumor antigen remained positive, only in 12.6% and negative in 87.4%. The reaction of DNCB remained positive after treatment only in 17.8%. In the remaining 82.2% suppression of the reaction occurred. These data show that chemotherapy may suppress, to a certain excent, immune responses. It is established that among patients who have shown a positive reaction to homologous tumor antigen 55.3% of all cases have displayed objective response to the treatment, and among these with negative skin reactions objective responses were observed in 22.22% of all cases. In patients with positive DNCB reactions objective responses were observed in 79.3% and among the negative ones--in 37.4%.", "PMID": 752118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8774", "title": "The response rate at chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin's disease reflected by peripheral lymphocyte count.", "content": "Forty patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease stage III and IV were treated with combination chemotherapy. Absolute lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood was determined before start to chemotherapy. Higher levels of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were associated with higher chemotherapy response rates. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "The response rate at chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin's disease reflected by peripheral lymphocyte count. Forty patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease stage III and IV were treated with combination chemotherapy. Absolute lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood was determined before start to chemotherapy. Higher levels of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were associated with higher chemotherapy response rates. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 752119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8775", "title": "Infiltrating lipoma: a cause of monomelic hypertrophy.", "content": "Muscle biopsy and computerized tomography indicated that unilateral enlargement of the gastrocnemius muscle in a 12-year-old girl was the result of an infiltrating lipoma. This rare condition may cause diagnostic confusion before EMG and muscle biopsy studies are performed, but it can be readily distinguished from other causes of unilateral muscle enlargement using these methods.", "contents": "Infiltrating lipoma: a cause of monomelic hypertrophy. Muscle biopsy and computerized tomography indicated that unilateral enlargement of the gastrocnemius muscle in a 12-year-old girl was the result of an infiltrating lipoma. This rare condition may cause diagnostic confusion before EMG and muscle biopsy studies are performed, but it can be readily distinguished from other causes of unilateral muscle enlargement using these methods.", "PMID": 752110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8776", "title": "CT of the base of the skull.", "content": "A systematic study of the structures of the base of the skull was performed with CT. The findings in 141 pathological cases are described. The value and some limitations of this kind of investigation are described and discussed. A comparison with conventional tomography is made.", "contents": "CT of the base of the skull. A systematic study of the structures of the base of the skull was performed with CT. The findings in 141 pathological cases are described. The value and some limitations of this kind of investigation are described and discussed. A comparison with conventional tomography is made.", "PMID": 752121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8777", "title": "CT scanning for papilloma of choroid plexus.", "content": "A case of choroid plexus papilloma is presented which was extensively investigated. The location of the pedicle of this tumor was not demonstrated by conventional CT, ventriculography of ventriculoscopy. Coronal CT sections, however, clearly showed the pedicle and its location. Dilatation of the cisterns and sulci suggested that there was overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "CT scanning for papilloma of choroid plexus. A case of choroid plexus papilloma is presented which was extensively investigated. The location of the pedicle of this tumor was not demonstrated by conventional CT, ventriculography of ventriculoscopy. Coronal CT sections, however, clearly showed the pedicle and its location. Dilatation of the cisterns and sulci suggested that there was overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 752122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8778", "title": "Computed tomographic findings in cerebral hemiatrophy.", "content": "The clinical, plain skull radiographic, brain scan, and CT findings of four patients with cerebral hemiatrophy are described. CT scanning is the most innocuous and most sensitive diagnostic method available to confirm the clinical diagnosis when plain skull radiographic changes are not confirmatory.", "contents": "Computed tomographic findings in cerebral hemiatrophy. The clinical, plain skull radiographic, brain scan, and CT findings of four patients with cerebral hemiatrophy are described. CT scanning is the most innocuous and most sensitive diagnostic method available to confirm the clinical diagnosis when plain skull radiographic changes are not confirmatory.", "PMID": 752123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8779", "title": "Diagnosis of acoustic neuroma with computed tomography.", "content": "Sixty-one acoustic neuromas were examined with computed tomography (CT). For differential diagnosis the tumors were thoroughly analyzed for manner of growth, shape, volume, calcification, attenuation pattern, constrast enhancement, presence of peripheral edema, and cisternal deformation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acoustic neuroma with computed tomography. Sixty-one acoustic neuromas were examined with computed tomography (CT). For differential diagnosis the tumors were thoroughly analyzed for manner of growth, shape, volume, calcification, attenuation pattern, constrast enhancement, presence of peripheral edema, and cisternal deformation.", "PMID": 752124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8780", "title": "Early contrast enhancement of acoustic neuroma.", "content": "The changes of the enhancement of the lesion with time after intravenous administration of contrast medium were measured with computed tomography (CT) in 23 cases of acoustic neuroma. The pattern of high initial enhancement followed by a fairly rapid decrease is confirmed. A more rigorous study of the enhancement pattern using a mathematical description of the enhancement curve of the tumor as well as a measurement of the individual blood enhancement curve is discussed.", "contents": "Early contrast enhancement of acoustic neuroma. The changes of the enhancement of the lesion with time after intravenous administration of contrast medium were measured with computed tomography (CT) in 23 cases of acoustic neuroma. The pattern of high initial enhancement followed by a fairly rapid decrease is confirmed. A more rigorous study of the enhancement pattern using a mathematical description of the enhancement curve of the tumor as well as a measurement of the individual blood enhancement curve is discussed.", "PMID": 752125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8781", "title": "The so-called anterior meningeal artery of the cervical vertebral artery. Normal radioanatomy and anastomoses.", "content": "Following a review of the literature, the authors show that the posterior branch of the odontoid arch and the anterior meningeal artery are, in reality, the same vessel. Focusing attention on the metameric nature of the upper cervical spine and its blood supply makes a simplified approach to the pharyngovertebral anastomoses possible.", "contents": "The so-called anterior meningeal artery of the cervical vertebral artery. Normal radioanatomy and anastomoses. Following a review of the literature, the authors show that the posterior branch of the odontoid arch and the anterior meningeal artery are, in reality, the same vessel. Focusing attention on the metameric nature of the upper cervical spine and its blood supply makes a simplified approach to the pharyngovertebral anastomoses possible.", "PMID": 752127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8782", "title": "Homocystinuria and carotid arteriography.", "content": "This is a report of a case of homocystinuria where the diagnosis was suggested by the carotid arteriogram.", "contents": "Homocystinuria and carotid arteriography. This is a report of a case of homocystinuria where the diagnosis was suggested by the carotid arteriogram.", "PMID": 752128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8783", "title": "Neurological complications and myelographic features of achondroplasia.", "content": "The neurological complications of achondroplasia are discussed based on the literature and two of our cases. Thoracolumbar kyphosis, hypertrophic osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disc herniations may cause early neurological disturbances to adult achondroplasts owing to the spinal stenosis. The symptoms range from nerve root compression syndromes to complete transverse myelopathy. The radiographic features are characteristic, but the value of myelography for etiological clarification and location of the pathological process is limited. The significance of early symptoms and signs must be stressed and early decompression performed, as results are very disappointing once extensive neurological damage has occurred. An extensive laminectomy is usually indicated.", "contents": "Neurological complications and myelographic features of achondroplasia. The neurological complications of achondroplasia are discussed based on the literature and two of our cases. Thoracolumbar kyphosis, hypertrophic osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disc herniations may cause early neurological disturbances to adult achondroplasts owing to the spinal stenosis. The symptoms range from nerve root compression syndromes to complete transverse myelopathy. The radiographic features are characteristic, but the value of myelography for etiological clarification and location of the pathological process is limited. The significance of early symptoms and signs must be stressed and early decompression performed, as results are very disappointing once extensive neurological damage has occurred. An extensive laminectomy is usually indicated.", "PMID": 752129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8784", "title": "Carotid artery occlusion and computed tomography. A clinicoradiological study.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT scanning) was carried out on 35 patients with proven occlusion of the carotid artery. There was a clear correlation of the clinical picture with the CT demonstration of cerebral infarct; 14 patients had no identifiable infarct. The findings were also correlated with angiographic data. The degree of cross or collateral filling of the middle cerebral artery on the affected side correlated better with the clinical features than with the CT data. Radioisotope studies were positive in only 50% of cases in which CT had shown infarction; this was related to the time interval between the onset of symptoms and scanning. The significance of these findings and their relationship to previous clinical necropsy data are discussed.", "contents": "Carotid artery occlusion and computed tomography. A clinicoradiological study. Computed tomography (CT scanning) was carried out on 35 patients with proven occlusion of the carotid artery. There was a clear correlation of the clinical picture with the CT demonstration of cerebral infarct; 14 patients had no identifiable infarct. The findings were also correlated with angiographic data. The degree of cross or collateral filling of the middle cerebral artery on the affected side correlated better with the clinical features than with the CT data. Radioisotope studies were positive in only 50% of cases in which CT had shown infarction; this was related to the time interval between the onset of symptoms and scanning. The significance of these findings and their relationship to previous clinical necropsy data are discussed.", "PMID": 752130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8785", "title": "Porphyrin-like compounds genesis under simulated abiotic conditions.", "content": "Experiments with gas mixtures intended to simulate the primaeval atmosphere of the Earth yielded many biologically important chemicals. Investigations into the synthesis of porphyrin-like compounds from methane, ammonia and water vapour were carried out by using high frequency discharges. Microanalyses of porphyrins showed that porphyrin-like pigments were formed in this way. The presence of divalent cations in the reaction system increased the yield of porphyrin-like pigments also involving the direct synthesis of their metal complexes. The ready formation of these compounds in abiotic conditions is significant, suggesting the possibility of their appearance during the early stage of chemical evolution.", "contents": "Porphyrin-like compounds genesis under simulated abiotic conditions. Experiments with gas mixtures intended to simulate the primaeval atmosphere of the Earth yielded many biologically important chemicals. Investigations into the synthesis of porphyrin-like compounds from methane, ammonia and water vapour were carried out by using high frequency discharges. Microanalyses of porphyrins showed that porphyrin-like pigments were formed in this way. The presence of divalent cations in the reaction system increased the yield of porphyrin-like pigments also involving the direct synthesis of their metal complexes. The ready formation of these compounds in abiotic conditions is significant, suggesting the possibility of their appearance during the early stage of chemical evolution.", "PMID": 752131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8786", "title": "Ion-molecule condensation reactions: a mechanism for organic synthesis in ionized reducing atmospheres.", "content": "The CH3+ ion, formed in ionized methane, undergoes consecutive eliminative condensation reactions with methane to form the carbonium ions C2H5+, i-C3H7+ and t-C4H9+. At T smaller than 500 degrees K, NCH4 greater than 10(16) cm-3 these ions react with NH3 in competitive condensation -- H+ transfer reactions, e.g. C2H5 + NH3 M leads to C2H5NH3+ leads to NH4+ + C2H4 At particle densities of NCH4  smaller than 10(16) cm-3 proton transfer is the only significant reaction channel. At NCH4 greater than 10(17) cm-3 condensation constitutes 5--20% of the overall reactions. The product of the condensation reaction further associates with CO2 to form C2H5NH3+ . CO2; the atomic composition of this cluster ion is identical with the protonated amino acid alanine. The carbonium ions i-C3H7+ and t-C4H9+ condense also with HCN to yield protonated isocyanides. HCNH% also appears to condense with HCN at T greater than 570 degrees K, and form cluster ions with HCN at lower temperatures. The rate constants of the condensation reactions vary with temperature and pressure in a complex manner. Under conditions similar to those on Titan at an altitude of 100 km (T = 100--150 degrees K, NCH4 approximately 10(18) cm-3), with a methane atmosphere containing 1% H2 and traces of NH3 and H2O, ion-molecule condensation reactions followed by H+ transfer are expected to lead to the atmospheric synthesis of C2H6, C3H8, CH3OH, C2H5OH and the terminal ions NH4+, CH3NH3+ and C2H5NH3+. At higher temperatures (250 degrees K smaller than T smaller than 400 degrees K), the synthesis of i-C4H10, i-C3H7OH and t-C4H9OH and of the ions i-C3H7NH3+ and t-C4H9NH3+ is also expected. Electron recombination of the terminal ions may yield amines, imines and nitriles. Cycles of protonation and dissociative recombination of the alkanes and alcohols produced in condensation reactions will also produce unsaturated hydrocarbons, ketones and aldehydes in the ionized atmosphere.", "contents": "Ion-molecule condensation reactions: a mechanism for organic synthesis in ionized reducing atmospheres. The CH3+ ion, formed in ionized methane, undergoes consecutive eliminative condensation reactions with methane to form the carbonium ions C2H5+, i-C3H7+ and t-C4H9+. At T smaller than 500 degrees K, NCH4 greater than 10(16) cm-3 these ions react with NH3 in competitive condensation -- H+ transfer reactions, e.g. C2H5 + NH3 M leads to C2H5NH3+ leads to NH4+ + C2H4 At particle densities of NCH4  smaller than 10(16) cm-3 proton transfer is the only significant reaction channel. At NCH4 greater than 10(17) cm-3 condensation constitutes 5--20% of the overall reactions. The product of the condensation reaction further associates with CO2 to form C2H5NH3+ . CO2; the atomic composition of this cluster ion is identical with the protonated amino acid alanine. The carbonium ions i-C3H7+ and t-C4H9+ condense also with HCN to yield protonated isocyanides. HCNH% also appears to condense with HCN at T greater than 570 degrees K, and form cluster ions with HCN at lower temperatures. The rate constants of the condensation reactions vary with temperature and pressure in a complex manner. Under conditions similar to those on Titan at an altitude of 100 km (T = 100--150 degrees K, NCH4 approximately 10(18) cm-3), with a methane atmosphere containing 1% H2 and traces of NH3 and H2O, ion-molecule condensation reactions followed by H+ transfer are expected to lead to the atmospheric synthesis of C2H6, C3H8, CH3OH, C2H5OH and the terminal ions NH4+, CH3NH3+ and C2H5NH3+. At higher temperatures (250 degrees K smaller than T smaller than 400 degrees K), the synthesis of i-C4H10, i-C3H7OH and t-C4H9OH and of the ions i-C3H7NH3+ and t-C4H9NH3+ is also expected. Electron recombination of the terminal ions may yield amines, imines and nitriles. Cycles of protonation and dissociative recombination of the alkanes and alcohols produced in condensation reactions will also produce unsaturated hydrocarbons, ketones and aldehydes in the ionized atmosphere.", "PMID": 752132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8787", "title": "Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code. II.", "content": "An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which a primitive code, involving only guanine and cytosine, would code for glycine (GG), alanine (GC), arginine (CG) and proline (CC). From each of these amino acids and their codons, there evolves a family of related amino acids as the code expands. The four families are: (1) alanine valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane; (2) proline, threonine and serine; (3) arginine, lysine, and histidine; (4) glycine, serine cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and asparagine. Except for the glycine relation to glutamic acid and aspartic acid, all amino acids are related by chemical similarities in their side chains. Glycine not having a side chain would permit a more complex set of substitutions.", "contents": "Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code. II. An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which a primitive code, involving only guanine and cytosine, would code for glycine (GG), alanine (GC), arginine (CG) and proline (CC). From each of these amino acids and their codons, there evolves a family of related amino acids as the code expands. The four families are: (1) alanine valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane; (2) proline, threonine and serine; (3) arginine, lysine, and histidine; (4) glycine, serine cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and asparagine. Except for the glycine relation to glutamic acid and aspartic acid, all amino acids are related by chemical similarities in their side chains. Glycine not having a side chain would permit a more complex set of substitutions.", "PMID": 752133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8788", "title": "Evolution of a genetic code simulated with the computer.", "content": "A simple selforganizing model system of molecules is considered and it is demonstrated by a computer simulation, that a genetic code of 16 elements (aminoacids) can gradually be formed by such a system in the course of many generations. By a number of rare chance events, each suppressing other events of equal a priori probability, a single code results out of an immense number of possible codes of the same a priori probability. The result is discussed in relation to the uniqueness of the genetic code in living systems. The computer simulation emphasizes a particular step in a model pathway discussed elsewhere consisting of many assumed physicochemical steps leading to a genetic apparatus.", "contents": "Evolution of a genetic code simulated with the computer. A simple selforganizing model system of molecules is considered and it is demonstrated by a computer simulation, that a genetic code of 16 elements (aminoacids) can gradually be formed by such a system in the course of many generations. By a number of rare chance events, each suppressing other events of equal a priori probability, a single code results out of an immense number of possible codes of the same a priori probability. The result is discussed in relation to the uniqueness of the genetic code in living systems. The computer simulation emphasizes a particular step in a model pathway discussed elsewhere consisting of many assumed physicochemical steps leading to a genetic apparatus.", "PMID": 752134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8789", "title": "The Viking biological investigations: review and status.", "content": "The three experimental approaches incorporated into the Viking biology instrument have yielded results that are most readily explained as nonbiological phenomena. The predominant view among investigators trying to simulate the Mars results is that the surface material of Mars contains strongly oxidizing compounds which would account for many of the more intense reactions seen on Mars. Other mechanisms are also currently being proposed and studied.", "contents": "The Viking biological investigations: review and status. The three experimental approaches incorporated into the Viking biology instrument have yielded results that are most readily explained as nonbiological phenomena. The predominant view among investigators trying to simulate the Mars results is that the surface material of Mars contains strongly oxidizing compounds which would account for many of the more intense reactions seen on Mars. Other mechanisms are also currently being proposed and studied.", "PMID": 752136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8790", "title": "The evolution of the environment and its influence on the evolution of life.", "content": "Thermodynamic data and known paleogeological data were used to deduce when and what elements (compounds) were readily available during the whole history of the earth. On the basic assumption that available compounds would dictate the type of organisms to emerge, we attempted to derive a kind of evolutionary tree. This was then compared with the existing evolutionary trees derived from the sequences of proteins and polynucleotides.", "contents": "The evolution of the environment and its influence on the evolution of life. Thermodynamic data and known paleogeological data were used to deduce when and what elements (compounds) were readily available during the whole history of the earth. On the basic assumption that available compounds would dictate the type of organisms to emerge, we attempted to derive a kind of evolutionary tree. This was then compared with the existing evolutionary trees derived from the sequences of proteins and polynucleotides.", "PMID": 752137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8791", "title": "Synthesis of organic compounds from carbon monoxide and water by UV photolysis.", "content": "The photolysis of water vapor with carbon monoxide at 1849 A yields alcohols, aldehydes and organic acids, with an overall quantum yield of 3.3 x 10(-2). This rather high quantum yield could have led to a contribution of approximately 10(11) organic molecules cm-2 sec-1 to the pool of organic material on the primitive Earth. The reactions are initiated by the photolysis of water molecules and the resulting hydrogen atoms reduce the carbon monoxide to a variety of one and two carbon compounds. The organic molecules are dissolved in water and thus escape destruction by photolysis. Photolysis of water vapor with carbon dioxide did not yield organic compounds under these conditions.", "contents": "Synthesis of organic compounds from carbon monoxide and water by UV photolysis. The photolysis of water vapor with carbon monoxide at 1849 A yields alcohols, aldehydes and organic acids, with an overall quantum yield of 3.3 x 10(-2). This rather high quantum yield could have led to a contribution of approximately 10(11) organic molecules cm-2 sec-1 to the pool of organic material on the primitive Earth. The reactions are initiated by the photolysis of water molecules and the resulting hydrogen atoms reduce the carbon monoxide to a variety of one and two carbon compounds. The organic molecules are dissolved in water and thus escape destruction by photolysis. Photolysis of water vapor with carbon dioxide did not yield organic compounds under these conditions.", "PMID": 752138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8792", "title": "Proliferation of human lymphocytes in culture : determination by measurement of nuclear volume and cell number.", "content": "Proliferation of stimulated human lymphocytes was studied in cultures by determining cell counts and nuclear volume enlargement. DNA content and the nuclear volume increase before the cell divides. Volume-frequency curves were obtained of unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes on 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of cultures with the Coulter Counter H4 system. As the number of lymphocytes in the cultures transformed and enlarged in volume, the area under the volume-frequency curve increased proportionately. The fraction of transforming cells was determined by comparing the area under the curve of the unstimulated and the stimulated lymphocytes. This method provides both the fraction of cells transformed and the increment of the number of cells in the culture and is therefore a better indicator of cell proliferation than the commonly used isotope-labeled thymidine uptake method which monitors the fraction of the cells in DNA synthesis phase only.", "contents": "Proliferation of human lymphocytes in culture : determination by measurement of nuclear volume and cell number. Proliferation of stimulated human lymphocytes was studied in cultures by determining cell counts and nuclear volume enlargement. DNA content and the nuclear volume increase before the cell divides. Volume-frequency curves were obtained of unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes on 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of cultures with the Coulter Counter H4 system. As the number of lymphocytes in the cultures transformed and enlarged in volume, the area under the volume-frequency curve increased proportionately. The fraction of transforming cells was determined by comparing the area under the curve of the unstimulated and the stimulated lymphocytes. This method provides both the fraction of cells transformed and the increment of the number of cells in the culture and is therefore a better indicator of cell proliferation than the commonly used isotope-labeled thymidine uptake method which monitors the fraction of the cells in DNA synthesis phase only.", "PMID": 752148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8793", "title": "[Electrophoretic and kinetic properties of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gd) in hereditary enzyme deficiency. A new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase : Gd Kremenchug].", "content": "A study of the activity of human erythrocyte G-6-PD has been completed on a great number of normal controls, coming from different regions of the USSR. This study has led to the discovery of a new variant of erythrocytic Gd, which was named \"Kremenchug\" from the origin of the patient. This new Gd, has a very low Km for G-6-P, and has a greater affinity for 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. The maximal activity versus the pH of the medium is also characteristic of this new Gd.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic and kinetic properties of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gd) in hereditary enzyme deficiency. A new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase : Gd Kremenchug]. A study of the activity of human erythrocyte G-6-PD has been completed on a great number of normal controls, coming from different regions of the USSR. This study has led to the discovery of a new variant of erythrocytic Gd, which was named \"Kremenchug\" from the origin of the patient. This new Gd, has a very low Km for G-6-P, and has a greater affinity for 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. The maximal activity versus the pH of the medium is also characteristic of this new Gd.", "PMID": 752149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8794", "title": "[In vitro study of erythroid precursors in Vaquez' disease (polycythemia vera). Evidence supporting 2 populations of erythroid stem cells in the bone marrow].", "content": "In vitro studies using the plasma clot culture system have been performed in order to compare the red cell pregenitors able to rise to erythrocytic colonies in 7 days (CFUE) in the bone marrow of polycythemia vera (PV), secondary polycythemias and normal subjects. In PV but never in normal individuals or secondary polycythemias, the bone marrow cells producing erythroid colonies without addition of erythropoietin were found. The erythropoietin dose response curves in PV is biphasic with a plateau up to a concentration of erythropoietin of 0.02--0.05 i.U./ml followed by a near normal response to erythropoietin at higher doses. Thus our results demonstrate that two populations of erythroid stem cells coexist in PV, one being abnormally sensitive to (or independent of) erythropoietin, the other normally responding to erythropoietin. After remission induced by P32 treatment, the abnormal population can disappear but the prognostic significance of this disappearance is uncertain. In the whole these results are in agreement with those of others laboratories using the plasma clot culture system. The reasons of the disagreement with the data published using the methylcellulose technic of culture are discussed.", "contents": "[In vitro study of erythroid precursors in Vaquez' disease (polycythemia vera). Evidence supporting 2 populations of erythroid stem cells in the bone marrow]. In vitro studies using the plasma clot culture system have been performed in order to compare the red cell pregenitors able to rise to erythrocytic colonies in 7 days (CFUE) in the bone marrow of polycythemia vera (PV), secondary polycythemias and normal subjects. In PV but never in normal individuals or secondary polycythemias, the bone marrow cells producing erythroid colonies without addition of erythropoietin were found. The erythropoietin dose response curves in PV is biphasic with a plateau up to a concentration of erythropoietin of 0.02--0.05 i.U./ml followed by a near normal response to erythropoietin at higher doses. Thus our results demonstrate that two populations of erythroid stem cells coexist in PV, one being abnormally sensitive to (or independent of) erythropoietin, the other normally responding to erythropoietin. After remission induced by P32 treatment, the abnormal population can disappear but the prognostic significance of this disappearance is uncertain. In the whole these results are in agreement with those of others laboratories using the plasma clot culture system. The reasons of the disagreement with the data published using the methylcellulose technic of culture are discussed.", "PMID": 752150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8795", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.) and fibrinolysis in patients with acute leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological symptoms of D.I.C. were investigated in 43 patients with acute leukemia. Ten of them were found to be positive either at the onset or at the relapse of the disease and in some cases D.I.C. was triggered by chemotherapy. Among the ten positive cases 3 patients had an acute promyelocytic leukemia, 4 had an acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 a myeloblastic and 1 a monoblastic leukemia. D.I.C. was found either in patients with an hypercellular form of the disease or in patients with a normal or low white cell count. Symptoms of D.I.C. in acute leukemia must be systematically sought at the onset and during treatment by chemotherapy and treated with heparin and platelet transfusions as it is now admitted for acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.) and fibrinolysis in patients with acute leukemia (author's transl)]. Biological symptoms of D.I.C. were investigated in 43 patients with acute leukemia. Ten of them were found to be positive either at the onset or at the relapse of the disease and in some cases D.I.C. was triggered by chemotherapy. Among the ten positive cases 3 patients had an acute promyelocytic leukemia, 4 had an acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 a myeloblastic and 1 a monoblastic leukemia. D.I.C. was found either in patients with an hypercellular form of the disease or in patients with a normal or low white cell count. Symptoms of D.I.C. in acute leukemia must be systematically sought at the onset and during treatment by chemotherapy and treated with heparin and platelet transfusions as it is now admitted for acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 752151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8796", "title": "[Distribution of HLA antigens among the population of Finist\u00e8re (France) (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied by using HLA system, 200 people, without filiation but having the same geographic origine (Finist\u00e8re). The results have been compared with those measured for Parisian and Basque population. A significantly decrease of antigen A29, B18 and BW16 frequency have been observed in the population from Finistere. But, antigen B8 and B27 seems to be more frequent than in population from Paris. A linkage desequilibrium is described for A1-B8 and A3-B7 haplotypes as in population from Paris, but the desequilibrium for A11-B5 seens to be characteristic of population from Finistere.", "contents": "[Distribution of HLA antigens among the population of Finist\u00e8re (France) (author's transl)]. We have studied by using HLA system, 200 people, without filiation but having the same geographic origine (Finist\u00e8re). The results have been compared with those measured for Parisian and Basque population. A significantly decrease of antigen A29, B18 and BW16 frequency have been observed in the population from Finistere. But, antigen B8 and B27 seems to be more frequent than in population from Paris. A linkage desequilibrium is described for A1-B8 and A3-B7 haplotypes as in population from Paris, but the desequilibrium for A11-B5 seens to be characteristic of population from Finistere.", "PMID": 752152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8797", "title": "Hydergine and vincamine derivative LD 4298 exhibit no anti-sickling properties in vitro.", "content": "Amongst the treatments proposed for Sickle Cell disease Ergot derivatives and extracts from Pervinca have been proposed. We have studied in vitro the effect of Hydergine and LD 4298 on Sickle Cells and Sickle Hemoglobin according to the following four parameters : percentage of sickling, potassium leak, minimum gelation concentration and speed of gelation. In these studies no anti-sickling effect was detected. Moreover Hydergine at 50 microgram/ml increased spontaneous potassium loss without any anti-sickling effect. One can conclude that these two drugs have no effect on sickling.", "contents": "Hydergine and vincamine derivative LD 4298 exhibit no anti-sickling properties in vitro. Amongst the treatments proposed for Sickle Cell disease Ergot derivatives and extracts from Pervinca have been proposed. We have studied in vitro the effect of Hydergine and LD 4298 on Sickle Cells and Sickle Hemoglobin according to the following four parameters : percentage of sickling, potassium leak, minimum gelation concentration and speed of gelation. In these studies no anti-sickling effect was detected. Moreover Hydergine at 50 microgram/ml increased spontaneous potassium loss without any anti-sickling effect. One can conclude that these two drugs have no effect on sickling.", "PMID": 752153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8798", "title": "Electroencephalogram with sphenoidal needles in sleepwalkers.", "content": "The etiology of sleepwalking is controversial, the theory that sleepwalking is an epilepsy-like symptom is mostly discounted. Electroencephalogram records, obtained by using sphenoidal needles, are presented as a useful technique and aid to etiological and topical diagnosis. A temporal focus of waves of 4-6 cps was recorded which was not found in the routine EEG procedures. The question is thus raised as to whether sleepwalking may be a result of a paroxysmal disorder in the temporal lobe.", "contents": "Electroencephalogram with sphenoidal needles in sleepwalkers. The etiology of sleepwalking is controversial, the theory that sleepwalking is an epilepsy-like symptom is mostly discounted. Electroencephalogram records, obtained by using sphenoidal needles, are presented as a useful technique and aid to etiological and topical diagnosis. A temporal focus of waves of 4-6 cps was recorded which was not found in the routine EEG procedures. The question is thus raised as to whether sleepwalking may be a result of a paroxysmal disorder in the temporal lobe.", "PMID": 752165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8799", "title": "The diagnostic potential of rheoencephalography in psychiatry.", "content": "A 33 electrode monopolar rheoencephalograph was employed to produce a 15 min record of electrical impedance plethysmographic pulse-volume waves in 139 healthy sujects and 782 patients belonging to 15 psychiatric syndromes. Parameters of amplitude, percent rise time and average inflow angle were hand-measured and their means obtained for 30 waveforms throughout each record. Results obtained depended significantly upon chronological age and in some cases on gender. Mental health was found clearly distinguishable from psychiatric disability, but psychiatric syndromes could not be differentiated from one another. A low percent rise time coupled with a high average inflow angle were typical of youth and mental health.", "contents": "The diagnostic potential of rheoencephalography in psychiatry. A 33 electrode monopolar rheoencephalograph was employed to produce a 15 min record of electrical impedance plethysmographic pulse-volume waves in 139 healthy sujects and 782 patients belonging to 15 psychiatric syndromes. Parameters of amplitude, percent rise time and average inflow angle were hand-measured and their means obtained for 30 waveforms throughout each record. Results obtained depended significantly upon chronological age and in some cases on gender. Mental health was found clearly distinguishable from psychiatric disability, but psychiatric syndromes could not be differentiated from one another. A low percent rise time coupled with a high average inflow angle were typical of youth and mental health.", "PMID": 752166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8800", "title": "Verbal characteristics of male and female transsexuals.", "content": "Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test was given to a group of 56 male and a group of 14 female transsexuals and the results were compared with those of 15-year-old boys and girls, and a group of normal male adults. It was found that whereas normal males and females have a ratio of gender appropriate words to cross gender words of approximately 2 to 1, in both male and female transsexuals that ratio is more like 1 to 1. The way in which this abnormal vocabulary acquisition may come about is briefly discussed. The factors related to this abnormal learning are not known.", "contents": "Verbal characteristics of male and female transsexuals. Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test was given to a group of 56 male and a group of 14 female transsexuals and the results were compared with those of 15-year-old boys and girls, and a group of normal male adults. It was found that whereas normal males and females have a ratio of gender appropriate words to cross gender words of approximately 2 to 1, in both male and female transsexuals that ratio is more like 1 to 1. The way in which this abnormal vocabulary acquisition may come about is briefly discussed. The factors related to this abnormal learning are not known.", "PMID": 752167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8801", "title": "A thin 4 pi beta-counter operating by negative high voltage for the 4 pi beta-gamma coincidence measurement. --Operating characteristics.", "content": "A thin 4 pi beta-counter with five anode wires was operated by supplying negative high voltage to the inner wall and showed good plateau characteristics in the case of using only the center anode to take out signals in the previous experiments. This counter, as the 4 pi beta-counter and both 2 pi beta-counters, showed good plateau characteristics in these detailed experiments and no dependency on the disintegration rates examined up to 6000 dps. Then a 4 pi beta-gamma coincidence equipment was set up using this 4 pi beta-counter and one NaI(T1) scintillation detector with size of 76 mmphi x 76 mm. The radioactivities that were measured for beta-gamma and electron capture-gamma decay nuclides by this coincidence equipment were coincided with those measured by the other one. The improvement of the gamma-ray detection efficiency to aim was achieved by that the efficiency obtained by this system was the same as one by the other system having two NaI(T1) detectors with the same size.", "contents": "A thin 4 pi beta-counter operating by negative high voltage for the 4 pi beta-gamma coincidence measurement. --Operating characteristics. A thin 4 pi beta-counter with five anode wires was operated by supplying negative high voltage to the inner wall and showed good plateau characteristics in the case of using only the center anode to take out signals in the previous experiments. This counter, as the 4 pi beta-counter and both 2 pi beta-counters, showed good plateau characteristics in these detailed experiments and no dependency on the disintegration rates examined up to 6000 dps. Then a 4 pi beta-gamma coincidence equipment was set up using this 4 pi beta-counter and one NaI(T1) scintillation detector with size of 76 mmphi x 76 mm. The radioactivities that were measured for beta-gamma and electron capture-gamma decay nuclides by this coincidence equipment were coincided with those measured by the other one. The improvement of the gamma-ray detection efficiency to aim was achieved by that the efficiency obtained by this system was the same as one by the other system having two NaI(T1) detectors with the same size.", "PMID": 752168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8802", "title": "[Production of 67Ga, 68Ga by bombardment of natural zinc target with alpha and 3He particles (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine the optimum irradiation condition for the production of 67Ga and 68Ga, used in nuclear medicine, excitation function and thick-target yield curves were obtained for alpha and helium-3 reactions of natural zinc. With the initial alpha energy of 25 MeV, the thick-target yield of 67Ga was found to be 165 muCi/muA.hr at the end of bombardment and the 66Ga contamination could be reduced to less than 1% after about 3 days of cooling. 68Ga could be obtained by milking from 68Ge. With the alpha energy range of 17-40 MeV, the thick-target yield of 68Ga was 1.2 muCi/muA.hr at the end of bombardment.", "contents": "[Production of 67Ga, 68Ga by bombardment of natural zinc target with alpha and 3He particles (author's transl)]. In order to determine the optimum irradiation condition for the production of 67Ga and 68Ga, used in nuclear medicine, excitation function and thick-target yield curves were obtained for alpha and helium-3 reactions of natural zinc. With the initial alpha energy of 25 MeV, the thick-target yield of 67Ga was found to be 165 muCi/muA.hr at the end of bombardment and the 66Ga contamination could be reduced to less than 1% after about 3 days of cooling. 68Ga could be obtained by milking from 68Ge. With the alpha energy range of 17-40 MeV, the thick-target yield of 68Ga was 1.2 muCi/muA.hr at the end of bombardment.", "PMID": 752169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8803", "title": "[Production of 61Cu, 62Zn by alpha and 3He particle bombardment of natural nickel (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimum irradiation conditions were investigated for the production of 61Cu and 62Zn by alpha and 3He particle bombardment of natural nickel. Formation cross sections and thick-target yields were obtained for reaction products in the energy range of 10 to 40 MeV. For the production of 61Cu and 62Zn, the alpha particle bombardment was found superior to the 3He particle bombardment in so far as the yield was concerned. When the incident alpha energy of 21 MeV was chosen, after 2.4 hours of cooling, 2.1 mCi/muA.h of 61Cu could be produced with less than 1% of 60Cu contamination. For the production of 62Zn, when the incident alpha energy of 35 MeV and the target thickness of 57 mg /cm2 were chosen, 97.5 muCi/muA.h of 62Zn could be produced. Radiochemical purity of 62Zn was the highest at 12 hours after the end of bombardment.", "contents": "[Production of 61Cu, 62Zn by alpha and 3He particle bombardment of natural nickel (author's transl)]. The optimum irradiation conditions were investigated for the production of 61Cu and 62Zn by alpha and 3He particle bombardment of natural nickel. Formation cross sections and thick-target yields were obtained for reaction products in the energy range of 10 to 40 MeV. For the production of 61Cu and 62Zn, the alpha particle bombardment was found superior to the 3He particle bombardment in so far as the yield was concerned. When the incident alpha energy of 21 MeV was chosen, after 2.4 hours of cooling, 2.1 mCi/muA.h of 61Cu could be produced with less than 1% of 60Cu contamination. For the production of 62Zn, when the incident alpha energy of 35 MeV and the target thickness of 57 mg /cm2 were chosen, 97.5 muCi/muA.h of 62Zn could be produced. Radiochemical purity of 62Zn was the highest at 12 hours after the end of bombardment.", "PMID": 752170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8804", "title": "Studies in neutron mutagenesis in maize. --Effects of dose fractionation and cell moisture status on mutation induction.", "content": "Pollen grains of Bz strain of maize were exposed to 14 MeV neutrons with single or fractioated treatments, and pollinated on the recessive stock. Mutation frequency from Bz to bz was observed after harvest of F1 seeds. No clear difference in the mutation frequencies between single and fractionation series was observed. To investigate the effects of water content upon mutation frequency of neutron and gamma-rays, seeds heterozygous for the Yg2-gene were used. Moisture-stabilized (13%) seeds and seeds steeped in water for 24 hrs were exposed to neutrons or to gamma-rays, and mutation from Yg2 to yg2 was detected as color change green to yellow-green in the seedlings. In the gamma-ray treatments, the mutation frequency of wet seeds was about 1.5 times higher than that of corresponding lot of dry seeds. In the neutron treatment, on the other hand, no clear difference in frequency between wet and dry seeds was observed. It may be concluded that no change or no recovery in neutron-induced mutationwas observed not only in the fractionation treatment but also in the dry and wet seeds treatments.", "contents": "Studies in neutron mutagenesis in maize. --Effects of dose fractionation and cell moisture status on mutation induction. Pollen grains of Bz strain of maize were exposed to 14 MeV neutrons with single or fractioated treatments, and pollinated on the recessive stock. Mutation frequency from Bz to bz was observed after harvest of F1 seeds. No clear difference in the mutation frequencies between single and fractionation series was observed. To investigate the effects of water content upon mutation frequency of neutron and gamma-rays, seeds heterozygous for the Yg2-gene were used. Moisture-stabilized (13%) seeds and seeds steeped in water for 24 hrs were exposed to neutrons or to gamma-rays, and mutation from Yg2 to yg2 was detected as color change green to yellow-green in the seedlings. In the gamma-ray treatments, the mutation frequency of wet seeds was about 1.5 times higher than that of corresponding lot of dry seeds. In the neutron treatment, on the other hand, no clear difference in frequency between wet and dry seeds was observed. It may be concluded that no change or no recovery in neutron-induced mutationwas observed not only in the fractionation treatment but also in the dry and wet seeds treatments.", "PMID": 752171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8805", "title": "[The upper gastrointestinal imaging and the gastrogram using 99mTc-pertechnetate (author's transl)].", "content": "99mTc-pertechnetate was used for the diagnoses of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Oral administration was useful for the detection of the stenosis and obstruction on the esophagus and the pylorus to the poor risk patients. Mucosal imaging of the stomach was clearly revealed by intravenous administration, and the scintigram of the patient with stomach cancer showed a cold region. Taking the gastric scintiphoto, temporal radioactivity in the stomach region was recorded (gastrogram). This seems to be a new and prospective approach to the clinical gastroenterology.", "contents": "[The upper gastrointestinal imaging and the gastrogram using 99mTc-pertechnetate (author's transl)]. 99mTc-pertechnetate was used for the diagnoses of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Oral administration was useful for the detection of the stenosis and obstruction on the esophagus and the pylorus to the poor risk patients. Mucosal imaging of the stomach was clearly revealed by intravenous administration, and the scintigram of the patient with stomach cancer showed a cold region. Taking the gastric scintiphoto, temporal radioactivity in the stomach region was recorded (gastrogram). This seems to be a new and prospective approach to the clinical gastroenterology.", "PMID": 752172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8806", "title": "Environmental radioactivity in Greenland in 1977.", "content": "Measurements of fallout radioactivity in Greenland in 1977 are reported. Strontium-90 (and Cesium-137 in most cases) was determined in samples of precipitation, sea water, vegetation, animals, and drinking water. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in Greenland in 1977.", "contents": "Environmental radioactivity in Greenland in 1977. Measurements of fallout radioactivity in Greenland in 1977 are reported. Strontium-90 (and Cesium-137 in most cases) was determined in samples of precipitation, sea water, vegetation, animals, and drinking water. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in Greenland in 1977.", "PMID": 752180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8807", "title": "[Progressive supranuclear palsy: description of a case of early occurrence associated with muscular atrophies (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (P.S.P.) of early onset (38 years) is described, with somewhat atypical features: the patient was oligophrenic, had no pseudobulbar signs, but there was some muscular atrophy, particularly of the shoulders girdle. On examination there was a slight cortical and cerebellar atrophy on the air encephalogram. Electromyography showed signs of damage to the lower motor neurone which was confirmed by muscular biopsy. In the literature a muscular atrophy in association with P.S.P. is rarely reported clinically although in some cases studied histologically there was degeneration in the nuclei of the cranial and spinal motor nerves. The present case may be an example of such widespread degeneration.", "contents": "[Progressive supranuclear palsy: description of a case of early occurrence associated with muscular atrophies (author's transl)]. A case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (P.S.P.) of early onset (38 years) is described, with somewhat atypical features: the patient was oligophrenic, had no pseudobulbar signs, but there was some muscular atrophy, particularly of the shoulders girdle. On examination there was a slight cortical and cerebellar atrophy on the air encephalogram. Electromyography showed signs of damage to the lower motor neurone which was confirmed by muscular biopsy. In the literature a muscular atrophy in association with P.S.P. is rarely reported clinically although in some cases studied histologically there was degeneration in the nuclei of the cranial and spinal motor nerves. The present case may be an example of such widespread degeneration.", "PMID": 752181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8808", "title": "Uptake of metabolites by germinating blastospores of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "The uptake of radioactive L-leucine, L-glutamic acid, and guanine was monitored during blastospore germination of Histoplasma capsulatum. Blastospores of H. capsulatum, grown in Salvin's medium at 37 degrees C for 48 h and shifted to 23 degrees C, germinated within 24 h. Metabolite uptake was faster in mycelial cells at 23 degrees C than it was in yeast cells at 37 degrees C. During the yeast to mold transition, the initial rate of uptake was first markedly depressed and then increased and achieved a level characteristic of the mycelial phase of growth. Estimates of macromolecular synthesis occurring during transitional morphological events might be influenced by these differences in the rate of uptake.", "contents": "Uptake of metabolites by germinating blastospores of Histoplasma capsulatum. The uptake of radioactive L-leucine, L-glutamic acid, and guanine was monitored during blastospore germination of Histoplasma capsulatum. Blastospores of H. capsulatum, grown in Salvin's medium at 37 degrees C for 48 h and shifted to 23 degrees C, germinated within 24 h. Metabolite uptake was faster in mycelial cells at 23 degrees C than it was in yeast cells at 37 degrees C. During the yeast to mold transition, the initial rate of uptake was first markedly depressed and then increased and achieved a level characteristic of the mycelial phase of growth. Estimates of macromolecular synthesis occurring during transitional morphological events might be influenced by these differences in the rate of uptake.", "PMID": 752190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8809", "title": "[Aromatic and branched chain amino acids after porto-caval anastomosis: plasma and brain regional levels in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Automated analysis of aromatic and branched chain amino acids was performed in plasma and in four cerebral regions of rats submitted to chronic porto-caval shunt. Compared to controls, plasma of the operated animals exhibited a significant diminution of valine, leucine, isoleucine, a net increase of phenylalanine and tyrosine, with unchanged tryptophan levels. Brain valine, leucine and isoleucine were either increased or unchanged, whereas an enormous increase of aromatic amino acids, uniform in the four cerebral regions, was observed. The lack of correlation between plasmatic and cerebral levels of these essential amino acids leads to the hypothesis that cerebral permeability to amino acids is modified after experimental portocaval anatomosis: we recent confirmed that blood-brain mediated transport of the neutral amino acids is increased in this condition. A slower cerebral turnover of these metabolites could also contribute to elevate their cerebral concentrations after portocaval shunt.", "contents": "[Aromatic and branched chain amino acids after porto-caval anastomosis: plasma and brain regional levels in the rat (author's transl)]. Automated analysis of aromatic and branched chain amino acids was performed in plasma and in four cerebral regions of rats submitted to chronic porto-caval shunt. Compared to controls, plasma of the operated animals exhibited a significant diminution of valine, leucine, isoleucine, a net increase of phenylalanine and tyrosine, with unchanged tryptophan levels. Brain valine, leucine and isoleucine were either increased or unchanged, whereas an enormous increase of aromatic amino acids, uniform in the four cerebral regions, was observed. The lack of correlation between plasmatic and cerebral levels of these essential amino acids leads to the hypothesis that cerebral permeability to amino acids is modified after experimental portocaval anatomosis: we recent confirmed that blood-brain mediated transport of the neutral amino acids is increased in this condition. A slower cerebral turnover of these metabolites could also contribute to elevate their cerebral concentrations after portocaval shunt.", "PMID": 752183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8810", "title": "[Thymus gland scan in myasthenia gravis: experience in 52 patients].", "content": "A firm relationship has been established between thymus gland pathology and myasthenia gravis. The most frequent changes observed in this gland consist in simple hyperplasia of germinal centers or thymoma. In order to detect these alterations it is necessary to have a suitable reliable technique, beside routine radiological exams: thymus scan has been proposed as an useful tool. Since 1968 we submitted 52 patients to this procedure; we used as a tracer 75Se-Seleniomethionine in most cases, 57Co-bleomycin and 67Ga-citrate in a few cases. The scan was found positive in 22 cases (42%) showing either localized or diffuse uptake in the region of the sternum. Thymus changes were subsequently examined in 26 cases: 22 cases after thymectomy in 4 cases at autopsy. We found a good correlation between positive scan and pathological changes of the gland such as thymoma or germinal center hyperplasia. However in 4 patients with negative scan that previously received radiation therapy or immunosuppressive therapy such pathology was missed: 3 cases of hyperplasia and 1 residual thymoma. We conclude that thymic scan an useful and highly specific diagnostic procedure and should be done before any kind of treatment which affects thymus.", "contents": "[Thymus gland scan in myasthenia gravis: experience in 52 patients]. A firm relationship has been established between thymus gland pathology and myasthenia gravis. The most frequent changes observed in this gland consist in simple hyperplasia of germinal centers or thymoma. In order to detect these alterations it is necessary to have a suitable reliable technique, beside routine radiological exams: thymus scan has been proposed as an useful tool. Since 1968 we submitted 52 patients to this procedure; we used as a tracer 75Se-Seleniomethionine in most cases, 57Co-bleomycin and 67Ga-citrate in a few cases. The scan was found positive in 22 cases (42%) showing either localized or diffuse uptake in the region of the sternum. Thymus changes were subsequently examined in 26 cases: 22 cases after thymectomy in 4 cases at autopsy. We found a good correlation between positive scan and pathological changes of the gland such as thymoma or germinal center hyperplasia. However in 4 patients with negative scan that previously received radiation therapy or immunosuppressive therapy such pathology was missed: 3 cases of hyperplasia and 1 residual thymoma. We conclude that thymic scan an useful and highly specific diagnostic procedure and should be done before any kind of treatment which affects thymus.", "PMID": 752184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8811", "title": "Histoplasma capsulatum: chemical variability of the yeast cell wall.", "content": "Four strains of Histoplasma capsulatum were analyzed to observe any variations in their cell wall composition. Strain G-184B produced the same amount of sugars reported by Domer (2) although qualitative analyses agreed with Kanetsuna's report (4) as far as the presence of glucose, galactose, and mannose was concerned. Our results agree with previous reports in classifying H. capsulatum into chemotypes I and II, the latter having more alpha-glucan in its cell wall. A decrease in the amount of fraction 2 (alpha-glucan) of strain G-184B was observed when the strain was subcultured in vitro for many years, an effect similar to that reported for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (12, 13).", "contents": "Histoplasma capsulatum: chemical variability of the yeast cell wall. Four strains of Histoplasma capsulatum were analyzed to observe any variations in their cell wall composition. Strain G-184B produced the same amount of sugars reported by Domer (2) although qualitative analyses agreed with Kanetsuna's report (4) as far as the presence of glucose, galactose, and mannose was concerned. Our results agree with previous reports in classifying H. capsulatum into chemotypes I and II, the latter having more alpha-glucan in its cell wall. A decrease in the amount of fraction 2 (alpha-glucan) of strain G-184B was observed when the strain was subcultured in vitro for many years, an effect similar to that reported for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (12, 13).", "PMID": 752191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8812", "title": "[Cerebral mucormycosis in the cat caused by Mucor pusillus].", "content": "The pathologic examination of the brain of a pet cat, suspected of rabies, showed lesions of mucormycosis. The causal fungus, Mucor (Rhizomucor) pusillus was isolated and identified. The authors describe the lesions produced, the experimental pathogenicity for the rabbit and the morphologic and physiologic characteristics of the isolate.", "contents": "[Cerebral mucormycosis in the cat caused by Mucor pusillus]. The pathologic examination of the brain of a pet cat, suspected of rabies, showed lesions of mucormycosis. The causal fungus, Mucor (Rhizomucor) pusillus was isolated and identified. The authors describe the lesions produced, the experimental pathogenicity for the rabbit and the morphologic and physiologic characteristics of the isolate.", "PMID": 752192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8813", "title": "Two forms of bacteriolytic endo-N-acetylmuramidase in Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "Two different molecular forms of bacteriolytic endo-N-acetylmuramidase (EC 3.2.1.17) were found in the Acanthamoeba castellanii culture. The enzymes were separated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In young cultures only one molecular form of the enzyme was selectively secreted by amoeba cells to the environment. The second, more basic enzyme protein was preferentially synthesized by aging Acanthamoeba castellanii cells, and was also liberated to the medium. In amoeba cells the bulk of forms A and B of endo-N-acetylmuramidase are associated with subcellular organelles--lysosomes.", "contents": "Two forms of bacteriolytic endo-N-acetylmuramidase in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Two different molecular forms of bacteriolytic endo-N-acetylmuramidase (EC 3.2.1.17) were found in the Acanthamoeba castellanii culture. The enzymes were separated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In young cultures only one molecular form of the enzyme was selectively secreted by amoeba cells to the environment. The second, more basic enzyme protein was preferentially synthesized by aging Acanthamoeba castellanii cells, and was also liberated to the medium. In amoeba cells the bulk of forms A and B of endo-N-acetylmuramidase are associated with subcellular organelles--lysosomes.", "PMID": 752200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8814", "title": "Purification, crystallization and properties of triosephosphate isomerase from human skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Triosephosphate isomerase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketoisomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) from human skeletal muscle was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The crystalline enzyme preparation was resolved on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis into three isoenzymes. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme estimated by gel filtration method was found to be 57,400 +/- 3000. Molecular weight determination under dissociation conditions indicated a dimeric subunit structure of the enzyme. 3. The apparent Km for D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as substrate is 0.34 mM, and for dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 0.61 mM. Vmax of the reaction is, respectively, 7200 and 660 units/mg protein at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5. 4. Molecular and kinetic properties of triosephosphate isomerase from human skeletal muscle are very similar to those of rabbit muscle enzyme.", "contents": "Purification, crystallization and properties of triosephosphate isomerase from human skeletal muscle. 1. Triosephosphate isomerase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketoisomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) from human skeletal muscle was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The crystalline enzyme preparation was resolved on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis into three isoenzymes. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme estimated by gel filtration method was found to be 57,400 +/- 3000. Molecular weight determination under dissociation conditions indicated a dimeric subunit structure of the enzyme. 3. The apparent Km for D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as substrate is 0.34 mM, and for dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 0.61 mM. Vmax of the reaction is, respectively, 7200 and 660 units/mg protein at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5. 4. Molecular and kinetic properties of triosephosphate isomerase from human skeletal muscle are very similar to those of rabbit muscle enzyme.", "PMID": 752201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8815", "title": "Changes in cellular concentration of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B during regeneration of rat liver.", "content": "1. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B were solubilized from rat liver nuclei at different intervals after partial hepatectomy, and chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Activity of the solubilized RNA polymerases remained unchanged till 6 h after hepatectomy, then started to increase reaching a maximum (350% and 150% of control for the A and B enzyme, respectively) at the 18th hour of regeneration, and was still high at the 36th hour of regeneration. 2. RNA polymerases A and B were extracted and extensively purified from the nuclei of normal and regenerating rat liver. No marked differences in the specific activities between the analogous purified enzymes from normal and regenerating liver were observed, thus the increase in RNA polymerase activities (especially marked in the case of enzyme A) observed after partial hepatectomy is probably due to a real increase in the quantities of enzymes. 3. Concentration of RNA polymerase A in hepatocyte increases from 1.3 x 10(4) (normal liver) to 7.5 x 10(4) (18 h after hepatectomy) molecules per haploid genome. The concentration of polymerase B increases from 3.4 x 10(4) to 5.5 x 10(4) molecules per haploid genome, respectively.", "contents": "Changes in cellular concentration of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B during regeneration of rat liver. 1. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B were solubilized from rat liver nuclei at different intervals after partial hepatectomy, and chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Activity of the solubilized RNA polymerases remained unchanged till 6 h after hepatectomy, then started to increase reaching a maximum (350% and 150% of control for the A and B enzyme, respectively) at the 18th hour of regeneration, and was still high at the 36th hour of regeneration. 2. RNA polymerases A and B were extracted and extensively purified from the nuclei of normal and regenerating rat liver. No marked differences in the specific activities between the analogous purified enzymes from normal and regenerating liver were observed, thus the increase in RNA polymerase activities (especially marked in the case of enzyme A) observed after partial hepatectomy is probably due to a real increase in the quantities of enzymes. 3. Concentration of RNA polymerase A in hepatocyte increases from 1.3 x 10(4) (normal liver) to 7.5 x 10(4) (18 h after hepatectomy) molecules per haploid genome. The concentration of polymerase B increases from 3.4 x 10(4) to 5.5 x 10(4) molecules per haploid genome, respectively.", "PMID": 752202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8816", "title": "Comparison of susceptibility to staphylococcal nuclease and behaviour in metrizamide gradients of normal and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Replacement of 20--30% of thymine by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in chromatin DNA of Physarum polycephalum does not cause any visible change in a typical, regular pattern of DNA products obtained upon digestion of chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease. The time course of digestion is similar for normal and substituted chromatin even under conditions when the nuclease cleaves preferentially the dAT regions in DNA. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine label does not significantly affect the DNA/protein ratio in chromatin; this is reflected by similar behaviour of normal and substituted chromatin in metrizamide-density gradients.", "contents": "Comparison of susceptibility to staphylococcal nuclease and behaviour in metrizamide gradients of normal and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin from Physarum polycephalum. Replacement of 20--30% of thymine by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in chromatin DNA of Physarum polycephalum does not cause any visible change in a typical, regular pattern of DNA products obtained upon digestion of chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease. The time course of digestion is similar for normal and substituted chromatin even under conditions when the nuclease cleaves preferentially the dAT regions in DNA. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine label does not significantly affect the DNA/protein ratio in chromatin; this is reflected by similar behaviour of normal and substituted chromatin in metrizamide-density gradients.", "PMID": 752203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8817", "title": "Temporal changes in sequential quantitative thallium-201 imaging following myocardial infarction in dogs: comparison of four- and twenty-four-hour infarct images.", "content": "Thallium-201 ((201)T1) myocardial perfusion imaging allows definition of zones of myocardial infarction and ischemia. The temporal changes in sequential quantitative (201)T1 infarct imaging was studied 4 and 24 hours in dogs subjected to closed-chest anterior wall myocardial infarction. A temporal decrease in (201)T1 imaged infarct areas was noted in 10 of 13 animals. In no animal did the infarct area increase. The imaged infarct area decreased by an average of 30% from 12.9 \u00b1 6.2 cm(2) at 4 hours to 9.1 \u00b1 5.1 cm(2) at 24 hours (p < 0.001), and involved 34 \u00b1 16% of the total (201)T1 left ventricular distribution at 4 hours and 22 \u00b1 14% at 24 hours (p < 0.001). The magnitude of temporal change in imaged infarct area was not predicted by initial image defect or final histopathologic infarct size. Thus, the results of (201)T1 infarct imaging in the early period of infarction are clearly dependent upon the time at which the procedure is performed.", "contents": "Temporal changes in sequential quantitative thallium-201 imaging following myocardial infarction in dogs: comparison of four- and twenty-four-hour infarct images. Thallium-201 ((201)T1) myocardial perfusion imaging allows definition of zones of myocardial infarction and ischemia. The temporal changes in sequential quantitative (201)T1 infarct imaging was studied 4 and 24 hours in dogs subjected to closed-chest anterior wall myocardial infarction. A temporal decrease in (201)T1 imaged infarct areas was noted in 10 of 13 animals. In no animal did the infarct area increase. The imaged infarct area decreased by an average of 30% from 12.9 \u00b1 6.2 cm(2) at 4 hours to 9.1 \u00b1 5.1 cm(2) at 24 hours (p < 0.001), and involved 34 \u00b1 16% of the total (201)T1 left ventricular distribution at 4 hours and 22 \u00b1 14% at 24 hours (p < 0.001). The magnitude of temporal change in imaged infarct area was not predicted by initial image defect or final histopathologic infarct size. Thus, the results of (201)T1 infarct imaging in the early period of infarction are clearly dependent upon the time at which the procedure is performed.", "PMID": 752198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8818", "title": "[Inhibition of aminopeptidase activity of rat small intestine by the tripeptide H-Thr-(O-tert. butyl)-Phe-Pro-OH].", "content": "The hydrolysis of L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide and L-leucinamide by leucinaminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.1) from bovine eye lens is inhibited by H-Thr (O-tert. butyl)-Phe-Pro-OH. The inhibitor constants are Ki = 1.5 . 10(-5) M and 0.8 . 10(-5) M, respectively. Both brush border peptidases, leucinarylamidase (E.C. 3.4.11.2) AND TRIPEPTIDASE (E.C. 3.4.11.4), are inhibited to a smaller extent (Ki = 0.8 . 10(-3) M). Mn++-ions activate the cytosolic leucinaminopeptidase but not the hydrolysis of leucinamide by the brush border arylamidase. The inhibition of the cytosolic leucinamidase by the peptide (Ki = 3.5 . 10(-4)) is twice as that of the brush border arylamidase.", "contents": "[Inhibition of aminopeptidase activity of rat small intestine by the tripeptide H-Thr-(O-tert. butyl)-Phe-Pro-OH]. The hydrolysis of L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide and L-leucinamide by leucinaminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.1) from bovine eye lens is inhibited by H-Thr (O-tert. butyl)-Phe-Pro-OH. The inhibitor constants are Ki = 1.5 . 10(-5) M and 0.8 . 10(-5) M, respectively. Both brush border peptidases, leucinarylamidase (E.C. 3.4.11.2) AND TRIPEPTIDASE (E.C. 3.4.11.4), are inhibited to a smaller extent (Ki = 0.8 . 10(-3) M). Mn++-ions activate the cytosolic leucinaminopeptidase but not the hydrolysis of leucinamide by the brush border arylamidase. The inhibition of the cytosolic leucinamidase by the peptide (Ki = 3.5 . 10(-4)) is twice as that of the brush border arylamidase.", "PMID": 752204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8819", "title": "On the growth metabolism in chick skeletal muscle. A study on the alterations in proteins, glycogen and nucleic acid levels.", "content": "Biochemical estimations of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids have been made at eleven stages during the post-embryonic growth of six skeletal muscles in chick. Stimulation of protein synthesis by carbohydrates if confirmed in our study on glycogen and NaOH-extractable acidic protein levels. The role of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA, in protein synthesis has been discussed in the light of nucleic acid inhibition by HCl-extractable basic proteins.", "contents": "On the growth metabolism in chick skeletal muscle. A study on the alterations in proteins, glycogen and nucleic acid levels. Biochemical estimations of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids have been made at eleven stages during the post-embryonic growth of six skeletal muscles in chick. Stimulation of protein synthesis by carbohydrates if confirmed in our study on glycogen and NaOH-extractable acidic protein levels. The role of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA, in protein synthesis has been discussed in the light of nucleic acid inhibition by HCl-extractable basic proteins.", "PMID": 752205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8820", "title": "Primum utilis esse: the primacy of usefulness in medicine.", "content": "The famous and oft-quoted maxim \"Do no harm\" should not be thought of as the first principle of medical ethics. The documents of the Hippocratic tradition and clinical experience indicate that a more appropriate and helpful first principle would be \"Above all, be useful.\" The concept of usefulness implicitly rests at the very heart of medicine itself and the physician-patient relationship. The failure to adhere to this concept undermines the physician-patient relationship, dissolves the distinction between quacks and physicians, and destroys the integrity of the medical profession. The determination of useful medical treatment belongs to both physicians and patients. Any decision to initiate, continue, or discontinue diagnostic or therapeutic action has both a medical and a personal value component; the former properly belongs to physicians and the latter to patients. Practicing medicine with the intent of producing benefit and being useful to the patient is far more fundamental than practicing medicine to avoid harm.", "contents": "Primum utilis esse: the primacy of usefulness in medicine. The famous and oft-quoted maxim \"Do no harm\" should not be thought of as the first principle of medical ethics. The documents of the Hippocratic tradition and clinical experience indicate that a more appropriate and helpful first principle would be \"Above all, be useful.\" The concept of usefulness implicitly rests at the very heart of medicine itself and the physician-patient relationship. The failure to adhere to this concept undermines the physician-patient relationship, dissolves the distinction between quacks and physicians, and destroys the integrity of the medical profession. The determination of useful medical treatment belongs to both physicians and patients. Any decision to initiate, continue, or discontinue diagnostic or therapeutic action has both a medical and a personal value component; the former properly belongs to physicians and the latter to patients. Practicing medicine with the intent of producing benefit and being useful to the patient is far more fundamental than practicing medicine to avoid harm.", "PMID": 752199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8821", "title": "[Use of ferritin conjugates of a lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) for the electron microscopic localization of cell surface receptors].", "content": "Ferritin conjugates of a lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) were used for the electron-microscopic demonstration of carbohydrate receptors on the cell surface of human erythrocytes and murine tumor cells. Human A1 erythrocytes showed only a slight focal binding of ferritin. Cells of the mouse ascites tumor strain L 1210 were labelled very tightly on their surface and incorporate the ferritin by pinocytosis. Furthermore they showed cytotoxic changes in their ultrastructure. In the presence of galactose the labelling on the surface, the incorporation of the conjugate within the cell as well as the cytotoxicity were inhibited.", "contents": "[Use of ferritin conjugates of a lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) for the electron microscopic localization of cell surface receptors]. Ferritin conjugates of a lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) were used for the electron-microscopic demonstration of carbohydrate receptors on the cell surface of human erythrocytes and murine tumor cells. Human A1 erythrocytes showed only a slight focal binding of ferritin. Cells of the mouse ascites tumor strain L 1210 were labelled very tightly on their surface and incorporate the ferritin by pinocytosis. Furthermore they showed cytotoxic changes in their ultrastructure. In the presence of galactose the labelling on the surface, the incorporation of the conjugate within the cell as well as the cytotoxicity were inhibited.", "PMID": 752206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8822", "title": "Interrelations between plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "Interrelations were investigated between plasma renin activity (PRA), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity (DBH), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma cortisol (PC) and plasma sodium concentration (PNa) in renal vein blood of essential hypertension patients in recumbent position. The patients were divided in compliance with the WHO classification into two groups of stage I and stage II of essential hypertension. In stage I a negative correlation was found in all samples of blood between PA and PNa. This means that in recumbent position in stage I the mechanism of regulation sodium -- aldosterone is maintained. In stage II there were very significant correlations between DBH and PRA in the samples from both renal veins. The left renal vein blood gives the best information about secretion of the left adrenal gland. In stage II in samples from the left renal vein a negative correlation was proved between PA and PRA, and also two very similar negative correlations PA -- DBH and PC -- DBH were demonstrated. The results indicate that in recumbent position in stage II the renin secretion is mainly under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, even if the activity of the latter is depressed, normal or enhanced. The possible negative relation between sympathetic activity and corticosteroid secretion in stage II of essential hypertension is discussed.", "contents": "Interrelations between plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension. Interrelations were investigated between plasma renin activity (PRA), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity (DBH), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma cortisol (PC) and plasma sodium concentration (PNa) in renal vein blood of essential hypertension patients in recumbent position. The patients were divided in compliance with the WHO classification into two groups of stage I and stage II of essential hypertension. In stage I a negative correlation was found in all samples of blood between PA and PNa. This means that in recumbent position in stage I the mechanism of regulation sodium -- aldosterone is maintained. In stage II there were very significant correlations between DBH and PRA in the samples from both renal veins. The left renal vein blood gives the best information about secretion of the left adrenal gland. In stage II in samples from the left renal vein a negative correlation was proved between PA and PRA, and also two very similar negative correlations PA -- DBH and PC -- DBH were demonstrated. The results indicate that in recumbent position in stage II the renin secretion is mainly under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, even if the activity of the latter is depressed, normal or enhanced. The possible negative relation between sympathetic activity and corticosteroid secretion in stage II of essential hypertension is discussed.", "PMID": 752207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8823", "title": "On the quantitative characterization of human body sway in experiments with long-term performance.", "content": "Two different conditions of standing were examined in young male subjects with an intact vestibular system by means of stabilography. Low-frequency sways were eliminated by means of a digital high-pass filter. The parameters of the histograms of amplitudes, the autocorrelation functions, and the power-spectral density were estimated. The quantitative parameters of the stabilograms are compared for the two standing positions, both for the frontal and sagittal planes. Quotients of estimates of variance components calculated on the basis of analysis of variance are stated as measures of reliability for the parameters of histograms of amplitudes and power-spectral density in defined frequency bands. The reliability of the standard deviations of amplitudes was much better than the reliability of skewness and excess. The reliability of spectral density differed for frequency ranges investigated. Generally, the quotients of estimates of variance components were higher for the spectral density in the frequency bands of sagittal stabilograms than in those of frontal ones. Performance significantly affected several parameters of histograms and the distributions of power-spectral density. Standard deviation of amplitudes and power-spectral density proved to be suitable for the quantitative characterization of stabilograms.", "contents": "On the quantitative characterization of human body sway in experiments with long-term performance. Two different conditions of standing were examined in young male subjects with an intact vestibular system by means of stabilography. Low-frequency sways were eliminated by means of a digital high-pass filter. The parameters of the histograms of amplitudes, the autocorrelation functions, and the power-spectral density were estimated. The quantitative parameters of the stabilograms are compared for the two standing positions, both for the frontal and sagittal planes. Quotients of estimates of variance components calculated on the basis of analysis of variance are stated as measures of reliability for the parameters of histograms of amplitudes and power-spectral density in defined frequency bands. The reliability of the standard deviations of amplitudes was much better than the reliability of skewness and excess. The reliability of spectral density differed for frequency ranges investigated. Generally, the quotients of estimates of variance components were higher for the spectral density in the frequency bands of sagittal stabilograms than in those of frontal ones. Performance significantly affected several parameters of histograms and the distributions of power-spectral density. Standard deviation of amplitudes and power-spectral density proved to be suitable for the quantitative characterization of stabilograms.", "PMID": 752208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8824", "title": "[Influence of hypoxia and hyperoxia on the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in rat red blood cells].", "content": "The influence of hypoxia (pO2 = 85 mmHg) lasting 5 h, a strong single bleeding of the animals, and the effect of hyperoxia (pO2 = 745 and 1520 mmHg) lasting 24 and 5 h, respectively, on the 2.3-DPG concentration of red cells from rat has been studied. A distinct increase in 2.3-DPG concentration at hypoxia and bleedig, but no reliable alteration in hyperoxia were found. When bled and anemic animals are exposed to hyperoxia (24 h, pO2 = 745 mmHg, normal air pressure) there is also observed a rise of 2.3-DPG concentration, which is much less than in normoxia. A non-linear relationship was established between the change of 2.3-DPG concentration and the percentage of deoxyhemoglobin in the centralvenous blood.", "contents": "[Influence of hypoxia and hyperoxia on the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in rat red blood cells]. The influence of hypoxia (pO2 = 85 mmHg) lasting 5 h, a strong single bleeding of the animals, and the effect of hyperoxia (pO2 = 745 and 1520 mmHg) lasting 24 and 5 h, respectively, on the 2.3-DPG concentration of red cells from rat has been studied. A distinct increase in 2.3-DPG concentration at hypoxia and bleedig, but no reliable alteration in hyperoxia were found. When bled and anemic animals are exposed to hyperoxia (24 h, pO2 = 745 mmHg, normal air pressure) there is also observed a rise of 2.3-DPG concentration, which is much less than in normoxia. A non-linear relationship was established between the change of 2.3-DPG concentration and the percentage of deoxyhemoglobin in the centralvenous blood.", "PMID": 752209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8825", "title": "[Changes in lipid metabolism of Wistar rats by changing a high fat to a low fat diet and vice versa].", "content": "Wistar rats, 24 weeks of age, with alimentary obesity after fat feeding (50% fat in the diet) for 19 weeks were restricted to fat (3% fat in the diet) for 4 weeks in order to compare the alterations of body and organ weights as well as those of lipid concentrations in epididymal adipose tissue, liver and serum with earlier results [1], obtained before food changing. On these conditions decreases of body weight by about 20%, of the relative mass of epididymal adipose tissue and of the triglyceride content per fat cell were observed. In liver a decline of triglycerides and cholesterylesters (by about 2/3 and 1/3, respectively) and in serum a drop of free fatty acids, but increases of phospholipids, and of free and esterified cholesterol were found. In another series, animals of the same age that had been fed the low fat diet for 19 weeks were administered the high fat diet for 4 weeks and also compared with the state before. Thereby the body weight (by about 20%) and the relative mass of the epididymal adipose tissue gained, but lipid concentrations in this tissue were not affected. In liver the concentrations of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters increased threefold and tenfold, respectively; in serum augmented contents of triglycerides and phospholipids were observed. Besides the changes in adipose tissue, reasons for the forced accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the liver during fat feeding and their retarded removal out of the liver after fat restriction are especially discussed in comparison with that of the triglycerides.", "contents": "[Changes in lipid metabolism of Wistar rats by changing a high fat to a low fat diet and vice versa]. Wistar rats, 24 weeks of age, with alimentary obesity after fat feeding (50% fat in the diet) for 19 weeks were restricted to fat (3% fat in the diet) for 4 weeks in order to compare the alterations of body and organ weights as well as those of lipid concentrations in epididymal adipose tissue, liver and serum with earlier results [1], obtained before food changing. On these conditions decreases of body weight by about 20%, of the relative mass of epididymal adipose tissue and of the triglyceride content per fat cell were observed. In liver a decline of triglycerides and cholesterylesters (by about 2/3 and 1/3, respectively) and in serum a drop of free fatty acids, but increases of phospholipids, and of free and esterified cholesterol were found. In another series, animals of the same age that had been fed the low fat diet for 19 weeks were administered the high fat diet for 4 weeks and also compared with the state before. Thereby the body weight (by about 20%) and the relative mass of the epididymal adipose tissue gained, but lipid concentrations in this tissue were not affected. In liver the concentrations of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters increased threefold and tenfold, respectively; in serum augmented contents of triglycerides and phospholipids were observed. Besides the changes in adipose tissue, reasons for the forced accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the liver during fat feeding and their retarded removal out of the liver after fat restriction are especially discussed in comparison with that of the triglycerides.", "PMID": 752210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8826", "title": "Effect of single and repeated carbon monoxide intoxications on urinary catecholamine excretion in rats.", "content": "In preliminary experiments it had been shown that the total catecholamines in the urine of rats collected during 5 hrs after stimulation of diuresis with 50 ml tap water/kg body weight per os were not changed significantly following a 3-week training in individual metabolic cages, a short pressing of the animals against the laboratory table, a single i. p. injection of 2 ml sodium chloride solution (145 mmol/l)/kg body weight, or a single s. c. injection of 40 ml air per animal. The excretion was increased after puncture of the retroorbital plexus and after exposure to cold (+5 degrees C) during the 5 hrs. Carbon monoxide poisoning produces an inhibition of diuresis. Therefore, to study the effect of carbon monoxide intoxications on urinary catecholamine excretion we administered 25 ml tap water/kg additionally. Single s. c. injection of 7.2 mmol CO/kg body weight (53% COHb) induced a significant increase of urinary catecholamines. Due to repeated injections of the same CO dose a gradual disappearance of this effect was seen. After 4 weeks the differences to controls are negligible.", "contents": "Effect of single and repeated carbon monoxide intoxications on urinary catecholamine excretion in rats. In preliminary experiments it had been shown that the total catecholamines in the urine of rats collected during 5 hrs after stimulation of diuresis with 50 ml tap water/kg body weight per os were not changed significantly following a 3-week training in individual metabolic cages, a short pressing of the animals against the laboratory table, a single i. p. injection of 2 ml sodium chloride solution (145 mmol/l)/kg body weight, or a single s. c. injection of 40 ml air per animal. The excretion was increased after puncture of the retroorbital plexus and after exposure to cold (+5 degrees C) during the 5 hrs. Carbon monoxide poisoning produces an inhibition of diuresis. Therefore, to study the effect of carbon monoxide intoxications on urinary catecholamine excretion we administered 25 ml tap water/kg additionally. Single s. c. injection of 7.2 mmol CO/kg body weight (53% COHb) induced a significant increase of urinary catecholamines. Due to repeated injections of the same CO dose a gradual disappearance of this effect was seen. After 4 weeks the differences to controls are negligible.", "PMID": 752211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8827", "title": "[Influence of mediators on plasminogen activator release].", "content": "The influence of substances known as low molecular weight mediators such as biogenic amines, peptides and prostaglandins on the plasminogen activator release was studied in the isolated perfused pig ear. Among the substances tested, histamine and the plasma kinins bradykinin and kallidin were found to possess a dose-dependent activator-releasing effect, which in case of histamine can be suppressed by an antihistamine (promethazine). Serotonin and the prostaglandins at concentrations up to 10(-5)M possess no significant activator-releasing effect. Compared with the biogenic peptides angiotensin, oxytocin, vasopressin, and eledoisin, only the latter was found to release plasminogen activator. Studies on the influence of the substances tested on the capillary permeability showed that enhanced permeability is caused only by those mediators which cause also increased activator release.", "contents": "[Influence of mediators on plasminogen activator release]. The influence of substances known as low molecular weight mediators such as biogenic amines, peptides and prostaglandins on the plasminogen activator release was studied in the isolated perfused pig ear. Among the substances tested, histamine and the plasma kinins bradykinin and kallidin were found to possess a dose-dependent activator-releasing effect, which in case of histamine can be suppressed by an antihistamine (promethazine). Serotonin and the prostaglandins at concentrations up to 10(-5)M possess no significant activator-releasing effect. Compared with the biogenic peptides angiotensin, oxytocin, vasopressin, and eledoisin, only the latter was found to release plasminogen activator. Studies on the influence of the substances tested on the capillary permeability showed that enhanced permeability is caused only by those mediators which cause also increased activator release.", "PMID": 752212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8828", "title": "[Action of LSD and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on the high affinity uptake of [3H]-serotonin by isolated rat brain synaptosomes].", "content": "LSD (10(-7)M--10(-11)M) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltyptamine (10(-7)--10(-9)M) inhibited the high affinity uptake of [3H]-5HT into synaptosomes. These results suggest that the inhibition of the high affinity uptake is involved in the psychotomimetic action of LSD and 5MeODMT.", "contents": "[Action of LSD and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on the high affinity uptake of [3H]-serotonin by isolated rat brain synaptosomes]. LSD (10(-7)M--10(-11)M) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltyptamine (10(-7)--10(-9)M) inhibited the high affinity uptake of [3H]-5HT into synaptosomes. These results suggest that the inhibition of the high affinity uptake is involved in the psychotomimetic action of LSD and 5MeODMT.", "PMID": 752213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8829", "title": "[Effect of progesterone and phenylbutazone on bile flow and bile acid excretion in male Wistar rats].", "content": "Bile flow and excretion of monohydroxy-, dihydroxy- and trihydroxy bile acids (MBA, DBA and TBA) were estimated after acute and subacute progesterone and phenylbutazone pretreatment in adult male Wistar rats in three one-hour periods. Different pretreatment with sunflower oil did not influence bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. MBA were not detected. Different administration of progesterone and phenylbutazone did not significantly change the TBA/DBA ratio. Progesterone administration (50 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) 2 hours before bile sampling increased bile flow and bile acid excretion in the third one-hour period. After 3 days of pretreatment with progesterone (3 X 50 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) bile flow and TBA-excretion were diminished. Phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) increased bile flow and TBA-excretion both after acute and subacute administration.", "contents": "[Effect of progesterone and phenylbutazone on bile flow and bile acid excretion in male Wistar rats]. Bile flow and excretion of monohydroxy-, dihydroxy- and trihydroxy bile acids (MBA, DBA and TBA) were estimated after acute and subacute progesterone and phenylbutazone pretreatment in adult male Wistar rats in three one-hour periods. Different pretreatment with sunflower oil did not influence bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. MBA were not detected. Different administration of progesterone and phenylbutazone did not significantly change the TBA/DBA ratio. Progesterone administration (50 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) 2 hours before bile sampling increased bile flow and bile acid excretion in the third one-hour period. After 3 days of pretreatment with progesterone (3 X 50 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) bile flow and TBA-excretion were diminished. Phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg b. w. i. p.) increased bile flow and TBA-excretion both after acute and subacute administration.", "PMID": 752214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8830", "title": "Active fragments of native streptokinase obtained by partial tryptic degradation.", "content": "By partial tryptic digestion of streptokinase, degradation products of the molecular weight range 27 000--42 000 were obtained. Among these, fibrinolysis activating components could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Active fragments of native streptokinase obtained by partial tryptic degradation. By partial tryptic digestion of streptokinase, degradation products of the molecular weight range 27 000--42 000 were obtained. Among these, fibrinolysis activating components could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 752215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8831", "title": "[Evaluation of thyroid function in non-thyroid diseases].", "content": "The, in non-thyroidal illnesses, frequently occurring changes in the serum concentrations of peripheral thyroid hormones, are shown in patients with acute myocardial infarction, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, renal insufficiency and in rheumatoid arthritis. The observed changes, (pathological) low total triiodothyronine, low or normal total thyroxine, and normal thyrotrophine), can make the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism impossible. Only in control measurements, after cessation of the simultaneous non-thyroidal illness, the peripheral thyroid hormone concentrations are found to be in the hyperthyroid range. The only way to establish the diagnosis, (or confirm the clinical suspicion), is to prove non-responsiveness of the pituitary to a TRH-stimulus. TRH-tests have, however, no diagnostic value in illnesses that affect pituitary function directly, such as terminal renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism can be established by measurement of the basal thyrotrophine serum concentration (elevated) or by measurement of the serum concentrations of 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3), which is, according to a recent report, observed to be significantly decreased.", "contents": "[Evaluation of thyroid function in non-thyroid diseases]. The, in non-thyroidal illnesses, frequently occurring changes in the serum concentrations of peripheral thyroid hormones, are shown in patients with acute myocardial infarction, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, renal insufficiency and in rheumatoid arthritis. The observed changes, (pathological) low total triiodothyronine, low or normal total thyroxine, and normal thyrotrophine), can make the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism impossible. Only in control measurements, after cessation of the simultaneous non-thyroidal illness, the peripheral thyroid hormone concentrations are found to be in the hyperthyroid range. The only way to establish the diagnosis, (or confirm the clinical suspicion), is to prove non-responsiveness of the pituitary to a TRH-stimulus. TRH-tests have, however, no diagnostic value in illnesses that affect pituitary function directly, such as terminal renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism can be established by measurement of the basal thyrotrophine serum concentration (elevated) or by measurement of the serum concentrations of 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3), which is, according to a recent report, observed to be significantly decreased.", "PMID": 752217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8832", "title": "[Testing the dilatation capacity of the hepatic artery with parathyroid hormone].", "content": "In portosystemic shunt surgery, there still is a lack of correlation between various preoperative hemodynamic measurements and the postoperative clinical course of patients. The magnitude of post-shunt increment in hepatic arterial flow was found to be directly related to long term prognosis. To predict the arterial response for selecting patients for shunting, we tried to use a new non invasive method: Arterial and portal components of total liver blood flow were determined quantitatively by \"Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy\". Dilatation capability of the hepatic artery, was tested by means of the hemodynamic action of Parathyroid hormone (PH). PH has been found to induce a large and exclusive augmentation of hepatic arterial blood flow. We were able to document a statistically highly significant increase in hepatic arterial flow following i. v. applications of PH. The extent of arterial increment appears to be dependent upon the degree of entrapment of the hepatic arterioles by the fibrous tissues of cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Testing the dilatation capacity of the hepatic artery with parathyroid hormone]. In portosystemic shunt surgery, there still is a lack of correlation between various preoperative hemodynamic measurements and the postoperative clinical course of patients. The magnitude of post-shunt increment in hepatic arterial flow was found to be directly related to long term prognosis. To predict the arterial response for selecting patients for shunting, we tried to use a new non invasive method: Arterial and portal components of total liver blood flow were determined quantitatively by \"Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy\". Dilatation capability of the hepatic artery, was tested by means of the hemodynamic action of Parathyroid hormone (PH). PH has been found to induce a large and exclusive augmentation of hepatic arterial blood flow. We were able to document a statistically highly significant increase in hepatic arterial flow following i. v. applications of PH. The extent of arterial increment appears to be dependent upon the degree of entrapment of the hepatic arterioles by the fibrous tissues of cirrhosis.", "PMID": 752218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8833", "title": "[Biguanides: reasons for withdrawal of drugs and remaining indications].", "content": "The pharmacological properties and the mode of action of biguanides is presented. In Austria, the association of lactic acidosis with biguanide therapy has led to a cancellation of the registration of buformin and phenformin. Only, if all contraindications for biguanide therapy are strictly observed, metformin can be prescribed for the treatment of obese patients with type II diabetes.", "contents": "[Biguanides: reasons for withdrawal of drugs and remaining indications]. The pharmacological properties and the mode of action of biguanides is presented. In Austria, the association of lactic acidosis with biguanide therapy has led to a cancellation of the registration of buformin and phenformin. Only, if all contraindications for biguanide therapy are strictly observed, metformin can be prescribed for the treatment of obese patients with type II diabetes.", "PMID": 752219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8834", "title": "[Blood lactate and biguanide therapy: comparison between phenformin, metformin and buformin in 408 senile diabetics].", "content": "In our series of patients, blood lactate is investigated in type II-diabetics under sulfonylurea or sulfonylureabiguanid treatment. Under biguanides a statistically significant increase of blood lactate is found dose-dependent, but independent of the type of biguanides used.", "contents": "[Blood lactate and biguanide therapy: comparison between phenformin, metformin and buformin in 408 senile diabetics]. In our series of patients, blood lactate is investigated in type II-diabetics under sulfonylurea or sulfonylureabiguanid treatment. Under biguanides a statistically significant increase of blood lactate is found dose-dependent, but independent of the type of biguanides used.", "PMID": 752220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8835", "title": "[Effect of biguanide therapy on lactate metabolism during graded submaximal ergometric testing].", "content": "Diabetic patients were subjected to exercise testing before and after a short antidiabetic therapy with phenformin, buformin or metformin. Primarily, changes of lactate and of the acid base balance, were analyzed. After therapy with biguanides all 24 patients had increased lactate levels before and after physical strain. Phenformin showed the greatest influence on the lactate metabolism. Metformin the least.", "contents": "[Effect of biguanide therapy on lactate metabolism during graded submaximal ergometric testing]. Diabetic patients were subjected to exercise testing before and after a short antidiabetic therapy with phenformin, buformin or metformin. Primarily, changes of lactate and of the acid base balance, were analyzed. After therapy with biguanides all 24 patients had increased lactate levels before and after physical strain. Phenformin showed the greatest influence on the lactate metabolism. Metformin the least.", "PMID": 752221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8836", "title": "[Ergospirometric studies on patients with diabetes mellitus and the effect of biguanides on physical performance].", "content": "24 diabetic patients had submaximal exercise testing before, and 4 days after, biguanide treatment. Biguanide treatment resulted in a significantly decreased exercise capacity. This is explained by increased anaerobic energy production, which results in a decrease of the performance of an individual.", "contents": "[Ergospirometric studies on patients with diabetes mellitus and the effect of biguanides on physical performance]. 24 diabetic patients had submaximal exercise testing before, and 4 days after, biguanide treatment. Biguanide treatment resulted in a significantly decreased exercise capacity. This is explained by increased anaerobic energy production, which results in a decrease of the performance of an individual.", "PMID": 752222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8837", "title": "[Hypophyseal dysfunction and chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "65 chronic hemodialysed patients showed a mean elevation of serum prolactin up to 35.5 ng/ml and a mean HGH level of 4.2 ng/ml, whereas TSH was within normal range. The response of the prolactin secretion to TRH was poor in patients with a high basal prolactin level. Patients with amenorrhea showed significantly higher prolactin values than menstruating women. It is assumed, that chronic stress caused the elevation of prolactin and HGH.", "contents": "[Hypophyseal dysfunction and chronic hemodialysis]. 65 chronic hemodialysed patients showed a mean elevation of serum prolactin up to 35.5 ng/ml and a mean HGH level of 4.2 ng/ml, whereas TSH was within normal range. The response of the prolactin secretion to TRH was poor in patients with a high basal prolactin level. Patients with amenorrhea showed significantly higher prolactin values than menstruating women. It is assumed, that chronic stress caused the elevation of prolactin and HGH.", "PMID": 752223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8838", "title": "Role of calcium in the mechanism of action of the prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha as well as of their antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (PPP).", "content": "The contractile effect of PGE1 on guinea-pig ileum is not changed either by increase (to 4 mM) or by decrease (to 1 mM) of the Ca++ content in Krebs solution. The decrease of Ca++ in the medium intensifies the contractile effect of PGE2 alpha. Reduction of Ca++ weakens the antagonistic effect of PPP (100 micrograms/ml) against PGF2 alpha. PPP has a marked aftereffect with respect to the effects of PGF2 alpha--in cases of normal Ca++ content in the Krebs solution this aftereffect appears upon longer (10 min) contact of PPP with the intestinal segment, while in cases of changed Ca++ content it appears already after 2-min PPP action. It is concluded that in order to induce contractions in the guinea-pig ileum, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha utilize the internal Ca++. It is assumed that PGF2 alpha increases the reactivity of the anionic sites of the smooth-muscle membrane for Ca++. As a result of this, the complex compounds of Ca++ at its higher concentration make more difficult the realization of the contractile process. It is assumed that Ca++ is needed for the maximum manifestation of the antagonistic effect of PPP.", "contents": "Role of calcium in the mechanism of action of the prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha as well as of their antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (PPP). The contractile effect of PGE1 on guinea-pig ileum is not changed either by increase (to 4 mM) or by decrease (to 1 mM) of the Ca++ content in Krebs solution. The decrease of Ca++ in the medium intensifies the contractile effect of PGE2 alpha. Reduction of Ca++ weakens the antagonistic effect of PPP (100 micrograms/ml) against PGF2 alpha. PPP has a marked aftereffect with respect to the effects of PGF2 alpha--in cases of normal Ca++ content in the Krebs solution this aftereffect appears upon longer (10 min) contact of PPP with the intestinal segment, while in cases of changed Ca++ content it appears already after 2-min PPP action. It is concluded that in order to induce contractions in the guinea-pig ileum, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha utilize the internal Ca++. It is assumed that PGF2 alpha increases the reactivity of the anionic sites of the smooth-muscle membrane for Ca++. As a result of this, the complex compounds of Ca++ at its higher concentration make more difficult the realization of the contractile process. It is assumed that Ca++ is needed for the maximum manifestation of the antagonistic effect of PPP.", "PMID": 752228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8839", "title": "Background neuronal activity in cat somatosensory cortex before and after VPL damage. Histogram and taxonomic analysis.", "content": "Two groups of cats under barbiturate anaesthesia are used to study the effect of electrolytic coagulation in the VPL of the thalamus on the extracellular unit activity in the somatosensory cortex (the focus of maximum activity (FMA) of this part of the nucleus affected by the lesion). In the first group of animals a comparison is made between the unit activity before and immediately after coagulation, while in the second group of animals the activity of the neurones, recorded in FMA of the intact VPL is compared with that of the neurones in the homologous symmetrical point in the hemisphere, ipsilateral to the VPL coagulate 10-14 days before the acute experiment. The activity of 246 neurones is studied. Histogram, statistical and taxonomic analyses are performed. It is found that lesion in VPL modifies to a certain extent the pattern of neuronal discharges, although even after the damage rhythmic groups of action potentials simultaneous with the spindle-like EEG waves are recorded in the primary somatosensory cortex (FMA). Evidently, the relay VPL nucleus is not the only pacemaker of spindle activity in its projection cortical area, which is in contradiction with some views expressed in the literature.", "contents": "Background neuronal activity in cat somatosensory cortex before and after VPL damage. Histogram and taxonomic analysis. Two groups of cats under barbiturate anaesthesia are used to study the effect of electrolytic coagulation in the VPL of the thalamus on the extracellular unit activity in the somatosensory cortex (the focus of maximum activity (FMA) of this part of the nucleus affected by the lesion). In the first group of animals a comparison is made between the unit activity before and immediately after coagulation, while in the second group of animals the activity of the neurones, recorded in FMA of the intact VPL is compared with that of the neurones in the homologous symmetrical point in the hemisphere, ipsilateral to the VPL coagulate 10-14 days before the acute experiment. The activity of 246 neurones is studied. Histogram, statistical and taxonomic analyses are performed. It is found that lesion in VPL modifies to a certain extent the pattern of neuronal discharges, although even after the damage rhythmic groups of action potentials simultaneous with the spindle-like EEG waves are recorded in the primary somatosensory cortex (FMA). Evidently, the relay VPL nucleus is not the only pacemaker of spindle activity in its projection cortical area, which is in contradiction with some views expressed in the literature.", "PMID": 752230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8840", "title": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. I. Localization, type and density of the dense-core vesicles in locus coeruleus during rat ontogenesis.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the function of dense-core vesicles quantitative estimation is made of their density and localization in the perikarya, axonal boutons and neuropil of rat locus coeruleus during different ontogenetic stages. The results obtained, compared with the fluorescence- and electronmicroscopic data, suggest participation of the dense-core vesicles in the neuronal development and differentiation: presence in the earliest embryonal periods, statistically significant increase in the density in the period of most intensified growth and maturing of the neuropil and axonal boutons, and change in the density of the perikarya in connection with intensified axonal transport. Quantitative data are also presented about the participation of the dense-core vesicles in synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. I. Localization, type and density of the dense-core vesicles in locus coeruleus during rat ontogenesis. In an attempt to clarify the function of dense-core vesicles quantitative estimation is made of their density and localization in the perikarya, axonal boutons and neuropil of rat locus coeruleus during different ontogenetic stages. The results obtained, compared with the fluorescence- and electronmicroscopic data, suggest participation of the dense-core vesicles in the neuronal development and differentiation: presence in the earliest embryonal periods, statistically significant increase in the density in the period of most intensified growth and maturing of the neuropil and axonal boutons, and change in the density of the perikarya in connection with intensified axonal transport. Quantitative data are also presented about the participation of the dense-core vesicles in synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 752231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8841", "title": "Perceived orientation of dot patterns.", "content": "Fifty subjects were asked to assign orientation to different configurations of bright dots by means of an adjustable long line. Their performance of the task clearly demonstrates that the assigned orientation of each configuration coincides with the orientation of a line drawn through the dot pattern so that the sum of the squared distances between each dot and this line is minimum. Such a line remains invariant in respect to rotation of the set of dots. It is concluded that perceived orientation of dot patterns in the plane is an invariant characteristic of this kind of visual stimulus.", "contents": "Perceived orientation of dot patterns. Fifty subjects were asked to assign orientation to different configurations of bright dots by means of an adjustable long line. Their performance of the task clearly demonstrates that the assigned orientation of each configuration coincides with the orientation of a line drawn through the dot pattern so that the sum of the squared distances between each dot and this line is minimum. Such a line remains invariant in respect to rotation of the set of dots. It is concluded that perceived orientation of dot patterns in the plane is an invariant characteristic of this kind of visual stimulus.", "PMID": 752232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8842", "title": "Scaling of light and dark time intervals.", "content": "Scaling of light and dark time intervals of 0.1 to 1.1 s is performed by the mehtod of magnitude estimation with respect to a given standard. The standards differ in duration and type (light and dark). The light intervals are subjectively estimated as longer than the dark ones. The relation between the mean interval estimations and their magnitude is linear for both light and dark intervals.", "contents": "Scaling of light and dark time intervals. Scaling of light and dark time intervals of 0.1 to 1.1 s is performed by the mehtod of magnitude estimation with respect to a given standard. The standards differ in duration and type (light and dark). The light intervals are subjectively estimated as longer than the dark ones. The relation between the mean interval estimations and their magnitude is linear for both light and dark intervals.", "PMID": 752233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8843", "title": "Consultant report: Incomplete abortions treated at Jahanshah Saleh Hospital in Tehran, Iran from May 14, 1973 to April 30, 1974.", "content": "In the period from May, 1973 to April, 1974, one hundred patients were treated for incomplete abortion at the Jahanshah Saleh Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Patients admitted to the hospital were from 4 to 28 weeks' gestation and were routinely administered analgestics before the abortion was completed by D & C. The D & C took about 10 minutes and the patient was usually able to go home that same day. Twenty-four women (24.0%) experienced complication(s) including blood loss, fever requiring antibiotic treatment, and pelvic infection.", "contents": "Consultant report: Incomplete abortions treated at Jahanshah Saleh Hospital in Tehran, Iran from May 14, 1973 to April 30, 1974. In the period from May, 1973 to April, 1974, one hundred patients were treated for incomplete abortion at the Jahanshah Saleh Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Patients admitted to the hospital were from 4 to 28 weeks' gestation and were routinely administered analgestics before the abortion was completed by D & C. The D & C took about 10 minutes and the patient was usually able to go home that same day. Twenty-four women (24.0%) experienced complication(s) including blood loss, fever requiring antibiotic treatment, and pelvic infection.", "PMID": 752241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8844", "title": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis: improvement of quantitative analysis by radioactively labelled antigen.", "content": "Experiments were performed to improve the quantitative analysis of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by labelling the antigen with radioactive iodine. After intradermal injection of antibodies and intravenous administration of labelled antigen in rats a close correlation was found between the radioactivity measured in skin biopsies and the amount of antigen as well as the amount of antibodies. This direct dependence makes it possible to improve quantitatively the reading of PCA test results. A quantitative correlation was also found when radioactivity is measured over the skin by scanning procedures. Therefore it is not necessary to cut out skin biopsies. Thus the same test animal can be used several times, which minimizes biological variations.", "contents": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis: improvement of quantitative analysis by radioactively labelled antigen. Experiments were performed to improve the quantitative analysis of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by labelling the antigen with radioactive iodine. After intradermal injection of antibodies and intravenous administration of labelled antigen in rats a close correlation was found between the radioactivity measured in skin biopsies and the amount of antigen as well as the amount of antibodies. This direct dependence makes it possible to improve quantitatively the reading of PCA test results. A quantitative correlation was also found when radioactivity is measured over the skin by scanning procedures. Therefore it is not necessary to cut out skin biopsies. Thus the same test animal can be used several times, which minimizes biological variations.", "PMID": 752253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8845", "title": "Activity of the epipodophyllotoxin VP-16 in the treatment of combination chemotherapy-resistant non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Twenty patients with several histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma who had become resistant to combination chemotherapy were treated with a five-day course of the epipodophyllotixin VP-16. Of 19 evaluable patients, 8 (42%) responded to treatment with 1 complete response and 7 partial responses. The median duration of response was 5.5 months. Seven of the responders had a diffuse lymphoma and 1 had a nodular lymphoma. Of the responders who had diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL), diffuse mixed lymphoma (DML), and diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma (DUL)--the more aggressive histologies in the Rappaport classification--6 of 13 (46%) evaluable patients responded to therapy. Responses were seen in node-dominant, skin-dominant, and marrow-dominant disease. Toxicity was mainly hematopoietic, 53% of patients experiencing leukopenia ( less than 2,000 cells per cu mm) and 68% of patients experiencing thrombocytopenian 2,000 cells per cu mm) and 68% of patients experiencing thrombocytopenia ( less than 100,000 platelets per cu mm). There were two deaths attributable to profound leukopenia with sepsis. The activity of VP-16 in patients who have previously been extensively treated with multiple drugs including vincristine supports its activity in the lymphomas and suggests its lack of cross-resistance with vincristine. The inclusion of VP-16 in primary treatment protocols in the diffuse lymphomas should be considered.", "contents": "Activity of the epipodophyllotoxin VP-16 in the treatment of combination chemotherapy-resistant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Twenty patients with several histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma who had become resistant to combination chemotherapy were treated with a five-day course of the epipodophyllotixin VP-16. Of 19 evaluable patients, 8 (42%) responded to treatment with 1 complete response and 7 partial responses. The median duration of response was 5.5 months. Seven of the responders had a diffuse lymphoma and 1 had a nodular lymphoma. Of the responders who had diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL), diffuse mixed lymphoma (DML), and diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma (DUL)--the more aggressive histologies in the Rappaport classification--6 of 13 (46%) evaluable patients responded to therapy. Responses were seen in node-dominant, skin-dominant, and marrow-dominant disease. Toxicity was mainly hematopoietic, 53% of patients experiencing leukopenia ( less than 2,000 cells per cu mm) and 68% of patients experiencing thrombocytopenian 2,000 cells per cu mm) and 68% of patients experiencing thrombocytopenia ( less than 100,000 platelets per cu mm). There were two deaths attributable to profound leukopenia with sepsis. The activity of VP-16 in patients who have previously been extensively treated with multiple drugs including vincristine supports its activity in the lymphomas and suggests its lack of cross-resistance with vincristine. The inclusion of VP-16 in primary treatment protocols in the diffuse lymphomas should be considered.", "PMID": 752259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8846", "title": "[Incomplete antigens derived from milk proteins in the serum of infants allergic to milk].", "content": "1. Sera of 22 children with cow's milk clinical hypersensitivity were studied to demonstrate the presence of substances immunologically related with milk. They were compared with 23 controls. The infants of both groups were feed with bovine milk. The immunogenic capacity of cow's milk and their major proteins were experimentally investigated. 2. Specific rabbit antisera were obtained by injection of antigens with incomplete Freund adjuvant. Double difussion gel, passive hemagglutination and ultramicromethod for the determination of antigen antibody precipitated were performed. 3. Immunogenicity was proved by precipitation and hemagglutination methods. by precipitation cow's milk antigens were present in 5 of 22 sera of antigenic patients, in 3 of them ALA antigens were present and in only 1 of them, caseina were present. By hemagglutination, 12 of 22 allergic infants showed ALA and BLG and 11 caseine (C). In 2 of 7 controls, beta lactoglobuline (BLG) was present and in an other one C. It was possible to detect incomplete antigens related with ALA, BLG, and C in allergic infants as well as controls. A significative difference was found for BLG (P less than 0.01) and it was highest (P less than 0.003) in infants with protein calorie malnutrition. 4. It is concluded that sensitization depends not only on stimulation of incomplete or complete antigens, as were observed in this study but on the host's capacity to form citrotropic antibody in humoral hypersensitivity or to stimulate lymphocytes in cellular immunity field.", "contents": "[Incomplete antigens derived from milk proteins in the serum of infants allergic to milk]. 1. Sera of 22 children with cow's milk clinical hypersensitivity were studied to demonstrate the presence of substances immunologically related with milk. They were compared with 23 controls. The infants of both groups were feed with bovine milk. The immunogenic capacity of cow's milk and their major proteins were experimentally investigated. 2. Specific rabbit antisera were obtained by injection of antigens with incomplete Freund adjuvant. Double difussion gel, passive hemagglutination and ultramicromethod for the determination of antigen antibody precipitated were performed. 3. Immunogenicity was proved by precipitation and hemagglutination methods. by precipitation cow's milk antigens were present in 5 of 22 sera of antigenic patients, in 3 of them ALA antigens were present and in only 1 of them, caseina were present. By hemagglutination, 12 of 22 allergic infants showed ALA and BLG and 11 caseine (C). In 2 of 7 controls, beta lactoglobuline (BLG) was present and in an other one C. It was possible to detect incomplete antigens related with ALA, BLG, and C in allergic infants as well as controls. A significative difference was found for BLG (P less than 0.01) and it was highest (P less than 0.003) in infants with protein calorie malnutrition. 4. It is concluded that sensitization depends not only on stimulation of incomplete or complete antigens, as were observed in this study but on the host's capacity to form citrotropic antibody in humoral hypersensitivity or to stimulate lymphocytes in cellular immunity field.", "PMID": 752255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8847", "title": "Effect of a single ingestion of alcohol on iron absorption.", "content": "The effect of alcohol on inorganic and organic iron absorption was studied in 70 subjects, using a whole-body counter technique. The mean iron absorption of a test dose was 24.44%, while in the presence of whisky, absorption fell to 9.73% (P less than 0.0001). Absorption of a test dose in the presence of whisky without alcohol was 10.14% (P less than 0.0001). The alcohol in whisky, therefore, was not responsible for the diminished iron absorption (P greater than 0.20). The absorption of the iron contained in wine with alcohol was 73.31 microgram and wine without alcohol was 67.50 microgram. The difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.20). The absorption of inorganic iron contained in a test meal was 165.55 microgram and was not changed in the presence of ethanol (151.35 microgram) (P greater than 0.10). However, the presence of ethanol affected the absorption of heme iron: 538.68 microgram compared with 442.41 microgram with ethanol (P less than 0.0001). These studies show that the acute ingestion of ethanol does not influence the absorption of inorganic iron, while it does diminish the absorption of the organic form.", "contents": "Effect of a single ingestion of alcohol on iron absorption. The effect of alcohol on inorganic and organic iron absorption was studied in 70 subjects, using a whole-body counter technique. The mean iron absorption of a test dose was 24.44%, while in the presence of whisky, absorption fell to 9.73% (P less than 0.0001). Absorption of a test dose in the presence of whisky without alcohol was 10.14% (P less than 0.0001). The alcohol in whisky, therefore, was not responsible for the diminished iron absorption (P greater than 0.20). The absorption of the iron contained in wine with alcohol was 73.31 microgram and wine without alcohol was 67.50 microgram. The difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.20). The absorption of inorganic iron contained in a test meal was 165.55 microgram and was not changed in the presence of ethanol (151.35 microgram) (P greater than 0.10). However, the presence of ethanol affected the absorption of heme iron: 538.68 microgram compared with 442.41 microgram with ethanol (P less than 0.0001). These studies show that the acute ingestion of ethanol does not influence the absorption of inorganic iron, while it does diminish the absorption of the organic form.", "PMID": 752260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8848", "title": "A new chromosome abnormality in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: 46,XY,del11q23.", "content": "A new marker chromosome, deletion 11q23, was observed with the Giemsa banding technique in the bone marrow of a patient with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia. The abnormality was not detectable in the peripheral blood or with nonbanded chromosome studies. Nineteen of 40 cases of this disorder studied and reported to date had chromosomal aberrations, although the majority had only nonbanded karyotypes performed. This apparently high incidence of chromosomal defects and the finding in the present case indicate that more banded-karyotype analyses are needed to assess the presence of possible nonrandom cytogenetic changes in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia.", "contents": "A new chromosome abnormality in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: 46,XY,del11q23. A new marker chromosome, deletion 11q23, was observed with the Giemsa banding technique in the bone marrow of a patient with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia. The abnormality was not detectable in the peripheral blood or with nonbanded chromosome studies. Nineteen of 40 cases of this disorder studied and reported to date had chromosomal aberrations, although the majority had only nonbanded karyotypes performed. This apparently high incidence of chromosomal defects and the finding in the present case indicate that more banded-karyotype analyses are needed to assess the presence of possible nonrandom cytogenetic changes in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia.", "PMID": 752261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8849", "title": "The significance of bronchial and nasal provocation tests in making the diagnosis of allergy in children.", "content": "The relationship between positive skin tests and positive provocation tests at the affected organ level was studied in children with rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Of 357 positive skin reactions against pollens only 49% were positive in rhinometry, while of non pollen allergens only 31% of 59 challenges were positive. Of 778 challenges with pollens 40% gave a positive bronchial response, while only 27% of 848 challenges with non pollens were positive. More detailed information is given on single allergens and the consequences for hyposensitation therapy are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of bronchial and nasal provocation tests in making the diagnosis of allergy in children. The relationship between positive skin tests and positive provocation tests at the affected organ level was studied in children with rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Of 357 positive skin reactions against pollens only 49% were positive in rhinometry, while of non pollen allergens only 31% of 59 challenges were positive. Of 778 challenges with pollens 40% gave a positive bronchial response, while only 27% of 848 challenges with non pollens were positive. More detailed information is given on single allergens and the consequences for hyposensitation therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 752254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8850", "title": "IgE and complement in allergic children.", "content": "The following measurements were made using radial immunodiffusion with commercial M-Partigen plaques (Behringwerke, Marburg): Global-IgE in the serum of 29 children (17 atopic asthmas, 3 non atopic asthmas and 9 acute urticarias); C3 and C4 complement fractions in 56 patients (27 atopic asthmas, 11 non atopic asthmas and 18 acute urticarias); C3PA complement fraction in 41 patients (18 atopic asthmas, 9 non atopic asthmas and 14 acute urticarias). High IgE serum levels were observed chiefly in the cases of atopic asthma with polysensitization and in urticarias. The anomaly of the complement system most often found in children was an increase of C4 (23,2% of the cases), not related to the clinical form or duration of the disease. An increase of the C3 fraction (14,6% of the cases) was also observed together with an increase of these two fractions in all the cases where an increase of C3PA was observed. Only in 11,1% of atopic asthmas was a decrease of the serum concentration values of C3 observed.", "contents": "IgE and complement in allergic children. The following measurements were made using radial immunodiffusion with commercial M-Partigen plaques (Behringwerke, Marburg): Global-IgE in the serum of 29 children (17 atopic asthmas, 3 non atopic asthmas and 9 acute urticarias); C3 and C4 complement fractions in 56 patients (27 atopic asthmas, 11 non atopic asthmas and 18 acute urticarias); C3PA complement fraction in 41 patients (18 atopic asthmas, 9 non atopic asthmas and 14 acute urticarias). High IgE serum levels were observed chiefly in the cases of atopic asthma with polysensitization and in urticarias. The anomaly of the complement system most often found in children was an increase of C4 (23,2% of the cases), not related to the clinical form or duration of the disease. An increase of the C3 fraction (14,6% of the cases) was also observed together with an increase of these two fractions in all the cases where an increase of C3PA was observed. Only in 11,1% of atopic asthmas was a decrease of the serum concentration values of C3 observed.", "PMID": 752256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8851", "title": "Spontaneous resolution of severe aplastic anemia associated with viral hepatitis A in a 6-year-old child.", "content": "Recovery from acquired aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis is rare. This case of a 6-year-old boy with severe aplastic anemia is the first reported association of this disease with a hepatitis A infection. Antibody to hepatitis A (anti-HA) was not detected on admission, but was detected three weeks later. Infection with hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were excluded. The peak titer of anti-HA was higher than would be expected for passive transfer of antibody resulting from transfusions. The persistence of antibody for more than 20 months after the last transfusion was not consistent with passive antibody, which would be expected to disappear over that time. This child had indications for allogeneic marrow transplant and a sibling donor who was histocompatible. However, the transplant was postponed because the prognosis was considered to be poor in the presence of active hepatitis. There was a spontaneous remission without the necessity of the transplantation procedure.", "contents": "Spontaneous resolution of severe aplastic anemia associated with viral hepatitis A in a 6-year-old child. Recovery from acquired aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis is rare. This case of a 6-year-old boy with severe aplastic anemia is the first reported association of this disease with a hepatitis A infection. Antibody to hepatitis A (anti-HA) was not detected on admission, but was detected three weeks later. Infection with hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were excluded. The peak titer of anti-HA was higher than would be expected for passive transfer of antibody resulting from transfusions. The persistence of antibody for more than 20 months after the last transfusion was not consistent with passive antibody, which would be expected to disappear over that time. This child had indications for allogeneic marrow transplant and a sibling donor who was histocompatible. However, the transplant was postponed because the prognosis was considered to be poor in the presence of active hepatitis. There was a spontaneous remission without the necessity of the transplantation procedure.", "PMID": 752262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8852", "title": "Corneal edema with contact lenses under closed-eye conditions.", "content": "Subjects wore PMMA, CAB, and thin hydrogel contact lenses with their eyes closed for periods of 6 hr. The corneal edema that developed was evaluated by observing the amount of central circular clouding and by measuring the increase in central corneal thickness with a slit-lamp biomicroscope and pachometer. Central circular clouding was greater with the PMMA and CAB lenses than with the thin hydrogel lenses. Corneal thickness increased by different amounts for the three subjects, but the three lens types caused about the same increase in corneal thickness for a given subject.", "contents": "Corneal edema with contact lenses under closed-eye conditions. Subjects wore PMMA, CAB, and thin hydrogel contact lenses with their eyes closed for periods of 6 hr. The corneal edema that developed was evaluated by observing the amount of central circular clouding and by measuring the increase in central corneal thickness with a slit-lamp biomicroscope and pachometer. Central circular clouding was greater with the PMMA and CAB lenses than with the thin hydrogel lenses. Corneal thickness increased by different amounts for the three subjects, but the three lens types caused about the same increase in corneal thickness for a given subject.", "PMID": 752264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8853", "title": "Red-cell hypoplasia and increased bone marrow reticulin in systemic lupus erythematosus: reversal with corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "A 29-year-old Chinese male developed severe aregenerative anemia. The bone marrow was diffusely hypercellular with increased marrow reticulin and a persistent failure of erythroid differentiation beyond the pronormoblast stage. Although he did not manifest classic features of systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple serologic studies were in accord with this diagnosis. The patient's defect in erythropoiesis was studied by an in vitro technique for the growth of erythroid colonies. Despite the severe erythroid hypoplasia, the patient's marrow yielded abundant large erythroid colonies. Serum erythropoietin activity was high as judged by use of this in vitro assay. Although the patient's native serum did not affect colony formation, a separated IgG fraction was markedly inhibitory to colony growth. This suggests that the erythroid hypoplasia may have resulted from a unique autoantibody. The patient's hematologic abnormalities completely reversed following treatment with corticosteroids.", "contents": "Red-cell hypoplasia and increased bone marrow reticulin in systemic lupus erythematosus: reversal with corticosteroid therapy. A 29-year-old Chinese male developed severe aregenerative anemia. The bone marrow was diffusely hypercellular with increased marrow reticulin and a persistent failure of erythroid differentiation beyond the pronormoblast stage. Although he did not manifest classic features of systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple serologic studies were in accord with this diagnosis. The patient's defect in erythropoiesis was studied by an in vitro technique for the growth of erythroid colonies. Despite the severe erythroid hypoplasia, the patient's marrow yielded abundant large erythroid colonies. Serum erythropoietin activity was high as judged by use of this in vitro assay. Although the patient's native serum did not affect colony formation, a separated IgG fraction was markedly inhibitory to colony growth. This suggests that the erythroid hypoplasia may have resulted from a unique autoantibody. The patient's hematologic abnormalities completely reversed following treatment with corticosteroids.", "PMID": 752263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8854", "title": "Population study of fixation disparity, heterophoria, and vergence.", "content": "Data on phorias, vergences, and fixation disparities were gathered for distant and near viewing conditions from a nonclinical, young adult population. Normative values were computed from the data for analysis and comparison. Our study revealed slightly less exophoria at far and near than Morgan's study, together with large base-out vergence readings. We found proportionately more esophores with exo fixation disparity who require base-in prism to neutralize the fixation disparity than Ogle's studies found.", "contents": "Population study of fixation disparity, heterophoria, and vergence. Data on phorias, vergences, and fixation disparities were gathered for distant and near viewing conditions from a nonclinical, young adult population. Normative values were computed from the data for analysis and comparison. Our study revealed slightly less exophoria at far and near than Morgan's study, together with large base-out vergence readings. We found proportionately more esophores with exo fixation disparity who require base-in prism to neutralize the fixation disparity than Ogle's studies found.", "PMID": 752265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8855", "title": "Basic principles of lens fracture testing.", "content": "An analysis of different tests used or proposed for evaluation of the resistance of ophthalmic lenses to breakage is presented. The tests considered subject the lenses to different strain rates, areas under stress, and energy losses. The analysis examines effects of these variables as well as effects of differences in lens-failure stress and lens thickness on test results.", "contents": "Basic principles of lens fracture testing. An analysis of different tests used or proposed for evaluation of the resistance of ophthalmic lenses to breakage is presented. The tests considered subject the lenses to different strain rates, areas under stress, and energy losses. The analysis examines effects of these variables as well as effects of differences in lens-failure stress and lens thickness on test results.", "PMID": 752266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8856", "title": "Matrix optics of catadioptric systems.", "content": "Analysis of an optical system that contains a combination of reflecting and refracting elements may be very cumbersome by conventional vergence methods, especially if the system contains a large number of elements. This paper presents an algorithm that permits simple and rapid analysis of the paraxial optics of such systems and presents examples of optometric interest.", "contents": "Matrix optics of catadioptric systems. Analysis of an optical system that contains a combination of reflecting and refracting elements may be very cumbersome by conventional vergence methods, especially if the system contains a large number of elements. This paper presents an algorithm that permits simple and rapid analysis of the paraxial optics of such systems and presents examples of optometric interest.", "PMID": 752267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8857", "title": "Cellophane maculopathy: a case report.", "content": "Cellophane maculopathy is a fairly common entity frequently overlooked as a possible explanation for decreased visual acuity. A case report is presented to show how this entity presents itself clinically and what procedures are performed to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Cellophane maculopathy: a case report. Cellophane maculopathy is a fairly common entity frequently overlooked as a possible explanation for decreased visual acuity. A case report is presented to show how this entity presents itself clinically and what procedures are performed to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 752268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8858", "title": "A duration effect in reaction time to the offset of brief auditory stimuli.", "content": "A previous study reported no difference in reaction time to the offset of brief bursts of noise as a function of stimulus duration. However, in that study a fixed foreperiod preceded stimulus onset, and the stimulus duration remained constant within blocks of trials. In the present study it was found that when foreperiods and durations are selected randomly from trial to trial, reaction time does vary significantly as a function of stimulus duration.", "contents": "A duration effect in reaction time to the offset of brief auditory stimuli. A previous study reported no difference in reaction time to the offset of brief bursts of noise as a function of stimulus duration. However, in that study a fixed foreperiod preceded stimulus onset, and the stimulus duration remained constant within blocks of trials. In the present study it was found that when foreperiods and durations are selected randomly from trial to trial, reaction time does vary significantly as a function of stimulus duration.", "PMID": 752269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8859", "title": "Effects of orienting tasks on recognition of chess positions.", "content": "Two experiments using a levels-of-processing paradigm were performed to demonstrate the existence and usefulness of a semantic component in chess knowledge. Experiment I compared forced-choice recognition of chess positions after a structural task (piece counting) as opposed to a semantic task (choosing a move). Recognition accuracy, confidence, and familiarity ratings all showed a facilitation effect in the semantic condition. By including an orienting task that did not encourage semantic processing but still allowed pattern-matching operations to occur (copying a board), Experiment II demonstrated that this task effect was a genuine enhancement of memory due to meaningful processing. One again, the processing of meaningful relations in the semantic task (positional evaluation) produced a higher level of recognition performance than did the more structural processing. These results suggest that aspects of meaning have some input into the processes that generate the memory representation of a chess position.", "contents": "Effects of orienting tasks on recognition of chess positions. Two experiments using a levels-of-processing paradigm were performed to demonstrate the existence and usefulness of a semantic component in chess knowledge. Experiment I compared forced-choice recognition of chess positions after a structural task (piece counting) as opposed to a semantic task (choosing a move). Recognition accuracy, confidence, and familiarity ratings all showed a facilitation effect in the semantic condition. By including an orienting task that did not encourage semantic processing but still allowed pattern-matching operations to occur (copying a board), Experiment II demonstrated that this task effect was a genuine enhancement of memory due to meaningful processing. One again, the processing of meaningful relations in the semantic task (positional evaluation) produced a higher level of recognition performance than did the more structural processing. These results suggest that aspects of meaning have some input into the processes that generate the memory representation of a chess position.", "PMID": 752270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8860", "title": "Effect of thirst and change of thirst on bar-pressing to escape bright light.", "content": "Female albino rats trained to press a bar to turn off a bright light while water-satiated performed better than rats trained while thirsty. It is suggested that thirst elicits responses such as increased activity which compete with stationary behavior required for bar-pressing. Since the proposed competing responses may facilitate locomotor behavior, this hypothesis might also explain the general finding that hunger or thirst facilitates performance on tasks where escape or avoidance requires locomotion. Switching satiated subjects to the thirsty condition caused decreased performance, while the opposite shift apparently failed to improve performance above the level of a control group.", "contents": "Effect of thirst and change of thirst on bar-pressing to escape bright light. Female albino rats trained to press a bar to turn off a bright light while water-satiated performed better than rats trained while thirsty. It is suggested that thirst elicits responses such as increased activity which compete with stationary behavior required for bar-pressing. Since the proposed competing responses may facilitate locomotor behavior, this hypothesis might also explain the general finding that hunger or thirst facilitates performance on tasks where escape or avoidance requires locomotion. Switching satiated subjects to the thirsty condition caused decreased performance, while the opposite shift apparently failed to improve performance above the level of a control group.", "PMID": 752271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8861", "title": "Developmental trends in the processing of multidimensional stimuli.", "content": "The ability to process variations in two dimensions of a visual stimulus as efficiently as variations in one dimension was examined in a choice--reaction-time paradigm. Kindergarten children (N = 23), second graders (N = 37), fourth graders (N = 36), and college students (N = 29) were asked to determine which of three simultaneously presented geometric stimuli was different from the other two. The number of dimensions on which the different stimulus was unlike the other two was varied. Sets of trials were also either homogeneous or heterogeneous with respect to the type of dimensional variation presented in the set. The results indicated a developmental change, which is essentially complete by ten years of age, from serial to parallel processing of dimensions.", "contents": "Developmental trends in the processing of multidimensional stimuli. The ability to process variations in two dimensions of a visual stimulus as efficiently as variations in one dimension was examined in a choice--reaction-time paradigm. Kindergarten children (N = 23), second graders (N = 37), fourth graders (N = 36), and college students (N = 29) were asked to determine which of three simultaneously presented geometric stimuli was different from the other two. The number of dimensions on which the different stimulus was unlike the other two was varied. Sets of trials were also either homogeneous or heterogeneous with respect to the type of dimensional variation presented in the set. The results indicated a developmental change, which is essentially complete by ten years of age, from serial to parallel processing of dimensions.", "PMID": 752272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8862", "title": "[Toxic pathology of the hepatocyte in histiotype culture. I. The experimental model. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study].", "content": "Principle of the method. Description of the techniques used to obtain the cultures, light and electron microscopic study, biochemical determination of proteins, of DNA, of the incorporation of H3-thymidine, of total and lysosomal acid phosphatase activity. Detailed description of hepatocytes developed in unicellular layer: shape and distribution of the cells, junctions, cellular apparatuses and organelles, cytoplasmic inclusions. Comparison of the hepatocyte in vitro and in vivo. The most obvious differences are related to experimental conditions of geometry and nutrition. Particular note should be taken of the microvillous appendices of the free surface and the underlying explasmic layer. Specific physiological activities are evident, including glycogenogenesis. Discussion of multiplication, growth and cellular differentiation phenomena. Vitality tests. In culture, there may develop a tendency to hypertrophy of the mitochondria, of the dictyosomes, to hyperplasia of the granular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum and above all to increased autophagia.", "contents": "[Toxic pathology of the hepatocyte in histiotype culture. I. The experimental model. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study]. Principle of the method. Description of the techniques used to obtain the cultures, light and electron microscopic study, biochemical determination of proteins, of DNA, of the incorporation of H3-thymidine, of total and lysosomal acid phosphatase activity. Detailed description of hepatocytes developed in unicellular layer: shape and distribution of the cells, junctions, cellular apparatuses and organelles, cytoplasmic inclusions. Comparison of the hepatocyte in vitro and in vivo. The most obvious differences are related to experimental conditions of geometry and nutrition. Particular note should be taken of the microvillous appendices of the free surface and the underlying explasmic layer. Specific physiological activities are evident, including glycogenogenesis. Discussion of multiplication, growth and cellular differentiation phenomena. Vitality tests. In culture, there may develop a tendency to hypertrophy of the mitochondria, of the dictyosomes, to hyperplasia of the granular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum and above all to increased autophagia.", "PMID": 752273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8863", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) rich in epithelioid cells presenting a Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Nosological relationship between Sj\u00f6rgen \"pseudolymphomas\" and AIL (a case with a fatal course)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 62-year-old woman in whom, 18 months following the development of bilateral parotid hypertrophy followed by a dry syndrome, there was the onset of an angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) which consisted of the association of a multiple lymphadenopathy with a characteristic histological appearance, although poor in plasmocytes, and a febrile syndrome, but in the absence of a complete syndrom from a laboratory standpoint. This fact, incombination with the richness of the nodes in epitheloid cells, is such that this case resembles the type II \"dysimmune and pseudo-lymphomatous lymphadenopathies\" (DPLL) of Delsol et al. Although the term AIL has never been used before in the title of previous publications of pseudo-lymphomas occuring during Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, it would seem possible, as has already been suggested by Diebold et al. (3) with regard to several cases, that certain of these pseudo-lymphomas are true AIL. The rapidly fatal course with visceral spread shown at autopsy and above all the presence of exclusively immunoblastic plaques in several mode areas led, on the basis of the criteria of Nathwani et al. (22), to acceptance of the coexistence of an immunoblastic sarcoma.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) rich in epithelioid cells presenting a Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Nosological relationship between Sj\u00f6rgen \"pseudolymphomas\" and AIL (a case with a fatal course)]. The authors report the case of a 62-year-old woman in whom, 18 months following the development of bilateral parotid hypertrophy followed by a dry syndrome, there was the onset of an angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) which consisted of the association of a multiple lymphadenopathy with a characteristic histological appearance, although poor in plasmocytes, and a febrile syndrome, but in the absence of a complete syndrom from a laboratory standpoint. This fact, incombination with the richness of the nodes in epitheloid cells, is such that this case resembles the type II \"dysimmune and pseudo-lymphomatous lymphadenopathies\" (DPLL) of Delsol et al. Although the term AIL has never been used before in the title of previous publications of pseudo-lymphomas occuring during Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, it would seem possible, as has already been suggested by Diebold et al. (3) with regard to several cases, that certain of these pseudo-lymphomas are true AIL. The rapidly fatal course with visceral spread shown at autopsy and above all the presence of exclusively immunoblastic plaques in several mode areas led, on the basis of the criteria of Nathwani et al. (22), to acceptance of the coexistence of an immunoblastic sarcoma.", "PMID": 752274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8864", "title": "[Aleukemic chloroma. review of literature and diagnostic problems: 1 case].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 30-year-old man with granulocytic sarcoma of the chest wall presenting as a swelling with axillary lymphadenopathy followed by pleuropericardial effusions. The myeloblastic nature of the tumor cells was confirmed on the adenogram by the detection of granulations, rare Auer bodies and myeloperoxydase activity. It was confirmed by the presence of numerous granulations by electron microscopy and by that of a chloracetate esterase activity detected using Leder's protocol (9) on sections of material mounted in paraffin wax after formol fixation. Four marrow biopsies form different sites were normal. The course was fatal in six months, despite multiple chemotherapy, with massive invasion of the thorax by the tumor without the presence of myeloblasts in the circulating blood. The autopsy confirmed the preponderance of thoracic involvement (greenish in colour) and the presence of diffuse marrow myeloblastosis. In the light of this case, the rare instances (of the order of 10) of aleukaemic chloroma recorded in the literature are reviewed, emphasising the difficulties of diagnosis of these tumours and the ways in which they may be overcome.", "contents": "[Aleukemic chloroma. review of literature and diagnostic problems: 1 case]. The authors report the case of a 30-year-old man with granulocytic sarcoma of the chest wall presenting as a swelling with axillary lymphadenopathy followed by pleuropericardial effusions. The myeloblastic nature of the tumor cells was confirmed on the adenogram by the detection of granulations, rare Auer bodies and myeloperoxydase activity. It was confirmed by the presence of numerous granulations by electron microscopy and by that of a chloracetate esterase activity detected using Leder's protocol (9) on sections of material mounted in paraffin wax after formol fixation. Four marrow biopsies form different sites were normal. The course was fatal in six months, despite multiple chemotherapy, with massive invasion of the thorax by the tumor without the presence of myeloblasts in the circulating blood. The autopsy confirmed the preponderance of thoracic involvement (greenish in colour) and the presence of diffuse marrow myeloblastosis. In the light of this case, the rare instances (of the order of 10) of aleukaemic chloroma recorded in the literature are reviewed, emphasising the difficulties of diagnosis of these tumours and the ways in which they may be overcome.", "PMID": 752275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8865", "title": "[Macroscopic pathologic anatomy technicians. Function and recrutment in the Hospital Center].", "content": "The authors lay out 7 years of activity in the Anatomy-Pathology laboratories of a non university hospital center organized with the aim of carrying out an autopsy for more than 50 p. 100 deaths occuring in this hospital. They introduce the concept and title, Technician of Anatomy and Macroscopic Pathology.", "contents": "[Macroscopic pathologic anatomy technicians. Function and recrutment in the Hospital Center]. The authors lay out 7 years of activity in the Anatomy-Pathology laboratories of a non university hospital center organized with the aim of carrying out an autopsy for more than 50 p. 100 deaths occuring in this hospital. They introduce the concept and title, Technician of Anatomy and Macroscopic Pathology.", "PMID": 752276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8866", "title": "[Operative model in psychiatry].", "content": "This model is intended for an objective and dynamic study of mental disorders. It is specified in its various aspects: definition, cultural and historical origins, formation modus, conditions of validity, clinical, methodological, and epistemological effects. Its study shows that psychiatry can change rationality level, while including and extending the data of the previous trends. A new psychiatry better adapted to the contemporary scientific orientation can be considered.", "contents": "[Operative model in psychiatry]. This model is intended for an objective and dynamic study of mental disorders. It is specified in its various aspects: definition, cultural and historical origins, formation modus, conditions of validity, clinical, methodological, and epistemological effects. Its study shows that psychiatry can change rationality level, while including and extending the data of the previous trends. A new psychiatry better adapted to the contemporary scientific orientation can be considered.", "PMID": 752277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8867", "title": "[Psychological treatment of transsexualism and sexual identity disorders some recent attempts].", "content": "Psychological treatments of transsexualism and sex gender Dysphoria syndroms. Recent data. There are generally two types of patients requesting sex change operations: one type is the classical but rare transsexual, the others belong to the larger more vague group of sex gender Dysphoria. These syndroms have been felt to be unresponsive to psychotherapy. We review here some recent attempts of psychological treatments which claim to improve satisfaction with biological sex gender identity and result in renonciation of the request of sex reassignment surgery (S.R.S.). These psychotherapies use various methods: Behavior therapy, psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy, religious exorcism and conversion. The reports reviewed suggest that sex gender identity may be more malleable than previously thought in transsexual syndrom, at least in relatively youthful subjects. Cases of recent onset of the syndrom which result from a crisis cases underline the necessity for careful evaluation and attempted psychological treatment before undertaking irreversible surgical procedures.", "contents": "[Psychological treatment of transsexualism and sexual identity disorders some recent attempts]. Psychological treatments of transsexualism and sex gender Dysphoria syndroms. Recent data. There are generally two types of patients requesting sex change operations: one type is the classical but rare transsexual, the others belong to the larger more vague group of sex gender Dysphoria. These syndroms have been felt to be unresponsive to psychotherapy. We review here some recent attempts of psychological treatments which claim to improve satisfaction with biological sex gender identity and result in renonciation of the request of sex reassignment surgery (S.R.S.). These psychotherapies use various methods: Behavior therapy, psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy, religious exorcism and conversion. The reports reviewed suggest that sex gender identity may be more malleable than previously thought in transsexual syndrom, at least in relatively youthful subjects. Cases of recent onset of the syndrom which result from a crisis cases underline the necessity for careful evaluation and attempted psychological treatment before undertaking irreversible surgical procedures.", "PMID": 752283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8868", "title": "Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm.", "content": "Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm must be suspected in all patients with massive trauma and especially in those whose chest roentgenogram reveals an abnormal or obscured diaphragmatic shadow. Regular reevaluation is most important. A diagnostic pneumoperitoneum is the most accurate preoperative test available. Transthoracic approach is the operation of choice.", "contents": "Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm must be suspected in all patients with massive trauma and especially in those whose chest roentgenogram reveals an abnormal or obscured diaphragmatic shadow. Regular reevaluation is most important. A diagnostic pneumoperitoneum is the most accurate preoperative test available. Transthoracic approach is the operation of choice.", "PMID": 752289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8869", "title": "Acute traumatic hemothorax.", "content": "Over the past 5 years, 107 patients have been evaluated for acute traumatic hemothorax at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. Immediate tube thoracostomy was performed on 90 patients for evacuation of blood and air. Only 2 patients died. Thoracotomy was performed as part of the initial therapy in 9 patients. Thoracotomy for continued hemorrhage from a pulmonary parenchymal injury was required in 3 patients from the entire group. Thoracentesis or observation was the initial therapy for limited hemothorax in 8 stable patients. Three of these patients subsequently required tube thoracostomy 2 to 23 days following injury due to expanding effusions, and 1 patient required multiple thoracotomies for sepsis, fibrothorax, and empyema. These observations indicate that early evacuation of blood by means of a tube thoracostomy is essential to minimize morbidity in acute traumatic hemothorax. If continuing hemorrhage after tube thoracostomy occurs, there is a higher association of injury to additional vital structures.", "contents": "Acute traumatic hemothorax. Over the past 5 years, 107 patients have been evaluated for acute traumatic hemothorax at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. Immediate tube thoracostomy was performed on 90 patients for evacuation of blood and air. Only 2 patients died. Thoracotomy was performed as part of the initial therapy in 9 patients. Thoracotomy for continued hemorrhage from a pulmonary parenchymal injury was required in 3 patients from the entire group. Thoracentesis or observation was the initial therapy for limited hemothorax in 8 stable patients. Three of these patients subsequently required tube thoracostomy 2 to 23 days following injury due to expanding effusions, and 1 patient required multiple thoracotomies for sepsis, fibrothorax, and empyema. These observations indicate that early evacuation of blood by means of a tube thoracostomy is essential to minimize morbidity in acute traumatic hemothorax. If continuing hemorrhage after tube thoracostomy occurs, there is a higher association of injury to additional vital structures.", "PMID": 752290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8870", "title": "Late sequelae of perioperative myocardial infarction.", "content": "The late suquelae of myocardial injury occurring at the time of direct myocardial revascularization are unknown. Fifty of 500 consecutive patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting developed both electrocardiographic and enzymatic evidence of myocardial injury. They were matched with 50 patients of similar age, sex, history of previous infarction, severity of angina, degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, and level of ventricular function as determined by preoperative angiographic studies. The conduct of the operation was identical in each group except for prolongation of total cross-clamp time in those patients with myocardial injury. The total number of vessels grafted, the conduit used, and the operative mean graft flow were similar. Results of treadmill stress testing at 24 to 36 months were not significantly different between groups. Angina status, long-term survival, graft patency, and ventricular function were not adversely affected by intraoperative myocardial injury. However, postoperative ventricular function and stress test performance were related to graft patency.", "contents": "Late sequelae of perioperative myocardial infarction. The late suquelae of myocardial injury occurring at the time of direct myocardial revascularization are unknown. Fifty of 500 consecutive patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting developed both electrocardiographic and enzymatic evidence of myocardial injury. They were matched with 50 patients of similar age, sex, history of previous infarction, severity of angina, degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, and level of ventricular function as determined by preoperative angiographic studies. The conduct of the operation was identical in each group except for prolongation of total cross-clamp time in those patients with myocardial injury. The total number of vessels grafted, the conduit used, and the operative mean graft flow were similar. Results of treadmill stress testing at 24 to 36 months were not significantly different between groups. Angina status, long-term survival, graft patency, and ventricular function were not adversely affected by intraoperative myocardial injury. However, postoperative ventricular function and stress test performance were related to graft patency.", "PMID": 752291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8871", "title": "Improved technique of intraaortic balloon insertion.", "content": "Routine insertion of an intraaortic balloon through the femoral artery may be difficult in the face of obstructive aortoiliac atherosclerosis. Perioperatively, the balloon catheter may be guided through diseased vessels by transabdominal palpation.", "contents": "Improved technique of intraaortic balloon insertion. Routine insertion of an intraaortic balloon through the femoral artery may be difficult in the face of obstructive aortoiliac atherosclerosis. Perioperatively, the balloon catheter may be guided through diseased vessels by transabdominal palpation.", "PMID": 752293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8872", "title": "Transverse femoral arteriotomy for intraaortic balloon insertion.", "content": "A technique for intraaortic balloon placement employing a transverse femoral arteriotomy is described. After balloon removal, the arteriotomy can be closed primarily. Avoidance of retained graft material or use of a vein patch reduces the likelihood of vascular complications.", "contents": "Transverse femoral arteriotomy for intraaortic balloon insertion. A technique for intraaortic balloon placement employing a transverse femoral arteriotomy is described. After balloon removal, the arteriotomy can be closed primarily. Avoidance of retained graft material or use of a vein patch reduces the likelihood of vascular complications.", "PMID": 752294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8873", "title": "A simple method for exposing the external jugular vein for placement of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter electode.", "content": "A method is presented for cannulating the external jugular vein and implanting a pacemaker through one incision. No increase in morbidity over the conventional methods has been demonstrated. This technique is an attractive alternative to the standard emthods in use.", "contents": "A simple method for exposing the external jugular vein for placement of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter electode. A method is presented for cannulating the external jugular vein and implanting a pacemaker through one incision. No increase in morbidity over the conventional methods has been demonstrated. This technique is an attractive alternative to the standard emthods in use.", "PMID": 752295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8874", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Carcinoma of the esophagus continues to have a low 5-year cure rate despite advances in radical surgery and super-voltage radiation. Neither patient education nor newer diagnostic techniques have improved survival. The reported operative mortality is 4 to 30% for esophagogastrostomy and 10 to 44%  for colon interposition. Average survival time with surgery is 11 to 28 months and 5 to 11 months with irradiation. Local recurrence is high (33 to 76%) with irradiation. The reported 5-year survival rate with preoperative irradiation followed by surgery is higher (14 to 25%). Recent reports have concentrated on improving functional rehabilitation rather than improving cure rates. Palliative surgery is more acceptable because of lowered operative morbidity and mortality and the high complication rate with radiation therapy for far advanced disease. New approaches of interest include fundoplication added to esophagogastrostomy, substernal gastric bypass with anastomosis in the neck, reversed gastric tube (Heimlich operation), the addition of postoperative rather than preoperative irradiation in patients with potentially curable lesions, the use of preoperative hyperalimentation, and the potential application of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus. Carcinoma of the esophagus continues to have a low 5-year cure rate despite advances in radical surgery and super-voltage radiation. Neither patient education nor newer diagnostic techniques have improved survival. The reported operative mortality is 4 to 30% for esophagogastrostomy and 10 to 44%  for colon interposition. Average survival time with surgery is 11 to 28 months and 5 to 11 months with irradiation. Local recurrence is high (33 to 76%) with irradiation. The reported 5-year survival rate with preoperative irradiation followed by surgery is higher (14 to 25%). Recent reports have concentrated on improving functional rehabilitation rather than improving cure rates. Palliative surgery is more acceptable because of lowered operative morbidity and mortality and the high complication rate with radiation therapy for far advanced disease. New approaches of interest include fundoplication added to esophagogastrostomy, substernal gastric bypass with anastomosis in the neck, reversed gastric tube (Heimlich operation), the addition of postoperative rather than preoperative irradiation in patients with potentially curable lesions, the use of preoperative hyperalimentation, and the potential application of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 752296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8875", "title": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing A/New Jersey/8/76.", "content": "Studies were undertaken with whole virus, subunit and adsorbed subunit influenza vaccines containing the A/New Jersey/8/76 strain to compare the antibody response induced by immunization with these vaccines. There were no significant differences in the haemagglutination-inhibiton (HI) antibody responses to A/New Jersey/8/76 induced by these vaccines in the adult groups under study. Vaccinees over 23 years of age produced good HI antibody responses to one dose of vaccine. Neuraminidase antibody and complement-fixing (CF) antibody responses were determined for the A/Victoria/3/75 component of bivalent vaccines. There were significant increases in neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibody titres but no increase in the complement-fixing antibody titres after vaccination.", "contents": "Antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing A/New Jersey/8/76. Studies were undertaken with whole virus, subunit and adsorbed subunit influenza vaccines containing the A/New Jersey/8/76 strain to compare the antibody response induced by immunization with these vaccines. There were no significant differences in the haemagglutination-inhibiton (HI) antibody responses to A/New Jersey/8/76 induced by these vaccines in the adult groups under study. Vaccinees over 23 years of age produced good HI antibody responses to one dose of vaccine. Neuraminidase antibody and complement-fixing (CF) antibody responses were determined for the A/Victoria/3/75 component of bivalent vaccines. There were significant increases in neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibody titres but no increase in the complement-fixing antibody titres after vaccination.", "PMID": 752306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8876", "title": "The mucosa-associated microflora of the rat intestine: a study of normal distribution and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea.", "content": "Specimens of intestinal mucosa of rats were examined closely to determine the distribution of the mucosa-associated microbial flora. Six distinct zones were found along the length of the intestinal tract. The first zone, in the small intestine 50 cm or more from the ileocaecal junction, had no associated flora: however, each of the five other zones had different populations of microorganisms associated with the mucosa. Some of these organisms have not been reposted previously. Treatment of rats with oral doses of the purgative magnesium sulphate resulted in dramatic changes in the distribution of these mucosa-associated microorganisms. The normal flora of ileal and caecal crypts disappeared, while the organisms in colonic crypts were unchanged. Large numbers of mucosa-associated bacteria appeared in the stools of treated animals.", "contents": "The mucosa-associated microflora of the rat intestine: a study of normal distribution and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea. Specimens of intestinal mucosa of rats were examined closely to determine the distribution of the mucosa-associated microbial flora. Six distinct zones were found along the length of the intestinal tract. The first zone, in the small intestine 50 cm or more from the ileocaecal junction, had no associated flora: however, each of the five other zones had different populations of microorganisms associated with the mucosa. Some of these organisms have not been reposted previously. Treatment of rats with oral doses of the purgative magnesium sulphate resulted in dramatic changes in the distribution of these mucosa-associated microorganisms. The normal flora of ileal and caecal crypts disappeared, while the organisms in colonic crypts were unchanged. Large numbers of mucosa-associated bacteria appeared in the stools of treated animals.", "PMID": 752307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8877", "title": "Separation of mouse bone marrow cells using wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatographyy.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow cells were fractionated on columns of wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 6MB (WGA-Sepharose) and conditions established for specific binding and cell enrichment in the eluted fractions. A small proportion (7%) of the cells applied did not bind to the column and 60% of these were lymphocyte-like cells. Twice as many cells were eluted from the WGA-Sepharose column using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and 80% of these cells were polymorphonuclear granulocytes and metamyelocytes. These cells were only released from the matrix in the presence of GlcNAc at high buffer flow rates (greater than 4 ml/min). Approximately 3 x 10(8) bone marrow cells bound to 1 ml of WGA-Sepharose. At least 5 min were required for 90% binding of the cells and elution of the cells with GlcNAc required nearly 20 min at 24 degrees. At 37 degrees the elution of cells with ClcNAc was much faster (less than 5 min) and a much larger percentage of cells (40-50%) was specifically eluted. Sodium azide (0.02%, w/v) did not prevent cells binding to WGA-Separose or alter the distribution of cells eluted by GlcNAc, but did slightly increase cell yields. Elution of cells with different concentrations of GlcNAc gave fractions enriched in different cell types. Analysis of cell fraction with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that the lymphocyte subpopulation which failed to bind to WGA-Sepharose had been depleted of cells with a high density of immunoglobulin on their surface. The lymphocytes with a high density of surface immunoglobulin were recovered in the cells released from WGA-Sepharose using mechanical agitation.", "contents": "Separation of mouse bone marrow cells using wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatographyy. Mouse bone marrow cells were fractionated on columns of wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 6MB (WGA-Sepharose) and conditions established for specific binding and cell enrichment in the eluted fractions. A small proportion (7%) of the cells applied did not bind to the column and 60% of these were lymphocyte-like cells. Twice as many cells were eluted from the WGA-Sepharose column using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and 80% of these cells were polymorphonuclear granulocytes and metamyelocytes. These cells were only released from the matrix in the presence of GlcNAc at high buffer flow rates (greater than 4 ml/min). Approximately 3 x 10(8) bone marrow cells bound to 1 ml of WGA-Sepharose. At least 5 min were required for 90% binding of the cells and elution of the cells with GlcNAc required nearly 20 min at 24 degrees. At 37 degrees the elution of cells with ClcNAc was much faster (less than 5 min) and a much larger percentage of cells (40-50%) was specifically eluted. Sodium azide (0.02%, w/v) did not prevent cells binding to WGA-Separose or alter the distribution of cells eluted by GlcNAc, but did slightly increase cell yields. Elution of cells with different concentrations of GlcNAc gave fractions enriched in different cell types. Analysis of cell fraction with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that the lymphocyte subpopulation which failed to bind to WGA-Sepharose had been depleted of cells with a high density of immunoglobulin on their surface. The lymphocytes with a high density of surface immunoglobulin were recovered in the cells released from WGA-Sepharose using mechanical agitation.", "PMID": 752308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8878", "title": "In vitro degradation of mouse, rabbit and dog antibodies to Vibrio cholerae by succus entericus.", "content": "Purified antibodies to Vibrio cholerae from mouse, rabbit and dog were digested in vitro by homologous intestinal secretions. When assessed with regard to their complement-dependent vibriocidal activity, IgG antibodies were generally more susceptible to degradation than IgM antibodies, High levels of tryptic inhibitors were required to inhibit this digestion. Rabbit IgG was unusual in being quite resistant to digestion. Gel filtration studies demonstrated that secretory IgA, isolated from mouse intestinal secretions, was resistant to proteolysis. Similar studies on dog IgG and mouse IgM demonstrated production of F(ab') 2-like fragments. Digestss of these antibodies, while devoid of Fc-mediated vibriocidal activity, retained significant protective activity for baby mice.", "contents": "In vitro degradation of mouse, rabbit and dog antibodies to Vibrio cholerae by succus entericus. Purified antibodies to Vibrio cholerae from mouse, rabbit and dog were digested in vitro by homologous intestinal secretions. When assessed with regard to their complement-dependent vibriocidal activity, IgG antibodies were generally more susceptible to degradation than IgM antibodies, High levels of tryptic inhibitors were required to inhibit this digestion. Rabbit IgG was unusual in being quite resistant to digestion. Gel filtration studies demonstrated that secretory IgA, isolated from mouse intestinal secretions, was resistant to proteolysis. Similar studies on dog IgG and mouse IgM demonstrated production of F(ab') 2-like fragments. Digestss of these antibodies, while devoid of Fc-mediated vibriocidal activity, retained significant protective activity for baby mice.", "PMID": 752309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8879", "title": "The source of IgM and IgG in the dog intestine.", "content": "The source of IgM and IgG2a,b in the dog intestine was investigated, using labelled dog immunoglobulins and chronic Thiry-Vella loops of dog small intestine. Clearancess of IgM and IgG2a,b from serum into intestinal secretions were similar, reflecting transfer of a greater mass of IgG2a,b than of IgM. Only 20% of the intestinal IgM derived from serum, irrespective of the marker used. About one third of the total intestinal IgG, of all sub-classes and accrued from all sources, was serum-derived IgG2a,b. This indicates that serum is a major contributor to dog intestinal IgG2a,b.", "contents": "The source of IgM and IgG in the dog intestine. The source of IgM and IgG2a,b in the dog intestine was investigated, using labelled dog immunoglobulins and chronic Thiry-Vella loops of dog small intestine. Clearancess of IgM and IgG2a,b from serum into intestinal secretions were similar, reflecting transfer of a greater mass of IgG2a,b than of IgM. Only 20% of the intestinal IgM derived from serum, irrespective of the marker used. About one third of the total intestinal IgG, of all sub-classes and accrued from all sources, was serum-derived IgG2a,b. This indicates that serum is a major contributor to dog intestinal IgG2a,b.", "PMID": 752310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8880", "title": "Total protein patterns in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Total protein patterns of amniotic fluid samples of different age groups, following polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, showed a wide range of variation in early pregnancy, but no two cases had identical banding, indenticating their genetic variability. An assessment has been made here of the total protein, albumin and transferrin patterns from normal fluids of different age groups by gel electrophoresis, in order to observe the genetic variations and relationship with foetal age, if any.", "contents": "Total protein patterns in human amniotic fluid. Total protein patterns of amniotic fluid samples of different age groups, following polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, showed a wide range of variation in early pregnancy, but no two cases had identical banding, indenticating their genetic variability. An assessment has been made here of the total protein, albumin and transferrin patterns from normal fluids of different age groups by gel electrophoresis, in order to observe the genetic variations and relationship with foetal age, if any.", "PMID": 752311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8881", "title": "Acquired immunity to the trematode Fasciola hepatica in rats.", "content": "Following a primary infection of 5 metacercariae (mc) of Fasciola hepatica, rats became immune to challenge with 30 mc. Immunity was less consistently demonstrated following challenge infection with 5 mc. The levels of precipitating and miracidial immobilizing antibodies, and antibodies detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test, were monitored during the course of a primary infection of 5 mc and challenge infection of 30 mc. Following primary infection, peaks in the antibody response were associated with the invasion and migration of juvenile flukes in the liver parenchyma. Antibody titres fell when flukes entered the bile duct. There was a slight elevation in the titre of all antibodies following challenge, but, apart from those detected by the fluorescent antibody test, this elevation was not as marked as in control animals. It is suggested that flukes become isolated from, or have diminished contact with, the immune system once they enter the bile duct. This might explain why adult flukes survive in immune hosts whereas challenge metacercariae are destroyed.", "contents": "Acquired immunity to the trematode Fasciola hepatica in rats. Following a primary infection of 5 metacercariae (mc) of Fasciola hepatica, rats became immune to challenge with 30 mc. Immunity was less consistently demonstrated following challenge infection with 5 mc. The levels of precipitating and miracidial immobilizing antibodies, and antibodies detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test, were monitored during the course of a primary infection of 5 mc and challenge infection of 30 mc. Following primary infection, peaks in the antibody response were associated with the invasion and migration of juvenile flukes in the liver parenchyma. Antibody titres fell when flukes entered the bile duct. There was a slight elevation in the titre of all antibodies following challenge, but, apart from those detected by the fluorescent antibody test, this elevation was not as marked as in control animals. It is suggested that flukes become isolated from, or have diminished contact with, the immune system once they enter the bile duct. This might explain why adult flukes survive in immune hosts whereas challenge metacercariae are destroyed.", "PMID": 752312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8882", "title": "Incest hoax: false accusations, false denials.", "content": "Expertise  in investigating incest accusations is essential for psychiatrists because the law requires the reporting of sexual abuse of children. In such cases persistent and methodical investigation tends to yield a consensually credible view of what really happened without resort to special forensic techniques of truth-finding. In order to make a diagnosis of incest hoax, the investigator must thoroughly understand the mechanics of the hoax and the  psychodynamics of the perpetrator. Failure to recognizing a delusional hoax can delay treatment for the perpetrator of the hoax. Failure to recognize a child's fabrication can subject the family to unnecessary legal action and unwittingly support the use of a similar manipulative technique by other susceptible children. Failure to recognize the false retraction of an incest accusation may leave the victim in danger of further sexual abuse or of physical punishment for having revealed the secret.", "contents": "Incest hoax: false accusations, false denials. Expertise  in investigating incest accusations is essential for psychiatrists because the law requires the reporting of sexual abuse of children. In such cases persistent and methodical investigation tends to yield a consensually credible view of what really happened without resort to special forensic techniques of truth-finding. In order to make a diagnosis of incest hoax, the investigator must thoroughly understand the mechanics of the hoax and the  psychodynamics of the perpetrator. Failure to recognizing a delusional hoax can delay treatment for the perpetrator of the hoax. Failure to recognize a child's fabrication can subject the family to unnecessary legal action and unwittingly support the use of a similar manipulative technique by other susceptible children. Failure to recognize the false retraction of an incest accusation may leave the victim in danger of further sexual abuse or of physical punishment for having revealed the secret.", "PMID": 752367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8883", "title": "Sexaully motivated burglaries.", "content": "Overt or covert sexual motivation was found in several repetitive, compulsive burglars. Voyeuristic impulses, transvetism, confused sexual identity, and hatred of mother transferred to women in general are common findings. The possibility of eventual serious attacks on women should be considered in those who in addition to burglaries, particularly committed in bizarre circumstances and alone, have a history of minor attacks on women and mistreatment of animals. The cat appears to symbolize a woman, so mistreatment of cats in combination with sexually motivated burglaries should be considered an important prognostic sign.", "contents": "Sexaully motivated burglaries. Overt or covert sexual motivation was found in several repetitive, compulsive burglars. Voyeuristic impulses, transvetism, confused sexual identity, and hatred of mother transferred to women in general are common findings. The possibility of eventual serious attacks on women should be considered in those who in addition to burglaries, particularly committed in bizarre circumstances and alone, have a history of minor attacks on women and mistreatment of animals. The cat appears to symbolize a woman, so mistreatment of cats in combination with sexually motivated burglaries should be considered an important prognostic sign.", "PMID": 752368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8884", "title": "Sadism and masochism: sociological perspectives.", "content": "This paper represents an initial attempt to provide theoretical structure for the sociological study of sadomasochism. Sadomasochistic behavior, like human behavior in general, is most fully understood within a social context. To understand \"what is going on\" within an S&M episode, one must know something about the culture of the group and how it defines and categorized people and behavior. This is where frame analysis is helpful. Frames are central components of the culture of the group, through which its members interpret the world. To a great extent the frame itself is structured by the language of the groups, which serves to explain to its members what is happening and to justify their desires, motives, and behavior. Frames tell people what is and what is not proper, acceptable, and possible with their world. They define and categorize for their members situations, settings, scenes, identities, roles, and relationships. When people join sadomasochistic groups, or any other kind of group, they are taught not only frames, but also the conceptual tools or \"keys\" for defining, applying, transforming, and limiting them. Frame analysis helps make sense of findings that might otherwise be difficult to explain. For example, the apparently puzzling existence in the S&M subculture of \"dominant\" women and \"submissive\" men when the larger society to which these individuals also belong prescribes aggressiveness for males and passivity for females may be explained in terms of makebelieve, fantasy, and the theatrical frame. Lack of generalization into the larger world of roles and relationships developed within the sadomasochistic subworld is explained in terms of how behavior is \"keyed\". A number of areas that have not been fully developed here could be profitably explored. For example, although we have attended to the structuring and limiting of S&M frames, we have not explored misframings, miskeyings, breaking frame, and other errors and their consequences for interactants. Hollander, for instance, provides an example in which an S&M episode was miskeyed with disastrous results. Another issue for further exploration involves the ways in which the language of S&M structures the relations between participants in the world by building in notions of activity and passivity and tying these to particular roles in the interaction. The specific identities of people as \"dominant\" or \"submissive\", the ways in which they arrive at a recognition of these self-identities, and the stability of these orientations await investigation.", "contents": "Sadism and masochism: sociological perspectives. This paper represents an initial attempt to provide theoretical structure for the sociological study of sadomasochism. Sadomasochistic behavior, like human behavior in general, is most fully understood within a social context. To understand \"what is going on\" within an S&M episode, one must know something about the culture of the group and how it defines and categorized people and behavior. This is where frame analysis is helpful. Frames are central components of the culture of the group, through which its members interpret the world. To a great extent the frame itself is structured by the language of the groups, which serves to explain to its members what is happening and to justify their desires, motives, and behavior. Frames tell people what is and what is not proper, acceptable, and possible with their world. They define and categorize for their members situations, settings, scenes, identities, roles, and relationships. When people join sadomasochistic groups, or any other kind of group, they are taught not only frames, but also the conceptual tools or \"keys\" for defining, applying, transforming, and limiting them. Frame analysis helps make sense of findings that might otherwise be difficult to explain. For example, the apparently puzzling existence in the S&M subculture of \"dominant\" women and \"submissive\" men when the larger society to which these individuals also belong prescribes aggressiveness for males and passivity for females may be explained in terms of makebelieve, fantasy, and the theatrical frame. Lack of generalization into the larger world of roles and relationships developed within the sadomasochistic subworld is explained in terms of how behavior is \"keyed\". A number of areas that have not been fully developed here could be profitably explored. For example, although we have attended to the structuring and limiting of S&M frames, we have not explored misframings, miskeyings, breaking frame, and other errors and their consequences for interactants. Hollander, for instance, provides an example in which an S&M episode was miskeyed with disastrous results. Another issue for further exploration involves the ways in which the language of S&M structures the relations between participants in the world by building in notions of activity and passivity and tying these to particular roles in the interaction. The specific identities of people as \"dominant\" or \"submissive\", the ways in which they arrive at a recognition of these self-identities, and the stability of these orientations await investigation.", "PMID": 752369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8885", "title": "Ammoniagenesis in kidney cortex mitochondria of the rat: role of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate anion transporter.", "content": "Since glutamine enters rat kidney mitochondria without exchange for an anion, the exit of its carbon skeleton must involve the dicarboxylate anion transporter (malate - inorganic phosphate) for ammoniagenesis to proceed. Therefore, this important mitochondrial anion transporter was studied in isolated renal cortex mitochondria. The phosphate concentration required for half-maximal rates of malate exit from renal mitochondria of normal rats was 1.0 mM. This value was not decreased in renal cortex mitochondria from rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. The maximum velocity of the dicarboxylate transporter was not increased in renal cortex mitochondria from these acidotic rats. These kinetic parameters were similar in liver mitochondria. There was no acute activation of the dicarboxylate carrier when the incubation medium pH lowered. Thus, there is no demonstrable activation of the dicarboxylate anion transporter in kidney cortex mitochondria of the rat with chronic metabolic acidosis. The significance of these results with respect to the regulation of renal ammoniagenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Ammoniagenesis in kidney cortex mitochondria of the rat: role of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate anion transporter. Since glutamine enters rat kidney mitochondria without exchange for an anion, the exit of its carbon skeleton must involve the dicarboxylate anion transporter (malate - inorganic phosphate) for ammoniagenesis to proceed. Therefore, this important mitochondrial anion transporter was studied in isolated renal cortex mitochondria. The phosphate concentration required for half-maximal rates of malate exit from renal mitochondria of normal rats was 1.0 mM. This value was not decreased in renal cortex mitochondria from rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. The maximum velocity of the dicarboxylate transporter was not increased in renal cortex mitochondria from these acidotic rats. These kinetic parameters were similar in liver mitochondria. There was no acute activation of the dicarboxylate carrier when the incubation medium pH lowered. Thus, there is no demonstrable activation of the dicarboxylate anion transporter in kidney cortex mitochondria of the rat with chronic metabolic acidosis. The significance of these results with respect to the regulation of renal ammoniagenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 752408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8886", "title": "A study of cell surface constituents restricting Salmonella minnesota R form glycopid mR595 fixation to normal rat embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The nature of the cell surface constituent(s) containing sialic acid that block fixation of bacterial glycolipid mR595 to normal rat fibroblasts was explored. Indirect evidence suggests that a trypsin-sensitive, high molecular weight glycoprotein, present in larger amounts on the surface of normal cells (as compared with transformed rat fibroblasts), may be involved as a blocking agent.", "contents": "A study of cell surface constituents restricting Salmonella minnesota R form glycopid mR595 fixation to normal rat embryo fibroblasts. The nature of the cell surface constituent(s) containing sialic acid that block fixation of bacterial glycolipid mR595 to normal rat fibroblasts was explored. Indirect evidence suggests that a trypsin-sensitive, high molecular weight glycoprotein, present in larger amounts on the surface of normal cells (as compared with transformed rat fibroblasts), may be involved as a blocking agent.", "PMID": 752409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8887", "title": "Studies on the use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline for the synthesis of acylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides.", "content": "The use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) for coupling acyl-L-amino acids with aniline and p-nitroaniline has been investigated. Optically pure anlides are obtained in good yield but partial racemization occurred in one case. p-Nitroanlides cannot be obtained under similar conditions but if the reaction solvent is removed and the residue left for several days, coupling occurs giving a racemic product in moderate yields. Reaction mechanisms are proposed on the basis of isolated and characterized intermediates. It has been found that N-benzoylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides are cleaved within a few minutes by hydrogen bromide in acetic acid to give the N-benzoylamino acid and the amine.", "contents": "Studies on the use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline for the synthesis of acylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides. The use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) for coupling acyl-L-amino acids with aniline and p-nitroaniline has been investigated. Optically pure anlides are obtained in good yield but partial racemization occurred in one case. p-Nitroanlides cannot be obtained under similar conditions but if the reaction solvent is removed and the residue left for several days, coupling occurs giving a racemic product in moderate yields. Reaction mechanisms are proposed on the basis of isolated and characterized intermediates. It has been found that N-benzoylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides are cleaved within a few minutes by hydrogen bromide in acetic acid to give the N-benzoylamino acid and the amine.", "PMID": 752410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8888", "title": "Purification and properties of beta-xylosidase from Penicillium wortmanni.", "content": "A purification method for an extracellular beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) induced in Penicillium wortmanni is described. It includes diafiltration, acetone precipitation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 100,000. Its pH optimum is at pH 3.3--4.0 and it is most stable at pH 5.0-6.0. Its isoelectric point is at pH 5.0. Sulfhydryl and histidine reagents are not inhibitory. The influence of added cations and anions is negligible. N-Bromosuccinimide oxidation of two to three tryptophan residues per molecule entails rapid inactivation. Glycon-specificity studies indicate strict requirements at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5, although alpha-L-arabinopyranosides are substrates. As the enzyme seems to hydrolyse xylooligosaccharides endwise, with retention of configuration in the reaction product, the enzyme is a true glycosidase, probably operating by a double-inversion mechanism.", "contents": "Purification and properties of beta-xylosidase from Penicillium wortmanni. A purification method for an extracellular beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) induced in Penicillium wortmanni is described. It includes diafiltration, acetone precipitation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 100,000. Its pH optimum is at pH 3.3--4.0 and it is most stable at pH 5.0-6.0. Its isoelectric point is at pH 5.0. Sulfhydryl and histidine reagents are not inhibitory. The influence of added cations and anions is negligible. N-Bromosuccinimide oxidation of two to three tryptophan residues per molecule entails rapid inactivation. Glycon-specificity studies indicate strict requirements at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5, although alpha-L-arabinopyranosides are substrates. As the enzyme seems to hydrolyse xylooligosaccharides endwise, with retention of configuration in the reaction product, the enzyme is a true glycosidase, probably operating by a double-inversion mechanism.", "PMID": 752411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8889", "title": "A critical analysis of renal blood flow distribution during hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) and its distribution were measured before and during hemorrhage by utilizing: 1) and electromagnetic flowmeter, 2) radioactive microspheres, 3) 85Kr washout and 4) a freeze-dissection 85Kr disappearance technique. Before hemorrhage, total RBF was 3.48 and 3.56 ml/g.min measured with microspheres and flowmeter. Outer cortical flow was 6.65 and 7.56 ml/g.min measured with microspheres and freeze-dissection respectively while inner cortical flow was 5.15 and 4.38 ml/g.min. After hemorrhage, total flow as measured with either method was 2.3 ml/g.min. Outer and inner cortical flow (3.85 and 3.08 ml/g.min respectively) measured with microspheres was higher than that measured by freeze-dissection (1.54 and 1.60 ml/g.min). The data suggest that preglomerular renal blood flow distribution may be different than cortical capillary flow distribution, especially during hemorrhage. The freeze-dissection technique provides flow rates for the outer medulla that are closet to component II (outer medullary flow) of any of the components of the externally monitored inert gas washout. Components I and II of the externally monitored washout may represent whole cortex and subcortical outer medulla respectively.", "contents": "A critical analysis of renal blood flow distribution during hemorrhage in dogs. Renal blood flow (RBF) and its distribution were measured before and during hemorrhage by utilizing: 1) and electromagnetic flowmeter, 2) radioactive microspheres, 3) 85Kr washout and 4) a freeze-dissection 85Kr disappearance technique. Before hemorrhage, total RBF was 3.48 and 3.56 ml/g.min measured with microspheres and flowmeter. Outer cortical flow was 6.65 and 7.56 ml/g.min measured with microspheres and freeze-dissection respectively while inner cortical flow was 5.15 and 4.38 ml/g.min. After hemorrhage, total flow as measured with either method was 2.3 ml/g.min. Outer and inner cortical flow (3.85 and 3.08 ml/g.min respectively) measured with microspheres was higher than that measured by freeze-dissection (1.54 and 1.60 ml/g.min). The data suggest that preglomerular renal blood flow distribution may be different than cortical capillary flow distribution, especially during hemorrhage. The freeze-dissection technique provides flow rates for the outer medulla that are closet to component II (outer medullary flow) of any of the components of the externally monitored inert gas washout. Components I and II of the externally monitored washout may represent whole cortex and subcortical outer medulla respectively.", "PMID": 752426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8890", "title": "Effect of mild hypovolemia and fluid replacement on regional oxygenation, flow, and small vessel blood content in the rabbit heart.", "content": "A study was conducted on the effects of mild hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia and subsequent fluid replacement with lactated Ringer's or dextran solution on the hearts of 61 pentobarbital anethetized open-chest New Zealand white rabbits. After a blood loss equivalent to 1.25% of body weight, blood flow in the subepicardial and subendocardial regions of the left ventricular free wall was unaffected, relative tissue PO2 fell, and small vessel blood content, a measure of open capillary density, increased. No regional differences were seen after one hour. With fluid replacement, small vessel blood content returned toward control; coronary blood flow and myocardial relative tissue PO2 were unaltered. These results are best explained by an increased myocardial metabolism and a loss of blood oxygenation in hypovolemia and a return of metabolism toward control with fluid replacement. The lack of regional effects indicated that the subendocardium was no more adversely affected than the subepicardium during the experimentally induced mild hypovolemia.", "contents": "Effect of mild hypovolemia and fluid replacement on regional oxygenation, flow, and small vessel blood content in the rabbit heart. A study was conducted on the effects of mild hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia and subsequent fluid replacement with lactated Ringer's or dextran solution on the hearts of 61 pentobarbital anethetized open-chest New Zealand white rabbits. After a blood loss equivalent to 1.25% of body weight, blood flow in the subepicardial and subendocardial regions of the left ventricular free wall was unaffected, relative tissue PO2 fell, and small vessel blood content, a measure of open capillary density, increased. No regional differences were seen after one hour. With fluid replacement, small vessel blood content returned toward control; coronary blood flow and myocardial relative tissue PO2 were unaltered. These results are best explained by an increased myocardial metabolism and a loss of blood oxygenation in hypovolemia and a return of metabolism toward control with fluid replacement. The lack of regional effects indicated that the subendocardium was no more adversely affected than the subepicardium during the experimentally induced mild hypovolemia.", "PMID": 752429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8891", "title": "Stimulatory effect of adenosine on hepatic adenine nucleotide and energy charge levels in shocked rats.", "content": "In hemorrhagic shocked rats, the hepatic energy charge (ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP+ADP+AMP) fell rapidly from 0.857 to 0.542 within 2 hours and was rapidly restored to normal levels after completing the reinfusion of shed blood. The total adenine nucleotide levels decreased slowly from 3.83 to 2.57 mumoles per g wet liver 2 hours after shock, and increased to normal levels 2 hours after reinfusion of shed blood. The intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg adenosine/100g body weight, 85 mg glucose/100 g body weight and 3.3 units insulin/100 g body weight, simultaneously with the reinfusion of shed blood, enhanced the recovery of energy charge and adenine nucleotide levels. The injection of 2 mg adenosine alone was ineffective in restoring the energy charge. However, administration of more than 6.7 mg adenosine/100 g body weight enhanced recovery of energy charge and adenine nucleotide levels, whether insulin was added or not.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of adenosine on hepatic adenine nucleotide and energy charge levels in shocked rats. In hemorrhagic shocked rats, the hepatic energy charge (ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP+ADP+AMP) fell rapidly from 0.857 to 0.542 within 2 hours and was rapidly restored to normal levels after completing the reinfusion of shed blood. The total adenine nucleotide levels decreased slowly from 3.83 to 2.57 mumoles per g wet liver 2 hours after shock, and increased to normal levels 2 hours after reinfusion of shed blood. The intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg adenosine/100g body weight, 85 mg glucose/100 g body weight and 3.3 units insulin/100 g body weight, simultaneously with the reinfusion of shed blood, enhanced the recovery of energy charge and adenine nucleotide levels. The injection of 2 mg adenosine alone was ineffective in restoring the energy charge. However, administration of more than 6.7 mg adenosine/100 g body weight enhanced recovery of energy charge and adenine nucleotide levels, whether insulin was added or not.", "PMID": 752430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8892", "title": "Vagal stabilization of the ischemic canine ventricle.", "content": "To determine whether vagal activity during myocardial ischemia functions to stabilize the heart, the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs was occluded for periods of 3 1/2 minutes with and without concurrent vagal stimulation. Bipolar electrograms were measured from the surface of the canine left ventricle within and outside the regions of intended ischemia. Ischemia in the absence of vagal stimulation depressed both the electrogram amplitude and the upstroke velocity of the electrogram signal. Vagal stimulation significantly decreased the absolute magnitude of the ischemia-induced decrease of the electrogram signal, which indicates that it tended to stabilize the insulted heart. This stabilizing influence however, was seen only in the presence of adrenergic blockade with practolol. The vagal response was only partially blocked by atropine, whereas it was abolished by lidocaine. These results suggest that a vagally mediated stabilization of the ischemic canine ventricle can occur and is unmasked only in the absence of sympathetic neural activity.", "contents": "Vagal stabilization of the ischemic canine ventricle. To determine whether vagal activity during myocardial ischemia functions to stabilize the heart, the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs was occluded for periods of 3 1/2 minutes with and without concurrent vagal stimulation. Bipolar electrograms were measured from the surface of the canine left ventricle within and outside the regions of intended ischemia. Ischemia in the absence of vagal stimulation depressed both the electrogram amplitude and the upstroke velocity of the electrogram signal. Vagal stimulation significantly decreased the absolute magnitude of the ischemia-induced decrease of the electrogram signal, which indicates that it tended to stabilize the insulted heart. This stabilizing influence however, was seen only in the presence of adrenergic blockade with practolol. The vagal response was only partially blocked by atropine, whereas it was abolished by lidocaine. These results suggest that a vagally mediated stabilization of the ischemic canine ventricle can occur and is unmasked only in the absence of sympathetic neural activity.", "PMID": 752431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8893", "title": "Surgical mortality among the elderly. An analysis of 4,050 operations (1970-1974).", "content": "The overall surgical mortality rate of 3.4 percent in 32,308 operations (22,288 patients) between 1970 and 1974 was essentially the same as the 3.7 percent recorded for 30,241 operations (22,967 patients) during the preceding 5 years. The surgical mortality rate among patients 70 years or older fell significantly (p less than 0.005) from 6.8 percent of 3,754 procedures (2,766 patients) during the 1965--1969 period to 4.8 percent of 4,050 procedures (2, 783 patients) between 1970 and 1974. There was a 50 percent increase in operative mortality from all causes among the elderly when compared to the rates of 4.7 percent of patients and 3.2 percent of procedures observed in patients under the age of 70. If the patients in whom the surgical procedure seemed incidental to their death from other causes are excluded, the mortality rate among the elderly was a more realistic 2.8 percent of procedures (114 patients) between 1970 and 1974. The 30-day mortality rate from all causes noted in this group was 3.7 percent of procedures, or 5.4 percent of patients. These results appear to justify the philosophy that age alone is no contraindication to potentially curative cancer surgery, and demonstrate that such surgery can be performed with acceptable mortality rates.", "contents": "Surgical mortality among the elderly. An analysis of 4,050 operations (1970-1974). The overall surgical mortality rate of 3.4 percent in 32,308 operations (22,288 patients) between 1970 and 1974 was essentially the same as the 3.7 percent recorded for 30,241 operations (22,967 patients) during the preceding 5 years. The surgical mortality rate among patients 70 years or older fell significantly (p less than 0.005) from 6.8 percent of 3,754 procedures (2,766 patients) during the 1965--1969 period to 4.8 percent of 4,050 procedures (2, 783 patients) between 1970 and 1974. There was a 50 percent increase in operative mortality from all causes among the elderly when compared to the rates of 4.7 percent of patients and 3.2 percent of procedures observed in patients under the age of 70. If the patients in whom the surgical procedure seemed incidental to their death from other causes are excluded, the mortality rate among the elderly was a more realistic 2.8 percent of procedures (114 patients) between 1970 and 1974. The 30-day mortality rate from all causes noted in this group was 3.7 percent of procedures, or 5.4 percent of patients. These results appear to justify the philosophy that age alone is no contraindication to potentially curative cancer surgery, and demonstrate that such surgery can be performed with acceptable mortality rates.", "PMID": 752432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8894", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.", "content": "At the time of admission, 4 to 8% of all hospital admissions have a elevation of alkaline phosphatase. This high incidence of alkaline phosphatasemia has resulted in not only a need to identify the source of the elevated alkaline phosphatase; it has also led to a marked proliferation in laboratory procedures aimed at identifying the various isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. These various techniques are reviewed and their relative merits are discussed. No single technique adequately delineates all of the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, but the combination of heat fractionation, electrophoresis, and the measurement of an additional hepatobiliary enzyme has been shown to be able to identify the source of origin of more than 95% of all cases of alkaline phosphatasemia. The individual isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase are discussed in detail, and the underlying pathophysiology is reviewed so that physiologic elevations of alkaline phosphatase are not confused with pathologic increases in alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. At the time of admission, 4 to 8% of all hospital admissions have a elevation of alkaline phosphatase. This high incidence of alkaline phosphatasemia has resulted in not only a need to identify the source of the elevated alkaline phosphatase; it has also led to a marked proliferation in laboratory procedures aimed at identifying the various isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. These various techniques are reviewed and their relative merits are discussed. No single technique adequately delineates all of the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, but the combination of heat fractionation, electrophoresis, and the measurement of an additional hepatobiliary enzyme has been shown to be able to identify the source of origin of more than 95% of all cases of alkaline phosphatasemia. The individual isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase are discussed in detail, and the underlying pathophysiology is reviewed so that physiologic elevations of alkaline phosphatase are not confused with pathologic increases in alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 752443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8895", "title": "Autologous blood transfusion.", "content": "Autologous blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and returned to his circulation at some later time. Autologous transfusion can be performed in three ways: (1) preoperative blood collection, storage, and retransfusion during surgery; (2) immediate preoperative phlebotomy with subsequent artificial hemodilution and later return of the phlebotomized blood; and (3) intraoperative blood salvage and retransfusion. All three methods of autologous transfusion offer a potentially superior method of blood transfusion which eliminates many of the problems and complications associated with the banking and administration of homologous donor blood.", "contents": "Autologous blood transfusion. Autologous blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and returned to his circulation at some later time. Autologous transfusion can be performed in three ways: (1) preoperative blood collection, storage, and retransfusion during surgery; (2) immediate preoperative phlebotomy with subsequent artificial hemodilution and later return of the phlebotomized blood; and (3) intraoperative blood salvage and retransfusion. All three methods of autologous transfusion offer a potentially superior method of blood transfusion which eliminates many of the problems and complications associated with the banking and administration of homologous donor blood.", "PMID": 752444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8896", "title": "Erythropoietin assay: present status of methods, pitfalls, and results in polycythemic disorders.", "content": "Mammalian erythropoiesis is regulated primarily by the hormone erythropoietin (ESP). Studies of ESF have provided information about its biochemistry and its role in regulating hemoglobin synthesis. Such studies rely on assays for erythropoietic activity in biological fluid. The assay which has proven most valuable and is used most widely is based upon the incorporation of radioactive iron into newly-formed red cells of polycythemic mice. While this assay has gained wide acceptance, it is expensive, cumbersome, imprecise, and insensitive, capable of reliably detecting no less than 50 milliunits of erythropoietin. Improvements in assay techniques will require new methodology relying primarily on immunologic recognition for the determination of hormone activity. Currently under development and in experimental use are radioimmunoassays and a hemagglutination inhibition assay. While work has progressed in these areas, these assays are not of proven value at present and meaningful physiological correlations have not emerged from their use. Alternatively, assays for hormone activity using suspensions of hematopoietic cells and the measurement of incorporation of radioactive isotopes into hemoglobin have provided both improvement in sensitivity and precision. The disadvantage of these types of assays is that they are sensitive to factors other than ESF and may give misleading information, depending on whether the factors present stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis. While such techniques may provide a temporary solution to some problems associated with assaying ESF for purification or physiological studies, they are not the best answer to the overall problem of hormone detection and characterization. The most important contribution to this field will be the availability of large amounts of highly purified and well-characterized ESF.", "contents": "Erythropoietin assay: present status of methods, pitfalls, and results in polycythemic disorders. Mammalian erythropoiesis is regulated primarily by the hormone erythropoietin (ESP). Studies of ESF have provided information about its biochemistry and its role in regulating hemoglobin synthesis. Such studies rely on assays for erythropoietic activity in biological fluid. The assay which has proven most valuable and is used most widely is based upon the incorporation of radioactive iron into newly-formed red cells of polycythemic mice. While this assay has gained wide acceptance, it is expensive, cumbersome, imprecise, and insensitive, capable of reliably detecting no less than 50 milliunits of erythropoietin. Improvements in assay techniques will require new methodology relying primarily on immunologic recognition for the determination of hormone activity. Currently under development and in experimental use are radioimmunoassays and a hemagglutination inhibition assay. While work has progressed in these areas, these assays are not of proven value at present and meaningful physiological correlations have not emerged from their use. Alternatively, assays for hormone activity using suspensions of hematopoietic cells and the measurement of incorporation of radioactive isotopes into hemoglobin have provided both improvement in sensitivity and precision. The disadvantage of these types of assays is that they are sensitive to factors other than ESF and may give misleading information, depending on whether the factors present stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis. While such techniques may provide a temporary solution to some problems associated with assaying ESF for purification or physiological studies, they are not the best answer to the overall problem of hormone detection and characterization. The most important contribution to this field will be the availability of large amounts of highly purified and well-characterized ESF.", "PMID": 752445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8897", "title": "Alteration of human serum ribonuclease activity in malignancy.", "content": "A review of the literature and current biochemical studies is presented which provides significant evidence of alteration in the level of the enzyme ribonuclease activity in cancer. Current studies reveal that 80% of all cancer patients have alteration in ribonuclease activity and that individuals known to be at high risk for the development of cancer also demonstrate significant alteration of ribonuclease activity. It is noted that while elevation of serum ribonuclease exists within the cancer state and appears to be independent of clinical status (relapse, remission, or cured), diminished activity is found within the tumor itself. Animal models are reviewed which demonstrate that ribonuclease activity becomes elevated in the murine species subsequent to the transplantation of tumor and following the infection of the host with oncogenic virus. The occurrence of elevated ribonuclease activity in high tumor incidence strain mice long before the development of overt tumor is alos discussed. To date it is not possible to assign a specific function to the changes in the level of ribonuclease in connection with the cancer state. However, evidence indicating that tumor chemotherapy is generally associated with early elevation of ribonuclease activity within the tumor cell suggests that increased ribonuclease activity may play a role in the process by which the host restricts neoplastic transformation. The potential of this enzyme as a biochemical marker in cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of human serum ribonuclease activity in malignancy. A review of the literature and current biochemical studies is presented which provides significant evidence of alteration in the level of the enzyme ribonuclease activity in cancer. Current studies reveal that 80% of all cancer patients have alteration in ribonuclease activity and that individuals known to be at high risk for the development of cancer also demonstrate significant alteration of ribonuclease activity. It is noted that while elevation of serum ribonuclease exists within the cancer state and appears to be independent of clinical status (relapse, remission, or cured), diminished activity is found within the tumor itself. Animal models are reviewed which demonstrate that ribonuclease activity becomes elevated in the murine species subsequent to the transplantation of tumor and following the infection of the host with oncogenic virus. The occurrence of elevated ribonuclease activity in high tumor incidence strain mice long before the development of overt tumor is alos discussed. To date it is not possible to assign a specific function to the changes in the level of ribonuclease in connection with the cancer state. However, evidence indicating that tumor chemotherapy is generally associated with early elevation of ribonuclease activity within the tumor cell suggests that increased ribonuclease activity may play a role in the process by which the host restricts neoplastic transformation. The potential of this enzyme as a biochemical marker in cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 752446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8898", "title": "The use of mixtures of topical corticosteroids as a mechanism for improving total drug bioavailability: a preliminary report.", "content": "The feasibility of using mixtures of corticosteroids as a mechanism for enhancing total percutaneous absorption of drug has been investigated. The results of this study indicate that under certain conditions, mixtures of corticosteroids exhibit independent solubility, partitioning and diffusion behavior. Mixtures of three 21-esters of fluocinolone acetonide were found to penetrate excised human skin independently. The mixture flux rate was demonstrated to greatly exceed that attained with any of the component steroid esters at an equal concentration. A mixture composition containing a total steroid concentration of 0.015% was shown to produce significantly greater in vivo human vasoconstriction than any of the individual steroids at comparable concentrations. These results strongly support the potential clinical utility of certain topical corticosteroid mixture compositions.", "contents": "The use of mixtures of topical corticosteroids as a mechanism for improving total drug bioavailability: a preliminary report. The feasibility of using mixtures of corticosteroids as a mechanism for enhancing total percutaneous absorption of drug has been investigated. The results of this study indicate that under certain conditions, mixtures of corticosteroids exhibit independent solubility, partitioning and diffusion behavior. Mixtures of three 21-esters of fluocinolone acetonide were found to penetrate excised human skin independently. The mixture flux rate was demonstrated to greatly exceed that attained with any of the component steroid esters at an equal concentration. A mixture composition containing a total steroid concentration of 0.015% was shown to produce significantly greater in vivo human vasoconstriction than any of the individual steroids at comparable concentrations. These results strongly support the potential clinical utility of certain topical corticosteroid mixture compositions.", "PMID": 752447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8899", "title": "Design of chemical structure for optimal dermal delivery.", "content": "The process of dermal absorption can be most conveniently divided into four independent steps, each of which is subject to its own structure-deliverability relationship. These are: (1) the process of release of the active agent molecules from the neat state to the dermal; (2) the process of permeation through the barrier layer; (3) the process of release of the drug from the epidermal barrier phase to the immediate subbarrier layer, (4) the micropharmacokinetics of the drug and its metabolite in the dermal compartment. The rate-controlling process can, in most instances, be identified with one of the first three processes. These in turn are largely subject to the physical chemical, thermodynamic characteristics of the transported species. Although the first process has been essentially ignored by earlier workers, it is in most instances of major concern in designing percutaneously available drug species.", "contents": "Design of chemical structure for optimal dermal delivery. The process of dermal absorption can be most conveniently divided into four independent steps, each of which is subject to its own structure-deliverability relationship. These are: (1) the process of release of the active agent molecules from the neat state to the dermal; (2) the process of permeation through the barrier layer; (3) the process of release of the drug from the epidermal barrier phase to the immediate subbarrier layer, (4) the micropharmacokinetics of the drug and its metabolite in the dermal compartment. The rate-controlling process can, in most instances, be identified with one of the first three processes. These in turn are largely subject to the physical chemical, thermodynamic characteristics of the transported species. Although the first process has been essentially ignored by earlier workers, it is in most instances of major concern in designing percutaneously available drug species.", "PMID": 752448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8900", "title": "Hydration and percutaneous absorption.", "content": "The state of hydration of the normal stratum corneum ranks next to the nature of the penetrating molecule as the most important factor in the rate of percutaneous passage of any substance. If the stratum corneum is removed, the barrier to gain or loss of water vapor is lost. Diseased skin in which the process of keratinization is disturbed becomes more susceptible to transepidermal water loss. Diffusion through the stratum corneum is a passive process, affected only by physical factors, chiefly the water vapor pressure gradient. The low diffusion constant and high activation energy suggest that extensive hydration does not drastically affect the 'barrier' function of the stratum corneum. Below 100% ambient relative humidity, water transfers outward and a gradient in water concentration exists within the stratum corneum. The horny layer swells continuously on immersion in water, absorbing as much as ten times the dry weight. The water is bound within the intracellular keratin. Permeability increases rapidly initially and then slows down to a steady state diffusion. Regardless of the increase in permeability, the highly hydrated stratum corneum remains quite water impermeable, with a diffusional resistance ca. 10(4) times greater than an equivalent layer of water. The diffusion process is determined mainly by the intrinsically low diffusivity and the ultrastructure of the intracellular keratin.", "contents": "Hydration and percutaneous absorption. The state of hydration of the normal stratum corneum ranks next to the nature of the penetrating molecule as the most important factor in the rate of percutaneous passage of any substance. If the stratum corneum is removed, the barrier to gain or loss of water vapor is lost. Diseased skin in which the process of keratinization is disturbed becomes more susceptible to transepidermal water loss. Diffusion through the stratum corneum is a passive process, affected only by physical factors, chiefly the water vapor pressure gradient. The low diffusion constant and high activation energy suggest that extensive hydration does not drastically affect the 'barrier' function of the stratum corneum. Below 100% ambient relative humidity, water transfers outward and a gradient in water concentration exists within the stratum corneum. The horny layer swells continuously on immersion in water, absorbing as much as ten times the dry weight. The water is bound within the intracellular keratin. Permeability increases rapidly initially and then slows down to a steady state diffusion. Regardless of the increase in permeability, the highly hydrated stratum corneum remains quite water impermeable, with a diffusional resistance ca. 10(4) times greater than an equivalent layer of water. The diffusion process is determined mainly by the intrinsically low diffusivity and the ultrastructure of the intracellular keratin.", "PMID": 752449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8901", "title": "Factors influencing the percutaneous absorption of drugs.", "content": "The skin is the most readily accessible organ of the human body; only a fraction of a millimeter separates its surface from the underlying capillary network. Yet, skin protects superbly against damage by micro- and macro-molecular entities, as well as against uncontrolled loss of vital biological substances, by virtue of its astonishingly low permeability to such substances. We have reexamined and attempted to reconcile the barrier characteristics of skin in terms not only of its composition and microstructure, but also of present understanding of membrane permeability and permselectivity. The principal barrier to percutaneous transport is localized within the stratum corneum. We have developed a mathematical model of this tissue as a two-phase protein-lipid heterogeneous membrane, which correlates the permeability of the membrane to a specific penetrant with the water solubility of the penetrant and with its lipid-protein partition coefficient. We have also found that a simplistic model of the sorption process, which invokes the coexistence of dissolved and mobile sorbed molecules in equilibrium with site-bound and immobile molecules within the membrane, accurately correlates experimental sorption data and transient transport measurements. The interstitial lipid phase of the stratum corneum is the cause of the exceedingly low, apparent diffusivity of drugs (e.g. scopolamine) and, in this regard, acts as the principal permeation barrier, whereas the drug sorbed by the stratum corneum is localized predominantly within the protein phase of the tissue. We have also found that the effects of the permeation adjuvant, dimethyl sulfoxide, on skin permeability are entirely consistent with accepted sorption-diffusion models of membrane transport, when changes in penetrant activity with changes in solvent composition and tissue microstructure induced by osmotic shock are properly allowed for.", "contents": "Factors influencing the percutaneous absorption of drugs. The skin is the most readily accessible organ of the human body; only a fraction of a millimeter separates its surface from the underlying capillary network. Yet, skin protects superbly against damage by micro- and macro-molecular entities, as well as against uncontrolled loss of vital biological substances, by virtue of its astonishingly low permeability to such substances. We have reexamined and attempted to reconcile the barrier characteristics of skin in terms not only of its composition and microstructure, but also of present understanding of membrane permeability and permselectivity. The principal barrier to percutaneous transport is localized within the stratum corneum. We have developed a mathematical model of this tissue as a two-phase protein-lipid heterogeneous membrane, which correlates the permeability of the membrane to a specific penetrant with the water solubility of the penetrant and with its lipid-protein partition coefficient. We have also found that a simplistic model of the sorption process, which invokes the coexistence of dissolved and mobile sorbed molecules in equilibrium with site-bound and immobile molecules within the membrane, accurately correlates experimental sorption data and transient transport measurements. The interstitial lipid phase of the stratum corneum is the cause of the exceedingly low, apparent diffusivity of drugs (e.g. scopolamine) and, in this regard, acts as the principal permeation barrier, whereas the drug sorbed by the stratum corneum is localized predominantly within the protein phase of the tissue. We have also found that the effects of the permeation adjuvant, dimethyl sulfoxide, on skin permeability are entirely consistent with accepted sorption-diffusion models of membrane transport, when changes in penetrant activity with changes in solvent composition and tissue microstructure induced by osmotic shock are properly allowed for.", "PMID": 752450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8902", "title": "Gentamycin serum levels in a patient with severe skin damage.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew in blood cultures taken from a 30-year-old woman with a 45% burn of second and third degree. Because of wound infection, skin grafting was unsuccessful and the wounds were left uncovered and treated topically with Eusol and saline solution. During this period 7 mg/kg gentamycin was administered to the patient daily; the blood level of the antibiotic was 3 microgram/ml, rather than the expected 8--12 microgram/ml in a patient without burns. On the eighth day, 40% of the administered dose was recoverable in the urine. With partial covering of the wounds, a dose of 5 mg/kg gentamycin daily gave blood levels of 6.5 microgram/ml. When most of the burn wounds were covered, a dose of 5 mg/kg gentamycin daily gave a blood level of 12 microgram/ml. Kidney function remained normal throughout the whole period. The possibility that gentamycin was eliminated through the burn wounds is suggested.", "contents": "Gentamycin serum levels in a patient with severe skin damage. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew in blood cultures taken from a 30-year-old woman with a 45% burn of second and third degree. Because of wound infection, skin grafting was unsuccessful and the wounds were left uncovered and treated topically with Eusol and saline solution. During this period 7 mg/kg gentamycin was administered to the patient daily; the blood level of the antibiotic was 3 microgram/ml, rather than the expected 8--12 microgram/ml in a patient without burns. On the eighth day, 40% of the administered dose was recoverable in the urine. With partial covering of the wounds, a dose of 5 mg/kg gentamycin daily gave blood levels of 6.5 microgram/ml. When most of the burn wounds were covered, a dose of 5 mg/kg gentamycin daily gave a blood level of 12 microgram/ml. Kidney function remained normal throughout the whole period. The possibility that gentamycin was eliminated through the burn wounds is suggested.", "PMID": 752454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8903", "title": "Exploratory skin penetration findings relating to the use of lead acetate hair dyes. Hair as a test tissue for monitoring uptake of systemic lead.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted. In the first, 9 adult male subjects applied a marketed hair dye containing 2% lead acetate according to prescribed directions daily for a period of 90 days. Scalp, axillary and pubic hair were monitored for lead content before and at the end of the test period. Scalp hair analyses were used to confirm application of the hair dye; axillary and pubic hair were analyzed as biologic indicators of systemic lead absorption, i.e., metabolic incorporation of lead in hair growing at sites different from the dyed site. The axillary and pubic hair lead levels ranged from less than 6 to 41 ppm at the start and rose to 27 to 466 ppm at the conclusion of the experiment. Using 80 ppm hair lead as a measure of significant systemic absorption, 7 of 9 subjects showed this effect according to uptake by axillary hair and 4 of 9 according to pubic hair uptake. In the second experiment, blood and hair lead levels and blood erythroporphyrin were measured in 11 children from a pica clinic. Blood lead and hair lead levels were significantly correlated, i.e., r = +0.84. A regression formula was constructed relating these two parameters and blood lead values were predicted for the data of experiment 1, using observed hair lead values. The technique has important limitations; nevertheless, within these limitations, 1 of 9 subjects might be expected to have sustained an elevated blood lead level, i.e., in excess of 50 microgram/100 ml. It therefore appears that in the use of lead acetate hair dyes, some lead is absorbed systemically from the scalp.", "contents": "Exploratory skin penetration findings relating to the use of lead acetate hair dyes. Hair as a test tissue for monitoring uptake of systemic lead. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, 9 adult male subjects applied a marketed hair dye containing 2% lead acetate according to prescribed directions daily for a period of 90 days. Scalp, axillary and pubic hair were monitored for lead content before and at the end of the test period. Scalp hair analyses were used to confirm application of the hair dye; axillary and pubic hair were analyzed as biologic indicators of systemic lead absorption, i.e., metabolic incorporation of lead in hair growing at sites different from the dyed site. The axillary and pubic hair lead levels ranged from less than 6 to 41 ppm at the start and rose to 27 to 466 ppm at the conclusion of the experiment. Using 80 ppm hair lead as a measure of significant systemic absorption, 7 of 9 subjects showed this effect according to uptake by axillary hair and 4 of 9 according to pubic hair uptake. In the second experiment, blood and hair lead levels and blood erythroporphyrin were measured in 11 children from a pica clinic. Blood lead and hair lead levels were significantly correlated, i.e., r = +0.84. A regression formula was constructed relating these two parameters and blood lead values were predicted for the data of experiment 1, using observed hair lead values. The technique has important limitations; nevertheless, within these limitations, 1 of 9 subjects might be expected to have sustained an elevated blood lead level, i.e., in excess of 50 microgram/100 ml. It therefore appears that in the use of lead acetate hair dyes, some lead is absorbed systemically from the scalp.", "PMID": 752455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8904", "title": "The finite dose technique as a valid in vitro model for the study of percutaneous absorption in man.", "content": "An in vitro model of percutaneous absorption has been developed which permits close stimulation of conditions commonly associated with topical drug use in living man. Quantitative comparison of the absorption of selected compounds in the model and in living man was made to test the validity of the model. Excellent agreement has been found between the two sets of data, both with respect to the total amount absorbed and the kinetics of absorption.", "contents": "The finite dose technique as a valid in vitro model for the study of percutaneous absorption in man. An in vitro model of percutaneous absorption has been developed which permits close stimulation of conditions commonly associated with topical drug use in living man. Quantitative comparison of the absorption of selected compounds in the model and in living man was made to test the validity of the model. Excellent agreement has been found between the two sets of data, both with respect to the total amount absorbed and the kinetics of absorption.", "PMID": 752458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8905", "title": "Quantitative determination of percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled drugs in vitro and in vivo by human skin.", "content": "We have measured concentrations of about 30 drugs in the living layers of the skin under conditions which provide data which are applicable in therapeutic treatment. Since the skin is a thin organ and small amounts of drug represent high target concentrations, it is necessary to select a sensitive quantitative method; observation of the kinetics of absorption using radiolabeled drugs is the method of choice. Because of possible hazards--and legal and ethical problems--absorption studies in human skin are commonly performed in vitro. Related in vivo investigations demonstrate the relevance and the limitations of the in vitro experiments. The main hindrance against penetration of drugs is by the horny layer. The barrier-function of this layer--if it is undisturbed--may be described by a multilayer model. The reciprocal function, the reservoir function, is important for the efficiency of topical treatment; it also plays a role in determining the unique pharmacokinetics of drug absorption in the skin and percutaneous resorption. If the horny layer is injured, i.e. in diseased skin, both the barrier and the reservoir functions are disturbed. In consequence, drug concentrations in the skin--and percutaneous resorption--may be greatly enhanced, and topically applied drugs may enter preferentially into diseased areas. The form of application, such as ointment, solution, etc. influences the penetration kinetics in such a specific manner that a specific vehicle for a specific drug should always be postulated. The frequently discussed hazards of side effects due to percutaneous resorption of drugs like corticosteroids are a function of the treated area rather than of its penetration capacity. Thus the indication for local or oral treatment of severe dermatoses should be considered in terms of the affected area. The relatively frequent side effects in the skin itself which originate from unnecessarily high drug concentrations and long term treatment must also be taken into account.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled drugs in vitro and in vivo by human skin. We have measured concentrations of about 30 drugs in the living layers of the skin under conditions which provide data which are applicable in therapeutic treatment. Since the skin is a thin organ and small amounts of drug represent high target concentrations, it is necessary to select a sensitive quantitative method; observation of the kinetics of absorption using radiolabeled drugs is the method of choice. Because of possible hazards--and legal and ethical problems--absorption studies in human skin are commonly performed in vitro. Related in vivo investigations demonstrate the relevance and the limitations of the in vitro experiments. The main hindrance against penetration of drugs is by the horny layer. The barrier-function of this layer--if it is undisturbed--may be described by a multilayer model. The reciprocal function, the reservoir function, is important for the efficiency of topical treatment; it also plays a role in determining the unique pharmacokinetics of drug absorption in the skin and percutaneous resorption. If the horny layer is injured, i.e. in diseased skin, both the barrier and the reservoir functions are disturbed. In consequence, drug concentrations in the skin--and percutaneous resorption--may be greatly enhanced, and topically applied drugs may enter preferentially into diseased areas. The form of application, such as ointment, solution, etc. influences the penetration kinetics in such a specific manner that a specific vehicle for a specific drug should always be postulated. The frequently discussed hazards of side effects due to percutaneous resorption of drugs like corticosteroids are a function of the treated area rather than of its penetration capacity. Thus the indication for local or oral treatment of severe dermatoses should be considered in terms of the affected area. The relatively frequent side effects in the skin itself which originate from unnecessarily high drug concentrations and long term treatment must also be taken into account.", "PMID": 752460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8906", "title": "Factors affecting the permeability of skin. The relation between in vivo and in vitro observations.", "content": "At the same temperature and with adequate circulation of blood or receptor solution beneath it the permeability of the stratum corneum of the rabbit ear to T2O or to 32P-TPP was the same in vivo as in vitro. When skin permeability was measured in vitro, the subcutaneous adipose tissue present in the full-thickness skin of the rat delayed the penetration of CR, a lipophilic substance with a low water solubility, and decreased the permeability constant by nearly 3x. The retardant solvent PEG 300 did not penetrate the stratum corneum; it formed a hydrogen-bonded complex with the cholinesterase inhibitor VX, thereby reducing the thermodynamic activity and penetration rate of this compound through the stratum corneum. The accelerant solvent DMSO removed protein components from the stratum corneum; electron microscope studies showed that the cells of stratum corneum so treated became separated from one another, and their contents became stainable in bulk with Pb++, indicating the creation of new diffusion pathways. When the temperature, clearance of penetrant from the lower surface of the stratum corneum and penetrant formulation were the same in vivo as in vitro, and the surface of the stratum corneum was saturated with the penetrant or its solution, the results of permeability measurements made in vivo were similar to those made in vitro.", "contents": "Factors affecting the permeability of skin. The relation between in vivo and in vitro observations. At the same temperature and with adequate circulation of blood or receptor solution beneath it the permeability of the stratum corneum of the rabbit ear to T2O or to 32P-TPP was the same in vivo as in vitro. When skin permeability was measured in vitro, the subcutaneous adipose tissue present in the full-thickness skin of the rat delayed the penetration of CR, a lipophilic substance with a low water solubility, and decreased the permeability constant by nearly 3x. The retardant solvent PEG 300 did not penetrate the stratum corneum; it formed a hydrogen-bonded complex with the cholinesterase inhibitor VX, thereby reducing the thermodynamic activity and penetration rate of this compound through the stratum corneum. The accelerant solvent DMSO removed protein components from the stratum corneum; electron microscope studies showed that the cells of stratum corneum so treated became separated from one another, and their contents became stainable in bulk with Pb++, indicating the creation of new diffusion pathways. When the temperature, clearance of penetrant from the lower surface of the stratum corneum and penetrant formulation were the same in vivo as in vitro, and the surface of the stratum corneum was saturated with the penetrant or its solution, the results of permeability measurements made in vivo were similar to those made in vitro.", "PMID": 752461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8907", "title": "Analysis of crossingover in man.", "content": "Methods for constructing maps of male and female recombination are reviewed, including reporting of raw data, construction of standard lod tables, and analysis of heterogeneity. Chiasma distributions, physical assignments, nondisjunction, and chromosomal rearrangements are considered.", "contents": "Analysis of crossingover in man. Methods for constructing maps of male and female recombination are reviewed, including reporting of raw data, construction of standard lod tables, and analysis of heterogeneity. Chiasma distributions, physical assignments, nondisjunction, and chromosomal rearrangements are considered.", "PMID": 752468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8908", "title": "The use and limitations of chiasma scoring with reference to human genetic mapping.", "content": "Human chiasma data are summarized, and some preliminary new observations in fetal oocytes are presented. Male chiasma data may give reliable estimates of genetic lengths, both for individual chromosome arms and for the total autosomal complement. Female data are as yet less accurate and give information according to chromosome group only. Movement of chiasmata before they can be reliably scored is unlikely. In both sexes, chiasmata are seen to be clustered along the length of the chromosomes, which may reflect crossingover interference and a tendency for crossingover to more often take place in certain chromosome segments; there are some indications of sex differences in these preferences.", "contents": "The use and limitations of chiasma scoring with reference to human genetic mapping. Human chiasma data are summarized, and some preliminary new observations in fetal oocytes are presented. Male chiasma data may give reliable estimates of genetic lengths, both for individual chromosome arms and for the total autosomal complement. Female data are as yet less accurate and give information according to chromosome group only. Movement of chiasmata before they can be reliably scored is unlikely. In both sexes, chiasmata are seen to be clustered along the length of the chromosomes, which may reflect crossingover interference and a tendency for crossingover to more often take place in certain chromosome segments; there are some indications of sex differences in these preferences.", "PMID": 752505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8909", "title": "[Myocardial protective effect using membrane stabilization in ischemic heart arrest in hypothermia].", "content": "Membrane stabilization with steroid pretreatment, procaine, or both protect against postischemic left ventricular performance after one hour of topical hypothermic ischemic arrest, but do not prevent myocardial edema. Combining steroids and procaine provide no apparent added benefit, but procaine has the technical advantage of almost immediate cardioplegia.", "contents": "[Myocardial protective effect using membrane stabilization in ischemic heart arrest in hypothermia]. Membrane stabilization with steroid pretreatment, procaine, or both protect against postischemic left ventricular performance after one hour of topical hypothermic ischemic arrest, but do not prevent myocardial edema. Combining steroids and procaine provide no apparent added benefit, but procaine has the technical advantage of almost immediate cardioplegia.", "PMID": 752572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8910", "title": "[Myocardial potassium and H-ion loss during normothermic, ischemic heart arrest].", "content": "Arterial and venous [K+] and [H+] concentrations were determined during normothermic ischemic arrest in cat hearts intermittently perfused without resuscitation. The slight loss in [K+] was taken as evidence of a stable membrane potential. The decrease in [H+] activity appearing in the perfusate correlated well with the previously described increase in coronary resistance. This was interpreted as a sign of restricted coronary perfusion and not as evidence for reduced anaerobic metabolic activity. Thus the functional impairment of the coronary system was confirmed to be a limiting factor when resuscitating ischemically arrested hearts.", "contents": "[Myocardial potassium and H-ion loss during normothermic, ischemic heart arrest]. Arterial and venous [K+] and [H+] concentrations were determined during normothermic ischemic arrest in cat hearts intermittently perfused without resuscitation. The slight loss in [K+] was taken as evidence of a stable membrane potential. The decrease in [H+] activity appearing in the perfusate correlated well with the previously described increase in coronary resistance. This was interpreted as a sign of restricted coronary perfusion and not as evidence for reduced anaerobic metabolic activity. Thus the functional impairment of the coronary system was confirmed to be a limiting factor when resuscitating ischemically arrested hearts.", "PMID": 752573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8911", "title": "[Metabolic status of acute myocardial infarction as a function of residual blood flow with and without revascularization].", "content": "In mongrel dogs anesthetized with Nembutal, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 2 h. The residual blood flow (RBF) was correlated with tissue levels of various myocardial metabolites after 1 and 24 h and 7 days of reperfusion. ATP and the sum of adeninnucleotides showed a better recovery with an increasing RBF. Initial increased value of creatine phosphate was followed by a decrease to subnormal values, which cannot be sufficiently explained. There was an accelerated overshoot beyond normal values in glycogen levels after 7 days with increasing RBF. After 7 days there was no recovery to normal values, and below a RBF of 5 ml/100 g/min metabolic recovery was poor.", "contents": "[Metabolic status of acute myocardial infarction as a function of residual blood flow with and without revascularization]. In mongrel dogs anesthetized with Nembutal, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 2 h. The residual blood flow (RBF) was correlated with tissue levels of various myocardial metabolites after 1 and 24 h and 7 days of reperfusion. ATP and the sum of adeninnucleotides showed a better recovery with an increasing RBF. Initial increased value of creatine phosphate was followed by a decrease to subnormal values, which cannot be sufficiently explained. There was an accelerated overshoot beyond normal values in glycogen levels after 7 days with increasing RBF. After 7 days there was no recovery to normal values, and below a RBF of 5 ml/100 g/min metabolic recovery was poor.", "PMID": 752574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8912", "title": "[Haemochron--a simple method of monitoring heparin level during extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "Tow forms of heparin management during cardiopulmonary bypass were compared in order to analyze the role of the heparin level in relation to postoperative blood loss. The study was divided in three groups: In group I, the control group, 3 mg/kg body weight heparin was given as an initial dose and maintained at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg every 60 min during cardiopulmonary bypass; group II received the same initial dose, but additional doses were based upon the activated clotting time measured with a Haemochron; in group III, the Haemochron time was measured at 10-min intervals to establish a base value. In group II we found a significant decrease in postoperative blood loss as well as a decrease in the amount of heparin administered during cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, fewer transfusions were required in the immediately postoperative period. In group III, wide variations in the activated clotting time curve were observed. No patients was underheparinized, but some had markedly prolonged Haemochron times.", "contents": "[Haemochron--a simple method of monitoring heparin level during extracorporeal circulation]. Tow forms of heparin management during cardiopulmonary bypass were compared in order to analyze the role of the heparin level in relation to postoperative blood loss. The study was divided in three groups: In group I, the control group, 3 mg/kg body weight heparin was given as an initial dose and maintained at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg every 60 min during cardiopulmonary bypass; group II received the same initial dose, but additional doses were based upon the activated clotting time measured with a Haemochron; in group III, the Haemochron time was measured at 10-min intervals to establish a base value. In group II we found a significant decrease in postoperative blood loss as well as a decrease in the amount of heparin administered during cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, fewer transfusions were required in the immediately postoperative period. In group III, wide variations in the activated clotting time curve were observed. No patients was underheparinized, but some had markedly prolonged Haemochron times.", "PMID": 752575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8913", "title": "[Organ blood flow in graduated, controlled hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside].", "content": "Metabolic acidosis is a characteristic feature of SNP-induced hypotension; this acidosis is of hepatic origin and is not due to underperfusion of the organ but to cyanide-induced anaerobic metabolism. For SNP doses higher than 3 mg/kg body weight, lactate is produced in the myocardium, brain, and skeletal muscles. The observed changes were reversible after hypotension of 20 min duration.", "contents": "[Organ blood flow in graduated, controlled hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside]. Metabolic acidosis is a characteristic feature of SNP-induced hypotension; this acidosis is of hepatic origin and is not due to underperfusion of the organ but to cyanide-induced anaerobic metabolism. For SNP doses higher than 3 mg/kg body weight, lactate is produced in the myocardium, brain, and skeletal muscles. The observed changes were reversible after hypotension of 20 min duration.", "PMID": 752576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8914", "title": "[Animal experiments of emptying and reflux response to terminolateral gastroduodenostomy].", "content": "The reflux and emptying mechanisms of the terminolateral gastroduodenostomy after two-thirds gastrectomy was examined in dogs. Intraluminal pressure in the gastric remnant and proximal duodenum as well as cineradiographic examinations showed that the anastomosis behaves like the intact stomach. The duodenal segment which regulates gastric emptying prevents reflux into the gastric remnant by means of rising pressure.", "contents": "[Animal experiments of emptying and reflux response to terminolateral gastroduodenostomy]. The reflux and emptying mechanisms of the terminolateral gastroduodenostomy after two-thirds gastrectomy was examined in dogs. Intraluminal pressure in the gastric remnant and proximal duodenum as well as cineradiographic examinations showed that the anastomosis behaves like the intact stomach. The duodenal segment which regulates gastric emptying prevents reflux into the gastric remnant by means of rising pressure.", "PMID": 752577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8915", "title": "[Substrate metabolism of muscles during the early postoperative period: the effect of glucose infusions].", "content": "Muscle substrate metabolism was studied by measuring arterial deep-venous substrate concentration differences across the forearm in metabolically healthy volunteers 3 h after abdominal surgery. Despite elevation of insulin levels following glucose infusion, no effect on muscular fractional extraction of glucose and no decrease of lactate and alanine production was found, whereas muscular lipolysis was inhibited to a normal extent and ketone utilization was reduced.", "contents": "[Substrate metabolism of muscles during the early postoperative period: the effect of glucose infusions]. Muscle substrate metabolism was studied by measuring arterial deep-venous substrate concentration differences across the forearm in metabolically healthy volunteers 3 h after abdominal surgery. Despite elevation of insulin levels following glucose infusion, no effect on muscular fractional extraction of glucose and no decrease of lactate and alanine production was found, whereas muscular lipolysis was inhibited to a normal extent and ketone utilization was reduced.", "PMID": 752578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8916", "title": "[Coagulation inhibition caused by selective thrombin blockade with hirudin].", "content": "Hirudin causes a rapid inhibition of blood coagulation as shown by in vitro and in vivo experiments in the dog. The substance appears to be a rather specific antithrombin. Its inhibitory action is linearly dose related and therefore easy to control and reproduce. Side effects can be expected to be abolished after further purification of the substance.", "contents": "[Coagulation inhibition caused by selective thrombin blockade with hirudin]. Hirudin causes a rapid inhibition of blood coagulation as shown by in vitro and in vivo experiments in the dog. The substance appears to be a rather specific antithrombin. Its inhibitory action is linearly dose related and therefore easy to control and reproduce. Side effects can be expected to be abolished after further purification of the substance.", "PMID": 752579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8917", "title": "[The effect of citrate or heparin coagulation on the dog's heart work in autotransfusion].", "content": "During massive autotransfusion in the dog, the different anticoagulation processes have an important influence on heart work and performance. This is especially marked with citrate, depending on the amount and the transfusion rate. In spite of normovolemia both parameters show a transient decrease up to 40% - 50% with ACD and up to 60% - 70% with CPD. These different reactions may be due to the corresponding composition of each stabilizer. The effect is abolished by simultaneous use of citrate and calcium, which may prove that the observed changes are caused mainly by a depletion of ionized calcium caused by the rapid transfusion. This is comparable to the well-known citrate intoxication. In contrast both cardiac parameters decrease only about 10% with heparin anticoagulation. Heparinization seems to be preferable to citrate as regards heart work and performance during massive autotransfusion. Also the two citrate stabilizers significantly differ in their effect on both cardiac parameters, the use of ACD being favoured.", "contents": "[The effect of citrate or heparin coagulation on the dog's heart work in autotransfusion]. During massive autotransfusion in the dog, the different anticoagulation processes have an important influence on heart work and performance. This is especially marked with citrate, depending on the amount and the transfusion rate. In spite of normovolemia both parameters show a transient decrease up to 40% - 50% with ACD and up to 60% - 70% with CPD. These different reactions may be due to the corresponding composition of each stabilizer. The effect is abolished by simultaneous use of citrate and calcium, which may prove that the observed changes are caused mainly by a depletion of ionized calcium caused by the rapid transfusion. This is comparable to the well-known citrate intoxication. In contrast both cardiac parameters decrease only about 10% with heparin anticoagulation. Heparinization seems to be preferable to citrate as regards heart work and performance during massive autotransfusion. Also the two citrate stabilizers significantly differ in their effect on both cardiac parameters, the use of ACD being favoured.", "PMID": 752580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8918", "title": "[Pre and postoperative EEG monitoring as illustrated in various routine anesthesia methods].", "content": "EEG monitoring was performed on 600 patients during anesthesia or postoperatively. Typical courses were evaluated. Examples of EEG dependence on the kind of anesthesia, the age of the patient, and individual sensitivity to the dosage of the anesthetic agent are given. These results may indicate that EEG monitoring is valuable in the clinical routine and in adjusting the dosage of anesthetics to the individual cerebral situation.", "contents": "[Pre and postoperative EEG monitoring as illustrated in various routine anesthesia methods]. EEG monitoring was performed on 600 patients during anesthesia or postoperatively. Typical courses were evaluated. Examples of EEG dependence on the kind of anesthesia, the age of the patient, and individual sensitivity to the dosage of the anesthetic agent are given. These results may indicate that EEG monitoring is valuable in the clinical routine and in adjusting the dosage of anesthetics to the individual cerebral situation.", "PMID": 752581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8919", "title": "[Approach to a differentiated recurrence prevention following struma surgery].", "content": "Changes of the pituitary-thyroid axis were studied in 70 patients (45 with euthyroid goiters, 25 with autonomous adenomas) preoperatively; over a 6-week postoperative interval without thyroid-hormone treatment; under T4 therapy increased stepwise and maintained for 1 year; and over a period of 12 weeks after its withdrawal. The postoperative thyrotropic function obviously depends on the preoperative condition and thereby on the quality of the remaining tissue as well as on the extent of the operation and thus the amount of remaining tissue. The frequency of a \"prehypothyroid\" status in the early postoperative course is high (77%) after bilateral resection for euthyroid goiter, but decreased 1 year after the operation (47%). After unilateral resection for euthyroid goiters and after bilateral and unilateral resection or enucleation for autonomous adenomas, the remaining tissue is for the most part sufficient to avoid increased pituitary stimulation. Prophylaxis of recurrent goiter with thyroid hormones could be prescribed individually on the basis of the postoperative function of the pituitary-thyroid axis.", "contents": "[Approach to a differentiated recurrence prevention following struma surgery]. Changes of the pituitary-thyroid axis were studied in 70 patients (45 with euthyroid goiters, 25 with autonomous adenomas) preoperatively; over a 6-week postoperative interval without thyroid-hormone treatment; under T4 therapy increased stepwise and maintained for 1 year; and over a period of 12 weeks after its withdrawal. The postoperative thyrotropic function obviously depends on the preoperative condition and thereby on the quality of the remaining tissue as well as on the extent of the operation and thus the amount of remaining tissue. The frequency of a \"prehypothyroid\" status in the early postoperative course is high (77%) after bilateral resection for euthyroid goiter, but decreased 1 year after the operation (47%). After unilateral resection for euthyroid goiters and after bilateral and unilateral resection or enucleation for autonomous adenomas, the remaining tissue is for the most part sufficient to avoid increased pituitary stimulation. Prophylaxis of recurrent goiter with thyroid hormones could be prescribed individually on the basis of the postoperative function of the pituitary-thyroid axis.", "PMID": 752582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8920", "title": "[Patch widening technic of benign bile duct stenosis in dogs using teflon and Solco grafts].", "content": "In 30 dogs, weighing 20 to 30 kg, the common bile duct was ligated. Pre- and postoperative bilirubin, GOT, GPT and alc. phosphatase were controlled. Eight days later a longitudinal incision was made across the stenosed segment, which was then widened with a patch. 15 dogs received a Teflon patch - 15 other dogs a Solcograft pathch. After patch-widening-plasty laboratory parameters returned to normal within a few days. X-ray controls could not find any stenosis two years after Teflon-patch-plasty, while after Solcograft-patch-plasty four dogs showed a common bile duct-stenosis within the first following year. Four weeks after Teflon-patch-plasty the patch was covered with bile duct epithelium inside. After Solcograft-patch-plasty within the first postoperative year no epithelization could be observed.", "contents": "[Patch widening technic of benign bile duct stenosis in dogs using teflon and Solco grafts]. In 30 dogs, weighing 20 to 30 kg, the common bile duct was ligated. Pre- and postoperative bilirubin, GOT, GPT and alc. phosphatase were controlled. Eight days later a longitudinal incision was made across the stenosed segment, which was then widened with a patch. 15 dogs received a Teflon patch - 15 other dogs a Solcograft pathch. After patch-widening-plasty laboratory parameters returned to normal within a few days. X-ray controls could not find any stenosis two years after Teflon-patch-plasty, while after Solcograft-patch-plasty four dogs showed a common bile duct-stenosis within the first following year. Four weeks after Teflon-patch-plasty the patch was covered with bile duct epithelium inside. After Solcograft-patch-plasty within the first postoperative year no epithelization could be observed.", "PMID": 752584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8921", "title": "[Antibiotic concentrations of the gallbladder following cystic duct stenosis. Clinical studies and animal experiments].", "content": "Serum and bile kinetics are measured after experimental cystic duct ligation in 24 rabbits and after acute stone obstruction in 24 clinical cases. Tissue, bile, and serum levels are compared. The results clearly demonstrate that pharmacologic data alone do not give sufficient indications for antibiotic therapy in biliary tract infection. Expected pathologic bacteria and their actual resistance are considered to be of great importance in the indication of antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "[Antibiotic concentrations of the gallbladder following cystic duct stenosis. Clinical studies and animal experiments]. Serum and bile kinetics are measured after experimental cystic duct ligation in 24 rabbits and after acute stone obstruction in 24 clinical cases. Tissue, bile, and serum levels are compared. The results clearly demonstrate that pharmacologic data alone do not give sufficient indications for antibiotic therapy in biliary tract infection. Expected pathologic bacteria and their actual resistance are considered to be of great importance in the indication of antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 752585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8922", "title": "[Improvement of the oxygen supply of the cirrhotic rat liver by selection of portacaval shunt method].", "content": "Intrahepatic disturbances of circulation following various portasystemic shunting procedures can be monitored by means of the Pt-multiwire surface electorde. The normal liver is capable of compensating for each degree of portal blood deprivation. In the presence of a thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in the rat a side-to-side PCS significantly improves oxygen supply of the liver. Preserving residual portal perfusion of the liver by choice of different portasystemic shunts, the oxygen supply is slightly improved, too. This effect does not correlate with the quantity of residual liver perfusion, but is possibly due to vasocative hormonal substances, from a pancreatico-duodenal source, that regualte liver circulation.", "contents": "[Improvement of the oxygen supply of the cirrhotic rat liver by selection of portacaval shunt method]. Intrahepatic disturbances of circulation following various portasystemic shunting procedures can be monitored by means of the Pt-multiwire surface electorde. The normal liver is capable of compensating for each degree of portal blood deprivation. In the presence of a thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in the rat a side-to-side PCS significantly improves oxygen supply of the liver. Preserving residual portal perfusion of the liver by choice of different portasystemic shunts, the oxygen supply is slightly improved, too. This effect does not correlate with the quantity of residual liver perfusion, but is possibly due to vasocative hormonal substances, from a pancreatico-duodenal source, that regualte liver circulation.", "PMID": 752586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8923", "title": "[The effect of liver arterialization on the regeneration process of the cirrhotic rat liver].", "content": "A portocaval shunt in the normal and cirrhotic rat liver results in a considerably diminished regenerative response following a 70% hepatectomy. Increased regenerative activity of a normal liver after arterialization of the portal vein is not necessarily due to improvement of total blood supply, since a similar regenerative response in the cirrhotic liver does not occur, although regenerative activity in a cirrhotic liver is quite similar to that in a normal liver. In the presence of a TAA-induced liver cirrhosis, liver regeneration 7 days after PCS and 70% hepatectomy is not improved by additional arterialization of the portal vein.", "contents": "[The effect of liver arterialization on the regeneration process of the cirrhotic rat liver]. A portocaval shunt in the normal and cirrhotic rat liver results in a considerably diminished regenerative response following a 70% hepatectomy. Increased regenerative activity of a normal liver after arterialization of the portal vein is not necessarily due to improvement of total blood supply, since a similar regenerative response in the cirrhotic liver does not occur, although regenerative activity in a cirrhotic liver is quite similar to that in a normal liver. In the presence of a TAA-induced liver cirrhosis, liver regeneration 7 days after PCS and 70% hepatectomy is not improved by additional arterialization of the portal vein.", "PMID": 752587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8924", "title": "[Long-term study of endocrine inhibition of exocrine pancreas secretion in the conscious dog].", "content": "A new model of a reversible long-term pancreatic fistula was used on an alert, unrestrained dog to test the effect of four substances of the GEP system on the exocrine pancreatic function. The results indicate that SST significantly inhibits not only the basal secretion but also the stimulated secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and trypsine. Calcitonine inhibits only the stimulated secretion whereas PGE1 inhibits only the secretin-stimulated output of trypsine. Glucagon inhibits secretin stimulation in all three parameters.", "contents": "[Long-term study of endocrine inhibition of exocrine pancreas secretion in the conscious dog]. A new model of a reversible long-term pancreatic fistula was used on an alert, unrestrained dog to test the effect of four substances of the GEP system on the exocrine pancreatic function. The results indicate that SST significantly inhibits not only the basal secretion but also the stimulated secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and trypsine. Calcitonine inhibits only the stimulated secretion whereas PGE1 inhibits only the secretin-stimulated output of trypsine. Glucagon inhibits secretin stimulation in all three parameters.", "PMID": 752588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8925", "title": "[Diagnosis of malignant processes of the colon and rectum using a new method for the demonstration of sensitized lymphocytes (PAL-test)].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 45 patients with colon-rectum disease and 30 healthy controls were tested in a simple rapid microagglutination test (PAL test) for cancer diagnosis. In 30 cancer patients 28 positive reactions were obtained. All healthy controls were negative. The 15 patients with benign or premalignant lesions showed 5 positive and 10 negative reactions. Results of the PAL test were about 90% accurate.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of malignant processes of the colon and rectum using a new method for the demonstration of sensitized lymphocytes (PAL-test)]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 45 patients with colon-rectum disease and 30 healthy controls were tested in a simple rapid microagglutination test (PAL test) for cancer diagnosis. In 30 cancer patients 28 positive reactions were obtained. All healthy controls were negative. The 15 patients with benign or premalignant lesions showed 5 positive and 10 negative reactions. Results of the PAL test were about 90% accurate.", "PMID": 752589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8926", "title": "[Leukocyte migration test and determination of carcinoembryonic antigens in the postoperative follow-up care of colon and rectum carcinoma].", "content": "Preoperative and serial postoperative CEA determinations have become widely accepted tools to aid the early detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. The panel modification of the direct leukocyte migration test (LMT) has proved to be an excellent monitor in these tumor patients. In this study LMT and CEA-RIA were compared. Peripheral blood leukocytes were pulsed with a high dose (2.5 and 0.5 mg/ml) of 3 m KCl extracts of five different colorectal tumors as well as with one 3m KCL extract of normal colonic mucosa. Patients showing a pathologic migration index (less than 0.80 and greater than 1.17) of 3 or more out of five tumor extracts were considered to be \"positives.\" With this test mode 51 of 59 (86%) patients with resectable tumors were reactive, while only 24 of 69 (41%) yielded elevated CEA values. Both LMT and CEA-RIA were positive in 12 of the 13 patients with nonresectable tumors. After curative surgery most patients' leukocyte migration and CEA values were in tne normal range. Of the nine patients with localized tumor recurrence, eight were LMT reactive and five showed elevated CEA values. Of five patients with distant metastases, four demonstrated a positive reaction in the LMT and five a rise in CEA levels. The combination of the LMT with the CEA-RIA promises to improve the detection of recurrent colorectal cancer before the appearance of clinical evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration test and determination of carcinoembryonic antigens in the postoperative follow-up care of colon and rectum carcinoma]. Preoperative and serial postoperative CEA determinations have become widely accepted tools to aid the early detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. The panel modification of the direct leukocyte migration test (LMT) has proved to be an excellent monitor in these tumor patients. In this study LMT and CEA-RIA were compared. Peripheral blood leukocytes were pulsed with a high dose (2.5 and 0.5 mg/ml) of 3 m KCl extracts of five different colorectal tumors as well as with one 3m KCL extract of normal colonic mucosa. Patients showing a pathologic migration index (less than 0.80 and greater than 1.17) of 3 or more out of five tumor extracts were considered to be \"positives.\" With this test mode 51 of 59 (86%) patients with resectable tumors were reactive, while only 24 of 69 (41%) yielded elevated CEA values. Both LMT and CEA-RIA were positive in 12 of the 13 patients with nonresectable tumors. After curative surgery most patients' leukocyte migration and CEA values were in tne normal range. Of the nine patients with localized tumor recurrence, eight were LMT reactive and five showed elevated CEA values. Of five patients with distant metastases, four demonstrated a positive reaction in the LMT and five a rise in CEA levels. The combination of the LMT with the CEA-RIA promises to improve the detection of recurrent colorectal cancer before the appearance of clinical evidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 752590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8927", "title": "Pretherapeutic cytostatic agent sensitivity testing of breast cancer.", "content": "With and without addition of cytostatic agents, incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into the nucleic acid of breast cancer cells was determined in short-term culture. The labeling index, a measure of tumor proliferation, depended largely on cytologic differentiation. Incorporation of radiolabeled precursors in moderately and low differentiated breast cancers was significantly high, whereas only in a part of these tumors was incorporation inhibited by adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Therefore a group of drug sensitive and metabolic drug resistant tumors could be defined in vitro. Primary resistance against the tested cytostatic agents has been proved in low proliferating and high differentiated breast cancer cells.", "contents": "Pretherapeutic cytostatic agent sensitivity testing of breast cancer. With and without addition of cytostatic agents, incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into the nucleic acid of breast cancer cells was determined in short-term culture. The labeling index, a measure of tumor proliferation, depended largely on cytologic differentiation. Incorporation of radiolabeled precursors in moderately and low differentiated breast cancers was significantly high, whereas only in a part of these tumors was incorporation inhibited by adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Therefore a group of drug sensitive and metabolic drug resistant tumors could be defined in vitro. Primary resistance against the tested cytostatic agents has been proved in low proliferating and high differentiated breast cancer cells.", "PMID": 752591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8928", "title": "[Permeability of the gastric mucosa for carcinogens in taurocholate-induced injury of the mucosa barrier].", "content": "The influence of taurocholate-induced damage of the gastric mucosal barrier on transmucosal movement of methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was investigated on dogs with Heidenhain pouches. We also investigated whether or not MNNG influences the mucosal barrier. The results of 10 experiments revealed no effect of MNNG on the mucosal barrier, but a significant time-related decrease of intraluminal MNNG concentration in the presence of taurocholate.", "contents": "[Permeability of the gastric mucosa for carcinogens in taurocholate-induced injury of the mucosa barrier]. The influence of taurocholate-induced damage of the gastric mucosal barrier on transmucosal movement of methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was investigated on dogs with Heidenhain pouches. We also investigated whether or not MNNG influences the mucosal barrier. The results of 10 experiments revealed no effect of MNNG on the mucosal barrier, but a significant time-related decrease of intraluminal MNNG concentration in the presence of taurocholate.", "PMID": 752592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8929", "title": "[Animal experiments on the modification of fracture healing by growth hormone (STH)].", "content": "Human growth hormone seems to improve fracture healing. Using rat experiments, the clinical experiences of other authors were reviewed critically. Examination of metabolic parameters showed no useful results. Measurement of bone length and circumference and comparison of radiographs, scintigraphs, and histologic examinations indicated positive results with regard to the improvemnt of osseous consolidation when influenced by growth hormone.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the modification of fracture healing by growth hormone (STH)]. Human growth hormone seems to improve fracture healing. Using rat experiments, the clinical experiences of other authors were reviewed critically. Examination of metabolic parameters showed no useful results. Measurement of bone length and circumference and comparison of radiographs, scintigraphs, and histologic examinations indicated positive results with regard to the improvemnt of osseous consolidation when influenced by growth hormone.", "PMID": 752593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8930", "title": "[Osteogenetic potential of gelatin and collagen in poorly regenerating bone layers (animal experiments)].", "content": "Normal tissue defects in the tibiae of 16 sheep were filled with gelatine, collagen or a mixture of both. Comparable rates of new bone formation occurred after observation periods of 6 and 12 weeks. The difference is not statistically significant. In our experiment collagen and gelatine showed neither a positive nor a negative influence on new bone formation.", "contents": "[Osteogenetic potential of gelatin and collagen in poorly regenerating bone layers (animal experiments)]. Normal tissue defects in the tibiae of 16 sheep were filled with gelatine, collagen or a mixture of both. Comparable rates of new bone formation occurred after observation periods of 6 and 12 weeks. The difference is not statistically significant. In our experiment collagen and gelatine showed neither a positive nor a negative influence on new bone formation.", "PMID": 752594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8931", "title": "[The effect of selective proximal vagotomy on gastrin, GIP and insulin blood levels in patients with duodenal ulcer].", "content": "1. In duodenal ulcer patients SPV results in an increase of basal and postprandial serum gastrin levels. There is no decrease of hypergastrinemia even five years after SPV. 2. After SPV there is a significant increase in basal serum GIP levels; postprandial GIP concentrations show a faster increase after food intake. 3. Serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations are not altered by SPV.", "contents": "[The effect of selective proximal vagotomy on gastrin, GIP and insulin blood levels in patients with duodenal ulcer]. 1. In duodenal ulcer patients SPV results in an increase of basal and postprandial serum gastrin levels. There is no decrease of hypergastrinemia even five years after SPV. 2. After SPV there is a significant increase in basal serum GIP levels; postprandial GIP concentrations show a faster increase after food intake. 3. Serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations are not altered by SPV.", "PMID": 752595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8932", "title": "[In vitro culture system for the characterization of growth potential of cartilage transplants].", "content": "In order to find reliable criteria for determining the prognosis of transplanted cartilage, the quality of isolated rabbit chondrocytes was assayed in vitro. A culture system of semisolid medium was able to detect colony-forming units of chondrocytes. Also their proliferative and differentiating capacity could be investigated. Colony formation in vitro follows a strict dose-response relationship. An inverse relationship was observed between age of the donor and the colony incidence in vitro. Cells from neonatal cartilage could be induced to grow as fibroblastic colonies in the presence of conditioned medium from fibroblastic monolayer cultures. No effect, however, could be observed with chondrocyte-derived conditioned medium.", "contents": "[In vitro culture system for the characterization of growth potential of cartilage transplants]. In order to find reliable criteria for determining the prognosis of transplanted cartilage, the quality of isolated rabbit chondrocytes was assayed in vitro. A culture system of semisolid medium was able to detect colony-forming units of chondrocytes. Also their proliferative and differentiating capacity could be investigated. Colony formation in vitro follows a strict dose-response relationship. An inverse relationship was observed between age of the donor and the colony incidence in vitro. Cells from neonatal cartilage could be induced to grow as fibroblastic colonies in the presence of conditioned medium from fibroblastic monolayer cultures. No effect, however, could be observed with chondrocyte-derived conditioned medium.", "PMID": 752596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8933", "title": "[Tension changes of the anterior cruciate ligament in the movement process of the knee joint].", "content": "Relative tension of the anteromedial part of the anterior cruciate ligament of five cadaver knees is measured. The ligament is taut at 80 degrees - 90 degrees flexion and loosened to a maximum at 30 degrees and 130 degrees flexion. On internal rotation it is taut at each stage of flexion, on external rotation, only at full extension and full flexion.", "contents": "[Tension changes of the anterior cruciate ligament in the movement process of the knee joint]. Relative tension of the anteromedial part of the anterior cruciate ligament of five cadaver knees is measured. The ligament is taut at 80 degrees - 90 degrees flexion and loosened to a maximum at 30 degrees and 130 degrees flexion. On internal rotation it is taut at each stage of flexion, on external rotation, only at full extension and full flexion.", "PMID": 752597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8934", "title": "[Tensile strength of partially cut lateral knee ligaments following, or without plaster immobilization].", "content": "The tension strength of partially cut medial collateral ligaments of rabbits was higher after functional treatment than after casting. Therefore we conclude, that functional therapy after surgical treatment recommeneded by Burri et al. (3) has a beneficial effect on tension strength of human collateral ligaments.", "contents": "[Tensile strength of partially cut lateral knee ligaments following, or without plaster immobilization]. The tension strength of partially cut medial collateral ligaments of rabbits was higher after functional treatment than after casting. Therefore we conclude, that functional therapy after surgical treatment recommeneded by Burri et al. (3) has a beneficial effect on tension strength of human collateral ligaments.", "PMID": 752598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8935", "title": "[Metabolic status of hypothermically stored dog kidneys with various perfusion solutions and ischemia pretreatment].", "content": "In experiments on canine kidneys, cortical edema formation during hypothermic storage following a period of normothermic ischemia of up to 30 min duration was - according to the osmolality of the perfusion fluid - lower after flush perfusion with Sacks II solution than with Biotest-\"Collins\" solution or Ringer-mannitol solution, which resulted in the highest edema. The adenine nucleotide content fell corresponding to the duration of the hypothermic storage or the duration of an initial normothermic ischemia, but only small further changes were found during storage following initial normothermic damage. Moreover, with respect to the maintenance of nucleotide contents the strong hyperosmolar intracellular solutions were not superior to Ringer-mannitol solution of 330 mosmol/liter.", "contents": "[Metabolic status of hypothermically stored dog kidneys with various perfusion solutions and ischemia pretreatment]. In experiments on canine kidneys, cortical edema formation during hypothermic storage following a period of normothermic ischemia of up to 30 min duration was - according to the osmolality of the perfusion fluid - lower after flush perfusion with Sacks II solution than with Biotest-\"Collins\" solution or Ringer-mannitol solution, which resulted in the highest edema. The adenine nucleotide content fell corresponding to the duration of the hypothermic storage or the duration of an initial normothermic ischemia, but only small further changes were found during storage following initial normothermic damage. Moreover, with respect to the maintenance of nucleotide contents the strong hyperosmolar intracellular solutions were not superior to Ringer-mannitol solution of 330 mosmol/liter.", "PMID": 752599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8936", "title": "[Effect of adenosine and inosine on the metabolic status of preserved kidneys].", "content": "Isolated rat kidneys were preserved by continuous perfusion or retrograde oxygen persufflation in a medium of the extracellular type with and without addition of adenosine or inosine at 6 degrees C. After 4 and 24 hours of preservation the metabolic states was analysed. In the kidneys preserved by continuous perfusion, only adenosine was able to slow down the loss of nucleotides. With the retrograde oxygen persufflation the stock of high-energy phosphates could be preserved in any case, but no increase in the nucleotide content by neosynthesis was achieved by means of the addition of adenine nucleotide precursors.", "contents": "[Effect of adenosine and inosine on the metabolic status of preserved kidneys]. Isolated rat kidneys were preserved by continuous perfusion or retrograde oxygen persufflation in a medium of the extracellular type with and without addition of adenosine or inosine at 6 degrees C. After 4 and 24 hours of preservation the metabolic states was analysed. In the kidneys preserved by continuous perfusion, only adenosine was able to slow down the loss of nucleotides. With the retrograde oxygen persufflation the stock of high-energy phosphates could be preserved in any case, but no increase in the nucleotide content by neosynthesis was achieved by means of the addition of adenine nucleotide precursors.", "PMID": 752600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8937", "title": "[Stomach movement following selective gastric vagotomy: correlation of roentgen contrast studies and electromyography in the conscious dog].", "content": "Electrical gastric activity in the alert dog was continuously registered by bipolar steel electrodes simultaneously with contrast x-ray studies. Delayed gastric emptying in the postoperative period following selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty can be attributed to specific changes of electrical activity: 1. Electrical potential units become irregular in amplitude and frequency; 2. electrical activity of antrum is no longer synchronized with the corpus; 3. appearance of high frequency, atypical electrical activity in the antrum is associated with gastric motor inactivity; 4. peristalsis and emptying are linked to the de novo appearance of action-potential bursts.", "contents": "[Stomach movement following selective gastric vagotomy: correlation of roentgen contrast studies and electromyography in the conscious dog]. Electrical gastric activity in the alert dog was continuously registered by bipolar steel electrodes simultaneously with contrast x-ray studies. Delayed gastric emptying in the postoperative period following selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty can be attributed to specific changes of electrical activity: 1. Electrical potential units become irregular in amplitude and frequency; 2. electrical activity of antrum is no longer synchronized with the corpus; 3. appearance of high frequency, atypical electrical activity in the antrum is associated with gastric motor inactivity; 4. peristalsis and emptying are linked to the de novo appearance of action-potential bursts.", "PMID": 752601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8938", "title": "[Significance of the hemodynamics for the extent of the rejection. Comparison of immunological reactions in artery transplantation in high pressure and vein transplantation in low pressure systems in matching inbred rat strain combinations].", "content": "Systemic sensitization is induced by arterial transplants in the high pressure system and by venous transplants in the low pressure system. In aorta transplantation the severity of the rejection corresponds directly to the immunogenetic differences between donor and recipient; the efferent limb is triggered into action. For application of allogeneic veno-venous transplants this is not the case: despite systemic sensitization, even strongly allogeneic venous transplants are maintained over long periods. A threshold value is not reached unless there is presensitization with strong antigens, after which morphologically comprehensible rejection reactions, i.e. round cell infiltration, are demonstrated even in veno-venous transplants.", "contents": "[Significance of the hemodynamics for the extent of the rejection. Comparison of immunological reactions in artery transplantation in high pressure and vein transplantation in low pressure systems in matching inbred rat strain combinations]. Systemic sensitization is induced by arterial transplants in the high pressure system and by venous transplants in the low pressure system. In aorta transplantation the severity of the rejection corresponds directly to the immunogenetic differences between donor and recipient; the efferent limb is triggered into action. For application of allogeneic veno-venous transplants this is not the case: despite systemic sensitization, even strongly allogeneic venous transplants are maintained over long periods. A threshold value is not reached unless there is presensitization with strong antigens, after which morphologically comprehensible rejection reactions, i.e. round cell infiltration, are demonstrated even in veno-venous transplants.", "PMID": 752602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8939", "title": "[The effect of vagus and sypathetic nerves on blood flow in the swine stomach].", "content": "Porcine gastric blood flow (radioactive microspheres) was studied (aortic blood pressure controlled) under five conditions: control (n = 8), electric stimulation of the splanchnic nerves (n = 8) and the vagus nerves (n = 8), truncal vagotomy (n = 8), and gastric sympathectomy (splanchnicotomy, n = 5). Highly significant increase in corpus mucosa flow after vagal stimulation or gastric sympathectomy is antagonistic to changes after splanchnic stimulation and truncal vagotomyand is often contrary to changes of the antrum mucosa. This might be an explanation fir ischemic gastric lesions (stress ulcer) after stress-induced high sympathetic tone (1, 2) and stress ulcer prophylaxis by gastric sympathectomy (3, 4).", "contents": "[The effect of vagus and sypathetic nerves on blood flow in the swine stomach]. Porcine gastric blood flow (radioactive microspheres) was studied (aortic blood pressure controlled) under five conditions: control (n = 8), electric stimulation of the splanchnic nerves (n = 8) and the vagus nerves (n = 8), truncal vagotomy (n = 8), and gastric sympathectomy (splanchnicotomy, n = 5). Highly significant increase in corpus mucosa flow after vagal stimulation or gastric sympathectomy is antagonistic to changes after splanchnic stimulation and truncal vagotomyand is often contrary to changes of the antrum mucosa. This might be an explanation fir ischemic gastric lesions (stress ulcer) after stress-induced high sympathetic tone (1, 2) and stress ulcer prophylaxis by gastric sympathectomy (3, 4).", "PMID": 752603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8940", "title": "[Energy metabolism of the intestinal wall in ileus].", "content": "In dogs, a segment of an aborrally occluded small intestine was anastomosed to the right colic flexure; thus, distal to the trapping ileocecal valve a local intestinal obstruction developed within a week in the small and large intestines, which locally stimulates the ileus situtation in man. Distrubances of the energy metabolism, as demonstrated by significant changes in the adenylic acid and phosphocreatine system, were more intensive in the mucosal layers of the small intestine than in those of the large intestine, whereas the smooth muscle layers were unaffected. The results reflect different disturbances of blood flow, energy needs, and adaptability of intestinal mucosa and musculature.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism of the intestinal wall in ileus]. In dogs, a segment of an aborrally occluded small intestine was anastomosed to the right colic flexure; thus, distal to the trapping ileocecal valve a local intestinal obstruction developed within a week in the small and large intestines, which locally stimulates the ileus situtation in man. Distrubances of the energy metabolism, as demonstrated by significant changes in the adenylic acid and phosphocreatine system, were more intensive in the mucosal layers of the small intestine than in those of the large intestine, whereas the smooth muscle layers were unaffected. The results reflect different disturbances of blood flow, energy needs, and adaptability of intestinal mucosa and musculature.", "PMID": 752604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8941", "title": "[Function of the lower esophageal sphincter in infants].", "content": "Main basal pressure and the deglutition-induced behavior of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 115 infants between the ages of 6 hr and 6 mo were evaluated by continuous perfusion manometry. In comparison to the adult, higher pressures were found, especially in the first weeks and months of life. The relaxation stimulated by the deglutition reflex and the pressure increase following abdominal compression were similar to the responses observed in adults. Singificant differences between vomiting and nonvomiting infants could be determined. From these results we conclude that the vomiting often observed in early infancy results from factors other than the previously proposed hypotonia or neuromuscular underdevelopment of the LES.", "contents": "[Function of the lower esophageal sphincter in infants]. Main basal pressure and the deglutition-induced behavior of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 115 infants between the ages of 6 hr and 6 mo were evaluated by continuous perfusion manometry. In comparison to the adult, higher pressures were found, especially in the first weeks and months of life. The relaxation stimulated by the deglutition reflex and the pressure increase following abdominal compression were similar to the responses observed in adults. Singificant differences between vomiting and nonvomiting infants could be determined. From these results we conclude that the vomiting often observed in early infancy results from factors other than the previously proposed hypotonia or neuromuscular underdevelopment of the LES.", "PMID": 752605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8942", "title": "[Cardia function following Billroth I and Billroth II gastrectomy (studies on the significance of duodenal passage for cardia function)].", "content": "To clarify whether the duodenum is important to the regulation of cardia function, patients with B-I and B-II resections were investigated manometrically. A test meal can stimulate the LES in patients with a B-I resection almost to the same extent as that in healthy test persons. Symptom-free patients with the distal stomach resection and gastrojejunostomy (B-II) do not show this pressure reaction. Therefore, the duodenal passage could be of importance to cardia function. In patients with a transformation operation of B-II in B-I, because of postgastrectomy symptoms a stimulation of the LES cannot be achieved either before or after the transformation operation. We cannot presently clarify the type of the cardia regulation since the IRG levels measured do not explain this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Cardia function following Billroth I and Billroth II gastrectomy (studies on the significance of duodenal passage for cardia function)]. To clarify whether the duodenum is important to the regulation of cardia function, patients with B-I and B-II resections were investigated manometrically. A test meal can stimulate the LES in patients with a B-I resection almost to the same extent as that in healthy test persons. Symptom-free patients with the distal stomach resection and gastrojejunostomy (B-II) do not show this pressure reaction. Therefore, the duodenal passage could be of importance to cardia function. In patients with a transformation operation of B-II in B-I, because of postgastrectomy symptoms a stimulation of the LES cannot be achieved either before or after the transformation operation. We cannot presently clarify the type of the cardia regulation since the IRG levels measured do not explain this phenomenon.", "PMID": 752606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8943", "title": "[Reflux and prevention of reflux in the resected stomach].", "content": "1. After gastrectomy or vogotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux of bile acids and lysolecithin increased. 2. The highest values of reflux were observed in the retrocolic (short loop) B-II anastomosis. The different types of B-I antrectomy and the antecolic B-II with Braun's enterostomy have each the same reflux, which is significantly lower than the retrocolic B-II. Even these types of gastrectomy have 6 - 10-fold elevated reflux values compared to the controls. After vagotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux was reduced to two or three times normal. After selective proximal vagotomy without pyloroplasty no reflux was observed. 3. After an isoperistaltic jejunal transportation, the reflux was reduced, the reduction depending on the length of the transposed segment. The same result was obtained with a ROUX-en-Y-gastro-enterostomy. 4. After hemigastrectomy and isoperistaltic transposition of 25 cm of jejunum, more reflux could be observed under experimental and clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Reflux and prevention of reflux in the resected stomach]. 1. After gastrectomy or vogotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux of bile acids and lysolecithin increased. 2. The highest values of reflux were observed in the retrocolic (short loop) B-II anastomosis. The different types of B-I antrectomy and the antecolic B-II with Braun's enterostomy have each the same reflux, which is significantly lower than the retrocolic B-II. Even these types of gastrectomy have 6 - 10-fold elevated reflux values compared to the controls. After vagotomy with pyloroplasty the reflux was reduced to two or three times normal. After selective proximal vagotomy without pyloroplasty no reflux was observed. 3. After an isoperistaltic jejunal transportation, the reflux was reduced, the reduction depending on the length of the transposed segment. The same result was obtained with a ROUX-en-Y-gastro-enterostomy. 4. After hemigastrectomy and isoperistaltic transposition of 25 cm of jejunum, more reflux could be observed under experimental and clinical conditions.", "PMID": 752607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8944", "title": "[Experimental model of protracted traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. I. Organ blood flow].", "content": "Experimental trauma and hemorrhage acutely reduce capillary blood flow in all organs except the heart. After reinfusion of the withdrawn blood a long-lasting increase of pulmonary bronchial blood flow and hepatic and renal blood flow is observed parallel to a rise in cardiac output. However, blood flow in the intestines, pancreas, and spleen remains significantly reduced. Particularly, renal and pulmonary bronchial blood flow is significantly higher in animals surviving for 72 hr than in animals succumbing after an average of 32 hr.", "contents": "[Experimental model of protracted traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. I. Organ blood flow]. Experimental trauma and hemorrhage acutely reduce capillary blood flow in all organs except the heart. After reinfusion of the withdrawn blood a long-lasting increase of pulmonary bronchial blood flow and hepatic and renal blood flow is observed parallel to a rise in cardiac output. However, blood flow in the intestines, pancreas, and spleen remains significantly reduced. Particularly, renal and pulmonary bronchial blood flow is significantly higher in animals surviving for 72 hr than in animals succumbing after an average of 32 hr.", "PMID": 752608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8945", "title": "[Experimental protracted shock. II. Blood coagulation and histological changes].", "content": "Twenty mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized traumatic hemorrhagic shock. After reinfusion of the dogs' own blood the animals are continuously observed for the 72 hr. Deterioration of general hemodynamics and activation of intravascular coagulation is more pronounced in the nonsurviving animals. Correspondingly, histologic alterations particularly of the liver and intestine are more marked in the nonsurvivors. Increase of partial thromboplastin time and long-lasting increase of the prothrombin time (Quick) appear to be early signs of a fatal prognosis.", "contents": "[Experimental protracted shock. II. Blood coagulation and histological changes]. Twenty mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized traumatic hemorrhagic shock. After reinfusion of the dogs' own blood the animals are continuously observed for the 72 hr. Deterioration of general hemodynamics and activation of intravascular coagulation is more pronounced in the nonsurviving animals. Correspondingly, histologic alterations particularly of the liver and intestine are more marked in the nonsurvivors. Increase of partial thromboplastin time and long-lasting increase of the prothrombin time (Quick) appear to be early signs of a fatal prognosis.", "PMID": 752609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8946", "title": "[Blood flow in the swine stomach in hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "In nine conscious piglets, total and regional gastric blood flow was measured (8 microns radioactive microspheres) in the same animals before (control) and at the end of a 3-h hemorrhagic shock period (mean AoBP = 40 mm Hg). Gastric blood flow decreased dramatically (88.4%) during shock. This decrease was most severe in the mucosa of corpus and fundus, where the highest flow was registered during control and where stress lesions are usually found. The reduction in gastric flow was significantly greater than the reduction in cardiac output (45.1%). The disproportional reduction in gastric blood flow may be explained by the high alpha-adrenergic activity of splanchnic organs (2) and by the impediment to liver outflow (1) during hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "[Blood flow in the swine stomach in hemorrhagic shock]. In nine conscious piglets, total and regional gastric blood flow was measured (8 microns radioactive microspheres) in the same animals before (control) and at the end of a 3-h hemorrhagic shock period (mean AoBP = 40 mm Hg). Gastric blood flow decreased dramatically (88.4%) during shock. This decrease was most severe in the mucosa of corpus and fundus, where the highest flow was registered during control and where stress lesions are usually found. The reduction in gastric flow was significantly greater than the reduction in cardiac output (45.1%). The disproportional reduction in gastric blood flow may be explained by the high alpha-adrenergic activity of splanchnic organs (2) and by the impediment to liver outflow (1) during hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 752610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8947", "title": "[Inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation in hemorrhagic shock using acetylsalicylic acid and mechanical ventilation].", "content": "Platelet aggregation in flowing venous and arterial blood during hypovolemic hypotension is followed by a previously described photoelectric method. It is shown that platelet aggregation can be inhibited by acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) and by artificial ventilation. The inhibition of platelet aggregation by artificial ventilation is significantly more pronounced than that by ASA. That different times are needed for platelet aggregation in venous and arterial blood in dogs treated with ASA and with artificial ventilation is informative about the canine lung not only as a filter for aggregates but also as a source of aggregating substances.", "contents": "[Inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation in hemorrhagic shock using acetylsalicylic acid and mechanical ventilation]. Platelet aggregation in flowing venous and arterial blood during hypovolemic hypotension is followed by a previously described photoelectric method. It is shown that platelet aggregation can be inhibited by acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) and by artificial ventilation. The inhibition of platelet aggregation by artificial ventilation is significantly more pronounced than that by ASA. That different times are needed for platelet aggregation in venous and arterial blood in dogs treated with ASA and with artificial ventilation is informative about the canine lung not only as a filter for aggregates but also as a source of aggregating substances.", "PMID": 752611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8948", "title": "[Animal experiment evaluation of myocardial protection with a magnesium-asparaginate-procaine solution].", "content": "Cardioplegic myocardial protection with magnesium asparaginate procaine (Cardioplegin) is assessed in normothermic ischemia by left ventricular function curves. Different ischemic times (20, 30, 40, and 50 min) and different doses of Cardioplegin (2, 4, and 6 ml/kg) were studied in 68 mongrel dogs. Postischemic myocardial function was depressed in all experiments. However, in the Cardioplegin groups all animals showed signs of recovery and a significant, but not dose-related, hemodynamic improvement compared to the controls.", "contents": "[Animal experiment evaluation of myocardial protection with a magnesium-asparaginate-procaine solution]. Cardioplegic myocardial protection with magnesium asparaginate procaine (Cardioplegin) is assessed in normothermic ischemia by left ventricular function curves. Different ischemic times (20, 30, 40, and 50 min) and different doses of Cardioplegin (2, 4, and 6 ml/kg) were studied in 68 mongrel dogs. Postischemic myocardial function was depressed in all experiments. However, in the Cardioplegin groups all animals showed signs of recovery and a significant, but not dose-related, hemodynamic improvement compared to the controls.", "PMID": 752612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8949", "title": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of suckling-induced prolactin release in the lactating rat.", "content": "To study effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the regulation of prolactin (PRL) release, a chronic cannula was placed in the right atrium of postpartum lactating rats. Two or more days later their pups were removed for 6--8 hours. A blood sample was drawn from the mother just prior to reintroducing the pups, for determination of basal levels of plasma PRL. A second sample was drawn following 30 min of continuous suckling. THC (1.25 or 4.0 mg/Kg) or vehicle was then injected intravenously and blood samples obtained 30, 60, 120 min later. Relative to vehicle-injected controls, both doses of THC significantly reduced plasma PRL levels and disrupted all components of maternal behavior. These findings indicate that THC inhibits suckling-induced PRL release in the postpartum rat.", "contents": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of suckling-induced prolactin release in the lactating rat. To study effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the regulation of prolactin (PRL) release, a chronic cannula was placed in the right atrium of postpartum lactating rats. Two or more days later their pups were removed for 6--8 hours. A blood sample was drawn from the mother just prior to reintroducing the pups, for determination of basal levels of plasma PRL. A second sample was drawn following 30 min of continuous suckling. THC (1.25 or 4.0 mg/Kg) or vehicle was then injected intravenously and blood samples obtained 30, 60, 120 min later. Relative to vehicle-injected controls, both doses of THC significantly reduced plasma PRL levels and disrupted all components of maternal behavior. These findings indicate that THC inhibits suckling-induced PRL release in the postpartum rat.", "PMID": 752632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8950", "title": "An improved method for the measurement of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human plasma.", "content": "Here we report a highly sensitive and convenient ligand binding assay for the determination of 1,25(OH)2D3 in small volumes of human plasma. This method involves: (1) extraction of vitamin D3 and its metabolites using methanol-methylene chloride with separation of phases by centrifugation; (2) gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography for the quantitative isolation of 1,25-(OH)2D3; and (3) a sensitive ligand binding assay for 1,25-(OH)2D3 employing cytosol receptor from the intestinal mucosa of rachitic chicks. Using modified rachitogenic chick diets allows early (less than 4 wks) harvesting of active receptor for 1,25-(OH)2D3 in high yield. The method includes a rapid and effective procedure for stable and long-term storage of the active cytosol receptor. A convenient dextran-charcoal means is used for the separation of receptor bound from free 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulting in the achievement of a lower (less than 5%) background (i.e., nonspecific binding) than reported for other 1,25-(OH)2D3 assays. Analysis of this receptor shows it to be a saturable, single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 3.7 x 10-11. The final recovery of 1,25-(OH)2D3 following extraction and chromatography is 80 +/- 3% and triplicate determinations can be made on a 3 ml plasma sample. The ligand binding assay routinely detects less than or equal to 5pg of 1,25-(OH)2D3 per assay tube and the inter- and intraassay variation, based on repeated determinations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in pooled normal human plasma, is less than 5%. Preliminary studies indicate that our methodology will permit measurement of plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels in all normal subjects and in pathophysiologic states where 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels may be below or above normal values. 1,25-(OH)2D3 values (pg/ml +/- SEM) in human plasma obtained from both normals and patients with various untreated calcium homeostatic disorders were: normals = 33.5 +/- 1.8; end-stage chronic renal failure = 5.1 +/- 1.2; primary hypoparathyroidism = 18.3 +/- 2.8; primary hyperparathyroidism = 61.4 +/- 7.1; and hyperthyroidism with associated hypercalcemia = 42.1 +/- 8.4.", "contents": "An improved method for the measurement of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human plasma. Here we report a highly sensitive and convenient ligand binding assay for the determination of 1,25(OH)2D3 in small volumes of human plasma. This method involves: (1) extraction of vitamin D3 and its metabolites using methanol-methylene chloride with separation of phases by centrifugation; (2) gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography for the quantitative isolation of 1,25-(OH)2D3; and (3) a sensitive ligand binding assay for 1,25-(OH)2D3 employing cytosol receptor from the intestinal mucosa of rachitic chicks. Using modified rachitogenic chick diets allows early (less than 4 wks) harvesting of active receptor for 1,25-(OH)2D3 in high yield. The method includes a rapid and effective procedure for stable and long-term storage of the active cytosol receptor. A convenient dextran-charcoal means is used for the separation of receptor bound from free 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulting in the achievement of a lower (less than 5%) background (i.e., nonspecific binding) than reported for other 1,25-(OH)2D3 assays. Analysis of this receptor shows it to be a saturable, single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 3.7 x 10-11. The final recovery of 1,25-(OH)2D3 following extraction and chromatography is 80 +/- 3% and triplicate determinations can be made on a 3 ml plasma sample. The ligand binding assay routinely detects less than or equal to 5pg of 1,25-(OH)2D3 per assay tube and the inter- and intraassay variation, based on repeated determinations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in pooled normal human plasma, is less than 5%. Preliminary studies indicate that our methodology will permit measurement of plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels in all normal subjects and in pathophysiologic states where 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels may be below or above normal values. 1,25-(OH)2D3 values (pg/ml +/- SEM) in human plasma obtained from both normals and patients with various untreated calcium homeostatic disorders were: normals = 33.5 +/- 1.8; end-stage chronic renal failure = 5.1 +/- 1.2; primary hypoparathyroidism = 18.3 +/- 2.8; primary hyperparathyroidism = 61.4 +/- 7.1; and hyperthyroidism with associated hypercalcemia = 42.1 +/- 8.4.", "PMID": 752633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8951", "title": "Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin concentrations in prepubertal and adult Syrian hamsters exposed to short daily photoperiods.", "content": "Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) and melatonin concentrations were determined at various intervals in prepubertal (35 days old) and adult male hamsters (74 day old) throughout a 24 hour period with the animals kept in a light:dark cycle of 6:18 (lights on at 0600 h and off at 1200 h). In prepubertal animals, daytime pineal NAT activity of 0.20-0.28 nmoles 14C-N-acetyltryptamine/pineal/hour was maintained for 8 hours after the initiation of darkness. Peak pineal NAT activity of 0.46 +/- 0.64 nmoles 14C-N-acetyltryptamine/pineal/hour occurred 13 hours after the onset of darkness and remained significantly elevated until 0400 h (p less than 0.001). Daytime pineal melatonin concentrations of 78-194 pg/pineal gland also were maintained for 8 hours after the initiation of darkness. At 13 hours into the dark period, pineal melatonin concentrations rose to 788 +/- 150 pg/pineal gland (p less than 0.01 vs all other time points except 0230 h and 0400 h). At one hour before the onset of light both the pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin concentrations returned to daytime values. Adult male hamsters had diurnal pineal NAT and melatonin rhythms which are indistinguishable from those found in the prepubertal animals.", "contents": "Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin concentrations in prepubertal and adult Syrian hamsters exposed to short daily photoperiods. Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) and melatonin concentrations were determined at various intervals in prepubertal (35 days old) and adult male hamsters (74 day old) throughout a 24 hour period with the animals kept in a light:dark cycle of 6:18 (lights on at 0600 h and off at 1200 h). In prepubertal animals, daytime pineal NAT activity of 0.20-0.28 nmoles 14C-N-acetyltryptamine/pineal/hour was maintained for 8 hours after the initiation of darkness. Peak pineal NAT activity of 0.46 +/- 0.64 nmoles 14C-N-acetyltryptamine/pineal/hour occurred 13 hours after the onset of darkness and remained significantly elevated until 0400 h (p less than 0.001). Daytime pineal melatonin concentrations of 78-194 pg/pineal gland also were maintained for 8 hours after the initiation of darkness. At 13 hours into the dark period, pineal melatonin concentrations rose to 788 +/- 150 pg/pineal gland (p less than 0.01 vs all other time points except 0230 h and 0400 h). At one hour before the onset of light both the pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin concentrations returned to daytime values. Adult male hamsters had diurnal pineal NAT and melatonin rhythms which are indistinguishable from those found in the prepubertal animals.", "PMID": 752634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8952", "title": "Prevention of normal mouse uterine maturation by antipain and elastatinal: suppression of peroxidase activity.", "content": "We had shown previously that the serine protease inhibitors, antipain and leupeptin, restrict uterine DNA snythesis and function in adult mice. The present study is an extension, focusing on the perimaturation period. The protease inhibitors, antipain and elastatinal were tested and the end points were uterine development and peroxidase activity in the uterus. Four week old mice were treated with eigher antipain (3 mg), elastatinal (5 mg) or vehicle (control) twice daily for 3 weeks. The uteri were excised, weighed and homogenized. Subcellular fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation. Each fraction was analyzed for peroxidase activity. The weights and protein content of uteri from control mice averaged greater than twice those in either antipain or elastatinal treated mice (p less than 0.001). Peroxidase activity was sharply curtailed by both inhibitors, antipain being more active than elastatinal. Mechanistically, antipain and elastatinal may act directly on the uterus either by inhibiting key enzymes or by preventing the formation of macromolecules crucial to normal function. Alternatively, the protease inhibitors may interfere with ovarian function, thereby restricting normal uterine development.", "contents": "Prevention of normal mouse uterine maturation by antipain and elastatinal: suppression of peroxidase activity. We had shown previously that the serine protease inhibitors, antipain and leupeptin, restrict uterine DNA snythesis and function in adult mice. The present study is an extension, focusing on the perimaturation period. The protease inhibitors, antipain and elastatinal were tested and the end points were uterine development and peroxidase activity in the uterus. Four week old mice were treated with eigher antipain (3 mg), elastatinal (5 mg) or vehicle (control) twice daily for 3 weeks. The uteri were excised, weighed and homogenized. Subcellular fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation. Each fraction was analyzed for peroxidase activity. The weights and protein content of uteri from control mice averaged greater than twice those in either antipain or elastatinal treated mice (p less than 0.001). Peroxidase activity was sharply curtailed by both inhibitors, antipain being more active than elastatinal. Mechanistically, antipain and elastatinal may act directly on the uterus either by inhibiting key enzymes or by preventing the formation of macromolecules crucial to normal function. Alternatively, the protease inhibitors may interfere with ovarian function, thereby restricting normal uterine development.", "PMID": 752635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8953", "title": "Specific binding of estrogen to nuclei from Japanese quail kidney cells.", "content": "The binding properties of estrogen to Japanese quail kidney cell nuclei were evaluated by 3H-17 beta-estradiol exchange. Kidney cell nuclei from estrogenized male, as well as laying female quail, had a single class of saturable (0.1-0.2 pmol/mg DNA), high affinity (Kd = 1-2 x 10-10M) nuclear binding sites for 17 beta-estradiol. High affinity estrogen binding sites were not found in kidney cell nuclei from untreated males. Various non-radioactive estrogens (17 beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol and diethylstilbestrol) competed effectively with 3H-17 beta-estradiol for the high affinity binding sites, whereas nonestrogens (testosterone and progesterone) did not complete. It is concluded that the 3H-estradiol binding characteristics of kidney cell nuclei provides strong evidence for a nuclear estrogen receptor in the avian kidney.", "contents": "Specific binding of estrogen to nuclei from Japanese quail kidney cells. The binding properties of estrogen to Japanese quail kidney cell nuclei were evaluated by 3H-17 beta-estradiol exchange. Kidney cell nuclei from estrogenized male, as well as laying female quail, had a single class of saturable (0.1-0.2 pmol/mg DNA), high affinity (Kd = 1-2 x 10-10M) nuclear binding sites for 17 beta-estradiol. High affinity estrogen binding sites were not found in kidney cell nuclei from untreated males. Various non-radioactive estrogens (17 beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol and diethylstilbestrol) competed effectively with 3H-17 beta-estradiol for the high affinity binding sites, whereas nonestrogens (testosterone and progesterone) did not complete. It is concluded that the 3H-estradiol binding characteristics of kidney cell nuclei provides strong evidence for a nuclear estrogen receptor in the avian kidney.", "PMID": 752636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8954", "title": "Effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on uterine blood flow in non-treated and oestradiol-treated rats.", "content": "Organ blood flow, as estimated by the radioactive labelled microsphere technique, was studied in rats before and after intracaval administration of the calcium antagonist nifedipine. Intra-uterine and arterial blood pressures were registered simultaneously. Two groups of animals were investigated, one non-treated and one treated with oestradiol. After administration of nifedipine, an increase in the blood flow to the brain, the heart and the kidneys was seen in both groups of animals. However, in the uterus, blood flow was markedly increased in non-treated, but not so in oestradiol-treated animals. The arterial blood pressure and intra-uterine pressure were almost unaffected. The results suggest that nifedipine can markedly increase blood flow to the uterus of non-oestrogen-treated rats with only minor effects on intra-uterine and arterial blood pressures.", "contents": "Effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on uterine blood flow in non-treated and oestradiol-treated rats. Organ blood flow, as estimated by the radioactive labelled microsphere technique, was studied in rats before and after intracaval administration of the calcium antagonist nifedipine. Intra-uterine and arterial blood pressures were registered simultaneously. Two groups of animals were investigated, one non-treated and one treated with oestradiol. After administration of nifedipine, an increase in the blood flow to the brain, the heart and the kidneys was seen in both groups of animals. However, in the uterus, blood flow was markedly increased in non-treated, but not so in oestradiol-treated animals. The arterial blood pressure and intra-uterine pressure were almost unaffected. The results suggest that nifedipine can markedly increase blood flow to the uterus of non-oestrogen-treated rats with only minor effects on intra-uterine and arterial blood pressures.", "PMID": 752641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8955", "title": "Changes in semen quality and fertility in response to endocrine treatment of subfertile men.", "content": "786 subfertile men received hormonal treatment in order to improve their semen quality and concentration. Most of the patient's semen was characterised as idiopathic oligo or asthenozoospermia. No cases of hypothalamohypopituitary-hypogonadism were included in this study. 117 men received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); 47% showed improvement in semen quality mainly in motility and morphology: 10 pregnancies were recorded among 44 couples (23%). 37 received human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG; 46% improvement in semen quality, mainly in the motility and concentration was seen: 3 pregnancies were recorded among 20 couples (15%). 60 men received clomiphene citrate; 47% showed improvement in semen quality mainly in the concentration and motility: 2 pregnancies were recorded among 33 couples (6%). 270 men received androgen, usually in small doses; 61% had improvement in semen quality, mainly in the motility and morphology: 24 pregnancies were recorded among 58 couples (41%). 262 men received pregnant mare serum (PMS; Gestyl) and testosterone; 71% had improvement in semen quality in all the parameters measured especially in motility and vitality, but only 24 pregnancies were recorded among 87 couples (28%). 40 men received treatment for improvement of potency which included androgen, yohimbine and strychnine; 60% improvement in sexual potency, 65% showed a significant improvement in semen quality: 4 pregnancies were recorded among 15 couples (27%). The parameters for improvement of sperm quality were motility, concentration, morphology and vitality. Improvement in semen quality was not necessarily correlated with impregnation of the wives.", "contents": "Changes in semen quality and fertility in response to endocrine treatment of subfertile men. 786 subfertile men received hormonal treatment in order to improve their semen quality and concentration. Most of the patient's semen was characterised as idiopathic oligo or asthenozoospermia. No cases of hypothalamohypopituitary-hypogonadism were included in this study. 117 men received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); 47% showed improvement in semen quality mainly in motility and morphology: 10 pregnancies were recorded among 44 couples (23%). 37 received human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG; 46% improvement in semen quality, mainly in the motility and concentration was seen: 3 pregnancies were recorded among 20 couples (15%). 60 men received clomiphene citrate; 47% showed improvement in semen quality mainly in the concentration and motility: 2 pregnancies were recorded among 33 couples (6%). 270 men received androgen, usually in small doses; 61% had improvement in semen quality, mainly in the motility and morphology: 24 pregnancies were recorded among 58 couples (41%). 262 men received pregnant mare serum (PMS; Gestyl) and testosterone; 71% had improvement in semen quality in all the parameters measured especially in motility and vitality, but only 24 pregnancies were recorded among 87 couples (28%). 40 men received treatment for improvement of potency which included androgen, yohimbine and strychnine; 60% improvement in sexual potency, 65% showed a significant improvement in semen quality: 4 pregnancies were recorded among 15 couples (27%). The parameters for improvement of sperm quality were motility, concentration, morphology and vitality. Improvement in semen quality was not necessarily correlated with impregnation of the wives.", "PMID": 752642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8956", "title": "Limitations of a single extra-amniotic injection of prostaglandins in viscous gel to induce midtrimester abortion.", "content": "A dose-response study using PGE2 in a viscous gel has been undertaken for induction of midtrimester abortion. A direct relationship was found between the time to abortion and the dose administered. However, even using PGE2 3.5 mg induced uterine activity was noticed to subside in a significant number of women after approximately 6 h. For routine management it is suggested that PGE2 3.5 mg be injected and followed by repeat doses 6 h later with removal of the injecting catheter on each occasion.", "contents": "Limitations of a single extra-amniotic injection of prostaglandins in viscous gel to induce midtrimester abortion. A dose-response study using PGE2 in a viscous gel has been undertaken for induction of midtrimester abortion. A direct relationship was found between the time to abortion and the dose administered. However, even using PGE2 3.5 mg induced uterine activity was noticed to subside in a significant number of women after approximately 6 h. For routine management it is suggested that PGE2 3.5 mg be injected and followed by repeat doses 6 h later with removal of the injecting catheter on each occasion.", "PMID": 752643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8957", "title": "Characterization of relaxin radioimmunoassay using Bolton-Hunter reagent. First results in plasma during pregnancy, and in placenta, corpora lutea and ovarian cysts in woman.", "content": "Application of a porcine relaxin radioimmunoassay system using Bolton and Hunter reagent was characterized in different biological fluids. In pregnant woman, plasma reveals concentrations from undetectable values to 1,800 pg/ml. Maximal concentrations are found between the 8th and the 13th weeks of pregnancy. These peak values are significantly different from those at other stages of pregnancy. Appreciable relaxin concentrations are detected in gestational corpus luteum extract, and in corpora lutea cyst fluid of pregnant and nonpregnant women. No relaxin was detected in a cyclus corpus luteum extract, in a placental extract, or in an ovarian serous cyst. The presence of immunoreactive relaxin in the nonpregnant woman is reported.", "contents": "Characterization of relaxin radioimmunoassay using Bolton-Hunter reagent. First results in plasma during pregnancy, and in placenta, corpora lutea and ovarian cysts in woman. Application of a porcine relaxin radioimmunoassay system using Bolton and Hunter reagent was characterized in different biological fluids. In pregnant woman, plasma reveals concentrations from undetectable values to 1,800 pg/ml. Maximal concentrations are found between the 8th and the 13th weeks of pregnancy. These peak values are significantly different from those at other stages of pregnancy. Appreciable relaxin concentrations are detected in gestational corpus luteum extract, and in corpora lutea cyst fluid of pregnant and nonpregnant women. No relaxin was detected in a cyclus corpus luteum extract, in a placental extract, or in an ovarian serous cyst. The presence of immunoreactive relaxin in the nonpregnant woman is reported.", "PMID": 752644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8958", "title": "Short-term variations in urinary estriol and renal function. Possible effects of extraneous conditions.", "content": "Variation in urinary excretion of estriol was found to be related to physical activity and climate conditions. Estriol content of sweat was studied but was found not to be of an order to explain the variation observed. Estriol clearance rate was significantly reduced even by moderate physical activity. Creatinine clearance was not affected to the same extent. Different explanations to the findings are discussed. The need for strictly standardized conditions during urine sampling for estriol assays in risk pregnancies is stressed.", "contents": "Short-term variations in urinary estriol and renal function. Possible effects of extraneous conditions. Variation in urinary excretion of estriol was found to be related to physical activity and climate conditions. Estriol content of sweat was studied but was found not to be of an order to explain the variation observed. Estriol clearance rate was significantly reduced even by moderate physical activity. Creatinine clearance was not affected to the same extent. Different explanations to the findings are discussed. The need for strictly standardized conditions during urine sampling for estriol assays in risk pregnancies is stressed.", "PMID": 752645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8959", "title": "Alcohol and drug education: models and outcomes.", "content": "Knowledge-attitude-behavior and values-based models are analyzed with regard to their application to development and evaluation of drug education programs; theoretical problems of these models are identified. The experimental evidence regarding the application of these models to drug education is reviewed. Recommendations are made concerning theoretical, programming, and research implications for drug education and for health education in general.", "contents": "Alcohol and drug education: models and outcomes. Knowledge-attitude-behavior and values-based models are analyzed with regard to their application to development and evaluation of drug education programs; theoretical problems of these models are identified. The experimental evidence regarding the application of these models to drug education is reviewed. Recommendations are made concerning theoretical, programming, and research implications for drug education and for health education in general.", "PMID": 752664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8960", "title": "The potential of grounded theory for health education research: linking theory and practice.", "content": "This paper offers a critique of present research methods used in the literature drawn upon by health education practitioners, students, and teachers. Weaknesses of deductive methods and of theory which is highly general are noted in terms of their implications for the advancement of health education theory and practice, and in terms of their consistency with traditional principles of practice. The grounded theory method--an inductive approach usually used with participant observation and interview data--is described, and the major arguments for its value are presented. In particular, the empirical generation of middle-range theory can provide a strong link between more general theory and situations faced by practitioners, and definitions of problems are not prematurely closed to reinterpretation from other perspectives. Several recommendations are given for changing the research orientation of health education.", "contents": "The potential of grounded theory for health education research: linking theory and practice. This paper offers a critique of present research methods used in the literature drawn upon by health education practitioners, students, and teachers. Weaknesses of deductive methods and of theory which is highly general are noted in terms of their implications for the advancement of health education theory and practice, and in terms of their consistency with traditional principles of practice. The grounded theory method--an inductive approach usually used with participant observation and interview data--is described, and the major arguments for its value are presented. In particular, the empirical generation of middle-range theory can provide a strong link between more general theory and situations faced by practitioners, and definitions of problems are not prematurely closed to reinterpretation from other perspectives. Several recommendations are given for changing the research orientation of health education.", "PMID": 752665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8961", "title": "Cutting back after a heart attack: an overview.", "content": "Increasingly, health workers are concerned with the alteration of complex and deeply embedded behaviors; essential to these tasks is an understanding of the other's situation as he or she views it. This study took the perspective of the patient, inductively generating a conceptual formulation to explain and understand life after a heart attack. The basic problem of minimizing losses under conditions of uncertainty and unknown parameters of action is confronted. Resolution is achieved through \"cutting back,\" which has three major stages: (1) immobilization, characterized by explaining and estimating the damage; (2) resumption, in which patients figure the complex calculus of the new situation to determine what they must cut back, what they should cut back, and what they will and will not cut back; and (3) new normal, when the major work is that of adjusting to the permanent changes wrought by the heart attack experience which affect identity. Exploratory diagnosis of complex health education problems through a \"grounded theory\" approach is demonstrated by the study.", "contents": "Cutting back after a heart attack: an overview. Increasingly, health workers are concerned with the alteration of complex and deeply embedded behaviors; essential to these tasks is an understanding of the other's situation as he or she views it. This study took the perspective of the patient, inductively generating a conceptual formulation to explain and understand life after a heart attack. The basic problem of minimizing losses under conditions of uncertainty and unknown parameters of action is confronted. Resolution is achieved through \"cutting back,\" which has three major stages: (1) immobilization, characterized by explaining and estimating the damage; (2) resumption, in which patients figure the complex calculus of the new situation to determine what they must cut back, what they should cut back, and what they will and will not cut back; and (3) new normal, when the major work is that of adjusting to the permanent changes wrought by the heart attack experience which affect identity. Exploratory diagnosis of complex health education problems through a \"grounded theory\" approach is demonstrated by the study.", "PMID": 752666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8962", "title": "A procedure for using peak expiratory flow rate data to increase the predictability of asthma episodes.", "content": "An examinaton was conducted of the relationship between Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) measurements obtained in the homes of two boys with asthma and the predictability of asthma episodes. An approach was developed for assessing the predictive utility of PEFR data. Results indicated approximately three-fold increases in the predictability of asthma episodes for the two experimental subjects. Potential applications of these results to the management of asthma are discussed.", "contents": "A procedure for using peak expiratory flow rate data to increase the predictability of asthma episodes. An examinaton was conducted of the relationship between Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) measurements obtained in the homes of two boys with asthma and the predictability of asthma episodes. An approach was developed for assessing the predictive utility of PEFR data. Results indicated approximately three-fold increases in the predictability of asthma episodes for the two experimental subjects. Potential applications of these results to the management of asthma are discussed.", "PMID": 752669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8963", "title": "Ca2+ binding, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, and total tissue Ca2+ in embryonic and adult avian dystrophic pectoralis.", "content": "Avian muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by early hypertrophy and loss of function of pectoralis major. The disease is progressive, ultimately resulting in atrophy and heavy lipid deposition. Previous investigators have noted a decrease in the ability of the dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum to concentrate Ca2+. More recently, other investigators have shown an abnormal calcium uptake in avian dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum. They indicated, using freeze-fracture techniques, that a 90 A particle of the vesicle membrane exhibited a decreased population and suggested that they might be the ATPase involved in calcium transport. Our studies confirm earlier observations of a decreased rate of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ binding capacity of dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles which are isolated from both embryonic and adult pectoralis. These observations correlate in turn with a 75% drop in the Ca:ATP transport efficiency of the dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum determined by measuring the rate of 32Pi liberation from gamma-ATP32 during active calcium transport by the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum SR. In addition, we have found a quantitative deficiency in a 65,000 dalton component of the dystrophic fragmented SR at the time of myoblast fusion by measuring 35S-Methionine incorporation into the SR, coupled to high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Analysis of total tissue calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the total calcium content of dystrophic muscle.", "contents": "Ca2+ binding, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, and total tissue Ca2+ in embryonic and adult avian dystrophic pectoralis. Avian muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by early hypertrophy and loss of function of pectoralis major. The disease is progressive, ultimately resulting in atrophy and heavy lipid deposition. Previous investigators have noted a decrease in the ability of the dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum to concentrate Ca2+. More recently, other investigators have shown an abnormal calcium uptake in avian dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum. They indicated, using freeze-fracture techniques, that a 90 A particle of the vesicle membrane exhibited a decreased population and suggested that they might be the ATPase involved in calcium transport. Our studies confirm earlier observations of a decreased rate of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ binding capacity of dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles which are isolated from both embryonic and adult pectoralis. These observations correlate in turn with a 75% drop in the Ca:ATP transport efficiency of the dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum determined by measuring the rate of 32Pi liberation from gamma-ATP32 during active calcium transport by the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum SR. In addition, we have found a quantitative deficiency in a 65,000 dalton component of the dystrophic fragmented SR at the time of myoblast fusion by measuring 35S-Methionine incorporation into the SR, coupled to high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Analysis of total tissue calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the total calcium content of dystrophic muscle.", "PMID": 752724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8964", "title": "Metabolic stimulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes: effects of tetravalent and divalent concanavalin A.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) undergo a marked activation of their oxidative metabolism upon interaction with surface-reactive soluble stimuli as well as with phagocytosable objects. To get some insight into the mechanism of this stimulation, we have compared the stimulatory activity of the tetravalent lectin concanavalin A (Con A) with that of the divalent derivative succinyl-Con A (S-Con A). Both lectins bind to the PMNL surface to the same extent. S-Con A, however, is much less efficient in stimulating the PMNL metabolism. When S-Con A-treated PMNL are further reacted with antiserum to Con A, a potentiation of the metabolic stimulation is observed. Normal serum or addition to PMNL of antiserum to Con A in the absence of lectin has no effect. Furthermore, if S-Con A is displaced from its receptors on the cell membrane with alpha-methyl mannopyranoside, the addition of antiserum fails to cause a respiratory stimulation. These results suggest that the initial triggering of the metabolic stimulation of PMNL is in part accomplished through cross-linkage of membrane constituents.", "contents": "Metabolic stimulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes: effects of tetravalent and divalent concanavalin A. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) undergo a marked activation of their oxidative metabolism upon interaction with surface-reactive soluble stimuli as well as with phagocytosable objects. To get some insight into the mechanism of this stimulation, we have compared the stimulatory activity of the tetravalent lectin concanavalin A (Con A) with that of the divalent derivative succinyl-Con A (S-Con A). Both lectins bind to the PMNL surface to the same extent. S-Con A, however, is much less efficient in stimulating the PMNL metabolism. When S-Con A-treated PMNL are further reacted with antiserum to Con A, a potentiation of the metabolic stimulation is observed. Normal serum or addition to PMNL of antiserum to Con A in the absence of lectin has no effect. Furthermore, if S-Con A is displaced from its receptors on the cell membrane with alpha-methyl mannopyranoside, the addition of antiserum fails to cause a respiratory stimulation. These results suggest that the initial triggering of the metabolic stimulation of PMNL is in part accomplished through cross-linkage of membrane constituents.", "PMID": 752725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8965", "title": "Effects of conditioning polarization on the membrane ionic currents in rat myometrium.", "content": "Membrane ionic currents were measured in pregnant rat uterine smooth muscle under voltage clamp conditions by utilizing the double sucrose gap method, and the effects of conditioning pre-pulses on these currents were investigated. With depolarizing pulses, the early inward current was followed by a late outward current. Cobalt (1 mM) abolished the inward current and did not affect the late outward current per se, but produced changes in the current pattern, suggesting that the inward current overlaps with the initial part of the late outward current. After correction for this overlap, the inward current reached is maximum at about +10 mV and its reversal potential was estimated to be +62 mV. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) suppressed the outward currents and increased the apparent inward current. The increase in the inward current by TEA thus could be due to a suppression of the outward current. The reversal potential for the outward current was estimated to be -87 mV. Conditioning depolarization and hyperpolarization both produced a decrease in the inward current. Complete depolarization block occurred at membrane potential of -20 mV. Conditioning hyperpolarization experiments in the presence of cobalt and/or TEA revealed that the decrease in the inward current caused by conditioning hyperpolarization was a result of an increase in the outward current overlaping with the inward current. It appears that a part of the potassium channel population is inactivated at the resting membrane potential and that this inactivation is removed by hyperpolarization.", "contents": "Effects of conditioning polarization on the membrane ionic currents in rat myometrium. Membrane ionic currents were measured in pregnant rat uterine smooth muscle under voltage clamp conditions by utilizing the double sucrose gap method, and the effects of conditioning pre-pulses on these currents were investigated. With depolarizing pulses, the early inward current was followed by a late outward current. Cobalt (1 mM) abolished the inward current and did not affect the late outward current per se, but produced changes in the current pattern, suggesting that the inward current overlaps with the initial part of the late outward current. After correction for this overlap, the inward current reached is maximum at about +10 mV and its reversal potential was estimated to be +62 mV. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) suppressed the outward currents and increased the apparent inward current. The increase in the inward current by TEA thus could be due to a suppression of the outward current. The reversal potential for the outward current was estimated to be -87 mV. Conditioning depolarization and hyperpolarization both produced a decrease in the inward current. Complete depolarization block occurred at membrane potential of -20 mV. Conditioning hyperpolarization experiments in the presence of cobalt and/or TEA revealed that the decrease in the inward current caused by conditioning hyperpolarization was a result of an increase in the outward current overlaping with the inward current. It appears that a part of the potassium channel population is inactivated at the resting membrane potential and that this inactivation is removed by hyperpolarization.", "PMID": 752726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8966", "title": "Radiology of multiloculated fibrous dysplasia of the jaws.", "content": "Three cases of multiloculated lesion of the jaw (two in the mandible and one in the maxillar) closely mimicking ameloblastoma are described. Histology showed all three to be fibrous dysplasia. Against a diagnosis of ameloblastoma were (1) the relative fuzziness of the margins of the loculi and septae; (2) the mineralization of the matrix which gave a ground-glass background instead of the distinct radiolucency seen in ameloblastoma; and (3) the non-resorption of the dental root apices within the lesion.", "contents": "Radiology of multiloculated fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Three cases of multiloculated lesion of the jaw (two in the mandible and one in the maxillar) closely mimicking ameloblastoma are described. Histology showed all three to be fibrous dysplasia. Against a diagnosis of ameloblastoma were (1) the relative fuzziness of the margins of the loculi and septae; (2) the mineralization of the matrix which gave a ground-glass background instead of the distinct radiolucency seen in ameloblastoma; and (3) the non-resorption of the dental root apices within the lesion.", "PMID": 752729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8967", "title": "Research in the family physician's office.", "content": "Family medicine as a specialty has now \"come of age.\" To maintain its new status, the specialty must be able to survive the vigorous assessment that is given other specialties by the public, the profession, and the academic community. One way of achieving this is for the family physician to do research of excellent quality and quantity. Traditionally, medical research has been done by secondary and tertiary care specialists and little has been done on the primary care needs of the black patient. The research done is of limited value for the family physician's daily work, a reason why family practitioners must do their own research. A research methodology has been described which is readily applicable to the family physician's office. It is an extension of good record keeping and includes Problem-Oriented Medical Records, an Age-Sex Register, a Daily Worksheet or Encounter Form, and a Morbidity Index, incorporating the \"Pri-Care\" (ICHPPC) code. The system is simple to use and requires only a small increase in administrative time. Every family physician is encouraged to consider its use.", "contents": "Research in the family physician's office. Family medicine as a specialty has now \"come of age.\" To maintain its new status, the specialty must be able to survive the vigorous assessment that is given other specialties by the public, the profession, and the academic community. One way of achieving this is for the family physician to do research of excellent quality and quantity. Traditionally, medical research has been done by secondary and tertiary care specialists and little has been done on the primary care needs of the black patient. The research done is of limited value for the family physician's daily work, a reason why family practitioners must do their own research. A research methodology has been described which is readily applicable to the family physician's office. It is an extension of good record keeping and includes Problem-Oriented Medical Records, an Age-Sex Register, a Daily Worksheet or Encounter Form, and a Morbidity Index, incorporating the \"Pri-Care\" (ICHPPC) code. The system is simple to use and requires only a small increase in administrative time. Every family physician is encouraged to consider its use.", "PMID": 752730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8968", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk obstetrics.", "content": "Unregistered patients, who subsequently had cesarian section for obstetric indications, were placed on prophylactic chloramphenicol in doses of 2-6 gm a day. These were matched with an equal number of randomly selected, similarly unbooked patients not receiving prophylactic antibiotics. These groups were given a fever work-up when sepsis manifested even in those previously on antibiotic therapy.Results showed little or no significant difference in the two groups when length of hospitalization and cost of care were compared. During the period of the study, a sample of booked patients, who subsequently had cesarian section, were also compared. Highly significant differences were noted. In Nigeria, a more rational approach to this group of significantly high-risk patients is advocated. A review of current practices in obstetrics is discussed.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk obstetrics. Unregistered patients, who subsequently had cesarian section for obstetric indications, were placed on prophylactic chloramphenicol in doses of 2-6 gm a day. These were matched with an equal number of randomly selected, similarly unbooked patients not receiving prophylactic antibiotics. These groups were given a fever work-up when sepsis manifested even in those previously on antibiotic therapy.Results showed little or no significant difference in the two groups when length of hospitalization and cost of care were compared. During the period of the study, a sample of booked patients, who subsequently had cesarian section, were also compared. Highly significant differences were noted. In Nigeria, a more rational approach to this group of significantly high-risk patients is advocated. A review of current practices in obstetrics is discussed.", "PMID": 752731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8969", "title": "Lead poisoning in children.", "content": "In this study of the phenomenon of lead poisoning in children, the various approaches that several cities have employed to combat the problem are discussed. Several suggestions for dealing with the situation are proposed. These include educational programs, followup reports, legislation, and research.", "contents": "Lead poisoning in children. In this study of the phenomenon of lead poisoning in children, the various approaches that several cities have employed to combat the problem are discussed. Several suggestions for dealing with the situation are proposed. These include educational programs, followup reports, legislation, and research.", "PMID": 752732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8970", "title": "Frequency analysis of the EEG in children with sickle cell disease.", "content": "An automated technique for EEG frequency analysis was employed in the study of nine children with sickle cell disease. Quotients, Q(1) (delta+theta/alpha+beta) and Q(2) (theta/alpha+8), were calculated from the computed power in each frequency range. Recordings from occipital-parietal and temporal-frontal areas resulted in a higher Q(1) for sickle cell disease patients than for reported normals (p<.002 and p<.05 respectively). Q(2) value from the occipital-parietal sites were also higher for the sickle cell group (p<.05).The technique reported here lends itself to serial studies in appropriate patient groups and suggests the possibility of an organic basis for some of the results found.", "contents": "Frequency analysis of the EEG in children with sickle cell disease. An automated technique for EEG frequency analysis was employed in the study of nine children with sickle cell disease. Quotients, Q(1) (delta+theta/alpha+beta) and Q(2) (theta/alpha+8), were calculated from the computed power in each frequency range. Recordings from occipital-parietal and temporal-frontal areas resulted in a higher Q(1) for sickle cell disease patients than for reported normals (p<.002 and p<.05 respectively). Q(2) value from the occipital-parietal sites were also higher for the sickle cell group (p<.05).The technique reported here lends itself to serial studies in appropriate patient groups and suggests the possibility of an organic basis for some of the results found.", "PMID": 752734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8971", "title": "Test method for the absence of active clotting factors in dried human blood coagulation factor IX complex.", "content": "Adverse effects possibly due to the active clotting factors are sometimes reported upon administration of some preparations of Factor IX complex having conformed to the specifications in the Japanese Minimum Requirements for Biological Products. The author, therefore, proposed the revision of the test method for the absence of active clotting factors in the Minimum Requirements by introducing calcium ion into the test medium.", "contents": "Test method for the absence of active clotting factors in dried human blood coagulation factor IX complex. Adverse effects possibly due to the active clotting factors are sometimes reported upon administration of some preparations of Factor IX complex having conformed to the specifications in the Japanese Minimum Requirements for Biological Products. The author, therefore, proposed the revision of the test method for the absence of active clotting factors in the Minimum Requirements by introducing calcium ion into the test medium.", "PMID": 752738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8972", "title": "Semi-micro plaque neutralization test for rubella antibody.", "content": "Attenuated rubella virus, strain Cendehill, was found to produce small, distinct and ring-shaped plaques in Vero cell cultures. This finding was utilized to develop a semi-micro plaque neutralization test for a rubella antibody in 14 cmX9cm (24 wells) plastic trays. The procedure represents a reproducible and economical way to measure rubella neutralizing antibody.", "contents": "Semi-micro plaque neutralization test for rubella antibody. Attenuated rubella virus, strain Cendehill, was found to produce small, distinct and ring-shaped plaques in Vero cell cultures. This finding was utilized to develop a semi-micro plaque neutralization test for a rubella antibody in 14 cmX9cm (24 wells) plastic trays. The procedure represents a reproducible and economical way to measure rubella neutralizing antibody.", "PMID": 752741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8973", "title": "Endotoxin, histamine-sensitizing factor and lymphocytosis-promoting factor contents of pertussis vaccines produced in Japan.", "content": "The amounts of endotoxin, histamine-sensitizing factor and lymphocytosis-promoting factor contained in combined diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and combined diphteria-pertussis vaccines recently produced in Japan were determined and the relationships among them were statistically analyzed. The estimated values in histamine-sensitizing units (HSU) and lymphocytosispromoting units (LPU) per human dose ranged from 0.3 to 6 and from 0.4 to 5, respectively. A fairly wide range of endotoxin contents, which were expressed in body weight-decreasing units (BWDU), was also demonstrated. All the ranges were larger than those expected from experimental error. There was a positive correlation between the HSU and LPU values although the individual HSU-LPU ratios ranged from 0.3 to 3, but the range was markedly larger than the width of the 95% confidence interval of the mean ratio. Negative correlation between BWDU and LPU was also significant, probably because of the relatively large number degrees of freedom, though the coefficient was fairly small; while that between BWDU and HSU was not significant. The frequency distribution of individual values of HSU was divided into two lognormal distributions. With one of the two groups obtained by this subdivision, a distinct positive correlation bewteen HSU and LPU was demonstrated, but with the other group there was little correlation. Some differences between the two groups were also found in the correlations between BWDU and the other two variates. No factors responsible for the separation of the groups have yet been found.", "contents": "Endotoxin, histamine-sensitizing factor and lymphocytosis-promoting factor contents of pertussis vaccines produced in Japan. The amounts of endotoxin, histamine-sensitizing factor and lymphocytosis-promoting factor contained in combined diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and combined diphteria-pertussis vaccines recently produced in Japan were determined and the relationships among them were statistically analyzed. The estimated values in histamine-sensitizing units (HSU) and lymphocytosispromoting units (LPU) per human dose ranged from 0.3 to 6 and from 0.4 to 5, respectively. A fairly wide range of endotoxin contents, which were expressed in body weight-decreasing units (BWDU), was also demonstrated. All the ranges were larger than those expected from experimental error. There was a positive correlation between the HSU and LPU values although the individual HSU-LPU ratios ranged from 0.3 to 3, but the range was markedly larger than the width of the 95% confidence interval of the mean ratio. Negative correlation between BWDU and LPU was also significant, probably because of the relatively large number degrees of freedom, though the coefficient was fairly small; while that between BWDU and HSU was not significant. The frequency distribution of individual values of HSU was divided into two lognormal distributions. With one of the two groups obtained by this subdivision, a distinct positive correlation bewteen HSU and LPU was demonstrated, but with the other group there was little correlation. Some differences between the two groups were also found in the correlations between BWDU and the other two variates. No factors responsible for the separation of the groups have yet been found.", "PMID": 752739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8974", "title": "Isolation of orthomyxoviruses from migrating and domestic ducks in northern Japan in 1976--1977.", "content": "Ortho- and parmyxoviruses were isolated at high frequencies from cloacal and tracheal samples of 334 domestic and 161 migrating ducks in Miyagi and Akita Prefectures, Japan, in the winter of 1976--77. Forty-four hemagglutinating agents were isolated from these ducks. The frequency of virus isolation was much higher from the cloacal samples (6.3%) than the tracheal samples (2.6%). However, no significant difference was found in the isolation ratio between the domestic (7.8%) and migrating (6.8%) ducks. Nine strains of the hemagglutinating agents were identified as influenza A viruses and confirmed to be in pure form by complement-fixation (CF) tests and from their polypeptide profiles. The antigenic characterization of the influenza A viruses revealed the presence of several subtypes; Hav5Nav-2-3, Hav6Neq2, Hav6N2, Hav7Neq2 and Hav7N2.", "contents": "Isolation of orthomyxoviruses from migrating and domestic ducks in northern Japan in 1976--1977. Ortho- and parmyxoviruses were isolated at high frequencies from cloacal and tracheal samples of 334 domestic and 161 migrating ducks in Miyagi and Akita Prefectures, Japan, in the winter of 1976--77. Forty-four hemagglutinating agents were isolated from these ducks. The frequency of virus isolation was much higher from the cloacal samples (6.3%) than the tracheal samples (2.6%). However, no significant difference was found in the isolation ratio between the domestic (7.8%) and migrating (6.8%) ducks. Nine strains of the hemagglutinating agents were identified as influenza A viruses and confirmed to be in pure form by complement-fixation (CF) tests and from their polypeptide profiles. The antigenic characterization of the influenza A viruses revealed the presence of several subtypes; Hav5Nav-2-3, Hav6Neq2, Hav6N2, Hav7Neq2 and Hav7N2.", "PMID": 752740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8975", "title": "Neuraminidase effect on the growth of a transplantable nickel sulfide-induced rat tumor.", "content": "Exposure of a weakly immunogenic nickel sulfide-induced Fischer rat tumor to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase inhibited tumor growth in normal recipients. These recipients were found to be more resistent to a subsequent tumor inoculation.", "contents": "Neuraminidase effect on the growth of a transplantable nickel sulfide-induced rat tumor. Exposure of a weakly immunogenic nickel sulfide-induced Fischer rat tumor to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase inhibited tumor growth in normal recipients. These recipients were found to be more resistent to a subsequent tumor inoculation.", "PMID": 752742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8976", "title": "[Structure of chromosomal deoxyribonucleoproteins. IX. Heterogeneity of chromatin subunits in vitro and location of histone H1].", "content": "Chromatin subunits (\"nucleosomes\") isolated from a mild staphylococcal nuclease digest of chromatin by a sucrose gradient centrifugation have been studied. We found that such preparation contains nucleosomes of the two discrete types which can be separated from each other by a low-ionic-strength polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleosome of the first type contains all five histones and a DNA fragment 170--180 base pairs long, whereas nucleosome of the second type lacks histone H1 and its DNA fragment is approximately 140 base pairs long. Purified dimer of the nucleosome (dinucleosome) can be fractionated by gel electrophoresis into three discrete bands which correspond to dinucleosomes, containing two, one and no molecules of H1 histone. Similar heterogeneity with respect to the content of histone H1 probably exists in the case of larger oligonucleosomes. These and related findings strongly suggest that the H1 molecule is bound to a short (30--40 base pairs) terminal stretch of the nucleosomal DNA segment which can be removed by nuclease (possibly in the form of H1--DNA complex) without any significant disturbance of the main structural features of the nucleosome.", "contents": "[Structure of chromosomal deoxyribonucleoproteins. IX. Heterogeneity of chromatin subunits in vitro and location of histone H1]. Chromatin subunits (\"nucleosomes\") isolated from a mild staphylococcal nuclease digest of chromatin by a sucrose gradient centrifugation have been studied. We found that such preparation contains nucleosomes of the two discrete types which can be separated from each other by a low-ionic-strength polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleosome of the first type contains all five histones and a DNA fragment 170--180 base pairs long, whereas nucleosome of the second type lacks histone H1 and its DNA fragment is approximately 140 base pairs long. Purified dimer of the nucleosome (dinucleosome) can be fractionated by gel electrophoresis into three discrete bands which correspond to dinucleosomes, containing two, one and no molecules of H1 histone. Similar heterogeneity with respect to the content of histone H1 probably exists in the case of larger oligonucleosomes. These and related findings strongly suggest that the H1 molecule is bound to a short (30--40 base pairs) terminal stretch of the nucleosomal DNA segment which can be removed by nuclease (possibly in the form of H1--DNA complex) without any significant disturbance of the main structural features of the nucleosome.", "PMID": 752777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8977", "title": "[Kinetic method for the determination of sequences of purine and pyrimidine blocks for circular nucleic acids].", "content": "We prove that the sequence of purine and pyrimidine blocks can be restored for circular nucleic acids if molecular weight distributions of fragments of various stages of hydrolysis are known. Hydrolysis of nucleic acid is considered as a progressive fragmentation of a \"ciphering\", an arbitrary circular polymer, monomers of which have weights from 1 to 6 (corresponding to the real number of purines or pyrimidines in the block), while the site of fragmentation is selected at random. The hydrolysis of circular RNA under the action of pancreatic RNase proceeds in accordance with the model of ciphering. Heuristic method for restoration of the monomer sequence in the ciphering based upon some characteristics of molecular weight distributions (such as Sj(m)-number of the fragments with the weight m containing j unbroken bonds) is considered. Uniqueness of restoration of the monomers sequence of the ciphering based upon known set [Sj(m)] is proved.", "contents": "[Kinetic method for the determination of sequences of purine and pyrimidine blocks for circular nucleic acids]. We prove that the sequence of purine and pyrimidine blocks can be restored for circular nucleic acids if molecular weight distributions of fragments of various stages of hydrolysis are known. Hydrolysis of nucleic acid is considered as a progressive fragmentation of a \"ciphering\", an arbitrary circular polymer, monomers of which have weights from 1 to 6 (corresponding to the real number of purines or pyrimidines in the block), while the site of fragmentation is selected at random. The hydrolysis of circular RNA under the action of pancreatic RNase proceeds in accordance with the model of ciphering. Heuristic method for restoration of the monomer sequence in the ciphering based upon some characteristics of molecular weight distributions (such as Sj(m)-number of the fragments with the weight m containing j unbroken bonds) is considered. Uniqueness of restoration of the monomers sequence of the ciphering based upon known set [Sj(m)] is proved.", "PMID": 752779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8978", "title": "[B-A transition of DNA in aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes].", "content": "Circular dichroism spectra of DNA in ternary water-nonelectrolyte solutions (water--ethanol--isopropanol and water--ethanol--dioxane) show that the decrease in water content at various nonelectrolyte ratios leads to the transition of DNA from B- to A-form. Water activity values in B-A transition region were calculated. The transition takes place within the range of water activity and DNA conformations have been plotted on triangular diagrams.", "contents": "[B-A transition of DNA in aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes]. Circular dichroism spectra of DNA in ternary water-nonelectrolyte solutions (water--ethanol--isopropanol and water--ethanol--dioxane) show that the decrease in water content at various nonelectrolyte ratios leads to the transition of DNA from B- to A-form. Water activity values in B-A transition region were calculated. The transition takes place within the range of water activity and DNA conformations have been plotted on triangular diagrams.", "PMID": 752781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8979", "title": "[A comparative characteristic of DNA pyrimidine sequences of shark, protopterus and perch].", "content": "Pyrimidine sequences of DNA from three fishes: shark, protopterus and perch have been studied. These data together with the evidence from the literature were used to support earlier conclusions that dipnoi and cartilagenous fishes should be distinguished as independent classes. The clustering index, beta, and the total molar percentage of long pyrimidine oligonucleotides (Z) containing greater than or equal to 8 nucleotides--a new parameter offered by us--have been used in comparative investigation of DNAs. The new parameter has permitted to obtain a higher resolution in the analysis of our own and literature data on DNA pyrimidine clusters in fishes. Investigation of pyrimidine clusters and of the base composition of individual isoplits of these clusters using statistical analysis showed that DNA from shark, protopterus, sturgeon and perch significantly differ by many features. Significant differences between these DNAs were found also in the base composition. Thus, new evidence for distinguishing cartilagenous fishes and dipnoi as independent classes have been received.", "contents": "[A comparative characteristic of DNA pyrimidine sequences of shark, protopterus and perch]. Pyrimidine sequences of DNA from three fishes: shark, protopterus and perch have been studied. These data together with the evidence from the literature were used to support earlier conclusions that dipnoi and cartilagenous fishes should be distinguished as independent classes. The clustering index, beta, and the total molar percentage of long pyrimidine oligonucleotides (Z) containing greater than or equal to 8 nucleotides--a new parameter offered by us--have been used in comparative investigation of DNAs. The new parameter has permitted to obtain a higher resolution in the analysis of our own and literature data on DNA pyrimidine clusters in fishes. Investigation of pyrimidine clusters and of the base composition of individual isoplits of these clusters using statistical analysis showed that DNA from shark, protopterus, sturgeon and perch significantly differ by many features. Significant differences between these DNAs were found also in the base composition. Thus, new evidence for distinguishing cartilagenous fishes and dipnoi as independent classes have been received.", "PMID": 752776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8980", "title": "[Quantitative relationships in the theory of active transport].", "content": "Quantitative relations for the active transport across a membrane are derived according to Mitchell's theory using an approach based on thermodynamic and kinetic principles. The main formula predicts that the flow rate depends on the \"oxidative power\" of the membrane in case of a big ionic flow. In case of a low current the rate is determined by the redox potential of the respiratory substrate. The relations derived in the paper are in qualitative agreement with Kaback's data on the active transport in bacterial vesicles.", "contents": "[Quantitative relationships in the theory of active transport]. Quantitative relations for the active transport across a membrane are derived according to Mitchell's theory using an approach based on thermodynamic and kinetic principles. The main formula predicts that the flow rate depends on the \"oxidative power\" of the membrane in case of a big ionic flow. In case of a low current the rate is determined by the redox potential of the respiratory substrate. The relations derived in the paper are in qualitative agreement with Kaback's data on the active transport in bacterial vesicles.", "PMID": 752780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8981", "title": "[Compact form of DNA in solution. X. Peculiarities of circular dichroism spectra of DNA compact particles forming polyethylene glycol-containing water-salt solutions].", "content": "The experimental data indicating that the amplitude of the negative band in CD spectra of DNA compact particles forming in PEG-containing water-salt solutions intensifies with the decrease of DNA molecular weight are presented. This effect is not explained by the light scattering on the compact particles. The presence of the negative band in CD spectrum of DNA compact particles is interpreted as result of formation of dichrographic-active \"microcrystalline\" region (\"domains\") (if DNA compact particles are formed from double-stranded molecules with unaltered secondary structure); it is also supposed that the number of these regions in the particle and their dichrographic activity doesn't depend on the particles size. This interpretation is in agreement with experimental data on the increase of the number of compact particles with the decrease of DNA molecular weight. Proportionality coefficient in the linear dependence of the amplitude of negative band on the size of DNA compact particles in solution depends apparently on dichrographic activity of \"microcrystalline\" regions, and this activity is connected with structural peculiarities of initial DNA molecules.", "contents": "[Compact form of DNA in solution. X. Peculiarities of circular dichroism spectra of DNA compact particles forming polyethylene glycol-containing water-salt solutions]. The experimental data indicating that the amplitude of the negative band in CD spectra of DNA compact particles forming in PEG-containing water-salt solutions intensifies with the decrease of DNA molecular weight are presented. This effect is not explained by the light scattering on the compact particles. The presence of the negative band in CD spectrum of DNA compact particles is interpreted as result of formation of dichrographic-active \"microcrystalline\" region (\"domains\") (if DNA compact particles are formed from double-stranded molecules with unaltered secondary structure); it is also supposed that the number of these regions in the particle and their dichrographic activity doesn't depend on the particles size. This interpretation is in agreement with experimental data on the increase of the number of compact particles with the decrease of DNA molecular weight. Proportionality coefficient in the linear dependence of the amplitude of negative band on the size of DNA compact particles in solution depends apparently on dichrographic activity of \"microcrystalline\" regions, and this activity is connected with structural peculiarities of initial DNA molecules.", "PMID": 752778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8982", "title": "[Nucleotide composition and digestion by nucleases of RNA from muscle amylose isomerase].", "content": "The primary structure of homogeneous low molecular RNA preparation with the sedimentation coefficient 2.5S isolated from amilose isomerase (A1) of muscle (E.C. 2.4.1.18) was analysed. This RNA can be digested by venom phosphodiesterase as well as by pancreatic and T2 RNAases; hence we conclude that the polynucleotide chain of A1 RNA consists of 3.5-phosphodiester bonds common for all RNAs. The nucleotide composition of the RNA was studied by two-dimensional TLC followed by spectrophotometry. The results show that its chain is 31--32 nucleotides long. High content of unusual components (about 30%) and guanine (about 40%) are specific features of this RNA.", "contents": "[Nucleotide composition and digestion by nucleases of RNA from muscle amylose isomerase]. The primary structure of homogeneous low molecular RNA preparation with the sedimentation coefficient 2.5S isolated from amilose isomerase (A1) of muscle (E.C. 2.4.1.18) was analysed. This RNA can be digested by venom phosphodiesterase as well as by pancreatic and T2 RNAases; hence we conclude that the polynucleotide chain of A1 RNA consists of 3.5-phosphodiester bonds common for all RNAs. The nucleotide composition of the RNA was studied by two-dimensional TLC followed by spectrophotometry. The results show that its chain is 31--32 nucleotides long. High content of unusual components (about 30%) and guanine (about 40%) are specific features of this RNA.", "PMID": 752783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8983", "title": "[Kinetics of the order-disorder transition in the system of two interacting macromolecules (computer simulation)].", "content": "Kinetics of the model reaction between oligomeric planar lattice-model chains has been studied by Monte--Carlo method. Simulation of the chain's motion was performing using rules of Verdier--Stockmayer. The length of chains has been varied from 8 to 24 beads. The probabilities of breaking of a contact between two chains was given by w=exp(--U); the formation of an adjacent contact was controlled by mobility of chains. The probability of the formation of any isolated contact was given by w0=exp(--U0). Kinetic curves were obtained for mean number of contacts Z(t) with different initial conditions and U, U0 values. The estimation of mean rates of formation-breaking of contacts (V+ and V-) and their dependences on the time, U and U0 have been obtained. Rate constants for the formation-breaking of a contact (k+ and k-) were estimated as well as the distribution for k+/- over states of the binary complex. The calculations were made for the case of homopolymers, intrachain interactions were omitted.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the order-disorder transition in the system of two interacting macromolecules (computer simulation)]. Kinetics of the model reaction between oligomeric planar lattice-model chains has been studied by Monte--Carlo method. Simulation of the chain's motion was performing using rules of Verdier--Stockmayer. The length of chains has been varied from 8 to 24 beads. The probabilities of breaking of a contact between two chains was given by w=exp(--U); the formation of an adjacent contact was controlled by mobility of chains. The probability of the formation of any isolated contact was given by w0=exp(--U0). Kinetic curves were obtained for mean number of contacts Z(t) with different initial conditions and U, U0 values. The estimation of mean rates of formation-breaking of contacts (V+ and V-) and their dependences on the time, U and U0 have been obtained. Rate constants for the formation-breaking of a contact (k+ and k-) were estimated as well as the distribution for k+/- over states of the binary complex. The calculations were made for the case of homopolymers, intrachain interactions were omitted.", "PMID": 752782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8984", "title": "[Conformational transitions in adsorbed macromolecules with secondary structure].", "content": "An analytical theory is presented taking into account the effects of the flat adsorbing surface on the equilibrium properties of the long single-stranded macromolecule possessing a secondary structure. Change of the secondary structure is described in terms of Zimm--Bragg theory; adsorbtion properties are calculated for the lattice model without taking into account the 3-dimensional interactions. It is shown that the presence of the adsorbing surface sharpens helix-coil transition, displacing it towards the lower constants of equilibrium (s). A relation of the critical energy of adsorbtion (--epsilonkappa) on s is obtained at different values of the cooperativity factor sigma. This relationship represents a phase diagram of the system. Various sections of this phase diagram corresponding to different dependence of s and --epsilon on the external factors are considered. It is shown that the process of adsorbtion may occur in different manners: either cooperatively or by the phase transition of type II with jumps in one or in three points.", "contents": "[Conformational transitions in adsorbed macromolecules with secondary structure]. An analytical theory is presented taking into account the effects of the flat adsorbing surface on the equilibrium properties of the long single-stranded macromolecule possessing a secondary structure. Change of the secondary structure is described in terms of Zimm--Bragg theory; adsorbtion properties are calculated for the lattice model without taking into account the 3-dimensional interactions. It is shown that the presence of the adsorbing surface sharpens helix-coil transition, displacing it towards the lower constants of equilibrium (s). A relation of the critical energy of adsorbtion (--epsilonkappa) on s is obtained at different values of the cooperativity factor sigma. This relationship represents a phase diagram of the system. Various sections of this phase diagram corresponding to different dependence of s and --epsilon on the external factors are considered. It is shown that the process of adsorbtion may occur in different manners: either cooperatively or by the phase transition of type II with jumps in one or in three points.", "PMID": 752784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8985", "title": "[Nuclear ribonucleoproteins containing messenger RNA. 12. Fluorescence studies of the secondary structure of pre-mRNA in nuclear RNP-particles].", "content": "Secondary structure of pre-mRNA in nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (30S-particles) was examined using fluorescent dyes: acridine orange, acriflavine and ethidium bromide. Comparison of ethidium bromide and acriflavine adsorption isotherms for RNP-particles and free RNA and a study of acridine orange dimerization on binding to RNP revealed that 70% of pre-mRNA in 30S-particles is accessible for the dye binding. Dye molecules were adsorbed on double-stranded sequences (11--12% of the total amount of RNA in 30S-particles) and on the single-stranded parts of RNA (58--59% of 30S-particles), the rest part of RNA was unaccessible for the dye binding. A method involving measurements of acriflavine fluorescence quantum yields was used for the determination of nucleotide composition of double-stranded parts of RNA in the 30S-particles. AU-nucleotide content thus obtained was approximately 50%, as was established also for free pre-mRNA. Na+ ions weaken the interaction between the protein and pre-mRNA in 30S particles and increase mobility of double-stranded parts of this nucleic acid.", "contents": "[Nuclear ribonucleoproteins containing messenger RNA. 12. Fluorescence studies of the secondary structure of pre-mRNA in nuclear RNP-particles]. Secondary structure of pre-mRNA in nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (30S-particles) was examined using fluorescent dyes: acridine orange, acriflavine and ethidium bromide. Comparison of ethidium bromide and acriflavine adsorption isotherms for RNP-particles and free RNA and a study of acridine orange dimerization on binding to RNP revealed that 70% of pre-mRNA in 30S-particles is accessible for the dye binding. Dye molecules were adsorbed on double-stranded sequences (11--12% of the total amount of RNA in 30S-particles) and on the single-stranded parts of RNA (58--59% of 30S-particles), the rest part of RNA was unaccessible for the dye binding. A method involving measurements of acriflavine fluorescence quantum yields was used for the determination of nucleotide composition of double-stranded parts of RNA in the 30S-particles. AU-nucleotide content thus obtained was approximately 50%, as was established also for free pre-mRNA. Na+ ions weaken the interaction between the protein and pre-mRNA in 30S particles and increase mobility of double-stranded parts of this nucleic acid.", "PMID": 752787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8986", "title": "[Properties of different classes of low molecular weight RNAs].", "content": "Low molecular weight (LMW) RNAs from early fish embryos were characterized by investigating their migration in polyacrylamide gels, solubility in 1.5 M NaCl, in vivo methylation by the methionine methyl group, metabolic stability, and effects of low doses of alpha-amanitin on their syntheses. At blastula stage, the mature tRNA and 4.3--4.8 S metabolically unstable molecules described as precursors of tRNA in pulse-chase experiments were found. The syntheses of stable methylated LMW RNAs, different from tRNA, were also shown. The sizes of these molecules, determined by their migration in polyacrylamide gels, were 5.3S; 5.8S; 6.3S and 6.9S These RNAs resemble the nuclear LMW RNAs, discovered in different animal cells, in infertilized eggs and developing embryos of sea urchin among them. The data obtained allow one to suppose an existance of a maturation stage during formation of these RNAs. The synthesis of a certain fraction of LMW RNAs (4.9S) was sensible to low doses of alpha-amanitin and therefore involved RNA-polymerase II.", "contents": "[Properties of different classes of low molecular weight RNAs]. Low molecular weight (LMW) RNAs from early fish embryos were characterized by investigating their migration in polyacrylamide gels, solubility in 1.5 M NaCl, in vivo methylation by the methionine methyl group, metabolic stability, and effects of low doses of alpha-amanitin on their syntheses. At blastula stage, the mature tRNA and 4.3--4.8 S metabolically unstable molecules described as precursors of tRNA in pulse-chase experiments were found. The syntheses of stable methylated LMW RNAs, different from tRNA, were also shown. The sizes of these molecules, determined by their migration in polyacrylamide gels, were 5.3S; 5.8S; 6.3S and 6.9S These RNAs resemble the nuclear LMW RNAs, discovered in different animal cells, in infertilized eggs and developing embryos of sea urchin among them. The data obtained allow one to suppose an existance of a maturation stage during formation of these RNAs. The synthesis of a certain fraction of LMW RNAs (4.9S) was sensible to low doses of alpha-amanitin and therefore involved RNA-polymerase II.", "PMID": 752788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8987", "title": "[Autocatalytic enzyme reactions].", "content": "Kinetic aspects of enzymatic reactions proceeding in the autocatalytic mode are considered. Kinetic analysis of a mechanism with proenzyme-enzyme interaction and of mechanism in which activation involves an interaction with the product of enzymatic reaction is presented. It is shown that these mechanisms are distinguished by the dependences of kinetics of the process on enzyme and substrate concentrations. Method is developed for the determination of concentration of active centers of enzyme in the case of activation by reaction product. Conclusions obtained are illustrated using autocatalytic enzymatic systems such as trypsin-trypsinogen and bacterial hydrogenases-hydrogen-4,4'-dimethylbipyridinium.", "contents": "[Autocatalytic enzyme reactions]. Kinetic aspects of enzymatic reactions proceeding in the autocatalytic mode are considered. Kinetic analysis of a mechanism with proenzyme-enzyme interaction and of mechanism in which activation involves an interaction with the product of enzymatic reaction is presented. It is shown that these mechanisms are distinguished by the dependences of kinetics of the process on enzyme and substrate concentrations. Method is developed for the determination of concentration of active centers of enzyme in the case of activation by reaction product. Conclusions obtained are illustrated using autocatalytic enzymatic systems such as trypsin-trypsinogen and bacterial hydrogenases-hydrogen-4,4'-dimethylbipyridinium.", "PMID": 752785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8988", "title": "[Proteolytic mechanism of deproteinization of influenza virus by plasmatic membranes].", "content": "A mechanism responsible for proteolytic deproteinization of influenza virus A2 Hong-Kong (I)68 by plasmatic membranes of sensitive cells was studied. Presence of trypsinlike protease in plasmatic membranes of white mice lungs was demonstrated. A considerable inhibition of the membrane proteolitic activity was obtained in the presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Disintegration of the virus labeled by [3H]uridine by plasmatic membranes was investigated and it was found that this process required ATP. Inhibition of the protease activity by epsilon-aminocaproic acid led to the suppression of deproteinization of influenza virus. The experimental data obtained indicate that the proteolytic enzymes of plasmatic membranes participate in the complex process of virus \"uncoating\".", "contents": "[Proteolytic mechanism of deproteinization of influenza virus by plasmatic membranes]. A mechanism responsible for proteolytic deproteinization of influenza virus A2 Hong-Kong (I)68 by plasmatic membranes of sensitive cells was studied. Presence of trypsinlike protease in plasmatic membranes of white mice lungs was demonstrated. A considerable inhibition of the membrane proteolitic activity was obtained in the presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Disintegration of the virus labeled by [3H]uridine by plasmatic membranes was investigated and it was found that this process required ATP. Inhibition of the protease activity by epsilon-aminocaproic acid led to the suppression of deproteinization of influenza virus. The experimental data obtained indicate that the proteolytic enzymes of plasmatic membranes participate in the complex process of virus \"uncoating\".", "PMID": 752790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8989", "title": "[Simple procedure for the isolation of animal mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid].", "content": "A simple procedure for the isolation of animal mitochondrial DNA is described. It includes deproteinization of mitochondrial lysates with phenol, precipitation of total nucleic acids with polyethylene glycol, RNA precipitation by saet and final purification of DNA using gel chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column. MtDNA preparations obtained were free from protein and RNA and were represented predimonantly by the covalently closed molecules. The content of D-looped molecules in these preparations was equal to 45%.", "contents": "[Simple procedure for the isolation of animal mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid]. A simple procedure for the isolation of animal mitochondrial DNA is described. It includes deproteinization of mitochondrial lysates with phenol, precipitation of total nucleic acids with polyethylene glycol, RNA precipitation by saet and final purification of DNA using gel chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column. MtDNA preparations obtained were free from protein and RNA and were represented predimonantly by the covalently closed molecules. The content of D-looped molecules in these preparations was equal to 45%.", "PMID": 752786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8990", "title": "[DNA compact form in solution. XI. Melting of the DNA compact state, formed in water-salt solutions, containing poly(ethylene glycol)].", "content": "Temperature dependences of absorption and CD spectra of DNA compact particles, formed in water-salt solutions in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), have been compared. It has been shown that the disappearance of a specific negative CD band, characteristic of the DNA compact form, occures prior to the destruction of the DNA secondary structure and is not connected with changes of the number or the size of compact particles. The disappearance of this band is believed to reflect the destruction of ordered structure of microcrystalline regions in DNA compact particles. The temperature, at which this \"melting\" takes place (taum) increases with the rise of PEG concentration, but always remains below the melting temperature of the DNA secondary structure. The thermodynamic parameters, deltaH and deltaS, which characterize the \"melting\" of the microcrystalline regions in DNA compact particles, were calculated for each CD \"melting\" curve and were shown in increase, similarly to taum, with the rise of PEG concentration. These data indicate that the regularity of the internal structure of DNA compact particles depends not only on the structural characteristics of the initial DNA, but also on the solvent properties, in particular, on the PEG concentration.", "contents": "[DNA compact form in solution. XI. Melting of the DNA compact state, formed in water-salt solutions, containing poly(ethylene glycol)]. Temperature dependences of absorption and CD spectra of DNA compact particles, formed in water-salt solutions in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), have been compared. It has been shown that the disappearance of a specific negative CD band, characteristic of the DNA compact form, occures prior to the destruction of the DNA secondary structure and is not connected with changes of the number or the size of compact particles. The disappearance of this band is believed to reflect the destruction of ordered structure of microcrystalline regions in DNA compact particles. The temperature, at which this \"melting\" takes place (taum) increases with the rise of PEG concentration, but always remains below the melting temperature of the DNA secondary structure. The thermodynamic parameters, deltaH and deltaS, which characterize the \"melting\" of the microcrystalline regions in DNA compact particles, were calculated for each CD \"melting\" curve and were shown in increase, similarly to taum, with the rise of PEG concentration. These data indicate that the regularity of the internal structure of DNA compact particles depends not only on the structural characteristics of the initial DNA, but also on the solvent properties, in particular, on the PEG concentration.", "PMID": 752789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8991", "title": "[Kinetics of reactions in multienzyme systems. I. Steady state processes in bienzyme systems. Lineal multienzyme sequences].", "content": "Kinetic aspects of reactions in multienzyme systems are discussed. Detailed formal-kinetic discription of bienzyme system is made for the steady-state conditions. Two important cases--constant and variable concentration of initial substrate are discussed. The criteria for realization of steady-state condition of system are formulated. Equations which describe the steady rates and steady state concentrations of intermediates as functions of initial concentrations and kinetic parameters of individual enzymes were developed. The time range of steady-state conditions was estimated and methods for the determination of kinetic parameters of enzymes in steady-state condition were developed. The regulation aspects of bienzyme system are considered. An analysis of reactions kinetics in lineal multienzyme systems was made and criteria of steady-state condition were formulated. Methods of determination of kinetic parameters Vmax and Kmax for each individual enzyme of multienzyme system were developed. The principle of limiting step was formulated quantitatively, criteria and methods of the finding of limiting step were developed.", "contents": "[Kinetics of reactions in multienzyme systems. I. Steady state processes in bienzyme systems. Lineal multienzyme sequences]. Kinetic aspects of reactions in multienzyme systems are discussed. Detailed formal-kinetic discription of bienzyme system is made for the steady-state conditions. Two important cases--constant and variable concentration of initial substrate are discussed. The criteria for realization of steady-state condition of system are formulated. Equations which describe the steady rates and steady state concentrations of intermediates as functions of initial concentrations and kinetic parameters of individual enzymes were developed. The time range of steady-state conditions was estimated and methods for the determination of kinetic parameters of enzymes in steady-state condition were developed. The regulation aspects of bienzyme system are considered. An analysis of reactions kinetics in lineal multienzyme systems was made and criteria of steady-state condition were formulated. Methods of determination of kinetic parameters Vmax and Kmax for each individual enzyme of multienzyme system were developed. The principle of limiting step was formulated quantitatively, criteria and methods of the finding of limiting step were developed.", "PMID": 752794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8992", "title": "The Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale: introduction.", "content": "In summary, the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale attempts to capture the complexity of behavioral responses to social stimuli as the neonate moves from sleep states to crying and to alert states of consciousness. The 20 relfex items tap neurological intergrity. The 27 behavioral items attempt to assess the neonate's capacity to respond to the environment. As such, these item scores become a reflection of the baby's capacity to organize his or her autonomic and central nervous system in order to respond to stimuli (both animate and inanimate), and the exam is used to predict to the environment's response to the baby as an individual. Characteristic of this exam is that it scores the infant's \"best\" performance, which is captured after a series of trials often without a fixed order, and assesses the baby's capacity to organize responses within different states of consciousness.", "contents": "The Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale: introduction. In summary, the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale attempts to capture the complexity of behavioral responses to social stimuli as the neonate moves from sleep states to crying and to alert states of consciousness. The 20 relfex items tap neurological intergrity. The 27 behavioral items attempt to assess the neonate's capacity to respond to the environment. As such, these item scores become a reflection of the baby's capacity to organize his or her autonomic and central nervous system in order to respond to stimuli (both animate and inanimate), and the exam is used to predict to the environment's response to the baby as an individual. Characteristic of this exam is that it scores the infant's \"best\" performance, which is captured after a series of trials often without a fixed order, and assesses the baby's capacity to organize responses within different states of consciousness.", "PMID": 752799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8993", "title": "[Role of water in the thermal instability of DNA].", "content": "We studied structural changes of DNA heated for long times at temperatures between 20 to 100 degrees C at different relative humidities (range 0--100%). DNA structure was analyzed by the following criteria: solubility changes, optical melting, ultraviolet spectroscopy, potentiometry and equilibrium dialysis. It has been found that irreversible changes in DNA secondary structure take place at around 37 degrees C, temperature optimal for the function in many living systems. These irreversible changes may be interpreted as a consequence of formation of interchain contacts (non-covalent \"cross-links\"). We demonstrate that the whole range of relative humidities may be divided onto three regions. For each of these regions DNA has somewhat different molecular structure and peculiarities are observed in the stabilizing and destabilizing action of water on DNA three-dimensional structure. Irreversible changes of DNA secondary structure as a function of bound water are represented by a bell-shaped curve. Similarity between this curve and a curve for the survival microorganisms is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of water in the thermal instability of DNA]. We studied structural changes of DNA heated for long times at temperatures between 20 to 100 degrees C at different relative humidities (range 0--100%). DNA structure was analyzed by the following criteria: solubility changes, optical melting, ultraviolet spectroscopy, potentiometry and equilibrium dialysis. It has been found that irreversible changes in DNA secondary structure take place at around 37 degrees C, temperature optimal for the function in many living systems. These irreversible changes may be interpreted as a consequence of formation of interchain contacts (non-covalent \"cross-links\"). We demonstrate that the whole range of relative humidities may be divided onto three regions. For each of these regions DNA has somewhat different molecular structure and peculiarities are observed in the stabilizing and destabilizing action of water on DNA three-dimensional structure. Irreversible changes of DNA secondary structure as a function of bound water are represented by a bell-shaped curve. Similarity between this curve and a curve for the survival microorganisms is discussed.", "PMID": 752791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8994", "title": "[Protein factor from regenerating rat liver destabilizing secondary DNA structure].", "content": "In DNA preparations isolated from regenerating rat liver 22 hours after partial hepatectomy, i.e. at the period of the most intensive DNA synthesis a \"Denaturating Protein Factor\" (DPF) tightly bound to DNA was found. Isolated protein fraction with a molecular weight of 6500 dalton was found to be homogenous upon SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The degree of destabilisation of DNA was estimated by its reaction with water-soluble [14C]CME-carbodiimide which modifies selectively guanine and thymine residues only in the denatured DNA regions. Pronase treated DPF loses its DNA-denaturing capacity. Pronase treatment of DNA--DPF complex restores native DNA structure. DPF from rat liver was able to denature DNA from calf thymus and bacteriophage T7 DNA. A hypothesis is proposed that the DPF is responsible for the destabilization of DNA secondary structure in the process of replication.", "contents": "[Protein factor from regenerating rat liver destabilizing secondary DNA structure]. In DNA preparations isolated from regenerating rat liver 22 hours after partial hepatectomy, i.e. at the period of the most intensive DNA synthesis a \"Denaturating Protein Factor\" (DPF) tightly bound to DNA was found. Isolated protein fraction with a molecular weight of 6500 dalton was found to be homogenous upon SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The degree of destabilisation of DNA was estimated by its reaction with water-soluble [14C]CME-carbodiimide which modifies selectively guanine and thymine residues only in the denatured DNA regions. Pronase treated DPF loses its DNA-denaturing capacity. Pronase treatment of DNA--DPF complex restores native DNA structure. DPF from rat liver was able to denature DNA from calf thymus and bacteriophage T7 DNA. A hypothesis is proposed that the DPF is responsible for the destabilization of DNA secondary structure in the process of replication.", "PMID": 752792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8995", "title": "[Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous transversions and transitions].", "content": "Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous base substitutions during template directed nucleic acid synthesis have been considered. For this purpose calculations of interaction energy in various coplanar base pairs with approximately such glycoside bond positions as for Watson--Crick base pairs have been carried out by means of atom-atom potential function method. A number of this energy local minima which could be realized in double helix during template synthesis have been found. The calculation results permit to present purine-purine pair formation with transition of one of nucleotides to syn-conformation as the main transversion pathway and formation of wobble pairs UG and AC as the transition pathway. A possible contribution of interactions between base pairs and enzyme to fidelity of template synthesis have been evaluated. Calculation results are in accord with experimental data on spontaneous mutation frequencies of errors in nucleic acid synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous transversions and transitions]. Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous base substitutions during template directed nucleic acid synthesis have been considered. For this purpose calculations of interaction energy in various coplanar base pairs with approximately such glycoside bond positions as for Watson--Crick base pairs have been carried out by means of atom-atom potential function method. A number of this energy local minima which could be realized in double helix during template synthesis have been found. The calculation results permit to present purine-purine pair formation with transition of one of nucleotides to syn-conformation as the main transversion pathway and formation of wobble pairs UG and AC as the transition pathway. A possible contribution of interactions between base pairs and enzyme to fidelity of template synthesis have been evaluated. Calculation results are in accord with experimental data on spontaneous mutation frequencies of errors in nucleic acid synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 752796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8996", "title": "[Nucleoprotein melting. II. Melting of irreversible DNA-protein complexes].", "content": "Three with different complexity models: single-stranded, periodic theeropolymer, two-stranded periodic heteropolymer and complex of DNA with irreversible bound proteins have been considered. It is shown that the individual bands on the differential melting curve appear if the length of protein bound regions exceed 25 base pairs. In this case the melting temperature of free and protein bound regions depends on their reciprocal length in almost linear manner. Moreover, the temperature of the peak corresponding to the protein bound regions is independent on the length of the adjacent free DNA regions if their length exceeds 15 base pairs. If the length of free and protein bound regions exceed 300 base pairs, their melting temperatures becomes almost equal to that of infinitely long polymer with the analogous structure. A simple method for determination of length of the free and the protein bound regions length has been proposed.", "contents": "[Nucleoprotein melting. II. Melting of irreversible DNA-protein complexes]. Three with different complexity models: single-stranded, periodic theeropolymer, two-stranded periodic heteropolymer and complex of DNA with irreversible bound proteins have been considered. It is shown that the individual bands on the differential melting curve appear if the length of protein bound regions exceed 25 base pairs. In this case the melting temperature of free and protein bound regions depends on their reciprocal length in almost linear manner. Moreover, the temperature of the peak corresponding to the protein bound regions is independent on the length of the adjacent free DNA regions if their length exceeds 15 base pairs. If the length of free and protein bound regions exceed 300 base pairs, their melting temperatures becomes almost equal to that of infinitely long polymer with the analogous structure. A simple method for determination of length of the free and the protein bound regions length has been proposed.", "PMID": 752793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8997", "title": "II. Assessing an assessment: conceptual considerations, methodological issues, and a perspective on the future of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.", "content": "The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is a behavior analysis instrument which provides the researcher with a systematic way of eliciting and documenting a series of complex behavioral parameters reflecting the healthy term newborn's current repertoire of organization and functioning. This assessment focuses on the newborn's adaptation as a social interactive organism embedded in a feedback system with an adult caregiver. It brings out those processes which the individual newborn uses to deal with his animate and inanimate environment and yields a series of defined and scaled behavioral descriptors which permit quantification of aspects of behavioral parameters reflecting such subsystems of functioning as physiological organization, motoric organization, state organization, and interactive organization. As such, it provides a window on the complexity of current organization of the human newborn. It does not provide a ready-made method of synthesizing the information gained about the individual newborn. It becomes the researcher's task to develop a synthesis method appropriate to the question under investigation.", "contents": "II. Assessing an assessment: conceptual considerations, methodological issues, and a perspective on the future of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is a behavior analysis instrument which provides the researcher with a systematic way of eliciting and documenting a series of complex behavioral parameters reflecting the healthy term newborn's current repertoire of organization and functioning. This assessment focuses on the newborn's adaptation as a social interactive organism embedded in a feedback system with an adult caregiver. It brings out those processes which the individual newborn uses to deal with his animate and inanimate environment and yields a series of defined and scaled behavioral descriptors which permit quantification of aspects of behavioral parameters reflecting such subsystems of functioning as physiological organization, motoric organization, state organization, and interactive organization. As such, it provides a window on the complexity of current organization of the human newborn. It does not provide a ready-made method of synthesizing the information gained about the individual newborn. It becomes the researcher's task to develop a synthesis method appropriate to the question under investigation.", "PMID": 752802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8998", "title": "[Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing messenger RNA. 12. Studies of dissociation and reconstruction of 30S particles].", "content": "Protein of purified 30S particles analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is present mainly as two bands with the apparent molecular weight of 38 000 and 41 000 daltons. These bands contain not less than 90% of the total protein. When the same material is electrophoresed in the presence of urea (pH 4.5) it migrates as one homogeneous band. The procedure for isolation of free informofers in preparative scale is described. The free informofers do not contain rapidly labeled RNA and are not stable: they dissociate reversibly into protein subunits of lower molecular weights. The dissociation is concentration dependent: low concentration of protein facilitates the dissociation process. Both whole informofers and their protein subunits easily interact with free pro-mRNA yielding 30S RNP. However only the product of reconstruction with informofers is similar to native 30S particles, according to several biochemical tests. These data support the model of the structure of nuclear RNP particles according to which pro-mRNA is distributed on the surface of globular protein particles.", "contents": "[Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing messenger RNA. 12. Studies of dissociation and reconstruction of 30S particles]. Protein of purified 30S particles analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is present mainly as two bands with the apparent molecular weight of 38 000 and 41 000 daltons. These bands contain not less than 90% of the total protein. When the same material is electrophoresed in the presence of urea (pH 4.5) it migrates as one homogeneous band. The procedure for isolation of free informofers in preparative scale is described. The free informofers do not contain rapidly labeled RNA and are not stable: they dissociate reversibly into protein subunits of lower molecular weights. The dissociation is concentration dependent: low concentration of protein facilitates the dissociation process. Both whole informofers and their protein subunits easily interact with free pro-mRNA yielding 30S RNP. However only the product of reconstruction with informofers is similar to native 30S particles, according to several biochemical tests. These data support the model of the structure of nuclear RNP particles according to which pro-mRNA is distributed on the surface of globular protein particles.", "PMID": 752795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_8999", "title": "IV. Issues in grouping items from the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.", "content": "The various analyses of the NBAS that we have described do not permit any simple understanding of the significance of the scales. We have shown that other variables associated with the scale may have more significance than the scales themselves. Predominant state appears to be one of these variables. When the NBAS scores are correlated with behavior only 4 months later, only tiny relationships are evident, and, what is more, many of these relationships do not make obvious sense. In recent times there has been growing evidence that infant behavior shows little consistency or continuity over time (McCall, Eichorn, & Hogarty 1977). These data from the Brazelton NBAS seem to conform that notion. The message we want to end with is that we have still not reached the point where we can adequately understand the behavior of the human newborn. Simple relations between antecedent and consequent behaviors assessed by simple statistical procedures will not solve our problem. Bridging the gap between our global theorizing about newborn behavior and concrete deomonstrations of those theories will require a complex interplay of common sense and statistical sophistication.", "contents": "IV. Issues in grouping items from the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The various analyses of the NBAS that we have described do not permit any simple understanding of the significance of the scales. We have shown that other variables associated with the scale may have more significance than the scales themselves. Predominant state appears to be one of these variables. When the NBAS scores are correlated with behavior only 4 months later, only tiny relationships are evident, and, what is more, many of these relationships do not make obvious sense. In recent times there has been growing evidence that infant behavior shows little consistency or continuity over time (McCall, Eichorn, & Hogarty 1977). These data from the Brazelton NBAS seem to conform that notion. The message we want to end with is that we have still not reached the point where we can adequately understand the behavior of the human newborn. Simple relations between antecedent and consequent behaviors assessed by simple statistical procedures will not solve our problem. Bridging the gap between our global theorizing about newborn behavior and concrete deomonstrations of those theories will require a complex interplay of common sense and statistical sophistication.", "PMID": 752804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9000", "title": "[Nomographs for determination of sedimentation constants of nucleic acids by means of centrifugation in sucrose gradients using the \"Sinco\" ultracentrifuge].", "content": "A set of nomographs for determination of standard sedimentation constant values for DNA and RNA directly from the results of centrifugation without any marker is calculated and plotted for 9 Spinco bucket-rotors, 5 temperatures, and two commonly used sucrose gradients (5--20 and 15--30%).", "contents": "[Nomographs for determination of sedimentation constants of nucleic acids by means of centrifugation in sucrose gradients using the \"Sinco\" ultracentrifuge]. A set of nomographs for determination of standard sedimentation constant values for DNA and RNA directly from the results of centrifugation without any marker is calculated and plotted for 9 Spinco bucket-rotors, 5 temperatures, and two commonly used sucrose gradients (5--20 and 15--30%).", "PMID": 752798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9001", "title": "[Extra-intracranial art\u00e9rial by-pass. A clinical experience based upon 40 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Extra-intracranial by-pass between a branch of the external carotid artery and a branch of middle cerebral artery has been used since 1972 in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. 40 patients have been operated on (34 men and 6 women) aged from 28 to 68. Clinical data were TIA's or PRIND in 11 patients and stroke in 29 patients. The left hemisphere was involved in 25 cases and the right one in 15 cases. No patient was operated on in emergency; operation was performed after 2 or 3 weeks in most cases. The branch of external carotid artery was the superficial temporal artery in 36 patients and the occipital artery in 4 patients. As for the cerebral artery, were used the anterior temporal artery (9), the middle temporal artery (2), the posterior temporal artery (15), the angular artery (6), a frontal artery (15) and a parietal artery (1). In 8 patients, two anastomosis were performed using both branches of STA. Patency of the by-pass was confirmed in most cases by means of angiography, performed early after operation, and if possible one year later.", "contents": "[Extra-intracranial art\u00e9rial by-pass. A clinical experience based upon 40 cases (author's transl)]. Extra-intracranial by-pass between a branch of the external carotid artery and a branch of middle cerebral artery has been used since 1972 in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. 40 patients have been operated on (34 men and 6 women) aged from 28 to 68. Clinical data were TIA's or PRIND in 11 patients and stroke in 29 patients. The left hemisphere was involved in 25 cases and the right one in 15 cases. No patient was operated on in emergency; operation was performed after 2 or 3 weeks in most cases. The branch of external carotid artery was the superficial temporal artery in 36 patients and the occipital artery in 4 patients. As for the cerebral artery, were used the anterior temporal artery (9), the middle temporal artery (2), the posterior temporal artery (15), the angular artery (6), a frontal artery (15) and a parietal artery (1). In 8 patients, two anastomosis were performed using both branches of STA. Patency of the by-pass was confirmed in most cases by means of angiography, performed early after operation, and if possible one year later.", "PMID": 752808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9002", "title": "[Extra-intracranial arterial bypasses. Evaluation of their permeability by use of the Doppler effect].", "content": "40 temporo-sylvian anastomoses were controlled using Doppler ultrasonic examination. The results are compared to post-operative arteriograms. The Doppler examination has proved to be highly accurate when compared to contrast arteriography in the survey of extra-intracranial anastomosis. This non invasive procedure can easily be repeated. However the size of the revascularized area cannot be estimated. The simultaneous isotopic studies of regional cerebral blood flow could provide a means of quantifying the results of the anastomoses.", "contents": "[Extra-intracranial arterial bypasses. Evaluation of their permeability by use of the Doppler effect]. 40 temporo-sylvian anastomoses were controlled using Doppler ultrasonic examination. The results are compared to post-operative arteriograms. The Doppler examination has proved to be highly accurate when compared to contrast arteriography in the survey of extra-intracranial anastomosis. This non invasive procedure can easily be repeated. However the size of the revascularized area cannot be estimated. The simultaneous isotopic studies of regional cerebral blood flow could provide a means of quantifying the results of the anastomoses.", "PMID": 752809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9003", "title": "[Direct surgery of traumatic injuries of the radial nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "33 cases of traumatic lesions of the radial nerve are reported. Etiological features, prognosis, surgical treatment including micro-surgical techniques, leading to a larger indication of direct nerve repair are discussed. Recent nerve wounds must be repaired early. Surgical exploration will be carried out on unopened lesions when no recovery occurs within two months. According to the lesion, peri-fascicular neurolysis or fascicular resection-graft will be achieved. Tendon transfer techniques will be proposed only after one or two years without recovering, according to the level of the injury.", "contents": "[Direct surgery of traumatic injuries of the radial nerve (author's transl)]. 33 cases of traumatic lesions of the radial nerve are reported. Etiological features, prognosis, surgical treatment including micro-surgical techniques, leading to a larger indication of direct nerve repair are discussed. Recent nerve wounds must be repaired early. Surgical exploration will be carried out on unopened lesions when no recovery occurs within two months. According to the lesion, peri-fascicular neurolysis or fascicular resection-graft will be achieved. Tendon transfer techniques will be proposed only after one or two years without recovering, according to the level of the injury.", "PMID": 752810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9004", "title": "[Diastematomyelia. About a series of 6 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 6 cases of diastematomyelia in children. They stress the rarety of this spinal cord diformity whose pathogenesis is obviously of dysraphic origin. From the clinical point of view, \"orthopedic syndrom\" is the most common complaint (cypho-scoliosis and - or - malformation of the feet) in a child with dorsal or lumbar cutaneous dysplasia. Neurological disorders or sphincterian disturbance are less frequent. Radiologic examination shows the high frequency of spina occulta. The diagnosis is assessed when bony spur is demonstrated on films. Vertebral body diformities are not constant and often far seated from spur. Air myelography demonstrates site and length of spinal cord cleft and often the low position of conus medullaris. Surgery allows the liberation of bifid cord by resection of spur. It should be suitable to cut filum terminale when it is accessible by laminectomy. Exposure of results stress the preventive effect of surgery for diastematomyelia.", "contents": "[Diastematomyelia. About a series of 6 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 6 cases of diastematomyelia in children. They stress the rarety of this spinal cord diformity whose pathogenesis is obviously of dysraphic origin. From the clinical point of view, \"orthopedic syndrom\" is the most common complaint (cypho-scoliosis and - or - malformation of the feet) in a child with dorsal or lumbar cutaneous dysplasia. Neurological disorders or sphincterian disturbance are less frequent. Radiologic examination shows the high frequency of spina occulta. The diagnosis is assessed when bony spur is demonstrated on films. Vertebral body diformities are not constant and often far seated from spur. Air myelography demonstrates site and length of spinal cord cleft and often the low position of conus medullaris. Surgery allows the liberation of bifid cord by resection of spur. It should be suitable to cut filum terminale when it is accessible by laminectomy. Exposure of results stress the preventive effect of surgery for diastematomyelia.", "PMID": 752811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9005", "title": "[Medulloblastoma in childhood. Survival rates and functional results (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a series of 57 medulloblastomas operated upon in children from 1964 ot 1976. Among these children, 44 completed the treatment with radiotherapy of the whole central nervous system. The post-operative mortality rate in 10,5%. Postoperative death occurred mainly in infants or when the tumor involved the brain stem. The five years survival rate is 46,6% in the whole series. It raises up to 50% in the series of the patients who completed the treatment with radiotherapy. The study shows that the life of survivals is frequently impaired by mental or behavioural disturbances. I.Q. varies from 70 to 90 in 66% of the children; it is below 70 in 20%. Behavioural disturbances are found in 91% of cases, wrong space orientation, speech or writing disabilities in 87%. In order to evaluate the responsibility of ray therapy in the development of these sequelae, the results have been compared to those of a series of cerebellar astrocytomas surgically removed, but not irradiated. The comparison shows that radiotherapy is at least partially responsible for the mental and behavioural disturbances.", "contents": "[Medulloblastoma in childhood. Survival rates and functional results (author's transl)]. The authors report on a series of 57 medulloblastomas operated upon in children from 1964 ot 1976. Among these children, 44 completed the treatment with radiotherapy of the whole central nervous system. The post-operative mortality rate in 10,5%. Postoperative death occurred mainly in infants or when the tumor involved the brain stem. The five years survival rate is 46,6% in the whole series. It raises up to 50% in the series of the patients who completed the treatment with radiotherapy. The study shows that the life of survivals is frequently impaired by mental or behavioural disturbances. I.Q. varies from 70 to 90 in 66% of the children; it is below 70 in 20%. Behavioural disturbances are found in 91% of cases, wrong space orientation, speech or writing disabilities in 87%. In order to evaluate the responsibility of ray therapy in the development of these sequelae, the results have been compared to those of a series of cerebellar astrocytomas surgically removed, but not irradiated. The comparison shows that radiotherapy is at least partially responsible for the mental and behavioural disturbances.", "PMID": 752812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9006", "title": "[Compression and obstruction of the internal carotid artery by sellar and parasellar tumors].", "content": "It is classicaly admitted that the intracranial internal carotid artery after a first intracavernous segment, becomes intra-dural by perforating or passing through the dura. Since 1949, the first of us has refuted this conception as well as that of the artery floating in the venious blood of the cavernous sinus and has described to so-called cavernous sinus as a latero-seller extradural space into which the artery has but neighbourhood relationship with a venous plexus. During embryonic development the internal carotid artery is englobed by the dura which differentiates around the cerebral vessels. At a later stage, owing to the adhesion of the dural leaf to the intracranial periosteum, the internal carotid artery becomes closely attached to the bone at the level of the base of the anterior clinoid process. This explains that tumors developping in the sellar and parasellar region may compress or obstruct the carotid artery at this level causing neurologic symptoms of ischemic origin. Three similar cases are reported, a glioma of the optic nerve, an adenoma of the hypophysis and meningioma of the sphenoidal wing.", "contents": "[Compression and obstruction of the internal carotid artery by sellar and parasellar tumors]. It is classicaly admitted that the intracranial internal carotid artery after a first intracavernous segment, becomes intra-dural by perforating or passing through the dura. Since 1949, the first of us has refuted this conception as well as that of the artery floating in the venious blood of the cavernous sinus and has described to so-called cavernous sinus as a latero-seller extradural space into which the artery has but neighbourhood relationship with a venous plexus. During embryonic development the internal carotid artery is englobed by the dura which differentiates around the cerebral vessels. At a later stage, owing to the adhesion of the dural leaf to the intracranial periosteum, the internal carotid artery becomes closely attached to the bone at the level of the base of the anterior clinoid process. This explains that tumors developping in the sellar and parasellar region may compress or obstruct the carotid artery at this level causing neurologic symptoms of ischemic origin. Three similar cases are reported, a glioma of the optic nerve, an adenoma of the hypophysis and meningioma of the sphenoidal wing.", "PMID": 752814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9007", "title": "[Inter thalamo-trigonal approach to the third ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The exploration and surgical treatment of the lesions of the 3rd ventricle may be carried out without sectioning the anterior columns of the trigonum. The body of the trigonum and the choroid tissue are lifted sometimes at the cost only of the sectioning of the thalamostriated vein. The absence of mnesic trouble particularly in benign tumours of the third ventricle is the essential advantage of same. Access is very much wider particularly for the posterior part of third ventricle.", "contents": "[Inter thalamo-trigonal approach to the third ventricle (author's transl)]. The exploration and surgical treatment of the lesions of the 3rd ventricle may be carried out without sectioning the anterior columns of the trigonum. The body of the trigonum and the choroid tissue are lifted sometimes at the cost only of the sectioning of the thalamostriated vein. The absence of mnesic trouble particularly in benign tumours of the third ventricle is the essential advantage of same. Access is very much wider particularly for the posterior part of third ventricle.", "PMID": 752815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9008", "title": "[Progressive enlargement and thrombosis of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Clinical, radiological and histological study (author's transl)].", "content": "A non operated aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery enlarged considerably over a seven years period; it finally thrombosed and behaved like a suprasellar tumor. The clinical course, the angiographic evolution and the anatomical examination allowed, in this case, to account for the increase in volume by progressive stretching of the wall, and not by incorporation of a false aneurysmal sack resulting from an encapsulated haematoma. Histologically, the wall of this giant aneurysm showed various changes : on the inner aspect, progressive thickening occurs, due to fibrous organization of mural thrombosis; in the depth, far from the nutrient sources, necrotic atheromatous like foci occur, which isolate an inner leaflet, prone to become nectrotic at a later stage. Distension of such a weakened wall may lead to several consequences; a progressive increase in volume of the aneurysm, partial ruptures with haemodissection starting from the aneurysmal lumen, or even complete rupture of the wall and subarachnoid haemorrhage. On the other hand, circulatory stasis, due to the important increase in volume, may facilitate progressive thrombosis of the aneurysm. The living character of the wall is emphasized by the coexistance of these unfavourable (degeneration, ruptures) and favourable (thrombosis, fibrous organization) features, which continuously influence the spontaneous evolution of the aneurysm.", "contents": "[Progressive enlargement and thrombosis of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Clinical, radiological and histological study (author's transl)]. A non operated aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery enlarged considerably over a seven years period; it finally thrombosed and behaved like a suprasellar tumor. The clinical course, the angiographic evolution and the anatomical examination allowed, in this case, to account for the increase in volume by progressive stretching of the wall, and not by incorporation of a false aneurysmal sack resulting from an encapsulated haematoma. Histologically, the wall of this giant aneurysm showed various changes : on the inner aspect, progressive thickening occurs, due to fibrous organization of mural thrombosis; in the depth, far from the nutrient sources, necrotic atheromatous like foci occur, which isolate an inner leaflet, prone to become nectrotic at a later stage. Distension of such a weakened wall may lead to several consequences; a progressive increase in volume of the aneurysm, partial ruptures with haemodissection starting from the aneurysmal lumen, or even complete rupture of the wall and subarachnoid haemorrhage. On the other hand, circulatory stasis, due to the important increase in volume, may facilitate progressive thrombosis of the aneurysm. The living character of the wall is emphasized by the coexistance of these unfavourable (degeneration, ruptures) and favourable (thrombosis, fibrous organization) features, which continuously influence the spontaneous evolution of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 752816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9009", "title": "[Post-traumatic arteriovenious fistula of the posterior fossa (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of post-traumatic arterioveinous fistula of the dura-mater associated with an extradural hematoma of the posterior fossa. The traumatic nature of the lesion is confirmed by the presence of an occipital fracture facing the fistule responsable for the extradural hematoma. The authors have found on similar case citied in the literature (11).", "contents": "[Post-traumatic arteriovenious fistula of the posterior fossa (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of post-traumatic arterioveinous fistula of the dura-mater associated with an extradural hematoma of the posterior fossa. The traumatic nature of the lesion is confirmed by the presence of an occipital fracture facing the fistule responsable for the extradural hematoma. The authors have found on similar case citied in the literature (11).", "PMID": 752817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9010", "title": "[A Study of the enzymes of the alkaline phosphatase in commercial sera (author's transl)].", "content": "We have examined alkaline phosphatase in five commercial sera employing three analyzers. Alkaline phosphatase in three samples is underestimated or overestimated according to the analyzers used. Therefore we have studied the isoenzymatic fractions employing the fractionation of alkaline phosphatase on celluloseacetate. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes have physical and biochemical marks different from human sera. In human sera on the contrary have not noticed any difference according to the analyser used.", "contents": "[A Study of the enzymes of the alkaline phosphatase in commercial sera (author's transl)]. We have examined alkaline phosphatase in five commercial sera employing three analyzers. Alkaline phosphatase in three samples is underestimated or overestimated according to the analyzers used. Therefore we have studied the isoenzymatic fractions employing the fractionation of alkaline phosphatase on celluloseacetate. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes have physical and biochemical marks different from human sera. In human sera on the contrary have not noticed any difference according to the analyser used.", "PMID": 752824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9011", "title": "[Research on the eventual cross-reactivity of anti-Wr(a) with various viral, bacterial and mycotic antigenes (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the sera of 1011 blood donors, they have been collected 34 anti-Wr(a) antibodies. By IgG antiglobulin test, the titer was 1/8 or more in 21 sera. After absorption on viral, bacterial and mycotic antigens, the sera were still reactive with Wr(a) + red blood cells. These results show that no tested antigen is cross-reactive with Wr(a) antigen. However, the AA. suggest that the research of a widley diffused antigen, cross-reactive with Wr(a) + red blood cells, is a valuable approach to the problem of IgG anti-Wr(a) antibodies in normal, never transfused blood donors.", "contents": "[Research on the eventual cross-reactivity of anti-Wr(a) with various viral, bacterial and mycotic antigenes (author's transl)]. Among the sera of 1011 blood donors, they have been collected 34 anti-Wr(a) antibodies. By IgG antiglobulin test, the titer was 1/8 or more in 21 sera. After absorption on viral, bacterial and mycotic antigens, the sera were still reactive with Wr(a) + red blood cells. These results show that no tested antigen is cross-reactive with Wr(a) antigen. However, the AA. suggest that the research of a widley diffused antigen, cross-reactive with Wr(a) + red blood cells, is a valuable approach to the problem of IgG anti-Wr(a) antibodies in normal, never transfused blood donors.", "PMID": 752826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9012", "title": "[Organization, possibility and limits of the automation in an hospital testing laboratory (author's transl].", "content": "The AA. analize the most important items and they make some considerations to put in evidence which should be the general lines for a right application of an automation of an Hospital testing laboratory. After having studied carefully the essential items to face the automation, the AA. analize the advantage and the disadvantage of the matter. They sustain the essentiality to give to an outline of a rapid and exact entry on the most complete way to give to doctors the possibility to improve the clinical-diagnostics valutation and reduce the periods in bed. Having considered the different systems of automation, the AA. examine the problems relative to the cost of equipment, to the rooms, to the personnel, studying in particular the costs relative to the repeated tests, to the specific tests and to the urgencies. They conclude stating again that a good equipment can resolve the actual difficulties existing in the labs and that can improve the functionality of the Hospitals.", "contents": "[Organization, possibility and limits of the automation in an hospital testing laboratory (author's transl]. The AA. analize the most important items and they make some considerations to put in evidence which should be the general lines for a right application of an automation of an Hospital testing laboratory. After having studied carefully the essential items to face the automation, the AA. analize the advantage and the disadvantage of the matter. They sustain the essentiality to give to an outline of a rapid and exact entry on the most complete way to give to doctors the possibility to improve the clinical-diagnostics valutation and reduce the periods in bed. Having considered the different systems of automation, the AA. examine the problems relative to the cost of equipment, to the rooms, to the personnel, studying in particular the costs relative to the repeated tests, to the specific tests and to the urgencies. They conclude stating again that a good equipment can resolve the actual difficulties existing in the labs and that can improve the functionality of the Hospitals.", "PMID": 752827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9013", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of HbA2. Comparison of 3 methods].", "content": "Two electrophoretic tests and one based on column chromatographic method have been studied for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of HbA2. Results of 1069 assays demonstrated a satisfactory qualitative resolution for the three methods but for the best quantitative precision, the test of choice is the chromatographic one.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of HbA2. Comparison of 3 methods]. Two electrophoretic tests and one based on column chromatographic method have been studied for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of HbA2. Results of 1069 assays demonstrated a satisfactory qualitative resolution for the three methods but for the best quantitative precision, the test of choice is the chromatographic one.", "PMID": 752829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9014", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of uric acid in serum with the trinder reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe a direct colorimetric method for the enzymatic assay of uric acid. 50 microliters serum aliquots are incubated for 30 min with a diluted hexacyanoferrate solution, to remove interference by non-specific reducing agents. Uric acid is then oxidized to allantoin in the presence of uricase (Aspergillus flavus), with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide; this is measured by a modified Emerson-Trinder reaction, in which phenol has been replaced by sulphonated 2,4-dichlorophenol, a more sensitive chromogen. The method gives linear results up to 20 mg of uric acid/100 ml.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of uric acid in serum with the trinder reaction (author's transl)]. We describe a direct colorimetric method for the enzymatic assay of uric acid. 50 microliters serum aliquots are incubated for 30 min with a diluted hexacyanoferrate solution, to remove interference by non-specific reducing agents. Uric acid is then oxidized to allantoin in the presence of uricase (Aspergillus flavus), with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide; this is measured by a modified Emerson-Trinder reaction, in which phenol has been replaced by sulphonated 2,4-dichlorophenol, a more sensitive chromogen. The method gives linear results up to 20 mg of uric acid/100 ml.", "PMID": 752830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9015", "title": "[A chromatographic method for the urinary pregnanediol dosage for routine analyses (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. aiming at a handy and speedy system admitting of being fitted to the equipments of any laboratory hospital have taken into account two procedures, one proposed by Varley and the other of Fotherby and Love reported by Wootton and King for pregnanediol. The two methods have been combined in order to make the process easier. The procedure is based upon chromatography on alumina of ethereal extracts dissolved in cyclohexan. Glucuronate hydrolysis has been obtained with beta-glucuronidase.", "contents": "[A chromatographic method for the urinary pregnanediol dosage for routine analyses (author's transl)]. The AA. aiming at a handy and speedy system admitting of being fitted to the equipments of any laboratory hospital have taken into account two procedures, one proposed by Varley and the other of Fotherby and Love reported by Wootton and King for pregnanediol. The two methods have been combined in order to make the process easier. The procedure is based upon chromatography on alumina of ethereal extracts dissolved in cyclohexan. Glucuronate hydrolysis has been obtained with beta-glucuronidase.", "PMID": 752831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9016", "title": "[Current methodological problems in the determination of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit].", "content": "Four instruments for the determination of RBC, Hb and PCV, with different degree of automation, have been compared in strictly routinary working conditions. Experimental protocols were designed in order to collect data for the assessment of both precision and accuracy: accuracy has been estimated by assuming the values obtained with the Coulter S as provisional reference values. In most instances, with particular reference to RBC, precision was higher with automated machines; however, Hb was quantitated with sufficient precision with a semi-automated technique and in the determination of PCV precision of the manual micro-centrifuge compared with precision of the automated instruments. As far as acuracy is regarded, collaborative experiments showed general agreement with the (provisional) reference values, with occasional occurrence of typical systematic errors in RBC and Hb determinations. The magnitude of the systematic error, however, was not constant with the same instrument in several analytical series. The whole of the results point out to the feasibility of obtaining clinically-significant analytical values with the several instruments tested. However good calibration and quality control procedures are necessary in order to maintain accuracy at acceptable levels. Improvement of precision is also needed in some instances.", "contents": "[Current methodological problems in the determination of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit]. Four instruments for the determination of RBC, Hb and PCV, with different degree of automation, have been compared in strictly routinary working conditions. Experimental protocols were designed in order to collect data for the assessment of both precision and accuracy: accuracy has been estimated by assuming the values obtained with the Coulter S as provisional reference values. In most instances, with particular reference to RBC, precision was higher with automated machines; however, Hb was quantitated with sufficient precision with a semi-automated technique and in the determination of PCV precision of the manual micro-centrifuge compared with precision of the automated instruments. As far as acuracy is regarded, collaborative experiments showed general agreement with the (provisional) reference values, with occasional occurrence of typical systematic errors in RBC and Hb determinations. The magnitude of the systematic error, however, was not constant with the same instrument in several analytical series. The whole of the results point out to the feasibility of obtaining clinically-significant analytical values with the several instruments tested. However good calibration and quality control procedures are necessary in order to maintain accuracy at acceptable levels. Improvement of precision is also needed in some instances.", "PMID": 752832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9017", "title": "[Preparation of a standard for the hemocromocytometric autoanalyzer (author's transl)].", "content": "It is possible to prepare a primary standard for emocromocytometric autoanalyzer, where is a Center or Trasfusional Service. The blood is pick (about 4/5 ml) during an usual bleeding (EDTA as anticoagulant); 0,1 ml of Destrosio 1,47% is added. Blood is preserved into dark glass test-tubes at + 4 degrees C. This preparation may be used within 11 days.", "contents": "[Preparation of a standard for the hemocromocytometric autoanalyzer (author's transl)]. It is possible to prepare a primary standard for emocromocytometric autoanalyzer, where is a Center or Trasfusional Service. The blood is pick (about 4/5 ml) during an usual bleeding (EDTA as anticoagulant); 0,1 ml of Destrosio 1,47% is added. Blood is preserved into dark glass test-tubes at + 4 degrees C. This preparation may be used within 11 days.", "PMID": 752833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9018", "title": "[Importance of new diagnostic techniques in oncology (author's transl)].", "content": "The A. reviews the most recent diagnostic techniques in oncology, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. He weighs the importance of the determination of the clinical stage in decision as to therapy and as to application of the TNM system, which includes the use of symbols capable of defining the anatomical extension of a neoplasia. He reports on the Arbor classification of stages of malignant lymphomas, expressing hopes for the elaboration of a clearer and more complete classification for the purposes of diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "[Importance of new diagnostic techniques in oncology (author's transl)]. The A. reviews the most recent diagnostic techniques in oncology, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. He weighs the importance of the determination of the clinical stage in decision as to therapy and as to application of the TNM system, which includes the use of symbols capable of defining the anatomical extension of a neoplasia. He reports on the Arbor classification of stages of malignant lymphomas, expressing hopes for the elaboration of a clearer and more complete classification for the purposes of diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 752834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9019", "title": "[Cancer of the head of the pancreas and common bile duct (an anatomical, cholangiographic and clinical study)].", "content": "A study was carried out on the principal alterations of the common bile duct in pancreatic neoplasms by gross and microscopic morphological examinations and intraoperative cholangiographies. Correlation of the data furnished evidence of various coinvolvement mechanisms of the lower common bile duct by the neoplastic process, mechanisms that lead to a closer understanding of the clinical symptomatology and interpretation of intraoperative cholangiographies.", "contents": "[Cancer of the head of the pancreas and common bile duct (an anatomical, cholangiographic and clinical study)]. A study was carried out on the principal alterations of the common bile duct in pancreatic neoplasms by gross and microscopic morphological examinations and intraoperative cholangiographies. Correlation of the data furnished evidence of various coinvolvement mechanisms of the lower common bile duct by the neoplastic process, mechanisms that lead to a closer understanding of the clinical symptomatology and interpretation of intraoperative cholangiographies.", "PMID": 752836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9020", "title": "[Prevention of postsurgical thromboembolism with small doses of heparin].", "content": "The study includes 390 patients of different age, operated for various conditions during the last quarter of 1975, and systematically treated post operatively with heparin (the cases in which heparin was contraindicated were not included). None of the patients developed signs of thromboembolism after the operation. The drawbacks of the method are virtually inexistent as compared to the gravity of postoperative thrombolic complications. A further study included 1708 operated patients of whom 223 (13.0%) received the heparin treatment and 1485 (87.0%) did not. There was no thrombolic-embolic complication in the former lot and 12 cases (0.8%) in the latter. Three of 15 patients (20%) in whom the postoperative heparin treatment was interrupted immediately or very soon, developed thromboembolism. The method is efficient provided it is applied after the operation up to complete mobilization of the patient. The method is readily applicable, there is no risk and haemostasis is insured.", "contents": "[Prevention of postsurgical thromboembolism with small doses of heparin]. The study includes 390 patients of different age, operated for various conditions during the last quarter of 1975, and systematically treated post operatively with heparin (the cases in which heparin was contraindicated were not included). None of the patients developed signs of thromboembolism after the operation. The drawbacks of the method are virtually inexistent as compared to the gravity of postoperative thrombolic complications. A further study included 1708 operated patients of whom 223 (13.0%) received the heparin treatment and 1485 (87.0%) did not. There was no thrombolic-embolic complication in the former lot and 12 cases (0.8%) in the latter. Three of 15 patients (20%) in whom the postoperative heparin treatment was interrupted immediately or very soon, developed thromboembolism. The method is efficient provided it is applied after the operation up to complete mobilization of the patient. The method is readily applicable, there is no risk and haemostasis is insured.", "PMID": 752839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9021", "title": "[Causes of failure in surgical arteriovenous anastomoses].", "content": "The causes of failure in surgical arteriovenous anastomoses are discussed with reference to 60 operations performed on 52 patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency in the uremic stage. The various technical variants applied are shown, as well as the early and late complications and the order in which reinterventions were performed. The work concludes with an original mathematical study of the blood output in the three fistula variants practiced by the authors, designed to supply evidence of their functional value.", "contents": "[Causes of failure in surgical arteriovenous anastomoses]. The causes of failure in surgical arteriovenous anastomoses are discussed with reference to 60 operations performed on 52 patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency in the uremic stage. The various technical variants applied are shown, as well as the early and late complications and the order in which reinterventions were performed. The work concludes with an original mathematical study of the blood output in the three fistula variants practiced by the authors, designed to supply evidence of their functional value.", "PMID": 752841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9022", "title": "[Bilateral scapulohumeral luxation, a complication of aldrin poisoning].", "content": "The present paper reports on a case of bilateral scapulohumeral luxation caused by convulsions brought about by intoxication with Aldrin, an organochlorate insecticide.", "contents": "[Bilateral scapulohumeral luxation, a complication of aldrin poisoning]. The present paper reports on a case of bilateral scapulohumeral luxation caused by convulsions brought about by intoxication with Aldrin, an organochlorate insecticide.", "PMID": 752845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9023", "title": "Four drug combination cytotoxic chemotherapy following surgery for breast cancer.", "content": "A prospective randomized clinical trial of treatment with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil after conventional curative treatment for stage II breast cancer is described. The results at 2 years are recorded together with details of toxicity. Future plans are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Four drug combination cytotoxic chemotherapy following surgery for breast cancer. A prospective randomized clinical trial of treatment with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil after conventional curative treatment for stage II breast cancer is described. The results at 2 years are recorded together with details of toxicity. Future plans are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 752851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9024", "title": "Ovarian irradiation and prednisone following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Following surgery and regional radiotherapy for operable carcinoma of the breast in premenopausal women, ovarian irradiation (2000 rad in five daily fractions) plus prednisone (7.5 mg per day) results in delayed recurrence and prolonged survival.", "contents": "Ovarian irradiation and prednisone following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Following surgery and regional radiotherapy for operable carcinoma of the breast in premenopausal women, ovarian irradiation (2000 rad in five daily fractions) plus prednisone (7.5 mg per day) results in delayed recurrence and prolonged survival.", "PMID": 752852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9025", "title": "Malignant melanoma (stage 1): a clinical trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "A prospectively controlled randomized clinical trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in patients with stage 1B malignant melanoma (Clark's level 3--5) is described. The combination of intradermal and oral BCG allows approximation of the bacilli to any microscopic foci of residual disease. The trial was activated in May 1975 and to date 107 patients have been admitted to the trial, 49 patients being randomil entered patients, there have been five relapses of 49 patients in the treatment group and ten relapses of 58 patients in the control group. This encouraging trend is not yet statsitically significant at the 5% level (P = 0.17). If evaluable patients with Clark's level 3 and 4 lesions are assessed separately, there is a significant trend in favour of the immunotherapy group (P less than 0.05) with three relapses in the treatment group and ten relapses in the control group.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma (stage 1): a clinical trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy. A prospectively controlled randomized clinical trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in patients with stage 1B malignant melanoma (Clark's level 3--5) is described. The combination of intradermal and oral BCG allows approximation of the bacilli to any microscopic foci of residual disease. The trial was activated in May 1975 and to date 107 patients have been admitted to the trial, 49 patients being randomil entered patients, there have been five relapses of 49 patients in the treatment group and ten relapses of 58 patients in the control group. This encouraging trend is not yet statsitically significant at the 5% level (P = 0.17). If evaluable patients with Clark's level 3 and 4 lesions are assessed separately, there is a significant trend in favour of the immunotherapy group (P less than 0.05) with three relapses in the treatment group and ten relapses in the control group.", "PMID": 752875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9026", "title": "Environmental radioactivity in the Faroes in 1977.", "content": "Measurements of fallout radioactivity in the Faroes in 1967 are presented. Strontium-90 (and 137Cs in most cases) was determined in regularly collected samples of precipitation, grass, milk, fish, sea water, bread, and drinking water. In addition, analyses were made of spot samples of lamb, sea birds, potatoes, sea plants, vegetables, eggs, and human bone. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in the Faroes in 1977.", "contents": "Environmental radioactivity in the Faroes in 1977. Measurements of fallout radioactivity in the Faroes in 1967 are presented. Strontium-90 (and 137Cs in most cases) was determined in regularly collected samples of precipitation, grass, milk, fish, sea water, bread, and drinking water. In addition, analyses were made of spot samples of lamb, sea birds, potatoes, sea plants, vegetables, eggs, and human bone. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in the Faroes in 1977.", "PMID": 752885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9027", "title": "[Clinical and instrumental study of familial congenital myasthenia].", "content": "Congenital familial myasthenia occurred in two male brothers, born from non affected mother. The diagnosis was based on anamnestic and clinical data, on electromyographic features, and on the effect of specific therapy. The differential diagnosis and the classification of congenital familial myasthenia are discussed. This type of disease represent 1% of all cases of myasthenia, but--excluding the \"transferred\" myasthenia to the newborn by affected mother--the percentage raises to 3--4%. The possibility of identifying two distinct formes of familial myasthenia is emphasized, the first with \"early onset\" where the symptoms become evident before two years of age, the second \"late onset\" clinically evident later in life seems doubtful that the two forms of the disease might be due to the same underlying pathological condition.", "contents": "[Clinical and instrumental study of familial congenital myasthenia]. Congenital familial myasthenia occurred in two male brothers, born from non affected mother. The diagnosis was based on anamnestic and clinical data, on electromyographic features, and on the effect of specific therapy. The differential diagnosis and the classification of congenital familial myasthenia are discussed. This type of disease represent 1% of all cases of myasthenia, but--excluding the \"transferred\" myasthenia to the newborn by affected mother--the percentage raises to 3--4%. The possibility of identifying two distinct formes of familial myasthenia is emphasized, the first with \"early onset\" where the symptoms become evident before two years of age, the second \"late onset\" clinically evident later in life seems doubtful that the two forms of the disease might be due to the same underlying pathological condition.", "PMID": 752906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9028", "title": "[In vivo aminoacid transport in the brain of the rat with porto-caval anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral capillary permeability to L-amino acids was studied in rats submitted to porto-caval anastomosis 4 weeks before. The short-term intracarotidal injection technique described by Oldendorf was used throughout. Neutral amino acid permeability appeared to be greatly increased, the most important enhancement being for the tryptophan. On the opposite, basic amino acids showed a net decrease in their rate of passage from blood to the brain. No changes were observed for GABA and glutamic acid. These data suggest a marked modification of the permeability of the cerebral capillary membranes in the rat with chronic portocaval anastomosis. Moreover, such alterations are selective for the different amino acid transport classes. Competitive inhibition decreased the permeability of methionine at the same level in both control and experimental animals: therefore, the neutral amino acid increased entry into the rat brain after porto-caval shunt is due to an enhancement of the transport processes.", "contents": "[In vivo aminoacid transport in the brain of the rat with porto-caval anastomosis (author's transl)]. Cerebral capillary permeability to L-amino acids was studied in rats submitted to porto-caval anastomosis 4 weeks before. The short-term intracarotidal injection technique described by Oldendorf was used throughout. Neutral amino acid permeability appeared to be greatly increased, the most important enhancement being for the tryptophan. On the opposite, basic amino acids showed a net decrease in their rate of passage from blood to the brain. No changes were observed for GABA and glutamic acid. These data suggest a marked modification of the permeability of the cerebral capillary membranes in the rat with chronic portocaval anastomosis. Moreover, such alterations are selective for the different amino acid transport classes. Competitive inhibition decreased the permeability of methionine at the same level in both control and experimental animals: therefore, the neutral amino acid increased entry into the rat brain after porto-caval shunt is due to an enhancement of the transport processes.", "PMID": 752909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9029", "title": "[Optokynetic and ocular dysmetria tests in the diagnosis of atypical internuclear ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with atypical bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia the optokynetic test and the ocular dysmetria test detected an infraclinical bilateral lag of adduction. The optokinetic test showed amplitude asymmetry of nystagmus, which was larger in both eyes when the fast phase was in abduction. The ocular dysmetria test showed in both eyes that saccades were slower in adducting than abducting saccades: the latters overshooted and showed transient nystagmus. Since bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is often indicative of multiple sclerosis, these tests are particularly helpful in those patients who otherwise would require more complex diagnostic investigations.", "contents": "[Optokynetic and ocular dysmetria tests in the diagnosis of atypical internuclear ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. In a patient with atypical bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia the optokynetic test and the ocular dysmetria test detected an infraclinical bilateral lag of adduction. The optokinetic test showed amplitude asymmetry of nystagmus, which was larger in both eyes when the fast phase was in abduction. The ocular dysmetria test showed in both eyes that saccades were slower in adducting than abducting saccades: the latters overshooted and showed transient nystagmus. Since bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is often indicative of multiple sclerosis, these tests are particularly helpful in those patients who otherwise would require more complex diagnostic investigations.", "PMID": 752905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9030", "title": "[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia: clinical observations in two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients developed Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia at the age of 20 and 50 years respectively. There was no clinical invovlement of either skeletal muscles or the CNS. Electron microscopy of the lateral rectus muscle showed in one case regressive changes in the myofibrillary apparatus and in the mitochondria. Light microscopy of the quadriceps muscle in the other case showed only mild non-specific myopathic changes. EMG of the ocular muscles suggested a primary muscular damage in both cases.", "contents": "[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia: clinical observations in two cases (author's transl)]. Two patients developed Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia at the age of 20 and 50 years respectively. There was no clinical invovlement of either skeletal muscles or the CNS. Electron microscopy of the lateral rectus muscle showed in one case regressive changes in the myofibrillary apparatus and in the mitochondria. Light microscopy of the quadriceps muscle in the other case showed only mild non-specific myopathic changes. EMG of the ocular muscles suggested a primary muscular damage in both cases.", "PMID": 752908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9031", "title": "[Bromocriptine in Parkinsonian syndromes. Results obtained in a group of patients treated for 8 months].", "content": "Antiparkinsonian treatment with L-Dopa gives rise to a number of problems: I) lack of initial response in a few cases; II) side-effects; III) becoming less effective after the first few years of treatment. Consequently, various drugs have been tried to replace, or combine with, L-Dopa. Among those drugs bromocriptine has been described the most effective. Twelve patients suffering from severe parkinsonism, all being intolerant to L-Dopa, have been treated with Bromocriptine. They fell into stage V of the Hoehn and Yahr's scale after 8 days of complete withdrawal of therapy with L-Dopa. Benefit and side-effects have been assessed as follows: a) L-Dopa alone; b) bromocriptine alone; c) combination of a and b. A daily dose of 30 mg of bromocriptine was given for 4 months. This was then reduced to 15 mg with the addition of L-Dopa for another 4 months. The results were: I) bromocriptine scored higher in all patients except one; II) bromocriptine has been consistently less effective than L-Dopa; III) side-effects were similar to those of L-Dopa but less frequent; IV) the combined effect of the two drugs was superior to each drug given alone.", "contents": "[Bromocriptine in Parkinsonian syndromes. Results obtained in a group of patients treated for 8 months]. Antiparkinsonian treatment with L-Dopa gives rise to a number of problems: I) lack of initial response in a few cases; II) side-effects; III) becoming less effective after the first few years of treatment. Consequently, various drugs have been tried to replace, or combine with, L-Dopa. Among those drugs bromocriptine has been described the most effective. Twelve patients suffering from severe parkinsonism, all being intolerant to L-Dopa, have been treated with Bromocriptine. They fell into stage V of the Hoehn and Yahr's scale after 8 days of complete withdrawal of therapy with L-Dopa. Benefit and side-effects have been assessed as follows: a) L-Dopa alone; b) bromocriptine alone; c) combination of a and b. A daily dose of 30 mg of bromocriptine was given for 4 months. This was then reduced to 15 mg with the addition of L-Dopa for another 4 months. The results were: I) bromocriptine scored higher in all patients except one; II) bromocriptine has been consistently less effective than L-Dopa; III) side-effects were similar to those of L-Dopa but less frequent; IV) the combined effect of the two drugs was superior to each drug given alone.", "PMID": 752907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9032", "title": "Obesity treatment: research and application.", "content": "This paper reviews the research that reports (a) some of the physical and social considerations in treating the obese, (b) characteristics that identify overeaters and some implications for treatment, and (c) treatment settings and personnel who treat the obese. It then examines three major treatment approaches utilized by social workers and other health care professionals and reports findings on the effectiveness of each. Finally, it describes one weight reduction treatment program in which social work intervention is viewed as a central and vital component. In conclusion, issues for the practitioner's further consideration regarding intervention with this population are presented.", "contents": "Obesity treatment: research and application. This paper reviews the research that reports (a) some of the physical and social considerations in treating the obese, (b) characteristics that identify overeaters and some implications for treatment, and (c) treatment settings and personnel who treat the obese. It then examines three major treatment approaches utilized by social workers and other health care professionals and reports findings on the effectiveness of each. Finally, it describes one weight reduction treatment program in which social work intervention is viewed as a central and vital component. In conclusion, issues for the practitioner's further consideration regarding intervention with this population are presented.", "PMID": 752970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9033", "title": "The family and health care: explorations in cross-cultural settings.", "content": "This article discusses what a social worker or health practitioner should know about the family and its influence on health care among various ethnic groups, focusing first on basic information on family organization and interrelationships and then on the family's role during health care. The material is presented in a format designed to be useful to the practitioner in the field, discussing what important aspects of various topics the worker might investigate, why the information is important, and how to gather it.", "contents": "The family and health care: explorations in cross-cultural settings. This article discusses what a social worker or health practitioner should know about the family and its influence on health care among various ethnic groups, focusing first on basic information on family organization and interrelationships and then on the family's role during health care. The material is presented in a format designed to be useful to the practitioner in the field, discussing what important aspects of various topics the worker might investigate, why the information is important, and how to gather it.", "PMID": 752971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9034", "title": "Touching: a legacy from the encounter movement for social work practice.", "content": "Human touching within helping relationship became especially prominent during the so-called encounter movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This indeed may be the movement's major legacy to clinical social work practice. As furor about the movement has declined it is now possible to take a look at its contributions. This paper examines social conditions that encouraged the use of touch as therapy and evaluates the possibilities of person-to-person tactile contact becoming an acceptable intervention in psychiatric and medical settings.", "contents": "Touching: a legacy from the encounter movement for social work practice. Human touching within helping relationship became especially prominent during the so-called encounter movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This indeed may be the movement's major legacy to clinical social work practice. As furor about the movement has declined it is now possible to take a look at its contributions. This paper examines social conditions that encouraged the use of touch as therapy and evaluates the possibilities of person-to-person tactile contact becoming an acceptable intervention in psychiatric and medical settings.", "PMID": 752972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9035", "title": "Training in prevention: an educational model for social work students.", "content": "Graduate schools of social work have made infrequent use of public health settings as a locus for practice education and a particular resource for learning in prevention. This report is on a project aimed at the development of an educational model in preventive work with families and children, using a student unit in fieldwork in a county health department. The 3-year project emphasizes early intervention with concern for developmental and life cycle tasks of families. Ongoing evaluation of process indicates clearer identification of populations \"at risk\" and changes in student appreciation of collaborative roles with other disciplines in patient care, as well as specific learning tasks and roles associated with screening, case finding, referral, and treatment.", "contents": "Training in prevention: an educational model for social work students. Graduate schools of social work have made infrequent use of public health settings as a locus for practice education and a particular resource for learning in prevention. This report is on a project aimed at the development of an educational model in preventive work with families and children, using a student unit in fieldwork in a county health department. The 3-year project emphasizes early intervention with concern for developmental and life cycle tasks of families. Ongoing evaluation of process indicates clearer identification of populations \"at risk\" and changes in student appreciation of collaborative roles with other disciplines in patient care, as well as specific learning tasks and roles associated with screening, case finding, referral, and treatment.", "PMID": 752973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9036", "title": "Biochemical profiles of stone-forming patients: a guide to treatment.", "content": "A formal protocol, controlled metabolic evaluation is essential to the most effective treatment of any patient with renal calculi, regardless of the crystalline composition of the stone. The design of the protocol and of the data sheets should be compatible with ease of diagnosis and selection of corrective therapeutic measures. These data also serve as a reference to monitor response to treatment. Treatment is highly individualized with the objective to reduce all potentially crystallizable ions to basal levels. If this is difficult to accomplish certain ratios of ions are brought to as near normal values as possible.", "contents": "Biochemical profiles of stone-forming patients: a guide to treatment. A formal protocol, controlled metabolic evaluation is essential to the most effective treatment of any patient with renal calculi, regardless of the crystalline composition of the stone. The design of the protocol and of the data sheets should be compatible with ease of diagnosis and selection of corrective therapeutic measures. These data also serve as a reference to monitor response to treatment. Treatment is highly individualized with the objective to reduce all potentially crystallizable ions to basal levels. If this is difficult to accomplish certain ratios of ions are brought to as near normal values as possible.", "PMID": 753010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9037", "title": "Experience with high dose, short course preoperative radiation therapy and immediate single stage cystectomy in management of bladder cancer: a preliminary report.", "content": "This preliminary report concerns our experience with the use of high dose, short course preoperative radiation therapy and immediate single state cystectomy for the management of bladder cancer. Data reveal that 1,660 rad delivered in 4 days and followed by immediate cystectomy do not increase operative morbidity or mortality. The operative mortality and morbidity of a single stage radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic node dissection and urinary diversion are no greater than that reported for less radical procedures without node dessection. In this series the incidence of nodal involvement ranged from 10 percent for PIS and P1 tumors to 50 per cent for P3 tumors, implying the need for treatment of pelvic nodes whenever cystectomy seems indicated.", "contents": "Experience with high dose, short course preoperative radiation therapy and immediate single stage cystectomy in management of bladder cancer: a preliminary report. This preliminary report concerns our experience with the use of high dose, short course preoperative radiation therapy and immediate single state cystectomy for the management of bladder cancer. Data reveal that 1,660 rad delivered in 4 days and followed by immediate cystectomy do not increase operative morbidity or mortality. The operative mortality and morbidity of a single stage radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic node dissection and urinary diversion are no greater than that reported for less radical procedures without node dessection. In this series the incidence of nodal involvement ranged from 10 percent for PIS and P1 tumors to 50 per cent for P3 tumors, implying the need for treatment of pelvic nodes whenever cystectomy seems indicated.", "PMID": 753011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9038", "title": "Urological applications of computerized axial tomography.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT scanning) of the chest and abdomen has been used as a diagnostic technique in more than 7,200 patients since 1974, 250 of whom had histological proved disorders of the genitourinary system and retroperitoneum. On the basis of this experience CT scanning has been found to be safe and effective, and offers certain advantages over conventional techniques. The number, extent and content of adrenal and renal mass lesions can be determined with relatively great accuracy. The presence and extent of metastases into the retroperitoneum, liver and chest often can be shown by CT scanning when other tests are negative. Placement of needles for aspiration, biopsy, injection of contrast medium or insertion of drainage tubes can be done accurately under computerized tomographic control. Air contrast scanning of the bladder can be of real help in staging bladder tumors, espically in obese patients. Computerized tomography in itself is non-invasive, carries a low radiation exposure comparable to other radiographic procedures and therefore, can, be valuable in following the course of patients with various diseases during and after therapy. While CT scanning will not replace other diagnostic procedures it should lead to a more judicious selection of potentially hazardous tests, such as angiography, aspiration and open biopsy.", "contents": "Urological applications of computerized axial tomography. Computerized tomography (CT scanning) of the chest and abdomen has been used as a diagnostic technique in more than 7,200 patients since 1974, 250 of whom had histological proved disorders of the genitourinary system and retroperitoneum. On the basis of this experience CT scanning has been found to be safe and effective, and offers certain advantages over conventional techniques. The number, extent and content of adrenal and renal mass lesions can be determined with relatively great accuracy. The presence and extent of metastases into the retroperitoneum, liver and chest often can be shown by CT scanning when other tests are negative. Placement of needles for aspiration, biopsy, injection of contrast medium or insertion of drainage tubes can be done accurately under computerized tomographic control. Air contrast scanning of the bladder can be of real help in staging bladder tumors, espically in obese patients. Computerized tomography in itself is non-invasive, carries a low radiation exposure comparable to other radiographic procedures and therefore, can, be valuable in following the course of patients with various diseases during and after therapy. While CT scanning will not replace other diagnostic procedures it should lead to a more judicious selection of potentially hazardous tests, such as angiography, aspiration and open biopsy.", "PMID": 753012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9039", "title": "Posterior urethral stricture repair.", "content": "Experience with 54 operations for the membranous-prostatic urethral stricture is presented. There were 7 operations performed through pubectomy exposure, 6 Badenoch operations, 31 exteriorization 2-stage operations using a perineal-scrotal flap for the first state and 10, 1-stage transperineal end-to-end anastomoses after scar tissue had been excised. The technique for the transperineal approach is presented. Presently, a 1-stage end-to-end anastomosis of the bulbomembranous urethra to the prostatic urethra through a perineal approach is preferred. Exteriorization urethroplasty using the perineal-scrotal flap is recommended when an end-to-end anastomosis is not feasible, either because of a long stricture or severe scar secondary to previous operative failures. The pubectomy approach is seldom needed but the Waterhouse pubectomy procedure is recommended as a possibility in patients who cannot be placed in the exaggerated lithotomy position.", "contents": "Posterior urethral stricture repair. Experience with 54 operations for the membranous-prostatic urethral stricture is presented. There were 7 operations performed through pubectomy exposure, 6 Badenoch operations, 31 exteriorization 2-stage operations using a perineal-scrotal flap for the first state and 10, 1-stage transperineal end-to-end anastomoses after scar tissue had been excised. The technique for the transperineal approach is presented. Presently, a 1-stage end-to-end anastomosis of the bulbomembranous urethra to the prostatic urethra through a perineal approach is preferred. Exteriorization urethroplasty using the perineal-scrotal flap is recommended when an end-to-end anastomosis is not feasible, either because of a long stricture or severe scar secondary to previous operative failures. The pubectomy approach is seldom needed but the Waterhouse pubectomy procedure is recommended as a possibility in patients who cannot be placed in the exaggerated lithotomy position.", "PMID": 753013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9040", "title": "The use of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride in the treatment of post ischemic renal injury.", "content": "Minipigs (20 to 25 kg.) were subjected to bilateral renal artery occlusion for 60 minutes. Renal blood flow was reduced to 65 per cent and glomerular filtration rate to 40 per cent of normal in control animals. Administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride intravenously immediately after the period of ischemia resulted in restoration of renal blood flow to normal and glomerular filtration rate to 74 per cent of normal 24 hours later. Bilateral renal artery occulsion for 90 minutes resulted in a more severe impairment of renal function, which was not improved by the administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride. Adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride may exert its effect by improving renal blood flow through inhibition of post-ischemic intrarenal vasoconstriction or possible by enhancing restoration of intracellular adenine nucleotides. The exact mechanism remains unclear.", "contents": "The use of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride in the treatment of post ischemic renal injury. Minipigs (20 to 25 kg.) were subjected to bilateral renal artery occlusion for 60 minutes. Renal blood flow was reduced to 65 per cent and glomerular filtration rate to 40 per cent of normal in control animals. Administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride intravenously immediately after the period of ischemia resulted in restoration of renal blood flow to normal and glomerular filtration rate to 74 per cent of normal 24 hours later. Bilateral renal artery occulsion for 90 minutes resulted in a more severe impairment of renal function, which was not improved by the administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride. Adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride may exert its effect by improving renal blood flow through inhibition of post-ischemic intrarenal vasoconstriction or possible by enhancing restoration of intracellular adenine nucleotides. The exact mechanism remains unclear.", "PMID": 753014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9041", "title": "The use of microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord for orchialgia.", "content": "Orchialgia is a term that can only lead to confusion with regard to symptoms and etiology of the symptoms. It implies testicular discomfort or testicular pain that is intrascrotal. Testicular pain per se probably is appreciated in the lower abdomen and internal ring and not in the testicular body. Therefore, true orchialgia, namely testicular pain of unknown etiology, would be more appropriately described as lower abdominal pain (in the absence of any inflammatory ailments), which is worsened by testicular pressure or palpation. Treatment of the patient with orchialgia has been a difficult and often unrewarding clinical situation. Return to gainful activity without significant use of analgesics is the desired goal. Microsurgical testicular denervation has been used in 2 patients in an effort to achieve this goal without sacrifice of the testes.", "contents": "The use of microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord for orchialgia. Orchialgia is a term that can only lead to confusion with regard to symptoms and etiology of the symptoms. It implies testicular discomfort or testicular pain that is intrascrotal. Testicular pain per se probably is appreciated in the lower abdomen and internal ring and not in the testicular body. Therefore, true orchialgia, namely testicular pain of unknown etiology, would be more appropriately described as lower abdominal pain (in the absence of any inflammatory ailments), which is worsened by testicular pressure or palpation. Treatment of the patient with orchialgia has been a difficult and often unrewarding clinical situation. Return to gainful activity without significant use of analgesics is the desired goal. Microsurgical testicular denervation has been used in 2 patients in an effort to achieve this goal without sacrifice of the testes.", "PMID": 753015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9042", "title": "Intrarenal stone manipulation: summary of recent experience.", "content": "Since first described in 1975, non-operative external manipulation of small intrarenal calculi has been done on 30 individuals. This procedure has facilitated stone passage successfully in 80 per cent of the cases and, thus far, has been free of significant complication. Fluoroscopic control and materials available in most radiology departments allow for intrarenal manipulation to dislodge small calculi in virtually any calix, permitting spontaneous and usually asymptomatic passage. The procedure and subsequent management are described in detail.", "contents": "Intrarenal stone manipulation: summary of recent experience. Since first described in 1975, non-operative external manipulation of small intrarenal calculi has been done on 30 individuals. This procedure has facilitated stone passage successfully in 80 per cent of the cases and, thus far, has been free of significant complication. Fluoroscopic control and materials available in most radiology departments allow for intrarenal manipulation to dislodge small calculi in virtually any calix, permitting spontaneous and usually asymptomatic passage. The procedure and subsequent management are described in detail.", "PMID": 753016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9043", "title": "Ureteral calculus: experience with 521 stone extractions.", "content": "Few urologic problems require the consideration of so many factors as does an obstructing calculus in the ureter. The questions that arise in each case are whether an operation should be done for immediate relief of the obstruction or whether manipulation should be done, possibly subjecting the patient to a period of disability, painful attacks of colic and febrile reactions.", "contents": "Ureteral calculus: experience with 521 stone extractions. Few urologic problems require the consideration of so many factors as does an obstructing calculus in the ureter. The questions that arise in each case are whether an operation should be done for immediate relief of the obstruction or whether manipulation should be done, possibly subjecting the patient to a period of disability, painful attacks of colic and febrile reactions.", "PMID": 753017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9044", "title": "Glucagon, ureteral colic and ureteral peristalsis.", "content": "Experimentally, glucagon is an effective ureteral relaxant that induces a moderate diuresis. Our data suggest that in specified cases of ureteral colic, before the development of a ureteral bar, flaccid dilatation of the pelvis and renal shutdown, glucagon may facilitate the expulsion of small ureteral calculi. When the ureteral pain is due to hyperperistalsis the drug has promise in the alleviation of pain. The complexities of the pathophysiology of ureteral colic in an experimental model support the treatment of ureteral edema in colic with anti-inflammatory drugs but suggest certain precautions in the design of any investigation of drug therapy for colic, lest a good drug be found ineffective for the wrong reason-that it was used in an impossible situation.", "contents": "Glucagon, ureteral colic and ureteral peristalsis. Experimentally, glucagon is an effective ureteral relaxant that induces a moderate diuresis. Our data suggest that in specified cases of ureteral colic, before the development of a ureteral bar, flaccid dilatation of the pelvis and renal shutdown, glucagon may facilitate the expulsion of small ureteral calculi. When the ureteral pain is due to hyperperistalsis the drug has promise in the alleviation of pain. The complexities of the pathophysiology of ureteral colic in an experimental model support the treatment of ureteral edema in colic with anti-inflammatory drugs but suggest certain precautions in the design of any investigation of drug therapy for colic, lest a good drug be found ineffective for the wrong reason-that it was used in an impossible situation.", "PMID": 753018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9045", "title": "Directional growth of renal calculi.", "content": "The forces involved in shaping urinary calculi reside in crystalline characteristics and especially in local influences. Box pelves may restrict passage and, by allowing mobility, help shape a round calculus. Fixation, occurring with a rapidly growing infection stone, facilitates initial growth on a matrix mold in a funnel pelvis, further aided by pelviocaliceal paralysis from bacterial endotoxins and later by stasis. Branched calculi are further shaped by contact with the pelvic and infundibular walls. Through pressure and mucous coating they grow only at the ends. Late caliceal obstruction frees the ends for clubbing. Consideration of these forces aids in prognosis and surgical removal, and may offer opportunities for prevention.", "contents": "Directional growth of renal calculi. The forces involved in shaping urinary calculi reside in crystalline characteristics and especially in local influences. Box pelves may restrict passage and, by allowing mobility, help shape a round calculus. Fixation, occurring with a rapidly growing infection stone, facilitates initial growth on a matrix mold in a funnel pelvis, further aided by pelviocaliceal paralysis from bacterial endotoxins and later by stasis. Branched calculi are further shaped by contact with the pelvic and infundibular walls. Through pressure and mucous coating they grow only at the ends. Late caliceal obstruction frees the ends for clubbing. Consideration of these forces aids in prognosis and surgical removal, and may offer opportunities for prevention.", "PMID": 753019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9046", "title": "Male exstrophy patients: a preliminary report on the reproductive capability.", "content": "Semen analyses from 9 male patients with bladder exstrophy revealed a high incidence of infertility (7 cases). Possible causes and measures that might help to preserve the fertility potential are suggested.", "contents": "Male exstrophy patients: a preliminary report on the reproductive capability. Semen analyses from 9 male patients with bladder exstrophy revealed a high incidence of infertility (7 cases). Possible causes and measures that might help to preserve the fertility potential are suggested.", "PMID": 753020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9047", "title": "The quantitative nuclear cystogram: an aid in determining the spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "The quantitative data derived from serial nuclear cystograms during a 5-year period in 39 children were compared to the clinical course. A direct correlation (93 per cent) between an increasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs was observed in the clinically stable group. In the clinically unstable group there was a 77 per cent correlation of an unchanged or decreasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs. The quantitative nuclear cystogram provides an objective as opposed to subjective data base for management of patients with vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "The quantitative nuclear cystogram: an aid in determining the spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux. The quantitative data derived from serial nuclear cystograms during a 5-year period in 39 children were compared to the clinical course. A direct correlation (93 per cent) between an increasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs was observed in the clinically stable group. In the clinically unstable group there was a 77 per cent correlation of an unchanged or decreasing bladder volume at which reflux occurs. The quantitative nuclear cystogram provides an objective as opposed to subjective data base for management of patients with vesicoureteral reflux.", "PMID": 753021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9048", "title": "Further experience with chemotherapy in the Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A number of chemotherapeutic agents, including L-asparaginase, actinomycin D, chloroethylcyclohexy-nitrosourea, 5-flourouracil, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea, cis-platinum, adriamycin and methotrexate, alone and in combination and at variable dose levels, were applied against the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma-subline G. We found a continuing parallel between responses of the human and rat tumors and conclude that the usefulness of this animal model as a screening system for agents against the human tumor is further supported.", "contents": "Further experience with chemotherapy in the Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma. A number of chemotherapeutic agents, including L-asparaginase, actinomycin D, chloroethylcyclohexy-nitrosourea, 5-flourouracil, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea, cis-platinum, adriamycin and methotrexate, alone and in combination and at variable dose levels, were applied against the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma-subline G. We found a continuing parallel between responses of the human and rat tumors and conclude that the usefulness of this animal model as a screening system for agents against the human tumor is further supported.", "PMID": 753023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9049", "title": "Immunologic studies of prostatic cancer using the R3327 rat model.", "content": "We report herein on the destruction by cryosurgery of the Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma grown in the prostate. Tumors less than 1,000 mm.3 were destroyed by a single freezing procedure within 2 to 4 weeks, whereas tumors greater than 1,000 mm.3 could not be destroyed completely. We also have been able to demonstrate antibody and cellular immune responses to antigens on the R3327 cells. Species, organ and tumor specific antigens were identified by xenogeneic antiserum produced in the rabbit, while major and minor antigens were identified by alloantisera produced in the rat. Tumor antigens were characterized by a variety of in vitro and in vivo immune responses. In addition to the rabbit xenoantisera used in cytotoxicity assays, mixed lymphocyte tumor interaction produced a demonstrable in vitro immune response, lymphocytes from rats immunized with tumor cells were cytotoxic to radiolabeled tumor cells in culture, rats immunized with tumor cells in adjuvant demonstrated protection against subsequent challenge and immunological stimulation of lymph nodes draining the site of tumor cell inoculation was demonstrated by an increase in lymphocyte trapping. Clearing, the R3327 tumor system in the rat is suitable for immunological studies of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of prostatic cancer using the R3327 rat model. We report herein on the destruction by cryosurgery of the Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma grown in the prostate. Tumors less than 1,000 mm.3 were destroyed by a single freezing procedure within 2 to 4 weeks, whereas tumors greater than 1,000 mm.3 could not be destroyed completely. We also have been able to demonstrate antibody and cellular immune responses to antigens on the R3327 cells. Species, organ and tumor specific antigens were identified by xenogeneic antiserum produced in the rabbit, while major and minor antigens were identified by alloantisera produced in the rat. Tumor antigens were characterized by a variety of in vitro and in vivo immune responses. In addition to the rabbit xenoantisera used in cytotoxicity assays, mixed lymphocyte tumor interaction produced a demonstrable in vitro immune response, lymphocytes from rats immunized with tumor cells were cytotoxic to radiolabeled tumor cells in culture, rats immunized with tumor cells in adjuvant demonstrated protection against subsequent challenge and immunological stimulation of lymph nodes draining the site of tumor cell inoculation was demonstrated by an increase in lymphocyte trapping. Clearing, the R3327 tumor system in the rat is suitable for immunological studies of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 753024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9050", "title": "The effect of dietary cadmium on prostate growth.", "content": "We investigated the effect of chronic non-toxic ingestion of cadmium chloride on the growth of the prostate, seminal vesicles and testes of the white rat. Cadmium chloride seems to have a statistically significant dose-related adjuvant effect on the weight of these organs when administered continuously to the white rat during a 6-month period.", "contents": "The effect of dietary cadmium on prostate growth. We investigated the effect of chronic non-toxic ingestion of cadmium chloride on the growth of the prostate, seminal vesicles and testes of the white rat. Cadmium chloride seems to have a statistically significant dose-related adjuvant effect on the weight of these organs when administered continuously to the white rat during a 6-month period.", "PMID": 753025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9051", "title": "The use of estramustine and prednimustine versus prednimustine alone in advanced metastatic prostatic cancer patients who have received prior irradiation.", "content": "Estramustine has been shown previously to be an effective drug in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer, demonstrating significant objective and subjective responses in long-term non-randomized trials and in other randomized trials. In this study prednimustine alone has shown a minimal over-all objective response rate of 12.9 percent of the cases, although with marked subjective improvement of pain relief and patient performance status. The combination of prednimustine with estramustine did not result in improvement of objective or subjective response parameters. The effects in terms of responses or in terms of toxicity for either agent were not additive when they were given in combination. Cross-over for those patients whose disease progressed on prednimustine therapy to estramustine had some benefit in over-all survival. Prednimustine alone or in combination with estramustine may be used safely and could improve markedly the quality of life for irradiated patients with advanced prostatic cancer who failed on hormonal treatment and have too poor a bone marrow reserve to be treated by other currently available myelosuppressive agents.", "contents": "The use of estramustine and prednimustine versus prednimustine alone in advanced metastatic prostatic cancer patients who have received prior irradiation. Estramustine has been shown previously to be an effective drug in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer, demonstrating significant objective and subjective responses in long-term non-randomized trials and in other randomized trials. In this study prednimustine alone has shown a minimal over-all objective response rate of 12.9 percent of the cases, although with marked subjective improvement of pain relief and patient performance status. The combination of prednimustine with estramustine did not result in improvement of objective or subjective response parameters. The effects in terms of responses or in terms of toxicity for either agent were not additive when they were given in combination. Cross-over for those patients whose disease progressed on prednimustine therapy to estramustine had some benefit in over-all survival. Prednimustine alone or in combination with estramustine may be used safely and could improve markedly the quality of life for irradiated patients with advanced prostatic cancer who failed on hormonal treatment and have too poor a bone marrow reserve to be treated by other currently available myelosuppressive agents.", "PMID": 753026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9052", "title": "Intratesticular grafts: the testis as an exceptional immunologically privileged site.", "content": "The testis is an immunologically privileged site despite a normal lymphatic drainage, whereas the anterior chamber of the eye is a privileged site because it lacks normal lymphatics. Parathyroid grafts were transplanted between several strains of inbred rats (Buffalo leads to Lewis and Lewis X Brown Norway F1 leads to Lewis). Allografts were placed in the testis, thigh muscle, prostate, lymph nodes, anterior chamber of the eye and adrenal gland. The survival of intratesticular allografts also was tested in animals whose pituitary gonadotropins were suppressed by testosterone and estradiol implants. The effects of steroid implants were documented by measuring testosterone and progesterone concentrations in the serum and whole testis homogenates of these animals. Allograft survival was judged by fasting plasma calcium concentrations. The data show that 1) the adrenal is included among naturally occurring immunologically privileged sites, 2) the prolonged survival of intratesticular allografts may be related to the local production of steroid hormones, although allograft survival is not critically dependent on pituitary gonadotropins and 3) temperature differences and a high zinc concentration within the testis are not important to allograft survival.", "contents": "Intratesticular grafts: the testis as an exceptional immunologically privileged site. The testis is an immunologically privileged site despite a normal lymphatic drainage, whereas the anterior chamber of the eye is a privileged site because it lacks normal lymphatics. Parathyroid grafts were transplanted between several strains of inbred rats (Buffalo leads to Lewis and Lewis X Brown Norway F1 leads to Lewis). Allografts were placed in the testis, thigh muscle, prostate, lymph nodes, anterior chamber of the eye and adrenal gland. The survival of intratesticular allografts also was tested in animals whose pituitary gonadotropins were suppressed by testosterone and estradiol implants. The effects of steroid implants were documented by measuring testosterone and progesterone concentrations in the serum and whole testis homogenates of these animals. Allograft survival was judged by fasting plasma calcium concentrations. The data show that 1) the adrenal is included among naturally occurring immunologically privileged sites, 2) the prolonged survival of intratesticular allografts may be related to the local production of steroid hormones, although allograft survival is not critically dependent on pituitary gonadotropins and 3) temperature differences and a high zinc concentration within the testis are not important to allograft survival.", "PMID": 753027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9053", "title": "Replacement of the ureter by small intestine: clinical application and results of the ileal ureter in 89 patients.", "content": "Partial or total replacement of the ureter by small intestine was performed at the University of California/Los Angeles Hospital and affiliated hospitals 94 times in 92 patients from 1954 to 1978. Indications included recurrent calculi, ureteral stricture, fistula, congenital obstruction of the ureter and ureteral carcinoma with a solitary kidney. A special use has been for undiversion of an ileal conduit. Followup evaluation was possible in 95 per cent of the patients and ranged from 6 months to 23 years. Thirty-six patients were followed for more than 5 years. The operation was judged successful in 81 per cent of the cases. Serum creatinine was unchanged or decreased in 75.7 per cent and the pyelogram was unchanged or showed decreased dilatation in 84.6 per cent of the patients. Although reflux was seen in 40 of 55 patients who had cystograms 39 (97.5 per cent) were considered to be treated successfully. Indications for and results of the operation are discussed. The procedure is recommended as optimal therapy for carefully selected situations when the normal urinary tract cannot be used.", "contents": "Replacement of the ureter by small intestine: clinical application and results of the ileal ureter in 89 patients. Partial or total replacement of the ureter by small intestine was performed at the University of California/Los Angeles Hospital and affiliated hospitals 94 times in 92 patients from 1954 to 1978. Indications included recurrent calculi, ureteral stricture, fistula, congenital obstruction of the ureter and ureteral carcinoma with a solitary kidney. A special use has been for undiversion of an ileal conduit. Followup evaluation was possible in 95 per cent of the patients and ranged from 6 months to 23 years. Thirty-six patients were followed for more than 5 years. The operation was judged successful in 81 per cent of the cases. Serum creatinine was unchanged or decreased in 75.7 per cent and the pyelogram was unchanged or showed decreased dilatation in 84.6 per cent of the patients. Although reflux was seen in 40 of 55 patients who had cystograms 39 (97.5 per cent) were considered to be treated successfully. Indications for and results of the operation are discussed. The procedure is recommended as optimal therapy for carefully selected situations when the normal urinary tract cannot be used.", "PMID": 753030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9054", "title": "[Physicochemical studies of Pharmachem's tylosin].", "content": "Studied is the effect of high temperature, light, moisture, the type of the solvent and the reaction in the medium on the chemical stability and biological activity of the tylosine base, tylosine tartarate and tylosine phosphate, produced by the \"PHARMACHIM\" State Economic Corporation. The evaluation of the effect is carried out by using the spectrophotometric (in the UV-region) and microbiological methods (diffusion in agar with Sarcina lutea A. T. C. C. 7341 as a test microorganism). It is found that tylosine is stable thermally both as substance and as solution, yet it loses a large part of its activity when the solutions are exposed to ultraviolet or direct sun light. This calls the solutions of the antibiotics in the course of their preparation, storage and application to be protected from the direct effect of light and that they should be packed in light-proof material. Depending on the air moisture (72--98 per cent), the tylosine base absorbs water from 4 to 11 per cent, the tartarate--from 9 to 37.5 per cent, the phosphate--from 8 to 28.5 per cent, the tylosine tartarate (water-soluble form)--from 7 to 32 per cent, and the tylosine phosphate (granules)--from 12 to 39 per cent of their weights. This requires their storage to be limited to dry, airy premises or they should be hermetically packed. Water, ethanol, methanol, phosphate buffers with pH 6--10.0, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide do not affect the activity of tylosine, but the last two solvents inhibit the diffusion of the antibiotic in agar and are unsuitable for biological tests. The tylosine base, manufactured by the \"Elanco\" Company, manifests similar properties in relation to thermal stability, light sensitivity, hygroscopicity and diffusions in agar.", "contents": "[Physicochemical studies of Pharmachem's tylosin]. Studied is the effect of high temperature, light, moisture, the type of the solvent and the reaction in the medium on the chemical stability and biological activity of the tylosine base, tylosine tartarate and tylosine phosphate, produced by the \"PHARMACHIM\" State Economic Corporation. The evaluation of the effect is carried out by using the spectrophotometric (in the UV-region) and microbiological methods (diffusion in agar with Sarcina lutea A. T. C. C. 7341 as a test microorganism). It is found that tylosine is stable thermally both as substance and as solution, yet it loses a large part of its activity when the solutions are exposed to ultraviolet or direct sun light. This calls the solutions of the antibiotics in the course of their preparation, storage and application to be protected from the direct effect of light and that they should be packed in light-proof material. Depending on the air moisture (72--98 per cent), the tylosine base absorbs water from 4 to 11 per cent, the tartarate--from 9 to 37.5 per cent, the phosphate--from 8 to 28.5 per cent, the tylosine tartarate (water-soluble form)--from 7 to 32 per cent, and the tylosine phosphate (granules)--from 12 to 39 per cent of their weights. This requires their storage to be limited to dry, airy premises or they should be hermetically packed. Water, ethanol, methanol, phosphate buffers with pH 6--10.0, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide do not affect the activity of tylosine, but the last two solvents inhibit the diffusion of the antibiotic in agar and are unsuitable for biological tests. The tylosine base, manufactured by the \"Elanco\" Company, manifests similar properties in relation to thermal stability, light sensitivity, hygroscopicity and diffusions in agar.", "PMID": 753031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9055", "title": "[Comparative study of the muramidase (lysozyme) activity in the blood cells of laboratory and agricultural animals].", "content": "Comparative studies have been carried out on the blood of certain laboratory and farm animals and birds, whereby the activity of muramidase (lysozyme) is established in neutrophilic cells of mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, dogs, hens, turkeys and geese and in the monocytes of rabbits and dogs. The percentage of cells with muramidase activity manifests species features. No cells with a presence of muramidase activity have been found in the perypheral blood of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and bullalos. Certain questions of a general biological aspect about the origin of muramidase in the blood serum are examined on the basis of the results obtained and recent data from analyses of human blood.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the muramidase (lysozyme) activity in the blood cells of laboratory and agricultural animals]. Comparative studies have been carried out on the blood of certain laboratory and farm animals and birds, whereby the activity of muramidase (lysozyme) is established in neutrophilic cells of mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, dogs, hens, turkeys and geese and in the monocytes of rabbits and dogs. The percentage of cells with muramidase activity manifests species features. No cells with a presence of muramidase activity have been found in the perypheral blood of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and bullalos. Certain questions of a general biological aspect about the origin of muramidase in the blood serum are examined on the basis of the results obtained and recent data from analyses of human blood.", "PMID": 753033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9056", "title": "[Variability and the virulence of the Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "Six isolates of the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), taken at different periods of time after provocation of immune birds with velogenous viscerotrophic strain, are used. It is shown that the virulence of the initial NDV challenge strain remains unchanges up the 46th day of persistence. The isolate, taken after 70 days of carriage, manifests a considerably decreased virulence. It is established that the reduced virulence is not genetically stable and reverts towards the initial one following passage through appropriate host organism. The latent infection with NDV is examined from ecological and practical aspects.", "contents": "[Variability and the virulence of the Newcastle disease virus]. Six isolates of the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), taken at different periods of time after provocation of immune birds with velogenous viscerotrophic strain, are used. It is shown that the virulence of the initial NDV challenge strain remains unchanges up the 46th day of persistence. The isolate, taken after 70 days of carriage, manifests a considerably decreased virulence. It is established that the reduced virulence is not genetically stable and reverts towards the initial one following passage through appropriate host organism. The latent infection with NDV is examined from ecological and practical aspects.", "PMID": 753034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9057", "title": "[Allergen effect on the number of monocytes in guinea pigs].", "content": "Followed up are the changes in the number of monocytes under the effect of venal injection of an allergen from Salmonella abortus ovis to guinea pigs, sensibilized by live and killed cultures of the same Salmonella. After inoculation of healthy guinea pigs with a live culture, the number of monocytes doubles and remains at this level up to the 11th day after the infection. The killed culture of this Salmonella does not possess a similar action. A venal injection of Salmonella abortus ovis allergen to sensibilized guinea pigs, possessing a dermal-allergic reaction, leads to a marked decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood on the 2nd and 6th hrs after application of the allergen, while on the 24th h their number regains the level prior injection. The \"disappearance\" of monocytes from the peripheral blood is antigen-specific and the assumption is made that it is the result of the synthesis of the migration-inhibition factor in blood circulation at the contact of the sensibilized \"T\" lymphocytes with the specific antigen.", "contents": "[Allergen effect on the number of monocytes in guinea pigs]. Followed up are the changes in the number of monocytes under the effect of venal injection of an allergen from Salmonella abortus ovis to guinea pigs, sensibilized by live and killed cultures of the same Salmonella. After inoculation of healthy guinea pigs with a live culture, the number of monocytes doubles and remains at this level up to the 11th day after the infection. The killed culture of this Salmonella does not possess a similar action. A venal injection of Salmonella abortus ovis allergen to sensibilized guinea pigs, possessing a dermal-allergic reaction, leads to a marked decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood on the 2nd and 6th hrs after application of the allergen, while on the 24th h their number regains the level prior injection. The \"disappearance\" of monocytes from the peripheral blood is antigen-specific and the assumption is made that it is the result of the synthesis of the migration-inhibition factor in blood circulation at the contact of the sensibilized \"T\" lymphocytes with the specific antigen.", "PMID": 753035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9058", "title": "[Comparative studies on the quantity of fructose and citric acid in the sperm from bulls at different seasons of the year].", "content": "The contents of fructose and citric acid in the semen of seven bulls of different ages were examined over a one-year period. The bulls were used as sires in the Artificial Insemination Station. The semen production was within the normal range. In the course of the investigations the temperature and moisture regimes of the air in the barns was optimal for the semen production of the bulls. No statistically significant changes in the amount of fructose and citric acid were established at different average diurnal temperatures and the relative moisture content in the different annual seasons. A marked positive correlation (r = 0.070 +/- 0.04) was observed between the changes in the contents of fructose and citric acid throughout the year. These changes were in an inverse correlation with the number of spermatozoa per mL of semen (r = 0.26 +/- 0.08) and in a moderate one for the citric acid (r = 0.49 +/- 0.06). In the bulls of the Red Dannish cattle there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa and a statistically significant increase in the number of immobile spermatozoa in the winter season.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the quantity of fructose and citric acid in the sperm from bulls at different seasons of the year]. The contents of fructose and citric acid in the semen of seven bulls of different ages were examined over a one-year period. The bulls were used as sires in the Artificial Insemination Station. The semen production was within the normal range. In the course of the investigations the temperature and moisture regimes of the air in the barns was optimal for the semen production of the bulls. No statistically significant changes in the amount of fructose and citric acid were established at different average diurnal temperatures and the relative moisture content in the different annual seasons. A marked positive correlation (r = 0.070 +/- 0.04) was observed between the changes in the contents of fructose and citric acid throughout the year. These changes were in an inverse correlation with the number of spermatozoa per mL of semen (r = 0.26 +/- 0.08) and in a moderate one for the citric acid (r = 0.49 +/- 0.06). In the bulls of the Red Dannish cattle there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa and a statistically significant increase in the number of immobile spermatozoa in the winter season.", "PMID": 753036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9059", "title": "Kinetics of vegetative growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris.", "content": "The growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on solid media was studied by microculture technique. Starting from a germinating spore the further development was followed by phase contrast microscopy. From serially taken photographs the kinetics of growth and branching of the mycelium was calculated. Also some observations on morphological behaviour were made. Regarding the total mycelium developing from one spore the growth occurred witha constant exponential growth rate, at least for the time tested (about ten doublings). The constancy of the mycelial growth rate was not attributed to constant rates of hyphal growth or branching. The hyphal growth rate increased during the development of the mycelium, so that the length produced by a hypha within a given time was smallest after germination and largest at the end of the experiment. Between the first and the 10th doubling of the mycelium the mean hyphal growth rate increased by the factor 27, in some cultures even by the factor 40. While hyphal growth changed from exponential to linear, branching was first linear and then approached exponential kinetics. Under different conditions of cultivation mycelia could have identical doubling times, but different hyphal growth rates and vice versa. Yeast extract caused a reduction of the hyphal growth rate and an enhancement of branching. Likewise the diminution of the supply of oxygen did not reduce the mycelial growth rate, but markedly decreased the hyphal growth rate, especially of the germ tube. The data obtained concerning the kinetics of growth and branching can be explained by a special form of cooperation of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis. With respect to the synthesis of cytoplasma a T. vulgaris mycelium behaves as one individual, which is not differentiated into replicating and non replicating areas (as recently was shown to be likely for Streptomyces hygroscopicus by Schuhmann and Bergter 1976). The mycelial growth rate thus reflects the rate of the synthesis of cytoplasm. The hyphal growth rate is moreover determined by the rate of cell wall synthesis at the tip of each hypha. The observed increase of the hyphal growth rate is explainable by an acceleration of the cell wall synthesis during the development of the mycelium. Probably the branching is regulated indirectly. According to the different manner of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis, within a hypha a balance between both processes is maintainable only for a limited time. As soon as the momentary apical capacity for cell wall synthesis is exhausted, the balance is attained anew by originating a new site for wall synthesis, i.e. by branching. Branching was often defective. Especially in the absence of yeast extract a lot of lateral branches arose, which ceased further growth at an average length of 2.5 micron. It is suggested that yeast extract supports the transport of the nucleoids into the lateral branches, which otherwise is often infeasible. Reduction of the supply of oxygen favoured apical branching, so that dichotomous forms resulted.", "contents": "Kinetics of vegetative growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on solid media was studied by microculture technique. Starting from a germinating spore the further development was followed by phase contrast microscopy. From serially taken photographs the kinetics of growth and branching of the mycelium was calculated. Also some observations on morphological behaviour were made. Regarding the total mycelium developing from one spore the growth occurred witha constant exponential growth rate, at least for the time tested (about ten doublings). The constancy of the mycelial growth rate was not attributed to constant rates of hyphal growth or branching. The hyphal growth rate increased during the development of the mycelium, so that the length produced by a hypha within a given time was smallest after germination and largest at the end of the experiment. Between the first and the 10th doubling of the mycelium the mean hyphal growth rate increased by the factor 27, in some cultures even by the factor 40. While hyphal growth changed from exponential to linear, branching was first linear and then approached exponential kinetics. Under different conditions of cultivation mycelia could have identical doubling times, but different hyphal growth rates and vice versa. Yeast extract caused a reduction of the hyphal growth rate and an enhancement of branching. Likewise the diminution of the supply of oxygen did not reduce the mycelial growth rate, but markedly decreased the hyphal growth rate, especially of the germ tube. The data obtained concerning the kinetics of growth and branching can be explained by a special form of cooperation of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis. With respect to the synthesis of cytoplasma a T. vulgaris mycelium behaves as one individual, which is not differentiated into replicating and non replicating areas (as recently was shown to be likely for Streptomyces hygroscopicus by Schuhmann and Bergter 1976). The mycelial growth rate thus reflects the rate of the synthesis of cytoplasm. The hyphal growth rate is moreover determined by the rate of cell wall synthesis at the tip of each hypha. The observed increase of the hyphal growth rate is explainable by an acceleration of the cell wall synthesis during the development of the mycelium. Probably the branching is regulated indirectly. According to the different manner of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis, within a hypha a balance between both processes is maintainable only for a limited time. As soon as the momentary apical capacity for cell wall synthesis is exhausted, the balance is attained anew by originating a new site for wall synthesis, i.e. by branching. Branching was often defective. Especially in the absence of yeast extract a lot of lateral branches arose, which ceased further growth at an average length of 2.5 micron. It is suggested that yeast extract supports the transport of the nucleoids into the lateral branches, which otherwise is often infeasible. Reduction of the supply of oxygen favoured apical branching, so that dichotomous forms resulted.", "PMID": 753045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9060", "title": "[Inhibition of chitin synthetase of Mucor rouxii in vitro by fungicides and other compounds].", "content": "Comparative investigations on the inhibition of chitin synthetase of Mucor rouxii revealed that in contrast to results obtained in vivo, only few fungicides and other compounds inhibit the enzyme in vitro. Besides the well-known effect of polyoxin D, an inhibition was demonstrated for terrazol, tridemorph, hinosan, and formulated preparations of dimilin (PH 60--40, 60--38). The latter preparations, however, showed growth inhibition also with fungal species which do not synthesize chitin and the pure compounds are ineffective. Inhibition by phospholipase C, unsaturated fatty acids, and the reversibility of the inhibition caused by terrazol after addition of procain-hydrochloride demonstrates that phospholipids are essential for the activity of the enzyme, whereas sterols seem to be ineffective. Action of trypsin, PCNB, pentachlorophenol, and some similar compounds results in significantly increased activity, which in the case of trypsin could be due to the hydrolysis of a protein inhibitor. Hinosan inhibits the enzyme indirectly in a still unexplored manner.", "contents": "[Inhibition of chitin synthetase of Mucor rouxii in vitro by fungicides and other compounds]. Comparative investigations on the inhibition of chitin synthetase of Mucor rouxii revealed that in contrast to results obtained in vivo, only few fungicides and other compounds inhibit the enzyme in vitro. Besides the well-known effect of polyoxin D, an inhibition was demonstrated for terrazol, tridemorph, hinosan, and formulated preparations of dimilin (PH 60--40, 60--38). The latter preparations, however, showed growth inhibition also with fungal species which do not synthesize chitin and the pure compounds are ineffective. Inhibition by phospholipase C, unsaturated fatty acids, and the reversibility of the inhibition caused by terrazol after addition of procain-hydrochloride demonstrates that phospholipids are essential for the activity of the enzyme, whereas sterols seem to be ineffective. Action of trypsin, PCNB, pentachlorophenol, and some similar compounds results in significantly increased activity, which in the case of trypsin could be due to the hydrolysis of a protein inhibitor. Hinosan inhibits the enzyme indirectly in a still unexplored manner.", "PMID": 753046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9061", "title": "Hydrostatic pressure effects upon cellular leakage and active transport by Vibrio marinus.", "content": "Hydrostatic pressures greater than ca. 400 atm cause release of cellular components of Vibrio marinus MP-1 in the order protein greater than RNA greater than malate dehydrogenase greater than DNA greater than amino acids. Increased pressures also slow the rate of cycloleucine (non-metabolizable analogue of L-leucine acid L-valine) uptake but increase its efflux rate. Lineweaver-Burk plots (1/V versus 1/[S]) of cycloleucine uptake indicate that the Km increases with compression which suggests a decrease in affinity of the transport system for substrate at increased pressures.", "contents": "Hydrostatic pressure effects upon cellular leakage and active transport by Vibrio marinus. Hydrostatic pressures greater than ca. 400 atm cause release of cellular components of Vibrio marinus MP-1 in the order protein greater than RNA greater than malate dehydrogenase greater than DNA greater than amino acids. Increased pressures also slow the rate of cycloleucine (non-metabolizable analogue of L-leucine acid L-valine) uptake but increase its efflux rate. Lineweaver-Burk plots (1/V versus 1/[S]) of cycloleucine uptake indicate that the Km increases with compression which suggests a decrease in affinity of the transport system for substrate at increased pressures.", "PMID": 753047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9062", "title": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. III. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria in the rural community of Nigeria.", "content": "Midstream specimen of urine was collected from the total population of two rural communities in the immediate environs of Ibadan. One has a higher and the other a low endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria were found to be significantly more frequent in the area of high than low endemicity.", "contents": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. III. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria in the rural community of Nigeria. Midstream specimen of urine was collected from the total population of two rural communities in the immediate environs of Ibadan. One has a higher and the other a low endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria were found to be significantly more frequent in the area of high than low endemicity.", "PMID": 753049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9063", "title": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. V. Radiological findings: plain X-ray abdomen and intravenous pyelogram.", "content": "After studying two rural communities with varing endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis by total cross-sectional population survey, a stratified sample was obtained using defined criteria. Plain X-ray abdomen and intravenous pyelogram were carried out on the sample. Findings on plain X-ray of the abdomen, using the usual parameters of psoas and kidney shadows in the Nigerian, indicate that the two communities studied are similar but urinary calculi and urinary tract distortion are significantly more prominent in the community with the higher endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. V. Radiological findings: plain X-ray abdomen and intravenous pyelogram. After studying two rural communities with varing endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis by total cross-sectional population survey, a stratified sample was obtained using defined criteria. Plain X-ray abdomen and intravenous pyelogram were carried out on the sample. Findings on plain X-ray of the abdomen, using the usual parameters of psoas and kidney shadows in the Nigerian, indicate that the two communities studied are similar but urinary calculi and urinary tract distortion are significantly more prominent in the community with the higher endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 753050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9064", "title": "The radiologist and health care in West Africa--new perspectives.", "content": "In a brief survey of the history of modern radiology, Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in November, 1895 demonstrates the qualities of a research scientist, as well as the application of products of research to solving human problems. The modern Radiologist as a diagnostician and therapist, armed with modern tools, is a versatile member of the medical team. At the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, close collaboration between the gastroenterologist and the radiologist resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of diagnosis of upper gastro-intestinal disease from 66% to 95% in 300 patients who were subjected to both fluoroscopy and endoscopy. The practice, and training programme for radiology in West Africa should reflect the scarce human and natural resources of West Africa, as well as the peculiar problems of the region, within the context of the acceptable pattern of health care delivery. Hazards of excessive radiation, both within the rank of the profession, and more so among patients undergoing sometimes unnecessary X-ray investigations, demand urgent attention.", "contents": "The radiologist and health care in West Africa--new perspectives. In a brief survey of the history of modern radiology, Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in November, 1895 demonstrates the qualities of a research scientist, as well as the application of products of research to solving human problems. The modern Radiologist as a diagnostician and therapist, armed with modern tools, is a versatile member of the medical team. At the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, close collaboration between the gastroenterologist and the radiologist resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of diagnosis of upper gastro-intestinal disease from 66% to 95% in 300 patients who were subjected to both fluoroscopy and endoscopy. The practice, and training programme for radiology in West Africa should reflect the scarce human and natural resources of West Africa, as well as the peculiar problems of the region, within the context of the acceptable pattern of health care delivery. Hazards of excessive radiation, both within the rank of the profession, and more so among patients undergoing sometimes unnecessary X-ray investigations, demand urgent attention.", "PMID": 753051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9065", "title": "Experience in cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography in the diagnosis and management of heart diseases in Lagos university teaching hospital.", "content": "The present set up of the Cardiovascular Laboratory of Lagos University Teaching Hospital and our experience in cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography in the laboratory between 1972--1976 are documented. Most of the patients studied were adults and all but one had both right and left heart catheterisation. Trans-septal procedure and selective coronary angiography were not undertaken during the period under review. In about 25% of the cases studied the clinical diagnosis was proved incorrect or incomplete at cardiac catheterisation. There were no major complications during or following any of the procedures probably because of the limited procedures; the point is however made that cardiac catheterisation is not innocuous, and while it offers an important and valueable means of establishing the diagnosis of specific cardiac malformation and haemodynamics, it must be used indiscriminately.", "contents": "Experience in cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography in the diagnosis and management of heart diseases in Lagos university teaching hospital. The present set up of the Cardiovascular Laboratory of Lagos University Teaching Hospital and our experience in cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography in the laboratory between 1972--1976 are documented. Most of the patients studied were adults and all but one had both right and left heart catheterisation. Trans-septal procedure and selective coronary angiography were not undertaken during the period under review. In about 25% of the cases studied the clinical diagnosis was proved incorrect or incomplete at cardiac catheterisation. There were no major complications during or following any of the procedures probably because of the limited procedures; the point is however made that cardiac catheterisation is not innocuous, and while it offers an important and valueable means of establishing the diagnosis of specific cardiac malformation and haemodynamics, it must be used indiscriminately.", "PMID": 753052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9066", "title": "Some preliminary observations on the effects of kola nut on the cardiovascular system.", "content": "The prevalence of kola nut chewing and the effects attributed to it are briefly reviewed. Except for a generalisation that its effects are probably due to its caffeine content, no attempts have been made to quantify its specific actions. Preliminary observations on the cardiovascular system of the cat show that aqueous extracts of the nut evoke a dose dependent differential response - the 8 - 9% hypertensive effect of 0.01 ug - 1mg/ml doses contrasting with the 18--71% hypotensive response of 10--1000mgs/ml doses. Adrenergic receptor blockade showed no significant alteration of the response. With larger doses a bradycardia developed and cardiac arrythmias were observed as a terminal event. These results are compatible with the action of xanthines on the heart and peripheral vasculature. The possible role of the habitually chewed kola nut in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and its implications have been briefly discussed.", "contents": "Some preliminary observations on the effects of kola nut on the cardiovascular system. The prevalence of kola nut chewing and the effects attributed to it are briefly reviewed. Except for a generalisation that its effects are probably due to its caffeine content, no attempts have been made to quantify its specific actions. Preliminary observations on the cardiovascular system of the cat show that aqueous extracts of the nut evoke a dose dependent differential response - the 8 - 9% hypertensive effect of 0.01 ug - 1mg/ml doses contrasting with the 18--71% hypotensive response of 10--1000mgs/ml doses. Adrenergic receptor blockade showed no significant alteration of the response. With larger doses a bradycardia developed and cardiac arrythmias were observed as a terminal event. These results are compatible with the action of xanthines on the heart and peripheral vasculature. The possible role of the habitually chewed kola nut in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and its implications have been briefly discussed.", "PMID": 753053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9067", "title": "Surgery for congenital heart disease in Ibadan. I: Non-cyanotic heart defects.", "content": "Congenital heart disease represents about 5% of all cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria today. Its incidence has increased in the last decade because of improved neonatal care, increased awareness and clinical acumen of physicians, better diagnostic tools and the introduction of newer techniques in cardiac catheterization. It is now possible to make the diagnosis with certainty and to define the extent of the pathology thus making it possible to select the appropriate surgical therapy for these children. This article reviews the commonest types of noncyanotic heart disease, the indications for surgery and the types of surgical procedures available in Nigeria today. The simple extracardiac defects, such as patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta can be corrected with little or no mortality, but the more complex intracardiac defects can only be palliated pending the introduction of open heart surgery in Nigeria.", "contents": "Surgery for congenital heart disease in Ibadan. I: Non-cyanotic heart defects. Congenital heart disease represents about 5% of all cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria today. Its incidence has increased in the last decade because of improved neonatal care, increased awareness and clinical acumen of physicians, better diagnostic tools and the introduction of newer techniques in cardiac catheterization. It is now possible to make the diagnosis with certainty and to define the extent of the pathology thus making it possible to select the appropriate surgical therapy for these children. This article reviews the commonest types of noncyanotic heart disease, the indications for surgery and the types of surgical procedures available in Nigeria today. The simple extracardiac defects, such as patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta can be corrected with little or no mortality, but the more complex intracardiac defects can only be palliated pending the introduction of open heart surgery in Nigeria.", "PMID": 753054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9068", "title": "Contact allergic dermatitis \"current topic in tropical dermatology\".", "content": "Out of a total of 2,666 new dermatology patients, 128 (4.8%) were clinically diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis. Of these, 107 (4%) reacted positively to different antigens in the patch-test. The commonest contact sensitizers among females were nickel and dyes. Among male patients, the commonest sensitizers were mecaptobenzol-thiazole, chrome and nickel. The incidence of occupational contact dermatitis among bricklayers, construction workers and builders were found to be low and the sensitization rate against chromate was 0.6%. There was no sensitization against cobalt and nickel in the group, however, the length of occupational contact with cement among these group was short. Allergic contact dermatitis is not as uncommon among the Nigeria populace as is generally believed. It seems to be on the increase especially with increase rate of industrialization.", "contents": "Contact allergic dermatitis \"current topic in tropical dermatology\". Out of a total of 2,666 new dermatology patients, 128 (4.8%) were clinically diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis. Of these, 107 (4%) reacted positively to different antigens in the patch-test. The commonest contact sensitizers among females were nickel and dyes. Among male patients, the commonest sensitizers were mecaptobenzol-thiazole, chrome and nickel. The incidence of occupational contact dermatitis among bricklayers, construction workers and builders were found to be low and the sensitization rate against chromate was 0.6%. There was no sensitization against cobalt and nickel in the group, however, the length of occupational contact with cement among these group was short. Allergic contact dermatitis is not as uncommon among the Nigeria populace as is generally believed. It seems to be on the increase especially with increase rate of industrialization.", "PMID": 753055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9069", "title": "Observations on the value of vaginal cytology in the assessment of ovarian function in Nigerians.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two patients who attended the author's Gynaecological Clinic at The Logas University Teaching Hospital complaining of infertility, amenorrhoea or irregular menstruation were each studied during a minimum of three menstrual cycles. Cytological Curves based on weekly karyopyknotic indices of their vaginal epithelial cells were plotted throughout the duration of the study. Basal body temperatures and endometrial biopsies were also obtained from all of the patients. In the absence of vaginitis, cytological studies were found to be useful in determining the period of maximal fertility in infertile women and in detecting abnormal oestrogen excretion in women with functional menstrual abnormalities.", "contents": "Observations on the value of vaginal cytology in the assessment of ovarian function in Nigerians. One hundred and twenty-two patients who attended the author's Gynaecological Clinic at The Logas University Teaching Hospital complaining of infertility, amenorrhoea or irregular menstruation were each studied during a minimum of three menstrual cycles. Cytological Curves based on weekly karyopyknotic indices of their vaginal epithelial cells were plotted throughout the duration of the study. Basal body temperatures and endometrial biopsies were also obtained from all of the patients. In the absence of vaginitis, cytological studies were found to be useful in determining the period of maximal fertility in infertile women and in detecting abnormal oestrogen excretion in women with functional menstrual abnormalities.", "PMID": 753056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9070", "title": "Clinicopathological appraisal of Brenner tumours of the ovary in Ibadan.", "content": "A review of the clinical and pathological features of 31 cases of Brenner tumour of the ovary showed a higher frequency in the postmenopausal age group and larger number of bilateral tumours (13%) than reported hitherto. Most cases of the tumour were incidental findings; cystadenoma of the ovary and uterine leiomyomata were the most frequent lesions with which the Brenner tumours were associated. None of the cases of Brenner tumour was malignant. Presumed hormonal activity could not be morphologically correlated with any of the tumours.", "contents": "Clinicopathological appraisal of Brenner tumours of the ovary in Ibadan. A review of the clinical and pathological features of 31 cases of Brenner tumour of the ovary showed a higher frequency in the postmenopausal age group and larger number of bilateral tumours (13%) than reported hitherto. Most cases of the tumour were incidental findings; cystadenoma of the ovary and uterine leiomyomata were the most frequent lesions with which the Brenner tumours were associated. None of the cases of Brenner tumour was malignant. Presumed hormonal activity could not be morphologically correlated with any of the tumours.", "PMID": 753057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9071", "title": "Prevalence and severity of tooth attrition in Nigerians in rural areas.", "content": "A study of the prevalence and severity of attrition in both anterior and posterior teeth has been conducted in two rural communities in Nigeria. 5984 teeth in 190 subjects were examined. Age range of the subjects was from 15-55 years and 58.9% of them were male, while 41.1% were female. The number of subjects with little or no attrition increased with increasing age while varying degrees of severity of attrition increased with increase in age. Attrition was more marked in the mandibular teeth (56.52%) than in the Maxilla (46.71%). The first molar was the most consistently attrited and since tooth attrition can be a cause of neuralgia in the oral region, dentine exposure due to severe attrition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain in and around the mouth.", "contents": "Prevalence and severity of tooth attrition in Nigerians in rural areas. A study of the prevalence and severity of attrition in both anterior and posterior teeth has been conducted in two rural communities in Nigeria. 5984 teeth in 190 subjects were examined. Age range of the subjects was from 15-55 years and 58.9% of them were male, while 41.1% were female. The number of subjects with little or no attrition increased with increasing age while varying degrees of severity of attrition increased with increase in age. Attrition was more marked in the mandibular teeth (56.52%) than in the Maxilla (46.71%). The first molar was the most consistently attrited and since tooth attrition can be a cause of neuralgia in the oral region, dentine exposure due to severe attrition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain in and around the mouth.", "PMID": 753058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9072", "title": "Study of the comparative effectiveness of Dulcolax, Laxadine, Dorbanex, Normacen and Senokot laxatives in the bowel preparation of patients for radiological examinations.", "content": "The effectiveness of five laxatives - Dulcolax, Normacen, Laxadine, Dorbanex and Senokot in the bowel preparation of adult patients for radiological examinations has been compared. The value of using suppositories in addition to the tablets in those preparations that have tablet and suppository forms has also been assessed. The use of Dulcolax tablets plus suppository was most effective. Dulcolax, especially its suppository, was however very expensive and more frequently attended by side effects when compared with the other preparations. Normacen tablet was the second most effective and it is cheap and quite free of side effects. It is therefore given the position of first choice. Laxadine tablet plus its suppository was third best. It is cheap and free of side effects. Dorbanex was fourth best but it is rather expensive. Senokot tablet was the least effective but it is cheap and relatively free from side effects. In those laxatives with tablet and suppository forms, the use of both tablet and suppository is much more effective than the use of the tablet form alone.", "contents": "Study of the comparative effectiveness of Dulcolax, Laxadine, Dorbanex, Normacen and Senokot laxatives in the bowel preparation of patients for radiological examinations. The effectiveness of five laxatives - Dulcolax, Normacen, Laxadine, Dorbanex and Senokot in the bowel preparation of adult patients for radiological examinations has been compared. The value of using suppositories in addition to the tablets in those preparations that have tablet and suppository forms has also been assessed. The use of Dulcolax tablets plus suppository was most effective. Dulcolax, especially its suppository, was however very expensive and more frequently attended by side effects when compared with the other preparations. Normacen tablet was the second most effective and it is cheap and quite free of side effects. It is therefore given the position of first choice. Laxadine tablet plus its suppository was third best. It is cheap and free of side effects. Dorbanex was fourth best but it is rather expensive. Senokot tablet was the least effective but it is cheap and relatively free from side effects. In those laxatives with tablet and suppository forms, the use of both tablet and suppository is much more effective than the use of the tablet form alone.", "PMID": 753059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9073", "title": "Fracture of the penis. Case report.", "content": "A rare case of fracture of the penis is reported. Review of the literature shows only 58 previously reported cases. (Meares 1971) A simple method of treatment under local anaesthesia is described.", "contents": "Fracture of the penis. Case report. A rare case of fracture of the penis is reported. Review of the literature shows only 58 previously reported cases. (Meares 1971) A simple method of treatment under local anaesthesia is described.", "PMID": 753060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9074", "title": "Candida albicans and otorrhoea in children. Case reports.", "content": "5 cases of Nigerian children, all below 2 years of age are presented. Common to all is a history of treated ear infections with subsequent development of otorrhoea. Both smears and cultures of the ear swabs documented candida albicans, and all the patients responded well to oral Nystatin. There is as yet little emphasis in published works on the relationship between candida albicans and draining ears.", "contents": "Candida albicans and otorrhoea in children. Case reports. 5 cases of Nigerian children, all below 2 years of age are presented. Common to all is a history of treated ear infections with subsequent development of otorrhoea. Both smears and cultures of the ear swabs documented candida albicans, and all the patients responded well to oral Nystatin. There is as yet little emphasis in published works on the relationship between candida albicans and draining ears.", "PMID": 753061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9075", "title": "Tc 99m bone scanning in early detection of rhabdomyosarcoma metastases. A case report.", "content": "Employing the Siemens Scintimat II, a skeletal scintigraphy was successfully appled in the early detection, localisation and delineation of bone metastases to the knee from rhabdomyosarcoma of the right pectoral region. However repeated radiographs of the knee continued to be negative. As all other treatment approach of the painful knee: physiotherapy (short wave diathermy) had failed to produce relief, radiotherapy was applied as a last resort; the swelling regressed and the pain disappeared. This was indicative of the positive detection of early rhabdomyosarcoma metastases to be bones as a positive scan is seen in all areas of bone accretion whether malignancy is present or not.", "contents": "Tc 99m bone scanning in early detection of rhabdomyosarcoma metastases. A case report. Employing the Siemens Scintimat II, a skeletal scintigraphy was successfully appled in the early detection, localisation and delineation of bone metastases to the knee from rhabdomyosarcoma of the right pectoral region. However repeated radiographs of the knee continued to be negative. As all other treatment approach of the painful knee: physiotherapy (short wave diathermy) had failed to produce relief, radiotherapy was applied as a last resort; the swelling regressed and the pain disappeared. This was indicative of the positive detection of early rhabdomyosarcoma metastases to be bones as a positive scan is seen in all areas of bone accretion whether malignancy is present or not.", "PMID": 753062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9076", "title": "[Ecology and psychiatry].", "content": "Psychiatry, with a recent history as to a pragmatic discipline and a progressive development from the individual to the social, finds a holistic perspective of singular heuristic value in the ecological proposition. Ecopsychiatry is a general approach in which the diverse sources of psychiatric knowledge are grouped in order to get a view of macro-reality emerging from a methodological integration of behavior sciences and a unified theory orientating to a realistic praxis in the normative. This paper reviews the rationale, notion and historical development of the ecological principle in psychiatry. After a superficial analysis of the first contributions in this field, it is intented to outline the real of the actual psychiatric ecology mentioning their methods and contents. Following Bateson's postulation it is emphasized that ecological principles cannot be isolated from their own ideological contents--the ecological system necessarily involves science's ideas for their concepts need a constant evaluation.", "contents": "[Ecology and psychiatry]. Psychiatry, with a recent history as to a pragmatic discipline and a progressive development from the individual to the social, finds a holistic perspective of singular heuristic value in the ecological proposition. Ecopsychiatry is a general approach in which the diverse sources of psychiatric knowledge are grouped in order to get a view of macro-reality emerging from a methodological integration of behavior sciences and a unified theory orientating to a realistic praxis in the normative. This paper reviews the rationale, notion and historical development of the ecological principle in psychiatry. After a superficial analysis of the first contributions in this field, it is intented to outline the real of the actual psychiatric ecology mentioning their methods and contents. Following Bateson's postulation it is emphasized that ecological principles cannot be isolated from their own ideological contents--the ecological system necessarily involves science's ideas for their concepts need a constant evaluation.", "PMID": 753074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9077", "title": "[The decision to speak].", "content": "The decission \"to speak\", that is, to begin an utterance in an informal interactive situation, conveys information about decissions of the speaker, but also about those of other participants, especially when the outcome of that act--whether in fact the subject was allowed to \"ocupy the channel\", etc.--is analyzed. This variable seems to be of relevance for the study of the development of what has been named in the literature on communication the \"definition of the relationship\". In this paper, the decission to speak is explored both descriptively as well as through the dicussion of the result of a research project on interactional processes.", "contents": "[The decision to speak]. The decission \"to speak\", that is, to begin an utterance in an informal interactive situation, conveys information about decissions of the speaker, but also about those of other participants, especially when the outcome of that act--whether in fact the subject was allowed to \"ocupy the channel\", etc.--is analyzed. This variable seems to be of relevance for the study of the development of what has been named in the literature on communication the \"definition of the relationship\". In this paper, the decission to speak is explored both descriptively as well as through the dicussion of the result of a research project on interactional processes.", "PMID": 753075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9078", "title": "[Reflexions on a group after its dissolution].", "content": "This paper begins with the summary of a therapeutic group session within the setting of psychoanalytic psychodrama. It corresponds to a stage in which the therapist had to take the decision of dissolving it. The authors tell us their thoughts about the indication to dissolve the group and the right moment for it, as well as about the conditioning causes, the relationship with the group and individual background, the possibility of passing pathogenetic and normal elements from one group to another. They also discuss the feelings, sensations, fantasies and theories not only of the patients but particularly those of the cotherapist. Some conclusions are extended to other therapeutic process, lots of questions are posed and some preventive and curative criteria are stated. Finally, they present various attitudes that the therapists may have before death diving them into those which favour the process of working through and those which hinder it.", "contents": "[Reflexions on a group after its dissolution]. This paper begins with the summary of a therapeutic group session within the setting of psychoanalytic psychodrama. It corresponds to a stage in which the therapist had to take the decision of dissolving it. The authors tell us their thoughts about the indication to dissolve the group and the right moment for it, as well as about the conditioning causes, the relationship with the group and individual background, the possibility of passing pathogenetic and normal elements from one group to another. They also discuss the feelings, sensations, fantasies and theories not only of the patients but particularly those of the cotherapist. Some conclusions are extended to other therapeutic process, lots of questions are posed and some preventive and curative criteria are stated. Finally, they present various attitudes that the therapists may have before death diving them into those which favour the process of working through and those which hinder it.", "PMID": 753076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9079", "title": "Peptides in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Peptides have found a progressively more important role in the biochemistry and physiology of the brain in recent years. Many possess neurological and behavioral actions in addition to their function in endocrinology. This paper reviews the formation and distribution, as well as the neurological action, of peptides probably involved in Parkinson's disease: beta-LPH and its derivatives (MSH, ACTH4-10, beta-endorphin). It also recounts the experience of many authors with prolyl-leucyl-glycine-amide (PLG) in that disease. Finally we propose a new theory of the etiology of Parkinson's disease, based on a postulated deficiency in the important trophic function upon catecholaminergic neurons of A.P.U.D. cells.", "contents": "Peptides in Parkinson's disease. Peptides have found a progressively more important role in the biochemistry and physiology of the brain in recent years. Many possess neurological and behavioral actions in addition to their function in endocrinology. This paper reviews the formation and distribution, as well as the neurological action, of peptides probably involved in Parkinson's disease: beta-LPH and its derivatives (MSH, ACTH4-10, beta-endorphin). It also recounts the experience of many authors with prolyl-leucyl-glycine-amide (PLG) in that disease. Finally we propose a new theory of the etiology of Parkinson's disease, based on a postulated deficiency in the important trophic function upon catecholaminergic neurons of A.P.U.D. cells.", "PMID": 753085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9080", "title": "Age-related changes in penile erections and circulating testosterone in middle-aged male rats.", "content": "The relationship between aging changes in pituitary-testicular function and the penile erection reflex was examined in middle-aged male rats. Significant decline in circulating LH and testosterone is first apparent in male rats during middle-age (13-15 mos). In Experiment 1, middle-aged (13-15 mos) and young (3-4 mos) rats were tested for erections  responses. The erections were measured in animals held supine and mechanically stimulated by retraction of the penile shealth. Middle-aged rats had substantially fewer erections than young animals. In Experiment 2, groups of middle-aged and young animals were castrated and provided equivalent levels of circulating testosterone (T) through the use of Silastic capsules. The levels were measured directly by radioimmunoassay of plasma T. In animals with supraphysiological T levels, erection frequency was low, but there was no significant difference between middle-aged and young animals. The results suggest that middle-aged rats do not have irreversible deficiencies in the somatic and neural mechanisms regulating erection nor are they significantly less responsive to androgen stimulation. The decline in circulating testosterone with age may therefore be a primary factor in the reduction of penile erections in middle-aged rats.", "contents": "Age-related changes in penile erections and circulating testosterone in middle-aged male rats. The relationship between aging changes in pituitary-testicular function and the penile erection reflex was examined in middle-aged male rats. Significant decline in circulating LH and testosterone is first apparent in male rats during middle-age (13-15 mos). In Experiment 1, middle-aged (13-15 mos) and young (3-4 mos) rats were tested for erections  responses. The erections were measured in animals held supine and mechanically stimulated by retraction of the penile shealth. Middle-aged rats had substantially fewer erections than young animals. In Experiment 2, groups of middle-aged and young animals were castrated and provided equivalent levels of circulating testosterone (T) through the use of Silastic capsules. The levels were measured directly by radioimmunoassay of plasma T. In animals with supraphysiological T levels, erection frequency was low, but there was no significant difference between middle-aged and young animals. The results suggest that middle-aged rats do not have irreversible deficiencies in the somatic and neural mechanisms regulating erection nor are they significantly less responsive to androgen stimulation. The decline in circulating testosterone with age may therefore be a primary factor in the reduction of penile erections in middle-aged rats.", "PMID": 753086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9081", "title": "Biogenic amine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and spiroperidol-binding sites in rabbit brain: evidence for selective loss of receptors with aging.", "content": "Evidence for selective decreases in biogenic amine receptor function with age in the rabbit has been obtained. Dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the striatum (caudate-putamen) of rabbit brain declined by about 50 percent as rabbits aged from less than 1 to 4 to 5 years of age. Similar decreases in transmitter-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were found for histamine as well as for dopamine and norepinephrine in hypothalamus, frontal cortex and anterior limbic cortex. Isoproterenol-stimulated activity was also decreased with age in frontal cortex. These changes appeared to represent decreases in maximal response and not alteration in affinity for amine. In contrast, dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase of retina and transmitter-independent (basal or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated) activity in each of the regions studied were not altered with age. Dopamine receptors in striatum directly assessed by measurement of [3H]-spiroperidol binding revealed a comparable decrease in the number of binding sites without change in ligand affinity. Preliminary data also indicated decreased spiroperidol binding sites in the cortical regions of older animals. These changes in striatum and cortex were evident in the absence of decreases in either dopamine content or choline acetylase activity, an activity presumed to be present in neurons containing dopamine receptors. It is proposed that selective age-dependent decreases in postsynaptic biogenic amine receptor content occur in the absence of, or independent from, neuronal cell loss, possibly by a mechanism involving receptor desensitization. These changes occur in the animal model in those brain regions which in man are thought to be of importance in the loss of cerebral function that is found with senscence.", "contents": "Biogenic amine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and spiroperidol-binding sites in rabbit brain: evidence for selective loss of receptors with aging. Evidence for selective decreases in biogenic amine receptor function with age in the rabbit has been obtained. Dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the striatum (caudate-putamen) of rabbit brain declined by about 50 percent as rabbits aged from less than 1 to 4 to 5 years of age. Similar decreases in transmitter-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were found for histamine as well as for dopamine and norepinephrine in hypothalamus, frontal cortex and anterior limbic cortex. Isoproterenol-stimulated activity was also decreased with age in frontal cortex. These changes appeared to represent decreases in maximal response and not alteration in affinity for amine. In contrast, dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase of retina and transmitter-independent (basal or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated) activity in each of the regions studied were not altered with age. Dopamine receptors in striatum directly assessed by measurement of [3H]-spiroperidol binding revealed a comparable decrease in the number of binding sites without change in ligand affinity. Preliminary data also indicated decreased spiroperidol binding sites in the cortical regions of older animals. These changes in striatum and cortex were evident in the absence of decreases in either dopamine content or choline acetylase activity, an activity presumed to be present in neurons containing dopamine receptors. It is proposed that selective age-dependent decreases in postsynaptic biogenic amine receptor content occur in the absence of, or independent from, neuronal cell loss, possibly by a mechanism involving receptor desensitization. These changes occur in the animal model in those brain regions which in man are thought to be of importance in the loss of cerebral function that is found with senscence.", "PMID": 753089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9082", "title": "Potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity by hormones: corticosteroids, androgens, estrogens and progestins.", "content": "Using an in vitro system to evaluate the simultaneous use of two drugs, we previously have confirmed the synergism of vincristine and prednisolone cytotoxicity against lymphoid cells. Experiments were now carried out to determine whether other steroid hormones can be substituted for prednisolone. Partial or complete potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity comparable to that achieved by the addition of prednisolone was observed when the latter drug was replaced by a variety of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, desoxycorticosterone and fludrocortisone), glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone), androgens (testosterone, methyltestosterone, androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, etiocholanolone), estrogens (estrone, 17-beta estradiol) and progestins (progesterone, pregnanediol). No potentiation of cytotoxicity was observed when nonsteroidal hormones (thyroxin, ACTH) were added to vincristine. It is concluded that a wide variety of compounds with the basic perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of the steroid molecule are capable of enhancing the cytotoxicity achieved with vincristine.", "contents": "Potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity by hormones: corticosteroids, androgens, estrogens and progestins. Using an in vitro system to evaluate the simultaneous use of two drugs, we previously have confirmed the synergism of vincristine and prednisolone cytotoxicity against lymphoid cells. Experiments were now carried out to determine whether other steroid hormones can be substituted for prednisolone. Partial or complete potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity comparable to that achieved by the addition of prednisolone was observed when the latter drug was replaced by a variety of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, desoxycorticosterone and fludrocortisone), glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone), androgens (testosterone, methyltestosterone, androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, etiocholanolone), estrogens (estrone, 17-beta estradiol) and progestins (progesterone, pregnanediol). No potentiation of cytotoxicity was observed when nonsteroidal hormones (thyroxin, ACTH) were added to vincristine. It is concluded that a wide variety of compounds with the basic perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of the steroid molecule are capable of enhancing the cytotoxicity achieved with vincristine.", "PMID": 753100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9083", "title": "The lipids of the erythrocyte in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disorder characterized by the production of abnormal erythrocytes (PNH-E). The PNH-E undergoes early intravascular destruction which appears to be related to an intrinsic membrane defect that results in extreme sensitivity to lysis by complement. The lipids of the PNH-E have been evaluated because of the variable results reported in the past. This study shows a normal content of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus with a normal distribution of the phospholipids except for a slight increase in lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) when measured using the complete lipid extract of the PNH-E. Fractionation of the lipid extract over a silicic acid column produced an alteration in the distribution of the phospholipids, with LPC and sphingomyelin increasing, and the other phospholipids decreasing. These alterations were seen only when the phospholipids were fractioned over a silicic acid column and were clearly an in vitro phenomenon. The levels of plasmalogen and malonaldehyde were normal, unlike those seen with oxidant stress. Fatty acid analysis of the phospholipids showed small but consistent changes: increased 16:0 and decreased 18:2. The total glycosphingolipids were slightly decreased in the patients with severe PNH. The results support and extend previous lipid data indicating abnormalities in the phospholipids of the PNH-E. The alterations of the phospholipids with fractionation correlate with previous whole cell data that suggest lipid instability in the PNH-E.", "contents": "The lipids of the erythrocyte in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disorder characterized by the production of abnormal erythrocytes (PNH-E). The PNH-E undergoes early intravascular destruction which appears to be related to an intrinsic membrane defect that results in extreme sensitivity to lysis by complement. The lipids of the PNH-E have been evaluated because of the variable results reported in the past. This study shows a normal content of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus with a normal distribution of the phospholipids except for a slight increase in lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) when measured using the complete lipid extract of the PNH-E. Fractionation of the lipid extract over a silicic acid column produced an alteration in the distribution of the phospholipids, with LPC and sphingomyelin increasing, and the other phospholipids decreasing. These alterations were seen only when the phospholipids were fractioned over a silicic acid column and were clearly an in vitro phenomenon. The levels of plasmalogen and malonaldehyde were normal, unlike those seen with oxidant stress. Fatty acid analysis of the phospholipids showed small but consistent changes: increased 16:0 and decreased 18:2. The total glycosphingolipids were slightly decreased in the patients with severe PNH. The results support and extend previous lipid data indicating abnormalities in the phospholipids of the PNH-E. The alterations of the phospholipids with fractionation correlate with previous whole cell data that suggest lipid instability in the PNH-E.", "PMID": 753102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9084", "title": "Unbalanced globin chain synthesis by Hb Lincoln Park (anti-Lepore) reticulocytes.", "content": "Hemoglobin synthesis was studied in vitro in reticulocytes from a patient with the anti-Lepore variant Hb Lincoln Park. Incorporation of L-leucine-3H into the alpha and beta delta chains of Hb Lincoln Park was substantially less than the incorporation into the corresponding globin chains of Hb A, with the rate of synthesis of the beta delta chain being similar to that of the delta chain of Hb A2. Synthesis of the alpha and total non-alpha globin components was unbalanced, with a substantial excess of alpha chain synthesis. These findings help to explain the mild hemolytic disease present in individuals with this hemoglobin variant.", "contents": "Unbalanced globin chain synthesis by Hb Lincoln Park (anti-Lepore) reticulocytes. Hemoglobin synthesis was studied in vitro in reticulocytes from a patient with the anti-Lepore variant Hb Lincoln Park. Incorporation of L-leucine-3H into the alpha and beta delta chains of Hb Lincoln Park was substantially less than the incorporation into the corresponding globin chains of Hb A, with the rate of synthesis of the beta delta chain being similar to that of the delta chain of Hb A2. Synthesis of the alpha and total non-alpha globin components was unbalanced, with a substantial excess of alpha chain synthesis. These findings help to explain the mild hemolytic disease present in individuals with this hemoglobin variant.", "PMID": 753103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9085", "title": "Quantitation of globin chains using cellulose acetate electrophoresis: analysis of fetal globin chain production.", "content": "A technique involving the quantitative estimation of globin chains using cellulose acetate electrophoresis is described, and applied to the analysis of fetal globin chain production. When cord blood was analyzed, there was poor correlation between the globin chain ratios namely beta/alpha, gamma/alpha and beta/gamma ratios with either age or weight of newborn babies between 36-40 weeks gestation: best correlations were obtained for the beta/gamma ratio against weight (P less than 0.05). However, there was highly significant correlation between the various globin chain ratios and either age or weight of the newborn infant up to 12 weeks of age (P less than 0.001). This technique allows visual demonstration and quantitation of abnormal haemoglobins in a single procedure.", "contents": "Quantitation of globin chains using cellulose acetate electrophoresis: analysis of fetal globin chain production. A technique involving the quantitative estimation of globin chains using cellulose acetate electrophoresis is described, and applied to the analysis of fetal globin chain production. When cord blood was analyzed, there was poor correlation between the globin chain ratios namely beta/alpha, gamma/alpha and beta/gamma ratios with either age or weight of newborn babies between 36-40 weeks gestation: best correlations were obtained for the beta/gamma ratio against weight (P less than 0.05). However, there was highly significant correlation between the various globin chain ratios and either age or weight of the newborn infant up to 12 weeks of age (P less than 0.001). This technique allows visual demonstration and quantitation of abnormal haemoglobins in a single procedure.", "PMID": 753104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9086", "title": "Methods for increasing bioavailability of cycloplegics.", "content": "Since it has been shown that (1) fluid instilled in the pouch created by pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball is entrapped, (2) no fluids move into the lacrimal sac when the eyelids are shut and (3) gravity is important in tear-flow dynamics, we reasoned that an instillation technique for topical ocular drugs could be devised which would increase the drug effect for a given amount of drug. To test this hypothesis we administered one drop of 0.5% tropicamide to the right eyes of 12 young adults using an experimental method of instillation and to the left eyes using the conventional technique. The experimental technique produced a significantly greater loss of accommodation than the conventional technique. Wtih this experimental or similar technique, it may be possible to use lower concentrations of a drug to produce the same ocular effects produced by a higher concentration instilled in the conventional manner.", "contents": "Methods for increasing bioavailability of cycloplegics. Since it has been shown that (1) fluid instilled in the pouch created by pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball is entrapped, (2) no fluids move into the lacrimal sac when the eyelids are shut and (3) gravity is important in tear-flow dynamics, we reasoned that an instillation technique for topical ocular drugs could be devised which would increase the drug effect for a given amount of drug. To test this hypothesis we administered one drop of 0.5% tropicamide to the right eyes of 12 young adults using an experimental method of instillation and to the left eyes using the conventional technique. The experimental technique produced a significantly greater loss of accommodation than the conventional technique. Wtih this experimental or similar technique, it may be possible to use lower concentrations of a drug to produce the same ocular effects produced by a higher concentration instilled in the conventional manner.", "PMID": 753105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9087", "title": "Strength of thin chemtempered lenses: drop-ball testing.", "content": "Failure heights were measured in drop-ball tests for both chemtempered and heat-tempered plano, white crown glass lenses from five different optical laboratories. It was found that (1) failure height was proportional to the square of the lens thickness, (2) chemtempered lenses substantially thinner than 2.0 mm are as resistant to breakage as 2.0-mm-thick heat-tempered lenses, and (3) a close correlation existed between results of single-drop and multiple-drop tests and between results of tests using rigid and compliant mounts.", "contents": "Strength of thin chemtempered lenses: drop-ball testing. Failure heights were measured in drop-ball tests for both chemtempered and heat-tempered plano, white crown glass lenses from five different optical laboratories. It was found that (1) failure height was proportional to the square of the lens thickness, (2) chemtempered lenses substantially thinner than 2.0 mm are as resistant to breakage as 2.0-mm-thick heat-tempered lenses, and (3) a close correlation existed between results of single-drop and multiple-drop tests and between results of tests using rigid and compliant mounts.", "PMID": 753106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9088", "title": "Flicker effects of receptor directional sensitivity.", "content": "When a Maxwellian-view test field is alternately presented through different small areas in the pupil, a residual flicker is observed even though the luminance of the field is adjusted to compensate for the Stiles-Crawford effect. The stimulus alternation frequency that eliminated this residual flicker was used to estimate the magnitude of modulation in the receptors resulting from the difference in direction of illumination. These results support the concept that directional sensitivity of cones is much more acute than the directional sensitivity represented by conventional measures of the Stiles-Crawford effect.", "contents": "Flicker effects of receptor directional sensitivity. When a Maxwellian-view test field is alternately presented through different small areas in the pupil, a residual flicker is observed even though the luminance of the field is adjusted to compensate for the Stiles-Crawford effect. The stimulus alternation frequency that eliminated this residual flicker was used to estimate the magnitude of modulation in the receptors resulting from the difference in direction of illumination. These results support the concept that directional sensitivity of cones is much more acute than the directional sensitivity represented by conventional measures of the Stiles-Crawford effect.", "PMID": 753107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9089", "title": "Effect of a yellow ocular filter on chromatic aberration: the fish eye as an example.", "content": "Reduction of chromatic aberration is one of the suggested functions of yellow ocular filters. This possibility was tested by (1) determining the effect of an artificial yellow filter on the chromatic aberration of the eye of two fish species having no obvious ocular filters and (2) comparing in vivo chromatic aberration with that of the excised lens in a species of fish having a yellow cornea. The results indicate that yellow filters reduce the measured chromatic aberration of the eye by more than one-third.", "contents": "Effect of a yellow ocular filter on chromatic aberration: the fish eye as an example. Reduction of chromatic aberration is one of the suggested functions of yellow ocular filters. This possibility was tested by (1) determining the effect of an artificial yellow filter on the chromatic aberration of the eye of two fish species having no obvious ocular filters and (2) comparing in vivo chromatic aberration with that of the excised lens in a species of fish having a yellow cornea. The results indicate that yellow filters reduce the measured chromatic aberration of the eye by more than one-third.", "PMID": 753108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9090", "title": "Corneal topography and monocular diplopia following near work.", "content": "Monocular diplopia, reported by a subject following near work, was shown to be caused by changes in the corneal topography. Prior slit lamp biomicroscopy had revealed no corneal abnormality. The degree of corneal distortion and ray tracing calculations confirmed the presence and position of the resultant diplopia.", "contents": "Corneal topography and monocular diplopia following near work. Monocular diplopia, reported by a subject following near work, was shown to be caused by changes in the corneal topography. Prior slit lamp biomicroscopy had revealed no corneal abnormality. The degree of corneal distortion and ray tracing calculations confirmed the presence and position of the resultant diplopia.", "PMID": 753109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9091", "title": "Home visual therapy for constant esotropia with anomalous correspondence.", "content": "A home therapy method for eliminating anomalous correspondence is described. This method is applicable to patients over 12-yr old with esotropia greater than 15-20 delta. A case report included.", "contents": "Home visual therapy for constant esotropia with anomalous correspondence. A home therapy method for eliminating anomalous correspondence is described. This method is applicable to patients over 12-yr old with esotropia greater than 15-20 delta. A case report included.", "PMID": 753110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9092", "title": "Headborne illuminator for the partially sighted.", "content": "An inexpensive, headborne device is described that provides a bright spot of light on reading material even when the material is brought within 1 or 2 cm of the viewing eye. This aid has been used with great success by one of the authors for about 2 yr. This illuminator, or modifications of it, should prove valuable to other partially sighted people.", "contents": "Headborne illuminator for the partially sighted. An inexpensive, headborne device is described that provides a bright spot of light on reading material even when the material is brought within 1 or 2 cm of the viewing eye. This aid has been used with great success by one of the authors for about 2 yr. This illuminator, or modifications of it, should prove valuable to other partially sighted people.", "PMID": 753111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9093", "title": "[The formation of tooth germs in teratomas].", "content": "The teeth buds which are observed in some teratomas ought to provide a useful system for the study of the development of organ structures in these tumours. They exhibit well defined characteristics in space and time. In contrast with normal development tooth bud formation in teratomas display malformations and other observable characteristics which are primarily the consequence of defects in coordination of activities among cells. Cyto-differentiation appears to be normal and the defective organogenesis must represent a breakdown of the principles which underlie the organization of structures. The possible role of the environment in organizing structure is discussed. Teratomas are unique biological systems which display in a dynamic way a panoply of teratological developmental processes of which teeth buds represent a fragmentary, repetitive and conspicuous expression.", "contents": "[The formation of tooth germs in teratomas]. The teeth buds which are observed in some teratomas ought to provide a useful system for the study of the development of organ structures in these tumours. They exhibit well defined characteristics in space and time. In contrast with normal development tooth bud formation in teratomas display malformations and other observable characteristics which are primarily the consequence of defects in coordination of activities among cells. Cyto-differentiation appears to be normal and the defective organogenesis must represent a breakdown of the principles which underlie the organization of structures. The possible role of the environment in organizing structure is discussed. Teratomas are unique biological systems which display in a dynamic way a panoply of teratological developmental processes of which teeth buds represent a fragmentary, repetitive and conspicuous expression.", "PMID": 753112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9094", "title": "[Ultrastructure study of the preneoplastic colon (carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine)].", "content": "100 Wistar rats, belonging to a series of 500 animals, were treated with increasing doses and for increasing periods of time with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. A previous study has shown that tumors begin to appear only after the 19th week. Before this period there are abnormalities of mucin secretion (by the 2nd week), and then there are dysplasic lesions (after the 4th week). The ultrastructure study, done before the 19th week (\"pretumor\" phase) confirms some previous observations (increase in the zone of mitosis, secretory changes, mutation producing effects). These features are reminiscent of the histochemical characteristics of the human foetal colon. They show an epitheliomesenchymatous disorganisation unrelated to inflammation. There are abnormally early changes in the vasculature, there is loss of the (epithelial) coat, there is dissociation of the basal membrane and abnormal connections between it and the epithelial cells, collagen and fibroblasts; all this represents a disorganisation of the regeneration system of the colon mucosa. This loss of equilibrium between the parenchyma and the mesenchyma may represent a factor favoring excessive and disorganised growth of the mucosa.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure study of the preneoplastic colon (carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine)]. 100 Wistar rats, belonging to a series of 500 animals, were treated with increasing doses and for increasing periods of time with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. A previous study has shown that tumors begin to appear only after the 19th week. Before this period there are abnormalities of mucin secretion (by the 2nd week), and then there are dysplasic lesions (after the 4th week). The ultrastructure study, done before the 19th week (\"pretumor\" phase) confirms some previous observations (increase in the zone of mitosis, secretory changes, mutation producing effects). These features are reminiscent of the histochemical characteristics of the human foetal colon. They show an epitheliomesenchymatous disorganisation unrelated to inflammation. There are abnormally early changes in the vasculature, there is loss of the (epithelial) coat, there is dissociation of the basal membrane and abnormal connections between it and the epithelial cells, collagen and fibroblasts; all this represents a disorganisation of the regeneration system of the colon mucosa. This loss of equilibrium between the parenchyma and the mesenchyma may represent a factor favoring excessive and disorganised growth of the mucosa.", "PMID": 753113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9095", "title": "[The dynamics of the amniotic fluid].", "content": "Morphological study of the ovular membranes showing that under the amnion, until term, there persists perfectly live and active chorial cytotrophoblast covered by a well vascularised and developed parietal decidua. Under the electron microscopy, the apical pole of the amniotic cells as well as their intercellular space are bordered by microvilli. Their basal pole has squat pedicels. The chorion which supports the amnion is avascular. The surface of the cytotrophoblast opposite the chorio-amnion is raised by numerous protuberances in the form of pedicels. The trophoblast is also furrowed by intercellular canals bordered by microvilli and reinforced by desmosomes. Two cellular appearances may be distinguished in the trophoblast: elements similar to the syncytial type with the characteristics of steroid cells and elements of a Langhans type which may play a role in protein synthesis. The decidual cells, in a quinconcial perivascular arrangement, are rich in pinocytotic vesicles. Thus whilst it is undeniable that the foetus plays a certain role in the dynamics of the amniotic fluid by swallowing and urinary excretion, these phenomena are minimal in relation to exchanges through the ovular membranes. Transamniotic passage is the first stage in movement of the fluid. The chorion, by virtue of its plexiform, areolar structure forms the next stop. From the chorion, the circulation continues through the intercellular canals of the trophoblast and the amniotic fluid is thus brought into the well vascularised parietal decidua. In addition to this extracellular circulation, the authors fell that there exists an intracellular passage by uptake and secretion, as evidenced by the high degree of pinocytosis within the cells.", "contents": "[The dynamics of the amniotic fluid]. Morphological study of the ovular membranes showing that under the amnion, until term, there persists perfectly live and active chorial cytotrophoblast covered by a well vascularised and developed parietal decidua. Under the electron microscopy, the apical pole of the amniotic cells as well as their intercellular space are bordered by microvilli. Their basal pole has squat pedicels. The chorion which supports the amnion is avascular. The surface of the cytotrophoblast opposite the chorio-amnion is raised by numerous protuberances in the form of pedicels. The trophoblast is also furrowed by intercellular canals bordered by microvilli and reinforced by desmosomes. Two cellular appearances may be distinguished in the trophoblast: elements similar to the syncytial type with the characteristics of steroid cells and elements of a Langhans type which may play a role in protein synthesis. The decidual cells, in a quinconcial perivascular arrangement, are rich in pinocytotic vesicles. Thus whilst it is undeniable that the foetus plays a certain role in the dynamics of the amniotic fluid by swallowing and urinary excretion, these phenomena are minimal in relation to exchanges through the ovular membranes. Transamniotic passage is the first stage in movement of the fluid. The chorion, by virtue of its plexiform, areolar structure forms the next stop. From the chorion, the circulation continues through the intercellular canals of the trophoblast and the amniotic fluid is thus brought into the well vascularised parietal decidua. In addition to this extracellular circulation, the authors fell that there exists an intracellular passage by uptake and secretion, as evidenced by the high degree of pinocytosis within the cells.", "PMID": 753114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9096", "title": "[Ocular and cutaneous melanosis associated with the Sturge-Weber syndrome: clinical, histological, and ultrastructural studies of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 year old portuguese boy with the Sturge-Weber syndrome also had oculocutaneous melanosis. The cutaneous melanosis extended to more than 50 p. 100 of the body surface. Hands, feet and the face were spared. The abnormal pigmentation of the eyes involved the sclerae bilaterally. Clinically, the cutaneous hypermelanoses most likely represented a widespread aberrant mongolian spot. Histological study of the hyperpigmented skin revealed dermal melanocytes in the superficial and mid-dermis. Ultrastructural study showed that most of the dermal melanocytes were loaded with mature melanosomes. All development stages of melanosomes were observed in some of them. Average melanosomal size in the dermal melanocytes was slightly increased when compared to that of melanosomes in epidermal keratinocytes. From this case and from a review of the literature, the authors suggest that the association between the Sturge-Weber syndrome and disturbances of the melanin pigmentation of the skin and eye is probably not coincidental. An embryologic abnormality, affecting both the neural crest (from where melanoblasts originate) and the primary vascular plexus may explain such an association. Various disorders, including nevus of Ota, nevus Flammeus, the Sturge-Weber syndrome associated with ocular and cutaneous pigmentary abnormalities and the Sturge-Weber syndrome in the complete or incomplete forms, may represent the clinical picture of the same embryologic disturbance. The clinical picture might be related to the time at which it acts, the receptivity of the various structures and their level of differentiation.", "contents": "[Ocular and cutaneous melanosis associated with the Sturge-Weber syndrome: clinical, histological, and ultrastructural studies of one case (author's transl)]. A 3 year old portuguese boy with the Sturge-Weber syndrome also had oculocutaneous melanosis. The cutaneous melanosis extended to more than 50 p. 100 of the body surface. Hands, feet and the face were spared. The abnormal pigmentation of the eyes involved the sclerae bilaterally. Clinically, the cutaneous hypermelanoses most likely represented a widespread aberrant mongolian spot. Histological study of the hyperpigmented skin revealed dermal melanocytes in the superficial and mid-dermis. Ultrastructural study showed that most of the dermal melanocytes were loaded with mature melanosomes. All development stages of melanosomes were observed in some of them. Average melanosomal size in the dermal melanocytes was slightly increased when compared to that of melanosomes in epidermal keratinocytes. From this case and from a review of the literature, the authors suggest that the association between the Sturge-Weber syndrome and disturbances of the melanin pigmentation of the skin and eye is probably not coincidental. An embryologic abnormality, affecting both the neural crest (from where melanoblasts originate) and the primary vascular plexus may explain such an association. Various disorders, including nevus of Ota, nevus Flammeus, the Sturge-Weber syndrome associated with ocular and cutaneous pigmentary abnormalities and the Sturge-Weber syndrome in the complete or incomplete forms, may represent the clinical picture of the same embryologic disturbance. The clinical picture might be related to the time at which it acts, the receptivity of the various structures and their level of differentiation.", "PMID": 753115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9097", "title": "[Solitary nodular calcinosis of the skin with clinical and histological particularities. About two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 2 exceptional cases of solitary nodular calcinosis of the skin, the first to be observed in Greece, with the clinical appearance of cutaneous horn and milium respectively. The latter clinical form has not been described in the literature. Histopathological examination of the first case shows the presence of numerous calcified concretions in the papillary dermis, directly beneath the epidermis, which is intensely hyperkeratotic and papillomatous. The calcified concretions are also seen in the lymphatic capillaries, the intraepidermal sweat ducts and horny layer; at a site they perforate the epidermis and penetrate in a sweat pore. The stroma presents an angiomatous appearance. Histopathological examination of the second case shows the presence of two well demarcated calcified masses in the upper dermis, the larger one being subepidermal, the other one being situated a little further from the epidermis. The smaller mass contains numerous hair shafts and is partially surrounded by a true epithelial wall, similar to that of an epidermal cyst.", "contents": "[Solitary nodular calcinosis of the skin with clinical and histological particularities. About two cases (author's transl)]. We report 2 exceptional cases of solitary nodular calcinosis of the skin, the first to be observed in Greece, with the clinical appearance of cutaneous horn and milium respectively. The latter clinical form has not been described in the literature. Histopathological examination of the first case shows the presence of numerous calcified concretions in the papillary dermis, directly beneath the epidermis, which is intensely hyperkeratotic and papillomatous. The calcified concretions are also seen in the lymphatic capillaries, the intraepidermal sweat ducts and horny layer; at a site they perforate the epidermis and penetrate in a sweat pore. The stroma presents an angiomatous appearance. Histopathological examination of the second case shows the presence of two well demarcated calcified masses in the upper dermis, the larger one being subepidermal, the other one being situated a little further from the epidermis. The smaller mass contains numerous hair shafts and is partially surrounded by a true epithelial wall, similar to that of an epidermal cyst.", "PMID": 753116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9098", "title": "[Hypomelanosis of the skin and malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "8 patients suffering from malignant melanoma have been found to have various degrees of hypomelanoses of the skin. Depigmentation of the skin and/or hair associated with malignant melanoma may take several forms. Schematically six clinical types are described: - vitiligo-like hypomelanoses distant from cutaneous tumors; - vitiligo-like depigmentation associated with uveitis (incomplete Vogt-Koyanagi); - hypomelanoses in the primary tumor and/or its metastases; - \"halo melanoma\" in which the hypomelanoses encircles the primary tumor and/or its metastases; - halo nevi around preexisting benign nevocellular nevi; - \"non-specific depigmentary phenomen\" distant from the primary tumor or its metastases. Histological and ultrastructural studies of the depigmented skin show an absence of melanocytes. The association of hypomelanoses of the skin with malignant melanoma is probably not coincidental. Various hypothesis are discussed as well as the prognostic significance of such an association.", "contents": "[Hypomelanosis of the skin and malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. 8 patients suffering from malignant melanoma have been found to have various degrees of hypomelanoses of the skin. Depigmentation of the skin and/or hair associated with malignant melanoma may take several forms. Schematically six clinical types are described: - vitiligo-like hypomelanoses distant from cutaneous tumors; - vitiligo-like depigmentation associated with uveitis (incomplete Vogt-Koyanagi); - hypomelanoses in the primary tumor and/or its metastases; - \"halo melanoma\" in which the hypomelanoses encircles the primary tumor and/or its metastases; - halo nevi around preexisting benign nevocellular nevi; - \"non-specific depigmentary phenomen\" distant from the primary tumor or its metastases. Histological and ultrastructural studies of the depigmented skin show an absence of melanocytes. The association of hypomelanoses of the skin with malignant melanoma is probably not coincidental. Various hypothesis are discussed as well as the prognostic significance of such an association.", "PMID": 753117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9099", "title": "[The mammary gland of the male rat: a histological, histochemical and ultramicroscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of a histological, histochemical and ultramicroscopic study of samples taken from the mammary glands of male Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Long Evans untreated rats, aged about 8 weeks, are reported. Lobulo-alveolar epithelial formations were observed together with increased metabolic and secretory activity, more frequent in Wistar rats than in other strains. No visible morphological abnormality was noted in the genital tract or adenohypophysis. There was no sign of feminization. The same findings were observed in male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats given three different diets of which one was semi-synthetic. The possibility of an exogenous mammotropic dietary factor is therefore very improbable. Endogenous hormonal stimulation, especially consecutive increases in oestrogens and prolactin in the prepubertal period, is possibly the cause of development of mammary tissue. These results show that the mammary gland, in the normal male rat, is not inactive. It seems, therefore, that this organ is not a suitable model for the evaluation of experimental mammotropic effects.", "contents": "[The mammary gland of the male rat: a histological, histochemical and ultramicroscopic study (author's transl)]. Results of a histological, histochemical and ultramicroscopic study of samples taken from the mammary glands of male Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Long Evans untreated rats, aged about 8 weeks, are reported. Lobulo-alveolar epithelial formations were observed together with increased metabolic and secretory activity, more frequent in Wistar rats than in other strains. No visible morphological abnormality was noted in the genital tract or adenohypophysis. There was no sign of feminization. The same findings were observed in male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats given three different diets of which one was semi-synthetic. The possibility of an exogenous mammotropic dietary factor is therefore very improbable. Endogenous hormonal stimulation, especially consecutive increases in oestrogens and prolactin in the prepubertal period, is possibly the cause of development of mammary tissue. These results show that the mammary gland, in the normal male rat, is not inactive. It seems, therefore, that this organ is not a suitable model for the evaluation of experimental mammotropic effects.", "PMID": 753122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9100", "title": "[Childhood immunization procedures in the C.E.E. countries (author's transl)].", "content": "After having submitted for review the legislation on the subject of vaccinations in infancy in Common Market Countries, the Author notes that the divergiences revealed on the matter, and others that may still possibly be revealed by a more profound valuation of the various standards, justify the conclusion that harmonization of the various arrangements is not only desirable but necessary. The Author adds that, as far as compulsory vaccinations is concerned, it is possible to find a way to overcome the situation by intensifying and extending in a more detailed manner the work of health education since, in the present social context, a sound vaccination policy ought to be based more on public collaboration than on coercive interference. In awaiting the issue of a community regulation the Author concludes proposing the adoption of an individual health card and vaccination calendar for persons within the Community.", "contents": "[Childhood immunization procedures in the C.E.E. countries (author's transl)]. After having submitted for review the legislation on the subject of vaccinations in infancy in Common Market Countries, the Author notes that the divergiences revealed on the matter, and others that may still possibly be revealed by a more profound valuation of the various standards, justify the conclusion that harmonization of the various arrangements is not only desirable but necessary. The Author adds that, as far as compulsory vaccinations is concerned, it is possible to find a way to overcome the situation by intensifying and extending in a more detailed manner the work of health education since, in the present social context, a sound vaccination policy ought to be based more on public collaboration than on coercive interference. In awaiting the issue of a community regulation the Author concludes proposing the adoption of an individual health card and vaccination calendar for persons within the Community.", "PMID": 753123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9101", "title": "[Rubella, measles and mumps. Epidemiology and prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a large serological survey on Lazio population are reported and discussed. Sera from 26,500, 17,205 and 7,800 subjects of both sexes and various age were tested for rubella, measles and mumps antibody content respectively. Immune status was age dependent and on the whole the 15.2%, 20.0% and 69.8% of the population studied were negative (less than 1:8) for each of the three above cited antibodies.", "contents": "[Rubella, measles and mumps. Epidemiology and prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The results of a large serological survey on Lazio population are reported and discussed. Sera from 26,500, 17,205 and 7,800 subjects of both sexes and various age were tested for rubella, measles and mumps antibody content respectively. Immune status was age dependent and on the whole the 15.2%, 20.0% and 69.8% of the population studied were negative (less than 1:8) for each of the three above cited antibodies.", "PMID": 753125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9102", "title": "[HBsAg and viral hepatitis in a hemodialysis center (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of HBsAg and hepatitis B in 86 patients and in 24 medical personnel of a hemodialysis Center during 5 years is described. Hepatitis B antigen was detected in 28 patients (32.55%); hepatitis B infection developed in 7 of them and in 2 of the medical staff. Some problems of prevention and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[HBsAg and viral hepatitis in a hemodialysis center (author's transl)]. The behaviour of HBsAg and hepatitis B in 86 patients and in 24 medical personnel of a hemodialysis Center during 5 years is described. Hepatitis B antigen was detected in 28 patients (32.55%); hepatitis B infection developed in 7 of them and in 2 of the medical staff. Some problems of prevention and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 753124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9103", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of the hospitalized patients with acute viral hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors propose epidemiological studies on 179 patients hospitalized for viral hepatitis in the Department of Medicine of Fiorenzuola D'Arda Hospital from 1966 to 1977. The Authors prove, besides, the worrying incidence of disease and locate two zones of different frequency of hepatitis in the considered territory; they advise any possible causes of thys; they put forward any proposals about the control of disease.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of the hospitalized patients with acute viral hepatitis (author's transl)]. The Authors propose epidemiological studies on 179 patients hospitalized for viral hepatitis in the Department of Medicine of Fiorenzuola D'Arda Hospital from 1966 to 1977. The Authors prove, besides, the worrying incidence of disease and locate two zones of different frequency of hepatitis in the considered territory; they advise any possible causes of thys; they put forward any proposals about the control of disease.", "PMID": 753130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9104", "title": "[Relation between a rapid polyvalent test and single antistreptococcal tests].", "content": "ASO and Streptozyme tests have been comparatively tried on 11,200 sera. The former detected 11.96% positive and the latter 13.5%. The difference was due to a greater sensitivity of the Streptozyme test since the most of the Streptozyme positive and ASO negative sera resulted positive in one or more of the single antistreptococcal tests (SK, ADN, SJ, DNA). Only few of the sera which give rise to a positive Streptozyme reaction were otherwise negative and the positive result could be considered aspecific.", "contents": "[Relation between a rapid polyvalent test and single antistreptococcal tests]. ASO and Streptozyme tests have been comparatively tried on 11,200 sera. The former detected 11.96% positive and the latter 13.5%. The difference was due to a greater sensitivity of the Streptozyme test since the most of the Streptozyme positive and ASO negative sera resulted positive in one or more of the single antistreptococcal tests (SK, ADN, SJ, DNA). Only few of the sera which give rise to a positive Streptozyme reaction were otherwise negative and the positive result could be considered aspecific.", "PMID": 753127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9105", "title": "[Comparison of the anticholinesterase action in vitro of tetanus toxin and parathion].", "content": "It is compared the true cholinesterase inhibition exerced in vitro either by the tetanus toxin and by \"parathion\". Rabbit's brain homogenates are used as source of the ChE. 4000 MLD of tetanus toxin show the same inhibitory effect than mg 1 of \"parathion\", during 30 min of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Comparison of the anticholinesterase action in vitro of tetanus toxin and parathion]. It is compared the true cholinesterase inhibition exerced in vitro either by the tetanus toxin and by \"parathion\". Rabbit's brain homogenates are used as source of the ChE. 4000 MLD of tetanus toxin show the same inhibitory effect than mg 1 of \"parathion\", during 30 min of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 753132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9106", "title": "[Behavior of serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase in experimental tetanus in rabbits].", "content": "In rabbits injected i.m. with 1 MLD of tetanus toxin, the levels of the serum cholinesterase and of the erythrocytic cholinesterase were determined twice every day, during the course of the intoxication, until the death of the animals. The levels of the serum cholinesterase were decreasing day by day, while these of the erythrocytic cholinesterase did not show any significant variation. These results are strictly comparable to those one may observe in organophosphorus poisoning.", "contents": "[Behavior of serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase in experimental tetanus in rabbits]. In rabbits injected i.m. with 1 MLD of tetanus toxin, the levels of the serum cholinesterase and of the erythrocytic cholinesterase were determined twice every day, during the course of the intoxication, until the death of the animals. The levels of the serum cholinesterase were decreasing day by day, while these of the erythrocytic cholinesterase did not show any significant variation. These results are strictly comparable to those one may observe in organophosphorus poisoning.", "PMID": 753134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9107", "title": "[Possible interference between tetanus toxin and organo-phosphorus esters in blocking of cholinesterase].", "content": "As tetanus toxin results inactivated when mixed with mammals brain homogenate (Wassermann-Takaki phenomenon), the same may be observed for the organophosphorus compounds. When the brain homogenates are mixed before with one of both poisons and subsequently, after incubation, with the other, this one keeps its typical toxic activity. This behavior seems to be interpreted as the result from the linkage between the true cholinesterase and one toxic (Wassermann-Takaki phenomenon both for the tetanus toxin and the \"parathion\"), with the following interference for the second toxic, when added, at the enzymatic level, so that the second toxic remains free.", "contents": "[Possible interference between tetanus toxin and organo-phosphorus esters in blocking of cholinesterase]. As tetanus toxin results inactivated when mixed with mammals brain homogenate (Wassermann-Takaki phenomenon), the same may be observed for the organophosphorus compounds. When the brain homogenates are mixed before with one of both poisons and subsequently, after incubation, with the other, this one keeps its typical toxic activity. This behavior seems to be interpreted as the result from the linkage between the true cholinesterase and one toxic (Wassermann-Takaki phenomenon both for the tetanus toxin and the \"parathion\"), with the following interference for the second toxic, when added, at the enzymatic level, so that the second toxic remains free.", "PMID": 753135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9108", "title": "[\"Klebsiellae\" infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Results are presented on the frequency of Klebsiellae recovery from biologic materials (urines, pleura or peritoneal exudates, cerebrospinal fluids, blood specimens) examined during one year. Tobramycin was the antibiotic with the highest in vitro activity against the isolates.", "contents": "[\"Klebsiellae\" infections (author's transl)]. Results are presented on the frequency of Klebsiellae recovery from biologic materials (urines, pleura or peritoneal exudates, cerebrospinal fluids, blood specimens) examined during one year. Tobramycin was the antibiotic with the highest in vitro activity against the isolates.", "PMID": 753136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9109", "title": "[Comparison between similar antibiotypes isolated in high infection risk wards and in general medical departments. Preliminary investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "From the comparison between antibiograms of bacterial species isolated from biological materials of wards with a high infection risk (General Intensive Care Unit and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit) and wards for internal diseases (General Medicine and Paediatric Wards), the AA. met with a very high frequency of bacterial species with identical sensitivity to antibiotics in the General Intensive Care Unit and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit. The data reported indicates a high cross-infection risk in the above Wards.", "contents": "[Comparison between similar antibiotypes isolated in high infection risk wards and in general medical departments. Preliminary investigation (author's transl)]. From the comparison between antibiograms of bacterial species isolated from biological materials of wards with a high infection risk (General Intensive Care Unit and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit) and wards for internal diseases (General Medicine and Paediatric Wards), the AA. met with a very high frequency of bacterial species with identical sensitivity to antibiotics in the General Intensive Care Unit and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit. The data reported indicates a high cross-infection risk in the above Wards.", "PMID": 753137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9110", "title": "[Sensitivity in vitro of 61 strains of Salmonella to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to cephalosporins].", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility of 61 strains of Salmonella from pathological specimens was tested by an agar dilution technique to four aminoglycoside and to seven cephalosporin antibiotics. Aminoglycosides were effective against these isolates. Ten strains of Salmonella wien were found resistant to cephapirine, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, but susceptible to cepharidine and expecially to cefuroxim.", "contents": "[Sensitivity in vitro of 61 strains of Salmonella to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to cephalosporins]. The in vitro susceptibility of 61 strains of Salmonella from pathological specimens was tested by an agar dilution technique to four aminoglycoside and to seven cephalosporin antibiotics. Aminoglycosides were effective against these isolates. Ten strains of Salmonella wien were found resistant to cephapirine, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, but susceptible to cepharidine and expecially to cefuroxim.", "PMID": 753138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9111", "title": "Is the Hancock porcine valve the best cardiac valve substitute today?", "content": "Valve replacement with the Hancock stabilized glutaraldehyde porcine aortic valve has been accomplished in 454 patients. Hospital mortality (influenced by a high proportion of patients in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV) was 17.6% (80/454). The first 221 patients discharged from hospital were followed for 36 to 75 months after valve replacement. There have been 26 late deaths among these patients; 88% (195/221) are alive. Of these 221 patients, 185 had single-valve replacement, (125 mitral and 60 aortic), and 36 underwent multiple-valve replacement. There have been 260 valves at risk up to 6 1/4 years, which is equivalent to 12,984.5 valve-months or 1,082 valve-years. Average follow-up is 4.16 years. There have been 13 valve failures in 10 patients. In 4 patients endocarditis was proved to be the cause of failure, and in 5 it was suspected; in 1 patient the failure the failure is unexplained. The pathological similarity between those in whom infection was documented and the other 5 is remarkable and raises the question of whether low-grade infections may be the cause of certain types of valve failure.", "contents": "Is the Hancock porcine valve the best cardiac valve substitute today? Valve replacement with the Hancock stabilized glutaraldehyde porcine aortic valve has been accomplished in 454 patients. Hospital mortality (influenced by a high proportion of patients in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV) was 17.6% (80/454). The first 221 patients discharged from hospital were followed for 36 to 75 months after valve replacement. There have been 26 late deaths among these patients; 88% (195/221) are alive. Of these 221 patients, 185 had single-valve replacement, (125 mitral and 60 aortic), and 36 underwent multiple-valve replacement. There have been 260 valves at risk up to 6 1/4 years, which is equivalent to 12,984.5 valve-months or 1,082 valve-years. Average follow-up is 4.16 years. There have been 13 valve failures in 10 patients. In 4 patients endocarditis was proved to be the cause of failure, and in 5 it was suspected; in 1 patient the failure the failure is unexplained. The pathological similarity between those in whom infection was documented and the other 5 is remarkable and raises the question of whether low-grade infections may be the cause of certain types of valve failure.", "PMID": 753143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9112", "title": "[Identification and antibiotic resistance of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Occurrence of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria was investigated by the Authors in various clinical specimens expecially of compromised hosts. 15 non-fermenting Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated and identificated by two routine diagnostic systems. Isolates, were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and carbenicillin, while were shown to have different pattern of susceptibility to the aminoglycoside antibiotics examined.", "contents": "[Identification and antibiotic resistance of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria (author's transl)]. Occurrence of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria was investigated by the Authors in various clinical specimens expecially of compromised hosts. 15 non-fermenting Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated and identificated by two routine diagnostic systems. Isolates, were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and carbenicillin, while were shown to have different pattern of susceptibility to the aminoglycoside antibiotics examined.", "PMID": 753139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9113", "title": "Thrombosis and degeneration of Hancock valves: clinical and pathological findings.", "content": "Of 415 Hancock valves implanted in 370 patients, 26 valve specimens were recovered at postmortem examination and 8 at reoperation. In 9 of these 34, thrombosis had formed without apparent alteration of the heterograft tissue (Group A). All were mitral prostheses, and the thrombi were attached to the sewing ring. Six of the patients died in the early postoperative period following prolonged low cardiac output syndrome and coagulation disturbances. Three patients had late valve thrombosis 12 to 26 months after operation and were in chronic atrial fibrillation with a very large left atrium. Four valve specimens (Group B) demonstrated degenerative changes of the heterograft leaflets such as shrinkage, perforation, and calcification. The clinical courses and possible pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Thrombosis and degeneration of Hancock valves: clinical and pathological findings. Of 415 Hancock valves implanted in 370 patients, 26 valve specimens were recovered at postmortem examination and 8 at reoperation. In 9 of these 34, thrombosis had formed without apparent alteration of the heterograft tissue (Group A). All were mitral prostheses, and the thrombi were attached to the sewing ring. Six of the patients died in the early postoperative period following prolonged low cardiac output syndrome and coagulation disturbances. Three patients had late valve thrombosis 12 to 26 months after operation and were in chronic atrial fibrillation with a very large left atrium. Four valve specimens (Group B) demonstrated degenerative changes of the heterograft leaflets such as shrinkage, perforation, and calcification. The clinical courses and possible pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 753144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9114", "title": "Durability of prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Accelerated fatigue testing of clinical heart valves has been performed at cyclic rates of 33 to 35 cycles per second at 37 degrees C using water for non-biological valves and glutaraldehyde solutions for tissue valves. Flows were in the physiological range, and the pressure difference across each valve during closure was 100 +/- 25 mm Hg. The results showed that major fatigue occurred for the Starr-Edwards 2320 at 150 million cycles, the Hufnagel trileaflet at 124 million cycles, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley Delrin disc at 140, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley Pyrolite disc at 973, the Beall 103 at 60, the Hancock porcine at 62, the Carpentier-Edwards porcine at 34, and the Ionescu-Shiley porcine pericardial prosthesis at 65 million cycles. The Lillehei-Kaster was removed after 762 million cycles without discernible wear. Three facts emerged from the testing data: (1) the component worn in vitro wears in vivo; (2) the sites of in vitro fatigue on the component are identical to clinical specimens; and (3) those valves that have high durability in vitro have given similar performance in patients. The in vitro and clinical data for tissue valves do not correlate. The possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, and a note of caution is made regarding realistic expectations of clinical durability of tissue valves.", "contents": "Durability of prosthetic heart valves. Accelerated fatigue testing of clinical heart valves has been performed at cyclic rates of 33 to 35 cycles per second at 37 degrees C using water for non-biological valves and glutaraldehyde solutions for tissue valves. Flows were in the physiological range, and the pressure difference across each valve during closure was 100 +/- 25 mm Hg. The results showed that major fatigue occurred for the Starr-Edwards 2320 at 150 million cycles, the Hufnagel trileaflet at 124 million cycles, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley Delrin disc at 140, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley Pyrolite disc at 973, the Beall 103 at 60, the Hancock porcine at 62, the Carpentier-Edwards porcine at 34, and the Ionescu-Shiley porcine pericardial prosthesis at 65 million cycles. The Lillehei-Kaster was removed after 762 million cycles without discernible wear. Three facts emerged from the testing data: (1) the component worn in vitro wears in vivo; (2) the sites of in vitro fatigue on the component are identical to clinical specimens; and (3) those valves that have high durability in vitro have given similar performance in patients. The in vitro and clinical data for tissue valves do not correlate. The possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, and a note of caution is made regarding realistic expectations of clinical durability of tissue valves.", "PMID": 753145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9115", "title": "Hemodynamic evaluation of Lillehei-Kaiser and Starr-Edwards prosthesis.", "content": "The central-flow low profile disc-valve prosthesis has been offered as an alternative to ball- and tissue-valve prostheses. Extensive laboratory investigation with both pulse duplicator and experimental animals has been reported for the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. A series of patients receiving this prosthesis underwent postoperative cardiac catheterization to better define the hemodynamic function of this prosthesis in vivo. Because of the variations in reports of hemodynamic data from various institutions, the results of post-operative studies in an earlier group of patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses were used as a standard for comparison. Good hemodynamic function was found with the pivoting-disc prosthesis in all but the smallest valve sizes. Lillehei-Kaster and early model Starr-Edwards prostheses with equivalent tissue annulus dimensions were found to have nearly equal valve areas in vivo in the aortic position. The Lillehei-Kaster mitral valves provided larger areas than Starr-Edwards prostheses in large tissue annulus sizes.", "contents": "Hemodynamic evaluation of Lillehei-Kaiser and Starr-Edwards prosthesis. The central-flow low profile disc-valve prosthesis has been offered as an alternative to ball- and tissue-valve prostheses. Extensive laboratory investigation with both pulse duplicator and experimental animals has been reported for the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. A series of patients receiving this prosthesis underwent postoperative cardiac catheterization to better define the hemodynamic function of this prosthesis in vivo. Because of the variations in reports of hemodynamic data from various institutions, the results of post-operative studies in an earlier group of patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses were used as a standard for comparison. Good hemodynamic function was found with the pivoting-disc prosthesis in all but the smallest valve sizes. Lillehei-Kaster and early model Starr-Edwards prostheses with equivalent tissue annulus dimensions were found to have nearly equal valve areas in vivo in the aortic position. The Lillehei-Kaster mitral valves provided larger areas than Starr-Edwards prostheses in large tissue annulus sizes.", "PMID": 753146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9116", "title": "Operative closure of isolated defects of the ventricular septum: planned delay.", "content": "Selection of patients and the timing of operation for closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) can be difficult because the risk of operation must be balanced against the hemodynamic abnormality and the age and size of the infant. In the past 6 years we have individualized our approach to the timing and necessity of operation in the patient with an isolated VSD. During this period, 133 patients with VSD were evaluated, and 71 underwent operative closure of the VSD. Of the 133 patients, 90 were 2 years old or younger, and 40 of them required operation because of congestive failure and growth retardation. Of the 45 infants who did not undergo operation, 17 have small intracardiac shunts with normal pulmonary vascular resistance while the other 28 infants remain compensated and are growing despite moderate left-to-right shunts. A persistent, large intracardiac shunt was the indication for operation in 31 of the 48 older patients; the other 17 older patients remain well. Although 3 severely growth-retarded infants (2 to 4 kg) died soon after operation, all infants weighing 4 kg or more survive. No child has died during preoperative observation, and irreversible pulmonary vascular changes have not occurred. Most infants with VSD and large intracardiac shunts do require early VSD closure, but the risk of operation remains high in the tiny neonate with profound failure. With appropriate hemodynamic and clinical criteria, operation for selected infants can be delayed so that the risk of operation can be minimized.", "contents": "Operative closure of isolated defects of the ventricular septum: planned delay. Selection of patients and the timing of operation for closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) can be difficult because the risk of operation must be balanced against the hemodynamic abnormality and the age and size of the infant. In the past 6 years we have individualized our approach to the timing and necessity of operation in the patient with an isolated VSD. During this period, 133 patients with VSD were evaluated, and 71 underwent operative closure of the VSD. Of the 133 patients, 90 were 2 years old or younger, and 40 of them required operation because of congestive failure and growth retardation. Of the 45 infants who did not undergo operation, 17 have small intracardiac shunts with normal pulmonary vascular resistance while the other 28 infants remain compensated and are growing despite moderate left-to-right shunts. A persistent, large intracardiac shunt was the indication for operation in 31 of the 48 older patients; the other 17 older patients remain well. Although 3 severely growth-retarded infants (2 to 4 kg) died soon after operation, all infants weighing 4 kg or more survive. No child has died during preoperative observation, and irreversible pulmonary vascular changes have not occurred. Most infants with VSD and large intracardiac shunts do require early VSD closure, but the risk of operation remains high in the tiny neonate with profound failure. With appropriate hemodynamic and clinical criteria, operation for selected infants can be delayed so that the risk of operation can be minimized.", "PMID": 753147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9117", "title": "Determinants of long-term survival after ventricular aneurysmectomy.", "content": "To determine the effect of aneurysmectomy solely or combined with direct revascularization, 349 consecutive surgical patients treated between 1962 and 1972 were retrospectively reviewed. The minimum follow-up for survivors was 5 years (mean, 7 years). Single-vessel disease occurred in 171 (49%) and only ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed (Group 1). Multiple-vessel disease was found in 178 (51%), of whom 79 (44%) had resection of a ventricular aneurysm and revascularization of all major obstructed vessels (Group 2); 99 (56%) had aneurysm resection and incomplete revascularization (Group 3). Survival at 7 years was 69% for Group 1, 65% for Group 2, and 51% for Group 3. Actuarial survival at 7 years was 70% for patients operated on for angina; 55% for congestive heart failure; 57% for a combination of angina and heart failure; and 64% for ventricular tachycardia. Survival of patients with multiple-vessel disease who underwent aneurysmectomy and complete revascularization was similar to that of patients with single-vessel disease who underwent aneurysmectomy alone. Longevity is adversely influenced by incomplete revascularization (p less than 0.005) and preoperative congestive heart failure (p less than 0.005).", "contents": "Determinants of long-term survival after ventricular aneurysmectomy. To determine the effect of aneurysmectomy solely or combined with direct revascularization, 349 consecutive surgical patients treated between 1962 and 1972 were retrospectively reviewed. The minimum follow-up for survivors was 5 years (mean, 7 years). Single-vessel disease occurred in 171 (49%) and only ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed (Group 1). Multiple-vessel disease was found in 178 (51%), of whom 79 (44%) had resection of a ventricular aneurysm and revascularization of all major obstructed vessels (Group 2); 99 (56%) had aneurysm resection and incomplete revascularization (Group 3). Survival at 7 years was 69% for Group 1, 65% for Group 2, and 51% for Group 3. Actuarial survival at 7 years was 70% for patients operated on for angina; 55% for congestive heart failure; 57% for a combination of angina and heart failure; and 64% for ventricular tachycardia. Survival of patients with multiple-vessel disease who underwent aneurysmectomy and complete revascularization was similar to that of patients with single-vessel disease who underwent aneurysmectomy alone. Longevity is adversely influenced by incomplete revascularization (p less than 0.005) and preoperative congestive heart failure (p less than 0.005).", "PMID": 753148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9118", "title": "Monilial esophagitis: an increasingly frequent cause of esophageal stenosis?", "content": "Acute monilial esophagitis generally responds well to oral nystatin therapy, and long-term sequelae of this condition have not been well recognized. Nor is it generally appreciated that Candida infections of the esophagus may occur in subacute or chronic form. Four men, 34, 40, 41, and 49 years old, have been treated for esophageal stenoses resulting from different types of chronic monilial esophageal involvement. All were seen with painless dysphagia and strictures of the upper half of the thoracic esophagus. In 2 patients, an associated roentgenographic pattern of \"intramural esophageal pseudodiverticulosis\" was present. Two patients have been treated successfully with esophageal dilation, 1 required substernal colonic bypass of the stenotic, perforated esophagus, and 1 is being evaluated for esophageal bypass. Esophageal moniliasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign esophageal strictures, particularly those involving the upper half of the thoracic esophagus.", "contents": "Monilial esophagitis: an increasingly frequent cause of esophageal stenosis? Acute monilial esophagitis generally responds well to oral nystatin therapy, and long-term sequelae of this condition have not been well recognized. Nor is it generally appreciated that Candida infections of the esophagus may occur in subacute or chronic form. Four men, 34, 40, 41, and 49 years old, have been treated for esophageal stenoses resulting from different types of chronic monilial esophageal involvement. All were seen with painless dysphagia and strictures of the upper half of the thoracic esophagus. In 2 patients, an associated roentgenographic pattern of \"intramural esophageal pseudodiverticulosis\" was present. Two patients have been treated successfully with esophageal dilation, 1 required substernal colonic bypass of the stenotic, perforated esophagus, and 1 is being evaluated for esophageal bypass. Esophageal moniliasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign esophageal strictures, particularly those involving the upper half of the thoracic esophagus.", "PMID": 753149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9119", "title": "Surgical management of malignant mesothelioma.", "content": "The surgical management of 18 patients diagnosed as having malignant mesothelioma is reviewed. Of these patients, 7 received limited treatment--pleurectomy or biopsy. The mean survival was 10 months, and no patient was disease-free at time of death. The other 11 patients were treated by radical extrapleural pneumonectomy. There were 2 long-term, disease-free survivors at 2 and 4 years. Mean survival for the entire group was 15 months, but most patients received good palliation following tumor removal. Surgical procedures for removal of malignant mesothelioma can be accomplished safely and without major morbidity. When possible, radical extrapleural pneumonectomy affords the best palliation and the only opportunity for cure.", "contents": "Surgical management of malignant mesothelioma. The surgical management of 18 patients diagnosed as having malignant mesothelioma is reviewed. Of these patients, 7 received limited treatment--pleurectomy or biopsy. The mean survival was 10 months, and no patient was disease-free at time of death. The other 11 patients were treated by radical extrapleural pneumonectomy. There were 2 long-term, disease-free survivors at 2 and 4 years. Mean survival for the entire group was 15 months, but most patients received good palliation following tumor removal. Surgical procedures for removal of malignant mesothelioma can be accomplished safely and without major morbidity. When possible, radical extrapleural pneumonectomy affords the best palliation and the only opportunity for cure.", "PMID": 753150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9120", "title": "Bilateral subclavian artery aneurysm associated with idiopathic cystic medial necrosis.", "content": "Although cystic medial necrosis, either idiopathic or associated with Marfan's syndrome, usually becomes manifest as an ascending aortic aneurysm, aortic insufficiency, aortic dissection, or a combination of these disorders, a rare case of bilateral subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to idiopathic cystic medial necrosis has occurred. Subclavian artery aneurysms most commonly represent poststenotic dilatation from anterior scalene or cervical rib compression, occasionally are associated with generalized arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, and rarely are secondary to syphilitic or mycotic infections. Subclavian artery aneurysms have a major risk of rupture, embolus, or thrombosis, and therefore should be repaired. A reverse saphenous vein or prosthetic bypass graft from the carotid to the axillary artery provides adequate flow to the upper extremity. The aneurysm should be completely excised if possible, since reexpansion through small collaterals or through insufficient closure by ligation can occur and compress the brachial plexus after successful bypass. The clinical presentation, angiographic findings, and operative repair of a subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to cystic medial necrosis are described.", "contents": "Bilateral subclavian artery aneurysm associated with idiopathic cystic medial necrosis. Although cystic medial necrosis, either idiopathic or associated with Marfan's syndrome, usually becomes manifest as an ascending aortic aneurysm, aortic insufficiency, aortic dissection, or a combination of these disorders, a rare case of bilateral subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to idiopathic cystic medial necrosis has occurred. Subclavian artery aneurysms most commonly represent poststenotic dilatation from anterior scalene or cervical rib compression, occasionally are associated with generalized arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, and rarely are secondary to syphilitic or mycotic infections. Subclavian artery aneurysms have a major risk of rupture, embolus, or thrombosis, and therefore should be repaired. A reverse saphenous vein or prosthetic bypass graft from the carotid to the axillary artery provides adequate flow to the upper extremity. The aneurysm should be completely excised if possible, since reexpansion through small collaterals or through insufficient closure by ligation can occur and compress the brachial plexus after successful bypass. The clinical presentation, angiographic findings, and operative repair of a subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to cystic medial necrosis are described.", "PMID": 753151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9121", "title": "Percutaneous transthoracic aspiration needle biopsy.", "content": "An experience based on 1,211 patients has shown aspiration needle biopsy to be a valuable technique for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma and other localized intrathoracic lesions that are beyond the reach of the fiberoptic bronchoscope. In 896 patients with malignant intrathoracic neoplasm, the aspirate demonstrated malignant cells in 96%. A false cytological diagnosis of carcinoma occured in 2 patients, for a true positive rate of 99%. However, the true negative rate was only 87%. In 77% of 31 immunosuppressed patients, the causative agent of a focal infectious process was diagnosed. Pneumothorax was the only notable complication, occuring in 24% of patients, with 14% requiring chest tube drainage. The procedure is relatively simple and rapid, generally causes little patient discomfort, and can be performed in virtually any hospital.", "contents": "Percutaneous transthoracic aspiration needle biopsy. An experience based on 1,211 patients has shown aspiration needle biopsy to be a valuable technique for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma and other localized intrathoracic lesions that are beyond the reach of the fiberoptic bronchoscope. In 896 patients with malignant intrathoracic neoplasm, the aspirate demonstrated malignant cells in 96%. A false cytological diagnosis of carcinoma occured in 2 patients, for a true positive rate of 99%. However, the true negative rate was only 87%. In 77% of 31 immunosuppressed patients, the causative agent of a focal infectious process was diagnosed. Pneumothorax was the only notable complication, occuring in 24% of patients, with 14% requiring chest tube drainage. The procedure is relatively simple and rapid, generally causes little patient discomfort, and can be performed in virtually any hospital.", "PMID": 753154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9122", "title": "Roentogenographic chest screening in the detection and survival of patients with lung cancer. Cooperative Study Group for Early Detection of Lung Cancer in the German Democratic Republic.", "content": "In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), annual mass roentgenographic screening of the chest was introduced twenty years ago. To ascertain its value in the detection of lung cancer, data were collected about treatment results at the country's main chest clinics. The study cover 13,283 operations and 10,838 resections, accounting for nearly 90% of all patients with lung cancer treated surgically in the GDR from 1949-1974. From 1965 to 1968, the five-year survival was more favorable in patients who were screened than in those who were diagnosed after clinical symptoms had appeared (36% for the former, 29% for the latter). For improvement of overall results, we recommend differentiated regular chest roentgenographic screening of men 40 to 70 years of age, individualized on  the basis of tobacco usage, and full exploitation of all diagnostic and surgical tools now available.", "contents": "Roentogenographic chest screening in the detection and survival of patients with lung cancer. Cooperative Study Group for Early Detection of Lung Cancer in the German Democratic Republic. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), annual mass roentgenographic screening of the chest was introduced twenty years ago. To ascertain its value in the detection of lung cancer, data were collected about treatment results at the country's main chest clinics. The study cover 13,283 operations and 10,838 resections, accounting for nearly 90% of all patients with lung cancer treated surgically in the GDR from 1949-1974. From 1965 to 1968, the five-year survival was more favorable in patients who were screened than in those who were diagnosed after clinical symptoms had appeared (36% for the former, 29% for the latter). For improvement of overall results, we recommend differentiated regular chest roentgenographic screening of men 40 to 70 years of age, individualized on  the basis of tobacco usage, and full exploitation of all diagnostic and surgical tools now available.", "PMID": 753155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9123", "title": "Extended indications for median sternotomy in patients requiring pulmonary resection.", "content": "We have employed median sternotomy in 9 patients for resection of both benign and malignant lung lesions. The most frequent use of this approach was for bilateral wedge resection, though unilateral resection was done in 2 patients. Our experience supports the previously documented usefulness of median sternotomy for minor bilateral resections and suggests that more complex pulmonary resections are possible when an appropriate indication exists. We compared the effects of median sternotomy with those of lateral thoracotomy on postoperative vital capacity and peak airway flow. Both incisions results in a marked loss of measured lung function, but recovery occurs notably sooner after median sternotomy than ater lateral thoracotomy.", "contents": "Extended indications for median sternotomy in patients requiring pulmonary resection. We have employed median sternotomy in 9 patients for resection of both benign and malignant lung lesions. The most frequent use of this approach was for bilateral wedge resection, though unilateral resection was done in 2 patients. Our experience supports the previously documented usefulness of median sternotomy for minor bilateral resections and suggests that more complex pulmonary resections are possible when an appropriate indication exists. We compared the effects of median sternotomy with those of lateral thoracotomy on postoperative vital capacity and peak airway flow. Both incisions results in a marked loss of measured lung function, but recovery occurs notably sooner after median sternotomy than ater lateral thoracotomy.", "PMID": 753156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9124", "title": "An appraisal of blood trauma and blood-prosthetic interface during left ventricular bypass in the calf and humans.", "content": "Mechanical circulatory support was accomplished in 20 calves (mean, 140 days) and in 5 patients following operation for acquired heart disease (range, 1 hour to 8 days) employing a pneumatically actuated xenograft-valved assist pump interposed between the left ventricular apex and aorta. Following pump implantation in calves, hematocrit and platelets decreased transiently and returned to normal within 14 days. Plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility values were elevated for 48 hours. Platelet survival was slightly reduced, but erythrocyte survival values were similar to controls. In patients who received assist pumps, plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility were transiently elevated, but rapidly decreased to normal. Thrombocytopenia occurred only in the presence of bleeding and renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Pump flow of the left ventricular assist device was maintained above 2.0 L/min/m2 despite serious arrhythmias. Postmortem examination revealed no evidence of thromboemboli in the clinical patients although anticoagulant agents were not administered.", "contents": "An appraisal of blood trauma and blood-prosthetic interface during left ventricular bypass in the calf and humans. Mechanical circulatory support was accomplished in 20 calves (mean, 140 days) and in 5 patients following operation for acquired heart disease (range, 1 hour to 8 days) employing a pneumatically actuated xenograft-valved assist pump interposed between the left ventricular apex and aorta. Following pump implantation in calves, hematocrit and platelets decreased transiently and returned to normal within 14 days. Plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility values were elevated for 48 hours. Platelet survival was slightly reduced, but erythrocyte survival values were similar to controls. In patients who received assist pumps, plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility were transiently elevated, but rapidly decreased to normal. Thrombocytopenia occurred only in the presence of bleeding and renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Pump flow of the left ventricular assist device was maintained above 2.0 L/min/m2 despite serious arrhythmias. Postmortem examination revealed no evidence of thromboemboli in the clinical patients although anticoagulant agents were not administered.", "PMID": 753157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9125", "title": "Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy: a new surgical treatment for life-threatening ventricular tachycardias resistant to medical treatment following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular tachycardias occurring after myocardial infarction (MI) and resistant to medical treatment were successfully treated in 5 patients by encircling endocardial ventriculotomy. All patients had a history of MI. The delay between MI and ventricular tachycardias ranged from 1 month to 8 years. A reentrant mechanism was demonstrated by laboratory studies. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, the left ventricle was entered through the thin fribrous scar. Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy was carried out from the inside of the ventricle, through the whole thickness of the normal myocardium, and along the border of the endocardial fibrosis, which delineated the area of diseased myocardium. The ventriculotomy was placed in the free wall or in the septum or in both of these locations. It was repaired and the left ventricle was closed. Drug therapy was discontinued after operation. No ventricular tachycardias recurred during a follow-up period of 6 to 24 months. The effectiveness of encircling endocardial ventriculotomy is explained by the exclusion of the entire diseased area, especially the border zone and the septum. This technique is useful in any location of MI.", "contents": "Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy: a new surgical treatment for life-threatening ventricular tachycardias resistant to medical treatment following myocardial infarction. Ventricular tachycardias occurring after myocardial infarction (MI) and resistant to medical treatment were successfully treated in 5 patients by encircling endocardial ventriculotomy. All patients had a history of MI. The delay between MI and ventricular tachycardias ranged from 1 month to 8 years. A reentrant mechanism was demonstrated by laboratory studies. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, the left ventricle was entered through the thin fribrous scar. Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy was carried out from the inside of the ventricle, through the whole thickness of the normal myocardium, and along the border of the endocardial fibrosis, which delineated the area of diseased myocardium. The ventriculotomy was placed in the free wall or in the septum or in both of these locations. It was repaired and the left ventricle was closed. Drug therapy was discontinued after operation. No ventricular tachycardias recurred during a follow-up period of 6 to 24 months. The effectiveness of encircling endocardial ventriculotomy is explained by the exclusion of the entire diseased area, especially the border zone and the septum. This technique is useful in any location of MI.", "PMID": 753158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9126", "title": "Operative treatment of congenital aortic stenosis.", "content": "The operative treatment of 131 patients with congenital aortic stenosis is reviewed. Of the 131 patients, 77% had left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction at a single level and 23%, major obstruction at more than one level. There were 3 operative deaths (2.3%) and 10 late deaths (7.8%). Twenty of the 128 discharged patients have undergone a second procedure and 6 a third procedure for recurrent or residual LVOT obstruction. The 26 reoperations included 7 aortic valve replacements, 4 left ventricular apical-abdominal aortic (LV-AA) valved conduits, and 15 extensive aortic valvotomies with or without supravalvular aortoplasty. Five of the 20 patients undergoing reoperation died; 4 of these deaths occurred in patients who had valve replacement at reoperation. The 4 who received LV-AA conduits have sustained excellent hemodynamic and clinical results with no complications. Highly satisfactory clinical results can be obtained with minimal operative risk, regardless of the level of LVOT obstruction. Reoperation for recurrent or residual LVOT obstruction, however, is comparatively more hazardous, and alternative surgical approaches (LV-AA conduits) should be considered.", "contents": "Operative treatment of congenital aortic stenosis. The operative treatment of 131 patients with congenital aortic stenosis is reviewed. Of the 131 patients, 77% had left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction at a single level and 23%, major obstruction at more than one level. There were 3 operative deaths (2.3%) and 10 late deaths (7.8%). Twenty of the 128 discharged patients have undergone a second procedure and 6 a third procedure for recurrent or residual LVOT obstruction. The 26 reoperations included 7 aortic valve replacements, 4 left ventricular apical-abdominal aortic (LV-AA) valved conduits, and 15 extensive aortic valvotomies with or without supravalvular aortoplasty. Five of the 20 patients undergoing reoperation died; 4 of these deaths occurred in patients who had valve replacement at reoperation. The 4 who received LV-AA conduits have sustained excellent hemodynamic and clinical results with no complications. Highly satisfactory clinical results can be obtained with minimal operative risk, regardless of the level of LVOT obstruction. Reoperation for recurrent or residual LVOT obstruction, however, is comparatively more hazardous, and alternative surgical approaches (LV-AA conduits) should be considered.", "PMID": 753159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9127", "title": "Late results of operation for acute aortic dissection producing aortic insufficiency.", "content": "Since July, 1970, 8 patients with acute dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta producing aortic insufficiency have undergone immediate operation employing a technique in which the origin of the dissection is resected, the dissected base of the aorta is lined with nondistensible prosthetic cloth for support, and the native aortic valve is resuspended. Aortic continuity is then reestablished with end-to-end anastomosis or use of a short segment of woven graft (not necessarily circumferential). There were no operative deaths. Mean follow-up has been 60 months (range, 25 to 82 months). One late death has occurred (cerebral hemorrhage at 48 months); of the remaining 7 patients, 2 have faint murmurs of aortic insufficiency, but all are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. This technique of aortic reconstruction in acute ascending dissections allows preservation of the native aortic valve while preventing late aortic root dilatation or major valve insufficiency.", "contents": "Late results of operation for acute aortic dissection producing aortic insufficiency. Since July, 1970, 8 patients with acute dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta producing aortic insufficiency have undergone immediate operation employing a technique in which the origin of the dissection is resected, the dissected base of the aorta is lined with nondistensible prosthetic cloth for support, and the native aortic valve is resuspended. Aortic continuity is then reestablished with end-to-end anastomosis or use of a short segment of woven graft (not necessarily circumferential). There were no operative deaths. Mean follow-up has been 60 months (range, 25 to 82 months). One late death has occurred (cerebral hemorrhage at 48 months); of the remaining 7 patients, 2 have faint murmurs of aortic insufficiency, but all are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. This technique of aortic reconstruction in acute ascending dissections allows preservation of the native aortic valve while preventing late aortic root dilatation or major valve insufficiency.", "PMID": 753160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9128", "title": "Natural history of arteriosclerotic thoracic aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Out of 28 patients with arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm seen between 1965 and 1975, 22 were not surgically repaired. Of these 22 patients, 9 subsequently died of rupture and 7 of unrelated cardiovascular disease, and 6 are living at the time of this study. Mean survival for the group is less than 3 years. All but 1 rupture occurred in aneurysms larger than 10 cm, and recent increase in size preceded rupture in all patients for whom serial roentgenograms were available. This study documents the high risk of rupture of arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta and suggests a more uniform use of surgical management depending on the patient's age and underlying state of health.", "contents": "Natural history of arteriosclerotic thoracic aortic aneurysms. Out of 28 patients with arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm seen between 1965 and 1975, 22 were not surgically repaired. Of these 22 patients, 9 subsequently died of rupture and 7 of unrelated cardiovascular disease, and 6 are living at the time of this study. Mean survival for the group is less than 3 years. All but 1 rupture occurred in aneurysms larger than 10 cm, and recent increase in size preceded rupture in all patients for whom serial roentgenograms were available. This study documents the high risk of rupture of arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta and suggests a more uniform use of surgical management depending on the patient's age and underlying state of health.", "PMID": 753161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9129", "title": "Maintenance of permanently implanted cardiac pressure catheters in experimental animals.", "content": "Two techniques for maintaining permanently implanted cardiac catheters in experimental animals are described. Polyvinylchloride catheters are coated with TDMAC-Heparin, a polymer complex currently used clinically to prevent thrombogenesis in vascular shunts. Long-term catheter obstruction and thrombus formation have been obviated by using this method. Also, to assure multiple, painless studies in awake animals, a somewhat different technique for pressure catheter access has been developed and is detailed in this report.", "contents": "Maintenance of permanently implanted cardiac pressure catheters in experimental animals. Two techniques for maintaining permanently implanted cardiac catheters in experimental animals are described. Polyvinylchloride catheters are coated with TDMAC-Heparin, a polymer complex currently used clinically to prevent thrombogenesis in vascular shunts. Long-term catheter obstruction and thrombus formation have been obviated by using this method. Also, to assure multiple, painless studies in awake animals, a somewhat different technique for pressure catheter access has been developed and is detailed in this report.", "PMID": 753162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9130", "title": "Limits of myocardial protection with potassium cardioplegia.", "content": "Preservation of left ventricular function with various potassium-based cardioplegic solutions has been considered to be effective for at least 60 minutes during occlusion of the ascending aorta. The purpose of this study was to define the limits of protection offered by potassium alone. A single bolus of 150 ml of potassium (24 mEq per liter) in normal saline solution at 30 degrees C was injected in the aortic roots of foxhounds at the initiation of periods of 45 minutes, 60 minutes, and 75 minutes of aortic occlusion at a core temperature of 30 degrees C. Data derived from postischemic recovery phase ventricular function curves and force-velocity relations demonstrated excellent protection during 45 minutes of ischemia, inconsistent protection at 60 minutes, and poor protection at 75 minutes.", "contents": "Limits of myocardial protection with potassium cardioplegia. Preservation of left ventricular function with various potassium-based cardioplegic solutions has been considered to be effective for at least 60 minutes during occlusion of the ascending aorta. The purpose of this study was to define the limits of protection offered by potassium alone. A single bolus of 150 ml of potassium (24 mEq per liter) in normal saline solution at 30 degrees C was injected in the aortic roots of foxhounds at the initiation of periods of 45 minutes, 60 minutes, and 75 minutes of aortic occlusion at a core temperature of 30 degrees C. Data derived from postischemic recovery phase ventricular function curves and force-velocity relations demonstrated excellent protection during 45 minutes of ischemia, inconsistent protection at 60 minutes, and poor protection at 75 minutes.", "PMID": 753164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9131", "title": "The effects of intermittent ischemic arrest on the perfusion of myocardium supplied by collateral coronary arteries.", "content": "Six weeks after placement of an ameroid constrictor on the circumflex coronary artery, blood flow in a collateral region was compared with flow in myocardium supplied by normal arteries during cardiopulmonary bypass (80 mm Hg). Myocardial blood flow was determined using radionuclide-labeled microspheres (8 to 10 mu) before 10 minutes of ischemic arrest and after 1, 5, and 10 minutes of reperfusion. The retrograde circumflex pressure was monitored continuously and served as an additional index of perfusion of the collateral region. During reperfusion, endocardial flow in the collateral region remained unchanged despite a threefold increase in a similar layer having normal arteries (p less than 0.01). Following ischemic arrest, mean transmural and subendocardial hyperemic responses both persisted for longer than 10 minutes in normal regions. Simultaneously, peripheral circumflex pressures decreased at 1 and 5 minutes of reperfusion (p less than 0.001) but returned to control within 10 minutes. Persistently elevated endocardial flow in the normal arteries and the absence of a hyperemic response in the collateral region during an associated decrement in retrograde circumflex pressure may indicate incomplete flow repayment even after 10 minutes of reperfusion. Marked transmural flow imbalances despite adequate coronary perfusion pressures suggest that intermittent ischemic arrest may cause cumulative ischemia, and this occurrence may be detrimental especially in collateral regions of myocardium.", "contents": "The effects of intermittent ischemic arrest on the perfusion of myocardium supplied by collateral coronary arteries. Six weeks after placement of an ameroid constrictor on the circumflex coronary artery, blood flow in a collateral region was compared with flow in myocardium supplied by normal arteries during cardiopulmonary bypass (80 mm Hg). Myocardial blood flow was determined using radionuclide-labeled microspheres (8 to 10 mu) before 10 minutes of ischemic arrest and after 1, 5, and 10 minutes of reperfusion. The retrograde circumflex pressure was monitored continuously and served as an additional index of perfusion of the collateral region. During reperfusion, endocardial flow in the collateral region remained unchanged despite a threefold increase in a similar layer having normal arteries (p less than 0.01). Following ischemic arrest, mean transmural and subendocardial hyperemic responses both persisted for longer than 10 minutes in normal regions. Simultaneously, peripheral circumflex pressures decreased at 1 and 5 minutes of reperfusion (p less than 0.001) but returned to control within 10 minutes. Persistently elevated endocardial flow in the normal arteries and the absence of a hyperemic response in the collateral region during an associated decrement in retrograde circumflex pressure may indicate incomplete flow repayment even after 10 minutes of reperfusion. Marked transmural flow imbalances despite adequate coronary perfusion pressures suggest that intermittent ischemic arrest may cause cumulative ischemia, and this occurrence may be detrimental especially in collateral regions of myocardium.", "PMID": 753165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9132", "title": "Autotransfusion following open-heart surgery.", "content": "Autotransfusion following cardiopulmonary bypass has been used infrequently. Certain patients are noted for the potential of serious hemorrhage following conclusion of bypass. A new autotransfusion technique for use in such patients is described. The method involves a simple modification of the basic cardiopulmonary bypass setup and requires no separate autotransfusion unit. It can be utilized for several minutes after the administration of protamine. Blood salvage can be considerable and at times lifesaving.", "contents": "Autotransfusion following open-heart surgery. Autotransfusion following cardiopulmonary bypass has been used infrequently. Certain patients are noted for the potential of serious hemorrhage following conclusion of bypass. A new autotransfusion technique for use in such patients is described. The method involves a simple modification of the basic cardiopulmonary bypass setup and requires no separate autotransfusion unit. It can be utilized for several minutes after the administration of protamine. Blood salvage can be considerable and at times lifesaving.", "PMID": 753166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9133", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux following gastric operation.", "content": "The combination of previous gastric operation and gastroesophageal reflux produces major difficulties in obtaining effective symptomatic relief. Seventy patients were studied by history, radiology, endoscopy, and esophageal manometry before surgical reflux control. Twenty-eight had had vagotomy and pyloroplasty; 4, vagotomy and gastroenterostomy; 11, Billroth I gastrectomy; and 27, Billroth II gastrectomy. In all patients reflux control was accomplished by hernia repair, and in 14 patients bile diversion was added for control of bile gastritis. A variety of reflux control operations were used. However, the most effective results were achieved with total fundoplication gastroplasty, and in this group of 22 patients there has been no anatomical recurrence and no reflux. The partial fundoplication gastroplasty (Belsey type) was ineffective in reflux control and should not be used in patients who have had a previous gastric procedure. Reflux control and, when necessary, bile diversion give effective relief to patients with bile gastritis and esophageal reflux following gastric operation.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux following gastric operation. The combination of previous gastric operation and gastroesophageal reflux produces major difficulties in obtaining effective symptomatic relief. Seventy patients were studied by history, radiology, endoscopy, and esophageal manometry before surgical reflux control. Twenty-eight had had vagotomy and pyloroplasty; 4, vagotomy and gastroenterostomy; 11, Billroth I gastrectomy; and 27, Billroth II gastrectomy. In all patients reflux control was accomplished by hernia repair, and in 14 patients bile diversion was added for control of bile gastritis. A variety of reflux control operations were used. However, the most effective results were achieved with total fundoplication gastroplasty, and in this group of 22 patients there has been no anatomical recurrence and no reflux. The partial fundoplication gastroplasty (Belsey type) was ineffective in reflux control and should not be used in patients who have had a previous gastric procedure. Reflux control and, when necessary, bile diversion give effective relief to patients with bile gastritis and esophageal reflux following gastric operation.", "PMID": 753167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9134", "title": "Operation or indomethacin for the premature ductus.", "content": "Indomethacin constricts the patent ductus arteriosus in approximately 70% of premature infants, but temporarily inhibits synthesis of all prostaglandins. Early toxicity of indomethacin is not prohibitive, but the possibility of late neurological deficits is raised by results of laboratory experiments. As yet, no late toxic effects of indomethacin have been observed. However, this possibility and the low morbidity (less than 2%) and mortality (less than 2%) of surgical ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants favor operation except in carefully controlled and limited clinical trials.", "contents": "Operation or indomethacin for the premature ductus. Indomethacin constricts the patent ductus arteriosus in approximately 70% of premature infants, but temporarily inhibits synthesis of all prostaglandins. Early toxicity of indomethacin is not prohibitive, but the possibility of late neurological deficits is raised by results of laboratory experiments. As yet, no late toxic effects of indomethacin have been observed. However, this possibility and the low morbidity (less than 2%) and mortality (less than 2%) of surgical ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants favor operation except in carefully controlled and limited clinical trials.", "PMID": 753168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9135", "title": "[Nutritional evaluation of protein concentrates of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lentils (Lens esculenta)].", "content": "The composition and nutritive value were determined in navy bean meal (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lentil meal (Lens esculenta), and in their respective protein concentrates obtained through extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. Sulfur amino acids per gram of nitrogen were lower in the concentrates than in the meals, while there was no difference for lysine and threonine. The white bean protein concentrate had a lower biological value than the meal but better digestibility, although trypsin inhibitor concentration was unchanged. Digestibility greatly improved with heating but it did not increase beyond 81% even after autoclaving. Autoclaved samples supplemented with methionine reached a biological value of 83. The lentil protein concentrate also had a lower biological value than the meal but digestibility was high for both samples (91%) and remained unchanged after heating. Trypsin inhibitors were absent. After supplementing with methionine, a biological value of only 63 was obtained, due to the low level of tryptophan, the second limiting amino acid. In spite of the concentrates' lower biological value, it was proved that they equalled the meals' potential for complementing cereal, as their content in lysine and threonine is high. The concentrates have the additional advantage of allowing effective supplementation without increasing the legume-cereal ratio.", "contents": "[Nutritional evaluation of protein concentrates of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lentils (Lens esculenta)]. The composition and nutritive value were determined in navy bean meal (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lentil meal (Lens esculenta), and in their respective protein concentrates obtained through extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. Sulfur amino acids per gram of nitrogen were lower in the concentrates than in the meals, while there was no difference for lysine and threonine. The white bean protein concentrate had a lower biological value than the meal but better digestibility, although trypsin inhibitor concentration was unchanged. Digestibility greatly improved with heating but it did not increase beyond 81% even after autoclaving. Autoclaved samples supplemented with methionine reached a biological value of 83. The lentil protein concentrate also had a lower biological value than the meal but digestibility was high for both samples (91%) and remained unchanged after heating. Trypsin inhibitors were absent. After supplementing with methionine, a biological value of only 63 was obtained, due to the low level of tryptophan, the second limiting amino acid. In spite of the concentrates' lower biological value, it was proved that they equalled the meals' potential for complementing cereal, as their content in lysine and threonine is high. The concentrates have the additional advantage of allowing effective supplementation without increasing the legume-cereal ratio.", "PMID": 753176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9136", "title": "[Effect of various heat treatments in the hemagglutinin content and in the protein quality of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)].", "content": "The effect of pre-soaking raw seed beans upon detoxification and the biological quality of its protein were evaluated. In whole raw seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. \"t\u00f3rtola\", the net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility and hemagglutinin titer were determined after 60', 90' and 120' of heat treatment, with and without 14 hours of pre-soaking. It is concluded that soaking prior to cooking is not necessary to eliminate the toxicity of dry beans, but that it does contribute to the softening of seeds and reduction of cooking time. The hemagglutinin levels of six commercial bean flours were evaluated, concluding that almost all of them presented toxic levels. The effect of the cooking methods upon the toxicity of bean flours was studied. Two raw bean flours, var. \"t\u00f3rtola\" and \"burro\" at 10% and 20%, were cooked employing different boiling times (5, 10, 15 and 30'). The two raw samples contained high hemagglutinin levels which were inactivated at 10% with 10' cooking. The presence of toxic levels was detected at 20% after 15' cooking and these were eliminated at 30' of cooking.", "contents": "[Effect of various heat treatments in the hemagglutinin content and in the protein quality of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)]. The effect of pre-soaking raw seed beans upon detoxification and the biological quality of its protein were evaluated. In whole raw seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. \"t\u00f3rtola\", the net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility and hemagglutinin titer were determined after 60', 90' and 120' of heat treatment, with and without 14 hours of pre-soaking. It is concluded that soaking prior to cooking is not necessary to eliminate the toxicity of dry beans, but that it does contribute to the softening of seeds and reduction of cooking time. The hemagglutinin levels of six commercial bean flours were evaluated, concluding that almost all of them presented toxic levels. The effect of the cooking methods upon the toxicity of bean flours was studied. Two raw bean flours, var. \"t\u00f3rtola\" and \"burro\" at 10% and 20%, were cooked employing different boiling times (5, 10, 15 and 30'). The two raw samples contained high hemagglutinin levels which were inactivated at 10% with 10' cooking. The presence of toxic levels was detected at 20% after 15' cooking and these were eliminated at 30' of cooking.", "PMID": 753177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9137", "title": "[Nutritive value of the spirulina algae (Spirulina maxima)].", "content": "Nine experiments were conducted, five of them in vivo to determine the limiting amino acids and digestibility of spiruline algae for the rat, and four in vitro to determine the digestibility of the product in pepsin and ruminal liquid. None of the amino acids studied (lysine, methionine, histidine) added alone or in combination to 10% protein (either crude or true) diets provided exclusively by spiruline, seems to be limiting although the results could be masked by the low palatability and acceptability of the product by the rats. The apparent digestibility of the algae was 67.4%. For the in vitro tests, the algae were subjected to several physical or chemical treatments, and the digestibility of the resulting product determined by four different techniques. In no case did the tested treatments have any effect on its digestibility.", "contents": "[Nutritive value of the spirulina algae (Spirulina maxima)]. Nine experiments were conducted, five of them in vivo to determine the limiting amino acids and digestibility of spiruline algae for the rat, and four in vitro to determine the digestibility of the product in pepsin and ruminal liquid. None of the amino acids studied (lysine, methionine, histidine) added alone or in combination to 10% protein (either crude or true) diets provided exclusively by spiruline, seems to be limiting although the results could be masked by the low palatability and acceptability of the product by the rats. The apparent digestibility of the algae was 67.4%. For the in vitro tests, the algae were subjected to several physical or chemical treatments, and the digestibility of the resulting product determined by four different techniques. In no case did the tested treatments have any effect on its digestibility.", "PMID": 753178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9138", "title": "[Evaluation of coffee pulp as a possible substitute for corn in poultry rations].", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the possibility of using coffee pulp as an ingredient of chick rations. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the biological effect of adding sodium metabisulfite on the nitritive value of the agricultural by-product. Fifteen day-old chicks were fed rations containing 10, 20 and 30% coffee pulp, untreated and treated with 1 and 2% solutions of sodium metabisulfite. After three weeks on these rations, the animals were switched to one containing 30% coffee pulp, for five weeks. Results of the first experimental period showed a negative effect of coffee pulp on weight gain, feed conversion and water consumption on a water intake/weight basis. Apparently, treatment of coffee pulp with a 2% solution of sodium metabisulfite improved the above parameters but without reaching those attained by the control ration. In the second part of the study, the groups fed 30% coffee pulp, with and without metabisulfite treatment, gained less weight and showed lower feed conversion efficiencies than the control group. An interesting fact was the absence of mortality even in those groups fed 30% coffee pulp in the first part of the study. From these data it is concluded that coffee pulp at levels of 10% can be used with no problem in chick rations. It is necessary, however, to carry out additional studies before recommending the use of this by-product in poultry rations.", "contents": "[Evaluation of coffee pulp as a possible substitute for corn in poultry rations]. A study was conducted to determine the possibility of using coffee pulp as an ingredient of chick rations. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the biological effect of adding sodium metabisulfite on the nitritive value of the agricultural by-product. Fifteen day-old chicks were fed rations containing 10, 20 and 30% coffee pulp, untreated and treated with 1 and 2% solutions of sodium metabisulfite. After three weeks on these rations, the animals were switched to one containing 30% coffee pulp, for five weeks. Results of the first experimental period showed a negative effect of coffee pulp on weight gain, feed conversion and water consumption on a water intake/weight basis. Apparently, treatment of coffee pulp with a 2% solution of sodium metabisulfite improved the above parameters but without reaching those attained by the control ration. In the second part of the study, the groups fed 30% coffee pulp, with and without metabisulfite treatment, gained less weight and showed lower feed conversion efficiencies than the control group. An interesting fact was the absence of mortality even in those groups fed 30% coffee pulp in the first part of the study. From these data it is concluded that coffee pulp at levels of 10% can be used with no problem in chick rations. It is necessary, however, to carry out additional studies before recommending the use of this by-product in poultry rations.", "PMID": 753179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9139", "title": "[The nutritional factor in the growth and development of children from 0 to 6 years of age: methodology of a longitudinal study].", "content": "In order to pursue a study on the growth and development of French-Canadian children from birth to 6 years of age, 496 pregnant women were selected in the Montreal area. A complete survey of the family's social and medical background, along with the parents' height and weight was recorded through a prenatal interview that generally took place towards the last trimester of pregnancy. In the course of the same interview the mother participated in a quantitative investigation of her own diet during pregnancy, and filled in a 24-hour food record that was revised by the nutritionist to further precise the actual quantities of food ingested. Perinatal events and anthropometric measurements at birth were recorded. The babies were examined at the Center every 3 months up to the age of 18 months, and then at 24 months old; thereafter they are seen annually within more or less 7 days of the date of their birthday. The medical examinations are performed by a multi-professional team responsible for analyzing the various factors influencing the growth and development of the child. Since nutrition is one of the outstanding aspects of this study, the present article deals with the investigation of two known methods for evaluating the mother's nutrition during pregnancy, as well as that of the child during his first years of life.", "contents": "[The nutritional factor in the growth and development of children from 0 to 6 years of age: methodology of a longitudinal study]. In order to pursue a study on the growth and development of French-Canadian children from birth to 6 years of age, 496 pregnant women were selected in the Montreal area. A complete survey of the family's social and medical background, along with the parents' height and weight was recorded through a prenatal interview that generally took place towards the last trimester of pregnancy. In the course of the same interview the mother participated in a quantitative investigation of her own diet during pregnancy, and filled in a 24-hour food record that was revised by the nutritionist to further precise the actual quantities of food ingested. Perinatal events and anthropometric measurements at birth were recorded. The babies were examined at the Center every 3 months up to the age of 18 months, and then at 24 months old; thereafter they are seen annually within more or less 7 days of the date of their birthday. The medical examinations are performed by a multi-professional team responsible for analyzing the various factors influencing the growth and development of the child. Since nutrition is one of the outstanding aspects of this study, the present article deals with the investigation of two known methods for evaluating the mother's nutrition during pregnancy, as well as that of the child during his first years of life.", "PMID": 753180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9140", "title": "[Use of tests based on the analysis of expired air in nutritional studies].", "content": "Tests based on the analysis of the gaseous components of expired air have been developed to study intestinal absorption and intermediary metabolism of various nutrients. This paper reviews the breath-analysis tests based on the measurement of CH4, H2, and isotopically-labelled CO2 for studying the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and bile salts, and intrahepatic metabolism. New technology employing mass spectrometry allows the use of the stable isotope, carbon-13, instead of the radioactive isotope, carbon-14, for CO2 breath tests. The nutritional application of the breath-analysis tests is discussed, and the advantages of the non-radioactive, non-invasive procedures, especially for use in children and pregnant women in whom standard investigational methods represent a discomfort or a radioactive hazard, are emphasized.", "contents": "[Use of tests based on the analysis of expired air in nutritional studies]. Tests based on the analysis of the gaseous components of expired air have been developed to study intestinal absorption and intermediary metabolism of various nutrients. This paper reviews the breath-analysis tests based on the measurement of CH4, H2, and isotopically-labelled CO2 for studying the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and bile salts, and intrahepatic metabolism. New technology employing mass spectrometry allows the use of the stable isotope, carbon-13, instead of the radioactive isotope, carbon-14, for CO2 breath tests. The nutritional application of the breath-analysis tests is discussed, and the advantages of the non-radioactive, non-invasive procedures, especially for use in children and pregnant women in whom standard investigational methods represent a discomfort or a radioactive hazard, are emphasized.", "PMID": 753181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9141", "title": "[Effect of storage on the levels of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in freeze dried red guava (Psidium guayava L.)].", "content": "The retention of ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and sensory properties of freeze-dried red guava pulp stored during 18 months in hermetically sealed brown glass flasks, at room temperature (ca. 25 degrees C) was studied. The results showed that the losses during freeze-drying were of 8.13% for ascorbic acid and 0.63% for beta-carotene. During storage more pronounced losses of these elements occurred during the first six months, becoming progressively smaller and almost irrelevant at the end of the period. The sensory evaluation of the reconstituted pulp showed that the retention of flavor was good. A Gompertz curve was fitted to observe data and showed to be efficient in explaining the trend of reduction for both elements under study. The excellent retention of ascorbic acid, the relatively fair retention of beta-carotene during processing and storage of freeze-dried red guava pulp, and the good conservation of flavor of the reconstituted pulp are evidences of the importance of this process for preserving and storing fruit pulps.", "contents": "[Effect of storage on the levels of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in freeze dried red guava (Psidium guayava L.)]. The retention of ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and sensory properties of freeze-dried red guava pulp stored during 18 months in hermetically sealed brown glass flasks, at room temperature (ca. 25 degrees C) was studied. The results showed that the losses during freeze-drying were of 8.13% for ascorbic acid and 0.63% for beta-carotene. During storage more pronounced losses of these elements occurred during the first six months, becoming progressively smaller and almost irrelevant at the end of the period. The sensory evaluation of the reconstituted pulp showed that the retention of flavor was good. A Gompertz curve was fitted to observe data and showed to be efficient in explaining the trend of reduction for both elements under study. The excellent retention of ascorbic acid, the relatively fair retention of beta-carotene during processing and storage of freeze-dried red guava pulp, and the good conservation of flavor of the reconstituted pulp are evidences of the importance of this process for preserving and storing fruit pulps.", "PMID": 753184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9142", "title": "Hatchery waste: nutritional evaluation of non-hatched eggs.", "content": "Hen's non-hatched eggs were processed by boiling for 30 minutes, milling in a meat grinder, and drying at 60 degrees C with continuous ventilation. The product contained 36% of protein, 27% of ether extract, 17% of ash, 10% of calcium, and 0.6% of phosphorus. The quality of the protein was comparable to that of a reference casein and of fresh egg meal, as determined by protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization.", "contents": "Hatchery waste: nutritional evaluation of non-hatched eggs. Hen's non-hatched eggs were processed by boiling for 30 minutes, milling in a meat grinder, and drying at 60 degrees C with continuous ventilation. The product contained 36% of protein, 27% of ether extract, 17% of ash, 10% of calcium, and 0.6% of phosphorus. The quality of the protein was comparable to that of a reference casein and of fresh egg meal, as determined by protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization.", "PMID": 753185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9143", "title": "[The heparin-dependent inhibition of the accumulation of 131J-fibrinogen in the solid form of Walker-256-carcinosarcoma of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous injection of 131J-fibrinogen results in a selective accumulation of radioactivity in the solid Walker-256-carcinosarcoma of the rat. An effective anticoagulation with heparin beginning before administration of the radio-iodinated fibrinogen and continued up to the end of the experiment inhibits the enrichment of radioactivity. It is supposed that the radioactivity in the tumor is correlated to the deposition of 131J-fibrin. A clotting process in tumor transforms both fibrinogen and 131J-fibrinogen to fibrin resp. 131J-fibrin. This conversion is thrombin-dependent might be blocked by heparin. The tumor growth is not influenced by the presence of heparin.", "contents": "[The heparin-dependent inhibition of the accumulation of 131J-fibrinogen in the solid form of Walker-256-carcinosarcoma of the rat (author's transl)]. The intravenous injection of 131J-fibrinogen results in a selective accumulation of radioactivity in the solid Walker-256-carcinosarcoma of the rat. An effective anticoagulation with heparin beginning before administration of the radio-iodinated fibrinogen and continued up to the end of the experiment inhibits the enrichment of radioactivity. It is supposed that the radioactivity in the tumor is correlated to the deposition of 131J-fibrin. A clotting process in tumor transforms both fibrinogen and 131J-fibrinogen to fibrin resp. 131J-fibrin. This conversion is thrombin-dependent might be blocked by heparin. The tumor growth is not influenced by the presence of heparin.", "PMID": 753192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9144", "title": "[Test of 0,0-dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) for carcinogenic activity in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) by intraperitoneal administration (author's transl)].", "content": "0,0-Dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon; TCP) was tested for carcinogenic activity in male and female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) by intraperitoneal administration. The period of administration was 90 weeks, when maximum total doses of 204 mg (male) and 206 mg (female) TCP per animal had been injected. The study was terminated at 100 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference, when compared the total tumour incidence, or the incidence of malignant and benign tumours separated, of the groups of treated and control animals. These findings were independent from whether the groups of TCP-injected animals and controls were combined or divided by sex.", "contents": "[Test of 0,0-dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) for carcinogenic activity in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) by intraperitoneal administration (author's transl)]. 0,0-Dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon; TCP) was tested for carcinogenic activity in male and female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) by intraperitoneal administration. The period of administration was 90 weeks, when maximum total doses of 204 mg (male) and 206 mg (female) TCP per animal had been injected. The study was terminated at 100 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference, when compared the total tumour incidence, or the incidence of malignant and benign tumours separated, of the groups of treated and control animals. These findings were independent from whether the groups of TCP-injected animals and controls were combined or divided by sex.", "PMID": 753193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9145", "title": "[Studies on the immune status of melanoma patients: cell-mediated immune reactions in intracutaneous and epicutaneous tests in the lymphocyte transformation test and the leukocyte-migration inhibition test before and during BCG immunotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Active immunotherapy with BCG was carried out postoperatively in 22 patients with malignant melanoma. At the beginning and 6 months after treatment cell-mediated immune reactions were checked by both in vivo tests (intracutaneous test with tuberculin and patchtest with DNCB) and in vitro tests (lymphocyte stimulation and leukocyte migration inhibition with tuberculin and DNCB). The results have shown that stimulation of immune response may be obtained by systemic BCG therapy.", "contents": "[Studies on the immune status of melanoma patients: cell-mediated immune reactions in intracutaneous and epicutaneous tests in the lymphocyte transformation test and the leukocyte-migration inhibition test before and during BCG immunotherapy (author's transl)]. Active immunotherapy with BCG was carried out postoperatively in 22 patients with malignant melanoma. At the beginning and 6 months after treatment cell-mediated immune reactions were checked by both in vivo tests (intracutaneous test with tuberculin and patchtest with DNCB) and in vitro tests (lymphocyte stimulation and leukocyte migration inhibition with tuberculin and DNCB). The results have shown that stimulation of immune response may be obtained by systemic BCG therapy.", "PMID": 753194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9146", "title": "Epidemiologic data for environmental determination of urinary system tumours and nephropathy in an endemic region.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-eight patients diagnosed for urinary system tumours (UST), 714 patients with endemic nephropathy (EN) and 55 cases of UST and EN combined, all from endemic villages of Vratza district, Bulgaria were investigated for their familial pattern and time of diagnosis compared with the age at diagnosis. There were 144 spouses among these patients and nearly half of them came from non-endemic families and villages. The familial pattern followed the size of the population found to be at greater risk, i.e. people 40-60 years old, in particular women. Among the investigated 91 pairs of parents and children and 166 pairs of siblings the mean diagnostic interval was shorter than the mean difference of age at diagnosis. Therefore the epidemiologic data provide support to the hypothesis that possibly environment plays a predominant role in the familial aggregation and in the etiology of UST and EN in the endemic region.", "contents": "Epidemiologic data for environmental determination of urinary system tumours and nephropathy in an endemic region. One hundred and thirty-eight patients diagnosed for urinary system tumours (UST), 714 patients with endemic nephropathy (EN) and 55 cases of UST and EN combined, all from endemic villages of Vratza district, Bulgaria were investigated for their familial pattern and time of diagnosis compared with the age at diagnosis. There were 144 spouses among these patients and nearly half of them came from non-endemic families and villages. The familial pattern followed the size of the population found to be at greater risk, i.e. people 40-60 years old, in particular women. Among the investigated 91 pairs of parents and children and 166 pairs of siblings the mean diagnostic interval was shorter than the mean difference of age at diagnosis. Therefore the epidemiologic data provide support to the hypothesis that possibly environment plays a predominant role in the familial aggregation and in the etiology of UST and EN in the endemic region.", "PMID": 753195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9147", "title": "Alterations of membrane constituents in carcinomas and drug resistant tumour cells.", "content": "The cell surface changes occuring during malignant transformation are discussed. In malignant tumours, the amount of some membrane associated proteins (LETS1), myosin, collagen etc) is decreased while the amount of glycoproteins and the activity of glycosyltransferases is increased. The activity of some hydrolytic enzymes is also increased in transformed cells. The composition of membrane lipids is remarkably altered in malignant cells. The cell surface properties of the drug resistant and sensitive tumour cells are different. We found the resistant L1210 cells to be less agglutinable than the sensitive line. Pretreatment with Colchicin and Vincristin significantly reduced the agglutinability of sensitive L1210 cells. The sensitive L1210 cells are able to incorporate 3H Colchicine and 14C Vincristine more readily than the resistant L1210 cells. Growth stimulating agents like insulin, high serum concentration etc. are more effective with drug sensitive cells than with the drug resistant line.", "contents": "Alterations of membrane constituents in carcinomas and drug resistant tumour cells. The cell surface changes occuring during malignant transformation are discussed. In malignant tumours, the amount of some membrane associated proteins (LETS1), myosin, collagen etc) is decreased while the amount of glycoproteins and the activity of glycosyltransferases is increased. The activity of some hydrolytic enzymes is also increased in transformed cells. The composition of membrane lipids is remarkably altered in malignant cells. The cell surface properties of the drug resistant and sensitive tumour cells are different. We found the resistant L1210 cells to be less agglutinable than the sensitive line. Pretreatment with Colchicin and Vincristin significantly reduced the agglutinability of sensitive L1210 cells. The sensitive L1210 cells are able to incorporate 3H Colchicine and 14C Vincristine more readily than the resistant L1210 cells. Growth stimulating agents like insulin, high serum concentration etc. are more effective with drug sensitive cells than with the drug resistant line.", "PMID": 753197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9148", "title": "[Biological and social aspects of migration of the Andes population].", "content": "The effect of migration on the biology of human populations is almost unknown. While some studies of populations moving from areas which are poor and without medical care clearly show that movement into more prosperous areas improves general health, these studies fail to show the specific effects of changing physical environments. In the present study migrants from the altiplano of Southern Peru to the adjacent low altitude zones were examined. The data were compared to similar data on migrants from low altitude areas and native low altitude people. Preliminary analysis of the information collected suggested the following: 1. Adult women increase slightly their completed fertility when they move from high to low altitude. Child spacing is particularly decreased but birth sex ratios are not affected. 2. Highland migrants at low altitude produce larger newborns than they do at high altitude and these infants grow more rapidly than high altitude infants. 3. Migrants from high to low altitude suffer more respiratory symptoms than low altitude migrants or lowland natives. 4. Although highland migrants quickly adopt low altitude life styles and diets they do not show the age increases in blood pressure or high levels of serum cholesterol common in lowland natives. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that migration may have some detrimental effects on human health and physical fitness. However, more importantly they show that the specific physical environment in which an individual develops has a significant effect on the health fitness of a migrant to a new environment.", "contents": "[Biological and social aspects of migration of the Andes population]. The effect of migration on the biology of human populations is almost unknown. While some studies of populations moving from areas which are poor and without medical care clearly show that movement into more prosperous areas improves general health, these studies fail to show the specific effects of changing physical environments. In the present study migrants from the altiplano of Southern Peru to the adjacent low altitude zones were examined. The data were compared to similar data on migrants from low altitude areas and native low altitude people. Preliminary analysis of the information collected suggested the following: 1. Adult women increase slightly their completed fertility when they move from high to low altitude. Child spacing is particularly decreased but birth sex ratios are not affected. 2. Highland migrants at low altitude produce larger newborns than they do at high altitude and these infants grow more rapidly than high altitude infants. 3. Migrants from high to low altitude suffer more respiratory symptoms than low altitude migrants or lowland natives. 4. Although highland migrants quickly adopt low altitude life styles and diets they do not show the age increases in blood pressure or high levels of serum cholesterol common in lowland natives. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that migration may have some detrimental effects on human health and physical fitness. However, more importantly they show that the specific physical environment in which an individual develops has a significant effect on the health fitness of a migrant to a new environment.", "PMID": 753198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9149", "title": "[Hormonal variation during physical exertion at high altitude].", "content": "The influence of the physical exercise at high altitude on the endocrine function was studied in 8 normal native men of sea level and in 8 natives men of high altitude. The sea level dwellers were studied both, at sea level, during an acute exposure to low barometric pressure and after 3 months of acclimatization to altitudes over 3,500 meters above the sea level. The experiments at high altitude were conducted at an altitude of 4,500 meters above the sea level. Two types of exercise were carried out, sub-maximal and maximal, at fasting state, between 8 and 10 a.m. During an acute exposure to altitude the physical exercise produced a marked rise of glucose, cortisol and growth hormone and a fall in the insulin content of plasma. In the sea level dwellers, acclimatized to altitude during 3 months, an elevation of growth hormone was observed only during maximal physical effort. Marked variation in glucose and cortisol were observed during both types of exercise. This shows that in these subjects some adaptative changes have ocurred but of lesser extent as those observed in altitude natives. In the high altitude native higher basal concentrations of growth hormone and glucag\u00f3n as well as a lower glucose concentration in blood, were found. During exercise the high altitude dweller showed no significant changes in somatotropin, meanwhile an important elevation of cortisol occurred. These findings indicate that the high altitude native has metabolic and endocrine responses to exercise similar to those found in well fitted atletes of sea level. The exposure to altitude provoked a rise in glucagon concentration directly proportional to the time of exposition ot altitude. The physical exercise did not elucidate any change in the glucagon content of blood.", "contents": "[Hormonal variation during physical exertion at high altitude]. The influence of the physical exercise at high altitude on the endocrine function was studied in 8 normal native men of sea level and in 8 natives men of high altitude. The sea level dwellers were studied both, at sea level, during an acute exposure to low barometric pressure and after 3 months of acclimatization to altitudes over 3,500 meters above the sea level. The experiments at high altitude were conducted at an altitude of 4,500 meters above the sea level. Two types of exercise were carried out, sub-maximal and maximal, at fasting state, between 8 and 10 a.m. During an acute exposure to altitude the physical exercise produced a marked rise of glucose, cortisol and growth hormone and a fall in the insulin content of plasma. In the sea level dwellers, acclimatized to altitude during 3 months, an elevation of growth hormone was observed only during maximal physical effort. Marked variation in glucose and cortisol were observed during both types of exercise. This shows that in these subjects some adaptative changes have ocurred but of lesser extent as those observed in altitude natives. In the high altitude native higher basal concentrations of growth hormone and glucag\u00f3n as well as a lower glucose concentration in blood, were found. During exercise the high altitude dweller showed no significant changes in somatotropin, meanwhile an important elevation of cortisol occurred. These findings indicate that the high altitude native has metabolic and endocrine responses to exercise similar to those found in well fitted atletes of sea level. The exposure to altitude provoked a rise in glucagon concentration directly proportional to the time of exposition ot altitude. The physical exercise did not elucidate any change in the glucagon content of blood.", "PMID": 753199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9150", "title": "Changes of the stria vascularis induced by ethacrynic acid.", "content": "Histological changes in the stria vascularis of guinea pigs after the injection of ethacrynic acid (50 mg/kg) were investigated using a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The changes in permeability in the stria vascularis was also observed using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. The pathological changes originating in endothelial cells of stria blood vessels and intermediate cells spread into the marginal cells and basal cells. The most remarkable changes were observed one hour after the injection of ethacrynic acid. Subsequently, recovery began in the cells around the blood capillaries and was most complete 3--4 hours after the injection. It is presumed that the strial damages by the ethacrynic acid are caused not only by the direct effect of this drug on the strial cells but also by the disturbances of blood flow and permeability of the capillaries.", "contents": "Changes of the stria vascularis induced by ethacrynic acid. Histological changes in the stria vascularis of guinea pigs after the injection of ethacrynic acid (50 mg/kg) were investigated using a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The changes in permeability in the stria vascularis was also observed using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. The pathological changes originating in endothelial cells of stria blood vessels and intermediate cells spread into the marginal cells and basal cells. The most remarkable changes were observed one hour after the injection of ethacrynic acid. Subsequently, recovery began in the cells around the blood capillaries and was most complete 3--4 hours after the injection. It is presumed that the strial damages by the ethacrynic acid are caused not only by the direct effect of this drug on the strial cells but also by the disturbances of blood flow and permeability of the capillaries.", "PMID": 753207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9151", "title": "Densitometric studies on the shadows of paranasal sinuses in sagittal projection.", "content": "In taking a X-ray photography of the head in sagittal projection, it is most important that the center of the X-ray beam passes exactly through the median-sagittal line. If the subject turns his head either to the right or to the left, the paranasal sinuses become denser on one side, leading to erroneous interpretation of the radiographic findings. In order to eliminate such a misinterpretations, studies were carried out on the following: 1) Application of a standard of what degree of head turning to either side would start to influence judgment of the shadow of the paranasal sinuses. 2. Application of a standard to judge whether they are projected to an exact center position or not in actually diagnosing the X-ray films.", "contents": "Densitometric studies on the shadows of paranasal sinuses in sagittal projection. In taking a X-ray photography of the head in sagittal projection, it is most important that the center of the X-ray beam passes exactly through the median-sagittal line. If the subject turns his head either to the right or to the left, the paranasal sinuses become denser on one side, leading to erroneous interpretation of the radiographic findings. In order to eliminate such a misinterpretations, studies were carried out on the following: 1) Application of a standard of what degree of head turning to either side would start to influence judgment of the shadow of the paranasal sinuses. 2. Application of a standard to judge whether they are projected to an exact center position or not in actually diagnosing the X-ray films.", "PMID": 753208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9152", "title": "Combined surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy in carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "In order to avoid post-operative cosmetic and functional disabilities, we introduced simultaneous surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy in treating carcinomas of the maxillary sinus in October 1964 and have been working to perfect this procedure ever since. This combined therapy consists of 1) a \"reduction operation,\" i.e., reduction of the tumor mass, succeeded by daily cleaning of the residual tumor, 2) six external irradiation (mean dose is 1,200 rads/over a period of nine days) treatments and 3) five intra-arterial infusions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (250 mg daily) and broxuridine (BUdR) (500 mg daily). The degenerative changes of the tumor cells, as observed by histopathological examinations, appear so rapidly that, when six irradiation treatments and five infusions were given, 80% of the cases showed marked irreversible change. This degeneration is not affected by the degree of differentiation. In other words, no variation was observed between well and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In 77 cases infused with 5-FU alone, the five-year survival rate was 55%. Seventy-six percent of 45 cases infused with BUdR as well as 5-FU were still living after five years. We want to emphasize that these survivors are able to return to normal life with their eyes and palates well rehabilitated.", "contents": "Combined surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy in carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. In order to avoid post-operative cosmetic and functional disabilities, we introduced simultaneous surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy in treating carcinomas of the maxillary sinus in October 1964 and have been working to perfect this procedure ever since. This combined therapy consists of 1) a \"reduction operation,\" i.e., reduction of the tumor mass, succeeded by daily cleaning of the residual tumor, 2) six external irradiation (mean dose is 1,200 rads/over a period of nine days) treatments and 3) five intra-arterial infusions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (250 mg daily) and broxuridine (BUdR) (500 mg daily). The degenerative changes of the tumor cells, as observed by histopathological examinations, appear so rapidly that, when six irradiation treatments and five infusions were given, 80% of the cases showed marked irreversible change. This degeneration is not affected by the degree of differentiation. In other words, no variation was observed between well and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In 77 cases infused with 5-FU alone, the five-year survival rate was 55%. Seventy-six percent of 45 cases infused with BUdR as well as 5-FU were still living after five years. We want to emphasize that these survivors are able to return to normal life with their eyes and palates well rehabilitated.", "PMID": 753209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9153", "title": "The use of pulmonary scintigraphy for endobronchial foreign bodies.", "content": "Pulmonary scintigraphy using 99mTc-MAA clearly demonstrated a perfusion defect in the entire left lung of an 11-month-old girl with endobronchial foreign body. Other initial examinations, including a chest roentgenogram, showed only minimal changes. Repeated pulmonary scintigraphy 24 hr after endoscopic removal of a peanut fragment from the left main stem bronchus demonstrated almost normal blood flow in the left lung. The well-known physiological explanation for diminished pulmonary blood flow due to endobronchial foreign bodies is as follows; alveolar hypoxia caused by hypoventilation due to bronchial check-valve obstruction leads to a pulmonary vasoconstriction with resultant diminution of the regional perfusion. Furthermore, the increase in alveolar pressure caused by bronchial check-valve obstruction may play a significant role in decreased pulmonary blood flow.", "contents": "The use of pulmonary scintigraphy for endobronchial foreign bodies. Pulmonary scintigraphy using 99mTc-MAA clearly demonstrated a perfusion defect in the entire left lung of an 11-month-old girl with endobronchial foreign body. Other initial examinations, including a chest roentgenogram, showed only minimal changes. Repeated pulmonary scintigraphy 24 hr after endoscopic removal of a peanut fragment from the left main stem bronchus demonstrated almost normal blood flow in the left lung. The well-known physiological explanation for diminished pulmonary blood flow due to endobronchial foreign bodies is as follows; alveolar hypoxia caused by hypoventilation due to bronchial check-valve obstruction leads to a pulmonary vasoconstriction with resultant diminution of the regional perfusion. Furthermore, the increase in alveolar pressure caused by bronchial check-valve obstruction may play a significant role in decreased pulmonary blood flow.", "PMID": 753210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9154", "title": "An investigation of the removal of coarse plant material from lupin stubble paddocks for the control of ovine lupinosis.", "content": "The removal of course lupin material from lupin stubble paddocks did not reduce the incidence or severity of liver damage caused by the toxins of Phomopsis leptostromiformis. Furthermore, sheep grazing paddocks from which the coarse lupin material had been removed showed body weight changes no different to sheep grazing normal lupin stubbles. In addition, it was found that 6-month old wethers suffered more severe liver damage than 18-month-old wethers, and that lupin material in the paddock remained toxic for a least 6 weeks.", "contents": "An investigation of the removal of coarse plant material from lupin stubble paddocks for the control of ovine lupinosis. The removal of course lupin material from lupin stubble paddocks did not reduce the incidence or severity of liver damage caused by the toxins of Phomopsis leptostromiformis. Furthermore, sheep grazing paddocks from which the coarse lupin material had been removed showed body weight changes no different to sheep grazing normal lupin stubbles. In addition, it was found that 6-month old wethers suffered more severe liver damage than 18-month-old wethers, and that lupin material in the paddock remained toxic for a least 6 weeks.", "PMID": 753211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9155", "title": "Histological ageing of bruises in lambs and calves.", "content": "Groups of 10-day-old calves and 5-month-old lambs were bruised 48 hours, 24 hours, 8 hours, or the instant before slaughter. By gross examination, 48-hour-old calf bruises had a characteristic red-yellow colouration, but other bruises could not be differentiated reliably. By microscopic examination, bruises of all ages could be differentiated by cellular criteria common to both species. Unlike fresh lesions, 8 hour bruises contained numerous neutrophils. Twenty-four hour old bruises contained equal numbers of macrophages and neutrophils and at 48 hours macrophages, fusiform cells and new capillaries were present in the damaged muscle. The criteria established in this study could be used to determine the ages of spontaneous bruises in abattoir carcases and so provide a basis for an investigation aimed at detection of the traumatic episode from which they result.", "contents": "Histological ageing of bruises in lambs and calves. Groups of 10-day-old calves and 5-month-old lambs were bruised 48 hours, 24 hours, 8 hours, or the instant before slaughter. By gross examination, 48-hour-old calf bruises had a characteristic red-yellow colouration, but other bruises could not be differentiated reliably. By microscopic examination, bruises of all ages could be differentiated by cellular criteria common to both species. Unlike fresh lesions, 8 hour bruises contained numerous neutrophils. Twenty-four hour old bruises contained equal numbers of macrophages and neutrophils and at 48 hours macrophages, fusiform cells and new capillaries were present in the damaged muscle. The criteria established in this study could be used to determine the ages of spontaneous bruises in abattoir carcases and so provide a basis for an investigation aimed at detection of the traumatic episode from which they result.", "PMID": 753212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9156", "title": "Bovine onchocerciasis: aspects of carcase infection.", "content": "The distribution of the three known species of Onchocerca in Australian cattle is described. O. gutterosa was found in the ligamentum nuchae, on the scapular cartilage and in the hip, stifle and shoulder regiobns. Nodules of O. gibsoni were found in the brisket, stifle and hip regions, while O; lienalis occurred along the gastrosplenic ligament and above the xiphisternum. O. gutturosa is potentially the most important species to the meat industry since it is widely distributed in the carcase and is easily missed during inspection. Trimming procedures which could be used to ensure removal of known sites of infection are outlined.", "contents": "Bovine onchocerciasis: aspects of carcase infection. The distribution of the three known species of Onchocerca in Australian cattle is described. O. gutterosa was found in the ligamentum nuchae, on the scapular cartilage and in the hip, stifle and shoulder regiobns. Nodules of O. gibsoni were found in the brisket, stifle and hip regions, while O; lienalis occurred along the gastrosplenic ligament and above the xiphisternum. O. gutturosa is potentially the most important species to the meat industry since it is widely distributed in the carcase and is easily missed during inspection. Trimming procedures which could be used to ensure removal of known sites of infection are outlined.", "PMID": 753213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9157", "title": "The isolation and characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus from an exotic parrot.", "content": "A newcastle disease virus was isolated from a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) illegally introduced into Australia, Viral-characterisation and chicken-transmission studies indicated that the isolate, G5320/1, was a lentogenic pathotype. It caused a severe respiratory disease in chickens exposed oronasally at 1-day old and in chickens housed at 1 day of age with chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus. No harmful effects were detected in 5-week old chickens inoculated intravenously or oranasally with the virus.", "contents": "The isolation and characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus from an exotic parrot. A newcastle disease virus was isolated from a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) illegally introduced into Australia, Viral-characterisation and chicken-transmission studies indicated that the isolate, G5320/1, was a lentogenic pathotype. It caused a severe respiratory disease in chickens exposed oronasally at 1-day old and in chickens housed at 1 day of age with chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus. No harmful effects were detected in 5-week old chickens inoculated intravenously or oranasally with the virus.", "PMID": 753214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9158", "title": "Effective sedation of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice with a mixture of fentanyl and droperidol.", "content": "A minimun effective dose rate for Innovar-vet was established for producing sedation of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice. The level of sedation permitted a minimum of restraint and abolished painreactions. No special precautions were necessary and administration was by simple intra-muscular injection. Recovery occurred within 1-2 hours and was uneventful and without excitement. A single operator was able to carry out bleeding safely, and would be able to carry out other minor procedures with minimal stress to the animal.", "contents": "Effective sedation of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice with a mixture of fentanyl and droperidol. A minimun effective dose rate for Innovar-vet was established for producing sedation of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice. The level of sedation permitted a minimum of restraint and abolished painreactions. No special precautions were necessary and administration was by simple intra-muscular injection. Recovery occurred within 1-2 hours and was uneventful and without excitement. A single operator was able to carry out bleeding safely, and would be able to carry out other minor procedures with minimal stress to the animal.", "PMID": 753215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9159", "title": "Isolations of akabane virus from sentinel cattle and Culicoides brevitarsis.", "content": "A total of 14 isolations of Akabane virus were made from the blood of five cattle during sub-clinical infection. The serial isolation of this virus from four of these animals suggests a viraemia of at least 3 or 4 days. Neutralising antibody to Akabane virus in the serum of infected calves reached an initial peak titre of 32 to 256 four to five days after the viraemia but later uose further to a range of 64 to 512. Three isolations of Akabane virus were made from Culicoides brevitarsis collected nearby in the same period. C. brevitarsis was the dominant haematophagous midge present during that time. These findings strengthen the case for C. brevitarsis to be considered as a vector of Akabane virus.", "contents": "Isolations of akabane virus from sentinel cattle and Culicoides brevitarsis. A total of 14 isolations of Akabane virus were made from the blood of five cattle during sub-clinical infection. The serial isolation of this virus from four of these animals suggests a viraemia of at least 3 or 4 days. Neutralising antibody to Akabane virus in the serum of infected calves reached an initial peak titre of 32 to 256 four to five days after the viraemia but later uose further to a range of 64 to 512. Three isolations of Akabane virus were made from Culicoides brevitarsis collected nearby in the same period. C. brevitarsis was the dominant haematophagous midge present during that time. These findings strengthen the case for C. brevitarsis to be considered as a vector of Akabane virus.", "PMID": 753220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9160", "title": "Effectiveness of broad spectrum anthelmintics against selected strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis.", "content": "A field population of Trichostrongylus columbriformis was divided into 4 lines for exposure to selection in the laboratory. The first line was selected with 50 mg/kg thiabendazole, the second with 4 mg/kg morantel tartrate, the third with 50 mg/kg thiabendazole followed by 4 mg/kg morantel tartrate and the fourth line was not selected for drug resistance. Following at least 9 generations of selection there was no difference in LD50 OR LD95 between the unselected and single selected strains of worms. The strain selected by both tiabendazole and morantel tartrate had a significantly higher LD50 against thiabendazole, morantel tartrate and levamisole than did the other three strains. The single selected strains had LD95's of 172, 21.5 and 2.3 mg/kg for thiabendazole, morantel tartrate and levamisole respectively, compared with corresponding values of 111, 17.3 and 2.4 in the unselected strain and 124, 15.5 and 3.0 in the double selected strain. The estimated efficiency of the recommended dose of each anthelmintic against the unselected field strain was;-thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) 50% efficient, morantel tartrate (8.8 mg/kg) 76% efficient and levamisole (7.0 mg/kg) 99.9%efficient.", "contents": "Effectiveness of broad spectrum anthelmintics against selected strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A field population of Trichostrongylus columbriformis was divided into 4 lines for exposure to selection in the laboratory. The first line was selected with 50 mg/kg thiabendazole, the second with 4 mg/kg morantel tartrate, the third with 50 mg/kg thiabendazole followed by 4 mg/kg morantel tartrate and the fourth line was not selected for drug resistance. Following at least 9 generations of selection there was no difference in LD50 OR LD95 between the unselected and single selected strains of worms. The strain selected by both tiabendazole and morantel tartrate had a significantly higher LD50 against thiabendazole, morantel tartrate and levamisole than did the other three strains. The single selected strains had LD95's of 172, 21.5 and 2.3 mg/kg for thiabendazole, morantel tartrate and levamisole respectively, compared with corresponding values of 111, 17.3 and 2.4 in the unselected strain and 124, 15.5 and 3.0 in the double selected strain. The estimated efficiency of the recommended dose of each anthelmintic against the unselected field strain was;-thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) 50% efficient, morantel tartrate (8.8 mg/kg) 76% efficient and levamisole (7.0 mg/kg) 99.9%efficient.", "PMID": 753221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9161", "title": "[Methods of treatment of perferating plantar pain by using a pneumatic sole].", "content": "A--A natural hydrostatic phenomenon, at the level of the ends of the plantar arcs, diffuses body weight, as PAIN plays the role of outsentry (fig.--1) (5); B--Plantar perforating ulceration (PPU) is caused by a combination of INSENSITIVITY and TRAUMATIS (1); C--The patient reposing, as body weight (traumatism) effects disappear, cicatrization process can be easily observed; D--PNEUMATIC INSOLE, being elastic, diffuses localized compression at the ends of the plantar arcs, reduces attrition, makes easier blood circulation, as well as cure and prophylaxis of PPU (fig.--6) (3).", "contents": "[Methods of treatment of perferating plantar pain by using a pneumatic sole]. A--A natural hydrostatic phenomenon, at the level of the ends of the plantar arcs, diffuses body weight, as PAIN plays the role of outsentry (fig.--1) (5); B--Plantar perforating ulceration (PPU) is caused by a combination of INSENSITIVITY and TRAUMATIS (1); C--The patient reposing, as body weight (traumatism) effects disappear, cicatrization process can be easily observed; D--PNEUMATIC INSOLE, being elastic, diffuses localized compression at the ends of the plantar arcs, reduces attrition, makes easier blood circulation, as well as cure and prophylaxis of PPU (fig.--6) (3).", "PMID": 753237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9162", "title": "[Observations in relation to the epidemic outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Ribeira Valley (S\u00e3o Paulo), 1978].", "content": "The author relates peculiarities of epidemical irruption of the Tegument Leishmaniasis, occurred in the Ribeira Valley, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil, in 1978. The work is divided into three parts: I--Geographical and ecological aspects of the place where the irruption occurred; II--A concise review of the clinic-epidemiological characteristics of the tegumental leishmaniasis; III--Informations on epidemic level about the epidemical irruption and the setting of the subject in order to debate the probable causes of the event.", "contents": "[Observations in relation to the epidemic outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Ribeira Valley (S\u00e3o Paulo), 1978]. The author relates peculiarities of epidemical irruption of the Tegument Leishmaniasis, occurred in the Ribeira Valley, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil, in 1978. The work is divided into three parts: I--Geographical and ecological aspects of the place where the irruption occurred; II--A concise review of the clinic-epidemiological characteristics of the tegumental leishmaniasis; III--Informations on epidemic level about the epidemical irruption and the setting of the subject in order to debate the probable causes of the event.", "PMID": 753241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9163", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the orchiectomized rat].", "content": "Morphometrical analysis of lymphoid organs has been performed 30 days after bilateral orchidectomy in Wistar rats. The percentage of thymus cortical area and of lymph node paracortical areas (filled with large lymphoid cells) has been found increased. These morphological changes seem to indicate that orchidectomy enhance lymph node cell-mediated immune response in the rat.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the orchiectomized rat]. Morphometrical analysis of lymphoid organs has been performed 30 days after bilateral orchidectomy in Wistar rats. The percentage of thymus cortical area and of lymph node paracortical areas (filled with large lymphoid cells) has been found increased. These morphological changes seem to indicate that orchidectomy enhance lymph node cell-mediated immune response in the rat.", "PMID": 753275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9164", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the ovariectomized rat].", "content": "Morphometrical analysis of lymphoid organs has been performed 30 days after bilateral ovariectomy in Wistar rats. The percentage of thymus medullary area and lymph node cortical area (containing numerous large germinal centers) have been found increased. No significant changes there were in paracortical areas. The enlarged thymus medullary area, showing small lymphocytes in lymphatic vessels, could be correlated with the hyperfunction of \"helper\" T-lymphocytes. These findings indicate that morphological signs of increased antibody mediated immunity of the lymphoid organs appear in ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the ovariectomized rat]. Morphometrical analysis of lymphoid organs has been performed 30 days after bilateral ovariectomy in Wistar rats. The percentage of thymus medullary area and lymph node cortical area (containing numerous large germinal centers) have been found increased. No significant changes there were in paracortical areas. The enlarged thymus medullary area, showing small lymphocytes in lymphatic vessels, could be correlated with the hyperfunction of \"helper\" T-lymphocytes. These findings indicate that morphological signs of increased antibody mediated immunity of the lymphoid organs appear in ovariectomized rats.", "PMID": 753276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9165", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the hypophysectomized rat].", "content": "The effects of hypophysectomy on the lymphoid organs were evaluated in Wistar rats by morphometrical analysis: after 30 days the percentage of thymus cortical area and lymph node paracortical areas were reduced. In the thymus cortex, signs of orthological involution (e.c.: nodular cortex) appeared. A significant enlargement of lymph node cortical areas, containing a high number of germinal centers with degenerative changes, could be seen. These findings suggest a significant trophic action of hypophysis on thymus and, perhaps, an impaired lymph node antibody mediated response due to the loss of T-B cooperation.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs in the hypophysectomized rat]. The effects of hypophysectomy on the lymphoid organs were evaluated in Wistar rats by morphometrical analysis: after 30 days the percentage of thymus cortical area and lymph node paracortical areas were reduced. In the thymus cortex, signs of orthological involution (e.c.: nodular cortex) appeared. A significant enlargement of lymph node cortical areas, containing a high number of germinal centers with degenerative changes, could be seen. These findings suggest a significant trophic action of hypophysis on thymus and, perhaps, an impaired lymph node antibody mediated response due to the loss of T-B cooperation.", "PMID": 753277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9166", "title": "Adult human autoimmune thymus transplantation into nude mice - functioning of human thymus epithelium  in nude mice.", "content": "Thymuses from patients with autoimmune disease were transplanted into nude mice. The thymus transplants survived for over 40 days and evidence of restoration of thymic function was observed. The de facto loss of human thymocytes from the implanted tissue resulted in an in vitro culture of pure thymus epithelium. The results suggest that adult human autoimmune thymus has the functional ability to restore immunocompetence for a thymusless mouse, and that human \"thymic hormone\" is a substance which does not have species specificity. This new approach to the functional activity of thymus epithelium may also be useful for a study in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Adult human autoimmune thymus transplantation into nude mice - functioning of human thymus epithelium  in nude mice. Thymuses from patients with autoimmune disease were transplanted into nude mice. The thymus transplants survived for over 40 days and evidence of restoration of thymic function was observed. The de facto loss of human thymocytes from the implanted tissue resulted in an in vitro culture of pure thymus epithelium. The results suggest that adult human autoimmune thymus has the functional ability to restore immunocompetence for a thymusless mouse, and that human \"thymic hormone\" is a substance which does not have species specificity. This new approach to the functional activity of thymus epithelium may also be useful for a study in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 753369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9167", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of peptichemio on synchronized EUE cells.", "content": "The effect of Peptichemio (PTC) on cellular growth and on macromolecular syntheses was analyzed through the cell cycle of EUE cells. The cell response to the various treatments was measured by determining plating efficiency, growth rates and incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses. Three maximum inhibition points were found on cell survival, one corresponding to the early G1, another to the middle S and a last one to the late G2. Parallel experiments of incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and proteins revealed an effect only on DNA during the early and middle S phase.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of peptichemio on synchronized EUE cells. The effect of Peptichemio (PTC) on cellular growth and on macromolecular syntheses was analyzed through the cell cycle of EUE cells. The cell response to the various treatments was measured by determining plating efficiency, growth rates and incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses. Three maximum inhibition points were found on cell survival, one corresponding to the early G1, another to the middle S and a last one to the late G2. Parallel experiments of incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and proteins revealed an effect only on DNA during the early and middle S phase.", "PMID": 753370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9168", "title": "The aggregational status of cholera enterotoxin fragment A following biochemical fractionation.", "content": "Aggregates of frabment A of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin were revealed following isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea of molecular sieve chromatography in 4% (v/v) formic acid. These aggregates consisted of dimers which required the presence of 10 M urea, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2 mM ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and heat (60 degrees C for 1 h) for complete dissociation. All aggregates were homogeneous when tested by standard analytical and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or immunodiffusion analysis. Aggregates of fragment A were biologically active in the mouse Y1 adrenal cell assay.", "contents": "The aggregational status of cholera enterotoxin fragment A following biochemical fractionation. Aggregates of frabment A of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin were revealed following isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea of molecular sieve chromatography in 4% (v/v) formic acid. These aggregates consisted of dimers which required the presence of 10 M urea, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2 mM ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and heat (60 degrees C for 1 h) for complete dissociation. All aggregates were homogeneous when tested by standard analytical and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or immunodiffusion analysis. Aggregates of fragment A were biologically active in the mouse Y1 adrenal cell assay.", "PMID": 753371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9169", "title": "Cytometric observations on hemopoietic kidney tissue in catfish (Ictalurus melas).", "content": "Peroxidase-positive and negative lymphoid hemoblasts present in Catfish kidney were measured, in order to verify whether large lymphoid hemoblasts give rise to the granulocytic leukocytes and small lymphoid hemoblasts give rise to the erythrocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes. The cytometric study indicates that granulocytic cells arise prevalently by large and intermediate sized hemoblasts, but also by small hemoblasts. The other cells arise prevalently by small and intermediated sized hemoblasts and by large ones as well. Two different types of hemoblasts were distinguished but not on the basis of their size.", "contents": "Cytometric observations on hemopoietic kidney tissue in catfish (Ictalurus melas). Peroxidase-positive and negative lymphoid hemoblasts present in Catfish kidney were measured, in order to verify whether large lymphoid hemoblasts give rise to the granulocytic leukocytes and small lymphoid hemoblasts give rise to the erythrocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes. The cytometric study indicates that granulocytic cells arise prevalently by large and intermediate sized hemoblasts, but also by small hemoblasts. The other cells arise prevalently by small and intermediated sized hemoblasts and by large ones as well. Two different types of hemoblasts were distinguished but not on the basis of their size.", "PMID": 753372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9170", "title": "Sex pheromone of Poecilocerus pictus (Fabricus) (acridoidea: pyrogomorphidae): I. Experimental identification and external morphology of the female sex pheromone gland.", "content": "Bioassay experiments showed the presence of sex pheromone in females of Poecilocerus pictus. It was further confirmed experimentally that the sex pheromone substances are secreted in the metathoracic and first two abdominal segments. Dissections of the females revealed the presence of a thin sac-like gland in the metathoracic segment. Ethernal extract of this gland was tested in a bioassaying apparatus to confirm its identity as a sex pheromone producing organ.", "contents": "Sex pheromone of Poecilocerus pictus (Fabricus) (acridoidea: pyrogomorphidae): I. Experimental identification and external morphology of the female sex pheromone gland. Bioassay experiments showed the presence of sex pheromone in females of Poecilocerus pictus. It was further confirmed experimentally that the sex pheromone substances are secreted in the metathoracic and first two abdominal segments. Dissections of the females revealed the presence of a thin sac-like gland in the metathoracic segment. Ethernal extract of this gland was tested in a bioassaying apparatus to confirm its identity as a sex pheromone producing organ.", "PMID": 753373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9171", "title": "The influence of certain B12-antagonists upon trichomonas foetus.", "content": "The antagonistic substances used in our experiments showed various relationships to the pathogenic protozoa Trichomonas foetus. Theseinacid and L-2-Methyl-2-Aminoaethenole demonstrated comparable inhibiting influences on the Trichomonas population. Puriniribosid, 6-Mercaptopurine, 4-Mercaptopteridine and Decobald-Cobamide exercised no recognisable influence on the Trichomonas foetus.", "contents": "The influence of certain B12-antagonists upon trichomonas foetus. The antagonistic substances used in our experiments showed various relationships to the pathogenic protozoa Trichomonas foetus. Theseinacid and L-2-Methyl-2-Aminoaethenole demonstrated comparable inhibiting influences on the Trichomonas population. Puriniribosid, 6-Mercaptopurine, 4-Mercaptopteridine and Decobald-Cobamide exercised no recognisable influence on the Trichomonas foetus.", "PMID": 753374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9172", "title": "Proline metabolism in heteroptera from different environment.", "content": "Free amino acids composition of six Heteropteran insects belonging to aquatic and terrestral habitate has been observed and it is suggested that the distribution of proline is related to the habitate of these insects. Proline probably plays a role in the retention/conservation of the water in terrestrial insects.", "contents": "Proline metabolism in heteroptera from different environment. Free amino acids composition of six Heteropteran insects belonging to aquatic and terrestral habitate has been observed and it is suggested that the distribution of proline is related to the habitate of these insects. Proline probably plays a role in the retention/conservation of the water in terrestrial insects.", "PMID": 753375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9173", "title": "The markers of pig heart mitochondrial sub-fractions. II. - On the association of malate dehydrogenase with inner membrane.", "content": "Malate dehydrogenase, reputed to be a soluble matricial enzyme, is shown to be also strongly associated with the inner membrane, in pig heart mitochondria. Repeated sonications, water washes, freezing-thawing cycles are not very effective to remove malate dehydrogenase activity from inner membranes, which whatever the treatment, remains important. This activity is only partly solubilized by the substrates, malate or oxaloacetate. High ionic strength treatments by either NaCl-carbonate or 3M KCl have a strong effect, but they also remove cytochrome c oxidase and rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, reputed inner membrane intrinsic enzymes, thus strongly damaging the inner membrane. After the action of phospholipase A from Naja Naja Venom, the residual activity is about twenty per cent and only phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine decreased significantly, the other phospholipids being unchanged. It is suggested that the enzyme is deeply buried in the membrane and mainly interacts with phosphatidyl choline.", "contents": "The markers of pig heart mitochondrial sub-fractions. II. - On the association of malate dehydrogenase with inner membrane. Malate dehydrogenase, reputed to be a soluble matricial enzyme, is shown to be also strongly associated with the inner membrane, in pig heart mitochondria. Repeated sonications, water washes, freezing-thawing cycles are not very effective to remove malate dehydrogenase activity from inner membranes, which whatever the treatment, remains important. This activity is only partly solubilized by the substrates, malate or oxaloacetate. High ionic strength treatments by either NaCl-carbonate or 3M KCl have a strong effect, but they also remove cytochrome c oxidase and rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, reputed inner membrane intrinsic enzymes, thus strongly damaging the inner membrane. After the action of phospholipase A from Naja Naja Venom, the residual activity is about twenty per cent and only phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine decreased significantly, the other phospholipids being unchanged. It is suggested that the enzyme is deeply buried in the membrane and mainly interacts with phosphatidyl choline.", "PMID": 753379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9174", "title": "Phospholipid metabolism of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts after serum stimulation and through the G1 and S cell cycle phases : incorporation and disappearance of 32P.", "content": "Phospholipid metabolism of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts has been studied after serum stimulation of arrested cells. The study of [32Pi] incorporation shows : a) in the case of PE and PC an early peak of incorporation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, 6 hours after serum addition; b) in the case of PI an intense initial increasing of the incorporation which continues up to a S phase peak. The study of the disappearance of [32P] Phosphate from the different phospholipids points out: a) at the beginning of serum stimulation, an intense breakdown of PI, that continues through the G1 and S phases. Except at the onset, the breakdown of PI, is at any time exactly compensated for by synthesis : the two phenomena are closely linked; b) a synthesis of PE, from PC probably, at the G1 phase, 4 hours after the serum addition and the beginning of the chase experiment.", "contents": "Phospholipid metabolism of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts after serum stimulation and through the G1 and S cell cycle phases : incorporation and disappearance of 32P. Phospholipid metabolism of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts has been studied after serum stimulation of arrested cells. The study of [32Pi] incorporation shows : a) in the case of PE and PC an early peak of incorporation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, 6 hours after serum addition; b) in the case of PI an intense initial increasing of the incorporation which continues up to a S phase peak. The study of the disappearance of [32P] Phosphate from the different phospholipids points out: a) at the beginning of serum stimulation, an intense breakdown of PI, that continues through the G1 and S phases. Except at the onset, the breakdown of PI, is at any time exactly compensated for by synthesis : the two phenomena are closely linked; b) a synthesis of PE, from PC probably, at the G1 phase, 4 hours after the serum addition and the beginning of the chase experiment.", "PMID": 753380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9175", "title": "Separation and biological properties of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins.", "content": "Two isolectins (L4E0-PHA and L0E4-PHA) from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin and by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The L4E0-PHA isolectin was not retarded on the affinity column and was eluted from the hydroxyapatite column with a 0.1 M Phosphate buffer. This isolectin had no erythroagglutinating activity but had high lymphoagglutinating and lymphocyte stimulating activities. The L0E4-PHA isolectin was adsorbed on the affinity column and was eluted from the hydroxyapatite column with a 0.25 M Phosphate buffer. This isolectin has a higo lymphocyte stimulating activity. These two isolectins are shown however to be closely related with respect to their oligomeric structure and reactivity towards anti-PHA antibodies. The lack of mitogenic activity of the L0E4-PHA isolectin suggests that in the other isolectins, the E monomer is not responsible for their mitogenic activity and that the membrane glycoproteins, which contain the E monomer - specific oligosaccharide, are not involved in the process inducing mitosis.", "contents": "Separation and biological properties of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins. Two isolectins (L4E0-PHA and L0E4-PHA) from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin and by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The L4E0-PHA isolectin was not retarded on the affinity column and was eluted from the hydroxyapatite column with a 0.1 M Phosphate buffer. This isolectin had no erythroagglutinating activity but had high lymphoagglutinating and lymphocyte stimulating activities. The L0E4-PHA isolectin was adsorbed on the affinity column and was eluted from the hydroxyapatite column with a 0.25 M Phosphate buffer. This isolectin has a higo lymphocyte stimulating activity. These two isolectins are shown however to be closely related with respect to their oligomeric structure and reactivity towards anti-PHA antibodies. The lack of mitogenic activity of the L0E4-PHA isolectin suggests that in the other isolectins, the E monomer is not responsible for their mitogenic activity and that the membrane glycoproteins, which contain the E monomer - specific oligosaccharide, are not involved in the process inducing mitosis.", "PMID": 753381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9176", "title": "Human placental glutamate dehydrogenase. Purification--kinetic and regulatory properties--physicochemical studies.", "content": "Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.4.1.3) has been purified more than 9,000 times from human placental alcoholic subfractions as a homogenous protein of 55,155 daltons (subunit molecular weight). Kinetic constants for the reverse reaction (reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate) have been shown to be similar to those of the bovine liver enzyme, while the kinetic constants for the forward reaction were markedly different as well as some regulatory properties (lack of activation by ADP in the reverse reaction). The amino acid composition differs from the bovine liver enzyme composition. Furthermore, the tryptic peptide patterns of the placental enzyme and the human liver enzyme have been compared. Besides the low specific activity of this enzyme, the results indicate that human placental glutamate dehydrogenase is closely related to other mammalian glutamate dehydrogenases.", "contents": "Human placental glutamate dehydrogenase. Purification--kinetic and regulatory properties--physicochemical studies. Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.4.1.3) has been purified more than 9,000 times from human placental alcoholic subfractions as a homogenous protein of 55,155 daltons (subunit molecular weight). Kinetic constants for the reverse reaction (reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate) have been shown to be similar to those of the bovine liver enzyme, while the kinetic constants for the forward reaction were markedly different as well as some regulatory properties (lack of activation by ADP in the reverse reaction). The amino acid composition differs from the bovine liver enzyme composition. Furthermore, the tryptic peptide patterns of the placental enzyme and the human liver enzyme have been compared. Besides the low specific activity of this enzyme, the results indicate that human placental glutamate dehydrogenase is closely related to other mammalian glutamate dehydrogenases.", "PMID": 753382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9177", "title": "Mechanisms of development of morphological changes in mammals aboard biological satellites.", "content": "After orbital space flights lasting 19.5--22.5 days, disturbances are observed in mineral metabolism in rats, which are morphologically manifested as osteoporosis of the spongy sections of long hollow skeletal bones, periosteocytic osteolysis of them, atrophy and dystrophy of skeletal muscles, and inhibition of erythroid growth of bone marrow, which occurred and developed in weightlessness as a result of deprivation of motor activity due to removal (or reduction) of static load from the musculoskeletal system. Development of stress reaction, which is apparently intensified at certain stages of flight (lift off and touchdown) and during transition from weightlessness to conditions of gravitational force on earth, leads to corresponding changes in the structure and cellular composition of lymphoid organs, and to changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neurosecretory system, adrenal glands, and other organs. Changes in the receptor apparatus of the vestibular system are associated with local circulatory changes occurring during weightlessness and G forces, while retinal injuries are associated with the effect of heavy charged particles of cosmic radiation. All changes are reversible and disappear completely or to a substantial degree a month after completion of the flight.", "contents": "Mechanisms of development of morphological changes in mammals aboard biological satellites. After orbital space flights lasting 19.5--22.5 days, disturbances are observed in mineral metabolism in rats, which are morphologically manifested as osteoporosis of the spongy sections of long hollow skeletal bones, periosteocytic osteolysis of them, atrophy and dystrophy of skeletal muscles, and inhibition of erythroid growth of bone marrow, which occurred and developed in weightlessness as a result of deprivation of motor activity due to removal (or reduction) of static load from the musculoskeletal system. Development of stress reaction, which is apparently intensified at certain stages of flight (lift off and touchdown) and during transition from weightlessness to conditions of gravitational force on earth, leads to corresponding changes in the structure and cellular composition of lymphoid organs, and to changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neurosecretory system, adrenal glands, and other organs. Changes in the receptor apparatus of the vestibular system are associated with local circulatory changes occurring during weightlessness and G forces, while retinal injuries are associated with the effect of heavy charged particles of cosmic radiation. All changes are reversible and disappear completely or to a substantial degree a month after completion of the flight.", "PMID": 753384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9178", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in cells of transplanted mammary gland carcinoma at different stages of their development.", "content": "The process of development and death of cells of primary mammary gland carcinoma was studied in rats in various hormonal situations, using electron microscopy. It was shown that the death of cancer cells is not preceded by their differential and specific functioning, which is postulated by certain authors. The problem of hormonal induction of the phenomenon of differentiation of malignantly degenerated cells is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in cells of transplanted mammary gland carcinoma at different stages of their development. The process of development and death of cells of primary mammary gland carcinoma was studied in rats in various hormonal situations, using electron microscopy. It was shown that the death of cancer cells is not preceded by their differential and specific functioning, which is postulated by certain authors. The problem of hormonal induction of the phenomenon of differentiation of malignantly degenerated cells is discussed.", "PMID": 753385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9179", "title": "Mechanism for the origin and the evolutionary significance of heterochronia.", "content": "Using material on the evolution of the fundus of the oral cavity in amphibians, four principles were established for the origin of heterochronia: efficiency of ontogenesis; adaptability of an earlier (than in ancestors) beginning for functioning of traits; loss of the adaptive significance of a trait at a previous stage, but a preservation of it at a subsequent stage; and, a prolongation of the adaptive significance of a trait at later stages. The origin of heterochronia is associated with changes in the succession of the functioning of genes, with reorganization of systems of morphogenetic correlations, and with change in the traits themselves that undergo heterochronia. The uniqueness of heterochronia as an adaptation consists of an increase in the evolutionary flexibility of specific stages of ontogenesis.", "contents": "Mechanism for the origin and the evolutionary significance of heterochronia. Using material on the evolution of the fundus of the oral cavity in amphibians, four principles were established for the origin of heterochronia: efficiency of ontogenesis; adaptability of an earlier (than in ancestors) beginning for functioning of traits; loss of the adaptive significance of a trait at a previous stage, but a preservation of it at a subsequent stage; and, a prolongation of the adaptive significance of a trait at later stages. The origin of heterochronia is associated with changes in the succession of the functioning of genes, with reorganization of systems of morphogenetic correlations, and with change in the traits themselves that undergo heterochronia. The uniqueness of heterochronia as an adaptation consists of an increase in the evolutionary flexibility of specific stages of ontogenesis.", "PMID": 753386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9180", "title": "Current status of the problem of the mechanism of gravity reception in plants.", "content": "Basic work carried out recently on the role of the structural-functional condition of cell organelles in the development of geotropic reaction in higher plants is reviewed. On the basis of analysis of theoretical proposals and experimental investigations of the molecular mechanism of perception and realization of the gravity stimulus, a hypothesis was developed that the key factor in the development of geotropic reaction is an interaction of cell organelles with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum as a result of their sensing the gravity stimulus.", "contents": "Current status of the problem of the mechanism of gravity reception in plants. Basic work carried out recently on the role of the structural-functional condition of cell organelles in the development of geotropic reaction in higher plants is reviewed. On the basis of analysis of theoretical proposals and experimental investigations of the molecular mechanism of perception and realization of the gravity stimulus, a hypothesis was developed that the key factor in the development of geotropic reaction is an interaction of cell organelles with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum as a result of their sensing the gravity stimulus.", "PMID": 753387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9181", "title": "Influence of organic matter on the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers.", "content": "The influence of composted peat on the effectiveness of different doses of mineral fertilizers was studied in model greenhouse experiments with barley of the Pirkka variety cultivated in sand and poorly cultivated sandy-loam soil. It was shown that the use of a large amount of composted peat (10% of the weight of the substrate) contributed under the experimental conditions to a pronounced increase in plant productivity only when increased doses of mineral fertilizers were used (NPK at 0.2 g/kg of substrate). A direct correlation between yields and number of microflora in the rhizosphere was not revealed. Conditions were modeled under which increased yield occurred when development of microflora was poor, while the lowest yields were noted when there was an increase in the number of microorganisms. At the same time, the variants with maximal numbers of microorganisms and size of yields did coincide.", "contents": "Influence of organic matter on the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers. The influence of composted peat on the effectiveness of different doses of mineral fertilizers was studied in model greenhouse experiments with barley of the Pirkka variety cultivated in sand and poorly cultivated sandy-loam soil. It was shown that the use of a large amount of composted peat (10% of the weight of the substrate) contributed under the experimental conditions to a pronounced increase in plant productivity only when increased doses of mineral fertilizers were used (NPK at 0.2 g/kg of substrate). A direct correlation between yields and number of microflora in the rhizosphere was not revealed. Conditions were modeled under which increased yield occurred when development of microflora was poor, while the lowest yields were noted when there was an increase in the number of microorganisms. At the same time, the variants with maximal numbers of microorganisms and size of yields did coincide.", "PMID": 753390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9182", "title": "Use of nitragin in the USSR.", "content": "In this paper we present the results of an analysis of data on the effectiveness of nitragin for the principal leguminous crops in the various soil and climatic zones of the country during the period 1971--1975. It was shown that in the majority of the experiments (75%) nitragin not only increases the yield of leguminous crops but also leads to an elevated protein content in these. Data on the application of nitragin in the USSR and in other countries are given.", "contents": "Use of nitragin in the USSR. In this paper we present the results of an analysis of data on the effectiveness of nitragin for the principal leguminous crops in the various soil and climatic zones of the country during the period 1971--1975. It was shown that in the majority of the experiments (75%) nitragin not only increases the yield of leguminous crops but also leads to an elevated protein content in these. Data on the application of nitragin in the USSR and in other countries are given.", "PMID": 753391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9183", "title": "Influence of external factors on the composition of the soil microflora.", "content": "The changes in the soil microflora as a result of introducing various organic substances (gelatin, chitin, cellulose and beech sawdust) into the soil were studied. The work was supplemented by electron-microscopic observations. Substantial shifts in the quantitative composition of the microorganisms take place only in the case of compounds easily accessible to them. Certain substances induce changes in the ratio of the groups comprising the soil micropopulation.", "contents": "Influence of external factors on the composition of the soil microflora. The changes in the soil microflora as a result of introducing various organic substances (gelatin, chitin, cellulose and beech sawdust) into the soil were studied. The work was supplemented by electron-microscopic observations. Substantial shifts in the quantitative composition of the microorganisms take place only in the case of compounds easily accessible to them. Certain substances induce changes in the ratio of the groups comprising the soil micropopulation.", "PMID": 753392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9184", "title": "Quantitative investigation of the changes in the cell composition of the spleen during the growth of Worker's carcinosarcoma.", "content": "The weight of the spleen and its cell composition as a function of the weight of the tumor was studied during the development of Worker's carcinosarcoma. The progression of the dependence is presented in the appropriate mathematical form. It is shown that with development of the process of tumor enlargement, erythro- and myelopoiesis are intensified in the spleen. The overall quantity of erythroblastic elements reaches a maximum value when the weight of the tumor reaches 30 g and subsequently remains at the same level. The kinetic curves of the changes in the number of lymphocytes in the spleen and also their graphical dependence on the weight of the tumor are of an extreme character. At late stages in the development of the tumor, the number of cells of the granulocyte type begins to increase.", "contents": "Quantitative investigation of the changes in the cell composition of the spleen during the growth of Worker's carcinosarcoma. The weight of the spleen and its cell composition as a function of the weight of the tumor was studied during the development of Worker's carcinosarcoma. The progression of the dependence is presented in the appropriate mathematical form. It is shown that with development of the process of tumor enlargement, erythro- and myelopoiesis are intensified in the spleen. The overall quantity of erythroblastic elements reaches a maximum value when the weight of the tumor reaches 30 g and subsequently remains at the same level. The kinetic curves of the changes in the number of lymphocytes in the spleen and also their graphical dependence on the weight of the tumor are of an extreme character. At late stages in the development of the tumor, the number of cells of the granulocyte type begins to increase.", "PMID": 753393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9185", "title": "The place of symmetry in the study of biological macromolecules.", "content": "The various aspects of symmetry involved in discussions of biological macromolecules are analysed. Among these are geometrical symmetry of the macromolecule itself, the symmetry of its binding isotherms and the underlying thermodynamic and mathematical relations, the role of symmetry in different allosteric models, and the effect of symmetry on the number of relaxation times shown by a macromolecule in its approach to equilibrium or a steady state. Finally there is the symmetry of the group of potentials and the resulting linkage relations which govern the response of the macromolecule to its ligands and embody the grammar of a macromolecular language.", "contents": "The place of symmetry in the study of biological macromolecules. The various aspects of symmetry involved in discussions of biological macromolecules are analysed. Among these are geometrical symmetry of the macromolecule itself, the symmetry of its binding isotherms and the underlying thermodynamic and mathematical relations, the role of symmetry in different allosteric models, and the effect of symmetry on the number of relaxation times shown by a macromolecule in its approach to equilibrium or a steady state. Finally there is the symmetry of the group of potentials and the resulting linkage relations which govern the response of the macromolecule to its ligands and embody the grammar of a macromolecular language.", "PMID": 753400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9186", "title": "Thymus morphology in NZB mice after multiple dosage with somatotropin.", "content": "Cortical matter increased in the thymus after ten-day dosage of Coombs-positive NZB mice with somatotropin and thyroxine; cortical matter predominated over medullar matter. Secondary lymphoid follicles disappeared and the number of mast and plasma cells decreased. With administration of the hormone, rosette-forming cells began to appear in the thymus.", "contents": "Thymus morphology in NZB mice after multiple dosage with somatotropin. Cortical matter increased in the thymus after ten-day dosage of Coombs-positive NZB mice with somatotropin and thyroxine; cortical matter predominated over medullar matter. Secondary lymphoid follicles disappeared and the number of mast and plasma cells decreased. With administration of the hormone, rosette-forming cells began to appear in the thymus.", "PMID": 753394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9187", "title": "Lifetimes of complexes of the antibiotic X-537A (lasalocid A) with physiological cations in methanol. Determination by NMR using a dissociative shift reagent.", "content": "Using a magnetic resonance method we have determined the lifetimes of the following complexes of X-537A (HX) in methanol solution at 25 degrees C, BaX+, 132 microseconds; SrX+, 34 microseconds; CaX+, 24 microseconds, and KX, 15 microseconds, each with an estimated uncertainty of 30%. For NaX and LiX the lifetimes are too short to measure by the present method. The lifetime found for BaX+ is considerably shorter than the result obtained by Patel and Shen using a different method. The present method depends upon the broadening of the resonance lines of certain protons in X- due to reactions such as X- + Ba2+ = BaX+, when the resonance of the proton in the \"free\" X- has been shifted from its normal frequency by Pr(III) which acts via the exchange PrX3 in equilibrium PrX2+ + X-. To determine the lifetimes of interest the equations for a three-state spin system were derived; under the relevant conditions the final equations take the form of the Swift-Connick equations for a two-state system, with the characteristics of one of the states dependent upon the PrX3 concentration. This dependence is used to extract the life-times from the data in a novel and simple way.", "contents": "Lifetimes of complexes of the antibiotic X-537A (lasalocid A) with physiological cations in methanol. Determination by NMR using a dissociative shift reagent. Using a magnetic resonance method we have determined the lifetimes of the following complexes of X-537A (HX) in methanol solution at 25 degrees C, BaX+, 132 microseconds; SrX+, 34 microseconds; CaX+, 24 microseconds, and KX, 15 microseconds, each with an estimated uncertainty of 30%. For NaX and LiX the lifetimes are too short to measure by the present method. The lifetime found for BaX+ is considerably shorter than the result obtained by Patel and Shen using a different method. The present method depends upon the broadening of the resonance lines of certain protons in X- due to reactions such as X- + Ba2+ = BaX+, when the resonance of the proton in the \"free\" X- has been shifted from its normal frequency by Pr(III) which acts via the exchange PrX3 in equilibrium PrX2+ + X-. To determine the lifetimes of interest the equations for a three-state spin system were derived; under the relevant conditions the final equations take the form of the Swift-Connick equations for a two-state system, with the characteristics of one of the states dependent upon the PrX3 concentration. This dependence is used to extract the life-times from the data in a novel and simple way.", "PMID": 753401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9188", "title": "Growth of races of the fungus Macrosporium solani Ell. et Mart. in culture with various sources of nutrition.", "content": "Races of the fungus Macrosporium solani Ell. et Mart., inducing tomato macrosporiosis, differ from one another with respect to sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrition. Mono- and disaccharides and nitrates and organic forms of nitrogen were found to be most suitable for culture of the races. Addition of compounds containing phosphorus and sulfur to artificial nutrient media stimulates the growth of mycelium.", "contents": "Growth of races of the fungus Macrosporium solani Ell. et Mart. in culture with various sources of nutrition. Races of the fungus Macrosporium solani Ell. et Mart., inducing tomato macrosporiosis, differ from one another with respect to sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrition. Mono- and disaccharides and nitrates and organic forms of nitrogen were found to be most suitable for culture of the races. Addition of compounds containing phosphorus and sulfur to artificial nutrient media stimulates the growth of mycelium.", "PMID": 753396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9189", "title": "Process of infection of the root system of the pea by root nodule bacteria in the presence of straw.", "content": "The application of straw enhances the process of formation of specifically distorted root hairs with a primary focus of infection in 8--9 day old pea plants inoculated with bacteria, but somewhat retards the process of formation of infective filaments in such root hairs. On the 13th to 15th day the number of these and other root hairs in the variant in which straw has been applied is considerably higher than in the absence of straw. This is correlated with the number and weight of nodules formed.", "contents": "Process of infection of the root system of the pea by root nodule bacteria in the presence of straw. The application of straw enhances the process of formation of specifically distorted root hairs with a primary focus of infection in 8--9 day old pea plants inoculated with bacteria, but somewhat retards the process of formation of infective filaments in such root hairs. On the 13th to 15th day the number of these and other root hairs in the variant in which straw has been applied is considerably higher than in the absence of straw. This is correlated with the number and weight of nodules formed.", "PMID": 753395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9190", "title": "Activity coefficients of salts in highly concentrated protein solutions. I. Alkali chlorides in isoionic bovine serum albumin solutions.", "content": "In order to understand the thermodynamic state of simple salts in living cells, the mean activity coefficients of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl were determined in concentrated isoionic bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions by use of the EMF method with ion exchange membrane electrodes. The protein concentration range extended up to 22 wt%, whereas the salt concentration was kept constant at 0.1 mole per kilogram water. These solutions may be regarded as crude but appropriate model systems for the cytoplasm of cells as far as type and magnitude of the macromolecular component influence on the chemical potential of the salts is concerned. The mean stoichiometric activity coefficients of the alkali chlorides in the isoionic BSA solutions decreased linearly with the protein molality; this decrease, however, did not exceed ca. 10% compared with the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions. Only very small differences in the behavior of the different alkali chlorides were observed. The results may be interpreted by the superposition of the effects of specific Cl- ion binding to BSA and BSA bound \"non-solvent\" water with probably electrostatic long range interactions of the BSA(Cl-)nu polyions with the salt ions in solution. The resulting mean activity coefficients, corrected for ion binding and non-solvent water, showed a very slight linear dependence on the protein concentration. The departure from the value in the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions did not exceed +/- 2%.", "contents": "Activity coefficients of salts in highly concentrated protein solutions. I. Alkali chlorides in isoionic bovine serum albumin solutions. In order to understand the thermodynamic state of simple salts in living cells, the mean activity coefficients of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl were determined in concentrated isoionic bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions by use of the EMF method with ion exchange membrane electrodes. The protein concentration range extended up to 22 wt%, whereas the salt concentration was kept constant at 0.1 mole per kilogram water. These solutions may be regarded as crude but appropriate model systems for the cytoplasm of cells as far as type and magnitude of the macromolecular component influence on the chemical potential of the salts is concerned. The mean stoichiometric activity coefficients of the alkali chlorides in the isoionic BSA solutions decreased linearly with the protein molality; this decrease, however, did not exceed ca. 10% compared with the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions. Only very small differences in the behavior of the different alkali chlorides were observed. The results may be interpreted by the superposition of the effects of specific Cl- ion binding to BSA and BSA bound \"non-solvent\" water with probably electrostatic long range interactions of the BSA(Cl-)nu polyions with the salt ions in solution. The resulting mean activity coefficients, corrected for ion binding and non-solvent water, showed a very slight linear dependence on the protein concentration. The departure from the value in the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions did not exceed +/- 2%.", "PMID": 753402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9191", "title": "Lipid composition of strains of the fungus Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) differing as regards their hybridization type.", "content": "The composition of the intracellular lipids was studied in four strains of Ustilago zeae differing as regards their hybridization type. In all strains, irrespective of the hybridization type, the bulk of the lipids are formed during the first three days of growth and constitute 43.2--55.7% of the weight of the dry cells. It was established that the total lipid fraction is composed of: phospholipids + monoglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids, diglycerides and sterol esters. The qualitative composition of the total lipids was found to be identical in all four strains regardless of the time of incubation of the cultures. While the qualitative composition remains constant, the ratio of the individual fractions changes in the various strains during the process of incubation. However, compatible strains with respect to hybridization do not differ as regards the amount of individual lipid fractions, while strains incompatible with respect to hybridization differ as regards this trait.", "contents": "Lipid composition of strains of the fungus Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) differing as regards their hybridization type. The composition of the intracellular lipids was studied in four strains of Ustilago zeae differing as regards their hybridization type. In all strains, irrespective of the hybridization type, the bulk of the lipids are formed during the first three days of growth and constitute 43.2--55.7% of the weight of the dry cells. It was established that the total lipid fraction is composed of: phospholipids + monoglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids, diglycerides and sterol esters. The qualitative composition of the total lipids was found to be identical in all four strains regardless of the time of incubation of the cultures. While the qualitative composition remains constant, the ratio of the individual fractions changes in the various strains during the process of incubation. However, compatible strains with respect to hybridization do not differ as regards the amount of individual lipid fractions, while strains incompatible with respect to hybridization differ as regards this trait.", "PMID": 753397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9192", "title": "Intracellular membrane structures of the mycoplasma-like organisms inducing carrot yellows.", "content": "Intracellular membrane structures from 16 to 22 nm wide were found in the mycoplasma-like organisms causing carrot yellows. These structures are composed of five layers, three electron-dense and two electron-transparent. The membrane structures are situated, as a rule, in the central nucleoid zone of the cells of the mycoplasma-like organisms and may be seen to be in direct contact with the DNA fibrils. Ribosomes may be seen around the membrane structures. In this work we show the morphological connection between the membrane structures and the external elementary membrane of the mycoplasma-like organisms and also invagination of the external membrane into the cell. It is proposed that the intracellular membrane structures arise by means of invagination of the external elementary membrane and form a single system with this. This is the first instance of discovery of intracellular membrane structures in mycoplasmata.", "contents": "Intracellular membrane structures of the mycoplasma-like organisms inducing carrot yellows. Intracellular membrane structures from 16 to 22 nm wide were found in the mycoplasma-like organisms causing carrot yellows. These structures are composed of five layers, three electron-dense and two electron-transparent. The membrane structures are situated, as a rule, in the central nucleoid zone of the cells of the mycoplasma-like organisms and may be seen to be in direct contact with the DNA fibrils. Ribosomes may be seen around the membrane structures. In this work we show the morphological connection between the membrane structures and the external elementary membrane of the mycoplasma-like organisms and also invagination of the external membrane into the cell. It is proposed that the intracellular membrane structures arise by means of invagination of the external elementary membrane and form a single system with this. This is the first instance of discovery of intracellular membrane structures in mycoplasmata.", "PMID": 753398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9193", "title": "Microbiological processes in the soil under various methods of irrigation.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of various methods of irrigation on yields of spring wheat and development of soil microorganisms in the cultivated layer and the layers below of dark-chestnut soil of the Saratov Oblast. Irrigation increases the number of microorganisms in the plowed layer and the layer beneath. Sprinkling has a greater effect on yield of agricultural crops and on microbiological processes.", "contents": "Microbiological processes in the soil under various methods of irrigation. A study was made of the effect of various methods of irrigation on yields of spring wheat and development of soil microorganisms in the cultivated layer and the layers below of dark-chestnut soil of the Saratov Oblast. Irrigation increases the number of microorganisms in the plowed layer and the layer beneath. Sprinkling has a greater effect on yield of agricultural crops and on microbiological processes.", "PMID": 753399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9194", "title": "Kinetics of dimerization of the Bence-Jones protein Au.", "content": "The dimerization reactions of complete Bence-Jones protein Au (VC-Au) and of its variable fragment (V-Au) were compared in 0.2 M (ionic strength) sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 at 20 degrees C. The dimerization constant for VC-Au (6.6 X 10(4) M-1) was slightly smaller than a previously published value for the fragment (1.1 X 10(5) M-1). The reaction enthalpies were positive for both processes. Temperature jump experiments exhibited two kinetic phases. The relaxation time of the fast phase as well as its concentration dependence and amplitude were almost identical for VC-Au and V-Au. Only small differences were observed in the slow phase. These close similarities between the reactions of the two proteins demonstrate that dimerization occurs mainly via interactions between the variable domains and that the constant domains interfere very little. From the observation of two relaxation times it follows that the dimerization mechanism for both VC-Au and A-Au must include at least three reacting species. Mechanisms with an isomerization between monomers in two conformational states and a single dimer species are excluded by the data. Alternative mechanisms with a single monomeric species but isomerization between dimers give a rather unsatisfactory fit. A good fit can be obtained if it is assumed that both monomers and dimers can exist in two states. Rate constants of the association and dissociation steps are of the order of 10(7) M-1 s-1 and 10(2) s-1. Isomerization rate constants are in the range of 10 s-1.", "contents": "Kinetics of dimerization of the Bence-Jones protein Au. The dimerization reactions of complete Bence-Jones protein Au (VC-Au) and of its variable fragment (V-Au) were compared in 0.2 M (ionic strength) sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 at 20 degrees C. The dimerization constant for VC-Au (6.6 X 10(4) M-1) was slightly smaller than a previously published value for the fragment (1.1 X 10(5) M-1). The reaction enthalpies were positive for both processes. Temperature jump experiments exhibited two kinetic phases. The relaxation time of the fast phase as well as its concentration dependence and amplitude were almost identical for VC-Au and V-Au. Only small differences were observed in the slow phase. These close similarities between the reactions of the two proteins demonstrate that dimerization occurs mainly via interactions between the variable domains and that the constant domains interfere very little. From the observation of two relaxation times it follows that the dimerization mechanism for both VC-Au and A-Au must include at least three reacting species. Mechanisms with an isomerization between monomers in two conformational states and a single dimer species are excluded by the data. Alternative mechanisms with a single monomeric species but isomerization between dimers give a rather unsatisfactory fit. A good fit can be obtained if it is assumed that both monomers and dimers can exist in two states. Rate constants of the association and dissociation steps are of the order of 10(7) M-1 s-1 and 10(2) s-1. Isomerization rate constants are in the range of 10 s-1.", "PMID": 753404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9195", "title": "Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. V. Further development of the chemical model.", "content": "Counterion binding to polyelectrolyte chains is formulated as a chemical reaction Mz (free) leads to Mz (bound). Expressions for the chemical potentials of free and bound counterions are set equal to obtain the reaction equilibrium. The results are equivalent to those in the previous paper of this series. An additional result obtained here is that a polyion holds its bound counterion layer with a strength on the order of 100 kcal/(mole cooperative unit). The method is then applied to the calculation of the polarizability along the chain due to the bound (condensed) counterions.", "contents": "Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. V. Further development of the chemical model. Counterion binding to polyelectrolyte chains is formulated as a chemical reaction Mz (free) leads to Mz (bound). Expressions for the chemical potentials of free and bound counterions are set equal to obtain the reaction equilibrium. The results are equivalent to those in the previous paper of this series. An additional result obtained here is that a polyion holds its bound counterion layer with a strength on the order of 100 kcal/(mole cooperative unit). The method is then applied to the calculation of the polarizability along the chain due to the bound (condensed) counterions.", "PMID": 753405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9196", "title": "[Autofluorescent cells in the sacculus rotundus in the rabbit].", "content": "Many autofluorescent cells, rich in yellow pigment are described in the rabbit's sacculus rotundus. This pigment stained positively with Sudan black, PAS and Masson-Hamperl techniques. The cells correspond to those described in rat and in mice lymphatic organs. The possible origin of the pigment is discussed.", "contents": "[Autofluorescent cells in the sacculus rotundus in the rabbit]. Many autofluorescent cells, rich in yellow pigment are described in the rabbit's sacculus rotundus. This pigment stained positively with Sudan black, PAS and Masson-Hamperl techniques. The cells correspond to those described in rat and in mice lymphatic organs. The possible origin of the pigment is discussed.", "PMID": 753406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9197", "title": "[Functional anatomy of a completely ossified hyoid apparatus in man. Study with cineradiography].", "content": "Radiocinematographic study of the laryngo-pharyngeal area in a man showing an entirely ossified hyoid system, made during the course of chewing, swallowing, and sound utterance. Two facts seem noteworthy: 1) from the morphological point of view, we should search in organogenesis for an explanation of the ossification of the hyoid apparatus; 2) from the functional point of view, one notes considerably reduced movements of the bone, without any change in the swallowing, or in the speach functions.", "contents": "[Functional anatomy of a completely ossified hyoid apparatus in man. Study with cineradiography]. Radiocinematographic study of the laryngo-pharyngeal area in a man showing an entirely ossified hyoid system, made during the course of chewing, swallowing, and sound utterance. Two facts seem noteworthy: 1) from the morphological point of view, we should search in organogenesis for an explanation of the ossification of the hyoid apparatus; 2) from the functional point of view, one notes considerably reduced movements of the bone, without any change in the swallowing, or in the speach functions.", "PMID": 753407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9198", "title": "[Exploration of fetal erythropoiesis].", "content": "Rat embryos (8-14 days) were fixed, included and cut. Others in all cases from the same litter, were crushed on smears, in toto or after dissection. A comparative study of the two types of samples is necessary to obtain good results. Primitive erythropoietic stem cells seem to arise by the extra-endothelial way in the yolk sac mesodermic layer. They disappear when blood islands are connected to the vascular net. Primitive red cells, Perls-positive, are always intravascular in hepatic buds, normoblasts always extravascular. When grown on a medium containing hematopoietic factors, primitive (megaloblastic) cells remain megaloblastic and mature, as do the (normoblastic) definitive red cells. On a poor culture medium (Parker 199) normoblasts do not become megaloblastic. The two series, yolk sac primitive and hepatic definitive red cells, seem to proceed from individual cellular clones.", "contents": "[Exploration of fetal erythropoiesis]. Rat embryos (8-14 days) were fixed, included and cut. Others in all cases from the same litter, were crushed on smears, in toto or after dissection. A comparative study of the two types of samples is necessary to obtain good results. Primitive erythropoietic stem cells seem to arise by the extra-endothelial way in the yolk sac mesodermic layer. They disappear when blood islands are connected to the vascular net. Primitive red cells, Perls-positive, are always intravascular in hepatic buds, normoblasts always extravascular. When grown on a medium containing hematopoietic factors, primitive (megaloblastic) cells remain megaloblastic and mature, as do the (normoblastic) definitive red cells. On a poor culture medium (Parker 199) normoblasts do not become megaloblastic. The two series, yolk sac primitive and hepatic definitive red cells, seem to proceed from individual cellular clones.", "PMID": 753408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9199", "title": "[Thoracopagus. Possibilities of surgical separation].", "content": "A new case of thoracopagus twins is reported. Radiological, hemodynamical and surgical explorations showed a communication between the two hearts, situated at the atrial level and associated with digestive and cardiovascular malformations. These abnormalities were definned by the anatomical study realized after vascular injection:hypoplastic pulmonary artery (associated with a persistent atrio-ventricular canal in one case, with a tricuspid atresia in the other case), a large fused liver, common pancreas and ileum. A bibliographic study allows the authors to define surgical separation possibilities. The prognosis depends essentially on cardiovascular abnormalities associating abnormal connections between the twins' hearts with malformations often too severe for surgical repair.", "contents": "[Thoracopagus. Possibilities of surgical separation]. A new case of thoracopagus twins is reported. Radiological, hemodynamical and surgical explorations showed a communication between the two hearts, situated at the atrial level and associated with digestive and cardiovascular malformations. These abnormalities were definned by the anatomical study realized after vascular injection:hypoplastic pulmonary artery (associated with a persistent atrio-ventricular canal in one case, with a tricuspid atresia in the other case), a large fused liver, common pancreas and ileum. A bibliographic study allows the authors to define surgical separation possibilities. The prognosis depends essentially on cardiovascular abnormalities associating abnormal connections between the twins' hearts with malformations often too severe for surgical repair.", "PMID": 753409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9200", "title": "[Note on the variability of the basicranial axes].", "content": "On 114 lateral radiographies of skulls, we looked for the best basicranial axis, i.e. the least variable, the most stable. One should discard the foramen magnum plane (too variable due to the basion lack of precision); the same is true for the axes passing through the sellion point, because the Sella turcica center is situated relatively lower in women and in toothless persons (at least in our series); the studies on the sphenoidal angle are thus tainted with error, the jugum and clivus planes being still more unprecise. Incidentally, let us report the little value of the palatine plane (but not of the nasal plane). The positive results are as follows: compared to the bregma-lambda axis, the nasion-opisthion axis is less variable than the auriculo-orbitary Francfort plane. But this last plane contracts higher correlations with the bregma-nasiolambda angle. Thus Francfort and nasion-opisthion axes both look equally good.", "contents": "[Note on the variability of the basicranial axes]. On 114 lateral radiographies of skulls, we looked for the best basicranial axis, i.e. the least variable, the most stable. One should discard the foramen magnum plane (too variable due to the basion lack of precision); the same is true for the axes passing through the sellion point, because the Sella turcica center is situated relatively lower in women and in toothless persons (at least in our series); the studies on the sphenoidal angle are thus tainted with error, the jugum and clivus planes being still more unprecise. Incidentally, let us report the little value of the palatine plane (but not of the nasal plane). The positive results are as follows: compared to the bregma-lambda axis, the nasion-opisthion axis is less variable than the auriculo-orbitary Francfort plane. But this last plane contracts higher correlations with the bregma-nasiolambda angle. Thus Francfort and nasion-opisthion axes both look equally good.", "PMID": 753410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9201", "title": "[Anatomical aspects of the elements of interpretation of lateral chest radiographs of adults].", "content": "Anatomo-radiological study of the thorax based on 110 lateral chest radiographs and 11 necropsies of normal adults. The authors show the interest of this lateral projection which has been too long considered as a simple contribution to the anterior-posterior projection. This incidence exhibits many anatomical details, which could not be seen on any other standard incidence.", "contents": "[Anatomical aspects of the elements of interpretation of lateral chest radiographs of adults]. Anatomo-radiological study of the thorax based on 110 lateral chest radiographs and 11 necropsies of normal adults. The authors show the interest of this lateral projection which has been too long considered as a simple contribution to the anterior-posterior projection. This incidence exhibits many anatomical details, which could not be seen on any other standard incidence.", "PMID": 753411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9202", "title": "[Abnormal fusion of 2 primitive trigeminal arteries: apropos of an anatomo-radiological case].", "content": "Agenesis of the internal carotid artery was discovered during emergency cerebral angiography carried out on a comatose 28 year old man. The left cerebral hemisphere was supplied from the controlateral carotid artery, via a large vessel running through the sphenoid bone, between the intracavernous portions of the internal carotid arteries. Postmortem examination showed that death resulted from massive haemorrhagic infarction of the cerebellum and brain stem. Absence of the cervical and petrosal portions of the left internal carotid artery was confirmed. The anastomotic vessel was found to run through the spongiosa below the dorsum sellae. The heart, major vessels and circle of Willis were otherwise normal. An intercarotid anastomosis of this type has been reported on three previous occasions, in none of which was there anatomical confirmation.", "contents": "[Abnormal fusion of 2 primitive trigeminal arteries: apropos of an anatomo-radiological case]. Agenesis of the internal carotid artery was discovered during emergency cerebral angiography carried out on a comatose 28 year old man. The left cerebral hemisphere was supplied from the controlateral carotid artery, via a large vessel running through the sphenoid bone, between the intracavernous portions of the internal carotid arteries. Postmortem examination showed that death resulted from massive haemorrhagic infarction of the cerebellum and brain stem. Absence of the cervical and petrosal portions of the left internal carotid artery was confirmed. The anastomotic vessel was found to run through the spongiosa below the dorsum sellae. The heart, major vessels and circle of Willis were otherwise normal. An intercarotid anastomosis of this type has been reported on three previous occasions, in none of which was there anatomical confirmation.", "PMID": 753412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9203", "title": "[Anatomical and embryological study of a case of bladder exstrophy with duplication of the urethra].", "content": "An exceptional case of a double urethra associated with an extrophied bladder in a neonate boy is reported. This particular malformation allows an ideal procedure with the recovery of a good continence. After the anatomic study of the anomalies, the authors try to find an embryologic explanation. The usual theories of the development in the cloacal region are discussed. Only the embryologenesis as described by SOLERE can explain this malformation.", "contents": "[Anatomical and embryological study of a case of bladder exstrophy with duplication of the urethra]. An exceptional case of a double urethra associated with an extrophied bladder in a neonate boy is reported. This particular malformation allows an ideal procedure with the recovery of a good continence. After the anatomic study of the anomalies, the authors try to find an embryologic explanation. The usual theories of the development in the cloacal region are discussed. Only the embryologenesis as described by SOLERE can explain this malformation.", "PMID": 753413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9204", "title": "[Tracheo-bronchial malformation associated with an aberrant left pulmonary artery].", "content": "A new case of pulmonary artery sling in a three months old boy is reported. After the sudden death of the patient, a precise anatomic study of the malformation was realized. With a complete cartilaginous ring usual in this malformation, there is a right upper lobe bronchus arising from the trachea above the anomalous vessel. The other anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree are discussed.", "contents": "[Tracheo-bronchial malformation associated with an aberrant left pulmonary artery]. A new case of pulmonary artery sling in a three months old boy is reported. After the sudden death of the patient, a precise anatomic study of the malformation was realized. With a complete cartilaginous ring usual in this malformation, there is a right upper lobe bronchus arising from the trachea above the anomalous vessel. The other anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree are discussed.", "PMID": 753414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9205", "title": "Combined posterior interosseous and ulnar nerve compression in a hemophiliac.", "content": "A case is reported of a combined posterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerve decompression in a patient with hemophilia after appropriate blood factor replacement. The importance of avoiding unnecessary delay in surgical intervention and careful attention to details of operative and postoperative care are stressed.", "contents": "Combined posterior interosseous and ulnar nerve compression in a hemophiliac. A case is reported of a combined posterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerve decompression in a patient with hemophilia after appropriate blood factor replacement. The importance of avoiding unnecessary delay in surgical intervention and careful attention to details of operative and postoperative care are stressed.", "PMID": 753440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9206", "title": "Scoliotic index: a comparative evaluation of methods for the measurement of scoliosis.", "content": "A new technique of measurement--Scoliotic Index(SI)--was devised to obtain more accurate determination of the spinal curvature. In comparison with previously established methods (Ferguson, Cobb), the SI is a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the scoliotic curve. It measures that the deviation of each involved vertebral segment from the vertical spinal lines with multiple points taken along the scoliotic curve. The development of this technique proved by serendipity that the Ferguson and Cobb measurements of the angle of scoliosis are reliable and comparable at all degrees of curvature.", "contents": "Scoliotic index: a comparative evaluation of methods for the measurement of scoliosis. A new technique of measurement--Scoliotic Index(SI)--was devised to obtain more accurate determination of the spinal curvature. In comparison with previously established methods (Ferguson, Cobb), the SI is a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the scoliotic curve. It measures that the deviation of each involved vertebral segment from the vertical spinal lines with multiple points taken along the scoliotic curve. The development of this technique proved by serendipity that the Ferguson and Cobb measurements of the angle of scoliosis are reliable and comparable at all degrees of curvature.", "PMID": 753442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9207", "title": "Congenital vertical talus.", "content": "A classification of Vertical Talus deformities into three types is proposed. The three types, Teratogenic, Neurogenic and Acquired have different etiologies, clinical features and behavior characteristics. It is anticipated that this classification will permit easier recognition of these entities and development of more individualized treatments.", "contents": "Congenital vertical talus. A classification of Vertical Talus deformities into three types is proposed. The three types, Teratogenic, Neurogenic and Acquired have different etiologies, clinical features and behavior characteristics. It is anticipated that this classification will permit easier recognition of these entities and development of more individualized treatments.", "PMID": 753445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9208", "title": "Functional obstruction of the ureter and renal pelvis. A histological and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to compare dilated and normal calibre segments of ureter and renal pelvis in cases of idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter. In both conditions a marked increase in collagen and elastic tissue occurs in the wall of the distended segment and this infiltration extends throughout the proximal dilated ureter and renal pelvis. Evidence is presented to show that in the dilated segment, smooth muscle cells are directly involved in the synthesis of connective tissue elements. These findings support the view that the primary anomaly in idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter can be attributed to a malfunction of smooth muscle cells in the ureter and renal pelvis. However, the possibility remains that the changes in smooth muscle are secondary and have been induced by obstruction and distension caused in these pathological conditions by unknown aetiological factors.", "contents": "Functional obstruction of the ureter and renal pelvis. A histological and electron microscopic study. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to compare dilated and normal calibre segments of ureter and renal pelvis in cases of idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter. In both conditions a marked increase in collagen and elastic tissue occurs in the wall of the distended segment and this infiltration extends throughout the proximal dilated ureter and renal pelvis. Evidence is presented to show that in the dilated segment, smooth muscle cells are directly involved in the synthesis of connective tissue elements. These findings support the view that the primary anomaly in idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter can be attributed to a malfunction of smooth muscle cells in the ureter and renal pelvis. However, the possibility remains that the changes in smooth muscle are secondary and have been induced by obstruction and distension caused in these pathological conditions by unknown aetiological factors.", "PMID": 753449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9209", "title": "Pre-operative balloon occlusion of the renal artery for radical nephrectomy.", "content": "Six of 8 patients with renal tumours were successfully catheterised pre-operatively and the renal artery occluded by a Swan Ganz balloon tipped arterial catheter. At subsequent radical nephrectomy early ligation of the renal vein was readily accomplished and there was noticeable decrease in vascularity and engorgement of the kidney and its tumour.", "contents": "Pre-operative balloon occlusion of the renal artery for radical nephrectomy. Six of 8 patients with renal tumours were successfully catheterised pre-operatively and the renal artery occluded by a Swan Ganz balloon tipped arterial catheter. At subsequent radical nephrectomy early ligation of the renal vein was readily accomplished and there was noticeable decrease in vascularity and engorgement of the kidney and its tumour.", "PMID": 753450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9210", "title": "An unusual case of persistent renal collar in a human adult male.", "content": "There are relatively few reports in the literature on accessory renal veins, and particularly that anomaly described as a persistent renal collar. The present paper describes a case in which a left renal vein is encountered in a human adult, both anterior and posterior to the abdominal aorta, though without a persistent left inferior vena cava.", "contents": "An unusual case of persistent renal collar in a human adult male. There are relatively few reports in the literature on accessory renal veins, and particularly that anomaly described as a persistent renal collar. The present paper describes a case in which a left renal vein is encountered in a human adult, both anterior and posterior to the abdominal aorta, though without a persistent left inferior vena cava.", "PMID": 753451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9211", "title": "Has bromocriptine a place in the treatment of the unstable bladder?", "content": "A clinical study of bromocriptine in the treatment of 18 patients with an unstable bladder is reported. All patients had previously received drug therapy and/or vesical distension, without success. Ten of the 18 patients had side-effects, and 2 of these did not complete the study. Only 2 patients noted moderate improvement in their urinary symptoms. Bromocriptine appears to be of little value in the treatment of the unstable bladder.", "contents": "Has bromocriptine a place in the treatment of the unstable bladder? A clinical study of bromocriptine in the treatment of 18 patients with an unstable bladder is reported. All patients had previously received drug therapy and/or vesical distension, without success. Ten of the 18 patients had side-effects, and 2 of these did not complete the study. Only 2 patients noted moderate improvement in their urinary symptoms. Bromocriptine appears to be of little value in the treatment of the unstable bladder.", "PMID": 753454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9212", "title": "Bone scanning and plasma phosphatases in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Bone scanning with 99mTc-Sn-HEDP, radiographic skeletal survey and determination of plasma acid and alkaline phosphatase values were carried out in a consecutive series of 90 untreated patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 99mTc-Sn-HEDP provided satisfactory bone imaging and was convenient in use. The addition of bone scanning to radiographic survey increases the detection rate of skeletal metatases by 16%. Radiography increases the accuracy of bone scanning by identifying false positive scans due to benign disease and false negative scans when there are diffuse symmetrical bony metastases. The plasma phosphatases alone are less accurate staging tests. The acid phosphatase data support the validity of scan positive--X-ray negative findings. Bone scan abnormalities due to secondary deposits usually precede elevation of plasma alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Bone scanning and plasma phosphatases in carcinoma of the prostate. Bone scanning with 99mTc-Sn-HEDP, radiographic skeletal survey and determination of plasma acid and alkaline phosphatase values were carried out in a consecutive series of 90 untreated patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 99mTc-Sn-HEDP provided satisfactory bone imaging and was convenient in use. The addition of bone scanning to radiographic survey increases the detection rate of skeletal metatases by 16%. Radiography increases the accuracy of bone scanning by identifying false positive scans due to benign disease and false negative scans when there are diffuse symmetrical bony metastases. The plasma phosphatases alone are less accurate staging tests. The acid phosphatase data support the validity of scan positive--X-ray negative findings. Bone scan abnormalities due to secondary deposits usually precede elevation of plasma alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 753455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9213", "title": "The role of bone scanning in the assessment of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty new cases of carcinoma of the prostate were assessed prior to treatment to determine the incidence of bony metastases. The radioisotope bone scan was the most sensitive method of detecting metastases and of localising them. It was twice as accurate as the serum acid phosphatase estimation. Skeletal X-rays were the least accurate method. Forty-six per cent of patients had abnormal bone scans at presentation. The histological grade of the tumour correlated well with the bone scan. The higher the grade, the more likely was the bone scan to be abnormal. There is need for greater accuracy in detecting metastases, and the bone marrow acid phosphatase estimation, either alone or in conjunction with the bone scan, may provide this accuracy.", "contents": "The role of bone scanning in the assessment of prostatic carcinoma. Fifty new cases of carcinoma of the prostate were assessed prior to treatment to determine the incidence of bony metastases. The radioisotope bone scan was the most sensitive method of detecting metastases and of localising them. It was twice as accurate as the serum acid phosphatase estimation. Skeletal X-rays were the least accurate method. Forty-six per cent of patients had abnormal bone scans at presentation. The histological grade of the tumour correlated well with the bone scan. The higher the grade, the more likely was the bone scan to be abnormal. There is need for greater accuracy in detecting metastases, and the bone marrow acid phosphatase estimation, either alone or in conjunction with the bone scan, may provide this accuracy.", "PMID": 753456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9214", "title": "The significance of bone marrow acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The levels of total and l-tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 49 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results were compared with the results from a control group. The acid phosphatase levels from the bone marrow were above the upper normal limit of serum acid phosphatase both in the control group and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during haemolysis. There was a positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Significantly raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (above the upper limit of the normal range from the control group) were observed only in advanced stage IV patients with significantly increased serum levels. The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave no supplementary diagnostic information in any of the patients with prostatic carcinoma. Doubt is expressed concerning the hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastases from prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "The significance of bone marrow acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic carcinoma. The levels of total and l-tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 49 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results were compared with the results from a control group. The acid phosphatase levels from the bone marrow were above the upper normal limit of serum acid phosphatase both in the control group and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during haemolysis. There was a positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Significantly raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (above the upper limit of the normal range from the control group) were observed only in advanced stage IV patients with significantly increased serum levels. The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave no supplementary diagnostic information in any of the patients with prostatic carcinoma. Doubt is expressed concerning the hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastases from prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 753458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9215", "title": "Outflow obstruction in neuropathic bladder dysfunction: the neuropathic urethra.", "content": "Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in a series of patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord producing vesico-urethral dysfunction. Patients were classified into groups depending upon the relationship of the lesion to the sympathetic outflow to the bladder and urethra from the spinal cord. Using alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, the smooth muscle contribution to the maximum urethral pressure was ascertained in each group and differences in both the configuration of the profile, and the smooth muscle component, were found. Increases in the maximum urethral pressure in response to a change in posture were also investigated, and the extent of the increase found to vary according to the level of the spinal lesion in respect of the sympathetic outflow, and with the integrity of the sacral cholinergic reflex arcs. The hypothesis that these changes may be due to urethral \"decentralisation supersensitivity\" from alterations in circulating catecholamine levels is suggested.", "contents": "Outflow obstruction in neuropathic bladder dysfunction: the neuropathic urethra. Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in a series of patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord producing vesico-urethral dysfunction. Patients were classified into groups depending upon the relationship of the lesion to the sympathetic outflow to the bladder and urethra from the spinal cord. Using alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, the smooth muscle contribution to the maximum urethral pressure was ascertained in each group and differences in both the configuration of the profile, and the smooth muscle component, were found. Increases in the maximum urethral pressure in response to a change in posture were also investigated, and the extent of the increase found to vary according to the level of the spinal lesion in respect of the sympathetic outflow, and with the integrity of the sacral cholinergic reflex arcs. The hypothesis that these changes may be due to urethral \"decentralisation supersensitivity\" from alterations in circulating catecholamine levels is suggested.", "PMID": 753459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9216", "title": "Pyeloplasty in infants and children with particular reference to the method of drainage post-operatively.", "content": "Sixty-three consecutive Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties in infants and children have been reviewed with particular reference to any influence the method of drainage might have on the post-operative course and the final radiological result. Extra-anastomotic drainage usually with a sump drain, was used in 40 cases and pyelostomy drainage in 23 cases. Fewer post-operative complications were encountered in the former group. The final radiological result was not influenced by the method of drainage except that, in patients under 2 years of age, those with pyelostomy drainage fared rather better. It is concluded that (a) extra-anastomotic sump drainage is the method of choice following pyeloplasty in children over 2 years of age, and (b) in infants under 2 years of age pyelostomy drainage probably should be combined with a trans-anastomotic splint.", "contents": "Pyeloplasty in infants and children with particular reference to the method of drainage post-operatively. Sixty-three consecutive Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties in infants and children have been reviewed with particular reference to any influence the method of drainage might have on the post-operative course and the final radiological result. Extra-anastomotic drainage usually with a sump drain, was used in 40 cases and pyelostomy drainage in 23 cases. Fewer post-operative complications were encountered in the former group. The final radiological result was not influenced by the method of drainage except that, in patients under 2 years of age, those with pyelostomy drainage fared rather better. It is concluded that (a) extra-anastomotic sump drainage is the method of choice following pyeloplasty in children over 2 years of age, and (b) in infants under 2 years of age pyelostomy drainage probably should be combined with a trans-anastomotic splint.", "PMID": 753465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9217", "title": "The value of provocative and acute urography in patients with intermittent loin pain.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with intermittent loin pain thought to be typical of primary pelvic hydronephrosis but with normal appearances at standard excretion urography were subjected to diuretic urography using Frusemide-induced diuresis. If this was normal, acute urography was performed when the patient had pain. Abnormal appearances were shown in only 15 patients. In 4, only the erect films revealed the hydronephrosis. Dilatation occurred in response to a diuretic load in 9 and the abnormality was shown at the time of an attack of pain in 4. The hydronephrosis was shown only during the attack of pain in 2, a diuretic urogram having been normal. In 2 patients the nephrographic signs of acute obstruction were shown to be due to occlusion of the pelvi-ureteric junction at the time of an attack of pain. The importance of sequential examination, the value of erect films and acute urography are stressed.", "contents": "The value of provocative and acute urography in patients with intermittent loin pain. Twenty-two patients with intermittent loin pain thought to be typical of primary pelvic hydronephrosis but with normal appearances at standard excretion urography were subjected to diuretic urography using Frusemide-induced diuresis. If this was normal, acute urography was performed when the patient had pain. Abnormal appearances were shown in only 15 patients. In 4, only the erect films revealed the hydronephrosis. Dilatation occurred in response to a diuretic load in 9 and the abnormality was shown at the time of an attack of pain in 4. The hydronephrosis was shown only during the attack of pain in 2, a diuretic urogram having been normal. In 2 patients the nephrographic signs of acute obstruction were shown to be due to occlusion of the pelvi-ureteric junction at the time of an attack of pain. The importance of sequential examination, the value of erect films and acute urography are stressed.", "PMID": 753466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9218", "title": "Ureteric reimplantation for vesico-ureteric reflux in the adult.", "content": "A retrospective study of 32 adult patients undergoing ureteric reimplantation for reflux has been carried out. Reflux and reimplantation in relation to urolithiasis, pregnancy, renal failure, hypertension and bladder neck obstruction have been discussed. Eighty-four per cent of patients with primary reflux had pyelonephritic scarring compared with only 34% of patients where reflux was secondary. Reimplantation has been technically successful in preventing reflux in every patient in this series, with 18 patients (65%) becoming symptom free. Pyelonephritis, hypertension and renal failure were not significantly improved but no progressive changes were observed in the follow-up period after reimplantation.", "contents": "Ureteric reimplantation for vesico-ureteric reflux in the adult. A retrospective study of 32 adult patients undergoing ureteric reimplantation for reflux has been carried out. Reflux and reimplantation in relation to urolithiasis, pregnancy, renal failure, hypertension and bladder neck obstruction have been discussed. Eighty-four per cent of patients with primary reflux had pyelonephritic scarring compared with only 34% of patients where reflux was secondary. Reimplantation has been technically successful in preventing reflux in every patient in this series, with 18 patients (65%) becoming symptom free. Pyelonephritis, hypertension and renal failure were not significantly improved but no progressive changes were observed in the follow-up period after reimplantation.", "PMID": 753467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9219", "title": "The site of recurrence of non-infiltrating bladder tumours.", "content": "A study of 56 cases of non-infiltrating bladder tumour showed a striking difference in the distribution within the bladder of the primary and the recurrent tumours. More than three-quarters of the primary tumours were confined to a restricted area near a ureteric orifice whereas only one-fifth of recurrent tumours were found in this site. By far the commonest site for recurrent tumours was the postero-superior wall of the bladder. Forty-five recurrent tumours formed in the air bubble region, a site in which no primary tumour was found in the whole series. The postero-superior wall of the bladder is subject to mild trauma and abrasion by the tip of an endoscope and the air bubble region is the recipient of hot gas produced by the diathermy. These gas bubbles may also convey detached tumour cells to the recipient site. Local trauma may encourage tumour formation either by producing a raw surface which allows implanation of tumour cells, or possibly also by reducing local resistance to the primary carcinogenic factor.", "contents": "The site of recurrence of non-infiltrating bladder tumours. A study of 56 cases of non-infiltrating bladder tumour showed a striking difference in the distribution within the bladder of the primary and the recurrent tumours. More than three-quarters of the primary tumours were confined to a restricted area near a ureteric orifice whereas only one-fifth of recurrent tumours were found in this site. By far the commonest site for recurrent tumours was the postero-superior wall of the bladder. Forty-five recurrent tumours formed in the air bubble region, a site in which no primary tumour was found in the whole series. The postero-superior wall of the bladder is subject to mild trauma and abrasion by the tip of an endoscope and the air bubble region is the recipient of hot gas produced by the diathermy. These gas bubbles may also convey detached tumour cells to the recipient site. Local trauma may encourage tumour formation either by producing a raw surface which allows implanation of tumour cells, or possibly also by reducing local resistance to the primary carcinogenic factor.", "PMID": 753468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9220", "title": "Results of prolonged bladder distension as treatment for detrusor instability.", "content": "Forty-six patients with urinary symptoms associated with unstable (uninhibitable) detrusor contractions have been treated by a total of 58 bladder distensions; 43 of these were fully re-evaluated urodynamically thereafter and none showed conversion from unstable to stable detrusor behaviour. Four patients with unstable bladders were symptomatically improved but 5 patients reported symptomatic deterioration. We have concluded that while over-distension may sometimes improve a patient's symptoms, it did not result in the abolition of detrusor contractions or the reversal of unstable detrusor behaviour.", "contents": "Results of prolonged bladder distension as treatment for detrusor instability. Forty-six patients with urinary symptoms associated with unstable (uninhibitable) detrusor contractions have been treated by a total of 58 bladder distensions; 43 of these were fully re-evaluated urodynamically thereafter and none showed conversion from unstable to stable detrusor behaviour. Four patients with unstable bladders were symptomatically improved but 5 patients reported symptomatic deterioration. We have concluded that while over-distension may sometimes improve a patient's symptoms, it did not result in the abolition of detrusor contractions or the reversal of unstable detrusor behaviour.", "PMID": 753469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9221", "title": "An objective assessment of the unstable bladder of psychosomatic origin.", "content": "An objective assessment of 40 female patients with an unstable bladder was made. An organic or structural cause had previously been eliminated. In all patients an emotive or psychogenic origin for their urinary symptoms was discovered. The diagnosis of detrusor instability was confirmed by cystometry and bladder drill retraining was employed for 3 months. Cystometric investigation was then repeated and the patient was reassessed from the symptomatic point of view. The cure rate was 82.5%.", "contents": "An objective assessment of the unstable bladder of psychosomatic origin. An objective assessment of 40 female patients with an unstable bladder was made. An organic or structural cause had previously been eliminated. In all patients an emotive or psychogenic origin for their urinary symptoms was discovered. The diagnosis of detrusor instability was confirmed by cystometry and bladder drill retraining was employed for 3 months. Cystometric investigation was then repeated and the patient was reassessed from the symptomatic point of view. The cure rate was 82.5%.", "PMID": 753470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9222", "title": "Biofeedback in the treatment of detrusor instability.", "content": "Detrusor instability has remained resistant to conventional forms of treatment. An attempt to use biofeedback methods in its management is described. Six female patients with symptoms of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence due to detrusor instability were conditioned to auditory and visual stimuli for 6 to 8 1 h sessions. They were assessed clinically and urodynamically. The results are presented as well as detailed case studies of 3 patients. Subjectively, 3 were cured, 2 improved and 1 remained the same; objectively, 3 were cured, 1 improved and 2 remained the same. No significant side effects were encountered.", "contents": "Biofeedback in the treatment of detrusor instability. Detrusor instability has remained resistant to conventional forms of treatment. An attempt to use biofeedback methods in its management is described. Six female patients with symptoms of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence due to detrusor instability were conditioned to auditory and visual stimuli for 6 to 8 1 h sessions. They were assessed clinically and urodynamically. The results are presented as well as detailed case studies of 3 patients. Subjectively, 3 were cured, 2 improved and 1 remained the same; objectively, 3 were cured, 1 improved and 2 remained the same. No significant side effects were encountered.", "PMID": 753471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9223", "title": "Ultrasonic lithotriptor for urethral and bladder stones.", "content": "Bladder or urethral calculi in 50 patients were effectively fragmented and removed per-urethrally using an ultrasonic lithotriptor with the probe vibrating at 30,000 implulses/s. In adults, local anaesthesia was employed and the operation performed as an out-patient procedure. The method has the advantages over others discussed in that a small (23 F) sheath is used and that damage to the bladder or urethra by the probe is avoided. Using a newer, modified sheath resembling that for punch prostatectomy, larger stones can be fragmented by engaging the stone in the fenestrum of the sheath.", "contents": "Ultrasonic lithotriptor for urethral and bladder stones. Bladder or urethral calculi in 50 patients were effectively fragmented and removed per-urethrally using an ultrasonic lithotriptor with the probe vibrating at 30,000 implulses/s. In adults, local anaesthesia was employed and the operation performed as an out-patient procedure. The method has the advantages over others discussed in that a small (23 F) sheath is used and that damage to the bladder or urethra by the probe is avoided. Using a newer, modified sheath resembling that for punch prostatectomy, larger stones can be fragmented by engaging the stone in the fenestrum of the sheath.", "PMID": 753472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9224", "title": "Technique and results of the colonic conduit, continent by means of a new magnetic stoma seal an experimental study.", "content": "On the basis of satisfactory results with a new magnetic stoma seal in colostomy patients this seal, consisting of a magnetic ring and cap, was used in an experimental study to convert the colonic conduit into a continent reservoir. Complete continence was obtained in all of the 12 animals which survived the operation. All rings were well accepted by the tissue when the procedure was staged by implanting the ring transperitoneally several weeks prior to fashioning of the conduit. Residual urine was low, owing to an ideal energy-balance pattern. Coloureteric reflux was successfully prevented in all cases where a long-tunnel-modification of the Leadbetter-Clarke technique was used. Hyperchloraemic acidosis and deterioration in renal function were not observed. All conduits were infected.", "contents": "Technique and results of the colonic conduit, continent by means of a new magnetic stoma seal an experimental study. On the basis of satisfactory results with a new magnetic stoma seal in colostomy patients this seal, consisting of a magnetic ring and cap, was used in an experimental study to convert the colonic conduit into a continent reservoir. Complete continence was obtained in all of the 12 animals which survived the operation. All rings were well accepted by the tissue when the procedure was staged by implanting the ring transperitoneally several weeks prior to fashioning of the conduit. Residual urine was low, owing to an ideal energy-balance pattern. Coloureteric reflux was successfully prevented in all cases where a long-tunnel-modification of the Leadbetter-Clarke technique was used. Hyperchloraemic acidosis and deterioration in renal function were not observed. All conduits were infected.", "PMID": 753473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9225", "title": "Carcinoma of the penis.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis have been reviewed. The 3 year survival was 77%, and the 5 year survival was 59%. Prognosis was related to both clinical staging and histological grading. Stage I and II carcinomas were best treated by surgery alone. Stage III and IV carcinomas were best treated by local amputation of the penis combined with radiotherapy to the inguinal nodes. Surgery as a primary treatment for clinically positive nodes was successful in less than half the cases treated, and in this series was always followed by wound infection and lymphoedema. Tender, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes should be observed for up to 3 months following primary treatment, as a large percentage of these nodes are inflammatory and subside spontaneously.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the penis. Sixty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis have been reviewed. The 3 year survival was 77%, and the 5 year survival was 59%. Prognosis was related to both clinical staging and histological grading. Stage I and II carcinomas were best treated by surgery alone. Stage III and IV carcinomas were best treated by local amputation of the penis combined with radiotherapy to the inguinal nodes. Surgery as a primary treatment for clinically positive nodes was successful in less than half the cases treated, and in this series was always followed by wound infection and lymphoedema. Tender, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes should be observed for up to 3 months following primary treatment, as a large percentage of these nodes are inflammatory and subside spontaneously.", "PMID": 753475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9226", "title": "Radiograph measurements and contralateral renal size in primary pelvic hydronephrosis.", "content": "Renal size was estimated from the radiographs in 47 cases of primary pelvic hydronephrosis. The area of functioning renal tissue of the side opposite to the disease was greater in patients with severe hydronephrosis treated by pheloplasty, compared with those with moderate disease (P less than 0.05). This suggests that compensatory hypertrophy had occurred in the contralateral kidney. This finding did not appear to affect the outcome of pyeloplasty. It is suggested that the finding of compensatory hypertrophy in the kidney opposite to a severe hydronephrosis is not a contra-indication to conservative surgery.", "contents": "Radiograph measurements and contralateral renal size in primary pelvic hydronephrosis. Renal size was estimated from the radiographs in 47 cases of primary pelvic hydronephrosis. The area of functioning renal tissue of the side opposite to the disease was greater in patients with severe hydronephrosis treated by pheloplasty, compared with those with moderate disease (P less than 0.05). This suggests that compensatory hypertrophy had occurred in the contralateral kidney. This finding did not appear to affect the outcome of pyeloplasty. It is suggested that the finding of compensatory hypertrophy in the kidney opposite to a severe hydronephrosis is not a contra-indication to conservative surgery.", "PMID": 753481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9227", "title": "The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan.", "content": "Nine hundred and ninety-seven Sudanese patients presenting to a urological unit in Khartoum were divided into a group consisting of 144 patients with a history or evidence of urinary bilharziasis and a second group of 853 patients with no history or evidence of this disease. Thirty-one per cent of the patients with bilharziasis and 32% of those without were found to have urinary calculi. In the bilharzial group there were recurrent stones in 7% compared with 12.4% in the non-bilharzial group. In the bilharzial group the stones were renal in 63.6%, ureteric in 27.3% and vesical in 9.1%, while in the non-bilharzial group 57% were renal, 30% ureteric and 13% vesical. Comparison of the incidence, rate of recurrence and site of stones in both groups suggests that urinary bilharziasis does not contribute to the high incidence of urolithiasis in the Sudan.", "contents": "The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan. Nine hundred and ninety-seven Sudanese patients presenting to a urological unit in Khartoum were divided into a group consisting of 144 patients with a history or evidence of urinary bilharziasis and a second group of 853 patients with no history or evidence of this disease. Thirty-one per cent of the patients with bilharziasis and 32% of those without were found to have urinary calculi. In the bilharzial group there were recurrent stones in 7% compared with 12.4% in the non-bilharzial group. In the bilharzial group the stones were renal in 63.6%, ureteric in 27.3% and vesical in 9.1%, while in the non-bilharzial group 57% were renal, 30% ureteric and 13% vesical. Comparison of the incidence, rate of recurrence and site of stones in both groups suggests that urinary bilharziasis does not contribute to the high incidence of urolithiasis in the Sudan.", "PMID": 753482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9228", "title": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy.", "content": "In 25 patients undergoing pyelolithotomy a supplementary coagulum technique has been used. Initial difficulties were found in the preparation, instillation and extraction of the coagulum, but with experience a satisfactory technique has been developed. The type of stone situation most likely to benefit from coagulum pyelolithotomy would seem to be where there is a small, mobile stone or stone fragment lying in a calix or in a wide renal pelvis.", "contents": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy. In 25 patients undergoing pyelolithotomy a supplementary coagulum technique has been used. Initial difficulties were found in the preparation, instillation and extraction of the coagulum, but with experience a satisfactory technique has been developed. The type of stone situation most likely to benefit from coagulum pyelolithotomy would seem to be where there is a small, mobile stone or stone fragment lying in a calix or in a wide renal pelvis.", "PMID": 753483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9229", "title": "Ureteric involvement with abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "The clinical presentations of 3 patients found to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm with ureteric involvement have been described. The world literature concerning this problem and methods of surgical treatment have been reviewed. The importance of medial displacement of the ureters as an early diagnostic sign indicating the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is again emphasised. The possibility of a relatively benign course for the aneurysm should be considered in patients with renal or cardiorespiratory complications. In such cases, treatment of the ureteric involvement alone is justified.", "contents": "Ureteric involvement with abdominal aortic aneurysm. The clinical presentations of 3 patients found to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm with ureteric involvement have been described. The world literature concerning this problem and methods of surgical treatment have been reviewed. The importance of medial displacement of the ureters as an early diagnostic sign indicating the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is again emphasised. The possibility of a relatively benign course for the aneurysm should be considered in patients with renal or cardiorespiratory complications. In such cases, treatment of the ureteric involvement alone is justified.", "PMID": 753484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9230", "title": "Adoptive immunotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated either by infusion of tumour immune pig mesenteric lymph node cells into the tumour blood supply, followed 6 weeks later by 5500 rad, or by radiotherapy alone. The patients were paired prior to treatment, using 4 criteria: age (nearest decade), sex, clinical stage (T3 or T4) and histological grade (average or high). The first patient in each pair then received combined treatment and the second radiotherapy alone. Administration of pig cells before radiotherapy offered no advantage to the patient in terms of the incidence of remission or the length of survival after treatment.", "contents": "Adoptive immunotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer. Thirty-one patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated either by infusion of tumour immune pig mesenteric lymph node cells into the tumour blood supply, followed 6 weeks later by 5500 rad, or by radiotherapy alone. The patients were paired prior to treatment, using 4 criteria: age (nearest decade), sex, clinical stage (T3 or T4) and histological grade (average or high). The first patient in each pair then received combined treatment and the second radiotherapy alone. Administration of pig cells before radiotherapy offered no advantage to the patient in terms of the incidence of remission or the length of survival after treatment.", "PMID": 753485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9231", "title": "Congenital parameatal urethral cyst in the male.", "content": "Three cases of parameatal cysts in boys are reported. Two cysts were present at birth and the other was found in early infancy. Aetiology and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital parameatal urethral cyst in the male. Three cases of parameatal cysts in boys are reported. Two cysts were present at birth and the other was found in early infancy. Aetiology and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 753486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9232", "title": "Recanalisation of vas after vasectomy. Evaluation of various techniques in dogs.", "content": "A critical study of various techniques for end-to-end vaso-vasostomies without or with internal splints on 41 dogs is presented. The results of vaso-vasostomy without any internal splint were significantly better than those with splints, both for primary as well as secondary repair after 6 weeks. The presence of an internal splint was associated with a high incidence of severe infection in the vas, epididymis and testis. An end-to-end mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis using either 6/0 silk or Prolene under magnification is recommended as a simple and successful methods of recanalisation of the vas in clinical practice.", "contents": "Recanalisation of vas after vasectomy. Evaluation of various techniques in dogs. A critical study of various techniques for end-to-end vaso-vasostomies without or with internal splints on 41 dogs is presented. The results of vaso-vasostomy without any internal splint were significantly better than those with splints, both for primary as well as secondary repair after 6 weeks. The presence of an internal splint was associated with a high incidence of severe infection in the vas, epididymis and testis. An end-to-end mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis using either 6/0 silk or Prolene under magnification is recommended as a simple and successful methods of recanalisation of the vas in clinical practice.", "PMID": 753487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9233", "title": "The distinction between obstructive uropathy and nephropathy by radioisotope transit times.", "content": "Deconvolution analysis of different regions of interest on gamma camera renography enables obstructive lesions causing impairment of nephron function to be distinguished from obstructive lesions which parenchymal function is unimpaired. Quantitation of isotope transit time through the parenchyma is a reliable method of diagnosing upper urinary tract obstruction.", "contents": "The distinction between obstructive uropathy and nephropathy by radioisotope transit times. Deconvolution analysis of different regions of interest on gamma camera renography enables obstructive lesions causing impairment of nephron function to be distinguished from obstructive lesions which parenchymal function is unimpaired. Quantitation of isotope transit time through the parenchyma is a reliable method of diagnosing upper urinary tract obstruction.", "PMID": 753492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9234", "title": "A new urinary test for stone \"activity\".", "content": "Rapid evaporation of urine to osmolarity 1200 results in a high incidence of envelope Wedellite and calcium phosphate crystals. The Wedellite crystals closely resemble those seen in untreated urine samples of stone formers. The incidence of crystalluria produced by these tests is higher in the stone formers than in the normal subjects, reduced by thiazides and increased by cellulose phosphate; combined thiazide and cellulose phosphate therapy was most effective in reducing crystalluria. Simple calcium and oxalate concentration products were calculated and did not correlate well with incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria. Although the product is important, inhibitors of crystal formation must be equally important. It is postulated, but not proven, that the evaporation tests may indicate normal subjects at risk to stone formation when exposed to chronic dehydration and whether a stone former is still metabolically active.", "contents": "A new urinary test for stone \"activity\". Rapid evaporation of urine to osmolarity 1200 results in a high incidence of envelope Wedellite and calcium phosphate crystals. The Wedellite crystals closely resemble those seen in untreated urine samples of stone formers. The incidence of crystalluria produced by these tests is higher in the stone formers than in the normal subjects, reduced by thiazides and increased by cellulose phosphate; combined thiazide and cellulose phosphate therapy was most effective in reducing crystalluria. Simple calcium and oxalate concentration products were calculated and did not correlate well with incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria. Although the product is important, inhibitors of crystal formation must be equally important. It is postulated, but not proven, that the evaporation tests may indicate normal subjects at risk to stone formation when exposed to chronic dehydration and whether a stone former is still metabolically active.", "PMID": 753493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9235", "title": "The effect of allopurinol on urinary oxalate excretion in stone formers.", "content": "Allopurinol is a drug which could be valuable in the treatment of stone patients. In 29 subjects treated with 300 mg of the drug per day it has been found that there was a significant fall in urine oxalate excretion if the blood urate was above 330 mumol/l. In 10 subjects followed for 1 year the urine oxalate was significantly reduced and maintained at a lower level than the original.", "contents": "The effect of allopurinol on urinary oxalate excretion in stone formers. Allopurinol is a drug which could be valuable in the treatment of stone patients. In 29 subjects treated with 300 mg of the drug per day it has been found that there was a significant fall in urine oxalate excretion if the blood urate was above 330 mumol/l. In 10 subjects followed for 1 year the urine oxalate was significantly reduced and maintained at a lower level than the original.", "PMID": 753494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9236", "title": "Pre-operative arterial embolisation in renal carcinoma.", "content": "Nephrectomy for carcinoma is often accompanied by moderate or severe bleeding but this may be reduced by prior occlusion of the renal artery. Embolisation with fresh autologous clot is rendered ineffective by rapid lysis. In vitro experiments showed that the clot could be stabilised by the addition of epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA). By injecting stabilised clot into the renal arterysatisfactory devascularisation of kidney and tumour was achieved in 10 patients.", "contents": "Pre-operative arterial embolisation in renal carcinoma. Nephrectomy for carcinoma is often accompanied by moderate or severe bleeding but this may be reduced by prior occlusion of the renal artery. Embolisation with fresh autologous clot is rendered ineffective by rapid lysis. In vitro experiments showed that the clot could be stabilised by the addition of epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA). By injecting stabilised clot into the renal arterysatisfactory devascularisation of kidney and tumour was achieved in 10 patients.", "PMID": 753495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9237", "title": "The management of vesicoureteric reflux in children.", "content": "One hundred and seventy children with vesicoureteric reflux have been reviewed. Conservative therapy was the treatment of choice in Grade I reflux. Children with Grade II and Grade II reflux treated conservatively developed progressive upper tract dilation and scarring. Unilateral reflux sometimes became bilateral. In addition, the grade of reflux could worsen in the absence of symptoms or overt infection. Cystourethroscopy was an important investigation as an aid to management: the findings of abnormal ureteric orifices in the presence of Grade II and Grade III reflux indicated early surgical treatment. Surgery was also indicated in the presence of ureteric dilatation on excretion urography aand/or micturating cystourography. Vesicouretic reimplantation gave excellent results with few complications.", "contents": "The management of vesicoureteric reflux in children. One hundred and seventy children with vesicoureteric reflux have been reviewed. Conservative therapy was the treatment of choice in Grade I reflux. Children with Grade II and Grade II reflux treated conservatively developed progressive upper tract dilation and scarring. Unilateral reflux sometimes became bilateral. In addition, the grade of reflux could worsen in the absence of symptoms or overt infection. Cystourethroscopy was an important investigation as an aid to management: the findings of abnormal ureteric orifices in the presence of Grade II and Grade III reflux indicated early surgical treatment. Surgery was also indicated in the presence of ureteric dilatation on excretion urography aand/or micturating cystourography. Vesicouretic reimplantation gave excellent results with few complications.", "PMID": 753496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9238", "title": "The long-term follow-up of surgically treated vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "We have followed up 83% of a series of 166 patients with vesicoureteric reflux who were treated surgically more than 10 years ago. We found an incidence of hypertension of 12.8%. The need for careful follow-up of the blood pressure of patients with reflux nephropathy is stressed.", "contents": "The long-term follow-up of surgically treated vesicoureteric reflux. We have followed up 83% of a series of 166 patients with vesicoureteric reflux who were treated surgically more than 10 years ago. We found an incidence of hypertension of 12.8%. The need for careful follow-up of the blood pressure of patients with reflux nephropathy is stressed.", "PMID": 753497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9239", "title": "Total cystectomy--a review.", "content": "Anlysis of 99 total cystectomies for malignant disease over a 10-year period in one unit has been carried out, in order to clarify the place of the operation in the overall management of the disease and to assess the quality of life in the patients so treated.", "contents": "Total cystectomy--a review. Anlysis of 99 total cystectomies for malignant disease over a 10-year period in one unit has been carried out, in order to clarify the place of the operation in the overall management of the disease and to assess the quality of life in the patients so treated.", "PMID": 753498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9240", "title": "Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "A personal series of 50 radical cystectomies has been reviewed to decide whether it is a justifiable operation and, if so, when it should be performed. In spite of the fact that radical cystectomy had a higher operative mortality than simple cystectomy and was sometimes followed by lymphoedema, in patients with invaded iliac lymph nodes it was followed by a 25% 5-year survival. It appears, therefore, to be a justifiable procedure. It is recommended that simple cystectomy should be performed for patients with papillomatosis, carcinoma in situ, and as a salvage procedure after radiotherapy has failed, and that radical cystectomy should be reserved for elective cases in of invasive vesical tumours, and for those patients who are found at exploration to have obvious metastic deposits in the iliac lymph nodes.", "contents": "Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. A personal series of 50 radical cystectomies has been reviewed to decide whether it is a justifiable operation and, if so, when it should be performed. In spite of the fact that radical cystectomy had a higher operative mortality than simple cystectomy and was sometimes followed by lymphoedema, in patients with invaded iliac lymph nodes it was followed by a 25% 5-year survival. It appears, therefore, to be a justifiable procedure. It is recommended that simple cystectomy should be performed for patients with papillomatosis, carcinoma in situ, and as a salvage procedure after radiotherapy has failed, and that radical cystectomy should be reserved for elective cases in of invasive vesical tumours, and for those patients who are found at exploration to have obvious metastic deposits in the iliac lymph nodes.", "PMID": 753499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9241", "title": "The induction of cystitis and the implantation of tumours in rat and rabbit bladders.", "content": "A method of inducing tumour growth in rat and rabbit bladders is described. Tumour induction is dependent on a pre-induced cystitis. In rats, tumour also grows in the kidneys because of species characteristic vesicoureteric reflux. The possible significance is discussed in relation to the management of human bladder tumours.", "contents": "The induction of cystitis and the implantation of tumours in rat and rabbit bladders. A method of inducing tumour growth in rat and rabbit bladders is described. Tumour induction is dependent on a pre-induced cystitis. In rats, tumour also grows in the kidneys because of species characteristic vesicoureteric reflux. The possible significance is discussed in relation to the management of human bladder tumours.", "PMID": 753500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9242", "title": "The pseudo-obstructed bladder in enuretic children.", "content": "In a minority of enuretic children with severe day symptoms, and especially when there is urinary infection, there a bladder diverticula and trabeculation and possbily also harmful vesicoureteric reflux which suggest the presence of an infravesical obstruction. However, in 11 children with this syndrome who underwent urodynamic studies, no anatomical or functional obstruction was demonstrable. It is contended that the obstructive signs are the result of uninhibited detrusor contractions being voluntarily resisted by contraction of the external urethral sphincter so that abnormallay high intravesical pressures result. Management involves the use of detrusor-inhibitory drugs. Ureteric reimplantation may be needed for reflux. In the majority of cases symptoms improve with time but the bladder diverticula persist.", "contents": "The pseudo-obstructed bladder in enuretic children. In a minority of enuretic children with severe day symptoms, and especially when there is urinary infection, there a bladder diverticula and trabeculation and possbily also harmful vesicoureteric reflux which suggest the presence of an infravesical obstruction. However, in 11 children with this syndrome who underwent urodynamic studies, no anatomical or functional obstruction was demonstrable. It is contended that the obstructive signs are the result of uninhibited detrusor contractions being voluntarily resisted by contraction of the external urethral sphincter so that abnormallay high intravesical pressures result. Management involves the use of detrusor-inhibitory drugs. Ureteric reimplantation may be needed for reflux. In the majority of cases symptoms improve with time but the bladder diverticula persist.", "PMID": 753501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9243", "title": "Results of caecocystoplasty for tuberculous bladder contracture.", "content": "The results of caecocystoplasty for tuberculous bladder contracture in 30 patients over a 15-year period are presented. The operative mortality was 3.3%. Poor renal function was not a contraindication to surgery. The results indicate that caecocystoplasty provided relief of symptoms in over 90% of patients. Renal function was preserved and associated obstructive uropathy was usually relieved. Efficient cystoplasty emptying was observed in 80% of patients if detrusor resection was kept to the minimum consistent with a wide caecovesical anastomosis.", "contents": "Results of caecocystoplasty for tuberculous bladder contracture. The results of caecocystoplasty for tuberculous bladder contracture in 30 patients over a 15-year period are presented. The operative mortality was 3.3%. Poor renal function was not a contraindication to surgery. The results indicate that caecocystoplasty provided relief of symptoms in over 90% of patients. Renal function was preserved and associated obstructive uropathy was usually relieved. Efficient cystoplasty emptying was observed in 80% of patients if detrusor resection was kept to the minimum consistent with a wide caecovesical anastomosis.", "PMID": 753502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9244", "title": "The late symptomatic and functional results of enterocystoplasty.", "content": "A symptomatic and, where possible, urodynamic assessment has been made in 19 patients undergoing enterocystoplasty over a 16-year period. It is suggested that this operation should be considered in those cases of interstitial cystitis and irritable bladder syndrome in which all recognised medical and surgical treatment has failed.", "contents": "The late symptomatic and functional results of enterocystoplasty. A symptomatic and, where possible, urodynamic assessment has been made in 19 patients undergoing enterocystoplasty over a 16-year period. It is suggested that this operation should be considered in those cases of interstitial cystitis and irritable bladder syndrome in which all recognised medical and surgical treatment has failed.", "PMID": 753503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9245", "title": "Idiopathic bladder instability treated by biofeedback.", "content": "Biofeedback training has been used to treat 27 female patients suffering from symptoms associated with detrusor instability Re-education to auditory and visual stimuli took place during 4 to 8 one-hour sessions at weekly intervals. Using subjective and objective methods of assessment 81% of the patients were improved following treatment.", "contents": "Idiopathic bladder instability treated by biofeedback. Biofeedback training has been used to treat 27 female patients suffering from symptoms associated with detrusor instability Re-education to auditory and visual stimuli took place during 4 to 8 one-hour sessions at weekly intervals. Using subjective and objective methods of assessment 81% of the patients were improved following treatment.", "PMID": 753504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9246", "title": "Bladder instability in women with recurrent cystitis.", "content": "Factors in the aetiology of bladder instability in women with recurrent cystitis are analysed. A multifactorial approach to patient management is advocated and supported by a treatment failure rate of only 3.6% with these patients over a mean follow-up of nearly 2 years.", "contents": "Bladder instability in women with recurrent cystitis. Factors in the aetiology of bladder instability in women with recurrent cystitis are analysed. A multifactorial approach to patient management is advocated and supported by a treatment failure rate of only 3.6% with these patients over a mean follow-up of nearly 2 years.", "PMID": 753505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9247", "title": "Bladder rupture: an acceptable complication of distension therapy?", "content": "Bladder rupture complicating prolonged bladder distension is reviewed. Rupture occurred in 7 of 128 distensions for detrusor instability, in 5 of 34 distensions for interstitial cystitis and in one of 4 distensions for reduced bladder capacity of unknown aetiology. Management of extraperitoneal ruptures should be conservative, intraperitoneal ruptures should probably be explored. Rupture was more likely if the bladder wall was diseased, the distension pressure exceeded 145 cm H2O, and the patient was more than 50 years old. The eventual outcome of prolonged bladder distension was not adversely affected by bladder rupture.", "contents": "Bladder rupture: an acceptable complication of distension therapy? Bladder rupture complicating prolonged bladder distension is reviewed. Rupture occurred in 7 of 128 distensions for detrusor instability, in 5 of 34 distensions for interstitial cystitis and in one of 4 distensions for reduced bladder capacity of unknown aetiology. Management of extraperitoneal ruptures should be conservative, intraperitoneal ruptures should probably be explored. Rupture was more likely if the bladder wall was diseased, the distension pressure exceeded 145 cm H2O, and the patient was more than 50 years old. The eventual outcome of prolonged bladder distension was not adversely affected by bladder rupture.", "PMID": 753506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9248", "title": "A new self-retaining catheter with triple microtip pressure transducer: the Baghdad modification.", "content": "A new self-retaining triple microtip pressure transducer on a silicone rubber catheter was assessed on 12 patients with bladder neck obstruction or obstruction at the distal urethral component (external sphincter). The catheter gave reliable and accurate information on pressures in the bladder, prostatic and bulbar urethras simultaneously. It is, however, an expensive piece of equipment and requires delicate handling.", "contents": "A new self-retaining catheter with triple microtip pressure transducer: the Baghdad modification. A new self-retaining triple microtip pressure transducer on a silicone rubber catheter was assessed on 12 patients with bladder neck obstruction or obstruction at the distal urethral component (external sphincter). The catheter gave reliable and accurate information on pressures in the bladder, prostatic and bulbar urethras simultaneously. It is, however, an expensive piece of equipment and requires delicate handling.", "PMID": 753507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9249", "title": "Serial bone scanning: the assessment of treatment response in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Serial bone scans and radiographic surveys were performed in 167 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate: 435 scans and surveys were performed. Nineteen of 99 patients with negative findings on diagnosis have become positive on follow-up. Forty-nine patients had positive findings on presentation; 8 have regressed on follow-up and 26 have progressed; 15 have remained unchanged. This is a sensitive method of follow-up in patients with carcinoma of prostate. Changes occurred in bone scans and skeletal surveys before any alteration in serum acid or alkaline phosphatases, symptoms of metastases or change in prostatic size in the majority of cases. The documentation of progression from MO to M1 disease presents no problems. However, problems in quantitation may arise in patients presenting with M1 disease.", "contents": "Serial bone scanning: the assessment of treatment response in carcinoma of the prostate. Serial bone scans and radiographic surveys were performed in 167 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate: 435 scans and surveys were performed. Nineteen of 99 patients with negative findings on diagnosis have become positive on follow-up. Forty-nine patients had positive findings on presentation; 8 have regressed on follow-up and 26 have progressed; 15 have remained unchanged. This is a sensitive method of follow-up in patients with carcinoma of prostate. Changes occurred in bone scans and skeletal surveys before any alteration in serum acid or alkaline phosphatases, symptoms of metastases or change in prostatic size in the majority of cases. The documentation of progression from MO to M1 disease presents no problems. However, problems in quantitation may arise in patients presenting with M1 disease.", "PMID": 753508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9250", "title": "An experimental approach to the optimum oestrogen dosage in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The action of diethylstilboestrol on the androgen response mechanism of the human prostate has been examined. A simple in vitro test system that assesses effects on hormone uptake, receptor binding and translocation to the nucleus has been employed. The test has also been modified to study the effect of diethylstilboestrol on the activity of 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. These results are discussed in relation to the dosage of diethylstilboestrol for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "An experimental approach to the optimum oestrogen dosage in prostatic carcinoma. The action of diethylstilboestrol on the androgen response mechanism of the human prostate has been examined. A simple in vitro test system that assesses effects on hormone uptake, receptor binding and translocation to the nucleus has been employed. The test has also been modified to study the effect of diethylstilboestrol on the activity of 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. These results are discussed in relation to the dosage of diethylstilboestrol for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 753509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9251", "title": "Urethral injury and fractured pelvis.", "content": "In 333 consecutive cases of fractures of the pelvis admitted as emergencies to one hospital 53% were in males, of whom 34 had suspicious clinical signs of urethral or vesical injury. In 15 patients catheterisation was performed uneventfully and in no case did this make the injury worse; in 8 an attempt at primary realignment was performed, resulting in 4 cases without any stricture, and 2 who needed annual dilation only. In 4 additional cases associated laceration of the bladder was repaired of which one had no stricture and 2 needed infrequent dilatations. In a further 41 cases a catheter was used and led to no strictures. Among 67 males with post-traumatic urethral injuries caused by pelvic fracture the best results were seen when the 2 ends were approximated. In 4 cases a stricture was prevented entirely, and in 17 others it led to an easy urethroplasty. Difficult strictures occurred in severe injuries with uncorrected displacement of the soft parts. Where feasible, early surgical repair appears to give the best chance of minimising the severity of subsequent urethral stricture.", "contents": "Urethral injury and fractured pelvis. In 333 consecutive cases of fractures of the pelvis admitted as emergencies to one hospital 53% were in males, of whom 34 had suspicious clinical signs of urethral or vesical injury. In 15 patients catheterisation was performed uneventfully and in no case did this make the injury worse; in 8 an attempt at primary realignment was performed, resulting in 4 cases without any stricture, and 2 who needed annual dilation only. In 4 additional cases associated laceration of the bladder was repaired of which one had no stricture and 2 needed infrequent dilatations. In a further 41 cases a catheter was used and led to no strictures. Among 67 males with post-traumatic urethral injuries caused by pelvic fracture the best results were seen when the 2 ends were approximated. In 4 cases a stricture was prevented entirely, and in 17 others it led to an easy urethroplasty. Difficult strictures occurred in severe injuries with uncorrected displacement of the soft parts. Where feasible, early surgical repair appears to give the best chance of minimising the severity of subsequent urethral stricture.", "PMID": 753510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9252", "title": "Urethral tumours.", "content": "A series of 33 patients with urethral tumours has been studied to assess the risk of dissemination by endoscopic diathermy. This risk is less than that of cystourethrectomy. Urethral tumours should be treated like the vesical tumours they follow and so closely resemble: by endoscopic treatment while they remain small, sparse and superficial; by cystourethrectomy as soon as they become larger and more extensive. Recurrence of tumour in the urethral stump following cystectomy should always be treated by urethrectomy.", "contents": "Urethral tumours. A series of 33 patients with urethral tumours has been studied to assess the risk of dissemination by endoscopic diathermy. This risk is less than that of cystourethrectomy. Urethral tumours should be treated like the vesical tumours they follow and so closely resemble: by endoscopic treatment while they remain small, sparse and superficial; by cystourethrectomy as soon as they become larger and more extensive. Recurrence of tumour in the urethral stump following cystectomy should always be treated by urethrectomy.", "PMID": 753511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9253", "title": "Endoscopic examination in children.", "content": "Cystourethroscopy is an uncomfortable and often painful investigation for children. It is distressing to the parents, and even when it is done on a day case basis it can cause considerable disruption to the family. It should therefore only be considered when it is felt that the examination will contribute to the management of the urinary problem in the child, and then only after routine assessment including physical examination, urine culture, renal function studies, excretion urography and, where indicated, micturating cystogram. In a study of 242 children who had cystourethroscopy, it was found to be of only limited value in children with enuresis, incontinence, haematuria, recurrent urinary infection and painful micturition. In some children it provided an opportunity for either indirect (from instrumentation) or formal urethral dilatation and this seemed to be associated with post-operative symptom relief in some children. Endoscopy appeared to be of most value in the management of vesicoureteric reflux, upper tract duplication and specific urethral abnormalities. In these situations the examination provided essential information which was helpful with further management of the children.", "contents": "Endoscopic examination in children. Cystourethroscopy is an uncomfortable and often painful investigation for children. It is distressing to the parents, and even when it is done on a day case basis it can cause considerable disruption to the family. It should therefore only be considered when it is felt that the examination will contribute to the management of the urinary problem in the child, and then only after routine assessment including physical examination, urine culture, renal function studies, excretion urography and, where indicated, micturating cystogram. In a study of 242 children who had cystourethroscopy, it was found to be of only limited value in children with enuresis, incontinence, haematuria, recurrent urinary infection and painful micturition. In some children it provided an opportunity for either indirect (from instrumentation) or formal urethral dilatation and this seemed to be associated with post-operative symptom relief in some children. Endoscopy appeared to be of most value in the management of vesicoureteric reflux, upper tract duplication and specific urethral abnormalities. In these situations the examination provided essential information which was helpful with further management of the children.", "PMID": 753512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9254", "title": "Idications for testicular biopsy or exploration in azoospermia.", "content": "Investigation of 311 azoospermic males has shown that the combination of estimation of testicular size and plasma FSH allows the spermatogenic function of the testes to be accurately assessed by non-invasive methods. Patients with small testes and grossly elevated levels of plasma FSH have absent, or grossly impaired spermatogenesis, and do not require surgical exploration. They should be advised with regard to adoption or artificial insemination. Patients with large testes (5 cm) or an FSH level which is not grossly elevated require operation and should undergo a surgical exploration and the possible correction of an obstructive lesion. A testicular biopsy is essential if no obstructive lesion is found as the histology of these patients may show a spermatogenic arrest.", "contents": "Idications for testicular biopsy or exploration in azoospermia. Investigation of 311 azoospermic males has shown that the combination of estimation of testicular size and plasma FSH allows the spermatogenic function of the testes to be accurately assessed by non-invasive methods. Patients with small testes and grossly elevated levels of plasma FSH have absent, or grossly impaired spermatogenesis, and do not require surgical exploration. They should be advised with regard to adoption or artificial insemination. Patients with large testes (5 cm) or an FSH level which is not grossly elevated require operation and should undergo a surgical exploration and the possible correction of an obstructive lesion. A testicular biopsy is essential if no obstructive lesion is found as the histology of these patients may show a spermatogenic arrest.", "PMID": 753513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9255", "title": "The management of azoospermia.", "content": "Azoospermia in the presence of a normally functioning testis and a normal vasogram has been thought to be due to an obstruction in the epididymis between the body and the head. However, bypass operations have been singularly unsuccessful except when there was evidence of past inflammation causing fibrosis of the body and tail of the epididymis. Two substances, glycerylphosphorylcholine and carnitine, which are known to be secreted by the epididymis, were investigated. The results of this preliminary study suggest that they may play a part in the management of patients presenting with azoospermia.", "contents": "The management of azoospermia. Azoospermia in the presence of a normally functioning testis and a normal vasogram has been thought to be due to an obstruction in the epididymis between the body and the head. However, bypass operations have been singularly unsuccessful except when there was evidence of past inflammation causing fibrosis of the body and tail of the epididymis. Two substances, glycerylphosphorylcholine and carnitine, which are known to be secreted by the epididymis, were investigated. The results of this preliminary study suggest that they may play a part in the management of patients presenting with azoospermia.", "PMID": 753514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9256", "title": "Obstructive azoospermia: respiratory function tests, electron microscopy and the results of surgery.", "content": "Forty-five patients have been treated surgically for obstructive azoospermia. Fifteen underwent reversal of vasectomy and 40% of the wives became pregnant. Thirty had epididymovasostomy, and in only 2 (6.5%) did the sperm count become normal, although a few poorly motile sperms appeared in the ejaculate in a further 4 patients. Congenital abnormalities of the vasa in 7 cases and post-inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azoospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the patients (15 cases) the cause was obscure although it was associated with sinusitis, bronchitis or bronchiectasis (Young's syndrome). The results of pulmonary function tests in 30 cases, and electron microscopic studies of cilia from epididymes (10 cases) and bronchial mucosa (2 cases) indicated that the basic abnormality might be malfunction of the microtubules which appeared to be ultrastructurally normal in most cases. One case appeared to be associated with dietary deficiency, and correction of diet coincided with a successful result of surgery.", "contents": "Obstructive azoospermia: respiratory function tests, electron microscopy and the results of surgery. Forty-five patients have been treated surgically for obstructive azoospermia. Fifteen underwent reversal of vasectomy and 40% of the wives became pregnant. Thirty had epididymovasostomy, and in only 2 (6.5%) did the sperm count become normal, although a few poorly motile sperms appeared in the ejaculate in a further 4 patients. Congenital abnormalities of the vasa in 7 cases and post-inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azoospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the patients (15 cases) the cause was obscure although it was associated with sinusitis, bronchitis or bronchiectasis (Young's syndrome). The results of pulmonary function tests in 30 cases, and electron microscopic studies of cilia from epididymes (10 cases) and bronchial mucosa (2 cases) indicated that the basic abnormality might be malfunction of the microtubules which appeared to be ultrastructurally normal in most cases. One case appeared to be associated with dietary deficiency, and correction of diet coincided with a successful result of surgery.", "PMID": 753515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9257", "title": "CT scanning and the surgery of metastatic teratoma of the testis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Accurate definition of metastases in para-aortic lymph nodes and lungs is essential in planning treatment for patients with testicular teratoma. The addition of CT scanning to routine investigation of these patients has given additional sensitivity in detection and localisation of metastases. The extent of para-aortic metastases could be clearly defined, even when bulk replacement of nodes prevented definition by lymphography. This information was used in planning the best surgical approach for para-aortic lymphadenectomy, which was done as part of combined treatment of large volume metastases.", "contents": "CT scanning and the surgery of metastatic teratoma of the testis: a preliminary report. Accurate definition of metastases in para-aortic lymph nodes and lungs is essential in planning treatment for patients with testicular teratoma. The addition of CT scanning to routine investigation of these patients has given additional sensitivity in detection and localisation of metastases. The extent of para-aortic metastases could be clearly defined, even when bulk replacement of nodes prevented definition by lymphography. This information was used in planning the best surgical approach for para-aortic lymphadenectomy, which was done as part of combined treatment of large volume metastases.", "PMID": 753516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9258", "title": "[Surgical aspects of thrombosis in the portal system (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present and discuss clinical and therapeutic aspects of several cases of chronic portal thrombosis, troncular and radicular, either isolated or variously associated. Splenoportography and selective arteriography do not always provide a clear-cut picture of the vascular situation, particularly in the presence of mural thrombi. Surgery may be needed as an emergency measure in cases of hemorrhage, but the best results are obtained if it can be done electively. Indications, however, must be evaluated very carefully in each individual case, especially for thrombosis not associated with cirrhosis of the liver, in which the tendency to a more favorable natural evolution may invite a more conservative approach. The choice of surgical procedures is dictated essentially by the site of obstruction in the portal system. After discussing the indications for various methods, the authors present some cases of thrombosis involving only the superior mesenteric vein, managed successfully by disobliteration and mesenterocaval anastomosis.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects of thrombosis in the portal system (author's transl)]. The Authors present and discuss clinical and therapeutic aspects of several cases of chronic portal thrombosis, troncular and radicular, either isolated or variously associated. Splenoportography and selective arteriography do not always provide a clear-cut picture of the vascular situation, particularly in the presence of mural thrombi. Surgery may be needed as an emergency measure in cases of hemorrhage, but the best results are obtained if it can be done electively. Indications, however, must be evaluated very carefully in each individual case, especially for thrombosis not associated with cirrhosis of the liver, in which the tendency to a more favorable natural evolution may invite a more conservative approach. The choice of surgical procedures is dictated essentially by the site of obstruction in the portal system. After discussing the indications for various methods, the authors present some cases of thrombosis involving only the superior mesenteric vein, managed successfully by disobliteration and mesenterocaval anastomosis.", "PMID": 753529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9259", "title": "[Clinical and pathological staging of 85 patients with Hodgkin's disease: a clinical contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 85 patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing studies of clinical staging. Of these, 28 were investigated by laparotomic splenectomy, which revealed evidence of disease progress not otherwise detectable in 10 cases (36%). The authors also note that cases with an unfavorable histotype are associated with a higher incidence of spleen involvement and a more advanced stage of disease.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathological staging of 85 patients with Hodgkin's disease: a clinical contribution (author's transl)]. This is a retrospective study of 85 patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing studies of clinical staging. Of these, 28 were investigated by laparotomic splenectomy, which revealed evidence of disease progress not otherwise detectable in 10 cases (36%). The authors also note that cases with an unfavorable histotype are associated with a higher incidence of spleen involvement and a more advanced stage of disease.", "PMID": 753530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9260", "title": "[Paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum successfully removed after being discovered accidentally in a young male patient who showed no symptoms attributable to the tumor. The latter was a round mass, about 6 cm in diameter, richly vascular, located in the right costomediastinal gutter. Histologically it was a functionally silent paraganglioma originating from the intrathoracic aortosympathetic paraganglia, these being part of the very numerous groups of the paragangliar system distributed segmentally into metamers, particularly in the adrenal medulla. According to the more recent views, chemodectoma or paraganglioma (chromaffine or non-chromaffine, functionally active or silent) and pheochromocytoma (functionally active or silent, adrenal or extra-adrenal) constitute a group of tumors sharing the same tissue matrix, namely paragangliar cells.", "contents": "[Paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum (author's transl)]. The authors describe one case of paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum successfully removed after being discovered accidentally in a young male patient who showed no symptoms attributable to the tumor. The latter was a round mass, about 6 cm in diameter, richly vascular, located in the right costomediastinal gutter. Histologically it was a functionally silent paraganglioma originating from the intrathoracic aortosympathetic paraganglia, these being part of the very numerous groups of the paragangliar system distributed segmentally into metamers, particularly in the adrenal medulla. According to the more recent views, chemodectoma or paraganglioma (chromaffine or non-chromaffine, functionally active or silent) and pheochromocytoma (functionally active or silent, adrenal or extra-adrenal) constitute a group of tumors sharing the same tissue matrix, namely paragangliar cells.", "PMID": 753531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9261", "title": "[Behavior of calcemia in breast malignancy. Note I (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a statistical investigation conducted in 95 patients with mammary carcinoma, designed to show the behavior of calcemia in the course of this malignancy. The data were analyzed statistically by the binomial test, the scatter of values (F test of Snedecor), and the t test of Student. The authors confirmed the existence of a statistically significant alteration of calcemia only in the group of patients with metastasis to bone versus control subjects; conversely there was no significant difference of distribution in the various groups in regard to values beyond those given as normal.", "contents": "[Behavior of calcemia in breast malignancy. Note I (author's transl)]. The authors report a statistical investigation conducted in 95 patients with mammary carcinoma, designed to show the behavior of calcemia in the course of this malignancy. The data were analyzed statistically by the binomial test, the scatter of values (F test of Snedecor), and the t test of Student. The authors confirmed the existence of a statistically significant alteration of calcemia only in the group of patients with metastasis to bone versus control subjects; conversely there was no significant difference of distribution in the various groups in regard to values beyond those given as normal.", "PMID": 753532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9262", "title": "[Complications of lung surgery in the aged: relapsing postresection atelectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of relapsing postoperative atelectasis occurring with considerable severity after an upper left lobectomy for malignancy in a man of 68. Said complication recurred no fewer than six times during a hospital stay of 44 days and constituted a major threat to the good outcome of surgery. The patient was finally discharged in good conditions, and a later recheck revealed no important alterations in the surviving lower left lobe.", "contents": "[Complications of lung surgery in the aged: relapsing postresection atelectasis (author's transl)]. The authors describe one case of relapsing postoperative atelectasis occurring with considerable severity after an upper left lobectomy for malignancy in a man of 68. Said complication recurred no fewer than six times during a hospital stay of 44 days and constituted a major threat to the good outcome of surgery. The patient was finally discharged in good conditions, and a later recheck revealed no important alterations in the surviving lower left lobe.", "PMID": 753533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9263", "title": "[Our criteria for surgical treatment of acute obstructions of the large gut of neoplastic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review a total of 132 cases of acute neoplastic obstruction of the large gut seen in their clinical material over the last twenty years. In the light of the results obtained they discuss the indications and limitations of the various surgical strategies adopted (radical surgery, derivative surgery, and palliative resection); they conclude that radical procedures are best for the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Our criteria for surgical treatment of acute obstructions of the large gut of neoplastic origin (author's transl)]. The authors review a total of 132 cases of acute neoplastic obstruction of the large gut seen in their clinical material over the last twenty years. In the light of the results obtained they discuss the indications and limitations of the various surgical strategies adopted (radical surgery, derivative surgery, and palliative resection); they conclude that radical procedures are best for the majority of cases.", "PMID": 753536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9264", "title": "[Interatrial communications of the ostium secundum type in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of personal observations made during their first year of activity in cardiac surgery, the authors review the existing literature concerning surgical indications for interatrial communications in the adult. While they recognize that there is a strong correlation between patient age and mortality, they argue that corrective surgery for such defects can be done also in the older patients, with due regard to limiting criteria relative to pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arteriolar resistance, and cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Interatrial communications of the ostium secundum type in the adult (author's transl)]. On the basis of personal observations made during their first year of activity in cardiac surgery, the authors review the existing literature concerning surgical indications for interatrial communications in the adult. While they recognize that there is a strong correlation between patient age and mortality, they argue that corrective surgery for such defects can be done also in the older patients, with due regard to limiting criteria relative to pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arteriolar resistance, and cardiac failure.", "PMID": 753537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9265", "title": "[Carcinoma of the appendix. Presentation of one clinical case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "After presenting one case of carcinoma of the appendix of their own observation, the authors discuss several aspects of the anatomopathology, clinical course, and diagnosis of tumors of the appendix. From a review of existing literature it emerges that no case of carcinoma of the appendix was ever diagnosed preoperatively. The authors evaluate the difficulties inherent in such diagnosis and recommend some means of investigation that are currently applied to other organs.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the appendix. Presentation of one clinical case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. After presenting one case of carcinoma of the appendix of their own observation, the authors discuss several aspects of the anatomopathology, clinical course, and diagnosis of tumors of the appendix. From a review of existing literature it emerges that no case of carcinoma of the appendix was ever diagnosed preoperatively. The authors evaluate the difficulties inherent in such diagnosis and recommend some means of investigation that are currently applied to other organs.", "PMID": 753538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9266", "title": "[Angiomatosis of the colon; presentation of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief introduction in which they outline the frequency of colonic angiomatosis and its characteristic symptom triad, the authors describe one case of this condition come to their observation and treated surgically. Next they discuss the classification, differential diagnosis versus other colonic diseases and disorders, available diagnostic aids, and therapeutic resources. They stress in particular the difficulty of diagnosing this condition correctly, to the point where definite recognition is often made only by exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "[Angiomatosis of the colon; presentation of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Following a brief introduction in which they outline the frequency of colonic angiomatosis and its characteristic symptom triad, the authors describe one case of this condition come to their observation and treated surgically. Next they discuss the classification, differential diagnosis versus other colonic diseases and disorders, available diagnostic aids, and therapeutic resources. They stress in particular the difficulty of diagnosing this condition correctly, to the point where definite recognition is often made only by exploratory laparotomy.", "PMID": 753539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9267", "title": "[Surgery in radioactive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss some legal aspects and protection problems relative to surgical procedures involving radioactive patients, also in the light of recent European guidelines. They analyse in particular the radiation risk associated with the more common cases concerning radioactive substances that are administered for diagnostic purposes. This study affords a preliminary evaluation of the risk inherent in such surgery, in the light of experimental measurements.", "contents": "[Surgery in radioactive patients (author's transl)]. The authors discuss some legal aspects and protection problems relative to surgical procedures involving radioactive patients, also in the light of recent European guidelines. They analyse in particular the radiation risk associated with the more common cases concerning radioactive substances that are administered for diagnostic purposes. This study affords a preliminary evaluation of the risk inherent in such surgery, in the light of experimental measurements.", "PMID": 753540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9268", "title": "[The acute calculus cholecystitis in the elderly patients. (Prognosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author describes 151 cases of acute cholecystitis in patients ranging from 70 to 95 years of age. He examines then the literature on the subject paying attention to the treatment of cases of acute cholecyst disease in aged patients. The Author shows the outstanding features of these cases in synoptic tables and discusses them making a comparison with the materials and results of the colleagues. Leaving necessarily aside the urgent operations a discussion is made on the choice between a cholecyst extirpation and a cholecyst anastomosis. On course, advantages and disadvantages of such operations in aged and weakened patients are taken into account. Death percentage results to be equal to 26,4%, a figure which is not far from that furnished by other statistics, bearing in mind the age of the patients.", "contents": "[The acute calculus cholecystitis in the elderly patients. (Prognosis and therapy (author's transl)]. The Author describes 151 cases of acute cholecystitis in patients ranging from 70 to 95 years of age. He examines then the literature on the subject paying attention to the treatment of cases of acute cholecyst disease in aged patients. The Author shows the outstanding features of these cases in synoptic tables and discusses them making a comparison with the materials and results of the colleagues. Leaving necessarily aside the urgent operations a discussion is made on the choice between a cholecyst extirpation and a cholecyst anastomosis. On course, advantages and disadvantages of such operations in aged and weakened patients are taken into account. Death percentage results to be equal to 26,4%, a figure which is not far from that furnished by other statistics, bearing in mind the age of the patients.", "PMID": 753542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9269", "title": "[Causes and methods of re-operation in a patient with a jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity].", "content": "One case of re-operation in a patient who previously underwent a jejunoileal by-pass for obesity is described. The serious complications following first surgery are shown. Reasons for re-operation and special pre- and post-operative care are considered.", "contents": "[Causes and methods of re-operation in a patient with a jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity]. One case of re-operation in a patient who previously underwent a jejunoileal by-pass for obesity is described. The serious complications following first surgery are shown. Reasons for re-operation and special pre- and post-operative care are considered.", "PMID": 753543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9270", "title": "[Surgery of the left renal vein (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors offer a review of surgical procedures involving the left renal vein and including some major manipulation (disobstruction, ligature, or change of connections), either as part of a planned operation or as an emergency measure. They stress the concept that the surgical trunk of the left renal vein can be ligated and cut with no permanent functional damage to the left kidney.", "contents": "[Surgery of the left renal vein (author's transl)]. The authors offer a review of surgical procedures involving the left renal vein and including some major manipulation (disobstruction, ligature, or change of connections), either as part of a planned operation or as an emergency measure. They stress the concept that the surgical trunk of the left renal vein can be ligated and cut with no permanent functional damage to the left kidney.", "PMID": 753544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9271", "title": "[Preoperative assay of creatine phosphokinase as a precaution against malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a synthetic description of malignant postoperative hyperthermia, the author recommends the inclusion of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) assay in the list of preoperative laboratory tests for all patients scheduled for major surgery. Because this serum enzyme is most often altered in candidates to malignant hyperthermia, the author advocates its preoperative testing in order to identify such patients and make adequate preparations to meet the emergency if its arises.", "contents": "[Preoperative assay of creatine phosphokinase as a precaution against malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)]. Following a synthetic description of malignant postoperative hyperthermia, the author recommends the inclusion of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) assay in the list of preoperative laboratory tests for all patients scheduled for major surgery. Because this serum enzyme is most often altered in candidates to malignant hyperthermia, the author advocates its preoperative testing in order to identify such patients and make adequate preparations to meet the emergency if its arises.", "PMID": 753545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9272", "title": "[Early reoperations in urgent surgery of the abdomen, after interventions on stomach and duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of early re-operations in urgent surgery of the abdomen is taken into account in the light of a wide range of cases admitted into the urgent surgical ward of the Ospedale Maggiore \"C\u00e0 Granda\" in Milan. These cases refer to the 1950-1975 period necessitating repeated operations. The Author, after analysing the different and most important pathogenetic mechanisms, examines each case tabulating them. In the cases reported, the percentage of the re-operations is less than 20% with a total mortality rate of 33,3%, values which do coincide with the observations of other Authors.", "contents": "[Early reoperations in urgent surgery of the abdomen, after interventions on stomach and duodenum (author's transl)]. The problem of early re-operations in urgent surgery of the abdomen is taken into account in the light of a wide range of cases admitted into the urgent surgical ward of the Ospedale Maggiore \"C\u00e0 Granda\" in Milan. These cases refer to the 1950-1975 period necessitating repeated operations. The Author, after analysing the different and most important pathogenetic mechanisms, examines each case tabulating them. In the cases reported, the percentage of the re-operations is less than 20% with a total mortality rate of 33,3%, values which do coincide with the observations of other Authors.", "PMID": 753550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9273", "title": "The routine double-contrast examination of the esophagus.", "content": "Double-contrast examination of the esophagus can be carried out routinely on most patients referred for an upper gastrointestinal examination. Although there are several methods of performing the examination, this author has found the use of effervescent solutions and a low-viscosity barium sulfate suspension to be the easiest and quickest. The technique leads directly into a subsequent double-contrast examination of the stomach. Routine views of the esophagus in a single projection are sufficient with the double-contrast method in most patients. Lesions are readily identified both en face and in profile. If a suspicious area is seen or the patient has dysphagia, multiple views can subsequently be obtained. Such esophageal lesion characteristics are size, smoothness, irregularity, ulceration, wall retraction, and distensibility can be readily appreciated. The technique also lends itself to the study of hiatal hernias and the gastroesophageal junction. This double-contrast esophageal technique has been used with no complications in over 4000 examinations. It is readily mastered by beginning residents.", "contents": "The routine double-contrast examination of the esophagus. Double-contrast examination of the esophagus can be carried out routinely on most patients referred for an upper gastrointestinal examination. Although there are several methods of performing the examination, this author has found the use of effervescent solutions and a low-viscosity barium sulfate suspension to be the easiest and quickest. The technique leads directly into a subsequent double-contrast examination of the stomach. Routine views of the esophagus in a single projection are sufficient with the double-contrast method in most patients. Lesions are readily identified both en face and in profile. If a suspicious area is seen or the patient has dysphagia, multiple views can subsequently be obtained. Such esophageal lesion characteristics are size, smoothness, irregularity, ulceration, wall retraction, and distensibility can be readily appreciated. The technique also lends itself to the study of hiatal hernias and the gastroesophageal junction. This double-contrast esophageal technique has been used with no complications in over 4000 examinations. It is readily mastered by beginning residents.", "PMID": 753576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9274", "title": "The air meniscus as a radiographic finding: a review of the literature and presentation of nine unusual cases.", "content": "In addition to echinococcal cysts and mycetomas, a wide variety of disorders can occasionally produce an air meniscus sign on a chest radiograph. A proposed classification follows: I. Infections A. Lung abscess (with or without pulmonary gangrene) B. Fungus ball C. Bacterial ball D. Tuberculoma E. Blood clot in tuberculous cavity, Rasmussen aneurysm F. Echinococcal lung cyst II. Neoplastic A. Bronchogenic carcinoma B. Primary lung sarcoma C. Metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma to lung D. Bronchial adenoma E. Cystic hamartoma III. Developmental A. Bochdalek hernia (pseudocavity) IV. Traumatic A. Pulmonary hematoma V. Hemodynamic A. Congestive heart failure (with or without bullae)", "contents": "The air meniscus as a radiographic finding: a review of the literature and presentation of nine unusual cases. In addition to echinococcal cysts and mycetomas, a wide variety of disorders can occasionally produce an air meniscus sign on a chest radiograph. A proposed classification follows: I. Infections A. Lung abscess (with or without pulmonary gangrene) B. Fungus ball C. Bacterial ball D. Tuberculoma E. Blood clot in tuberculous cavity, Rasmussen aneurysm F. Echinococcal lung cyst II. Neoplastic A. Bronchogenic carcinoma B. Primary lung sarcoma C. Metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma to lung D. Bronchial adenoma E. Cystic hamartoma III. Developmental A. Bochdalek hernia (pseudocavity) IV. Traumatic A. Pulmonary hematoma V. Hemodynamic A. Congestive heart failure (with or without bullae)", "PMID": 753577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9275", "title": "Effect of lincomycin on the dimorphic chloroplasts of Zea mays L. leaves.", "content": "The effect of lincomycin treatment on the ultrastructure, and on the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize was investigated. The ultrastructural and absorption changes affected mainly the unstacked lamellae (photosystem 1) in the treated mesophyll and bundle sheath plastids, while the fluorescence emission spectra reflect a changed energy transfer between the chlorophyll a forms. The results provide additional evidence for the compositional and developmental similarity of the intergranal lamellae of mesophyll chloroplasts to the membranes of the nearly agranal bundle sheath chloroplasts.", "contents": "Effect of lincomycin on the dimorphic chloroplasts of Zea mays L. leaves. The effect of lincomycin treatment on the ultrastructure, and on the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize was investigated. The ultrastructural and absorption changes affected mainly the unstacked lamellae (photosystem 1) in the treated mesophyll and bundle sheath plastids, while the fluorescence emission spectra reflect a changed energy transfer between the chlorophyll a forms. The results provide additional evidence for the compositional and developmental similarity of the intergranal lamellae of mesophyll chloroplasts to the membranes of the nearly agranal bundle sheath chloroplasts.", "PMID": 753590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9276", "title": "Effect of 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine and 2-methyl-3-acetyl-1,8-naphthyridine on chromosomes of germ cells in Poekilocerus pictus (Orthoptera).", "content": "The cytological effects of two water soluble compounds, viz. 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine and 2-methyl-3-acetyl-1,8-naphthyridine, on the chromosomes of the male germ cells of grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus were studied. Of these two compounds, the former was more potent in inducing structural changes in the chromosomes.", "contents": "Effect of 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine and 2-methyl-3-acetyl-1,8-naphthyridine on chromosomes of germ cells in Poekilocerus pictus (Orthoptera). The cytological effects of two water soluble compounds, viz. 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine and 2-methyl-3-acetyl-1,8-naphthyridine, on the chromosomes of the male germ cells of grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus were studied. Of these two compounds, the former was more potent in inducing structural changes in the chromosomes.", "PMID": 753591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9277", "title": "Structural transformation and modulation of succinic dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria of germinating seeds.", "content": "Ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria in the cotyledons of dry and germinating seeds of Vigna sinensis from the 'orthodox' to 'condensed' forms is coupled with an increasing rise in the specific activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). Apparently, the transformation of mitochondria to the 'condensed' form associated with the utilization of substrate which is reflected in the rise in enzyme activity. During the process of germination, the mitochondria of the cotyledonary cells undergo three different phases namely, (1) activation phase, (2) preparatory phase, and (3) multiplication phase.", "contents": "Structural transformation and modulation of succinic dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria of germinating seeds. Ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria in the cotyledons of dry and germinating seeds of Vigna sinensis from the 'orthodox' to 'condensed' forms is coupled with an increasing rise in the specific activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). Apparently, the transformation of mitochondria to the 'condensed' form associated with the utilization of substrate which is reflected in the rise in enzyme activity. During the process of germination, the mitochondria of the cotyledonary cells undergo three different phases namely, (1) activation phase, (2) preparatory phase, and (3) multiplication phase.", "PMID": 753592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9278", "title": "Induction of multipolar spindle in Allium sativum.", "content": "The effect of the polyene antifungal antibiotic aureofungin on the chromosomes of Allium sativum was examined. Mitotic studies showed chromosomal abnormalities of metaphase and anaphase. Besides these anomalies, the alteration of the spindle, i.e. tri- to multipolar condition, was also observed in treatment with 100 microgram treatment for 24 h, and 200 microgram for 12 h and 24 h. The chemical also inhibited cytokinesis; hence, the multinucleate condition was established. Due to fragmentation and unequal distribution of chromatin material, the nuclear volume was also observed to be variable.", "contents": "Induction of multipolar spindle in Allium sativum. The effect of the polyene antifungal antibiotic aureofungin on the chromosomes of Allium sativum was examined. Mitotic studies showed chromosomal abnormalities of metaphase and anaphase. Besides these anomalies, the alteration of the spindle, i.e. tri- to multipolar condition, was also observed in treatment with 100 microgram treatment for 24 h, and 200 microgram for 12 h and 24 h. The chemical also inhibited cytokinesis; hence, the multinucleate condition was established. Due to fragmentation and unequal distribution of chromatin material, the nuclear volume was also observed to be variable.", "PMID": 753593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9279", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in lactating guinea pig mammary gland slices associated with theophylline inhibition of lactose synthesis.", "content": "Mammary gland slices from lactating guinea pigs were incubated for periods up to 1 h in 10(-2) M theophylline which completely inhibits lactose synthesis. Ultrastructural comparison with control slices shows a significant increase in the size of the Golgi field involving an apparent back-up of microvesicles. Normally distended Golgi cisternae are flattened and contain fewer, less dense, protein granules. Theophylline decreases by 50% both types of secretory vacuoles present: a compact, 300 nm vacuole containing one 250 nm granule, and a swollen, approximately 700 nm vacuole with one or more granules. Changes in granule shape, density and formation were also observed. The findings suggest that the site where theophylline ingibits lactose synthesis may be in the translocation of substances, from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, e.g. the specifier protein alpha-lactalbumin which is essential to the lactose synthetase complex. The significance to the role of cyclic nucleotides in lactation is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in lactating guinea pig mammary gland slices associated with theophylline inhibition of lactose synthesis. Mammary gland slices from lactating guinea pigs were incubated for periods up to 1 h in 10(-2) M theophylline which completely inhibits lactose synthesis. Ultrastructural comparison with control slices shows a significant increase in the size of the Golgi field involving an apparent back-up of microvesicles. Normally distended Golgi cisternae are flattened and contain fewer, less dense, protein granules. Theophylline decreases by 50% both types of secretory vacuoles present: a compact, 300 nm vacuole containing one 250 nm granule, and a swollen, approximately 700 nm vacuole with one or more granules. Changes in granule shape, density and formation were also observed. The findings suggest that the site where theophylline ingibits lactose synthesis may be in the translocation of substances, from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, e.g. the specifier protein alpha-lactalbumin which is essential to the lactose synthetase complex. The significance to the role of cyclic nucleotides in lactation is discussed.", "PMID": 753594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9280", "title": "A freeze-etching and replication study of wall deposition in elongating plant cells.", "content": "The architecture of the expanding wall of mung bean hypocotyl (Phaseolus aureus) and collenchyma of celery (Apium graveolens) was examined using freeze-etching without any cryoprotectant, and surface-replication of frozen-ground and air-dried specimens. The polylamellated organization of the wall was seen. Freeze-etching clearly visualized, within one single fracture plans, the intermediate strata in which the microfibril orientation gradually changes between the main transverse and longitudinal directions. They corresponded to the bow-shaped arcs seen with surface replication and conventional microtomy. The organization of newly-formed microfibrils (periplasmic microfibrils) was seen by their imprints on the plasmalemma. When they were being deposited the microfibrils were loose and sinuous though tightly packed, rigid and parallel on the further layers. Therefore it seems that the fibrillogenesis and the spatial orientation of the microfibrils are two subsequent steps. The role of the periplasm in controlling the three-dimensional arrangement of the wall is emphasized.", "contents": "A freeze-etching and replication study of wall deposition in elongating plant cells. The architecture of the expanding wall of mung bean hypocotyl (Phaseolus aureus) and collenchyma of celery (Apium graveolens) was examined using freeze-etching without any cryoprotectant, and surface-replication of frozen-ground and air-dried specimens. The polylamellated organization of the wall was seen. Freeze-etching clearly visualized, within one single fracture plans, the intermediate strata in which the microfibril orientation gradually changes between the main transverse and longitudinal directions. They corresponded to the bow-shaped arcs seen with surface replication and conventional microtomy. The organization of newly-formed microfibrils (periplasmic microfibrils) was seen by their imprints on the plasmalemma. When they were being deposited the microfibrils were loose and sinuous though tightly packed, rigid and parallel on the further layers. Therefore it seems that the fibrillogenesis and the spatial orientation of the microfibrils are two subsequent steps. The role of the periplasm in controlling the three-dimensional arrangement of the wall is emphasized.", "PMID": 753595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9281", "title": "Neuronal and non-neuronal choline ester hydrolases in the rabbit liver.", "content": "Biochemical and histochemical methods have been used to determine both activity and distribution of choline ester hydrolases in the rabbit liver. Acetylcholinesterase was detected in kupffer cells, predominantly in th centri- and mid-lobular regions. Neither the activity nor the distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity was influenced by the intravenous injection of zymosan or the iron-dextran complex imferon on at dosages known to stimulate reticuloendothelial phagocytic function. Although this finding suggests that acetylcholinesterase is not primarily concerned with the pocesses of phagocytosis, there exists the possibility that reticuloendothelial acetylcholinesterase may have a function in metabolism of phagocytosed lipids and esters. Butyrylcholinesterase was present in both hepatocytes and the intrinsic hepatic nerves. Polarization of hepatocyte butyrylcholinesterase activity was noted; the enzyme activity being most marked in the centrilobular hepatocytes. Hepatocyte butyrylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by the intravenous administration of zymosan or imferon. The intrinsic hepatic nerves were present only in portal tracts and interlobular septa, there being no evidence for the existence of an hepatic parenchymal plexus. These findings by cholinesterase histochemistry were confirmed by controlled neurohistological techniques. The morphological findings suggest that the intrinsic hepatic nerves regulate blood flow through the organ and are possible sensory to the bile ducts.", "contents": "Neuronal and non-neuronal choline ester hydrolases in the rabbit liver. Biochemical and histochemical methods have been used to determine both activity and distribution of choline ester hydrolases in the rabbit liver. Acetylcholinesterase was detected in kupffer cells, predominantly in th centri- and mid-lobular regions. Neither the activity nor the distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity was influenced by the intravenous injection of zymosan or the iron-dextran complex imferon on at dosages known to stimulate reticuloendothelial phagocytic function. Although this finding suggests that acetylcholinesterase is not primarily concerned with the pocesses of phagocytosis, there exists the possibility that reticuloendothelial acetylcholinesterase may have a function in metabolism of phagocytosed lipids and esters. Butyrylcholinesterase was present in both hepatocytes and the intrinsic hepatic nerves. Polarization of hepatocyte butyrylcholinesterase activity was noted; the enzyme activity being most marked in the centrilobular hepatocytes. Hepatocyte butyrylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by the intravenous administration of zymosan or imferon. The intrinsic hepatic nerves were present only in portal tracts and interlobular septa, there being no evidence for the existence of an hepatic parenchymal plexus. These findings by cholinesterase histochemistry were confirmed by controlled neurohistological techniques. The morphological findings suggest that the intrinsic hepatic nerves regulate blood flow through the organ and are possible sensory to the bile ducts.", "PMID": 753596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9282", "title": "Contributions to the karyology of Euconcocephalus incertus and Allodapia aliena (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera.", "content": "The chromosome complement of two species of Indian Tettigoniids, namely, Euconcocephalus incertus (2n male = 20A + XX) and Allodapia aliena (2n female = 28A + XX) have been reported for the first time. The former species has two pairs of metacentric and two pairs of submetacentric autosomes, and a pair of metacentric sex chromosomes, whereas in the latter species all the chromosomes are telocentric and the sex chromosomes are very long. The probable occurrence of centric fusions, translocations and inversions during the karyotypic evolution of these grasshoppers is discussed.", "contents": "Contributions to the karyology of Euconcocephalus incertus and Allodapia aliena (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera. The chromosome complement of two species of Indian Tettigoniids, namely, Euconcocephalus incertus (2n male = 20A + XX) and Allodapia aliena (2n female = 28A + XX) have been reported for the first time. The former species has two pairs of metacentric and two pairs of submetacentric autosomes, and a pair of metacentric sex chromosomes, whereas in the latter species all the chromosomes are telocentric and the sex chromosomes are very long. The probable occurrence of centric fusions, translocations and inversions during the karyotypic evolution of these grasshoppers is discussed.", "PMID": 753597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9283", "title": "A preliminary map of the salivary gland chromosomes of Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (Culicadae, Diptera).", "content": "A preliminary map of the polytene chromosomes in Aedes aegypti has been prepared. The preparations were made from the salivary glands of the late 4th instar larvae reared at low temperature. The entire chromosome complement was divided into 45 zones. The chromosomes showed a meshwork of the contents wherein they have a tendency to adhere to each other so as to form a single chromatic mass. The technical difficulties encountered in obtaining suitable preparations have partially been overcome. The banding pattern of Aedes aegypti seems to be quite independent and may be considered as unique for Aedes.", "contents": "A preliminary map of the salivary gland chromosomes of Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (Culicadae, Diptera). A preliminary map of the polytene chromosomes in Aedes aegypti has been prepared. The preparations were made from the salivary glands of the late 4th instar larvae reared at low temperature. The entire chromosome complement was divided into 45 zones. The chromosomes showed a meshwork of the contents wherein they have a tendency to adhere to each other so as to form a single chromatic mass. The technical difficulties encountered in obtaining suitable preparations have partially been overcome. The banding pattern of Aedes aegypti seems to be quite independent and may be considered as unique for Aedes.", "PMID": 753598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9284", "title": "[Symptomatology of inhibition].", "content": "This essentially descriptive paper deals with inhibition as a symptom or as a behavior pattern and studies the different areas of; inhibition of the intellect (i.e. a decrease in though production witnessed by disorders of language flow), reduced attention span (distractability, inability to concentrate), inhibition of volition (abulia, indecisiveness), memory inhibition (in the sense of selective amnesias, post-crisis amnesias, cyclical amnesias), restriction of the basic drives (which can touch the life principle, the need for sleep, hunger, sexual drive), emotional inhibition including a feeling of inferiority and self-doubt which affects interpersonal relations: in this sense inhibition can also manifest itself in experiences of estrangement and depersonalization. A dynamic study of inhibition should first deal with the presumed relationship between the symptom and a specific pathological process and analysis of the underlying inconscious mecanisms.", "contents": "[Symptomatology of inhibition]. This essentially descriptive paper deals with inhibition as a symptom or as a behavior pattern and studies the different areas of; inhibition of the intellect (i.e. a decrease in though production witnessed by disorders of language flow), reduced attention span (distractability, inability to concentrate), inhibition of volition (abulia, indecisiveness), memory inhibition (in the sense of selective amnesias, post-crisis amnesias, cyclical amnesias), restriction of the basic drives (which can touch the life principle, the need for sleep, hunger, sexual drive), emotional inhibition including a feeling of inferiority and self-doubt which affects interpersonal relations: in this sense inhibition can also manifest itself in experiences of estrangement and depersonalization. A dynamic study of inhibition should first deal with the presumed relationship between the symptom and a specific pathological process and analysis of the underlying inconscious mecanisms.", "PMID": 753604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9285", "title": "[Neurotic inhibition].", "content": "Inhibition is a normal neuro-physiologic regulation phenomenon which antagonizes the dangerous aspects of excitation and which facilitates the adaptation of man to his surroundings. Inhibition becomes neurotic: -- when it fails in its normative-connection with excitation. -- when accompanied by anxiety, -- when the subject cannot control it, -- however without blocking all the psychic functions as the psychotic inhibition does. Accompanying symptoms diversify its ways of expression. Contemporary to trauma in neurasthenia, it proceeds from early trauma in psychasthenia and in hystero-phobic neuroses. For some authors, it may be innate, perhaps hereditary. It appears particularly severe, because it lasts when the symptomatology has disappeared during the analytic therapy and it seems to resist more than the excitation to chemotherapies.", "contents": "[Neurotic inhibition]. Inhibition is a normal neuro-physiologic regulation phenomenon which antagonizes the dangerous aspects of excitation and which facilitates the adaptation of man to his surroundings. Inhibition becomes neurotic: -- when it fails in its normative-connection with excitation. -- when accompanied by anxiety, -- when the subject cannot control it, -- however without blocking all the psychic functions as the psychotic inhibition does. Accompanying symptoms diversify its ways of expression. Contemporary to trauma in neurasthenia, it proceeds from early trauma in psychasthenia and in hystero-phobic neuroses. For some authors, it may be innate, perhaps hereditary. It appears particularly severe, because it lasts when the symptomatology has disappeared during the analytic therapy and it seems to resist more than the excitation to chemotherapies.", "PMID": 753605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9286", "title": "[Depressive inhibition].", "content": "Inhibition is a fundamental concept in the field of depression. It underlies the notion of restraint, and one may recognize in it motor, affective and psychic components. This symptom can be identified from behaviour and actual experiences. Its coexistence with other depression target-symptoms helps to differenciate several clinical forms. It is a preferential symptom, especially at the time of the switch process, for establishing correlations with other parameters, biological and neurophysiological, of depression.", "contents": "[Depressive inhibition]. Inhibition is a fundamental concept in the field of depression. It underlies the notion of restraint, and one may recognize in it motor, affective and psychic components. This symptom can be identified from behaviour and actual experiences. Its coexistence with other depression target-symptoms helps to differenciate several clinical forms. It is a preferential symptom, especially at the time of the switch process, for establishing correlations with other parameters, biological and neurophysiological, of depression.", "PMID": 753606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9287", "title": "[Anxiety inhibitions].", "content": "At the border of normality and of pathology, anxious inhibitions can have a double function either positive or negative in the psychic balance of the subject. A distinction can be made between: -- the paroxystic anxious inhibitions and stage-fright is a good example of defensive part in front of a menance directed toward the integrity of the Ego, -- and lasting anxious inhibitions, such as intellectual and sexual inhibitions that can induce a true limitation of personality. A psychological and psychopharmacological parallel is evoked about alcohol, a \"polyvalent psychotropic drug\".", "contents": "[Anxiety inhibitions]. At the border of normality and of pathology, anxious inhibitions can have a double function either positive or negative in the psychic balance of the subject. A distinction can be made between: -- the paroxystic anxious inhibitions and stage-fright is a good example of defensive part in front of a menance directed toward the integrity of the Ego, -- and lasting anxious inhibitions, such as intellectual and sexual inhibitions that can induce a true limitation of personality. A psychological and psychopharmacological parallel is evoked about alcohol, a \"polyvalent psychotropic drug\".", "PMID": 753607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9288", "title": "[Schizophrenic inhibition].", "content": "The term \"schizophrenic inhibition\" can be related to different phenomenons. On one hand, there are symptoms of inhibition dealing with ideal, affects and motor behavior that are better described in terms of dissociation than simple deficiency. On the other hand, all along the evolution of the psychosis, we can see the onset of depressive syndroms where inhibition seems to be related to different mechanisms. Finally, the existence of deficit evolutions allows us to talk about the notion of deterioration which plays a major role in the history of the concept of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Schizophrenic inhibition]. The term \"schizophrenic inhibition\" can be related to different phenomenons. On one hand, there are symptoms of inhibition dealing with ideal, affects and motor behavior that are better described in terms of dissociation than simple deficiency. On the other hand, all along the evolution of the psychosis, we can see the onset of depressive syndroms where inhibition seems to be related to different mechanisms. Finally, the existence of deficit evolutions allows us to talk about the notion of deterioration which plays a major role in the history of the concept of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 753608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9289", "title": "[Inhibition in neurology].", "content": "The author recalls three examples of inhibition in neurology: -- in the somatic sensory area inhibition halo around the excited zone; -- in the organisation of painful perception, inhibition by stages of nociceptive impulses; -- in anterior limbic system, inhibition of excitations without concern with the given operationnal programme. From these three examples, he recalls that inhibition and excitation always go together in the functioning of nervous system; but, between the acceptation of the work inhibition in the two first examples and the third one, an important semantic slipping happens. It squares with the crossing of the clinical level to the physiological level.", "contents": "[Inhibition in neurology]. The author recalls three examples of inhibition in neurology: -- in the somatic sensory area inhibition halo around the excited zone; -- in the organisation of painful perception, inhibition by stages of nociceptive impulses; -- in anterior limbic system, inhibition of excitations without concern with the given operationnal programme. From these three examples, he recalls that inhibition and excitation always go together in the functioning of nervous system; but, between the acceptation of the work inhibition in the two first examples and the third one, an important semantic slipping happens. It squares with the crossing of the clinical level to the physiological level.", "PMID": 753609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9290", "title": "[Disinhibition and its risks].", "content": "The authors point out clinically the risks of desinhibition in psychiatry. The classical risk of suicide by suppression of inhibition with melancholic patients is well known and prevented. The main risk for neurotic patients is that of trying to get desinhibition by means of toxicomanic behavior essentially though alcoholism. As far as psychoses are concerned, the risk seems to be mainly that the psychiatrist might misunderstand the concept of desinhibition and make a wrong utilization of desinhibitory treatments. At last, the \"institutional\" desinhibition constitutes a misunderstanding for psychopathic personnalities.", "contents": "[Disinhibition and its risks]. The authors point out clinically the risks of desinhibition in psychiatry. The classical risk of suicide by suppression of inhibition with melancholic patients is well known and prevented. The main risk for neurotic patients is that of trying to get desinhibition by means of toxicomanic behavior essentially though alcoholism. As far as psychoses are concerned, the risk seems to be mainly that the psychiatrist might misunderstand the concept of desinhibition and make a wrong utilization of desinhibitory treatments. At last, the \"institutional\" desinhibition constitutes a misunderstanding for psychopathic personnalities.", "PMID": 753610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9291", "title": "[Etiopathogeneic aspects of inhibition. Psychodynamic approach to inhibition].", "content": "From a psychodynamic point of view it is not sure that the meaning of the term inhibition differs radically from the meaning of the same term when it is used in psychophysiology. It is stated in this paper that the psychodynamic point of view concerns the actions and inhibitions which can be seen as the non activation of an action with the substitution of a deplacement action. Inhibition of actions can be investigated in three clinical fields: intrapsychic and external conflicts, depressive reaction and psychotic lack of energy. It is clear that the psychological mechanism is not the same in the three kinds of disorders. In a second part, the authors try to bridge the gap between the psychodynamic point of view and the psychophysiological one.", "contents": "[Etiopathogeneic aspects of inhibition. Psychodynamic approach to inhibition]. From a psychodynamic point of view it is not sure that the meaning of the term inhibition differs radically from the meaning of the same term when it is used in psychophysiology. It is stated in this paper that the psychodynamic point of view concerns the actions and inhibitions which can be seen as the non activation of an action with the substitution of a deplacement action. Inhibition of actions can be investigated in three clinical fields: intrapsychic and external conflicts, depressive reaction and psychotic lack of energy. It is clear that the psychological mechanism is not the same in the three kinds of disorders. In a second part, the authors try to bridge the gap between the psychodynamic point of view and the psychophysiological one.", "PMID": 753611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9292", "title": "[Autism, inhibition, electrophysiology and biochemistry].", "content": "The term \"inhibition\" is not usually employed in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. However, in defining some neuroleptics' action, the work \"desinhibition\" is currently used and Pavlov explained the main features of the schizofrenic syndrome through a transmarginal inhibition mechanism. The purpose of this study is to investigate if an inhibition process underlies some phenomena shown up by the evoked potentials (EPs) method. Usually, a lower EPs' amplitude is seen in schizophrenic patients than in normals. This phenomenon is displayed by: -- simple stimuli EPs: they show weak amplitude and high variability; -- double-shock EPs: they have a long recovery-cycle; -- conditioned EPs: their amplitude is minimally augmented by coupling the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus; -- EPs in experiments with increasing-intensity stimuli: their amplitude decreases as stimulation intensity increases. Some of these concurrent data could indicate a transmarginal inhibition, particularly the lengthening of the recovery cycle and the amplitude-reduction phenomenon. Although these are preliminary results, nevertheless some relationships emerge between clemical, electrophysiological and biochemical data.", "contents": "[Autism, inhibition, electrophysiology and biochemistry]. The term \"inhibition\" is not usually employed in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. However, in defining some neuroleptics' action, the work \"desinhibition\" is currently used and Pavlov explained the main features of the schizofrenic syndrome through a transmarginal inhibition mechanism. The purpose of this study is to investigate if an inhibition process underlies some phenomena shown up by the evoked potentials (EPs) method. Usually, a lower EPs' amplitude is seen in schizophrenic patients than in normals. This phenomenon is displayed by: -- simple stimuli EPs: they show weak amplitude and high variability; -- double-shock EPs: they have a long recovery-cycle; -- conditioned EPs: their amplitude is minimally augmented by coupling the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus; -- EPs in experiments with increasing-intensity stimuli: their amplitude decreases as stimulation intensity increases. Some of these concurrent data could indicate a transmarginal inhibition, particularly the lengthening of the recovery cycle and the amplitude-reduction phenomenon. Although these are preliminary results, nevertheless some relationships emerge between clemical, electrophysiological and biochemical data.", "PMID": 753612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9293", "title": "[Various biochemical aspects of the concept of inhibition in psychiatry].", "content": "After measuring the difficulty to relate biochemical data with an essential concept as the concept of inhibition in psychiatry, physiopathological models trying to integrate biochemical, neurophysiological and clinical data are proposed for the inhibition of depressive syndromes and the schizophrenic inhibition.", "contents": "[Various biochemical aspects of the concept of inhibition in psychiatry]. After measuring the difficulty to relate biochemical data with an essential concept as the concept of inhibition in psychiatry, physiopathological models trying to integrate biochemical, neurophysiological and clinical data are proposed for the inhibition of depressive syndromes and the schizophrenic inhibition.", "PMID": 753613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9294", "title": "[Inhibition and antidepressive agents].", "content": "The author distinguishes inhibition as a symptom from inhibition as a processus in the three following situations: a) Antidepressants and melancholic inhibition: the action on inhibition is studied referring to Kielholz classification of antidepressants. The author points out the risk of suicide by suppressing inhibition. b) Antidepressants and chronical psychoses: the author compares effects of antidepressants and stimulating neuroleptics in these syndroms. He thinks that with the two types of psychotropic drugs, one can obtain a desinhibitory effect. But antidepressants can be better used in paranoid personnalities, loss of ego boundaries, and some schizophrenic-like syndroms, when neuroleptics seem to be more desinhibitory in hebephrenics. The author stresses the depressive core in these psychotic personnalities. c) The antidepressant effect has been studied in neurotic depressions. The author describes essentially cases with reinforcement of inhibition as a negative therapeutic reaction by antidepressants. It deals with neurotic depressions evoluting on narcissic personnality back ground.", "contents": "[Inhibition and antidepressive agents]. The author distinguishes inhibition as a symptom from inhibition as a processus in the three following situations: a) Antidepressants and melancholic inhibition: the action on inhibition is studied referring to Kielholz classification of antidepressants. The author points out the risk of suicide by suppressing inhibition. b) Antidepressants and chronical psychoses: the author compares effects of antidepressants and stimulating neuroleptics in these syndroms. He thinks that with the two types of psychotropic drugs, one can obtain a desinhibitory effect. But antidepressants can be better used in paranoid personnalities, loss of ego boundaries, and some schizophrenic-like syndroms, when neuroleptics seem to be more desinhibitory in hebephrenics. The author stresses the depressive core in these psychotic personnalities. c) The antidepressant effect has been studied in neurotic depressions. The author describes essentially cases with reinforcement of inhibition as a negative therapeutic reaction by antidepressants. It deals with neurotic depressions evoluting on narcissic personnality back ground.", "PMID": 753614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9295", "title": "[The place of carpipramine among the psychotropic agents].", "content": "Our purpose is to find objective statistic tests for classification of all psychotropic drugs. First a multifactorial analysis determine six profiles of groups. Results objectively confirm Delay and Deniker's classification and point out intermediate position of carpipramine. A specific method tries to put Carpipramine in one of these groups i.e. discriminant analysis. By this method it is impossible to classify nineteen psychotropic drugs, Carpipramine being one of them. Its clinical properties cannot brin together Carpipramine and other psychotropic drugs.", "contents": "[The place of carpipramine among the psychotropic agents]. Our purpose is to find objective statistic tests for classification of all psychotropic drugs. First a multifactorial analysis determine six profiles of groups. Results objectively confirm Delay and Deniker's classification and point out intermediate position of carpipramine. A specific method tries to put Carpipramine in one of these groups i.e. discriminant analysis. By this method it is impossible to classify nineteen psychotropic drugs, Carpipramine being one of them. Its clinical properties cannot brin together Carpipramine and other psychotropic drugs.", "PMID": 753615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9296", "title": "A comparison of 99Tc and 123I scintigraphy in nodular thyroid disorders.", "content": "Out of 450 patients referred for thyroid scintigraphy 83 consecutive patients with nodular goitre were selected for dual scintigraphy with 99mTc and 123I. Seventy-four patients had one or more palpable nodules and the other nine patients had palpably diffuse goitres with one or more nodules on the routine 99mTc scintigram. For the comparison of scintigrams an eight level colour display was used, and regional differences between the 99mTc and 123I scintigrams were defined as a minimum of 25% (2 colour levels) variation of the relative activity in well defined areas. Thirteen patients, i.e. 16% of those with nodular goitre, had discordant scintigrams. All 13 patients had non-malignant thyroid disorders, (simple goitre, radio-iodine treated hyperthyroidism, autonomous adenoma, subacute thyroiditis, Riedel's and lymphocytic thyroiditis). The diagnosis was verified histologically in eight of these patients. Eight of the 13 patients had a high 99mTc activity relative to 123I, five patients showed the opposite discrepancy. Another 5 patients with a follicular or mixed follicular thyroid carcinoma had identical scintigrams. These findings indicate that 123I does not offer such diagnostic advantages over the cheap and readily available 99mTc, that its use for routine scintigraphy of the thyroid gland seems to be justified at present.", "contents": "A comparison of 99Tc and 123I scintigraphy in nodular thyroid disorders. Out of 450 patients referred for thyroid scintigraphy 83 consecutive patients with nodular goitre were selected for dual scintigraphy with 99mTc and 123I. Seventy-four patients had one or more palpable nodules and the other nine patients had palpably diffuse goitres with one or more nodules on the routine 99mTc scintigram. For the comparison of scintigrams an eight level colour display was used, and regional differences between the 99mTc and 123I scintigrams were defined as a minimum of 25% (2 colour levels) variation of the relative activity in well defined areas. Thirteen patients, i.e. 16% of those with nodular goitre, had discordant scintigrams. All 13 patients had non-malignant thyroid disorders, (simple goitre, radio-iodine treated hyperthyroidism, autonomous adenoma, subacute thyroiditis, Riedel's and lymphocytic thyroiditis). The diagnosis was verified histologically in eight of these patients. Eight of the 13 patients had a high 99mTc activity relative to 123I, five patients showed the opposite discrepancy. Another 5 patients with a follicular or mixed follicular thyroid carcinoma had identical scintigrams. These findings indicate that 123I does not offer such diagnostic advantages over the cheap and readily available 99mTc, that its use for routine scintigraphy of the thyroid gland seems to be justified at present.", "PMID": 753616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9297", "title": "Scintigraphic methods in the diagnosis of M. Hodgkin.", "content": "The authors examined 40 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma suspected from the localization of the process in mediastinum. They used X-ray investigation, radioisotope lung perfusion, radiogold-colloid lymphography and 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. They found that, when the disease was diagnosed, X-ray examinations including tomography and lung perfusion gave reliable information in only half the cases whereas the other two nuclear medical methods showed positive results in 88% and 82%, respectively. In the diagnosis of relapse, the yield of these former methods was substantially higher, between 82--90%.", "contents": "Scintigraphic methods in the diagnosis of M. Hodgkin. The authors examined 40 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma suspected from the localization of the process in mediastinum. They used X-ray investigation, radioisotope lung perfusion, radiogold-colloid lymphography and 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. They found that, when the disease was diagnosed, X-ray examinations including tomography and lung perfusion gave reliable information in only half the cases whereas the other two nuclear medical methods showed positive results in 88% and 82%, respectively. In the diagnosis of relapse, the yield of these former methods was substantially higher, between 82--90%.", "PMID": 753617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9298", "title": "Transit time of a radionuclide bolus through inferior vena cava.", "content": "The effect of an intrinsic block or extrinsic pressure on blood flow through the inferior vena cava (IVC) was studied after rapid injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate or 99mTc-phytate into the femoral vein. Peak-to-peak transit time (PTT) between the curves generated at IVC origin and over the cardiac blood pool was measured in twelve normal patients (PTT = 2.0 +/- 0.7 s) and six patients clinically suspected of circulatory impediment through the IVC (PTT = 3.0 to 30.0 s). PTT measurements augmented the information obtained from sequential scintiphotos of IVC circulation. It is felt that this may be a more objective parameter for follow-up of patients having a progressive, primary disease of this vessel.", "contents": "Transit time of a radionuclide bolus through inferior vena cava. The effect of an intrinsic block or extrinsic pressure on blood flow through the inferior vena cava (IVC) was studied after rapid injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate or 99mTc-phytate into the femoral vein. Peak-to-peak transit time (PTT) between the curves generated at IVC origin and over the cardiac blood pool was measured in twelve normal patients (PTT = 2.0 +/- 0.7 s) and six patients clinically suspected of circulatory impediment through the IVC (PTT = 3.0 to 30.0 s). PTT measurements augmented the information obtained from sequential scintiphotos of IVC circulation. It is felt that this may be a more objective parameter for follow-up of patients having a progressive, primary disease of this vessel.", "PMID": 753619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9299", "title": "99MTc-HIDA, a gallbladder imaging agent: experimental aspects.", "content": "The molecule N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-iminodiacetic acid (HIDA), capable of chelating reduced 99mTc, was synthesized, characterized, labeled with 99mTc, and studied in experimental animals. The results indicated that the new 99mTc-radiopharmaceutical is rapidly cleared from the blood to the liver, then rapidly removed to the gallbladder and excreted into the duodenum through the common bile duct. A comparative kinetic study of 99mTc-HIDA and 131I-Rose Bengal performed in rabbits demonstrated that both radiopharmaceuticals had a similar blood clearance rate, but cleared at a different rate from liver to gallbladder. 99mTc-HIDA showed a faster accumulation in the gallbladder than 131I-Rose Bengal. These findings, combined with the advantage of the low acute toxicity of HIDA, were promising enough to encourage a further evaluation and clinical investigation of this new Tc-99m hepatobiliary agent.", "contents": "99MTc-HIDA, a gallbladder imaging agent: experimental aspects. The molecule N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-iminodiacetic acid (HIDA), capable of chelating reduced 99mTc, was synthesized, characterized, labeled with 99mTc, and studied in experimental animals. The results indicated that the new 99mTc-radiopharmaceutical is rapidly cleared from the blood to the liver, then rapidly removed to the gallbladder and excreted into the duodenum through the common bile duct. A comparative kinetic study of 99mTc-HIDA and 131I-Rose Bengal performed in rabbits demonstrated that both radiopharmaceuticals had a similar blood clearance rate, but cleared at a different rate from liver to gallbladder. 99mTc-HIDA showed a faster accumulation in the gallbladder than 131I-Rose Bengal. These findings, combined with the advantage of the low acute toxicity of HIDA, were promising enough to encourage a further evaluation and clinical investigation of this new Tc-99m hepatobiliary agent.", "PMID": 753621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9300", "title": "Factors affecting the preparation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid.", "content": "Some factors, such as the effect of mannitol as 'stabilizer', increased concentration of thiosulfate, autoclaving conditions, etc., that can affect the preparation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid and consequently its biodistribution into different tissues are discussed. Also discussed are parameters, such as distribution with respect to time, effect of storage, preloading dose, etc., that can influence the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical by the RES in animals and humans.", "contents": "Factors affecting the preparation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Some factors, such as the effect of mannitol as 'stabilizer', increased concentration of thiosulfate, autoclaving conditions, etc., that can affect the preparation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid and consequently its biodistribution into different tissues are discussed. Also discussed are parameters, such as distribution with respect to time, effect of storage, preloading dose, etc., that can influence the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical by the RES in animals and humans.", "PMID": 753622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9301", "title": "Clinical results with 131I-toluidine blue and triple radionuclide subtraction for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands.", "content": "Clinical results from the application of a triple radionuclide subtraction study for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands are presented in this paper. A scintillation camera image was recorded after i.v. injection of 131I-toluidine blue. The contributions to this image from activity in the thyroid gland and in blood were determined after recording of additional images (obtained after injection of 99mTcO4- and 113mIn, respectively) using an iterative computer algorithm that also provides an estimate for a uniform background. Subtraction of these contributions gives an image that may be interpreted as an image of the selective accumulation of 131I-toluidine blue in the parathyroids. One or more enlarged glands were correctly localized in 17 of 21 cases, but in four cases there were only false positives. In ten cases the correctly localized glands weighed 900 mg or less.", "contents": "Clinical results with 131I-toluidine blue and triple radionuclide subtraction for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. Clinical results from the application of a triple radionuclide subtraction study for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands are presented in this paper. A scintillation camera image was recorded after i.v. injection of 131I-toluidine blue. The contributions to this image from activity in the thyroid gland and in blood were determined after recording of additional images (obtained after injection of 99mTcO4- and 113mIn, respectively) using an iterative computer algorithm that also provides an estimate for a uniform background. Subtraction of these contributions gives an image that may be interpreted as an image of the selective accumulation of 131I-toluidine blue in the parathyroids. One or more enlarged glands were correctly localized in 17 of 21 cases, but in four cases there were only false positives. In ten cases the correctly localized glands weighed 900 mg or less.", "PMID": 753623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9302", "title": "Radionuclide diagnosis of venous angioma.", "content": "Venous angioma is a rare vascular anomaly of the central nervous system. Pathologically, it resembles arteriovenous malformation, but the vascular changes are seen only in the veins. In the present case, the lesion was seen better with dynamic rather than static radionuclide examination. In a computerized dynamic study, the circulation time in the lesion was significantly prolonged compared with the circulation time in the symmetrical area of the contralateral hemisphere. The peak of the time-activity curve also appeared later in the lesion area than in the symmetrical contralateral area. Thus the use of the computerized gamma camera is useful in the diagnosis of venous angioma and the method seems to have some differential diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "Radionuclide diagnosis of venous angioma. Venous angioma is a rare vascular anomaly of the central nervous system. Pathologically, it resembles arteriovenous malformation, but the vascular changes are seen only in the veins. In the present case, the lesion was seen better with dynamic rather than static radionuclide examination. In a computerized dynamic study, the circulation time in the lesion was significantly prolonged compared with the circulation time in the symmetrical area of the contralateral hemisphere. The peak of the time-activity curve also appeared later in the lesion area than in the symmetrical contralateral area. Thus the use of the computerized gamma camera is useful in the diagnosis of venous angioma and the method seems to have some differential diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 753624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9303", "title": "Detection of metastatic thyroid carcinoma after the administration of a therapeutic dose of 131-iodine.", "content": "A patient with thyroid cancer is described whose metastases were detected only after the administration of a large therapeutic dose of 131 Iodine. This suggests that very high doses of 131 Iodine might permit diagnoses of metastatic lesions not otherwise detected. This phenomenon may be explained by the improved counting statistics which occur with the use of a higher dose of the isotope. In such cases, exceedingly high doses of 131 Iodine might be necessary for successful tumor ablation.", "contents": "Detection of metastatic thyroid carcinoma after the administration of a therapeutic dose of 131-iodine. A patient with thyroid cancer is described whose metastases were detected only after the administration of a large therapeutic dose of 131 Iodine. This suggests that very high doses of 131 Iodine might permit diagnoses of metastatic lesions not otherwise detected. This phenomenon may be explained by the improved counting statistics which occur with the use of a higher dose of the isotope. In such cases, exceedingly high doses of 131 Iodine might be necessary for successful tumor ablation.", "PMID": 753625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9304", "title": "Physiopathological approach to the management of cerebral ischaemia.", "content": "Pharmacological therapy in ischemic and in microcirculatory and cerebral metabolic damage is considered. In the first case osmotic drugs and membrane stabilisers are useful, i.e., cortisone and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as anti-aminics and spasmolytics. Platelet anti-aggregants and increase in perfusion pressure are also useful in order to prevent the 'no-reflow' phenomenon. In the second case the theoretical possibilities of pharmacological action concern activation of glycogen synthetase and adenylcyclase or inhibition of phosphodiesterase. It will be necessary to remove the lactate increase and to raise the glucose supply, while for the oedema, osmotic and oncotic drugs will need to be used.", "contents": "Physiopathological approach to the management of cerebral ischaemia. Pharmacological therapy in ischemic and in microcirculatory and cerebral metabolic damage is considered. In the first case osmotic drugs and membrane stabilisers are useful, i.e., cortisone and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as anti-aminics and spasmolytics. Platelet anti-aggregants and increase in perfusion pressure are also useful in order to prevent the 'no-reflow' phenomenon. In the second case the theoretical possibilities of pharmacological action concern activation of glycogen synthetase and adenylcyclase or inhibition of phosphodiesterase. It will be necessary to remove the lactate increase and to raise the glucose supply, while for the oedema, osmotic and oncotic drugs will need to be used.", "PMID": 753627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9305", "title": "Cerebral metabolic, hemodynamic and antihypoxic properties of l-eburnamonine.", "content": "l-Eburnamonine--16-oxoeburnane--assumes experimental cerebral 'oxygenator' and antihypoxic properties which appear more pronounced than those of vincamine. In anesthetized dogs, l-eburnamonine increases the cerebral oxygen supply and the cerebral oxygen consumption, without cerebral vasodilation; l-eburnamonine improves the cerebral capillary circulation, as observed on the rheoencephalogram. l-Eburnamonine inhibits the effects of hypobaric hypoxia in mice (increase of survival time) and in rats (inhibition of amnesic effects of hypoxia). l-Eburnamonine decreases the electroencephalographic consequences of the acute and iterative asphyxic anoxia in curarized rats and, by means of the protection of the cerebral cortex, inhibits the postischemic increase of thalamic somesthetic evoked potentials in curarized cats. Further studies are necessary to precise the mechanisms involved in these 'cerebral protective' properties of l-eburnamonine.", "contents": "Cerebral metabolic, hemodynamic and antihypoxic properties of l-eburnamonine. l-Eburnamonine--16-oxoeburnane--assumes experimental cerebral 'oxygenator' and antihypoxic properties which appear more pronounced than those of vincamine. In anesthetized dogs, l-eburnamonine increases the cerebral oxygen supply and the cerebral oxygen consumption, without cerebral vasodilation; l-eburnamonine improves the cerebral capillary circulation, as observed on the rheoencephalogram. l-Eburnamonine inhibits the effects of hypobaric hypoxia in mice (increase of survival time) and in rats (inhibition of amnesic effects of hypoxia). l-Eburnamonine decreases the electroencephalographic consequences of the acute and iterative asphyxic anoxia in curarized rats and, by means of the protection of the cerebral cortex, inhibits the postischemic increase of thalamic somesthetic evoked potentials in curarized cats. Further studies are necessary to precise the mechanisms involved in these 'cerebral protective' properties of l-eburnamonine.", "PMID": 753626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9306", "title": "Therapy of ischemic brain edema.", "content": "With corticosteroids and diuretics, glycerol treatment may be an effective therapy of early edema accompanying focal brain ischemia. The suggested regimen for intravenous infusion is 500 ml of 10% glycerol solution during at least 2 h, twice a day, starting as soon as possible after stroke onset and continuing thereafter for 5--7 days.", "contents": "Therapy of ischemic brain edema. With corticosteroids and diuretics, glycerol treatment may be an effective therapy of early edema accompanying focal brain ischemia. The suggested regimen for intravenous infusion is 500 ml of 10% glycerol solution during at least 2 h, twice a day, starting as soon as possible after stroke onset and continuing thereafter for 5--7 days.", "PMID": 753628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9307", "title": "Assessment of pharmacological effects on cerebral blood flow.", "content": "The effect of various drugs on hemispheric and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated in a total of 410 patients. While a few drugs (midodrin, proxazole, vincamine, hexobendine, extract of ginkgo biloba, dextran and ouabain) were able to improve hemispheric CBF, only ephedrine combined with xanthines decreased CBF. For vincamine the dependency of the effect on certain plasma levels was established. Only ouabain of the tested cardiac glycosides effected CBF; their similar hemodynamic actions suggest here an influence of ouabain on cerebral vessels. For the evaluation of drug effects on rCBF the detection of heterogeneous responses is important. Such responses may be quantified by regression analysis. While intracerebral steal effects were observed only under certain circumstances, inverse cerebral steal phenomena may be caused by diverging actions of several drugs. If treatment is aimed at improvement of cerebral hemodynamics, only drugs with a demonstrated effect, at least on perfusion of ischemic regions, should be employed.", "contents": "Assessment of pharmacological effects on cerebral blood flow. The effect of various drugs on hemispheric and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated in a total of 410 patients. While a few drugs (midodrin, proxazole, vincamine, hexobendine, extract of ginkgo biloba, dextran and ouabain) were able to improve hemispheric CBF, only ephedrine combined with xanthines decreased CBF. For vincamine the dependency of the effect on certain plasma levels was established. Only ouabain of the tested cardiac glycosides effected CBF; their similar hemodynamic actions suggest here an influence of ouabain on cerebral vessels. For the evaluation of drug effects on rCBF the detection of heterogeneous responses is important. Such responses may be quantified by regression analysis. While intracerebral steal effects were observed only under certain circumstances, inverse cerebral steal phenomena may be caused by diverging actions of several drugs. If treatment is aimed at improvement of cerebral hemodynamics, only drugs with a demonstrated effect, at least on perfusion of ischemic regions, should be employed.", "PMID": 753629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9308", "title": "Medical therapy of cerebral ischemia. Vasoactive and eumetabolic therapy.", "content": "After briefly evaluating the contraindications and indications of vasoactive and eumetabolic therapy of cerebral ischemia, the paper considers the main drugs at present in use in therapy of the syndrome induced by diffused cerebral arteriosclerosis. Among the drugs with a mainly vasoactive effect, consideration is given in particular to nifedipine, cetiedil and nicergoline, which induced not only an improvement in the subjective symptoms, but also an increase--which was notable at times--in the sphygmic amplitude of the rheoencephalogram. Where drugs with a mainly eumetabolic action are concerned, xanthinol nicotinate, vincamine and (-)eburnamonine are discussed. The latter, in particular, proved effective in improving intellective recovery and mediate and deferred memory, accompanied by a fair increase in the sphygmic speed and amplitude on the rheoencephalogram.", "contents": "Medical therapy of cerebral ischemia. Vasoactive and eumetabolic therapy. After briefly evaluating the contraindications and indications of vasoactive and eumetabolic therapy of cerebral ischemia, the paper considers the main drugs at present in use in therapy of the syndrome induced by diffused cerebral arteriosclerosis. Among the drugs with a mainly vasoactive effect, consideration is given in particular to nifedipine, cetiedil and nicergoline, which induced not only an improvement in the subjective symptoms, but also an increase--which was notable at times--in the sphygmic amplitude of the rheoencephalogram. Where drugs with a mainly eumetabolic action are concerned, xanthinol nicotinate, vincamine and (-)eburnamonine are discussed. The latter, in particular, proved effective in improving intellective recovery and mediate and deferred memory, accompanied by a fair increase in the sphygmic speed and amplitude on the rheoencephalogram.", "PMID": 753630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9309", "title": "(-)Eburnamonine in vascular lesions of the fundus of the eye (with 1 color plate).", "content": "Using photographs of the fundus of the eye after injection of fluorescein and treatment by (-)eburnamonine the authors show the vasodilatation effect of the drug and the unquestionable appearance of circulation flow in the right middle nasal artery which was previously reduced to a silver thread-like aspect.", "contents": "(-)Eburnamonine in vascular lesions of the fundus of the eye (with 1 color plate). Using photographs of the fundus of the eye after injection of fluorescein and treatment by (-)eburnamonine the authors show the vasodilatation effect of the drug and the unquestionable appearance of circulation flow in the right middle nasal artery which was previously reduced to a silver thread-like aspect.", "PMID": 753631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9310", "title": "CBF changes after (-)eburnamonine infusion in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "content": "The authors have made a study of CBF after (-)eburnamonine infusion, during angiographic examination of 6 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency, for a hemodynamic evaluation of the drug efficacy on CBF. The measurement of CBF was done by 133Xe according to the method of Lassen and Ingvar. A correlation between clinical findings, angiographic findings and CBF changes was done to state the employment of (-)eburnamonine in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "CBF changes after (-)eburnamonine infusion in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. The authors have made a study of CBF after (-)eburnamonine infusion, during angiographic examination of 6 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency, for a hemodynamic evaluation of the drug efficacy on CBF. The measurement of CBF was done by 133Xe according to the method of Lassen and Ingvar. A correlation between clinical findings, angiographic findings and CBF changes was done to state the employment of (-)eburnamonine in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 753632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9311", "title": "Atherosclerotic lesions and mechanisms of cerebral ischaemia.", "content": "Main causes of cerebral infarction and focal transient cerebral attacks (TIAs) were evaluated. We distinguish between primary thrombosis, secondary thrombosis, and atherosclerotic embolism (platelet emboli-mixed emboli-atheromatous emboli). As to the haemodynamic significance of atherosclerotic lesions, the stenoses must be very tight, i.e., suppress 80--90% of the arterial lumen, for blood flow to be reduced. In clinical trials such a situation is not common and we rarely have found out that a stenosis has caused an infarct or focal TIA by reducing blood flow.", "contents": "Atherosclerotic lesions and mechanisms of cerebral ischaemia. Main causes of cerebral infarction and focal transient cerebral attacks (TIAs) were evaluated. We distinguish between primary thrombosis, secondary thrombosis, and atherosclerotic embolism (platelet emboli-mixed emboli-atheromatous emboli). As to the haemodynamic significance of atherosclerotic lesions, the stenoses must be very tight, i.e., suppress 80--90% of the arterial lumen, for blood flow to be reduced. In clinical trials such a situation is not common and we rarely have found out that a stenosis has caused an infarct or focal TIA by reducing blood flow.", "PMID": 753633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9312", "title": "Circulatory and metabolic aspects of cerebral ischemia in experimental animals and in men.", "content": "In normal conditions, there is a precise link between regional metabolism and blood flow in the brain. In pathological states there may be an uncoupling between CBF and metabolism, due to many mechanisms. In particular, anaerobic glycolisis, membrane depolarization, and altered neurotransmitter release are relevant for the final damage of the tissue. Postischemic recovery was analyzed in experiments with 14C-deoxyglucose. In men, the noninvasive approach with 15O by inhalation allowed the determination of regional oxygen utilization. In TIAs, there is a chronic ischemic condition, while in strokes there is often a relative luxury perfusion.", "contents": "Circulatory and metabolic aspects of cerebral ischemia in experimental animals and in men. In normal conditions, there is a precise link between regional metabolism and blood flow in the brain. In pathological states there may be an uncoupling between CBF and metabolism, due to many mechanisms. In particular, anaerobic glycolisis, membrane depolarization, and altered neurotransmitter release are relevant for the final damage of the tissue. Postischemic recovery was analyzed in experiments with 14C-deoxyglucose. In men, the noninvasive approach with 15O by inhalation allowed the determination of regional oxygen utilization. In TIAs, there is a chronic ischemic condition, while in strokes there is often a relative luxury perfusion.", "PMID": 753634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9313", "title": "Clinical aspects of cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Out of 1,120 cases with focal cerebrovascular lesions, 102 cases (9.1%) were classified as transient episodes under the heading of reversible ischemic attacks (RIA). RIA comprises classical transient ischemic attacks (TIA), clearing completely within 24 h, usually few minutes or hours, and strokes in which a full recovery takes place over an average of 3 weeks. The clinical definition of transient and/or reversible requires a complete negative neurological examination including the normalization of the EEG and brain scan as well as a normal computed tomography. Even multiple transient episodes quite indistinguishable from classical TIA can be brought about by cerebral tumors. TIA are important symptoms, not a disease in themselves. Hypertension and cardiac disease along with carotid stenosis and/or occlusion seem to constitute the main conditions responsible for an evolution from TIA to completed strokes.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of cerebral ischemia. Out of 1,120 cases with focal cerebrovascular lesions, 102 cases (9.1%) were classified as transient episodes under the heading of reversible ischemic attacks (RIA). RIA comprises classical transient ischemic attacks (TIA), clearing completely within 24 h, usually few minutes or hours, and strokes in which a full recovery takes place over an average of 3 weeks. The clinical definition of transient and/or reversible requires a complete negative neurological examination including the normalization of the EEG and brain scan as well as a normal computed tomography. Even multiple transient episodes quite indistinguishable from classical TIA can be brought about by cerebral tumors. TIA are important symptoms, not a disease in themselves. Hypertension and cardiac disease along with carotid stenosis and/or occlusion seem to constitute the main conditions responsible for an evolution from TIA to completed strokes.", "PMID": 753635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9314", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in cerebral ischemia. A review (with 1 color plate).", "content": "In the majority of apoplexy patients the absence of a primary haemorrhage points to acute vascular occclusion with regional ischemia as the initiating event. Yet, in many such cases in particular with transient symptoms, no occlusions can be found angiographically. This along with other evidences suggest that early lysis of the occlusion is frequent. The critical levels of 20 and 10 ml/100 g/min of ischemia are discussed along with the therapeutic inferences. It is concluded that only by emission tomography--the radioisotopic counterpart to CT scanning--will a quantitation of ischemia and of metabolic integrity of tissue areas be possible as a prerequisite for rational therapy.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in cerebral ischemia. A review (with 1 color plate). In the majority of apoplexy patients the absence of a primary haemorrhage points to acute vascular occclusion with regional ischemia as the initiating event. Yet, in many such cases in particular with transient symptoms, no occlusions can be found angiographically. This along with other evidences suggest that early lysis of the occlusion is frequent. The critical levels of 20 and 10 ml/100 g/min of ischemia are discussed along with the therapeutic inferences. It is concluded that only by emission tomography--the radioisotopic counterpart to CT scanning--will a quantitation of ischemia and of metabolic integrity of tissue areas be possible as a prerequisite for rational therapy.", "PMID": 753636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9315", "title": "Retinal angiography in the study of cerebral ischemia.", "content": "On the basis of the assumption of an affinity between cerebral and retinal vessels, it was sought to demonstrate that the variations induced in the retinal circulation are akin to those occurring at the cerebral level. The technique of retinal fluorescein angiography was used to evaluate the amplitude of the vasal lumen and the speed of circulation. In 5 patients, the drug used was (-)eburnamonine. While the calibre of the retinal arterioles did not undergo variations, a shortening of the mean transit time was observed in 3 of the 5 cases treated, evidencing an improvement in blood flow.", "contents": "Retinal angiography in the study of cerebral ischemia. On the basis of the assumption of an affinity between cerebral and retinal vessels, it was sought to demonstrate that the variations induced in the retinal circulation are akin to those occurring at the cerebral level. The technique of retinal fluorescein angiography was used to evaluate the amplitude of the vasal lumen and the speed of circulation. In 5 patients, the drug used was (-)eburnamonine. While the calibre of the retinal arterioles did not undergo variations, a shortening of the mean transit time was observed in 3 of the 5 cases treated, evidencing an improvement in blood flow.", "PMID": 753637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9316", "title": "Computerized axial tomography (CAT) in cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The CAT shows the site, extension and evolution of cerebral ischemic lesions, and implies no risk or pain for the patient. Cerebral ischemic lesions appear as dark, hypodense areas on the brain section planes and are well differentiated from the white hyperdense areas of hemorrhagic lesions. In the territory of the middle cerebral artery the symptomatology is well related to the extension of the lesions, but not to their site when they are 'limited'. At present the CAT is essential for the treatment of cerebral ischemic lesions.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography (CAT) in cerebral ischemia. The CAT shows the site, extension and evolution of cerebral ischemic lesions, and implies no risk or pain for the patient. Cerebral ischemic lesions appear as dark, hypodense areas on the brain section planes and are well differentiated from the white hyperdense areas of hemorrhagic lesions. In the territory of the middle cerebral artery the symptomatology is well related to the extension of the lesions, but not to their site when they are 'limited'. At present the CAT is essential for the treatment of cerebral ischemic lesions.", "PMID": 753638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9317", "title": "Systolic arterial hypertension and cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Systolic arterial hypertension in subjects with regional cerebral ischemia is considered and discussed as regards its frequency and its pathogenetic meaning, and criteria concerning the way of treating it. Systolic arterial hypertension presents a very high frequency in these subjects. At times it is accompanied by moderate diastolic hypertension, to which may be attributed, by way of hypothesis, a compensatory meaning. Considering the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension, the antihypertensive drugs at our disposal do not offer any valid and rational indication. We advance the opinion that a lowering of blood pressure in these subjects may be more harmful than helpful.", "contents": "Systolic arterial hypertension and cerebral ischemia. Systolic arterial hypertension in subjects with regional cerebral ischemia is considered and discussed as regards its frequency and its pathogenetic meaning, and criteria concerning the way of treating it. Systolic arterial hypertension presents a very high frequency in these subjects. At times it is accompanied by moderate diastolic hypertension, to which may be attributed, by way of hypothesis, a compensatory meaning. Considering the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension, the antihypertensive drugs at our disposal do not offer any valid and rational indication. We advance the opinion that a lowering of blood pressure in these subjects may be more harmful than helpful.", "PMID": 753639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9318", "title": "Indications for surgical treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "content": "197 cases of patients with CVI, subjected to surgery by carotid endarterectomy, are examined. The results were nearly always good and hence the technique is recommended. Particular interest is attached to the risk connected with carotid clamping, through intraoperative study of CBF with 133Xe, such a risk is practically removed.", "contents": "Indications for surgical treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency. 197 cases of patients with CVI, subjected to surgery by carotid endarterectomy, are examined. The results were nearly always good and hence the technique is recommended. Particular interest is attached to the risk connected with carotid clamping, through intraoperative study of CBF with 133Xe, such a risk is practically removed.", "PMID": 753640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9319", "title": "Acute model for the estimation of the cerebral energy state during or after hypoxia and complete or incomplete ischaemia.", "content": "The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), as well as the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge of the brain were studied in the motor area of the cerebral cortex of beagle dogs in hypovolaemic hypotension. These parameters were evaluated after acute hypoxia (obtained by altering the composition of the inhalation mixture), after acute hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia, after acute hypoxia plus complete ischaemia, during post-hypoxic recovery (3, 15 or 30 min after the restoration of normal ventilation), during post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. A comparative examination of the different conditions showed that the most dramatic fall in the cerebral energy state took place in hypoxia plus complete ischaemia followed, in the order, by hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia and simple hypoxia. However, reversal was most difficult in hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia. The different situations are discussed in this paper with regard to the changes taking place in cerebral biochemical events.", "contents": "Acute model for the estimation of the cerebral energy state during or after hypoxia and complete or incomplete ischaemia. The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), as well as the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge of the brain were studied in the motor area of the cerebral cortex of beagle dogs in hypovolaemic hypotension. These parameters were evaluated after acute hypoxia (obtained by altering the composition of the inhalation mixture), after acute hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia, after acute hypoxia plus complete ischaemia, during post-hypoxic recovery (3, 15 or 30 min after the restoration of normal ventilation), during post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. A comparative examination of the different conditions showed that the most dramatic fall in the cerebral energy state took place in hypoxia plus complete ischaemia followed, in the order, by hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia and simple hypoxia. However, reversal was most difficult in hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia. The different situations are discussed in this paper with regard to the changes taking place in cerebral biochemical events.", "PMID": 753642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9320", "title": "Effect of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose on cerebral energy state during and after experimental hypoxia and ischaemia in beagle dog.", "content": "The effect of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose intracarotid perfusion has been evaluated in the brain of beagle dogs during various conditions of cerebral damage (hypoxia, hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia, hypoxia plus complete ischaemia), and after 3, 15 or 30 min of the post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), of the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge potential of the brain were evaluated in the motor area of the cerebral cortex. The different pharmacological effects of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose are discussed with regard to the biochemical changes taking place during the physiopathological conditions tested.", "contents": "Effect of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose on cerebral energy state during and after experimental hypoxia and ischaemia in beagle dog. The effect of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose intracarotid perfusion has been evaluated in the brain of beagle dogs during various conditions of cerebral damage (hypoxia, hypoxia plus incomplete ischaemia, hypoxia plus complete ischaemia), and after 3, 15 or 30 min of the post-hypoxic recovery and recirculation. The behaviour of fuels (glycogen, glucose), of glycolytic pathway intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) and end-product (lactate), of the pool of labile phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate) and the energy charge potential of the brain were evaluated in the motor area of the cerebral cortex. The different pharmacological effects of (-)eburnamonine, papaverine and UDP-glucose are discussed with regard to the biochemical changes taking place during the physiopathological conditions tested.", "PMID": 753643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9321", "title": "Killed poliovirus antigen titration in humans.", "content": "To establish the antigen content of a killed poliovirus vaccine sufficiently potent to induce immunity with one or two doses and to establish a reference standard vaccine which has been tested under field conditions, a titration was carried out in infants to determine the amount of each of the three antigenic types of poliovirus vaccine required to induce seroconversion with a single dose. It has been observed that over a critical range of antigen concentration there is an essentially linear relationship between antibody response and quantity of antigen administered. More than 90 percent of the groups studied had detectable antibody after receiving single injections of 80, 8 and 64 D-antigen units of Types I, II and III, respectively. Four-fold less antigen for each of the three types was less effective. The implications of these findings for an efficient immunization procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Killed poliovirus antigen titration in humans. To establish the antigen content of a killed poliovirus vaccine sufficiently potent to induce immunity with one or two doses and to establish a reference standard vaccine which has been tested under field conditions, a titration was carried out in infants to determine the amount of each of the three antigenic types of poliovirus vaccine required to induce seroconversion with a single dose. It has been observed that over a critical range of antigen concentration there is an essentially linear relationship between antibody response and quantity of antigen administered. More than 90 percent of the groups studied had detectable antibody after receiving single injections of 80, 8 and 64 D-antigen units of Types I, II and III, respectively. Four-fold less antigen for each of the three types was less effective. The implications of these findings for an efficient immunization procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 753645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9322", "title": "The Chilean experience with antipoliomyelitis vaccination.", "content": "The classical epidemiological picture of poliomyelitis in Chile completely changed in the 70s after the control programme had been steadily initiated in the early 60s. The technical and administrative approaches developed by the programme are presented. The epidemiological, immunological, managing and cost advantages of oral attenuated polio vaccine have proven in the Chilean experience to be highly efficacious when the vaccine is given to a community on the basis of permanent programmes with sufficient coverage. Different technical and administrative strategies in furnishing polio vaccine and the backing of the health infrastructure of the country have proved to be successful in reducing incidence to zero. The active role of the community, the steady and permanent adjustment of the programme, the integration of vaccination activities to a place of prime importance in local health services and epidemiological surveillance are all considered to be highly important in the results obtained.", "contents": "The Chilean experience with antipoliomyelitis vaccination. The classical epidemiological picture of poliomyelitis in Chile completely changed in the 70s after the control programme had been steadily initiated in the early 60s. The technical and administrative approaches developed by the programme are presented. The epidemiological, immunological, managing and cost advantages of oral attenuated polio vaccine have proven in the Chilean experience to be highly efficacious when the vaccine is given to a community on the basis of permanent programmes with sufficient coverage. Different technical and administrative strategies in furnishing polio vaccine and the backing of the health infrastructure of the country have proved to be successful in reducing incidence to zero. The active role of the community, the steady and permanent adjustment of the programme, the integration of vaccination activities to a place of prime importance in local health services and epidemiological surveillance are all considered to be highly important in the results obtained.", "PMID": 753646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9323", "title": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in the Gaza Strip and West Bank during recent years.", "content": "Numerous cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred during epidemic years and in interepidemic periods in recent years in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. During the epidemics of 1974 and 1976, more than 100 paralytic cases were recorded each year. The dominant poliovirus was type 1. In interepidemic years, especially in the Gaza Strip, type 3 poliovirus was the prevalent type. The age group affected were infants and children up to 3 years and 50% of cases occurred during the first 12 months of life. Since 1968, oral poliovirus vaccine has been administered extensively to infants, 2 to 13 months of age. Though vaccine coverage was far from being complete, 3 doses of trivalent oral vaccine were given to the great majority of infants of this age group. Many of the paralytic cases occurred in unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated (1-2 doses) children. However, numerous cases were recovered in children given three and four feedings. Serologic studies carried out on many of the paralyzed children indicated that \"vaccine failures\" had occurred. It seems that many of the vaccine failures were due to the massive and widespread circulation of various types of interfering enteroviruses. Laboratory tests of vaccine samples returned from the field prove that the vaccines used were undoubtedly of adequate potency. For these reasons we are planning a program of combined use of oral and inactivated vaccine in order to bypass the interference phenomenon.", "contents": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in the Gaza Strip and West Bank during recent years. Numerous cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred during epidemic years and in interepidemic periods in recent years in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. During the epidemics of 1974 and 1976, more than 100 paralytic cases were recorded each year. The dominant poliovirus was type 1. In interepidemic years, especially in the Gaza Strip, type 3 poliovirus was the prevalent type. The age group affected were infants and children up to 3 years and 50% of cases occurred during the first 12 months of life. Since 1968, oral poliovirus vaccine has been administered extensively to infants, 2 to 13 months of age. Though vaccine coverage was far from being complete, 3 doses of trivalent oral vaccine were given to the great majority of infants of this age group. Many of the paralytic cases occurred in unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated (1-2 doses) children. However, numerous cases were recovered in children given three and four feedings. Serologic studies carried out on many of the paralyzed children indicated that \"vaccine failures\" had occurred. It seems that many of the vaccine failures were due to the massive and widespread circulation of various types of interfering enteroviruses. Laboratory tests of vaccine samples returned from the field prove that the vaccines used were undoubtedly of adequate potency. For these reasons we are planning a program of combined use of oral and inactivated vaccine in order to bypass the interference phenomenon.", "PMID": 753648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9324", "title": "A two-dose schedule for immunization of infants using a more concentrated DPT-vaccine.", "content": "In a controlled field-trial in infants in the Philippines, a two-dose schedule with an interval of 6 months between injections using a concentrated adsorbed DPT-vaccine was evaluated. The serologic response against the three components in the vaccine was satisfactory, whereas the side-effects in the concentrated vaccine group did not differ from those observed in a control DPT group. After two injections, the coverage percentage with DPT-vaccine was shown to be higher than 70%. Two implications of the introduction of the two-dose DPT-immunization schedule are discussed, i.e. (a) the possibility of using it as the nucleus of a complete schedule including immunization against poliomyelitis, BCG, smallpox and measles, and (b) the consequences which the interval of 6 months might have on the epidemiological spread of B. pertussis infections.", "contents": "A two-dose schedule for immunization of infants using a more concentrated DPT-vaccine. In a controlled field-trial in infants in the Philippines, a two-dose schedule with an interval of 6 months between injections using a concentrated adsorbed DPT-vaccine was evaluated. The serologic response against the three components in the vaccine was satisfactory, whereas the side-effects in the concentrated vaccine group did not differ from those observed in a control DPT group. After two injections, the coverage percentage with DPT-vaccine was shown to be higher than 70%. Two implications of the introduction of the two-dose DPT-immunization schedule are discussed, i.e. (a) the possibility of using it as the nucleus of a complete schedule including immunization against poliomyelitis, BCG, smallpox and measles, and (b) the consequences which the interval of 6 months might have on the epidemiological spread of B. pertussis infections.", "PMID": 753647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9325", "title": "The cell mediated immune response in acute poliomyelitis and its use in early diagnosis.", "content": "Specific cell mediated immunity to polio antigens was investigated in 22 children suffering from acute paralytic poliomyelitis by the macrophage migration inhibition (MIF) technique. A positive response was observed in 9 out of the 11 patients tested 1-14 days after the onset of the paralysis and in 6 out of the 8 patients tested between 15-90 days. In one case, the response was positive even before paralysis became evident. Out of the 8 patients tested 90-360 days after paralysis, only 3 gave positive results. No response whatsoever could, on the other hand, be observed in the great majority of children tested 1-3 months after having received oral polio vaccine or in healthy adults. These findings demonstrate that in poliomyelitis the specific C.M.I. response can be detected before the circulating antibodies and suggest that possibility of the use of this technique in the early diagnosis of poliomyelitis as well as in the differentiation between this disease and other neurological disorders.", "contents": "The cell mediated immune response in acute poliomyelitis and its use in early diagnosis. Specific cell mediated immunity to polio antigens was investigated in 22 children suffering from acute paralytic poliomyelitis by the macrophage migration inhibition (MIF) technique. A positive response was observed in 9 out of the 11 patients tested 1-14 days after the onset of the paralysis and in 6 out of the 8 patients tested between 15-90 days. In one case, the response was positive even before paralysis became evident. Out of the 8 patients tested 90-360 days after paralysis, only 3 gave positive results. No response whatsoever could, on the other hand, be observed in the great majority of children tested 1-3 months after having received oral polio vaccine or in healthy adults. These findings demonstrate that in poliomyelitis the specific C.M.I. response can be detected before the circulating antibodies and suggest that possibility of the use of this technique in the early diagnosis of poliomyelitis as well as in the differentiation between this disease and other neurological disorders.", "PMID": 753649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9326", "title": "Improvement in the yield of oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin strains) produced in human diploid cells.", "content": "When stationary cultures of human diploid cells in conventional Roux bottles were replaced by the development of cells in roller bottles, the yield of poliovirus, Sabin strains type 1 and 2, showed an increase of 0.5 to 1 log10. No significant difference was noticed in the yield of these viruses cultured in WI-38 and MRC-5 human diploid cells.", "contents": "Improvement in the yield of oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin strains) produced in human diploid cells. When stationary cultures of human diploid cells in conventional Roux bottles were replaced by the development of cells in roller bottles, the yield of poliovirus, Sabin strains type 1 and 2, showed an increase of 0.5 to 1 log10. No significant difference was noticed in the yield of these viruses cultured in WI-38 and MRC-5 human diploid cells.", "PMID": 753650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9327", "title": "[Properties and potency of a rabies vaccine produced on the brain matter of young goats and inactivated by beta-propiolactone].", "content": "The vaccine produced by the Institut Pasteur of Algeria consists of a 5% suspension of brain matter of young goats inoculated with the Louis Pasteur Sa\u00efgon strain. The suspension is BPL-inactivated, supplemented with a protective agent and lyophilized to a volume of 2 ml. The vaccine loses all specific and non-specific toxicity when injected into newborn mice, adult mice and rabbits. The stability of this vaccine, studied over a period of 24 months at room temperature and 6 months at 37 degrees C, is very satisfactory. The average protective capacity for some twenty batches is 1.60 as determined by the NIH test and 700,000 protective units according to the Habel test. The immunogenicity of this vaccine is evaluated by measuring the neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been vaccinated for preventive purposes as well as in individuals who have been treated after a possibly contaminating contact. The possibility of reducing the number of injections to 7 + 3 boosters rather than 14 + 2 boosters is discussed in the light of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Properties and potency of a rabies vaccine produced on the brain matter of young goats and inactivated by beta-propiolactone]. The vaccine produced by the Institut Pasteur of Algeria consists of a 5% suspension of brain matter of young goats inoculated with the Louis Pasteur Sa\u00efgon strain. The suspension is BPL-inactivated, supplemented with a protective agent and lyophilized to a volume of 2 ml. The vaccine loses all specific and non-specific toxicity when injected into newborn mice, adult mice and rabbits. The stability of this vaccine, studied over a period of 24 months at room temperature and 6 months at 37 degrees C, is very satisfactory. The average protective capacity for some twenty batches is 1.60 as determined by the NIH test and 700,000 protective units according to the Habel test. The immunogenicity of this vaccine is evaluated by measuring the neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been vaccinated for preventive purposes as well as in individuals who have been treated after a possibly contaminating contact. The possibility of reducing the number of injections to 7 + 3 boosters rather than 14 + 2 boosters is discussed in the light of the results obtained.", "PMID": 753652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9328", "title": "The stability of bacterial vaccines at elevated temperatures.", "content": "The requirements for vaccines demand that they be safe and efficacious. The recommended storage temperature for vaccines is 2-8 degrees C, but their conditions of storage and transportation in the developing countries may frequently be far from ideal. This had led to the present study in which several vaccines have been stored at ambient temperature (+24 degrees C) and at +37 degrees C and their antigenic stabilities examined. Under these adverse conditions, typhoid, cholera and the components of DPT vaccines either in final containers or in bulk form have been shown to be stable for extended periods of time.", "contents": "The stability of bacterial vaccines at elevated temperatures. The requirements for vaccines demand that they be safe and efficacious. The recommended storage temperature for vaccines is 2-8 degrees C, but their conditions of storage and transportation in the developing countries may frequently be far from ideal. This had led to the present study in which several vaccines have been stored at ambient temperature (+24 degrees C) and at +37 degrees C and their antigenic stabilities examined. Under these adverse conditions, typhoid, cholera and the components of DPT vaccines either in final containers or in bulk form have been shown to be stable for extended periods of time.", "PMID": 753653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9329", "title": "Stability of freeze-dried and reconstituted measles vaccines.", "content": "The stability of the titer of live vaccines is a very important factor for successful immunization, especially in countries with a hot climate. For the freeze-dried vaccine, the results of stability tests show that the second generation Rimevax possesses the desired resistance to thermodegradation. In the refrigerator, the shelf life is at least 2 years. Exposure at 20--25 degress C for 1 month, at 37 degrees C for 7 to 14 days or at 41 degrees C for 3 to 7 days results in a vaccine retaining its full immunogenic activity. The value of an accelerated stability test at 37 degrees C for 7 days for the prediction of the potency of each lot is proven. This test should be part of the minimum requirements for live vaccines. The potency of reconstituted measles vaccines is evaluated. Rimevax shows a remarkable stability at higher temperatures. At 37 degrees C, the immunogenic activity is retained for 2 to 3 hours. Reconstitution with diluent at 41 degrees C and subsequent exposure to this temperature does not affect the titer significantly during the first half hour. The comparison of published stability data of measles vaccines shows that Rimevax is one of the most thermoresistant preparations.", "contents": "Stability of freeze-dried and reconstituted measles vaccines. The stability of the titer of live vaccines is a very important factor for successful immunization, especially in countries with a hot climate. For the freeze-dried vaccine, the results of stability tests show that the second generation Rimevax possesses the desired resistance to thermodegradation. In the refrigerator, the shelf life is at least 2 years. Exposure at 20--25 degress C for 1 month, at 37 degrees C for 7 to 14 days or at 41 degrees C for 3 to 7 days results in a vaccine retaining its full immunogenic activity. The value of an accelerated stability test at 37 degrees C for 7 days for the prediction of the potency of each lot is proven. This test should be part of the minimum requirements for live vaccines. The potency of reconstituted measles vaccines is evaluated. Rimevax shows a remarkable stability at higher temperatures. At 37 degrees C, the immunogenic activity is retained for 2 to 3 hours. Reconstitution with diluent at 41 degrees C and subsequent exposure to this temperature does not affect the titer significantly during the first half hour. The comparison of published stability data of measles vaccines shows that Rimevax is one of the most thermoresistant preparations.", "PMID": 753654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9330", "title": "Effects of adverse storage on live virus vaccines.", "content": "A vaccine stored strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions can be used with confidence up to the designated expiry date. However, problems with transport, refrigeration plant, or electricity supply may lead to the exposure of a vaccine under field conditions, and particularly in tropical countries, to high or fluctuating temperatures. We have therefore studied the stability of the standard formulations of our live yellow fever virus, poliovirus and rubella virus vaccines, when they were deliberately exposed to high temperatures, or to alternating cycles of high and low temperatures, intended to simulate such conditions. Our results suggest that with these vaccines, the consequences of adverse storage are not likely to be serious.", "contents": "Effects of adverse storage on live virus vaccines. A vaccine stored strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions can be used with confidence up to the designated expiry date. However, problems with transport, refrigeration plant, or electricity supply may lead to the exposure of a vaccine under field conditions, and particularly in tropical countries, to high or fluctuating temperatures. We have therefore studied the stability of the standard formulations of our live yellow fever virus, poliovirus and rubella virus vaccines, when they were deliberately exposed to high temperatures, or to alternating cycles of high and low temperatures, intended to simulate such conditions. Our results suggest that with these vaccines, the consequences of adverse storage are not likely to be serious.", "PMID": 753656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9331", "title": "The need for quality control in the developing countries.", "content": "In the developing countries there is a need for greater activity in the quality control of vaccines used in immunization programmes. The establishment of a quality control facility can give assistance not only in the checking of vaccines at the time of release, but also in monitoring the efficacy of the cold chain. Furthermore, the antibody responses of the local child population to the vaccines can be measured. Quality control should be established before vaccine manufacturer, therefore, and the economics of importing vaccine in the bulk concentrated form with dilution, blending and filling locally is worthy of consideration.", "contents": "The need for quality control in the developing countries. In the developing countries there is a need for greater activity in the quality control of vaccines used in immunization programmes. The establishment of a quality control facility can give assistance not only in the checking of vaccines at the time of release, but also in monitoring the efficacy of the cold chain. Furthermore, the antibody responses of the local child population to the vaccines can be measured. Quality control should be established before vaccine manufacturer, therefore, and the economics of importing vaccine in the bulk concentrated form with dilution, blending and filling locally is worthy of consideration.", "PMID": 753657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9332", "title": "[Results of simplified immunization schedules in the developing countries].", "content": "The results of studies on the immunization of people in developing countries with vaccines adsorbed on calcium phosphate are presented in this paper. Several programs which were studied with various organizations cooperating and which were intended to simplify vaccination campaigns brought us to the following conclusions: --that immunization against diphtheria and tetanus by two injections with an interval of one year between them is effective, --that two injections of inactivated trivalent poliomyelitis vaccine followed up by booster one year later ensure that 90% of the infants are protected, --that it is possible to vaccinate pregnant women by one or two injections of tetanus vaccine and protect both mothers and newborn babies against tetanus, and --that combined vaccines which enable simultaneous immunization of subjects against a maximum of infections are possible.", "contents": "[Results of simplified immunization schedules in the developing countries]. The results of studies on the immunization of people in developing countries with vaccines adsorbed on calcium phosphate are presented in this paper. Several programs which were studied with various organizations cooperating and which were intended to simplify vaccination campaigns brought us to the following conclusions: --that immunization against diphtheria and tetanus by two injections with an interval of one year between them is effective, --that two injections of inactivated trivalent poliomyelitis vaccine followed up by booster one year later ensure that 90% of the infants are protected, --that it is possible to vaccinate pregnant women by one or two injections of tetanus vaccine and protect both mothers and newborn babies against tetanus, and --that combined vaccines which enable simultaneous immunization of subjects against a maximum of infections are possible.", "PMID": 753658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9333", "title": "25 years of an integrated vaccination program in Chile.", "content": "Various problems and subjects related to the long Chilean experience in vaccination programmes are reported. Emphasis is placed on proper administrative and planning steps in order to obtain the right epidemiological diagnosis, to develop the infrastructure of health, to support financially, to manage resources, to train personnel, to apply techniques and to evaluate periodically. The advantages of the integration of the programme in primary services are commented on. Epidemiological evaluation and surveillance are considered highly important in the successes obtained. The particular structure of health services in Chile has played a meaningful role in meeting public health requirements for the past 25 years, specifically with respect to vaccination programmes.", "contents": "25 years of an integrated vaccination program in Chile. Various problems and subjects related to the long Chilean experience in vaccination programmes are reported. Emphasis is placed on proper administrative and planning steps in order to obtain the right epidemiological diagnosis, to develop the infrastructure of health, to support financially, to manage resources, to train personnel, to apply techniques and to evaluate periodically. The advantages of the integration of the programme in primary services are commented on. Epidemiological evaluation and surveillance are considered highly important in the successes obtained. The particular structure of health services in Chile has played a meaningful role in meeting public health requirements for the past 25 years, specifically with respect to vaccination programmes.", "PMID": 753659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9334", "title": "Controlled field trials with oral and nasal immunization against tetanus in humans.", "content": "Under field conditions, the comparative effectiveness of oral, nasal and intramuscular vaccination of humans with tetanus toxoid was investigated. The effectiveness was tested by the determination of antitoxin titers with the L+-method. Oral booster vaccination produced only very low and irregular increases in antitoxin titer even at the highest dose of 6,000 Lf toxoid. In the most favourable case following triple oral immunization, a rise from 6.2 to 6.6 I.U. was achieved. Primary oral vaccination failed to stimulate measurable antitoxin production. After nasal booster vaccination with 1,000 Lf toxoid, a ten-fold rise in antitoxin titer was detectable. Following primary nasal vaccination, an average neutralization titer of 1 I.U. was achieved. The results of intramuscular and nasal booster vaccinations were similar although the antitoxin titers were significantly higher after primary intramuscular vaccination than after primary nasal vaccination. The average antitoxin titer amounted to 11.6 I.U. These results indicate that primary and booster vaccination against tetanus by the nasal route is a safe and effective procedure.", "contents": "Controlled field trials with oral and nasal immunization against tetanus in humans. Under field conditions, the comparative effectiveness of oral, nasal and intramuscular vaccination of humans with tetanus toxoid was investigated. The effectiveness was tested by the determination of antitoxin titers with the L+-method. Oral booster vaccination produced only very low and irregular increases in antitoxin titer even at the highest dose of 6,000 Lf toxoid. In the most favourable case following triple oral immunization, a rise from 6.2 to 6.6 I.U. was achieved. Primary oral vaccination failed to stimulate measurable antitoxin production. After nasal booster vaccination with 1,000 Lf toxoid, a ten-fold rise in antitoxin titer was detectable. Following primary nasal vaccination, an average neutralization titer of 1 I.U. was achieved. The results of intramuscular and nasal booster vaccinations were similar although the antitoxin titers were significantly higher after primary intramuscular vaccination than after primary nasal vaccination. The average antitoxin titer amounted to 11.6 I.U. These results indicate that primary and booster vaccination against tetanus by the nasal route is a safe and effective procedure.", "PMID": 753660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9335", "title": "Vaccines and vaccinations in the under-fives in Ghana, a tropical developing country.", "content": "In this paper, an attempt has been made to focus attention on the important childhood killer but immunizable diseases in Ghana, giving where available morbidity and mortality figures. Immunization schedules currently adopted in Ghana are discussed in the light of immunological considerations, the half-life of acquired maternal antibodies and from the point of view of known epidemiological patterns of these immunizable diseases. An attempt was thus made to justify the adoption of the immunization schedules currently in force in Ghana. Problems relating to some of the vaccines used in immunization of the under-fives in Ghana have been discussed in the light of personal experiences and the experiences of other colleagues, giving--where possible--suggestions for improvement. Finally, the paper delineates problem areas in immunization programmes of the under-fives in Ghana.", "contents": "Vaccines and vaccinations in the under-fives in Ghana, a tropical developing country. In this paper, an attempt has been made to focus attention on the important childhood killer but immunizable diseases in Ghana, giving where available morbidity and mortality figures. Immunization schedules currently adopted in Ghana are discussed in the light of immunological considerations, the half-life of acquired maternal antibodies and from the point of view of known epidemiological patterns of these immunizable diseases. An attempt was thus made to justify the adoption of the immunization schedules currently in force in Ghana. Problems relating to some of the vaccines used in immunization of the under-fives in Ghana have been discussed in the light of personal experiences and the experiences of other colleagues, giving--where possible--suggestions for improvement. Finally, the paper delineates problem areas in immunization programmes of the under-fives in Ghana.", "PMID": 753661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9336", "title": "[Problems in production, control and utilization of veterinary vaccines in the developing countries].", "content": "For a whole series of reasons, most of which are political, the developing countries are following a policy of national self-sufficiency in veterinary vaccines. They are faced with problems at various levels: (1) at the level of logistic distribution, the developing countries suffer from a shortage of trained personnel, frequently lacking in enthusiasm, an often chronic shortage of funds; poorly equipped premises; poor maintenance of sophisticated but indispensable equipment (e.g. freeze-driers); a lack of facilities for cold storage and of distribution channels; field personnel with limited experience; (2) at the level of production, they must contend with difficulties in obtaining supplies of flasks and glassware; irregular supplies of water and electricity; difficulties in obtaining susceptible animals for quality control. The developing countries have found basically pragmatic solutions to these problems, such as the strict separation of the sites, materials and personnel involved in routine diagnosis and those involved in production; temporary foreign technical assistance, with or without financial aid; the use of simple, unsophisticated techniques, which are known to be reliable, even if somewhat outdated; manufacturing in bulk in multiple-dose bottles; research into the thermostabilisation of vaccine strains and the development of thermoprotective diluents for freeze-drying and reconstitution; the extensive use of combined vaccines; the establishment of production and control standards under the auspices of the WHO/FAO/OIE. In spite of these obstacles, the cost price is particularly low (from 0.20 to 0.35 francs per dose), which compares favourably with that of foreign private industry.", "contents": "[Problems in production, control and utilization of veterinary vaccines in the developing countries]. For a whole series of reasons, most of which are political, the developing countries are following a policy of national self-sufficiency in veterinary vaccines. They are faced with problems at various levels: (1) at the level of logistic distribution, the developing countries suffer from a shortage of trained personnel, frequently lacking in enthusiasm, an often chronic shortage of funds; poorly equipped premises; poor maintenance of sophisticated but indispensable equipment (e.g. freeze-driers); a lack of facilities for cold storage and of distribution channels; field personnel with limited experience; (2) at the level of production, they must contend with difficulties in obtaining supplies of flasks and glassware; irregular supplies of water and electricity; difficulties in obtaining susceptible animals for quality control. The developing countries have found basically pragmatic solutions to these problems, such as the strict separation of the sites, materials and personnel involved in routine diagnosis and those involved in production; temporary foreign technical assistance, with or without financial aid; the use of simple, unsophisticated techniques, which are known to be reliable, even if somewhat outdated; manufacturing in bulk in multiple-dose bottles; research into the thermostabilisation of vaccine strains and the development of thermoprotective diluents for freeze-drying and reconstitution; the extensive use of combined vaccines; the establishment of production and control standards under the auspices of the WHO/FAO/OIE. In spite of these obstacles, the cost price is particularly low (from 0.20 to 0.35 francs per dose), which compares favourably with that of foreign private industry.", "PMID": 753662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9337", "title": "[Combined vaccines in veterinary medicine in the developing countries].", "content": "It is in the interest of developing countries to have combined vaccines in veterinary medicine, not so much because they reduce production costs, but rather because they increase convenience and efficacy concerning the logistics of prophylactic projects in the field, thus lowering the cost of these projects. Their drawbacks are basically due to the biological compatibility of immunogens (possible immunosuppression by some viruses) and to the interaction of the various components when mixed, or when lyophilization is carried out. Some examples of such associations of vaccines are: (1) cattle plague + pleuropneumonia and possibly anthrax, (2) anthrax + blackleg, (3) sheeppox + anthrax, (4) pleuropneumonia + blackleg, (5) Newcastle disease + fowlpox + fowl typhoid, (6) fowl typhoid + chicken pasteurellosis. Practical results have been most positive and include the eradication of cattle plague - a major scourge of almost all of the African continent - and control over peripneumonia as a first step towards its eradication.", "contents": "[Combined vaccines in veterinary medicine in the developing countries]. It is in the interest of developing countries to have combined vaccines in veterinary medicine, not so much because they reduce production costs, but rather because they increase convenience and efficacy concerning the logistics of prophylactic projects in the field, thus lowering the cost of these projects. Their drawbacks are basically due to the biological compatibility of immunogens (possible immunosuppression by some viruses) and to the interaction of the various components when mixed, or when lyophilization is carried out. Some examples of such associations of vaccines are: (1) cattle plague + pleuropneumonia and possibly anthrax, (2) anthrax + blackleg, (3) sheeppox + anthrax, (4) pleuropneumonia + blackleg, (5) Newcastle disease + fowlpox + fowl typhoid, (6) fowl typhoid + chicken pasteurellosis. Practical results have been most positive and include the eradication of cattle plague - a major scourge of almost all of the African continent - and control over peripneumonia as a first step towards its eradication.", "PMID": 753663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9338", "title": "The T1 vaccine used in the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Nigeria.", "content": "A lyophilised T1 vaccine was produced by direct lyophilisation of a 72-hour broth culture to which 10% sterile sucrose solution was added. Each vial contained 2 ml to make a total of 10 doses when reconstituted. Each ml of the product contained an average of 109 colony forming units of the organism. When injected at the tip of the tail or subcutaneously behind the shoulder of 2,000 zebu and 1,0000 Ndama cattle, no outward reactions were observed. 12 zebu cattle were vaccinated and challenged 6 months later by direct contact with artificially infected cattle for 4 months. All the animals were completely protected against the disease.", "contents": "The T1 vaccine used in the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Nigeria. A lyophilised T1 vaccine was produced by direct lyophilisation of a 72-hour broth culture to which 10% sterile sucrose solution was added. Each vial contained 2 ml to make a total of 10 doses when reconstituted. Each ml of the product contained an average of 109 colony forming units of the organism. When injected at the tip of the tail or subcutaneously behind the shoulder of 2,000 zebu and 1,0000 Ndama cattle, no outward reactions were observed. 12 zebu cattle were vaccinated and challenged 6 months later by direct contact with artificially infected cattle for 4 months. All the animals were completely protected against the disease.", "PMID": 753664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9339", "title": "[Hog cholera: active immunity conferred by the Chinese strain vaccine to young pigs born to immune sows].", "content": "This paper deals with the comparative development of active immunity in young pigs which were born from unvaccinated sows and from recently vaccinated sows. The development of immunity is expressed by the neutralizing serum antibody titer and protection against a pathogenic virus. The results show that: --the post-vaccinal increase in antibodies is inversely proportional to the titer of passive antibodies at the time of vaccination, --protection at the end of economic life depends on the antibody titer at the time of the challenge, --young pigs born from a mother which is not immune can be vaccinated starting at the age of 7 days, --the percentage of protection at the end of economic life of vaccinated baby pigs with colostral antibodies ranges from 50% when the vaccination was carried out at the age of 7 days to 100% when the vaccination occurs at the age of 2 months.", "contents": "[Hog cholera: active immunity conferred by the Chinese strain vaccine to young pigs born to immune sows]. This paper deals with the comparative development of active immunity in young pigs which were born from unvaccinated sows and from recently vaccinated sows. The development of immunity is expressed by the neutralizing serum antibody titer and protection against a pathogenic virus. The results show that: --the post-vaccinal increase in antibodies is inversely proportional to the titer of passive antibodies at the time of vaccination, --protection at the end of economic life depends on the antibody titer at the time of the challenge, --young pigs born from a mother which is not immune can be vaccinated starting at the age of 7 days, --the percentage of protection at the end of economic life of vaccinated baby pigs with colostral antibodies ranges from 50% when the vaccination was carried out at the age of 7 days to 100% when the vaccination occurs at the age of 2 months.", "PMID": 753665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9340", "title": "[Hog cholera: immunization of young pigs with the Thiverval strain vaccine in the presence of colostral immunity].", "content": "The vaccination of young piglets, with or without passive antibodies of colostral origin, was studied using the Thiverval strain. The various experiments, carried out under practical conditions, allowed us to observe the following phenomena:--in piglets without immunity of maternal origin we observed a classic primary reaction, with vigourous, lasting production of antibodies and resistance to the challenge;--in piglets with immunity of maternal origin, depending on when the vaccination was administered, the production of primary antibodies was non-existent or deficient; however, we noted that piglets vaccinated 35 days after birth resist the challenge.", "contents": "[Hog cholera: immunization of young pigs with the Thiverval strain vaccine in the presence of colostral immunity]. The vaccination of young piglets, with or without passive antibodies of colostral origin, was studied using the Thiverval strain. The various experiments, carried out under practical conditions, allowed us to observe the following phenomena:--in piglets without immunity of maternal origin we observed a classic primary reaction, with vigourous, lasting production of antibodies and resistance to the challenge;--in piglets with immunity of maternal origin, depending on when the vaccination was administered, the production of primary antibodies was non-existent or deficient; however, we noted that piglets vaccinated 35 days after birth resist the challenge.", "PMID": 753666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9341", "title": "[Prevention of animal rabies by an attenuated monovalent or mixed vaccine].", "content": "In view of the advantages and disadvantages of the different rabies vaccines, classified according to the production method of the virus and according to their nature - activated or inactivated - the choice of an activated vaccine produced on cell cultures is particularly justified for developing countries. The production of this type of vaccine, as well as the methods and results of the activity and innocuity controls are shown in detail. The interest of combined vaccines for certain developing countries, particularly the combined vaccine rabies/foot-and-mouth disease for ruminants, is stressed. The use of this type of vaccine on a vary large scale (more than 20 million doses up to this date) has given complete satisfaction. It should be noted that the same principles have been successfully applied to the realisation of a vaccine for human use, which can be administered before as well as after contamination.", "contents": "[Prevention of animal rabies by an attenuated monovalent or mixed vaccine]. In view of the advantages and disadvantages of the different rabies vaccines, classified according to the production method of the virus and according to their nature - activated or inactivated - the choice of an activated vaccine produced on cell cultures is particularly justified for developing countries. The production of this type of vaccine, as well as the methods and results of the activity and innocuity controls are shown in detail. The interest of combined vaccines for certain developing countries, particularly the combined vaccine rabies/foot-and-mouth disease for ruminants, is stressed. The use of this type of vaccine on a vary large scale (more than 20 million doses up to this date) has given complete satisfaction. It should be noted that the same principles have been successfully applied to the realisation of a vaccine for human use, which can be administered before as well as after contamination.", "PMID": 753667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9342", "title": "Oral immunization of dogs against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis.", "content": "Mongrel dogs were revaccinated three weeks after basic parenteral immunization with a DT-vaccine with 3 X 3 capsules of an enteric coated oral vaccine, which contained 500 Lf in each of the capsules. When there was a basic titer of 0.005 IU/ml serum, the titer went up to 10 IU/ml by oral vaccination. Similar levels were obtained when lozenges containing the same amount of toxoid were used for revaccination. A twofold buccal vaccination without preceding parenteral vaccination yielded no protective titers. Also a parenteral basic immunization with a diluted DPT-vaccine, followed by oral vaccination with enteric coated capsules, containing a soluble pertussis vaccine, resulted in no titers measured by bacterial agglutination test. In the cases of diphtheria and tetanus only part of the animals showed elevated titres after oral vaccination and protective titers could only be reached if rather high amounts of toxoids were administered orally. It can be concluded from the results that an oral revaccination does not confer protective immunity comparable to that conferred by parenteral vaccination.", "contents": "Oral immunization of dogs against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. Mongrel dogs were revaccinated three weeks after basic parenteral immunization with a DT-vaccine with 3 X 3 capsules of an enteric coated oral vaccine, which contained 500 Lf in each of the capsules. When there was a basic titer of 0.005 IU/ml serum, the titer went up to 10 IU/ml by oral vaccination. Similar levels were obtained when lozenges containing the same amount of toxoid were used for revaccination. A twofold buccal vaccination without preceding parenteral vaccination yielded no protective titers. Also a parenteral basic immunization with a diluted DPT-vaccine, followed by oral vaccination with enteric coated capsules, containing a soluble pertussis vaccine, resulted in no titers measured by bacterial agglutination test. In the cases of diphtheria and tetanus only part of the animals showed elevated titres after oral vaccination and protective titers could only be reached if rather high amounts of toxoids were administered orally. It can be concluded from the results that an oral revaccination does not confer protective immunity comparable to that conferred by parenteral vaccination.", "PMID": 753668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9343", "title": "Toward the development of a standard reference cholera antitoxin.", "content": "The need for a reference cholera antitoxin to serve as a standard for the calibration of cholera enterotoxin and toxoid as well as for measurement of the antitoxin response in animals and patients was recognized by the NIH Cholera Advisory Committee, NIAID, DHEW, USA. Two cholera antitoxins have been used for several years as provisional references, but neither was considered to embody all of the properties of an ideal standard. Accordingly, a lot of cholera antitoxin was prepared by immunization of goats with a formalinized, highly purified cholera toxin adsorbed on aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Booster injections were given at 8, 16 and 24 weeks. Plasma samples obtained from the 25 to 27 week bleedings were converted to serum, pooled, and freeze-dried. This serum possessed both high and constant toxin neutralizing activity in rabbit skin, rabbit ileal segment, mice, Y-1 adrenal cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and had high avidity by the rabbit skin assay. Hemagglutination tests gave identical values. It was shown to be highly specific by gel diffusion, but flocculation was relatively poor. On the basis of specificity, high avidity and toxin-neutralizing capacity this goat antitoxin (NIH Lot 1) was considered superior to previous provisional standards and is proposed as a satisfactory standard reference reagent.", "contents": "Toward the development of a standard reference cholera antitoxin. The need for a reference cholera antitoxin to serve as a standard for the calibration of cholera enterotoxin and toxoid as well as for measurement of the antitoxin response in animals and patients was recognized by the NIH Cholera Advisory Committee, NIAID, DHEW, USA. Two cholera antitoxins have been used for several years as provisional references, but neither was considered to embody all of the properties of an ideal standard. Accordingly, a lot of cholera antitoxin was prepared by immunization of goats with a formalinized, highly purified cholera toxin adsorbed on aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Booster injections were given at 8, 16 and 24 weeks. Plasma samples obtained from the 25 to 27 week bleedings were converted to serum, pooled, and freeze-dried. This serum possessed both high and constant toxin neutralizing activity in rabbit skin, rabbit ileal segment, mice, Y-1 adrenal cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and had high avidity by the rabbit skin assay. Hemagglutination tests gave identical values. It was shown to be highly specific by gel diffusion, but flocculation was relatively poor. On the basis of specificity, high avidity and toxin-neutralizing capacity this goat antitoxin (NIH Lot 1) was considered superior to previous provisional standards and is proposed as a satisfactory standard reference reagent.", "PMID": 753669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9344", "title": "[The passive hemagglutination test in the evaluation of antitetanus immunity].", "content": "The conditioned, passive hemagglutination method, which is simple, quick, economical and very sensitive, is suited for large-scale studies in which it is not possible to carry out the in vivo seroneutralization. However, our experience has confirmed that it has certain drawbacks and restrictions: (1) the technique must be applied very carefully and good laboratory training is required. The results obtained by this method vary according to several factors, especially the degree to which the antigen has been purified and its blood carriers, therefore these results are not always consistent; (2) the antibodies found were not a good indication of the degree of protection except at high titers. A study of correlations between HA titers and neutralizing (mice) titers carried out on the basis of 509 double titrations has demonstrated that, whereas they are satisfactory in clearly immune subjects, they show only mediocre results in subjects who are receptive or who are displaying a primary response: a wide range of variation has been observed as well as an optimalization of HA titers, perhaps because of IgM's. Therefore, the HA method, despite its usefulness, cannot provide precise evaluations for: --the amount of protection provided by an anti-tetanus vaccine, --the proportion of protected subjects in a certain group of people, --an injured person's anti-tetanus immunity. We should work to develop in vitro tests which are both sensitive and reliable in terms of the anti-tetanus protection threshold.", "contents": "[The passive hemagglutination test in the evaluation of antitetanus immunity]. The conditioned, passive hemagglutination method, which is simple, quick, economical and very sensitive, is suited for large-scale studies in which it is not possible to carry out the in vivo seroneutralization. However, our experience has confirmed that it has certain drawbacks and restrictions: (1) the technique must be applied very carefully and good laboratory training is required. The results obtained by this method vary according to several factors, especially the degree to which the antigen has been purified and its blood carriers, therefore these results are not always consistent; (2) the antibodies found were not a good indication of the degree of protection except at high titers. A study of correlations between HA titers and neutralizing (mice) titers carried out on the basis of 509 double titrations has demonstrated that, whereas they are satisfactory in clearly immune subjects, they show only mediocre results in subjects who are receptive or who are displaying a primary response: a wide range of variation has been observed as well as an optimalization of HA titers, perhaps because of IgM's. Therefore, the HA method, despite its usefulness, cannot provide precise evaluations for: --the amount of protection provided by an anti-tetanus vaccine, --the proportion of protected subjects in a certain group of people, --an injured person's anti-tetanus immunity. We should work to develop in vitro tests which are both sensitive and reliable in terms of the anti-tetanus protection threshold.", "PMID": 753670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9345", "title": "A consideration of some methods by which the cost of potency assays for diphtheria and tetanus vaccines might be reduced.", "content": "Although recommended by WHO the high cost of parallel line quantal response assays for diphtheria and tetanus vaccines has retarded the introduction of comparative assays for these vaccines in developed countries and for the same reason is likely to discourage the introduction of adequate control standards in developing countries. These costs are mainly due to the large numbers of animals needed to obtain adequate precision when responses are assessed simply in terms of death or survival. The use of intradermal challenge scores for diphtheria and of semiquantal scores based on the onset of symptoms for tetanus together with the prospects for use of the same animals for both assays are discussed. Data are presented to show that the adoption of such methods would increase the information available from each animal and so reduce the number of animals required for the satisfactory standardization of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.", "contents": "A consideration of some methods by which the cost of potency assays for diphtheria and tetanus vaccines might be reduced. Although recommended by WHO the high cost of parallel line quantal response assays for diphtheria and tetanus vaccines has retarded the introduction of comparative assays for these vaccines in developed countries and for the same reason is likely to discourage the introduction of adequate control standards in developing countries. These costs are mainly due to the large numbers of animals needed to obtain adequate precision when responses are assessed simply in terms of death or survival. The use of intradermal challenge scores for diphtheria and of semiquantal scores based on the onset of symptoms for tetanus together with the prospects for use of the same animals for both assays are discussed. Data are presented to show that the adoption of such methods would increase the information available from each animal and so reduce the number of animals required for the satisfactory standardization of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.", "PMID": 753671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9346", "title": "BCG complications: an analysis of 36 cases.", "content": "BCG administration is known to be a safe procedure. However of late, with increased immunization activities, a few complications following BCG administration have been noted and reported. 36 cases of BCG complications observed over a 4-year period were analyzed by age and sex distribution and by severity of lesion. The most common forms of lesions seen were localized subcutaneous abscesses and regional lymphoadenitis. More serious forms of complications such as mediastinal involvement, BCG lung infiltration and BCG papillitis occurred less frequently.", "contents": "BCG complications: an analysis of 36 cases. BCG administration is known to be a safe procedure. However of late, with increased immunization activities, a few complications following BCG administration have been noted and reported. 36 cases of BCG complications observed over a 4-year period were analyzed by age and sex distribution and by severity of lesion. The most common forms of lesions seen were localized subcutaneous abscesses and regional lymphoadenitis. More serious forms of complications such as mediastinal involvement, BCG lung infiltration and BCG papillitis occurred less frequently.", "PMID": 753672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9347", "title": "[Screening of hypertension in a community. Data from the \"Camposampiero Project\" (author's transl)].", "content": "During the initial phase of the international \"Community Control Programme of Hypertension\" sponsored by W.H.O., and carried out in Italy by the Clinica Medica II of the University of Padua, a random sample of 5852 subjects was screened (11% of the whole population). The response rate was of 75.3%; the prevalence rate of hypertension (160 or 95), based on casual blood pressure readings, was 29.5%. Measures of the control of hypertension and other relevant results are:  a 35.6% of all hypertensives were aware of their condition, and of these 41% were under treatment. Effective treatment of hypertension was seen in one 12.3% of all treated hypertensives (values lower than 16/95), while 14.2% of all hypertensives had values at or above 200 (systolic) or 120 (diastolic). 98.2% of all hypertensives were not under effective control. As a whole, control of hypertension was better in women and in elderly patients.", "contents": "[Screening of hypertension in a community. Data from the \"Camposampiero Project\" (author's transl)]. During the initial phase of the international \"Community Control Programme of Hypertension\" sponsored by W.H.O., and carried out in Italy by the Clinica Medica II of the University of Padua, a random sample of 5852 subjects was screened (11% of the whole population). The response rate was of 75.3%; the prevalence rate of hypertension (160 or 95), based on casual blood pressure readings, was 29.5%. Measures of the control of hypertension and other relevant results are:  a 35.6% of all hypertensives were aware of their condition, and of these 41% were under treatment. Effective treatment of hypertension was seen in one 12.3% of all treated hypertensives (values lower than 16/95), while 14.2% of all hypertensives had values at or above 200 (systolic) or 120 (diastolic). 98.2% of all hypertensives were not under effective control. As a whole, control of hypertension was better in women and in elderly patients.", "PMID": 753673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9348", "title": "[Segmental anatomic diagnosis in congenital cardiac anomalies. II: Sequential localization of the cardiac chambers (author's transl)].", "content": "The approach to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, based upon the identification of the cardiac chambers, the reconstruction of their sequence and final recognition of the basic circulatory model is discussed. Three cardiac segments are recognizable embriologically, anatomically and functionally: atria, ventricles and great arteries. Connexion is the sequential link of these segments, independently from their spatial relationship. Situs of the atria can be: solitus, inversus or ambiguus, and is determined by the thoracic situs which can be assumed from the bronchial anatomy. Atrio-ventricular connexion can be concordant, absent or double inlet ventricle. Ventricular-arterial connexion can be concordant, discordant, double outlet ventricle or single outlet heart. Since this approach aims to the reconstruction of the connexion among the cardiac segments, heart position and the infundibular anatomy are not relevant to the recognition of the circulatory model.", "contents": "[Segmental anatomic diagnosis in congenital cardiac anomalies. II: Sequential localization of the cardiac chambers (author's transl)]. The approach to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, based upon the identification of the cardiac chambers, the reconstruction of their sequence and final recognition of the basic circulatory model is discussed. Three cardiac segments are recognizable embriologically, anatomically and functionally: atria, ventricles and great arteries. Connexion is the sequential link of these segments, independently from their spatial relationship. Situs of the atria can be: solitus, inversus or ambiguus, and is determined by the thoracic situs which can be assumed from the bronchial anatomy. Atrio-ventricular connexion can be concordant, absent or double inlet ventricle. Ventricular-arterial connexion can be concordant, discordant, double outlet ventricle or single outlet heart. Since this approach aims to the reconstruction of the connexion among the cardiac segments, heart position and the infundibular anatomy are not relevant to the recognition of the circulatory model.", "PMID": 753674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9349", "title": "[Polycardiographic researches on over 90 years old subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "In the recent years an increasing attention has been focused on the systolic time intervals (STI) as reliable indicators of left ventircular contractile performance. As regards the diagnostic usefulness of STI in old persons only few papers can be found in the literature, all of them being concerned with subjects aged less than 90 years. With the aim to assess the usefulness and the reliability of the method and the caracteristics of left ventricular function in the tenth decade, STI as well as heart volume (HV) were determined on a group of 35 subjects aged 90 years and over (mean age 93.2 years) normotensive and free from clinical evidence of heart disease. STI (PEPI, LVETI, QS2I, PEP/LVET) values showed no differences with those considered as normal. A marked increase was recorded for the HV values. These results suggest that in the very advanced age a good level of left ventricular contractile performance can be mantained by the compensatory mechanism represented by heart dilation according to the Frank Starling principle.", "contents": "[Polycardiographic researches on over 90 years old subjects (author's transl)]. In the recent years an increasing attention has been focused on the systolic time intervals (STI) as reliable indicators of left ventircular contractile performance. As regards the diagnostic usefulness of STI in old persons only few papers can be found in the literature, all of them being concerned with subjects aged less than 90 years. With the aim to assess the usefulness and the reliability of the method and the caracteristics of left ventricular function in the tenth decade, STI as well as heart volume (HV) were determined on a group of 35 subjects aged 90 years and over (mean age 93.2 years) normotensive and free from clinical evidence of heart disease. STI (PEPI, LVETI, QS2I, PEP/LVET) values showed no differences with those considered as normal. A marked increase was recorded for the HV values. These results suggest that in the very advanced age a good level of left ventricular contractile performance can be mantained by the compensatory mechanism represented by heart dilation according to the Frank Starling principle.", "PMID": 753676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9350", "title": "[99m-Tc selective angiocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular function (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe a method for isotopic left ventriculography and particularly the elaboration used in order to obtain washout curves expressive of left ventricular function. First pass left ventriculography is an appropriate method. It produces more exact end-diastolic outlines, identifies valvular rings and has a minor background compared to gated ventriculography.", "contents": "[99m-Tc selective angiocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular function (author's transl)]. The Authors describe a method for isotopic left ventriculography and particularly the elaboration used in order to obtain washout curves expressive of left ventricular function. First pass left ventriculography is an appropriate method. It produces more exact end-diastolic outlines, identifies valvular rings and has a minor background compared to gated ventriculography.", "PMID": 753678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9351", "title": "[An echocardiographic study of the anatomo-functional alterations of the left ventricle in patients with different degrees of systemic hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "An evaluation of the functional state of the left ventricle through an estimate of the mean Vcf (Vcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) was made i- 30 patients, subdivided into groups according to average blood pressure rate, degree of severity of the retinographic alterations and ECG pattern. In addition, the thickness of the interventricular septum (S), the posterior wall (PP) and the S/PP were measured. Lastly, the mass of the left ventricle was determined through the following formula: mass = (h1+h2+Dd)3 -- Dd3X1,050. Only one patient was under treatment with beta-blocking drugs, and no patient presented clinical symptoms of cardiac decompensation. The Vcf and the EF did not deteriorize when the hypertensive pattern worsened, while there was an expansion of the thickness of the S and an increase in the mass of the left ventricular. The increase of the ventricular mass, however, was not always found to be associated with normal functionality, nor was an increase of the mass always present even in cases of highly evident hypertension. It is likely, therefore, that other factors not taken into consideration (time factor, for example) play an important role in determining the functional state of the left ventricle and degree of hypertrophy.", "contents": "[An echocardiographic study of the anatomo-functional alterations of the left ventricle in patients with different degrees of systemic hypertension (author's transl)]. An evaluation of the functional state of the left ventricle through an estimate of the mean Vcf (Vcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) was made i- 30 patients, subdivided into groups according to average blood pressure rate, degree of severity of the retinographic alterations and ECG pattern. In addition, the thickness of the interventricular septum (S), the posterior wall (PP) and the S/PP were measured. Lastly, the mass of the left ventricle was determined through the following formula: mass = (h1+h2+Dd)3 -- Dd3X1,050. Only one patient was under treatment with beta-blocking drugs, and no patient presented clinical symptoms of cardiac decompensation. The Vcf and the EF did not deteriorize when the hypertensive pattern worsened, while there was an expansion of the thickness of the S and an increase in the mass of the left ventricular. The increase of the ventricular mass, however, was not always found to be associated with normal functionality, nor was an increase of the mass always present even in cases of highly evident hypertension. It is likely, therefore, that other factors not taken into consideration (time factor, for example) play an important role in determining the functional state of the left ventricle and degree of hypertrophy.", "PMID": 753679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9352", "title": "[Evaluation of the radiological exposure for medical terms involved in haemodynamic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiation exposure of the medical team involved in 35 consecutive cardiac catheterisation procedures performed at the Istituto di Malattie dell'Apparato Cardiovascolare, University of Bologna, was calculated. A mapping of the iso-exposure lines and the values of radiation exposure of each component of the team were determined for each procedure. With these parameters the total amount of radiation for a normal diagnostic activity coul be calculated. The mean values obtained (150-250 mR/week) were in the range of the maximal values permitted to medical teams professionally exposed to the risk of radiation (3R/13 weeks). Rotation of the components of the team granted a continuing diagnostic activity within the limits of radiation exposure imposed by the law. An evaluation of the different procedures and techniques indicated coronary arteriography as the procedure with a higher risk of radiation (M = 50 mR/procedure) and pointed out the mechanism involved in order to obtain a considerable reduction of radiation exposure.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the radiological exposure for medical terms involved in haemodynamic examinations (author's transl)]. The radiation exposure of the medical team involved in 35 consecutive cardiac catheterisation procedures performed at the Istituto di Malattie dell'Apparato Cardiovascolare, University of Bologna, was calculated. A mapping of the iso-exposure lines and the values of radiation exposure of each component of the team were determined for each procedure. With these parameters the total amount of radiation for a normal diagnostic activity coul be calculated. The mean values obtained (150-250 mR/week) were in the range of the maximal values permitted to medical teams professionally exposed to the risk of radiation (3R/13 weeks). Rotation of the components of the team granted a continuing diagnostic activity within the limits of radiation exposure imposed by the law. An evaluation of the different procedures and techniques indicated coronary arteriography as the procedure with a higher risk of radiation (M = 50 mR/procedure) and pointed out the mechanism involved in order to obtain a considerable reduction of radiation exposure.", "PMID": 753680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9353", "title": "[Electrocardiographic records via telephone (author's transl)].", "content": "666 electrocardiographic records have been transmitted via telephone from the peripheral Sections of the Cardiology Service of the Arcispedale S. M. Nuova of Florence to the central Unit, during the period november 1976 - June 1978. Transmitters were situated respectively 3, 5 and 15 kilometers from the central set where one or more cardiologists were available along 24 hours. Since the introduction of such tecnique faster electrocardiographic diagnosis in emergency calls was made possible and the immediate presence of a consultant cardiologist in the peripheral Sections required only in exceptional cases. Records of good quality are usually transmitted by this instrumentation (OTE Biomedica, Modello 1181-82) which requires only a minimum of knowledge of electrocardiographic tecnique. Lowering of the conversion voice at either end is avoided by disconnecting the transmitter and the receiving sets at the end of the recording procedure. The low price of such equipment favourably compares with the benefits of its use.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic records via telephone (author's transl)]. 666 electrocardiographic records have been transmitted via telephone from the peripheral Sections of the Cardiology Service of the Arcispedale S. M. Nuova of Florence to the central Unit, during the period november 1976 - June 1978. Transmitters were situated respectively 3, 5 and 15 kilometers from the central set where one or more cardiologists were available along 24 hours. Since the introduction of such tecnique faster electrocardiographic diagnosis in emergency calls was made possible and the immediate presence of a consultant cardiologist in the peripheral Sections required only in exceptional cases. Records of good quality are usually transmitted by this instrumentation (OTE Biomedica, Modello 1181-82) which requires only a minimum of knowledge of electrocardiographic tecnique. Lowering of the conversion voice at either end is avoided by disconnecting the transmitter and the receiving sets at the end of the recording procedure. The low price of such equipment favourably compares with the benefits of its use.", "PMID": 753682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9354", "title": "Lectin binding sites in glia of birds and mammals.", "content": "Concanavalin A binding sites are studied in sections of nervous tissue from Central Nervous System of birds and mammals, paying special attention to the glial cells. The Con A-PO-DAB sequence for glycoproteins demonstration described by Bernhard and Avrameas (1971) was used. The highest concentration of Con A binding sites is demonstrated in the cells of the interfascicular oligodendroglia. Positivity resulting with the use of the Con A-PO-DAB serquence is much intenser in the oligodendroglia cells than in neurons. Ependymal cells also showed positivity specially at level of the perinuclear region. The intercellular space also presented Con A binding sites. All the cells of the interfascicular oligodendroglia presented the same characteristics, both in diverse localizations of the Nervous System of a certain species and in the different species studied.", "contents": "Lectin binding sites in glia of birds and mammals. Concanavalin A binding sites are studied in sections of nervous tissue from Central Nervous System of birds and mammals, paying special attention to the glial cells. The Con A-PO-DAB sequence for glycoproteins demonstration described by Bernhard and Avrameas (1971) was used. The highest concentration of Con A binding sites is demonstrated in the cells of the interfascicular oligodendroglia. Positivity resulting with the use of the Con A-PO-DAB serquence is much intenser in the oligodendroglia cells than in neurons. Ependymal cells also showed positivity specially at level of the perinuclear region. The intercellular space also presented Con A binding sites. All the cells of the interfascicular oligodendroglia presented the same characteristics, both in diverse localizations of the Nervous System of a certain species and in the different species studied.", "PMID": 753685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9355", "title": "[Histological examination of changes due to aging in the femur compacta of laboratory and house mice].", "content": "The age changes in the histological structure of the femur corticalis in ICR laboratory mice (from 20 to 300 days) and in house mice (from 50 to 520 days) were studied. In both forms of mice the circumferential lamellae prevailed, with increased age they are substitued by secondary but mainly primary Haversian systems and the interstitial systems of vartious shape. Certain differences in the construction of the femur corticalis, were found in both species of mice; from among the latter the mouse is more suitable for the demonstration of age changes.", "contents": "[Histological examination of changes due to aging in the femur compacta of laboratory and house mice]. The age changes in the histological structure of the femur corticalis in ICR laboratory mice (from 20 to 300 days) and in house mice (from 50 to 520 days) were studied. In both forms of mice the circumferential lamellae prevailed, with increased age they are substitued by secondary but mainly primary Haversian systems and the interstitial systems of vartious shape. Certain differences in the construction of the femur corticalis, were found in both species of mice; from among the latter the mouse is more suitable for the demonstration of age changes.", "PMID": 753686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9356", "title": "A micromorphological study of the female copulatory organs of buffaloes in Egypt (Bos bubalus L.).", "content": "Samples from the different regions of the external genitalia of the Egyptian female buffalo, at different ages and different periods of the oestrus cycle, were examined microscopically after different strains. The walls of both vagina and its vestibule comprised mainly 3 coats; mucosa, musculosa and adventitia. The epithelia lining undergoes changes according to the period of the cycle. The circular muscle layer of vagina splits into 2 in the ventral wall and sandwitches in between a longitudinal layer and reunites oncemore in the dorsal wall. The lamina propria of the vestibula contains the following glandular structures: a) intraepithelial mucussecreting cells, b) large subepithelial glandular masses lying 1/2 cm caudal to hymen and extending for 3 cm caudally and 1 cm laterally in both dorsal and ventral walls, taking the form of compound tubuloaveolar muco-serous glands, and c) small glandular masses lying in the ventral median plane from the region of the fossa clitoridis and gradually disappearing cranially towards the suburethral diverticulum, taking the form of compound alveolar mucous glands. The clitoris is wholly formed of erectile tissue with smooth muscle fibers at its root and fat cells at its tip (glans). However, the latter cells were absent from calves.", "contents": "A micromorphological study of the female copulatory organs of buffaloes in Egypt (Bos bubalus L.). Samples from the different regions of the external genitalia of the Egyptian female buffalo, at different ages and different periods of the oestrus cycle, were examined microscopically after different strains. The walls of both vagina and its vestibule comprised mainly 3 coats; mucosa, musculosa and adventitia. The epithelia lining undergoes changes according to the period of the cycle. The circular muscle layer of vagina splits into 2 in the ventral wall and sandwitches in between a longitudinal layer and reunites oncemore in the dorsal wall. The lamina propria of the vestibula contains the following glandular structures: a) intraepithelial mucussecreting cells, b) large subepithelial glandular masses lying 1/2 cm caudal to hymen and extending for 3 cm caudally and 1 cm laterally in both dorsal and ventral walls, taking the form of compound tubuloaveolar muco-serous glands, and c) small glandular masses lying in the ventral median plane from the region of the fossa clitoridis and gradually disappearing cranially towards the suburethral diverticulum, taking the form of compound alveolar mucous glands. The clitoris is wholly formed of erectile tissue with smooth muscle fibers at its root and fat cells at its tip (glans). However, the latter cells were absent from calves.", "PMID": 753687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9357", "title": "[Position of tylopoda in the system of placental mammals].", "content": "Anatomical features of the Tylopoda are determined to a great extent by the convergence with the Ruminantia. The dental system adapted to the double mastification of plant food. The convergent character of the structure of limbs follows from the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in the Tylopoda and their presence in the Ruminantia. The Ruminantia have no mandibular angular processes which are present in the Tylopoda. In the Tylopoda, the foramina in the transversal processes of cervical vertebrae from a canal by which the vertebral artery opens in the brain. In the Ruminanta there is no such a canal. The embryonic development of camels is characterized by the promitive features of provisory organs. The mating of camels occurs in winter, a feature probably showing that they have preserved the reproduction cycle of the Southern Hemisphere animals.", "contents": "[Position of tylopoda in the system of placental mammals]. Anatomical features of the Tylopoda are determined to a great extent by the convergence with the Ruminantia. The dental system adapted to the double mastification of plant food. The convergent character of the structure of limbs follows from the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in the Tylopoda and their presence in the Ruminantia. The Ruminantia have no mandibular angular processes which are present in the Tylopoda. In the Tylopoda, the foramina in the transversal processes of cervical vertebrae from a canal by which the vertebral artery opens in the brain. In the Ruminanta there is no such a canal. The embryonic development of camels is characterized by the promitive features of provisory organs. The mating of camels occurs in winter, a feature probably showing that they have preserved the reproduction cycle of the Southern Hemisphere animals.", "PMID": 753688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9358", "title": "[Lymphocyte aggregation in the intermediate part of the human pituitary gland as an expression of H. Bautzmann's lympho-glandular unit].", "content": "The lymphocytic aggregates in the pars intermedia of the human pituitary are preferentially situated among the mucous glands and colloid cysts. This localization gives rise to interpret them as expression of a functional unit which was pointed out by H. Bautzmann as a rule within all exocrine glands.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte aggregation in the intermediate part of the human pituitary gland as an expression of H. Bautzmann's lympho-glandular unit]. The lymphocytic aggregates in the pars intermedia of the human pituitary are preferentially situated among the mucous glands and colloid cysts. This localization gives rise to interpret them as expression of a functional unit which was pointed out by H. Bautzmann as a rule within all exocrine glands.", "PMID": 753689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9359", "title": "[Organogenetic development of muscles in the deep extensor layer of the front limb in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)].", "content": "The author has investigated a complete series of cross-sections of thoracic extremities of the embryos and foetuses of Mesocricetus auratus of different age. He describes the successive stages of manifestation and differentiation of the deep-layer primordia of the extensor muscles of the fingers. He treats the facts also of an evolutionary myology point of view.", "contents": "[Organogenetic development of muscles in the deep extensor layer of the front limb in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)]. The author has investigated a complete series of cross-sections of thoracic extremities of the embryos and foetuses of Mesocricetus auratus of different age. He describes the successive stages of manifestation and differentiation of the deep-layer primordia of the extensor muscles of the fingers. He treats the facts also of an evolutionary myology point of view.", "PMID": 753691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9360", "title": "[Histological and histochemical studies on the detection of the esogaster in the agastric cyprinidae Aristichthys nobilis Rich. (Marble carp)].", "content": "In postnatal Aristichthys nobilis Rich. oesogaster was proved by histological and histochemical methods. During the larval development oesogaster becomes reduced completely in cranial direction. The statement is demonstrating the secondary character of lost stomach in phylogeny of this fish species.", "contents": "[Histological and histochemical studies on the detection of the esogaster in the agastric cyprinidae Aristichthys nobilis Rich. (Marble carp)]. In postnatal Aristichthys nobilis Rich. oesogaster was proved by histological and histochemical methods. During the larval development oesogaster becomes reduced completely in cranial direction. The statement is demonstrating the secondary character of lost stomach in phylogeny of this fish species.", "PMID": 753692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9361", "title": "[The existence of M. peroneus digiti IV and of M. peroneus digiti V in the distant predecessors of man].", "content": "Recent evolutionary myological researches on the m. peroneus digiti IV and m. peroneus digiti V in Man have shown that these muscles had been at first an inseparable component of his peroneal musculature. The above mentioned muscles have undergone practically a full reduction in the course of man's phylogenesis. The peroneal muscular group of the pelvic limb of the Mesocricetus auratus consists now of m. peroneus longus, m. peroneus brevis and both m. peroneus digiti IV et m. peroneus digiti V. In other words, the situation is the same as in the Prosimia. The comparasion of the organogenesis of the muscles in question in Man and in the golden hamster shows that the morphology and topography of their primordia on the proximal parts of the metatarsus in the Man's embryo of 14 mm CRL are the same as in the embryo of Mesocricetus auratus of 11 d and 18 h. The development of this common primordium is different after that age of the embryos of both mammalian species. It reduces and usually completely disappears in Man, while in Mesocricetus auratus it gives rise of the tendons of the m. peroneus digiti IV and the m. peroneus digiti V. Thus the present research proves that the primordium in the proximal parts of the metatarsus of Man's embryo with 14 mm CRL is a tendo-forming plate of the tendons of the m. peroneus digiti IV and m. peroneus digiti V.", "contents": "[The existence of M. peroneus digiti IV and of M. peroneus digiti V in the distant predecessors of man]. Recent evolutionary myological researches on the m. peroneus digiti IV and m. peroneus digiti V in Man have shown that these muscles had been at first an inseparable component of his peroneal musculature. The above mentioned muscles have undergone practically a full reduction in the course of man's phylogenesis. The peroneal muscular group of the pelvic limb of the Mesocricetus auratus consists now of m. peroneus longus, m. peroneus brevis and both m. peroneus digiti IV et m. peroneus digiti V. In other words, the situation is the same as in the Prosimia. The comparasion of the organogenesis of the muscles in question in Man and in the golden hamster shows that the morphology and topography of their primordia on the proximal parts of the metatarsus in the Man's embryo of 14 mm CRL are the same as in the embryo of Mesocricetus auratus of 11 d and 18 h. The development of this common primordium is different after that age of the embryos of both mammalian species. It reduces and usually completely disappears in Man, while in Mesocricetus auratus it gives rise of the tendons of the m. peroneus digiti IV and the m. peroneus digiti V. Thus the present research proves that the primordium in the proximal parts of the metatarsus of Man's embryo with 14 mm CRL is a tendo-forming plate of the tendons of the m. peroneus digiti IV and m. peroneus digiti V.", "PMID": 753693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9362", "title": "The adaptive mandible: a product of the relative osteo-neural growth.", "content": "The growth interrelation existing between the developing brain and its bony case (with the brain representing the morphogenetically determining structure to the shape and size of which the neurocranial bony envelope is adapted) is to be conceived just as a special case of a general phenomenon, the osteo-neural relation, which works throughout the entire vertebrate body. The morphological manifestations of this relation may be disclosed in the axial as well as in the appendicular skeleton. In the present communication the osteo-neural concept is applied to the morphogenesis of the facial skeleton with special reference to the mandible. The more or less elongated shape of the mandible in various species of vertebrates depends on the phylogenetically established higher or lesser degree of growth potentiality of the mandibular nerve. With the increasing size of the brain in the course of hominization the growth-in-length capability of the mandibular nerve is (compensatorily?) decreased with corresponding shortening of the mandible and with appearance of the chin. The proposed interpretation is supported by a model experiment. The highly characteristic shortening and angulation of the lower beak which may be produced experimentally in the chick embryo by a great variety of teratogens, is related most probably to the same underlying mechanism, viz., to the primary inhibition of the highly susceptible neural growth with the secondary adaptive deformity of the beak. Pierre-Robin-Syndrome (cleft palate and micrognathia) may be readily explained by a growth insufficiency of the palatine and mandibular nerves.", "contents": "The adaptive mandible: a product of the relative osteo-neural growth. The growth interrelation existing between the developing brain and its bony case (with the brain representing the morphogenetically determining structure to the shape and size of which the neurocranial bony envelope is adapted) is to be conceived just as a special case of a general phenomenon, the osteo-neural relation, which works throughout the entire vertebrate body. The morphological manifestations of this relation may be disclosed in the axial as well as in the appendicular skeleton. In the present communication the osteo-neural concept is applied to the morphogenesis of the facial skeleton with special reference to the mandible. The more or less elongated shape of the mandible in various species of vertebrates depends on the phylogenetically established higher or lesser degree of growth potentiality of the mandibular nerve. With the increasing size of the brain in the course of hominization the growth-in-length capability of the mandibular nerve is (compensatorily?) decreased with corresponding shortening of the mandible and with appearance of the chin. The proposed interpretation is supported by a model experiment. The highly characteristic shortening and angulation of the lower beak which may be produced experimentally in the chick embryo by a great variety of teratogens, is related most probably to the same underlying mechanism, viz., to the primary inhibition of the highly susceptible neural growth with the secondary adaptive deformity of the beak. Pierre-Robin-Syndrome (cleft palate and micrognathia) may be readily explained by a growth insufficiency of the palatine and mandibular nerves.", "PMID": 753694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9363", "title": "Attributional error and attitudes toward aging: a view of the NCOA national attitude survey.", "content": "Attitudes toward aging obtained in the National Council on Aging national attitude survey are examined in light of recent developments in attributional theory. A specific principle drawn from each of the three major attribution theories is applied to findings from the survey. It is argued that (a) mandatory retirement policies may be attributionally preferable to retirement based on demonstrated incompetence, (b) opinions of older people are shaped by attributions made to the role, and (c) the attributional focus of the helping professions may perpetuate the negative view of aging. Suggestions are made for research on aging.", "contents": "Attributional error and attitudes toward aging: a view of the NCOA national attitude survey. Attitudes toward aging obtained in the National Council on Aging national attitude survey are examined in light of recent developments in attributional theory. A specific principle drawn from each of the three major attribution theories is applied to findings from the survey. It is argued that (a) mandatory retirement policies may be attributionally preferable to retirement based on demonstrated incompetence, (b) opinions of older people are shaped by attributions made to the role, and (c) the attributional focus of the helping professions may perpetuate the negative view of aging. Suggestions are made for research on aging.", "PMID": 753764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9364", "title": "Social and psychological determinants of adaptation.", "content": "Social and psychological frameworks used to explain adaptation are examined. Findings from a study of three ethnic groups, Irish, Italian, and Polish Americans, aged forty to eighty are presented to test the effects of life stage, social surround, and personality on adaptation.", "contents": "Social and psychological determinants of adaptation. Social and psychological frameworks used to explain adaptation are examined. Findings from a study of three ethnic groups, Irish, Italian, and Polish Americans, aged forty to eighty are presented to test the effects of life stage, social surround, and personality on adaptation.", "PMID": 753765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9365", "title": "Conservatism, innovation and old age.", "content": "The onset of old age can be understood as a sequence of losses--of relationships, physical abilities, functions--which must be grieved. It represents a kind of psycho-social transition, whose generic characteristic is a breakdown in the structure of meaning by which we interpret events and which forces us to re-interpret that structure before we can assimilate the events that have provoked the breakdown. The better we understand such transitions as retirement, and loss of health, the more likely we can find ways to create the social and psychological conditions in which to work through the grief. The attitudes of American society towards old age tend to make these transitions harder than they need be.", "contents": "Conservatism, innovation and old age. The onset of old age can be understood as a sequence of losses--of relationships, physical abilities, functions--which must be grieved. It represents a kind of psycho-social transition, whose generic characteristic is a breakdown in the structure of meaning by which we interpret events and which forces us to re-interpret that structure before we can assimilate the events that have provoked the breakdown. The better we understand such transitions as retirement, and loss of health, the more likely we can find ways to create the social and psychological conditions in which to work through the grief. The attitudes of American society towards old age tend to make these transitions harder than they need be.", "PMID": 753766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9366", "title": "Aging and primary relations.", "content": "After listing all consanguinal and affinal kin, our sample of 800 respondents forty-five and older identified those with whom they felt very close and who among these were confidants. A parallel procedure was used to identify very close friends and confidant friends. These four types (primary relatives, confidant relatives, primary friends, confidant friends) were seen as constituting the primary-group resource of our respondents. Thirty of the 800 individuals lacked primary ties with kin, compared to 118 of 800 without primary ties with friends. While very few of the respondents were without very close ties of any kind, those with extensive primary-group resources were more likely to be women rather than men, younger rather than older, married rather than single, and in high rather than low-status occupation.", "contents": "Aging and primary relations. After listing all consanguinal and affinal kin, our sample of 800 respondents forty-five and older identified those with whom they felt very close and who among these were confidants. A parallel procedure was used to identify very close friends and confidant friends. These four types (primary relatives, confidant relatives, primary friends, confidant friends) were seen as constituting the primary-group resource of our respondents. Thirty of the 800 individuals lacked primary ties with kin, compared to 118 of 800 without primary ties with friends. While very few of the respondents were without very close ties of any kind, those with extensive primary-group resources were more likely to be women rather than men, younger rather than older, married rather than single, and in high rather than low-status occupation.", "PMID": 753767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9367", "title": "\"Don't tread on me\": ethological perspectives on institutionalization.", "content": "The concept of dignity is developed from an ethological perspective. Special attention is given to innate, phylogenetically programmed behavior, the role of releasers, the importance of rituals, and the fact that \"management problems\" in institutions are often cries for dignity. Observations of geriatric patients admitted to a nursing home are given, but it is believed that the generalizations apply equally well to institutionalization in other settings such as residential centers for young people, correctional facilities, or mental hospitals.", "contents": "\"Don't tread on me\": ethological perspectives on institutionalization. The concept of dignity is developed from an ethological perspective. Special attention is given to innate, phylogenetically programmed behavior, the role of releasers, the importance of rituals, and the fact that \"management problems\" in institutions are often cries for dignity. Observations of geriatric patients admitted to a nursing home are given, but it is believed that the generalizations apply equally well to institutionalization in other settings such as residential centers for young people, correctional facilities, or mental hospitals.", "PMID": 753769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9368", "title": "The five per cent fallacy.", "content": "Using the Kastenbaum and Candy study of locations where persons aged sixty-five plus died over the period of one year in a large metropolitan city as a model, this study examined the place of death for persons aged sixty-five plus in a middle-size city. In both studies particular attention was paid to nursing homes and extended care facilities to determine whether or not the commonly accepted figure of 5 per cent accurately reflects the number or persons actually living in such facilities. The premise was that if persons died in such a facility, then they had in fact lived there. This study demonstrates, as had the Kastenbaum and Candy study, that the actual percentage of persons dying in these institutions far exceeds the commonly held 5 per cent.", "contents": "The five per cent fallacy. Using the Kastenbaum and Candy study of locations where persons aged sixty-five plus died over the period of one year in a large metropolitan city as a model, this study examined the place of death for persons aged sixty-five plus in a middle-size city. In both studies particular attention was paid to nursing homes and extended care facilities to determine whether or not the commonly accepted figure of 5 per cent accurately reflects the number or persons actually living in such facilities. The premise was that if persons died in such a facility, then they had in fact lived there. This study demonstrates, as had the Kastenbaum and Candy study, that the actual percentage of persons dying in these institutions far exceeds the commonly held 5 per cent.", "PMID": 753770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9369", "title": "Social psychology and gerontology: a discussion.", "content": "The four papers of this symposium on social psychology and gerontology are critically discussed: Babchuk on primary relation, Shaver on attribution theory, Marris on conservation and innovation, and Lieberman on adaptation.", "contents": "Social psychology and gerontology: a discussion. The four papers of this symposium on social psychology and gerontology are critically discussed: Babchuk on primary relation, Shaver on attribution theory, Marris on conservation and innovation, and Lieberman on adaptation.", "PMID": 753768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9370", "title": "Training response speed in young and elderly women.", "content": "Effectiveness of response speed training on the performance of thirty adult women was assessed. Five young and five elderly female volunteers were tested in each of three experimental conditions: (1) one training session with cognitive feedback in which participants were given response rate information (control); (2) five training sessions with cognitive feedback (practice); or (3) five training sessions with cognitive feedback in which the number of S&H green stamp units earned was directly proportional to response rate (conjugate reinforcement). Dependent variables were (a) response speed on three paper-pencil tasks, and (b) postraining performance on twelve intelligence subtests chosen as far transfer tasks. Response speed increased significantly with training in both age groups, but contrary to expectation, young adults showed greater training effects than elderly adults. No significant far transfer effects were obtained.", "contents": "Training response speed in young and elderly women. Effectiveness of response speed training on the performance of thirty adult women was assessed. Five young and five elderly female volunteers were tested in each of three experimental conditions: (1) one training session with cognitive feedback in which participants were given response rate information (control); (2) five training sessions with cognitive feedback (practice); or (3) five training sessions with cognitive feedback in which the number of S&H green stamp units earned was directly proportional to response rate (conjugate reinforcement). Dependent variables were (a) response speed on three paper-pencil tasks, and (b) postraining performance on twelve intelligence subtests chosen as far transfer tasks. Response speed increased significantly with training in both age groups, but contrary to expectation, young adults showed greater training effects than elderly adults. No significant far transfer effects were obtained.", "PMID": 753772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9371", "title": "Performance on tests of power and speed as related to age among male job applicants.", "content": "A number of ability tests were administered to 187 male job applicants ranging in age from twenty to fifty-three years. When test-performance was compared across age groups, no significant differences were found on tests of mental ability, numerical ability, reading speed and comprehension, and mechanical comprehension. On one of two verbal comprehension tests, scores increased significantly as a function of age. Moreover, the older individuals were not penalized in any way by tests which emphasized speed as opposed to power. The findings were discussed in connection with the generally negative stereotype of the aging worker.", "contents": "Performance on tests of power and speed as related to age among male job applicants. A number of ability tests were administered to 187 male job applicants ranging in age from twenty to fifty-three years. When test-performance was compared across age groups, no significant differences were found on tests of mental ability, numerical ability, reading speed and comprehension, and mechanical comprehension. On one of two verbal comprehension tests, scores increased significantly as a function of age. Moreover, the older individuals were not penalized in any way by tests which emphasized speed as opposed to power. The findings were discussed in connection with the generally negative stereotype of the aging worker.", "PMID": 753773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9372", "title": "Cognitive rigidity in the aged and the mentally retarded.", "content": "Three groups, one of elderly, one of young mentally retarded, and one of non-retarded young persons were compared on a visual recognition task which involved changing from one category of identification to another. The mentally retarded participants had greater difficulty in changing categories than did the non-retarded participants. Results for the elderly were similar but may have been partly due to the choice of stimulus material. In a second task, the same elderly and non-retarded young participants named as many objects as possible in one minute. The elderly group produced fewer responses on average than the young group and fewer categories of such responses. Results suggested that older persons find it more difficult to change between different categories of identification.", "contents": "Cognitive rigidity in the aged and the mentally retarded. Three groups, one of elderly, one of young mentally retarded, and one of non-retarded young persons were compared on a visual recognition task which involved changing from one category of identification to another. The mentally retarded participants had greater difficulty in changing categories than did the non-retarded participants. Results for the elderly were similar but may have been partly due to the choice of stimulus material. In a second task, the same elderly and non-retarded young participants named as many objects as possible in one minute. The elderly group produced fewer responses on average than the young group and fewer categories of such responses. Results suggested that older persons find it more difficult to change between different categories of identification.", "PMID": 753774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9373", "title": "The effects of physical changes on clothing preferences of elderly women.", "content": "Various physiological and biological changes occurring during senescence have an affect upon the clothing needs and preferences of elderly women. Data were collected by personal interview from thirty-eight women age sixty-five or older in Lexington, Kentucky. The results indicate that ready-to-wear garments do not accommodate the clothing needs of elderly women; garments did not allow for increased trunk girth, decreased height, or for physical impairments.", "contents": "The effects of physical changes on clothing preferences of elderly women. Various physiological and biological changes occurring during senescence have an affect upon the clothing needs and preferences of elderly women. Data were collected by personal interview from thirty-eight women age sixty-five or older in Lexington, Kentucky. The results indicate that ready-to-wear garments do not accommodate the clothing needs of elderly women; garments did not allow for increased trunk girth, decreased height, or for physical impairments.", "PMID": 753775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9374", "title": "Symbolic interaction and retirement adjustment: an empirical assessment.", "content": "Using a variety of indicators of retirement adjustment most studies have focused on two variables as the critical ones: the kind of work the individual was involved in prior to retirement with its concomitant style of life or the individual's pre-retirement attitudes. Focusing on the latter variable and using a symbolic interaction perspective, it was hypothesized that the individual's significant others are crucial to both the development of his pre-retirement attitudes and his post-retirement adjustment. The data upheld both the predicted relationships, and further suggest that the social world of older people is comprised of both primary groups and proximate others. The Lowenthal and Haven concept of confidants as a major factor in the adjustment of older people, though valuable, too narrowly defines their social world. The broader concept of significant others comprised of both confidants and proximate others seems more realistic.", "contents": "Symbolic interaction and retirement adjustment: an empirical assessment. Using a variety of indicators of retirement adjustment most studies have focused on two variables as the critical ones: the kind of work the individual was involved in prior to retirement with its concomitant style of life or the individual's pre-retirement attitudes. Focusing on the latter variable and using a symbolic interaction perspective, it was hypothesized that the individual's significant others are crucial to both the development of his pre-retirement attitudes and his post-retirement adjustment. The data upheld both the predicted relationships, and further suggest that the social world of older people is comprised of both primary groups and proximate others. The Lowenthal and Haven concept of confidants as a major factor in the adjustment of older people, though valuable, too narrowly defines their social world. The broader concept of significant others comprised of both confidants and proximate others seems more realistic.", "PMID": 753776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9375", "title": "Public Interest Report No. 27 : The need for teaching geriatric medicine.", "content": "Geriatric medicine, the body of knowledge relating to human aging and associated pathological conditions, must be incorporated systematically and comprehensively into American medical education. Students must be exposed to aging in the context of normal human development and be aware that some diseases present differently in the old.", "contents": "Public Interest Report No. 27 : The need for teaching geriatric medicine. Geriatric medicine, the body of knowledge relating to human aging and associated pathological conditions, must be incorporated systematically and comprehensively into American medical education. Students must be exposed to aging in the context of normal human development and be aware that some diseases present differently in the old.", "PMID": 753777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9376", "title": "The broadening of perspective over the career course: an exploratory study of self-reported creative research acts.", "content": "Data collected from questionnaires mailed to a systematic sample of full professors were used to test the hypothesis that as persons advance through career stages, they are granted greater latitude in, and have greater inclination for, the expression of creative research activity within a broader perspective. Empirical support was found for this hypothesis. Even stronger support was obtained from a more recent cohort whose members may be part of a more career oriented discipline. Knowledge about the processess of career development and the trend toward increased breadth can lead to continued satisfaction for an individual over his/her career course, and the accomplishment of organizational objectives.", "contents": "The broadening of perspective over the career course: an exploratory study of self-reported creative research acts. Data collected from questionnaires mailed to a systematic sample of full professors were used to test the hypothesis that as persons advance through career stages, they are granted greater latitude in, and have greater inclination for, the expression of creative research activity within a broader perspective. Empirical support was found for this hypothesis. Even stronger support was obtained from a more recent cohort whose members may be part of a more career oriented discipline. Knowledge about the processess of career development and the trend toward increased breadth can lead to continued satisfaction for an individual over his/her career course, and the accomplishment of organizational objectives.", "PMID": 753780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9377", "title": "Age and social composition factors as explanations for cleavages in socio-political values.", "content": "While age group differences on social and political values have been frequently documented in survey data, it is often claimed that these differences are due to social composition factors rather than to age itself. In this analysis we test for the effects of age vs. social composition in explaining variation in four attitudinal dependent variables. Using a sample especially drawn to study generational differences, and employing a multivariate statistical model, it was found that age differences were only modestly reduced by social composition variables. It is concluded that nonartifactual age group differences do exist on the dependent variables.", "contents": "Age and social composition factors as explanations for cleavages in socio-political values. While age group differences on social and political values have been frequently documented in survey data, it is often claimed that these differences are due to social composition factors rather than to age itself. In this analysis we test for the effects of age vs. social composition in explaining variation in four attitudinal dependent variables. Using a sample especially drawn to study generational differences, and employing a multivariate statistical model, it was found that age differences were only modestly reduced by social composition variables. It is concluded that nonartifactual age group differences do exist on the dependent variables.", "PMID": 753779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9378", "title": "Temporal experience in the aged: body integrity and the social milieu.", "content": "Variation in temporal experience among the aged has been found to be a function of a number of variables. The sociological and phenomenological literature suggest two as being of crucial importance: work and retirement and health and illness. These were investigated in the present study making use of a structured interview format with seventy male retirees. Differences in affect and temporal experience were examined using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design comparing groups in terms of Health, Willingness to Retire, and Time Since Retirement. In general, it was found that early in retirement those individuals who were healthy but had not wanted to retire resembled the chronically ill in terms of negative affect and temporal structure (that is, loss of a sense of future, constricted present, and \"disconnected\" past). Over time, however, these individuals restructured their world, reflecting a positive affect and a \"full\" temporal experience. This restructuration was in contrast to that which occurred in the chronically ill, who, irrespective of whether they wanted to retire or not, and irrespective of time since retirement, remained uniform in terms of negative affect and loss of temporal structure.", "contents": "Temporal experience in the aged: body integrity and the social milieu. Variation in temporal experience among the aged has been found to be a function of a number of variables. The sociological and phenomenological literature suggest two as being of crucial importance: work and retirement and health and illness. These were investigated in the present study making use of a structured interview format with seventy male retirees. Differences in affect and temporal experience were examined using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design comparing groups in terms of Health, Willingness to Retire, and Time Since Retirement. In general, it was found that early in retirement those individuals who were healthy but had not wanted to retire resembled the chronically ill in terms of negative affect and temporal structure (that is, loss of a sense of future, constricted present, and \"disconnected\" past). Over time, however, these individuals restructured their world, reflecting a positive affect and a \"full\" temporal experience. This restructuration was in contrast to that which occurred in the chronically ill, who, irrespective of whether they wanted to retire or not, and irrespective of time since retirement, remained uniform in terms of negative affect and loss of temporal structure.", "PMID": 753781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9379", "title": "A model for analyzing the aging of local populations: Illinois counties between 1950 and 1970.", "content": "The article develops a model which explains the aging of local populations, expressed in terms of percent of the population over sixty-five years, in terms of the net movement of the young and the elderly, as well as socio-economic characteristics of the local population. The model is illustrated for data from Illinois counties for the period 1950-1960 and 1960-1970. The model represents the data for the 1960's more accurately than the data for the 1950's.", "contents": "A model for analyzing the aging of local populations: Illinois counties between 1950 and 1970. The article develops a model which explains the aging of local populations, expressed in terms of percent of the population over sixty-five years, in terms of the net movement of the young and the elderly, as well as socio-economic characteristics of the local population. The model is illustrated for data from Illinois counties for the period 1950-1960 and 1960-1970. The model represents the data for the 1960's more accurately than the data for the 1950's.", "PMID": 753783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9380", "title": "Attitude instrument analysis: an examination of factor consistency across two samples.", "content": "The factor analytic model of the practitioner-oriented opinions about people (OAP) was tested with a population of gerontological practitioners (N =558). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to ascertain the degree-of-fit between these data and the published OAP factor model. After results supported the hypothesis that the two samples differed, a second factor analysis was designed to yield estimates of communalities by a least squares multiple regression technique. This analysis eliminated nine items not warranting inclusion in the instrument, redistributed the factors, and brought out a completely new factor. Finally, to test the hypothesis that attitudes toward aging and the aged are uncorrelated, a third analysis was performed in which the six scales of the oblique solution were refactored. The resulting higher order dimensions tended to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Attitude instrument analysis: an examination of factor consistency across two samples. The factor analytic model of the practitioner-oriented opinions about people (OAP) was tested with a population of gerontological practitioners (N =558). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to ascertain the degree-of-fit between these data and the published OAP factor model. After results supported the hypothesis that the two samples differed, a second factor analysis was designed to yield estimates of communalities by a least squares multiple regression technique. This analysis eliminated nine items not warranting inclusion in the instrument, redistributed the factors, and brought out a completely new factor. Finally, to test the hypothesis that attitudes toward aging and the aged are uncorrelated, a third analysis was performed in which the six scales of the oblique solution were refactored. The resulting higher order dimensions tended to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 753782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9381", "title": "1978 memorial award paper: a computer-aided technique for overlaying cerebral angiograms onto computed tomograms.", "content": "We have developed a method which uses a digital computer to combine angiographic images of the cerebral vasculature with a computed tomogram of the brain. The procedure is simple and could be implemented in any radiology department equipped with both a CT scanner and a bi-plane angiography suite. We have performed the entire process in prototype on phantoms and on a patient and have produced images that appear accurate and informative.", "contents": "1978 memorial award paper: a computer-aided technique for overlaying cerebral angiograms onto computed tomograms. We have developed a method which uses a digital computer to combine angiographic images of the cerebral vasculature with a computed tomogram of the brain. The procedure is simple and could be implemented in any radiology department equipped with both a CT scanner and a bi-plane angiography suite. We have performed the entire process in prototype on phantoms and on a patient and have produced images that appear accurate and informative.", "PMID": 753794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9382", "title": "Qualitative distortion at fluid-air interfaces during echography of simulated pleural effusions.", "content": "Beams of diagnostic ultrasound passing through pleural effusions produce an irregular band of complex echoes, when such beams strike aerated lung. To simulate pleural effusions and study this fluid-gas interface, we scanned latex bags of water and air which lay in a water bath beneath a uniform portion of veal rib cage. The general shape of an air-containing object could be determined under these conditions. The display of the upper surface of the gas-filled object was broad and heterogeneous but this zone of distortion was thin in relation to the overlying fluid layer. Fluid thicknesses exceeding 1 cm could be detected under these conditions even when they abut gas-filled structures. These preliminary data suggest that complex artefacts occurring at fluid-gas interfaces during echography of laboratory models simulating pleural effusions would not preclude useful volumentric estimations of overlying fluid layers.", "contents": "Qualitative distortion at fluid-air interfaces during echography of simulated pleural effusions. Beams of diagnostic ultrasound passing through pleural effusions produce an irregular band of complex echoes, when such beams strike aerated lung. To simulate pleural effusions and study this fluid-gas interface, we scanned latex bags of water and air which lay in a water bath beneath a uniform portion of veal rib cage. The general shape of an air-containing object could be determined under these conditions. The display of the upper surface of the gas-filled object was broad and heterogeneous but this zone of distortion was thin in relation to the overlying fluid layer. Fluid thicknesses exceeding 1 cm could be detected under these conditions even when they abut gas-filled structures. These preliminary data suggest that complex artefacts occurring at fluid-gas interfaces during echography of laboratory models simulating pleural effusions would not preclude useful volumentric estimations of overlying fluid layers.", "PMID": 753796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9383", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of cerebrovascular disease in experimental atherosclerosis in a subhuman primate model.", "content": "In a series of animal experiments to provoke atherosclerosis, angiographic evaluation of the cerebral vessels was obtained. The angiographic evaluation of cerebral changes and correlation with the pathological alterations known to occur illustrate the value of this technique in long term analysis of induced atherosclerosis in the experimental animal. Control groups, high cholesterol diet groups, and induced hypertensive groups with and without a high cholesterol diet were evaluated by serial angiographic techniques. Examples of angiographic changes are demonstrated and have proven of considerable value in following the progress of the vascular changes.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of cerebrovascular disease in experimental atherosclerosis in a subhuman primate model. In a series of animal experiments to provoke atherosclerosis, angiographic evaluation of the cerebral vessels was obtained. The angiographic evaluation of cerebral changes and correlation with the pathological alterations known to occur illustrate the value of this technique in long term analysis of induced atherosclerosis in the experimental animal. Control groups, high cholesterol diet groups, and induced hypertensive groups with and without a high cholesterol diet were evaluated by serial angiographic techniques. Examples of angiographic changes are demonstrated and have proven of considerable value in following the progress of the vascular changes.", "PMID": 753795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9384", "title": "Experimental progressive muscular dystrophy and its treatment with high doses anabolizing agents.", "content": "We are still a long way from discovering an unequivocal pathogenetic interpretation of progressive muscular dystrophy in man. Noteworthy efforts have been made in the experimental field; a recessive autosomic form found in the mouse seems to bear the closest resemblance to the human form from the genetic point of view. Myopathy due to lack of vitamin E and myopathy induced by certain viruses have much in common anatomically and pathologically with the human form. The authors induced myodystrophy in the rat by giving it a diet lacking in vitamin E. The pharmacological characteristics of vitamin E and the degenerative changes brought about by its deficiency, especially in the muscles, are illustrated. It is thus confirmed that the histological characteristics of myopathic rat muscle induced experimentally are extraordinarily similar to those of human myopathy as confirmed during biopsies performed at the Orthopaedic Traumatological Centre, Florence. The encouraging results obtained in various authoratative departments in myopathic patients by using anabolizing steroids have encouraged the authors to investigate the beneficial effects of one anabolizing agent (Dianabol, CIBA) at high doses in rats rendered myopathic by a diet deficient in vitamin E. In this way they obtained appreciable changes in body weight (increased from 50 to 70 g after forty days at a dose of 5 mg per day of anabolizing agent), but most of all they found histological changes due to \"regenerative\" changes in the muscle tissue, which however maintained its myopathic characteristics in the control animals that were not treated with the anabolizing agent. The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing steroids in experimental myopathic disease, but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field, where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis-a-vis the \"regeneration\" of the muscle tissue; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of vitamin E but something as yet unknown.", "contents": "Experimental progressive muscular dystrophy and its treatment with high doses anabolizing agents. We are still a long way from discovering an unequivocal pathogenetic interpretation of progressive muscular dystrophy in man. Noteworthy efforts have been made in the experimental field; a recessive autosomic form found in the mouse seems to bear the closest resemblance to the human form from the genetic point of view. Myopathy due to lack of vitamin E and myopathy induced by certain viruses have much in common anatomically and pathologically with the human form. The authors induced myodystrophy in the rat by giving it a diet lacking in vitamin E. The pharmacological characteristics of vitamin E and the degenerative changes brought about by its deficiency, especially in the muscles, are illustrated. It is thus confirmed that the histological characteristics of myopathic rat muscle induced experimentally are extraordinarily similar to those of human myopathy as confirmed during biopsies performed at the Orthopaedic Traumatological Centre, Florence. The encouraging results obtained in various authoratative departments in myopathic patients by using anabolizing steroids have encouraged the authors to investigate the beneficial effects of one anabolizing agent (Dianabol, CIBA) at high doses in rats rendered myopathic by a diet deficient in vitamin E. In this way they obtained appreciable changes in body weight (increased from 50 to 70 g after forty days at a dose of 5 mg per day of anabolizing agent), but most of all they found histological changes due to \"regenerative\" changes in the muscle tissue, which however maintained its myopathic characteristics in the control animals that were not treated with the anabolizing agent. The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing steroids in experimental myopathic disease, but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field, where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis-a-vis the \"regeneration\" of the muscle tissue; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of vitamin E but something as yet unknown.", "PMID": 753803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9385", "title": "Arrhythmogenic and cardiodepressive effects of contrast media on isolated rat atria.", "content": "The cardiotoxicity of four radiopaque contrast media were studied on spontaneously beating isolated rat atria in order to compare the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, with three other contrast media having different cation compositions. The addition of the ionic contrast media to concentrations of 28 and 84 mg I/ml induced atrial arrhythmias in the following order of potency: meglumine iothalamate greater than meglumine--Na--Ca metrizoate greater than meglumine--Na diatrizoate. No arrhythmias were observed after the addition of metrizamide. Metrizamide had only slight effects on the rate and amplitude of the atrial contractions, and hence the work index was almost unaffected. The highest concentration of the three ionic contrast media had very significant cardiodepressive effects. Meglumine iothalamate had the most severe influence on the spontaneous rate of the contractions, while meglumine--Na diatrizoate induced the greatest initial reduction in the amplitude of the contractions and the work index. The present study indicates that the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, is better tolerated by the myocardium than the ionic contrast media.", "contents": "Arrhythmogenic and cardiodepressive effects of contrast media on isolated rat atria. The cardiotoxicity of four radiopaque contrast media were studied on spontaneously beating isolated rat atria in order to compare the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, with three other contrast media having different cation compositions. The addition of the ionic contrast media to concentrations of 28 and 84 mg I/ml induced atrial arrhythmias in the following order of potency: meglumine iothalamate greater than meglumine--Na--Ca metrizoate greater than meglumine--Na diatrizoate. No arrhythmias were observed after the addition of metrizamide. Metrizamide had only slight effects on the rate and amplitude of the atrial contractions, and hence the work index was almost unaffected. The highest concentration of the three ionic contrast media had very significant cardiodepressive effects. Meglumine iothalamate had the most severe influence on the spontaneous rate of the contractions, while meglumine--Na diatrizoate induced the greatest initial reduction in the amplitude of the contractions and the work index. The present study indicates that the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, is better tolerated by the myocardium than the ionic contrast media.", "PMID": 753798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9386", "title": "Secondary treatment of fractures of the middle and lower third of the tibia unsuccessfully treated by primary internal fixation.", "content": "The authors present forty six cases, referred to us between 1969 and 1974, of fracture of the middle and lower thirds of the tibia, previously treated elsewhere by primary internal fixation using a plate and screws. The causes of failure are divided into defective indications and defective technique. The methods of treatment used in infected and non-infected lesions are described. They criticise the unnecessary use of plates and explain their reasons. They do not condemn the method outright, since in selected cases IT IS UNDOUBTEDLY A VALID METHod of treatment. They are opposed, however, to its indiscriminate use for lesions that may perfectly well be cured, with the minimum risk, either by conservative methods, or by intramedullary nailing.", "contents": "Secondary treatment of fractures of the middle and lower third of the tibia unsuccessfully treated by primary internal fixation. The authors present forty six cases, referred to us between 1969 and 1974, of fracture of the middle and lower thirds of the tibia, previously treated elsewhere by primary internal fixation using a plate and screws. The causes of failure are divided into defective indications and defective technique. The methods of treatment used in infected and non-infected lesions are described. They criticise the unnecessary use of plates and explain their reasons. They do not condemn the method outright, since in selected cases IT IS UNDOUBTEDLY A VALID METHod of treatment. They are opposed, however, to its indiscriminate use for lesions that may perfectly well be cured, with the minimum risk, either by conservative methods, or by intramedullary nailing.", "PMID": 753804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9387", "title": "Osteosynthesis of fractures of the femur with flexible metallic intramedullary nails.", "content": "The authors discuss their use of Ender's method in the treatment of fractures of the femur. The diameter and length of the nails depends on the type of fracture. 1) Three nails of 4 mm diameter are introduced in parallel from the medial condyle in fractures of the femoral neck; 2) 5 mm nails are used, in similar fashion, for the fixation of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures; 3) 5 mm nails are used for diaphyseal, supracondylar and intercondylar fractures, introduced in crossed fashion (\"Eiffel Tower\" technique) from both medial and lateral condyles. This method of fixation has proved to be extremely stable. The operation itself is quick, with no blood loss or shock. The patient can resume partial weight bearing after a week in stabilised intertrochanteric and shaft fractures, after a month in less stable types, and after three to four months in fractures of the neck of the femur. This report is based on the first 250 cases treated by this method.", "contents": "Osteosynthesis of fractures of the femur with flexible metallic intramedullary nails. The authors discuss their use of Ender's method in the treatment of fractures of the femur. The diameter and length of the nails depends on the type of fracture. 1) Three nails of 4 mm diameter are introduced in parallel from the medial condyle in fractures of the femoral neck; 2) 5 mm nails are used, in similar fashion, for the fixation of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures; 3) 5 mm nails are used for diaphyseal, supracondylar and intercondylar fractures, introduced in crossed fashion (\"Eiffel Tower\" technique) from both medial and lateral condyles. This method of fixation has proved to be extremely stable. The operation itself is quick, with no blood loss or shock. The patient can resume partial weight bearing after a week in stabilised intertrochanteric and shaft fractures, after a month in less stable types, and after three to four months in fractures of the neck of the femur. This report is based on the first 250 cases treated by this method.", "PMID": 753805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9388", "title": "Some effects of method on the measured conspicuity of chest lesions.", "content": "Both the magnitude and the precision of the conspicuity of a series of solitary chest nodules depends on the number and spacing of the measurement points. Observer accuracy in detecting 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm psuedo chest lesions does not correlate well with conspicuity.", "contents": "Some effects of method on the measured conspicuity of chest lesions. Both the magnitude and the precision of the conspicuity of a series of solitary chest nodules depends on the number and spacing of the measurement points. Observer accuracy in detecting 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm psuedo chest lesions does not correlate well with conspicuity.", "PMID": 753797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9389", "title": "Operative indications in fractures of the calcaneus: problems of reduction and fixation.", "content": "In fractures of the calcaneus the fundamental importance of complete restoration of the architectural structure of the bone is stressed. To this end, the technique of internal fixation calls for a special device. Three different types of plate are described and the indications for each discussed.", "contents": "Operative indications in fractures of the calcaneus: problems of reduction and fixation. In fractures of the calcaneus the fundamental importance of complete restoration of the architectural structure of the bone is stressed. To this end, the technique of internal fixation calls for a special device. Three different types of plate are described and the indications for each discussed.", "PMID": 753806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9390", "title": "Physical characteristics of modern radiographic screen-film systems.", "content": "The most important characteristics that determine the performance of a screen-film system are system sensitivity (speed), slope or the average gradient of the characteristic curve, latitude of the film, system resolution (MTF) and system noise. In addition to these, one has to consider secondary characteristics such as the base plus fog level, the base tint, safelight sensitivity, reciprocity law failure and film granularity while evaluating performance. A comprehensive study of many of these characteristics has been made for a number of film-screen systems on the market. The data has been tabulated in the form of what are called \"characteristic tables of radiographic film-screen systems.\" In these tables, characteristics such as average gradient, base plus fog level, etc. which depend on film alone, appear along the horizontal axis and MTF values which essentially depend on screens only appear along the vertical axis. The body of the table contains the absolute speeds in units of mR-1 at 80 KVP (heavy filtration) and a quantum mottle index of the various film-screen combinations tested, since these depend both on the film as well as on the screens.", "contents": "Physical characteristics of modern radiographic screen-film systems. The most important characteristics that determine the performance of a screen-film system are system sensitivity (speed), slope or the average gradient of the characteristic curve, latitude of the film, system resolution (MTF) and system noise. In addition to these, one has to consider secondary characteristics such as the base plus fog level, the base tint, safelight sensitivity, reciprocity law failure and film granularity while evaluating performance. A comprehensive study of many of these characteristics has been made for a number of film-screen systems on the market. The data has been tabulated in the form of what are called \"characteristic tables of radiographic film-screen systems.\" In these tables, characteristics such as average gradient, base plus fog level, etc. which depend on film alone, appear along the horizontal axis and MTF values which essentially depend on screens only appear along the vertical axis. The body of the table contains the absolute speeds in units of mR-1 at 80 KVP (heavy filtration) and a quantum mottle index of the various film-screen combinations tested, since these depend both on the film as well as on the screens.", "PMID": 753799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9391", "title": "Reduction and immobilization for Colles fracture.", "content": "Maintenance of reduction in Colles fracture can be difficult to achieve. Some of the positions of the wrist in plaster designed to prevent redisplacement produce subsequent difficulty in the recovery of function of the wrist and hand. The author has practised a technique, in a large number of cases, using plaster with radial and dorsal indentations, which has proved capable of maintaining reduction with the wrist in a \"physiological\" or neutral position. The details of the technique are described and the end results in 162 patients are analysed.", "contents": "Reduction and immobilization for Colles fracture. Maintenance of reduction in Colles fracture can be difficult to achieve. Some of the positions of the wrist in plaster designed to prevent redisplacement produce subsequent difficulty in the recovery of function of the wrist and hand. The author has practised a technique, in a large number of cases, using plaster with radial and dorsal indentations, which has proved capable of maintaining reduction with the wrist in a \"physiological\" or neutral position. The details of the technique are described and the end results in 162 patients are analysed.", "PMID": 753807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9392", "title": "A new method for the quantitative determination of osteoporosis in man.", "content": "The authors studied a technique based on the use of a radiographic negative in antero-posterior projection of the third lumbar vertebra, from which the index of osteoporosis was obtained quantitatively by spectrophotometric examination. This index is about 0.50 in normal cases and approaches unity in cases of osteoporosis.", "contents": "A new method for the quantitative determination of osteoporosis in man. The authors studied a technique based on the use of a radiographic negative in antero-posterior projection of the third lumbar vertebra, from which the index of osteoporosis was obtained quantitatively by spectrophotometric examination. This index is about 0.50 in normal cases and approaches unity in cases of osteoporosis.", "PMID": 753808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9393", "title": "Fractures of the intercondylar tibial eminence.", "content": "Fractures of the intercondylar tibial eminence are produced by a mechanism similar to that of rupture of the cruciate ligaments, in particular excessive internal rotation in varus and external rotation in valgus. When combined with other types of force there may be associated lesions of other structures, which naturally complicates the treatment and prognosis. Screw fixation is not considered satisfactory, both because of its difficulty when the posterior tuberosity is involved, the need for a second operation to remove the screw, the frequency with which the fragments break during or after the application of the screw, and the possibility that the screws may loosen. Fixation is performed by means of a metal wire transfixing the fracture, passed through two tunnels in the tibia, and anchored on the anterior surface of the tibia over a small metal plate, in order to prevent cutting through the bone under tension. It is important that the two small tunnels drilled in the tibia should exactly meet the fracture line.", "contents": "Fractures of the intercondylar tibial eminence. Fractures of the intercondylar tibial eminence are produced by a mechanism similar to that of rupture of the cruciate ligaments, in particular excessive internal rotation in varus and external rotation in valgus. When combined with other types of force there may be associated lesions of other structures, which naturally complicates the treatment and prognosis. Screw fixation is not considered satisfactory, both because of its difficulty when the posterior tuberosity is involved, the need for a second operation to remove the screw, the frequency with which the fragments break during or after the application of the screw, and the possibility that the screws may loosen. Fixation is performed by means of a metal wire transfixing the fracture, passed through two tunnels in the tibia, and anchored on the anterior surface of the tibia over a small metal plate, in order to prevent cutting through the bone under tension. It is important that the two small tunnels drilled in the tibia should exactly meet the fracture line.", "PMID": 753809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9394", "title": "Arthroprostheses without cement in osteoarthrosis of the hip (preliminary report) (16 cases of Sbarbaro arthroprosthesis).", "content": "The authors report the results obtained with arthroprostheses without cement. In this preliminary report they examine sixteen cases treated with Sbarbaro's arthroprosthesis from 1972 to 1976, at the Orthopaedic Division of the Specialized Regional Hospital, Udine. They stress the efficacy of this kind of arthroprosthesis, which can be used in subjects under the age of sixty years who have severe bilateral lesions, especially of the femoral head. The operation is contraindicated when there is severe dysplasia of osteoporosis of the acetabulum. Weight bearing must be avoided for six months, the time required for the noncemented arthroprosthesis to become stabilized. The two poor results were attributable to local metabolic changes in one case, and general changes in another, rather than to the arthroprosthesis itself.", "contents": "Arthroprostheses without cement in osteoarthrosis of the hip (preliminary report) (16 cases of Sbarbaro arthroprosthesis). The authors report the results obtained with arthroprostheses without cement. In this preliminary report they examine sixteen cases treated with Sbarbaro's arthroprosthesis from 1972 to 1976, at the Orthopaedic Division of the Specialized Regional Hospital, Udine. They stress the efficacy of this kind of arthroprosthesis, which can be used in subjects under the age of sixty years who have severe bilateral lesions, especially of the femoral head. The operation is contraindicated when there is severe dysplasia of osteoporosis of the acetabulum. Weight bearing must be avoided for six months, the time required for the noncemented arthroprosthesis to become stabilized. The two poor results were attributable to local metabolic changes in one case, and general changes in another, rather than to the arthroprosthesis itself.", "PMID": 753810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9395", "title": "Posterior dislocation of the acromio-clavicular joint: a rare or an easily overlooked lesion?", "content": "The authors describe a case of posterior acromio-clavicular dislocation treated operatively. The etiology and pathological anatomy are discussed and the importance of an axial radiographic projection is emphasized. Radiographic comparison with the normal shoulder is helpful in leading to a correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Posterior dislocation of the acromio-clavicular joint: a rare or an easily overlooked lesion? The authors describe a case of posterior acromio-clavicular dislocation treated operatively. The etiology and pathological anatomy are discussed and the importance of an axial radiographic projection is emphasized. Radiographic comparison with the normal shoulder is helpful in leading to a correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 753811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9396", "title": "Jumper's knee.", "content": "The authors present a clinical study on twenty six cases of a painful syndrome affecting the distal quadriceps tendon complex, popularly known as \"jumper's knee\". They review the diagnostic aspects and discuss the treatment. In particular, they suggest a surgical approach that is not limited to the inflammatory or degenerative component of the syndrome, but also aims to correct imbalance of the extensor apparatus.", "contents": "Jumper's knee. The authors present a clinical study on twenty six cases of a painful syndrome affecting the distal quadriceps tendon complex, popularly known as \"jumper's knee\". They review the diagnostic aspects and discuss the treatment. In particular, they suggest a surgical approach that is not limited to the inflammatory or degenerative component of the syndrome, but also aims to correct imbalance of the extensor apparatus.", "PMID": 753812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9397", "title": "Course and prognosis of bone cystinosis in adolescent and or adults.", "content": "The authors refer to their observations on a case reported five years ago. On the basis of electron microscopy findings it was classified as benign bone cystinosis of the adolescent or of the adult. His subsequent clinical recovery, and the present radiographic findings, which show spontaneous and almost complete repair, confirm the validity of the diagnosis and the importance of electron microscopy in the etiology of this rare bone lesion.", "contents": "Course and prognosis of bone cystinosis in adolescent and or adults. The authors refer to their observations on a case reported five years ago. On the basis of electron microscopy findings it was classified as benign bone cystinosis of the adolescent or of the adult. His subsequent clinical recovery, and the present radiographic findings, which show spontaneous and almost complete repair, confirm the validity of the diagnosis and the importance of electron microscopy in the etiology of this rare bone lesion.", "PMID": 753813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9398", "title": "Vertebral localization of echinococcosis (case report with medullary compression).", "content": "A case is presented of cord compression due to vertebral echinococcosis which relapsed after a first laminectomy elsewhere. The authors carried out a second excision with decompression from the anterior approach, supplemented by grafting. After a period of recovery and well being, relapse occurred with renewal of the cord compression. A second decompressive laminectomy and excision of the relapsed cyst was carried out. The present case illustrates the limitations of surgery in this parasitology, because of the extreme liability to relapses.", "contents": "Vertebral localization of echinococcosis (case report with medullary compression). A case is presented of cord compression due to vertebral echinococcosis which relapsed after a first laminectomy elsewhere. The authors carried out a second excision with decompression from the anterior approach, supplemented by grafting. After a period of recovery and well being, relapse occurred with renewal of the cord compression. A second decompressive laminectomy and excision of the relapsed cyst was carried out. The present case illustrates the limitations of surgery in this parasitology, because of the extreme liability to relapses.", "PMID": 753814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9399", "title": "The surgical treatment of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease.", "content": "A long term follow up of thirty two patients operated on for Kienb\u00f6ck's disease of the semilunar bone at the Istituto Ortopedico Toscano in the last twenty eight years has been carried out. Three types of operation were performed; excision of the semilunar, lengthening of the ulna, and shortening of the radius. The best results were obtained from shortening the radius. Good results were also obtained in cases in which there was no preoperative relative shortening of the ulna at the inferior radio-ulnar joint.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease. A long term follow up of thirty two patients operated on for Kienb\u00f6ck's disease of the semilunar bone at the Istituto Ortopedico Toscano in the last twenty eight years has been carried out. Three types of operation were performed; excision of the semilunar, lengthening of the ulna, and shortening of the radius. The best results were obtained from shortening the radius. Good results were also obtained in cases in which there was no preoperative relative shortening of the ulna at the inferior radio-ulnar joint.", "PMID": 753815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9400", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital club foot. (Comparison of the results of Codivilla's operation with those of Turco's modification).", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of the classical Codivilla operation with those obtained from the same operation as modified by Turco. The authors have assessed ninety one feet in sixty eight patients treated between 1968 and 1975. The severity of each foot was assessed before and after corrective treatment according to the classification of Manes et al., 1975. The results were determined according to the classification of Mastragostino et al., 1976, based on the clinical, radiographic and functional findings. In this connection, the authors attached particular importance to the dorsiflexion test. Based on their findings in this survey, the authors assert that Turco's modification of the classical Codivilla operation enhances the results.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital club foot. (Comparison of the results of Codivilla's operation with those of Turco's modification). The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of the classical Codivilla operation with those obtained from the same operation as modified by Turco. The authors have assessed ninety one feet in sixty eight patients treated between 1968 and 1975. The severity of each foot was assessed before and after corrective treatment according to the classification of Manes et al., 1975. The results were determined according to the classification of Mastragostino et al., 1976, based on the clinical, radiographic and functional findings. In this connection, the authors attached particular importance to the dorsiflexion test. Based on their findings in this survey, the authors assert that Turco's modification of the classical Codivilla operation enhances the results.", "PMID": 753816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9401", "title": "Measurement of valgus and varus deformity in the lower limb.", "content": "A method is proposed for measuring deformities of the femur and tibia in the frontal plane. This forms part of a complex system of clinical and radiographic evaluation, suitable for the planning or surgical operations.", "contents": "Measurement of valgus and varus deformity in the lower limb. A method is proposed for measuring deformities of the femur and tibia in the frontal plane. This forms part of a complex system of clinical and radiographic evaluation, suitable for the planning or surgical operations.", "PMID": 753817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9402", "title": "Detachment of the accessory fragment in \"patella partita\".", "content": "The authors report six cases of detachment of the accessory fragment in \"patella partita\". This lesion is often unrecognised, especially among athletes. It gives rise to painful symptoms that are at first severe and later less marked. These symptoms disappear completely in both acute and chronic cases with the removal of the detached accessory fragment.", "contents": "Detachment of the accessory fragment in \"patella partita\". The authors report six cases of detachment of the accessory fragment in \"patella partita\". This lesion is often unrecognised, especially among athletes. It gives rise to painful symptoms that are at first severe and later less marked. These symptoms disappear completely in both acute and chronic cases with the removal of the detached accessory fragment.", "PMID": 753818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9403", "title": "Ossifying granulomatous periostitis in the course of erythema nodosum.", "content": "The author records a case of ossifying periostitis of the tibia apparently due to erythema nodosum. This does not appear to have been recorded previously. The histology, aetiology and differential diagnosis are discussed. The mechanism is probably one of direct spread from skin to periosteum.", "contents": "Ossifying granulomatous periostitis in the course of erythema nodosum. The author records a case of ossifying periostitis of the tibia apparently due to erythema nodosum. This does not appear to have been recorded previously. The histology, aetiology and differential diagnosis are discussed. The mechanism is probably one of direct spread from skin to periosteum.", "PMID": 753821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9404", "title": "Early mobilisation and functional re-education in the post operative treatment of prolapsed lumbar disc.", "content": "After operations for prolapsed lumbar disc, the authors recommend early resumption of the erect posture combined with a programme of re-education. This is started during the first days after the operation and continued for three months. In most cases it assists the rapid recovery of spinal function. The best results are obtained in patients in whom the operation completely relieves the nerve root symptoms. The programme of re-education, begun early, presents no problems if excessive strain on the lumbar spine is avoided during the first seven to nine days after operation.", "contents": "Early mobilisation and functional re-education in the post operative treatment of prolapsed lumbar disc. After operations for prolapsed lumbar disc, the authors recommend early resumption of the erect posture combined with a programme of re-education. This is started during the first days after the operation and continued for three months. In most cases it assists the rapid recovery of spinal function. The best results are obtained in patients in whom the operation completely relieves the nerve root symptoms. The programme of re-education, begun early, presents no problems if excessive strain on the lumbar spine is avoided during the first seven to nine days after operation.", "PMID": 753822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9405", "title": "Behavioral responses in 7 to 9 month old infants to speech and non-speech stimuli.", "content": "A comparison was made of the behavioral responses of 36 infants (18 M, 18 F) aged 7--9 mo, to natural speech, warbled tone of 3 kc/s. and a noise band of 2--4 kc/s. The intensity level for speech was significantly lower, and the number of responses for speech was significantly higher, than for the other two stimuli. Girls demonstrated a significantly lower mean threshold and a significantly higher number of responses than boys. The threshold means for all three stimuli were significantly lower and the number of responses were significantly higher for the R ear than for the L ear in girls, but not in boys. There was no difference in threshold means for speech between the L and the R ears for the whole population, but there was a significantly higher number of responses to speech stimuli by girls, but not for boys, in the R ear than in the L ear.", "contents": "Behavioral responses in 7 to 9 month old infants to speech and non-speech stimuli. A comparison was made of the behavioral responses of 36 infants (18 M, 18 F) aged 7--9 mo, to natural speech, warbled tone of 3 kc/s. and a noise band of 2--4 kc/s. The intensity level for speech was significantly lower, and the number of responses for speech was significantly higher, than for the other two stimuli. Girls demonstrated a significantly lower mean threshold and a significantly higher number of responses than boys. The threshold means for all three stimuli were significantly lower and the number of responses were significantly higher for the R ear than for the L ear in girls, but not in boys. There was no difference in threshold means for speech between the L and the R ears for the whole population, but there was a significantly higher number of responses to speech stimuli by girls, but not for boys, in the R ear than in the L ear.", "PMID": 753823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9406", "title": "Remote masking in presbycusis.", "content": "Remote Masking (RM) (a rise in threshold for low-frequency tones when the ear is exposed to a high intensity noise band of high frequency) has been attributed to mechanical nonlinear distortion of the cochlear partition, as an effect of the envelope of a nonuniform signal. Clinical studies using RM have revealed RM is normal only when both the endolabyrinthine pressure and the cochlear hydrodynamics are normal. Increasing the stiffness of the cochlear partition affects adversely the mechanism of motion of the cochlear duct and reduces RM values. We studied RM in normal young Ss and in patients with presbycusis in order to determine whether aging of the inner ear also induces stiffness of the cochlear partition. In presbycusic Ss the RM values were indeed reduced symmetrically in both ears and progressively as a result of aging. Thus RM demonstrates the existence of cochlear conductive presbycusis and can be considered a useful test of stiffness of the cochlear partition.", "contents": "Remote masking in presbycusis. Remote Masking (RM) (a rise in threshold for low-frequency tones when the ear is exposed to a high intensity noise band of high frequency) has been attributed to mechanical nonlinear distortion of the cochlear partition, as an effect of the envelope of a nonuniform signal. Clinical studies using RM have revealed RM is normal only when both the endolabyrinthine pressure and the cochlear hydrodynamics are normal. Increasing the stiffness of the cochlear partition affects adversely the mechanism of motion of the cochlear duct and reduces RM values. We studied RM in normal young Ss and in patients with presbycusis in order to determine whether aging of the inner ear also induces stiffness of the cochlear partition. In presbycusic Ss the RM values were indeed reduced symmetrically in both ears and progressively as a result of aging. Thus RM demonstrates the existence of cochlear conductive presbycusis and can be considered a useful test of stiffness of the cochlear partition.", "PMID": 753824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9407", "title": "A comparison of procedures in \"otometry\": absolute versus equal-loudness judgments.", "content": "Normal-hearing men and women (N: 20) judged damped wave signal trains (3/sec; fc = .35, .5, .7, 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, or 4 kc/s) to be on the verge from \"normal\" to \"loud,\" and from \"normal\" to \"soft.\" Judgments were binaural about 1 m from a loudspeaker. \"Normal\" (most comfortable ?) loudness was calculated at halfway in db between the two transition zones. A replication showed that 70% of Ss yielded the same \"Normal\" within 9 db for all fc, while only 35% could yield the same \"Normal\" within 6 db for all fc. Mean \"Normal\" for 1 kc/s was 72.8 db SPL re 20 mu Pa. Ss made equal-loudness judgments by adjusting other fc to this standard. Variances of equal-loudness judgments were 2--3 times better (smaller) than of \"Normal\" estimates. It was suggested that \"Otometry\" utilize the equal-loudness measurement procedure recommended originally by Victoreen (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974, 55, 309-312).", "contents": "A comparison of procedures in \"otometry\": absolute versus equal-loudness judgments. Normal-hearing men and women (N: 20) judged damped wave signal trains (3/sec; fc = .35, .5, .7, 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, or 4 kc/s) to be on the verge from \"normal\" to \"loud,\" and from \"normal\" to \"soft.\" Judgments were binaural about 1 m from a loudspeaker. \"Normal\" (most comfortable ?) loudness was calculated at halfway in db between the two transition zones. A replication showed that 70% of Ss yielded the same \"Normal\" within 9 db for all fc, while only 35% could yield the same \"Normal\" within 6 db for all fc. Mean \"Normal\" for 1 kc/s was 72.8 db SPL re 20 mu Pa. Ss made equal-loudness judgments by adjusting other fc to this standard. Variances of equal-loudness judgments were 2--3 times better (smaller) than of \"Normal\" estimates. It was suggested that \"Otometry\" utilize the equal-loudness measurement procedure recommended originally by Victoreen (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974, 55, 309-312).", "PMID": 753825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9408", "title": "Tactile perception of stress and intonation.", "content": "Tactile perception of alteration in sentence meaning due to modification of intonation and stress patterns was determined for 10 normal hearing young adults. Stimuli consisted of sentences varying with respect to syllable length (4--7 syllables), place of stress (initial, medial or final), or intonation type (rising, steady or falling). All stimulus items were presented to the fingers by a bc oscillator at 15 db re vibrotactile threshold. Analysis of data using Chi Square yielded significant results for tactile perception of stress but scores for perception of intonation were no better than chance. These results show that taction is a viable modality to supplement a deficient auditory mode.", "contents": "Tactile perception of stress and intonation. Tactile perception of alteration in sentence meaning due to modification of intonation and stress patterns was determined for 10 normal hearing young adults. Stimuli consisted of sentences varying with respect to syllable length (4--7 syllables), place of stress (initial, medial or final), or intonation type (rising, steady or falling). All stimulus items were presented to the fingers by a bc oscillator at 15 db re vibrotactile threshold. Analysis of data using Chi Square yielded significant results for tactile perception of stress but scores for perception of intonation were no better than chance. These results show that taction is a viable modality to supplement a deficient auditory mode.", "PMID": 753826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9409", "title": "A shorter version of the Weiler-Hood model for loudness coding during adaptation.", "content": "A graphic/algebraic model proposed by Weiler and Hood (Audiol., 1977, 16, 499-506) for loudness coding during auditory adaptation, assuming a fixed loss of loudness units for a given adaptation to any test intensity, was shown to describe several sets of adaptation data quite well. The present paper offers a more convenient algebraic formula using only the obtained post-adaptation balance level at the baseline intensity rather than a smoothed adaptation function. This shortening is at the expense of a somewhat increased influence of random fluctuations.", "contents": "A shorter version of the Weiler-Hood model for loudness coding during adaptation. A graphic/algebraic model proposed by Weiler and Hood (Audiol., 1977, 16, 499-506) for loudness coding during auditory adaptation, assuming a fixed loss of loudness units for a given adaptation to any test intensity, was shown to describe several sets of adaptation data quite well. The present paper offers a more convenient algebraic formula using only the obtained post-adaptation balance level at the baseline intensity rather than a smoothed adaptation function. This shortening is at the expense of a somewhat increased influence of random fluctuations.", "PMID": 753827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9410", "title": "Directional sensitivity in cat of collicular auditory neurons to FM sound.", "content": "Directional sensitivity for FM sound was compared between two types of FM sound, a linear FM and a \"Step\" FM digitally synthesized to contain 28 steady short tones with half-overlap in time between every successive pair, simulating the formant transitions of speech. There seemed to be no difference in the response of the cat collicular neuron in directionality of the units for ascending vs descending frequencies. As far as we have examined, no FM-sensitive neurons were observed which were specifically responsive to particular FM components in a stimulus.", "contents": "Directional sensitivity in cat of collicular auditory neurons to FM sound. Directional sensitivity for FM sound was compared between two types of FM sound, a linear FM and a \"Step\" FM digitally synthesized to contain 28 steady short tones with half-overlap in time between every successive pair, simulating the formant transitions of speech. There seemed to be no difference in the response of the cat collicular neuron in directionality of the units for ascending vs descending frequencies. As far as we have examined, no FM-sensitive neurons were observed which were specifically responsive to particular FM components in a stimulus.", "PMID": 753829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9411", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of two time-alteration techniques on listener comprehension.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine if listener comprehension is differentially affected by two different techniques of time alteration: the sampling method and the harmonic compression method. The Nelson-Denny Reading Test, consisting of 8 selections of scientific and literary content appropriate for college students with respect to interest and level of difficulty, was presented to 3 groups of 40 Ss each; each group was given the tape-recorded test after processing at one of the 3 speech rates, normal, half normal, or twice normal rate. Of the 8 selections on this test, 4 were processed by sampling using a VARISPEECH-I compressor/expander, and 4 were processed by harmonic compression using a Lockheed LM-312 Pitch Normalizer. There were of course some differences in listener comprehension as a function of rate, but within each of the rate conditions there were no significant differences as a function of method of time alteration. With the type of speech material used here, and within these rate conditions, these time alteration methods can be used interchangeably in such research.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of two time-alteration techniques on listener comprehension. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if listener comprehension is differentially affected by two different techniques of time alteration: the sampling method and the harmonic compression method. The Nelson-Denny Reading Test, consisting of 8 selections of scientific and literary content appropriate for college students with respect to interest and level of difficulty, was presented to 3 groups of 40 Ss each; each group was given the tape-recorded test after processing at one of the 3 speech rates, normal, half normal, or twice normal rate. Of the 8 selections on this test, 4 were processed by sampling using a VARISPEECH-I compressor/expander, and 4 were processed by harmonic compression using a Lockheed LM-312 Pitch Normalizer. There were of course some differences in listener comprehension as a function of rate, but within each of the rate conditions there were no significant differences as a function of method of time alteration. With the type of speech material used here, and within these rate conditions, these time alteration methods can be used interchangeably in such research.", "PMID": 753830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9412", "title": "Relative intelligibility of CID spondees for normal and hearing-impaired listeners.", "content": "The relative intelligibility of the 36 CID spondees presented via tape recording was found on Ss with normal hearing, and on Ss with flat and with sloping sensorineural losses (N: 15 in each group). The spondees as a group were found not to be homogeneous in intelligibility for each group and across groups. Ss with a sloping loss identified the spondees at a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher sensation level (SL) compared with the other groups. A list of 14 spondees was derived encompassing relative intelligibility within a 5-db range for clinical use with such Ss.", "contents": "Relative intelligibility of CID spondees for normal and hearing-impaired listeners. The relative intelligibility of the 36 CID spondees presented via tape recording was found on Ss with normal hearing, and on Ss with flat and with sloping sensorineural losses (N: 15 in each group). The spondees as a group were found not to be homogeneous in intelligibility for each group and across groups. Ss with a sloping loss identified the spondees at a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher sensation level (SL) compared with the other groups. A list of 14 spondees was derived encompassing relative intelligibility within a 5-db range for clinical use with such Ss.", "PMID": 753831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9413", "title": "Distinctive features of consonantal errors in deaf children.", "content": "Pictorial stimuli of 18 consonants in 3 vocalic positions were presented to 10 deaf children; verbal responses were phonetically transcribed. Consonantal substitution errors were submitted to INDSCAL analysis. A 2-dimensional solution revealed features relating mainly to place of articulation and indicated that current habilitation procedures focus primarily on those features while not exploiting others available in the speech signal.", "contents": "Distinctive features of consonantal errors in deaf children. Pictorial stimuli of 18 consonants in 3 vocalic positions were presented to 10 deaf children; verbal responses were phonetically transcribed. Consonantal substitution errors were submitted to INDSCAL analysis. A 2-dimensional solution revealed features relating mainly to place of articulation and indicated that current habilitation procedures focus primarily on those features while not exploiting others available in the speech signal.", "PMID": 753832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9414", "title": "Multiple fibrofolliculomas (Birt-Hogg-Dub\u00e9) associated with a large connective tissue nevus.", "content": "Multiple follicular tumors of the type recently described by Birt and colleagues as fibrofolliculomas were observed in the dorsal skin of a white man in association with a large connective tissue nevus. No signs of systemic disease or phakomatosis were present. This type of lesions represents benign neoplasia of the fibrous root sheath of the hair follicle in association with proliferations of the infundibular portion of the outer epithelial root sheath. Its existence supports the view that the mesodermal portions of the pilar apparatus can become neoplastic, and also provides another example of the close interactions existing between the ectodermal and mesodermal components of the hair follicle.", "contents": "Multiple fibrofolliculomas (Birt-Hogg-Dub\u00e9) associated with a large connective tissue nevus. Multiple follicular tumors of the type recently described by Birt and colleagues as fibrofolliculomas were observed in the dorsal skin of a white man in association with a large connective tissue nevus. No signs of systemic disease or phakomatosis were present. This type of lesions represents benign neoplasia of the fibrous root sheath of the hair follicle in association with proliferations of the infundibular portion of the outer epithelial root sheath. Its existence supports the view that the mesodermal portions of the pilar apparatus can become neoplastic, and also provides another example of the close interactions existing between the ectodermal and mesodermal components of the hair follicle.", "PMID": 753849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9415", "title": "The keratinization disorder in collodion babies evolving into lamellar ichthyosis. Its possible relevance for determining the primary defect in lamellar ichthyosis.", "content": "Two collodion baby girls with disorder evolving into lamellar ichthyosis were followed by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the neonatal colloidion skin was characterized by a thick compact stratum corneum which was PAS positive in its upper two thirds, by a thin stratum granulosum and by a non-acanthotic stratum spinosum with normal mitotic activity. Electron microscopically, the upper stratum corneum appeared pathological, whereas the lower part was normal except for some minor parakeratosis. The main alterations in the underlying stratum granulosum were diminished tonofibrils and keratohyalin. Biopsy specimens taken at the age of 2 weeks were typical for lamellar ichthyosis and showed hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis, a thickened stratum granulosum in which the cellular content of keratohyalin and tonofibrils was moderately diminished, and acanthosis with increased mitotic activity. It appears that the ultrastructural changes of the stratum granulosum, seen in lamellar ichthyosis, are already present in the collodion skin of the newborn, at a time when the epidermis does not yet show an increase in mitotic activity.", "contents": "The keratinization disorder in collodion babies evolving into lamellar ichthyosis. Its possible relevance for determining the primary defect in lamellar ichthyosis. Two collodion baby girls with disorder evolving into lamellar ichthyosis were followed by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the neonatal colloidion skin was characterized by a thick compact stratum corneum which was PAS positive in its upper two thirds, by a thin stratum granulosum and by a non-acanthotic stratum spinosum with normal mitotic activity. Electron microscopically, the upper stratum corneum appeared pathological, whereas the lower part was normal except for some minor parakeratosis. The main alterations in the underlying stratum granulosum were diminished tonofibrils and keratohyalin. Biopsy specimens taken at the age of 2 weeks were typical for lamellar ichthyosis and showed hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis, a thickened stratum granulosum in which the cellular content of keratohyalin and tonofibrils was moderately diminished, and acanthosis with increased mitotic activity. It appears that the ultrastructural changes of the stratum granulosum, seen in lamellar ichthyosis, are already present in the collodion skin of the newborn, at a time when the epidermis does not yet show an increase in mitotic activity.", "PMID": 753850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9416", "title": "Punctate porokeratosis. A clinical variant of porokeratosis of Mibelli.", "content": "Punctate porokeratosis is not usually recognized as a clinical form of porokeratosis of Mibelli. Two cases of punctate porokeratosis are presented. Other punctate lesions with similar clinical features which should be considered in the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Punctate porokeratosis. A clinical variant of porokeratosis of Mibelli. Punctate porokeratosis is not usually recognized as a clinical form of porokeratosis of Mibelli. Two cases of punctate porokeratosis are presented. Other punctate lesions with similar clinical features which should be considered in the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 753851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9417", "title": "Aggressive histological features of keratoacanthoma.", "content": "Thirty-nine keratoacanthomas from 35 patients have been studied, six of which showed perineural, and one vascular, invasion. Thus far, their aggressive histological behavior has not been paralleled by a similar clinical course. However, continued close follow-up is essential.", "contents": "Aggressive histological features of keratoacanthoma. Thirty-nine keratoacanthomas from 35 patients have been studied, six of which showed perineural, and one vascular, invasion. Thus far, their aggressive histological behavior has not been paralleled by a similar clinical course. However, continued close follow-up is essential.", "PMID": 753852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9418", "title": "Repair of calcaneal varus and cavus.", "content": "Calcaneal varus or calcaneal cavus alone can be readily corrected, and the surgical procedure is not technically difficult. The author states that if the four basic points he describes are followed, good results will be obtained, and the osteotomy will heal in the desired position without incident. If other osseous deformities of the foot are involved, the deformities must be considered separately and in relation to each other, and other procedures may be necessary.", "contents": "Repair of calcaneal varus and cavus. Calcaneal varus or calcaneal cavus alone can be readily corrected, and the surgical procedure is not technically difficult. The author states that if the four basic points he describes are followed, good results will be obtained, and the osteotomy will heal in the desired position without incident. If other osseous deformities of the foot are involved, the deformities must be considered separately and in relation to each other, and other procedures may be necessary.", "PMID": 753864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9419", "title": "The dorsoplantar technique of internal wire fixation.", "content": "The dorsoplantar technique of internal wire fixation is a valuable tool in the surgeon's armamentarium of fixation techniques and it has many obvious advantages over the usual method of internal wire fixation.", "contents": "The dorsoplantar technique of internal wire fixation. The dorsoplantar technique of internal wire fixation is a valuable tool in the surgeon's armamentarium of fixation techniques and it has many obvious advantages over the usual method of internal wire fixation.", "PMID": 753865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9420", "title": "The use of tourniquets in podiatric surgery--a review.", "content": "The purpose, types, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical application of tourniquets is reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the pneumatic tourniquet as it is used today in podiatric surgery. A discussion of its possible complications as well as a method of using a double thigh and ankle cuff is presented.", "contents": "The use of tourniquets in podiatric surgery--a review. The purpose, types, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical application of tourniquets is reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the pneumatic tourniquet as it is used today in podiatric surgery. A discussion of its possible complications as well as a method of using a double thigh and ankle cuff is presented.", "PMID": 753866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9421", "title": "Gangrene in the diabetic foot: its implications and consequences.", "content": "Diabetic problems of the feet are not uncommon. Occasionally, these difficulties progress to the point where surgical intervention is required. A case was presented which involved a deep abscess of the foot that compromised the circulation to the toe. Ultimately, open toe amputation was necessary. The etiologic factors causing diabetic complications were presented and the importance of each was stressed. The preoperative considerations for surgical amputation and debridement were defined, as well as the possibility for successful healing.", "contents": "Gangrene in the diabetic foot: its implications and consequences. Diabetic problems of the feet are not uncommon. Occasionally, these difficulties progress to the point where surgical intervention is required. A case was presented which involved a deep abscess of the foot that compromised the circulation to the toe. Ultimately, open toe amputation was necessary. The etiologic factors causing diabetic complications were presented and the importance of each was stressed. The preoperative considerations for surgical amputation and debridement were defined, as well as the possibility for successful healing.", "PMID": 753867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9422", "title": "Pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis: a case report.", "content": "A case of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis is described. The characteristics and clinical course are discussed and compared as to natural history, histopathology, pathophysiology, etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The etiological factors of this entity are generally uncertain; however, this case may well be associated with a specific incident of trauma, eg., a puncture wound sustained from stepping on a nail.", "contents": "Pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis: a case report. A case of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis is described. The characteristics and clinical course are discussed and compared as to natural history, histopathology, pathophysiology, etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The etiological factors of this entity are generally uncertain; however, this case may well be associated with a specific incident of trauma, eg., a puncture wound sustained from stepping on a nail.", "PMID": 753870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9423", "title": "Surgical excision of an os talus secundarius: a case report.", "content": "Os talus secundarius is a relatively rare developmental abnormality of the talus; it is characterized by its location on the lateral aspect of the talus. This secondarily developed talus dramatically limits the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints. Differential diagnosis between talus secundarius and talus accessorius can usually be made radiographically. Talus secundarius secures itself to the lateral body of the talus by either a synchondrosis or synostosis and usually forms a set of articulations with the fibula, the superior lateral surface of the calcaneus, and a portion of the body of the true talus. Talus accessorius, however, is usually on the medial side of the talus and may form in the deltoid ligament. Talus accessorius is similar to the intercalary sesamoid bone between the external malleolus and the talus.", "contents": "Surgical excision of an os talus secundarius: a case report. Os talus secundarius is a relatively rare developmental abnormality of the talus; it is characterized by its location on the lateral aspect of the talus. This secondarily developed talus dramatically limits the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints. Differential diagnosis between talus secundarius and talus accessorius can usually be made radiographically. Talus secundarius secures itself to the lateral body of the talus by either a synchondrosis or synostosis and usually forms a set of articulations with the fibula, the superior lateral surface of the calcaneus, and a portion of the body of the true talus. Talus accessorius, however, is usually on the medial side of the talus and may form in the deltoid ligament. Talus accessorius is similar to the intercalary sesamoid bone between the external malleolus and the talus.", "PMID": 753872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9424", "title": "Differential diagnosis of plantar neuromas: a preliminary report.", "content": "A discussion has been presented concerning etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of plantar neuromas. The surgeon should, at all times, attempt to ascertain the particular biomechanical fault which predisposed the patient to develop a neuroma, and he should attempt to correct or accommodate the underlying pathology.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of plantar neuromas: a preliminary report. A discussion has been presented concerning etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of plantar neuromas. The surgeon should, at all times, attempt to ascertain the particular biomechanical fault which predisposed the patient to develop a neuroma, and he should attempt to correct or accommodate the underlying pathology.", "PMID": 753875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9425", "title": "Multivariate interrelationships of selected physiological and biochemical variables associated with physical fitness status.", "content": "The interrelationships between selected physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables were investigated in active and sedentary middle-aged males during consecutive periods of rest, graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer, and recovery. Venous blood samples were drawn during each phase of the activity which was performed in the post-absorptive state. Data were analysed using correlational and factorial analysis techniques, and further evaluated by discriminant function procedures. Significant correlational relationships were evident among physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables, and factor analysis identified four factors at each phase of activity which accounted for as much as 69% of the common extracted variance. These factors described physiological function and hormone-metabolite behaviour during each phase of activity. Discriminant function allowed fitness classification of subjects using only the hormone-metabolite data, thus identifying specific biochemical correlates of the fitness groupings which had been established by physiological criteria alone.", "contents": "Multivariate interrelationships of selected physiological and biochemical variables associated with physical fitness status. The interrelationships between selected physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables were investigated in active and sedentary middle-aged males during consecutive periods of rest, graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer, and recovery. Venous blood samples were drawn during each phase of the activity which was performed in the post-absorptive state. Data were analysed using correlational and factorial analysis techniques, and further evaluated by discriminant function procedures. Significant correlational relationships were evident among physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables, and factor analysis identified four factors at each phase of activity which accounted for as much as 69% of the common extracted variance. These factors described physiological function and hormone-metabolite behaviour during each phase of activity. Discriminant function allowed fitness classification of subjects using only the hormone-metabolite data, thus identifying specific biochemical correlates of the fitness groupings which had been established by physiological criteria alone.", "PMID": 753881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9426", "title": "Asymmetry in sister chromatids of human chromosomes.", "content": "Human metaphase chromosomes show identical lateral bands in sister chromatids when stained with quinacrine mustard or with Giemsa after trypsin treatment. A hybrid of these two methods produces banding patterns that are different in sister chromatids. Homologs may have similar patterns, so that a given chromatid is more like a homologous chromatid than its sister chromatid. It is suggested that asymmetry of sister chromatids may be important in regular mitotic disjunction.", "contents": "Asymmetry in sister chromatids of human chromosomes. Human metaphase chromosomes show identical lateral bands in sister chromatids when stained with quinacrine mustard or with Giemsa after trypsin treatment. A hybrid of these two methods produces banding patterns that are different in sister chromatids. Homologs may have similar patterns, so that a given chromatid is more like a homologous chromatid than its sister chromatid. It is suggested that asymmetry of sister chromatids may be important in regular mitotic disjunction.", "PMID": 753876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9427", "title": "Relationship between heart rate and relative oxygen intake in male subjects aged 10 to 27 years.", "content": "Regression equations relating heart rate (fh) to relative oxygen intake (% VO2max) have been calculated for bicycle ergometer exercise. The five groups of subjects were boys aged 10--11, 13--14 and 16--17 years, average young adults aged 23--27 years, and middle and long distance runners aged 20--25 years. The heart rate at a given % of VO2max was higher for younger than for older boys; however, the heart rate discrepancy between groups diminished at increasing intensities of exercise. The results are discussed in relation to the use of heart rates in training and exercise prescription. At high work loads, graphs of % maximum heart rate against % VO2max are relatively independent of age, but at the lower levels of activity common in everyday life, the % VO2max of adolescents must be predicted for age-specific regression lines.", "contents": "Relationship between heart rate and relative oxygen intake in male subjects aged 10 to 27 years. Regression equations relating heart rate (fh) to relative oxygen intake (% VO2max) have been calculated for bicycle ergometer exercise. The five groups of subjects were boys aged 10--11, 13--14 and 16--17 years, average young adults aged 23--27 years, and middle and long distance runners aged 20--25 years. The heart rate at a given % of VO2max was higher for younger than for older boys; however, the heart rate discrepancy between groups diminished at increasing intensities of exercise. The results are discussed in relation to the use of heart rates in training and exercise prescription. At high work loads, graphs of % maximum heart rate against % VO2max are relatively independent of age, but at the lower levels of activity common in everyday life, the % VO2max of adolescents must be predicted for age-specific regression lines.", "PMID": 753882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9428", "title": "Infantile ichthyosis in rats: a new model of hyperkeratotic skin disease.", "content": "A new mutation produces neonatal thickening of the epidermis and other classical signs of hyperkeratosis. After periodic exfoliations every 4 days for the first 2 weeks of life the skin becomes clinically normal. The condition is inherited recessively and ascribed to the gene i (infantile ichthyosis) which is located in linkage group I, 36 percent recombinants away from the albino gene, a. The gene affects an unrecognized developmental process in skin that precedes the continuing normal differentiation of epidermal cells in postnatal life.", "contents": "Infantile ichthyosis in rats: a new model of hyperkeratotic skin disease. A new mutation produces neonatal thickening of the epidermis and other classical signs of hyperkeratosis. After periodic exfoliations every 4 days for the first 2 weeks of life the skin becomes clinically normal. The condition is inherited recessively and ascribed to the gene i (infantile ichthyosis) which is located in linkage group I, 36 percent recombinants away from the albino gene, a. The gene affects an unrecognized developmental process in skin that precedes the continuing normal differentiation of epidermal cells in postnatal life.", "PMID": 753877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9429", "title": "Stature and body weight growth during adolescence based on longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II.", "content": "Longitudinal survey data of stature and body weight from age 7 to 17 were obtained for 100 boys and 100 girls during World War II. The growth rates and the average annual increments were compared with those of children born after the war. Growth attained at age 7 as a percentage of that at age 17 is larger in children of the control group, presumably as a result of an improved environment affecting the growth increment. The age at maximum velocity is six months to one year earlier for the current group of children. Although the maximum velocities for both items and sexes are nearly the same in the groups compared, the total increments are larger in the current group of children. Age, distance, and maximum velocity at adolescent growth spurt were obtained for each child. The mean values were compared according to growth patterns and growth attained at age 7. The \"increasing type\" growth group has the highest velocity at the greatest distance and the oldest age for stature. Children who were taller or heavier at age 7 have velocity peaks with greater distances.", "contents": "Stature and body weight growth during adolescence based on longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II. Longitudinal survey data of stature and body weight from age 7 to 17 were obtained for 100 boys and 100 girls during World War II. The growth rates and the average annual increments were compared with those of children born after the war. Growth attained at age 7 as a percentage of that at age 17 is larger in children of the control group, presumably as a result of an improved environment affecting the growth increment. The age at maximum velocity is six months to one year earlier for the current group of children. Although the maximum velocities for both items and sexes are nearly the same in the groups compared, the total increments are larger in the current group of children. Age, distance, and maximum velocity at adolescent growth spurt were obtained for each child. The mean values were compared according to growth patterns and growth attained at age 7. The \"increasing type\" growth group has the highest velocity at the greatest distance and the oldest age for stature. Children who were taller or heavier at age 7 have velocity peaks with greater distances.", "PMID": 753883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9430", "title": "A study on simultaneous symmetrical motions.", "content": "Three right handed male subjects performed a simultaneous symmetical task involving the motions of reach and pressing buttons. Simultaneous performance time was investigated at several symmetical locations. The symmetrical locations were defined by the combinations of different levels of separation distance, angle and distance. Three levels of separation distance (3, 9 and 15 inches), seven levels of angle (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 degrees from the frontal reference plane) and three levels of distance (6.5, 11.0 and 15.5 inches) were applied to both hands equally. It was found that separation distance, angle and distance were significant factors in simultaneous performance. The performance time was increased when the symmetrical angle region was varied from the 0--45 degrees region to the 45--90 degrees region. Specifically, the performance time was at the minimum at 15 degrees of symmetrical angle and at the maximum at 90 degrees of symmetrical angle. In addition, the performance time increased not only as the distance of the moves was increased, but also as the separation distance interval was increased (i.e., the separation distance interval varied from a 3--9 inch interval to a 9--15 inch interval).", "contents": "A study on simultaneous symmetrical motions. Three right handed male subjects performed a simultaneous symmetical task involving the motions of reach and pressing buttons. Simultaneous performance time was investigated at several symmetical locations. The symmetrical locations were defined by the combinations of different levels of separation distance, angle and distance. Three levels of separation distance (3, 9 and 15 inches), seven levels of angle (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 degrees from the frontal reference plane) and three levels of distance (6.5, 11.0 and 15.5 inches) were applied to both hands equally. It was found that separation distance, angle and distance were significant factors in simultaneous performance. The performance time was increased when the symmetrical angle region was varied from the 0--45 degrees region to the 45--90 degrees region. Specifically, the performance time was at the minimum at 15 degrees of symmetrical angle and at the maximum at 90 degrees of symmetrical angle. In addition, the performance time increased not only as the distance of the moves was increased, but also as the separation distance interval was increased (i.e., the separation distance interval varied from a 3--9 inch interval to a 9--15 inch interval).", "PMID": 753884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9431", "title": "Continued high incidence of mutants in a Peruvian population of mice.", "content": "A second trapping of wild mice from two sites in a Peruvian river valley confirms the unprecedented high mutant incidence established by a previous trapping. It also shows that the population may be localized. The new mutants are different from those found in the first trapping, and thus indicate a continued source of mutagenic activity either external or within the gene pool of the population. A third study is underway.", "contents": "Continued high incidence of mutants in a Peruvian population of mice. A second trapping of wild mice from two sites in a Peruvian river valley confirms the unprecedented high mutant incidence established by a previous trapping. It also shows that the population may be localized. The new mutants are different from those found in the first trapping, and thus indicate a continued source of mutagenic activity either external or within the gene pool of the population. A third study is underway.", "PMID": 753879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9432", "title": "Microwave radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in corneal epithelium of Chinese hamsters.", "content": "A microwave diathermy machine was used to irradiate the eyes of 5-month-old female Chinese hamsters. The right eye of each of seven animals was irradiated with 75 mW/cm2 radiation density for 10 minutes. After one month, slit-lamp examinations revealed lens opacities in the exposed eyes of two animals. Next, the right eye of each of 32 animals was irradiated with 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30, 20, 10, or 5 minutes. Epithelial cells of the cornea were collected to make chromosomal preparations. There were 0.1562, 0.0794, 0.0819, and 0.0488 chromosomal breaks per cell, respectively. No chromosomal breaks were observed in three sham-exposed animals. The percentage of abnormal cells and the number of chromosomal breaks per cell in animals that had exposures of 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30 minutes were higher than those in control animals. These results were statistically significant at the 5 percent level.", "contents": "Microwave radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in corneal epithelium of Chinese hamsters. A microwave diathermy machine was used to irradiate the eyes of 5-month-old female Chinese hamsters. The right eye of each of seven animals was irradiated with 75 mW/cm2 radiation density for 10 minutes. After one month, slit-lamp examinations revealed lens opacities in the exposed eyes of two animals. Next, the right eye of each of 32 animals was irradiated with 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30, 20, 10, or 5 minutes. Epithelial cells of the cornea were collected to make chromosomal preparations. There were 0.1562, 0.0794, 0.0819, and 0.0488 chromosomal breaks per cell, respectively. No chromosomal breaks were observed in three sham-exposed animals. The percentage of abnormal cells and the number of chromosomal breaks per cell in animals that had exposures of 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30 minutes were higher than those in control animals. These results were statistically significant at the 5 percent level.", "PMID": 753878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9433", "title": "Circadian rhythms in some groups of Indians working in shifts.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to find out the effect of changes of shifts on different physiological responses in Indian industrial workers. Two groups, one of 8 workers from industries and another of 6 sedentary subjects used as controls, acted as volunteers in this study. The first group worked in three different shift rotations: morning, afternoon and night. The second group worked in two shifts: day and night only. Different physiological responses, specially the pulse rate and oral temperature, were recorded hourly. The other physiological responses, such as frequency of micturition, gastro-intestinal disturbances, hours of sleep were also noted. Several days of consecutive work and recreational activities were considered in each subject. In the control group, the oral temperature rhythm did not change significantly with the change of shifts; so did the pulse rate rhythm. But this group had less sleep and higher frequency of micturition in the night shift routine than those during day shift. The typical industrial workers' oral temperature rhythm also did not change significantly with the shift changes, but their pulse rate rhythm changed slightly with shift change, possibly in an attempt to adapt. They generally slept well in all 3 shifts and had micturition equally frequent. However, there were individual variations with some peculiarities in both the groups.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in some groups of Indians working in shifts. The present study was undertaken in order to find out the effect of changes of shifts on different physiological responses in Indian industrial workers. Two groups, one of 8 workers from industries and another of 6 sedentary subjects used as controls, acted as volunteers in this study. The first group worked in three different shift rotations: morning, afternoon and night. The second group worked in two shifts: day and night only. Different physiological responses, specially the pulse rate and oral temperature, were recorded hourly. The other physiological responses, such as frequency of micturition, gastro-intestinal disturbances, hours of sleep were also noted. Several days of consecutive work and recreational activities were considered in each subject. In the control group, the oral temperature rhythm did not change significantly with the change of shifts; so did the pulse rate rhythm. But this group had less sleep and higher frequency of micturition in the night shift routine than those during day shift. The typical industrial workers' oral temperature rhythm also did not change significantly with the shift changes, but their pulse rate rhythm changed slightly with shift change, possibly in an attempt to adapt. They generally slept well in all 3 shifts and had micturition equally frequent. However, there were individual variations with some peculiarities in both the groups.", "PMID": 753886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9434", "title": "The effects of unsatisfactory working conditions on the epidemiology of unauthorised absenteeism in an old textile factory in Isfahan, Iran.", "content": "Comparison of unauthorised absenteeism rates were made between two large textile factories in Isfahan, Iran. The working conditions in the study factory were rather unsatisfactory, unlike the control factory. Comparison showed significantly higher rates for the study factory: the average annual duration per person was 7 days in the study factory versus 2.5 days in the control factory, and lost time percentage was 2.4% in the former versus 0.84% in the control. Inception rate of persons was 0.73 versus 0.48, and point prevalence rates 0.002 versus 0.001, whilst period prevalence rates were 0.016 versus 0.011 for the study and control factories respectively. Examination of the study factory data was made to determine any possible relationship between unauthorised absenteeism rates and age and length of employment. It was found that higher unauthorised rates were found amongst the younger workers, 100% for those age 19 and under, versus 59.6% for those age 50 and over. 9.16% of workers employed for 1--4 years took such leave against 70.14% of those employed for 10 or more years. Only 18.8% of all workers took certified sickness absenteeism and the rate increased with age. It was suggested that worker dissatisfaction toward unsatisfactory working conditions may be expressed in terms of unauthorised absenteeism. In view of the widespread consequences of such absenteeism, it is recommonded that closer attention be paid to improve the quality of working life.", "contents": "The effects of unsatisfactory working conditions on the epidemiology of unauthorised absenteeism in an old textile factory in Isfahan, Iran. Comparison of unauthorised absenteeism rates were made between two large textile factories in Isfahan, Iran. The working conditions in the study factory were rather unsatisfactory, unlike the control factory. Comparison showed significantly higher rates for the study factory: the average annual duration per person was 7 days in the study factory versus 2.5 days in the control factory, and lost time percentage was 2.4% in the former versus 0.84% in the control. Inception rate of persons was 0.73 versus 0.48, and point prevalence rates 0.002 versus 0.001, whilst period prevalence rates were 0.016 versus 0.011 for the study and control factories respectively. Examination of the study factory data was made to determine any possible relationship between unauthorised absenteeism rates and age and length of employment. It was found that higher unauthorised rates were found amongst the younger workers, 100% for those age 19 and under, versus 59.6% for those age 50 and over. 9.16% of workers employed for 1--4 years took such leave against 70.14% of those employed for 10 or more years. Only 18.8% of all workers took certified sickness absenteeism and the rate increased with age. It was suggested that worker dissatisfaction toward unsatisfactory working conditions may be expressed in terms of unauthorised absenteeism. In view of the widespread consequences of such absenteeism, it is recommonded that closer attention be paid to improve the quality of working life.", "PMID": 753887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9435", "title": "A continuum theory of Allen's frontal contraction model of amoeboid pseudopodium extension.", "content": "A continuum theory is proposed for the chemically controlled cytoplasmic streaming observed in pseudopodium extension in Chaos Carolinensis. Amoeboid cytoplasm is assumed to consist of submicroscopic contractile fibers bathed by viscous fluid. The fiber constituent models the actin-like and myosin-like contractile machinery known to be present in Chaos Carolinensis cytoplasm. A \"trigger chemical\",  produced at the pseudopodium tip, moves by diffusion in, and convection by, the viscous fluid, and causes the contractile fibers to contract in their own length. The contracting fibers, attached at the tip and running continuously back toward the amoeba cell body, pull the fluid constituent of the cytoplasm forward and ultimately crosslink to form the outer gel tube of the advancing pseudopodium. That is, streaming cytoplasm is modeled as a two constituent porous medium, with the fluid constituent free to flow through a porous matrix of oriented (contractile fiber) rods, while the matrix of rods itself moves as the fibers contract, with fiber contraction controlled by a trigger chemical born by the fluid constituent. According to this theory, in the region behind the advancing pseudopodium tip, the contractile fiber rods move forward toward the tip faster than the fluid constituent. The hydrostatic pressure in the fluid therefore increases from the cell body toward the tip (Just the opposite from flow driven by pressure excess generated in the cell body). The excess of hydrostatic pressure above ambient built up at the tip provides the force to roll out the advancing pseudopodium tip. The cell membrane plays no active mechanical role. The mathematical transcription makes a precise theory of R. D. Allen's \"frontal (or fountain zone) contraction model\". The general system of coupled, non-linear, partial differential equations is solved for its simplest non-trivial special case, that of a steady-state motion, as seen from a coordinate system attached to the advancing tip. Solutions exist, and, for each distinct forward speed (which is left to the discretion of the amoeba) the solution is unique. The theory predicts both upper and lower bounds for possible pseudopodium lengths.", "contents": "A continuum theory of Allen's frontal contraction model of amoeboid pseudopodium extension. A continuum theory is proposed for the chemically controlled cytoplasmic streaming observed in pseudopodium extension in Chaos Carolinensis. Amoeboid cytoplasm is assumed to consist of submicroscopic contractile fibers bathed by viscous fluid. The fiber constituent models the actin-like and myosin-like contractile machinery known to be present in Chaos Carolinensis cytoplasm. A \"trigger chemical\",  produced at the pseudopodium tip, moves by diffusion in, and convection by, the viscous fluid, and causes the contractile fibers to contract in their own length. The contracting fibers, attached at the tip and running continuously back toward the amoeba cell body, pull the fluid constituent of the cytoplasm forward and ultimately crosslink to form the outer gel tube of the advancing pseudopodium. That is, streaming cytoplasm is modeled as a two constituent porous medium, with the fluid constituent free to flow through a porous matrix of oriented (contractile fiber) rods, while the matrix of rods itself moves as the fibers contract, with fiber contraction controlled by a trigger chemical born by the fluid constituent. According to this theory, in the region behind the advancing pseudopodium tip, the contractile fiber rods move forward toward the tip faster than the fluid constituent. The hydrostatic pressure in the fluid therefore increases from the cell body toward the tip (Just the opposite from flow driven by pressure excess generated in the cell body). The excess of hydrostatic pressure above ambient built up at the tip provides the force to roll out the advancing pseudopodium tip. The cell membrane plays no active mechanical role. The mathematical transcription makes a precise theory of R. D. Allen's \"frontal (or fountain zone) contraction model\". The general system of coupled, non-linear, partial differential equations is solved for its simplest non-trivial special case, that of a steady-state motion, as seen from a coordinate system attached to the advancing tip. Solutions exist, and, for each distinct forward speed (which is left to the discretion of the amoeba) the solution is unique. The theory predicts both upper and lower bounds for possible pseudopodium lengths.", "PMID": 753896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9436", "title": "The efficiency of mechano-chemical cycles and the mechano-chemical availability function.", "content": "This paper deals with elementary thermodynamic considerations applicable to mechano-chemical cycles. It shall review concepts about the efficiency of these cycles and then suggest an extension of the concept of the Availability Function to be called the Mechano-Chemical Availability Function.", "contents": "The efficiency of mechano-chemical cycles and the mechano-chemical availability function. This paper deals with elementary thermodynamic considerations applicable to mechano-chemical cycles. It shall review concepts about the efficiency of these cycles and then suggest an extension of the concept of the Availability Function to be called the Mechano-Chemical Availability Function.", "PMID": 753897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9437", "title": "Is the 9+2 pattern of flagellar and ciliary axonemes an efficient arrangement for generating planar bending?", "content": "A circlet of 9 interacting microtubular doublets generates less bending moment at low bending rates, but allows bending moment to be generated at higher bending rates, and has an energy efficiency at least 92% as great as an arrangement with all the interactions between microtubular doublets in a plane parallel to the bending plane. The axonemal arrangement has no significant effect on the shape of the normalized relationship between active shear moment and shear rate.", "contents": "Is the 9+2 pattern of flagellar and ciliary axonemes an efficient arrangement for generating planar bending? A circlet of 9 interacting microtubular doublets generates less bending moment at low bending rates, but allows bending moment to be generated at higher bending rates, and has an energy efficiency at least 92% as great as an arrangement with all the interactions between microtubular doublets in a plane parallel to the bending plane. The axonemal arrangement has no significant effect on the shape of the normalized relationship between active shear moment and shear rate.", "PMID": 753898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9438", "title": "Chemotaxis and movement of Physarum polycephalum and its responses to some neurotransmitters and psychomimetic compounds.", "content": "A method was developed for studying the effect of some neurotransmitters and drugs on the rate of movement and the chemotactic value of the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum. Epinephrine (adrenaline) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, reduced the rate of movement and shortened the length of the cycles of shuttle streaming, but did not affect the chemotactic response. The drugs DL-amphetamine, cannabinol and heroin diminished the rate of movement, whereas Na-barbitol misled the chemotactic response.", "contents": "Chemotaxis and movement of Physarum polycephalum and its responses to some neurotransmitters and psychomimetic compounds. A method was developed for studying the effect of some neurotransmitters and drugs on the rate of movement and the chemotactic value of the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum. Epinephrine (adrenaline) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, reduced the rate of movement and shortened the length of the cycles of shuttle streaming, but did not affect the chemotactic response. The drugs DL-amphetamine, cannabinol and heroin diminished the rate of movement, whereas Na-barbitol misled the chemotactic response.", "PMID": 753899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9439", "title": "Tension generation by isolated myofibrils.", "content": "The technique for mechanical dissection of microscopic myofibrilar bundles containing few myofibrils is described. A sensitive electrooptical tension transducer capable of resolving the tension generated by such myofibrilar bundles to within a fraction of a percent is used to study the response of the preparations to low ATP concentrations. The rate of tension development decreased with a decrease in ATP concentration. Below 10(-6) M ATP the myofibrils did not demonstrate any mechanical activity at all. These findings are discussed in terms of the kinetics of the cross-bridge cycle.", "contents": "Tension generation by isolated myofibrils. The technique for mechanical dissection of microscopic myofibrilar bundles containing few myofibrils is described. A sensitive electrooptical tension transducer capable of resolving the tension generated by such myofibrilar bundles to within a fraction of a percent is used to study the response of the preparations to low ATP concentrations. The rate of tension development decreased with a decrease in ATP concentration. Below 10(-6) M ATP the myofibrils did not demonstrate any mechanical activity at all. These findings are discussed in terms of the kinetics of the cross-bridge cycle.", "PMID": 753900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9440", "title": "Computer simulation of flagellar movement. V. oscillation of cross-bridge models with an ATP-concentration-dependent rate function.", "content": "A stochastic computational method developed for analysis of two-state cross-bridge models was extended and used to compute the oscillatory movement generated by three-state cross-bridge models containing a rate function proportional to ATP concentration. Only one of the possible three-state models appears satisfactory; with this model, the frequency of oscillation, at constant amplitude, responds to changes in both ATP concentration and viscosity in the same way as real flagella. In this model, ATP binding causes cross-bridge detachment, which is rate limiting at low ATP concentrations; while at high ATP concentrations a transition between two attached states limits the rate of cross-bridge detachment. Since this model agrees with observations on actomyosin ATPase kinetics, the data on flagellar oscillation frequency support the idea that the movement-generating mechanisms of flagella and muscle are similar.", "contents": "Computer simulation of flagellar movement. V. oscillation of cross-bridge models with an ATP-concentration-dependent rate function. A stochastic computational method developed for analysis of two-state cross-bridge models was extended and used to compute the oscillatory movement generated by three-state cross-bridge models containing a rate function proportional to ATP concentration. Only one of the possible three-state models appears satisfactory; with this model, the frequency of oscillation, at constant amplitude, responds to changes in both ATP concentration and viscosity in the same way as real flagella. In this model, ATP binding causes cross-bridge detachment, which is rate limiting at low ATP concentrations; while at high ATP concentrations a transition between two attached states limits the rate of cross-bridge detachment. Since this model agrees with observations on actomyosin ATPase kinetics, the data on flagellar oscillation frequency support the idea that the movement-generating mechanisms of flagella and muscle are similar.", "PMID": 753901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9441", "title": "Numerical study of the behavior of an activation parameter in a sliding filament cat papillary muscle model.", "content": "A previously existing model of cross-bridge kinetics is modified to make it applicable to cardiac muscle and incorporated into a macroscopic model of isolated heart muscle. Equations are formulated which describe the responses of this model during simulated isometric and isotonic contractions. These equations allow one to calculate the time variation of the activation parameter in the model when given the contraction time history, i.e. the time course of length and tension changes. The activation parameter is defined as the instantaneous rate constant for cross bridge attachment. We calculate the time course of the activation parameter with the model's responses set equal to the measured responses of isolated cat papillary muscle and the model parameters chosen appropriately for cat papillary muscle. It is found that in order for the model and muscle response to match, the degree of activation of the muscle model must first increase and then decrease with shortening. The behavior of the activation parameter in the muscle model is consistent with physiological investigations which suggest that shortening in cardiac muscle is associated with both activation and deactivation.", "contents": "Numerical study of the behavior of an activation parameter in a sliding filament cat papillary muscle model. A previously existing model of cross-bridge kinetics is modified to make it applicable to cardiac muscle and incorporated into a macroscopic model of isolated heart muscle. Equations are formulated which describe the responses of this model during simulated isometric and isotonic contractions. These equations allow one to calculate the time variation of the activation parameter in the model when given the contraction time history, i.e. the time course of length and tension changes. The activation parameter is defined as the instantaneous rate constant for cross bridge attachment. We calculate the time course of the activation parameter with the model's responses set equal to the measured responses of isolated cat papillary muscle and the model parameters chosen appropriately for cat papillary muscle. It is found that in order for the model and muscle response to match, the degree of activation of the muscle model must first increase and then decrease with shortening. The behavior of the activation parameter in the muscle model is consistent with physiological investigations which suggest that shortening in cardiac muscle is associated with both activation and deactivation.", "PMID": 753902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9442", "title": "Gliding edge dislocations and flipping in the conformational change of helical proteins.", "content": "The general problem of transconformation of one helical form of protein to another is considered from a topological point of view. A notation is presented which reflects the topology of the bonding. Any helix belongs to one of two geometrical classes, the positive and negative classes. The fundamental mechanism of transconformation between helices of the same class is the edge dislocation. It has two limiting modes of propagation: glide and climb. The first appears as a caterpillar-like wave of slip that travels along the peptide chain. If the second occurs then it would be the vehicle of change in number of peptide chains. The fundamental mechanism of transconformation between molecules of opposite classes is a process we call flipping, which also probably travels as a wave. Examples of transconformation including alpha DL leads to pi 4 DL in poly-gamma-benzyl-glutamate and alpha leads to beta in keratin, are discussed.", "contents": "Gliding edge dislocations and flipping in the conformational change of helical proteins. The general problem of transconformation of one helical form of protein to another is considered from a topological point of view. A notation is presented which reflects the topology of the bonding. Any helix belongs to one of two geometrical classes, the positive and negative classes. The fundamental mechanism of transconformation between helices of the same class is the edge dislocation. It has two limiting modes of propagation: glide and climb. The first appears as a caterpillar-like wave of slip that travels along the peptide chain. If the second occurs then it would be the vehicle of change in number of peptide chains. The fundamental mechanism of transconformation between molecules of opposite classes is a process we call flipping, which also probably travels as a wave. Examples of transconformation including alpha DL leads to pi 4 DL in poly-gamma-benzyl-glutamate and alpha leads to beta in keratin, are discussed.", "PMID": 753903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9443", "title": "A kinetic study of muscular contractions.", "content": "In the present work the kinetics of muscular contractions are studied, based on a three-state model which is introduced in Section I. The general properties of this class of models for muscular contractions are derived in Sections II-VI. The kinetic equations are solved for four particular examples in Sections VII-X. These analytical results should be useful for comparison with experimental data to determine the functional dependence of the rate contants alpha and beta on muscle length.", "contents": "A kinetic study of muscular contractions. In the present work the kinetics of muscular contractions are studied, based on a three-state model which is introduced in Section I. The general properties of this class of models for muscular contractions are derived in Sections II-VI. The kinetic equations are solved for four particular examples in Sections VII-X. These analytical results should be useful for comparison with experimental data to determine the functional dependence of the rate contants alpha and beta on muscle length.", "PMID": 753904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9444", "title": "Local consideration of polymorphisms for populations coexisting in stable ecosystems.", "content": "The stability problem for multiallelic genetic polymorphisms for n populations coexisting in stable ecosystems is considered. Taking into account only density-dependent interactions a generalization of Fisher's theorem is obtained. Specifically, the average fitness of a population must be locally maximized subject to the constraint that the equilibrium population sizes are fixed if the polymorphism is stable. Further, the quasi-equilibrium population sizes Ni corresponding to fixing the genetic structure of all populations in the ecosystem at various values have extrema at the equilibrium point. Such an equilibrium can be a maximum, minimum or saddle point depending upon the type of ecosystem under consideration. A simple test separating these cases on the basis of the so-called ecosystem matrix is suggested. The general equilibrium problem is reformulated as a maximization problem under some restrictions. Conditions under which the maximized function can be expressed as sigma ni=1 Ni are formulated.", "contents": "Local consideration of polymorphisms for populations coexisting in stable ecosystems. The stability problem for multiallelic genetic polymorphisms for n populations coexisting in stable ecosystems is considered. Taking into account only density-dependent interactions a generalization of Fisher's theorem is obtained. Specifically, the average fitness of a population must be locally maximized subject to the constraint that the equilibrium population sizes are fixed if the polymorphism is stable. Further, the quasi-equilibrium population sizes Ni corresponding to fixing the genetic structure of all populations in the ecosystem at various values have extrema at the equilibrium point. Such an equilibrium can be a maximum, minimum or saddle point depending upon the type of ecosystem under consideration. A simple test separating these cases on the basis of the so-called ecosystem matrix is suggested. The general equilibrium problem is reformulated as a maximization problem under some restrictions. Conditions under which the maximized function can be expressed as sigma ni=1 Ni are formulated.", "PMID": 753905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9445", "title": "An explicit formula for frequency changes in genetic algebras.", "content": "A general situation in population genetics is considered with any hereditary system described by a genetic algebra. It is assumed that there is random mating, no selection, and infinite population size. A formula is derived for the distribution of genetic types in the general jth generation given the distribution in the initial generation. Special attention is paid to the case of one locus with polyploidy and chromosome segregation. The calculations are carried out as far as possible in the situation with triploid gametes.", "contents": "An explicit formula for frequency changes in genetic algebras. A general situation in population genetics is considered with any hereditary system described by a genetic algebra. It is assumed that there is random mating, no selection, and infinite population size. A formula is derived for the distribution of genetic types in the general jth generation given the distribution in the initial generation. Special attention is paid to the case of one locus with polyploidy and chromosome segregation. The calculations are carried out as far as possible in the situation with triploid gametes.", "PMID": 753906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9446", "title": "Comments on lack of interference in the four strand model of crossing over.", "content": "Assuming a four strand model and no chromatid interference, lack of chiasma interference is known to be equivalent to the assumption that the formation of chiasmata follows a Poisson process. We prove the lack of chiasma interference is also equivalent to the assumption that a random gamete shows recombination on any given interval of a chromosome independently of recombination on all disjoint intervals. Both assumptions are sufficient, but not necessary, for Haldane's formula relating recombination to map distance to be true, as we demonstrate by specific counterexamples. These issues are discussed in the context of the theory of stochastic point processes.", "contents": "Comments on lack of interference in the four strand model of crossing over. Assuming a four strand model and no chromatid interference, lack of chiasma interference is known to be equivalent to the assumption that the formation of chiasmata follows a Poisson process. We prove the lack of chiasma interference is also equivalent to the assumption that a random gamete shows recombination on any given interval of a chromosome independently of recombination on all disjoint intervals. Both assumptions are sufficient, but not necessary, for Haldane's formula relating recombination to map distance to be true, as we demonstrate by specific counterexamples. These issues are discussed in the context of the theory of stochastic point processes.", "PMID": 753907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9447", "title": "Migration and mutation in stochastic models of gene frequency change. I. The island model.", "content": "Migration has in the past been introduced deterministically into stochastic gene frequency models. Migration at rate m then reduces the between-population variability by a factor of (1 - m)2 each generation. We show that with stochastic migration, whether of fixed or variable numbers of individuals, a positive term delta m is added to the variance. As a result of the delta m term, the equilibrium value of the between-population variability is increased compared to the corresponding value for deterministic migration by a factor of approximately (1 - m)-2 for small m. An equivalent result is derived for mutation, using the infinite allele model for a single population. We show in addition that these results may be derived much more simply by use of identity-by-descent probability methods, but only if a modified definition of the probability of identity-by-descent is used, involving the sampling with instead of without replacement of pairs of genes from the population.", "contents": "Migration and mutation in stochastic models of gene frequency change. I. The island model. Migration has in the past been introduced deterministically into stochastic gene frequency models. Migration at rate m then reduces the between-population variability by a factor of (1 - m)2 each generation. We show that with stochastic migration, whether of fixed or variable numbers of individuals, a positive term delta m is added to the variance. As a result of the delta m term, the equilibrium value of the between-population variability is increased compared to the corresponding value for deterministic migration by a factor of approximately (1 - m)-2 for small m. An equivalent result is derived for mutation, using the infinite allele model for a single population. We show in addition that these results may be derived much more simply by use of identity-by-descent probability methods, but only if a modified definition of the probability of identity-by-descent is used, involving the sampling with instead of without replacement of pairs of genes from the population.", "PMID": 753908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9448", "title": "A formulation of the lifetime distribution and the existence of its moments.", "content": "The lifetime distribution is formulated in terms of g(t), defined as the ratio of the hazard function to the tail probability function, to study the properties of the lifetime distribution. A criterion is provided for the asymptotic behaviour of g(t) and the hazard function. Criteria for the existence and non-existence of the moments of any probability distribution of a non-negative random variable are obtained in terms of the derivatives of g(t). Examples are given to illustrate the use of the criteria and applications made to stochastic models of population growth as well as other lifetime distributions.", "contents": "A formulation of the lifetime distribution and the existence of its moments. The lifetime distribution is formulated in terms of g(t), defined as the ratio of the hazard function to the tail probability function, to study the properties of the lifetime distribution. A criterion is provided for the asymptotic behaviour of g(t) and the hazard function. Criteria for the existence and non-existence of the moments of any probability distribution of a non-negative random variable are obtained in terms of the derivatives of g(t). Examples are given to illustrate the use of the criteria and applications made to stochastic models of population growth as well as other lifetime distributions.", "PMID": 753909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9449", "title": "Electrical properties of phasic and tonic muscle fibres of the abdominal flexor muscles in crayfish.", "content": "Phasic and tonic abdominal flexor muscle fibres of two anatomically different muscles in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii or Astacus sp. were investigated using electrophysiological techniques. 1. In phasic muscle, fibres were electrically coupled. They were very tightly packed and could not be isolated. No coupling was observed in tonic fibres where single fibres could easily be isolated and their radii determined with precision to between 75 and 200 micron. 2. The electrical constants of phasic fibres (sarcomere length about 2.5 micron) were determined according to the \"infinite\" cable theory. The were : lambda = 0.5-1 mm, Ro = 30-40 k omega, Rm = 20-30 omega.cm2, Ri = 2-5 omega.cm and Cm = 3-4 microF/cm2. 3. In tonic fibres (sarcomere length about 8 micron) electrical constants were determined according to the equations for the \"short cable\". They differed considerably from one fibre to another : lambda ranged between 1.5-12 mm, Ro 0.15-1.6 M omega, Rm 700-1,100 omega.cm2, Ri 25-150 omega.cm and Cm 15-300 microF/cm2. 4. The current voltage relationship was linear in phasic fibres for both outward and inward currents not exceeding 0.75 microA. In tonic fibres there was a delayed rectification in about 95% of fibres; anomalous rectification and generation of spikes were found in about 5% of the fibres. 5. In tonic fibres, a strong hyperpolarizing pulse produced a delayed inward rectification followed by prolonged after-depolarization. The addition of TEA to the bathing medium diminished this rectification and abolished the after-depolarization; therefore, K+ ions seem to be involved in this phenomena.", "contents": "Electrical properties of phasic and tonic muscle fibres of the abdominal flexor muscles in crayfish. Phasic and tonic abdominal flexor muscle fibres of two anatomically different muscles in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii or Astacus sp. were investigated using electrophysiological techniques. 1. In phasic muscle, fibres were electrically coupled. They were very tightly packed and could not be isolated. No coupling was observed in tonic fibres where single fibres could easily be isolated and their radii determined with precision to between 75 and 200 micron. 2. The electrical constants of phasic fibres (sarcomere length about 2.5 micron) were determined according to the \"infinite\" cable theory. The were : lambda = 0.5-1 mm, Ro = 30-40 k omega, Rm = 20-30 omega.cm2, Ri = 2-5 omega.cm and Cm = 3-4 microF/cm2. 3. In tonic fibres (sarcomere length about 8 micron) electrical constants were determined according to the equations for the \"short cable\". They differed considerably from one fibre to another : lambda ranged between 1.5-12 mm, Ro 0.15-1.6 M omega, Rm 700-1,100 omega.cm2, Ri 25-150 omega.cm and Cm 15-300 microF/cm2. 4. The current voltage relationship was linear in phasic fibres for both outward and inward currents not exceeding 0.75 microA. In tonic fibres there was a delayed rectification in about 95% of fibres; anomalous rectification and generation of spikes were found in about 5% of the fibres. 5. In tonic fibres, a strong hyperpolarizing pulse produced a delayed inward rectification followed by prolonged after-depolarization. The addition of TEA to the bathing medium diminished this rectification and abolished the after-depolarization; therefore, K+ ions seem to be involved in this phenomena.", "PMID": 753922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9450", "title": "[Relationship between cortisol metabolic clearance rate and cortisol concentrations in adult male dexamethasone treated guinea-pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous infusion of increasing unlabelled cortisol concentrations and tritiated cortisol was used to state precisely the relation between metabolic clearance rate of cortisol (MCR) and blood cortisol levels, on conscious male adult guinea-pigs under chronic cannulation and treated by dexamethasone. The MCR of cortisol depends on blood cortisol levels : constant for low values of cortisol concentrations (5 and 20 micrograms/100 ml), it rises 50 % between 20 and 50 micrograms/100 ml : from cortisol levels of 50 to 300 micrograms/100 ml, it reaches a maximala and constant value.", "contents": "[Relationship between cortisol metabolic clearance rate and cortisol concentrations in adult male dexamethasone treated guinea-pigs (author's transl)]. Continuous infusion of increasing unlabelled cortisol concentrations and tritiated cortisol was used to state precisely the relation between metabolic clearance rate of cortisol (MCR) and blood cortisol levels, on conscious male adult guinea-pigs under chronic cannulation and treated by dexamethasone. The MCR of cortisol depends on blood cortisol levels : constant for low values of cortisol concentrations (5 and 20 micrograms/100 ml), it rises 50 % between 20 and 50 micrograms/100 ml : from cortisol levels of 50 to 300 micrograms/100 ml, it reaches a maximala and constant value.", "PMID": 753923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9451", "title": "[Activity of vagal efferent fibres innervating the smooth muscle of the dog's cardia].", "content": "Our experiments were performed on dogs in which the central end of the left thoracic vagus had been sutured to the peripheral end of the left phrenic nerve. In such preparations, the activity of motor units of the re-innervated left hemidiaphragm indicated the activity of the vagal efferent fibres. After the left hemidiaphragm had been transformed into subcutaneous muscle, we studied, (using electromyography in the unanesthetized dog), the discharge of vagal fibres which originally supplied the lower oesophageal sphincter (cardia). The present paper only deals with fibres showing low frequency tonic discharge. 1. For some fibres (VIC type ; N = 42), the spontaneous firing rate (1.5 less than f less than 4.5 spikes/s) is suddenly enhanced just after the buccopharyngeal stage of swallowing (12 less than f less than 16 spikes/s). The this discharge stops abruptly just before the end of oesophageal peristalsis and starts again 2 to 3 seconds later at a low frequency (15 less than f less than 4.5 spikes/s). 2. Other fibres (VEC ; N = 18), which also have a slow discharge frequency (1 less than f less than 3 spikes/s) stop firing soon after the onset of swallowing and remain silent until the end of oesophageal peristalsis. At this time, i.e. when the bolus enters the stomach, the discharge starts again with an increased frequency (5 less than mean frequency less than 9 spikes/s). 3. The behaviour of the tonic vagal fibres during swallowing, as well as their low discharge frequency, strongly suggest that these fibres originally controlled the smooth muscle of the lower oesophageal sphincter and excited either an inhibitory (VIC = vagal inhibitory fibres of cardia) or an excitatory control (VEC = vagal excitatory fibres of cardia) upon this area.", "contents": "[Activity of vagal efferent fibres innervating the smooth muscle of the dog's cardia]. Our experiments were performed on dogs in which the central end of the left thoracic vagus had been sutured to the peripheral end of the left phrenic nerve. In such preparations, the activity of motor units of the re-innervated left hemidiaphragm indicated the activity of the vagal efferent fibres. After the left hemidiaphragm had been transformed into subcutaneous muscle, we studied, (using electromyography in the unanesthetized dog), the discharge of vagal fibres which originally supplied the lower oesophageal sphincter (cardia). The present paper only deals with fibres showing low frequency tonic discharge. 1. For some fibres (VIC type ; N = 42), the spontaneous firing rate (1.5 less than f less than 4.5 spikes/s) is suddenly enhanced just after the buccopharyngeal stage of swallowing (12 less than f less than 16 spikes/s). The this discharge stops abruptly just before the end of oesophageal peristalsis and starts again 2 to 3 seconds later at a low frequency (15 less than f less than 4.5 spikes/s). 2. Other fibres (VEC ; N = 18), which also have a slow discharge frequency (1 less than f less than 3 spikes/s) stop firing soon after the onset of swallowing and remain silent until the end of oesophageal peristalsis. At this time, i.e. when the bolus enters the stomach, the discharge starts again with an increased frequency (5 less than mean frequency less than 9 spikes/s). 3. The behaviour of the tonic vagal fibres during swallowing, as well as their low discharge frequency, strongly suggest that these fibres originally controlled the smooth muscle of the lower oesophageal sphincter and excited either an inhibitory (VIC = vagal inhibitory fibres of cardia) or an excitatory control (VEC = vagal excitatory fibres of cardia) upon this area.", "PMID": 753924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9452", "title": "[Effects of isoproteic and lipid rich diets on lipase, phospholipase A2, cholesterolesterase, trypsin and amylase activities in rat pancreatic juice and pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Isoproteic and lipid-rich diets containing about 15 or 20 % of sun flower triglyceride or soya phospholipids given to rats for 8 weeks were observed to increase lipase, phospholipase A2 and trypsin synthesis in the pancreas phospholipase A2 and trypsin synthesis in the pancreas and the activities of these enzymes in the pancreatic juice (Tables IV, V). Smaller effects are observed after 15 day administration of diets containing 40 % of triglycerids or phospholipids ; these diets decreased the ADN content of pancreas.", "contents": "[Effects of isoproteic and lipid rich diets on lipase, phospholipase A2, cholesterolesterase, trypsin and amylase activities in rat pancreatic juice and pancreas (author's transl)]. Isoproteic and lipid-rich diets containing about 15 or 20 % of sun flower triglyceride or soya phospholipids given to rats for 8 weeks were observed to increase lipase, phospholipase A2 and trypsin synthesis in the pancreas phospholipase A2 and trypsin synthesis in the pancreas and the activities of these enzymes in the pancreatic juice (Tables IV, V). Smaller effects are observed after 15 day administration of diets containing 40 % of triglycerids or phospholipids ; these diets decreased the ADN content of pancreas.", "PMID": 753926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9453", "title": "The many faces of sarcoidosis.", "content": "This is a radiographic exhibit demonstrating some of the many ways that pulmonary sarcoidosis can present. In addition to the classical stages (I-IV), sarcoidosis can sometimes present atypically. Some of these forms of sarcoid disease have been included in this exhibit.", "contents": "The many faces of sarcoidosis. This is a radiographic exhibit demonstrating some of the many ways that pulmonary sarcoidosis can present. In addition to the classical stages (I-IV), sarcoidosis can sometimes present atypically. Some of these forms of sarcoid disease have been included in this exhibit.", "PMID": 753928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9454", "title": "Reflections on short-term psychiatric hospitalization for children and adolescents.", "content": "The functions and operations of a short-term psychiatric inpatient unit for children and adolescents are discussed. Staffing pattern, programming, and statistical data are reviewed. The author concludes that short-term inpatient treatment has much to offer when complemented by careful research and evaluation.", "contents": "Reflections on short-term psychiatric hospitalization for children and adolescents. The functions and operations of a short-term psychiatric inpatient unit for children and adolescents are discussed. Staffing pattern, programming, and statistical data are reviewed. The author concludes that short-term inpatient treatment has much to offer when complemented by careful research and evaluation.", "PMID": 753929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9455", "title": "Technique of locoregional irradiation in breast cancer.", "content": "In medicine, one modality of treatment cannot be replaced by another unless the new method is equal, if not superior, to the existing one. Currently, much is heard about using irradiation alone for the treatment of early breast cancer. Uniform irradiation of the breast, underlying chest wall, and the regional lymph nodes is a complex procedure and unless done properly, a geographical miss of the tumor and/or unnecessary irradiation of adjacent normal structures can occur, leading to inferiority of the treatment method.", "contents": "Technique of locoregional irradiation in breast cancer. In medicine, one modality of treatment cannot be replaced by another unless the new method is equal, if not superior, to the existing one. Currently, much is heard about using irradiation alone for the treatment of early breast cancer. Uniform irradiation of the breast, underlying chest wall, and the regional lymph nodes is a complex procedure and unless done properly, a geographical miss of the tumor and/or unnecessary irradiation of adjacent normal structures can occur, leading to inferiority of the treatment method.", "PMID": 753933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9456", "title": "Pattern of leukocyte counts in untreated Burkitt's lymphoma patients in Ibadan.", "content": "Leukocyte counts and body temperature were studied in 232 untreated Burkitt's lymphoma patients. Differential counts were obtained in 153 of them. There was no significant diagnostic variation in circulating leukocyte levels and no correlation between the size, site, or stage of the tumour and leukocyte counts or body temperature. No explanation can be given for low neutrophils in 40 of the 153 patients whose differential counts were performed.", "contents": "Pattern of leukocyte counts in untreated Burkitt's lymphoma patients in Ibadan. Leukocyte counts and body temperature were studied in 232 untreated Burkitt's lymphoma patients. Differential counts were obtained in 153 of them. There was no significant diagnostic variation in circulating leukocyte levels and no correlation between the size, site, or stage of the tumour and leukocyte counts or body temperature. No explanation can be given for low neutrophils in 40 of the 153 patients whose differential counts were performed.", "PMID": 753934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9457", "title": "Edwardsiella tarda associated with osteomyelitis.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis associated with Edwardsiella tarda is reported. Specimens from a wound exudate of a 58-year-old female with osteomyelitis revealed on a direct gram-stained smear, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods. Growth of the organism on differential media and analysis of its Analytab (API)(*) patterns produced results consistent with E. tarda. The identification of the organism was confirmed by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta. This represents the first reported case of a wound infection attributable to this organism.", "contents": "Edwardsiella tarda associated with osteomyelitis. A case of osteomyelitis associated with Edwardsiella tarda is reported. Specimens from a wound exudate of a 58-year-old female with osteomyelitis revealed on a direct gram-stained smear, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods. Growth of the organism on differential media and analysis of its Analytab (API)(*) patterns produced results consistent with E. tarda. The identification of the organism was confirmed by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta. This represents the first reported case of a wound infection attributable to this organism.", "PMID": 753935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9458", "title": "Depression in the aged: dynamics and treatment.", "content": "Depression is one of the common threats to the mental health of the aged. The chief cause is the interiorization of the personality and the growth of inferiority feelings due to poor adjustment to retirement, widowhood, and/or chronic physical conditions. Psychotherapy for geriatric depression can be done by a primary care physician. Specific guidelines are given for the use of psychotherapy, psychotropics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with aged patients suffering from depression in conjunction with various complications (suicidal risk, chronic brain syndrome, hypochondriasis, and paranoia).", "contents": "Depression in the aged: dynamics and treatment. Depression is one of the common threats to the mental health of the aged. The chief cause is the interiorization of the personality and the growth of inferiority feelings due to poor adjustment to retirement, widowhood, and/or chronic physical conditions. Psychotherapy for geriatric depression can be done by a primary care physician. Specific guidelines are given for the use of psychotherapy, psychotropics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with aged patients suffering from depression in conjunction with various complications (suicidal risk, chronic brain syndrome, hypochondriasis, and paranoia).", "PMID": 753936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9459", "title": "Exercise and heart disease.", "content": "The role of exercise (particularly distance running) in the prevention of coronary heart disease is discussed. Evidence is presented that the ability to perform an activity requiring the most extreme degree of physical stamina is no guarantee of a healthy heart or protection from a fatal myocardial infarct. A plea is made for correction or elimination of all coronary risk factors rather than focusing on one or a few which some regard as more important than the others.", "contents": "Exercise and heart disease. The role of exercise (particularly distance running) in the prevention of coronary heart disease is discussed. Evidence is presented that the ability to perform an activity requiring the most extreme degree of physical stamina is no guarantee of a healthy heart or protection from a fatal myocardial infarct. A plea is made for correction or elimination of all coronary risk factors rather than focusing on one or a few which some regard as more important than the others.", "PMID": 753937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9460", "title": "Pillotinas and hollandinas: distribution and behaviour of large spirochaetes symbiotic in termites.", "content": "Pillotina spirochaetes have been observed in the hindguts of wood-eating cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus), and in 25 out of 28 species of termites examined. They were especially abundant in 21 species of dry wood termites of the family Kalotermitidae, from Europe, North America and Australia. These included many species of Kalotermes and one or a few of the following: Glyptotermes, Bifidotermes, Neotermes, Ceratokalotermes, Paraneotermes, Cryptotermes, Porotermes, Marginitermes, Pterotermes, Zootermopsis, Reticulitermes, Coptotermes, Heterotermes, and nasutitermitids. Identifications of pillotinas were made on the basis of large size (0.5--2 micromtere in diameter, 50 to greater than 100 micrometers in length) and wave pattern; these were verified by electron microscopy in K. schwarzi, Pterotermes occidentis and others. Pillotinas were also present in all species of subterranean termites (Family Rhinotermitidae) examined, and in the most primitive Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis (Family Mastotermitidae). They were not observed in damp wood termites (Family Hodotermidiae). Pillotinas are invariably associated with a rich, complex xylophagous microbial community composed primarily of motile prokaryotes, and hypermastigote and polymastigote flagellates. Some have been previously described by those primarily concerned with termite hindgut protozoa. Observations were made on their modes of behaviour, division, and microbial associates. A new genus of spirochaetes, Hollandina, is also described. It is distinguished from Pillotina by a smaller size and several ultrastructural features, but is otherwise closely related taxonomically. Evidence is provided to support Hollande and Gharagozlou's (1967) concept that the pillotinas and hollandinas deserve the taxonomic status of 'family' and that they should be classified with the cristispire siprochaetes a-cording to the scheme developed by Hovind-Hougen (1976). Spirochaetes are treated as a Phylum of the Kingdom Monera (Prokaryota) in the five kingdom system of Whittaker (1969).", "contents": "Pillotinas and hollandinas: distribution and behaviour of large spirochaetes symbiotic in termites. Pillotina spirochaetes have been observed in the hindguts of wood-eating cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus), and in 25 out of 28 species of termites examined. They were especially abundant in 21 species of dry wood termites of the family Kalotermitidae, from Europe, North America and Australia. These included many species of Kalotermes and one or a few of the following: Glyptotermes, Bifidotermes, Neotermes, Ceratokalotermes, Paraneotermes, Cryptotermes, Porotermes, Marginitermes, Pterotermes, Zootermopsis, Reticulitermes, Coptotermes, Heterotermes, and nasutitermitids. Identifications of pillotinas were made on the basis of large size (0.5--2 micromtere in diameter, 50 to greater than 100 micrometers in length) and wave pattern; these were verified by electron microscopy in K. schwarzi, Pterotermes occidentis and others. Pillotinas were also present in all species of subterranean termites (Family Rhinotermitidae) examined, and in the most primitive Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis (Family Mastotermitidae). They were not observed in damp wood termites (Family Hodotermidiae). Pillotinas are invariably associated with a rich, complex xylophagous microbial community composed primarily of motile prokaryotes, and hypermastigote and polymastigote flagellates. Some have been previously described by those primarily concerned with termite hindgut protozoa. Observations were made on their modes of behaviour, division, and microbial associates. A new genus of spirochaetes, Hollandina, is also described. It is distinguished from Pillotina by a smaller size and several ultrastructural features, but is otherwise closely related taxonomically. Evidence is provided to support Hollande and Gharagozlou's (1967) concept that the pillotinas and hollandinas deserve the taxonomic status of 'family' and that they should be classified with the cristispire siprochaetes a-cording to the scheme developed by Hovind-Hougen (1976). Spirochaetes are treated as a Phylum of the Kingdom Monera (Prokaryota) in the five kingdom system of Whittaker (1969).", "PMID": 753948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9461", "title": "Flow microcalorimetric investigation of yeast growth in a complex medium.", "content": "The growth of Kluyveromyces fragilis in a complex medium under anaerobic and aerobic growth conditions has been conducted using a flow microcalorimeter. Growth under defined conditions is characterized by an initial exponential rise in heat output rate to a maximum, followed by a decline to a baseline deflection. Inadequate oxygenation can result in a more structured thermogram. The results are used to illustrate the deficiencies of some calorimetric incubations, and observations reported by other authors are critically discussed.", "contents": "Flow microcalorimetric investigation of yeast growth in a complex medium. The growth of Kluyveromyces fragilis in a complex medium under anaerobic and aerobic growth conditions has been conducted using a flow microcalorimeter. Growth under defined conditions is characterized by an initial exponential rise in heat output rate to a maximum, followed by a decline to a baseline deflection. Inadequate oxygenation can result in a more structured thermogram. The results are used to illustrate the deficiencies of some calorimetric incubations, and observations reported by other authors are critically discussed.", "PMID": 753949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9462", "title": "Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies.", "content": "Chlorination of potable water supplies high in organics may yield carcinogenic compounds such as trihalomethanes. Chlorine dioxide has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine. However, chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant that forms significant amounts of chlorite when added to potable water supplies, and chlorite is similar to nitrite in its molecular structure and may be similar in its mechanism of methemoglobin production. Nitrites and chlorites are thought to act synergistically to produce MetHb. Neonates and persons with G-*-PD deficiency are likely to be unusually susceptible to MetHb formation from these compounds because their red cells lack the metabolic machinery to adequately protect against oxidant stress. Since male blacks represent the largest population in the U.S. to be G-6PD deficient, Black male neonates may represent the group at highest risk to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in the nations water supplies.", "contents": "Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies. Chlorination of potable water supplies high in organics may yield carcinogenic compounds such as trihalomethanes. Chlorine dioxide has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine. However, chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant that forms significant amounts of chlorite when added to potable water supplies, and chlorite is similar to nitrite in its molecular structure and may be similar in its mechanism of methemoglobin production. Nitrites and chlorites are thought to act synergistically to produce MetHb. Neonates and persons with G-*-PD deficiency are likely to be unusually susceptible to MetHb formation from these compounds because their red cells lack the metabolic machinery to adequately protect against oxidant stress. Since male blacks represent the largest population in the U.S. to be G-6PD deficient, Black male neonates may represent the group at highest risk to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in the nations water supplies.", "PMID": 753950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9463", "title": "Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer in mice and men: accumulation of effect and uncertainty of prediction.", "content": "Studies on mice exposed to repeated doses of UVR (35 yr ago) and recent epidemiologic investigations and measurements of carcinogenic radiation on patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer showed that repeated doses accumulated. The effects of factors such as genetics, human behavior, kind of skin, variation in intensity of sunlight, etc., cannot be ecaluated quantitatively because of uncertainty. The possibility of inherent indeterminancy must be kep in mind in the study of effects of sunlight.", "contents": "Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer in mice and men: accumulation of effect and uncertainty of prediction. Studies on mice exposed to repeated doses of UVR (35 yr ago) and recent epidemiologic investigations and measurements of carcinogenic radiation on patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer showed that repeated doses accumulated. The effects of factors such as genetics, human behavior, kind of skin, variation in intensity of sunlight, etc., cannot be ecaluated quantitatively because of uncertainty. The possibility of inherent indeterminancy must be kep in mind in the study of effects of sunlight.", "PMID": 753969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9464", "title": "Photoreactivation: evaluation of pyrimidine dimers in ultraviolet radiation-induced cell transformation.", "content": "The PRE repairs DNA by the specific and exclusive monomerization of pyrimidine dimers. Photoreactivation thus provides an analytical test for determining the role of pyrimidine dimers in UV damage to biologic systems. We have shown the first UV transformation of cultured human cells (judged by ability to grow in soft agar). Preliminary results indicate that 1) lesions leading to cell transformation are subject to photoreactivation and 2) pyrimidine dimers may well be important in solar carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Photoreactivation: evaluation of pyrimidine dimers in ultraviolet radiation-induced cell transformation. The PRE repairs DNA by the specific and exclusive monomerization of pyrimidine dimers. Photoreactivation thus provides an analytical test for determining the role of pyrimidine dimers in UV damage to biologic systems. We have shown the first UV transformation of cultured human cells (judged by ability to grow in soft agar). Preliminary results indicate that 1) lesions leading to cell transformation are subject to photoreactivation and 2) pyrimidine dimers may well be important in solar carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 753970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9465", "title": "Inhibition of skin carcinogenesis in vivo by caffeine and other agents.", "content": "The induction of skin cancer in mice of the Swiss (Carshalton) strain, by repeated irradiation with UV-light, was strikingly reduced by the local application of caffeine prior to each exposure. Theophylline displayed the same activity. These two substances have been selected as probable inhibitors of error-prone, postreplicative DNA repair. Conversely, reductone and chloroquine, which are considered as inhibitors of the error-free, prereplicative excision repair, did not modify the incidence of the tumors. Special emphasis has been given to the histologic behavior of radiolabeled caffeine in the normal and UV-irradiated epidermis of the mouse in vivo and to the ability of mouse epidermal cells in vitro to repair DNA after UV irradiation.", "contents": "Inhibition of skin carcinogenesis in vivo by caffeine and other agents. The induction of skin cancer in mice of the Swiss (Carshalton) strain, by repeated irradiation with UV-light, was strikingly reduced by the local application of caffeine prior to each exposure. Theophylline displayed the same activity. These two substances have been selected as probable inhibitors of error-prone, postreplicative DNA repair. Conversely, reductone and chloroquine, which are considered as inhibitors of the error-free, prereplicative excision repair, did not modify the incidence of the tumors. Special emphasis has been given to the histologic behavior of radiolabeled caffeine in the normal and UV-irradiated epidermis of the mouse in vivo and to the ability of mouse epidermal cells in vitro to repair DNA after UV irradiation.", "PMID": 753971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9466", "title": "Influence of heat, wind, and humidity on ultraviolet radiation injury.", "content": "We investigated the influence of heat, wind, and humidity on UVR-induced acute and chronic skin damage of experimental animals housed in environmental chambers and irradiated under controlled conditions. Hairless mice (strain HRS/J) irradiated after an increase of 10 degrees F in skin temperature had more skin damage than irradiated controls. Significantly more Swiss albino mice irradiated for 400 days while maintained at 90 degrees F developed tumors than did those receiving the same amount of UVR but maintained at room temperature. Mice exposed to UVR daily for 4 weeks while kept in wind of 7 mph had greater damage and slower recovery than animals irradiated but protected from wind. Wind also accelerated tumorigenesis in mice than received chronic UVR. Mice kept at 80% relative humidity and given a single dose of UVR had greater skin injury than animals irradiated while at 5% relative humidity. High midity also appears to accelerate skin cancer formation in animals that were exposed to chronic UVR.", "contents": "Influence of heat, wind, and humidity on ultraviolet radiation injury. We investigated the influence of heat, wind, and humidity on UVR-induced acute and chronic skin damage of experimental animals housed in environmental chambers and irradiated under controlled conditions. Hairless mice (strain HRS/J) irradiated after an increase of 10 degrees F in skin temperature had more skin damage than irradiated controls. Significantly more Swiss albino mice irradiated for 400 days while maintained at 90 degrees F developed tumors than did those receiving the same amount of UVR but maintained at room temperature. Mice exposed to UVR daily for 4 weeks while kept in wind of 7 mph had greater damage and slower recovery than animals irradiated but protected from wind. Wind also accelerated tumorigenesis in mice than received chronic UVR. Mice kept at 80% relative humidity and given a single dose of UVR had greater skin injury than animals irradiated while at 5% relative humidity. High midity also appears to accelerate skin cancer formation in animals that were exposed to chronic UVR.", "PMID": 753972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9467", "title": "Skin cancer epidemiology: research needs.", "content": "The basis data currently being used to estimate and evaluate the dose-response relationship of UV-B and skin cancer are from a 6-month survey for four areas that participated in the TNCS, 1971-1972. Although most investigators from various fields of interest outside of cancer research, i.e. aviation, environmental ecology, physics, chemistry, and photobiology, etc., may admit an association between nonmelanoma skin cancer and UV-B exists, they point out that 1) the epidemiologic data currently available are too sparse and lack certain detail, such as exposure patterns and skin types, and 2) more data of this type are needed over a broad geographical range to allow for more precise measurements of the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. They argue that the present relationships could change drastically with the addition even of a few more points (geographical locations) and that location-specific and demographic factors should be evaluated. Therefore, these data need to be updated and expanded to include more locations over a longer study period. The National Cancer Institute and the Environmental Protection Agency undertook a special skin cancer study from June 1, 1977 to May 31, 1978. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas) in various population groups within the United States, and 2) to ascertain and measure epidemiologic factors that may contribute toward the excess risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in specific population groups.", "contents": "Skin cancer epidemiology: research needs. The basis data currently being used to estimate and evaluate the dose-response relationship of UV-B and skin cancer are from a 6-month survey for four areas that participated in the TNCS, 1971-1972. Although most investigators from various fields of interest outside of cancer research, i.e. aviation, environmental ecology, physics, chemistry, and photobiology, etc., may admit an association between nonmelanoma skin cancer and UV-B exists, they point out that 1) the epidemiologic data currently available are too sparse and lack certain detail, such as exposure patterns and skin types, and 2) more data of this type are needed over a broad geographical range to allow for more precise measurements of the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. They argue that the present relationships could change drastically with the addition even of a few more points (geographical locations) and that location-specific and demographic factors should be evaluated. Therefore, these data need to be updated and expanded to include more locations over a longer study period. The National Cancer Institute and the Environmental Protection Agency undertook a special skin cancer study from June 1, 1977 to May 31, 1978. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas) in various population groups within the United States, and 2) to ascertain and measure epidemiologic factors that may contribute toward the excess risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in specific population groups.", "PMID": 753973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9468", "title": "Immunologic aspects of tumor induction by ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Chronic treatment of mice with UVR not only induced skin cancer but also produced a systemic change that interfered with host resistance against these tumors. The studies leading to the this conclusion were prompted by the discovery that most tumors induced in C3H mice by chronic UV irradiation were immunologically rejected following transplatation to normal syngeneic recipients. This raised the question of why these tumors were able to grow progressively in the autochthonous host without being destroyed immunologically. We found that after a short course of UV treatment, the UV-irradiated mice lost their ability to reject transplanted UV-irradiated mice lost their ability to reject transplanted UV-induced tumors, even though such transplants were rejected by unirradiated animals. The growth of the transplanted tumors in UV-treated mice resulted from a systemic alteration in the animals that was induced by UV irradiation of the skin.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of tumor induction by ultraviolet radiation. Chronic treatment of mice with UVR not only induced skin cancer but also produced a systemic change that interfered with host resistance against these tumors. The studies leading to the this conclusion were prompted by the discovery that most tumors induced in C3H mice by chronic UV irradiation were immunologically rejected following transplatation to normal syngeneic recipients. This raised the question of why these tumors were able to grow progressively in the autochthonous host without being destroyed immunologically. We found that after a short course of UV treatment, the UV-irradiated mice lost their ability to reject transplanted UV-irradiated mice lost their ability to reject transplanted UV-induced tumors, even though such transplants were rejected by unirradiated animals. The growth of the transplanted tumors in UV-treated mice resulted from a systemic alteration in the animals that was induced by UV irradiation of the skin.", "PMID": 753974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9469", "title": "A systemic effect of ultraviolet irradiation and its relationship to tumor immunity.", "content": "Chronic irradiation of mice with UV light produces a systemic alteration that is immunologic in nature and may be due to the presence of specific suppressor lymphoid cells. The immunologic aspect of this systemic alteration was demonstrated by cell transfer experiments. Lymphoid cells from UV-treated donors were unable to confer tumor resistance to lethally X-irradiated and neonatal liver reconstituted recipients, whereas recipients given lymphoid cells from normal donors were resistant to a challenge with a syngeneic UV-induced tumor. Therefore, lymphoid cells from normal donors could mediate tumor rejection, but lymphoid cell from UV-irradiated donors could not. Furthermore, lymphoid cells from UV-treated donors suppressed the ability of lymphoid cells from normal donors to mediate syngeneic tumor rejection when mixed 1:1 before transfer into lethally X-irradiated recipients. This suppression was specific since all recipients recipients resisted an allogeneic UV-induced tumor challenge. Serum transfer experiments failed to demonstrate any inactivating or suppressive substances in the serum of UV-treated animals. The findings suggested that UV-treated mice failed to reject UV-induced tumors because UV irradiation induced specific suppressor lymphoid cells that prevented the development of an immune respons against these tumor antigens.", "contents": "A systemic effect of ultraviolet irradiation and its relationship to tumor immunity. Chronic irradiation of mice with UV light produces a systemic alteration that is immunologic in nature and may be due to the presence of specific suppressor lymphoid cells. The immunologic aspect of this systemic alteration was demonstrated by cell transfer experiments. Lymphoid cells from UV-treated donors were unable to confer tumor resistance to lethally X-irradiated and neonatal liver reconstituted recipients, whereas recipients given lymphoid cells from normal donors were resistant to a challenge with a syngeneic UV-induced tumor. Therefore, lymphoid cells from normal donors could mediate tumor rejection, but lymphoid cell from UV-irradiated donors could not. Furthermore, lymphoid cells from UV-treated donors suppressed the ability of lymphoid cells from normal donors to mediate syngeneic tumor rejection when mixed 1:1 before transfer into lethally X-irradiated recipients. This suppression was specific since all recipients recipients resisted an allogeneic UV-induced tumor challenge. Serum transfer experiments failed to demonstrate any inactivating or suppressive substances in the serum of UV-treated animals. The findings suggested that UV-treated mice failed to reject UV-induced tumors because UV irradiation induced specific suppressor lymphoid cells that prevented the development of an immune respons against these tumor antigens.", "PMID": 753975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9470", "title": "Recommendations for future research on ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis.", "content": "Recommendations for future research on photocarcinogenesis were developed during an international conference on UVR carcinogenesis. Areas covered in the recommendations include research at the molecular biology level, human (especially epidemiologic aspects), physical (including instrumentation), and biologic studies (stressing animal models). The recommendations also propose the establishment of central supply and service sources for photocarcinogenesis research as well as the establishment of interdiscipilinary training programs related to research in photocarcinogenesis.", "contents": "Recommendations for future research on ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis. Recommendations for future research on photocarcinogenesis were developed during an international conference on UVR carcinogenesis. Areas covered in the recommendations include research at the molecular biology level, human (especially epidemiologic aspects), physical (including instrumentation), and biologic studies (stressing animal models). The recommendations also propose the establishment of central supply and service sources for photocarcinogenesis research as well as the establishment of interdiscipilinary training programs related to research in photocarcinogenesis.", "PMID": 753976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9471", "title": "Action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis.", "content": "Previous observations and experiments have shown that the potent carcinogenic wavelengths for skin cancer in man are found in the 290- to 320-nm range, although shorter and longer wavelengths can also have an effect. The short wavelength limit (290 nm) is determined by thesolar emission reaching the earth's surface, a parameter that varies greatly with season, time, and atmopheric conditions. The long wavelength limit (320 nm) was based on observations of the effect of window glass filtration and on comparison of the effect of mid and long UV radiation. It provide little information as to the efficacy of wavelengths in this range. We performed a series of experiments to provide more specific comparative data by testing the hypothesis that the action spectrum for carcinogenesis parallel that for erythema. Albino mice were exposed the emission of a diffraction grating monochromator (5 nm half power bandwidth) at 290, 300, 310, and 320 nm. Energy levels were proportional to valves for the erythema spectrum of untanned Caucasian human skin. Exposures were given thrice weekly until 50% of the mice had developed tumors. Squamous cell carcinomas developed at approximately the same rate and frequency when the UV exposure was proportional to that for erythema, which indicated a decreasing potency from 300 to 310 to 320 nm. No tumors occurred in mice exposed to 290 nm.", "contents": "Action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. Previous observations and experiments have shown that the potent carcinogenic wavelengths for skin cancer in man are found in the 290- to 320-nm range, although shorter and longer wavelengths can also have an effect. The short wavelength limit (290 nm) is determined by thesolar emission reaching the earth's surface, a parameter that varies greatly with season, time, and atmopheric conditions. The long wavelength limit (320 nm) was based on observations of the effect of window glass filtration and on comparison of the effect of mid and long UV radiation. It provide little information as to the efficacy of wavelengths in this range. We performed a series of experiments to provide more specific comparative data by testing the hypothesis that the action spectrum for carcinogenesis parallel that for erythema. Albino mice were exposed the emission of a diffraction grating monochromator (5 nm half power bandwidth) at 290, 300, 310, and 320 nm. Energy levels were proportional to valves for the erythema spectrum of untanned Caucasian human skin. Exposures were given thrice weekly until 50% of the mice had developed tumors. Squamous cell carcinomas developed at approximately the same rate and frequency when the UV exposure was proportional to that for erythema, which indicated a decreasing potency from 300 to 310 to 320 nm. No tumors occurred in mice exposed to 290 nm.", "PMID": 753977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9472", "title": "Experimental ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis: wavelength interactions and time-dose relationships.", "content": "Tumors were induced in the skin of SKH hairless mice by exposure to fluorescent FS sun lamps or to a long-arc xenon solar simulator. Tumores developed about equally well with varying amounts of UV-A radiation (lambda greater than 320 nm) given simultaneously. In contrast, incremental changes in the UV-B region (lambda less than 320 nm) led to substantial increases in carcinogenic effectiveness. A tumor-\"initiating\" dose of UV-B (4-10 wk of daily FS lamp exposures) was rendered less effective by subsequent exposures of the mice to UV-A (6 hr/day, F-40 T12BL lamps). The mechanism for this effect is not known. Most tumors induced by a short course (10 wk) of FS lamp exposure grew slowly or regressed, whereas mice exposed for a longer period (30 wk) developed more tumors, and many of those that appeared early grew aggressively. Effects of daily dose fractionation were less clear, and the subject requires further study. These and other variables are being tested in a program designed to yield useful information on the effects of changing spectrum, dose, and dose delivery rates on sunlight-induced cancer.", "contents": "Experimental ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis: wavelength interactions and time-dose relationships. Tumors were induced in the skin of SKH hairless mice by exposure to fluorescent FS sun lamps or to a long-arc xenon solar simulator. Tumores developed about equally well with varying amounts of UV-A radiation (lambda greater than 320 nm) given simultaneously. In contrast, incremental changes in the UV-B region (lambda less than 320 nm) led to substantial increases in carcinogenic effectiveness. A tumor-\"initiating\" dose of UV-B (4-10 wk of daily FS lamp exposures) was rendered less effective by subsequent exposures of the mice to UV-A (6 hr/day, F-40 T12BL lamps). The mechanism for this effect is not known. Most tumors induced by a short course (10 wk) of FS lamp exposure grew slowly or regressed, whereas mice exposed for a longer period (30 wk) developed more tumors, and many of those that appeared early grew aggressively. Effects of daily dose fractionation were less clear, and the subject requires further study. These and other variables are being tested in a program designed to yield useful information on the effects of changing spectrum, dose, and dose delivery rates on sunlight-induced cancer.", "PMID": 753978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9473", "title": "Photosensitized reactions and carcinogenesis.", "content": "We present data from experiments designed to investigate the role of DNA interstrand cross-links induced by exposure to 8-MOP plus UVR and skin carcinogenesis. 8-MOP was administered topically to two strains of hairless mice, SKH:hairless-1 and HRS/J/An1, which were then exposed to UV light sources with emission in the range of 1) 300-400, 2) 320-400, and 3) predominantly 365 nm. We found no strain dependency for DNA cross-link production, but a marked strain-dependent difference in tumor susceptibility was noted. Only a small strain-dependent difference occurred in tumor incidence when TPA was administered after exposure to 8-MOP and 320-400 nm. These results suggest that the events concerned with tumor promotion are dependent on strain. Because the most effective tumorigenic wavelength spectrum was 300-400 nm, we investigated the possibility of interaction between lesions induced by the 300- to 320-nm wavelengths and the psoralen photoadducts. In the course of this experiment, we found that the tumorigenic effect was also dependent on the time interval between exposures to 8-MOP plus 365-nm light.", "contents": "Photosensitized reactions and carcinogenesis. We present data from experiments designed to investigate the role of DNA interstrand cross-links induced by exposure to 8-MOP plus UVR and skin carcinogenesis. 8-MOP was administered topically to two strains of hairless mice, SKH:hairless-1 and HRS/J/An1, which were then exposed to UV light sources with emission in the range of 1) 300-400, 2) 320-400, and 3) predominantly 365 nm. We found no strain dependency for DNA cross-link production, but a marked strain-dependent difference in tumor susceptibility was noted. Only a small strain-dependent difference occurred in tumor incidence when TPA was administered after exposure to 8-MOP and 320-400 nm. These results suggest that the events concerned with tumor promotion are dependent on strain. Because the most effective tumorigenic wavelength spectrum was 300-400 nm, we investigated the possibility of interaction between lesions induced by the 300- to 320-nm wavelengths and the psoralen photoadducts. In the course of this experiment, we found that the tumorigenic effect was also dependent on the time interval between exposures to 8-MOP plus 365-nm light.", "PMID": 753979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9474", "title": "Interaction of light and chemicals in carcinogenesis.", "content": "Interactions between chemicals and UV light, as they may affect the carcinogenic process, are examined in terms of the three-component system: chemical, light, and biologic target. Various two-component interactions, in addition to unique three-component interactions, are considered. Available information is incomplete concerning such possibilities as promotion by noncarcinogenic light, the contribution of acute or chronic phototoxic events to chemical or physical carcinogenesis, and the relationship between either photochemical carcinogenesis or chemically enhanced photocarcinogenesis and demonstrable phototoxic activity. Interactions such as optical absorption by, or photochemical alteration of, chemicals are considered primarily as confounding variables in experimental situations. It is argued that realities of human exposure may reduce the complexity of these problems in practical safety or regulatory considerations.", "contents": "Interaction of light and chemicals in carcinogenesis. Interactions between chemicals and UV light, as they may affect the carcinogenic process, are examined in terms of the three-component system: chemical, light, and biologic target. Various two-component interactions, in addition to unique three-component interactions, are considered. Available information is incomplete concerning such possibilities as promotion by noncarcinogenic light, the contribution of acute or chronic phototoxic events to chemical or physical carcinogenesis, and the relationship between either photochemical carcinogenesis or chemically enhanced photocarcinogenesis and demonstrable phototoxic activity. Interactions such as optical absorption by, or photochemical alteration of, chemicals are considered primarily as confounding variables in experimental situations. It is argued that realities of human exposure may reduce the complexity of these problems in practical safety or regulatory considerations.", "PMID": 753980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9475", "title": "Ultraviolet light in the oncogenic transformation of cultured C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cells.", "content": "Skin tumors are produced in rats, mice, and humans by exposure to UV light. We developed a mouse embryo fibroblast line C3H/10T1/2, which can be transformed by chemical carcinogens, X-irradiation, UV radiation, and oncornavirus. When we irradiated these cells with 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 ergs/mm2 of UV light, neither transformation nor cytotoxicity was observed at the two lower doses. When the irradiated cells were cultured in medium containing 0.1 micrograms TPA/1 ml (a potent tumor promoter) starting from 0-120 hours after irradiation, a high frequency of transformation was always produced. When the cells were initiated with subeffective concentrations of 0.1 micrograms MCA/ml followed by UV radiation at different intervals, no transformation occurred; however, these initiated cells were transformed after TPA treatment. When we treated the cells with multiple exposures to UV light, no transformation occurred then nor when the cells were treated with TPA followed by UV irradiation at different intervals. Thus UV in our system acts as a pure initiator in the two-stage process of oncogenic transformation.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light in the oncogenic transformation of cultured C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cells. Skin tumors are produced in rats, mice, and humans by exposure to UV light. We developed a mouse embryo fibroblast line C3H/10T1/2, which can be transformed by chemical carcinogens, X-irradiation, UV radiation, and oncornavirus. When we irradiated these cells with 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 ergs/mm2 of UV light, neither transformation nor cytotoxicity was observed at the two lower doses. When the irradiated cells were cultured in medium containing 0.1 micrograms TPA/1 ml (a potent tumor promoter) starting from 0-120 hours after irradiation, a high frequency of transformation was always produced. When the cells were initiated with subeffective concentrations of 0.1 micrograms MCA/ml followed by UV radiation at different intervals, no transformation occurred; however, these initiated cells were transformed after TPA treatment. When we treated the cells with multiple exposures to UV light, no transformation occurred then nor when the cells were treated with TPA followed by UV irradiation at different intervals. Thus UV in our system acts as a pure initiator in the two-stage process of oncogenic transformation.", "PMID": 753981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9476", "title": "Transformation frequency of Syrian golden hamster cells and its modulation by ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "UV (253.7 nm) exposure of Syrian golden hamster cells seeded for colony formation caused an induction of transformation without any other insult. Analysis of the quantitative data demonstrated a lack of a threshold response and a transfomation frequency proportional to UV dose. No transformation occurred in unirradiated colonies. When cells seeded for colony formation are exposed to UV and subsequently treated with AcAAF, a carcinogen known to induce UV-like damage, neither an additive nor a synergistic effect occurred. Caffeine at nontoxic concentrations potentiates lethality caused by AcAAF and also the number od colonies transformed by AcAAF when added post-AcAAF. The addition of a constant amount of caffeine (50 micrograms/ml) for 48 hours at different intervals after carcinogen resulted in maximum enhancement (10- to 17-fold) when added 4 hours post-AcAAF. UV-associated transformation was enhanced by pretreating the cells with a nontransforming dose of X-irradiation 48 hours before UV. The increase in transformation frequency was 6- to 12-fold per colony and 3- to 6-fold per dish.", "contents": "Transformation frequency of Syrian golden hamster cells and its modulation by ultraviolet irradiation. UV (253.7 nm) exposure of Syrian golden hamster cells seeded for colony formation caused an induction of transformation without any other insult. Analysis of the quantitative data demonstrated a lack of a threshold response and a transfomation frequency proportional to UV dose. No transformation occurred in unirradiated colonies. When cells seeded for colony formation are exposed to UV and subsequently treated with AcAAF, a carcinogen known to induce UV-like damage, neither an additive nor a synergistic effect occurred. Caffeine at nontoxic concentrations potentiates lethality caused by AcAAF and also the number od colonies transformed by AcAAF when added post-AcAAF. The addition of a constant amount of caffeine (50 micrograms/ml) for 48 hours at different intervals after carcinogen resulted in maximum enhancement (10- to 17-fold) when added 4 hours post-AcAAF. UV-associated transformation was enhanced by pretreating the cells with a nontransforming dose of X-irradiation 48 hours before UV. The increase in transformation frequency was 6- to 12-fold per colony and 3- to 6-fold per dish.", "PMID": 753982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9477", "title": "The biologic effectiveness of ultraviolet light.", "content": "The biologic effects of visible and UV light result from photochemical changes in cell components. The amount of photochemical change induced in a small non-self-shadowing structure is proportional to the number of photons traversing it per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, summed over all component beam directions. Within an optically complex, absorbing, and scattering structure, this quantity is difficult to determine, but for skin it is approximately proportional to the total number of photons per unit area entering its outer surface. The magnitude of some photobiologic effects depends on the total amount of photochemical change induced, whereas others depend on the rate of photoproduct formation or on a more complex relation. The nature of the dependence must be determined before light measurements can be related to the magnitude. The effect of a polychromatic illumination depends on its wavelength distribution, weighted by the effectiveness of each wavelength (the action spectrum) under the conditions employed. Until the latter is known, no dosimetric characterization of the light is possible. The wavelength distribution can be determined by spectroradiometric measurement, with the weighting performed numerically, or (more conveniently, though less accurately) by the use of an analog reaction with an action spectrum like that of the photobiologic effect.", "contents": "The biologic effectiveness of ultraviolet light. The biologic effects of visible and UV light result from photochemical changes in cell components. The amount of photochemical change induced in a small non-self-shadowing structure is proportional to the number of photons traversing it per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, summed over all component beam directions. Within an optically complex, absorbing, and scattering structure, this quantity is difficult to determine, but for skin it is approximately proportional to the total number of photons per unit area entering its outer surface. The magnitude of some photobiologic effects depends on the total amount of photochemical change induced, whereas others depend on the rate of photoproduct formation or on a more complex relation. The nature of the dependence must be determined before light measurements can be related to the magnitude. The effect of a polychromatic illumination depends on its wavelength distribution, weighted by the effectiveness of each wavelength (the action spectrum) under the conditions employed. Until the latter is known, no dosimetric characterization of the light is possible. The wavelength distribution can be determined by spectroradiometric measurement, with the weighting performed numerically, or (more conveniently, though less accurately) by the use of an analog reaction with an action spectrum like that of the photobiologic effect.", "PMID": 753983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9478", "title": "Stability and oscillation in interpersonal awareness: a clinical-developmental analysis.", "content": "This paper has examined the research questions and strategies used by those who attempt to study social development from a cognitive-developmental orientation. It began by pointing to the need to integrate the descriptive work done by social-cognitive developmental researchers with some of the approaches taken by clinical and social psychologists in studying the same general phenomenon: interpersonal relations. An issue-by-stage social-cognitive map developed on the basis of both conceptual and empirical investigations was described, as were some of the properties which defined these stages. Following this, empirical evidence was cited from several ongoing studies which both supported the theoretical claims of logical coherence and pointed research in several new directions. One direction of particular importance is the naturalistic study of social and interpersonal reasoning and relating. Taken together, the interview data and the naturalistic observations appear to present a paradox. Evidence from the descriptive research appears to support the principle of stage consistency across categories of experience. On the other hand, the impact of the naturalistic findings is to point out oscillations in reasoning across varying real-life conditions. It should be noted, however, that several of the children in the classroom study did reason fairly consistently across a wide range of contexts; these children, perhaps not coincidentally, were the ones who had shown the greatest improvement in their interpersonal functioning and were soon to return to a more traditional educational milieu. Such clinical evidence points to the strong need to study better-adjusted children under similar conditions to see if real-life oscillation is as pronounced as it is in more pathological groups (Inhelder, 1943/1968). Our conclusion is that the cognitive-developmental approach, viewed in the proper perspective, can accommodate and make coherent data which suggest both variability and uniformity of reasoning, but that for such an accommodation to take place, greater attention must be paid to the critical social psychological and clinical variables which reciprocally interact with level of social-cognitive capability.", "contents": "Stability and oscillation in interpersonal awareness: a clinical-developmental analysis. This paper has examined the research questions and strategies used by those who attempt to study social development from a cognitive-developmental orientation. It began by pointing to the need to integrate the descriptive work done by social-cognitive developmental researchers with some of the approaches taken by clinical and social psychologists in studying the same general phenomenon: interpersonal relations. An issue-by-stage social-cognitive map developed on the basis of both conceptual and empirical investigations was described, as were some of the properties which defined these stages. Following this, empirical evidence was cited from several ongoing studies which both supported the theoretical claims of logical coherence and pointed research in several new directions. One direction of particular importance is the naturalistic study of social and interpersonal reasoning and relating. Taken together, the interview data and the naturalistic observations appear to present a paradox. Evidence from the descriptive research appears to support the principle of stage consistency across categories of experience. On the other hand, the impact of the naturalistic findings is to point out oscillations in reasoning across varying real-life conditions. It should be noted, however, that several of the children in the classroom study did reason fairly consistently across a wide range of contexts; these children, perhaps not coincidentally, were the ones who had shown the greatest improvement in their interpersonal functioning and were soon to return to a more traditional educational milieu. Such clinical evidence points to the strong need to study better-adjusted children under similar conditions to see if real-life oscillation is as pronounced as it is in more pathological groups (Inhelder, 1943/1968). Our conclusion is that the cognitive-developmental approach, viewed in the proper perspective, can accommodate and make coherent data which suggest both variability and uniformity of reasoning, but that for such an accommodation to take place, greater attention must be paid to the critical social psychological and clinical variables which reciprocally interact with level of social-cognitive capability.", "PMID": 753991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9479", "title": "The development of knowledge about visual perception.", "content": "This chapter describes recent theory and research in one limited area of social-cognitive development, namely, the childhood acquisition of knowledge about visual perception. The author and his co-workers have hypothesized that there are two developmental levels of such knowledge. At earlier-developing Level 1, the child understands that others as well as the self see objects, and is also able to infer correctly what objects they do or do not currently see if provided with adequate cues. At later-developing Level 2, the child understands not only that people can see objects, but also that they can have differing visual experiences while seeing the same object; most notably, they can have different spatial perspectival views of it when looking at it from different positions. Arguments and evidence for the developmental distinction between Level 1 and Level 2 knowledge are briefly presented in Section I. A more detailed model of Level 1 knowledge is presented in Section II, together with an account of several studies of its development during the first four years of life. During these early years, children appear to learn a great deal about how to produce visual percepts in others (showing and pointing to things), how to deprive others of percepts (hide objects), and how to diagnose the percepts they currently have (follow others' direction of gaze and pointing gestures). Section III similarly reviews recent theory and research on the development of Level 2 perspective-taking knowledge in older children. This work is focused mainly on the acquisition and use of very general perspective-taking rules, such as the rule that two observers who look at an object array from the same spatial position must on that account necessarily have identical perspectival views of the array. Section IV described further developmental research that could be or is being done on Level 2 knowledge, Level 1 knowledge, and on the Level 1-Level 2 distinction.", "contents": "The development of knowledge about visual perception. This chapter describes recent theory and research in one limited area of social-cognitive development, namely, the childhood acquisition of knowledge about visual perception. The author and his co-workers have hypothesized that there are two developmental levels of such knowledge. At earlier-developing Level 1, the child understands that others as well as the self see objects, and is also able to infer correctly what objects they do or do not currently see if provided with adequate cues. At later-developing Level 2, the child understands not only that people can see objects, but also that they can have differing visual experiences while seeing the same object; most notably, they can have different spatial perspectival views of it when looking at it from different positions. Arguments and evidence for the developmental distinction between Level 1 and Level 2 knowledge are briefly presented in Section I. A more detailed model of Level 1 knowledge is presented in Section II, together with an account of several studies of its development during the first four years of life. During these early years, children appear to learn a great deal about how to produce visual percepts in others (showing and pointing to things), how to deprive others of percepts (hide objects), and how to diagnose the percepts they currently have (follow others' direction of gaze and pointing gestures). Section III similarly reviews recent theory and research on the development of Level 2 perspective-taking knowledge in older children. This work is focused mainly on the acquisition and use of very general perspective-taking rules, such as the rule that two observers who look at an object array from the same spatial position must on that account necessarily have identical perspectival views of the array. Section IV described further developmental research that could be or is being done on Level 2 knowledge, Level 1 knowledge, and on the Level 1-Level 2 distinction.", "PMID": 753993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9480", "title": "Responses of directionally selective neurons of the frog tectum mesencephali, their adaptation and extrapolation features.", "content": "Tectal directionally selective neurons were investigated in frogs. The highest measure of agreement in the character of response and dynamics of latent periods of neuron pairs was found with interelectrode distances of up to 300 mu, a fact which is evidently connected with the dimensions of the zones of ramification of the afferent fibers. Adaptation and extrapolation properties were discovered for most neurons and they were more marked in the nuclear layers of the tectum than in the fibrous layers. The more stable responses of neurons in the fibrous layers indicate the possible representation there of branches of fibers of the retinal ganglion cells, whereas neurons with high adaptivity (novelty neurons) are located in the nuclear layers.", "contents": "Responses of directionally selective neurons of the frog tectum mesencephali, their adaptation and extrapolation features. Tectal directionally selective neurons were investigated in frogs. The highest measure of agreement in the character of response and dynamics of latent periods of neuron pairs was found with interelectrode distances of up to 300 mu, a fact which is evidently connected with the dimensions of the zones of ramification of the afferent fibers. Adaptation and extrapolation properties were discovered for most neurons and they were more marked in the nuclear layers of the tectum than in the fibrous layers. The more stable responses of neurons in the fibrous layers indicate the possible representation there of branches of fibers of the retinal ganglion cells, whereas neurons with high adaptivity (novelty neurons) are located in the nuclear layers.", "PMID": 754057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9481", "title": "Neuronal organization of the thermosensory region of the anterior hypothalamus.", "content": "Changes in extracellular unit activity of 236 neurons of the medial preoptic and septal regions to local temperature stimulation were studied in acute experiments on rabbits anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. Of this total number of neurons 27% were highly sensitive to changes in brain temperature (15% to heat, 12% to cold). Altogether 6% of neurons gave an on-response and 5% a prolonged after-effect to temperature stimulation. The possible role of these neurons in the regulation of temperature homeostasis is discussed.", "contents": "Neuronal organization of the thermosensory region of the anterior hypothalamus. Changes in extracellular unit activity of 236 neurons of the medial preoptic and septal regions to local temperature stimulation were studied in acute experiments on rabbits anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. Of this total number of neurons 27% were highly sensitive to changes in brain temperature (15% to heat, 12% to cold). Altogether 6% of neurons gave an on-response and 5% a prolonged after-effect to temperature stimulation. The possible role of these neurons in the regulation of temperature homeostasis is discussed.", "PMID": 754058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9482", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy people.", "content": "The results of a study of somatosensory evoked potentials recorded in 37 healthy subjects of both sexes are described. Comparison of the results of tests on three age subgroups showed selectivity in the change in latencies and amplitudes of waves of the somatosensory responses depending on the subject's age. Ipsilateral responses show greater variability but a lower amplitude and frequency of appearance of the individual components than contralateral responses. Their latent periods also were longer than those of the contralateral responses.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy people. The results of a study of somatosensory evoked potentials recorded in 37 healthy subjects of both sexes are described. Comparison of the results of tests on three age subgroups showed selectivity in the change in latencies and amplitudes of waves of the somatosensory responses depending on the subject's age. Ipsilateral responses show greater variability but a lower amplitude and frequency of appearance of the individual components than contralateral responses. Their latent periods also were longer than those of the contralateral responses.", "PMID": 754062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9483", "title": "Unitary responses of the caudate nucleus to direct stimulation.", "content": "Unitary responses of the caudate nucleus to stimulation of various parts of it were investigated by extracellular recording. Latent periods of response discharges varied from 3.5 to 40 msec. Most neurons were excited by stimulation of the most rostral part of the head of the caudate nucleus. Irrespective of the site of stimulation, in most cases responses consisted of initial excitation in the form of one or, less frequently, two discharges followed by a period of depression of spontaneous activity. Recovery of activity took place gradually, without postinhibitory facilitation. No afterdischarges or periodic repetitions of spikes were observed after the initial response. Repetitive stimulation of the caudate nucleus showed that the neurons of this nucleus reproduce frequencies of stimulation badly above 30/sec, and under these circumstances in many cases they continued to discharge on average at a frequency of 5--15/sec. The results are examined from the standpoint of participation of the caudate nucleus in the formation of spindle activity.", "contents": "Unitary responses of the caudate nucleus to direct stimulation. Unitary responses of the caudate nucleus to stimulation of various parts of it were investigated by extracellular recording. Latent periods of response discharges varied from 3.5 to 40 msec. Most neurons were excited by stimulation of the most rostral part of the head of the caudate nucleus. Irrespective of the site of stimulation, in most cases responses consisted of initial excitation in the form of one or, less frequently, two discharges followed by a period of depression of spontaneous activity. Recovery of activity took place gradually, without postinhibitory facilitation. No afterdischarges or periodic repetitions of spikes were observed after the initial response. Repetitive stimulation of the caudate nucleus showed that the neurons of this nucleus reproduce frequencies of stimulation badly above 30/sec, and under these circumstances in many cases they continued to discharge on average at a frequency of 5--15/sec. The results are examined from the standpoint of participation of the caudate nucleus in the formation of spindle activity.", "PMID": 754063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9484", "title": "Electrographic manifestation of drowsiness in the isolated cat cortex.", "content": "Electrical activity of the neuronally isolated cortex during waking and the onset of sleep was investigated in experiments on freely behaving cats. The transition from wakefulness to sleep is accompanied in the isolated cortex by the appearance of a stage of drowsiness, accompanied by corresponding changes in the electrocorticogram of the isolated hemisphere. The electrographic manifestation of the stage of drowsiness in the isolated cortex depends on the time elapsing after the operation and it is most marked in the late period after isolation of the cortex.", "contents": "Electrographic manifestation of drowsiness in the isolated cat cortex. Electrical activity of the neuronally isolated cortex during waking and the onset of sleep was investigated in experiments on freely behaving cats. The transition from wakefulness to sleep is accompanied in the isolated cortex by the appearance of a stage of drowsiness, accompanied by corresponding changes in the electrocorticogram of the isolated hemisphere. The electrographic manifestation of the stage of drowsiness in the isolated cortex depends on the time elapsing after the operation and it is most marked in the late period after isolation of the cortex.", "PMID": 754070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9485", "title": "Interaction of visceral and somatic afferent systems in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Using the method of evoked potentials on chloralose-anesthetized and suxamethonium-immobilized cats, a comparative study was made of the effects of interaction of somatic and visceral afferent systems in the second somatosensory area and in the parietal cortex of the brain. It was found that a common property of the interaction of the two afferent systems is an inhibition of the second response irrespective of which of the systems is activated first. Fairly prolonged inhibition was noted in the association region of the parietal cortex. Preliminary stimulation of visceral nerves caused less prolonged depression on subsequent stimulation of somatic nerves both in the second somatosensory and in the association regions of the cortex. It was demonstrated that the anatomic coincidence of visceral and somatic afferent projections both in the second somatosensory and in the parietal regions of the cortex is evidently responsible for the interaction of these afferent systems.", "contents": "Interaction of visceral and somatic afferent systems in the cerebral cortex. Using the method of evoked potentials on chloralose-anesthetized and suxamethonium-immobilized cats, a comparative study was made of the effects of interaction of somatic and visceral afferent systems in the second somatosensory area and in the parietal cortex of the brain. It was found that a common property of the interaction of the two afferent systems is an inhibition of the second response irrespective of which of the systems is activated first. Fairly prolonged inhibition was noted in the association region of the parietal cortex. Preliminary stimulation of visceral nerves caused less prolonged depression on subsequent stimulation of somatic nerves both in the second somatosensory and in the association regions of the cortex. It was demonstrated that the anatomic coincidence of visceral and somatic afferent projections both in the second somatosensory and in the parietal regions of the cortex is evidently responsible for the interaction of these afferent systems.", "PMID": 754071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9486", "title": "The serological and immunological relationship of type strains A and D of Pasteurella multocida to field isolates from sheep.", "content": "Investigations with antisera prepared in rabbits and sheep and active immunity experiments in mice showed that strains of Pasteurella multocida which, according to the haemagglutination test, are serologically related, do not necessarily give rise to cross immunity. Conversely, it was found that serologically unrelated strains may exhibit an appreciable degree of cross protection. The unreliability of the haemagglutination test as an indicator of immunological identity of strains was further confirmed in that peritoneal fluid from immunized mice showed passive protection properties despite the absence of haemagglutinating antibodies. There was no consistent agreement between the results obtained with antisera prepared in different species and active immunity experiments in mice, and this leads to the conclusion that different species probably vary quantitatively and qualitatively in their immune response to immunization with P. multocida. Attempts to determine whether combined bacterins afforded a better immunity than monovalent bacterins were inconclusive.", "contents": "The serological and immunological relationship of type strains A and D of Pasteurella multocida to field isolates from sheep. Investigations with antisera prepared in rabbits and sheep and active immunity experiments in mice showed that strains of Pasteurella multocida which, according to the haemagglutination test, are serologically related, do not necessarily give rise to cross immunity. Conversely, it was found that serologically unrelated strains may exhibit an appreciable degree of cross protection. The unreliability of the haemagglutination test as an indicator of immunological identity of strains was further confirmed in that peritoneal fluid from immunized mice showed passive protection properties despite the absence of haemagglutinating antibodies. There was no consistent agreement between the results obtained with antisera prepared in different species and active immunity experiments in mice, and this leads to the conclusion that different species probably vary quantitatively and qualitatively in their immune response to immunization with P. multocida. Attempts to determine whether combined bacterins afforded a better immunity than monovalent bacterins were inconclusive.", "PMID": 754121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9487", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XI. Helminths in cattle on natural pastures in the Northern Transvaal.", "content": "After being exposed to infestation for 4 to 6 weeks, pairs of tracer calves were slaughtered to determine the seasonal incidence of helminth infestation in cattle on natural pasture. Haemonchus placei was recovered from March-July and from November-February, and peak burdens were recorded during December and January. There was marked inhibition in larval development from April-July. Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered from March-June and from November-February, the greatest number of worms being recorded during December. Cooperia spp. infestation occurred from March-August and November-February with peak burdens during April-June and December. From February-August more than 50% of the worms recovered were in the 4th larval stage of development. The greatest number of Oesophagostomum radiatum were recovered from June-January. Longistrongylus sabie and Impalaia tuberculata, parasites normally found in impala, were recovered from many of the survey animals, this being the first record of their occurrence in cattle.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XI. Helminths in cattle on natural pastures in the Northern Transvaal. After being exposed to infestation for 4 to 6 weeks, pairs of tracer calves were slaughtered to determine the seasonal incidence of helminth infestation in cattle on natural pasture. Haemonchus placei was recovered from March-July and from November-February, and peak burdens were recorded during December and January. There was marked inhibition in larval development from April-July. Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered from March-June and from November-February, the greatest number of worms being recorded during December. Cooperia spp. infestation occurred from March-August and November-February with peak burdens during April-June and December. From February-August more than 50% of the worms recovered were in the 4th larval stage of development. The greatest number of Oesophagostomum radiatum were recovered from June-January. Longistrongylus sabie and Impalaia tuberculata, parasites normally found in impala, were recovered from many of the survey animals, this being the first record of their occurrence in cattle.", "PMID": 754122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9488", "title": "Proteins and free amino acids in the salivary secretion and haemolymph of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum.", "content": "Electrophoretic and chromatographic separations of the salivary secretion of Amblyomma hebraeum showed a less complex protein pattern than that of Ornithodoros savignyi. A hyaluronidase active component was isolated. The haemolymph protein pattern showed a major protein fraction with a mobility slightly faster than that of bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "Proteins and free amino acids in the salivary secretion and haemolymph of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum. Electrophoretic and chromatographic separations of the salivary secretion of Amblyomma hebraeum showed a less complex protein pattern than that of Ornithodoros savignyi. A hyaluronidase active component was isolated. The haemolymph protein pattern showed a major protein fraction with a mobility slightly faster than that of bovine serum albumin.", "PMID": 754123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9489", "title": "The suitability of various types of dung and vegetable matter as larval breeding media for Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "The dung of 7 species of domestic animals, 4 plant materials, standard larval breeding medium and 3 mixtures of some of these materials were evaluated as breeding media for Stomoxys calcitrans larvae. S. calcitrans could not breed in pure chicken dung or in either of the 2 types of sawdust tested, but Pinus spp. sawdust plus chicken dung proved an excellent breeding medium. Of the other media tested, Pennisetum spp. clippings were the least favourable for the development of S. calcitrans larvae. None of the media had any effect on the sex ratio of the adults that were cultured or on the viability of their eggs.", "contents": "The suitability of various types of dung and vegetable matter as larval breeding media for Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). The dung of 7 species of domestic animals, 4 plant materials, standard larval breeding medium and 3 mixtures of some of these materials were evaluated as breeding media for Stomoxys calcitrans larvae. S. calcitrans could not breed in pure chicken dung or in either of the 2 types of sawdust tested, but Pinus spp. sawdust plus chicken dung proved an excellent breeding medium. Of the other media tested, Pennisetum spp. clippings were the least favourable for the development of S. calcitrans larvae. None of the media had any effect on the sex ratio of the adults that were cultured or on the viability of their eggs.", "PMID": 754124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9490", "title": "The pathology of an inherited lysosomal storage disorder of calves.", "content": "The clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological, as well as the ultrastructural appearance of a condition in cross-bred Aberdeen Angus calves resembling the inherited lysosomal storage disease, alpha-mannosidosis, are reported. The neurones and perithelial cells in the brain and the reticuloendothelial cells in the lymph nodes and spleen were extensively vacuolated. The vacuoles were filled with a sparse, flocculated to granular material within which membranous structures were frequently seen. No specific substance could be identified within the vacuoles, either histochemically or ultrastructurally. Besides the vacuolation, cystic tubular structures were seen in the kidneys. The lining epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles were vacuolated while some of the follicles contained no colloid.", "contents": "The pathology of an inherited lysosomal storage disorder of calves. The clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological, as well as the ultrastructural appearance of a condition in cross-bred Aberdeen Angus calves resembling the inherited lysosomal storage disease, alpha-mannosidosis, are reported. The neurones and perithelial cells in the brain and the reticuloendothelial cells in the lymph nodes and spleen were extensively vacuolated. The vacuoles were filled with a sparse, flocculated to granular material within which membranous structures were frequently seen. No specific substance could be identified within the vacuoles, either histochemically or ultrastructurally. Besides the vacuolation, cystic tubular structures were seen in the kidneys. The lining epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles were vacuolated while some of the follicles contained no colloid.", "PMID": 754125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9491", "title": "Surgical transfer of the cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena.", "content": "Unattached immature cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena were transferred surgically to the peritoneal cavities of 4 sheep. Mature infective cysticerci were recovered from the recipient sheep 3 and 5,8 months later. A fully developed live cysticercus was present in the muscle layers surrounding the scar of the laparotomy site in 2 of the animals.", "contents": "Surgical transfer of the cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena. Unattached immature cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena were transferred surgically to the peritoneal cavities of 4 sheep. Mature infective cysticerci were recovered from the recipient sheep 3 and 5,8 months later. A fully developed live cysticercus was present in the muscle layers surrounding the scar of the laparotomy site in 2 of the animals.", "PMID": 754126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9492", "title": "The effects of elevated glucose levels on the incorporation of glucose and acetate into aortic lipids of the dog.", "content": "The effect of elevated glucose concentration on the incorporation of labeled glucose and acetate into aortic lipids of the dog was studied. Increased medium glucose concentration (80 mg p. 100-300 mg p. 100) resulted in: 1. an increased incorporation of glucose into aortic total lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides; 2. an increased incorporation of acetate into each lipid fraction studied. In addition, the effect of insulin on glucose incorporation into aortic lipid was assessed. At a concentration of 100 mU/ml, insulin had no effect on glucose incorporation into aortic lipids of the dog.", "contents": "The effects of elevated glucose levels on the incorporation of glucose and acetate into aortic lipids of the dog. The effect of elevated glucose concentration on the incorporation of labeled glucose and acetate into aortic lipids of the dog was studied. Increased medium glucose concentration (80 mg p. 100-300 mg p. 100) resulted in: 1. an increased incorporation of glucose into aortic total lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides; 2. an increased incorporation of acetate into each lipid fraction studied. In addition, the effect of insulin on glucose incorporation into aortic lipid was assessed. At a concentration of 100 mU/ml, insulin had no effect on glucose incorporation into aortic lipids of the dog.", "PMID": 754128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9493", "title": "Studies on the influence of different drugs upon the proliferative answer of ASMC and fibroblasts in culture depending on drug concentration and exposition time.", "content": "We investigated the proliferation of fibroblasts and A.S.M.C. in culture as a function of concentration and exposition time of D-Penicillamine, Prednisolone, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Chloroquine. For every drug we found a concentration that caused only small initial inhibition of cell growth but did not alter the kind of further proliferation compared with controls. This \"optimal inhibiting drug concentration\" was characteristic of the drug but uncharacteristic of the cell type. Lower concentrations lead to a slight increase of proliferation, higher concentrations to a decrease of proliferation and finally after specific times of exposure to cell degeneration. Chloroquine showed no proliferation increasing effect even in doses much lower than the equivalent human daily drug dose. The equivalent human daily drug dose for Chloroquine was much higher than the optimal inhibiting drug concentration whereas that for the other drugs was the same as the optimal inhibiting drug concentration. For each drug there was a linear correlation between the degree of inhibition of cell proliferation and the logarithm of drug concentration on every occasion the cell growth was examined. All the relationships demonstrated were true of both fibroblasts--and A.S.M.C.--cultures, which indicates that there is no connection between the type of cell and its reaction to these, specific, chemical, drugs. Our results show that culture methods are suitable for the study of cell drug interactions.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of different drugs upon the proliferative answer of ASMC and fibroblasts in culture depending on drug concentration and exposition time. We investigated the proliferation of fibroblasts and A.S.M.C. in culture as a function of concentration and exposition time of D-Penicillamine, Prednisolone, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Chloroquine. For every drug we found a concentration that caused only small initial inhibition of cell growth but did not alter the kind of further proliferation compared with controls. This \"optimal inhibiting drug concentration\" was characteristic of the drug but uncharacteristic of the cell type. Lower concentrations lead to a slight increase of proliferation, higher concentrations to a decrease of proliferation and finally after specific times of exposure to cell degeneration. Chloroquine showed no proliferation increasing effect even in doses much lower than the equivalent human daily drug dose. The equivalent human daily drug dose for Chloroquine was much higher than the optimal inhibiting drug concentration whereas that for the other drugs was the same as the optimal inhibiting drug concentration. For each drug there was a linear correlation between the degree of inhibition of cell proliferation and the logarithm of drug concentration on every occasion the cell growth was examined. All the relationships demonstrated were true of both fibroblasts--and A.S.M.C.--cultures, which indicates that there is no connection between the type of cell and its reaction to these, specific, chemical, drugs. Our results show that culture methods are suitable for the study of cell drug interactions.", "PMID": 754129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9494", "title": "A field trial of suppression of Aedes aegypti population by releasing sterile males into a domestic population.", "content": "After release of an average of 1260 sterile male each day for a period of sixty two days, the average fertility of Aedas aegypti population remained above 50% in Ererwani village. It is concluded that the irradiated sterile males may not be suitable as a control measure, despite the fact that irradiation was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere.", "contents": "A field trial of suppression of Aedes aegypti population by releasing sterile males into a domestic population. After release of an average of 1260 sterile male each day for a period of sixty two days, the average fertility of Aedas aegypti population remained above 50% in Ererwani village. It is concluded that the irradiated sterile males may not be suitable as a control measure, despite the fact that irradiation was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere.", "PMID": 754134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9495", "title": "[Research on intestinal parasitic diseases in dogs of the city of Rome].", "content": "A survey on the diffusion of intestinal parasites of dogs in the town of Rome. The results of a survey on the diffusion of cestodes and nematodes in a hundred dogs in Rome are reported. The dogs were subjected to fecal examinations --- using both the flottation method and the McMaster method -- and to the post-mortem examination of the intestine. At post-mortem examination 25 dogs were found parasitized by one or more species of nematodes, 19 by one or more species of cestodes and 12 both by cestodes and nematodes for a total of 56 animals parasitized. The parasites were identifed with the following frequency: Dipylidium caninum 28 per cent, Toxocara canis 17 per cent, Uncinaria stenocephala 15 per cent, Trichuris vulpis 10 per cent, Toxascaris leonina 9 per cent, Taenia pisiformis 4 per cent, Echinococcus granulosus 2 per cent, Ancylostoma caninum, T. hydatigena and Mesocestoides lineatus 1 per cent each. The most frequent parasite found in stray dogs was U. stenocephala (33.3 per cent) while among the dogs with owners the most frequent one was D. caninum (31.8 per cent) which was also identified most frequently in dogs over a year of age (31.1 per cent). The dogs under one year of age were more often affected by T. canis (43.7 per cent). In the paper a review of similar Italian surveys is also given.", "contents": "[Research on intestinal parasitic diseases in dogs of the city of Rome]. A survey on the diffusion of intestinal parasites of dogs in the town of Rome. The results of a survey on the diffusion of cestodes and nematodes in a hundred dogs in Rome are reported. The dogs were subjected to fecal examinations --- using both the flottation method and the McMaster method -- and to the post-mortem examination of the intestine. At post-mortem examination 25 dogs were found parasitized by one or more species of nematodes, 19 by one or more species of cestodes and 12 both by cestodes and nematodes for a total of 56 animals parasitized. The parasites were identifed with the following frequency: Dipylidium caninum 28 per cent, Toxocara canis 17 per cent, Uncinaria stenocephala 15 per cent, Trichuris vulpis 10 per cent, Toxascaris leonina 9 per cent, Taenia pisiformis 4 per cent, Echinococcus granulosus 2 per cent, Ancylostoma caninum, T. hydatigena and Mesocestoides lineatus 1 per cent each. The most frequent parasite found in stray dogs was U. stenocephala (33.3 per cent) while among the dogs with owners the most frequent one was D. caninum (31.8 per cent) which was also identified most frequently in dogs over a year of age (31.1 per cent). The dogs under one year of age were more often affected by T. canis (43.7 per cent). In the paper a review of similar Italian surveys is also given.", "PMID": 754133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9496", "title": "Principal clinical features and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A prospective study of 102 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) on 30 parameters subdivided into 77 variables was analyzed by correspondence analysis, a variant of principal component analysis, which allows simultaneous graphical representation of patients and variables. This statistical method clearly defined three principal clinical features recognized at the time of diagnosis: lymph node proliferation, lymphoid infiltration and cytopenia. Cytopenia was clearly subdivided into peripheral and central types. Each of these clinical features were derived from clinical and laboratory observations which agreed with each other. Simple examination permitted an evaluation of these three syndromes. They seemed to be independent of each other except for a relationship between central cytopenia and lymphoid infiltration. Thus clinical staging at the moment of diagnosis must record three scales of severity corresponding to the three independant clinical features. Prognosis was essentially related to cytopenia, whatever the mechanism. In a further analysis of the subsequent progress of the disease, a \"common path\" for patients was found terminating in a region of the graph where marked splenomegaly and cytopenia were plotted. We conclude that it is necessary to consider the three clinical features independently in a clinical staging. This study emphasizes the poor prognosis of cytopenia and splenomegaly and indicates that follow up and treatment should take this feature into account.", "contents": "Principal clinical features and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A prospective study of 102 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) on 30 parameters subdivided into 77 variables was analyzed by correspondence analysis, a variant of principal component analysis, which allows simultaneous graphical representation of patients and variables. This statistical method clearly defined three principal clinical features recognized at the time of diagnosis: lymph node proliferation, lymphoid infiltration and cytopenia. Cytopenia was clearly subdivided into peripheral and central types. Each of these clinical features were derived from clinical and laboratory observations which agreed with each other. Simple examination permitted an evaluation of these three syndromes. They seemed to be independent of each other except for a relationship between central cytopenia and lymphoid infiltration. Thus clinical staging at the moment of diagnosis must record three scales of severity corresponding to the three independant clinical features. Prognosis was essentially related to cytopenia, whatever the mechanism. In a further analysis of the subsequent progress of the disease, a \"common path\" for patients was found terminating in a region of the graph where marked splenomegaly and cytopenia were plotted. We conclude that it is necessary to consider the three clinical features independently in a clinical staging. This study emphasizes the poor prognosis of cytopenia and splenomegaly and indicates that follow up and treatment should take this feature into account.", "PMID": 754171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9497", "title": "[Some aspects of the allelic interaction in family studies of normal A1B and A2B subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have selected three series of families presenting several heterozygous AB gene combinations: the same gene A and the same gene B; the same gene B and different genes A; and the same gene A and different genes B. The results concerning these families show that the quantitiy of A1 and A substances (for A1B) or A (for A2B) is related to the \"quality\" of the alpha-D-galactosyl transferase acting on a more or less important H substratum. The alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl transferase seems to have a minor function.", "contents": "[Some aspects of the allelic interaction in family studies of normal A1B and A2B subjects (author's transl)]. The authors have selected three series of families presenting several heterozygous AB gene combinations: the same gene A and the same gene B; the same gene B and different genes A; and the same gene A and different genes B. The results concerning these families show that the quantitiy of A1 and A substances (for A1B) or A (for A2B) is related to the \"quality\" of the alpha-D-galactosyl transferase acting on a more or less important H substratum. The alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl transferase seems to have a minor function.", "PMID": 754172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9498", "title": "[Hemoglobin Pyrgos beta 83 (EF 7) Gly leads to Asp in a Malian: structural identification and functional properties (author's transl)].", "content": "The second observation of hemoglobin Pyrogos is reported. This abnormality was initially described in a Greek family, in our case it concerns an African negro originating from the Republic of Mali. The abnormal hemoglobin was without clinical or hematological consequences. The structural defect is a substitution of an Asp for a Gly in the immediate vicinity of lysine beta 82. This leads to a large inhibition of the corresponding tryptic cleavage and therefore to difficulties in the determination of the mutation. A second feature is a slight modification occurring near one of the 2.3 DPG binding site. As a consequence, the regulatory effect of this organic phosphate is smaller in the purified and stripped component than on hemoglobin A.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin Pyrgos beta 83 (EF 7) Gly leads to Asp in a Malian: structural identification and functional properties (author's transl)]. The second observation of hemoglobin Pyrogos is reported. This abnormality was initially described in a Greek family, in our case it concerns an African negro originating from the Republic of Mali. The abnormal hemoglobin was without clinical or hematological consequences. The structural defect is a substitution of an Asp for a Gly in the immediate vicinity of lysine beta 82. This leads to a large inhibition of the corresponding tryptic cleavage and therefore to difficulties in the determination of the mutation. A second feature is a slight modification occurring near one of the 2.3 DPG binding site. As a consequence, the regulatory effect of this organic phosphate is smaller in the purified and stripped component than on hemoglobin A.", "PMID": 754173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9499", "title": "[Suppression of hepatic myeloid metaplasia after irradiation of the spleen in a case of spent polycythemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of spent polycythemia after irradiation of the spleen alone (450 rad in 17 sessions and 28 days) the suppression of any hepatic myeloid metaplasia was observed simultaneously with the regression of myelemia and erythroblastemia and the drop in the number of circulating granulomonocytic stem cells. These observations allow to discuss the mode of action of the splenic radiotherapy and the relationship between myeloid metaplasia and the circulating hematopoietic cells (proliferating granulocytic and erythrocytic cells and stem cells).", "contents": "[Suppression of hepatic myeloid metaplasia after irradiation of the spleen in a case of spent polycythemia (author's transl)]. In a case of spent polycythemia after irradiation of the spleen alone (450 rad in 17 sessions and 28 days) the suppression of any hepatic myeloid metaplasia was observed simultaneously with the regression of myelemia and erythroblastemia and the drop in the number of circulating granulomonocytic stem cells. These observations allow to discuss the mode of action of the splenic radiotherapy and the relationship between myeloid metaplasia and the circulating hematopoietic cells (proliferating granulocytic and erythrocytic cells and stem cells).", "PMID": 754174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9500", "title": "[Ineffective erythropoiesis in myeloid splenomegaly: the 59Fe test, bone marrow histologic and cytologic data].", "content": "Eight patients presenting primary myelofibrosis or spent polycythemia were submitted to a ferrokinetic study, a triphine bone marrow biopsy and a bone marrow puncture. In all cases before treatment (splenic radiotherapy) ferrokinetic measurements demonstrated an ineffective erythropoiesis, the intensity of which was precised on bone marrow biopsies, in numbering the erythroblasts per surface unit. Bone marrow biopsies permitted also, through a semiquantitative estimate of the bone marrow cellularity, to evaluate an aplasia component not always expected with ferrokinetic study. Study of bone marrow allowed to precise the site of the erythroblastic abortion; cellular death might occur during the last nitosis of the erythroblastic series (transition from the polychromatophil erythroblasts to the acidophil erythroblasts). In order to delineate the general pattern of erythropoiesis before treatment and when assessing the results of a treatment, besides ferrokinetic measurements, the study of bone marrow biopsy and smears appears relevant.", "contents": "[Ineffective erythropoiesis in myeloid splenomegaly: the 59Fe test, bone marrow histologic and cytologic data]. Eight patients presenting primary myelofibrosis or spent polycythemia were submitted to a ferrokinetic study, a triphine bone marrow biopsy and a bone marrow puncture. In all cases before treatment (splenic radiotherapy) ferrokinetic measurements demonstrated an ineffective erythropoiesis, the intensity of which was precised on bone marrow biopsies, in numbering the erythroblasts per surface unit. Bone marrow biopsies permitted also, through a semiquantitative estimate of the bone marrow cellularity, to evaluate an aplasia component not always expected with ferrokinetic study. Study of bone marrow allowed to precise the site of the erythroblastic abortion; cellular death might occur during the last nitosis of the erythroblastic series (transition from the polychromatophil erythroblasts to the acidophil erythroblasts). In order to delineate the general pattern of erythropoiesis before treatment and when assessing the results of a treatment, besides ferrokinetic measurements, the study of bone marrow biopsy and smears appears relevant.", "PMID": 754175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9501", "title": "[Double medular scintigraphy using 99mTc-colloids and 111In-transferrin in myeloid splenomegaly (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneously with bone marrow biopsy and 59Fe kinetic study, bone marrow scintigraphy using 99mTc-colloids and 111In-transferrin was performed in 15 patients with a documented diagnosis of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. This rapid, simple and non-traumatic method permits visualization of changes in the reticular and the erythropoietic marrow which are not always the same. The technique can demonstrate diminution of active marrow in the axial skeleton, peripheral extension of bone marrow and its heterogeneity from site to site. These abnormalities, which vary from case to case, correlated well with the results of 59Fe external countings. The degree of splenic myeloid metaplasia, as judged by 111In uptake, is also well correlated with 59Fe uptake into the spleen. There was poor correlation between scintigraphic and iron kinetic data on the hand, and bone marrow cellularity assessed by marrow biopsy on the other. While scintigraphic studies are chiefly qualitative, they appear to provide useful information for diagnosis, and possibly for prognostic and therapeutic decision.", "contents": "[Double medular scintigraphy using 99mTc-colloids and 111In-transferrin in myeloid splenomegaly (author's transl)]. Simultaneously with bone marrow biopsy and 59Fe kinetic study, bone marrow scintigraphy using 99mTc-colloids and 111In-transferrin was performed in 15 patients with a documented diagnosis of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. This rapid, simple and non-traumatic method permits visualization of changes in the reticular and the erythropoietic marrow which are not always the same. The technique can demonstrate diminution of active marrow in the axial skeleton, peripheral extension of bone marrow and its heterogeneity from site to site. These abnormalities, which vary from case to case, correlated well with the results of 59Fe external countings. The degree of splenic myeloid metaplasia, as judged by 111In uptake, is also well correlated with 59Fe uptake into the spleen. There was poor correlation between scintigraphic and iron kinetic data on the hand, and bone marrow cellularity assessed by marrow biopsy on the other. While scintigraphic studies are chiefly qualitative, they appear to provide useful information for diagnosis, and possibly for prognostic and therapeutic decision.", "PMID": 754176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9502", "title": "[Hemoglobin anomalies and medico-biological data in 10,000 Africans (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1962, the hemoglobin of all the foundation scholars of the French Cooperation addressed to the C.E.A.B.H. for a medical examination at their arrival in France was systematically studied. The distribution and the incidence of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C were recorded in fourthy ethnic groups from Africa South of Sahara. Few significant correlations between the frequency of anomalies detected by the medico-biological check-up and the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin were found; AC seems to be less asymptomatic than AS. Some rare hemoglobins were detected.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin anomalies and medico-biological data in 10,000 Africans (author's transl)]. Since 1962, the hemoglobin of all the foundation scholars of the French Cooperation addressed to the C.E.A.B.H. for a medical examination at their arrival in France was systematically studied. The distribution and the incidence of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C were recorded in fourthy ethnic groups from Africa South of Sahara. Few significant correlations between the frequency of anomalies detected by the medico-biological check-up and the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin were found; AC seems to be less asymptomatic than AS. Some rare hemoglobins were detected.", "PMID": 754177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9503", "title": "[Usefulness of \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" tissue adhesives for increase of resistance against distention of bladder wounds in rabbits].", "content": "The usefulness of the polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" for the increase of the bladder wound resistance against distention was investigated on 24 rabbits. The measurements were performed after 3, 7, 10 and 14 days, applying a water manometer. The results proved a distinctly increased resistance against distention of the bladder wounds in the experimental group during the first week. In the latter period of time there were no differences observed between the control and the experimental group.", "contents": "[Usefulness of \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" tissue adhesives for increase of resistance against distention of bladder wounds in rabbits]. The usefulness of the polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" for the increase of the bladder wound resistance against distention was investigated on 24 rabbits. The measurements were performed after 3, 7, 10 and 14 days, applying a water manometer. The results proved a distinctly increased resistance against distention of the bladder wounds in the experimental group during the first week. In the latter period of time there were no differences observed between the control and the experimental group.", "PMID": 754188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9504", "title": "Purification and characterization of mitochondrial cysteine aminotransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Cysteine aminotransferase has been purified over 300-fold from rat liver mitochondria. Transamination between L-cysteine and 2-oxoglutarate, and the reverse reaction, were observed to be catalyzed by the purified enzyme but inhibited by L-aspartate. The enzyme also catalyzed transamination of alanine, 3-sulfinic acid, aspartic acid, and cysteic acid. A new reaction assay method was devised, contributing an indication that mitochondrial cysteine aminotransferase is identical to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. The latter apparently catalyzed 3 transamination reactions in the cysteine degradation process within mitochondria.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of mitochondrial cysteine aminotransferase from rat liver. Cysteine aminotransferase has been purified over 300-fold from rat liver mitochondria. Transamination between L-cysteine and 2-oxoglutarate, and the reverse reaction, were observed to be catalyzed by the purified enzyme but inhibited by L-aspartate. The enzyme also catalyzed transamination of alanine, 3-sulfinic acid, aspartic acid, and cysteic acid. A new reaction assay method was devised, contributing an indication that mitochondrial cysteine aminotransferase is identical to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. The latter apparently catalyzed 3 transamination reactions in the cysteine degradation process within mitochondria.", "PMID": 754189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9505", "title": "Left ventricular mural force changes as reflections of induced alterations in myocardial pump performance.", "content": "Strain gauge measurements of changes in left ventricular mural force seen during the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle were examined for a relation to ventricular emptying efficiency. Left ventricular pressure and mural force were recorded at aortic valve opening and closing, then residual fractions were calculated using (a) a representative radius determined from the LaPlace formula (MF = pi PR2), (b) mural force recordings alone, and (c) intraventricular pressure recordings alone. These fractions were compared to other residual fractions simultaneously obtained by thermodilution. Comparisons were made during changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac contractility. Findings were: 1. Significant correlation is seen when residual fractions, calculated from mural force alone or representative radii (mural force and left ventricular pressure) are regresed against the residual fraction obtained by thermodilution. 2. No relation is seen when residual fraction, calculated from intraventricular pressure, is similarly regressed against the residual fraction obtained by thermodilution. 3. It follows that mural force changes occurring during ventricular ejection do reflect ventricular dimension changes during this period. Moreover, directly recorded mural force can be used to calculate representative ventricular radii which more accurately reflect ventricular size changes. On the other hand, intraventricular pressure, which does not necessarily determine ventricular size, does not reflect ventricular emptying efficiency.", "contents": "Left ventricular mural force changes as reflections of induced alterations in myocardial pump performance. Strain gauge measurements of changes in left ventricular mural force seen during the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle were examined for a relation to ventricular emptying efficiency. Left ventricular pressure and mural force were recorded at aortic valve opening and closing, then residual fractions were calculated using (a) a representative radius determined from the LaPlace formula (MF = pi PR2), (b) mural force recordings alone, and (c) intraventricular pressure recordings alone. These fractions were compared to other residual fractions simultaneously obtained by thermodilution. Comparisons were made during changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac contractility. Findings were: 1. Significant correlation is seen when residual fractions, calculated from mural force alone or representative radii (mural force and left ventricular pressure) are regresed against the residual fraction obtained by thermodilution. 2. No relation is seen when residual fraction, calculated from intraventricular pressure, is similarly regressed against the residual fraction obtained by thermodilution. 3. It follows that mural force changes occurring during ventricular ejection do reflect ventricular dimension changes during this period. Moreover, directly recorded mural force can be used to calculate representative ventricular radii which more accurately reflect ventricular size changes. On the other hand, intraventricular pressure, which does not necessarily determine ventricular size, does not reflect ventricular emptying efficiency.", "PMID": 754190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9506", "title": "Thermal anomalies in acetylcholine release: evidence for control of membrane fusion by interfacial water.", "content": "Thermal anomalies in the rate of acetylcholine release from electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum have been demonstrated at 18 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Because similar anomalies occur in many aqueous systems where interfacial water plays a dominant role, it is concluded that the anomalies in acetylcholine secretion may indicate domination of the release process by interfacial water. Sharp breaks in the Arrhenius plots at the temperatures of the anomalies separate non-linear portions of positive gradient from a linear portion of negative gradient. The negative curve probably results from the rate of a competitive reaction (such as the rate of removal of calcium from the nerve terminal) while the positive portions may arise from cooperative H-bonding of water molecules. It is proposed that water-dominated phase transitions in membrane lipids may also mediate the effects of both temperature and calcium ions on neurotransmitter release in particular and membrane fusion in general.", "contents": "Thermal anomalies in acetylcholine release: evidence for control of membrane fusion by interfacial water. Thermal anomalies in the rate of acetylcholine release from electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum have been demonstrated at 18 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Because similar anomalies occur in many aqueous systems where interfacial water plays a dominant role, it is concluded that the anomalies in acetylcholine secretion may indicate domination of the release process by interfacial water. Sharp breaks in the Arrhenius plots at the temperatures of the anomalies separate non-linear portions of positive gradient from a linear portion of negative gradient. The negative curve probably results from the rate of a competitive reaction (such as the rate of removal of calcium from the nerve terminal) while the positive portions may arise from cooperative H-bonding of water molecules. It is proposed that water-dominated phase transitions in membrane lipids may also mediate the effects of both temperature and calcium ions on neurotransmitter release in particular and membrane fusion in general.", "PMID": 754191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9507", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the freezing of water in rat kidney tissues.", "content": "The proton linewidth and the integral of the absorption signal of water in rat kidney tissue have been measured at sub-zero temperatures. The water, fresh or stored at +4 degrees C for 24--48 h, shows a supercooling effect down to -10 degrees C to -14 degrees C. At -20 degrees C, 10--20% of the total tissue water remains unfrozen. The supercooling effect is diminished by prior storage at positive temperatures but completely eliminated by storage at several degrees below 0 degrees C. This suggests that the freezing behavior of tissue water varies with change in the physiological state of the tissue. Tissue samples stored at positive temperatures were observed to be more vulnerable than fresh tissue to freezing damage. Storage at several degrees below 0 degrees C for the same period of time appeared to be even more damaging.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the freezing of water in rat kidney tissues. The proton linewidth and the integral of the absorption signal of water in rat kidney tissue have been measured at sub-zero temperatures. The water, fresh or stored at +4 degrees C for 24--48 h, shows a supercooling effect down to -10 degrees C to -14 degrees C. At -20 degrees C, 10--20% of the total tissue water remains unfrozen. The supercooling effect is diminished by prior storage at positive temperatures but completely eliminated by storage at several degrees below 0 degrees C. This suggests that the freezing behavior of tissue water varies with change in the physiological state of the tissue. Tissue samples stored at positive temperatures were observed to be more vulnerable than fresh tissue to freezing damage. Storage at several degrees below 0 degrees C for the same period of time appeared to be even more damaging.", "PMID": 754192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9508", "title": "Anatomical localization of human detection of weak electromagnetic radiation: experiments with dowsers.", "content": "Positive responses (dowsing signals) were evoked from 14 male \"dowsers\" by exposure to artificial electromagnetic (ac) fields. When the kidney area was shielded, such responses failed to occur. This suggests that magnetic sensors exist in man, probably located in the renal vicinity. Extinction of response was also observed when the head was shielded. This suggests the existence of additional magnetic sensory apparatus in the brain. Discrimination among magnetic patterns (signatures) is hypothesized to account for the apparent ability of dowsers to find specific underground substances, notably water. Such discrimination would require functional association of the sensory apparatus with a signature processor. Data are presented suggesting that this sensor-processor complex does indeed exist and may be located in the vicinity of the pineal gland.", "contents": "Anatomical localization of human detection of weak electromagnetic radiation: experiments with dowsers. Positive responses (dowsing signals) were evoked from 14 male \"dowsers\" by exposure to artificial electromagnetic (ac) fields. When the kidney area was shielded, such responses failed to occur. This suggests that magnetic sensors exist in man, probably located in the renal vicinity. Extinction of response was also observed when the head was shielded. This suggests the existence of additional magnetic sensory apparatus in the brain. Discrimination among magnetic patterns (signatures) is hypothesized to account for the apparent ability of dowsers to find specific underground substances, notably water. Such discrimination would require functional association of the sensory apparatus with a signature processor. Data are presented suggesting that this sensor-processor complex does indeed exist and may be located in the vicinity of the pineal gland.", "PMID": 754193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9509", "title": "[Biliojejunoduodenostomy: morphofunctional aspects and radiological problems (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis is made of the anatomofunctional features of biliojejunoduodenostomy, in comparison with different kinds of biliodigestive anastomoses; special attention is paid to roentgensemeiological problems as related to the method of investigation.", "contents": "[Biliojejunoduodenostomy: morphofunctional aspects and radiological problems (author's transl)]. An analysis is made of the anatomofunctional features of biliojejunoduodenostomy, in comparison with different kinds of biliodigestive anastomoses; special attention is paid to roentgensemeiological problems as related to the method of investigation.", "PMID": 754202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9510", "title": "[The employment of pharmacodynamic tests in the radiological examination of the digestive tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications, contraindications and usefulness of pharmacodynamic tests in current radiological diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract are reviewed and iscussed. Various examples are presented.", "contents": "[The employment of pharmacodynamic tests in the radiological examination of the digestive tract (author's transl)]. The indications, contraindications and usefulness of pharmacodynamic tests in current radiological diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract are reviewed and iscussed. Various examples are presented.", "PMID": 754203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9511", "title": "[Radiological assessment of acute pancreatitis in 110 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "110 patients with acute pancreatitis have been investigated with simple X-ray examinations of the abdomen and chest and in 35 cases by investigating the upper digestive tract with contrast medium. The frequency of the main radiological signs and their significance in relation to clinical diagnosis are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Radiological assessment of acute pancreatitis in 110 patients (author's transl)]. 110 patients with acute pancreatitis have been investigated with simple X-ray examinations of the abdomen and chest and in 35 cases by investigating the upper digestive tract with contrast medium. The frequency of the main radiological signs and their significance in relation to clinical diagnosis are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 754204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9512", "title": "[Radiography of the epididymis, vas deferens and vesicle in the investigation of male sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiography of the epididymis, vas deferens and vesicle was formed in 72 subjects admitted for sterility. The technique employed, its indications, and the results achieved are discussed. Several examples are presented.", "contents": "[Radiography of the epididymis, vas deferens and vesicle in the investigation of male sterility (author's transl)]. Radiography of the epididymis, vas deferens and vesicle was formed in 72 subjects admitted for sterility. The technique employed, its indications, and the results achieved are discussed. Several examples are presented.", "PMID": 754205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9513", "title": "[Neonatal hypophosphatasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of severe neonatal hypophosphatasia is reported; X-ray aspects are described and differential diagnosis with other forms of foetoneonatal dwarfism is discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal hypophosphatasia (author's transl)]. A case of severe neonatal hypophosphatasia is reported; X-ray aspects are described and differential diagnosis with other forms of foetoneonatal dwarfism is discussed.", "PMID": 754206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9514", "title": "[Clinical and radiological study of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus with early onset: case contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus with symptomatology present at birth are reported and discussed. The cases were diagnosed radiologically and successfully operated.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological study of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus with early onset: case contribution (author's transl)]. Two cases of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus with symptomatology present at birth are reported and discussed. The cases were diagnosed radiologically and successfully operated.", "PMID": 754207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9515", "title": "[Crossed aphasia in a right-handed patient: a report on one case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a 37 year old right-handed patient with a right rolando-parietal infarct which was manifest clinically by not only sensory-motor disorders of the left side of the body, but more especially by an expression aphasia. This observation fulfills the criteria for defining the exceptional case of crossed aphasia in a right-handed patient: aphasic destruction of language engendered by a right unilateral lesion in such a patient, without a previous history of a cerebral lesion or family history of left-handedness. Comparing the aphasic signs in this patient with the rare cases reported in the published literature shows that there is a particular pathognomonic profile, close to the type of aphasic disorganization seen in children and left-handed adults. The authors review the neuropsychopathogenic explanations for this crossed aphasia of right-handed patients.", "contents": "[Crossed aphasia in a right-handed patient: a report on one case (author's transl)]. The authors report on a 37 year old right-handed patient with a right rolando-parietal infarct which was manifest clinically by not only sensory-motor disorders of the left side of the body, but more especially by an expression aphasia. This observation fulfills the criteria for defining the exceptional case of crossed aphasia in a right-handed patient: aphasic destruction of language engendered by a right unilateral lesion in such a patient, without a previous history of a cerebral lesion or family history of left-handedness. Comparing the aphasic signs in this patient with the rare cases reported in the published literature shows that there is a particular pathognomonic profile, close to the type of aphasic disorganization seen in children and left-handed adults. The authors review the neuropsychopathogenic explanations for this crossed aphasia of right-handed patients.", "PMID": 754234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9516", "title": "[Familial periodic paralysis with hypokaliemia, hyperaldosteronism and extracellular vacuolization (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation of a 20 years old patient with a periodic paralysis is reported. During a crisis induced by 20 U of insulin and 150 g of glucose, transient hyperaldosteronism was found and the muscular biopsy performed in the left biceps brachii, disclosed vacuoles with a double membrane. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Familial periodic paralysis with hypokaliemia, hyperaldosteronism and extracellular vacuolization (author's transl)]. The observation of a 20 years old patient with a periodic paralysis is reported. During a crisis induced by 20 U of insulin and 150 g of glucose, transient hyperaldosteronism was found and the muscular biopsy performed in the left biceps brachii, disclosed vacuoles with a double membrane. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 754235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9517", "title": "[Interhemispheric disconnection syndrome with diagonistic dyspraxia in the course of Marchiafava-Bignami disease].", "content": "The probable diagnosis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease was made in a chronic alcoholic patient because of the rapid onset of signs of inter-hemisphere disconnection. These inclused left visual and tactile anomia, difficulty of a limb to imitate postures presented in the contralateral visual half-field, constructional apraxia of the right hand, agraphia of the left hand, left auditive extinction in the dichotic test, difficulty in responses of the left limbs to verbal orders, which the authors propose to name left \"aphasic apraxia\" and a bimanual asynergia, sometimes presenting an aspect of diagonistic dyspraxia. These symptoms clearly show the competence of the left hemisphere for verbal tasks, or more generally, those of an imaginary or conceptual nature, and that of the right hemisphere for visiopatial tasks, or more generally, those required by concrete situations.", "contents": "[Interhemispheric disconnection syndrome with diagonistic dyspraxia in the course of Marchiafava-Bignami disease]. The probable diagnosis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease was made in a chronic alcoholic patient because of the rapid onset of signs of inter-hemisphere disconnection. These inclused left visual and tactile anomia, difficulty of a limb to imitate postures presented in the contralateral visual half-field, constructional apraxia of the right hand, agraphia of the left hand, left auditive extinction in the dichotic test, difficulty in responses of the left limbs to verbal orders, which the authors propose to name left \"aphasic apraxia\" and a bimanual asynergia, sometimes presenting an aspect of diagonistic dyspraxia. These symptoms clearly show the competence of the left hemisphere for verbal tasks, or more generally, those of an imaginary or conceptual nature, and that of the right hemisphere for visiopatial tasks, or more generally, those required by concrete situations.", "PMID": 754236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9518", "title": "[Glial histoenzymatic study in human cerebral edema (collateral edema in glial tumors)].", "content": "Histoenzymatic study was performed on neurosurgical specimens. Two patterns of reactive astrocytes were found. Normal shape cells with perivascular processes were observed in subcortical white matter and in moderate edematous changes. Hypertrophic cells without processes were seen in severe edematous changes. The role of glia in the selective vulnerability of the white matter is discussed.", "contents": "[Glial histoenzymatic study in human cerebral edema (collateral edema in glial tumors)]. Histoenzymatic study was performed on neurosurgical specimens. Two patterns of reactive astrocytes were found. Normal shape cells with perivascular processes were observed in subcortical white matter and in moderate edematous changes. Hypertrophic cells without processes were seen in severe edematous changes. The role of glia in the selective vulnerability of the white matter is discussed.", "PMID": 754237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9519", "title": "[Modifications in urinary homovanillic acid after ingestion of vitamin B6; functional study in autistic children (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing their study on the investigations which led to the dopaminergic theory of the psychoses, the authors studied homovanillic acid (principal derivative from dopamine) levels in the urines of 37 autistic children, and 11 normal children acting as controls. The favourable action of vitamin B6 on autism, reported by anglosaxon authors, was confirmed in 15 of the children. Furthermore, vitamin B6 reduces homovanillic acid levels in 33 autistic chilren and increases them in all the control group children.", "contents": "[Modifications in urinary homovanillic acid after ingestion of vitamin B6; functional study in autistic children (author's transl)]. Basing their study on the investigations which led to the dopaminergic theory of the psychoses, the authors studied homovanillic acid (principal derivative from dopamine) levels in the urines of 37 autistic children, and 11 normal children acting as controls. The favourable action of vitamin B6 on autism, reported by anglosaxon authors, was confirmed in 15 of the children. Furthermore, vitamin B6 reduces homovanillic acid levels in 33 autistic chilren and increases them in all the control group children.", "PMID": 754238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9520", "title": "[Intracranial neurinoma of the spinal nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient aged 56 years has developed a syndrome affecting the last cranial nerves--IX, X, XI and XII--on the left side progressively over the last two years, and, more recently, deafness. Apart from a simple radiological examination all other radiological tests were negative. The diagnosis was made during the surgical operation which revealed a neurinoma of nerve XI (spinal) in its intracranial path. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. After reviewing the published literature, the authors conclude that this is an exceptional case, which justifies publication and enables differential diagnosis to be made between this tumor and the Jugular Glomus tumor.", "contents": "[Intracranial neurinoma of the spinal nerve (author's transl)]. A patient aged 56 years has developed a syndrome affecting the last cranial nerves--IX, X, XI and XII--on the left side progressively over the last two years, and, more recently, deafness. Apart from a simple radiological examination all other radiological tests were negative. The diagnosis was made during the surgical operation which revealed a neurinoma of nerve XI (spinal) in its intracranial path. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. After reviewing the published literature, the authors conclude that this is an exceptional case, which justifies publication and enables differential diagnosis to be made between this tumor and the Jugular Glomus tumor.", "PMID": 754239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9521", "title": "[Prevalence and seasonal variations of irregular alloantibodies, especially the anti-Lewis].", "content": "In order to determine the efficiency of a technical modification of the screening procedure for irregular antibodies, the authors compare results obtained upon two patients' groups. Group I: 47.638 tests done by classical technics (462 antibodies: 105 anti-Lewis and 357 non Lewis antibodies). Group II: 22.437 tests done by the new method (563 antibodies: 262 anti-Lewis and 261 non Lewis antibodies). This new screening procedure is more efficient than classical technics and put in a prominent position the actual frequency of Lewis antibodies. The relationship between Lewis antibodies, ABO blood groups and sex are discussed. It seems to be an accumulation of Lewis antibodies within group A and AB. The frequency of group O is decreased among patients with Lewis antibodies. There is no modification of the frequency of B blood group. The authors suggest that a quantitative relationship exists between ABO phenotype, secretor status and the occurrence of Lewis antibodies. There is no sex difference in the frequency of Lewis antibodies. A seasonal variation in the frequency of irregular antibodies is reported, with a maximum into hivernal months.", "contents": "[Prevalence and seasonal variations of irregular alloantibodies, especially the anti-Lewis]. In order to determine the efficiency of a technical modification of the screening procedure for irregular antibodies, the authors compare results obtained upon two patients' groups. Group I: 47.638 tests done by classical technics (462 antibodies: 105 anti-Lewis and 357 non Lewis antibodies). Group II: 22.437 tests done by the new method (563 antibodies: 262 anti-Lewis and 261 non Lewis antibodies). This new screening procedure is more efficient than classical technics and put in a prominent position the actual frequency of Lewis antibodies. The relationship between Lewis antibodies, ABO blood groups and sex are discussed. It seems to be an accumulation of Lewis antibodies within group A and AB. The frequency of group O is decreased among patients with Lewis antibodies. There is no modification of the frequency of B blood group. The authors suggest that a quantitative relationship exists between ABO phenotype, secretor status and the occurrence of Lewis antibodies. There is no sex difference in the frequency of Lewis antibodies. A seasonal variation in the frequency of irregular antibodies is reported, with a maximum into hivernal months.", "PMID": 754240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9522", "title": "[Genetic linkage of HLA-Bf. Study of 19 informative families].", "content": "Since the discovery of the linkage between HLA and Bf by Allen in 1974 several reports have shown a very close linkage between Bf and HLA-B. We have studied 19 families with 81 offsprings for the linkage between HLA (A,B) and Bf. The total \"lod scores\" in our material for the linkage between HLA-B and Bf is 17,167 at theta = 0.00. No recombination was observed between HLA-B and Bf. One recombination out of 79 informative meiotic divisions was observed between HLA-A and Bf. This result would mean that the Bf locus is about 1.3% recombination fraction far from the HLA-A locus. Our estimation is in good agreement with the results of other authors. However the estimation of recombination fractions is only an arbitrary mean to map genetic loci on chromosomal regions and family studies of cases with intra-HLA cross-overs are of more interest. All available data from the litterature are in favour to a very close linkage between Bf and HLA-B and to a situation of the Bf locus between HLA-B and HLA-D. However some conflicting data on Bf gene mapping have been published. More precise informations may be obtained as soon as a more exact structure of the HLA region, in particular of the HLA-D region, will be known.", "contents": "[Genetic linkage of HLA-Bf. Study of 19 informative families]. Since the discovery of the linkage between HLA and Bf by Allen in 1974 several reports have shown a very close linkage between Bf and HLA-B. We have studied 19 families with 81 offsprings for the linkage between HLA (A,B) and Bf. The total \"lod scores\" in our material for the linkage between HLA-B and Bf is 17,167 at theta = 0.00. No recombination was observed between HLA-B and Bf. One recombination out of 79 informative meiotic divisions was observed between HLA-A and Bf. This result would mean that the Bf locus is about 1.3% recombination fraction far from the HLA-A locus. Our estimation is in good agreement with the results of other authors. However the estimation of recombination fractions is only an arbitrary mean to map genetic loci on chromosomal regions and family studies of cases with intra-HLA cross-overs are of more interest. All available data from the litterature are in favour to a very close linkage between Bf and HLA-B and to a situation of the Bf locus between HLA-B and HLA-D. However some conflicting data on Bf gene mapping have been published. More precise informations may be obtained as soon as a more exact structure of the HLA region, in particular of the HLA-D region, will be known.", "PMID": 754241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9523", "title": "[Autologous blood transfusion in a department of gynaecological surgery].", "content": "A single unit of 350 ml of whole blood was drawn 8 days before surgery, from 50 patients of a gynecological clinic. Hysterectomy was performed in 44 cases. Haematological values did not show any significant modification and no side effects attributable to the phlebotomy was detected before or during surgery. In 88% of cases, the utilisation of autologous blood has avoided an homologous transfusion whose side effects are well known.", "contents": "[Autologous blood transfusion in a department of gynaecological surgery]. A single unit of 350 ml of whole blood was drawn 8 days before surgery, from 50 patients of a gynecological clinic. Hysterectomy was performed in 44 cases. Haematological values did not show any significant modification and no side effects attributable to the phlebotomy was detected before or during surgery. In 88% of cases, the utilisation of autologous blood has avoided an homologous transfusion whose side effects are well known.", "PMID": 754242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9524", "title": "[Glanzmann thrombasthenia, PLA1 antigen and anti-Glanzmann antibody].", "content": "Six cases of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia were studied using a platelet indirect radioactive Coombs (PIRC). In serum of two among six patients, an antibody was found, which reacted positively with all platelets except those of thrombasthenic patients. Such \"anti-public\" antibody which shortens the life of transfused platelets is a very serious complication of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Attempts to define the PLA group of the six Glanzmann patients, with human allo antisera recognizing PLA1 antigen, gave negative results. Three hypothesis were discussed: (1) Interference in the test of the aggregation defect of thrombasthenic platelets. However, anti-HLA antibodies were normally fixed in the PIRC test. (2) PLA2 gene and Glanzmann gene have a strong gametic association and all Glanzmann's patients are PLA1 negative. (3) Glanzmann gene is coding for the PLA gene substrate. In such case, thrombasthenic patients might be genetically PLA1 positive and phenotypically PLA1 negative. Moreover they would also be PLA2 negative, this could not be tested due to the lack of anti-PLA2 antiserum.", "contents": "[Glanzmann thrombasthenia, PLA1 antigen and anti-Glanzmann antibody]. Six cases of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia were studied using a platelet indirect radioactive Coombs (PIRC). In serum of two among six patients, an antibody was found, which reacted positively with all platelets except those of thrombasthenic patients. Such \"anti-public\" antibody which shortens the life of transfused platelets is a very serious complication of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Attempts to define the PLA group of the six Glanzmann patients, with human allo antisera recognizing PLA1 antigen, gave negative results. Three hypothesis were discussed: (1) Interference in the test of the aggregation defect of thrombasthenic platelets. However, anti-HLA antibodies were normally fixed in the PIRC test. (2) PLA2 gene and Glanzmann gene have a strong gametic association and all Glanzmann's patients are PLA1 negative. (3) Glanzmann gene is coding for the PLA gene substrate. In such case, thrombasthenic patients might be genetically PLA1 positive and phenotypically PLA1 negative. Moreover they would also be PLA2 negative, this could not be tested due to the lack of anti-PLA2 antiserum.", "PMID": 754243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9525", "title": "[Can glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency alone explain neonatal jaundice].", "content": "Several authors have insisted on the role of a glucose 6-phosphate deshydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in the occurrence of neonatal jaundice which can be severe, leading to exchange transfusion. Considering the fact that haemolysis, occuring in deficient patients, is most of the time induced, our aim was to search if a neonatal hyperbilirubinemia could be explained by the sole G6PD deficiency or by extra \"oxidant stress\". Red blood cell G6PD activity of 289 newborn babies of African or Antillian origin was tested by a Tetrazolium linked method. 21 newborns were deficient. 8 female babies were heterozygous for G6PD deficiency. No neonatal jaundice was observed. With Bienzle and all., we can suppose that the \"environment\" takes an important part in the incidence of neonatal jaundice among G6PD deficient newborn of African or Antillian origin. However as triggering factors could be ignored, we think compulsary to search a G6PD deficiency in every neonatal jaundice necessitating an exchange-transfusion.", "contents": "[Can glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency alone explain neonatal jaundice]. Several authors have insisted on the role of a glucose 6-phosphate deshydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in the occurrence of neonatal jaundice which can be severe, leading to exchange transfusion. Considering the fact that haemolysis, occuring in deficient patients, is most of the time induced, our aim was to search if a neonatal hyperbilirubinemia could be explained by the sole G6PD deficiency or by extra \"oxidant stress\". Red blood cell G6PD activity of 289 newborn babies of African or Antillian origin was tested by a Tetrazolium linked method. 21 newborns were deficient. 8 female babies were heterozygous for G6PD deficiency. No neonatal jaundice was observed. With Bienzle and all., we can suppose that the \"environment\" takes an important part in the incidence of neonatal jaundice among G6PD deficient newborn of African or Antillian origin. However as triggering factors could be ignored, we think compulsary to search a G6PD deficiency in every neonatal jaundice necessitating an exchange-transfusion.", "PMID": 754244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9526", "title": "[H-deficient variants in the Bulgarian population].", "content": "In a systematic study of more than 100.000 subjects, the authors have put forward eight AHm, one AHmB and three OHm. The determination of these phenotypes is based solely on immunogenetic background (quantitative study of A,B,H, antigens, study of anti-H anti-A and anti-B allo hemagglutinins, study of salivary substances). To explain these variants, the authors suggest that suppressor non allelic genes are controlling the phenotypes of H antigens.", "contents": "[H-deficient variants in the Bulgarian population]. In a systematic study of more than 100.000 subjects, the authors have put forward eight AHm, one AHmB and three OHm. The determination of these phenotypes is based solely on immunogenetic background (quantitative study of A,B,H, antigens, study of anti-H anti-A and anti-B allo hemagglutinins, study of salivary substances). To explain these variants, the authors suggest that suppressor non allelic genes are controlling the phenotypes of H antigens.", "PMID": 754245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9527", "title": "[Inhibition of platelet migration. A simple technic for typing of PLA1 and the detection  of platelet allo- and autoantibodies].", "content": "In vitro, platelets can migrate in an active way. This migration can be immunologically inhibited through specific antibodies. This test (PMI-test) can be easily carried out in any laboratory. In that study this test was used: 1) For the detection of anti-platelet allo-antibodies in neonatal thrombopenia. Out of nine cases studied, two anti-PLA1 were identified and three anti-HLA antibodies (anti-B8, anti-B17+21 and a polyspecific serum) detected thanks to the micro-lymphocyto-toxicity test were confirmed by that test. 2) To find free auto-antibodies in the sera of patients suffering from idiopathic thrombopenic purpura. In five cases out of twelve the presence of auto-antibodies could be shown, that is 41,6%. In some cases, the auto-antibodies showed a certain degree of specificity as it had already been pointed out in other studies. When the thrombopenias were associated with other diseases, all the tests were negative. 3) For the PLA1 typing of donors: 1,85% donors submitted to the test proved to be PLA1 negative. 4) To identify anti-HLA antibodies and to compare this test with the micro-lymphocyto-toxicity-test: the anti-A2, A11, B8, B17, CW3 and CW4 antibodies used titrated the same in both tests. 5) Eventually to study the possible action of ABO-system antibodies in this test; this study shows that only sera containing immune antibodies can bring about an inhibition of the incompatible platelet migration. The sensitivity of the PMI-test which has previously been mentioned as equal to platelet-lysis and superior to aggregometry and platelet factor-3 release, is superior to the complement fixation test since with an 1/16 titre in PMI test for the two anti-PLA1 antibodies, the latter could not be detected through the complement fixation test; it seems to be equal to platelet indirect radioactive Coombs since both sera titrate in the same way.", "contents": "[Inhibition of platelet migration. A simple technic for typing of PLA1 and the detection  of platelet allo- and autoantibodies]. In vitro, platelets can migrate in an active way. This migration can be immunologically inhibited through specific antibodies. This test (PMI-test) can be easily carried out in any laboratory. In that study this test was used: 1) For the detection of anti-platelet allo-antibodies in neonatal thrombopenia. Out of nine cases studied, two anti-PLA1 were identified and three anti-HLA antibodies (anti-B8, anti-B17+21 and a polyspecific serum) detected thanks to the micro-lymphocyto-toxicity test were confirmed by that test. 2) To find free auto-antibodies in the sera of patients suffering from idiopathic thrombopenic purpura. In five cases out of twelve the presence of auto-antibodies could be shown, that is 41,6%. In some cases, the auto-antibodies showed a certain degree of specificity as it had already been pointed out in other studies. When the thrombopenias were associated with other diseases, all the tests were negative. 3) For the PLA1 typing of donors: 1,85% donors submitted to the test proved to be PLA1 negative. 4) To identify anti-HLA antibodies and to compare this test with the micro-lymphocyto-toxicity-test: the anti-A2, A11, B8, B17, CW3 and CW4 antibodies used titrated the same in both tests. 5) Eventually to study the possible action of ABO-system antibodies in this test; this study shows that only sera containing immune antibodies can bring about an inhibition of the incompatible platelet migration. The sensitivity of the PMI-test which has previously been mentioned as equal to platelet-lysis and superior to aggregometry and platelet factor-3 release, is superior to the complement fixation test since with an 1/16 titre in PMI test for the two anti-PLA1 antibodies, the latter could not be detected through the complement fixation test; it seems to be equal to platelet indirect radioactive Coombs since both sera titrate in the same way.", "PMID": 754246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9528", "title": "[Vitamin D].", "content": "The authors write a short review on vitamin D : sources, needs, metabolism, actions, methods of dosage of vitamin D and its metabolites.", "contents": "[Vitamin D]. The authors write a short review on vitamin D : sources, needs, metabolism, actions, methods of dosage of vitamin D and its metabolites.", "PMID": 754252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9529", "title": "[Muscular involvement in osteomalacia: clinical, hystoenzymologic and ultrastructural study in 10 cases].", "content": "Osteomalacic myopathies are rare. They can prevail, however, and occur before bone abnormalities. The diagnosis must rest on clinical observation since the histopathologic images are not specific. On the other hand the demonstration of muscular weakness is very frequent during osteomalacia. In fact two types of manifestations correspond to the same anatomopathologic lesions. These are myopathic changes observed also during light microscopy, histoenzymologic and ultrastructural examination in the 10 patients examined. On the basis of these morphologic changes, muscular involvement can be considered to be part of the osteomalacia syndrome. The contribution of various factors including secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D metabolism disorders, and phosphorus depletion is discussed. It is probable that many of them act together, causing reversible changes in muscular fibers. The intimate mechanisms of these changes are unknown.", "contents": "[Muscular involvement in osteomalacia: clinical, hystoenzymologic and ultrastructural study in 10 cases]. Osteomalacic myopathies are rare. They can prevail, however, and occur before bone abnormalities. The diagnosis must rest on clinical observation since the histopathologic images are not specific. On the other hand the demonstration of muscular weakness is very frequent during osteomalacia. In fact two types of manifestations correspond to the same anatomopathologic lesions. These are myopathic changes observed also during light microscopy, histoenzymologic and ultrastructural examination in the 10 patients examined. On the basis of these morphologic changes, muscular involvement can be considered to be part of the osteomalacia syndrome. The contribution of various factors including secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D metabolism disorders, and phosphorus depletion is discussed. It is probable that many of them act together, causing reversible changes in muscular fibers. The intimate mechanisms of these changes are unknown.", "PMID": 754253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9530", "title": "[Vitamin D, parathormone, calcitonin and bone histomorphometry in patients with cirrhosis].", "content": "This study deals with 29 patients with cirrhosis, caused by alcohol in 23 cases, at a stage of edematoascitic decompensation. Calcemia was low 88 +/- 7 mg/l) as well as calciuria 87 +/- 92 mg/24 h). Phosphoremia and hydroxyprolinuria were within normal limits. A moderate diminution of 25 OH D3 (29,5 +/- 18 ng/ml) was observed in most patients but one third of them had no or very low levels of parathormone and 10 out of 27 had an elevated level of calcitonin. Bone histomorphometry which was done in 24 cases showed a discrete osteoporosis, a relative hyperosteoidosis and a hyperosteoclasis. There was a very significant relationship between hypocalcemia, and hypoalbuminemia but the other abnormalities could not be correlated significantly with either the duration or the severity of the disease. Hypocalcemia and bone histomorphometric abnormalities of cirrhosis can certainly not be explained only by a lack of liver hydroxylation of vitamin D.", "contents": "[Vitamin D, parathormone, calcitonin and bone histomorphometry in patients with cirrhosis]. This study deals with 29 patients with cirrhosis, caused by alcohol in 23 cases, at a stage of edematoascitic decompensation. Calcemia was low 88 +/- 7 mg/l) as well as calciuria 87 +/- 92 mg/24 h). Phosphoremia and hydroxyprolinuria were within normal limits. A moderate diminution of 25 OH D3 (29,5 +/- 18 ng/ml) was observed in most patients but one third of them had no or very low levels of parathormone and 10 out of 27 had an elevated level of calcitonin. Bone histomorphometry which was done in 24 cases showed a discrete osteoporosis, a relative hyperosteoidosis and a hyperosteoclasis. There was a very significant relationship between hypocalcemia, and hypoalbuminemia but the other abnormalities could not be correlated significantly with either the duration or the severity of the disease. Hypocalcemia and bone histomorphometric abnormalities of cirrhosis can certainly not be explained only by a lack of liver hydroxylation of vitamin D.", "PMID": 754254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9531", "title": "[A case of mitochondrial myopathy with progressive chronic ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical and ultrastructural features are described in a case of Chronic Progressive Ophthalmoplegia. The neurogenic-myogenic aspects of the diseases are discussed bearing in mind both electromyographic and histological findings (\"red ragged fibres\" etc.). Mitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions were found at the level of the ocular muscles as well as in the skeletal muscles. These inclusione suggest that Ocular Myopathy is a form of systemic myopathy secondary to mitochondrial abnormalities.", "contents": "[A case of mitochondrial myopathy with progressive chronic ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical and ultrastructural features are described in a case of Chronic Progressive Ophthalmoplegia. The neurogenic-myogenic aspects of the diseases are discussed bearing in mind both electromyographic and histological findings (\"red ragged fibres\" etc.). Mitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions were found at the level of the ocular muscles as well as in the skeletal muscles. These inclusione suggest that Ocular Myopathy is a form of systemic myopathy secondary to mitochondrial abnormalities.", "PMID": 754250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9532", "title": "[Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbitone (PB) in epileptic patients resistant to drug treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present and discuss the results obtained by assaying plasma DPH and PB in 123 patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. The subjects examined were considered resistant to medical therapy and were all at their first laboratory control. The data obtained show: 1) the very poor correlation existing between the doses of drugs administered and their actual plasma levels; 2) the very high percentage of patients with DPH and PB plasma levels not in the therapeutic range of these drugs. The Authors discuss some of the most frequent errors in planning chronic therapy with DPH and barbiturates due to the lack of knowledge of drug blood levels.", "contents": "[Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbitone (PB) in epileptic patients resistant to drug treatment (author's transl)]. The Authors present and discuss the results obtained by assaying plasma DPH and PB in 123 patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. The subjects examined were considered resistant to medical therapy and were all at their first laboratory control. The data obtained show: 1) the very poor correlation existing between the doses of drugs administered and their actual plasma levels; 2) the very high percentage of patients with DPH and PB plasma levels not in the therapeutic range of these drugs. The Authors discuss some of the most frequent errors in planning chronic therapy with DPH and barbiturates due to the lack of knowledge of drug blood levels.", "PMID": 754251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9533", "title": "[Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in infectious encephalitis: observation on a case of listeriosis].", "content": "An internuclear ophthalmoplegia was diagnosed and recorded electro-oculographically in a patient with pontomedullary listeriosis. The etiological differential diagnosis in case of internuclear ophthalmoplegia is discussed. It is emphasized that listeria monocytogenes encephalitis should be considered because this pathology may be electively located in the pontomedullary area and because of the encreasing frequency of human listeriosis.", "contents": "[Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in infectious encephalitis: observation on a case of listeriosis]. An internuclear ophthalmoplegia was diagnosed and recorded electro-oculographically in a patient with pontomedullary listeriosis. The etiological differential diagnosis in case of internuclear ophthalmoplegia is discussed. It is emphasized that listeria monocytogenes encephalitis should be considered because this pathology may be electively located in the pontomedullary area and because of the encreasing frequency of human listeriosis.", "PMID": 754276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9534", "title": "Blood-C.S.F. barriers dysfunction in the chronic organic brain syndrome; a R.I.A. study.", "content": "C.S.F. samples of 35 patients, who suffered from verified chronic, non-tumorous organic brain syndrome, were radioimmunoassayed for T4 and T.S.H., and were compared to C.S.F.-R.I.A. samples from a control group of patients who underwent myelography because of lumbar disc. In addition T4 and T.S.H. plasma levels were evaluated in the O.B.S. patients. C.S.F. T4 and T.S.H. levels were significantly higher in 65% of the O.B.S. group of patients than those of the control group. The average determinations for T4 were: 0.77 muh/100 ml in O.B.S. group as against 0--0.4 micrograms/100 ml in the C.S.F.'s of the control group. P greater than 0,001 T.S.H. C.S.F. levels were 1.33 microU/ml in the O.B.S. group, and 0--0.6 microU/ml in the control group (P greater than 0.005). It is suggested that the elevated R.I.A. values of these hormones in the C.S.F. of the O.B.S. patients reflect a disruption of blood-C.S.F. barriers. Therefore in the organic brain syndrome there seems to exist a pathophysiological dysfunction of brain barriers in addition of the neural damage.", "contents": "Blood-C.S.F. barriers dysfunction in the chronic organic brain syndrome; a R.I.A. study. C.S.F. samples of 35 patients, who suffered from verified chronic, non-tumorous organic brain syndrome, were radioimmunoassayed for T4 and T.S.H., and were compared to C.S.F.-R.I.A. samples from a control group of patients who underwent myelography because of lumbar disc. In addition T4 and T.S.H. plasma levels were evaluated in the O.B.S. patients. C.S.F. T4 and T.S.H. levels were significantly higher in 65% of the O.B.S. group of patients than those of the control group. The average determinations for T4 were: 0.77 muh/100 ml in O.B.S. group as against 0--0.4 micrograms/100 ml in the C.S.F.'s of the control group. P greater than 0,001 T.S.H. C.S.F. levels were 1.33 microU/ml in the O.B.S. group, and 0--0.6 microU/ml in the control group (P greater than 0.005). It is suggested that the elevated R.I.A. values of these hormones in the C.S.F. of the O.B.S. patients reflect a disruption of blood-C.S.F. barriers. Therefore in the organic brain syndrome there seems to exist a pathophysiological dysfunction of brain barriers in addition of the neural damage.", "PMID": 754277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9535", "title": "A preliminary experiment on long-term memory with realistic and abstract visual patterns in uniltateral focal hemisphere-damaged patients.", "content": "Sixty-seven focal hemisphere-damaged patients (38 to the left hemisphere and 29 to the right hemisphere) were tested for forgetting of realistic and abstract visual patterns over a 40-sec to 5-min interval by means of a recognition task. No forgetting took place in any group, even if abstract patterns proved to be poorly recognized both at 40 sec and at 5 min. The authors conclude that focal neocortical unilateral lesions do not significantly hamper the semantic code processes involved in the Long-Term Memory of the patterns employed in this experiment.", "contents": "A preliminary experiment on long-term memory with realistic and abstract visual patterns in uniltateral focal hemisphere-damaged patients. Sixty-seven focal hemisphere-damaged patients (38 to the left hemisphere and 29 to the right hemisphere) were tested for forgetting of realistic and abstract visual patterns over a 40-sec to 5-min interval by means of a recognition task. No forgetting took place in any group, even if abstract patterns proved to be poorly recognized both at 40 sec and at 5 min. The authors conclude that focal neocortical unilateral lesions do not significantly hamper the semantic code processes involved in the Long-Term Memory of the patterns employed in this experiment.", "PMID": 754278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9536", "title": "Do focal neocortical lesions hamper short-term recognition of visual spatial patterns?", "content": "A hundred and forty-three patients with focal - mainly neocortical - hemiphere-damage (subdivided in 4 groups according to the side of the damaged hemisphere and the presence/absence of visual field defect) and 70 controls, were given a 20-sec delay recognition test of complex spatial visual patterns. There was one free delay condition and two conditions with interference from visual material of either similar or quite dissimilar patterns to that of memoranda. The results provided by two co-variance analyses are: (i) the comparison of the hemisphere-damaged groups with controls show a significant memory decay of both right groups only when there was perceptual interference from similar patterns; (ii) the comparisons between hemisphere-damaged groups fail to elicit any significant difference in the three memory conditions. There appears to be no specific neocortical area involved in the first steps of memory processing of spatial informations and the interference engendered by interpolated perceptual activity is material-specific.", "contents": "Do focal neocortical lesions hamper short-term recognition of visual spatial patterns? A hundred and forty-three patients with focal - mainly neocortical - hemiphere-damage (subdivided in 4 groups according to the side of the damaged hemisphere and the presence/absence of visual field defect) and 70 controls, were given a 20-sec delay recognition test of complex spatial visual patterns. There was one free delay condition and two conditions with interference from visual material of either similar or quite dissimilar patterns to that of memoranda. The results provided by two co-variance analyses are: (i) the comparison of the hemisphere-damaged groups with controls show a significant memory decay of both right groups only when there was perceptual interference from similar patterns; (ii) the comparisons between hemisphere-damaged groups fail to elicit any significant difference in the three memory conditions. There appears to be no specific neocortical area involved in the first steps of memory processing of spatial informations and the interference engendered by interpolated perceptual activity is material-specific.", "PMID": 754279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9537", "title": "[Body oriented therapy of schizophrenic ego disturbances. Recommendation of an additional therapeutic possibility and basic thoughts on the topic].", "content": "The instrumental construction of 5 basic dimensions of ego-consciousness (ego-vitality, -activity, -consistency, -demarcation, -identity) is presented as a means of synopsis the clinical polymorphism of schizophrenic experience and behaviour. Such consideration leads to the insight how deep in their basic feelings of vitality the schizophrenic person may be endangered. From that a body-oriented therapy is conceived, which is presented in datail. The commentary of G. Benedetti points out, how in different therapeutic approaches a common basic attitude of the therapist and a unifying synthetic relationship between therapist and patient can be seen: in duality, empathic sharing of psychotic experience, symbolic realization the narcissistic deficit is overcome. The resynthesis of the ego starts from the present experience rather than from analytical interpretative historical reconstruction.", "contents": "[Body oriented therapy of schizophrenic ego disturbances. Recommendation of an additional therapeutic possibility and basic thoughts on the topic]. The instrumental construction of 5 basic dimensions of ego-consciousness (ego-vitality, -activity, -consistency, -demarcation, -identity) is presented as a means of synopsis the clinical polymorphism of schizophrenic experience and behaviour. Such consideration leads to the insight how deep in their basic feelings of vitality the schizophrenic person may be endangered. From that a body-oriented therapy is conceived, which is presented in datail. The commentary of G. Benedetti points out, how in different therapeutic approaches a common basic attitude of the therapist and a unifying synthetic relationship between therapist and patient can be seen: in duality, empathic sharing of psychotic experience, symbolic realization the narcissistic deficit is overcome. The resynthesis of the ego starts from the present experience rather than from analytical interpretative historical reconstruction.", "PMID": 754280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9538", "title": "[The study of psychotherapy. Analysis of the psychotherapies given in an ambulatory psychiatric service].", "content": "Using critisized statistical technics, the authors have studied the psychotherapies done at a given time in a university psychiatric outpatient clinic. Thereupon they display some correlations, more specifically, the importance of sex gender, of patients' socio-cultural level, of unconscious socio-cultural stereotypes present in the therapists, of diagnosis and of the motivation to seek treatment by psychotherapy. Statistical analysis allows a more coherent approach of these problems.", "contents": "[The study of psychotherapy. Analysis of the psychotherapies given in an ambulatory psychiatric service]. Using critisized statistical technics, the authors have studied the psychotherapies done at a given time in a university psychiatric outpatient clinic. Thereupon they display some correlations, more specifically, the importance of sex gender, of patients' socio-cultural level, of unconscious socio-cultural stereotypes present in the therapists, of diagnosis and of the motivation to seek treatment by psychotherapy. Statistical analysis allows a more coherent approach of these problems.", "PMID": 754281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9539", "title": "[Voice and vibration sensations in the speech forming organs: clinical and theoretical aspects of rare symptoms specific for schizophrenia].", "content": "When studying 750 psychiatric in-patients with psychoses of various diagnostic groups, the symptoms of voice sensations and vibration feelings could only be found among patients with paranoid schizophrenia. In addition, these symptoms were located exclusively in body areas that are involved in the peripheral motor production of voice and speech (areas of head, throat, thorax). In 11 of 15 such cases that could be identified, the sensations of voices and vibrations occurred simultaneously and in identical body parts; in the remaining 4 cases only voices without vibration sensations were reported. Therefore these symptoms can be considered as highly specific for schizophrenia. According to the terminology of Bleuler these two symptoms are because of their rareness to be taken as accessoric symptoms; according to the terminology of Kurt Schneider they have the value of first rank symptoms because of their highly diagnostic specifity for schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is on the one hand discussed under the perspective of language development and the changing function of language for behaviour control; on the other hand, the pathogenesis of these symptoms is discussed from the viewpoint of cybernetic, or neurophysiological-neuroanatomical foundation of speech production and speech control. Both models of explanation have in common that the ideational component of speech is noticed as acustic halluzinations and the motor proprioceptive part of speech is noticed as sensation of vibrations, both in a typically schiphrenic manner, i.e. dissociated and ego-alienated.", "contents": "[Voice and vibration sensations in the speech forming organs: clinical and theoretical aspects of rare symptoms specific for schizophrenia]. When studying 750 psychiatric in-patients with psychoses of various diagnostic groups, the symptoms of voice sensations and vibration feelings could only be found among patients with paranoid schizophrenia. In addition, these symptoms were located exclusively in body areas that are involved in the peripheral motor production of voice and speech (areas of head, throat, thorax). In 11 of 15 such cases that could be identified, the sensations of voices and vibrations occurred simultaneously and in identical body parts; in the remaining 4 cases only voices without vibration sensations were reported. Therefore these symptoms can be considered as highly specific for schizophrenia. According to the terminology of Bleuler these two symptoms are because of their rareness to be taken as accessoric symptoms; according to the terminology of Kurt Schneider they have the value of first rank symptoms because of their highly diagnostic specifity for schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is on the one hand discussed under the perspective of language development and the changing function of language for behaviour control; on the other hand, the pathogenesis of these symptoms is discussed from the viewpoint of cybernetic, or neurophysiological-neuroanatomical foundation of speech production and speech control. Both models of explanation have in common that the ideational component of speech is noticed as acustic halluzinations and the motor proprioceptive part of speech is noticed as sensation of vibrations, both in a typically schiphrenic manner, i.e. dissociated and ego-alienated.", "PMID": 754282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9540", "title": "[Aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery].", "content": "The authors present six cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of an aneurysm of the pericallosal artery. Four of these were of the berry type and were located at the genu of the corpus callosum; in two instances the aneurysm was found at the bifurcation of an azygous or a bihemispheric pericallosal artery respectively. A fifth lesion was of the fusiform type and the sixth one represented most probably a false aneurysm. All patients have been operated upon, but in three only clipping of the neck was feasable. In the remainder one pericallosal or the azygos artery was occluded intentionally. Postoperatively, severe mental perturbation, incontinence and seizures were encountered, but all symptoms cleared during the follow-up period, and subarachnoid hemorrhage never recurred.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery]. The authors present six cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of an aneurysm of the pericallosal artery. Four of these were of the berry type and were located at the genu of the corpus callosum; in two instances the aneurysm was found at the bifurcation of an azygous or a bihemispheric pericallosal artery respectively. A fifth lesion was of the fusiform type and the sixth one represented most probably a false aneurysm. All patients have been operated upon, but in three only clipping of the neck was feasable. In the remainder one pericallosal or the azygos artery was occluded intentionally. Postoperatively, severe mental perturbation, incontinence and seizures were encountered, but all symptoms cleared during the follow-up period, and subarachnoid hemorrhage never recurred.", "PMID": 754283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9541", "title": "Introduction to clinical decision making.", "content": "In the last few years there has been a remarkable increase in the amount of clinical data in the average hospital chart, and more and more problem-solving algorithms have been developed. We need better \"thinking tools\" to help us handle the flow of information. The term \"clinical decision making\" is used to describe a systematic way to handle data and algorithms to decide on a best course of action. This introductory article discusses some of the problems in establishing a decision criterion, both for a population and for an individual patient. Comparing the probabilities and utilities of various diagnostic outcomes (true positive, false positive, etc.) leads to a diagnostic strategy. The article also discusses conditional probability. Bayes' theorem, and likelihood ratios.", "contents": "Introduction to clinical decision making. In the last few years there has been a remarkable increase in the amount of clinical data in the average hospital chart, and more and more problem-solving algorithms have been developed. We need better \"thinking tools\" to help us handle the flow of information. The term \"clinical decision making\" is used to describe a systematic way to handle data and algorithms to decide on a best course of action. This introductory article discusses some of the problems in establishing a decision criterion, both for a population and for an individual patient. Comparing the probabilities and utilities of various diagnostic outcomes (true positive, false positive, etc.) leads to a diagnostic strategy. The article also discusses conditional probability. Bayes' theorem, and likelihood ratios.", "PMID": 754285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9542", "title": "Some perspectives on the decision theoretic approach to medical images.", "content": "An image often contains information that is not extracted by the human decision maker. This is due to two limitations of the eye-brain system: the existence of a contrast threshold, as with any device that works in the presence of noise (internal or external), and an evolutionary pattern that has not fitted us for viewing noisy scenes, leaving us suboptimal in that regard. Since it is often impossible to overcome these limitations simultaneously--even electronically--multiple displays of the image content must be available to the human viewer, and contrast scale and degree of sharpness/smoothing must be tunable. Our planning must anticipate these requirements, a greater dependence on digital computers for the image manipulation, and the computer's inevitable involvement in the decision process.", "contents": "Some perspectives on the decision theoretic approach to medical images. An image often contains information that is not extracted by the human decision maker. This is due to two limitations of the eye-brain system: the existence of a contrast threshold, as with any device that works in the presence of noise (internal or external), and an evolutionary pattern that has not fitted us for viewing noisy scenes, leaving us suboptimal in that regard. Since it is often impossible to overcome these limitations simultaneously--even electronically--multiple displays of the image content must be available to the human viewer, and contrast scale and degree of sharpness/smoothing must be tunable. Our planning must anticipate these requirements, a greater dependence on digital computers for the image manipulation, and the computer's inevitable involvement in the decision process.", "PMID": 754286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9543", "title": "Clinical application of decision analysis: a detailed illustration.", "content": "The clinician must always optimize the patient's chance for the best possible outcome, but the complex task of deciding which diagnostic study to perform and which therapeutic agent to administer is usually carried out using imperfect information. These critical decisions are usually made in a covert fashion without explicit consideration of the multiple factors that impact on the outcome. Decision analysis is a quantitative method for making such diagnostic and therapeutic judgments, incorporating both probabilistic data and value judgments in the analysis of clinical problems. This article presents a brief overview of decision analysis and a detailed illustration of its use in an actual complex clinical situation. The clinical problem described consists of the management of suspected pulmonary embolism in a patient with a high risk of complications from both pulmonary arteriography and long-term anticoagulation. The example chosen also points up the virtue of decision analysis in considering prospectively both the information content and the attendant risks of contemplated diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Clinical application of decision analysis: a detailed illustration. The clinician must always optimize the patient's chance for the best possible outcome, but the complex task of deciding which diagnostic study to perform and which therapeutic agent to administer is usually carried out using imperfect information. These critical decisions are usually made in a covert fashion without explicit consideration of the multiple factors that impact on the outcome. Decision analysis is a quantitative method for making such diagnostic and therapeutic judgments, incorporating both probabilistic data and value judgments in the analysis of clinical problems. This article presents a brief overview of decision analysis and a detailed illustration of its use in an actual complex clinical situation. The clinical problem described consists of the management of suspected pulmonary embolism in a patient with a high risk of complications from both pulmonary arteriography and long-term anticoagulation. The example chosen also points up the virtue of decision analysis in considering prospectively both the information content and the attendant risks of contemplated diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 754287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9544", "title": "Optimizing the clinical value of hepatic scintiphotography.", "content": "Hepatic scintiphotography serves as a highly useful anatomic liver function test. When the descriptive features of the liver scan are carefully related to underlying pathology, the resulting data base permits a detection sensitivity of 90% for metastatic cancer and for the diffuse parenchymal diseases. The consequences of false positive (FP) interpretations for patient care must be minimized by attention to perceptual and technical details, by incorporating other tests into the evaluative algorithm, and by knowledge of the distribution of diseases in the population examined. The liver scan would be more beneficially applied to patient management if referring physicians were made aware of its capabilities. They, in turn, must develop more explicit strategies for disease management in order that scintiphotography be effectively applied in clinical decision making.", "contents": "Optimizing the clinical value of hepatic scintiphotography. Hepatic scintiphotography serves as a highly useful anatomic liver function test. When the descriptive features of the liver scan are carefully related to underlying pathology, the resulting data base permits a detection sensitivity of 90% for metastatic cancer and for the diffuse parenchymal diseases. The consequences of false positive (FP) interpretations for patient care must be minimized by attention to perceptual and technical details, by incorporating other tests into the evaluative algorithm, and by knowledge of the distribution of diseases in the population examined. The liver scan would be more beneficially applied to patient management if referring physicians were made aware of its capabilities. They, in turn, must develop more explicit strategies for disease management in order that scintiphotography be effectively applied in clinical decision making.", "PMID": 754288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9545", "title": "Myocardial imaging with 201thallium: an analysis of clinical usefulness based on Bayes' theorem.", "content": "Rest-exercise thallium-201 (201Tl) myocardial imaging and rest-exercise electrocardiography were performed in 137 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). The final diagnosis of coronary disease was made by arteriography. Sensitivity and specificity for the ECG and thallium studies alone or combined were then determined. Based on these data, the posttest probability of CAD with a normal or abnormal test was calculated using Bayes' theorem for disease prevalences ranging from 1%--99%. The difference between the probability of disease with a normal test and the probability of disease with an abnormal test was also calculated for each prevalence range. The results demonstrate that 201Tl imaging discriminates between disease absence or presence better than does the ECG. However, both the ECG and thallium studies provide rather poor discrimination between disease and no disease when the disease prevalence is low (less than 0.20) or high (greater than 0.70). Because of this characteristic, it is unlikely that screening tests for CAD will prove useful unless the disease prevalence in the group under study is in the moderate (0.20--0.70) range.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with 201thallium: an analysis of clinical usefulness based on Bayes' theorem. Rest-exercise thallium-201 (201Tl) myocardial imaging and rest-exercise electrocardiography were performed in 137 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). The final diagnosis of coronary disease was made by arteriography. Sensitivity and specificity for the ECG and thallium studies alone or combined were then determined. Based on these data, the posttest probability of CAD with a normal or abnormal test was calculated using Bayes' theorem for disease prevalences ranging from 1%--99%. The difference between the probability of disease with a normal test and the probability of disease with an abnormal test was also calculated for each prevalence range. The results demonstrate that 201Tl imaging discriminates between disease absence or presence better than does the ECG. However, both the ECG and thallium studies provide rather poor discrimination between disease and no disease when the disease prevalence is low (less than 0.20) or high (greater than 0.70). Because of this characteristic, it is unlikely that screening tests for CAD will prove useful unless the disease prevalence in the group under study is in the moderate (0.20--0.70) range.", "PMID": 754289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9546", "title": "The case of Ann: a sleep disturbance in a 3-year-old child.", "content": "Ann, a 3 1/2-year-old girl, was brought to a pediatric clinic for a chronic, severe sleep disturbance which had precipitated a serious family crisis. A developmental interactional approach was used by the pediatrician and a social worker who evaluated her case; the problem formulation included a reciprocal separation issue between Ann and her mother. Over a 2-month period, dynamic casework around the behavior problem revealed an unresolved grief reaction. Intervention resulted in resolution of the sleep disturbance and an untangling of the relationship between Ann and each of her parents.", "contents": "The case of Ann: a sleep disturbance in a 3-year-old child. Ann, a 3 1/2-year-old girl, was brought to a pediatric clinic for a chronic, severe sleep disturbance which had precipitated a serious family crisis. A developmental interactional approach was used by the pediatrician and a social worker who evaluated her case; the problem formulation included a reciprocal separation issue between Ann and her mother. Over a 2-month period, dynamic casework around the behavior problem revealed an unresolved grief reaction. Intervention resulted in resolution of the sleep disturbance and an untangling of the relationship between Ann and each of her parents.", "PMID": 754310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9547", "title": "Social work intervention with families of children with cancer: the changing critical phases.", "content": "There are several critical phases through which pediatric cancer patients pass. It is important for the social worker to identify these stressful periods in order to give maximum help to the patient and his family. With constructive equilibrium.", "contents": "Social work intervention with families of children with cancer: the changing critical phases. There are several critical phases through which pediatric cancer patients pass. It is important for the social worker to identify these stressful periods in order to give maximum help to the patient and his family. With constructive equilibrium.", "PMID": 754311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9548", "title": "Social work undertakes its own audit.", "content": "This paper presents the findings of a Social Health Care Evaluation designed with a system of data collection that can serve as part of an ongoing audit mechanism. It can provide data necessary for the generation of profiles on patients served, on practitioners, and on the department's utilization patterns as a whole. In addition, it offers a method by which norms, criteria, and standards may be promulgated from demonstrated social work interventions. The approach is based on a social work frame of reference and is not disease specific. It focuses on assessments of social problems and outcome that can be correlated with any medical or nursing audit.", "contents": "Social work undertakes its own audit. This paper presents the findings of a Social Health Care Evaluation designed with a system of data collection that can serve as part of an ongoing audit mechanism. It can provide data necessary for the generation of profiles on patients served, on practitioners, and on the department's utilization patterns as a whole. In addition, it offers a method by which norms, criteria, and standards may be promulgated from demonstrated social work interventions. The approach is based on a social work frame of reference and is not disease specific. It focuses on assessments of social problems and outcome that can be correlated with any medical or nursing audit.", "PMID": 754312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9549", "title": "Factors related to preventive health behavior: implications for social work intervention.", "content": "As acute and infectious diseases become controlled, further improvement in the health status of a population increasingly depends on prevention. Social workers are frequently involved in activities designed to influence individuals and groups to use preventive services or engage in health-maintaining practices. Understanding the determinants of preventive health behavior should contribute to the effectiveness of these social work activities. Therefore, this article reviews numerous empirical studies of preventive health behavior and attempts to integrate them into a theoretical framework. A series of factors that may serve as barriers or supports to preventive health behavior are identified, and their implications for social work intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Factors related to preventive health behavior: implications for social work intervention. As acute and infectious diseases become controlled, further improvement in the health status of a population increasingly depends on prevention. Social workers are frequently involved in activities designed to influence individuals and groups to use preventive services or engage in health-maintaining practices. Understanding the determinants of preventive health behavior should contribute to the effectiveness of these social work activities. Therefore, this article reviews numerous empirical studies of preventive health behavior and attempts to integrate them into a theoretical framework. A series of factors that may serve as barriers or supports to preventive health behavior are identified, and their implications for social work intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 754313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9550", "title": "Social work and nursing in hospital settings: a study of interprofessional experiences.", "content": "Social workers and nurses in hospitals often work together on interdisciplinary health care teams. Collaboration between these two professions can be enhanced through a better understanding of each other's roles, skills, and practice expectations. One way to acquire knowledge in these areas is through opportunities to interact with individuals from the other discipline. This article reports the findings of a study that investigated the kinds of interprofessional experiences occurring between hospital social workers and nurses during their educational preparation and clinical practice.", "contents": "Social work and nursing in hospital settings: a study of interprofessional experiences. Social workers and nurses in hospitals often work together on interdisciplinary health care teams. Collaboration between these two professions can be enhanced through a better understanding of each other's roles, skills, and practice expectations. One way to acquire knowledge in these areas is through opportunities to interact with individuals from the other discipline. This article reports the findings of a study that investigated the kinds of interprofessional experiences occurring between hospital social workers and nurses during their educational preparation and clinical practice.", "PMID": 754314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9551", "title": "Delivery of clinical social work services in the emergency room: a description of an existing program.", "content": "This article describes a program of social work delivery in an emergency room. The application of crisis intervention theory as practiced by the emergency room social worker and the utilization of a system of clinical evaluation, community referral, and advocacy are delineated. Problem categories and protocols in social work treatment of patients and families in cases of death, rape, child abuse, and suicide attempt are discussed. Fees for specific social work services in the emergency room are described. Social work interventions in reducing stress and pressures of the setting that affect staff are noted.", "contents": "Delivery of clinical social work services in the emergency room: a description of an existing program. This article describes a program of social work delivery in an emergency room. The application of crisis intervention theory as practiced by the emergency room social worker and the utilization of a system of clinical evaluation, community referral, and advocacy are delineated. Problem categories and protocols in social work treatment of patients and families in cases of death, rape, child abuse, and suicide attempt are discussed. Fees for specific social work services in the emergency room are described. Social work interventions in reducing stress and pressures of the setting that affect staff are noted.", "PMID": 754316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9552", "title": "Consultation: capitalizing on hospital social work resources.", "content": "Concern about the steady increase in the transfer of patients to nursing homes as well as the need for social work coverage of local nursing and shelter care homes led to the development of a social work consultation program. This program is provided as a departmental service of a community hospital's Social Service Department. This discussion deals with issues and practice in consultation followed by some notes on the structure for establishing such a consultation program.", "contents": "Consultation: capitalizing on hospital social work resources. Concern about the steady increase in the transfer of patients to nursing homes as well as the need for social work coverage of local nursing and shelter care homes led to the development of a social work consultation program. This program is provided as a departmental service of a community hospital's Social Service Department. This discussion deals with issues and practice in consultation followed by some notes on the structure for establishing such a consultation program.", "PMID": 754317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9553", "title": "Evolving social work roles in health care:The case of discharge planning.", "content": "This paper examines changing definitions of social work's role in health care and the continuing struggle for professional autonomy, in the context of the profession's responsibility for discharge planning. Planning for posthospital care is seen to be a major function of social work today and of traditional importance since social work's inception in the hospital setting. Major role and value conflicts are highlighted in a review of social work's traditional ambivalence toward the role of discharge planner and current recognition of the initial contribution of the profession to the continuing care of hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Evolving social work roles in health care:The case of discharge planning. This paper examines changing definitions of social work's role in health care and the continuing struggle for professional autonomy, in the context of the profession's responsibility for discharge planning. Planning for posthospital care is seen to be a major function of social work today and of traditional importance since social work's inception in the hospital setting. Major role and value conflicts are highlighted in a review of social work's traditional ambivalence toward the role of discharge planner and current recognition of the initial contribution of the profession to the continuing care of hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 754318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9554", "title": "The social work role in hospital discharge planning: an administrative case history.", "content": "This paper examines the historic and contemporary commitment of social work to discharge planning in the context of current threats from external systems as well as dilemmas within the profession. Through the examination of events in one hospital, the authors identify legislative and fiscal trends and place the social work role with its specific skills and knowledge at the forefront of the planning process. Finally, there is a discussion of crucial developments and implications for directions and for needed professional growth.", "contents": "The social work role in hospital discharge planning: an administrative case history. This paper examines the historic and contemporary commitment of social work to discharge planning in the context of current threats from external systems as well as dilemmas within the profession. Through the examination of events in one hospital, the authors identify legislative and fiscal trends and place the social work role with its specific skills and knowledge at the forefront of the planning process. Finally, there is a discussion of crucial developments and implications for directions and for needed professional growth.", "PMID": 754320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9555", "title": "Impediments to the course and effectiveness of discharge planning.", "content": "This paper examines the proposition that \"timing\" (of referral) is a crucial element in determining the effectiveness of the discharge planning process. A brief review of the relevant literature is followed by the description of a study undertaken to assess the impact that various impediments had upon discharge planning practice in two matched ward populations of a large, acute care university hospital. Along with timing, three other impediments were identified and their influence assessed; (a) noncompletion of transfer forms required; (b) unavailability of an appropriate (i.e., needed level of care) bed in an approved facility; and(c) unanticipated change in the patient's medical condition. Some implications of the findings are examined and discussed, and directions for future study are identified. Appended are facsimiles of the instruments employed.", "contents": "Impediments to the course and effectiveness of discharge planning. This paper examines the proposition that \"timing\" (of referral) is a crucial element in determining the effectiveness of the discharge planning process. A brief review of the relevant literature is followed by the description of a study undertaken to assess the impact that various impediments had upon discharge planning practice in two matched ward populations of a large, acute care university hospital. Along with timing, three other impediments were identified and their influence assessed; (a) noncompletion of transfer forms required; (b) unavailability of an appropriate (i.e., needed level of care) bed in an approved facility; and(c) unanticipated change in the patient's medical condition. Some implications of the findings are examined and discussed, and directions for future study are identified. Appended are facsimiles of the instruments employed.", "PMID": 754321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9556", "title": "Emergency department social work: a program description and analysis.", "content": "This article reports on the development of a social work component in the Emergency Department of a teaching-research hospital. It examines the rationale for developing the service and the objectives of the program. It also presents a statistical analysis of the first 2 full years of service. Finally, some of the major problems experienced in establishing such a program are discussed and possible solutions recommended.", "contents": "Emergency department social work: a program description and analysis. This article reports on the development of a social work component in the Emergency Department of a teaching-research hospital. It examines the rationale for developing the service and the objectives of the program. It also presents a statistical analysis of the first 2 full years of service. Finally, some of the major problems experienced in establishing such a program are discussed and possible solutions recommended.", "PMID": 754322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9557", "title": "Comparison of task performance of master's and bachelor's degree social workers in hospitals.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to report on the current practice of social work in the hospitals in a 16-county area of central Illinois. A comparison was made between the master's degree workers' and bachelor's degree workers' perceived importance of selected social service tasks and their view of the frequency with which these tasks were carried out. The data indicate no significant difference between the attitudes of master's degree workers and bachelor's degree workers toward the importance of the tasks; however, there were several significant differences in the frequency with which some of these tasks were performed. The implications of these findings to social work practice and education are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of task performance of master's and bachelor's degree social workers in hospitals. The purpose of this article is to report on the current practice of social work in the hospitals in a 16-county area of central Illinois. A comparison was made between the master's degree workers' and bachelor's degree workers' perceived importance of selected social service tasks and their view of the frequency with which these tasks were carried out. The data indicate no significant difference between the attitudes of master's degree workers and bachelor's degree workers toward the importance of the tasks; however, there were several significant differences in the frequency with which some of these tasks were performed. The implications of these findings to social work practice and education are discussed.", "PMID": 754326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9558", "title": "Corrosion rates of dental amalgam in Ringer solutions and artificial saliva.", "content": "Corrosion currents of dental amalgams in Ringer solution, Ringer lactate solution and an artificial saliva were determined as a function of flow rate using the linear polarization technique. The obtained results show that corrosion is far more intense in Ringer solutions than in saliva. Also, flow rate dependence is evident for Ringer solutions but not for saliva in the range investigated.", "contents": "Corrosion rates of dental amalgam in Ringer solutions and artificial saliva. Corrosion currents of dental amalgams in Ringer solution, Ringer lactate solution and an artificial saliva were determined as a function of flow rate using the linear polarization technique. The obtained results show that corrosion is far more intense in Ringer solutions than in saliva. Also, flow rate dependence is evident for Ringer solutions but not for saliva in the range investigated.", "PMID": 754342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9559", "title": "Intracranial pressure regulation: a comparative model of cerebrospinal fluid systems.", "content": "A comparative model of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system in rat, dog and man was derived from manometric data using low volume, short duration infusions into the subarchanoid space in order to describe the mechanisms governing intracranial pressure dynamics. The mathematical model indicates that steady-state elevations of intracranial pressure are regulated primarily by a nonlinear, pressure dependent outflow resistance to CSF reabsorption. While the form of the resistance relationship is similar for the three species tested, differences in the magnitude of CSF outflow parameters are apparent. Model stimulation on a digital computer suggests that parameter changes within the resistance relationship can have a profound effect on the intracranial pressure. In contrast, intracranial compliance acts only to buffer transient changes in volume prior to the establishment of steady-state CSF pressures.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure regulation: a comparative model of cerebrospinal fluid systems. A comparative model of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system in rat, dog and man was derived from manometric data using low volume, short duration infusions into the subarchanoid space in order to describe the mechanisms governing intracranial pressure dynamics. The mathematical model indicates that steady-state elevations of intracranial pressure are regulated primarily by a nonlinear, pressure dependent outflow resistance to CSF reabsorption. While the form of the resistance relationship is similar for the three species tested, differences in the magnitude of CSF outflow parameters are apparent. Model stimulation on a digital computer suggests that parameter changes within the resistance relationship can have a profound effect on the intracranial pressure. In contrast, intracranial compliance acts only to buffer transient changes in volume prior to the establishment of steady-state CSF pressures.", "PMID": 754343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9560", "title": "Schedule-induced drinking: entrainment by fixed- and random-interval schedule-controlled feeding.", "content": "Six underweight rats drank in a polydipsic pattern of single post-reinforcement bursts of licking before bar-pressing for subsequent food reinforcers scheduled at fixed 60-sec intervals. With a 60-sec random interval schedule they frequently oscillated between barpressing and drinking. On both schedules mean drink durations were shorter than average inter-reinforcement times, but longer drinks occurred under the fixed-interval schedule. We concluded that intermittent reinforcement entrains drinking because food plus water is more reinforcing than dry food alone, and that polydipsia develops when opportunities for drinking do not compete with opportunities for feeding.", "contents": "Schedule-induced drinking: entrainment by fixed- and random-interval schedule-controlled feeding. Six underweight rats drank in a polydipsic pattern of single post-reinforcement bursts of licking before bar-pressing for subsequent food reinforcers scheduled at fixed 60-sec intervals. With a 60-sec random interval schedule they frequently oscillated between barpressing and drinking. On both schedules mean drink durations were shorter than average inter-reinforcement times, but longer drinks occurred under the fixed-interval schedule. We concluded that intermittent reinforcement entrains drinking because food plus water is more reinforcing than dry food alone, and that polydipsia develops when opportunities for drinking do not compete with opportunities for feeding.", "PMID": 754344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9561", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone secretion and urine flow in aged catheterized patients.", "content": "Repeated measurements of urine flow, every 10 min, and plasma ADH levels, every 20 min, were done in six aged, supine catheterized patients for seven hours. Orthogonal spectral analysis revealed 80 to 130 ultradian rhythms in urinary osmolality and in Na+ and K+ concentrations, but not in the flow of urine that fluctuated rapidly. Plasma ADH levels were constant, ranging from 0.5 pg/ml to 1.5 pg/ml, without evidence for pulsatile episodic secretion.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone secretion and urine flow in aged catheterized patients. Repeated measurements of urine flow, every 10 min, and plasma ADH levels, every 20 min, were done in six aged, supine catheterized patients for seven hours. Orthogonal spectral analysis revealed 80 to 130 ultradian rhythms in urinary osmolality and in Na+ and K+ concentrations, but not in the flow of urine that fluctuated rapidly. Plasma ADH levels were constant, ranging from 0.5 pg/ml to 1.5 pg/ml, without evidence for pulsatile episodic secretion.", "PMID": 754345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9562", "title": "[Potentiometric determination of urinary thiocyanates (author's transl)].", "content": "A sensitive, reproductible and specific technique for the quantitative determination of urinary thiocyanates is proposed. Its analytical characteristics make it feasible for epidemiological surveys of populations potentially exposed to cyanides.", "contents": "[Potentiometric determination of urinary thiocyanates (author's transl)]. A sensitive, reproductible and specific technique for the quantitative determination of urinary thiocyanates is proposed. Its analytical characteristics make it feasible for epidemiological surveys of populations potentially exposed to cyanides.", "PMID": 754346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9563", "title": "[Acute poisoning by Gyromitra esculenta (author's transl)].", "content": "This kind of poisoning is scarce in France, on the contrary it is most frequent in Eastern Europe. Clinical picture associating cytolytic hepatitis, seizures, and hemolysis reminds us intoxication by hydrazine. In fact there is some evidence that the toxin of this mushroom--called gyromitrin--is transformed in the stomach in methylhydrazine. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity of the later can be compared with that of the metabolites of isoniazid.", "contents": "[Acute poisoning by Gyromitra esculenta (author's transl)]. This kind of poisoning is scarce in France, on the contrary it is most frequent in Eastern Europe. Clinical picture associating cytolytic hepatitis, seizures, and hemolysis reminds us intoxication by hydrazine. In fact there is some evidence that the toxin of this mushroom--called gyromitrin--is transformed in the stomach in methylhydrazine. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity of the later can be compared with that of the metabolites of isoniazid.", "PMID": 754347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9564", "title": "Echis colorata bites in Israel: an evaluation of specific antiserum use on the base of 21 cases of snake bite.", "content": "Specific Antiserum for Echis colorata snake bite has been in use since 1965. To date 25 cases of bite by this snake have been reported, most of which are included in this series. As the antiserum was not routinely used I had the opportunity to compare the results in patients receiving antiserum to the results in patients not receiving it. The conclusion is that the use of specific antiserum should be limited to patients demonstrating severe bleeding and not reacting to treatment of consumption coagulopathy. The clinical picture, laboratory results and the post mortem results of a fatal case of E. colorata bite are included.", "contents": "Echis colorata bites in Israel: an evaluation of specific antiserum use on the base of 21 cases of snake bite. Specific Antiserum for Echis colorata snake bite has been in use since 1965. To date 25 cases of bite by this snake have been reported, most of which are included in this series. As the antiserum was not routinely used I had the opportunity to compare the results in patients receiving antiserum to the results in patients not receiving it. The conclusion is that the use of specific antiserum should be limited to patients demonstrating severe bleeding and not reacting to treatment of consumption coagulopathy. The clinical picture, laboratory results and the post mortem results of a fatal case of E. colorata bite are included.", "PMID": 754348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9565", "title": "[Comparison of the acute toxicity and the ulcer inducing power of zinc sulphate and pantothenate carried out in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Zinc sulphate and pantothenate are two drugs capable of inducing ulcer. An experimental was performed in order to determine the acute toxicity of both drugs. The obtained data were in favour of a lesser ulcer inducing capacity of zinc pantothenate, associated to a better diffusion of this salt in the peripheral tissues. These results suggest a plausible use of zinc pantothenate as a therapeutic agent.", "contents": "[Comparison of the acute toxicity and the ulcer inducing power of zinc sulphate and pantothenate carried out in animals (author's transl)]. Zinc sulphate and pantothenate are two drugs capable of inducing ulcer. An experimental was performed in order to determine the acute toxicity of both drugs. The obtained data were in favour of a lesser ulcer inducing capacity of zinc pantothenate, associated to a better diffusion of this salt in the peripheral tissues. These results suggest a plausible use of zinc pantothenate as a therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 754349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9566", "title": "[Toxic effects of essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. and main constituents on planarian (Dugesia tigrina) (author's transl)].", "content": "Regenerating pieces of planarian worms are able to absorbe insoluble substances deposited on the base of the vessels in which they are cultivated. This biological test was used to study the toxic effects of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. The hydrocarbons such as pinene (alpha and beta), caryophyllene and so on were not toxic. On the contrary caryophyllene oxide was highly toxic. It was not possible to detect any protection by 5-hydroxytryptamine as it was the case against delta 1-t\u00e9trahydro-cannabinol and cannabidiol.", "contents": "[Toxic effects of essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. and main constituents on planarian (Dugesia tigrina) (author's transl)]. Regenerating pieces of planarian worms are able to absorbe insoluble substances deposited on the base of the vessels in which they are cultivated. This biological test was used to study the toxic effects of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. The hydrocarbons such as pinene (alpha and beta), caryophyllene and so on were not toxic. On the contrary caryophyllene oxide was highly toxic. It was not possible to detect any protection by 5-hydroxytryptamine as it was the case against delta 1-t\u00e9trahydro-cannabinol and cannabidiol.", "PMID": 754350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9567", "title": "Inhibitors of neovascularization in relation to diabetic and other proliferative retinopathies.", "content": "The demonstration of an inhibitory effect on the potent source of corneal neovascularization which is elicited by the stromal implantation of solid tumours raises the possibility that similar inhibition may be obtained in the animal model of retinal neovascularization. A major program has been initiated to extend the inhibitor studies observed in cornea to the retina.", "contents": "Inhibitors of neovascularization in relation to diabetic and other proliferative retinopathies. The demonstration of an inhibitory effect on the potent source of corneal neovascularization which is elicited by the stromal implantation of solid tumours raises the possibility that similar inhibition may be obtained in the animal model of retinal neovascularization. A major program has been initiated to extend the inhibitor studies observed in cornea to the retina.", "PMID": 754366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9568", "title": "Hyperoxic myopia.", "content": "We have reported the development of 1.6 diopters of myopia in a group of patients exposed to reptitive oxygen breathing at two atmospheres absolute pressure. No significant change in corneal curvature accompanied this refractive change. During the three months following termination of the hyperoxic exposure, the myopia gradually disappeared. It is speculated that hyperoxygenation alters the metabolism of the adult lens producing an increase in its dioptric power.", "contents": "Hyperoxic myopia. We have reported the development of 1.6 diopters of myopia in a group of patients exposed to reptitive oxygen breathing at two atmospheres absolute pressure. No significant change in corneal curvature accompanied this refractive change. During the three months following termination of the hyperoxic exposure, the myopia gradually disappeared. It is speculated that hyperoxygenation alters the metabolism of the adult lens producing an increase in its dioptric power.", "PMID": 754368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9569", "title": "Centrifugal nerve fibers in the adult human optic nerve: 16 days after enucleation.", "content": "The optic nerve stump of a 56-year-old patient was removed 16 days after enucleation of the corresponding eyeball. The stumps of numerous centrifugal (efferent) nerve fibers are demonstrated histologically in this optic nerve central to the 16-day old surgical cut. Electron-microscopic views of the centrifugal nerve fibers are offered for the first time. The findings are further evidence for the existence of centrifugal fibers in the human optic nerve. The nerve fiber stumps exhibit reactive terminal swellings pointing towards the surgical cut indicating axoplasmic flow in that direction. It is of special interest that the centrifugal nerve fibers of this 56-year-old patient lack any evidence of attempted regeneration that has been observed under similar conditions in th optic nerve stump of a child.", "contents": "Centrifugal nerve fibers in the adult human optic nerve: 16 days after enucleation. The optic nerve stump of a 56-year-old patient was removed 16 days after enucleation of the corresponding eyeball. The stumps of numerous centrifugal (efferent) nerve fibers are demonstrated histologically in this optic nerve central to the 16-day old surgical cut. Electron-microscopic views of the centrifugal nerve fibers are offered for the first time. The findings are further evidence for the existence of centrifugal fibers in the human optic nerve. The nerve fiber stumps exhibit reactive terminal swellings pointing towards the surgical cut indicating axoplasmic flow in that direction. It is of special interest that the centrifugal nerve fibers of this 56-year-old patient lack any evidence of attempted regeneration that has been observed under similar conditions in th optic nerve stump of a child.", "PMID": 754369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9570", "title": "Continuous in vivo recordings of intraocular capillary and aqueous humor flows.", "content": "Multiple-point recordings of the initial slopes of xenon 133 and human serum albumin I125 washout from various ocular regions were utilized to visualize changes in capillary and aqueous humor bulk flow in vivo. Preservation of slope linearity is essential for sensitive responsiveness of recordings to flow change. Linearity is enhanced by the initial slope approach in which stability of physiological values and drug effects are maintained and slopes are closely fitted to multiple points. As examples of intraocular flow changes which may be observed and computed from such slopes, responses recorded in forty feline washout studies are presented and the fundamentals of washout recording interpretation are discussed.", "contents": "Continuous in vivo recordings of intraocular capillary and aqueous humor flows. Multiple-point recordings of the initial slopes of xenon 133 and human serum albumin I125 washout from various ocular regions were utilized to visualize changes in capillary and aqueous humor bulk flow in vivo. Preservation of slope linearity is essential for sensitive responsiveness of recordings to flow change. Linearity is enhanced by the initial slope approach in which stability of physiological values and drug effects are maintained and slopes are closely fitted to multiple points. As examples of intraocular flow changes which may be observed and computed from such slopes, responses recorded in forty feline washout studies are presented and the fundamentals of washout recording interpretation are discussed.", "PMID": 754370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9571", "title": "Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.", "content": "Congential fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is characterized by the replacement of normal contractile muscle tissue by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands in varying degrees. The clinical entities which result from the fibrous replacement can be classified under the following headings: general fibrosis syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle with blepharoptosis, strabismus fixus, vertical retraction syndrome and congential unilateral fibrosis, enophthalmos and blepharoptosis. Genetic factors may or may not be apparent. One pedigree with general fibrosis syndrome was traced through five generations. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated replacement of normal muscle by collagen and dense fibrous tissue with occasional areas of degenerated skeletal muscle. The surgical mangement attempts to achieve some functional readjustment of the ocular and lid position as well as the abnormal head posture. The surgical results were considered satisfactory when compared with the original position of the eyes and the backward head tilt.", "contents": "Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Congential fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is characterized by the replacement of normal contractile muscle tissue by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands in varying degrees. The clinical entities which result from the fibrous replacement can be classified under the following headings: general fibrosis syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle with blepharoptosis, strabismus fixus, vertical retraction syndrome and congential unilateral fibrosis, enophthalmos and blepharoptosis. Genetic factors may or may not be apparent. One pedigree with general fibrosis syndrome was traced through five generations. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated replacement of normal muscle by collagen and dense fibrous tissue with occasional areas of degenerated skeletal muscle. The surgical mangement attempts to achieve some functional readjustment of the ocular and lid position as well as the abnormal head posture. The surgical results were considered satisfactory when compared with the original position of the eyes and the backward head tilt.", "PMID": 754372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9572", "title": "The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery.", "content": "A new neurosurgical procedure, anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the middle cerebral artery, is being performed with increasing frequency. Over a 7-year period (1971 through 1977), 121 patients have undergone this operation in our institution. Ophthalmodynamometry may be of great help in identifying occlusion of an internal carotid artery. Progressing venous stasis retinopathy and ischemic orbital pain are believed to be indications for bypass surgery of the carotid artery.", "contents": "The ocular aspects of carotid artery bypass surgery. A new neurosurgical procedure, anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the middle cerebral artery, is being performed with increasing frequency. Over a 7-year period (1971 through 1977), 121 patients have undergone this operation in our institution. Ophthalmodynamometry may be of great help in identifying occlusion of an internal carotid artery. Progressing venous stasis retinopathy and ischemic orbital pain are believed to be indications for bypass surgery of the carotid artery.", "PMID": 754374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9573", "title": "Arterial embolization of orbital hemangiomas.", "content": "A patient with multiple orbital hemangiomas benefitting from the adjunct treatment of transcatheter selective arterial embolization has been presented. The interdisciplinary team effort for this relatively new modality of treatment is called to the attention of the ophthalmologist for consideration in management with difficult or inoperable orbital vascular lesions or arteriovenous malformations with or without intracranial manifestations.", "contents": "Arterial embolization of orbital hemangiomas. A patient with multiple orbital hemangiomas benefitting from the adjunct treatment of transcatheter selective arterial embolization has been presented. The interdisciplinary team effort for this relatively new modality of treatment is called to the attention of the ophthalmologist for consideration in management with difficult or inoperable orbital vascular lesions or arteriovenous malformations with or without intracranial manifestations.", "PMID": 754375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9574", "title": "Suspension of the globe during intraocular surgery.", "content": "The unopened eye maintains a relatively stable spherical contour due to the expansile influence of the intraocular pressure. When the eye is opened this expansile pressure is lost and some degree of collapse of the scleral shell ensues. In eyes with a relatively flaccid sclera an anterior segment incision may induce significant reduction in the volume of the posterior segment of the globe. During intracapsular cataract extraction on such eyes, scleral collapse can cause anterior displacement of the lens and iris when the eye is opened and vitreous loss as soon as the lens is extracted. Scleral collapse tends to occur during intraocular surgery on previously aphakic eyes. In this situation it may become difficult to achieve a vitreous-free anterior sement by open sky vitrectomy. Metallic scleral supporters prevent inward collapse of that portion of the sclera  to which they are attached. They do not prevent downward collapse of the posterior sclera shell. Upward traction is required to prevent the downward component of scleral collapse. A system for controlled suspension of the globe during intraocular surgery has been devised and used in a variety of surgical procedures. The apparatus is simple and it does help to minimize downward scleral collapse. It does not prevent scleral identation or distortion by external forces and cannot substitute for inadequate anesthesia and akinesia or faulty surgical technique.", "contents": "Suspension of the globe during intraocular surgery. The unopened eye maintains a relatively stable spherical contour due to the expansile influence of the intraocular pressure. When the eye is opened this expansile pressure is lost and some degree of collapse of the scleral shell ensues. In eyes with a relatively flaccid sclera an anterior segment incision may induce significant reduction in the volume of the posterior segment of the globe. During intracapsular cataract extraction on such eyes, scleral collapse can cause anterior displacement of the lens and iris when the eye is opened and vitreous loss as soon as the lens is extracted. Scleral collapse tends to occur during intraocular surgery on previously aphakic eyes. In this situation it may become difficult to achieve a vitreous-free anterior sement by open sky vitrectomy. Metallic scleral supporters prevent inward collapse of that portion of the sclera  to which they are attached. They do not prevent downward collapse of the posterior sclera shell. Upward traction is required to prevent the downward component of scleral collapse. A system for controlled suspension of the globe during intraocular surgery has been devised and used in a variety of surgical procedures. The apparatus is simple and it does help to minimize downward scleral collapse. It does not prevent scleral identation or distortion by external forces and cannot substitute for inadequate anesthesia and akinesia or faulty surgical technique.", "PMID": 754377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9575", "title": "Fellow eyes of giant retinal breaks.", "content": "INCIDENCE OF RETINAL BREAKS AND DETACHMENT IN FELLOW EYES. The fellow eyes of 226 giant retinal breaks were followed in order to determine the incidence and natural course of chorioretinal and vitreous pathology. During the period of observation which ranged from 18 months to 16 years, the incidence of retinal breaks and retinal detachment increased from 36.1 percent to 51.3 percent. By the end of the follow-up period, the incidence of bilateral giant retinal breaks was 12.8 percent; retinal tears 11.9 percent, retinal holes 10.2 percent, retinal dialysis 0.4 percent, and retinal detachment 15.9 percent. The average duration of follow-up was 3.7 years, therefore, the incidence of retinal breaks in fellow eyes is probably significantly higher. VITREORETINAL CHANGES PRECEDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RETINAL BREAKS. Syneresis, liquefaction, and condensation of the vitreous base were observed in the majority fellow eyes that developed retinal tears or giant retinal breaks. Follow-up of fellow eyes revealed that the development of a giant retinal break is often preceded by increasing white with pressure associated with increasing condensation of the vitreous base. MANAGEMENT OF FELLOW EYES. Bcause of the high incidence of retinal breaks developing in the fellow eye, regular and thorough examination of the vitreous and retinal breaks even though the fundus may appear normal at the initial examination. PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT. This study suggests that prophylactic treatment is beneficial in the management of fellow eyes of giant retinal breaks. During this study, retinal breaks developed in 27.3 percent of untreated eyes and in 2.4 percent of eyes treated prophylactically. PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF FELLOW EYES OF GIANT RETINAL BREAKS. Its seems prudent to prophylactically treat retinal holes or dialyses in eyes without retinal detachment with cryotherapy. Scleral bucking seems justified in the prophylactic treatment of eyes with retinal tears of lattice-like degeneration with retinal breaks or highly myopic eyes with increasing white with pressure and increasing condensation of the vitreous base.", "contents": "Fellow eyes of giant retinal breaks. INCIDENCE OF RETINAL BREAKS AND DETACHMENT IN FELLOW EYES. The fellow eyes of 226 giant retinal breaks were followed in order to determine the incidence and natural course of chorioretinal and vitreous pathology. During the period of observation which ranged from 18 months to 16 years, the incidence of retinal breaks and retinal detachment increased from 36.1 percent to 51.3 percent. By the end of the follow-up period, the incidence of bilateral giant retinal breaks was 12.8 percent; retinal tears 11.9 percent, retinal holes 10.2 percent, retinal dialysis 0.4 percent, and retinal detachment 15.9 percent. The average duration of follow-up was 3.7 years, therefore, the incidence of retinal breaks in fellow eyes is probably significantly higher. VITREORETINAL CHANGES PRECEDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RETINAL BREAKS. Syneresis, liquefaction, and condensation of the vitreous base were observed in the majority fellow eyes that developed retinal tears or giant retinal breaks. Follow-up of fellow eyes revealed that the development of a giant retinal break is often preceded by increasing white with pressure associated with increasing condensation of the vitreous base. MANAGEMENT OF FELLOW EYES. Bcause of the high incidence of retinal breaks developing in the fellow eye, regular and thorough examination of the vitreous and retinal breaks even though the fundus may appear normal at the initial examination. PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT. This study suggests that prophylactic treatment is beneficial in the management of fellow eyes of giant retinal breaks. During this study, retinal breaks developed in 27.3 percent of untreated eyes and in 2.4 percent of eyes treated prophylactically. PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF FELLOW EYES OF GIANT RETINAL BREAKS. Its seems prudent to prophylactically treat retinal holes or dialyses in eyes without retinal detachment with cryotherapy. Scleral bucking seems justified in the prophylactic treatment of eyes with retinal tears of lattice-like degeneration with retinal breaks or highly myopic eyes with increasing white with pressure and increasing condensation of the vitreous base.", "PMID": 754378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9576", "title": "Preschool visual acuity screening tests.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative merits of two screening tests used for visual acuity assessment of preschool children. The tests that were compared were the Good-Lite Company versions of the E-Test and of the STYCAR (Screening Test for Young Children and Retardates). The former is the most popular method for evaluating central acuity in young children in this nation; the STYCAR is a relatively new letter-matching-test developed in England, where it is widely employed. The E-Test poses left-right orientation problems which are eliminated by the symmetrical letters H, T, O and V utilized in the Letter-Matching-Test. Both visual acuity tests were administered on two separate occasions by personnel from the Prevention of Blindness Society of Metropolitan Washington to 633 preschool children in Washington, D.C. By random selection, 150 of the children received the E-Test at both sessions, 162 children received the Letter-Matching-Test at both sessions, 160 chilt athe the second session, and 161 children received the Letter-Matching-Test at the first session and the E-Test at the second session. The author medically examined the eyes of 408 of the 633 children without knowledge of which test had been initially administered. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study indicated that the Letter-Matching-Test was significantly better in terms of testability rates, group and individual instruction time, and performance time. The E-Test was more reliable in terms of test-retest acuity scores and was also more valid in terms of agreement between pass-fail results obtained at the first screening session and two levels of pass-fail refraction criteria.", "contents": "Preschool visual acuity screening tests. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative merits of two screening tests used for visual acuity assessment of preschool children. The tests that were compared were the Good-Lite Company versions of the E-Test and of the STYCAR (Screening Test for Young Children and Retardates). The former is the most popular method for evaluating central acuity in young children in this nation; the STYCAR is a relatively new letter-matching-test developed in England, where it is widely employed. The E-Test poses left-right orientation problems which are eliminated by the symmetrical letters H, T, O and V utilized in the Letter-Matching-Test. Both visual acuity tests were administered on two separate occasions by personnel from the Prevention of Blindness Society of Metropolitan Washington to 633 preschool children in Washington, D.C. By random selection, 150 of the children received the E-Test at both sessions, 162 children received the Letter-Matching-Test at both sessions, 160 chilt athe the second session, and 161 children received the Letter-Matching-Test at the first session and the E-Test at the second session. The author medically examined the eyes of 408 of the 633 children without knowledge of which test had been initially administered. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study indicated that the Letter-Matching-Test was significantly better in terms of testability rates, group and individual instruction time, and performance time. The E-Test was more reliable in terms of test-retest acuity scores and was also more valid in terms of agreement between pass-fail results obtained at the first screening session and two levels of pass-fail refraction criteria.", "PMID": 754379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9577", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of sickled erythrocytes in human hyphemas.", "content": "Four patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies (one SC; three AS) and hyphemas were found to have more erythrocytes sickled in their anterior chambers than in their circulating venous blood. Intraocular pressure was severely elevated, despite relatively small amounts of intracameral blood. Systemic hypotensive agents were not always successful in reducing IOP, and in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, are probably contraindicated in high or repeated dose regimens. Moderate elevation of IOP in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy patients may produce rapid deterioration of visual function, perhaps because of a greater effect on vascular perfusion in the CRA and optic nerve. Early anterior chamber paracentesis may be the best treatment for this type of hyphema-induced secondary glaucoma.", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of sickled erythrocytes in human hyphemas. Four patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies (one SC; three AS) and hyphemas were found to have more erythrocytes sickled in their anterior chambers than in their circulating venous blood. Intraocular pressure was severely elevated, despite relatively small amounts of intracameral blood. Systemic hypotensive agents were not always successful in reducing IOP, and in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, are probably contraindicated in high or repeated dose regimens. Moderate elevation of IOP in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy patients may produce rapid deterioration of visual function, perhaps because of a greater effect on vascular perfusion in the CRA and optic nerve. Early anterior chamber paracentesis may be the best treatment for this type of hyphema-induced secondary glaucoma.", "PMID": 754380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9578", "title": "Flux of topical pilocarpine to the human aqueous.", "content": "Aqueous fluid was withdrawn from eyes of patients undergoing cataract extraction at various intervals after administration of two drops 2% pilocarpine-HCl in a standard manner. Determination of aqueous pilocarpine concentration was made both by spectroscopy of a ferric hydroxylamine complex and by gas-liquid chromatography. These methods were consistent in indicating that concentration does not rise beyond 5 micrograms/ml at any time following topical instillation. The mean of 71 GLC determinations of aqueous tapped between 2 and 32 minutes after drops was 1.67 micrograms/ml. With assumption of a total chamber volume of 400 microliter, the average total pilocarpine in aqueous in these circumstances is less than 1 microgram. These findings correlate well with investigations of transcorneal flux of pilocarpine for the rabbit in a partial in vitro transport chamber system, with which comparable low flux efficiency was found after simulated drop administration. This serves to validate in some measure in extrapolation of other findings in chamber experiments to the living human eye. The combined in vitro and in vivo experimental results suggest that two distinct mechanisms govern the flux of pilocarpine across the cornea. High doses, comparable to those in standard clinical use, whether administered in drops or in constant flow, are transported inefficiently with kinetics indicating a diffusional mechanism and are associated with intracorneal retention or degradation of a substantial moiety. Low doses, if continuously applied, are much more efficiently transported. Hydrogel polymer vehicles appear to mobilize this low-dose mechanism by retaining drug against mechanical dissipation and elution by tear flow, but also by retaining drug against the capability of the cornea to take up more pilocarpine than can be transported to produce an intracorneal drug \"depot.\" Although the exact nature of the \"depot\" is not clear, it is not elutable as pharmacologically active drug. It is consistently associated with the relatively poor flux efficiency found with high doses, and thus may act in some manner to disable a more efficient mechanism. The flux efficiency found with hydrogel mediation is more than double the best found in constant flow determinations. Vehicular mediated flux is rate limited by the cornea, independent of dose, linear with time despite exponentially secreasing available drug, and not associated with an intracorneal drug \"depot.\" These features are consistent with carrier mediation of some type.", "contents": "Flux of topical pilocarpine to the human aqueous. Aqueous fluid was withdrawn from eyes of patients undergoing cataract extraction at various intervals after administration of two drops 2% pilocarpine-HCl in a standard manner. Determination of aqueous pilocarpine concentration was made both by spectroscopy of a ferric hydroxylamine complex and by gas-liquid chromatography. These methods were consistent in indicating that concentration does not rise beyond 5 micrograms/ml at any time following topical instillation. The mean of 71 GLC determinations of aqueous tapped between 2 and 32 minutes after drops was 1.67 micrograms/ml. With assumption of a total chamber volume of 400 microliter, the average total pilocarpine in aqueous in these circumstances is less than 1 microgram. These findings correlate well with investigations of transcorneal flux of pilocarpine for the rabbit in a partial in vitro transport chamber system, with which comparable low flux efficiency was found after simulated drop administration. This serves to validate in some measure in extrapolation of other findings in chamber experiments to the living human eye. The combined in vitro and in vivo experimental results suggest that two distinct mechanisms govern the flux of pilocarpine across the cornea. High doses, comparable to those in standard clinical use, whether administered in drops or in constant flow, are transported inefficiently with kinetics indicating a diffusional mechanism and are associated with intracorneal retention or degradation of a substantial moiety. Low doses, if continuously applied, are much more efficiently transported. Hydrogel polymer vehicles appear to mobilize this low-dose mechanism by retaining drug against mechanical dissipation and elution by tear flow, but also by retaining drug against the capability of the cornea to take up more pilocarpine than can be transported to produce an intracorneal drug \"depot.\" Although the exact nature of the \"depot\" is not clear, it is not elutable as pharmacologically active drug. It is consistently associated with the relatively poor flux efficiency found with high doses, and thus may act in some manner to disable a more efficient mechanism. The flux efficiency found with hydrogel mediation is more than double the best found in constant flow determinations. Vehicular mediated flux is rate limited by the cornea, independent of dose, linear with time despite exponentially secreasing available drug, and not associated with an intracorneal drug \"depot.\" These features are consistent with carrier mediation of some type.", "PMID": 754381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9579", "title": "Rubeosis iridis in retinoblastoma and pseudoglioma.", "content": "The high incidence of rubeosis iridis accompanying retinoblastoma has been reaffired. Factor common to ocular tumors in general and retinoblastoma, as well as reactions to retioblastoma that have some contributory effect upon vascularization of the iris have been studied and complied. No single causative factor emerged, although tumor necrosis obviously played an important role. To a lesser extent, the site, location, and intraocular extension bore some relationship to neovascularization. That iris neovascularization carries a more grave prognosis, until now only a clinical impression, was definitely confirmed. Clinicians, therefore, studying patients with retinoblastoma would be well advised to pay more attention to the iris and anterior segment since recognition of changes leads to more timely and knowledgeable management. It was hoped that increased recognition of rubeosis would differentiate between eyes with retinoblastoma and those with pseudoglioma; however, an equally high incidence of neovascularization accompanied certain pseudogliomas. In both studies, as is often the case, numerous interesting observations were made; several with clinical implications. Finally, a frequently associated glaucoma, suggested by the anterior segment histologic features, went urecognized and unrecorded in these patients.", "contents": "Rubeosis iridis in retinoblastoma and pseudoglioma. The high incidence of rubeosis iridis accompanying retinoblastoma has been reaffired. Factor common to ocular tumors in general and retinoblastoma, as well as reactions to retioblastoma that have some contributory effect upon vascularization of the iris have been studied and complied. No single causative factor emerged, although tumor necrosis obviously played an important role. To a lesser extent, the site, location, and intraocular extension bore some relationship to neovascularization. That iris neovascularization carries a more grave prognosis, until now only a clinical impression, was definitely confirmed. Clinicians, therefore, studying patients with retinoblastoma would be well advised to pay more attention to the iris and anterior segment since recognition of changes leads to more timely and knowledgeable management. It was hoped that increased recognition of rubeosis would differentiate between eyes with retinoblastoma and those with pseudoglioma; however, an equally high incidence of neovascularization accompanied certain pseudogliomas. In both studies, as is often the case, numerous interesting observations were made; several with clinical implications. Finally, a frequently associated glaucoma, suggested by the anterior segment histologic features, went urecognized and unrecorded in these patients.", "PMID": 754383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9580", "title": "Delayed absorption of subretinal fluid after scleral buckling procedures: the significance of subretinal precipitates.", "content": "A delay in absorption of subretinal fluid after surgical repair for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment beyond 6 weeks was recognized in 39 of 575 consecutive cases undergoing scleral buckling procedures. The most common preoperative condition that was identified in these eyes was large clumps of cells on the undersurface of the detached retina. These cream-colored aggregates appeared similar to mutton-fat keratic precipitates and are referred to as subretinal precipitates. Most likely caused by aggregates of macrophages, they were present in 12 percent of the overall series of cases; subretinal precipitates also were recognized and documented before operation in nearly half of the eyes with delayed fluid absorption, a relationship that is highly significant in statistical analysis (P less than 0.001). On recognizing them before operation, the clinician can expect that approximately a fourth of the eyes will have fluid persisting beyond 6 weeks from the time of surgical repair until complete absorption. A second relatively common condition associated with delayed absorption of fluid that could be recognized in advance of surgical treatment was a long-standing peripheral (usually inferior) retinal detachment, which typically spared the macula, was associated with demarcation lines, and was caused by round atrophic holes with or without lattice degeneration. The presence of demarcation lines (reflecting relatively long-standing retinal detachment) was also positively correlated with delayed fluid absorption (P less than 0.02). Other conditions associated with delayed absorption of fluid included detachments of long-standing duration by history (especially when associated with previous unsuccessful efforts to repair the retina), vitreoretinal traction, and conditions whereby the choriocapillaris-retinal pigment epithelial complex and been significantly disturbed. Such conditions included hemorrhage into the subretinal space as a complication of surgical relase of subretinal fluid, previous retinal surgery, and possibly heavy treatment with cryopexy, especially when associated with exudative detachment. An analysis of subretinal fluide from 39 eyes showed a positive relationship between protein concentration and duration of the detachment but no relationship to a variety of other factors, including the presence of subretinal precipitates. Commonly identified cellular structures in the subretinal space consisted of pigmentladen macrophages. When studied by electron microscopy, some of these were thought to have originated from the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Delayed absorption of subretinal fluid after scleral buckling procedures: the significance of subretinal precipitates. A delay in absorption of subretinal fluid after surgical repair for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment beyond 6 weeks was recognized in 39 of 575 consecutive cases undergoing scleral buckling procedures. The most common preoperative condition that was identified in these eyes was large clumps of cells on the undersurface of the detached retina. These cream-colored aggregates appeared similar to mutton-fat keratic precipitates and are referred to as subretinal precipitates. Most likely caused by aggregates of macrophages, they were present in 12 percent of the overall series of cases; subretinal precipitates also were recognized and documented before operation in nearly half of the eyes with delayed fluid absorption, a relationship that is highly significant in statistical analysis (P less than 0.001). On recognizing them before operation, the clinician can expect that approximately a fourth of the eyes will have fluid persisting beyond 6 weeks from the time of surgical repair until complete absorption. A second relatively common condition associated with delayed absorption of fluid that could be recognized in advance of surgical treatment was a long-standing peripheral (usually inferior) retinal detachment, which typically spared the macula, was associated with demarcation lines, and was caused by round atrophic holes with or without lattice degeneration. The presence of demarcation lines (reflecting relatively long-standing retinal detachment) was also positively correlated with delayed fluid absorption (P less than 0.02). Other conditions associated with delayed absorption of fluid included detachments of long-standing duration by history (especially when associated with previous unsuccessful efforts to repair the retina), vitreoretinal traction, and conditions whereby the choriocapillaris-retinal pigment epithelial complex and been significantly disturbed. Such conditions included hemorrhage into the subretinal space as a complication of surgical relase of subretinal fluid, previous retinal surgery, and possibly heavy treatment with cryopexy, especially when associated with exudative detachment. An analysis of subretinal fluide from 39 eyes showed a positive relationship between protein concentration and duration of the detachment but no relationship to a variety of other factors, including the presence of subretinal precipitates. Commonly identified cellular structures in the subretinal space consisted of pigmentladen macrophages. When studied by electron microscopy, some of these were thought to have originated from the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 754382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9581", "title": "Fresnel prisms and their effects on visual acuity and binocularity.", "content": "1. The visual acuity with the Fresnel membrane prism is significantly less than that with the conventional prism of the same power for all prism powers from 12 delta through 30 delata at distance and from 15 delta through 30 delta at near. 2. The difference in the visual acuity between base up and base down, and between base in and base out, is not significantly different for either the Fresnel membrane prism or for the conventional prism. 3. For both Fresnel membrane prism and the conventional prism, the visual acuity when looking straight ahead. 4. Using Fresnel membrane prisms of the same power from different lots, the visual acuity varied significantly. The 30 delta prism caused the widest range in visual acuity. 5. When normal subjects are fitted with the higher powers of the Fresnel membrane prism, fusion and stereopsis are disrupted to such an extent that the use of this device to restore or to improve binocular vision in cases with large-angle deviations is seriously questioned. 6. Moreover, the disruption of fusion and stereopsis is abrupt and severe and does not parallel the decrease in visual acuity. The severely reduced ability to maintain fusion may be related to the optical aberrations, which, in turn, may be due to the molding process and the polyvinyl chloride molding material. 7. Through the flexibility of the membrane prism is a definite advantage, because of its proclivity to reduce visual acuity and increase aberrations its prescription for adults often must be limited to only one eye. 8. For the same reasons in the young child with binocular vision problems, the membrane prism presently available should be prescribed over both eyes only in powers less than 20 delta. When the membrane prism is to be used as a partial occluder (over one eye only), any power can be used. 9. The new Fresnel \"hard\" prism reduces visual acuity minimally and rarely disrupts binocularity, thus increasing the potential for prismotherapy to establish binocularity. This prism is currently available only for use as a trial set. Since the cosmetic appearance of the Fresnel \"hard\" prism is similar to that of the Fresnel membrane prism and it is easier to maintain, it would be the prism of choice (over all other types) for bilateral prescriptions in the young patient with emmetropia. The manufacturer is urged to make these prisms available to fit a special round adjustable frame, such as that developed in Europe for use with the wafer prism.", "contents": "Fresnel prisms and their effects on visual acuity and binocularity. 1. The visual acuity with the Fresnel membrane prism is significantly less than that with the conventional prism of the same power for all prism powers from 12 delta through 30 delata at distance and from 15 delta through 30 delta at near. 2. The difference in the visual acuity between base up and base down, and between base in and base out, is not significantly different for either the Fresnel membrane prism or for the conventional prism. 3. For both Fresnel membrane prism and the conventional prism, the visual acuity when looking straight ahead. 4. Using Fresnel membrane prisms of the same power from different lots, the visual acuity varied significantly. The 30 delta prism caused the widest range in visual acuity. 5. When normal subjects are fitted with the higher powers of the Fresnel membrane prism, fusion and stereopsis are disrupted to such an extent that the use of this device to restore or to improve binocular vision in cases with large-angle deviations is seriously questioned. 6. Moreover, the disruption of fusion and stereopsis is abrupt and severe and does not parallel the decrease in visual acuity. The severely reduced ability to maintain fusion may be related to the optical aberrations, which, in turn, may be due to the molding process and the polyvinyl chloride molding material. 7. Through the flexibility of the membrane prism is a definite advantage, because of its proclivity to reduce visual acuity and increase aberrations its prescription for adults often must be limited to only one eye. 8. For the same reasons in the young child with binocular vision problems, the membrane prism presently available should be prescribed over both eyes only in powers less than 20 delta. When the membrane prism is to be used as a partial occluder (over one eye only), any power can be used. 9. The new Fresnel \"hard\" prism reduces visual acuity minimally and rarely disrupts binocularity, thus increasing the potential for prismotherapy to establish binocularity. This prism is currently available only for use as a trial set. Since the cosmetic appearance of the Fresnel \"hard\" prism is similar to that of the Fresnel membrane prism and it is easier to maintain, it would be the prism of choice (over all other types) for bilateral prescriptions in the young patient with emmetropia. The manufacturer is urged to make these prisms available to fit a special round adjustable frame, such as that developed in Europe for use with the wafer prism.", "PMID": 754384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9582", "title": "Presumed orbital sarcoidosis: report of a case followed by computerized axial tomography and conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "A thirty-two-year old woman with known sarcoidosis was seen in the Ophthalmology Clinic because of discomfort in the left eye and orbit when looking up. A CT scan showed a small mass in the posterior left orbit. Conjunctival biopsy of the left eye showed a granuloma consistent with sarcoid. Rapid resolution of her condition occurred with prednisone therapy. One year later she had a recurrence with inability to elevate or depress the left eye. Similar, but more extensive, changes were seen on a CT scan. Conjunctival biopsy again was positive. With steroid therapy rapid and complete resolution occurred both clinically and as demonstrated by a CT scan. The relationship between her orbital mass and systemic sarcoidosis is discussed.", "contents": "Presumed orbital sarcoidosis: report of a case followed by computerized axial tomography and conjunctival biopsy. A thirty-two-year old woman with known sarcoidosis was seen in the Ophthalmology Clinic because of discomfort in the left eye and orbit when looking up. A CT scan showed a small mass in the posterior left orbit. Conjunctival biopsy of the left eye showed a granuloma consistent with sarcoid. Rapid resolution of her condition occurred with prednisone therapy. One year later she had a recurrence with inability to elevate or depress the left eye. Similar, but more extensive, changes were seen on a CT scan. Conjunctival biopsy again was positive. With steroid therapy rapid and complete resolution occurred both clinically and as demonstrated by a CT scan. The relationship between her orbital mass and systemic sarcoidosis is discussed.", "PMID": 754385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9583", "title": "Cellular sensitivity to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Using an assay to measure antigen-induction of a lymphocyte mediator, LIF, we detected cellular sensitivities to native human types II and III collagens in three-quarters of a group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was no cellular response to type I collagen. Cellular reactivities to collagen were absent in a group of 41 patients who had other kinds of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, crystalline-induced synovitis, or arthropathies associated with a high prevalence of the HLA-B27 antigen. Lymphocytes, responding to an unknown persistent antigenic stimulus, are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. It has previously been hypothesized that collagen might function as an autoantigen in this disease. Based on the disease specificity of our findings and the tissue distribution of types II and III collagens, we propose that cellular sensitivities to these structural proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Cellular sensitivity to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. Using an assay to measure antigen-induction of a lymphocyte mediator, LIF, we detected cellular sensitivities to native human types II and III collagens in three-quarters of a group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was no cellular response to type I collagen. Cellular reactivities to collagen were absent in a group of 41 patients who had other kinds of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, crystalline-induced synovitis, or arthropathies associated with a high prevalence of the HLA-B27 antigen. Lymphocytes, responding to an unknown persistent antigenic stimulus, are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. It has previously been hypothesized that collagen might function as an autoantigen in this disease. Based on the disease specificity of our findings and the tissue distribution of types II and III collagens, we propose that cellular sensitivities to these structural proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 754387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9584", "title": "The specific proteinuria of cancer patients.", "content": "Most patients with disseminated cancer have proteinuria. Twenty-four hour urine protein averaged less than 80 mg in normals; 223 mg in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia; 177 mg in subjects with stage IV Hodgkin's; 215, 229, 233, and 280 mg in patients with metastatic cancer of colon, breast, ovary, and pancreas respectively. We recently purified the novel glycoprotein EDC1 (mol wt 27,000) from the urine of patients with several types of cancer and found it to be a fragment of plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IATI) (mol wt 170,000). Both EDC1 and IATI are antiproteolytic. By radial immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay of the 41 recognized plasma proteins and of EDC1, we have now analyzed the composition of urine protein in: (i) five nephrotics (\"glomerular proteinuria\"), (ii) four patients with cystinosis and four with hereditary renal tubular acidosis (\"tubular proteinuria\"), and (iii) 26 proteinuria (200-800 mg/day) patients with the six types of disseminated cancer listed above. In (i), (ii) and (iii) the 41 plasma proteins accounted for 100%, greater than 95%, and 33-60% of the urine protein, respectively, while EDC1 accounted for less than 1%, less than 1%, and 40-63% respectively. In normals, (i), (ii) and (iii), plasma EDC1 averaged less than 1, less than 1, less than 1 and 65 micrograms/ml respectively. Renal clearance of EDC1 in (iii) averaged 3% of creatinine clearance. In three cancer  patients with EDC1-proteinuria, postmortem renal histology was normal. most types of cancer cell interact with plasma IATI  to generate plasma EDC1 which is rapidly filtered by the glomeruli, with a resultant \"overflow\" or \"prerenal\" proteinuria which is unique to disseminated neoplastic disease.", "contents": "The specific proteinuria of cancer patients. Most patients with disseminated cancer have proteinuria. Twenty-four hour urine protein averaged less than 80 mg in normals; 223 mg in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia; 177 mg in subjects with stage IV Hodgkin's; 215, 229, 233, and 280 mg in patients with metastatic cancer of colon, breast, ovary, and pancreas respectively. We recently purified the novel glycoprotein EDC1 (mol wt 27,000) from the urine of patients with several types of cancer and found it to be a fragment of plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IATI) (mol wt 170,000). Both EDC1 and IATI are antiproteolytic. By radial immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay of the 41 recognized plasma proteins and of EDC1, we have now analyzed the composition of urine protein in: (i) five nephrotics (\"glomerular proteinuria\"), (ii) four patients with cystinosis and four with hereditary renal tubular acidosis (\"tubular proteinuria\"), and (iii) 26 proteinuria (200-800 mg/day) patients with the six types of disseminated cancer listed above. In (i), (ii) and (iii) the 41 plasma proteins accounted for 100%, greater than 95%, and 33-60% of the urine protein, respectively, while EDC1 accounted for less than 1%, less than 1%, and 40-63% respectively. In normals, (i), (ii) and (iii), plasma EDC1 averaged less than 1, less than 1, less than 1 and 65 micrograms/ml respectively. Renal clearance of EDC1 in (iii) averaged 3% of creatinine clearance. In three cancer  patients with EDC1-proteinuria, postmortem renal histology was normal. most types of cancer cell interact with plasma IATI  to generate plasma EDC1 which is rapidly filtered by the glomeruli, with a resultant \"overflow\" or \"prerenal\" proteinuria which is unique to disseminated neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 754392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9585", "title": "Identification of a coagulopoietin for prothrombin.", "content": "A coagulopoietin specific for factor II has been demonstrated in the rabbit, and termed 'coagulopoietin-II'. A goat antiserum was used to lower the factor II level in a rabbit. When plasma from this rabbit was then injected into other rabbits, factor II rose in the recipients without increase in other coagulation factors measured (V, VII, and X). The coagulopoietin is stable to boiling for 30 minutes, and appear to have a molecular weight of less than 30,000.", "contents": "Identification of a coagulopoietin for prothrombin. A coagulopoietin specific for factor II has been demonstrated in the rabbit, and termed 'coagulopoietin-II'. A goat antiserum was used to lower the factor II level in a rabbit. When plasma from this rabbit was then injected into other rabbits, factor II rose in the recipients without increase in other coagulation factors measured (V, VII, and X). The coagulopoietin is stable to boiling for 30 minutes, and appear to have a molecular weight of less than 30,000.", "PMID": 754398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9586", "title": "Relationship of basal plasma norepinephrine to blood pressure, plasma renin activity, mineralocorticoids, and plasma volume in essential hypertension.", "content": "The basal levels of plasma norepinephrine have been measured in 113 carefully characterized patients with essential hypertension, and the results have been correlated with the PRA sub-grouping and the levels of blood pressure, plasma aldosterone, plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone, and plasma volume. In addition, the influence of furosemide on plasma norepinephrine concentration has been assessed. Essential hypertensives, when considered as a whole, did not exhibit any significant abnormality in basal plasma norepinephrine concentration, but interesting alterations were observed in certain specific sub-groups. High renin patients had significantly elevated levels of basal plasma norepinephrine. In addition, a sub-group of the low renin population who were relatively young had reduced plasma norepinephrine conentration. In these individuals with both reduced PRA and plasma norepinephrine, the levels of both increased concomitantly to the normal range with marked salt depletion. Furosemide administration induced increases in plasma norepinephrine in all PRA sub-groups. Plasma norepinephrine correlated significantly with blood pressure in normal and low renin hypertensives, but the relationships were confined only to male subjects. Significant correlations were also observed between plasma norepinephrine and plasma aldosterine in males with normal PRA but not in the other sub-categories. No significant relationships between plasma volume and either plasma norepinephrine or blood pressure could be detected. Plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone was greater in males as compared with females and appeared elevated above control levels in normal and high renin essential hypertensives. Significant positive correlations between plasma aldosterone and plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone were observed in both males and females with normal renin hypertension. These studies have demonstrated abnormalities in basal plasma norepinephrine concentration in certain patients with essential hypertension. They also suggest that the levels of blood pressure and plasma aldosterone may be related to peripheral sympathetic activity in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Relationship of basal plasma norepinephrine to blood pressure, plasma renin activity, mineralocorticoids, and plasma volume in essential hypertension. The basal levels of plasma norepinephrine have been measured in 113 carefully characterized patients with essential hypertension, and the results have been correlated with the PRA sub-grouping and the levels of blood pressure, plasma aldosterone, plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone, and plasma volume. In addition, the influence of furosemide on plasma norepinephrine concentration has been assessed. Essential hypertensives, when considered as a whole, did not exhibit any significant abnormality in basal plasma norepinephrine concentration, but interesting alterations were observed in certain specific sub-groups. High renin patients had significantly elevated levels of basal plasma norepinephrine. In addition, a sub-group of the low renin population who were relatively young had reduced plasma norepinephrine conentration. In these individuals with both reduced PRA and plasma norepinephrine, the levels of both increased concomitantly to the normal range with marked salt depletion. Furosemide administration induced increases in plasma norepinephrine in all PRA sub-groups. Plasma norepinephrine correlated significantly with blood pressure in normal and low renin hypertensives, but the relationships were confined only to male subjects. Significant correlations were also observed between plasma norepinephrine and plasma aldosterine in males with normal PRA but not in the other sub-categories. No significant relationships between plasma volume and either plasma norepinephrine or blood pressure could be detected. Plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone was greater in males as compared with females and appeared elevated above control levels in normal and high renin essential hypertensives. Significant positive correlations between plasma aldosterone and plasma 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone were observed in both males and females with normal renin hypertension. These studies have demonstrated abnormalities in basal plasma norepinephrine concentration in certain patients with essential hypertension. They also suggest that the levels of blood pressure and plasma aldosterone may be related to peripheral sympathetic activity in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 754399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9587", "title": "Prevalence of gallstones in hyperlipidemia and incidence during treatment with clofibrate and/or cholestyramine.", "content": "The present study provides no evidence that the prevalence of gallstones is increased in patients with hyperlipidemia. During the first year of treatment with clofibrate, the incidence of new gallstones appears to increase 8-fold. Cholestyramine, in doses of 16 g per day, does not seem to increase the incidence of stones, either when given alone or with clofibrate. Further studies on the cumulative risk of clofibrate and the long-term effect of clofibrate on biliary lipid composition are necessary to adequately define the risk/benefit ratio of this medication--with or without bile acid sequestrants. It is highly desirable to ascertain whether the concurrent administration of agents such as chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acids could beneficially affect bile lipid composition and hence protect against gallstone formation during the initial period of clofibrate treatment.", "contents": "Prevalence of gallstones in hyperlipidemia and incidence during treatment with clofibrate and/or cholestyramine. The present study provides no evidence that the prevalence of gallstones is increased in patients with hyperlipidemia. During the first year of treatment with clofibrate, the incidence of new gallstones appears to increase 8-fold. Cholestyramine, in doses of 16 g per day, does not seem to increase the incidence of stones, either when given alone or with clofibrate. Further studies on the cumulative risk of clofibrate and the long-term effect of clofibrate on biliary lipid composition are necessary to adequately define the risk/benefit ratio of this medication--with or without bile acid sequestrants. It is highly desirable to ascertain whether the concurrent administration of agents such as chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acids could beneficially affect bile lipid composition and hence protect against gallstone formation during the initial period of clofibrate treatment.", "PMID": 754401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9588", "title": "Fibreoptic gastroscopy in dolphins.", "content": "Diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including ulceration, infection, parasitism and the effects of ingested foreign bodies are common in captive dolphins. Using a fibreoptic colonoscope, techniques were devised for examination of the oesophagus and stomach and the removal of foreign bodies.", "contents": "Fibreoptic gastroscopy in dolphins. Diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including ulceration, infection, parasitism and the effects of ingested foreign bodies are common in captive dolphins. Using a fibreoptic colonoscope, techniques were devised for examination of the oesophagus and stomach and the removal of foreign bodies.", "PMID": 754405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9589", "title": "Isolation and quantitative determination of sex hormones in carps (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "Changes in the oestrogen and progesterone level in the blood and ovarian tissue of mature carps from fish farms were examined using gas chromatographic method, before and after spawning as well as under wintering. Due to the high individual variation the observations cannot be regarded as quantitative. The highest oestrogen level was found before spawning, both in the ovaries and the blood, this level was somewhat lower after spawning and did not show any further change under wintering. The resting progesterone level had a low value, both in the ovaries and the blood, but it increased after spawning. The oestrogen concentration of blood was somewhat higher in the latter. Effect of pituitary extracts on changes of the sex hormone concentration in blood and ovary of wild carps was investigated too. The results of the hormone determinations, changes in body weights and \"coefficients of maturity\" are presented.", "contents": "Isolation and quantitative determination of sex hormones in carps (Cyprinus carpio L.). Changes in the oestrogen and progesterone level in the blood and ovarian tissue of mature carps from fish farms were examined using gas chromatographic method, before and after spawning as well as under wintering. Due to the high individual variation the observations cannot be regarded as quantitative. The highest oestrogen level was found before spawning, both in the ovaries and the blood, this level was somewhat lower after spawning and did not show any further change under wintering. The resting progesterone level had a low value, both in the ovaries and the blood, but it increased after spawning. The oestrogen concentration of blood was somewhat higher in the latter. Effect of pituitary extracts on changes of the sex hormone concentration in blood and ovary of wild carps was investigated too. The results of the hormone determinations, changes in body weights and \"coefficients of maturity\" are presented.", "PMID": 754414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9590", "title": "Histology and ultrastructure of the the harderian glands - accessory lacrimal gland - of the chicken.", "content": "The Harderian gland is an exocrine gland located in the orbit of the chicken. In the stroma of the folds, an extreme amount of plasma cells can be observed. Electron-microscopic observations revealed that the surface epithelium over the margin of the folds is joined up to deeper epithelial cells with processes rich in tonofibrils and the space among them is filled with plasma cells. The basement membrane separating the surface epithelium from the underlying connective tissue is lacking in these areas, therefore, plasma cells are in direct contact with epithelial cells. A fine network of reticular fibrils can be found inside the folds and reticulum cell-like elements with long processes are intercalated among the plasma cells. This morphology resembles that of the lymphoepithelial organs. Based on this similarity the lymphoepithelial character and a possible immunological function of the Harderian gland is supposed.", "contents": "Histology and ultrastructure of the the harderian glands - accessory lacrimal gland - of the chicken. The Harderian gland is an exocrine gland located in the orbit of the chicken. In the stroma of the folds, an extreme amount of plasma cells can be observed. Electron-microscopic observations revealed that the surface epithelium over the margin of the folds is joined up to deeper epithelial cells with processes rich in tonofibrils and the space among them is filled with plasma cells. The basement membrane separating the surface epithelium from the underlying connective tissue is lacking in these areas, therefore, plasma cells are in direct contact with epithelial cells. A fine network of reticular fibrils can be found inside the folds and reticulum cell-like elements with long processes are intercalated among the plasma cells. This morphology resembles that of the lymphoepithelial organs. Based on this similarity the lymphoepithelial character and a possible immunological function of the Harderian gland is supposed.", "PMID": 754415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9591", "title": "Effect of some pesticides on the rhythmic adductor muscle activity of fresh-water mussel larvae.", "content": "The effect of some pesticides on the spontaneous and tryptamine (TA)-induced adductor muscle activity of glochidiae of the fresh-water mussel Anodonta cygnea was examined in short-term experiments. The pesticides used were: Bi-58 EC, Novenda, Malathion, Shell-DD, Dikonirt and pure 2,4-D the active ingredient of Dikonirt. High concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-1) g/l) of the examined substances have a short, slight excitatory influence on the spontaneous rhythmic adductor activity of larvae, in addition their effect results in lasting closure of some specimens. In lower concentrations, they inhibit the TA-induced adductor activity. The threshold of inhibitory concentrations may be lower with prolonged exposure time.", "contents": "Effect of some pesticides on the rhythmic adductor muscle activity of fresh-water mussel larvae. The effect of some pesticides on the spontaneous and tryptamine (TA)-induced adductor muscle activity of glochidiae of the fresh-water mussel Anodonta cygnea was examined in short-term experiments. The pesticides used were: Bi-58 EC, Novenda, Malathion, Shell-DD, Dikonirt and pure 2,4-D the active ingredient of Dikonirt. High concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-1) g/l) of the examined substances have a short, slight excitatory influence on the spontaneous rhythmic adductor activity of larvae, in addition their effect results in lasting closure of some specimens. In lower concentrations, they inhibit the TA-induced adductor activity. The threshold of inhibitory concentrations may be lower with prolonged exposure time.", "PMID": 754416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9592", "title": "Compact anisotropic bone: elastic constants, in vitro aging effects and numerical results of a mathematical model.", "content": "This paper briefly examines the experimentally observed effects in, and symmetry arguments for, the constituents of bone which lead to a transversely isotropic configuration for the elastic behavior of bone. Based on this, a regime for computing the anisotropic elastic constants is considered in terms of ultrasonic transit time measurements. To extend the usefulness of ultrasonic techniques to an in vivo situation, a mathematical model for bone is developed in outline form and numerical results for the characteristic frequency equation discussed.", "contents": "Compact anisotropic bone: elastic constants, in vitro aging effects and numerical results of a mathematical model. This paper briefly examines the experimentally observed effects in, and symmetry arguments for, the constituents of bone which lead to a transversely isotropic configuration for the elastic behavior of bone. Based on this, a regime for computing the anisotropic elastic constants is considered in terms of ultrasonic transit time measurements. To extend the usefulness of ultrasonic techniques to an in vivo situation, a mathematical model for bone is developed in outline form and numerical results for the characteristic frequency equation discussed.", "PMID": 754417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9593", "title": "Effects of forebrain ablation on growth in teleost fishes.", "content": "The effect of forebrain extirpation on food uptake and growth was studied in different teleost species. In the case of wild species such as Carassius gibelio and Macropodus opercularis concolor, a prolonged enhancement of food uptake and body growth was found following forebrain ablation. In the case of domesticated species such as the common goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Macropodus opercularis, there was no effect of forebrain extirpation on either food uptake or growth.", "contents": "Effects of forebrain ablation on growth in teleost fishes. The effect of forebrain extirpation on food uptake and growth was studied in different teleost species. In the case of wild species such as Carassius gibelio and Macropodus opercularis concolor, a prolonged enhancement of food uptake and body growth was found following forebrain ablation. In the case of domesticated species such as the common goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Macropodus opercularis, there was no effect of forebrain extirpation on either food uptake or growth.", "PMID": 754418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9594", "title": "Cytochemical localization of exogenous peroxidase in adrenal medullary cells of hamster.", "content": "The endocytosis in hamster adrenal medullary cells has been studied by intravenously administered horseradish peroxidase, which was then detected with the Graham-Karnovsky method. The protein uptake was investigated 30, 60, and 120 min after the peroxidase injection. The exogenous protein was accumulated mostly in the lumen of the sinusoids, around the capillaries as well as at the apical pode of chromaffin reaction product was detectable also in the chromaffin cells. The protein uptake was very intensive beside the plasma membrane, both apically and laterally, through coated- and smooth-surfaced vesicles. Two hours after peroxidase injection, the majority of the reaction product was present in multivesicular bodies. It is supposed that the primary endocytotic vesicles were taken up by multivesicular bodies and digested by lysosomal enzymes. The ultimate fate of the incorporated granule's membranes seem to be digestion by lysosomal enzymes, thus they are not reutilized during granulogenesis in the chromaffin cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of exogenous peroxidase in adrenal medullary cells of hamster. The endocytosis in hamster adrenal medullary cells has been studied by intravenously administered horseradish peroxidase, which was then detected with the Graham-Karnovsky method. The protein uptake was investigated 30, 60, and 120 min after the peroxidase injection. The exogenous protein was accumulated mostly in the lumen of the sinusoids, around the capillaries as well as at the apical pode of chromaffin reaction product was detectable also in the chromaffin cells. The protein uptake was very intensive beside the plasma membrane, both apically and laterally, through coated- and smooth-surfaced vesicles. Two hours after peroxidase injection, the majority of the reaction product was present in multivesicular bodies. It is supposed that the primary endocytotic vesicles were taken up by multivesicular bodies and digested by lysosomal enzymes. The ultimate fate of the incorporated granule's membranes seem to be digestion by lysosomal enzymes, thus they are not reutilized during granulogenesis in the chromaffin cells.", "PMID": 754419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9595", "title": "Metaphase arrest in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus by the Beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "The beta-exotoxin, thuringiensin A, from Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis has been found to be C-mitotic in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus. This exotoxin therefore appears to be a potential tool for metaphase arrest in karyological studies. The delta-endotoxin protein has no similar activity.", "contents": "Metaphase arrest in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus by the Beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. The beta-exotoxin, thuringiensin A, from Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis has been found to be C-mitotic in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus. This exotoxin therefore appears to be a potential tool for metaphase arrest in karyological studies. The delta-endotoxin protein has no similar activity.", "PMID": 754420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9596", "title": "Effect of protein-protein interactions on binding of ligands by proteins.", "content": "In general, saturation curves for ligand binding by proteins are described by the Adair-equation. The approach to ligand binding with methods of statistical mechanics leads not only to expressions for the Adair-constants, but gives also the possibility of describing the effect of protein-protein interactions on the binding of ligands by proteins. Under the assumption of the superposition-approximation for the potential of mean force between proteins in a solution, which contains also ligand molecules, the variations of the second and third virial coefficient with ligand activity are calculated for several simple model-pontentials. Finally the pair potential of hemoglobin molecules known from X-ray measurements will be approximated by such a simple square-well potential. With that the effect of hemoglobin density on oxygenation will be estimated. One finds for our model system that at relatively high protein density a further increase in density should be accompanied by a decrease in affinity (hindrance of saturation) and an increasing steepness of the slope of the saturation curve.", "contents": "Effect of protein-protein interactions on binding of ligands by proteins. In general, saturation curves for ligand binding by proteins are described by the Adair-equation. The approach to ligand binding with methods of statistical mechanics leads not only to expressions for the Adair-constants, but gives also the possibility of describing the effect of protein-protein interactions on the binding of ligands by proteins. Under the assumption of the superposition-approximation for the potential of mean force between proteins in a solution, which contains also ligand molecules, the variations of the second and third virial coefficient with ligand activity are calculated for several simple model-pontentials. Finally the pair potential of hemoglobin molecules known from X-ray measurements will be approximated by such a simple square-well potential. With that the effect of hemoglobin density on oxygenation will be estimated. One finds for our model system that at relatively high protein density a further increase in density should be accompanied by a decrease in affinity (hindrance of saturation) and an increasing steepness of the slope of the saturation curve.", "PMID": 754421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9597", "title": "[Frequency domain analysis of the dynamic properties of the encoder in the slowly adapting crayfish stretch receptor neuron].", "content": "The transfer properties of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron can be suitably described in the frequency domain. The measurements are carried out by means of sinusoidally varying intracellular currents. The frequency response at low stimulation frequencies has been calculated from responses to current steps. At very low input frequencies the amplitude-frequency characteristic in the Bode diagram is nearly parallel to the abscissa. With increasing stimulation frequency the gain becomes larger and has a maximum at 1--3 Hz (stimulation frequency/carrier frequency (f/fo approximately 0.2). The amplitude-frequency characteristic decreases then, at first slowly then more rapidly, and reaches in the range of carrier frequency (f/fo approximately 1) small values. The phase-frequency characteristic shows at low input frequencies a small positive magnitude of 8--10(0). With higher stimulation frequencies the phase angle decreases and reaches negative values. In the range of carrier frequency the phase shift runs to -180 degrees. The present findings demonstrate also that the transfer function of the encoder depends on the carrier frequency of the receptor neuron. Larger carrier frequencies cause a decrease of the gain but the peak remains. This maximum shifts with increasing fo in direction to higher stimulation frequencies. The elimination of the encoder adaptation by means of a suitable model results in the frequency response of the real encoder. The above statements hold for higher stimulation frequencies too, but the typical differential behaviour at low frequencies disappears.", "contents": "[Frequency domain analysis of the dynamic properties of the encoder in the slowly adapting crayfish stretch receptor neuron]. The transfer properties of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron can be suitably described in the frequency domain. The measurements are carried out by means of sinusoidally varying intracellular currents. The frequency response at low stimulation frequencies has been calculated from responses to current steps. At very low input frequencies the amplitude-frequency characteristic in the Bode diagram is nearly parallel to the abscissa. With increasing stimulation frequency the gain becomes larger and has a maximum at 1--3 Hz (stimulation frequency/carrier frequency (f/fo approximately 0.2). The amplitude-frequency characteristic decreases then, at first slowly then more rapidly, and reaches in the range of carrier frequency (f/fo approximately 1) small values. The phase-frequency characteristic shows at low input frequencies a small positive magnitude of 8--10(0). With higher stimulation frequencies the phase angle decreases and reaches negative values. In the range of carrier frequency the phase shift runs to -180 degrees. The present findings demonstrate also that the transfer function of the encoder depends on the carrier frequency of the receptor neuron. Larger carrier frequencies cause a decrease of the gain but the peak remains. This maximum shifts with increasing fo in direction to higher stimulation frequencies. The elimination of the encoder adaptation by means of a suitable model results in the frequency response of the real encoder. The above statements hold for higher stimulation frequencies too, but the typical differential behaviour at low frequencies disappears.", "PMID": 754422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9598", "title": "[Na-K ionic pump and spike adaptation in the slowly and rapidly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the crayfish Orconectes limosus (RAF.)].", "content": "A very important cause of the spike adaptation in the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron (SN1) is the Na-K ionic pump. An increasing inhibition of the ionic pump, produced by gradual reduction of the external K+-concentration or application of rising doses of ouabain, is correlated with an adequate diminution of frequency decay. But even high concentrations of ouabain (10(-3) -- 5 . 10(-3) M) can not completely abolish the spike adaptation. Immediately after the onset of a current step the impulse frequency still declines. In agreement with these findings the gain in the Bode diagram shows a maximum further on. The spike adaptation in the rapidly adapting neuron (SN2) can only in a smaller part be attributed to the action of the ionic pump. Application of ouabain causes in the SN2, contrary to SN1, only a low depolarization of the membrane potential. The decay of impulse frequency is considerably diminished but a long lasting nearly stationary discharge like in the SN1 can never be observed.", "contents": "[Na-K ionic pump and spike adaptation in the slowly and rapidly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the crayfish Orconectes limosus (RAF.)]. A very important cause of the spike adaptation in the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron (SN1) is the Na-K ionic pump. An increasing inhibition of the ionic pump, produced by gradual reduction of the external K+-concentration or application of rising doses of ouabain, is correlated with an adequate diminution of frequency decay. But even high concentrations of ouabain (10(-3) -- 5 . 10(-3) M) can not completely abolish the spike adaptation. Immediately after the onset of a current step the impulse frequency still declines. In agreement with these findings the gain in the Bode diagram shows a maximum further on. The spike adaptation in the rapidly adapting neuron (SN2) can only in a smaller part be attributed to the action of the ionic pump. Application of ouabain causes in the SN2, contrary to SN1, only a low depolarization of the membrane potential. The decay of impulse frequency is considerably diminished but a long lasting nearly stationary discharge like in the SN1 can never be observed.", "PMID": 754423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9599", "title": "[Involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditioned avoidance responses in rats. III. Lesions of the nucleus ventralis medialis].", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the nucleus ventralis medialis thalami (VM) did not change the reactivity to sensory and painful stimuli, the preoperatively fixed motor patterns and the preoperatively elaborated conditioned avoidance response (CAR, jumping test) in hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain). The postoperative acquisition of a CAR in a runway was attained as in controls, but with significantly higher running speed. During continuation of the training in a Y-maze using a 2:2-alternation schedule the CAR decreased gradually to zero as a consequences of increasing reaction times (time from onset of the acoustic conditioned signal to the onset of running). At least the lesioned animals only started with the onset of the painful reinforcement. In spite of the non-avoidance these animals learned to escape correctly through the illuminated floor (dark-light-discrimination). The results are discussed as a consequence of a deficit in conditioning of locomotor programs.", "contents": "[Involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditioned avoidance responses in rats. III. Lesions of the nucleus ventralis medialis]. Bilateral lesions of the nucleus ventralis medialis thalami (VM) did not change the reactivity to sensory and painful stimuli, the preoperatively fixed motor patterns and the preoperatively elaborated conditioned avoidance response (CAR, jumping test) in hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain). The postoperative acquisition of a CAR in a runway was attained as in controls, but with significantly higher running speed. During continuation of the training in a Y-maze using a 2:2-alternation schedule the CAR decreased gradually to zero as a consequences of increasing reaction times (time from onset of the acoustic conditioned signal to the onset of running). At least the lesioned animals only started with the onset of the painful reinforcement. In spite of the non-avoidance these animals learned to escape correctly through the illuminated floor (dark-light-discrimination). The results are discussed as a consequence of a deficit in conditioning of locomotor programs.", "PMID": 754424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9600", "title": "Cardiac effects of 16-acetyl-gitoxin, the active glycoside after penta-acetyl-gitoxin administration.", "content": "The inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 16-acetyl-gitoxin and digoxin were studied in isolated cardiac preparations and in anaesthetized dogs. ECG alteration-producing and lethal doses of both glycosides were determined in anaesthetized cats. In the isolated guinea-pig atrium, the properties of 16-acetyl-gitoxin are identical with those of ouabain, and in the isolated guinea-pig heart they are equal to those of digoxin, while gitoxin and penta-acetyl-gitoxin produce equieffective reactions at higher glycoside concentrations. In the cat, 75% of lethal doses of 16-acetyl-gitoxin and digoxin provoke ECG changes (qrs complex prolongation). The ratio of the lethal doses amounts to 1:2.8 and 1:3.5 (digoxin:16-acetyl-gitoxin). In case of equal contractile increment, the ratio of glycoside doses in dogs amounts to 1:1.3, while the percentages of rhythm disturbances following both glycosides are identical. Apart from slight deviations of the doses used, the cardiac properties of 16-acetyl-gitoxin are equal to those of digoxin.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of 16-acetyl-gitoxin, the active glycoside after penta-acetyl-gitoxin administration. The inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 16-acetyl-gitoxin and digoxin were studied in isolated cardiac preparations and in anaesthetized dogs. ECG alteration-producing and lethal doses of both glycosides were determined in anaesthetized cats. In the isolated guinea-pig atrium, the properties of 16-acetyl-gitoxin are identical with those of ouabain, and in the isolated guinea-pig heart they are equal to those of digoxin, while gitoxin and penta-acetyl-gitoxin produce equieffective reactions at higher glycoside concentrations. In the cat, 75% of lethal doses of 16-acetyl-gitoxin and digoxin provoke ECG changes (qrs complex prolongation). The ratio of the lethal doses amounts to 1:2.8 and 1:3.5 (digoxin:16-acetyl-gitoxin). In case of equal contractile increment, the ratio of glycoside doses in dogs amounts to 1:1.3, while the percentages of rhythm disturbances following both glycosides are identical. Apart from slight deviations of the doses used, the cardiac properties of 16-acetyl-gitoxin are equal to those of digoxin.", "PMID": 754425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9601", "title": "[Further data on the dependence of the agglutination titre of T4 streptococci on the haptoglobin type (Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1)].", "content": "Anti-streptococcal T4 titres in human sera tend to be higher in normal sera of the Hp type hp 2-2 than in normal sera of hp 2-1 subjects. If the sera are heated above a temperature of 50 degrees C the difference disappeared and the titres are reduced. When heating sera to 63 degrees for 10 min no agglutination activity for T4 streptococci can be observed.", "contents": "[Further data on the dependence of the agglutination titre of T4 streptococci on the haptoglobin type (Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1)]. Anti-streptococcal T4 titres in human sera tend to be higher in normal sera of the Hp type hp 2-2 than in normal sera of hp 2-1 subjects. If the sera are heated above a temperature of 50 degrees C the difference disappeared and the titres are reduced. When heating sera to 63 degrees for 10 min no agglutination activity for T4 streptococci can be observed.", "PMID": 754426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9602", "title": "[Participation of thalamic nuclei in the elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes of rats. IV. Lesions of the nucleus reuniens].", "content": "The elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes in a Y-maze and in the jumping test was scarcely influenced by lesion of the n. reuniens of the thalamus in hooded rats. The increase of intertrialreactions in the jumping test after such lesions in contrast to the control group indicates changes in the regulation of motivational processes. After additional lesion of the n. rhomboideus neither the conditioned avoidance nor the unconditioned escape reaction were elaborated in the jumping test.", "contents": "[Participation of thalamic nuclei in the elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes of rats. IV. Lesions of the nucleus reuniens]. The elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes in a Y-maze and in the jumping test was scarcely influenced by lesion of the n. reuniens of the thalamus in hooded rats. The increase of intertrialreactions in the jumping test after such lesions in contrast to the control group indicates changes in the regulation of motivational processes. After additional lesion of the n. rhomboideus neither the conditioned avoidance nor the unconditioned escape reaction were elaborated in the jumping test.", "PMID": 754429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9603", "title": "Participation of thalamic nuclei in the elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes of rats. V. Lesions of the nucleus mediodorsalis.", "content": "Hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain with isolated bilateral lesions of the nucleus mediodorsalis thalami (MD) were not able to avoid foot-shocks in a simple runway and in the jumping test. They even did not move and showed no emotional reactions during the conditioned stimulus. The lesions did not change spontaneous behaviour, motor patterns or the thresholds of pain reactivity. The animals displayed less spontaneous and goal-directed orienting responses. The possible participation of MD in a functional system realizing certain kinds of prognosis is discussed.", "contents": "Participation of thalamic nuclei in the elaboration of conditioned avoidance reflexes of rats. V. Lesions of the nucleus mediodorsalis. Hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain with isolated bilateral lesions of the nucleus mediodorsalis thalami (MD) were not able to avoid foot-shocks in a simple runway and in the jumping test. They even did not move and showed no emotional reactions during the conditioned stimulus. The lesions did not change spontaneous behaviour, motor patterns or the thresholds of pain reactivity. The animals displayed less spontaneous and goal-directed orienting responses. The possible participation of MD in a functional system realizing certain kinds of prognosis is discussed.", "PMID": 754430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9604", "title": "Effect of alpha-chlorohydrin and vasoligation on epididymal and testicular blood flow in the rat and on sperm parameters.", "content": "Rats were injected subcutaneously with the male antifertility agent, alpha-chlorohydrin (90 mg/kg), and the animals killed 4/24, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after the injection. Rats in a second series were killed at the same time intervals following bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia to mimic the effect of the high dose of alpha-chlorohydrin in blocking the initial segment of the epididymis. The epididymides were cut into segments for relative blood flow estimations. There was little change in the pattern of blood flow in the epididymal segments of rats injected with alpha-chlorohydrin, and it appears that interference with the epididymal vasculature is not an important factor in the mode of action of alpha-chlorohydrin. Bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia produced a marked effect on blood flow through the epididymis. The results suggest that this dose of alpha-chlorohydrin disrupts the motility and morphology of sperm in the epididymis.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-chlorohydrin and vasoligation on epididymal and testicular blood flow in the rat and on sperm parameters. Rats were injected subcutaneously with the male antifertility agent, alpha-chlorohydrin (90 mg/kg), and the animals killed 4/24, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after the injection. Rats in a second series were killed at the same time intervals following bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia to mimic the effect of the high dose of alpha-chlorohydrin in blocking the initial segment of the epididymis. The epididymides were cut into segments for relative blood flow estimations. There was little change in the pattern of blood flow in the epididymal segments of rats injected with alpha-chlorohydrin, and it appears that interference with the epididymal vasculature is not an important factor in the mode of action of alpha-chlorohydrin. Bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia produced a marked effect on blood flow through the epididymis. The results suggest that this dose of alpha-chlorohydrin disrupts the motility and morphology of sperm in the epididymis.", "PMID": 754433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9605", "title": "Report of a case of familial male internal pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "A rare case of male internal pseudohermaphroditism is described. The patient had normal external male sexual characteristics but unilateral cryptorchidism. Three of his brothers had also cryptorchidism. The patient's parents were cousins. The patient's karyotype was normal.", "contents": "Report of a case of familial male internal pseudohermaphroditism. A rare case of male internal pseudohermaphroditism is described. The patient had normal external male sexual characteristics but unilateral cryptorchidism. Three of his brothers had also cryptorchidism. The patient's parents were cousins. The patient's karyotype was normal.", "PMID": 754434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9606", "title": "Effect of released lymphocyte proteins on human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effect on lymphocytes and Hep2 target cells of proteins obtained from the medium of human lymphocytes incubated for short times was studied. The supernatants were precipitated and fractionated with ammonium sulfate in three steps. Two protein fractions were found to inhibit protein synthesis in target cells and to increase in vitro release of chromium from prelabelled lymphocytes. The proteins studied may be related to lymphotoxin produced by mitogen-activated lymphocytes. It is assumed that in vitro interactions for short times between different types of lymphocytes may cause the release of proteins. The same proteins play probably a part in the in vivo regulation of the metabolic activity of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of released lymphocyte proteins on human lymphocytes in vitro. The effect on lymphocytes and Hep2 target cells of proteins obtained from the medium of human lymphocytes incubated for short times was studied. The supernatants were precipitated and fractionated with ammonium sulfate in three steps. Two protein fractions were found to inhibit protein synthesis in target cells and to increase in vitro release of chromium from prelabelled lymphocytes. The proteins studied may be related to lymphotoxin produced by mitogen-activated lymphocytes. It is assumed that in vitro interactions for short times between different types of lymphocytes may cause the release of proteins. The same proteins play probably a part in the in vivo regulation of the metabolic activity of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 754435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9607", "title": "A quantitative evaluation of the effect of testosterone on RNA metabolism in the seminal vesicle of the rat.", "content": "Androgen dependent gross changes in RNA concentration of the androgen responsive cells of rat seminal vesicle were monitored by measuring RNA/DNA ratios. The time course of the changes in the RNA/DNA ratio following castration and after replacement of testosterone obeys the predictions of a kinetic model which permits determination of the rate constants for RNA degradation separately for the state of withdrawal and replacement of testosterone. For both states the apparent rate constant for RNA degradation was found to be 0.4 day-1/t1/2 approximately or equal to 1.8 days). The rate constant was shown to be independent of the testosterone dose applied. The testosterone-induced increase in the RNA/DNA ratio could be prevented by the administration of Actinomycin D. These findings are consistent with the view that testosterone controls the RNA level in vesicular target cells through the regulation of the rate of RNA synthesis. The results indicate that the rate of RNA synthesis in the vesicular cells of castrated rats is a regular hyperbolic function of the dose of testosterone propionate administered to these rats. On the basis of this finding a new approach to the accurate determination of the relative androgenicity of androgenic steroids is suggested.", "contents": "A quantitative evaluation of the effect of testosterone on RNA metabolism in the seminal vesicle of the rat. Androgen dependent gross changes in RNA concentration of the androgen responsive cells of rat seminal vesicle were monitored by measuring RNA/DNA ratios. The time course of the changes in the RNA/DNA ratio following castration and after replacement of testosterone obeys the predictions of a kinetic model which permits determination of the rate constants for RNA degradation separately for the state of withdrawal and replacement of testosterone. For both states the apparent rate constant for RNA degradation was found to be 0.4 day-1/t1/2 approximately or equal to 1.8 days). The rate constant was shown to be independent of the testosterone dose applied. The testosterone-induced increase in the RNA/DNA ratio could be prevented by the administration of Actinomycin D. These findings are consistent with the view that testosterone controls the RNA level in vesicular target cells through the regulation of the rate of RNA synthesis. The results indicate that the rate of RNA synthesis in the vesicular cells of castrated rats is a regular hyperbolic function of the dose of testosterone propionate administered to these rats. On the basis of this finding a new approach to the accurate determination of the relative androgenicity of androgenic steroids is suggested.", "PMID": 754436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9608", "title": "Studies on valyl-tRNA synthetase obtained from chick embryo brain. Purification and properties.", "content": "Valyl-tRNA synthetase (L-valine tRNA ligase (AMP) E. C. 6.1 . 1.9) from chick embryo brain was isolated by two chromatographic steps from the cytosol fraction of brain homogenates. The protein was found to be more than 90 per cent homogeneous on the basis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of 110,000 daltons determined by both high speed equilibrium centrifugation and gel filtration. No evidence was found for a subunit structure. The optimum reaction conditions as well as the kinetic constants for ATP, valine and tRNA were determined. Enzyme stability during storage as a function of temperature and in the presence and absence of polyhydric alcohols is described. Polyhydric alcohols were found to protect the enzyme from inactivation.", "contents": "Studies on valyl-tRNA synthetase obtained from chick embryo brain. Purification and properties. Valyl-tRNA synthetase (L-valine tRNA ligase (AMP) E. C. 6.1 . 1.9) from chick embryo brain was isolated by two chromatographic steps from the cytosol fraction of brain homogenates. The protein was found to be more than 90 per cent homogeneous on the basis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of 110,000 daltons determined by both high speed equilibrium centrifugation and gel filtration. No evidence was found for a subunit structure. The optimum reaction conditions as well as the kinetic constants for ATP, valine and tRNA were determined. Enzyme stability during storage as a function of temperature and in the presence and absence of polyhydric alcohols is described. Polyhydric alcohols were found to protect the enzyme from inactivation.", "PMID": 754437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9609", "title": "Role of SH groups in the activity of pig phosphorylase b isoenzymes.", "content": "The reaction of phosphorylases from rabbit skeletal muscle, pig skeletal muscle and pig heart with DTNB and the effects of AMP and glucose-6-phosphate on the above reaction were examined and compared. The SH groups of pig heart-specific phosphorylase b were found to be the same as those of rabbit skeletal muscle. Pig skeletal muscle phosphorylase b differed from the foregoing enzymes in that its slowly reacting SH groups played a minor role in the catalytic activity and AMP and glucose-6-phosphate affected neither the DTNB reaction nor the small decrease of activity during the reaction.", "contents": "Role of SH groups in the activity of pig phosphorylase b isoenzymes. The reaction of phosphorylases from rabbit skeletal muscle, pig skeletal muscle and pig heart with DTNB and the effects of AMP and glucose-6-phosphate on the above reaction were examined and compared. The SH groups of pig heart-specific phosphorylase b were found to be the same as those of rabbit skeletal muscle. Pig skeletal muscle phosphorylase b differed from the foregoing enzymes in that its slowly reacting SH groups played a minor role in the catalytic activity and AMP and glucose-6-phosphate affected neither the DTNB reaction nor the small decrease of activity during the reaction.", "PMID": 754441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9610", "title": "Tritium release from Ti-T layers in air, in aqueous media and in animal experiments.", "content": "In connection with Ti-T incorporation hazard to which operators of neutron generators are exposed the release of tritium from Ti-T preparations of different ages was studied in experiments carried out in air, in aqueous media and in living animals. Samples were prepared with activities from 10 to 30 mCi and the effect of storage on the tritium release rate was also observed. In 250 days a fraction of 10(-3) of the tritium activity was absorbed by aqueous liquids. In air the release varied from 10(-6) to 10(-7) per hour. The Ti-T samples of different ages, introduced surgically into the abdominal cavity of rats, showed the tritium release rate to decrease with time. The tritium activity observable in the circulation was 5 to 6 orders of magnitude smaller compared with the introduced value. The observations permit the inference that in the case of Ti-T incorporation only a minor fraction of the tritium burden can be assessed from the activity measured in the urine.", "contents": "Tritium release from Ti-T layers in air, in aqueous media and in animal experiments. In connection with Ti-T incorporation hazard to which operators of neutron generators are exposed the release of tritium from Ti-T preparations of different ages was studied in experiments carried out in air, in aqueous media and in living animals. Samples were prepared with activities from 10 to 30 mCi and the effect of storage on the tritium release rate was also observed. In 250 days a fraction of 10(-3) of the tritium activity was absorbed by aqueous liquids. In air the release varied from 10(-6) to 10(-7) per hour. The Ti-T samples of different ages, introduced surgically into the abdominal cavity of rats, showed the tritium release rate to decrease with time. The tritium activity observable in the circulation was 5 to 6 orders of magnitude smaller compared with the introduced value. The observations permit the inference that in the case of Ti-T incorporation only a minor fraction of the tritium burden can be assessed from the activity measured in the urine.", "PMID": 754442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9611", "title": "Parameter sensitivity analysis for designing experiments in kinetics.", "content": "For the Michaelis-Menten binding kinetics and for a two- and a three-compartmental model a parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to design experiments. According to the mathematical results in the case of the binding kinetics the substrate concentrations s approximately Km are optimal in view to the variance of the Michaelis constant Km. In the case of the two-compartment model the results of the calculations are tested by the use of computer-simulated data. The correspondence between the sensitivity and simulation results is satisfactory.", "contents": "Parameter sensitivity analysis for designing experiments in kinetics. For the Michaelis-Menten binding kinetics and for a two- and a three-compartmental model a parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to design experiments. According to the mathematical results in the case of the binding kinetics the substrate concentrations s approximately Km are optimal in view to the variance of the Michaelis constant Km. In the case of the two-compartment model the results of the calculations are tested by the use of computer-simulated data. The correspondence between the sensitivity and simulation results is satisfactory.", "PMID": 754446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9612", "title": "Electric field induced defect-forming mechanisms in lipid bilayers.", "content": "The role of structural defects in the ionic conduction properties of unmodified bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs) is discussed. Two mechanisms of defect forming processes are considered: the compressive effect of the electric field on the membrane, and the field-induced bending of lipid polar head groups. It is shown that the dependence of conductivity on both concentration and temperature, as well as the dielectric stability of lipid membranes can be explained in the terms of either mechanism suggested.", "contents": "Electric field induced defect-forming mechanisms in lipid bilayers. The role of structural defects in the ionic conduction properties of unmodified bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs) is discussed. Two mechanisms of defect forming processes are considered: the compressive effect of the electric field on the membrane, and the field-induced bending of lipid polar head groups. It is shown that the dependence of conductivity on both concentration and temperature, as well as the dielectric stability of lipid membranes can be explained in the terms of either mechanism suggested.", "PMID": 754452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9613", "title": "Microwave method for determing dielectric parameters of living biological objects I.", "content": "At frequencies higher than 3 GHZ the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the proteins and of water bound to them are negligible as compared to dielectric values of water. Therefore microwave measurements give direct information of dielectric properties of water contained in living cells (Schwan, 1965). In our work we have developed a method for determining microwave dielectric parameters of biological objects and carried out exploratory measurements at 6.3 GHZ, in temperature range 20-50 degrees C.", "contents": "Microwave method for determing dielectric parameters of living biological objects I. At frequencies higher than 3 GHZ the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the proteins and of water bound to them are negligible as compared to dielectric values of water. Therefore microwave measurements give direct information of dielectric properties of water contained in living cells (Schwan, 1965). In our work we have developed a method for determining microwave dielectric parameters of biological objects and carried out exploratory measurements at 6.3 GHZ, in temperature range 20-50 degrees C.", "PMID": 754453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9614", "title": "The role of the intracellular redox state in the regulation of ionic fluxes through the membranes of D-type nerve cells of Lymnea stagnalis.", "content": "In an earlier analysis of the ion mechanisms of the redox phenomenon (Puppi et al., 1968, 1976) the question has emerged, whether the redox receptor(s) of membranes are localized on the outer or the inner surfaces or on both. To elucidate this, we have investigated the effects of redox agents applied also intracellularly.", "contents": "The role of the intracellular redox state in the regulation of ionic fluxes through the membranes of D-type nerve cells of Lymnea stagnalis. In an earlier analysis of the ion mechanisms of the redox phenomenon (Puppi et al., 1968, 1976) the question has emerged, whether the redox receptor(s) of membranes are localized on the outer or the inner surfaces or on both. To elucidate this, we have investigated the effects of redox agents applied also intracellularly.", "PMID": 754454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9615", "title": "Nationwide investigation of multiple malformations.", "content": "A nationwide programme for the evaluation of 1,339 newborns with multiple malformations (about 8% of all malformed babies) notified to the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Registry in the period 1973 to 1975, was launched on January 1st, 1973. As specific syndromes and anomalads, 696 cases (51.9%) were notified. On the basis of individual malformations, 87 cases were identified from 439 patients with notified associations, and 27 multiple malformations among 172 stillborns and infant deaths were recognized from autopsy records collected from pathologists. 341 surviving infants were officially referred to 'multiple malformation centres' for special examination. 57 infants of 129 cooperating families were identified. Benefits of this programme are (i) the proportion of specific syndromes and anomalads increased by 12.8%; (ii) the rate of unspecified multiple malformations decreased by 56.6%; (iii) examination of multiple malformations may be the most sensitive means to detect teratogens; (iv) 50.5% of the expected number of chromosome abnormalities in newborns was found; (v) the nationwide material of multiple malformed babies offers a possibility to clarify gene abnormalities and new syndromes.", "contents": "Nationwide investigation of multiple malformations. A nationwide programme for the evaluation of 1,339 newborns with multiple malformations (about 8% of all malformed babies) notified to the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Registry in the period 1973 to 1975, was launched on January 1st, 1973. As specific syndromes and anomalads, 696 cases (51.9%) were notified. On the basis of individual malformations, 87 cases were identified from 439 patients with notified associations, and 27 multiple malformations among 172 stillborns and infant deaths were recognized from autopsy records collected from pathologists. 341 surviving infants were officially referred to 'multiple malformation centres' for special examination. 57 infants of 129 cooperating families were identified. Benefits of this programme are (i) the proportion of specific syndromes and anomalads increased by 12.8%; (ii) the rate of unspecified multiple malformations decreased by 56.6%; (iii) examination of multiple malformations may be the most sensitive means to detect teratogens; (iv) 50.5% of the expected number of chromosome abnormalities in newborns was found; (v) the nationwide material of multiple malformed babies offers a possibility to clarify gene abnormalities and new syndromes.", "PMID": 754457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9616", "title": "Relationship of renal threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption to urinary sodium excretion in premature infants.", "content": "Renal threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption and urinary sodium excretion of nine healthy male premature infants with a mean birth weight of 1734 g (range 1650-1900) was determined on the 7th day of life, and subsequently weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, by applying a repeated NH4Cl load. A close negative correlation was found between bicarbonate threshold and urinary sodium excretion (p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the limited renal capacity to reabsorb sodium may account for the low bicarbonate threshold in premature infants.", "contents": "Relationship of renal threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption to urinary sodium excretion in premature infants. Renal threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption and urinary sodium excretion of nine healthy male premature infants with a mean birth weight of 1734 g (range 1650-1900) was determined on the 7th day of life, and subsequently weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, by applying a repeated NH4Cl load. A close negative correlation was found between bicarbonate threshold and urinary sodium excretion (p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the limited renal capacity to reabsorb sodium may account for the low bicarbonate threshold in premature infants.", "PMID": 754458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9617", "title": "Relationship of metabolic acidosis to urinary sodium excretion in the newborn infant.", "content": "The relationship between birth weight, postnatal age and acidosis-induced urinary sodium excretion was studied in 43 one-week-old newborn infants with birth weights of 1000-4300 g and gestational age of 28-41 weeks; and in 13 premature infants with birth weights of 1000-1970 g (mean 1620 g) and gestational age of 29-35 weeks (mean, 31.4 weeks) during the first six weeks of life. Developmental changes were found in acidosis-induced urinary sodium excretion. Newborns with higher birth weight and postnatal age excreted significantly more sodium in response to acidosis than their lighter and younger matches. It is suggested that the degree of acidosis must be taken into account when estimating the sodium requirement of newborn infants different in birth weight and postnatal age.", "contents": "Relationship of metabolic acidosis to urinary sodium excretion in the newborn infant. The relationship between birth weight, postnatal age and acidosis-induced urinary sodium excretion was studied in 43 one-week-old newborn infants with birth weights of 1000-4300 g and gestational age of 28-41 weeks; and in 13 premature infants with birth weights of 1000-1970 g (mean 1620 g) and gestational age of 29-35 weeks (mean, 31.4 weeks) during the first six weeks of life. Developmental changes were found in acidosis-induced urinary sodium excretion. Newborns with higher birth weight and postnatal age excreted significantly more sodium in response to acidosis than their lighter and younger matches. It is suggested that the degree of acidosis must be taken into account when estimating the sodium requirement of newborn infants different in birth weight and postnatal age.", "PMID": 754459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9618", "title": "Ten years domestic salt fluoridation in Hungary.", "content": "Results are presented regarding the caries reduction achieved over a 10 yr period using 250 mg F per kg of domestic salt, and compared with data from a fluoridated water area and a control group. The frequency of caries-free children in the 4 to 6, 7 to 11 and 12 to 14 age range in  the experimental group rose from 8.06%, 4.74% and 1.43% to 46.75%, 43.98% and 7.92% respectively, and dmft and DMFT indices dropped from 5.35, 3.62 and 6.60 to 2.80, 1.45 and 3.65. There was no significant change in the percentage of caries-free children or in the indices of the control group. The ratio of dmft and DMFT to teeth and the differences in the extent of caries among specified teeth are also presented. The data support the assumption that fluoridated salt prevents dental caries both in deciduous and permanent dentitions. The results were similar as those obtained in a water fluoride area. The optimum and tolerated F intake water and salt ingestion, F intake from foods and the urinary F levels are also discussed.", "contents": "Ten years domestic salt fluoridation in Hungary. Results are presented regarding the caries reduction achieved over a 10 yr period using 250 mg F per kg of domestic salt, and compared with data from a fluoridated water area and a control group. The frequency of caries-free children in the 4 to 6, 7 to 11 and 12 to 14 age range in  the experimental group rose from 8.06%, 4.74% and 1.43% to 46.75%, 43.98% and 7.92% respectively, and dmft and DMFT indices dropped from 5.35, 3.62 and 6.60 to 2.80, 1.45 and 3.65. There was no significant change in the percentage of caries-free children or in the indices of the control group. The ratio of dmft and DMFT to teeth and the differences in the extent of caries among specified teeth are also presented. The data support the assumption that fluoridated salt prevents dental caries both in deciduous and permanent dentitions. The results were similar as those obtained in a water fluoride area. The optimum and tolerated F intake water and salt ingestion, F intake from foods and the urinary F levels are also discussed.", "PMID": 754461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9619", "title": "Effect of lipid load and carbon tetrachloride on the fatty acid release from dog adipose tissue isolated in vivo.", "content": "Under the influence of lipid emulsion (LipofundinR) administered into the systemic circulation of dogs, fatty acid release of adipose tissue isolated in vivo increased from 0.51 +/- 0.096 muEq/100 g/min to 3.18 +/- 0.48 muEq/100 g/min. If the lipid emulsion had been injected into the artery of adipose tissue, the fatty acid release was elevated from 0.34 +/- 0.053 muEq/100 g/min to 1.67 +/- 0.25 muEq/100 g/min. The effect could be observed in denervated adipose tissue too and in this case the fatty acid release increased from 0.40 +/- 0.053 muEq/100 g/min to 1.16 +/- 0.14 muEq/100 g/min. If CCl4 dissolved in lipid emulsion was injected into the systemic circulation, there was no significant change and a value of 0.45 +/- 0.063 muEq/100 g/min was measured. However, on administering the CCl4 dissolved in LipofundinR into the artery of adipose tissue, the fatty acid release rose from 0.34 +/- 0.053 to 1.01 +/- 0.18 muEq/100 g/min. The same manipulation on denervated adipose tissue elevated the fatty acid release from 0.40 +/- 0.053 to 0.96 +/- 0.16 muEq/100 g/min.", "contents": "Effect of lipid load and carbon tetrachloride on the fatty acid release from dog adipose tissue isolated in vivo. Under the influence of lipid emulsion (LipofundinR) administered into the systemic circulation of dogs, fatty acid release of adipose tissue isolated in vivo increased from 0.51 +/- 0.096 muEq/100 g/min to 3.18 +/- 0.48 muEq/100 g/min. If the lipid emulsion had been injected into the artery of adipose tissue, the fatty acid release was elevated from 0.34 +/- 0.053 muEq/100 g/min to 1.67 +/- 0.25 muEq/100 g/min. The effect could be observed in denervated adipose tissue too and in this case the fatty acid release increased from 0.40 +/- 0.053 muEq/100 g/min to 1.16 +/- 0.14 muEq/100 g/min. If CCl4 dissolved in lipid emulsion was injected into the systemic circulation, there was no significant change and a value of 0.45 +/- 0.063 muEq/100 g/min was measured. However, on administering the CCl4 dissolved in LipofundinR into the artery of adipose tissue, the fatty acid release rose from 0.34 +/- 0.053 to 1.01 +/- 0.18 muEq/100 g/min. The same manipulation on denervated adipose tissue elevated the fatty acid release from 0.40 +/- 0.053 to 0.96 +/- 0.16 muEq/100 g/min.", "PMID": 754463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9620", "title": "Brain catecholamine metabolism and avoidance conditioning in rats.", "content": "Male albino rats were trained in a shuttle-box by presentation of 50 trials and were grouped according to the performance level. The disappearance of labelled catecholamine pool was studied after intraventricular injection of tritiated noradrenaline in the neocortex, brain stem, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Rats with a high performance level showed a greater disappearance rate of the labelled catecholamine pool than low or medium performers. In another experimental series the animals were grouped on the basis of their performance level which was tested 2 days before the intraventricular injection of the tracer. There was no significant difference in disappearance rates between the good and poor performances. It is assumed that integration of the goal-directed motor pattern is mediated through catecholaminergic (noradrenergic) neuronal mechanisms.", "contents": "Brain catecholamine metabolism and avoidance conditioning in rats. Male albino rats were trained in a shuttle-box by presentation of 50 trials and were grouped according to the performance level. The disappearance of labelled catecholamine pool was studied after intraventricular injection of tritiated noradrenaline in the neocortex, brain stem, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Rats with a high performance level showed a greater disappearance rate of the labelled catecholamine pool than low or medium performers. In another experimental series the animals were grouped on the basis of their performance level which was tested 2 days before the intraventricular injection of the tracer. There was no significant difference in disappearance rates between the good and poor performances. It is assumed that integration of the goal-directed motor pattern is mediated through catecholaminergic (noradrenergic) neuronal mechanisms.", "PMID": 754464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9621", "title": "Effects of haemodilution in experimental cardiogenic shock.", "content": "The effect of isovolaemic haemodilution with dextran has been studied in dogs in cardiogenic shock. Cardiac output in cardiogenic shock was increased by haemodilution. This increase, however, did not compensate the decrease of oxygen transport, due to the lowered oxygen binding capacity of blood. Lowering of haematocrit below 30% appears to be especially dangerous in cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Effects of haemodilution in experimental cardiogenic shock. The effect of isovolaemic haemodilution with dextran has been studied in dogs in cardiogenic shock. Cardiac output in cardiogenic shock was increased by haemodilution. This increase, however, did not compensate the decrease of oxygen transport, due to the lowered oxygen binding capacity of blood. Lowering of haematocrit below 30% appears to be especially dangerous in cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 754465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9622", "title": "Tachyphylaxis to the hypotensive effect of clonidine and the possible mechanism of this action.", "content": "In cats under chloralose-urethan anaesthesia, tachyphylaxis developed to the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Development of this tachyphylaxis was slow in the case of intravenous low doses (10--20 micrograms/kg) and rapid after high doses (50 micrograms/kg). No tachyphylaxis developed to contractions of the nictitating membrane. The phenomenon resembles the tachyphyaxis seen after the application of indirect sympathomimetics. A tachyphylaxis developed to the latter agents inhibited the hypotensive action of clonidine which, after such an intervention, invariably turned into a vasopressor effect. Clonidine exhibited the same behaviour after pretreatment with cocaine, bretylium or reserpine. Infusion of noradrenaline (10 micrograms/kg/min) counteracted the tachyphylaxis. Thus, clonidine is assumed to exert its hypotensive effect in an indirect way, i.e. by interference with the metabolism of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Tachyphylaxis to the hypotensive effect of clonidine and the possible mechanism of this action. In cats under chloralose-urethan anaesthesia, tachyphylaxis developed to the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Development of this tachyphylaxis was slow in the case of intravenous low doses (10--20 micrograms/kg) and rapid after high doses (50 micrograms/kg). No tachyphylaxis developed to contractions of the nictitating membrane. The phenomenon resembles the tachyphyaxis seen after the application of indirect sympathomimetics. A tachyphylaxis developed to the latter agents inhibited the hypotensive action of clonidine which, after such an intervention, invariably turned into a vasopressor effect. Clonidine exhibited the same behaviour after pretreatment with cocaine, bretylium or reserpine. Infusion of noradrenaline (10 micrograms/kg/min) counteracted the tachyphylaxis. Thus, clonidine is assumed to exert its hypotensive effect in an indirect way, i.e. by interference with the metabolism of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 754466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9623", "title": "Mechanism of chlorpropamide antidiuresis.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of chlorpropamide in rats with pituitary stalk lesion. It was found that the drug made the oliguric interphase more pronounced and protracted, while in the lasting polyuric phase in the absence of endogenous ADH it influenced water intake only moderately. Enhancement of the effect of exogenous ADH was observed after a 2-day chlorpropamide pretreatment. The results support the view that the presence of a small amount of endogenous ADH is necessary for chlorpropamide-antidiuresis. The drug presumably brings about the decrease in diuresis via ADH mobilization, but its peripheral effect is also enhanced.", "contents": "Mechanism of chlorpropamide antidiuresis. A study was made of the effect of chlorpropamide in rats with pituitary stalk lesion. It was found that the drug made the oliguric interphase more pronounced and protracted, while in the lasting polyuric phase in the absence of endogenous ADH it influenced water intake only moderately. Enhancement of the effect of exogenous ADH was observed after a 2-day chlorpropamide pretreatment. The results support the view that the presence of a small amount of endogenous ADH is necessary for chlorpropamide-antidiuresis. The drug presumably brings about the decrease in diuresis via ADH mobilization, but its peripheral effect is also enhanced.", "PMID": 754467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9624", "title": "Some properties of human progressive antithrombin.", "content": "The effect of some mono- and divalent cations was examined on thrombin--antithrombin reaction in vitro. It was found that 0--0.1 M sodium- or potassium chloride did not affect either thrombin or antithrombin activity; at higher concentrations thrombin activity decreased. Calcium chloride as well as magnesium chloride at concentrations from 0 to 0.5 M increased enzyme activity, whereas at higher concentrations the activity decreased. Thrombin inactivation by antithrombin was also accelerated at calcium or magnesium chloride concentrations above 0.04 M. Antithrombin was inactivated at pH 7.3 at 65 degrees C in some minutes and heparin failed to protect it against heat denaturation. Thrombin inactivation by antithrombin did not proceed at 0 degrees C in 60 min, but the interaction between thrombin and antithrombin was facilitated in the presence of heparin.", "contents": "Some properties of human progressive antithrombin. The effect of some mono- and divalent cations was examined on thrombin--antithrombin reaction in vitro. It was found that 0--0.1 M sodium- or potassium chloride did not affect either thrombin or antithrombin activity; at higher concentrations thrombin activity decreased. Calcium chloride as well as magnesium chloride at concentrations from 0 to 0.5 M increased enzyme activity, whereas at higher concentrations the activity decreased. Thrombin inactivation by antithrombin was also accelerated at calcium or magnesium chloride concentrations above 0.04 M. Antithrombin was inactivated at pH 7.3 at 65 degrees C in some minutes and heparin failed to protect it against heat denaturation. Thrombin inactivation by antithrombin did not proceed at 0 degrees C in 60 min, but the interaction between thrombin and antithrombin was facilitated in the presence of heparin.", "PMID": 754468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9625", "title": "Biochemical effects of neonatal testosterone treatment on the female rat hypothalmus during postnatal development. I. DNA synthesis.", "content": "The effect of 1 mg testosterone propionate (TP) administered on the 2nd day of life was studied on DNA synthesis in the anterior and posterior pats of the hypothalamus, in the forebrain, anterior pituitary and liver in 5, 7, 14 and 21 days old female rats. As an index of DNA synthesis the rate of 2-14C-thymidine (40 muCi/100 g body weight) incorporation into DNA was measured 1 hr after a subcutaneous injection . As an effect of TP treatment in both hypothalamic regions the rate of thymidine incorporation into DNA, markedly decreased during the first two weeks of life, while at 21 days no difference from the control value was found. In the anterior pituitary too therate of DNA synthesis decreased at 5 and 7 days but at 14 and 21 days the values were similar to the controls. TP treatment had no effect on the rate of DNA synthesis in the forebrain or in the liver.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of neonatal testosterone treatment on the female rat hypothalmus during postnatal development. I. DNA synthesis. The effect of 1 mg testosterone propionate (TP) administered on the 2nd day of life was studied on DNA synthesis in the anterior and posterior pats of the hypothalamus, in the forebrain, anterior pituitary and liver in 5, 7, 14 and 21 days old female rats. As an index of DNA synthesis the rate of 2-14C-thymidine (40 muCi/100 g body weight) incorporation into DNA was measured 1 hr after a subcutaneous injection . As an effect of TP treatment in both hypothalamic regions the rate of thymidine incorporation into DNA, markedly decreased during the first two weeks of life, while at 21 days no difference from the control value was found. In the anterior pituitary too therate of DNA synthesis decreased at 5 and 7 days but at 14 and 21 days the values were similar to the controls. TP treatment had no effect on the rate of DNA synthesis in the forebrain or in the liver.", "PMID": 754469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9626", "title": "Functional changes in compensatory hypertrophy of the canine kidney after uninephrectomy.", "content": "Kidney weight and renal functional parameters were investigated in dogs 7 to 68 days after uninephrectomy. Average enlargement of the remaining kidney amounted to 35.1%. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated per 100 g actual kidney weight were identical in the non-hypertrophied controls and in the hypertrophied kidneys, i.e. structural and functional changes were strictly proportional. Calculation of mean nephron parameters (MNRBF and MNGFR) revealed an increase of about 43% in the hypertrophied kidneys, with an appropriate decrease in nephronal vascular resistance. The hypertrophied kidney showed an enhanced responsiveness to mannitol; increased MNRBF under stop flow conditions was due to a pronounced dilatation of the postglomerular vessels. There was no difference between control and hypertrophied kidneys in cortical zonal blood flow, as investigated by the labelled microsphere technique. Increase in parallel-connected cortical resistances towards the inner (juxtamedullary) zones was pronounced.", "contents": "Functional changes in compensatory hypertrophy of the canine kidney after uninephrectomy. Kidney weight and renal functional parameters were investigated in dogs 7 to 68 days after uninephrectomy. Average enlargement of the remaining kidney amounted to 35.1%. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated per 100 g actual kidney weight were identical in the non-hypertrophied controls and in the hypertrophied kidneys, i.e. structural and functional changes were strictly proportional. Calculation of mean nephron parameters (MNRBF and MNGFR) revealed an increase of about 43% in the hypertrophied kidneys, with an appropriate decrease in nephronal vascular resistance. The hypertrophied kidney showed an enhanced responsiveness to mannitol; increased MNRBF under stop flow conditions was due to a pronounced dilatation of the postglomerular vessels. There was no difference between control and hypertrophied kidneys in cortical zonal blood flow, as investigated by the labelled microsphere technique. Increase in parallel-connected cortical resistances towards the inner (juxtamedullary) zones was pronounced.", "PMID": 754470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9627", "title": "Effect of verapamil and D 600 on cardiac transmembrane potentials.", "content": "The effects of verapamil and D 600 on the transmembrane potential of guinea pig and cat left auricles were analysed using KC1 filled intracellular microelectrodes. Verapamil (2 microgram/ml) seemed to have no considerable effect on resting potential (RP) and on the maximum depolarization rate (Vmax) of the electrically driven guinea pig auricle. This was the case when transmembrane potential measurements performed for an hour were averaged. If the data were evaluated in relation to time, a clear-cut biphasic effect of verapamil became obvious: in the period from 10 to 30 min after verapamil application a significant (5%) increase of RP and of Vmax (26%) could be seen; these changes became progressively slighter during the period from 30 to 50 min after verapamil application, while in the third phase (50 to 70 min) a significant decrease of both RP (11%) AND Vmax (27%) occurred in the guinea pig auricle. Similar kinetics of the verapamil effect were observed in the cat auricle. Verapamil at higher (3 microgram/ml) concentration decreased RP and Vmax. The time dependent dual effect of verapamil is probably unrelated to the inhibition of Ca conductivity as D 600, a more effective inhibitor in a corresponding dose (0.5 microgram/ml), failed to produce this type of time-dependent effect. A fourfold increase of Ca2+ concentration prevented the delayed depressing effect of 2 microgram/ml verapamil, but did not influence its early stimulating effect.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil and D 600 on cardiac transmembrane potentials. The effects of verapamil and D 600 on the transmembrane potential of guinea pig and cat left auricles were analysed using KC1 filled intracellular microelectrodes. Verapamil (2 microgram/ml) seemed to have no considerable effect on resting potential (RP) and on the maximum depolarization rate (Vmax) of the electrically driven guinea pig auricle. This was the case when transmembrane potential measurements performed for an hour were averaged. If the data were evaluated in relation to time, a clear-cut biphasic effect of verapamil became obvious: in the period from 10 to 30 min after verapamil application a significant (5%) increase of RP and of Vmax (26%) could be seen; these changes became progressively slighter during the period from 30 to 50 min after verapamil application, while in the third phase (50 to 70 min) a significant decrease of both RP (11%) AND Vmax (27%) occurred in the guinea pig auricle. Similar kinetics of the verapamil effect were observed in the cat auricle. Verapamil at higher (3 microgram/ml) concentration decreased RP and Vmax. The time dependent dual effect of verapamil is probably unrelated to the inhibition of Ca conductivity as D 600, a more effective inhibitor in a corresponding dose (0.5 microgram/ml), failed to produce this type of time-dependent effect. A fourfold increase of Ca2+ concentration prevented the delayed depressing effect of 2 microgram/ml verapamil, but did not influence its early stimulating effect.", "PMID": 754471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9628", "title": "Hepatic transport of sulphobromphthalein and sulphobromphthalein-glutathione conjugate in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats.", "content": "The biliary excretion of intravenously administered sulphobromphthalein (BSP) and sulphobromphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) has been studied in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats (75 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for five days). Hepatic utake and biliary excretion of free BSP have been investigated in rats pretreated with diethyl maleate (DEM), which depletes the liver of glutathione (GSH) and therefore inhibits the conjugation of BSP with GSH. Phenobarbital pretreatment caused no significant change in the hepatic uptake of BSP or BSP-GSH. The conjugation of BSP and GSH in phenobarbital-preatreated rats was significantly faster than in the controls. The biliary excretion of free BSP was unchanged after phenobarbital induction, but significantly more BSP-GSH was excreted than in the controls. Thus, both the faster conjugation and the enhanced transport of BSP-GSH into the bile canaliculi were responsible for the increased biliary excretion of BSP in phenobarbital pretreated rats.", "contents": "Hepatic transport of sulphobromphthalein and sulphobromphthalein-glutathione conjugate in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. The biliary excretion of intravenously administered sulphobromphthalein (BSP) and sulphobromphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) has been studied in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats (75 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for five days). Hepatic utake and biliary excretion of free BSP have been investigated in rats pretreated with diethyl maleate (DEM), which depletes the liver of glutathione (GSH) and therefore inhibits the conjugation of BSP with GSH. Phenobarbital pretreatment caused no significant change in the hepatic uptake of BSP or BSP-GSH. The conjugation of BSP and GSH in phenobarbital-preatreated rats was significantly faster than in the controls. The biliary excretion of free BSP was unchanged after phenobarbital induction, but significantly more BSP-GSH was excreted than in the controls. Thus, both the faster conjugation and the enhanced transport of BSP-GSH into the bile canaliculi were responsible for the increased biliary excretion of BSP in phenobarbital pretreated rats.", "PMID": 754472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9629", "title": "Effect of chronic dietary saline loading on the fractional distribution of cardiac output and intrarenal circulation in the rat.", "content": "The effect of chronic saline loading for 3 weeks has been studied on the fractional distribution of cardiac output and intrarenal circulation in the rat. In response to the saline loading extracellular volume was slightly expanded and cardiac output moderately increased, the extent of which seemed to correlate with the fluid intake. Fractional organ flow distribution remained unaffected. Long-term saline loading resulted in a redistribution of intrarenal circulation characterized by an enhanced medullary blood flow, either isolated, or associated with an eventual dispropartional increase of cortical flow, while the renal fraction remained unaltered. On the basis of the results it is concluded that during long-term saline loading the augmentation of medullary circulation is a specific phenomenon characteristic of the kidney and is independent of the changes in cardiac output or other systemic haemodynamic effects. The isolated increase of medullary circulation is claimed to have a volume-regulatory function.", "contents": "Effect of chronic dietary saline loading on the fractional distribution of cardiac output and intrarenal circulation in the rat. The effect of chronic saline loading for 3 weeks has been studied on the fractional distribution of cardiac output and intrarenal circulation in the rat. In response to the saline loading extracellular volume was slightly expanded and cardiac output moderately increased, the extent of which seemed to correlate with the fluid intake. Fractional organ flow distribution remained unaffected. Long-term saline loading resulted in a redistribution of intrarenal circulation characterized by an enhanced medullary blood flow, either isolated, or associated with an eventual dispropartional increase of cortical flow, while the renal fraction remained unaltered. On the basis of the results it is concluded that during long-term saline loading the augmentation of medullary circulation is a specific phenomenon characteristic of the kidney and is independent of the changes in cardiac output or other systemic haemodynamic effects. The isolated increase of medullary circulation is claimed to have a volume-regulatory function.", "PMID": 754473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9630", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on extracellular space, sodium compartment and sodium excretion in saline loaded rats.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, were studied on the sodium and fluid balance of rats kept on a normal diet and physiologic saline for two weeks. Under the effect of indomethacin the inulin compartment (extracellular space) and Na(24)-compartment expanded from 20.5 plus or minus 4.1 to 25.2 plus or minus 5.1 ml per 100 g, (p.less than 0.001); and from 31.9 plus or minus 2.8 to 37.0 plus or minus 5.6 ml per 100 g, (p less than 0.001), respectively, and the exchanged amount of Na+ increased from 4.33 plus or minus 0.5 to 5.01 plus or minus 1.03 mEq per 100 g, (p less than 0.02). On the other hand, fluid and Na+ uptake and excretion were unaffected. Haematocrit and plasma protein levels decreased (from 42.5 plus or minus 2.98 to 38.6 plus or minus 5.2%, p less than 0.01; and from 5.41 plus or minus 0.67 to 5.01 plus or minus 0.47 g/dl; p less than 0.05, respectively). The experimental findings supported the assumption that (a) under conditions of saline loading the prostaglandins might play a role in the mechanism of natriuresis and their absence might lead to sodium and water retention. (b) The indomethacin induced transient reduction in salt and water excretion could be restored by the combined effect of volume regulating reflex mechanism and physicochemical factors (haemodilution).", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on extracellular space, sodium compartment and sodium excretion in saline loaded rats. The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, were studied on the sodium and fluid balance of rats kept on a normal diet and physiologic saline for two weeks. Under the effect of indomethacin the inulin compartment (extracellular space) and Na(24)-compartment expanded from 20.5 plus or minus 4.1 to 25.2 plus or minus 5.1 ml per 100 g, (p.less than 0.001); and from 31.9 plus or minus 2.8 to 37.0 plus or minus 5.6 ml per 100 g, (p less than 0.001), respectively, and the exchanged amount of Na+ increased from 4.33 plus or minus 0.5 to 5.01 plus or minus 1.03 mEq per 100 g, (p less than 0.02). On the other hand, fluid and Na+ uptake and excretion were unaffected. Haematocrit and plasma protein levels decreased (from 42.5 plus or minus 2.98 to 38.6 plus or minus 5.2%, p less than 0.01; and from 5.41 plus or minus 0.67 to 5.01 plus or minus 0.47 g/dl; p less than 0.05, respectively). The experimental findings supported the assumption that (a) under conditions of saline loading the prostaglandins might play a role in the mechanism of natriuresis and their absence might lead to sodium and water retention. (b) The indomethacin induced transient reduction in salt and water excretion could be restored by the combined effect of volume regulating reflex mechanism and physicochemical factors (haemodilution).", "PMID": 754474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9631", "title": "Fluorine content of vegetables and fruits.", "content": "Twenty-six species of vegetables grown in Szeged, in its environment and at Szabadkigy\u00f3s were examined for their F content. The mean F content of the most important staple products is 0.30 mg/kg raw weight or less. When vegetables of the same kind were examined, the results were mostly different. The highest mean F content was obtained for spinach (0.55 mg); potato yielded less (0.15 mg), and the lowest was obtained for cucumber (0.06 mg). The mean F content of the 13 fruit species was 0.10 mg/kg. The highest F content was obtained for pears (0.23 mg). Only traces of fluorine were observed in sweet cherry, cherry and water melon.", "contents": "Fluorine content of vegetables and fruits. Twenty-six species of vegetables grown in Szeged, in its environment and at Szabadkigy\u00f3s were examined for their F content. The mean F content of the most important staple products is 0.30 mg/kg raw weight or less. When vegetables of the same kind were examined, the results were mostly different. The highest mean F content was obtained for spinach (0.55 mg); potato yielded less (0.15 mg), and the lowest was obtained for cucumber (0.06 mg). The mean F content of the 13 fruit species was 0.10 mg/kg. The highest F content was obtained for pears (0.23 mg). Only traces of fluorine were observed in sweet cherry, cherry and water melon.", "PMID": 754476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9632", "title": "Fluorine content of foods and the estimated daily intake from foods.", "content": "The F content of rice, rye, bread, wheat flour, rolls and wheat bread was found to be: 0.42, 0.31, 0.28, 0.28 and 0.22 mg/kg raw weight, respectively. Among foods of animal origin the F content of fish was the highest: mackerel in oil 7.28 mg, and carp 2.02 mg/kg. Mutton contained 0.71, meat tissues of pig 0.36, other meats and meat tissues less than 0.36, while egg only 0.12 mg/kg raw weight. Eight different dishes of soups, nine cooked vegetables and sauces, and ten other dishes of cooked food prepared with F-poor water contained: 0.18, 0.20 and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. Calculations were made to determine the amount of F ingested daily with foods. Mean F ingestion of the population was found to be 0.314 mg daily with a food supplying 3000 calories.", "contents": "Fluorine content of foods and the estimated daily intake from foods. The F content of rice, rye, bread, wheat flour, rolls and wheat bread was found to be: 0.42, 0.31, 0.28, 0.28 and 0.22 mg/kg raw weight, respectively. Among foods of animal origin the F content of fish was the highest: mackerel in oil 7.28 mg, and carp 2.02 mg/kg. Mutton contained 0.71, meat tissues of pig 0.36, other meats and meat tissues less than 0.36, while egg only 0.12 mg/kg raw weight. Eight different dishes of soups, nine cooked vegetables and sauces, and ten other dishes of cooked food prepared with F-poor water contained: 0.18, 0.20 and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. Calculations were made to determine the amount of F ingested daily with foods. Mean F ingestion of the population was found to be 0.314 mg daily with a food supplying 3000 calories.", "PMID": 754477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9633", "title": "Afferents of the anterior adductor muscle in the freshwater pelecypod Anodonta cygnea L.", "content": "Afferent signals evoked by electrical and mechanical stimulation of the muscle in the nerves of the anterior adductor muscle of the freshwater mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.) have been analyzed. On the basis of the findings, the existence of primary and secondary sensory neurones is suggested. Two types of primary neuron, one showing slow and another one showing quick adaptation, while at least three types of secondary sensory neurones, namely \"on\" and \"on-off\" ones with quick adaptation and a \"phase-tonic\" one with slow adaptation could be distinguished. The specific stimulus of the sensory neurones could be the tonicity of the muscle (stretch) rather than the touch or the velocity of pressure alteration.", "contents": "Afferents of the anterior adductor muscle in the freshwater pelecypod Anodonta cygnea L. Afferent signals evoked by electrical and mechanical stimulation of the muscle in the nerves of the anterior adductor muscle of the freshwater mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.) have been analyzed. On the basis of the findings, the existence of primary and secondary sensory neurones is suggested. Two types of primary neuron, one showing slow and another one showing quick adaptation, while at least three types of secondary sensory neurones, namely \"on\" and \"on-off\" ones with quick adaptation and a \"phase-tonic\" one with slow adaptation could be distinguished. The specific stimulus of the sensory neurones could be the tonicity of the muscle (stretch) rather than the touch or the velocity of pressure alteration.", "PMID": 754478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9634", "title": "131I uptake of one-day old chicken endodermal organs.", "content": "In the one-day old chicken, the organs of endodermal origin, these the thymus, trachea, lung, and intestine take up significantly more iodine than the muscles which are of mesodermal origin. The thymus shows an especially high iodine incorporation, amounting in absolute values to that of the thyroid gland. An organ accumulates the more iodine, the closer to the thyroid its anlage is situated and vice-versa.", "contents": "131I uptake of one-day old chicken endodermal organs. In the one-day old chicken, the organs of endodermal origin, these the thymus, trachea, lung, and intestine take up significantly more iodine than the muscles which are of mesodermal origin. The thymus shows an especially high iodine incorporation, amounting in absolute values to that of the thyroid gland. An organ accumulates the more iodine, the closer to the thyroid its anlage is situated and vice-versa.", "PMID": 754479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9635", "title": "The role of potassium-canrenoate on 3H-noradrenaline uptake and metabolism of the rat heart.", "content": "The influence of potassium-canrenoate (structurally related to spironolactones) on noradrenaline (NA) uptake and metabolism of the heart was studied in normal and hypopotassaemic rats. In normal rats spironolactone administration resulted in a marked increase of 3H-NA uptake in both the atrial and the ventricular tissues, but the NA content was unchanged. An increased myocardial NA uptake in the presence of an unchanged content suggested an increased rate of NA turnover under the influence of spironolactone. In saluretic pretreated animals, spironolactone normalized both the previously decreased NA uptake and the low intracellular potassium level of the heart tissue. The augmentation of catecholamine metabolism due to spironolactone may be involved in enhanced activity of adenyl cyclase and forms the basis of the compounds positive inotropic effect.", "contents": "The role of potassium-canrenoate on 3H-noradrenaline uptake and metabolism of the rat heart. The influence of potassium-canrenoate (structurally related to spironolactones) on noradrenaline (NA) uptake and metabolism of the heart was studied in normal and hypopotassaemic rats. In normal rats spironolactone administration resulted in a marked increase of 3H-NA uptake in both the atrial and the ventricular tissues, but the NA content was unchanged. An increased myocardial NA uptake in the presence of an unchanged content suggested an increased rate of NA turnover under the influence of spironolactone. In saluretic pretreated animals, spironolactone normalized both the previously decreased NA uptake and the low intracellular potassium level of the heart tissue. The augmentation of catecholamine metabolism due to spironolactone may be involved in enhanced activity of adenyl cyclase and forms the basis of the compounds positive inotropic effect.", "PMID": 754480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9636", "title": "Absorption, distribution and elimination of drotaverine.", "content": "14C-drotaverine [1(3',4'-diethoxybenzale)-6, 7-diethoxy-1, 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. HCl; No-SpaR] is well absorbed after subcutaneous and oral administration in mice. Its distribution is not specific. After intravenous administration the drug penetrates rapidly into every organ as indicated by whole body autoradiography. In the first hours the concentration of drotaverine was higher in the intestinal wall than in the other tissues. The concentrations of drotaverine in the organs decrease soon after administration and the drug is excreted mainly with the bile as beta-glucuronide; 60% of the dose was in the bile collected during 5 hours. During 96 hours of observation, 67% of the radioactivity administered was found in the stools while only 20% of it was eliminated with urine.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and elimination of drotaverine. 14C-drotaverine [1(3',4'-diethoxybenzale)-6, 7-diethoxy-1, 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. HCl; No-SpaR] is well absorbed after subcutaneous and oral administration in mice. Its distribution is not specific. After intravenous administration the drug penetrates rapidly into every organ as indicated by whole body autoradiography. In the first hours the concentration of drotaverine was higher in the intestinal wall than in the other tissues. The concentrations of drotaverine in the organs decrease soon after administration and the drug is excreted mainly with the bile as beta-glucuronide; 60% of the dose was in the bile collected during 5 hours. During 96 hours of observation, 67% of the radioactivity administered was found in the stools while only 20% of it was eliminated with urine.", "PMID": 754481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9637", "title": "Effect of external compression on the postocclusion hyperaemic response of the coronary arteries in the isolated fibrillating dog heart.", "content": "The effect of external compression on the postocclusion hyperaemic responses (occlusion time 15, 30, 60 sec) has been studied on the fibrillating canine heart. The heart was placed in a closed organ box containing physiological saline solution, and the coronaries were perfused with blood from a donor dog using a constant volume perfusion technique at 150 mmHg perfusion pressure. The pressure in the organ box varied between 0--50 mmHg. As the compression pressure increased in the organ box, coronary blood flow, basal conductance as well as the parameters of the postocclusion hyperaemic reaction (peak conductance, reactivity, mean transit time of hyperaemia, postocclusive conductance area, and repaymen) decreased. The factors (tissue diffusion, tissue pressure, transmural pressure) at the capillary level can influence the regulation of the postocclusion vasodilatation and the results cannot be explained by metabolic and/or myogenic processes alone.", "contents": "Effect of external compression on the postocclusion hyperaemic response of the coronary arteries in the isolated fibrillating dog heart. The effect of external compression on the postocclusion hyperaemic responses (occlusion time 15, 30, 60 sec) has been studied on the fibrillating canine heart. The heart was placed in a closed organ box containing physiological saline solution, and the coronaries were perfused with blood from a donor dog using a constant volume perfusion technique at 150 mmHg perfusion pressure. The pressure in the organ box varied between 0--50 mmHg. As the compression pressure increased in the organ box, coronary blood flow, basal conductance as well as the parameters of the postocclusion hyperaemic reaction (peak conductance, reactivity, mean transit time of hyperaemia, postocclusive conductance area, and repaymen) decreased. The factors (tissue diffusion, tissue pressure, transmural pressure) at the capillary level can influence the regulation of the postocclusion vasodilatation and the results cannot be explained by metabolic and/or myogenic processes alone.", "PMID": 754482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9638", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on transcapillary exchange.", "content": "The effect of isosmotic hypervolaemia induced by intravenous saline infusion, on the Evans blue space, haematocrit, plasma protein concentration and urine output in dogs under anaesthesia was investigated. In hypervolemia, the Evans blue space increased by 25--30%, while the haematocrit did not change. The change in the plasma protein level was the same as that observed in control animals. Urine output increased significantly under the effect of hydration. When 4 mg/kg of indomethacin was given before a saline load, the Evans blue space did not change under the effect of hydration, the haematocrit decreased significantly, and the plasma protein level changed in the same way as in the two other groups. Urine output did not exceed the control value (without hydration) in spite of the saline load. It is concluded that indomethacin pretreatment inhibits the transcapillary fluid exchange.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on transcapillary exchange. The effect of isosmotic hypervolaemia induced by intravenous saline infusion, on the Evans blue space, haematocrit, plasma protein concentration and urine output in dogs under anaesthesia was investigated. In hypervolemia, the Evans blue space increased by 25--30%, while the haematocrit did not change. The change in the plasma protein level was the same as that observed in control animals. Urine output increased significantly under the effect of hydration. When 4 mg/kg of indomethacin was given before a saline load, the Evans blue space did not change under the effect of hydration, the haematocrit decreased significantly, and the plasma protein level changed in the same way as in the two other groups. Urine output did not exceed the control value (without hydration) in spite of the saline load. It is concluded that indomethacin pretreatment inhibits the transcapillary fluid exchange.", "PMID": 754484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9639", "title": "Immune-complex phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes.", "content": "A new two-step centrifugation technique is described for the rapid preparation of viable pure polymorphonuclear granulocytes from 9.5 ml of venous blood. The phagocytosis of these cells was stimulated by soluble DNA-anti-DNA complexes, produced in vitro by incubating high mol. wt. DNA with sera obtained from patients with severe SLE. The measure of phagocytosis was the amount of nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT), reduced by the active microphages. The reduced NBT was estimated by counting the formazane positive cells or by extracting and measuring it spectrophotometrically. The immune-complex phagocytosis of control human granulocytes showed a linear relationship with the cell count per reaction mixture and displayed a bell-shaped dose-response curve as function of the immune-complex. The immune-complex phagocytosis by SLE granulocytes was decreased by about 40 per cent as compared to normal granulocytes.", "contents": "Immune-complex phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. A new two-step centrifugation technique is described for the rapid preparation of viable pure polymorphonuclear granulocytes from 9.5 ml of venous blood. The phagocytosis of these cells was stimulated by soluble DNA-anti-DNA complexes, produced in vitro by incubating high mol. wt. DNA with sera obtained from patients with severe SLE. The measure of phagocytosis was the amount of nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT), reduced by the active microphages. The reduced NBT was estimated by counting the formazane positive cells or by extracting and measuring it spectrophotometrically. The immune-complex phagocytosis of control human granulocytes showed a linear relationship with the cell count per reaction mixture and displayed a bell-shaped dose-response curve as function of the immune-complex. The immune-complex phagocytosis by SLE granulocytes was decreased by about 40 per cent as compared to normal granulocytes.", "PMID": 754485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9640", "title": "Effect of chronic physical exercise on cholesterol biosynthesis in meal-fed rats.", "content": "Chronic physical exercise (in a rotating drum) influenced liver cholesterologenesis (from acetate-l-14C) in vivo in meal-fed rats (for 2 hours daily) in close temporary correlation with the time of realimentation. If always performed just prior to feeding physical exercise blocks the development of adaptive hyperchloesterologenesis as a metabolic response to infrequent feeding. If it is performed 3 and a half hours after realimentation, the stimulating effect of infrequent feeding on liver cholesterologenesis is not modified.", "contents": "Effect of chronic physical exercise on cholesterol biosynthesis in meal-fed rats. Chronic physical exercise (in a rotating drum) influenced liver cholesterologenesis (from acetate-l-14C) in vivo in meal-fed rats (for 2 hours daily) in close temporary correlation with the time of realimentation. If always performed just prior to feeding physical exercise blocks the development of adaptive hyperchloesterologenesis as a metabolic response to infrequent feeding. If it is performed 3 and a half hours after realimentation, the stimulating effect of infrequent feeding on liver cholesterologenesis is not modified.", "PMID": 754486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9641", "title": "Uniformity in cholinesterase distribution in M. brachialis of different birds.", "content": "Cholinesterase activity at the motor end-plates was studied histochemically in the brachialis muscle of a variety of binds. In every case the enzyme reacted more strongly with propionyl and acetyl thiocholine than with butyryl salt. The fibres were supplied through 'en grappe' nerve endings. Each fibre had several such endings located along its length.", "contents": "Uniformity in cholinesterase distribution in M. brachialis of different birds. Cholinesterase activity at the motor end-plates was studied histochemically in the brachialis muscle of a variety of binds. In every case the enzyme reacted more strongly with propionyl and acetyl thiocholine than with butyryl salt. The fibres were supplied through 'en grappe' nerve endings. Each fibre had several such endings located along its length.", "PMID": 754487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9642", "title": "Plasma volume in isosmotic hypervolaemia.", "content": "The Evans-blue distribution volume, haematocrit, and plasma protein concentration were investigated in non-hydrated (control), hydrated, and acutely nephrectomized hydrated, anaesthetized dogs. In control anaesthetized dogs a decrease of the plasma protein level was observed as part of the plasma proteins was lost into the extravascular space and did not return into the circulating plasma during the experimental period. Under the effect of hydration, the Evans-blue distribution volume increased significantly, while the haematocrit and plasma volume did not change. The phenomenon was ascribed to an increase in capillary permeability. During hydration following acute nephrectomy, the Evans-blue distribution volume increased but the haematocrit disecreased and the circulating plasma volume increased. It is concluded that a material (or materials) orginating from the kidney may influence capillary permeability.", "contents": "Plasma volume in isosmotic hypervolaemia. The Evans-blue distribution volume, haematocrit, and plasma protein concentration were investigated in non-hydrated (control), hydrated, and acutely nephrectomized hydrated, anaesthetized dogs. In control anaesthetized dogs a decrease of the plasma protein level was observed as part of the plasma proteins was lost into the extravascular space and did not return into the circulating plasma during the experimental period. Under the effect of hydration, the Evans-blue distribution volume increased significantly, while the haematocrit and plasma volume did not change. The phenomenon was ascribed to an increase in capillary permeability. During hydration following acute nephrectomy, the Evans-blue distribution volume increased but the haematocrit disecreased and the circulating plasma volume increased. It is concluded that a material (or materials) orginating from the kidney may influence capillary permeability.", "PMID": 754488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9643", "title": "Renal haemodynamics prior to and after release of 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation in the dog.", "content": "Renal functional parameters were investigated prior to and following release of 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation (UUL). In the obstructd kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased to about 50% and 14%, respectively, as compared to normal controls. Relief of the obstruction did not cause any change in renal haemodynamic parameters in the ligated kidney. Urine flow rate and urine osmolality in the previously obstructed kidney were decreased, the excreted fraction of filtered sodium increased as compared to the undisturbed kidney. The excretory lesion of the obstructed kidney is due to arteriolar, presumably preglomerular, vasoconstriction. Radioactive microspheres revealed that the decrease of RBF in the obstructed kidney was caused by diminished perfusion of the outer cortical zones, while blood flow to the inner cortical zones was unaltered. Fractional flow to the outer cortex was decreased, that to the inner cortex increased as compared with normal controls. In the undisturbed kidney there was a shifting of flow from the outer towards the inner cortex, while total blood flow remained unaltered.", "contents": "Renal haemodynamics prior to and after release of 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation in the dog. Renal functional parameters were investigated prior to and following release of 24 hr unilateral ureteral ligation (UUL). In the obstructd kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased to about 50% and 14%, respectively, as compared to normal controls. Relief of the obstruction did not cause any change in renal haemodynamic parameters in the ligated kidney. Urine flow rate and urine osmolality in the previously obstructed kidney were decreased, the excreted fraction of filtered sodium increased as compared to the undisturbed kidney. The excretory lesion of the obstructed kidney is due to arteriolar, presumably preglomerular, vasoconstriction. Radioactive microspheres revealed that the decrease of RBF in the obstructed kidney was caused by diminished perfusion of the outer cortical zones, while blood flow to the inner cortical zones was unaltered. Fractional flow to the outer cortex was decreased, that to the inner cortex increased as compared with normal controls. In the undisturbed kidney there was a shifting of flow from the outer towards the inner cortex, while total blood flow remained unaltered.", "PMID": 754489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9644", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on aldosterone secretion in chronic sodium depletion.", "content": "Aldosterone secretion rate was determined in sodium repleted and sodium depleted rats 3 to 5 hours hypophysectomy. Sodium depletion was performed by keeping the rats on wheat for six days. This diet resulted in a significant increase in aldosterone secretion rate. Hypersecretion of aldosterone could be observed also after administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on aldosterone secretion in chronic sodium depletion. Aldosterone secretion rate was determined in sodium repleted and sodium depleted rats 3 to 5 hours hypophysectomy. Sodium depletion was performed by keeping the rats on wheat for six days. This diet resulted in a significant increase in aldosterone secretion rate. Hypersecretion of aldosterone could be observed also after administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 754490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9645", "title": "Pathomechanism of postischaemic renal failure in the dog induced by temporary occlusion of the renal artery.", "content": "Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in previously uninephrectomized dogs, immediately after release and on the third day following two hours clamping of the renal artery. Postischaemic renal failure (PIRF) was considered moderate or severe, if three days after clamping plasma NPN values were under or over 150 mg/dl, respectively. Renal blood flow (RBF) as determined by measuring the renal venous effluent and by radioactive microspheres did not differ significantly from controls either immediately after release, or three days following arterial occlusion. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was, however, severely depressed in all postischaemic kidneys. An increase in preglomerular and a decrease in postglomerular resistance was assumed, resulting in unaltered total vascular resistance and a sharp drop in glomerular capillary pressure. Radioactive microspheres revealed a shifting of intrarenal blood flow from the superficial cortex towards the deeper (juxtamedullary) cortical layers. Fractional flow to the outer cortex was decreased, that to the inner cortex increased, as compared with uninephrectomized controls.", "contents": "Pathomechanism of postischaemic renal failure in the dog induced by temporary occlusion of the renal artery. Intrarenal haemodynamics were investigated in previously uninephrectomized dogs, immediately after release and on the third day following two hours clamping of the renal artery. Postischaemic renal failure (PIRF) was considered moderate or severe, if three days after clamping plasma NPN values were under or over 150 mg/dl, respectively. Renal blood flow (RBF) as determined by measuring the renal venous effluent and by radioactive microspheres did not differ significantly from controls either immediately after release, or three days following arterial occlusion. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was, however, severely depressed in all postischaemic kidneys. An increase in preglomerular and a decrease in postglomerular resistance was assumed, resulting in unaltered total vascular resistance and a sharp drop in glomerular capillary pressure. Radioactive microspheres revealed a shifting of intrarenal blood flow from the superficial cortex towards the deeper (juxtamedullary) cortical layers. Fractional flow to the outer cortex was decreased, that to the inner cortex increased, as compared with uninephrectomized controls.", "PMID": 754491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9646", "title": "Comparative study of the effects of indomethacin and sodium salicylate on the renal circulation.", "content": "Indomethacin and salicylates are considered to be specific inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. If their mechanism of actin is common then similar effects would be expected in organs capable of PG production. In the present investigation the effects on renal and intrarenal haemodynamics by indomethacin and Na-salicylate were studied and compared in anaesthetized (nembutal) dogs using SAPIRSTEIN's technique. Indomethacin (4 mg per kg) raised blood pressure while cardiac output remained unaffected. Sodium salicylate (200 mg per kg) also increased blood pressure, however, this was associated with increased cardiac output. Renal blood flow was depressed by indomethacin, whereas it was not influenced by Na-salicylate (RBFcontr. = 411 +/- 97; RBFindo. = 292 +/- 53, p less than 0.01; RBFNa-salic. = 468 +/- 110 ml per min per 100 g). Renal resistance was augmented after indomethacin and unaltered by Na-salicylate (Rcontr. = 1.96 +/- 0.43; Rindo. = 3.03 +/- 0.97, p less than 0.001; RNa-salic. = 1.91 +/- 0.49). Indomethacin provoked an intrarenal blood flow redistribution, while no such effect was seen by Na-salicylate. Salt and water excretion was markedly suppressed by indomethacin, whereas Na-salicylate exhibited diuretic and natriuretic actions. It is concluded that the two agents exert their actions on renal haemodynamics and salt and water excretion by different mechanisms. The differential responses might be accounted for by the finding that Na-salicylate fails to inhibit renal PG-production.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effects of indomethacin and sodium salicylate on the renal circulation. Indomethacin and salicylates are considered to be specific inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. If their mechanism of actin is common then similar effects would be expected in organs capable of PG production. In the present investigation the effects on renal and intrarenal haemodynamics by indomethacin and Na-salicylate were studied and compared in anaesthetized (nembutal) dogs using SAPIRSTEIN's technique. Indomethacin (4 mg per kg) raised blood pressure while cardiac output remained unaffected. Sodium salicylate (200 mg per kg) also increased blood pressure, however, this was associated with increased cardiac output. Renal blood flow was depressed by indomethacin, whereas it was not influenced by Na-salicylate (RBFcontr. = 411 +/- 97; RBFindo. = 292 +/- 53, p less than 0.01; RBFNa-salic. = 468 +/- 110 ml per min per 100 g). Renal resistance was augmented after indomethacin and unaltered by Na-salicylate (Rcontr. = 1.96 +/- 0.43; Rindo. = 3.03 +/- 0.97, p less than 0.001; RNa-salic. = 1.91 +/- 0.49). Indomethacin provoked an intrarenal blood flow redistribution, while no such effect was seen by Na-salicylate. Salt and water excretion was markedly suppressed by indomethacin, whereas Na-salicylate exhibited diuretic and natriuretic actions. It is concluded that the two agents exert their actions on renal haemodynamics and salt and water excretion by different mechanisms. The differential responses might be accounted for by the finding that Na-salicylate fails to inhibit renal PG-production.", "PMID": 754492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9647", "title": "Mechanism of carotid-occlusion diuresis.", "content": "In anaesthesized dogs given large doses of ADH and DOC and subjected to acute left renal denervation, urine flow (V) and sodium excretion (UNaV) rose significantly in response to bilateral carotid artery clamping in both the intact (p less than 0.05) and the denervated kidney (p less than 0.001). This was associated with significant (p less than 0.05) increases of the tubular rejection fraction of sodium (TRFNa) while creatinine clearance (Ccr) remained unchanged. Following a second control period, carotid occlusion was repeated, while perfusion pressure in the left kidney was kept constant by aortic constriction. In this case the diuretic and natriuretic response in the right kidney occurred in the same fashion as previously, and no significant change in V, UNaV, or TRFNa was observed in the left kidney. The amount of free water reabsorbed in the collecting duct (TcH2O) was not consistently altered by carotid occlusion. It is concluded that acute renal denervation augments the pressure diuresis that follows carotid occlusion. The failure of carotid polyuria to occur when renal perfusion pressure is kept constant points to the importance of mechanical factors. Still, a wash-out of the medullary osmotic gradient seems to be an unlikely mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of carotid-occlusion diuresis. In anaesthesized dogs given large doses of ADH and DOC and subjected to acute left renal denervation, urine flow (V) and sodium excretion (UNaV) rose significantly in response to bilateral carotid artery clamping in both the intact (p less than 0.05) and the denervated kidney (p less than 0.001). This was associated with significant (p less than 0.05) increases of the tubular rejection fraction of sodium (TRFNa) while creatinine clearance (Ccr) remained unchanged. Following a second control period, carotid occlusion was repeated, while perfusion pressure in the left kidney was kept constant by aortic constriction. In this case the diuretic and natriuretic response in the right kidney occurred in the same fashion as previously, and no significant change in V, UNaV, or TRFNa was observed in the left kidney. The amount of free water reabsorbed in the collecting duct (TcH2O) was not consistently altered by carotid occlusion. It is concluded that acute renal denervation augments the pressure diuresis that follows carotid occlusion. The failure of carotid polyuria to occur when renal perfusion pressure is kept constant points to the importance of mechanical factors. Still, a wash-out of the medullary osmotic gradient seems to be an unlikely mechanism.", "PMID": 754493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9648", "title": "Blood supply and O2 consumption of the small intestine in low flow.", "content": "Blood flow and O2 consumption of the small intestine were studied anaesthetized cats in two series of experiments. Two-step haemorrhagic shock was applied in the first one; the intestinal vascular bed was locally hypoperfused in the other. Resistance to blood flow decreased in both haemorrhage and hypoperfusion. Intestinal blood flow was 12.6 ml/min . 100 g in haemorrhage (blood pressure 60 mm Hg) and 13.3 ml/min . 100 g at 50% perfusion. O2 consumption was only slightly reduced (93% and 89% of the control, respectively). Decrease in resistance showed a similar character to the \"autoregulatory escape\" phenomenon. Two types of regulation of O2 supply took place during low flow. The first one tended to maintain O2 supply to the gut in the face of flow reduction; in the other O2 consumption depended upon blood upon blood flow. The lower was blood flow, the more dominant became the second mechanism.", "contents": "Blood supply and O2 consumption of the small intestine in low flow. Blood flow and O2 consumption of the small intestine were studied anaesthetized cats in two series of experiments. Two-step haemorrhagic shock was applied in the first one; the intestinal vascular bed was locally hypoperfused in the other. Resistance to blood flow decreased in both haemorrhage and hypoperfusion. Intestinal blood flow was 12.6 ml/min . 100 g in haemorrhage (blood pressure 60 mm Hg) and 13.3 ml/min . 100 g at 50% perfusion. O2 consumption was only slightly reduced (93% and 89% of the control, respectively). Decrease in resistance showed a similar character to the \"autoregulatory escape\" phenomenon. Two types of regulation of O2 supply took place during low flow. The first one tended to maintain O2 supply to the gut in the face of flow reduction; in the other O2 consumption depended upon blood upon blood flow. The lower was blood flow, the more dominant became the second mechanism.", "PMID": 754494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9649", "title": "The effect of cold exposure on cerebral blood flow and cerebral available oxygen (aO2) in the rat and rabbit: thermoregulatory heat production by the brain and the possible role of neuroglia.", "content": "Simultaneous recordings of the effect of cold exposure on pulsatile cerebral impedance (PCI), heart rate (HR) and available oxygen (aO2) in the rat confirmed the conclusion, arrived at by recording (PCI + HR and aO2 separately, that the brain participates in thermoregulatory heat production. For statistical analysis of changes in cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) from experiments in which either only PCI + HR, or aO2 were recorded, changes in PCI and HR, i.e. in cerebral flood flow (CBF), and in a aO2 were combined into two indices (Index CMR/A and Index CMR/B) to indicate changes in CMR. Both indices demonstrated highly significant increases in CMR in response to cold in the rat and the young rabbit. In the rat, the magnitude of the response depended on stimulus intensity and on the distance from the surface of the brain, being greater near the surface than at greater depths. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the main source of thermoregulatory heat production in the brain has to be sought in the neuroglia.", "contents": "The effect of cold exposure on cerebral blood flow and cerebral available oxygen (aO2) in the rat and rabbit: thermoregulatory heat production by the brain and the possible role of neuroglia. Simultaneous recordings of the effect of cold exposure on pulsatile cerebral impedance (PCI), heart rate (HR) and available oxygen (aO2) in the rat confirmed the conclusion, arrived at by recording (PCI + HR and aO2 separately, that the brain participates in thermoregulatory heat production. For statistical analysis of changes in cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) from experiments in which either only PCI + HR, or aO2 were recorded, changes in PCI and HR, i.e. in cerebral flood flow (CBF), and in a aO2 were combined into two indices (Index CMR/A and Index CMR/B) to indicate changes in CMR. Both indices demonstrated highly significant increases in CMR in response to cold in the rat and the young rabbit. In the rat, the magnitude of the response depended on stimulus intensity and on the distance from the surface of the brain, being greater near the surface than at greater depths. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the main source of thermoregulatory heat production in the brain has to be sought in the neuroglia.", "PMID": 754495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9650", "title": "The role of \"the law of initial value\" and the levels of the central nervous system in the spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes.", "content": "In experiments carried out on cats it has been found that various anaesthesia (chloralose, pentobarbital or urethan, given in doses of 50 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively) did not influence the parameters of regression lines describing the spatial interactions of depressor reflexes of somatic and visceral origin. The individual differences showed a correlation with the \"mean basal blood pressure\" only. There was a linear relationship between the \"mean basal blood pressure\" and the X-axis intercepts of the regression lines. The size of the latters determined the extent of the facilitatory zone. No differences could be demonstrated between spatial interactions of depressor reflexes evoked by stimulation of somatic or visceral afferents. It seems that the depressor reflex-mechanism operates identically, independently of the input level. The interactions of pressor reflexes were shown to be of the additive type in the case of chloralose or pentobarbital anaesthesia, while of the facilitatory type under urethan anaesthesia. The distribution of spatial interactions of pressor reflexes observed in spinal cats was similar to that observed in animals anaesthetized with chloralose or pentobarbital. The role or various levels of the central nervous system in the organization of spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes is discussed.", "contents": "The role of \"the law of initial value\" and the levels of the central nervous system in the spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes. In experiments carried out on cats it has been found that various anaesthesia (chloralose, pentobarbital or urethan, given in doses of 50 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively) did not influence the parameters of regression lines describing the spatial interactions of depressor reflexes of somatic and visceral origin. The individual differences showed a correlation with the \"mean basal blood pressure\" only. There was a linear relationship between the \"mean basal blood pressure\" and the X-axis intercepts of the regression lines. The size of the latters determined the extent of the facilitatory zone. No differences could be demonstrated between spatial interactions of depressor reflexes evoked by stimulation of somatic or visceral afferents. It seems that the depressor reflex-mechanism operates identically, independently of the input level. The interactions of pressor reflexes were shown to be of the additive type in the case of chloralose or pentobarbital anaesthesia, while of the facilitatory type under urethan anaesthesia. The distribution of spatial interactions of pressor reflexes observed in spinal cats was similar to that observed in animals anaesthetized with chloralose or pentobarbital. The role or various levels of the central nervous system in the organization of spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes is discussed.", "PMID": 754496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9651", "title": "Adenylate cyclase activation by noradrenaline in a cell-free system of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "Basal and noradrenaline stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was measured in a hypoosmotic homogenate of rat cerebral cortex. During incubation the basal enzyme activity declined, whereas noradrenaline caused a near linear activation of the enzyme within the observation period. The stimulation by noradrenaline was higher in percentage after preincubation with ATP than in the cases when noradrenaline was given simultaneously with ATP to the system. It was therefore assumed that homogenization resulted in an apparent activation of the enzyme activity. The activity declined only in the presence of ATP and was accompanied by a diminished augmentation by noradrenaline of adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase activation by noradrenaline in a cell-free system of rat cerebral cortex. Basal and noradrenaline stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was measured in a hypoosmotic homogenate of rat cerebral cortex. During incubation the basal enzyme activity declined, whereas noradrenaline caused a near linear activation of the enzyme within the observation period. The stimulation by noradrenaline was higher in percentage after preincubation with ATP than in the cases when noradrenaline was given simultaneously with ATP to the system. It was therefore assumed that homogenization resulted in an apparent activation of the enzyme activity. The activity declined only in the presence of ATP and was accompanied by a diminished augmentation by noradrenaline of adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 754497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9652", "title": "Oddi's sphincter spasm in hypocalcaemia of dogs.", "content": "1. Decreases of serum calcium concentration in dogs lead to increased basal tone of Oddi's sphincter in the employed experimental model. 2. This effect is independent of the agent used for decreasing the serum calcium level. 3. Spasmolysis was observed immediately after the injection of CaCl2. CaCl2 alone, however, had no effect in \"normocalcaemic\" animals. 4. Local decrease of calcium level plays no significant role in the sphincter spasm. It is suggested that the spasm is elicited by increased smooth muscle excitability as a consequence of the hypocalcaemic state prevailing in the body.", "contents": "Oddi's sphincter spasm in hypocalcaemia of dogs. 1. Decreases of serum calcium concentration in dogs lead to increased basal tone of Oddi's sphincter in the employed experimental model. 2. This effect is independent of the agent used for decreasing the serum calcium level. 3. Spasmolysis was observed immediately after the injection of CaCl2. CaCl2 alone, however, had no effect in \"normocalcaemic\" animals. 4. Local decrease of calcium level plays no significant role in the sphincter spasm. It is suggested that the spasm is elicited by increased smooth muscle excitability as a consequence of the hypocalcaemic state prevailing in the body.", "PMID": 754498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9653", "title": "Magnetic property of the nerve.", "content": "An electromagnet of inhomogeneous magneticfield has been used to measure the magnetic susceptibility of the frog's nerve. Specimen of frog sciatic nerve were attached to a thin tungsten wire hanging into the inhomogeneous magnetic field, and from the deviation of this pendulum from the perpendicular position the magnetic susceptibility of the nerve has been determined to be -0.8 . 10(-6) cm3g-1 in a good agreement with the known magnetic property of the constituents of the nerve.", "contents": "Magnetic property of the nerve. An electromagnet of inhomogeneous magneticfield has been used to measure the magnetic susceptibility of the frog's nerve. Specimen of frog sciatic nerve were attached to a thin tungsten wire hanging into the inhomogeneous magnetic field, and from the deviation of this pendulum from the perpendicular position the magnetic susceptibility of the nerve has been determined to be -0.8 . 10(-6) cm3g-1 in a good agreement with the known magnetic property of the constituents of the nerve.", "PMID": 754499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9654", "title": "Urinary catecholamines in habitual smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "1. There is no significant difference between habitual-smokers and non-smokers in the incidence of cardiovascular hyperreactivity to smoking. 2. The resting level of urinary catecholamines is somewhat raised in the smoker group particularly in the hyperreactors. 3. Smoking 20 cigarettes caused a higher rise in urinary catecholamines in the hyperreactors of both groups than in the normoreactors. 4. Hypertensive patients exhibited the most exaggerated rise in both the cardiovascular response to smoking and in urinary catecholamines.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamines in habitual smokers and non-smokers. 1. There is no significant difference between habitual-smokers and non-smokers in the incidence of cardiovascular hyperreactivity to smoking. 2. The resting level of urinary catecholamines is somewhat raised in the smoker group particularly in the hyperreactors. 3. Smoking 20 cigarettes caused a higher rise in urinary catecholamines in the hyperreactors of both groups than in the normoreactors. 4. Hypertensive patients exhibited the most exaggerated rise in both the cardiovascular response to smoking and in urinary catecholamines.", "PMID": 754500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9655", "title": "Biochemical compartmentation of fish tissues. I. Brain energy reserves and its metabolic products.", "content": "The quantitative distribution of glycogen, lactate and pyruvate in the brain was studied in 4 regions of 9 fishes. The highest glycogen, lactate and pyruvate content was present in major carps followed by cat fishes and snake headed fishes. Glycogen and lactate contents were highest in the medulla oblongata while the highest pyruvate level was observed in the cerebellum. The observed differential distribution of glycogen, lactate and pyruvate in the different regions of the brain is discussed in relation to their functional differention and may depend on the nature of the diet, on the environment and growth rate, etc., of the fishes.", "contents": "Biochemical compartmentation of fish tissues. I. Brain energy reserves and its metabolic products. The quantitative distribution of glycogen, lactate and pyruvate in the brain was studied in 4 regions of 9 fishes. The highest glycogen, lactate and pyruvate content was present in major carps followed by cat fishes and snake headed fishes. Glycogen and lactate contents were highest in the medulla oblongata while the highest pyruvate level was observed in the cerebellum. The observed differential distribution of glycogen, lactate and pyruvate in the different regions of the brain is discussed in relation to their functional differention and may depend on the nature of the diet, on the environment and growth rate, etc., of the fishes.", "PMID": 754501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9656", "title": "Analysis of the effect of adrenergic agonists on longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the terminal ileum of the guinea pig.", "content": "On the isolated longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea pig's terminal ileum, in the presence of naphazoline, synephrine, pholedrine and ephedrine showing no adrenergic agonist activity, the dose-response curves of adrenaline and noradrenaline was found to be shifted to the right. Metanephrine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine exhibited no alpha adrenergic agonist activity. On the circular smooth muscle of the terminal ileum the alpha adrenergic agonists studied elicited the same responses as on the longitudinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Analysis of the effect of adrenergic agonists on longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the terminal ileum of the guinea pig. On the isolated longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea pig's terminal ileum, in the presence of naphazoline, synephrine, pholedrine and ephedrine showing no adrenergic agonist activity, the dose-response curves of adrenaline and noradrenaline was found to be shifted to the right. Metanephrine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine exhibited no alpha adrenergic agonist activity. On the circular smooth muscle of the terminal ileum the alpha adrenergic agonists studied elicited the same responses as on the longitudinal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 754502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9657", "title": "Comparative fatty acid composition of lipids from tubular and interstitial cells of rat testicles.", "content": "Leydig cells and tubules of rat testes were separated by a gentle procedure. The fatty acid composition of each fraction was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The fraction containing the interstitial tissue was richer in myristic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids whereas tubules contained more palmitic, arachidonic, and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid. The specific predominance of docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid in tubules stresses the possible vital importance of this acid in germinal cells. Aldehydes of 14,16 and 18 carbons derived from alkenyl-glyceryl ethers were recognized in both fractions.", "contents": "Comparative fatty acid composition of lipids from tubular and interstitial cells of rat testicles. Leydig cells and tubules of rat testes were separated by a gentle procedure. The fatty acid composition of each fraction was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The fraction containing the interstitial tissue was richer in myristic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids whereas tubules contained more palmitic, arachidonic, and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid. The specific predominance of docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid in tubules stresses the possible vital importance of this acid in germinal cells. Aldehydes of 14,16 and 18 carbons derived from alkenyl-glyceryl ethers were recognized in both fractions.", "PMID": 754503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9658", "title": "On the nature of the antagonism atropine-acetylcholine on the guinea pig heart.", "content": "The antagonism atropine-acetylcholine was studied in the perfused isolated heart (chronotropism) and atria (inotropism) of the guinea pig by means of the double reciprocal plot method. It was not possible to study the antagonism of atropine towards the negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine in the spontaneously beating right atria, because this response was always preceded by the negative inotropism and required higher concentration of the agonist even in the presence of neostigmine. Quite similar results were obtained with the use of carbachol and choline. The dose-response curves in the presence of atropine and consequently the calculation of the pA2 values were determined after the equilibrium of the antagonist with the preparation has been attained. The results are consistent with a competitive type of inhibition. The pA2 values as well as the time of recovery from inhibition were higher than those described for the antagonism atropine-acetylcholine upon the guinea pig ileum which is suggestive of more potent binding forces between the antagonist and cardiac muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "On the nature of the antagonism atropine-acetylcholine on the guinea pig heart. The antagonism atropine-acetylcholine was studied in the perfused isolated heart (chronotropism) and atria (inotropism) of the guinea pig by means of the double reciprocal plot method. It was not possible to study the antagonism of atropine towards the negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine in the spontaneously beating right atria, because this response was always preceded by the negative inotropism and required higher concentration of the agonist even in the presence of neostigmine. Quite similar results were obtained with the use of carbachol and choline. The dose-response curves in the presence of atropine and consequently the calculation of the pA2 values were determined after the equilibrium of the antagonist with the preparation has been attained. The results are consistent with a competitive type of inhibition. The pA2 values as well as the time of recovery from inhibition were higher than those described for the antagonism atropine-acetylcholine upon the guinea pig ileum which is suggestive of more potent binding forces between the antagonist and cardiac muscarinic receptors.", "PMID": 754504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9659", "title": "[High linearity biologic impedancemeter (author's transl)].", "content": "A high linearity instrument for biological use which permits the measurement of impedance modulus and its variations in the range of 50 to 1,000 ohms is described. It has two outputs (Z and delta Z) which can be connected to an oscilloscope or to any conventional physiological recorder. The deviation from linearity is not greater than 0,06%, with a sensitivity of up to 100 mV/ohm, and an estimated average error better than 1% in absolute value with standard deviation better than 3% and an expected range smaller than +/- 10%. The instrument can stand changes of +/- 10% in the a.c. power supply without showing significant alterations in its behavior. Besides, it has good isolating characteristics in order to prevent undesirable leak currents which are potentially dangerous for the patient. The instrument was tested satisfactorily in human beings and in experimental dogs by recording respiratory movements and cardiac activity.", "contents": "[High linearity biologic impedancemeter (author's transl)]. A high linearity instrument for biological use which permits the measurement of impedance modulus and its variations in the range of 50 to 1,000 ohms is described. It has two outputs (Z and delta Z) which can be connected to an oscilloscope or to any conventional physiological recorder. The deviation from linearity is not greater than 0,06%, with a sensitivity of up to 100 mV/ohm, and an estimated average error better than 1% in absolute value with standard deviation better than 3% and an expected range smaller than +/- 10%. The instrument can stand changes of +/- 10% in the a.c. power supply without showing significant alterations in its behavior. Besides, it has good isolating characteristics in order to prevent undesirable leak currents which are potentially dangerous for the patient. The instrument was tested satisfactorily in human beings and in experimental dogs by recording respiratory movements and cardiac activity.", "PMID": 754505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9660", "title": "Cardiovascular reactivity and neurogenic tone in hypertension derived from renal artery stenosis and contralateral nephrectomy in the rat.", "content": "In the current study a) cardiovascular reactivity (CR) to norepinephrine (NE) and b) the effect of a ganglionic blocker (pentolinium, P) during the early (2nd week) and a later period (10th week) of hypertension elicited by unilateral renal ischemia and contralateral nephrectomy in the rat have been described. Neither the threshold doses nor the dose-pressor response curves have shown a greater reactivity of the cardiovascular system to NE in this type of hypertension. An increase in the activity of the nervous system apparently contributes to hypertension in the early period but would disappear when the one-kidney renovascular hypertension is chronically established; in both phases some other still undefined factor/s are present for fuller development of high arterial pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactivity and neurogenic tone in hypertension derived from renal artery stenosis and contralateral nephrectomy in the rat. In the current study a) cardiovascular reactivity (CR) to norepinephrine (NE) and b) the effect of a ganglionic blocker (pentolinium, P) during the early (2nd week) and a later period (10th week) of hypertension elicited by unilateral renal ischemia and contralateral nephrectomy in the rat have been described. Neither the threshold doses nor the dose-pressor response curves have shown a greater reactivity of the cardiovascular system to NE in this type of hypertension. An increase in the activity of the nervous system apparently contributes to hypertension in the early period but would disappear when the one-kidney renovascular hypertension is chronically established; in both phases some other still undefined factor/s are present for fuller development of high arterial pressure.", "PMID": 754506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9661", "title": "[On the mode of action of serotonin in the isolated atrium of the hamster. I. Serotonin: amine of mixed action (author's transl)].", "content": "5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) produces a positive chronotropic effect in the isolated atrium of the hamster. The characterization of this effect using reserpine pretreatment, propranolol, pargyline, 6-hydroxydopamine or the combination of some of those drugs enable us to conclude that serotonin is an amine of mixed action in the isolated atrium of the hamster, that is, its positive chronotropic effect has a direct component, which is obtained with lower concentrations of agonist and an indirect component through the liberation of endogenous noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve terminals. The highest concentrations of serotonin are responsible of that component. Pargyline potentiates the indirect component of 5-HT, because inhibition of intraneuronal monoamine oxidase (MAO) avoids the degradation of the noradrenaline released, but it does not potentiate the direct component, indicating that postsynaptic cardiac MAO has little importance in the metabolism of serotonin administered exogenously.", "contents": "[On the mode of action of serotonin in the isolated atrium of the hamster. I. Serotonin: amine of mixed action (author's transl)]. 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) produces a positive chronotropic effect in the isolated atrium of the hamster. The characterization of this effect using reserpine pretreatment, propranolol, pargyline, 6-hydroxydopamine or the combination of some of those drugs enable us to conclude that serotonin is an amine of mixed action in the isolated atrium of the hamster, that is, its positive chronotropic effect has a direct component, which is obtained with lower concentrations of agonist and an indirect component through the liberation of endogenous noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve terminals. The highest concentrations of serotonin are responsible of that component. Pargyline potentiates the indirect component of 5-HT, because inhibition of intraneuronal monoamine oxidase (MAO) avoids the degradation of the noradrenaline released, but it does not potentiate the direct component, indicating that postsynaptic cardiac MAO has little importance in the metabolism of serotonin administered exogenously.", "PMID": 754507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9662", "title": "Steroid biosynthesis by gonads of rats submitted to chronic hypobaric hypoxia.", "content": "In vitro biosynthesis of steroids by testes and ovaries was studied in rats submitted to 6,000 m simulated altitude for 23 weeks and their controls at sea level atmospheric pressure. Gonads' homogenates were incubated in the presence of 4(-14) C-pregnenolone and cofactors. Extractions, partitions, paper chromatography and finally crystallizations until constant specific activity were performed. Tritium labelled internal standards were used to correct for methodological losses. In male animals, only androstenedione biosynthesis calculated per rat as well as the weight of the testes were reduced in hypoxia. Nevertheless, this reduction was accompanied by an equivalent decrease in body weight; testosterone biosynthesis was not significantly changed. On the contrary, in females, estradiol biosynthesis and the weight of the ovaries were significantly higher in hypoxic than in control animals. Macroscopic and microscopic aspect of the ovaries in hypoxic rats also indicate a hyperactivity of the steroidogenic function. Weight curves and mortality studies confirmed previous findings about the advantage of females in adaptation to hypoxia. Results show that ovaries play an active role in this process.", "contents": "Steroid biosynthesis by gonads of rats submitted to chronic hypobaric hypoxia. In vitro biosynthesis of steroids by testes and ovaries was studied in rats submitted to 6,000 m simulated altitude for 23 weeks and their controls at sea level atmospheric pressure. Gonads' homogenates were incubated in the presence of 4(-14) C-pregnenolone and cofactors. Extractions, partitions, paper chromatography and finally crystallizations until constant specific activity were performed. Tritium labelled internal standards were used to correct for methodological losses. In male animals, only androstenedione biosynthesis calculated per rat as well as the weight of the testes were reduced in hypoxia. Nevertheless, this reduction was accompanied by an equivalent decrease in body weight; testosterone biosynthesis was not significantly changed. On the contrary, in females, estradiol biosynthesis and the weight of the ovaries were significantly higher in hypoxic than in control animals. Macroscopic and microscopic aspect of the ovaries in hypoxic rats also indicate a hyperactivity of the steroidogenic function. Weight curves and mortality studies confirmed previous findings about the advantage of females in adaptation to hypoxia. Results show that ovaries play an active role in this process.", "PMID": 754508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9663", "title": "EMG amplitude and frequency at different muscular elongations under constant masticatory force or EMG activity.", "content": "The relation between mechanical muscular activity (5 - 7.5 - 10 - 15 - 20 Kp of masticatory force) and electrical muscular activity (EMG) was studied during prolonged isometric contractions of the human masseter and temporal muscles, at different degrees of muscular elongation (0.5 - 5 - 10 - 20 mm of jaw opening). In Series 1, recordings maintaining muscular force values constant show that EMG activity increases with a shorter muscular elongation (0.5) and decreases with maximal elongation studied (20 mm). The slope of EMG activity curves rises as the force applied increases and muscular elongation decreases. Analyzing the relation between muscular force and EMG activity as a quotient between integrated activity and activity rate, we observed a greater influence of amplitude of the interference EMG pattern in small ranges (up to 7.5 Kp). However, with higher forces, the mechanism of frequency rate is the predominant factor. In Series 2, recordings of masticatory force maintaining EMG constant show that, for any chosen percentage of EMG activity, masticatory force increases with the increase of muscular elongation. Results show that there is an optimal muscular elongation of maximal efficiency.", "contents": "EMG amplitude and frequency at different muscular elongations under constant masticatory force or EMG activity. The relation between mechanical muscular activity (5 - 7.5 - 10 - 15 - 20 Kp of masticatory force) and electrical muscular activity (EMG) was studied during prolonged isometric contractions of the human masseter and temporal muscles, at different degrees of muscular elongation (0.5 - 5 - 10 - 20 mm of jaw opening). In Series 1, recordings maintaining muscular force values constant show that EMG activity increases with a shorter muscular elongation (0.5) and decreases with maximal elongation studied (20 mm). The slope of EMG activity curves rises as the force applied increases and muscular elongation decreases. Analyzing the relation between muscular force and EMG activity as a quotient between integrated activity and activity rate, we observed a greater influence of amplitude of the interference EMG pattern in small ranges (up to 7.5 Kp). However, with higher forces, the mechanism of frequency rate is the predominant factor. In Series 2, recordings of masticatory force maintaining EMG constant show that, for any chosen percentage of EMG activity, masticatory force increases with the increase of muscular elongation. Results show that there is an optimal muscular elongation of maximal efficiency.", "PMID": 754509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9664", "title": "Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME)-esterase activity in human plasma during the gravidic-puerperal cycle.", "content": "Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME)-esterase activity of plasma was measured in women going through the gravidic-puerperal cycle and compared with plasma of non-pregnant women. Plasma from women in the 36th to 40th week of pregnancy hydrolyzes BAME two times more rapidly than that from non-pregnant women. During pregnancy, BAME-esterase activity in plasma increases progressively up to the 40th week, decreases during labor, and after delivery reaches the same level as in non-pregnant women. The BAME-esterase activity of plasma was affected by the storage temperature, with differences demonstrable between -20 and -4 C and between pregnant and non-pregnant women.", "contents": "Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME)-esterase activity in human plasma during the gravidic-puerperal cycle. Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME)-esterase activity of plasma was measured in women going through the gravidic-puerperal cycle and compared with plasma of non-pregnant women. Plasma from women in the 36th to 40th week of pregnancy hydrolyzes BAME two times more rapidly than that from non-pregnant women. During pregnancy, BAME-esterase activity in plasma increases progressively up to the 40th week, decreases during labor, and after delivery reaches the same level as in non-pregnant women. The BAME-esterase activity of plasma was affected by the storage temperature, with differences demonstrable between -20 and -4 C and between pregnant and non-pregnant women.", "PMID": 754510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9665", "title": "One trial passive avoidance learning in neonatally hormone treated rats. Its relation with activity.", "content": "The performance in one trial passive avoidance learning and the degree of activity were determined in adulthood, from neonatal hormone treated and intact rats. Activity was measured in the same environmental conditions in which the learning test takes place, i.e., shuttle box unequally illuminated. The treated groups were androgenized females and castrated males. Intact groups were composed by normal males and females. Intact females showed more activity than intact males. Castrated males and androgenized females displayed a degree of activity similar to the normal females. This score was negatively correlated with the total time that each animal remained in the dark compartment of the box. In this respect the normal males showed greater dark preference than the other three groups, which had no differences among them. Similar results to that of dark preference were obtained in performance on one trial passive avoidance learning, that is, androgenization in females did not produce a significant effect in this test and castration in males decreased their performance. A linear correlation between activity and passive avoidance score could be established.", "contents": "One trial passive avoidance learning in neonatally hormone treated rats. Its relation with activity. The performance in one trial passive avoidance learning and the degree of activity were determined in adulthood, from neonatal hormone treated and intact rats. Activity was measured in the same environmental conditions in which the learning test takes place, i.e., shuttle box unequally illuminated. The treated groups were androgenized females and castrated males. Intact groups were composed by normal males and females. Intact females showed more activity than intact males. Castrated males and androgenized females displayed a degree of activity similar to the normal females. This score was negatively correlated with the total time that each animal remained in the dark compartment of the box. In this respect the normal males showed greater dark preference than the other three groups, which had no differences among them. Similar results to that of dark preference were obtained in performance on one trial passive avoidance learning, that is, androgenization in females did not produce a significant effect in this test and castration in males decreased their performance. A linear correlation between activity and passive avoidance score could be established.", "PMID": 754511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9666", "title": "Intramedullary pearly tumour.", "content": "The presentation treatment and postoperative progress of two patients with pearly intraspinal epidermoids is described. In one of the patients the tumour recurred after the first removal, necessitating a second operation. Despite serious disturbances of gait both patients improved following surgery. The literature in respect of these tumours is reviewed.", "contents": "Intramedullary pearly tumour. The presentation treatment and postoperative progress of two patients with pearly intraspinal epidermoids is described. In one of the patients the tumour recurred after the first removal, necessitating a second operation. Despite serious disturbances of gait both patients improved following surgery. The literature in respect of these tumours is reviewed.", "PMID": 754513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9667", "title": "Sickle cell hemoglobin D disease: first reported case in Iran.", "content": "A case of sickle cell Hb D disease is reported in a young Iranian male, the father of whom carried an AS sickle cell trait and the mother an AD trait. This disease was diagnosed by Hb electrophoresis, agar gel electrophoresis sickling and solubility tests. This is the first case of sickle cell HB D disease reported in Iran.", "contents": "Sickle cell hemoglobin D disease: first reported case in Iran. A case of sickle cell Hb D disease is reported in a young Iranian male, the father of whom carried an AS sickle cell trait and the mother an AD trait. This disease was diagnosed by Hb electrophoresis, agar gel electrophoresis sickling and solubility tests. This is the first case of sickle cell HB D disease reported in Iran.", "PMID": 754514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9668", "title": "Similarities of human hydatid cyst fluid components and the host serum.", "content": "Nine lung hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus species from man were analysed by electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and biochemical tests. In addition respective sera of the host were analysed for comparison. Analysis revealed striking similarities in cellulose acetate and agarose gel electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic Patterns of proteins from hydatid cyst fluid and the serum of the respective hosts. It is presumed that serum proteins (albumins and globulins) occur in hydatid cyst fluid, but in small amount than in the host serum, and we believe that the host proteins can penetrate the membranes of the hydatid cyst.", "contents": "Similarities of human hydatid cyst fluid components and the host serum. Nine lung hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus species from man were analysed by electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and biochemical tests. In addition respective sera of the host were analysed for comparison. Analysis revealed striking similarities in cellulose acetate and agarose gel electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic Patterns of proteins from hydatid cyst fluid and the serum of the respective hosts. It is presumed that serum proteins (albumins and globulins) occur in hydatid cyst fluid, but in small amount than in the host serum, and we believe that the host proteins can penetrate the membranes of the hydatid cyst.", "PMID": 754515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9669", "title": "Serum level and 24hr. excretion pattern of potassium following the intake of combined oral contraceptives.", "content": "Serum level and 24hr urinary excretion pattern of potassium have been studied in 104 healthy women, aged 18-44 years, using combined oral contraceptives for a period of 3-48 months, and results have been compared with those obtained from 21 healthy controls of the same clinic, aged 19-40 years, using IUD. There was no significant change observed in serum potassium level, but 24hr urinary excretion pattern of potassium decreased significantly in 90% of the individuals equivalent to 2.6-78.3% of the mean control, possibly due to a retention of potassium in the cells.", "contents": "Serum level and 24hr. excretion pattern of potassium following the intake of combined oral contraceptives. Serum level and 24hr urinary excretion pattern of potassium have been studied in 104 healthy women, aged 18-44 years, using combined oral contraceptives for a period of 3-48 months, and results have been compared with those obtained from 21 healthy controls of the same clinic, aged 19-40 years, using IUD. There was no significant change observed in serum potassium level, but 24hr urinary excretion pattern of potassium decreased significantly in 90% of the individuals equivalent to 2.6-78.3% of the mean control, possibly due to a retention of potassium in the cells.", "PMID": 754516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9670", "title": "Chromosome changes in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "In two out of a total of 6 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with manifest chromosome alterations, chromosome studies were repeated 4 and 5 years of standing, respectively, after manifestation of the disease. In one case the incidence of chromosome alterations increased while in the other no change was found. Both cases were clinically similar in their history with remission.", "contents": "Chromosome changes in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In two out of a total of 6 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with manifest chromosome alterations, chromosome studies were repeated 4 and 5 years of standing, respectively, after manifestation of the disease. In one case the incidence of chromosome alterations increased while in the other no change was found. Both cases were clinically similar in their history with remission.", "PMID": 754518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9671", "title": "Course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice treated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine.", "content": "Death occurred earlier and the mortality rate was higher in one and two-week-old mice pretreated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine and infected intracerebrally with LCM virus, than in not pretreated animals of the same litter. Pertussis vaccine treatment contributed to the course of LCM virus infection ending in lethal meningitis in suckling mice, by accelerating the development of their cellular immune response.", "contents": "Course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in suckling mice treated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. Death occurred earlier and the mortality rate was higher in one and two-week-old mice pretreated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine and infected intracerebrally with LCM virus, than in not pretreated animals of the same litter. Pertussis vaccine treatment contributed to the course of LCM virus infection ending in lethal meningitis in suckling mice, by accelerating the development of their cellular immune response.", "PMID": 754519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9672", "title": "Plasmid curing and antibacterial effects of some chlorpromazine derivatives in relation to their molecule orbitals.", "content": "7-Hydroxychlorpromazine, 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and 7,8-dioxochlorpromazine exerted a bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the latter being more resistant. The three compounds also had a bactericidal effect on selected strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine was able to cure 2% of F'lac plasmid of the E. coli K-12 LE 140 strain at 60 micrograms/ml, while 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and its quinone failed to produced such an effect at the same concentration. In the presence of 0.1 M magnesium sulphate the plasmid curing effect of CPZ and 7-OH-CPZ decreased markedly, while the MIC values of CPZ and its derivatives increased. It seems therefore that the relative ineffectivity of CPZ in the presence of magnesium ions was not due to its metal chelation.", "contents": "Plasmid curing and antibacterial effects of some chlorpromazine derivatives in relation to their molecule orbitals. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine, 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and 7,8-dioxochlorpromazine exerted a bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the latter being more resistant. The three compounds also had a bactericidal effect on selected strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine was able to cure 2% of F'lac plasmid of the E. coli K-12 LE 140 strain at 60 micrograms/ml, while 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and its quinone failed to produced such an effect at the same concentration. In the presence of 0.1 M magnesium sulphate the plasmid curing effect of CPZ and 7-OH-CPZ decreased markedly, while the MIC values of CPZ and its derivatives increased. It seems therefore that the relative ineffectivity of CPZ in the presence of magnesium ions was not due to its metal chelation.", "PMID": 754520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9673", "title": "Occurrence of Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii in Hungary.", "content": "The occurrence of Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii in Hungary is reported. The micromorphological characteristics of the species are discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii in Hungary. The occurrence of Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii in Hungary is reported. The micromorphological characteristics of the species are discussed.", "PMID": 754521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9674", "title": "Adenohypophysial histophysiology of gonadectomized, fatectomized and steroid treated male frogs, Rana hexadactyla (Lesson).", "content": "Cytology of the pars distalis of unilaterally and bilaterally gonadectomized Rana hexadactyla kept for a period of 60, 75, 120, 150 and 180 days and those treated with testosterone (25 micrograms) and oestradiol (25 micrograms) was studied. Similarly adenohypophysial cytomorphology in unilaterally and bilaterally fatectomized animals and/or treated with aqueous fat body extract was also investigated. The results indicate the B2 and B3 cells of pars distalis are responsible for the gametogenetic activity. A1 and B2 cells may contain some fat mobilizing factor (FMF) for stimulating spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Adenohypophysial histophysiology of gonadectomized, fatectomized and steroid treated male frogs, Rana hexadactyla (Lesson). Cytology of the pars distalis of unilaterally and bilaterally gonadectomized Rana hexadactyla kept for a period of 60, 75, 120, 150 and 180 days and those treated with testosterone (25 micrograms) and oestradiol (25 micrograms) was studied. Similarly adenohypophysial cytomorphology in unilaterally and bilaterally fatectomized animals and/or treated with aqueous fat body extract was also investigated. The results indicate the B2 and B3 cells of pars distalis are responsible for the gametogenetic activity. A1 and B2 cells may contain some fat mobilizing factor (FMF) for stimulating spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 754522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9675", "title": "Comparative polarized-light and electron microscopic studies of changes in the structure of the intercalate disc following various experimental lesions.", "content": "The intercalate disc was studied following various traumatizing interference (cyanide, carbon monoxide poisoning, intermittent coronary perfusion, nitrogen perfusion, intermittent hypoxic loading, direct electric trauma). The most frequent alterations were the separation, vesicular transformation and loss of electron-dense material of the fascia adherens and occludens of the junctions. In extreme situations the lysis of filaments joining to the junctions and the rupture of the membrane was observed. Total desintegration of the intercalate disc was rarely encountered probably due to the high adhesive capacity of desmosomes. Topooptical reactions were found suitable to detect functional changes.", "contents": "Comparative polarized-light and electron microscopic studies of changes in the structure of the intercalate disc following various experimental lesions. The intercalate disc was studied following various traumatizing interference (cyanide, carbon monoxide poisoning, intermittent coronary perfusion, nitrogen perfusion, intermittent hypoxic loading, direct electric trauma). The most frequent alterations were the separation, vesicular transformation and loss of electron-dense material of the fascia adherens and occludens of the junctions. In extreme situations the lysis of filaments joining to the junctions and the rupture of the membrane was observed. Total desintegration of the intercalate disc was rarely encountered probably due to the high adhesive capacity of desmosomes. Topooptical reactions were found suitable to detect functional changes.", "PMID": 754523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9676", "title": "Granule cells, mossy fibres and pyramidal neurons: an electron microscopic study of the cat's hippocampal formation, I.", "content": "The ultrastructure of mossy fibre terminals, granule cells, and pyramidal neurons was studied in cat material. The average of the mossy terminals and the density of the synaptic vesicles were analysed. The large mossy terminals establish mainly axo-spiny synapses on the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 area, but some axo-dendritic synapses were also observed. Mossy fibre endings were found in the subgranular layer, and also on the dendrites of interneurons.", "contents": "Granule cells, mossy fibres and pyramidal neurons: an electron microscopic study of the cat's hippocampal formation, I. The ultrastructure of mossy fibre terminals, granule cells, and pyramidal neurons was studied in cat material. The average of the mossy terminals and the density of the synaptic vesicles were analysed. The large mossy terminals establish mainly axo-spiny synapses on the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 area, but some axo-dendritic synapses were also observed. Mossy fibre endings were found in the subgranular layer, and also on the dendrites of interneurons.", "PMID": 754524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9677", "title": "Ultrastructure of astroglial contacts in rat cerebellar cortex.", "content": "Interfaces of the astroglial Bergmann fibres in the rat cerebellar cortex were investigated under the electron microscope. The straight interfaces revealed numerous contacts of a special junctional type having a mean length of 0.9 micro m. A substantial area of the Bergmann fiber surfaces was found to be connected with these junctions. Electron-dense material forming knoblike particles were observed attached with a certain regularity to the inner surfaces of both junctional membranes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of astroglial contacts in rat cerebellar cortex. Interfaces of the astroglial Bergmann fibres in the rat cerebellar cortex were investigated under the electron microscope. The straight interfaces revealed numerous contacts of a special junctional type having a mean length of 0.9 micro m. A substantial area of the Bergmann fiber surfaces was found to be connected with these junctions. Electron-dense material forming knoblike particles were observed attached with a certain regularity to the inner surfaces of both junctional membranes.", "PMID": 754525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9678", "title": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. IV. Efficacy of flubendazole 5% (R17889) against Trichuris trichiura infection of baboons, Papio hamadryas L.", "content": "Flubendazole 5%, a parafluor analog of benzimidazole derivative, mebendazole, was found efficient in eliminating Trichuris trichiura infection of baboons when administered orally at a dose rate of 27 to 50 mg of the active ingredient per kg body weight twice daily for five days. The drug was found safe, without toxic effects and its palatability was excellent.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. IV. Efficacy of flubendazole 5% (R17889) against Trichuris trichiura infection of baboons, Papio hamadryas L. Flubendazole 5%, a parafluor analog of benzimidazole derivative, mebendazole, was found efficient in eliminating Trichuris trichiura infection of baboons when administered orally at a dose rate of 27 to 50 mg of the active ingredient per kg body weight twice daily for five days. The drug was found safe, without toxic effects and its palatability was excellent.", "PMID": 754549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9679", "title": "[Dose for minimal sympathetic response to a painful stimulation for alphaxolone and thiopentone in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The dose that prevents the sympathetic response to a painful stimulation has been determined for alphaxolone and thiopentone (DRSM). The stimulation was the tracheal intubation and the sympathetic response has been evaluated as the percentual change of heart rate from the basal level. The DRSM has been determined as the dose that assures no percentual change of H.R. after intubation. The alphaxolone showed a DRSM very low (0.489) on the contrary the dose of thiopentone required to obtain no sympathetic response is high (7.776).", "contents": "[Dose for minimal sympathetic response to a painful stimulation for alphaxolone and thiopentone in man (author's transl)]. The dose that prevents the sympathetic response to a painful stimulation has been determined for alphaxolone and thiopentone (DRSM). The stimulation was the tracheal intubation and the sympathetic response has been evaluated as the percentual change of heart rate from the basal level. The DRSM has been determined as the dose that assures no percentual change of H.R. after intubation. The alphaxolone showed a DRSM very low (0.489) on the contrary the dose of thiopentone required to obtain no sympathetic response is high (7.776).", "PMID": 754553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9680", "title": "[A case of respiratory distress after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy].", "content": "A case of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy with acute respiratory distress is presented. The multiple etiological factors involved in causing this life-threatening emergency are discussed. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was successfully treated conservatively by nasotracheal intubation. Tracheostomy was not necessary.", "contents": "[A case of respiratory distress after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy]. A case of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy with acute respiratory distress is presented. The multiple etiological factors involved in causing this life-threatening emergency are discussed. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was successfully treated conservatively by nasotracheal intubation. Tracheostomy was not necessary.", "PMID": 754566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9681", "title": "[Asbestos fibers in alcoholic beverages. Contaminating role of filtration material].", "content": "The presence of asbestos fibres was searched for in samples of wines, brandies and spirits which had or had not been filtered through asbestos filters. The materials examined were filtered on a micropore membrane that was then handled for electron microscope examination. Asbestos fibres were identified by their morphology and X-ray diffraction pattern and in certain cases additionally by punctual ultimate analysis (Edax). The presence of chrysotile fibres, generally separate but sometimes in clumps, was found in all the drinks which had been filtered through asbestos filters, while the non filtered drinks contained only a small concentration that was approximately equal to the one found in water analysed elsewhere. Only two samples of liquor, raw or filtered through a filter not containing asbestos, were absolutely free from fibres. On the other hand, the use of mixed filters of asbestos and cellulose resulted in only contamination by such mineral fibres.", "contents": "[Asbestos fibers in alcoholic beverages. Contaminating role of filtration material]. The presence of asbestos fibres was searched for in samples of wines, brandies and spirits which had or had not been filtered through asbestos filters. The materials examined were filtered on a micropore membrane that was then handled for electron microscope examination. Asbestos fibres were identified by their morphology and X-ray diffraction pattern and in certain cases additionally by punctual ultimate analysis (Edax). The presence of chrysotile fibres, generally separate but sometimes in clumps, was found in all the drinks which had been filtered through asbestos filters, while the non filtered drinks contained only a small concentration that was approximately equal to the one found in water analysed elsewhere. Only two samples of liquor, raw or filtered through a filter not containing asbestos, were absolutely free from fibres. On the other hand, the use of mixed filters of asbestos and cellulose resulted in only contamination by such mineral fibres.", "PMID": 754576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9682", "title": "[Study and identification of adulteration of citrus fruit juices].", "content": "Various types of adulterations. Definition and method of determination. Case of fraud by standardization. Definition and problems. Specific problems of these types of frauds. Qualitative definition. 1. Automatic methods of classification: --ascending hierarchical classification; --analysis of correspondances; --analysis of \"composantes principales\". 2. Classification of juices according to the main types of fraud (watering, sugaring, acidification, comminuted intensification). 3. Towards a quantitative solution. Conclusion. Interest of the method, possibilities and limits, further possible uses.", "contents": "[Study and identification of adulteration of citrus fruit juices]. Various types of adulterations. Definition and method of determination. Case of fraud by standardization. Definition and problems. Specific problems of these types of frauds. Qualitative definition. 1. Automatic methods of classification: --ascending hierarchical classification; --analysis of correspondances; --analysis of \"composantes principales\". 2. Classification of juices according to the main types of fraud (watering, sugaring, acidification, comminuted intensification). 3. Towards a quantitative solution. Conclusion. Interest of the method, possibilities and limits, further possible uses.", "PMID": 754577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9683", "title": "[Current knowledge on the organoleptic characteristics of beer].", "content": "This important subject will be considered in three parts: I. Tasting procedures. As there is no standard nomenclature in brewing for describing the organoleptic properties, each brewery has devised its own terminology for this purpose. Four organizations: the European Brewery Convention (EBC), the American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC), the Master Brewers Association of America (MBAA) and the Institute of Brewing have collaborated to produce a standard terminology for beer tasting suitable for international use. Different tasting procedures, as well as their statistical interpretation will be discussed. II. Threshold values of certain compounds. Several hundred compounds present in beer have been studied and their threshold values are known for certain types of beer. Particular methods of tasting have been tried out to determine precisely the threshold value of a pure compound in beer. III. Correlation between the tasting results and the physico-chemical properties of beer. The application of statistical methods of analysis to the testing results and physico-chemical properties of different beers has allowed the importance of certain constituants of these beers to be estimated.", "contents": "[Current knowledge on the organoleptic characteristics of beer]. This important subject will be considered in three parts: I. Tasting procedures. As there is no standard nomenclature in brewing for describing the organoleptic properties, each brewery has devised its own terminology for this purpose. Four organizations: the European Brewery Convention (EBC), the American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC), the Master Brewers Association of America (MBAA) and the Institute of Brewing have collaborated to produce a standard terminology for beer tasting suitable for international use. Different tasting procedures, as well as their statistical interpretation will be discussed. II. Threshold values of certain compounds. Several hundred compounds present in beer have been studied and their threshold values are known for certain types of beer. Particular methods of tasting have been tried out to determine precisely the threshold value of a pure compound in beer. III. Correlation between the tasting results and the physico-chemical properties of beer. The application of statistical methods of analysis to the testing results and physico-chemical properties of different beers has allowed the importance of certain constituants of these beers to be estimated.", "PMID": 754578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9684", "title": "The analysis of cider phenolics.", "content": "Four classes of phenolic compounds may be distinguished in ciders: 1. Phenolic acids; 2. Phloretin derivatives; 3. Catechins; 4. Procyanidins. Only the procyanidins can be classed as true tannins and only they make any contribution to the bitterness and astringency of the product. Traditional methods of tannin analysis, however, fail to estimate the procyanidins as a separate group from the other phenolics. It is now possible to isolate the procyanidin fraction from bittersweet ciders by adsorption onto Sephadex LH-20 and then to separate the individual procyanidins by counter-current distribution between ethyl acetate and water. In this way sufficient material may be obtained to allow structural studies, and we can now show that ciders contain a range of procyanidin polymers probably up to heptameric, based mostly on epicatechin. Tasing panel work on these fractions shows that bitterness is predominantly associated with oligomeric procyanidins and astringency with polymeric procyanidins. Analytical chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 in a water-methanol gradient also shows, for instance, the selective loss of up to 20% of organoleptically significant procyanidins during gelatin fining, and the useful gain in procyanidins which can occur with DDS diffuser extraction. These results are important because a certain amount of bitterness and astringency is considered desirable in blended English ciders, but the true bittersweet apples are in very short supply.", "contents": "The analysis of cider phenolics. Four classes of phenolic compounds may be distinguished in ciders: 1. Phenolic acids; 2. Phloretin derivatives; 3. Catechins; 4. Procyanidins. Only the procyanidins can be classed as true tannins and only they make any contribution to the bitterness and astringency of the product. Traditional methods of tannin analysis, however, fail to estimate the procyanidins as a separate group from the other phenolics. It is now possible to isolate the procyanidin fraction from bittersweet ciders by adsorption onto Sephadex LH-20 and then to separate the individual procyanidins by counter-current distribution between ethyl acetate and water. In this way sufficient material may be obtained to allow structural studies, and we can now show that ciders contain a range of procyanidin polymers probably up to heptameric, based mostly on epicatechin. Tasing panel work on these fractions shows that bitterness is predominantly associated with oligomeric procyanidins and astringency with polymeric procyanidins. Analytical chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 in a water-methanol gradient also shows, for instance, the selective loss of up to 20% of organoleptically significant procyanidins during gelatin fining, and the useful gain in procyanidins which can occur with DDS diffuser extraction. These results are important because a certain amount of bitterness and astringency is considered desirable in blended English ciders, but the true bittersweet apples are in very short supply.", "PMID": 754579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9685", "title": "[Transfer of the fecal microbial flora from holoxenic piglets and adult pigs to axenic piglets and axenic adult mice : effect of the animal host and of the diet on the fecal microbial pattern of these animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to determine whether the axenic mouse inoculated with pig fecal microflora represents a valuable tool for studying the gastro-intestinal flora of holoxenic pigs. The microbial pattern of the feces of the different animals has been described by means of quantitative differential techniques of analysis, the limits and validity of which are discussed. The gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of piglet is a better model as the gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of adult pig. The gnotoxenic mouse represents an adequate means for preserving all the pig strains, especially if the inoculation is made in anaerobiosis, but the bacterial equilibrium is markedly affected by the host. In the case where the same holoxenic piglet flora is inoculated simultaneously into a gnotoxenic mouse and a gnotoxenic piglet placed in the same isolator in absolutely identical dietary and environmental conditions, the results observed in the mouse can be extrapolated to the piglet. However, this is only the case for short-term experiments. If the association between the piglet flora and the host mouse is prolonged, the microbial pattern changes, but these modifications seen to be reversible when the flora is transferred into another axenic either piglet or mouse. The nature of the different feeds absorbed by the gnotoxenic animals does not deeply change the bacterial equilibriums, except when the milk contains an antiseptic substance.", "contents": "[Transfer of the fecal microbial flora from holoxenic piglets and adult pigs to axenic piglets and axenic adult mice : effect of the animal host and of the diet on the fecal microbial pattern of these animals (author's transl)]. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether the axenic mouse inoculated with pig fecal microflora represents a valuable tool for studying the gastro-intestinal flora of holoxenic pigs. The microbial pattern of the feces of the different animals has been described by means of quantitative differential techniques of analysis, the limits and validity of which are discussed. The gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of piglet is a better model as the gnotoxenic mouse associated with the flora of adult pig. The gnotoxenic mouse represents an adequate means for preserving all the pig strains, especially if the inoculation is made in anaerobiosis, but the bacterial equilibrium is markedly affected by the host. In the case where the same holoxenic piglet flora is inoculated simultaneously into a gnotoxenic mouse and a gnotoxenic piglet placed in the same isolator in absolutely identical dietary and environmental conditions, the results observed in the mouse can be extrapolated to the piglet. However, this is only the case for short-term experiments. If the association between the piglet flora and the host mouse is prolonged, the microbial pattern changes, but these modifications seen to be reversible when the flora is transferred into another axenic either piglet or mouse. The nature of the different feeds absorbed by the gnotoxenic animals does not deeply change the bacterial equilibriums, except when the milk contains an antiseptic substance.", "PMID": 754573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9686", "title": "Cellulase activity, degradation of cellulose and lignin and humus formation by cellulolytic fungi.", "content": "Cellulase activity and degradation of cellulose and lignin in wheat straw and formation of humus during degradation by Botryotrichum sp., Masoniella sp., Paecilomyces fusisporus, Sclerotium sp. and Trichurus spiralis was studied. All the cultures exhibited carboxy-methyl-cellulase activity, but cellulase activity on cellulose powder, filter paper and cotton was shown only by Masoniella sp., P. fusisporus and Sclerotium sp. when grown on cellulose powder in submerged culture conditions. However, when grown on wheat straw in solid culture all fungi exhibited FPD activity. All except Masoniella sp. degraded both cellulose and lignin efficiently as compared to cellulose. There was formation of humus like substances during growth of fungi on wheat straw.", "contents": "Cellulase activity, degradation of cellulose and lignin and humus formation by cellulolytic fungi. Cellulase activity and degradation of cellulose and lignin in wheat straw and formation of humus during degradation by Botryotrichum sp., Masoniella sp., Paecilomyces fusisporus, Sclerotium sp. and Trichurus spiralis was studied. All the cultures exhibited carboxy-methyl-cellulase activity, but cellulase activity on cellulose powder, filter paper and cotton was shown only by Masoniella sp., P. fusisporus and Sclerotium sp. when grown on cellulose powder in submerged culture conditions. However, when grown on wheat straw in solid culture all fungi exhibited FPD activity. All except Masoniella sp. degraded both cellulose and lignin efficiently as compared to cellulose. There was formation of humus like substances during growth of fungi on wheat straw.", "PMID": 754574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9687", "title": "[Analytical characterization of varietal wines and aging phenomena].", "content": "We have studied some wines issued from pure varieties (Gamay, Pinot, Syrah, Malbec, Merlot, Tannat, Juran\u00e7on) and from country wines where they are predominant (Cahors: Malbec; Corbieres: Carignan). We have analysed the most important classes of compounds: volatile components, free amino acids, mineral elements, phenolic components, organic acids. In regard of the large variation of \"oligoconstituants\" and \"macroconstituants\" concentrations (ratio: I to 30 000), we examine the proportions between the minimum and the maximum of the variation range. We define an abundance degree from 0 to 100 p. 100 for every compound. With this unique scale, it is possible to include all parameters on the same graph and to determine the general profile of a wine from the relative abundance of its components. The wine profiles from same country wine or same variety have approximately the same shape and their curves are well superposed. On the other hand, when we compare the profiles of wines issued from two different varieties, we rapidly visualise the most important differences. We have for instance grouped on a graph the parameters which differentiate Gamay from Pinot and Merlot from Juran\u00e7on. Then we show on a precise example the resemblance between a country wine profile (Cahors) and that one of its predominant variety (Malbec). The differences we have observed are well explained by secondary varieties (Juran\u00e7on, Merlot, Tannat). The same procedure is applied to study the aging of wines. A graphic representation shows the variations during seven years (1970 to 1976). Five parameters are found to characterise with good precision the age of wine: isobutanol, methyl-3 butanol-1, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl succinate. With a detailed analysis of the components of wines, it is possible to differentiate varieties, age and perhaps many other aspects.", "contents": "[Analytical characterization of varietal wines and aging phenomena]. We have studied some wines issued from pure varieties (Gamay, Pinot, Syrah, Malbec, Merlot, Tannat, Juran\u00e7on) and from country wines where they are predominant (Cahors: Malbec; Corbieres: Carignan). We have analysed the most important classes of compounds: volatile components, free amino acids, mineral elements, phenolic components, organic acids. In regard of the large variation of \"oligoconstituants\" and \"macroconstituants\" concentrations (ratio: I to 30 000), we examine the proportions between the minimum and the maximum of the variation range. We define an abundance degree from 0 to 100 p. 100 for every compound. With this unique scale, it is possible to include all parameters on the same graph and to determine the general profile of a wine from the relative abundance of its components. The wine profiles from same country wine or same variety have approximately the same shape and their curves are well superposed. On the other hand, when we compare the profiles of wines issued from two different varieties, we rapidly visualise the most important differences. We have for instance grouped on a graph the parameters which differentiate Gamay from Pinot and Merlot from Juran\u00e7on. Then we show on a precise example the resemblance between a country wine profile (Cahors) and that one of its predominant variety (Malbec). The differences we have observed are well explained by secondary varieties (Juran\u00e7on, Merlot, Tannat). The same procedure is applied to study the aging of wines. A graphic representation shows the variations during seven years (1970 to 1976). Five parameters are found to characterise with good precision the age of wine: isobutanol, methyl-3 butanol-1, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl succinate. With a detailed analysis of the components of wines, it is possible to differentiate varieties, age and perhaps many other aspects.", "PMID": 754580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9688", "title": "Correlations between quality and pigment parameters in young Beaujolais red wines.", "content": "The commercial qualities of 15 young Beaujolais red wines from the 1974 and 1975 vintages were scored by experienced tasters in the following summers. Measurements were made of a wine colour and the separate contributions to it by the coloured anthocyanins and the polymeric pigments, b total anthocyanins (coloured plus non-coloured) and c total pigments, i.e. total anthocyanins plus total polymers (coloured and non-coloured). All the tasting and analytical data were subjected to regression analysis. Statistically significant correlations were found in both years: a. Between overall quality and the contents of total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured anthocyanins and the tasters' mean colour scores; b. Flavour and the contents of total pigments and total anthocyanins. Thus the colour of the acidified wine (total pigment) was the most simple indication of flavour and quality in these young wines of the same variety and age. In other respects there were marked differences between the vintages. In 1974 additional significant correlations were found a between overall quality and wine colour, pH and non-coloured anthocyanins, b between flavour and colour scores and coloured anthocyanins, and c between aroma and total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured and non-coloured anthocyanins and pH. In 1975, flavour correlated with non-coloured anthocyanins and pH. The results demonstrate the desirable effects of anthocyanins on quality.", "contents": "Correlations between quality and pigment parameters in young Beaujolais red wines. The commercial qualities of 15 young Beaujolais red wines from the 1974 and 1975 vintages were scored by experienced tasters in the following summers. Measurements were made of a wine colour and the separate contributions to it by the coloured anthocyanins and the polymeric pigments, b total anthocyanins (coloured plus non-coloured) and c total pigments, i.e. total anthocyanins plus total polymers (coloured and non-coloured). All the tasting and analytical data were subjected to regression analysis. Statistically significant correlations were found in both years: a. Between overall quality and the contents of total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured anthocyanins and the tasters' mean colour scores; b. Flavour and the contents of total pigments and total anthocyanins. Thus the colour of the acidified wine (total pigment) was the most simple indication of flavour and quality in these young wines of the same variety and age. In other respects there were marked differences between the vintages. In 1974 additional significant correlations were found a between overall quality and wine colour, pH and non-coloured anthocyanins, b between flavour and colour scores and coloured anthocyanins, and c between aroma and total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured and non-coloured anthocyanins and pH. In 1975, flavour correlated with non-coloured anthocyanins and pH. The results demonstrate the desirable effects of anthocyanins on quality.", "PMID": 754581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9689", "title": "[Analytic study of juices obtained by pressure, by cold extraction and warm extraction (the DDS system) of marc from apples of the Golden Delicious variety].", "content": "The cold water extraction of apple press residues to increase the juice yield has found much interest in recent years. Such a process has been developed by a Swiss company, but the food legislation does not permit it yet. Juice yield is increased up to 91 p. 100 (w.). Therefore we investigated the chemical and sensorical properties of pressed juice, cold water extract of press residues and warm water extract (System DDS) of identical raw material. The water extract differs from the pressed juice mainly by an increased amount of non-sugar extract and changes of the pigment and polyphenole content. The cold water extract had more and the better aroma than the warm extract.", "contents": "[Analytic study of juices obtained by pressure, by cold extraction and warm extraction (the DDS system) of marc from apples of the Golden Delicious variety]. The cold water extraction of apple press residues to increase the juice yield has found much interest in recent years. Such a process has been developed by a Swiss company, but the food legislation does not permit it yet. Juice yield is increased up to 91 p. 100 (w.). Therefore we investigated the chemical and sensorical properties of pressed juice, cold water extract of press residues and warm water extract (System DDS) of identical raw material. The water extract differs from the pressed juice mainly by an increased amount of non-sugar extract and changes of the pigment and polyphenole content. The cold water extract had more and the better aroma than the warm extract.", "PMID": 754582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9690", "title": "Soil as a possible source for the severe fruit rot of guava (Psidium Guajava l.) due to Phytophthora Nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) Wat. at Kurukshetra (India).", "content": "Severe fruit rot of guava due to Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (syn. P. parasitica Dastur sensu stricto) was observed during the months of July and August in 1976 at Kurukshetra (India). The pathogen was successfully isolated from the soil below the infected fruit trees using ripe guava fruits as baits as well as by using a selective medium at regular intervals for a period of one year. Presence of the pathogen in the soil below the guava trees and its isolation from the soil for a period of one year, i. e. the next fruiting season of guava trees indicated that perhaps the soil is the main source of infection.", "contents": "Soil as a possible source for the severe fruit rot of guava (Psidium Guajava l.) due to Phytophthora Nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) Wat. at Kurukshetra (India). Severe fruit rot of guava due to Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (syn. P. parasitica Dastur sensu stricto) was observed during the months of July and August in 1976 at Kurukshetra (India). The pathogen was successfully isolated from the soil below the infected fruit trees using ripe guava fruits as baits as well as by using a selective medium at regular intervals for a period of one year. Presence of the pathogen in the soil below the guava trees and its isolation from the soil for a period of one year, i. e. the next fruiting season of guava trees indicated that perhaps the soil is the main source of infection.", "PMID": 754575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9691", "title": "[Biochemical and physical characteristics of the grape berry and analytical characteristics of its juice].", "content": "The biochemical characteristics of the grape berry and the differences in locations in the cells or tissues of its components, induce important consequences when the juice is extracted. The results concerning their analytical composition are very different according to the technical processes adopted. Some examples are given concerning hexanol, hexenols, terpenols and phenolic components responsible for browning.", "contents": "[Biochemical and physical characteristics of the grape berry and analytical characteristics of its juice]. The biochemical characteristics of the grape berry and the differences in locations in the cells or tissues of its components, induce important consequences when the juice is extracted. The results concerning their analytical composition are very different according to the technical processes adopted. Some examples are given concerning hexanol, hexenols, terpenols and phenolic components responsible for browning.", "PMID": 754583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9692", "title": "[Analytical evidences of sugar added to wine].", "content": "In many countries addition of sugar to the grape must for increasing the alcohol concentration is autorized by regulation. This addition must be supervised by a priori and a posteriori controls. The saccharose from sugar beet contrains 100 mg/kg of betain, which can be determined in wine after purification by ion exchange and gas chromatography of a decomposition product of its butylester. Methyl betaine has been used as internal standard to improve the method. The natural wine contains low quantity of betaine. For this reason it is impossible to detect an addition of sugar lower than that corresponding to 2 degrees alcohol. The other methods (13C content of ethanol, polyosides contained as impurity in sugar) seem to present the same limitation.", "contents": "[Analytical evidences of sugar added to wine]. In many countries addition of sugar to the grape must for increasing the alcohol concentration is autorized by regulation. This addition must be supervised by a priori and a posteriori controls. The saccharose from sugar beet contrains 100 mg/kg of betain, which can be determined in wine after purification by ion exchange and gas chromatography of a decomposition product of its butylester. Methyl betaine has been used as internal standard to improve the method. The natural wine contains low quantity of betaine. For this reason it is impossible to detect an addition of sugar lower than that corresponding to 2 degrees alcohol. The other methods (13C content of ethanol, polyosides contained as impurity in sugar) seem to present the same limitation.", "PMID": 754584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9693", "title": "[Proteo-polysaccharidic turbidity in depectinized raspberry juice].", "content": "A revertible turbidity happens in the depectinized red raspberry juice under refrigeration. Its analysis is carried out: --Chemically: Total sugar determination by anthrone methol, galacturonic acid determination by carbazol, total nitrogen determination according to Berthelot's coloured reaction (automated analysis) -- Physically: Calcium, potassium and magnesium determinations by atomic absorption. -- Chromatographically: Sugar separation and determination by HPLC. M. W. determination of the different entites by GPC (gel Sephadex G 100). Pectic substances separation on DEAE-cellulose column. The turbidity ensues from an enhanced by cold and acidic pH flocculation process which occurs between the large nitrogeneous molecules (inactive and enzymic proteins mainly). M. W. (superior to 150.000) of the depectinizing preparation and rich in glucose and mannose polysaccharidiques (M. W. between the range from 1.000 to 10.000) accompanied by aldobiuronic units. The origin of the manno-glucan entity remains to be determined. It could be issued either a limit-substrate produced by the degradation of the raspberry pectic substances or an by Aspergillus niger excreted compound.", "contents": "[Proteo-polysaccharidic turbidity in depectinized raspberry juice]. A revertible turbidity happens in the depectinized red raspberry juice under refrigeration. Its analysis is carried out: --Chemically: Total sugar determination by anthrone methol, galacturonic acid determination by carbazol, total nitrogen determination according to Berthelot's coloured reaction (automated analysis) -- Physically: Calcium, potassium and magnesium determinations by atomic absorption. -- Chromatographically: Sugar separation and determination by HPLC. M. W. determination of the different entites by GPC (gel Sephadex G 100). Pectic substances separation on DEAE-cellulose column. The turbidity ensues from an enhanced by cold and acidic pH flocculation process which occurs between the large nitrogeneous molecules (inactive and enzymic proteins mainly). M. W. (superior to 150.000) of the depectinizing preparation and rich in glucose and mannose polysaccharidiques (M. W. between the range from 1.000 to 10.000) accompanied by aldobiuronic units. The origin of the manno-glucan entity remains to be determined. It could be issued either a limit-substrate produced by the degradation of the raspberry pectic substances or an by Aspergillus niger excreted compound.", "PMID": 754586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9694", "title": "[Evolution of phenolic compounds during wine aging].", "content": "The phenolic compounds of red wine are separated and isolated by a method involving two precipitations (by EtOH and by MeOH-CHCl2), adsorption of the precipitates and supernatants on to p.v.p., and selective desorption of different fractions by mydroalcoholic and acidic solvents. The method permits the definition of wine composition by groups of phenolic compounds which are identified and quantified, and whose molecular mass is determined. Tanins exist in wine in different forms: combinations with salts (T-S) and with polysaccharides (T-P), highly condensed tanins (TtC), condensed tanins (TC), tanin-anthocyanin complexes (T-A), less condensed tanins (T), procyanidin dimer (P). The combinations of tanins with polysaccharides comprise a new class of compounds whose importance is relatively limited in young wine but increases with time during wine maturation (20 to 30 p. cent of the tanins can exist in this form after 20 years of conservation). The percentage of each class varies in the case of young wine, with the cepage, the level of grape maturaity and the conditions of vinification. During the maturation process, the percentage corresponding to the procyanidin dimer group (P), rapidly attains zero after several years. The tanins of old wines are primarily composed of condensed tanins (TC + TtC) and combinations with polysaccharides and with salts. The anthocyanins exist in wine in 3 forms: free anthocyanins, combined anthocyanins and polymerised anthocyanins which belong to the condensed tanins. The free anthocyanins rapidly dissapear during the first few years of wine maturation. The combined and polymerised anthocyanins generally remain present in regard-less of wine age. These groups play an important role in the determination of wine colour.", "contents": "[Evolution of phenolic compounds during wine aging]. The phenolic compounds of red wine are separated and isolated by a method involving two precipitations (by EtOH and by MeOH-CHCl2), adsorption of the precipitates and supernatants on to p.v.p., and selective desorption of different fractions by mydroalcoholic and acidic solvents. The method permits the definition of wine composition by groups of phenolic compounds which are identified and quantified, and whose molecular mass is determined. Tanins exist in wine in different forms: combinations with salts (T-S) and with polysaccharides (T-P), highly condensed tanins (TtC), condensed tanins (TC), tanin-anthocyanin complexes (T-A), less condensed tanins (T), procyanidin dimer (P). The combinations of tanins with polysaccharides comprise a new class of compounds whose importance is relatively limited in young wine but increases with time during wine maturation (20 to 30 p. cent of the tanins can exist in this form after 20 years of conservation). The percentage of each class varies in the case of young wine, with the cepage, the level of grape maturaity and the conditions of vinification. During the maturation process, the percentage corresponding to the procyanidin dimer group (P), rapidly attains zero after several years. The tanins of old wines are primarily composed of condensed tanins (TC + TtC) and combinations with polysaccharides and with salts. The anthocyanins exist in wine in 3 forms: free anthocyanins, combined anthocyanins and polymerised anthocyanins which belong to the condensed tanins. The free anthocyanins rapidly dissapear during the first few years of wine maturation. The combined and polymerised anthocyanins generally remain present in regard-less of wine age. These groups play an important role in the determination of wine colour.", "PMID": 754587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9695", "title": "[Automation of chemical analysis in enology].", "content": "Automatic dosages took place a short time ago in oenology laboratories. First researchs about automation of usual manual analysis have been completed by I.N.R.A. Station of Dijon during 1969--1972 years. Then, other researchs were made and in 1974 the first automatic analyser appeared in application laboratories. In all cases continuous flow method was used. First dosages which has been carried out are volatic acidity, residual sugars, total SO2. The rate of work is 30 samples an hour. Then, an original way for free SO2 was suggested. At present, about a dozen of laboratories in France use these dosages. The ethanol dosage automation, very important in oenology, is very difficult to carry out. A new method using a thermometric analyzer is tested. Research about many dosages as tartaric, malic, lactic acids, glucose, fructose, glyc\u00e9rol, have been performed especially by I.N.R.A. Station in Narbonne. But these dosages are not current and at present no laboratory apply them. Now, equipments price and redemption, change of tradionnal dosages for automatical methods and the level of knowledge required for operators are well known. The reproducibility and the accuracy of the continuous flow automatic dosages allow, for enough important laboratories, to make an increasing number of analysis necessary for wine quality control.", "contents": "[Automation of chemical analysis in enology]. Automatic dosages took place a short time ago in oenology laboratories. First researchs about automation of usual manual analysis have been completed by I.N.R.A. Station of Dijon during 1969--1972 years. Then, other researchs were made and in 1974 the first automatic analyser appeared in application laboratories. In all cases continuous flow method was used. First dosages which has been carried out are volatic acidity, residual sugars, total SO2. The rate of work is 30 samples an hour. Then, an original way for free SO2 was suggested. At present, about a dozen of laboratories in France use these dosages. The ethanol dosage automation, very important in oenology, is very difficult to carry out. A new method using a thermometric analyzer is tested. Research about many dosages as tartaric, malic, lactic acids, glucose, fructose, glyc\u00e9rol, have been performed especially by I.N.R.A. Station in Narbonne. But these dosages are not current and at present no laboratory apply them. Now, equipments price and redemption, change of tradionnal dosages for automatical methods and the level of knowledge required for operators are well known. The reproducibility and the accuracy of the continuous flow automatic dosages allow, for enough important laboratories, to make an increasing number of analysis necessary for wine quality control.", "PMID": 754590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9696", "title": "[Automatic determination of the alcohol level of dry wines].", "content": "An automated technique for the alcoholometric grade determination based upon measurement of dilution heat of ethanol in wine and appropriate reagent was tested. Interferences with wine other components was studied along with methods to minimize them. Two sets of determinations on more than 100 samples of various qualities (red wines, roses wines, white wines) and various geographical sources were performed and they were compared with the pycnometric reference technique. It is shown than this comparative study that for almost 95 p. 100 of the samples the alcoholometric grade can be determined with this automated technique with an accuracy better than 0,1 p. 100.", "contents": "[Automatic determination of the alcohol level of dry wines]. An automated technique for the alcoholometric grade determination based upon measurement of dilution heat of ethanol in wine and appropriate reagent was tested. Interferences with wine other components was studied along with methods to minimize them. Two sets of determinations on more than 100 samples of various qualities (red wines, roses wines, white wines) and various geographical sources were performed and they were compared with the pycnometric reference technique. It is shown than this comparative study that for almost 95 p. 100 of the samples the alcoholometric grade can be determined with this automated technique with an accuracy better than 0,1 p. 100.", "PMID": 754591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9697", "title": "[Determination of the alcohol level of alcoholic beverages with the Technicon thermometric autoanalyser].", "content": "Thermometric analyses consists in measuring the enthalpy variations of chemical reaction. The dilution of an hydroalcoholic solution in a aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate is an endothermal reaction, and the variations of temperature within certains limits are functions of the initial alcohol concentration. The variations are collected, amplified and recorded on a diagram. This has been done in the quality control laboratory of our company with a Technicon apparatus to determine the alcoholic strength of spirits at 45 degrees. In industrial use one needs only to compare the height of the peaks corresponding to the product being analysed with the check sample peaks. This quick and precise process, of a great simplicity of utilisation makes it possible to discard the distillation method.", "contents": "[Determination of the alcohol level of alcoholic beverages with the Technicon thermometric autoanalyser]. Thermometric analyses consists in measuring the enthalpy variations of chemical reaction. The dilution of an hydroalcoholic solution in a aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate is an endothermal reaction, and the variations of temperature within certains limits are functions of the initial alcohol concentration. The variations are collected, amplified and recorded on a diagram. This has been done in the quality control laboratory of our company with a Technicon apparatus to determine the alcoholic strength of spirits at 45 degrees. In industrial use one needs only to compare the height of the peaks corresponding to the product being analysed with the check sample peaks. This quick and precise process, of a great simplicity of utilisation makes it possible to discard the distillation method.", "PMID": 754592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9698", "title": "[Automatic measurement of specific gravity of nutritional beverages].", "content": "Using an electronic densimeter introduced a few years ago, a completely automatic system has been developed, allowing more than 400 measurements to be performed daily, with very little human intervention. The repeatability shows a standard deviation of 0.5 10(-5) to 1.6 10(-5), according to the type of sample analyzed. The correlation between measurements performed with this device and those performed with pycnometers is excellent. Another important advantage is that laboratory assistants need no special training before obtaining very sound results.", "contents": "[Automatic measurement of specific gravity of nutritional beverages]. Using an electronic densimeter introduced a few years ago, a completely automatic system has been developed, allowing more than 400 measurements to be performed daily, with very little human intervention. The repeatability shows a standard deviation of 0.5 10(-5) to 1.6 10(-5), according to the type of sample analyzed. The correlation between measurements performed with this device and those performed with pycnometers is excellent. Another important advantage is that laboratory assistants need no special training before obtaining very sound results.", "PMID": 754593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9699", "title": "[Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of volatile compounds in spirits extracted by carbon disulfide].", "content": "The quantitative analysis of potable spirits has for a long time been limited to overall determinations of different chemical classes of compounds. The application of GLC has for some years been developed along two different lines -- methods for determining the higher alcohols, and on the other hand qualitative analyses, making use of more sophisticated techniques, which have enabled several hundred different compounds to be identified in different types of spirits. It appeared to be of interest to develop a technique for routine quantitative analysis which would enable the maximum number of volatile compounds to be determined. The extraction of the volatile compounds of spirits with carbon disulphide can be carried out simply and reproducibly with a small sample size (10 ml). The experimental conditions for the extraction step and the GLC analysis (packed or capillary columns, manual or automatic injection, automatic processing of results, etc.) are discussed. A splitless injector using the \"solvent effect\" is required for analysis of the non-concentrated carbon disulphide extracts in the case of capillary columns.", "contents": "[Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of volatile compounds in spirits extracted by carbon disulfide]. The quantitative analysis of potable spirits has for a long time been limited to overall determinations of different chemical classes of compounds. The application of GLC has for some years been developed along two different lines -- methods for determining the higher alcohols, and on the other hand qualitative analyses, making use of more sophisticated techniques, which have enabled several hundred different compounds to be identified in different types of spirits. It appeared to be of interest to develop a technique for routine quantitative analysis which would enable the maximum number of volatile compounds to be determined. The extraction of the volatile compounds of spirits with carbon disulphide can be carried out simply and reproducibly with a small sample size (10 ml). The experimental conditions for the extraction step and the GLC analysis (packed or capillary columns, manual or automatic injection, automatic processing of results, etc.) are discussed. A splitless injector using the \"solvent effect\" is required for analysis of the non-concentrated carbon disulphide extracts in the case of capillary columns.", "PMID": 754594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9700", "title": "[Use of the mass spectrometer as a specific detector in the analysis of alcoholic beverages by gas-liquid chromatography].", "content": "The technique of selected ion monitoring (SIM) allows the mass spectrometer to be used as a selective detector when coupled to a gas chromatograph. The addition of a data acquisition system enables the selective quantitative determination of compounds to be made when present at low levels in a complex mixture. The detection limit of a compound may be lowered by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude, since the instrument is set to one or more ions which are specific for the compound(s) to be measured, for the maximum amount of time. This lowering of the detection limit and increase in selectivity makes it possible not only to determine compounds at ppb levels, but also to carry out rapid and selective determinations of compounds at the ppm level, using a smaller sample and a minimum of preliminary sample concentration. A fuller description of the principles of SIM is given. This technique has already found wide application in medical and environmental fields, and some examples of its application to alcoholic beverages are given: detection and determination of possible contaminants, such as phthalate, esters residual monomers from plastic materials (styrene, vinyl chloride), and traces of pesticides; determination of certain non-volatile compounds in wines; and the selective determination of certain compounds for which levels in finished products are limited such as the thujones, safrole, beta-asarone, and coumarine.", "contents": "[Use of the mass spectrometer as a specific detector in the analysis of alcoholic beverages by gas-liquid chromatography]. The technique of selected ion monitoring (SIM) allows the mass spectrometer to be used as a selective detector when coupled to a gas chromatograph. The addition of a data acquisition system enables the selective quantitative determination of compounds to be made when present at low levels in a complex mixture. The detection limit of a compound may be lowered by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude, since the instrument is set to one or more ions which are specific for the compound(s) to be measured, for the maximum amount of time. This lowering of the detection limit and increase in selectivity makes it possible not only to determine compounds at ppb levels, but also to carry out rapid and selective determinations of compounds at the ppm level, using a smaller sample and a minimum of preliminary sample concentration. A fuller description of the principles of SIM is given. This technique has already found wide application in medical and environmental fields, and some examples of its application to alcoholic beverages are given: detection and determination of possible contaminants, such as phthalate, esters residual monomers from plastic materials (styrene, vinyl chloride), and traces of pesticides; determination of certain non-volatile compounds in wines; and the selective determination of certain compounds for which levels in finished products are limited such as the thujones, safrole, beta-asarone, and coumarine.", "PMID": 754595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9701", "title": "[Determination of the percentage of grain whisky in commercial whiskies by isotopic mass spectrometry].", "content": "Commercial whisky is generally a blend between malt whisky and grain whisky. Corn is one of the main sources of grain and it is now well known that in corn the carbon dioxide assimilation proceeds through carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate but in many other plants like barley atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed on ribulose 1,5 diphosphate. Each pathway of carbon dioxide assimilation is characterized by a fractionation factor of carbon isotopes. Consequently, the organic matter and also the fermentation alcohol of corn or barley show different 13C/12C ratio. The determination of the 13C/12C ratio in the alcohol of blended whisky allows the determination of the percentage of corn whisky.", "contents": "[Determination of the percentage of grain whisky in commercial whiskies by isotopic mass spectrometry]. Commercial whisky is generally a blend between malt whisky and grain whisky. Corn is one of the main sources of grain and it is now well known that in corn the carbon dioxide assimilation proceeds through carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate but in many other plants like barley atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed on ribulose 1,5 diphosphate. Each pathway of carbon dioxide assimilation is characterized by a fractionation factor of carbon isotopes. Consequently, the organic matter and also the fermentation alcohol of corn or barley show different 13C/12C ratio. The determination of the 13C/12C ratio in the alcohol of blended whisky allows the determination of the percentage of corn whisky.", "PMID": 754596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9702", "title": "[High-performance liquid-liquid chromatography in beverage analysis].", "content": "Liquid liquid chromatography was performed with columns packed with stationary phases chemically bonded to silica microparticules. These columns show a high efficiency and are used very easily. Flavouring compounds like aromatic aldehydes which have a low volatility were analyzed in brandy using a polar phase alkylnitrile. Sapid substances like amarogentin in Gentiana lutea or glyryrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra were determined by reversed phase chromatography. Finally ionizable substances like synthetic dyes can be analyzed by paired ion chromatography witha non polar stationary phase.", "contents": "[High-performance liquid-liquid chromatography in beverage analysis]. Liquid liquid chromatography was performed with columns packed with stationary phases chemically bonded to silica microparticules. These columns show a high efficiency and are used very easily. Flavouring compounds like aromatic aldehydes which have a low volatility were analyzed in brandy using a polar phase alkylnitrile. Sapid substances like amarogentin in Gentiana lutea or glyryrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra were determined by reversed phase chromatography. Finally ionizable substances like synthetic dyes can be analyzed by paired ion chromatography witha non polar stationary phase.", "PMID": 754597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9703", "title": "[High-performance liquid chromatography in the determination of organic acids in wine].", "content": "We shall distinguish the case of non aromatic organic acids from that one of phenolic acids. In the first one, we have applied to wines a method used for fruit-juices by Palmer and List, 1973. After contact of the wine with a strong acid resin, its is injected on anion exchange resin Aminex A 25 precolumn (formiate form) which retains all the organic acids. The precolumn is washed with water to eliminate neutral components, then connected with the chromatographic column which contains the same resin. The different acids are eluted with a solution of natrium formiate at 70 degrees C. They are detected by differential refractometry (galacturonic, lactic, malic, succinic, tartric acids) and by ultraviolet at 254 nm (shikimic acid). Beside these compounds which are identified by their retention volumes, others not yet attributed peaks are detected. The limits of detection are 2 mg/l for shikimic acid, 30 mg/l for tartric acid and 15 mg/l for the others. Analysis time is about one hour. In the case of phenolic acids, we extract them from wine by diethyl ether after saturation with NaCl or by demixtion. The determination of phenolic acids is done on the ether extract or on the organic layer of the demixtion. Chromatography is obtained on octadecylsilanised column (RP 18) with solvent gradient (from 10% methanol in KH2PO4O,1 M pH 2,1 to 60% methanol in the same buffer) and detection in ultraviolet at 254 nm. The knowledge of recovery of acids by diethyl ether or by demixtion permits to obtain their concentrations in wine. The different so determinated phenolic acids are: gallic, 4 hydroxybenzoic, cafeic, vanillic, syringic and para coumaric acids. We have applied these methods to 32 wines for phenolic acids and 80 wines for non aromatic acids. Some results are presented in the case of 24 wines issued from Gamay and 8 wines from Pinot and it appears that tartric and shikimic acids have more important average concentrations in the former than in the latter.", "contents": "[High-performance liquid chromatography in the determination of organic acids in wine]. We shall distinguish the case of non aromatic organic acids from that one of phenolic acids. In the first one, we have applied to wines a method used for fruit-juices by Palmer and List, 1973. After contact of the wine with a strong acid resin, its is injected on anion exchange resin Aminex A 25 precolumn (formiate form) which retains all the organic acids. The precolumn is washed with water to eliminate neutral components, then connected with the chromatographic column which contains the same resin. The different acids are eluted with a solution of natrium formiate at 70 degrees C. They are detected by differential refractometry (galacturonic, lactic, malic, succinic, tartric acids) and by ultraviolet at 254 nm (shikimic acid). Beside these compounds which are identified by their retention volumes, others not yet attributed peaks are detected. The limits of detection are 2 mg/l for shikimic acid, 30 mg/l for tartric acid and 15 mg/l for the others. Analysis time is about one hour. In the case of phenolic acids, we extract them from wine by diethyl ether after saturation with NaCl or by demixtion. The determination of phenolic acids is done on the ether extract or on the organic layer of the demixtion. Chromatography is obtained on octadecylsilanised column (RP 18) with solvent gradient (from 10% methanol in KH2PO4O,1 M pH 2,1 to 60% methanol in the same buffer) and detection in ultraviolet at 254 nm. The knowledge of recovery of acids by diethyl ether or by demixtion permits to obtain their concentrations in wine. The different so determinated phenolic acids are: gallic, 4 hydroxybenzoic, cafeic, vanillic, syringic and para coumaric acids. We have applied these methods to 32 wines for phenolic acids and 80 wines for non aromatic acids. Some results are presented in the case of 24 wines issued from Gamay and 8 wines from Pinot and it appears that tartric and shikimic acids have more important average concentrations in the former than in the latter.", "PMID": 754598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9704", "title": "[Enzymatic methods in the analysis of musts and wines].", "content": "The enzymatic methods are based on the property of the enzymes to catalyse specifically and reversibly the conversion of certain metabolites. These methods, developed thanks to the industrial preparation of enzymes, can be applied with no major modification to the analysis of drinks. About 15 constituants of musts and wines can now be determined by these methods. If their cost price was not relatively high, their specificity, sensitivity and rapidity would enable them to compete with the most precise of chemical methods. This is why they are only used in analytic oenology when chemical analysis is most specific enough or too laborious. Enzymatic measurement allows one by its specificity to determine the amount of residual sugar that is fermentable in a dry wine and by its sensitivity to verifie the total disappearance of the malic acid of the wine. Its rapidity must make it preferable to the long and not very specific chemical measurement, especially concerning the determination of citric acid. But glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid can be measured by chemical or chromatographical means with sufficient precision and for a more modest price. In oenology the methods are essentially used for research. They have permitted the study of the combinations of sulphur anhydride in wines (measurement of cetonic acids). The determination of the isomeric nature of the lactic acid produced from sugars by lactic bacteria is based on their application; this determination is a criterium for the identification and classification of these microorganisms. The measurement of the lactic acid during vinification allows the early disclosure of the first effects of a bacterial development; inversely it permits the invalidation of the existence of a lactic sourness, which a high volatile acidity might point to. Lastly, the enzymatic measurement of gluconic acid allows the health of the crop to be controlled.", "contents": "[Enzymatic methods in the analysis of musts and wines]. The enzymatic methods are based on the property of the enzymes to catalyse specifically and reversibly the conversion of certain metabolites. These methods, developed thanks to the industrial preparation of enzymes, can be applied with no major modification to the analysis of drinks. About 15 constituants of musts and wines can now be determined by these methods. If their cost price was not relatively high, their specificity, sensitivity and rapidity would enable them to compete with the most precise of chemical methods. This is why they are only used in analytic oenology when chemical analysis is most specific enough or too laborious. Enzymatic measurement allows one by its specificity to determine the amount of residual sugar that is fermentable in a dry wine and by its sensitivity to verifie the total disappearance of the malic acid of the wine. Its rapidity must make it preferable to the long and not very specific chemical measurement, especially concerning the determination of citric acid. But glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid can be measured by chemical or chromatographical means with sufficient precision and for a more modest price. In oenology the methods are essentially used for research. They have permitted the study of the combinations of sulphur anhydride in wines (measurement of cetonic acids). The determination of the isomeric nature of the lactic acid produced from sugars by lactic bacteria is based on their application; this determination is a criterium for the identification and classification of these microorganisms. The measurement of the lactic acid during vinification allows the early disclosure of the first effects of a bacterial development; inversely it permits the invalidation of the existence of a lactic sourness, which a high volatile acidity might point to. Lastly, the enzymatic measurement of gluconic acid allows the health of the crop to be controlled.", "PMID": 754599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9705", "title": "[Analytic study of foaming agents in imported beers].", "content": "The French consumer expects a natural high-quality drink. It was therefore of interest to ascertain the quality of imported beers (they reached 2,440,000 hl in 1976, or 9.8 f. 100 of total sales) as well as how far their composition complies with present French legislation. Fifteen imported bottled beers were analyzed, from the following countries: West Germany, England, Belgium, Denmark, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. Attempts were first of all made to detect the presence in these beers of iron and cobalt, since both metals are recognized froth-improving agents. The search for cobalt produced negative results for all the beers. On the other hand we found that five of the 15 samples examined were questionable for their iron content (0.56--1.52 mg/l). We than looked for alginates in these imported beers, using a method comprising the following sequence of operations: concentration of the beer, dextrine hydrolysis, alginate precipitation at pH 5 by calcium chloride, treatment of the heated preparation with sodium hexametaphosphate, and colorimetric measurement at 670 nm with a reagent comprising orcinol, ferric sulfate and hydrochloric acid. In most of the 15 imported beers studied, the presence of alginates (up to 16.5 mg/l) was indisputable. The French consumer therefore has a right to expect the composition of foreign beers to comply with the French food laws, especially as regards the absence of frothing agents.", "contents": "[Analytic study of foaming agents in imported beers]. The French consumer expects a natural high-quality drink. It was therefore of interest to ascertain the quality of imported beers (they reached 2,440,000 hl in 1976, or 9.8 f. 100 of total sales) as well as how far their composition complies with present French legislation. Fifteen imported bottled beers were analyzed, from the following countries: West Germany, England, Belgium, Denmark, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. Attempts were first of all made to detect the presence in these beers of iron and cobalt, since both metals are recognized froth-improving agents. The search for cobalt produced negative results for all the beers. On the other hand we found that five of the 15 samples examined were questionable for their iron content (0.56--1.52 mg/l). We than looked for alginates in these imported beers, using a method comprising the following sequence of operations: concentration of the beer, dextrine hydrolysis, alginate precipitation at pH 5 by calcium chloride, treatment of the heated preparation with sodium hexametaphosphate, and colorimetric measurement at 670 nm with a reagent comprising orcinol, ferric sulfate and hydrochloric acid. In most of the 15 imported beers studied, the presence of alginates (up to 16.5 mg/l) was indisputable. The French consumer therefore has a right to expect the composition of foreign beers to comply with the French food laws, especially as regards the absence of frothing agents.", "PMID": 754601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9706", "title": "[Styrene migration into wine contained in polyester resin tanks].", "content": "The use of polyester resins in wine tanks manufacture or coating has widely spread during the past five years; this type of material has been and is still the source of organoleptic damage due to non polymerized sytrene migration into urine. Sytrene is a solvant often used in resin polymerization: it act as a reticulation agent of insaturated linear polyester. Polymerization at room temperature is allowed gy additives but has to be completed in warm air or in steam. An excess of styrene is often used for a polymerisation as complete as possible and remains on a free form. Then it migrates from the tank walls into the wine. For a better understanding of the styrene migration mechanism studies were performed on two levels: from small containers (4 l) kept in the laboratory and from tanks (30 hl) set up in an I.N.R.A. wine estate in all conditions usually realized in practice. Influence of time, temperature and alcohol content were studied. Styrene migration was interpreted as a diffusion phenomenom and styrene diffusion coefficients were calculated for several temperatures. Knowledge of these coefficients and of styrene content of the tank walls allow the prediction of a tank behaviour in time. Other substances that styrene were detected in wine and in tank walls, they are impurities either from resins like ethylbenzene, or from the catalyst like mesityl oxide. The lattest has never been mentioned in the litterature. From the results obtained it is possible to give some advices to manufacturers and users of polyester resin tanks, about the quality of raw materials, resins and additives along with the conditions carried and for their use and about the control of monomer styrene content in the walls of just manufactured tank.", "contents": "[Styrene migration into wine contained in polyester resin tanks]. The use of polyester resins in wine tanks manufacture or coating has widely spread during the past five years; this type of material has been and is still the source of organoleptic damage due to non polymerized sytrene migration into urine. Sytrene is a solvant often used in resin polymerization: it act as a reticulation agent of insaturated linear polyester. Polymerization at room temperature is allowed gy additives but has to be completed in warm air or in steam. An excess of styrene is often used for a polymerisation as complete as possible and remains on a free form. Then it migrates from the tank walls into the wine. For a better understanding of the styrene migration mechanism studies were performed on two levels: from small containers (4 l) kept in the laboratory and from tanks (30 hl) set up in an I.N.R.A. wine estate in all conditions usually realized in practice. Influence of time, temperature and alcohol content were studied. Styrene migration was interpreted as a diffusion phenomenom and styrene diffusion coefficients were calculated for several temperatures. Knowledge of these coefficients and of styrene content of the tank walls allow the prediction of a tank behaviour in time. Other substances that styrene were detected in wine and in tank walls, they are impurities either from resins like ethylbenzene, or from the catalyst like mesityl oxide. The lattest has never been mentioned in the litterature. From the results obtained it is possible to give some advices to manufacturers and users of polyester resin tanks, about the quality of raw materials, resins and additives along with the conditions carried and for their use and about the control of monomer styrene content in the walls of just manufactured tank.", "PMID": 754602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9707", "title": "[Use of the transmission electron microscope in the analysis of wine contamination by asbestos].", "content": "A method for assessing chrysotile asbestos fibers in wines is described. Particles are isolated from wines samples by means of microfiltration through Nuclepore membrane. Retained particles are entrapped in a carbon layer which is observed under a transmission electron microscope fitted with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Chrysotile fibers identification is based on the determination of three characteristics- namely, morphology, elemental composition and crystal structure. Fibers are counted and measured (length and diameter) on an aliquot of the preparation area: numerical concentrations and their statistical significance are calculated. Several factors affect the accuracy and precision of this method. The feasibility for numerous laboratories to use this method is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the transmission electron microscope in the analysis of wine contamination by asbestos]. A method for assessing chrysotile asbestos fibers in wines is described. Particles are isolated from wines samples by means of microfiltration through Nuclepore membrane. Retained particles are entrapped in a carbon layer which is observed under a transmission electron microscope fitted with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Chrysotile fibers identification is based on the determination of three characteristics- namely, morphology, elemental composition and crystal structure. Fibers are counted and measured (length and diameter) on an aliquot of the preparation area: numerical concentrations and their statistical significance are calculated. Several factors affect the accuracy and precision of this method. The feasibility for numerous laboratories to use this method is discussed.", "PMID": 754603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9708", "title": "[Connective tissue diseases with cutaneous manifestation (author's transl)].", "content": "Connective tissue disorders affecting skin can be inherited or acquired and might result from an alteration of structure, function or metabolism of the constitutive elements of the supporting matrix. Collagen, the protein building the fibrous framework of the dermis, is considered as an example in understanding such a pathology at the molecular level. The molecular structure, the polymerizing capacity and the degradation of this large protein depends upon the activity of several specific post-transcriptional enzymes operating inside or outside of the cells. Pathology is known to be associated with an altered activity of most of these enzymes. Several pathological skin conditions are defined at the level of their molecular defect as in several types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta. Menkes' kinky hair disease, epidermolysis bullosa and scurvy. A similar molecular pathogenesis can be logically hypothesized for various other processes involving connective tissue as in scleroderma, pretibial myxoedema, cheloids, Werner syndrome, aging and corticosteroid induced atrophy.", "contents": "[Connective tissue diseases with cutaneous manifestation (author's transl)]. Connective tissue disorders affecting skin can be inherited or acquired and might result from an alteration of structure, function or metabolism of the constitutive elements of the supporting matrix. Collagen, the protein building the fibrous framework of the dermis, is considered as an example in understanding such a pathology at the molecular level. The molecular structure, the polymerizing capacity and the degradation of this large protein depends upon the activity of several specific post-transcriptional enzymes operating inside or outside of the cells. Pathology is known to be associated with an altered activity of most of these enzymes. Several pathological skin conditions are defined at the level of their molecular defect as in several types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta. Menkes' kinky hair disease, epidermolysis bullosa and scurvy. A similar molecular pathogenesis can be logically hypothesized for various other processes involving connective tissue as in scleroderma, pretibial myxoedema, cheloids, Werner syndrome, aging and corticosteroid induced atrophy.", "PMID": 754606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9709", "title": "[Cutaneous metastases in digestive cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "Cutaneous metastases are seldom encountered in digestive cancers. The mechanism of their formation explains their low rate. The metastases spread mainly by the lymphatic system (especially in diffuse, spotty or pseudo-elephantiasic forms and in regional forms), however numerous lymph node filters found through out the lymphatic system limit the progression of neoplasic cells. On the contrary, metastases most often spread by retrograde involvement due to blocking of the lymphatic system. As for hematogenous metastases (generalized nodular forms or aberrant localizations), they are observed even less frequently than lymphatic ones; metastatic embolisms may effectively become blocked in capillaries, especially in the lungs and the liver, which constitutes a double barrier before the skin may be involved.", "contents": "[Cutaneous metastases in digestive cancers (author's transl)]. Cutaneous metastases are seldom encountered in digestive cancers. The mechanism of their formation explains their low rate. The metastases spread mainly by the lymphatic system (especially in diffuse, spotty or pseudo-elephantiasic forms and in regional forms), however numerous lymph node filters found through out the lymphatic system limit the progression of neoplasic cells. On the contrary, metastases most often spread by retrograde involvement due to blocking of the lymphatic system. As for hematogenous metastases (generalized nodular forms or aberrant localizations), they are observed even less frequently than lymphatic ones; metastatic embolisms may effectively become blocked in capillaries, especially in the lungs and the liver, which constitutes a double barrier before the skin may be involved.", "PMID": 754607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9710", "title": "[Pilar dysplasies studied in polarized light. An attempt to actualize nomenclature (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of congenital hair defects can be made with many methods among which the examination of the hair shaft under polarized light is the most interesting. This scientific, precise and complete method bring the third dimension, allows one to see the slightest structural abnormalities of hair, to make a revision of the classical nomenclature, and should become the routine method for hair examination. We present the principles, the technique and the results.", "contents": "[Pilar dysplasies studied in polarized light. An attempt to actualize nomenclature (author's transl)]. The study of congenital hair defects can be made with many methods among which the examination of the hair shaft under polarized light is the most interesting. This scientific, precise and complete method bring the third dimension, allows one to see the slightest structural abnormalities of hair, to make a revision of the classical nomenclature, and should become the routine method for hair examination. We present the principles, the technique and the results.", "PMID": 754608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9711", "title": "[Repigmentation of vitiligo induced by oral photochemotherapy. Histoenzymological and ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied by histoenzymology and electron microscopy, repigmentation induced by oral photochemotherapy (8-MOP-UVA) in 4 patients with vitiligo. The presence of hypertrophic melanocytes was demonstrated in the middle and deep portions of certain centre of islands of repigmentation. Melanocytes comparable to these were also observed in the epidermis of the peripheral collerette in the island of repigmentation. No melanocytic mitosis could be seen in the repigmenting epidermis. Ultrastructural study showed that the melanocytes of the repigmented zones were hyperactive. The melanosomes which they synthesize have a slightly larger size than the melanosomes of the neighbouring healthy skin. Their mode of intrakeratinocyte grouping was not altered. These results suggest that the origin of the melanocytes which repigment the vitiliginous epidermis under the influence of PUVA derives probably from a melanocytic reservoir localized in the hair follicle.", "contents": "[Repigmentation of vitiligo induced by oral photochemotherapy. Histoenzymological and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. The authors studied by histoenzymology and electron microscopy, repigmentation induced by oral photochemotherapy (8-MOP-UVA) in 4 patients with vitiligo. The presence of hypertrophic melanocytes was demonstrated in the middle and deep portions of certain centre of islands of repigmentation. Melanocytes comparable to these were also observed in the epidermis of the peripheral collerette in the island of repigmentation. No melanocytic mitosis could be seen in the repigmenting epidermis. Ultrastructural study showed that the melanocytes of the repigmented zones were hyperactive. The melanosomes which they synthesize have a slightly larger size than the melanosomes of the neighbouring healthy skin. Their mode of intrakeratinocyte grouping was not altered. These results suggest that the origin of the melanocytes which repigment the vitiliginous epidermis under the influence of PUVA derives probably from a melanocytic reservoir localized in the hair follicle.", "PMID": 754609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9712", "title": "[Multifocal fibrosclerosis (retroperitoneal, mediastinal, mesenteric and pelvic involvement) associated with vasculitis and revealed by a livedo: clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural study in a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 22-year-old male patient was seen with vasculitis and subcutaneous nodules on arms and legs. Discret thoracic venous dilations were noticed and venography demonstrated obstruction of the superior vena cava. Clinical and biological examination, roentgenograms revealed no sign of immunological disease but led to the diagnosis of mediastinal and retroperitoneal idiopathic fibrosis. No drug could be incriminated. Right hydronephrosis obliged to a surgical bilateral ureterolysis combined with systemic steroid therapy. Histological and ultrastructural examinations on retroperitoneal biopsies showed dense collagenous fibrosis, with vasculitis. Perivascular infiltrate was mainly composed of extravased erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Fibrin deposits were seen around implicated vessels. Direct immunofluorescence investigations were negative. These morphological features seem to be in agreement with the physiopathological hypothesis of sclerosis. No retroperitoneal or mediastinal fibrosis extension occurred three years after surgical procedure, and under corticosteroid therapy. Similar vasculitis with mediastinal and retroperitoneal idiopathic fibrosis have previously been reported in only one case by R. W. Carton and R. Wrong. Multifocal fibrosclerosis is the generic term currently used, since Comings  et al. (1967), to describe a group of fibrosing conditions which affect separate organ systems. Findings suggest that retroperitoneal fibrois, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Riedel's thyroiditis and pseudotumors of the orbit may be different manifestations of a single disease whose pathogenesis remains obscure.", "contents": "[Multifocal fibrosclerosis (retroperitoneal, mediastinal, mesenteric and pelvic involvement) associated with vasculitis and revealed by a livedo: clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural study in a case (author's transl)]. A 22-year-old male patient was seen with vasculitis and subcutaneous nodules on arms and legs. Discret thoracic venous dilations were noticed and venography demonstrated obstruction of the superior vena cava. Clinical and biological examination, roentgenograms revealed no sign of immunological disease but led to the diagnosis of mediastinal and retroperitoneal idiopathic fibrosis. No drug could be incriminated. Right hydronephrosis obliged to a surgical bilateral ureterolysis combined with systemic steroid therapy. Histological and ultrastructural examinations on retroperitoneal biopsies showed dense collagenous fibrosis, with vasculitis. Perivascular infiltrate was mainly composed of extravased erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Fibrin deposits were seen around implicated vessels. Direct immunofluorescence investigations were negative. These morphological features seem to be in agreement with the physiopathological hypothesis of sclerosis. No retroperitoneal or mediastinal fibrosis extension occurred three years after surgical procedure, and under corticosteroid therapy. Similar vasculitis with mediastinal and retroperitoneal idiopathic fibrosis have previously been reported in only one case by R. W. Carton and R. Wrong. Multifocal fibrosclerosis is the generic term currently used, since Comings  et al. (1967), to describe a group of fibrosing conditions which affect separate organ systems. Findings suggest that retroperitoneal fibrois, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Riedel's thyroiditis and pseudotumors of the orbit may be different manifestations of a single disease whose pathogenesis remains obscure.", "PMID": 754610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9713", "title": "[Study of the larval stages of Monogenea of fishes (author's transl)].", "content": "The ciliate cells and the oncomiracidial chetotaxy of the following species are described: Among the Polyopisthocotylea : Gastrocotyle trachurii Van Bneden and Hesse, 1863, Gastrocotylidae, parasite of Trachurus trachurus (L.); Cyclocotyla bellones (Otto, 1821), Diclidophoradae, living on the Cymothoides Isopods of Sparidae : Boops boops (L.) and Spicara maena (L.) ; Mazocraes sp., Mazocraeidae, parasite of Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1841). Among the Monopisthocotylea : Ligophorus vanbenedeni (Parona and Perugia, 1890) and Onchocleidus principalis (Mizelle, 1936), Ancyrocephalidae, from Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) and Micropterus salmo\u00efdes (Lacep\u00e8de, 1802) respectively ; Furnistinia echeneis (Wagener, 1857), Diplectanidae, from Sparus aurata L. ; Calceostomella inerme (Parona and Perugia, 1889) Calceostomatidae, from Umbrina cirrhosa (L.) ; Calicotyl kr\u00f6yeri Diesing, 1850, Monocotylidae, cloacal parasite of Raja clavata L. Results confirm the unity of the Polyopisthocotylea concerned. Among the Monopisthocotylea, a similar unity is recorded for the Dactylogyro\u00efdea to which the Calceostomatidae have to be related. The oncomiracidial chetotaxy of Calicotyl kr\u00f6yeri (Monocotylidae) is very close to that of the Dactylogyro\u00efdea larvae and highly differs from that of the Capsalidae.", "contents": "[Study of the larval stages of Monogenea of fishes (author's transl)]. The ciliate cells and the oncomiracidial chetotaxy of the following species are described: Among the Polyopisthocotylea : Gastrocotyle trachurii Van Bneden and Hesse, 1863, Gastrocotylidae, parasite of Trachurus trachurus (L.); Cyclocotyla bellones (Otto, 1821), Diclidophoradae, living on the Cymothoides Isopods of Sparidae : Boops boops (L.) and Spicara maena (L.) ; Mazocraes sp., Mazocraeidae, parasite of Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1841). Among the Monopisthocotylea : Ligophorus vanbenedeni (Parona and Perugia, 1890) and Onchocleidus principalis (Mizelle, 1936), Ancyrocephalidae, from Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) and Micropterus salmo\u00efdes (Lacep\u00e8de, 1802) respectively ; Furnistinia echeneis (Wagener, 1857), Diplectanidae, from Sparus aurata L. ; Calceostomella inerme (Parona and Perugia, 1889) Calceostomatidae, from Umbrina cirrhosa (L.) ; Calicotyl kr\u00f6yeri Diesing, 1850, Monocotylidae, cloacal parasite of Raja clavata L. Results confirm the unity of the Polyopisthocotylea concerned. Among the Monopisthocotylea, a similar unity is recorded for the Dactylogyro\u00efdea to which the Calceostomatidae have to be related. The oncomiracidial chetotaxy of Calicotyl kr\u00f6yeri (Monocotylidae) is very close to that of the Dactylogyro\u00efdea larvae and highly differs from that of the Capsalidae.", "PMID": 754614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9714", "title": "[Life-cycle of Renicola lari J. Timon-David, 1933 (Trematoda, Renicolidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with life-cycle of Renicola lari J. Timon-David, 1933. Description and illustration are given. Sporocyst development occurs inside the visceral mass of Cerithium mediterraneum and C. Rupestre (Mollusca Prosobranchia). Cercariae are planktonic; they are swallowed up by the second intermediate host, Atherina hepsetus and A. boyeri (Teleostean fishes). Cercariae perforate intestine wall. Metacercariae are encysted in liver. Adult flukes have been recovered in kidneys of uninfected Larus argentatus and L. ridibundus after exerimental contamination with naturally infected fishes. Cercariae of Renicola lari differ from Plagiorchid type cercariae by the following characters : stylet lacking ; very large excretory bladder ; they develop into metacercariae in fishes. Cercariae of R. lari seem to Rhodometope type cercariae ; they have the same excretory bladder. Cercariae of R. lari differ from Rhodometope cercariae in lacking fins on their tail.", "contents": "[Life-cycle of Renicola lari J. Timon-David, 1933 (Trematoda, Renicolidae) (author's transl)]. This paper deals with life-cycle of Renicola lari J. Timon-David, 1933. Description and illustration are given. Sporocyst development occurs inside the visceral mass of Cerithium mediterraneum and C. Rupestre (Mollusca Prosobranchia). Cercariae are planktonic; they are swallowed up by the second intermediate host, Atherina hepsetus and A. boyeri (Teleostean fishes). Cercariae perforate intestine wall. Metacercariae are encysted in liver. Adult flukes have been recovered in kidneys of uninfected Larus argentatus and L. ridibundus after exerimental contamination with naturally infected fishes. Cercariae of Renicola lari differ from Plagiorchid type cercariae by the following characters : stylet lacking ; very large excretory bladder ; they develop into metacercariae in fishes. Cercariae of R. lari seem to Rhodometope type cercariae ; they have the same excretory bladder. Cercariae of R. lari differ from Rhodometope cercariae in lacking fins on their tail.", "PMID": 754615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9715", "title": "[Geographical distribution of the cercariae parasites of the molluscs belonging to the genus Hydrobia in France (author's transl)].", "content": "The author lists forty eight different species of larval digenean trematodes, observed in 20,000 molluscs belonging to the genus Hydrobia (H. ulvae, H. acuta and H. ventrosa). These hosts were examined from twelve different salt marshes and estuaries around the coasts of France (seven on the Channel, three on the Atlantic Ocean and two on the Mediterranean sea). The collections were made in fifteen sites from 1973 to 1977. The list of the species of larval trematodes found in each site is shown in fifteen tables. These one sum up the prevalence of parasitism in each population of molluscs collected and at times its incidence over a period of two years or more.", "contents": "[Geographical distribution of the cercariae parasites of the molluscs belonging to the genus Hydrobia in France (author's transl)]. The author lists forty eight different species of larval digenean trematodes, observed in 20,000 molluscs belonging to the genus Hydrobia (H. ulvae, H. acuta and H. ventrosa). These hosts were examined from twelve different salt marshes and estuaries around the coasts of France (seven on the Channel, three on the Atlantic Ocean and two on the Mediterranean sea). The collections were made in fifteen sites from 1973 to 1977. The list of the species of larval trematodes found in each site is shown in fifteen tables. These one sum up the prevalence of parasitism in each population of molluscs collected and at times its incidence over a period of two years or more.", "PMID": 754616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9716", "title": "[Chaetotaxy of cercariae of two Microphallid Trematodes, Microphallus gracilis Baer, 1943 and Maritrema pyrenaica Deblock and Combes, 1965 parasiting Neomys fodiens (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of papillae on the cercariae of Microphallus gracilis and Maritrema pyrenaica parasites of Neomys fodiens is studied. The comparison between several cercariae of Microphallidae parasites of Birds had allowed to separate the ciliary characters of the two genera Microphallus and Maritrema. The ciliary characters of the two cercariae parasites of Mammals described in this paper, and those previously pointed out in Microphallidae of Birds are identical.", "contents": "[Chaetotaxy of cercariae of two Microphallid Trematodes, Microphallus gracilis Baer, 1943 and Maritrema pyrenaica Deblock and Combes, 1965 parasiting Neomys fodiens (author's transl)]. The distribution of papillae on the cercariae of Microphallus gracilis and Maritrema pyrenaica parasites of Neomys fodiens is studied. The comparison between several cercariae of Microphallidae parasites of Birds had allowed to separate the ciliary characters of the two genera Microphallus and Maritrema. The ciliary characters of the two cercariae parasites of Mammals described in this paper, and those previously pointed out in Microphallidae of Birds are identical.", "PMID": 754618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9717", "title": "[A comparative study of excretory and sensory apparatus of two cercariae of Diplodiscus parasites of European and African Amphibians (Trematoda, Diploidiscidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative study of the excretory system provides new data on the number of flame cells of two cercariae of Diplodiscus from Poland and Togo but does not allow to distinguish them. On the other hand, the comparison of the superficial sensory apparatus shows significant differences. The cercariae from Togo differ from these of Poland by a much lower number of all the cephalic papillae and papillae of cycle Cv, a higher number of acetabular papillae, and the presence of 9 to 12 pairs of dorsal papillae in the median part of the tail. Therefore the African Diplodicus is not D. subclavatus. We identify it as D. fischthalicus.", "contents": "[A comparative study of excretory and sensory apparatus of two cercariae of Diplodiscus parasites of European and African Amphibians (Trematoda, Diploidiscidae) (author's transl)]. The comparative study of the excretory system provides new data on the number of flame cells of two cercariae of Diplodiscus from Poland and Togo but does not allow to distinguish them. On the other hand, the comparison of the superficial sensory apparatus shows significant differences. The cercariae from Togo differ from these of Poland by a much lower number of all the cephalic papillae and papillae of cycle Cv, a higher number of acetabular papillae, and the presence of 9 to 12 pairs of dorsal papillae in the median part of the tail. Therefore the African Diplodicus is not D. subclavatus. We identify it as D. fischthalicus.", "PMID": 754617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9718", "title": "[The water-cress pools in connection with cases of human fasciolasis in Limousin, France. Experimental studies of Trematode snails and their biological control (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental studies on 16 water-cress pools with cases of human fasciolasis in Limousin were undertaken. Two species of snails, Lymnaea glabra and L. truncatula are here trematode hosts. L. glabra alone lives in 5 pools. The introduction of Zonitoides nitidus -- predatory snail -- without vegetation modification produces a progressive elimination of Lymnaea in 3 years. The author insists on the use of determine the trematode host-aptitude of L. glabra and its limits when the two species -- L. glabra and L. truncatula -- live in the same habitats.", "contents": "[The water-cress pools in connection with cases of human fasciolasis in Limousin, France. Experimental studies of Trematode snails and their biological control (author's transl)]. Experimental studies on 16 water-cress pools with cases of human fasciolasis in Limousin were undertaken. Two species of snails, Lymnaea glabra and L. truncatula are here trematode hosts. L. glabra alone lives in 5 pools. The introduction of Zonitoides nitidus -- predatory snail -- without vegetation modification produces a progressive elimination of Lymnaea in 3 years. The author insists on the use of determine the trematode host-aptitude of L. glabra and its limits when the two species -- L. glabra and L. truncatula -- live in the same habitats.", "PMID": 754620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9719", "title": "[The filaria Dipetalonema dessetae: phenomena of regulation and parasite yield in the Aedes vector].", "content": "Numerical observations were made on the various steps of the cycle of Dipetalonema dessetae in Aedes aegypti: -- ingestion of microfilariae: the numbers of the ingested microfilariae correspond to a negative binomial distribution, but the over-dispersion is less important than in the Bancroft's filaria as observed by Pichon; in this last case the microfilariae are thicker and thus are more slowed in the capillari; -- crossing of the stomach wall: the \"limitation\" is caused by a precociously established stomacal barrier (2nd hour); however, this barrier is not perfect and allows some microfilariae to infiltrate; -- larval development and migration towards the head: in the well fed mosquitoes, all the microfilariae in the hemocoel reach the infective stage, but less rapidly in the heavily infected mosquitoes; 50 per cent of the microfilariae migrate towards the head, not depending with the level of infection. In this couple filaria-vector, the regulation of the transmission is depending nearly exclusively with the stomacal \"limitation\" and secondarily with different speeds of the development. The feeding of the mosquito -- preimago or adult -- is an essential factor for vector efficiency.", "contents": "[The filaria Dipetalonema dessetae: phenomena of regulation and parasite yield in the Aedes vector]. Numerical observations were made on the various steps of the cycle of Dipetalonema dessetae in Aedes aegypti: -- ingestion of microfilariae: the numbers of the ingested microfilariae correspond to a negative binomial distribution, but the over-dispersion is less important than in the Bancroft's filaria as observed by Pichon; in this last case the microfilariae are thicker and thus are more slowed in the capillari; -- crossing of the stomach wall: the \"limitation\" is caused by a precociously established stomacal barrier (2nd hour); however, this barrier is not perfect and allows some microfilariae to infiltrate; -- larval development and migration towards the head: in the well fed mosquitoes, all the microfilariae in the hemocoel reach the infective stage, but less rapidly in the heavily infected mosquitoes; 50 per cent of the microfilariae migrate towards the head, not depending with the level of infection. In this couple filaria-vector, the regulation of the transmission is depending nearly exclusively with the stomacal \"limitation\" and secondarily with different speeds of the development. The feeding of the mosquito -- preimago or adult -- is an essential factor for vector efficiency.", "PMID": 754621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9720", "title": "[Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bergerardi n. sp. (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). New species in the Popular Republic of Congo (author's transl)].", "content": "Sergentomyia bergerardi, new species collected in the Mayombe forest in the People's Republic of the Congo, is described from two male specimens. This sand fly belongs to the subgenus Sergentomyia and is differenciated from other species of this subgenus from the length of antennal segment III and cibarial armature.", "contents": "[Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bergerardi n. sp. (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). New species in the Popular Republic of Congo (author's transl)]. Sergentomyia bergerardi, new species collected in the Mayombe forest in the People's Republic of the Congo, is described from two male specimens. This sand fly belongs to the subgenus Sergentomyia and is differenciated from other species of this subgenus from the length of antennal segment III and cibarial armature.", "PMID": 754624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9721", "title": "[Chaetotaxic variations of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni according to the adaptation to Muridae. Experimental and epidemiological data in Guadeloupe (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"miracidial chaetotaxic index\" of a human strain of Schistosoma mansoni from West-Africa displays an abrupt decrease following three first transmissions Biomphalaria pfeifferi, white mouse. Then it increases gradually up to a new balance. The value of the index permits to estimate the human or murine characteristic of the natural infections in Guadeloupe. According to stations the index of miracidia issued from rats is widely different. Stations where both rat and man are infected show strong differences from a station where infection seems exclusively murine (Grand-Etang). Results agree with these concerning cercariae. Possibility of intervention of murine strains infecting man in Guadeloupe and apt to cause an especially severe bilharziasis is called up.", "contents": "[Chaetotaxic variations of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni according to the adaptation to Muridae. Experimental and epidemiological data in Guadeloupe (author's transl)]. The \"miracidial chaetotaxic index\" of a human strain of Schistosoma mansoni from West-Africa displays an abrupt decrease following three first transmissions Biomphalaria pfeifferi, white mouse. Then it increases gradually up to a new balance. The value of the index permits to estimate the human or murine characteristic of the natural infections in Guadeloupe. According to stations the index of miracidia issued from rats is widely different. Stations where both rat and man are infected show strong differences from a station where infection seems exclusively murine (Grand-Etang). Results agree with these concerning cercariae. Possibility of intervention of murine strains infecting man in Guadeloupe and apt to cause an especially severe bilharziasis is called up.", "PMID": 754619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9722", "title": "[The phlebotomines of Tunisia (Diptera-Phlebotominae). A revision of the systematics, distribution and behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a revision of the systematics, distribution and ethology of the phlebotomine sandflies of Tunisia. They present a dichotomous key for 15 taxa. A biogeographical analysis shows the connexion between foci of visceral leishmaniasis and the zones of distribution of the subgenus Larroussius.", "contents": "[The phlebotomines of Tunisia (Diptera-Phlebotominae). A revision of the systematics, distribution and behaviour (author's transl)]. The authors present a revision of the systematics, distribution and ethology of the phlebotomine sandflies of Tunisia. They present a dichotomous key for 15 taxa. A biogeographical analysis shows the connexion between foci of visceral leishmaniasis and the zones of distribution of the subgenus Larroussius.", "PMID": 754625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9723", "title": "[Ecological study of Pyroglyphides mites in house dust in the Grenoble area. A qualitative approach and incidence of various parameters: seasons, altitude, temperature and relative dampness in their multiplication].", "content": "This study concerns the analysis of 70 samples of dust mites taken periodically from 13 sample areas or mattresses at different altitudes. It shows the presence of Pyroglyphid mites in all the mattresses studied. Four species were found: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Dermatophagoides evansi. From a quantitative point of view, the statistical analysis of the results obtained allows the following conclusions to be drawn: -- All the Pyroglyphids (adults and young) undergo seasonal fluctuations at low, middle and high altitude. In the plains and at middle altitude these mites have a seasonal maximum and minimum. At high altitude only the seasonal maximum can be determined. -- The number of Pyroglyphids found is much higher in the plaine than at middle altitude and at middle altitude than at high altitude. The influence of altitude can be demonstrated with certitude. -- The conditions of temperature and relative dampness most favourable to the multiplication of mites are found in the plaine. At middle and high altitude these conditions are only met in summer. In flat country the statistical analysis allows us to show the existance of a correlation between the rate of dampness and the number of Pyroglyphids, and more specially, between the dampness rate and Dermatophagoides farinae, a predominant species at this sampling area. At middle and high altitude such a correlation cannot be shown clearly. At the three altitudes considered, no correlation can be established between the temperature and the number of Pyroglyphid mites found.", "contents": "[Ecological study of Pyroglyphides mites in house dust in the Grenoble area. A qualitative approach and incidence of various parameters: seasons, altitude, temperature and relative dampness in their multiplication]. This study concerns the analysis of 70 samples of dust mites taken periodically from 13 sample areas or mattresses at different altitudes. It shows the presence of Pyroglyphid mites in all the mattresses studied. Four species were found: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Dermatophagoides evansi. From a quantitative point of view, the statistical analysis of the results obtained allows the following conclusions to be drawn: -- All the Pyroglyphids (adults and young) undergo seasonal fluctuations at low, middle and high altitude. In the plains and at middle altitude these mites have a seasonal maximum and minimum. At high altitude only the seasonal maximum can be determined. -- The number of Pyroglyphids found is much higher in the plaine than at middle altitude and at middle altitude than at high altitude. The influence of altitude can be demonstrated with certitude. -- The conditions of temperature and relative dampness most favourable to the multiplication of mites are found in the plaine. At middle and high altitude these conditions are only met in summer. In flat country the statistical analysis allows us to show the existance of a correlation between the rate of dampness and the number of Pyroglyphids, and more specially, between the dampness rate and Dermatophagoides farinae, a predominant species at this sampling area. At middle and high altitude such a correlation cannot be shown clearly. At the three altitudes considered, no correlation can be established between the temperature and the number of Pyroglyphid mites found.", "PMID": 754622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9724", "title": "[Synopsis of a four-year research on the \"maculipennis\" complex (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carry out during four summers a study of the \"maculipennis complex\" on the Languedoc-Roussillon coast line. They have determined three sibling species: Anopheles maculipennis subalpinus (very abundant, with an important eggs ornementation' poly-morphism), Anopheles maculipennis maculipennis (found only once in that region) and Anopheles maculipennis atroparvus found only the last year of our research.", "contents": "[Synopsis of a four-year research on the \"maculipennis\" complex (author's transl)]. The authors have carry out during four summers a study of the \"maculipennis complex\" on the Languedoc-Roussillon coast line. They have determined three sibling species: Anopheles maculipennis subalpinus (very abundant, with an important eggs ornementation' poly-morphism), Anopheles maculipennis maculipennis (found only once in that region) and Anopheles maculipennis atroparvus found only the last year of our research.", "PMID": 754626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9725", "title": "[Observations on the life cycle of O. ochengi in Simulium damnosum s.l. in Togo (author's transl)].", "content": "In the focus of human onchocerciasis in Togo (Mono River), the authors collected 250 Simulium damnosum s.l. engorged on a cow parasitized by O. dukei, O. ochengi, O. gutturosa and O. armillata. On 39 Simulium damnosum dissected 24 h after the blood meal, 5 had ingested O. gutturosa, 1 O. armillata, 18 O. dukei and 6 O. ochengi; only for O. ochengi, the microfilariae have reached the hemocoel (3. S. damnosum on 6). From 48 h to 5 days, 6 on 132 S. damnosum contained developing larvae (2 Simulium with young first stage larvae at 48th hour; 1 with young first stage at 3rd day; 1 with first molting at 4th day; 2 with second molting larvae at 5th day). From 6th to 9th days, 2 Simulium on 89 have infective stages. All these larvae cannot be distinguished from those of O. volvulus. A good presumption does exist that O. ochengi can develop in S. damnosum: crossing of the stomach wall only by these microfilariae, presence of larvae of which the development-stage corresponds to the moment of the blood-meal, observation of the second molting five days later. It is difficult to ascertain that the three infective stages observed from 6th to 9th day pertain to O. ochengi, because the presence of a natural (human or animal) infestation; but it appears quite impossible that larvae which can develop to the second molting cannot be transformed in an infective stage.", "contents": "[Observations on the life cycle of O. ochengi in Simulium damnosum s.l. in Togo (author's transl)]. In the focus of human onchocerciasis in Togo (Mono River), the authors collected 250 Simulium damnosum s.l. engorged on a cow parasitized by O. dukei, O. ochengi, O. gutturosa and O. armillata. On 39 Simulium damnosum dissected 24 h after the blood meal, 5 had ingested O. gutturosa, 1 O. armillata, 18 O. dukei and 6 O. ochengi; only for O. ochengi, the microfilariae have reached the hemocoel (3. S. damnosum on 6). From 48 h to 5 days, 6 on 132 S. damnosum contained developing larvae (2 Simulium with young first stage larvae at 48th hour; 1 with young first stage at 3rd day; 1 with first molting at 4th day; 2 with second molting larvae at 5th day). From 6th to 9th days, 2 Simulium on 89 have infective stages. All these larvae cannot be distinguished from those of O. volvulus. A good presumption does exist that O. ochengi can develop in S. damnosum: crossing of the stomach wall only by these microfilariae, presence of larvae of which the development-stage corresponds to the moment of the blood-meal, observation of the second molting five days later. It is difficult to ascertain that the three infective stages observed from 6th to 9th day pertain to O. ochengi, because the presence of a natural (human or animal) infestation; but it appears quite impossible that larvae which can develop to the second molting cannot be transformed in an infective stage.", "PMID": 754627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9726", "title": "[The Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera) from the Mayombe area in the Popular Republic of Congo (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen species and subspecies of Phlebotomine sandflies have been inventorized in the Mayombe forest in the People's Republic of the Congo. Nine of them are confined strictly to the rain forest; the others belong to secondary forest, clearing or savannah. We have drawn a comparison between the Phlebotomine fauna in the Mayombe and those existing in several other dense Congolense forests.", "contents": "[The Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera) from the Mayombe area in the Popular Republic of Congo (author's transl)]. Fifteen species and subspecies of Phlebotomine sandflies have been inventorized in the Mayombe forest in the People's Republic of the Congo. Nine of them are confined strictly to the rain forest; the others belong to secondary forest, clearing or savannah. We have drawn a comparison between the Phlebotomine fauna in the Mayombe and those existing in several other dense Congolense forests.", "PMID": 754623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9727", "title": "[Effect of hormones on the metabolism of the swine cell line IB-RS-2].", "content": "The biological actions of hydrocortisone and insulin on the growth of swine cell line IB-RS-2 were studied. The data obtained showed that hydrocortisone at 2, 4 and 8 x 10(-6) M inhibits cell growth. This effect is directly related to the hormone concentration and to the time of exposure of the cells to the hormone. This inhibitory effect was found to be related to the glucose added to the maintenance medium. On the other hand insulin at 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml increased cell growth and antagonized the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone. However at 500 ng/ml insulin inhibited cell growth and it was citotoxic.", "contents": "[Effect of hormones on the metabolism of the swine cell line IB-RS-2]. The biological actions of hydrocortisone and insulin on the growth of swine cell line IB-RS-2 were studied. The data obtained showed that hydrocortisone at 2, 4 and 8 x 10(-6) M inhibits cell growth. This effect is directly related to the hormone concentration and to the time of exposure of the cells to the hormone. This inhibitory effect was found to be related to the glucose added to the maintenance medium. On the other hand insulin at 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml increased cell growth and antagonized the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone. However at 500 ng/ml insulin inhibited cell growth and it was citotoxic.", "PMID": 754663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9728", "title": "[Effects of polyionic compounds on the metabolism of the swine cell line IB-RS-2].", "content": "The effects of polyons DEAE-dextran and dextran sulfate on IB-RS-2 cells were studied. DEAE-dextran (5 microgram/ml) inhibited cell growth and decreased the synthesis of proteins and RNA, while the synthesis of DNA remained essentially unchanged. Those effects depend on time of cell exposition to this compound. Dextran-sulfate (5 microgram/ml) increased cell growth, but inhibited protein synthesis and on a lesser extent the synthesis of RNA; those effects were seen 48 hours after the addition of Dextran-sulfate to the maintenance medium. The synthesis of DNA remained essentially unchanged.", "contents": "[Effects of polyionic compounds on the metabolism of the swine cell line IB-RS-2]. The effects of polyons DEAE-dextran and dextran sulfate on IB-RS-2 cells were studied. DEAE-dextran (5 microgram/ml) inhibited cell growth and decreased the synthesis of proteins and RNA, while the synthesis of DNA remained essentially unchanged. Those effects depend on time of cell exposition to this compound. Dextran-sulfate (5 microgram/ml) increased cell growth, but inhibited protein synthesis and on a lesser extent the synthesis of RNA; those effects were seen 48 hours after the addition of Dextran-sulfate to the maintenance medium. The synthesis of DNA remained essentially unchanged.", "PMID": 754668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9729", "title": "[Swine cell sublines with different ploidies. I. Karyotypic evolution].", "content": "Two swine kidney cell sublines, one of them IB-RS-10-I, with diploid level of chromosomes and the other, IB-RS-10-II, with tetraploid level, were studied as far as their morphology and karyotypic evolution was concerned. Both of them derived from the parental cell line after seven months in continuous culture and maintained in the same type of nutrient medium showed peculiar chromosome alterations for each subline, though in both sublines were observed losses of chromosomes belonging to the gruop GIV.", "contents": "[Swine cell sublines with different ploidies. I. Karyotypic evolution]. Two swine kidney cell sublines, one of them IB-RS-10-I, with diploid level of chromosomes and the other, IB-RS-10-II, with tetraploid level, were studied as far as their morphology and karyotypic evolution was concerned. Both of them derived from the parental cell line after seven months in continuous culture and maintained in the same type of nutrient medium showed peculiar chromosome alterations for each subline, though in both sublines were observed losses of chromosomes belonging to the gruop GIV.", "PMID": 754670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9730", "title": "Laboratory tests of the persistence of pesticides in two Brazilian soils.", "content": "The persistence of 5 insecticides in two soils, one rich (soil 1), the other poor (soil 2) in organic matter was examined in the laboratory using gas chromatographyc and radiometric techniques. About half DDT and aldrin were lost in 256 days. The other pesticides, in order of decreasing persistence were lindane, parathion (Table I) and malathion (Table II). Aldrin was converted to dieldrin faster in soil 1 than in soil 2. Parathion and lindane were both lost faster from soil 2 than from soil 1. In contrast, malathion was lost more slowly from soil 2 than soil 1, from which all disappeared in 4 days (Table II)", "contents": "Laboratory tests of the persistence of pesticides in two Brazilian soils. The persistence of 5 insecticides in two soils, one rich (soil 1), the other poor (soil 2) in organic matter was examined in the laboratory using gas chromatographyc and radiometric techniques. About half DDT and aldrin were lost in 256 days. The other pesticides, in order of decreasing persistence were lindane, parathion (Table I) and malathion (Table II). Aldrin was converted to dieldrin faster in soil 1 than in soil 2. Parathion and lindane were both lost faster from soil 2 than from soil 1. In contrast, malathion was lost more slowly from soil 2 than soil 1, from which all disappeared in 4 days (Table II)", "PMID": 754672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9731", "title": "[Anti-rabies vaccination. Comparative analysis of the responses of Flury Hep, Fuenzalida, and inactivated Flury Hep vaccines].", "content": "The authors verified the following: The FLURY HEP vaccine, with modified virus, confers a higher level of protection when applied by intracerebral route in laboratory animals. With an equal number of viral particles of FLURY HEP modified virus and fixed virus (FUENZALIDA type vaccine), inoculated intracerebrally and intramusculary, a better protection was obtained with the first kind of vaccine, specially by intracerebral route. These conditions suggest the possibility of replication of modified HEP virus in the cells of the central nervous system. The results show that the concentration of neutralizing antibodies in the serum is not the only responsable for protection, but suggests the possibility of factors or of cellular immunity acting in the animal's protection against rabies.", "contents": "[Anti-rabies vaccination. Comparative analysis of the responses of Flury Hep, Fuenzalida, and inactivated Flury Hep vaccines]. The authors verified the following: The FLURY HEP vaccine, with modified virus, confers a higher level of protection when applied by intracerebral route in laboratory animals. With an equal number of viral particles of FLURY HEP modified virus and fixed virus (FUENZALIDA type vaccine), inoculated intracerebrally and intramusculary, a better protection was obtained with the first kind of vaccine, specially by intracerebral route. These conditions suggest the possibility of replication of modified HEP virus in the cells of the central nervous system. The results show that the concentration of neutralizing antibodies in the serum is not the only responsable for protection, but suggests the possibility of factors or of cellular immunity acting in the animal's protection against rabies.", "PMID": 754669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9732", "title": "[Presence of virus-like particles in clonus C-13 and C-26-3 of swine cell line IB-RS-2].", "content": "Virus-like particles resembling those seen in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell cultures, CK-bovine cells, pig kidney cell lines PK-13 and IB-RS-2 have been found in the clones C-13 and C-26-3 of the cell line IB-RS-2. The particle's average outer diameter is c.85nm and the core is c.53nm", "contents": "[Presence of virus-like particles in clonus C-13 and C-26-3 of swine cell line IB-RS-2]. Virus-like particles resembling those seen in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell cultures, CK-bovine cells, pig kidney cell lines PK-13 and IB-RS-2 have been found in the clones C-13 and C-26-3 of the cell line IB-RS-2. The particle's average outer diameter is c.85nm and the core is c.53nm", "PMID": 754673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9733", "title": "[Changes in the electrophoretic proteinogram of calves with experimental helminthiasis].", "content": "Ten cross-bred calves (Holstein x Zebu) were infected with helmintics larvae. Three female calves had 4 to 5 months and 7 male calves, 4 to 7 months of age. Of the larvae given to them, 1720 were Cooperia sp., 1560 Oesophagostomum sp. and 720 were Haemonchus sp. This experiment was projected to study the changes in serum proteins, namely the total one and particulary its fractions: Albumin and the alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma globulins. Before infection and after it 54 days, with 6 day intervals, the animals were bled for making the respective examination. The results were as follows low percentage of protein and albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta e gamma globulins, as well as the ratio albumin/globulin were practically unchanged. The data were statistilly analysed.", "contents": "[Changes in the electrophoretic proteinogram of calves with experimental helminthiasis]. Ten cross-bred calves (Holstein x Zebu) were infected with helmintics larvae. Three female calves had 4 to 5 months and 7 male calves, 4 to 7 months of age. Of the larvae given to them, 1720 were Cooperia sp., 1560 Oesophagostomum sp. and 720 were Haemonchus sp. This experiment was projected to study the changes in serum proteins, namely the total one and particulary its fractions: Albumin and the alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma globulins. Before infection and after it 54 days, with 6 day intervals, the animals were bled for making the respective examination. The results were as follows low percentage of protein and albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta e gamma globulins, as well as the ratio albumin/globulin were practically unchanged. The data were statistilly analysed.", "PMID": 754671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9734", "title": "Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs III. Influence of salt concentration during isolation on the amount and composition of the apoproteins.", "content": "When the major lipoprotein of hen's eggs was prepared by centrifuging yolk in salt solutions, the ionic strength affected the apoprotein mixture. At high salt concentrations (ionic strength above about 2) more protein was present in the lipoprotein than at lower ionic strength. The extra protein was not removed by subsequently lowering the ionic strength. This extra protein consisted largely of proteins of high molecular weight, including, according to electrophoresis, gamma-livetin from the aqueous phase of yolk.", "contents": "Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs III. Influence of salt concentration during isolation on the amount and composition of the apoproteins. When the major lipoprotein of hen's eggs was prepared by centrifuging yolk in salt solutions, the ionic strength affected the apoprotein mixture. At high salt concentrations (ionic strength above about 2) more protein was present in the lipoprotein than at lower ionic strength. The extra protein was not removed by subsequently lowering the ionic strength. This extra protein consisted largely of proteins of high molecular weight, including, according to electrophoresis, gamma-livetin from the aqueous phase of yolk.", "PMID": 754680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9735", "title": "The effect of semi-starvation on the digestibility of food in young adult female rats.", "content": "The apparent digestibilities of organic matter, protein, lipid and carbohydrate of a laboratory chow were determined in young adult female rats fed ad libitum, after losing 40-50% body weight and prolonging the loss for up to 15 weeks, and while recovering the lost body weight during a second period of ad libitum food intake. During deprivation the animals increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein but there was no significant change in digestibility coefficients of lipid or carbohydrate in relation to treatments. When food was again offered ad libitum to the deprived animals they ate large amounts compared with their body weights but normal amounts when compared with their age peers. Apparent crude protein digestibility immediately returned to pre-deprivation values. No impairment of ability to ingest and digest quantities of food relative to age was detected.", "contents": "The effect of semi-starvation on the digestibility of food in young adult female rats. The apparent digestibilities of organic matter, protein, lipid and carbohydrate of a laboratory chow were determined in young adult female rats fed ad libitum, after losing 40-50% body weight and prolonging the loss for up to 15 weeks, and while recovering the lost body weight during a second period of ad libitum food intake. During deprivation the animals increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein but there was no significant change in digestibility coefficients of lipid or carbohydrate in relation to treatments. When food was again offered ad libitum to the deprived animals they ate large amounts compared with their body weights but normal amounts when compared with their age peers. Apparent crude protein digestibility immediately returned to pre-deprivation values. No impairment of ability to ingest and digest quantities of food relative to age was detected.", "PMID": 754681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9736", "title": "[Swine cell sublines with different ploidies. II. Kinetics of population growth].", "content": "The growth rate and the protein level of two swine cell sublines, one of them with a diploid and the other with a tetraploied level of chromosomes, were studied during 96 hours at 37--38 degrees C. Both of them showed similar growth rates, although the cell number of the diploid cell subline had been higher than the tetraploid cell subline on the first observation at 24 hours. On the other hand the diploid cell subline showed lower protein level than the tetraploid cell subline.", "contents": "[Swine cell sublines with different ploidies. II. Kinetics of population growth]. The growth rate and the protein level of two swine cell sublines, one of them with a diploid and the other with a tetraploied level of chromosomes, were studied during 96 hours at 37--38 degrees C. Both of them showed similar growth rates, although the cell number of the diploid cell subline had been higher than the tetraploid cell subline on the first observation at 24 hours. On the other hand the diploid cell subline showed lower protein level than the tetraploid cell subline.", "PMID": 754676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9737", "title": "The administration of flumethasone, by three different routes, its measurement in the plasma and some effects on wool growth in Merino wethers.", "content": "Flumethasone was given to Merino wethers weighing 30-50 kg at rates of 0.62-1.35 mg/kg(0.75) by intravenous (experiments 1 and 2), intraruminal (experiment 4) and subcutaneous (experiment 5) routes over 8 days. In experiment 3, 1.2 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) was given intravenously over 4, 5 or 6 days. The plasma concentration profiles showed concentrations in the order: intravenous greater than subcutaneous greater than intraruminal. Plasma concentration patterns usually were highest during the first 48 h of infusion followed by relatively stable values. This last feature was not evident in experiments when the rate of hormone infusion was increased. Estimates of the metabolic clearance rates for flumethasone in experiments 1, 2 and 5 were 200-700 ml/min during the equilibrium concentration periods. The effects of flumethasone on some aspects of wool growth revealed interactions between the routes of administration, the period of dosage and the rate of wool growth in the recipients. In experiments 1 and 2 intravenous infusion of 1.20-1.33 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) caused the shedding of all wool fibres about 30 days after treatment. Some effects of dosing sheep with flumethasone at a time when wool growth was decreasing were also observed in experiment 2. Flumethasone given at a rate of 1.2 mg/kg(0.75) over 4, 5 or 6 days caused the shedding of only some wool fibres which were firmly retained on the sheep by the continuous fibres. Intraruminal and subcutaneous infusions of 0.62-1.35 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) had similar results to the last in the majority of animals although in a few cases no discontinuity of wool fibres was observed. Recovery in wool growth was observed after treatment. Animals regained their pretreatment wool growth in experiments 1, 4 and 5 by 60 days after treatment and probably equalled at that time wool growth in controls. Recovery was retarded in some individuals in experiment 2 and in some groups in experiment 3. In experiment 1, 21 days wool growth was estimated to have been lost. Some aspects of complete versus partial shedding of wool fibres are discussed particularly with reference to wool harvesting. Some similarities in the appearance of fleeces of steroid-treated sheep and naturally shedding animals are also discussed. In some experiments, particularly when the infusion rate of flumethasone was increased (experiment 3), the sheep showed temporary but significant feed refusals during, but more commonly after, treatment. Speculative discussion as to the metabolic causes of this response is included.", "contents": "The administration of flumethasone, by three different routes, its measurement in the plasma and some effects on wool growth in Merino wethers. Flumethasone was given to Merino wethers weighing 30-50 kg at rates of 0.62-1.35 mg/kg(0.75) by intravenous (experiments 1 and 2), intraruminal (experiment 4) and subcutaneous (experiment 5) routes over 8 days. In experiment 3, 1.2 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) was given intravenously over 4, 5 or 6 days. The plasma concentration profiles showed concentrations in the order: intravenous greater than subcutaneous greater than intraruminal. Plasma concentration patterns usually were highest during the first 48 h of infusion followed by relatively stable values. This last feature was not evident in experiments when the rate of hormone infusion was increased. Estimates of the metabolic clearance rates for flumethasone in experiments 1, 2 and 5 were 200-700 ml/min during the equilibrium concentration periods. The effects of flumethasone on some aspects of wool growth revealed interactions between the routes of administration, the period of dosage and the rate of wool growth in the recipients. In experiments 1 and 2 intravenous infusion of 1.20-1.33 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) caused the shedding of all wool fibres about 30 days after treatment. Some effects of dosing sheep with flumethasone at a time when wool growth was decreasing were also observed in experiment 2. Flumethasone given at a rate of 1.2 mg/kg(0.75) over 4, 5 or 6 days caused the shedding of only some wool fibres which were firmly retained on the sheep by the continuous fibres. Intraruminal and subcutaneous infusions of 0.62-1.35 mg flumethasone/kg(0.75) had similar results to the last in the majority of animals although in a few cases no discontinuity of wool fibres was observed. Recovery in wool growth was observed after treatment. Animals regained their pretreatment wool growth in experiments 1, 4 and 5 by 60 days after treatment and probably equalled at that time wool growth in controls. Recovery was retarded in some individuals in experiment 2 and in some groups in experiment 3. In experiment 1, 21 days wool growth was estimated to have been lost. Some aspects of complete versus partial shedding of wool fibres are discussed particularly with reference to wool harvesting. Some similarities in the appearance of fleeces of steroid-treated sheep and naturally shedding animals are also discussed. In some experiments, particularly when the infusion rate of flumethasone was increased (experiment 3), the sheep showed temporary but significant feed refusals during, but more commonly after, treatment. Speculative discussion as to the metabolic causes of this response is included.", "PMID": 754682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9738", "title": "[Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide Ofunack on the metabolism of cells cultured in vitro].", "content": "The effects of \"ofunack (0,0-diethyl-0-(3-oxo-2-phenyl-2H-pyridazine-6-y1) phosphorothionate on the metabolism of IB-RS-2 cell line were studied. \"Ofunack\" stimulates cell growth and protein synthesis till 24 hours after its addition to the maintenance medium. Otherwise after this time \"ofunack\" induces an inhibition both on cell growth and on protein synthesis. This insecticide also inhibits the synthesis of RNA and DNA.", "contents": "[Effects of the organophosphorus insecticide Ofunack on the metabolism of cells cultured in vitro]. The effects of \"ofunack (0,0-diethyl-0-(3-oxo-2-phenyl-2H-pyridazine-6-y1) phosphorothionate on the metabolism of IB-RS-2 cell line were studied. \"Ofunack\" stimulates cell growth and protein synthesis till 24 hours after its addition to the maintenance medium. Otherwise after this time \"ofunack\" induces an inhibition both on cell growth and on protein synthesis. This insecticide also inhibits the synthesis of RNA and DNA.", "PMID": 754677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9739", "title": "Lipid content of sheep ovarian follicles in culture.", "content": "A detailed examination was made of the lipid content of sheep ovarian follicles maintained in organ culture, and of the effect on this of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Lipid classes were isolated by thin-layer chromatography and the fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The mean total lipid content of isolated follicles, 4-6 mm in diameter, after 18 h in organ culture was 43.1 nmol/mg wet weight tissue. Five major lipid fractions were detected, namely phospholipids (21.0 nmol/mg), cholesterol (14.5 nmol/mg), triglycerides (3.1 nmol/mg), free fatty acids (1.1 nmol/mg), and cholesteryl esters (3.4 nmol/mg). The phospholipid fraction was distinctive in that it contained a large percentage of sphingomyelin (28.0%). Other phospholipids present were phosphatidyl choline (42.0%), phosphatidyl inositol (6.9%), phosphatidyl serine (6.1%), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid (16.9%). Each lipid fraction had a characteristic fatty acid profile which was rich in the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Inclusion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (20 i.u. ml-1) in the culture medium caused no discernable effects on the follicular content of lipids nor on the fatty acid composition of individual lipid fractions.", "contents": "Lipid content of sheep ovarian follicles in culture. A detailed examination was made of the lipid content of sheep ovarian follicles maintained in organ culture, and of the effect on this of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Lipid classes were isolated by thin-layer chromatography and the fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The mean total lipid content of isolated follicles, 4-6 mm in diameter, after 18 h in organ culture was 43.1 nmol/mg wet weight tissue. Five major lipid fractions were detected, namely phospholipids (21.0 nmol/mg), cholesterol (14.5 nmol/mg), triglycerides (3.1 nmol/mg), free fatty acids (1.1 nmol/mg), and cholesteryl esters (3.4 nmol/mg). The phospholipid fraction was distinctive in that it contained a large percentage of sphingomyelin (28.0%). Other phospholipids present were phosphatidyl choline (42.0%), phosphatidyl inositol (6.9%), phosphatidyl serine (6.1%), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid (16.9%). Each lipid fraction had a characteristic fatty acid profile which was rich in the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Inclusion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (20 i.u. ml-1) in the culture medium caused no discernable effects on the follicular content of lipids nor on the fatty acid composition of individual lipid fractions.", "PMID": 754683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9740", "title": "Effects of reduced food intake on reproduction in mice.", "content": "The effect of undernutrition on the reproductive performance of the Quackenbush strain of mice was studied using four dietary levels: ad libitum (8.0 g per mouse per day; D100), 85% (D85), 70% (D70), and 55% (D55) of ad libitum food intake. Dietary restriction for 60 days at the 55% level resulted in an increase in the length of the oestrous cycle compared with other dietary levels, whereas D85 and D70 mice did not differ from the control group. When the underfed mice were fed ad libitum their reproductive performance did not differ from that of the D100 mice. In a second experiment mice were fed the restricted diet for 2 weeks before males were introduced. The males were fed ad libitum except for a 5-day mating period, when they were removed and replaced by another group of males. On days 1, 7, and 16 of pregnancy approximatley 10 mice per dietary level were killed and the ovulation rate, implantation rate, and late embryonic survival were estimated. The remainder of the mice were allowed to litter for studies of the litter size, birth weight and sex ratio. Dietary restriction did not affect the ovulation rate and only 45% restriction resulted in a decreased implantation rate. The late embryonic survival was reduced at all levels of restricted food intake, but sex ratios were unaffected by dietary intake. Dietary restriction of 30% and 45% decreased the littering rate and increased foetal resorption. The litter size decreased at all levels of dietary restrictions, but the birth weight was reduced only with moderate (D70) and severe (D55) restrictions. The litter size and the pup weight of the D70 and D55 mice following ad libitum refeeding were greater than those of their counterparts maintained on restricted feeding.", "contents": "Effects of reduced food intake on reproduction in mice. The effect of undernutrition on the reproductive performance of the Quackenbush strain of mice was studied using four dietary levels: ad libitum (8.0 g per mouse per day; D100), 85% (D85), 70% (D70), and 55% (D55) of ad libitum food intake. Dietary restriction for 60 days at the 55% level resulted in an increase in the length of the oestrous cycle compared with other dietary levels, whereas D85 and D70 mice did not differ from the control group. When the underfed mice were fed ad libitum their reproductive performance did not differ from that of the D100 mice. In a second experiment mice were fed the restricted diet for 2 weeks before males were introduced. The males were fed ad libitum except for a 5-day mating period, when they were removed and replaced by another group of males. On days 1, 7, and 16 of pregnancy approximatley 10 mice per dietary level were killed and the ovulation rate, implantation rate, and late embryonic survival were estimated. The remainder of the mice were allowed to litter for studies of the litter size, birth weight and sex ratio. Dietary restriction did not affect the ovulation rate and only 45% restriction resulted in a decreased implantation rate. The late embryonic survival was reduced at all levels of restricted food intake, but sex ratios were unaffected by dietary intake. Dietary restriction of 30% and 45% decreased the littering rate and increased foetal resorption. The litter size decreased at all levels of dietary restrictions, but the birth weight was reduced only with moderate (D70) and severe (D55) restrictions. The litter size and the pup weight of the D70 and D55 mice following ad libitum refeeding were greater than those of their counterparts maintained on restricted feeding.", "PMID": 754684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9741", "title": "Effects of ovarian hormones on foetal and placental growth in the mouse.", "content": "The effects of ovariectomy and treatment with progesterone and oestradiol on foetal and placental growth were examined. The occurrence of cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the placenta in response to treatments was determined by measuring protein, DNA and RNA:DNA ratios. In control mice, which had not been ovariectomized, the daily administration of 0.01-2.56 microgram oestradiol on days 10-15 of pregnancy caused only small decreases in the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16. When mice were ovariectomized on day 10, gestation was maintained by administering 5 mg progesterone daily, but terminated when only 1 mg progesterone was given daily. However, when ovariectomized mice receiving 1 mg progesterone were also given 0.01 microgram oestradiol on days 10-15, gestation was maintained and the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16 were normal. Increasing the daily dose of oestradiol up to 2.56 microgram in mice receiving 1 mg progesterone on days 10-15 had no effect on foetal and placental growth. In contrast, the daily administration of 0.64-2.56 microgram oestradiol to ovariectomized mice receiving 5 mg progesterone on days 10-15 terminated gestation in some mice and considerably reduced the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights in those mice which remained pregnant on day 16. None of the treatments increased protein DNA or the RNA:DNA ratio in the placenta to levels above those seen in control mice. The results are discussed in relation to ovariectomy-induced placental overgrowth in the rat.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian hormones on foetal and placental growth in the mouse. The effects of ovariectomy and treatment with progesterone and oestradiol on foetal and placental growth were examined. The occurrence of cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the placenta in response to treatments was determined by measuring protein, DNA and RNA:DNA ratios. In control mice, which had not been ovariectomized, the daily administration of 0.01-2.56 microgram oestradiol on days 10-15 of pregnancy caused only small decreases in the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16. When mice were ovariectomized on day 10, gestation was maintained by administering 5 mg progesterone daily, but terminated when only 1 mg progesterone was given daily. However, when ovariectomized mice receiving 1 mg progesterone were also given 0.01 microgram oestradiol on days 10-15, gestation was maintained and the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16 were normal. Increasing the daily dose of oestradiol up to 2.56 microgram in mice receiving 1 mg progesterone on days 10-15 had no effect on foetal and placental growth. In contrast, the daily administration of 0.64-2.56 microgram oestradiol to ovariectomized mice receiving 5 mg progesterone on days 10-15 terminated gestation in some mice and considerably reduced the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights in those mice which remained pregnant on day 16. None of the treatments increased protein DNA or the RNA:DNA ratio in the placenta to levels above those seen in control mice. The results are discussed in relation to ovariectomy-induced placental overgrowth in the rat.", "PMID": 754685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9742", "title": "[Natural development of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in calves born during the dry season in Guaira, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil].", "content": "Proceeding with their observations on bovine nematode epidemiology in Gua\u00edra, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, the authors carried a study on the natural development of nematode infections in crossbred calves born at the dry season. The fecal nematode egg counts per gram (e.p.g.) performed every fortnight were positive at the start, in October, when calves were two months old, and reached the peak when they were five months old; cultures of faeces revealed larvae of Cooperia, Haemoncus, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. From this time on, until 12.5 months old, when the calves were slaughtered, the variable e.p.g. decreased continually, the average being, in the last examinations, 40 e.p.g. Strongyloides eggs were present in the faeces when the calves were two months old but they disappeared by the 5th month of age. The post-mortem examination revealed the following species of nematodes: Haemoncus similis, Haemoncus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichuris discolor and Dictyocaulus viviparus.", "contents": "[Natural development of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in calves born during the dry season in Guaira, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil]. Proceeding with their observations on bovine nematode epidemiology in Gua\u00edra, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, the authors carried a study on the natural development of nematode infections in crossbred calves born at the dry season. The fecal nematode egg counts per gram (e.p.g.) performed every fortnight were positive at the start, in October, when calves were two months old, and reached the peak when they were five months old; cultures of faeces revealed larvae of Cooperia, Haemoncus, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. From this time on, until 12.5 months old, when the calves were slaughtered, the variable e.p.g. decreased continually, the average being, in the last examinations, 40 e.p.g. Strongyloides eggs were present in the faeces when the calves were two months old but they disappeared by the 5th month of age. The post-mortem examination revealed the following species of nematodes: Haemoncus similis, Haemoncus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichuris discolor and Dictyocaulus viviparus.", "PMID": 754678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9743", "title": "Response to partial selection on clean fleece weight in south Australian strong-wool Merino sheep. III. Genetic distance between flocks.", "content": "Divergence over time in flocks selected for clean fleece weight and for fecundity is measured by gene frequency changes at the R-r-i blood group, haemoglobin, and transferrin loci. No unequivocal effect of selection is demonstrable. Problems of interpretation even in flocks of known history are discussed.", "contents": "Response to partial selection on clean fleece weight in south Australian strong-wool Merino sheep. III. Genetic distance between flocks. Divergence over time in flocks selected for clean fleece weight and for fecundity is measured by gene frequency changes at the R-r-i blood group, haemoglobin, and transferrin loci. No unequivocal effect of selection is demonstrable. Problems of interpretation even in flocks of known history are discussed.", "PMID": 754686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9744", "title": "[Immuno-stimulating effect of levamisole in the immunization of guinea pigs vaccinated against brucellosis].", "content": "The immuno-stimulating Levamisole action was checked by the authors in guinea-pigs vaccinated against brucellosis and exposed to the challenge test afterwards against 2.308 Brucella abortus pathogenic strain. Twelve lots of eight guinea-pigs were used disposed in the following distribution: Lots I, III, IV were vaccinated with B-19 strain vaccine; lots II, IV and VI were vaccinated with the same vaccine and, after 48 hours, received the Levamisole injection. Lots VII VIII received only the Levamisole injection and the pathogenic Brucella strain, forming the control groups. The vaccinated guinea-pigs showed a higher protection against challenge, always above 75% in relation to the lots that were only vaccinated, demonstrating a dear immuno-stimulating action of the essayed product. Considering the obtained results in this assay, the authors speculate on the anti-brucellosis vaccines potentialization with immuno-stimulating products, as Levamisole.", "contents": "[Immuno-stimulating effect of levamisole in the immunization of guinea pigs vaccinated against brucellosis]. The immuno-stimulating Levamisole action was checked by the authors in guinea-pigs vaccinated against brucellosis and exposed to the challenge test afterwards against 2.308 Brucella abortus pathogenic strain. Twelve lots of eight guinea-pigs were used disposed in the following distribution: Lots I, III, IV were vaccinated with B-19 strain vaccine; lots II, IV and VI were vaccinated with the same vaccine and, after 48 hours, received the Levamisole injection. Lots VII VIII received only the Levamisole injection and the pathogenic Brucella strain, forming the control groups. The vaccinated guinea-pigs showed a higher protection against challenge, always above 75% in relation to the lots that were only vaccinated, demonstrating a dear immuno-stimulating action of the essayed product. Considering the obtained results in this assay, the authors speculate on the anti-brucellosis vaccines potentialization with immuno-stimulating products, as Levamisole.", "PMID": 754679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9745", "title": "Morphological abnormalities in buffalo spermatozoa in fresh and frozen semen.", "content": "Spermatozoa of eight Murrah buffalo bulls were diluted in citric acid whey, sodabicarbid-glucose-fructose egg-yolk, and skim milk egg-yolk, respectively, at a rate of 1 : 10, and were stored as liquid or frozen. The morphological evaluation of the spermatozoa revealed a marked superiority of the first-named diluent as regards survival and damage rate under liquid and freezing storage.", "contents": "Morphological abnormalities in buffalo spermatozoa in fresh and frozen semen. Spermatozoa of eight Murrah buffalo bulls were diluted in citric acid whey, sodabicarbid-glucose-fructose egg-yolk, and skim milk egg-yolk, respectively, at a rate of 1 : 10, and were stored as liquid or frozen. The morphological evaluation of the spermatozoa revealed a marked superiority of the first-named diluent as regards survival and damage rate under liquid and freezing storage.", "PMID": 754687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9746", "title": "Changes in dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) antibody after JE vaccination.", "content": "Serological studies before and after Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination were made on subjects of various ethnic groups with or without dengue and/or JE antibodies. In these subjects dengue and JE hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization (N) antibodies were measured. Seroconversion to JE was observed in about 45% of the subjects by the HI test and 63% by the N test, whereas seroconversion to dengue with only 4-fold increase in titer after vaccination was detected in 14% by the HI test and in a single case (3%) by the N test. The presence of JE and/or dengue antibody in the prevaccination sera did not significantly influence the seroconversion rates of JE-HI and N-antibodies after vaccination. Moreover the seroconversion rate did not seem to vary markedly in different ethnic groups, although tendencies for subjects from Southeast Asia to have dengue antibodies and Japanese people to have JE antibodies were demonstrated. The presence of dengue N-antibodies in the prevaccination sera did not significantly influence the geometrical mean titer of postvaccination JE-N antibody. Thus the antibody response to JE vaccination was fairly specific to JE, and no marked secondary response was observed.", "contents": "Changes in dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) antibody after JE vaccination. Serological studies before and after Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination were made on subjects of various ethnic groups with or without dengue and/or JE antibodies. In these subjects dengue and JE hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization (N) antibodies were measured. Seroconversion to JE was observed in about 45% of the subjects by the HI test and 63% by the N test, whereas seroconversion to dengue with only 4-fold increase in titer after vaccination was detected in 14% by the HI test and in a single case (3%) by the N test. The presence of JE and/or dengue antibody in the prevaccination sera did not significantly influence the seroconversion rates of JE-HI and N-antibodies after vaccination. Moreover the seroconversion rate did not seem to vary markedly in different ethnic groups, although tendencies for subjects from Southeast Asia to have dengue antibodies and Japanese people to have JE antibodies were demonstrated. The presence of dengue N-antibodies in the prevaccination sera did not significantly influence the geometrical mean titer of postvaccination JE-N antibody. Thus the antibody response to JE vaccination was fairly specific to JE, and no marked secondary response was observed.", "PMID": 754688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9747", "title": "[Transfusion-infusion therapy in modern wars].", "content": "All previous experiences have shown that the application of blood, blood components and intravenous solutions presents an unreplaceable therapeutical measure in modern surgical-resuscitative management of war injuries. Together with the broad application of the whole blood, there have been also used other blood components (even such as cryoprecipitate and platelet rich plasma). Among intravenous solutions the most frequently mentioned were isotonic saline, Ringer's lactate solution, glucosaline, 5% dextrose solution, dextran solutions and, recently, human albumin solutions. Due to a high risk of transmission of hepatitis virus, the dried pooled human plasma is less frequently used. There is the generally accepted agreement that availability of the sufficient quantity of blood, blood components and intravenous solutions resulted in the decreased mortality of the wounded. The role of intravenous solutions is of particular importance in the initial phase of management of the wounded and in the situations when it is necessary to wait for blood.", "contents": "[Transfusion-infusion therapy in modern wars]. All previous experiences have shown that the application of blood, blood components and intravenous solutions presents an unreplaceable therapeutical measure in modern surgical-resuscitative management of war injuries. Together with the broad application of the whole blood, there have been also used other blood components (even such as cryoprecipitate and platelet rich plasma). Among intravenous solutions the most frequently mentioned were isotonic saline, Ringer's lactate solution, glucosaline, 5% dextrose solution, dextran solutions and, recently, human albumin solutions. Due to a high risk of transmission of hepatitis virus, the dried pooled human plasma is less frequently used. There is the generally accepted agreement that availability of the sufficient quantity of blood, blood components and intravenous solutions resulted in the decreased mortality of the wounded. The role of intravenous solutions is of particular importance in the initial phase of management of the wounded and in the situations when it is necessary to wait for blood.", "PMID": 754689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9748", "title": "[Thalassemia major (with a case report of a 6-month-old patient)].", "content": "This article describes recent views about patophysiology of thalassemia, and deals with a case of thalassemia major in a 6-month infant from the continental part of Croatia. Based on literature data, therapy included frequent transfusions of blood so as to correct anaemia to the level enabling the child to develop and interact with his environment as normally as possible. Administration of desferioxamine promoted excretion of iron in urine and decreased its concentration in serum.", "contents": "[Thalassemia major (with a case report of a 6-month-old patient)]. This article describes recent views about patophysiology of thalassemia, and deals with a case of thalassemia major in a 6-month infant from the continental part of Croatia. Based on literature data, therapy included frequent transfusions of blood so as to correct anaemia to the level enabling the child to develop and interact with his environment as normally as possible. Administration of desferioxamine promoted excretion of iron in urine and decreased its concentration in serum.", "PMID": 754690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9749", "title": "[Hemoglobin components in normal and anemic b/b rats].", "content": "The analitical comparison of normal and anemic b/b rat hemoglobins was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PGE) nad also by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Six different hemoglobin components constitute total hemoglobin of normal rat. The component six of total hemoglobin (Hb VI) of controls was absent from the hemolysates of anemic animals. This could be demonstrated either by PGE or by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Hb V was also missing to a verying degree in some of anemic animal.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin components in normal and anemic b/b rats]. The analitical comparison of normal and anemic b/b rat hemoglobins was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PGE) nad also by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Six different hemoglobin components constitute total hemoglobin of normal rat. The component six of total hemoglobin (Hb VI) of controls was absent from the hemolysates of anemic animals. This could be demonstrated either by PGE or by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Hb V was also missing to a verying degree in some of anemic animal.", "PMID": 754691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9750", "title": "[Chronic granulomatous disease (in a 2-month-old infant)].", "content": "The paper describes a severe form of chronic granulomatous disease with onset in the neonatal period; the case presented is a 2-month-old male infant, coming from a family in which hid older brother died with signs of the same illness. The disease is rare. This is the second report in our literature. The clinical picture showing various severity confirms the heterogenity of the disease and difference in the gene expressivity. Further investigation involving the function of granulocytes in children with recurrent infections might help us to reveal this disease characterized by disfunction of granulocytes, more frequently.", "contents": "[Chronic granulomatous disease (in a 2-month-old infant)]. The paper describes a severe form of chronic granulomatous disease with onset in the neonatal period; the case presented is a 2-month-old male infant, coming from a family in which hid older brother died with signs of the same illness. The disease is rare. This is the second report in our literature. The clinical picture showing various severity confirms the heterogenity of the disease and difference in the gene expressivity. Further investigation involving the function of granulocytes in children with recurrent infections might help us to reveal this disease characterized by disfunction of granulocytes, more frequently.", "PMID": 754692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9751", "title": "[The most frequent intrahospital infections in children with malignant diseases].", "content": "In 100 children, suffering from different malignant diseases, who were hospitalized on our ward, during the period of 5 years, we have performed the examination of bacterial, viral and fungias infections. The majority of our patients belonged to the group, suffering from acute leukaemias and malignant lymphomas, 94%. In our patients was the clear prevalence of bacterial infections in the 41%, of all our cases. Most of children had the mild clinical picture, as the consequence of infection, while less of them had the middle severe or very severe clinical picture. Our position in treatment, was due to the fact that appearance of every febril epizode is conected with the existence of infection. The therapy was combined, and was consisting from: hemio, haemo, support and R\u00f6 therapy, recommended from the Highes group in 1975. The succesful treatment of bacterial infections was in 96%, while in 2%, in spite of therapy the end was fatal.", "contents": "[The most frequent intrahospital infections in children with malignant diseases]. In 100 children, suffering from different malignant diseases, who were hospitalized on our ward, during the period of 5 years, we have performed the examination of bacterial, viral and fungias infections. The majority of our patients belonged to the group, suffering from acute leukaemias and malignant lymphomas, 94%. In our patients was the clear prevalence of bacterial infections in the 41%, of all our cases. Most of children had the mild clinical picture, as the consequence of infection, while less of them had the middle severe or very severe clinical picture. Our position in treatment, was due to the fact that appearance of every febril epizode is conected with the existence of infection. The therapy was combined, and was consisting from: hemio, haemo, support and R\u00f6 therapy, recommended from the Highes group in 1975. The succesful treatment of bacterial infections was in 96%, while in 2%, in spite of therapy the end was fatal.", "PMID": 754693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9752", "title": "[The effect of dipyridamole on coagulation status in stenocardia].", "content": "The laboratory examination of Dipyridamole concerning its antiaggregation effect is presented in the paper. Thirty patients with coronary insufficiency have been taking Dipyridamole for one year. The average dosage was four pills \u00e0 75 mg of Dipyridamole a day. The aggregation and adhesion of the platelets with the examined patients was checked before and during the treatment. The inhibition platelet aggregation with Dipyridamole has been confirmed in vitro.", "contents": "[The effect of dipyridamole on coagulation status in stenocardia]. The laboratory examination of Dipyridamole concerning its antiaggregation effect is presented in the paper. Thirty patients with coronary insufficiency have been taking Dipyridamole for one year. The average dosage was four pills \u00e0 75 mg of Dipyridamole a day. The aggregation and adhesion of the platelets with the examined patients was checked before and during the treatment. The inhibition platelet aggregation with Dipyridamole has been confirmed in vitro.", "PMID": 754694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9753", "title": "Radioassay services in developing countries. Findings and recommendations of an International Atomic Energy Agency advisory group.", "content": "The findings and recommendations of an advisory group convened by the IAEA to give guidance relating to the development of IAEA projects involving radioassay are presented. The current status of radioassay services in different countries is reviewed; guiding principles relating to the organization of such services are affirmed, with particular reference to services in developing countries; the needs of services at various levels as regards accommodation, staff, equipment, supporting services and running costs, including minimum initial needs, are specified; operational problems are identified and indications given how they may be solved; facilities for training in radioassay are reviewed; finally, reference is made to IAEA activities in the field in question.", "contents": "Radioassay services in developing countries. Findings and recommendations of an International Atomic Energy Agency advisory group. The findings and recommendations of an advisory group convened by the IAEA to give guidance relating to the development of IAEA projects involving radioassay are presented. The current status of radioassay services in different countries is reviewed; guiding principles relating to the organization of such services are affirmed, with particular reference to services in developing countries; the needs of services at various levels as regards accommodation, staff, equipment, supporting services and running costs, including minimum initial needs, are specified; operational problems are identified and indications given how they may be solved; facilities for training in radioassay are reviewed; finally, reference is made to IAEA activities in the field in question.", "PMID": 754695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9754", "title": "[Blind pouch after choledochoduodenostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to define the role of the blind pouch as causal factor of late complications after lateral choledochoduodenostomy (\"sump\" syndrome), the Authors have reviewed 37 patients previously operated on for common duct stones and/or benign papillary stenosis. In 19 patients, clinical and laboratory data have been associated to cholangiography, barium meal and 99mTc HIDA hepatobiliary scanning. Although we considered a few cases, the results were satisfactory. Slight symptoms noticed in some patients do not derive from \"sump syndrome\", as proved by the lack of correlations between clinical results and roentgenologic and radioisotopic data.", "contents": "[Blind pouch after choledochoduodenostomy (author's transl)]. In order to define the role of the blind pouch as causal factor of late complications after lateral choledochoduodenostomy (\"sump\" syndrome), the Authors have reviewed 37 patients previously operated on for common duct stones and/or benign papillary stenosis. In 19 patients, clinical and laboratory data have been associated to cholangiography, barium meal and 99mTc HIDA hepatobiliary scanning. Although we considered a few cases, the results were satisfactory. Slight symptoms noticed in some patients do not derive from \"sump syndrome\", as proved by the lack of correlations between clinical results and roentgenologic and radioisotopic data.", "PMID": 754696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9755", "title": "[The effects of testosterone on the adenohypophysis of female rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The research regards the action of rapidly and slowly absorbed testosterone in the adenohypophysis of female impuberal rats. The results are that the rapidly adsorbed testosterone if administered in small quantities stimulates the activity of synthesis in the FSH cells, if administered in large quantities stimulates the activity of synthesis both in the FSH cells and in the LH cells. The slowly absorbed testosterone stimulates again the activity of synthesis only of the FSH cells. Both rapidly absorbed and slowly absorbed testosterone inhibit the release activity in both the FSH cells and the LH cells.", "contents": "[The effects of testosterone on the adenohypophysis of female rat (author's transl)]. The research regards the action of rapidly and slowly absorbed testosterone in the adenohypophysis of female impuberal rats. The results are that the rapidly adsorbed testosterone if administered in small quantities stimulates the activity of synthesis in the FSH cells, if administered in large quantities stimulates the activity of synthesis both in the FSH cells and in the LH cells. The slowly absorbed testosterone stimulates again the activity of synthesis only of the FSH cells. Both rapidly absorbed and slowly absorbed testosterone inhibit the release activity in both the FSH cells and the LH cells.", "PMID": 754697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9756", "title": "[The clinical significance of Serratia infections during the post-operative course (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 25 cases of Serratia infections, during the period from november 1977 through aptile 1978, is reported. Serratia isolates were identified with increasing frequency from urine, surgical incisions and blood. All the patients had received antimicrobial therapy prior to the time Serratia was first isolated. These patients (92%) had had indwelling urinary catheters inserted during the post-operative course and Serratia was isolated predominantly from the urinary tract. In 3 patients who died, Serratia played a role in the ultimate demise of the patient. Prophylaxix and antimicrobial therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of Serratia infections during the post-operative course (author's transl)]. A series of 25 cases of Serratia infections, during the period from november 1977 through aptile 1978, is reported. Serratia isolates were identified with increasing frequency from urine, surgical incisions and blood. All the patients had received antimicrobial therapy prior to the time Serratia was first isolated. These patients (92%) had had indwelling urinary catheters inserted during the post-operative course and Serratia was isolated predominantly from the urinary tract. In 3 patients who died, Serratia played a role in the ultimate demise of the patient. Prophylaxix and antimicrobial therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 754698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9757", "title": "[Intracranial and spinal dermo-epidermoid tumours. Anatomoclinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review the previous report of intracranial or spinal dermo-epidermoid tumours, in concern with both nosographical and biological problems. They report their clinical and anatomical findings on a patient who presented the same tumours within the skull and in the vertebral canal. The authors underscore the rarity of such finding, the length of the course. albeit a few symptoms and no positive neuroradiological findings had been remarked, and the quite atypical eventual troubles.", "contents": "[Intracranial and spinal dermo-epidermoid tumours. Anatomoclinical study (author's transl)]. The authors review the previous report of intracranial or spinal dermo-epidermoid tumours, in concern with both nosographical and biological problems. They report their clinical and anatomical findings on a patient who presented the same tumours within the skull and in the vertebral canal. The authors underscore the rarity of such finding, the length of the course. albeit a few symptoms and no positive neuroradiological findings had been remarked, and the quite atypical eventual troubles.", "PMID": 754699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9758", "title": "[Diaphragmatic paralysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "One clinical case of neurogenic diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to amyophic lateral sclerosis as a prominent presenting symptom is described. The condition is a very rare one, only eight cases being reported till now in literature. The Authors lay stress one some diagnostic criteria for the individuation of neurogenic diaphragmatic paralysis due to motor neuron disease.", "contents": "[Diaphragmatic paralysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (author's transl)]. One clinical case of neurogenic diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to amyophic lateral sclerosis as a prominent presenting symptom is described. The condition is a very rare one, only eight cases being reported till now in literature. The Authors lay stress one some diagnostic criteria for the individuation of neurogenic diaphragmatic paralysis due to motor neuron disease.", "PMID": 754700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9759", "title": "[Melorheostosis: study of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe a case of melorheostosis. The diagnosis, which is only radiological, is characteized by the tipical aspect of flowing hyperostosis.", "contents": "[Melorheostosis: study of a case (author's transl)]. The Authors describe a case of melorheostosis. The diagnosis, which is only radiological, is characteized by the tipical aspect of flowing hyperostosis.", "PMID": 754701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9760", "title": "[Fine structure or retina in Chiroptera (author's transl)].", "content": "The retina of Chiroptera, studied during the various seasons of the year, appears well developed, and provided with morphological and structural characters very near to the humans and other mammalians. The retina of Chiroptera it is composed of five layers: 1) it is composed exclusively by rods: his morphological behaviour has been yet described in other night life birds and mammalians (e.g. mice and guinea pigs (Hollenberg e Bernstein), 2) plexiform layer, composed by rod's prolongations and by bipolar cells that there form conventional synapsis and mainly ribbon synapsis, 3) horizontal and amacrine bipolar cells and the middle portion of M\u00fcller's cells, 4) inner plexiform layer with conventional type synapsis, 5) layer of the ganglionar cells and of the enlarged prolongations of the inner portion of M\u00fcller's cell. The prolongations are separated from the vitreous body by basement membrane. After a detailed description of the elements constituent the different retina's layer, the Author asserts that remarkable qualitative, quantitative and season variations were not found. The inner granular layer as well as the middle part of the M\u00fcller's cells, is composed by three different types of cells: horizontal, amacrine, bipolar, which have all the characters of a typical nervous cell. Granules found in pigmented cells how a structural range of variations linked more with the different stages of maturation than with the variety of species investigated. Citoplasmatic polarity of the granules and mytochondria concentration were not noticed as, on the contrary, in other mammalians. The Author emphasizes pynocitosis phenomena both a level of the inner and outer surface of pigmented cells, and at the level of the most outer prolongations of M\u00fcller's cell: those cytologic aspects seem to witness a possible transfer of liquids, salts and metabolites from capillaries of the choroid to photoreceptors. Moreover the total absense of blood capillaries in all five layers of the retina is emphasized.he ", "contents": "[Fine structure or retina in Chiroptera (author's transl)]. The retina of Chiroptera, studied during the various seasons of the year, appears well developed, and provided with morphological and structural characters very near to the humans and other mammalians. The retina of Chiroptera it is composed of five layers: 1) it is composed exclusively by rods: his morphological behaviour has been yet described in other night life birds and mammalians (e.g. mice and guinea pigs (Hollenberg e Bernstein), 2) plexiform layer, composed by rod's prolongations and by bipolar cells that there form conventional synapsis and mainly ribbon synapsis, 3) horizontal and amacrine bipolar cells and the middle portion of M\u00fcller's cells, 4) inner plexiform layer with conventional type synapsis, 5) layer of the ganglionar cells and of the enlarged prolongations of the inner portion of M\u00fcller's cell. The prolongations are separated from the vitreous body by basement membrane. After a detailed description of the elements constituent the different retina's layer, the Author asserts that remarkable qualitative, quantitative and season variations were not found. The inner granular layer as well as the middle part of the M\u00fcller's cells, is composed by three different types of cells: horizontal, amacrine, bipolar, which have all the characters of a typical nervous cell. Granules found in pigmented cells how a structural range of variations linked more with the different stages of maturation than with the variety of species investigated. Citoplasmatic polarity of the granules and mytochondria concentration were not noticed as, on the contrary, in other mammalians. The Author emphasizes pynocitosis phenomena both a level of the inner and outer surface of pigmented cells, and at the level of the most outer prolongations of M\u00fcller's cell: those cytologic aspects seem to witness a possible transfer of liquids, salts and metabolites from capillaries of the choroid to photoreceptors. Moreover the total absense of blood capillaries in all five layers of the retina is emphasized.he", "PMID": 754702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9761", "title": "[Cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in induced labour and puerperium (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum cystine-animo-peptidase (CAP) is a valid test for placental function. We found it interesting following up the variations of CAP during induced labour and early puerperium; with this aim in view we determined the values of the enzyme in 33 pregnant nullipares. Six blood samples were taken from each woman. (174 determinations in all): 1) before labour; 2) at 5 cm. dilatation of the uterine neck; 3) immediately after the expulsion of fetus; 4) two hours after delivery; 5) first day of puerperium; 6) in the fourth day of puerperium. Statistical analysis -- Wilcoxon's test and rank bivalent variants analysis of Friedman (X2r) -- show that the variations of values in the first four groups are not statistically significant; values from 1th and 4th day of puerperium show a mean reduction in level of CAP which is remarkable and statistically significant.", "contents": "[Cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in induced labour and puerperium (author's transl)]. Serum cystine-animo-peptidase (CAP) is a valid test for placental function. We found it interesting following up the variations of CAP during induced labour and early puerperium; with this aim in view we determined the values of the enzyme in 33 pregnant nullipares. Six blood samples were taken from each woman. (174 determinations in all): 1) before labour; 2) at 5 cm. dilatation of the uterine neck; 3) immediately after the expulsion of fetus; 4) two hours after delivery; 5) first day of puerperium; 6) in the fourth day of puerperium. Statistical analysis -- Wilcoxon's test and rank bivalent variants analysis of Friedman (X2r) -- show that the variations of values in the first four groups are not statistically significant; values from 1th and 4th day of puerperium show a mean reduction in level of CAP which is remarkable and statistically significant.", "PMID": 754703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9762", "title": "[Fistulae and congenital cysts of dorsum of the nose. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors, after a brief review of the literature concerning the congenital fistulae and cysts of the nasal dorsum with special regard to the etiology, pathology, diagnosis and therapy, report a personal case of such fistulae in a 15 year old male. They stress importanct, for an accurate diagnosis, of radiography and fistulography and reccomend, radical surgery.", "contents": "[Fistulae and congenital cysts of dorsum of the nose. Report of a case (author's transl)]. The Authors, after a brief review of the literature concerning the congenital fistulae and cysts of the nasal dorsum with special regard to the etiology, pathology, diagnosis and therapy, report a personal case of such fistulae in a 15 year old male. They stress importanct, for an accurate diagnosis, of radiography and fistulography and reccomend, radical surgery.", "PMID": 754704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9763", "title": "[Serum fibrin degradation products in 13 cases of E.P.H. gestosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravascular coagulation causes fetal risk, because it produced placental damage in E.P.H. gestosis. F.D.P. values are above the normal range of the third trimester in 11 out of our 13 cases. Fetal risk is revealed by pathological C.T.G. patterns; fetal death occurred in 4 cases. Therefore, high F.D.P. values are considered D.I.C. indexes, and a sign of fetal risk.", "contents": "[Serum fibrin degradation products in 13 cases of E.P.H. gestosis (author's transl)]. Intravascular coagulation causes fetal risk, because it produced placental damage in E.P.H. gestosis. F.D.P. values are above the normal range of the third trimester in 11 out of our 13 cases. Fetal risk is revealed by pathological C.T.G. patterns; fetal death occurred in 4 cases. Therefore, high F.D.P. values are considered D.I.C. indexes, and a sign of fetal risk.", "PMID": 754705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9764", "title": "[Percentile trends in BPD (biparietal diameter) development: reliability in the diagnosis of PIFG (poor intrauterine fetal growth) (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of BPD percentile trends allows us to improve the diagnosis of PIFG in comparison with the average +/- 2SD (from 44,44% to 65,71%). SGA distribution study related to 10th percentile and delivery period confirms the existence of two different SGA groups. They have different characteristics related to the moment of the beginning of the pathological manifestations.", "contents": "[Percentile trends in BPD (biparietal diameter) development: reliability in the diagnosis of PIFG (poor intrauterine fetal growth) (author's transl)]. The use of BPD percentile trends allows us to improve the diagnosis of PIFG in comparison with the average +/- 2SD (from 44,44% to 65,71%). SGA distribution study related to 10th percentile and delivery period confirms the existence of two different SGA groups. They have different characteristics related to the moment of the beginning of the pathological manifestations.", "PMID": 754706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9765", "title": "Interpretations couched in the poetic style.", "content": "In addition to the issues of content, timing and depth of interpretation in the service of enabling insight, recall, or deepening of the analytic regression, we might consider the more intangible manner, or style, in which the interpretation is offered. Several writers (Fenichel 1941, Glover 1955, Kris 1951, Ornstein and Ornstein 1975) have raised the possibility that what the patient receives and absorbs of the analyst's communications is not only a function of what is said but, on a more subtle level, how it is said. When interpreting, the analyst often subordinates image to idea, so that what emerges is treatise, polemic, or catechism-anything but revelation or a deeper vision. In contrast, in poetry we experience the most effective, the most concentrated and emotionally textured communication man has, as yet, devised. It is through richly layered imagery that the poet works to create those fusions of echoed meanings that can set off landslides of resonating associations in readers. Can we, then, learn from the poet, for our interpretive interventions, something about the art of expression? This paper addresses an issue of style of interpreting, one of concretizing images of the patient's underlying psychic states.", "contents": "Interpretations couched in the poetic style. In addition to the issues of content, timing and depth of interpretation in the service of enabling insight, recall, or deepening of the analytic regression, we might consider the more intangible manner, or style, in which the interpretation is offered. Several writers (Fenichel 1941, Glover 1955, Kris 1951, Ornstein and Ornstein 1975) have raised the possibility that what the patient receives and absorbs of the analyst's communications is not only a function of what is said but, on a more subtle level, how it is said. When interpreting, the analyst often subordinates image to idea, so that what emerges is treatise, polemic, or catechism-anything but revelation or a deeper vision. In contrast, in poetry we experience the most effective, the most concentrated and emotionally textured communication man has, as yet, devised. It is through richly layered imagery that the poet works to create those fusions of echoed meanings that can set off landslides of resonating associations in readers. Can we, then, learn from the poet, for our interpretive interventions, something about the art of expression? This paper addresses an issue of style of interpreting, one of concretizing images of the patient's underlying psychic states.", "PMID": 754712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9766", "title": "[Liberation of inorganic phosphates in the coronary sinus as an indicator of human myocardial ischemia].", "content": "The effects of atrial pacing (A.P.) on the myocardial balance of inorganic phosphate (Pi) were studied in 11 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and pacing-induced angina (Group C) and in 5 normal subjects (Group N). During A.P. in group C 64% of patients had myocardial loss of Pi, statistically significant (p less than 0,025) always with concomitant reduced myocardial extraction or production of lactate, but only 70% of patients with reduced myocardial extraction or production of lactate had myocardial loss of Pi. In only 1 p. of group N myocardial loss of Pi with normal lactate extraction was observed. These data show that during pacing-induced ischemia there is a negative myocardial balance of Pi, that can be used as a metabolic indicator of ischemia, but less reliable than lactate reduced extraction or production.", "contents": "[Liberation of inorganic phosphates in the coronary sinus as an indicator of human myocardial ischemia]. The effects of atrial pacing (A.P.) on the myocardial balance of inorganic phosphate (Pi) were studied in 11 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and pacing-induced angina (Group C) and in 5 normal subjects (Group N). During A.P. in group C 64% of patients had myocardial loss of Pi, statistically significant (p less than 0,025) always with concomitant reduced myocardial extraction or production of lactate, but only 70% of patients with reduced myocardial extraction or production of lactate had myocardial loss of Pi. In only 1 p. of group N myocardial loss of Pi with normal lactate extraction was observed. These data show that during pacing-induced ischemia there is a negative myocardial balance of Pi, that can be used as a metabolic indicator of ischemia, but less reliable than lactate reduced extraction or production.", "PMID": 754726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9767", "title": "[Angiotensin II-acetylcholine interaction on the mechanical response of the isolated rat stomach].", "content": "This research was carried on denervated isolated rat stomach. Mechanical response to Ach treated with three different ATN II concentrations was recorded. No competitive antagonism was observed so that no common receptor can be supposed. The apparent noncompetitive antagonism may be ascribed to the action of ATN II on P and T Ca++ activating systems.", "contents": "[Angiotensin II-acetylcholine interaction on the mechanical response of the isolated rat stomach]. This research was carried on denervated isolated rat stomach. Mechanical response to Ach treated with three different ATN II concentrations was recorded. No competitive antagonism was observed so that no common receptor can be supposed. The apparent noncompetitive antagonism may be ascribed to the action of ATN II on P and T Ca++ activating systems.", "PMID": 754732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9768", "title": "Distribution of Pseudomonas fluorescent bacteria in soils and in the root zone of plants.", "content": "The authors studied the ecology of fluorescent bacteria of the genus Pesudomonas. These were found to proliferate most actively in soils very high in fresh organic matter. In grassy and woody residue their numbers attained 30--60%, depending on the specific methods of bacterial sowing. Pseudomonas was particularly numerous in the root zone of plants fertilized by external metabolites of roots and decomposed roots and leaves.", "contents": "Distribution of Pseudomonas fluorescent bacteria in soils and in the root zone of plants. The authors studied the ecology of fluorescent bacteria of the genus Pesudomonas. These were found to proliferate most actively in soils very high in fresh organic matter. In grassy and woody residue their numbers attained 30--60%, depending on the specific methods of bacterial sowing. Pseudomonas was particularly numerous in the root zone of plants fertilized by external metabolites of roots and decomposed roots and leaves.", "PMID": 754809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9769", "title": "Intensity of nitrogen fixation in yellow lupine in presence of different doses of mineral nitrogen.", "content": "The effect of different doses of mineral nitrogen on the nitrogen-fixing activity of lupine nodules during vegetation was studied. It was shown that 0.5 of the dose of mineral nitrogen had an inhibitory effect only in the initial period of development of the nodules, whereas full and double doses of mineral nitrogen inhibited nitrogen fixation throughout the period of vegetation. Supplements of mineral nitrogen switch the lupine nutrition from the symbiotic to the autotrophic type, which is accompanied by a decrease in the nitrogen-fixing activity in the nodules and by an increase in the nitrate-reducing capacity of the roots and leaves.", "contents": "Intensity of nitrogen fixation in yellow lupine in presence of different doses of mineral nitrogen. The effect of different doses of mineral nitrogen on the nitrogen-fixing activity of lupine nodules during vegetation was studied. It was shown that 0.5 of the dose of mineral nitrogen had an inhibitory effect only in the initial period of development of the nodules, whereas full and double doses of mineral nitrogen inhibited nitrogen fixation throughout the period of vegetation. Supplements of mineral nitrogen switch the lupine nutrition from the symbiotic to the autotrophic type, which is accompanied by a decrease in the nitrogen-fixing activity in the nodules and by an increase in the nitrate-reducing capacity of the roots and leaves.", "PMID": 754812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9770", "title": "Mechanism of the action of factor XIII on the structure of fibrin in the normal and pathological states.", "content": "The work discusses the influence of factor XIII on the molecular structure of fibrin and its properties under normal conditions and in certain forms of coagulopathies. It was shown that the reaction of stabilization is accompanied by an exothermic effect, the thermal effect of which on donor blood plasma is 15.5 kcal/mole. It was also established that the enrichment of blood plasma with fibrinogen leads to an increase in the thermal effect, which is due to the influence of the density of the terminal and lateral bonds in the fibrin molecule and the process of its covalent cross-linking. An examination of groups of patients structure of fibrin and its physiological properties, on account of a change in the number of peptide bonds formed. On the basis of the results obtained, a new energy test for the determination of the fibrin-stabilizing factor is suggested.", "contents": "Mechanism of the action of factor XIII on the structure of fibrin in the normal and pathological states. The work discusses the influence of factor XIII on the molecular structure of fibrin and its properties under normal conditions and in certain forms of coagulopathies. It was shown that the reaction of stabilization is accompanied by an exothermic effect, the thermal effect of which on donor blood plasma is 15.5 kcal/mole. It was also established that the enrichment of blood plasma with fibrinogen leads to an increase in the thermal effect, which is due to the influence of the density of the terminal and lateral bonds in the fibrin molecule and the process of its covalent cross-linking. An examination of groups of patients structure of fibrin and its physiological properties, on account of a change in the number of peptide bonds formed. On the basis of the results obtained, a new energy test for the determination of the fibrin-stabilizing factor is suggested.", "PMID": 754811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9771", "title": "Ambulatory and in-hospital continuous recording of sleep state and cardiorespiratory parameters in 'near miss' for the sudden infant death syndrome and control infants.", "content": "Electrophysiologic and cardiorespiratory events were studied polygraphically and by ambulatory monitoring in 'near miss' for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and normal control infants 1-4 months old. The data show that 'near miss' babies typically have many apneic periods in their sleep, particularly apneas lasting 10 sec or longer. These tend to decrease with age. They have longer lasting apneas than controls, although the latter have respiratory pauses lasting less than 10 sec, in particular during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. An upper respiratory infection (URI) in 'near miss' infants clearly appears to be a risk factor which will be studied further both in-hospital and at home using a monitoring technique with our Medilog ambulatory system.", "contents": "Ambulatory and in-hospital continuous recording of sleep state and cardiorespiratory parameters in 'near miss' for the sudden infant death syndrome and control infants. Electrophysiologic and cardiorespiratory events were studied polygraphically and by ambulatory monitoring in 'near miss' for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and normal control infants 1-4 months old. The data show that 'near miss' babies typically have many apneic periods in their sleep, particularly apneas lasting 10 sec or longer. These tend to decrease with age. They have longer lasting apneas than controls, although the latter have respiratory pauses lasting less than 10 sec, in particular during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. An upper respiratory infection (URI) in 'near miss' infants clearly appears to be a risk factor which will be studied further both in-hospital and at home using a monitoring technique with our Medilog ambulatory system.", "PMID": 754818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9772", "title": "Influence of the conditions of growth on the chemical composition and activity of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303.", "content": "The article is devoted to a study of the changes in the activity and chemical composition of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 during growth on n-alkanes and glucose, as well as the transport of n-alkanes through the cell membrane and the redistribution of the cell contents in the process of budding on the indicated carbon sources.", "contents": "Influence of the conditions of growth on the chemical composition and activity of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303. The article is devoted to a study of the changes in the activity and chemical composition of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 during growth on n-alkanes and glucose, as well as the transport of n-alkanes through the cell membrane and the redistribution of the cell contents in the process of budding on the indicated carbon sources.", "PMID": 754810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9773", "title": "A portable infusion pump, programmable with 16 rates.", "content": "An external, portable, programmable infusion pump has been developed for long-term therapeutic intravenous infusion of drugs. The impulse-controlled system consists of a 250 g CMOS-electronic unit, and an electromechanical infuser (250 g) containing a 10-ml disposable syringe. The infusion rate pattern is manually preprogrammed from 24 to 384 microliter/0.5 h. The coefficient of variation of the volume infused is less than 2% per. 0.5 h. The system has been tested by continuous administration of insulin in diabetics during 4 consecutive days, and can operate for 6-7 days with a 1 Ah, 5.4 V battery. The mean capillary blood glucose concentration could be maintained at levels close to normal (i.e. 7.0 mmol/1 +/- 2.3 (SD)) during the treatment period.", "contents": "A portable infusion pump, programmable with 16 rates. An external, portable, programmable infusion pump has been developed for long-term therapeutic intravenous infusion of drugs. The impulse-controlled system consists of a 250 g CMOS-electronic unit, and an electromechanical infuser (250 g) containing a 10-ml disposable syringe. The infusion rate pattern is manually preprogrammed from 24 to 384 microliter/0.5 h. The coefficient of variation of the volume infused is less than 2% per. 0.5 h. The system has been tested by continuous administration of insulin in diabetics during 4 consecutive days, and can operate for 6-7 days with a 1 Ah, 5.4 V battery. The mean capillary blood glucose concentration could be maintained at levels close to normal (i.e. 7.0 mmol/1 +/- 2.3 (SD)) during the treatment period.", "PMID": 754819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9774", "title": "Adaptability of Rhizobium meliloti in callus tissues of alfalfa roots.", "content": "The establishment of associative interrelations between nodule bacteria and cells of a callus culture of alfalfa roots, evaluated according to the criterion of nitrogenase activity, was accompanied by considerable inhibition of the plant cells in the period of maximum infection as well as by the dispersal of actively multiplying nodule bacteria on the surface of the callus cells in the first 7 days after infection. The dynamics of the localization of nodule bacteria on the surface of callus cells was studied by the method of scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Adaptability of Rhizobium meliloti in callus tissues of alfalfa roots. The establishment of associative interrelations between nodule bacteria and cells of a callus culture of alfalfa roots, evaluated according to the criterion of nitrogenase activity, was accompanied by considerable inhibition of the plant cells in the period of maximum infection as well as by the dispersal of actively multiplying nodule bacteria on the surface of the callus cells in the first 7 days after infection. The dynamics of the localization of nodule bacteria on the surface of callus cells was studied by the method of scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 754813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9775", "title": "Action of metabolites of isolated plant tissues on the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium vigna and Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "The dependence of the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti on the strain peculiarities of the cultures, the composition of the media used, and the metabolites of legume tissue cultures was demonstrated by the acetylene method. The nitrogenase activity is significantly higher in R. vigna than in R. meliloti, under the same experimental conditions. Enrichment of the Murashige-Skoog medium with arabinose (25 mM), succinate (25 mM), glutamine (2 mM nitrogen), and yeast extract (0.1%) substantially stimulated the nitrogenase activity of a pure culture of R. vigna. The maximum nitrogenase activity on this medium was noted when metabolites of sweet clover tissue were introduced.", "contents": "Action of metabolites of isolated plant tissues on the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium vigna and Rhizobium meliloti. The dependence of the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti on the strain peculiarities of the cultures, the composition of the media used, and the metabolites of legume tissue cultures was demonstrated by the acetylene method. The nitrogenase activity is significantly higher in R. vigna than in R. meliloti, under the same experimental conditions. Enrichment of the Murashige-Skoog medium with arabinose (25 mM), succinate (25 mM), glutamine (2 mM nitrogen), and yeast extract (0.1%) substantially stimulated the nitrogenase activity of a pure culture of R. vigna. The maximum nitrogenase activity on this medium was noted when metabolites of sweet clover tissue were introduced.", "PMID": 754814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9776", "title": "A method for continuous electrocardiodynamic monitoring.", "content": "A new method is presented for the monitoring of cardiac time intervals, e.g. in clinical and industrial work investigation. The methods yields 'on-line' the electrocardiodynamic time profile during rest as well as effort, and has applications in health care, sports and occupational medicine. By means of analog processing of an electrocardiographic signal, ear densitogram and beat-by-beat display of the measured cardiac time intervals as amplitude-modulated pulses, an 'electrocardiodynamic time profile' is obtained. In order to estimate the accuracy and the limitations of the method, a comparison with computerized methods was performed. In an ergonomic experiment carried out by a Romanian-Swedish research team, analog and digital methods for the detection of cardiac time intervals showed good agreement.", "contents": "A method for continuous electrocardiodynamic monitoring. A new method is presented for the monitoring of cardiac time intervals, e.g. in clinical and industrial work investigation. The methods yields 'on-line' the electrocardiodynamic time profile during rest as well as effort, and has applications in health care, sports and occupational medicine. By means of analog processing of an electrocardiographic signal, ear densitogram and beat-by-beat display of the measured cardiac time intervals as amplitude-modulated pulses, an 'electrocardiodynamic time profile' is obtained. In order to estimate the accuracy and the limitations of the method, a comparison with computerized methods was performed. In an ergonomic experiment carried out by a Romanian-Swedish research team, analog and digital methods for the detection of cardiac time intervals showed good agreement.", "PMID": 754820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9777", "title": "Fish heart rate telemetry in the open sea using sector scanning sonar.", "content": "Real time monitoring of heart rate from free-swimming fish in the open sea has been used in conjunction with high resolution sonar to track plaice and observed the variation in heart rate in relation to environmental parameters. The heart rate can be observed at the same time as the acoustic picture of the sea bed or the midwater volume of sea surrounding the fish.", "contents": "Fish heart rate telemetry in the open sea using sector scanning sonar. Real time monitoring of heart rate from free-swimming fish in the open sea has been used in conjunction with high resolution sonar to track plaice and observed the variation in heart rate in relation to environmental parameters. The heart rate can be observed at the same time as the acoustic picture of the sea bed or the midwater volume of sea surrounding the fish.", "PMID": 754821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9778", "title": "Investigation of the turnover of the carbon of organic fractions of yeasts in the logarithmic phase of growth.", "content": "An investigation of the isotopic exchange (turnover) of carbon among the basic groups of organic substances of yeast biomass (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, free amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic aicds) showed that in the presence of a carbon source and all the necessary nutrient elements in the logarithmic phase of growth of the culture, the bulk of the organic substances of the cell are extremely stable. Under these conditions, no appreciable utilization of the carbon of low-molecular-weight pools, nor any significant degradation of high-molecular-weight substances can be detected. Nor was there any redistribution of carbon-14 among individual components of the fraction of free amino acids and lipids. It was shown that the fraction of exchangeable carbon of the biopolymers of mature cells, like the fraction of the exchnage pool of low-molecular-weight substances, does not exceed 10% of the total carb-n of these substances. It is suggested that there is no mixing of the old and newly synthesized low-molecular-weight carbon pools in the parent cell, and all the components of the biomass of the daughter cells are synthesized chiefly from the carbon of the substrate.", "contents": "Investigation of the turnover of the carbon of organic fractions of yeasts in the logarithmic phase of growth. An investigation of the isotopic exchange (turnover) of carbon among the basic groups of organic substances of yeast biomass (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, free amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic aicds) showed that in the presence of a carbon source and all the necessary nutrient elements in the logarithmic phase of growth of the culture, the bulk of the organic substances of the cell are extremely stable. Under these conditions, no appreciable utilization of the carbon of low-molecular-weight pools, nor any significant degradation of high-molecular-weight substances can be detected. Nor was there any redistribution of carbon-14 among individual components of the fraction of free amino acids and lipids. It was shown that the fraction of exchangeable carbon of the biopolymers of mature cells, like the fraction of the exchnage pool of low-molecular-weight substances, does not exceed 10% of the total carb-n of these substances. It is suggested that there is no mixing of the old and newly synthesized low-molecular-weight carbon pools in the parent cell, and all the components of the biomass of the daughter cells are synthesized chiefly from the carbon of the substrate.", "PMID": 754815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9779", "title": "Effects of telemetry transmitter weight on breeding success in herring gulls.", "content": "Dummy ratio-tracking transmitters weighing 10, 30 and 50 g were attached to randomly chosen pairs of breeding herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Breeding success was measured as a function of eggs hatched and chicks fledged. Fewer clutches survived if patients were subjected to more severe treatments (p less than 0.02). Component effects (catching pairs of gulls or increased transmitter weight) were not singularly significant in decreasing clutch success.", "contents": "Effects of telemetry transmitter weight on breeding success in herring gulls. Dummy ratio-tracking transmitters weighing 10, 30 and 50 g were attached to randomly chosen pairs of breeding herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Breeding success was measured as a function of eggs hatched and chicks fledged. Fewer clutches survived if patients were subjected to more severe treatments (p less than 0.02). Component effects (catching pairs of gulls or increased transmitter weight) were not singularly significant in decreasing clutch success.", "PMID": 754822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9780", "title": "Arrhythmias in ambulatory persons. A review and experience of 1,000 consecutive recordings.", "content": "The value of 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of the ECG for the diagnosis of symptoms of dizziness, palpitations and syncope is controversial. In this study results from a hospital-based, clinical service have been analysed. Of 1,000 consecutive dynamic electrocardiograms (DCG), 678 were performed for assessment of dizziness, syncope or palpitations in 405 patients. 36 of the patients had pacemakers. 60 DCGs were technically inadequate. The recordings were classified according to the correspondence between DCG findings and symptoms noted in the patient diary: (I) Completely diagnostic: significant arrhythmias (SA) corresponding to diary symptoms - 99 recordings. (II) Incompletely diagnostic: (a) absence of SA in the presence of diary symptoms - 90 recordings; (b) presence of SA but no diary symptoms - 197 recordings; (c) presence of SA corresponding to symptoms other than that for which the DCG was indicated - 52 recordings. (III) Non-diagnostic: absence of both SA and diary symptoms - 180 recordings. Incompletely diagnostic categories were regarded as clinically valuable in that they either excluded a cardiac arrhythmia as a cause of symptoms (group IIa) or they revealed SA which did not correspond to diary symptoms (group IIc). The absence of symptoms corresponding to SA was ascribed to poor diary keeping in 54 of 197 recordings. These results are discussed in the context of the findings in normal and symptomatic patients. A clinical 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring service provided useful diagnostic information in 65% of recordings and 74% of patients.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in ambulatory persons. A review and experience of 1,000 consecutive recordings. The value of 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of the ECG for the diagnosis of symptoms of dizziness, palpitations and syncope is controversial. In this study results from a hospital-based, clinical service have been analysed. Of 1,000 consecutive dynamic electrocardiograms (DCG), 678 were performed for assessment of dizziness, syncope or palpitations in 405 patients. 36 of the patients had pacemakers. 60 DCGs were technically inadequate. The recordings were classified according to the correspondence between DCG findings and symptoms noted in the patient diary: (I) Completely diagnostic: significant arrhythmias (SA) corresponding to diary symptoms - 99 recordings. (II) Incompletely diagnostic: (a) absence of SA in the presence of diary symptoms - 90 recordings; (b) presence of SA but no diary symptoms - 197 recordings; (c) presence of SA corresponding to symptoms other than that for which the DCG was indicated - 52 recordings. (III) Non-diagnostic: absence of both SA and diary symptoms - 180 recordings. Incompletely diagnostic categories were regarded as clinically valuable in that they either excluded a cardiac arrhythmia as a cause of symptoms (group IIa) or they revealed SA which did not correspond to diary symptoms (group IIc). The absence of symptoms corresponding to SA was ascribed to poor diary keeping in 54 of 197 recordings. These results are discussed in the context of the findings in normal and symptomatic patients. A clinical 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring service provided useful diagnostic information in 65% of recordings and 74% of patients.", "PMID": 754824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9781", "title": "PCM telemetry for physiological data.", "content": "PCM technology offers significant advantages in the application of telemetry to medical and physiological studies. The requirements for less complicated handling, standardized system layout, improvement of weight, size and power supply by commercial battery modules, as well as different wireless data links are met better by a PCM encoder which was specially developed for physiological applications. The advantages of PCM are illustrated in this paper by relating the experimental requirements to technical specifications for the elements of a telemetry link. A newly designed 8-channel PCM-telemetry system satisfying these requirements is described.", "contents": "PCM telemetry for physiological data. PCM technology offers significant advantages in the application of telemetry to medical and physiological studies. The requirements for less complicated handling, standardized system layout, improvement of weight, size and power supply by commercial battery modules, as well as different wireless data links are met better by a PCM encoder which was specially developed for physiological applications. The advantages of PCM are illustrated in this paper by relating the experimental requirements to technical specifications for the elements of a telemetry link. A newly designed 8-channel PCM-telemetry system satisfying these requirements is described.", "PMID": 754825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9782", "title": "A microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system for CO2 rebreathing studies.", "content": "A real-time microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system has been developed to automate the measurement of the ventilatory response to CO2 by the rebreathing method. Previous systems acquire the data on-line and then analyze and display the results off-line. The system described here performs all processing on-line and displays experimental results in real-time. The results of 5 min of data acquisition are available for display only 1.5 sec after completion of the experiment. Immediate interpretation of the results of each experiment enable a series of related studies to be performed on the same patient in a short time period. The microcomputer is Digital Equipment Corporation's LSI-11, a low cost 16 bit machine with the basic instruction set of a PDP-11/40. The system has 16 kbytes of memory, a CRT for data display, and a paper tape reader for program loading. Due to the time constraints of real-time processing and the memory constraints of a small system, the software is written entirely in assembler language. The software includes routines for numeric and character input, line and graphical output, linear curve fitting, start of rise detection and floating point computations.", "contents": "A microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system for CO2 rebreathing studies. A real-time microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system has been developed to automate the measurement of the ventilatory response to CO2 by the rebreathing method. Previous systems acquire the data on-line and then analyze and display the results off-line. The system described here performs all processing on-line and displays experimental results in real-time. The results of 5 min of data acquisition are available for display only 1.5 sec after completion of the experiment. Immediate interpretation of the results of each experiment enable a series of related studies to be performed on the same patient in a short time period. The microcomputer is Digital Equipment Corporation's LSI-11, a low cost 16 bit machine with the basic instruction set of a PDP-11/40. The system has 16 kbytes of memory, a CRT for data display, and a paper tape reader for program loading. Due to the time constraints of real-time processing and the memory constraints of a small system, the software is written entirely in assembler language. The software includes routines for numeric and character input, line and graphical output, linear curve fitting, start of rise detection and floating point computations.", "PMID": 754826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9783", "title": "Long-term trends in human eye blink rate.", "content": "Long-term recordings of normal human eye blink behavior (up to 14 h continuously) showed a number of periodic trends in blink rate. Mean rates varied from 2 to 50 blinks/min and periods ranged from 10 min to 2.5 h. Three dominant groupings of mean rates were observed (1) under 6, (2) 8--15 and (3) 20--30 blinks/min; these groups appear to be related to more or less distinct behavioral states of the individual. Blink amplitudes also varied and amplitude and rate showed correlations of possible functional significance. Vision-related behaviors affect both the mean rate of blinking and blink amplitude, and may impose a characteristic strategy on the timing of the individual blinks as well. The latter is referred to as bimodal blinking; this strategy contrasts with the random occurrence of blinks seen normally.", "contents": "Long-term trends in human eye blink rate. Long-term recordings of normal human eye blink behavior (up to 14 h continuously) showed a number of periodic trends in blink rate. Mean rates varied from 2 to 50 blinks/min and periods ranged from 10 min to 2.5 h. Three dominant groupings of mean rates were observed (1) under 6, (2) 8--15 and (3) 20--30 blinks/min; these groups appear to be related to more or less distinct behavioral states of the individual. Blink amplitudes also varied and amplitude and rate showed correlations of possible functional significance. Vision-related behaviors affect both the mean rate of blinking and blink amplitude, and may impose a characteristic strategy on the timing of the individual blinks as well. The latter is referred to as bimodal blinking; this strategy contrasts with the random occurrence of blinks seen normally.", "PMID": 754827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9784", "title": "Studies of water in biological systems by a pulsed NMR method. 1. Flow profile in a cylindrical tube.", "content": "Pulsed NMR experiments on water flowing through cylindrical tubes are discussed. Spin echo signals of proton nuclear spins in water molecules were detected RF (radio frequency) phase-sensitively in static magnetic field gradients which were superposed on a main magnetic field. Both the intensity and the RF phase of the spin echo signal depended upon the flow pattern. It is shown that the velocity distribution function was driven from the magnetic field gradient dependence of spin echo signals. Velocity distributions (or velocity profiles) of the fluid in a uniform cylindrical tube have been measured from the spin echo signals. The data on the flow behind a stenosis were widely different from the data on laminar flows.", "contents": "Studies of water in biological systems by a pulsed NMR method. 1. Flow profile in a cylindrical tube. Pulsed NMR experiments on water flowing through cylindrical tubes are discussed. Spin echo signals of proton nuclear spins in water molecules were detected RF (radio frequency) phase-sensitively in static magnetic field gradients which were superposed on a main magnetic field. Both the intensity and the RF phase of the spin echo signal depended upon the flow pattern. It is shown that the velocity distribution function was driven from the magnetic field gradient dependence of spin echo signals. Velocity distributions (or velocity profiles) of the fluid in a uniform cylindrical tube have been measured from the spin echo signals. The data on the flow behind a stenosis were widely different from the data on laminar flows.", "PMID": 754828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9785", "title": "Diagnostic catheterization and bacteriuria in women with urinary incontinence.", "content": "The risk of single catheterisation in females with urinary incontinence and/or genital prolapse was studied in patients referred for urodynamic examination. Two hundred and eighty-six catheterisations were performed followed by a mid-streem specimen 1 week later, and in 31 of these the initial specimen contained more than 10(5) bacteria. Following catheterisation bacteriuria occurred in 5 (2%) of the patients with initially sterile urine. The phenomenon of \"asymptomatic bacteriuria\", \"transient significant bacteriuria\" and \"bladder defence mechanism\" is discussed. The risk of introducing urinary tract infection in urodynamic studies is low.", "contents": "Diagnostic catheterization and bacteriuria in women with urinary incontinence. The risk of single catheterisation in females with urinary incontinence and/or genital prolapse was studied in patients referred for urodynamic examination. Two hundred and eighty-six catheterisations were performed followed by a mid-streem specimen 1 week later, and in 31 of these the initial specimen contained more than 10(5) bacteria. Following catheterisation bacteriuria occurred in 5 (2%) of the patients with initially sterile urine. The phenomenon of \"asymptomatic bacteriuria\", \"transient significant bacteriuria\" and \"bladder defence mechanism\" is discussed. The risk of introducing urinary tract infection in urodynamic studies is low.", "PMID": 754842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9786", "title": "Should patients be shaved prior to transurethral surgery?", "content": "In a prospective randomised trial no significant difference in urinary infection was found when routine pubic shaving prior to transurethral surgery was compared with no pubic shave. An argument based on financial and aesthetic considerations is presented to support the abolition of this traditional policy.", "contents": "Should patients be shaved prior to transurethral surgery? In a prospective randomised trial no significant difference in urinary infection was found when routine pubic shaving prior to transurethral surgery was compared with no pubic shave. An argument based on financial and aesthetic considerations is presented to support the abolition of this traditional policy.", "PMID": 754843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9787", "title": "Procarbazine (Natulan) in the treatment of Peyronie's disease.", "content": "Thirty-four men with Peyronie's diseases were treated with a 12-week course of the drug procarbazine (Natulan), preceded or followed by a 12-week course of vitamin E. Ninety-one per cent of the men failed to improve or became worse whilst receiving Natulan and toxic side-effects were common. In comparison 39% improved whilst taking vitamin E. We concluded that Natulan is of little benefit in the treatment of this condition and may indeed be harmful.", "contents": "Procarbazine (Natulan) in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Thirty-four men with Peyronie's diseases were treated with a 12-week course of the drug procarbazine (Natulan), preceded or followed by a 12-week course of vitamin E. Ninety-one per cent of the men failed to improve or became worse whilst receiving Natulan and toxic side-effects were common. In comparison 39% improved whilst taking vitamin E. We concluded that Natulan is of little benefit in the treatment of this condition and may indeed be harmful.", "PMID": 754844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9788", "title": "Surgical management of impotence using the inflatable penile prosthesis: experience with 103 patients.", "content": "The inflatable hydraulic penile prosthesis has been implanted in 103 patients with both organic and psychogenic impotence. The 4 failures in this series resulted from infection. Mechanical problems occurred in 27 patients, but with additional implant experience, these have been significantly induced. All mechanical complications are correctable through secondary and tertiary surgical procedures. Ninety-eight of 99 patients with a normally functioning prosthetic device had satisfactory intercourse without significant difficulty. The inflatable penile prosthesis has improved to be a highly satisfactory method of treating male impotence.", "contents": "Surgical management of impotence using the inflatable penile prosthesis: experience with 103 patients. The inflatable hydraulic penile prosthesis has been implanted in 103 patients with both organic and psychogenic impotence. The 4 failures in this series resulted from infection. Mechanical problems occurred in 27 patients, but with additional implant experience, these have been significantly induced. All mechanical complications are correctable through secondary and tertiary surgical procedures. Ninety-eight of 99 patients with a normally functioning prosthetic device had satisfactory intercourse without significant difficulty. The inflatable penile prosthesis has improved to be a highly satisfactory method of treating male impotence.", "PMID": 754845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9789", "title": "The thermographic characteristics of varicocele: an analysis of 65 positive registrations.", "content": "Sixty-five positive thermograms in patients suspected of subclinical varicocele or presenting with clinically palpable varicocele have been analysed. Two distinct patterns of varicocele associated thermograms could be distinguished, herperthermia always exceeding 1 degrees C. A correlation was found between the clinical grade of varicocele and both the extension and the degree of hyperthermia.", "contents": "The thermographic characteristics of varicocele: an analysis of 65 positive registrations. Sixty-five positive thermograms in patients suspected of subclinical varicocele or presenting with clinically palpable varicocele have been analysed. Two distinct patterns of varicocele associated thermograms could be distinguished, herperthermia always exceeding 1 degrees C. A correlation was found between the clinical grade of varicocele and both the extension and the degree of hyperthermia.", "PMID": 754846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9790", "title": "Chyluria--a 10 year follow-up.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-one cases of chyluria have been studied. The possible aetiological factors, the approach to investigation and the methods and results of treatment have been discussed. In this series, the diagnosis was established by the presence of chyle in the urine. Lymphography was carried out in 90 patients for the localisation of the site of lymphatic reflux while cystoscopic examination after fatty meal was useful in determining the side with the heavier leakage. One hundred and nineteen cases responded to conservative treatment and only 42 cases required operative treatment. Stripping of the renal pedicle via the retroperitoneal route gave the best results.", "contents": "Chyluria--a 10 year follow-up. One hundred and sixty-one cases of chyluria have been studied. The possible aetiological factors, the approach to investigation and the methods and results of treatment have been discussed. In this series, the diagnosis was established by the presence of chyle in the urine. Lymphography was carried out in 90 patients for the localisation of the site of lymphatic reflux while cystoscopic examination after fatty meal was useful in determining the side with the heavier leakage. One hundred and nineteen cases responded to conservative treatment and only 42 cases required operative treatment. Stripping of the renal pedicle via the retroperitoneal route gave the best results.", "PMID": 754847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9791", "title": "Renal mobility in women attending a pyelonephritis clinic and in controls.", "content": "The range of vertical renal mobility was established in a group of 129 healthy female subjects and compared with the range of mobility observed in 236 female patients attending a pyelonephritis clinic. The mobility was significantly greater on the right side in both groups and both kidneys moved significantly more in the patient group than in the controls. Excessive mobility could not be directly related to bacteriologically confirmed infection, renal pain or IVP abnormality. Nephroptosis remains an enigma and excessive renal mobility must not be interpreted in isolation.", "contents": "Renal mobility in women attending a pyelonephritis clinic and in controls. The range of vertical renal mobility was established in a group of 129 healthy female subjects and compared with the range of mobility observed in 236 female patients attending a pyelonephritis clinic. The mobility was significantly greater on the right side in both groups and both kidneys moved significantly more in the patient group than in the controls. Excessive mobility could not be directly related to bacteriologically confirmed infection, renal pain or IVP abnormality. Nephroptosis remains an enigma and excessive renal mobility must not be interpreted in isolation.", "PMID": 754855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9792", "title": "Diuresis renography in equivocal urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "A trial of the value of diuresis renography in equivocal upper urinary tract obstruction is presented. Fifty-two patients were examined by standard renography and renography under a diuretic provocation. The results indicate that the technique is of considerable value in making the vital distinction between dilatation on the excretion urogram due to atonicity and that caused by a genuine obstruction. A quantitative index of the response to diuresis reflecting the degree of impedance to flow is described--the Diuresis Excretion Index. Diuresis renography is recommended in the evaluation of the patient with equivocal urinary tract obstruction.", "contents": "Diuresis renography in equivocal urinary tract obstruction. A trial of the value of diuresis renography in equivocal upper urinary tract obstruction is presented. Fifty-two patients were examined by standard renography and renography under a diuretic provocation. The results indicate that the technique is of considerable value in making the vital distinction between dilatation on the excretion urogram due to atonicity and that caused by a genuine obstruction. A quantitative index of the response to diuresis reflecting the degree of impedance to flow is described--the Diuresis Excretion Index. Diuresis renography is recommended in the evaluation of the patient with equivocal urinary tract obstruction.", "PMID": 754856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9793", "title": "Exstrophy of the bladder: treatment by trigonosigmoidostomy--long-term results.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with bladder exstrophy were treated by implanting the vesical trigone into the sigmoid colon. Twenty-three have been followed for 3 to 19 years, with an average of 10 years. Taking into account the clinical status, renal function, the intravenous urogram, continence and social life, 18 patients were considered to have had an excellent result. There were 2 failures; 1 post-operative death occurred due to ruptured oesophageal varices and 1 patient developed bilateral hydronephrosis which necessitated cutaneous urinary diversion. In 4 cases the results, while satisfactory, were only fair in that 2 developed stones and 2 showed symptomatic electrolyte disturbances requiring treatment. Trigonosigmoidostomy preserves intact the ureterovesical junction which prevents colo-ureteric reflux and this probably accounts for the generally excellent long-term results. We believe the operation is preferable to ureterosigmoidostomy in the management of bladder exstrophy.", "contents": "Exstrophy of the bladder: treatment by trigonosigmoidostomy--long-term results. Twenty-five patients with bladder exstrophy were treated by implanting the vesical trigone into the sigmoid colon. Twenty-three have been followed for 3 to 19 years, with an average of 10 years. Taking into account the clinical status, renal function, the intravenous urogram, continence and social life, 18 patients were considered to have had an excellent result. There were 2 failures; 1 post-operative death occurred due to ruptured oesophageal varices and 1 patient developed bilateral hydronephrosis which necessitated cutaneous urinary diversion. In 4 cases the results, while satisfactory, were only fair in that 2 developed stones and 2 showed symptomatic electrolyte disturbances requiring treatment. Trigonosigmoidostomy preserves intact the ureterovesical junction which prevents colo-ureteric reflux and this probably accounts for the generally excellent long-term results. We believe the operation is preferable to ureterosigmoidostomy in the management of bladder exstrophy.", "PMID": 754857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9794", "title": "The incidence and consequences of damage to the parasympathetic nerve supply to the bladder after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty-one patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma were studied with regard to bladder function after surgery. Fifty-nine per cent had motor denervation of the bladder due to tumour or operative damage to the pelvic parasympathetic nerves and this produced symptoms of incomplete bladder emptying requiring treatment in 90% of this group. The factors affecting the incidence of nerve damage were discussed. The long-term effect of parasympathetic nerve damage was investigated and the management is discussed.", "contents": "The incidence and consequences of damage to the parasympathetic nerve supply to the bladder after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma. Fifty-one patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma were studied with regard to bladder function after surgery. Fifty-nine per cent had motor denervation of the bladder due to tumour or operative damage to the pelvic parasympathetic nerves and this produced symptoms of incomplete bladder emptying requiring treatment in 90% of this group. The factors affecting the incidence of nerve damage were discussed. The long-term effect of parasympathetic nerve damage was investigated and the management is discussed.", "PMID": 754858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9795", "title": "Experience with anteromedian (12 o'clock) external urethral sphincterotomy in 100 male subjects with neuropathic bladders.", "content": "One hundred male spinal cord injured patients have now undergone anteromedian (12 o'clock) external urethral sphincterotomy alone or in combination with transurethral incision or resection of the bladder neck. The functional affect of this procedure has been documented by voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic studies. The morbidity and clinical results including blood loss and loss of reflex erection are reviewed. The short-term clinical results suggest that this is the best of currently available techniques to lower external urethral sphincter resistance.", "contents": "Experience with anteromedian (12 o'clock) external urethral sphincterotomy in 100 male subjects with neuropathic bladders. One hundred male spinal cord injured patients have now undergone anteromedian (12 o'clock) external urethral sphincterotomy alone or in combination with transurethral incision or resection of the bladder neck. The functional affect of this procedure has been documented by voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic studies. The morbidity and clinical results including blood loss and loss of reflex erection are reviewed. The short-term clinical results suggest that this is the best of currently available techniques to lower external urethral sphincter resistance.", "PMID": 754859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9796", "title": "Typing of fluorescent phytopathogenic pseudomonads by bacteriocin production.", "content": "Several phytopathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas species, primarily P. syringae, could be grouped into 16 bacteriocin producer groups, including new and previously described groups. At least 86% of the P. syringae strains could be typed by bacteriocin production. There was poor correlation between bacteriocin type and host plant origin. No correlation was detected between syringomycin (a phytotoxin) production and bacteriocin type.", "contents": "Typing of fluorescent phytopathogenic pseudomonads by bacteriocin production. Several phytopathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas species, primarily P. syringae, could be grouped into 16 bacteriocin producer groups, including new and previously described groups. At least 86% of the P. syringae strains could be typed by bacteriocin production. There was poor correlation between bacteriocin type and host plant origin. No correlation was detected between syringomycin (a phytotoxin) production and bacteriocin type.", "PMID": 754872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9797", "title": "Morphogenetic expression of Arthrobacter globiformis 425 in continuous culture with carbon or biotin limitation.", "content": "When deprived of biotin, Arthrobacter globiformis 425 exhibits abnormal morphology (large, branched forms of variable size) and a retardation of its normal growth rate. In chemostat cultures, when cells were grown under glucose limitation, the morphology was normal (coccoids or rods) at specific growth rates between 0.05 and 0.125 h-1 (doubling times between 14 and 5.5 h, respectively) at 25 degrees C. The coccoid-to-rod morphogenesis occurs at a specific growth rate of 0.11 h-1. At the same specific growth rates and temperature, but under biotin limitation, abnormal morphology was observed.", "contents": "Morphogenetic expression of Arthrobacter globiformis 425 in continuous culture with carbon or biotin limitation. When deprived of biotin, Arthrobacter globiformis 425 exhibits abnormal morphology (large, branched forms of variable size) and a retardation of its normal growth rate. In chemostat cultures, when cells were grown under glucose limitation, the morphology was normal (coccoids or rods) at specific growth rates between 0.05 and 0.125 h-1 (doubling times between 14 and 5.5 h, respectively) at 25 degrees C. The coccoid-to-rod morphogenesis occurs at a specific growth rate of 0.11 h-1. At the same specific growth rates and temperature, but under biotin limitation, abnormal morphology was observed.", "PMID": 754873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9798", "title": "Role of oxygen in the induction of fermentation in the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii.", "content": "Leucosporidium stokesii, an obligately psychrophilic yeast, metabolizes glucose during the initial stages of aerobic growth by aerobic respiration. During later stages of growth and in the presence of excess glucose and limiting oxygen the organism develops a fermentative-type metabolism. Rates of respiration on the other hand remain relatively constant. The change in metabolism occurs only at temperatures which support growth of the organism and does not occur at 25 degrees C. Resting cells prepared from young glucose-grown cultures can be induced to ferment glucose. The induction process occurs only in the presence of glucose and is inhibited by actidione.", "contents": "Role of oxygen in the induction of fermentation in the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii. Leucosporidium stokesii, an obligately psychrophilic yeast, metabolizes glucose during the initial stages of aerobic growth by aerobic respiration. During later stages of growth and in the presence of excess glucose and limiting oxygen the organism develops a fermentative-type metabolism. Rates of respiration on the other hand remain relatively constant. The change in metabolism occurs only at temperatures which support growth of the organism and does not occur at 25 degrees C. Resting cells prepared from young glucose-grown cultures can be induced to ferment glucose. The induction process occurs only in the presence of glucose and is inhibited by actidione.", "PMID": 754874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9799", "title": "Some effects of arsenic on the rumen microflora; an in vitro study.", "content": "The rate of fermentation of the rumen microflora was inhibited almost 30% by 5 micrograms/ml of arsenic added in the form of arsenite, although 304 micrograms/ml was required to cause 50% inhibition. Arsenate was less inhibitory. The rate of fermentation of a separated bacterial fraction was inhibited 37% by 1 microgram of arsenite per millilitre, whereas 100 micrograms/ml had little effect on the fermentation of a separated protozoal fraction. Similar results were obtained for arsenate. Both fractions had the capacity to take up arsenate, but the protozoa took it up more readily to a higher intracellular concentration. Both arsenate and arsenite inhibited the growth of a number of rumen bacteria in pure culture at concentrations as low as 5 micrograms of arsenic per millilitre. The greater resistance of Megasphaera elsdenii to arsenate as compared with that of Bacteroides succinogenes was not related to the inability to take up the element. In conclusion, the concentrations of arsenic causing a significant inhibitory effect on the fermentative activity and growth of some rumen bacteria are less than that reported to be toxic to ruminant animals.", "contents": "Some effects of arsenic on the rumen microflora; an in vitro study. The rate of fermentation of the rumen microflora was inhibited almost 30% by 5 micrograms/ml of arsenic added in the form of arsenite, although 304 micrograms/ml was required to cause 50% inhibition. Arsenate was less inhibitory. The rate of fermentation of a separated bacterial fraction was inhibited 37% by 1 microgram of arsenite per millilitre, whereas 100 micrograms/ml had little effect on the fermentation of a separated protozoal fraction. Similar results were obtained for arsenate. Both fractions had the capacity to take up arsenate, but the protozoa took it up more readily to a higher intracellular concentration. Both arsenate and arsenite inhibited the growth of a number of rumen bacteria in pure culture at concentrations as low as 5 micrograms of arsenic per millilitre. The greater resistance of Megasphaera elsdenii to arsenate as compared with that of Bacteroides succinogenes was not related to the inability to take up the element. In conclusion, the concentrations of arsenic causing a significant inhibitory effect on the fermentative activity and growth of some rumen bacteria are less than that reported to be toxic to ruminant animals.", "PMID": 754875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9800", "title": "Transfer, maintenance, and expression of bacterial Ti-plasmid DNA in plant cells transformed with A. tumefaciens.", "content": "The mechanism of induction of the plant cancer crown gall by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been briefly described. The salient points are as follows. 1. Large plasmids of molecular weight (100 to 150) S 10(6), called Ti-plasmids, are essential to the transformation process. 2. Ti-plasmids carry a DNA segment that can be transferred to, and maintained and expressed in, transformed plant cells. 3. This DNA segment has been identified both by direct hybridization experiments between Ti DNA fragments and crown gall DNA and by the study of a deletion mutant of a Ti-plasmid. 4. Indirect evidence suggests that genes involved in the synthesis of abnormal amino acids (such as octopine and nopaline) by crown gall cells, and known to be carried on the Ti-plasmids, are in fact located on the DNA segment that is transferred to the plant cells. 5. Ti-plasmids are efficient conjugative plasmids, since they can promote their own transfer by conjugation to various plasmid-free bacterial strains. Their conjugative properties may be involved also in the Ti DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. 6. Preliminary evidence indicates that the transferable segment of the Ti-plasmid has the structure of a transposon, since it appears to be flanked by a sequence exhibiting most of the properties of the sequences that border the known bacterial drug-resistance gene transposons.", "contents": "Transfer, maintenance, and expression of bacterial Ti-plasmid DNA in plant cells transformed with A. tumefaciens. The mechanism of induction of the plant cancer crown gall by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been briefly described. The salient points are as follows. 1. Large plasmids of molecular weight (100 to 150) S 10(6), called Ti-plasmids, are essential to the transformation process. 2. Ti-plasmids carry a DNA segment that can be transferred to, and maintained and expressed in, transformed plant cells. 3. This DNA segment has been identified both by direct hybridization experiments between Ti DNA fragments and crown gall DNA and by the study of a deletion mutant of a Ti-plasmid. 4. Indirect evidence suggests that genes involved in the synthesis of abnormal amino acids (such as octopine and nopaline) by crown gall cells, and known to be carried on the Ti-plasmids, are in fact located on the DNA segment that is transferred to the plant cells. 5. Ti-plasmids are efficient conjugative plasmids, since they can promote their own transfer by conjugation to various plasmid-free bacterial strains. Their conjugative properties may be involved also in the Ti DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. 6. Preliminary evidence indicates that the transferable segment of the Ti-plasmid has the structure of a transposon, since it appears to be flanked by a sequence exhibiting most of the properties of the sequences that border the known bacterial drug-resistance gene transposons.", "PMID": 754869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9801", "title": "[Denitrification by Bacillus licheniformis].", "content": "The denitrifying capacity of 15 strains of Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated. In general, N2 production by the cultures on complex media containing NO3- is irregular and quite slow and three of the strains never produce gas. Bacillus licheniformis grows rapidly in anaerobiosis on peptone medium containing NO3- which is reduced to NO2-. None of the strains grow in peptone medium with NO2- or N2O as the respiratory substrate, nor do they grow under an atmosphere of 10% NO-90% N2. Denitrification was studied in cell suspensions using gas chromatography. N2O production from NO3- or NO2- is always weak at best; nitric oxide is reduced to N2O at an appreciable rate. All the strains synthesize nitrate reductase A in anaerobiosis when NO3- is present. In cell extracts, nitrite reductase activity is always negligible or nil with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine as an electron donor.", "contents": "[Denitrification by Bacillus licheniformis]. The denitrifying capacity of 15 strains of Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated. In general, N2 production by the cultures on complex media containing NO3- is irregular and quite slow and three of the strains never produce gas. Bacillus licheniformis grows rapidly in anaerobiosis on peptone medium containing NO3- which is reduced to NO2-. None of the strains grow in peptone medium with NO2- or N2O as the respiratory substrate, nor do they grow under an atmosphere of 10% NO-90% N2. Denitrification was studied in cell suspensions using gas chromatography. N2O production from NO3- or NO2- is always weak at best; nitric oxide is reduced to N2O at an appreciable rate. All the strains synthesize nitrate reductase A in anaerobiosis when NO3- is present. In cell extracts, nitrite reductase activity is always negligible or nil with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine as an electron donor.", "PMID": 754876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9802", "title": "Survival and reversion of a stable L form in soil.", "content": "The stable L form of Agromyces ramosus reverted to a bacterial form when incubated in sterilized soil. The cellular and colonial morphology of this bacterial form resembled that of the original parent bacterial form. The two forms differed, however, in that the revertant maintained its bacterial form when transferred onto a low-salt (NaCl) medium but was virtually completely induced into the L-form state on a high-salt medium. The original parent bacterial form was not sensitive to salt. The possibility is discussed that an L-form interchanging with a bacterial-form cycle for this bacterium might occur naturally in soil. This cycle would be mediated by fluctuations in local salt concentrations in the soil.", "contents": "Survival and reversion of a stable L form in soil. The stable L form of Agromyces ramosus reverted to a bacterial form when incubated in sterilized soil. The cellular and colonial morphology of this bacterial form resembled that of the original parent bacterial form. The two forms differed, however, in that the revertant maintained its bacterial form when transferred onto a low-salt (NaCl) medium but was virtually completely induced into the L-form state on a high-salt medium. The original parent bacterial form was not sensitive to salt. The possibility is discussed that an L-form interchanging with a bacterial-form cycle for this bacterium might occur naturally in soil. This cycle would be mediated by fluctuations in local salt concentrations in the soil.", "PMID": 754877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9803", "title": "Lipid body content and persistence of chlamydospores of Fusarium solani in soil.", "content": "Chlamydospores of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. low or high in lipid content, were produced in soil from \"low and high reserve\" macroconidia, respectively. The development of \"low and high reserve\" populations of macroconidia and chlamydospores in soil was studied. The rate of conversion of macroconidia into chlamydospores is influenced by the lipid content of the macroconidia. The long-term persistence of chlamydospores in soil seems to be independent of the lipid content of the chlamydospore cells.", "contents": "Lipid body content and persistence of chlamydospores of Fusarium solani in soil. Chlamydospores of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. low or high in lipid content, were produced in soil from \"low and high reserve\" macroconidia, respectively. The development of \"low and high reserve\" populations of macroconidia and chlamydospores in soil was studied. The rate of conversion of macroconidia into chlamydospores is influenced by the lipid content of the macroconidia. The long-term persistence of chlamydospores in soil seems to be independent of the lipid content of the chlamydospore cells.", "PMID": 754878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9804", "title": "Teratocarcinoma cells as vehicles for mutant and foreign genes.", "content": "Mouse malignant teratocarcinoma cells, upon injection into early embryos at the blastocyst stage, become integrated into the developing embryo and stably normalized. In the mosaic mice that are formed, tumor-derived cells can give rise to the full range of normal, functional somatic tissues, and also to germ cells from which progeny are obtained. Totipotent mouse teratocarcinoma cells thus provide a new and essentially parasexual means of generating entire animals. The advantages of in vitro and in vivo technologies can now therefore be combined to synthesize mice with experimentally useful mutations. After mutagenization of the teratocarcinoma cells in culture, and selection or screening for the desired mutant phenotype, cells of mutant clones are microinjected into genetically marked blastocysts for further differentiation and full gene expression within the framework of the organism. An example is the isolation, by 6-thioguanine resistance, of cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase -- the same deficiency that characterizes human patients with the X-linked Lesch-Nyhan disease. In work in progress, these cells have been cycled into genetically marked blastocysts, where the tumor lineage has successfully given rise to fully differentiated tissue contributions in which the enzyme defect persists. Such experiments present numerous possibilities for introducing specific mutations into mice, toward the ends of studying gene mechanisms responsible for differentiation and of producing animal models of human genetic diseases. Teratocarcinoma cells may also serve as vehicles for introducing foreign genetic material into mice in order to facilitate analyses of gene control mechanisms in development and disease.", "contents": "Teratocarcinoma cells as vehicles for mutant and foreign genes. Mouse malignant teratocarcinoma cells, upon injection into early embryos at the blastocyst stage, become integrated into the developing embryo and stably normalized. In the mosaic mice that are formed, tumor-derived cells can give rise to the full range of normal, functional somatic tissues, and also to germ cells from which progeny are obtained. Totipotent mouse teratocarcinoma cells thus provide a new and essentially parasexual means of generating entire animals. The advantages of in vitro and in vivo technologies can now therefore be combined to synthesize mice with experimentally useful mutations. After mutagenization of the teratocarcinoma cells in culture, and selection or screening for the desired mutant phenotype, cells of mutant clones are microinjected into genetically marked blastocysts for further differentiation and full gene expression within the framework of the organism. An example is the isolation, by 6-thioguanine resistance, of cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase -- the same deficiency that characterizes human patients with the X-linked Lesch-Nyhan disease. In work in progress, these cells have been cycled into genetically marked blastocysts, where the tumor lineage has successfully given rise to fully differentiated tissue contributions in which the enzyme defect persists. Such experiments present numerous possibilities for introducing specific mutations into mice, toward the ends of studying gene mechanisms responsible for differentiation and of producing animal models of human genetic diseases. Teratocarcinoma cells may also serve as vehicles for introducing foreign genetic material into mice in order to facilitate analyses of gene control mechanisms in development and disease.", "PMID": 754871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9805", "title": "Evidence for the cotransfer of genetic markers in Pseudomonas solanacearum strain K60.", "content": "A procedure in which transfer of genetic information between genetically distinct derivatives of strain K60 of Pseudomonas solanacearum occurred is described. Genetical analysis of recombinants demonstrated the transfer of an unselected marker, and the linkage of genes determining resistance to streptomycin and rifampicin.", "contents": "Evidence for the cotransfer of genetic markers in Pseudomonas solanacearum strain K60. A procedure in which transfer of genetic information between genetically distinct derivatives of strain K60 of Pseudomonas solanacearum occurred is described. Genetical analysis of recombinants demonstrated the transfer of an unselected marker, and the linkage of genes determining resistance to streptomycin and rifampicin.", "PMID": 754879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9806", "title": "An examination of enzyme production of Phytophthora spp. on solid and liquid media.", "content": "Solid media were used to determine which extracellular hydrolytic enzymes are produced by Phytophthora parasitica; P. parasitica var. nicotianae, races 0, 1, and 3; and several other Phytophthora spp. Most isolates produced RNase, DNase, phosphatase, lipase, and cellulase uniformly. All race 3 isolates of P. parasitica var. nicotianae exhibited protease activity on a medium containing gelatin, while only 33 and 60% of the race 0 and 1 isolates, respectively, and 14% of the P. parasitica isolates did so. Addition of sorbose to this medium enabled the detection of protease activity by most of the isolates. Amylase activity, measured in the culture fluid, was higher in race 3 than in races 0 or 1 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and P. parasitica.", "contents": "An examination of enzyme production of Phytophthora spp. on solid and liquid media. Solid media were used to determine which extracellular hydrolytic enzymes are produced by Phytophthora parasitica; P. parasitica var. nicotianae, races 0, 1, and 3; and several other Phytophthora spp. Most isolates produced RNase, DNase, phosphatase, lipase, and cellulase uniformly. All race 3 isolates of P. parasitica var. nicotianae exhibited protease activity on a medium containing gelatin, while only 33 and 60% of the race 0 and 1 isolates, respectively, and 14% of the P. parasitica isolates did so. Addition of sorbose to this medium enabled the detection of protease activity by most of the isolates. Amylase activity, measured in the culture fluid, was higher in race 3 than in races 0 or 1 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and P. parasitica.", "PMID": 754880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9807", "title": "[Inventory of serotypes of Salmonella found in Iraq].", "content": "This list of the Salmonella found in Bagdad demonstrates their considerable frequency. The frequency of salmonelloses in Irak is very significant, because not only of their incidence on human health, but also on economy: price of salaries, animal death, abortion in the veterinary field, tourism and food exportation handicap.", "contents": "[Inventory of serotypes of Salmonella found in Iraq]. This list of the Salmonella found in Bagdad demonstrates their considerable frequency. The frequency of salmonelloses in Irak is very significant, because not only of their incidence on human health, but also on economy: price of salaries, animal death, abortion in the veterinary field, tourism and food exportation handicap.", "PMID": 754882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9808", "title": "[Clinical forms of secondary syphilis in Cameroun].", "content": "Clinical lesions of Secondary Syphilis in Negroes are similar to classical descriptions which confirm what Montel postulated (1972) according to which \"Syphilis is almost the same all over\"; the essential difference we discovered lies in the frequencies of clinical forms met.", "contents": "[Clinical forms of secondary syphilis in Cameroun]. Clinical lesions of Secondary Syphilis in Negroes are similar to classical descriptions which confirm what Montel postulated (1972) according to which \"Syphilis is almost the same all over\"; the essential difference we discovered lies in the frequencies of clinical forms met.", "PMID": 754883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9809", "title": "[Therapeutic trials of a new anti-helminthic in Colombian Amazonia: flubendazole].", "content": "After a coprologic survey made at Araracuara, a village in colombian Amazonia showing high prevalences of nematodosis, 83 villages (including 55 children below twelve) were given Flubendazole during three consecutive days. The total dose was 600 mg. for children below 12, and 900 mg. for adults. The product efficiency was 88% for Trichuris, 82% for Hookworm, 77% for Ascaris and 43% for Strongylo\u00efdes. The tolerance was excellent in all cases, in spite of heavy parasital infection. The Flubendazole's effect seems to be particularly interesting by its polyvalency.", "contents": "[Therapeutic trials of a new anti-helminthic in Colombian Amazonia: flubendazole]. After a coprologic survey made at Araracuara, a village in colombian Amazonia showing high prevalences of nematodosis, 83 villages (including 55 children below twelve) were given Flubendazole during three consecutive days. The total dose was 600 mg. for children below 12, and 900 mg. for adults. The product efficiency was 88% for Trichuris, 82% for Hookworm, 77% for Ascaris and 43% for Strongylo\u00efdes. The tolerance was excellent in all cases, in spite of heavy parasital infection. The Flubendazole's effect seems to be particularly interesting by its polyvalency.", "PMID": 754887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9810", "title": "[Inventory of the Culcinae in Balagne (Corsica)].", "content": "We have drawn up the faunistic inventory of Culicinae in Balagne (Corsica) in late summer. The list shows the following species (in order of frequency): Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, Culex impudicus, Culex territans (?), Culiseta longiareolata, Culiseta annulata, Culiseta subochrea, Aedes mariae, Aedes caspius, Aedes vexans, Anopheles claviger, Anopheles maculipennis. We have observed the important recession of the maculipennis complex (only one female catched indoor) and the abundance of Anopheles claviger founded in underground resting places from the sea level up to the mountains.", "contents": "[Inventory of the Culcinae in Balagne (Corsica)]. We have drawn up the faunistic inventory of Culicinae in Balagne (Corsica) in late summer. The list shows the following species (in order of frequency): Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, Culex impudicus, Culex territans (?), Culiseta longiareolata, Culiseta annulata, Culiseta subochrea, Aedes mariae, Aedes caspius, Aedes vexans, Anopheles claviger, Anopheles maculipennis. We have observed the important recession of the maculipennis complex (only one female catched indoor) and the abundance of Anopheles claviger founded in underground resting places from the sea level up to the mountains.", "PMID": 754888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9811", "title": "Computerized tomography in the assessment of diseases of the thorax: a critical review.", "content": "Many diseases of the chest wall, heart, mediastinum, pleura, and lungs can be successfully imaged by CT. Radiotherapy ports can be calculated and transcutaneous biopsies can be monitored. In future, it is conceivable that by studying the numerical data within these areas of diseased and healthy lung it may be possible to more closely correlate pulmonary function with radiographic images. It is hoped that lung volumes extravascular lung water, blood flow patterns, and many more physiological parameters may become open to elucidation by CT.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the assessment of diseases of the thorax: a critical review. Many diseases of the chest wall, heart, mediastinum, pleura, and lungs can be successfully imaged by CT. Radiotherapy ports can be calculated and transcutaneous biopsies can be monitored. In future, it is conceivable that by studying the numerical data within these areas of diseased and healthy lung it may be possible to more closely correlate pulmonary function with radiographic images. It is hoped that lung volumes extravascular lung water, blood flow patterns, and many more physiological parameters may become open to elucidation by CT.", "PMID": 754893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9812", "title": "[Medical practice in Indians of the Colombian Amazon. Epidemiology of intestinal parasitoses].", "content": "In spite of the presence of a physician, the real pathology of an indian population of Colombie is not very well known. Some of ill people are probably entrusted to the traditional \"chaman\". The western medicine is symptomatic, curative and not preventive. Intestinal nematodiasis and amoebiasis are the major problem. Prevalences are: ascaris 46%, trichuris 30%, ankylostoma 39%, strongyloides 40%, Entamoeba histolytica 30%. Among this slowly evoluting population parasitism is related with cultural factors.", "contents": "[Medical practice in Indians of the Colombian Amazon. Epidemiology of intestinal parasitoses]. In spite of the presence of a physician, the real pathology of an indian population of Colombie is not very well known. Some of ill people are probably entrusted to the traditional \"chaman\". The western medicine is symptomatic, curative and not preventive. Intestinal nematodiasis and amoebiasis are the major problem. Prevalences are: ascaris 46%, trichuris 30%, ankylostoma 39%, strongyloides 40%, Entamoeba histolytica 30%. Among this slowly evoluting population parasitism is related with cultural factors.", "PMID": 754884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9813", "title": "[Hemoglobin abnormalities and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) in 101 refugees from southeast Asia].", "content": "Hematological studies were performed systematically in 101 refugees from South-Eastern Asia living in the Grenoble area at the present time. We found: --4 haemoglobin E homozygosity, --29 haemoglobin E heterozygosity, --2 beta-thalassemia heterozygosity, --4 alpha-thalassemia heterozygosity, --14 glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin abnormalities and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) in 101 refugees from southeast Asia]. Hematological studies were performed systematically in 101 refugees from South-Eastern Asia living in the Grenoble area at the present time. We found: --4 haemoglobin E homozygosity, --29 haemoglobin E heterozygosity, --2 beta-thalassemia heterozygosity, --4 alpha-thalassemia heterozygosity, --14 glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies.", "PMID": 754889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9814", "title": "[Dermatologic aspects of arsenic poisoning caused by drinking water].", "content": "The dermal aspects of an accumulated familiar arsenical late-intoxication -- caused by drinking-water -- are described. We have to expect similar cases to this one even today. At the appearance of multiple M. Bowencentres we have to consider in addition to inner-organic carcinoma, the possibility of an arsenical intoxication as well.", "contents": "[Dermatologic aspects of arsenic poisoning caused by drinking water]. The dermal aspects of an accumulated familiar arsenical late-intoxication -- caused by drinking-water -- are described. We have to expect similar cases to this one even today. At the appearance of multiple M. Bowencentres we have to consider in addition to inner-organic carcinoma, the possibility of an arsenical intoxication as well.", "PMID": 754920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9815", "title": "Contact sensitivity to trivalent chromium compounds.", "content": "The investigations confirmed the known fact that for skin tests larger amounts of trivalent chromium compounds are necessary than those of potassium dichromate. It was also observed that some patients react to relatively higher Cr VI and lower Cr III concentrations and others vice versa. Chromium nitrate and chloride release and that of potassium dichromate was determined and converted to the chromium content in the concentrations used for skin tests. It was found that Cr III compounds cannot be used for skin tests in a 0,5% concentration if only because they are released in undeterminable amounts. Release of Cr III and potassium dichromate from bases containing the same amount of substance when converted to chromium demonstrated that the different release of Cr III is not an additional cause of the fact that much higher concentrations of Cr III compounds have to be used for patch tests than those of Cr VI compounds.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity to trivalent chromium compounds. The investigations confirmed the known fact that for skin tests larger amounts of trivalent chromium compounds are necessary than those of potassium dichromate. It was also observed that some patients react to relatively higher Cr VI and lower Cr III concentrations and others vice versa. Chromium nitrate and chloride release and that of potassium dichromate was determined and converted to the chromium content in the concentrations used for skin tests. It was found that Cr III compounds cannot be used for skin tests in a 0,5% concentration if only because they are released in undeterminable amounts. Release of Cr III and potassium dichromate from bases containing the same amount of substance when converted to chromium demonstrated that the different release of Cr III is not an additional cause of the fact that much higher concentrations of Cr III compounds have to be used for patch tests than those of Cr VI compounds.", "PMID": 754923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9816", "title": "[Contact urticaria caused by Peru balsam].", "content": "By tests on six patients with recurrent urticaria it could be demonstrated that it was caused by an allergy against Peru balsam. Different reaction types seem to have been responsible for the occurrence of the urticaria. Cross reactions with different other substances, mainly luxury food and stimulants, play a particular part.", "contents": "[Contact urticaria caused by Peru balsam]. By tests on six patients with recurrent urticaria it could be demonstrated that it was caused by an allergy against Peru balsam. Different reaction types seem to have been responsible for the occurrence of the urticaria. Cross reactions with different other substances, mainly luxury food and stimulants, play a particular part.", "PMID": 754922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9817", "title": "In vitro studies of the metabolic pathway from 8-COOH porphyrins to 4-COOH porphyrins.", "content": "The authors report the experiments about incubation of uroporphyrinogen with sonified fibroblasts of normal individuals and prophyrics and present the hypothesis of the absence of deficiency in the activity of uroporphyrinogendecarboxylase.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the metabolic pathway from 8-COOH porphyrins to 4-COOH porphyrins. The authors report the experiments about incubation of uroporphyrinogen with sonified fibroblasts of normal individuals and prophyrics and present the hypothesis of the absence of deficiency in the activity of uroporphyrinogendecarboxylase.", "PMID": 754924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9818", "title": "Influence of a systemically administered aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on the light sensitivity.", "content": "The light sensitivity was determined on 14 psoriasis patients using two different light sources before, and after a three week period of systemic administration of 75 to 100 mg daily of the aromatic retinoid (ethyl ester of all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid, Ro 10-9359 [1]). The results indicate that with this therapy, the light sensitivity remains unchanged or even decreases; there is thus no contraindication to the simultaneous application of phototherapy and the systemic administration of this retinoic acid derivative.", "contents": "Influence of a systemically administered aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on the light sensitivity. The light sensitivity was determined on 14 psoriasis patients using two different light sources before, and after a three week period of systemic administration of 75 to 100 mg daily of the aromatic retinoid (ethyl ester of all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid, Ro 10-9359 [1]). The results indicate that with this therapy, the light sensitivity remains unchanged or even decreases; there is thus no contraindication to the simultaneous application of phototherapy and the systemic administration of this retinoic acid derivative.", "PMID": 754925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9819", "title": "[Physician's duty to secrecy in social legislation].", "content": "It is reported on the physicians duty of secrecy in social legislation for the protection of individuals claiming or receiving social security, on the penalty regulations of unauthorized revelation of the medical secret, on the authorized revelation of the secret, on the duty of secrecy by the medical expert, on the right of the physician to refuse insurance institutions (AOK,LVA,BfA,BG etc.), and on official help among the social insurance institutions.", "contents": "[Physician's duty to secrecy in social legislation]. It is reported on the physicians duty of secrecy in social legislation for the protection of individuals claiming or receiving social security, on the penalty regulations of unauthorized revelation of the medical secret, on the authorized revelation of the secret, on the duty of secrecy by the medical expert, on the right of the physician to refuse insurance institutions (AOK,LVA,BfA,BG etc.), and on official help among the social insurance institutions.", "PMID": 754926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9820", "title": "Functional classification of undernourished populations in the Republic of El Salvador. Methodological development.", "content": "Typical government nutrition programmes usually lack precise information on the size of groups that could benefit from interventions, on the different types of potential beneficiaries and their location, and on socio-economic and cultural characteristics through which they could readily be identified. In the functional classification approach to the definition of nutritional problems, detailed information on human behaviour and social constraints is collected at family and community levels. The data are then interpreted in general terms in order to understand how these factors contribute to inadequate levels of nutrition within larger groups. This new approach should enable more effective measures for reducing the numbers of those living under conditions of deprivation to be presented to planners and decision makers.", "contents": "Functional classification of undernourished populations in the Republic of El Salvador. Methodological development. Typical government nutrition programmes usually lack precise information on the size of groups that could benefit from interventions, on the different types of potential beneficiaries and their location, and on socio-economic and cultural characteristics through which they could readily be identified. In the functional classification approach to the definition of nutritional problems, detailed information on human behaviour and social constraints is collected at family and community levels. The data are then interpreted in general terms in order to understand how these factors contribute to inadequate levels of nutrition within larger groups. This new approach should enable more effective measures for reducing the numbers of those living under conditions of deprivation to be presented to planners and decision makers.", "PMID": 754936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9821", "title": "[Permanent cardiac pacing in Italy to-day (author's transl)].", "content": "The current status of cardiac pacing in Italy is outlined by the following figures: 121 hospitals implant over 10,000 pacemakers each year. Of this number 69% are new implants which raises the incidence of new treated cases to 111 per million population, with the highest peach (197) in Tuscany. This figure was only 61 in 1973. At elsewhere, the dominant age group is the 7th decade; the prime indication for pacing is the symptomatic patient with a-v block (62% of all cases), the next most common one being chronic fascicular block (11%) and sick sinus syndrome (10%). The transvenous route is utilized in 98.3% of cases. The pacemaker of choice is the R-inhibited units; fixed rate units are used in only 4% of cases and units with conventional mercury battery cells in  66%, in favour of pacers with longer energy sources (e.g. lithium). Fifteen companies are supplying pacemakers in Italy and four of them are local manufacturers. An estimate 18,000 patients are being paced throughout the country to-day. Their density is highest in the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (948 per million population). Follow-up of patients as a whole is not satisfactory being adequate only in about 50% of hospitals; telephone monitoring is available but in a few locations. The average cost of permanent pacing in Italy is the equivalent of 2.50 U.S. dollars per day.", "contents": "[Permanent cardiac pacing in Italy to-day (author's transl)]. The current status of cardiac pacing in Italy is outlined by the following figures: 121 hospitals implant over 10,000 pacemakers each year. Of this number 69% are new implants which raises the incidence of new treated cases to 111 per million population, with the highest peach (197) in Tuscany. This figure was only 61 in 1973. At elsewhere, the dominant age group is the 7th decade; the prime indication for pacing is the symptomatic patient with a-v block (62% of all cases), the next most common one being chronic fascicular block (11%) and sick sinus syndrome (10%). The transvenous route is utilized in 98.3% of cases. The pacemaker of choice is the R-inhibited units; fixed rate units are used in only 4% of cases and units with conventional mercury battery cells in  66%, in favour of pacers with longer energy sources (e.g. lithium). Fifteen companies are supplying pacemakers in Italy and four of them are local manufacturers. An estimate 18,000 patients are being paced throughout the country to-day. Their density is highest in the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (948 per million population). Follow-up of patients as a whole is not satisfactory being adequate only in about 50% of hospitals; telephone monitoring is available but in a few locations. The average cost of permanent pacing in Italy is the equivalent of 2.50 U.S. dollars per day.", "PMID": 754937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9822", "title": "[Old and new methods for control of pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "First there is a description of present methods available for controlling the functioning of pacemakers, most of which are already being used in traditional clinic-electronic control. There follows a presentation of telephone monitoring (ECG + Pacing Rate) and its limits so far as photoanalysis is concerned. Mention is made of the new italian system of telephone monitoring which also includes measurement of amplitude and width of the pulse. Personal experience of the diagnostic value of photoanalysis is given. This concords with others as to its necessity to detect any failure from circuitry defects or from breakage or insulation of electrode. In conclusion the hope is expressed of actuating a completely trustworthy control system which includes a high degree of foreseeing failure (telephone monitoring) and diagnostic value (Rx + photoanalysis). At last the advantages of an automatic follow-up system in a pacemaker patient clinic are discussed.", "contents": "[Old and new methods for control of pacemakers (author's transl)]. First there is a description of present methods available for controlling the functioning of pacemakers, most of which are already being used in traditional clinic-electronic control. There follows a presentation of telephone monitoring (ECG + Pacing Rate) and its limits so far as photoanalysis is concerned. Mention is made of the new italian system of telephone monitoring which also includes measurement of amplitude and width of the pulse. Personal experience of the diagnostic value of photoanalysis is given. This concords with others as to its necessity to detect any failure from circuitry defects or from breakage or insulation of electrode. In conclusion the hope is expressed of actuating a completely trustworthy control system which includes a high degree of foreseeing failure (telephone monitoring) and diagnostic value (Rx + photoanalysis). At last the advantages of an automatic follow-up system in a pacemaker patient clinic are discussed.", "PMID": 754938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9823", "title": "[Permanent endocardial pacing. Experience on 1678 patients. (De Gasperis Cardiology Center--Ente Ospedaliero Niguarda--Milano) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report on eleven years and six months experience with permanent endocardial pacing in the treatment of various conduction disturbances. This experience relates to 1678 patients, 3617 pacers were used. The age of the patients ranges from 60 to 80 (70%), 30% referring to the remaining decades, minimum 14--maximum 94. Fixed rate pacers were used in 31% of cases, QRS synchronous or QRS inhibited pacers were used in 69%. Average life of the pacers varies from 25 to 29 months; the average life of fixed rate pacer is higher. Complications and causes of failures, among which electrode dislodgement is the most relevant and frequent, as well as the relative therapeutical treatments, are described. Early mortality is about 1% and late mortality 20%; the survival rate calculated altogether after 11 years and 6 months treatment with implantable pervenous pacing is about 16%.", "contents": "[Permanent endocardial pacing. Experience on 1678 patients. (De Gasperis Cardiology Center--Ente Ospedaliero Niguarda--Milano) (author's transl)]. The Authors report on eleven years and six months experience with permanent endocardial pacing in the treatment of various conduction disturbances. This experience relates to 1678 patients, 3617 pacers were used. The age of the patients ranges from 60 to 80 (70%), 30% referring to the remaining decades, minimum 14--maximum 94. Fixed rate pacers were used in 31% of cases, QRS synchronous or QRS inhibited pacers were used in 69%. Average life of the pacers varies from 25 to 29 months; the average life of fixed rate pacer is higher. Complications and causes of failures, among which electrode dislodgement is the most relevant and frequent, as well as the relative therapeutical treatments, are described. Early mortality is about 1% and late mortality 20%; the survival rate calculated altogether after 11 years and 6 months treatment with implantable pervenous pacing is about 16%.", "PMID": 754940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9824", "title": "[The experience with permanent cardiac pacing at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Padua Medical School (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer analysis is reported of the most significant data concerning 1624 pacemaker implantations and 1386 battery replacements. The patients were treated by endocardial stimulation with transvenous electrodes in 91% of the cases; the remainder: 9% received epicardial electrodes. The mode of stimulation was 2189 times \"demand\", 138 \"synchronized\" and 683 \"asyncronous\". Pacers of 13 different brands were used. At the beginning of our experience, the catheter was introduced through the superficial or profunda giugular vein: since 1969 the cephalic vein has been preferred. Epicardial electrodes were implanted via a left thoracotomy but in the most recent years the extrapleural phrenico-pericardial approach has been adopted. In a number of cases external pacemakers have been employed for permanent stimulation. The most common post-operative complications were infection (3.9%), skin erosion (2.2%), catheter rupture (3.5%), electrode dislodgement (1.7%). Such complications are becoming less frequent since 1969, due to technical improvements.", "contents": "[The experience with permanent cardiac pacing at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Padua Medical School (author's transl)]. A computer analysis is reported of the most significant data concerning 1624 pacemaker implantations and 1386 battery replacements. The patients were treated by endocardial stimulation with transvenous electrodes in 91% of the cases; the remainder: 9% received epicardial electrodes. The mode of stimulation was 2189 times \"demand\", 138 \"synchronized\" and 683 \"asyncronous\". Pacers of 13 different brands were used. At the beginning of our experience, the catheter was introduced through the superficial or profunda giugular vein: since 1969 the cephalic vein has been preferred. Epicardial electrodes were implanted via a left thoracotomy but in the most recent years the extrapleural phrenico-pericardial approach has been adopted. In a number of cases external pacemakers have been employed for permanent stimulation. The most common post-operative complications were infection (3.9%), skin erosion (2.2%), catheter rupture (3.5%), electrode dislodgement (1.7%). Such complications are becoming less frequent since 1969, due to technical improvements.", "PMID": 754941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9825", "title": "[Clinical experience with permanent cardiac stimulation in the Department of Medical Pathology of Pisa University (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with about 1500 electrostimulated patients is reported. Rather than give statistical data we have preferred to go briefly through the problems encountered in the course of our experience and suggest possible solutions. We have emphasized the following aspects: ventricular-triggered pacemaker, stimulation threshold, haemodynamic behaviour of the paced patient, problems concerning implanted pacemakers follow-up. Our 13 years experience has opened new prospects which deserve further study, such as programmable pacemakers, optimal generator life and a few important aspects in follow-up techniques.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with permanent cardiac stimulation in the Department of Medical Pathology of Pisa University (author's transl)]. Experience with about 1500 electrostimulated patients is reported. Rather than give statistical data we have preferred to go briefly through the problems encountered in the course of our experience and suggest possible solutions. We have emphasized the following aspects: ventricular-triggered pacemaker, stimulation threshold, haemodynamic behaviour of the paced patient, problems concerning implanted pacemakers follow-up. Our 13 years experience has opened new prospects which deserve further study, such as programmable pacemakers, optimal generator life and a few important aspects in follow-up techniques.", "PMID": 754942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9826", "title": "[The experience in cardiac pacing at the Cardiology Department of St. Camillo Hospital (Rome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The experience of the Cardiac Electrostimulation Center of S. Camillo Hospital in Rome on 1503 patients treated with permanent pacemakers for an 11 year period is referred. The Authors analyze the increase of the activity of the Center during these years and some events that caused it. 94.5% of the patients were more than 50 years old; the dominant pathology has been ischemic and idiopathic cardiopathy, which together include 94.7% of the totality. The indication to the implant has been A-V block in 70% of the patients; intraventricular block in 20%; sick sinus syndrome in 10%. In the last years the prophylactic indication has increased (from 0.4% to 4.4%). 2459 pacemakers have been used, of which 79.5% was QRS-inhibit. The mercury prosthesis have been progressively substituted with the lithium ones. 1642 catheters (implant and reimplant) have been used; principally endocardic (95%) and monopolar (85%). The substitution of the catheter has been necessary in 9% of the totality; in 2.6% of the endocardic and in 15.9% of the epimyocardic. Among 50 electrodes, after a period of observation of about 7.7 years, 36 are still in function. The percentage of the complications has been 17.1%; the most important complications have been: dislocation (6%), microdislocation (1.5%), late high threshold (2.1%), failure of catheter (1.2%), generator malfunction (2.3%). The total mortality has been 15.4%; 0.2% caused by deficit of the implant; 2% sudden deaths and 13.2% not depending from the implant; 243 patients (16%) are not to be found. The frequency of out-patients controls has decreased in the last 2 years (from 3.8 controls per years to 1.8).", "contents": "[The experience in cardiac pacing at the Cardiology Department of St. Camillo Hospital (Rome) (author's transl)]. The experience of the Cardiac Electrostimulation Center of S. Camillo Hospital in Rome on 1503 patients treated with permanent pacemakers for an 11 year period is referred. The Authors analyze the increase of the activity of the Center during these years and some events that caused it. 94.5% of the patients were more than 50 years old; the dominant pathology has been ischemic and idiopathic cardiopathy, which together include 94.7% of the totality. The indication to the implant has been A-V block in 70% of the patients; intraventricular block in 20%; sick sinus syndrome in 10%. In the last years the prophylactic indication has increased (from 0.4% to 4.4%). 2459 pacemakers have been used, of which 79.5% was QRS-inhibit. The mercury prosthesis have been progressively substituted with the lithium ones. 1642 catheters (implant and reimplant) have been used; principally endocardic (95%) and monopolar (85%). The substitution of the catheter has been necessary in 9% of the totality; in 2.6% of the endocardic and in 15.9% of the epimyocardic. Among 50 electrodes, after a period of observation of about 7.7 years, 36 are still in function. The percentage of the complications has been 17.1%; the most important complications have been: dislocation (6%), microdislocation (1.5%), late high threshold (2.1%), failure of catheter (1.2%), generator malfunction (2.3%). The total mortality has been 15.4%; 0.2% caused by deficit of the implant; 2% sudden deaths and 13.2% not depending from the implant; 243 patients (16%) are not to be found. The frequency of out-patients controls has decreased in the last 2 years (from 3.8 controls per years to 1.8).", "PMID": 754943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9827", "title": "[Cardiac pacing in Sicily (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the experience in Sicily, where more than 3000 pacemakers have been implanted in different Schools of Medicine and Hospitals (Agrigento, Catania, Messina, Palermo and Ragusa). Our personal experience (Cardiology Division--Catania) is 846 cases up to June 1977. We would like to stress that today the sick sinus syndrome and other pathological conditions not due to complete AV block are of increasing incidence as an indication to definitive electrostimulation. In addition, the average age of patients is getting lower, and more PM-demand and lithium powered PM are implanted. The most used implant technique has been through the cephalic vein. Today it is possible to have more distant controls mainly because of the oscilloscopic evaluation technique. Mortality during surgery and immediately post-surgery is very low, and the bioelectric complications are very rare. In conclusion, we would suggest: 1) a strict cooperation with a Cardio-surgery Division; 2) the utilization of more sophisticated techniques to make controls less frequent and more rapid and easy (e.g. telephone controls); 3) a more modern and correct law on this issue and a better information of the public, involving educational, social and medical structures so that the patient with a pacemaker can live in his family with a recovery for work and society.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacing in Sicily (author's transl)]. We report the experience in Sicily, where more than 3000 pacemakers have been implanted in different Schools of Medicine and Hospitals (Agrigento, Catania, Messina, Palermo and Ragusa). Our personal experience (Cardiology Division--Catania) is 846 cases up to June 1977. We would like to stress that today the sick sinus syndrome and other pathological conditions not due to complete AV block are of increasing incidence as an indication to definitive electrostimulation. In addition, the average age of patients is getting lower, and more PM-demand and lithium powered PM are implanted. The most used implant technique has been through the cephalic vein. Today it is possible to have more distant controls mainly because of the oscilloscopic evaluation technique. Mortality during surgery and immediately post-surgery is very low, and the bioelectric complications are very rare. In conclusion, we would suggest: 1) a strict cooperation with a Cardio-surgery Division; 2) the utilization of more sophisticated techniques to make controls less frequent and more rapid and easy (e.g. telephone controls); 3) a more modern and correct law on this issue and a better information of the public, involving educational, social and medical structures so that the patient with a pacemaker can live in his family with a recovery for work and society.", "PMID": 754944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9828", "title": "[A regional experience with permanent cardiac pacing: in Friuli-Venezia Giulia the highest density of pacemaker patients in Italy, to-day (author's transl)].", "content": "In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region of 1,243,463 inhabitants, a total of 1,629 first implants have been carried out since the first patient was treated with permanent cardiac pacing (P.C.P.) early in 1692. This patient is still alive. In the last four years, the annual rate of implants was 185 per million inhabitants. The average age of patients is 72.9. The most frequent indication for pacing is the a-v block (64.5%), followed by the fascicular blocks (10.8%) and the sick sinus syndrome. No asinchronous fixed rate generators are implanted at present; lithium batteries are the power source of choice to-day. There have been 1,120 replacements in the Region, mainly due to battery depletion (89.9% of cases). A total of 442 patient deaths have occurred in 10 years due to neoplasms (17%), cerebrovascular accidents (15.6%), respiratory infections (15%), myocardial infarction (8%) and other causes. In 8.8% of cases the death was sudden. There are 1,179 patients in follow-up in the Region (948 per million inhabitants). A computer system, described elsewhere in these proceedings, allows a close follow-up of these patients along with the evaluation of long term pacing on a reliable statistical basis.", "contents": "[A regional experience with permanent cardiac pacing: in Friuli-Venezia Giulia the highest density of pacemaker patients in Italy, to-day (author's transl)]. In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region of 1,243,463 inhabitants, a total of 1,629 first implants have been carried out since the first patient was treated with permanent cardiac pacing (P.C.P.) early in 1692. This patient is still alive. In the last four years, the annual rate of implants was 185 per million inhabitants. The average age of patients is 72.9. The most frequent indication for pacing is the a-v block (64.5%), followed by the fascicular blocks (10.8%) and the sick sinus syndrome. No asinchronous fixed rate generators are implanted at present; lithium batteries are the power source of choice to-day. There have been 1,120 replacements in the Region, mainly due to battery depletion (89.9% of cases). A total of 442 patient deaths have occurred in 10 years due to neoplasms (17%), cerebrovascular accidents (15.6%), respiratory infections (15%), myocardial infarction (8%) and other causes. In 8.8% of cases the death was sudden. There are 1,179 patients in follow-up in the Region (948 per million inhabitants). A computer system, described elsewhere in these proceedings, allows a close follow-up of these patients along with the evaluation of long term pacing on a reliable statistical basis.", "PMID": 754945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9829", "title": "[The Italian experience with lithium pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "After explaining the concept and evolution of lithium-anode batteries, and the various types in use at present as power sources for pulse generators, the Authors examine the Italian studies, including pacemaker's clinical follow-up, technical trials and productions. In fact the first pulse-generators, powered by the best known battery prototypes, i.e. old Lithium-Iodine cell 702 C,P, and E, and Lithium-Silver Chromate cell Li 210 and Li 355, were implanted respectively in 1972, 1973 and 1974, at the Cardiology Department, Ferrara, Italy. The detailed account and analysis of the data supplied by both Italian and Foreign manufacturers, together with the observations furnished by 24 Pacing-Centres--2845 pacemakers implanted for a total amount of 31,794 months/pacemaker out of 8,475 pacemakers supplied for 77,606 months/pacemaker up to June, 30, 1977-indicate a promising future for the development of such pulse-generators. Indeed the latest improved power sources associated with the best and most reliable electronic and electrode pacing systems, already allow the manufactures to produce small, comfortable and long-term pacemakers. Furthermore the significant reduction in periodic controls and replacements, if actually needed, seems sufficient in itself to counterbalance the initial high cost. Thus, medical staff and equipment can be utilized for other purposes.", "contents": "[The Italian experience with lithium pacemaker (author's transl)]. After explaining the concept and evolution of lithium-anode batteries, and the various types in use at present as power sources for pulse generators, the Authors examine the Italian studies, including pacemaker's clinical follow-up, technical trials and productions. In fact the first pulse-generators, powered by the best known battery prototypes, i.e. old Lithium-Iodine cell 702 C,P, and E, and Lithium-Silver Chromate cell Li 210 and Li 355, were implanted respectively in 1972, 1973 and 1974, at the Cardiology Department, Ferrara, Italy. The detailed account and analysis of the data supplied by both Italian and Foreign manufacturers, together with the observations furnished by 24 Pacing-Centres--2845 pacemakers implanted for a total amount of 31,794 months/pacemaker out of 8,475 pacemakers supplied for 77,606 months/pacemaker up to June, 30, 1977-indicate a promising future for the development of such pulse-generators. Indeed the latest improved power sources associated with the best and most reliable electronic and electrode pacing systems, already allow the manufactures to produce small, comfortable and long-term pacemakers. Furthermore the significant reduction in periodic controls and replacements, if actually needed, seems sufficient in itself to counterbalance the initial high cost. Thus, medical staff and equipment can be utilized for other purposes.", "PMID": 754946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9830", "title": "[The Italian experience in permanent pacing. A casuistry for more of 10 years: a policentric study (author's transl)].", "content": "According to a recent national survey, 387 patients were treated by permanent pacing in 10 Italian centers, between 1961 and 1966. Of these patients 205 have died; 131 (77 males and 54 females) are still alive and no informations could be obtained for the remaining 51 (13%). The overall survival of patients treated during this period of time is therefore not less than 34% which is comparable to that of general population of the same age group. The 131 patients still alive have totaled 1,486 years of pacing and have used up to 784 pacers. Comparing the incidence of the most common causes for replacement during the periods 1961-66 and 1973-77, electrode failures dropped from 21 to 0.9%; circuitry malfunctions occurred in 10.5 and 7.8%; battery depletion rose from 36.8 to 69% of the cases. According to their clinical conditions, the 131 patients on long-term follow-up can be grouped as follows: 62% are in class 1 or 2 of NYHA; 26.7% are in class 3, and 3.8% in class 4. Moreover, 53.4% of patients are living an active life, having some sort of occupation and 29% are holding a driving license.", "contents": "[The Italian experience in permanent pacing. A casuistry for more of 10 years: a policentric study (author's transl)]. According to a recent national survey, 387 patients were treated by permanent pacing in 10 Italian centers, between 1961 and 1966. Of these patients 205 have died; 131 (77 males and 54 females) are still alive and no informations could be obtained for the remaining 51 (13%). The overall survival of patients treated during this period of time is therefore not less than 34% which is comparable to that of general population of the same age group. The 131 patients still alive have totaled 1,486 years of pacing and have used up to 784 pacers. Comparing the incidence of the most common causes for replacement during the periods 1961-66 and 1973-77, electrode failures dropped from 21 to 0.9%; circuitry malfunctions occurred in 10.5 and 7.8%; battery depletion rose from 36.8 to 69% of the cases. According to their clinical conditions, the 131 patients on long-term follow-up can be grouped as follows: 62% are in class 1 or 2 of NYHA; 26.7% are in class 3, and 3.8% in class 4. Moreover, 53.4% of patients are living an active life, having some sort of occupation and 29% are holding a driving license.", "PMID": 754947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9831", "title": "[Prospectives for rehabilitation of subject with pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The research performed in the last ten years has allowed important knowledge related to cardiocirculatory physiopathology concerning subjects treated with artificial pacemakers. Relying upon available data, one may today state with certainty that subjects treated with artificial pacemakers may afford an activity very often quite near to the physiologic one: it ensues that every attempt must be made (particularly referring to subjects under 50 years) in order to resume work adaptation correlated with similar efficient possibilities about peripheral circulation. A rehabilitation treatment, on a valid functional evaluation ground, is today possible and desirable, as is demonstrated by some patients who have again resumed their activity.", "contents": "[Prospectives for rehabilitation of subject with pacemakers (author's transl)]. The research performed in the last ten years has allowed important knowledge related to cardiocirculatory physiopathology concerning subjects treated with artificial pacemakers. Relying upon available data, one may today state with certainty that subjects treated with artificial pacemakers may afford an activity very often quite near to the physiologic one: it ensues that every attempt must be made (particularly referring to subjects under 50 years) in order to resume work adaptation correlated with similar efficient possibilities about peripheral circulation. A rehabilitation treatment, on a valid functional evaluation ground, is today possible and desirable, as is demonstrated by some patients who have again resumed their activity.", "PMID": 754948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9832", "title": "[Cardiac pacing in sinus node disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In sinus node disease, cardiac pacing is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. The assessment of sinus node recovery time by means of rapid atrial pacing and sino-atrial conduction time by means of premature atrial stimulation, are the methods usually utilized in the diagnosis of sino-atrial dysfunctions. Theoretical and practical limitations however induce to careful evaluation of the results. Heart pacing is also useful for the treatment of sino-atrial dysfunctions. However, criteria for pacemaker implantation in these conditions are still lacking and the type of pacemaker indicated is not defined yet. At present, the accurate clinical investigation of the patient still remains the best guide to therapeutical approach.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacing in sinus node disease (author's transl)]. In sinus node disease, cardiac pacing is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. The assessment of sinus node recovery time by means of rapid atrial pacing and sino-atrial conduction time by means of premature atrial stimulation, are the methods usually utilized in the diagnosis of sino-atrial dysfunctions. Theoretical and practical limitations however induce to careful evaluation of the results. Heart pacing is also useful for the treatment of sino-atrial dysfunctions. However, criteria for pacemaker implantation in these conditions are still lacking and the type of pacemaker indicated is not defined yet. At present, the accurate clinical investigation of the patient still remains the best guide to therapeutical approach.", "PMID": 754949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9833", "title": "[Psychological problems of pacemaker carriers (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors examine the peculiar psychological problems of pacemaker carriers. According to the degree of adjustment to the new clinical condition, it is possible to distinguish patients who react developing an anxious-depressive status (10-20%), those who realistically adjust to the new functional condition allowed by the pacemaker (70-80%) and those who, denying their disease, tend to overdo in their physical performance (10-20%). These characteristic psychological behaviors are examined with their family social, and physical implications. On the basis of these observations the importance of psychological support of nurses and physicians is emphasized.", "contents": "[Psychological problems of pacemaker carriers (author's transl)]. The Authors examine the peculiar psychological problems of pacemaker carriers. According to the degree of adjustment to the new clinical condition, it is possible to distinguish patients who react developing an anxious-depressive status (10-20%), those who realistically adjust to the new functional condition allowed by the pacemaker (70-80%) and those who, denying their disease, tend to overdo in their physical performance (10-20%). These characteristic psychological behaviors are examined with their family social, and physical implications. On the basis of these observations the importance of psychological support of nurses and physicians is emphasized.", "PMID": 754950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9834", "title": "[The pacemaker and the general practitioner (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors promoted an inquiry, to all the General Practitioners in the Province of Verona about the problems the patient with a pacemaker implanted bears to his attending physician. The results of this inquiry have shown uncertainties or faulty beliefs about the follow-up and medical treatment of the patients with pacemaker. Therefore the work has shown the necessity of a closer connection between hospitals and general practitioners in order to provide continuous medical education on this problem.", "contents": "[The pacemaker and the general practitioner (author's transl)]. The Authors promoted an inquiry, to all the General Practitioners in the Province of Verona about the problems the patient with a pacemaker implanted bears to his attending physician. The results of this inquiry have shown uncertainties or faulty beliefs about the follow-up and medical treatment of the patients with pacemaker. Therefore the work has shown the necessity of a closer connection between hospitals and general practitioners in order to provide continuous medical education on this problem.", "PMID": 754951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9835", "title": "[The \"ideal\" pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic role of chronic cardiac pacing in cardiology has significantly altered for two fundamental reasons: a) on the one hand, there has been a widespread increase in the indications for cardiac stimulation, and consequently, today, approximately 50% of the patients with pacing do not suffer from advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block or syncopal attacks, but are frequently suffering from other pathological conditions: episodes of paroxysmal arrhythmia, atrial disease, depression of the habitual pacemaker by drugs or in the course of cardiomyopathy; b) on the other hand, through technological progress the life of the generator has been lengthened (lithium, plutonium), more variable frequencies within relatively high limits are available, electrodes, wiring, circuits etc. have improved. This extended use of the pacemaker, however, creates in itself a series of problems: it is now possible to envisage the characteristics of the \"ideal\" pacemaker, in other words, a stimulation unit endowed with resistance, modulation, self-control, innocuosness.", "contents": "[The \"ideal\" pacemaker (author's transl)]. The therapeutic role of chronic cardiac pacing in cardiology has significantly altered for two fundamental reasons: a) on the one hand, there has been a widespread increase in the indications for cardiac stimulation, and consequently, today, approximately 50% of the patients with pacing do not suffer from advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block or syncopal attacks, but are frequently suffering from other pathological conditions: episodes of paroxysmal arrhythmia, atrial disease, depression of the habitual pacemaker by drugs or in the course of cardiomyopathy; b) on the other hand, through technological progress the life of the generator has been lengthened (lithium, plutonium), more variable frequencies within relatively high limits are available, electrodes, wiring, circuits etc. have improved. This extended use of the pacemaker, however, creates in itself a series of problems: it is now possible to envisage the characteristics of the \"ideal\" pacemaker, in other words, a stimulation unit endowed with resistance, modulation, self-control, innocuosness.", "PMID": 754952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9836", "title": "The European Working Group on Cardiac Pacing.", "content": "A brief review of the activities of the European Working Group on Cardiac Pacing, is given. This Group, together with other 18 study groups, has been created by the European Society of Cardiology which is now renewing its basic organization. The main goals of the Pacing Group are illustrated. They are: patient registration; pacemakerclinic registration; early failure reporting; registration of pacemakermeetings; development of research projects throughout Europe.", "contents": "The European Working Group on Cardiac Pacing. A brief review of the activities of the European Working Group on Cardiac Pacing, is given. This Group, together with other 18 study groups, has been created by the European Society of Cardiology which is now renewing its basic organization. The main goals of the Pacing Group are illustrated. They are: patient registration; pacemakerclinic registration; early failure reporting; registration of pacemakermeetings; development of research projects throughout Europe.", "PMID": 754953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9837", "title": "[Clinical and electrophysiological indications for permanent electrostimulation in sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In 49 patients with sick sinus syndrome the following electrophysiological parameters were studied: sinus node recovery time and conduction time, atrial and AV nodal refractory periods, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. Moreover, pharmacological, vagal and sympathicomimetic stimulation were performed. These data were related to the clinical picture to establish any possible correlation leading to a more specific therapeutical choice. Patients were divided in two groups: group 1, with a prevalence of tachyarrhythmic symptoms and a lesser incidence of syncope, in which cases the sinus node function appeared to be only slightly affected. In group 2 small incidence of tachyarrhythmias and a clear prevalence of syncope with severe impairment of sinusal automaticity and/or sinoatrial conduction were present; AV and IV conduction disturbances were equally distributed in both groups. In more than 1/3 of the cases of the group I arrhythmias were succesfully treated with pharmacological therapy only, with Group 1 A antiarrhythmic agents in most cases. In the other cases of this Group and in all cases of Group II permanent electrical stimulation alone or together with drug therapy was necessary. Long term results with different therapeutical choices and, specifically, with the type of stimulation chosen in individual cases (sequential, rate-programmable ventricular, demand ventricular) are presented.", "contents": "[Clinical and electrophysiological indications for permanent electrostimulation in sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. In 49 patients with sick sinus syndrome the following electrophysiological parameters were studied: sinus node recovery time and conduction time, atrial and AV nodal refractory periods, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. Moreover, pharmacological, vagal and sympathicomimetic stimulation were performed. These data were related to the clinical picture to establish any possible correlation leading to a more specific therapeutical choice. Patients were divided in two groups: group 1, with a prevalence of tachyarrhythmic symptoms and a lesser incidence of syncope, in which cases the sinus node function appeared to be only slightly affected. In group 2 small incidence of tachyarrhythmias and a clear prevalence of syncope with severe impairment of sinusal automaticity and/or sinoatrial conduction were present; AV and IV conduction disturbances were equally distributed in both groups. In more than 1/3 of the cases of the group I arrhythmias were succesfully treated with pharmacological therapy only, with Group 1 A antiarrhythmic agents in most cases. In the other cases of this Group and in all cases of Group II permanent electrical stimulation alone or together with drug therapy was necessary. Long term results with different therapeutical choices and, specifically, with the type of stimulation chosen in individual cases (sequential, rate-programmable ventricular, demand ventricular) are presented.", "PMID": 754954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9838", "title": "[Long term electrophysiological study on patients with acute myocardial infarction and complete heart block. Is cardiac pacing always necessary? (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 335 consecutive patients (pts) admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 34 (10%) evidenced complete heart block (HB). The overall inhospital mortality was 14% (47 pts) versus 39% of the HB group (13 pts). No previous conduction disturbances were documented in 58% of pts before appearance of complete HB. Complete HB was preceded in 52% of pts by first or second degree HB or bundle branch block. Of 21 pts with HB discharged from the hospital, 5 (23%) died between 5 and 24 months (mean 12): no patients had sudden death; 16 pts (76%) are still alive after 13 to 45 months (mean 30). His bundle electrophysiologic (HBE) study was performed in 10 pts of the HB group after 4 to 40 months: 4 pts with anterior versus 6 with inferior AMI. Conduction disturbances were no longer present in all but one pt who had H-V 60 msec. Ajmaline (50 + 50 mg iv) prolonged A-H over 130 msec in 4 pts; H-V was not significantly increased in 8 of the 10 pts, while in two pts was 100 msec. One pt in the acute phase and one pt 12 months later, required pacemaker (PM) implant (both had inferior MI). no sudden death was documented during the follow-up period. The late HBE study, before and after ajmaline, did not allow to recognize critical conduction abnormalities suggessting prophylactic PM implantation.", "contents": "[Long term electrophysiological study on patients with acute myocardial infarction and complete heart block. Is cardiac pacing always necessary? (author's transl)]. Of 335 consecutive patients (pts) admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 34 (10%) evidenced complete heart block (HB). The overall inhospital mortality was 14% (47 pts) versus 39% of the HB group (13 pts). No previous conduction disturbances were documented in 58% of pts before appearance of complete HB. Complete HB was preceded in 52% of pts by first or second degree HB or bundle branch block. Of 21 pts with HB discharged from the hospital, 5 (23%) died between 5 and 24 months (mean 12): no patients had sudden death; 16 pts (76%) are still alive after 13 to 45 months (mean 30). His bundle electrophysiologic (HBE) study was performed in 10 pts of the HB group after 4 to 40 months: 4 pts with anterior versus 6 with inferior AMI. Conduction disturbances were no longer present in all but one pt who had H-V 60 msec. Ajmaline (50 + 50 mg iv) prolonged A-H over 130 msec in 4 pts; H-V was not significantly increased in 8 of the 10 pts, while in two pts was 100 msec. One pt in the acute phase and one pt 12 months later, required pacemaker (PM) implant (both had inferior MI). no sudden death was documented during the follow-up period. The late HBE study, before and after ajmaline, did not allow to recognize critical conduction abnormalities suggessting prophylactic PM implantation.", "PMID": 754956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9839", "title": "[Programmed electrical stimulation in the treatment of reciprocating arrhythmias. Use of radiofrequency as a stimulating and synchronising means (author's transl)].", "content": "A new model of radiofrequency stimulator is presented, which can be programmed for the transmission of one or two impulses synchronised and delayed on the endocardial electrogram. This pacemaker was successfully used in jounctional reciprocating tachycardias and in a case of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. The implanted device, connected to the electrode catheter in right ventricle, does not contain energy sources. This lets a little size and allows having outside the body all the program controls, which in the time can have to change, due to variations of the parameters of tachycardias interruption. The implanted receiver is designed to induce in the resonant coil of external transmitter a frequency modulation proportional to the endocavitary signal. A slope detector receives this signal and programs on them the stimulating impulses, transmitted to stop the tachycardia. It is possible to manufacture such a simple device that the same patient can use it. Of course, periodic controls on the patient must be made to assess the cause of the tachycardia.", "contents": "[Programmed electrical stimulation in the treatment of reciprocating arrhythmias. Use of radiofrequency as a stimulating and synchronising means (author's transl)]. A new model of radiofrequency stimulator is presented, which can be programmed for the transmission of one or two impulses synchronised and delayed on the endocardial electrogram. This pacemaker was successfully used in jounctional reciprocating tachycardias and in a case of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. The implanted device, connected to the electrode catheter in right ventricle, does not contain energy sources. This lets a little size and allows having outside the body all the program controls, which in the time can have to change, due to variations of the parameters of tachycardias interruption. The implanted receiver is designed to induce in the resonant coil of external transmitter a frequency modulation proportional to the endocavitary signal. A slope detector receives this signal and programs on them the stimulating impulses, transmitted to stop the tachycardia. It is possible to manufacture such a simple device that the same patient can use it. Of course, periodic controls on the patient must be made to assess the cause of the tachycardia.", "PMID": 754957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9840", "title": "[Permanent pacemaker implantation in children after open heart cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1972 and 1977, a permanent pacemaker has been implanted in 9 children for complete heart block, after repair of a congenital heart disease. Children's age ranged between 2 1/2 years and 13 years (mean age 8 years). The block had been caused by the operation in 8 children and was pre-existent in the last one. A permanent pacemaker was not implanted in another four children with postoperative complete heart block. In seven cases the pacemaker was implanted in the subclavear zone and connected to a transvenous electrode; in the remaining two cases the pacemaker was positioned subcutaneously in the abdomen and connected to an epicardial electrode. VVI-type pacemaker have always been used. Three children died after implantation because of chronic cardiac failure complicated, in one case, by surrhenalic insufficiency. In two cases the pacemaker was replaced because of battery exhaustion, as suggested by routine controls; in five cases, wire breakage occurred and it was replaced together with the pacemaker. In another case transvenous electrode displacement occurred; skin infection at pacemaker site occurred only once. No skin breakdown at pacemaker site has ever occurred, or any problem due to excessive pacemaker dimensions. Reappearance of normal synus rhythm was noted in one patient. No complication has been reported so far for the cases with postoperative complete heart block not treated with cardiac pacing.", "contents": "[Permanent pacemaker implantation in children after open heart cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. Between 1972 and 1977, a permanent pacemaker has been implanted in 9 children for complete heart block, after repair of a congenital heart disease. Children's age ranged between 2 1/2 years and 13 years (mean age 8 years). The block had been caused by the operation in 8 children and was pre-existent in the last one. A permanent pacemaker was not implanted in another four children with postoperative complete heart block. In seven cases the pacemaker was implanted in the subclavear zone and connected to a transvenous electrode; in the remaining two cases the pacemaker was positioned subcutaneously in the abdomen and connected to an epicardial electrode. VVI-type pacemaker have always been used. Three children died after implantation because of chronic cardiac failure complicated, in one case, by surrhenalic insufficiency. In two cases the pacemaker was replaced because of battery exhaustion, as suggested by routine controls; in five cases, wire breakage occurred and it was replaced together with the pacemaker. In another case transvenous electrode displacement occurred; skin infection at pacemaker site occurred only once. No skin breakdown at pacemaker site has ever occurred, or any problem due to excessive pacemaker dimensions. Reappearance of normal synus rhythm was noted in one patient. No complication has been reported so far for the cases with postoperative complete heart block not treated with cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 754959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9841", "title": "[Temporary artificial pacing after open-heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A three-year experiences with the treatment by artificial pacing of the cardiac rhythm anomalies after open-heart surgery, at the Institute of Surgery of the Heart and Great Vessels, Ist School of Medicine, University of Naples, are reported. The most frequent arrhythmias occurring during or soon after open-heart surgery and the main aetiologic factors are examined. The surgical techniques for pacing and their indications are considered. Thereafter some particularly interesting cases are reported.", "contents": "[Temporary artificial pacing after open-heart surgery (author's transl)]. A three-year experiences with the treatment by artificial pacing of the cardiac rhythm anomalies after open-heart surgery, at the Institute of Surgery of the Heart and Great Vessels, Ist School of Medicine, University of Naples, are reported. The most frequent arrhythmias occurring during or soon after open-heart surgery and the main aetiologic factors are examined. The surgical techniques for pacing and their indications are considered. Thereafter some particularly interesting cases are reported.", "PMID": 754960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9842", "title": "[Biocompatibility and quality control of pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors examine the functional, toxicological and pharmacological controls routinely performed on materials and on the finished products. They propose a biocompatibility protocol for screening materials, and they compare Italian regulations on quality control and good manufacturing practice of medical devices with foreign regulations.", "contents": "[Biocompatibility and quality control of pacemaker (author's transl)]. The Authors examine the functional, toxicological and pharmacological controls routinely performed on materials and on the finished products. They propose a biocompatibility protocol for screening materials, and they compare Italian regulations on quality control and good manufacturing practice of medical devices with foreign regulations.", "PMID": 754961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9843", "title": "[Technology and real performances of a new circuit for new pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuing evolution in cardiac stimulation today imposes on PM manufacturers the need to submit their products under new criteria, such as: contained dimensions, functional complexity and longer periods of patient care. PM electronic circuity plays a determinant role in meeting the best solution of these problems. Thick film hybrid technology has been chosen by the Authors because it is deemed to be the best compromise for the present goals, such as: low power consumption, low weight and small size, electrical parameters stability, functional complexity and high circuitry density, Hi-Rel performance for longer working life. A little space has been reserved for schematic diagrams of the manufacturing cycle and the applied technology; particular evidence has been shown concerning selection criteria for circuitry component selection and Hi-Rel tests for the end product. Hi-Rel and qualification standards have been selected by the Authors from MIL-STD 883 methods and AAMI-FDA pacemakers standards. Practical results of the application of this methodology can be summarised as follows: only 44-50% of the total circuits pass the complete cycle of tests and thus are used for PM manufacture; electronic failure rate in the implanted units is 0.024% failure per month.", "contents": "[Technology and real performances of a new circuit for new pacemaker (author's transl)]. Continuing evolution in cardiac stimulation today imposes on PM manufacturers the need to submit their products under new criteria, such as: contained dimensions, functional complexity and longer periods of patient care. PM electronic circuity plays a determinant role in meeting the best solution of these problems. Thick film hybrid technology has been chosen by the Authors because it is deemed to be the best compromise for the present goals, such as: low power consumption, low weight and small size, electrical parameters stability, functional complexity and high circuitry density, Hi-Rel performance for longer working life. A little space has been reserved for schematic diagrams of the manufacturing cycle and the applied technology; particular evidence has been shown concerning selection criteria for circuitry component selection and Hi-Rel tests for the end product. Hi-Rel and qualification standards have been selected by the Authors from MIL-STD 883 methods and AAMI-FDA pacemakers standards. Practical results of the application of this methodology can be summarised as follows: only 44-50% of the total circuits pass the complete cycle of tests and thus are used for PM manufacture; electronic failure rate in the implanted units is 0.024% failure per month.", "PMID": 754962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9844", "title": "[The acupuncture in 20 patients submitted to placement of endocardial permanent pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report on 20 patients who underwent definitive surgery for placement of artificial pacemaker with utilisation of acupuncture for analgesic purposes. The report in detail on the results obtained with even, in the light of a limited experience, can be considered positive.", "contents": "[The acupuncture in 20 patients submitted to placement of endocardial permanent pacemakers (author's transl)]. The Authors report on 20 patients who underwent definitive surgery for placement of artificial pacemaker with utilisation of acupuncture for analgesic purposes. The report in detail on the results obtained with even, in the light of a limited experience, can be considered positive.", "PMID": 754963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9845", "title": "[Measurement of the myocardial stimulation threshold in chronic and acute patients with pacemaker implanted (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty-two patients, with electrodes implanted for varying periods of time, have been divided into three groups: acute (at implantation); intermediate (3 to 36 months) and chronic (37 to 124 months). In these groups, respectively 28, 26 and 28 myocardial stimulation threshold measurements have been performed. Measurements have been performed with MEEMR (Myocardial Excitation Energy Meter), an instrument deviced and built by the Institute of Elaboration of Information, CNR and University of Pisa. Microjoule has been chosen as unit of measure. More commonly used units of measure, such as threshold current in milliamp, have been calculated from values in microjoules. Mean values was 0.6 muJ in the first group, 6.9 muJ in the second one and 8.3 in the third one. Student test has been performed on such measurements, divided into groups, with the following results: p less than 0.01 between 1st and 2nd group, non significant difference between 2nd and 3rd group, p less than 0.01 between 1st and 3rd group. Such results suggest a trend toward myocardial threshold stabilization over a long period of time, as had already been hypothized by others Authors. Further useful information may be drawn from these data if they are evaluated in relation to a life-time pacemaker, as is nowadays desirable in view of recent progress in circuit technology and energy sources.", "contents": "[Measurement of the myocardial stimulation threshold in chronic and acute patients with pacemaker implanted (author's transl)]. Eighty-two patients, with electrodes implanted for varying periods of time, have been divided into three groups: acute (at implantation); intermediate (3 to 36 months) and chronic (37 to 124 months). In these groups, respectively 28, 26 and 28 myocardial stimulation threshold measurements have been performed. Measurements have been performed with MEEMR (Myocardial Excitation Energy Meter), an instrument deviced and built by the Institute of Elaboration of Information, CNR and University of Pisa. Microjoule has been chosen as unit of measure. More commonly used units of measure, such as threshold current in milliamp, have been calculated from values in microjoules. Mean values was 0.6 muJ in the first group, 6.9 muJ in the second one and 8.3 in the third one. Student test has been performed on such measurements, divided into groups, with the following results: p less than 0.01 between 1st and 2nd group, non significant difference between 2nd and 3rd group, p less than 0.01 between 1st and 3rd group. Such results suggest a trend toward myocardial threshold stabilization over a long period of time, as had already been hypothized by others Authors. Further useful information may be drawn from these data if they are evaluated in relation to a life-time pacemaker, as is nowadays desirable in view of recent progress in circuit technology and energy sources.", "PMID": 754964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9846", "title": "[Complications observed in 800 cases with implanted permanent endocardial pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors discuss their research on 800 endocardial permanent pacemakers (ventricular, atrial, and bifocal) implanted during six years. In the light of the examination of the literature, the AA. report the complications registered, in particular: lead's displacing 6.2%, run away 0.7%, marked hyperthermya 0.0%, haemorrage 0.4%, wound dehiscence 0.3%, asectic necrosis by decubitus 5%, septic necrosis 0.3%, perforation of the heart 0.2%, pulmonary embolism 0.1%. Both the most common causes of complications and the technical expedients employed to minimize the complication rates are being discussed.", "contents": "[Complications observed in 800 cases with implanted permanent endocardial pacemakers (author's transl)]. The Authors discuss their research on 800 endocardial permanent pacemakers (ventricular, atrial, and bifocal) implanted during six years. In the light of the examination of the literature, the AA. report the complications registered, in particular: lead's displacing 6.2%, run away 0.7%, marked hyperthermya 0.0%, haemorrage 0.4%, wound dehiscence 0.3%, asectic necrosis by decubitus 5%, septic necrosis 0.3%, perforation of the heart 0.2%, pulmonary embolism 0.1%. Both the most common causes of complications and the technical expedients employed to minimize the complication rates are being discussed.", "PMID": 754965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9847", "title": "[Syncopal attacks due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (\"torsade de pointe type\") in a patient with a PM of hysteresis type (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a patient with artificial ventricular pacemaker with hysteresis, who suffered from ventricular fibrillation known as \"torsade de pointe\" and ventricular flutter, often accompanied by lipothymias, with hypokalemia. The following points are considered: the pacemaker responsibility to produce arrhythmia; the pacemaker behaviour during ventricular tachyarrhythmias; the modifications of stimulation threshold and R-wave sensitivity after PM removal and the following hours.", "contents": "[Syncopal attacks due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (\"torsade de pointe type\") in a patient with a PM of hysteresis type (author's transl)]. The authors report on a patient with artificial ventricular pacemaker with hysteresis, who suffered from ventricular fibrillation known as \"torsade de pointe\" and ventricular flutter, often accompanied by lipothymias, with hypokalemia. The following points are considered: the pacemaker responsibility to produce arrhythmia; the pacemaker behaviour during ventricular tachyarrhythmias; the modifications of stimulation threshold and R-wave sensitivity after PM removal and the following hours.", "PMID": 754966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9848", "title": "[Behaviour of some serum enzymes after permanent pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of some serum enzymes (CPK, LDH, alpha HBDH, SGOT) in 50 patients after permanent pacemaker implantation is outlined. Changes of each enzyme were analyzed statistically by applying Student's t test. Most significant changes are represented by the increase in CPK serum concentrations (19 cases). In 14 of them LDH isoenzymes were evaluated and in 4 patients alteration of LDH1/LDH2 ratio suggestive of cardiac \"injury\" were observed.", "contents": "[Behaviour of some serum enzymes after permanent pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. The behaviour of some serum enzymes (CPK, LDH, alpha HBDH, SGOT) in 50 patients after permanent pacemaker implantation is outlined. Changes of each enzyme were analyzed statistically by applying Student's t test. Most significant changes are represented by the increase in CPK serum concentrations (19 cases). In 14 of them LDH isoenzymes were evaluated and in 4 patients alteration of LDH1/LDH2 ratio suggestive of cardiac \"injury\" were observed.", "PMID": 754967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9849", "title": "[The diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presence of disorders of ventricular activation for right endoventricular pacing and left bundle branch block (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have studied the vectocardiogram in left bundle branch block, right endoventricular pacing, myocardial infarction and right endoventricular pacing, myocardial infarction and left bundle branch block. Vectocardiographic loop analysis allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction both in the presence of endoventricular pacing and in the presence of left bundle branch block.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presence of disorders of ventricular activation for right endoventricular pacing and left bundle branch block (author's transl)]. The Authors have studied the vectocardiogram in left bundle branch block, right endoventricular pacing, myocardial infarction and right endoventricular pacing, myocardial infarction and left bundle branch block. Vectocardiographic loop analysis allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction both in the presence of endoventricular pacing and in the presence of left bundle branch block.", "PMID": 754968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9850", "title": "[Pathological observations on patients carrying pacemakers and clinical consequences. Reports of 105 observed cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In subjects carrying pacemakers, the catheter-electrode can induce, over a period of time, specific modifications at the level of the veins and the heart. The organism reacts to extraneous bodies with adhesive and sometimes thrombotic phenomena. The latter can occasionally be the cause of a pulmonary embolism (8 cases out of 105) or more rarely, the seat of a mycotic infection (one case). In the casuistry are included two cases of the complete perforation of the right ventricle (one of which was fatal) and four cases of partial perforation; in another subject a papillary muscle was perforated. Finally, one case of endocarditis was noted, the so called traumatic type, of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "[Pathological observations on patients carrying pacemakers and clinical consequences. Reports of 105 observed cases (author's transl)]. In subjects carrying pacemakers, the catheter-electrode can induce, over a period of time, specific modifications at the level of the veins and the heart. The organism reacts to extraneous bodies with adhesive and sometimes thrombotic phenomena. The latter can occasionally be the cause of a pulmonary embolism (8 cases out of 105) or more rarely, the seat of a mycotic infection (one case). In the casuistry are included two cases of the complete perforation of the right ventricle (one of which was fatal) and four cases of partial perforation; in another subject a papillary muscle was perforated. Finally, one case of endocarditis was noted, the so called traumatic type, of the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 754969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9851", "title": "[Proposal for a national system of pacemaker patient registration. Goals, technical aspects and cost analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a personal experience with computer logging of pacemaker data, the Authors describe a system for a nation-wide registration of pacemaker patients. The advantages of such registration are stressed. The way of collecting and storing data, the interactions between pacemaker centers and the central registration system, the registration card, the estimated costs are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Proposal for a national system of pacemaker patient registration. Goals, technical aspects and cost analysis (author's transl)]. Based on a personal experience with computer logging of pacemaker data, the Authors describe a system for a nation-wide registration of pacemaker patients. The advantages of such registration are stressed. The way of collecting and storing data, the interactions between pacemaker centers and the central registration system, the registration card, the estimated costs are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 754970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9852", "title": "[The pacemaker and the practitioner (author's transl)].", "content": "Considering the increasing importance of cardiac pacing (800-1000 pacemaker patients per million population according to most recent evaluations), the Authors made an investigation on a sample of 100 general practitioners, to evaluate their knowledge on pacemakers. These physicians have been questioned following a form, which resumed the most important problems that can arise in patients with cardiac pacemakers. The conclusion is that the practitioner has little knowledge on cardiac pacing and that he is not able to handle this sort of patient.", "contents": "[The pacemaker and the practitioner (author's transl)]. Considering the increasing importance of cardiac pacing (800-1000 pacemaker patients per million population according to most recent evaluations), the Authors made an investigation on a sample of 100 general practitioners, to evaluate their knowledge on pacemakers. These physicians have been questioned following a form, which resumed the most important problems that can arise in patients with cardiac pacemakers. The conclusion is that the practitioner has little knowledge on cardiac pacing and that he is not able to handle this sort of patient.", "PMID": 754971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9853", "title": "[Our experience in treatment of the inhibition of demand pacemaker by muscle potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibition of demand pacemakers by muscular potentials is rarely described in the literature. The Authors have found an interference of the pectoralis muscle's electric activity with pacemakers in 4 patients suffering from occasional faints. Extending this study to a group of 10 asymptomatic electrostimulated patients, pacemaker's inhibition by sub-maximal contraction of pectoralis major muscle has been found in 9 of them. The 4 symptomatic patients have been operated displacing the battery near the sternum. The poor thickness of the pectoralis muscle's fibres suggested the treatment. The controls performed from 2 to 8 months respectively have shown disappearance of the symptoms.", "contents": "[Our experience in treatment of the inhibition of demand pacemaker by muscle potentials (author's transl)]. The inhibition of demand pacemakers by muscular potentials is rarely described in the literature. The Authors have found an interference of the pectoralis muscle's electric activity with pacemakers in 4 patients suffering from occasional faints. Extending this study to a group of 10 asymptomatic electrostimulated patients, pacemaker's inhibition by sub-maximal contraction of pectoralis major muscle has been found in 9 of them. The 4 symptomatic patients have been operated displacing the battery near the sternum. The poor thickness of the pectoralis muscle's fibres suggested the treatment. The controls performed from 2 to 8 months respectively have shown disappearance of the symptoms.", "PMID": 754972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9854", "title": "[On 1800 patients with implanted definitive pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors outline their clinical experience with 1800 patients, 1190 of which underwent definitive pacemaker implantation and 610 replacement of the impulse generator. They examine some parametres in detail, reporting on the results obtained.", "contents": "[On 1800 patients with implanted definitive pacemaker (author's transl)]. The Authors outline their clinical experience with 1800 patients, 1190 of which underwent definitive pacemaker implantation and 610 replacement of the impulse generator. They examine some parametres in detail, reporting on the results obtained.", "PMID": 754973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9855", "title": "[Experience in prophylactic peroperative cardiac electrostimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors refer on about 35 cases of prophylactic peroperative cardiac electrostimulation on about 50,500 cases undergoing surgical procedures during seven years. The indications were: bifascicular block, complete left bundle branch block, primitive sinusal bradycardia, surgical correction of carotid synus syndrome, atrial fibrillation with spontaneous low ventricular rate, neurosurgical treatment of cranial trauma by suspected MAS syndrome, surgical implantation of epicardial electrodes. It is enphasized the necessity to continue with prophylactic peroperative cardiac stimulation in all these cases, except for bifascicular blocks for which one has to decide case by case according to the clinical history and ECG findings.", "contents": "[Experience in prophylactic peroperative cardiac electrostimulation (author's transl)]. The Authors refer on about 35 cases of prophylactic peroperative cardiac electrostimulation on about 50,500 cases undergoing surgical procedures during seven years. The indications were: bifascicular block, complete left bundle branch block, primitive sinusal bradycardia, surgical correction of carotid synus syndrome, atrial fibrillation with spontaneous low ventricular rate, neurosurgical treatment of cranial trauma by suspected MAS syndrome, surgical implantation of epicardial electrodes. It is enphasized the necessity to continue with prophylactic peroperative cardiac stimulation in all these cases, except for bifascicular blocks for which one has to decide case by case according to the clinical history and ECG findings.", "PMID": 754974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9856", "title": "[Surgical complications of pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period 1966-1977, 705 pacemaker implantations with transvenous endocardial electrode and 369 substitutions of generators were carried out, besides 275 operations treating some complications after implantation were required. The most frequent complications were: endocardial electrode dislocation (9.4%), lesion caused by decubitus (7.5%) and infection of subcutaneous pocket (5%), decubitus lesion and infection of the skin caused by the electrode (1.7%), electrode and generator breaking (1.3%), right ventricle perforation caused by the electrode (0.37%). Surgical mortality-rate was 0.18%.", "contents": "[Surgical complications of pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. During the period 1966-1977, 705 pacemaker implantations with transvenous endocardial electrode and 369 substitutions of generators were carried out, besides 275 operations treating some complications after implantation were required. The most frequent complications were: endocardial electrode dislocation (9.4%), lesion caused by decubitus (7.5%) and infection of subcutaneous pocket (5%), decubitus lesion and infection of the skin caused by the electrode (1.7%), electrode and generator breaking (1.3%), right ventricle perforation caused by the electrode (0.37%). Surgical mortality-rate was 0.18%.", "PMID": 754975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9857", "title": "[The computer assisted pacemaker clinic at the regional hospital of Udine (author's transl)].", "content": "For a close follow-up of large groups of pacemaker patients and for evaluation of long term pacing on a reliable statistical basis, many pacemaker centers in the world are now using computer systems. A patient data system with structured display records, designed to give complete, comprehensive and surveyable information and which are immediately retrievable 24 hours a day, on display or printed sets, seems to offer an ideal solution. The pacemaker clinic at the Regional Hospital of Udine has adopted this type of system. The clinic in linked to a live, on-line patient data system (G/3, Informatica Friuli-Venezia Giulia). The input and retrieval of information are made through a conventional keyboard. The input formats have fixed headings with coded alternatives and a limited space for comments in free text. The computer edits the coded information to surveyable reviews. Searches can be made on coded information and data of interest.", "contents": "[The computer assisted pacemaker clinic at the regional hospital of Udine (author's transl)]. For a close follow-up of large groups of pacemaker patients and for evaluation of long term pacing on a reliable statistical basis, many pacemaker centers in the world are now using computer systems. A patient data system with structured display records, designed to give complete, comprehensive and surveyable information and which are immediately retrievable 24 hours a day, on display or printed sets, seems to offer an ideal solution. The pacemaker clinic at the Regional Hospital of Udine has adopted this type of system. The clinic in linked to a live, on-line patient data system (G/3, Informatica Friuli-Venezia Giulia). The input and retrieval of information are made through a conventional keyboard. The input formats have fixed headings with coded alternatives and a limited space for comments in free text. The computer edits the coded information to surveyable reviews. Searches can be made on coded information and data of interest.", "PMID": 754976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9858", "title": "[Experience with lithium pacemaker in the University of Genova (Italy) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report on their own experience of 77 lithium pacemaker implanted between 1974 and September 1977 in the Centre of Cardiac Surgery of the University of Genova (Italy). Only one generator has been replaced till now because of liquid infiltration. Rate variations in pacemaker marketed by Sorin were studied, considering the test-stand rate the first control and the following rate controls; the reliability of this parameter was confirmed.", "contents": "[Experience with lithium pacemaker in the University of Genova (Italy) (author's transl)]. The Authors report on their own experience of 77 lithium pacemaker implanted between 1974 and September 1977 in the Centre of Cardiac Surgery of the University of Genova (Italy). Only one generator has been replaced till now because of liquid infiltration. Rate variations in pacemaker marketed by Sorin were studied, considering the test-stand rate the first control and the following rate controls; the reliability of this parameter was confirmed.", "PMID": 754977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9859", "title": "[Stenosis of superior vena cava at the crossing site of two catheters (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of superior vena cava syndrome is described in a patient with two endocardial pacing electrodes. At autopsy a severe stenosis of the venous lumen was found at the crossing site of the two catheters. There was no evidence of thrombus formation. Venous wall stenosis is an unusual complication of transvenous pacing and is probably favoured by the presence of two electrodes.", "contents": "[Stenosis of superior vena cava at the crossing site of two catheters (author's transl)]. A case of superior vena cava syndrome is described in a patient with two endocardial pacing electrodes. At autopsy a severe stenosis of the venous lumen was found at the crossing site of the two catheters. There was no evidence of thrombus formation. Venous wall stenosis is an unusual complication of transvenous pacing and is probably favoured by the presence of two electrodes.", "PMID": 754978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9860", "title": "[Cardiac electrostimulation in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. relate on two cases of pacemaker implantation in childhood, and they outline the causes that make necessary a cardiac pacemaker in such an age and the troubles can possibly occur.", "contents": "[Cardiac electrostimulation in childhood (author's transl)]. The AA. relate on two cases of pacemaker implantation in childhood, and they outline the causes that make necessary a cardiac pacemaker in such an age and the troubles can possibly occur.", "PMID": 754979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9861", "title": "[Demand pace-maker for the treatment of carotid sinus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a case of carotid sinus hypersensitivity treated with an endocardial demand ventricular inhibited pacemaker. With this modern form of therapy of carotid sinus hypersensitivity we have obtained in the case presented a complete resolution of lipothymic attacks due to complete atrioventricular (A-V) block secondary to carotid sinus stimulation. The patient discharged from the hospital after seven days from the implantation of the pacemaker has been symptom free at a control after eight months.", "contents": "[Demand pace-maker for the treatment of carotid sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. This is a report of a case of carotid sinus hypersensitivity treated with an endocardial demand ventricular inhibited pacemaker. With this modern form of therapy of carotid sinus hypersensitivity we have obtained in the case presented a complete resolution of lipothymic attacks due to complete atrioventricular (A-V) block secondary to carotid sinus stimulation. The patient discharged from the hospital after seven days from the implantation of the pacemaker has been symptom free at a control after eight months.", "PMID": 754980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9862", "title": "[Cardiac pacing as prophylaxis in surgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "During a 24-month period, 37 patients with fascicular blocks (RBB-LAH, alternating bundle-branch block, bundle-branch block with PR prolongation, RBBB-LAH with PR prolongation) were sheduled for operation. The study was undertaken to determine what effect the stress of anesthesia and operation might have on these patients, and to attempt to answer the question whether all patients with fascicular block should have demand pacemakers implanted. All these patients were in stable condition and had no history of transient complete heart block. Patients were monitored continuously intraoperatively and were followed by serial electrocardiograms to the third postoperative day. No instance of complete heart block was found. No significant problem arose both intra- and postoperatively. According to these findings, routine, prophylactic, temporary cardiac pacing in patients with fascicular blocks, before anesthesia and during operation, seems to be not necessary in the absence of cardiac symptoms.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacing as prophylaxis in surgical operations (author's transl)]. During a 24-month period, 37 patients with fascicular blocks (RBB-LAH, alternating bundle-branch block, bundle-branch block with PR prolongation, RBBB-LAH with PR prolongation) were sheduled for operation. The study was undertaken to determine what effect the stress of anesthesia and operation might have on these patients, and to attempt to answer the question whether all patients with fascicular block should have demand pacemakers implanted. All these patients were in stable condition and had no history of transient complete heart block. Patients were monitored continuously intraoperatively and were followed by serial electrocardiograms to the third postoperative day. No instance of complete heart block was found. No significant problem arose both intra- and postoperatively. According to these findings, routine, prophylactic, temporary cardiac pacing in patients with fascicular blocks, before anesthesia and during operation, seems to be not necessary in the absence of cardiac symptoms.", "PMID": 754982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9863", "title": "[Cardiac pacing during open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac pacing by means of temporary wires inserted during open heart surgery is an established useful adjunct to post-operative care. Optimal rate can be imposed to the heart with transiently depressed function, arrhythmias can be suppressed by overdriving and atrioventricular synchronization sometimes can be reestablished, with a resulting improvement of cardiac output. We routinely insert wires on the right ventricle, and on the right atrium wherever excitable. Wires have been inserted in 383 consecutive patients, significantly contributing to the control of bradiarrhythmias, the suppression of PVCs, and the improvement of low cardiac output states.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacing during open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Cardiac pacing by means of temporary wires inserted during open heart surgery is an established useful adjunct to post-operative care. Optimal rate can be imposed to the heart with transiently depressed function, arrhythmias can be suppressed by overdriving and atrioventricular synchronization sometimes can be reestablished, with a resulting improvement of cardiac output. We routinely insert wires on the right ventricle, and on the right atrium wherever excitable. Wires have been inserted in 383 consecutive patients, significantly contributing to the control of bradiarrhythmias, the suppression of PVCs, and the improvement of low cardiac output states.", "PMID": 754983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9864", "title": "[Recent progress in energy sources and in technology of electronic circuits (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1957, when the first implantable pacemaker was developed, the performances of cardiac pacemakers have enormously improved. The paper describes the recent progress in the field of energy sources, technology and circuit solutions. The improvements achieved up to now have extended the mean life-time of an implantable pacemaker from about 30 months up to more than 6 years, while some pacemakers with programming capabilities are available and pacemakers with self-adapting capabilities to the individual hemodynamic needs are in the stage of advanced development.", "contents": "[Recent progress in energy sources and in technology of electronic circuits (author's transl)]. Since 1957, when the first implantable pacemaker was developed, the performances of cardiac pacemakers have enormously improved. The paper describes the recent progress in the field of energy sources, technology and circuit solutions. The improvements achieved up to now have extended the mean life-time of an implantable pacemaker from about 30 months up to more than 6 years, while some pacemakers with programming capabilities are available and pacemakers with self-adapting capabilities to the individual hemodynamic needs are in the stage of advanced development.", "PMID": 754984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9865", "title": "[The criteria for the choice of a cardiac pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "The criteria commonly followed for the choice of a cardiac pacemaker to be used in the treatment of AV blocks and sick sinus syndrome are described. In case of AV block, the AA, believe that at first implant a ventricular inhibited pacemaker is to be preferred, while for the replacements the choice will be based on clinical grounds (mainly from the data obtained during the periodic controls, such as persistence of spontaneous activity, failure of sensing, etc.). In case of sick sinus syndrome, ventricular inhibited pacemakers are generally to be preferred firstly to secure stimulation even in case of AV block, secondly for the advantage of a greater stability of the endoventricular catheter. Atrial pacemakers (asynchronous, on demand, or bifocal) will be preferred when the atrial contribution is believed to be important from an haemodynamic point of view. Lastly, in single cases, its is possible to implant radiofrequency devices connected with the electrocatheter for the control of the tachyarrhythmic phases.", "contents": "[The criteria for the choice of a cardiac pacemaker (author's transl)]. The criteria commonly followed for the choice of a cardiac pacemaker to be used in the treatment of AV blocks and sick sinus syndrome are described. In case of AV block, the AA, believe that at first implant a ventricular inhibited pacemaker is to be preferred, while for the replacements the choice will be based on clinical grounds (mainly from the data obtained during the periodic controls, such as persistence of spontaneous activity, failure of sensing, etc.). In case of sick sinus syndrome, ventricular inhibited pacemakers are generally to be preferred firstly to secure stimulation even in case of AV block, secondly for the advantage of a greater stability of the endoventricular catheter. Atrial pacemakers (asynchronous, on demand, or bifocal) will be preferred when the atrial contribution is believed to be important from an haemodynamic point of view. Lastly, in single cases, its is possible to implant radiofrequency devices connected with the electrocatheter for the control of the tachyarrhythmic phases.", "PMID": 754985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9866", "title": "The choice of the pacemaker-electrode combination.", "content": "The advantages of the endocardial electrode over the transthoracic electrode are illustrated by the fact that the Vth International Symposium on Cardiac Pacing in March 1976 in Tokyo a world wide survey of 15000 electrodes implanted in 1975 showed that 93.4% were of the tarnsvenous type. These advantages will be discussed. An important electrode choice that has to be made next is the selection between the monopolar and the bipolar electrode. Mechanical (electro), physiological and clinical aspects have pushed this choice towards the monopolar electrodes. The monopolar transvenous electrode is known in various types. The selection of the electrode can be determined by the incidence of electrode dislocation that has resulted in electrode tips with fixation principles like hooks, barbs and balloon or screw mechanism. For the longevity of a pacemaker system the efficiency of the electrode system is important, that means the energy needed for cardiac stimulation. This stimulation threshold is determined by the myocardial tissue, the stimulation impulse and the electrode, especially the electrode surface. Decrease of the surface area from 50 mm2 about 8-10 years ago to 5-10 mm2 raises the question if there exists an optimal surface area and optimal electrode shape. The electrode area can also influence the R-wave amplitude as detected by the pacemaker and therefore the electrode-pacemaker interface has to be discussed. The solution of some of the electrode problems, that has resulted in more sophisticated electrodes and improved electrode pacemaker systems, will be illustrated.", "contents": "The choice of the pacemaker-electrode combination. The advantages of the endocardial electrode over the transthoracic electrode are illustrated by the fact that the Vth International Symposium on Cardiac Pacing in March 1976 in Tokyo a world wide survey of 15000 electrodes implanted in 1975 showed that 93.4% were of the tarnsvenous type. These advantages will be discussed. An important electrode choice that has to be made next is the selection between the monopolar and the bipolar electrode. Mechanical (electro), physiological and clinical aspects have pushed this choice towards the monopolar electrodes. The monopolar transvenous electrode is known in various types. The selection of the electrode can be determined by the incidence of electrode dislocation that has resulted in electrode tips with fixation principles like hooks, barbs and balloon or screw mechanism. For the longevity of a pacemaker system the efficiency of the electrode system is important, that means the energy needed for cardiac stimulation. This stimulation threshold is determined by the myocardial tissue, the stimulation impulse and the electrode, especially the electrode surface. Decrease of the surface area from 50 mm2 about 8-10 years ago to 5-10 mm2 raises the question if there exists an optimal surface area and optimal electrode shape. The electrode area can also influence the R-wave amplitude as detected by the pacemaker and therefore the electrode-pacemaker interface has to be discussed. The solution of some of the electrode problems, that has resulted in more sophisticated electrodes and improved electrode pacemaker systems, will be illustrated.", "PMID": 754987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9867", "title": "[Damages of malfunction of the electrostimulating system (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study we describe the damages, or the ill-functioning of the electrostimulating system due to failure or bad functioning of the catheter electrode, of the electronic circuits and of the energy sources. Complications due to iatrogen causes or to clinical pathology have not been dealt with. Defects of electrostimulation are described in their clinical, electrocardiographic, oscilloscopic and electrophysiologic aspects, and in the operative report, through the study of 1455 cases. In the differential diagnosis of the defects of electrostimulation we point out their biological causes. The sheath interruption, observed in 31 cases, causes defects in electrostimulation, depending on the extension and on the position of the unsheathing. The circuit variations can be compared with the effect produced by a shunt capacitor. The sheath interruption causes a current reduction which reaches stimulating surface and the differential diagnosis concerns the electronic failure of the generator, the battery discharge, the organic liquid infiltration in the insertion point, the position of the catheter, and the tip perforation of it. The breaking of the spiral (in 6 cases) can be partial or total, and may be compared to the forming of a series capacitor between the electrodes which may sham the increase of the myocardic threshold. The stimulating surface, too wide respecting the intensity supplied by the electrostimulator, brings about a low current density and failures in electrostimulation; the difference between such condition and the one caused by a high myocardiac threshold is shown by determining the safety factor. A very small stimulating surface increases the electrode impedance and may cause a defect of the perception function, if the generator input impedance (4 cases) is reduced. The fall of the output voltage may be caused by a battery discharge, and is the most frequent cause of electrostimulation disturbances; it has been observed in 432 cases. Other causes of the fall of the output voltage (30 cases) are the outflow of mercury from the cells, or mycotic formations. The ill-functionning or the loss of perception (9 cases) caused by defects of the electrostimulator must be distinguished from the ones caused by the endocavitarian potential reduction (myocardiac infarction, conduction disturbances: 2 cases). Variations of the stimulating cycle can be caused by ageing, humidity on resistances and on oscillator condensers (9 cases). Accelerated stimulating was observed in 1 case, plate corrosion in 3 cases, high density of anodic current in 9 cases, generator turnover in 3 cases. Finally we give the chief points of electrical stimulating disturbances due to interferences of electromagnetic radiation.", "contents": "[Damages of malfunction of the electrostimulating system (author's transl)]. In this study we describe the damages, or the ill-functioning of the electrostimulating system due to failure or bad functioning of the catheter electrode, of the electronic circuits and of the energy sources. Complications due to iatrogen causes or to clinical pathology have not been dealt with. Defects of electrostimulation are described in their clinical, electrocardiographic, oscilloscopic and electrophysiologic aspects, and in the operative report, through the study of 1455 cases. In the differential diagnosis of the defects of electrostimulation we point out their biological causes. The sheath interruption, observed in 31 cases, causes defects in electrostimulation, depending on the extension and on the position of the unsheathing. The circuit variations can be compared with the effect produced by a shunt capacitor. The sheath interruption causes a current reduction which reaches stimulating surface and the differential diagnosis concerns the electronic failure of the generator, the battery discharge, the organic liquid infiltration in the insertion point, the position of the catheter, and the tip perforation of it. The breaking of the spiral (in 6 cases) can be partial or total, and may be compared to the forming of a series capacitor between the electrodes which may sham the increase of the myocardic threshold. The stimulating surface, too wide respecting the intensity supplied by the electrostimulator, brings about a low current density and failures in electrostimulation; the difference between such condition and the one caused by a high myocardiac threshold is shown by determining the safety factor. A very small stimulating surface increases the electrode impedance and may cause a defect of the perception function, if the generator input impedance (4 cases) is reduced. The fall of the output voltage may be caused by a battery discharge, and is the most frequent cause of electrostimulation disturbances; it has been observed in 432 cases. Other causes of the fall of the output voltage (30 cases) are the outflow of mercury from the cells, or mycotic formations. The ill-functionning or the loss of perception (9 cases) caused by defects of the electrostimulator must be distinguished from the ones caused by the endocavitarian potential reduction (myocardiac infarction, conduction disturbances: 2 cases). Variations of the stimulating cycle can be caused by ageing, humidity on resistances and on oscillator condensers (9 cases). Accelerated stimulating was observed in 1 case, plate corrosion in 3 cases, high density of anodic current in 9 cases, generator turnover in 3 cases. Finally we give the chief points of electrical stimulating disturbances due to interferences of electromagnetic radiation.", "PMID": 754988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9868", "title": "Sexual function, pregnancy and delivery in spinal cord injured women.", "content": "Complete spinal cord injury results in abolition of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Among the autonomic functions, the sexual system is seriously disturbed. The spinal cord injury with its many complications offers a challenge to the rehabilitation team, and the sexual problem is one of its most important aspects. For the female paraplegic, rehabilitation of sexual functions is an essential part in the building of a positive new self-image. In this review, we try to summarize the gynecological and obstetrical aspects of spinal cord injured women. Although the innervation of the reproductive system is damaged, this system continues to function and the menstrual cycle resumes its normal course after a while. Ovulation takes place regularly and pregnancy is possible. Today the general opinion is that the pregnant paralyzed woman can deliver vaginally and not by cesarean section as was believed before. We emphasize the importance of special medical care before, during and after delivery. The cooperation between physiatrist and gynecologist is mandatory.", "contents": "Sexual function, pregnancy and delivery in spinal cord injured women. Complete spinal cord injury results in abolition of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Among the autonomic functions, the sexual system is seriously disturbed. The spinal cord injury with its many complications offers a challenge to the rehabilitation team, and the sexual problem is one of its most important aspects. For the female paraplegic, rehabilitation of sexual functions is an essential part in the building of a positive new self-image. In this review, we try to summarize the gynecological and obstetrical aspects of spinal cord injured women. Although the innervation of the reproductive system is damaged, this system continues to function and the menstrual cycle resumes its normal course after a while. Ovulation takes place regularly and pregnancy is possible. Today the general opinion is that the pregnant paralyzed woman can deliver vaginally and not by cesarean section as was believed before. We emphasize the importance of special medical care before, during and after delivery. The cooperation between physiatrist and gynecologist is mandatory.", "PMID": 754989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9869", "title": "Vacuum aspiration at therapeutic abortion: blood loss at operation in multigravid women.", "content": "Therapeutic abortion by vacuum aspiration in the first trimester was carried out on 129 healthy multigravid women. The loss of haemoglobin at operation was estimated and the volume of blood calculated. The figures were compared to those in a group of primigravid women earlier reported. Blood loss increases with gestational length. Blood loss at first trimester abortion is smaller in multigravid than in primigravid women. In multigravid women blood loss is not significantly influenced by the woman's age and the number of pregnancies.", "contents": "Vacuum aspiration at therapeutic abortion: blood loss at operation in multigravid women. Therapeutic abortion by vacuum aspiration in the first trimester was carried out on 129 healthy multigravid women. The loss of haemoglobin at operation was estimated and the volume of blood calculated. The figures were compared to those in a group of primigravid women earlier reported. Blood loss increases with gestational length. Blood loss at first trimester abortion is smaller in multigravid than in primigravid women. In multigravid women blood loss is not significantly influenced by the woman's age and the number of pregnancies.", "PMID": 754990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9870", "title": "Vacuum aspiration at therapeutic abortion: influence of two different negative pressures on blood loss during and after operation.", "content": "In 167 women blood loss was measured during and after vacuum aspiration for therapeutic abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Two different negative pressures were used -49.1 kPa (-0.5 kp/cm2) and -78.5 kPa (-0.8 kp/cm2) in a randomized series. It was found that for the whole first trimester (8--13 weeks) blood loss during and after operation was relatively small and not influenced by the pressure used. In no case blood loss exceeded 500 ml at operation or 60 ml during the first post-operative week. In 6 women post-operative infections were diagnosed.", "contents": "Vacuum aspiration at therapeutic abortion: influence of two different negative pressures on blood loss during and after operation. In 167 women blood loss was measured during and after vacuum aspiration for therapeutic abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Two different negative pressures were used -49.1 kPa (-0.5 kp/cm2) and -78.5 kPa (-0.8 kp/cm2) in a randomized series. It was found that for the whole first trimester (8--13 weeks) blood loss during and after operation was relatively small and not influenced by the pressure used. In no case blood loss exceeded 500 ml at operation or 60 ml during the first post-operative week. In 6 women post-operative infections were diagnosed.", "PMID": 754991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9871", "title": "Serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone following the administration of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol.", "content": "An oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 250 micrograms of levonorgestrel was given to 5 normally menstruating women for two consecutive cycles. Peripheral serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined during the treatment period and during two control cycles, one immediately before, and one immediately after treatment. In all 5 women studied there were no LH peaks and no luteal phase levels of progesterone during the treatment cycles indicating complete inhibition of ovulation. 4 of the 5 women showed no biphasic estradiol pattern. Posttreatment control cycles showed reestablished ovulatory pattern in 4 of the 5 subjects.", "contents": "Serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone following the administration of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol. An oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 250 micrograms of levonorgestrel was given to 5 normally menstruating women for two consecutive cycles. Peripheral serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined during the treatment period and during two control cycles, one immediately before, and one immediately after treatment. In all 5 women studied there were no LH peaks and no luteal phase levels of progesterone during the treatment cycles indicating complete inhibition of ovulation. 4 of the 5 women showed no biphasic estradiol pattern. Posttreatment control cycles showed reestablished ovulatory pattern in 4 of the 5 subjects.", "PMID": 754992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9872", "title": "Effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in women using norethisterone or a combination of ethinyloestradiol and quingestianol.", "content": "Oral contraceptives of the combined type and contraceptives containing only progestagen were studied for their effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Several blood parameters were determined in 13 women before and during the 3rd month of use of either 0.3 mg norethisterone alone or 0.05 mg ethinyloestradiol combined with 0.5 mg quingestianol. Blood samples were obtained on days 2--4, 9--11, 16--18 and 23--25 of the menstrual cycle. Except on days 16--18, a significantly increased fibrinolytic activity and a significantly increased variation in plasminogen were observed in women using the combined type of contraceptives, but not in the women using contraceptives containing only norethisterone. The other variables studied were not significantly changed, which might be due to the doses and types of progestagens used in the present series.", "contents": "Effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in women using norethisterone or a combination of ethinyloestradiol and quingestianol. Oral contraceptives of the combined type and contraceptives containing only progestagen were studied for their effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Several blood parameters were determined in 13 women before and during the 3rd month of use of either 0.3 mg norethisterone alone or 0.05 mg ethinyloestradiol combined with 0.5 mg quingestianol. Blood samples were obtained on days 2--4, 9--11, 16--18 and 23--25 of the menstrual cycle. Except on days 16--18, a significantly increased fibrinolytic activity and a significantly increased variation in plasminogen were observed in women using the combined type of contraceptives, but not in the women using contraceptives containing only norethisterone. The other variables studied were not significantly changed, which might be due to the doses and types of progestagens used in the present series.", "PMID": 754993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9873", "title": "Study to confirm the lack of severe cardiac side-effects following treatment with the beta-adrenergic drug fenoterol.", "content": "100 patients with premature contractions were treated with the beta-adrenergic agent fenoterol for up to 9 weeks. To rule out a detrimental effect on the myocardium, the creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, which is specific to the myocardium, was determined regularly in addition to electrocardiographic monitoring. No pathological enzyme activity was detected even in long-term tocolytic therapy with the maximum dose.", "contents": "Study to confirm the lack of severe cardiac side-effects following treatment with the beta-adrenergic drug fenoterol. 100 patients with premature contractions were treated with the beta-adrenergic agent fenoterol for up to 9 weeks. To rule out a detrimental effect on the myocardium, the creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, which is specific to the myocardium, was determined regularly in addition to electrocardiographic monitoring. No pathological enzyme activity was detected even in long-term tocolytic therapy with the maximum dose.", "PMID": 754994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9874", "title": "Role of fetal adrenal glands. A contribution to the etiology and mechanism of fetal pulmonary maturation.", "content": "The role of fetal adrenals in the maturation of fetal lungs is not clear as yet. The anencephalic baby, with rudimentary adrenal glands, may be considered an excellent model for the study of this subject. The maturation of fetal lungs was determined in 3 anencephalic monsters and in 2 microencephalic babies. As a measure of fetal pulmonary maturation the foam test and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) were used, as determined in the amniotic fluid. In the anencephalic babies, fetal pulmonary maturation was lacking, while in the microencephalic infants there were definite signs of lung maturation.", "contents": "Role of fetal adrenal glands. A contribution to the etiology and mechanism of fetal pulmonary maturation. The role of fetal adrenals in the maturation of fetal lungs is not clear as yet. The anencephalic baby, with rudimentary adrenal glands, may be considered an excellent model for the study of this subject. The maturation of fetal lungs was determined in 3 anencephalic monsters and in 2 microencephalic babies. As a measure of fetal pulmonary maturation the foam test and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) were used, as determined in the amniotic fluid. In the anencephalic babies, fetal pulmonary maturation was lacking, while in the microencephalic infants there were definite signs of lung maturation.", "PMID": 754995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9875", "title": "Psychological distress among the community elderly: prevalence, characteristics and implications for service.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a survey of elderly persons living in a predominantly blue collar, New England town. Data about psychological distress and its relationship to demographic and social interaction characteristics are explored. Vulnerability to the stresses of aging increases where there is a habitual pattern of dependency, poor interpersonal skills and lack of social initiatives. Mental health services were not reaching the elderly in need and there was minimal utilization of other helping services. Some possible preventive interventions are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological distress among the community elderly: prevalence, characteristics and implications for service. This paper reports the results of a survey of elderly persons living in a predominantly blue collar, New England town. Data about psychological distress and its relationship to demographic and social interaction characteristics are explored. Vulnerability to the stresses of aging increases where there is a habitual pattern of dependency, poor interpersonal skills and lack of social initiatives. Mental health services were not reaching the elderly in need and there was minimal utilization of other helping services. Some possible preventive interventions are discussed.", "PMID": 755011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9876", "title": "Generation and ethnic identity: a typological analysis.", "content": "Data bearing on cognitive acculturation, ethnic behavior, and values were gathered from three generations of Mexican and Japanese Americans. Two dimensions of ethnic behavior were identified and named: Anglo Face and Traditional Orientation. Although subcultures and generations differed in value orientation, the values data did not contribute to the identification of ethnic identity types. Typological analysis using Anglo Face, Traditional Orientation, and Acculturative Balance Scale scores identified six types of ethnic identity, two for each generation. Immigrants differ mainly on whether or not they retain Traditional Orientation; later generations differ mainly on Anglo Face. Although there are large differences between generations in Acculturative Balance, the two types within each generation do not differ.", "contents": "Generation and ethnic identity: a typological analysis. Data bearing on cognitive acculturation, ethnic behavior, and values were gathered from three generations of Mexican and Japanese Americans. Two dimensions of ethnic behavior were identified and named: Anglo Face and Traditional Orientation. Although subcultures and generations differed in value orientation, the values data did not contribute to the identification of ethnic identity types. Typological analysis using Anglo Face, Traditional Orientation, and Acculturative Balance Scale scores identified six types of ethnic identity, two for each generation. Immigrants differ mainly on whether or not they retain Traditional Orientation; later generations differ mainly on Anglo Face. Although there are large differences between generations in Acculturative Balance, the two types within each generation do not differ.", "PMID": 755012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9877", "title": "Life satisfaction and occupational retirement: beyond the impact year.", "content": "This article examines three theoretical perspectives relative to the prediction of life satisfaction following retirement. Hypotheses derived from crisis, continuity, and consistency theories were systematically examined with regard to the pre- and post-retirement satisfaction scores of 114 male respondents (mean age 69 years). The data confirm one of four crisis hypotheses. Specifically, individuals underwent a decline in satisfaction with retirement. Similarly, only one of three continuity hypotheses was partially confirmed. A positive association obtained between safisfaction and orientational change in the voluntary association area. Contrary to the theory, however, respondents underwent a significant decline in satisfaction. Finally, only one of the consistency hypotheses was substantiated. In general, expectational disconfirmations relative to retirement did not result in lowered satisfaction.", "contents": "Life satisfaction and occupational retirement: beyond the impact year. This article examines three theoretical perspectives relative to the prediction of life satisfaction following retirement. Hypotheses derived from crisis, continuity, and consistency theories were systematically examined with regard to the pre- and post-retirement satisfaction scores of 114 male respondents (mean age 69 years). The data confirm one of four crisis hypotheses. Specifically, individuals underwent a decline in satisfaction with retirement. Similarly, only one of three continuity hypotheses was partially confirmed. A positive association obtained between safisfaction and orientational change in the voluntary association area. Contrary to the theory, however, respondents underwent a significant decline in satisfaction. Finally, only one of the consistency hypotheses was substantiated. In general, expectational disconfirmations relative to retirement did not result in lowered satisfaction.", "PMID": 755013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9878", "title": "Career set: a resource through transitions and crises.", "content": "Following Foote the life histories of twenty-seven white, middle-aged, middle class, American mothers were analyzed for career-like components [4]. Motherhood dominates the lives of these women but is only one of several careers which ebb and flow throughout their lives. Treating careers as developmental subdivisions in the life course, we understand how women can progress through life transitions and crises. Properties of careers, such as the emergent symbols of success, the clockwork which sets the time limits for career objectives, and the bargaining which these women undertake to work out career conflicts, all contribute to the understanding of how career is placed beside career to create each woman's career set. The career set acts as a social and personal resource, providing consistent and continuous meaning throughout major periods of time even in the face of major career stress or loss.", "contents": "Career set: a resource through transitions and crises. Following Foote the life histories of twenty-seven white, middle-aged, middle class, American mothers were analyzed for career-like components [4]. Motherhood dominates the lives of these women but is only one of several careers which ebb and flow throughout their lives. Treating careers as developmental subdivisions in the life course, we understand how women can progress through life transitions and crises. Properties of careers, such as the emergent symbols of success, the clockwork which sets the time limits for career objectives, and the bargaining which these women undertake to work out career conflicts, all contribute to the understanding of how career is placed beside career to create each woman's career set. The career set acts as a social and personal resource, providing consistent and continuous meaning throughout major periods of time even in the face of major career stress or loss.", "PMID": 755014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9879", "title": "Perceptions of ideal and typical middle and old age.", "content": "An investigation of attitudes toward typical and ideal old age was carried out with seventy-eight undergraduate students. Half of the participants responded to semantic differential scales for typical and ideal old age and half to middle age stimulus objects. The scales were analyzed in terms of three dimensions produced in previous research. No difference was found between the middle and old age conditions for the personal acceptability dimension but differences were found for both the autonomous-dependent and instrumental-ineffective dimensions. The old and middle age objects were rated alike at ideal but the old age objects was rated less autonomous and less instrumental at typical.", "contents": "Perceptions of ideal and typical middle and old age. An investigation of attitudes toward typical and ideal old age was carried out with seventy-eight undergraduate students. Half of the participants responded to semantic differential scales for typical and ideal old age and half to middle age stimulus objects. The scales were analyzed in terms of three dimensions produced in previous research. No difference was found between the middle and old age conditions for the personal acceptability dimension but differences were found for both the autonomous-dependent and instrumental-ineffective dimensions. The old and middle age objects were rated alike at ideal but the old age objects was rated less autonomous and less instrumental at typical.", "PMID": 755015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9880", "title": "Effects of the living environment on activity and use of time.", "content": "Exposure to an environment with increased opportunities resulted in increased activity among a group of elderly persons, compared to similar people in unenriched environments. Findings support the hypothesis that unmet need for activity existed among the group, all of whom had been matched to the enriched environment by staff and self-selection, and the hypothesis that environmental intervention is potent in influencing behavior, even in old age. Persistence of the relative elevation in activity over eight years and concomitance with other indexes of well-being suggest that appropriate environment intervention which expands activity opportunities is beneficial. Congruity between the person's needs and the environment's resources is central. Individual differences in need for activity interacted with opportunity in accounting for outcomes.", "contents": "Effects of the living environment on activity and use of time. Exposure to an environment with increased opportunities resulted in increased activity among a group of elderly persons, compared to similar people in unenriched environments. Findings support the hypothesis that unmet need for activity existed among the group, all of whom had been matched to the enriched environment by staff and self-selection, and the hypothesis that environmental intervention is potent in influencing behavior, even in old age. Persistence of the relative elevation in activity over eight years and concomitance with other indexes of well-being suggest that appropriate environment intervention which expands activity opportunities is beneficial. Congruity between the person's needs and the environment's resources is central. Individual differences in need for activity interacted with opportunity in accounting for outcomes.", "PMID": 755016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9881", "title": "Incest: some neuropsychiatric findings.", "content": "A review of the medical records of twenty-two patients who were the child or younger member of an incestuous relationship revealed a higher than expected incidence of abnormal neuropsychiatric findings. Seventeen patients had abnormal EEG's; six had clinical seizures; and eight of thirteen patients tested gave evidence of a low IQ or organicity. In addition, indications of impulsivity and depersonalization were frequently found in this group. It could be speculated that these neuropsychiatric handicaps create a vulnerability that enhances inappropriate relationships within a family and makes it more difficult for the person to resist an incestuous relationship.", "contents": "Incest: some neuropsychiatric findings. A review of the medical records of twenty-two patients who were the child or younger member of an incestuous relationship revealed a higher than expected incidence of abnormal neuropsychiatric findings. Seventeen patients had abnormal EEG's; six had clinical seizures; and eight of thirteen patients tested gave evidence of a low IQ or organicity. In addition, indications of impulsivity and depersonalization were frequently found in this group. It could be speculated that these neuropsychiatric handicaps create a vulnerability that enhances inappropriate relationships within a family and makes it more difficult for the person to resist an incestuous relationship.", "PMID": 755019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9882", "title": "Evaluation of medical-psychiatric consultation.", "content": "This report describes four approaches to the evaluation of hospital psychiatric consultation. These are: 1) a survey of actual consultation use; 2) a house staff attitudinal survey; 3) a patient chart review; and 4) a patient questionnaire. The findings of this project and those previously reported are: 1) The psychiatric consultation is under-utilized and a large number of house staff find it not useful. 2) The psychiatric and non-psychiatric house staff view the functions of consultation in markedly different ways. 3) A high percentage of written consultation reports are too vague to determine if the needs of the referring physician were met. 4) Patients usually respond positively to psychiatric consultation. The implications of these findings are discussed in this report.", "contents": "Evaluation of medical-psychiatric consultation. This report describes four approaches to the evaluation of hospital psychiatric consultation. These are: 1) a survey of actual consultation use; 2) a house staff attitudinal survey; 3) a patient chart review; and 4) a patient questionnaire. The findings of this project and those previously reported are: 1) The psychiatric consultation is under-utilized and a large number of house staff find it not useful. 2) The psychiatric and non-psychiatric house staff view the functions of consultation in markedly different ways. 3) A high percentage of written consultation reports are too vague to determine if the needs of the referring physician were met. 4) Patients usually respond positively to psychiatric consultation. The implications of these findings are discussed in this report.", "PMID": 755020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9883", "title": "A typology of responses to illness in survivors of myocardial infarction.", "content": "One hundred and eighteen survivors of myocardial infarction were assigned scores on eight dimensions of illness behaviour recently described as arising in response to myocardial infarction. These data were subjected to a cluster analysis to produce an optimal solution of four homogeneous clusters of patients. The first contained patients who, on clinical grounds, appeared to be claiming illness as a highly significant and consequential occurrence in their lives; the second accepted illness but experienced a marked affective response to it; the third appeared to adopt a realistic approach to illness and be coping adequately; and the fourth seemed to be denying (or at least minimizing) both the presence of serious illness and its possible consequences. These findings were discussed in terms of their bearing on prognosis, within the context of abnormal illness behaviour.", "contents": "A typology of responses to illness in survivors of myocardial infarction. One hundred and eighteen survivors of myocardial infarction were assigned scores on eight dimensions of illness behaviour recently described as arising in response to myocardial infarction. These data were subjected to a cluster analysis to produce an optimal solution of four homogeneous clusters of patients. The first contained patients who, on clinical grounds, appeared to be claiming illness as a highly significant and consequential occurrence in their lives; the second accepted illness but experienced a marked affective response to it; the third appeared to adopt a realistic approach to illness and be coping adequately; and the fourth seemed to be denying (or at least minimizing) both the presence of serious illness and its possible consequences. These findings were discussed in terms of their bearing on prognosis, within the context of abnormal illness behaviour.", "PMID": 755021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9884", "title": "Psychosocial factors related to the incidence of cancer.", "content": "The recent data concerning the relationship between psychosocial factors and the incidence of cancer have been reviewed covering life events, personality factors, psychiatric diagnoses, and loss-separation-hopelessness. The multiple methodological and design problems in this area of investigation are the factors that stand out and make interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, an association between oncogenesis and a number of factors such as extraversion, neuroticism, and lack of closeness to family is suggested. Many studies raise additional questions without providing definitive answers. A long term prospective study which has been designed to look at cancer outcome and multiple psychosocial factors is needed to determine if such factors add to the risk of oncogenesis.", "contents": "Psychosocial factors related to the incidence of cancer. The recent data concerning the relationship between psychosocial factors and the incidence of cancer have been reviewed covering life events, personality factors, psychiatric diagnoses, and loss-separation-hopelessness. The multiple methodological and design problems in this area of investigation are the factors that stand out and make interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, an association between oncogenesis and a number of factors such as extraversion, neuroticism, and lack of closeness to family is suggested. Many studies raise additional questions without providing definitive answers. A long term prospective study which has been designed to look at cancer outcome and multiple psychosocial factors is needed to determine if such factors add to the risk of oncogenesis.", "PMID": 755022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9885", "title": "Are psychiatric consultants' recommendations followed?", "content": "The extent of adherence to psychiatric consultants' recommendations was calculated through a review of charts. All charts of patients seen in Psychiatric consultation from May 1976 to April 1977 were reviewed and a total of 273 charts contained scoreable consultant recommendations. Recommendations were scored as either actively followed, passively followed or not followed. Results are reported for the extent of adherence 1) between different types of recommendations (medications, disposition, etc.), 2) between medical, surgical and obstetrical-gynecological services and 3) between consultants, two psychiatrists and one psychologist. The results suggest that recommendations more likely to be followed are those easily performed by a consultee and leading to direct, tangible results. Adherence to consultants' recommendations is discussed in the context of resistance to psychiatric consultation.", "contents": "Are psychiatric consultants' recommendations followed? The extent of adherence to psychiatric consultants' recommendations was calculated through a review of charts. All charts of patients seen in Psychiatric consultation from May 1976 to April 1977 were reviewed and a total of 273 charts contained scoreable consultant recommendations. Recommendations were scored as either actively followed, passively followed or not followed. Results are reported for the extent of adherence 1) between different types of recommendations (medications, disposition, etc.), 2) between medical, surgical and obstetrical-gynecological services and 3) between consultants, two psychiatrists and one psychologist. The results suggest that recommendations more likely to be followed are those easily performed by a consultee and leading to direct, tangible results. Adherence to consultants' recommendations is discussed in the context of resistance to psychiatric consultation.", "PMID": 755023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9886", "title": "Noninvasive measurement of cardiac pressures by induced ventricular wall resonance: preliminary results in the dog.", "content": "Experiments in the excised dog heart and in live dogs are presented wherein a method of induced right ventricular wall resonance has been utlized to estimate the pressure in the right ventricle of the heart. Externally induced cardiac wall vibrations produced low frequency signals which, when subjected to spectrum analysis and coherent signal processing, permitted close approximation of static pressures and wave forms in the right ventricle at normal and hypertensive levels.", "contents": "Noninvasive measurement of cardiac pressures by induced ventricular wall resonance: preliminary results in the dog. Experiments in the excised dog heart and in live dogs are presented wherein a method of induced right ventricular wall resonance has been utlized to estimate the pressure in the right ventricle of the heart. Externally induced cardiac wall vibrations produced low frequency signals which, when subjected to spectrum analysis and coherent signal processing, permitted close approximation of static pressures and wave forms in the right ventricle at normal and hypertensive levels.", "PMID": 755027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9887", "title": "Serotonin irritation syndrome: an hypothesis.", "content": "Two patients were seen with multisystememic complaints and anxious feelings. Their history was similar for chronic exposure to potentially ionized atmospheric environments--a waterfall and high-voltage equipment. Physical examination showed various signs sometimes associated with hyperserotonergic states. Laboratory testing showed increased levels of serum serotonin and decreased levels of its metabolite, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Removal of the patients from these environments or the use of a serotonin-blocker ameliorated all symptoms and reestablished normal serotonin and 5-HIAA levels. A literature-review disclosed a similar symptom-complex reported with air-ionization during the sweep of hot winds across desert lands. Animal studies are cited in which cation aerosols are used to block serotonin metabolism, producing clinical and laboratory results some of which are similar to those seen in the patients described. It is suggested that a \"serotonin irritation syndrome\" might be related to cation-induced serotonin metabolic dysfunctions.", "contents": "Serotonin irritation syndrome: an hypothesis. Two patients were seen with multisystememic complaints and anxious feelings. Their history was similar for chronic exposure to potentially ionized atmospheric environments--a waterfall and high-voltage equipment. Physical examination showed various signs sometimes associated with hyperserotonergic states. Laboratory testing showed increased levels of serum serotonin and decreased levels of its metabolite, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Removal of the patients from these environments or the use of a serotonin-blocker ameliorated all symptoms and reestablished normal serotonin and 5-HIAA levels. A literature-review disclosed a similar symptom-complex reported with air-ionization during the sweep of hot winds across desert lands. Animal studies are cited in which cation aerosols are used to block serotonin metabolism, producing clinical and laboratory results some of which are similar to those seen in the patients described. It is suggested that a \"serotonin irritation syndrome\" might be related to cation-induced serotonin metabolic dysfunctions.", "PMID": 755024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9888", "title": "Non-occlusive ischemic colitis: angiographic aspects in a canine model.", "content": "A model of non-occlusive colonic ischemia (NCI) was produced in the dog, incorporating both moderately decreases systemic pressure and increased intralumenal colonic pressure. These factors may play an etiologic role in human NCL. When differences between mean systemic and mean distention pressures were 30 mmHg or less, severe mucosal injury occured. In no case was the muscularis injured. Moderate systemic hypotension alone, or moderate colonic distention alone, did not produce significant colonic ischemic injury. Colonic distention with pressures of 60 mmHg alone resulted in colonic mucosal necrosis, but these pressures are beyond those ordinarily encountered clinically, even in large bowel obstruction. Angiography may be useful in demonstrating reduced flow to the colon during development of colonic ischemic injury. However, angiography is not a sensitive method in the diagnosis of nonocclusive colonic ischemic injury, once that injury has been established and inciting factors have subsided.", "contents": "Non-occlusive ischemic colitis: angiographic aspects in a canine model. A model of non-occlusive colonic ischemia (NCI) was produced in the dog, incorporating both moderately decreases systemic pressure and increased intralumenal colonic pressure. These factors may play an etiologic role in human NCL. When differences between mean systemic and mean distention pressures were 30 mmHg or less, severe mucosal injury occured. In no case was the muscularis injured. Moderate systemic hypotension alone, or moderate colonic distention alone, did not produce significant colonic ischemic injury. Colonic distention with pressures of 60 mmHg alone resulted in colonic mucosal necrosis, but these pressures are beyond those ordinarily encountered clinically, even in large bowel obstruction. Angiography may be useful in demonstrating reduced flow to the colon during development of colonic ischemic injury. However, angiography is not a sensitive method in the diagnosis of nonocclusive colonic ischemic injury, once that injury has been established and inciting factors have subsided.", "PMID": 755028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9889", "title": "The effect of contrast media on the isolated perfused canine heart.", "content": "The intravascular injection of contrast medium produces a rise of ventricular filling pressure which may reflect blood volume expansion, a negative inotropic effect on the myocardium, and/or a decrease in ventricular diastolic compliance. This phenomenon was studied by randomly infusing three substances, Renografin-76, 1% saline and 38% sucrose, into the aortic root of the isolated perfused canine heart. The preparation was modified by having an inflated ballon within the left ventricular cavity so that the end diastolic ventricular volume and afterload were fixed. A dose-related depression of left ventricular systolic pressure and peak dP/dt due to contrast media occurred, without a significant change in the left ventricular diastolic pressure. This decrease in ventricular contractility due to Renografin-76 could not be attributed entirely to either a saline or an osmotic effect. No significant changes were observed in left ventricular diastolic compliance. Sucrose was found to exhibit a marked positive inotropic effect.", "contents": "The effect of contrast media on the isolated perfused canine heart. The intravascular injection of contrast medium produces a rise of ventricular filling pressure which may reflect blood volume expansion, a negative inotropic effect on the myocardium, and/or a decrease in ventricular diastolic compliance. This phenomenon was studied by randomly infusing three substances, Renografin-76, 1% saline and 38% sucrose, into the aortic root of the isolated perfused canine heart. The preparation was modified by having an inflated ballon within the left ventricular cavity so that the end diastolic ventricular volume and afterload were fixed. A dose-related depression of left ventricular systolic pressure and peak dP/dt due to contrast media occurred, without a significant change in the left ventricular diastolic pressure. This decrease in ventricular contractility due to Renografin-76 could not be attributed entirely to either a saline or an osmotic effect. No significant changes were observed in left ventricular diastolic compliance. Sucrose was found to exhibit a marked positive inotropic effect.", "PMID": 755029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9890", "title": "Assessment of a non-ionic contrast medium (Amipaque) in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Gastrografin and Amipaque with identical iodine content and flavoring were orally administered in 100 ml doses to 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover study. The nonionic Amipaque has only about one third of the osmolality of Gastrografin, and draws less fluid into the bowel lumen. Consequently there is less dilution with Amipaque, and a higher contrast density in the ileocecal region can be observed. Unlike the highly hypertonic Gastrografin, Amipaque causes less changes in hematocrit, and has only a very mild cathartic effect. No more than 0.4% of the iodine in Amipaque was excreted in the urine during one day, and no more than 0.8% during three days. This was less than the excretion found after ingestion of Gastrografin. Non-ionic media are recommended when there is an indication for use of water-soluble contrast media in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Assessment of a non-ionic contrast medium (Amipaque) in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrografin and Amipaque with identical iodine content and flavoring were orally administered in 100 ml doses to 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover study. The nonionic Amipaque has only about one third of the osmolality of Gastrografin, and draws less fluid into the bowel lumen. Consequently there is less dilution with Amipaque, and a higher contrast density in the ileocecal region can be observed. Unlike the highly hypertonic Gastrografin, Amipaque causes less changes in hematocrit, and has only a very mild cathartic effect. No more than 0.4% of the iodine in Amipaque was excreted in the urine during one day, and no more than 0.8% during three days. This was less than the excretion found after ingestion of Gastrografin. Non-ionic media are recommended when there is an indication for use of water-soluble contrast media in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 755030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9891", "title": "The diagnostic potential of contrast enhancement pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Diastizoate concentrations in the blood and twelve tissues and organs of 20 rats were measured at 40 seconds, and 2, 5, 15 and 60 minutes after bolus intravenous administration of 125 I-labeled diatrizoate and 131 I-labeled albumin. Contrast enhancement (HU) and distribution volumes(%) were calculated from this data, and the results are presented graphically. The tissues can be separated into two groups according to the rapidity of extravascular contrast medium uptake. The liver appeared to concentrate the contrast medium. Curves of local contrast enhancement with time could be constructed by a CT scanner from the data of several consecutive scans and are of potential importance in the differential diagnosis of lesions detected on CT. Repeat postcontrast CT scans could be used to detect and characterize lesions which raise a diagnostic problem. The potential diagnostic advantages of calculating percent distribution volumes from CT scans are demonstrated and discussed.", "contents": "The diagnostic potential of contrast enhancement pharmacokinetics. Diastizoate concentrations in the blood and twelve tissues and organs of 20 rats were measured at 40 seconds, and 2, 5, 15 and 60 minutes after bolus intravenous administration of 125 I-labeled diatrizoate and 131 I-labeled albumin. Contrast enhancement (HU) and distribution volumes(%) were calculated from this data, and the results are presented graphically. The tissues can be separated into two groups according to the rapidity of extravascular contrast medium uptake. The liver appeared to concentrate the contrast medium. Curves of local contrast enhancement with time could be constructed by a CT scanner from the data of several consecutive scans and are of potential importance in the differential diagnosis of lesions detected on CT. Repeat postcontrast CT scans could be used to detect and characterize lesions which raise a diagnostic problem. The potential diagnostic advantages of calculating percent distribution volumes from CT scans are demonstrated and discussed.", "PMID": 755032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9892", "title": "Splanchnic extraction and conversion of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in man.", "content": "The splanchnic extraction and interconversion of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were studied in 7 healthy men (ages 29-46 years) undergoing cardiac catheterization. During a constant infusion of [1,2-3H]testosterone and [4-14C]DHT, the arterial and hepatic vein blood samples were taken and radioactive and non-radioactive testosterone and DHT were determined. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), splanchnic extraction (SE), splanchnic clearance (SC), extrasplanchnic clearance (ESC), transfer constant in blood (T-DHT rhoBB) and transfer constant across the liver (T-DHT rhoSB) were calculated. The MCRT was 952 +- 172 (mean +- SD) 1/day and MCRDHT was 764 +/- 67 1/day in agreement with data from non-catheterized subjects. SET was 68.8 +/- 7.1% (mean +/- SD) and SEDHT was 37.6 +/- 5.9%. SET was significantly greater than SEDHT (P less than 0.001). The calculated SCT and ESCT were 638 +/- 112 (mean +/- SD) 1/day and 314 +/- 190 1/day, respectively. SCDHT and ESCDHT were 343 +/- 95 (mean +/-SD) 1/day and 421 +/-105 1/day, suggesting that a major fraction of testosterone is metabolized in the splanchnic organs and a higher fraction of DHT is metabolized in extrasplanchnic organs. In the interconversion study, overall conversion of testosterone to DHT in blood (T-DHT rhoBB) was 4.0 +/- 0.6% (mean +/- SD). No evidence for a net appearance of DHT by either mass or specific activity analysis in hepatic vein blood was observed in any infusion leading to the conclusion that the overall contribution of testosterone to circulating DHT from the liver (T-DHTrhoSB) was undetectable. This work indicates that conversion of testosterone to DHT occurs entirely in extrasplanchnic tissue in man.", "contents": "Splanchnic extraction and conversion of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in man. The splanchnic extraction and interconversion of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were studied in 7 healthy men (ages 29-46 years) undergoing cardiac catheterization. During a constant infusion of [1,2-3H]testosterone and [4-14C]DHT, the arterial and hepatic vein blood samples were taken and radioactive and non-radioactive testosterone and DHT were determined. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), splanchnic extraction (SE), splanchnic clearance (SC), extrasplanchnic clearance (ESC), transfer constant in blood (T-DHT rhoBB) and transfer constant across the liver (T-DHT rhoSB) were calculated. The MCRT was 952 +- 172 (mean +- SD) 1/day and MCRDHT was 764 +/- 67 1/day in agreement with data from non-catheterized subjects. SET was 68.8 +/- 7.1% (mean +/- SD) and SEDHT was 37.6 +/- 5.9%. SET was significantly greater than SEDHT (P less than 0.001). The calculated SCT and ESCT were 638 +/- 112 (mean +/- SD) 1/day and 314 +/- 190 1/day, respectively. SCDHT and ESCDHT were 343 +/- 95 (mean +/-SD) 1/day and 421 +/-105 1/day, suggesting that a major fraction of testosterone is metabolized in the splanchnic organs and a higher fraction of DHT is metabolized in extrasplanchnic organs. In the interconversion study, overall conversion of testosterone to DHT in blood (T-DHT rhoBB) was 4.0 +/- 0.6% (mean +/- SD). No evidence for a net appearance of DHT by either mass or specific activity analysis in hepatic vein blood was observed in any infusion leading to the conclusion that the overall contribution of testosterone to circulating DHT from the liver (T-DHTrhoSB) was undetectable. This work indicates that conversion of testosterone to DHT occurs entirely in extrasplanchnic tissue in man.", "PMID": 755039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9893", "title": "Safety of percutaneous fine-needle pancreatic biopsy: a porcine model.", "content": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on pigs with no complications. Pancreatic cells were retrieved in 73% of the biopsies. Thus, percutaneous biopsy with cytologic examination for pancreatic carcinoma can be performed in order to plan for appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Safety of percutaneous fine-needle pancreatic biopsy: a porcine model. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on pigs with no complications. Pancreatic cells were retrieved in 73% of the biopsies. Thus, percutaneous biopsy with cytologic examination for pancreatic carcinoma can be performed in order to plan for appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 755034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9894", "title": "Failure of nocturnal prolactin suppression by methysergide to entrain changes in testosterone in normal men.", "content": "In order to investigate further the postulated relationship between the secretion of PRL and testosterone, 10 normal young men were studied during polygraphically recorded sleep. Concentrations of LH and testosterone were measured in plasma every 20 min, and the results were analyzed in relation to sleep parameters and previously reported (J Clin Invest 56: 690, 1975) concentrations of PRL. All subjects were studied on a control night after placebo administration and on an experimental night after ingestion of the serotonin receptor blocker, methysergide. Analysis of variance revealed that concentrations of testosterone rose gradually during sleep on both nights, as has been noted in previous studies. Highest LH values occurred during stage 1 sleep, but were only 25% higher than the lowest values, which were seen in stage 4. As shown previously, PRL concentrations were markedly suppressed by methysergide treatment. However, no significant change in testosterone values were observed on the methysergide nights as compared to the control nights. When the data were analyzed by a correlational approach, again, no significant relation between concentrations of PRL and testosterone was found. Although these data do not support the concept that PRL-stimulated testosterone secretion occurs during the night in normal men, this study does not rule out the possibility that such a mechanism may be operative during daytime hours, or under conditions of PRL stimulation rather than PRL suppression.", "contents": "Failure of nocturnal prolactin suppression by methysergide to entrain changes in testosterone in normal men. In order to investigate further the postulated relationship between the secretion of PRL and testosterone, 10 normal young men were studied during polygraphically recorded sleep. Concentrations of LH and testosterone were measured in plasma every 20 min, and the results were analyzed in relation to sleep parameters and previously reported (J Clin Invest 56: 690, 1975) concentrations of PRL. All subjects were studied on a control night after placebo administration and on an experimental night after ingestion of the serotonin receptor blocker, methysergide. Analysis of variance revealed that concentrations of testosterone rose gradually during sleep on both nights, as has been noted in previous studies. Highest LH values occurred during stage 1 sleep, but were only 25% higher than the lowest values, which were seen in stage 4. As shown previously, PRL concentrations were markedly suppressed by methysergide treatment. However, no significant change in testosterone values were observed on the methysergide nights as compared to the control nights. When the data were analyzed by a correlational approach, again, no significant relation between concentrations of PRL and testosterone was found. Although these data do not support the concept that PRL-stimulated testosterone secretion occurs during the night in normal men, this study does not rule out the possibility that such a mechanism may be operative during daytime hours, or under conditions of PRL stimulation rather than PRL suppression.", "PMID": 755040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9895", "title": "Aspirin effect on canine iopanoate transport maximun.", "content": "Iopanoate saturation kinetics were measured in four dogs both drug free and following six days of low dose aspirin ingestion. Each animal acted as its own control. In post aspirin ingestion studies there was s significant (P less than .001) decrease in the apparent Vmax of iopanoate. The volume of distribution showed no significant change, and gallbladder visualization showed no significant change despite the decrease in Vmax. Although aspirin pretreatment decreases the control Vmax by 50%, its mechanism and significance in the clinical setting will require further study.", "contents": "Aspirin effect on canine iopanoate transport maximun. Iopanoate saturation kinetics were measured in four dogs both drug free and following six days of low dose aspirin ingestion. Each animal acted as its own control. In post aspirin ingestion studies there was s significant (P less than .001) decrease in the apparent Vmax of iopanoate. The volume of distribution showed no significant change, and gallbladder visualization showed no significant change despite the decrease in Vmax. Although aspirin pretreatment decreases the control Vmax by 50%, its mechanism and significance in the clinical setting will require further study.", "PMID": 755033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9896", "title": "Normal iodide efflux from nonfunctioning nodules of human thyroid glands.", "content": "The kinetics of iodide efflux were studied in four benign thyroid nodules and one carcinoma by observing the fractional rate of radioiodide release from slices prelabeled in vitro. The thyroid:medium ratio for iodide (T:M) of the benign nodular tissue was 1.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE) with a value of 9.1 +/- 3.3 obtained from adjacent normal tissue. Despite the reduction in iodide concentrating activity, the rate constant for iodide efflux (ko) from the nonfunctioning, benign thyroid nodular tissue (0.112 +/- 0.044 min-1) was not significantly different as compared to normal tissue (0.102 +/- 0.033 min-1). In a papillary carcinoma, the efflux of radioactive iodide appeared markedly enhanced. These studies indicate that in non-functioning, benign thyroid adenomas, the reduction in iodide concentrating activity is not the consequence of an increased iodide efflux.", "contents": "Normal iodide efflux from nonfunctioning nodules of human thyroid glands. The kinetics of iodide efflux were studied in four benign thyroid nodules and one carcinoma by observing the fractional rate of radioiodide release from slices prelabeled in vitro. The thyroid:medium ratio for iodide (T:M) of the benign nodular tissue was 1.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE) with a value of 9.1 +/- 3.3 obtained from adjacent normal tissue. Despite the reduction in iodide concentrating activity, the rate constant for iodide efflux (ko) from the nonfunctioning, benign thyroid nodular tissue (0.112 +/- 0.044 min-1) was not significantly different as compared to normal tissue (0.102 +/- 0.033 min-1). In a papillary carcinoma, the efflux of radioactive iodide appeared markedly enhanced. These studies indicate that in non-functioning, benign thyroid adenomas, the reduction in iodide concentrating activity is not the consequence of an increased iodide efflux.", "PMID": 755041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9897", "title": "Localization of parathyroid adenomas by cervical esophagram.", "content": "By using a standardized method of cervical esophagraphy, parathyroid adenomas were successfully localized preoperatively in 19 of 20 consecutive patients with hyperparathyrodism. Two of the 19 patients had a second adenoma which was not demonstrated. The esophagrams were performed in the frontal projection with a 105-mm camera by utilizing rapid sequential filming. Film exposure was synchronized so that roentgenograms were obtained with the esophagus maximally distended. A persistent indentation of the esophagus present on multiple films was compatible with parathyroid enlargement. Our results suggest that cervical esophagrams are useful in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas.", "contents": "Localization of parathyroid adenomas by cervical esophagram. By using a standardized method of cervical esophagraphy, parathyroid adenomas were successfully localized preoperatively in 19 of 20 consecutive patients with hyperparathyrodism. Two of the 19 patients had a second adenoma which was not demonstrated. The esophagrams were performed in the frontal projection with a 105-mm camera by utilizing rapid sequential filming. Film exposure was synchronized so that roentgenograms were obtained with the esophagus maximally distended. A persistent indentation of the esophagus present on multiple films was compatible with parathyroid enlargement. Our results suggest that cervical esophagrams are useful in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas.", "PMID": 755042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9898", "title": "Familial male pseudohermaphroditism with normal Leydig cell function at puberty.", "content": "Four male pseudohermaphrodites from two families have been described. Although reared as females, at puberty, the timing, pattern, and degree of masculinization was similar to that of a normal male. No feminization occurred. They had normal testicular testosterone synthesis as judged by plasma testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations, as well as incubations of testicular minces with labeled precursors. Studies on cultured skin fibroblasts indicated adequate peripheral 5 alpha-reductase and normal receptor affinity and capacity for dihydrotestosterone. The histology of the testis was suggestive of a primary testicular defect. A mosaic pattern was seen: some areas contained tubules with active spermiogenesis; other areas, only Sertoli cells. These male pseudohermaphrodites appear to have a defect in fetal testicular maturation in which inadequate fetal testosterone synthesis and defective differentiation of germinal elements occurred.", "contents": "Familial male pseudohermaphroditism with normal Leydig cell function at puberty. Four male pseudohermaphrodites from two families have been described. Although reared as females, at puberty, the timing, pattern, and degree of masculinization was similar to that of a normal male. No feminization occurred. They had normal testicular testosterone synthesis as judged by plasma testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations, as well as incubations of testicular minces with labeled precursors. Studies on cultured skin fibroblasts indicated adequate peripheral 5 alpha-reductase and normal receptor affinity and capacity for dihydrotestosterone. The histology of the testis was suggestive of a primary testicular defect. A mosaic pattern was seen: some areas contained tubules with active spermiogenesis; other areas, only Sertoli cells. These male pseudohermaphrodites appear to have a defect in fetal testicular maturation in which inadequate fetal testosterone synthesis and defective differentiation of germinal elements occurred.", "PMID": 755043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9899", "title": "Carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyroid hormone in parathyroid tumors: unique new source of immunogens for the production of antisera potentially useful in the radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone in human serum.", "content": "We have found large quantities of immunoreactive carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyroid hormone )hPTH) in a previously discarded fraction [the 7.5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)supernate] generated during extraction of intact hPTH from hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue by the urea-TCA procedure. It is well established that serum RIAs directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH are superior to those directed toward the amino-terminal region in the differential diagnosis of patients with suspected chronic parathyroid dysfunction. However, antisera that react with the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH are not yet available for general use for these assays because of a lack of suitable hPTH immunogens. We immunized seven guinea pigs and two goats with the desalted 7.5% TCA supernate (containing about 2% carboxyl-terminal hPTH fragments); three of the guinea pigs and one goat produced high affinity antisera with predominant specificity for the carboxyl-terminal region of PTH. One of the guinea pig antisera had affinity for hPTH equal to that of our laboratory's best antiserum (GP1M) used in diagnostic RIAs for serum PTH. The use of this byproduct fraction as an immunogen should permit a large scale immunization program in large animals to provide standardized, species-and sequence-specific antisera potentially useful in RIAs for diagnosis of parathyroid disease.", "contents": "Carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyroid hormone in parathyroid tumors: unique new source of immunogens for the production of antisera potentially useful in the radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone in human serum. We have found large quantities of immunoreactive carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyroid hormone )hPTH) in a previously discarded fraction [the 7.5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)supernate] generated during extraction of intact hPTH from hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue by the urea-TCA procedure. It is well established that serum RIAs directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH are superior to those directed toward the amino-terminal region in the differential diagnosis of patients with suspected chronic parathyroid dysfunction. However, antisera that react with the carboxyl-terminal region of hPTH are not yet available for general use for these assays because of a lack of suitable hPTH immunogens. We immunized seven guinea pigs and two goats with the desalted 7.5% TCA supernate (containing about 2% carboxyl-terminal hPTH fragments); three of the guinea pigs and one goat produced high affinity antisera with predominant specificity for the carboxyl-terminal region of PTH. One of the guinea pig antisera had affinity for hPTH equal to that of our laboratory's best antiserum (GP1M) used in diagnostic RIAs for serum PTH. The use of this byproduct fraction as an immunogen should permit a large scale immunization program in large animals to provide standardized, species-and sequence-specific antisera potentially useful in RIAs for diagnosis of parathyroid disease.", "PMID": 755044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9900", "title": "17 beta-Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in myometrium of pregnancy and their relationships to concentrations in peripheral plasma.", "content": "17 beta-Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) concentrations in blood and in the myometrium of human pregnancy at term (n=33) and in a few samples (n=5) around midterm of pregnancy were determined. E2 concentration in the myometrium (per g wet wt) at midterm was lower than the concentration in the plasma (per ml) so that the myometrium to plasma (My:Pl) ratio was 0.7. Relative to plasma concentration, the myometrial E2 increased little from midterm to term so that My:Pl was only 0.2 at term. Although P concentration in the myometrium was much greater than that in the plasma at midterm, My:Pl ratio being 2.2, it was lower than that in plasma at term so that My:Pl ratio was only 0.6. A fairly good correlation between plasma steroids and the myometrial steroids was observed at midterm but was distorted at term, probably due to saturation of the tissue-binding capacity. Steroid concentrations determined on the basis of protein showed a good correlation to the values expressed on the basis of wet weight. Whereas myometrial E2 concentration was significantly influenced by the distance from placenta, P concentration was not.", "contents": "17 beta-Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in myometrium of pregnancy and their relationships to concentrations in peripheral plasma. 17 beta-Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) concentrations in blood and in the myometrium of human pregnancy at term (n=33) and in a few samples (n=5) around midterm of pregnancy were determined. E2 concentration in the myometrium (per g wet wt) at midterm was lower than the concentration in the plasma (per ml) so that the myometrium to plasma (My:Pl) ratio was 0.7. Relative to plasma concentration, the myometrial E2 increased little from midterm to term so that My:Pl was only 0.2 at term. Although P concentration in the myometrium was much greater than that in the plasma at midterm, My:Pl ratio being 2.2, it was lower than that in plasma at term so that My:Pl ratio was only 0.6. A fairly good correlation between plasma steroids and the myometrial steroids was observed at midterm but was distorted at term, probably due to saturation of the tissue-binding capacity. Steroid concentrations determined on the basis of protein showed a good correlation to the values expressed on the basis of wet weight. Whereas myometrial E2 concentration was significantly influenced by the distance from placenta, P concentration was not.", "PMID": 755046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9901", "title": "Prepubertal diagnosis of steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency.", "content": "The diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency was proven in two prepubertal patients with male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH). Both had a 46-XY karyotype and were reared as females; one child had been castrated in infancy. Clitoromegaly, urogenital sinus, and short vaginal pouch were present in both; inguinal gonads were palpable in one. The diagnosis was made biochemically by observing characteristic changes in five parameters: 1) abnormally high testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (T:DHT) ratio after hCG stimulation (35 and 53 vs. normal, 11 +/- 3), 2) abnormally high 5 beta-T metabolites in urine (8.1 and 6.0 vs. normal, less than 1),3) deficient conversion of T to DHT during [3H] T infusion (0.3 and 0.4% vs. normal, 5.3 +/- 3), 4) deficient conversion of [14 C] T to 5 alpha-reduced metabolites by nongenital skin fibroblasts (2.2 and 1.9 pmol/microgram DNA/nmol substrate vs. 68.4+/- 7.8 Pmol/microgram DNA/nmol substrate in normal controls), and 5) deficient conversion of [14C]T to DHT in genital skin slices. The fact that this syndrome represents a defect in T metabolism rather in in T binding is demonstrated by the observation that binding of [3H]DHT to cytosol of skin fibroblasts was normal (4.2 dpm/micrograms DNA vs. normal male values of 3.7 +/- 0.64). Thus, the present report suggests that 5 alpha-reductase deficiency can be diagnosed during childhood and even after castration by metabolic studies of nongenital skin fibroblasts and determination of the conversion ratio of [3H]T to [3H]DHT in plasma.", "contents": "Prepubertal diagnosis of steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. The diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency was proven in two prepubertal patients with male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH). Both had a 46-XY karyotype and were reared as females; one child had been castrated in infancy. Clitoromegaly, urogenital sinus, and short vaginal pouch were present in both; inguinal gonads were palpable in one. The diagnosis was made biochemically by observing characteristic changes in five parameters: 1) abnormally high testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (T:DHT) ratio after hCG stimulation (35 and 53 vs. normal, 11 +/- 3), 2) abnormally high 5 beta-T metabolites in urine (8.1 and 6.0 vs. normal, less than 1),3) deficient conversion of T to DHT during [3H] T infusion (0.3 and 0.4% vs. normal, 5.3 +/- 3), 4) deficient conversion of [14 C] T to 5 alpha-reduced metabolites by nongenital skin fibroblasts (2.2 and 1.9 pmol/microgram DNA/nmol substrate vs. 68.4+/- 7.8 Pmol/microgram DNA/nmol substrate in normal controls), and 5) deficient conversion of [14C]T to DHT in genital skin slices. The fact that this syndrome represents a defect in T metabolism rather in in T binding is demonstrated by the observation that binding of [3H]DHT to cytosol of skin fibroblasts was normal (4.2 dpm/micrograms DNA vs. normal male values of 3.7 +/- 0.64). Thus, the present report suggests that 5 alpha-reductase deficiency can be diagnosed during childhood and even after castration by metabolic studies of nongenital skin fibroblasts and determination of the conversion ratio of [3H]T to [3H]DHT in plasma.", "PMID": 755047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9902", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear estradiol and progesterone receptors in human endometrium.", "content": "Estradiol and progesterone receptors have been characterized in normal human endometrial biopsy samples. The cytosol and nuclei were prepared from 150-250-mg samples, either processed immediately or kept in liquid nitrogen. The total concentration of estradiol-and progesterone-binding sites (available or occupied with endogenous hormone) were measured in both fractions. Results were best expressed in femto-moles per mg DNA, or in sites per cell, assuming an even distribution of receptor throughout the endometrial samples. The contribution to total binding of non-saturable binding components and of plasma proteins (transcortin or sex steroid-binding protein) was taken into account. Measurements were obtained in more than 300 patients, among whom 54 had completely normal menstrual cycles on the basis of clinical, hormonal, and histological features. Total estradiol and progesterone receptors were highest in the late proliferative phase (about 8,000 and 12,000 sites/cell, respectively) and were very significantly lower in the late secretory phase. During the proliferative phase, estradiol receptors were increased only in the nuclear fraction, whereas progesterone receptors were increased mainly in the cytoplasm. In the early luteal phase, estradiol and progesterone receptors decreased in the cytosol, whereas they remained high in the nuclei. Both receptors were at their lowest level in cytosol and nuclei in the late secretory phase. The changes of total estradiol and progesterone receptor sites and of their respective subcellular distributions seem to depend upon the plasma levels of both hormones and to follow the same cause and effect relationships as those demonstrated experimentally in laboratory animals.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear estradiol and progesterone receptors in human endometrium. Estradiol and progesterone receptors have been characterized in normal human endometrial biopsy samples. The cytosol and nuclei were prepared from 150-250-mg samples, either processed immediately or kept in liquid nitrogen. The total concentration of estradiol-and progesterone-binding sites (available or occupied with endogenous hormone) were measured in both fractions. Results were best expressed in femto-moles per mg DNA, or in sites per cell, assuming an even distribution of receptor throughout the endometrial samples. The contribution to total binding of non-saturable binding components and of plasma proteins (transcortin or sex steroid-binding protein) was taken into account. Measurements were obtained in more than 300 patients, among whom 54 had completely normal menstrual cycles on the basis of clinical, hormonal, and histological features. Total estradiol and progesterone receptors were highest in the late proliferative phase (about 8,000 and 12,000 sites/cell, respectively) and were very significantly lower in the late secretory phase. During the proliferative phase, estradiol receptors were increased only in the nuclear fraction, whereas progesterone receptors were increased mainly in the cytoplasm. In the early luteal phase, estradiol and progesterone receptors decreased in the cytosol, whereas they remained high in the nuclei. Both receptors were at their lowest level in cytosol and nuclei in the late secretory phase. The changes of total estradiol and progesterone receptor sites and of their respective subcellular distributions seem to depend upon the plasma levels of both hormones and to follow the same cause and effect relationships as those demonstrated experimentally in laboratory animals.", "PMID": 755048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9903", "title": "Somatomedin bioactivity in serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy.", "content": "Somatomedin bioactivity (SMA) in maternal serum, as measured by hypophysectomized rat cartilage assays, was low during early and late pregnancy but was similar to normal nonpregnant control levels near 28 weeks and at term pregnancy. At term, the mean level of SMA in cord serum was significantly less than in maternal serum, and greater than in amniotic fluid. The mean level of SMA in amniotic fluid was higher at term than in early pregnancy. No significant correlation was noted between SMA levels in amniotic fluid, maternal serum or cord serum, or between the SMA levels in these samples and the usual amniotic fluid parameters used as indices of fetal maturity.", "contents": "Somatomedin bioactivity in serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Somatomedin bioactivity (SMA) in maternal serum, as measured by hypophysectomized rat cartilage assays, was low during early and late pregnancy but was similar to normal nonpregnant control levels near 28 weeks and at term pregnancy. At term, the mean level of SMA in cord serum was significantly less than in maternal serum, and greater than in amniotic fluid. The mean level of SMA in amniotic fluid was higher at term than in early pregnancy. No significant correlation was noted between SMA levels in amniotic fluid, maternal serum or cord serum, or between the SMA levels in these samples and the usual amniotic fluid parameters used as indices of fetal maturity.", "PMID": 755049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9904", "title": "Increased serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with nontoxic goiter.", "content": "Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were found to be elevated in 30 to 35 patients with euthyroid sporadic goiter and in 15 of 37 patients with euthyroid endemic goiter. The elevated Tg levels in the goitrous patients did not correlate with either goiter size, TSH levels, or urinary iodine excretion, but did correlate with the triiodothyronine to thyroxine ratio. It was concluded, therefore, that in both sporadic and endemic euthyroid goiters, factors other than goiter size and TSH, such as hypoiodination of Tg may be responsible for the elevated Tg secretion.", "contents": "Increased serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with nontoxic goiter. Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were found to be elevated in 30 to 35 patients with euthyroid sporadic goiter and in 15 of 37 patients with euthyroid endemic goiter. The elevated Tg levels in the goitrous patients did not correlate with either goiter size, TSH levels, or urinary iodine excretion, but did correlate with the triiodothyronine to thyroxine ratio. It was concluded, therefore, that in both sporadic and endemic euthyroid goiters, factors other than goiter size and TSH, such as hypoiodination of Tg may be responsible for the elevated Tg secretion.", "PMID": 755050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9905", "title": "Unusual sex hormone patterns among desert-dwelling hunter-gatherers.", "content": "Endocrine parameters were assayed in a San (\"Bushman\") population of Botswana in an attempt to correlate hormonal secretion and body morphology. Serum levels of gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids were measured by employing radioimmune methods. No evidence for elevated estrogens could be found and males showed endocrine levels comparable with European and South African Negro values. Females have suppressed circulating levels of gonadal steroids and little corpus luteum function. A mechanism by which the ovaries may be suppressed, thereby limiting conception to times of high nutrition, may exist in the San. This hypothesis may have a bearing on the observation that births reach peak levels during March and April.", "contents": "Unusual sex hormone patterns among desert-dwelling hunter-gatherers. Endocrine parameters were assayed in a San (\"Bushman\") population of Botswana in an attempt to correlate hormonal secretion and body morphology. Serum levels of gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids were measured by employing radioimmune methods. No evidence for elevated estrogens could be found and males showed endocrine levels comparable with European and South African Negro values. Females have suppressed circulating levels of gonadal steroids and little corpus luteum function. A mechanism by which the ovaries may be suppressed, thereby limiting conception to times of high nutrition, may exist in the San. This hypothesis may have a bearing on the observation that births reach peak levels during March and April.", "PMID": 755051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9906", "title": "Effect of intravenous pyridoxine on plasma prolactin in hyperprolactinemic subjects.", "content": "Intravenous pyridoxine has been reported to lower plasma PRL in normal subjects and in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. We tested the effect of pyridoxine (300-mg iv bolus) on plasma PRL in nine patients with hyperprolactinemia due to a variety of causes. There was no effect of pyridoxine on elevated plasma PRL in any of the nine hyperprolactinemic subjects. The potential utility of pyridoxine in the long term treatment of the galactorhea-amenorrhea syndrome will require further study.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous pyridoxine on plasma prolactin in hyperprolactinemic subjects. Intravenous pyridoxine has been reported to lower plasma PRL in normal subjects and in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. We tested the effect of pyridoxine (300-mg iv bolus) on plasma PRL in nine patients with hyperprolactinemia due to a variety of causes. There was no effect of pyridoxine on elevated plasma PRL in any of the nine hyperprolactinemic subjects. The potential utility of pyridoxine in the long term treatment of the galactorhea-amenorrhea syndrome will require further study.", "PMID": 755053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9907", "title": "Transitory hCG-like activity in the urine of some IUD users.", "content": "Using an antiserum (H-93) specific to the COOH-terminal peptide of hCG beta and gel chromatography, we found the transitory (1-2 days) presence of a gonadotropin having immunological, biological, and physical similarity to hCG, but not typical hLH, in the late luteal phase (days 24-29) urine of some (5 of 26) IUD users. We did not detect hCG in sera from any of the women. Although the source of the hCG-like gonadotropin is unknown, the data suggest that late luteal phase implantation may have occurred transiently.", "contents": "Transitory hCG-like activity in the urine of some IUD users. Using an antiserum (H-93) specific to the COOH-terminal peptide of hCG beta and gel chromatography, we found the transitory (1-2 days) presence of a gonadotropin having immunological, biological, and physical similarity to hCG, but not typical hLH, in the late luteal phase (days 24-29) urine of some (5 of 26) IUD users. We did not detect hCG in sera from any of the women. Although the source of the hCG-like gonadotropin is unknown, the data suggest that late luteal phase implantation may have occurred transiently.", "PMID": 755054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9908", "title": "Reversal set formation in the visually decorticate rat.", "content": "Rats given large visual cortex lesions demonstrated a simultaneous task reversal deficit previously reported to follow more extensive cortical ablation. However, no deficit appeared in an operant discrimination that deemphasized visuospatial cues, and the simultaneous task deficit vanished when translucent eye occluders were applied to eliminate spatial, but not intensity, cue use. Because the lesion subjects showed an impairment only when visuospatial cues were available and relevant to correct reversal performance, they seemed hindered by their incompetent processing of visuospatial information. The results are interpreted as support for spatial rather than learning approaches to visual cortex function.", "contents": "Reversal set formation in the visually decorticate rat. Rats given large visual cortex lesions demonstrated a simultaneous task reversal deficit previously reported to follow more extensive cortical ablation. However, no deficit appeared in an operant discrimination that deemphasized visuospatial cues, and the simultaneous task deficit vanished when translucent eye occluders were applied to eliminate spatial, but not intensity, cue use. Because the lesion subjects showed an impairment only when visuospatial cues were available and relevant to correct reversal performance, they seemed hindered by their incompetent processing of visuospatial information. The results are interpreted as support for spatial rather than learning approaches to visual cortex function.", "PMID": 755055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9909", "title": "Maturational loss of thermotaxis prevented by olfactory lesions in golden hamster pups (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "Five-day-old golden hamster pups were tested preoperatively on a thermal gradient, subjected to bilateral or unilateral olfactory bulbectomy or control dorsal cortical removal, and then tested on Days 6-15. Locomotion and rectal or belly temperature were monitored throughout the 2-min test. Control pups became quiescent in the hot end of the gradient on Days 5-7 but after Day 8 chose cooler regions and increased their activity. Both unilaterally and bilaterally bulbectomized pups spent more time in the heat throughout testing. They were also less active and allowed their temperature to rise more rapidly than controls. Percentage of time in the heat was elevated in all bulbectomized pups, although some retained the ability to make an olfactory discrimination. Enhanced thermal behavior is apparently not due to anosmia per se. Altered thermal perception or responsitivity may result from loss of \"nonspecific\" olfactory projections that normally would mature at the beginning of the second week.", "contents": "Maturational loss of thermotaxis prevented by olfactory lesions in golden hamster pups (Mesocricetus auratus). Five-day-old golden hamster pups were tested preoperatively on a thermal gradient, subjected to bilateral or unilateral olfactory bulbectomy or control dorsal cortical removal, and then tested on Days 6-15. Locomotion and rectal or belly temperature were monitored throughout the 2-min test. Control pups became quiescent in the hot end of the gradient on Days 5-7 but after Day 8 chose cooler regions and increased their activity. Both unilaterally and bilaterally bulbectomized pups spent more time in the heat throughout testing. They were also less active and allowed their temperature to rise more rapidly than controls. Percentage of time in the heat was elevated in all bulbectomized pups, although some retained the ability to make an olfactory discrimination. Enhanced thermal behavior is apparently not due to anosmia per se. Altered thermal perception or responsitivity may result from loss of \"nonspecific\" olfactory projections that normally would mature at the beginning of the second week.", "PMID": 755056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9910", "title": "Noradrenaline and partial reinforcement in rats.", "content": "Lesions of the dorsal nonadrenergic bundle produced by 6-hydroxydopamine, which depleted telencephalic noradrenaline by over 95%, were found to produce resistance to extinction in animals trained on a continuously reinforced schedule for food reward but not to alter the extinction rate after partial reinforcement training. These results confirm the dorsal bundle extinction effect reported previously but suggest that it is confined to continuously reinforced situations. The pattern of results is consistent with a role for the dorsal bundle in attentional processes but appears to contradict the predictions required if the dorsal bundle were to have a role in frustrative nonreward.", "contents": "Noradrenaline and partial reinforcement in rats. Lesions of the dorsal nonadrenergic bundle produced by 6-hydroxydopamine, which depleted telencephalic noradrenaline by over 95%, were found to produce resistance to extinction in animals trained on a continuously reinforced schedule for food reward but not to alter the extinction rate after partial reinforcement training. These results confirm the dorsal bundle extinction effect reported previously but suggest that it is confined to continuously reinforced situations. The pattern of results is consistent with a role for the dorsal bundle in attentional processes but appears to contradict the predictions required if the dorsal bundle were to have a role in frustrative nonreward.", "PMID": 755057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9911", "title": "Selective hippocampal lesions: differential effects on performance by rats of a spatial task with preoperative versus postoperative training.", "content": "Animals with selective lesions involving different hippocampal cell fields and/or projections either learned a complex spatial maze postoperatively or were trained preoperatively and tested after the operations. Following damage to anterodorsal CA1 cells and the alveus, acquisition was impaired but performance was normal when the task was learned preoperatively; postoperative acquisition and performance of the preoperatively learned task were impaired in animals with fimbrial lesions. These data suggest that the CA1 cell field and the projections to the subiculum play an important role in the acquisition of new spatial information but that these connections are not necessary for the utilization of spatial information learned preoperatively.", "contents": "Selective hippocampal lesions: differential effects on performance by rats of a spatial task with preoperative versus postoperative training. Animals with selective lesions involving different hippocampal cell fields and/or projections either learned a complex spatial maze postoperatively or were trained preoperatively and tested after the operations. Following damage to anterodorsal CA1 cells and the alveus, acquisition was impaired but performance was normal when the task was learned preoperatively; postoperative acquisition and performance of the preoperatively learned task were impaired in animals with fimbrial lesions. These data suggest that the CA1 cell field and the projections to the subiculum play an important role in the acquisition of new spatial information but that these connections are not necessary for the utilization of spatial information learned preoperatively.", "PMID": 755058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9912", "title": "Delayed alternation in rats after pre- or postcommissural fornicotomy.", "content": "Contribution of the pre- and postcommissural fornices to short-term spatial memory was investigated in rats by evaluating the effect of small electrolytic lesions, located stereotaxically, with texts of reinforced alternation in a T-maze. Lesions in the postcommissural fornix were without behavioral effect. Animals with lesions that damaged the precommissural fornix were temporarily impaired in alternation with massed trials. They largely recovered their efficiency by the end of five postoperative sessions. Both the interpolation of irrelevant vestibular input (rotation) and lengthened intertrial intervals (1-4 min) reinstated an alternation deficit that had recovered in the massed-trial condition of testing. It is suggested that the recovery did not represent relearning to alternate but represented experience-dependent switching to parallel neural circuits that also mediate short-term spatial memory.", "contents": "Delayed alternation in rats after pre- or postcommissural fornicotomy. Contribution of the pre- and postcommissural fornices to short-term spatial memory was investigated in rats by evaluating the effect of small electrolytic lesions, located stereotaxically, with texts of reinforced alternation in a T-maze. Lesions in the postcommissural fornix were without behavioral effect. Animals with lesions that damaged the precommissural fornix were temporarily impaired in alternation with massed trials. They largely recovered their efficiency by the end of five postoperative sessions. Both the interpolation of irrelevant vestibular input (rotation) and lengthened intertrial intervals (1-4 min) reinstated an alternation deficit that had recovered in the massed-trial condition of testing. It is suggested that the recovery did not represent relearning to alternate but represented experience-dependent switching to parallel neural circuits that also mediate short-term spatial memory.", "PMID": 755059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9913", "title": "Tolerance to the hyperthermic effect of morphine in the rat is a learned response.", "content": "The results of several experiments indicated that the hyperthermic effect of morphine in rats becomes attenuated over the course of successive administrations by a conditional, compensatory, hypothermic response elicited by cues present at the time of morphine administration, thus accounting for hyperthermic tolerance: (a) Rats with a history of morphine administration display a tolerant response to the hyperthermic effect of the drug and a compensatory hypothermia following a placebo if these substances are administered following cues that previously signaled morphine--neither the tolerant reaction to morphine nor the hypothermic response to the placebo results when animals are injected following cues that previously signaled injection of physiological saline (Experiments 1A and 1B); (b) presenting environmental cues previously associated with morphine, but without the drug, abolished established tolerance, that is, pyretic tolerance can be extinguished (Experiment 2); (c) placebo sessions interspersed between morphine sessions impeded the acquisition of tolerance, that is pyretic tolerance is retarded by partial reinforcement (Experiment 3). These findings, implicating a Pavlovian conditioning process in hyperthermic tolerance, are not readily interpretable by tolerance models that do not attribute any role to drug-associated environmental cues in the acquisition of tolerance.", "contents": "Tolerance to the hyperthermic effect of morphine in the rat is a learned response. The results of several experiments indicated that the hyperthermic effect of morphine in rats becomes attenuated over the course of successive administrations by a conditional, compensatory, hypothermic response elicited by cues present at the time of morphine administration, thus accounting for hyperthermic tolerance: (a) Rats with a history of morphine administration display a tolerant response to the hyperthermic effect of the drug and a compensatory hypothermia following a placebo if these substances are administered following cues that previously signaled morphine--neither the tolerant reaction to morphine nor the hypothermic response to the placebo results when animals are injected following cues that previously signaled injection of physiological saline (Experiments 1A and 1B); (b) presenting environmental cues previously associated with morphine, but without the drug, abolished established tolerance, that is, pyretic tolerance can be extinguished (Experiment 2); (c) placebo sessions interspersed between morphine sessions impeded the acquisition of tolerance, that is pyretic tolerance is retarded by partial reinforcement (Experiment 3). These findings, implicating a Pavlovian conditioning process in hyperthermic tolerance, are not readily interpretable by tolerance models that do not attribute any role to drug-associated environmental cues in the acquisition of tolerance.", "PMID": 755060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9914", "title": "Interactive effects of fluid deprivation and testosterone on the expression of a sexually dimorphic conditioned taste aversion.", "content": "The effects of fluid deprivation on the sexually dimorphic rate of extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats was investigated. Under ad lib water conditions, males extinguished a conditioned taste aversion more slowly than females. However, when rats were fluid deprived, there was no difference in the extinction rates of females and males even when the more sensitive two-bottle test was used. This absence of the sexual dimorphism was due to a differential effect of deprivation on females and males. Fluid deprivation increased the rate of extinction of the male but had no effect on the extinction rate of the female. It was proposed that the more rapid extinction rate of the deprived male could be accounted for by a deprivation-induced change in a testosterone-dependent mechanism. This proposal was supported by demonstrating that injection of testosterone propionate blocked the effects of fluid deprivation on rate of extinction in the male rat.", "contents": "Interactive effects of fluid deprivation and testosterone on the expression of a sexually dimorphic conditioned taste aversion. The effects of fluid deprivation on the sexually dimorphic rate of extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats was investigated. Under ad lib water conditions, males extinguished a conditioned taste aversion more slowly than females. However, when rats were fluid deprived, there was no difference in the extinction rates of females and males even when the more sensitive two-bottle test was used. This absence of the sexual dimorphism was due to a differential effect of deprivation on females and males. Fluid deprivation increased the rate of extinction of the male but had no effect on the extinction rate of the female. It was proposed that the more rapid extinction rate of the deprived male could be accounted for by a deprivation-induced change in a testosterone-dependent mechanism. This proposal was supported by demonstrating that injection of testosterone propionate blocked the effects of fluid deprivation on rate of extinction in the male rat.", "PMID": 755061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9915", "title": "Self-stimulation in the rat: quantitative characteristics of the reward pathway.", "content": "Quantitative characteristics of the neural pathway that carries the reinforcing signal in electrical self-stimulation of the brain were established by finding which combinations of stimulation parameters give the same performance in a runway. The reward for each run was a train of evenly spaced monophasic cathodal pulses from a monopolar electrode. With train duration and pulse frequency held constant, the required current was a hyperbolic function of pulse duration, with chronaxie c approximately 1.5 msec. With pulse duration held constant, the required strength of the train (the charge delivered per second) was a hyperbolic function of train duration, with chronaxie C approximately 500 msec. To a first approximation, the values of c and C were independent of the choice either of train duration and pulse frequency or of pulse duration, respectively. Hence, the current intensity required by any choice of train duration, pulse frequency, and pulse duration dependent on only two basic parameters, c and C, and one quantity, Qi, the required impulse charge. These may reflect, respectively, current integration by directly excited neurons; temporal integration of neural activity by synaptic processes in a neural network; and the peak of the impulse response of the network, assuming that the network has linear dynamics and that the reward depends on the peak of the output of the network.", "contents": "Self-stimulation in the rat: quantitative characteristics of the reward pathway. Quantitative characteristics of the neural pathway that carries the reinforcing signal in electrical self-stimulation of the brain were established by finding which combinations of stimulation parameters give the same performance in a runway. The reward for each run was a train of evenly spaced monophasic cathodal pulses from a monopolar electrode. With train duration and pulse frequency held constant, the required current was a hyperbolic function of pulse duration, with chronaxie c approximately 1.5 msec. With pulse duration held constant, the required strength of the train (the charge delivered per second) was a hyperbolic function of train duration, with chronaxie C approximately 500 msec. To a first approximation, the values of c and C were independent of the choice either of train duration and pulse frequency or of pulse duration, respectively. Hence, the current intensity required by any choice of train duration, pulse frequency, and pulse duration dependent on only two basic parameters, c and C, and one quantity, Qi, the required impulse charge. These may reflect, respectively, current integration by directly excited neurons; temporal integration of neural activity by synaptic processes in a neural network; and the peak of the impulse response of the network, assuming that the network has linear dynamics and that the reward depends on the peak of the output of the network.", "PMID": 755062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9916", "title": "Abdominal vagotomy inhibits osmotically induced drinking in the rat.", "content": "After complete bilateral transection of the abdominal vagus (Vgx-C), with the hepatic branch left intact, rats drank later and less than normal after cellular dehydration induced by intraperitoneal hypertonic saline. When access to water was delayed for 1 hr after cellular dehydration, Vgx-C rats initiated drinking quickly with normal latency, but (a) a gastric water preload was a more effective stimulus for drinking suppression in Vgx-C than in normal rats; (b) gastric emptying of a water or phenol red solution preload was more rapid in Vgx-C than in normal rats; and (c) when gastric emptying dysfunction in Vgx-C rats was removed by having rats sham drink, Vgx-C and normal rats sham drank equivalent amounts of water. Thus, disordered preabsorptive satiety caused by abnormally rapid gastric emptying of water is a factor in the decreased drinking of Vgx-C rats after cellular dehydration. Disordered satiety for ingested water cannot, however, account for the abnormal latency to initiate drinking after cellular dehydration in Vgx-C rats.", "contents": "Abdominal vagotomy inhibits osmotically induced drinking in the rat. After complete bilateral transection of the abdominal vagus (Vgx-C), with the hepatic branch left intact, rats drank later and less than normal after cellular dehydration induced by intraperitoneal hypertonic saline. When access to water was delayed for 1 hr after cellular dehydration, Vgx-C rats initiated drinking quickly with normal latency, but (a) a gastric water preload was a more effective stimulus for drinking suppression in Vgx-C than in normal rats; (b) gastric emptying of a water or phenol red solution preload was more rapid in Vgx-C than in normal rats; and (c) when gastric emptying dysfunction in Vgx-C rats was removed by having rats sham drink, Vgx-C and normal rats sham drank equivalent amounts of water. Thus, disordered preabsorptive satiety caused by abnormally rapid gastric emptying of water is a factor in the decreased drinking of Vgx-C rats after cellular dehydration. Disordered satiety for ingested water cannot, however, account for the abnormal latency to initiate drinking after cellular dehydration in Vgx-C rats.", "PMID": 755063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9917", "title": "A preliminary report in the use of silastic nerve caps in conjunction with neuroma surgery.", "content": "This paper deals with the introduction of the Swanson Silastic nerve cap (Dow Corning) for the treatment of pedal neuromas. The entity of Morton's neuroma is discussed and a complication of surgical excision, that is, a painful amputation neuroma is identified. Included in this article is a historical view of the literature, the histopathology of the nerve tissue, and a discussion of possible etiological factors, including past and present treatment.", "contents": "A preliminary report in the use of silastic nerve caps in conjunction with neuroma surgery. This paper deals with the introduction of the Swanson Silastic nerve cap (Dow Corning) for the treatment of pedal neuromas. The entity of Morton's neuroma is discussed and a complication of surgical excision, that is, a painful amputation neuroma is identified. Included in this article is a historical view of the literature, the histopathology of the nerve tissue, and a discussion of possible etiological factors, including past and present treatment.", "PMID": 755064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9918", "title": "Extensor release.", "content": "An alternate procedure to lengthen the long extensor tendons has been examined. Thirty-six separate cases, of which 22 were bilateral, were performed during a 2-year period. The operations were performed both with percutaneous and traditional exposed approaches. The procedures consisted of lengthening by simple tenotomy, Z-plasty, or tendon-slide of the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius at the ankle level. Most were done as an adjunct to biomechanical treatment or osseous operations with a few of the procedures utilized as the sole mode of therapy. Although it was found that the ease of technique and accessibility of tissues made the procedures desirable, the extended postoperative period and efficacy for other than minimal contractures seemed to out-weigh the advantages. The conclusion is drawn that the extensor release at the level of the ankle is of potential value in selected patients with mild to moderate dorsoposterior digital contractures in conjunction with traditional podiatric treatment.", "contents": "Extensor release. An alternate procedure to lengthen the long extensor tendons has been examined. Thirty-six separate cases, of which 22 were bilateral, were performed during a 2-year period. The operations were performed both with percutaneous and traditional exposed approaches. The procedures consisted of lengthening by simple tenotomy, Z-plasty, or tendon-slide of the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius at the ankle level. Most were done as an adjunct to biomechanical treatment or osseous operations with a few of the procedures utilized as the sole mode of therapy. Although it was found that the ease of technique and accessibility of tissues made the procedures desirable, the extended postoperative period and efficacy for other than minimal contractures seemed to out-weigh the advantages. The conclusion is drawn that the extensor release at the level of the ankle is of potential value in selected patients with mild to moderate dorsoposterior digital contractures in conjunction with traditional podiatric treatment.", "PMID": 755065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9919", "title": "Overlapping fifth toe: a new surgical approach.", "content": "The authors introduce a new method of correction for overlapping fifth digits. With the advent of newer types of precision power surgical instrumentation, performance of an exacting wedge osteotomy is possible on small bones. Combining an abductory wedge osteotomy with previously described soft tissue revisions can now realign a common deformity--the overlapping fifth toe.", "contents": "Overlapping fifth toe: a new surgical approach. The authors introduce a new method of correction for overlapping fifth digits. With the advent of newer types of precision power surgical instrumentation, performance of an exacting wedge osteotomy is possible on small bones. Combining an abductory wedge osteotomy with previously described soft tissue revisions can now realign a common deformity--the overlapping fifth toe.", "PMID": 755066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9920", "title": "A case history of recurrent plantar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's contracture).", "content": "A case presentation of recurrent plantar fibromatosis of the right foot has been discussed. Complete fasciectomy of the plantar fascia appears to have resolved the recurrent condition. It is interesting to note that since the patient's last surgery on March 10, 1977 he has had two fibrolipomas removed from other parts of his body; one in the posterior neck region and the other on the left torso.", "contents": "A case history of recurrent plantar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's contracture). A case presentation of recurrent plantar fibromatosis of the right foot has been discussed. Complete fasciectomy of the plantar fascia appears to have resolved the recurrent condition. It is interesting to note that since the patient's last surgery on March 10, 1977 he has had two fibrolipomas removed from other parts of his body; one in the posterior neck region and the other on the left torso.", "PMID": 755067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9921", "title": "Ankle equinus related to trauma, and its surgical treatment: a preliminary report of three cases.", "content": "Ankle equinus specifically related to trauma has been barely touched upon in the literature. As reported by Subotnick (2) and McGlamry (1), the short-term results are impressive. In our three cases, we have had an increase in ankle joint dorsiflexion of 6 to 10 degrees; however, our longest postoperative follow up is only 9 months. We have attempted to control these patients postoperatively with functional orthoses. We have also tried to impress the patients with the fact that the orthoses should be worn during any activity to prevent recurrent arthritis.", "contents": "Ankle equinus related to trauma, and its surgical treatment: a preliminary report of three cases. Ankle equinus specifically related to trauma has been barely touched upon in the literature. As reported by Subotnick (2) and McGlamry (1), the short-term results are impressive. In our three cases, we have had an increase in ankle joint dorsiflexion of 6 to 10 degrees; however, our longest postoperative follow up is only 9 months. We have attempted to control these patients postoperatively with functional orthoses. We have also tried to impress the patients with the fact that the orthoses should be worn during any activity to prevent recurrent arthritis.", "PMID": 755068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9922", "title": "Multiple periungual fibroma (Kernan's tumors): a case report.", "content": "Even though cases of Kernan's tumors are supposed to be rare, I have presented a case in which there were tumors of all ten toes with an etiology of tuberous sclerosis, trauma, or a combination of both. Wide surgical excision was performed which has apparently alleviated the lesions in this case.", "contents": "Multiple periungual fibroma (Kernan's tumors): a case report. Even though cases of Kernan's tumors are supposed to be rare, I have presented a case in which there were tumors of all ten toes with an etiology of tuberous sclerosis, trauma, or a combination of both. Wide surgical excision was performed which has apparently alleviated the lesions in this case.", "PMID": 755069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9923", "title": "Some considerations of antibiosis and drug interactions in podiatric surgery.", "content": "Most antibiotics function via two basic and distinctly different mechanisms. The first mechanism is bacteriocidal in which an antibiotic interferes with bacterial cell wall metabolism causing the destruction of the cell through the resulting cell wall lysis. Bacteriocidal drugs include the penicillins, the cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The second mechanism is bacteriostatic wherein a drug interferes with protein synthesis within the cell itself thus inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the cell. This basic action should not be confused with direct cellular destruction. Examples of bacteriostatic drugs are erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines. A good intellectual exercise would be to imagine using a bacteriostatic drug to inhibit cell reproduction and then to finish off the germ with a good bacteriocidal drug. But ability of a bacteriocidal drug to function depends upon its ability to act on a growing and reproducing bacterial cell, otherwise it won't work. So generally, combination therapy involving both classes of drug is not recommended.", "contents": "Some considerations of antibiosis and drug interactions in podiatric surgery. Most antibiotics function via two basic and distinctly different mechanisms. The first mechanism is bacteriocidal in which an antibiotic interferes with bacterial cell wall metabolism causing the destruction of the cell through the resulting cell wall lysis. Bacteriocidal drugs include the penicillins, the cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The second mechanism is bacteriostatic wherein a drug interferes with protein synthesis within the cell itself thus inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the cell. This basic action should not be confused with direct cellular destruction. Examples of bacteriostatic drugs are erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines. A good intellectual exercise would be to imagine using a bacteriostatic drug to inhibit cell reproduction and then to finish off the germ with a good bacteriocidal drug. But ability of a bacteriocidal drug to function depends upon its ability to act on a growing and reproducing bacterial cell, otherwise it won't work. So generally, combination therapy involving both classes of drug is not recommended.", "PMID": 755071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9924", "title": "Pivotal resection of heel spurs in sports medicine: a case study and presentation.", "content": "Using the cresentic pivotal saw for resecting a heel spur in a new method whereby a plantar heel spur can be removed in toto with no irregular osseous margins remaining. Consequently, less trauma to the calcaneus occurs and the process of postoperative recovery is enhanced. This technique is new to the literature. Presently, we are developing a more sophisticated blade.", "contents": "Pivotal resection of heel spurs in sports medicine: a case study and presentation. Using the cresentic pivotal saw for resecting a heel spur in a new method whereby a plantar heel spur can be removed in toto with no irregular osseous margins remaining. Consequently, less trauma to the calcaneus occurs and the process of postoperative recovery is enhanced. This technique is new to the literature. Presently, we are developing a more sophisticated blade.", "PMID": 755072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9925", "title": "[Quantitative examinations of stellate cells in the region of the cingulate gyrus in the rat].", "content": "Brains of three months old male rats were handled by a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. Stellate cells of the gyrus cinguli were drawn, classified into four types and analyzed quantitatively. The values of the four types were compared by means of a varianz analysis. The four types are: isodendritic stellate cells without spines (I/OS), isodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells without spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/MS). Type I/OS and type AI/MS are the most contrary one. Main results are: 1. The lengths of the dendritic branches show maximum values in the 3rd order. The dendritic lengths exhibit great deviations in all the four types. The alteration of the lengths values from one to the next order is similar the basal dendritic tree of primitive pyramidal neurons. The same analogy you can find for the dendritic numbers of corresponding orders: highest numbers are in the 2nd order, in the following orders the numbers decrease permanently. Isodendritic stellate cells without spines have significantly more dendrites of the 1st order compared with the other three types. 2. The branching pattern --- revealed in the number of free dendritic endings --- shows differences between isodendritic stellate cells without spines and anisodendritic stellate cells with spines. 3. The total lengths of the dendritic branches and the lengthes of the single dendritic fields are similar in significant differences: least lengths there are in anisodendritic stellate cells with spines, they are significantly different from isodendritic stellate cells with and without spines. 4. There are differences in the values of spines and varicosities between all types which causes the possibility of classifying stellate cells according to this parameter. This is valid for spines values of the orders, spines values of single dendritic fields and for the total number of spines for one neuron. 5. Localization and extending in the layers: most stellate cells extend through several layers. The isodendritic type is preferentially localizes in layer III, the anisodendritic one in layer V.", "contents": "[Quantitative examinations of stellate cells in the region of the cingulate gyrus in the rat]. Brains of three months old male rats were handled by a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. Stellate cells of the gyrus cinguli were drawn, classified into four types and analyzed quantitatively. The values of the four types were compared by means of a varianz analysis. The four types are: isodendritic stellate cells without spines (I/OS), isodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells without spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/MS). Type I/OS and type AI/MS are the most contrary one. Main results are: 1. The lengths of the dendritic branches show maximum values in the 3rd order. The dendritic lengths exhibit great deviations in all the four types. The alteration of the lengths values from one to the next order is similar the basal dendritic tree of primitive pyramidal neurons. The same analogy you can find for the dendritic numbers of corresponding orders: highest numbers are in the 2nd order, in the following orders the numbers decrease permanently. Isodendritic stellate cells without spines have significantly more dendrites of the 1st order compared with the other three types. 2. The branching pattern --- revealed in the number of free dendritic endings --- shows differences between isodendritic stellate cells without spines and anisodendritic stellate cells with spines. 3. The total lengths of the dendritic branches and the lengthes of the single dendritic fields are similar in significant differences: least lengths there are in anisodendritic stellate cells with spines, they are significantly different from isodendritic stellate cells with and without spines. 4. There are differences in the values of spines and varicosities between all types which causes the possibility of classifying stellate cells according to this parameter. This is valid for spines values of the orders, spines values of single dendritic fields and for the total number of spines for one neuron. 5. Localization and extending in the layers: most stellate cells extend through several layers. The isodendritic type is preferentially localizes in layer III, the anisodendritic one in layer V.", "PMID": 755078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9926", "title": "[Axon-like glial extensions in the pars ventralis of the corpus geniculatum laterale (CGLv) of the albino rat].", "content": "In sections of the Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars ventralis (CGLv) of adult albino rats impregnated according to Golgi-Kopsch, structures are visible very similar to long unbranched axons with large boutons en passage. Within the CGLv these axon-like structures can be followed parallel to the optic tract. Generally they take a ventro-dorsal, exceptionally a dorso-ventral course. As well in Golgi-Kopsch material as in sections in which glial cells are specifically impregnated the described structures could be traced to cells mainly located subpial in the Tractus opticus. Within the optic tract these axon-like structures change their appearance looking similar as the numerous other processes originating from these cells too. These other processes take a course right-angled to the optic fibers and in general they don't bear axon-like structures as described. In our opinion based also on investigations of Nissl-stained sections the origination cells represent a specialized type of astroglia of until now unknown function.", "contents": "[Axon-like glial extensions in the pars ventralis of the corpus geniculatum laterale (CGLv) of the albino rat]. In sections of the Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars ventralis (CGLv) of adult albino rats impregnated according to Golgi-Kopsch, structures are visible very similar to long unbranched axons with large boutons en passage. Within the CGLv these axon-like structures can be followed parallel to the optic tract. Generally they take a ventro-dorsal, exceptionally a dorso-ventral course. As well in Golgi-Kopsch material as in sections in which glial cells are specifically impregnated the described structures could be traced to cells mainly located subpial in the Tractus opticus. Within the optic tract these axon-like structures change their appearance looking similar as the numerous other processes originating from these cells too. These other processes take a course right-angled to the optic fibers and in general they don't bear axon-like structures as described. In our opinion based also on investigations of Nissl-stained sections the origination cells represent a specialized type of astroglia of until now unknown function.", "PMID": 755079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9927", "title": "Alterations of dendritic spines following intoxication by mercury phenylacetate.", "content": "A morphological study of the effect of mercury phenylacetate (MPA) given intragastrically at a dose of either 0.1 or 0.05 g for 10 and 30 days respectively, on dendritic spines in the parietal cortex of the recipient rats was performed. Ingestion of MPA induced considerable losses as well as nodular deformation of dendritic spines in the investigated cortical region. The effect of MPA intoxication demonstrated in this study is discussed with respect ot histoenzymic observations made in another study on rats similarly intoxicated, in which a considerable drop of AChE activity in the cortical neuropil was demonstrated. It is concluded that the induced by MPA intoxication in dendritic spines, which constitute an integral part of the synaptic structures may be responsible for the observed decline of AChE activity in this experimental poisoning.", "contents": "Alterations of dendritic spines following intoxication by mercury phenylacetate. A morphological study of the effect of mercury phenylacetate (MPA) given intragastrically at a dose of either 0.1 or 0.05 g for 10 and 30 days respectively, on dendritic spines in the parietal cortex of the recipient rats was performed. Ingestion of MPA induced considerable losses as well as nodular deformation of dendritic spines in the investigated cortical region. The effect of MPA intoxication demonstrated in this study is discussed with respect ot histoenzymic observations made in another study on rats similarly intoxicated, in which a considerable drop of AChE activity in the cortical neuropil was demonstrated. It is concluded that the induced by MPA intoxication in dendritic spines, which constitute an integral part of the synaptic structures may be responsible for the observed decline of AChE activity in this experimental poisoning.", "PMID": 755080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9928", "title": "Tissue distribution of arsenic after subcutaneous implantation of arsenic trioxide pellet in rats.", "content": "In control rats, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was 1.59 and 10.79 microgram/g wet tissue, respectively. In the kidney, lung, heart, brain, and hair, the arsenic level was lower than 1.1 microgram/g wet tissue. In rats in which a pellet containing 2 mg of arsenic tsioxide was implanted subcutaneously, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was markedly high for at least 2 months after implantation; after 67 days of implantation, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was 16.79 and 66.34 microgram/g wet tissue, respectively. In the kidney, liver, lung, heart, brain, and hair, the increase in arsenic after implantation was smaller than that in the spleen. In the plasma, arsenic was not detected before and after arsenic implantation. It is concluded that arsenic implanted subcutaneously concentrates in the blood cells, possibly in the red cells, in rats.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of arsenic after subcutaneous implantation of arsenic trioxide pellet in rats. In control rats, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was 1.59 and 10.79 microgram/g wet tissue, respectively. In the kidney, lung, heart, brain, and hair, the arsenic level was lower than 1.1 microgram/g wet tissue. In rats in which a pellet containing 2 mg of arsenic tsioxide was implanted subcutaneously, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was markedly high for at least 2 months after implantation; after 67 days of implantation, the arsenic level in the spleen and blood cells was 16.79 and 66.34 microgram/g wet tissue, respectively. In the kidney, liver, lung, heart, brain, and hair, the increase in arsenic after implantation was smaller than that in the spleen. In the plasma, arsenic was not detected before and after arsenic implantation. It is concluded that arsenic implanted subcutaneously concentrates in the blood cells, possibly in the red cells, in rats.", "PMID": 755105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9929", "title": "Further study on the effect of mersalyl, an organic mercurial, on relaxing response of a molluscan smooth muscle to monoamines.", "content": "The effect of mersalyl on the relaxation of catch by various monoamines was studied in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus. As has already been reported, mersalyl blocked the relaxing response to indoleamines but not block that to catecholamines. The relaxations in response to catecholamine-related compounds (dopa, octopamine, tyramine, phenylephrine, beta-phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine) and hexylamine were, however, antagonized more or less effectively with mersalyl. It was suggested that the catecholamine-related compounds and hexylamine can act on relaxing nerve endings to increase neurotransmitter serotonin in the junctional clefts, and mersalyl antagonizes the relaxation in response to these compounds by blocking the serotonin.", "contents": "Further study on the effect of mersalyl, an organic mercurial, on relaxing response of a molluscan smooth muscle to monoamines. The effect of mersalyl on the relaxation of catch by various monoamines was studied in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus. As has already been reported, mersalyl blocked the relaxing response to indoleamines but not block that to catecholamines. The relaxations in response to catecholamine-related compounds (dopa, octopamine, tyramine, phenylephrine, beta-phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine) and hexylamine were, however, antagonized more or less effectively with mersalyl. It was suggested that the catecholamine-related compounds and hexylamine can act on relaxing nerve endings to increase neurotransmitter serotonin in the junctional clefts, and mersalyl antagonizes the relaxation in response to these compounds by blocking the serotonin.", "PMID": 755106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9930", "title": "Zinc distribution and metallothionein in the liver and kidney of mice treated with cadmium.", "content": "Cadmium in the liver and kidney increased with the dosage of this injection. There was a parallel relation between the increase of cadmium in the whole liver and that in the metallothionein. In the liver and kidney, zinc highly increased in the low dose group than in the high dose group. In the 5.0 mg/kg group, zinc in the liver was not different from that of the control group, and about 30% of zinc in the 30,000 g supernatant existed in the metallothionein. By the DEAE-cellulose chromatography of metallothionein, two forms of metallothionein were obtained.", "contents": "Zinc distribution and metallothionein in the liver and kidney of mice treated with cadmium. Cadmium in the liver and kidney increased with the dosage of this injection. There was a parallel relation between the increase of cadmium in the whole liver and that in the metallothionein. In the liver and kidney, zinc highly increased in the low dose group than in the high dose group. In the 5.0 mg/kg group, zinc in the liver was not different from that of the control group, and about 30% of zinc in the 30,000 g supernatant existed in the metallothionein. By the DEAE-cellulose chromatography of metallothionein, two forms of metallothionein were obtained.", "PMID": 755107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9931", "title": "[Some aspect of surgical treatment of vulvar carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors put forward their experience in the surgical treatment of 51 patients with vulvar carcinoma in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Hospital in Beograd, by describing their modification of surgical techniques which allows a better healing of surgical wounds.", "contents": "[Some aspect of surgical treatment of vulvar carcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors put forward their experience in the surgical treatment of 51 patients with vulvar carcinoma in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Hospital in Beograd, by describing their modification of surgical techniques which allows a better healing of surgical wounds.", "PMID": 755112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9932", "title": "[Intracavitary use of highly radioactive foci in the treatment of uterine carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The report relates to the survival period of 24--44 months after the end of treatment and has a preliminary character. In 213 patients the radiological treatment was applied, either alone or combined with surgery. A total of 174 patients (81.6%) are alive, without any sign of malignity. In the observed period 29 patients sorders. In addition to protecting medied of carcinoma or intercurrent didical staff from radiation, the method described has also other advantages: 1. Radiation is of short duration, it last only a few minutes, 2. Subjective complaints in the course and after treatment are negligible, 3. Owing to its possible non-hospital application, patients are free of \"cancer psychosis\" which developes in respective hospitals, 4. Complications in the course and after treatment are fewer than with classical radiation methods, 5. Disappearance of malignant cells from the vaginal swab and regression of the tumour are twice as fast as with classical methods. 6. In advanced stages of the disease better results are obtained.", "contents": "[Intracavitary use of highly radioactive foci in the treatment of uterine carcinoma (author's transl)]. The report relates to the survival period of 24--44 months after the end of treatment and has a preliminary character. In 213 patients the radiological treatment was applied, either alone or combined with surgery. A total of 174 patients (81.6%) are alive, without any sign of malignity. In the observed period 29 patients sorders. In addition to protecting medied of carcinoma or intercurrent didical staff from radiation, the method described has also other advantages: 1. Radiation is of short duration, it last only a few minutes, 2. Subjective complaints in the course and after treatment are negligible, 3. Owing to its possible non-hospital application, patients are free of \"cancer psychosis\" which developes in respective hospitals, 4. Complications in the course and after treatment are fewer than with classical radiation methods, 5. Disappearance of malignant cells from the vaginal swab and regression of the tumour are twice as fast as with classical methods. 6. In advanced stages of the disease better results are obtained.", "PMID": 755113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9933", "title": "[Pathohistological criteria in the treatment of stage I a cervical carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The work is an attempt to define the stage Ia of squamous carcinoma of the cervix on the basis of morphological criteria. These criteria, with the collaboration of pathologist and gynecologist, would allow the best treatment. They are based on the evaluation of the cellular type, mitotic activity, the pattern of invasion, the tissue defense reaction, the presence of lymphatic and vascular spread, and the size of carcinomatous tissue.", "contents": "[Pathohistological criteria in the treatment of stage I a cervical carcinoma (author's transl)]. The work is an attempt to define the stage Ia of squamous carcinoma of the cervix on the basis of morphological criteria. These criteria, with the collaboration of pathologist and gynecologist, would allow the best treatment. They are based on the evaluation of the cellular type, mitotic activity, the pattern of invasion, the tissue defense reaction, the presence of lymphatic and vascular spread, and the size of carcinomatous tissue.", "PMID": 755118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9934", "title": "[Effect of radical gynecological operations on the patients sexual life (author's transl)].", "content": "By inquiring 96 patients in whom radical operation after Wertheim (53) or Schauta-Amreich (43) was applied, the author tried to determine the effect of these operations on the patients' sexual live. The stage of carcinoma was 0 in 5 patients, II in 4, and I in the remaining patients. Surgery has proved considerably to affect the sexual life. Only 58% of patients maintained more or less regular sexual relations after operation. while 34% wholly abstained from them. Causes of this deminished sexual activity are dyspareunie resulting from the anatomically changed vigina and psychic factors (Table 11). In the author's view, it is necessary to parm both partners of possible difficulties during the first coitus in order to avoid conflicts. It is also necessary for the first coitus to take place early before the development of anatomic changes due to the lack of ovarian hormones. Much attention should be paid to psychic factors in young women. To minimize difficulties in coitus, operative reconstruction of the vargina by the sigmoid colon is recommended.", "contents": "[Effect of radical gynecological operations on the patients sexual life (author's transl)]. By inquiring 96 patients in whom radical operation after Wertheim (53) or Schauta-Amreich (43) was applied, the author tried to determine the effect of these operations on the patients' sexual live. The stage of carcinoma was 0 in 5 patients, II in 4, and I in the remaining patients. Surgery has proved considerably to affect the sexual life. Only 58% of patients maintained more or less regular sexual relations after operation. while 34% wholly abstained from them. Causes of this deminished sexual activity are dyspareunie resulting from the anatomically changed vigina and psychic factors (Table 11). In the author's view, it is necessary to parm both partners of possible difficulties during the first coitus in order to avoid conflicts. It is also necessary for the first coitus to take place early before the development of anatomic changes due to the lack of ovarian hormones. Much attention should be paid to psychic factors in young women. To minimize difficulties in coitus, operative reconstruction of the vargina by the sigmoid colon is recommended.", "PMID": 755119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9935", "title": "[Morphology of the development of intraepithelial cervical carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "By studying histologic preparations of 240 cervices (165 obtained by conization and 75 by hysterectomy), the author tries to answer the following questions: 1. Whick epithelium is responsible for the development of intraepitheilal cervical carcinoma? 2. Does it appear unicentrically or multicentricall? 3. What is the tendency of its spreading? The author concludes that intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix develops from both kinds of the epithelium, although its development from the squamous epithelium is much rarer, only in 6.2% of cases. It develops muticentrically, by which individual new foci appear in different periods of time. The unicentrical appearance of the carcinoma, confirmed in 45 cases, is not in disagreement with this conclusion. As regards the spreading of intraepithelial carcinoma, the author's observations corroborate those of other authors, i. e. that the carcinoma spreads primarily in the glandular region.", "contents": "[Morphology of the development of intraepithelial cervical carcinoma (author's transl)]. By studying histologic preparations of 240 cervices (165 obtained by conization and 75 by hysterectomy), the author tries to answer the following questions: 1. Whick epithelium is responsible for the development of intraepitheilal cervical carcinoma? 2. Does it appear unicentrically or multicentricall? 3. What is the tendency of its spreading? The author concludes that intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix develops from both kinds of the epithelium, although its development from the squamous epithelium is much rarer, only in 6.2% of cases. It develops muticentrically, by which individual new foci appear in different periods of time. The unicentrical appearance of the carcinoma, confirmed in 45 cases, is not in disagreement with this conclusion. As regards the spreading of intraepithelial carcinoma, the author's observations corroborate those of other authors, i. e. that the carcinoma spreads primarily in the glandular region.", "PMID": 755117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9936", "title": "[Urologic complications after radical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last ten years 795 radical operations have been performed at the University Hospital Department of Gynecology in Ljubljana: 542 after Wertheim and 253 after Schauta. In operations after Wertheim there were 8 ureterovaginal fistulas (1.4%) and 1 vesico-vaginal fistula. In operations after Schauta no urinary fistulas developed. In operations after Wertheim there were 3 lesions of the urether after surgery and in those after Schauta only one. Hydronephrosis after Wertheim: 20 open, (25%) and 10 closed (15%). Urinary retention proved considerably lower in women on postoperative balneotherapy in Dobrna.", "contents": "[Urologic complications after radical operations (author's transl)]. In the last ten years 795 radical operations have been performed at the University Hospital Department of Gynecology in Ljubljana: 542 after Wertheim and 253 after Schauta. In operations after Wertheim there were 8 ureterovaginal fistulas (1.4%) and 1 vesico-vaginal fistula. In operations after Schauta no urinary fistulas developed. In operations after Wertheim there were 3 lesions of the urether after surgery and in those after Schauta only one. Hydronephrosis after Wertheim: 20 open, (25%) and 10 closed (15%). Urinary retention proved considerably lower in women on postoperative balneotherapy in Dobrna.", "PMID": 755120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9937", "title": "[Urological complications after treatment of carcinoma colli uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "Urological complications before and after treatment of ca colli uteri are very frequent. The majority of complications are present in the first two years following treatment. They are more frequent after radical operations with postoperative irradiation and in stages III and IV. Early urological complications are detected by frequent follow-up and diagnostic examinations and cured with palliative, radical, or plastic surgery depending on the clinically determined kind of lession. In ten years the author performed 59 operations which were followed by frequent early and late complications.", "contents": "[Urological complications after treatment of carcinoma colli uteri (author's transl)]. Urological complications before and after treatment of ca colli uteri are very frequent. The majority of complications are present in the first two years following treatment. They are more frequent after radical operations with postoperative irradiation and in stages III and IV. Early urological complications are detected by frequent follow-up and diagnostic examinations and cured with palliative, radical, or plastic surgery depending on the clinically determined kind of lession. In ten years the author performed 59 operations which were followed by frequent early and late complications.", "PMID": 755121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9938", "title": "[Gynecological dispensary and stationary services in the treatment of mammary disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examined 29,230 women. In addition to clinical examination, they were also examined mammographically. The methods used were mass mammography, standard mammography, contact thermovision, xerography, pneumocystoraphy, galactography, exfoliative and aspiration cytology, and pathohistological diagnosis. The diagnosis revealed 964 (2.4%) solid or cystic tumours, 453 mastopathies, 216 secreting mammae, and 215 malignomas. By the use of a large number of gynecological consulting units and dispensaries it is possible to select atypical and suspected changes in the breast, while in large stationary gynecological institutions, by an interdisciplinary collaboration of radiologists, surgeons, and cytologists, it is possible to make a definite diagnosis and provide treatment for patients with atypical changes. The ultimate goal is to refer to therapeutists latent and early forms of malignant mammary disorders.", "contents": "[Gynecological dispensary and stationary services in the treatment of mammary disorders (author's transl)]. The authors examined 29,230 women. In addition to clinical examination, they were also examined mammographically. The methods used were mass mammography, standard mammography, contact thermovision, xerography, pneumocystoraphy, galactography, exfoliative and aspiration cytology, and pathohistological diagnosis. The diagnosis revealed 964 (2.4%) solid or cystic tumours, 453 mastopathies, 216 secreting mammae, and 215 malignomas. By the use of a large number of gynecological consulting units and dispensaries it is possible to select atypical and suspected changes in the breast, while in large stationary gynecological institutions, by an interdisciplinary collaboration of radiologists, surgeons, and cytologists, it is possible to make a definite diagnosis and provide treatment for patients with atypical changes. The ultimate goal is to refer to therapeutists latent and early forms of malignant mammary disorders.", "PMID": 755122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9939", "title": "[Cytostatic and hormonal therapy on oncologic gynecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Horones as a therapeutic agent are practically not used in gynecologic oncology, because gynecological malignomas are hormonally independent. Therapeutically succesful in only the use of Progesterone in metastases and relapses of endometrial cancer and of Estrogen in the palliative treatment of cervical cancer relapses. However, significant results are obtained by cytostatic therapy, particularly in carcinomas of the ovary and in choriocarcinomas; the therapy is somewhat less successful in the cancer of the oviduct and vulva, while in the cancer of the cervix and vagina it is not successful at all. Polychemotherapy is recommended because it results in better remissions and is less aggressive.", "contents": "[Cytostatic and hormonal therapy on oncologic gynecology (author's transl)]. Horones as a therapeutic agent are practically not used in gynecologic oncology, because gynecological malignomas are hormonally independent. Therapeutically succesful in only the use of Progesterone in metastases and relapses of endometrial cancer and of Estrogen in the palliative treatment of cervical cancer relapses. However, significant results are obtained by cytostatic therapy, particularly in carcinomas of the ovary and in choriocarcinomas; the therapy is somewhat less successful in the cancer of the oviduct and vulva, while in the cancer of the cervix and vagina it is not successful at all. Polychemotherapy is recommended because it results in better remissions and is less aggressive.", "PMID": 755124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9940", "title": "[Atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Data on 167 cases of atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium and 292 cases of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium from 1966 to 1977 are presented. In 41 cases of atypical hyperplasia (24.5%) also adenocarcinoma of the endometrium coexisted. The age distribution revealed that atypical hyperplasia was much frequent in the age group from 40--59, and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium from 59--69. Out of 61 cases of theca- and granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary, 13 cases (21.3%) related to atypical hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Out of 27 cases of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, 3 cases were atypical hyperplasia, one case adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. The data presented suggest that atypical hyperplasia might be a stage in the development of endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "[Atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Data on 167 cases of atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium and 292 cases of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium from 1966 to 1977 are presented. In 41 cases of atypical hyperplasia (24.5%) also adenocarcinoma of the endometrium coexisted. The age distribution revealed that atypical hyperplasia was much frequent in the age group from 40--59, and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium from 59--69. Out of 61 cases of theca- and granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary, 13 cases (21.3%) related to atypical hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Out of 27 cases of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, 3 cases were atypical hyperplasia, one case adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. The data presented suggest that atypical hyperplasia might be a stage in the development of endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 755126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9941", "title": "[Results of the treatment of endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in Slovenia from 1961 to 1970 is presented, as well as the five-year survival of patients treated from 1946 to 1949 and from 1965 to 1972. A retrograde analysis is made of 288 patients, of the structure of their carcinomatous stages, their age, mode of treatment, and their survival in relation to the kind of treatment, the development of the cancer, its histological structure, and the magnitude of changes in regional lymph nodes. Novak's merit for the use of the so-called old Wertheim in the surgery of endometrial carcinoma is particularly pointed out.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)]. The increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in Slovenia from 1961 to 1970 is presented, as well as the five-year survival of patients treated from 1946 to 1949 and from 1965 to 1972. A retrograde analysis is made of 288 patients, of the structure of their carcinomatous stages, their age, mode of treatment, and their survival in relation to the kind of treatment, the development of the cancer, its histological structure, and the magnitude of changes in regional lymph nodes. Novak's merit for the use of the so-called old Wertheim in the surgery of endometrial carcinoma is particularly pointed out.", "PMID": 755127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9942", "title": "[Diagnosis of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors draw attention to the frequency of breast carcinoma and the importance of its early detection. They critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray diagnosis, thermography, ultrasound, radioisotope diagnosis, cytology, and histological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of breast cancer (author's transl)]. The authors draw attention to the frequency of breast carcinoma and the importance of its early detection. They critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray diagnosis, thermography, ultrasound, radioisotope diagnosis, cytology, and histological diagnosis.", "PMID": 755123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9943", "title": "Factors influencing the secondary immune response in rabbits to Salmonella typhosa.", "content": "The characteristics of the primary response, as well as those of the secondary response, to different doses of Salmonella typhosa when elicited at two different time intervals were analysed. The antibody response demonstrates that the size of the primary dose, and the size of the secondary dose, have significant effect on the subsequent synthesis of the secondary IgM and IgG antibody response to both 'H' and 'O' antigens. The time elapsed between the primary and secondary response tends to decrease the IgG response. Due to the high immunogenicity of the 'H' antigen the maximum IgG levels were reached within the range of doses used. These high levels of antibody inhibited the secondary IgM response by a feedback mechanism. Enhanced or equivalent response of predominant anti 'O' IgM system was recorded.", "contents": "Factors influencing the secondary immune response in rabbits to Salmonella typhosa. The characteristics of the primary response, as well as those of the secondary response, to different doses of Salmonella typhosa when elicited at two different time intervals were analysed. The antibody response demonstrates that the size of the primary dose, and the size of the secondary dose, have significant effect on the subsequent synthesis of the secondary IgM and IgG antibody response to both 'H' and 'O' antigens. The time elapsed between the primary and secondary response tends to decrease the IgG response. Due to the high immunogenicity of the 'H' antigen the maximum IgG levels were reached within the range of doses used. These high levels of antibody inhibited the secondary IgM response by a feedback mechanism. Enhanced or equivalent response of predominant anti 'O' IgM system was recorded.", "PMID": 755152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9944", "title": "Effects of antibiotics on the cation composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subspecies pennsylvanicum.", "content": "Cell wall-inhibitory antibiotics caused a marked reduction of intracellular K+ and a small increase of Na+, together resulting in a decline of intracellular cation content. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline increased intracellular K+ but actinomycin decreased both Na+ and K+ content. The release and uptake of 86Rb+ were similarly affected by the antibiotics as the K+ content. The osmotic resistance of the protoplasts isolated from antibiotic-treated cells was apparently increased by inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, but decreased by inhibitors of protein synthesis. The ionophore valinomycin enhanced growth in normal and K+-rich medium, although cells released more than 90% of intracellular K+.", "contents": "Effects of antibiotics on the cation composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subspecies pennsylvanicum. Cell wall-inhibitory antibiotics caused a marked reduction of intracellular K+ and a small increase of Na+, together resulting in a decline of intracellular cation content. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline increased intracellular K+ but actinomycin decreased both Na+ and K+ content. The release and uptake of 86Rb+ were similarly affected by the antibiotics as the K+ content. The osmotic resistance of the protoplasts isolated from antibiotic-treated cells was apparently increased by inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, but decreased by inhibitors of protein synthesis. The ionophore valinomycin enhanced growth in normal and K+-rich medium, although cells released more than 90% of intracellular K+.", "PMID": 755153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9945", "title": "Quality and rate of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Rhizobium meliloti and their inducing effect on polygalacturonase production in legume roots as derived from the presence of extrachromosomal DNA.", "content": "The ability of extracellular polysaccharides of different strains of Rhizobium meliloti to induce the production of polygalacturonase by roots of Medicago sativa seedlings has been studied. Some strains showed a high inducing activity while those derived from them, after treatment with acridine orange and in which extrachromosomal DNA was absent, did not show this character. A comparative study of polysaccharide production and preliminary studies on the chemical composition of the active fractions obtained after Sephadex G-25 filtration indicated that the monomers which form the active fractions are qualitatively and quantitatively different according to their origin.", "contents": "Quality and rate of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Rhizobium meliloti and their inducing effect on polygalacturonase production in legume roots as derived from the presence of extrachromosomal DNA. The ability of extracellular polysaccharides of different strains of Rhizobium meliloti to induce the production of polygalacturonase by roots of Medicago sativa seedlings has been studied. Some strains showed a high inducing activity while those derived from them, after treatment with acridine orange and in which extrachromosomal DNA was absent, did not show this character. A comparative study of polysaccharide production and preliminary studies on the chemical composition of the active fractions obtained after Sephadex G-25 filtration indicated that the monomers which form the active fractions are qualitatively and quantitatively different according to their origin.", "PMID": 755154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9946", "title": "Comparative methods of titration of Silverwater virus, an arthropod borne virus.", "content": "Silverwater virus (SIL) was titrated in vivo and in vitro. Using a microculture technique, TCID50 was found to be much more sensitive than both the plaque forming assay and the LD50. The latter was the least sensitive mode of titration of Silverwater virus. The addition of DEAE dextran and trypsin to the viral inoculum increased the number and diameter of the plaques.", "contents": "Comparative methods of titration of Silverwater virus, an arthropod borne virus. Silverwater virus (SIL) was titrated in vivo and in vitro. Using a microculture technique, TCID50 was found to be much more sensitive than both the plaque forming assay and the LD50. The latter was the least sensitive mode of titration of Silverwater virus. The addition of DEAE dextran and trypsin to the viral inoculum increased the number and diameter of the plaques.", "PMID": 755155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9947", "title": "Correlations between physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial activity for some glycolmonophenyl ethers.", "content": "Aqueous solubilities, octanol: water partition coefficients and Rm were determined for twelve glycolmonophenyl ether analogues. Their correlation with growth inhibitory activity towards eight bacterial, yeast and fungal species was assessed. Correlations were also sought between bactericidal activity and inhibition of respiration of E. coli suspensions with these physico-chemical properties. Variations in antimicrobial activity generally correlated well with aqueous solubility. Partition coefficients were found to correlate poorly with biological response with the exception of those correlations involving Gram-negative micro-organisms. Regression equations relating solubility to biological activity generally varied significantly between micro-organisms and for different biological responses with E. coli. This suggested the possibility of different problems of drug penetration in different microbial species and/or different sites of action for the various biological responses.", "contents": "Correlations between physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial activity for some glycolmonophenyl ethers. Aqueous solubilities, octanol: water partition coefficients and Rm were determined for twelve glycolmonophenyl ether analogues. Their correlation with growth inhibitory activity towards eight bacterial, yeast and fungal species was assessed. Correlations were also sought between bactericidal activity and inhibition of respiration of E. coli suspensions with these physico-chemical properties. Variations in antimicrobial activity generally correlated well with aqueous solubility. Partition coefficients were found to correlate poorly with biological response with the exception of those correlations involving Gram-negative micro-organisms. Regression equations relating solubility to biological activity generally varied significantly between micro-organisms and for different biological responses with E. coli. This suggested the possibility of different problems of drug penetration in different microbial species and/or different sites of action for the various biological responses.", "PMID": 755156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9948", "title": "The effect of a single dose of ethanol on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of ethanol (200 ml of 20% and 40% solution) on pharmacokinetics of a single dose of paracetamol was tested in healthy men. An open, two-compartment pharmacokinetical model was assumed. Significant changes were observed after 40% ethanol, an increase of AUC, beta, k12, k21, V2 and t1/2 alpha, decrease of Cmax and prolongation of tmax.", "contents": "The effect of a single dose of ethanol on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The effect of a single dose of ethanol (200 ml of 20% and 40% solution) on pharmacokinetics of a single dose of paracetamol was tested in healthy men. An open, two-compartment pharmacokinetical model was assumed. Significant changes were observed after 40% ethanol, an increase of AUC, beta, k12, k21, V2 and t1/2 alpha, decrease of Cmax and prolongation of tmax.", "PMID": 755241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9949", "title": "The effect of new furanochrome derivatives on circulatory system and respiratory activity of experimental animals.", "content": "Six new compounds of furanochromone group were tested for their acute toxicity (LD50), the effect on arterial blood pressure, respiratory activity of the cat, the effect on ECG and antiarrhythmic activity. All compounds produce a moderate hypotension. Protection against BaCl2-induced arrhythmia is offered by hydrochlorides of N-2-morpholino-etyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano (3', 2' :6,7)-chromonoxy-5-butyric acid, 3, and of N, N-diethylaminoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano-(3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-propionic acid, 4. These compounds show the weakest hypotensive activity. The most potent hypotensive action is produced by hydrochlorides of N,N-diethylaminoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano (3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-butyric acid 1, and of N-/2-piperidinoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano(3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-propionic acid, 5, (short-lasting action).", "contents": "The effect of new furanochrome derivatives on circulatory system and respiratory activity of experimental animals. Six new compounds of furanochromone group were tested for their acute toxicity (LD50), the effect on arterial blood pressure, respiratory activity of the cat, the effect on ECG and antiarrhythmic activity. All compounds produce a moderate hypotension. Protection against BaCl2-induced arrhythmia is offered by hydrochlorides of N-2-morpholino-etyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano (3', 2' :6,7)-chromonoxy-5-butyric acid, 3, and of N, N-diethylaminoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano-(3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-propionic acid, 4. These compounds show the weakest hypotensive activity. The most potent hypotensive action is produced by hydrochlorides of N,N-diethylaminoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano (3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-butyric acid 1, and of N-/2-piperidinoethyl ester of alpha-2-methyl-8-methoxyfurano(3', 2' : 6,7)-chromonoxy-5-propionic acid, 5, (short-lasting action).", "PMID": 755242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9950", "title": "Lesion of locus coeruleus: the effect on pethidine and pentazocine analgesia.", "content": "Analgesic activity of pethidine and pentazocine in the locus coeruleus lesioned rats was evaluated. Bilateral destruction of locus coeruleus resulted in a marked decrease in noradrenaline content in forebrain but did not change significantly the levels of dopamine. Lesioned animals showed a marked decrease of predrug pain threshold. However, pethidine increased more effectively the nociceptive threshold in lesioned rats. The effect observed after pentazocine was generally similar but the maximal increase in pain threshold in lesioned animals did not differ significantly from the values observed in sham lesioned rats. The action of both analgesics was markedly prolonged after the lesion of the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Lesion of locus coeruleus: the effect on pethidine and pentazocine analgesia. Analgesic activity of pethidine and pentazocine in the locus coeruleus lesioned rats was evaluated. Bilateral destruction of locus coeruleus resulted in a marked decrease in noradrenaline content in forebrain but did not change significantly the levels of dopamine. Lesioned animals showed a marked decrease of predrug pain threshold. However, pethidine increased more effectively the nociceptive threshold in lesioned rats. The effect observed after pentazocine was generally similar but the maximal increase in pain threshold in lesioned animals did not differ significantly from the values observed in sham lesioned rats. The action of both analgesics was markedly prolonged after the lesion of the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 755243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9951", "title": "Effect of catecholamines and adrenergic antagonists on blood glucose, free fatty acids and liver glycogen levels in fed rats.", "content": "In fed rats the effects of catechloamines and adrenergic antagonists on blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and liver glycogen levels were investigated in order to determine the role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in metabolic responses to catechloamines. Hyperglycemic responses to dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and isoprenaline (ISP) were dose-related and accompained by a depletion of liver glycogen. The relative potencies in producing hyperglycemia and in causing liver glycogenolysis were in descending order of potency, A, NA, DA and ISP. Hyperlipemic response was most potent to NA and DA, weaker to ISP, and least potent to A. Phentolamine antagonized completely both hyperglycemia and hepatic glycogen depletion induced by all catecholamines. Propranolol impaired only hyperglycemic responses to A and ISP. Phentolamine antagonized hyperlipemia induced by DA and NA but only partially impaired hyperlipemia after A. Propranolol only partially antagonized hyperlipemic responses to NA and ISP without influencing DA--and A-induced hyperlipemia. The results indicate that in fed rats hyperglycemic responses to catecholamines are mediated mainly by an alpha-adrenergic receptor, and hyperlipemic responses do not fit inton the alpha-receptor or beta-receptor classification.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines and adrenergic antagonists on blood glucose, free fatty acids and liver glycogen levels in fed rats. In fed rats the effects of catechloamines and adrenergic antagonists on blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and liver glycogen levels were investigated in order to determine the role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in metabolic responses to catechloamines. Hyperglycemic responses to dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and isoprenaline (ISP) were dose-related and accompained by a depletion of liver glycogen. The relative potencies in producing hyperglycemia and in causing liver glycogenolysis were in descending order of potency, A, NA, DA and ISP. Hyperlipemic response was most potent to NA and DA, weaker to ISP, and least potent to A. Phentolamine antagonized completely both hyperglycemia and hepatic glycogen depletion induced by all catecholamines. Propranolol impaired only hyperglycemic responses to A and ISP. Phentolamine antagonized hyperlipemia induced by DA and NA but only partially impaired hyperlipemia after A. Propranolol only partially antagonized hyperlipemic responses to NA and ISP without influencing DA--and A-induced hyperlipemia. The results indicate that in fed rats hyperglycemic responses to catecholamines are mediated mainly by an alpha-adrenergic receptor, and hyperlipemic responses do not fit inton the alpha-receptor or beta-receptor classification.", "PMID": 755244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9952", "title": "On the mechanisms of hypotensive action of indoramin.", "content": "Effect of indoramin in small doses on the central vasomotor loci has been studied in chloralose anesthetized cats by localizing it to the central sites. An intracerebroventricular dose of 100 micrograms or intra-vertebral arterial injection of 50 micrograms significantly inhibited the excitability of hypothalamic and medullary vasomotor loci and produced hypotension. Similarly, topical application of indoramin (0.5%) to the floor of the IV ventricle inhibited the medullary and the hypothalamic vasomotor responses but a similar application to the ventral surface of the medulla had no effect. An intrathecal dose of 100 micrograms did not inhibit the spinal compression vasmotor response. Administration of higher amounts led to inhibition of the adrenaline pressor response also, indicating a peripheral leak of the drug. Indoramin has a definite inhibitory effect on the medullary vasomotor loci which contributes to the hypotension produced by this drug.", "contents": "On the mechanisms of hypotensive action of indoramin. Effect of indoramin in small doses on the central vasomotor loci has been studied in chloralose anesthetized cats by localizing it to the central sites. An intracerebroventricular dose of 100 micrograms or intra-vertebral arterial injection of 50 micrograms significantly inhibited the excitability of hypothalamic and medullary vasomotor loci and produced hypotension. Similarly, topical application of indoramin (0.5%) to the floor of the IV ventricle inhibited the medullary and the hypothalamic vasomotor responses but a similar application to the ventral surface of the medulla had no effect. An intrathecal dose of 100 micrograms did not inhibit the spinal compression vasmotor response. Administration of higher amounts led to inhibition of the adrenaline pressor response also, indicating a peripheral leak of the drug. Indoramin has a definite inhibitory effect on the medullary vasomotor loci which contributes to the hypotension produced by this drug.", "PMID": 755245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9953", "title": "Changes of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats exposed to a mixture of nitrogen oxides and chlorine.", "content": "The activity of beta-glucuronidase (BG) was tested cytochemically in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood of rats exposed to a mixture of nitrogen oxides (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) for 12 weeks. The number of lymphocytes was reduced, the activity of BG was depressed and the enzyme was shifted from the lysosomes to the cytoplasm of these cells. A relation between the changes in the lymphocytes at the subcellular level and the immunological responses of the organism are discussed.", "contents": "Changes of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats exposed to a mixture of nitrogen oxides and chlorine. The activity of beta-glucuronidase (BG) was tested cytochemically in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood of rats exposed to a mixture of nitrogen oxides (1.22 mg/m3) and chlorine (1.02 mg/m3) for 12 weeks. The number of lymphocytes was reduced, the activity of BG was depressed and the enzyme was shifted from the lysosomes to the cytoplasm of these cells. A relation between the changes in the lymphocytes at the subcellular level and the immunological responses of the organism are discussed.", "PMID": 755246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9954", "title": "Cerebral prognostic signs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "content": "In 54 patients with circulatory arrest mainly due to ischaemic heart disease cerebral functions were tested longitudinally during primary cardiopulmonary resuscitation or basic life support. Cerebral recovery was characterized by the appearance of functions in caudorostral sequence. Cerebral prognosis was reliably assessed by the time to reappearance of respiratory movements, pupillary light, coughing--swallowing and ciliospinal reflexes, as these were regained within critical time limits of 7, 12, 23 and 26 min respectively, corresponding to the longest delay compatible with recovery of consciousness and within ultimate time limits of 15, 28, 58 and 52 min corresponding to the longest delay compatible with any cerebral recovery at all. Prognostication was currently ascertained during basic life support as reflex reappearance times were exponentially interdependent. If circulation was re-established it usually happened within less than 20 min of basic life support. Prolongation of the resuscitation attempt beyond this time occasionally resulted in a selective reestablishment of circulation (brain death) but most often resulted in a dissociated recovery of cerebral functions (cardiac death).", "contents": "Cerebral prognostic signs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In 54 patients with circulatory arrest mainly due to ischaemic heart disease cerebral functions were tested longitudinally during primary cardiopulmonary resuscitation or basic life support. Cerebral recovery was characterized by the appearance of functions in caudorostral sequence. Cerebral prognosis was reliably assessed by the time to reappearance of respiratory movements, pupillary light, coughing--swallowing and ciliospinal reflexes, as these were regained within critical time limits of 7, 12, 23 and 26 min respectively, corresponding to the longest delay compatible with recovery of consciousness and within ultimate time limits of 15, 28, 58 and 52 min corresponding to the longest delay compatible with any cerebral recovery at all. Prognostication was currently ascertained during basic life support as reflex reappearance times were exponentially interdependent. If circulation was re-established it usually happened within less than 20 min of basic life support. Prolongation of the resuscitation attempt beyond this time occasionally resulted in a selective reestablishment of circulation (brain death) but most often resulted in a dissociated recovery of cerebral functions (cardiac death).", "PMID": 755265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9955", "title": "Role of an accident flying squad in medical emergencies.", "content": "A retrospective study of medical cases attended by the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary Accident Flying Squad demonstrates that of 17 cases only two patients survived to leave hospital. Nine cases of cardiac arrest have been studied in further detail. In all of these cases it was found that diagnosis of arrest had been made before the Flying Squad was called and that the situation had become extreme before the arrival of the medical team. In every case the Flying Squad team took more than 3 min to arrive, irrespective of distance. Review of the literature appears to support the conclusion that medical teams have been of little value when called to cardiac arrest at any distance from the hospital because of the time lag. It is suggested that more sophisticated primary care should be available immediately, preferably by highly trained ambulance personnel. Medical teams would give appropriate support to such primary care.", "contents": "Role of an accident flying squad in medical emergencies. A retrospective study of medical cases attended by the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary Accident Flying Squad demonstrates that of 17 cases only two patients survived to leave hospital. Nine cases of cardiac arrest have been studied in further detail. In all of these cases it was found that diagnosis of arrest had been made before the Flying Squad was called and that the situation had become extreme before the arrival of the medical team. In every case the Flying Squad team took more than 3 min to arrive, irrespective of distance. Review of the literature appears to support the conclusion that medical teams have been of little value when called to cardiac arrest at any distance from the hospital because of the time lag. It is suggested that more sophisticated primary care should be available immediately, preferably by highly trained ambulance personnel. Medical teams would give appropriate support to such primary care.", "PMID": 755267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9956", "title": "The capnogram as a guide to the efficacy of cardiac massage.", "content": "Recordings from three patients in cardiac arrest are shown to illustrate the importance of monitoring pulmonary perfusion by means of the capnogram as a continuous guide to the cardiac output achieved by cardiac massage and resuscitation. Such monitoring allows the performance to be adjusted to obtain the maximal result.", "contents": "The capnogram as a guide to the efficacy of cardiac massage. Recordings from three patients in cardiac arrest are shown to illustrate the importance of monitoring pulmonary perfusion by means of the capnogram as a continuous guide to the cardiac output achieved by cardiac massage and resuscitation. Such monitoring allows the performance to be adjusted to obtain the maximal result.", "PMID": 755268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9957", "title": "Survival rates after serious immersion accidents in childhood.", "content": "A study of childhood survival rates, after loss of consciousness in fresh water, has been undertaken. Age-specific, sex-specific and site-specific survival rates for childhood fresh water immersion accidents are reported for the first time. The overall survival rate, after loss of consciousness in the water was 0.49; swimming pool and domestic bath tub serious immersion accidents have a survival rate of 0.60 compared with a rate of 0.05 for similar immersion accidents in creeks and rivers. Young male schoolboys have the lowest potential survival (0.20 or less) of any group. Survival rates were significantly higher during the winter (0.86) than during the warmer months (survival rate of 0.49). This gives a quantitative expression to the protection from cerebral anoxia afforded by body chilling which is not extreme. Survival rates have increased significantly over the 5 year period 1971--1975; it is considered that this is due to public education campaigns of the potential danger of water to children. The use of survival rates to measure factors which modify the pathophysiology of human drowning and near-drowning is discussed.", "contents": "Survival rates after serious immersion accidents in childhood. A study of childhood survival rates, after loss of consciousness in fresh water, has been undertaken. Age-specific, sex-specific and site-specific survival rates for childhood fresh water immersion accidents are reported for the first time. The overall survival rate, after loss of consciousness in the water was 0.49; swimming pool and domestic bath tub serious immersion accidents have a survival rate of 0.60 compared with a rate of 0.05 for similar immersion accidents in creeks and rivers. Young male schoolboys have the lowest potential survival (0.20 or less) of any group. Survival rates were significantly higher during the winter (0.86) than during the warmer months (survival rate of 0.49). This gives a quantitative expression to the protection from cerebral anoxia afforded by body chilling which is not extreme. Survival rates have increased significantly over the 5 year period 1971--1975; it is considered that this is due to public education campaigns of the potential danger of water to children. The use of survival rates to measure factors which modify the pathophysiology of human drowning and near-drowning is discussed.", "PMID": 755269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9958", "title": "Intravenous sodium lactate administration in respiratory alkalosis secondary to severe brain injuries.", "content": "In acute cerebrovascular accidents the uptake of lactate by the brain tissue is enhanced, possibly in an attempt to buffer the increased local lactic acidosis. In this paper the results obtained by the administration of the lactate in 78 cases of hyperventilatory syndromes secondary to acute brain injuries, and the biochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood, are reported.", "contents": "Intravenous sodium lactate administration in respiratory alkalosis secondary to severe brain injuries. In acute cerebrovascular accidents the uptake of lactate by the brain tissue is enhanced, possibly in an attempt to buffer the increased local lactic acidosis. In this paper the results obtained by the administration of the lactate in 78 cases of hyperventilatory syndromes secondary to acute brain injuries, and the biochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood, are reported.", "PMID": 755270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9959", "title": "Lack of enterohepatic circulation of intact biliary phosphatidylcholine in the rat.", "content": "The bile phosphatidylcholine was radioactively labelled by intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of [3H]- or [14C]-palmitic acid into bile fistula rats. The radioactive bile was infused intraduodenally into other bile fistula rats. On an average, only 1.0% of the infused radioactive phosphatidylcholine fatty acid reappeared in bile phosphatidylcholine, whereas about 68% of simultaneously infused [3H]-taurocholate was recovered over the same period of time (6 hours). There is thus no significant enterohepatic circulation of intact biliary phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Lack of enterohepatic circulation of intact biliary phosphatidylcholine in the rat. The bile phosphatidylcholine was radioactively labelled by intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of [3H]- or [14C]-palmitic acid into bile fistula rats. The radioactive bile was infused intraduodenally into other bile fistula rats. On an average, only 1.0% of the infused radioactive phosphatidylcholine fatty acid reappeared in bile phosphatidylcholine, whereas about 68% of simultaneously infused [3H]-taurocholate was recovered over the same period of time (6 hours). There is thus no significant enterohepatic circulation of intact biliary phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 755271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9960", "title": "Bran and bile: time-course of changes in normal young men given a standard dose.", "content": "Twelve healthy young men added bran 15 g twice daily to their diet and underwent aspiration of bile-rich duodenal contents at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. In the 6-week sample, but not earlier, there was a significant decrease in deoxycholate and increase in chenodeoxycholate. Bile was unsaturated with cholesterol at the beginning and remained so throughout. The delay in the action of bran may be because it reduces the formation of deoxycholate in the colon and does not merely impede its absorption.", "contents": "Bran and bile: time-course of changes in normal young men given a standard dose. Twelve healthy young men added bran 15 g twice daily to their diet and underwent aspiration of bile-rich duodenal contents at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. In the 6-week sample, but not earlier, there was a significant decrease in deoxycholate and increase in chenodeoxycholate. Bile was unsaturated with cholesterol at the beginning and remained so throughout. The delay in the action of bran may be because it reduces the formation of deoxycholate in the colon and does not merely impede its absorption.", "PMID": 755272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9961", "title": "Quantitative studies of gastrin cells (G cells) and parietal cells in relation to gastric acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The distribution of parietal cells in the body mucosa, and of G cells in the antral mucosa, was quantitatively mapped in resected stomachs from 42 patients (12 with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ucler, 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and 5 with gastric cancer) who preoperatively had had their gastric acid secretion measured. In the material as a whole there was a significant positive correlation between the parietal-cell density and maximal acid output (MAO), and a significant negative correlation between the parietal-cell density and patient age. A significant positive correlation was found between the antral G-cell mass and basal acid output (BAO). When the individual patient categories were analyzed, the correlation between parietal-cell density and MAO were significant in the group with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and in the group with gastric cancer. Correlation between parietal-cell density and age was found only in the group with duodenal ulcer and uremia. There was no correlation between the parietal-cell density and various parameters of the antral G-cell population in the material as a whole or in any of the individual groups.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of gastrin cells (G cells) and parietal cells in relation to gastric acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer disease. The distribution of parietal cells in the body mucosa, and of G cells in the antral mucosa, was quantitatively mapped in resected stomachs from 42 patients (12 with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ucler, 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and 5 with gastric cancer) who preoperatively had had their gastric acid secretion measured. In the material as a whole there was a significant positive correlation between the parietal-cell density and maximal acid output (MAO), and a significant negative correlation between the parietal-cell density and patient age. A significant positive correlation was found between the antral G-cell mass and basal acid output (BAO). When the individual patient categories were analyzed, the correlation between parietal-cell density and MAO were significant in the group with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and in the group with gastric cancer. Correlation between parietal-cell density and age was found only in the group with duodenal ulcer and uremia. There was no correlation between the parietal-cell density and various parameters of the antral G-cell population in the material as a whole or in any of the individual groups.", "PMID": 755273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9962", "title": "Acute cholestasis, hepatic failure, and fatty liver in the alcoholic.", "content": "Three alcoholic patients are described who presented with acute cholestasis and liver cell failure. In each patient the liver biopsy showed severe fatty change with cholestasis, but without typical alcoholic hepatitis. There was no evidence of extra-hepatic biliary obstruction, although one patient had chronic pancreatitis. Two of the three patients died of hepatic failure, but the third recovered and has remained well while abstaining from alcohol.", "contents": "Acute cholestasis, hepatic failure, and fatty liver in the alcoholic. Three alcoholic patients are described who presented with acute cholestasis and liver cell failure. In each patient the liver biopsy showed severe fatty change with cholestasis, but without typical alcoholic hepatitis. There was no evidence of extra-hepatic biliary obstruction, although one patient had chronic pancreatitis. Two of the three patients died of hepatic failure, but the third recovered and has remained well while abstaining from alcohol.", "PMID": 755274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9963", "title": "Gastric emptying of ingested acid and its effects on plasma gastrin and secretin in duodenal ulcer subjects.", "content": "Abnormal acid production or handling is thought to be involved in duodenal ulceration. Gastric emptying of 25 mmol hydrochloric acid (250 ml 0.1 M solution) was studied by using an isotopic method in control and ulcer subjects. Plasma gastrin and secretin levels were simultaneously measured. Gastric emptying was significantly faster in ulcer subjects using several parameters. Plasma gastrin levels were suppressed in both groups, with equivocal differences between them. Mean plasma secretin levels showed no significant elevation in controls and at only one point in ulcer subjects. Mean elevation in plasma secretin levels during intermediate phase of gastric emptying (T30-70) correlated with rate of acid loss from stomach in both groups. Regression lines were significantly different in position, however, and indicated a higher threshold for secretin release in ulcer subjects. The significance of this in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer is discussed.", "contents": "Gastric emptying of ingested acid and its effects on plasma gastrin and secretin in duodenal ulcer subjects. Abnormal acid production or handling is thought to be involved in duodenal ulceration. Gastric emptying of 25 mmol hydrochloric acid (250 ml 0.1 M solution) was studied by using an isotopic method in control and ulcer subjects. Plasma gastrin and secretin levels were simultaneously measured. Gastric emptying was significantly faster in ulcer subjects using several parameters. Plasma gastrin levels were suppressed in both groups, with equivocal differences between them. Mean plasma secretin levels showed no significant elevation in controls and at only one point in ulcer subjects. Mean elevation in plasma secretin levels during intermediate phase of gastric emptying (T30-70) correlated with rate of acid loss from stomach in both groups. Regression lines were significantly different in position, however, and indicated a higher threshold for secretin release in ulcer subjects. The significance of this in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer is discussed.", "PMID": 755276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9964", "title": "Endoscopy-related bacteremia.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of bacteremia after endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. In one out of 100 patients undergoing gastroscopy and in one out of 25 patients undergoing coloscopy, positive blood cultures could be demonstrated. In both cases anaerobe lactobacilli were recovered. No bacteremia was demonstrated in 25 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).", "contents": "Endoscopy-related bacteremia. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of bacteremia after endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. In one out of 100 patients undergoing gastroscopy and in one out of 25 patients undergoing coloscopy, positive blood cultures could be demonstrated. In both cases anaerobe lactobacilli were recovered. No bacteremia was demonstrated in 25 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).", "PMID": 755277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9965", "title": "Duodenal motility pattern in duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "The motility in the first part of the duodenum has been studied by a method combining roentgen fluorography and multiple pressure recordings in 7 normal volunteers, in 7 patients having gastric, and in 7 having duodenal, ulcer. A significantly lower number of retrograde motor sequences was found in cases with duodenal ulcer than in normals, while patients with gastric ulcers showed no such difference. This abnormality in subjects with duodenal ulcer was interpreted as a deficiency in the transport of neutralized duodenal contents from more distal parts of the duodenum up into the bulb. The abnormality can explain the earlier known lower pH in the duodenal bulb in subjects with duodenal ulcer and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Duodenal motility pattern in duodenal ulcer disease. The motility in the first part of the duodenum has been studied by a method combining roentgen fluorography and multiple pressure recordings in 7 normal volunteers, in 7 patients having gastric, and in 7 having duodenal, ulcer. A significantly lower number of retrograde motor sequences was found in cases with duodenal ulcer than in normals, while patients with gastric ulcers showed no such difference. This abnormality in subjects with duodenal ulcer was interpreted as a deficiency in the transport of neutralized duodenal contents from more distal parts of the duodenum up into the bulb. The abnormality can explain the earlier known lower pH in the duodenal bulb in subjects with duodenal ulcer and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 755278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9966", "title": "Binding of bile acids to anion-exchanging drugs in vitro.", "content": "Equal amounts of anion exchanger of the drugs, Secholex, Colestipol, Cuemid, and Questran, were incubated at 37 degrees C with human duodenal fluid containing about 7 mM total bile acid. Binding of bile acid to Qestran, which contains about 45% cholestyramine, was fastest: concentration of unbound bile acid after 2 hours was less than 3 mM compared to about 5 mM in the solutions incubated with the other drugs, including Cuemid, which contains about 83% cholestyramine. After 24 hours, differences were less marked, but binding to Qestran was still greatest. Glycocholic acid was least efficiently bound, especially to Secholex and Cuemid. The differences in rates of binding were unaffected by preincubation of the drugs with 1 N HCl to simulate stomach conditions. Although differences between the cholestyramine components of Cuemid and Questran are not ruled out, it is possible that one or more of the other components of Questran significantly affect the in vitro binding of bile acids. Cholestryramine in the form of Questran may be the drug of choice in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, in which reduction of the bile acid pool is desirable. In cholegenic diarrhoea, however, one of the drugs with lower affinity for glycocholic acid may be preferable.", "contents": "Binding of bile acids to anion-exchanging drugs in vitro. Equal amounts of anion exchanger of the drugs, Secholex, Colestipol, Cuemid, and Questran, were incubated at 37 degrees C with human duodenal fluid containing about 7 mM total bile acid. Binding of bile acid to Qestran, which contains about 45% cholestyramine, was fastest: concentration of unbound bile acid after 2 hours was less than 3 mM compared to about 5 mM in the solutions incubated with the other drugs, including Cuemid, which contains about 83% cholestyramine. After 24 hours, differences were less marked, but binding to Qestran was still greatest. Glycocholic acid was least efficiently bound, especially to Secholex and Cuemid. The differences in rates of binding were unaffected by preincubation of the drugs with 1 N HCl to simulate stomach conditions. Although differences between the cholestyramine components of Cuemid and Questran are not ruled out, it is possible that one or more of the other components of Questran significantly affect the in vitro binding of bile acids. Cholestryramine in the form of Questran may be the drug of choice in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, in which reduction of the bile acid pool is desirable. In cholegenic diarrhoea, however, one of the drugs with lower affinity for glycocholic acid may be preferable.", "PMID": 755279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9967", "title": "Gastric acid responses to adequate and modified sham feeding and to insulin hypoglycemia in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "In duodenal ulcer patients the effect of vagal activation of gastric acid secretion by the intricate procedure of adequate sham feeding for 15 min has been compared with the effects of vagal stimulation induced by more easily accomplishable methods. The comparison involved modified sham feeding for 15 min by a 'chew-and-spit' technique and insulin hypoglycemia produced by i.v. injected insulin in the doses 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 U/kg b.w. In 6 patients the peak and 2-hour acid responses to adequate sham feeding (10.7 mmol/30 min and 29.7 mmol) did not significantly differ from corresponding responses to modified sham feeding (9.1 mmol/30 min and 25.2 mmol). The peak and 2-hour acid responses to insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg (8 patients) were not significantly different from the sham-feeding responses. The 2-hour acid responses to insulin in the doses of 0.15 (6 patients) and 0.2 U/kg (17 patients) were significantly higher than the sham-feeding response. Furthermore, the peak acid response to insulin in a dose of 0.15 U/kg was significantly higher than the peak sham-feeding response. The gastric acid responses to modified sham feeding and insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg b.w. in duodenal ulcer patients seem to satisfactorily reflect physiological vagal activation of acid secretion.", "contents": "Gastric acid responses to adequate and modified sham feeding and to insulin hypoglycemia in duodenal ulcer patients. In duodenal ulcer patients the effect of vagal activation of gastric acid secretion by the intricate procedure of adequate sham feeding for 15 min has been compared with the effects of vagal stimulation induced by more easily accomplishable methods. The comparison involved modified sham feeding for 15 min by a 'chew-and-spit' technique and insulin hypoglycemia produced by i.v. injected insulin in the doses 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 U/kg b.w. In 6 patients the peak and 2-hour acid responses to adequate sham feeding (10.7 mmol/30 min and 29.7 mmol) did not significantly differ from corresponding responses to modified sham feeding (9.1 mmol/30 min and 25.2 mmol). The peak and 2-hour acid responses to insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg (8 patients) were not significantly different from the sham-feeding responses. The 2-hour acid responses to insulin in the doses of 0.15 (6 patients) and 0.2 U/kg (17 patients) were significantly higher than the sham-feeding response. Furthermore, the peak acid response to insulin in a dose of 0.15 U/kg was significantly higher than the peak sham-feeding response. The gastric acid responses to modified sham feeding and insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg b.w. in duodenal ulcer patients seem to satisfactorily reflect physiological vagal activation of acid secretion.", "PMID": 755280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9968", "title": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin: reaction to food stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin concentration were determined in the fasting state and the intake of a protein food in 6 normal subjects, 6 patients with gastric ulcer, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer. No significant differences in the fasting state were found. After the food intake, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly over basal values in normals and in patients with duodenal ulcer, but in patients with gastric ulcer a decrease in pressure was noted. Serum gastrin rose in all subjects studied after the food stimulation, but it was significant only in the gastric and duodenal ulcer group. In two normals and two patients with duodenal ulcer the ingestion of a potato meal similar in weight to the protein meal showed no change either in serum gastrin or in sphincter pressure. In one additional nromal and one duodenal ulcer, the constant intravenous infusion of Aminosol during 2 hours produced no change in serum gastrin or sphincter pressure. These results indicate that the effect of protein food on sphincter pressure is different for gastric or duodenal ulcers; furthermore, that this effect is mediated by proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin: reaction to food stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin concentration were determined in the fasting state and the intake of a protein food in 6 normal subjects, 6 patients with gastric ulcer, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer. No significant differences in the fasting state were found. After the food intake, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly over basal values in normals and in patients with duodenal ulcer, but in patients with gastric ulcer a decrease in pressure was noted. Serum gastrin rose in all subjects studied after the food stimulation, but it was significant only in the gastric and duodenal ulcer group. In two normals and two patients with duodenal ulcer the ingestion of a potato meal similar in weight to the protein meal showed no change either in serum gastrin or in sphincter pressure. In one additional nromal and one duodenal ulcer, the constant intravenous infusion of Aminosol during 2 hours produced no change in serum gastrin or sphincter pressure. These results indicate that the effect of protein food on sphincter pressure is different for gastric or duodenal ulcers; furthermore, that this effect is mediated by proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 755281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9969", "title": "Experimental studies on fluid pathophysiology in small intestinal obstruction in the rat. IV. Effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality and simultaneous intravenous infusions on mucosal micromorphology.", "content": "A hyperosmolal glucose solution was introduced into a loop of small intestine of specified length and position while intravenous infusions of varying osmolality were given at the same time. The hyperosmolal solution in the lumen caused damage primarily to the tips of the villi where sloughing of the epithelial cells was frequently seen. These defects were repaired by an increase in surface coverage by neighboring epithelial cells, which thus were reduced in height. A varying degree of edema was generally seen in the epithelial cells. The severity of these lesions was modified by intravenous infusions in inverse relationship to the osmolality of the infusions. Thus the defence mounted by the intestinal mucosa against the hyperosmolal solution in the lumen was impaired by the infusion of hypo-osmolal solutions and improved by hyperosmolal solutions. In the latter cases the mucosa maintained a practically normal histological picture.", "contents": "Experimental studies on fluid pathophysiology in small intestinal obstruction in the rat. IV. Effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality and simultaneous intravenous infusions on mucosal micromorphology. A hyperosmolal glucose solution was introduced into a loop of small intestine of specified length and position while intravenous infusions of varying osmolality were given at the same time. The hyperosmolal solution in the lumen caused damage primarily to the tips of the villi where sloughing of the epithelial cells was frequently seen. These defects were repaired by an increase in surface coverage by neighboring epithelial cells, which thus were reduced in height. A varying degree of edema was generally seen in the epithelial cells. The severity of these lesions was modified by intravenous infusions in inverse relationship to the osmolality of the infusions. Thus the defence mounted by the intestinal mucosa against the hyperosmolal solution in the lumen was impaired by the infusion of hypo-osmolal solutions and improved by hyperosmolal solutions. In the latter cases the mucosa maintained a practically normal histological picture.", "PMID": 755282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9970", "title": "Elemental analysis of frog outer segment and fuscin granule by means of x-ray microanalyzer.", "content": "Elemental analysis was made on the rod outer segments and fuscin granules in the frog eye by means of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer combined with an electron microscope. The materials were prepared from the unfixed fresh retina by means of air-dried or freeze-dried cryosection, freeze-substitution, or the freeze-drying embedding method. An outer segment in the air-dried cryosection showed P, K, S, Cl, and Ca peaks. The dry section of freeze-substituted or freeze-dried embedded outer segment showed P, K, S, and Cl; K was lost in the wet section. The fuscin granules showed prominent peaks of Ca and Zn constantly, in addition to S, Cl, Mg, K, and occasionally Cu. The K peak was also lost in the wet section.", "contents": "Elemental analysis of frog outer segment and fuscin granule by means of x-ray microanalyzer. Elemental analysis was made on the rod outer segments and fuscin granules in the frog eye by means of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer combined with an electron microscope. The materials were prepared from the unfixed fresh retina by means of air-dried or freeze-dried cryosection, freeze-substitution, or the freeze-drying embedding method. An outer segment in the air-dried cryosection showed P, K, S, Cl, and Ca peaks. The dry section of freeze-substituted or freeze-dried embedded outer segment showed P, K, S, and Cl; K was lost in the wet section. The fuscin granules showed prominent peaks of Ca and Zn constantly, in addition to S, Cl, Mg, K, and occasionally Cu. The K peak was also lost in the wet section.", "PMID": 755284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9971", "title": "Fine structure of the M\u00fcller cell revealed by high-voltage electron microscopy.", "content": "The three-dimensional organization of M\u00fcller cells in the retina of various vertebrates was investigated by means of high-voltage electron microscope stereoscopy using 2-5 micrometer-thick Golgi preparations. The alveolar compartments constituted by thin lamellar processes of the M\u00fcller cell were seen in the outer and inner nuclear layers. The radial process of the M\u00fcller cell has many irregular appendages which attenuate into thin lamellae to invade the neuropile. The functional significance of the characteristic morphological features of the M\u00fcller cell is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the M\u00fcller cell revealed by high-voltage electron microscopy. The three-dimensional organization of M\u00fcller cells in the retina of various vertebrates was investigated by means of high-voltage electron microscope stereoscopy using 2-5 micrometer-thick Golgi preparations. The alveolar compartments constituted by thin lamellar processes of the M\u00fcller cell were seen in the outer and inner nuclear layers. The radial process of the M\u00fcller cell has many irregular appendages which attenuate into thin lamellae to invade the neuropile. The functional significance of the characteristic morphological features of the M\u00fcller cell is discussed.", "PMID": 755285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9972", "title": "Light, voltage, and time-dependent components of the rod response.", "content": "Individual rods were physically isolated from the retina. Since these rods are isopotential and uncoupled from the network, measurements of light- and voltage-dependent changes in resistance at the rod membrane can be obtained. The studies show that the reversal potential for the light response is near 0 mV. The hyperpolarizing overshoot at the onset of the response persists even when the rod is hyperpolzrized with current, suggesting that the overshoot is a voltage-rather than light-dependent event. In the absence of sodium in the bathing medium, the overshoot reverses polarity near--75 mV and is associated with an increase in resistance, suggesting that it is mediated by a voltage-dependent inactivation of potassium. Strong outward rectification is blocked by TEA; inward rectification is blocked by cesium, suggesting two other voltage-dependent changes in potassium conductance. Under voltage clamp a region of negative resistance appears at the dark potential level when the rod has been previously depolarized. The possible mechanisms for negative resistance are discussed.", "contents": "Light, voltage, and time-dependent components of the rod response. Individual rods were physically isolated from the retina. Since these rods are isopotential and uncoupled from the network, measurements of light- and voltage-dependent changes in resistance at the rod membrane can be obtained. The studies show that the reversal potential for the light response is near 0 mV. The hyperpolarizing overshoot at the onset of the response persists even when the rod is hyperpolzrized with current, suggesting that the overshoot is a voltage-rather than light-dependent event. In the absence of sodium in the bathing medium, the overshoot reverses polarity near--75 mV and is associated with an increase in resistance, suggesting that it is mediated by a voltage-dependent inactivation of potassium. Strong outward rectification is blocked by TEA; inward rectification is blocked by cesium, suggesting two other voltage-dependent changes in potassium conductance. Under voltage clamp a region of negative resistance appears at the dark potential level when the rod has been previously depolarized. The possible mechanisms for negative resistance are discussed.", "PMID": 755286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9973", "title": "Electrically evoked responses (E-responses) of L-and C-type horizontal cells in the carp retina.", "content": "Electrically evoked responses (E-responses) of L-and C-type horizontal cells produced by transretinal stimulation were studied under chromatic illumination in the carp retina. From the examination of E-S relations (E-response verus S-potential) and of the shape of both responses the following results were obtained: (1) Equilibrium potential of subsynaptic membrane is estimated as 0 to 10 mV above zero membrane potential. (2) L-cells receive signals from red-and probably from green-sensitive cones and feed them back to the former. (3) The depolarizing response to red light of C-cells is produced by delayed and reversed signals from L-cells. Thus the model proposed by W.K. Stell, D. O. Lightfoot, and T. G. Wheeler (Science, 1975, 190,989-990) is supported.", "contents": "Electrically evoked responses (E-responses) of L-and C-type horizontal cells in the carp retina. Electrically evoked responses (E-responses) of L-and C-type horizontal cells produced by transretinal stimulation were studied under chromatic illumination in the carp retina. From the examination of E-S relations (E-response verus S-potential) and of the shape of both responses the following results were obtained: (1) Equilibrium potential of subsynaptic membrane is estimated as 0 to 10 mV above zero membrane potential. (2) L-cells receive signals from red-and probably from green-sensitive cones and feed them back to the former. (3) The depolarizing response to red light of C-cells is produced by delayed and reversed signals from L-cells. Thus the model proposed by W.K. Stell, D. O. Lightfoot, and T. G. Wheeler (Science, 1975, 190,989-990) is supported.", "PMID": 755288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9974", "title": "Effects of GABA on neuronal activities in the distal retina of the carp.", "content": "When a transient depolarization was evoked in horizontal cells by a transretinal current pulse, a small hyperpolarizing deflection (probably IPSP) was detected in cones. The IPSP was abolished by superfusion of the retina with GABA-containing Ringer solution, which also hyperpolarized the cones. These results suggest that, in the dark, a GABA-mediated negative feedback was operating from horizontal cells to cones, and terminated in the light. Application of GABA also caused remarkable changes in spectral response curves of horizontal cells, mainly because of suppression of responses to monochromatic lights of longer wavelengths. Therefore, it was concluded that the feedback plays an important role in mechanisms of conversion from the trichromatic process in cones to the opponent color process in horizontal cells.", "contents": "Effects of GABA on neuronal activities in the distal retina of the carp. When a transient depolarization was evoked in horizontal cells by a transretinal current pulse, a small hyperpolarizing deflection (probably IPSP) was detected in cones. The IPSP was abolished by superfusion of the retina with GABA-containing Ringer solution, which also hyperpolarized the cones. These results suggest that, in the dark, a GABA-mediated negative feedback was operating from horizontal cells to cones, and terminated in the light. Application of GABA also caused remarkable changes in spectral response curves of horizontal cells, mainly because of suppression of responses to monochromatic lights of longer wavelengths. Therefore, it was concluded that the feedback plays an important role in mechanisms of conversion from the trichromatic process in cones to the opponent color process in horizontal cells.", "PMID": 755289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9975", "title": "Inputs to bipolar cell dendrites in goldfish retina.", "content": "Goldfish mixed bipolar cells, which contact both rods and cones, comprise two types; Ma, with axon terminals in the distal sublamina(a) and Mb, with axon terminals in the proximal sublamina(b) of the inner synaptic layer. Type Ma cells make only wide-cleft junctions (WCJ), whereas type Mb cells make only narrow-cleft junctions (NCJ) with rods and cores. It follows that WCJs mediate sign-conserving synaptic transmission to the center hyperpolarizing Ma cells, whereas NCJs mediate sign-inverting transmission to the center depolarizing Mb cells. Bipolar cell (BC) surrounds may be mediated largely through horizontal cell (HC) pathways. Type Ma BCs appear to be influenced primarily through HC feedback at cones and both feedback and nonribbon feedforward contacts at rods; in contrast most Mb BCs may be influenced by both HC feedback and ribbon-associated feedforward contacts at rods and cones, accounting for the greater complexity of Mb BC surrounds. BC subtypes Mal and Mbl, which contact only red-sensitive cones (+ rods), are likely to have red-opponent (non-color-coded) surrounds mediated by H1 (L-type) cone HCs; while subtypes Ma2 and Mb2 and 3, which contact also green-sensitive cones, are likely to have red + green-opponent (color-coded) surrounds mediated by H1 and H2 (R/G C-type) cone HCs.", "contents": "Inputs to bipolar cell dendrites in goldfish retina. Goldfish mixed bipolar cells, which contact both rods and cones, comprise two types; Ma, with axon terminals in the distal sublamina(a) and Mb, with axon terminals in the proximal sublamina(b) of the inner synaptic layer. Type Ma cells make only wide-cleft junctions (WCJ), whereas type Mb cells make only narrow-cleft junctions (NCJ) with rods and cores. It follows that WCJs mediate sign-conserving synaptic transmission to the center hyperpolarizing Ma cells, whereas NCJs mediate sign-inverting transmission to the center depolarizing Mb cells. Bipolar cell (BC) surrounds may be mediated largely through horizontal cell (HC) pathways. Type Ma BCs appear to be influenced primarily through HC feedback at cones and both feedback and nonribbon feedforward contacts at rods; in contrast most Mb BCs may be influenced by both HC feedback and ribbon-associated feedforward contacts at rods and cones, accounting for the greater complexity of Mb BC surrounds. BC subtypes Mal and Mbl, which contact only red-sensitive cones (+ rods), are likely to have red-opponent (non-color-coded) surrounds mediated by H1 (L-type) cone HCs; while subtypes Ma2 and Mb2 and 3, which contact also green-sensitive cones, are likely to have red + green-opponent (color-coded) surrounds mediated by H1 and H2 (R/G C-type) cone HCs.", "PMID": 755290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9976", "title": "Ionic mechanisms underlying the center and surround responses of on-center bipolar cells in the carp retina.", "content": "Reversal potentials were measured for the center and surround responses of on-center bipolar cells in the carp retina. In the scotopic condition, the center response showed a reversal at 29 +/- 13mV, the surround response at 38 +/- 13 mV. The result suggests that both the center and surround responses were -53 +/- 11 mV and -59 +/- 11 mV, respectively. These responses were sensitive to the red light. It is therefore suggested that both the center and surround responses contributed by rods are mediated by changes in conductance of Na+ channels but in opposite ways. In the photopic condition, reversal potentials of the center and surround responses contributed by red cones are mediated by changes in conductance of K+ and/or Cl- channels, but in opposite ways. The responses in the mesopic condition showed the complex electrical properties as a consequence of interaction between the two ionic components described above.", "contents": "Ionic mechanisms underlying the center and surround responses of on-center bipolar cells in the carp retina. Reversal potentials were measured for the center and surround responses of on-center bipolar cells in the carp retina. In the scotopic condition, the center response showed a reversal at 29 +/- 13mV, the surround response at 38 +/- 13 mV. The result suggests that both the center and surround responses were -53 +/- 11 mV and -59 +/- 11 mV, respectively. These responses were sensitive to the red light. It is therefore suggested that both the center and surround responses contributed by rods are mediated by changes in conductance of Na+ channels but in opposite ways. In the photopic condition, reversal potentials of the center and surround responses contributed by red cones are mediated by changes in conductance of K+ and/or Cl- channels, but in opposite ways. The responses in the mesopic condition showed the complex electrical properties as a consequence of interaction between the two ionic components described above.", "PMID": 755291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9977", "title": "Receptive field arrangement of color-opponent bipolar and amacrine cells in the carp retina.", "content": "Seven color-opponent bipolar and 50 color-opponent amacrine cells were identified in the carp retina and their spectral responses examined by using procion-dye-filled micropipets for staining and recording. Four of the bipolar cells had a +R-G-and three a +Y-B-type chromatic center. Six of the bipolar cells showed hyperpolarizing non-color-opponent surrounds, while one +R-G-type cell had a +Y-RB-type surround. This cell showed the greatest complexity of all bipolar cells identified so far, and its spectral property strongly suggests the existence of an intimate relation between it and +Y-RB-type horizontal cells. Examination and classification of the 50 amacrine cells revealed that 17 belonged to the +R-G, 16 to the -R+G, 6 to the +Y-B, and 11 to the -Y + B type. Most of these cells showed non-color-opponent surrounds. Yet, the similarity of the chromatic arrangement of their centers with that of the ganglion cells shows that the four basic types of color channels are already in existence in the amacrine cells where they seem to originate.", "contents": "Receptive field arrangement of color-opponent bipolar and amacrine cells in the carp retina. Seven color-opponent bipolar and 50 color-opponent amacrine cells were identified in the carp retina and their spectral responses examined by using procion-dye-filled micropipets for staining and recording. Four of the bipolar cells had a +R-G-and three a +Y-B-type chromatic center. Six of the bipolar cells showed hyperpolarizing non-color-opponent surrounds, while one +R-G-type cell had a +Y-RB-type surround. This cell showed the greatest complexity of all bipolar cells identified so far, and its spectral property strongly suggests the existence of an intimate relation between it and +Y-RB-type horizontal cells. Examination and classification of the 50 amacrine cells revealed that 17 belonged to the +R-G, 16 to the -R+G, 6 to the +Y-B, and 11 to the -Y + B type. Most of these cells showed non-color-opponent surrounds. Yet, the similarity of the chromatic arrangement of their centers with that of the ganglion cells shows that the four basic types of color channels are already in existence in the amacrine cells where they seem to originate.", "PMID": 755292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9978", "title": "Effects of catecholamines on the horizontal cell membrane potential in the fish retina.", "content": "The effects of catecholamines (CA) and certain related compounds on the horizontal cell membrane potential were examined in the retina of the teleost (Eugerres plumieri). Each CA compound (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) had a similar effect on each class of horizontal cell (photopic L- and C-type, scotopic L-type). The threshold effect, seen with 25-50 microM CA, was an enlargement of both center and surround responses in general. At higher concentrations (100-200 microM), CA augmented the center response and attenuated the surround considerably; these reciprocal changes usually were associated with moderate depolarization. Recovery took place in 15-20 min. The results indicate that up to a certain concentration CA do not affect directly the transmission from photoreceptors to horizontal cells. The lateral propagation of S-potential, however, appears selectively affected by CA. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline, 5-hydroxydopamine, and serotonin caused the same effect on horizontal cells as CA. Reserpine, clonidine, and L-dopa mimic the CA effect only after prior application of CA. Phentolamine blocked while propranolol, haloperidol, and pimozide did not influence the DA effect. We conclude that alpha-adrenergic receptors probably are involved in the CA-induced changes observed in horizontal cells.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines on the horizontal cell membrane potential in the fish retina. The effects of catecholamines (CA) and certain related compounds on the horizontal cell membrane potential were examined in the retina of the teleost (Eugerres plumieri). Each CA compound (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) had a similar effect on each class of horizontal cell (photopic L- and C-type, scotopic L-type). The threshold effect, seen with 25-50 microM CA, was an enlargement of both center and surround responses in general. At higher concentrations (100-200 microM), CA augmented the center response and attenuated the surround considerably; these reciprocal changes usually were associated with moderate depolarization. Recovery took place in 15-20 min. The results indicate that up to a certain concentration CA do not affect directly the transmission from photoreceptors to horizontal cells. The lateral propagation of S-potential, however, appears selectively affected by CA. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline, 5-hydroxydopamine, and serotonin caused the same effect on horizontal cells as CA. Reserpine, clonidine, and L-dopa mimic the CA effect only after prior application of CA. Phentolamine blocked while propranolol, haloperidol, and pimozide did not influence the DA effect. We conclude that alpha-adrenergic receptors probably are involved in the CA-induced changes observed in horizontal cells.", "PMID": 755294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9979", "title": "Therapeutic results and complications of thoracic operations. Part I.", "content": "The therapeutic results and complications of 557 thoracic operations are evaluated. 94.4% of the patients recovered, 2.7% improved and 2.9% died. There appears to be a significant correlation between the therapeutic results, the diagnosis and the type of operation. The 7.0% wound infections were closely related to the age of the patient. The postoperative respiratory complications observed in 11.5% of the cases were in close relation to the diagnosis. The causes leading to respiratory complications and the length of the febrile period are discussed in detail, and the results are assessed in the light of data in the literature.", "contents": "Therapeutic results and complications of thoracic operations. Part I. The therapeutic results and complications of 557 thoracic operations are evaluated. 94.4% of the patients recovered, 2.7% improved and 2.9% died. There appears to be a significant correlation between the therapeutic results, the diagnosis and the type of operation. The 7.0% wound infections were closely related to the age of the patient. The postoperative respiratory complications observed in 11.5% of the cases were in close relation to the diagnosis. The causes leading to respiratory complications and the length of the febrile period are discussed in detail, and the results are assessed in the light of data in the literature.", "PMID": 755315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9980", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on the results and complications or thoracic operations. Par II.", "content": "The role of antibiotics in the therapeutical result and in the postoperative complications was studied after 557 thoracic operations. It was found that antibiotics have no decisive role in the therapeutic result and there was no difference in the incidence of wound infections between the groups treated with different antibiotics. The principles and practice of treatment of would infections and pyothorax are discussed in detail. No relationship was found between the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications and the various drug treatments. Prevention and treatment of postoperative respiratory complications are discussed. The length of the febrile period was independent of the antibiotics applied. Their time of application, the problem of changing drugs and their side-effects after thoracic operations are analyzed.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on the results and complications or thoracic operations. Par II. The role of antibiotics in the therapeutical result and in the postoperative complications was studied after 557 thoracic operations. It was found that antibiotics have no decisive role in the therapeutic result and there was no difference in the incidence of wound infections between the groups treated with different antibiotics. The principles and practice of treatment of would infections and pyothorax are discussed in detail. No relationship was found between the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications and the various drug treatments. Prevention and treatment of postoperative respiratory complications are discussed. The length of the febrile period was independent of the antibiotics applied. Their time of application, the problem of changing drugs and their side-effects after thoracic operations are analyzed.", "PMID": 755316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9981", "title": "Prophylactic application of antibiotics in thoracic surgery. Part III.", "content": "After a review of the literature on antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery the authors present their own procedure, and point out the lack of difference between the therapeutic results and the incidence of complications in the groups treated with various antibiotics, and the control groups. Thus, routine prophylaxis is out-of-date, superfluous and even harmful in thoracic surgery. They are against preventive application in every case, but do not claim that antibiotics should never be applied. Pulmonary operations might be considered potentially infected; this, however, is not the same as an indication for prophylaxis. In thoracic surgery, preventive treatment is determined by individual indications and should always be of the aimed type. Antibiotics are dear, but their high price must not prevent their use, though the financial aspects of superfluously performed antibiotic prevention are not negligible.", "contents": "Prophylactic application of antibiotics in thoracic surgery. Part III. After a review of the literature on antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery the authors present their own procedure, and point out the lack of difference between the therapeutic results and the incidence of complications in the groups treated with various antibiotics, and the control groups. Thus, routine prophylaxis is out-of-date, superfluous and even harmful in thoracic surgery. They are against preventive application in every case, but do not claim that antibiotics should never be applied. Pulmonary operations might be considered potentially infected; this, however, is not the same as an indication for prophylaxis. In thoracic surgery, preventive treatment is determined by individual indications and should always be of the aimed type. Antibiotics are dear, but their high price must not prevent their use, though the financial aspects of superfluously performed antibiotic prevention are not negligible.", "PMID": 755317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9982", "title": "[Changes in the Na+, K+, and Ca++ concentrations in the urine in the course of surgical interventions].", "content": "The tests were carried out on 27 surgical patients. Diuresis and the Na, K and Ca concentrations in the urine were measured before, during and after operation. Due to operational stress and to the drugs used for general anaesthesia diuresis decreases progressively during operation and compared to the conscious state the amount of cations excreted during operations is significantly lower. Decrease of the serum potassium and calcium levels is not explained with the quantity of ions excreted with the urine.", "contents": "[Changes in the Na+, K+, and Ca++ concentrations in the urine in the course of surgical interventions]. The tests were carried out on 27 surgical patients. Diuresis and the Na, K and Ca concentrations in the urine were measured before, during and after operation. Due to operational stress and to the drugs used for general anaesthesia diuresis decreases progressively during operation and compared to the conscious state the amount of cations excreted during operations is significantly lower. Decrease of the serum potassium and calcium levels is not explained with the quantity of ions excreted with the urine.", "PMID": 755318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9983", "title": "[Cryosurgery of anorectal cancer and the freezing-induced changes].", "content": "Inoperable ano-rectal cancers were treated with cryo-surgery supplemented in suitable cases with brachy-radiotherapy. An account is given of the authors' clinical experience and of the morphological changes caused by cryotherapy at -130 degrees to -140 degrees C. In some cases treatment resulted in epithelisation of the tumourous ulcer and in a more than two-year survival of patients in the 70 to 80 age group. The macroscopic picture was characterized by stasis oedema, followed by the necrosis of the tumour, while the light and electron microscopic pictures showed lesions of the cell membrane system -- particularly of the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi's apparatus -- which was more marked in the tumour cells than in the cells of the surrounding intact mucous membrane. The destruction of the tumour cells is brought into relation with this finding. Laminarly growing, not deeply infiltrated tumours whose cranial edge can be reached with the finger seem to be suited to cryo-surgery.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery of anorectal cancer and the freezing-induced changes]. Inoperable ano-rectal cancers were treated with cryo-surgery supplemented in suitable cases with brachy-radiotherapy. An account is given of the authors' clinical experience and of the morphological changes caused by cryotherapy at -130 degrees to -140 degrees C. In some cases treatment resulted in epithelisation of the tumourous ulcer and in a more than two-year survival of patients in the 70 to 80 age group. The macroscopic picture was characterized by stasis oedema, followed by the necrosis of the tumour, while the light and electron microscopic pictures showed lesions of the cell membrane system -- particularly of the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi's apparatus -- which was more marked in the tumour cells than in the cells of the surrounding intact mucous membrane. The destruction of the tumour cells is brought into relation with this finding. Laminarly growing, not deeply infiltrated tumours whose cranial edge can be reached with the finger seem to be suited to cryo-surgery.", "PMID": 755319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9984", "title": "Bilateral testicular tumours.", "content": "After discussing the frequency of bilateral testicular tumours, attention is drawn to their rising incidence. In the 10 year period 1967 to 1976, three patients with bilateral testicular tumour were treated at the Department of Urology of the University Medical School of P\u00e9cs. Two had successively appearing bilateral seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, in the third patient simultaneously a malignant lymphoma appeared. As regards the question whether bilateral testicular tumours are two independent primary tumours or one is a metastastatic growth, presence of two primary tumours is assumed. The special features of therapy and prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral testicular tumours. After discussing the frequency of bilateral testicular tumours, attention is drawn to their rising incidence. In the 10 year period 1967 to 1976, three patients with bilateral testicular tumour were treated at the Department of Urology of the University Medical School of P\u00e9cs. Two had successively appearing bilateral seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, in the third patient simultaneously a malignant lymphoma appeared. As regards the question whether bilateral testicular tumours are two independent primary tumours or one is a metastastatic growth, presence of two primary tumours is assumed. The special features of therapy and prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 755320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9985", "title": "[Gluteal fistula that developed spontaneously from pyonephrosis].", "content": "A case is described in which pyonephrosis of 21 months standing has caused gluteal fistula by spontaneously breaking through the deep dorsal musculature. Though the patient has been hospitalized in the surgical ward and treated as out-patient in the specialized surgery for gluteal abscess, i.e. fistula, pyonephrosis maintaining of the fistula was detected and treated only after 18 months. After nephrectomy the fistula closed spontaneously and the patient was cured when leaving the hospital.", "contents": "[Gluteal fistula that developed spontaneously from pyonephrosis]. A case is described in which pyonephrosis of 21 months standing has caused gluteal fistula by spontaneously breaking through the deep dorsal musculature. Though the patient has been hospitalized in the surgical ward and treated as out-patient in the specialized surgery for gluteal abscess, i.e. fistula, pyonephrosis maintaining of the fistula was detected and treated only after 18 months. After nephrectomy the fistula closed spontaneously and the patient was cured when leaving the hospital.", "PMID": 755321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9986", "title": "The amount of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and Ca in rat liver and their relation to cytosol proteins.", "content": "The amount of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and Ca in rat liver samples was analysed by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and the association of Zn, Fe and Mg to cytosol proteins was studied by ultrafiltration. Nearly all of the Zn and Fe attached tightly to the protein molecules, while more than 30% of Mg was found to be \"free\" (ultrafilterable) in the cytosol.", "contents": "The amount of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and Ca in rat liver and their relation to cytosol proteins. The amount of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and Ca in rat liver samples was analysed by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and the association of Zn, Fe and Mg to cytosol proteins was studied by ultrafiltration. Nearly all of the Zn and Fe attached tightly to the protein molecules, while more than 30% of Mg was found to be \"free\" (ultrafilterable) in the cytosol.", "PMID": 755325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9987", "title": "Demonstration of a lag period in the time-course of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "content": "At low thiamine pyrophosphate concentrations the time-course of the reaction catalyzed by mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex shows a lag period of some minutes when the reaction is started by either enzyme, pyruvate or thiamine pyrophosphate. However, started by CoASH or NAD+, the lag period disappears. An increase in enzyme concentration to 25 mU/ml causes a concomitant shortening of the duration of the lag period (tau), while above this value tau is independent of the enzyme concentration. An increase in thiamine pyrophosphate concentration decreases the value of tau and the lag period vanishes at infinite thiamine pyrophosphate concentration. It is suggested that both isomerization and aggregation-dissociation reactions may play an improtant role in the development of the lag period of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "contents": "Demonstration of a lag period in the time-course of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. At low thiamine pyrophosphate concentrations the time-course of the reaction catalyzed by mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex shows a lag period of some minutes when the reaction is started by either enzyme, pyruvate or thiamine pyrophosphate. However, started by CoASH or NAD+, the lag period disappears. An increase in enzyme concentration to 25 mU/ml causes a concomitant shortening of the duration of the lag period (tau), while above this value tau is independent of the enzyme concentration. An increase in thiamine pyrophosphate concentration decreases the value of tau and the lag period vanishes at infinite thiamine pyrophosphate concentration. It is suggested that both isomerization and aggregation-dissociation reactions may play an improtant role in the development of the lag period of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "PMID": 755326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9988", "title": "Steroid spectrum in human urine as revealed by gas chromatography. II. Quantitative analysis of C19--C21O2-3 steroids.", "content": "The amounts of C19-C21O2-3 steroids excreted in the urine was determined in 35 individuals representing a normal healthy fraction of the adult population. The metabolites were determined after acid hydrolysis and simultaneous toluene extraction, in the form of acetyl derivatives, under isothermic conditions, on two columns. For the quantitative determination of the components and for ensuring reliability, two internal standards were applied. The preparatory steps, beginning with extraction from acidic media, were controlled by the addition to the urine of 4 beta, 5 beta-epoxycholestanone as a \"marker\" internal standard, while the \"measurement\" standard applied in gas chromatography was 5 alpha-cholestane. Quantitative measurements were carried out on a SE-30 column, androsterone and etiocholanolone were separated on a CHDMS column; the reliability of the determinations was checked by statistical analysis. The physiological values of some 8-9 of the most important steroid metabolites excreted in the urine, as averaged from the values measured for 23 women and 12 men, are discussed and compared with the data in the literature.", "contents": "Steroid spectrum in human urine as revealed by gas chromatography. II. Quantitative analysis of C19--C21O2-3 steroids. The amounts of C19-C21O2-3 steroids excreted in the urine was determined in 35 individuals representing a normal healthy fraction of the adult population. The metabolites were determined after acid hydrolysis and simultaneous toluene extraction, in the form of acetyl derivatives, under isothermic conditions, on two columns. For the quantitative determination of the components and for ensuring reliability, two internal standards were applied. The preparatory steps, beginning with extraction from acidic media, were controlled by the addition to the urine of 4 beta, 5 beta-epoxycholestanone as a \"marker\" internal standard, while the \"measurement\" standard applied in gas chromatography was 5 alpha-cholestane. Quantitative measurements were carried out on a SE-30 column, androsterone and etiocholanolone were separated on a CHDMS column; the reliability of the determinations was checked by statistical analysis. The physiological values of some 8-9 of the most important steroid metabolites excreted in the urine, as averaged from the values measured for 23 women and 12 men, are discussed and compared with the data in the literature.", "PMID": 755327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9989", "title": "Tracer kinetic studies on in vivo fatty acid metabolism in white adipose tissue of well-fed and starving newborn rabbits during acute or prolonged exposure to cold.", "content": "Pool size (M), and specific radioactivities (SA) of lipids of white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as the flow rates (ms) of free fatty acids (FFA) from plasma into WAT were studied by injecting 14C-1-palmitate (20.10(6) cpm/100 g body weight) into 7-day-old rabbits reared in a thermoneutral (Group I) or a cold environment (Group II) or subjected to starvation at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 35 degrees C (Group III) or at Ta 20 degrees C (Group IV). Experiments were carried out at Ta 20 degrees C in all four groups of rabbits. The pool size of esterified and non-esterified fatty acids of WAT was reduced in both the well-fed animals raised in the cold and in the starving ones. The SA of tissue FFA and phospholipid fatty acid (PL-FA) was highest in Group III and Group IV indicating an increased FFA metabolism of WAT in animals subjected to starvation prior to acute exposure to cold. The flow rate (ms) of FFA between plasma and WAT increased twofold in Group IV but remained about one fifth that of the ms between plasma and brown adipose tissue (BAT) indicating that the contribution of WAT to cold-induced calorigenesis of the whole animal must be regarded as of secondary importance.", "contents": "Tracer kinetic studies on in vivo fatty acid metabolism in white adipose tissue of well-fed and starving newborn rabbits during acute or prolonged exposure to cold. Pool size (M), and specific radioactivities (SA) of lipids of white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as the flow rates (ms) of free fatty acids (FFA) from plasma into WAT were studied by injecting 14C-1-palmitate (20.10(6) cpm/100 g body weight) into 7-day-old rabbits reared in a thermoneutral (Group I) or a cold environment (Group II) or subjected to starvation at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 35 degrees C (Group III) or at Ta 20 degrees C (Group IV). Experiments were carried out at Ta 20 degrees C in all four groups of rabbits. The pool size of esterified and non-esterified fatty acids of WAT was reduced in both the well-fed animals raised in the cold and in the starving ones. The SA of tissue FFA and phospholipid fatty acid (PL-FA) was highest in Group III and Group IV indicating an increased FFA metabolism of WAT in animals subjected to starvation prior to acute exposure to cold. The flow rate (ms) of FFA between plasma and WAT increased twofold in Group IV but remained about one fifth that of the ms between plasma and brown adipose tissue (BAT) indicating that the contribution of WAT to cold-induced calorigenesis of the whole animal must be regarded as of secondary importance.", "PMID": 755329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9990", "title": "Adaptive processes in child and adolescent swimmers. Blood coagulation and viscosity.", "content": "Multifactorial studies were performed in child and adolescent swimmers in the early period of training and in a submaximum state of training in the year's racing period. Blood coagulation, viscosity, acidity, protein metabolism, muscle enzymes, ions, haematologic, cardiac and endocrine parameters have been investigated. In the early period of training, physical exercise resulted in fibrinolysis, and a decrease in the fibrinogen and prothrombin levels and the platelet count. The same exercise in fully-trained organisms failed to produce such changes. Data concerning acidity, protein metabolism, muscle enzymes, ions, haematologic, cardiac and endocrine parameters will be published in subsequent papers.", "contents": "Adaptive processes in child and adolescent swimmers. Blood coagulation and viscosity. Multifactorial studies were performed in child and adolescent swimmers in the early period of training and in a submaximum state of training in the year's racing period. Blood coagulation, viscosity, acidity, protein metabolism, muscle enzymes, ions, haematologic, cardiac and endocrine parameters have been investigated. In the early period of training, physical exercise resulted in fibrinolysis, and a decrease in the fibrinogen and prothrombin levels and the platelet count. The same exercise in fully-trained organisms failed to produce such changes. Data concerning acidity, protein metabolism, muscle enzymes, ions, haematologic, cardiac and endocrine parameters will be published in subsequent papers.", "PMID": 755330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9991", "title": "Effect of stress on activity of the serotoninergic system in limbic brain structures and its correlation with pituitary-adrenal function in the rat.", "content": "Fifteen min after ether stress, the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content of the rat hypothalamus decreased, while after electric shock no decline was noted in the mesencephalon and the hypothalamus. At 30 min an increase occurred in the mesencephalon and amygdala and at 60 min in the hypothalamus after both stressors. Fifteen min after electric shock the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content was increased in the amygdala, while after both stressors in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus 30 min and after ether stress in the amygdala. In the hippocampus and the septum the 5-HT or 5-HIIA content was unaffected by either type of stress. 5-HT turnover decreased between 10 and 20 min after ether stress in the hypothalamus and after electric shock in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus. Between 50 and 60 min after electric shock, 5-HT turnover increased in the mesencephalon. Other brain areas showed no significant difference from the control 5-HT value. 3H-5-HT uptake decreased in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus 20 min after ether stress, but returned to normal after 60 min. The plasma corticosterone level was highest at 30 min after both stressors and returned to normal 90 min after stress. Therefore, the stress-induced decrease of serotoninergic activity in certain limbic brain structures, especially in the hypothalamus, suggests an inverse relationship with pituitary-adrenal activity. This finding would further support the concept that the serotoninergic system plays an inhibitory role in pituitary-adrenal function.", "contents": "Effect of stress on activity of the serotoninergic system in limbic brain structures and its correlation with pituitary-adrenal function in the rat. Fifteen min after ether stress, the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content of the rat hypothalamus decreased, while after electric shock no decline was noted in the mesencephalon and the hypothalamus. At 30 min an increase occurred in the mesencephalon and amygdala and at 60 min in the hypothalamus after both stressors. Fifteen min after electric shock the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content was increased in the amygdala, while after both stressors in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus 30 min and after ether stress in the amygdala. In the hippocampus and the septum the 5-HT or 5-HIIA content was unaffected by either type of stress. 5-HT turnover decreased between 10 and 20 min after ether stress in the hypothalamus and after electric shock in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus. Between 50 and 60 min after electric shock, 5-HT turnover increased in the mesencephalon. Other brain areas showed no significant difference from the control 5-HT value. 3H-5-HT uptake decreased in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus 20 min after ether stress, but returned to normal after 60 min. The plasma corticosterone level was highest at 30 min after both stressors and returned to normal 90 min after stress. Therefore, the stress-induced decrease of serotoninergic activity in certain limbic brain structures, especially in the hypothalamus, suggests an inverse relationship with pituitary-adrenal activity. This finding would further support the concept that the serotoninergic system plays an inhibitory role in pituitary-adrenal function.", "PMID": 755331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9992", "title": "Local blood flow of the hypothalamus in haemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "Local blood flow of the hypothalamus (HBF) was measured by the hydrogen clearance method in anaesthetized dogs. The average value for HBF in normal controls was 0.64 +/- 0.05 ml/g/min, which compares favourably with values available in the literature. During haemorrhagic hypotension induced by a modified Wiggers method there occurred a marked reduction of HBF to 52% of the initial control value at a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 55--60 mm Hg and to 44% at 35--40 mm Hg. Prevention of concomitant extracellular acidosis by infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution during the hypotensive period resulted in a significantly smaller decrease in HBF as compared to an untreated control group, and a significant protection of HBF was also found at 55--60 mm Hg MABP in the bicarbonate treated group, but not in controls treated with physiologic saline. Hypothalamic tissue hypoxia was inevitable in untreated bled animals due to insufficient circulatory transport, while evidence suggested that the metabolism might have remained unaltered in the group protected against acidosis during haemorrhage. Analysis of the control of local hypothalamic blood flow revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.7026, p less than 0.001) between HBF and arterial blood pH in severe hypotension which is outside the autoregulatory blood pressure domain.", "contents": "Local blood flow of the hypothalamus in haemorrhagic hypotension. Local blood flow of the hypothalamus (HBF) was measured by the hydrogen clearance method in anaesthetized dogs. The average value for HBF in normal controls was 0.64 +/- 0.05 ml/g/min, which compares favourably with values available in the literature. During haemorrhagic hypotension induced by a modified Wiggers method there occurred a marked reduction of HBF to 52% of the initial control value at a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 55--60 mm Hg and to 44% at 35--40 mm Hg. Prevention of concomitant extracellular acidosis by infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution during the hypotensive period resulted in a significantly smaller decrease in HBF as compared to an untreated control group, and a significant protection of HBF was also found at 55--60 mm Hg MABP in the bicarbonate treated group, but not in controls treated with physiologic saline. Hypothalamic tissue hypoxia was inevitable in untreated bled animals due to insufficient circulatory transport, while evidence suggested that the metabolism might have remained unaltered in the group protected against acidosis during haemorrhage. Analysis of the control of local hypothalamic blood flow revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.7026, p less than 0.001) between HBF and arterial blood pH in severe hypotension which is outside the autoregulatory blood pressure domain.", "PMID": 755332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9993", "title": "Characteristics of blood pressure and nictitating membrane reflexes elicited by electric stimulation of sciatic nerve in conscious and in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP) reflexes and contractions of the nicitating membrane (NM) elicited by sustained (60 sec) stimulation of the sciatic nerve have been simultaneously recorded in gallamine immobilized conscious cats and following the administration of chloralose-urethane (50 and 300 mg/kg, respectively). By varying the stimulation parameters in a wide range, voltage and frequency characteristics of BP and NM reflexes have been plotted. In order to reduce the great number of possible BP-characteristics, the \"dose\" of stimulation (the product of voltage, impulse duration, frequency and of the stimulation period) has been introduced to plot \"dose\"-response curves. Differences in the BP and NM responses, and between awake and anaesthetized states as well as their probable causes are discussed. On the basis of the characteristic curves, a complex consisting of two facilitatory and at least one inhibitory mechanism has been supposed to be involved in the CNS integration of somato-sympathetic reflexes.", "contents": "Characteristics of blood pressure and nictitating membrane reflexes elicited by electric stimulation of sciatic nerve in conscious and in anaesthetized cats. Blood pressure (BP) reflexes and contractions of the nicitating membrane (NM) elicited by sustained (60 sec) stimulation of the sciatic nerve have been simultaneously recorded in gallamine immobilized conscious cats and following the administration of chloralose-urethane (50 and 300 mg/kg, respectively). By varying the stimulation parameters in a wide range, voltage and frequency characteristics of BP and NM reflexes have been plotted. In order to reduce the great number of possible BP-characteristics, the \"dose\" of stimulation (the product of voltage, impulse duration, frequency and of the stimulation period) has been introduced to plot \"dose\"-response curves. Differences in the BP and NM responses, and between awake and anaesthetized states as well as their probable causes are discussed. On the basis of the characteristic curves, a complex consisting of two facilitatory and at least one inhibitory mechanism has been supposed to be involved in the CNS integration of somato-sympathetic reflexes.", "PMID": 755334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9994", "title": "Influence of phenobarbital pretreatment on biliary rose bengal excretion in rats.", "content": "Plasma concentration, hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of intravenously administered rose bengal was determined in rats pretreated with phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) daily, for four days). After an initial (0--16 min) rapid fall in plasma rose bengal concentration caused by hepatic uptake of the dye, the curves in control and pretreated rats did  not differ from each other either after administration of a small (5 mg/kg) or a large (50 mg/kg) dose. Hepatic rose bengal concentration was significantly lower in pretreated animals than in the control group. Since liver weight was higher in the phenobarbital pretreated animals than in the controls, the total amount of rose bengal taken up by the liver did not differ in the two groups. The biliary excretion of low dose (5 mg/kg) rose bengal was significantly higher in phenobarbital pretreated than in the control rats but with doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg no difference was observed. These doses of rose bengal diminished the increased bile flow caused by phenobarbital.", "contents": "Influence of phenobarbital pretreatment on biliary rose bengal excretion in rats. Plasma concentration, hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of intravenously administered rose bengal was determined in rats pretreated with phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) daily, for four days). After an initial (0--16 min) rapid fall in plasma rose bengal concentration caused by hepatic uptake of the dye, the curves in control and pretreated rats did  not differ from each other either after administration of a small (5 mg/kg) or a large (50 mg/kg) dose. Hepatic rose bengal concentration was significantly lower in pretreated animals than in the control group. Since liver weight was higher in the phenobarbital pretreated animals than in the controls, the total amount of rose bengal taken up by the liver did not differ in the two groups. The biliary excretion of low dose (5 mg/kg) rose bengal was significantly higher in phenobarbital pretreated than in the control rats but with doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg no difference was observed. These doses of rose bengal diminished the increased bile flow caused by phenobarbital.", "PMID": 755336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9995", "title": "Spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes.", "content": "Spatial interactions of depressor and pressor reflexes evoked by unilateral and bilateral stimulation of various and somatic afferents were analysed in chloralase-pentobarbital or pentobarbital anaesthetized cats. It has beed found that the dynamics of the spatial interactions can be described by regression equations as a function of the size of the responses evoked by separate stimulation. The angle of inclination and the position of the regression line in the coordinate systems is influenced by the type of reflex, the anaesthetic used and the functional state of the animal. At standard conditions the relations are reproducible. Sagittal splitting of the medulla and the pons did not essentially alter the character of the interaction. The forms of the interactions were unaffected by previous stimulations.", "contents": "Spatial interactions of blood pressure reflexes. Spatial interactions of depressor and pressor reflexes evoked by unilateral and bilateral stimulation of various and somatic afferents were analysed in chloralase-pentobarbital or pentobarbital anaesthetized cats. It has beed found that the dynamics of the spatial interactions can be described by regression equations as a function of the size of the responses evoked by separate stimulation. The angle of inclination and the position of the regression line in the coordinate systems is influenced by the type of reflex, the anaesthetic used and the functional state of the animal. At standard conditions the relations are reproducible. Sagittal splitting of the medulla and the pons did not essentially alter the character of the interaction. The forms of the interactions were unaffected by previous stimulations.", "PMID": 755337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9996", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effect of disopyramide injected into the sinus nodal artery.", "content": "In a anaesthetized dogs, the antiarrhythmic drug disopyramide was injected directly into the sinus nodal artery in doses that ranged from 10 to 200 microgram/ml. Lower concentrations of the drug induced a non-significant increase in sinus rate of atropinic origin and were incapable of blocking atrial fibrillation induced by 10 microgram/ml of acetylcholine injected into the sinus modal artery. Only concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml of the drug, which caused bradycardia, proved to be effective in preventing the arrhythmia. It is concluded that the antidyshythmic effect of disopyramide in sinus arrhythmia is a consequence of a direct negative chronotropic effect opposite to its known atropinic effect.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effect of disopyramide injected into the sinus nodal artery. In a anaesthetized dogs, the antiarrhythmic drug disopyramide was injected directly into the sinus nodal artery in doses that ranged from 10 to 200 microgram/ml. Lower concentrations of the drug induced a non-significant increase in sinus rate of atropinic origin and were incapable of blocking atrial fibrillation induced by 10 microgram/ml of acetylcholine injected into the sinus modal artery. Only concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml of the drug, which caused bradycardia, proved to be effective in preventing the arrhythmia. It is concluded that the antidyshythmic effect of disopyramide in sinus arrhythmia is a consequence of a direct negative chronotropic effect opposite to its known atropinic effect.", "PMID": 755338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9997", "title": "Investigation of copulative activity in male rats in chronic experiment.", "content": "Copulative activity of 28 male Wistar rats was investigated for one year at 6 to 8 day intervals. Metholds have been worked out for the selection of sexually active males. It was found that it is possible to investigate copulative activity permanently in a selected population of male rats. The sexual activity index number of intromissions/time of ejaculation can be applied to the 15-minute test. In order to evaluate individual differences observed during the experiments, the ratio positive experiments/all experiments has been used. During a one-year experimental period (791 experiments altogether) mean latency time was 56'', and that of the ejaculation 7'10''. The average number of intromissions was 7.89, and that of attempts 3.41. Ejaculation occurred 575 times. The average sexual activity index was 1.1. There was no seasonal fluctuation in copulative activity.", "contents": "Investigation of copulative activity in male rats in chronic experiment. Copulative activity of 28 male Wistar rats was investigated for one year at 6 to 8 day intervals. Metholds have been worked out for the selection of sexually active males. It was found that it is possible to investigate copulative activity permanently in a selected population of male rats. The sexual activity index number of intromissions/time of ejaculation can be applied to the 15-minute test. In order to evaluate individual differences observed during the experiments, the ratio positive experiments/all experiments has been used. During a one-year experimental period (791 experiments altogether) mean latency time was 56'', and that of the ejaculation 7'10''. The average number of intromissions was 7.89, and that of attempts 3.41. Ejaculation occurred 575 times. The average sexual activity index was 1.1. There was no seasonal fluctuation in copulative activity.", "PMID": 755340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9998", "title": "24Na+-efflux from kidney cortex slices under the effect of indomethacin.", "content": "24Na+-efflux from kidney cortex slices previously saturated with 24Na+ in vivo was studied in vitro under control conditions and in the presence of 4 micrograms per ml of indomethacin. The radioactivity washout curves obtained in the effluent from cortex slices superfused with Krebs-Ringer medium at 37 degrees C indicated that Na was localized in three compartments in the cortex. Indomethacin did not influence 24Na+-efflux from the compartment that exhibited the fastest efflux; this compartment is thought to be extracellular. Indomethacin potently increased 24Na+-efflux from Na+-compartments localized intracellularly and showing a lower efflux rate (lambda 2 control = 0.156 +/- 0.042, lambda 2 indomethacin = 0.21 +/- 0.064, p less than 0.05; lambda 3 control = 0.031 +/- 0.013 lambda 3 indomethacin = 0.063 +/- 0.020 min-1, p less than 0.001). Since on the basis of earlier findings the direct effect of indomethacin on the enzymes of the active transport system can be ruled out, the present results suggest that indomethacin increases the permeability of cell membranes.", "contents": "24Na+-efflux from kidney cortex slices under the effect of indomethacin. 24Na+-efflux from kidney cortex slices previously saturated with 24Na+ in vivo was studied in vitro under control conditions and in the presence of 4 micrograms per ml of indomethacin. The radioactivity washout curves obtained in the effluent from cortex slices superfused with Krebs-Ringer medium at 37 degrees C indicated that Na was localized in three compartments in the cortex. Indomethacin did not influence 24Na+-efflux from the compartment that exhibited the fastest efflux; this compartment is thought to be extracellular. Indomethacin potently increased 24Na+-efflux from Na+-compartments localized intracellularly and showing a lower efflux rate (lambda 2 control = 0.156 +/- 0.042, lambda 2 indomethacin = 0.21 +/- 0.064, p less than 0.05; lambda 3 control = 0.031 +/- 0.013 lambda 3 indomethacin = 0.063 +/- 0.020 min-1, p less than 0.001). Since on the basis of earlier findings the direct effect of indomethacin on the enzymes of the active transport system can be ruled out, the present results suggest that indomethacin increases the permeability of cell membranes.", "PMID": 755341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_9999", "title": "Optimum parameters for substantia nigra self-stimulation as reflected by peripheral autonomic responses.", "content": "Lever-pressing rate, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration were continuously recorded during substantia nigra self-stimulation with systematically varied stimulus parameters in cats. During self-stimulation with fixed pulse train duration, the shorter the pulse train duration the higher was the lever-pressing rate. The rate of responding was a curvilinear function of pulse voltage and frequency during self-stimulation, both at fixed pulse train duration and with self-regulation of pulse train duration. Substantia nigra self-stimulation was always associated with peripheral autonomic changes, which were found within a certain range during self-stimulation with the stimulus parameters producing the highest lever-pressing rate. The preferred level of the peripheral functions under study was characterized by an increase up to 150/130--190/160 mm Hg in blood pressure, an increase up to 190--290/min in heart rate, and an increase up to 60--120/min in respiration. It is concluded that the optimum parameters for substantia nigra self-stimulation may be reflected by the preferred level of peripheral autonomic functions. The results support our earlier suggestion that a peripheral feedback mechanism plays an important role in the timing of lever-pressing behaviour.", "contents": "Optimum parameters for substantia nigra self-stimulation as reflected by peripheral autonomic responses. Lever-pressing rate, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration were continuously recorded during substantia nigra self-stimulation with systematically varied stimulus parameters in cats. During self-stimulation with fixed pulse train duration, the shorter the pulse train duration the higher was the lever-pressing rate. The rate of responding was a curvilinear function of pulse voltage and frequency during self-stimulation, both at fixed pulse train duration and with self-regulation of pulse train duration. Substantia nigra self-stimulation was always associated with peripheral autonomic changes, which were found within a certain range during self-stimulation with the stimulus parameters producing the highest lever-pressing rate. The preferred level of the peripheral functions under study was characterized by an increase up to 150/130--190/160 mm Hg in blood pressure, an increase up to 190--290/min in heart rate, and an increase up to 60--120/min in respiration. It is concluded that the optimum parameters for substantia nigra self-stimulation may be reflected by the preferred level of peripheral autonomic functions. The results support our earlier suggestion that a peripheral feedback mechanism plays an important role in the timing of lever-pressing behaviour.", "PMID": 755343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10000", "title": "The effect of veratrine on 24Na uptake by frog sartorius muscle in hypertonic media.", "content": "The effect of veratrine on 24Na uptake by sartorius muscles incubated in hypertonic media has been studied. 1. 0.1 mM veratrine increases 24Na uptake in muscles incubated even in different hypertonic solutions (normal Ringer + 300 mM sucrose or glucose or 150 mM NaCl). 2. 0.05 mM curare inhibits the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine in hypertonic solution 3. 0.1 mM ouabain, whether in isotonic or hypertonic solution, does not influence the resting 24Na uptake, and does not decrease the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine in isotonic media; however, in hypertonic solution it inhibits the 24Na uptake increasing effect. 4, 5 X 10(-8) M tetrodotoxin blocks completely the 24Na uptake enhancing effect of veratrine both in isotonic and in hypertonic Ringer's solution. 5. It is suggested that the sites of action of the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine are the neural structures in muscle, in hypertonic media.", "contents": "The effect of veratrine on 24Na uptake by frog sartorius muscle in hypertonic media. The effect of veratrine on 24Na uptake by sartorius muscles incubated in hypertonic media has been studied. 1. 0.1 mM veratrine increases 24Na uptake in muscles incubated even in different hypertonic solutions (normal Ringer + 300 mM sucrose or glucose or 150 mM NaCl). 2. 0.05 mM curare inhibits the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine in hypertonic solution 3. 0.1 mM ouabain, whether in isotonic or hypertonic solution, does not influence the resting 24Na uptake, and does not decrease the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine in isotonic media; however, in hypertonic solution it inhibits the 24Na uptake increasing effect. 4, 5 X 10(-8) M tetrodotoxin blocks completely the 24Na uptake enhancing effect of veratrine both in isotonic and in hypertonic Ringer's solution. 5. It is suggested that the sites of action of the 24Na uptake increasing effect of veratrine are the neural structures in muscle, in hypertonic media.", "PMID": 755342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10001", "title": "Air reoxidation and reactivation of reduced thrombin.", "content": "About 80% of thrombin was inactivated after 50 minutes chemical reduction at 22 degrees C in a reaction mixture containing o.1 M mercaptoethanol and 2.6 M urea. The reduced protein was spontaneously reoxidated in air at 22 degrees C in 30--60 minutes. The reoxidation of disulphide bonds in thrombin led to partial reactivation of the enzyme. Recovery of thrombin activity after oxidation ranged from 0 to 60% according to the conditions of reoxidation in air. Heparin and copper ion increased the rate of reactivation, whereas in the presence of 10 mM iodoacetamide there was no reactivation.", "contents": "Air reoxidation and reactivation of reduced thrombin. About 80% of thrombin was inactivated after 50 minutes chemical reduction at 22 degrees C in a reaction mixture containing o.1 M mercaptoethanol and 2.6 M urea. The reduced protein was spontaneously reoxidated in air at 22 degrees C in 30--60 minutes. The reoxidation of disulphide bonds in thrombin led to partial reactivation of the enzyme. Recovery of thrombin activity after oxidation ranged from 0 to 60% according to the conditions of reoxidation in air. Heparin and copper ion increased the rate of reactivation, whereas in the presence of 10 mM iodoacetamide there was no reactivation.", "PMID": 755345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10002", "title": "Effect of papaverine on renin release in dogs in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effect of papaverine on renal function and renin release was investigated in dogs in vivo and in vitro. Intrarenal arterial infusion of 0.1 mg/kg/min of papaverine for 10 minutes caused a significant rise in renal blood flow, a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance, clearance and extraction ratio of creatinine and PAH and in the amount of filtered sodium, without altering arterial blood pressure. There was a significant increase in sodium excretion and in the excreted percentage of filtered sodium (TRFNa). Renin activity (PRA) of arterial blood and renal venous blood, veno-arterious PRA-difference and renin secretion increased significantly after papaverine infusion. In order to eliminate the effect of hemodynamic changes on renin secretion, the effect of papaverine (10(-5), 10(-4)M) was investigated in vitro in surviving canine kidney cortex slices. Papaverine caused a significant increase in renin release and in tissue cAMP concentration. This supports the assumption that the increase in renin secretion might be due to a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular apparatus, by blocking phosphodiesterase activity and by increasing the renal cAMP level.", "contents": "Effect of papaverine on renin release in dogs in vivo and in vitro. The effect of papaverine on renal function and renin release was investigated in dogs in vivo and in vitro. Intrarenal arterial infusion of 0.1 mg/kg/min of papaverine for 10 minutes caused a significant rise in renal blood flow, a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance, clearance and extraction ratio of creatinine and PAH and in the amount of filtered sodium, without altering arterial blood pressure. There was a significant increase in sodium excretion and in the excreted percentage of filtered sodium (TRFNa). Renin activity (PRA) of arterial blood and renal venous blood, veno-arterious PRA-difference and renin secretion increased significantly after papaverine infusion. In order to eliminate the effect of hemodynamic changes on renin secretion, the effect of papaverine (10(-5), 10(-4)M) was investigated in vitro in surviving canine kidney cortex slices. Papaverine caused a significant increase in renin release and in tissue cAMP concentration. This supports the assumption that the increase in renin secretion might be due to a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular apparatus, by blocking phosphodiesterase activity and by increasing the renal cAMP level.", "PMID": 755346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10003", "title": "Cortical effects of the electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus.", "content": "The results of the electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus in curarized cats, and the effects upon the observed cortical responses of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 6-hydroxydopamine injected intracisternally or applied in the subarachnoideal space were studied. The changes were followed on the strychnine spikes produced after the topical application of this drug. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus elicited a response in every area of the cortex explored. The response was complex, showed a phase of depression and a phase of enhancement both mixed in different proportions. The depressant reaction was more marked with lower strengths of stimulation and the enhancement reactions appeared more evident with the stronger stimuli. Both these reactions were blocked by the previous administration of 6-hydroxydopamine and only the depressant one was practically abolished by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. It is concluded that a complex interaction exists between the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and the serotonergic neurons, probably those of the raphe nuclei. It is suggested that the axons of the noradrenergic neurons in their way to the cortex, give off collaterals that innervate some serotonergic neurons. The monoamines liberated by these axon terminals at the cerebral cortex would act as neurohumoral agents.", "contents": "Cortical effects of the electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus. The results of the electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus in curarized cats, and the effects upon the observed cortical responses of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 6-hydroxydopamine injected intracisternally or applied in the subarachnoideal space were studied. The changes were followed on the strychnine spikes produced after the topical application of this drug. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus elicited a response in every area of the cortex explored. The response was complex, showed a phase of depression and a phase of enhancement both mixed in different proportions. The depressant reaction was more marked with lower strengths of stimulation and the enhancement reactions appeared more evident with the stronger stimuli. Both these reactions were blocked by the previous administration of 6-hydroxydopamine and only the depressant one was practically abolished by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. It is concluded that a complex interaction exists between the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and the serotonergic neurons, probably those of the raphe nuclei. It is suggested that the axons of the noradrenergic neurons in their way to the cortex, give off collaterals that innervate some serotonergic neurons. The monoamines liberated by these axon terminals at the cerebral cortex would act as neurohumoral agents.", "PMID": 755348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10004", "title": "Drug-induced motility of sow (Sus scrofa) graafian follicles isolated during pre and post-ovulatory periods of the sex cycle.", "content": "The spontaneous as well as the drug-induced motility of sow graafian follicles during the early-preovulatory (E-preovulatory), late-preovulatory (L-preovulatory) and post-ovulatory stages of the sex cycle, were studied. Spontaneous motility was present only in 30.9% of the E-preovulatory and in 18.1% of the L-preovulatory, whereas none of the post-ovulatory follicles showed spontaneous contractions. All the quiescent preparations reacted, with a comparable enhancement of tension, to the addition of acetylcholine. On the other hand, norepinephrine (NE) elicited upon L-preovulatory and post-ovulatory follicles a significantly greater contractile response than over E-preovulatory preparations. The presence of MJ-1999 augmented clearly the positive influence of NE upon the contractile tension of E-preovulatory follicles, whereas cocaine, U-0521 or indomethacin failed to alter the reactivity towards NE in all the groups. The inotropic influence of prostaglandins were also explored over quiescent follicles. PGE1 diminished the basal tension of the three types of follicles, whereas PGF2-alpha produced the opposite effect. On the other hand, PGE2 enhanced the tonic tension of E and L-preovulatory preparations and reduced the basal tone of post-ovulatory follicles. The role of the spontaneous motility of smooth muscle fibers surrounding graafian follicles, as well as the effects of several autacoids and neurotransmitters prior and following ovulation are discussed in relation to their possible relevance for the ovulatory process.", "contents": "Drug-induced motility of sow (Sus scrofa) graafian follicles isolated during pre and post-ovulatory periods of the sex cycle. The spontaneous as well as the drug-induced motility of sow graafian follicles during the early-preovulatory (E-preovulatory), late-preovulatory (L-preovulatory) and post-ovulatory stages of the sex cycle, were studied. Spontaneous motility was present only in 30.9% of the E-preovulatory and in 18.1% of the L-preovulatory, whereas none of the post-ovulatory follicles showed spontaneous contractions. All the quiescent preparations reacted, with a comparable enhancement of tension, to the addition of acetylcholine. On the other hand, norepinephrine (NE) elicited upon L-preovulatory and post-ovulatory follicles a significantly greater contractile response than over E-preovulatory preparations. The presence of MJ-1999 augmented clearly the positive influence of NE upon the contractile tension of E-preovulatory follicles, whereas cocaine, U-0521 or indomethacin failed to alter the reactivity towards NE in all the groups. The inotropic influence of prostaglandins were also explored over quiescent follicles. PGE1 diminished the basal tension of the three types of follicles, whereas PGF2-alpha produced the opposite effect. On the other hand, PGE2 enhanced the tonic tension of E and L-preovulatory preparations and reduced the basal tone of post-ovulatory follicles. The role of the spontaneous motility of smooth muscle fibers surrounding graafian follicles, as well as the effects of several autacoids and neurotransmitters prior and following ovulation are discussed in relation to their possible relevance for the ovulatory process.", "PMID": 755349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10005", "title": "Substantia nigra and somatosensory evoked responses in the caudate nucleus.", "content": "The nigro-caudate relationships were studied in fifteen adult anesthetized cats, paralyzed with Flaxedil. Single shocks applied to substantia nigra (SN) evoked biphasic field potentials in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. Similar positive-negative waves were recorded in the caudate nucleus by sciatic stimulation, although with longer latencies. A triphasic field potential was also observed after cerebral peduncle stimulation. Conditioning stimuli applied to the SN at varying time intervals prior to sciatic stimulation did not modify the test response. In contrast, conditioning stimulation of the cerebral peduncle produced a marked inhibition between 25 and 100 msec. Recovery was complete after 200 msec. The present observations indicate that nigral stimulation does not influence the pool of neurons responding to sciatic nerve in the caudate nucleus. On the other hand, the cerebral peduncles exert an inhibitory action on such activity.", "contents": "Substantia nigra and somatosensory evoked responses in the caudate nucleus. The nigro-caudate relationships were studied in fifteen adult anesthetized cats, paralyzed with Flaxedil. Single shocks applied to substantia nigra (SN) evoked biphasic field potentials in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. Similar positive-negative waves were recorded in the caudate nucleus by sciatic stimulation, although with longer latencies. A triphasic field potential was also observed after cerebral peduncle stimulation. Conditioning stimuli applied to the SN at varying time intervals prior to sciatic stimulation did not modify the test response. In contrast, conditioning stimulation of the cerebral peduncle produced a marked inhibition between 25 and 100 msec. Recovery was complete after 200 msec. The present observations indicate that nigral stimulation does not influence the pool of neurons responding to sciatic nerve in the caudate nucleus. On the other hand, the cerebral peduncles exert an inhibitory action on such activity.", "PMID": 755350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10006", "title": "Our surprising inability to predict the outcomes of psychological treatments--with special reference to treatments for drug abuse.", "content": "Our ability to predict the outcome of psychological treatments, particularly for drug dependence, is examined by (1) new data on a VA sample, (2) a review of studies predicting the outcome of drug abuse treatment, and (3) a review of predicting the outcome of psychotherapy for other types of patients. For (1), the direct predictions of 13 staff members' ratings of the outcome of treatment correlated .27 with the outcome. Although staff predictions improved when grosser predictions were examined, the results are disappointing given the level of discrimination required and the modest levels of prediction attained. For (2), prediction success with drug abuse patients in other studies were also disappointing and the bases for predictions often did not hold up on crossvalidation. For (3), direct predictions in the Penn Psychotherapy Study were similar to the VA sample in level of success. Other studies produced insignificant or similarly low levels of prediction success. In our discussion we suggest that rather than relying mainly upon pretreatment status for prediction, two promising areas should be examined in future studies: (1) the patient's early response to the treatment and to the therapist, (2) the patient's environment posttreatment that should be altered to consolidate and perpetuate the gains made during treatment. In conclusion, it is true that we are surprisingly unable to predict the outcomes of psychological treatments beyond a very modest level.", "contents": "Our surprising inability to predict the outcomes of psychological treatments--with special reference to treatments for drug abuse. Our ability to predict the outcome of psychological treatments, particularly for drug dependence, is examined by (1) new data on a VA sample, (2) a review of studies predicting the outcome of drug abuse treatment, and (3) a review of predicting the outcome of psychotherapy for other types of patients. For (1), the direct predictions of 13 staff members' ratings of the outcome of treatment correlated .27 with the outcome. Although staff predictions improved when grosser predictions were examined, the results are disappointing given the level of discrimination required and the modest levels of prediction attained. For (2), prediction success with drug abuse patients in other studies were also disappointing and the bases for predictions often did not hold up on crossvalidation. For (3), direct predictions in the Penn Psychotherapy Study were similar to the VA sample in level of success. Other studies produced insignificant or similarly low levels of prediction success. In our discussion we suggest that rather than relying mainly upon pretreatment status for prediction, two promising areas should be examined in future studies: (1) the patient's early response to the treatment and to the therapist, (2) the patient's environment posttreatment that should be altered to consolidate and perpetuate the gains made during treatment. In conclusion, it is true that we are surprisingly unable to predict the outcomes of psychological treatments beyond a very modest level.", "PMID": 755379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10007", "title": "Treatment of adolescent phencyclidine (PCP) abusers.", "content": "Little data exists relative to ongoing treatment of adolescent phencyclidine (PCP) abusers. This paper presents data gathered on a cohort of 87 residents in an adolescent social rehabilitation program. Approximately 50% of this cohort were either chronic or occasional PCP users. Both groups were found to be regular users of other drugs. Demographic characteristics are described, as are behaviors and symptoms reflective of various emotional and behavioral problems. When length of stay on non-PCP users and occasional and chronic users were compared, it was found that chronic users remain in treatment longest. No PCP-induced psychosis was found. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggitation, and other reported psychological effects of PCP were seen. Considerations for treatment are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of adolescent phencyclidine (PCP) abusers. Little data exists relative to ongoing treatment of adolescent phencyclidine (PCP) abusers. This paper presents data gathered on a cohort of 87 residents in an adolescent social rehabilitation program. Approximately 50% of this cohort were either chronic or occasional PCP users. Both groups were found to be regular users of other drugs. Demographic characteristics are described, as are behaviors and symptoms reflective of various emotional and behavioral problems. When length of stay on non-PCP users and occasional and chronic users were compared, it was found that chronic users remain in treatment longest. No PCP-induced psychosis was found. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggitation, and other reported psychological effects of PCP were seen. Considerations for treatment are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 755380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10008", "title": "Craving in heroin addicts maintained on the opiate antagonist naltrexone.", "content": "The level of heroin craving was monitored in patiens receiving naltrexone on a regular basis. Meetings and interviews conducted twice weekly attested to a pattern of craving reduction in most but not all the addicts. It was also found that it usually took 3 to 5 weeks for this effect to occur. The possible relationship between drug craving and participation in the naltrexone program is discussed.", "contents": "Craving in heroin addicts maintained on the opiate antagonist naltrexone. The level of heroin craving was monitored in patiens receiving naltrexone on a regular basis. Meetings and interviews conducted twice weekly attested to a pattern of craving reduction in most but not all the addicts. It was also found that it usually took 3 to 5 weeks for this effect to occur. The possible relationship between drug craving and participation in the naltrexone program is discussed.", "PMID": 755381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10009", "title": "Employment patterns of male methadone maintenance patients.", "content": "The employment patterns of 342 male methadone maintenance patients who remained in treatment for at least 1 year are examined. Four periods in the patients' lives are considered: (1) the period before addiction, (2) the period of addiction, (3) the time of entry into the treatment program, and (4) the first treatment year. Although more than three-quarters of the patients were employed regularly during the period before addiction, only about one-quarter were employed while addicted. At entry into the program 15% were employed, and 25% worked regularly during the first treatment year. An examination of some semographic, social, and work-related correlates of employment status during each period revealed that factors such as ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, alcohol use, previous employment, and attitudes toward work were all important in relation to patients' employment status at one or more of the four periods. The treatment program had only a moderate impact on patients' attitudes toward work and employment behavior.", "contents": "Employment patterns of male methadone maintenance patients. The employment patterns of 342 male methadone maintenance patients who remained in treatment for at least 1 year are examined. Four periods in the patients' lives are considered: (1) the period before addiction, (2) the period of addiction, (3) the time of entry into the treatment program, and (4) the first treatment year. Although more than three-quarters of the patients were employed regularly during the period before addiction, only about one-quarter were employed while addicted. At entry into the program 15% were employed, and 25% worked regularly during the first treatment year. An examination of some semographic, social, and work-related correlates of employment status during each period revealed that factors such as ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, alcohol use, previous employment, and attitudes toward work were all important in relation to patients' employment status at one or more of the four periods. The treatment program had only a moderate impact on patients' attitudes toward work and employment behavior.", "PMID": 755382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10010", "title": "Parsimony in designing a drug use survey: a methodology study.", "content": "This paper makes a special study of how one question in an index frequently has as much relationship to students involvement in drug use as the entire additional index developed from may questions. If one or two questions can cover an attitudinal area as well as many, this has significant implications for future surveying. Frequently, researchers want to develop much longer questionnaires than can be easily administered, and therefore have to leave out some crucial areas of interest. It was found that in each of the following attitudinal areas--family, school, friends, taking risks, and opinions about drugs--one item in each area had as much relationship to drug use as the entire indiex built on many items.", "contents": "Parsimony in designing a drug use survey: a methodology study. This paper makes a special study of how one question in an index frequently has as much relationship to students involvement in drug use as the entire additional index developed from may questions. If one or two questions can cover an attitudinal area as well as many, this has significant implications for future surveying. Frequently, researchers want to develop much longer questionnaires than can be easily administered, and therefore have to leave out some crucial areas of interest. It was found that in each of the following attitudinal areas--family, school, friends, taking risks, and opinions about drugs--one item in each area had as much relationship to drug use as the entire indiex built on many items.", "PMID": 755383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10011", "title": "Relationship between addict crime and drug treatment: two cohorts examined.", "content": "Patient samples from methodone maintenance and detoxification programs are examined for their patterns of criminal activity before, during, and after treatment. Demographic, sociological, and criminal history variables are tested for their ability to account for changes in arrest patterns over time. While the number of arrested decline after entering treatment, certain groups remain at high risk of arrest and/or confiction. Patterns of crime as measured by official arrest statistics do not appear stable over time for the treatment cohorts.", "contents": "Relationship between addict crime and drug treatment: two cohorts examined. Patient samples from methodone maintenance and detoxification programs are examined for their patterns of criminal activity before, during, and after treatment. Demographic, sociological, and criminal history variables are tested for their ability to account for changes in arrest patterns over time. While the number of arrested decline after entering treatment, certain groups remain at high risk of arrest and/or confiction. Patterns of crime as measured by official arrest statistics do not appear stable over time for the treatment cohorts.", "PMID": 755384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10012", "title": "Self-concept and completion of treatment for heroin and nonheroin drug abusers.", "content": "One hundred sixty-one veterans with a history of drug abuse were administered a battery of background questions as well as self-concept measures prior to entering a Substance Abuse Unit at the VA Hospital in Miami. Significant interaction effects were found whe a 2 X 2 analysis of variance was run using heroin/nonheroin as one factor and completer/dropout as the other. Nonheroin drug abusers who subsequently completed treatment entered the program with the lowest self-concepts, highest ideals (with respect to the self), and were most often high school dropouts. Nonheroin drug abusers who eventually dropped out of treatment entered with relatively high self-concepts, low ideals, and were more often high school graduates. On the other hand, heroin users showed the opposite trend. Heroin users who eventually completed treatment began with higher self-concepts, lower ideals, and more education than the heroin users who became dropouts. It is suggested that a generalized feeling of optimism and motivation surrounds the completer, while the dropout seems to lack such drive.", "contents": "Self-concept and completion of treatment for heroin and nonheroin drug abusers. One hundred sixty-one veterans with a history of drug abuse were administered a battery of background questions as well as self-concept measures prior to entering a Substance Abuse Unit at the VA Hospital in Miami. Significant interaction effects were found whe a 2 X 2 analysis of variance was run using heroin/nonheroin as one factor and completer/dropout as the other. Nonheroin drug abusers who subsequently completed treatment entered the program with the lowest self-concepts, highest ideals (with respect to the self), and were most often high school dropouts. Nonheroin drug abusers who eventually dropped out of treatment entered with relatively high self-concepts, low ideals, and were more often high school graduates. On the other hand, heroin users showed the opposite trend. Heroin users who eventually completed treatment began with higher self-concepts, lower ideals, and more education than the heroin users who became dropouts. It is suggested that a generalized feeling of optimism and motivation surrounds the completer, while the dropout seems to lack such drive.", "PMID": 755385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10013", "title": "On the reality of hierarchy in a drug-free program.", "content": "This paper sets forth qualitative and quantitave indicators of hierarchy as presumably experienced by members of a drug-free program. We argue that the staff's expectations concerning such hierarchy and its role in rehabilitation may be given an objective rendering without necessarily distorting members' views or treating them as mere reflections of the staff's.", "contents": "On the reality of hierarchy in a drug-free program. This paper sets forth qualitative and quantitave indicators of hierarchy as presumably experienced by members of a drug-free program. We argue that the staff's expectations concerning such hierarchy and its role in rehabilitation may be given an objective rendering without necessarily distorting members' views or treating them as mere reflections of the staff's.", "PMID": 755386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10014", "title": "Drug abuse and suicide.", "content": "This paper examines the relationship between drug abuse and suicide. It attempts to assess the extent of suicidal thoughts or behaviors among a group of drug abusers. The research examines variables related to self-destructive or self-endangering behaviors, such as accidental overdoses, arrests for driving under the influence, and auto accidents in which the subject was the driver. These data were examined in relation to reports of suicidal thoughts and actual suicide attempts. The results indicate a suicide attempt rate at least 12 times greater than expected for the general population. The results also indicate significant correlations between suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts and nonsuicidal overdoses, and arrests for driving under the influece of drugs or alcohol and nonsuicidal overdoses. The implications of these results along with the role of depression as discussed.", "contents": "Drug abuse and suicide. This paper examines the relationship between drug abuse and suicide. It attempts to assess the extent of suicidal thoughts or behaviors among a group of drug abusers. The research examines variables related to self-destructive or self-endangering behaviors, such as accidental overdoses, arrests for driving under the influence, and auto accidents in which the subject was the driver. These data were examined in relation to reports of suicidal thoughts and actual suicide attempts. The results indicate a suicide attempt rate at least 12 times greater than expected for the general population. The results also indicate significant correlations between suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts and nonsuicidal overdoses, and arrests for driving under the influece of drugs or alcohol and nonsuicidal overdoses. The implications of these results along with the role of depression as discussed.", "PMID": 755387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10015", "title": "The ethnic variable and problem drinking in a select sample of southwestern two-year multicultural college students.", "content": "Five hundred and ninety-two Anglo, Mexican American, and American Indian students from nine selected 2-year colleges in the Southwest were given a self-administered questionnaire with items related to problem drinking (dependent variable) and various social psychological and demographic information (independent variables). Analyses included discriminant analysis, chi square, and eta. While ethnicity per se contributed little to the discrimination of problem from nonproblem drinkers, several other variables provided an overall correct classification (discrimination) rate of 79.73%. There variables were, in order of discriminating power: neighborhood people drink, veteran status, live life differently, close friend with drinking proble, drink because acquaintances drink, and age. It is hypothesized that the psychological principle of individual differences, and the significance of some other study variables, may haver overshadowed any ethnic effect. Measurement problems in this area are discussed as well as some potential research directions.", "contents": "The ethnic variable and problem drinking in a select sample of southwestern two-year multicultural college students. Five hundred and ninety-two Anglo, Mexican American, and American Indian students from nine selected 2-year colleges in the Southwest were given a self-administered questionnaire with items related to problem drinking (dependent variable) and various social psychological and demographic information (independent variables). Analyses included discriminant analysis, chi square, and eta. While ethnicity per se contributed little to the discrimination of problem from nonproblem drinkers, several other variables provided an overall correct classification (discrimination) rate of 79.73%. There variables were, in order of discriminating power: neighborhood people drink, veteran status, live life differently, close friend with drinking proble, drink because acquaintances drink, and age. It is hypothesized that the psychological principle of individual differences, and the significance of some other study variables, may haver overshadowed any ethnic effect. Measurement problems in this area are discussed as well as some potential research directions.", "PMID": 755388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10016", "title": "Staff drinking patterns and approach to patient drinking problems within a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Previous studies at this VA hospital had indicated considerable evidence of \"serious problem drinking\" among the psychiatric patients. Mailed questionnaires to 344 treatment staff members assessed their attitudes toward and recommended approach to this problem as a function of job classification and personal drinking patterns. Results indicated that physicians, psychologists, and social workers favored a \"therapeutic\" approach to the problem, while nurses and nursing assistants advocated \"punitive\" measures. Interestingly, staff members who reported light or moderate personal drinking recommended additional therapy for these patients, while staff members who reported personal abstinence or heavy drinking generally suggested punitive actions.", "contents": "Staff drinking patterns and approach to patient drinking problems within a psychiatric hospital. Previous studies at this VA hospital had indicated considerable evidence of \"serious problem drinking\" among the psychiatric patients. Mailed questionnaires to 344 treatment staff members assessed their attitudes toward and recommended approach to this problem as a function of job classification and personal drinking patterns. Results indicated that physicians, psychologists, and social workers favored a \"therapeutic\" approach to the problem, while nurses and nursing assistants advocated \"punitive\" measures. Interestingly, staff members who reported light or moderate personal drinking recommended additional therapy for these patients, while staff members who reported personal abstinence or heavy drinking generally suggested punitive actions.", "PMID": 755389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10017", "title": "The effectiveness of a treatment program for the alcohol-involved driver.", "content": "The Don't-Drink-and Drive Program (3-D) is a classroom and behind-the-wheel, 3-day curriculum designed for court-referred drinking drivers, mostly first offenders. The curriculum is not an abstinence program but designed for the so-called social drinker, most of whom will in all probability continue to drink. The 1-year driving record of 876 3-D graduates was compared with 802 drivers exposed only to the usual court procedures of probation and fine. It was found that the \"no-treatment\"groups had 78% more alcohol-related violations, 23% more moving violations, 40% more suspensions of licence, and 34% more accidents. The importance of quasi-experimental designs in accident research is discussed.", "contents": "The effectiveness of a treatment program for the alcohol-involved driver. The Don't-Drink-and Drive Program (3-D) is a classroom and behind-the-wheel, 3-day curriculum designed for court-referred drinking drivers, mostly first offenders. The curriculum is not an abstinence program but designed for the so-called social drinker, most of whom will in all probability continue to drink. The 1-year driving record of 876 3-D graduates was compared with 802 drivers exposed only to the usual court procedures of probation and fine. It was found that the \"no-treatment\"groups had 78% more alcohol-related violations, 23% more moving violations, 40% more suspensions of licence, and 34% more accidents. The importance of quasi-experimental designs in accident research is discussed.", "PMID": 755390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10018", "title": "Carisoprodol dependence: a case report.", "content": "Although known to have central nervous system effects comparable to those of meprobamate, carisoprodol has not previously been reported to be a dependence-producing drug. This case report is of a woman, previously addicted to other drugs, who became dependent on carisoprodol.", "contents": "Carisoprodol dependence: a case report. Although known to have central nervous system effects comparable to those of meprobamate, carisoprodol has not previously been reported to be a dependence-producing drug. This case report is of a woman, previously addicted to other drugs, who became dependent on carisoprodol.", "PMID": 755391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10019", "title": "[Determination of metal dusts in aerosols using x-ray fluorescence. Comparison with other analytical methods].", "content": "Determination of metals in aerosol collected as thin layer on membran filters has made employing X-ray fluorescence. Standards are prepared in suitable chambers: dust collected on membran filter is weighted. The problems of methodology are discussed. Calibration curves have been prepared for Pb - Fe - Cd - Si; comparisons have been made with other methods employing atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "contents": "[Determination of metal dusts in aerosols using x-ray fluorescence. Comparison with other analytical methods]. Determination of metals in aerosol collected as thin layer on membran filters has made employing X-ray fluorescence. Standards are prepared in suitable chambers: dust collected on membran filter is weighted. The problems of methodology are discussed. Calibration curves have been prepared for Pb - Fe - Cd - Si; comparisons have been made with other methods employing atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "PMID": 755394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10020", "title": "[Control of occupational exposure to benzene in a chemical plant].", "content": "Later on detection of several cases of acute myelotoxic intoxications the use of benzene as a solvent has been banned in Italy since 1963 (Law n. 245). Its consumption has therefore been confined to synthesys processes in petrolchemical industry. The hazards arising from the operations performed in an open air chemical plant which produces alkylbenzene were monitored by the AA. The synthesis occurs in a closed system which provides opportunities for benzene exposure during filling, control and maintenance operations. Nine environmental samples out of 10 showed benzene concentrations above 10 ppm with peaks up to 110 ppm. Long term air sampling showed values ranging from 12 to 75 ppm. Urinary phenol elimination has been measured showing values above 50 mg/1 for approximately 20% of workmen. The difficulties pertaining to an adequate control of benzene exposure in chemical plants are discussed. Being skin contact a mode of entry of apreciable concern, the AA. stress out that priority in exposure monitoring should be given to biological tests such as urinary phenol level and benzene concentration in expired air measurements.", "contents": "[Control of occupational exposure to benzene in a chemical plant]. Later on detection of several cases of acute myelotoxic intoxications the use of benzene as a solvent has been banned in Italy since 1963 (Law n. 245). Its consumption has therefore been confined to synthesys processes in petrolchemical industry. The hazards arising from the operations performed in an open air chemical plant which produces alkylbenzene were monitored by the AA. The synthesis occurs in a closed system which provides opportunities for benzene exposure during filling, control and maintenance operations. Nine environmental samples out of 10 showed benzene concentrations above 10 ppm with peaks up to 110 ppm. Long term air sampling showed values ranging from 12 to 75 ppm. Urinary phenol elimination has been measured showing values above 50 mg/1 for approximately 20% of workmen. The difficulties pertaining to an adequate control of benzene exposure in chemical plants are discussed. Being skin contact a mode of entry of apreciable concern, the AA. stress out that priority in exposure monitoring should be given to biological tests such as urinary phenol level and benzene concentration in expired air measurements.", "PMID": 755397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10021", "title": "[Industrial pollution by solvents with special reference to limited values for mixtures].", "content": "The report concerns the AA. experience in the field of pollution due to solvents, particularly in the following industries: shoe manufacturing, graphics and the production and application of paints. The exposure risk in these 3 indutries is quantitatively and qualitatively defined based on data obtained from the gas--chromatographic analysis of 238 work environment samples. The data are evaluated with reference to limit values established by the ACGIH, the Italian Society of Occupational Medicine and the Italian Society of Industrial Hygiene. In additon to the evaluation with respect to the TLV and VLP, the hygiene parameter of TLVs for mixtures is evaluated in the field of industrial hygiene.", "contents": "[Industrial pollution by solvents with special reference to limited values for mixtures]. The report concerns the AA. experience in the field of pollution due to solvents, particularly in the following industries: shoe manufacturing, graphics and the production and application of paints. The exposure risk in these 3 indutries is quantitatively and qualitatively defined based on data obtained from the gas--chromatographic analysis of 238 work environment samples. The data are evaluated with reference to limit values established by the ACGIH, the Italian Society of Occupational Medicine and the Italian Society of Industrial Hygiene. In additon to the evaluation with respect to the TLV and VLP, the hygiene parameter of TLVs for mixtures is evaluated in the field of industrial hygiene.", "PMID": 755398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10022", "title": "[Risk of absorption of fluoride in electrode arc welding].", "content": "The AA. in order to investigate the risk of fluoride absorption examined two factories in which arc-welding electrodes were used. They measured: a) fluoride content in two most used electrodes; b) airborne fluoride concentrations and dustness in the presumed respiratory area of welders with or without fume and dust capture devices; d) airborne fluoride concentrations and dustness three meters away from the welding place during unprotected work with basic electrodes; e) concentrations of fluoride in urine during a workweek in welders (n = 63) and in a control group (n. = 25). The AA. conclude that, in spite of the high teoretical risk of breathing fluoride, the intake of this compound is very low if welders are protected by easy devices.", "contents": "[Risk of absorption of fluoride in electrode arc welding]. The AA. in order to investigate the risk of fluoride absorption examined two factories in which arc-welding electrodes were used. They measured: a) fluoride content in two most used electrodes; b) airborne fluoride concentrations and dustness in the presumed respiratory area of welders with or without fume and dust capture devices; d) airborne fluoride concentrations and dustness three meters away from the welding place during unprotected work with basic electrodes; e) concentrations of fluoride in urine during a workweek in welders (n = 63) and in a control group (n. = 25). The AA. conclude that, in spite of the high teoretical risk of breathing fluoride, the intake of this compound is very low if welders are protected by easy devices.", "PMID": 755400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10023", "title": "[Cadmium as an air pollutant].", "content": "Daily concentrations of airborne cadmium has been determined for a year in three italian urban areas presenting different characteristics. Results obtained are in the following ranges: Rome, 0,0017--0,0194 micrograms/m3; Venice, 0,0012--0,2234 micrograms/m3 and Marghera, 0,0037--0,704 micrograms/m3. Some data for urban inciniretors emissions are also presented. Origin, effects and legislation concerning airborne cadmium are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Cadmium as an air pollutant]. Daily concentrations of airborne cadmium has been determined for a year in three italian urban areas presenting different characteristics. Results obtained are in the following ranges: Rome, 0,0017--0,0194 micrograms/m3; Venice, 0,0012--0,2234 micrograms/m3 and Marghera, 0,0037--0,704 micrograms/m3. Some data for urban inciniretors emissions are also presented. Origin, effects and legislation concerning airborne cadmium are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 755402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10024", "title": "[Risks due to chemical agents in agriculture].", "content": "After a few notices about the contribution that chemistry has given for the development of the agriculture in this last century, we give a short description, with a classification supposition, of the main chemical agents used in the agricultural field, for the development and the defence of animal productions and crop-farming. Then, we present national statistical information about the use of chemical means of agrarian interest. We give also a short description of risks caused by chemical agents in agricolture (with hygienic implications concerning consumers also) prefiguring, in conclusion, some hypoteses for the substitution of the chemical mean with alternative techniques and methods.", "contents": "[Risks due to chemical agents in agriculture]. After a few notices about the contribution that chemistry has given for the development of the agriculture in this last century, we give a short description, with a classification supposition, of the main chemical agents used in the agricultural field, for the development and the defence of animal productions and crop-farming. Then, we present national statistical information about the use of chemical means of agrarian interest. We give also a short description of risks caused by chemical agents in agricolture (with hygienic implications concerning consumers also) prefiguring, in conclusion, some hypoteses for the substitution of the chemical mean with alternative techniques and methods.", "PMID": 755403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10025", "title": "[Environmental health risks in a marble-working shop].", "content": "With regard to the \"Inquiry industrial accidents and respiratory pathology of marble workers\", promoted by the \"Regione Toscana\" and being made by the preventive medicine services for workers acting in Massa Carrara and Lucca Provinces, the AA. relate about the sanitary environment conditions in a modern marble manufacture workshop and compare them with the ones in other workshop less advanced from the technological point of view.", "contents": "[Environmental health risks in a marble-working shop]. With regard to the \"Inquiry industrial accidents and respiratory pathology of marble workers\", promoted by the \"Regione Toscana\" and being made by the preventive medicine services for workers acting in Massa Carrara and Lucca Provinces, the AA. relate about the sanitary environment conditions in a modern marble manufacture workshop and compare them with the ones in other workshop less advanced from the technological point of view.", "PMID": 755404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10026", "title": "[Proposal for threshold limit values for organic solvent concentrations in alveolar air].", "content": "The n-hexane concentration was determined in upper factory environmental air and in worker alveolar air. The relationship between the hexane alveolar concentration, and the hexane environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) was found to be steady during the 4,5 hours exposure and independent of the alveolar ventilation and hexane environmental concentration. These results suggest the hypothesis that alveolar TLV's can be fixed for hexane and other solvents.", "contents": "[Proposal for threshold limit values for organic solvent concentrations in alveolar air]. The n-hexane concentration was determined in upper factory environmental air and in worker alveolar air. The relationship between the hexane alveolar concentration, and the hexane environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) was found to be steady during the 4,5 hours exposure and independent of the alveolar ventilation and hexane environmental concentration. These results suggest the hypothesis that alveolar TLV's can be fixed for hexane and other solvents.", "PMID": 755410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10027", "title": "[Circadian rhythms in urinary coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic acid].", "content": "The circadian rythm concerning the excretion of urinary metabolites ALA and CP was investigated. More ALA and CP are excreted in the urine during the day than the night. This phenomenon is more evident with CP. The sampling of urine for biochemical control of saturnism is discussed and the sample collected after 24 h was chosen.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythms in urinary coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic acid]. The circadian rythm concerning the excretion of urinary metabolites ALA and CP was investigated. More ALA and CP are excreted in the urine during the day than the night. This phenomenon is more evident with CP. The sampling of urine for biochemical control of saturnism is discussed and the sample collected after 24 h was chosen.", "PMID": 755411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10028", "title": "[Chromium concentrations in urine of persons non-occupationally exposed to chromium and its compounds].", "content": "The investigation on 316 samples of urine from persons that are not professionally subject to the action of chromium or its compounds, demonstrated the following: - chromium is absent in the 8% of tested people; - average chromium concentration is 6.6 micrograms/l; - maximum chromium concentration is 36.6 micrograms/l. The average chromium concentration with regard to tested people living in the districts of Bergamo, Bolzano and La Spezia (4.21 - 4.16 - and 5.32 micrograms/l respectively) is 40% lower than chromium concentration observed in people living in the districts of Agrigento and Milan. The high rate of chromium elimination in people living in Milan (10,39 micrograms/l) depend upon the high chromium concentration in drinking water of this city (10.40 micrograms/l). In the 78% of urine samples a chromium concentration was found corresponding to or lower than 10 micrograms/l.", "contents": "[Chromium concentrations in urine of persons non-occupationally exposed to chromium and its compounds]. The investigation on 316 samples of urine from persons that are not professionally subject to the action of chromium or its compounds, demonstrated the following: - chromium is absent in the 8% of tested people; - average chromium concentration is 6.6 micrograms/l; - maximum chromium concentration is 36.6 micrograms/l. The average chromium concentration with regard to tested people living in the districts of Bergamo, Bolzano and La Spezia (4.21 - 4.16 - and 5.32 micrograms/l respectively) is 40% lower than chromium concentration observed in people living in the districts of Agrigento and Milan. The high rate of chromium elimination in people living in Milan (10,39 micrograms/l) depend upon the high chromium concentration in drinking water of this city (10.40 micrograms/l). In the 78% of urine samples a chromium concentration was found corresponding to or lower than 10 micrograms/l.", "PMID": 755413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10029", "title": "[Relation between environmental concentration, urinary elimination and body burden of chromium in occupationally exposed workers].", "content": "Biological and environmental monitoring of chromium exposure was carried out on 20 welders working with special electrodes in the manufacture of tank-cars. The workers were divided in groups, according to the different degree of chromium accumulation, which was determined by renal clearance of diffusible chromium. A closed linear relationship between TWA concentration of hydrosoluble chromium in air and urinary excretion of the metal at the end of exposure was observed. The parameters of regression lines in welders with more (clearance 10 ml/min) or less (clearance 5 ml/min) accumulation of chromium suggest that the renal burden influences not only the basal excretion, but also the excretion at the end of exposure. We underline the difficulty in the determination of correct biological limits if we take them from TLV in air. We must at least consider the degree of accumulation in exposed workers too.", "contents": "[Relation between environmental concentration, urinary elimination and body burden of chromium in occupationally exposed workers]. Biological and environmental monitoring of chromium exposure was carried out on 20 welders working with special electrodes in the manufacture of tank-cars. The workers were divided in groups, according to the different degree of chromium accumulation, which was determined by renal clearance of diffusible chromium. A closed linear relationship between TWA concentration of hydrosoluble chromium in air and urinary excretion of the metal at the end of exposure was observed. The parameters of regression lines in welders with more (clearance 10 ml/min) or less (clearance 5 ml/min) accumulation of chromium suggest that the renal burden influences not only the basal excretion, but also the excretion at the end of exposure. We underline the difficulty in the determination of correct biological limits if we take them from TLV in air. We must at least consider the degree of accumulation in exposed workers too.", "PMID": 755414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10030", "title": "[Use of functional telethermography in the diagnosis of some occupational diseases (due to vibrating tools; carbon disulfide; polyvinyl chloride].", "content": "The AA. have considered occupational technopathies due to vibrating tools, carbon disulphide and polyvinyl chloride. The functional or organic involvement in the peripheric vascular system, attributable to the disease, has been evaluated by thermographic examinations, carried out in 35 patients, in basal conditions and, when possible, after cold-test. The results have demonstrated that functional thermography may be a reliable tool both in the early diagnosis and in the prognosis of occupational vascular diseases, especially when it can replace more traumatic methods (such as angiography) in the periodic controls: in fact, it can be sufficient to carry out a simple thermoscopy and to compare the result with the previous photo-thermogram.", "contents": "[Use of functional telethermography in the diagnosis of some occupational diseases (due to vibrating tools; carbon disulfide; polyvinyl chloride]. The AA. have considered occupational technopathies due to vibrating tools, carbon disulphide and polyvinyl chloride. The functional or organic involvement in the peripheric vascular system, attributable to the disease, has been evaluated by thermographic examinations, carried out in 35 patients, in basal conditions and, when possible, after cold-test. The results have demonstrated that functional thermography may be a reliable tool both in the early diagnosis and in the prognosis of occupational vascular diseases, especially when it can replace more traumatic methods (such as angiography) in the periodic controls: in fact, it can be sufficient to carry out a simple thermoscopy and to compare the result with the previous photo-thermogram.", "PMID": 755415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10031", "title": "[Continuous monitoring of polycyclic hydrocarbons in an industrial urban zone: preliminary data].", "content": "Polynuclear hydrocarbon pollution is controlled sistematically in an industrial area in Genoa town. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation was carried out by gas chromatographic technique. First results show a remarkable intake of such pollutants in the air. The used sample collection allowed also the evaluation of polynuclear hydrocarbon levels according to the day hours.", "contents": "[Continuous monitoring of polycyclic hydrocarbons in an industrial urban zone: preliminary data]. Polynuclear hydrocarbon pollution is controlled sistematically in an industrial area in Genoa town. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation was carried out by gas chromatographic technique. First results show a remarkable intake of such pollutants in the air. The used sample collection allowed also the evaluation of polynuclear hydrocarbon levels according to the day hours.", "PMID": 755416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10032", "title": "[In vitro effect of asbestos fibers on short-term cultures of human lymphocytes].", "content": "The endocellular incorporation of asbestos fibres seems to be capable to induce on Chinese hamster cell cultures numerical and structural chromosome aberrations. In the present study asbestos fibres have been added at different concentrations to human cultured lymphocytes which have been harvested at 48 and 72 h, respectively. The results do not show significant difference in the distribution of chromatid and chromosome-type aberrations between the control cultures and the cultures treated with asbestos.", "contents": "[In vitro effect of asbestos fibers on short-term cultures of human lymphocytes]. The endocellular incorporation of asbestos fibres seems to be capable to induce on Chinese hamster cell cultures numerical and structural chromosome aberrations. In the present study asbestos fibres have been added at different concentrations to human cultured lymphocytes which have been harvested at 48 and 72 h, respectively. The results do not show significant difference in the distribution of chromatid and chromosome-type aberrations between the control cultures and the cultures treated with asbestos.", "PMID": 755418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10033", "title": "[Industrial hygiene and improvement of the work environment].", "content": "The AA. report a series of practical experiments in the following industries: textiles, ceramics, graphics and heavy industry, in order to demonstrate the necessity and utility of industrial hygiene in which an occupational hazard is not simply identified, but rather an improvement of the work environment is undertaken and the results of such a programme are again controlled and evaluated. The data presented lend themselves to a discussion of a preventive nature since, from a comparison of the data before and after modification, the efficacy of the modification itself is evaluated. The efficacy may vary from simple maintenance of equipment to environmental purification procedures and necessity of applying corrective modifications directly by the raw materials.", "contents": "[Industrial hygiene and improvement of the work environment]. The AA. report a series of practical experiments in the following industries: textiles, ceramics, graphics and heavy industry, in order to demonstrate the necessity and utility of industrial hygiene in which an occupational hazard is not simply identified, but rather an improvement of the work environment is undertaken and the results of such a programme are again controlled and evaluated. The data presented lend themselves to a discussion of a preventive nature since, from a comparison of the data before and after modification, the efficacy of the modification itself is evaluated. The efficacy may vary from simple maintenance of equipment to environmental purification procedures and necessity of applying corrective modifications directly by the raw materials.", "PMID": 755421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10034", "title": "[Control of refractory dust in the continuous casting of steel].", "content": "Dusts from refractory material are indicated as determining steel plant work site pollutions. To reduce the danger from the dustiest operation--the demolition of coating--the A. examines the possibility of technical prevention based not on the individual protection, but on the use of lower content in free silica materials, on operative ways that underexpose the workers and on the aspiration at source of the produced dust.", "contents": "[Control of refractory dust in the continuous casting of steel]. Dusts from refractory material are indicated as determining steel plant work site pollutions. To reduce the danger from the dustiest operation--the demolition of coating--the A. examines the possibility of technical prevention based not on the individual protection, but on the use of lower content in free silica materials, on operative ways that underexpose the workers and on the aspiration at source of the produced dust.", "PMID": 755422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10035", "title": "[Preventive intervention during the planning of a new factory: contribution of an occupational medicine service on installation of a ceramic dye-producing plant].", "content": "The control during the planning of a factory is a sort of prevention. For instance, we suggested industrial hygiene standards for a new chemical plant, which have been into account. According to our suggestions they set up a closed factory process, a dust and fumes filtering plant and the water recycle. After some controls outside the factory, lead and dust concentrations were below the maximum allowed levels (30 and 5 mg/Nmc).", "contents": "[Preventive intervention during the planning of a new factory: contribution of an occupational medicine service on installation of a ceramic dye-producing plant]. The control during the planning of a factory is a sort of prevention. For instance, we suggested industrial hygiene standards for a new chemical plant, which have been into account. According to our suggestions they set up a closed factory process, a dust and fumes filtering plant and the water recycle. After some controls outside the factory, lead and dust concentrations were below the maximum allowed levels (30 and 5 mg/Nmc).", "PMID": 755423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10036", "title": "[Selection of suitable individual respiratory protective devices in relation to workroom environment].", "content": "Adopting individual respiratory protective equipments, even if in those limited situations in which they are justified, must be consequent to a selection related with the nature of the pollutants to which the operator is, or may be, exposed, with the peculiarity of the workroom environment and, lastly, with the degree of security to be achieved. This statement is not to be neglected even if all respiratory protective equipments are fit to meet the suggestions of qualified standard making institutions. The same is to be considered of capital importance in Italy where the lack of legislation as far as omologation is concerned, allows products not fit to guarantee the request for security which are, consequently, not only superfluous, but dangerous for wearers. For these reasons it has been considered useful to illustrate the characteristics and proper application-fields of the most widely spread respiratory protective equipments referring, as far as possible, to the recommendations being prepared on the matter by the CEN (European Committee for Standardization).", "contents": "[Selection of suitable individual respiratory protective devices in relation to workroom environment]. Adopting individual respiratory protective equipments, even if in those limited situations in which they are justified, must be consequent to a selection related with the nature of the pollutants to which the operator is, or may be, exposed, with the peculiarity of the workroom environment and, lastly, with the degree of security to be achieved. This statement is not to be neglected even if all respiratory protective equipments are fit to meet the suggestions of qualified standard making institutions. The same is to be considered of capital importance in Italy where the lack of legislation as far as omologation is concerned, allows products not fit to guarantee the request for security which are, consequently, not only superfluous, but dangerous for wearers. For these reasons it has been considered useful to illustrate the characteristics and proper application-fields of the most widely spread respiratory protective equipments referring, as far as possible, to the recommendations being prepared on the matter by the CEN (European Committee for Standardization).", "PMID": 755424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10037", "title": "[Factors of contagiousness in the epidemiology of hepatitis type B (author's transl)].", "content": "Since morbidity of viral hepatitis B is increasing, the causes of diffusion of this infection have been studied. There are several routes of transmission and undoubtedly apparent non-parenteral routes have a great importance. In a study performed on 32 families of HBsAg carriers, familial aggregation of infection has been acquired through close personal contact. Transmission of infection from mother to infant may occur transplacentally for vertical transmission, or, after the birth, for horizontal transmission, so that a high percentage of children is infected. Percutaneous transmission of hepatitis B in families affected by scabies is evident. The presence of infectivity markers is of major importance for transmission of virus: these are HBeAg and specific DNA-polymerase activity of serum. Well, when the carrier exhibits the markers, the contacts are involved in the infection in a high percentage. From this point of view the carriers with chronic liver disease are more dangerous than the asymptomatic ones. The problem of carrier exists: nevertheless it is possible to carry out a better prophylaxis, if we take into account the presence of the infectivity markers.", "contents": "[Factors of contagiousness in the epidemiology of hepatitis type B (author's transl)]. Since morbidity of viral hepatitis B is increasing, the causes of diffusion of this infection have been studied. There are several routes of transmission and undoubtedly apparent non-parenteral routes have a great importance. In a study performed on 32 families of HBsAg carriers, familial aggregation of infection has been acquired through close personal contact. Transmission of infection from mother to infant may occur transplacentally for vertical transmission, or, after the birth, for horizontal transmission, so that a high percentage of children is infected. Percutaneous transmission of hepatitis B in families affected by scabies is evident. The presence of infectivity markers is of major importance for transmission of virus: these are HBeAg and specific DNA-polymerase activity of serum. Well, when the carrier exhibits the markers, the contacts are involved in the infection in a high percentage. From this point of view the carriers with chronic liver disease are more dangerous than the asymptomatic ones. The problem of carrier exists: nevertheless it is possible to carry out a better prophylaxis, if we take into account the presence of the infectivity markers.", "PMID": 755449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10038", "title": "[Virological and serological study in the herpetic gengivostomatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Virological and serological investigations to verify herpetic etiology have been performed on 24 children and 1 adult with acute gengivostomatitis. Viral isolation and detection of antibodies against HSV, carried out by neutralization, complement fixation, and indirect immunofluorescence techniques, have confirmed this etiology in the 88% of cases.", "contents": "[Virological and serological study in the herpetic gengivostomatitis (author's transl)]. Virological and serological investigations to verify herpetic etiology have been performed on 24 children and 1 adult with acute gengivostomatitis. Viral isolation and detection of antibodies against HSV, carried out by neutralization, complement fixation, and indirect immunofluorescence techniques, have confirmed this etiology in the 88% of cases.", "PMID": 755451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10039", "title": "[Serum and skin surface lipids relation in the hepatic subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors studied a relation interlinking the abnormal groups of the serum lipids on the skin surface. They concluded that in liver disease there are two distinct classes of lipids and they are totally independent each other.", "contents": "[Serum and skin surface lipids relation in the hepatic subjects (author's transl)]. The Authors studied a relation interlinking the abnormal groups of the serum lipids on the skin surface. They concluded that in liver disease there are two distinct classes of lipids and they are totally independent each other.", "PMID": 755452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10040", "title": "[Study on 190 strains of \"staphylococcus aureus\" isolated  in a department of ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "Biochemical features and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents of 190 strains of Staphylococcus isolated from pharinx and conjunctiva of ophtalmological patients and staff were studied. Each strain was investigated for: pigment, coagulase, hemolysis (alpha-toxin), phosphatase and penicillinase production and mannite fermentation. Twentyfour chemotherapeutic angents were used for sensitivity tests. The Authors emphasize that a positive coagulase test is the best laboratory evidence for pathogenicity of a given strain of Staphylococcus, and that the site of isolation of the examined strains is not related with their biochemical features and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Study on 190 strains of \"staphylococcus aureus\" isolated  in a department of ophthalmology (author's transl)]. Biochemical features and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents of 190 strains of Staphylococcus isolated from pharinx and conjunctiva of ophtalmological patients and staff were studied. Each strain was investigated for: pigment, coagulase, hemolysis (alpha-toxin), phosphatase and penicillinase production and mannite fermentation. Twentyfour chemotherapeutic angents were used for sensitivity tests. The Authors emphasize that a positive coagulase test is the best laboratory evidence for pathogenicity of a given strain of Staphylococcus, and that the site of isolation of the examined strains is not related with their biochemical features and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 755453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10041", "title": "[Malignant pustule in province of Milan, Italy (author's transl)].", "content": "Preliminary the statistical data are reported about human malignant pustule denounced in Italy in different Districts, in Lombardia and in Province of Milan. Correlatively the outbreaks and cases of haematic anthrax in animals declared in Italy, in different Districts, in Lombardia and in Province of Milan. Then the outbreaks of malignant pustule in Province of Milan are related in 1975-1977 period in the resident population where is considerable concentration of the leather manufactures. The epidemiological and microbiological researches have determined the relation among the outbreak of malignant pustule and the working of the hides imported from African Countries (Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, South Africa, Burundi-Kenya, Uganda) containing the spores of b. anthrax. The spores besides to cause infections of the workmen employed in the hide manufacture (industrial anthrax) through the effluents and solid refuses from the tanneries, are dispended upon the tiled ground and determine outbreak the haematic anthrax in the animals and agricultural coutaneus anthrax in the men.", "contents": "[Malignant pustule in province of Milan, Italy (author's transl)]. Preliminary the statistical data are reported about human malignant pustule denounced in Italy in different Districts, in Lombardia and in Province of Milan. Correlatively the outbreaks and cases of haematic anthrax in animals declared in Italy, in different Districts, in Lombardia and in Province of Milan. Then the outbreaks of malignant pustule in Province of Milan are related in 1975-1977 period in the resident population where is considerable concentration of the leather manufactures. The epidemiological and microbiological researches have determined the relation among the outbreak of malignant pustule and the working of the hides imported from African Countries (Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, South Africa, Burundi-Kenya, Uganda) containing the spores of b. anthrax. The spores besides to cause infections of the workmen employed in the hide manufacture (industrial anthrax) through the effluents and solid refuses from the tanneries, are dispended upon the tiled ground and determine outbreak the haematic anthrax in the animals and agricultural coutaneus anthrax in the men.", "PMID": 755454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10042", "title": "The toxicological properties of impurities in malathion.", "content": "During a malaria eradication programme in Pakistan in 1976, out of 7,500 spraymen, 2,800 became poisoned and 5 died. The major determinant of this poisoning has been identified as isomalathion present as an impurity in the malathion. It seems almost certain that the isomalathion was produced during storage of the formulated malathion. The quantitative correlation found between isomalathion content and toxicity of many field samples of malathion has been confirmed by an examination of mixtures of pure compounds. Addition of known amounts of isomalathion to technical malathion indicates that other active substances are present. These impurities have been identified (trimethyl phosphorothioates) and have been shown to behave like isomalathion in potentiating the toxicity of malathion. Some preliminary work on their toxicological properties is reported. The mechanisms involved in the potentiation of the toxicity of malathion are discussed.", "contents": "The toxicological properties of impurities in malathion. During a malaria eradication programme in Pakistan in 1976, out of 7,500 spraymen, 2,800 became poisoned and 5 died. The major determinant of this poisoning has been identified as isomalathion present as an impurity in the malathion. It seems almost certain that the isomalathion was produced during storage of the formulated malathion. The quantitative correlation found between isomalathion content and toxicity of many field samples of malathion has been confirmed by an examination of mixtures of pure compounds. Addition of known amounts of isomalathion to technical malathion indicates that other active substances are present. These impurities have been identified (trimethyl phosphorothioates) and have been shown to behave like isomalathion in potentiating the toxicity of malathion. Some preliminary work on their toxicological properties is reported. The mechanisms involved in the potentiation of the toxicity of malathion are discussed.", "PMID": 755464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10043", "title": "[Factor XII deficiency - Hageman trait. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "For the first time in our literature we have described the two cases of hereditary deficiency of factor XII (Hageman trait), a very rare disorder. It was discovered when a long clotting time was found in our patients during the course of a preoperative evaluation. Abnormal thrombelastogram, with a picture typical for hemophilia, gave as a reason to continue with laboratory investigation. The laboratory findings showed us a very low value of factor XII in one case, and total absence of factor XII in the other.", "contents": "[Factor XII deficiency - Hageman trait. Report of 2 cases]. For the first time in our literature we have described the two cases of hereditary deficiency of factor XII (Hageman trait), a very rare disorder. It was discovered when a long clotting time was found in our patients during the course of a preoperative evaluation. Abnormal thrombelastogram, with a picture typical for hemophilia, gave as a reason to continue with laboratory investigation. The laboratory findings showed us a very low value of factor XII in one case, and total absence of factor XII in the other.", "PMID": 755480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10044", "title": "[Erythropoietin in sideropenic anemias].", "content": "The erythropoietic activity in the sera of 18 patients with sideropenic anemia was investigated. The ex-hypoxic mouse bioassay was used and the 48 hour incorporation of radioiron into the peripheral blood was measured. The level of erythropoietin found was compared to the hemoglobin concentration and the PCV values in those patients. The statistically significant correlation was found between erythropoietin in the patients sera and the degree of anemia. Higher erythropoietin values were found in men as compared to women with the same severity of anemia. It was concluded that the results obtained in this study can be used as control values when erythropoietic activity in the sera of patients with different hematological disorders is measured.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin in sideropenic anemias]. The erythropoietic activity in the sera of 18 patients with sideropenic anemia was investigated. The ex-hypoxic mouse bioassay was used and the 48 hour incorporation of radioiron into the peripheral blood was measured. The level of erythropoietin found was compared to the hemoglobin concentration and the PCV values in those patients. The statistically significant correlation was found between erythropoietin in the patients sera and the degree of anemia. Higher erythropoietin values were found in men as compared to women with the same severity of anemia. It was concluded that the results obtained in this study can be used as control values when erythropoietic activity in the sera of patients with different hematological disorders is measured.", "PMID": 755483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10045", "title": "[Role of the virologic laboratory in the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Report of 12 cases studied between May, 1977 and March, 1978].", "content": "Measles h.i.a. and c.f.a. were titrated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 12 SSPE patients. Specific IgM h.i.a. in the same specimens were also determined. Pretreatment of the sera by monkey red blood cell absorption, by kaolin or by heparin MnCl2, did not significantly affect h.i.a. titres, but h.i.a. were no more demonstrable in cerebrospinal fluids after kaolin and titres were somewhat lowered by heparin-MnCl2 treatment. By both h.i. and c.f. tests measles antibody were found at much higher titres in sera of SSPE patients than in controls of the same age. H.i.a. and, with one exception, c.f.a. were found in each of the 9 available cerebrospinal fluids from patients, but in none of the 6 specimens from non-SSPE cases. Ratio GM titers h.i.a. over GM titers c.f.a. in sera of SSPE patients was about 1, a value far from that found under different immunization conditions. In control sera, for instance, the ratio was 5.3. Specific IgM were never found in the cerebrospinal fluids and in only 2 out of the 10 sera examined.", "contents": "[Role of the virologic laboratory in the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Report of 12 cases studied between May, 1977 and March, 1978]. Measles h.i.a. and c.f.a. were titrated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 12 SSPE patients. Specific IgM h.i.a. in the same specimens were also determined. Pretreatment of the sera by monkey red blood cell absorption, by kaolin or by heparin MnCl2, did not significantly affect h.i.a. titres, but h.i.a. were no more demonstrable in cerebrospinal fluids after kaolin and titres were somewhat lowered by heparin-MnCl2 treatment. By both h.i. and c.f. tests measles antibody were found at much higher titres in sera of SSPE patients than in controls of the same age. H.i.a. and, with one exception, c.f.a. were found in each of the 9 available cerebrospinal fluids from patients, but in none of the 6 specimens from non-SSPE cases. Ratio GM titers h.i.a. over GM titers c.f.a. in sera of SSPE patients was about 1, a value far from that found under different immunization conditions. In control sera, for instance, the ratio was 5.3. Specific IgM were never found in the cerebrospinal fluids and in only 2 out of the 10 sera examined.", "PMID": 755485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10046", "title": "The state of antitetanus protection in the commune of Perugia.", "content": "A serological survey was carried out on the population in the Perugia district to assess the protection level against tetanus. The antitoxin titre was evaluated by indirect haemagglutination test in 983 sera from healthy subjects of both sexes and all age-groups. Only 285 males and 144 females, 33.47% of the subjects, had been immunized prior to the investigation. The research made it clear that the serological antibody level does not always correspond to the anamnestic data on previous immunization. Therefore, it appears that prophylactic treatment against tetanus should be based on objective data, that is, serum antibody titre, in all subjects at risk. This information, thanks to the indirect haemagglutination test, is not difficult to obtain.", "contents": "The state of antitetanus protection in the commune of Perugia. A serological survey was carried out on the population in the Perugia district to assess the protection level against tetanus. The antitoxin titre was evaluated by indirect haemagglutination test in 983 sera from healthy subjects of both sexes and all age-groups. Only 285 males and 144 females, 33.47% of the subjects, had been immunized prior to the investigation. The research made it clear that the serological antibody level does not always correspond to the anamnestic data on previous immunization. Therefore, it appears that prophylactic treatment against tetanus should be based on objective data, that is, serum antibody titre, in all subjects at risk. This information, thanks to the indirect haemagglutination test, is not difficult to obtain.", "PMID": 755486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10047", "title": "Haemagglutination antibody titre levels which give certain protection against tetanus toxin.", "content": "The lowest haemagglutination titre which gives safe protection against tetanus toxin, in sera of vaccinated subjects of both sexes and of all age groups has been assessed, by comparative haemagglutination and neutralization tests. It was established that sera with 1/32 haemagglutination antibody titre have a toxin neutralizing capability of greater than or equal to 0.1 I.U./ml. Lower haemagglutination titers do not assure protective capacity against tetanus toxin.", "contents": "Haemagglutination antibody titre levels which give certain protection against tetanus toxin. The lowest haemagglutination titre which gives safe protection against tetanus toxin, in sera of vaccinated subjects of both sexes and of all age groups has been assessed, by comparative haemagglutination and neutralization tests. It was established that sera with 1/32 haemagglutination antibody titre have a toxin neutralizing capability of greater than or equal to 0.1 I.U./ml. Lower haemagglutination titers do not assure protective capacity against tetanus toxin.", "PMID": 755487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10048", "title": "[Changes in serum immunoglobulin levels in aged subjects].", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M levels have been determined on serum samples from 97 healthy elder subjects aged from 60 to 92. No qualitative changes were detected by electrophoretic analysis. The results show a significative increase with age in IgG and IgA concentrations; the IgM concentration results unaffected.", "contents": "[Changes in serum immunoglobulin levels in aged subjects]. Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M levels have been determined on serum samples from 97 healthy elder subjects aged from 60 to 92. No qualitative changes were detected by electrophoretic analysis. The results show a significative increase with age in IgG and IgA concentrations; the IgM concentration results unaffected.", "PMID": 755488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10049", "title": "[Rosette formation test with mouse erythrocytes in chronic lymphatic leukosis: correlation with other membrane receptors].", "content": "The lymphocyte subpopulations of CLL patients have been studied. IgM and IgD membrane-associated immunoglobulins alone or in combination have been found, IgG being present in only one case. A marked increase in mouse-complement receptors (as shown by the EACt rosettes) as compared with human complement receptors (as shown by the EACa rosettes) was observed. The population of SIg-bearing lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of complement bearing lymphocytes. Moreover a mean percentage of 60.7 +/- 17 of the leukaemic lymphocytes formed rosettes with mouse red blood cells. In a significant number of patients the E-rosettes forming cells were also increased.", "contents": "[Rosette formation test with mouse erythrocytes in chronic lymphatic leukosis: correlation with other membrane receptors]. The lymphocyte subpopulations of CLL patients have been studied. IgM and IgD membrane-associated immunoglobulins alone or in combination have been found, IgG being present in only one case. A marked increase in mouse-complement receptors (as shown by the EACt rosettes) as compared with human complement receptors (as shown by the EACa rosettes) was observed. The population of SIg-bearing lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of complement bearing lymphocytes. Moreover a mean percentage of 60.7 +/- 17 of the leukaemic lymphocytes formed rosettes with mouse red blood cells. In a significant number of patients the E-rosettes forming cells were also increased.", "PMID": 755489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10050", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations studied in short and long-term cultures of lymphocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis].", "content": "Chromosome aberrations of short and long-term cultured lymphocytes have been studied in 12 subjects with chronic hepatitis B. Short-term cultures show \"stickiness\", aneuploidy, and fragmentations. Long-term cultures show minor damages, made up almost totally of \"lacunae\" and sporadic fragmentations. Major size chromosomes appear to be more affected, among the latter those containing sites for the interferon. This latter findings would suggest that the interferon decrease in patients might be bound, even only partially to the virus-linked chromosome alterations.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations studied in short and long-term cultures of lymphocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis]. Chromosome aberrations of short and long-term cultured lymphocytes have been studied in 12 subjects with chronic hepatitis B. Short-term cultures show \"stickiness\", aneuploidy, and fragmentations. Long-term cultures show minor damages, made up almost totally of \"lacunae\" and sporadic fragmentations. Major size chromosomes appear to be more affected, among the latter those containing sites for the interferon. This latter findings would suggest that the interferon decrease in patients might be bound, even only partially to the virus-linked chromosome alterations.", "PMID": 755490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10051", "title": "[Brucella sacroiliitis in a West African].", "content": "A brucelian sacro-iliitis is reported in a 33-year-old West African man recently arrived from Mali. Thus, clinical, biological, radiological, and isotopic aspects could be precisely observed, and were found very similar to brucelian sacroiliitis in Europeans. Major information is required about the interest of technetium scintigraphy. The treatment included Rifampicin, in association with Doxycyclin and the theoretical bases of this choice are explained. Tolerance was good and a complete recovery was obtained after three months.", "contents": "[Brucella sacroiliitis in a West African]. A brucelian sacro-iliitis is reported in a 33-year-old West African man recently arrived from Mali. Thus, clinical, biological, radiological, and isotopic aspects could be precisely observed, and were found very similar to brucelian sacroiliitis in Europeans. Major information is required about the interest of technetium scintigraphy. The treatment included Rifampicin, in association with Doxycyclin and the theoretical bases of this choice are explained. Tolerance was good and a complete recovery was obtained after three months.", "PMID": 755533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10052", "title": "[Treatment of Lobo's disease with clofazimine (B 663)].", "content": "The author studies the three first cases of Lobo's mycosis treated with oral clofazimine. That is a curious tropical disease, which only occurs in neotropical region, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon. Without any known effective treatment, the mycosis has however responded well to clofazimine in the three cases, the results being significant regression of lesions by reabsorption of their content and disorganization of fungal structures.", "contents": "[Treatment of Lobo's disease with clofazimine (B 663)]. The author studies the three first cases of Lobo's mycosis treated with oral clofazimine. That is a curious tropical disease, which only occurs in neotropical region, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon. Without any known effective treatment, the mycosis has however responded well to clofazimine in the three cases, the results being significant regression of lesions by reabsorption of their content and disorganization of fungal structures.", "PMID": 755535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10053", "title": "[A dengue epidemic at Futuna].", "content": "During an outbreak occuring in Futuna (Horne Islands) from October 1976 to January 1977, II strains quite similar to dengue virus type I were isolated from blood of patients in acute phase. Immunitary responses were noted on 8/12 paired sera submitted to IH test; 4/17 serum samples showed antibody titer presumptive of a recent infection. Entomological survey gave evidence that virus was transmitted by Aedes polynesiensis and confirmed that Futuna is free of A.E. aegypti; other species found were: Culex annulirostris, C. pipiens fatigans, C. sitiens. A viral strain was isolated from Ae. polynesiensis only.", "contents": "[A dengue epidemic at Futuna]. During an outbreak occuring in Futuna (Horne Islands) from October 1976 to January 1977, II strains quite similar to dengue virus type I were isolated from blood of patients in acute phase. Immunitary responses were noted on 8/12 paired sera submitted to IH test; 4/17 serum samples showed antibody titer presumptive of a recent infection. Entomological survey gave evidence that virus was transmitted by Aedes polynesiensis and confirmed that Futuna is free of A.E. aegypti; other species found were: Culex annulirostris, C. pipiens fatigans, C. sitiens. A viral strain was isolated from Ae. polynesiensis only.", "PMID": 755534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10054", "title": "[Presence of a prokaryote of the genus Haemobartonella Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939, in the blood of Nigerians in the Niamey region].", "content": "The hemograms of 97 bed-riddens in very bad conditions reveal the presence (74 more or less infected but 6 heavily) of cocci, rots, rings, commas, coloured by May-Gr\u00fcnwald and Giemsa stain against the cell membrane wall of the erythrocyts and sometimes free in the blood plasma. This procaryotic element is the same agent of the canine, feline, equine and cuniculine haemobartonellosis in Niger. Principal symptoms are general weariness, anaemia, arthralgies, dizziness, anguish, suffocation crisis. It is a disease of the deficient and underfed men in Sahel.", "contents": "[Presence of a prokaryote of the genus Haemobartonella Tyzzer and Weinman, 1939, in the blood of Nigerians in the Niamey region]. The hemograms of 97 bed-riddens in very bad conditions reveal the presence (74 more or less infected but 6 heavily) of cocci, rots, rings, commas, coloured by May-Gr\u00fcnwald and Giemsa stain against the cell membrane wall of the erythrocyts and sometimes free in the blood plasma. This procaryotic element is the same agent of the canine, feline, equine and cuniculine haemobartonellosis in Niger. Principal symptoms are general weariness, anaemia, arthralgies, dizziness, anguish, suffocation crisis. It is a disease of the deficient and underfed men in Sahel.", "PMID": 755536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10055", "title": "[2d case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with mucous involvement in Senegal].", "content": "A 6 year-old-girl of a village along the Senegal River presented cutaneous lesions with a nasal nodule, both infected with Leishmania amastigotes. This is the second case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with mucosal involvement described in Senegal (West Africa).", "contents": "[2d case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with mucous involvement in Senegal]. A 6 year-old-girl of a village along the Senegal River presented cutaneous lesions with a nasal nodule, both infected with Leishmania amastigotes. This is the second case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with mucosal involvement described in Senegal (West Africa).", "PMID": 755537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10056", "title": "[Treatment of giardiasis with tinidazole].", "content": "Fifty patients stricken by giardiosis were treated by a single dose administration of Tinidazole -- 50 mg./kg. for children and 2 g. for adults per os. Fifteen days after treatment, 84 0/0 of the patients had negative coprologic exams for giardiosis. The product was well-tolerated by the digestive tract as was demonstrated by a coprologic examination for digested food reside; however, minor digestive inconveniences were noted in 87 0/0 of the patients. There were no perturbations of hematologic or hepatic tests. This product would thus appear to be a treatment of choice in the management of giardiosis.", "contents": "[Treatment of giardiasis with tinidazole]. Fifty patients stricken by giardiosis were treated by a single dose administration of Tinidazole -- 50 mg./kg. for children and 2 g. for adults per os. Fifteen days after treatment, 84 0/0 of the patients had negative coprologic exams for giardiosis. The product was well-tolerated by the digestive tract as was demonstrated by a coprologic examination for digested food reside; however, minor digestive inconveniences were noted in 87 0/0 of the patients. There were no perturbations of hematologic or hepatic tests. This product would thus appear to be a treatment of choice in the management of giardiosis.", "PMID": 755538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10057", "title": "[1 case of autochthonous strongyloidiasis].", "content": "About one case of massive strongyloidosis becoming out of any immunosuppressive treatment and without travel out of France in a 40 year-old-woman, the authors study the different possibilities of contamination and set the problem of a drug-resistance to Thiabendazole.", "contents": "[1 case of autochthonous strongyloidiasis]. About one case of massive strongyloidosis becoming out of any immunosuppressive treatment and without travel out of France in a 40 year-old-woman, the authors study the different possibilities of contamination and set the problem of a drug-resistance to Thiabendazole.", "PMID": 755539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10058", "title": "[Sergentomyia berentiensis N. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Description of a female specimen collected in Madagascar].", "content": "The authors describe, from a single female caught in Madagascar, a new species of sandfly: Sergentomyia berentiensis. They give mensurations and specific features (spermatheca, cibarium, pharynx). They note some similitudes with American species.", "contents": "[Sergentomyia berentiensis N. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Description of a female specimen collected in Madagascar]. The authors describe, from a single female caught in Madagascar, a new species of sandfly: Sergentomyia berentiensis. They give mensurations and specific features (spermatheca, cibarium, pharynx). They note some similitudes with American species.", "PMID": 755540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10059", "title": "Bond graph models for plant biosystems.", "content": "Computable dynamic models for plant biosystems permit the study of effects of environmental variables on plant growth and productivity. Using bond graphs, a comprehensive phenomenological model of a plant biosystem may be developed and used in computer simulations. Elements of a model studied in this papaer include a gas diffusion network between the atmosphere and leaf cytoplasm, intracellular chemistry, and the translocation networks of the phloem. Bond graphs are shown to provide a conceptual basis for the development of biological subsystem and system models and lead to computable representations.", "contents": "Bond graph models for plant biosystems. Computable dynamic models for plant biosystems permit the study of effects of environmental variables on plant growth and productivity. Using bond graphs, a comprehensive phenomenological model of a plant biosystem may be developed and used in computer simulations. Elements of a model studied in this papaer include a gas diffusion network between the atmosphere and leaf cytoplasm, intracellular chemistry, and the translocation networks of the phloem. Bond graphs are shown to provide a conceptual basis for the development of biological subsystem and system models and lead to computable representations.", "PMID": 755595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10060", "title": "Bond graphs and the exploitation of power conserving transformations.", "content": "Use is made of the guaranteed energy conservation property of any bond graph model (presuming that consistent energy variables are used). Thus power transformations are power conserving, and this property is exploited with respect to multiport transformers where many effort and flow variables may be involved. In these cases the relationship among the effort (flow) variables across the transformer may be easier to derive than the relationship among the flows (efforts). The power conserving nature of the transformer permits immediate derivation of the alternate variable relationship. This formulation procedure is applied to the reflex reaction of the arm.", "contents": "Bond graphs and the exploitation of power conserving transformations. Use is made of the guaranteed energy conservation property of any bond graph model (presuming that consistent energy variables are used). Thus power transformations are power conserving, and this property is exploited with respect to multiport transformers where many effort and flow variables may be involved. In these cases the relationship among the effort (flow) variables across the transformer may be easier to derive than the relationship among the flows (efforts). The power conserving nature of the transformer permits immediate derivation of the alternate variable relationship. This formulation procedure is applied to the reflex reaction of the arm.", "PMID": 755596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10061", "title": "Network representation of reaction--diffusion systems far from equilibrium.", "content": "This paper develops the network theory of chemical reaction systems from first principles. The network approach is then used to derive a canonical set of differential equations for reaction--diffusion systems, and an analysis of the Brusselator is presented as an example.", "contents": "Network representation of reaction--diffusion systems far from equilibrium. This paper develops the network theory of chemical reaction systems from first principles. The network approach is then used to derive a canonical set of differential equations for reaction--diffusion systems, and an analysis of the Brusselator is presented as an example.", "PMID": 755597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10062", "title": "A computer program for multivariate ratio analysis (MISCAT).", "content": "Analysts must deal frequently with missing data in multivariate analysis. In such cases, estimating the covariance maxtrix V of the dependent variables usually involves initial estimation and iterative adjustment of imputed missing data values, and/or smoothing of an estimate V which is not necessarily positive semi-definite. This paper presents an alternative procedure for computing estimates of relevant multivariate parameters in situations where missing data occur at random and with small probability. MISCAT is a computer program which computes multivariate ratio estimates of the means and a corresponding positive semi-definite estimate of the covariance matrix. It is an extension of GENCAT, which is a program for the generalizaed least squares analysis of categorical data. Thus, one advantage of dealing with missing data in this manner is that variation among the ratio estimates may be conveniently analyzed within MISCAT using asymptotic regression methodology, provided that sample sizes are sufficiently large. An example is given to illustrate such analysis for longitudinal data from a multicenter clinical trial.", "contents": "A computer program for multivariate ratio analysis (MISCAT). Analysts must deal frequently with missing data in multivariate analysis. In such cases, estimating the covariance maxtrix V of the dependent variables usually involves initial estimation and iterative adjustment of imputed missing data values, and/or smoothing of an estimate V which is not necessarily positive semi-definite. This paper presents an alternative procedure for computing estimates of relevant multivariate parameters in situations where missing data occur at random and with small probability. MISCAT is a computer program which computes multivariate ratio estimates of the means and a corresponding positive semi-definite estimate of the covariance matrix. It is an extension of GENCAT, which is a program for the generalizaed least squares analysis of categorical data. Thus, one advantage of dealing with missing data in this manner is that variation among the ratio estimates may be conveniently analyzed within MISCAT using asymptotic regression methodology, provided that sample sizes are sufficiently large. An example is given to illustrate such analysis for longitudinal data from a multicenter clinical trial.", "PMID": 755598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10063", "title": "A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of competing risks grouped survival data (CRISCAT).", "content": "CRISCAT is a computer program for the analysis of grouped survival data with competing risks via weighted least squares methods. Competing risks adjustments are obtained from general matrix operations using many of the strategies employed in a previously developed program (GENCAT) for multivariate categorical data. CRISCAT computes survival rates at several time points for multiple causes of failure, where each rate is adjusted for other causes in the sense that failure due to thes other causes has been eliminated as a risk. The program can generate functions of the adjusted survival rates, to which asymptotic regression models may be fit. CRISCAT yields test statistics for hypotheses involving either these functions or estimated model parameters. Thus, this computational algorithm links competing risks theory to linear models methods for contingency table analysis and provides a unified approach to estimation and hypothesis testing of functions involving competing risks adjusted rates.", "contents": "A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of competing risks grouped survival data (CRISCAT). CRISCAT is a computer program for the analysis of grouped survival data with competing risks via weighted least squares methods. Competing risks adjustments are obtained from general matrix operations using many of the strategies employed in a previously developed program (GENCAT) for multivariate categorical data. CRISCAT computes survival rates at several time points for multiple causes of failure, where each rate is adjusted for other causes in the sense that failure due to thes other causes has been eliminated as a risk. The program can generate functions of the adjusted survival rates, to which asymptotic regression models may be fit. CRISCAT yields test statistics for hypotheses involving either these functions or estimated model parameters. Thus, this computational algorithm links competing risks theory to linear models methods for contingency table analysis and provides a unified approach to estimation and hypothesis testing of functions involving competing risks adjusted rates.", "PMID": 755599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10064", "title": "On the stationarity and normality of the electroencephalographic data during sleep stages.", "content": "In this paper, we show techniques to examine the stationarity and the normality of time series as well as results obtained by applying these techniques to EEG data during sleep stages. Many statistical analyses of the EEG data are based on the assumption that the EEG data are stationary and normally distributed. However, the problem is to know the length of data which is most appropriate for the statistical analysis. From the analysis, it is found that a decreased length of data implies an increased degree of stationarity and normality in each stage of sleep. However, for the practical stationary analysis of EEG data, it is shown that it is appropriate to take about 5 s during sleep state. Stationarity is fulfilled to a relatively large extent in REM but more seldom in stage 2. In the case of short data, asymmetric distribution occupies the large parts of non-normal distribution. As the length of data increases the proportion which is symmetric but sharper or flatter than the normal distribution increases.", "contents": "On the stationarity and normality of the electroencephalographic data during sleep stages. In this paper, we show techniques to examine the stationarity and the normality of time series as well as results obtained by applying these techniques to EEG data during sleep stages. Many statistical analyses of the EEG data are based on the assumption that the EEG data are stationary and normally distributed. However, the problem is to know the length of data which is most appropriate for the statistical analysis. From the analysis, it is found that a decreased length of data implies an increased degree of stationarity and normality in each stage of sleep. However, for the practical stationary analysis of EEG data, it is shown that it is appropriate to take about 5 s during sleep state. Stationarity is fulfilled to a relatively large extent in REM but more seldom in stage 2. In the case of short data, asymmetric distribution occupies the large parts of non-normal distribution. As the length of data increases the proportion which is symmetric but sharper or flatter than the normal distribution increases.", "PMID": 755600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10065", "title": "The computation of EEG bispectra.", "content": "This paper presents a FORTRAN program for computation of bispectra of multichannel EEG on a PDP-11/55 computer. Input data are already digitized and file-structured. Output of power spectra, bicoherence and biphases is produced in synoptic form on a line printer.", "contents": "The computation of EEG bispectra. This paper presents a FORTRAN program for computation of bispectra of multichannel EEG on a PDP-11/55 computer. Input data are already digitized and file-structured. Output of power spectra, bicoherence and biphases is produced in synoptic form on a line printer.", "PMID": 755601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10066", "title": "Computer techniques for the processing of evoked potentials.", "content": "A computer technique is described for the systematic characterization of brain evoked potentials. Preprocessing of the data by a causal digital filter is followed by a peak search and identification procedure. A latency histogram of the peaks found is constructed to determine the ranges or clusters of peaks within the single evoked potential. Peaks found within the clusters are then corrected to the mean latency of the cluster and a latency corrected average version of the evoked potential constructed.", "contents": "Computer techniques for the processing of evoked potentials. A computer technique is described for the systematic characterization of brain evoked potentials. Preprocessing of the data by a causal digital filter is followed by a peak search and identification procedure. A latency histogram of the peaks found is constructed to determine the ranges or clusters of peaks within the single evoked potential. Peaks found within the clusters are then corrected to the mean latency of the cluster and a latency corrected average version of the evoked potential constructed.", "PMID": 755602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10067", "title": "Evoked potential measurement and analysis on a small laboratory computer.", "content": "A program is described for the collection and subsequent analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials using a LINC-8 computer. The program allows simple evoked-potentials analysis in centers where a small laboratory computer may be available but sophisticated instrumentation such as a computer of average transients is not available. This program provides an efficient method of easily obtaining information concerning the conduction pathways of the nervous system as well as the cerebral function; the program can be implemented on small laboratory computers which most hospitals currently own, without the associated cost or complexity of additional hardware in the laboratory. Combining utilization of a small laboratory computer with an easily programmable method provides an approach for evoked potential analysis which is well within the financial and technical scope of most neurophysiology laboratories.", "contents": "Evoked potential measurement and analysis on a small laboratory computer. A program is described for the collection and subsequent analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials using a LINC-8 computer. The program allows simple evoked-potentials analysis in centers where a small laboratory computer may be available but sophisticated instrumentation such as a computer of average transients is not available. This program provides an efficient method of easily obtaining information concerning the conduction pathways of the nervous system as well as the cerebral function; the program can be implemented on small laboratory computers which most hospitals currently own, without the associated cost or complexity of additional hardware in the laboratory. Combining utilization of a small laboratory computer with an easily programmable method provides an approach for evoked potential analysis which is well within the financial and technical scope of most neurophysiology laboratories.", "PMID": 755603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10068", "title": "A minicomputer system for display and rate analysis in vectorcardiography.", "content": "A system has been constructed for recording vectorcardiographic signal with a FM taperecorder. Off-line AD-conversion and analysis of rates and magnitudes of partial vectors are made with a minicomputer. The reason for studying particularly initial vectorrates is that according to our hypothesis these contain valuable information for classification of certain cardiac arrythmias according to supraventricular or ventricular impulse focus. Preliminary results confirm the hypothesis. In vectorcardiography one difficulty is to give an easily comprehensible presentation of the vectorloop. In this study a method for '3-dimensional' display has been developed, using a graphic display processor and varying intensities of the beam. The system is to a high degree man-machine interactive.", "contents": "A minicomputer system for display and rate analysis in vectorcardiography. A system has been constructed for recording vectorcardiographic signal with a FM taperecorder. Off-line AD-conversion and analysis of rates and magnitudes of partial vectors are made with a minicomputer. The reason for studying particularly initial vectorrates is that according to our hypothesis these contain valuable information for classification of certain cardiac arrythmias according to supraventricular or ventricular impulse focus. Preliminary results confirm the hypothesis. In vectorcardiography one difficulty is to give an easily comprehensible presentation of the vectorloop. In this study a method for '3-dimensional' display has been developed, using a graphic display processor and varying intensities of the beam. The system is to a high degree man-machine interactive.", "PMID": 755604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10069", "title": "Automatisation of chronic toxicities.", "content": "Automatisation of collection and processing of chronic toxicity tests are presented in a 'pharmaceutical research center environment'. The data are either analog signals or numerical values transmitted to the computer, from terminals posted in various laboratories. The minicomputer works under time-sharing system which allows many users to access to the programs in the same time. This system controls about 3000 results a day and prints complete reports in less than two days. Rewriting is then avoided thanks to this system, and in such a way, the reports are more reliable.", "contents": "Automatisation of chronic toxicities. Automatisation of collection and processing of chronic toxicity tests are presented in a 'pharmaceutical research center environment'. The data are either analog signals or numerical values transmitted to the computer, from terminals posted in various laboratories. The minicomputer works under time-sharing system which allows many users to access to the programs in the same time. This system controls about 3000 results a day and prints complete reports in less than two days. Rewriting is then avoided thanks to this system, and in such a way, the reports are more reliable.", "PMID": 755605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10070", "title": "Use of a clinical laboratory computer to warn of possible drug interference with test results.", "content": "Using a clinical laboratory computer system, software has been developed which checks to determine if the result of any test performed on a patient specimen may be affected by any drug administered to that same patient. If possible interference is detected, a comment is automatically attached to the result on the patient's computer-generated report warning the attending physician the result may be falsely elevated or lowered.", "contents": "Use of a clinical laboratory computer to warn of possible drug interference with test results. Using a clinical laboratory computer system, software has been developed which checks to determine if the result of any test performed on a patient specimen may be affected by any drug administered to that same patient. If possible interference is detected, a comment is automatically attached to the result on the patient's computer-generated report warning the attending physician the result may be falsely elevated or lowered.", "PMID": 755606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10071", "title": "BANDSCAN--a computer program for on-line linear scanning of human banded chromosomes.", "content": "BANDSCAN, an interactive program for on-line linear scanning of human G-banded chromosomes quantitative analysis is described. This program was written for a Wang 720 C programmable desk calculator associated to the Zeiss scanning photometer MP01. The system can detect up to a maximum of 24 densitometric band peaks found along banded chromosome arms or chromatids, estimate the total arm length and localize bands in terms of their relative positions. The scanning stage under control is always returned to the pre-fixed scanning starting point (centromere) which allows a user to scan the specimen repeatedly at different sensitivities and thus to reject minor bands or suspected chromosome artifacts. This facilitates a better visualization of major bands and chromosome landmarks. A fully formated print-out on band localizations and their relative positions is obtained at the end of each scanning. The possibilities of the application of this program to band mapping of human chromosomes and to the study of small chromosome band aberrations is discussed.", "contents": "BANDSCAN--a computer program for on-line linear scanning of human banded chromosomes. BANDSCAN, an interactive program for on-line linear scanning of human G-banded chromosomes quantitative analysis is described. This program was written for a Wang 720 C programmable desk calculator associated to the Zeiss scanning photometer MP01. The system can detect up to a maximum of 24 densitometric band peaks found along banded chromosome arms or chromatids, estimate the total arm length and localize bands in terms of their relative positions. The scanning stage under control is always returned to the pre-fixed scanning starting point (centromere) which allows a user to scan the specimen repeatedly at different sensitivities and thus to reject minor bands or suspected chromosome artifacts. This facilitates a better visualization of major bands and chromosome landmarks. A fully formated print-out on band localizations and their relative positions is obtained at the end of each scanning. The possibilities of the application of this program to band mapping of human chromosomes and to the study of small chromosome band aberrations is discussed.", "PMID": 755607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10072", "title": "Readers' forum: experiences with a system. The implementation of a completely operational computer system in a cardio-thoracic department.", "content": "Wythenshawe Hospital is a large general district hospital with more than 1000 beds, situated approximately 9 miles south of Manchester. The Cardio-Thoracic department, housed in the new section of the hospital which was completed in 1973, is the major centre for cardiothoracic surgery in the greater Manchester area. It also receives any major accident cases which require treatment within the Intensive Therapy Unit. This paper describes a Patient Data Display System and the methods used to introduce the concept of such a system, to doctors, nurses, laboratory and paramedical staff, and the manner in which these staff were trained in the use of computer terminals. Principles underlying the need for and requirements of such a system are also discussed. Six months after hardware commissioning the system was fully operational throughout the whole department.", "contents": "Readers' forum: experiences with a system. The implementation of a completely operational computer system in a cardio-thoracic department. Wythenshawe Hospital is a large general district hospital with more than 1000 beds, situated approximately 9 miles south of Manchester. The Cardio-Thoracic department, housed in the new section of the hospital which was completed in 1973, is the major centre for cardiothoracic surgery in the greater Manchester area. It also receives any major accident cases which require treatment within the Intensive Therapy Unit. This paper describes a Patient Data Display System and the methods used to introduce the concept of such a system, to doctors, nurses, laboratory and paramedical staff, and the manner in which these staff were trained in the use of computer terminals. Principles underlying the need for and requirements of such a system are also discussed. Six months after hardware commissioning the system was fully operational throughout the whole department.", "PMID": 755608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10073", "title": "Endocytic mechanisms of the digestive cells of Hydra viridis. 1. Morphological aspects.", "content": "The endocytic mechanisms of the digestive cells of Hydra viridis were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Algae which form a stable intracellular symbiosis are phagocytosed by uncoated plasmalemma, as are large (greater than 0.5 micron) food particles. Discoidal coated vesicles apparently effect the endocytosis of smaller particles, including macromolecules. Competition experiments indicate that the uptake of algae and larger food particles utilize similar endocytic membrane.", "contents": "Endocytic mechanisms of the digestive cells of Hydra viridis. 1. Morphological aspects. The endocytic mechanisms of the digestive cells of Hydra viridis were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Algae which form a stable intracellular symbiosis are phagocytosed by uncoated plasmalemma, as are large (greater than 0.5 micron) food particles. Discoidal coated vesicles apparently effect the endocytosis of smaller particles, including macromolecules. Competition experiments indicate that the uptake of algae and larger food particles utilize similar endocytic membrane.", "PMID": 755609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10074", "title": "The process of wound repair in Udotea petiolata (Siphonales).", "content": "The process of wound repair is examined in the multiaxial thallus of Udotea petiolata. In response to cutting, the injured siphons form a plug, which quickly seals the wound surface. This plug is composed of a fibrillar substance, and of roundish bodies; the latter in unwounded siphons are present in the vacuole. A wound-wall is formed inside the plugs in every tested part of the thallus. Only the apical terminations of the fringe siphons are unable to form a complete wound repair. The composition and function of the two components are discussed.", "contents": "The process of wound repair in Udotea petiolata (Siphonales). The process of wound repair is examined in the multiaxial thallus of Udotea petiolata. In response to cutting, the injured siphons form a plug, which quickly seals the wound surface. This plug is composed of a fibrillar substance, and of roundish bodies; the latter in unwounded siphons are present in the vacuole. A wound-wall is formed inside the plugs in every tested part of the thallus. Only the apical terminations of the fringe siphons are unable to form a complete wound repair. The composition and function of the two components are discussed.", "PMID": 755610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10075", "title": "Initiation of bends in the microtubular axostyle of Pyrsonympha.", "content": "The motile axostyle of Pyrsonympha, a symbiotic protozoan occupying the hindgut of termites, is a cytoplasmic bundle of microtubules capable of initiating and propagating bends. In vivo, bends are always initiated at the anterior end of the cell. The early events to bend initiation are described using quantitative data from cinemicrographic recordings. In addition, the conplicated array of structures at the site of bend initiation is described using electron microscopy of serial thin sections through the anterior end of the cell. Bend initiation is postulated to represent a mechanical event associated with one or more of the specialized structures associated specifically with the anterior end of the axostyle.", "contents": "Initiation of bends in the microtubular axostyle of Pyrsonympha. The motile axostyle of Pyrsonympha, a symbiotic protozoan occupying the hindgut of termites, is a cytoplasmic bundle of microtubules capable of initiating and propagating bends. In vivo, bends are always initiated at the anterior end of the cell. The early events to bend initiation are described using quantitative data from cinemicrographic recordings. In addition, the conplicated array of structures at the site of bend initiation is described using electron microscopy of serial thin sections through the anterior end of the cell. Bend initiation is postulated to represent a mechanical event associated with one or more of the specialized structures associated specifically with the anterior end of the axostyle.", "PMID": 755611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10076", "title": "Time of appearance of cellular antigens on chicken RBC.", "content": "At least twelve genetically distinct systems of RBC membrane alloantigens have thus far been detected in the chicken. Earlier studies have indicated that some of these are 'latent' in that the full development of surface antigen appears only gradually during ontogeny. The present experiments show that the alloantigens B2, B19, E1 and I2 are among those which develop more slowly in the RBC plasma membrane system. These might be utilized as indicators of the state of membrane differentiation during various experimental treatments or disease states.", "contents": "Time of appearance of cellular antigens on chicken RBC. At least twelve genetically distinct systems of RBC membrane alloantigens have thus far been detected in the chicken. Earlier studies have indicated that some of these are 'latent' in that the full development of surface antigen appears only gradually during ontogeny. The present experiments show that the alloantigens B2, B19, E1 and I2 are among those which develop more slowly in the RBC plasma membrane system. These might be utilized as indicators of the state of membrane differentiation during various experimental treatments or disease states.", "PMID": 755612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10077", "title": "Histopathological and cytochemical studies on the 5-fluorouracil treated gonads of Locusta migratoria (L.).", "content": "5-Fluorouracil caused necrosis in ovary only whereas testis remained unaffected even with higher doses. In ovary the ooplasm shrank; some follicular epithelial cells became pycnotic, and the nuclei of others showed an abnormal fragmentation of chromatin material; the cytoplasm of follicular epithelial cells was drawn into the peripheral empty space formed by the contraction of the ooplasm, and ultimately the follicular epithelium disintegrated. The interoocytal bridge is some oocytes was lost. The yolk formation was inhibited, and maturation of eggs was prevented. Most of the mature oocytes were also damaged. Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, and decreases in proteins, carbohydrates and lipids was observed. With increased doses and post-treatment periods the effects mentioned above were increased.", "contents": "Histopathological and cytochemical studies on the 5-fluorouracil treated gonads of Locusta migratoria (L.). 5-Fluorouracil caused necrosis in ovary only whereas testis remained unaffected even with higher doses. In ovary the ooplasm shrank; some follicular epithelial cells became pycnotic, and the nuclei of others showed an abnormal fragmentation of chromatin material; the cytoplasm of follicular epithelial cells was drawn into the peripheral empty space formed by the contraction of the ooplasm, and ultimately the follicular epithelium disintegrated. The interoocytal bridge is some oocytes was lost. The yolk formation was inhibited, and maturation of eggs was prevented. Most of the mature oocytes were also damaged. Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, and decreases in proteins, carbohydrates and lipids was observed. With increased doses and post-treatment periods the effects mentioned above were increased.", "PMID": 755613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10078", "title": "Reconstruction of mammalian heart tissue from embryonic heart cell suspension with reference to the aggregation of adult heart cells.", "content": "Aggregations of isolated embryonic and adult heart cells were studied so as to examine in detail the formation of cell contacts, the assembly of cells into multicellular systems, and cell co-operation in forming organized and differentiating tissues. At selected intervals after initiating rotation cultures, aggregates were examined microscopically for evidence of contractility, and subsequently processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). By continuous accretion of single cells, and the joining of small clusters, the aggregates increased in size. Cells within the aggregates exhibited rhythmic and synchronous contractility by 3--12 h of culture, suggesting the formation of low-resistance inter-cellular junctions between apposed cells. Two populations of cells could be recognized by 9--12 h with SEM. One was spherical in surface view and the other was flattened. Spherical cells possessed myofibrils, and were classified as cardiac myocytes which occupied the core of the aggregate. The flattened cells were devoid of myofibrils and non-muscle in nature. They covered the surface in a multilayered epithelium. At 12h the aggregates were round to oval, covered by flattened cells, but individual round cells could still be recognized. Intercalated discs were frequently observed in 12 h aggregates. The junctional complexes observed in 12--72 h aggregates include desmosomes, fascia adherens and gap junctions. Most of the aggregation was completed by 24 h, and at later time periods, i.e. 48--72 h, the external surface of the aggregates was smoothed out with epithelial investment. In these aggregates myofibrils and intercellular junctions became reconstructed in less than 24 h. Unlike embryonic myocardial cells, adult cells did not form aggregates of numerous cells. Instead, they formed irregular clusters of 2--5 cells during 3--48 h of culture. Intercellular contacts and suggestive desmosomal materials were observed between adherent cardiac muscle cells. When culture continued for 48--72 h, the cells underwent supercontraction and became non-viable, suggesting that the terminally differentiated adult myocardial cells are incapable of regenerating constituents obligatory for histogenetic reconstruction.", "contents": "Reconstruction of mammalian heart tissue from embryonic heart cell suspension with reference to the aggregation of adult heart cells. Aggregations of isolated embryonic and adult heart cells were studied so as to examine in detail the formation of cell contacts, the assembly of cells into multicellular systems, and cell co-operation in forming organized and differentiating tissues. At selected intervals after initiating rotation cultures, aggregates were examined microscopically for evidence of contractility, and subsequently processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). By continuous accretion of single cells, and the joining of small clusters, the aggregates increased in size. Cells within the aggregates exhibited rhythmic and synchronous contractility by 3--12 h of culture, suggesting the formation of low-resistance inter-cellular junctions between apposed cells. Two populations of cells could be recognized by 9--12 h with SEM. One was spherical in surface view and the other was flattened. Spherical cells possessed myofibrils, and were classified as cardiac myocytes which occupied the core of the aggregate. The flattened cells were devoid of myofibrils and non-muscle in nature. They covered the surface in a multilayered epithelium. At 12h the aggregates were round to oval, covered by flattened cells, but individual round cells could still be recognized. Intercalated discs were frequently observed in 12 h aggregates. The junctional complexes observed in 12--72 h aggregates include desmosomes, fascia adherens and gap junctions. Most of the aggregation was completed by 24 h, and at later time periods, i.e. 48--72 h, the external surface of the aggregates was smoothed out with epithelial investment. In these aggregates myofibrils and intercellular junctions became reconstructed in less than 24 h. Unlike embryonic myocardial cells, adult cells did not form aggregates of numerous cells. Instead, they formed irregular clusters of 2--5 cells during 3--48 h of culture. Intercellular contacts and suggestive desmosomal materials were observed between adherent cardiac muscle cells. When culture continued for 48--72 h, the cells underwent supercontraction and became non-viable, suggesting that the terminally differentiated adult myocardial cells are incapable of regenerating constituents obligatory for histogenetic reconstruction.", "PMID": 755614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10079", "title": "A comparison of alcoholics and heroin abusers: computerized transaxial tomography and neuropsychological functioning.", "content": "A number of conclusions may be drawn from the present neuropsychological and neuroanatomical assessment of alcoholic and heroin abusers: (1) Heroin abusers display deficits on the Category Test, TPT (Time and Localization) and Raven's Progressive Matrices (Set I and II) when compared to controls. (2) Alcoholics show significantly greater deficits than heroin abusers on these tests. (3) Duration of heroin and alcohol abuse are positively related to the extent of the observed deficits. (4) Observed deficits on the Progressive Matrices and Category tests appear to be reversible in the heroin abuser, but not the alcoholic, after comparable periods of remission. (5) The same proportion (1/15) of alcoholics and heroin abusers showed evidence of cerebral atrophy based on enlarged ventricular size.", "contents": "A comparison of alcoholics and heroin abusers: computerized transaxial tomography and neuropsychological functioning. A number of conclusions may be drawn from the present neuropsychological and neuroanatomical assessment of alcoholic and heroin abusers: (1) Heroin abusers display deficits on the Category Test, TPT (Time and Localization) and Raven's Progressive Matrices (Set I and II) when compared to controls. (2) Alcoholics show significantly greater deficits than heroin abusers on these tests. (3) Duration of heroin and alcohol abuse are positively related to the extent of the observed deficits. (4) Observed deficits on the Progressive Matrices and Category tests appear to be reversible in the heroin abuser, but not the alcoholic, after comparable periods of remission. (5) The same proportion (1/15) of alcoholics and heroin abusers showed evidence of cerebral atrophy based on enlarged ventricular size.", "PMID": 755621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10080", "title": "Sympathetic nervous function and renin activity in hypertensives on long term drug treatment with propranolol, methyldopa or bendrofluazide.", "content": "Plasma noradrenaline and plasma renin activity were measured as indices of sympathetic activity and renin angiotensin system in similar groups of hypertensive patients receiving either propranolol, bendrofluazide or methyldopa. Plasma renin activity was similar in the propranolol and methyldopa groups and significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in both these groups than the diuretic treated subjects. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) on methyldopa than either propranolol or bendrofluazide. These different effects on the renin angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system of these drugs may be relevant in the choice of long term therapy in hypertension.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous function and renin activity in hypertensives on long term drug treatment with propranolol, methyldopa or bendrofluazide. Plasma noradrenaline and plasma renin activity were measured as indices of sympathetic activity and renin angiotensin system in similar groups of hypertensive patients receiving either propranolol, bendrofluazide or methyldopa. Plasma renin activity was similar in the propranolol and methyldopa groups and significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in both these groups than the diuretic treated subjects. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) on methyldopa than either propranolol or bendrofluazide. These different effects on the renin angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system of these drugs may be relevant in the choice of long term therapy in hypertension.", "PMID": 755641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10081", "title": "Effects of R-28935 on sympathetic nervous activity in anesthetized cat.", "content": "Intravenous administration of erythro-1-(1-[2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-Et]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R-28935) (25--100 microgram/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in spontaneous electrical activity recorded in the splanchnic and renal nerves. Reductions in sympathetic nerve activity were paralleled by hypotension and bradycardia. R 28935-induced depressor responses were not affected by baroreceptor denervation, piperoxan, yohimbine or phentolamine. Results support the idea that R-28935 decreased resting blood pressure and heart rate through a reduction in central sympathetic outflow which does not involve alpha-adrenergic receptor activation.", "contents": "Effects of R-28935 on sympathetic nervous activity in anesthetized cat. Intravenous administration of erythro-1-(1-[2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-Et]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidazolinone (R-28935) (25--100 microgram/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in spontaneous electrical activity recorded in the splanchnic and renal nerves. Reductions in sympathetic nerve activity were paralleled by hypotension and bradycardia. R 28935-induced depressor responses were not affected by baroreceptor denervation, piperoxan, yohimbine or phentolamine. Results support the idea that R-28935 decreased resting blood pressure and heart rate through a reduction in central sympathetic outflow which does not involve alpha-adrenergic receptor activation.", "PMID": 755642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10082", "title": "Influence of angiotensin antagonists on renal vascular resistance and prostaglandin E release.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP), renal arterial pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured and blood samples were removed for determination of prostaglandin E (PGE) content in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Analysis of PGE with prior column separation was by radioimmunoassay utilizing a PGF antiserum and PGE specific anti-serum. The angiotensin antagonists 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) and 1-Sar-Ileu-angiotensin II (1-S-8-I A) were infused intraarterially to the kidney achieving concentrations of 20 and 50-60 ng/ml and 10 and 20 ng/ml, respectively before and during partial occlusion of the renal artery (RAO). 1-S-8-I A, 20 ng/ml, caused a small increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) before RAO, but saralasin exerted no effect prior to RAO. Arterial and renal venous PGE levels were not affected by the antagonists. RAO caused a decrease in RVR and gradual increase in BP which ranged from 29-38% and 12-15 mmHg, respectively at the 20 min interval. The concentration of PGE in renal venous blood was found to be increased and the AV difference was significant when measurements were made using PGF antiserum, but no change was detectable when using PGE antiserum. The infusion of saralasin, but not 1-S-8-I A in the above concentrations caused a significant decrease in RVR during RAO; however, no changes in PGE levels were obtained with either agent. These results indicate that 1-S-8-I A has a more potent agonistic renal vasoconstrictor effect than saralasin as found before RAO, and saralasin exerts a renal vasodilator action only during RAO, which is due to angiotensin antagonism and not to PGE release.", "contents": "Influence of angiotensin antagonists on renal vascular resistance and prostaglandin E release. Blood pressure (BP), renal arterial pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured and blood samples were removed for determination of prostaglandin E (PGE) content in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Analysis of PGE with prior column separation was by radioimmunoassay utilizing a PGF antiserum and PGE specific anti-serum. The angiotensin antagonists 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) and 1-Sar-Ileu-angiotensin II (1-S-8-I A) were infused intraarterially to the kidney achieving concentrations of 20 and 50-60 ng/ml and 10 and 20 ng/ml, respectively before and during partial occlusion of the renal artery (RAO). 1-S-8-I A, 20 ng/ml, caused a small increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) before RAO, but saralasin exerted no effect prior to RAO. Arterial and renal venous PGE levels were not affected by the antagonists. RAO caused a decrease in RVR and gradual increase in BP which ranged from 29-38% and 12-15 mmHg, respectively at the 20 min interval. The concentration of PGE in renal venous blood was found to be increased and the AV difference was significant when measurements were made using PGF antiserum, but no change was detectable when using PGE antiserum. The infusion of saralasin, but not 1-S-8-I A in the above concentrations caused a significant decrease in RVR during RAO; however, no changes in PGE levels were obtained with either agent. These results indicate that 1-S-8-I A has a more potent agonistic renal vasoconstrictor effect than saralasin as found before RAO, and saralasin exerts a renal vasodilator action only during RAO, which is due to angiotensin antagonism and not to PGE release.", "PMID": 755643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10083", "title": "Depression of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by clonidine: evidence for stimulation of 5-HT receptors.", "content": "In unanesthetized spinal cats, clonidine HCl (5-50 microgram/kg, i.v.) rapidly and markedly depressed excitatory transmission through two spinal pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Depression through either pathway was dose-dependent and persisted for more than 3 hr but could be rapidly antagonized at any stage by tolazoline HCl in a dose-ratio of about 1:100. The two spinal pathways were also depressed transiently by L-dopa and for prolonged periods by 5-HTP; both precursors were shown to act by releasing 5-HT from bulbospinal 5-HT terminals and their depressant effects were also antagonized by tolazoline. In the absence of 5-HT-induced depression, L-dopa only enhanced transmission through both pathways by inducing release of catecholamines from bulbospinal NE terminals. These results indicate that clonidine depresses sympathetic activity by stimulating inhibitory 5-HT receptors on sympathetic preganglionic neurons, a mechanism that adequately accounts for its central vasodepressor effect.", "contents": "Depression of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by clonidine: evidence for stimulation of 5-HT receptors. In unanesthetized spinal cats, clonidine HCl (5-50 microgram/kg, i.v.) rapidly and markedly depressed excitatory transmission through two spinal pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Depression through either pathway was dose-dependent and persisted for more than 3 hr but could be rapidly antagonized at any stage by tolazoline HCl in a dose-ratio of about 1:100. The two spinal pathways were also depressed transiently by L-dopa and for prolonged periods by 5-HTP; both precursors were shown to act by releasing 5-HT from bulbospinal 5-HT terminals and their depressant effects were also antagonized by tolazoline. In the absence of 5-HT-induced depression, L-dopa only enhanced transmission through both pathways by inducing release of catecholamines from bulbospinal NE terminals. These results indicate that clonidine depresses sympathetic activity by stimulating inhibitory 5-HT receptors on sympathetic preganglionic neurons, a mechanism that adequately accounts for its central vasodepressor effect.", "PMID": 755644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10084", "title": "Plasma volume, blood volume and transcapillary escape rate (TER) of albumin in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared with normotensive controls (NCR).", "content": "A detailed comparison of blood and plasma volumes and of the transcapillary escape rate (TER) of albumin was performed in SHR and matched NCR, particularly during the phase of rapid pressure rise in SHR. Throughout this early phase of life, the relative plasma and blood volumes tend to be lower, and TER higher in SHR, as would be expected when neurogenic mechanisms dominate the initiation of hypertension. Only in late established SHR hypertension, with increasing signs of cardiovascular complications, blood volume tends to be higher in SHR than in NCR. These results are in general agreement with most observations in early essential hypertension in man. They are of interest in contrast to recent findings in another variant of primary hypertension in rats, MHS. Also the apparently quite different initiating mechanisms in SHR and MHS primary hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma volume, blood volume and transcapillary escape rate (TER) of albumin in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared with normotensive controls (NCR). A detailed comparison of blood and plasma volumes and of the transcapillary escape rate (TER) of albumin was performed in SHR and matched NCR, particularly during the phase of rapid pressure rise in SHR. Throughout this early phase of life, the relative plasma and blood volumes tend to be lower, and TER higher in SHR, as would be expected when neurogenic mechanisms dominate the initiation of hypertension. Only in late established SHR hypertension, with increasing signs of cardiovascular complications, blood volume tends to be higher in SHR than in NCR. These results are in general agreement with most observations in early essential hypertension in man. They are of interest in contrast to recent findings in another variant of primary hypertension in rats, MHS. Also the apparently quite different initiating mechanisms in SHR and MHS primary hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 755645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10085", "title": "Clinical assessment of sympathetic tone: orthostatic blood pressure responses in borderline primary hypertension.", "content": "Orthostatic changes of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, and pulse rates were evaluated as clinical indicators of sympathetic nerve tone in 28 patients with uncomplicated primary hypertension. After sixty minutes in the upright position, systolic blood pressure increased in 13 and decreased in 15 of the patients, while pulse pressure diminished in 19, was unchanged in 4 and increased in 5 of the patients. The changes of both systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure showed a significant positive correlation with basal (supine) levels of norepinephrine (r = 0.40, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.54, p less than 0.01, respectively). In the total sample of patients, 25% had basal plasma norepinephrine concentrations above the normal range. Of the patients with increased systolic blood pressure after standing, 38% had elevated basal norepinephrine. Similarly in patients with increased orthostatic pulse pressure or in those with pulse pressure reductions less than 10 mm Hg, 45% had elevated basal norepinephrine. On the other hand, of patients with reductions of pulse pressure of more than 10 mm Hg, only 6% had elevated basal norepinephrine. Of the patients with similar systolic blood pressure reductions, none had increased plasma norepinephrine. Both diastolic blood pressures and pulse rates always rose during orthostatic stress, but they did not correlate with basal sympathetic tone. In conclusion, hypertensive patients with orthostatic increases of systolic and pulse pressure are more likely to have elevated basal sympathetic tone than unresponsive patients. The former may comprise a subset of hypertensives who have a causal neurogenic component. They may be more sensitive to drugs which suppress sympathetic nerve function.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of sympathetic tone: orthostatic blood pressure responses in borderline primary hypertension. Orthostatic changes of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, and pulse rates were evaluated as clinical indicators of sympathetic nerve tone in 28 patients with uncomplicated primary hypertension. After sixty minutes in the upright position, systolic blood pressure increased in 13 and decreased in 15 of the patients, while pulse pressure diminished in 19, was unchanged in 4 and increased in 5 of the patients. The changes of both systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure showed a significant positive correlation with basal (supine) levels of norepinephrine (r = 0.40, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.54, p less than 0.01, respectively). In the total sample of patients, 25% had basal plasma norepinephrine concentrations above the normal range. Of the patients with increased systolic blood pressure after standing, 38% had elevated basal norepinephrine. Similarly in patients with increased orthostatic pulse pressure or in those with pulse pressure reductions less than 10 mm Hg, 45% had elevated basal norepinephrine. On the other hand, of patients with reductions of pulse pressure of more than 10 mm Hg, only 6% had elevated basal norepinephrine. Of the patients with similar systolic blood pressure reductions, none had increased plasma norepinephrine. Both diastolic blood pressures and pulse rates always rose during orthostatic stress, but they did not correlate with basal sympathetic tone. In conclusion, hypertensive patients with orthostatic increases of systolic and pulse pressure are more likely to have elevated basal sympathetic tone than unresponsive patients. The former may comprise a subset of hypertensives who have a causal neurogenic component. They may be more sensitive to drugs which suppress sympathetic nerve function.", "PMID": 755646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10086", "title": "Reduction of plasma renin activity by centrally-administered angiotensin II in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Cerebroventricular administration of angiotensin II elevated arterial pressure and reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) in renal venous blood in anesthetized cats. Further, there was an increase in the concentration of urinary sodium, as well as the rate of Na+ excretion. Acute renal denervation significantly reduced the effects of central angiotensin II on the PRA and on the natriuresis. The data suggested involvement of a neurogenic component in these effects. Further, it appears that there may be a reciprocal relationship between CSF renin activity and PRA.", "contents": "Reduction of plasma renin activity by centrally-administered angiotensin II in anesthetized cats. Cerebroventricular administration of angiotensin II elevated arterial pressure and reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) in renal venous blood in anesthetized cats. Further, there was an increase in the concentration of urinary sodium, as well as the rate of Na+ excretion. Acute renal denervation significantly reduced the effects of central angiotensin II on the PRA and on the natriuresis. The data suggested involvement of a neurogenic component in these effects. Further, it appears that there may be a reciprocal relationship between CSF renin activity and PRA.", "PMID": 755647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10087", "title": "Differential development of renal, DOCA-salt, and spontaneous hypertension in the rat after neonatal sympathectomy.", "content": "The development of hypertension was studied in rats after neonatal sympathectomy by s.c. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine HCl. Three different types of hypertension were investigated: renal hypertension in the two-kidney Goldblatt model, steroid hypertension produced by deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) implantation and saline as drinking fluid, and genetic hypertension in the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). Blood pressure was measured directly in conscious animals via the iliac artery. Mean blood pressure of conscious sympathectomized (SX) normotensive rats was not significantly different from that of normotensive controls. Renal hypertension reached the same level in controls and SX rats four weeks after application of a renal artery clip. DOCA-salt hypertension developed faster and to a higher level in SX rats than in control rats. The hypertension in SX DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was accompanied by a marked tachycardia. In contrast hypertension did not develop in SX SHR. Up to 12 months of age mean blood pressure was markedly lower than that of control SHR, but slightly higher than that of SX normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. These differential effects of neonatal sympathectomy on the development of hypertension in the rat may point to differences in the pathophysiological mechanisms. It is concluded that an intact sympathetic nervous system is essential for the development of hypertension in SHR. In DOCA-salt hypertension the intact sympathetic nervous system appears to protect against a rapid rise in blood pressure.", "contents": "Differential development of renal, DOCA-salt, and spontaneous hypertension in the rat after neonatal sympathectomy. The development of hypertension was studied in rats after neonatal sympathectomy by s.c. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine HCl. Three different types of hypertension were investigated: renal hypertension in the two-kidney Goldblatt model, steroid hypertension produced by deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) implantation and saline as drinking fluid, and genetic hypertension in the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). Blood pressure was measured directly in conscious animals via the iliac artery. Mean blood pressure of conscious sympathectomized (SX) normotensive rats was not significantly different from that of normotensive controls. Renal hypertension reached the same level in controls and SX rats four weeks after application of a renal artery clip. DOCA-salt hypertension developed faster and to a higher level in SX rats than in control rats. The hypertension in SX DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was accompanied by a marked tachycardia. In contrast hypertension did not develop in SX SHR. Up to 12 months of age mean blood pressure was markedly lower than that of control SHR, but slightly higher than that of SX normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. These differential effects of neonatal sympathectomy on the development of hypertension in the rat may point to differences in the pathophysiological mechanisms. It is concluded that an intact sympathetic nervous system is essential for the development of hypertension in SHR. In DOCA-salt hypertension the intact sympathetic nervous system appears to protect against a rapid rise in blood pressure.", "PMID": 755648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10088", "title": "The hypertensive response to injection of physostigmine into the hypothalamus of the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "Microinjection of physostigmine (3-30 nmoles) into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus of freely-moving, unanesthetized rats elicited a dose-related hypertensive response. This effect was significantly reduced by prior central injection of hemicholinium-3. The direct acting cholinergic agonist, carbachol, also evoked an elevation of blood pressure following intrahypothalamic injection; however, this response was unaffected by prior administration of hemicholinium-3.", "contents": "The hypertensive response to injection of physostigmine into the hypothalamus of the unanesthetized rat. Microinjection of physostigmine (3-30 nmoles) into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus of freely-moving, unanesthetized rats elicited a dose-related hypertensive response. This effect was significantly reduced by prior central injection of hemicholinium-3. The direct acting cholinergic agonist, carbachol, also evoked an elevation of blood pressure following intrahypothalamic injection; however, this response was unaffected by prior administration of hemicholinium-3.", "PMID": 755649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10089", "title": "Central cardiovascular actions of histamine in rats: involvement of histamine H2-receptors.", "content": "Centrally induced pressor effects, associated with tachycardia have previously been demonstrated after intraventricular (i.c.v.) injections of histamine. The selective histamine H2-receptor agonists dimaprit (1--500 microgram) and 4-methyl histamine (1--10 microgram), and the histamine H1-receptor agonist 2-methyl histamin (1--10 microgram) elicited rises in blood pressure and heart rate after i.c.v. administration in urethane-anaesthetised rats. Metiamide (400--800 microgram, i.c.v.) antagonised the cardiovascular responses induced by dimaprit and 4-methyl histamine, but not the responses induced by 2-methyl histamine. In contrast mepyramine (100 microgram, i.c.v.) failed to antagonise the dimaprit-induced effects. It is concluded that histamine H1 and H2-receptors are present in the central nervous system of rats. Selective stimulation of either H1- or H2-receptors can lead to pressor effects associated with tachycardia after i.c.v. administration of specific agonists in urethane-anaesthetised rats. These responses are selectively antagonised by the respective receptor antagonists.", "contents": "Central cardiovascular actions of histamine in rats: involvement of histamine H2-receptors. Centrally induced pressor effects, associated with tachycardia have previously been demonstrated after intraventricular (i.c.v.) injections of histamine. The selective histamine H2-receptor agonists dimaprit (1--500 microgram) and 4-methyl histamine (1--10 microgram), and the histamine H1-receptor agonist 2-methyl histamin (1--10 microgram) elicited rises in blood pressure and heart rate after i.c.v. administration in urethane-anaesthetised rats. Metiamide (400--800 microgram, i.c.v.) antagonised the cardiovascular responses induced by dimaprit and 4-methyl histamine, but not the responses induced by 2-methyl histamine. In contrast mepyramine (100 microgram, i.c.v.) failed to antagonise the dimaprit-induced effects. It is concluded that histamine H1 and H2-receptors are present in the central nervous system of rats. Selective stimulation of either H1- or H2-receptors can lead to pressor effects associated with tachycardia after i.c.v. administration of specific agonists in urethane-anaesthetised rats. These responses are selectively antagonised by the respective receptor antagonists.", "PMID": 755650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10090", "title": "The effect of an acute or chronic treatment with indomethacin on the blood pressure of DOCA/salt and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The intravenous infusion of indomethacin (5 mg/kg/min) for 10 min did not modify the systolic blood pressure of conscious, unrestrained doca/salt hypertensive, spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar (NW) rats. However, this dose of indomethacin was sufficient to prevent completely the hypotensive action of arachidonic acid in these animals. The chronic administration of indomethacin to doca/salt treated- and young SH rats was without any effect on the development of hypertension in these animals. These results suggest a limited role for endogenous PGs during the development of these two types of hypertension.", "contents": "The effect of an acute or chronic treatment with indomethacin on the blood pressure of DOCA/salt and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The intravenous infusion of indomethacin (5 mg/kg/min) for 10 min did not modify the systolic blood pressure of conscious, unrestrained doca/salt hypertensive, spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar (NW) rats. However, this dose of indomethacin was sufficient to prevent completely the hypotensive action of arachidonic acid in these animals. The chronic administration of indomethacin to doca/salt treated- and young SH rats was without any effect on the development of hypertension in these animals. These results suggest a limited role for endogenous PGs during the development of these two types of hypertension.", "PMID": 755651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10091", "title": "Cardiovascular changes in anaesthetised rats after the intra-hypothalamic administration of adrenaline.", "content": "Bilateral injections of adrenaline (0.01-10.0 microgram) into the anterior hypothalamic (AH) region, in urethane-anaesthetised spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats, elicited dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and heart rate. The bradycardia was immediately in onset while the hypotension was preceded by a short-lasting rise in blood pressure. Bilateral injections of adrenaline into the anterior preoptic area (POA) and areas surrounding the AH had little or no effect on blood pressure and heart rate, while injections into the posterior hypothalamus (PH) induced tachycardia and hypertension followed by a smaller fall in blood pressure. Pretreatment with dl-propranolol (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) appeared to potentiate the hypotension induced by adrenaline (1 microgram bilat. AH) in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect the falls in heart rate. On the other hand, pretreatment with metoprolol (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) effected a dose-dependent antagonism of the adrenaline-induced hypotension and bradycardia. Pretreatment with 1-propranolol (25 microgram bilat. AH) also antagonised the adrenaline-induced cardiovascular depressor effects, while pretreatment with d-propranolol (25 microgram bilat. AH) abolished the initial hypertensive effect. Pretreatment with piperoxan (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) antagonised adrenaline (1 microgram bilat. AH) induced hypotension and bradycardia only at the highest dose used. The results give further support to the concept that hypothalamic adrenaline receptors may be involved in the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, while an involvement of hypothalamic alpha-adrenoceptors cannot be ruled out, it is suggested that hypothalamic beta-adrenoceptors may be involved in mediating the cardiovascular depressor effects of adrenaline injected into the AH.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes in anaesthetised rats after the intra-hypothalamic administration of adrenaline. Bilateral injections of adrenaline (0.01-10.0 microgram) into the anterior hypothalamic (AH) region, in urethane-anaesthetised spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats, elicited dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and heart rate. The bradycardia was immediately in onset while the hypotension was preceded by a short-lasting rise in blood pressure. Bilateral injections of adrenaline into the anterior preoptic area (POA) and areas surrounding the AH had little or no effect on blood pressure and heart rate, while injections into the posterior hypothalamus (PH) induced tachycardia and hypertension followed by a smaller fall in blood pressure. Pretreatment with dl-propranolol (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) appeared to potentiate the hypotension induced by adrenaline (1 microgram bilat. AH) in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect the falls in heart rate. On the other hand, pretreatment with metoprolol (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) effected a dose-dependent antagonism of the adrenaline-induced hypotension and bradycardia. Pretreatment with 1-propranolol (25 microgram bilat. AH) also antagonised the adrenaline-induced cardiovascular depressor effects, while pretreatment with d-propranolol (25 microgram bilat. AH) abolished the initial hypertensive effect. Pretreatment with piperoxan (25-100 microgram bilat. AH) antagonised adrenaline (1 microgram bilat. AH) induced hypotension and bradycardia only at the highest dose used. The results give further support to the concept that hypothalamic adrenaline receptors may be involved in the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, while an involvement of hypothalamic alpha-adrenoceptors cannot be ruled out, it is suggested that hypothalamic beta-adrenoceptors may be involved in mediating the cardiovascular depressor effects of adrenaline injected into the AH.", "PMID": 755652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10092", "title": "[Parthenium hysterophorus allergy. A weed problem in India (author's transl)].", "content": "Parthenium allergy is caused by direct and indirect contact with Parthenium hysterophorus L. of the Compositae family, accidentally introduced into India from the USA 20 years ago. Its distribution was supported by the optimal environmental conditions of this country. It causes severe contact dermatitis in a lot of people, which becomes chronic after longer exposition. The source of the epidemic are the strong sensitizing sesquiterpene lactones parthenin, ambrosin and others, which are highly concentrated in the trichomes of the plant. During the dry season in India the mature plants crumble to a fine dust, that is scattered by the wind and becomes disseminated throughout the countryside. Permanent contact with this dust is the source of this socalled \"airborne contact dermatitis\". About 12 deaths occurred in severely affected persons due to intercurrent infection. Control of Parthenium hysterophorus is possible with Ansar-529, a weed-killer containing arsenic. Recently the weed has been introduced into Central-Australia too.", "contents": "[Parthenium hysterophorus allergy. A weed problem in India (author's transl)]. Parthenium allergy is caused by direct and indirect contact with Parthenium hysterophorus L. of the Compositae family, accidentally introduced into India from the USA 20 years ago. Its distribution was supported by the optimal environmental conditions of this country. It causes severe contact dermatitis in a lot of people, which becomes chronic after longer exposition. The source of the epidemic are the strong sensitizing sesquiterpene lactones parthenin, ambrosin and others, which are highly concentrated in the trichomes of the plant. During the dry season in India the mature plants crumble to a fine dust, that is scattered by the wind and becomes disseminated throughout the countryside. Permanent contact with this dust is the source of this socalled \"airborne contact dermatitis\". About 12 deaths occurred in severely affected persons due to intercurrent infection. Control of Parthenium hysterophorus is possible with Ansar-529, a weed-killer containing arsenic. Recently the weed has been introduced into Central-Australia too.", "PMID": 755653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10093", "title": "The prevalence of nickel allergy among women. An epidemiological study in hospitalized female patients.", "content": "Through an interview examination among hospitalized female patients the prevalence of nickel allergy has been found unexpected high. 241 patients have been invesitgated, of them 20 gave history compatible with nickel allergy. Five of them had had hand eczema, the four of them only for short periods. The study concludes, that larger epidemiologic studies are necessary to evaluate the frequence of hand eczema in nickel sensitive patients and its prognosis in relation to environmental factors.", "contents": "The prevalence of nickel allergy among women. An epidemiological study in hospitalized female patients. Through an interview examination among hospitalized female patients the prevalence of nickel allergy has been found unexpected high. 241 patients have been invesitgated, of them 20 gave history compatible with nickel allergy. Five of them had had hand eczema, the four of them only for short periods. The study concludes, that larger epidemiologic studies are necessary to evaluate the frequence of hand eczema in nickel sensitive patients and its prognosis in relation to environmental factors.", "PMID": 755654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10094", "title": "[Photochemotherapy and cataract formation].", "content": "According to the literature combined treatment with 8-MOP and UVA has induced ocular damage in animals. Similar changes in humans on photochemotherapy have not yet been reported and therapeutic doses are considerably lower than the doses that proved toxic for the animal eye. The present paper reviews pertinent literature on the subject and discusses the conditions under which photochemotherapy for psoriasis seems acceptable in view of present day knowledge.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy and cataract formation]. According to the literature combined treatment with 8-MOP and UVA has induced ocular damage in animals. Similar changes in humans on photochemotherapy have not yet been reported and therapeutic doses are considerably lower than the doses that proved toxic for the animal eye. The present paper reviews pertinent literature on the subject and discusses the conditions under which photochemotherapy for psoriasis seems acceptable in view of present day knowledge.", "PMID": 755656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10095", "title": "[Relationship between accidental injuries and the course of malignant melanoma].", "content": "On a case report the possible role of traumatisation in acceleration of progress of malignant melanoma was demonstrated. The factors determining the clinical course of malignant melanoma are in the majority unknown. In the individual case with a provable causality of trauma on the acceleration of tumor progress a pretension for insurance es legal. This decision takes into consideration the special aspects of each particular case.", "contents": "[Relationship between accidental injuries and the course of malignant melanoma]. On a case report the possible role of traumatisation in acceleration of progress of malignant melanoma was demonstrated. The factors determining the clinical course of malignant melanoma are in the majority unknown. In the individual case with a provable causality of trauma on the acceleration of tumor progress a pretension for insurance es legal. This decision takes into consideration the special aspects of each particular case.", "PMID": 755657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10096", "title": "[Erosions caused by crystalline substances. Report of 3 iatrogenic cases].", "content": "Three examples demonstrate how therapeutics (potassium permanganate and silver nitrate), improperly applied, can lead to erosions the determination of which is difficult if a relatively low water solubility causes a prolonged latency between impact and perceptible consequence. This latency can be considerably extended by a slight development of subjective symptoms of such erosions. Two of the cases show that the prescription of granulated potassium permanganate requires an accurate information of the patient.", "contents": "[Erosions caused by crystalline substances. Report of 3 iatrogenic cases]. Three examples demonstrate how therapeutics (potassium permanganate and silver nitrate), improperly applied, can lead to erosions the determination of which is difficult if a relatively low water solubility causes a prolonged latency between impact and perceptible consequence. This latency can be considerably extended by a slight development of subjective symptoms of such erosions. Two of the cases show that the prescription of granulated potassium permanganate requires an accurate information of the patient.", "PMID": 755658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10097", "title": "Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation of hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-S-triazine.", "content": "Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation was determined for hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (Vancide-TH), a bacteriostatic and fungiastatic agent proposed for industrial use by R. T. Vanderbilt and Co., Inc. Single dose oral toxicity, subacute 14 day dermal toxicity and eye irritation studies were conducted on either the rat or the rabbit. The data obtained indicate that Vancide-TH should be classified as a \"toxic, corrosive and an eye-irritating\" substance as defined under the \"Regulations\" of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Since the acute dermal LD50 closely approximated the acute oral LD50 in rats, this route might constitute the most serious hazard involved with V-TH and special precautions should be exercised when handling or using this substance. Because of the severe eye-irritating action, precautions should be taken to protect the eyes when handling or using the compound; the ocular damage produced may be irreversible. The \"in use\" concentrations (1,000 to 10,000 ppm) produced a much lesser toxocity in animals and could be without hazard if precautions are taken.", "contents": "Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation of hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-S-triazine. Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation was determined for hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (Vancide-TH), a bacteriostatic and fungiastatic agent proposed for industrial use by R. T. Vanderbilt and Co., Inc. Single dose oral toxicity, subacute 14 day dermal toxicity and eye irritation studies were conducted on either the rat or the rabbit. The data obtained indicate that Vancide-TH should be classified as a \"toxic, corrosive and an eye-irritating\" substance as defined under the \"Regulations\" of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Since the acute dermal LD50 closely approximated the acute oral LD50 in rats, this route might constitute the most serious hazard involved with V-TH and special precautions should be exercised when handling or using this substance. Because of the severe eye-irritating action, precautions should be taken to protect the eyes when handling or using the compound; the ocular damage produced may be irreversible. The \"in use\" concentrations (1,000 to 10,000 ppm) produced a much lesser toxocity in animals and could be without hazard if precautions are taken.", "PMID": 755659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10098", "title": "A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of P,P'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. II. Tissue residues analyses.", "content": "Selected tissues and egg yolks of Japanese Quail fed diets containing DDT or dieldrin in a four-generation (parental, F1, F2 and F3) study were analyzed for residues of parent compound and/or specific metabolites. Diets containing DDT (5 and 50 ppm) or dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) were fed to each generation for 10 wks followed by a 12-wk recovery period in order to determine generation-accumulative effects, maximum residue levels and decline of residues during recovery. Tissue-residue storage and intergeneration transmission for DDT and dieldrin were generally similar and were related to dietary levels. Tissue residues in newly hatched birds were elevated initially for each generation subsequent to the parents, but any cumulative effects between generations were transitory, as residues after 5-to-10 wks were similar in each generation. Tissue residues in all groups showed a decline during the 12-wk recovery period. Decline during recovery was greater for females than males, probably attributable to egg production. Egg yolk residues for birds fed 5.0-ppm DDT declined to near control levels during the recovery period; at 50 ppm, residues declined but remained elevated above controls. For the quail fed dieldrin, residue levels were above those in controls; as with DDT the subsequent decline was more marked in the females.", "contents": "A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of P,P'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. II. Tissue residues analyses. Selected tissues and egg yolks of Japanese Quail fed diets containing DDT or dieldrin in a four-generation (parental, F1, F2 and F3) study were analyzed for residues of parent compound and/or specific metabolites. Diets containing DDT (5 and 50 ppm) or dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) were fed to each generation for 10 wks followed by a 12-wk recovery period in order to determine generation-accumulative effects, maximum residue levels and decline of residues during recovery. Tissue-residue storage and intergeneration transmission for DDT and dieldrin were generally similar and were related to dietary levels. Tissue residues in newly hatched birds were elevated initially for each generation subsequent to the parents, but any cumulative effects between generations were transitory, as residues after 5-to-10 wks were similar in each generation. Tissue residues in all groups showed a decline during the 12-wk recovery period. Decline during recovery was greater for females than males, probably attributable to egg production. Egg yolk residues for birds fed 5.0-ppm DDT declined to near control levels during the recovery period; at 50 ppm, residues declined but remained elevated above controls. For the quail fed dieldrin, residue levels were above those in controls; as with DDT the subsequent decline was more marked in the females.", "PMID": 755665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10099", "title": "Serum enzymes as indicators of chemically induced liver damage.", "content": "Rats were dosed with CCl4 or diethylamine to induce liver injury. The time and magnitude of peak liver injury were assessed by histopathological examination of liver specimens taken at intervals after dosing. Serum enzymes were measured at the same intervals. Serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (SOCT) activity increased at least 6-fold in animals that showed liver damage by histopathology, and fell again as the injuries resolved. Measurements of other enzymes were less sensitive. SOCT measurements appear to be as sensitive a method as histopathology for detecting liver damage caused by administering xenobiotics. Since serum enzyme measurements do not require that the animals be sacrificed, they can be used for repeated examinations of the same animals, thus increasing the likelihood of detecting transient injury.", "contents": "Serum enzymes as indicators of chemically induced liver damage. Rats were dosed with CCl4 or diethylamine to induce liver injury. The time and magnitude of peak liver injury were assessed by histopathological examination of liver specimens taken at intervals after dosing. Serum enzymes were measured at the same intervals. Serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (SOCT) activity increased at least 6-fold in animals that showed liver damage by histopathology, and fell again as the injuries resolved. Measurements of other enzymes were less sensitive. SOCT measurements appear to be as sensitive a method as histopathology for detecting liver damage caused by administering xenobiotics. Since serum enzyme measurements do not require that the animals be sacrificed, they can be used for repeated examinations of the same animals, thus increasing the likelihood of detecting transient injury.", "PMID": 755666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10100", "title": "Hair dyes and aplastic anemia.", "content": "Reports linking the use of hair dyes with bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia have appeared sporadically over the past 45 years. For the most part these clinical cases are difficult to evaluate but appear to rely heavily for support on a single report in 1935. The infrequency of these reports and the wide-spread use of hair color products argue strongly against a primary toxic action on bone marrow in humans. The results of studies in three species of animals support this conclusion, giving no indication that chronic exposure to hair dyes causes adverse effects on hematopoiesis. Although it cannot be dismissed as a possibility, invoking idiosyncrasy seems on equally shaky grounds since any rational basis for continued association of a substance with individual sensitivity should find increasing numbers of cases with increasing population exposure. Clearly this has not been the case.", "contents": "Hair dyes and aplastic anemia. Reports linking the use of hair dyes with bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia have appeared sporadically over the past 45 years. For the most part these clinical cases are difficult to evaluate but appear to rely heavily for support on a single report in 1935. The infrequency of these reports and the wide-spread use of hair color products argue strongly against a primary toxic action on bone marrow in humans. The results of studies in three species of animals support this conclusion, giving no indication that chronic exposure to hair dyes causes adverse effects on hematopoiesis. Although it cannot be dismissed as a possibility, invoking idiosyncrasy seems on equally shaky grounds since any rational basis for continued association of a substance with individual sensitivity should find increasing numbers of cases with increasing population exposure. Clearly this has not been the case.", "PMID": 755662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10101", "title": "Interaction of parathion and malathion with hepatic cytochrome P-450 from rats treated with phenobarbital and carbon disulfide.", "content": "Alterations in the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the concentration of cytochrome p-450 from liver microsomes of rats pretreated with phenobarbital for enzyme induction and later given a single oral dose (0.4 ml/kg) of carbon disulfide (CS2) have been examined. In vitro incubations of these microsomes with parathion and malathion showed no significant change in the amount of cytochrome p-450 from that present in the corresponding controls. This inhibition of oxidative desulfuration of these insecticides by microsomes from CS2-treated animals could be attributed to the prior binding with cytochrome p-450 of sulfur released from CS2 as confirmed from the results of spectral binding of SKF 525-A, parathion and malathion. These results lead to the conclusion that CS2, parathion and malathion undergo oxidative desulfuration in an analogous manner and that the metabolism of the insecticides is impaired in liver previously exposed to CS2.", "contents": "Interaction of parathion and malathion with hepatic cytochrome P-450 from rats treated with phenobarbital and carbon disulfide. Alterations in the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the concentration of cytochrome p-450 from liver microsomes of rats pretreated with phenobarbital for enzyme induction and later given a single oral dose (0.4 ml/kg) of carbon disulfide (CS2) have been examined. In vitro incubations of these microsomes with parathion and malathion showed no significant change in the amount of cytochrome p-450 from that present in the corresponding controls. This inhibition of oxidative desulfuration of these insecticides by microsomes from CS2-treated animals could be attributed to the prior binding with cytochrome p-450 of sulfur released from CS2 as confirmed from the results of spectral binding of SKF 525-A, parathion and malathion. These results lead to the conclusion that CS2, parathion and malathion undergo oxidative desulfuration in an analogous manner and that the metabolism of the insecticides is impaired in liver previously exposed to CS2.", "PMID": 755667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10102", "title": "Enhancement of 1,1-dichloroethylene toxicity by pretreatment of fasted male rats with 2,3-epoxypropan-1-ol.", "content": "The efficacy of pretreatment with various low molecular weight epoxides in increasing the toxicity of orally administered 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) has been determined in fasted male rats. Rats were dosed ip with either 2,3-epoxypropan-1-ol (EP), 1,1,1-trichloropropane-2,3-oxide (TCPO), styrene oxide (SO), cyclohexene oxide (CHO), butadiene monoxide (BMO) or the sulfhydryl reagent, diethylmaleate (DEM) 1 hr before intubation with 1,1-DCE. Increases in plasma aspartate transaminase (AsT) 24 hr after 1,1-DCE intubation were used as a measure of toxicity. In rats pretreated with 278 mg of EP/kg the acute LD50 of 1,1-DCE was reduced by a factor of 5 (to less than 40 mg/kg) and doses of 1,1-DCE as low as 12.5 mg/kg increased AsT levels. While 25 mg of 1,1-DCE/kg did not increase plasma AsT activities in naive rats, this dose did increase AsT levels in rats pretreated with 30 mg of EP/kg. The severity of 1,1-DCE toxicity in EP pretreated rats was greater in large, mature rats than in small, immature rats. On a molar basis the abilities of these various epoxides and DEM to exacerbate 1,1-DCE toxicity were related as follows: EP greater than SO greater than TCPO greater than CHO greater than DEM greater than BMO. These epoxides appeared to increase the toxicity of 1,1-DCE by interfering with the metabolism of a toxic product of the microsomal oxidation of 1,1-DCE.", "contents": "Enhancement of 1,1-dichloroethylene toxicity by pretreatment of fasted male rats with 2,3-epoxypropan-1-ol. The efficacy of pretreatment with various low molecular weight epoxides in increasing the toxicity of orally administered 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) has been determined in fasted male rats. Rats were dosed ip with either 2,3-epoxypropan-1-ol (EP), 1,1,1-trichloropropane-2,3-oxide (TCPO), styrene oxide (SO), cyclohexene oxide (CHO), butadiene monoxide (BMO) or the sulfhydryl reagent, diethylmaleate (DEM) 1 hr before intubation with 1,1-DCE. Increases in plasma aspartate transaminase (AsT) 24 hr after 1,1-DCE intubation were used as a measure of toxicity. In rats pretreated with 278 mg of EP/kg the acute LD50 of 1,1-DCE was reduced by a factor of 5 (to less than 40 mg/kg) and doses of 1,1-DCE as low as 12.5 mg/kg increased AsT levels. While 25 mg of 1,1-DCE/kg did not increase plasma AsT activities in naive rats, this dose did increase AsT levels in rats pretreated with 30 mg of EP/kg. The severity of 1,1-DCE toxicity in EP pretreated rats was greater in large, mature rats than in small, immature rats. On a molar basis the abilities of these various epoxides and DEM to exacerbate 1,1-DCE toxicity were related as follows: EP greater than SO greater than TCPO greater than CHO greater than DEM greater than BMO. These epoxides appeared to increase the toxicity of 1,1-DCE by interfering with the metabolism of a toxic product of the microsomal oxidation of 1,1-DCE.", "PMID": 755663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10103", "title": "Reproductive and teratologic studies with isoflurane.", "content": "The volatile anesthetic, Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether), was investigated at anesthetic concentrations to determine its effects on reproduction in rats treated prior to mating, on fetal development in rats and rabbits when administered during various stages of gestation, and on fetal survival in rats treated during late pregnancy. No adverse reproductive effects were observed, and no evidence of teratogenic activity was obtained. Fetal survival was low in rats exposed during late pregnancy but whether or not this finding is related to Isoflurane exposure requires confirmation.", "contents": "Reproductive and teratologic studies with isoflurane. The volatile anesthetic, Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether), was investigated at anesthetic concentrations to determine its effects on reproduction in rats treated prior to mating, on fetal development in rats and rabbits when administered during various stages of gestation, and on fetal survival in rats treated during late pregnancy. No adverse reproductive effects were observed, and no evidence of teratogenic activity was obtained. Fetal survival was low in rats exposed during late pregnancy but whether or not this finding is related to Isoflurane exposure requires confirmation.", "PMID": 755664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10104", "title": "Acute mitochondrial toxicity of caffeine in cultured heart cells.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of caffeine on heart cells was evaluated in primary cultures of rat heart muscle (M) and endothelioid (E) cells. The cultures were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 mM caffeine for 6, 12, or 24 hours. As an index of cytotoxicity produced by the treatments, in situ changes in mitochondrial membrane fragility were measured by a sensitive cytochemical technique. The 24 hr treatment with 20 mM caffeine was lethal to both E and M cell cultures; only the 12 hr treatment of M cell cultures with 20 mM caffeine produced significant labilization of mitochondrial membranes. The results of tests with other concentrations and durations of treatment were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Acute mitochondrial toxicity of caffeine in cultured heart cells. The cytotoxic effect of caffeine on heart cells was evaluated in primary cultures of rat heart muscle (M) and endothelioid (E) cells. The cultures were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 mM caffeine for 6, 12, or 24 hours. As an index of cytotoxicity produced by the treatments, in situ changes in mitochondrial membrane fragility were measured by a sensitive cytochemical technique. The 24 hr treatment with 20 mM caffeine was lethal to both E and M cell cultures; only the 12 hr treatment of M cell cultures with 20 mM caffeine produced significant labilization of mitochondrial membranes. The results of tests with other concentrations and durations of treatment were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 755660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10105", "title": "Acute toxicity of tetramethylbenzenes: durene, isodurene and prehnitene.", "content": "Oral LD50 (rat), primary skin irritation (rabbit), cutaneous sensitization (guinea pig) and eye irritation (rabbit) studies were conducted on the three tetramethylbenzene isomers: durene , isodurene and prehnitene. The order of oral toxicity was isodurene greater than prehnitene greater durene. Durene was not a skin irritant, while isodurene and prehnitene each produced a mild positive skin response (erythema). None of the tetramethylbenzenes were skin sensitizers or eye irritants. Durene, isodurene and prehnitene are only slightly toxic on an acute toxicologic basis and only pose an acute health hazard when injested in excessive quantities.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of tetramethylbenzenes: durene, isodurene and prehnitene. Oral LD50 (rat), primary skin irritation (rabbit), cutaneous sensitization (guinea pig) and eye irritation (rabbit) studies were conducted on the three tetramethylbenzene isomers: durene , isodurene and prehnitene. The order of oral toxicity was isodurene greater than prehnitene greater durene. Durene was not a skin irritant, while isodurene and prehnitene each produced a mild positive skin response (erythema). None of the tetramethylbenzenes were skin sensitizers or eye irritants. Durene, isodurene and prehnitene are only slightly toxic on an acute toxicologic basis and only pose an acute health hazard when injested in excessive quantities.", "PMID": 755669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10106", "title": "Continuous monitoring of temperature in laboratory animals during inhalation exposure.", "content": "An automatic system was developed to monitor continuously the colonic temperature of laboratory animals during inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals. It includes: an automatic switchbox, a control circuit, a recorder and a digital voltmeter. The system was calibrated for different temperature ranges and used for a year to assess the effects of household solvents on temperature of Sprague-Dawley rats. Reliable monitoring of temperature in 16 rats was carried out in a sequential manner in the manual mode or in the automatic mode for several consecutive days. Very slight changes (.01 - .02 degrees C) in temperature can be measured with this system.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of temperature in laboratory animals during inhalation exposure. An automatic system was developed to monitor continuously the colonic temperature of laboratory animals during inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals. It includes: an automatic switchbox, a control circuit, a recorder and a digital voltmeter. The system was calibrated for different temperature ranges and used for a year to assess the effects of household solvents on temperature of Sprague-Dawley rats. Reliable monitoring of temperature in 16 rats was carried out in a sequential manner in the manual mode or in the automatic mode for several consecutive days. Very slight changes (.01 - .02 degrees C) in temperature can be measured with this system.", "PMID": 755670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10107", "title": "Effect of long term heparin administration in dogs.", "content": "Because several literature reports suggested that heparin could sequester calcium from body tissues and one could reason that prolonged therapy might lead to osteoporosis, the effect of long term heparin administration was studied in dogs. Eight dogs (four males and four females) received subcutaneous injections of heparin at 250 units/kg bid, seven days a week. The female dogs were euthanatized after one year and the male dogs after two years. Pre and post-drug radiographs of the forelegs (radius, ulna, metacarpal bones) did not reveal any evidence of osteoporosis. As expected, the heparin did produce increased recalcification times and the development of occasional subcutaneous hematomas. But no effects were noted on various hematologic and blood chemistry parameters or on gross and microscopic tissue examinations.", "contents": "Effect of long term heparin administration in dogs. Because several literature reports suggested that heparin could sequester calcium from body tissues and one could reason that prolonged therapy might lead to osteoporosis, the effect of long term heparin administration was studied in dogs. Eight dogs (four males and four females) received subcutaneous injections of heparin at 250 units/kg bid, seven days a week. The female dogs were euthanatized after one year and the male dogs after two years. Pre and post-drug radiographs of the forelegs (radius, ulna, metacarpal bones) did not reveal any evidence of osteoporosis. As expected, the heparin did produce increased recalcification times and the development of occasional subcutaneous hematomas. But no effects were noted on various hematologic and blood chemistry parameters or on gross and microscopic tissue examinations.", "PMID": 755671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10108", "title": "The determination of the irritancy potential of surfactants using various methods of assessment.", "content": "Several animal irritancy test methods whose criteria include sensory response, pain/discomfort or tissue damage were evaluated as to their ability to assess relative irritancy potential of the following surfactants: sodium lauryl polyether (12) sulfate (SLES), Miranol C2M (MC2M), Miranol MHT (MMHT), sodium coco methyl tauride (SCMT), triethanolamine lauryl sulfate (TEALS), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Data from the mouse upper respiratory tract and mouse writhing tests indicated that SLES, MC2M and MMHT were the least irritating and SLS, ALS and TEALS were the most irritating. The blepharospasm test did not lend itself to this type of evaluation because sequential instillation of the surfactants produced eye anesthesia. Data from the Draize eye test indicated that SLES was the least irritating while MC2M was slightly more irritating. All other surfactants were equally irritating. The Draize skin test results showed that SLES again was the least irritating at all concentrations tested and that SLS and ALS along with TEALS and SCMT were the most irritating.", "contents": "The determination of the irritancy potential of surfactants using various methods of assessment. Several animal irritancy test methods whose criteria include sensory response, pain/discomfort or tissue damage were evaluated as to their ability to assess relative irritancy potential of the following surfactants: sodium lauryl polyether (12) sulfate (SLES), Miranol C2M (MC2M), Miranol MHT (MMHT), sodium coco methyl tauride (SCMT), triethanolamine lauryl sulfate (TEALS), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Data from the mouse upper respiratory tract and mouse writhing tests indicated that SLES, MC2M and MMHT were the least irritating and SLS, ALS and TEALS were the most irritating. The blepharospasm test did not lend itself to this type of evaluation because sequential instillation of the surfactants produced eye anesthesia. Data from the Draize eye test indicated that SLES was the least irritating while MC2M was slightly more irritating. All other surfactants were equally irritating. The Draize skin test results showed that SLES again was the least irritating at all concentrations tested and that SLS and ALS along with TEALS and SCMT were the most irritating.", "PMID": 755672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10109", "title": "Pulmonary excretion of hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide in mice.", "content": "Neither hydrogen sulfide nor any other volatile sulfur metabolites were found in the expired breath of mice given sodium sulfide intraperitoneally in doses up to the LD50. The detection system was sensitive to less than 0.1% of the sulfur in the given dose. The intraperitoneal administration of dimethyl disulfide resulted in its appearance in the expired breath of mice as well as much smaller amounts of both methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide. The intraperitoneal administration of methanethiol resulted in its pulmonary excretion as well as that of dimethyl sulfide. Administration of dimethyl sulfide led to its appearance alone in expired breath. Mice pretreated with ammonium acetate and then injected with dimethyl disulfide excreted the same three compounds via the lungs as above, but there were complex changes in the proportions and in the time sequence of their appearance. The absolute amounts of all three were increased, and the peak excretion for each was delayed. The amount excreted as dimethyl sulfide was particularly increased.", "contents": "Pulmonary excretion of hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide in mice. Neither hydrogen sulfide nor any other volatile sulfur metabolites were found in the expired breath of mice given sodium sulfide intraperitoneally in doses up to the LD50. The detection system was sensitive to less than 0.1% of the sulfur in the given dose. The intraperitoneal administration of dimethyl disulfide resulted in its appearance in the expired breath of mice as well as much smaller amounts of both methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide. The intraperitoneal administration of methanethiol resulted in its pulmonary excretion as well as that of dimethyl sulfide. Administration of dimethyl sulfide led to its appearance alone in expired breath. Mice pretreated with ammonium acetate and then injected with dimethyl disulfide excreted the same three compounds via the lungs as above, but there were complex changes in the proportions and in the time sequence of their appearance. The absolute amounts of all three were increased, and the peak excretion for each was delayed. The amount excreted as dimethyl sulfide was particularly increased.", "PMID": 755673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10110", "title": "Behavioral and neuropharmacological toxicology of the macrocyclic ether 18-crown-6.", "content": "18-CROWN-6 was assessed for neurologic effects in rats, mice, and rabbits by intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) routes of administration. Male rats and mice exhibited no effects with IV doses to 20 mg/kg. Given IP doses of 20 to 160 mg/kg/day, rats and mice exhibited numerous signs, including aggression, tremors, muscle weakness and a degradation of some reflexes. All signs faded after four days when dosage levels were kept constant, but returned when the dose was doubled. All signs disappeared upon discontinuance of exposure. Treatment with PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine) or dibenzyline caused most signs to disappear. Rabbits given 6.0 mg/kg/day IV displayed tremors, hyperactivity, unsteady gait and stereotypic behavior, with acclimation as in rats and mice. 18-CROWN-6 had no activity in isolated tissue preparations unless it was first incubated with tissues. PCPA and dibenzyline reversibly blocked the actions of incubated 18-CROWN-6 on isolated tissue. 18-CROWN-6 is hypothesized to be metabolized to a serotonergic agonist.", "contents": "Behavioral and neuropharmacological toxicology of the macrocyclic ether 18-crown-6. 18-CROWN-6 was assessed for neurologic effects in rats, mice, and rabbits by intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) routes of administration. Male rats and mice exhibited no effects with IV doses to 20 mg/kg. Given IP doses of 20 to 160 mg/kg/day, rats and mice exhibited numerous signs, including aggression, tremors, muscle weakness and a degradation of some reflexes. All signs faded after four days when dosage levels were kept constant, but returned when the dose was doubled. All signs disappeared upon discontinuance of exposure. Treatment with PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine) or dibenzyline caused most signs to disappear. Rabbits given 6.0 mg/kg/day IV displayed tremors, hyperactivity, unsteady gait and stereotypic behavior, with acclimation as in rats and mice. 18-CROWN-6 had no activity in isolated tissue preparations unless it was first incubated with tissues. PCPA and dibenzyline reversibly blocked the actions of incubated 18-CROWN-6 on isolated tissue. 18-CROWN-6 is hypothesized to be metabolized to a serotonergic agonist.", "PMID": 755674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10111", "title": "Effects of pyridostigmine and cholinolytics on cholinesterase and acetylcholine in Soman poisoned rats.", "content": "Soman reduced blood and brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity to less than 15% and increased cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels to 137.4% of control. When pyridostigmine (P) was used as a prophylactic adjunct, it reduced blood ChE activity to 31.6% of control, failed to significantly alter brain ChE activity, and protected more than 70% of the blood (but not brain enzyme) from phosphonylation by soman. Benactyzine (B) was more effective than atropine (A) in reducing cerebral ACh concentrations, while a combination of the two was more effective than either alone. A prophylaxis of P + A + B was effective in controlling ACh levels in rats poisoned with one LD50 dose of Soman. Since P did not diminish the effects of the cholinolytics on cerebral ACh, this (together with the enzyme data) suggests that the two cholinolytics alone provided the central protection.", "contents": "Effects of pyridostigmine and cholinolytics on cholinesterase and acetylcholine in Soman poisoned rats. Soman reduced blood and brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity to less than 15% and increased cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels to 137.4% of control. When pyridostigmine (P) was used as a prophylactic adjunct, it reduced blood ChE activity to 31.6% of control, failed to significantly alter brain ChE activity, and protected more than 70% of the blood (but not brain enzyme) from phosphonylation by soman. Benactyzine (B) was more effective than atropine (A) in reducing cerebral ACh concentrations, while a combination of the two was more effective than either alone. A prophylaxis of P + A + B was effective in controlling ACh levels in rats poisoned with one LD50 dose of Soman. Since P did not diminish the effects of the cholinolytics on cerebral ACh, this (together with the enzyme data) suggests that the two cholinolytics alone provided the central protection.", "PMID": 755675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10112", "title": "The influence of concentration, exposure duration, and patch occlusivity upon rabbit primary dermal irritation indices.", "content": "The Primary Rabbit Dermal Irritation Assay as described in the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) is used by the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) to determine the labeling requirements of household products. One of the more obvious deficiencies of this assay is the descriptive imprecision for preparing the form in which solid materials are applied. Our experimental findings show that form and concentration of test material as well as the length of contact with the skin and the degree of patch occlusivity are prime factors influencing the degree of skin change. Four detergent granular products are evaluated. In the dry powder form with 4 hour exposure all the detergents were non-irritating. The paste at 24 hours under total occlusion was the most irritating.", "contents": "The influence of concentration, exposure duration, and patch occlusivity upon rabbit primary dermal irritation indices. The Primary Rabbit Dermal Irritation Assay as described in the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) is used by the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) to determine the labeling requirements of household products. One of the more obvious deficiencies of this assay is the descriptive imprecision for preparing the form in which solid materials are applied. Our experimental findings show that form and concentration of test material as well as the length of contact with the skin and the degree of patch occlusivity are prime factors influencing the degree of skin change. Four detergent granular products are evaluated. In the dry powder form with 4 hour exposure all the detergents were non-irritating. The paste at 24 hours under total occlusion was the most irritating.", "PMID": 755678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10113", "title": "Effects of lead on temporally-spaced responding in rats.", "content": "The effects of lead acetate and aging on temporally-spaced responding (differential reinforcement of low rate or DRL-20 seconds) were studied. Three groups of animals were considered along with their respective controls. Neonate-treated Long-Evans rats were orally intubated with 200 mg/kg lead acetate from the third to 30th day after birth. Some of these animals were tested at 3 months (adult group) and some at 21 months (geriatric group) of age. A continuously treated group was exposed to 250 ppm lead in utero and throughout their life after birth and was treated at 8 months of age. Lead-treated animals exhibited a more variable response to d-amphetamine and a more pronounced number of IRTs in the first class interval. Aging shifted the pentobarbital dose-response curve to the left in both control and lead-treated animals and flattened interresponse time (IRT) distributions.", "contents": "Effects of lead on temporally-spaced responding in rats. The effects of lead acetate and aging on temporally-spaced responding (differential reinforcement of low rate or DRL-20 seconds) were studied. Three groups of animals were considered along with their respective controls. Neonate-treated Long-Evans rats were orally intubated with 200 mg/kg lead acetate from the third to 30th day after birth. Some of these animals were tested at 3 months (adult group) and some at 21 months (geriatric group) of age. A continuously treated group was exposed to 250 ppm lead in utero and throughout their life after birth and was treated at 8 months of age. Lead-treated animals exhibited a more variable response to d-amphetamine and a more pronounced number of IRTs in the first class interval. Aging shifted the pentobarbital dose-response curve to the left in both control and lead-treated animals and flattened interresponse time (IRT) distributions.", "PMID": 755679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10114", "title": "Effect of undernutrition on the regional development of transmitter enzymes: glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "The effect of undernutrition on the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) (markers for the GABA-ergic and the cholinergic transmitter system, respectively) was studied in various parts of the rat brain at the age of 10, 15 and 21 days, and at day 54 following 33 days of rehabilitation. The brain regions investigated were the olfactory bulbs, cerebellum, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, colliculi, cerebral cortex hippocampus and the residual brain. Undernutrition resulted in a marked retardation of the developmental rise of the activities of both enzymes, expressed in terms of either total brain part or unit weight or protein. The effect diminished with age even during the period of nutritional deprivation. In most brain regions the enzyme activities were restored to normal after rehabilitation. In the cerebral cortex the total activity of both enzymes was persistently reduced, although the concentration of GAD exceeded the control levels. A negative correlation was manifested between the activities of GAD and ChAc in the different brain parts (except the cerebellum) during development. The correlation became significant by day 21 in the controls, but only after postweaning rehabilitation of the undernourished rats. The results showed therefore that undernutrition caused a reversible retardation in the development of these two transmitter enzymes, and they suggested that even the balance of the GABA-ergic and cholinergic systems throughout the brain can be restored to normal by rehabilitation.", "contents": "Effect of undernutrition on the regional development of transmitter enzymes: glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase. The effect of undernutrition on the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) (markers for the GABA-ergic and the cholinergic transmitter system, respectively) was studied in various parts of the rat brain at the age of 10, 15 and 21 days, and at day 54 following 33 days of rehabilitation. The brain regions investigated were the olfactory bulbs, cerebellum, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, colliculi, cerebral cortex hippocampus and the residual brain. Undernutrition resulted in a marked retardation of the developmental rise of the activities of both enzymes, expressed in terms of either total brain part or unit weight or protein. The effect diminished with age even during the period of nutritional deprivation. In most brain regions the enzyme activities were restored to normal after rehabilitation. In the cerebral cortex the total activity of both enzymes was persistently reduced, although the concentration of GAD exceeded the control levels. A negative correlation was manifested between the activities of GAD and ChAc in the different brain parts (except the cerebellum) during development. The correlation became significant by day 21 in the controls, but only after postweaning rehabilitation of the undernourished rats. The results showed therefore that undernutrition caused a reversible retardation in the development of these two transmitter enzymes, and they suggested that even the balance of the GABA-ergic and cholinergic systems throughout the brain can be restored to normal by rehabilitation.", "PMID": 755680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10115", "title": "The electroencephalogram in a case of pituitary dwarfism before and after eight years of treatment with human growth hormone.", "content": "The EEG of an 11-year-old hypopituitary dwarf was investigated to determine whether the disorder was accompanied by a disturbance in cortical maturation. By means of a previously derived equation relating age and the first four central moments of the EEG interval histogram in normal children, the dwarf's developmental age was estimated from his EEG to be only about 6 1/2 years. After 8 years of treatment with human growth hormone, age estimated from the EEG was 8 2/3 years - an increase of barely more than 2 years.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in a case of pituitary dwarfism before and after eight years of treatment with human growth hormone. The EEG of an 11-year-old hypopituitary dwarf was investigated to determine whether the disorder was accompanied by a disturbance in cortical maturation. By means of a previously derived equation relating age and the first four central moments of the EEG interval histogram in normal children, the dwarf's developmental age was estimated from his EEG to be only about 6 1/2 years. After 8 years of treatment with human growth hormone, age estimated from the EEG was 8 2/3 years - an increase of barely more than 2 years.", "PMID": 755681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10116", "title": "Distribution of Thy-1 differentiation alloantigen in the rat nervous system and in a cell line derived from a rat peripheral neurinoma.", "content": "The expression of the Thy-l 'differentiation alloantigen' was analyzed in rat tissues of two strains. Cerebrum was shown to express an amount of Thy-l equivalent to the thymus. The cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord expressed approximately one-half this amount, and the olfactory bulb expressed 10- to 15-fold less. Of the peripheral nervous system tissues examined, only cauda equina expressed substantial amounts of Thy-l, although minor amounts were found on the lumbar roots and trigeminal nerve. Kidney, spleen, liver, salivary gland and testes expressed little or no Thy-l. Several cell lines derived from nervous system tumors were also examined. RN-l, a line established from a rat peripheral neurinoma, expressed Thy-l at levels comparable to thymus.", "contents": "Distribution of Thy-1 differentiation alloantigen in the rat nervous system and in a cell line derived from a rat peripheral neurinoma. The expression of the Thy-l 'differentiation alloantigen' was analyzed in rat tissues of two strains. Cerebrum was shown to express an amount of Thy-l equivalent to the thymus. The cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord expressed approximately one-half this amount, and the olfactory bulb expressed 10- to 15-fold less. Of the peripheral nervous system tissues examined, only cauda equina expressed substantial amounts of Thy-l, although minor amounts were found on the lumbar roots and trigeminal nerve. Kidney, spleen, liver, salivary gland and testes expressed little or no Thy-l. Several cell lines derived from nervous system tumors were also examined. RN-l, a line established from a rat peripheral neurinoma, expressed Thy-l at levels comparable to thymus.", "PMID": 755682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10117", "title": "Cell junction and ultrastructural development of reaggregated mouse brain cultures.", "content": "The morphological development of reaggregated embryonic mouse brain cells was followed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Initially, the reaggregated cells are loosely packed and lack specialized cell junction; however, after 2-4 days puncta adhaerens junctions are numerous. The first immature synapses are seen at 8-9 days of culture. These synaptic complexes mature in appearance and increase approximately 3-fold in number during the next 3 weeks of culture. Two distinct, electron dense, intercellular specialization, apparently unique to neural cell cultures, are observed in these older cultures. Brain cell reaggregates observed at 2, 3, and 5 months of culture show signs of aging, i.e., a gradual decrease in the number of synapses, myelin degeneration and increased lipofuscin granules.", "contents": "Cell junction and ultrastructural development of reaggregated mouse brain cultures. The morphological development of reaggregated embryonic mouse brain cells was followed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Initially, the reaggregated cells are loosely packed and lack specialized cell junction; however, after 2-4 days puncta adhaerens junctions are numerous. The first immature synapses are seen at 8-9 days of culture. These synaptic complexes mature in appearance and increase approximately 3-fold in number during the next 3 weeks of culture. Two distinct, electron dense, intercellular specialization, apparently unique to neural cell cultures, are observed in these older cultures. Brain cell reaggregates observed at 2, 3, and 5 months of culture show signs of aging, i.e., a gradual decrease in the number of synapses, myelin degeneration and increased lipofuscin granules.", "PMID": 755683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10118", "title": "Neuronal cells from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres cultivated on polylysine-coated surfaces.", "content": "Dissociated cells from 5- to 12-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated in polylysine-coated plastic Petri dishes. The polylysine substrate was observed to be favorable for the growth of neuronal cells, whereas glioblast proliferation was inhibited. The optimal conditions for the production of a predominantly neuronal culture were to use cerebral hemispheres from 7-day-old chick embryos, to dissociate the brain tissue mechanically and to seed the cells at a concentration range between 1.5 and 5 X 10(6) cells/ml. The cultures were observed by phase contrast microscopy. Most cells grew fibers and differentiated into bipolar and multipolar neurons. These neurons were stained by thionine, which demonstrated the presence of Nissl bodies. The silver impregnation revealed the presence of neurofibrils within the nerve fibers. Acetylcholinesterase was found to be present in the neuronal cells, but absent in the glioblasts. Under our culture conditions the neurons survived for 10-12 days. This system should allow further studies on the effects of growth factors on the differentiation of isolated neurons as well as investigations on neuron-glial interrelationship.", "contents": "Neuronal cells from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres cultivated on polylysine-coated surfaces. Dissociated cells from 5- to 12-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated in polylysine-coated plastic Petri dishes. The polylysine substrate was observed to be favorable for the growth of neuronal cells, whereas glioblast proliferation was inhibited. The optimal conditions for the production of a predominantly neuronal culture were to use cerebral hemispheres from 7-day-old chick embryos, to dissociate the brain tissue mechanically and to seed the cells at a concentration range between 1.5 and 5 X 10(6) cells/ml. The cultures were observed by phase contrast microscopy. Most cells grew fibers and differentiated into bipolar and multipolar neurons. These neurons were stained by thionine, which demonstrated the presence of Nissl bodies. The silver impregnation revealed the presence of neurofibrils within the nerve fibers. Acetylcholinesterase was found to be present in the neuronal cells, but absent in the glioblasts. Under our culture conditions the neurons survived for 10-12 days. This system should allow further studies on the effects of growth factors on the differentiation of isolated neurons as well as investigations on neuron-glial interrelationship.", "PMID": 755685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10119", "title": "Kinetic studies of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases from rat liver.", "content": "The kinetic properties of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases of rat liver have been studied by measuring the formation of the two products from each of the three tricarboxylic acids used as substrate. The kinetic properties of the two enzymes are very similar; the similarity of the Km values for each of the three substrates is particularly remarkable. The results are discussed with particular reference to a possible role of the cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase in the process of gluconeogenesis. With both aconitate hydratases, substrate activation by citrate and D-isocitrate has been observed.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases from rat liver. The kinetic properties of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases of rat liver have been studied by measuring the formation of the two products from each of the three tricarboxylic acids used as substrate. The kinetic properties of the two enzymes are very similar; the similarity of the Km values for each of the three substrates is particularly remarkable. The results are discussed with particular reference to a possible role of the cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase in the process of gluconeogenesis. With both aconitate hydratases, substrate activation by citrate and D-isocitrate has been observed.", "PMID": 755796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10120", "title": "Developmental changes of rat liver cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases.", "content": "The developmental patterns of the activity of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratses of rat liver have been studied. Both activities are low in foetal liver, with respect to adult levels, and begin to increase after birth. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme reaches a maximum about two days after birth, then decreasing gradually to adult level. The activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme reaches its maximum level, nearly equal to adult level, about ten days after birth. The developmental pattern of the activity of the cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase may suggest a possible role of this enzyme in gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Developmental changes of rat liver cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases. The developmental patterns of the activity of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratses of rat liver have been studied. Both activities are low in foetal liver, with respect to adult levels, and begin to increase after birth. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme reaches a maximum about two days after birth, then decreasing gradually to adult level. The activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme reaches its maximum level, nearly equal to adult level, about ten days after birth. The developmental pattern of the activity of the cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase may suggest a possible role of this enzyme in gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 755797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10121", "title": "A conformational model for the action of general anesthetics at the membrane level. I. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "The first paper of this series describes a working hypothesis for the action of general anesthetics. According to such hypothesis, anesthetics, by inducing a labilisation of lipid-protein interactions in biomembranes, affect the conformation, and hence the activity of membrane-bound catalytic proteins. It is conceivable that such changes in ionic channels in neuronal membranes will abolish the transmission of nervous impulses and give rise to anesthesia. The hypothesis is discussed on the basis of previously known experimental data and of theoretical considerations. Thermodynamic considerations are in favour of the idea that a rupture of lipid-protein interactions will expose protein groups to water destabilising helical structures. A large decrease of alpha-helical content after lipid removal had been previously found. Furthermore lipids affect the kinetics of membrane-bound enzymes, suggesting that conformational changes occur in the catalytic site after lipid removal or perturbation.", "contents": "A conformational model for the action of general anesthetics at the membrane level. I. Theoretical considerations. The first paper of this series describes a working hypothesis for the action of general anesthetics. According to such hypothesis, anesthetics, by inducing a labilisation of lipid-protein interactions in biomembranes, affect the conformation, and hence the activity of membrane-bound catalytic proteins. It is conceivable that such changes in ionic channels in neuronal membranes will abolish the transmission of nervous impulses and give rise to anesthesia. The hypothesis is discussed on the basis of previously known experimental data and of theoretical considerations. Thermodynamic considerations are in favour of the idea that a rupture of lipid-protein interactions will expose protein groups to water destabilising helical structures. A large decrease of alpha-helical content after lipid removal had been previously found. Furthermore lipids affect the kinetics of membrane-bound enzymes, suggesting that conformational changes occur in the catalytic site after lipid removal or perturbation.", "PMID": 755800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10122", "title": "A conformational model for the action of general anesthetics at the membrane level. II. Experimental observations on the effects of anesthetics on lipid fluidity and lipid protein interactions.", "content": "We have investigated the effect of general anesthetics (the normal alcohol series up to pentanol, halothane, pentrane, ether, chloroform, and ketamine) on lipid fluidity of phospholipid vesicles and mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes by using spin labels and fluorescent probes. The spin labels used (5- and 16-doxyl stearic acids) show that all anesthetics tested have a slight fluidizing effect on lipid vesicles but induce a very strong increase in mobility of spin labels in mitochondria and lower in erythrocyte ghosts. These results are interpreted as a labilization of lipid protein interactions at all depths in the bilayer. The fluorescent molecules ANS and NPN, which probe the glycerol region and the core of the bilayer respectively, show a decrease of fluorescence induced by alcohols, halothane, ether, chloroform in both lipid vesicles and membranes. The decrease of fluorescence is due to decreased quantum yield as shown by double reciprocal plots of probe fluorescence against membrane concentration. The fluorescence decrease is interpreted mainly as an increase in fluidity of the lipid bilayer and not as an increase of polarity of the probe environment. The effect of ketamine is that of fluidization in the bilayer core (NPN) but of increased rigidity in the glycerol region (ANS) perhaps due to the amphipathic character of this anesthetic, that is supposed to bind in the polar region of the bilayer. Pentrane also induces fluidization in the bilayer core (NPN) but has a peculiar effect near the surface (ANS): in lipid vesicles it induces a fluorescence decrease, whereas an increase is seen in mitochondrial membranes. These complex effects are considered as the result of some specific change in the lipid protein interactions in the region probed by ANS. The effects of anesthetics on maximal NPN fluorescence (Fo) have been usually found to be stronger in mitochondrial membranes than in lipid vesicles, thus confirming the results of the spin label studies, showing a labilization of lipid protein interactions induced by anesthetics. The effects on Fo of ANS, however, appear to be stronger in lipid vesicles than in membranes. These findings indicate that the presence of the proteins counteracts the perturbation induced by anesthetics at the level of the membrane surface, in contrast with the disruption of lipid protein interactions observed in the membrane hydrophobic areas.", "contents": "A conformational model for the action of general anesthetics at the membrane level. II. Experimental observations on the effects of anesthetics on lipid fluidity and lipid protein interactions. We have investigated the effect of general anesthetics (the normal alcohol series up to pentanol, halothane, pentrane, ether, chloroform, and ketamine) on lipid fluidity of phospholipid vesicles and mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes by using spin labels and fluorescent probes. The spin labels used (5- and 16-doxyl stearic acids) show that all anesthetics tested have a slight fluidizing effect on lipid vesicles but induce a very strong increase in mobility of spin labels in mitochondria and lower in erythrocyte ghosts. These results are interpreted as a labilization of lipid protein interactions at all depths in the bilayer. The fluorescent molecules ANS and NPN, which probe the glycerol region and the core of the bilayer respectively, show a decrease of fluorescence induced by alcohols, halothane, ether, chloroform in both lipid vesicles and membranes. The decrease of fluorescence is due to decreased quantum yield as shown by double reciprocal plots of probe fluorescence against membrane concentration. The fluorescence decrease is interpreted mainly as an increase in fluidity of the lipid bilayer and not as an increase of polarity of the probe environment. The effect of ketamine is that of fluidization in the bilayer core (NPN) but of increased rigidity in the glycerol region (ANS) perhaps due to the amphipathic character of this anesthetic, that is supposed to bind in the polar region of the bilayer. Pentrane also induces fluidization in the bilayer core (NPN) but has a peculiar effect near the surface (ANS): in lipid vesicles it induces a fluorescence decrease, whereas an increase is seen in mitochondrial membranes. These complex effects are considered as the result of some specific change in the lipid protein interactions in the region probed by ANS. The effects of anesthetics on maximal NPN fluorescence (Fo) have been usually found to be stronger in mitochondrial membranes than in lipid vesicles, thus confirming the results of the spin label studies, showing a labilization of lipid protein interactions induced by anesthetics. The effects on Fo of ANS, however, appear to be stronger in lipid vesicles than in membranes. These findings indicate that the presence of the proteins counteracts the perturbation induced by anesthetics at the level of the membrane surface, in contrast with the disruption of lipid protein interactions observed in the membrane hydrophobic areas.", "PMID": 755801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10123", "title": "The significance of \"positive\" margins in surgically resected epidermoid carcinomas.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck (excluding glottic larynx and skin), in whom surgical-resection margins were classified as \"positive\", were studied to determine the incidence of local recurrence, the subsequent clinical course, and survival. The recurrence rate in this group was compared with that of patients who had \"negative\" margins. Four histologic findings are classified as positive margins: (1) margin closeness (tumor within 0.5 cm), (2) premalignant change in the margin, (3) in-situ cancer in the margin, and (4) invasive microscopic cancer at the margin. Patients with these variants showed a significant increase in local recurrence and in mortality when compared to those with negative margins. A review of the literature is presented, and recommendations are made for this clinical setting.", "contents": "The significance of \"positive\" margins in surgically resected epidermoid carcinomas. Sixty-two patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck (excluding glottic larynx and skin), in whom surgical-resection margins were classified as \"positive\", were studied to determine the incidence of local recurrence, the subsequent clinical course, and survival. The recurrence rate in this group was compared with that of patients who had \"negative\" margins. Four histologic findings are classified as positive margins: (1) margin closeness (tumor within 0.5 cm), (2) premalignant change in the margin, (3) in-situ cancer in the margin, and (4) invasive microscopic cancer at the margin. Patients with these variants showed a significant increase in local recurrence and in mortality when compared to those with negative margins. A review of the literature is presented, and recommendations are made for this clinical setting.", "PMID": 755803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10124", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients with head and neck melanoma were prospectively evaluated from 1971 to 1977. Patients presenting for initial therapy underwent wide excision of their primary tumor, and those with deeply invasive melanoma also underwent regional lymphadenectomy, whether their nodes were clinically positive or negative. The results suggest that the prognosis of this tumor is similar to that of melanoma arising at other sites. Clinical stage and primary-tumor histopathologic microstage both correlated with disease recurrence. At 1 to 75 months, patients with clinical Stage I disease had a 13% recurrence rate, while 58% of those with Stage II disease developed recurrence. Patients with superficially invasive melanoma had a 10% recurrence rate, while 17%-33% of those with deeply invasive disease developed recurrence. However, the presence of node metastases, rather than the microstage of the primary tumor, appeared to be the dominant indicator of outcome. Radical excision of the primary tumor may reduce the incidence of local disease recurrence. We believe that regional lymphadenectomy is indicated for deeply invasive melanoma.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Sixty-nine patients with head and neck melanoma were prospectively evaluated from 1971 to 1977. Patients presenting for initial therapy underwent wide excision of their primary tumor, and those with deeply invasive melanoma also underwent regional lymphadenectomy, whether their nodes were clinically positive or negative. The results suggest that the prognosis of this tumor is similar to that of melanoma arising at other sites. Clinical stage and primary-tumor histopathologic microstage both correlated with disease recurrence. At 1 to 75 months, patients with clinical Stage I disease had a 13% recurrence rate, while 58% of those with Stage II disease developed recurrence. Patients with superficially invasive melanoma had a 10% recurrence rate, while 17%-33% of those with deeply invasive disease developed recurrence. However, the presence of node metastases, rather than the microstage of the primary tumor, appeared to be the dominant indicator of outcome. Radical excision of the primary tumor may reduce the incidence of local disease recurrence. We believe that regional lymphadenectomy is indicated for deeply invasive melanoma.", "PMID": 755804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10125", "title": "A comparison of speech discrimination scores by using PB-50 lists and the speech discrimination scale with hearing-impaired adults.", "content": "Performance-intensity functions were drawn for each of the 5 progressively more difficult 8-word subtests of Gaeth's Speech Discrimination Scale (SDS) with 16 limited-hearing Ss aged 20-88 yrs. Prior examination with the NU-6 test at 24 db SL revealed speech discrimination ability groupings, unrelated either to pure-tone ac hearing losses or to age. The largest (middle) group achieved scored of 50%-correct at -5, 0, 11, and 14 db SL (re pure-tone ac HTL averaged for the better 2 of the frequencies .5, 1, and 2 kc/s) for the subtests Digits, Easy Letters, Easy Words and Hard Letters respectively, as compared with 30 db SL for full PB lists; and never achieved 50%-correct for the Hard Words subtest. The possibility was suggested that the clinician might initiate speech testing with the East Words subtest and proceed to either more or less difficult subtests/levels as S responds. Each item would contain more statistical power than a single item in a 50-word PB list at a single SL.", "contents": "A comparison of speech discrimination scores by using PB-50 lists and the speech discrimination scale with hearing-impaired adults. Performance-intensity functions were drawn for each of the 5 progressively more difficult 8-word subtests of Gaeth's Speech Discrimination Scale (SDS) with 16 limited-hearing Ss aged 20-88 yrs. Prior examination with the NU-6 test at 24 db SL revealed speech discrimination ability groupings, unrelated either to pure-tone ac hearing losses or to age. The largest (middle) group achieved scored of 50%-correct at -5, 0, 11, and 14 db SL (re pure-tone ac HTL averaged for the better 2 of the frequencies .5, 1, and 2 kc/s) for the subtests Digits, Easy Letters, Easy Words and Hard Letters respectively, as compared with 30 db SL for full PB lists; and never achieved 50%-correct for the Hard Words subtest. The possibility was suggested that the clinician might initiate speech testing with the East Words subtest and proceed to either more or less difficult subtests/levels as S responds. Each item would contain more statistical power than a single item in a 50-word PB list at a single SL.", "PMID": 755810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10126", "title": "The speech air-bone gap: some clinical reservations.", "content": "Air-bone gaps derived from speech and from pure-tone testing were compared for an unselected clinic sample of 67 hearing-impaired Ss (80 ears). A moderately high Pearson r was found between the air-bone gap for speech vs for a pure-tone average (of the order of .80), but while the pure-tone air-bone gap predicted all but 5% of the cases of (confirmed) conductive losses, the speech air-bone gap prediction missed over 25%. When audiograms were grouped according to type of configuration, the flat and the high-frequency sloping types exhibited the largest discrepancies between air-bone gaps by speech vs pure tones; when the audiograms were grouped by degree of impairment, those with moderate-to-severe losses exhibited the largest discrepancies. Until a larger body of data is amassed, it was recommended that the air-bone gap for speech be used in conjunction with, not in place of, other audiometric tests.", "contents": "The speech air-bone gap: some clinical reservations. Air-bone gaps derived from speech and from pure-tone testing were compared for an unselected clinic sample of 67 hearing-impaired Ss (80 ears). A moderately high Pearson r was found between the air-bone gap for speech vs for a pure-tone average (of the order of .80), but while the pure-tone air-bone gap predicted all but 5% of the cases of (confirmed) conductive losses, the speech air-bone gap prediction missed over 25%. When audiograms were grouped according to type of configuration, the flat and the high-frequency sloping types exhibited the largest discrepancies between air-bone gaps by speech vs pure tones; when the audiograms were grouped by degree of impairment, those with moderate-to-severe losses exhibited the largest discrepancies. Until a larger body of data is amassed, it was recommended that the air-bone gap for speech be used in conjunction with, not in place of, other audiometric tests.", "PMID": 755811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10127", "title": "Normative data on the cochlear microphonic in rat using differential electrodes.", "content": "Isopotential (1-muV) cochleograms were obrained from 19 anesthetized rats from electrodes inserted into scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the first turn. The differential electrode technique is suitable for frequencies above 1-2 kc/s in the rat. CM sensitivity in rats as measured with intracochlear electrodes (26 micrometer in diameter) was considerably poorer than in guinea pigs at frequencies below 2 kc/s, but was within 10-14 db at 2 kc/s and above. The shape of the CM input-output functions were similar to those in the guinea pig and chinchilla, except that the intensity level where the CM becomes non-linear is higher in the rat.", "contents": "Normative data on the cochlear microphonic in rat using differential electrodes. Isopotential (1-muV) cochleograms were obrained from 19 anesthetized rats from electrodes inserted into scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the first turn. The differential electrode technique is suitable for frequencies above 1-2 kc/s in the rat. CM sensitivity in rats as measured with intracochlear electrodes (26 micrometer in diameter) was considerably poorer than in guinea pigs at frequencies below 2 kc/s, but was within 10-14 db at 2 kc/s and above. The shape of the CM input-output functions were similar to those in the guinea pig and chinchilla, except that the intensity level where the CM becomes non-linear is higher in the rat.", "PMID": 755812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10128", "title": "Evaluation of the eye following periorbital trauma.", "content": "Periorbital trauma is usually associated with ocular complications. When confronted with a traumatized patient, one should therefore evaluate the eyes to determine the extent of injury. First, a noncontact examination should be conducted to assess the degree of ocular integrity. Once it is established that the eye is not damaged, further diagnostic work-up and evaluation can be performed. Although most ocular complications are treated by ophthalmologists, eyelid lacerations, orbital hemorrhage, blowout fractures, and brain injuries may be treated by other subspecialists. Before orbital and ocular adnexal reconstructive surgery is performed, however, one must establish the patient's ocular status so that ocular damage will not be increased during surgery.", "contents": "Evaluation of the eye following periorbital trauma. Periorbital trauma is usually associated with ocular complications. When confronted with a traumatized patient, one should therefore evaluate the eyes to determine the extent of injury. First, a noncontact examination should be conducted to assess the degree of ocular integrity. Once it is established that the eye is not damaged, further diagnostic work-up and evaluation can be performed. Although most ocular complications are treated by ophthalmologists, eyelid lacerations, orbital hemorrhage, blowout fractures, and brain injuries may be treated by other subspecialists. Before orbital and ocular adnexal reconstructive surgery is performed, however, one must establish the patient's ocular status so that ocular damage will not be increased during surgery.", "PMID": 755806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10129", "title": "Permanent control of massive tumor bleeding with intraluminal balloon catheters.", "content": "Proximal ligation usually controls bleeding from a tumor-eroded carotid artery. When this maneuver failed, two intraluminal balloon catheters were passed distally into the vessel, after which they were inflated and left in place for six weeks. The patient had no neurologic sequelae or further bleeding before succumbing to tumor progression 10 months later.", "contents": "Permanent control of massive tumor bleeding with intraluminal balloon catheters. Proximal ligation usually controls bleeding from a tumor-eroded carotid artery. When this maneuver failed, two intraluminal balloon catheters were passed distally into the vessel, after which they were inflated and left in place for six weeks. The patient had no neurologic sequelae or further bleeding before succumbing to tumor progression 10 months later.", "PMID": 755807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10130", "title": "Annoyance response to recorded aircraft noise. I. Effect of intensity of illumination.", "content": "Normal-hearing adults aged 19--49 yrs watched TV in a simulated living room and made magnitude estimations of the annoyance of each of 27 levels of noise from 83.9 to 91.8 dbA. Each item was a simulated flyover of an aircraft presented from 4 loudspeakers each outside one of the upper corners of the room. The 27 items were all presented in each of 3 sessions (counterbalanced across groups of 4 S) under room illumination of 21.53 lumens/sg m (i.e., \"normal\" room illumination), and 2.69 (\"dim\") and 129.17 (\"bright\") illumination. Split-half reliabilities indicated that Ss can make reliable responses in these conditions. The intercept of the regression lines of annoyance on noise levels significantly differed, and the slopes tended to differ, among the illumination conditions; indicating that the annoyance may grow more rapidly with increasing noise level under dim than normal illumination. Data predicted that annoyance reduction, which may be equivalent to 5 db attenuation, is obtained when normal illumination is reduced to dim. Similarly, judged annoyance tended to differ between bright and normal illumination.", "contents": "Annoyance response to recorded aircraft noise. I. Effect of intensity of illumination. Normal-hearing adults aged 19--49 yrs watched TV in a simulated living room and made magnitude estimations of the annoyance of each of 27 levels of noise from 83.9 to 91.8 dbA. Each item was a simulated flyover of an aircraft presented from 4 loudspeakers each outside one of the upper corners of the room. The 27 items were all presented in each of 3 sessions (counterbalanced across groups of 4 S) under room illumination of 21.53 lumens/sg m (i.e., \"normal\" room illumination), and 2.69 (\"dim\") and 129.17 (\"bright\") illumination. Split-half reliabilities indicated that Ss can make reliable responses in these conditions. The intercept of the regression lines of annoyance on noise levels significantly differed, and the slopes tended to differ, among the illumination conditions; indicating that the annoyance may grow more rapidly with increasing noise level under dim than normal illumination. Data predicted that annoyance reduction, which may be equivalent to 5 db attenuation, is obtained when normal illumination is reduced to dim. Similarly, judged annoyance tended to differ between bright and normal illumination.", "PMID": 755813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10131", "title": "Temporal artery-based forehead flap.", "content": "The historical development of the forehead flap is reviewed, and an operative experience using delayed and nondelayed techniques in 30 cases is described. The reliability of the forehead flap is evaluated with regard to patient morbidity and correction of deformity and dysfunction in such sites as the cheek, lip, corner of the mouth, floor of the mouth, tongue, pharyngeal wall, and tonsil. Analyses include length of hospital stay and complications, as well as the relationship of these factors to the methods employed in the reconstructive processes. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are illustrated using individual cases.", "contents": "Temporal artery-based forehead flap. The historical development of the forehead flap is reviewed, and an operative experience using delayed and nondelayed techniques in 30 cases is described. The reliability of the forehead flap is evaluated with regard to patient morbidity and correction of deformity and dysfunction in such sites as the cheek, lip, corner of the mouth, floor of the mouth, tongue, pharyngeal wall, and tonsil. Analyses include length of hospital stay and complications, as well as the relationship of these factors to the methods employed in the reconstructive processes. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are illustrated using individual cases.", "PMID": 755805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10132", "title": "Chemosurgery for the microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous cancer.", "content": "Cancer of the skin and of other accessible structures can be removed under complete microscopic control if the cancerous area is excised layer by layer, and if the undersurface of each layer is then examined under the microscope through systematic use of frozen sections. If the cancer is extensive and complicated, or if the neoplasm is of a type that is readily disseminated, the tissues are fixed in situ with zinc chloride prior to the excision of each layer (fixed-tissue technique). If the cancer is not overly extensive or complicated, the layers of tissue are excised in the fresh, unfixed state (fresh-tissue technique). Both methods are highly reliable. In two consecutive series of basal-cell carcinomas treated chemosurgically, the five-year cure rate achieved was 99.3% for the 9,351 lesions removed by the fixed-tissue technique, and 98.1% for the 196 lesions removed by the fresh-tissue method.", "contents": "Chemosurgery for the microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous cancer. Cancer of the skin and of other accessible structures can be removed under complete microscopic control if the cancerous area is excised layer by layer, and if the undersurface of each layer is then examined under the microscope through systematic use of frozen sections. If the cancer is extensive and complicated, or if the neoplasm is of a type that is readily disseminated, the tissues are fixed in situ with zinc chloride prior to the excision of each layer (fixed-tissue technique). If the cancer is not overly extensive or complicated, the layers of tissue are excised in the fresh, unfixed state (fresh-tissue technique). Both methods are highly reliable. In two consecutive series of basal-cell carcinomas treated chemosurgically, the five-year cure rate achieved was 99.3% for the 9,351 lesions removed by the fixed-tissue technique, and 98.1% for the 196 lesions removed by the fresh-tissue method.", "PMID": 755808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10133", "title": "Location of the auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil as determined by click stimulation.", "content": "An investigation was made of the auditory projection area in the cerebral cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) using clicks at a standard intensity to map the cerebral hemisphere by the evoked potential method. The major results can be summarized as follows: (1) As is typical for other mammals, click-evoked responses characterizing the gerbil auditory area were initially surface-positive potentials (amplitudes ranging between 0.1 and 1.7 mV) with peak latencies ranging between 13 and 32 msec. (2) Only one click-responsive field was found in the temporal area. However, the data suggest that this area may actually represent two separate projections to the cortex, since a small subarea characterized by longer response latencies was located posteriorally and laterally within the click field in the majority of animals investigated. (3) The size (5 mm long by 4 mm wide) and location (temporal neocortex below the middle cerebral artery) of the gerbil auditory cortex are consistent with mapping results obtained in other rodent species. (4) The validity of the surface maps was confirmed in four cases by demonstrating that the evoked response reversed polarity between the cortical surface and underlying white matter. The reversal was demonstrated by recording with a penetrating microelectrode at representative points \"bordering\" the auditory projection area.", "contents": "Location of the auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil as determined by click stimulation. An investigation was made of the auditory projection area in the cerebral cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) using clicks at a standard intensity to map the cerebral hemisphere by the evoked potential method. The major results can be summarized as follows: (1) As is typical for other mammals, click-evoked responses characterizing the gerbil auditory area were initially surface-positive potentials (amplitudes ranging between 0.1 and 1.7 mV) with peak latencies ranging between 13 and 32 msec. (2) Only one click-responsive field was found in the temporal area. However, the data suggest that this area may actually represent two separate projections to the cortex, since a small subarea characterized by longer response latencies was located posteriorally and laterally within the click field in the majority of animals investigated. (3) The size (5 mm long by 4 mm wide) and location (temporal neocortex below the middle cerebral artery) of the gerbil auditory cortex are consistent with mapping results obtained in other rodent species. (4) The validity of the surface maps was confirmed in four cases by demonstrating that the evoked response reversed polarity between the cortical surface and underlying white matter. The reversal was demonstrated by recording with a penetrating microelectrode at representative points \"bordering\" the auditory projection area.", "PMID": 755815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10134", "title": "Comparison of the effects of hearing aid harmonic distortion on performance scores for the MRHT and A PB--50/CM test.", "content": "The effects of two levels of hearing aid harmonic distortion (0.7 and 15.4%) on performance scores for the P-83 noise condition of the MRHT, and for a PB-50 word list embedded in a competing-message background (PB-50/CM) were compared with two groups each of 15 normal-hearing young adults. The effects of aided distortion were significantly greater for the PB-50/CM test indicating that the P-83 condition of the MRHT probably does not provide an acceptable standardized alternative to the use of an open-ended PB list in noise or in a competing message for which no standardized method exists.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of hearing aid harmonic distortion on performance scores for the MRHT and A PB--50/CM test. The effects of two levels of hearing aid harmonic distortion (0.7 and 15.4%) on performance scores for the P-83 noise condition of the MRHT, and for a PB-50 word list embedded in a competing-message background (PB-50/CM) were compared with two groups each of 15 normal-hearing young adults. The effects of aided distortion were significantly greater for the PB-50/CM test indicating that the P-83 condition of the MRHT probably does not provide an acceptable standardized alternative to the use of an open-ended PB list in noise or in a competing message for which no standardized method exists.", "PMID": 755816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10135", "title": "Some trait judgments made on the basis of voice alone.", "content": "College students were asked to evaluate demographic considerations of four distinctly differing speech samples of the same content. Subjects made decisions based solely on the voice despite the fact that all selections were recorded by the same person but varying the prosody. The results support the hypothesis that we are pre-judged by our voice aspects regardless of the content of our speech.", "contents": "Some trait judgments made on the basis of voice alone. College students were asked to evaluate demographic considerations of four distinctly differing speech samples of the same content. Subjects made decisions based solely on the voice despite the fact that all selections were recorded by the same person but varying the prosody. The results support the hypothesis that we are pre-judged by our voice aspects regardless of the content of our speech.", "PMID": 755817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10136", "title": "Self-masking effects from live and recorded vowels.", "content": "As a means of determining the masking characteristics of spoken (live) vowels, as compared to recorded vowels, 16 normal Ss were trained to track pure-tone swept-frequency thresholds in the presence of vowels used as masking noise. While tracking thresholds, Ss either phonated the vowels /a/, /i/, or /u/ continuously or listened to a taped playback of their own voices. The resulting continuous-frequency audiograms generally resembles the configurations of the vowel spectra. Overall masking effect was significantly greater for the recorded vowels (air-conducted feedback only) than for the live vowels (both air- and bone-conducted feedback) at equal loudness. Recorded vowels tended to have greater masking effect in the higher frequencies, while live vowels tended to have greater effect in the lower frequencies.", "contents": "Self-masking effects from live and recorded vowels. As a means of determining the masking characteristics of spoken (live) vowels, as compared to recorded vowels, 16 normal Ss were trained to track pure-tone swept-frequency thresholds in the presence of vowels used as masking noise. While tracking thresholds, Ss either phonated the vowels /a/, /i/, or /u/ continuously or listened to a taped playback of their own voices. The resulting continuous-frequency audiograms generally resembles the configurations of the vowel spectra. Overall masking effect was significantly greater for the recorded vowels (air-conducted feedback only) than for the live vowels (both air- and bone-conducted feedback) at equal loudness. Recorded vowels tended to have greater masking effect in the higher frequencies, while live vowels tended to have greater effect in the lower frequencies.", "PMID": 755818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10137", "title": "The pathology of head and neck tumors: salivary glands, part 2.", "content": "Acinic-cell carcinomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas remain somewhat controversial salivary-gland lesions. Because of an ambiguity in the literature concerning their malignant potential and a lack of sufficient follow-up periods, these carcinomas have been underestimated with respect to their morbidity and lethality. The failure of histopathologic evaluation to successfully predict the subsequent biologic course of these neoplasms should not mitigate treatment. Acinic-cell carcinomas are usually isomorphic neoplasms having their genesis in the neoplastic reserve cells of the terminal portions of the duct system. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, on the other hand, may be described as forming a histologic spectrum or continuum from the most highly differentiated to the most poorly differentiated malignancy. They arise from the interlobular and intralobular ducts. The histopathologic features of these two neoplasms are presented, along with a review of their biologic activity in humans.", "contents": "The pathology of head and neck tumors: salivary glands, part 2. Acinic-cell carcinomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas remain somewhat controversial salivary-gland lesions. Because of an ambiguity in the literature concerning their malignant potential and a lack of sufficient follow-up periods, these carcinomas have been underestimated with respect to their morbidity and lethality. The failure of histopathologic evaluation to successfully predict the subsequent biologic course of these neoplasms should not mitigate treatment. Acinic-cell carcinomas are usually isomorphic neoplasms having their genesis in the neoplastic reserve cells of the terminal portions of the duct system. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, on the other hand, may be described as forming a histologic spectrum or continuum from the most highly differentiated to the most poorly differentiated malignancy. They arise from the interlobular and intralobular ducts. The histopathologic features of these two neoplasms are presented, along with a review of their biologic activity in humans.", "PMID": 755809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10138", "title": "Response of emotionally disturbed children to auditory discrimination tests in quiet and in noise.", "content": "A population was used of 18 children (6--13 yrs median = 9--1 yrs) enrolled in a psychiatric day care center where they received daily educational instruction and on two occasions per week they received psychotherapy. Intelligence was normal (Wechsler Full Scale mn = 96). Ss were individually given the Goldman-Friscoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination both in quiet and in the noise condition. Median scores in quiet and in noise were both lower than general forms for these ages, lying indeed within the range of \"poor discrimination\" for the GFW, but the relative scores for the quiet and the noise conditions did not differ significantly from the pattern for normal children. However, 6 of the 18 Ss scored relatively better in noise than in quiet, and a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test demonstrated that this was a significantly larger number (p less than .025, one-tailed test) than in the general population. Explanations were offered in terms of a reduction of internal noise, and of relative attention on the part of emotionally disturbed children.", "contents": "Response of emotionally disturbed children to auditory discrimination tests in quiet and in noise. A population was used of 18 children (6--13 yrs median = 9--1 yrs) enrolled in a psychiatric day care center where they received daily educational instruction and on two occasions per week they received psychotherapy. Intelligence was normal (Wechsler Full Scale mn = 96). Ss were individually given the Goldman-Friscoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination both in quiet and in the noise condition. Median scores in quiet and in noise were both lower than general forms for these ages, lying indeed within the range of \"poor discrimination\" for the GFW, but the relative scores for the quiet and the noise conditions did not differ significantly from the pattern for normal children. However, 6 of the 18 Ss scored relatively better in noise than in quiet, and a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test demonstrated that this was a significantly larger number (p less than .025, one-tailed test) than in the general population. Explanations were offered in terms of a reduction of internal noise, and of relative attention on the part of emotionally disturbed children.", "PMID": 755819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10139", "title": "Treatment of patients with prolactinomas.", "content": "Fifty-one female patients with prolactin producing tumors (PRL 1100 to 88,000 microU/ml) and 26 male patients with prolactin producing tumors (PRL 6500 to 400,000 microU/ml) were studied. Only 25% of the females had visual field defects which were present in 70% of the males. All females had amenorrhea but only 35 had galactorrhea. Hypopituitarism was rarely seen in the females but in most of the male patients. Twenty-four females and all male patients were operated (transphenoidal or transfrontal operation). PRL normalized in only eight females and in none of the males. Two patients became pregnant postoperatively, four after postoperative treatment with bromocriptine. Bromocriptine induced regular menses in 4 other patients operated by transsphenoidal route. Eight patients with microadenoma (PRL less than 4000 microU/ml) were treated with bromocriptine alone of whom two became pregnant. The males were also treated with bromocriptine leading to a significant fall of the PRL level accompanied by improvement of libido, sexual potency and headache. Two patients received radiation postoperatively, which led to a fall of PRL and improvement of visual fields. Since PRL levels remained low after withdrawal of bromocriptine for several months an antiproliferative effect of this drug is suggested. Thus differential therapy of PRL producing tumors is possible: In females selective neurosurgery can alone or combined with medical therapy normalize PRL secretion and ovarian function. In patients with microadenoma bromocriptine alone can be successful. In patients with inoperable large tumors radiation should be advocated. Additional bromocriptine therapy may be helpful to stop tumor growth and alleviate the effects of hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Treatment of patients with prolactinomas. Fifty-one female patients with prolactin producing tumors (PRL 1100 to 88,000 microU/ml) and 26 male patients with prolactin producing tumors (PRL 6500 to 400,000 microU/ml) were studied. Only 25% of the females had visual field defects which were present in 70% of the males. All females had amenorrhea but only 35 had galactorrhea. Hypopituitarism was rarely seen in the females but in most of the male patients. Twenty-four females and all male patients were operated (transphenoidal or transfrontal operation). PRL normalized in only eight females and in none of the males. Two patients became pregnant postoperatively, four after postoperative treatment with bromocriptine. Bromocriptine induced regular menses in 4 other patients operated by transsphenoidal route. Eight patients with microadenoma (PRL less than 4000 microU/ml) were treated with bromocriptine alone of whom two became pregnant. The males were also treated with bromocriptine leading to a significant fall of the PRL level accompanied by improvement of libido, sexual potency and headache. Two patients received radiation postoperatively, which led to a fall of PRL and improvement of visual fields. Since PRL levels remained low after withdrawal of bromocriptine for several months an antiproliferative effect of this drug is suggested. Thus differential therapy of PRL producing tumors is possible: In females selective neurosurgery can alone or combined with medical therapy normalize PRL secretion and ovarian function. In patients with microadenoma bromocriptine alone can be successful. In patients with inoperable large tumors radiation should be advocated. Additional bromocriptine therapy may be helpful to stop tumor growth and alleviate the effects of hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 755842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10140", "title": "Adrenal hyperandrogenism: detection by adrenal scintigraphy.", "content": "Hyperandrogenism is a common endocrinopathy in women. Localization of the source of excess androgen production is mandatory for proper management. Ovarian hyperandrogenism has been implicated in the majority of patients studied, though the true prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism is not yet known. Adrenal scintigraphy is a simple non-invasive technique which detects adrenal functional abnormalities. The detection of adrenal hyperandrogenism by adrenal scintigraphy in three women with mild hirsutism is discussed.", "contents": "Adrenal hyperandrogenism: detection by adrenal scintigraphy. Hyperandrogenism is a common endocrinopathy in women. Localization of the source of excess androgen production is mandatory for proper management. Ovarian hyperandrogenism has been implicated in the majority of patients studied, though the true prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism is not yet known. Adrenal scintigraphy is a simple non-invasive technique which detects adrenal functional abnormalities. The detection of adrenal hyperandrogenism by adrenal scintigraphy in three women with mild hirsutism is discussed.", "PMID": 755843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10141", "title": "Endemic goitre and iodine metabolism in schoolchildren from the Daunia uplands (province of Foggia, Italy).", "content": "A study of endemic goitre was carried out in the western part of the province of Foggia (Daunia's pre-Appennines). About 50% of a total of 2719 children aged 6-15 years examined in the agricultural and hill towns of Accadia, Bovino, Candela, Deliceto and Sant'Agata di Puglia (500 to 800 m above sea level), presented a thyroid enlargement (usually of Grade 1). Urinary creatinine values were normal, while urinary iodine was low: 37.7 +/- 28.39 mug/g creatinine (mean +/- SD for 319 subjects). Serum levels of thyroid hormones were normal: T4 = 7.89 +/- 2.61 mug/dl; T3 = 114.72 +/- 40 ng/dl; T3 (T4 X 100) = 0.166 +/- 0.09. Subjects with Grade 2 thyroid enlargement had significant lower urinary iodine and serum T4, and higher T3 and T3/T4 ratio than children without goitre (Grade 0). Serum thyrotropin was rather high (3.79 +/- 4.17 muU/ml), but bore no straight relation to the thyroid size; in subjects with Grade 2 thyroids there was an inverse relationship between plasma T4 and TSH levels. Drinking water iodine was generally low (2-3 mug/l), though some richer sources (18, 38, 66 mug/l) were noted. Iodine contents of locally produced foodstuffs were below those found in food on Turin markets.", "contents": "Endemic goitre and iodine metabolism in schoolchildren from the Daunia uplands (province of Foggia, Italy). A study of endemic goitre was carried out in the western part of the province of Foggia (Daunia's pre-Appennines). About 50% of a total of 2719 children aged 6-15 years examined in the agricultural and hill towns of Accadia, Bovino, Candela, Deliceto and Sant'Agata di Puglia (500 to 800 m above sea level), presented a thyroid enlargement (usually of Grade 1). Urinary creatinine values were normal, while urinary iodine was low: 37.7 +/- 28.39 mug/g creatinine (mean +/- SD for 319 subjects). Serum levels of thyroid hormones were normal: T4 = 7.89 +/- 2.61 mug/dl; T3 = 114.72 +/- 40 ng/dl; T3 (T4 X 100) = 0.166 +/- 0.09. Subjects with Grade 2 thyroid enlargement had significant lower urinary iodine and serum T4, and higher T3 and T3/T4 ratio than children without goitre (Grade 0). Serum thyrotropin was rather high (3.79 +/- 4.17 muU/ml), but bore no straight relation to the thyroid size; in subjects with Grade 2 thyroids there was an inverse relationship between plasma T4 and TSH levels. Drinking water iodine was generally low (2-3 mug/l), though some richer sources (18, 38, 66 mug/l) were noted. Iodine contents of locally produced foodstuffs were below those found in food on Turin markets.", "PMID": 755847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10142", "title": "Effect of pinealectomy on arterial blood pressure and food and water intake in the rat.", "content": "Pinealectomy in the rat induces a significant increase of the arterial blood pressure within 15 days from the surgical procedure; this hypertension is still present 30 and 60 days after pinealectomy while after 90 days it returns to the normal range. Histological examination of the kidneys of pinealectomized hypertensive rats shows wall thickening and lumen narrowing of the arterioles, adventitial and periadventitial fibrosis, dense glomeruli. The vascular lesions are not diffuse but patchily distributed. Body weight is higher in pinealectomized rats compared with normal and sham-operated animals: this difference becomes significant about 40 days after pinealectomy and gradually decreases until it disappears at the end of the third month. Food and water intake is higher in pinealectomized rats up to the 7th week; during the 8th week they return to the normal range.", "contents": "Effect of pinealectomy on arterial blood pressure and food and water intake in the rat. Pinealectomy in the rat induces a significant increase of the arterial blood pressure within 15 days from the surgical procedure; this hypertension is still present 30 and 60 days after pinealectomy while after 90 days it returns to the normal range. Histological examination of the kidneys of pinealectomized hypertensive rats shows wall thickening and lumen narrowing of the arterioles, adventitial and periadventitial fibrosis, dense glomeruli. The vascular lesions are not diffuse but patchily distributed. Body weight is higher in pinealectomized rats compared with normal and sham-operated animals: this difference becomes significant about 40 days after pinealectomy and gradually decreases until it disappears at the end of the third month. Food and water intake is higher in pinealectomized rats up to the 7th week; during the 8th week they return to the normal range.", "PMID": 755848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10143", "title": "A rapid semi-automated method of determining total estrogens in non-pregnancy urine.", "content": "A rapid routine method of determining estrogens in non-pregnancy urine is described. It involves the following steps: 1) Dilution of each urine sample with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulfate solution; 2) Addition of Sephadex G-15 beads; 3) Filtration of the mixture; 4) Liberation of the estrogens from the Sephadex by washing the beads on the filter with 0.1N NaOH; 5) Automated fluorimetric analysis of the alkaline filtrate according to the procedure used for the determination of estrogen in pregnancy urine. A correction for non-specific fluorescence remains necessary and is achieved by measuring background fluorescence with a second fluorimeter.", "contents": "A rapid semi-automated method of determining total estrogens in non-pregnancy urine. A rapid routine method of determining estrogens in non-pregnancy urine is described. It involves the following steps: 1) Dilution of each urine sample with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulfate solution; 2) Addition of Sephadex G-15 beads; 3) Filtration of the mixture; 4) Liberation of the estrogens from the Sephadex by washing the beads on the filter with 0.1N NaOH; 5) Automated fluorimetric analysis of the alkaline filtrate according to the procedure used for the determination of estrogen in pregnancy urine. A correction for non-specific fluorescence remains necessary and is achieved by measuring background fluorescence with a second fluorimeter.", "PMID": 755850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10144", "title": "Sympathetic innervation and noradrenaline content of normal human thyroid tissue from fetal, young, and elderly subjects.", "content": "In man, as well as in the mouse, there is morphologic and functional evidence for a direct, stimulatory influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the secretion of thyroid hormone by noradrenaline (NA), released from interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals. In mice and rats, an age-related reduction of the sympathetic innervation of the thyoid has recently been observed. In the present study, possible age-related variations of the sympathetic innervation and the concentration of NA in human thyroid tissue were examined. Interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals were studied by fluorescence histochemistry, and the tissue concentration of NA was measured by fluorometry. In apparently normal thyroid tissue, obtained from fetuses, young (20-45), and elderly (greater than 60) euthyroid people with thyroid cancer or hyperparathyroidism, the number of interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals appeared to be reduced with increasing age, and the thyroid tissue concentration of NA was significantly lower in elderly than in young people. These findings may have functional importance.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation and noradrenaline content of normal human thyroid tissue from fetal, young, and elderly subjects. In man, as well as in the mouse, there is morphologic and functional evidence for a direct, stimulatory influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the secretion of thyroid hormone by noradrenaline (NA), released from interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals. In mice and rats, an age-related reduction of the sympathetic innervation of the thyoid has recently been observed. In the present study, possible age-related variations of the sympathetic innervation and the concentration of NA in human thyroid tissue were examined. Interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals were studied by fluorescence histochemistry, and the tissue concentration of NA was measured by fluorometry. In apparently normal thyroid tissue, obtained from fetuses, young (20-45), and elderly (greater than 60) euthyroid people with thyroid cancer or hyperparathyroidism, the number of interfollicular adrenergic nerve terminals appeared to be reduced with increasing age, and the thyroid tissue concentration of NA was significantly lower in elderly than in young people. These findings may have functional importance.", "PMID": 755851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10145", "title": "Effect of neurotensin on glucose and insulin portal blood levels in hyperglycemic rats.", "content": "A new multiple sampling technique for obtaining blood from the portal vein has been used to investigate the effects of neurotensin on insulin and glucose portal blood levels in rats rendered hyperglycemic by a constant glucose infusion. The peptide has been first injected acutely (2 microgram/rat iv), and then constantly infused (0.5 microgram/min for 55 min). The preliminary results indicate that no effect of the acute injection could be observed, but hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were induced by the constant infusion of the peptide. It is suggested that neurotensin may stimulate the release of insulin probably through a direct mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of neurotensin on glucose and insulin portal blood levels in hyperglycemic rats. A new multiple sampling technique for obtaining blood from the portal vein has been used to investigate the effects of neurotensin on insulin and glucose portal blood levels in rats rendered hyperglycemic by a constant glucose infusion. The peptide has been first injected acutely (2 microgram/rat iv), and then constantly infused (0.5 microgram/min for 55 min). The preliminary results indicate that no effect of the acute injection could be observed, but hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were induced by the constant infusion of the peptide. It is suggested that neurotensin may stimulate the release of insulin probably through a direct mechanism.", "PMID": 755852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10146", "title": "A general zone theory of color and brightness vision. I. Basic formulation.", "content": "A general theory of color and brightness vision, developed from basic principles of the Helmholtz and Hering points-of-view on color vision is presented in a general mathematical form suitable for quantitative analysis. Visual sensation is described by a vector expressed in terms of Hering-like elements for color and brightness which underlie in their spatial-temporal variations the perceptions of form and change. The photic stimulus of vision is recognized to act first and only through photoabsorption producing a Helmholtz-like vector of quantum absorptions. The physiological transformation of the Helmholtz photochemical excitations into the Hering sensation responses is represented as a vector of general operators. The result is a mathematical framework encompassing traditional psychophysical and sensory scaling experiments. The theory is utilized to demonstrate that for many traditional (Class A) psychophysical observations, the physiological operator reduces to a linear (matrix) transformation. For static, uniform, focal stimulation, this reduction is seen to be the basis for earlier specific linear models of color vision. We also illustrate that static intensity-level effects (Bezold-Br\u00fccke hue shifts, unique hue invariance) can be modeled from the theory by power, but not logarithmic, intensity-level dependence for the sensation elements.", "contents": "A general zone theory of color and brightness vision. I. Basic formulation. A general theory of color and brightness vision, developed from basic principles of the Helmholtz and Hering points-of-view on color vision is presented in a general mathematical form suitable for quantitative analysis. Visual sensation is described by a vector expressed in terms of Hering-like elements for color and brightness which underlie in their spatial-temporal variations the perceptions of form and change. The photic stimulus of vision is recognized to act first and only through photoabsorption producing a Helmholtz-like vector of quantum absorptions. The physiological transformation of the Helmholtz photochemical excitations into the Hering sensation responses is represented as a vector of general operators. The result is a mathematical framework encompassing traditional psychophysical and sensory scaling experiments. The theory is utilized to demonstrate that for many traditional (Class A) psychophysical observations, the physiological operator reduces to a linear (matrix) transformation. For static, uniform, focal stimulation, this reduction is seen to be the basis for earlier specific linear models of color vision. We also illustrate that static intensity-level effects (Bezold-Br\u00fccke hue shifts, unique hue invariance) can be modeled from the theory by power, but not logarithmic, intensity-level dependence for the sensation elements.", "PMID": 755854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10147", "title": "A general zone theory of color and brightness vision. II. The space-time field.", "content": "The elements of vision are brightness and color varying in time and space, constituting a vector space-time function: the visual sensation field. The sensory-field generated from the light-field variations on the retina is analyzed here in terms of elemental space-time responses (Green's functions). Both chromaticity and intensity variations in either time or space are included in a unified theory, to bridge the existing gap between color theory and analyses of spatial and temporal brightness. Sensory Green's functions are here related to standard color models and to familiar responses for special stimuli, and are shown to be advantageous for nonhomogeneous and/or nonstationary visual conditions. The theory is first applied for intensity space-time variations, to elucidate existing intensity-contrast analyses. Then the general theory including chromatic contrast is illustrated by deriving color vision generalizations of the Bloch and Ricco laws and a general space-time reciprocity law, by analyses of wavelength-pulse and color-flicker experiments, and by derivation of Abney's law of luminance additivity for heterochromoatic flicker and minimally distinct borders.", "contents": "A general zone theory of color and brightness vision. II. The space-time field. The elements of vision are brightness and color varying in time and space, constituting a vector space-time function: the visual sensation field. The sensory-field generated from the light-field variations on the retina is analyzed here in terms of elemental space-time responses (Green's functions). Both chromaticity and intensity variations in either time or space are included in a unified theory, to bridge the existing gap between color theory and analyses of spatial and temporal brightness. Sensory Green's functions are here related to standard color models and to familiar responses for special stimuli, and are shown to be advantageous for nonhomogeneous and/or nonstationary visual conditions. The theory is first applied for intensity space-time variations, to elucidate existing intensity-contrast analyses. Then the general theory including chromatic contrast is illustrated by deriving color vision generalizations of the Bloch and Ricco laws and a general space-time reciprocity law, by analyses of wavelength-pulse and color-flicker experiments, and by derivation of Abney's law of luminance additivity for heterochromoatic flicker and minimally distinct borders.", "PMID": 755855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10148", "title": "Theory of flicker and transient responses. III. An essential nonlinearity.", "content": "From our stead-state flicker data, Kelly's (1971) model correctly predicts the transient thresholds for rectangular pulses of variable duration when the (flickering or flashed) stimulus is a 4 cycle/deg grating, but the same prediction fails for a uniform (8 degrees) field. However, if we augment the model with a \"hard\" nonlinearity, we can fit both types of transient thresholds as well as the steady-state thresholds. The most plausible embodiment of this essential nonlinearity is an asymmetric recifier, which seems to represent the behavior of retinal ganglion cells. Unlike the symmetric models of Roufs and Rashbass, this asymmetry also correctly predicts that the decrement thresholds for some stimuli are smaller than the corresponding increment thresholds.", "contents": "Theory of flicker and transient responses. III. An essential nonlinearity. From our stead-state flicker data, Kelly's (1971) model correctly predicts the transient thresholds for rectangular pulses of variable duration when the (flickering or flashed) stimulus is a 4 cycle/deg grating, but the same prediction fails for a uniform (8 degrees) field. However, if we augment the model with a \"hard\" nonlinearity, we can fit both types of transient thresholds as well as the steady-state thresholds. The most plausible embodiment of this essential nonlinearity is an asymmetric recifier, which seems to represent the behavior of retinal ganglion cells. Unlike the symmetric models of Roufs and Rashbass, this asymmetry also correctly predicts that the decrement thresholds for some stimuli are smaller than the corresponding increment thresholds.", "PMID": 755856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10149", "title": "Accommodative convergence response to off-foveal retinal images.", "content": "A special stimulus device was designed and developed to present blur stimulation through off-foveal retinal images. An infrared reflecting eye movement monitor was used to measure the dynamic accommodative convergence response to both foveal and off-foveal blur stimulation. In most subjects studies a substantial off-foveal accommodative vergence response was found; however, this response diminished rapidly as image distance from the fovea increased. Considerable variation in the response was noted between subjects, and, to a lesser extent, in the same subject for left-versus-right off-foveal image positions.", "contents": "Accommodative convergence response to off-foveal retinal images. A special stimulus device was designed and developed to present blur stimulation through off-foveal retinal images. An infrared reflecting eye movement monitor was used to measure the dynamic accommodative convergence response to both foveal and off-foveal blur stimulation. In most subjects studies a substantial off-foveal accommodative vergence response was found; however, this response diminished rapidly as image distance from the fovea increased. Considerable variation in the response was noted between subjects, and, to a lesser extent, in the same subject for left-versus-right off-foveal image positions.", "PMID": 755857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10150", "title": "Noise suppression in photoreceptors and its relevance to incremental intensity thresholds.", "content": "Quantal noise is the main limiting factor of visual contrast sensitivity only over an intermediate range of light intensities. At low and high intensities receptor and neural noise determine the bound on sensitivity. In this paper we analyze the effect of receptor nonlinearity on the statistics of visual signals and show its role in the suppression of quantal and receptor noise at high light intensities. This provides adequate physical interpretation of physiological data. Extending this analysis to the behavior of the whole visual system, we arrive at the conclusion that such noise suppression provides a unified explanation of psychophysical incremental threshold data over the whole visual range.", "contents": "Noise suppression in photoreceptors and its relevance to incremental intensity thresholds. Quantal noise is the main limiting factor of visual contrast sensitivity only over an intermediate range of light intensities. At low and high intensities receptor and neural noise determine the bound on sensitivity. In this paper we analyze the effect of receptor nonlinearity on the statistics of visual signals and show its role in the suppression of quantal and receptor noise at high light intensities. This provides adequate physical interpretation of physiological data. Extending this analysis to the behavior of the whole visual system, we arrive at the conclusion that such noise suppression provides a unified explanation of psychophysical incremental threshold data over the whole visual range.", "PMID": 755859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10151", "title": "Fading and feedback in the modification of visual acuity.", "content": "Two experiments assessing the modification of visual acuity by fading plus feedback procedures are presented. The training procedure involved a gradual increase of the distance myopic subjects could accurately discriminate letters requiring a minimum of 20/20 vision at approximately 23 feet. In Experiment I experimental and matched control groups of mildly to moderately myopic subjects were compared on repeated Ortho-rater examinations of visual acuity. The experimental group showed a significant improvement relative to the control group who received no training. Multiple-baseline across-stimuli designs were used in Experiment II to evaluate training effects for another group of subjects with moderate to severe myopia. Two measures of acuity were obtained. Accuracy of discrimination of letters at various preselected distances was determined each session while Ortho-rater examinations were given periodically throughout training. Changes in discrimination accuracy over sessions appeared to be related to fading for three of the four subjects, and Ortho-rater acuity changes were observed for each subject. Some short-term maintenance of improved vision was evident on both acuity measures.", "contents": "Fading and feedback in the modification of visual acuity. Two experiments assessing the modification of visual acuity by fading plus feedback procedures are presented. The training procedure involved a gradual increase of the distance myopic subjects could accurately discriminate letters requiring a minimum of 20/20 vision at approximately 23 feet. In Experiment I experimental and matched control groups of mildly to moderately myopic subjects were compared on repeated Ortho-rater examinations of visual acuity. The experimental group showed a significant improvement relative to the control group who received no training. Multiple-baseline across-stimuli designs were used in Experiment II to evaluate training effects for another group of subjects with moderate to severe myopia. Two measures of acuity were obtained. Accuracy of discrimination of letters at various preselected distances was determined each session while Ortho-rater examinations were given periodically throughout training. Changes in discrimination accuracy over sessions appeared to be related to fading for three of the four subjects, and Ortho-rater acuity changes were observed for each subject. Some short-term maintenance of improved vision was evident on both acuity measures.", "PMID": 755862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10152", "title": "Differential attention in the treatment of operant cough.", "content": "This case study reports the successful use of differential attention in the treatment of chronic operant coughing of 6 months' duration in a 13-year-old boy. The boy was hospitalized, where the symptom was ignored and his adaptive age-appropriate behaviors were reinforced with points and praise. Fines were levied for self-derogatory statements. Obtrusive and unobtrusive observations revealed the cough rate higher when the patient was aware of being observed than when he was unaware of being observed. After 4 days the cough rate dropped to zero, where it remained except for a slight recurrence on the day of discharge. His parents were trained in maintaining the differential attention contingencies in effect in the hospital and were able to transfer these conditions to the home. Thus, when the cough again returned once the patient was home, they were able to immediately terminate it. Follow-up of over 36 months revealed the boy to be symptom free.", "contents": "Differential attention in the treatment of operant cough. This case study reports the successful use of differential attention in the treatment of chronic operant coughing of 6 months' duration in a 13-year-old boy. The boy was hospitalized, where the symptom was ignored and his adaptive age-appropriate behaviors were reinforced with points and praise. Fines were levied for self-derogatory statements. Obtrusive and unobtrusive observations revealed the cough rate higher when the patient was aware of being observed than when he was unaware of being observed. After 4 days the cough rate dropped to zero, where it remained except for a slight recurrence on the day of discharge. His parents were trained in maintaining the differential attention contingencies in effect in the hospital and were able to transfer these conditions to the home. Thus, when the cough again returned once the patient was home, they were able to immediately terminate it. Follow-up of over 36 months revealed the boy to be symptom free.", "PMID": 755863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10153", "title": "Experimental analysis of EMG feedback in treating cerebral palsy.", "content": "Three subjects diagnosed as having severe choreoathetoid cerebral palsy were trained in the use of EMG feedback procedures. Both between- and within-session controls, including reversals of baseline, attempted muscle control with feedback, and muscle control without feedback, were employed to analyze the contribution of feedback procedures to improvements in muscle control. The data (1) indicate that feedback enhanced muscle control and (2) provide evidence of generalization of feedback effects to no-feedback conditions and untrained muscles.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of EMG feedback in treating cerebral palsy. Three subjects diagnosed as having severe choreoathetoid cerebral palsy were trained in the use of EMG feedback procedures. Both between- and within-session controls, including reversals of baseline, attempted muscle control with feedback, and muscle control without feedback, were employed to analyze the contribution of feedback procedures to improvements in muscle control. The data (1) indicate that feedback enhanced muscle control and (2) provide evidence of generalization of feedback effects to no-feedback conditions and untrained muscles.", "PMID": 755864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10154", "title": "Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease.", "content": "In order to assess the efficacy of a behavioral intervention in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's disease, 30 female patients were trained to control their digital skin temperature using autogenic training or a combination of autogenic training and skin temperature feedback either in the laboratory or at home. All trained subjects demonstrated a significant ability to maintain digital skin temperature in the presence of a cold stress challenge and reported significant reductions in both frequency and intensity of vasospastic attacks. The addition of skin temperature feedback to autogenic training did not provide additional clinical benefit.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease. In order to assess the efficacy of a behavioral intervention in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's disease, 30 female patients were trained to control their digital skin temperature using autogenic training or a combination of autogenic training and skin temperature feedback either in the laboratory or at home. All trained subjects demonstrated a significant ability to maintain digital skin temperature in the presence of a cold stress challenge and reported significant reductions in both frequency and intensity of vasospastic attacks. The addition of skin temperature feedback to autogenic training did not provide additional clinical benefit.", "PMID": 755865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10155", "title": "Biofeedback vs. instructional control of skin temperature.", "content": "The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the effects of instructions vs. biofeedback on the development of skin temperature self-control and (2) to assess how well learned control over temperature can be retained over time. Sixty female subjects were assigned to one of six groups: (1) response-specific instructions plus feedback, (2) thermal suggestions plus feedback, (3) instructions to rest plus feedback, (4) response-specific instructions without feedback, (5) thermal suggestions without feedback, and (6) instructions to rest without feedback. All subjects participated in five training sessions on 5 consecutive days and two follow-up sessions spaced 1 week and 2 weeks after training. Subjects given either feedback and response-specific instructions, feedback and thermal suggestions, or no feedback and thermal suggestions were able to produce significant increases in digital skin temperature consistently after three training sessions. Subjects in these groups retained the ability to control skin temperature both 1 and 2 weeks after training. Subjects in the remaining conditions showed no evidence of learned control over skin temperature.", "contents": "Biofeedback vs. instructional control of skin temperature. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the effects of instructions vs. biofeedback on the development of skin temperature self-control and (2) to assess how well learned control over temperature can be retained over time. Sixty female subjects were assigned to one of six groups: (1) response-specific instructions plus feedback, (2) thermal suggestions plus feedback, (3) instructions to rest plus feedback, (4) response-specific instructions without feedback, (5) thermal suggestions without feedback, and (6) instructions to rest without feedback. All subjects participated in five training sessions on 5 consecutive days and two follow-up sessions spaced 1 week and 2 weeks after training. Subjects given either feedback and response-specific instructions, feedback and thermal suggestions, or no feedback and thermal suggestions were able to produce significant increases in digital skin temperature consistently after three training sessions. Subjects in these groups retained the ability to control skin temperature both 1 and 2 weeks after training. Subjects in the remaining conditions showed no evidence of learned control over skin temperature.", "PMID": 755867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10156", "title": "The Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale: development of a scale to measure patient perceptions of physician behavior.", "content": "Patient satisfaction is a variable of increasing interest to researchers, clinicians, and medical educators. Of several studies reviewed, only a few have shown evidence of careful methodology. Most surveys have focused on general evaluations of doctors and/or health care services or of a particular facility. The present article reports the development of a scale to measure patient satisfaction with an encounter with a physician or other primary care provider. Methods of item generation and pretesting are detailed. The overall reliability of the scale (Cronbach's coefficient alpha) is 0.93. The distribution of satisfaction scores is broader than that reported for other scales and approaches the normal in shape. Clinical and research applications of the scale are suggested.", "contents": "The Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale: development of a scale to measure patient perceptions of physician behavior. Patient satisfaction is a variable of increasing interest to researchers, clinicians, and medical educators. Of several studies reviewed, only a few have shown evidence of careful methodology. Most surveys have focused on general evaluations of doctors and/or health care services or of a particular facility. The present article reports the development of a scale to measure patient satisfaction with an encounter with a physician or other primary care provider. Methods of item generation and pretesting are detailed. The overall reliability of the scale (Cronbach's coefficient alpha) is 0.93. The distribution of satisfaction scores is broader than that reported for other scales and approaches the normal in shape. Clinical and research applications of the scale are suggested.", "PMID": 755868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10157", "title": "Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "Self-monitoring combined with contingency contracting resulted in weight loss, modification of dysfunctional eating habits, and increased or sustained exercise rates for two obese, mentally retarded adolescent females with Prader-Willi syndrome. Contingency contracting between clients and their parents/caregivers was used to specify consequences for daily self-monitoring, reduced caloric intake, weight loss, and exercise. Punishment for food stealing was also employed. Results suggest that contingency contracting is an effective technique for producing long-term weight loss in obese mentally retarded adolescents. Further, these techniques offer an alternative to the clinician considering solely dietary restriction or surgical intervention.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Self-monitoring combined with contingency contracting resulted in weight loss, modification of dysfunctional eating habits, and increased or sustained exercise rates for two obese, mentally retarded adolescent females with Prader-Willi syndrome. Contingency contracting between clients and their parents/caregivers was used to specify consequences for daily self-monitoring, reduced caloric intake, weight loss, and exercise. Punishment for food stealing was also employed. Results suggest that contingency contracting is an effective technique for producing long-term weight loss in obese mentally retarded adolescents. Further, these techniques offer an alternative to the clinician considering solely dietary restriction or surgical intervention.", "PMID": 755869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10158", "title": "Perceived Somatic Response Inventory: three scales developed by factor analysis.", "content": "Studies of autonomic reactivity and of voluntary control of autonomic responses have suggested the importance of individual differences. An inventory of scales was developed to improve the assessment of different dimensions of somatic functioning. In order to enhance their specificity and incremental validity, the scales were constructed to be relatively independent of already known general personality variables such as Stress Reaction (neuroticism), Locus of Control, Hypochondriasis, and Absorption. Three scales, derived from orthogonal factor analyses, were developed and cross-validated: (1) Autonomic Response Frequency, assessing spontaneous fluctuations in autonomic responding; (2) Autonomic Response to Stress, assessing the amount of autonomic arousal perceived by a subject in stress situations; and (3) Somatic Response Control, a self-report measure of capacity to control both autonomic and fine muscle responses. The hypothesis that sympathetic and parasympathetic awareness might define two distinct dimensions was not supported by the data. The new scales will be useful in testing hypotheses of possible relationships among the factors measured and behavioral and psychophysiological indicators of the response to stress.", "contents": "Perceived Somatic Response Inventory: three scales developed by factor analysis. Studies of autonomic reactivity and of voluntary control of autonomic responses have suggested the importance of individual differences. An inventory of scales was developed to improve the assessment of different dimensions of somatic functioning. In order to enhance their specificity and incremental validity, the scales were constructed to be relatively independent of already known general personality variables such as Stress Reaction (neuroticism), Locus of Control, Hypochondriasis, and Absorption. Three scales, derived from orthogonal factor analyses, were developed and cross-validated: (1) Autonomic Response Frequency, assessing spontaneous fluctuations in autonomic responding; (2) Autonomic Response to Stress, assessing the amount of autonomic arousal perceived by a subject in stress situations; and (3) Somatic Response Control, a self-report measure of capacity to control both autonomic and fine muscle responses. The hypothesis that sympathetic and parasympathetic awareness might define two distinct dimensions was not supported by the data. The new scales will be useful in testing hypotheses of possible relationships among the factors measured and behavioral and psychophysiological indicators of the response to stress.", "PMID": 755870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10159", "title": "Role of incentives in the training of the frontal EMG relaxation response.", "content": "Male college students were assigned to a feedback condition in which an auditory signal was correlated with forehead electromyographic (EMG) responses or to a control condition in which a constant low tone was provided. Within each condition, half of the subjects were provided with an incentive for successful reductions of EMG levels from session to session. In the control condition incentives were actually given on the basis of performance of yoked feedback partners. The remaining subjects in each condition (no incentive) were instructed that the incentive was available for reliable participation in the experiment. Feedback subjects acquired lower EMG levels than control subjects, and the yoked-incentive subjects acquired lower levels than no-incentive subjects in the control condition. There were no major differences in EMG levels attributable to locus of control orientation. The results are discussed mainly in terms of implications of incentive variables for reinforcement analyses of biofeedback effects and the validity of the locus of control construct in this application.", "contents": "Role of incentives in the training of the frontal EMG relaxation response. Male college students were assigned to a feedback condition in which an auditory signal was correlated with forehead electromyographic (EMG) responses or to a control condition in which a constant low tone was provided. Within each condition, half of the subjects were provided with an incentive for successful reductions of EMG levels from session to session. In the control condition incentives were actually given on the basis of performance of yoked feedback partners. The remaining subjects in each condition (no incentive) were instructed that the incentive was available for reliable participation in the experiment. Feedback subjects acquired lower EMG levels than control subjects, and the yoked-incentive subjects acquired lower levels than no-incentive subjects in the control condition. There were no major differences in EMG levels attributable to locus of control orientation. The results are discussed mainly in terms of implications of incentive variables for reinforcement analyses of biofeedback effects and the validity of the locus of control construct in this application.", "PMID": 755871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10160", "title": "The MMPI and chronic pain: the diagnosis of psychogenic pain.", "content": "This study investigates the capacity of the MMPI to discriminate among groups of patients with different types of pain. When multivariate analysis of variance is used, the standard set of MMPI scales discriminates between acute pain and chronic pain but not between chronic pain of two different etiologies (surgical-iatrogenic vs. unknown). The three scales that discriminate acute from chronic pain patients are those in the \"neurotic triad,\" Hs, D, and Hy. The possibility that the unknown pain etiology group could be broken down into psychogenic pain and undetected somatogenic pathology subgroups was explored using cluster analysis. This procedure did not yield any group of patients who could be identified as having chronic pain of psychogenic origin. These results suggest that the MMPI is not a reliable tool for the differential diagnosis of chronic pain. It appears, however, that patterns of findings are partly contingent on population characteristics. Researchers should be cautious about generalizing to populations other than those from which samples are drawn.", "contents": "The MMPI and chronic pain: the diagnosis of psychogenic pain. This study investigates the capacity of the MMPI to discriminate among groups of patients with different types of pain. When multivariate analysis of variance is used, the standard set of MMPI scales discriminates between acute pain and chronic pain but not between chronic pain of two different etiologies (surgical-iatrogenic vs. unknown). The three scales that discriminate acute from chronic pain patients are those in the \"neurotic triad,\" Hs, D, and Hy. The possibility that the unknown pain etiology group could be broken down into psychogenic pain and undetected somatogenic pathology subgroups was explored using cluster analysis. This procedure did not yield any group of patients who could be identified as having chronic pain of psychogenic origin. These results suggest that the MMPI is not a reliable tool for the differential diagnosis of chronic pain. It appears, however, that patterns of findings are partly contingent on population characteristics. Researchers should be cautious about generalizing to populations other than those from which samples are drawn.", "PMID": 755872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10161", "title": "The effect of outside work on the menopausal woman.", "content": "1,148 women between the ages of 45 and 54 from five different ethnic groups in Israel, representing a traditional-modern continuum were investigated with regard to the relationship of their menopausal symptomatology with their work situations now and what they were when the women were aged 40. A relatively low symptomatology was found among European Jews, North African Jews and Arabs in the peri- or postmenopause where their work load was unchanged or somewhat more than before. On the other hand, the Persian Jews showed a remarkable contrast, namely: those who had never worked at all outside the home suffered less than all the others in all the stages of menopause. These results cannot be explained only by the socioeconomic differences between the five groups, as the North Africans and Persians both belong to the lower urban socioeconomic class and the Arabs to the low rural socioeconomic class, with the Europeans belonging to the middle urban class. Nor can the results be explained merely by the difference in modernity and traditionalism. The matter is more complicated, and additional factors such as physical health, marital relationships and general stability are almost certainly involved. The advice to \"go out and work\" which is so often given by medical practitioners to menopausal women is thus not always correct, and should not be given automatically.", "contents": "The effect of outside work on the menopausal woman. 1,148 women between the ages of 45 and 54 from five different ethnic groups in Israel, representing a traditional-modern continuum were investigated with regard to the relationship of their menopausal symptomatology with their work situations now and what they were when the women were aged 40. A relatively low symptomatology was found among European Jews, North African Jews and Arabs in the peri- or postmenopause where their work load was unchanged or somewhat more than before. On the other hand, the Persian Jews showed a remarkable contrast, namely: those who had never worked at all outside the home suffered less than all the others in all the stages of menopause. These results cannot be explained only by the socioeconomic differences between the five groups, as the North Africans and Persians both belong to the lower urban socioeconomic class and the Arabs to the low rural socioeconomic class, with the Europeans belonging to the middle urban class. Nor can the results be explained merely by the difference in modernity and traditionalism. The matter is more complicated, and additional factors such as physical health, marital relationships and general stability are almost certainly involved. The advice to \"go out and work\" which is so often given by medical practitioners to menopausal women is thus not always correct, and should not be given automatically.", "PMID": 755953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10162", "title": "A review of studies of the psychological symptoms found at the menopause.", "content": "The scientific literature was reviewed in order to determine whether psychological symptoms were directly associated with the menopause. Aetiology theories of symptoms include biological, psychological, sociological and multifactorial. There is evidence that psychological symptoms do occur in increased frequency in relationship to declining ovarian function. The severity of these symptoms may be affected by sociological variables. Administration of oestrogens alone or in combination with progestogens appear to alleviate some of the symptoms. More detailed research is needed into the relationship between psychological symptoms and the menopause.", "contents": "A review of studies of the psychological symptoms found at the menopause. The scientific literature was reviewed in order to determine whether psychological symptoms were directly associated with the menopause. Aetiology theories of symptoms include biological, psychological, sociological and multifactorial. There is evidence that psychological symptoms do occur in increased frequency in relationship to declining ovarian function. The severity of these symptoms may be affected by sociological variables. Administration of oestrogens alone or in combination with progestogens appear to alleviate some of the symptoms. More detailed research is needed into the relationship between psychological symptoms and the menopause.", "PMID": 755954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10163", "title": "The effect of estriol succinate therapy on plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone in postmenopausal women.", "content": "The effects of estriol succinate (Synapause, 2 mg daily) on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure (RR) were studied in 14 postmenopausal women after bilateral oophorectomy. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and daily urinary aldosterone excretion (dU-Ald) were determined 1 mth after the operation and before estrogen treatment, at the end of 2 mth therapy, and, for the third time, 2 mth after the termination of treatment with the drug. No changes in PRA, dU-Ald or RR were found in normotensive women, or in 3 women with hypertension in this group. Another group of 11 postmenopausal women was investigated after long-term estriol succinate therapy, which had lasted for 5-8 yr after oophorectomy. PRA, dU-Ald and RR were measured during treatment and 2 mth after terminating the therapy. No changes were found either in hormone differences in the mean levels of PRA or dU-Ald. The results suggest that estriol succinate is devoid of general harmful effects on the renin-aldosterone system during postmenopausal therapy for climacteric symptoms.", "contents": "The effect of estriol succinate therapy on plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone in postmenopausal women. The effects of estriol succinate (Synapause, 2 mg daily) on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure (RR) were studied in 14 postmenopausal women after bilateral oophorectomy. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and daily urinary aldosterone excretion (dU-Ald) were determined 1 mth after the operation and before estrogen treatment, at the end of 2 mth therapy, and, for the third time, 2 mth after the termination of treatment with the drug. No changes in PRA, dU-Ald or RR were found in normotensive women, or in 3 women with hypertension in this group. Another group of 11 postmenopausal women was investigated after long-term estriol succinate therapy, which had lasted for 5-8 yr after oophorectomy. PRA, dU-Ald and RR were measured during treatment and 2 mth after terminating the therapy. No changes were found either in hormone differences in the mean levels of PRA or dU-Ald. The results suggest that estriol succinate is devoid of general harmful effects on the renin-aldosterone system during postmenopausal therapy for climacteric symptoms.", "PMID": 755955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10164", "title": "The prevention of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women with progestogens.", "content": "Due to adverse publicity alleging an increased risk of endometrial cancer with estrogen therapy, a prospective study was begun in 1976 to determine the incidence of this disease in postmenopausal women. During 5,025 patient-years of observation in 1976-1977, 6 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium were diagnosed for an incidence of 1.2:1,000 postmenopausal women per year. No endometrial malignancies were detected in 2,552 patient years of therapy with estrogens and progestogens. In 1,028 patient-years of observation where estrogens only was the therapy, there were 3 endometrial cancers for an incidence of 2.9:1,000. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was found in 2 of the untreated group, which gave an incidence of 3.0:1,000. The sixth endometrial cancer occurred in a patient using estrogen vaginal cream. During this same period, 139 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were treated with progestogens for endometrial hyperplasia. The hyperplasia was reversed to normal endometrium in 133 patients (95.7%). Hyperplasia is a precancerous lesion and should be treated with either progestogens or hysterectomy. All postmenopausal women with a uterus should be given the Progestogen Challenge Test and the progestogen continued each month as long as bleeding follows. These methods will prevent most endometrial cancers.", "contents": "The prevention of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women with progestogens. Due to adverse publicity alleging an increased risk of endometrial cancer with estrogen therapy, a prospective study was begun in 1976 to determine the incidence of this disease in postmenopausal women. During 5,025 patient-years of observation in 1976-1977, 6 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium were diagnosed for an incidence of 1.2:1,000 postmenopausal women per year. No endometrial malignancies were detected in 2,552 patient years of therapy with estrogens and progestogens. In 1,028 patient-years of observation where estrogens only was the therapy, there were 3 endometrial cancers for an incidence of 2.9:1,000. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was found in 2 of the untreated group, which gave an incidence of 3.0:1,000. The sixth endometrial cancer occurred in a patient using estrogen vaginal cream. During this same period, 139 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were treated with progestogens for endometrial hyperplasia. The hyperplasia was reversed to normal endometrium in 133 patients (95.7%). Hyperplasia is a precancerous lesion and should be treated with either progestogens or hysterectomy. All postmenopausal women with a uterus should be given the Progestogen Challenge Test and the progestogen continued each month as long as bleeding follows. These methods will prevent most endometrial cancers.", "PMID": 755956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10165", "title": "A new way of looking at environmental variables that may affect the age at menopause.", "content": "Environmental variables that might affect the age at menopause were analysed by means of the segmentation method AID. Marital status, occupation, smoking habits, age at last pregnancy and height were shown to be significant discriminating variables. The material and design of the study and the method of analysis are given and its results are discussed. A proposal is made concerning the nature of a 'secular trend'.", "contents": "A new way of looking at environmental variables that may affect the age at menopause. Environmental variables that might affect the age at menopause were analysed by means of the segmentation method AID. Marital status, occupation, smoking habits, age at last pregnancy and height were shown to be significant discriminating variables. The material and design of the study and the method of analysis are given and its results are discussed. A proposal is made concerning the nature of a 'secular trend'.", "PMID": 755957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10166", "title": "Is there a secular trend in age of menopause?", "content": "A review of the difficulties encountered in analyzing a secular trend in age of menopause is given with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of the recollective and \"status quo\" methods. It is suggested that no methodology except that which is prospective will give accurate ages of menopause. Accepting this given, a review of the literature from 1864 to 1964 is undertaken, that suggests there may be a secular trend in Denmark, England, France, Germany, Russia and the USA. This must, however, be corroborated by longitudinal, cross cultural, generational research of mothers' and daughters' ages at menopause, or at least, cohort analysis of specific populations.", "contents": "Is there a secular trend in age of menopause? A review of the difficulties encountered in analyzing a secular trend in age of menopause is given with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of the recollective and \"status quo\" methods. It is suggested that no methodology except that which is prospective will give accurate ages of menopause. Accepting this given, a review of the literature from 1864 to 1964 is undertaken, that suggests there may be a secular trend in Denmark, England, France, Germany, Russia and the USA. This must, however, be corroborated by longitudinal, cross cultural, generational research of mothers' and daughters' ages at menopause, or at least, cohort analysis of specific populations.", "PMID": 755958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10167", "title": "Serum oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol concentrations during oral oestriol succinate treatment in ovariectomized women.", "content": "Serum oestriol, oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol concentrations during oral oestriol succinate treatment were investigated in ovariectomized women. Either a single dose of 8 mg or two doses of 4 mg were given daily. With the second divided dosage the serum oestriol levels remained uniform. The oestriol concentrations were clearly higher than in the beginning or in the middle of the normal menstrual cycle in the fertile woman. With both treatment schemes the ratio E3/(E2 + E1) was clearly higher than before treatment and during the normal menstrual cycle. Oestriol succinate treatment lowered the ratio E1/(E2 + E3), which was rather similar to the one during normal menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Serum oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol concentrations during oral oestriol succinate treatment in ovariectomized women. Serum oestriol, oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol concentrations during oral oestriol succinate treatment were investigated in ovariectomized women. Either a single dose of 8 mg or two doses of 4 mg were given daily. With the second divided dosage the serum oestriol levels remained uniform. The oestriol concentrations were clearly higher than in the beginning or in the middle of the normal menstrual cycle in the fertile woman. With both treatment schemes the ratio E3/(E2 + E1) was clearly higher than before treatment and during the normal menstrual cycle. Oestriol succinate treatment lowered the ratio E1/(E2 + E3), which was rather similar to the one during normal menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 755959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10168", "title": "Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations during oral oestradiol valerate and oestriol succinate therapy in ovariectomized women.", "content": "Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations were investigated during oral treatment with oestradiol valerate and oestriol succinate in ovariectomized women. The dosages used were 1 mg oestradiol valerate in the morning and 2 mg oestriol succinate in the evening of the first day and 2 mg oestradiol valerate in the morning of the second day of treatment. The other group of patients received the same therapy in reverse order. The variation in the serum oestrone and oestradiol concentrations with a daily dose of 1 or 2 mg of oestradiol valerate were considerable. 2 mg oestriol succinate caused a fairly small elevation of serum oestriol concentration. In both treatment groups the quotient E3/(E2 + E1) was similar to that found at the 6-7th day and in the middle of the normal menstrual cycle, the quotient E1/(E2 + E3) was somewhat higher than during normal cycle.", "contents": "Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations during oral oestradiol valerate and oestriol succinate therapy in ovariectomized women. Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations were investigated during oral treatment with oestradiol valerate and oestriol succinate in ovariectomized women. The dosages used were 1 mg oestradiol valerate in the morning and 2 mg oestriol succinate in the evening of the first day and 2 mg oestradiol valerate in the morning of the second day of treatment. The other group of patients received the same therapy in reverse order. The variation in the serum oestrone and oestradiol concentrations with a daily dose of 1 or 2 mg of oestradiol valerate were considerable. 2 mg oestriol succinate caused a fairly small elevation of serum oestriol concentration. In both treatment groups the quotient E3/(E2 + E1) was similar to that found at the 6-7th day and in the middle of the normal menstrual cycle, the quotient E1/(E2 + E3) was somewhat higher than during normal cycle.", "PMID": 755960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10169", "title": "The effects of oestrogens and progestogens on the postmenopausal endometrium.", "content": "Cyclical regimens of unopposed oestrogens are associated with the development of endometrial hyperplasia and the incidence of hyperplasia is dose-related. As no pattern of vaginal bleeding serves as a reliable indicator of underlying endometrial pathology and as hyperplasia can develop subsequent to the finding of a normal endometrium and at any time from 2 to 35 mth after the start of treatment, serial biopsies are required on every patient. Oral oestrone and oestradiol complexes both give rise in the plasma principally to oestrone and therefore the term \"Hormone replacement therapy\" is inappropriate. The incidence of hyperplasia during sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy is greatly reduced and therefore progestogens are capable of protecting against the development of this condition. Sequential regimens can also reverse oestrogen-related hyperplasia to normal endometrium.", "contents": "The effects of oestrogens and progestogens on the postmenopausal endometrium. Cyclical regimens of unopposed oestrogens are associated with the development of endometrial hyperplasia and the incidence of hyperplasia is dose-related. As no pattern of vaginal bleeding serves as a reliable indicator of underlying endometrial pathology and as hyperplasia can develop subsequent to the finding of a normal endometrium and at any time from 2 to 35 mth after the start of treatment, serial biopsies are required on every patient. Oral oestrone and oestradiol complexes both give rise in the plasma principally to oestrone and therefore the term \"Hormone replacement therapy\" is inappropriate. The incidence of hyperplasia during sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy is greatly reduced and therefore progestogens are capable of protecting against the development of this condition. Sequential regimens can also reverse oestrogen-related hyperplasia to normal endometrium.", "PMID": 755961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10170", "title": "Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer.", "content": "The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. In this study of 3,682 climacteric women, 340 patients (9.2%) presented with postmenopausal bleeding during an 18-mth period. The pathology at curettage was reported as normal endometrium in 33.8%, atrophic endometrium in 24.7%, and hyperplasia in 39.1%. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was diagnosed in only 5 patients (1.5%), a reduction from 3.0% found in a previous study performed in 1972-1973. The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. The hyperplasia reverted to normal endometrium in 101 of the 105 patients (96.2%). In those 4 women with persistent hyperplasia after progestogen therapy, a hysterectomy was performed. Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.", "contents": "Management of postmenopausal bleeding to prevent endometrial cancer. The primary goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to insure that no malignancy is present. In this study of 3,682 climacteric women, 340 patients (9.2%) presented with postmenopausal bleeding during an 18-mth period. The pathology at curettage was reported as normal endometrium in 33.8%, atrophic endometrium in 24.7%, and hyperplasia in 39.1%. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was diagnosed in only 5 patients (1.5%), a reduction from 3.0% found in a previous study performed in 1972-1973. The second goal in management of postmenopausal bleeding is to identify and treat those patients with endometrial hyperplasia since this is a precancerous lesion. Cyclic progestogens were given to 105 of 133 women with hyperplasia of the endometrium for 3-6 mth and curettage repeated. The hyperplasia reverted to normal endometrium in 101 of the 105 patients (96.2%). In those 4 women with persistent hyperplasia after progestogen therapy, a hysterectomy was performed. Hysterectomy was the primary therapy for 20 women with hyperplasia because of associated findings such as leiomyomata uteri. The incidence of curettage was highest in the untreated women (23.2%), lowest in the estrogen-progestogen users (3.9%) and indicated in 14.2% of those patients receiving estrogens alone.", "PMID": 755962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10171", "title": "[Thermodynamics and electrophysiology of the nervous system].", "content": "This study expresses a theory designed to associate the fundamental thermodynamic concepts to the electrophysiology of the nervous system. An analogy is drawn between the thermodynamic and electrical events of the myocardial cell during its mechanical phases with those thermodynamic and electrical events of the nerve cell during conduction. Although the myocardial and nerve cells are designed to perform different functions, their processes of membrane potential activation and corresponding directions of thermodynamic and entropy changes are basically the same. A thermodynamic view of nerve cell \"active\" potential corresponds to a passive downhill process during which the entropy of the system (nerve cell) increases. In contrast, the so called \"resting\" membrane potential corresponds to an active uphill process. Thus, there is a paradox because the nerve cell is thermodynamically passive during the \"active\" membrane potential, whereas it is thermodynamically active during the \"resting\" membrane potential. It is suggested that inhibition in the nervous system may be considered a thermodinamically active process. If the negentropic process fails, the result is the malfunctioning or the final destruction of the system.", "contents": "[Thermodynamics and electrophysiology of the nervous system]. This study expresses a theory designed to associate the fundamental thermodynamic concepts to the electrophysiology of the nervous system. An analogy is drawn between the thermodynamic and electrical events of the myocardial cell during its mechanical phases with those thermodynamic and electrical events of the nerve cell during conduction. Although the myocardial and nerve cells are designed to perform different functions, their processes of membrane potential activation and corresponding directions of thermodynamic and entropy changes are basically the same. A thermodynamic view of nerve cell \"active\" potential corresponds to a passive downhill process during which the entropy of the system (nerve cell) increases. In contrast, the so called \"resting\" membrane potential corresponds to an active uphill process. Thus, there is a paradox because the nerve cell is thermodynamically passive during the \"active\" membrane potential, whereas it is thermodynamically active during the \"resting\" membrane potential. It is suggested that inhibition in the nervous system may be considered a thermodinamically active process. If the negentropic process fails, the result is the malfunctioning or the final destruction of the system.", "PMID": 755964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10172", "title": "[Child psychiatry and social security].", "content": "The historic development of the units that provided psychiatric care to children and adolescents, which finally yielded the first child guidance clinic early this century is briefly reviewed. We describe the organization of a child psychiatry unit within a social security institute (ISSSTE). The importance of a child psychiatrist, a psychologist and a social worker working together in a team approach to the evaluation and treatment of children is emphasized. The ISSSTE has provided psychiatric care to children and adolescents since 1961. For this purpose the Institute has five psychiatric units, four of them within a general hospital, the other in a neuropsychiatry out-patient clinic. This clinic admitted 749 new cases to the Child Psychiatry department during 1976. Up to December 1976, the total population of the clinic was 14 271 patients, of which 5 471 are children and adolescents. Last but not least, we describe an ambitious project for an in-patient unit for children and adolescents as part of a psychiatric hospital.", "contents": "[Child psychiatry and social security]. The historic development of the units that provided psychiatric care to children and adolescents, which finally yielded the first child guidance clinic early this century is briefly reviewed. We describe the organization of a child psychiatry unit within a social security institute (ISSSTE). The importance of a child psychiatrist, a psychologist and a social worker working together in a team approach to the evaluation and treatment of children is emphasized. The ISSSTE has provided psychiatric care to children and adolescents since 1961. For this purpose the Institute has five psychiatric units, four of them within a general hospital, the other in a neuropsychiatry out-patient clinic. This clinic admitted 749 new cases to the Child Psychiatry department during 1976. Up to December 1976, the total population of the clinic was 14 271 patients, of which 5 471 are children and adolescents. Last but not least, we describe an ambitious project for an in-patient unit for children and adolescents as part of a psychiatric hospital.", "PMID": 755965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10173", "title": "[Hospitalized psychiatric population in the Mexican Institute of the Social Security, 1971-1976].", "content": "This paper emphasizes the importance of having an objective registration system for clinical cases in a psychiatric hospital. For this purpose, special sheets were designed to register all cases comparing the years 1971 and 1976. During these years, 1 202 and 1 835 cases were obtained. Data included: age, sex, marital status, schooling, occupation, diagnosis, psychiatric family history and therapy. The results for those years are shown.", "contents": "[Hospitalized psychiatric population in the Mexican Institute of the Social Security, 1971-1976]. This paper emphasizes the importance of having an objective registration system for clinical cases in a psychiatric hospital. For this purpose, special sheets were designed to register all cases comparing the years 1971 and 1976. During these years, 1 202 and 1 835 cases were obtained. Data included: age, sex, marital status, schooling, occupation, diagnosis, psychiatric family history and therapy. The results for those years are shown.", "PMID": 755966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10174", "title": "Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome lesions in coronial necropsies.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of the Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome are described in 12 cases in which the syndrome had not been recognised before death. In a 1 year period there were 9 cases (5.3%) among 169 necropsies ordered by the coroner in unexpected or unexplained non-violent death. The characteristic brain lesions were grossly apparent in 5 cases and identified only histologically in 7 cases. The findings suggest that in cases of coma or patients found dead who might have been alcoholics, adequate postmortem examination of the brain is likely to demonstrate the lesions of the Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome in a significant number.", "contents": "Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome lesions in coronial necropsies. The clinical and pathological features of the Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome are described in 12 cases in which the syndrome had not been recognised before death. In a 1 year period there were 9 cases (5.3%) among 169 necropsies ordered by the coroner in unexpected or unexplained non-violent death. The characteristic brain lesions were grossly apparent in 5 cases and identified only histologically in 7 cases. The findings suggest that in cases of coma or patients found dead who might have been alcoholics, adequate postmortem examination of the brain is likely to demonstrate the lesions of the Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome in a significant number.", "PMID": 756008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10175", "title": "Preliminary observations on the pharmacokinetics of methylphenobarbitone.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of methylphenobarbitone and phenobarbitone were studied following the administration of methylphenobarbitone on a chronic basis in 77 patients, and after a single dose to each of 4 subjects who had received no other drugs and 4 subjects who had been pretreated with various anticonvulsants and other agents. At steady-state, plasma phenobarbitone concentrations correlated better with methylphenobarbitone dose than did plasma methylphenobarbitone concentrations. In this group the ratio of plasma phenobarbitone level to plasma methylphenobarbitone level was in the range of 7 to 10:1. In the single dose studies, mean values of elimination rate constant (0.0155h) and clearance (1.85L/h) for untreated subjects were different from those for the pretreated subjects (0.0375h and 5.10L/h), while the apparent volumes of distribution did not differ significantly between the two groups (120.3L vs 140.8L). The data are interpreted as most probably indicating induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in the pretreated group.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the pharmacokinetics of methylphenobarbitone. The pharmacokinetics of methylphenobarbitone and phenobarbitone were studied following the administration of methylphenobarbitone on a chronic basis in 77 patients, and after a single dose to each of 4 subjects who had received no other drugs and 4 subjects who had been pretreated with various anticonvulsants and other agents. At steady-state, plasma phenobarbitone concentrations correlated better with methylphenobarbitone dose than did plasma methylphenobarbitone concentrations. In this group the ratio of plasma phenobarbitone level to plasma methylphenobarbitone level was in the range of 7 to 10:1. In the single dose studies, mean values of elimination rate constant (0.0155h) and clearance (1.85L/h) for untreated subjects were different from those for the pretreated subjects (0.0375h and 5.10L/h), while the apparent volumes of distribution did not differ significantly between the two groups (120.3L vs 140.8L). The data are interpreted as most probably indicating induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in the pretreated group.", "PMID": 756009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10176", "title": "A comparison of the absorption of phenobarbitone given via the oral and the intramuscular route.", "content": "6 patients were given 180mg phenobarbitone, and 1 patient 120mg, and the plasma levels measured within the first 4 hours or so. These doses of phenobarbitone were quite ineffective in achieving, in a reasonable time, the levels generally recognised as being protective against seizures. 5 patients were loaded with phenobarbitone alternately via the oral and intramuscular routes to assess the relative absorption of phenobarbitone by each route. The oral route of administration appeared to be at least as good as the intramuscular, there being no significant difference between the two as judged by the peak levels of plasma phenobarbitone measured, or the amount of drug absorbed.", "contents": "A comparison of the absorption of phenobarbitone given via the oral and the intramuscular route. 6 patients were given 180mg phenobarbitone, and 1 patient 120mg, and the plasma levels measured within the first 4 hours or so. These doses of phenobarbitone were quite ineffective in achieving, in a reasonable time, the levels generally recognised as being protective against seizures. 5 patients were loaded with phenobarbitone alternately via the oral and intramuscular routes to assess the relative absorption of phenobarbitone by each route. The oral route of administration appeared to be at least as good as the intramuscular, there being no significant difference between the two as judged by the peak levels of plasma phenobarbitone measured, or the amount of drug absorbed.", "PMID": 756010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10177", "title": "Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts: two case reports.", "content": "2 cases of posterior fossa arachnoid cyst are discussed. In the first, it is likely that perinatal factors were responsible for the temporal lobe pathology and the formation of the cyst. Progressive dilatation of the temporal horn may have then been caused by obstruction from the cyst. In the second case, minor head trauma was a possible mechanism for the cyst production, although it seemed irrelevant to the mode of clinical presentation.", "contents": "Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts: two case reports. 2 cases of posterior fossa arachnoid cyst are discussed. In the first, it is likely that perinatal factors were responsible for the temporal lobe pathology and the formation of the cyst. Progressive dilatation of the temporal horn may have then been caused by obstruction from the cyst. In the second case, minor head trauma was a possible mechanism for the cyst production, although it seemed irrelevant to the mode of clinical presentation.", "PMID": 756011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10178", "title": "The causalgia syndrome treated with regional intravenous guanethidine.", "content": "Two cases of the causalgia syndrome have been presented, one probably related to a mild peripheral neuropathy and the second, more classically, following trauma. The technique of regional infusion of guanethidine has been shown to be efficacious in relieving the pain, if only temporarily, but as it is largely without risk it may be repeated is necessary. It should probably be performed as a routine before consideration of surgical sympathectomy in order to assess whether surgical intervention is likely to be effective. Mechanisms of the causalgia syndrome itself are considered and a rationale for the efficacy of the procedure is suggested.", "contents": "The causalgia syndrome treated with regional intravenous guanethidine. Two cases of the causalgia syndrome have been presented, one probably related to a mild peripheral neuropathy and the second, more classically, following trauma. The technique of regional infusion of guanethidine has been shown to be efficacious in relieving the pain, if only temporarily, but as it is largely without risk it may be repeated is necessary. It should probably be performed as a routine before consideration of surgical sympathectomy in order to assess whether surgical intervention is likely to be effective. Mechanisms of the causalgia syndrome itself are considered and a rationale for the efficacy of the procedure is suggested.", "PMID": 756012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10179", "title": "Visuo-motor skill and visual perception in left and right handed children of superior intelligence.", "content": "It was thought possible that the proximity of the right parietal cortex to the leading hand area in left handed subjects may confer an advantage in tasks requiring visuo-motor function. However, the study showed the left handed group to be defective in the performance of the Wechsler Block-design Sub-test. As some mature left handed individuals may excel in tasks requiring refined visuo-motor skill, it is suggested that any constitutional deficiency is not fixed, but may be expected to disappear with increased maturity, or as the result of training.", "contents": "Visuo-motor skill and visual perception in left and right handed children of superior intelligence. It was thought possible that the proximity of the right parietal cortex to the leading hand area in left handed subjects may confer an advantage in tasks requiring visuo-motor function. However, the study showed the left handed group to be defective in the performance of the Wechsler Block-design Sub-test. As some mature left handed individuals may excel in tasks requiring refined visuo-motor skill, it is suggested that any constitutional deficiency is not fixed, but may be expected to disappear with increased maturity, or as the result of training.", "PMID": 756013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10180", "title": "Individual free fatty acids and migraine.", "content": "Total plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), platelet serotonin content and plasma stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were estimated in 10 migrainous patients before, during and after a migraine attack. Total and individual plasma FFA levels rose and platelet serotonin fell in most patients. Comparison of the pre-headache and headache mean values showed that of the FFAs linoleic acid rises most during headache. 10 non-migrainous controls had platelet serotonin content estimated before and after the ingestion of 20g linoleic acid. All showed a significant fall in platelet serotonin in the post-ingestion period. It is shown that linoleic acid releases platelet serotonin in vitro, and this study suggests that it has the same action in vivo. Further, it is the precursor of all prostaglandins in the body and its marked elevation during migraine may serve as a source of increased prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) synthesis. It is suggested that linoleic acid plays an important role in the biochemical process of the migraine attack, acting both as a serotonin releasing factor and a source of PGF1, the vasodilating action of which can aggravate the clinical symptoms of migraine.", "contents": "Individual free fatty acids and migraine. Total plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), platelet serotonin content and plasma stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were estimated in 10 migrainous patients before, during and after a migraine attack. Total and individual plasma FFA levels rose and platelet serotonin fell in most patients. Comparison of the pre-headache and headache mean values showed that of the FFAs linoleic acid rises most during headache. 10 non-migrainous controls had platelet serotonin content estimated before and after the ingestion of 20g linoleic acid. All showed a significant fall in platelet serotonin in the post-ingestion period. It is shown that linoleic acid releases platelet serotonin in vitro, and this study suggests that it has the same action in vivo. Further, it is the precursor of all prostaglandins in the body and its marked elevation during migraine may serve as a source of increased prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) synthesis. It is suggested that linoleic acid plays an important role in the biochemical process of the migraine attack, acting both as a serotonin releasing factor and a source of PGF1, the vasodilating action of which can aggravate the clinical symptoms of migraine.", "PMID": 756014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10181", "title": "Autonomic dysfunction in the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome.", "content": "Tests of autonomic function have been performed on 7 patients with the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome and 5 control subjects. These included a sweat test, and measurement of both postural hypotension and baroreflex sensitivity. Sweating was definitely abnormal in 5 patients. Postural hypotension was present in 4 patients. The baroreflex sensitivity was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in the patients when compared with the control group. The results demonstrate that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may be affected in the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome.", "contents": "Autonomic dysfunction in the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. Tests of autonomic function have been performed on 7 patients with the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome and 5 control subjects. These included a sweat test, and measurement of both postural hypotension and baroreflex sensitivity. Sweating was definitely abnormal in 5 patients. Postural hypotension was present in 4 patients. The baroreflex sensitivity was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in the patients when compared with the control group. The results demonstrate that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may be affected in the Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome.", "PMID": 756015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10182", "title": "Electromyographic study of polysynaptic responses from muscles not supplied by the stimulated nerve: preliminary report.", "content": "15 subjects with normal neurological examinations, 7 hemiplegic patients, 5 patients with dementia and 4 with Parkinsonism were examined. A 1msec duration pulse below the pain threshold was applied to the median and ulnar nerves at the elbow and wrist. The activities of the biceps, triceps, flexor carpi radialis, forearm extensors and abductor pollicis brevis were recorded with surface electrodes. The most frequently observed response in normal subjects and hemiplegic patients occurred in the biceps, and had a latency of about 30msec. The other frequently elicited response in normal subjects and hemiplegic patients was in the forearm extensors. Recovery curves were obtained for the biceps response. A significant difference between normal subjects and hemiplegic patients was found. In the patients suffering from Parkinsonism, as well as in demented patients, one could record easily polysynpatic reflexes from other forearm muscles. This suggests the presence of basal ganglia damage in atrophic dementias.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of polysynaptic responses from muscles not supplied by the stimulated nerve: preliminary report. 15 subjects with normal neurological examinations, 7 hemiplegic patients, 5 patients with dementia and 4 with Parkinsonism were examined. A 1msec duration pulse below the pain threshold was applied to the median and ulnar nerves at the elbow and wrist. The activities of the biceps, triceps, flexor carpi radialis, forearm extensors and abductor pollicis brevis were recorded with surface electrodes. The most frequently observed response in normal subjects and hemiplegic patients occurred in the biceps, and had a latency of about 30msec. The other frequently elicited response in normal subjects and hemiplegic patients was in the forearm extensors. Recovery curves were obtained for the biceps response. A significant difference between normal subjects and hemiplegic patients was found. In the patients suffering from Parkinsonism, as well as in demented patients, one could record easily polysynpatic reflexes from other forearm muscles. This suggests the presence of basal ganglia damage in atrophic dementias.", "PMID": 756016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10183", "title": "Delayed radiation-induced damage to the brachial plexus.", "content": "Three patients are described who developed a brachial plexus neuropathy following radiation treatment for cancer of the breast. The clinical features consisted of a painless, slowly progressive sensory motor disturbance, affecting especially the hand. The latent period between the radiation therapy and the onset of the neuropathy was exceptionally long, being 8, 15 and 15 years respectively. Two patients were initially incorrectly diagnosed as having a carpal tunnel syndrome. The possible mechanisms of the insidious neuropathy are discussed. At the present time no treatment is of proven benefit.", "contents": "Delayed radiation-induced damage to the brachial plexus. Three patients are described who developed a brachial plexus neuropathy following radiation treatment for cancer of the breast. The clinical features consisted of a painless, slowly progressive sensory motor disturbance, affecting especially the hand. The latent period between the radiation therapy and the onset of the neuropathy was exceptionally long, being 8, 15 and 15 years respectively. Two patients were initially incorrectly diagnosed as having a carpal tunnel syndrome. The possible mechanisms of the insidious neuropathy are discussed. At the present time no treatment is of proven benefit.", "PMID": 756017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10184", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Two patients presenting with headache and radiological features of an enlarged sella turcica were found to have the primary empty sell syndrome. Whilst under observation, 1 patient developed papilloedema and was shown to have benign intracranial hypertension. The second patient also had raised intracranial pressure. A relationship between the empty sella syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension has previously been reported and it is suggested that in a patient with a congenitally incompetent diaphragma sella, chronically raised intracranial pressure caused herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica. Subsequently, sella turcica enlargement and remodelling occurs, sometimes with endocrine, visual and other sequelae. The clinical, radiological and CT scan features of the empty sella syndrome are discussed and the indications for major radiological studies are considered.", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension. Two patients presenting with headache and radiological features of an enlarged sella turcica were found to have the primary empty sell syndrome. Whilst under observation, 1 patient developed papilloedema and was shown to have benign intracranial hypertension. The second patient also had raised intracranial pressure. A relationship between the empty sella syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension has previously been reported and it is suggested that in a patient with a congenitally incompetent diaphragma sella, chronically raised intracranial pressure caused herniation of the subarachnoid space into the sella turcica. Subsequently, sella turcica enlargement and remodelling occurs, sometimes with endocrine, visual and other sequelae. The clinical, radiological and CT scan features of the empty sella syndrome are discussed and the indications for major radiological studies are considered.", "PMID": 756018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10185", "title": "Occipital neuralgia.", "content": "The findings in 23 cases of occipital neuralgia are presented. The clinical features of the condition are pain and sensory change in the distribution of the relevant nerve, localised nerve trunk tenderness and a clear response to local forms of therapy. The clinical picture is often complicated by migrainous and trigeminal nerve features and the mechanisms by which these come about are discussed. Occipital neuralgia is generally neglected in both the standard textbooks and the literature. The condition occurs sufficiently commonly to warrant more consideration in the differential diagnosis of head pain than it has received to date.", "contents": "Occipital neuralgia. The findings in 23 cases of occipital neuralgia are presented. The clinical features of the condition are pain and sensory change in the distribution of the relevant nerve, localised nerve trunk tenderness and a clear response to local forms of therapy. The clinical picture is often complicated by migrainous and trigeminal nerve features and the mechanisms by which these come about are discussed. Occipital neuralgia is generally neglected in both the standard textbooks and the literature. The condition occurs sufficiently commonly to warrant more consideration in the differential diagnosis of head pain than it has received to date.", "PMID": 756019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10186", "title": "Patterns of response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The broad results of the treatment of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who have received levodopa or its variants are reported. 50 patients, 24 males and 26 females, with a mean age of 66.5 years were treated with levodopa, in daily doses ranging from 0.25g to 6.0g or 'Sinemet' in daily doses of 300mg to 750mg. Periods of treatment ranged from 4 months to 8 years, with a mean of 4.02 years. The relationships of patients' age, onset of Parkinsonian symptoms and interval between initial treatment with levodopa and the current clinical state were studied. Patients were classified according to their clnical response into 3 categories: satisfactory response, progressive deterioration or intolerance of levodopa. The proportion of patients in each category was 66%, 22% and 12% respectively. The clinical results of treatment correlated with those of Webster Disability Testing Scale. Analysis showed that the majority of patients tolerated levodopa and showed an initially satisfactory response. Patients who responded well were considerably younger than those who failed to respond. Patients receiving the drug for a shorter period (less than 3 years) showed a better response. After 3 years' treatment, the response declined. Patients who had had Parkinson's disease for more than 4 years appeared to do less well than those with recently diagnosed disease, but many patients responded well even when treatment was initiated 10 years after the onset of symptoms. Patients discontinued levodopa treatment because of psychoses, nausea, dyskinesia or exacerbation of urinary incontinence. The commonest side effects were nausea (34%), postural hypotension (22%), psychoses (10%) and 'on-off' phenomena in 12% of patients.", "contents": "Patterns of response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. The broad results of the treatment of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who have received levodopa or its variants are reported. 50 patients, 24 males and 26 females, with a mean age of 66.5 years were treated with levodopa, in daily doses ranging from 0.25g to 6.0g or 'Sinemet' in daily doses of 300mg to 750mg. Periods of treatment ranged from 4 months to 8 years, with a mean of 4.02 years. The relationships of patients' age, onset of Parkinsonian symptoms and interval between initial treatment with levodopa and the current clinical state were studied. Patients were classified according to their clnical response into 3 categories: satisfactory response, progressive deterioration or intolerance of levodopa. The proportion of patients in each category was 66%, 22% and 12% respectively. The clinical results of treatment correlated with those of Webster Disability Testing Scale. Analysis showed that the majority of patients tolerated levodopa and showed an initially satisfactory response. Patients who responded well were considerably younger than those who failed to respond. Patients receiving the drug for a shorter period (less than 3 years) showed a better response. After 3 years' treatment, the response declined. Patients who had had Parkinson's disease for more than 4 years appeared to do less well than those with recently diagnosed disease, but many patients responded well even when treatment was initiated 10 years after the onset of symptoms. Patients discontinued levodopa treatment because of psychoses, nausea, dyskinesia or exacerbation of urinary incontinence. The commonest side effects were nausea (34%), postural hypotension (22%), psychoses (10%) and 'on-off' phenomena in 12% of patients.", "PMID": 756020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10187", "title": "Parasitic diseases of the nervous system in Thailand.", "content": "In Thailand there are 3 parasites that commonly cause neurological diseases in man. 1) In gnathostomiasis man becomes an accidental host by eating infected under-cooked fresh water fish. The tissue nematode involved, Gnathostoma spinigerum, because of its high motility, may cause widespread damage in the spinal cord and brain stem. The common presenting neurological symptoms are severe nerve root pain, paralysis of limbs and urinary retention. Less frequently seen are cranial nerve palsies and symptoms of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The disease has significant morbidity and mortality. 2) Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the lungworm of rats, has a more benign, self limiting course. It occurs in Thai people of lower socio-economic groups who acquire the parasite by eating infected raw Pila snails. 3) Cysticercus cellulosae, caused by Taenia solium, commonly results in epilepsy, and sometimes increased intracranial pressure from intraventricular obstruction or from basal arachnoiditis. Spinal cord and cauda equina involvement occurs much less frequently. Cysticercus complement fixation tests on the CSF and computerised axial tomography have been found to be of great diagnostic value.", "contents": "Parasitic diseases of the nervous system in Thailand. In Thailand there are 3 parasites that commonly cause neurological diseases in man. 1) In gnathostomiasis man becomes an accidental host by eating infected under-cooked fresh water fish. The tissue nematode involved, Gnathostoma spinigerum, because of its high motility, may cause widespread damage in the spinal cord and brain stem. The common presenting neurological symptoms are severe nerve root pain, paralysis of limbs and urinary retention. Less frequently seen are cranial nerve palsies and symptoms of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The disease has significant morbidity and mortality. 2) Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the lungworm of rats, has a more benign, self limiting course. It occurs in Thai people of lower socio-economic groups who acquire the parasite by eating infected raw Pila snails. 3) Cysticercus cellulosae, caused by Taenia solium, commonly results in epilepsy, and sometimes increased intracranial pressure from intraventricular obstruction or from basal arachnoiditis. Spinal cord and cauda equina involvement occurs much less frequently. Cysticercus complement fixation tests on the CSF and computerised axial tomography have been found to be of great diagnostic value.", "PMID": 756025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10188", "title": "Vertebral metastases and spinal cord compression.", "content": "Clinical interest in spinal compression and resultant paraplegia due to metastases has mounted in recent years. This has stimulated attention to the neuropathology of the condition. 14 cases of spinal cord compression due to vertebral metastases are compared with over 100 traumatic cases. In the traumatic lesions there is central haemorrhagic necrosis leading to cavitation and gliosis with nerve root regeneration in the late stages. In the metastatic cases, lesions are often peripheral, pie-shaped and are related to vascular factors. The neuropathology of cord necrosis due to metastatic spinal disease is therefore different from that caused by trauma. These observations have clinical importance in planning treatment.", "contents": "Vertebral metastases and spinal cord compression. Clinical interest in spinal compression and resultant paraplegia due to metastases has mounted in recent years. This has stimulated attention to the neuropathology of the condition. 14 cases of spinal cord compression due to vertebral metastases are compared with over 100 traumatic cases. In the traumatic lesions there is central haemorrhagic necrosis leading to cavitation and gliosis with nerve root regeneration in the late stages. In the metastatic cases, lesions are often peripheral, pie-shaped and are related to vascular factors. The neuropathology of cord necrosis due to metastatic spinal disease is therefore different from that caused by trauma. These observations have clinical importance in planning treatment.", "PMID": 756026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10189", "title": "Tissue analysis of plasticizer in dogs.", "content": "Acute renal failure was produced in animals and analytical procedures for DEHP estimation in urine and tissues of dogs developed. The presence of DEHP in urine samples of control and sham operated dogs indicated that significant excretion of this plasticizer by kidney occurred. Delay in elevation of DEHP serum levels in nephrectomized dogs and similar concentrations of DEHP in 72 hr and 96 hr serum samples in all 3 groups indicate possible metabolism and/or uptake of DEHP by tissues. DEHP levels in brain, heart, and lung tissues of nephrectomized dogs were higher than those in control and sham operated dogs; however, the highest concentration of DEHP was found in lung regardless of grouping. Gas chromatographic spectra of kidney and liver homogenates showed several extraneous peaks with shorter retention times than DEHP, probably representing metabolites of DEHP. Identification and quantitation of DEHP metabolites in tissues are presently under way in our laboratory.", "contents": "Tissue analysis of plasticizer in dogs. Acute renal failure was produced in animals and analytical procedures for DEHP estimation in urine and tissues of dogs developed. The presence of DEHP in urine samples of control and sham operated dogs indicated that significant excretion of this plasticizer by kidney occurred. Delay in elevation of DEHP serum levels in nephrectomized dogs and similar concentrations of DEHP in 72 hr and 96 hr serum samples in all 3 groups indicate possible metabolism and/or uptake of DEHP by tissues. DEHP levels in brain, heart, and lung tissues of nephrectomized dogs were higher than those in control and sham operated dogs; however, the highest concentration of DEHP was found in lung regardless of grouping. Gas chromatographic spectra of kidney and liver homogenates showed several extraneous peaks with shorter retention times than DEHP, probably representing metabolites of DEHP. Identification and quantitation of DEHP metabolites in tissues are presently under way in our laboratory.", "PMID": 756030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10190", "title": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of pericarditis in patients with uremia.", "content": "Uremic pericarditis occurred in 39 uremic patients who were treated in our program during a 4 yr period. The diagnosis was considered, but could not be established, in an additional 55 patients. A presumptive etiology remediable to a specific plan of treatment was identified in 9 patients who developed pericarditis following the initiation of dialysis. Uremic pericarditis occurring in patients who had yet been dialyzed, regularly responded to aggressive dialysis treatment. Echocardiography was the single, most important test to evaluate patients with suspected pericarditis. Limited pericardiectomy was safe and effective treatment in those patients not responding to conservative management.", "contents": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of pericarditis in patients with uremia. Uremic pericarditis occurred in 39 uremic patients who were treated in our program during a 4 yr period. The diagnosis was considered, but could not be established, in an additional 55 patients. A presumptive etiology remediable to a specific plan of treatment was identified in 9 patients who developed pericarditis following the initiation of dialysis. Uremic pericarditis occurring in patients who had yet been dialyzed, regularly responded to aggressive dialysis treatment. Echocardiography was the single, most important test to evaluate patients with suspected pericarditis. Limited pericardiectomy was safe and effective treatment in those patients not responding to conservative management.", "PMID": 756031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10191", "title": "Bone scan evidence of renal osteodystrophy in undialyzed uremic patients.", "content": "Scintigraphy with the 99m-Tc complexes offers serveral distinct advantages to the nephrologist. The procedure is both easily performed and readily available, there have been no reports of toxicity, and the radiation exposure to the patient is lower than that of conventional radiography. We suggest that scintigraphic evidence of metabolic bone disease is present at the onset of terminal uremia with much higher frequency than is detectable by radiographs, and that unsuspected soft tissue calcification may also be detected on occasion. Therefore, 99m-Tc scans may be a valuable addition to the diagnostic regimen of the uremic, and should be thoroughly evaluated with more extensive studies, including quantitative analyses.", "contents": "Bone scan evidence of renal osteodystrophy in undialyzed uremic patients. Scintigraphy with the 99m-Tc complexes offers serveral distinct advantages to the nephrologist. The procedure is both easily performed and readily available, there have been no reports of toxicity, and the radiation exposure to the patient is lower than that of conventional radiography. We suggest that scintigraphic evidence of metabolic bone disease is present at the onset of terminal uremia with much higher frequency than is detectable by radiographs, and that unsuspected soft tissue calcification may also be detected on occasion. Therefore, 99m-Tc scans may be a valuable addition to the diagnostic regimen of the uremic, and should be thoroughly evaluated with more extensive studies, including quantitative analyses.", "PMID": 756035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10192", "title": "A double blind crossover comparison of high and low sodium dialysis.", "content": "A single high sodium dialysis results in a rise in serum sodium that osmotically parallels the fall in BUN. Effective net weight loss is accompanied by strikingly fewer disequilibrium symptoms, fewer muscle cramps, and less hypotension during high sodium dialysis compared to standard, hyponatric dialysis. Fewer muscle cramps during the following interdialytic interval and no increase in blood pressure or weight gain during the following interdialytic interval occurs with high sodium dialysis.", "contents": "A double blind crossover comparison of high and low sodium dialysis. A single high sodium dialysis results in a rise in serum sodium that osmotically parallels the fall in BUN. Effective net weight loss is accompanied by strikingly fewer disequilibrium symptoms, fewer muscle cramps, and less hypotension during high sodium dialysis compared to standard, hyponatric dialysis. Fewer muscle cramps during the following interdialytic interval and no increase in blood pressure or weight gain during the following interdialytic interval occurs with high sodium dialysis.", "PMID": 756039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10193", "title": "Inhibitors of erythroid colony forming cells in sera of azotemic patients with anemia of renal disease.", "content": "1. The plasma clot method of McLeod, et al8 was used to study the inhibitors of erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E) in sera of patients with anemia of uremia. 2. Compared to sera from hematologically normal human subjects, sera from undialyzed patients with anemia of uremia produced a significant inhibition of CFU-E and BFU-E. 3. A marked reduction in the inhibitor(s) of CFU-E was seen in sera of 3 out of 4 patients following 16 wks of intermittent hemodialysis. 4. Creatinine, guanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidinobutyric acid had no effect on the erythroid colony forming cells. 5. Together with the relative erythropoietin deficiency, inhibitor(s) of the erythroid progenitor cell compartment may play a major role in the mechanism of the anemia of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Inhibitors of erythroid colony forming cells in sera of azotemic patients with anemia of renal disease. 1. The plasma clot method of McLeod, et al8 was used to study the inhibitors of erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E) in sera of patients with anemia of uremia. 2. Compared to sera from hematologically normal human subjects, sera from undialyzed patients with anemia of uremia produced a significant inhibition of CFU-E and BFU-E. 3. A marked reduction in the inhibitor(s) of CFU-E was seen in sera of 3 out of 4 patients following 16 wks of intermittent hemodialysis. 4. Creatinine, guanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidinobutyric acid had no effect on the erythroid colony forming cells. 5. Together with the relative erythropoietin deficiency, inhibitor(s) of the erythroid progenitor cell compartment may play a major role in the mechanism of the anemia of renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 756044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10194", "title": "Geographical dimensions of terrestrial net and gross primary productivity.", "content": "The paper presents a comparative summary of previous attempts by the author to assess and map global primary productivity using environmental parameters as predictors. The individual components of the productivity process, net production, gross production, dark respiration as well as their regional rates are computed for 10 degree latitudinal belts. A new version of the Miami Model (Lieth, 1973, 1975) is presented predicting net primary productivity from an increased number of averages of temperature and precipitation. Net primary productivity values in form of dry matter accumulation and caloric energy equivalents are compared.", "contents": "Geographical dimensions of terrestrial net and gross primary productivity. The paper presents a comparative summary of previous attempts by the author to assess and map global primary productivity using environmental parameters as predictors. The individual components of the productivity process, net production, gross production, dark respiration as well as their regional rates are computed for 10 degree latitudinal belts. A new version of the Miami Model (Lieth, 1973, 1975) is presented predicting net primary productivity from an increased number of averages of temperature and precipitation. Net primary productivity values in form of dry matter accumulation and caloric energy equivalents are compared.", "PMID": 756053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10195", "title": "The enrichment of (18)O in leaf water under natural conditions.", "content": "The enrichment of (18)O in the water of transpiring leaves under natural conditions is described. In the first series two, later three species at the same location and at the same time are compared (birch Betula pubescens L., oak Quercus robur Ehrh., larch Larix decidua Mill., and spruce Picea abies Karst). All four show parallel enrichment properties. In addition two beeches (Fagus silvatica L.) were observed, one at J\u00fclich, the other at the Solling hills. They show similar (18)O/(16)O ratio fluctuation in their leaves during the time of observation. Three plant communities (beech forest B1, spruce forest F1, and meadow W, sites of the \"Solling-Project\", German Research Foundation, part of International Biological Program, at the Solling hills) show a daily course of the (18)O enrichment comparable to each other.", "contents": "The enrichment of (18)O in leaf water under natural conditions. The enrichment of (18)O in the water of transpiring leaves under natural conditions is described. In the first series two, later three species at the same location and at the same time are compared (birch Betula pubescens L., oak Quercus robur Ehrh., larch Larix decidua Mill., and spruce Picea abies Karst). All four show parallel enrichment properties. In addition two beeches (Fagus silvatica L.) were observed, one at J\u00fclich, the other at the Solling hills. They show similar (18)O/(16)O ratio fluctuation in their leaves during the time of observation. Three plant communities (beech forest B1, spruce forest F1, and meadow W, sites of the \"Solling-Project\", German Research Foundation, part of International Biological Program, at the Solling hills) show a daily course of the (18)O enrichment comparable to each other.", "PMID": 756054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10196", "title": "Seed germination as a thermobiological problem.", "content": "Thermal effects on seed germination are considered through the changes brought about by temperature in the germination capacity, in the germination rate, and in the distribution of the relative frequency of germination along the incubation times. A number of questions of general thermobiological interest are thus raised, entailing the need of an analysis of the temperature dependence of the seed germination rate. A treatment of these rates by the activation-energy approach cannot be general, for their Arrhenius plots are not always linear. Moreover, it is shown that any process displaying a temperature optimum (as happens in the germination of most seed species) cannot follow one of the fundamental tenets of the collision rate theory. The need of a theoretical treatment stressing the essential role of the partition of energy within the seed system has led to an anlysis using the absolute reaction rate theory. New experimental prospects for the physiology of seed germination are thus raised, concerning the meaning of the temperature cardinal points, the growth pattern of the embryo in germinating seeds, the dual effect of protein thermodenaturation, the effects of high hydrostatic pressures, and a whole pharmacological line of work. The cybernetic counterpart of the thermodynamic view of seed germination appears in the study of the distribution of the relative frequency of germination along the isothermal incubation time. In some species of seeds the thermal communication between the environment and the seed growth effector can be shown to proceed by molecular collisions at all germination isotherms. In the seeds of Dolichos biflorus this communication through random thermal noise prevails only at temperatures close to both extreme limits of germination. Both in this species and in Calotropis procera there is a temperature range (encompassing the optimum) within which a temperature signal is superimposed upon the gaussian noise. An interpretation is proposed according to which the temperature signal is transduced in a protein-conformation code.", "contents": "Seed germination as a thermobiological problem. Thermal effects on seed germination are considered through the changes brought about by temperature in the germination capacity, in the germination rate, and in the distribution of the relative frequency of germination along the incubation times. A number of questions of general thermobiological interest are thus raised, entailing the need of an analysis of the temperature dependence of the seed germination rate. A treatment of these rates by the activation-energy approach cannot be general, for their Arrhenius plots are not always linear. Moreover, it is shown that any process displaying a temperature optimum (as happens in the germination of most seed species) cannot follow one of the fundamental tenets of the collision rate theory. The need of a theoretical treatment stressing the essential role of the partition of energy within the seed system has led to an anlysis using the absolute reaction rate theory. New experimental prospects for the physiology of seed germination are thus raised, concerning the meaning of the temperature cardinal points, the growth pattern of the embryo in germinating seeds, the dual effect of protein thermodenaturation, the effects of high hydrostatic pressures, and a whole pharmacological line of work. The cybernetic counterpart of the thermodynamic view of seed germination appears in the study of the distribution of the relative frequency of germination along the isothermal incubation time. In some species of seeds the thermal communication between the environment and the seed growth effector can be shown to proceed by molecular collisions at all germination isotherms. In the seeds of Dolichos biflorus this communication through random thermal noise prevails only at temperatures close to both extreme limits of germination. Both in this species and in Calotropis procera there is a temperature range (encompassing the optimum) within which a temperature signal is superimposed upon the gaussian noise. An interpretation is proposed according to which the temperature signal is transduced in a protein-conformation code.", "PMID": 756055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10197", "title": "[The victim within the framework of criminology].", "content": "The Author makes a 'tour d'horizon', albeit summarized, of the problems brought about by the victim \"from crime\" in the exclusive picture of criminology. After defining the dogmatic relations between criminology and victimology, stating that such a (new) discipline highlights the entirety of the criminal event centering upon the dyad criminal-victim, the latest classifications of the victim viewed individually and also in his manifold relationships with the acting subject, are reviewed, in the attempt of identifying, on the basis of the various situations of victimization as they occur, if not some causal laws proper, at least some constants and some emerging lines susceptible of an in-depth analysis. After hinting to the problems brought about by the victim in the supranational prospect, and by the crimes so-called without a victim, the importance of the victim from the criminalistics and criminal execution angle, is outlined, and the Author closes up, by way of conclusion, and at the operational level, broadly hinting to the most suitable methods for the prevention and repairing in regard of the victims of crime.", "contents": "[The victim within the framework of criminology]. The Author makes a 'tour d'horizon', albeit summarized, of the problems brought about by the victim \"from crime\" in the exclusive picture of criminology. After defining the dogmatic relations between criminology and victimology, stating that such a (new) discipline highlights the entirety of the criminal event centering upon the dyad criminal-victim, the latest classifications of the victim viewed individually and also in his manifold relationships with the acting subject, are reviewed, in the attempt of identifying, on the basis of the various situations of victimization as they occur, if not some causal laws proper, at least some constants and some emerging lines susceptible of an in-depth analysis. After hinting to the problems brought about by the victim in the supranational prospect, and by the crimes so-called without a victim, the importance of the victim from the criminalistics and criminal execution angle, is outlined, and the Author closes up, by way of conclusion, and at the operational level, broadly hinting to the most suitable methods for the prevention and repairing in regard of the victims of crime.", "PMID": 756051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10198", "title": "Studies on blood-brain barrier permeability after microwave-radiation.", "content": "Since the reported alterations of permeability of the blood-brain barrier by microwave radiation have implications for safety considerations in man, studies were conducted to replicate some of the initial investigations. No transfer of parenterally-administered fluorescein across the blood-brain barrier of rats after 30 min of 1.2-GHz radiation at power densities from 2--75 mW/cm2 was noted. Increased fluorescein uptake was seen only when the rats were made hyperthermic in a warm-air environment. Similarly, no increase of brain uptake of 14C-mannitol using the Oldendorf dual isotope technique was seen as a result of exposure to pulsed 1.3-GHz radiation at peak power densities up to 20 mW/cm2, or in the continuous wave mode from 0.1--50 mW/cm2. An attempt to alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier for serotonin with microwave radiation was unsuccessful. From these studies it would appear that the brain must be made hyperthermic for changes in permeability of the barrier induced by microwave radiation to occur.", "contents": "Studies on blood-brain barrier permeability after microwave-radiation. Since the reported alterations of permeability of the blood-brain barrier by microwave radiation have implications for safety considerations in man, studies were conducted to replicate some of the initial investigations. No transfer of parenterally-administered fluorescein across the blood-brain barrier of rats after 30 min of 1.2-GHz radiation at power densities from 2--75 mW/cm2 was noted. Increased fluorescein uptake was seen only when the rats were made hyperthermic in a warm-air environment. Similarly, no increase of brain uptake of 14C-mannitol using the Oldendorf dual isotope technique was seen as a result of exposure to pulsed 1.3-GHz radiation at peak power densities up to 20 mW/cm2, or in the continuous wave mode from 0.1--50 mW/cm2. An attempt to alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier for serotonin with microwave radiation was unsuccessful. From these studies it would appear that the brain must be made hyperthermic for changes in permeability of the barrier induced by microwave radiation to occur.", "PMID": 756056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10199", "title": "Impaired oxygenation during sleep in excessive polycythemia of high altitude: improvement with respiratory stimulation.", "content": "Although polycythemia of high altitude is usually due to excessive hypoxemia, in some patients the hematocrit is elevated out of proportion to the degree of hypoxemia measured awake. One possible explanation is that severe hypoxemia occurs during sleep in these subjects. We therefore monitored oxygen saturation (SaO2), breathing pattern, and electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep in five normal high-altitude residents and in five patients with excessive polycythemia. The polycythemic patients were studied as part of a placebo--drug double-blind crossover trial of the respiratory stimulant drug medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The polycythemic patients while taking placebo were much more hypoxemic during sleep than the normals (all-night mean SaO2: 79.4 +/- 1.7% versus 87.8 +/- 1.7%, p less than 0.01). Abnormalities in breathing patterns were observed in all the subjects, especially during REM stage sleep. In polycythemic subjects, this resulted in precipitous hypoxemia with SaO2 as low as 50%--70%. Severe hypoxemia was not observed in control subjects despite similar abnormalities in breathing. Significant improvement in nocturnal SaO2 occurred when the polycythemic patients were taking MPA, mean SaO2 rising from 79.4 +/- 1.7% to 83.7 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05. Of probably greater importance, MPA largely prevented the precipitous drops in SaO2, mean lowest SaO2 rising from 64.6 +/- 4.7% to 76.0 +/- 2.1% p less than 0.05. The severe decreases in SaO2 during sleep may explain elevations in hematocrit that are out of proportion to the awake SaO2 in man at high altitude. The therapeutic effect of MPA in this condition may be due to amelioration of sleep hypoxemia.", "contents": "Impaired oxygenation during sleep in excessive polycythemia of high altitude: improvement with respiratory stimulation. Although polycythemia of high altitude is usually due to excessive hypoxemia, in some patients the hematocrit is elevated out of proportion to the degree of hypoxemia measured awake. One possible explanation is that severe hypoxemia occurs during sleep in these subjects. We therefore monitored oxygen saturation (SaO2), breathing pattern, and electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep in five normal high-altitude residents and in five patients with excessive polycythemia. The polycythemic patients were studied as part of a placebo--drug double-blind crossover trial of the respiratory stimulant drug medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The polycythemic patients while taking placebo were much more hypoxemic during sleep than the normals (all-night mean SaO2: 79.4 +/- 1.7% versus 87.8 +/- 1.7%, p less than 0.01). Abnormalities in breathing patterns were observed in all the subjects, especially during REM stage sleep. In polycythemic subjects, this resulted in precipitous hypoxemia with SaO2 as low as 50%--70%. Severe hypoxemia was not observed in control subjects despite similar abnormalities in breathing. Significant improvement in nocturnal SaO2 occurred when the polycythemic patients were taking MPA, mean SaO2 rising from 79.4 +/- 1.7% to 83.7 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05. Of probably greater importance, MPA largely prevented the precipitous drops in SaO2, mean lowest SaO2 rising from 64.6 +/- 4.7% to 76.0 +/- 2.1% p less than 0.05. The severe decreases in SaO2 during sleep may explain elevations in hematocrit that are out of proportion to the awake SaO2 in man at high altitude. The therapeutic effect of MPA in this condition may be due to amelioration of sleep hypoxemia.", "PMID": 756057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10200", "title": "[Prisons following reform. Current status and prospects].", "content": "The Author has examined the period successive to July 1975, namely, from the approval of the new prison System to the present day, highlighting the manifold negative aspects due to the incomplete application of the reform and not neglecting to review also the positive aspects of the regulations applied. The Author laid special stress on the distorted interpretations given to some different regulations of the System and on the ensuing wrong procedure that has been established, whose correction represents the only way not only towards a proper application of the reforming law, but also for preventing the most serious risk the reform is liable to run; that of being made the object of revisions and abrogations that might ultimately change their nature and jeopardise their objectives. The Author reviews the practical consequences of both the erroneous interpretations of the law and of its misapplications, dwelling on Article 30 in the first place, which has prompted some to define the law the \"reform of leaves\". Also examined was the problem of the special prisons, the usefulness of which is confirmed by the Author, who upholds the view that they must function in full observance of the regulations, for reasons of equity and opportuneness. From the rehabilitation treatment angle, the prison work, the participation of the extramural community, the \"leasure time\", the assistance after release. Still in the framework of his critical approach as to the prison reality, the Author illustrates the situation of the health service, and reviews the positive points that have been achieved in the implementation of some reform institutions, with special regard to the new disciplinary approach and its satisfactory results that have already been statistically observed. More adequate talks and correspondence by letter or through the telephone, a better compensation for the prison work, the convict representation in some sectors of intramural life, the measures as an alternative to enprisonment, all these actions represent the practical results of the reform achieved so far in a rather satisfactory way. After dealing with the figure of the surveillance judge, of the director and of the military personnel of prisons, setting forth observations and proposals to enhance their work, the Author declares, by way of conclusion, that he is fully convinced that the reform will ultimately attain its important targets, laying stress on the fact that the good will and the contribution of all those who are called upon to participate in its realization, may prove instrumental in shortening the period of time required for making the reform fully operative.", "contents": "[Prisons following reform. Current status and prospects]. The Author has examined the period successive to July 1975, namely, from the approval of the new prison System to the present day, highlighting the manifold negative aspects due to the incomplete application of the reform and not neglecting to review also the positive aspects of the regulations applied. The Author laid special stress on the distorted interpretations given to some different regulations of the System and on the ensuing wrong procedure that has been established, whose correction represents the only way not only towards a proper application of the reforming law, but also for preventing the most serious risk the reform is liable to run; that of being made the object of revisions and abrogations that might ultimately change their nature and jeopardise their objectives. The Author reviews the practical consequences of both the erroneous interpretations of the law and of its misapplications, dwelling on Article 30 in the first place, which has prompted some to define the law the \"reform of leaves\". Also examined was the problem of the special prisons, the usefulness of which is confirmed by the Author, who upholds the view that they must function in full observance of the regulations, for reasons of equity and opportuneness. From the rehabilitation treatment angle, the prison work, the participation of the extramural community, the \"leasure time\", the assistance after release. Still in the framework of his critical approach as to the prison reality, the Author illustrates the situation of the health service, and reviews the positive points that have been achieved in the implementation of some reform institutions, with special regard to the new disciplinary approach and its satisfactory results that have already been statistically observed. More adequate talks and correspondence by letter or through the telephone, a better compensation for the prison work, the convict representation in some sectors of intramural life, the measures as an alternative to enprisonment, all these actions represent the practical results of the reform achieved so far in a rather satisfactory way. After dealing with the figure of the surveillance judge, of the director and of the military personnel of prisons, setting forth observations and proposals to enhance their work, the Author declares, by way of conclusion, that he is fully convinced that the reform will ultimately attain its important targets, laying stress on the fact that the good will and the contribution of all those who are called upon to participate in its realization, may prove instrumental in shortening the period of time required for making the reform fully operative.", "PMID": 756052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10201", "title": "Effects of sleep deprivation on awakening thresholds and sensory evoked potentials in the rat.", "content": "The EEG desynchronization response to stimuli presented during slow-wave sleep was studied in 25 chronically implanted rats after 12 hr of sleep deprivation and during control periods of normal sleep. Compared to normal sleep, sleep after deprivation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of EEG desynchronization responses to auditory stimuli and by an additional disproportionate decrease in the number of sustained desynchronization responses. Thalamic auditory evoked potentials were not reduced in amplitude during postdeprivation sleep, thus the decrease in number of EEG desynchronization responses to the auditory stimuli was apparently not mediated by decreased responsiveness in the peripheral auditory system. On the other hand, postdeprivation sleep was not accompanied by any significant change in total number of EEG desynchronization responses to direct trigeminal nerve stimulation nor by any change in the duration of responses to trigeminal stimulation. The results suggest that recovery from sleep loss in accompanied not by a nonspecific increase in the threshold for arousal per se but instead by a selective increase in the threshold for arousal to certain classes of peripheral stimuli.", "contents": "Effects of sleep deprivation on awakening thresholds and sensory evoked potentials in the rat. The EEG desynchronization response to stimuli presented during slow-wave sleep was studied in 25 chronically implanted rats after 12 hr of sleep deprivation and during control periods of normal sleep. Compared to normal sleep, sleep after deprivation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of EEG desynchronization responses to auditory stimuli and by an additional disproportionate decrease in the number of sustained desynchronization responses. Thalamic auditory evoked potentials were not reduced in amplitude during postdeprivation sleep, thus the decrease in number of EEG desynchronization responses to the auditory stimuli was apparently not mediated by decreased responsiveness in the peripheral auditory system. On the other hand, postdeprivation sleep was not accompanied by any significant change in total number of EEG desynchronization responses to direct trigeminal nerve stimulation nor by any change in the duration of responses to trigeminal stimulation. The results suggest that recovery from sleep loss in accompanied not by a nonspecific increase in the threshold for arousal per se but instead by a selective increase in the threshold for arousal to certain classes of peripheral stimuli.", "PMID": 756058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10202", "title": "Impotence and blood pressure in the flaccid penis: relationship to nocturnal penile tumescence.", "content": "Evaluations of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and penile blood pressure were performed on (1) a group of nondiabetics with normal NPT, (2) a group of nondiabetics with abnormally diminished NPT, and (3) a group of diabetics with abnormally diminished NPT. The 12 subjects in each group complained of impotence. Analysis of blood pressure data taken before the NPT evaluation suggests the possibility of selective low arterial blood pressure in impotent patients who show no obvious signs of other vascular disorders.", "contents": "Impotence and blood pressure in the flaccid penis: relationship to nocturnal penile tumescence. Evaluations of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and penile blood pressure were performed on (1) a group of nondiabetics with normal NPT, (2) a group of nondiabetics with abnormally diminished NPT, and (3) a group of diabetics with abnormally diminished NPT. The 12 subjects in each group complained of impotence. Analysis of blood pressure data taken before the NPT evaluation suggests the possibility of selective low arterial blood pressure in impotent patients who show no obvious signs of other vascular disorders.", "PMID": 756059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10203", "title": "Effects of sleep deprivation on short duration performance measures compared to the Wilkinson auditory vigilance task.", "content": "The effects of one night's total sleep deprivation were examined using the Wilkinson vigilance task and four 10 min duration performance tests. A repeated measures design was used in which eight male subjects experienced one night of sleep loss, the order of sleep loss being balanced across subjects. The four short duration performance tests consisted of choice reaction time, simple reaction time, short-term memory, and a motor task, handwriting. The results confirm the effects of one night's sleep deprivation on the vigilance task and also show that performance on the two reaction time tests was significantly impaired by the loss of sleep, but not at such a high level as for the vigilance. The short-term memory test failed to show any adverse effects of sleep loss and similarly for the handwriting. The experiment shows that two portable and brief (10 min) performance tests are sensitive indices of sleep loss and should be particularly useful for assessing levels of alertness in the field.", "contents": "Effects of sleep deprivation on short duration performance measures compared to the Wilkinson auditory vigilance task. The effects of one night's total sleep deprivation were examined using the Wilkinson vigilance task and four 10 min duration performance tests. A repeated measures design was used in which eight male subjects experienced one night of sleep loss, the order of sleep loss being balanced across subjects. The four short duration performance tests consisted of choice reaction time, simple reaction time, short-term memory, and a motor task, handwriting. The results confirm the effects of one night's sleep deprivation on the vigilance task and also show that performance on the two reaction time tests was significantly impaired by the loss of sleep, but not at such a high level as for the vigilance. The short-term memory test failed to show any adverse effects of sleep loss and similarly for the handwriting. The experiment shows that two portable and brief (10 min) performance tests are sensitive indices of sleep loss and should be particularly useful for assessing levels of alertness in the field.", "PMID": 756060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10204", "title": "Long-term ambulatory temperature monitoring in a subject with a hypernychthemeral sleep--wake cycle disturbance.", "content": "A portable temperature data logger was used for prolonged rectal temperature monitoring in an ambulatory subject with a longer than 24 hr (hypernychthemeral) sleep-wake cycle. The mean period of the sleep-wake and circadian temperature cycles was 24.8 hr. However, the period of the sleep-wake cycle fluctuated considerably, being less than 24.8 hr when he slept during the socially desirable sleep hours and more than 24.8 hr when he slept during the day. In the first instance, the daily temperature fall occurred later than, and in the second earlier than, sleep onset. During the times of desynchronization of the two cycles, he complained of insomnia, fatigue, and reduced performance. We postulate that his hypernychthemeral cycles were the result of either a primary defect in the mechanism of entrainment or \"weakened\" social zeitgebers due to a personality disorder. These concepts are supported by a sleep-wake pattern resembling that of relative coordination. We therefore raise the possibility that 24 hr was beyond the range of entrainment of the subject's circadian temperature cycle during the study.", "contents": "Long-term ambulatory temperature monitoring in a subject with a hypernychthemeral sleep--wake cycle disturbance. A portable temperature data logger was used for prolonged rectal temperature monitoring in an ambulatory subject with a longer than 24 hr (hypernychthemeral) sleep-wake cycle. The mean period of the sleep-wake and circadian temperature cycles was 24.8 hr. However, the period of the sleep-wake cycle fluctuated considerably, being less than 24.8 hr when he slept during the socially desirable sleep hours and more than 24.8 hr when he slept during the day. In the first instance, the daily temperature fall occurred later than, and in the second earlier than, sleep onset. During the times of desynchronization of the two cycles, he complained of insomnia, fatigue, and reduced performance. We postulate that his hypernychthemeral cycles were the result of either a primary defect in the mechanism of entrainment or \"weakened\" social zeitgebers due to a personality disorder. These concepts are supported by a sleep-wake pattern resembling that of relative coordination. We therefore raise the possibility that 24 hr was beyond the range of entrainment of the subject's circadian temperature cycle during the study.", "PMID": 756061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10205", "title": "Evaluation of hearing aid fitting based on the patients' experiences from everyday listening conditions.", "content": "We found that a relationship existed between degree of sensorineural hearing loss and discrimination score obtained in free field with convenient hearing aids against background noise. However, the standard deviation was so great that we could not elaborate a diagram from which, with any reasonable degree of accuracy the expected discrimination score with suitable hearing aids could be predicted for each individual patient. Then 20 patients with sensorineural hearing losses tried different hearing aids under everyday listening conditions, and simplified speech audiometry against background noise was performed. We found that none of the patients achieved better discrimination scores with aids they rejected under everyday listening conditions than with aids they preferred. This indicates that we need to pay attention to the patient's experience with hearing aids under everyday listening conditions in each individual case, when a hearing aid is to be selected.", "contents": "Evaluation of hearing aid fitting based on the patients' experiences from everyday listening conditions. We found that a relationship existed between degree of sensorineural hearing loss and discrimination score obtained in free field with convenient hearing aids against background noise. However, the standard deviation was so great that we could not elaborate a diagram from which, with any reasonable degree of accuracy the expected discrimination score with suitable hearing aids could be predicted for each individual patient. Then 20 patients with sensorineural hearing losses tried different hearing aids under everyday listening conditions, and simplified speech audiometry against background noise was performed. We found that none of the patients achieved better discrimination scores with aids they rejected under everyday listening conditions than with aids they preferred. This indicates that we need to pay attention to the patient's experience with hearing aids under everyday listening conditions in each individual case, when a hearing aid is to be selected.", "PMID": 756062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10206", "title": "The effect of hearing aid use on the user's residual hearing. A follow-up study.", "content": "This paper reports on a follow-up study into the effect of hearing aid amplification on the user's residual hearing. Four groups of deaf children; 18 in group A, 14 in group B, 15 in group C and 8 in group D were followed up for a period of four consecutive years. The children in group A and in group B were using monaural hearing aids throughout this period with maximum acoustic outputs ranging from 130-136 dB SPL and 116--128 dB SPL respectively. The children in group C were not using hearing aids during the first three years but during the fourth year they were monaurally fitted with similar hearing aids as those issued to children in group B. The children in group D were using binaural hearing aids during the first three years but in the fourth year they were restricted to only one hearing aid. The hearing aid levels of the children at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz were ascertained both at the beginning of the investigation, at subsequent 6-monthly intervals for the first three years and at the end of the fourth year. It was found that the hearing acuity of the hearing aided ears showed slight \"improvement\" during the investigation while the hearing acuity of the unaided ears showed slight \"deterioration\" in all frequencies tested.", "contents": "The effect of hearing aid use on the user's residual hearing. A follow-up study. This paper reports on a follow-up study into the effect of hearing aid amplification on the user's residual hearing. Four groups of deaf children; 18 in group A, 14 in group B, 15 in group C and 8 in group D were followed up for a period of four consecutive years. The children in group A and in group B were using monaural hearing aids throughout this period with maximum acoustic outputs ranging from 130-136 dB SPL and 116--128 dB SPL respectively. The children in group C were not using hearing aids during the first three years but during the fourth year they were monaurally fitted with similar hearing aids as those issued to children in group B. The children in group D were using binaural hearing aids during the first three years but in the fourth year they were restricted to only one hearing aid. The hearing aid levels of the children at 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz were ascertained both at the beginning of the investigation, at subsequent 6-monthly intervals for the first three years and at the end of the fourth year. It was found that the hearing acuity of the hearing aided ears showed slight \"improvement\" during the investigation while the hearing acuity of the unaided ears showed slight \"deterioration\" in all frequencies tested.", "PMID": 756063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10207", "title": "High-frequency thresholds using a quasi-free-field technique.", "content": "A free-field transducer system for high-frequency audiometry was applied on two groups of otologically normal, non noise-exposed subjects tested at the frequencies 4--8--10--12--14--16--18--20 kHz. The former group consisted of 46 children 10--12 years old and the second group of 40 adults aged 18--24 years. All participants in the youngest group were able to hear 20 kHz and no difference between right and left ear or between sex could be shown. A similar result was found in the adult group except that 4 males were unable to hear 20 kHz. Hearing thresholds for the two groups were almost identical at 8--14 kHz. Above this frequency range the youngest group showed a statistically significant lower threshold at 18 and 20 kHz. This group might be used for a zero-dB hearing threshold level in further high-frequency studies. The advantage of transferring the SPL value from the entrance to ear canal to absolute ear drum pressure level is discussed.", "contents": "High-frequency thresholds using a quasi-free-field technique. A free-field transducer system for high-frequency audiometry was applied on two groups of otologically normal, non noise-exposed subjects tested at the frequencies 4--8--10--12--14--16--18--20 kHz. The former group consisted of 46 children 10--12 years old and the second group of 40 adults aged 18--24 years. All participants in the youngest group were able to hear 20 kHz and no difference between right and left ear or between sex could be shown. A similar result was found in the adult group except that 4 males were unable to hear 20 kHz. Hearing thresholds for the two groups were almost identical at 8--14 kHz. Above this frequency range the youngest group showed a statistically significant lower threshold at 18 and 20 kHz. This group might be used for a zero-dB hearing threshold level in further high-frequency studies. The advantage of transferring the SPL value from the entrance to ear canal to absolute ear drum pressure level is discussed.", "PMID": 756064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10208", "title": "The acoustically evoked potentials in the case of stimulation by frequency modulation (FM) near the hearing threshold, compared with tone burst stimulation.", "content": "The present investigation concerned the possibility of obtaining higher AEP amplitudes at or near the hearing threshold by stimulation with frequency-modulated sinusoidal tones (FM stimulation) than by tone burst stimulation. With FM stimulation the frequency changes may lead to changes in the coupler sound pressure level in the headphone (additional amplitude or intensity modulation) as well as changes in sensation levels due to frequency-dependent hearing sensitivity which have to be compensated for. To ensure comparability of FM and tone burst stimulation it has also to be considered that the FM frequency increment does not substantially exceed the critical bandwidth of the human ear. With these conditions taken into account, no combination of FM stimulation parameters was found that resulted in a larger AEP amplitude than tone burst stimulation. With comparable stimulation parameters, the AEP amplitudes were identical for FM and tone burst stimulation.", "contents": "The acoustically evoked potentials in the case of stimulation by frequency modulation (FM) near the hearing threshold, compared with tone burst stimulation. The present investigation concerned the possibility of obtaining higher AEP amplitudes at or near the hearing threshold by stimulation with frequency-modulated sinusoidal tones (FM stimulation) than by tone burst stimulation. With FM stimulation the frequency changes may lead to changes in the coupler sound pressure level in the headphone (additional amplitude or intensity modulation) as well as changes in sensation levels due to frequency-dependent hearing sensitivity which have to be compensated for. To ensure comparability of FM and tone burst stimulation it has also to be considered that the FM frequency increment does not substantially exceed the critical bandwidth of the human ear. With these conditions taken into account, no combination of FM stimulation parameters was found that resulted in a larger AEP amplitude than tone burst stimulation. With comparable stimulation parameters, the AEP amplitudes were identical for FM and tone burst stimulation.", "PMID": 756065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10209", "title": "Effects of long rise time stimuli on the latencies of the slow V potentials.", "content": "Tone bursts with 5, 250 and 500 msec rise time and 70 dB HL (ISO) intensity at the plateau were used to evoke the slow V potentials in ten adults. The mean prolongations of the latencies have been determined and correlated with the subjective auditory thresholds, obtained before each test by conventional push-button audiometry. In normal-hearing subjects our results show a prolongation of the latencies of the slow V potentials when stimuli with longer rise time were used. In subjects with elevated auditory thresholds an almost linear correlation was found between the prolongations of the latencies and the subjective auditory thresholds.", "contents": "Effects of long rise time stimuli on the latencies of the slow V potentials. Tone bursts with 5, 250 and 500 msec rise time and 70 dB HL (ISO) intensity at the plateau were used to evoke the slow V potentials in ten adults. The mean prolongations of the latencies have been determined and correlated with the subjective auditory thresholds, obtained before each test by conventional push-button audiometry. In normal-hearing subjects our results show a prolongation of the latencies of the slow V potentials when stimuli with longer rise time were used. In subjects with elevated auditory thresholds an almost linear correlation was found between the prolongations of the latencies and the subjective auditory thresholds.", "PMID": 756066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10210", "title": "The validity of the derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system.", "content": "It was considered that for a number of reasons, the derived response concept might not necessarily be valid when applied to the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER). A statistical comparison of response measures of amplitude and latency was made between derived and non-derived responses, each representing response contributions initiated by the same locations along the cochlear partition. Relatively few statistical differences were detected. Therefore the technique of waveform summation and the production of derived response waveforms from complex responses, recorded under appropriate masking conditions, was considered to be a valid operation.", "contents": "The validity of the derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system. It was considered that for a number of reasons, the derived response concept might not necessarily be valid when applied to the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER). A statistical comparison of response measures of amplitude and latency was made between derived and non-derived responses, each representing response contributions initiated by the same locations along the cochlear partition. Relatively few statistical differences were detected. Therefore the technique of waveform summation and the production of derived response waveforms from complex responses, recorded under appropriate masking conditions, was considered to be a valid operation.", "PMID": 756067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10211", "title": "Frequency specific components of the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system.", "content": "A technique of high-pass (HP) masking was used to obtain masked cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) of the human auditory system. The masking noise was extended progressively into the lower frequency regions of the cochlea for consecutively recorded responses, and the effect upon the response waveform was observed. Masked response waveforms were then subtracted to produce derived CBER waveforms representing activity initiated at specific frequency locations along the cochlear partition. Derived response components from various frequency bands were characterized and related to changes in the complex CBER during the process of frequency selective high-pass masking.", "contents": "Frequency specific components of the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system. A technique of high-pass (HP) masking was used to obtain masked cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) of the human auditory system. The masking noise was extended progressively into the lower frequency regions of the cochlea for consecutively recorded responses, and the effect upon the response waveform was observed. Masked response waveforms were then subtracted to produce derived CBER waveforms representing activity initiated at specific frequency locations along the cochlear partition. Derived response components from various frequency bands were characterized and related to changes in the complex CBER during the process of frequency selective high-pass masking.", "PMID": 756068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10212", "title": "Progressive hearing loss in Goldenhar's syndrome.", "content": "A family with Goldenhar's syndrome is presented. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. The mutant gene in question has variable phenotypic expressivity. Evidence of progressive hearing loss is reported. Congenital facial palsy is suggested to be a part of the syndrome.", "contents": "Progressive hearing loss in Goldenhar's syndrome. A family with Goldenhar's syndrome is presented. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. The mutant gene in question has variable phenotypic expressivity. Evidence of progressive hearing loss is reported. Congenital facial palsy is suggested to be a part of the syndrome.", "PMID": 756070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10213", "title": "Modification and application of the computerized automatic audiometer.", "content": "Recently, medical information processing systems applying computers have achieved marked advances in parallel with the development of highly accurate automatic measuring instruments. The authors already in 1974 developed and reported a computerized automatic audiometer containing a micro-computer which stored a program for audiometric procedures. Subsequently the authors have developed a compact, multi-purpose audiometric instrument which executes the standard air-bone conduction audiometry, with the exclusion of masking, automatically with a built-in micro-computer. An outline of the instrument is as follows: 1. The instrument is composed of a memory, a control unit, programs for data processing and measurement, a character display for instructing subjects and an audiogram display. It can be operated manually in the same way as a conventional audiometer. 2. Test errors and any abnormally large differences between the responses of the two ears can be detected automatically, and the tests can then be re-executed manually after finishing the automatic procedure for correction of the data. 3. The instrument is provided with output terminals for connection to an external computer or other peripheral equipment. It is designed to be compact and light weight.", "contents": "Modification and application of the computerized automatic audiometer. Recently, medical information processing systems applying computers have achieved marked advances in parallel with the development of highly accurate automatic measuring instruments. The authors already in 1974 developed and reported a computerized automatic audiometer containing a micro-computer which stored a program for audiometric procedures. Subsequently the authors have developed a compact, multi-purpose audiometric instrument which executes the standard air-bone conduction audiometry, with the exclusion of masking, automatically with a built-in micro-computer. An outline of the instrument is as follows: 1. The instrument is composed of a memory, a control unit, programs for data processing and measurement, a character display for instructing subjects and an audiogram display. It can be operated manually in the same way as a conventional audiometer. 2. Test errors and any abnormally large differences between the responses of the two ears can be detected automatically, and the tests can then be re-executed manually after finishing the automatic procedure for correction of the data. 3. The instrument is provided with output terminals for connection to an external computer or other peripheral equipment. It is designed to be compact and light weight.", "PMID": 756071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10214", "title": "Cochlear travelling wave velocities calculated from the derived components of the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system.", "content": "From the latency difference between corresponding components of the different derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) and the cochlear location difference between the appropriate derived band centre frequencies (CF), estimates of the travelling wave velocity at various locations along the cochlear partition were calculated. Calculated velocities compared favourably with velocity data obtained using widely contrasting techniques. Derived CBER waveforms were therefore considered to truly represent neural activity initiated by activity at specific frequency regions along the cochlear partition.", "contents": "Cochlear travelling wave velocities calculated from the derived components of the cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system. From the latency difference between corresponding components of the different derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) and the cochlear location difference between the appropriate derived band centre frequencies (CF), estimates of the travelling wave velocity at various locations along the cochlear partition were calculated. Calculated velocities compared favourably with velocity data obtained using widely contrasting techniques. Derived CBER waveforms were therefore considered to truly represent neural activity initiated by activity at specific frequency regions along the cochlear partition.", "PMID": 756072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10215", "title": "Derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system. The effect of masking in the derived band.", "content": "Derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) were obtained for various frequency bands and were masked using special maskers. These maskers were designed to match exactly the intensity/frequency profile characteristics of the bands from which derived CBERs were obtained. Derived responses were markedly affected whenever the masker frequency limits coincided with the corresponding derived band. Other derived responses from adjacent bands were not affected. Since adjacent derived bands overlap, these overlapping regions were not considered to be represented in the derived responses. Therefore the actual frequency regions which the derived responses represented were considered to be smaller than the derived bands calculated from the physical parameters of the high-pass masking noises.", "contents": "Derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses of the human auditory system. The effect of masking in the derived band. Derived cochlear nerve and brainstem evoked responses (CBER) were obtained for various frequency bands and were masked using special maskers. These maskers were designed to match exactly the intensity/frequency profile characteristics of the bands from which derived CBERs were obtained. Derived responses were markedly affected whenever the masker frequency limits coincided with the corresponding derived band. Other derived responses from adjacent bands were not affected. Since adjacent derived bands overlap, these overlapping regions were not considered to be represented in the derived responses. Therefore the actual frequency regions which the derived responses represented were considered to be smaller than the derived bands calculated from the physical parameters of the high-pass masking noises.", "PMID": 756073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10216", "title": "A model for the auditory evoked brainstem responses.", "content": "The present research was undertaken to approach the formation of the Brainstem Evoked Response (BSER) by means of modelling techniques similar to those previously successfully adopted to interpret the generation of the Auditory Nerve Action Potential. The definition of a model intended to reproduce the compound electrical response of a given ensemble of neural units, firing after stimulation, is taken as the basic constituent for the formulation of the complete model. The activity of the primary auditory neurons is assumed to be the input to the BSER model; then, a simplified structure for the connections among the neural complexes contributing to the BSER is proposed to account for monaurally evoked, homolaterally recorded responses. Computer simulations of the model show a satisfactory degree of approximation between the experimental data taken as reference and the final output, in spite of the rather small number of parameters and the simplicity of the structure used. Even though this work has to be considered as preliminary in character, at least in certain respects, some applicative implications of the present approach can be outlined.", "contents": "A model for the auditory evoked brainstem responses. The present research was undertaken to approach the formation of the Brainstem Evoked Response (BSER) by means of modelling techniques similar to those previously successfully adopted to interpret the generation of the Auditory Nerve Action Potential. The definition of a model intended to reproduce the compound electrical response of a given ensemble of neural units, firing after stimulation, is taken as the basic constituent for the formulation of the complete model. The activity of the primary auditory neurons is assumed to be the input to the BSER model; then, a simplified structure for the connections among the neural complexes contributing to the BSER is proposed to account for monaurally evoked, homolaterally recorded responses. Computer simulations of the model show a satisfactory degree of approximation between the experimental data taken as reference and the final output, in spite of the rather small number of parameters and the simplicity of the structure used. Even though this work has to be considered as preliminary in character, at least in certain respects, some applicative implications of the present approach can be outlined.", "PMID": 756074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10217", "title": "Estimation of the critical bandwidth from loudness summation data.", "content": "An automatic method for critical band estimation from loudness summation data is presented. A mathematical model, based on a power function, is fitted to the data and the critical bandwidth is defined at the intersection of the asymptotes. The model is designed for clinical use, involving the treatment of the data from single test persons; it represents an operational solution to a difficult task. The model is able to describe data from normals and patients with a sensorineural hearing loss. Variability of the critical band estimates, intrasubject as well as intersubject, is larger than for visually obtained estimates. However, visual estimation is difficult, subjective, and probably heavily biased. The model produces estimates which in logarithmic form have a Normal distribution at medium loudness level, while visual estimation gives rise to irregular distributions at all levels. A normal range for model estimates from sets of data obtained at medium loudness level is defined by mean and standard deviation.", "contents": "Estimation of the critical bandwidth from loudness summation data. An automatic method for critical band estimation from loudness summation data is presented. A mathematical model, based on a power function, is fitted to the data and the critical bandwidth is defined at the intersection of the asymptotes. The model is designed for clinical use, involving the treatment of the data from single test persons; it represents an operational solution to a difficult task. The model is able to describe data from normals and patients with a sensorineural hearing loss. Variability of the critical band estimates, intrasubject as well as intersubject, is larger than for visually obtained estimates. However, visual estimation is difficult, subjective, and probably heavily biased. The model produces estimates which in logarithmic form have a Normal distribution at medium loudness level, while visual estimation gives rise to irregular distributions at all levels. A normal range for model estimates from sets of data obtained at medium loudness level is defined by mean and standard deviation.", "PMID": 756075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10218", "title": "Clinical critical band estimation.", "content": "A modified version of the method of loudness summation, developed for clinical critical band estimation, is presented. The stimuli are noise bands centred around 1 kHz. The standard procedure includes 1) determination of the \"sensitivity curve\": the loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise as a function of the level. For clinical use this function is necessary for evaluation of the level with the most rapid growth of loudness with bandwidth, i.e. the optimum level for sharp determination of the critical bandwidth. 2) Determination of the critical band function, i.e. the difference in sound pressure level required for equal loudness of the test noise band and the reference as a function of the bandwidth. This determination is performed at a level with maximum growth of loudness, evaluated by the sensitivity curve. 3) Critical band estimation by a mathematical model, described in another work (Bonding et al., 1978) from the data obtained. The method is analysed regarding feasibility and reproducibility.", "contents": "Clinical critical band estimation. A modified version of the method of loudness summation, developed for clinical critical band estimation, is presented. The stimuli are noise bands centred around 1 kHz. The standard procedure includes 1) determination of the \"sensitivity curve\": the loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise as a function of the level. For clinical use this function is necessary for evaluation of the level with the most rapid growth of loudness with bandwidth, i.e. the optimum level for sharp determination of the critical bandwidth. 2) Determination of the critical band function, i.e. the difference in sound pressure level required for equal loudness of the test noise band and the reference as a function of the bandwidth. This determination is performed at a level with maximum growth of loudness, evaluated by the sensitivity curve. 3) Critical band estimation by a mathematical model, described in another work (Bonding et al., 1978) from the data obtained. The method is analysed regarding feasibility and reproducibility.", "PMID": 756076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10219", "title": "Temporary threshold shift after exposure to pop music.", "content": "Temporary threshold shift (TTS) was studied in pop musicians as well as in listeners. It appears that TTS is less pronounced in pop musicians than in listeners. This can only in part be explained by slightly inferior hearing threshold levels than in the audience before exposure. Further, male listeners showed more TTS than female listeners. After 2 hours of exposure to live pop music a TTS2 appears in pop musicians after an exposure to 98 dB(A) as opposed to listeners where TTS2 appears at 92 dB(A). When the present results are related to the CHABA risk criteria it seems that exposure to live pop music at 100 dB(A) for 2 hours is a limit which should not be exceeded if the risk of permanent hearing loss is to be avoided.", "contents": "Temporary threshold shift after exposure to pop music. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) was studied in pop musicians as well as in listeners. It appears that TTS is less pronounced in pop musicians than in listeners. This can only in part be explained by slightly inferior hearing threshold levels than in the audience before exposure. Further, male listeners showed more TTS than female listeners. After 2 hours of exposure to live pop music a TTS2 appears in pop musicians after an exposure to 98 dB(A) as opposed to listeners where TTS2 appears at 92 dB(A). When the present results are related to the CHABA risk criteria it seems that exposure to live pop music at 100 dB(A) for 2 hours is a limit which should not be exceeded if the risk of permanent hearing loss is to be avoided.", "PMID": 756077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10220", "title": "The effectiveness of two infant hearing screening programmes in New Zealand.", "content": "Early detection of congenital hearing loss is vital. A neonatal hearing screening programme and a 9 month at risk hearing screening programme are analysed. Neither contributed significantly to the detection of deaf infants, though 9 month at risk screening can be worthwhile if well administered. Age of detection data for deaf preschoolers in New Zealand are presented.", "contents": "The effectiveness of two infant hearing screening programmes in New Zealand. Early detection of congenital hearing loss is vital. A neonatal hearing screening programme and a 9 month at risk hearing screening programme are analysed. Neither contributed significantly to the detection of deaf infants, though 9 month at risk screening can be worthwhile if well administered. Age of detection data for deaf preschoolers in New Zealand are presented.", "PMID": 756078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10221", "title": "Compound impulse response for the brain stem derived through combinations of cochlear and brain stem recordings.", "content": "To overcome some of the problems involved in the application of brain stem evoked responses (BSER) in otoneurological diagnosis an approach is developed which combines cochlear and brain stem recordings. The activity of the cochlea and brain stem generators, as seen from the far-field recording electrode, is considered to be the output from a single system. The impulse response of this system can be derived through deconvolution of the brain stem evoked responses, BSER, with the compound action potential, AP, followed by appropriate filtering. This method is used on the recordings from 15 subjects with various degrees of cochlear hearing loss. The results show that the compound impulse response, CIR, for the brain stem consists of five recognizable peaks. From the individual subjects this response pattern is largely independent of intensity. By plotting the amplitude and latency of the individual peaks for all 15 subjects a set of normative data is retrieved. The variation in the data is small, probably because interfeerence from the periphery is eliminated and the separation of activity from the different brain stem generators is improved.", "contents": "Compound impulse response for the brain stem derived through combinations of cochlear and brain stem recordings. To overcome some of the problems involved in the application of brain stem evoked responses (BSER) in otoneurological diagnosis an approach is developed which combines cochlear and brain stem recordings. The activity of the cochlea and brain stem generators, as seen from the far-field recording electrode, is considered to be the output from a single system. The impulse response of this system can be derived through deconvolution of the brain stem evoked responses, BSER, with the compound action potential, AP, followed by appropriate filtering. This method is used on the recordings from 15 subjects with various degrees of cochlear hearing loss. The results show that the compound impulse response, CIR, for the brain stem consists of five recognizable peaks. From the individual subjects this response pattern is largely independent of intensity. By plotting the amplitude and latency of the individual peaks for all 15 subjects a set of normative data is retrieved. The variation in the data is small, probably because interfeerence from the periphery is eliminated and the separation of activity from the different brain stem generators is improved.", "PMID": 756079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10222", "title": "Screening tympanometry in newborn infants and during the first six months of life.", "content": "Tympanometry was performed in 151 healthy children at birth and at 3 and 6 months of age. At birth 10.5% of the ears had a pressure of -100 mmH2O, and 0.3% a pressure of -125 mmH20. The pressure in most of these ears later became normalized. At 3 months of age 17.9% had a pressure of -100 mmH2O or less, and at 6 months of age 39.2%. At 6 months of age 1.3% of the ears had flat curves and middle ear effusion, and 9.6% had a pressure between -200 and -300 mmH2O. The pressure changes and their cause were analysed. Catarrhalia occurred in 23% of the infants before 3 months of age and in 60% in the 3-6 month period. This is an important though not the only etiological factor for the reduced ventilation in the middle ear, which probably occurs via oedema of the tubal mucosa and mild internal tubal occlusion. Ventilation was significantly reduced at 3 months of age in catarrhal girls, and in catarrhal boys at 6 months of age.", "contents": "Screening tympanometry in newborn infants and during the first six months of life. Tympanometry was performed in 151 healthy children at birth and at 3 and 6 months of age. At birth 10.5% of the ears had a pressure of -100 mmH2O, and 0.3% a pressure of -125 mmH20. The pressure in most of these ears later became normalized. At 3 months of age 17.9% had a pressure of -100 mmH2O or less, and at 6 months of age 39.2%. At 6 months of age 1.3% of the ears had flat curves and middle ear effusion, and 9.6% had a pressure between -200 and -300 mmH2O. The pressure changes and their cause were analysed. Catarrhalia occurred in 23% of the infants before 3 months of age and in 60% in the 3-6 month period. This is an important though not the only etiological factor for the reduced ventilation in the middle ear, which probably occurs via oedema of the tubal mucosa and mild internal tubal occlusion. Ventilation was significantly reduced at 3 months of age in catarrhal girls, and in catarrhal boys at 6 months of age.", "PMID": 756080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10223", "title": "Comparison of unaided MCLs and use-gain of hearing aids.", "content": "Unaided MCLs for narrow bands of noise centered at 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 and 4 000 Hz were compared with the use-gain of hearing aids worn by 10 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, for eight subjects, MCLs measured at the time of the hearing aid evaluation were compared with MCLs observed at the time of hearing aid follow-up. Results of the study suggest that (1) hearing aid use-gain can be accurately predicted on the basis of the MCLs for the narrow bands of noise, and (2) the hearing-impaired subjects were highly consistent in their MCL judgments for narrow-band noise.", "contents": "Comparison of unaided MCLs and use-gain of hearing aids. Unaided MCLs for narrow bands of noise centered at 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 and 4 000 Hz were compared with the use-gain of hearing aids worn by 10 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, for eight subjects, MCLs measured at the time of the hearing aid evaluation were compared with MCLs observed at the time of hearing aid follow-up. Results of the study suggest that (1) hearing aid use-gain can be accurately predicted on the basis of the MCLs for the narrow bands of noise, and (2) the hearing-impaired subjects were highly consistent in their MCL judgments for narrow-band noise.", "PMID": 756081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10224", "title": "Decoding of human compound action potentials.", "content": "The physiological formation of the action potentials is presumed to be well-known and a method of decoding these potential is therefore based on this knowledge. The method uses the reverse process, i.e. deconvolution of the recorded AP's with a unit response, and a subsequent nonlinear transformation of the obtained waveforms (sigma PST-compound PST) from the time- into the location domain (distance along the coclear partition). The transformed waveforms are called excitation patterns. Stimulus polarity seems to have only a minor influence on the excitaton patterns and it is possible to produce frquency-specific information of the coclear function. A clinical case demonstrates the concordance between the excitation patterns and the puretone audiogram.", "contents": "Decoding of human compound action potentials. The physiological formation of the action potentials is presumed to be well-known and a method of decoding these potential is therefore based on this knowledge. The method uses the reverse process, i.e. deconvolution of the recorded AP's with a unit response, and a subsequent nonlinear transformation of the obtained waveforms (sigma PST-compound PST) from the time- into the location domain (distance along the coclear partition). The transformed waveforms are called excitation patterns. Stimulus polarity seems to have only a minor influence on the excitaton patterns and it is possible to produce frquency-specific information of the coclear function. A clinical case demonstrates the concordance between the excitation patterns and the puretone audiogram.", "PMID": 756082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10225", "title": "Auditory brain stem responses in patients with acoustic neuromas.", "content": "In the continuing search for methods to diagnose acoustic neuromas at an early stage, we have applied the auditory brain stem response examination to 27 patients with surgically verified acoustic neuromas. It is confirmed that the main indicator of retrocochlear versus cochlear disease is the interaural latency difference of the Jewett5 wave, the IT5. Women exhibit significantly lower latency values to J5 than men, approximately 0.25 msec. Age also has some influence, so that the J5 latency tends to increase with age, but in this investigation the trend did not reach statistical significance. We were unable to find a correlation between tumour size and IT5. Even if the audiogram shows a considerable hearing impairment at 2 kHz this technique can be used without any correction factors, when the stimulus is a 2 kHz filtered tone-pip. In the presence of an acoustic neuroma there will often be adaptation of the response and it is preferable to arrange the mode of stimulus presentation so that this phenomenon eventually becomes prominent. One patient came out with a false-negative result. We believe this to have been due to our lack of experience at that time and that today we would have recognized the presence of a tumour. If this correction is accepted, the series contains no false-negatives. Regardless of this it can be concluded that for the time being, out of the functional audiological tests, the auditory brain stem response examination is the most reliable indicator for the presence of retrocochlear lesions.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem responses in patients with acoustic neuromas. In the continuing search for methods to diagnose acoustic neuromas at an early stage, we have applied the auditory brain stem response examination to 27 patients with surgically verified acoustic neuromas. It is confirmed that the main indicator of retrocochlear versus cochlear disease is the interaural latency difference of the Jewett5 wave, the IT5. Women exhibit significantly lower latency values to J5 than men, approximately 0.25 msec. Age also has some influence, so that the J5 latency tends to increase with age, but in this investigation the trend did not reach statistical significance. We were unable to find a correlation between tumour size and IT5. Even if the audiogram shows a considerable hearing impairment at 2 kHz this technique can be used without any correction factors, when the stimulus is a 2 kHz filtered tone-pip. In the presence of an acoustic neuroma there will often be adaptation of the response and it is preferable to arrange the mode of stimulus presentation so that this phenomenon eventually becomes prominent. One patient came out with a false-negative result. We believe this to have been due to our lack of experience at that time and that today we would have recognized the presence of a tumour. If this correction is accepted, the series contains no false-negatives. Regardless of this it can be concluded that for the time being, out of the functional audiological tests, the auditory brain stem response examination is the most reliable indicator for the presence of retrocochlear lesions.", "PMID": 756083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10226", "title": "Stapedial reflex in neonates.", "content": "This paper considers the effect of behavioral responses on stapedial reflex data of neonates. Twenty clinically normal neonates were tested to determine whether repeated acoustic stimulation would habituate the behavioral response, leaving only the stapedial reflex for observation. The results failed to show systematic decline of behavioral response over trials. Stapedial reflex testing indicates a positive response for less than 5% of stimulus presentation. The results are discussed in terms of possible explanation for the apparently low incidence of stapedial reflex in a normal neonatal population.", "contents": "Stapedial reflex in neonates. This paper considers the effect of behavioral responses on stapedial reflex data of neonates. Twenty clinically normal neonates were tested to determine whether repeated acoustic stimulation would habituate the behavioral response, leaving only the stapedial reflex for observation. The results failed to show systematic decline of behavioral response over trials. Stapedial reflex testing indicates a positive response for less than 5% of stimulus presentation. The results are discussed in terms of possible explanation for the apparently low incidence of stapedial reflex in a normal neonatal population.", "PMID": 756084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10227", "title": "On the use of click-evoked electric brainstem responses in audiological diagnosis. I. The variability of the normal response.", "content": "The normal click-evoked BSER was studied in a total of 28 young (aged 12 to 40) normally hearing subjects in regard to wave latencies and amplitude ratios, considered to be (besides wave replicability) the characteristics of major interest from a clinical point of view. Latency means and standard deviations (S.D.), and peak-to-peak amplitude ratios between wave V on the one hand and wave I and III, respectively, on the other were determined in a sample of 20 subjects using unfiltered clicks at 20 to 90 dB SL. The latency averages were compared with those of other reports. Latency S.D.s were found to be generally less than 0.25 ms at levels above 50 dB SL. Medians of amplitude ratios (AV/AI and AV/AIII) were found to be significantly greater than unity. No significant latency differences concerning waves I, III, and V could be established on stimulation with condensation, rarefaction, and alternating clicks in 10 subjects at 80 and 60 dB SL, nor did the peak-to-peak amplitude predominance of wave V change with click polarity. With half-octave filtered clicks (2 and 4 kHz), latencies were found to increase significantly (and the responses to become less precise) at 80 and 60 dB SL in a sample of 12 subjects. Changing the interstimulus interval (ISI) from 80 to 60 to 40 ms (at 80 and 60 dB SL) hardly made any difference in regard to I, III, and V latencies, or wave V amplitude supremacy. Finally, a satisfactory test-retest reliability was established in a sample of 6 subjects, the intersession interval being 6 months.", "contents": "On the use of click-evoked electric brainstem responses in audiological diagnosis. I. The variability of the normal response. The normal click-evoked BSER was studied in a total of 28 young (aged 12 to 40) normally hearing subjects in regard to wave latencies and amplitude ratios, considered to be (besides wave replicability) the characteristics of major interest from a clinical point of view. Latency means and standard deviations (S.D.), and peak-to-peak amplitude ratios between wave V on the one hand and wave I and III, respectively, on the other were determined in a sample of 20 subjects using unfiltered clicks at 20 to 90 dB SL. The latency averages were compared with those of other reports. Latency S.D.s were found to be generally less than 0.25 ms at levels above 50 dB SL. Medians of amplitude ratios (AV/AI and AV/AIII) were found to be significantly greater than unity. No significant latency differences concerning waves I, III, and V could be established on stimulation with condensation, rarefaction, and alternating clicks in 10 subjects at 80 and 60 dB SL, nor did the peak-to-peak amplitude predominance of wave V change with click polarity. With half-octave filtered clicks (2 and 4 kHz), latencies were found to increase significantly (and the responses to become less precise) at 80 and 60 dB SL in a sample of 12 subjects. Changing the interstimulus interval (ISI) from 80 to 60 to 40 ms (at 80 and 60 dB SL) hardly made any difference in regard to I, III, and V latencies, or wave V amplitude supremacy. Finally, a satisfactory test-retest reliability was established in a sample of 6 subjects, the intersession interval being 6 months.", "PMID": 756085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10228", "title": "Thresholds for linear amplitude change of a continuous pure tone.", "content": "The human auditory sensitivity in detecting linear amplitude change of a continuous pure tone has been studied in normal-hearing subjects. It is shown that for short glide durations (less than 100 ms) the duration of the following plateau exerts a significant influence on the DLI. The average DLI at 1 kHz and 60 dB HL was found to be of the order of 0.8 dB when the intensity glide had a duration of 10 ms and was followed by a much longer plateau. For longer glide durations (greater than or equal to 200 ms) the DLI increased significantly as compared with shorter durations. There was no significant difference between increasing and decreasing intensity change. Significantly larger DLIs were found at 250 and 500 Hz than at 1, 2 and 4 kHz. The sound level was found to have a significant influence on the DLI. At low levels of 40 dB HL, and lower, the increase in DLI for detecting sound levels is highly significant. A falling exponential function offers a mathematical description of the relationship with good fit. It is concluded that an integrating mechanism with an integration time of approx. 200 ms could explain the auditory ability to detect linear amplitude glides of a continuous tone. The results are discussed in relation to previous intensity discrimination data, where pulse pairs, continuous intensity modulation or intensity glides were used as stimuli.", "contents": "Thresholds for linear amplitude change of a continuous pure tone. The human auditory sensitivity in detecting linear amplitude change of a continuous pure tone has been studied in normal-hearing subjects. It is shown that for short glide durations (less than 100 ms) the duration of the following plateau exerts a significant influence on the DLI. The average DLI at 1 kHz and 60 dB HL was found to be of the order of 0.8 dB when the intensity glide had a duration of 10 ms and was followed by a much longer plateau. For longer glide durations (greater than or equal to 200 ms) the DLI increased significantly as compared with shorter durations. There was no significant difference between increasing and decreasing intensity change. Significantly larger DLIs were found at 250 and 500 Hz than at 1, 2 and 4 kHz. The sound level was found to have a significant influence on the DLI. At low levels of 40 dB HL, and lower, the increase in DLI for detecting sound levels is highly significant. A falling exponential function offers a mathematical description of the relationship with good fit. It is concluded that an integrating mechanism with an integration time of approx. 200 ms could explain the auditory ability to detect linear amplitude glides of a continuous tone. The results are discussed in relation to previous intensity discrimination data, where pulse pairs, continuous intensity modulation or intensity glides were used as stimuli.", "PMID": 756086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10229", "title": "Effect of hearing aids with directional microphones in different acoustic environments.", "content": "In a number of studies, hearing aids with directional microphones and conventional hearing aids with omni-directional microphones were compared. Listening tests with normal-hearing and hearing-impaired persons as well as objective measurements were performed in rooms differing with regard to reverberation and background noise. Furthermore, a number of hearing-impaired persons were interviewed about their experience of the two types of hearing aid. The results show that hearing aids with directional microphones are superior to the conventional aids in a number of situations. The effect of the directional microphone is of particular significance when listening conditions are difficult because of loud background noise. In situations with reverberation and less background noise the difference is less marked. None of the hearing-impaired listeners had observed any particular disadvantages attributable to the lesser sensitivity of directional microphones to sound coming from the rear and to low-frequency sounds.", "contents": "Effect of hearing aids with directional microphones in different acoustic environments. In a number of studies, hearing aids with directional microphones and conventional hearing aids with omni-directional microphones were compared. Listening tests with normal-hearing and hearing-impaired persons as well as objective measurements were performed in rooms differing with regard to reverberation and background noise. Furthermore, a number of hearing-impaired persons were interviewed about their experience of the two types of hearing aid. The results show that hearing aids with directional microphones are superior to the conventional aids in a number of situations. The effect of the directional microphone is of particular significance when listening conditions are difficult because of loud background noise. In situations with reverberation and less background noise the difference is less marked. None of the hearing-impaired listeners had observed any particular disadvantages attributable to the lesser sensitivity of directional microphones to sound coming from the rear and to low-frequency sounds.", "PMID": 756087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10230", "title": "A new high-efficiency earmould.", "content": "The problems associated with earmoulds currently used by hearing-impaired persons, particularly children, are outlined. A new type of earmould which combines high efficiency with minimal feedback is described and evaluated.", "contents": "A new high-efficiency earmould. The problems associated with earmoulds currently used by hearing-impaired persons, particularly children, are outlined. A new type of earmould which combines high efficiency with minimal feedback is described and evaluated.", "PMID": 756088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10231", "title": "An investigation into the problems involved in producing efficient ear moulds for children.", "content": "The problems involved in producing efficient ear moulds for children have been examined. It is suggested that materials do exist such that the general quality of ear moulds could be significantly improved. However, manufacturing techniques require modification and a more comprehensive training programme for ear mould technicians is urgently required.", "contents": "An investigation into the problems involved in producing efficient ear moulds for children. The problems involved in producing efficient ear moulds for children have been examined. It is suggested that materials do exist such that the general quality of ear moulds could be significantly improved. However, manufacturing techniques require modification and a more comprehensive training programme for ear mould technicians is urgently required.", "PMID": 756089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10232", "title": "Speech discrimination functions for normal-hearing subjects with AB isophonemic word lists.", "content": "This paper presents normal speech discrimination curves for both children and adults achieved with Arthur Boothroyd's isophonemic word lists--Southampton recording. 7 groups of normally hearing people, 15 subjects in each group, were tested. One of these groups consisted of adults with a mean age of 28.3 years (range 24-36 years) while the remaining six groups consisted of children, the youngest group being 6-years-olds and the oldest 11-year olds. Testing was carried out in a quiet environment using a close circuit arrangement consisting of the taped material presented to each subject via TDH-39 earphones. The mean discrimination scores obtained exhibited good test-retest reliability and the resulting discrimination curves showed the following characteristics: Curve gradient (10-90% discrimination score) varying from 4.2% per dB for 6-year-olds to 5.1% per dB for adults. The Half-Peak Level(HPL) varied from 32 dB for the adults to 37 dB for the 6-year-olds (the dB values relate to the dial readings on the speech audiometer employed).", "contents": "Speech discrimination functions for normal-hearing subjects with AB isophonemic word lists. This paper presents normal speech discrimination curves for both children and adults achieved with Arthur Boothroyd's isophonemic word lists--Southampton recording. 7 groups of normally hearing people, 15 subjects in each group, were tested. One of these groups consisted of adults with a mean age of 28.3 years (range 24-36 years) while the remaining six groups consisted of children, the youngest group being 6-years-olds and the oldest 11-year olds. Testing was carried out in a quiet environment using a close circuit arrangement consisting of the taped material presented to each subject via TDH-39 earphones. The mean discrimination scores obtained exhibited good test-retest reliability and the resulting discrimination curves showed the following characteristics: Curve gradient (10-90% discrimination score) varying from 4.2% per dB for 6-year-olds to 5.1% per dB for adults. The Half-Peak Level(HPL) varied from 32 dB for the adults to 37 dB for the 6-year-olds (the dB values relate to the dial readings on the speech audiometer employed).", "PMID": 756090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10233", "title": "Aspects on personal noise protection.", "content": "Two groups of noise-exposed workers were compared with respect to their use of ear protectors. One group had a severe, noise-induced hearing loss; the other group had normal hearing. Both groups were composed of workers of similar age and total duration noise-exposure. It was found that those with normal hearing had used ear protectors considerably more than those with severe hearing loss. Interestingly, quite a few workers had normal hearing in spite of working in noise for many years without ear protectors. Also, quite a few workers had a severe hearing loss in spite of frequent use of ear protectors. The reasons for not using ear protectors were analysed as also was the condition of the protectors and frequency with which they were replaced. Plastic ear plugs were preferred by 44%, vinyl foam ear plugs by 26%, fibreglass down by 18%, and ear muffs by 11% of the workers. In general, the condition of the ear protectors was good. Surprisingly, one-third of the workers did not use ear protectors, many of them because they had not realized that the environment they worked in had a noise intensity level above the injury risk level.", "contents": "Aspects on personal noise protection. Two groups of noise-exposed workers were compared with respect to their use of ear protectors. One group had a severe, noise-induced hearing loss; the other group had normal hearing. Both groups were composed of workers of similar age and total duration noise-exposure. It was found that those with normal hearing had used ear protectors considerably more than those with severe hearing loss. Interestingly, quite a few workers had normal hearing in spite of working in noise for many years without ear protectors. Also, quite a few workers had a severe hearing loss in spite of frequent use of ear protectors. The reasons for not using ear protectors were analysed as also was the condition of the protectors and frequency with which they were replaced. Plastic ear plugs were preferred by 44%, vinyl foam ear plugs by 26%, fibreglass down by 18%, and ear muffs by 11% of the workers. In general, the condition of the ear protectors was good. Surprisingly, one-third of the workers did not use ear protectors, many of them because they had not realized that the environment they worked in had a noise intensity level above the injury risk level.", "PMID": 756091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10234", "title": "Ovarian and hypothalamic response to sequential increases in the amount of clomiphene administered to the same group of oligomenorrhoeic women.", "content": "Ten patients with oligomenorrhoea were investigated using increasing doses of clomiphene citrate in each cycle. The starting dose was 50 mg on day 1 of the cycle for 5 days and was increased by 50 mg per day for 5 days per cycle, to a maximum dose of 200 mg per day. Urinary total oestrogen concentration was measured on Day 1 to 3, 12 to 14 and on Day 21. Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of immunoreactive LH & FSH on Days 1 to 3 and 12 to 14 and the peripheral venous plasma concentration of immunoreactive progesterone on Day 21 were measured. The response to treatment is discussed in relation to hormone levels in the early follicular phase and to the dose of clomiphene administered. No correlation was found between hormone levels in the early follicular phase and increments in oestrogen and LH concentrations at midcycle. On a low dose regime the increment in FSH at midcycle was significantly greater in patients with a normal FSH concentration in the early follicular phase than in those with a low FSH level at this phase in the cycle. The results of treatment with clomiphene were not changed by an increase in dose from 50 mg to 150 mg but an increase to 200 mg significantly reduced the magnitude of response.", "contents": "Ovarian and hypothalamic response to sequential increases in the amount of clomiphene administered to the same group of oligomenorrhoeic women. Ten patients with oligomenorrhoea were investigated using increasing doses of clomiphene citrate in each cycle. The starting dose was 50 mg on day 1 of the cycle for 5 days and was increased by 50 mg per day for 5 days per cycle, to a maximum dose of 200 mg per day. Urinary total oestrogen concentration was measured on Day 1 to 3, 12 to 14 and on Day 21. Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of immunoreactive LH & FSH on Days 1 to 3 and 12 to 14 and the peripheral venous plasma concentration of immunoreactive progesterone on Day 21 were measured. The response to treatment is discussed in relation to hormone levels in the early follicular phase and to the dose of clomiphene administered. No correlation was found between hormone levels in the early follicular phase and increments in oestrogen and LH concentrations at midcycle. On a low dose regime the increment in FSH at midcycle was significantly greater in patients with a normal FSH concentration in the early follicular phase than in those with a low FSH level at this phase in the cycle. The results of treatment with clomiphene were not changed by an increase in dose from 50 mg to 150 mg but an increase to 200 mg significantly reduced the magnitude of response.", "PMID": 756105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10235", "title": "Plasma and semen androgens in normospermic and dysspermic subjects.", "content": "The seminal and plasmatic concentrations have been examined of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and delta 4-androstenedione in normospermic and dysspermic subjects. The results obtained did not provide evidence of significant differences of androgen levels in fertile, hypofertile and sterile men.", "contents": "Plasma and semen androgens in normospermic and dysspermic subjects. The seminal and plasmatic concentrations have been examined of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and delta 4-androstenedione in normospermic and dysspermic subjects. The results obtained did not provide evidence of significant differences of androgen levels in fertile, hypofertile and sterile men.", "PMID": 756106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10236", "title": "A comparison of the properties of the two portion split ejaculate in normal and in oligospermic subjects.", "content": "The whole ejaculate and a two-portion split ejaculate from each of fifteen normal and seventeen oligospermic men were analysed from sperm density, total sperm population, sperm motility and morphology and seminal plasma fructose. These parameters did not differ significantly between the two fractions. In either group of subjects, although a higher motility was noted in the \"normal\" samples when compared with the corresponding \"Oligo-spermic\" samples, the usefulness of the split ejaculate for the purposes of artificial insemination is questioned.", "contents": "A comparison of the properties of the two portion split ejaculate in normal and in oligospermic subjects. The whole ejaculate and a two-portion split ejaculate from each of fifteen normal and seventeen oligospermic men were analysed from sperm density, total sperm population, sperm motility and morphology and seminal plasma fructose. These parameters did not differ significantly between the two fractions. In either group of subjects, although a higher motility was noted in the \"normal\" samples when compared with the corresponding \"Oligo-spermic\" samples, the usefulness of the split ejaculate for the purposes of artificial insemination is questioned.", "PMID": 756107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10237", "title": "Extraperitoneal translocation of a Copper-T device into the space of Retzius.", "content": "A case of probable cervical perforation and extra-peritoneal migration of a Copper-T device into the space of Retzius is hereby reported. The mechanism of this exceptional kind of translocation, its outcome and the management of the patient are discussed.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal translocation of a Copper-T device into the space of Retzius. A case of probable cervical perforation and extra-peritoneal migration of a Copper-T device into the space of Retzius is hereby reported. The mechanism of this exceptional kind of translocation, its outcome and the management of the patient are discussed.", "PMID": 756108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10238", "title": "The outcome of pregnancy in previously infertile women.", "content": "212 consecutive pregnancies are reviewed in previously infertile women. 96 had conceived following treatment, 21 in a \"rest cycle\" after treatment, 60 during investigations and 35 before investigations were started. There were 25 miscarriages (11.8%), 13 following hormone treatment. There were 7 multiple pregnancies, 2 sets of triplets and 5 sets of twins. The multiple pregnancy rate with Clomiphene was 3.9% and with gonadotrophins 30%. Pregnancy after the first trimester was normal, 82 (44%) were induced, 79% laboured for less than 12 hours. Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in 107 patients (55%), forceps delivery in 34%, breach 5.6% and caesarean section 6.1%. Only 20 babies weighed less than 2500 grams (10.5%) and 168 (88%) had an apgar score greater than 5. These infertile patients were matched with a control group of our normal obstetric population. There was no significant difference between the control and infertile patients except for a higher induction rate (p less than 0.0005) and higher forceps rate (p less than 0.001) in the infertile patients. We conclude that pregnancy following infertility is associated with a higher spontaneous miscarriage rate, but otherwise is normal.", "contents": "The outcome of pregnancy in previously infertile women. 212 consecutive pregnancies are reviewed in previously infertile women. 96 had conceived following treatment, 21 in a \"rest cycle\" after treatment, 60 during investigations and 35 before investigations were started. There were 25 miscarriages (11.8%), 13 following hormone treatment. There were 7 multiple pregnancies, 2 sets of triplets and 5 sets of twins. The multiple pregnancy rate with Clomiphene was 3.9% and with gonadotrophins 30%. Pregnancy after the first trimester was normal, 82 (44%) were induced, 79% laboured for less than 12 hours. Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in 107 patients (55%), forceps delivery in 34%, breach 5.6% and caesarean section 6.1%. Only 20 babies weighed less than 2500 grams (10.5%) and 168 (88%) had an apgar score greater than 5. These infertile patients were matched with a control group of our normal obstetric population. There was no significant difference between the control and infertile patients except for a higher induction rate (p less than 0.0005) and higher forceps rate (p less than 0.001) in the infertile patients. We conclude that pregnancy following infertility is associated with a higher spontaneous miscarriage rate, but otherwise is normal.", "PMID": 756109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10239", "title": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis, PSS); pathophysiological, clinical and pharmacological aspects of the syndrome.", "content": "Scleroderma is an uncommon complex disease. The onset is slow and the progress is chronic. The main pathophysiological changes vary; they affect blood vessels, connective tissue, collagen fibres, cause fibrin deposition and inflammatory reactions. There may be early oedema and a wide spectrum of organic involvement. Clinically, all the fibril-containing and connective tissue organs can be attacked in various degrees. The most common organ manifestations are the Raynaud's phenomenon in the arms and hands, vascular fibrosis, stiff and hard facial skin, restriction of joint movement by pericapsular hardening, calcium deposition and capsular rigidity. In the gastrointestinal tract muscle atrophy, collagen and connective tissue damage are common, especially at the cardia. Malabsorption may occur. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis leads to cor pulmonale and respiratory insufficiency. The liver, kidneys and the endocrine glands are, however, seldom involved. Therapeutic trials have been performed using many different groups of drugs: vasodilatating agents, corticosteroids, drugs found experimentally to influence connective tissue, thyroxine and a variety of anti-rheumatic agents. In the last decade best short-term clinical results have been achieved with penicillamine, some vasodilators, chlorambucil and in recent years with cyclofenil a potent anti-oestrogen, which has marked connective tissue and collagen metabolism influencing properties. Good therapeutic effects without serious side effects have been achieved.", "contents": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis, PSS); pathophysiological, clinical and pharmacological aspects of the syndrome. Scleroderma is an uncommon complex disease. The onset is slow and the progress is chronic. The main pathophysiological changes vary; they affect blood vessels, connective tissue, collagen fibres, cause fibrin deposition and inflammatory reactions. There may be early oedema and a wide spectrum of organic involvement. Clinically, all the fibril-containing and connective tissue organs can be attacked in various degrees. The most common organ manifestations are the Raynaud's phenomenon in the arms and hands, vascular fibrosis, stiff and hard facial skin, restriction of joint movement by pericapsular hardening, calcium deposition and capsular rigidity. In the gastrointestinal tract muscle atrophy, collagen and connective tissue damage are common, especially at the cardia. Malabsorption may occur. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis leads to cor pulmonale and respiratory insufficiency. The liver, kidneys and the endocrine glands are, however, seldom involved. Therapeutic trials have been performed using many different groups of drugs: vasodilatating agents, corticosteroids, drugs found experimentally to influence connective tissue, thyroxine and a variety of anti-rheumatic agents. In the last decade best short-term clinical results have been achieved with penicillamine, some vasodilators, chlorambucil and in recent years with cyclofenil a potent anti-oestrogen, which has marked connective tissue and collagen metabolism influencing properties. Good therapeutic effects without serious side effects have been achieved.", "PMID": 756110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10240", "title": "Influence of tobacco smoking on serum free fatty acid, triglyceride and glucose levels during physical training and post-exertional restitution.", "content": "Studies were carried out on 60 healthy men aged 20--24 years, divided into three groups. Group A (30 persons) performed work on bicycle ergometer in three phases: 420 +/- 90 kpm/min during 6 minutes, 840 +/- 180 kpm/min during 6 minutes and 1260 +/- 270 kpm/min during 6 minutes. Group B (20 persons) performed the same work after smoking 4 cigarettes. In group C (10 persons) the tests were carried out after they had smoked 4 cigarettes, without work load. In each group the serum FFA, TG and glucose levels were determined. It was found that just after the termination of physical exertion preceded by tobacco smoking (group B) FFA and TG concentrations decreased and glucose concentration increased more than in the control group (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.001, respectively). During restitution, the FFA and TG concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and the glucose level was higher (P less than 0.05) than in the group of non-smokers. After tobacco smoking, FFA concentration increased transiently in group C (P less than 0.001); the TG level did not change whereas the glucose level persistently increased (P less than 0.001). The results indicate the better utilization of FFA during physical exertion after previous tobacco smoking.", "contents": "Influence of tobacco smoking on serum free fatty acid, triglyceride and glucose levels during physical training and post-exertional restitution. Studies were carried out on 60 healthy men aged 20--24 years, divided into three groups. Group A (30 persons) performed work on bicycle ergometer in three phases: 420 +/- 90 kpm/min during 6 minutes, 840 +/- 180 kpm/min during 6 minutes and 1260 +/- 270 kpm/min during 6 minutes. Group B (20 persons) performed the same work after smoking 4 cigarettes. In group C (10 persons) the tests were carried out after they had smoked 4 cigarettes, without work load. In each group the serum FFA, TG and glucose levels were determined. It was found that just after the termination of physical exertion preceded by tobacco smoking (group B) FFA and TG concentrations decreased and glucose concentration increased more than in the control group (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.001, respectively). During restitution, the FFA and TG concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and the glucose level was higher (P less than 0.05) than in the group of non-smokers. After tobacco smoking, FFA concentration increased transiently in group C (P less than 0.001); the TG level did not change whereas the glucose level persistently increased (P less than 0.001). The results indicate the better utilization of FFA during physical exertion after previous tobacco smoking.", "PMID": 756111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10241", "title": "The distribution of immunoreactive angiotensins I and II extracted from rat brain.", "content": "A method was developed to measure immunoreactive angiotensin I and II extracted from rat brain tissue. The angiotensin-immunoreactive materials extracted from brain tissue resembled angiotensins I and II in many of their physiochemical properties. The concentration of angiotensin-immunoreactive materials was highest in extracts of pituitary, hypothalamus and thalamus. The concentrations of angiotensin-immunoreactive materials were not decreased in extracts of brain tissue from bilaterally nephrectomized rats. The concentrations of immunoreactive materials in extracts of pituitary far exceed those which could be accounted for by the blood and suggests that these endogenous peptides may regulate the neurosecretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "The distribution of immunoreactive angiotensins I and II extracted from rat brain. A method was developed to measure immunoreactive angiotensin I and II extracted from rat brain tissue. The angiotensin-immunoreactive materials extracted from brain tissue resembled angiotensins I and II in many of their physiochemical properties. The concentration of angiotensin-immunoreactive materials was highest in extracts of pituitary, hypothalamus and thalamus. The concentrations of angiotensin-immunoreactive materials were not decreased in extracts of brain tissue from bilaterally nephrectomized rats. The concentrations of immunoreactive materials in extracts of pituitary far exceed those which could be accounted for by the blood and suggests that these endogenous peptides may regulate the neurosecretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "PMID": 756112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10242", "title": "Pancreatic amylase- and protein-concentrations associated with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis of the liver in rats.", "content": "In cirrhosis of the liver induced in rats by administration of thioacetamide for 8 months, pancreatic amylase and protein concentration and the number of zymogen granules were found to exceed those of the controls. The finding is attributed to a deficient metabolism of enterohormones. The model seems to provide a suitable approach to the study of the hypersecretory state of the pancreas associated with cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "Pancreatic amylase- and protein-concentrations associated with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis of the liver in rats. In cirrhosis of the liver induced in rats by administration of thioacetamide for 8 months, pancreatic amylase and protein concentration and the number of zymogen granules were found to exceed those of the controls. The finding is attributed to a deficient metabolism of enterohormones. The model seems to provide a suitable approach to the study of the hypersecretory state of the pancreas associated with cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 756113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10243", "title": "Acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism in experiment. Comparison of the effect of fibrinolytic and anticoagulant treatment.", "content": "The authors have created a suitable model of a massive pulmonary thromboembolism with autologous blood clots in 38 dogs. The pathophysiological changes were studied, and the effect of the fibrinolytic and anticoagulation treatments were comparatively evaluated. The evaluation was based on angiopulmography, scanning of the lungs, ECG and postmorten findings. The most efficacious was the fibrinolytic treatment, which led to the cure of 4 out of 6 dogs. The heparin therapy was less efficacious. The spontaneous lysis of massive thromboemboli did not manifest itself within 12 hr. These experimental notions helped the authors to attain success in clinical routine, primarily with the fibrinolytic treatment.", "contents": "Acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism in experiment. Comparison of the effect of fibrinolytic and anticoagulant treatment. The authors have created a suitable model of a massive pulmonary thromboembolism with autologous blood clots in 38 dogs. The pathophysiological changes were studied, and the effect of the fibrinolytic and anticoagulation treatments were comparatively evaluated. The evaluation was based on angiopulmography, scanning of the lungs, ECG and postmorten findings. The most efficacious was the fibrinolytic treatment, which led to the cure of 4 out of 6 dogs. The heparin therapy was less efficacious. The spontaneous lysis of massive thromboemboli did not manifest itself within 12 hr. These experimental notions helped the authors to attain success in clinical routine, primarily with the fibrinolytic treatment.", "PMID": 756114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10244", "title": "Effect of immobilisation on the catecholamine- and histamine-induced responses of blood pressure and pulse rate in rats adapted to swimming and in controls.", "content": "Blood pressure and pulse rate responses to noradrenaline, isoproterenol and histamine were studied in restrained albino rats adapted to swimming and in controls. In the early phase of immobilization blood pressure remained stable but fell then abruptly to a lower level. The pulse rate showed a time-related exponential decline which was of lesser degree in the animals adapted to swimming. The amplitude of the response to noradrenaline increased during the four hours of immobilisation, in opposition to the histamine and isoproterenol-induced responses which showed no time-related changes. No differences between the trained animals and the controls were demonstrable for noradrenaline and histamine, while the isoproterenol-induced responses differed also during immobilisation. The comparatively slow decline of pulse rate in the trained animals is primarily attributed to the increased resistance of the trained heart, and the difference in the isoproterenol-induced responses is connected with an enhanced responsiveness of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the trained organism.", "contents": "Effect of immobilisation on the catecholamine- and histamine-induced responses of blood pressure and pulse rate in rats adapted to swimming and in controls. Blood pressure and pulse rate responses to noradrenaline, isoproterenol and histamine were studied in restrained albino rats adapted to swimming and in controls. In the early phase of immobilization blood pressure remained stable but fell then abruptly to a lower level. The pulse rate showed a time-related exponential decline which was of lesser degree in the animals adapted to swimming. The amplitude of the response to noradrenaline increased during the four hours of immobilisation, in opposition to the histamine and isoproterenol-induced responses which showed no time-related changes. No differences between the trained animals and the controls were demonstrable for noradrenaline and histamine, while the isoproterenol-induced responses differed also during immobilisation. The comparatively slow decline of pulse rate in the trained animals is primarily attributed to the increased resistance of the trained heart, and the difference in the isoproterenol-induced responses is connected with an enhanced responsiveness of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the trained organism.", "PMID": 756115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10245", "title": "[The dependability of noninvasive stroke volume measurements with impedance cardiography].", "content": "In 33 patients 110 comparative measurements of stroke volume were performed by the thermodilution method and impedance cardiography during rest and various hemodynamic interventions. Agreement was moderate not allowing accurate estimation of the stroke volume in an individual patient. However, impedance cardiography proved useful in predicting acute changes in stroke volume or cardiac output exceeding 10% of control values.", "contents": "[The dependability of noninvasive stroke volume measurements with impedance cardiography]. In 33 patients 110 comparative measurements of stroke volume were performed by the thermodilution method and impedance cardiography during rest and various hemodynamic interventions. Agreement was moderate not allowing accurate estimation of the stroke volume in an individual patient. However, impedance cardiography proved useful in predicting acute changes in stroke volume or cardiac output exceeding 10% of control values.", "PMID": 756116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10246", "title": "[Two-dimensional echocardiography--experiences in an internal medicine department of a 750 bed hospital].", "content": "Mechanical sector scanning in echocardiography achieves two-dimensional imaging of the heart at a fairly good resolution and at reasonable cost. A few diagnoses can immediately be made off the screen without recording the M-mode. Quantitation of movements is possible, however rather time-consuming without automatic data processing. The experience with the application of the device in a medium-size hospital over 2 years shows that with proper selection approximately 10% of patients in a department of Internal Medicine will benefit from this diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional echocardiography--experiences in an internal medicine department of a 750 bed hospital]. Mechanical sector scanning in echocardiography achieves two-dimensional imaging of the heart at a fairly good resolution and at reasonable cost. A few diagnoses can immediately be made off the screen without recording the M-mode. Quantitation of movements is possible, however rather time-consuming without automatic data processing. The experience with the application of the device in a medium-size hospital over 2 years shows that with proper selection approximately 10% of patients in a department of Internal Medicine will benefit from this diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 756117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10247", "title": "[Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular function during isometric muscle exertion and the Valsalva maneuver].", "content": "Left ventricular dimensions and function were estimated in 11 healthy volunteers by means of echocardiography during isometric exercise and the Valsalva manoeuvre. Isometric exercise induces a rise of heart rate and Vcf by 14% and of cardiac output as well as of the cardiac index by 12%. Stroke volume remains unchanged. During Valsalva's manoeuvre a marked decrease in left ventricular dimensions is observed. A reduction of the stroke volume by 29% was not compensated by increasing heart rate. However, cardiac output and cardiac index is found 10% below control values.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular function during isometric muscle exertion and the Valsalva maneuver]. Left ventricular dimensions and function were estimated in 11 healthy volunteers by means of echocardiography during isometric exercise and the Valsalva manoeuvre. Isometric exercise induces a rise of heart rate and Vcf by 14% and of cardiac output as well as of the cardiac index by 12%. Stroke volume remains unchanged. During Valsalva's manoeuvre a marked decrease in left ventricular dimensions is observed. A reduction of the stroke volume by 29% was not compensated by increasing heart rate. However, cardiac output and cardiac index is found 10% below control values.", "PMID": 756118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10248", "title": "[Clinical signs, echocardiography and angiocardiography in mitral valve prolapse].", "content": "In a review, clinical, phonocardiographic and cardioangiographic findings in mitral valve prolaps syndrome are discussed. Echocardiography is recommended as a noninvasive screening method for the diagnosis of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Clinical signs, echocardiography and angiocardiography in mitral valve prolapse]. In a review, clinical, phonocardiographic and cardioangiographic findings in mitral valve prolaps syndrome are discussed. Echocardiography is recommended as a noninvasive screening method for the diagnosis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 756119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10249", "title": "[Noninvasive determination of myocardial function in infarct patients].", "content": "In a prospective study, the regional ventricular function was assessed by cross sectional echocardiography in 22 patients with coronary heart disease. When compared with angiocardiography, cross sectional echocardiography has proven to be a valuable tool for the evaluation of regional ventricular function.", "contents": "[Noninvasive determination of myocardial function in infarct patients]. In a prospective study, the regional ventricular function was assessed by cross sectional echocardiography in 22 patients with coronary heart disease. When compared with angiocardiography, cross sectional echocardiography has proven to be a valuable tool for the evaluation of regional ventricular function.", "PMID": 756120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10250", "title": "[Diagnosis of extracranial carotid stenoses using the Doppler sonography].", "content": "Percutaneous measurements by Doppler ultrasound techniques over the supratrochlear, supraorbital, common carotid and internal carotid arteries may detect the presence of a stenosis in the internal carotid artery between the bifurcation and the branching of the ophthalmic artery. Out of 550 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound 111 patients underwent carotid angiography and the angiographic data were compared with the noninvasive results. The diagnostic accuracy was 91% in cases with stenoses greater than 50% and occlusion; in cases with stenoses of greater than 50% it was 86%. Occlusions could always be verified. Doppler ultrasound is very valuable for follow-up examinations after reconstructive procedures of the internal carotid artery. In 70 patients we were able to document objectively cases by pre- and postoperative examinations.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of extracranial carotid stenoses using the Doppler sonography]. Percutaneous measurements by Doppler ultrasound techniques over the supratrochlear, supraorbital, common carotid and internal carotid arteries may detect the presence of a stenosis in the internal carotid artery between the bifurcation and the branching of the ophthalmic artery. Out of 550 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound 111 patients underwent carotid angiography and the angiographic data were compared with the noninvasive results. The diagnostic accuracy was 91% in cases with stenoses greater than 50% and occlusion; in cases with stenoses of greater than 50% it was 86%. Occlusions could always be verified. Doppler ultrasound is very valuable for follow-up examinations after reconstructive procedures of the internal carotid artery. In 70 patients we were able to document objectively cases by pre- and postoperative examinations.", "PMID": 756121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10251", "title": "[Inactivation of implanted demand pacemaker through external stimulation].", "content": "External chest wall stimulation was performed in 87 patients in order to overdrive and thereby suppress the implanted pacemaker. The impossibility to inactivate the implanted pacer suggested a disturbed \"sensing\" function in 12 patients. Marked changes of the escape rhythm were found in 77 patients with suppressable pacemaker when compared with the tracings before pacemaker implantation. Increasing degree of A-V block or marked changes in heart rate were observed in 14 of 35 cases with advanced A-V block. Minor alterations were noted in cases with sick sinus syndrome and atrial fibrillation. Overdrive suppression is a helpful method for the selection of pacemaker dependent patients.", "contents": "[Inactivation of implanted demand pacemaker through external stimulation]. External chest wall stimulation was performed in 87 patients in order to overdrive and thereby suppress the implanted pacemaker. The impossibility to inactivate the implanted pacer suggested a disturbed \"sensing\" function in 12 patients. Marked changes of the escape rhythm were found in 77 patients with suppressable pacemaker when compared with the tracings before pacemaker implantation. Increasing degree of A-V block or marked changes in heart rate were observed in 14 of 35 cases with advanced A-V block. Minor alterations were noted in cases with sick sinus syndrome and atrial fibrillation. Overdrive suppression is a helpful method for the selection of pacemaker dependent patients.", "PMID": 756122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10252", "title": "[Lorcainid--electrophysiologic examinations of a new anti-arrhythmia agent].", "content": "The electrophysiologic properties of Lorcainide (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) were studied on 21 patients by intracardiac electrograms and atrial stimulation. A prolongation of the H-V interval, widening of QRS duration but only minor changes in A-H interval were found. The effective refractory period of the atria increased, the effective and functional refractory periods of the A-V node changed variable following Lorcainide. There was a slight increase in heart rate and the sinus node recovery time was longer after 2.5 mg/kg of the drug. The major site of action of Lorcainide in man appears to be the His-Purkinje system. In electrophysiologic terms the new antiarrhythmic agent closely resembles Aprindine.", "contents": "[Lorcainid--electrophysiologic examinations of a new anti-arrhythmia agent]. The electrophysiologic properties of Lorcainide (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) were studied on 21 patients by intracardiac electrograms and atrial stimulation. A prolongation of the H-V interval, widening of QRS duration but only minor changes in A-H interval were found. The effective refractory period of the atria increased, the effective and functional refractory periods of the A-V node changed variable following Lorcainide. There was a slight increase in heart rate and the sinus node recovery time was longer after 2.5 mg/kg of the drug. The major site of action of Lorcainide in man appears to be the His-Purkinje system. In electrophysiologic terms the new antiarrhythmic agent closely resembles Aprindine.", "PMID": 756123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10253", "title": "[Prophylaxis of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias on the basis of electrophysiologic examinations].", "content": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT) were classified with regard to electrophysiologic criteria in 12 cases. In 6 patients the reentry circuit of the PSVT involved a concealed accessory connection, in 6 patients the reentry circuit was confined to the A-V node. Different antiarrhythmic drugs were administered orally over a 4 week period, the frequency of attacks and possible side effects were recorded. In patients with accessory pathway metoprolol (n = 3), ajmalin (n = 3), Aprindine (n = 1) and verapamil (n = 1) prevented the occurrence of PSVT. Verapamil, Ro 11-1781, metoprolol and digitalis were effective in A-V nodal reentry. PSVT could be prevented in all but one patient by at least one drug.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias on the basis of electrophysiologic examinations]. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT) were classified with regard to electrophysiologic criteria in 12 cases. In 6 patients the reentry circuit of the PSVT involved a concealed accessory connection, in 6 patients the reentry circuit was confined to the A-V node. Different antiarrhythmic drugs were administered orally over a 4 week period, the frequency of attacks and possible side effects were recorded. In patients with accessory pathway metoprolol (n = 3), ajmalin (n = 3), Aprindine (n = 1) and verapamil (n = 1) prevented the occurrence of PSVT. Verapamil, Ro 11-1781, metoprolol and digitalis were effective in A-V nodal reentry. PSVT could be prevented in all but one patient by at least one drug.", "PMID": 756124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10254", "title": "[Nuclear medicine diagnosis of lung embolism through the combined perfusion-ventilation scintigraphy].", "content": "Perfusion lung scanning has improved the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Additional ventilation scanning has decreased the number of false positive results, considerably. The incidence of pulmonary embolism, demonstrated by combined perfusion ventilation scanning, in our patients with phlebothrombosis, comprised 54%.", "contents": "[Nuclear medicine diagnosis of lung embolism through the combined perfusion-ventilation scintigraphy]. Perfusion lung scanning has improved the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Additional ventilation scanning has decreased the number of false positive results, considerably. The incidence of pulmonary embolism, demonstrated by combined perfusion ventilation scanning, in our patients with phlebothrombosis, comprised 54%.", "PMID": 756126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10255", "title": "[Clinical importance of liver and pancreas scintigraphy].", "content": "The value of liver scanning is evaluated by comparison with computerised tomography and sonographic examination. For differential diagnosis of hepatic and posthepatic ikterus in patients with elevated serum bilirubin levels hepatobiliary scanning with 131 J-Rose Bengal or 131 J-Bromsulphan, is recommended. Pancreatic 75-Se-Methionin scanning, is of limited diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of liver and pancreas scintigraphy]. The value of liver scanning is evaluated by comparison with computerised tomography and sonographic examination. For differential diagnosis of hepatic and posthepatic ikterus in patients with elevated serum bilirubin levels hepatobiliary scanning with 131 J-Rose Bengal or 131 J-Bromsulphan, is recommended. Pancreatic 75-Se-Methionin scanning, is of limited diagnostic value.", "PMID": 756127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10256", "title": "[Scintigraphy of the adrenal glands].", "content": "The use of 6 beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol as an adrenal imaging agent instead of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol has improved the szintigraphic visualization of the adrenals and radiation safety as well. Best results are obtained with respectively unilateral changes of the adrenals or with steroid producing tumors. Pheochromocytomas are diagnosed by decreased uptake of iodinated cholesterol by the adrenals. Possible therapeutic application of radiocholesterol in steroid producing tumors of the adrenals is discussed.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy of the adrenal glands]. The use of 6 beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol as an adrenal imaging agent instead of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol has improved the szintigraphic visualization of the adrenals and radiation safety as well. Best results are obtained with respectively unilateral changes of the adrenals or with steroid producing tumors. Pheochromocytomas are diagnosed by decreased uptake of iodinated cholesterol by the adrenals. Possible therapeutic application of radiocholesterol in steroid producing tumors of the adrenals is discussed.", "PMID": 756128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10257", "title": "[Radiation protection of the patient in nuclear medicine].", "content": "More emphasis should be put on radiation protection since the use of radioisotope- and X-ray procedures for the patient evaluation is steadily increasing. In adults carcinogenesis is the major risk factor. Because of the high sensitivity of the fetus to ionizing radiation special precautions are necessary for the use of radioisotopes in females in the reproductive age. Careful consideration of the benefit of investigations with radioisotopes is considered as the most effective radiation protection measurement.", "contents": "[Radiation protection of the patient in nuclear medicine]. More emphasis should be put on radiation protection since the use of radioisotope- and X-ray procedures for the patient evaluation is steadily increasing. In adults carcinogenesis is the major risk factor. Because of the high sensitivity of the fetus to ionizing radiation special precautions are necessary for the use of radioisotopes in females in the reproductive age. Careful consideration of the benefit of investigations with radioisotopes is considered as the most effective radiation protection measurement.", "PMID": 756129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10258", "title": "[Steroid receptors--their meaning in the treatment of breast neoplasms].", "content": "Quantitation of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer has contributed to a better understanding of the prognosis of hormone treatment. In case of lymph node involvement adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated in estrogen receptor negative tumours. In patients with positive estrogen receptor pattern, hormone treatment eventually combined with chemotherapy is recommended. Comparable results are found after treatment with antiestrogens, side-effects, however, are found less frequently.", "contents": "[Steroid receptors--their meaning in the treatment of breast neoplasms]. Quantitation of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer has contributed to a better understanding of the prognosis of hormone treatment. In case of lymph node involvement adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated in estrogen receptor negative tumours. In patients with positive estrogen receptor pattern, hormone treatment eventually combined with chemotherapy is recommended. Comparable results are found after treatment with antiestrogens, side-effects, however, are found less frequently.", "PMID": 756130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10259", "title": "[Therapeutic progress in malignant testicular neoplasms].", "content": "Besides the progress of surgical and radiological regimens it is a new approach in cytostatic chemotherapy which has improved the prognosis of testicular tumours. Combination chemotherapy results in a 70 to 100% remission rate and a prolonged duration of survival.", "contents": "[Therapeutic progress in malignant testicular neoplasms]. Besides the progress of surgical and radiological regimens it is a new approach in cytostatic chemotherapy which has improved the prognosis of testicular tumours. Combination chemotherapy results in a 70 to 100% remission rate and a prolonged duration of survival.", "PMID": 756131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10260", "title": "[Determination of the tumor cell mass and its significance as a parameter for prognosis and therapy in patients with multiple myeloma].", "content": "In 19 patients with multiple myeloma tumor cell mass was determined. In addition the influence of tumor cell number on certain clinical parameters as well as on survival time has been analysed. In some patients the behaviour of tumor cell number in the course of different therapeutic regimen was studied. A close correlation between tumor cell mass on the one side and certain clinical parameters as well es more objective rationale for planning further therapy regimen can be obtained with the application of this method.", "contents": "[Determination of the tumor cell mass and its significance as a parameter for prognosis and therapy in patients with multiple myeloma]. In 19 patients with multiple myeloma tumor cell mass was determined. In addition the influence of tumor cell number on certain clinical parameters as well as on survival time has been analysed. In some patients the behaviour of tumor cell number in the course of different therapeutic regimen was studied. A close correlation between tumor cell mass on the one side and certain clinical parameters as well es more objective rationale for planning further therapy regimen can be obtained with the application of this method.", "PMID": 756132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10261", "title": "[Serum ferritin- diagnostic and clinical significance].", "content": "The immunoradiometric measurement of ferritin--a major iron storage protein, in serum, provides a new precise method for determination of storage iron with good clinical evaluation. There is a positive correlation between serum ferritin and other direct or indirect parameters of storage iron. In clinical practice determination of serum ferritin is important in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, for rheumatoid arthritis, normal and pathological pregnancy and as controls for therapy in iron deficiency, or iron overload.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin- diagnostic and clinical significance]. The immunoradiometric measurement of ferritin--a major iron storage protein, in serum, provides a new precise method for determination of storage iron with good clinical evaluation. There is a positive correlation between serum ferritin and other direct or indirect parameters of storage iron. In clinical practice determination of serum ferritin is important in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, for rheumatoid arthritis, normal and pathological pregnancy and as controls for therapy in iron deficiency, or iron overload.", "PMID": 756133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10262", "title": "[Lung irrigation].", "content": "A segmental bronchus is washed with normal saline solution by bronchoscopy. The lavage fluid is collected by aspiration. Lavage is performed to obtain free cells (lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages) for cell culture and specimens for immunological investigations.", "contents": "[Lung irrigation]. A segmental bronchus is washed with normal saline solution by bronchoscopy. The lavage fluid is collected by aspiration. Lavage is performed to obtain free cells (lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages) for cell culture and specimens for immunological investigations.", "PMID": 756134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10263", "title": "[Determination of maximal aerobic capacity using simple ergometry in various training conditions].", "content": "Exercise tests were performed in 21 competition rowers, before and after a 4 month training period. The significance of differences in VO2, VT, and specific ventilation (Sp. V) at equal work loads, were tested. The influence of the relative VO2 Trel VO20 = VO2/kg BW) on the correlation between maximal workload (Wmax) and VO2 max, was investigated. The VO2 at all workloads, showed a highly significant increase after the period of training. Multiple linear regression analysis, demonstrates an increase of the correlation coefficient from r = 0,65 (single) to R = 0,95 (multiple). The precision of estimation concerning maximal exercise, improves considerably when rel. VO2 is taken into account, as well as, Wmax. The rel. VO2max as a parameter for the state of training can be estimated from an exact training history (total amount of training with direct cardiopulmonary influence = endurance type of training). Combined with Wmax this training history can be included into the multiple regression equation VO2max - 1060 + 6.3 Wmax + 57.3 rel. VO2max. By these means, including ergometry and the training history, even a practicing internist can to a fair estent estimate the capacity for sport.", "contents": "[Determination of maximal aerobic capacity using simple ergometry in various training conditions]. Exercise tests were performed in 21 competition rowers, before and after a 4 month training period. The significance of differences in VO2, VT, and specific ventilation (Sp. V) at equal work loads, were tested. The influence of the relative VO2 Trel VO20 = VO2/kg BW) on the correlation between maximal workload (Wmax) and VO2 max, was investigated. The VO2 at all workloads, showed a highly significant increase after the period of training. Multiple linear regression analysis, demonstrates an increase of the correlation coefficient from r = 0,65 (single) to R = 0,95 (multiple). The precision of estimation concerning maximal exercise, improves considerably when rel. VO2 is taken into account, as well as, Wmax. The rel. VO2max as a parameter for the state of training can be estimated from an exact training history (total amount of training with direct cardiopulmonary influence = endurance type of training). Combined with Wmax this training history can be included into the multiple regression equation VO2max - 1060 + 6.3 Wmax + 57.3 rel. VO2max. By these means, including ergometry and the training history, even a practicing internist can to a fair estent estimate the capacity for sport.", "PMID": 756135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10264", "title": "The null allele in the horse esterase (Es) system detected by enzyme assay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in heterozygous animals.", "content": "The detection of the recessive null allele of horse serum esterase (Es) is possible in heterozygotes Es+/EsO which by starch gel electrophoresis appear like homozygotes Es+/Es+. Two methods are proposed, the titration of enzymatic activity of esterase and the immunochemical titration of esterase as antigen. These methods can be applied to solve the cases of suspect parentage or in population studies.", "contents": "The null allele in the horse esterase (Es) system detected by enzyme assay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in heterozygous animals. The detection of the recessive null allele of horse serum esterase (Es) is possible in heterozygotes Es+/EsO which by starch gel electrophoresis appear like homozygotes Es+/Es+. Two methods are proposed, the titration of enzymatic activity of esterase and the immunochemical titration of esterase as antigen. These methods can be applied to solve the cases of suspect parentage or in population studies.", "PMID": 756141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10265", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of horse serum esterase isozymes and detection of new phenotypes.", "content": "A new method for separating the isozymes of horse serum esterase is described. The improved resolution has enabled us to detect several previously undescribed phenotypes. This method has also been used to detect two different apparently 'silent' alleles.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of horse serum esterase isozymes and detection of new phenotypes. A new method for separating the isozymes of horse serum esterase is described. The improved resolution has enabled us to detect several previously undescribed phenotypes. This method has also been used to detect two different apparently 'silent' alleles.", "PMID": 756142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10266", "title": "Inheritance of adenosine deaminase variants in chickens and turkeys.", "content": "Blood cell lysates of chickens and turkeys were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and the gels were stained for adenosine deaminase. Two zones were observed singly or together in the electrophoretic patterns of each lysate. Zones of chicken lysates were analogous in electrophoretic mobility to those of turkeys. An extra zone which appeared in patterns of a sample stored over one month was not detected in patterns of a second aliquot of stored sample treated with a reducing agent prior to electrophoresis. Family data involving 110 chicken progeny and 221 turkey progeny supported the hypothesis that these zones were controlled by two codominant alleles designated ADAA and ADAB. In the two Leghorn strains studied ADAB was much more frequent than ADAA, but the frequency distribution was reversed in the Small White turkey strain examined.", "contents": "Inheritance of adenosine deaminase variants in chickens and turkeys. Blood cell lysates of chickens and turkeys were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and the gels were stained for adenosine deaminase. Two zones were observed singly or together in the electrophoretic patterns of each lysate. Zones of chicken lysates were analogous in electrophoretic mobility to those of turkeys. An extra zone which appeared in patterns of a sample stored over one month was not detected in patterns of a second aliquot of stored sample treated with a reducing agent prior to electrophoresis. Family data involving 110 chicken progeny and 221 turkey progeny supported the hypothesis that these zones were controlled by two codominant alleles designated ADAA and ADAB. In the two Leghorn strains studied ADAB was much more frequent than ADAA, but the frequency distribution was reversed in the Small White turkey strain examined.", "PMID": 756143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10267", "title": "Protein variation in the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana.", "content": "Seventeen enzyme loci have been assayed for electrophoretically detectable variation in a population of the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Mean heterozygosity is 0.120 +/- 0.033. In a comparison involving thirteen enzymes there is a significant correlation between heterozygosity in S. plana and Mytilus edulis and a suggestion of lower mean heterozygosity in S. plana. These findings are discussed in relation to current theories concerning the selective significance of protein variation.", "contents": "Protein variation in the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Seventeen enzyme loci have been assayed for electrophoretically detectable variation in a population of the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Mean heterozygosity is 0.120 +/- 0.033. In a comparison involving thirteen enzymes there is a significant correlation between heterozygosity in S. plana and Mytilus edulis and a suggestion of lower mean heterozygosity in S. plana. These findings are discussed in relation to current theories concerning the selective significance of protein variation.", "PMID": 756144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10268", "title": "Further studies on sheep polymorphic erythrocyte diaphorase.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis of sheep hemolysates revealed anodically faster, polymorphic NADH/NADPH diaphorase (Dia1) and slower NADH diaphorase (Dia2). Frequencies of alleles Dial F and Dial S for six sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia are given and efficacy for parentage control is discussed. A heterogeneity in Dia2 is caused by a prolonged storage of samples.", "contents": "Further studies on sheep polymorphic erythrocyte diaphorase. Starch gel electrophoresis of sheep hemolysates revealed anodically faster, polymorphic NADH/NADPH diaphorase (Dia1) and slower NADH diaphorase (Dia2). Frequencies of alleles Dial F and Dial S for six sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia are given and efficacy for parentage control is discussed. A heterogeneity in Dia2 is caused by a prolonged storage of samples.", "PMID": 756145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10269", "title": "Contribution and suggestions of the \"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0\" to the sanitary veterinary activity in Italy.", "content": "The general functions and organization of the \"Istituto Superiore, di Sanit\u00e0\" are described. A list of the Laboratories into which the Institute is organized is given together with their functions. Special attention is given to the Veterinary Laboratory, with a discussion on the provisions needed to enable it to perform all its duties.", "contents": "Contribution and suggestions of the \"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0\" to the sanitary veterinary activity in Italy. The general functions and organization of the \"Istituto Superiore, di Sanit\u00e0\" are described. A list of the Laboratories into which the Institute is organized is given together with their functions. Special attention is given to the Veterinary Laboratory, with a discussion on the provisions needed to enable it to perform all its duties.", "PMID": 756149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10270", "title": "Identification of the problems: proceedings of the WHO Expert Consultation on Some Veterinary Public Health Problems.", "content": "The growing development of intensive large-scale animal production units has become an essential and unavoidable trend in both the socialist and non-socialist agro-industries. This in turn has led to an increase in the risks to human and animal health because of the unique characteristics of these units. From the public health point of view surveillance should focus on four major areas: 1) the zoonoses; 2) chemical residues; 3) environmental pollution; 4) occupational diseases. The paper elaborates on these points and discusses practical action to be taken at the planning level to minimize the health risks.", "contents": "Identification of the problems: proceedings of the WHO Expert Consultation on Some Veterinary Public Health Problems. The growing development of intensive large-scale animal production units has become an essential and unavoidable trend in both the socialist and non-socialist agro-industries. This in turn has led to an increase in the risks to human and animal health because of the unique characteristics of these units. From the public health point of view surveillance should focus on four major areas: 1) the zoonoses; 2) chemical residues; 3) environmental pollution; 4) occupational diseases. The paper elaborates on these points and discusses practical action to be taken at the planning level to minimize the health risks.", "PMID": 756150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10271", "title": "Integrated multidisciplinary environmental approach to the study of taeniasis and echinococcosis.", "content": "Different factors concerning the integrated multidisciplinary environmental approach to the study of taeniasis and echinococcosis are discussed with special reference to the practical implications in their control, mainly in East Africa.", "contents": "Integrated multidisciplinary environmental approach to the study of taeniasis and echinococcosis. Different factors concerning the integrated multidisciplinary environmental approach to the study of taeniasis and echinococcosis are discussed with special reference to the practical implications in their control, mainly in East Africa.", "PMID": 756152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10272", "title": "Notes on the use of animals for monitoring of human health hazards.", "content": "Motivations and perequisites for the use of animals for monitoring human health hazards are discussed. Tetanus, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis and fluorine and lead intoxications are reported as examples.", "contents": "Notes on the use of animals for monitoring of human health hazards. Motivations and perequisites for the use of animals for monitoring human health hazards are discussed. Tetanus, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis and fluorine and lead intoxications are reported as examples.", "PMID": 756153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10273", "title": "Occupational diseases associated with animal industry with special reference to the influence of the techniques of animal maintenance.", "content": "The health problems which may involve farm workers are discussed and classified as: 1) diseases of mechanical origin; 2) diseases of environmental origin; 3) infection diseases (a) contracted from the environment; (b) contracted from animals); 4) social and psychological problems. The transmission of diseases from farm workers to animals has been outlined. The AA. conclude by stressing that the techniques that assure good farm profit coincide with the prevention of occupational diseases in farm workers.", "contents": "Occupational diseases associated with animal industry with special reference to the influence of the techniques of animal maintenance. The health problems which may involve farm workers are discussed and classified as: 1) diseases of mechanical origin; 2) diseases of environmental origin; 3) infection diseases (a) contracted from the environment; (b) contracted from animals); 4) social and psychological problems. The transmission of diseases from farm workers to animals has been outlined. The AA. conclude by stressing that the techniques that assure good farm profit coincide with the prevention of occupational diseases in farm workers.", "PMID": 756154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10274", "title": "Problems associated with the coexistence of man and animals in urban areas.", "content": "The different aspects of the coexistence of man and animals in towns are discussed. The animals living in urban areas are classified as: a) Pets; b) Synanthropic, appreciated by man: c) Synanthropic, disregarded by man; d) Synanthropic, disliked by man. The detrimental effects are: a) Transmission of diseases; b) Bites, scratches and other lesions; c) Animal wastes; d) Noise; e) Use of feeds, medicines, etc.; f) Abandoned animals. The positive effects are: a) Ecological balance; b) Animals and mental health; c) Other positive aspects. A positive solution of the problem is sought which avoids both the zoomaniac and the zoophobic attitudes.", "contents": "Problems associated with the coexistence of man and animals in urban areas. The different aspects of the coexistence of man and animals in towns are discussed. The animals living in urban areas are classified as: a) Pets; b) Synanthropic, appreciated by man: c) Synanthropic, disregarded by man; d) Synanthropic, disliked by man. The detrimental effects are: a) Transmission of diseases; b) Bites, scratches and other lesions; c) Animal wastes; d) Noise; e) Use of feeds, medicines, etc.; f) Abandoned animals. The positive effects are: a) Ecological balance; b) Animals and mental health; c) Other positive aspects. A positive solution of the problem is sought which avoids both the zoomaniac and the zoophobic attitudes.", "PMID": 756155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10275", "title": "Health risks associated with animals in different types of urban areas: present status and new ecological conditions due to urbanization.", "content": "For different reasons urban areas are colonized by numerous animal groups. From the aspect of the incidence of zoonoses the following animal groups are primarily significant: 1) food-producing animals; 2) pets; 3) synanthropic mammals; 4) synanthropic birds; 5) synanthropic arthropods. Certain species live in central parts of urban areas which the A. attempts to classify, and particularly in suburban areas which serve for recreation of town inhabitants. From the aspect of the occurrence of different animal species the A. points out the significance of various parts of urban agglomerations.", "contents": "Health risks associated with animals in different types of urban areas: present status and new ecological conditions due to urbanization. For different reasons urban areas are colonized by numerous animal groups. From the aspect of the incidence of zoonoses the following animal groups are primarily significant: 1) food-producing animals; 2) pets; 3) synanthropic mammals; 4) synanthropic birds; 5) synanthropic arthropods. Certain species live in central parts of urban areas which the A. attempts to classify, and particularly in suburban areas which serve for recreation of town inhabitants. From the aspect of the occurrence of different animal species the A. points out the significance of various parts of urban agglomerations.", "PMID": 756156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10276", "title": "Special problems of zoonoses connected with urban areas.", "content": "The following items are discussed: 1) Zoonoses with an urban cycle: a) Salmonellosis; b) Dermatophytozoonoses; c) Toxoplasmosis; d) Larva migrans visceralis; 3) Flea and tick infections; f) Zoonoses of cities located on lakes, rivers and the sea. 2) Animalization of the urban environment. 3) Zoonoses which may be transferred from the rural to the urban environment: a) Rural zoonoses transmitted to urban animals; b) Rural zoonoses transmitted to man in cities. 4) Zoonoses which may be transmitted from the urban to the rural environment.", "contents": "Special problems of zoonoses connected with urban areas. The following items are discussed: 1) Zoonoses with an urban cycle: a) Salmonellosis; b) Dermatophytozoonoses; c) Toxoplasmosis; d) Larva migrans visceralis; 3) Flea and tick infections; f) Zoonoses of cities located on lakes, rivers and the sea. 2) Animalization of the urban environment. 3) Zoonoses which may be transferred from the rural to the urban environment: a) Rural zoonoses transmitted to urban animals; b) Rural zoonoses transmitted to man in cities. 4) Zoonoses which may be transmitted from the urban to the rural environment.", "PMID": 756157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10277", "title": "Naturally infected dog droppings from public parks and playgrounds as a possible source of infections with Salmonellae and helminths.", "content": "In two periods (spring/summer and autumn/winter) investigations for salmonellae and helminths were made with 300 naturally infected dog droppings each. In the first period 10.33% of the collected fecal samples had been infected with salmonellae of 10 different serovars. Eggs of Taxascaris leonina were found in 3.33%, eggs of Toxocara canis in 4.33%, taeniid eggs in 1.67% and Ancylostomatides in 3.33% of examined droppings. The investigations in the autumn/winter period showed 9% fecal samples infected with salmonellae of 11 different serovars. 5% fecal specimens contained eggs of T. canis, 2% eggs of T. leonina, 0.33% eggs of Taenia spp. and Ancylostomatidae made up to 2%.", "contents": "Naturally infected dog droppings from public parks and playgrounds as a possible source of infections with Salmonellae and helminths. In two periods (spring/summer and autumn/winter) investigations for salmonellae and helminths were made with 300 naturally infected dog droppings each. In the first period 10.33% of the collected fecal samples had been infected with salmonellae of 10 different serovars. Eggs of Taxascaris leonina were found in 3.33%, eggs of Toxocara canis in 4.33%, taeniid eggs in 1.67% and Ancylostomatides in 3.33% of examined droppings. The investigations in the autumn/winter period showed 9% fecal samples infected with salmonellae of 11 different serovars. 5% fecal specimens contained eggs of T. canis, 2% eggs of T. leonina, 0.33% eggs of Taenia spp. and Ancylostomatidae made up to 2%.", "PMID": 756158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10278", "title": "Veterinary public health activities aimed at prevention of intoxications by chemical residues in foods of animal origin. Suggestions for inspection programmes.", "content": "Practically all today's raw agricultural products have been treated or exposed to one or more agricultural chemicals or veterinary products, in order to increase food production. A tremendous amount of work has been done by veterinarians in coping with diseases and health risks due to microorganisms, parasites and other agents of biological origin. There is no doubt that veterinary services, research and educational institutions have a long and successful tradition also in dealing with problems of chemicals associated with animal and food production, processing, transportation, storage and distribution. Due to the increasing quantity and large numbers of chemicals now used in animal production and related fields, it has however become indispensable to broaden and intensify the education and training of veterinarians, as well as to ensure their participation in all sectors of this field. Veterinarians should be fully involved in the surveillance, prevention and control of intoxications by chemical residues. They are well qualified to do this. They are working continuously in the areas where exposure to animals and food may occur, possess adequate knowledge of the routes of entry of such chemicals into food chains, the fate of their residues, the health hazards involved, as well as of the toxicology, pathology, pathophysiology, and food hygiene and technology. Residues present an enormous challenge for surveillance, prevention and control in agriculture, food processing and related activities.", "contents": "Veterinary public health activities aimed at prevention of intoxications by chemical residues in foods of animal origin. Suggestions for inspection programmes. Practically all today's raw agricultural products have been treated or exposed to one or more agricultural chemicals or veterinary products, in order to increase food production. A tremendous amount of work has been done by veterinarians in coping with diseases and health risks due to microorganisms, parasites and other agents of biological origin. There is no doubt that veterinary services, research and educational institutions have a long and successful tradition also in dealing with problems of chemicals associated with animal and food production, processing, transportation, storage and distribution. Due to the increasing quantity and large numbers of chemicals now used in animal production and related fields, it has however become indispensable to broaden and intensify the education and training of veterinarians, as well as to ensure their participation in all sectors of this field. Veterinarians should be fully involved in the surveillance, prevention and control of intoxications by chemical residues. They are well qualified to do this. They are working continuously in the areas where exposure to animals and food may occur, possess adequate knowledge of the routes of entry of such chemicals into food chains, the fate of their residues, the health hazards involved, as well as of the toxicology, pathology, pathophysiology, and food hygiene and technology. Residues present an enormous challenge for surveillance, prevention and control in agriculture, food processing and related activities.", "PMID": 756159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10279", "title": "Veterinary public health activities aiming at prevention of chemical and other residues in food of animal origin. Action at the processing level.", "content": "The present situation regarding chemical residues in food products of animal origin is discussed. Some suggestions are given for sanitary judgement of such products and for preventive actions to be taken by the veterinary services.", "contents": "Veterinary public health activities aiming at prevention of chemical and other residues in food of animal origin. Action at the processing level. The present situation regarding chemical residues in food products of animal origin is discussed. Some suggestions are given for sanitary judgement of such products and for preventive actions to be taken by the veterinary services.", "PMID": 756160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10280", "title": "The occurrence and importance of residues in meat and their evaluation within official meat inspection.", "content": "Food of animal origin is an important factor in protecting the consumer from health risks emanating from the environment. This is why chemical and drug residues in food animals have been included in the Meat Inspection Act in the Federal Republic of Germany. The following substances are subject to regulation: Drugs; Feed additives; Pesticides; Toxic substances from the environment. While drugs may give rise to resistance of infective agents to them, feed additives may accumulate in the organism and have a toxic effect. Pesticides themselves may not be harmful in the amounts, which accumulate in meat, however, their metabolic products in the human body may be toxic. Radioactive substances and radioactive fall-out as well as cadmium and mercury are dangerous when accumulating in meat. Therefor, fixation of tolerance levels for defined residues has been started to be set according to the new Foods Act, including their toxicological evaluation. Condemnation of organs of slaughter animals in which these chemicals accumulate is obligatory.", "contents": "The occurrence and importance of residues in meat and their evaluation within official meat inspection. Food of animal origin is an important factor in protecting the consumer from health risks emanating from the environment. This is why chemical and drug residues in food animals have been included in the Meat Inspection Act in the Federal Republic of Germany. The following substances are subject to regulation: Drugs; Feed additives; Pesticides; Toxic substances from the environment. While drugs may give rise to resistance of infective agents to them, feed additives may accumulate in the organism and have a toxic effect. Pesticides themselves may not be harmful in the amounts, which accumulate in meat, however, their metabolic products in the human body may be toxic. Radioactive substances and radioactive fall-out as well as cadmium and mercury are dangerous when accumulating in meat. Therefor, fixation of tolerance levels for defined residues has been started to be set according to the new Foods Act, including their toxicological evaluation. Condemnation of organs of slaughter animals in which these chemicals accumulate is obligatory.", "PMID": 756161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10281", "title": "Self-inhibitory dopamine-receptors and central effects of apomorphine.", "content": "Apomorphine, a central dopamine-receptor agonist, is well known to produce excitatory effects in animals. However, low doses exert depressant effects as hypomotility, sedation and sleep. The mechanism of these effects are discussed in terms of a stimulation by apomorphine of DA-receptors, different from the post-synaptic ones, provided of an inhibitory effect on DA-synthesis and on the firing of dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "Self-inhibitory dopamine-receptors and central effects of apomorphine. Apomorphine, a central dopamine-receptor agonist, is well known to produce excitatory effects in animals. However, low doses exert depressant effects as hypomotility, sedation and sleep. The mechanism of these effects are discussed in terms of a stimulation by apomorphine of DA-receptors, different from the post-synaptic ones, provided of an inhibitory effect on DA-synthesis and on the firing of dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 756166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10282", "title": "Apomorphine as a preferential stimulant of self-inhibitory dopamine receptors in man.", "content": "In man, non emetic doses of apomorphine elicit a series of behavioural, neurological and psychological changes which are difficult to ascribe to the stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Since similar effects are elicited by neuroleptic drugs, the functional changes induced by apomorphine in man might be interpreted as being the result of a decreased dopaminergic activity. The sedation and sleep, the improvement of choreic movements and the antipsychotic effect induced by non emetic doses of apomorphine are prevented by specific dopamine receptor blockers. These responses therefore are mediated through a stimulation of dopamine receptors leading to a decreased dopaminergic transmission. This new type of receptors might be identified with the so called \"self-inhibitory\" dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Apomorphine as a preferential stimulant of self-inhibitory dopamine receptors in man. In man, non emetic doses of apomorphine elicit a series of behavioural, neurological and psychological changes which are difficult to ascribe to the stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Since similar effects are elicited by neuroleptic drugs, the functional changes induced by apomorphine in man might be interpreted as being the result of a decreased dopaminergic activity. The sedation and sleep, the improvement of choreic movements and the antipsychotic effect induced by non emetic doses of apomorphine are prevented by specific dopamine receptor blockers. These responses therefore are mediated through a stimulation of dopamine receptors leading to a decreased dopaminergic transmission. This new type of receptors might be identified with the so called \"self-inhibitory\" dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 756167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10283", "title": "Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in different brain structures by cholinergic and adrenergic drugs.", "content": "The influence of cholinergic and dopaminergic drugs has been studied on the metabolism of GABA by measuring the levels of GABA and glutamate and the activity of glutamic acid decarbosylase and GABA-aminotransferase in mouse and rat brain and in some rat brain regions. Muscarinic agonists (oxotremorine, arecoline) induce a rapid decrease of GABA level and an increase of its destruction, indicative of an increased activity of GABA synapses in basal ganglia and brain stem. Minor changes in GABA metabolism are observed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. On the other hand, hemicholinium-3 and the muscarinic antagonist amizyle reduce the activity of GABA structures. Amizyle also abolishes the influence of muscarinic drugs on GABA metabolism. Most dopaminergic drugs (apomorphine, L-DOPA, CB-154, fusaric acid, 6-hydroxydopamine, haloperidol) fail to influence GABA metabolism in whole brain and in basal ganglia. However, amantadine decreases GABA metabolism and clozapine inhibits its destruction and increases its level (like aminooxyacetic acid). These data indicate that cholinergic neurons have a stimulant influence on the functional activity of GABA neurons.", "contents": "Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in different brain structures by cholinergic and adrenergic drugs. The influence of cholinergic and dopaminergic drugs has been studied on the metabolism of GABA by measuring the levels of GABA and glutamate and the activity of glutamic acid decarbosylase and GABA-aminotransferase in mouse and rat brain and in some rat brain regions. Muscarinic agonists (oxotremorine, arecoline) induce a rapid decrease of GABA level and an increase of its destruction, indicative of an increased activity of GABA synapses in basal ganglia and brain stem. Minor changes in GABA metabolism are observed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. On the other hand, hemicholinium-3 and the muscarinic antagonist amizyle reduce the activity of GABA structures. Amizyle also abolishes the influence of muscarinic drugs on GABA metabolism. Most dopaminergic drugs (apomorphine, L-DOPA, CB-154, fusaric acid, 6-hydroxydopamine, haloperidol) fail to influence GABA metabolism in whole brain and in basal ganglia. However, amantadine decreases GABA metabolism and clozapine inhibits its destruction and increases its level (like aminooxyacetic acid). These data indicate that cholinergic neurons have a stimulant influence on the functional activity of GABA neurons.", "PMID": 756168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10284", "title": "Benzodiazepines are synergic with gamma-aminobutyric acid. Microiontophoretic evidence.", "content": "By means of microiontophoresis chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was applied to the neurons of rabbit sensorimotor cortex. CDP decreased the frequency of spontaneous electrical activity of all the neurons studied in a dose-dependent manner. During simultaneous CDP and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application an additive effect of the agents was observed. No antagonism between CDP and GABA was found. Probable reasons for contradictory data obtained by different AA. dealing with benzodiazepine effect on GABA-ergic inhibitory processes are discussed.", "contents": "Benzodiazepines are synergic with gamma-aminobutyric acid. Microiontophoretic evidence. By means of microiontophoresis chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was applied to the neurons of rabbit sensorimotor cortex. CDP decreased the frequency of spontaneous electrical activity of all the neurons studied in a dose-dependent manner. During simultaneous CDP and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application an additive effect of the agents was observed. No antagonism between CDP and GABA was found. Probable reasons for contradictory data obtained by different AA. dealing with benzodiazepine effect on GABA-ergic inhibitory processes are discussed.", "PMID": 756169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10285", "title": "[Somatic disorders and depressive states].", "content": "Somatic disorders in depression can be separated into two main categories. The first comprises those which are true side effets of drug-therapy; the other includes somatic symptoms of the depression itself, which are subsequently considered as apparent side effects. Under the same treatment true side effects occur much more frequently in psychogenic depression, especially if the patient has a personality disorder. During the course of the treatment the disappearance of somatic complaints is noticed more easily by the physicians than the appearance of true side effects (schulterbrandt). The relative frequency of symptoms of depression as compared with all other symptoms seems to be higher in manic-depressive psychoses than in other varieties of depression (Watts). The other somatic disorders might either be symptoms of organic illness with secondary depression, the psycho-somatic equivalents of depression, or finaly the only symptoms of a masked depression.", "contents": "[Somatic disorders and depressive states]. Somatic disorders in depression can be separated into two main categories. The first comprises those which are true side effets of drug-therapy; the other includes somatic symptoms of the depression itself, which are subsequently considered as apparent side effects. Under the same treatment true side effects occur much more frequently in psychogenic depression, especially if the patient has a personality disorder. During the course of the treatment the disappearance of somatic complaints is noticed more easily by the physicians than the appearance of true side effects (schulterbrandt). The relative frequency of symptoms of depression as compared with all other symptoms seems to be higher in manic-depressive psychoses than in other varieties of depression (Watts). The other somatic disorders might either be symptoms of organic illness with secondary depression, the psycho-somatic equivalents of depression, or finaly the only symptoms of a masked depression.", "PMID": 756193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10286", "title": "[Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Fluoroangioretinal observations during monocomponent insulin therapy].", "content": "Current theories on the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy and their effective therapeutical implications are reviewed. The possible role of insulin antibody production in insulin-treated diabetics concerning development and progression of retinopathy is particularly discussed. Thus the opportunity of a monocomponent (MC) insulin treatment in all newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetics is considered. The authors have carried out fluorescein angiography in two groups of subjects with JOD comparable for age, sex, diabetes duration (5-7 years), insulin requirement, metabolic control, absence of diabetic heredity as well as of clinical (ophtalmoscopic) signs of microangiopathy (retinopathy). The first group had been treated from the beginning with MC porcine insulin (Monotard) only; the second one with conventional Lente only. Early fluoroangiographic signs of retinopathy (\"pre-retinopathy\") as increased capillary filling, ischaemic areas, alterations in capillary permeability, microangioaneurysms, \"primary exudation\" had to be detected. In 2 out of 10 cases in the first group one isolated sign was found; one or more signs were found in the second group. In the first group the insulin antibody titer (IB) was under or nearly above the detection limit; in the second group insulin antibody titer was significantly positive. These preliminary findings suggest a larger prospective study.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Fluoroangioretinal observations during monocomponent insulin therapy]. Current theories on the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy and their effective therapeutical implications are reviewed. The possible role of insulin antibody production in insulin-treated diabetics concerning development and progression of retinopathy is particularly discussed. Thus the opportunity of a monocomponent (MC) insulin treatment in all newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetics is considered. The authors have carried out fluorescein angiography in two groups of subjects with JOD comparable for age, sex, diabetes duration (5-7 years), insulin requirement, metabolic control, absence of diabetic heredity as well as of clinical (ophtalmoscopic) signs of microangiopathy (retinopathy). The first group had been treated from the beginning with MC porcine insulin (Monotard) only; the second one with conventional Lente only. Early fluoroangiographic signs of retinopathy (\"pre-retinopathy\") as increased capillary filling, ischaemic areas, alterations in capillary permeability, microangioaneurysms, \"primary exudation\" had to be detected. In 2 out of 10 cases in the first group one isolated sign was found; one or more signs were found in the second group. In the first group the insulin antibody titer (IB) was under or nearly above the detection limit; in the second group insulin antibody titer was significantly positive. These preliminary findings suggest a larger prospective study.", "PMID": 756200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10287", "title": "[Healing of the severed sciatic nerve in the rabbit : morphological aspects of an optimal nervous repair (author's transl)].", "content": "In best conditions, the severed sciatic nerve in the rabbit as well as in the rat heals by forming new perineural sheaths which facilitate the regeneration of nervous fibers. THis type of nervous repair is first obvious in the proximal stump, later it continues to a lesser extent in the distal stump. Three aspects with a spatio-temporal pattern are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Healing of the severed sciatic nerve in the rabbit : morphological aspects of an optimal nervous repair (author's transl)]. In best conditions, the severed sciatic nerve in the rabbit as well as in the rat heals by forming new perineural sheaths which facilitate the regeneration of nervous fibers. THis type of nervous repair is first obvious in the proximal stump, later it continues to a lesser extent in the distal stump. Three aspects with a spatio-temporal pattern are described and discussed.", "PMID": 756217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10288", "title": "[Cytophysiology of the prothoracic gland of the cricket Acheta domestica L. during the penultimate instar nymph and during the cycle of regeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "The cellular kinetic of the prothoracic gland is counted during the penultimate instar nymph of Acheta domestica L. and during the cycle of regeneration, under standard breeding conditions. These experiments show a cycle in the glandular cells in good correlation with the hormonal cycle. Regeneration involves a recovery of phenomenons during the wound-healing and an intense proteosynthesis during the first period of intermue.", "contents": "[Cytophysiology of the prothoracic gland of the cricket Acheta domestica L. during the penultimate instar nymph and during the cycle of regeneration (author's transl)]. The cellular kinetic of the prothoracic gland is counted during the penultimate instar nymph of Acheta domestica L. and during the cycle of regeneration, under standard breeding conditions. These experiments show a cycle in the glandular cells in good correlation with the hormonal cycle. Regeneration involves a recovery of phenomenons during the wound-healing and an intense proteosynthesis during the first period of intermue.", "PMID": 756218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10289", "title": "[Subsurface cisterns of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes are a good model for the study of SSC, because they appear in a great number of cells when these form trabecular structures in the culture. The SSC seem to be multifunctional features. They have not only one and the same function in the variety of cells in which they exist. Their localization in the hepatocytes point to an implication in cell adhesion mechanisms. The images also suggest a possible participation in cell membrane repair phenomena. The SSC are a differentiate portion of endoplasmic reticulum for the repairment of cell membrane portions damaged in the isolation of hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Subsurface cisterns of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer cultures (author's transl)]. Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes are a good model for the study of SSC, because they appear in a great number of cells when these form trabecular structures in the culture. The SSC seem to be multifunctional features. They have not only one and the same function in the variety of cells in which they exist. Their localization in the hepatocytes point to an implication in cell adhesion mechanisms. The images also suggest a possible participation in cell membrane repair phenomena. The SSC are a differentiate portion of endoplasmic reticulum for the repairment of cell membrane portions damaged in the isolation of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 756219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10290", "title": "[Septicemic infection by spore forming bacteria in Crustacea, Isotopa].", "content": "A new type of disease localized to haemolymph has been discovered and studied in the oniscoid Armadillidium granulatum. The infection is due to a bacterium showing particularities of shape, and sporulating form structures, of nutritional requirements and of very slow but lethal pathogenic effect in visceral cavity of isopods.", "contents": "[Septicemic infection by spore forming bacteria in Crustacea, Isotopa]. A new type of disease localized to haemolymph has been discovered and studied in the oniscoid Armadillidium granulatum. The infection is due to a bacterium showing particularities of shape, and sporulating form structures, of nutritional requirements and of very slow but lethal pathogenic effect in visceral cavity of isopods.", "PMID": 756243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10291", "title": "[Lernaepodidae, copepod parasites of Tunisian Sparidae].", "content": "On the gills and branchial arch of eleven sparidae species, from different tunisian lagoons and sea, nine lernaeopodidae species (copepods parasites) have been taked. These copepods are belonging to three genera. A study of their morphology, illustrated by plates is realised.", "contents": "[Lernaepodidae, copepod parasites of Tunisian Sparidae]. On the gills and branchial arch of eleven sparidae species, from different tunisian lagoons and sea, nine lernaeopodidae species (copepods parasites) have been taked. These copepods are belonging to three genera. A study of their morphology, illustrated by plates is realised.", "PMID": 756245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10292", "title": "[Symptomatologic value of skin evaporimetry].", "content": "Skin significantly contributes to water turnover excreting 300-600 ml/Day, this aliquot being under the control of several factors, including psychologic factors. The cutaneous evaporimetry offers semeiological parameters useful to study water balance. Our work is an extension of the classic experiments of G.E. Nilsson and coworkers. In the present report evaporimetric measurements are related to 15 normal subjects at ours climatic conditions.", "contents": "[Symptomatologic value of skin evaporimetry]. Skin significantly contributes to water turnover excreting 300-600 ml/Day, this aliquot being under the control of several factors, including psychologic factors. The cutaneous evaporimetry offers semeiological parameters useful to study water balance. Our work is an extension of the classic experiments of G.E. Nilsson and coworkers. In the present report evaporimetric measurements are related to 15 normal subjects at ours climatic conditions.", "PMID": 756277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10293", "title": "[Effect of the degree of short stature on the type of response to tests of pituitary growth hormone reserve].", "content": "Two HGH (insulin and L-Dopa) stimulating tests were performed at time interval on 65 subjects with short stature (SDs between -2 and -4.5 according to Tanner) and on 18 control subjects, in order to study the influence of short stature degree on the HGH behaviour during the stimulating tests. The results obtained show that: 1. Statistically the short stature degree does not affect the response to HGH stimulating tests. 2. Two tests are necessary to avoid erroneous diagnosis of dwarfism caused by lack of HGH. 3. No response to HGH stimulating tests in subjects with normal stature may prove a discrepancy between the hormone measured radioimmunologically and its biological action.", "contents": "[Effect of the degree of short stature on the type of response to tests of pituitary growth hormone reserve]. Two HGH (insulin and L-Dopa) stimulating tests were performed at time interval on 65 subjects with short stature (SDs between -2 and -4.5 according to Tanner) and on 18 control subjects, in order to study the influence of short stature degree on the HGH behaviour during the stimulating tests. The results obtained show that: 1. Statistically the short stature degree does not affect the response to HGH stimulating tests. 2. Two tests are necessary to avoid erroneous diagnosis of dwarfism caused by lack of HGH. 3. No response to HGH stimulating tests in subjects with normal stature may prove a discrepancy between the hormone measured radioimmunologically and its biological action.", "PMID": 756278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10294", "title": "[Effects of isometric exercise on the pulmonary circulation in aortic patients].", "content": "The hemodynamic changes of the pulmonary vascular system in patients with aortic stenosis, has been evaluated during isometric exercise (handgrip). Heart rate, left ventricular sistolic pressure and pulmonary artery sistolic pressure, increase significantly while pulmonary vascular resistences are uneffected. In conclusion, the pulmonary response to handgrip olso in patients with aortic stenosis shows the same.", "contents": "[Effects of isometric exercise on the pulmonary circulation in aortic patients]. The hemodynamic changes of the pulmonary vascular system in patients with aortic stenosis, has been evaluated during isometric exercise (handgrip). Heart rate, left ventricular sistolic pressure and pulmonary artery sistolic pressure, increase significantly while pulmonary vascular resistences are uneffected. In conclusion, the pulmonary response to handgrip olso in patients with aortic stenosis shows the same.", "PMID": 756279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10295", "title": "[Quantiative determination of radiopaque contrast media by means of HPLC. I. Determination of diatrizoic acid, iothalamic acid and iodamide].", "content": "A rapid method for the quantitative analysis of radiopaque contrast media HPLC is described. Method can greatly help in solving problems of clinical and forensic interest.", "contents": "[Quantiative determination of radiopaque contrast media by means of HPLC. I. Determination of diatrizoic acid, iothalamic acid and iodamide]. A rapid method for the quantitative analysis of radiopaque contrast media HPLC is described. Method can greatly help in solving problems of clinical and forensic interest.", "PMID": 756280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10296", "title": "[Analysis of meglumine in pharmaceutical products by means of high pressure liquid chromatography].", "content": "A method for the quantitative analysis of methylglucamine in pharmaceutical products by high pressure liquid chromatography is described. The suggested procedure overcomes every preliminary treatments of the sample and does not suffer of interferences due to excipients and other active substances.", "contents": "[Analysis of meglumine in pharmaceutical products by means of high pressure liquid chromatography]. A method for the quantitative analysis of methylglucamine in pharmaceutical products by high pressure liquid chromatography is described. The suggested procedure overcomes every preliminary treatments of the sample and does not suffer of interferences due to excipients and other active substances.", "PMID": 756281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10297", "title": "[Influence of the age on 5'-nucleotidase activity associated with the rat liver plasma membrane].", "content": "The influence of age on the isothermic and temperature-induced kinetics of the plasma membrane 5'-nucleotidase was studied in rat liver. The apparent Km values increased with age, while the Vmax, the temperature discontinuity and the Ex above and below the max break were unaffected.", "contents": "[Influence of the age on 5'-nucleotidase activity associated with the rat liver plasma membrane]. The influence of age on the isothermic and temperature-induced kinetics of the plasma membrane 5'-nucleotidase was studied in rat liver. The apparent Km values increased with age, while the Vmax, the temperature discontinuity and the Ex above and below the max break were unaffected.", "PMID": 756282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10298", "title": "[Preliminary microbiological findings in evaluation of pollution from Darsena petroli].", "content": "The Concentration Factors (F.C.) of Coliforms, Enterococci, and Coliphages evaluated in Ciona intestinalis from Darsena Petroli are directly proportional to the relative residence-times into the sea water, stated as T90.", "contents": "[Preliminary microbiological findings in evaluation of pollution from Darsena petroli]. The Concentration Factors (F.C.) of Coliforms, Enterococci, and Coliphages evaluated in Ciona intestinalis from Darsena Petroli are directly proportional to the relative residence-times into the sea water, stated as T90.", "PMID": 756283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10299", "title": "[Adenosine deaminase activity of lymphocytes during typhoid fever (preliminary data)].", "content": "Adenosine deaminase activity has been measured in the peripheral lymphocytes of 12 patients suffering from typhoid fever. The mean activity was found to be significantly higher (P less than 0,001) when compared with normal controls.", "contents": "[Adenosine deaminase activity of lymphocytes during typhoid fever (preliminary data)]. Adenosine deaminase activity has been measured in the peripheral lymphocytes of 12 patients suffering from typhoid fever. The mean activity was found to be significantly higher (P less than 0,001) when compared with normal controls.", "PMID": 756284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10300", "title": "[Adenosine deaminase activity in peripheral lymphocytes during acute viral hepatitis (preliminary data)].", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in peripheral lymphocytes of 6 patients with HBsAg positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 8 patients with HBsAg negative AVH and 12 normal controls. The average of ADA activity in these three groups was 25, 25 and 21 nmoles/min/mg prot. respectively without significance for statistical analysis. However high ADA values (40, 32 and 39) were observed in the peripheral lymphocytes of three patients with AVH.", "contents": "[Adenosine deaminase activity in peripheral lymphocytes during acute viral hepatitis (preliminary data)]. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in peripheral lymphocytes of 6 patients with HBsAg positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 8 patients with HBsAg negative AVH and 12 normal controls. The average of ADA activity in these three groups was 25, 25 and 21 nmoles/min/mg prot. respectively without significance for statistical analysis. However high ADA values (40, 32 and 39) were observed in the peripheral lymphocytes of three patients with AVH.", "PMID": 756285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10301", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the median eminence of the cat].", "content": "The electron microscopic study of the median eminence in cats sacrified during the growth period (36 hours to 30 days after-birth) and in adult cats leads to the following conclusions: 1) The external infundibular zone of newborn kittens (36 hours postpartum) shows very few capillary loops and it lacks a palissade appearance. On the seventh day a palissade layer and penetrating capillary loops are observed. 2) There are no myelinated fibers in the fibrillar layer of the median eminence external infundibular zone during the growth-period. The number and size of Herring bodies increase after the seventh day. In adult cats, Herring bodies may be 50 microns long and some show myelinic sheaths. 3) In adult cats, the nerve endings which surround the capillary loops penetrating into the median eminence, are in direct contact with the lamina basalis, while the nerve endings of the palissade layer are always separated from the capillary space of the hypophyseal portal plexus by glial cell prolongations.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the median eminence of the cat]. The electron microscopic study of the median eminence in cats sacrified during the growth period (36 hours to 30 days after-birth) and in adult cats leads to the following conclusions: 1) The external infundibular zone of newborn kittens (36 hours postpartum) shows very few capillary loops and it lacks a palissade appearance. On the seventh day a palissade layer and penetrating capillary loops are observed. 2) There are no myelinated fibers in the fibrillar layer of the median eminence external infundibular zone during the growth-period. The number and size of Herring bodies increase after the seventh day. In adult cats, Herring bodies may be 50 microns long and some show myelinic sheaths. 3) In adult cats, the nerve endings which surround the capillary loops penetrating into the median eminence, are in direct contact with the lamina basalis, while the nerve endings of the palissade layer are always separated from the capillary space of the hypophyseal portal plexus by glial cell prolongations.", "PMID": 756291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10302", "title": "[Mean osteoplastic surface in zones of plexiform neo-osteogenesis compared with mean osteoplastic surface measured on the fetal bone].", "content": "In some pathologic cases, areas of woven bone can be observed in and around human adult bones. This plexiform neo-osteogenesis looks like fetal bone. The mean osteoplastic surface was quantified in these different kinds of bony tissues. The formation of this plexiform neo-osteogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Mean osteoplastic surface in zones of plexiform neo-osteogenesis compared with mean osteoplastic surface measured on the fetal bone]. In some pathologic cases, areas of woven bone can be observed in and around human adult bones. This plexiform neo-osteogenesis looks like fetal bone. The mean osteoplastic surface was quantified in these different kinds of bony tissues. The formation of this plexiform neo-osteogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 756292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10303", "title": "Localization of hydrolysis and transport of dipeptides in the mucosa of the small intestine (established on the basis of the anoxic criterion).", "content": "The influence of anoxia on the hydrolysis and transport of certain dipeptides by the rat small intestine in vitro was investigated. It was shown that in most cases, during anoxia there is virtually complete inhibition of active transport, whereas the hydrolysis of dipeptides, both by the intact intestine and by homogenates of the mucosa, is unchanged. These data suggest an important role of membrane hydrolysis at the concluding stages of peptide digestion in the small intestine. The interrelationship of the two types of peptide hydrolysis: membrane and intracellular, is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.", "contents": "Localization of hydrolysis and transport of dipeptides in the mucosa of the small intestine (established on the basis of the anoxic criterion). The influence of anoxia on the hydrolysis and transport of certain dipeptides by the rat small intestine in vitro was investigated. It was shown that in most cases, during anoxia there is virtually complete inhibition of active transport, whereas the hydrolysis of dipeptides, both by the intact intestine and by homogenates of the mucosa, is unchanged. These data suggest an important role of membrane hydrolysis at the concluding stages of peptide digestion in the small intestine. The interrelationship of the two types of peptide hydrolysis: membrane and intracellular, is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.", "PMID": 756287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10304", "title": "[Significance of the haversian number].", "content": "The aim of this work is to show that the measurement of the haversian number, i.e. the number of haversian canals per unit surface in transverse sections of compact bone, is not suffisantly accurate to determine the degree of compact bone remodelling. At the beginning of adult life, the aspect of the interstitial bone indicates that one haversian canal can correspond to one to four osteons (fig. 1). With increasing age, the diameter of the osteons decreases (fig. 2) and, consequently, for a same remodelled surface of bone the number of haversian canals varies greatly. In the elderly, the dissociation between osteon production and that of haversian canals increases (fig. 3). Moreover, the presence of large, irregular cavities which are difficult to assimilate to one or more haversian canals tends also to diminish, in terms of remodeling, the significance of the haversian number.", "contents": "[Significance of the haversian number]. The aim of this work is to show that the measurement of the haversian number, i.e. the number of haversian canals per unit surface in transverse sections of compact bone, is not suffisantly accurate to determine the degree of compact bone remodelling. At the beginning of adult life, the aspect of the interstitial bone indicates that one haversian canal can correspond to one to four osteons (fig. 1). With increasing age, the diameter of the osteons decreases (fig. 2) and, consequently, for a same remodelled surface of bone the number of haversian canals varies greatly. In the elderly, the dissociation between osteon production and that of haversian canals increases (fig. 3). Moreover, the presence of large, irregular cavities which are difficult to assimilate to one or more haversian canals tends also to diminish, in terms of remodeling, the significance of the haversian number.", "PMID": 756293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10305", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of human bones].", "content": "Analytical study of the arterial vascularization of bones in man. In practice, all the bones were studied with the exception of the skull. It is an original study using micro-angiography with micropaque. This study is of value in diagnosis of the pathogenesis of certain bone conditions and in traumatologic and orthopaedic therapy. A number of problems remain, in particular venous vascularization, micro-circulation in cartilage or in the sub-chondral zone and, lastly, the dynamic aspects of this type of bony circulation. Further research will be directed towards these fields.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of human bones]. Analytical study of the arterial vascularization of bones in man. In practice, all the bones were studied with the exception of the skull. It is an original study using micro-angiography with micropaque. This study is of value in diagnosis of the pathogenesis of certain bone conditions and in traumatologic and orthopaedic therapy. A number of problems remain, in particular venous vascularization, micro-circulation in cartilage or in the sub-chondral zone and, lastly, the dynamic aspects of this type of bony circulation. Further research will be directed towards these fields.", "PMID": 756294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10306", "title": "[Deep femoral artery. Anatomoradiological study].", "content": "After a double study (anatomical--50 dissections--and radiological--100 arteriograms) the following points can be stressed: the femoral tripod is only found in 38 per cent of the cases. One or several nutrient arteries of the thigh originate often separately (62% of cases). Their origine is situated highup in a number of cases (at 3 cm below the inguinal ligament). The collateral network develops from each of the arteries forming a complete \"profunda femoris system\". Two surgical consequences deserve to be underlined: 1. The approach to all the branches is possible by a transverse incision in the fold of the groin. 2. Surgical revascularisation must concern the whole of the \"profunda femoris\" network.", "contents": "[Deep femoral artery. Anatomoradiological study]. After a double study (anatomical--50 dissections--and radiological--100 arteriograms) the following points can be stressed: the femoral tripod is only found in 38 per cent of the cases. One or several nutrient arteries of the thigh originate often separately (62% of cases). Their origine is situated highup in a number of cases (at 3 cm below the inguinal ligament). The collateral network develops from each of the arteries forming a complete \"profunda femoris system\". Two surgical consequences deserve to be underlined: 1. The approach to all the branches is possible by a transverse incision in the fold of the groin. 2. Surgical revascularisation must concern the whole of the \"profunda femoris\" network.", "PMID": 756295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10307", "title": "Microbiological 1,2-dehydration of microcrystalline epihydrocortisone and its 21-acetate.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining epiprednisolone and its 21-acetate by means of microbiological 1,2-dehydration by a culture of Mycobacterium globiforme 193. The substrate, epihydrocortisone or its 21-acetate, is added in the form of a microcrystalline suspension at a concentration of 25-100 g/liter medium.", "contents": "Microbiological 1,2-dehydration of microcrystalline epihydrocortisone and its 21-acetate. A method is described for obtaining epiprednisolone and its 21-acetate by means of microbiological 1,2-dehydration by a culture of Mycobacterium globiforme 193. The substrate, epihydrocortisone or its 21-acetate, is added in the form of a microcrystalline suspension at a concentration of 25-100 g/liter medium.", "PMID": 756290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10308", "title": "[The gastroduodenal artery and its variations. Study of 100 arteriographies].", "content": "The gastro-duodenal artery, whose study has been based on a series of one hundred digestive arteriographies, is visualized in all cases. Its variations of origine are directly connected to the different possible dispositions of the hepatic arterial supply. The analysis of the results confirms the literary data: each time there is a middle hepatic artery, it gives the gastro-duodenal artery.", "contents": "[The gastroduodenal artery and its variations. Study of 100 arteriographies]. The gastro-duodenal artery, whose study has been based on a series of one hundred digestive arteriographies, is visualized in all cases. Its variations of origine are directly connected to the different possible dispositions of the hepatic arterial supply. The analysis of the results confirms the literary data: each time there is a middle hepatic artery, it gives the gastro-duodenal artery.", "PMID": 756296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10309", "title": "[Anatomical study of double urethra in the child. 2 cases].", "content": "The supernumerary urethrae can be defined as supplementary channels of muscular structure, whose mucous lining is of the excretory urinary type. The present classification enables us to define three main types of supernumerary urethrae: the duplicated, the bifidated, the blind ducts with external or internal opening. It appears rather difficult to link the sum of these malformations with a common embryological anomaly. The origin of the bifidated may be explained by an anomaly of the closing of the urogenital gutter. On the other hand, a prolongation of the process of separation of the urorectal septum would be at the origin of the duplicated urethrae.", "contents": "[Anatomical study of double urethra in the child. 2 cases]. The supernumerary urethrae can be defined as supplementary channels of muscular structure, whose mucous lining is of the excretory urinary type. The present classification enables us to define three main types of supernumerary urethrae: the duplicated, the bifidated, the blind ducts with external or internal opening. It appears rather difficult to link the sum of these malformations with a common embryological anomaly. The origin of the bifidated may be explained by an anomaly of the closing of the urogenital gutter. On the other hand, a prolongation of the process of separation of the urorectal septum would be at the origin of the duplicated urethrae.", "PMID": 756297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10310", "title": "[Effect of sodium chloride on the secretory activity on the kidney juxtaglomerular cells and on the adrenal glomerular zone in the adult male rabbit].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on the adult male rabbits. The animals were divided in three experimental groups and one control group. The animals of all experimental groups were given NaCl, through different ways. The degree of granularity of juxtaglomerular cells was evaluated by counting the JGI (juxtaglomerular index) according to HARTROFT. In all experimental groups, the JGI was lowered. The lowest was found in the first experimental group, that was given NaCl drinking fluid. The width of the zona glomerulosa was measured microscopically on the adrenal gland tissue colored by HE. It was smaller in all experimental groups. The smallest was in the first experimental group of animals. The diminution of the zona glomerulosa corresponds with the decrease of granularity of juxtaglomerular cells.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium chloride on the secretory activity on the kidney juxtaglomerular cells and on the adrenal glomerular zone in the adult male rabbit]. Experiments were carried out on the adult male rabbits. The animals were divided in three experimental groups and one control group. The animals of all experimental groups were given NaCl, through different ways. The degree of granularity of juxtaglomerular cells was evaluated by counting the JGI (juxtaglomerular index) according to HARTROFT. In all experimental groups, the JGI was lowered. The lowest was found in the first experimental group, that was given NaCl drinking fluid. The width of the zona glomerulosa was measured microscopically on the adrenal gland tissue colored by HE. It was smaller in all experimental groups. The smallest was in the first experimental group of animals. The diminution of the zona glomerulosa corresponds with the decrease of granularity of juxtaglomerular cells.", "PMID": 756298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10311", "title": "[Epithelium of the human fallopian tube under a scanning electron microscope].", "content": "The changes of the human fallopian tube epithelium in the different phases of the menstrual cycle, during tubal pregnancy and in the postmenopausal period have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. During sexual life, the most evident modifications occur in the nonciliated cells. After ovulation they show dome-shaped apices covered by secretory material which partly masks the microvilli.", "contents": "[Epithelium of the human fallopian tube under a scanning electron microscope]. The changes of the human fallopian tube epithelium in the different phases of the menstrual cycle, during tubal pregnancy and in the postmenopausal period have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. During sexual life, the most evident modifications occur in the nonciliated cells. After ovulation they show dome-shaped apices covered by secretory material which partly masks the microvilli.", "PMID": 756299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10312", "title": "[The first stages of the appendix development in the human embryo].", "content": "The cecoappendicular area of 14 human embryos with a length ranging from 6 to 17 mm from vertex to coccyx (28 to 48 days old; Carnegie stages 13 to 19) was studied. The appendix is not an atrophic remain of the caecum, it develops at the same time as the caecum. The first morphological anlage of the organ is observed in human embryos from 6 to 10 mm (28 to 37 days of age; Carnegie stages 13 to 16) in the form of an elevation covered with coelomic epithelium, constituted by the mesenchyme which surrounds the anlage of the caecum. In later stages, on human embryos of 11 to 16 mm (37 to 44 days of age; Carnegie stages 16 to 18), the mesoblastic anlage of the appendix is more evident, but it is not invaded by the entoblastic cells which come from the caecum on embryos of 12 to 13 mm. On embryos of about 17 mm (48 days old; Carnegie stage 19) the entoblastic anlage of the appendix has invaded the original mesoblastic anlage. The formation of the appendix by two anlage one earlier, mesoblastic, and another later, entoblastic, is similar to that of other lymphoid organs like the sack of Fabricius in birds.", "contents": "[The first stages of the appendix development in the human embryo]. The cecoappendicular area of 14 human embryos with a length ranging from 6 to 17 mm from vertex to coccyx (28 to 48 days old; Carnegie stages 13 to 19) was studied. The appendix is not an atrophic remain of the caecum, it develops at the same time as the caecum. The first morphological anlage of the organ is observed in human embryos from 6 to 10 mm (28 to 37 days of age; Carnegie stages 13 to 16) in the form of an elevation covered with coelomic epithelium, constituted by the mesenchyme which surrounds the anlage of the caecum. In later stages, on human embryos of 11 to 16 mm (37 to 44 days of age; Carnegie stages 16 to 18), the mesoblastic anlage of the appendix is more evident, but it is not invaded by the entoblastic cells which come from the caecum on embryos of 12 to 13 mm. On embryos of about 17 mm (48 days old; Carnegie stage 19) the entoblastic anlage of the appendix has invaded the original mesoblastic anlage. The formation of the appendix by two anlage one earlier, mesoblastic, and another later, entoblastic, is similar to that of other lymphoid organs like the sack of Fabricius in birds.", "PMID": 756300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10313", "title": "[Remarks on the international histological nomenclature].", "content": "An analysis of the international Histological Nomenclature (Nomina Histologica 1970 and 1975 revision) shows that its latin terms are of an heterogeneous origin and of non-uniform value. Some understanding of the difficulties met with its practical use, is to be obtained in this way. The suggestion is offered that, while retaining the latin nomenclature as the international standard, the establishment of two english and french official versions would be very useful and a valuable means of spreading the knowledge of the international nomenclature. The rejection of eponyms is presently less rigid than before, which is in accordance with settled habits and may contribute to improve the precision, and sometimes the conciseness, of certain latin terms of the Nomina HIstologica. The opportunity for the inclusion of a number of terms of interest for veterinary histologists, another feature of the 1975 revision, seems to be questionable.", "contents": "[Remarks on the international histological nomenclature]. An analysis of the international Histological Nomenclature (Nomina Histologica 1970 and 1975 revision) shows that its latin terms are of an heterogeneous origin and of non-uniform value. Some understanding of the difficulties met with its practical use, is to be obtained in this way. The suggestion is offered that, while retaining the latin nomenclature as the international standard, the establishment of two english and french official versions would be very useful and a valuable means of spreading the knowledge of the international nomenclature. The rejection of eponyms is presently less rigid than before, which is in accordance with settled habits and may contribute to improve the precision, and sometimes the conciseness, of certain latin terms of the Nomina HIstologica. The opportunity for the inclusion of a number of terms of interest for veterinary histologists, another feature of the 1975 revision, seems to be questionable.", "PMID": 756301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10314", "title": "[Non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (15 operative cases)].", "content": "During surgery on the right thyroid lobe, 15 cases of non-recurrence of the inferior laryngeal nerve were observed, among which two types of equal frequency. Embryologic data explain why this abnormality is always associated with an abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, directly from the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery generally passes behind the oesophagus in these cases. These 15 cases represent 0,79% of the 1889 cases studied during a short period (1971-1978).", "contents": "[Non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (15 operative cases)]. During surgery on the right thyroid lobe, 15 cases of non-recurrence of the inferior laryngeal nerve were observed, among which two types of equal frequency. Embryologic data explain why this abnormality is always associated with an abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, directly from the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery generally passes behind the oesophagus in these cases. These 15 cases represent 0,79% of the 1889 cases studied during a short period (1971-1978).", "PMID": 756302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10315", "title": "The heart of what's the matter. The semantics of illness in Iran.", "content": "Our understanding of the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of disease and illness is limited not merely by a lack of empirical knowledge but also by an inadequate medical semantics. The empiricist theories of medical language commonly employed both by comparative ethnosemantic studies and by medical theory are unable to account for the integration of illness and the language of high medical traditions into distinctive social and symbolic contexts. A semantic network analysis conceives the meaning of illness categories to be constituted not primarily as an ostensive relationship between signs and natural disease entities but as a 'syndrome' of symbols and experiences which typically 'run together' for the members of a society. Such analysis dirests our attention to the patterns of associations which provide meaning to elements of a medical lexicon and to the constitution of that meaning through the use of medical discourse to articulate distinctive configurations of social stress and to negotiate relief for the sufferer. This paper provides a critical discussion of medical semantics and develops a semantic network analysis of 'heart distress', a folk illness in Iran.", "contents": "The heart of what's the matter. The semantics of illness in Iran. Our understanding of the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of disease and illness is limited not merely by a lack of empirical knowledge but also by an inadequate medical semantics. The empiricist theories of medical language commonly employed both by comparative ethnosemantic studies and by medical theory are unable to account for the integration of illness and the language of high medical traditions into distinctive social and symbolic contexts. A semantic network analysis conceives the meaning of illness categories to be constituted not primarily as an ostensive relationship between signs and natural disease entities but as a 'syndrome' of symbols and experiences which typically 'run together' for the members of a society. Such analysis dirests our attention to the patterns of associations which provide meaning to elements of a medical lexicon and to the constitution of that meaning through the use of medical discourse to articulate distinctive configurations of social stress and to negotiate relief for the sufferer. This paper provides a critical discussion of medical semantics and develops a semantic network analysis of 'heart distress', a folk illness in Iran.", "PMID": 756353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10316", "title": "Psychiatric sequelae of Amok.", "content": "The authors present evidence of an indigenous diagnostic system by which Malay culture defines Amok, and of the disparate relations between individual conceptualization, behavior, and tradition which contributes to the labeling process. Amok is viewed as a cultural prescription for violent behavior in response to a given set of conditions. It is not a disease but rather a behavioral sequence, perceived as illness, that may be precipitated by various etiological factors. Finally, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that traditional forms of Amok are being replaced by new variants in which psychopathology is increasingly evident.", "contents": "Psychiatric sequelae of Amok. The authors present evidence of an indigenous diagnostic system by which Malay culture defines Amok, and of the disparate relations between individual conceptualization, behavior, and tradition which contributes to the labeling process. Amok is viewed as a cultural prescription for violent behavior in response to a given set of conditions. It is not a disease but rather a behavioral sequence, perceived as illness, that may be precipitated by various etiological factors. Finally, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that traditional forms of Amok are being replaced by new variants in which psychopathology is increasingly evident.", "PMID": 756354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10317", "title": "Puerto Rican spiritism. Part I--Description and analysis of an alternative psychotherapeutic approach.", "content": "Spiritism is a multifunctional institution which serves in the Puerto Rican community as a religion, a voluntary organization, a way of ordering social relationships, a source of personal identity, and a form of psychotherapy. This paper, based on participant observation in 79 Puerto Rican households and 6 spiritist centros in a low-income area of New York City, describes this institution and examines its contributions to a broader understanding of psychological healing as well as its practical implications for community health. In discussing spiritist psychotherapy, the paper outlines the conditions which lead clients to consult spiritists and examines its system of diagnosis and treatment. A comparison of the therapeutic goals of spiritism and mainstream psychiatric therapies reveals fundamental premises in both that provide the symbolic means by which certain behaviors may be bracketed off and rendered ego-alien for clients. While spiritism distances the client from unwanted behavior by attributing it to intrusive spirits and then removing the spirits, many psychiatric therapies accomplish distancing by attributing behavior to remote social causes which are then relearned or 'worked through'. What spiritism accomplishes symbolically by removal in space, psychiatric therapies handle through removal in time. The practical import of spiritist psychotherapy for community health is examined under the following rubrics: (1) spiritism as a treatment of choice, (2) implications of spiritist procedures for psychiatric treatment, and (3) interrelations between spiritists and community health programs.", "contents": "Puerto Rican spiritism. Part I--Description and analysis of an alternative psychotherapeutic approach. Spiritism is a multifunctional institution which serves in the Puerto Rican community as a religion, a voluntary organization, a way of ordering social relationships, a source of personal identity, and a form of psychotherapy. This paper, based on participant observation in 79 Puerto Rican households and 6 spiritist centros in a low-income area of New York City, describes this institution and examines its contributions to a broader understanding of psychological healing as well as its practical implications for community health. In discussing spiritist psychotherapy, the paper outlines the conditions which lead clients to consult spiritists and examines its system of diagnosis and treatment. A comparison of the therapeutic goals of spiritism and mainstream psychiatric therapies reveals fundamental premises in both that provide the symbolic means by which certain behaviors may be bracketed off and rendered ego-alien for clients. While spiritism distances the client from unwanted behavior by attributing it to intrusive spirits and then removing the spirits, many psychiatric therapies accomplish distancing by attributing behavior to remote social causes which are then relearned or 'worked through'. What spiritism accomplishes symbolically by removal in space, psychiatric therapies handle through removal in time. The practical import of spiritist psychotherapy for community health is examined under the following rubrics: (1) spiritism as a treatment of choice, (2) implications of spiritist procedures for psychiatric treatment, and (3) interrelations between spiritists and community health programs.", "PMID": 756355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10318", "title": "Disease and illness. Distinctions between professional and popular ideas of sickness.", "content": "The dysfunctional consequences of the Cartesian dichotomy have been enhanced by the power of biomedical technology. Technical virtuosity reifies the mechanical model and widens the gap between what patients seek and doctors provide. Patients suffer \"illnesses\"; doctors diagnose and treat \"diseases\". Illnesses are experiences of discontinuities in states of being and perceived role performances. Diseases, in the scientific paradigm of modern medicine, are abnormalities in the function and/or structure of body organs and systems. Traditional healers also redefine illness as disease: because they share symbols and metaphors consonant with lay beliefs, their healing rituals are more responsive to the psychosocial context of illness. Psychiatric disorders offer an illuminating perspective on the basic medical dilemma. The paradigms for psychiatric practice include multiple and ostensibly contradictory models: organic, psychodynamic, behavioural and social. This m\u00e9lange of concepts stems from the fact that the fundamental manifestations of psychosis are disordered behaviours. The psychotic patient remains a person; his self-concept and relationships with others are central to the therapeutic encounter, whatever pharmacological adjuncts are employed. The same truths hold for all patients. The social matrix determines when and how the patient seeks what kind of help, his \"compliance\" with the recommended regimen and, to a significant extent, the functional outcome. When physicians dismiss illness because ascertainable \"disease\" is absent, they fail to meet their socially assigned responsibility. It is essential to reintegrate \"scientific\" and \"social\" concepts of disease and illness as a basis for a functional system of medical research and care.", "contents": "Disease and illness. Distinctions between professional and popular ideas of sickness. The dysfunctional consequences of the Cartesian dichotomy have been enhanced by the power of biomedical technology. Technical virtuosity reifies the mechanical model and widens the gap between what patients seek and doctors provide. Patients suffer \"illnesses\"; doctors diagnose and treat \"diseases\". Illnesses are experiences of discontinuities in states of being and perceived role performances. Diseases, in the scientific paradigm of modern medicine, are abnormalities in the function and/or structure of body organs and systems. Traditional healers also redefine illness as disease: because they share symbols and metaphors consonant with lay beliefs, their healing rituals are more responsive to the psychosocial context of illness. Psychiatric disorders offer an illuminating perspective on the basic medical dilemma. The paradigms for psychiatric practice include multiple and ostensibly contradictory models: organic, psychodynamic, behavioural and social. This m\u00e9lange of concepts stems from the fact that the fundamental manifestations of psychosis are disordered behaviours. The psychotic patient remains a person; his self-concept and relationships with others are central to the therapeutic encounter, whatever pharmacological adjuncts are employed. The same truths hold for all patients. The social matrix determines when and how the patient seeks what kind of help, his \"compliance\" with the recommended regimen and, to a significant extent, the functional outcome. When physicians dismiss illness because ascertainable \"disease\" is absent, they fail to meet their socially assigned responsibility. It is essential to reintegrate \"scientific\" and \"social\" concepts of disease and illness as a basis for a functional system of medical research and care.", "PMID": 756356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10319", "title": "The cross-cultural study of emotions.", "content": "The problems encountered in cross-cultural research are detailed and the way they affect the study of emotions is discussed. They include: obtaining samples of subjects in developing countries that are comparable to samples studied in the West: constructing tasks and writing and translating questions that are meaningful for subjects from a variety of cultures; dealing with subjects to whom the experimental method appears strange; and attempting to eliminate ethnocentric bias from the design of studies, the perception of subjects' responses, and the interpretation of data. Psychiatric studies of emotional disorders and psychological studies of the perception of emotion across cultures are reviewed in relation to these problems. It is concluded that this area of study is in its infancy, and guidelines for future development are laid down.", "contents": "The cross-cultural study of emotions. The problems encountered in cross-cultural research are detailed and the way they affect the study of emotions is discussed. They include: obtaining samples of subjects in developing countries that are comparable to samples studied in the West: constructing tasks and writing and translating questions that are meaningful for subjects from a variety of cultures; dealing with subjects to whom the experimental method appears strange; and attempting to eliminate ethnocentric bias from the design of studies, the perception of subjects' responses, and the interpretation of data. Psychiatric studies of emotional disorders and psychological studies of the perception of emotion across cultures are reviewed in relation to these problems. It is concluded that this area of study is in its infancy, and guidelines for future development are laid down.", "PMID": 756357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10320", "title": "The health seeking process: an approach to the natural history of illness.", "content": "Anthropological research on health-related behaviors in the United States has tended to emphasize folk illnesses among particular subcultural groups, obscuring the heterogeneity of popular culture health beliefs and practices in the lay health system. The development of theoretical models for this complex society will require research that stresses similarity as well as diversity within and between population groups. The health seeking process is proposed in this paper as a means to document natural histories of illness in any subculture. Concepts from medical anthropology and medical sociology are related to five components of health seeking -- symptom definition, illness-related shifts in role behavior, lay consultation and referral, treatment actions, and adherence. Illustrative propositions to guide further research are proposed.", "contents": "The health seeking process: an approach to the natural history of illness. Anthropological research on health-related behaviors in the United States has tended to emphasize folk illnesses among particular subcultural groups, obscuring the heterogeneity of popular culture health beliefs and practices in the lay health system. The development of theoretical models for this complex society will require research that stresses similarity as well as diversity within and between population groups. The health seeking process is proposed in this paper as a means to document natural histories of illness in any subculture. Concepts from medical anthropology and medical sociology are related to five components of health seeking -- symptom definition, illness-related shifts in role behavior, lay consultation and referral, treatment actions, and adherence. Illustrative propositions to guide further research are proposed.", "PMID": 756358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10321", "title": "Group differences in the structure of illness.", "content": "The paper reports an attempt to study in a naturalistic and quantitative fasion the features of illness episodes. Such episodes, as perceived and reported by lay persons, constitute a basic datum in ethnomedicine. Yet, they have rarely been the object of systematic research for theoretical and methodological reasons. The paper discusses ways in which illness episodes have significance in ethnomedicine and in health services research generally, and describes a method which can be used in field situations to study them. The content, internal structure and organization which illness episodes have are given attention by analysing and measuring the components of illness in a panel of adult females who reside in the highland state of Chiapas in Southeastern Mexico. Comparisons are undertaken in the two most dissimilar subgroupings of the region. Some commonalities and group differences in the duration of symptoms and in the way symptoms interrelate are described. An interpretation of these differences is offered, with principal emphasis given to the social circumstances and to the (cultural) meanings of illness in the two groups. The procedure employed, which is consistent with the way in which vital signs are recorded in the hospital, lends itself to field studies of the way symptoms and signs of disease unfold in the individual across time. The idea of a language of illness, which is introduced and developed in the paper, is used to draw emphasis to the communicative and symbolic features of illness.", "contents": "Group differences in the structure of illness. The paper reports an attempt to study in a naturalistic and quantitative fasion the features of illness episodes. Such episodes, as perceived and reported by lay persons, constitute a basic datum in ethnomedicine. Yet, they have rarely been the object of systematic research for theoretical and methodological reasons. The paper discusses ways in which illness episodes have significance in ethnomedicine and in health services research generally, and describes a method which can be used in field situations to study them. The content, internal structure and organization which illness episodes have are given attention by analysing and measuring the components of illness in a panel of adult females who reside in the highland state of Chiapas in Southeastern Mexico. Comparisons are undertaken in the two most dissimilar subgroupings of the region. Some commonalities and group differences in the duration of symptoms and in the way symptoms interrelate are described. An interpretation of these differences is offered, with principal emphasis given to the social circumstances and to the (cultural) meanings of illness in the two groups. The procedure employed, which is consistent with the way in which vital signs are recorded in the hospital, lends itself to field studies of the way symptoms and signs of disease unfold in the individual across time. The idea of a language of illness, which is introduced and developed in the paper, is used to draw emphasis to the communicative and symbolic features of illness.", "PMID": 756359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10322", "title": "Cultural adaptability as an attribute of therapies: the case of Morita psychotherapy.", "content": "Morita psychotherapy, a form of therapy developed in Japan some sixty years ago, has survived extensive changes in Japanese society, and is now enjoying popularity in the United States. This gives us an opportunity to look closely at the concept of 'cultural fit' between an important therapeutic technique and its social milieu, and to speculate about recent changes in American culture that may account for the growing popularity of Moritism. In contrast to Western style 'talking therapies' like psychoanalysis, Morita psychotherapy is relatively group-centered, ritualistic, and behavioristic. On would expect to find these features in a Japanese therapy, but their acceptance in America suggests that previously popular Western techniques may not be optimum for handling certain problems of the post-industrial American. McLuhan, Peacock, Douglas, and others have suggested some emerging traits of Western character that might shed some light on this question.", "contents": "Cultural adaptability as an attribute of therapies: the case of Morita psychotherapy. Morita psychotherapy, a form of therapy developed in Japan some sixty years ago, has survived extensive changes in Japanese society, and is now enjoying popularity in the United States. This gives us an opportunity to look closely at the concept of 'cultural fit' between an important therapeutic technique and its social milieu, and to speculate about recent changes in American culture that may account for the growing popularity of Moritism. In contrast to Western style 'talking therapies' like psychoanalysis, Morita psychotherapy is relatively group-centered, ritualistic, and behavioristic. On would expect to find these features in a Japanese therapy, but their acceptance in America suggests that previously popular Western techniques may not be optimum for handling certain problems of the post-industrial American. McLuhan, Peacock, Douglas, and others have suggested some emerging traits of Western character that might shed some light on this question.", "PMID": 756360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10323", "title": "Regional localization of patterned spontaneous discharges during maturation in culture of fetal mouse medulla and spinal cord explants.", "content": "Development and regional localization of patterned spontaneous bioelectric activities, recorded extracellularly, were studied in cultures of frontal sections of spinal cord and medulla, explanted from 13- to 15-day-old fetal mice. Spontaneous single- and multi-unit tonic and phasic spike discharges were recorded after 4-21 days in vitro. Stereotyped slow waves with positive or negative polarity, and durations up to several seconds, often occurred concomitant with spike burst discharges. Microelectrode mapping demonstrated regional localization of spontaneous activity patterns in these cross-sectional central nervous system explants, which were oriented so that dorsal and ventral borders could be regularly identified. Phasic discharges were widely distributed throughout the explants, whereas tonic discharges were located primarily in the dorsal region of the medulla; negative slow waves were generated in central and ventral regions of spinal cord and medulla explants, whereas positivities were located in the peripheral regions of the explants. Phasic discharges were often synchronous when recorded at two symmetrical regions of an oriented explant, as early as 4 days in vitro. The major developmental change in spontaneous activities of these explants was a progressive shortening of both burst and cycle durations of the phasic discharges.", "contents": "Regional localization of patterned spontaneous discharges during maturation in culture of fetal mouse medulla and spinal cord explants. Development and regional localization of patterned spontaneous bioelectric activities, recorded extracellularly, were studied in cultures of frontal sections of spinal cord and medulla, explanted from 13- to 15-day-old fetal mice. Spontaneous single- and multi-unit tonic and phasic spike discharges were recorded after 4-21 days in vitro. Stereotyped slow waves with positive or negative polarity, and durations up to several seconds, often occurred concomitant with spike burst discharges. Microelectrode mapping demonstrated regional localization of spontaneous activity patterns in these cross-sectional central nervous system explants, which were oriented so that dorsal and ventral borders could be regularly identified. Phasic discharges were widely distributed throughout the explants, whereas tonic discharges were located primarily in the dorsal region of the medulla; negative slow waves were generated in central and ventral regions of spinal cord and medulla explants, whereas positivities were located in the peripheral regions of the explants. Phasic discharges were often synchronous when recorded at two symmetrical regions of an oriented explant, as early as 4 days in vitro. The major developmental change in spontaneous activities of these explants was a progressive shortening of both burst and cycle durations of the phasic discharges.", "PMID": 756377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10324", "title": "Interruption of the maintenance phase of established hypertension by ablation of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) in rats.", "content": "Ablation of tissue surrounding anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) was studied in three models of hypertensive rats. Lesions were placed in the AV3V at one and six weeks following the initiation of one kidney Grollman renal hypertension. At one week the rise in blood pressure was arrested and water intake was reduced; at six weeks arterial pressure returned to prehypertensive levels in animals surviving the post-lesion hydrational crisis. In two kidney (one clip) Goldblatt animals lesioned two weeks post-clip, arterial pressure was significantly reduced but did not become fully normotensive. Finally, the AV3V was also lesioned in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-Okamoto strain) with established hypertension. The lesion did not reduce arterial pressure in adult SHR although characteristic initial adipsia and weight loss occurred. Ablation of the AV3V thus altered the course of maintenance of renal hypertension; however, the arterial pressure of SHR was not affected.", "contents": "Interruption of the maintenance phase of established hypertension by ablation of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) in rats. Ablation of tissue surrounding anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) was studied in three models of hypertensive rats. Lesions were placed in the AV3V at one and six weeks following the initiation of one kidney Grollman renal hypertension. At one week the rise in blood pressure was arrested and water intake was reduced; at six weeks arterial pressure returned to prehypertensive levels in animals surviving the post-lesion hydrational crisis. In two kidney (one clip) Goldblatt animals lesioned two weeks post-clip, arterial pressure was significantly reduced but did not become fully normotensive. Finally, the AV3V was also lesioned in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-Okamoto strain) with established hypertension. The lesion did not reduce arterial pressure in adult SHR although characteristic initial adipsia and weight loss occurred. Ablation of the AV3V thus altered the course of maintenance of renal hypertension; however, the arterial pressure of SHR was not affected.", "PMID": 756372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10325", "title": "Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the ciliary ganglion and iris of the chick. Developmental changes and effects of axotomy.", "content": "Four molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been observed in extracts from ciliary ganglion and iris by gel electrophoresis followed by Koelle's reaction and densitometry on gels. Forms I, II, and III (order of anodic migration) are present in the 'soluble fraction' (SF) while forms II, III, and IV appear in the 'membranous fraction' (MF). 10 days after postganglionic axotomy in young chickens, the relative proportions of the membranous forms were changed in both the ciliary ganglion and iris, with a marked reduction of form IV occurring. A characteristic evolution of both the soluble and membranous forms of AChE was evident through different developmental stages (10th day of incubation; 2nd, 11th and 56th day posthatching). In the ciliary ganglion the faster components were reduced in favor of form IV. Conversely, the relative proportion of the faster components was increased in the iris. The observed changes in the AChE forms are compared with changes in the structure and function of these organs known to occur in the conditions under study. Evidence is presented which suggests a junctional localization for the form IV in both the ciliary ganglion and iris.", "contents": "Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the ciliary ganglion and iris of the chick. Developmental changes and effects of axotomy. Four molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been observed in extracts from ciliary ganglion and iris by gel electrophoresis followed by Koelle's reaction and densitometry on gels. Forms I, II, and III (order of anodic migration) are present in the 'soluble fraction' (SF) while forms II, III, and IV appear in the 'membranous fraction' (MF). 10 days after postganglionic axotomy in young chickens, the relative proportions of the membranous forms were changed in both the ciliary ganglion and iris, with a marked reduction of form IV occurring. A characteristic evolution of both the soluble and membranous forms of AChE was evident through different developmental stages (10th day of incubation; 2nd, 11th and 56th day posthatching). In the ciliary ganglion the faster components were reduced in favor of form IV. Conversely, the relative proportion of the faster components was increased in the iris. The observed changes in the AChE forms are compared with changes in the structure and function of these organs known to occur in the conditions under study. Evidence is presented which suggests a junctional localization for the form IV in both the ciliary ganglion and iris.", "PMID": 756378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10326", "title": "The effects of salt and meclofenamate administration on the hypertension of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The effects of prolonged (3 mos) high sodium intake and meclofenamate were studied in 2 groups of male SHR. Group 1 (6 rats) received 1% NaCl in tap water and Group 2 (8 rats) received 1% NaCl in tap water plus 50 microgram of meclofenamate per ml of drinking fluid. Renal metabolic and hemodynamic studies in the unanesthetized unrestrained state, showed that the meclofenamate treated rats had higher arterial pressures (p less than .005), left ventricular weight (p less than .05) and renal vascular resistance (p less than .005); lower glomerular filtration rate (p less than .005) than the control rats. The hematocrit and right ventricular weight were similar in the two groups of rats. This study has demonstrated that the combination of high sodium intake and meclofenamate have a greater damaging effect on the arterial pressure and renal function of SHR than salt alone.", "contents": "The effects of salt and meclofenamate administration on the hypertension of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effects of prolonged (3 mos) high sodium intake and meclofenamate were studied in 2 groups of male SHR. Group 1 (6 rats) received 1% NaCl in tap water and Group 2 (8 rats) received 1% NaCl in tap water plus 50 microgram of meclofenamate per ml of drinking fluid. Renal metabolic and hemodynamic studies in the unanesthetized unrestrained state, showed that the meclofenamate treated rats had higher arterial pressures (p less than .005), left ventricular weight (p less than .05) and renal vascular resistance (p less than .005); lower glomerular filtration rate (p less than .005) than the control rats. The hematocrit and right ventricular weight were similar in the two groups of rats. This study has demonstrated that the combination of high sodium intake and meclofenamate have a greater damaging effect on the arterial pressure and renal function of SHR than salt alone.", "PMID": 756374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10327", "title": "Incorporation of stearic acid into brain lipids in the developing brain: blood-brain relationships during development.", "content": "The blood-brain relationship for stearic acid varies during development. Subcutaneously injected [1-14C]-stearic acid is taken up by brain. Age-related changes in the metabolism of stearic acid have been determined in mouse brain from birth to maturity. Total lipid radioactivity reaches a maximum at 18 days of age and decreases afterwards until adulthood. However, specific radioactivity presents the highest value at 1 day of age and declines from then on. At any age, the injected acid is taken up and partly metabolized in the brain, either by elongation or by degradation in situ and resynthesis of new fatty acids; it is also desaturated, and the oleic acid thus formed is eventually elongated. The labeled stearic acid is incorporated into brain lipids with a different pattern according to the age of the injected animal.", "contents": "Incorporation of stearic acid into brain lipids in the developing brain: blood-brain relationships during development. The blood-brain relationship for stearic acid varies during development. Subcutaneously injected [1-14C]-stearic acid is taken up by brain. Age-related changes in the metabolism of stearic acid have been determined in mouse brain from birth to maturity. Total lipid radioactivity reaches a maximum at 18 days of age and decreases afterwards until adulthood. However, specific radioactivity presents the highest value at 1 day of age and declines from then on. At any age, the injected acid is taken up and partly metabolized in the brain, either by elongation or by degradation in situ and resynthesis of new fatty acids; it is also desaturated, and the oleic acid thus formed is eventually elongated. The labeled stearic acid is incorporated into brain lipids with a different pattern according to the age of the injected animal.", "PMID": 756379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10328", "title": "Stimulatory role of glial cells on the differentiation of dissociated chick embryo encephalon cells.", "content": "Dissociated cells from chick embryo encephalon of 36 h of incubation have been cultivated on fibroblast, meningeal cell, or glial layers. Within the first 24 h of cultivation, cells adhered to the preformed layers more firmly than to plastic or collagen surfaces. After 48 h of cultivation, the brain cells cultured on meningeal cell or fibroblast layers behaved very similarly to those cells cultured on plastic surfaces. But when cultured on glial layers for 3 days, the brain cells differentiated into characteristic neuroblasts, as demonstrated by specific neuronal stainings. These results support the hypothesis of a stimulatory role of glial cells in neuronal differentiation. The possible causes of this stimulatory action are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulatory role of glial cells on the differentiation of dissociated chick embryo encephalon cells. Dissociated cells from chick embryo encephalon of 36 h of incubation have been cultivated on fibroblast, meningeal cell, or glial layers. Within the first 24 h of cultivation, cells adhered to the preformed layers more firmly than to plastic or collagen surfaces. After 48 h of cultivation, the brain cells cultured on meningeal cell or fibroblast layers behaved very similarly to those cells cultured on plastic surfaces. But when cultured on glial layers for 3 days, the brain cells differentiated into characteristic neuroblasts, as demonstrated by specific neuronal stainings. These results support the hypothesis of a stimulatory role of glial cells in neuronal differentiation. The possible causes of this stimulatory action are discussed.", "PMID": 756380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10329", "title": "Vascular reactivity to angiotensin and noradrenaline following nephrectomy in rats.", "content": "Angiotensin II (AT II), but not noradrenaline (NA) provoked greater pressor effects in anaesthetized rats which have been bilaterally nephrectomized for 24-48 h than in control animals which underwent the same surgical procedure 2-3 h previously. Perfused hindquarters and isolated portal veins derived from bilaterally nephrectomized rats did not exhibit supersensitivity to AT II or NA. Aorta strips removed from rats nephrectomized 48 h before showed a selective decrease of sensitivity to AT II. The results of these in vitro assays suggest that the well known increased pressor effect to AT II, observed in nephrectomized rats cannot be accounted for by an increased sensitivity or large arterial and venous vessels or of the femoral vascular bed.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity to angiotensin and noradrenaline following nephrectomy in rats. Angiotensin II (AT II), but not noradrenaline (NA) provoked greater pressor effects in anaesthetized rats which have been bilaterally nephrectomized for 24-48 h than in control animals which underwent the same surgical procedure 2-3 h previously. Perfused hindquarters and isolated portal veins derived from bilaterally nephrectomized rats did not exhibit supersensitivity to AT II or NA. Aorta strips removed from rats nephrectomized 48 h before showed a selective decrease of sensitivity to AT II. The results of these in vitro assays suggest that the well known increased pressor effect to AT II, observed in nephrectomized rats cannot be accounted for by an increased sensitivity or large arterial and venous vessels or of the femoral vascular bed.", "PMID": 756375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10330", "title": "Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in developing chick brain.", "content": "The developmental change in the multiplicity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) forms of chick brain was studied with regard to substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity. The developmental pattern of MAO activity towards beta-phenylethylamine was generally similar to that of MAO activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine. The inhibition study showed that the ratio of type A MAO to type B MAO in chick brain increased during development. This is quite different from results obtained in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and humans, and is not consistent with the idea that in immature brain type A MAO predominates.", "contents": "Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in developing chick brain. The developmental change in the multiplicity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) forms of chick brain was studied with regard to substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity. The developmental pattern of MAO activity towards beta-phenylethylamine was generally similar to that of MAO activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine. The inhibition study showed that the ratio of type A MAO to type B MAO in chick brain increased during development. This is quite different from results obtained in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and humans, and is not consistent with the idea that in immature brain type A MAO predominates.", "PMID": 756381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10331", "title": "Incipient histopathological lesions in citral-induced microphthalmos in chick embryos.", "content": "Microphthalmos was indeed experimentally in 3-day-old chick embryos by intraamniotic injection of citral. Various degrees of this particular microphthalmic syndrome were observed. Severe cases were always accompanied by destructive changes in the ipsilateral part of the head. The corneal epithelium lost its continuity and the lens showed, even in the early stages, severe degenerative changes with spherophakia. The neural retina seemed to be affected later and showed hyperplasia and fold formation, while the retinal pigment epithelium was only mildly affected. The mesenchyme behaved differently according to its location: the superficial corneal and ciliary mesenchyme underwent hyperplasia, while the deeper choroidal mesoderm showed edematous changes only. This temporal and spatial distribution of pathological changes in the eye structures favors the assumption that citral acts locally. The experimental microphthalmic syndrome is not only due to the direct effect of the exogenous teratogenic factor on the ocular anlagen but is also the result of subsequent adaptive changes of these structures to the new environmental condition.", "contents": "Incipient histopathological lesions in citral-induced microphthalmos in chick embryos. Microphthalmos was indeed experimentally in 3-day-old chick embryos by intraamniotic injection of citral. Various degrees of this particular microphthalmic syndrome were observed. Severe cases were always accompanied by destructive changes in the ipsilateral part of the head. The corneal epithelium lost its continuity and the lens showed, even in the early stages, severe degenerative changes with spherophakia. The neural retina seemed to be affected later and showed hyperplasia and fold formation, while the retinal pigment epithelium was only mildly affected. The mesenchyme behaved differently according to its location: the superficial corneal and ciliary mesenchyme underwent hyperplasia, while the deeper choroidal mesoderm showed edematous changes only. This temporal and spatial distribution of pathological changes in the eye structures favors the assumption that citral acts locally. The experimental microphthalmic syndrome is not only due to the direct effect of the exogenous teratogenic factor on the ocular anlagen but is also the result of subsequent adaptive changes of these structures to the new environmental condition.", "PMID": 756382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10332", "title": "S-100 protein in guinea pig brain during prenatal development.", "content": "Nervous tissue-specific S-100 protein was quantified immunologically in maturing cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of guinea pigs during prenatal development. It was found to accumulate in its membrane-bound (pentanol-extractable) form concomitant with the accumulation of the water-soluble S-100 during development, indicating an ability of membranous structures to incorporate S-100 already during development.", "contents": "S-100 protein in guinea pig brain during prenatal development. Nervous tissue-specific S-100 protein was quantified immunologically in maturing cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of guinea pigs during prenatal development. It was found to accumulate in its membrane-bound (pentanol-extractable) form concomitant with the accumulation of the water-soluble S-100 during development, indicating an ability of membranous structures to incorporate S-100 already during development.", "PMID": 756383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10333", "title": "Diagnostic imaging in head and neck disease: current applications of ultrasound.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound has become firmly established as a key imaging modality in obstetrics and gynecology. Its role in abdominal and retroperitoneal disease is also well known and continues to expand. Although usage of ultrasound in the head and neck had its beginnings many years ago, the advent of newer high-resolution transducers has allowed for further investigation of diseases in this area. Of particular interest are the thyroid gland and the extracranial carotid arteries. This review summarizes the current utility of gray-scale and real-time ultrasound in evaluating head and neck disease, and discusses potential future applications of the modality.", "contents": "Diagnostic imaging in head and neck disease: current applications of ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasound has become firmly established as a key imaging modality in obstetrics and gynecology. Its role in abdominal and retroperitoneal disease is also well known and continues to expand. Although usage of ultrasound in the head and neck had its beginnings many years ago, the advent of newer high-resolution transducers has allowed for further investigation of diseases in this area. Of particular interest are the thyroid gland and the extracranial carotid arteries. This review summarizes the current utility of gray-scale and real-time ultrasound in evaluating head and neck disease, and discusses potential future applications of the modality.", "PMID": 756391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10334", "title": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare condition. This study presents a review of 26 patients with such tumors, followed up at a minimum of 5 years. The 5-year survival rate in this group was 38%. Recurrences with a fatal outcome, however, have been encountered up to 12 years after initial diagnosis. Primary radical surgery offers the best chance for local control. Nasal-cavity lesions seem to be associated with a better prognosis than oral-cavity tumors. Analysis of pathologic features by microstage measurement showed that the majority of tumors were of considerable thickness. This factor may partially explain the poor prognosis associated with mucosal melanomas in comparison to their cutaneous counterparts. Local recurrences and distant metastases were the principal causes of treatment failure. A persistent treatment policy, however, may still substantially prolong survival in such cases. Regional lymph-node metastasis did not pose a significant problem in the management of these tumors. Recognition of the nature and significance of the appearance of oral melanosis is stressed.", "contents": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare condition. This study presents a review of 26 patients with such tumors, followed up at a minimum of 5 years. The 5-year survival rate in this group was 38%. Recurrences with a fatal outcome, however, have been encountered up to 12 years after initial diagnosis. Primary radical surgery offers the best chance for local control. Nasal-cavity lesions seem to be associated with a better prognosis than oral-cavity tumors. Analysis of pathologic features by microstage measurement showed that the majority of tumors were of considerable thickness. This factor may partially explain the poor prognosis associated with mucosal melanomas in comparison to their cutaneous counterparts. Local recurrences and distant metastases were the principal causes of treatment failure. A persistent treatment policy, however, may still substantially prolong survival in such cases. Regional lymph-node metastasis did not pose a significant problem in the management of these tumors. Recognition of the nature and significance of the appearance of oral melanosis is stressed.", "PMID": 756392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10335", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.", "content": "At the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, 111 patients were treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus over a 15-year period. Treatment modalities included surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. A retrospective study was carried out to determine how these treatments, used singly or in combination, affected the cure rate. TNM clinical staging and recurrence patterns were studied, and a high tendency for distant metastases was documented. The five-year survival figure in this study was 29% (28/97).", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. At the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, 111 patients were treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus over a 15-year period. Treatment modalities included surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. A retrospective study was carried out to determine how these treatments, used singly or in combination, affected the cure rate. TNM clinical staging and recurrence patterns were studied, and a high tendency for distant metastases was documented. The five-year survival figure in this study was 29% (28/97).", "PMID": 756393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10336", "title": "Dysmorphology: an approach to diagnosing children with structural defects of the head and neck.", "content": "In dealing with a child with a structural defect, an overall diagnosis must be formulated. Such a diagnosis makes it possible to provide genetic counseling for the parents and an accurate prediction relative to such a child's future development. Because there are a great many abnormalities involving the head and neck, it is hoped that the approach set forth in this article will allow for a systematic narrowing of the diagnostic possibilities. Nomenclature is established. Prenatal-onset defects are described, including both single primary defects (malformations and deformations) and multiple malformation syndromes (chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, defects resulting from teratogenic factors, and disorders of unknown etiology). Genetic and environmental factors of postnatal developmental problems are also discussed.", "contents": "Dysmorphology: an approach to diagnosing children with structural defects of the head and neck. In dealing with a child with a structural defect, an overall diagnosis must be formulated. Such a diagnosis makes it possible to provide genetic counseling for the parents and an accurate prediction relative to such a child's future development. Because there are a great many abnormalities involving the head and neck, it is hoped that the approach set forth in this article will allow for a systematic narrowing of the diagnostic possibilities. Nomenclature is established. Prenatal-onset defects are described, including both single primary defects (malformations and deformations) and multiple malformation syndromes (chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, defects resulting from teratogenic factors, and disorders of unknown etiology). Genetic and environmental factors of postnatal developmental problems are also discussed.", "PMID": 756394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10337", "title": "Disability and rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after treatment.", "content": "In an effort to obtain quantitative and qualitative information regarding the extent of disability sustained following definitive treatment for head and neck cancer, 51 patients--28 who had had laryngectomy and 23 who had had other major surgery--were interviewed. Also examined were the types of rehabilitation measures taken. In all cases, the following areas in which disability could occur were identified and explored: physical appearance, speech, deglutition, mastication, salivation, sensory deficits, cranial motor-nerve deficits, pain, nutrition, activities of daily living, psychosocial functioning, vocational status, environmental parameters, and delayed complications. Where appropriate, ratings and delineations of severity were compiled. Nine methods of rehabilitation were assessed with regard to frequency of utilization: surgical reconstruction, dental-maxillofacial prosthetics, speech therapy, physical therapy, rehabilitation nursing, occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation, rehabilitation counseling, and social service. Our conclusions were that half of the patients studied had sustained significant disability in three to four areas, while 43% had moderate or severe disability in five to nine areas. Additionally, the head and neck surgeon was found to have used surgical reconstruction and dental-maxillofacial prosthetic measures, as well as the services of seven categories of allied health professionals, to provide rehabilitation.", "contents": "Disability and rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after treatment. In an effort to obtain quantitative and qualitative information regarding the extent of disability sustained following definitive treatment for head and neck cancer, 51 patients--28 who had had laryngectomy and 23 who had had other major surgery--were interviewed. Also examined were the types of rehabilitation measures taken. In all cases, the following areas in which disability could occur were identified and explored: physical appearance, speech, deglutition, mastication, salivation, sensory deficits, cranial motor-nerve deficits, pain, nutrition, activities of daily living, psychosocial functioning, vocational status, environmental parameters, and delayed complications. Where appropriate, ratings and delineations of severity were compiled. Nine methods of rehabilitation were assessed with regard to frequency of utilization: surgical reconstruction, dental-maxillofacial prosthetics, speech therapy, physical therapy, rehabilitation nursing, occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation, rehabilitation counseling, and social service. Our conclusions were that half of the patients studied had sustained significant disability in three to four areas, while 43% had moderate or severe disability in five to nine areas. Additionally, the head and neck surgeon was found to have used surgical reconstruction and dental-maxillofacial prosthetic measures, as well as the services of seven categories of allied health professionals, to provide rehabilitation.", "PMID": 756395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10338", "title": "The pathology of head and neck tumors: salivary glands, part 1.", "content": "The surgical pathology of the head and neck is perhaps the most demanding of all subdivisions of pathology. It is demanding both for the pathologist and for the head and neck surgeon--who, as a team, must provide optimal patient care. Beginning with this issue of HEAD & NECK SURGERY, a series will be presented dealing with the clinicopathologic aspects of head and neck tumors. The authors have chosen to begin with the salivary glands, and in this report they present a concept of histogenesis and classification as well as an analysis of (1) salivary-gland tumors in children, (2) the relationship between breast carcinoma and salivary-gland carcinoma, (3) the status of radiation induction of salivary-gland tumors, and (4) the clinicopathologic aspects of tumors of the salivary oncocyte.", "contents": "The pathology of head and neck tumors: salivary glands, part 1. The surgical pathology of the head and neck is perhaps the most demanding of all subdivisions of pathology. It is demanding both for the pathologist and for the head and neck surgeon--who, as a team, must provide optimal patient care. Beginning with this issue of HEAD & NECK SURGERY, a series will be presented dealing with the clinicopathologic aspects of head and neck tumors. The authors have chosen to begin with the salivary glands, and in this report they present a concept of histogenesis and classification as well as an analysis of (1) salivary-gland tumors in children, (2) the relationship between breast carcinoma and salivary-gland carcinoma, (3) the status of radiation induction of salivary-gland tumors, and (4) the clinicopathologic aspects of tumors of the salivary oncocyte.", "PMID": 756396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10339", "title": "Neurilemoma of the larynx: a case study.", "content": "Neurilemoma of the larynx is not common. Thus far, 86 cases have been described in the literature. In this study, another case, occurring in a 67-year-old woman, is discussed. The potential danger of the lesion is emphasized. The most common nerve of origin is thought ot be the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Removal via a lateral pharyngotomy is advocated for larger tumors.", "contents": "Neurilemoma of the larynx: a case study. Neurilemoma of the larynx is not common. Thus far, 86 cases have been described in the literature. In this study, another case, occurring in a 67-year-old woman, is discussed. The potential danger of the lesion is emphasized. The most common nerve of origin is thought ot be the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Removal via a lateral pharyngotomy is advocated for larger tumors.", "PMID": 756397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10340", "title": "On the body composition of obese children and in particular, sexual, age, and regional differences of skinfold thickness.", "content": "Recently in Japan, it has been observed that the physical dimensions of schoolboys and schoolgirls, specifically stature and body weight, are increasing year by year, and that spurts in increase in dimensions tend to happen earlier. The phenomena of accelerated growth are resulting in more obesity and leanness in childhood. Skinfold thickness, body density, body fat and lean body mass estimated from body density, creatinine excretion in the 24-hour urine, and muscular volume calculated from creatinine excretion were studied in obese children and normal children of 10 and 11 years of age, and the difference in the skinfold thickness by sec, age, and district in school children in five districts in southern Kyushu (1,002 boys and 931 girls) were examined. Reference was then made to the skinfold thickness of some of experienced and new sumo wrestlers of the Japan Professional Sumo Association whose nutrition intake is high and who show high ratios of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. The results of the present study were also compared with the results of skinfold thickness measurements of children in Ghana and Kenya and those of the skinfold thickness and body composition measurements of Czechoslovakian children.", "contents": "On the body composition of obese children and in particular, sexual, age, and regional differences of skinfold thickness. Recently in Japan, it has been observed that the physical dimensions of schoolboys and schoolgirls, specifically stature and body weight, are increasing year by year, and that spurts in increase in dimensions tend to happen earlier. The phenomena of accelerated growth are resulting in more obesity and leanness in childhood. Skinfold thickness, body density, body fat and lean body mass estimated from body density, creatinine excretion in the 24-hour urine, and muscular volume calculated from creatinine excretion were studied in obese children and normal children of 10 and 11 years of age, and the difference in the skinfold thickness by sec, age, and district in school children in five districts in southern Kyushu (1,002 boys and 931 girls) were examined. Reference was then made to the skinfold thickness of some of experienced and new sumo wrestlers of the Japan Professional Sumo Association whose nutrition intake is high and who show high ratios of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. The results of the present study were also compared with the results of skinfold thickness measurements of children in Ghana and Kenya and those of the skinfold thickness and body composition measurements of Czechoslovakian children.", "PMID": 756444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10341", "title": "Sex differences in the relationship between strength, endurance and limb morphology.", "content": "Studies were carried out to examine methods of measuring leg densities and to learn whether physical activity affects the composition of the leg. Sixty five female college students were tested to determine the center of mass of the leg and then the leg weight was determined using a single or double scale method. The center of mass was found to fall 43% of the distance distal from the trochanter. This was below the upper patella landmark used in the single scale method. It was indicated that the more dense the leg, the higher the center of mass. A second study measured the changes in leg densities and size following a five week training period. Seven males and seven females used a strength training apparatus. The results showed strength and girth changes occurred with females reducing the girth and both males and females increasing strength. The habituation to exercise may have played a part in the changes. Strength increases change much faster than size or weight. Females changed strength at a faster rate than males and subjects exercising very little had similar leg compositions when compared to heavy exercisers.", "contents": "Sex differences in the relationship between strength, endurance and limb morphology. Studies were carried out to examine methods of measuring leg densities and to learn whether physical activity affects the composition of the leg. Sixty five female college students were tested to determine the center of mass of the leg and then the leg weight was determined using a single or double scale method. The center of mass was found to fall 43% of the distance distal from the trochanter. This was below the upper patella landmark used in the single scale method. It was indicated that the more dense the leg, the higher the center of mass. A second study measured the changes in leg densities and size following a five week training period. Seven males and seven females used a strength training apparatus. The results showed strength and girth changes occurred with females reducing the girth and both males and females increasing strength. The habituation to exercise may have played a part in the changes. Strength increases change much faster than size or weight. Females changed strength at a faster rate than males and subjects exercising very little had similar leg compositions when compared to heavy exercisers.", "PMID": 756445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10342", "title": "The effect of air temperature on physical working capacity.", "content": "Measurements were taken in ten healthy young male subjects, ages 20 to 25, under air temperature conditions of 5, 20, 35, and 50 degrees C. The relative humidity was maintained at 50% throughout all the air temperature conditions. Maximum work loads were obtained by treadmills. The first work load was 95 m/min 0 degrees grade; this was increased by 1 degree every one minute until the subjects reached a self-imposed maximum. The heart rate and expired air sample during the last 30 sec work was used for statistical analyses. The analysis of variance confirmed a significance effect of air temperature factor in the cases of the endurance time until the exhaustion, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal carbon dioxide production, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and oxygen pulse. The regression analyses disclosed the following relationships between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) or heart rate (HR) and air temperature: VO2 max = 2472 + 29.5Ta-0.6Ta2(ml. STPD), HR = 173 + 2.0Ta-0.09Ta2 + 0.001Ta3, where Ta shows air temperature in centigrade. The physiological mechanism underlying the changes in maximal oxygen uptake in heat is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of air temperature on physical working capacity. Measurements were taken in ten healthy young male subjects, ages 20 to 25, under air temperature conditions of 5, 20, 35, and 50 degrees C. The relative humidity was maintained at 50% throughout all the air temperature conditions. Maximum work loads were obtained by treadmills. The first work load was 95 m/min 0 degrees grade; this was increased by 1 degree every one minute until the subjects reached a self-imposed maximum. The heart rate and expired air sample during the last 30 sec work was used for statistical analyses. The analysis of variance confirmed a significance effect of air temperature factor in the cases of the endurance time until the exhaustion, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal carbon dioxide production, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and oxygen pulse. The regression analyses disclosed the following relationships between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) or heart rate (HR) and air temperature: VO2 max = 2472 + 29.5Ta-0.6Ta2(ml. STPD), HR = 173 + 2.0Ta-0.09Ta2 + 0.001Ta3, where Ta shows air temperature in centigrade. The physiological mechanism underlying the changes in maximal oxygen uptake in heat is discussed.", "PMID": 756446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10343", "title": "Index for the assessment of heat tolerance.", "content": "Heat tolerance was assessed by magnitude of strain induced in the body as a whole by heat load. The strain was represented by a combination of relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature and relative salt loss, using those critical values of the three factors which cause heat stroke (40.6 degrees C), water depletion heat exhaustion (7% of body weight) and salt depletion heat exhaustion (0.75 g per kg of body weight). As this numerical heat tolerance index is defined as the degree of disturbance induced by heat exposure concerning thermal regulation, water and electrolyte metabolism, the magnitude of the index is inversely proportional to that of heat tolerance. Our studies showed that adaptive changes in heat tolerance of unacclimatized subjects during short-term heat acclimatization could be followed up by this heat tolerance index and that superior heat tolerance of residents in subtropical zone and athletes could by reasonably evaluated by the index. Thus, it might be said that this numerical heat tolerance index is a reliable index for the assessment of heat tolerance.", "contents": "Index for the assessment of heat tolerance. Heat tolerance was assessed by magnitude of strain induced in the body as a whole by heat load. The strain was represented by a combination of relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature and relative salt loss, using those critical values of the three factors which cause heat stroke (40.6 degrees C), water depletion heat exhaustion (7% of body weight) and salt depletion heat exhaustion (0.75 g per kg of body weight). As this numerical heat tolerance index is defined as the degree of disturbance induced by heat exposure concerning thermal regulation, water and electrolyte metabolism, the magnitude of the index is inversely proportional to that of heat tolerance. Our studies showed that adaptive changes in heat tolerance of unacclimatized subjects during short-term heat acclimatization could be followed up by this heat tolerance index and that superior heat tolerance of residents in subtropical zone and athletes could by reasonably evaluated by the index. Thus, it might be said that this numerical heat tolerance index is a reliable index for the assessment of heat tolerance.", "PMID": 756447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10344", "title": "Experimental studies on the sexual and seasonal differences of the optimal thermal conditions.", "content": "Four male and four female students stayed for 90 min in a climate chamber with relative humidity of 60% and air velocity of less than 20 cm/sec at 16-24 degrees C effective temperature (E.T.) in summer and in winter. Measurements during the last period of exposure were used for the analysis. The neutral thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation in sitting posture were obtained for both of males and females at 24 degrees C E.T. nude and 22 degrees C E.T. clothed both in summer and in winter. Light sedentary work, an addition test using a calculator, did not influence the relation between room temperature and the metabolic rate or the weighted averaged skin temperature, but the neutral point of thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation were found at 20 degrees C E.T., 1--2 degrees C lower than at rest. Neither sexual nor seasonal differences was detected for the light work conditions. When the subjects performed light muscular work of 10 min of stepping up on and down from a 6 cm-high platform twice during the 90 min period, the relationship between room temperature and the metabolic rate or the weighted averaged skin temperature did not change by the work and the neutral thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation were given at 18 degrees C E.T., 4 degrees C lower than at rest. Sexual and seasonal differences were not observed.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the sexual and seasonal differences of the optimal thermal conditions. Four male and four female students stayed for 90 min in a climate chamber with relative humidity of 60% and air velocity of less than 20 cm/sec at 16-24 degrees C effective temperature (E.T.) in summer and in winter. Measurements during the last period of exposure were used for the analysis. The neutral thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation in sitting posture were obtained for both of males and females at 24 degrees C E.T. nude and 22 degrees C E.T. clothed both in summer and in winter. Light sedentary work, an addition test using a calculator, did not influence the relation between room temperature and the metabolic rate or the weighted averaged skin temperature, but the neutral point of thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation were found at 20 degrees C E.T., 1--2 degrees C lower than at rest. Neither sexual nor seasonal differences was detected for the light work conditions. When the subjects performed light muscular work of 10 min of stepping up on and down from a 6 cm-high platform twice during the 90 min period, the relationship between room temperature and the metabolic rate or the weighted averaged skin temperature did not change by the work and the neutral thermal sensation and the most comfortable sensation were given at 18 degrees C E.T., 4 degrees C lower than at rest. Sexual and seasonal differences were not observed.", "PMID": 756448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10345", "title": "Human performance under hot thermal condition of work environment.", "content": "In the summer of 1950, 1963, 1966 and 1973, repeated surveys were carried out on thermal conditions in various industries. Meanwhile technical innovations began to take hold gradually in Japan, causing, in major industries with hot work places, attenuation of heat exposure during work and reduction of the energy expenditure of workers by the replacing of heavy muscular work with machines. Comparison of data of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s disclosed appreciable improvement of the thermal conditions in major industries which could be attributed to technical progress in recent years. An examination was made of the propriety of the existing legal provision on permissible threshold limit, of 37 degrees C in the coal mine in Japan. Experiments were conducted to investigate changes in some physiological functions and subjective feeling of coal miners during moderate muscular work in a hot and humid experimental gallery. The experimental results seemed to suggest that 34 degrees C of dry bulb air temperature might be a considerably severe condition for coal miners, even in cases of intermittent exposure or continuous exposure with rather frequent work intervals, working under conditions of high humidity and low air velocity at a moderate work rate.", "contents": "Human performance under hot thermal condition of work environment. In the summer of 1950, 1963, 1966 and 1973, repeated surveys were carried out on thermal conditions in various industries. Meanwhile technical innovations began to take hold gradually in Japan, causing, in major industries with hot work places, attenuation of heat exposure during work and reduction of the energy expenditure of workers by the replacing of heavy muscular work with machines. Comparison of data of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s disclosed appreciable improvement of the thermal conditions in major industries which could be attributed to technical progress in recent years. An examination was made of the propriety of the existing legal provision on permissible threshold limit, of 37 degrees C in the coal mine in Japan. Experiments were conducted to investigate changes in some physiological functions and subjective feeling of coal miners during moderate muscular work in a hot and humid experimental gallery. The experimental results seemed to suggest that 34 degrees C of dry bulb air temperature might be a considerably severe condition for coal miners, even in cases of intermittent exposure or continuous exposure with rather frequent work intervals, working under conditions of high humidity and low air velocity at a moderate work rate.", "PMID": 756449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10346", "title": "Evaporative heat loss and clothing.", "content": "Several experiments have been conducted on the effect of clothing on evaporative heat loss. 1) The movement of sweat from production to evaporation was observed in nude subjects, on subjects wearing underwear and underdrawers, and on subjects wearing two layers of clothing during a two-hour heat exposure period. The percentage of evaporated sweat was found to be inversely proportional to total sweat loss. When this relation was taken into consideration, it was revealed that the percentage of evaporated sweat was smaller if more layers of clothing were added, or if water-proof or vapor-proof materials were added. 2) Using a so-called \"sweating cylinder,\" the cooling power of water dissipated from the surface of the cylinder was measured when the cylinder was covered with one, two, or three layers of various kinds of cloths. The cooling efficiency (actual evaporative cooling/latent heat of total water lost) was about 95% when the cylinder was uncovered. As more layers of covering cloth were added, the cooling efficiency became less. When the covering cloth touched the wet surface of the cylinder directly and absorbed water, the cooling efficiency was remarkably reduced because a large portion of the water absorbed in the cloth remained unevaporated.", "contents": "Evaporative heat loss and clothing. Several experiments have been conducted on the effect of clothing on evaporative heat loss. 1) The movement of sweat from production to evaporation was observed in nude subjects, on subjects wearing underwear and underdrawers, and on subjects wearing two layers of clothing during a two-hour heat exposure period. The percentage of evaporated sweat was found to be inversely proportional to total sweat loss. When this relation was taken into consideration, it was revealed that the percentage of evaporated sweat was smaller if more layers of clothing were added, or if water-proof or vapor-proof materials were added. 2) Using a so-called \"sweating cylinder,\" the cooling power of water dissipated from the surface of the cylinder was measured when the cylinder was covered with one, two, or three layers of various kinds of cloths. The cooling efficiency (actual evaporative cooling/latent heat of total water lost) was about 95% when the cylinder was uncovered. As more layers of covering cloth were added, the cooling efficiency became less. When the covering cloth touched the wet surface of the cylinder directly and absorbed water, the cooling efficiency was remarkably reduced because a large portion of the water absorbed in the cloth remained unevaporated.", "PMID": 756450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10347", "title": "Body thermal drain under hyperbaric dry heliox environment with undersea excursion dive.", "content": "A series of undersea experiments were undertaken at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center since 1972 in order to investigate thermal drain due to higher heat conductivity of helium which is essential as a breathing medium in deep-sea diving substituting for nitrogen in the air. While the less narcotic effect and the low density of the gas is adequate for maintaining better respiratory functions of divers, distortion of the diver's voice due to low density and thermal drain should be overcome. Measuring body heat loss in a hyperbaric dry environment, wet pot thermistors and heat flux transducers were applied at four to seven points on the body surface before, during, and after hyperbaric exposure to 11 ATA. As a result it was acknowledged that heat loss from the body surface, in hyperbaric heliox environment, was greater than that at the 1 ATA condition. Further, additional heat loss during immersion proved significant. The other modifying factors revealed were ambient water temperature, kinds of diving suits or underwear, and others.", "contents": "Body thermal drain under hyperbaric dry heliox environment with undersea excursion dive. A series of undersea experiments were undertaken at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center since 1972 in order to investigate thermal drain due to higher heat conductivity of helium which is essential as a breathing medium in deep-sea diving substituting for nitrogen in the air. While the less narcotic effect and the low density of the gas is adequate for maintaining better respiratory functions of divers, distortion of the diver's voice due to low density and thermal drain should be overcome. Measuring body heat loss in a hyperbaric dry environment, wet pot thermistors and heat flux transducers were applied at four to seven points on the body surface before, during, and after hyperbaric exposure to 11 ATA. As a result it was acknowledged that heat loss from the body surface, in hyperbaric heliox environment, was greater than that at the 1 ATA condition. Further, additional heat loss during immersion proved significant. The other modifying factors revealed were ambient water temperature, kinds of diving suits or underwear, and others.", "PMID": 756451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10348", "title": "Heat stress upon undressed man due to different combinations of elevated environmental temperature, air humidity, and metabolic heat production: a critical comparison of heat stress indices.", "content": "In several 100 climatic chamber experiments young healthy acclimatized men were exposed successively to combinations of ambient temperature and air humidity that were varied systematically from day to day within the range of 15 to 57 degrees C and 8 to 97% relative humidity, with air speed kept constant at 0.3 m/s. The subjects who were nearly nude were exposed at rest and at different treadmill work levels (metabolic rates up to about 1350 kJ/h). Each exposure lasted between two and six h. It was found that body temperatures and heart rate, but not loss of sweat, were suitable criteria for indicating equal stress conditions. Equations were derived describing those climatic combinations which were equivalent at the various activity levels of each subject. The slope of the respective equivalence curves plotted in psychrometric charts varied systematically with work level. The curves obtained for various subjects at any given activity level showed similarities, so that the calculation of an equivalence system common to all subjects seemed to be justified. A detailed comparison of these results with previous indices is presented. The combinations of ambient temperatures and humidities that were found to be equivalent under the given conditions of physical activity corresponded particularly well with the Index of Physiological Effect (ROBINSON et al.). There was also good agreement with the P4SR Index (MCARDLE et al.). The combinations corresponded with other indices (Heat Stress Index of BELDING and HATCH, Index of Thermal Stress of GIVONI) and with Basic Effective Temperature and Wet-bulb Globe Temperature only within limited ranges of climate depending upon work level. A procedure is presented which allows one to evaluate in terms of physiological responses how far various indices describe equivalent stress conditions correctly.", "contents": "Heat stress upon undressed man due to different combinations of elevated environmental temperature, air humidity, and metabolic heat production: a critical comparison of heat stress indices. In several 100 climatic chamber experiments young healthy acclimatized men were exposed successively to combinations of ambient temperature and air humidity that were varied systematically from day to day within the range of 15 to 57 degrees C and 8 to 97% relative humidity, with air speed kept constant at 0.3 m/s. The subjects who were nearly nude were exposed at rest and at different treadmill work levels (metabolic rates up to about 1350 kJ/h). Each exposure lasted between two and six h. It was found that body temperatures and heart rate, but not loss of sweat, were suitable criteria for indicating equal stress conditions. Equations were derived describing those climatic combinations which were equivalent at the various activity levels of each subject. The slope of the respective equivalence curves plotted in psychrometric charts varied systematically with work level. The curves obtained for various subjects at any given activity level showed similarities, so that the calculation of an equivalence system common to all subjects seemed to be justified. A detailed comparison of these results with previous indices is presented. The combinations of ambient temperatures and humidities that were found to be equivalent under the given conditions of physical activity corresponded particularly well with the Index of Physiological Effect (ROBINSON et al.). There was also good agreement with the P4SR Index (MCARDLE et al.). The combinations corresponded with other indices (Heat Stress Index of BELDING and HATCH, Index of Thermal Stress of GIVONI) and with Basic Effective Temperature and Wet-bulb Globe Temperature only within limited ranges of climate depending upon work level. A procedure is presented which allows one to evaluate in terms of physiological responses how far various indices describe equivalent stress conditions correctly.", "PMID": 756452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10349", "title": "A delay-scheduling model for patients using a walk-in clinic.", "content": "Clinics receiving unscheduled visits experience wide fluctuations in the number of patients present at any one time, due to random arrival of patients and variations in the time needed for the evaluation and treatment. This can cause periods of congestion and long patient waiting times. Using a flexible technique for \"delay scheduling,\" a study was conducted to determine the most efficient use of limited physician resources in the management of patients using a walk-in clinic. Delay scheduling makes it possible to shift work load from periods of high congestion to other times without compromising the walk-in nature of the clinic. A computer simulation model was used to evaluate the clinic performance with different physician staffing patterns and different rules for delay scheduling. The model was validated using actual data from the walk-in clinic and the results implemented. The delay scheduling and staffing changes resulted in reduction of manpower by 10% while significantly reducing the clinic-accountable waiting time.", "contents": "A delay-scheduling model for patients using a walk-in clinic. Clinics receiving unscheduled visits experience wide fluctuations in the number of patients present at any one time, due to random arrival of patients and variations in the time needed for the evaluation and treatment. This can cause periods of congestion and long patient waiting times. Using a flexible technique for \"delay scheduling,\" a study was conducted to determine the most efficient use of limited physician resources in the management of patients using a walk-in clinic. Delay scheduling makes it possible to shift work load from periods of high congestion to other times without compromising the walk-in nature of the clinic. A computer simulation model was used to evaluate the clinic performance with different physician staffing patterns and different rules for delay scheduling. The model was validated using actual data from the walk-in clinic and the results implemented. The delay scheduling and staffing changes resulted in reduction of manpower by 10% while significantly reducing the clinic-accountable waiting time.", "PMID": 756461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10350", "title": "Distributed processing techniques: interface design for interactive information sharing.", "content": "The Information Systems Division of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics has successfully designed and implemented a set of generalized interface data-handling routines that control message traffic between a satellite minicomputer in a clinical laboratory and a large main-frame computer. A special queue status inquiry transaction has also been developed that displays the current message-processing backlog and other system performance information. The design and operation of these programs are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on the message-queuing and verification techniques required in a distributed processing environment.", "contents": "Distributed processing techniques: interface design for interactive information sharing. The Information Systems Division of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics has successfully designed and implemented a set of generalized interface data-handling routines that control message traffic between a satellite minicomputer in a clinical laboratory and a large main-frame computer. A special queue status inquiry transaction has also been developed that displays the current message-processing backlog and other system performance information. The design and operation of these programs are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on the message-queuing and verification techniques required in a distributed processing environment.", "PMID": 756462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10351", "title": "Relationships among HMO hospital utilization, physician visits, and years operational.", "content": "Statistical tests are performed on the membership of HMOs for which data are available (N = 124) to determine if (1) hospital utilization by HMO members is correlated with physician visits, (2) hospital utilization is correlated with the number of years a HMO is operational, and (3) physician visits is correlated with the number of years a HMO is operational. Statistical tests indicate that there is no correlation among the three pairs of variables.", "contents": "Relationships among HMO hospital utilization, physician visits, and years operational. Statistical tests are performed on the membership of HMOs for which data are available (N = 124) to determine if (1) hospital utilization by HMO members is correlated with physician visits, (2) hospital utilization is correlated with the number of years a HMO is operational, and (3) physician visits is correlated with the number of years a HMO is operational. Statistical tests indicate that there is no correlation among the three pairs of variables.", "PMID": 756463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10352", "title": "Unlimited volumes of laboratory data: a confusing and diagnostically deceptive product of modern technology.", "content": "The large volumes of laboratory data currently available in clinical practice can lead to erroneous conclusions. Our current statistical interpretation of these data is univariate (one variable at a time) and often not age- and sex-corrected. Using an optimal technique of multivariate analysis, a SMAC profile of 19 tests performed on normal subjects resulted in over a 500% improvement in defining the reference range. Using physiologic subsets of the SMAC profile for patients, improvements in interpretation of between 100% and 300% are possible. Results indicate a serious clinical problem that will require modification of laboratory reports using modern technology as an adjunct for diagnostic medicine.", "contents": "Unlimited volumes of laboratory data: a confusing and diagnostically deceptive product of modern technology. The large volumes of laboratory data currently available in clinical practice can lead to erroneous conclusions. Our current statistical interpretation of these data is univariate (one variable at a time) and often not age- and sex-corrected. Using an optimal technique of multivariate analysis, a SMAC profile of 19 tests performed on normal subjects resulted in over a 500% improvement in defining the reference range. Using physiologic subsets of the SMAC profile for patients, improvements in interpretation of between 100% and 300% are possible. Results indicate a serious clinical problem that will require modification of laboratory reports using modern technology as an adjunct for diagnostic medicine.", "PMID": 756464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10353", "title": "Establishing a multivariate clinical laboratory data base.", "content": "A regional or hospital-based \"reference\" value study is well within the range of every clinical laboratory. A program is described that samples one to two \"health\" subjects each working day under tightly controlled conditions. Sixty-seven variables are tested simultaneously to provide univariate age and sex ranges, and variance/covariance matrices from which associated correlation coefficients are obtained. This ongoing \"reference\" value program offers essential information for both univariate and multivariate interpretations along with validation and quality control for certain methods within the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Establishing a multivariate clinical laboratory data base. A regional or hospital-based \"reference\" value study is well within the range of every clinical laboratory. A program is described that samples one to two \"health\" subjects each working day under tightly controlled conditions. Sixty-seven variables are tested simultaneously to provide univariate age and sex ranges, and variance/covariance matrices from which associated correlation coefficients are obtained. This ongoing \"reference\" value program offers essential information for both univariate and multivariate interpretations along with validation and quality control for certain methods within the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 756465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10354", "title": "On-line storage, retrieval, and evaluation of long-term electrocardiographic monitoring data.", "content": "A set of on-line computer programs has been designed and implemented for the acquisition and long-term storage, retrieval, and evaluation of Holter monitoring data. The physician interpreting Holter tapes enters his findings in the computer system using an on-line remote terminal located in the heart station. The programs are available practically around the clock and allow reviewing of individual cases, preparation of printed reports, and fast evaluation of the presence or absence of a number of common findings in the entire data base. Approximately 800 cases have been entered since the initiation of this project in early 1977.", "contents": "On-line storage, retrieval, and evaluation of long-term electrocardiographic monitoring data. A set of on-line computer programs has been designed and implemented for the acquisition and long-term storage, retrieval, and evaluation of Holter monitoring data. The physician interpreting Holter tapes enters his findings in the computer system using an on-line remote terminal located in the heart station. The programs are available practically around the clock and allow reviewing of individual cases, preparation of printed reports, and fast evaluation of the presence or absence of a number of common findings in the entire data base. Approximately 800 cases have been entered since the initiation of this project in early 1977.", "PMID": 756466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10355", "title": "The second component of complement (C2) as an index of hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "Measurements of C2 hemolytic activity were performed in the sera of 13 patients with Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema. Prior to treatment, C2 values correlated with the severity of the disease in each patient. During androgen therapy with Danazol, C2 measurements reflected the clinical benefit of the drug more accurately than C4 levels, thus explaining the effectiveness of low drug doses. This study also suggests that breakdown products of C2 may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the edema.", "contents": "The second component of complement (C2) as an index of hereditary angioneurotic edema. Measurements of C2 hemolytic activity were performed in the sera of 13 patients with Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema. Prior to treatment, C2 values correlated with the severity of the disease in each patient. During androgen therapy with Danazol, C2 measurements reflected the clinical benefit of the drug more accurately than C4 levels, thus explaining the effectiveness of low drug doses. This study also suggests that breakdown products of C2 may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the edema.", "PMID": 756467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10356", "title": "Immune complexes and diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "Soluble immune complexes (AgAb) as detected and quantitated by the solid phase Clq assay (Clq-SP) were found to be increased in (a) long-duration diabetics with proliferative retinopathy and (b) short duration diabetics with early onset of retinopathy irrespective of whether they were treated with insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA), in comparison to a normal population. No such increases were observed in diabetics of comparable duration without retinopathy. The trend for long-term diabetics to show an increased prevalence of AgAb according to the severity of retinopathy was statistically significant. Detection and quantitation of AgAb by the Raji cell assay (RAJI) gave comparable results although the differences were less pronounced and fell short of statistical significance. AgAb as detected by either method in insulin-treated diabetics could not be correlated with insulin antibodies. These findings suggest that AgAb, not necessarily comprised of insulin and anti-insulin antibodies, may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "Immune complexes and diabetic microangiopathy. Soluble immune complexes (AgAb) as detected and quantitated by the solid phase Clq assay (Clq-SP) were found to be increased in (a) long-duration diabetics with proliferative retinopathy and (b) short duration diabetics with early onset of retinopathy irrespective of whether they were treated with insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA), in comparison to a normal population. No such increases were observed in diabetics of comparable duration without retinopathy. The trend for long-term diabetics to show an increased prevalence of AgAb according to the severity of retinopathy was statistically significant. Detection and quantitation of AgAb by the Raji cell assay (RAJI) gave comparable results although the differences were less pronounced and fell short of statistical significance. AgAb as detected by either method in insulin-treated diabetics could not be correlated with insulin antibodies. These findings suggest that AgAb, not necessarily comprised of insulin and anti-insulin antibodies, may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 756468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10357", "title": "Partial reversal of the cellular immune defect in common variable immunodeficiency with indomethacin.", "content": "We administered indomethacin (25 mg q.i.d.) to two patients with common variable immunodeficiency and measured the effect on their depressed cellular immune responses. The in vitro response of both patients' lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin increased during indomethacin administration. Both patients were anergic to skin testing before treatment and responded to two of four skin tests during treatment with indomethacin. Thus indomethacin administration in vivo appears to enhance the cellular immune respone, paralleling its previously described effects in vitro.", "contents": "Partial reversal of the cellular immune defect in common variable immunodeficiency with indomethacin. We administered indomethacin (25 mg q.i.d.) to two patients with common variable immunodeficiency and measured the effect on their depressed cellular immune responses. The in vitro response of both patients' lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin increased during indomethacin administration. Both patients were anergic to skin testing before treatment and responded to two of four skin tests during treatment with indomethacin. Thus indomethacin administration in vivo appears to enhance the cellular immune respone, paralleling its previously described effects in vitro.", "PMID": 756469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10358", "title": "Human colostral cytotoxicity: I. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Herpes simplex viral-infected cells mediated by colostral cells.", "content": "Human colostral cells in combination with antibody were able to destroy Herpes simplex virus-infected cells (Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity--ADCC) while demonstrating very low spontaneous (non-antibody mediated) cytotoxicity (SCT). The colostral cells involved in ADCC required a high effector to target ratio, were mononuclear, adherent and totally inhibited by latex particles. These results demonstrate that a subpopulation of human colostral macrophages can mediate ADCC against virus-infected target cells. The biologic implications of intact colostral cell ADCC and low SCT in regard to protecting the neonate from infection and maternal cell mediated gastrointestinal damage are discussed.", "contents": "Human colostral cytotoxicity: I. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Herpes simplex viral-infected cells mediated by colostral cells. Human colostral cells in combination with antibody were able to destroy Herpes simplex virus-infected cells (Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity--ADCC) while demonstrating very low spontaneous (non-antibody mediated) cytotoxicity (SCT). The colostral cells involved in ADCC required a high effector to target ratio, were mononuclear, adherent and totally inhibited by latex particles. These results demonstrate that a subpopulation of human colostral macrophages can mediate ADCC against virus-infected target cells. The biologic implications of intact colostral cell ADCC and low SCT in regard to protecting the neonate from infection and maternal cell mediated gastrointestinal damage are discussed.", "PMID": 756470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10359", "title": "An in vivo assessment of in vitro sensitized human lymphocytes using athymic, \"nude\" mice.", "content": "Cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in vitro by co-cultivation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with cultured human tumor cells. Their cytotoxic action was demonstrated in vivo in immunologically deficient \"nude\" mice.", "contents": "An in vivo assessment of in vitro sensitized human lymphocytes using athymic, \"nude\" mice. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in vitro by co-cultivation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with cultured human tumor cells. Their cytotoxic action was demonstrated in vivo in immunologically deficient \"nude\" mice.", "PMID": 756471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10360", "title": "The immune response of the genital tract of the female rabbit following systemic and local immunization.", "content": "Female rabbits were immunized with a model antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), either locally in the reproductive tract or systemically via the intramuscular route. A sensitive immunoassay was developed to detect antibodies to the HRP in both serum and reproductive tract flushings. Systemic immunization resulted in circulating and reproductive tract antibodies of the IgG class, but none of the IgA class. Local immunization produced IgA and IgG antibodies in the reproductive tract, and also IgG antibodies in serum. Cell-mediated immunity was examined by circulating lymphocyte transformation and skin sensitivity to HRP. Cell-mediated immune responses occurred after systemic immunization, but not after local immunization. The relevance of the results to immunological methods of fertility control is discussed.", "contents": "The immune response of the genital tract of the female rabbit following systemic and local immunization. Female rabbits were immunized with a model antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), either locally in the reproductive tract or systemically via the intramuscular route. A sensitive immunoassay was developed to detect antibodies to the HRP in both serum and reproductive tract flushings. Systemic immunization resulted in circulating and reproductive tract antibodies of the IgG class, but none of the IgA class. Local immunization produced IgA and IgG antibodies in the reproductive tract, and also IgG antibodies in serum. Cell-mediated immunity was examined by circulating lymphocyte transformation and skin sensitivity to HRP. Cell-mediated immune responses occurred after systemic immunization, but not after local immunization. The relevance of the results to immunological methods of fertility control is discussed.", "PMID": 756472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10361", "title": "Effects of threatening communications and mothers health beliefs on weight change in obese children.", "content": "A field experiment was designed to test the effects on weight change in obese children of (1) communications varying in threat and (2) health beliefs of the child's mother, in terms of perceived vulnerability to health threats, the efficacy of taking actions, and barriers to acting. Treatments involved messages containing more or less threatening material regarding obesity, plus a control (no communication) condition. Beliefs were assessed by means of personal interviews. All mothers and children received dietary counseling and were scheduled for four follow-up visits, which included weighing. The 182 participants were from low-income areas served by a large hospital pediatric clinic. High-threat messages yielded the most consistent weight loss, followed by low threat and control. In addition, both general beliefs concerning health and specific beliefs about obesity and dieting predicted weight loss. Both messages and mothers' beliefs acted together on keeping appointments and making efforts to comply. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of threats and health belief-behavior linkages.", "contents": "Effects of threatening communications and mothers health beliefs on weight change in obese children. A field experiment was designed to test the effects on weight change in obese children of (1) communications varying in threat and (2) health beliefs of the child's mother, in terms of perceived vulnerability to health threats, the efficacy of taking actions, and barriers to acting. Treatments involved messages containing more or less threatening material regarding obesity, plus a control (no communication) condition. Beliefs were assessed by means of personal interviews. All mothers and children received dietary counseling and were scheduled for four follow-up visits, which included weighing. The 182 participants were from low-income areas served by a large hospital pediatric clinic. High-threat messages yielded the most consistent weight loss, followed by low threat and control. In addition, both general beliefs concerning health and specific beliefs about obesity and dieting predicted weight loss. Both messages and mothers' beliefs acted together on keeping appointments and making efforts to comply. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of threats and health belief-behavior linkages.", "PMID": 756473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10362", "title": "Components of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and cardiovascular responses to psychomotor performance challenge.", "content": "The present study tested the general hypothesis that behavioral attributes most predictive of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in epidemiological research would also be most predictive of sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal in response to performance challenges. Subjects (n = 50) were challenged to respond rapidly and accurately on three tasks involving either perceptual-motor or cognitive skills, while the experimenter monitored blood pressure, heart rate, and galvanic skin potential. The hypothesis was generally confirmed in that (1) type A subjects showed significantly greater cardiovascular changes indicative of sympathetic ANS arousal than type B subjects, (2) the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview was a better predictor of this arousal than the Jenkins Activity Survey, as is the case in CHD, and (3) the stylistic and behavioral components of the type A pattern (as defined by the structured interview) which are most predictive of CHD were also found to be the best predictors of challenge-induced sympathetic ANS arousal. The implications of these results for refinements in the definition, assessment, and modification of coronary-prone behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Components of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and cardiovascular responses to psychomotor performance challenge. The present study tested the general hypothesis that behavioral attributes most predictive of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in epidemiological research would also be most predictive of sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal in response to performance challenges. Subjects (n = 50) were challenged to respond rapidly and accurately on three tasks involving either perceptual-motor or cognitive skills, while the experimenter monitored blood pressure, heart rate, and galvanic skin potential. The hypothesis was generally confirmed in that (1) type A subjects showed significantly greater cardiovascular changes indicative of sympathetic ANS arousal than type B subjects, (2) the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview was a better predictor of this arousal than the Jenkins Activity Survey, as is the case in CHD, and (3) the stylistic and behavioral components of the type A pattern (as defined by the structured interview) which are most predictive of CHD were also found to be the best predictors of challenge-induced sympathetic ANS arousal. The implications of these results for refinements in the definition, assessment, and modification of coronary-prone behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 756474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10363", "title": "A comparison of behavioral and traditional treatment for middle-income problem drinkers.", "content": "Groups of middle-income outpatient problem drinkiers were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: a multicomponent positive reinforcement procedure emphasizing moderation, or \"traditional\" denial-confrontation therapy emphasizing abstinence. There were no significant differences between participants assigned to the two procedures with respect to pretreatment characteristics. Participants reduced their alcohol consumption significantly in both treatments. Behavioral participants reduced alcohol consumption significantly during therapy, whereas traditional participants reduced significantly prior to therapy. Significantly more traditional participants dropped out of therapy than did behavioral. The data suggested that the effects of traditional therapy were mixed, helping those participants who were receptive, driving out those who were not; moreover, reduced consumption seemed to be more the result of compliance with initial therapist demands (made during the screening period) than the effect of denial-confrontation in subsequent therapy. Behavioral treatment was more successful in several indicators of outcome; the improvement observed seemed to be attributable to the active therapeutic techniques employed.", "contents": "A comparison of behavioral and traditional treatment for middle-income problem drinkers. Groups of middle-income outpatient problem drinkiers were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: a multicomponent positive reinforcement procedure emphasizing moderation, or \"traditional\" denial-confrontation therapy emphasizing abstinence. There were no significant differences between participants assigned to the two procedures with respect to pretreatment characteristics. Participants reduced their alcohol consumption significantly in both treatments. Behavioral participants reduced alcohol consumption significantly during therapy, whereas traditional participants reduced significantly prior to therapy. Significantly more traditional participants dropped out of therapy than did behavioral. The data suggested that the effects of traditional therapy were mixed, helping those participants who were receptive, driving out those who were not; moreover, reduced consumption seemed to be more the result of compliance with initial therapist demands (made during the screening period) than the effect of denial-confrontation in subsequent therapy. Behavioral treatment was more successful in several indicators of outcome; the improvement observed seemed to be attributable to the active therapeutic techniques employed.", "PMID": 756475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10364", "title": "Changing the coronary-prone (type A) behavior pattern in a nonclinical population.", "content": "This report presents the design and initial findings of an attempt to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in healthy men by modifying their type A behavior pattern. A group of 27 professional and executive volunteers, aged 39--59, who had been medically assessed as free from coronary heart disease, were randomly assigned to brief psychotherapy and behavior therapy groups. Each treatment group met for 14 sessions over a period of 5 months. Pre- and postmeasures of physiological (serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, blood pressure) and psychological (anxiety, psychological symptoms, satisfaction) variables were taken. Results indicate that both treatment groups changed in the desired direction on most of the psychological and physiological variables without apparent change in habits of diet, exercise, smoking, or work load. The findings are provocative, but only tentative, leaving questions of clinical validity, durability, and generalizability unresolved. Nevertheless, they indicate that this approach to modifying type A behavior may reduce coronary risk and therefore warrants further exploration.", "contents": "Changing the coronary-prone (type A) behavior pattern in a nonclinical population. This report presents the design and initial findings of an attempt to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in healthy men by modifying their type A behavior pattern. A group of 27 professional and executive volunteers, aged 39--59, who had been medically assessed as free from coronary heart disease, were randomly assigned to brief psychotherapy and behavior therapy groups. Each treatment group met for 14 sessions over a period of 5 months. Pre- and postmeasures of physiological (serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, blood pressure) and psychological (anxiety, psychological symptoms, satisfaction) variables were taken. Results indicate that both treatment groups changed in the desired direction on most of the psychological and physiological variables without apparent change in habits of diet, exercise, smoking, or work load. The findings are provocative, but only tentative, leaving questions of clinical validity, durability, and generalizability unresolved. Nevertheless, they indicate that this approach to modifying type A behavior may reduce coronary risk and therefore warrants further exploration.", "PMID": 756476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10365", "title": "Effects of alpha-bungarotoxin and reversible cholinergic ligands on normal and denervated mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "alpha-Bungarotoxin (BuTX; 5 micrograms/ml) completely blocked the endplate potential and extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of surface fibers in normal and chronically denervated mammalian muscles, respectively, in about 35 min. A 0.72 +/- 0.033 mV amplitude endplate potential returned in normal muscle fibers after 6.5 hr. of washout of alpha-BuTX, and an ACh sensitivity of 41.02 +/- 3.95 mV/nC was recorded in denervated muscle after 6.5 hr of wash (control being 1215 +/- 197 mV/nC). A two-step reaction of BuTX with binding sites which may allosterically interact is postulated. Several pharmacologic differences were noted between the ACh receptors at the normal endplate and those appearing extrajunctionally following denervation. In normal innervated muscles exposed to BuTX in the presence of 20 microM carbamylcholine or decamethonium, washout of both drugs restored twitch to control levels within 2 hr. Endplate potentials large enough to initiate action potentials were also recorded in most surface fibers. In contrast, these agents, in much higher concentrations (50 microM), were almost ineffective in preventing BuTX blockade of ACh sensitivity in denervated muscle. Hexamethonium (10 and 50 mM) depressed neuromuscular transmission and blocked the action of BuTX in normal muscle in a dose-dependent fashion. On the extrajunctional receptors, hexamethonium (50 mM) was ineffective in protecting against BuTX. We may conclude that at the normal endplate region there are two distinct populations of ACh receptors, both of which react with cholinergic ligands and BuTX, but that a small population (representing congruent to 1% of the total) reacts with BuTX reversibly. Our findings further suggest a clear distinction between ACh receptors located at the normal endplate region and those of the extrajunctional region of the chronically denervated mammalian muscle.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-bungarotoxin and reversible cholinergic ligands on normal and denervated mammalian skeletal muscle. alpha-Bungarotoxin (BuTX; 5 micrograms/ml) completely blocked the endplate potential and extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of surface fibers in normal and chronically denervated mammalian muscles, respectively, in about 35 min. A 0.72 +/- 0.033 mV amplitude endplate potential returned in normal muscle fibers after 6.5 hr. of washout of alpha-BuTX, and an ACh sensitivity of 41.02 +/- 3.95 mV/nC was recorded in denervated muscle after 6.5 hr of wash (control being 1215 +/- 197 mV/nC). A two-step reaction of BuTX with binding sites which may allosterically interact is postulated. Several pharmacologic differences were noted between the ACh receptors at the normal endplate and those appearing extrajunctionally following denervation. In normal innervated muscles exposed to BuTX in the presence of 20 microM carbamylcholine or decamethonium, washout of both drugs restored twitch to control levels within 2 hr. Endplate potentials large enough to initiate action potentials were also recorded in most surface fibers. In contrast, these agents, in much higher concentrations (50 microM), were almost ineffective in preventing BuTX blockade of ACh sensitivity in denervated muscle. Hexamethonium (10 and 50 mM) depressed neuromuscular transmission and blocked the action of BuTX in normal muscle in a dose-dependent fashion. On the extrajunctional receptors, hexamethonium (50 mM) was ineffective in protecting against BuTX. We may conclude that at the normal endplate region there are two distinct populations of ACh receptors, both of which react with cholinergic ligands and BuTX, but that a small population (representing congruent to 1% of the total) reacts with BuTX reversibly. Our findings further suggest a clear distinction between ACh receptors located at the normal endplate region and those of the extrajunctional region of the chronically denervated mammalian muscle.", "PMID": 756485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10366", "title": "Changes in amino acid transport during red cell maturation.", "content": "We studied amino acid transport in sheep red blood cells (RBCs) as a function of cell maturation. Transport of amino acids is decreased strikingly in the mature mammalian RBC compared to the immature reticulocyte. Blood obtained 5-6 days after massive bleeding was fractionated on dextran gradients. In the mature erythrocyte amino acids are taken up only slowly, and in the normal experimental interval (60 min) the concentration in the cell does not reach that of the medium. In contrast, the reticulocyte-rich (top) fraction (50-90% reticulocyte) accumulates certain amino acids, particularly histidine, methionine, and leucine. The underlying process is ATP-independent and Na+-insensitive, and has properties consistent with exchange diffusion, i.e., accelerated uptake or efflux when unlabeled solute is present on the trans side. The process is apparent not only in intact cells but also in resealed ghosts. The decrease in activity of amino acid transport is a function of red cell maturation. Thus it can be shown that (a) separation of cells according to their density 1, 2, and 3 weeks after bleeding leads to progressively lower amino acid transport activity with increasing cell density; and (b) during in vitro long-term incubation at 37 degrees C of reticulocyte-rich, unfractionated blood (5-10% reticulocytes), amino acid transport decreases while red cell integrity is maintained, as evidenced by the retention of a normal K+ gradient and the absence of hemolysis. The progressive loss is seen with resealed ghosts as well as with intact cells. Not all the amino acids examined participate in this exchange process. The most actively exchanged are histidine, leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine. Glycine, proline, arginine, and a-amino isobutyric acid do not participate in the exchange process.", "contents": "Changes in amino acid transport during red cell maturation. We studied amino acid transport in sheep red blood cells (RBCs) as a function of cell maturation. Transport of amino acids is decreased strikingly in the mature mammalian RBC compared to the immature reticulocyte. Blood obtained 5-6 days after massive bleeding was fractionated on dextran gradients. In the mature erythrocyte amino acids are taken up only slowly, and in the normal experimental interval (60 min) the concentration in the cell does not reach that of the medium. In contrast, the reticulocyte-rich (top) fraction (50-90% reticulocyte) accumulates certain amino acids, particularly histidine, methionine, and leucine. The underlying process is ATP-independent and Na+-insensitive, and has properties consistent with exchange diffusion, i.e., accelerated uptake or efflux when unlabeled solute is present on the trans side. The process is apparent not only in intact cells but also in resealed ghosts. The decrease in activity of amino acid transport is a function of red cell maturation. Thus it can be shown that (a) separation of cells according to their density 1, 2, and 3 weeks after bleeding leads to progressively lower amino acid transport activity with increasing cell density; and (b) during in vitro long-term incubation at 37 degrees C of reticulocyte-rich, unfractionated blood (5-10% reticulocytes), amino acid transport decreases while red cell integrity is maintained, as evidenced by the retention of a normal K+ gradient and the absence of hemolysis. The progressive loss is seen with resealed ghosts as well as with intact cells. Not all the amino acids examined participate in this exchange process. The most actively exchanged are histidine, leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine. Glycine, proline, arginine, and a-amino isobutyric acid do not participate in the exchange process.", "PMID": 756486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10367", "title": "Ouabain binding and potassium transport in young and old populations of human red cells.", "content": "Human red blood cells were separated according to density by centrifugation through mixtures of phthalate esters. The densest 20% of the erythrocyte population (old cells) had reduced volume and water content compared to the lightest 20% of the cells (young cells). Corpuscular hemoglobin content was unchanged. Young cells had 50% more potassium (K+) than old cells, but their total intracellular concentration was only slightly higher, old cells had a small increase in sodium (Na+) concentration. Active K+ transport of young cells was 37% higher than that of old cells. [3H] + Ouabain binding revealed that this difference was the result of more K+ pump sites on young cells, which bound 530 ouabain molecules per cell at 100% K+ pump inhibition, as compared to 400 for old cells; unseparated cells bound 450-500 molecules. The relative rates of ouabain binding were identical for the two cell types. Old cells exhibited a greater passive permeability to K+, having a rate coefficient for ouabain-insensitive K+ influx 1.8 times that of young cells. There is evidence to suggest that in the face of reduced pump activity this augmented K+ \"leak\" might enhance the osmotic stability of the old cells and function to lengthen their life span.", "contents": "Ouabain binding and potassium transport in young and old populations of human red cells. Human red blood cells were separated according to density by centrifugation through mixtures of phthalate esters. The densest 20% of the erythrocyte population (old cells) had reduced volume and water content compared to the lightest 20% of the cells (young cells). Corpuscular hemoglobin content was unchanged. Young cells had 50% more potassium (K+) than old cells, but their total intracellular concentration was only slightly higher, old cells had a small increase in sodium (Na+) concentration. Active K+ transport of young cells was 37% higher than that of old cells. [3H] + Ouabain binding revealed that this difference was the result of more K+ pump sites on young cells, which bound 530 ouabain molecules per cell at 100% K+ pump inhibition, as compared to 400 for old cells; unseparated cells bound 450-500 molecules. The relative rates of ouabain binding were identical for the two cell types. Old cells exhibited a greater passive permeability to K+, having a rate coefficient for ouabain-insensitive K+ influx 1.8 times that of young cells. There is evidence to suggest that in the face of reduced pump activity this augmented K+ \"leak\" might enhance the osmotic stability of the old cells and function to lengthen their life span.", "PMID": 756487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10368", "title": "Properties of brush border vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex by calcium precipitation.", "content": "Brush border membrane vesicles were isolated from rat kidney cortex by differential centrifugation in the presence of 10 mM calcium. Their properties were compared to brush border vesicles isolated by free-flow electrophoresis. By the calcium precipitation method membrane vesicles were obtained in a shorter time with a similar enrichment of brush border marker enzymes (11- to 12-fold for alkaline phosphatase and maltase), with a similarly reduced activity of the marker enzyme for basal-lateral plasma membranes and an almost identical protein composition as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The transport properties of the two membrane preparations for D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, and phosphate are essentially the same; there is some indication for a lower sodium permeability of the vesicles prepared by the calcium precipitation method. The latter vesicles were also shown to exhibit sodium gradient stimulated uptake of L-glutamate.", "contents": "Properties of brush border vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex by calcium precipitation. Brush border membrane vesicles were isolated from rat kidney cortex by differential centrifugation in the presence of 10 mM calcium. Their properties were compared to brush border vesicles isolated by free-flow electrophoresis. By the calcium precipitation method membrane vesicles were obtained in a shorter time with a similar enrichment of brush border marker enzymes (11- to 12-fold for alkaline phosphatase and maltase), with a similarly reduced activity of the marker enzyme for basal-lateral plasma membranes and an almost identical protein composition as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The transport properties of the two membrane preparations for D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, and phosphate are essentially the same; there is some indication for a lower sodium permeability of the vesicles prepared by the calcium precipitation method. The latter vesicles were also shown to exhibit sodium gradient stimulated uptake of L-glutamate.", "PMID": 756488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10369", "title": "Phloretin-like action of bioflavonoids on sugar accumulation capability of isolated intestinal cells.", "content": "Flavanones and flavones are structural analogues of phloretin. Like phloretin they inhibit the non-Na+-dependent, facilitated diffusion transport system for sugars associated with the lateral serosal boundary of intestinal epithelial cells. The degree of inhibition varies with the extent and position of hydroxylation of the flavonoid nucleus. Flavones are more potent than corresponding flavanones. Tri- and tetrahydroxylated forms are more inhibitory than similar penta- and hexahydroxylated molecules. With one exception, none of the 18 flavonoids tested has secondary effects as metabolic inhibitors, as does phloretin. Inhibition of the passive sugar transport system with flavonoids allows the concentrative Na+-dependent sugar transport system to establish a better concentration gradient than is observed in untreated cells. The degree of gradient enhancement is proportional to the degree of inhibition of the sugar \"leak.\" The flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as phlorizin analogues, also inhibit the non-Na+-dependent sugar carrier, but less well than corresponding nonglycosylated agents. Only one of the glycosides inhibits the Na+-dependent transport system, and much less potently than phlorizin.", "contents": "Phloretin-like action of bioflavonoids on sugar accumulation capability of isolated intestinal cells. Flavanones and flavones are structural analogues of phloretin. Like phloretin they inhibit the non-Na+-dependent, facilitated diffusion transport system for sugars associated with the lateral serosal boundary of intestinal epithelial cells. The degree of inhibition varies with the extent and position of hydroxylation of the flavonoid nucleus. Flavones are more potent than corresponding flavanones. Tri- and tetrahydroxylated forms are more inhibitory than similar penta- and hexahydroxylated molecules. With one exception, none of the 18 flavonoids tested has secondary effects as metabolic inhibitors, as does phloretin. Inhibition of the passive sugar transport system with flavonoids allows the concentrative Na+-dependent sugar transport system to establish a better concentration gradient than is observed in untreated cells. The degree of gradient enhancement is proportional to the degree of inhibition of the sugar \"leak.\" The flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as phlorizin analogues, also inhibit the non-Na+-dependent sugar carrier, but less well than corresponding nonglycosylated agents. Only one of the glycosides inhibits the Na+-dependent transport system, and much less potently than phlorizin.", "PMID": 756489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10370", "title": "Differential labeling of components in human erythrocyte membranes associated with the transport of glucose.", "content": "The irreversible inhibition of glucose transport by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) has been used to identify membrane proteins possibly associated with glucose transport in human erythrocytes. D-Glucose was shown to enhance significantly the rate of FDNB inhibition of transport when present during the reaction, whereas cytochalasin B (CB) and D-maltose retarded this FDNB inhibition of transport. This modulation of the inhibition reaction formed basis for a double isotopic differential labeling technique using [14C]- and [3H] FDNB followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish transport-associated polypeptides from bulk membrane dinitrophenylated proteins. Reactions in the presence of CB or maltose revealed the presence of a differentially labeled polypeptide(s), with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000-65,000 daltons. This effect could in part be reversed in the presence of D-glucose but not L-glucose. Reactions in the presence of D-glucose resulted in two regions of differential labeling. One region was around 200,000 daltons and the other corresponded to a 90,000-dalton band. Extraction of membrane proteins with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate resulted in no loss of the 60,000-dalton peak, indicating that this labeled polypeptide(s) was firmly anchored in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. These results indicate that as many as three membrane polypeptides are differentially labeled by FDNB under conditions strongly associated with the inhibition of the glucose transport system and may be involved in the regulation of glucose transport.", "contents": "Differential labeling of components in human erythrocyte membranes associated with the transport of glucose. The irreversible inhibition of glucose transport by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) has been used to identify membrane proteins possibly associated with glucose transport in human erythrocytes. D-Glucose was shown to enhance significantly the rate of FDNB inhibition of transport when present during the reaction, whereas cytochalasin B (CB) and D-maltose retarded this FDNB inhibition of transport. This modulation of the inhibition reaction formed basis for a double isotopic differential labeling technique using [14C]- and [3H] FDNB followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish transport-associated polypeptides from bulk membrane dinitrophenylated proteins. Reactions in the presence of CB or maltose revealed the presence of a differentially labeled polypeptide(s), with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000-65,000 daltons. This effect could in part be reversed in the presence of D-glucose but not L-glucose. Reactions in the presence of D-glucose resulted in two regions of differential labeling. One region was around 200,000 daltons and the other corresponded to a 90,000-dalton band. Extraction of membrane proteins with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate resulted in no loss of the 60,000-dalton peak, indicating that this labeled polypeptide(s) was firmly anchored in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. These results indicate that as many as three membrane polypeptides are differentially labeled by FDNB under conditions strongly associated with the inhibition of the glucose transport system and may be involved in the regulation of glucose transport.", "PMID": 756490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10371", "title": "Reconstitution of neutral amino acid transport systems from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Amino acid transport systems for alanine and leucine were reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles. Purified plasma membrane vesicles from Ehrlich ascites cells were dissolved in 2% sodium cholate, 1mM dithiothreitol, and 0.5 mM EDTA a mixture that solubilized approximately 50% of the membrane protein. This solubilized protein fraction was further purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitations, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A fraction containing approximately 15 Coomassie blue-staining bands on sodim dodecyl sulfate gels was obtained. This material was reconstituted into liposomes, and preliminary results demonstrated transport of alanine and leucine dependent on a sodium gradient. In addition, an electrogenic gradient mediated by valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion seemed to stimulate alanine uptake further.", "contents": "Reconstitution of neutral amino acid transport systems from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Amino acid transport systems for alanine and leucine were reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles. Purified plasma membrane vesicles from Ehrlich ascites cells were dissolved in 2% sodium cholate, 1mM dithiothreitol, and 0.5 mM EDTA a mixture that solubilized approximately 50% of the membrane protein. This solubilized protein fraction was further purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitations, gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A fraction containing approximately 15 Coomassie blue-staining bands on sodim dodecyl sulfate gels was obtained. This material was reconstituted into liposomes, and preliminary results demonstrated transport of alanine and leucine dependent on a sodium gradient. In addition, an electrogenic gradient mediated by valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion seemed to stimulate alanine uptake further.", "PMID": 756491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10372", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-induced changes in the electrical conductance of bimolecular lipid membranes.", "content": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE) in adrenal medullary chromaffin granules, increases the electrical conductance of bimolecular lipid membranes. The conductances increase requires both DA and Ca2+ and occurs in discrete steps. The conductance, which increases as the square of the DBH concentration, is nonselective for cations over anions and requires the native conformation of DBH. NE cannot replace DA.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-induced changes in the electrical conductance of bimolecular lipid membranes. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE) in adrenal medullary chromaffin granules, increases the electrical conductance of bimolecular lipid membranes. The conductances increase requires both DA and Ca2+ and occurs in discrete steps. The conductance, which increases as the square of the DBH concentration, is nonselective for cations over anions and requires the native conformation of DBH. NE cannot replace DA.", "PMID": 756492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10373", "title": "Improved synthesis of n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside: a nonionic detergent of considerable potential in membrane biochemistry.", "content": "An improved synthesis for the nonionic detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside (detergent 2) is described. The key modification over earlier methods is the utilization of n-octyl alcohol as the limiting reagent in the condensation between bromide 1 and n-octyl alcohol. A 60-70% overall yield of 2 is obtained without isolation of the intermediate. The beta-configuration at the anomeric carbon atom of 2 was confirmed by 100 mHz NMR spectroscopy.", "contents": "Improved synthesis of n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside: a nonionic detergent of considerable potential in membrane biochemistry. An improved synthesis for the nonionic detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside (detergent 2) is described. The key modification over earlier methods is the utilization of n-octyl alcohol as the limiting reagent in the condensation between bromide 1 and n-octyl alcohol. A 60-70% overall yield of 2 is obtained without isolation of the intermediate. The beta-configuration at the anomeric carbon atom of 2 was confirmed by 100 mHz NMR spectroscopy.", "PMID": 756493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10374", "title": "Differences in the chemical composition and carbohydrate metabolism of Echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and E. multilocularis.", "content": "Metabolic studies in vitro and studies on chemical composition indicate basic biochemical differences between the horse and sheep strains of Echinococcus granulosus and between these and the closely related species, E. multilocularis. The horse strain of E. granulosus has a similar level of DNA, but significantly more polysaccharides and lipids, with less RNA and protein than the sheep strain. E. multilocularis has significantly more lipids and DNA but less polysaccharides than the horse and sheep strains of E. granulosus, more RNA and protein than the horse strain but similar protein to and less RNA than the sheep strain. Incubations under air and under 95% N2-5% CO2 for 3 h show that only E. multilocularis takes up glucose, that all three forms consume different amounts of oxygen and endogenous glycogen and produce different concentrations of lactate, succinate, acetate, malate, pyruvate, propionate and ethanol as end products of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Differences in the chemical composition and carbohydrate metabolism of Echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and E. multilocularis. Metabolic studies in vitro and studies on chemical composition indicate basic biochemical differences between the horse and sheep strains of Echinococcus granulosus and between these and the closely related species, E. multilocularis. The horse strain of E. granulosus has a similar level of DNA, but significantly more polysaccharides and lipids, with less RNA and protein than the sheep strain. E. multilocularis has significantly more lipids and DNA but less polysaccharides than the horse and sheep strains of E. granulosus, more RNA and protein than the horse strain but similar protein to and less RNA than the sheep strain. Incubations under air and under 95% N2-5% CO2 for 3 h show that only E. multilocularis takes up glucose, that all three forms consume different amounts of oxygen and endogenous glycogen and produce different concentrations of lactate, succinate, acetate, malate, pyruvate, propionate and ethanol as end products of carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 756521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10375", "title": "The development of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum (L. 1756) (Cestoda; Pseudophyllidea) in its definitive hosts, with special references to the growth patterns of D. dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1827).", "content": "When Diphyllobothrium latum develops from larva to adult in a definitive host, it first sheds the entire larval 'body' before growth of an adult strobila starts. This process of shedding off the entire larval abothrial extremity, piece by piece, takes about 48 h. By this time the larva has usually reached the anterior third of the small intestine of the host. D. dendriticum and D. ditremum develop quite differently, although exhibiting similar anterior migrations. In these two species the larvae develop directly into adults without the larval 'body' first being shed. The implications of the observed differences in growth pattern between these three species of Diphyllobothrium to the classification of diphyllobothriid cestodes is discussed briefly.", "contents": "The development of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum (L. 1756) (Cestoda; Pseudophyllidea) in its definitive hosts, with special references to the growth patterns of D. dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1827). When Diphyllobothrium latum develops from larva to adult in a definitive host, it first sheds the entire larval 'body' before growth of an adult strobila starts. This process of shedding off the entire larval abothrial extremity, piece by piece, takes about 48 h. By this time the larva has usually reached the anterior third of the small intestine of the host. D. dendriticum and D. ditremum develop quite differently, although exhibiting similar anterior migrations. In these two species the larvae develop directly into adults without the larval 'body' first being shed. The implications of the observed differences in growth pattern between these three species of Diphyllobothrium to the classification of diphyllobothriid cestodes is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 756522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10376", "title": "A suggested terminology for populations of coccidia (Eimeriorina), particularly of the genus Eimeria (Protozoa: Apicomplexa).", "content": "A short list of terms has been compiled which provides for the discussion of variation of coccidia of the genus Eimeria at infrasubspecific levels. Based upon this list, guidelines are given for the designation of strains and lines.", "contents": "A suggested terminology for populations of coccidia (Eimeriorina), particularly of the genus Eimeria (Protozoa: Apicomplexa). A short list of terms has been compiled which provides for the discussion of variation of coccidia of the genus Eimeria at infrasubspecific levels. Based upon this list, guidelines are given for the designation of strains and lines.", "PMID": 756523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10377", "title": "Effects of saturated sodium chloride solution on coccidial oocysts.", "content": "Using the ability to sporulate as a measure of viability, the effects of exposure of unsporulated oocysts of 10 species of coccidia of chickens, rabbits and cattle to saturated NaCl solution has been studied. Although appreciable deformation and collapse of the oocyst occurred after 1-2 days contact, the effect was reversible after washing free from salt and incubating. Some reduction in ability to sporulate following several days contact with saturated salt was noted in most species, although no effect was seen with Eimeria stiedai following 7 days exposure, Eimeria tenella was one of the more sensitive species studied. Culture titration experiments in chickens with E. tenella indicated that oocysts which had sporulated following prolonged exposure to salt were in no way inferior in virulence or ability to retain virulence on prolonged storage to oocysts prepared with minimal contact with salt. No evidence was obtained to contra-indicate the use of salt-flotation methods for the separation of oocysts from faeces.", "contents": "Effects of saturated sodium chloride solution on coccidial oocysts. Using the ability to sporulate as a measure of viability, the effects of exposure of unsporulated oocysts of 10 species of coccidia of chickens, rabbits and cattle to saturated NaCl solution has been studied. Although appreciable deformation and collapse of the oocyst occurred after 1-2 days contact, the effect was reversible after washing free from salt and incubating. Some reduction in ability to sporulate following several days contact with saturated salt was noted in most species, although no effect was seen with Eimeria stiedai following 7 days exposure, Eimeria tenella was one of the more sensitive species studied. Culture titration experiments in chickens with E. tenella indicated that oocysts which had sporulated following prolonged exposure to salt were in no way inferior in virulence or ability to retain virulence on prolonged storage to oocysts prepared with minimal contact with salt. No evidence was obtained to contra-indicate the use of salt-flotation methods for the separation of oocysts from faeces.", "PMID": 756524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10378", "title": "Host-parasite relationships of Zygocotyle lunata (Trematoda) in the domestic chick.", "content": "Domestic chicks were infected with Zygocotyle lunata to determine gross and histopathological effects on the caecal tissues, to observe the method of feeding by worms and to examine the effects of crowding on the growth and development of the worm. Caecal weights and dimensions were significantly reduced in infected chicks. Caecal debris, abundant in control chicks, stained positive for proteins, polysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides and neutral fats. Caecal debris was rarely seen in infected chicks. The lumen of the intestinal caeca of the worms contained acellular material which showed protease activity and stained positive for proteins, polysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharides. Histopathological effects of the infection showed a disruption of the architecture of host caecal mucosa, worm to worm attachment, tissue plugs in the worm acetabulum, and an engorgement of host mucosal tissue with erythrocytes. Stunting due to worm crowding was very evident and by 2 weeks post-infection, worms from single-worm infections were sexually mature and more than twice the length of immature flukes obtained from chicks infected with 100-500 cysts.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationships of Zygocotyle lunata (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. Domestic chicks were infected with Zygocotyle lunata to determine gross and histopathological effects on the caecal tissues, to observe the method of feeding by worms and to examine the effects of crowding on the growth and development of the worm. Caecal weights and dimensions were significantly reduced in infected chicks. Caecal debris, abundant in control chicks, stained positive for proteins, polysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides and neutral fats. Caecal debris was rarely seen in infected chicks. The lumen of the intestinal caeca of the worms contained acellular material which showed protease activity and stained positive for proteins, polysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharides. Histopathological effects of the infection showed a disruption of the architecture of host caecal mucosa, worm to worm attachment, tissue plugs in the worm acetabulum, and an engorgement of host mucosal tissue with erythrocytes. Stunting due to worm crowding was very evident and by 2 weeks post-infection, worms from single-worm infections were sexually mature and more than twice the length of immature flukes obtained from chicks infected with 100-500 cysts.", "PMID": 756525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10379", "title": "Mannosyl transferase activity in homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni contain enzymes which are capable of transferring [14C]mannose from GDP[U-14C]mannose to a lipid acceptor which migrates as a single peak on a silica gel thin-layer plate. This lipid may belong to the class of polyprenol monophosphates which are intermediate elements in the glycosylation of nascent proteins. The schistosome mannosyl transferase activity is associated with membranous particles and is dependent on the presence of Mn2+. However, other divalent metals such as Mg2+ or Ca2+ can, in decreasing order of efficiency, replace Mn2+. When UDP[U-14C]glucose was incubated with the homogenates in the same conditions, relatively little label was transferred to the lipid acceptor. Live worms incubated in a medium containing GDP[U-14C]mannose seem to incorporate the label preferentially on the tegument and on adjacent subtegumental structures. By adding foetal calf serum to the medium, incorporation of the label can be stimulated.", "contents": "Mannosyl transferase activity in homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni contain enzymes which are capable of transferring [14C]mannose from GDP[U-14C]mannose to a lipid acceptor which migrates as a single peak on a silica gel thin-layer plate. This lipid may belong to the class of polyprenol monophosphates which are intermediate elements in the glycosylation of nascent proteins. The schistosome mannosyl transferase activity is associated with membranous particles and is dependent on the presence of Mn2+. However, other divalent metals such as Mg2+ or Ca2+ can, in decreasing order of efficiency, replace Mn2+. When UDP[U-14C]glucose was incubated with the homogenates in the same conditions, relatively little label was transferred to the lipid acceptor. Live worms incubated in a medium containing GDP[U-14C]mannose seem to incorporate the label preferentially on the tegument and on adjacent subtegumental structures. By adding foetal calf serum to the medium, incorporation of the label can be stimulated.", "PMID": 756527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10380", "title": "[The genesis of crime according to dialectic criminology. II. Comments on the genesis of crime].", "content": "Prof. Lyra discusses in this article the basic problem of criminological sciences, stating that its essential object of study is the determination of the genesis of crime. The Author states that, before defining the crime genesis, it is necessary to outline, through a synthesis of epistemological restructurization of criminology itself. This way, we can develop a conception of Dialectic Criminology, where the term \"dialectic\" does not necessarily coincide with a marxist posture, but it extends along much more complex and comprehensive parameters. Dialectic Criminology is defined, in Lyra's conception, as a Classified Criminology, synthetizing both the psychological approach (clinical criminology, or micro-criminology), and the sociological approach (sociological criminology or macro-criminology), according to an anthropological basic frame of reference, which constitutes the new and original prerequisite. To this aim, according to Prof. Lyra, it is necessary to overcome merely biological or psychological theories, and the new sociologisms, which cannot explain deviant behavior without falling into dogmatism or relativism. It is necessary to give back to criminology its original ethico-philosophical roots, and to place the problem of crime within a new \"praxis\" concept, which takes into account the authentic freedom of man, interracting with historical evolution. This way, through Dialectic Criminology, we can overcome the conception of crime and delinquency viewed as counterparts of the concept of Law.", "contents": "[The genesis of crime according to dialectic criminology. II. Comments on the genesis of crime]. Prof. Lyra discusses in this article the basic problem of criminological sciences, stating that its essential object of study is the determination of the genesis of crime. The Author states that, before defining the crime genesis, it is necessary to outline, through a synthesis of epistemological restructurization of criminology itself. This way, we can develop a conception of Dialectic Criminology, where the term \"dialectic\" does not necessarily coincide with a marxist posture, but it extends along much more complex and comprehensive parameters. Dialectic Criminology is defined, in Lyra's conception, as a Classified Criminology, synthetizing both the psychological approach (clinical criminology, or micro-criminology), and the sociological approach (sociological criminology or macro-criminology), according to an anthropological basic frame of reference, which constitutes the new and original prerequisite. To this aim, according to Prof. Lyra, it is necessary to overcome merely biological or psychological theories, and the new sociologisms, which cannot explain deviant behavior without falling into dogmatism or relativism. It is necessary to give back to criminology its original ethico-philosophical roots, and to place the problem of crime within a new \"praxis\" concept, which takes into account the authentic freedom of man, interracting with historical evolution. This way, through Dialectic Criminology, we can overcome the conception of crime and delinquency viewed as counterparts of the concept of Law.", "PMID": 756568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10381", "title": "[Penal treatment and rehabilitation of the convict in the new Penal Code of San Marino. Juridical and criminological aspects].", "content": "The Republic of San Marino adopted a new Penal Code which came into force on Ist January 1975; it replaced the former one of 15th Sept. 1865. After having stated the typical aspects of the Penal Procedure System therein enforceable, the Authors examine the rules concerning criminal responsibility and the danger of committing new crimes. They point out and criticize the relevant contradictions. In explaining the measures regarding punishment and educational rehabilitation provided for by the San Marino's legal system, the Authors later consider them from a juridical and criminological viewpoint. If some reforms must be approved (for example: biopsychical inquiry on the charged person, probation, week-end imprisonments, fines according to the incomes of the condemned, etc.). the Authors stress that some legal provisions may appear useless and unrealistic when one considers the environmental conditions of the little Republic. The Authors conclude that Penal Procedure Law is not in accordance with Penal Law and, consequently, they hope that a new reform will be grounded on the needs arising from the crimes perpetrated in loco. It shall be, however, necessary to plan a co-ordination among the two Codes within a framework of de-criminalization of many acts which are now punishable as crime.", "contents": "[Penal treatment and rehabilitation of the convict in the new Penal Code of San Marino. Juridical and criminological aspects]. The Republic of San Marino adopted a new Penal Code which came into force on Ist January 1975; it replaced the former one of 15th Sept. 1865. After having stated the typical aspects of the Penal Procedure System therein enforceable, the Authors examine the rules concerning criminal responsibility and the danger of committing new crimes. They point out and criticize the relevant contradictions. In explaining the measures regarding punishment and educational rehabilitation provided for by the San Marino's legal system, the Authors later consider them from a juridical and criminological viewpoint. If some reforms must be approved (for example: biopsychical inquiry on the charged person, probation, week-end imprisonments, fines according to the incomes of the condemned, etc.). the Authors stress that some legal provisions may appear useless and unrealistic when one considers the environmental conditions of the little Republic. The Authors conclude that Penal Procedure Law is not in accordance with Penal Law and, consequently, they hope that a new reform will be grounded on the needs arising from the crimes perpetrated in loco. It shall be, however, necessary to plan a co-ordination among the two Codes within a framework of de-criminalization of many acts which are now punishable as crime.", "PMID": 756570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10382", "title": "[Measurement of anxiety in a population of prisoners].", "content": "The Cattle's IPAT anxiety scale test has been used in a population of prisoners during a three years period. The specific features of these subjects suggest great caution in the interpretation of this tests, that was originally validated on different populations. For psychodiagnostic and therapeutic purposes each score should be specifically checked. Other observations are made and some suggestions are also given.", "contents": "[Measurement of anxiety in a population of prisoners]. The Cattle's IPAT anxiety scale test has been used in a population of prisoners during a three years period. The specific features of these subjects suggest great caution in the interpretation of this tests, that was originally validated on different populations. For psychodiagnostic and therapeutic purposes each score should be specifically checked. Other observations are made and some suggestions are also given.", "PMID": 756569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10383", "title": "[Suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine supplemented with an adjuvant. Its use in cattle].", "content": "This paper describes two experiments carried out in cattle immunized with suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine (SMB) 14, supplemented with 2% Al (OH)3 15 or Freund's modified incomplete adjuvant 2, 26. When determining the vaccinal dose, it was observed that the immune response was independent from the doses used (Table 1), all animals survived the challenge 30 days after vaccination, as compared to a mortality rate of 80% in the controls. To determine the duration of immunity, an amount of 5 ml was chosen as vacinal dose. Two years after immunization, both vaccines protected 96% of the cattle against a viral challenge that killed 63% of the non-vaccinated controls (Table 2). Statistically significant differences were observed between the antibody levels elicited by both vaccines. Antibody levels observed with the oil supplemented vaccine were higher than those produced by the A1 (OH)3 vaccine.", "contents": "[Suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine supplemented with an adjuvant. Its use in cattle]. This paper describes two experiments carried out in cattle immunized with suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine (SMB) 14, supplemented with 2% Al (OH)3 15 or Freund's modified incomplete adjuvant 2, 26. When determining the vaccinal dose, it was observed that the immune response was independent from the doses used (Table 1), all animals survived the challenge 30 days after vaccination, as compared to a mortality rate of 80% in the controls. To determine the duration of immunity, an amount of 5 ml was chosen as vacinal dose. Two years after immunization, both vaccines protected 96% of the cattle against a viral challenge that killed 63% of the non-vaccinated controls (Table 2). Statistically significant differences were observed between the antibody levels elicited by both vaccines. Antibody levels observed with the oil supplemented vaccine were higher than those produced by the A1 (OH)3 vaccine.", "PMID": 756571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10384", "title": "[Aminoacid levels in Werding-Hoffmann and Kugelberg-Welander diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of free aminoacids in plasma and urine were estimated in 10 patients suffering from Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease of long duration. The age of the patients was between 5 and 14 years. Estimations were also made in 10 patients with Kugelberg-Welander's disease aged between 11 and 34 years. The aminoacid concentrations were estimated on samples of plasma and 24 hours samples of urine by means of chromatography on ion-exchange resins. The data obtained were compared respectively with groups of thirty and ten healthy subjects of the same age. In the group of patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease a significant increase of taurine (p less than 0.001) and of glutamic acid (p less than 0.001) was found in the plasma. The urinary excretion of glutamine was increased in the same group of patients (p less than 0.001) and in the group with Kugelberg-Welander's disease (p less than 0.005). These aminoacid levels are interpreted as an expression of a reduced oxygen metabolism and increased proteolysis in the skeletal muscles in conditions of chronic denervation.", "contents": "[Aminoacid levels in Werding-Hoffmann and Kugelberg-Welander diseases (author's transl)]. The concentration of free aminoacids in plasma and urine were estimated in 10 patients suffering from Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease of long duration. The age of the patients was between 5 and 14 years. Estimations were also made in 10 patients with Kugelberg-Welander's disease aged between 11 and 34 years. The aminoacid concentrations were estimated on samples of plasma and 24 hours samples of urine by means of chromatography on ion-exchange resins. The data obtained were compared respectively with groups of thirty and ten healthy subjects of the same age. In the group of patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease a significant increase of taurine (p less than 0.001) and of glutamic acid (p less than 0.001) was found in the plasma. The urinary excretion of glutamine was increased in the same group of patients (p less than 0.001) and in the group with Kugelberg-Welander's disease (p less than 0.005). These aminoacid levels are interpreted as an expression of a reduced oxygen metabolism and increased proteolysis in the skeletal muscles in conditions of chronic denervation.", "PMID": 756618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10385", "title": "[Chemotherapy of cerebral tumours: data on malignant gliomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors, after briefly reviewing the literature on chemotherapy of malignant gliomas, present their own experience on forty-four patients with such tumors. All of them had been previously operated and irradiated. The clinical course was controlled by various parameters which are described. Results obtained in glioblastomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and malignant oligodendrogliomas are discussed. BCNU and CCNU seem to be beneficial not only in prolonging survival time but also in improving its quality: the average survival time of treated patients is 9.2 +/- 9.8 against 6.7 +/- 3.4 of controls. These values however are not statistically significant. In 15 out of 31 patients, who died at varying intervals after chemoterapy, an autopsy was performed. The morphology of the tumors was compared with that of previous biopsies. No specific alterations to be referred to chemotherapy were found. The side effects are described in detail and particular attention is focused on toxicity (blood and liver) whose main effect is the lowering of platelets and white cells. However, this and the epatic alterations did not reach values requiring interruption of chemotherapy. Other drugs have been used such as MeCCNU, VM 26 and Procarbazine. The number of patients, treated with each of them, is low for a definite conclusion; even if VM 26 and Procarbazine seem to offer the best effects.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of cerebral tumours: data on malignant gliomas (author's transl)]. The Authors, after briefly reviewing the literature on chemotherapy of malignant gliomas, present their own experience on forty-four patients with such tumors. All of them had been previously operated and irradiated. The clinical course was controlled by various parameters which are described. Results obtained in glioblastomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and malignant oligodendrogliomas are discussed. BCNU and CCNU seem to be beneficial not only in prolonging survival time but also in improving its quality: the average survival time of treated patients is 9.2 +/- 9.8 against 6.7 +/- 3.4 of controls. These values however are not statistically significant. In 15 out of 31 patients, who died at varying intervals after chemoterapy, an autopsy was performed. The morphology of the tumors was compared with that of previous biopsies. No specific alterations to be referred to chemotherapy were found. The side effects are described in detail and particular attention is focused on toxicity (blood and liver) whose main effect is the lowering of platelets and white cells. However, this and the epatic alterations did not reach values requiring interruption of chemotherapy. Other drugs have been used such as MeCCNU, VM 26 and Procarbazine. The number of patients, treated with each of them, is low for a definite conclusion; even if VM 26 and Procarbazine seem to offer the best effects.", "PMID": 756619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10386", "title": "Clinical-electroencephalographic correlations in measles: a long range study of 18 subjects.", "content": "EEGs of 18 cases of measles (uncomplicated, with seizures, with encephalitides) were obtained through an underground cable connection between the Infections Diseases Department and the EEG unit. The varions EEG features of the disease have been studied during the evolution of the illness. An occasional EEG does not offer specific information on either the severity or the evolution of the disease. Marked EEG abnormalities appeared in the encephalitic group. The Authors emphasize the importance of serial prolonged EEG follow-up of measles in order to define precisely the stage and the evolution of the disease.", "contents": "Clinical-electroencephalographic correlations in measles: a long range study of 18 subjects. EEGs of 18 cases of measles (uncomplicated, with seizures, with encephalitides) were obtained through an underground cable connection between the Infections Diseases Department and the EEG unit. The varions EEG features of the disease have been studied during the evolution of the illness. An occasional EEG does not offer specific information on either the severity or the evolution of the disease. Marked EEG abnormalities appeared in the encephalitic group. The Authors emphasize the importance of serial prolonged EEG follow-up of measles in order to define precisely the stage and the evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 756620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10387", "title": "The effect of transplacental intoxication with ethylnitrosourea on myelin proteins.", "content": "Pregnant mice at the 15th day of gestation were injected with a single intravenous dose of ENU/80 mg/kg of body weight). The protein composition of the myelin fraction isolated by means of differential centrifugation from brains of the offsprings was studied. The results obtained lead to the following conclusions: 1. The myelin protein spectrum of transplacentally intoxicated animals aged 40 days postnatal, shows decreased percentages of the Wolfgram protein and of the low molecular weight basic protein, whereas the proportions of the high molecular weight component of the myelin basic protein as well that of the Agrawal's protein are elevated. 2. The alterations in the profile of myelin proteins obtained from experimental mice aged 70 days postnatal are less severe and consist in a decline of the percentage of Wolfgrams protein and elevation of the Agrawal's protein content. 3. The intraplacental intoxication of mouse fetuses leads to development of animals defective with respect to the protein composition of the central myelin.", "contents": "The effect of transplacental intoxication with ethylnitrosourea on myelin proteins. Pregnant mice at the 15th day of gestation were injected with a single intravenous dose of ENU/80 mg/kg of body weight). The protein composition of the myelin fraction isolated by means of differential centrifugation from brains of the offsprings was studied. The results obtained lead to the following conclusions: 1. The myelin protein spectrum of transplacentally intoxicated animals aged 40 days postnatal, shows decreased percentages of the Wolfgram protein and of the low molecular weight basic protein, whereas the proportions of the high molecular weight component of the myelin basic protein as well that of the Agrawal's protein are elevated. 2. The alterations in the profile of myelin proteins obtained from experimental mice aged 70 days postnatal are less severe and consist in a decline of the percentage of Wolfgrams protein and elevation of the Agrawal's protein content. 3. The intraplacental intoxication of mouse fetuses leads to development of animals defective with respect to the protein composition of the central myelin.", "PMID": 756638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10388", "title": "[Nonenzymatic deamidation as a factor in protein aging].", "content": "Amidation of two protein fractions of brain, heart and liver of senite rats was found to decrease by 15--21% as compared with that of young animals. This decrease was shown to be due to unstable amide groups. Strong evidence is presented favouring the preposition that in proteins the unstable amide groups are those of asparagine and the stable ones those of glutamine. The possibility of the nonenzymatic deamidation of proteins was investigated. Deaminated proteins were found to be more easily attacked by proteinases which could be one of the possible ways of breakdown of aging proteins.", "contents": "[Nonenzymatic deamidation as a factor in protein aging]. Amidation of two protein fractions of brain, heart and liver of senite rats was found to decrease by 15--21% as compared with that of young animals. This decrease was shown to be due to unstable amide groups. Strong evidence is presented favouring the preposition that in proteins the unstable amide groups are those of asparagine and the stable ones those of glutamine. The possibility of the nonenzymatic deamidation of proteins was investigated. Deaminated proteins were found to be more easily attacked by proteinases which could be one of the possible ways of breakdown of aging proteins.", "PMID": 756639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10389", "title": "[Role of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion on regulating the amount of brain cell nuclear histones].", "content": "The quantitative changes of histones and their fractions and of nonhistone proteins in nuclei of cerebral cells have been studied in normal animals and following removal of the right superior cervical ganglion. On the next day after sympathectomy the total amount of histones was shown to increase by 17% in nuclei of cells of the right hemisphere while in nuclei of cells of the left hemisphere an increase of 38% was observed 3 days after sympathectomy. Histone fractions rich in lysine were also found to increase. The amount of nonhistone proteins begins to decrease on the next day after sympathectomy and reaches 33% of control values by the third day.", "contents": "[Role of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion on regulating the amount of brain cell nuclear histones]. The quantitative changes of histones and their fractions and of nonhistone proteins in nuclei of cerebral cells have been studied in normal animals and following removal of the right superior cervical ganglion. On the next day after sympathectomy the total amount of histones was shown to increase by 17% in nuclei of cells of the right hemisphere while in nuclei of cells of the left hemisphere an increase of 38% was observed 3 days after sympathectomy. Histone fractions rich in lysine were also found to increase. The amount of nonhistone proteins begins to decrease on the next day after sympathectomy and reaches 33% of control values by the third day.", "PMID": 756640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10390", "title": "[Organ specific water-soluble cerebral cortex proteins; possible participation in physiological functions and pathologic manifestations].", "content": "The spectre of active antigens in brain is studied. The presence of 3 protein and 3 glycoprotein brain specific antigens is demonstrated. The possible participation of brain specific antigens in increased antibody formation in schizophrenics, multiple sclerosis and lateral ammiotrophic sclerosis is studied. The data obtained indicate the role of brain specific antigens to autoimmunity in those patients. The possible participation of one of the specific antigens of the brain, sialoglycoprotein GP-350, in physiological processes connected with the mechanism of memory is also studied. In experiments of inbred trained rats an activation of the synthesis of GP-350 is observed.", "contents": "[Organ specific water-soluble cerebral cortex proteins; possible participation in physiological functions and pathologic manifestations]. The spectre of active antigens in brain is studied. The presence of 3 protein and 3 glycoprotein brain specific antigens is demonstrated. The possible participation of brain specific antigens in increased antibody formation in schizophrenics, multiple sclerosis and lateral ammiotrophic sclerosis is studied. The data obtained indicate the role of brain specific antigens to autoimmunity in those patients. The possible participation of one of the specific antigens of the brain, sialoglycoprotein GP-350, in physiological processes connected with the mechanism of memory is also studied. In experiments of inbred trained rats an activation of the synthesis of GP-350 is observed.", "PMID": 756641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10391", "title": "Nuclear pole complexes in cells of developing mouse cerebral cortex.", "content": "The nuclear pore complexes of cells of the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of mice were studied by freezeetch technique from the 18--20th embryonic to 180th postnatal day. The nuclear membrane was found to be randomly penetrated by pore complexes in all age groups studied. The pores have a typical octagonal shape. The density of pores (per/um2) amounted to 7.8, 14.0, 17.0, 18.1 and 14.1 on 18--20th embryonic and 8th, 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. The total number of pores per nucleus amounted to 1257, 6582, 5405 and 3384 on the 18--20th embryonic and the 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. Thus the total number of pores per nucleus increases 5.2 times from the 18th--20th prenatal to the 15th postnatal day and than slightly decreases toward the 180th postnatal day. The density of pore complexes in adult brain cell nuclei is therefore very high in comparison with other normal somatic and cancer cells.", "contents": "Nuclear pole complexes in cells of developing mouse cerebral cortex. The nuclear pore complexes of cells of the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of mice were studied by freezeetch technique from the 18--20th embryonic to 180th postnatal day. The nuclear membrane was found to be randomly penetrated by pore complexes in all age groups studied. The pores have a typical octagonal shape. The density of pores (per/um2) amounted to 7.8, 14.0, 17.0, 18.1 and 14.1 on 18--20th embryonic and 8th, 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. The total number of pores per nucleus amounted to 1257, 6582, 5405 and 3384 on the 18--20th embryonic and the 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. Thus the total number of pores per nucleus increases 5.2 times from the 18th--20th prenatal to the 15th postnatal day and than slightly decreases toward the 180th postnatal day. The density of pore complexes in adult brain cell nuclei is therefore very high in comparison with other normal somatic and cancer cells.", "PMID": 756642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10392", "title": "Dopaminergic control of adenohypophyseal growth.", "content": "The chronic administration of large doses of oestrogens to rats results in an increase in the weight of the adenohypophysis, in the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins and in the serum ceruloplasmin level. Testosterone, ant-oestrogens and an excess dose of the thyroid hormones cause parallel inhibition of all three reactions. The dopaminergic neuron blocker Pimozide potentiates all three reactions, while perphenazine, in the tested doses potentiated only the adenohypophyseal reactions. In the tested doses, dopaminergic neuron stimulators (ergocornine and analogous substances) inhibited only the adenohypophyseal reactions. The nature of the relationships between the three reactions in question is considered.", "contents": "Dopaminergic control of adenohypophyseal growth. The chronic administration of large doses of oestrogens to rats results in an increase in the weight of the adenohypophysis, in the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins and in the serum ceruloplasmin level. Testosterone, ant-oestrogens and an excess dose of the thyroid hormones cause parallel inhibition of all three reactions. The dopaminergic neuron blocker Pimozide potentiates all three reactions, while perphenazine, in the tested doses potentiated only the adenohypophyseal reactions. In the tested doses, dopaminergic neuron stimulators (ergocornine and analogous substances) inhibited only the adenohypophyseal reactions. The nature of the relationships between the three reactions in question is considered.", "PMID": 756643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10393", "title": "[Participation of glutamate and alanine in amino acid biosynthesis, in lipogenesis, and in gluconeogenesis in the brain].", "content": "The participation of glutamate and alanine in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis of brain was investigated. 5(14)C glutamate was injected intracisternally in an amount of 5 mcCu/l g tissue and 3(14)C-alanine was injected subcutaneously 30 mcCu/100 g body weight. Labels from glutamate and alanine were recovered in different lipid franctions -- in phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, as well as in glucose and glycogen. An intensive incorporation of label from 5(14)C glutamate into various amino acids--aspartic acid, glutamine, serine, glycine and alanine--was demonstrated. The data presented indicate the participation of amino acids in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis of brain.", "contents": "[Participation of glutamate and alanine in amino acid biosynthesis, in lipogenesis, and in gluconeogenesis in the brain]. The participation of glutamate and alanine in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis of brain was investigated. 5(14)C glutamate was injected intracisternally in an amount of 5 mcCu/l g tissue and 3(14)C-alanine was injected subcutaneously 30 mcCu/100 g body weight. Labels from glutamate and alanine were recovered in different lipid franctions -- in phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, as well as in glucose and glycogen. An intensive incorporation of label from 5(14)C glutamate into various amino acids--aspartic acid, glutamine, serine, glycine and alanine--was demonstrated. The data presented indicate the participation of amino acids in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis of brain.", "PMID": 756644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10394", "title": "[Possibility of using enriched glial and neuronal cell fractions to study transport of neurotransmitter amino acids in old age].", "content": "Calculated on a protein basis the yield of neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions obtained from the brain of aged and adult rats was found to be equal. In aged animals the high affinity uptake of 14C-GABA by neuronal fractions is reduced by 27.34% while that of glial fractions by 11.87%. At 0 degrees both age groups studied the uptake of 14C-GABA is greatly inhibited--by 66% in neurones and 92% in glia. The conclusion is drawn that glial cells are changed much less with age than neurones and thus their role as modulators of neuronal function increases with age.", "contents": "[Possibility of using enriched glial and neuronal cell fractions to study transport of neurotransmitter amino acids in old age]. Calculated on a protein basis the yield of neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions obtained from the brain of aged and adult rats was found to be equal. In aged animals the high affinity uptake of 14C-GABA by neuronal fractions is reduced by 27.34% while that of glial fractions by 11.87%. At 0 degrees both age groups studied the uptake of 14C-GABA is greatly inhibited--by 66% in neurones and 92% in glia. The conclusion is drawn that glial cells are changed much less with age than neurones and thus their role as modulators of neuronal function increases with age.", "PMID": 756645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10395", "title": "[Specific hypothalamic proteins].", "content": "We had previously shown the presence of four protein fractions in hypothalamus of cattle having a coronarodilatatory effect. In this study we have developed methods for the isolation of these proteins and have studied some of their physicochemical properties, amino acid composition, molecular weight, iso-electric point etc. The results obtained have shown that the methods used enable the isolation of quite pure coronaroactive proteins, the content of which in the hypothalamus is equal to 12 mg/kg of fresh tissue. A study of the amino acid composition of these proteins has shown that they are not of the same type. They also differ in molecular weight, in their electrophoretic properties on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel and their iso-electric points. The possibility of a dual function of these proteins as carriers and precursors of corresponding neurohormones is discussed.", "contents": "[Specific hypothalamic proteins]. We had previously shown the presence of four protein fractions in hypothalamus of cattle having a coronarodilatatory effect. In this study we have developed methods for the isolation of these proteins and have studied some of their physicochemical properties, amino acid composition, molecular weight, iso-electric point etc. The results obtained have shown that the methods used enable the isolation of quite pure coronaroactive proteins, the content of which in the hypothalamus is equal to 12 mg/kg of fresh tissue. A study of the amino acid composition of these proteins has shown that they are not of the same type. They also differ in molecular weight, in their electrophoretic properties on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel and their iso-electric points. The possibility of a dual function of these proteins as carriers and precursors of corresponding neurohormones is discussed.", "PMID": 756646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10396", "title": "[Proteolipids of the nervous system].", "content": "The distribution of proteolipids (PL) was studied in various parts of the nervous system of certain mammals and subcellular structures of rat brain. Soluble PL of various degrees of purification from lipids have been obtained from gray and white matter of cerebral hemispheres of cattle as well as from mitochondrial, synaptosomal and two myelin fractions of rat brain. Certain properties, protein and lipid composition and molecular weight of the PL isolated have been studied. Together with some general properties certain differences have been observed in the protein and especially in the phospholipid composition of PL isolated from the grey and white matters and subcellular particles. The PL of white matter and myelin are similar to each other in their protein and phospholipid composition but are different from those of grey matter and mitochondria, the latter in turn being also similar in their protein and phospholipid composition. The data obtained make the existence of at least two types of PL probable: one in myelin and another in mitochondria. The first is characterised by the presence of a protein corresponding to DM-20 of molecular weight of 29000, besides the main PL protein of 35-36000 molecular weight, as well as by the predominance of phosphatidylserine which forms 61% of phospholipids bound to PL. The second is characterized by the existence of one main protein corresponding to PL but of a somewhat higher molecular weight (39--40000). The phospholipid composition of the PL is rich in cardiolipin which form 38--46% of bound phospholipids.", "contents": "[Proteolipids of the nervous system]. The distribution of proteolipids (PL) was studied in various parts of the nervous system of certain mammals and subcellular structures of rat brain. Soluble PL of various degrees of purification from lipids have been obtained from gray and white matter of cerebral hemispheres of cattle as well as from mitochondrial, synaptosomal and two myelin fractions of rat brain. Certain properties, protein and lipid composition and molecular weight of the PL isolated have been studied. Together with some general properties certain differences have been observed in the protein and especially in the phospholipid composition of PL isolated from the grey and white matters and subcellular particles. The PL of white matter and myelin are similar to each other in their protein and phospholipid composition but are different from those of grey matter and mitochondria, the latter in turn being also similar in their protein and phospholipid composition. The data obtained make the existence of at least two types of PL probable: one in myelin and another in mitochondria. The first is characterised by the presence of a protein corresponding to DM-20 of molecular weight of 29000, besides the main PL protein of 35-36000 molecular weight, as well as by the predominance of phosphatidylserine which forms 61% of phospholipids bound to PL. The second is characterized by the existence of one main protein corresponding to PL but of a somewhat higher molecular weight (39--40000). The phospholipid composition of the PL is rich in cardiolipin which form 38--46% of bound phospholipids.", "PMID": 756647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10397", "title": "[Chemical-toxicological diagnosis in 16 cases of \"intravenous narcotism\" deaths (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemical-toxicological diagnosis aspects involved in 16 cases of \"intravenous narcotism\" deaths are discussed. Liquids and biological materials were directly tested by RIA, GLC and TLC. According to the Authors, RIA is assumed to be more speedy and more sensitive than traditional chemical technics. Therefore RIA is proposed for quantitative determination of morfina and its derivates in biological liquids and viscera, previous the qualitative confirmation by the chemical tests.", "contents": "[Chemical-toxicological diagnosis in 16 cases of \"intravenous narcotism\" deaths (author's transl)]. The chemical-toxicological diagnosis aspects involved in 16 cases of \"intravenous narcotism\" deaths are discussed. Liquids and biological materials were directly tested by RIA, GLC and TLC. According to the Authors, RIA is assumed to be more speedy and more sensitive than traditional chemical technics. Therefore RIA is proposed for quantitative determination of morfina and its derivates in biological liquids and viscera, previous the qualitative confirmation by the chemical tests.", "PMID": 756689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10398", "title": "[Lead automated microdetermination in capillary samples of blood by a flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for lead determination in capillary samples of blood based on flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy in connection with an automated microsampling system is described. For such determinations 50 microliter of heparinized whole blood samples from the fingertip or from the ear lobe are sufficient. Immediately after sampling blood is diluted in ratio 1:5 by an aqueous 0.05% Silicon Antifoam solution. Correlation between lead capillary from the same subjects and venous blood levels sampled from the same subjects and in the same sampling session is highly significant and well suited for routine clinical use.", "contents": "[Lead automated microdetermination in capillary samples of blood by a flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (author's transl)]. A method for lead determination in capillary samples of blood based on flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy in connection with an automated microsampling system is described. For such determinations 50 microliter of heparinized whole blood samples from the fingertip or from the ear lobe are sufficient. Immediately after sampling blood is diluted in ratio 1:5 by an aqueous 0.05% Silicon Antifoam solution. Correlation between lead capillary from the same subjects and venous blood levels sampled from the same subjects and in the same sampling session is highly significant and well suited for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 756690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10399", "title": "[Evaluation of biological activity of organic substances by measuring the physico-chemical parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "For a particular form (amorphous phase) of physical acting substances the water solubility, in conditions very close to the in vivo ones, has been compared with corresponding biological activities. The reciprocal of the above parameter shows a good correlation with various physico-chemical, biochemical and pharmacological parameters of xanthinic compounds, analgesic alkaloids, barbiturates, sulphonamides. The solubility of the crystalline phase cannot be correlated with the biological activity: the ratio between these two solubilities shows this inability.", "contents": "[Evaluation of biological activity of organic substances by measuring the physico-chemical parameters (author's transl)]. For a particular form (amorphous phase) of physical acting substances the water solubility, in conditions very close to the in vivo ones, has been compared with corresponding biological activities. The reciprocal of the above parameter shows a good correlation with various physico-chemical, biochemical and pharmacological parameters of xanthinic compounds, analgesic alkaloids, barbiturates, sulphonamides. The solubility of the crystalline phase cannot be correlated with the biological activity: the ratio between these two solubilities shows this inability.", "PMID": 756691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10400", "title": "[Screening for aminoacidopathies in newborns by means of an aminoacid analyzer. Reference values and statistical determinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmatic concentrations of amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, in 4100 newborns of age varying between 1 and 18 days have been analyzed. The samples were randomly taken among the newborns of Lazio, Abruzzi and Molise subjected to neonatal screening for aminoacidopathies at the Centro delle Oligofrenie Dismetaboliche, Istituto di Neuropsichiatria Infantile. Average concentrations in mumoles/100 ml of the aminoacids and their correlations with weight and age have been studied. A comparison of the results of this research with the already published data is made, and the cut off points in mass screening for aminoacidopathies are calculated.", "contents": "[Screening for aminoacidopathies in newborns by means of an aminoacid analyzer. Reference values and statistical determinations (author's transl)]. Plasmatic concentrations of amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, in 4100 newborns of age varying between 1 and 18 days have been analyzed. The samples were randomly taken among the newborns of Lazio, Abruzzi and Molise subjected to neonatal screening for aminoacidopathies at the Centro delle Oligofrenie Dismetaboliche, Istituto di Neuropsichiatria Infantile. Average concentrations in mumoles/100 ml of the aminoacids and their correlations with weight and age have been studied. A comparison of the results of this research with the already published data is made, and the cut off points in mass screening for aminoacidopathies are calculated.", "PMID": 756692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10401", "title": "[Dermatophytoses found at the Pasteur Institute of Tunis. Apropos of 697 cases].", "content": "A study about 697 patients with fungous injuries of scalp and hairless skin shows that 50% of scalp lesions and 16% of hairless skin lesions are dermatophyties. The incidence of dermatophytes is stable since the last study of Juminer in Tunis (1964); Trichophyton violaceum is the most identified fungous; however, we attend the push of zoo-anthropophil dermatophytes, so that Microsporum canis.", "contents": "[Dermatophytoses found at the Pasteur Institute of Tunis. Apropos of 697 cases]. A study about 697 patients with fungous injuries of scalp and hairless skin shows that 50% of scalp lesions and 16% of hairless skin lesions are dermatophyties. The incidence of dermatophytes is stable since the last study of Juminer in Tunis (1964); Trichophyton violaceum is the most identified fungous; however, we attend the push of zoo-anthropophil dermatophytes, so that Microsporum canis.", "PMID": 756697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10402", "title": "[Rabies prevention at Cap-Bon (Tunisia) from 1973 to 1977].", "content": "During the period 1973-1977, decentralization of our rabies preventive program has been carried out. Three times more people attended our clinics without affecting the quality of routine care in each centre. Decentralization of an activity in a Public Health District can be used as a way of integrating curative and preventive activities. Five criteria are defined for supervision of this activity by the district doctor in charge.", "contents": "[Rabies prevention at Cap-Bon (Tunisia) from 1973 to 1977]. During the period 1973-1977, decentralization of our rabies preventive program has been carried out. Three times more people attended our clinics without affecting the quality of routine care in each centre. Decentralization of an activity in a Public Health District can be used as a way of integrating curative and preventive activities. Five criteria are defined for supervision of this activity by the district doctor in charge.", "PMID": 756698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10403", "title": "[Parasites of fresh water turtles in Tunisia].", "content": "A survey work during 1974-75 on the parasites of aquatic turtles of Tunisia, twenty one specimens (9 males and 12 females) were captured in the watercourses of the northern area of Tunisia and dissected in the Institut Pasteur of Tunis. These turtles belong to the species; Clemmys caspica var. leprosa and Emys orbicularis (L. 1758). The following parasites were recovered from these turtles: Trematodes: Polystomoides tunisiensis and Telorchis temimi (Gonzalez and Mishra, 1977) and T. solivagus (Odhner, 1902); Nematodes: Camallanus parvus (Eduardo Caballero, 1939); Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819) and Spironoura lambdiensis (Seurat, 1918); Protozoa: Haemogregarina stepanovi (Dan, 1886) and Entamoeba invadens (Geiman and Ratcliff, 1936). Ectoparasites: Placobdella costata (Moquin - Tandom). In addition to these parasites, unidentified nematode larvae were detected on several occasions; in the bile ducts and within the hepatic cysts of the turtles examined. Two trematodes P. tunisiensis and T. temimi are recorded and described for the first time.", "contents": "[Parasites of fresh water turtles in Tunisia]. A survey work during 1974-75 on the parasites of aquatic turtles of Tunisia, twenty one specimens (9 males and 12 females) were captured in the watercourses of the northern area of Tunisia and dissected in the Institut Pasteur of Tunis. These turtles belong to the species; Clemmys caspica var. leprosa and Emys orbicularis (L. 1758). The following parasites were recovered from these turtles: Trematodes: Polystomoides tunisiensis and Telorchis temimi (Gonzalez and Mishra, 1977) and T. solivagus (Odhner, 1902); Nematodes: Camallanus parvus (Eduardo Caballero, 1939); Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819) and Spironoura lambdiensis (Seurat, 1918); Protozoa: Haemogregarina stepanovi (Dan, 1886) and Entamoeba invadens (Geiman and Ratcliff, 1936). Ectoparasites: Placobdella costata (Moquin - Tandom). In addition to these parasites, unidentified nematode larvae were detected on several occasions; in the bile ducts and within the hepatic cysts of the turtles examined. Two trematodes P. tunisiensis and T. temimi are recorded and described for the first time.", "PMID": 756699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10404", "title": "[Notes on the reptiles of Tunisia. V. Biometric characteristics of Mauremys caspica leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) (Reptilia: Emydidae)].", "content": "This morphological study is based on 45 specimens of Mauremys caspica leprosa (Reptilia: Emydidae) sampled in northern and central Tunisia. A first principal component analysis of 9 variables: 8 measurements of the shell and the weight in life, allow to define a factor \"size\"; a second analysis of these variables divided by the size make obvious a factor \"shape\". In the plane of these two factors, our specimens may be classified into 6 groups from the hatchling stage to the large adults; in addition, the factor shape express a dysharmony in the growth, beginning with the third group (weight: 300 to 500 g). Among the 8 parameters used, 4 are adequate to characterize the morphology of this turtle.", "contents": "[Notes on the reptiles of Tunisia. V. Biometric characteristics of Mauremys caspica leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) (Reptilia: Emydidae)]. This morphological study is based on 45 specimens of Mauremys caspica leprosa (Reptilia: Emydidae) sampled in northern and central Tunisia. A first principal component analysis of 9 variables: 8 measurements of the shell and the weight in life, allow to define a factor \"size\"; a second analysis of these variables divided by the size make obvious a factor \"shape\". In the plane of these two factors, our specimens may be classified into 6 groups from the hatchling stage to the large adults; in addition, the factor shape express a dysharmony in the growth, beginning with the third group (weight: 300 to 500 g). Among the 8 parameters used, 4 are adequate to characterize the morphology of this turtle.", "PMID": 756700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10405", "title": "[Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine on respiratory exchanges of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L., 1958, in a non-confined environment].", "content": "Sepia officinalis L, a cephalopod species, is used to study the influence of adrenalin and acetylcholin on respiratory exchanges in confined environment. The results show that in constant salinity and temperature conditions, an injection of 250 micrograms of adrenalin or acetylcholin increases its oxygen need and the rate of oxygen consumption. Adrenalin and acetylcholin have synergic effects on the respiratory exchanges in confined environment.", "contents": "[Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine on respiratory exchanges of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L., 1958, in a non-confined environment]. Sepia officinalis L, a cephalopod species, is used to study the influence of adrenalin and acetylcholin on respiratory exchanges in confined environment. The results show that in constant salinity and temperature conditions, an injection of 250 micrograms of adrenalin or acetylcholin increases its oxygen need and the rate of oxygen consumption. Adrenalin and acetylcholin have synergic effects on the respiratory exchanges in confined environment.", "PMID": 756702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10406", "title": "[Ecological data on the interstitial meiofauna of the lower part of the beaches of the gulf of Tunis].", "content": "The density of the meiofauna in the mediolittoral zone can exceed 4.10(6) ind./m2; the Nematoda are the most important group but their percentage is lower as in constantly immersed biotops; the population has a great vertical extension. Near the mouth of Medjerda river, the low salinity brings about a strong impoverishment.", "contents": "[Ecological data on the interstitial meiofauna of the lower part of the beaches of the gulf of Tunis]. The density of the meiofauna in the mediolittoral zone can exceed 4.10(6) ind./m2; the Nematoda are the most important group but their percentage is lower as in constantly immersed biotops; the population has a great vertical extension. Near the mouth of Medjerda river, the low salinity brings about a strong impoverishment.", "PMID": 756703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10407", "title": "[Natural plasma inhibitors of factors activated by coagulation. Their behavior under various clinical conditions].", "content": "Levels of anti-Xa and anti-thrombin III activity have been determined in a series of patients clinically definable as \"thrombophiliac\" and of women undergoing oestroprogestinic contraceptive treatment. The levels of plasma Co-Ep activity for potentiating anti-Xa activity on the part of differing in vitro added doses of Ep have also been determined. The fact that anti-Xa fell in more marked a fashion than the corresponding anti-thrombin III may be the humoral equivalent of a condition of plasma hypercoagulability. Treatment with coumarin derivatives may bring about an appreciable increase anti-Xa plasma levels. The significance of these variations is discussed and the sensitivity of the anti-Xa method for monitoring small dose heparin therapy, i.e. based on antithrombotic rather than anti-coagulant effect, is confirmed.", "contents": "[Natural plasma inhibitors of factors activated by coagulation. Their behavior under various clinical conditions]. Levels of anti-Xa and anti-thrombin III activity have been determined in a series of patients clinically definable as \"thrombophiliac\" and of women undergoing oestroprogestinic contraceptive treatment. The levels of plasma Co-Ep activity for potentiating anti-Xa activity on the part of differing in vitro added doses of Ep have also been determined. The fact that anti-Xa fell in more marked a fashion than the corresponding anti-thrombin III may be the humoral equivalent of a condition of plasma hypercoagulability. Treatment with coumarin derivatives may bring about an appreciable increase anti-Xa plasma levels. The significance of these variations is discussed and the sensitivity of the anti-Xa method for monitoring small dose heparin therapy, i.e. based on antithrombotic rather than anti-coagulant effect, is confirmed.", "PMID": 756708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10408", "title": "[Effects of oral glucose, fructose and saccharose loads on blood sugar, insulin and lipids in normal subjects].", "content": "Blood sugar, insulin, NEFA, triglycerides and cholesterol were evaluated in metabolically healthy subjects following oral glucose (100 g in 12 subjects), fructose (50 g in 9 subjects), and saccharose (100 g in 9 subjects). As shown in the literature, glucose led to a slight sugar increase at 60', a marked increase in insulin at 60', and a pronounced fall in NEFA at 120'. Fructose had no effect on sugar and NEFA, whereas there was significant and gradual rise in the insulin curve until 180' (P less than 0.01). In the case of saccharose, the changes in blood sugar, insulin and NEFA were slightly less evident than with glucose. No significant alterations in cholesterol and triglyceride levels were noted throughout the experiment.", "contents": "[Effects of oral glucose, fructose and saccharose loads on blood sugar, insulin and lipids in normal subjects]. Blood sugar, insulin, NEFA, triglycerides and cholesterol were evaluated in metabolically healthy subjects following oral glucose (100 g in 12 subjects), fructose (50 g in 9 subjects), and saccharose (100 g in 9 subjects). As shown in the literature, glucose led to a slight sugar increase at 60', a marked increase in insulin at 60', and a pronounced fall in NEFA at 120'. Fructose had no effect on sugar and NEFA, whereas there was significant and gradual rise in the insulin curve until 180' (P less than 0.01). In the case of saccharose, the changes in blood sugar, insulin and NEFA were slightly less evident than with glucose. No significant alterations in cholesterol and triglyceride levels were noted throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 756709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10409", "title": "[Craniometric findings in sickle-cell anemia].", "content": "Craniometric measurements have been taken on teleradiographs in lateral and antero-posterior projection of five patients suffering from sickle-cell anaemia. All were Sicilian. The investigations revealed a proportional dysharmony among the various segments of the face, the results of excessive development of the mandibular bone, particularly transversally. This characteristic would appear to be peculiar to patients with homo- and heterozygote haemoglobinopathy.", "contents": "[Craniometric findings in sickle-cell anemia]. Craniometric measurements have been taken on teleradiographs in lateral and antero-posterior projection of five patients suffering from sickle-cell anaemia. All were Sicilian. The investigations revealed a proportional dysharmony among the various segments of the face, the results of excessive development of the mandibular bone, particularly transversally. This characteristic would appear to be peculiar to patients with homo- and heterozygote haemoglobinopathy.", "PMID": 756710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10410", "title": "[Supernumerary and false cervical ribs].", "content": "In this graduate course lecture, and attempt is made to interpret the meaning of supernumerary cervical ribs and false ribs, by classifying the phenomenon among regressive abnormalities.", "contents": "[Supernumerary and false cervical ribs]. In this graduate course lecture, and attempt is made to interpret the meaning of supernumerary cervical ribs and false ribs, by classifying the phenomenon among regressive abnormalities.", "PMID": 756711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10411", "title": "[Erythrocyte changes during alcoholism and chronic liver diseases].", "content": "50 patients with chronic liver disease and/or alcoholism were studied. 28 cases of anemia were found and macrocytes (and target m.), spurr-cells, spherocytes and stomatocytes observed. For each of these abnormalities the authors report the observed incidence and discuss the literature's data about the pathogenesis. A personal research on the influence of the liver's impaired capability of protein synthesis was also carried out. The usefulness of a careful examination of the blood film is finally stressed, in patients with liver disease and to discover alcoholic subjects still \"healthy\".", "contents": "[Erythrocyte changes during alcoholism and chronic liver diseases]. 50 patients with chronic liver disease and/or alcoholism were studied. 28 cases of anemia were found and macrocytes (and target m.), spurr-cells, spherocytes and stomatocytes observed. For each of these abnormalities the authors report the observed incidence and discuss the literature's data about the pathogenesis. A personal research on the influence of the liver's impaired capability of protein synthesis was also carried out. The usefulness of a careful examination of the blood film is finally stressed, in patients with liver disease and to discover alcoholic subjects still \"healthy\".", "PMID": 756712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10412", "title": "[Blood lysozyme level and bone marrow granulocyte reserve].", "content": "The relation between granulocyte turnover, as shown by serum lysozyme values, and the marrow granulocyte reserve, evaluated by means of the hydrocortisone test, was determined in 20 patients with metastasised solid tumours or lymphomas undergoing cytostatic and/or radiation management. In addition to confirming the validity of this test as a means of assessing the behaviour of the marrow storage compartment, it pointed to a correlation between the hydrocortisone test and serum lysozyme. High enzyme values, in fact, insofar as they are an expression of accelerated granulocyte turnover may be seen as an indication of reduced marrow function, and thus offer a simple means of predicting reduction of the marrow granulocyte reserve, and hence a possible post-chemotherapeutic leukopenia, in some cases where peripheral leukopenia is not apparent.", "contents": "[Blood lysozyme level and bone marrow granulocyte reserve]. The relation between granulocyte turnover, as shown by serum lysozyme values, and the marrow granulocyte reserve, evaluated by means of the hydrocortisone test, was determined in 20 patients with metastasised solid tumours or lymphomas undergoing cytostatic and/or radiation management. In addition to confirming the validity of this test as a means of assessing the behaviour of the marrow storage compartment, it pointed to a correlation between the hydrocortisone test and serum lysozyme. High enzyme values, in fact, insofar as they are an expression of accelerated granulocyte turnover may be seen as an indication of reduced marrow function, and thus offer a simple means of predicting reduction of the marrow granulocyte reserve, and hence a possible post-chemotherapeutic leukopenia, in some cases where peripheral leukopenia is not apparent.", "PMID": 756713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10413", "title": "[Effect of estradiol on carbohydrate metabolism in the uterine musculature].", "content": "The Effect of 7.5 micrograms i.v. 17-beta-oestradiol on the sugar metabolism of the uterine musculature was studied in 180-200 g Wistar rats. The myometrial metabolic reaction consisted of increased glucose phosphorylation, enhanced utilisation of creatine phosphate, and increased production of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate initially, followed by their consumption. The gradual fall in the lactate: pyruvate ratio showed that this stimulation of glycolysis was not occurring in the absence of oxygen.", "contents": "[Effect of estradiol on carbohydrate metabolism in the uterine musculature]. The Effect of 7.5 micrograms i.v. 17-beta-oestradiol on the sugar metabolism of the uterine musculature was studied in 180-200 g Wistar rats. The myometrial metabolic reaction consisted of increased glucose phosphorylation, enhanced utilisation of creatine phosphate, and increased production of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate initially, followed by their consumption. The gradual fall in the lactate: pyruvate ratio showed that this stimulation of glycolysis was not occurring in the absence of oxygen.", "PMID": 756714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10414", "title": "[Postoperative jaundice].", "content": "The numerous causes and mechanisms of postoperative icterus are discussed. Reference is made to the difficulty of diagnosing cases needing further surgical treatment. Stress is laid on the importance of correct operative techniques and radiological and instrumental methods (endocholedochic endoscopy according to Battezzati) to reduce the incidence of residual calculosis that weighs upon operations for calculous cholecystitis.", "contents": "[Postoperative jaundice]. The numerous causes and mechanisms of postoperative icterus are discussed. Reference is made to the difficulty of diagnosing cases needing further surgical treatment. Stress is laid on the importance of correct operative techniques and radiological and instrumental methods (endocholedochic endoscopy according to Battezzati) to reduce the incidence of residual calculosis that weighs upon operations for calculous cholecystitis.", "PMID": 756715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10415", "title": "[Benign stenosis of Vater's ampulla].", "content": "The classification of benign stenosis of Vater's ampulla is explained and reference is made to 5 years' experience in this field. The preoperative diagnosis of this condition is discussed and an account is given of the results obtained and the postoperative course. Attention is drawn to the very low incidence of postoperative pancreatitis with respect to the surgical methods employed. This incidence is evaluated in the conclusions reached.", "contents": "[Benign stenosis of Vater's ampulla]. The classification of benign stenosis of Vater's ampulla is explained and reference is made to 5 years' experience in this field. The preoperative diagnosis of this condition is discussed and an account is given of the results obtained and the postoperative course. Attention is drawn to the very low incidence of postoperative pancreatitis with respect to the surgical methods employed. This incidence is evaluated in the conclusions reached.", "PMID": 756716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10416", "title": "[Clinico-radiological considerations on senile atrophic gastritis].", "content": "59 cases of patients in geriatric age have been examined in which clinical symptomatology, radiographic exams and laboratory data had indicated the possible presence of gastric neoplasia. The repetition of the radiographic exam after giving methoclopramide for some days has demonstrated, excluding neoplastic lesion, that it was senile atrophic pseudo-tumoral gastritis. The diagnosis has been confirmed in numerous cases by gastroscopy with biopsy.", "contents": "[Clinico-radiological considerations on senile atrophic gastritis]. 59 cases of patients in geriatric age have been examined in which clinical symptomatology, radiographic exams and laboratory data had indicated the possible presence of gastric neoplasia. The repetition of the radiographic exam after giving methoclopramide for some days has demonstrated, excluding neoplastic lesion, that it was senile atrophic pseudo-tumoral gastritis. The diagnosis has been confirmed in numerous cases by gastroscopy with biopsy.", "PMID": 756718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10417", "title": "[Motor rehabilitation in the aged. Clinical evaluation of the physiokinesis therapy department at a geriatric division for acute diseases].", "content": "Physiokinesitherapeutic results obtained in a geriatrics division showed that aged subjects with motor is injuries have the same chance of recovery as those in middle age. The time required for each stage and the overall duration of treatment are more or less the same. No special technological differences are involved, though close psychological training is necessary, and encouragement of the open brain-environment system may useful. Restrictions, though hardly even contraindications, may be encountered in the form of other infirmities more commonly associated with age. It is clear, therefore, that physiotherapy should always be attempted in the aged, in keeping with the clinical picture as well as the motor lesions involved. Physiokinesitherapy Geriatrics.", "contents": "[Motor rehabilitation in the aged. Clinical evaluation of the physiokinesis therapy department at a geriatric division for acute diseases]. Physiokinesitherapeutic results obtained in a geriatrics division showed that aged subjects with motor is injuries have the same chance of recovery as those in middle age. The time required for each stage and the overall duration of treatment are more or less the same. No special technological differences are involved, though close psychological training is necessary, and encouragement of the open brain-environment system may useful. Restrictions, though hardly even contraindications, may be encountered in the form of other infirmities more commonly associated with age. It is clear, therefore, that physiotherapy should always be attempted in the aged, in keeping with the clinical picture as well as the motor lesions involved. Physiokinesitherapy Geriatrics.", "PMID": 756717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10418", "title": "[Current knowledge on memory in the elderly].", "content": "In geriatric practice, much thought must be given to initial changes in intelligence and memory due to old age and often suddenly aggravated by dysmetabolic and circulatory disease. Awareness of the memory faculty in the elderly is vital in clinical practice for the purposes of pharmacological and psychological designed to reduce the intellectual decline of the patients. This deficiency in mental personality is an important limitation to rehabilitation which remains the aim of medical attention.", "contents": "[Current knowledge on memory in the elderly]. In geriatric practice, much thought must be given to initial changes in intelligence and memory due to old age and often suddenly aggravated by dysmetabolic and circulatory disease. Awareness of the memory faculty in the elderly is vital in clinical practice for the purposes of pharmacological and psychological designed to reduce the intellectual decline of the patients. This deficiency in mental personality is an important limitation to rehabilitation which remains the aim of medical attention.", "PMID": 756719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10419", "title": "[Changes in fibrinogen values in children with acute articular rheumatism and streptococcal disease].", "content": "A study was made of changes in body fluid parameters of rheumatism following treatment with sulphoadenosine-methionine and classic forms of management. Particular attention is drawn to improvement of the serum electrophoretic picture (especially in the case of alpha 2 and gamma-globulins) with respect to untreated control group. Note is also taken of the drug's positive influence on liver function, particularly with regard to lactate hydrogenase, compared with the variations in such parameters in the control group.", "contents": "[Changes in fibrinogen values in children with acute articular rheumatism and streptococcal disease]. A study was made of changes in body fluid parameters of rheumatism following treatment with sulphoadenosine-methionine and classic forms of management. Particular attention is drawn to improvement of the serum electrophoretic picture (especially in the case of alpha 2 and gamma-globulins) with respect to untreated control group. Note is also taken of the drug's positive influence on liver function, particularly with regard to lactate hydrogenase, compared with the variations in such parameters in the control group.", "PMID": 756720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10420", "title": "[Short-term treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis and moniliasis. Clinical trial of a soluble complex of mepartricin].", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of mepartricin sodium lauryl sulphate (SPA-S-222) was evaluated in patients with vaginal trichomoniasis and/or moniliasis. One group received 4 tablets/day for 3 days (group \"A\"), and the other (group \"B\") 1 tablet/8 hr for 4 days. A lasting microbiological cure was obtained in all cases. Tolerance was better in group \"B\" and it is felt that this protocol should be preferred.", "contents": "[Short-term treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis and moniliasis. Clinical trial of a soluble complex of mepartricin]. The efficacy and tolerance of mepartricin sodium lauryl sulphate (SPA-S-222) was evaluated in patients with vaginal trichomoniasis and/or moniliasis. One group received 4 tablets/day for 3 days (group \"A\"), and the other (group \"B\") 1 tablet/8 hr for 4 days. A lasting microbiological cure was obtained in all cases. Tolerance was better in group \"B\" and it is felt that this protocol should be preferred.", "PMID": 756721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10421", "title": "Drug effect on cholinergic mechanisms in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Investigations aimed to define the components of the cholinergic network in the cerebral cortex and their functional modifications under the effect of a number of psychotropic drugs are described. By measuring acetylcholine levels and acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex in cats and rats with various subcortical lesions, at least two systems of cholinergic neurons ascending to the cortex were demonstrated. One of the systems originates from the septum and its activity is affected by drugs acting on dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Drug effect on cholinergic mechanisms in the cerebral cortex. Investigations aimed to define the components of the cholinergic network in the cerebral cortex and their functional modifications under the effect of a number of psychotropic drugs are described. By measuring acetylcholine levels and acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex in cats and rats with various subcortical lesions, at least two systems of cholinergic neurons ascending to the cortex were demonstrated. One of the systems originates from the septum and its activity is affected by drugs acting on dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 756729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10422", "title": "[Acute emphysematous cholecystitis].", "content": "A case of acute cholecystitis in a patient of 66 is reported. The aetiopathogenetic aspects are examined with particular regard to the microbiology of such forms, the particular radiological and anatomo-pathological findings and the medical and surgical implications, in the light of a review of the question.", "contents": "[Acute emphysematous cholecystitis]. A case of acute cholecystitis in a patient of 66 is reported. The aetiopathogenetic aspects are examined with particular regard to the microbiology of such forms, the particular radiological and anatomo-pathological findings and the medical and surgical implications, in the light of a review of the question.", "PMID": 756724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10423", "title": "[Lipid content of aorta, spleen and kidneys in rats on a high fat diet and treated with a chromatographic thymus gland fraction].", "content": "A chromatographic fraction obtained from a thymus homogenate of young calf, was administered by intraperitoneal means to a distinct group of rats previously fed on a diet with high content of dietary fat for 50 days. The serum values of cholesterol and triglycerides and of total lipids in spleen, kidneys and aorta which were obtained from these animals were compared with those of rats fed on the same diet and not injected with the thymus fraction. The considerable decrease of the seric values was not followed by conparable results of the lipidic content in the organs.", "contents": "[Lipid content of aorta, spleen and kidneys in rats on a high fat diet and treated with a chromatographic thymus gland fraction]. A chromatographic fraction obtained from a thymus homogenate of young calf, was administered by intraperitoneal means to a distinct group of rats previously fed on a diet with high content of dietary fat for 50 days. The serum values of cholesterol and triglycerides and of total lipids in spleen, kidneys and aorta which were obtained from these animals were compared with those of rats fed on the same diet and not injected with the thymus fraction. The considerable decrease of the seric values was not followed by conparable results of the lipidic content in the organs.", "PMID": 756731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10424", "title": "[Intestinal occlusions due to enteroliths].", "content": "Enteroliths or intestinal autochthonous calculi are among the rare causes of intestinal occlusion. A personal case in which the central nucleus of the stercolith consisted of gunshot is reported. The literature is reviewed, particular attention being laid on pathogenetic aspects, and the frequent complications of this pathology are recalled. The casual radiological finding of an enterolith generally means surgery only for those with caeco-appendicular localization.", "contents": "[Intestinal occlusions due to enteroliths]. Enteroliths or intestinal autochthonous calculi are among the rare causes of intestinal occlusion. A personal case in which the central nucleus of the stercolith consisted of gunshot is reported. The literature is reviewed, particular attention being laid on pathogenetic aspects, and the frequent complications of this pathology are recalled. The casual radiological finding of an enterolith generally means surgery only for those with caeco-appendicular localization.", "PMID": 756725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10425", "title": "[Changes in lipids in rats on a high fat diet and treated with a chromatographic thymus gland fraction].", "content": "The AA studied the lipoproteins variations in the rat fed on a diet with a high content of a dietary fat and injected with a chromatographic fraction from a thymus homogenate of young calf. The diet induces in the animals considerable variations of the serum lipoproteins, while the thymus factor is able to bring back the lipoproteins to the normal per cent values.", "contents": "[Changes in lipids in rats on a high fat diet and treated with a chromatographic thymus gland fraction]. The AA studied the lipoproteins variations in the rat fed on a diet with a high content of a dietary fat and injected with a chromatographic fraction from a thymus homogenate of young calf. The diet induces in the animals considerable variations of the serum lipoproteins, while the thymus factor is able to bring back the lipoproteins to the normal per cent values.", "PMID": 756732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10426", "title": "[Long-term levodopa syndrome. Report of a clinical case].", "content": "Since it is was first described by James Parkinson in 1817 much has been learnt about Parkinson's disease. The complete picture is not clear, however, and a new impulse has been given to the study of the physiopathology of the basal ganglia by the therapeutic employment of L-Dopa with a peripheral inhibitor of the decarboxylase. This treatment is the best available particularly for akinetic-hypertonic forms. In certain cases, however, patients developed a dyskinetic long-term L-Dopa syndrome, depending on the amount of L-Dopa given and individual sensitivity. The syndrome occurs in Parkinsonism only and can be prevented by thalamolysis. It would appear to be a specific expression of the effect of L-Dopa on the striatonigral system rather than of generic hypersensitivity due to denervation. A personal case is presented.", "contents": "[Long-term levodopa syndrome. Report of a clinical case]. Since it is was first described by James Parkinson in 1817 much has been learnt about Parkinson's disease. The complete picture is not clear, however, and a new impulse has been given to the study of the physiopathology of the basal ganglia by the therapeutic employment of L-Dopa with a peripheral inhibitor of the decarboxylase. This treatment is the best available particularly for akinetic-hypertonic forms. In certain cases, however, patients developed a dyskinetic long-term L-Dopa syndrome, depending on the amount of L-Dopa given and individual sensitivity. The syndrome occurs in Parkinsonism only and can be prevented by thalamolysis. It would appear to be a specific expression of the effect of L-Dopa on the striatonigral system rather than of generic hypersensitivity due to denervation. A personal case is presented.", "PMID": 756726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10427", "title": "[Evaluation of some blood clotting parameters in relation to the administration of estroprogestins].", "content": "A number of blood clotting parameters have been determined in the plasma of 25 women who had not previously taken steroid contraceptives. After the administration of an oestroprogestinic association (ethynyloestradiol 0.05 mg + norgestrol 0.25 mg) for five cycles, the same subjects were controlled again for the determination of the same haematochemical parameters. The changes observed highlighted a marked increase in fibrinogenaemia and fibrinolysis, a slight rise in associated clotting factors II-VII-X, no change in the activity of antithrombin III and platelet aggregation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of some blood clotting parameters in relation to the administration of estroprogestins]. A number of blood clotting parameters have been determined in the plasma of 25 women who had not previously taken steroid contraceptives. After the administration of an oestroprogestinic association (ethynyloestradiol 0.05 mg + norgestrol 0.25 mg) for five cycles, the same subjects were controlled again for the determination of the same haematochemical parameters. The changes observed highlighted a marked increase in fibrinogenaemia and fibrinolysis, a slight rise in associated clotting factors II-VII-X, no change in the activity of antithrombin III and platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 756722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10428", "title": "[Modification in lipoproteins and hepatic and fecal cholesterol levels induced by exogenous lithium in rats on an atherogenic diet].", "content": "Rats fed atherogenetic diet and drinking-water containing a well known Li+ concentration show, in comparation to atherogenetic rats which do not receive lithium, an expressive reduction of haematic lipids and hepatic cholesterol with a contemporaneous cholesterol increase in stools. Lipoprotidogram examinations prove that exogenous Li+ is able to prevent the haematic lipoproteins alterations produces by atherogenetic nourishment; electrophoretic pattern of these animals is indeed the same of the one obtained for rats fed usual basal diet and drinking-water.", "contents": "[Modification in lipoproteins and hepatic and fecal cholesterol levels induced by exogenous lithium in rats on an atherogenic diet]. Rats fed atherogenetic diet and drinking-water containing a well known Li+ concentration show, in comparation to atherogenetic rats which do not receive lithium, an expressive reduction of haematic lipids and hepatic cholesterol with a contemporaneous cholesterol increase in stools. Lipoprotidogram examinations prove that exogenous Li+ is able to prevent the haematic lipoproteins alterations produces by atherogenetic nourishment; electrophoretic pattern of these animals is indeed the same of the one obtained for rats fed usual basal diet and drinking-water.", "PMID": 756733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10429", "title": "[Bone and neurological complications in a patient undergoing prolonged hemodialysis].", "content": "A case observed by chance and thereafter examined and treated is reported. It involved a vertebral fracture which failed to be recognized in a patient undergoing prolonged haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Bone and neurological complications in a patient undergoing prolonged hemodialysis]. A case observed by chance and thereafter examined and treated is reported. It involved a vertebral fracture which failed to be recognized in a patient undergoing prolonged haemodialysis.", "PMID": 756727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10430", "title": "[Monolateral thrombosis of the carotid artery. Contribution of cases].", "content": "The clinical problems posed by a series of partial or total monolateral carotid occlusions complicated by cerebral infarction are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the frequent aspecificity of the symptomatology, the inconsistency of palpatory and auscultatory findings in the cervical region, and the value of certain medical techniques that may precede angiographic diagnosis. Considering the lack of reports in the literature, a case in which carotid stenosis was considered to be of luetic nature is noteworthy. Prophylactic treatment designed to prevent another cerebral attack hinges essentially on the correction of arterial hypertension and on the use of antiaggregating drugs. Endarterectomy is contraindicated by the presence of limiting factors.", "contents": "[Monolateral thrombosis of the carotid artery. Contribution of cases]. The clinical problems posed by a series of partial or total monolateral carotid occlusions complicated by cerebral infarction are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the frequent aspecificity of the symptomatology, the inconsistency of palpatory and auscultatory findings in the cervical region, and the value of certain medical techniques that may precede angiographic diagnosis. Considering the lack of reports in the literature, a case in which carotid stenosis was considered to be of luetic nature is noteworthy. Prophylactic treatment designed to prevent another cerebral attack hinges essentially on the correction of arterial hypertension and on the use of antiaggregating drugs. Endarterectomy is contraindicated by the presence of limiting factors.", "PMID": 756728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10431", "title": "[Risk factors in cerebral apoplexy. Epidemiological study].", "content": "Acute cerebral vascular diseases are of social as well as clinical interest, since, together with myocardial infarct, they constitute the prime cause of death. Yet their treatment is still confined to the combatting the collateral factors of cerebral damage, since drugs of an aetiological type cannot be employed. The study of the aetiopathogenetic factors of cerebral infarct is thus of considerable importance in the establishment of its prophylactic management. An epidemiological assessment was made of prior risk factors: arterial hypertension, heart disease, and changes in fat and sugar metabolism in 1748 cases of acute cerebral vasculopathy. The data obtained are compared with those in the literature.", "contents": "[Risk factors in cerebral apoplexy. Epidemiological study]. Acute cerebral vascular diseases are of social as well as clinical interest, since, together with myocardial infarct, they constitute the prime cause of death. Yet their treatment is still confined to the combatting the collateral factors of cerebral damage, since drugs of an aetiological type cannot be employed. The study of the aetiopathogenetic factors of cerebral infarct is thus of considerable importance in the establishment of its prophylactic management. An epidemiological assessment was made of prior risk factors: arterial hypertension, heart disease, and changes in fat and sugar metabolism in 1748 cases of acute cerebral vasculopathy. The data obtained are compared with those in the literature.", "PMID": 756723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10432", "title": "[Acetylcholine-angiotensin interaction on the electric activity of teniae coli].", "content": "It was tested on guinea-pig \"Taenia-Coli\" the interaction between ATN II and Ach in order to elucidate if there is an antagonism or an independence in the action of the two substances. It was concluded that there is no antagonism but a certain degree of interference.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine-angiotensin interaction on the electric activity of teniae coli]. It was tested on guinea-pig \"Taenia-Coli\" the interaction between ATN II and Ach in order to elucidate if there is an antagonism or an independence in the action of the two substances. It was concluded that there is no antagonism but a certain degree of interference.", "PMID": 756742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10433", "title": "A trial of isolating a tumor-like form of pulmonary cavities infected with aspergilli. 1. Preoperative data, diagnostic difficulties.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of the case histories, clinical course and results of auxiliary examinations in 10 patients with tumor-like lung shadows, which preoperatively were suspected of aspergilloma, tuberculoma, malignant tumor or \"tumor\". The postoperative diagnosis being known, the preoperative diagnosis difficulties were analyzed. Aside from only one patient in whom a correct diagnosis was reached, and despite numerous examinations indicated by suspicious, diagnoses were imprecise, with two or three alternatives. Although not performed systematically, the preoperative mycologic sputum studies and serologic tests were negative. Nevertheless, in four cases, fungal etiology of the tumor was suspected, three of them with single bronchiectasis and blocked bronchus. Examination of operative specimens led to the isolation of a little known form of pulmonary aspergillosis, which in the second part of this study (6) was named tumor-like blocked cystic space with liquid contents infected with aspergilli (TBLA).", "contents": "A trial of isolating a tumor-like form of pulmonary cavities infected with aspergilli. 1. Preoperative data, diagnostic difficulties. A retrospective analysis was made of the case histories, clinical course and results of auxiliary examinations in 10 patients with tumor-like lung shadows, which preoperatively were suspected of aspergilloma, tuberculoma, malignant tumor or \"tumor\". The postoperative diagnosis being known, the preoperative diagnosis difficulties were analyzed. Aside from only one patient in whom a correct diagnosis was reached, and despite numerous examinations indicated by suspicious, diagnoses were imprecise, with two or three alternatives. Although not performed systematically, the preoperative mycologic sputum studies and serologic tests were negative. Nevertheless, in four cases, fungal etiology of the tumor was suspected, three of them with single bronchiectasis and blocked bronchus. Examination of operative specimens led to the isolation of a little known form of pulmonary aspergillosis, which in the second part of this study (6) was named tumor-like blocked cystic space with liquid contents infected with aspergilli (TBLA).", "PMID": 756761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10434", "title": "Relationship of myocardial infarction to presence of angina pectoris in patients with coronary heart disease: lack of abolition of angina by infarction.", "content": "To evaluate the relationship between myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, history of symptomatic coronary heart disease was analyzed in 146 patients who had had documented myocardial infarction. There were 126 males and 70 females of mean age 55 years (range 32 to 70 years). Infarction had occurred 6 to 63 months prior to the study (mean: 30 months). Angina pectoris occurred at some time during the clinical course of 75 patients (51%), and 71 patients (49%) had not experienced angina. In the majority of the group with angina (n = 39; 52%) the symptom had not been present before infarction, appearing initially thereafter. Angina was present both before and after infarction in 31 patients (41%). In only 5 patients (7%) was precedent angina lost after infarction. Angina was, therefore, present in 70 of 146 patients (48%) after, compared to 36 patients (25%) before, infarction and in 86% (31/36) of patients with angina before infarction it persisted following the attack. Prior angina following myocardial infarction was not related to increased activity since in the majority of patients activity level was less after than before infarction. Post-infarction cardiac failure, which developed in 9 patients who had prior angina, was not associated with abolition of angina in any of this group. It is concluded that: 1. angina is frequent after myocardial infarction, 2. when present before infarction it usually persists thereafter, 3. angina commonly appears as a new symptom after infarction when not previously present and 4. disappearance of angina after infarction is distinctly uncommon.", "contents": "Relationship of myocardial infarction to presence of angina pectoris in patients with coronary heart disease: lack of abolition of angina by infarction. To evaluate the relationship between myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, history of symptomatic coronary heart disease was analyzed in 146 patients who had had documented myocardial infarction. There were 126 males and 70 females of mean age 55 years (range 32 to 70 years). Infarction had occurred 6 to 63 months prior to the study (mean: 30 months). Angina pectoris occurred at some time during the clinical course of 75 patients (51%), and 71 patients (49%) had not experienced angina. In the majority of the group with angina (n = 39; 52%) the symptom had not been present before infarction, appearing initially thereafter. Angina was present both before and after infarction in 31 patients (41%). In only 5 patients (7%) was precedent angina lost after infarction. Angina was, therefore, present in 70 of 146 patients (48%) after, compared to 36 patients (25%) before, infarction and in 86% (31/36) of patients with angina before infarction it persisted following the attack. Prior angina following myocardial infarction was not related to increased activity since in the majority of patients activity level was less after than before infarction. Post-infarction cardiac failure, which developed in 9 patients who had prior angina, was not associated with abolition of angina in any of this group. It is concluded that: 1. angina is frequent after myocardial infarction, 2. when present before infarction it usually persists thereafter, 3. angina commonly appears as a new symptom after infarction when not previously present and 4. disappearance of angina after infarction is distinctly uncommon.", "PMID": 756812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10435", "title": "Persistent atrial standstill developed in a patient with rheumatic heart disease: electrophysiological and histological study.", "content": "A case with persistent atrial standstill is presented which developed from atrial fibrillation associated with rheumatic combined valvular heart disease. In addition to clinical and electrocardiographic findings, electrophysiological and histological studies by using microelectrode technique and electron microscopy, respectively, were carried out on specimens from the right atrial appendage resected at mitral valve surgery. Scattered but severe loss of myocardial cells in the atria and deterioration of the action potential of these poorly sustained myocardial cells were confirmed. The suggestive evidence is also shown that the deteriorated action potential observed by micro-electrode technique in this case may be composed of calcium current.", "contents": "Persistent atrial standstill developed in a patient with rheumatic heart disease: electrophysiological and histological study. A case with persistent atrial standstill is presented which developed from atrial fibrillation associated with rheumatic combined valvular heart disease. In addition to clinical and electrocardiographic findings, electrophysiological and histological studies by using microelectrode technique and electron microscopy, respectively, were carried out on specimens from the right atrial appendage resected at mitral valve surgery. Scattered but severe loss of myocardial cells in the atria and deterioration of the action potential of these poorly sustained myocardial cells were confirmed. The suggestive evidence is also shown that the deteriorated action potential observed by micro-electrode technique in this case may be composed of calcium current.", "PMID": 756814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10436", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic devices.", "content": "Prophylaxis is defined as: \"measures designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease\" (18). Two implicit parts to such a definition are first, that what is being prevented causes disease, and second, that the measure(s) proposed prevents this disease. We will briefly review the evidence that patients with rheumatic heart disease and/or prosthetic cardiac devices are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from infection and further that antibiotics reduce this morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic prophylaxis is undertaken in patients with rheumatic heart disease and in those with prosthetic devices for two purposes: 1. prevention of reccurrences of rheumatic fever; and, 2. prevention of infective endocarditis. These are two different issues which will be discussed separately.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic devices. Prophylaxis is defined as: \"measures designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease\" (18). Two implicit parts to such a definition are first, that what is being prevented causes disease, and second, that the measure(s) proposed prevents this disease. We will briefly review the evidence that patients with rheumatic heart disease and/or prosthetic cardiac devices are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from infection and further that antibiotics reduce this morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic prophylaxis is undertaken in patients with rheumatic heart disease and in those with prosthetic devices for two purposes: 1. prevention of reccurrences of rheumatic fever; and, 2. prevention of infective endocarditis. These are two different issues which will be discussed separately.", "PMID": 756816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10437", "title": "Effect of carbocromen induced coronary vasodilatation on myocardial metabolism in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Myocardial metabolism was studied during coronary vasodilatation by carbocromen during atrial pacing in patients with coronary arteriosclerotic disease. Coronary sinus flow was measured by the continuous infusion thermodilution technique. Carbocromen increased myocardial flow by the same amount at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia. The administration of carbocromen did not interfere with myocardial oxygen consumption, free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, pulmonary or systemic hemodynamics. Atrial pacing above the anginal threshold increased lactate and hypoxanthine excretion to the coronary sinus, but to a greater extent during carbocromen treatment. Thus, carbocromen is a specific coronary vasodilator acting independently of pacing induced vasodilatation. Metabolic data indicate a small but unfavourable effect on ischemic metabolism which might be due to a \"coronary steal\".", "contents": "Effect of carbocromen induced coronary vasodilatation on myocardial metabolism in coronary artery disease. Myocardial metabolism was studied during coronary vasodilatation by carbocromen during atrial pacing in patients with coronary arteriosclerotic disease. Coronary sinus flow was measured by the continuous infusion thermodilution technique. Carbocromen increased myocardial flow by the same amount at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia. The administration of carbocromen did not interfere with myocardial oxygen consumption, free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, pulmonary or systemic hemodynamics. Atrial pacing above the anginal threshold increased lactate and hypoxanthine excretion to the coronary sinus, but to a greater extent during carbocromen treatment. Thus, carbocromen is a specific coronary vasodilator acting independently of pacing induced vasodilatation. Metabolic data indicate a small but unfavourable effect on ischemic metabolism which might be due to a \"coronary steal\".", "PMID": 756818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10438", "title": "Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure response to atrial pacing in idiopathic mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "The response of several parameters of left ventricular function to right atrial pacing was compared in 21 patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse and 10 normal patients. An inability to appropriately lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with increasing rates was demonstrated in the mitral valve prolapse group. This abnormality was not related to mitral regurgitation or factors other than ventricular performance per se.", "contents": "Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure response to atrial pacing in idiopathic mitral valve prolapse. The response of several parameters of left ventricular function to right atrial pacing was compared in 21 patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse and 10 normal patients. An inability to appropriately lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with increasing rates was demonstrated in the mitral valve prolapse group. This abnormality was not related to mitral regurgitation or factors other than ventricular performance per se.", "PMID": 756819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10439", "title": "The role of cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of flail mitral leaflet.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiography was performed on two patients with mitral regurgitation in whom M-mode echocardiographic findings were not specific for the etiology of mitral regurgitation. In one patient, flail motion of the free edge of the anterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium was demonstrated only by cross-sectional echocardiograms. In the second patient, the flail posterior mitral leaflet was suggested to be a result of bacterial endocarditis. Cross-sectional echocardiograms clearly identified a flail motion of a mass of vegetation attached to the posterior mitral leaflet. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography can provide critical information in recognizing patients with a flail mitral leaflet.", "contents": "The role of cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of flail mitral leaflet. Cross-sectional echocardiography was performed on two patients with mitral regurgitation in whom M-mode echocardiographic findings were not specific for the etiology of mitral regurgitation. In one patient, flail motion of the free edge of the anterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium was demonstrated only by cross-sectional echocardiograms. In the second patient, the flail posterior mitral leaflet was suggested to be a result of bacterial endocarditis. Cross-sectional echocardiograms clearly identified a flail motion of a mass of vegetation attached to the posterior mitral leaflet. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography can provide critical information in recognizing patients with a flail mitral leaflet.", "PMID": 756820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10440", "title": "Effects of metoprolol on heart rate in patients with digitalis treated chronic atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Adequate control of ventricular rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) may not be achieved with digitalis alone. In the present study the additional effect of two different doses (50 mg and 50 +/- 50 mg) of oral metoprolol, a new selective beta-blocking agent, on ventricular rate in patients with longstanding AF has been studied. A decrease in the mean ventricular rate during rest and during exercise at various work loads was observed after both doses. The effect was more pronounced at the highest work load of 80 W, both after 50 mg (p less than 0.002) and after 50 +/- 50 mg (p less than 0.01) of the drug. A high initial heart rate at rest or during exercise was reduced more by the drug than a lower one. Exercise tolerance was reduced in 2 patients. These results suggest that patients with AF in whom satisfactory control of heart rate cannot be achieved with digitalis alone may benefit from addition of individualized metoprolol therapy.", "contents": "Effects of metoprolol on heart rate in patients with digitalis treated chronic atrial fibrillation. Adequate control of ventricular rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) may not be achieved with digitalis alone. In the present study the additional effect of two different doses (50 mg and 50 +/- 50 mg) of oral metoprolol, a new selective beta-blocking agent, on ventricular rate in patients with longstanding AF has been studied. A decrease in the mean ventricular rate during rest and during exercise at various work loads was observed after both doses. The effect was more pronounced at the highest work load of 80 W, both after 50 mg (p less than 0.002) and after 50 +/- 50 mg (p less than 0.01) of the drug. A high initial heart rate at rest or during exercise was reduced more by the drug than a lower one. Exercise tolerance was reduced in 2 patients. These results suggest that patients with AF in whom satisfactory control of heart rate cannot be achieved with digitalis alone may benefit from addition of individualized metoprolol therapy.", "PMID": 756821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10441", "title": "Differences in platelet aggregation in coronary sinus and aortic blood in patients with coronary artery disease: effect of propranolol.", "content": "Platelet aggregation was studied in aortic and coronary sinus blood samples obtained from 18 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Using epinephrine and ADP as aggregating agents, platelet aggregation was lower in coronary venous blood than in aortic blood. In nine patients on long-term propranolol therapy, platelet aggregation was lower in both aortic and coronary venous blood compared to the nine patients not taking propranolol. Four other subjects without angiographic evidence of coronary disease exhibited no difference in platelet aggregation in aortic and coronary sinus blood. These data suggest that platelet aggregation is lower in the coronary venous blood of certain patients with coronary disease and chronic propranolol treatment may reduce aggregation in both aortic and coronary sinus blood.", "contents": "Differences in platelet aggregation in coronary sinus and aortic blood in patients with coronary artery disease: effect of propranolol. Platelet aggregation was studied in aortic and coronary sinus blood samples obtained from 18 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Using epinephrine and ADP as aggregating agents, platelet aggregation was lower in coronary venous blood than in aortic blood. In nine patients on long-term propranolol therapy, platelet aggregation was lower in both aortic and coronary venous blood compared to the nine patients not taking propranolol. Four other subjects without angiographic evidence of coronary disease exhibited no difference in platelet aggregation in aortic and coronary sinus blood. These data suggest that platelet aggregation is lower in the coronary venous blood of certain patients with coronary disease and chronic propranolol treatment may reduce aggregation in both aortic and coronary sinus blood.", "PMID": 756822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10442", "title": "Relationship between uncomfortable loudness level and acoustic reflex threshold as a function of hearing loss.", "content": "While many studies examined the relationship between Acoustic Reflex Threshold (ART) and Uncomfortable Loudness Level (UCL) and the possibility of predicting one from the other, no study to the authors' knowledge has shown the relationship between these two measures with respect to hearing loss, and uses such a relationship to predict either measure from the other plus the hearing loss. To achieve these relationships and uses, 80 Ss were studied, 20 in each of 4 groups, with normal hearing and with mild, moderate, and severe noise-induced hearing loss. ARTs and UCLs were obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kc/s. The results demonstrated that db sensation level (SL) of ART and UCL were highly correlated with pure-tone hearing threshold level (HTL). An equation was derived: UCL (in db SL) - ART (in db SL) = 6 - .05 HTL, which shows that the relationship between ART and UCL varies as a function of hearing loss. Data from other studies were compared and discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between uncomfortable loudness level and acoustic reflex threshold as a function of hearing loss. While many studies examined the relationship between Acoustic Reflex Threshold (ART) and Uncomfortable Loudness Level (UCL) and the possibility of predicting one from the other, no study to the authors' knowledge has shown the relationship between these two measures with respect to hearing loss, and uses such a relationship to predict either measure from the other plus the hearing loss. To achieve these relationships and uses, 80 Ss were studied, 20 in each of 4 groups, with normal hearing and with mild, moderate, and severe noise-induced hearing loss. ARTs and UCLs were obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kc/s. The results demonstrated that db sensation level (SL) of ART and UCL were highly correlated with pure-tone hearing threshold level (HTL). An equation was derived: UCL (in db SL) - ART (in db SL) = 6 - .05 HTL, which shows that the relationship between ART and UCL varies as a function of hearing loss. Data from other studies were compared and discussed.", "PMID": 756864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10443", "title": "Backward and forward masking with reproducible noise bursts.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of two \"frozen\" narrow-band waveforms with different waveform envelopes 50 msec in duration and centered at 250 Hz, on temporal masking at short masking intervals and, further, assessed the effects of phase shifts on backward and forward masking. Four normal-hearing experienced Ss detected a monaurally presented 250-Hz tone burst, 12 msec in duration, that either preceded, occurred simultaneously with, or followed a burst of the narrow-band noise. A 2IFC technique was used with a transformed up-down procedure for threshold estimation. The masking intervals from onset of masker to onset of tonal pulse ranged from -30 to +70 msec. The 3 phasic conditions for the signal were in-phase, 90 degrees out-of-phase, and 180 degrees out-of-phase. Results of this experiment substantiated the data of other researchers who have shown greater backward than forward masking at short masking intervals and greater masking was found for all simultaneous conditions than for any of the backward or forward masking conditions. In addition, differences between the two noise waveforms, as well as the phase shifts, had a significant effect on the thresholds obtained for the backward and forward masking conditions, as well as for the simultaneous masking conditions. Criterion change and waveform storage are discussed as possibly having an effect up these variables.", "contents": "Backward and forward masking with reproducible noise bursts. This study investigated the effects of two \"frozen\" narrow-band waveforms with different waveform envelopes 50 msec in duration and centered at 250 Hz, on temporal masking at short masking intervals and, further, assessed the effects of phase shifts on backward and forward masking. Four normal-hearing experienced Ss detected a monaurally presented 250-Hz tone burst, 12 msec in duration, that either preceded, occurred simultaneously with, or followed a burst of the narrow-band noise. A 2IFC technique was used with a transformed up-down procedure for threshold estimation. The masking intervals from onset of masker to onset of tonal pulse ranged from -30 to +70 msec. The 3 phasic conditions for the signal were in-phase, 90 degrees out-of-phase, and 180 degrees out-of-phase. Results of this experiment substantiated the data of other researchers who have shown greater backward than forward masking at short masking intervals and greater masking was found for all simultaneous conditions than for any of the backward or forward masking conditions. In addition, differences between the two noise waveforms, as well as the phase shifts, had a significant effect on the thresholds obtained for the backward and forward masking conditions, as well as for the simultaneous masking conditions. Criterion change and waveform storage are discussed as possibly having an effect up these variables.", "PMID": 756866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10444", "title": "Auditory temporal resolution: effects of sensation level.", "content": "Experienced Ss identified (2IFC) the signal complex that contained a gap. When the complexes were of the same frequency, gap detection remained constant over the durations employed (up to 300 msec). When duration of the signal was 10 msec no changes in gap threshold occurred over the range of frequency disparities between signals (up to 120 Hz at F0 = 1 kHz). However, as signal duration increased (beyond 10 msec) there was an increase in gap threshold with increased frequency disparity. The degradation in gap threshold was greater for longer-duration events. Gap threshold was shown to decrease as a function of increase in intensity of the signals.", "contents": "Auditory temporal resolution: effects of sensation level. Experienced Ss identified (2IFC) the signal complex that contained a gap. When the complexes were of the same frequency, gap detection remained constant over the durations employed (up to 300 msec). When duration of the signal was 10 msec no changes in gap threshold occurred over the range of frequency disparities between signals (up to 120 Hz at F0 = 1 kHz). However, as signal duration increased (beyond 10 msec) there was an increase in gap threshold with increased frequency disparity. The degradation in gap threshold was greater for longer-duration events. Gap threshold was shown to decrease as a function of increase in intensity of the signals.", "PMID": 756867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10445", "title": "Effect of firetruck noise on firefighters' hearing.", "content": "Noise exposure of Minneapolis city firefighters was measured in 3 categories of fire apparatus. Maximum SPL of 110 db(A) and mean duration of 23 min/day do not exceed OSHA guidelines. The means pure-tone ac HTLs of a Group A of 17 men of 23-28 yrs with 0.75-2 yrs firefighting experience did not differ significantly from those of a comparable group of older men of 30-35 yrs with 8.25-10.9 yrs firefighting experience. Mean HTLs for both groups exceeded those of men of comparable age groups with no noise exposure tested by Corso, but at the lower frequencies only (0.5-4 kc/s), not at the higher (6-8 kc/s). Previous military and concurrent recreational noise exposure may have masked differences between Group A and B.", "contents": "Effect of firetruck noise on firefighters' hearing. Noise exposure of Minneapolis city firefighters was measured in 3 categories of fire apparatus. Maximum SPL of 110 db(A) and mean duration of 23 min/day do not exceed OSHA guidelines. The means pure-tone ac HTLs of a Group A of 17 men of 23-28 yrs with 0.75-2 yrs firefighting experience did not differ significantly from those of a comparable group of older men of 30-35 yrs with 8.25-10.9 yrs firefighting experience. Mean HTLs for both groups exceeded those of men of comparable age groups with no noise exposure tested by Corso, but at the lower frequencies only (0.5-4 kc/s), not at the higher (6-8 kc/s). Previous military and concurrent recreational noise exposure may have masked differences between Group A and B.", "PMID": 756868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10446", "title": "Hearing impairment in children of low birthweight.", "content": "Audiometer evaluations were carried out on a population of 204 low birth weight (LBW) children and 123 controls. In the LBW group, 6 children (3.3%) had a bilateral loss and 5 (2.5%) had a unilateral sensorineural high-frequency hearing loss. No case of sensorineural hearing loss was found among the controls. There were 13 (6.4%) cases of conductive loss among the LBW sample, compared with 3 (2.4%) among the controls. Correlation coefficients showed a relationship between sensorineural impairment and: bilirubin level, incubator time, antibiotic history, and neurological status. Subsequent multiple classification analyses showed that, while incubator time and bilirubin level are each significant predictors of sensorineural loss, this is not the case with antibiotics or neurological status. Neurological status was closely associated with the syndrome of LBW, high bilirubin level, extended incubator time and sensorineural loss. However, no significant relationship could be found between neurological impairment and these predictors nor can it be regarded as useful in predicting hearing loss in this population.", "contents": "Hearing impairment in children of low birthweight. Audiometer evaluations were carried out on a population of 204 low birth weight (LBW) children and 123 controls. In the LBW group, 6 children (3.3%) had a bilateral loss and 5 (2.5%) had a unilateral sensorineural high-frequency hearing loss. No case of sensorineural hearing loss was found among the controls. There were 13 (6.4%) cases of conductive loss among the LBW sample, compared with 3 (2.4%) among the controls. Correlation coefficients showed a relationship between sensorineural impairment and: bilirubin level, incubator time, antibiotic history, and neurological status. Subsequent multiple classification analyses showed that, while incubator time and bilirubin level are each significant predictors of sensorineural loss, this is not the case with antibiotics or neurological status. Neurological status was closely associated with the syndrome of LBW, high bilirubin level, extended incubator time and sensorineural loss. However, no significant relationship could be found between neurological impairment and these predictors nor can it be regarded as useful in predicting hearing loss in this population.", "PMID": 756869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10447", "title": "The effects of practice on 8-10-yr-old children using the Staggered Spondaic Word Test.", "content": "Katz' Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) Test was given at 50 db re SRT to 20 normal right-handed children aged 8 - 10 yrs. Half the Ss heard items 1 - 40 in that order, half heard the order Items 21-40, 1-20. Groups yielded similar total scores. For both groups there were no significant L-R ear differences. Practice on a prior 20 items had a significant effect on later responses to competing stimuli in a later 20-item test. There were too few errors on non-competing stimuli for meaningful analysis. Four practice items as provided by a standard version of this test were determined to be too few with children of this age.", "contents": "The effects of practice on 8-10-yr-old children using the Staggered Spondaic Word Test. Katz' Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) Test was given at 50 db re SRT to 20 normal right-handed children aged 8 - 10 yrs. Half the Ss heard items 1 - 40 in that order, half heard the order Items 21-40, 1-20. Groups yielded similar total scores. For both groups there were no significant L-R ear differences. Practice on a prior 20 items had a significant effect on later responses to competing stimuli in a later 20-item test. There were too few errors on non-competing stimuli for meaningful analysis. Four practice items as provided by a standard version of this test were determined to be too few with children of this age.", "PMID": 756870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10448", "title": "The effect of sectioning auditory centrifugal fibers on the cochlear microphonic and action potential in guinea pigs.", "content": "This investigation on 8 guniea pigs determined the immediate effect on the cochlear microphonic (CM) and action potential (AP) of ipsilateral sectoning of the autitory centrifugal fibers. An acoustic signal was used to evoke the CM and AP of one ear of guinea pig and the homolateral olivo-cochlear bundle and lateral lemniscus were then sectioned. Differences between pre- and post-section CM and AP were measured. The results demonstrated an increase in the CM and a decrease in the AP in all animals. Speculation with regard to the overall function of the auditory centrifugal system was offered.", "contents": "The effect of sectioning auditory centrifugal fibers on the cochlear microphonic and action potential in guinea pigs. This investigation on 8 guniea pigs determined the immediate effect on the cochlear microphonic (CM) and action potential (AP) of ipsilateral sectoning of the autitory centrifugal fibers. An acoustic signal was used to evoke the CM and AP of one ear of guinea pig and the homolateral olivo-cochlear bundle and lateral lemniscus were then sectioned. Differences between pre- and post-section CM and AP were measured. The results demonstrated an increase in the CM and a decrease in the AP in all animals. Speculation with regard to the overall function of the auditory centrifugal system was offered.", "PMID": 756871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10449", "title": "Kinetics of sodium in rabbit arterial wall: inability of aldosterone to alter extra to intracellular distribution.", "content": "Transport rate constants (kij) describing the kinetics of Na exchanges in isolated rabbit aorta wall were determined by a previously established method involving the use of 22Na as a tracer and digital computer simulation without recourse to ancillary chemical measurements of extracellular space. A three compartment model consisting of (i) extracellular, (ii) intracellular and (iii) subcellular spaces (compartments) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of 22Na. Normative values for intercompartmental kij and extra to intracellular Na ratio were established. It appears that the Na extracellular space in rabbit arterial wall is larger than that in dog or rat arterial wall. Surprisingly, at variance with several tissues of different species (dog, rat, mouse and human tissues), aldosterone did not influence the extra to intracellular distribution of Na. The findings are interpreted in the light of results obtained previously by other workers using entirely unrelated methodologies and suggest that species difference is an important factor to consider when studying effects of aldosterone on tissue electrolyte distribution in the rabbit.", "contents": "Kinetics of sodium in rabbit arterial wall: inability of aldosterone to alter extra to intracellular distribution. Transport rate constants (kij) describing the kinetics of Na exchanges in isolated rabbit aorta wall were determined by a previously established method involving the use of 22Na as a tracer and digital computer simulation without recourse to ancillary chemical measurements of extracellular space. A three compartment model consisting of (i) extracellular, (ii) intracellular and (iii) subcellular spaces (compartments) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of 22Na. Normative values for intercompartmental kij and extra to intracellular Na ratio were established. It appears that the Na extracellular space in rabbit arterial wall is larger than that in dog or rat arterial wall. Surprisingly, at variance with several tissues of different species (dog, rat, mouse and human tissues), aldosterone did not influence the extra to intracellular distribution of Na. The findings are interpreted in the light of results obtained previously by other workers using entirely unrelated methodologies and suggest that species difference is an important factor to consider when studying effects of aldosterone on tissue electrolyte distribution in the rabbit.", "PMID": 756872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10450", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in human fetal lung.", "content": "A specific dexamethasone binding protein of human fetal lung is described. Characterization of the receptor by sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 7S (low ionic strength) and 4S (high ionic strength). Competition studies showed high specificity for glucocorticoids since binding of radioactive dexamethasone was inhibited by cortisol and corticosterone but not by testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Uptake of radioactive steroid by isolated lung nuclei required the presence of cytosol and was temperature dependent. The KCl-extractable nuclear complex sedimented at approximately 5S. Thus the dexamethasone binding components of the human fetal lung have properties similar to those described for steroid receptors present in target tissues. The concentration of receptor remained fairly constant between 15 and 28 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in human fetal lung. A specific dexamethasone binding protein of human fetal lung is described. Characterization of the receptor by sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 7S (low ionic strength) and 4S (high ionic strength). Competition studies showed high specificity for glucocorticoids since binding of radioactive dexamethasone was inhibited by cortisol and corticosterone but not by testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Uptake of radioactive steroid by isolated lung nuclei required the presence of cytosol and was temperature dependent. The KCl-extractable nuclear complex sedimented at approximately 5S. Thus the dexamethasone binding components of the human fetal lung have properties similar to those described for steroid receptors present in target tissues. The concentration of receptor remained fairly constant between 15 and 28 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 756874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10451", "title": "Iodine content of human tissues after administration of iodine containing drugs or contrast media.", "content": "Total iodine contents were determined in 209 bioptic or autoptic specimens of various extrathyroidal tissues. Fifty-two of the 80 subjects examined had no previous exposure to excessive iodine, 24 were tested after administration of x-ray contrast media and 4 after treatment with various iodine containing drugs. Unexposed subjects had tissue iodine contents (mean +/- SD) ranging from 0.85 +/- 0.17 microgram/100 g in the brain and 9.78 +/- 2.75 microgram/100 g in the liver of adults. A significantly lower iodine concentration was found in the liver of newborns (2.79 +/- 1.00 microgram, p less than 0.001). Most of the other tissues had iodine concentrations of 2-4 microgram/100 g. Subjects with previous exposure to iodine containing drugs or x-ray contrast media showed increased iodine contents of various degree in all examined tissues, including adipose tissue, bone, brain, kidney, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, skin and spleen. Accumulation of iodine in adipose tissue was still demonstrable more than two years after cholecystography.", "contents": "Iodine content of human tissues after administration of iodine containing drugs or contrast media. Total iodine contents were determined in 209 bioptic or autoptic specimens of various extrathyroidal tissues. Fifty-two of the 80 subjects examined had no previous exposure to excessive iodine, 24 were tested after administration of x-ray contrast media and 4 after treatment with various iodine containing drugs. Unexposed subjects had tissue iodine contents (mean +/- SD) ranging from 0.85 +/- 0.17 microgram/100 g in the brain and 9.78 +/- 2.75 microgram/100 g in the liver of adults. A significantly lower iodine concentration was found in the liver of newborns (2.79 +/- 1.00 microgram, p less than 0.001). Most of the other tissues had iodine concentrations of 2-4 microgram/100 g. Subjects with previous exposure to iodine containing drugs or x-ray contrast media showed increased iodine contents of various degree in all examined tissues, including adipose tissue, bone, brain, kidney, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, skin and spleen. Accumulation of iodine in adipose tissue was still demonstrable more than two years after cholecystography.", "PMID": 756875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10452", "title": "Effect of hyperglycemia on the growth hormone response to L-dopa in diabetic subjects.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were measured before and after oral administration of L-dopa in 8 insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients, and in 6 non insulin-dependent maturity-onset diabetics, while they were hyperglycemic, and values were compared with those of normal children and adult subjects. Maturity-onset diabetics failed to show an increase in serum GH levels after L-dopa administration, while serum peak GH values of juvenile diabetic patients were not significantly different from those of normal adults and children. Hyperglycemia thus failed to prevent L-dopa induced growth hormone response in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients.", "contents": "Effect of hyperglycemia on the growth hormone response to L-dopa in diabetic subjects. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were measured before and after oral administration of L-dopa in 8 insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients, and in 6 non insulin-dependent maturity-onset diabetics, while they were hyperglycemic, and values were compared with those of normal children and adult subjects. Maturity-onset diabetics failed to show an increase in serum GH levels after L-dopa administration, while serum peak GH values of juvenile diabetic patients were not significantly different from those of normal adults and children. Hyperglycemia thus failed to prevent L-dopa induced growth hormone response in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients.", "PMID": 756876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10453", "title": "Panhypopituitarism and anemia secondary to traumatic fracture of the sella turcica.", "content": "A case of a 27 year old man who developed anemia after fracture of the sella turcica is reported. The diagnosis of anterior pituitary insufficiency was made by a combined provocative test with TRH, LHRH, and insulin. The anemia was characterized by a hypocellular bone marrow which appeared to be functioning only in the thoracic-lumbar vertebrae, an absence of measurable erythropoietic activity, and by the return to normal of the hematological findings after hormonal replacement therapy. This patient had the highly unusual combination of proven panhypopituitarism and significant anemia resulting from a distinct fracture of the sella turcica.", "contents": "Panhypopituitarism and anemia secondary to traumatic fracture of the sella turcica. A case of a 27 year old man who developed anemia after fracture of the sella turcica is reported. The diagnosis of anterior pituitary insufficiency was made by a combined provocative test with TRH, LHRH, and insulin. The anemia was characterized by a hypocellular bone marrow which appeared to be functioning only in the thoracic-lumbar vertebrae, an absence of measurable erythropoietic activity, and by the return to normal of the hematological findings after hormonal replacement therapy. This patient had the highly unusual combination of proven panhypopituitarism and significant anemia resulting from a distinct fracture of the sella turcica.", "PMID": 756877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10454", "title": "Postnatal development of pituitary-thyroid function in male and female rats: comparison of plasma and thyroid T3 and T4 concentration.", "content": "Plasma T4, T3, and TSH, and total and 131l-labeled T4 and T3 in thyroid digests were determined in male and female rats from birth to 30--45 days postnatally. Mothers and offspring were fed a high-iodine Purina diet throughout. In both sexes, plasma T4 was less than 1 microgram/100ml at birth but rose linearly to a peak of 6--7 micrograms/100 ml at day 15. Plasma T3 remained low at 30--40 ng/100 ml until day 10, then rose steeply to 80--100 ng/100 ml at day 20--30. Plasma TSH had a bimodal distribution with an early peak in the intial 1--2 weeks of life and a second rise after day 30. Adult pattern sex differences in plasma TSH appeared by day 30. Labeled T3 was undetectable in thyroid digests until after day 7. Both labeled and stable T3 and T4 concentration and T3/T4 ratios rose progressively during the first 2 weeks of life. After day 7, stable and labeled intrathyroidal T3/T4 ratios were significantly correlated, but the latter was always higher than the former for any given age.", "contents": "Postnatal development of pituitary-thyroid function in male and female rats: comparison of plasma and thyroid T3 and T4 concentration. Plasma T4, T3, and TSH, and total and 131l-labeled T4 and T3 in thyroid digests were determined in male and female rats from birth to 30--45 days postnatally. Mothers and offspring were fed a high-iodine Purina diet throughout. In both sexes, plasma T4 was less than 1 microgram/100ml at birth but rose linearly to a peak of 6--7 micrograms/100 ml at day 15. Plasma T3 remained low at 30--40 ng/100 ml until day 10, then rose steeply to 80--100 ng/100 ml at day 20--30. Plasma TSH had a bimodal distribution with an early peak in the intial 1--2 weeks of life and a second rise after day 30. Adult pattern sex differences in plasma TSH appeared by day 30. Labeled T3 was undetectable in thyroid digests until after day 7. Both labeled and stable T3 and T4 concentration and T3/T4 ratios rose progressively during the first 2 weeks of life. After day 7, stable and labeled intrathyroidal T3/T4 ratios were significantly correlated, but the latter was always higher than the former for any given age.", "PMID": 756880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10455", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone of patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone, 17 OH ketogenic steroids and plasma cortisol was studied in twenty-three patients with essential hypertension and compared in eleven patients to oxprenolol effect by 2 x 2 factorial trial. Indomethacin decreased PRA and urinary aldosterone: its effect was maintained when the drug was given for three days and it was related to basal PRA and aldosterone values. Therefore in patients with low PRA (renin-sodium index) PRA and aldosterone were unchanged, while they decreased in the normal high PRA group. Aldosterone changes were related to those of PRA, while 17 OH ketogenic steroids and plasma cortisol were unchanged. Both indomethacin and oxprenolol decreased PRA, but no interaction or additive effect was found between the two drugs. The present data indicate that indomethacin can decrease both PRA and aldosterone to an extent which is related to basal values and that aldosterone changes are mainly explained by those of PRA. The PRA unresponsiveness to indomethacin found in low renin patients may suggest renal prostaglandin deficiency. Finally the lack of interaction or of additive effect between indomethacin and oxprenolol may be explained by postulating either that the two drugs act on a common pathway or that an additive effect on PRA cannot be detected renin being maximally suppressed by full renal beta-receptors blockade.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone of patients with essential hypertension. The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone, 17 OH ketogenic steroids and plasma cortisol was studied in twenty-three patients with essential hypertension and compared in eleven patients to oxprenolol effect by 2 x 2 factorial trial. Indomethacin decreased PRA and urinary aldosterone: its effect was maintained when the drug was given for three days and it was related to basal PRA and aldosterone values. Therefore in patients with low PRA (renin-sodium index) PRA and aldosterone were unchanged, while they decreased in the normal high PRA group. Aldosterone changes were related to those of PRA, while 17 OH ketogenic steroids and plasma cortisol were unchanged. Both indomethacin and oxprenolol decreased PRA, but no interaction or additive effect was found between the two drugs. The present data indicate that indomethacin can decrease both PRA and aldosterone to an extent which is related to basal values and that aldosterone changes are mainly explained by those of PRA. The PRA unresponsiveness to indomethacin found in low renin patients may suggest renal prostaglandin deficiency. Finally the lack of interaction or of additive effect between indomethacin and oxprenolol may be explained by postulating either that the two drugs act on a common pathway or that an additive effect on PRA cannot be detected renin being maximally suppressed by full renal beta-receptors blockade.", "PMID": 756881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10456", "title": "Sleep-wake differences in serum prolactin levels in children.", "content": "Sleep-wake differences in prolactin serum levels have been studied in 47 prepubertal children of both sexes, aged 1 to 12 years. Sampling has been made in each subject once during wake and once during sleep. The serum levels of prolactin were found to be higher during sleep than during wake (p greater than 0.01). When the children were divided into age groups, a statistically significant difference between wake and sleep was observed in all groups considered, including that with children aged 1 to 2 years. This indicates that the sleep connected rise of prolactin levels occurs very early in chidhood. No sex releated difference either in absolute hormone serum levels or in wake-sleep changes is apparent.", "contents": "Sleep-wake differences in serum prolactin levels in children. Sleep-wake differences in prolactin serum levels have been studied in 47 prepubertal children of both sexes, aged 1 to 12 years. Sampling has been made in each subject once during wake and once during sleep. The serum levels of prolactin were found to be higher during sleep than during wake (p greater than 0.01). When the children were divided into age groups, a statistically significant difference between wake and sleep was observed in all groups considered, including that with children aged 1 to 2 years. This indicates that the sleep connected rise of prolactin levels occurs very early in chidhood. No sex releated difference either in absolute hormone serum levels or in wake-sleep changes is apparent.", "PMID": 756882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10457", "title": "Reciprocal effects of prolactin and thyroxine on the growth rate of rat pups from weaning to puberty.", "content": "Prolactin and thyroxine were added to the daily diet of rat pups from weaning to puberty (days 20--40). While prolactin significantly retarted the pups' growth, thyroxine stimulated growth and even compensated for the depression caused by prolactin. The significant retardation in the growth of the prolactin-treated pups around days 30--35 of age indicates that at that period they are extremely prolactin-dependent, thus confirming previous reports that exogenous prolactin inhibits its own endogenous secretion. On the other hand, the possible growth promotion caused by thyroxine is mild and does not initiate a feedback mechanism. This suggests that prolactin is indispensable for the normal development of the weaned, immature rat.", "contents": "Reciprocal effects of prolactin and thyroxine on the growth rate of rat pups from weaning to puberty. Prolactin and thyroxine were added to the daily diet of rat pups from weaning to puberty (days 20--40). While prolactin significantly retarted the pups' growth, thyroxine stimulated growth and even compensated for the depression caused by prolactin. The significant retardation in the growth of the prolactin-treated pups around days 30--35 of age indicates that at that period they are extremely prolactin-dependent, thus confirming previous reports that exogenous prolactin inhibits its own endogenous secretion. On the other hand, the possible growth promotion caused by thyroxine is mild and does not initiate a feedback mechanism. This suggests that prolactin is indispensable for the normal development of the weaned, immature rat.", "PMID": 756883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10458", "title": "Hospital law: the changing scene.", "content": "The liability of hospitals in tort law has been a fairly recent development. Formerly, hospitals were protected from liability under the doctrine of charitable immunity. Legal \"immunity\" avoids liability in tort essentially under all circumstances. It is conferred not because of the particular facts of the situation but because of the status or position of the favored defendant. It does not deny the tort, merely the resulting liability. Such immunity does not mean that conduct that would amount to a tort on the part of other defendants is not still equally tortious in character, but merely that for the protection of the particular defendant, or of the interests which he represents, he is given absolution from liability. Similarly, the \"captain-of-the-ship\" and the attendant \"borrowed or lent servant\" doctrine is being abandoned. As medical technology continues to advance, the modern hospital will undoubtedly assume a greater responsibility toward its patients--with amplified medical-legal implications. The hospital is no longer a hotel where patients stay, awaiting treatment by their private physicians. The theory that the hospital does not act through its employees--physicians, nurses, and others--no longer reflects the trend in judicial philosophy. The decisions cited reflect the current trend in judicial analysis and thinking. Medical science has provided numerous benefits to humankind, but along with those benefits, numerous risks have accrued. Whether hospitals should have to bear the responsibilities inherent in such risks is a much-argued matter. However, hospital liability, in fact, is the trend of our judicial determination. The ramifications of this trend have been many. Hospitals and physicians will closely scrutinize surgical operations and other hospitals procedures and practices. The fact remains clear that responsibility for every patient is now shared by both the physicians and the hospital--share and share alike. The present thinking is that the liabilities can be minimized, without shifting the duties, obligations, and responsibilities, through risk management. Prevention, as always, is the best cure.", "contents": "Hospital law: the changing scene. The liability of hospitals in tort law has been a fairly recent development. Formerly, hospitals were protected from liability under the doctrine of charitable immunity. Legal \"immunity\" avoids liability in tort essentially under all circumstances. It is conferred not because of the particular facts of the situation but because of the status or position of the favored defendant. It does not deny the tort, merely the resulting liability. Such immunity does not mean that conduct that would amount to a tort on the part of other defendants is not still equally tortious in character, but merely that for the protection of the particular defendant, or of the interests which he represents, he is given absolution from liability. Similarly, the \"captain-of-the-ship\" and the attendant \"borrowed or lent servant\" doctrine is being abandoned. As medical technology continues to advance, the modern hospital will undoubtedly assume a greater responsibility toward its patients--with amplified medical-legal implications. The hospital is no longer a hotel where patients stay, awaiting treatment by their private physicians. The theory that the hospital does not act through its employees--physicians, nurses, and others--no longer reflects the trend in judicial philosophy. The decisions cited reflect the current trend in judicial analysis and thinking. Medical science has provided numerous benefits to humankind, but along with those benefits, numerous risks have accrued. Whether hospitals should have to bear the responsibilities inherent in such risks is a much-argued matter. However, hospital liability, in fact, is the trend of our judicial determination. The ramifications of this trend have been many. Hospitals and physicians will closely scrutinize surgical operations and other hospitals procedures and practices. The fact remains clear that responsibility for every patient is now shared by both the physicians and the hospital--share and share alike. The present thinking is that the liabilities can be minimized, without shifting the duties, obligations, and responsibilities, through risk management. Prevention, as always, is the best cure.", "PMID": 756941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10459", "title": "Microbial degradation of diethanolamine and related compounds.", "content": "Thirteen diethanolamine compounds were tested for their biodegradability employing (1) a bacterium selectively isolated from an industral cutting fluid, and (2) an acclimatized sewage population obtained from a domestic waste treatment plant. Pure culture growth and biochemical oxygen demand studies with the isolate showed that only diethanolamine, methyl-diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and laurylsulphate-diethanolamine were degradable. Biochemical oxygen demand techniques using the acclimatized sewage micro-organisms as seed yielded similar results with only diethanolamine, methyl-diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and laurylsulphate-diethanolamine being oxidized to any meaningful extent. Cyclohexyldiethanolamine, phenyl-diethanolamine, and m-tolyl-diethanolamine had oxygen demands of less than 1% of their theoretically calculated values, while ethyl-diethanolamine and benzyl-diethanolamine accounted for 3.6 and 2.3% of their theoretical values respectively. In both systems employed substitution of the tertiary hydrogen of the amine group with isopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, n-butyl, or t-butyl resulted in biologically recalcitrant compounds.", "contents": "Microbial degradation of diethanolamine and related compounds. Thirteen diethanolamine compounds were tested for their biodegradability employing (1) a bacterium selectively isolated from an industral cutting fluid, and (2) an acclimatized sewage population obtained from a domestic waste treatment plant. Pure culture growth and biochemical oxygen demand studies with the isolate showed that only diethanolamine, methyl-diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and laurylsulphate-diethanolamine were degradable. Biochemical oxygen demand techniques using the acclimatized sewage micro-organisms as seed yielded similar results with only diethanolamine, methyl-diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and laurylsulphate-diethanolamine being oxidized to any meaningful extent. Cyclohexyldiethanolamine, phenyl-diethanolamine, and m-tolyl-diethanolamine had oxygen demands of less than 1% of their theoretically calculated values, while ethyl-diethanolamine and benzyl-diethanolamine accounted for 3.6 and 2.3% of their theoretical values respectively. In both systems employed substitution of the tertiary hydrogen of the amine group with isopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, n-butyl, or t-butyl resulted in biologically recalcitrant compounds.", "PMID": 756949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10460", "title": "Effect of sublethal heat injury on tumour induction and RNA synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "When cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are subjected to sublethal heat injury at 45 degrees C for 20 min, less than 5% of the viable population retain their ability to initiate tumour formation on Kalanch\u00f6e daigremontiana. If the cells are then incubated in phosphate buffer at 27 degrees C for 2 h, tumour initiation returns to control levels. Inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis had little effect on the recovery of tumour initiation after heat injury. Rifamycin, a specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, dramatically reduced recovery of tumour formation. During the heating process large amounts of RNA leaked from the cells which correlated with a degradation of rRNA. The addition of Mg to the heating buffer reduced the loss of RNA into the medium and the degradation of rRNA and tumour initiation was retained at control levels. It is concluded that while current evidence indicates that DNA is probably the transforming agent, RNA synthesis is an important component of the induction process.", "contents": "Effect of sublethal heat injury on tumour induction and RNA synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. When cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are subjected to sublethal heat injury at 45 degrees C for 20 min, less than 5% of the viable population retain their ability to initiate tumour formation on Kalanch\u00f6e daigremontiana. If the cells are then incubated in phosphate buffer at 27 degrees C for 2 h, tumour initiation returns to control levels. Inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis had little effect on the recovery of tumour initiation after heat injury. Rifamycin, a specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, dramatically reduced recovery of tumour formation. During the heating process large amounts of RNA leaked from the cells which correlated with a degradation of rRNA. The addition of Mg to the heating buffer reduced the loss of RNA into the medium and the degradation of rRNA and tumour initiation was retained at control levels. It is concluded that while current evidence indicates that DNA is probably the transforming agent, RNA synthesis is an important component of the induction process.", "PMID": 756950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10461", "title": "Effect of arginine analogues on a fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida.", "content": "The effects of arginine analogues on a fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida, were investigated. This organism proved to be resistant in various degrees to most arginine analogues tested but was found to be sensitive to arginine hydroxamate. Inhibition of growth by arginine hydroxamate was reversed by the addition of arginine to the bacterial culture. Incorporation of 14C from 14C-amino acids, namely, guanidoarginine, glutamate, asparate, alanine, isoleucine, serine, methyl-methionine, and cystine was affected.", "contents": "Effect of arginine analogues on a fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida. The effects of arginine analogues on a fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida, were investigated. This organism proved to be resistant in various degrees to most arginine analogues tested but was found to be sensitive to arginine hydroxamate. Inhibition of growth by arginine hydroxamate was reversed by the addition of arginine to the bacterial culture. Incorporation of 14C from 14C-amino acids, namely, guanidoarginine, glutamate, asparate, alanine, isoleucine, serine, methyl-methionine, and cystine was affected.", "PMID": 756951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10462", "title": "Liquid culture of Diplodia maydis.", "content": "Diplodia maydis, a Zea mays L. stalk rot causing fungus, was grown in Czapek-Dox broth and modifications of Fries liquid media using combinations of 1% cellulose, 1% sucrose and ammonium or nitrate-nitrogen. Conditions are defined to yield consistently maximum mycelial dry weight in two days in contrast to the usually reported five-day incubation period.", "contents": "Liquid culture of Diplodia maydis. Diplodia maydis, a Zea mays L. stalk rot causing fungus, was grown in Czapek-Dox broth and modifications of Fries liquid media using combinations of 1% cellulose, 1% sucrose and ammonium or nitrate-nitrogen. Conditions are defined to yield consistently maximum mycelial dry weight in two days in contrast to the usually reported five-day incubation period.", "PMID": 756952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10463", "title": "Autoactivation of spore germination in mutant and wild type strains of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Freshly formed wild type Dictyostelium discoideum spores are constitutively dormant, and thus require an activation treatment to germinate. Wild type spores may germinate without an activation treatment (autoactivate) after a period of ageing (maturation) in the intact fruiting body. Mutants have been isolated which autoactivate without the need for ageing. Autoactivation of mutant and aged wild type spores appears to occur by identical mechanisms; thus the mutation may involve premature maturation. Autoactivation is mediated by autoactivator substances released from spores as they spontaneously swell. These factors are readily chromatographed, and elute from a Biogel P2 column in three peaks of activity. One activity peak appears only after spores have begun to germinate. No autoactivator substances are released from heat activated spores. Autoactivation is sensitive to cychloheximide, and may result from altered spore permeability. Autoactivation is likely to be the mechanism of D. discoideum spore germination in nature.", "contents": "Autoactivation of spore germination in mutant and wild type strains of Dictyostelium discoideum. Freshly formed wild type Dictyostelium discoideum spores are constitutively dormant, and thus require an activation treatment to germinate. Wild type spores may germinate without an activation treatment (autoactivate) after a period of ageing (maturation) in the intact fruiting body. Mutants have been isolated which autoactivate without the need for ageing. Autoactivation of mutant and aged wild type spores appears to occur by identical mechanisms; thus the mutation may involve premature maturation. Autoactivation is mediated by autoactivator substances released from spores as they spontaneously swell. These factors are readily chromatographed, and elute from a Biogel P2 column in three peaks of activity. One activity peak appears only after spores have begun to germinate. No autoactivator substances are released from heat activated spores. Autoactivation is sensitive to cychloheximide, and may result from altered spore permeability. Autoactivation is likely to be the mechanism of D. discoideum spore germination in nature.", "PMID": 756953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10464", "title": "Improved growth of Thermus aquaticus on cellular lysates.", "content": "Studies on the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus have demonstrated the ability of this organism to exist on its own cell lysates. The use of 0.1% tryptone, and 0.1% yeast extract and a mineral salts lysate medium increased growth 9-to 44-fold over the above medium without cell lysates. It has also been established in this study that, due to the high growth temperature of T. aquaticus, its metabolic activities are greatly accelerated resulting in early cell destruction. Therefore, bacterial lysates from which other cells could derive nutrients and/or growth factors would constantly be available in the environment immediately around the organism to aid the growth of cells in natural as well as man-made thermal environments.", "contents": "Improved growth of Thermus aquaticus on cellular lysates. Studies on the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus have demonstrated the ability of this organism to exist on its own cell lysates. The use of 0.1% tryptone, and 0.1% yeast extract and a mineral salts lysate medium increased growth 9-to 44-fold over the above medium without cell lysates. It has also been established in this study that, due to the high growth temperature of T. aquaticus, its metabolic activities are greatly accelerated resulting in early cell destruction. Therefore, bacterial lysates from which other cells could derive nutrients and/or growth factors would constantly be available in the environment immediately around the organism to aid the growth of cells in natural as well as man-made thermal environments.", "PMID": 756954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10465", "title": "Cis-and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, new attractants to the cheese mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina, Acaridae) idintified in Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti).", "content": "The volatile materials emitted by Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) at a very low concentration are strong attractants for Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) (Acarina, Acardae). The identification of cis- and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, the main attractant constituents of these volatile materials, was performed by spectroscopic methods (GC/MS and NMR) on a microsample (less than 100 micrograms) isolated by a new pre-concentration method. Although this unsaturated alcohol has only been found in Trichothecium roseum and in a Rhodophyta, it may be present in other microfungi and in fungi and may be implicated in the ecological process.", "contents": "Cis-and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, new attractants to the cheese mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina, Acaridae) idintified in Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti). The volatile materials emitted by Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) at a very low concentration are strong attractants for Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) (Acarina, Acardae). The identification of cis- and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, the main attractant constituents of these volatile materials, was performed by spectroscopic methods (GC/MS and NMR) on a microsample (less than 100 micrograms) isolated by a new pre-concentration method. Although this unsaturated alcohol has only been found in Trichothecium roseum and in a Rhodophyta, it may be present in other microfungi and in fungi and may be implicated in the ecological process.", "PMID": 756955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10466", "title": "[Population structure and consaguinity in Dota, Costa Rica, 1888-1962].", "content": "A study of consanguinity and population structure was carried out in a sample of 498 consanguineous (MC) and 570 non-consanguineous matings (MNC) in the Parrish of Dota, Costa Rica, during a period of 75 years. The inbreeding coefficient (F) shows fluctuations in time (476 to 194 x 10(-5) with an increase from 1888 to 1917, followed by a decrease in the last years but remains high in nonmigrant marriages. There is a high frequency of unions among second cousins. The endogamy percentage is high, greater in MC (80%) than in MNC (61%). Exogamy tends to diminish with time among both types of union. Effects of age distributions in the groups was not found. Marital and migrational distances are short and tend to become shorter in the final periods. There is a positive correlation (r = 0.71; p less than 0.05) between these distances in MC but not in MNC; distances are shorter in MC. Immigration is minimal and reduced to short distances. Post-marital movement is intense (37%) and involves greater distances. Emigratory behavior is identical in MC and MNC.", "contents": "[Population structure and consaguinity in Dota, Costa Rica, 1888-1962]. A study of consanguinity and population structure was carried out in a sample of 498 consanguineous (MC) and 570 non-consanguineous matings (MNC) in the Parrish of Dota, Costa Rica, during a period of 75 years. The inbreeding coefficient (F) shows fluctuations in time (476 to 194 x 10(-5) with an increase from 1888 to 1917, followed by a decrease in the last years but remains high in nonmigrant marriages. There is a high frequency of unions among second cousins. The endogamy percentage is high, greater in MC (80%) than in MNC (61%). Exogamy tends to diminish with time among both types of union. Effects of age distributions in the groups was not found. Marital and migrational distances are short and tend to become shorter in the final periods. There is a positive correlation (r = 0.71; p less than 0.05) between these distances in MC but not in MNC; distances are shorter in MC. Immigration is minimal and reduced to short distances. Post-marital movement is intense (37%) and involves greater distances. Emigratory behavior is identical in MC and MNC.", "PMID": 756975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10467", "title": "[Development of Golgi apparatus ultrastructure during meiosis and spermiogenesis in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)].", "content": "During meiosis and espermiogenesis the Golgi apparatus shows the greatest morphological and physiological changes. During the second meiotic division it appears as a very large organelle, formed by prominent dictyosomes and by two types of vesicles: one in the external part of the body with diameters that range from 40--100 nm, and the other in the central part of the organelle, larger in size, from 200 to 500 nm. The acrosome, once formed, is spheric (1600 nm in diameter) with the glucoproteins forming a round and dense body occupying its central zone. Later the acrosome moves against the nuclear membrane. These morphological changes occur within a very short time, while the spermatid practically continues occupying the same position in the cellular association of the seminiferous tubule.", "contents": "[Development of Golgi apparatus ultrastructure during meiosis and spermiogenesis in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)]. During meiosis and espermiogenesis the Golgi apparatus shows the greatest morphological and physiological changes. During the second meiotic division it appears as a very large organelle, formed by prominent dictyosomes and by two types of vesicles: one in the external part of the body with diameters that range from 40--100 nm, and the other in the central part of the organelle, larger in size, from 200 to 500 nm. The acrosome, once formed, is spheric (1600 nm in diameter) with the glucoproteins forming a round and dense body occupying its central zone. Later the acrosome moves against the nuclear membrane. These morphological changes occur within a very short time, while the spermatid practically continues occupying the same position in the cellular association of the seminiferous tubule.", "PMID": 756976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10468", "title": "Behaviour of aminohexoses and sialic acids in subacute intoxication of guinea pigs with \"Elocron 50 WP\".", "content": "The behaviour of sialic acids and aminohexoses was examined in subacute intoxication of 60 guinea pigs with \"Elocron 50 WP\". Elocron 50 WP was administered in soy-bean oil emulsion by means of a stomach tube for 28 and 85 days. The daily dose was 1/3 LD50. Further animals were kept for 28 days on food sprayed with \"Elocron 50 WP\". These animals were kept in quarantine during the period of treatment. The sialic acid level was found to be increased in the liver and in the other examined organs (heart, brain, kidney, lung) and slightly decreased in the serum. The aminohexose level was increased in the heart, kidney and brain, and decreased in the liver and lungs, in the early stage of intoxication (28 days) and in the group of the so-called \"fodder\" animals. In the late stage of the intoxication (85 days) an increased content of aminohexoses was observed in the brain and in the kidney, the increase was very slight in the heart and brain, whereas in the lung tissue the aminohexose level was subnormal.", "contents": "Behaviour of aminohexoses and sialic acids in subacute intoxication of guinea pigs with \"Elocron 50 WP\". The behaviour of sialic acids and aminohexoses was examined in subacute intoxication of 60 guinea pigs with \"Elocron 50 WP\". Elocron 50 WP was administered in soy-bean oil emulsion by means of a stomach tube for 28 and 85 days. The daily dose was 1/3 LD50. Further animals were kept for 28 days on food sprayed with \"Elocron 50 WP\". These animals were kept in quarantine during the period of treatment. The sialic acid level was found to be increased in the liver and in the other examined organs (heart, brain, kidney, lung) and slightly decreased in the serum. The aminohexose level was increased in the heart, kidney and brain, and decreased in the liver and lungs, in the early stage of intoxication (28 days) and in the group of the so-called \"fodder\" animals. In the late stage of the intoxication (85 days) an increased content of aminohexoses was observed in the brain and in the kidney, the increase was very slight in the heart and brain, whereas in the lung tissue the aminohexose level was subnormal.", "PMID": 757094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10469", "title": "Light and electron microscopic investigation of the sensory dendrites in the epidermis of the foot of the snail, Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The fine structure of epithelial cells, supporting cells and the sensory dendrites running toward the surface between the former two was investigated in the epidermis of the foot of Helix pomatia. Cilia orienting in regular lines and possessing 9 + 2 tubular structure occur on the surface of the cylindrical epithelial cells lying on the basal lamina. The cilia terminate in basal bodies. The epithelial cells can first of all be characterized by a well-developed Golgi-apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum system as well as a developed tonofibrillar system. The supporting cells differ from the epithelial cells mainly in the poorly-developed tonofibrillar system and small number of cilia. Septate desmosome and zonula adherens are the common connecting structures between the cells composing the epithelium. According to the surface specialization, two types of sensory dendrites running toward the surface were distinguished: dendrites with and dendrites without cilia. On the surface of the former cilia with 9 + 2 tubular structure are randlomly distributed and are present in varying number. In their cytoplasm there are many mitochondria, few clear vesicles and multivesicular bodies. From the surface of the dendrites without cilia, microvilli of different diameter originate and sometimes a centriole was observed below the distal membrane. Their cytoplasm contains many clear vesicles, a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum system and few mitochondria. Comparing our results with literary data, we suppose that the differences between the two dendrite types in the presence and number of cilia as well as in the diameter of the microvilli show different forms of appearance of one type of dendritic terminal.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic investigation of the sensory dendrites in the epidermis of the foot of the snail, Helix pomatia L. The fine structure of epithelial cells, supporting cells and the sensory dendrites running toward the surface between the former two was investigated in the epidermis of the foot of Helix pomatia. Cilia orienting in regular lines and possessing 9 + 2 tubular structure occur on the surface of the cylindrical epithelial cells lying on the basal lamina. The cilia terminate in basal bodies. The epithelial cells can first of all be characterized by a well-developed Golgi-apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum system as well as a developed tonofibrillar system. The supporting cells differ from the epithelial cells mainly in the poorly-developed tonofibrillar system and small number of cilia. Septate desmosome and zonula adherens are the common connecting structures between the cells composing the epithelium. According to the surface specialization, two types of sensory dendrites running toward the surface were distinguished: dendrites with and dendrites without cilia. On the surface of the former cilia with 9 + 2 tubular structure are randlomly distributed and are present in varying number. In their cytoplasm there are many mitochondria, few clear vesicles and multivesicular bodies. From the surface of the dendrites without cilia, microvilli of different diameter originate and sometimes a centriole was observed below the distal membrane. Their cytoplasm contains many clear vesicles, a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum system and few mitochondria. Comparing our results with literary data, we suppose that the differences between the two dendrite types in the presence and number of cilia as well as in the diameter of the microvilli show different forms of appearance of one type of dendritic terminal.", "PMID": 757095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10470", "title": "The effect of lesions of the epithalamus on plasma aldosterone and corticosterone levels in Japanese quail.", "content": "The peripheral plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations were measured by CPBA and RIA method in Japanese quails in which the subcommissural organ (SCO) or the habenula had been destroyed. Lesion of the SCO reduced the plasma aldosterone level by 50%. The lesion of n. habenularis medialis and lateralis on the other hand did not affect the plasma corticosteroid level. It is suggested that in birds the SCO takes part in a multifactorial regulation of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "The effect of lesions of the epithalamus on plasma aldosterone and corticosterone levels in Japanese quail. The peripheral plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations were measured by CPBA and RIA method in Japanese quails in which the subcommissural organ (SCO) or the habenula had been destroyed. Lesion of the SCO reduced the plasma aldosterone level by 50%. The lesion of n. habenularis medialis and lateralis on the other hand did not affect the plasma corticosteroid level. It is suggested that in birds the SCO takes part in a multifactorial regulation of aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 757096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10471", "title": "Hypostase, embryonic sac and endosperm in Anethum graveolens L., and in various families.", "content": "The presence of pyriform hypostase tissue was investigated before double fertilization till the fusion of free endosperm nuclei in the embryonic sac of A. graveolens. Hypostase a glandular tissue, can secrete its cell contents into the embryonic sac during the development of free endosperm nuclei. Of 78 randomly selected families, 19 display different numbers of species with hypostase. In 15 of these families the hypostase is present together with the Polygonum type of embryonic sac and nuclear type of endosperm.", "contents": "Hypostase, embryonic sac and endosperm in Anethum graveolens L., and in various families. The presence of pyriform hypostase tissue was investigated before double fertilization till the fusion of free endosperm nuclei in the embryonic sac of A. graveolens. Hypostase a glandular tissue, can secrete its cell contents into the embryonic sac during the development of free endosperm nuclei. Of 78 randomly selected families, 19 display different numbers of species with hypostase. In 15 of these families the hypostase is present together with the Polygonum type of embryonic sac and nuclear type of endosperm.", "PMID": 757097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10472", "title": "Monolayer cultures of rat pituitary intermediate lobe: growth and fine structure of epithelial cells.", "content": "Rat hypophyseal intermediate lobe cells, partially dispersed by trypsin, were cultivated on an inert surface. The attaching capacity, the growth of the cultures and the fine structure of the epithelial cells developed during cultivation were studied. The majority of the cell groups attached to the inert surface within 72 h after explantation. Epithelial islands developed, with a layer consisting of fibroblast-like cells beginning to form at their periphery. By the end of the second week of cultivation the epithelial islets and fibroblast-like cells formed a monolayer. The epithelial cells survived for five weeks. The granular cytoplasm of the epithelial island cells could be well identified on the phase-contrast microcinematographic frames of the young cultures; both epithelial and fibroblast-like cells divided. The mitotic ability of both cell types could be confirmed by their tritiated-thymidine incorporation, too. In young cultures, the fine-structural features of epithelial cells were practically identical with those of the glandular cells in intact glands. In older cultures, the secretory granules in the epithelial cells were lower in number; the localization of the granules at the periphery was predominating.", "contents": "Monolayer cultures of rat pituitary intermediate lobe: growth and fine structure of epithelial cells. Rat hypophyseal intermediate lobe cells, partially dispersed by trypsin, were cultivated on an inert surface. The attaching capacity, the growth of the cultures and the fine structure of the epithelial cells developed during cultivation were studied. The majority of the cell groups attached to the inert surface within 72 h after explantation. Epithelial islands developed, with a layer consisting of fibroblast-like cells beginning to form at their periphery. By the end of the second week of cultivation the epithelial islets and fibroblast-like cells formed a monolayer. The epithelial cells survived for five weeks. The granular cytoplasm of the epithelial island cells could be well identified on the phase-contrast microcinematographic frames of the young cultures; both epithelial and fibroblast-like cells divided. The mitotic ability of both cell types could be confirmed by their tritiated-thymidine incorporation, too. In young cultures, the fine-structural features of epithelial cells were practically identical with those of the glandular cells in intact glands. In older cultures, the secretory granules in the epithelial cells were lower in number; the localization of the granules at the periphery was predominating.", "PMID": 757098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10473", "title": "[High, asymptomatic and persistent thrombocytosis in splenectomized subjects].", "content": "The Authors illustrate clinicals evaluations of tree splenectomised patients, whose platelets' counts were normal in the pre-operatory period. The patients had shown, after splenectomy, high (platelets' count upper than 10(6)/mmc), asymptomatic (without hemorrhage and thromboembolism), persistent father four months, spontaneously and progressively decreasing thrombocytosis. Clinical evaluations and blood analysis concern respectively periods of four years and six months, two years and two months, three years and six months after splenectomy. Furthermore the Authors examine the splenectomy's role into thrombocytosis, and remark, on the contrary of inherent literature, that, in some occurrences, the splenectomy produces high, persistent and asymptomatic thrombocytosis.", "contents": "[High, asymptomatic and persistent thrombocytosis in splenectomized subjects]. The Authors illustrate clinicals evaluations of tree splenectomised patients, whose platelets' counts were normal in the pre-operatory period. The patients had shown, after splenectomy, high (platelets' count upper than 10(6)/mmc), asymptomatic (without hemorrhage and thromboembolism), persistent father four months, spontaneously and progressively decreasing thrombocytosis. Clinical evaluations and blood analysis concern respectively periods of four years and six months, two years and two months, three years and six months after splenectomy. Furthermore the Authors examine the splenectomy's role into thrombocytosis, and remark, on the contrary of inherent literature, that, in some occurrences, the splenectomy produces high, persistent and asymptomatic thrombocytosis.", "PMID": 757121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10474", "title": "[Pyogenic granuloma: report of a case].", "content": "An instance of pyogenic granuloma in a nine years old boy is reported as well as clinical features, hystology, radiographic report and post-operative result.", "contents": "[Pyogenic granuloma: report of a case]. An instance of pyogenic granuloma in a nine years old boy is reported as well as clinical features, hystology, radiographic report and post-operative result.", "PMID": 757122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10475", "title": "A therapeutic trial of maytansine.", "content": "A phase II clinical trial of maytansine, a stathmokinetic ansa macrolide, was undertaken in 70 patients. The maximally tolerated dose was 2.0 mg/m2 repeated at 21-day intervals. Gastrointestinal and central neurologic toxicity were dose limiting. No myelosuppression was noted. Two patients demonstrated transient responses. Therapeutic results from four other clinical trials were reviewed. Although additional clinical trials may be warranted in patients with bladder and small cell carcinoma, at the dose schedule reported, maytansine does not appear to possess a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. Additional clinical trials should be limited.", "contents": "A therapeutic trial of maytansine. A phase II clinical trial of maytansine, a stathmokinetic ansa macrolide, was undertaken in 70 patients. The maximally tolerated dose was 2.0 mg/m2 repeated at 21-day intervals. Gastrointestinal and central neurologic toxicity were dose limiting. No myelosuppression was noted. Two patients demonstrated transient responses. Therapeutic results from four other clinical trials were reviewed. Although additional clinical trials may be warranted in patients with bladder and small cell carcinoma, at the dose schedule reported, maytansine does not appear to possess a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. Additional clinical trials should be limited.", "PMID": 757139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10476", "title": "Clinical trial methodology.", "content": "A number of recent conferences have emphasized the importance of clinical trials methodology. The most significant of these was the one held in France in January, 1978. Much discussion centered around the use of matched historical controls from the same institution in comparison with randomized, prospectively controlled clinical trials. It was concluded that controlled clinical trials are required to answer comparative therapeutic questions in a convincing manner and that statistical advice is critical at all stages of such trials.", "contents": "Clinical trial methodology. A number of recent conferences have emphasized the importance of clinical trials methodology. The most significant of these was the one held in France in January, 1978. Much discussion centered around the use of matched historical controls from the same institution in comparison with randomized, prospectively controlled clinical trials. It was concluded that controlled clinical trials are required to answer comparative therapeutic questions in a convincing manner and that statistical advice is critical at all stages of such trials.", "PMID": 757143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10477", "title": "Adjuvant radiotherapy--preoperative, postoperative, or both: a proposal for a new approach.", "content": "A new approach to adjuvant radiotherapy is presented using a \"sandwich technique\" of low-dose preoperative irradiation (500 rads) and high-dose postoperative irradiation (4500 rads in 5 weeks) in the treatment of operable carcinomas of the rectum and bladder. The rationale for this approach and the preliminary results of a pilot study in 28 patients (19 with carcinoma of the rectum and nine with carcinoma of the bladder) are presented. This appears to be a very feasible and logical approach to treatment, with very few complications and excellent local control of disease.", "contents": "Adjuvant radiotherapy--preoperative, postoperative, or both: a proposal for a new approach. A new approach to adjuvant radiotherapy is presented using a \"sandwich technique\" of low-dose preoperative irradiation (500 rads) and high-dose postoperative irradiation (4500 rads in 5 weeks) in the treatment of operable carcinomas of the rectum and bladder. The rationale for this approach and the preliminary results of a pilot study in 28 patients (19 with carcinoma of the rectum and nine with carcinoma of the bladder) are presented. This appears to be a very feasible and logical approach to treatment, with very few complications and excellent local control of disease.", "PMID": 757144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10478", "title": "Phase I trial of ICRF-159 in combination with 1.3 bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU).", "content": "Both ICRF-159 and methyl-CCNU are agents with antitumor activity against gastrointestinal carcinoma; hence the exploration of this combination for possible synergism. Results of the study involving 19 patients show that bone marrow toxicity is the limiting factor for this combination of drugs. Moreover, a dose of 130 mg/mg of MeCCNU with 800 mg/m2/day of ICRF is well tolerated.", "contents": "Phase I trial of ICRF-159 in combination with 1.3 bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). Both ICRF-159 and methyl-CCNU are agents with antitumor activity against gastrointestinal carcinoma; hence the exploration of this combination for possible synergism. Results of the study involving 19 patients show that bone marrow toxicity is the limiting factor for this combination of drugs. Moreover, a dose of 130 mg/mg of MeCCNU with 800 mg/m2/day of ICRF is well tolerated.", "PMID": 757145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10479", "title": "Phase II evaluation of anguidine (NSC-141537) for adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum.", "content": "Anguidine was administered in a dose of 5.0 mg/m2 (3.5 mg/m2 for patients with hepatic dysfunction) intravenously daily for 5 days in a phase II evaluation of 19 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. No responses were observed but five patients had disease stabilization. Toxicity was marked, causing discontinuation of therapy in several patients. Anguidine appears ineffective in patients with metastatic colon or rectal cancer in the dose and schedule used in this study.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of anguidine (NSC-141537) for adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Anguidine was administered in a dose of 5.0 mg/m2 (3.5 mg/m2 for patients with hepatic dysfunction) intravenously daily for 5 days in a phase II evaluation of 19 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. No responses were observed but five patients had disease stabilization. Toxicity was marked, causing discontinuation of therapy in several patients. Anguidine appears ineffective in patients with metastatic colon or rectal cancer in the dose and schedule used in this study.", "PMID": 757146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10480", "title": "Note on the design of multi-institution three-treatment studies.", "content": "Attention has recently focused on the appropriate use of statistics for the analysis of end results from clinical trials, with a corresponding lack of emphasis concerning the experimental design of such studies. In this paper, a particular design for a three-treatment multi-institution clinical trial is reviewed due to its recent increase in popularity. Although it may appear desirable at first, further investigation indicates that several difficulties may arise in the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the data. Defects of the design are discussed, and an alternative design is recommended.", "contents": "Note on the design of multi-institution three-treatment studies. Attention has recently focused on the appropriate use of statistics for the analysis of end results from clinical trials, with a corresponding lack of emphasis concerning the experimental design of such studies. In this paper, a particular design for a three-treatment multi-institution clinical trial is reviewed due to its recent increase in popularity. Although it may appear desirable at first, further investigation indicates that several difficulties may arise in the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the data. Defects of the design are discussed, and an alternative design is recommended.", "PMID": 757147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10481", "title": "Cooperative clinical trials and community outreach: the conceptual approach in Northern California.", "content": "Despite major advances in cancer treatment, one of the major challenges in oncology is the integration of community oncology and clinical research. A balance needs to be achieved between efforts to increase patient accrual into protocols and education designed to achieve minimal standards of care. The planning efforts in Northern California are one approach to the challenge, but it will take years before answers are available.", "contents": "Cooperative clinical trials and community outreach: the conceptual approach in Northern California. Despite major advances in cancer treatment, one of the major challenges in oncology is the integration of community oncology and clinical research. A balance needs to be achieved between efforts to increase patient accrual into protocols and education designed to achieve minimal standards of care. The planning efforts in Northern California are one approach to the challenge, but it will take years before answers are available.", "PMID": 757148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10482", "title": "Treating the untreatables: identifying the somaticizing borderline patient.", "content": "Both medical and psychiatric services have long been challenged by patients with either clear psychosomatic disease or disease complicated by functional elements. Not only are these patients unresponsive to the usual medical management, but they seem to derive little benefit from the usual psychotherapeutic approach. This paper is intended as an examination of this group of difficult patients for the purpose of: 1. creating a suggestive profile to aid in the identification of such patients; 2. anticipating some of the difficulties experienced by clinicians and institutions responsible for their care; and 3. formulating a framework for understanding the basic difficulty experienced by some of these patients as an expression of borderline personality phenomena.", "contents": "Treating the untreatables: identifying the somaticizing borderline patient. Both medical and psychiatric services have long been challenged by patients with either clear psychosomatic disease or disease complicated by functional elements. Not only are these patients unresponsive to the usual medical management, but they seem to derive little benefit from the usual psychotherapeutic approach. This paper is intended as an examination of this group of difficult patients for the purpose of: 1. creating a suggestive profile to aid in the identification of such patients; 2. anticipating some of the difficulties experienced by clinicians and institutions responsible for their care; and 3. formulating a framework for understanding the basic difficulty experienced by some of these patients as an expression of borderline personality phenomena.", "PMID": 757209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10483", "title": "The relationship between response qualities of life change events and future illness rates.", "content": "A prospective study over three months explored whether measures of response \"qualities\" of life change events (e.g., whether the event was positive or negative in its subjective impact) enhance the ability of a simple counting of recent life change events to predict near future illness rates. Thirty-four nursing students were studied. Results confirm previous reports that future illness rates increase positively and significantly in direct relationship to the accumulation of recent past life change events. A simple count of the number of untimely or unexpected life stresses (31% of total life changes) or a simple count of the number of negative life events (53.8%) were as potent predictors as the total count of recent life changes. The total number of times each event occurred did not add to the predictive power of a count of the number of events experienced. Anticipated life events were poor predictors of future illness rates. The subjective life change unit scaling system (SLCU) did not add to the predictive power of a simple count of the number of events. Social support availability did not significantly lower illness rates.", "contents": "The relationship between response qualities of life change events and future illness rates. A prospective study over three months explored whether measures of response \"qualities\" of life change events (e.g., whether the event was positive or negative in its subjective impact) enhance the ability of a simple counting of recent life change events to predict near future illness rates. Thirty-four nursing students were studied. Results confirm previous reports that future illness rates increase positively and significantly in direct relationship to the accumulation of recent past life change events. A simple count of the number of untimely or unexpected life stresses (31% of total life changes) or a simple count of the number of negative life events (53.8%) were as potent predictors as the total count of recent life changes. The total number of times each event occurred did not add to the predictive power of a count of the number of events experienced. Anticipated life events were poor predictors of future illness rates. The subjective life change unit scaling system (SLCU) did not add to the predictive power of a simple count of the number of events. Social support availability did not significantly lower illness rates.", "PMID": 757210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10484", "title": "Hedonic deficit in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Forty-two chronic schizophrenic patients were evaluated for extent of hedonic deficit and compared with a demographically matched sample of normals. Schizophrenics rated themselves as experiencing significantly less pleasure on four of ten pleasure factors. When the schizophrenic sample was divided into depressed and non-depressed subgroups, the depressed subgroup was found to account for these differences in pleasure between schizophrenics and normals. Psychobiological implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Hedonic deficit in chronic schizophrenia. Forty-two chronic schizophrenic patients were evaluated for extent of hedonic deficit and compared with a demographically matched sample of normals. Schizophrenics rated themselves as experiencing significantly less pleasure on four of ten pleasure factors. When the schizophrenic sample was divided into depressed and non-depressed subgroups, the depressed subgroup was found to account for these differences in pleasure between schizophrenics and normals. Psychobiological implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 757211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10485", "title": "Treatment of chronic pain in the general psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Patients with chronic pain present many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to primary physicians and psychiatric consultants. The authors present a series of twelve patients with chronic pain who were hospitalized on the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. Ten of the twelve patients presented decreased their medication use and were markedly improved at the end of their brief stay. Treatment goals, attitudes and interventions are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic pain in the general psychiatric hospital. Patients with chronic pain present many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to primary physicians and psychiatric consultants. The authors present a series of twelve patients with chronic pain who were hospitalized on the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. Ten of the twelve patients presented decreased their medication use and were markedly improved at the end of their brief stay. Treatment goals, attitudes and interventions are discussed.", "PMID": 757213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10486", "title": "Encopresis in Hirschsprung's disease: a report on two cases.", "content": "Two patients with persistent severe encopresis after surgery for Hirschsprung's disease were treated with a token economy type of behavior modification therapy. After eight weeks there was very marked improvement, which persisted after discharge home without relapse after four and eight months respectively.", "contents": "Encopresis in Hirschsprung's disease: a report on two cases. Two patients with persistent severe encopresis after surgery for Hirschsprung's disease were treated with a token economy type of behavior modification therapy. After eight weeks there was very marked improvement, which persisted after discharge home without relapse after four and eight months respectively.", "PMID": 757212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10487", "title": "Discourse analysis and the doctor-patient relationship.", "content": "This article describes a system of discourse analysis, called a \"taxonomy of verbal response modes,\" which can be applied to medical interviews. The taxonomy identifies eight basic categories: disclosure, question, edification, acknowledgement, advisement, interpretation, confirmation, and reflection, which are defined by three principles of classification. The categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Each mode conveys a particular interpersonal intent and also has a characteristic grammatical form. With eight forms and eight intents, the taxonomy includes sixty-four possible verbal response modes, eight \"pure modes,\" in which form and intent coincide, and fifty-six \"mixed modes,\" in which form and intent differ. The taxonomy has yielded fine-grained descriptions of patient-physician interaction and has identified particular types of utterances and verbal exchanges that are associated with patients' satisfaction with their medical interviews. The system provides a detailed descriptive vocabulary that may be useful for teaching interviewing skills.", "contents": "Discourse analysis and the doctor-patient relationship. This article describes a system of discourse analysis, called a \"taxonomy of verbal response modes,\" which can be applied to medical interviews. The taxonomy identifies eight basic categories: disclosure, question, edification, acknowledgement, advisement, interpretation, confirmation, and reflection, which are defined by three principles of classification. The categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Each mode conveys a particular interpersonal intent and also has a characteristic grammatical form. With eight forms and eight intents, the taxonomy includes sixty-four possible verbal response modes, eight \"pure modes,\" in which form and intent coincide, and fifty-six \"mixed modes,\" in which form and intent differ. The taxonomy has yielded fine-grained descriptions of patient-physician interaction and has identified particular types of utterances and verbal exchanges that are associated with patients' satisfaction with their medical interviews. The system provides a detailed descriptive vocabulary that may be useful for teaching interviewing skills.", "PMID": 757215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10488", "title": "Narcolepsy with tinnitus aura: interpretation.", "content": "A fifty-five year old man was admitted to our ward for evaluation of narcoleptic-cataplectic attacks which were signaled by a \"hissing sound like high pressure steam leaking out of a pipe.\" This tinnitus was exclusively localized to the right ear. It started about sixty-to-ninety seconds before the cataplectic episode (affecting mostly the jaw muscles) and lasted through part of it as it became progressively louder toward the end and ceased abruptly. It is postulated that, along with the collapse of tonic musculature of the mandible, a decrease of proprioceptive tone also affected the tensor tympani muscle leaving the middle ear vulnerable to internally generated noise. We further postulate that tinnitus was finally arrested by the generation of phasic bursts of contraction of the tensor tympani and/or the stapedius muscle at a later stage of cataplexy.", "contents": "Narcolepsy with tinnitus aura: interpretation. A fifty-five year old man was admitted to our ward for evaluation of narcoleptic-cataplectic attacks which were signaled by a \"hissing sound like high pressure steam leaking out of a pipe.\" This tinnitus was exclusively localized to the right ear. It started about sixty-to-ninety seconds before the cataplectic episode (affecting mostly the jaw muscles) and lasted through part of it as it became progressively louder toward the end and ceased abruptly. It is postulated that, along with the collapse of tonic musculature of the mandible, a decrease of proprioceptive tone also affected the tensor tympani muscle leaving the middle ear vulnerable to internally generated noise. We further postulate that tinnitus was finally arrested by the generation of phasic bursts of contraction of the tensor tympani and/or the stapedius muscle at a later stage of cataplexy.", "PMID": 757216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10489", "title": "Cancer: denial or suppression?", "content": "Medical personnel often reach erroneous judgments on the reaction of cancer patients to death and dying. Patients with terminal cancer sometimes will say little or nothing to hospital staff members or other professionals about their fears or expectations. This silence is generally construed as indicative of the primitive defense mechanism of denial. Usually, however, such patients are not truly \"denying\" cancer and its consequences, but have merely decided, more or less voluntarily, to \"suppress\" these thoughts as a method of coping with their illness. The medical staff, through careful observation of cancer patients, and through discussions with patients' families, should be able to distinguish between denial and suppression. This distinction can be significant because it enables the staff to understand the patient's feelings correctly, and thereby to provide more effective care. The staff, and the patients themselves, are thus in a better position to orchestrate the patients' various physical, emotional and interpersonal needs and resources optimally.", "contents": "Cancer: denial or suppression? Medical personnel often reach erroneous judgments on the reaction of cancer patients to death and dying. Patients with terminal cancer sometimes will say little or nothing to hospital staff members or other professionals about their fears or expectations. This silence is generally construed as indicative of the primitive defense mechanism of denial. Usually, however, such patients are not truly \"denying\" cancer and its consequences, but have merely decided, more or less voluntarily, to \"suppress\" these thoughts as a method of coping with their illness. The medical staff, through careful observation of cancer patients, and through discussions with patients' families, should be able to distinguish between denial and suppression. This distinction can be significant because it enables the staff to understand the patient's feelings correctly, and thereby to provide more effective care. The staff, and the patients themselves, are thus in a better position to orchestrate the patients' various physical, emotional and interpersonal needs and resources optimally.", "PMID": 757214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10490", "title": "Pediatric oncology: a review of the changing psychological aspects.", "content": "This paper outlines the psychological concerns in pediatric oncology. Taking an historical perspective, early concerns pertained to issues of death and dying and what to tell the child about his diagnosis. With the marked improvement in the early diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer, the psychological issues have changed considerably. There is ample evidence to indicate that psychological problems in the child and his family result from the turmoil from these diseases. However, current concerns may focus on problems of living rather than problems of dying. The child and his family being encouraged to live as normal a life as possible, may need assistance from the professional community in the attempt to achieve this status. This presents an ever increasing need for the health care professional to interface with not only the child and his family, but also with the school and community at large so that the child and his family alone do not shoulder the burden of the normalization process and so that the school and community may be in a better position to assist in the reintegration process.", "contents": "Pediatric oncology: a review of the changing psychological aspects. This paper outlines the psychological concerns in pediatric oncology. Taking an historical perspective, early concerns pertained to issues of death and dying and what to tell the child about his diagnosis. With the marked improvement in the early diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer, the psychological issues have changed considerably. There is ample evidence to indicate that psychological problems in the child and his family result from the turmoil from these diseases. However, current concerns may focus on problems of living rather than problems of dying. The child and his family being encouraged to live as normal a life as possible, may need assistance from the professional community in the attempt to achieve this status. This presents an ever increasing need for the health care professional to interface with not only the child and his family, but also with the school and community at large so that the child and his family alone do not shoulder the burden of the normalization process and so that the school and community may be in a better position to assist in the reintegration process.", "PMID": 757218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10491", "title": "The physician's work and marriage.", "content": "Medicine and personality characteristics of its practitioners pose for physicians unique hazards to emotional health and marital satisfaction. The attempt to meet too many emotional needs in work may preclude adequate attention to personal and family problems. The physician should be more aware of his own and his family's emotional needs, and be less threatened by less-than-perfect adjustment in himself or other family members. Suggestions include: teaching psychiatry on a developmental and adaptational model; offering marital groups in medical school; and encouraging the process of marital contracting and the use of marital therapy when emotional problems arise in either spouse. The understanding and resolution of emotional distress of one marital partner often requires the involvement of both, as people intimately attached to each other tend to have neither problems nor solutions in isolation.", "contents": "The physician's work and marriage. Medicine and personality characteristics of its practitioners pose for physicians unique hazards to emotional health and marital satisfaction. The attempt to meet too many emotional needs in work may preclude adequate attention to personal and family problems. The physician should be more aware of his own and his family's emotional needs, and be less threatened by less-than-perfect adjustment in himself or other family members. Suggestions include: teaching psychiatry on a developmental and adaptational model; offering marital groups in medical school; and encouraging the process of marital contracting and the use of marital therapy when emotional problems arise in either spouse. The understanding and resolution of emotional distress of one marital partner often requires the involvement of both, as people intimately attached to each other tend to have neither problems nor solutions in isolation.", "PMID": 757219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10492", "title": "Some subjective reactions of a behavioral scientist involved in thanatological research.", "content": "Ethical and pragmatic considerations often preclude the application of classical experimental approaches to in vivo thanatological research. While quasi-experimental and correlational designs may be employed to circumvent a number of potential problems, many more empirically testable research questions simply remain unaskable in the applied setting. Clearly, extra-experimental sources of information are of particular value in such situations. The present paper reports some of the observations and subjective reactions experienced by the writer while engaged in a series of experimental thanatological research studies. The issues addressed include the motivations of thanatological investigators and research participants, personal awareness of death, displacement of grief, anxieties about personal utility, paternalism, and honesty (i.e., frankness) as a primary ethic in facilitating a peaceful, \"natural,\" death in the moribund individual.", "contents": "Some subjective reactions of a behavioral scientist involved in thanatological research. Ethical and pragmatic considerations often preclude the application of classical experimental approaches to in vivo thanatological research. While quasi-experimental and correlational designs may be employed to circumvent a number of potential problems, many more empirically testable research questions simply remain unaskable in the applied setting. Clearly, extra-experimental sources of information are of particular value in such situations. The present paper reports some of the observations and subjective reactions experienced by the writer while engaged in a series of experimental thanatological research studies. The issues addressed include the motivations of thanatological investigators and research participants, personal awareness of death, displacement of grief, anxieties about personal utility, paternalism, and honesty (i.e., frankness) as a primary ethic in facilitating a peaceful, \"natural,\" death in the moribund individual.", "PMID": 757220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10493", "title": "The identification of psychiatric morbidity by internists and subsequent selection for psychiatric referral.", "content": "Past literature raises the question as to the degree of identification of psychiatric morbidity among medical inpatients. A psychosocial information scale was used to rate charts of seventeen inpatients who later received a psychiatric consultation and seventeen who did not during the index admission. More psychosocial items were generally present in the charts with those patients receiving later psychiatric consultation overall and specifically in the areas of psychiatric chief complaint, history of behavior change and past psychiatric history. It was concluded that many patients with psychiatric morbidity on medical wards were not so identified and this was a prime reason for their non-referral, although several of the sub-groups of such patients could benefit from psychiatric treatment. Non-psychiatrists were urged to adopt a more holistic approach to medicine with emphasis on continuity of care to insure comprehensive diagnosis and management.", "contents": "The identification of psychiatric morbidity by internists and subsequent selection for psychiatric referral. Past literature raises the question as to the degree of identification of psychiatric morbidity among medical inpatients. A psychosocial information scale was used to rate charts of seventeen inpatients who later received a psychiatric consultation and seventeen who did not during the index admission. More psychosocial items were generally present in the charts with those patients receiving later psychiatric consultation overall and specifically in the areas of psychiatric chief complaint, history of behavior change and past psychiatric history. It was concluded that many patients with psychiatric morbidity on medical wards were not so identified and this was a prime reason for their non-referral, although several of the sub-groups of such patients could benefit from psychiatric treatment. Non-psychiatrists were urged to adopt a more holistic approach to medicine with emphasis on continuity of care to insure comprehensive diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 757221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10494", "title": "Who gets referred? Child psychiatric consultation in a pediatric hospital.", "content": "The authors approach the question, \"Who receives a child psychiatry consultation?\" in several ways. First, by reviewing the consultation patterns in a pediatric hospital over a five year period as a new array of liaison services were being provided, they found the overall consultation rate decreased. Yet in absolute numbers the referral rate for consultation around diagnostic issues remained relatively constant. This underlines the core importance of the child psychiatry consultant as diagnostician. Second, in matching a group of children receiving a psychiatric consultation against a group of children who did not, the authors found somewhat more psychosocial information recorded in the charts of the former group. However, it is doubtful that this played any direct role in the generation of the referral per se. The authors stress the finding that the pediatric hospital is a medical setting and unless the child's psychological problems impinge directly on that system, such problems are likely to remain hidden and beyond the scope of the consultation process.", "contents": "Who gets referred? Child psychiatric consultation in a pediatric hospital. The authors approach the question, \"Who receives a child psychiatry consultation?\" in several ways. First, by reviewing the consultation patterns in a pediatric hospital over a five year period as a new array of liaison services were being provided, they found the overall consultation rate decreased. Yet in absolute numbers the referral rate for consultation around diagnostic issues remained relatively constant. This underlines the core importance of the child psychiatry consultant as diagnostician. Second, in matching a group of children receiving a psychiatric consultation against a group of children who did not, the authors found somewhat more psychosocial information recorded in the charts of the former group. However, it is doubtful that this played any direct role in the generation of the referral per se. The authors stress the finding that the pediatric hospital is a medical setting and unless the child's psychological problems impinge directly on that system, such problems are likely to remain hidden and beyond the scope of the consultation process.", "PMID": 757222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10495", "title": "Bilateral recording of early auditory evoked responses in the cat.", "content": "The brain-stem electric responses of the cat evoked by a short 4 kHz tone burst have been differentially recorded between vertex and both ipsilateral and contralateral ear electrodes. Six vertex-positive waves can be recognised in both recordings. Animals with hereditary unilateral anacusis were studied in order to avoid cross-stimulation of the opposite ear. The cochlear microphonic and summating potential can be readily recorded in young animals, occur simultaneously in both tracings, and show polarity inversion at the contralateral electrode. The later neural potentials have the same polarity and practically identical latencies in the ipsilateral and contralateral recordings, whilst the first three brain-stem waves show approximate polarity inversion and variable latency relationships in the two recording situations. It is concluded that none of the brain-stem waves represents electric activity from a discrete generator.", "contents": "Bilateral recording of early auditory evoked responses in the cat. The brain-stem electric responses of the cat evoked by a short 4 kHz tone burst have been differentially recorded between vertex and both ipsilateral and contralateral ear electrodes. Six vertex-positive waves can be recognised in both recordings. Animals with hereditary unilateral anacusis were studied in order to avoid cross-stimulation of the opposite ear. The cochlear microphonic and summating potential can be readily recorded in young animals, occur simultaneously in both tracings, and show polarity inversion at the contralateral electrode. The later neural potentials have the same polarity and practically identical latencies in the ipsilateral and contralateral recordings, whilst the first three brain-stem waves show approximate polarity inversion and variable latency relationships in the two recording situations. It is concluded that none of the brain-stem waves represents electric activity from a discrete generator.", "PMID": 757228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10496", "title": "Electrical resistance of the cochlear partition.", "content": "The relationship between the calculated value of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition and the distance between the electrode for measuring the EP and the stimulating electrodes has been studied. The calculated value of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition declines linearly with increasing distance between these electrodes. The correlation coefficient (r) is -0.806. In calculations of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition, attention must be paid to the distance between the microelectrodes.", "contents": "Electrical resistance of the cochlear partition. The relationship between the calculated value of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition and the distance between the electrode for measuring the EP and the stimulating electrodes has been studied. The calculated value of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition declines linearly with increasing distance between these electrodes. The correlation coefficient (r) is -0.806. In calculations of the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition, attention must be paid to the distance between the microelectrodes.", "PMID": 757229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10497", "title": "Outpatient requests, initial sessions and attrition.", "content": "Treatment attrition in a psychiatric outpatient department was evaluated. Of eighty-two consecutive new patients, fifty-three (65%) showed up for a second appointment while twenty-nine (35%) failed to return. None of the demographic variables or specific categories of patient requests differentiated continuers from non-continuers; nor was attrition significantly influenced by feeling one's problems were understood, symptomatic improvement or receiving the kind of intervention originally desired. Treatment continuers were more likely to have been referred by other hospital clinics or psychiatric care facilities, and more often had previous outpatient contact, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. The only outcome measures significantly related to continuation were: perceiving one's feelings understood in the initial session, feeling satisfied with the interview, and planning to return for the next appointment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Outpatient requests, initial sessions and attrition. Treatment attrition in a psychiatric outpatient department was evaluated. Of eighty-two consecutive new patients, fifty-three (65%) showed up for a second appointment while twenty-nine (35%) failed to return. None of the demographic variables or specific categories of patient requests differentiated continuers from non-continuers; nor was attrition significantly influenced by feeling one's problems were understood, symptomatic improvement or receiving the kind of intervention originally desired. Treatment continuers were more likely to have been referred by other hospital clinics or psychiatric care facilities, and more often had previous outpatient contact, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. The only outcome measures significantly related to continuation were: perceiving one's feelings understood in the initial session, feeling satisfied with the interview, and planning to return for the next appointment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 757223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10498", "title": "Euglycemia: a psychological study.", "content": "A questionnaire study of 197 insulin-dependent diabetics which was supplemented by individual interviews with fourteen of the respondents suggests that few diabetics maintain tight control. Most maintain the level of control at which they are most physically or psychologically comfortable. However, tight control is feasible for the average diabetic. The main factors which impede tight control are difficulty coping with stresses of daily living, eating to satisfy emotional needs, discomfort at euglycemic levels, and fear of hypoglycemia. Re-regulation must therefore employ temporary reduction of life stress, some impediment to snacking, support through the discomfort of altering blood sugar level, and careful monitoring to avoid severe hypoglycemia. A specific type of hospital experience and/or involvement in an outpatient educational and treatment milieu are possible avenues to provide these necessary factors.", "contents": "Euglycemia: a psychological study. A questionnaire study of 197 insulin-dependent diabetics which was supplemented by individual interviews with fourteen of the respondents suggests that few diabetics maintain tight control. Most maintain the level of control at which they are most physically or psychologically comfortable. However, tight control is feasible for the average diabetic. The main factors which impede tight control are difficulty coping with stresses of daily living, eating to satisfy emotional needs, discomfort at euglycemic levels, and fear of hypoglycemia. Re-regulation must therefore employ temporary reduction of life stress, some impediment to snacking, support through the discomfort of altering blood sugar level, and careful monitoring to avoid severe hypoglycemia. A specific type of hospital experience and/or involvement in an outpatient educational and treatment milieu are possible avenues to provide these necessary factors.", "PMID": 757217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10499", "title": "A correlation of the effects of normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on PO2 of endolymph and cochlear potentials.", "content": "Change in PO2 in endolymph, endocochlear potentials and cochlear microphonics have been tested in normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on 24 guinea pigs. The polarographic method and construction of oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes is described in detail. The normal level of PO2 in endolymph vaires between 20 and 30 mm Hg. One-minute anoxia induced by breathing 100% N2 caused a decline in PO2, EP and CM, but during recovery only PO2 returned with over-correction to the preexposure level. Hyperoxia evoked by breathing 100% oxygen failed to increase the cochlear potentials and the PO2 in the endolymph. This suggests that vasoconstriction most likely occurs proximal to the capillaries bed of the stria vascularis.", "contents": "A correlation of the effects of normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on PO2 of endolymph and cochlear potentials. Change in PO2 in endolymph, endocochlear potentials and cochlear microphonics have been tested in normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on 24 guinea pigs. The polarographic method and construction of oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes is described in detail. The normal level of PO2 in endolymph vaires between 20 and 30 mm Hg. One-minute anoxia induced by breathing 100% N2 caused a decline in PO2, EP and CM, but during recovery only PO2 returned with over-correction to the preexposure level. Hyperoxia evoked by breathing 100% oxygen failed to increase the cochlear potentials and the PO2 in the endolymph. This suggests that vasoconstriction most likely occurs proximal to the capillaries bed of the stria vascularis.", "PMID": 757230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10500", "title": "The effects of ethacrynic acid upon the potassium concentration in guinea pig cochlear fluids.", "content": "After i.v. injection of 50 mg/kg ethacrynic acid (EA), potassium concentration in the endolymph (Ke+) measured with K+-specific microelectrodes decreases by 10 mM at the most and endocochlear potential falls to negative values. Potassium concentration in the perilymph (Kp+) generally does not change, but sometimes a transient decrease in Kp+ level of about 0.5 mM was observed, presumably due to the electrogenic effect of the time-related decrease of the endocochlear potential. When anoxia is induced approximately 120 min after EA administration Ke+ slowly decreases. The decrease in Ke+ 50 min after the arrest of ventilation is smaller when compared with the Ke+ anoxic decrease without preceding EA administration. The endocochlear potential, which falls to negative values during anoxia after EA administration, does not return to the zero level as in the case when only anoxia is applied. Similarly, during anoxia, which follows EA administration, the perilymphatic Ke+ concentration increases more slowly than in the case when only anoxia is introduced. It is assumed from the results that EA abolishes activity of the positive electrogenic K+ pump and reduces the passive permeability of the walls of the cochlear duct to the potassium ions.", "contents": "The effects of ethacrynic acid upon the potassium concentration in guinea pig cochlear fluids. After i.v. injection of 50 mg/kg ethacrynic acid (EA), potassium concentration in the endolymph (Ke+) measured with K+-specific microelectrodes decreases by 10 mM at the most and endocochlear potential falls to negative values. Potassium concentration in the perilymph (Kp+) generally does not change, but sometimes a transient decrease in Kp+ level of about 0.5 mM was observed, presumably due to the electrogenic effect of the time-related decrease of the endocochlear potential. When anoxia is induced approximately 120 min after EA administration Ke+ slowly decreases. The decrease in Ke+ 50 min after the arrest of ventilation is smaller when compared with the Ke+ anoxic decrease without preceding EA administration. The endocochlear potential, which falls to negative values during anoxia after EA administration, does not return to the zero level as in the case when only anoxia is applied. Similarly, during anoxia, which follows EA administration, the perilymphatic Ke+ concentration increases more slowly than in the case when only anoxia is introduced. It is assumed from the results that EA abolishes activity of the positive electrogenic K+ pump and reduces the passive permeability of the walls of the cochlear duct to the potassium ions.", "PMID": 757231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10501", "title": "Cancer: a challenge to clinicians and biomedical scientists.", "content": "The multidisciplinary study of cancer by clinical and scientific oncologists is discussed. This approach is proposed as the optimal method of improving our understanding of the disease. The future role of general hospitals and of University Medical Schools in creating the appropriate environment for such work is outlined.", "contents": "Cancer: a challenge to clinicians and biomedical scientists. The multidisciplinary study of cancer by clinical and scientific oncologists is discussed. This approach is proposed as the optimal method of improving our understanding of the disease. The future role of general hospitals and of University Medical Schools in creating the appropriate environment for such work is outlined.", "PMID": 757227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10502", "title": "Acoustic input to the lateral pontine nuclei.", "content": "Axon and terminal degeneration were studied in the cat dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) after lesion of the inferior colliculus. In separate experiments the acoustic responses of 111 units of the lateral pontine nuclei were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. Lesions of all three nuclei of the inferior colliculus (central, pericentral and external) lead to a very similar pattern of terminal degeneration in a discrete region of ipsilateral DLPN. This is suggestive of a highly convergent projection in which topography may be blurred. Most units responded to binaural stimulation, and the most common binaural response consisted of excitatory inputs from each ear which were facilitated at some binaural intensity levels and occluded at others. Discharge rates changed as a result of alterations in the number of spikes evoked at the onset of the stimulus, and sustained discharges were rarely encountered. Units were broadly and irregularly tuned; binaural inhibition was very uncommon. Unit response characteristics suggested that, while the projection from the inferior colliculus was highly convergent, only a subclass of inferior colliculus neurons may be involved. However, the acoustic properties of lateral pontine units were strikingly similar to those of the cerebellar vermis, a region to which DLPN is known to project.", "contents": "Acoustic input to the lateral pontine nuclei. Axon and terminal degeneration were studied in the cat dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) after lesion of the inferior colliculus. In separate experiments the acoustic responses of 111 units of the lateral pontine nuclei were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. Lesions of all three nuclei of the inferior colliculus (central, pericentral and external) lead to a very similar pattern of terminal degeneration in a discrete region of ipsilateral DLPN. This is suggestive of a highly convergent projection in which topography may be blurred. Most units responded to binaural stimulation, and the most common binaural response consisted of excitatory inputs from each ear which were facilitated at some binaural intensity levels and occluded at others. Discharge rates changed as a result of alterations in the number of spikes evoked at the onset of the stimulus, and sustained discharges were rarely encountered. Units were broadly and irregularly tuned; binaural inhibition was very uncommon. Unit response characteristics suggested that, while the projection from the inferior colliculus was highly convergent, only a subclass of inferior colliculus neurons may be involved. However, the acoustic properties of lateral pontine units were strikingly similar to those of the cerebellar vermis, a region to which DLPN is known to project.", "PMID": 757232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10503", "title": "Dvelopment of the Harderian gland in the chicken: light and electron microscopic investigations.", "content": "The Harderian gland of the chcken develops from epithelial cones of the conjunctiva between the 11th and 12th day of embryonal life. The development of the organ proceeds in two phases. During the stage of epithelial development (days 13 to 17 of embryonal life) the acinar epithelium differentiates into a lumen-adjacent glandular epithelium, and a separate layer of basal epithelial cells. This basal layer is initially compact but later forms a loose meshwork. The basal cells differ from the myoepithelial cells found in the Harderian gland of rodents by virtue of their smaller number of myofilaments; and they resemble the reticuloepithelial cells in the Bursa of Fabricius. On days 17 and 18 of embryonal life the interstitial tissue is invaded by eosinophils and by small 'blasts', up to 4 microns in diameter, both of vascular origin. Between days 17 and 20 the glandular epithelium undergoes secretory transformation. At the time of hatching (day 21), the secretory function is fully developed. The mode of secretion is partly apocrine, partly merocrine. During the following phase of plasmacellular development (from day 17 of prenatal until day thirty of postnatal life) interstitial plasma cells are formed from the immigrant small 'blasts'. Their number increases until the fourth week after hatching; thereafter the plasma cell population remains stable.", "contents": "Dvelopment of the Harderian gland in the chicken: light and electron microscopic investigations. The Harderian gland of the chcken develops from epithelial cones of the conjunctiva between the 11th and 12th day of embryonal life. The development of the organ proceeds in two phases. During the stage of epithelial development (days 13 to 17 of embryonal life) the acinar epithelium differentiates into a lumen-adjacent glandular epithelium, and a separate layer of basal epithelial cells. This basal layer is initially compact but later forms a loose meshwork. The basal cells differ from the myoepithelial cells found in the Harderian gland of rodents by virtue of their smaller number of myofilaments; and they resemble the reticuloepithelial cells in the Bursa of Fabricius. On days 17 and 18 of embryonal life the interstitial tissue is invaded by eosinophils and by small 'blasts', up to 4 microns in diameter, both of vascular origin. Between days 17 and 20 the glandular epithelium undergoes secretory transformation. At the time of hatching (day 21), the secretory function is fully developed. The mode of secretion is partly apocrine, partly merocrine. During the following phase of plasmacellular development (from day 17 of prenatal until day thirty of postnatal life) interstitial plasma cells are formed from the immigrant small 'blasts'. Their number increases until the fourth week after hatching; thereafter the plasma cell population remains stable.", "PMID": 757225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10504", "title": "An ultrahistochemical study of the placental content of respiratory enzymes in normal and prolonged pregnancies.", "content": "The placental content of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase has been studied at the ultrastructural level. In the trophoblast both enzymes have a predominantly mitochondrial localization although occasional membrane-bound extra-mitochondrial activity is also seen. As compared with the first trimester placenta, there is a highly significant decrease in the activity of both enzymes within the trophoblast at term; this may represent an adaptative change to reduce placental oxygen consumption and increase the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. In prolonged pregnancies, there is a continued decline in trophoblastic malate dehydrogenase activity but the lactate dehydrogenase activity tends to increase, these changes suggesting that there is a switch from oxidative pohosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. It is not clear whether this change to a less efficient mode of energy generation is due to an intrinsic ageing change within the trophoblast or is secondary to placental ischaemia.", "contents": "An ultrahistochemical study of the placental content of respiratory enzymes in normal and prolonged pregnancies. The placental content of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase has been studied at the ultrastructural level. In the trophoblast both enzymes have a predominantly mitochondrial localization although occasional membrane-bound extra-mitochondrial activity is also seen. As compared with the first trimester placenta, there is a highly significant decrease in the activity of both enzymes within the trophoblast at term; this may represent an adaptative change to reduce placental oxygen consumption and increase the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. In prolonged pregnancies, there is a continued decline in trophoblastic malate dehydrogenase activity but the lactate dehydrogenase activity tends to increase, these changes suggesting that there is a switch from oxidative pohosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. It is not clear whether this change to a less efficient mode of energy generation is due to an intrinsic ageing change within the trophoblast or is secondary to placental ischaemia.", "PMID": 757226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10505", "title": "[The value of the lymphocyte transformation index induced by mitogens in cervical carcinoma].", "content": "Dynamics of immune reactivity in patients with the carcinoma of the cervix was determined. The transformation of their lymphocytes was induced in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and the transformation index--a correlate of immunological reactivity--was determined at the following intervals: just before the start of the therapeutic procedure, at the end of the procedure, and every three months afterwards. Very low values of the transformation index, i. e. pronounced immunosuppression, characterized the initial period in all the patients, regardless of either the degree of the disease or the age of the patients. The suppression was prominent during 6 to 18 months following the therapeutic procedures and was overcome earlier in young patients bearing smaller tumors. The results indicate that in tumor-bearing patients a pronounced suppression of immune reactivity occurs after the PHA administration and that it could persist several months after the therapy.", "contents": "[The value of the lymphocyte transformation index induced by mitogens in cervical carcinoma]. Dynamics of immune reactivity in patients with the carcinoma of the cervix was determined. The transformation of their lymphocytes was induced in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and the transformation index--a correlate of immunological reactivity--was determined at the following intervals: just before the start of the therapeutic procedure, at the end of the procedure, and every three months afterwards. Very low values of the transformation index, i. e. pronounced immunosuppression, characterized the initial period in all the patients, regardless of either the degree of the disease or the age of the patients. The suppression was prominent during 6 to 18 months following the therapeutic procedures and was overcome earlier in young patients bearing smaller tumors. The results indicate that in tumor-bearing patients a pronounced suppression of immune reactivity occurs after the PHA administration and that it could persist several months after the therapy.", "PMID": 757240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10506", "title": "[Comparison of the effectiveness of metal and flexible plastic cannulas in abortion by vacuum aspiration].", "content": "A total of 300 abortions were performed--150 with each kind of cannula, selected at random. Except for the cannula, all other elements of abortion were the same and did not change during the whole study. The characteristics of women undergoing abortion did not differ either. The occurrence of complications in women having undergone abortion by the use of metal or the use of flexible plastic cannulas did not differ significantly, the duration of the procedure was the same, but the amount of the tissue exceeding 10 g which was obtained by the subsequent exploration of the uterus was significantly higher with the use of metal than with the use of flexible plastic cannulas. Also the metal cannula got obstructed in the course of the procedure significantly more frequently. The authors conclude that everything considered, the flexible plastic cannula is somewhat more efficacious than the metal one when used for the interruption of pregnancy up to the tenth week of gestation.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effectiveness of metal and flexible plastic cannulas in abortion by vacuum aspiration]. A total of 300 abortions were performed--150 with each kind of cannula, selected at random. Except for the cannula, all other elements of abortion were the same and did not change during the whole study. The characteristics of women undergoing abortion did not differ either. The occurrence of complications in women having undergone abortion by the use of metal or the use of flexible plastic cannulas did not differ significantly, the duration of the procedure was the same, but the amount of the tissue exceeding 10 g which was obtained by the subsequent exploration of the uterus was significantly higher with the use of metal than with the use of flexible plastic cannulas. Also the metal cannula got obstructed in the course of the procedure significantly more frequently. The authors conclude that everything considered, the flexible plastic cannula is somewhat more efficacious than the metal one when used for the interruption of pregnancy up to the tenth week of gestation.", "PMID": 757241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10507", "title": "[Intrauterine development of newborns of mothers with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The examination of 170 babies born to diabetic mothers revealed that the body weight of these children was by a significant percent higher than that of other babies of the corresponding gestation age. Hypertrophic babies are born more frequently to mothers with manifest diabetes than to those with gestation diabetes. In mothers with the long-lasting disease accompanied by vascular lesions, retardation of the intrauterine fetal growth may occur. In order to improve the condition of these infants, their mothers should be constantly supervised during pregnancy and they should be prescribed adequate diet and therapy. Diabetic mothers also require greater care at delivery and a more liberal attitude towards the application of the cesarean section in order to prevent hypoxia and obstetric traumas of the infant.", "contents": "[Intrauterine development of newborns of mothers with diabetes mellitus]. The examination of 170 babies born to diabetic mothers revealed that the body weight of these children was by a significant percent higher than that of other babies of the corresponding gestation age. Hypertrophic babies are born more frequently to mothers with manifest diabetes than to those with gestation diabetes. In mothers with the long-lasting disease accompanied by vascular lesions, retardation of the intrauterine fetal growth may occur. In order to improve the condition of these infants, their mothers should be constantly supervised during pregnancy and they should be prescribed adequate diet and therapy. Diabetic mothers also require greater care at delivery and a more liberal attitude towards the application of the cesarean section in order to prevent hypoxia and obstetric traumas of the infant.", "PMID": 757242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10508", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in fetal presentation and position in late pregnancy].", "content": "The frequency of various presentations and positions of the fetus in individual gestational weeks in the third trimester was examined in 1137 pregnant women based on 1785 ultrasonic findings. Cephalic presentation at 28 weeks was observed in 62% cases and at the end of pregnancy in 95%. Breech presentation decreased from 29% to 4% before delivery, and transverse presentation was 10 times less frequent at delivery than at the beginning of the third trimester. The first and second fetal positions occurred almost equally in both of the main longitudinal presentations. Dynamics of changes regarding position and presentation was examined in 32 patients regularly each week. In 10 of them there was no presentation change and in 22, changes occurred once or several times, tending to attain a physiologic cephalic presentation before delivery. This presentation, once attained, did not change after the 33rd week. With regard to breech presentation, changes are possible even up to the 36th week. The optimal time for ultrasonic examination with the purpose of determining fetal presentation and position is 33-37 full gestational weeks.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in fetal presentation and position in late pregnancy]. The frequency of various presentations and positions of the fetus in individual gestational weeks in the third trimester was examined in 1137 pregnant women based on 1785 ultrasonic findings. Cephalic presentation at 28 weeks was observed in 62% cases and at the end of pregnancy in 95%. Breech presentation decreased from 29% to 4% before delivery, and transverse presentation was 10 times less frequent at delivery than at the beginning of the third trimester. The first and second fetal positions occurred almost equally in both of the main longitudinal presentations. Dynamics of changes regarding position and presentation was examined in 32 patients regularly each week. In 10 of them there was no presentation change and in 22, changes occurred once or several times, tending to attain a physiologic cephalic presentation before delivery. This presentation, once attained, did not change after the 33rd week. With regard to breech presentation, changes are possible even up to the 36th week. The optimal time for ultrasonic examination with the purpose of determining fetal presentation and position is 33-37 full gestational weeks.", "PMID": 757243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10509", "title": "[Uterine \"glioma\"].", "content": "In a 23-year-old woman without any subjective complaints a small cervical polyp was detected during systematic examinations. The histologic finding of the removed polyp showed accumulations of gliogenous tissue. This finding is very rare; in the literature available only 27 similar cases are recorded. Most authors are inclined to consider this tissue as implanted by instruments in the course of abortion. The change is considered an entity and uterine \"glioma\" is reported as the most appropriate term for it.", "contents": "[Uterine \"glioma\"]. In a 23-year-old woman without any subjective complaints a small cervical polyp was detected during systematic examinations. The histologic finding of the removed polyp showed accumulations of gliogenous tissue. This finding is very rare; in the literature available only 27 similar cases are recorded. Most authors are inclined to consider this tissue as implanted by instruments in the course of abortion. The change is considered an entity and uterine \"glioma\" is reported as the most appropriate term for it.", "PMID": 757246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10510", "title": "[Hypocalcemic tetany in pregnancy].", "content": "Two cases of hypocalcemia tetany in gravidity are presented. The value of blood calcium amounted to 6.9 mg% and 7.3 mg% respectively. Satisfactory results were obtained by the administration of calcium, vitamin D, and diet rich in minerals, in calcium in particular.", "contents": "[Hypocalcemic tetany in pregnancy]. Two cases of hypocalcemia tetany in gravidity are presented. The value of blood calcium amounted to 6.9 mg% and 7.3 mg% respectively. Satisfactory results were obtained by the administration of calcium, vitamin D, and diet rich in minerals, in calcium in particular.", "PMID": 757249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10511", "title": "[Childbirth in multiparae].", "content": "The authors present problems of multiparity in women with four or more deliveries, by analysing the course of delivery in these women. To this end they made a retrospective study of 299 such deliveries, by comparing them with 100 randomly selected primiparae from the same period. The results have shown as follows: The incidence of multiparae is about 1.04%; multiparae are significantly older than primapare; multiparae have a larger of spontaneous deliveries, whereas directed and induced labour proved more frequent in primiparae; in primiparae there are significantly more interventions in the course of labour (episiotomy and manual revision of the uterine cavity); labour in multiparae lasts less and their offspring has less wight and less vitality (more at risk); stillborns are four times as frequent in multiparae (3.68%) as is the general rate of mortality (0.94%).", "contents": "[Childbirth in multiparae]. The authors present problems of multiparity in women with four or more deliveries, by analysing the course of delivery in these women. To this end they made a retrospective study of 299 such deliveries, by comparing them with 100 randomly selected primiparae from the same period. The results have shown as follows: The incidence of multiparae is about 1.04%; multiparae are significantly older than primapare; multiparae have a larger of spontaneous deliveries, whereas directed and induced labour proved more frequent in primiparae; in primiparae there are significantly more interventions in the course of labour (episiotomy and manual revision of the uterine cavity); labour in multiparae lasts less and their offspring has less wight and less vitality (more at risk); stillborns are four times as frequent in multiparae (3.68%) as is the general rate of mortality (0.94%).", "PMID": 757248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10512", "title": "[Structural chromosomal aberrations in parents with spontaneous abortions].", "content": "In the Laboratory for Human Cytogenetics of the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Beograd a cytogenetic analysis of 30 families with spontaneous abortion was performed. In two families structural chromosome aberrations--Y chromosome deletion and 13/14 translocation--were detected. Phenotypic normal male members of one family revealed the same type of deletion of the larger part of the distal region of the long Y chromosome arm (46, X, del (Y) (q12)). In the other family, in a phenotypically normal parent, a balanced translocation (45, XY, t (13/14)) was observed. The authors discuss the correlation between structural aberrations. Yq delation and 13/14 translocation on the one hand and spontaneous abortion on the other.", "contents": "[Structural chromosomal aberrations in parents with spontaneous abortions]. In the Laboratory for Human Cytogenetics of the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Beograd a cytogenetic analysis of 30 families with spontaneous abortion was performed. In two families structural chromosome aberrations--Y chromosome deletion and 13/14 translocation--were detected. Phenotypic normal male members of one family revealed the same type of deletion of the larger part of the distal region of the long Y chromosome arm (46, X, del (Y) (q12)). In the other family, in a phenotypically normal parent, a balanced translocation (45, XY, t (13/14)) was observed. The authors discuss the correlation between structural aberrations. Yq delation and 13/14 translocation on the one hand and spontaneous abortion on the other.", "PMID": 757247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10513", "title": "[Characteristics of the vasculosyncytial membranes in human chorioplacental villi].", "content": "The results of a quantitative study of vasculosyncytial membranes in 123 placentas are presented. A low number of vasculosyncytial membranes suggests either villous immaturity or villous regressive changes. A low VSM count as a reflection of villous regression was found in placentas from prolonged pregnancies and, to a lower degree, in placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclamptic toxemia. The findings are compared with the status of the newborn. Mature babies whose placentas had a low VSM count suffered from a high incidence of hypoxic complications.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the vasculosyncytial membranes in human chorioplacental villi]. The results of a quantitative study of vasculosyncytial membranes in 123 placentas are presented. A low number of vasculosyncytial membranes suggests either villous immaturity or villous regressive changes. A low VSM count as a reflection of villous regression was found in placentas from prolonged pregnancies and, to a lower degree, in placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclamptic toxemia. The findings are compared with the status of the newborn. Mature babies whose placentas had a low VSM count suffered from a high incidence of hypoxic complications.", "PMID": 757244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10514", "title": "[Pregnancy in hereditary enzymatic methemoglobinemia].", "content": "The authors describe a case of successful pregnancy in a patent with hereditary enymopenic methemoglobinemia. The course of pregnancy was followed up by the use of ultrasound and the control of CTG, estriol, and pregnanediol. No signs of the intrauterine fetal threat were noticed. The methemoglobin value in the mother's blood ranged from 6.4% at the beginning of pregnancy to 32% at delivery, going down to 2.2% on the third postpartal day. Its reduction was increased by 2.0 to 3.0 g of C vitamin a day throughout all the time of pregnancy. The use of drugs with reduction properties is contraindicated. Genetic analysis of both parents is imperative, because a homozygote newborn could suffer from convulsions. Under conditions of present-day perinatal supervision and adequate therapy, hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia is no contraindication for the performance of the reproductive function.", "contents": "[Pregnancy in hereditary enzymatic methemoglobinemia]. The authors describe a case of successful pregnancy in a patent with hereditary enymopenic methemoglobinemia. The course of pregnancy was followed up by the use of ultrasound and the control of CTG, estriol, and pregnanediol. No signs of the intrauterine fetal threat were noticed. The methemoglobin value in the mother's blood ranged from 6.4% at the beginning of pregnancy to 32% at delivery, going down to 2.2% on the third postpartal day. Its reduction was increased by 2.0 to 3.0 g of C vitamin a day throughout all the time of pregnancy. The use of drugs with reduction properties is contraindicated. Genetic analysis of both parents is imperative, because a homozygote newborn could suffer from convulsions. Under conditions of present-day perinatal supervision and adequate therapy, hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia is no contraindication for the performance of the reproductive function.", "PMID": 757250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10515", "title": "[Hormone therapy of spontaneous abortion. Our experience with treatment with Gravibinan].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 151 pregnancies with threatened and/or habitual abortions by using high hormonal dosages (Gravibinan \"Alkaloid\") are presented. Eight pregnancies were in primigravidas, the remaining 143 patients having previously had 47 interruptions of pregnancy, 66 deliveries, and 313 spontaneous abortions. Disregarding artificial abortions in 379 previous pregnancies there were 313 or 82.5 per cent spontaneous abortions. The treatment was performed by i. m. applications of Gravibinan, during the first week every two days, during the following two weeks every three days, and until the accomplished 16 weeks of pregnancy every five days. Besides hormonal therapy, all patients were on bed rest; in the following course of pregnancy tocolysis and in the case of opened cervix the cerclage cervicis were performed. The vitality of the ovum and the fetus, as well as the efficacy of the treatment were evaluated by clinical findings, HCG and estriol urinary eliminations, and by ultrasonography. Out of 151 treated pregnancies, 21 (13.91%) resulted in early abotion, 17 (11.26%) in mid-trimester abortion, 6 (3.97%) in pre-term, and 107 (70.86%) in term deliveries. There were two (1.77%) perinatally dead premature infants. HCG urinary eliminations were significantly lower in pregnancies resulting is missed abortion or first-trimenon miscarriage, whereas no difference was established between pregnancies resulting in delivery or mid-trimester abortion. The authors recommend hormonal treatment in early threatening and/or habitual abortions by administering high dosages of estrogens and gestagens. Such a treatment stimulates secretory transformation of the endometrium at the beginning of pregnancy, and this allows early placentation and the uterine growth with a simultaneous quiescence of the myometrium, which, in turn, makes the growth of the ovum possible. The authors stress the importance of a complex procedure in the establishment of the etiology and in the treatment of spontaneous and/or habiutal abortion.", "contents": "[Hormone therapy of spontaneous abortion. Our experience with treatment with Gravibinan]. The results of the treatment of 151 pregnancies with threatened and/or habitual abortions by using high hormonal dosages (Gravibinan \"Alkaloid\") are presented. Eight pregnancies were in primigravidas, the remaining 143 patients having previously had 47 interruptions of pregnancy, 66 deliveries, and 313 spontaneous abortions. Disregarding artificial abortions in 379 previous pregnancies there were 313 or 82.5 per cent spontaneous abortions. The treatment was performed by i. m. applications of Gravibinan, during the first week every two days, during the following two weeks every three days, and until the accomplished 16 weeks of pregnancy every five days. Besides hormonal therapy, all patients were on bed rest; in the following course of pregnancy tocolysis and in the case of opened cervix the cerclage cervicis were performed. The vitality of the ovum and the fetus, as well as the efficacy of the treatment were evaluated by clinical findings, HCG and estriol urinary eliminations, and by ultrasonography. Out of 151 treated pregnancies, 21 (13.91%) resulted in early abotion, 17 (11.26%) in mid-trimester abortion, 6 (3.97%) in pre-term, and 107 (70.86%) in term deliveries. There were two (1.77%) perinatally dead premature infants. HCG urinary eliminations were significantly lower in pregnancies resulting is missed abortion or first-trimenon miscarriage, whereas no difference was established between pregnancies resulting in delivery or mid-trimester abortion. The authors recommend hormonal treatment in early threatening and/or habitual abortions by administering high dosages of estrogens and gestagens. Such a treatment stimulates secretory transformation of the endometrium at the beginning of pregnancy, and this allows early placentation and the uterine growth with a simultaneous quiescence of the myometrium, which, in turn, makes the growth of the ovum possible. The authors stress the importance of a complex procedure in the establishment of the etiology and in the treatment of spontaneous and/or habiutal abortion.", "PMID": 757251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10516", "title": "[Late results of several new methods of ureterocystoneostomy].", "content": "In 27 women having undergone ureterocystoneostomy by using some of antireflux additives, 21 kidneys retained their normal function and their normal morphology. In none of the 22 followed-up patients (26 organs) did the reflux in the miction cystogram appear. None of the patients died. Recovery even in one-kidney patients was quick.", "contents": "[Late results of several new methods of ureterocystoneostomy]. In 27 women having undergone ureterocystoneostomy by using some of antireflux additives, 21 kidneys retained their normal function and their normal morphology. In none of the 22 followed-up patients (26 organs) did the reflux in the miction cystogram appear. None of the patients died. Recovery even in one-kidney patients was quick.", "PMID": 757245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10517", "title": "[The importance of epidemiology for research on pneumoconiosis in Belgium].", "content": "Epidemiological surveys of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are only possible by means of periodic X-ray examinations, repeated with a reasonable frequency in order to allow an identification of the first X-ray anomalies of simple pneumoconiosis in exposed workmen. Incidence studies to detect simple pneumoconiosis at its first stages and its progressive increase in cohorts of coal-miners whose dust exposure is known are indeed theoretically the best way to approach these problems. For many reasons, discussed in this paper, such incidence studies are nowadays impossible in Belgium. The survey technique used in our country is based on repeated transversal surveys. Its results are illustrated and commented.", "contents": "[The importance of epidemiology for research on pneumoconiosis in Belgium]. Epidemiological surveys of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are only possible by means of periodic X-ray examinations, repeated with a reasonable frequency in order to allow an identification of the first X-ray anomalies of simple pneumoconiosis in exposed workmen. Incidence studies to detect simple pneumoconiosis at its first stages and its progressive increase in cohorts of coal-miners whose dust exposure is known are indeed theoretically the best way to approach these problems. For many reasons, discussed in this paper, such incidence studies are nowadays impossible in Belgium. The survey technique used in our country is based on repeated transversal surveys. Its results are illustrated and commented.", "PMID": 757300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10518", "title": "[Dust control in Belgian coal mines. Status at the beginning of 1978].", "content": "The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1978. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting, water infusion and wet pneumatic picks, are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "contents": "[Dust control in Belgian coal mines. Status at the beginning of 1978]. The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1978. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting, water infusion and wet pneumatic picks, are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "PMID": 757301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10519", "title": "Preliminary study of sex hormones of medical importance in Bangladeshi plants.", "content": "Twenty six different Bangladeshi plants of folkloric contraceptive use were screened for their oil content, percent unsaponifiables and steroids particularly estradiol, and estrogenic steroids. The distribution of these parameters were studied in seeds, roots, leaves, barks and whole plants. The oil content ranged between 0.23 and 6.75% being highest in Jasminium sacbac (family : oleaceae) seeds. The unsaponifiables varied from 0.04 to 7.87% showing highest content in Xanthium stamanium (roots), and least in Litsea sebifera (Leaves). All plants tested showed positive Salkowski test. Of all 26 plants screened, Synedrella Nodiflora (whole plant), Heliotropicum indicum (root), Belva chal (Bark) and Phyllanthus neruri (whole plant), showed high content of estradiol. Amongst these four, Heliotropicum indicum root showed highest concentration of estradiol.", "contents": "Preliminary study of sex hormones of medical importance in Bangladeshi plants. Twenty six different Bangladeshi plants of folkloric contraceptive use were screened for their oil content, percent unsaponifiables and steroids particularly estradiol, and estrogenic steroids. The distribution of these parameters were studied in seeds, roots, leaves, barks and whole plants. The oil content ranged between 0.23 and 6.75% being highest in Jasminium sacbac (family : oleaceae) seeds. The unsaponifiables varied from 0.04 to 7.87% showing highest content in Xanthium stamanium (roots), and least in Litsea sebifera (Leaves). All plants tested showed positive Salkowski test. Of all 26 plants screened, Synedrella Nodiflora (whole plant), Heliotropicum indicum (root), Belva chal (Bark) and Phyllanthus neruri (whole plant), showed high content of estradiol. Amongst these four, Heliotropicum indicum root showed highest concentration of estradiol.", "PMID": 757346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10520", "title": "Disease agents carried by flies in Dacca city.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the different disease agents naturally carried by flies in Dacca city by collecting outdoor unbaited flies from 8 different representative locations and identifying the agents in the laboratory. Out of 96 fly pools containing 25 flies each, 62.5%, 46.9%, 15.6%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 15.6% and 6.2% of the pools were found positive for Ascaris lumbrioeides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, Enterebious vermicularis eggs and Entamoeba coli, Trichomonas spp Giardia spp. cysts, respectively. Similarly, out of the same number of fly pools, 8.3%, 6.25%, 66.6%, 20.8% and 29.2% of the pools were found positive for Shigella flexner-3, Cholera vibrio, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas, respectively besides many other non-pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Disease agents carried by flies in Dacca city. Studies were conducted to determine the different disease agents naturally carried by flies in Dacca city by collecting outdoor unbaited flies from 8 different representative locations and identifying the agents in the laboratory. Out of 96 fly pools containing 25 flies each, 62.5%, 46.9%, 15.6%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 15.6% and 6.2% of the pools were found positive for Ascaris lumbrioeides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, Enterebious vermicularis eggs and Entamoeba coli, Trichomonas spp Giardia spp. cysts, respectively. Similarly, out of the same number of fly pools, 8.3%, 6.25%, 66.6%, 20.8% and 29.2% of the pools were found positive for Shigella flexner-3, Cholera vibrio, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas, respectively besides many other non-pathogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 757347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10521", "title": "Some thoughts on the nature of mind. A holistic concept of nervous system function.", "content": "Some practical neurological ideas concerning the nature of mind are presented to assist clinicians in appreciating the fact that brain physiology first creates and then serves the mind--the highest of the hierarchical functions of the nervous system. The qualities of the mind are shaped and modulated by life experience and many disturbed responses can be tempered by a knowledgeable approach. To gain a holistic concept of the functioning nervous system one must recognize and accept that all manifestations of behavior, including those termed psychological, are the product of physiological processes.", "contents": "Some thoughts on the nature of mind. A holistic concept of nervous system function. Some practical neurological ideas concerning the nature of mind are presented to assist clinicians in appreciating the fact that brain physiology first creates and then serves the mind--the highest of the hierarchical functions of the nervous system. The qualities of the mind are shaped and modulated by life experience and many disturbed responses can be tempered by a knowledgeable approach. To gain a holistic concept of the functioning nervous system one must recognize and accept that all manifestations of behavior, including those termed psychological, are the product of physiological processes.", "PMID": 757365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10522", "title": "The role of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in neonatal myasthenia gravis.", "content": "An opportunity to investigate the role of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AcH R-antibody) in neonatal myasthenia gravis was presented when an infant was born to a symptomatic myasthenic mother who elected to breast feed the child. Pyridostigmine bromide determinations in plasma and breast milk were made by quantitative gas liquid chromatography. Anti-AcH R-antibody was assayed by an immunoprecipitation method. Simultaneous maternal blood and milk samples did not suggest concentration of pyridostigmine bromide in milk or significant transfer of medication through demand breast feeding. Weakness was not noted in the neonate in spite of high levels of anti-AcH R-antibody demonstrated in her blood. Presence of a markedly elevated anti-AcH R-antibody in a pregnant patient symptomatic with myasthenia gravis does not necessarily predict a clinically affected offspring, nor does the elevated antibody in the infant, presumably acquired transplacentally, necessarily result in clinical symptomatology in the newborn period.", "contents": "The role of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in neonatal myasthenia gravis. An opportunity to investigate the role of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AcH R-antibody) in neonatal myasthenia gravis was presented when an infant was born to a symptomatic myasthenic mother who elected to breast feed the child. Pyridostigmine bromide determinations in plasma and breast milk were made by quantitative gas liquid chromatography. Anti-AcH R-antibody was assayed by an immunoprecipitation method. Simultaneous maternal blood and milk samples did not suggest concentration of pyridostigmine bromide in milk or significant transfer of medication through demand breast feeding. Weakness was not noted in the neonate in spite of high levels of anti-AcH R-antibody demonstrated in her blood. Presence of a markedly elevated anti-AcH R-antibody in a pregnant patient symptomatic with myasthenia gravis does not necessarily predict a clinically affected offspring, nor does the elevated antibody in the infant, presumably acquired transplacentally, necessarily result in clinical symptomatology in the newborn period.", "PMID": 757366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10523", "title": "Evaluation and management of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "This review discusses the classification, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Our series of 21 patients with spinal cord AVM's is briefly discussed. The clinical presentation of these relatively rare lesions is varied, and diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. The majority of these lesions can be excised using microsurgical techniques. The key to successful management is early diagnosis and microsurgical removal before severe compromise of spinal cord function occurs.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. This review discusses the classification, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Our series of 21 patients with spinal cord AVM's is briefly discussed. The clinical presentation of these relatively rare lesions is varied, and diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. The majority of these lesions can be excised using microsurgical techniques. The key to successful management is early diagnosis and microsurgical removal before severe compromise of spinal cord function occurs.", "PMID": 757367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10524", "title": "Doppler imaging of the carotid arteries.", "content": "One hundred patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease were studied, using Doppler imaging techniques (Dop-Scan), as described by Spencer in 1974. Using a continuous wave Doppler probe, derived images of the carotid vessels and their tributaries were constructed. Twenty-nine of these patients had angiographic studies. A close correlation between Doppler imaging and angiography was found. Although the imaging of the bifurcations does provide useful clinical information compatible to information obtained at angiography, it is necessary to supplement this by analyzing the Doppler signals generated at defined segments of the circulation. Some of the pitfalls of Doppler diagnosis of extracranial vascular disease have been avoided by the dual techniques of imaging and analyzing the Doppler signals directly over the neck vessels. Doppler imaging techniques allow safe, inexpensive, noninvasive studies which are reproducible and reliable. The techniques are easily adaptable to office and hospital practice and have the distinct advantage of saving some patients from angiographic investigation.", "contents": "Doppler imaging of the carotid arteries. One hundred patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease were studied, using Doppler imaging techniques (Dop-Scan), as described by Spencer in 1974. Using a continuous wave Doppler probe, derived images of the carotid vessels and their tributaries were constructed. Twenty-nine of these patients had angiographic studies. A close correlation between Doppler imaging and angiography was found. Although the imaging of the bifurcations does provide useful clinical information compatible to information obtained at angiography, it is necessary to supplement this by analyzing the Doppler signals generated at defined segments of the circulation. Some of the pitfalls of Doppler diagnosis of extracranial vascular disease have been avoided by the dual techniques of imaging and analyzing the Doppler signals directly over the neck vessels. Doppler imaging techniques allow safe, inexpensive, noninvasive studies which are reproducible and reliable. The techniques are easily adaptable to office and hospital practice and have the distinct advantage of saving some patients from angiographic investigation.", "PMID": 757368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10525", "title": "Comparative anatomy of the caudate nucleus in different mammals.", "content": "Volumetric comparisons of the caudate nucleus of different mammals including rat, rabbit, cat, zebra, deer, antelope, bull, horse, dolphin (Stenella graffmani) and human are presented. A linear regression coefficient is obtained with its corresponding correlation coefficient. The results indicate that there is not a close correlation between the size of the caudate nucleus and the brain weight of the different animals studied when the caudate of the horse is included. When it is omitted there is a close correspondence. The caudate nucleus of the horse is extremely large in relation to its brain weight. The possible meaning of this fact is discussed. Measurement of different brain structures is of interest, both from the purely descriptive aspect and because it can suggest phylogenetic relations as well as explanation of functional differences in different animal species (1, 2).", "contents": "Comparative anatomy of the caudate nucleus in different mammals. Volumetric comparisons of the caudate nucleus of different mammals including rat, rabbit, cat, zebra, deer, antelope, bull, horse, dolphin (Stenella graffmani) and human are presented. A linear regression coefficient is obtained with its corresponding correlation coefficient. The results indicate that there is not a close correlation between the size of the caudate nucleus and the brain weight of the different animals studied when the caudate of the horse is included. When it is omitted there is a close correspondence. The caudate nucleus of the horse is extremely large in relation to its brain weight. The possible meaning of this fact is discussed. Measurement of different brain structures is of interest, both from the purely descriptive aspect and because it can suggest phylogenetic relations as well as explanation of functional differences in different animal species (1, 2).", "PMID": 757369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10526", "title": "A comparison of single fiber and routine EMG in normal subjects and patients with inflammatory myopathy.", "content": "We performed electromyography on the vastus lateralis muscle in 36 normal subjects and in 18 patients with inflammatory myopathy using a specially constructed dual electrode. This permitted simultaneous recording of a motor unit from a single fiber (SF) and standard sized electrode surface. We then correlated parameters of the SF potential (jitter, blocking, fiber density and duration) and the motor unit potential (MUP) (number of phases, duration) for different sites within the same individual. The mean values for the above parameters were correlated between individuals, and the group means were compared for the control and the inflammatory myopathy group.", "contents": "A comparison of single fiber and routine EMG in normal subjects and patients with inflammatory myopathy. We performed electromyography on the vastus lateralis muscle in 36 normal subjects and in 18 patients with inflammatory myopathy using a specially constructed dual electrode. This permitted simultaneous recording of a motor unit from a single fiber (SF) and standard sized electrode surface. We then correlated parameters of the SF potential (jitter, blocking, fiber density and duration) and the motor unit potential (MUP) (number of phases, duration) for different sites within the same individual. The mean values for the above parameters were correlated between individuals, and the group means were compared for the control and the inflammatory myopathy group.", "PMID": 757370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10527", "title": "Patient care appraisal as a guide for the design of continuing medical education: 10 years' experience in the Maritime provinces.", "content": "Patient care appraisal is a process whereby physicians set down criteria and standards of patient care, prepare a summary of relevant health care activities derived from medical records and other sources of data, analyse the shortcomings discovered and design remedial programs. An attempt was made to introduce such a peer review system to 19 community hospitals in the Maritime provinces as a mechanism to improve the quality of health care. Maximum use was made of all existing quality assurance methods, complemented by innovations compatible with known educational and psychological principles. The staffs of the hospitals were willing to participate but problems were encountered in maintaining their motivation. Much of the success was related to the appropriate use of interested and competent medical record librarians in the retrieval, compilation and display of information. A positive attitude towards peer reviews and peer learning evolved in the participants. It is recommended that practising physicians, health care institutions and university divisions of continuing medical education continue and extend such cooperation and find new ways to apply the peer review mechanisms.", "contents": "Patient care appraisal as a guide for the design of continuing medical education: 10 years' experience in the Maritime provinces. Patient care appraisal is a process whereby physicians set down criteria and standards of patient care, prepare a summary of relevant health care activities derived from medical records and other sources of data, analyse the shortcomings discovered and design remedial programs. An attempt was made to introduce such a peer review system to 19 community hospitals in the Maritime provinces as a mechanism to improve the quality of health care. Maximum use was made of all existing quality assurance methods, complemented by innovations compatible with known educational and psychological principles. The staffs of the hospitals were willing to participate but problems were encountered in maintaining their motivation. Much of the success was related to the appropriate use of interested and competent medical record librarians in the retrieval, compilation and display of information. A positive attitude towards peer reviews and peer learning evolved in the participants. It is recommended that practising physicians, health care institutions and university divisions of continuing medical education continue and extend such cooperation and find new ways to apply the peer review mechanisms.", "PMID": 757380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10528", "title": "Management of confusion in elderly persons.", "content": "Confusional states in the elderly are not uncommon and demand a high level of diagnostic and therapeutic skills in the physician. An immediate requirement is to provide protection and care while the cause is being elucidated. Tranquilizing medication is useful but the dosage must be both sufficient for the patient to gain control and monitored to prevent overdosage. Confusion may be due to disorder in various body systems with effects on the brain, or to a primary brain disorder. Careful evaluation of general health and also of cognitive, affective and social factors is necessary to clarify diagnosis and management.", "contents": "Management of confusion in elderly persons. Confusional states in the elderly are not uncommon and demand a high level of diagnostic and therapeutic skills in the physician. An immediate requirement is to provide protection and care while the cause is being elucidated. Tranquilizing medication is useful but the dosage must be both sufficient for the patient to gain control and monitored to prevent overdosage. Confusion may be due to disorder in various body systems with effects on the brain, or to a primary brain disorder. Careful evaluation of general health and also of cognitive, affective and social factors is necessary to clarify diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 757381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10529", "title": "Cutaneous vasculitis.", "content": "In this paper the current concepts of cutaneous vasculitis are reviewed, with emphasis on clinical patterns, strict pathologic criteria and mechanisms of injury. A plea is made to classify vasculitis not as syndromes but (a) according to organ involvement (limited cutaneous or complicated multisystem), (b) by cause, (c) by pathologic description and (d) by anatomic depth and type of vessel involvement.", "contents": "Cutaneous vasculitis. In this paper the current concepts of cutaneous vasculitis are reviewed, with emphasis on clinical patterns, strict pathologic criteria and mechanisms of injury. A plea is made to classify vasculitis not as syndromes but (a) according to organ involvement (limited cutaneous or complicated multisystem), (b) by cause, (c) by pathologic description and (d) by anatomic depth and type of vessel involvement.", "PMID": 757382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10530", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in Stevens--Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Three cases are described in which Stevens-Johnson syndrome progressed in the course of a few days to toxic epidermal necrolysis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, allopurinol in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, phenytoin and possibly ampicillin were implicated in the causation of the disease.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in Stevens--Johnson syndrome. Three cases are described in which Stevens-Johnson syndrome progressed in the course of a few days to toxic epidermal necrolysis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, allopurinol in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, phenytoin and possibly ampicillin were implicated in the causation of the disease.", "PMID": 757383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10531", "title": "Prognosis for survival in neonatal meningitis: clinical and pathologic review of 52 cases.", "content": "A retrospective review of 52 cases of neonatal meningitis diagnosed and treated at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, was undertaken to determine which clinical or laboratory features were useful in predicting survival. Escherichia coli and group B streptococci were the most common bacteria isolated. Ventriculitis, cerebritis and arteritis were seen at autopsy with either gram-positive or gram-negative infection. Features associated with a good prognosis for survival were (a) peripheral neutrophil count greater than 2,000 x 10(9)/L; (b) normal platelet count or estimate (more than 100 x 10(9)/L), (c) birth weight greater than 2500 g and (d) age at the time of diagnosis more than 1 day. Information on all four features was available for 44 newborn infants. Of those with three or four of the features 87% survived, while of those with one or two features 14% survived. The overall mortality was 48%. The features outlined are useful in determining the severity of disease and therefore may alert the attending physician to the need for more intensive therapeutic and supportive care.", "contents": "Prognosis for survival in neonatal meningitis: clinical and pathologic review of 52 cases. A retrospective review of 52 cases of neonatal meningitis diagnosed and treated at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, was undertaken to determine which clinical or laboratory features were useful in predicting survival. Escherichia coli and group B streptococci were the most common bacteria isolated. Ventriculitis, cerebritis and arteritis were seen at autopsy with either gram-positive or gram-negative infection. Features associated with a good prognosis for survival were (a) peripheral neutrophil count greater than 2,000 x 10(9)/L; (b) normal platelet count or estimate (more than 100 x 10(9)/L), (c) birth weight greater than 2500 g and (d) age at the time of diagnosis more than 1 day. Information on all four features was available for 44 newborn infants. Of those with three or four of the features 87% survived, while of those with one or two features 14% survived. The overall mortality was 48%. The features outlined are useful in determining the severity of disease and therefore may alert the attending physician to the need for more intensive therapeutic and supportive care.", "PMID": 757384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10532", "title": "Immunocompetent cells in malignant disease in man. II. Clinical and immunologic correlates in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The immunocompetence of the circulating lymphocytes of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was evaluated before, during and after treatment. The immunologic features investigated were (a) the degree of blastogenic transformation induced by phytomitogens (phytohemagglutinin-M, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen); (b) the formation of E, EA and EAC rosettes; and (c) antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Prior to treatment the subnormal in vitro responsiveness of the cells and the very low concentrations of circulating immunoglobulins suggested immunoincompetence. A gradual shift towards normal in vitro values was observed during treatment, which corresponded to the clinical improvement in the patient's condition.", "contents": "Immunocompetent cells in malignant disease in man. II. Clinical and immunologic correlates in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The immunocompetence of the circulating lymphocytes of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was evaluated before, during and after treatment. The immunologic features investigated were (a) the degree of blastogenic transformation induced by phytomitogens (phytohemagglutinin-M, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen); (b) the formation of E, EA and EAC rosettes; and (c) antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Prior to treatment the subnormal in vitro responsiveness of the cells and the very low concentrations of circulating immunoglobulins suggested immunoincompetence. A gradual shift towards normal in vitro values was observed during treatment, which corresponded to the clinical improvement in the patient's condition.", "PMID": 757385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10533", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 8. Burned bodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated 15 kinds of findings of 30 bodies burned at known times and autopsied in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: As the criteria for determining the time of death, external findings of cadavers burned lose value considerably, but internal findings, especially undigested food in the stomach remain as valuable as in ordinary circumstances. The usual criteria can be applied with the same degree of success to burned bodies, because appearances of findings caused by cadaveric phenomena show neither acceleration nor retardation in bodies burned so far as they are not severely destroyed.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 8. Burned bodies (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated 15 kinds of findings of 30 bodies burned at known times and autopsied in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: As the criteria for determining the time of death, external findings of cadavers burned lose value considerably, but internal findings, especially undigested food in the stomach remain as valuable as in ordinary circumstances. The usual criteria can be applied with the same degree of success to burned bodies, because appearances of findings caused by cadaveric phenomena show neither acceleration nor retardation in bodies burned so far as they are not severely destroyed.", "PMID": 757396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10534", "title": "[Behavioral changes in the rats following inhalation of mercury vapor (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was designed to determine critical brain mercury concentrations associated with specific behavioral changes during exposure to mercury vapor. Rats exposed to 3 mg of Hg/m3 for 3 hours, 5 days per week, for 15-42 weeks, showed a decline in conditioned avoidance response. The latency of escape response also increased in pole climb shock escape. The time to the onset of effects varied from 12 to 39 weeks among 14 rats exposed to mercury. All rats recovered to preexposure baseline within 12 weeks after the termination of exposure. A significantly poor behavioral performance was noticed in rats with brain mercury concentration of approximately 20 microgram Hg/g. Behavioral recovery was seen when the mercury concentrations decreased to 10 microgram Hg/g brain tissue. These results suggest that the critical concentration of inorganic mercury in the brain associated with behavioral changes in the rat ranges about 10 ppm to 20 ppm. In spite of the high concentration of mercury, the nervous tissues of rats in this experiment with mercury vapor intoxication were normal.", "contents": "[Behavioral changes in the rats following inhalation of mercury vapor (author's transl)]. The present study was designed to determine critical brain mercury concentrations associated with specific behavioral changes during exposure to mercury vapor. Rats exposed to 3 mg of Hg/m3 for 3 hours, 5 days per week, for 15-42 weeks, showed a decline in conditioned avoidance response. The latency of escape response also increased in pole climb shock escape. The time to the onset of effects varied from 12 to 39 weeks among 14 rats exposed to mercury. All rats recovered to preexposure baseline within 12 weeks after the termination of exposure. A significantly poor behavioral performance was noticed in rats with brain mercury concentration of approximately 20 microgram Hg/g. Behavioral recovery was seen when the mercury concentrations decreased to 10 microgram Hg/g brain tissue. These results suggest that the critical concentration of inorganic mercury in the brain associated with behavioral changes in the rat ranges about 10 ppm to 20 ppm. In spite of the high concentration of mercury, the nervous tissues of rats in this experiment with mercury vapor intoxication were normal.", "PMID": 757397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10535", "title": "Heavy metal binding properties of earthworm chloragosomes.", "content": "The highest concentration of metal in Lumbricus terrestris and Lumbricus rubellus chloragosomes was Ca++ folowed by Fe+++, Zn++ and Mg++. Chloragosomes and body wall extracts bound Pb++ and to a lesser extent Cu++ but not Zn++. Binding of Pb++ and Cu++ was greater in chloragosomes than body wall homogenate. Maximum binding capacity for Pb++ was higher in Lumbricus terrestris than Lumbricus rubellus. The binding of Pb++ to chloragosomes appears to be unrelated to phospholipid content. The release of most Zn++ and Ca++ in chloragosomes by 0.01 M HCl but release of Fe+++ requiring 5 M HCl suggests that the latter may be in the form of an organometallic complex. Release of Cu++ from chloragosomes by 0.001 M HCl but only 20% of the bound Pb++ indicates that Pb++ is more firmly bound to chloragosomes than Cu++. Bound Pb++ in body wall extracts is released by 0.001 M HCl.  The addition of Pb++ to a chloragosomal suspension caused a drop in pH and release of mainly Ca++ with smaller amounts of Zn++ and Mg++ indicating a cation exchange was taking place. It is concluded that earthworm chloragosomes bind heavy metal by a cation-exchange system which may be related to the chemical constituents of chloragosomes being similar to ion exchange compounds.", "contents": "Heavy metal binding properties of earthworm chloragosomes. The highest concentration of metal in Lumbricus terrestris and Lumbricus rubellus chloragosomes was Ca++ folowed by Fe+++, Zn++ and Mg++. Chloragosomes and body wall extracts bound Pb++ and to a lesser extent Cu++ but not Zn++. Binding of Pb++ and Cu++ was greater in chloragosomes than body wall homogenate. Maximum binding capacity for Pb++ was higher in Lumbricus terrestris than Lumbricus rubellus. The binding of Pb++ to chloragosomes appears to be unrelated to phospholipid content. The release of most Zn++ and Ca++ in chloragosomes by 0.01 M HCl but release of Fe+++ requiring 5 M HCl suggests that the latter may be in the form of an organometallic complex. Release of Cu++ from chloragosomes by 0.001 M HCl but only 20% of the bound Pb++ indicates that Pb++ is more firmly bound to chloragosomes than Cu++. Bound Pb++ in body wall extracts is released by 0.001 M HCl.  The addition of Pb++ to a chloragosomal suspension caused a drop in pH and release of mainly Ca++ with smaller amounts of Zn++ and Mg++ indicating a cation exchange was taking place. It is concluded that earthworm chloragosomes bind heavy metal by a cation-exchange system which may be related to the chemical constituents of chloragosomes being similar to ion exchange compounds.", "PMID": 757448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10536", "title": "Effect of Pb++ on Fe+++ tissue concentrations and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity in Lumbricus terrestris.", "content": "Iron was found at the highest concentration in the chloragogenous tissue with smaller amounts in the intestine and the lowest concentration in the body wall. Earthworms treated with Pb++ for 20 days showed a decrease in the concentration of Fe+++ in the intestinal tissue but no significant changes in the other tissue. The enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was not detected in isolated chloragosomes but it was found in the chloragocyte cytosol, body wall and intestine. L. terrestris treated with Pb++ showed a decrease in the activity of ALAD in all tissues where it was located and particularly in the chloragocyte cytosol.", "contents": "Effect of Pb++ on Fe+++ tissue concentrations and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity in Lumbricus terrestris. Iron was found at the highest concentration in the chloragogenous tissue with smaller amounts in the intestine and the lowest concentration in the body wall. Earthworms treated with Pb++ for 20 days showed a decrease in the concentration of Fe+++ in the intestinal tissue but no significant changes in the other tissue. The enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was not detected in isolated chloragosomes but it was found in the chloragocyte cytosol, body wall and intestine. L. terrestris treated with Pb++ showed a decrease in the activity of ALAD in all tissues where it was located and particularly in the chloragocyte cytosol.", "PMID": 757449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10537", "title": "How paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis, L.) explores a chessboard.", "content": "We investigated the exploratory movements of Anabantid fishes in a chessboard-like aquarium (divided into 25 communicating compartments) as a new environment. The analysis was based on the observation of the route of two inbred strains of paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; Teleostei, Anabantoidae). We recorded their movement within the blocks until 100 steps, and compared the obtained process with hypothetical random walks. It turns out within the same period of time the fish meets significantly more new compartments than in the simulated process. The discrepancy between the two processes can be interpreted as the result of a successful exploratory strategy of the fish. In this exploratory movement the fish prefers the outer compartments to the inner ones, a fact that explains the striking difference between the actual behaviour and the \"uniform simulation\". This is obviously so, since the empirical data show that the transition probabilities from the actual compartment to the possible neighbouring compartments differ greatly. However, a model taking this inhomogeneity into account still does not fit sufficiently, indicating that this exploratory strategy is more complicated than our memoryless construction. Moreover, there are differences between the two strains investigated, which might reflect some role of genetic factors.", "contents": "How paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis, L.) explores a chessboard. We investigated the exploratory movements of Anabantid fishes in a chessboard-like aquarium (divided into 25 communicating compartments) as a new environment. The analysis was based on the observation of the route of two inbred strains of paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; Teleostei, Anabantoidae). We recorded their movement within the blocks until 100 steps, and compared the obtained process with hypothetical random walks. It turns out within the same period of time the fish meets significantly more new compartments than in the simulated process. The discrepancy between the two processes can be interpreted as the result of a successful exploratory strategy of the fish. In this exploratory movement the fish prefers the outer compartments to the inner ones, a fact that explains the striking difference between the actual behaviour and the \"uniform simulation\". This is obviously so, since the empirical data show that the transition probabilities from the actual compartment to the possible neighbouring compartments differ greatly. However, a model taking this inhomogeneity into account still does not fit sufficiently, indicating that this exploratory strategy is more complicated than our memoryless construction. Moreover, there are differences between the two strains investigated, which might reflect some role of genetic factors.", "PMID": 757450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10538", "title": "Identification of epithelial cells and fibroblasts in hypophysis intermediate lobe cultures by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Cell cultures of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe grown for eight days were studied in the scanning electron microscope. The epithelial cells and fibroblasts could be differentiated by the characteristic structures of the cell surface and the cell association features, The epithelial cells were characterized by blebs and rugae, microvilli, and occasionally by some cilia. The surface of the fibroblasts was smooth or bore microvilli. Scanning electron microscopy may provide special information for the characterization of endocrine cell cultures.", "contents": "Identification of epithelial cells and fibroblasts in hypophysis intermediate lobe cultures by scanning electron microscopy. Cell cultures of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe grown for eight days were studied in the scanning electron microscope. The epithelial cells and fibroblasts could be differentiated by the characteristic structures of the cell surface and the cell association features, The epithelial cells were characterized by blebs and rugae, microvilli, and occasionally by some cilia. The surface of the fibroblasts was smooth or bore microvilli. Scanning electron microscopy may provide special information for the characterization of endocrine cell cultures.", "PMID": 757451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10539", "title": "Comparative electron microscopic study of clear cells in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and flat warts.", "content": "Are Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (E.V.) and disseminated flat warts different diseases? Are there any diagnostic criteria between them? In order to attempt answering these 2 questions, fundamental for prognosis and nosology, a comparative ultrastructural study was made of epidermal clear cells of 2 cases of E.V. and 4 flat warts from 4 patients of whom 3 were under immunosuppression drugs. The reason of cytoplasmic electron translucency was mainly a reduction in tonofilaments and keratohyalin amounts in E.V. and a centrifugal edema and vacuolization in flat warts. On the other hand, the number of ribosomes was raised in E.V. and reduced in flat warts. These findings allow differentiation between the 2 diseases and suggest a possible different host-virus relationship.", "contents": "Comparative electron microscopic study of clear cells in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and flat warts. Are Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (E.V.) and disseminated flat warts different diseases? Are there any diagnostic criteria between them? In order to attempt answering these 2 questions, fundamental for prognosis and nosology, a comparative ultrastructural study was made of epidermal clear cells of 2 cases of E.V. and 4 flat warts from 4 patients of whom 3 were under immunosuppression drugs. The reason of cytoplasmic electron translucency was mainly a reduction in tonofilaments and keratohyalin amounts in E.V. and a centrifugal edema and vacuolization in flat warts. On the other hand, the number of ribosomes was raised in E.V. and reduced in flat warts. These findings allow differentiation between the 2 diseases and suggest a possible different host-virus relationship.", "PMID": 757452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10540", "title": "[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon-Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.", "contents": "[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)]. The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon-Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.", "PMID": 757453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10541", "title": "Presence of two typical DNA-binding nonhistone proteins in psoriatic scales contrary to normal human dermis, epidermis and horny layer.", "content": "The composition of DNA-binding proteins (DBP) was shown to be tissue-specific and to vary at different stages of gene expression. As the accelerated epidermopoesis in psoriasis indicates changed gene activities, DBP of psoriatic scales were compared with those of normal human epidermis, dermis and horny layer. Each skin fraction is characterized by its own DBP pattern, indicating different cell species. 1. The DBP of normal human epidermis shows only a small accordance with the DBP of human dermis and implies their difference in origin, function and cell types. 2. Psoriatic scale DBP and epidermal DPB contain more corresponding proteins which can be deduced from the scale's origin from epidermis. However, the composition of all proteins differs to a great extent. This either occured during parakeratotic keratinization or reflects differences of normal to psoriatic epidermis. Imposing for psoriatic scale DBP are two protein bands with molecular weights of 84,000 and 90,000 daltons. Evidently both are not present in the DBP of other skin layers. 3. The horny layer contains a very small amount of DBP which might represent DNases to a major part. The small DBP content in horny layer confirms the previous supposition of psoriatic scales, to be mostly derived from the preserved nuclei of the parakerototic scale layer.", "contents": "Presence of two typical DNA-binding nonhistone proteins in psoriatic scales contrary to normal human dermis, epidermis and horny layer. The composition of DNA-binding proteins (DBP) was shown to be tissue-specific and to vary at different stages of gene expression. As the accelerated epidermopoesis in psoriasis indicates changed gene activities, DBP of psoriatic scales were compared with those of normal human epidermis, dermis and horny layer. Each skin fraction is characterized by its own DBP pattern, indicating different cell species. 1. The DBP of normal human epidermis shows only a small accordance with the DBP of human dermis and implies their difference in origin, function and cell types. 2. Psoriatic scale DBP and epidermal DPB contain more corresponding proteins which can be deduced from the scale's origin from epidermis. However, the composition of all proteins differs to a great extent. This either occured during parakeratotic keratinization or reflects differences of normal to psoriatic epidermis. Imposing for psoriatic scale DBP are two protein bands with molecular weights of 84,000 and 90,000 daltons. Evidently both are not present in the DBP of other skin layers. 3. The horny layer contains a very small amount of DBP which might represent DNases to a major part. The small DBP content in horny layer confirms the previous supposition of psoriatic scales, to be mostly derived from the preserved nuclei of the parakerototic scale layer.", "PMID": 757455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10542", "title": "The effect of systemic treatment with 5-fluorouracil on the epidermis of the guinea pig.", "content": "The thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate (blocked by colcemid) in the basal cell layer of the guinea pig were determined before and during treatment with 5-fluorouracil (1 mg i.p. in 2 day's interval/100 g body weight). Additionally, the epidermal area and thickness and the number and size of cells were measured. 5-Fluorouracil equally reduces the thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate with the full effect after treatment of at least 22 days. From these findings it is concluded that the S-phase--calculated from the end of the thymidine synthesis--is not altered. Furthermore atrophy of the epidermis runs parallel with the reduction of the 3H thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate.", "contents": "The effect of systemic treatment with 5-fluorouracil on the epidermis of the guinea pig. The thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate (blocked by colcemid) in the basal cell layer of the guinea pig were determined before and during treatment with 5-fluorouracil (1 mg i.p. in 2 day's interval/100 g body weight). Additionally, the epidermal area and thickness and the number and size of cells were measured. 5-Fluorouracil equally reduces the thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate with the full effect after treatment of at least 22 days. From these findings it is concluded that the S-phase--calculated from the end of the thymidine synthesis--is not altered. Furthermore atrophy of the epidermis runs parallel with the reduction of the 3H thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate.", "PMID": 757456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10543", "title": "Acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light on sister chromatid exchange.", "content": "The acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 8-MOP + long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been examined in an in vitro experiment. The SCE count was significantly increased by 8-MOP without light, but the effect was substantially greater (50%) by 8-MOP + UVA. In addition, mitoses with banded staining of the chromosomes were seen after 8-MOP and UVA. These changes were dose dependent, and they might be responsible for the reduced cell turnover in psoriasis plaque after PUVA.", "contents": "Acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light on sister chromatid exchange. The acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 8-MOP + long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been examined in an in vitro experiment. The SCE count was significantly increased by 8-MOP without light, but the effect was substantially greater (50%) by 8-MOP + UVA. In addition, mitoses with banded staining of the chromosomes were seen after 8-MOP and UVA. These changes were dose dependent, and they might be responsible for the reduced cell turnover in psoriasis plaque after PUVA.", "PMID": 757457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10544", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in skin and urine of a patient with wide-spreaded lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "content": "Changes of dermal and urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSA) were investigated with the following results: 1. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was excreted in urine of a patient with LSA. 2. HA and low sulfate chondroitin were eluted with 0.5 M NaCl by Bio Rad AG 1- x 2 (Cl- form) column chromatography. 3. Involved dermal tissue contained only about 50% of HA in the skin of a healthy adult.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in skin and urine of a patient with wide-spreaded lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Changes of dermal and urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSA) were investigated with the following results: 1. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was excreted in urine of a patient with LSA. 2. HA and low sulfate chondroitin were eluted with 0.5 M NaCl by Bio Rad AG 1- x 2 (Cl- form) column chromatography. 3. Involved dermal tissue contained only about 50% of HA in the skin of a healthy adult.", "PMID": 757458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10545", "title": "Faecal porphyrin excretion in various types of porphyria. Thin layer chromatographic study.", "content": "A new method of thin layer chromatography was used for the study of faecal porphyrins in 31 porphyric patients (20 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda, 5 cases of porphyria variegata, 2 cases of hereditary coproporphyria, 1 case of acute intermittent porphyria and 3 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria), 14 of their clinically normal relatives and 5 controls. The pattern obtained was characteristic of each type of porphyria and compared to previously published data.", "contents": "Faecal porphyrin excretion in various types of porphyria. Thin layer chromatographic study. A new method of thin layer chromatography was used for the study of faecal porphyrins in 31 porphyric patients (20 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda, 5 cases of porphyria variegata, 2 cases of hereditary coproporphyria, 1 case of acute intermittent porphyria and 3 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria), 14 of their clinically normal relatives and 5 controls. The pattern obtained was characteristic of each type of porphyria and compared to previously published data.", "PMID": 757459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10546", "title": "[Physical bases of blister formation. II. A study of the total osmotic pressure in the blister fluid of suction blisters and of \"naturally\" occurring blisters as well as in the serum].", "content": "Total osmotic pressure does not differ significantly in suction blister fluid or in serum of healthy persons from blister fluid, suction blister fluid or serum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. The average values reach about 293 mOsmol/kg. This results from direct measurement of total osmolality with an electronic semimicroosmometer based on the principle of freezing point reduction. In opposite to colloid osmotic pressure the total osmotic pressure does not take part in blister formation of human skin in spite of the different concentrations of the single electrolytes in the fluids of various blisters.", "contents": "[Physical bases of blister formation. II. A study of the total osmotic pressure in the blister fluid of suction blisters and of \"naturally\" occurring blisters as well as in the serum]. Total osmotic pressure does not differ significantly in suction blister fluid or in serum of healthy persons from blister fluid, suction blister fluid or serum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. The average values reach about 293 mOsmol/kg. This results from direct measurement of total osmolality with an electronic semimicroosmometer based on the principle of freezing point reduction. In opposite to colloid osmotic pressure the total osmotic pressure does not take part in blister formation of human skin in spite of the different concentrations of the single electrolytes in the fluids of various blisters.", "PMID": 757460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10547", "title": "Preliminary studies into percorneal penetration and elemental content of the stratum corneum using X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "A technique is described which measures the penetration of substances through the stratum corneum (SC) and the distribution of elements in this structure employing scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. Preliminary observations show that the normal SC shows a concentration gradient of potassium, high in the surface layers and lowest deeper down whereas the reverse is true for phosphorus. It has been shown that sulphur rapidly tranverses the SC and seems to penetrate through all parts of the horny layer whereas lead and zinc do not easily enter this structure.", "contents": "Preliminary studies into percorneal penetration and elemental content of the stratum corneum using X-ray microanalysis. A technique is described which measures the penetration of substances through the stratum corneum (SC) and the distribution of elements in this structure employing scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. Preliminary observations show that the normal SC shows a concentration gradient of potassium, high in the surface layers and lowest deeper down whereas the reverse is true for phosphorus. It has been shown that sulphur rapidly tranverses the SC and seems to penetrate through all parts of the horny layer whereas lead and zinc do not easily enter this structure.", "PMID": 757462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10548", "title": "The proliferation of epidermal cells in mouse ear organ culture.", "content": "Mouse ear fragments were cultured for up to 1 day in a chemically defined fluid medium and for 2-3 days in a solid Agar medium. Within 24 h of incubation, the epidermal cells were found to migrate towards the cut edges, a process which led to an epithelialization of the denuded surface. Concomitantly, the epidermal cell proliferation was enhanced: an entry of increasing numbers of interfollicular cells into S phase occurred after 7-10 h of incubation and was maximal around the 20th h. Correspondingly, the mitotic rate rose after 20 h. During an incubation period of 48-72 h in solid medium, the mitotic activity of the proliferating tissues in mouse ear skin continued, and the interfollicular epidermis in the proximity of the cut edges became hyperplastic. Thus, mouse ear epidermis kept in this organ culture seems to resemble a wounded epidermis in vivo. Epidermal cell proliferation was studied by determining (a) the mitotic rate and (b) the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by means of liquid scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography. Various factors affecting the incorporation of tritiated thymidine were investigated, and it was concluded that liquid scintillation spectrometry proves to be a rapid and suitable method for determining the effects of both growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting agents on epidermal cell proliferation.", "contents": "The proliferation of epidermal cells in mouse ear organ culture. Mouse ear fragments were cultured for up to 1 day in a chemically defined fluid medium and for 2-3 days in a solid Agar medium. Within 24 h of incubation, the epidermal cells were found to migrate towards the cut edges, a process which led to an epithelialization of the denuded surface. Concomitantly, the epidermal cell proliferation was enhanced: an entry of increasing numbers of interfollicular cells into S phase occurred after 7-10 h of incubation and was maximal around the 20th h. Correspondingly, the mitotic rate rose after 20 h. During an incubation period of 48-72 h in solid medium, the mitotic activity of the proliferating tissues in mouse ear skin continued, and the interfollicular epidermis in the proximity of the cut edges became hyperplastic. Thus, mouse ear epidermis kept in this organ culture seems to resemble a wounded epidermis in vivo. Epidermal cell proliferation was studied by determining (a) the mitotic rate and (b) the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by means of liquid scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography. Various factors affecting the incorporation of tritiated thymidine were investigated, and it was concluded that liquid scintillation spectrometry proves to be a rapid and suitable method for determining the effects of both growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting agents on epidermal cell proliferation.", "PMID": 757463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10549", "title": "Comparison of DNase, DNA-polymerase and RNA-polymerase activities present in the DNA-binding proteins of normal human dermis, epidermis, horny layer and psoriatic scales.", "content": "DNA-binding proteins (DBP) of normal human dermis, epidermis, horny layer and psoriatic scales represent a tissue-specific group of mostly nuclear nonhistone proteins. To analyse their function, the different DBP fractions were examined concerning the presence of DNase, DNA-polymerase and RNA-polymerase activities. DBP of normal epidermis and horny layer contain four different DNases. One DNase of both DBP fractions is active only at pH 5.0. Three DNases of epidermal DBP are active at a pH-range from 5.0--8.5, while the corresponding DNases of horny layer-DBP are most active at pH 7.4. Probably these DNases have changed their pH-optimum during keratinisation. DBP of psoriatic scales include no activity of these three DNases and the pH 5.0-DNases seem to have reduced DNA-affinity. Human dermis DBP contain quite another set of four DNases which hardly can be correlated to the DNases of epidermal DBP. DNA-polymerase activities are present in each fraction and derive from different DNA-polymerases. Two DNA-polymerases with pI-values of 4.5 and 9.3 may correspond to beta- and alpha-DNA-polymerase of eukaryotes, respectively. Further activity of proteins which are focussed at pH 6.5--7.2 and 8.2 could be detected. The proteins represent either tissue-specific DNA-polymerases or further thymidine monophosphate incorporating enzymes. Contrary, RNA-polymerase activity could not be enriched from correlating extracts by DNA-cellulose chromatography.", "contents": "Comparison of DNase, DNA-polymerase and RNA-polymerase activities present in the DNA-binding proteins of normal human dermis, epidermis, horny layer and psoriatic scales. DNA-binding proteins (DBP) of normal human dermis, epidermis, horny layer and psoriatic scales represent a tissue-specific group of mostly nuclear nonhistone proteins. To analyse their function, the different DBP fractions were examined concerning the presence of DNase, DNA-polymerase and RNA-polymerase activities. DBP of normal epidermis and horny layer contain four different DNases. One DNase of both DBP fractions is active only at pH 5.0. Three DNases of epidermal DBP are active at a pH-range from 5.0--8.5, while the corresponding DNases of horny layer-DBP are most active at pH 7.4. Probably these DNases have changed their pH-optimum during keratinisation. DBP of psoriatic scales include no activity of these three DNases and the pH 5.0-DNases seem to have reduced DNA-affinity. Human dermis DBP contain quite another set of four DNases which hardly can be correlated to the DNases of epidermal DBP. DNA-polymerase activities are present in each fraction and derive from different DNA-polymerases. Two DNA-polymerases with pI-values of 4.5 and 9.3 may correspond to beta- and alpha-DNA-polymerase of eukaryotes, respectively. Further activity of proteins which are focussed at pH 6.5--7.2 and 8.2 could be detected. The proteins represent either tissue-specific DNA-polymerases or further thymidine monophosphate incorporating enzymes. Contrary, RNA-polymerase activity could not be enriched from correlating extracts by DNA-cellulose chromatography.", "PMID": 757466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10550", "title": "On the control of microcirculation in the cerebral cortex during and following ischemia.", "content": "The aim of the present study was the elucidation of the functional behaviour of the pial arteries and their microvascular effectors which are responsible for the microcirculation in the cerebral cortex - large and small pial arteries (PA), sphincters at the offshoots at the pial arteries (SOPA), precortical arteries (PCA) and pial arterial microanastomoses (PAMA) - both under ischemic and postischemic conditions. During ischemia the majority of the studied microvessels underwent dilatation which under conditions of decreased intravascular pressure seems to be active and should be aimed at compensating for the defficiency of the blood supply to the cerebral tissue. Besides, a constriction of some microvessels, especially of SOPA and PCA, was also observed, the amount of such responses of SOPA being increased in the postischemic period. It might be conjectured that the vasoconstrictor responses may be responsible for the ischemic damage of some cortical areas, but it may be also directed to a redistribution of blood to compensate for ischemic changes in individual areas of the cerebral tissue. The active constriction of SOPA in the postischemic period might be also considered as a compensatory microvascular reaction which is directed to restrict the excessive blood supply to the brain tissue and to prevent edema development in it.", "contents": "On the control of microcirculation in the cerebral cortex during and following ischemia. The aim of the present study was the elucidation of the functional behaviour of the pial arteries and their microvascular effectors which are responsible for the microcirculation in the cerebral cortex - large and small pial arteries (PA), sphincters at the offshoots at the pial arteries (SOPA), precortical arteries (PCA) and pial arterial microanastomoses (PAMA) - both under ischemic and postischemic conditions. During ischemia the majority of the studied microvessels underwent dilatation which under conditions of decreased intravascular pressure seems to be active and should be aimed at compensating for the defficiency of the blood supply to the cerebral tissue. Besides, a constriction of some microvessels, especially of SOPA and PCA, was also observed, the amount of such responses of SOPA being increased in the postischemic period. It might be conjectured that the vasoconstrictor responses may be responsible for the ischemic damage of some cortical areas, but it may be also directed to a redistribution of blood to compensate for ischemic changes in individual areas of the cerebral tissue. The active constriction of SOPA in the postischemic period might be also considered as a compensatory microvascular reaction which is directed to restrict the excessive blood supply to the brain tissue and to prevent edema development in it.", "PMID": 757512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10551", "title": "Factors affecting the larval growth and development of laboratory-reared Ambystoma gracile (Baird) from natural populations of different temperature regimes.", "content": "Temperature-transfer of Ambystoma gracile larvae from 11 degrees C to 21 degrees C does not significantly alter growth rates at the higher temperature when compared to larvae continuously grown at 21 degrees C. Temperature-transfer does not alter the incidence of neoteny within populations, even though interpopulation neotenic tendencies differ. Salamander larvae from the high altitude population exhibit larvae from the high altitude population exhibit faster growth rates than the larvae reared from eggs from the low altitude-population. These high altitude larvae exhibit faster growth rates both at the lower and higher temperatures suggesting a greater sensitivity to growth-promoting factors and/or higher rates of synthesis or secretion of such factors. Experiments utilizing ovine prolactin indicated that prolactin-injected experimentals were significantly longer (P less than 0.025) after 60 days of treatment than were placebo-injected controls. A prolactin-like hormone is suggested as thepossible growth-promoting factor in larval Ambystoma gracile.", "contents": "Factors affecting the larval growth and development of laboratory-reared Ambystoma gracile (Baird) from natural populations of different temperature regimes. Temperature-transfer of Ambystoma gracile larvae from 11 degrees C to 21 degrees C does not significantly alter growth rates at the higher temperature when compared to larvae continuously grown at 21 degrees C. Temperature-transfer does not alter the incidence of neoteny within populations, even though interpopulation neotenic tendencies differ. Salamander larvae from the high altitude population exhibit larvae from the high altitude population exhibit faster growth rates than the larvae reared from eggs from the low altitude-population. These high altitude larvae exhibit faster growth rates both at the lower and higher temperatures suggesting a greater sensitivity to growth-promoting factors and/or higher rates of synthesis or secretion of such factors. Experiments utilizing ovine prolactin indicated that prolactin-injected experimentals were significantly longer (P less than 0.025) after 60 days of treatment than were placebo-injected controls. A prolactin-like hormone is suggested as thepossible growth-promoting factor in larval Ambystoma gracile.", "PMID": 757513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10552", "title": "Histochemical and cytological studies on the resorptive bodies of Poecilocerus pictus Fabr.", "content": "Histochemical and cytological study of the resorptive bodies in Poecilocerus pictus has been made at different conditions such as just after laying and 15 days after laying and also during different periods of starvations i.e. 4 days, 8 days, 12 days and 20 days. The lecitholytic cells seems to be responsible for the breakdown of yolk. Resorption of the corpus luteum and oosorptive bodies seems to be a similar process. Yolk gets dissolved and is utilised for resorption.", "contents": "Histochemical and cytological studies on the resorptive bodies of Poecilocerus pictus Fabr. Histochemical and cytological study of the resorptive bodies in Poecilocerus pictus has been made at different conditions such as just after laying and 15 days after laying and also during different periods of starvations i.e. 4 days, 8 days, 12 days and 20 days. The lecitholytic cells seems to be responsible for the breakdown of yolk. Resorption of the corpus luteum and oosorptive bodies seems to be a similar process. Yolk gets dissolved and is utilised for resorption.", "PMID": 757514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10553", "title": "Estimation of normal ranges for various biochemical parameters.", "content": "Frequency distributions of ten biochemical parameters are reported for a sample (40000 events) of the populations of Milano. Average values and standard deviations have been calculated for the female and male populations, subdivided in four classes of age. The values of the parameters increase with age; generally, except in the case of the rate of sedimentation, the values for the female population are lower with respect to those for the male population.", "contents": "Estimation of normal ranges for various biochemical parameters. Frequency distributions of ten biochemical parameters are reported for a sample (40000 events) of the populations of Milano. Average values and standard deviations have been calculated for the female and male populations, subdivided in four classes of age. The values of the parameters increase with age; generally, except in the case of the rate of sedimentation, the values for the female population are lower with respect to those for the male population.", "PMID": 757515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10554", "title": "In vitro culture of thymic epithelial cells from various autoimmune diseases: its thymosin-like effect on human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "We succeeded in the culture of the thymic epithelium which obtained from the patients with various autoimmune diseases aged from 20 to 65 years whose thymuses should have already been involuted with decreased thymic function. The mean percentage of active rosette-forming cells significantly increased after the incubation with thymic monolayer culture medium. These observations suggest that thymic epithelia in autoimmune diseases produce thymosin-like factor(s) in culture medium.", "contents": "In vitro culture of thymic epithelial cells from various autoimmune diseases: its thymosin-like effect on human peripheral lymphocytes. We succeeded in the culture of the thymic epithelium which obtained from the patients with various autoimmune diseases aged from 20 to 65 years whose thymuses should have already been involuted with decreased thymic function. The mean percentage of active rosette-forming cells significantly increased after the incubation with thymic monolayer culture medium. These observations suggest that thymic epithelia in autoimmune diseases produce thymosin-like factor(s) in culture medium.", "PMID": 757516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10555", "title": "The distribution of haemoglobin S and other haemoglobin variants in a sample of Liberian paediatric subjects.", "content": "The investigation of haemoglobin S in a sample of Liberian paediatric subjects revealed a relatively low incidence of this haemoglobin variant. There is no significant difference from its incidence in the adult population. The low frequency of haemoglobin S is rather paradoxal since malaria is still endemic in Liberia. Tribal variation has been revealed. Other haemoglobin variants were found to be rare.", "contents": "The distribution of haemoglobin S and other haemoglobin variants in a sample of Liberian paediatric subjects. The investigation of haemoglobin S in a sample of Liberian paediatric subjects revealed a relatively low incidence of this haemoglobin variant. There is no significant difference from its incidence in the adult population. The low frequency of haemoglobin S is rather paradoxal since malaria is still endemic in Liberia. Tribal variation has been revealed. Other haemoglobin variants were found to be rare.", "PMID": 757517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10556", "title": "Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on Bacillus brevis.", "content": "At a concentration of 50 microgram/ml and below, aflatoxin B1 inhibited Bacillus brevis (2611) bacteristatically, but at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the inhibition was bactericidal. Bactericidal inhibition was further studied by determining the mean single survivor times of the bacterium in 100 microgram/ml aqueous solutions of aflatoxin B1 (18.2 mins.) and phenol (16.6 mins.). Further study on the bacteriostatic inhibition within the bacteriostatic concentration limit of 50 microgram/ml shows that the doubling time of B. brevis exposed to 5 microgram/ml aflatoxin B1 is approximately half that of the bacterium exposed to 10 microgram/ml. At the molecular level, 50 microgram/ml aflatoxin B1 inhibited the synthesis of DNA (78%), RNA (15%) and Protein (18%) in B. brevis. The strength of the affinity of subcellular fractions of B. brevis for aflatoxin B1 during inhibition was studied by assessing the resistance of aflatoxin B1 bound to cell fractions to removal by water. 66% (w/w) of the aflatoxin B1 bound to B. brevis after six successive washes in 50 ml distilled water, remained bound to the cell membrane fraction. The implication of this preferential strong binding to cell membrane was studied by investigating its effect on oxygen uptake. Results of inhibition of oxygen uptake is compatible with aflatoxin B1 binding to cell membrane. Vitamin k, however, reversed this inhibition.", "contents": "Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on Bacillus brevis. At a concentration of 50 microgram/ml and below, aflatoxin B1 inhibited Bacillus brevis (2611) bacteristatically, but at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the inhibition was bactericidal. Bactericidal inhibition was further studied by determining the mean single survivor times of the bacterium in 100 microgram/ml aqueous solutions of aflatoxin B1 (18.2 mins.) and phenol (16.6 mins.). Further study on the bacteriostatic inhibition within the bacteriostatic concentration limit of 50 microgram/ml shows that the doubling time of B. brevis exposed to 5 microgram/ml aflatoxin B1 is approximately half that of the bacterium exposed to 10 microgram/ml. At the molecular level, 50 microgram/ml aflatoxin B1 inhibited the synthesis of DNA (78%), RNA (15%) and Protein (18%) in B. brevis. The strength of the affinity of subcellular fractions of B. brevis for aflatoxin B1 during inhibition was studied by assessing the resistance of aflatoxin B1 bound to cell fractions to removal by water. 66% (w/w) of the aflatoxin B1 bound to B. brevis after six successive washes in 50 ml distilled water, remained bound to the cell membrane fraction. The implication of this preferential strong binding to cell membrane was studied by investigating its effect on oxygen uptake. Results of inhibition of oxygen uptake is compatible with aflatoxin B1 binding to cell membrane. Vitamin k, however, reversed this inhibition.", "PMID": 757519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10557", "title": "Observations on the osmotic pressure measurement in cryptonephric insects.", "content": "Osmotic pressure of the haemolymph, perirectal fluid and of the rectal fluid of four \"Species of cryptonephric insects (Tenebrio, Dermestes, Galleria and Pieris) has been measured. In all cases the osmotic pressure of the rectal fluid is much higher than that of the haemolymph and the osmotic pressure of the perirectal fluid is intermediate between these two. The cryptonephric Malpighian tubules increase the osmotic pressure in the perirectal fluid. Consequently between the blood and the rectum there is a chamber which has an osmotic pressure higher than that of the blood but lower than that of the rectum. This higher osmotic pressure in the perinephric chamber enables the modified epithelium to do less work in the absorption of water and nutrient salts from the faecal waste.", "contents": "Observations on the osmotic pressure measurement in cryptonephric insects. Osmotic pressure of the haemolymph, perirectal fluid and of the rectal fluid of four \"Species of cryptonephric insects (Tenebrio, Dermestes, Galleria and Pieris) has been measured. In all cases the osmotic pressure of the rectal fluid is much higher than that of the haemolymph and the osmotic pressure of the perirectal fluid is intermediate between these two. The cryptonephric Malpighian tubules increase the osmotic pressure in the perirectal fluid. Consequently between the blood and the rectum there is a chamber which has an osmotic pressure higher than that of the blood but lower than that of the rectum. This higher osmotic pressure in the perinephric chamber enables the modified epithelium to do less work in the absorption of water and nutrient salts from the faecal waste.", "PMID": 757520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10558", "title": "[Diaphyseal and articular fractures of the growing skeleton of the hand].", "content": "The closed as well as the operative treatment of fractures of the skeleton of the hand during growth must take into consideration the growth potential of the bones. It is particularly important in its potential to correct shortening as well as axial deviation and angulation (except rotational deformity). There are, however, limits to this potential as shown in epiphyseal fractures. Modern internal fixation has, therefore, an important -- though very restricted -- place in the treatment of these epiphyseal fractures. Other rare indications are mentioned.", "contents": "[Diaphyseal and articular fractures of the growing skeleton of the hand]. The closed as well as the operative treatment of fractures of the skeleton of the hand during growth must take into consideration the growth potential of the bones. It is particularly important in its potential to correct shortening as well as axial deviation and angulation (except rotational deformity). There are, however, limits to this potential as shown in epiphyseal fractures. Modern internal fixation has, therefore, an important -- though very restricted -- place in the treatment of these epiphyseal fractures. Other rare indications are mentioned.", "PMID": 757521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10559", "title": "[Distal radial fracture in childhood].", "content": "Injuries of the distal forearm region demand careful examination in children if green stick fractures or dislocations of the epiphysis with spontaneous reduction are not to be overlooked. The treatment should be principally conservative with a plaster splint including the elbow joint following reduction. Exact and repeated radiological controls are necessary because of loss of reduction is not infrequent. Operative treatment is indicated in cases of any obstruction to reduction, inadequate reduction of fractures with epiphysis involvement, open fractures with marked dislocation and for the correction of axial and rotational deformities.", "contents": "[Distal radial fracture in childhood]. Injuries of the distal forearm region demand careful examination in children if green stick fractures or dislocations of the epiphysis with spontaneous reduction are not to be overlooked. The treatment should be principally conservative with a plaster splint including the elbow joint following reduction. Exact and repeated radiological controls are necessary because of loss of reduction is not infrequent. Operative treatment is indicated in cases of any obstruction to reduction, inadequate reduction of fractures with epiphysis involvement, open fractures with marked dislocation and for the correction of axial and rotational deformities.", "PMID": 757522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10560", "title": "[Treatment of soft tissue injuries of the child's hand].", "content": "There are three major facts which differentiate injuries in children and adults: 1. The size of the hand and its anatomical structures which require finer instruments and a meticulous -- almost microsurgical -- operative technique. 2. The better healing and better regeneration following injuries which lead usually to a better functional result. 3. The relationship between scars and growth: a scar will not grow in the same way as normal skin, so that contractures may occur some years after the injury even in areas of the hand where in adults scar contractures may never occur. In this lecture, presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of The German Speaking Society for Surgery of the Hand in T\u00fcbingen, several cases demonstrate the general principles and special details in the operative treatment of soft tissue injuries in children. For the skin the correct placement of incisions in reconstructive surgery and the conversion of wounds into suture lines which will not lead to scar contractures are mentioned. Some cases with correction of existing scar contractures and prevention of new ones are shown (fig. 1 to 12). For flexor tendon injuries some of the satisfactory results after primary repair and secondary reconstruction are demonstrated. Also in nerve injuries the better regeneration in children will lead to good functional results following nerve grafting. In irreversible nerve damage tendon transfers are employed by the same technique as in adults (fig. 13 to 15). For the operative treatment of ischemic contractures of the forearm and the hand the different procedures are mentioned. The importance of the intrinsic test (PARKES) for the diagnosis of the contracture of the interossei is stressed (fig. 16 and 17). A case of thumb reconstruction in a four year old girl by transposition of the index finger on a neurovascular pedicle shows that in smaller children complicated reconstructive procedures can give excellent results (fig. 18).", "contents": "[Treatment of soft tissue injuries of the child's hand]. There are three major facts which differentiate injuries in children and adults: 1. The size of the hand and its anatomical structures which require finer instruments and a meticulous -- almost microsurgical -- operative technique. 2. The better healing and better regeneration following injuries which lead usually to a better functional result. 3. The relationship between scars and growth: a scar will not grow in the same way as normal skin, so that contractures may occur some years after the injury even in areas of the hand where in adults scar contractures may never occur. In this lecture, presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of The German Speaking Society for Surgery of the Hand in T\u00fcbingen, several cases demonstrate the general principles and special details in the operative treatment of soft tissue injuries in children. For the skin the correct placement of incisions in reconstructive surgery and the conversion of wounds into suture lines which will not lead to scar contractures are mentioned. Some cases with correction of existing scar contractures and prevention of new ones are shown (fig. 1 to 12). For flexor tendon injuries some of the satisfactory results after primary repair and secondary reconstruction are demonstrated. Also in nerve injuries the better regeneration in children will lead to good functional results following nerve grafting. In irreversible nerve damage tendon transfers are employed by the same technique as in adults (fig. 13 to 15). For the operative treatment of ischemic contractures of the forearm and the hand the different procedures are mentioned. The importance of the intrinsic test (PARKES) for the diagnosis of the contracture of the interossei is stressed (fig. 16 and 17). A case of thumb reconstruction in a four year old girl by transposition of the index finger on a neurovascular pedicle shows that in smaller children complicated reconstructive procedures can give excellent results (fig. 18).", "PMID": 757524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10561", "title": "[Burn injury of the child's hand].", "content": "The treatment of the burnt hand of a child requires careful consideration of both the physical and psychological aspects involved in this programme; measures such as physical therapy, which play an important part in the treatment of adults, are of less significance. Nevertheless, due to a very low incidence of complications eg. joint stiffness, the final results are very good. Generally the recommended approach to the treatment programme is to use the closed method (i. e. dressings), whereas in such cases care on a special unit employing the open method and a topical bactericidal agent is considered advisable. When the general condition of the child permits, the surgical treatment of a third degree burn should be carried out as early as possible, rather than waiting for spontaneous escharatomy and formation of granulation tissue. Immobilisation of a wound grafted with split-thickness skin should be obtained using KIRSCHNER wires or a hay-rake splint. An early date should also be set for secondary surgical procedures involving improvement of function. Depending upon the surgical findings, flaps or free grafts may be used. It is essential that flexor contractures in the region of the PIP joints be dealt with primarily, in order to prevent the secondary formation of button-hole deformities. During follow-up examinations, growth disorders of the phalanges may be seen. These may arise as sequel to arthrodesis, or trauma to epiphyses as a result of electrical current. On the other hand, disorders of growth may also be observed in purely thermal injuries -- these are mainly confined to growth in the length. Deviation from the central axis of the finger resulting from scar tissue contracture, was not observed among our group of patients.", "contents": "[Burn injury of the child's hand]. The treatment of the burnt hand of a child requires careful consideration of both the physical and psychological aspects involved in this programme; measures such as physical therapy, which play an important part in the treatment of adults, are of less significance. Nevertheless, due to a very low incidence of complications eg. joint stiffness, the final results are very good. Generally the recommended approach to the treatment programme is to use the closed method (i. e. dressings), whereas in such cases care on a special unit employing the open method and a topical bactericidal agent is considered advisable. When the general condition of the child permits, the surgical treatment of a third degree burn should be carried out as early as possible, rather than waiting for spontaneous escharatomy and formation of granulation tissue. Immobilisation of a wound grafted with split-thickness skin should be obtained using KIRSCHNER wires or a hay-rake splint. An early date should also be set for secondary surgical procedures involving improvement of function. Depending upon the surgical findings, flaps or free grafts may be used. It is essential that flexor contractures in the region of the PIP joints be dealt with primarily, in order to prevent the secondary formation of button-hole deformities. During follow-up examinations, growth disorders of the phalanges may be seen. These may arise as sequel to arthrodesis, or trauma to epiphyses as a result of electrical current. On the other hand, disorders of growth may also be observed in purely thermal injuries -- these are mainly confined to growth in the length. Deviation from the central axis of the finger resulting from scar tissue contracture, was not observed among our group of patients.", "PMID": 757525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10562", "title": "[Impairment of the skeletal growth of the hands after electrical burns in childhood].", "content": "Fourteen children with electrical burns involving 33 fingers were followed for a period of more than 8 years. Primary treatment was conservative in 17 fingers, of which 11 required surgery at a later date. Adequate function was restored in 12 fingers after completion of this treatment and persisted for 8 years and more. In 5 fingers substantial joint deformities developed. For 16 fingers surgery was required as primary treatment. Bone involvement was present in 10 of these. Secondary surgery proved to be necessary in 2 fingers, on one aseptic necrosis necessitated replacement by a bone graft. All of the 16 fingers showed good function in the period under review. There was no radiological evidence of deformities, but growth was substantially slower than normal. Apparently coverage of exposed bone with well vascularized tissue improved local blood flow so that damage other than that originally produced by the electrical burns was prevented.", "contents": "[Impairment of the skeletal growth of the hands after electrical burns in childhood]. Fourteen children with electrical burns involving 33 fingers were followed for a period of more than 8 years. Primary treatment was conservative in 17 fingers, of which 11 required surgery at a later date. Adequate function was restored in 12 fingers after completion of this treatment and persisted for 8 years and more. In 5 fingers substantial joint deformities developed. For 16 fingers surgery was required as primary treatment. Bone involvement was present in 10 of these. Secondary surgery proved to be necessary in 2 fingers, on one aseptic necrosis necessitated replacement by a bone graft. All of the 16 fingers showed good function in the period under review. There was no radiological evidence of deformities, but growth was substantially slower than normal. Apparently coverage of exposed bone with well vascularized tissue improved local blood flow so that damage other than that originally produced by the electrical burns was prevented.", "PMID": 757526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10563", "title": "[2-stage flexor tendon transplantation].", "content": "Staged flexor tendon repair utilizing temporary silastic rod implants has proved to be an effective method for restoring the grip function of severely injuried hands. Since its inauguration by CARROLL and BASSETT in 1958 this method has been successfully practiced by numerous hand surgeons. In this review the patho-physiological principles of the development of the so-called \"pseudo tendon sheath\" are described. The various findings as far as the formation of the new tendon sheath is concerned, are presented. The theories about incorporation of the subsequent graft and its revascularization are described. Following a detailed description of the surgical procedure our own results with 272 silastic rod implants in 184 patients are presented. Because of the kind of patients selected for the procedure, excellent results were not obtained. However, in 62% of cases results were graded \"good\" and in 23%, \"satisfactory\", while 15% were \"poor\". It seems to be justified to utilize two-stage flexor tendon repair for restoring grip function in severely injured hands in spite of the considerably high technical requirements, the prolonged course of rehabilitation and consequently increased cost of treatment.", "contents": "[2-stage flexor tendon transplantation]. Staged flexor tendon repair utilizing temporary silastic rod implants has proved to be an effective method for restoring the grip function of severely injuried hands. Since its inauguration by CARROLL and BASSETT in 1958 this method has been successfully practiced by numerous hand surgeons. In this review the patho-physiological principles of the development of the so-called \"pseudo tendon sheath\" are described. The various findings as far as the formation of the new tendon sheath is concerned, are presented. The theories about incorporation of the subsequent graft and its revascularization are described. Following a detailed description of the surgical procedure our own results with 272 silastic rod implants in 184 patients are presented. Because of the kind of patients selected for the procedure, excellent results were not obtained. However, in 62% of cases results were graded \"good\" and in 23%, \"satisfactory\", while 15% were \"poor\". It seems to be justified to utilize two-stage flexor tendon repair for restoring grip function in severely injured hands in spite of the considerably high technical requirements, the prolonged course of rehabilitation and consequently increased cost of treatment.", "PMID": 757527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10564", "title": "[Experiences with 2-stage flexor tendon transplantation].", "content": "Flexor tendon grafting in two stages, using silastic rods to prepare a new bed, is well known. In our opinion four indications are important: first -- loss of tendon and gliding surface due to infection or complex injuries; second -- lesions of the digital nerves; third -- defects of the skin and fourth -- replantation of amputated digits. We are convinced that two stage tendon grafting is a helpful concept for achieving reasonable functional results in special cases and complex injuries.", "contents": "[Experiences with 2-stage flexor tendon transplantation]. Flexor tendon grafting in two stages, using silastic rods to prepare a new bed, is well known. In our opinion four indications are important: first -- loss of tendon and gliding surface due to infection or complex injuries; second -- lesions of the digital nerves; third -- defects of the skin and fourth -- replantation of amputated digits. We are convinced that two stage tendon grafting is a helpful concept for achieving reasonable functional results in special cases and complex injuries.", "PMID": 757528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10565", "title": "[2-stage flexor tendon transplantation: follow-up study results].", "content": "It is shown in 246 flexor tendon grafts in the so-called no man's land that autologous grafting in a single surgical procedure preserving the tendon sheath yields the best results, whereas good results can only be achieved by two operations after more extensive injuries of the sheath with or without accompanying injuries. For estimation of the results we developed our own scheme, because it seemed difficult to make reliable judgments when the rather divergent published criteria were applied.", "contents": "[2-stage flexor tendon transplantation: follow-up study results]. It is shown in 246 flexor tendon grafts in the so-called no man's land that autologous grafting in a single surgical procedure preserving the tendon sheath yields the best results, whereas good results can only be achieved by two operations after more extensive injuries of the sheath with or without accompanying injuries. For estimation of the results we developed our own scheme, because it seemed difficult to make reliable judgments when the rather divergent published criteria were applied.", "PMID": 757529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10566", "title": "[Neglected perforation of a plastic implant after flexor tendon injury].", "content": "The remarkable resistance to infection of the new tendon sheath induced by silicone rubber spacers is demonstrated in a case of a 36 years old woman who received a silicone rubber spacer after flexor tendon injury. The patient did not return for the planned tendon grafting in spite of repeated requests. After two years she came back with an ulcer on her finger tip where the silastic rod was visible. 6 months previously the rod had extruded and been lost, found again and replaced. No inflammation existed, except ulceration at the site of perforation. The ulcer healed within a few days after removal of the spacer and local irrigation. The patient refused any further treatment.", "contents": "[Neglected perforation of a plastic implant after flexor tendon injury]. The remarkable resistance to infection of the new tendon sheath induced by silicone rubber spacers is demonstrated in a case of a 36 years old woman who received a silicone rubber spacer after flexor tendon injury. The patient did not return for the planned tendon grafting in spite of repeated requests. After two years she came back with an ulcer on her finger tip where the silastic rod was visible. 6 months previously the rod had extruded and been lost, found again and replaced. No inflammation existed, except ulceration at the site of perforation. The ulcer healed within a few days after removal of the spacer and local irrigation. The patient refused any further treatment.", "PMID": 757531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10567", "title": "RNA synthesis in rabbit and rat kidney under experimental changes in erythropoiesis.", "content": "RNA synthesis in rabbit and rat kidneys and erythropoietin level in plasma were studied under hypoxic stimuli (bleeding, phenylhydrazine and cobalt treatment, exposure to simulated altitude of 6000 m). An increase in renal RNA synthesis and in plasma erythropoietin activity was found. By using the \"endocrine\" kidney it was shown that 4-hr hypoxia produced a considerable increase in RNA synthesis both in the intact and in the \"endocrine\" kidney. The increase was correlated with the increase in the plasma titre of erythropoietin. The plasma titre of erythropoietin in rats having a single endocrine kidney also increased after 4-hr hypoxia. It is suggested that the renal biogenesis of erythropoietin under hypoxic stimuli involves, apparently, the mechanism of derepression of specific RNA synthesis.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in rabbit and rat kidney under experimental changes in erythropoiesis. RNA synthesis in rabbit and rat kidneys and erythropoietin level in plasma were studied under hypoxic stimuli (bleeding, phenylhydrazine and cobalt treatment, exposure to simulated altitude of 6000 m). An increase in renal RNA synthesis and in plasma erythropoietin activity was found. By using the \"endocrine\" kidney it was shown that 4-hr hypoxia produced a considerable increase in RNA synthesis both in the intact and in the \"endocrine\" kidney. The increase was correlated with the increase in the plasma titre of erythropoietin. The plasma titre of erythropoietin in rats having a single endocrine kidney also increased after 4-hr hypoxia. It is suggested that the renal biogenesis of erythropoietin under hypoxic stimuli involves, apparently, the mechanism of derepression of specific RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 757532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10568", "title": "Aplastic anaemia in Iraq. A prospective study.", "content": "The problem of aplastic anaemia (AA) in Iraq has not been previously investigated. This paper describes 60 patients evaluated prospectively at the University of Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period 1975--1978. Criteria for the diagnosis included pancytopenia and hypocellular or acellular bone marrow. A surprising finding at variance with published reports about the disease from other parts of the world was a 3 : 1 preponderance of males over females. A discernible aetiology of drug or chemical exposure was detected in half of the patients. Chloramphenicol, alone or in combination with other antibiotics, was thought to be responsible for marrow injury in 12 patients. The occurrence of AA seems to be on the rise in Iraq, probably as a result of the increased use of potentially toxic therapeutic agents and chemicals, and of the growing environmental pollution.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia in Iraq. A prospective study. The problem of aplastic anaemia (AA) in Iraq has not been previously investigated. This paper describes 60 patients evaluated prospectively at the University of Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period 1975--1978. Criteria for the diagnosis included pancytopenia and hypocellular or acellular bone marrow. A surprising finding at variance with published reports about the disease from other parts of the world was a 3 : 1 preponderance of males over females. A discernible aetiology of drug or chemical exposure was detected in half of the patients. Chloramphenicol, alone or in combination with other antibiotics, was thought to be responsible for marrow injury in 12 patients. The occurrence of AA seems to be on the rise in Iraq, probably as a result of the increased use of potentially toxic therapeutic agents and chemicals, and of the growing environmental pollution.", "PMID": 757533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10569", "title": "[Amniotic fluid and blood coagulation].", "content": "A study was made of the incidence and activity of coagulation factors in normal amniotic fluids. According to the results, two groups of amniotic fluid can be distinguished. To group A belong those that are transparent, showing an activity similar to Russell's viper venom. To group B belong the fluids that are milky and translucent. In this second category, factor VIII seems to be a necessary component in order to obtain maximal coagulation activity. The clinical consequences of these facts are discussed.", "contents": "[Amniotic fluid and blood coagulation]. A study was made of the incidence and activity of coagulation factors in normal amniotic fluids. According to the results, two groups of amniotic fluid can be distinguished. To group A belong those that are transparent, showing an activity similar to Russell's viper venom. To group B belong the fluids that are milky and translucent. In this second category, factor VIII seems to be a necessary component in order to obtain maximal coagulation activity. The clinical consequences of these facts are discussed.", "PMID": 757534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10570", "title": "Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome with bone anomalies.", "content": "Two sisters, now 29 and 24 years old, are described. They presented a congenital storage of, most probably, phospholipids in the histiocytes of the sea-blue type or blue pigmentophages. The granules of these cells showed a PAS positivity and strong positivity for acid phosphatase, but there were negative also for non-specific esterase, naphthol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase and iron acid also for urine mucopolysaccharide. The two cases differed from all the described cases in the absence of hepatosplenomegaly and in the presence of bone changes resembling late spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or atypical dysostosis multiplex.", "contents": "Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome with bone anomalies. Two sisters, now 29 and 24 years old, are described. They presented a congenital storage of, most probably, phospholipids in the histiocytes of the sea-blue type or blue pigmentophages. The granules of these cells showed a PAS positivity and strong positivity for acid phosphatase, but there were negative also for non-specific esterase, naphthol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase and iron acid also for urine mucopolysaccharide. The two cases differed from all the described cases in the absence of hepatosplenomegaly and in the presence of bone changes resembling late spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or atypical dysostosis multiplex.", "PMID": 757536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10571", "title": "The uptake of 3H-dexamethasone during phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Human neutrophils.", "content": "In the normal human neutrophil under basal resting conditions, cell-associated levels of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DXM) increased in a linear fashion following addition of the drug. However, during phagocytosis of 14C-labelled Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus), the intracellular 3H-DXM levels rose above basal concentrations in direct relation to the quantity of ingested organisms. The observation that the cell-associated activity of 3H-DSM rises in a parallel fashion to the quantity of ingested Staph. aureus must be recognized and taken into consideration as a variable, when assessing the results between resting and activated phases of neutrophil function in the presence of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The uptake of 3H-dexamethasone during phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Human neutrophils. In the normal human neutrophil under basal resting conditions, cell-associated levels of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DXM) increased in a linear fashion following addition of the drug. However, during phagocytosis of 14C-labelled Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus), the intracellular 3H-DXM levels rose above basal concentrations in direct relation to the quantity of ingested organisms. The observation that the cell-associated activity of 3H-DSM rises in a parallel fashion to the quantity of ingested Staph. aureus must be recognized and taken into consideration as a variable, when assessing the results between resting and activated phases of neutrophil function in the presence of glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 757535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10572", "title": "[Prognosis of chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "In a retrospective study 117 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were classified according to Rai and analyzed with regard to their survival time. With increasing severity of the stage of the disease the prognosis becomes worse. A change of the stage was always in the sense of progredience of CLL. Untreated patients had the longest survival time. Among the various forms of treatment, monotherapy with corticosteroids had the worst, local irradiation therapy the best prognosis.", "contents": "[Prognosis of chronic lymphatic leukemia]. In a retrospective study 117 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were classified according to Rai and analyzed with regard to their survival time. With increasing severity of the stage of the disease the prognosis becomes worse. A change of the stage was always in the sense of progredience of CLL. Untreated patients had the longest survival time. Among the various forms of treatment, monotherapy with corticosteroids had the worst, local irradiation therapy the best prognosis.", "PMID": 757537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10573", "title": "[Chronic lymphatic leukemia and malignant tumors].", "content": "Ten of 117 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) showed malignant tumours. In 2 cases a double carcinoma was diagnosed. The frequency of carcinoma increased with the progredience of the stage of disease classified according to Rai et al. The observations of the authors are compared with data published in the literature.", "contents": "[Chronic lymphatic leukemia and malignant tumors]. Ten of 117 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) showed malignant tumours. In 2 cases a double carcinoma was diagnosed. The frequency of carcinoma increased with the progredience of the stage of disease classified according to Rai et al. The observations of the authors are compared with data published in the literature.", "PMID": 757538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10574", "title": "Quantitative thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the diuretic agent 2-chloro-5-[44-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(methylimino)-4-thiazolidinyl]benzenesulphonamide hydrochloride in serum and urine.", "content": "Sensitive and specific thin-layer (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were developed for the determination of the diuretic agent 2-chloro-5-[4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(methylimino)-4-thiazolidinyl]benzenesulphonamide hydrochloride (HOE 740). HOE 740 can be determined in serum by HPLC. The detection is performed at a very short wavelength (202 nm), resulting in a detection limit of 10 ng/ml. By TLC only urine levels that are normally high can be determined directly (the detection limit is 70 ng/ml). For the determination of the lower serum levels it is necessary to convert the drug into its dehydration product, which has a higher absorbance and gives sufficient sensitivity (the detection limit is 10 ng/ml). Serum levels determined by the two methods correlate well. Some pharmacokinetic and excretion-kinetic data were computed using two-compartment open models.", "contents": "Quantitative thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the diuretic agent 2-chloro-5-[44-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(methylimino)-4-thiazolidinyl]benzenesulphonamide hydrochloride in serum and urine. Sensitive and specific thin-layer (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were developed for the determination of the diuretic agent 2-chloro-5-[4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(methylimino)-4-thiazolidinyl]benzenesulphonamide hydrochloride (HOE 740). HOE 740 can be determined in serum by HPLC. The detection is performed at a very short wavelength (202 nm), resulting in a detection limit of 10 ng/ml. By TLC only urine levels that are normally high can be determined directly (the detection limit is 70 ng/ml). For the determination of the lower serum levels it is necessary to convert the drug into its dehydration product, which has a higher absorbance and gives sufficient sensitivity (the detection limit is 10 ng/ml). Serum levels determined by the two methods correlate well. Some pharmacokinetic and excretion-kinetic data were computed using two-compartment open models.", "PMID": 757585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10575", "title": "Gas chromatographic and capillary column gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric determination of synthetic anabolic steroids. I. Methandienone and its metabolites.", "content": "The determination of methandienone (I) (17 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) in human urine by gas chromatography and capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has been studied. After oral administration to man two major metabolites were detected, the structures of which have been identified as 17-epi-methandienone (II) and 6 beta-hydroxy-17-epi-methandienone (III). These metabolites are exclusively excreted in the unconjugated form. At least two more metabolites are extractable from the free fraction of the urine but no measurable amounts of I itself were found. The rate of metabolism and urinary excretion seems to be reasonably fast. The total amount of recovered I in the form of the metabolites II and III is about 5%. Extraction and clean-up procedures and chromatographic details are presented.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic and capillary column gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric determination of synthetic anabolic steroids. I. Methandienone and its metabolites. The determination of methandienone (I) (17 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) in human urine by gas chromatography and capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has been studied. After oral administration to man two major metabolites were detected, the structures of which have been identified as 17-epi-methandienone (II) and 6 beta-hydroxy-17-epi-methandienone (III). These metabolites are exclusively excreted in the unconjugated form. At least two more metabolites are extractable from the free fraction of the urine but no measurable amounts of I itself were found. The rate of metabolism and urinary excretion seems to be reasonably fast. The total amount of recovered I in the form of the metabolites II and III is about 5%. Extraction and clean-up procedures and chromatographic details are presented.", "PMID": 757586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10576", "title": "Study of binding of low-molecular-weight ligand to biological macromolecules by high-performance liquid chromatography. Evaluation of binding parameters for two drugs bound to human serum albumin.", "content": "The binding to a biological macromolecule (human serum albumin, HSA) of small molecules (two drugs: warfarin and furosemide) has been studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. Two methods have been used and compared: frontal analysis and the Hummel and Dreyer methods. The association parameters of each of the two drugs on HSA were determined. The results obtained are in good agreement with those previously published using other techniques. The competition of these two drugs for the same site on HSA has also been shown.", "contents": "Study of binding of low-molecular-weight ligand to biological macromolecules by high-performance liquid chromatography. Evaluation of binding parameters for two drugs bound to human serum albumin. The binding to a biological macromolecule (human serum albumin, HSA) of small molecules (two drugs: warfarin and furosemide) has been studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. Two methods have been used and compared: frontal analysis and the Hummel and Dreyer methods. The association parameters of each of the two drugs on HSA were determined. The results obtained are in good agreement with those previously published using other techniques. The competition of these two drugs for the same site on HSA has also been shown.", "PMID": 757587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10577", "title": "Enantiomer labelling, a method for the quantitative analysis of amino acids.", "content": "Enantiomer labelling a method for the quntitative analysis of optically active natural compounds by gas chromatography, involves the use of the unnatural enantiomer as an internal standard. With Chirasil-Val, a chiral stationary phase that is thermally stable up to up to 240 degrees, the enantiomers of amino acids and a variety of other compounds can be separated and quantitated. Incomplete recovery from the sample, incomplete derivatization, hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of the derivative and shifting response factors can be compensated for by adding the unnatural enantiomer. The accuracy of amino acid analysis by enantiomer labelling is equal or superior to that of hitherto known methods. The procedure affords a complete analysis of peptides with respect to both amino acid composition and the optical purity of each amino acid.", "contents": "Enantiomer labelling, a method for the quantitative analysis of amino acids. Enantiomer labelling a method for the quntitative analysis of optically active natural compounds by gas chromatography, involves the use of the unnatural enantiomer as an internal standard. With Chirasil-Val, a chiral stationary phase that is thermally stable up to up to 240 degrees, the enantiomers of amino acids and a variety of other compounds can be separated and quantitated. Incomplete recovery from the sample, incomplete derivatization, hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of the derivative and shifting response factors can be compensated for by adding the unnatural enantiomer. The accuracy of amino acid analysis by enantiomer labelling is equal or superior to that of hitherto known methods. The procedure affords a complete analysis of peptides with respect to both amino acid composition and the optical purity of each amino acid.", "PMID": 757588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10578", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of the amino acid, amino sugar and neutral sugar content in glycoproteins.", "content": "A methods for the simultaneous separation and determination of amino acids, amino sugars and neutral carbohydrates is described. Stepwise elution systems with sodium citrate and borate buffers have developed for the ion-exchange liquid chromatographic separation of amino acids and sugars, using 8-micrometer particle size resins and the Stein and Moore and orcinol colorimetric method for detection. With the aid of this system, the direct quantitative comparison of sugars and amino acids by liquid chromatography becomes possible for the first time.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of the amino acid, amino sugar and neutral sugar content in glycoproteins. A methods for the simultaneous separation and determination of amino acids, amino sugars and neutral carbohydrates is described. Stepwise elution systems with sodium citrate and borate buffers have developed for the ion-exchange liquid chromatographic separation of amino acids and sugars, using 8-micrometer particle size resins and the Stein and Moore and orcinol colorimetric method for detection. With the aid of this system, the direct quantitative comparison of sugars and amino acids by liquid chromatography becomes possible for the first time.", "PMID": 757589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10579", "title": "Separation and detection of small amounts of catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The effects of mobile phase pH, flow-rate, column temperature, etc., on the separation of catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Zipax SCX and Zorbax ODS columns were investigated. Fluorimetric detection methods based on post-column reaction using trihydroxyindole and o-phthalaldehyde methods were employed and the results are compared. Optimal reaction conditions ensuring a high sensitivity of the fluorimetric detection were established. Based on the results, a new HPLC system utilizing the trihydroxyindole method has been produced on a trial basis. The favourable detection limits (ca. 20--30 pg) achieved permit highly accurate and selective assays for noradrenaline and/or adrenaline in tissues and urine.", "contents": "Separation and detection of small amounts of catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of mobile phase pH, flow-rate, column temperature, etc., on the separation of catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Zipax SCX and Zorbax ODS columns were investigated. Fluorimetric detection methods based on post-column reaction using trihydroxyindole and o-phthalaldehyde methods were employed and the results are compared. Optimal reaction conditions ensuring a high sensitivity of the fluorimetric detection were established. Based on the results, a new HPLC system utilizing the trihydroxyindole method has been produced on a trial basis. The favourable detection limits (ca. 20--30 pg) achieved permit highly accurate and selective assays for noradrenaline and/or adrenaline in tissues and urine.", "PMID": 757590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10580", "title": "Reversed-phase systems for the analysis of catecholamines and related compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Phase systems using alkyl-modified silica as an absorbent, used as much and as a support for dynamically coated ion exchangers, were investigated for their capability in separating catecholamines and related compounds. Simple reversed-phase adsorption chromatography with C8-bonded silica is not able to separate these compounds very well because of (i) the very small retention of the more basic compounds in circumstances where the acidic compounds are well separated, (ii) bad peak shapes and (iii) low column efficiences, although the last drawback can be circumvented by the addition of inorganic anions to the eluent. The addition of a dynamically coated cation exchanger, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), to the eluent not only brings about drastic changes in the selectivity, but also makes available an additional degree of freedom for influencing the selectivity. The retention of the basic solutes increases upon addition of SDS and the retention becomes inversely proportional to the counter ion (Na+) concentration. Further, it was found that columns previously loaded with SDS can be used with SDS-free eluents when a pre-column, loaded with SDS, is used or with eluents containing a very small amount of SDS (less than 0.001%, w/v). These SDS-coated phase systems behave similarly to phase systems containing SDS in the eluent and show a better column stability and UV background.", "contents": "Reversed-phase systems for the analysis of catecholamines and related compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. Phase systems using alkyl-modified silica as an absorbent, used as much and as a support for dynamically coated ion exchangers, were investigated for their capability in separating catecholamines and related compounds. Simple reversed-phase adsorption chromatography with C8-bonded silica is not able to separate these compounds very well because of (i) the very small retention of the more basic compounds in circumstances where the acidic compounds are well separated, (ii) bad peak shapes and (iii) low column efficiences, although the last drawback can be circumvented by the addition of inorganic anions to the eluent. The addition of a dynamically coated cation exchanger, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), to the eluent not only brings about drastic changes in the selectivity, but also makes available an additional degree of freedom for influencing the selectivity. The retention of the basic solutes increases upon addition of SDS and the retention becomes inversely proportional to the counter ion (Na+) concentration. Further, it was found that columns previously loaded with SDS can be used with SDS-free eluents when a pre-column, loaded with SDS, is used or with eluents containing a very small amount of SDS (less than 0.001%, w/v). These SDS-coated phase systems behave similarly to phase systems containing SDS in the eluent and show a better column stability and UV background.", "PMID": 757591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10581", "title": "Critical evaluation of sampling and gas chromatographic analysis of halocarbons and other organic air pollutants.", "content": "Problems connected with the analysis of ultra-trace amounts of halocarbons in air are discussed in terms of trapping procedures, interferences and chromatographic columns. A suitable column for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of C1-C2 halocarbons is described, and examples of applications are given. High-efficiency micropacked columns have been used for the analysis of hydrocarbons in the open atmosphere.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of sampling and gas chromatographic analysis of halocarbons and other organic air pollutants. Problems connected with the analysis of ultra-trace amounts of halocarbons in air are discussed in terms of trapping procedures, interferences and chromatographic columns. A suitable column for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of C1-C2 halocarbons is described, and examples of applications are given. High-efficiency micropacked columns have been used for the analysis of hydrocarbons in the open atmosphere.", "PMID": 757592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10582", "title": "[Tocolysis in pregnancy and labor].", "content": "For tocolysis in pregnancy and labour the authors have used Dilatol (Bufenin) since 1970 and Partusisten since 1976. In 1977 tocolysis was applied in 354 pregnant women (10.6%) : 63 (17.8%) were give tocolytics for premature pain, 18 (5.1%) for the premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and 273 (77.1%) for prophylactic reasons, mostly following cerclage and in cases of multiple pregnancy. In the therapeutic use of tocolysis in 63 women, pain disappeared in 46 of them and they continued to be treated in the out-patient unit; 17 women continued being treated with tocolytics until the beginning of premature labour.20", "contents": "[Tocolysis in pregnancy and labor]. For tocolysis in pregnancy and labour the authors have used Dilatol (Bufenin) since 1970 and Partusisten since 1976. In 1977 tocolysis was applied in 354 pregnant women (10.6%) : 63 (17.8%) were give tocolytics for premature pain, 18 (5.1%) for the premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and 273 (77.1%) for prophylactic reasons, mostly following cerclage and in cases of multiple pregnancy. In the therapeutic use of tocolysis in 63 women, pain disappeared in 46 of them and they continued to be treated in the out-patient unit; 17 women continued being treated with tocolytics until the beginning of premature labour.20", "PMID": 757593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10583", "title": "[Somatic maturity of girls in relation to serum hypophyseal hormone values].", "content": "FSH, LH, PRL (prolactin), HGH, and TSH values were determined in 101 girls ages 11--15. The values were expressed in SI units and compared with the degree of pubertal development assessed according to Tanner's classification. The results have shown that the RSH values are the higher, the higher degree of the girls' maturity. Their even increase is characteristic. LH also increases wtih the degree of maturity but there is a pronounced increase of its values in pubertal stages III and IV. Pre-menarcheal prolactin ranged between 7.86 and 12.67 microgram/l and was lower than in the luteinic phase of the cycle after menarche. HGH gradually goes up with maturity, reaching its highest values in the fourth development stage after Tanner. TSH values proved more or less similar, without changing with the degree of maturity. It is evidenced that TSH is significantly correlated with LH before menarche but later there is no correlation at all. OH proved correlated with weight, height, and age. Other parameters observed did not show any correlation with the degree of sexual maturity. In the group of girls in the post- menarcheal phase (N = 49) the results are classified by the physiological phases of the cycle in three subgroups. It has been shown that FSH and LH in all three phases of the cycle were higher than in the pre-menarcheal phase. FSH was higher in the first two phases of the cycle than in the third one. LH values were highly dispersed in all three phases of the cycle. Prolactin was somewhat higher (14,05 micrograms/l) in the luteinic phase. The HGH and TSH level was subject to no changes in the course of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "[Somatic maturity of girls in relation to serum hypophyseal hormone values]. FSH, LH, PRL (prolactin), HGH, and TSH values were determined in 101 girls ages 11--15. The values were expressed in SI units and compared with the degree of pubertal development assessed according to Tanner's classification. The results have shown that the RSH values are the higher, the higher degree of the girls' maturity. Their even increase is characteristic. LH also increases wtih the degree of maturity but there is a pronounced increase of its values in pubertal stages III and IV. Pre-menarcheal prolactin ranged between 7.86 and 12.67 microgram/l and was lower than in the luteinic phase of the cycle after menarche. HGH gradually goes up with maturity, reaching its highest values in the fourth development stage after Tanner. TSH values proved more or less similar, without changing with the degree of maturity. It is evidenced that TSH is significantly correlated with LH before menarche but later there is no correlation at all. OH proved correlated with weight, height, and age. Other parameters observed did not show any correlation with the degree of sexual maturity. In the group of girls in the post- menarcheal phase (N = 49) the results are classified by the physiological phases of the cycle in three subgroups. It has been shown that FSH and LH in all three phases of the cycle were higher than in the pre-menarcheal phase. FSH was higher in the first two phases of the cycle than in the third one. LH values were highly dispersed in all three phases of the cycle. Prolactin was somewhat higher (14,05 micrograms/l) in the luteinic phase. The HGH and TSH level was subject to no changes in the course of the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 757594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10584", "title": "[A technic of cord traction in the third state of labor].", "content": "The authors draw attention to certain complications and the retention of amnionic membranes in the uterus during the classical cord traction in delivery. They propose a modified way of the traction of the untied umbilical cord by moving the cord and the uterus to the left and right in addition to the dorsal, horizontal, and somewhat vertical cord raction, and continuing doing so until the delivery of the placenta at the vulva. The number of complications with this way of conduction delivery is significantly lower, on the P 0.001 level. No retention of amnionic membranes has been observed.", "contents": "[A technic of cord traction in the third state of labor]. The authors draw attention to certain complications and the retention of amnionic membranes in the uterus during the classical cord traction in delivery. They propose a modified way of the traction of the untied umbilical cord by moving the cord and the uterus to the left and right in addition to the dorsal, horizontal, and somewhat vertical cord raction, and continuing doing so until the delivery of the placenta at the vulva. The number of complications with this way of conduction delivery is significantly lower, on the P 0.001 level. No retention of amnionic membranes has been observed.", "PMID": 757596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10585", "title": "[Pathologic changes of the placenta in normal labor].", "content": "A total of 73 placentas of at-term newborns with a normal course of pregnancy and delivery were morphologically examined. In 6 of them unexpected extensive changes were evidenced: placentitis in 5 cases (3 suppurative) and the hyaline thrombosis of numerous blood vessels in one case. On the basis of these observations the authors recommend systematic pathohistological examinations of the placenta also in so-called normal deliveries.", "contents": "[Pathologic changes of the placenta in normal labor]. A total of 73 placentas of at-term newborns with a normal course of pregnancy and delivery were morphologically examined. In 6 of them unexpected extensive changes were evidenced: placentitis in 5 cases (3 suppurative) and the hyaline thrombosis of numerous blood vessels in one case. On the basis of these observations the authors recommend systematic pathohistological examinations of the placenta also in so-called normal deliveries.", "PMID": 757597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10586", "title": "[Value of thyroid function tests after long term hormone therapy].", "content": "Estrogens are known to change the level of specific circulating proteinthyroid binding globulin (TBG). In view of this, a study was conducted of the effect of some hormonal oral contraceptives on the thyroid function by using routine procedures: thyroid scintigraphy, protein bound iodine (PBI), determination of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental (N = 84) and the control (N = 34) group.", "contents": "[Value of thyroid function tests after long term hormone therapy]. Estrogens are known to change the level of specific circulating proteinthyroid binding globulin (TBG). In view of this, a study was conducted of the effect of some hormonal oral contraceptives on the thyroid function by using routine procedures: thyroid scintigraphy, protein bound iodine (PBI), determination of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental (N = 84) and the control (N = 34) group.", "PMID": 757598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10587", "title": "[Sterilization of women by laparoscopic electrocoagulation of the ovarian duct].", "content": "The authors present eleven women sterilized by the bicoagulation technique which has considerable advantages over formerly used electrocoagulation methods. The intervention is of short duration (10 to 15 minutes) and no complications were observed.", "contents": "[Sterilization of women by laparoscopic electrocoagulation of the ovarian duct]. The authors present eleven women sterilized by the bicoagulation technique which has considerable advantages over formerly used electrocoagulation methods. The intervention is of short duration (10 to 15 minutes) and no complications were observed.", "PMID": 757599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10588", "title": "[Enterobius vermicularis and pollen granules in cytologic gynecologic smears].", "content": "The presence of the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in cytologic gynecological smears is described, as well as the granules of pollens whose presence in cytologic smears is of no significance from the clinical standpoint but they may become a diagnostic problem, because by their size and appearance they may at first sight misleadingly be considered as the eggs of a parasite.", "contents": "[Enterobius vermicularis and pollen granules in cytologic gynecologic smears]. The presence of the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in cytologic gynecological smears is described, as well as the granules of pollens whose presence in cytologic smears is of no significance from the clinical standpoint but they may become a diagnostic problem, because by their size and appearance they may at first sight misleadingly be considered as the eggs of a parasite.", "PMID": 757600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10589", "title": "[Prolactin and human reproduction].", "content": "Prolactin was isolated and identified as a separate pituitary hormone distinct from human growth hormone. Since that time a rapidly expanding literature has accumulated on the physiology of pituitary prolactin secretion in normal and pathologic conditions. Currently the physiology and pathophysiology of pituitary prolactin secretion are under intensive investigation. Development of sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for prolactin and improved roentgenographic techniques have increased the diagnostic acumen for incipient pituitary microadenomas. Dynamic function tests of prolactin secretion have not helped to distinguish whether a patient has a microadenoma or not. The basal prolactin level is probably the most useful single investigation for diagnosis a pituitary tumour. If women with pituitary tumours have ovulation induced with bromocriptine therapy, then there is a considerable risk of rapid enlargement of the tumour with the development of serious visual field defects often during the last trimester. The precise level of the risk is not clear, but is probably not great. The introduction of bromocriptine has heralded a major change in the menagement of the hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism syndromes and resulted in safer and easier treatment of many cases of infertility, menstrual disorders and, to a lesser extent of impotence. At present, bromocriptine therapy is the treatment of choice for hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "[Prolactin and human reproduction]. Prolactin was isolated and identified as a separate pituitary hormone distinct from human growth hormone. Since that time a rapidly expanding literature has accumulated on the physiology of pituitary prolactin secretion in normal and pathologic conditions. Currently the physiology and pathophysiology of pituitary prolactin secretion are under intensive investigation. Development of sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for prolactin and improved roentgenographic techniques have increased the diagnostic acumen for incipient pituitary microadenomas. Dynamic function tests of prolactin secretion have not helped to distinguish whether a patient has a microadenoma or not. The basal prolactin level is probably the most useful single investigation for diagnosis a pituitary tumour. If women with pituitary tumours have ovulation induced with bromocriptine therapy, then there is a considerable risk of rapid enlargement of the tumour with the development of serious visual field defects often during the last trimester. The precise level of the risk is not clear, but is probably not great. The introduction of bromocriptine has heralded a major change in the menagement of the hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism syndromes and resulted in safer and easier treatment of many cases of infertility, menstrual disorders and, to a lesser extent of impotence. At present, bromocriptine therapy is the treatment of choice for hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 757601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10590", "title": "[Wrapping in abduction of newborns in maternity wards].", "content": "Triple prevention of the congenital dysplasia of the hip comprises detection in newborns, general wrapping in abduction, and detection in infants. It starts already in obstetric institutions and is legalized as an obligatory form of health protection of the population. Baby-packages for prophylactic wrapping with the thigh in abduction and flexion, are provided for each newborn free of change and distributed in the maternity wards. Already in prenatal consultations and later in the maternity ward mothers are taught how to apply wrapping in abduction to normal children and how to use therapeutic pants in children suspect of a pathologic hip.", "contents": "[Wrapping in abduction of newborns in maternity wards]. Triple prevention of the congenital dysplasia of the hip comprises detection in newborns, general wrapping in abduction, and detection in infants. It starts already in obstetric institutions and is legalized as an obligatory form of health protection of the population. Baby-packages for prophylactic wrapping with the thigh in abduction and flexion, are provided for each newborn free of change and distributed in the maternity wards. Already in prenatal consultations and later in the maternity ward mothers are taught how to apply wrapping in abduction to normal children and how to use therapeutic pants in children suspect of a pathologic hip.", "PMID": 757602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10591", "title": "[Prolonged survival with weekly peritoneal dialysis in chronic uremic patients].", "content": "We show our experience in 12 patients treated during a year with weekly intermittent dialysis whit a rigid catheter for 36 hours a week. Patients were on a diet of 50 g. of proteins a day, normocaloric without sodium or fluid restriction. They received supplementation whith iron, calcium, vitamins B, C and folic acid, anabolic hormonal and, in some cases, furosemide hypotensives and antibiotics. Patients received the procedure for a mean of 8 months. The results show the following mean values: blood pressure: 143 +/- 12/99 +/- 3 mm. Hg., plasma urea 208 +/- 62 ng./dl.; creatinine 21 +/- 2 mg./dl., hematocrit 25 mm. and 8.0 g. hemoglobin. There was light increase of glucose, K, P, Mg, alkaline phosphatase. Na, CO2, proteins cholesterol, albumin and Ca keep in normal values. Nine patients passed to hemodialysis after a mean period of nine months and three of them received a kidney transplant. Three are still in peritoneal dialysis, one of them for 18 months. We compared our results with a similar group of patients who were treated with non-regular peritoneal dialysis. Our group had less cardiovascular complaints, or infections and keep more adequate body weight, and also got more survival in better conditions with less days in hospital, they received less blood transfusion. We concluded that weekly peritoneal dialysis is an alternative method of treatment in uremic patients for longer period of time even though frequently paracentesis.", "contents": "[Prolonged survival with weekly peritoneal dialysis in chronic uremic patients]. We show our experience in 12 patients treated during a year with weekly intermittent dialysis whit a rigid catheter for 36 hours a week. Patients were on a diet of 50 g. of proteins a day, normocaloric without sodium or fluid restriction. They received supplementation whith iron, calcium, vitamins B, C and folic acid, anabolic hormonal and, in some cases, furosemide hypotensives and antibiotics. Patients received the procedure for a mean of 8 months. The results show the following mean values: blood pressure: 143 +/- 12/99 +/- 3 mm. Hg., plasma urea 208 +/- 62 ng./dl.; creatinine 21 +/- 2 mg./dl., hematocrit 25 mm. and 8.0 g. hemoglobin. There was light increase of glucose, K, P, Mg, alkaline phosphatase. Na, CO2, proteins cholesterol, albumin and Ca keep in normal values. Nine patients passed to hemodialysis after a mean period of nine months and three of them received a kidney transplant. Three are still in peritoneal dialysis, one of them for 18 months. We compared our results with a similar group of patients who were treated with non-regular peritoneal dialysis. Our group had less cardiovascular complaints, or infections and keep more adequate body weight, and also got more survival in better conditions with less days in hospital, they received less blood transfusion. We concluded that weekly peritoneal dialysis is an alternative method of treatment in uremic patients for longer period of time even though frequently paracentesis.", "PMID": 757607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10592", "title": "[Use of a temporal cardiac pacemaker in patients undergoing a major non-cardiac surgery].", "content": "This is a report of the use of transvenous temporal pacemaker in 18 patients, with an average age of 59.3 years, that under want non cardiac major surgery. They did not have cardiac simptoms but had conduction abnormalities in the preoperative electrocardiogram. A pacemaker was implanted as a prophylaxis against arrythmia during the transoperative and postoperative periods. There was no incidence of transoperative arrythmia. Three patients died in the immediate postoperative period, two due to duffuse carcinomatosis and one due to diabetic acidosis. The average duration of the implanted pacemaker was 12.7 days, and three patients required a permanent pacemaker. Case five is exemplificative of the benefits of the temporal pacemaker, he had a preoperative electrocardiogram showing trifascicular block, he was taken to the operating room and anesthesia was induced, the patient had a cardiac arrest but recovered without secuela; latter on a temporal pacemaker was inserted and the patient had surgery without cardiac problems.", "contents": "[Use of a temporal cardiac pacemaker in patients undergoing a major non-cardiac surgery]. This is a report of the use of transvenous temporal pacemaker in 18 patients, with an average age of 59.3 years, that under want non cardiac major surgery. They did not have cardiac simptoms but had conduction abnormalities in the preoperative electrocardiogram. A pacemaker was implanted as a prophylaxis against arrythmia during the transoperative and postoperative periods. There was no incidence of transoperative arrythmia. Three patients died in the immediate postoperative period, two due to duffuse carcinomatosis and one due to diabetic acidosis. The average duration of the implanted pacemaker was 12.7 days, and three patients required a permanent pacemaker. Case five is exemplificative of the benefits of the temporal pacemaker, he had a preoperative electrocardiogram showing trifascicular block, he was taken to the operating room and anesthesia was induced, the patient had a cardiac arrest but recovered without secuela; latter on a temporal pacemaker was inserted and the patient had surgery without cardiac problems.", "PMID": 757608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10593", "title": "[Renal dysplasia and bilateral cystic kidney of a lengthy development].", "content": "A case is presented of a 54 year old male patient, admitted to the hospital because of indolent abdominal growth limited to the upper and lower left abdominal quadrants with out genitourinary symptoms of ten years duration. The intravenous pielogram showed that the left kidney was enlarged and of cystic appearance with functional exclusion, the right also had multiple cystic cavities. The selective renal arteriography confirmed the above findings. At surgery it was found a huge left cyst, of 20 X 20 cm., with thin walls and dysplastic changes, the ureteropyelic junction was atresic. A survey of the literature is done, stressing the fact that the coexistence of cystic kidneys with dysplastic changes is frequent in the pediatric age, existing few case reports in adults. Brief considerations are made of this nosologic entity and the outline for proper diagnosis and treatment are made.", "contents": "[Renal dysplasia and bilateral cystic kidney of a lengthy development]. A case is presented of a 54 year old male patient, admitted to the hospital because of indolent abdominal growth limited to the upper and lower left abdominal quadrants with out genitourinary symptoms of ten years duration. The intravenous pielogram showed that the left kidney was enlarged and of cystic appearance with functional exclusion, the right also had multiple cystic cavities. The selective renal arteriography confirmed the above findings. At surgery it was found a huge left cyst, of 20 X 20 cm., with thin walls and dysplastic changes, the ureteropyelic junction was atresic. A survey of the literature is done, stressing the fact that the coexistence of cystic kidneys with dysplastic changes is frequent in the pediatric age, existing few case reports in adults. Brief considerations are made of this nosologic entity and the outline for proper diagnosis and treatment are made.", "PMID": 757611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10594", "title": "[Inhibition of EA and EAC rosette formation by sera of patients with vesical schistosomiasis].", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were investigated by the E.A. and E.A.C. rosette inhibition test in sera samples from patients infested by Schistosoma haematobium. About 60% of the patients demonstrated significantly higher inhibition values than controls. The material inhibiting E.A.C. rosette formation was precipitated by 3.5% polyethilene glycol, thus excluding the role of C3 fragments and suggesting that inhibition was due to immune complexes.", "contents": "[Inhibition of EA and EAC rosette formation by sera of patients with vesical schistosomiasis]. Circulating immune complexes were investigated by the E.A. and E.A.C. rosette inhibition test in sera samples from patients infested by Schistosoma haematobium. About 60% of the patients demonstrated significantly higher inhibition values than controls. The material inhibiting E.A.C. rosette formation was precipitated by 3.5% polyethilene glycol, thus excluding the role of C3 fragments and suggesting that inhibition was due to immune complexes.", "PMID": 757619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10595", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of three techniques of passive haemoagglutination for the determination of HBsAg (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. studied the reaction of indirect haemoagglutination for the determination of HBsAg in 157 sera from patients with viral hepatitis, with 3 differents commercial tests based on the agglutination by HBsAg, respectively, of sheep, turkey and human erythrocytes sensitized with antibody to HBsAg. All three techniques showed a high sensibility comparable to that of the RIA. Regarding specificity the best results were obtained with the turkey and human erythrocytes, while the sheep erythrocytes because of the presence of some aspecific positivity, need a confirmatory test.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of three techniques of passive haemoagglutination for the determination of HBsAg (author's transl)]. The AA. studied the reaction of indirect haemoagglutination for the determination of HBsAg in 157 sera from patients with viral hepatitis, with 3 differents commercial tests based on the agglutination by HBsAg, respectively, of sheep, turkey and human erythrocytes sensitized with antibody to HBsAg. All three techniques showed a high sensibility comparable to that of the RIA. Regarding specificity the best results were obtained with the turkey and human erythrocytes, while the sheep erythrocytes because of the presence of some aspecific positivity, need a confirmatory test.", "PMID": 757620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10596", "title": "[Monitoring of high-risk pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have monitored 202 patients affected by several pathological conditions and at different stages of their pregnancies. Among them, 173 were pregnancies without complications. Monitoring was performed on the basis of the following 3 indices: HCS radioimmunological assay, total plasmatic estriol, and vaginal cytology. Results show, as demonstrated in the graphs and the final discussion, that already within the first weeks of gestation the pathological cases under observation presented marked modifications of the indices studied when compared to controls.", "contents": "[Monitoring of high-risk pregnancies (author's transl)]. The AA. have monitored 202 patients affected by several pathological conditions and at different stages of their pregnancies. Among them, 173 were pregnancies without complications. Monitoring was performed on the basis of the following 3 indices: HCS radioimmunological assay, total plasmatic estriol, and vaginal cytology. Results show, as demonstrated in the graphs and the final discussion, that already within the first weeks of gestation the pathological cases under observation presented marked modifications of the indices studied when compared to controls.", "PMID": 757621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10597", "title": "[Primary alcoholic cardiac disease and alcoholic liver disease. Anatomopathological study].", "content": "In order to find out if there is an association between alcoholic heart disease and alcoholic liver disease, and to discover the prevalence and characteristics of anatomical findings in the heart at alcoholic subjects, a prospective study was realized during the autopsies of patients younger than 60 years old, who had died with alcoholic liver disease not associated with an obvious heart disease. A second group of subjects containing similar characteristics of the first group, only without a past history of alcoholism nor liver disease, were used as controls. The comparison between the two groups in respect to: age, nutritional status, macroscopic and microscopic findings of the heart, frequency and degree of atherosclerosis revealed no statistical difference. In conclusion, we submit that the subjects who had died from liver disease also presented myocardial alterations, but that these did not differe from those observed in the control subjects.", "contents": "[Primary alcoholic cardiac disease and alcoholic liver disease. Anatomopathological study]. In order to find out if there is an association between alcoholic heart disease and alcoholic liver disease, and to discover the prevalence and characteristics of anatomical findings in the heart at alcoholic subjects, a prospective study was realized during the autopsies of patients younger than 60 years old, who had died with alcoholic liver disease not associated with an obvious heart disease. A second group of subjects containing similar characteristics of the first group, only without a past history of alcoholism nor liver disease, were used as controls. The comparison between the two groups in respect to: age, nutritional status, macroscopic and microscopic findings of the heart, frequency and degree of atherosclerosis revealed no statistical difference. In conclusion, we submit that the subjects who had died from liver disease also presented myocardial alterations, but that these did not differe from those observed in the control subjects.", "PMID": 757615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10598", "title": "[Variable behavior of urinary hydroxyproline in breast cancer with osseous metastases].", "content": "Serial estimations of the hydroxyproline (OHP) excretion during chemotherapy were performed in 24 women bearing advanced breast carcinoma with skeletal metastases. There was a significant correlation between sensitivity of the metastases to treatment and OHP content of urine. Many factors, including age of patients, type, number and extent of metastases, don't influence OHP excretion. The estimation of the urinary OHP levels, with the changes after antiblastic treatment, can be useful in prognostic evaluation of the metastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "[Variable behavior of urinary hydroxyproline in breast cancer with osseous metastases]. Serial estimations of the hydroxyproline (OHP) excretion during chemotherapy were performed in 24 women bearing advanced breast carcinoma with skeletal metastases. There was a significant correlation between sensitivity of the metastases to treatment and OHP content of urine. Many factors, including age of patients, type, number and extent of metastases, don't influence OHP excretion. The estimation of the urinary OHP levels, with the changes after antiblastic treatment, can be useful in prognostic evaluation of the metastatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 757622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10599", "title": "[The use of electropherogram in a clinical setting (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have spent several years working on the correlation between EPG patterns and diagnosis upon discharge. They then attempted to codify those abnormalities which were statistically related to different illnesses. This codification should not be considered definitive; however, it can be suggestive of further studies especially for those hospitals equipped with a computer which can correlate EPG patterns with the initial diagnosis or the diagnosis on discharge.", "contents": "[The use of electropherogram in a clinical setting (author's transl)]. The AA. have spent several years working on the correlation between EPG patterns and diagnosis upon discharge. They then attempted to codify those abnormalities which were statistically related to different illnesses. This codification should not be considered definitive; however, it can be suggestive of further studies especially for those hospitals equipped with a computer which can correlate EPG patterns with the initial diagnosis or the diagnosis on discharge.", "PMID": 757623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10600", "title": "[A study of biochemical parameters in 94 athlets of Marcialonga (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty biochemical parameters have been studied in 94 athlets of Marcialonga in basic conditions and after 30 min from the end of the competition. Urea, uric acid, creatinin, total proteins, albumin, sodium, calcium, phosphorus and several enzymes (AST, ALT, LAD, CK and ALP) have shown statistically significant increasings. It is, above all, clear the increasing of CK. On the contrary triglycerides have undergone a significant decreasing. The AA. try to explain the results obtained, considering some pathogenetic theories.", "contents": "[A study of biochemical parameters in 94 athlets of Marcialonga (author's transl)]. Twenty biochemical parameters have been studied in 94 athlets of Marcialonga in basic conditions and after 30 min from the end of the competition. Urea, uric acid, creatinin, total proteins, albumin, sodium, calcium, phosphorus and several enzymes (AST, ALT, LAD, CK and ALP) have shown statistically significant increasings. It is, above all, clear the increasing of CK. On the contrary triglycerides have undergone a significant decreasing. The AA. try to explain the results obtained, considering some pathogenetic theories.", "PMID": 757625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10601", "title": "[Incidence of salmonellosis in the Province of Trento in the past 3 years].", "content": "72 strains of Salmonella, belonging to 23 different serum types have been isolated during the last three years. These strains come from adult patients admitted to the Infective department of St. Chiara hospital in Trento and from three asymptomatic carriers found among the hospital staff, who have been regularly submitted to microbiological checks. Among the most frequent strains the AA. have found: S. enteritidis and S. typhi murium. Salmonellas, never isolated before, have spread, but they have shown poor adaptation to the environment: among these S. panama, S. infantis, S infantis, S. m\u00fcnchen. S. wien has not found, in the Province of Trento, environing conditions fit for its colonization. S. agona has shown a certain tendency to create a situation of asymptomatic carrier.", "contents": "[Incidence of salmonellosis in the Province of Trento in the past 3 years]. 72 strains of Salmonella, belonging to 23 different serum types have been isolated during the last three years. These strains come from adult patients admitted to the Infective department of St. Chiara hospital in Trento and from three asymptomatic carriers found among the hospital staff, who have been regularly submitted to microbiological checks. Among the most frequent strains the AA. have found: S. enteritidis and S. typhi murium. Salmonellas, never isolated before, have spread, but they have shown poor adaptation to the environment: among these S. panama, S. infantis, S infantis, S. m\u00fcnchen. S. wien has not found, in the Province of Trento, environing conditions fit for its colonization. S. agona has shown a certain tendency to create a situation of asymptomatic carrier.", "PMID": 757626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10602", "title": "[Radioimmunological determination of circulating thyroid hormones].", "content": "In our study of the thyroid function, the methodological aspects and clinical significance of TSH, T4, T3 and their respective free fractions (FT4 and FT3), are examined. The RIA of TSH is the best for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism and also for the evaluation of the effect of thyroid hormone substitution therapy. This, united with T4 and T3 assay, allows a total evaluation of the thyroid state. The new method, recently introduced, for direct assay of free fractions, using a chromatographic separation of Sephadex LH 20, is extremely useful for follow-up of patients with thyroid disfunction.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological determination of circulating thyroid hormones]. In our study of the thyroid function, the methodological aspects and clinical significance of TSH, T4, T3 and their respective free fractions (FT4 and FT3), are examined. The RIA of TSH is the best for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism and also for the evaluation of the effect of thyroid hormone substitution therapy. This, united with T4 and T3 assay, allows a total evaluation of the thyroid state. The new method, recently introduced, for direct assay of free fractions, using a chromatographic separation of Sephadex LH 20, is extremely useful for follow-up of patients with thyroid disfunction.", "PMID": 757627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10603", "title": "Preoperative assessment: the excretory system.", "content": "The majority of anesthetics are nephrotoxic in that they depress, usually temporarily, renal hemodynamics and functions. The author briefly reviews renal anatomy and physiology; the relevance of laboratory data associated with excretory function; the effects of abnormal values on the body including electrolytes, cardiac status and acid base balance; and the overall impact of these alterations on the anesthetic management of the surgical patient.", "contents": "Preoperative assessment: the excretory system. The majority of anesthetics are nephrotoxic in that they depress, usually temporarily, renal hemodynamics and functions. The author briefly reviews renal anatomy and physiology; the relevance of laboratory data associated with excretory function; the effects of abnormal values on the body including electrolytes, cardiac status and acid base balance; and the overall impact of these alterations on the anesthetic management of the surgical patient.", "PMID": 757649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10604", "title": "Uncovering preoperative anxiety.", "content": "The Q-Sort is one method of assessing a patient's preoperative anxieties. In this article, the authors examine the method as a simple and direct way of identifying fears which can complicate the administration of anesthesia.", "contents": "Uncovering preoperative anxiety. The Q-Sort is one method of assessing a patient's preoperative anxieties. In this article, the authors examine the method as a simple and direct way of identifying fears which can complicate the administration of anesthesia.", "PMID": 757651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10605", "title": "A stucy of enflurane biotransformation and fluoride ion nephrotoxicity.", "content": "Enflurane, like methoxyflurane, has been reported by some to cause renal failure, secondard to inorganic fluoride ion metabolism. In this article, the author examines some of the evidence both for and against these findings.", "contents": "A stucy of enflurane biotransformation and fluoride ion nephrotoxicity. Enflurane, like methoxyflurane, has been reported by some to cause renal failure, secondard to inorganic fluoride ion metabolism. In this article, the author examines some of the evidence both for and against these findings.", "PMID": 757652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10606", "title": "[Blood component transfusion in Croatia].", "content": "Blood component therapy has been wildly accepted all over the world due to the better effects achieved in treating the patients, its safety and economy. In SRH it is replacing whole blood transfusions rather slowly as can be seen through five years of production and utilisation of blood derivatives. In 1974-1978 period a number of donations in Croatia increased to 27 per 1.000 inhabitants, but it is still very far from optimal 40-60 donations per 1.000 inhabitants. In that period the production of albumin increased 5 times, of immunoglobulins 10 times and factor VIII 10 times. In 1978 per 1.000 inhabitants, 2,1 1 of plasma were fractionated, 53 gr of albumin and 23 ml of imunoglobulins were used plus additional 6.200 units per one haemophiliac. These quantities are not sufficient to cover the needs of the health service in SRH. To overcome the shortage it is necessary to increase the number of donations, to augmant the average amount of donation to 450 ml., to increase the number of plasmapheresis and to use blood component therapy on a larger scale. Only after obtaining 10-12 1 of plasma for fractionation per 1.000 inhabitants optimal quantities of derivatives can be secured.", "contents": "[Blood component transfusion in Croatia]. Blood component therapy has been wildly accepted all over the world due to the better effects achieved in treating the patients, its safety and economy. In SRH it is replacing whole blood transfusions rather slowly as can be seen through five years of production and utilisation of blood derivatives. In 1974-1978 period a number of donations in Croatia increased to 27 per 1.000 inhabitants, but it is still very far from optimal 40-60 donations per 1.000 inhabitants. In that period the production of albumin increased 5 times, of immunoglobulins 10 times and factor VIII 10 times. In 1978 per 1.000 inhabitants, 2,1 1 of plasma were fractionated, 53 gr of albumin and 23 ml of imunoglobulins were used plus additional 6.200 units per one haemophiliac. These quantities are not sufficient to cover the needs of the health service in SRH. To overcome the shortage it is necessary to increase the number of donations, to augmant the average amount of donation to 450 ml., to increase the number of plasmapheresis and to use blood component therapy on a larger scale. Only after obtaining 10-12 1 of plasma for fractionation per 1.000 inhabitants optimal quantities of derivatives can be secured.", "PMID": 757666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10607", "title": "[Transfusion-infusion methods in the treatment of acute poisoning].", "content": "For modern acute poisoning management there are several therapeutic transfusion-induced methods (forced diuresis, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, haemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, exsanguino-transfusion, blood and blood component transfusion, intravenous solution infusion etc), each of them  having their advantages, disadvantages and limitations. No one of these methods is so efficacious enough that its application could be justified in all poisonings. However, some of them are considered to be method of choice in the treatment of certain acute poisonings.", "contents": "[Transfusion-infusion methods in the treatment of acute poisoning]. For modern acute poisoning management there are several therapeutic transfusion-induced methods (forced diuresis, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, haemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, exsanguino-transfusion, blood and blood component transfusion, intravenous solution infusion etc), each of them  having their advantages, disadvantages and limitations. No one of these methods is so efficacious enough that its application could be justified in all poisonings. However, some of them are considered to be method of choice in the treatment of certain acute poisonings.", "PMID": 757667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10608", "title": "[Burkitt's lymphoma].", "content": "The paper presents two patients with malignant lymphoma of Burkitt's type. Initial localisation of the disease on the mandible, early dissemination in the central nervous system and bone marrow infiltration with appearance of characteristic Burkitt's type blast cells enabled us to bring the diagnosis. Rapid fatal evolution of the illness in spite of the applied therapy point of the diagnosis of this rare type of malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "[Burkitt's lymphoma]. The paper presents two patients with malignant lymphoma of Burkitt's type. Initial localisation of the disease on the mandible, early dissemination in the central nervous system and bone marrow infiltration with appearance of characteristic Burkitt's type blast cells enabled us to bring the diagnosis. Rapid fatal evolution of the illness in spite of the applied therapy point of the diagnosis of this rare type of malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 757668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10609", "title": "[Primary cutaneous malignant lymphoma -- S\u00e9zary syndrome].", "content": "The paper presents a girl with cutaneous lymphoma. The onset of the illness was two years ago, and followed by cutaneous lesions, typical Mycosis fungoides and S\u00eazary's syndrome. After a year, the neoplastic cells penetrated into the peripheral blood, and the development of S\u00e9zary's variant of Mycosis fungoidses, was shown. The clinical development of the disease, and the application of hystopathological and laboratory investigations, proved that it was the S\u00e9zary's syndrome. When the adequete cytostatic therapy, and radiotherapy, was applied, according to the protocol for curing the malignant non Hodgkin lymphoma, the clinical and haematological remission of disease was performed.", "contents": "[Primary cutaneous malignant lymphoma -- S\u00e9zary syndrome]. The paper presents a girl with cutaneous lymphoma. The onset of the illness was two years ago, and followed by cutaneous lesions, typical Mycosis fungoides and S\u00eazary's syndrome. After a year, the neoplastic cells penetrated into the peripheral blood, and the development of S\u00e9zary's variant of Mycosis fungoidses, was shown. The clinical development of the disease, and the application of hystopathological and laboratory investigations, proved that it was the S\u00e9zary's syndrome. When the adequete cytostatic therapy, and radiotherapy, was applied, according to the protocol for curing the malignant non Hodgkin lymphoma, the clinical and haematological remission of disease was performed.", "PMID": 757669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10610", "title": "[Distribution of the MN blood group in 2249 members of the Yugoslav army].", "content": "M and N antigenes of 2249 members of JNA were investigated. Fenotipe MM was found in 23,08%, NN in 22,54% and MN in 54,38% of the examinated persons.", "contents": "[Distribution of the MN blood group in 2249 members of the Yugoslav army]. M and N antigenes of 2249 members of JNA were investigated. Fenotipe MM was found in 23,08%, NN in 22,54% and MN in 54,38% of the examinated persons.", "PMID": 757670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10611", "title": "[HBsAg in members of the Yugoslav army -- volunteer blood donors].", "content": "By electrophoresis immunoprecipitation and reverse passive haemaglutination was examined the incidence of HBs-antigencarriers in order to evaluate their suitability for use in the institutions for blood transfusion. It was shown that by EIP was discovered 1.52 per cent and by reverse passive haemaglutination 3.15 per cent HBs-Ag positive blood donors, by which the greater sensitivity of the RPHA method was emphasized. In the paper was discussed also the case of posttransfusion hepatitis, that occurred after prostatectomia associated with the transfusion of eight units of HBs-nontested blood out of which the one was received from HBsAg-positive donor.", "contents": "[HBsAg in members of the Yugoslav army -- volunteer blood donors]. By electrophoresis immunoprecipitation and reverse passive haemaglutination was examined the incidence of HBs-antigencarriers in order to evaluate their suitability for use in the institutions for blood transfusion. It was shown that by EIP was discovered 1.52 per cent and by reverse passive haemaglutination 3.15 per cent HBs-Ag positive blood donors, by which the greater sensitivity of the RPHA method was emphasized. In the paper was discussed also the case of posttransfusion hepatitis, that occurred after prostatectomia associated with the transfusion of eight units of HBs-nontested blood out of which the one was received from HBsAg-positive donor.", "PMID": 757671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10612", "title": "Influence of whole-body mechanical vibration on altitude convulsion threshold.", "content": "Altitude convulsion threshold was used for determining the maximal hypoxic tolerance of the mouse during whole-body transverse vibration. Elevation of the lung weight-body weight ratio was taken as evidence of lung edema. It was observed that vibration of 8 cps at 2 mm displacement (peak to peak) or 4 cps at 4 mm displacement did not affect the altitude convulsion threshold and the said ratio. On the other hand, vibration of 12 cps at 2 mm displacement, or 8 and 12 cps at 4 mm displacement caused an increase in a altitude convulsion threshold as well as lung edema. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of whole-body mechanical vibration on altitude convulsion threshold. Altitude convulsion threshold was used for determining the maximal hypoxic tolerance of the mouse during whole-body transverse vibration. Elevation of the lung weight-body weight ratio was taken as evidence of lung edema. It was observed that vibration of 8 cps at 2 mm displacement (peak to peak) or 4 cps at 4 mm displacement did not affect the altitude convulsion threshold and the said ratio. On the other hand, vibration of 12 cps at 2 mm displacement, or 8 and 12 cps at 4 mm displacement caused an increase in a altitude convulsion threshold as well as lung edema. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 757785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10613", "title": "Iontophoresis of enkephalins potentiates evoked field potentials in the in vitro rat hippocampus.", "content": "Effects of iontophoresis of an active opioid peptide, D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide (2dA), on evoked field potentials were studied in the hippocampus in vitro preparation. Population spike responses which correspond to the summatory firing of the pyramidal neurons were recorded with glass microelectrodes from the CA1 cell layer. It is found that 2dA greatly enhanced the amplitude of population spike. The excitatory effect was opiate-specific, because it was antagonized by iontophoretically applied naloxone, a potent narcotic antagonist. On the contrary, an inactive enkephalin analog, N-acetyl-(D-Ala2, Lys3)-Met-enkephalinamide, was without effect. It is concluded that opioid peptides exert a specific excitatory action on the pyramidal neurons in the in vitro hippocampus.", "contents": "Iontophoresis of enkephalins potentiates evoked field potentials in the in vitro rat hippocampus. Effects of iontophoresis of an active opioid peptide, D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide (2dA), on evoked field potentials were studied in the hippocampus in vitro preparation. Population spike responses which correspond to the summatory firing of the pyramidal neurons were recorded with glass microelectrodes from the CA1 cell layer. It is found that 2dA greatly enhanced the amplitude of population spike. The excitatory effect was opiate-specific, because it was antagonized by iontophoretically applied naloxone, a potent narcotic antagonist. On the contrary, an inactive enkephalin analog, N-acetyl-(D-Ala2, Lys3)-Met-enkephalinamide, was without effect. It is concluded that opioid peptides exert a specific excitatory action on the pyramidal neurons in the in vitro hippocampus.", "PMID": 757786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10614", "title": "Vascular reactivity of isolated perfused kidneys from normotensive, renal hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "By means of an isolated kidney perfusion technique, reactivities of renal body vessels to electrical stimulation of renal plexus and intravascular administrations of low dosed norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in the spontaneously hypertensive rats of Wistar strain, normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats and Sprague-dawley rats with renal hypertension of the same sex and as equal as possible with respect to age and body weight. The basal vascular resistance as indicated by the perfusion pressure caused by the same rat of perfusion was significantly higher in the renal hypertensive group. Both electrical stimulation of the renal plexus and intravascular administrations of catecholamines caused a rise of perfusion pressure. Analysis of the dose-response relationship reveals that in the dose range used, the sensitivities to electrical stimulation and to norepinephrine are significantly higher in the normotensive than the hypertensive groups. The results indicate that structural change in the blood vessels is more important than the adrenergic actions of low intensity in the cause of high resistance of blood flow in hypertensive subjects at least in the kidney.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity of isolated perfused kidneys from normotensive, renal hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. By means of an isolated kidney perfusion technique, reactivities of renal body vessels to electrical stimulation of renal plexus and intravascular administrations of low dosed norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in the spontaneously hypertensive rats of Wistar strain, normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats and Sprague-dawley rats with renal hypertension of the same sex and as equal as possible with respect to age and body weight. The basal vascular resistance as indicated by the perfusion pressure caused by the same rat of perfusion was significantly higher in the renal hypertensive group. Both electrical stimulation of the renal plexus and intravascular administrations of catecholamines caused a rise of perfusion pressure. Analysis of the dose-response relationship reveals that in the dose range used, the sensitivities to electrical stimulation and to norepinephrine are significantly higher in the normotensive than the hypertensive groups. The results indicate that structural change in the blood vessels is more important than the adrenergic actions of low intensity in the cause of high resistance of blood flow in hypertensive subjects at least in the kidney.", "PMID": 757787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10615", "title": "Problems or assessing the genetic impact of mutagens on man.", "content": "Available human data, of the kinds needed to assess the genetic harm to man from possible changes in his mutation rate, currently suffer from major limitations. In particular there is uncertainty about a) the total amount of hereditary disease, b) the fraction of this that is mutation-related and therefore likely to be increased in frequency as a result of exposures to elevated levels of environmental mutagens, and c) the severities of the mutation-related conditions and the collective public health importance of any anticipated increases in their frequencies. Standards of protection against environmental mutagens cannot be set on the basis of laboratory data alone, and more effort on the part of geneticists will need to be directed towards quantitative assessment of the impact of the mutagens in terms of human disease. The needs for relevant human data, and various deficiences in the statistical information that is currently available, are discussed.", "contents": "Problems or assessing the genetic impact of mutagens on man. Available human data, of the kinds needed to assess the genetic harm to man from possible changes in his mutation rate, currently suffer from major limitations. In particular there is uncertainty about a) the total amount of hereditary disease, b) the fraction of this that is mutation-related and therefore likely to be increased in frequency as a result of exposures to elevated levels of environmental mutagens, and c) the severities of the mutation-related conditions and the collective public health importance of any anticipated increases in their frequencies. Standards of protection against environmental mutagens cannot be set on the basis of laboratory data alone, and more effort on the part of geneticists will need to be directed towards quantitative assessment of the impact of the mutagens in terms of human disease. The needs for relevant human data, and various deficiences in the statistical information that is currently available, are discussed.", "PMID": 757857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10616", "title": "Lateral element cross connections of the synaptonemal complex and their relationship to chiasmata in rat spermatocytes.", "content": "Observations are presented in support of the hypothesis that at meiotic prophase a reciprocal crossover is accompanied by a crossover of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex, SC (Moens, 1974). Rat spermatocyte nuclei in developmental stage VII (Clermont, 1972) of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, but not pachytene nuclei in stages I to VI, were found to have SC modifications in the form of a cross connection between the lateral elements. In structure these crossover elements, CO elements, resemble the lateral element. It is found in a variety of positions, usually more or less perpendicular to the SC but also slanted or parallel along the central element or detached from the SC. Reconstructions of entire nuclei indicate an average of one such CO element per SC and a nonrandom distribution of CO elements among the SCs. Because the crossing-over of lateral elements produces a 180 degree twist or removes a 180 degree twist, the pattern of SC coiling was examined. Coiling starts in early pachytene prior to CO element formation. At stage VII one nucleus had a total of 78 coils, all counter clockwise, and another nucleus had 97 such 180 degree coils. It is noted that if SC coils are associated with the process of crossing-over, then the regulation of crossover distribution such as chiasma position interference has an explanation in the structure and behavior of the SC.", "contents": "Lateral element cross connections of the synaptonemal complex and their relationship to chiasmata in rat spermatocytes. Observations are presented in support of the hypothesis that at meiotic prophase a reciprocal crossover is accompanied by a crossover of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex, SC (Moens, 1974). Rat spermatocyte nuclei in developmental stage VII (Clermont, 1972) of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, but not pachytene nuclei in stages I to VI, were found to have SC modifications in the form of a cross connection between the lateral elements. In structure these crossover elements, CO elements, resemble the lateral element. It is found in a variety of positions, usually more or less perpendicular to the SC but also slanted or parallel along the central element or detached from the SC. Reconstructions of entire nuclei indicate an average of one such CO element per SC and a nonrandom distribution of CO elements among the SCs. Because the crossing-over of lateral elements produces a 180 degree twist or removes a 180 degree twist, the pattern of SC coiling was examined. Coiling starts in early pachytene prior to CO element formation. At stage VII one nucleus had a total of 78 coils, all counter clockwise, and another nucleus had 97 such 180 degree coils. It is noted that if SC coils are associated with the process of crossing-over, then the regulation of crossover distribution such as chiasma position interference has an explanation in the structure and behavior of the SC.", "PMID": 757858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10617", "title": "Correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects on body weight in mice.", "content": "A new method to estimate the correlation between additive direct genetic effects (Ao) and additive maternal genetic effects (Pm) on body weight was devised to apply to crossfostering data in mice. The correlation between Ao on body weight at 42 days (adult age) and Am on body weight at 12 days (preweaning age) was estimated as 0.561. The nature of this correlation was defined genetically.", "contents": "Correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects on body weight in mice. A new method to estimate the correlation between additive direct genetic effects (Ao) and additive maternal genetic effects (Pm) on body weight was devised to apply to crossfostering data in mice. The correlation between Ao on body weight at 42 days (adult age) and Am on body weight at 12 days (preweaning age) was estimated as 0.561. The nature of this correlation was defined genetically.", "PMID": 757859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10618", "title": "Electrophysiologic findings and prognosis in Bell's palsy.", "content": "Electrophysiologic investigations were carried out on 45 patients with Bell's palsy at periodic intervals after the onset of paralysis. It was found that there was a good correlation between prognosis in Bell's palsy and the amplitude of evoked motor response obtained after six or more days of clinical paresis. When the average amplitude of evoked motor response was within normal limits (i.e., 504 mu V or greater), complete recovery with no residual deficits took place two to six weeks after the onset of facial palsy. When the evoked motor response was absent in all three major branches of the facial nerve, indicating complete nerve degeneration, electromyographic signs of recovery were apparent by the third of fourth month after the onset of paralysis. In these cases, recovery was relatively slow and incomplete, with some degree of residual deficit and synkinesis. Maximal return of voluntary facial movement was established 8 to 12 months after the initial symptom. When the mean amplitude of evoked motor response was below the lower limit of normal (i.e., less than 504 mu V), electromyographic signs of recovery were noted within 1 to 3 months, depending on the amplitude values. The final outcome of this intermediate group was similar, but not identical, to that of the previous group. The prognosis of facial paralysis in Bell's palsy was thus found to be directly related to the mean amplitude of evoked motor response, regardless of the extent of clinical paralysis.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic findings and prognosis in Bell's palsy. Electrophysiologic investigations were carried out on 45 patients with Bell's palsy at periodic intervals after the onset of paralysis. It was found that there was a good correlation between prognosis in Bell's palsy and the amplitude of evoked motor response obtained after six or more days of clinical paresis. When the average amplitude of evoked motor response was within normal limits (i.e., 504 mu V or greater), complete recovery with no residual deficits took place two to six weeks after the onset of facial palsy. When the evoked motor response was absent in all three major branches of the facial nerve, indicating complete nerve degeneration, electromyographic signs of recovery were apparent by the third of fourth month after the onset of paralysis. In these cases, recovery was relatively slow and incomplete, with some degree of residual deficit and synkinesis. Maximal return of voluntary facial movement was established 8 to 12 months after the initial symptom. When the mean amplitude of evoked motor response was below the lower limit of normal (i.e., less than 504 mu V), electromyographic signs of recovery were noted within 1 to 3 months, depending on the amplitude values. The final outcome of this intermediate group was similar, but not identical, to that of the previous group. The prognosis of facial paralysis in Bell's palsy was thus found to be directly related to the mean amplitude of evoked motor response, regardless of the extent of clinical paralysis.", "PMID": 757868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10619", "title": "HLA, anti-DNA, and complement in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients (18 females and 9 males) with myasthenia gravis were HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D typed, and the results were analyzed with relation to evidence of immunodeficiency, thymic disease, and associated autoimmune processes. An association of A1, B8, and DRW3 appeared to identify a group of 8 females with higher mean anti-DNA, lower mean C4, and lower mean E. coli antibody titer than other females in whom CW4 (with or without BW35) was common (6 of the remaining 10 females were in this category). Antiacetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) autoantibody and reduced serum IgM and isohemagglutinin titers were not clearly related to particular HLA specificities. These results suggest that HLA-A1, -B8, -DRW3, and -CW4 may be related to associated phenomena rather than playing a major role in the development of anti-AChR and myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "HLA, anti-DNA, and complement in myasthenia gravis. Twenty-seven patients (18 females and 9 males) with myasthenia gravis were HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D typed, and the results were analyzed with relation to evidence of immunodeficiency, thymic disease, and associated autoimmune processes. An association of A1, B8, and DRW3 appeared to identify a group of 8 females with higher mean anti-DNA, lower mean C4, and lower mean E. coli antibody titer than other females in whom CW4 (with or without BW35) was common (6 of the remaining 10 females were in this category). Antiacetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) autoantibody and reduced serum IgM and isohemagglutinin titers were not clearly related to particular HLA specificities. These results suggest that HLA-A1, -B8, -DRW3, and -CW4 may be related to associated phenomena rather than playing a major role in the development of anti-AChR and myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 757869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10620", "title": "Elements in muscle measured in vivo and in vitro with X-ray spectrometry.", "content": "Calcium, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in muscle were measured in vivo by x-ray spectrometry (XRS). The undersurface of the tongue was examined in cardiomyopathic and in normal hamsters. Values were compared to in-vitro analyses of various muscles from the same groups of animals using XRS and chemical analysis. Blood tests as well as histologic and histometric examinations were also performed. The correlated results show that XRS is a relatively sensitive and practical method for measuring chemical elements in muscle, and that it could be developed into a useful clinical test in certain neuromuscular and myocardial diseases. An interesting incidental finding was that, though all the examined muscles of myopathic animals had pathologic changes, only the tongue and myocardium, which are composed exclusively of red fibers, showed excessive calcium accumulation. This suggests either that the basic genetic aberration is not directly related to the oxidative metabolism, or that white muscles have a more efficient system for dealing with calcium overload.", "contents": "Elements in muscle measured in vivo and in vitro with X-ray spectrometry. Calcium, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in muscle were measured in vivo by x-ray spectrometry (XRS). The undersurface of the tongue was examined in cardiomyopathic and in normal hamsters. Values were compared to in-vitro analyses of various muscles from the same groups of animals using XRS and chemical analysis. Blood tests as well as histologic and histometric examinations were also performed. The correlated results show that XRS is a relatively sensitive and practical method for measuring chemical elements in muscle, and that it could be developed into a useful clinical test in certain neuromuscular and myocardial diseases. An interesting incidental finding was that, though all the examined muscles of myopathic animals had pathologic changes, only the tongue and myocardium, which are composed exclusively of red fibers, showed excessive calcium accumulation. This suggests either that the basic genetic aberration is not directly related to the oxidative metabolism, or that white muscles have a more efficient system for dealing with calcium overload.", "PMID": 757871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10621", "title": "F- and M-wave conduction velocity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "The F-wave was used to estimate motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment of the fastest axons of the deep peroneal nerve (anterior-horn cells to knee) in 13 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in 21 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Measurements were based on the shortest latency of 100 F-waves obtained after supramaximal stimulation at the ankle and knee. The MNCV was estimated with the F-wave and conventional M-response methods in the distal segment (knee to ankle) of the nerve. Our results showed that proximal-nerve conduction is faster than distal conduction both in control subjects and in ALS patients. In ALS, there was a moderate reduction of MNCV, which was of equal degree in both the proximal and distal segments of the deep peroneal nerve. In control subjects and in ALS patients, no statistically significant difference was found between the MNCV estimated for the knee-to-ankle segment by conventional means and that obtained by the F-wave method. This indicates that the F-wave of shortest latency is conducted by the fastest surviving motor fibers, as in the initial components of the M-response--demonstrating that it is legitimate to make direct comparison of F- and M-latencies in estimating the proximal MNCV.", "contents": "F- and M-wave conduction velocity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The F-wave was used to estimate motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment of the fastest axons of the deep peroneal nerve (anterior-horn cells to knee) in 13 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in 21 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Measurements were based on the shortest latency of 100 F-waves obtained after supramaximal stimulation at the ankle and knee. The MNCV was estimated with the F-wave and conventional M-response methods in the distal segment (knee to ankle) of the nerve. Our results showed that proximal-nerve conduction is faster than distal conduction both in control subjects and in ALS patients. In ALS, there was a moderate reduction of MNCV, which was of equal degree in both the proximal and distal segments of the deep peroneal nerve. In control subjects and in ALS patients, no statistically significant difference was found between the MNCV estimated for the knee-to-ankle segment by conventional means and that obtained by the F-wave method. This indicates that the F-wave of shortest latency is conducted by the fastest surviving motor fibers, as in the initial components of the M-response--demonstrating that it is legitimate to make direct comparison of F- and M-latencies in estimating the proximal MNCV.", "PMID": 757870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10622", "title": "Probable hypothyroid myopathy: glycogen-deficient type 2b fibers.", "content": "Described herein is a case of hypothyroid myopathy with selective atrophy and glycogen depletion of type 2b fibers shown by light and electron microscopy. Although the pathogenesis of such findings is obscure, it is possible that hypothyroidism in conjunction with a superimposed process might explain paradoxically glycogen-deficient fibers.", "contents": "Probable hypothyroid myopathy: glycogen-deficient type 2b fibers. Described herein is a case of hypothyroid myopathy with selective atrophy and glycogen depletion of type 2b fibers shown by light and electron microscopy. Although the pathogenesis of such findings is obscure, it is possible that hypothyroidism in conjunction with a superimposed process might explain paradoxically glycogen-deficient fibers.", "PMID": 757872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10623", "title": "Experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis in sheep.", "content": "Three groups of male sheep were used. Group one was not inoculated; group two was inoculated with T. rhodesiense homogonate and group three with T. rhodesiense \"fraction 3\". Subsequently they were challenged with 1 x 10(6) T. vivax. Group inoculated with T. rhodesiense fraction 3 had high IgG levels and parasitemia was absent.", "contents": "Experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis in sheep. Three groups of male sheep were used. Group one was not inoculated; group two was inoculated with T. rhodesiense homogonate and group three with T. rhodesiense \"fraction 3\". Subsequently they were challenged with 1 x 10(6) T. vivax. Group inoculated with T. rhodesiense fraction 3 had high IgG levels and parasitemia was absent.", "PMID": 757900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10624", "title": "Tropical vasculitis and tuberculosis.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the association of Tropical aortitis, or vasculitis with active or previous tuberculous infection. This suggests that the two diseases may be related. It is recognised that environmental factors may be important since the incidence of this complex appears to be high in the indigenous populations of Southern and Central Africa and uncommon in people of African origin in industrialised nations. Unlike classical Takayasu's arteritis, there does not appear to be any preference for young people or for females.", "contents": "Tropical vasculitis and tuberculosis. Attention is drawn to the association of Tropical aortitis, or vasculitis with active or previous tuberculous infection. This suggests that the two diseases may be related. It is recognised that environmental factors may be important since the incidence of this complex appears to be high in the indigenous populations of Southern and Central Africa and uncommon in people of African origin in industrialised nations. Unlike classical Takayasu's arteritis, there does not appear to be any preference for young people or for females.", "PMID": 757902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10625", "title": "A review of 79 cases of eclampsia at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka.", "content": "Seventy-nine cases of eclampsia (incidence 0.22%) are reviewed. The corrected maternal and perinatal mortality rates were 12.6% and 28.3%. Maternal and perinatal mortality were directly related to number of fits, severity of eclampsia, delay in onset of treatment, and duration of labour. Whereas the maternal mortality was 23 per cent in patients delivered vaginally and 8.6 per cent in patients delivered by caesarean section, the perinatal mortality was almost the same in both types of delivery.", "contents": "A review of 79 cases of eclampsia at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. Seventy-nine cases of eclampsia (incidence 0.22%) are reviewed. The corrected maternal and perinatal mortality rates were 12.6% and 28.3%. Maternal and perinatal mortality were directly related to number of fits, severity of eclampsia, delay in onset of treatment, and duration of labour. Whereas the maternal mortality was 23 per cent in patients delivered vaginally and 8.6 per cent in patients delivered by caesarean section, the perinatal mortality was almost the same in both types of delivery.", "PMID": 757903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10626", "title": "Hepatic bruit in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Two cases of stage IV B Hodgkin's disease of the mixed cellularity type are described who had loud hepatic bruits. This physical sign is previously described only in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute alcoholic hepatitis. The aetiology of the bruit in one of the cases is probably arteriolar compression by tumour tissue.", "contents": "Hepatic bruit in Hodgkin's disease. Two cases of stage IV B Hodgkin's disease of the mixed cellularity type are described who had loud hepatic bruits. This physical sign is previously described only in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute alcoholic hepatitis. The aetiology of the bruit in one of the cases is probably arteriolar compression by tumour tissue.", "PMID": 757904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10627", "title": "Diagnosis of venous thrombosis using 125 I-fibrinogen in Zambia.", "content": "Fibronogen labelled with I125 iodine has been used as an epidemiological tool to study deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty highly selected patients were studied; data was complete in 18. Six were positive. None had clinical evidence of DVT and pulmonary embolism. However the results, which should be interpreted with much caution, remain to be confirmed and their clinical significance determined.", "contents": "Diagnosis of venous thrombosis using 125 I-fibrinogen in Zambia. Fibronogen labelled with I125 iodine has been used as an epidemiological tool to study deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty highly selected patients were studied; data was complete in 18. Six were positive. None had clinical evidence of DVT and pulmonary embolism. However the results, which should be interpreted with much caution, remain to be confirmed and their clinical significance determined.", "PMID": 757901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10628", "title": "Treatment with oxidized cellulose of the resection surface of the lung.", "content": "Segment resection was performed in 15 dogs. The resected surface was covered with absorbable cellulose bioplast (Surgicel)R and fixed by the tissue adhesive Histoacryl-N-Blau. The results were checked by gross and microscopic examinations which showed that the gradually absorbed material had been replaced by a layer of connective tissue. The method is recommended for use in human operations.", "contents": "Treatment with oxidized cellulose of the resection surface of the lung. Segment resection was performed in 15 dogs. The resected surface was covered with absorbable cellulose bioplast (Surgicel)R and fixed by the tissue adhesive Histoacryl-N-Blau. The results were checked by gross and microscopic examinations which showed that the gradually absorbed material had been replaced by a layer of connective tissue. The method is recommended for use in human operations.", "PMID": 757914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10629", "title": "Perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Lusaka, 1976.", "content": "A prospective study of perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka for 1976 is presented. The early neonatal mortality of the babies born in hospital was 28.7 per 1000 live-births; it was 239.96 per 1000 admissions of those born outside the hospital. The still-birth rate in the hospital-born babies was 25.2 per 1000 deliveries; the perinatal mortality was 53.3 per 1000 deliveries; and the neonatal mortality in the hospital-born was 31.1 per 1000 live-births. The cause of death were asphyxia, infections could injury, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital malformation and intracranial haemmorrhage. If the perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity are to be reduced, much effort and co-operation of all concerned with the health of the expectant mother, and her child are required. Records of birth-weights, stillbirth, and causes of deaths in the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) for the year 1976 have been analysed. The aim is to provide a basis for future comparisons and improvement of the care given to newborns.", "contents": "Perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Lusaka, 1976. A prospective study of perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka for 1976 is presented. The early neonatal mortality of the babies born in hospital was 28.7 per 1000 live-births; it was 239.96 per 1000 admissions of those born outside the hospital. The still-birth rate in the hospital-born babies was 25.2 per 1000 deliveries; the perinatal mortality was 53.3 per 1000 deliveries; and the neonatal mortality in the hospital-born was 31.1 per 1000 live-births. The cause of death were asphyxia, infections could injury, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital malformation and intracranial haemmorrhage. If the perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity are to be reduced, much effort and co-operation of all concerned with the health of the expectant mother, and her child are required. Records of birth-weights, stillbirth, and causes of deaths in the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) for the year 1976 have been analysed. The aim is to provide a basis for future comparisons and improvement of the care given to newborns.", "PMID": 757908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10630", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Zambian African.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined in 121 Zambian in-patients suffering from different acute and chronic disorders. The immunoglobulin response was similar to that observed in other patient populations.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Zambian African. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined in 121 Zambian in-patients suffering from different acute and chronic disorders. The immunoglobulin response was similar to that observed in other patient populations.", "PMID": 757909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10631", "title": "An unexpected foreign body in the oesophogus: a case report.", "content": "An unusual case of foreign body in the oesophagus is reported. A history of dysphagia was absent although oesophageal obstruction was total; the retained foreign body was vegetable matter. An unusual radiological appearance, \"the inverted wine-glass sign\" is described. Pure water depletion was diagnosed there being dehydration combined with hypernatraemia (Na = 164MEq/L), normokalaemia (K+ = 4.2mEq/L), and acidosis (Serum bicarbonate = 10 mEq/L), as well as uraemia (220 mg%), and haemoconcentration (haemoglobin=18.5g%). Treatment with oesophageal lavage and intravenous fluids was successful.", "contents": "An unexpected foreign body in the oesophogus: a case report. An unusual case of foreign body in the oesophagus is reported. A history of dysphagia was absent although oesophageal obstruction was total; the retained foreign body was vegetable matter. An unusual radiological appearance, \"the inverted wine-glass sign\" is described. Pure water depletion was diagnosed there being dehydration combined with hypernatraemia (Na = 164MEq/L), normokalaemia (K+ = 4.2mEq/L), and acidosis (Serum bicarbonate = 10 mEq/L), as well as uraemia (220 mg%), and haemoconcentration (haemoglobin=18.5g%). Treatment with oesophageal lavage and intravenous fluids was successful.", "PMID": 757906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10632", "title": "Menstrual regulation by mean of endometrial aspiration.", "content": "The results of menstrual regulation performed in 181 cases of supposed pregnancy are described. In 166 cases (92%) pregnancy could be interrupted without dilatation of the os uteri and only in 15 cases (8%) was it necessary to dilate the cervical canal by 8.5--9.0 H units. The majority of pregnancies was interrupted by means of vacuum aspiration and only in 15 cases was curettage performed because of a supposed residue. In the postoperative period slight blood discharge occurred in 2 cases and in 1 case the choriodecidual residue had to be removed by curettage one week after vacuum aspiration. The advantage of the method are particularly remarkable in the interruption of the first pregnancy since it can be carried out without an injury to the cervical canal.", "contents": "Menstrual regulation by mean of endometrial aspiration. The results of menstrual regulation performed in 181 cases of supposed pregnancy are described. In 166 cases (92%) pregnancy could be interrupted without dilatation of the os uteri and only in 15 cases (8%) was it necessary to dilate the cervical canal by 8.5--9.0 H units. The majority of pregnancies was interrupted by means of vacuum aspiration and only in 15 cases was curettage performed because of a supposed residue. In the postoperative period slight blood discharge occurred in 2 cases and in 1 case the choriodecidual residue had to be removed by curettage one week after vacuum aspiration. The advantage of the method are particularly remarkable in the interruption of the first pregnancy since it can be carried out without an injury to the cervical canal.", "PMID": 757915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10633", "title": "Chronic cystic masthopathya: twenty-five years experience.", "content": "The pathology and clinical aspect of chronic cystic mastopathy are discussed on the basis of experience gained in 338 cases. The condition was unilateral in 88.7% and bilateral in 11.3% of the cases. More than 50% of the patients belonged into the 40 to 49 years age group. In 5.3% transformation into cancer was observed. In 25.6% of the cancer cases the matopathic change was also detected. Fifty-nine patients had to be operated twice, 26 three or more times. The operation consisted of excision; in two cases mastectomy had to be performed. Of the patients, 95% were followed up; 21% continued to complain of slight pain in the breast.", "contents": "Chronic cystic masthopathya: twenty-five years experience. The pathology and clinical aspect of chronic cystic mastopathy are discussed on the basis of experience gained in 338 cases. The condition was unilateral in 88.7% and bilateral in 11.3% of the cases. More than 50% of the patients belonged into the 40 to 49 years age group. In 5.3% transformation into cancer was observed. In 25.6% of the cancer cases the matopathic change was also detected. Fifty-nine patients had to be operated twice, 26 three or more times. The operation consisted of excision; in two cases mastectomy had to be performed. Of the patients, 95% were followed up; 21% continued to complain of slight pain in the breast.", "PMID": 757916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10634", "title": "Incidence of peptic ulcer in the Zambian African - a radiological study.", "content": "Five hundred and sixty-eight (568) consecutive barium meal examinations have been studied. 152 showed peptic ulcer. There were 146 duodenal and six gastric ulcers. Eight were post-bulbar ulcers, and multiple ulcers were seen in only 4. Clinically, none had pancreatic adenoma. The ratio of male to female was as follows:- referral 4.7 to 1.0; of those who had peptic ulcer, 4.1. The incidence of peptic ulcer was equally distributed in all social classes.", "contents": "Incidence of peptic ulcer in the Zambian African - a radiological study. Five hundred and sixty-eight (568) consecutive barium meal examinations have been studied. 152 showed peptic ulcer. There were 146 duodenal and six gastric ulcers. Eight were post-bulbar ulcers, and multiple ulcers were seen in only 4. Clinically, none had pancreatic adenoma. The ratio of male to female was as follows:- referral 4.7 to 1.0; of those who had peptic ulcer, 4.1. The incidence of peptic ulcer was equally distributed in all social classes.", "PMID": 757910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10635", "title": "Formation of cholesterol gallstones: the role of metabolic factors and of congestion.", "content": "Cholesterol gallstones were induced in mice by means of a lithogenous diet. Some of the animals were given in addition morphine regularly. The ten-week experiment was concluded with operation. Lithogenesis was recorded, the volume of the gallbladder was measured, the bile collected for analysis and a specimen was taken from the liver for histologic examination. In the animals fed the lithogenous diet were only gallstones found. The occurrence of cholestasis was unequivocally be proved by the volume of the gallbladder and the microscopic examination of the bile sediment in the group treated with morphine. Metabolic factors seem to play the primary role in the formation of cholesterol gallstones; cholestasis is of secondary importance.", "contents": "Formation of cholesterol gallstones: the role of metabolic factors and of congestion. Cholesterol gallstones were induced in mice by means of a lithogenous diet. Some of the animals were given in addition morphine regularly. The ten-week experiment was concluded with operation. Lithogenesis was recorded, the volume of the gallbladder was measured, the bile collected for analysis and a specimen was taken from the liver for histologic examination. In the animals fed the lithogenous diet were only gallstones found. The occurrence of cholestasis was unequivocally be proved by the volume of the gallbladder and the microscopic examination of the bile sediment in the group treated with morphine. Metabolic factors seem to play the primary role in the formation of cholesterol gallstones; cholestasis is of secondary importance.", "PMID": 757917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10636", "title": "[Similarities between human fetal glia cells and glioma cell type in tissue cultures].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on cell cultures of human fetal brain tissue and of gliomas of different tissue structures. In the cultures of fetal brain tissue maintained for 180 days, four cell-types could be distinguished: 1 large polygonal cells showing epithelial type growth; 2 groups of small round cells; 3 bipolar spongioblasts; and 4 giant astrocytes. The monolayers consisting of large cells formed a nursing layer for the small round cells and could be considered neuroepithelial cells. The small round cells forming groups were regarded as immature gliacytes which created migrational forms by means of active motion. The bipolar spongioblasts were considered a variant of the immature gliacytes. The giant astrocytes displayed the lowest plasticity; their appearance was interpreted as a true differentation and not simply as a change in form of one of the cell types. The cells of the fetal brain tissue could not be identified with the cells of the adult human brain. Still, all the four cell types appeared in the cultures of gliomas with different textures and different degrees of malignity. It seems that with respect to gliogenesis, among the four described cell types the immature gliacytes are of the greatest importance.", "contents": "[Similarities between human fetal glia cells and glioma cell type in tissue cultures]. Comparative studies were carried out on cell cultures of human fetal brain tissue and of gliomas of different tissue structures. In the cultures of fetal brain tissue maintained for 180 days, four cell-types could be distinguished: 1 large polygonal cells showing epithelial type growth; 2 groups of small round cells; 3 bipolar spongioblasts; and 4 giant astrocytes. The monolayers consisting of large cells formed a nursing layer for the small round cells and could be considered neuroepithelial cells. The small round cells forming groups were regarded as immature gliacytes which created migrational forms by means of active motion. The bipolar spongioblasts were considered a variant of the immature gliacytes. The giant astrocytes displayed the lowest plasticity; their appearance was interpreted as a true differentation and not simply as a change in form of one of the cell types. The cells of the fetal brain tissue could not be identified with the cells of the adult human brain. Still, all the four cell types appeared in the cultures of gliomas with different textures and different degrees of malignity. It seems that with respect to gliogenesis, among the four described cell types the immature gliacytes are of the greatest importance.", "PMID": 757919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10637", "title": "[Clinical studies of Magurlit granulates].", "content": "The possibilities of dissolving by means of medication uric acid and uric acid-calcium oxalate calculi are discussed. The biochemical causes of uric acid lithogenesis was studied. Due to successful pharmacotherapy the number of operations has greatly diminished in recent years. On the basis of experience gained with various citrate mixtures the authors claim that Magurlit is the most advantageous litholytic drug. Due to its magnesium and vitamin B6 content it is also suitable for the dissolution of uric acid calculi containing calcium oxalate in diffuse distribution, i.e. for the prevention of the development of stones of this type.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of Magurlit granulates]. The possibilities of dissolving by means of medication uric acid and uric acid-calcium oxalate calculi are discussed. The biochemical causes of uric acid lithogenesis was studied. Due to successful pharmacotherapy the number of operations has greatly diminished in recent years. On the basis of experience gained with various citrate mixtures the authors claim that Magurlit is the most advantageous litholytic drug. Due to its magnesium and vitamin B6 content it is also suitable for the dissolution of uric acid calculi containing calcium oxalate in diffuse distribution, i.e. for the prevention of the development of stones of this type.", "PMID": 757918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10638", "title": "Conjoint twins (1).", "content": "Two cases of Conjoined twins are reported. The etiology, incidence, diagnosis and management are discussed. It is suggested that if conjoined twins are diagnosed before labour, of if there is dystocia, Caesarean section is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Conjoint twins (1). Two cases of Conjoined twins are reported. The etiology, incidence, diagnosis and management are discussed. It is suggested that if conjoined twins are diagnosed before labour, of if there is dystocia, Caesarean section is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 757912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10639", "title": "[Total reconstruction of the lower lip].", "content": "In cases the entire lower lip was extirpated because of lip cancer and in 13 of these patients immediate restitution was performed by the slightly modified method of Grimm. The experience gained with this method is analysed. The fact that beside an acceptable function of the lip the oral orifice has not narrowed is considered the main advantage of the method.", "contents": "[Total reconstruction of the lower lip]. In cases the entire lower lip was extirpated because of lip cancer and in 13 of these patients immediate restitution was performed by the slightly modified method of Grimm. The experience gained with this method is analysed. The fact that beside an acceptable function of the lip the oral orifice has not narrowed is considered the main advantage of the method.", "PMID": 757920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10640", "title": "Radionuclide angiocardiography, a noninvasive method for evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion; comparison with contrast left ventricular angiography.", "content": "The efficacy of gated synchronous acquisition (GSA) after cardiac blood pool labelling in assessing left ventricular function (ejection fraction and regional wall motion) was evaluated in 31 patients within 24 hours of contrast left ventricular angiography. With the R-wave of the electrocardiogram as a physiologic marker, radionuclide data recorded into an on-line computer allowed construction of cardiac blood pool images during sequential periods of the cardiac cycle. The images, of high count density, have good spatial resolution and can be viewed repetitively in real time in a cine mode. The ejection fractions calculated from the left ventricular time-activity curves corrected for background activity correlated well with the ejection fractions determined from dimension analysis of the contrast left ventricular angiograms (r = 0.87). The results were highly reproducible (r = 0.97). Results of analysis of left ventricular wall motion were similar with the two types of angiograms in 26 of the 31 subjects. GSA is a simple, safe means of evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion noninvasively.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiocardiography, a noninvasive method for evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion; comparison with contrast left ventricular angiography. The efficacy of gated synchronous acquisition (GSA) after cardiac blood pool labelling in assessing left ventricular function (ejection fraction and regional wall motion) was evaluated in 31 patients within 24 hours of contrast left ventricular angiography. With the R-wave of the electrocardiogram as a physiologic marker, radionuclide data recorded into an on-line computer allowed construction of cardiac blood pool images during sequential periods of the cardiac cycle. The images, of high count density, have good spatial resolution and can be viewed repetitively in real time in a cine mode. The ejection fractions calculated from the left ventricular time-activity curves corrected for background activity correlated well with the ejection fractions determined from dimension analysis of the contrast left ventricular angiograms (r = 0.87). The results were highly reproducible (r = 0.97). Results of analysis of left ventricular wall motion were similar with the two types of angiograms in 26 of the 31 subjects. GSA is a simple, safe means of evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion noninvasively.", "PMID": 757954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10641", "title": "Carcinoma of the gallbladder in a population of Southwestern American Indians.", "content": "The clinical and pathological characteristics of gallbladder carcinoma were studied in a group of 56 Southwestern American Indian patients. This is the third most common malignant tumor among American Indian females in a population served by the New Mexico Tumor Registry accounting for 8.5% of specific cancer diagnoses by site. Carcinoma of the gallbladder is relatively more common within the Indian population than among Spanish Americans or Anglos living in this area. This is true for both sexes. No significant differences in average age at diagnosis, ratio of female to male patients, signs and symptoms, stage at diagnosis or survival were detected in comparison with studies pertaining to gallbladder carcinoma in non-Indian populations. A squamous cell carcinoma component was unusually common however, and carcinoma in situ or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the mucosa was frequently documented adjacent to invasive carcinoma. Although gall stones were present in tumor containing gallbladders in 93% of cases, elective cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis is probably not a practical means of prevention of this tumor in view of the unusual frequency of cholelithiasis in Indian women. Pharmacological conversion of bile to a non-lithogenic form may deserve consideration as prophylaxis against both cholelithiasis and carcinoma of the gallbladder in this population.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the gallbladder in a population of Southwestern American Indians. The clinical and pathological characteristics of gallbladder carcinoma were studied in a group of 56 Southwestern American Indian patients. This is the third most common malignant tumor among American Indian females in a population served by the New Mexico Tumor Registry accounting for 8.5% of specific cancer diagnoses by site. Carcinoma of the gallbladder is relatively more common within the Indian population than among Spanish Americans or Anglos living in this area. This is true for both sexes. No significant differences in average age at diagnosis, ratio of female to male patients, signs and symptoms, stage at diagnosis or survival were detected in comparison with studies pertaining to gallbladder carcinoma in non-Indian populations. A squamous cell carcinoma component was unusually common however, and carcinoma in situ or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the mucosa was frequently documented adjacent to invasive carcinoma. Although gall stones were present in tumor containing gallbladders in 93% of cases, elective cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis is probably not a practical means of prevention of this tumor in view of the unusual frequency of cholelithiasis in Indian women. Pharmacological conversion of bile to a non-lithogenic form may deserve consideration as prophylaxis against both cholelithiasis and carcinoma of the gallbladder in this population.", "PMID": 757957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10642", "title": "Multicentric bowen's disease of the genitalia: spontaneous regression of lesions.", "content": "The phenomenon of multiple lesions of Bowen's disease appearing on the genitalia of young adults is becoming increasingly recognized. We have seen two patients who had genital lesions with histologic features of squamous carcinoma in situ, but with an entirely different clinical appearance. In both patients, varying degrees of spontaneous regression occurred. A conservative approach to management of these lesions is suggested.", "contents": "Multicentric bowen's disease of the genitalia: spontaneous regression of lesions. The phenomenon of multiple lesions of Bowen's disease appearing on the genitalia of young adults is becoming increasingly recognized. We have seen two patients who had genital lesions with histologic features of squamous carcinoma in situ, but with an entirely different clinical appearance. In both patients, varying degrees of spontaneous regression occurred. A conservative approach to management of these lesions is suggested.", "PMID": 757959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10643", "title": "Quantitation of dexamethasone in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the quantitation of dexamethasone in plasma and urine is described. The specificity of the method is obtained using adsoprtion chromatography on a high-performance liquid chromatograph. The dexamethasone is detected with a variable-wavelength UV detector. An internal standard technique is used for quantitation of dexamethasone with a minimum sensitivity of 15 ng. Preliminary results of the application of the method to pharmacokinetic studies of dexamethasone in humans are reported.", "contents": "Quantitation of dexamethasone in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive and specific method for the quantitation of dexamethasone in plasma and urine is described. The specificity of the method is obtained using adsoprtion chromatography on a high-performance liquid chromatograph. The dexamethasone is detected with a variable-wavelength UV detector. An internal standard technique is used for quantitation of dexamethasone with a minimum sensitivity of 15 ng. Preliminary results of the application of the method to pharmacokinetic studies of dexamethasone in humans are reported.", "PMID": 757961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10644", "title": "Simple, rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tolbutamide and carboxy tolbutamide in plasma.", "content": "A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay is described for the quantitative analysis of tolbutamide and its major metabolite, carboxy tolbutamide in plasma. An aliquot (25--100 microliter) of plasma was prepared for chromatography by deproteinization as follows. One volume of plasma and 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile were vortex mixed for a few seconds and then centrifuged for approx. 1 min. A 50-microliter sample of the clear supernatant was injected into the chromatograph. A mu Bondapak C18 reversed-phase column was used with a mobile phase acetonitrile--0.05% phosphoric acid (45:55) at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min. The column effluent was monitored by a variable-wavelength UV detector set at 200 nm. Tolbutamide and its metabolite had retention times of 5.75 and 3.25 min, respectively. The procedure yuelds reproducible results with sensitivity adequate for routine clinical monitoring of plasma levels or for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies. A number of commonly used drugs do not interfere with the method. A single plasma sample can be analyzed in approx. 9 or 10 min.", "contents": "Simple, rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tolbutamide and carboxy tolbutamide in plasma. A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay is described for the quantitative analysis of tolbutamide and its major metabolite, carboxy tolbutamide in plasma. An aliquot (25--100 microliter) of plasma was prepared for chromatography by deproteinization as follows. One volume of plasma and 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile were vortex mixed for a few seconds and then centrifuged for approx. 1 min. A 50-microliter sample of the clear supernatant was injected into the chromatograph. A mu Bondapak C18 reversed-phase column was used with a mobile phase acetonitrile--0.05% phosphoric acid (45:55) at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min. The column effluent was monitored by a variable-wavelength UV detector set at 200 nm. Tolbutamide and its metabolite had retention times of 5.75 and 3.25 min, respectively. The procedure yuelds reproducible results with sensitivity adequate for routine clinical monitoring of plasma levels or for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies. A number of commonly used drugs do not interfere with the method. A single plasma sample can be analyzed in approx. 9 or 10 min.", "PMID": 757962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10645", "title": "Determination of molsidomine in plasma by high-performance liquid column chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the anti-anginal compound 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholinosydnonimine (Molsidomine) in human and dog plasma. The drug was extracted from plasma into chloroform and the analysis was carried out on a reversed-phase column, the column effluent being monitored by UV absorption at 312 nm. The method is sensitive (2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) and specific. The method was applied to a study in which human volunteers received an aqueous solution of the drug and then, on a separate occasion, a tablet formulation. Peak plasma levels of 20--30 ng/ml (tablet) and 10--19 ng/ml (aqueous solution) were obtained following a 2-mg oral dose.", "contents": "Determination of molsidomine in plasma by high-performance liquid column chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the anti-anginal compound 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholinosydnonimine (Molsidomine) in human and dog plasma. The drug was extracted from plasma into chloroform and the analysis was carried out on a reversed-phase column, the column effluent being monitored by UV absorption at 312 nm. The method is sensitive (2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) and specific. The method was applied to a study in which human volunteers received an aqueous solution of the drug and then, on a separate occasion, a tablet formulation. Peak plasma levels of 20--30 ng/ml (tablet) and 10--19 ng/ml (aqueous solution) were obtained following a 2-mg oral dose.", "PMID": 757963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10646", "title": "Depersonalization and temporal disintegration in acute mental illness.", "content": "The authors assessed the relationship between depersonalization (defined by self-estrangement and body image diffusion) and temporal disintegration (impaired goal-directedness and temporal indistinction) in 37 acutely ill hospitalized psychiatric patients. Substantial correlations were found between these two phenomena, confirming previous work. The finding that body image diffusion is positively correlated with temporal disintegration suggests that distortions of personal space accompany distortions of personal time.", "contents": "Depersonalization and temporal disintegration in acute mental illness. The authors assessed the relationship between depersonalization (defined by self-estrangement and body image diffusion) and temporal disintegration (impaired goal-directedness and temporal indistinction) in 37 acutely ill hospitalized psychiatric patients. Substantial correlations were found between these two phenomena, confirming previous work. The finding that body image diffusion is positively correlated with temporal disintegration suggests that distortions of personal space accompany distortions of personal time.", "PMID": 757964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10647", "title": "On depersonalization in adolescence: a consideration from the viewpoints on habituation and 'identity'.", "content": "Depersonalization occurs in many psychiatric states but its origins are unknown. It is suggested that feelings of unreality may be unusually common in adolescents. Certain speculations are offered concerning the genesis of a sense of unreality. The neurophysiological mechanisms governing the perception of 'familiar' or 'strange' are seen to be the key to this experience. They involve the matching of events in the outer world against inner organizations of previous experience. These mechanisms are likely to be disturbed through epilepsy or other disorders of the temporal lobe, in which abnormal perceptions of strangeness and familiarity are frequently found. It is suggested that the matching process extends to include social situations, and that where an individual's identity is undeveloped or fragmented a sense of strangeness may result. The concept of identity is briefly discussed in order to distinguish it from 'self' and 'ego', and to intimate its possible fragmentation in adolescence. Finally, some reference is made to management and, in particular, to the use of the peer group.", "contents": "On depersonalization in adolescence: a consideration from the viewpoints on habituation and 'identity'. Depersonalization occurs in many psychiatric states but its origins are unknown. It is suggested that feelings of unreality may be unusually common in adolescents. Certain speculations are offered concerning the genesis of a sense of unreality. The neurophysiological mechanisms governing the perception of 'familiar' or 'strange' are seen to be the key to this experience. They involve the matching of events in the outer world against inner organizations of previous experience. These mechanisms are likely to be disturbed through epilepsy or other disorders of the temporal lobe, in which abnormal perceptions of strangeness and familiarity are frequently found. It is suggested that the matching process extends to include social situations, and that where an individual's identity is undeveloped or fragmented a sense of strangeness may result. The concept of identity is briefly discussed in order to distinguish it from 'self' and 'ego', and to intimate its possible fragmentation in adolescence. Finally, some reference is made to management and, in particular, to the use of the peer group.", "PMID": 757965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10648", "title": "[Addiction in women. Observations on the psychic and social situation of women admitted to the addicts ward of a provincial government mental hospital (Landeskrankenhaus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes a ward for the admittance of female addicts in a provincial government mental hospital (Landeskrankenhaus). Addiction is interpreted as the sequel of a severe psychic disturbance (manifested as depression in most of the women) in conjunction with socially disturbed conditions (lack of social function, familial upsets). Possibilities of treatment in a provincial government hospital are limited. The essential therapeutic chance is offered by a firmly patterned ward structure and by creating an \"antidepressive environment\" which meets to a certain extent the patient's innate craving for security and her need \"to belong\", while at the same time promoting her own initiative and sense of responsibility.", "contents": "[Addiction in women. Observations on the psychic and social situation of women admitted to the addicts ward of a provincial government mental hospital (Landeskrankenhaus) (author's transl)]. The article describes a ward for the admittance of female addicts in a provincial government mental hospital (Landeskrankenhaus). Addiction is interpreted as the sequel of a severe psychic disturbance (manifested as depression in most of the women) in conjunction with socially disturbed conditions (lack of social function, familial upsets). Possibilities of treatment in a provincial government hospital are limited. The essential therapeutic chance is offered by a firmly patterned ward structure and by creating an \"antidepressive environment\" which meets to a certain extent the patient's innate craving for security and her need \"to belong\", while at the same time promoting her own initiative and sense of responsibility.", "PMID": 757973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10649", "title": "Application of portable cardiopulmonary bypass to emergency instrumentation.", "content": "Although most emergency conditions may be reversed with standard treatment protocols, mechanical cardiopulmonary bypass may be utilized to resuscitate highly selective patients who are in extremis. The addition of a battery mode to drive the pump oxygenator allows for portability from one area of the hospital to another. With the extensive availability of pump teams for elective heart surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass is applicable to patients with emergency conditions.", "contents": "Application of portable cardiopulmonary bypass to emergency instrumentation. Although most emergency conditions may be reversed with standard treatment protocols, mechanical cardiopulmonary bypass may be utilized to resuscitate highly selective patients who are in extremis. The addition of a battery mode to drive the pump oxygenator allows for portability from one area of the hospital to another. With the extensive availability of pump teams for elective heart surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass is applicable to patients with emergency conditions.", "PMID": 757968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10650", "title": "[Neo-natal neutropenia induced by anti-NA 2 allo-immunization. Serological and clinical study of 2 cases in a family].", "content": "A severe neutropenia in a 2 day old newborn drew attention to anti-HLA and NA 2 antigranulocytic antibodies in the maternal serum. Close supervision from birth of a younger sibling demonstrated a neutropenia on the 5th day of life. Serological investigation showed the anti-NA 2 antibody to be responsible in both cases. A good result with total blood replacement of leucocyte-free blood in the second case would advocate this treatment in cases of severe immunological neutropenia.", "contents": "[Neo-natal neutropenia induced by anti-NA 2 allo-immunization. Serological and clinical study of 2 cases in a family]. A severe neutropenia in a 2 day old newborn drew attention to anti-HLA and NA 2 antigranulocytic antibodies in the maternal serum. Close supervision from birth of a younger sibling demonstrated a neutropenia on the 5th day of life. Serological investigation showed the anti-NA 2 antibody to be responsible in both cases. A good result with total blood replacement of leucocyte-free blood in the second case would advocate this treatment in cases of severe immunological neutropenia.", "PMID": 757977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10651", "title": "[Ideas and theories in the new psychotherapies in the U.S.A].", "content": "A primary concern with man's fragmentation and alienation from himself and others. A concept of pathology which reflects the loss of self or congruence with one's experiences and the resultant blocking and diminution of one's potentialities. A concept of cure which means authenticity, spontaneity and self-actualization. A primary mode of change via immediate experiencing i.e. intense feeling of one's sensory, bodily and/or spiritual dimensions. A primary therapeutic task of providing an authentic and permissive atmosphere for mutual interaction or dialogue. A primary focus upon the phenomenological moment. A treatment model of therapist to client within the egalitarian framework of a \"human alliance\". A doctor/patient relationship which is a real, here-and-now encounter. A primary therapist role of mutual interactor and acceptor. A primary therapist stance which is involved and real. A primary tool or technique of encounter (and/or intensification of feelings via methods of emotional flooding for intense abreaction, or methods of meditation for profound rest). A primary treatment length which is shortterm and intense.", "contents": "[Ideas and theories in the new psychotherapies in the U.S.A]. A primary concern with man's fragmentation and alienation from himself and others. A concept of pathology which reflects the loss of self or congruence with one's experiences and the resultant blocking and diminution of one's potentialities. A concept of cure which means authenticity, spontaneity and self-actualization. A primary mode of change via immediate experiencing i.e. intense feeling of one's sensory, bodily and/or spiritual dimensions. A primary therapeutic task of providing an authentic and permissive atmosphere for mutual interaction or dialogue. A primary focus upon the phenomenological moment. A treatment model of therapist to client within the egalitarian framework of a \"human alliance\". A doctor/patient relationship which is a real, here-and-now encounter. A primary therapist role of mutual interactor and acceptor. A primary therapist stance which is involved and real. A primary tool or technique of encounter (and/or intensification of feelings via methods of emotional flooding for intense abreaction, or methods of meditation for profound rest). A primary treatment length which is shortterm and intense.", "PMID": 757983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10652", "title": "[Clinico-neurohumoral interrelationships in neuroses].", "content": "The paper is related to studies of the sympathico-adrenal activity, hypophysisadrenal and entero-chromaphine systems in patients with hysterical and phobic neuroses. They detected certain regularities in the initial activities of these systems as well as of their reactivity depending upon the character of the functional symptom, psychological personality traits and cerebral dysfunctions.", "contents": "[Clinico-neurohumoral interrelationships in neuroses]. The paper is related to studies of the sympathico-adrenal activity, hypophysisadrenal and entero-chromaphine systems in patients with hysterical and phobic neuroses. They detected certain regularities in the initial activities of these systems as well as of their reactivity depending upon the character of the functional symptom, psychological personality traits and cerebral dysfunctions.", "PMID": 757984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10653", "title": "Autophagy in dedifferentiating newt iris epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The ultrastructure of dedifferentiating iris epithelial cells of adult newts was studied in vitro, under the conditions which allow subsequent conversion into lens cells. The dense population of melanosomes which characterize the normal differentiated cells are progressively lost before the cells convert into lens cells. The loss of melanosomes is accompanied by the appearance of a layer of material of intermediate density surrounding the melanosomes. Subsequently vacuoles of various sizes appear in which melanosomes, ribosomes, and multivesicular bodies are sequestered. Further observations suggest that these affected organelles are destined for exocytosis. The cytochemical test for acid phosphatase is positive in the immediate vicinity of melanosomes, in the melanosome clusters, and in the multivesicular bodies. On the other hand, normal iris epithelial cells in situ are negative to the acid phosphatase test. The results are interpreted to indicate that autophagy and exocytosis of melanosomes and other organelles occur during the dedifferentiation of iris epithelial cells.", "contents": "Autophagy in dedifferentiating newt iris epithelial cells in vitro. The ultrastructure of dedifferentiating iris epithelial cells of adult newts was studied in vitro, under the conditions which allow subsequent conversion into lens cells. The dense population of melanosomes which characterize the normal differentiated cells are progressively lost before the cells convert into lens cells. The loss of melanosomes is accompanied by the appearance of a layer of material of intermediate density surrounding the melanosomes. Subsequently vacuoles of various sizes appear in which melanosomes, ribosomes, and multivesicular bodies are sequestered. Further observations suggest that these affected organelles are destined for exocytosis. The cytochemical test for acid phosphatase is positive in the immediate vicinity of melanosomes, in the melanosome clusters, and in the multivesicular bodies. On the other hand, normal iris epithelial cells in situ are negative to the acid phosphatase test. The results are interpreted to indicate that autophagy and exocytosis of melanosomes and other organelles occur during the dedifferentiation of iris epithelial cells.", "PMID": 757985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10654", "title": "The effects of marijuana: a social psychological interpretation.", "content": "BECAUSE OF MARIJUANA'S apparent widespread and growing use, and possible future decriminalization, there is understandable concern about the effects of marijuana on behavior. However, in any serious deliberation about effects on behavior, two divergent views are equally unacceptable: that of the naive medical moralizer, who believes that marijuana turns people into vicious criminals; and that of the uncritical humanist, who holds that it affects everyone differently. The first position, characterized here as medical, moves from drug to behavior as though the latter were wholly physiological and a more or less predictably invariant function of the former. The second position, uncritical humanism, views the world as a composite of more of less free human elements which remain inscrutable and unpredictable, regardless of whether any individual is straight or high. Somewhere between these antipodal positions of absolute uniformity and absolute uniformity and absolute diversity lies the reality of patterned variability--i.e., types of users and types of effects of use. Situational factors such as when, where, with whom, and the like are admittedly important, but I propose here to limit attention to the user as social psychological actor in order to reduce analysis to a manageable number of parameters.", "contents": "The effects of marijuana: a social psychological interpretation. BECAUSE OF MARIJUANA'S apparent widespread and growing use, and possible future decriminalization, there is understandable concern about the effects of marijuana on behavior. However, in any serious deliberation about effects on behavior, two divergent views are equally unacceptable: that of the naive medical moralizer, who believes that marijuana turns people into vicious criminals; and that of the uncritical humanist, who holds that it affects everyone differently. The first position, characterized here as medical, moves from drug to behavior as though the latter were wholly physiological and a more or less predictably invariant function of the former. The second position, uncritical humanism, views the world as a composite of more of less free human elements which remain inscrutable and unpredictable, regardless of whether any individual is straight or high. Somewhere between these antipodal positions of absolute uniformity and absolute uniformity and absolute diversity lies the reality of patterned variability--i.e., types of users and types of effects of use. Situational factors such as when, where, with whom, and the like are admittedly important, but I propose here to limit attention to the user as social psychological actor in order to reduce analysis to a manageable number of parameters.", "PMID": 757986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10655", "title": "Short-term treatment of phobia through eidetic imagery.", "content": "This paper presents a relatively new approach to the treatment of phobia. The technique is based on the special attributes of eidetic images. A discussion of relevant eidetic concepts and eidetic methodology is followed by two case histories that illustrate the therapeutic use of eidetic imagery.", "contents": "Short-term treatment of phobia through eidetic imagery. This paper presents a relatively new approach to the treatment of phobia. The technique is based on the special attributes of eidetic images. A discussion of relevant eidetic concepts and eidetic methodology is followed by two case histories that illustrate the therapeutic use of eidetic imagery.", "PMID": 757988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10656", "title": "[Psychopathology of stealing acts without substantial personal enrichment (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a descriptive study of eight cases, four different types of stealing act without substantial personal enrichment are determined: 1. Stealing for substitutional sexual satisfaction 2. Stealing as a reaction to relieve strong emotions 3. Stealing during a state of disturbed consciousness 4. Stealing from psychotic motives. In this context terminologic and diagnostic problems are dicussed. Stealing acts without substantial personal enrichment are classified as a subgroup of pathologic stealing.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of stealing acts without substantial personal enrichment (author's transl)]. On the basis of a descriptive study of eight cases, four different types of stealing act without substantial personal enrichment are determined: 1. Stealing for substitutional sexual satisfaction 2. Stealing as a reaction to relieve strong emotions 3. Stealing during a state of disturbed consciousness 4. Stealing from psychotic motives. In this context terminologic and diagnostic problems are dicussed. Stealing acts without substantial personal enrichment are classified as a subgroup of pathologic stealing.", "PMID": 757993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10657", "title": "Loxapine succinate as a neuroleptic agent: evaluation in two populations of elderly psychiatric patients.", "content": "Loxapine succinate, a newly developed neuroleptic drug, was administered to two groups of geropsychiatric patients: (a) 12 with psychosis and organic brain syndrome, and (b) 14 with chronic schizophrenia. After a two-week baseline period, loxapine was given for 12 weeks. The moderate therapeutic effect of loxapine in the \"responders\" was similar to that of other neuroleptic drugs. The therapeutic dosage range was found to be from 10 to 80 mg daily--about half that used for younger patients. The chief side effects were drowsiness, mild extrapyramidal symptoms, and a slight increase in blood pressure.", "contents": "Loxapine succinate as a neuroleptic agent: evaluation in two populations of elderly psychiatric patients. Loxapine succinate, a newly developed neuroleptic drug, was administered to two groups of geropsychiatric patients: (a) 12 with psychosis and organic brain syndrome, and (b) 14 with chronic schizophrenia. After a two-week baseline period, loxapine was given for 12 weeks. The moderate therapeutic effect of loxapine in the \"responders\" was similar to that of other neuroleptic drugs. The therapeutic dosage range was found to be from 10 to 80 mg daily--about half that used for younger patients. The chief side effects were drowsiness, mild extrapyramidal symptoms, and a slight increase in blood pressure.", "PMID": 757995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10658", "title": "Dementias.", "content": "Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type is becoming one of the most common of the malignant diseases as our society ages. Currently, research has identified several pathophysiological changes, including the bihelical filament and the loss of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the cortex. Although genetic factors play some role in this disease, the important environmental risk factors have not yet been identified and there is, at present, no specific treatment. The second most common cause of dementia, cerebrovascular disease, produces dementia only when there is destruction of brain tissue, as in individuals who have multiple strokes or who have hypertensive vascular disease leading to multiple lacunae. In both multi-infarct dementia and in the lacunar state, hypertension appears to play a greater role than it does in other forms of vascular disease. Many of the other causes of dementia, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, CNS infections or tumors, metabolic disorders produced by thiamine or vitamin B12 deficiency or thyroid dysfunction, are often reversible. Every patient, whatever the age, with a developing dementia deserves a thorough workup to identify these treatable disorders.", "contents": "Dementias. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type is becoming one of the most common of the malignant diseases as our society ages. Currently, research has identified several pathophysiological changes, including the bihelical filament and the loss of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the cortex. Although genetic factors play some role in this disease, the important environmental risk factors have not yet been identified and there is, at present, no specific treatment. The second most common cause of dementia, cerebrovascular disease, produces dementia only when there is destruction of brain tissue, as in individuals who have multiple strokes or who have hypertensive vascular disease leading to multiple lacunae. In both multi-infarct dementia and in the lacunar state, hypertension appears to play a greater role than it does in other forms of vascular disease. Many of the other causes of dementia, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, CNS infections or tumors, metabolic disorders produced by thiamine or vitamin B12 deficiency or thyroid dysfunction, are often reversible. Every patient, whatever the age, with a developing dementia deserves a thorough workup to identify these treatable disorders.", "PMID": 757996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10659", "title": "Secondary mania: manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs.", "content": "While mania usually occurs as a phase of manic-depressive disease, it can occur in association with organic dysfunction--medical and pharmacological--in patients with no history of affective disorder. In reviewing the literature, we have found that mania occurs secondary to drugs, infection, neoplasm, epilepsy, and metabolic disturbances. These cases are best considered secondary manias. They suggest that mania--like, for example, hypertension--is a syndrome with multiple causes and that with further research many manic syndromes currently considered primary will be shifted into the secondary category. Furthermore, the concept of secondary mania casts doubt on any unitary or single-agent hypothesis of the etiology of mania and supports the notion of a continuum of psychopathologic syndromes. Clinicians are alerted to the existence of this syndrome and are urged to screen for it when conditions warrant.", "contents": "Secondary mania: manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs. While mania usually occurs as a phase of manic-depressive disease, it can occur in association with organic dysfunction--medical and pharmacological--in patients with no history of affective disorder. In reviewing the literature, we have found that mania occurs secondary to drugs, infection, neoplasm, epilepsy, and metabolic disturbances. These cases are best considered secondary manias. They suggest that mania--like, for example, hypertension--is a syndrome with multiple causes and that with further research many manic syndromes currently considered primary will be shifted into the secondary category. Furthermore, the concept of secondary mania casts doubt on any unitary or single-agent hypothesis of the etiology of mania and supports the notion of a continuum of psychopathologic syndromes. Clinicians are alerted to the existence of this syndrome and are urged to screen for it when conditions warrant.", "PMID": 757997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10660", "title": "In vitro reconstitution of calf brain microtubules: effects of macromolecules.", "content": "A comparative study has been carried out of the ability to reconstitute into microtubules of tubulins prepared by the Weisenberg and the cycle procedures. It was found that further purification of cycle tubulin by phosphocellulose chromatography made its ability to polymerize identical with that of Weisenberg tubulin. By adding to either tubulin the isolated proteins which copurify with tubulin in the cycle prodecure, it is possible to reduce their critical concentrations of microtubule formation to a value identical with that of cycle tubulin. It was demonstrated quantitatively that the effect of these nontubulin proteins could be mimicked by a variety of polycationic molecules, the most effective one being poly(L-lysine). A possible mechanism is described by which growing microtubules could be stabilized by subsequent addition of the nontubulin proteins. The conclusion is drawn that, at present, it is not known whether the proteins which copurify with tubulin are specific components of the microtubule system, or simply artefactually coprecipitated impurities.", "contents": "In vitro reconstitution of calf brain microtubules: effects of macromolecules. A comparative study has been carried out of the ability to reconstitute into microtubules of tubulins prepared by the Weisenberg and the cycle procedures. It was found that further purification of cycle tubulin by phosphocellulose chromatography made its ability to polymerize identical with that of Weisenberg tubulin. By adding to either tubulin the isolated proteins which copurify with tubulin in the cycle prodecure, it is possible to reduce their critical concentrations of microtubule formation to a value identical with that of cycle tubulin. It was demonstrated quantitatively that the effect of these nontubulin proteins could be mimicked by a variety of polycationic molecules, the most effective one being poly(L-lysine). A possible mechanism is described by which growing microtubules could be stabilized by subsequent addition of the nontubulin proteins. The conclusion is drawn that, at present, it is not known whether the proteins which copurify with tubulin are specific components of the microtubule system, or simply artefactually coprecipitated impurities.", "PMID": 758003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10661", "title": "Left ventricular function in massive pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Serial echocardiographic and angiographic measurements of left ventricular function were obtained in a patient with massive pulmonary embolism before and after pulmonary embolectomy. These data suggest that left ventricular dysfunction secondary to right ventricular failure is the results of markedly decreased left ventricular filling in this settings.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in massive pulmonary embolism. Serial echocardiographic and angiographic measurements of left ventricular function were obtained in a patient with massive pulmonary embolism before and after pulmonary embolectomy. These data suggest that left ventricular dysfunction secondary to right ventricular failure is the results of markedly decreased left ventricular filling in this settings.", "PMID": 758004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10662", "title": "Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of the Madagascar falanouc (mongoose): new data and male identity.", "content": "Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres Hoogstraal, Kohls and Trapido 1965, was described and partially illustrated from a single damaged female from the falanouc, or small-toothed mongoose, Eupleres sp., from an unstated locality in Madagascar. Data are here presented for two collections (9 males, 17 females) from two localities in Tamatave Province, one from E. goudotii Doy\u00e8re, the other from an unstated host. The male is described and illustrated; a complete female is illustrated.", "contents": "Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a parasite of the Madagascar falanouc (mongoose): new data and male identity. Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) eupleres Hoogstraal, Kohls and Trapido 1965, was described and partially illustrated from a single damaged female from the falanouc, or small-toothed mongoose, Eupleres sp., from an unstated locality in Madagascar. Data are here presented for two collections (9 males, 17 females) from two localities in Tamatave Province, one from E. goudotii Doy\u00e8re, the other from an unstated host. The male is described and illustrated; a complete female is illustrated.", "PMID": 758015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10663", "title": "Spatial behavior of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients.", "content": "The spatial behavior of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients (n equal to 64) was assessed as subjects seated themselves for an interview. The methodology employed was one for which normative data were already available. Results indicated no differences in the seating selections of the patient groups, although the spatial behavior of the patient groups differed from that of normals. The results are interpreted in terms of factors generally associated with patient status rather than uniquely associated with a particular diagnosis.", "contents": "Spatial behavior of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients. The spatial behavior of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients (n equal to 64) was assessed as subjects seated themselves for an interview. The methodology employed was one for which normative data were already available. Results indicated no differences in the seating selections of the patient groups, although the spatial behavior of the patient groups differed from that of normals. The results are interpreted in terms of factors generally associated with patient status rather than uniquely associated with a particular diagnosis.", "PMID": 758017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10664", "title": "Characteristics of the microvillus brush border of human placenta: insulin receptor localization in brush border membranes.", "content": "Insulin receptor characteristics were examined in purified brush border membrane from the syncytiotrophoblast of the normal human placenta and quantified during membrane preparation. Insulin receptor concentration was enriched 10- to 15-fold in this preparation, and insulin receptor specific activity followed closely the enrichment values for microvillus plasma membrane markers, alkaline phosphatase, Ca2+- and Mg2+-ATPase, and 5'-nucleotidase during cell fractionation. Insulin receptor concentrations and marker enzyme analyses were compared in whole homogenate, mitochondrial, microsomal, and microvillus fractions, and these fractions were characterized by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Microvillus insulin receptor interactions were dependent on time, [125I]iodoinsulin concentration, protein, and unlabeled hormone concentrations. Competition studies with porcine insulin and [125I]iodoinsulin for this receptor revealed a curvilinear Scatchard plot. Insulinase was demonstrated at 37 C but was minimal at 24 C in the microvillus fraction. Electron microscopy of the microvillus membrane preparation revealed its composition to be mainly spherical closed membrane vesicles and brush border fragments. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing gels of membrane fractions were compared. Actin was tentatively identified as a major microvillus membrane protein and was further fractionated: beta-Actin and gamma-actin were present in approximately equal concentrations. The localization of the insulin receptor in the microvillus brush border of the human placenta suggests that this receptor interacts with maternal, rather than fetal insulin.", "contents": "Characteristics of the microvillus brush border of human placenta: insulin receptor localization in brush border membranes. Insulin receptor characteristics were examined in purified brush border membrane from the syncytiotrophoblast of the normal human placenta and quantified during membrane preparation. Insulin receptor concentration was enriched 10- to 15-fold in this preparation, and insulin receptor specific activity followed closely the enrichment values for microvillus plasma membrane markers, alkaline phosphatase, Ca2+- and Mg2+-ATPase, and 5'-nucleotidase during cell fractionation. Insulin receptor concentrations and marker enzyme analyses were compared in whole homogenate, mitochondrial, microsomal, and microvillus fractions, and these fractions were characterized by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Microvillus insulin receptor interactions were dependent on time, [125I]iodoinsulin concentration, protein, and unlabeled hormone concentrations. Competition studies with porcine insulin and [125I]iodoinsulin for this receptor revealed a curvilinear Scatchard plot. Insulinase was demonstrated at 37 C but was minimal at 24 C in the microvillus fraction. Electron microscopy of the microvillus membrane preparation revealed its composition to be mainly spherical closed membrane vesicles and brush border fragments. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing gels of membrane fractions were compared. Actin was tentatively identified as a major microvillus membrane protein and was further fractionated: beta-Actin and gamma-actin were present in approximately equal concentrations. The localization of the insulin receptor in the microvillus brush border of the human placenta suggests that this receptor interacts with maternal, rather than fetal insulin.", "PMID": 758022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10665", "title": "Predictive experimental animal tumor models: a concept.", "content": "As an introduction to the session on Animal Tumor Models, a concept of animal model systems in presented that differentiates between models of organ-related diseases such as prostate or bladder cancer and models of a certain class of neoplasms found within a specific organ disease. Thus defined, no one animal tumor can completely represent and be predictive for a disease entity, no more so than can a single clinical experience with prostate cancer, e.g., be representative of all clinical cases. Rather, a block of animal tumors originating from a specific organ that reflects a spectrum of carefully defined growth patterns and reactivities best mimics the overall responses obtained clinically. Because immunotherapy is most logically visualized and applied in an adjuvant mode, its effectiveness as a therapeutic modality is vulnerable to the vagaries of individual tumor response to a primary modality. Therefore, the selection of appropriate tumor models for developmental studies in immunotherapy is critical, and the need for well-defined and characterized test systems in terms of chemotherapy and radiation responsiveness is emphasized.", "contents": "Predictive experimental animal tumor models: a concept. As an introduction to the session on Animal Tumor Models, a concept of animal model systems in presented that differentiates between models of organ-related diseases such as prostate or bladder cancer and models of a certain class of neoplasms found within a specific organ disease. Thus defined, no one animal tumor can completely represent and be predictive for a disease entity, no more so than can a single clinical experience with prostate cancer, e.g., be representative of all clinical cases. Rather, a block of animal tumors originating from a specific organ that reflects a spectrum of carefully defined growth patterns and reactivities best mimics the overall responses obtained clinically. Because immunotherapy is most logically visualized and applied in an adjuvant mode, its effectiveness as a therapeutic modality is vulnerable to the vagaries of individual tumor response to a primary modality. Therefore, the selection of appropriate tumor models for developmental studies in immunotherapy is critical, and the need for well-defined and characterized test systems in terms of chemotherapy and radiation responsiveness is emphasized.", "PMID": 758024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10666", "title": "Experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis.", "content": "9 groups of 6 female rats were used in an experiment using fraction 3 of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. 500 microgram gave 100% immunoprotection and 1000 and 1500 microgram gave 66% immunoprotection when challenged with 5 X 10(2) T.brucei. 2  groups of 10 female rats were tested for a short period inoculation immune response. In this, 750 microgram of fraction 3 of T.rhodesiense gave 70% immunoprotection when challenged with T.brucei.", "contents": "Experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis. 9 groups of 6 female rats were used in an experiment using fraction 3 of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. 500 microgram gave 100% immunoprotection and 1000 and 1500 microgram gave 66% immunoprotection when challenged with 5 X 10(2) T.brucei. 2  groups of 10 female rats were tested for a short period inoculation immune response. In this, 750 microgram of fraction 3 of T.rhodesiense gave 70% immunoprotection when challenged with T.brucei.", "PMID": 758031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10667", "title": "[Longitudinal study in children with the nephrotic syndrome and minimal glomerular lesion].", "content": "Twenty-one children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and minimal changes on renal biopsy  were  followed during all the disease. The average of follow-up was 37 months, with a range from 12 to 124 months. Recurrent proteinuria was the most important feature during the follow-up; 14 out of the patients showed frequent relapses, but only 2 patients showed major complication (peritonitis, septicemia) during relapses. Frequent relapses appeared most frequently in patients who began the disease before their fourth birthday, showed allergic history, had hypertension and red blood cells in urine, or had recurrent infections and finally, in those where proteinuria reappeared soon after prednisone therapy was ended. Prednisone alone was successful to induce remission, but it did not prevent frequent relapses. The association clorambucil-prednisone allowed lengthening of the period of remission and possibly for this reason the rate of relapses fell during the first 37 months of the follow-up. There are no signs which permit to predict the length of the disease and the frequent relapses can occur even after many years from the beginning of the disease. Special care of these patients avoids major complications.", "contents": "[Longitudinal study in children with the nephrotic syndrome and minimal glomerular lesion]. Twenty-one children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and minimal changes on renal biopsy  were  followed during all the disease. The average of follow-up was 37 months, with a range from 12 to 124 months. Recurrent proteinuria was the most important feature during the follow-up; 14 out of the patients showed frequent relapses, but only 2 patients showed major complication (peritonitis, septicemia) during relapses. Frequent relapses appeared most frequently in patients who began the disease before their fourth birthday, showed allergic history, had hypertension and red blood cells in urine, or had recurrent infections and finally, in those where proteinuria reappeared soon after prednisone therapy was ended. Prednisone alone was successful to induce remission, but it did not prevent frequent relapses. The association clorambucil-prednisone allowed lengthening of the period of remission and possibly for this reason the rate of relapses fell during the first 37 months of the follow-up. There are no signs which permit to predict the length of the disease and the frequent relapses can occur even after many years from the beginning of the disease. Special care of these patients avoids major complications.", "PMID": 758027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10668", "title": "A case of coccidioidomycosis in Australia.", "content": "We report what we believe to be the first case of coccidioidomycosis to be diagnosed within Australia, and emphasize the dangers of handling Coccidioides immitis in the laboratory.", "contents": "A case of coccidioidomycosis in Australia. We report what we believe to be the first case of coccidioidomycosis to be diagnosed within Australia, and emphasize the dangers of handling Coccidioides immitis in the laboratory.", "PMID": 758033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10669", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate: a comparative in vivo study of the effects of oestrogen and antiprolactin.", "content": "In the light of the high incidence of cardiovascular side effects with oestrogen therapy in patients with prostatic cancer, other medications altering androgen metabolism are under investigation. The influence of the anti-prolactin bromocriptin (CB157) on plasma kinetics of testosterone and on endogenous hormones was studied and compared with the effect of ethinyl oestradiol in 25 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Bromocriptine significantly suppressed both prolactin and testosterone, inhibited the transfer of androgen from the inner pool into the deep compartment and favoured its degradation. Ethinyl oestradiol decreased testosterone, LH and FSH, and prolonged the biological half-life of testosterone. The effects of bromocriptine on androgen metabolism might be of therapeutic value in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate: a comparative in vivo study of the effects of oestrogen and antiprolactin. In the light of the high incidence of cardiovascular side effects with oestrogen therapy in patients with prostatic cancer, other medications altering androgen metabolism are under investigation. The influence of the anti-prolactin bromocriptin (CB157) on plasma kinetics of testosterone and on endogenous hormones was studied and compared with the effect of ethinyl oestradiol in 25 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Bromocriptine significantly suppressed both prolactin and testosterone, inhibited the transfer of androgen from the inner pool into the deep compartment and favoured its degradation. Ethinyl oestradiol decreased testosterone, LH and FSH, and prolonged the biological half-life of testosterone. The effects of bromocriptine on androgen metabolism might be of therapeutic value in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 758043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10670", "title": "Evaluation of tumour extension by whole body scanner.", "content": "Fifteen patients with urinary bladder carcinoma were examined by computerised tomography parallel with conventional urography before, during and after radiation therapy. Computer tomography gave better diagnostic information in the cases in which the tumour had encroached upon, or was growing outside the bladder wall, and was equally as valuable as urography when it was located wholly within the bladder. The scans were of great value as a guide in the planning of computer-aided radiation therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation of tumour extension by whole body scanner. Fifteen patients with urinary bladder carcinoma were examined by computerised tomography parallel with conventional urography before, during and after radiation therapy. Computer tomography gave better diagnostic information in the cases in which the tumour had encroached upon, or was growing outside the bladder wall, and was equally as valuable as urography when it was located wholly within the bladder. The scans were of great value as a guide in the planning of computer-aided radiation therapy.", "PMID": 758046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10671", "title": "[Thormboembolisms and heart ruptures in myocardial infarct].", "content": "An analysis of the incidence of thromboembolism and heart ruptures with reference to different causative factors was conducted on the basis of 585 patients dying of myocardial infarction during the recent 30 years (autopsy data) and 1417 patients with myocardial infarction (298 mortality cases among them) hospitalized during the recent 10 years. A reduction of the incidence of thromboembolism and an increase of the incidence of heart ruptures in the recent years were revealed. Thromboembolism and heart ruptures play an important role among the causes of mortality in myocardial infarction. The development of thromboembolism in myocardial infarction is favoured by the macro-focal nature of the heart lesion, repeated necroses of the myocardium, localization of infarction in the posterior and posteriolateral zones, old age of the patients (over 60), presence of diabetes mellitus and acute cardiac aneurysm. Thromboembolism occurs with the same incidence rate within the initial 7 days, and later during the acute phase. Thrombi are most often found in the cardiac cavities, pulmonary, renal and splenic vessels, in the cerebral, mesenteric and other vessels. Heart ruptures are favoured by the macro-focal nature of the cardiac lesion, localization of the infarction in the anterior and anteriolateral zones, old age (over 60), presence of acute cardiac aneurysm. Most frequently the ruptures are observed in primary myocardial infarction within the initial 5--7 days of the disease. The use of anticoagulants in myocardial infarction decreases the incidence of thromboembolic complications and heart ruptures.", "contents": "[Thormboembolisms and heart ruptures in myocardial infarct]. An analysis of the incidence of thromboembolism and heart ruptures with reference to different causative factors was conducted on the basis of 585 patients dying of myocardial infarction during the recent 30 years (autopsy data) and 1417 patients with myocardial infarction (298 mortality cases among them) hospitalized during the recent 10 years. A reduction of the incidence of thromboembolism and an increase of the incidence of heart ruptures in the recent years were revealed. Thromboembolism and heart ruptures play an important role among the causes of mortality in myocardial infarction. The development of thromboembolism in myocardial infarction is favoured by the macro-focal nature of the heart lesion, repeated necroses of the myocardium, localization of infarction in the posterior and posteriolateral zones, old age of the patients (over 60), presence of diabetes mellitus and acute cardiac aneurysm. Thromboembolism occurs with the same incidence rate within the initial 7 days, and later during the acute phase. Thrombi are most often found in the cardiac cavities, pulmonary, renal and splenic vessels, in the cerebral, mesenteric and other vessels. Heart ruptures are favoured by the macro-focal nature of the cardiac lesion, localization of the infarction in the anterior and anteriolateral zones, old age (over 60), presence of acute cardiac aneurysm. Most frequently the ruptures are observed in primary myocardial infarction within the initial 5--7 days of the disease. The use of anticoagulants in myocardial infarction decreases the incidence of thromboembolic complications and heart ruptures.", "PMID": 758050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10672", "title": "Internal-external control and drug use among junior high school students in a rural community.", "content": "Internal-external (I-E) control and current drug use were assessed among rural junior high school students. As expected, a negative relationship was found between internal control and drug use quantity-frequency. Correlations involving I-E control and drug use outcomes, while in the expected direction, were not significant. Data from the junior high sample were compared with previously collected high school data, and it was found that while overall patterns of use were similar for the two groups, the junior high students report lower quantity-frequency and more social complications.", "contents": "Internal-external control and drug use among junior high school students in a rural community. Internal-external (I-E) control and current drug use were assessed among rural junior high school students. As expected, a negative relationship was found between internal control and drug use quantity-frequency. Correlations involving I-E control and drug use outcomes, while in the expected direction, were not significant. Data from the junior high sample were compared with previously collected high school data, and it was found that while overall patterns of use were similar for the two groups, the junior high students report lower quantity-frequency and more social complications.", "PMID": 758051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10673", "title": "[Complications of local use of hydrocortisone and their prevention].", "content": "Since 1966 to 1976 3694 patients were treated for deforming arthrosis (4953 joints) with local periarticular novocain-hydrocortisone blockades supplemented with intramuscular injections of rheopyrin (pyrabutanol). The method proved to be highly effective, being not inferior to intraarticular injections of hydrocortisone suspension. Only in 8 patients phlegmons occurred, the excision of which resulted in prompt recovery. Hydrocortisone injection in the articular cavity is inherent in the development of grave complications  (28 observations), which resulted in amputation of the extremity in 3 patients and in lethal issues--in 6.", "contents": "[Complications of local use of hydrocortisone and their prevention]. Since 1966 to 1976 3694 patients were treated for deforming arthrosis (4953 joints) with local periarticular novocain-hydrocortisone blockades supplemented with intramuscular injections of rheopyrin (pyrabutanol). The method proved to be highly effective, being not inferior to intraarticular injections of hydrocortisone suspension. Only in 8 patients phlegmons occurred, the excision of which resulted in prompt recovery. Hydrocortisone injection in the articular cavity is inherent in the development of grave complications  (28 observations), which resulted in amputation of the extremity in 3 patients and in lethal issues--in 6.", "PMID": 758055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10674", "title": "[Surgical tactics in sharp-point foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The author reports his observations of 92 patients who swallowed sharp-pointed foreign bodies. It is concluded that the absence of the displacement after barium suspension administration should be considered an indication to surgical intervention in uncomplicated cases. The withdrawal of sharp-pointed objects by means of a fibrogastroscope is hazardous in case of their penetration in the gastric wall.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in sharp-point foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract]. The author reports his observations of 92 patients who swallowed sharp-pointed foreign bodies. It is concluded that the absence of the displacement after barium suspension administration should be considered an indication to surgical intervention in uncomplicated cases. The withdrawal of sharp-pointed objects by means of a fibrogastroscope is hazardous in case of their penetration in the gastric wall.", "PMID": 758056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10675", "title": "[Teratoid formations in the pararectal cellular tissue in adults].", "content": "Since 1955 to 1975 the authors observed one hundred sixty patients with teratoid formations of the pararectal cellular tissue. Under consideration are diagnostic methods used nowadays clinically and the problems of the differential diagnosis as well. The authors point out the basic principles of surgical treatment of the pathology involved. The authors' experience with surgical treatment and the complications observed are analysed. It is felt that this pathology is encountered much more frequently, than it was previously supposed.", "contents": "[Teratoid formations in the pararectal cellular tissue in adults]. Since 1955 to 1975 the authors observed one hundred sixty patients with teratoid formations of the pararectal cellular tissue. Under consideration are diagnostic methods used nowadays clinically and the problems of the differential diagnosis as well. The authors point out the basic principles of surgical treatment of the pathology involved. The authors' experience with surgical treatment and the complications observed are analysed. It is felt that this pathology is encountered much more frequently, than it was previously supposed.", "PMID": 758057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10676", "title": "[Reinfusion of blood in emergency surgery of severe injuries].", "content": "The immediate results of blood reinfusion in 357 patients with wounds and closed injuries of thoracic and abdominal organs are analysed. The data obtained evidence the rationality of reinfusion in urgent surgery for injuries. Reinfusion enables adequate replenishment of blood losses to be terminated more rapidly and physiologically.", "contents": "[Reinfusion of blood in emergency surgery of severe injuries]. The immediate results of blood reinfusion in 357 patients with wounds and closed injuries of thoracic and abdominal organs are analysed. The data obtained evidence the rationality of reinfusion in urgent surgery for injuries. Reinfusion enables adequate replenishment of blood losses to be terminated more rapidly and physiologically.", "PMID": 758058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10677", "title": "Serum concentrations of orally administered diphenylhydantoin in dogs.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin was found to have a short half life and poor gastrointestinal absorption in dogs. Consequently, serum content after single or repeated oral dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight did not exceed a concentration of 2 microgram/ml. To achieve a postulated effective plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin, oral dosage of at least 35 mg/kg of body weight 3 times daily seems necessary.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of orally administered diphenylhydantoin in dogs. Diphenylhydantoin was found to have a short half life and poor gastrointestinal absorption in dogs. Consequently, serum content after single or repeated oral dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight did not exceed a concentration of 2 microgram/ml. To achieve a postulated effective plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin, oral dosage of at least 35 mg/kg of body weight 3 times daily seems necessary.", "PMID": 758073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10678", "title": "Counselor effectiveness in a methadone maintenance program.", "content": "Counselor effectiveness for 253 heroin addicts in a methadone maintenance program was studied. The results of patient urinalysis for heroin use was chosen to assess counselor effectiveness. No significant differences in heroin use were found for the following groups of patients: 1. Those with multiple ex-addict (EA) counselors. 2. Those with multiple nonaddict (NA) counselors. 3. Patients with time periods with EA counselors followed by time periods with NA counselors, or vice versa. 4. Those with a single NA counselor. 5. Those with a single EA counselor. Patients with no counselor for one-third or more of each study period were found to have a significantly greater percent of urines positive for heroin.", "contents": "Counselor effectiveness in a methadone maintenance program. Counselor effectiveness for 253 heroin addicts in a methadone maintenance program was studied. The results of patient urinalysis for heroin use was chosen to assess counselor effectiveness. No significant differences in heroin use were found for the following groups of patients: 1. Those with multiple ex-addict (EA) counselors. 2. Those with multiple nonaddict (NA) counselors. 3. Patients with time periods with EA counselors followed by time periods with NA counselors, or vice versa. 4. Those with a single NA counselor. 5. Those with a single EA counselor. Patients with no counselor for one-third or more of each study period were found to have a significantly greater percent of urines positive for heroin.", "PMID": 758077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10679", "title": "Illicit drug use and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicine among adolescents.", "content": "Over 9,000 junior and senior high school students in 79 schools in 10 cities completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning use of and attitudes toward licit and illicit drugs. Single and multivariate analyses indicated strong and statistically significant relationships between the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicines and experience with illicit drugs. Also, the user of illicit drugs is also a relatively frequent user of licit drugs--alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medications. The user is more likely than the nondrug user to be a \"trier,\" if not a consistent consumer, of a variety of different substances. The patterns of relationships held across cities, types of schools, and age levels, and distinguished between those ever using illicit drugs vs never using them, present vs former users, and single vs polydrug users. Various alternative explanations are discussed.", "contents": "Illicit drug use and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicine among adolescents. Over 9,000 junior and senior high school students in 79 schools in 10 cities completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning use of and attitudes toward licit and illicit drugs. Single and multivariate analyses indicated strong and statistically significant relationships between the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medicines and experience with illicit drugs. Also, the user of illicit drugs is also a relatively frequent user of licit drugs--alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter medications. The user is more likely than the nondrug user to be a \"trier,\" if not a consistent consumer, of a variety of different substances. The patterns of relationships held across cities, types of schools, and age levels, and distinguished between those ever using illicit drugs vs never using them, present vs former users, and single vs polydrug users. Various alternative explanations are discussed.", "PMID": 758086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10680", "title": "The occupational determinants of chronic disabling pulmonary disease in rubber workers.", "content": "Chronic respiratory disease is among the three leading causes of premature retirement due to work disability. The association of occupational exposure and smoking history as potential determinants of pulmonary disability retirement were examined. A cohort of 4302 male, hourly rubber workers actively employed at the Akron plant of a large rubber company on January 1, 1964 was identified and followed for ten years. During the period, 1964-1973, 73 workers terminated gainful employment with a pulmonary disability retirement. Work and smoking histories for these cases and two age-race-sex matched control groups were ascertained. Cases spent significantly greater durations of time employed in curing preparation, curing and finishing and inspection work areas. Each of these areas involves exposures to particulate material and/or solvents. Significant risk of developing a pulmonary disability was associated with smoking and exposure to dust and fumes, generally, and talc and carbon black more specifically. Smoking and occupational exposures were found to interact in their association with pulmonary disability retirement among these rubber workers.", "contents": "The occupational determinants of chronic disabling pulmonary disease in rubber workers. Chronic respiratory disease is among the three leading causes of premature retirement due to work disability. The association of occupational exposure and smoking history as potential determinants of pulmonary disability retirement were examined. A cohort of 4302 male, hourly rubber workers actively employed at the Akron plant of a large rubber company on January 1, 1964 was identified and followed for ten years. During the period, 1964-1973, 73 workers terminated gainful employment with a pulmonary disability retirement. Work and smoking histories for these cases and two age-race-sex matched control groups were ascertained. Cases spent significantly greater durations of time employed in curing preparation, curing and finishing and inspection work areas. Each of these areas involves exposures to particulate material and/or solvents. Significant risk of developing a pulmonary disability was associated with smoking and exposure to dust and fumes, generally, and talc and carbon black more specifically. Smoking and occupational exposures were found to interact in their association with pulmonary disability retirement among these rubber workers.", "PMID": 758090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10681", "title": "Male parental behavior in a captive group of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).", "content": "In this captive gorilla group, which resembled the central core of the free-ranging gorilla groups, the adult male exhibited a persistent interest in infants. His affiliation patterns with particular infants were directly related to his affiliation patterns with the infants' mothers. The data suggest that development of strong affiliation bonds with particular females may be a strategy uded by dominant males, in addition to ostracism of nondominant males, to increase paternity confidence. By investing relatively more in those offspring to whose mothers he is more strongly bonded, the male increases the probability of investing in his own offspring.", "contents": "Male parental behavior in a captive group of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). In this captive gorilla group, which resembled the central core of the free-ranging gorilla groups, the adult male exhibited a persistent interest in infants. His affiliation patterns with particular infants were directly related to his affiliation patterns with the infants' mothers. The data suggest that development of strong affiliation bonds with particular females may be a strategy uded by dominant males, in addition to ostracism of nondominant males, to increase paternity confidence. By investing relatively more in those offspring to whose mothers he is more strongly bonded, the male increases the probability of investing in his own offspring.", "PMID": 758092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10682", "title": "The distribution of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia.", "content": "The incidence of M.S. in Sardinia has been found to be the highest in Southern Italy. On \"prevalence day\", October 21st, 1971, the incidence was 12.48/100,000 inhabitants, whereas the rates in Campania and in Puglia, (regions of Southern Italy at the same latitude as Sardinia) the rates were 3.3 and 4.0 respectively. In the present study, a significant female predominance was found, the rates for women and men being 15.88 and 9.03 respectively. The incidence of MS in the study area was found to be significantly higher both in areas with a cool humid climate and in communities with the lowest socioeconomic conditions. A significantly higher incidence was computed for communities with less than 5,000 inhabitants. MS incidence had no correlation with the occupational status and dietary habits, which are uniformly distributed throughout the island. The disease started at au average of 27.3 years and its duration on \"prevalence day\" was 13.4 years. The age of onset was found to be low in comparison with other population studies in Europe and in North-Central Italy. The age-specific curves of onset and on \"prevalence day\" showed two peaks, one in the second-third decade and one in the forth-fifth decade. Most of the patients with an earlier onset showed a complete disappearance of the symptoms after the first bout.", "contents": "The distribution of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia. The incidence of M.S. in Sardinia has been found to be the highest in Southern Italy. On \"prevalence day\", October 21st, 1971, the incidence was 12.48/100,000 inhabitants, whereas the rates in Campania and in Puglia, (regions of Southern Italy at the same latitude as Sardinia) the rates were 3.3 and 4.0 respectively. In the present study, a significant female predominance was found, the rates for women and men being 15.88 and 9.03 respectively. The incidence of MS in the study area was found to be significantly higher both in areas with a cool humid climate and in communities with the lowest socioeconomic conditions. A significantly higher incidence was computed for communities with less than 5,000 inhabitants. MS incidence had no correlation with the occupational status and dietary habits, which are uniformly distributed throughout the island. The disease started at au average of 27.3 years and its duration on \"prevalence day\" was 13.4 years. The age of onset was found to be low in comparison with other population studies in Europe and in North-Central Italy. The age-specific curves of onset and on \"prevalence day\" showed two peaks, one in the second-third decade and one in the forth-fifth decade. Most of the patients with an earlier onset showed a complete disappearance of the symptoms after the first bout.", "PMID": 758093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10683", "title": "Basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone in hallux valgus: experiences with the use of AO plate.", "content": "In young patients with hallux valgus, osteotomy with excision of the exostosis is frequently indicated. The basal, laterally based wedge osteotomy, is relatively seldom used. However this operation may produce a considerable reduction of the metatarsus primus varus. We modified the method by adding a small AO plate to ensure stabilization. The series consisted of 36 patients, in whom 52 feet were operated on. Pain was the most frequent indication for seeking treatment. A followup was performed an average of 1.5 years postoperatively. The subjective results were good in 41 cases, fair in nine, and poor in one. Objectively the results were good in 42 cases and fair in nine. The mean period of work was seven weeks. The metatarsus varus angle was reduced from 14.8 degrees to 9.3 degrees and the hallux valgus angle from 33.2 degrees to 17.7 degrees. The distance between the first and second metatarsal bones was reduced from 13. 7 mm to 10.2 mm. A good functional and cosmetic result was achieved in most of the cases.", "contents": "Basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone in hallux valgus: experiences with the use of AO plate. In young patients with hallux valgus, osteotomy with excision of the exostosis is frequently indicated. The basal, laterally based wedge osteotomy, is relatively seldom used. However this operation may produce a considerable reduction of the metatarsus primus varus. We modified the method by adding a small AO plate to ensure stabilization. The series consisted of 36 patients, in whom 52 feet were operated on. Pain was the most frequent indication for seeking treatment. A followup was performed an average of 1.5 years postoperatively. The subjective results were good in 41 cases, fair in nine, and poor in one. Objectively the results were good in 42 cases and fair in nine. The mean period of work was seven weeks. The metatarsus varus angle was reduced from 14.8 degrees to 9.3 degrees and the hallux valgus angle from 33.2 degrees to 17.7 degrees. The distance between the first and second metatarsal bones was reduced from 13. 7 mm to 10.2 mm. A good functional and cosmetic result was achieved in most of the cases.", "PMID": 758098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10684", "title": "[Lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzymatic activity under the experimental action of carbon disulfide].", "content": "Activity of lysosomal enzymes and content of carbohydrate containing biopolymers (glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins) were altered in various tissues (liver, kidney, brain, aorta) of experimental animals intoxicated with carbon disulfide. Possible role of the impairments observed, related to neurotropic and hepatotoxic effects, is discussed. Subsequent development of atherogenic and embryotoxic effects of carbon disulfide--one of contaminators of surroundings--are considered.", "contents": "[Lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzymatic activity under the experimental action of carbon disulfide]. Activity of lysosomal enzymes and content of carbohydrate containing biopolymers (glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins) were altered in various tissues (liver, kidney, brain, aorta) of experimental animals intoxicated with carbon disulfide. Possible role of the impairments observed, related to neurotropic and hepatotoxic effects, is discussed. Subsequent development of atherogenic and embryotoxic effects of carbon disulfide--one of contaminators of surroundings--are considered.", "PMID": 758094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10685", "title": "[Determination of hexokinase isoenzymes in different tissues].", "content": "A modified method is described for estimation of hexokinase isoenzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The best conditions for detection of hexokinase activity were developed using immobilization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenas: in gel, utilization of riboflavin as a catalyst of polymerization and stabilization by glucose. The method is simple, highly reproducible, comparatively rapid and economically reasonable.", "contents": "[Determination of hexokinase isoenzymes in different tissues]. A modified method is described for estimation of hexokinase isoenzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The best conditions for detection of hexokinase activity were developed using immobilization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenas: in gel, utilization of riboflavin as a catalyst of polymerization and stabilization by glucose. The method is simple, highly reproducible, comparatively rapid and economically reasonable.", "PMID": 758095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10686", "title": "Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes.", "content": "International statistics indicate that there is a close correlation between the consumption of saturated fats (dairy fats and meat fats) and the mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), and this conception has been confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Such studies alone, however, cannot prove the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables; dietary intervention trials are needed. The Finnish Mental Hospital Study was such a trial, conducted in two hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--1971. Practically total replacement of dairy fats by vegetable oils in the diets of these hospitals was followed by a substantial reduction in the mortality of men from CHD. Total mortality also appeared to be reduced. As to the causes of death other than CHD, none was significantly influenced by dietary change. This was also true for malignant neoplasms. To alleviate the burden of CHD on public health, many investigators have recommended important changes in the quantity and quality of dietary fats.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes. International statistics indicate that there is a close correlation between the consumption of saturated fats (dairy fats and meat fats) and the mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), and this conception has been confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Such studies alone, however, cannot prove the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables; dietary intervention trials are needed. The Finnish Mental Hospital Study was such a trial, conducted in two hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--1971. Practically total replacement of dairy fats by vegetable oils in the diets of these hospitals was followed by a substantial reduction in the mortality of men from CHD. Total mortality also appeared to be reduced. As to the causes of death other than CHD, none was significantly influenced by dietary change. This was also true for malignant neoplasms. To alleviate the burden of CHD on public health, many investigators have recommended important changes in the quantity and quality of dietary fats.", "PMID": 758101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10687", "title": "[Catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase in thyroid gland normal and neoplastic tissue].", "content": "Catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase were studied in extracts of normal thyroid, thyroid benign adenoma and thyroid carcinoma tissues from 23 patients. It was shown that the \"cancer\" hexokinase was several times more active and had lower Km (glucose) as compared with the enzyme from normal thyroid and benign tumor. Gel electrophoretic study revealed five hexokinase isoenzymes in both normal thyroid and its benign tumor. The hexokinase isoenzyme pattern in thyroid carcinoma was characterized by the \"deletion\" or distinctly decreased ratio of the \"slowest\" component. Studies on catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase are important as an additional test for the differentiation between benign and malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase in thyroid gland normal and neoplastic tissue]. Catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase were studied in extracts of normal thyroid, thyroid benign adenoma and thyroid carcinoma tissues from 23 patients. It was shown that the \"cancer\" hexokinase was several times more active and had lower Km (glucose) as compared with the enzyme from normal thyroid and benign tumor. Gel electrophoretic study revealed five hexokinase isoenzymes in both normal thyroid and its benign tumor. The hexokinase isoenzyme pattern in thyroid carcinoma was characterized by the \"deletion\" or distinctly decreased ratio of the \"slowest\" component. Studies on catalytic properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase are important as an additional test for the differentiation between benign and malignant tumors.", "PMID": 758096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10688", "title": "Spontaneous course of ST-segment elevation in acute anterior myocardial infarction.", "content": "The spontaneous course of ST-segment elevation (sigmaST) in 24 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) was studied by precordial ST-segment mapping, which was recorded at 2-hour intervals during the first 48 hours after admission. Change of sigmaST between two registrations was expressed as mV/hr, and was compared with clinical and hemodynamic parameters, course of MB-CK curve, calculated infarct mass and arrhythmias. After an initial rapid increase, there was a decrease of sigmaST, which reaches a plateau-like curve approximately 12 hours after the onset of chest pain. A second new increase of sigmaST exceeding a value of 0.6 mV/hr correlates well with extension of necrosis, verified by re-elevation of MB-CK. During the first 2 days, extension of necrosis could be detected in 50% of our patients. As new ischemic episodes and extension of necrosis in AMI occur frequently and are promptly indicated by an increase of sigmaST, the physician should, while monitoring therapeutic interventions, concentrate on such a second increase rather than on a decrease of sigmaST (which may occur spontaneously), as has been suggested in most previous reports.", "contents": "Spontaneous course of ST-segment elevation in acute anterior myocardial infarction. The spontaneous course of ST-segment elevation (sigmaST) in 24 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) was studied by precordial ST-segment mapping, which was recorded at 2-hour intervals during the first 48 hours after admission. Change of sigmaST between two registrations was expressed as mV/hr, and was compared with clinical and hemodynamic parameters, course of MB-CK curve, calculated infarct mass and arrhythmias. After an initial rapid increase, there was a decrease of sigmaST, which reaches a plateau-like curve approximately 12 hours after the onset of chest pain. A second new increase of sigmaST exceeding a value of 0.6 mV/hr correlates well with extension of necrosis, verified by re-elevation of MB-CK. During the first 2 days, extension of necrosis could be detected in 50% of our patients. As new ischemic episodes and extension of necrosis in AMI occur frequently and are promptly indicated by an increase of sigmaST, the physician should, while monitoring therapeutic interventions, concentrate on such a second increase rather than on a decrease of sigmaST (which may occur spontaneously), as has been suggested in most previous reports.", "PMID": 758102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10689", "title": "Enzymatic indices of myocardial necrosis: influence on short- and long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The prognostic effect of the peak level of serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST), estimated daily for 3--5 days after acute myocardial infarction, was studied in 560 patients who survived the first day in hospital. In a subgroup of 54 patients, peak enzyme levels correlated well with the cumulated CK release (r = 0.90 with peak CK, r = 0.74 with peak AST), thus reflecting the extent of myocardial necrosis. Total mortality within a year after infarction was not significantly different in the lower three quintiles of peak serum enzyme level, but increased from 15.5% to 27.9% (p less than 0.001) when peak CK level exceeded eight times the upper limit of normal (8 X N) and form 13.1% to 34.8% (p less than 0.001) when peak AST level exceeded five time the upper limit of normal (5 X N). The effect of high enzyme levels was more marked in patients with a prior history of myocardial infarction; mortality increased from 14.7% for first infarctions to 18.2% for recurrent infarctions, with peak CK greater than 8 X N, and from 27.0% for first infarctions to 38.0% for recurrent infarctions with peak CK greater than 8 X N. Early mortality was more significantly affected (p less than 0.0001) than late mortality (p less than 0.05). In hospital survivors, late deaths from cardiac decompensation were three times (p less than 0.05) more frequent in the high enzyme group as in the low enzyme group, but the number of sudden deaths was unaffected. These findings have important implications for studies of reduction of myocardial infarct size.", "contents": "Enzymatic indices of myocardial necrosis: influence on short- and long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction. The prognostic effect of the peak level of serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST), estimated daily for 3--5 days after acute myocardial infarction, was studied in 560 patients who survived the first day in hospital. In a subgroup of 54 patients, peak enzyme levels correlated well with the cumulated CK release (r = 0.90 with peak CK, r = 0.74 with peak AST), thus reflecting the extent of myocardial necrosis. Total mortality within a year after infarction was not significantly different in the lower three quintiles of peak serum enzyme level, but increased from 15.5% to 27.9% (p less than 0.001) when peak CK level exceeded eight times the upper limit of normal (8 X N) and form 13.1% to 34.8% (p less than 0.001) when peak AST level exceeded five time the upper limit of normal (5 X N). The effect of high enzyme levels was more marked in patients with a prior history of myocardial infarction; mortality increased from 14.7% for first infarctions to 18.2% for recurrent infarctions, with peak CK greater than 8 X N, and from 27.0% for first infarctions to 38.0% for recurrent infarctions with peak CK greater than 8 X N. Early mortality was more significantly affected (p less than 0.0001) than late mortality (p less than 0.05). In hospital survivors, late deaths from cardiac decompensation were three times (p less than 0.05) more frequent in the high enzyme group as in the low enzyme group, but the number of sudden deaths was unaffected. These findings have important implications for studies of reduction of myocardial infarct size.", "PMID": 758103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10690", "title": "Metabolism and proliferation of L929 mouse fibroblasts cultured in the presence of sodium fluoride.", "content": "L 929 mouse fibroblasts were cultured as monolayers with different amounts of sodium fluoride, corresponding to those used therapeutically. Proliferation of the cells was inhibited in the logarithmic phase of cell growth. There was no change in the protein concentration in the cells, but the concentration of hydroxyproline containing substances in the cells increased while that of hexuronic acid containing substances decreased. The changes in proliferation and in the concentrations of hydroxyproline containing substances and hexuronic acid containing substances were statistically significant. Although the findings cannot be explained in detail it can be concluded that at therapeutic concentrations sodium fluoride has a definite action in contact with the fibroblast, the typical connective tissue cell. This dose dependant action corroborates clinical experience.", "contents": "Metabolism and proliferation of L929 mouse fibroblasts cultured in the presence of sodium fluoride. L 929 mouse fibroblasts were cultured as monolayers with different amounts of sodium fluoride, corresponding to those used therapeutically. Proliferation of the cells was inhibited in the logarithmic phase of cell growth. There was no change in the protein concentration in the cells, but the concentration of hydroxyproline containing substances in the cells increased while that of hexuronic acid containing substances decreased. The changes in proliferation and in the concentrations of hydroxyproline containing substances and hexuronic acid containing substances were statistically significant. Although the findings cannot be explained in detail it can be concluded that at therapeutic concentrations sodium fluoride has a definite action in contact with the fibroblast, the typical connective tissue cell. This dose dependant action corroborates clinical experience.", "PMID": 758099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10691", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms in patients with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic studies revealed the presence of coronary artery aneurysms in five patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. These lesions appeared as circular echo-free spaces with clearly-defined borders in sites corresponding to angiographically proven aneurysms. In 15 normal subjects who were studied only by noninvasive methods, and in 17 who had normal coronary arteriograms (including eight with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), we found no similar echo findings. The aneurysms were in both right and left coronary arteries in three patients, and were confined to the left side in two. The mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an increasingly common condition in Japan which may be fatal due to myocardial infarction occurring in a setting of coronary aneurysm with thrombosis. Therefore, the ability to demonstrate coronary aneurysms noninvasively is of prognostic and potentially therapeutic value in this inadequately understood syndrome.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms in patients with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic studies revealed the presence of coronary artery aneurysms in five patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. These lesions appeared as circular echo-free spaces with clearly-defined borders in sites corresponding to angiographically proven aneurysms. In 15 normal subjects who were studied only by noninvasive methods, and in 17 who had normal coronary arteriograms (including eight with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), we found no similar echo findings. The aneurysms were in both right and left coronary arteries in three patients, and were confined to the left side in two. The mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an increasingly common condition in Japan which may be fatal due to myocardial infarction occurring in a setting of coronary aneurysm with thrombosis. Therefore, the ability to demonstrate coronary aneurysms noninvasively is of prognostic and potentially therapeutic value in this inadequately understood syndrome.", "PMID": 758104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10692", "title": "[Experimental infection of an invertebrate cell line with a mollicute-like procaryote inducing the \"lethargy of coleoptera\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro multiplication of a pathogenic intravacuolar mollicute-like procaryote from Melolontha melolontha L. was experimentally obtained in an insect cell line. The elongated and pleomorphic forms observed in the insect-host are reproduced in cell cultures. A third peculiar giant form is missing, showing that it does not play any role in the multiplication of the germ. The intrinsic potentialities of the germ are maintained during the successive passages, as proved by reinfection of the insect and by immunology. The original syndrome including the giant form is reproduced in the insect. The immunserum prepared from the wild germ isolated by density gradient is positive with the in vitro mollicute. The germs are intravacuolar, both in the cultured cells and in the insect host. Clearly the microorganism multiplies within the vacuoles. A cytopathogenic effect is noticed in the cultured cells overcrowed with germs. The germs become extracellular when they are released in the culture medium by disaggregation of the cell membranes. It seems that this work shows the first model of an intravacuolar mollicute-like procaryote experimentally multiplied in cultivated cells.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of an invertebrate cell line with a mollicute-like procaryote inducing the \"lethargy of coleoptera\" (author's transl)]. In vitro multiplication of a pathogenic intravacuolar mollicute-like procaryote from Melolontha melolontha L. was experimentally obtained in an insect cell line. The elongated and pleomorphic forms observed in the insect-host are reproduced in cell cultures. A third peculiar giant form is missing, showing that it does not play any role in the multiplication of the germ. The intrinsic potentialities of the germ are maintained during the successive passages, as proved by reinfection of the insect and by immunology. The original syndrome including the giant form is reproduced in the insect. The immunserum prepared from the wild germ isolated by density gradient is positive with the in vitro mollicute. The germs are intravacuolar, both in the cultured cells and in the insect host. Clearly the microorganism multiplies within the vacuoles. A cytopathogenic effect is noticed in the cultured cells overcrowed with germs. The germs become extracellular when they are released in the culture medium by disaggregation of the cell membranes. It seems that this work shows the first model of an intravacuolar mollicute-like procaryote experimentally multiplied in cultivated cells.", "PMID": 758100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10693", "title": "Factors contributing to altered left ventricular diastolic properties during angina pectoris.", "content": "Mechanisms involved in the altered left ventricular (LV) diastolic properties during angina were studied in 26 patients with coronary artery disease. Angina was induced by rapid atrial pacing and measurements were made at rest and during angina in the immediate post-pacing period. No changes occurred in heart rate (71 +/- 3 to 73 +/- 3 beats/min, NS) or right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure (10 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 mm Hg, NS), while significant increases occurred in LV end-diastolic pressure (17 +/- 1 to 30 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), aortic diastolic pressure (74 +/- 3 to 80 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), coronary sinus blood flow (133 +/- 15 to 212 +/- 32 ml/min, p less than 0.01), and the time constant (T) of LV pressure fall in early diastole (43 +/- 2 to 58 +/- 4 msec, p less than 0.01). Despite the rise in arterial pressure, a significant fall was observed in peak negative dP/dt (1961 +/- 106 to 1751 +/- 80 mm Hg/sec, p less than 0.01). Changes in RV end-diastolic pressure do not explain the increased LV end-diastolic pressure during angina. Increased aortic pressure and coronary blood flow may contribute, but the simultaneous fall in peak negative dP/dt and rise in T suggest that impaired ventricular relaxation is an important factor contributing to the previously demonstrated alteration in LV diastolic properties during angina pectoris.", "contents": "Factors contributing to altered left ventricular diastolic properties during angina pectoris. Mechanisms involved in the altered left ventricular (LV) diastolic properties during angina were studied in 26 patients with coronary artery disease. Angina was induced by rapid atrial pacing and measurements were made at rest and during angina in the immediate post-pacing period. No changes occurred in heart rate (71 +/- 3 to 73 +/- 3 beats/min, NS) or right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure (10 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 mm Hg, NS), while significant increases occurred in LV end-diastolic pressure (17 +/- 1 to 30 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), aortic diastolic pressure (74 +/- 3 to 80 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), coronary sinus blood flow (133 +/- 15 to 212 +/- 32 ml/min, p less than 0.01), and the time constant (T) of LV pressure fall in early diastole (43 +/- 2 to 58 +/- 4 msec, p less than 0.01). Despite the rise in arterial pressure, a significant fall was observed in peak negative dP/dt (1961 +/- 106 to 1751 +/- 80 mm Hg/sec, p less than 0.01). Changes in RV end-diastolic pressure do not explain the increased LV end-diastolic pressure during angina. Increased aortic pressure and coronary blood flow may contribute, but the simultaneous fall in peak negative dP/dt and rise in T suggest that impaired ventricular relaxation is an important factor contributing to the previously demonstrated alteration in LV diastolic properties during angina pectoris.", "PMID": 758105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10694", "title": "Intraoperative recording of specialized atrioventricular conduction tissue electrograms in 47 patients.", "content": "Intraoperative mapping of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system was performed in 47 patients during cardiac surgery. Specialized conduction tissue electrograms were identified in 37, and atrioventricular conduction preserved in 92%. Specialized conduction tissue was identified in 27 patients with atrioventricular canal defect: complete heart block was avoided in 25. Conduction tissue was located in six of 12 patients with complex transpositions; atrioventricular conduction was preserved in all six. Other lesions in which the technique was useful were Ebstein's anomaly and single atrium. Limitations to the technique are 1) deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest; 2) interruption in atrioventricular conduction during mapping; 3) inadequate exposure and access to probable sites of conduction tissue; 4) variation of size and spatial relations of individual malformations; and 5) limited time for identification of unusually located conduction tissue. Indications for use of this technique include patients with both forms of atrioventricular canal, complex transpositions, atrioventricular discordance, single ventricle and single atrium.", "contents": "Intraoperative recording of specialized atrioventricular conduction tissue electrograms in 47 patients. Intraoperative mapping of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system was performed in 47 patients during cardiac surgery. Specialized conduction tissue electrograms were identified in 37, and atrioventricular conduction preserved in 92%. Specialized conduction tissue was identified in 27 patients with atrioventricular canal defect: complete heart block was avoided in 25. Conduction tissue was located in six of 12 patients with complex transpositions; atrioventricular conduction was preserved in all six. Other lesions in which the technique was useful were Ebstein's anomaly and single atrium. Limitations to the technique are 1) deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest; 2) interruption in atrioventricular conduction during mapping; 3) inadequate exposure and access to probable sites of conduction tissue; 4) variation of size and spatial relations of individual malformations; and 5) limited time for identification of unusually located conduction tissue. Indications for use of this technique include patients with both forms of atrioventricular canal, complex transpositions, atrioventricular discordance, single ventricle and single atrium.", "PMID": 758107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10695", "title": "Epicardial activation of the intact human heart without conduction defect.", "content": "To describe the epicardial ventricular activation sequence in the intact human heart, we obtained epicardial maps from 11 patients with normal QRS undergoing open heart surgery. Epicardial breakthrough (EBT), defined as the emergence of a radially propagating epicardial wavefront, occurred in three to five sites in each patient, and was earliest in the anterior right ventricle, 7--25 msec (mean 17 msec) after the onset of the QRS in all patients. Subsequent EBT occurred in the inferior right ventricle (10 sites in 10 patients), in the anterolateral left ventricle (13 sites in 10 patients), and the inferior left ventricle (eight sites in seven patients). Latest epicardial activation (LEA), defined as the latest site of recordable epicardial activity, occurred in the basal segments in all patients, anteriorly in the right ventricle in five patients, and inferiorly in six patients, four on the right and two on the left. LEA occurred 63--96 msec (mean 77 msec) after the onset of the QRS, and was recorded within 20 msec of the end of the QRS in all patients. Sequence of epicardial activation reflected a fusion process among the wavefronts. This descriptive and quantitative data should provide a suitable basis for comparison of abnormal ventricular activation sequences in patients undergoing surgery for preexcitation or ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Epicardial activation of the intact human heart without conduction defect. To describe the epicardial ventricular activation sequence in the intact human heart, we obtained epicardial maps from 11 patients with normal QRS undergoing open heart surgery. Epicardial breakthrough (EBT), defined as the emergence of a radially propagating epicardial wavefront, occurred in three to five sites in each patient, and was earliest in the anterior right ventricle, 7--25 msec (mean 17 msec) after the onset of the QRS in all patients. Subsequent EBT occurred in the inferior right ventricle (10 sites in 10 patients), in the anterolateral left ventricle (13 sites in 10 patients), and the inferior left ventricle (eight sites in seven patients). Latest epicardial activation (LEA), defined as the latest site of recordable epicardial activity, occurred in the basal segments in all patients, anteriorly in the right ventricle in five patients, and inferiorly in six patients, four on the right and two on the left. LEA occurred 63--96 msec (mean 77 msec) after the onset of the QRS, and was recorded within 20 msec of the end of the QRS in all patients. Sequence of epicardial activation reflected a fusion process among the wavefronts. This descriptive and quantitative data should provide a suitable basis for comparison of abnormal ventricular activation sequences in patients undergoing surgery for preexcitation or ventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 758108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10696", "title": "Dilatation of the ductus arteriosus by prostaglandin E1 in aortic arch abnormalities.", "content": "Infants with aortic arch interruption of juxtaductal coarctation of the aorta may depend on patency of the ductus arteriosus to provide adequate lower body perfusion. In many such infants the ductus arteriosus constricts after birth, resulting in severe heart failure, poor systemic perfusion and acidemia. We infused prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at a rate of 0.05--0.1 microgram/kg/min into seven infants with aortic arch interruption and eight infants with coarctation. In one infant in each group the ductus arteriosus was already closed and did not reopen. In one infant with coarctation an adequate trial was not accomplished, and in another adequate pressure measurements were not obtained. Of the remaining 11, the ductus arteriosus was effectively dilated by PGE1 in 10 infants. This was evidenced by an increase in descending aortic blood pressures and a reduction in the pressure difference between the main pulmonary artery and descending aorta in six infants with aortic arch interruption and between ascending and descending aorta in four infants with coarctation. Lower body perfusion improved and left ventricular failure was improved. The infant who did not respond was 5 months old. There were no complications.", "contents": "Dilatation of the ductus arteriosus by prostaglandin E1 in aortic arch abnormalities. Infants with aortic arch interruption of juxtaductal coarctation of the aorta may depend on patency of the ductus arteriosus to provide adequate lower body perfusion. In many such infants the ductus arteriosus constricts after birth, resulting in severe heart failure, poor systemic perfusion and acidemia. We infused prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at a rate of 0.05--0.1 microgram/kg/min into seven infants with aortic arch interruption and eight infants with coarctation. In one infant in each group the ductus arteriosus was already closed and did not reopen. In one infant with coarctation an adequate trial was not accomplished, and in another adequate pressure measurements were not obtained. Of the remaining 11, the ductus arteriosus was effectively dilated by PGE1 in 10 infants. This was evidenced by an increase in descending aortic blood pressures and a reduction in the pressure difference between the main pulmonary artery and descending aorta in six infants with aortic arch interruption and between ascending and descending aorta in four infants with coarctation. Lower body perfusion improved and left ventricular failure was improved. The infant who did not respond was 5 months old. There were no complications.", "PMID": 758109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10697", "title": "Anatomy of aortic atresia. Cases presenting with a ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The anatomy of 58 specimens of aortic outflow tract atresia was studied. All cases had situs solitus and levocardia, 37 had atrioventricular (AV) concordance, two had common inlet to a right ventricle and 19 had mitral atresia. The great arteries were normally interrelated in all cases. Fifty-one cases had an intact ventricular septum, while seven presented with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Of the seven with VSD, in two it was associated with a common AV orifice draining exclusively into the right ventricle in the presence of a rudimentary left ventricular chamber. In one case a small VSD accompanied combined mitral and aortic atresia. In the other four cases the left ventricles and mitral valves were fairly normal in size; the VSD was subpulmonary in three cases, due to infundibuloventricular malalignment, and perimembranous in one. These last four cases are of particular interest since they could be amenable to surgical correction. Possible approaches to surgical treatment and morphologic features pertinent to them are described and discussed.", "contents": "Anatomy of aortic atresia. Cases presenting with a ventricular septal defect. The anatomy of 58 specimens of aortic outflow tract atresia was studied. All cases had situs solitus and levocardia, 37 had atrioventricular (AV) concordance, two had common inlet to a right ventricle and 19 had mitral atresia. The great arteries were normally interrelated in all cases. Fifty-one cases had an intact ventricular septum, while seven presented with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Of the seven with VSD, in two it was associated with a common AV orifice draining exclusively into the right ventricle in the presence of a rudimentary left ventricular chamber. In one case a small VSD accompanied combined mitral and aortic atresia. In the other four cases the left ventricles and mitral valves were fairly normal in size; the VSD was subpulmonary in three cases, due to infundibuloventricular malalignment, and perimembranous in one. These last four cases are of particular interest since they could be amenable to surgical correction. Possible approaches to surgical treatment and morphologic features pertinent to them are described and discussed.", "PMID": 758110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10698", "title": "Morphological development of the pulmonary vascular bed in experimental pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "The main pulmonary trunk was banded in four fetal sheep at 63--69 days of gestation. The fetuses were killed after they had developed progressive pulmonary stenosis at 98, 123, 134 and 135 days of gestation. The right lung of each animal was perfused with glutaraldehyde and serial sections followed microscopically. The medial width/external diameter ratios for fifth generation resistance vessels were significantly less (0.13) than those from six normal control lungs (0.16, p less than 0.001). In addition, the number of resistance vessels per cm2 lung tissue in the lungs of the animals with experimental pulmonic stenosis was less than in normal controls. The altered in utero hemodynamics with severe pulmonic stenosis results in thin-walled pulmonary arterial vessels. This may be caused by an increased blood oxygen tension of the blood perfusing the pulmonary circulation via reversed flow through the ductus arteriosus, or altered pulmonary arterial pressure characteristics in the pulmonary vessels distal to the obstructed pulmonary trunk.", "contents": "Morphological development of the pulmonary vascular bed in experimental pulmonic stenosis. The main pulmonary trunk was banded in four fetal sheep at 63--69 days of gestation. The fetuses were killed after they had developed progressive pulmonary stenosis at 98, 123, 134 and 135 days of gestation. The right lung of each animal was perfused with glutaraldehyde and serial sections followed microscopically. The medial width/external diameter ratios for fifth generation resistance vessels were significantly less (0.13) than those from six normal control lungs (0.16, p less than 0.001). In addition, the number of resistance vessels per cm2 lung tissue in the lungs of the animals with experimental pulmonic stenosis was less than in normal controls. The altered in utero hemodynamics with severe pulmonic stenosis results in thin-walled pulmonary arterial vessels. This may be caused by an increased blood oxygen tension of the blood perfusing the pulmonary circulation via reversed flow through the ductus arteriosus, or altered pulmonary arterial pressure characteristics in the pulmonary vessels distal to the obstructed pulmonary trunk.", "PMID": 758111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10699", "title": "Diagnostic value of visualization of the right ventricle using thallium-201 myocardial imaging.", "content": "The diagnostic significance of visualizing the right ventricle on thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scans (T-scan) at rest was studied in 53 patients. In 33 patients the right ventricle was visualized clearly on the T-scan (group A). Hemodynamic evidence of right ventricular hypertension with systolic pressure greater than or equal to 30 mmHg was present in 28 of 33 (85%) of these patients. Right ventricular volume overload with left-to-right shunt greater than 2:1 was present in three patients. Other tests were diagnostic for right ventricular enlargement and or pulmonary hypertension as follows: chest x-ray (58%), echocardiogram (36%) and electrocardiogram (15%). In an unselected group of 20 patients (group B) where resting T-scan did not show visualization of the right ventricle, the right ventricular systolic pressure was less than 30 mm Hg in all. The other noninvasive tests did not reveal presence of right ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement. T-scan appears to be a useful and sensitive test in detecting right ventricular pressure or volume overload compared with other noninvasive tests. This may be useful in detection of patients with right ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension or other causes.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of visualization of the right ventricle using thallium-201 myocardial imaging. The diagnostic significance of visualizing the right ventricle on thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scans (T-scan) at rest was studied in 53 patients. In 33 patients the right ventricle was visualized clearly on the T-scan (group A). Hemodynamic evidence of right ventricular hypertension with systolic pressure greater than or equal to 30 mmHg was present in 28 of 33 (85%) of these patients. Right ventricular volume overload with left-to-right shunt greater than 2:1 was present in three patients. Other tests were diagnostic for right ventricular enlargement and or pulmonary hypertension as follows: chest x-ray (58%), echocardiogram (36%) and electrocardiogram (15%). In an unselected group of 20 patients (group B) where resting T-scan did not show visualization of the right ventricle, the right ventricular systolic pressure was less than 30 mm Hg in all. The other noninvasive tests did not reveal presence of right ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement. T-scan appears to be a useful and sensitive test in detecting right ventricular pressure or volume overload compared with other noninvasive tests. This may be useful in detection of patients with right ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension or other causes.", "PMID": 758112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10700", "title": "Catecholamines in coronary sinus and peripheral plasma during pacing-induced angina in man.", "content": "We measured aortic and coronary sinus dopamine (DA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) in eight patients with cardiac ischemia (I) and eight control subjects (C). Samples were taken at rest (73 +/- 3 beats/min in C and 68 +/- 3 beats/min in I) and during coronary sinus pacing to peak rates (144 +/- 4 beats/min in C and 136 +/- 6 beats/min in I). Arterial NE was higher in the ischemic patients at rest (254 +/- 25 pg/ml in C and 324 +/- 21 in I; p less than 0.05). There were no differences in arterial E and DA. Neither pacing nor angina affected peripheral catecholamine concentrations. Resting myocardial NE flux was similar for both groups. With pacing, coronary sinus flow and net myocardial NE release increased significantly in both groups. The maximum relative increase in net myocardial NE release was less in the ischemic patients than in the controls (575 +/- 145% in C and 255 +/- 40% in I; p less than 0.05). Thus, angina induced by pacing does not augment peripheral sympathetic activity. Furthermore, pacing-induced angina appears to be associated with a decrease in cardiac sympathetic tone compared with that found in paced controls.", "contents": "Catecholamines in coronary sinus and peripheral plasma during pacing-induced angina in man. We measured aortic and coronary sinus dopamine (DA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) in eight patients with cardiac ischemia (I) and eight control subjects (C). Samples were taken at rest (73 +/- 3 beats/min in C and 68 +/- 3 beats/min in I) and during coronary sinus pacing to peak rates (144 +/- 4 beats/min in C and 136 +/- 6 beats/min in I). Arterial NE was higher in the ischemic patients at rest (254 +/- 25 pg/ml in C and 324 +/- 21 in I; p less than 0.05). There were no differences in arterial E and DA. Neither pacing nor angina affected peripheral catecholamine concentrations. Resting myocardial NE flux was similar for both groups. With pacing, coronary sinus flow and net myocardial NE release increased significantly in both groups. The maximum relative increase in net myocardial NE release was less in the ischemic patients than in the controls (575 +/- 145% in C and 255 +/- 40% in I; p less than 0.05). Thus, angina induced by pacing does not augment peripheral sympathetic activity. Furthermore, pacing-induced angina appears to be associated with a decrease in cardiac sympathetic tone compared with that found in paced controls.", "PMID": 758122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10701", "title": "Myocardial release of lactate, inosine and hypoxanthine during atrial pacing and exercise-induced angina.", "content": "The coronary venous efflux of lactate, inosine and hypoxanthine during pacing-induced angina has been compared with myocardial extraction of the catabolites during exercise-induced angina. Inosine and hypoxanthine were analyzed by enzyme assay after separation by column chromatography. Myocardial lactate extraction at rest (15 +/- 9%, mean +/- SD) was converted to production levels (-34 +/- 26%) during pacing-induced angina (p less than 0.0005) and increased (24 +/- 13%) during exercise (p less than 0.05). The arterial values at rest (850 +/- 330 mumol/1) were unchanged during pacing and increased five-fold during exercise (4380 +/- 1860 mumol/1). The mean myocardial inosine extraction at rest (33 +/- 10%) was transformed to release values (-41 +/- 30%) during pacing (p less than 0.0005) as well as during exercise (-20 +/- 27%) (p less than 0.0005). The hypoxanthine extraction at rest (25 +/- 11%) decreased during pacing (-7.8 +/- 29%) (p less than 0.0025) and exercise (10 +/- 25%) (NS). The slight increase of arterial inosine and hypoxanthine values was not significant. Myocardially produced lactate, a sensitive marker of pacing-induced ischemia, was obscured by elevated arterial concentrations during exercise. However, inosine significantly correlated with lactate during pacing, and was useful in detecting ischemic myocardial energy deficiency during exercise-induced angina.", "contents": "Myocardial release of lactate, inosine and hypoxanthine during atrial pacing and exercise-induced angina. The coronary venous efflux of lactate, inosine and hypoxanthine during pacing-induced angina has been compared with myocardial extraction of the catabolites during exercise-induced angina. Inosine and hypoxanthine were analyzed by enzyme assay after separation by column chromatography. Myocardial lactate extraction at rest (15 +/- 9%, mean +/- SD) was converted to production levels (-34 +/- 26%) during pacing-induced angina (p less than 0.0005) and increased (24 +/- 13%) during exercise (p less than 0.05). The arterial values at rest (850 +/- 330 mumol/1) were unchanged during pacing and increased five-fold during exercise (4380 +/- 1860 mumol/1). The mean myocardial inosine extraction at rest (33 +/- 10%) was transformed to release values (-41 +/- 30%) during pacing (p less than 0.0005) as well as during exercise (-20 +/- 27%) (p less than 0.0005). The hypoxanthine extraction at rest (25 +/- 11%) decreased during pacing (-7.8 +/- 29%) (p less than 0.0025) and exercise (10 +/- 25%) (NS). The slight increase of arterial inosine and hypoxanthine values was not significant. Myocardially produced lactate, a sensitive marker of pacing-induced ischemia, was obscured by elevated arterial concentrations during exercise. However, inosine significantly correlated with lactate during pacing, and was useful in detecting ischemic myocardial energy deficiency during exercise-induced angina.", "PMID": 758123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10702", "title": "Effects of maximal exercise stress on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease using first pass radionuclide angiocardiography: a rapid, noninvasive technique for determining ejection fraction and segmental wall motion.", "content": "Angiographically determined changes in segmental wall motion (SWM) and ejection fraction (EF) are sensitive indices of left ventricular (LV) function. To compare the effects of exercise on LV function, first pass radionuclide angiocardiography was used before and during maximal upright bicycle stress in patients with nonsignificantly stenosed coronary arteries, and in those with greater than 75% stenosis. Gamma camera acquisitions were made in the 30 degree RAO projection using a 20 mCi I.V. bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate. In the control group (seven normals, one nonsignificant (CAD) the EF significantly increased between rest and exercise (0.65 +/- 0.03 to 0.81 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SEM), p less than 0.005). In this group SWM measured over the two anterior and two inferoposterior segments uniformly increased. In the 11 patients with a history of angina and significant coronary artery obstruction, the EF did not change in three and significantly decreased in the remaining eight (0.57 +/- 0.04 to 0.45 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.005). In all 11 patients SWM either decreased or did not increase in the areas supplied by the significantly stenosed coronary arteries. Upright maximal stress angiocardiography appears to be well-suited for diagnosing ischemic heart disease and localizing the area of ischemic dysfunction.", "contents": "Effects of maximal exercise stress on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease using first pass radionuclide angiocardiography: a rapid, noninvasive technique for determining ejection fraction and segmental wall motion. Angiographically determined changes in segmental wall motion (SWM) and ejection fraction (EF) are sensitive indices of left ventricular (LV) function. To compare the effects of exercise on LV function, first pass radionuclide angiocardiography was used before and during maximal upright bicycle stress in patients with nonsignificantly stenosed coronary arteries, and in those with greater than 75% stenosis. Gamma camera acquisitions were made in the 30 degree RAO projection using a 20 mCi I.V. bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate. In the control group (seven normals, one nonsignificant (CAD) the EF significantly increased between rest and exercise (0.65 +/- 0.03 to 0.81 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SEM), p less than 0.005). In this group SWM measured over the two anterior and two inferoposterior segments uniformly increased. In the 11 patients with a history of angina and significant coronary artery obstruction, the EF did not change in three and significantly decreased in the remaining eight (0.57 +/- 0.04 to 0.45 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.005). In all 11 patients SWM either decreased or did not increase in the areas supplied by the significantly stenosed coronary arteries. Upright maximal stress angiocardiography appears to be well-suited for diagnosing ischemic heart disease and localizing the area of ischemic dysfunction.", "PMID": 758125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10703", "title": "Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: the Framingham study.", "content": "The impact of cardiovascular disease was compared in non-diabetics and diabetics in the Framingham cohort. In the first 20 years of the study about 6% of the women and 8% of the men were diagnosed as diabetics. The incidence of cardiovascular disease among diabetic men was twice that among non-diabetic men. Among diabetic women the incidence of cardiovascular disease was three times that among non-diabetic women. Judging from a comparison of standardized coefficients for the regression of incidence of cardiovascular disease on specified risk factors, there is no indication that the relationship of risk factors to the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease is different for diabetics and non-diabetics. This study suggests that the role of diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor does not derive from an altered ability to contend with known risk factors.", "contents": "Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: the Framingham study. The impact of cardiovascular disease was compared in non-diabetics and diabetics in the Framingham cohort. In the first 20 years of the study about 6% of the women and 8% of the men were diagnosed as diabetics. The incidence of cardiovascular disease among diabetic men was twice that among non-diabetic men. Among diabetic women the incidence of cardiovascular disease was three times that among non-diabetic women. Judging from a comparison of standardized coefficients for the regression of incidence of cardiovascular disease on specified risk factors, there is no indication that the relationship of risk factors to the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease is different for diabetics and non-diabetics. This study suggests that the role of diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor does not derive from an altered ability to contend with known risk factors.", "PMID": 758126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10704", "title": "The effects of ergonovine maleate on coronary arterial size.", "content": "Changes in coronary arterial size due to ergonovine maleate are described and quantitated in 90 patients--18 with typical angina pectoris, 56 with atypical chest pain, nine with variant angina pectoris, and seven heart transplant (allograft) recipients. We observed two angiographic changes in the diameter of coronary arteries: 1) spasm, which was characterized by occlusion or marked (greater than 85%) focal or diffuse vessel narrowing, or 2) relatively mild and diffuse vessel narrowing, which was interpreted as the normal pharmacologic response to the drug. Serial bolus injections of 0.05 mg, 0.10 mg and 0.25 mg of ergonovine maleate produced diffuse narrowing of the diameter of coronary arteries of 10 +/- 1.5%, 16 +/- 1.4% and 20 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SEM), respectively, in the 72 patients with anginal syndromes who did not develop coronary spasm. The degree of coronary arterial narrowing was the same in heart transplant recipients and in patients with normally innervated hearts who did not develop coronary spasm. We believe the normal pharmacologic response to ergonovine maleate was due to a direct vasoconstrictor action of the drug; this action was independent of neural control extrinsic to the heart.", "contents": "The effects of ergonovine maleate on coronary arterial size. Changes in coronary arterial size due to ergonovine maleate are described and quantitated in 90 patients--18 with typical angina pectoris, 56 with atypical chest pain, nine with variant angina pectoris, and seven heart transplant (allograft) recipients. We observed two angiographic changes in the diameter of coronary arteries: 1) spasm, which was characterized by occlusion or marked (greater than 85%) focal or diffuse vessel narrowing, or 2) relatively mild and diffuse vessel narrowing, which was interpreted as the normal pharmacologic response to the drug. Serial bolus injections of 0.05 mg, 0.10 mg and 0.25 mg of ergonovine maleate produced diffuse narrowing of the diameter of coronary arteries of 10 +/- 1.5%, 16 +/- 1.4% and 20 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SEM), respectively, in the 72 patients with anginal syndromes who did not develop coronary spasm. The degree of coronary arterial narrowing was the same in heart transplant recipients and in patients with normally innervated hearts who did not develop coronary spasm. We believe the normal pharmacologic response to ergonovine maleate was due to a direct vasoconstrictor action of the drug; this action was independent of neural control extrinsic to the heart.", "PMID": 758127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10705", "title": "Relationship of cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume to late survival.", "content": "We assessed the prognostic value of cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume in relation to other clinical, exercise, hemodynamic and quantitative angiographic variables. Both cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume are highly sensitive, but nonspecific, indicators of abnormal left ventricular end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction. Both variables are univariately important predictors of survival in cohorts of medically and surgically treated heart disease patients. Plain film heart volume significantly adds to the multivariate prediction of prognosis obtained from groups of clinical, exercise, hemodynamic and quantitative angiographic variables. These measurements from the routine chest roentgenogram are sensitive detectors of abnormal left ventricular function or volume and important predictors of long-term survival. The fact that they contribute prognostic information in addition to left ventricular volume and ejection fraction suggests that other cardiac chamber volumes are of prognostic importance.", "contents": "Relationship of cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume to late survival. We assessed the prognostic value of cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume in relation to other clinical, exercise, hemodynamic and quantitative angiographic variables. Both cardiothoracic ratio and plain film heart volume are highly sensitive, but nonspecific, indicators of abnormal left ventricular end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction. Both variables are univariately important predictors of survival in cohorts of medically and surgically treated heart disease patients. Plain film heart volume significantly adds to the multivariate prediction of prognosis obtained from groups of clinical, exercise, hemodynamic and quantitative angiographic variables. These measurements from the routine chest roentgenogram are sensitive detectors of abnormal left ventricular function or volume and important predictors of long-term survival. The fact that they contribute prognostic information in addition to left ventricular volume and ejection fraction suggests that other cardiac chamber volumes are of prognostic importance.", "PMID": 758128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10706", "title": "Effect of filming projection and interobserver variability on angiographic biplane left ventricular volume determination.", "content": "Although biplane right anterior oblique-left anterior oblique (RAO/LAO) quantitative left ventricular (LV) angiography is commonly performed, justification of LV volume calculation using the area length method (originally formulated from anteroposterior-lateral (AP/LAT) angiograms) has been limited. To assess whether RAO/LAO and AP/LAT LV volumes are similar when computed by the area length method formula, we performed biplane cine LV angiography in both RAO/LAO and AP/LAT projections in random sequence in 21 patients and four LV models of known volume. LV silhouettes were drawn independently by two trained observers. Calculated angiographic volume of the models correlated almost exactly with their true volume (r = 0.999), establishing the absolute accuracy of this system. Rotation of the LV models through 90 degrees of obliquity at 10 degree increments demonstrated a mean change from true volume of only -5.4 +/- 0.7% (p less than 0.001). In the patient studies, rotation to the 30 degree RAO/60 degree LAO position was associated with significant changes in magnitude of biplane areas and long axes, but area length volume estimates were unchanged. Excellent correlation was found between area length calculated AP/LAT and RAO/LAO volumes with r = 0.90, 0.97, and 0.91 for end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF), respectively. Furthermore, interobserver agreement in volume assessment was excellent, with r = 0.98, 0.99, and 0.94 between observers for EDV, ESV, and EF, respectively. Interobserver and inter-method variability for estimates of LV volume and EF ranged from 5--10%. We conclude that when using RAO/LAO LV angiography, volume calculation by the area length method is justified.", "contents": "Effect of filming projection and interobserver variability on angiographic biplane left ventricular volume determination. Although biplane right anterior oblique-left anterior oblique (RAO/LAO) quantitative left ventricular (LV) angiography is commonly performed, justification of LV volume calculation using the area length method (originally formulated from anteroposterior-lateral (AP/LAT) angiograms) has been limited. To assess whether RAO/LAO and AP/LAT LV volumes are similar when computed by the area length method formula, we performed biplane cine LV angiography in both RAO/LAO and AP/LAT projections in random sequence in 21 patients and four LV models of known volume. LV silhouettes were drawn independently by two trained observers. Calculated angiographic volume of the models correlated almost exactly with their true volume (r = 0.999), establishing the absolute accuracy of this system. Rotation of the LV models through 90 degrees of obliquity at 10 degree increments demonstrated a mean change from true volume of only -5.4 +/- 0.7% (p less than 0.001). In the patient studies, rotation to the 30 degree RAO/60 degree LAO position was associated with significant changes in magnitude of biplane areas and long axes, but area length volume estimates were unchanged. Excellent correlation was found between area length calculated AP/LAT and RAO/LAO volumes with r = 0.90, 0.97, and 0.91 for end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF), respectively. Furthermore, interobserver agreement in volume assessment was excellent, with r = 0.98, 0.99, and 0.94 between observers for EDV, ESV, and EF, respectively. Interobserver and inter-method variability for estimates of LV volume and EF ranged from 5--10%. We conclude that when using RAO/LAO LV angiography, volume calculation by the area length method is justified.", "PMID": 758129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10707", "title": "Malignant potential of chronic ulcerative colitis. Preliminary report.", "content": "Prior studies confirm the increased incidence of carcinoma of the colon in chronic ulcerative colitis. The authors reviewed clinical and histologic data retrospectively in 23 patients with colon carcinoma and chronic ulcerative colitis. Twenty-two of these patients had dysplasia of colonic epithelium remote from the cancer. The authors prospectively reviewed clinical data and rectal and colonoscopic biopsy specimens on 36 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, 12 with Crohn's colitis, and 12 with miscellaneous disorders. Eight patients with chronic ulcerative colitis had dysplasia; 6 have had colectomy, and 2 of these had carcinoma. No patient without chronic ulcerative colitis had dysplasia. Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis should have periodic rectal and colonoscopic biopsies, and those with moderate to marked dysplasia require colectomy because of the increased risk of colon carcinoma.", "contents": "Malignant potential of chronic ulcerative colitis. Preliminary report. Prior studies confirm the increased incidence of carcinoma of the colon in chronic ulcerative colitis. The authors reviewed clinical and histologic data retrospectively in 23 patients with colon carcinoma and chronic ulcerative colitis. Twenty-two of these patients had dysplasia of colonic epithelium remote from the cancer. The authors prospectively reviewed clinical data and rectal and colonoscopic biopsy specimens on 36 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, 12 with Crohn's colitis, and 12 with miscellaneous disorders. Eight patients with chronic ulcerative colitis had dysplasia; 6 have had colectomy, and 2 of these had carcinoma. No patient without chronic ulcerative colitis had dysplasia. Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis should have periodic rectal and colonoscopic biopsies, and those with moderate to marked dysplasia require colectomy because of the increased risk of colon carcinoma.", "PMID": 758130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10708", "title": "Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The effect of propylthiouracil (PTU; 300 mg/day) on alcoholic liver disease was evaluated in 133 patients in a short-term randomized double-blind trial. Severity of the disease was assessed by a composite clinical and laboratory index (CCLI). A normalization rate (NR) representing the rate of improvement in CCLI was calculated. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis, with and without cirrhosis, showed a significantly higher NR on PTU (43.6 +/- 4.6) than on placebo (19.8 +/- 3.3; P less than 0.001). A similar effect was observed in patients with abnormal prothrombin (no biopsy): NR was 32.9 +/- 6.9 on PTU and 2.6 +/- 3.7 on placebo (P less than 0.005). The effect of PTU on each clinical and laboratory component of the CCLI was also compared in these two groups. In 38 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and in 25 with abnormal prothrombin, those on PTU showed a greater improvement in 15 of 15 items (P less than 0.001) and 14 of 15 (P less than 0.01), respectively. When patients were divided according to the severity of the disease into those in the lower and upper halves of the CCLI range (81 and 52 patients, respectively), PTU was shown to have a significant effect only in the latter: The NR was 41.4 +/- 3.8 on PTU and 22.5 +/- 4.2 on placebo (P less than 0.005). PTU was ineffective in patients with inactive cirrhosis.", "contents": "Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The effect of propylthiouracil (PTU; 300 mg/day) on alcoholic liver disease was evaluated in 133 patients in a short-term randomized double-blind trial. Severity of the disease was assessed by a composite clinical and laboratory index (CCLI). A normalization rate (NR) representing the rate of improvement in CCLI was calculated. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis, with and without cirrhosis, showed a significantly higher NR on PTU (43.6 +/- 4.6) than on placebo (19.8 +/- 3.3; P less than 0.001). A similar effect was observed in patients with abnormal prothrombin (no biopsy): NR was 32.9 +/- 6.9 on PTU and 2.6 +/- 3.7 on placebo (P less than 0.005). The effect of PTU on each clinical and laboratory component of the CCLI was also compared in these two groups. In 38 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and in 25 with abnormal prothrombin, those on PTU showed a greater improvement in 15 of 15 items (P less than 0.001) and 14 of 15 (P less than 0.01), respectively. When patients were divided according to the severity of the disease into those in the lower and upper halves of the CCLI range (81 and 52 patients, respectively), PTU was shown to have a significant effect only in the latter: The NR was 41.4 +/- 3.8 on PTU and 22.5 +/- 4.2 on placebo (P less than 0.005). PTU was ineffective in patients with inactive cirrhosis.", "PMID": 758131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10709", "title": "Thyroid hormones in alcoholic liver disease. Effect of treatment with 6-n-propylthiouracil.", "content": "The relationship between alcoholic liver disease and circulating thyroid hormones was investigated in 124 hospitalized patients treated with placebo or propylthiouracil (PTU) for a maximum of 46 days in a double-blind study. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels on admission were significantly (P less than 10(-6) and inversely correlated with the severity of alcoholic liver disease. After hospitalization, changes in T3-levels in patients with low admission T3 significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the degree of spontaneous improvement of liver function (placebo group). Treatment with 300 mg of PTU daily (Orrego et al. Gastroenterology 76:105--115, 1979) markedly increased the rate of improvement in severely ill patients with low T3 on admission. In this group, serum T3-levels were also increased after PTU, but this increase did not correlate with the change in the patient's condition. It is suggested that the known inhibitory effect of PTU on peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 is marked by a more marked improvement in liver function in this group. PTU treatment in this group reduced the free T4-index and increased TSH levels markedly (16%; P less than 0.02) toward levels found in hypothyroidism. PTU did not improve the condition of mildly ill patients with normal admission T3-levels, nor did it alter free T4-index or serum TSH levels in these patients. Serum T3-levels provide a sensitive indicator of the severity of alcoholic liver disease and of its response to conventional treatment. Serum T3-levels also distinguish between a group of patients, in whom low-dose PTU administration results in a beneficial effect, and another group, in whom no therapeutic effect of PTU is observed.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones in alcoholic liver disease. Effect of treatment with 6-n-propylthiouracil. The relationship between alcoholic liver disease and circulating thyroid hormones was investigated in 124 hospitalized patients treated with placebo or propylthiouracil (PTU) for a maximum of 46 days in a double-blind study. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels on admission were significantly (P less than 10(-6) and inversely correlated with the severity of alcoholic liver disease. After hospitalization, changes in T3-levels in patients with low admission T3 significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the degree of spontaneous improvement of liver function (placebo group). Treatment with 300 mg of PTU daily (Orrego et al. Gastroenterology 76:105--115, 1979) markedly increased the rate of improvement in severely ill patients with low T3 on admission. In this group, serum T3-levels were also increased after PTU, but this increase did not correlate with the change in the patient's condition. It is suggested that the known inhibitory effect of PTU on peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 is marked by a more marked improvement in liver function in this group. PTU treatment in this group reduced the free T4-index and increased TSH levels markedly (16%; P less than 0.02) toward levels found in hypothyroidism. PTU did not improve the condition of mildly ill patients with normal admission T3-levels, nor did it alter free T4-index or serum TSH levels in these patients. Serum T3-levels provide a sensitive indicator of the severity of alcoholic liver disease and of its response to conventional treatment. Serum T3-levels also distinguish between a group of patients, in whom low-dose PTU administration results in a beneficial effect, and another group, in whom no therapeutic effect of PTU is observed.", "PMID": 758132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10710", "title": "Intracranial pressure in pigs with surgically induced acute liver failure.", "content": "Cerebral edema has now been noted to occur frequently in patients dying of fulminant hepatic failure. In the present study, intracranial pressure was monitored in an animal model of acute liver failure. Acute liver failure was induced surgically by hepatic devascularization. Serial monitoring of the electroencephalogram revealed progressive slowing of the frequency with decreasing amplitude. Elevation of the blood ammonia was also observed from baseline values of 64 +/- 12 SE to 744 +/- 97 mumol/liter. Monitoring of the intracranial pressure with a subdural pressure transducer demonstrated a progressive and reproducible rise from 12.8 +/- 2.5 mm Hg immediately after the operation to a mean value of 51.6 +/- 11.8 mm Hg just before death 6--12 hr later. At autopsy, the brains of the test animals were found to be swollen with flattened cortical gyri. In the control animals, intracranial pressure rose slightly but returned toward normal levels (8.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) 8 hr after laparotomy and remained normal until their death. There was a statistically significant difference between intracranial pressure levels of the test animals and those of the controls (P less than 0.01). Intravenous methylprednisolone (2.0 g initially followed by 0.5 g every 2 hr) administered immediately before and after hepatic devascularization prevented rises in intracranial pressure but had no effect when given 4 hr after operation. The early and progressive increase in intracranial pressure was an unexpected finding, and an assessment of such a sequence in patients with fulminant hepatic failure is currently in progress.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure in pigs with surgically induced acute liver failure. Cerebral edema has now been noted to occur frequently in patients dying of fulminant hepatic failure. In the present study, intracranial pressure was monitored in an animal model of acute liver failure. Acute liver failure was induced surgically by hepatic devascularization. Serial monitoring of the electroencephalogram revealed progressive slowing of the frequency with decreasing amplitude. Elevation of the blood ammonia was also observed from baseline values of 64 +/- 12 SE to 744 +/- 97 mumol/liter. Monitoring of the intracranial pressure with a subdural pressure transducer demonstrated a progressive and reproducible rise from 12.8 +/- 2.5 mm Hg immediately after the operation to a mean value of 51.6 +/- 11.8 mm Hg just before death 6--12 hr later. At autopsy, the brains of the test animals were found to be swollen with flattened cortical gyri. In the control animals, intracranial pressure rose slightly but returned toward normal levels (8.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) 8 hr after laparotomy and remained normal until their death. There was a statistically significant difference between intracranial pressure levels of the test animals and those of the controls (P less than 0.01). Intravenous methylprednisolone (2.0 g initially followed by 0.5 g every 2 hr) administered immediately before and after hepatic devascularization prevented rises in intracranial pressure but had no effect when given 4 hr after operation. The early and progressive increase in intracranial pressure was an unexpected finding, and an assessment of such a sequence in patients with fulminant hepatic failure is currently in progress.", "PMID": 758133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10711", "title": "Prevention of effects of ethanol on amino acid concentrations in plasma and tissues by hepatic lipotropic factors in rats.", "content": "The authors' previous studies have shown that hepatic steatosis of chronic ethanol ingestion in rats can be prevented by adding pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin to their diet. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion, with or without addition of the above metabolites to the diet, on protein and amino acid concentrations in tissues. Rats (120 g) were divided into three groups and fed isocalorically one of the fellowing diets for 30 days: control diet (28% fat, 15% protein, and 57% carbohydrate), ethanol diet (28% fat, 15% protein, 23% carbohydrate, and 24% ethanol), and metabolite diet (ethanol diet plus pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin). Chronic ethanol ingestion reduced growth of muscle and intestinal mucosa without affecting that of liver and kidney. Among the 15 amino acids measured, chronic ethanol ingestion had the most consistent effect on plasma and tissue concentrations of leucine, alanine and alpha-amino-n-butyrate. The concentration of leucine was increased in muscle, liver, and plasma; that of alpha-amino-n-butyrate was increased in muscle and plasma, whereas that of alanine was decreased in plasma and liver. Addition of pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin to the ethanol diet either totally or partially prevented ethanol-induced changes in plasma and tissue concentrations of amino acids despite similarity in plasma ethanol levels. Although these metabolites prevented the inhibition of the growth of intestinal mucosa, they were ineffective in blunting the effect of ehtanol on the skeletal muscle. This latter observation suggests that the mechanism of ethanol-induced inhibition of tissue growth is not the same for these tissues.", "contents": "Prevention of effects of ethanol on amino acid concentrations in plasma and tissues by hepatic lipotropic factors in rats. The authors' previous studies have shown that hepatic steatosis of chronic ethanol ingestion in rats can be prevented by adding pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin to their diet. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion, with or without addition of the above metabolites to the diet, on protein and amino acid concentrations in tissues. Rats (120 g) were divided into three groups and fed isocalorically one of the fellowing diets for 30 days: control diet (28% fat, 15% protein, and 57% carbohydrate), ethanol diet (28% fat, 15% protein, 23% carbohydrate, and 24% ethanol), and metabolite diet (ethanol diet plus pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin). Chronic ethanol ingestion reduced growth of muscle and intestinal mucosa without affecting that of liver and kidney. Among the 15 amino acids measured, chronic ethanol ingestion had the most consistent effect on plasma and tissue concentrations of leucine, alanine and alpha-amino-n-butyrate. The concentration of leucine was increased in muscle, liver, and plasma; that of alpha-amino-n-butyrate was increased in muscle and plasma, whereas that of alanine was decreased in plasma and liver. Addition of pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and riboflavin to the ethanol diet either totally or partially prevented ethanol-induced changes in plasma and tissue concentrations of amino acids despite similarity in plasma ethanol levels. Although these metabolites prevented the inhibition of the growth of intestinal mucosa, they were ineffective in blunting the effect of ehtanol on the skeletal muscle. This latter observation suggests that the mechanism of ethanol-induced inhibition of tissue growth is not the same for these tissues.", "PMID": 758134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10712", "title": "Antibodies to ribosomes in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "A recently developed Farr-type radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was evaluated as a serologic test in a variety of liver diseases. Ribosomal antibodies were detected in the sera of 31.4% of 70 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and primary biliary cirrhosis compared with only 4.2% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and miscellaneous liver diseases (X2 = 17.89, P less than 0.001). The level of ribosomal binding activity was also significantly higher in sera of patients with CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis (15.4% vs 6.5%; t = 5.61, P less than 0.001). The antibodies were observed almost exclusively in HBsAg-negative CAH with autoimmune features and infrequently at lower titer in HBsAg-positive CAH or CAH without HBsAg or autoantibodies. Inhibition experiments with purified ribosomal RNA suggested that the ribosomal antibodies are in part reactive with ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal antibodies appear to represent another example of the exaggerated immune response associated with CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Antibodies to ribosomes in chronic active hepatitis. A recently developed Farr-type radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was evaluated as a serologic test in a variety of liver diseases. Ribosomal antibodies were detected in the sera of 31.4% of 70 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and primary biliary cirrhosis compared with only 4.2% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and miscellaneous liver diseases (X2 = 17.89, P less than 0.001). The level of ribosomal binding activity was also significantly higher in sera of patients with CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis (15.4% vs 6.5%; t = 5.61, P less than 0.001). The antibodies were observed almost exclusively in HBsAg-negative CAH with autoimmune features and infrequently at lower titer in HBsAg-positive CAH or CAH without HBsAg or autoantibodies. Inhibition experiments with purified ribosomal RNA suggested that the ribosomal antibodies are in part reactive with ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal antibodies appear to represent another example of the exaggerated immune response associated with CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 758135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10713", "title": "Synchronous oscillations in the basal secretion of pancreatic-polypeptide and gastric acid. Depression by cholinergic blockade of pancreatic-polypeptide concentrations in plasma.", "content": "The effect of cholinergic blockade on the concentrations of pancreatic-polypeptide (PP) in plasma was studied in 19 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and 16 control subjects. PP concentrations increased with age both in control subjects and in DU patients. In the DU patients atropine or benzilonium, an antimuscarinic agent with minimal cerebral actions, reduced PP concentrations from 47 (8-220) to 28 (7-53) pmol/liter, n = 18, median and total range. In the control subjects atropine suppressed the PP concentrations from 17 (0-257) to 11 (0-41) pmol/liter, n = 15. Cholinergic blockade had only a minor effect in 1 patient and 1 control, both with high PP concentrations. Both in the DU patients and in the control group the suppression by the cholinergic blockade was most marked in subjects with elevated PP concentrations. Spontaneous acid and PP secretion were measured simultaneously in 25 DU patients. No correlation was found between median acid secretion and median concentrations of PP. However, in the individual patient a positive covariation was found between fluctuations in spontaneous acid secretion and fluctuations in PP concentration. P less than 0.005. We conclude that plasma concentrations of PP in the basal state are suppressible by cholinergic blockade and that PP concentrations fluctuate synchronously with the spontaneous secretion of gastric acid. These results suggest that PP concentrations in plasma before and after cholinergic blockade may possibly serve as indicator of abdominal vagal tone.", "contents": "Synchronous oscillations in the basal secretion of pancreatic-polypeptide and gastric acid. Depression by cholinergic blockade of pancreatic-polypeptide concentrations in plasma. The effect of cholinergic blockade on the concentrations of pancreatic-polypeptide (PP) in plasma was studied in 19 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and 16 control subjects. PP concentrations increased with age both in control subjects and in DU patients. In the DU patients atropine or benzilonium, an antimuscarinic agent with minimal cerebral actions, reduced PP concentrations from 47 (8-220) to 28 (7-53) pmol/liter, n = 18, median and total range. In the control subjects atropine suppressed the PP concentrations from 17 (0-257) to 11 (0-41) pmol/liter, n = 15. Cholinergic blockade had only a minor effect in 1 patient and 1 control, both with high PP concentrations. Both in the DU patients and in the control group the suppression by the cholinergic blockade was most marked in subjects with elevated PP concentrations. Spontaneous acid and PP secretion were measured simultaneously in 25 DU patients. No correlation was found between median acid secretion and median concentrations of PP. However, in the individual patient a positive covariation was found between fluctuations in spontaneous acid secretion and fluctuations in PP concentration. P less than 0.005. We conclude that plasma concentrations of PP in the basal state are suppressible by cholinergic blockade and that PP concentrations fluctuate synchronously with the spontaneous secretion of gastric acid. These results suggest that PP concentrations in plasma before and after cholinergic blockade may possibly serve as indicator of abdominal vagal tone.", "PMID": 758136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10714", "title": "Alterations of hepatic triglyceride in patients before and after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "The effect of obesity and jejunoileal bypass on the amount and composition of hepatic lipid and the relationship of adipose tissue fatty acids, body weight, and rate of weight reduction to hepatic triglyceride (TG) were investigated in 16 patients before and at various times after jejunoileal bypass. Liver and adipose tissue biopsy sections were taken at surgery and at various times thereafter. Hepatic lipid was measured and the composition of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) compared with that of adipose tissue. Liver TG increased by an average of 2.5-fold during the period of rapid weight loss and decreased during the period of stable weight, but remained above control values. There was no relationship between concentration of liver TG and body weight or rate of weight reduction. The hepatic TGFA composition at surgery and during the period of stable weight resembled that of adipose tissue. During the period of rapid weight loss the composition of hepatic TGFA was markedly different, showing an increase in palmitic (16:0, P less than 0.01), palmitoleic (16:1, P less than 0.05), and oleic acids (18:1, P less than 0.05) and a decrease in linoleic acid (18:2, P less than 0.001). These changes could not be accounted for by a preferential absorption or mobilization of 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1, or by an increased utilization of 18:2 by the liver. It is proposed that an increased conversion of carbohydrate to fat occurs during the period of rapid weight loss when a relative excess of carbohydrate to amino acids results from an imbalance in the intestinal absorption of carbohydrate and protein.", "contents": "Alterations of hepatic triglyceride in patients before and after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. The effect of obesity and jejunoileal bypass on the amount and composition of hepatic lipid and the relationship of adipose tissue fatty acids, body weight, and rate of weight reduction to hepatic triglyceride (TG) were investigated in 16 patients before and at various times after jejunoileal bypass. Liver and adipose tissue biopsy sections were taken at surgery and at various times thereafter. Hepatic lipid was measured and the composition of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) compared with that of adipose tissue. Liver TG increased by an average of 2.5-fold during the period of rapid weight loss and decreased during the period of stable weight, but remained above control values. There was no relationship between concentration of liver TG and body weight or rate of weight reduction. The hepatic TGFA composition at surgery and during the period of stable weight resembled that of adipose tissue. During the period of rapid weight loss the composition of hepatic TGFA was markedly different, showing an increase in palmitic (16:0, P less than 0.01), palmitoleic (16:1, P less than 0.05), and oleic acids (18:1, P less than 0.05) and a decrease in linoleic acid (18:2, P less than 0.001). These changes could not be accounted for by a preferential absorption or mobilization of 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1, or by an increased utilization of 18:2 by the liver. It is proposed that an increased conversion of carbohydrate to fat occurs during the period of rapid weight loss when a relative excess of carbohydrate to amino acids results from an imbalance in the intestinal absorption of carbohydrate and protein.", "PMID": 758137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10715", "title": "Ingested marihuana-filled balloons.", "content": "Three cases of ingestion of balloons containing marihuana are reported. In 2 patients, balloons caused intestinal obstruction. In another patient, there were symptoms of drug overdose when the contents of the balloon spilled into the intestinal tract. Pure marihuana in the gastrointestinal tract has not been reported to cause death by intoxication; however, it may be mixed with more potent substances, especially cocaine. The ingested drug or drugs should be identified as soon as possible to avoid lethal intoxication if a balloon ruptures. A balloon containing drugs will usually pass spontaneously through an uncompromised gastrointestinal tract. Nonoperative management seems appropriate if the substance has been determined to be only marihuana.", "contents": "Ingested marihuana-filled balloons. Three cases of ingestion of balloons containing marihuana are reported. In 2 patients, balloons caused intestinal obstruction. In another patient, there were symptoms of drug overdose when the contents of the balloon spilled into the intestinal tract. Pure marihuana in the gastrointestinal tract has not been reported to cause death by intoxication; however, it may be mixed with more potent substances, especially cocaine. The ingested drug or drugs should be identified as soon as possible to avoid lethal intoxication if a balloon ruptures. A balloon containing drugs will usually pass spontaneously through an uncompromised gastrointestinal tract. Nonoperative management seems appropriate if the substance has been determined to be only marihuana.", "PMID": 758138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10716", "title": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis in a young female. A case study and review of the syndrome in young people.", "content": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis (iH) is typically a disease of older males. The case presented here describes a 26-yr-old woman with problems presenting heart failure, insulin-dependent diabetes, hepatomegaly, and secondary amenorrhea. The diagnosis was established by serum iron and transferrin saturation measurements, liver biopsy, and bone marrow examination for iron. Twenty grams of iron were removed by phlebotomy over 30 mo, and the patient's symptoms improved. A review of the literature pertinent to people with symptomatic onset of IH before age 30 yr revealed 52 young people in addition to this case. In contrast to IH patients older than 30, there was an almost equal ratio between the sexes, a greater frequency of cardiomyopathy and hypogonadism, and a lower frequency of diabetes mellitus and hepatic involvement. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance appears to be most likely in this young group.", "contents": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis in a young female. A case study and review of the syndrome in young people. Idiopathic hemochromatosis (iH) is typically a disease of older males. The case presented here describes a 26-yr-old woman with problems presenting heart failure, insulin-dependent diabetes, hepatomegaly, and secondary amenorrhea. The diagnosis was established by serum iron and transferrin saturation measurements, liver biopsy, and bone marrow examination for iron. Twenty grams of iron were removed by phlebotomy over 30 mo, and the patient's symptoms improved. A review of the literature pertinent to people with symptomatic onset of IH before age 30 yr revealed 52 young people in addition to this case. In contrast to IH patients older than 30, there was an almost equal ratio between the sexes, a greater frequency of cardiomyopathy and hypogonadism, and a lower frequency of diabetes mellitus and hepatic involvement. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance appears to be most likely in this young group.", "PMID": 758139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10717", "title": "Determinants of diarrhea in viral enteritis. The role of ion transport and epithelial changes in the ileum in transmissible gastroenteritis in piglets.", "content": "To understand mechanisms of viral diarrhea further, we studied ileal ion transport in vitro in relation to mucosal changes and epithelial differentiation in transmissible gastroenteritis in piglets, an invasive viral enteritis thought to involve mainly proximal intestine. In infected pigs, at the height of diarrhea, short-circuited ileal epithelium failed actively to transport Na+ and Cl-, and there was a defect of glucose-mediated Na+ transport. The Cl- secretory response to theophylline remained intact. Conductance measurements indicate that paracellular permeability may be reduced and transcellular transport may be altered. A mucosal lesion was observed at the time of the transport changes, characterized by villus blunting, crypt hyperplasia, and immature crypt-type enterocytes on the villus epithelium, deficient in disaccharidase and (Na+, K+)ATPase activity but rich in thymidine kinase. Consideration of the major determinants of diarrhea in this invasive enteritis must take into account not only altered mucosal function and differentiation but also the extent of intestinal involvement, including the ileum, a major site of fluid absorption in the intestine.", "contents": "Determinants of diarrhea in viral enteritis. The role of ion transport and epithelial changes in the ileum in transmissible gastroenteritis in piglets. To understand mechanisms of viral diarrhea further, we studied ileal ion transport in vitro in relation to mucosal changes and epithelial differentiation in transmissible gastroenteritis in piglets, an invasive viral enteritis thought to involve mainly proximal intestine. In infected pigs, at the height of diarrhea, short-circuited ileal epithelium failed actively to transport Na+ and Cl-, and there was a defect of glucose-mediated Na+ transport. The Cl- secretory response to theophylline remained intact. Conductance measurements indicate that paracellular permeability may be reduced and transcellular transport may be altered. A mucosal lesion was observed at the time of the transport changes, characterized by villus blunting, crypt hyperplasia, and immature crypt-type enterocytes on the villus epithelium, deficient in disaccharidase and (Na+, K+)ATPase activity but rich in thymidine kinase. Consideration of the major determinants of diarrhea in this invasive enteritis must take into account not only altered mucosal function and differentiation but also the extent of intestinal involvement, including the ileum, a major site of fluid absorption in the intestine.", "PMID": 758140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10718", "title": "Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects.", "content": "A survey of the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo was carried out from 1970 to 1976. The annual incidence rate was 1.28, and the prevalence was 12.31 per 10(5) population. The prevalence of 16.69 per 10(5) population among Ashkenazi jews was significantly higher than that found in \"non-Ashkenazi\" Jews, 4.19 per 10(5) population. Even so, Crohn's disease is significantly less common in Tel-Aviv than outside Israel, according to most recently published surveys. Similarly, the complication, surgery, and mortality rate are less marked than those reported from other studies. These figures confirm the authors' impression that inflammatory bowel disease in general is less common and possible less severe in Tel-Aviv than in the United State and Western Europe. The strikingly higher prevalence in the Ashkenazi community, especially in the Israeli-born population, suggests a hereditary predisposition. The apparent differences among Askhenazi Jews in various parts of the world may relate to environmental factors.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects. A survey of the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo was carried out from 1970 to 1976. The annual incidence rate was 1.28, and the prevalence was 12.31 per 10(5) population. The prevalence of 16.69 per 10(5) population among Ashkenazi jews was significantly higher than that found in \"non-Ashkenazi\" Jews, 4.19 per 10(5) population. Even so, Crohn's disease is significantly less common in Tel-Aviv than outside Israel, according to most recently published surveys. Similarly, the complication, surgery, and mortality rate are less marked than those reported from other studies. These figures confirm the authors' impression that inflammatory bowel disease in general is less common and possible less severe in Tel-Aviv than in the United State and Western Europe. The strikingly higher prevalence in the Ashkenazi community, especially in the Israeli-born population, suggests a hereditary predisposition. The apparent differences among Askhenazi Jews in various parts of the world may relate to environmental factors.", "PMID": 758145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10719", "title": "In vivo absorption and phosphorylation of pyridoxine . HCl in rat jejunum.", "content": "The absorption and phosphorylation of 3H-pyridoxine . HCl were studied in vivo in isolated loops of rat jejunum. Uptake was rapid and linear over the concentration range of 0.2-1 mM; tissue content of absorbed vitamin was saturable and consisted primarily of phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6. Phosphorylation was saturable with a Km of 11.6 micronM and a Vmax of 1.65 nmol/5 min/g wet tissue. Inhibition of phosphorylation changed neither the t 1/2 of 3H-pyridoxine . HCl disappearance from the lumen nor the calculated uptake after either 5-min or 30-min absorption periods. Inhibition of phosphorylation, however, significantly decreased the t 1/2 for transmural absorption and significantly increased the calculated transmural absorption after a 5-min absorption period. These studies indicate that (a) pyridoxine absorption, over the concentration range tested, is nonsaturable and consistent with passive diffusion; (b) jejunal phosphorylation of pyridoxine occurs in vivo, is saturable, and results in saturation of tissue content of the absorbed vitamin; and (c) phosphorylation has no significant effect on the uptake of pyridoxine but significantly delays the transmural absorption of a finite amount of the vitamin.", "contents": "In vivo absorption and phosphorylation of pyridoxine . HCl in rat jejunum. The absorption and phosphorylation of 3H-pyridoxine . HCl were studied in vivo in isolated loops of rat jejunum. Uptake was rapid and linear over the concentration range of 0.2-1 mM; tissue content of absorbed vitamin was saturable and consisted primarily of phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6. Phosphorylation was saturable with a Km of 11.6 micronM and a Vmax of 1.65 nmol/5 min/g wet tissue. Inhibition of phosphorylation changed neither the t 1/2 of 3H-pyridoxine . HCl disappearance from the lumen nor the calculated uptake after either 5-min or 30-min absorption periods. Inhibition of phosphorylation, however, significantly decreased the t 1/2 for transmural absorption and significantly increased the calculated transmural absorption after a 5-min absorption period. These studies indicate that (a) pyridoxine absorption, over the concentration range tested, is nonsaturable and consistent with passive diffusion; (b) jejunal phosphorylation of pyridoxine occurs in vivo, is saturable, and results in saturation of tissue content of the absorbed vitamin; and (c) phosphorylation has no significant effect on the uptake of pyridoxine but significantly delays the transmural absorption of a finite amount of the vitamin.", "PMID": 758146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10720", "title": "Effect of aspirin and acid on human jejunal mucosa. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "To determine the effects of aspirin and hydrochloric acid on human jejunal mucosa, three obese patients with a small intestinal bypass that opened on the abdominal wall as a mucous fistula were studied. An 80-mM solution of HCl, a 40-mM suspension of aspirin (equivalent to two tablets in a glass of water), and a combination suspension of 40 mM aspirin plus 40 mM HCl damaged a mean +/- SE of 26 +/- 13% (P less than 0.05), 24 +/- 5% (P less than 0.05), and 29 +/- 5% (P less than 0.05) of jejunal villi, respectively, 5 min after administration. By 60 min after instillation, considerable recovery had occurred. Scanning electron microscopy revealed focal villous tip erosion and erythrocyte extrusion after all test solutions. In conclusion, aspirin, 40 mM, physiologic concentration of hydrochloric acid, and the combination of acid plus aspirin are each capable of damaging human small intestinal mucosa on direct contact.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin and acid on human jejunal mucosa. An ultrastructural study. To determine the effects of aspirin and hydrochloric acid on human jejunal mucosa, three obese patients with a small intestinal bypass that opened on the abdominal wall as a mucous fistula were studied. An 80-mM solution of HCl, a 40-mM suspension of aspirin (equivalent to two tablets in a glass of water), and a combination suspension of 40 mM aspirin plus 40 mM HCl damaged a mean +/- SE of 26 +/- 13% (P less than 0.05), 24 +/- 5% (P less than 0.05), and 29 +/- 5% (P less than 0.05) of jejunal villi, respectively, 5 min after administration. By 60 min after instillation, considerable recovery had occurred. Scanning electron microscopy revealed focal villous tip erosion and erythrocyte extrusion after all test solutions. In conclusion, aspirin, 40 mM, physiologic concentration of hydrochloric acid, and the combination of acid plus aspirin are each capable of damaging human small intestinal mucosa on direct contact.", "PMID": 758147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10721", "title": "Interaction of calcium, magnesium, and gastrin on gastric acid secretion.", "content": "A dose response study of the effect on gastric acid secretion of synthetic human gastrin-17 (SHG) in doses of 50, 200, and 500 ng/kg/hr was performed in 8 healthy volunteers. The study was repeated on separate days during i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate (0.4 meq Mg2+/kg/hr), of calcium gluconate (0.1 meq Ca2+/kg/hr) and of magnesium sulphate plus calcium gluconate. Magnesium infusion resulted in an increase in the dose of SHG required for one-half maximal secretion (D50), whereas infusion of calcium decreased D50. The difference in D50 of SHG when administered in combination with magnesium and with calcium was significant. Combined infusion of SHG, magnesium, and calcium resulted in the same D50 of SHG as found when SHG was infused alone. The calculated maximal acid response was almost identical in the four experiments except for a minor but nonsignificant decrease during calcium infusion. The results indicate an interaction of calcium, magnesium, and gastrin on parietal cell function and extend the observations of others in intact humans as well as in isolated gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Interaction of calcium, magnesium, and gastrin on gastric acid secretion. A dose response study of the effect on gastric acid secretion of synthetic human gastrin-17 (SHG) in doses of 50, 200, and 500 ng/kg/hr was performed in 8 healthy volunteers. The study was repeated on separate days during i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate (0.4 meq Mg2+/kg/hr), of calcium gluconate (0.1 meq Ca2+/kg/hr) and of magnesium sulphate plus calcium gluconate. Magnesium infusion resulted in an increase in the dose of SHG required for one-half maximal secretion (D50), whereas infusion of calcium decreased D50. The difference in D50 of SHG when administered in combination with magnesium and with calcium was significant. Combined infusion of SHG, magnesium, and calcium resulted in the same D50 of SHG as found when SHG was infused alone. The calculated maximal acid response was almost identical in the four experiments except for a minor but nonsignificant decrease during calcium infusion. The results indicate an interaction of calcium, magnesium, and gastrin on parietal cell function and extend the observations of others in intact humans as well as in isolated gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 758148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10722", "title": "Triolein breath test: a sensitive and specific test for fat malabsorption.", "content": "In order to develop a simple and accurate screening test for steatorrhea, the authors compared quantitative stool fat excretion with breath excretion of 14CO2 after the ingestion of 14C-labeled trioctanoin, tripalmitin, or triolein. The study group included 24 nonobese subjects without steatorrhea but with diarrhea secondary to irritable bowel syndrome and 40 subjects with steatorrhea. The triolein breath test provided the most reliable discrimination, with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The trioctanoin and tripalmitin breath tests were sensitive, but lacked specificity (69% and 58% false-positive results, respectively). Three of the 12 obese patients with irritable bowel syndrome had false-positive triolein breath results. In detecting steatorrhea, the triolein breath test was moderately superior to the measurement of serum carotene and to qualitative stool fat. Thus, the triolein breath test appears to be a sensitive, specific, noninvasive, and relatively simple screening test for the detection of steatorrhea.", "contents": "Triolein breath test: a sensitive and specific test for fat malabsorption. In order to develop a simple and accurate screening test for steatorrhea, the authors compared quantitative stool fat excretion with breath excretion of 14CO2 after the ingestion of 14C-labeled trioctanoin, tripalmitin, or triolein. The study group included 24 nonobese subjects without steatorrhea but with diarrhea secondary to irritable bowel syndrome and 40 subjects with steatorrhea. The triolein breath test provided the most reliable discrimination, with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The trioctanoin and tripalmitin breath tests were sensitive, but lacked specificity (69% and 58% false-positive results, respectively). Three of the 12 obese patients with irritable bowel syndrome had false-positive triolein breath results. In detecting steatorrhea, the triolein breath test was moderately superior to the measurement of serum carotene and to qualitative stool fat. Thus, the triolein breath test appears to be a sensitive, specific, noninvasive, and relatively simple screening test for the detection of steatorrhea.", "PMID": 758149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10723", "title": "Gastric secretory and humoral responses to anticipated feeding in five men.", "content": "It is believed that humans anticipate appetizing meals by increasing vagally mediated gastric acid secretion. Studies were conducted on 5 normal male volunteers to characterize further the secretory response to anticipated meals. Plasma gastrin and glucose levels were monitored to assess the possibility that these humoral factors participated in the observed secretory changes. Subjects were not fed for 22 hr and were intubated at 10 AM. Basal gastric collections were begun, and at 1 PM on different days, subjects either (a) selected meals of choice prepared in their presence for 1 hr before nasogastric tube withdrawal and meal ingestion or (b) were not food-teased or fed. Gastric collections were obtained every 10 min during the \"test\" hour (1-2 PM) during both (a) and (b) studies and titrated for gastric acid. Blood samples for plasma glucose and RIA gastrin were obtained during basal and test hours every 10 min. Pentagastrin-stimulated maximal acid output studies were conducted on all subjects on separate days. Results showed a progressive and statistically significant rise in gastric acid secretion when an appetizing, self-selected meal was anticipated. The magnitude of this rise was 55% of the mean pentagastrin-induced acid response. This acid response did not correlate with changes in plasma glucose or gastrin. The study demonstrated that pure psychic stimulation may be as effective an acid stimulant as sham feeding.", "contents": "Gastric secretory and humoral responses to anticipated feeding in five men. It is believed that humans anticipate appetizing meals by increasing vagally mediated gastric acid secretion. Studies were conducted on 5 normal male volunteers to characterize further the secretory response to anticipated meals. Plasma gastrin and glucose levels were monitored to assess the possibility that these humoral factors participated in the observed secretory changes. Subjects were not fed for 22 hr and were intubated at 10 AM. Basal gastric collections were begun, and at 1 PM on different days, subjects either (a) selected meals of choice prepared in their presence for 1 hr before nasogastric tube withdrawal and meal ingestion or (b) were not food-teased or fed. Gastric collections were obtained every 10 min during the \"test\" hour (1-2 PM) during both (a) and (b) studies and titrated for gastric acid. Blood samples for plasma glucose and RIA gastrin were obtained during basal and test hours every 10 min. Pentagastrin-stimulated maximal acid output studies were conducted on all subjects on separate days. Results showed a progressive and statistically significant rise in gastric acid secretion when an appetizing, self-selected meal was anticipated. The magnitude of this rise was 55% of the mean pentagastrin-induced acid response. This acid response did not correlate with changes in plasma glucose or gastrin. The study demonstrated that pure psychic stimulation may be as effective an acid stimulant as sham feeding.", "PMID": 758151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10724", "title": "Effect of amino acids on purified rat intestinal brush-border membrane aminooligopeptidase.", "content": "When a hexapeptide, Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala, or a pentoapeptide, Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe, was incubated in vitro with a purified aminooligopeptidase from rat small intestinal mucosa, the respective C-terminal dipeptides, Phe-Ala and Arg-Phe, were observed to be resistant to hydrolysis. The resistance of these C-terminal dipeptides to hydrolysis was found to be due mainly to the accumulation of inhibitory hydrophobic amino acids liberated in the incubation mixture. The hydrolysis of various peptides by the brush-border membrane peptidase is inhibited to a varying extent by the hydrophobic amino acids L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine, but not the D-form of these amino acids. The inhibition of the hydrolysis of three dipeptides by hydrophobic amino acids showed these amino acids to be competitive inhibitors (same Vmax, the maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction; different Km, the substrate concentration at which the enzyme reaction is half maximal) of one of the dipeptides while exhibiting a mode of inhibition that was not competitive (different Vmax, different Km) with either of the other two dipeptides. These data indicate that the effect of amino acids on the hydrolytic rate of the brush-border membrane aminooligopeptidases must be considered in studies of intestinal hydrolysis and absorption of peptides.", "contents": "Effect of amino acids on purified rat intestinal brush-border membrane aminooligopeptidase. When a hexapeptide, Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala, or a pentoapeptide, Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe, was incubated in vitro with a purified aminooligopeptidase from rat small intestinal mucosa, the respective C-terminal dipeptides, Phe-Ala and Arg-Phe, were observed to be resistant to hydrolysis. The resistance of these C-terminal dipeptides to hydrolysis was found to be due mainly to the accumulation of inhibitory hydrophobic amino acids liberated in the incubation mixture. The hydrolysis of various peptides by the brush-border membrane peptidase is inhibited to a varying extent by the hydrophobic amino acids L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine, but not the D-form of these amino acids. The inhibition of the hydrolysis of three dipeptides by hydrophobic amino acids showed these amino acids to be competitive inhibitors (same Vmax, the maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction; different Km, the substrate concentration at which the enzyme reaction is half maximal) of one of the dipeptides while exhibiting a mode of inhibition that was not competitive (different Vmax, different Km) with either of the other two dipeptides. These data indicate that the effect of amino acids on the hydrolytic rate of the brush-border membrane aminooligopeptidases must be considered in studies of intestinal hydrolysis and absorption of peptides.", "PMID": 758153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10725", "title": "Jejunal secretion in response to a duodenal mixed nutrient perfusion.", "content": "A multilumen balloon tube constructed to separate duodenal and jejunal perfusion segments was placed in the proximal small bowel of 6 healthy volunteers. The effect of nutrient mixture in the duodenum on net jejunal water and electrolyte flux was then determined. The duodenum was perfused with a balanced electrolyte solution before and after the nutrient perfusion. Net water flux in the perfused jejunum changed from absorption 27.0 +/- 6.0 microliter/min/cm, (mean +/- SEM) to secretion 7.7 +/- 7.3 microliter/min/cm (P less than 0.025) during nutrient perfusion. There was also net chloride secretion and decreased net absorption of Na, K, and HCO3 (P less than 0.05). The jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes before and after the duodenal nutrient perfusion was the same. Results indicate that intestinal secretion may occur under physiologic conditions at sites remote to the application of food in humans.", "contents": "Jejunal secretion in response to a duodenal mixed nutrient perfusion. A multilumen balloon tube constructed to separate duodenal and jejunal perfusion segments was placed in the proximal small bowel of 6 healthy volunteers. The effect of nutrient mixture in the duodenum on net jejunal water and electrolyte flux was then determined. The duodenum was perfused with a balanced electrolyte solution before and after the nutrient perfusion. Net water flux in the perfused jejunum changed from absorption 27.0 +/- 6.0 microliter/min/cm, (mean +/- SEM) to secretion 7.7 +/- 7.3 microliter/min/cm (P less than 0.025) during nutrient perfusion. There was also net chloride secretion and decreased net absorption of Na, K, and HCO3 (P less than 0.05). The jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes before and after the duodenal nutrient perfusion was the same. Results indicate that intestinal secretion may occur under physiologic conditions at sites remote to the application of food in humans.", "PMID": 758154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10726", "title": "Disease caused by a marine Vibrio. Clinical characteristics and epidemiology.", "content": "We studied the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of disease associated with a rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting Vibrio species in 39 persons from whom the organism had been isolated. Two distinct clinical presentations were seen. In the first, the illness began with septicemia, often within 24 hours after raw oysters had been eaten; 18 of 24 such patients had pre-existing hepatic disease, and 11 of the 24 died. In the second, there was a wound infection after exposure to seawater or an injury incurred during the handling of crabs; none of these persons had pre-existing hepatic disease, and one of 15 died. Most cases (85 per cent) occurred during relatively warm months (May to October) in men (90 per cent) 40 or more years of age (95 per cent). This Vibrio species is a pathogen and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of septicemia with secondary skin lesions and of wound infections after exposure to seawater.", "contents": "Disease caused by a marine Vibrio. Clinical characteristics and epidemiology. We studied the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of disease associated with a rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting Vibrio species in 39 persons from whom the organism had been isolated. Two distinct clinical presentations were seen. In the first, the illness began with septicemia, often within 24 hours after raw oysters had been eaten; 18 of 24 such patients had pre-existing hepatic disease, and 11 of the 24 died. In the second, there was a wound infection after exposure to seawater or an injury incurred during the handling of crabs; none of these persons had pre-existing hepatic disease, and one of 15 died. Most cases (85 per cent) occurred during relatively warm months (May to October) in men (90 per cent) 40 or more years of age (95 per cent). This Vibrio species is a pathogen and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of septicemia with secondary skin lesions and of wound infections after exposure to seawater.", "PMID": 758155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10727", "title": "Iron absorption in the thalassemia syndromes and its inhibition by tea.", "content": "To determine the hemoglobin concentration at which iron absorption is minimal, five subjects with thalassemia major and one with thalassemia intermedia underwent a series of iron-absorption studies. The effect of tea as an inhibitor of non-heme iron absorption was also tested. Iron absorption increased as the hemoglobin concentration decreased, although iron absorption was much higher at any given hemoglobin level in the subject with thalassemia intermedia. In the subjects with thalassemia major, iron absorption averaged 10 per cent at hemoglobin concentrations between 9 and 10 and 2.7 per cent between 11 and 13 g per deciliter. The percentage of iron absorbed could be accurately predicted from the nucleated red-cell count (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001). Tea produced a 41 to 95 per cent inhibition of iron absorption. Since patients with thalassemia intermedia may absorb a large percentage of dietary iron, inhibitors of iron absorption, such as tea, may be useful in their management.", "contents": "Iron absorption in the thalassemia syndromes and its inhibition by tea. To determine the hemoglobin concentration at which iron absorption is minimal, five subjects with thalassemia major and one with thalassemia intermedia underwent a series of iron-absorption studies. The effect of tea as an inhibitor of non-heme iron absorption was also tested. Iron absorption increased as the hemoglobin concentration decreased, although iron absorption was much higher at any given hemoglobin level in the subject with thalassemia intermedia. In the subjects with thalassemia major, iron absorption averaged 10 per cent at hemoglobin concentrations between 9 and 10 and 2.7 per cent between 11 and 13 g per deciliter. The percentage of iron absorbed could be accurately predicted from the nucleated red-cell count (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001). Tea produced a 41 to 95 per cent inhibition of iron absorption. Since patients with thalassemia intermedia may absorb a large percentage of dietary iron, inhibitors of iron absorption, such as tea, may be useful in their management.", "PMID": 758174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10728", "title": "[Concentration of bilirubin in the neonatal stage in relation to the use of contraceptives].", "content": "The present study was carried out with the purpose of determining whether the use of contraceptives by the mothers constitutes an important factor in the elevation of unconjugated bilirubin in breast fed newborns. One hundred mothers of full term healthy newborns with adequate weights for their gestational ages were asked on this point. Twenty-four hours after birth, breast feeding was initiated and at 72 hours, the level of bilirubins was investigated. The results showed a significant difference in favor of the total bilirubin concentration and its indirect fraction in the 45 infants from mothers who had taken contraceptives.", "contents": "[Concentration of bilirubin in the neonatal stage in relation to the use of contraceptives]. The present study was carried out with the purpose of determining whether the use of contraceptives by the mothers constitutes an important factor in the elevation of unconjugated bilirubin in breast fed newborns. One hundred mothers of full term healthy newborns with adequate weights for their gestational ages were asked on this point. Twenty-four hours after birth, breast feeding was initiated and at 72 hours, the level of bilirubins was investigated. The results showed a significant difference in favor of the total bilirubin concentration and its indirect fraction in the 45 infants from mothers who had taken contraceptives.", "PMID": 758176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10729", "title": "[Perinatal mortality in the Hospital Juarez, S.S.A].", "content": "A retrospective analysis on perinatal mortality was carried out at \"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez\" in M\u00e9xico City, between June 1975 and May 1976. The collected data shows a gross perinatal mortality rate of 89.7 per one thousand live borns with a late fetal mortality rate of 33.1 and early mortality rate of 56.6. A prospective study was planned in order to record the perinatal mortality rate between June the first 1976, to May 31, 1977 showing a perinatal mortality rate of 60.8, with a late fetal mortality rate of 25.4  and early neonatal mortality rate of 35.4. The significant decrease in the rate of perinatal mortality could be the result of an accurate perinatal clinical history, specifically designed for such purpose, allowing a better supervision of the pregnant mother, the fetus and the newborn, which permitted to disclose many diagnoses that otherwise would not be obtained and this also contributted to the establishment of better opportunities for treatment. Besides the establishment of routine practices in the handling of newborns, the better relationships between pediatrician and obstetrician and the redistribution of medical and nursing personnel in critical areas, allowed a better perinatal attention. The relationships between perinatal mortality with maternal age and number of pregnancies and the relationships between neonatal mortality with birth weight and gestational age are presented. The factors that have favored the high rates of perinatal mortality in this hospital are also reviewed and corrective measures are proposed.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality in the Hospital Juarez, S.S.A]. A retrospective analysis on perinatal mortality was carried out at \"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez\" in M\u00e9xico City, between June 1975 and May 1976. The collected data shows a gross perinatal mortality rate of 89.7 per one thousand live borns with a late fetal mortality rate of 33.1 and early mortality rate of 56.6. A prospective study was planned in order to record the perinatal mortality rate between June the first 1976, to May 31, 1977 showing a perinatal mortality rate of 60.8, with a late fetal mortality rate of 25.4  and early neonatal mortality rate of 35.4. The significant decrease in the rate of perinatal mortality could be the result of an accurate perinatal clinical history, specifically designed for such purpose, allowing a better supervision of the pregnant mother, the fetus and the newborn, which permitted to disclose many diagnoses that otherwise would not be obtained and this also contributted to the establishment of better opportunities for treatment. Besides the establishment of routine practices in the handling of newborns, the better relationships between pediatrician and obstetrician and the redistribution of medical and nursing personnel in critical areas, allowed a better perinatal attention. The relationships between perinatal mortality with maternal age and number of pregnancies and the relationships between neonatal mortality with birth weight and gestational age are presented. The factors that have favored the high rates of perinatal mortality in this hospital are also reviewed and corrective measures are proposed.", "PMID": 758178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10730", "title": "[Arterial pressure in the newborn infant].", "content": "With routine techniques of auscultation and palpation and with the introduction, as useful in the newborn, of the retrograde filling technique, blood pressures were measured in 100 healthy newborns at Hermosillo, Son. Normality limits are established and are reported and illustrated graphically.", "contents": "[Arterial pressure in the newborn infant]. With routine techniques of auscultation and palpation and with the introduction, as useful in the newborn, of the retrograde filling technique, blood pressures were measured in 100 healthy newborns at Hermosillo, Son. Normality limits are established and are reported and illustrated graphically.", "PMID": 758177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10731", "title": "[Sarcoma botryoides of the vagina].", "content": "The present work includes the review of eight cases of sarcoma botryoides of the vagina, seen at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico, between 1943 and 1972. It is proved that it is an uncommon tumor, which appears between the first and five years of age. The more frequent symptoms were the vaginal hemorrhage, abdominal mass and the visualization of the tumor in the vaginal introit. The evolution was fatal in the 100% of the cases, between 6 and 12 months after the first consultation, whether the treatment given was surgical, with X-rays or chemical agents. The biopsy was definitive in all cases, to corroborate the clinic diagnosis and the cystoscopy, cystogram, vaginoscopy, excretory urography and venocavography were important aids for the diagnosis. The preliminary diagnosis must be done by the general pediatrician in the presence of suggestive symptoms of sarcoma botryoides of the vagina and the radical treatment must be done immediately to obtain some possibility of life.", "contents": "[Sarcoma botryoides of the vagina]. The present work includes the review of eight cases of sarcoma botryoides of the vagina, seen at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico, between 1943 and 1972. It is proved that it is an uncommon tumor, which appears between the first and five years of age. The more frequent symptoms were the vaginal hemorrhage, abdominal mass and the visualization of the tumor in the vaginal introit. The evolution was fatal in the 100% of the cases, between 6 and 12 months after the first consultation, whether the treatment given was surgical, with X-rays or chemical agents. The biopsy was definitive in all cases, to corroborate the clinic diagnosis and the cystoscopy, cystogram, vaginoscopy, excretory urography and venocavography were important aids for the diagnosis. The preliminary diagnosis must be done by the general pediatrician in the presence of suggestive symptoms of sarcoma botryoides of the vagina and the radical treatment must be done immediately to obtain some possibility of life.", "PMID": 758179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10732", "title": "[Fulminant hepatitis in children. Treatment by exchange transfusion].", "content": "Fulminant hepatitis is a potentially fatal clinical form of viral hepatitis. The experience at the Infectious Disease Hospital of the I.M.S.S. in Mexico City is presented. Twenty-two children with encephalopathy, grade III or IV managed with exchange transfusion were included. Results between these patients and a similar control group treated conservatively were compared. The mortality rates for the exchange transfusion and the control group were 91 and 100% respectively. A review of the literature revaled great differences in results obtained by several other authors. We conclude that well controled, prospective studies should be done, before the true efficiency of exchange transfusion can be properly evaluated.", "contents": "[Fulminant hepatitis in children. Treatment by exchange transfusion]. Fulminant hepatitis is a potentially fatal clinical form of viral hepatitis. The experience at the Infectious Disease Hospital of the I.M.S.S. in Mexico City is presented. Twenty-two children with encephalopathy, grade III or IV managed with exchange transfusion were included. Results between these patients and a similar control group treated conservatively were compared. The mortality rates for the exchange transfusion and the control group were 91 and 100% respectively. A review of the literature revaled great differences in results obtained by several other authors. We conclude that well controled, prospective studies should be done, before the true efficiency of exchange transfusion can be properly evaluated.", "PMID": 758180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10733", "title": "[The potentially infected newborn infant].", "content": "In order to establish relationship between premature rupture of membranes (RPM) and neonatal infection, together with the importance of other factors during this process, 50 newborns with history of RPM were studied. In a control group and in groups of newborns with less than and more than 24 hours of plain RPM, related to clinically healthy and vigorous infants, no case of infection was found. On the other hand, 30% and 60% respectively of infections were found in groups less than and more than 24 hours of RPM, but with the presence of other contaminating factors that impair immunological response of the newborn, such as: acute maternal infection, prolonged delivery, unexpected birth, pediatric reanimation procedures, organic immaturity, fetal suffering, immediatie neonatal depression and intercurrent pathology. There were two deaths: a case with RPM of 5 hours and another one with 38 hours, but both with high rating due to the presence and intensity of \"aggravating factors\" mentioned having internal action mechanism that apparently of restrains to the perpetuation of the hypoxia-acidosis cycle. A provisional sheet is presented to evaluate such \"aggravating factors\" considering that an RPM associated to them represents a high risk of neonatal infection. In cases of clinically healthy newborns with plain RPM, we advice only to watch over them for 3--5 day, but no antimicrobial treatment at all.", "contents": "[The potentially infected newborn infant]. In order to establish relationship between premature rupture of membranes (RPM) and neonatal infection, together with the importance of other factors during this process, 50 newborns with history of RPM were studied. In a control group and in groups of newborns with less than and more than 24 hours of plain RPM, related to clinically healthy and vigorous infants, no case of infection was found. On the other hand, 30% and 60% respectively of infections were found in groups less than and more than 24 hours of RPM, but with the presence of other contaminating factors that impair immunological response of the newborn, such as: acute maternal infection, prolonged delivery, unexpected birth, pediatric reanimation procedures, organic immaturity, fetal suffering, immediatie neonatal depression and intercurrent pathology. There were two deaths: a case with RPM of 5 hours and another one with 38 hours, but both with high rating due to the presence and intensity of \"aggravating factors\" mentioned having internal action mechanism that apparently of restrains to the perpetuation of the hypoxia-acidosis cycle. A provisional sheet is presented to evaluate such \"aggravating factors\" considering that an RPM associated to them represents a high risk of neonatal infection. In cases of clinically healthy newborns with plain RPM, we advice only to watch over them for 3--5 day, but no antimicrobial treatment at all.", "PMID": 758182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10734", "title": "[Simultaneous maternal and infant care or rooming-in care in the General Hospital of Mexico of the S.S.A].", "content": "This paper presents the preliminary results of a prospective study undertaken at the Neonatal Unit of the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A. (M\u00e9x.) conducted to evaluate the possibilities offered by the rooming-in system in this hospital. In both groups, having 250 patients, most of them eutrophic, it was noticed that none of the babies assisted by their mothers showed severe infections, as compared to four babies that showed clinical data compatible with septicemia; these babies were assisted in the nursery in a traditional way, but three of them died. Many of the aspects about the rooming-in system are reviewed, concerning the mothers as well as the babies, and it is finally determined that it is a practical, accessible system that optimizes resources and seems to offer immediate benefits to the mothers as well as to the babies.", "contents": "[Simultaneous maternal and infant care or rooming-in care in the General Hospital of Mexico of the S.S.A]. This paper presents the preliminary results of a prospective study undertaken at the Neonatal Unit of the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A. (M\u00e9x.) conducted to evaluate the possibilities offered by the rooming-in system in this hospital. In both groups, having 250 patients, most of them eutrophic, it was noticed that none of the babies assisted by their mothers showed severe infections, as compared to four babies that showed clinical data compatible with septicemia; these babies were assisted in the nursery in a traditional way, but three of them died. Many of the aspects about the rooming-in system are reviewed, concerning the mothers as well as the babies, and it is finally determined that it is a practical, accessible system that optimizes resources and seems to offer immediate benefits to the mothers as well as to the babies.", "PMID": 758184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10735", "title": "[The pediatrician and social aspects of child health].", "content": "Accepted that it is through each pediatrician that pediatrics reaches every child, it is necessary to establish the circumstances which hinder the perception of social factors of disease on account of the actual importance of these factors. The author thinks that our perception of special factors is distorted by circumstances which act on the recruitment, during the medical education, the residency and along the professional life. The following circumstances are remarked: a reedificant scientific technology, the constraints of a manipulated consumption of sofisticated medical resources, a centralization of care in complex hospitals and a medical education which does not prepare for primary and community Medicine. The author recommends the pediatrician to recognize, with the help of an autoreflexive criticism, his failures to perceive clearly the social component of health and disease.", "contents": "[The pediatrician and social aspects of child health]. Accepted that it is through each pediatrician that pediatrics reaches every child, it is necessary to establish the circumstances which hinder the perception of social factors of disease on account of the actual importance of these factors. The author thinks that our perception of special factors is distorted by circumstances which act on the recruitment, during the medical education, the residency and along the professional life. The following circumstances are remarked: a reedificant scientific technology, the constraints of a manipulated consumption of sofisticated medical resources, a centralization of care in complex hospitals and a medical education which does not prepare for primary and community Medicine. The author recommends the pediatrician to recognize, with the help of an autoreflexive criticism, his failures to perceive clearly the social component of health and disease.", "PMID": 758185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10736", "title": "[Etiology of suppurative otitis media in pediatrics].", "content": "A study on the etiology of bacterial infectious processes of the middle ear in children was carried out in 50 patients with ages between 3 months and 12 years at two of the children's hospitals depending from the Federal District Department. Male infants were found to be preferably affected. In 46% of cases, Staphylococcus aureus was found; also, gram-negative germs appeared in 26%. Comments are made on the possible causes of the variants this report presents in relation with the literature on the etiology of otitis media in pediatrics. Stress is placed on the necessity to support antimicrobial treatment with cultures to determine the etiology of the process.", "contents": "[Etiology of suppurative otitis media in pediatrics]. A study on the etiology of bacterial infectious processes of the middle ear in children was carried out in 50 patients with ages between 3 months and 12 years at two of the children's hospitals depending from the Federal District Department. Male infants were found to be preferably affected. In 46% of cases, Staphylococcus aureus was found; also, gram-negative germs appeared in 26%. Comments are made on the possible causes of the variants this report presents in relation with the literature on the etiology of otitis media in pediatrics. Stress is placed on the necessity to support antimicrobial treatment with cultures to determine the etiology of the process.", "PMID": 758181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10737", "title": "[Esophageal and tracheal compression caused by vascular ring].", "content": "Eight infants with anomalous vessels of the aortic arch were submitted to surgical operation of the structures interfering with tracheal and esophageal function. Four patients had an aberrant right subclavian artery; three had a double aortic arch with a left ligamentum arteriosum. None had congenital heart disease. One had a tracheoesophageal fistula and a short esophagus. Esophagograms and aortograms were performed in all. Tracheal and esophageal compression was relieved in the four boys and the four girls. All are alive and in good condition.", "contents": "[Esophageal and tracheal compression caused by vascular ring]. Eight infants with anomalous vessels of the aortic arch were submitted to surgical operation of the structures interfering with tracheal and esophageal function. Four patients had an aberrant right subclavian artery; three had a double aortic arch with a left ligamentum arteriosum. None had congenital heart disease. One had a tracheoesophageal fistula and a short esophagus. Esophagograms and aortograms were performed in all. Tracheal and esophageal compression was relieved in the four boys and the four girls. All are alive and in good condition.", "PMID": 758188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10738", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in children under 1 year of age].", "content": "In this paper, comparison is made of the clinical with the anatomicopathological diagnosis of DIC. The review of the postmortem studies covered from March 1975 to March 1976 at Hospital de Pediatr\u00efa, C.M.N., and the following were the conclusions: Only in 40 of the cases, the clinical diagnosis of DIC was made. DIC was seen more frequently in the neonatal stage. The anatomicopathological diagnostic criterion is emphasized. Hemorrhages and thromboses predominated in lungs. Paracoagulation tests were not useful.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in children under 1 year of age]. In this paper, comparison is made of the clinical with the anatomicopathological diagnosis of DIC. The review of the postmortem studies covered from March 1975 to March 1976 at Hospital de Pediatr\u00efa, C.M.N., and the following were the conclusions: Only in 40 of the cases, the clinical diagnosis of DIC was made. DIC was seen more frequently in the neonatal stage. The anatomicopathological diagnostic criterion is emphasized. Hemorrhages and thromboses predominated in lungs. Paracoagulation tests were not useful.", "PMID": 758183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10739", "title": "[Embryoclinical correlation ofmaxillofacial abnormalities].", "content": "Most publications on maxillofacial malformation are based on their topography and terminology. The list of authors is endless in most cases there are only minor variants. Thus, we are attempting to establish the embryoclinical correlation of maxillofacial malformations produced by changes in the structures of the cephalic pole of the embryo. For such systematization we have considered the following items: 1. Changes in the frontal structure. 2. Changes in upper maxillary structures. 3. Changes in the lower maxillary or mandibular structures. 4. Pathologic associations. In each of these buttons, the structures produced or correlated with them are subsequently analyzed, the same as basic changes and clinical syndromes produced by them and resulting in an embryoclinical systematization.", "contents": "[Embryoclinical correlation ofmaxillofacial abnormalities]. Most publications on maxillofacial malformation are based on their topography and terminology. The list of authors is endless in most cases there are only minor variants. Thus, we are attempting to establish the embryoclinical correlation of maxillofacial malformations produced by changes in the structures of the cephalic pole of the embryo. For such systematization we have considered the following items: 1. Changes in the frontal structure. 2. Changes in upper maxillary structures. 3. Changes in the lower maxillary or mandibular structures. 4. Pathologic associations. In each of these buttons, the structures produced or correlated with them are subsequently analyzed, the same as basic changes and clinical syndromes produced by them and resulting in an embryoclinical systematization.", "PMID": 758190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10740", "title": "[Bilateral thrombosis of the renal vein. Report of a case].", "content": "A newborn baby with bilateral renal vein thrombosis is presented; diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological basis; she died with severe complications such as pulmonary hemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is emphasized that the bilateral form is rare and prognosis is variable depending upon clinical evolution.", "contents": "[Bilateral thrombosis of the renal vein. Report of a case]. A newborn baby with bilateral renal vein thrombosis is presented; diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological basis; she died with severe complications such as pulmonary hemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is emphasized that the bilateral form is rare and prognosis is variable depending upon clinical evolution.", "PMID": 758187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10741", "title": "[Congenital malignant neoplasms].", "content": "In order to determine the proportion of congenital neoplasias, a study of 1 076 malignant neoplasias was carried out at the Pathology Department of the Hospital Infantil de Mexico. As unquestionably congenital malignant neoplasias were considered those detected since birth and as possibly congenital, those identified during the first year of life of the patient. As a whole, in this series of neoplasias, approximately one case was found of the sum of the congenital group and the possibly congenital, to 4.5 of the total series. However the proportion of the group of congenital malignant neoplasias and that of possibly congenital varied for each type of neoplasias in particular. Excluding malignant neoplasias of hematopoietic tissues, retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma were the malignant neoplasias most frequently found.", "contents": "[Congenital malignant neoplasms]. In order to determine the proportion of congenital neoplasias, a study of 1 076 malignant neoplasias was carried out at the Pathology Department of the Hospital Infantil de Mexico. As unquestionably congenital malignant neoplasias were considered those detected since birth and as possibly congenital, those identified during the first year of life of the patient. As a whole, in this series of neoplasias, approximately one case was found of the sum of the congenital group and the possibly congenital, to 4.5 of the total series. However the proportion of the group of congenital malignant neoplasias and that of possibly congenital varied for each type of neoplasias in particular. Excluding malignant neoplasias of hematopoietic tissues, retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma were the malignant neoplasias most frequently found.", "PMID": 758192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10742", "title": "[New classification of bone dysplasias based on histogenetic changes].", "content": "Several attempts have been made to classify constitutional diseases of ossification. The one from the Roman group is at present the most accepted. Based on histogenetic concepts and on conventional microscopic studies of our casuistics, we are proposing a new systematization of bone dysplasias considering the mechanisms that lead to the transformation of primitive bone tissue into adult bone tissue. Changes in bone histogenesis may take place at the following levels: 1. In the bones of connective ossification. 2. In the chondrocytic fertile cartilage. 3. In the bony trabeculae. 4. In the periosteum and endosteum. 5. In the bony fibrose tissue. Based on such changes, we classify bone dysplasias into: 1. Connective-dysplasias. 2. Chondro-dysplasias. 3. Trabecular-dysplasias. 4. Periosteo-endosteo-dysplasias. 5. Fibro-dysplasias. 6. Mixed types.", "contents": "[New classification of bone dysplasias based on histogenetic changes]. Several attempts have been made to classify constitutional diseases of ossification. The one from the Roman group is at present the most accepted. Based on histogenetic concepts and on conventional microscopic studies of our casuistics, we are proposing a new systematization of bone dysplasias considering the mechanisms that lead to the transformation of primitive bone tissue into adult bone tissue. Changes in bone histogenesis may take place at the following levels: 1. In the bones of connective ossification. 2. In the chondrocytic fertile cartilage. 3. In the bony trabeculae. 4. In the periosteum and endosteum. 5. In the bony fibrose tissue. Based on such changes, we classify bone dysplasias into: 1. Connective-dysplasias. 2. Chondro-dysplasias. 3. Trabecular-dysplasias. 4. Periosteo-endosteo-dysplasias. 5. Fibro-dysplasias. 6. Mixed types.", "PMID": 758189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10743", "title": "[Meningitis caused by Candida in a premature infant].", "content": "A case of Candida meningitis in a premature infant treated with amphotericin B IV for 41 days, resulted in negative CSF cultures after 5 days of therapy. Amphotericin B was also given intraventricularly for 21 days; purulent meningitis was a complication from this kind of therapy. Psychometric evaluation showed a mental age of 3 months in a chronological age of 7 months. Only one premature infant has been reported in the literature with intraventricular amphotericin B treatment. A review of Candida meningitis diagnosed before death in infants less than 1 year of age and a discussion of the modern therapy is presented.", "contents": "[Meningitis caused by Candida in a premature infant]. A case of Candida meningitis in a premature infant treated with amphotericin B IV for 41 days, resulted in negative CSF cultures after 5 days of therapy. Amphotericin B was also given intraventricularly for 21 days; purulent meningitis was a complication from this kind of therapy. Psychometric evaluation showed a mental age of 3 months in a chronological age of 7 months. Only one premature infant has been reported in the literature with intraventricular amphotericin B treatment. A review of Candida meningitis diagnosed before death in infants less than 1 year of age and a discussion of the modern therapy is presented.", "PMID": 758193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10744", "title": "[Marfan's syndrome].", "content": "A family with Marfan's syndrome is reported showing as outstanding features, demonstration of the hereditary character of the entity through the genealogical tree. The classical clinical characteristics of the disease are: long face, arachnodactyly, decreased subcutaneous tissue, muscular hypoplasia, somatometric values above normal percentiles for Mexicans, weight and perimeters of arm and leg showing low mass and height, upper and lower segments above percentil 50 and ocular disorders like bilateral ectopia lentis, spherical and small lens, iridodonesis and myopia.", "contents": "[Marfan's syndrome]. A family with Marfan's syndrome is reported showing as outstanding features, demonstration of the hereditary character of the entity through the genealogical tree. The classical clinical characteristics of the disease are: long face, arachnodactyly, decreased subcutaneous tissue, muscular hypoplasia, somatometric values above normal percentiles for Mexicans, weight and perimeters of arm and leg showing low mass and height, upper and lower segments above percentil 50 and ocular disorders like bilateral ectopia lentis, spherical and small lens, iridodonesis and myopia.", "PMID": 758194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10745", "title": "[Scleroderma in children].", "content": "Fifteen children, ten with localized forms of scleroderma and five with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), were reviewed. Age of onset was 2 to 11 years. Mean follow-up was 3.4 years. Localized forms were: \"en coup de sabre\" in two cases, lineal scleroderma of extremities in five, morphoea in one, and combined lesions in two patients. None of them had systemic symptoms, although two had transient arthritis. Affected skin became atrophic in three cases, \"En coup de sabre\" lesions were removed surgically in two cases, and there were not recurrences. The other patients continued the same or worse. All five patients with PSS showed extracutaneous symptoms. Three of them with acrosclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon and dysphagia. One patient died because of pulmonary fibrosis in less than a year. Disease remained unchanged in the other patients. The course of disease does not seems to be affected by treatment with several drugs (asiaticoside, colchicine, diphenyldantoin).", "contents": "[Scleroderma in children]. Fifteen children, ten with localized forms of scleroderma and five with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), were reviewed. Age of onset was 2 to 11 years. Mean follow-up was 3.4 years. Localized forms were: \"en coup de sabre\" in two cases, lineal scleroderma of extremities in five, morphoea in one, and combined lesions in two patients. None of them had systemic symptoms, although two had transient arthritis. Affected skin became atrophic in three cases, \"En coup de sabre\" lesions were removed surgically in two cases, and there were not recurrences. The other patients continued the same or worse. All five patients with PSS showed extracutaneous symptoms. Three of them with acrosclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon and dysphagia. One patient died because of pulmonary fibrosis in less than a year. Disease remained unchanged in the other patients. The course of disease does not seems to be affected by treatment with several drugs (asiaticoside, colchicine, diphenyldantoin).", "PMID": 758191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10746", "title": "[Congenital gastric teratoma in a premature newborn infant].", "content": "The third published case of gastric teratoma from Mexico, is reported. A premature newborn male infant was operated on at the age of 37 days. A 250 g. mass was excised from the anterior gastric wall together with a third of the stomach. After a 5 year follow-up the patient is asymptomatic. The characteristics of 48 additional cases collected from world literature are described. A general review of germ-cell tumors in the stomach, is also exposed.", "contents": "[Congenital gastric teratoma in a premature newborn infant]. The third published case of gastric teratoma from Mexico, is reported. A premature newborn male infant was operated on at the age of 37 days. A 250 g. mass was excised from the anterior gastric wall together with a third of the stomach. After a 5 year follow-up the patient is asymptomatic. The characteristics of 48 additional cases collected from world literature are described. A general review of germ-cell tumors in the stomach, is also exposed.", "PMID": 758195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10747", "title": "[Frequency of malnutrition in a group of female students for 12 to 20 years of age].", "content": "A study on the state of nutrition was caried out in a group of 882 female students 12 to 20 years old attending public schools in Mexico City. Five somatometric variables were considered: weight and height in relation to age; weight in relation to height; perimeters of arm and leg. According to the weight in terms of age, 46% of cases fell within limits of normality (M +/- 1 D.S. of mentioned patterns); according to the perimeter of leg, this took place in 49% of the total and according to the perimeter of the arm, in 36%. Weight in relation to height was normal in 53% of cases and height in relation to age, in 62%. Frequency of subnormal cases was 47% for weight/age; 41% for perimeter of leg; 56% for perimeter of arm; 28% for weight/height and 33% for height/age. That of cases above M + 1 D.S. was, respectively of 7, 10, 7, 19 and 5% of the whole. Cases with overweight in relation to height, became more frequent as age increased, coincidentally also with greater frequency of cases with deficient perimeter of leg. According to perimeter of leg, 13% of these girl students might he considered affected of second degree malnutrition, this situation prevailed from 13 to 18 years of age, but was not true in the 12--year--old group. Out of all variables studied, perimeter of the leg was considered the most useful index to determine the state of nutrition. Weight in relation to height was used to judge the degree of adaptation (homeorrhesis). However, it is apparently more adequate to make an interpretation of the information obtained from the integration of the five variables considered.", "contents": "[Frequency of malnutrition in a group of female students for 12 to 20 years of age]. A study on the state of nutrition was caried out in a group of 882 female students 12 to 20 years old attending public schools in Mexico City. Five somatometric variables were considered: weight and height in relation to age; weight in relation to height; perimeters of arm and leg. According to the weight in terms of age, 46% of cases fell within limits of normality (M +/- 1 D.S. of mentioned patterns); according to the perimeter of leg, this took place in 49% of the total and according to the perimeter of the arm, in 36%. Weight in relation to height was normal in 53% of cases and height in relation to age, in 62%. Frequency of subnormal cases was 47% for weight/age; 41% for perimeter of leg; 56% for perimeter of arm; 28% for weight/height and 33% for height/age. That of cases above M + 1 D.S. was, respectively of 7, 10, 7, 19 and 5% of the whole. Cases with overweight in relation to height, became more frequent as age increased, coincidentally also with greater frequency of cases with deficient perimeter of leg. According to perimeter of leg, 13% of these girl students might he considered affected of second degree malnutrition, this situation prevailed from 13 to 18 years of age, but was not true in the 12--year--old group. Out of all variables studied, perimeter of the leg was considered the most useful index to determine the state of nutrition. Weight in relation to height was used to judge the degree of adaptation (homeorrhesis). However, it is apparently more adequate to make an interpretation of the information obtained from the integration of the five variables considered.", "PMID": 758198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10748", "title": "[Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial proliferation].", "content": "The clinicopathologic correlation of 18 cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) with diffuse mesangial proliferation (MP), (over 3 cells per intercapillary space) showed clinical characteristics similar to INS with minimal glomerular lesions (MGL) in relation to age at onset, sex, period of evolution, intensity of proteinuria, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia and edema. However, there was a greater incidence of cases with arterial hypertension, hematuria, azotemic retention and positive glomerular immunofluorescence. Out of the 18 cases, 10 were corticosensitive (group I) and 8 were corticoresistant (group II). Patients of I followed a similar course as those with MGL, while most cases of group II showed proteinuria through observation periods up to 5 years. No differences were found in the initial clinical presentation between these 2 groups. The only item with prognostic value was the intensity of the mesangial proliferation which in group I was of 3 to 5 cells per intercapillary space, while in group II, in the spaces of some glomeruli, there were up to 10 mesangial cells present. These findings suggest the convenience to practice renal biopsy before initiating treatment in children with INS and arterial hypertension, hematuria and/or azotemic retention in order to identify this group of patients that appears to be different from that with MGL.", "contents": "[Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial proliferation]. The clinicopathologic correlation of 18 cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) with diffuse mesangial proliferation (MP), (over 3 cells per intercapillary space) showed clinical characteristics similar to INS with minimal glomerular lesions (MGL) in relation to age at onset, sex, period of evolution, intensity of proteinuria, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia and edema. However, there was a greater incidence of cases with arterial hypertension, hematuria, azotemic retention and positive glomerular immunofluorescence. Out of the 18 cases, 10 were corticosensitive (group I) and 8 were corticoresistant (group II). Patients of I followed a similar course as those with MGL, while most cases of group II showed proteinuria through observation periods up to 5 years. No differences were found in the initial clinical presentation between these 2 groups. The only item with prognostic value was the intensity of the mesangial proliferation which in group I was of 3 to 5 cells per intercapillary space, while in group II, in the spaces of some glomeruli, there were up to 10 mesangial cells present. These findings suggest the convenience to practice renal biopsy before initiating treatment in children with INS and arterial hypertension, hematuria and/or azotemic retention in order to identify this group of patients that appears to be different from that with MGL.", "PMID": 758199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10749", "title": "Identification of dihydropteridine reductase in human platelets.", "content": "Normal human platelets were shown to contain the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. The enzyme was not found in a variety of other cells of hematogenous origin. Partial purification and kinetic and physical data indicated that the platelet enzyme is similar to that previously characterized from liver. Dihydropteridine reductase is important for the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, a required cofactor in hydroxylation reactions involved in biogenic amine formation. The presence of the enzyme may indicate that some synthesis de novo of serotonin and/or catecholamines occurs in platelets, as opposed to a purely storage and transport function. In addition, screening for hyperphenylalaninemia due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency may become feasible by assaying platelets for enzyme activity.", "contents": "Identification of dihydropteridine reductase in human platelets. Normal human platelets were shown to contain the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. The enzyme was not found in a variety of other cells of hematogenous origin. Partial purification and kinetic and physical data indicated that the platelet enzyme is similar to that previously characterized from liver. Dihydropteridine reductase is important for the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, a required cofactor in hydroxylation reactions involved in biogenic amine formation. The presence of the enzyme may indicate that some synthesis de novo of serotonin and/or catecholamines occurs in platelets, as opposed to a purely storage and transport function. In addition, screening for hyperphenylalaninemia due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency may become feasible by assaying platelets for enzyme activity.", "PMID": 758207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10750", "title": "Hemoglobin E trait reexamined: a cause of microcytosis and erythrocytosis.", "content": "The current Indochinese resettlement program in the United States has resulted in an increase in the number of persons with hemoglobin E trait. American physicians should be aware of the hematologic expressions of this innocuous condition. The hematologic manifestations of 21 persons with hemoglobin E trait were evaluated. The subjects were of Tai-dam, Vietnamese, Chinese, Laotian, and European origin. These studies showed uniform hematologic manifestations in hemoglobin E trait, characterized by slight microcytosis, by morphologic features resembling those of thalassemia minor, and often by increased erythrocyte count. Hemoglobin instability also was confirmed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin E trait reexamined: a cause of microcytosis and erythrocytosis. The current Indochinese resettlement program in the United States has resulted in an increase in the number of persons with hemoglobin E trait. American physicians should be aware of the hematologic expressions of this innocuous condition. The hematologic manifestations of 21 persons with hemoglobin E trait were evaluated. The subjects were of Tai-dam, Vietnamese, Chinese, Laotian, and European origin. These studies showed uniform hematologic manifestations in hemoglobin E trait, characterized by slight microcytosis, by morphologic features resembling those of thalassemia minor, and often by increased erythrocyte count. Hemoglobin instability also was confirmed.", "PMID": 758206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10751", "title": "[Idiopathic dilatation of the choledochus].", "content": "In order to modernize some clinical characteristics, their classification, the differential diagnosis and treatment, a review of 18 cases of idiopathic dilatation of the choledochus, seen at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico between 1965 and 1977 was carried on.", "contents": "[Idiopathic dilatation of the choledochus]. In order to modernize some clinical characteristics, their classification, the differential diagnosis and treatment, a review of 18 cases of idiopathic dilatation of the choledochus, seen at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico between 1965 and 1977 was carried on.", "PMID": 758196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10752", "title": "[Pyelonephritis in children].", "content": "Fifty cases with pyelonephritis were found among 1314 histopathologic studies performed at Children's Hospital of Cordoba, Argentine from 1967 to 1976. Twenty-six had urologic abnormalities. Most of them were males over two years old. Eleven had unilateral pyelonephritis. Twenty-four had clinical and pathological signs of septicemia or infection. No sex difference was found and most of them were infants under two years of age. All patients had bilateral pyelonephritis. Twenty-four patients showed positive urine culture before death. They also showed clinical features, urinary concentration inability and pyelographic changes that suggest pyelonephritis. Our conclusions are that pyelonephritis is not common among children, and appeares only associated with systemic infection or urologic abnormalities. Clinical signs, urinary examination and intravenous pyelography are useful in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Pyelonephritis in children]. Fifty cases with pyelonephritis were found among 1314 histopathologic studies performed at Children's Hospital of Cordoba, Argentine from 1967 to 1976. Twenty-six had urologic abnormalities. Most of them were males over two years old. Eleven had unilateral pyelonephritis. Twenty-four had clinical and pathological signs of septicemia or infection. No sex difference was found and most of them were infants under two years of age. All patients had bilateral pyelonephritis. Twenty-four patients showed positive urine culture before death. They also showed clinical features, urinary concentration inability and pyelographic changes that suggest pyelonephritis. Our conclusions are that pyelonephritis is not common among children, and appeares only associated with systemic infection or urologic abnormalities. Clinical signs, urinary examination and intravenous pyelography are useful in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 758200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10753", "title": "[Results of combined therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma in children].", "content": "In a study of rhabdomyosarcoma in children, 16 cases were treated and followed since 1971. Eight patients were staged I and II A and presented a mean survival time of 52 and 21 months respectively, whereas the remaining 8 patients were staged II B and III with a mean survival time of 20 and 9 months respectively. Of the 16 patients treated, 10 (62.5%) continue survival with an overall median survival time of 25 months. It is suggested that an early diagnosis and combined treatment including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide and actinomicin and possibly adriamycin as a fourth drug, will give patients in underdeveloped countries, similar survivals and relief as those observed in developed countries. It is apparent that a multidisciplinary medical team is more important than the magnitud of economical resources.", "contents": "[Results of combined therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma in children]. In a study of rhabdomyosarcoma in children, 16 cases were treated and followed since 1971. Eight patients were staged I and II A and presented a mean survival time of 52 and 21 months respectively, whereas the remaining 8 patients were staged II B and III with a mean survival time of 20 and 9 months respectively. Of the 16 patients treated, 10 (62.5%) continue survival with an overall median survival time of 25 months. It is suggested that an early diagnosis and combined treatment including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide and actinomicin and possibly adriamycin as a fourth drug, will give patients in underdeveloped countries, similar survivals and relief as those observed in developed countries. It is apparent that a multidisciplinary medical team is more important than the magnitud of economical resources.", "PMID": 758202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10754", "title": "[Meningococcal meningitis in Costa Rica, 1970--1973. Epidemiological study].", "content": "A retrospective hospital chart review of meningococcal meningitis cases in Costa Rica revealed a large number of cases confirmed in the laboratory by Gram-stained smear and/or culture of spinal fluid. A large percentage of the isolates studied were serogroup C and all of these were sulfonamide resistant. The age-specific attack rates were high in the preschool children with the highest attack rate in children 3 to 5 months of age. Case fatality ratios were 14% overall, with the low fatality rates in individuals 10 to 29 years of age. The outbreak of serogroup C meningitis in 1970--1971 was relatively brief, country-wide, and not predominantly a urban outbreak. The few secondary cases observed occurred within the first 2 weeks of the primary case.", "contents": "[Meningococcal meningitis in Costa Rica, 1970--1973. Epidemiological study]. A retrospective hospital chart review of meningococcal meningitis cases in Costa Rica revealed a large number of cases confirmed in the laboratory by Gram-stained smear and/or culture of spinal fluid. A large percentage of the isolates studied were serogroup C and all of these were sulfonamide resistant. The age-specific attack rates were high in the preschool children with the highest attack rate in children 3 to 5 months of age. Case fatality ratios were 14% overall, with the low fatality rates in individuals 10 to 29 years of age. The outbreak of serogroup C meningitis in 1970--1971 was relatively brief, country-wide, and not predominantly a urban outbreak. The few secondary cases observed occurred within the first 2 weeks of the primary case.", "PMID": 758197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10755", "title": "Nuclear RNA sequences coding for alpha and beta globins in erythroid cells: evidence for multiple intermediate molecules.", "content": "The poly (A)-containing nuclear RNA from dimethylsulfoxide-induced Friend leukemia cells was fractionated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions and analyzed for alpha and beta globin RNA sequences. The results indicate that nuclear RNA contains one species of large-size RNA (0.6 X 10(6) daltons), which is the putative precursor for beta globin mRNA only. In addition, it was shown by electrophoretic analysis that the complex of RNA molecules not resolved by sucrose gradient centrifugation (11S) comprises sequences of decreasing size (0.34, 0.28, and 0.26 X 10(6) daltons), which might be the precursors of alpha and beta globin mRNA.", "contents": "Nuclear RNA sequences coding for alpha and beta globins in erythroid cells: evidence for multiple intermediate molecules. The poly (A)-containing nuclear RNA from dimethylsulfoxide-induced Friend leukemia cells was fractionated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions and analyzed for alpha and beta globin RNA sequences. The results indicate that nuclear RNA contains one species of large-size RNA (0.6 X 10(6) daltons), which is the putative precursor for beta globin mRNA only. In addition, it was shown by electrophoretic analysis that the complex of RNA molecules not resolved by sucrose gradient centrifugation (11S) comprises sequences of decreasing size (0.34, 0.28, and 0.26 X 10(6) daltons), which might be the precursors of alpha and beta globin mRNA.", "PMID": 758209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10756", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of hematuria in pediatrics].", "content": "Hematuria is the presence of more than 5 RBC's in repeated urinary sediments. Erythrocyturia may be present as an isolated finding or it may be associated to other clinical findings that may lead to the etiology of the hematuria. Its origin may be renal or extrarenal. In the neonate, meatal or urethral bleeding, polycystic kidney or hydronephrosis must be considered. In the infant, hematuria may be due to vascular disease, renal vein thrombosis, as well as to urinary tract infection, urinary tract obstruction or acute tubular interstitial nephritis due to drug ingestion. Primary and secondary glomerulopathies, urinary tract infection and urolithiasis are the most frequent causes of hematuria in pre-school or school-age children. The diagnostic approach emphasizes the importance of the clinical history, familial background and the circumstances of presentation. RBC casts and proteinuria may suggest the presence of a glomerulopathy. Leukocyturia is more frequent in urinary tract infections and requires urine cultures and intravenous pyelogram. In cases of isolated hematuria, blood clotting test, P. T., P.T.T., platelet count and RBC's morphology may be required to rule out hematological disorders. The intravenous pyelogram, voiding cystogram, and occasionally cystoscopy will help to rule out urological abnormalities. If the previous results were negative, the renal biopsy will help to distinguish IgA mesangiopathy, Alport's syndrome or essential hematuria; this last diagnosis resulting by exclusion.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of hematuria in pediatrics]. Hematuria is the presence of more than 5 RBC's in repeated urinary sediments. Erythrocyturia may be present as an isolated finding or it may be associated to other clinical findings that may lead to the etiology of the hematuria. Its origin may be renal or extrarenal. In the neonate, meatal or urethral bleeding, polycystic kidney or hydronephrosis must be considered. In the infant, hematuria may be due to vascular disease, renal vein thrombosis, as well as to urinary tract infection, urinary tract obstruction or acute tubular interstitial nephritis due to drug ingestion. Primary and secondary glomerulopathies, urinary tract infection and urolithiasis are the most frequent causes of hematuria in pre-school or school-age children. The diagnostic approach emphasizes the importance of the clinical history, familial background and the circumstances of presentation. RBC casts and proteinuria may suggest the presence of a glomerulopathy. Leukocyturia is more frequent in urinary tract infections and requires urine cultures and intravenous pyelogram. In cases of isolated hematuria, blood clotting test, P. T., P.T.T., platelet count and RBC's morphology may be required to rule out hematological disorders. The intravenous pyelogram, voiding cystogram, and occasionally cystoscopy will help to rule out urological abnormalities. If the previous results were negative, the renal biopsy will help to distinguish IgA mesangiopathy, Alport's syndrome or essential hematuria; this last diagnosis resulting by exclusion.", "PMID": 758204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10757", "title": "Local development of mast cells from bone marrow-derived precursors in the skin of mice.", "content": "A mechanism to control development of mast cells was investigated in mice. Although mast cells in the skin of normal C57BL/6 mice were still of host type 290 days after irradiation and injection of bone marrow cells from beige (Chediak-Higashi syndrome, C57BL/6 bgJ/bgJ) mice, donor-type mast cells with giant granules appeared after painting of methylcholanthrene on the dorsal skin. Since donor-type mast cells appeared only at the painted portion of the skin, with an increase in the labeling index of such donor-type mast cells with 3H-thymidine, proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived precursors of mast cells seem to be controlled locally. Although the morphologic feature of marrow-derived precursors was not identified, the finding that all fibroblasts cultured from the methylcholanthrene-treated skin were of host type may exclude the possibility that fibroblasts are the precursors of mast cells.", "contents": "Local development of mast cells from bone marrow-derived precursors in the skin of mice. A mechanism to control development of mast cells was investigated in mice. Although mast cells in the skin of normal C57BL/6 mice were still of host type 290 days after irradiation and injection of bone marrow cells from beige (Chediak-Higashi syndrome, C57BL/6 bgJ/bgJ) mice, donor-type mast cells with giant granules appeared after painting of methylcholanthrene on the dorsal skin. Since donor-type mast cells appeared only at the painted portion of the skin, with an increase in the labeling index of such donor-type mast cells with 3H-thymidine, proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived precursors of mast cells seem to be controlled locally. Although the morphologic feature of marrow-derived precursors was not identified, the finding that all fibroblasts cultured from the methylcholanthrene-treated skin were of host type may exclude the possibility that fibroblasts are the precursors of mast cells.", "PMID": 758210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10758", "title": "[Rehabilitation prognosis in the patient with bilateral cortipathy due to prematurity].", "content": "Thirty cases of bilateral corticopathy due to prematurity were studied at the Instituto Nacional de la Comunicaci\u00f3n Humana. Taking into account all predisposing features, it is concluded that with adequate preventive measures, it is possible to avoid this pathology and thus obtain a favorable rehabilitation prognosis.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation prognosis in the patient with bilateral cortipathy due to prematurity]. Thirty cases of bilateral corticopathy due to prematurity were studied at the Instituto Nacional de la Comunicaci\u00f3n Humana. Taking into account all predisposing features, it is concluded that with adequate preventive measures, it is possible to avoid this pathology and thus obtain a favorable rehabilitation prognosis.", "PMID": 758203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10759", "title": "[Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The only case of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis seen out of 106 nephropathic patients biopsied in the two last years at the C. H. 20 de Noviembre, I.S.S.S.T.E., is reported. Twenty-six showed nephrotic syndrome not associated to systemic disease, including the present case, which gave us an incidence of 3.8% of this entity. We were impressed by the low frequency of this disease, so we made a statistical epidemiological analysis localizing it geographically based on the available medical literature. On comparing the results of these studies we confirmed that this disease is significantly low in our environment.", "contents": "[Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis]. The only case of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis seen out of 106 nephropathic patients biopsied in the two last years at the C. H. 20 de Noviembre, I.S.S.S.T.E., is reported. Twenty-six showed nephrotic syndrome not associated to systemic disease, including the present case, which gave us an incidence of 3.8% of this entity. We were impressed by the low frequency of this disease, so we made a statistical epidemiological analysis localizing it geographically based on the available medical literature. On comparing the results of these studies we confirmed that this disease is significantly low in our environment.", "PMID": 758201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10760", "title": "Effects of local anesthetics on human platelets: filopodial suppression and endogenous proteolysis.", "content": "Agents that affect platelet shape may be useful in understanding the mechanism of shape change; for this reason the effects of local anesthetics are worthy of further study. Local anesthetics cause platelets to retract filopodia. At short time intervals (up to about 30 min) and low concentrations of the drugs, the filopodia are reextended when the platelets are gel filtered with eluant free of anesthetic. At longer time intervals (1-2 hr) or higher drug concentrations, the retraction becomes irreversible. When the polypeptide composition of the total platelet lysate was examined on SDS gels, proteolysis of two high molecular weight bands was seen when the suppression became irreversible. These polypeptides, estimated as 250,000 and 230,000 daltons, were major components of a precipitate that formed when platelets were lysed at low ionic strength and were also enriched in a \"cytoskeletal\" preparation made by lysing platelets attached to glass beads and analyzing the adherent residue. Electron micrographs of platelets lysed on surfaces showed an intermeshed network of filaments to be a major component of the residue. The results suggest that the proteins comprised of these bands may be part of the cytoskeletal system and that their integrity may be necessary for the platelet to reextend filopodia following suppression.", "contents": "Effects of local anesthetics on human platelets: filopodial suppression and endogenous proteolysis. Agents that affect platelet shape may be useful in understanding the mechanism of shape change; for this reason the effects of local anesthetics are worthy of further study. Local anesthetics cause platelets to retract filopodia. At short time intervals (up to about 30 min) and low concentrations of the drugs, the filopodia are reextended when the platelets are gel filtered with eluant free of anesthetic. At longer time intervals (1-2 hr) or higher drug concentrations, the retraction becomes irreversible. When the polypeptide composition of the total platelet lysate was examined on SDS gels, proteolysis of two high molecular weight bands was seen when the suppression became irreversible. These polypeptides, estimated as 250,000 and 230,000 daltons, were major components of a precipitate that formed when platelets were lysed at low ionic strength and were also enriched in a \"cytoskeletal\" preparation made by lysing platelets attached to glass beads and analyzing the adherent residue. Electron micrographs of platelets lysed on surfaces showed an intermeshed network of filaments to be a major component of the residue. The results suggest that the proteins comprised of these bands may be part of the cytoskeletal system and that their integrity may be necessary for the platelet to reextend filopodia following suppression.", "PMID": 758213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10761", "title": "Acquired coagulation inhibitor delaying fibrinopeptide release.", "content": "A 14-yr-old girl Down syndrome developed a unique type of circulating inhibitor causing a mild bleeding tendency and interfering strongly with coagulation tests, including reptilase time, and with the reaction of purified fibrinogen and thrombin. The concentration of all coagulation factors was normal. The inhibitor had no direct effect on thrombin activity or on the aggregation of fibrin monomer in plasma. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and neutralization by immune sera revealed that the inhibitor was an immunoglobulin of IgG class with both kappa and lambda determinants. Isolated inhibitor delayed the release of fibrinopeptide A from a normal fibrinogen reacting with thrombin and retarded the onset of visible clotting, but had no effect on the the final degree of clottability. The clinical and laboratory features of this patient resemble those of patients with congenital dysfibrinogenemia associated with abnormal fibrinopeptide release.", "contents": "Acquired coagulation inhibitor delaying fibrinopeptide release. A 14-yr-old girl Down syndrome developed a unique type of circulating inhibitor causing a mild bleeding tendency and interfering strongly with coagulation tests, including reptilase time, and with the reaction of purified fibrinogen and thrombin. The concentration of all coagulation factors was normal. The inhibitor had no direct effect on thrombin activity or on the aggregation of fibrin monomer in plasma. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and neutralization by immune sera revealed that the inhibitor was an immunoglobulin of IgG class with both kappa and lambda determinants. Isolated inhibitor delayed the release of fibrinopeptide A from a normal fibrinogen reacting with thrombin and retarded the onset of visible clotting, but had no effect on the the final degree of clottability. The clinical and laboratory features of this patient resemble those of patients with congenital dysfibrinogenemia associated with abnormal fibrinopeptide release.", "PMID": 758215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10762", "title": "Morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brain in aggregating cell cultures.", "content": "Rotation-mediated aggregating cell cultures of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brains (15-16 days) were morphologically characterized at 4, 19, 26 and 40 days in vitro. The dissociated cells coalesced into spherical aggregates which increased in diameter from 340 micrometer at 4 days to 430 micrometer at 40 days. Cells within the aggregates developed from an undifferentiated state at 4 days to a population of morphologically mature neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (26 days in vitro) before degenerating. Synaptic contacts and myelinated axons appeared as the cells differentiated. Neurons tended to occur in clusters that were located in central regions of the aggregates, whereas astrocytes were more concentrated in the periphery. Synapses and myelinated axons were more abundant in central portions of the aggregates. The amount of myelin formed within the aggregates was less than in organotypic cultures or in vivo. These results show that the morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated aggregates resembles the development of rat CNS in vitro. The ease with which large amounts of aggregates can be prepared provides an in vitro system which can be analyzed biochemically without the use of micro-methods. This advantage is particularly useful for multidisciplinary investigations in developmental neurobiology.", "contents": "Morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brain in aggregating cell cultures. Rotation-mediated aggregating cell cultures of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brains (15-16 days) were morphologically characterized at 4, 19, 26 and 40 days in vitro. The dissociated cells coalesced into spherical aggregates which increased in diameter from 340 micrometer at 4 days to 430 micrometer at 40 days. Cells within the aggregates developed from an undifferentiated state at 4 days to a population of morphologically mature neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (26 days in vitro) before degenerating. Synaptic contacts and myelinated axons appeared as the cells differentiated. Neurons tended to occur in clusters that were located in central regions of the aggregates, whereas astrocytes were more concentrated in the periphery. Synapses and myelinated axons were more abundant in central portions of the aggregates. The amount of myelin formed within the aggregates was less than in organotypic cultures or in vivo. These results show that the morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated aggregates resembles the development of rat CNS in vitro. The ease with which large amounts of aggregates can be prepared provides an in vitro system which can be analyzed biochemically without the use of micro-methods. This advantage is particularly useful for multidisciplinary investigations in developmental neurobiology.", "PMID": 758217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10763", "title": "Catecholaminergic depressant effects on bulbar respiratory mechanisms.", "content": "On the basis of histochemical and pharmacological studies, catecholamines have been implicated in central mechanisms controlling respiration. This hypothesis was tested in iontophoretic studies on neurones located in bulbar respiratory centres. Adrenaline and noradrenaline had a predominantly depressant effect on respiratory as well as on closely situated non-respiratory units. These depressions were mimicked by the application of isoproterenol and clonidine; acetylcholine and serotonin had inconsistent effects on these neurones. In control experiments, microinjections, using a Hamilton syringe, were made in the area of bulbar respiratory centres: noradrenaline, but not serotonin, depressed the central respiratory activity reflected in the phrenic nerve discharge. These results suggest that specific adrenergic and noradrenergic depressant mechanisms could affect both respiratory and other physiological centres at the bulbar level.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic depressant effects on bulbar respiratory mechanisms. On the basis of histochemical and pharmacological studies, catecholamines have been implicated in central mechanisms controlling respiration. This hypothesis was tested in iontophoretic studies on neurones located in bulbar respiratory centres. Adrenaline and noradrenaline had a predominantly depressant effect on respiratory as well as on closely situated non-respiratory units. These depressions were mimicked by the application of isoproterenol and clonidine; acetylcholine and serotonin had inconsistent effects on these neurones. In control experiments, microinjections, using a Hamilton syringe, were made in the area of bulbar respiratory centres: noradrenaline, but not serotonin, depressed the central respiratory activity reflected in the phrenic nerve discharge. These results suggest that specific adrenergic and noradrenergic depressant mechanisms could affect both respiratory and other physiological centres at the bulbar level.", "PMID": 758223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10764", "title": "Brain metabolism and specific transport at the blood-brain barrier after portocaval anastomosis in the rat.", "content": "The rapid metabolism of [1-14C]butyrate and [2-14C]pyruvate in the brain was studied after intracarotid injection in control rats and rats given an end-to-side portocaval anastomosis (PCA). At 10 or 50 sec after injection there was a 40-50% lowering of the total amount of radioactivity in the brain of operated rats for both compounds. The percentage distribution of label in various metabolic fractions, e.g. amino acids, was unaltered by PCA. The results from the metabolic studies focused on an impaired transport of short chain monocarboxylic acids between blood and brain in rats with a PCA. The brain uptake index (BUI) of acetate, butyrate, pyruvate and glucose was determined by rapid intracarotid injection of the 14C test compound plus 3H2O as a reference marker. At 3 weeks after PCA, transport of all 3 monocarboxylic acids into brain was reduced by 40-50%. The reduction in [2-14C]pyruvate uptake was absent at one week, but thereafter, up to 50 weeks after operation, was consistently present. Eadie-Hofstee analysis of influx at varying substrate concentrations indicated a reduction in Vmax values of pyruvate and butyrate uptake without changes in Km. The calculated influx rate of glucose in operated rats was reduced in direct proportion to the lowering of plasma glucose. Portocaval anastomosis in the rat induces selective changes on substrates that are transported across the blood-brain barrier via a facilitated transport process.", "contents": "Brain metabolism and specific transport at the blood-brain barrier after portocaval anastomosis in the rat. The rapid metabolism of [1-14C]butyrate and [2-14C]pyruvate in the brain was studied after intracarotid injection in control rats and rats given an end-to-side portocaval anastomosis (PCA). At 10 or 50 sec after injection there was a 40-50% lowering of the total amount of radioactivity in the brain of operated rats for both compounds. The percentage distribution of label in various metabolic fractions, e.g. amino acids, was unaltered by PCA. The results from the metabolic studies focused on an impaired transport of short chain monocarboxylic acids between blood and brain in rats with a PCA. The brain uptake index (BUI) of acetate, butyrate, pyruvate and glucose was determined by rapid intracarotid injection of the 14C test compound plus 3H2O as a reference marker. At 3 weeks after PCA, transport of all 3 monocarboxylic acids into brain was reduced by 40-50%. The reduction in [2-14C]pyruvate uptake was absent at one week, but thereafter, up to 50 weeks after operation, was consistently present. Eadie-Hofstee analysis of influx at varying substrate concentrations indicated a reduction in Vmax values of pyruvate and butyrate uptake without changes in Km. The calculated influx rate of glucose in operated rats was reduced in direct proportion to the lowering of plasma glucose. Portocaval anastomosis in the rat induces selective changes on substrates that are transported across the blood-brain barrier via a facilitated transport process.", "PMID": 758224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10765", "title": "Net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity rat cortical synaptosomal transport system.", "content": "Reuptake of neuroactive amino acids by high affinity transport systems (Km approximately 10 micrometer) is thought to terminate the action of these substances. Since homoexchange can complicate the interpretation of uptake experiments, it is necessary to demonstrate net inward transport of neuroactive amino acids before uptake can be considered as a likely mechanism for transmitter inactivation. When rat cortical synaptosomes are incubated with 10 micrometer [14C]L-aspartate, net (chemical) and apparent (radioactive) uptake into the synaptosomal fractions are equivalent. Although there is net aspartate uptake into the synaptosome fraction, aspartate exchange can be demonstrated in a variety of conditions. Net uptake exhibits the characteristics of high-affinity transport systems including Na+-and temperature-dependence. Furthermore, KCl (or RbCl)--1 micrometer--are required for net uptake but not radioactive or apparent uptake. LiCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, and choline chloride fail to support net uptake. Ouabain (0.1 micrometer) inhibits net uptake to a greater extent than apparent uptake. Although glutamate inhibits aspartate uptake (and vice versa), the net uptake of the combination is greater than that of each alone. The demonstration of net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity system is consonant with the idea that this system may play a role in its inactivation in the synaptic region.", "contents": "Net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity rat cortical synaptosomal transport system. Reuptake of neuroactive amino acids by high affinity transport systems (Km approximately 10 micrometer) is thought to terminate the action of these substances. Since homoexchange can complicate the interpretation of uptake experiments, it is necessary to demonstrate net inward transport of neuroactive amino acids before uptake can be considered as a likely mechanism for transmitter inactivation. When rat cortical synaptosomes are incubated with 10 micrometer [14C]L-aspartate, net (chemical) and apparent (radioactive) uptake into the synaptosomal fractions are equivalent. Although there is net aspartate uptake into the synaptosome fraction, aspartate exchange can be demonstrated in a variety of conditions. Net uptake exhibits the characteristics of high-affinity transport systems including Na+-and temperature-dependence. Furthermore, KCl (or RbCl)--1 micrometer--are required for net uptake but not radioactive or apparent uptake. LiCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, and choline chloride fail to support net uptake. Ouabain (0.1 micrometer) inhibits net uptake to a greater extent than apparent uptake. Although glutamate inhibits aspartate uptake (and vice versa), the net uptake of the combination is greater than that of each alone. The demonstration of net uptake of aspartate by a high-affinity system is consonant with the idea that this system may play a role in its inactivation in the synaptic region.", "PMID": 758225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10766", "title": "The effects of variations in conductivity and geometrical parameters on the electrocardiogram, using an eccentric spheres model.", "content": "The effects of variations in the volume conductor properties of the torso on the electrocardiogram were studied by means of a theoretical eccentric spheres model. The model includes a blood cavity, cardiac muscle layer, pericardium, lung region, skeletal muscle layer, and subcutaneous fat. The source of the field is a double-layer spherical cap located within the myocardium. The following effects regarding the electrocardiogram (ECG) potentials were determined: (1) blood augments the potential, but less than predicted by simpler published models; (2) in anemia, high potentials are expected, whereas in polycythemia, voltages are reduced; (3) abnormally low lung conductivity (emphysema) causes low surface potentials whose magnitude is controlled by the low conductivity skeletal muscle layer; (4) low voltages result both from low and high pericardial conductivities; (5) the surface potential increases with increasing myocardial conductivity; (6) low skeletal muscle conductivity (Pompe's disease) causes high surface potentials; (7) obesity lowers the potential only slightly; (8) a thick myocardium, protruding into the lung region, slightly augments the potential; (9) an increase in the thickness of the myocardium at the expense of the blood cavity causes a decrease in potential; (10) the potential increases with increasing heart size; and (11) the location of the heart within the torso has a very significant effect on the surface potential distribution.", "contents": "The effects of variations in conductivity and geometrical parameters on the electrocardiogram, using an eccentric spheres model. The effects of variations in the volume conductor properties of the torso on the electrocardiogram were studied by means of a theoretical eccentric spheres model. The model includes a blood cavity, cardiac muscle layer, pericardium, lung region, skeletal muscle layer, and subcutaneous fat. The source of the field is a double-layer spherical cap located within the myocardium. The following effects regarding the electrocardiogram (ECG) potentials were determined: (1) blood augments the potential, but less than predicted by simpler published models; (2) in anemia, high potentials are expected, whereas in polycythemia, voltages are reduced; (3) abnormally low lung conductivity (emphysema) causes low surface potentials whose magnitude is controlled by the low conductivity skeletal muscle layer; (4) low voltages result both from low and high pericardial conductivities; (5) the surface potential increases with increasing myocardial conductivity; (6) low skeletal muscle conductivity (Pompe's disease) causes high surface potentials; (7) obesity lowers the potential only slightly; (8) a thick myocardium, protruding into the lung region, slightly augments the potential; (9) an increase in the thickness of the myocardium at the expense of the blood cavity causes a decrease in potential; (10) the potential increases with increasing heart size; and (11) the location of the heart within the torso has a very significant effect on the surface potential distribution.", "PMID": 758226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10767", "title": "An analysis of the effects of acetylcholine on conduction and refractoriness in the rabbit sinus node.", "content": "The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on sinus node automaticity, atrio-sinus conduction, and refractoriness were studied in 41 isolated rabbit right atrial preparations. Average control rate was 126 beats/min, and ACh 5 x 10(-8) M, 5 x 10(-7) M, and 5 x 10(-6) M significantly decreased heart rate by 7, 15, and 43%, respectively (P less than 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001). Atrio-sinus conduction time at a pacing cycle length of 400 msec did not significantly change during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-8) and 5 x 10(-7) M. However, the mean effective refractory period (ERP) of the sinus node, at a pacing cycle length of 400 msec, increased from 183 +/- 16 msec to 210 +/- 24 msec during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-7) M (P less than 0.025). The change in ERP followed the change in action potential duration. In contrast to the lack of effect of ACh 5 x 10(-7) M on atrio-sinus conduction time, ACh 5 x 10(-6) M caused 2:1 atrio-sinus block in 8 of 10 experiments. The site of block was identified using multiple microelectrode impalements, and occurred between the perinodal fibers bordering on the edge of the sinus node and the pacemaker area in the sinus node proper. When the pacing cycle length was increased and 1:1 atrio-sinus conduciton was present, conduction time did not significantly differ from control. At this longer pacing cycle length the mean ERP of the sinus node was 380 msec greater than control and lasted well after repolarization was completed. Thus, atrio-sinus block during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-6) M resulted from a marked prolongation of refractoriness.", "contents": "An analysis of the effects of acetylcholine on conduction and refractoriness in the rabbit sinus node. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on sinus node automaticity, atrio-sinus conduction, and refractoriness were studied in 41 isolated rabbit right atrial preparations. Average control rate was 126 beats/min, and ACh 5 x 10(-8) M, 5 x 10(-7) M, and 5 x 10(-6) M significantly decreased heart rate by 7, 15, and 43%, respectively (P less than 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001). Atrio-sinus conduction time at a pacing cycle length of 400 msec did not significantly change during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-8) and 5 x 10(-7) M. However, the mean effective refractory period (ERP) of the sinus node, at a pacing cycle length of 400 msec, increased from 183 +/- 16 msec to 210 +/- 24 msec during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-7) M (P less than 0.025). The change in ERP followed the change in action potential duration. In contrast to the lack of effect of ACh 5 x 10(-7) M on atrio-sinus conduction time, ACh 5 x 10(-6) M caused 2:1 atrio-sinus block in 8 of 10 experiments. The site of block was identified using multiple microelectrode impalements, and occurred between the perinodal fibers bordering on the edge of the sinus node and the pacemaker area in the sinus node proper. When the pacing cycle length was increased and 1:1 atrio-sinus conduciton was present, conduction time did not significantly differ from control. At this longer pacing cycle length the mean ERP of the sinus node was 380 msec greater than control and lasted well after repolarization was completed. Thus, atrio-sinus block during exposure to ACh 5 x 10(-6) M resulted from a marked prolongation of refractoriness.", "PMID": 758227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10768", "title": "The relationship between atrioventricular nodal refractoriness and the functional refractory period in the dog.", "content": "We studied the relationship between the atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period (FRP) and refractoriness by mathematical analysis and by measurement during antegrade Wenckebach cycles in 16 dogs. The FRP relates directly to the conduction time of the control beat, and inversely to the coordinates of the point on the A'-H' vs. A-A refractory curve where the slope is -1. The FRP can vary without any change in refractoriness as measured by the effective refractory period (ERP) or the refractory curve. In 16 dogs the ERP and the FRP were measured during 4:3 Wenckebach cycles. Because of changes in the control conduction times, the FRP declined and did not reflect the progressive increase in refractoriness recorded during Wenckebach cycles. The FRP is a complex parameter and does not reliably measure refractoriness.", "contents": "The relationship between atrioventricular nodal refractoriness and the functional refractory period in the dog. We studied the relationship between the atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period (FRP) and refractoriness by mathematical analysis and by measurement during antegrade Wenckebach cycles in 16 dogs. The FRP relates directly to the conduction time of the control beat, and inversely to the coordinates of the point on the A'-H' vs. A-A refractory curve where the slope is -1. The FRP can vary without any change in refractoriness as measured by the effective refractory period (ERP) or the refractory curve. In 16 dogs the ERP and the FRP were measured during 4:3 Wenckebach cycles. Because of changes in the control conduction times, the FRP declined and did not reflect the progressive increase in refractoriness recorded during Wenckebach cycles. The FRP is a complex parameter and does not reliably measure refractoriness.", "PMID": 758228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10769", "title": "The effects of nifedipine on acute experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction in dogs.", "content": "We studied 25 anesthetized and thoracotamized dogs before and during 5 hours of acute regional myocardial ischemia. Krypton-81m (81mKr) was infused constantly into the aortic sinuses. The myocardial equilibrium of this tracer was used to image and assess the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion using a gamma camera and digital computer. The epicardial ECG was recorded, S-T segment elevation and the loss of R and appearance of Q waves were measured, and the plasma activity of creatine kinase (CK) was determined in aortic and coronary venous blood throughout these experiments. Ten dogs underwent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) narrowing for 5 hours and received no drugs. Five dogs received nifedipine 13 microgram/kg, and another five received 1.0 microgram/kg intravenously 30 minutes after LAD narrowing. Those dogs receiving nifedipine, 13 microgram/kg, showed a 30% fall in aortic pressure, a 12% rise in heart rate, and an extension of regional ischemia. The ECG showed an extension of infarct size, and CK release into the coronary vein appeared earlier than in the controls. Dogs receiving nifedipine, 1 microgram/kg, showed a 12% fall in blood pressure, no rise in heart rate, an improvement in regional perfusion, and ECG signs that suggested limitation of infarct size. There also was delayed release of coronary venous CK. The effects of nifedipine on the natural history of regional myocardial perfusion, the electrocardiogram, and enzyme release from the heart were dose related and cannot be generalized. These observations warrant further clinical investigation to improve the use of this agent in man.", "contents": "The effects of nifedipine on acute experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction in dogs. We studied 25 anesthetized and thoracotamized dogs before and during 5 hours of acute regional myocardial ischemia. Krypton-81m (81mKr) was infused constantly into the aortic sinuses. The myocardial equilibrium of this tracer was used to image and assess the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion using a gamma camera and digital computer. The epicardial ECG was recorded, S-T segment elevation and the loss of R and appearance of Q waves were measured, and the plasma activity of creatine kinase (CK) was determined in aortic and coronary venous blood throughout these experiments. Ten dogs underwent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) narrowing for 5 hours and received no drugs. Five dogs received nifedipine 13 microgram/kg, and another five received 1.0 microgram/kg intravenously 30 minutes after LAD narrowing. Those dogs receiving nifedipine, 13 microgram/kg, showed a 30% fall in aortic pressure, a 12% rise in heart rate, and an extension of regional ischemia. The ECG showed an extension of infarct size, and CK release into the coronary vein appeared earlier than in the controls. Dogs receiving nifedipine, 1 microgram/kg, showed a 12% fall in blood pressure, no rise in heart rate, an improvement in regional perfusion, and ECG signs that suggested limitation of infarct size. There also was delayed release of coronary venous CK. The effects of nifedipine on the natural history of regional myocardial perfusion, the electrocardiogram, and enzyme release from the heart were dose related and cannot be generalized. These observations warrant further clinical investigation to improve the use of this agent in man.", "PMID": 758229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10770", "title": "Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog.", "content": "The effects of digoxin on monovalent cation active transport were determined in cardiac tissue obtained from dogs given inotropic, toxic, or lethal doses of digoxin. In hemodynamically monitored dogs, active uptake of the K+ analogue Rb+ was determined in vitro in a control myocardial biopsy, and then in serial biopsies from the same dog after the infusion of [3H]digoxin in doses sufficient to cause a sustained positive inotropic effect in the absence of toxicity, and finally after additional doses to induce overt toxicity. Nontoxic digoxin doses producing a mean increase of 20% in left ventricular (LV) dP/dt significantly reduced Rb+ active transport by 25% below control values. At the onset of digoxin-induced arrhythmias, maximal LV dP/dt was 53% above control whereas active Rb+ transport was reduced by 60% below baseline values (P less than 0.001). Control dogs given vehicle alone showed no significant change in contractility or in monovalent cation active transport. In another group of dogs given a lethal dose of digoxin, Rb+ active transport was reduced 59% below control levels at the onset of overt toxicity and was further reduced 80% below control at the time of onset of a fatal rhythm disturbance. When dogs were given high affinity digoxin-specific IgG or Fab fragments at the onset of overt toxicity, toxicity was rapidly reversed, and monovalent cation active transport increased to 51% of control at the time of restoration of sinus rhythm. Twenty-four hours after antibody reversal of arrhythmias, monovalent cation transport values approximated normal control levels. These data provide quantitative estimates of the extent of inhibition of monovalent cation transport by digoxin at inotropic, toxic, and lethal endpoints. Similar degrees of transport inhibition were present at the time of onset of digoxin-induced arrhythmias and at the time or arrhythmia reversal by digoxin-specific antibodies.", "contents": "Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog. The effects of digoxin on monovalent cation active transport were determined in cardiac tissue obtained from dogs given inotropic, toxic, or lethal doses of digoxin. In hemodynamically monitored dogs, active uptake of the K+ analogue Rb+ was determined in vitro in a control myocardial biopsy, and then in serial biopsies from the same dog after the infusion of [3H]digoxin in doses sufficient to cause a sustained positive inotropic effect in the absence of toxicity, and finally after additional doses to induce overt toxicity. Nontoxic digoxin doses producing a mean increase of 20% in left ventricular (LV) dP/dt significantly reduced Rb+ active transport by 25% below control values. At the onset of digoxin-induced arrhythmias, maximal LV dP/dt was 53% above control whereas active Rb+ transport was reduced by 60% below baseline values (P less than 0.001). Control dogs given vehicle alone showed no significant change in contractility or in monovalent cation active transport. In another group of dogs given a lethal dose of digoxin, Rb+ active transport was reduced 59% below control levels at the onset of overt toxicity and was further reduced 80% below control at the time of onset of a fatal rhythm disturbance. When dogs were given high affinity digoxin-specific IgG or Fab fragments at the onset of overt toxicity, toxicity was rapidly reversed, and monovalent cation active transport increased to 51% of control at the time of restoration of sinus rhythm. Twenty-four hours after antibody reversal of arrhythmias, monovalent cation transport values approximated normal control levels. These data provide quantitative estimates of the extent of inhibition of monovalent cation transport by digoxin at inotropic, toxic, and lethal endpoints. Similar degrees of transport inhibition were present at the time of onset of digoxin-induced arrhythmias and at the time or arrhythmia reversal by digoxin-specific antibodies.", "PMID": 758230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10771", "title": "Release of active and inactive renin by the porcine kidney.", "content": "We studied the relative rates of release of active and inactive renin by the kidney in anesthetized pigs. Renin concentration was determined in arterial and renal venous plasma as follows: (1) before and after stimulation of renin release with isoproterenol or furosemide, (2) after suppression of renin release by extracellular fluid volume expansion, and (3) after administration of propranolol or indomethacin. Inactive renin was activated by dialysis of plasma at pH 3.3 for 24 hours. Renin concentration was estimated by radioimmunoassay determination of angiotensin I after a 3-hour incubation with excess homologous renin substrate. Following isoproterenol, the release of active renin increased from 8 +/- 4 (SEM) to 58 +/- 34 ng/min, and inactive renin increased from 53 +/- 33 to 321 +/- 136 ng/min. Similarly, furosemide stimulated the release of both active and inactive renin. Both forms of renin were suppressed by propranolol or indomethacin. Although changes in renin release following volume expansion were not statistically significant, the direction of change for both forms of renin was similar. Following logarithmic conversion of the rate of release, the plot of active vs. inactive renin formed a straight line. Values for active renin as a percentage of the total renin in simultaneously drawn arterial and renal venous plasma samples were not different. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, release of active and inactive renin appears to be controlled by similar mechanisms. Both stimulation and suppression of renin release result in parallel changes in release of the two forms. Data on relative amounts of active renin in arterial and renal venous plasma suggest that there is no systemic conversion of the two forms.", "contents": "Release of active and inactive renin by the porcine kidney. We studied the relative rates of release of active and inactive renin by the kidney in anesthetized pigs. Renin concentration was determined in arterial and renal venous plasma as follows: (1) before and after stimulation of renin release with isoproterenol or furosemide, (2) after suppression of renin release by extracellular fluid volume expansion, and (3) after administration of propranolol or indomethacin. Inactive renin was activated by dialysis of plasma at pH 3.3 for 24 hours. Renin concentration was estimated by radioimmunoassay determination of angiotensin I after a 3-hour incubation with excess homologous renin substrate. Following isoproterenol, the release of active renin increased from 8 +/- 4 (SEM) to 58 +/- 34 ng/min, and inactive renin increased from 53 +/- 33 to 321 +/- 136 ng/min. Similarly, furosemide stimulated the release of both active and inactive renin. Both forms of renin were suppressed by propranolol or indomethacin. Although changes in renin release following volume expansion were not statistically significant, the direction of change for both forms of renin was similar. Following logarithmic conversion of the rate of release, the plot of active vs. inactive renin formed a straight line. Values for active renin as a percentage of the total renin in simultaneously drawn arterial and renal venous plasma samples were not different. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, release of active and inactive renin appears to be controlled by similar mechanisms. Both stimulation and suppression of renin release result in parallel changes in release of the two forms. Data on relative amounts of active renin in arterial and renal venous plasma suggest that there is no systemic conversion of the two forms.", "PMID": 758231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10772", "title": "Biochemical and morphological correlates of acute experimental myocardial ischemia in the dog. IV. Energy mechanisms during very early ischemia.", "content": "Tissue energy metabolism was examined in posterior (ischemic) and anterior (\"control\") regions of canine ventricles after 5 and 10 minutes of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion. When compared to identical regions of normal hearts, the following changes were found: (1) decreases in glycogen and phosphorylase activity in the anterior and posterior regions, (2) depressed state 3 rates of oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria in both anterior and posterior regions, (3) shifts in optimum substrate concentrations for palmityl-CoA (+ carnitine) oxidation by mitochondria in the anterior and posterior regions, and (4) decreases in the apparent zero order and first order rates of mitochondrial palmitylcarnitine production. These changes correlated with a marked decrease in developed tension in the posterior regions. Depression in tension development in the posterior regions of the heart still was present after 30--60 minutes of reperfusion following a 10-minute period of occlusion. Glycogen content in the reperfused areas was significantly decreased after 60 minutes of reperfusion when compared to normal areas and to control hearts perfused for 70 minutes. After reperfusion, mitochondrial function appeared to return toward \"normal.\" However, the slow restoration of contraction of the ischemic area suggests that cellular mechanisms operative in vivo to restore pump function still might be abnormal.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological correlates of acute experimental myocardial ischemia in the dog. IV. Energy mechanisms during very early ischemia. Tissue energy metabolism was examined in posterior (ischemic) and anterior (\"control\") regions of canine ventricles after 5 and 10 minutes of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion. When compared to identical regions of normal hearts, the following changes were found: (1) decreases in glycogen and phosphorylase activity in the anterior and posterior regions, (2) depressed state 3 rates of oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria in both anterior and posterior regions, (3) shifts in optimum substrate concentrations for palmityl-CoA (+ carnitine) oxidation by mitochondria in the anterior and posterior regions, and (4) decreases in the apparent zero order and first order rates of mitochondrial palmitylcarnitine production. These changes correlated with a marked decrease in developed tension in the posterior regions. Depression in tension development in the posterior regions of the heart still was present after 30--60 minutes of reperfusion following a 10-minute period of occlusion. Glycogen content in the reperfused areas was significantly decreased after 60 minutes of reperfusion when compared to normal areas and to control hearts perfused for 70 minutes. After reperfusion, mitochondrial function appeared to return toward \"normal.\" However, the slow restoration of contraction of the ischemic area suggests that cellular mechanisms operative in vivo to restore pump function still might be abnormal.", "PMID": 758232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10773", "title": "Choline uptake into renal phospholipids following renal ischemia in rats.", "content": "Renal phospholipid metabolism was studied after ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left renal artery in the rat. There was no change in the rate of cellular [14C]choline uptake after 25 or 60 minutes of ischemia. However, [14C]choline incorporation into phospholipid was two to three times greater in slices from the ischemic kidney than in slices from the contralateral control kidney. The increase occurred after 25 minutes of ischemia plus 15 minutes of reflow, and after 60 minutes of ischemia with or without reflow. When [14C]choline was injected into rats after a 60-minute period of renal ischemia, the rate of incorporation into phospholipid in the ischemic kidney was almost twice that of the control kidney. These results were similar to those of the in vitro experiments. Since virtually all of the cellular phospholipids of the kidney are present in cellular membranes, renal ischemia affects membrane metabolism. The mean distribution ratio of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in slices of kidneys ischemic for 60 minutes was similar to that of control slices: 4.11 +/- 0.2 (SEM) vs. 4.30 +/- 0.30. The normal uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid indicates that the increased incorporation of choline is associated with functional integrity of the membrane.", "contents": "Choline uptake into renal phospholipids following renal ischemia in rats. Renal phospholipid metabolism was studied after ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left renal artery in the rat. There was no change in the rate of cellular [14C]choline uptake after 25 or 60 minutes of ischemia. However, [14C]choline incorporation into phospholipid was two to three times greater in slices from the ischemic kidney than in slices from the contralateral control kidney. The increase occurred after 25 minutes of ischemia plus 15 minutes of reflow, and after 60 minutes of ischemia with or without reflow. When [14C]choline was injected into rats after a 60-minute period of renal ischemia, the rate of incorporation into phospholipid in the ischemic kidney was almost twice that of the control kidney. These results were similar to those of the in vitro experiments. Since virtually all of the cellular phospholipids of the kidney are present in cellular membranes, renal ischemia affects membrane metabolism. The mean distribution ratio of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in slices of kidneys ischemic for 60 minutes was similar to that of control slices: 4.11 +/- 0.2 (SEM) vs. 4.30 +/- 0.30. The normal uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid indicates that the increased incorporation of choline is associated with functional integrity of the membrane.", "PMID": 758233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10774", "title": "The effect of brief vagal stimulation on the isolated rabbit sinus node.", "content": "We developed an isolated rabbit atrial preparation which responds consistently and reproducibly to brief, submaximal stimulation of the autonomic nerves contained in it. In 6 of 11 preparations in the presence of propranolol (1 mg/liter), the time course of changes in the atrial rate following 120 msec vagal stimulation was bimodal. The maximal slowing occurred at 0.64 +/- 0.16 second, and the peak secondary slowing occurred at 2.3 +/- 1.0 seconds. An acceleratory component occurred between the first and second peaks between 0.8 and 1.6 seconds. The total time course of vagal effect lasted for 5.0 +/- 2.0 seconds. These changes in rate could not be explained by shifts in the location of the primary pacemaker. The acceleratory component was due to a 4.7 +/- 2.0 (SD) mV depolarization of the maximum diastolic membrane potential of the primary pacemaker of the sinus node which lasted for 1.8 +/- 0.3 seconds. Following vagal stimulation, there was an increase of 0.2 mM in the activity of potassium in the extracellular space recorded with a potassium-sensitive electrode; this peaked between 1.4 and 2.5 seconds and cleared with an exponential time course. The halftimes for recovery ranged between 2.8 and 4.6 seconds. The initial peak slowing of the bimodal time course and the acceleratory component therefore appear to be direct effects of acetylcholine. The secondary slowing occurs after acetylcholine presumably has been inactivated and occurs coincidently with the accumulation of potassium in the extracellular space.", "contents": "The effect of brief vagal stimulation on the isolated rabbit sinus node. We developed an isolated rabbit atrial preparation which responds consistently and reproducibly to brief, submaximal stimulation of the autonomic nerves contained in it. In 6 of 11 preparations in the presence of propranolol (1 mg/liter), the time course of changes in the atrial rate following 120 msec vagal stimulation was bimodal. The maximal slowing occurred at 0.64 +/- 0.16 second, and the peak secondary slowing occurred at 2.3 +/- 1.0 seconds. An acceleratory component occurred between the first and second peaks between 0.8 and 1.6 seconds. The total time course of vagal effect lasted for 5.0 +/- 2.0 seconds. These changes in rate could not be explained by shifts in the location of the primary pacemaker. The acceleratory component was due to a 4.7 +/- 2.0 (SD) mV depolarization of the maximum diastolic membrane potential of the primary pacemaker of the sinus node which lasted for 1.8 +/- 0.3 seconds. Following vagal stimulation, there was an increase of 0.2 mM in the activity of potassium in the extracellular space recorded with a potassium-sensitive electrode; this peaked between 1.4 and 2.5 seconds and cleared with an exponential time course. The halftimes for recovery ranged between 2.8 and 4.6 seconds. The initial peak slowing of the bimodal time course and the acceleratory component therefore appear to be direct effects of acetylcholine. The secondary slowing occurs after acetylcholine presumably has been inactivated and occurs coincidently with the accumulation of potassium in the extracellular space.", "PMID": 758234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10775", "title": "Acetylstrophanthidin-induced reflex inhibition of canine renal sympathetic nerve activity mediated by cardiac receptors with vagal afferents.", "content": "The present experiments were performed to determine whether digitalis-induced augmentation of cardiac receptor discharge could induce reflex reductions in renal sympathetic nerve activity. Intracoronary injection or epicardial application of acetylstrophanthidin (AS) in chloraloseanesthetized dogs caused large decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity which were accompanied by modest decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure. Vagotomy prevented these reflex responses. Cholinergic blockade with atropine markedly attenuated the heart rate responses to AS but had little effect on the arterial pressure or renal nerve activity responses. Epicardial application of lidocaine blocked cardiac vagal afferents and the reflex responses to intracoronary AS. In sinoaortic denervated dogs, the relationships between doses of AS and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal nerve activity responses were linear. Decreases in renal nerve activity were evoked by doses of AS which did not reflexly change heart rate or arterial pressure. These data show that AS can evoke reflex bradycardia, hypotension, and withdrawal of renal sympathetic nerve activity solely by augmenting the inhibitory influence of cardiac receptors with vagal afferents. This reflex effect may contribute to the changes in renal function and thus to the diuresis that occurs when heart failure is treated with digitalis.", "contents": "Acetylstrophanthidin-induced reflex inhibition of canine renal sympathetic nerve activity mediated by cardiac receptors with vagal afferents. The present experiments were performed to determine whether digitalis-induced augmentation of cardiac receptor discharge could induce reflex reductions in renal sympathetic nerve activity. Intracoronary injection or epicardial application of acetylstrophanthidin (AS) in chloraloseanesthetized dogs caused large decreases in renal sympathetic nerve activity which were accompanied by modest decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure. Vagotomy prevented these reflex responses. Cholinergic blockade with atropine markedly attenuated the heart rate responses to AS but had little effect on the arterial pressure or renal nerve activity responses. Epicardial application of lidocaine blocked cardiac vagal afferents and the reflex responses to intracoronary AS. In sinoaortic denervated dogs, the relationships between doses of AS and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal nerve activity responses were linear. Decreases in renal nerve activity were evoked by doses of AS which did not reflexly change heart rate or arterial pressure. These data show that AS can evoke reflex bradycardia, hypotension, and withdrawal of renal sympathetic nerve activity solely by augmenting the inhibitory influence of cardiac receptors with vagal afferents. This reflex effect may contribute to the changes in renal function and thus to the diuresis that occurs when heart failure is treated with digitalis.", "PMID": 758235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10776", "title": "Contractures and increase in internal longitudianl resistance of cow ventricular muscle induced by hypoxia.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether hypoxia in glucose-free solutions can increase the electrical resistance of intercellular junctions in ventricular muscle. Internal longitudinal resistance (Ri), mechanical tension, and transmembrane action potentials were measured simultaneously in cow ventricular trabeculae. The mean control value of Ri was 265 +/- 38 omegacm (mean +/- SE) at 34 degrees C. After 1 hour of hypoxia in glucose-free Tyrode's solution, it had increased by 300 +/- 41% (n = 11, P less than 0.001). The rise in Ri was closely related to the increase in resting tension (contracture). These effects were more pronounced during a second exposure to hypoxia and were potentiated by application of epinephrine, by increasing extracellular calcium concentration, and by increasing frequency of stimulation. Addition of glucose (50 mM) provided some protection against hypoxia. It is inferred that the increase in Ri is entirely due to the increase in the resistance of intercellular junctions (electrical uncoupling). Intracellular calcium may be responsible for both the contracture and the uncoupling.", "contents": "Contractures and increase in internal longitudianl resistance of cow ventricular muscle induced by hypoxia. This study was performed to determine whether hypoxia in glucose-free solutions can increase the electrical resistance of intercellular junctions in ventricular muscle. Internal longitudinal resistance (Ri), mechanical tension, and transmembrane action potentials were measured simultaneously in cow ventricular trabeculae. The mean control value of Ri was 265 +/- 38 omegacm (mean +/- SE) at 34 degrees C. After 1 hour of hypoxia in glucose-free Tyrode's solution, it had increased by 300 +/- 41% (n = 11, P less than 0.001). The rise in Ri was closely related to the increase in resting tension (contracture). These effects were more pronounced during a second exposure to hypoxia and were potentiated by application of epinephrine, by increasing extracellular calcium concentration, and by increasing frequency of stimulation. Addition of glucose (50 mM) provided some protection against hypoxia. It is inferred that the increase in Ri is entirely due to the increase in the resistance of intercellular junctions (electrical uncoupling). Intracellular calcium may be responsible for both the contracture and the uncoupling.", "PMID": 758236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10777", "title": "A possible role for elastin ligands in the proteolytic degradation of arterial elastic lamellae in the rabbit.", "content": "Thoracic aortae of normal rabbits were perfused with pancreatic elastase in vitro at 37 degrees C and 70 mm Hg pressure in the presence or absence of elastin ligands previously shown to stimulate or inhibit the enzymatic degradation of elastin. Perfusion with elastase results in an average of 3.6 lamellae degraded, whereas addition of sodium linoleate before and during the perfusion with elastase increases this value to 7.9 (P less than 0.001). Conversely, perfusion with the cationic detergent, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, completely prevents the degradation of elastic lamellae by elastase. These effects do not reflect alterations of the intrinsic catalytic activity of elastase, but apparently indicate the formation of complexes between the elastin ligands and arterial elastic lamellae, as is consistent with prior studies indicating such interactions between fatty acids or detergents and purified elastin. These studies suggest that agents such as fatty acids may significantly alter the metabolic susceptibility of elastin in vivo and possibly contribute to the degradation of elastic lamellae seen in arteries with advanced atherosclerosis.", "contents": "A possible role for elastin ligands in the proteolytic degradation of arterial elastic lamellae in the rabbit. Thoracic aortae of normal rabbits were perfused with pancreatic elastase in vitro at 37 degrees C and 70 mm Hg pressure in the presence or absence of elastin ligands previously shown to stimulate or inhibit the enzymatic degradation of elastin. Perfusion with elastase results in an average of 3.6 lamellae degraded, whereas addition of sodium linoleate before and during the perfusion with elastase increases this value to 7.9 (P less than 0.001). Conversely, perfusion with the cationic detergent, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, completely prevents the degradation of elastic lamellae by elastase. These effects do not reflect alterations of the intrinsic catalytic activity of elastase, but apparently indicate the formation of complexes between the elastin ligands and arterial elastic lamellae, as is consistent with prior studies indicating such interactions between fatty acids or detergents and purified elastin. These studies suggest that agents such as fatty acids may significantly alter the metabolic susceptibility of elastin in vivo and possibly contribute to the degradation of elastic lamellae seen in arteries with advanced atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 758237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10778", "title": "Effects of hypothermia on propranolol kinetics.", "content": "Propranolol may be uniquely useful in cardiac surgical procedures, since beta adrenergic blockade can prevent the hypokalemia and associated arrhythmias which result from systemic hypothermia. To determine the effects of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (HCPB) on the in vivo handling of propranolol, serial drug plasma concentrations (Cp) were measured during HCPB in 12 patients who had been treated chronically with propranolol prior to surgery. Although no further propranolol was given during the procedure, Cp values (corrected for plasma volume dilution) were higher during hypothermia than in the preoperative period, falling to or below control levels after rewarming. Due to the variables inherent in patient surgery, meaningful kinetic analysis could not be carried out. Therefore, intravenous propranolol (1 mg/kg) was given twice to each of 5 dogs, first after anesthesia only, then after anesthesia and systemic cooling to 26 degrees in a water bath Cp values measured serially over 2 hr after drug administration were consistently higher during hypothermia. Compared with the paired normothermic control studies, hypothermia markedly reduced the apparent volume of distribution (6.78 +/- 1.65 vs 2.08 +/- 0.58 L/kg; p less than 0.001) and the total body clearance of propranolol (64.4 +/- 11.0 vs 32.3 +/- 7.2 ml/kg/min; p less than 0.005). These data show that hypothermia substantially alters the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, resulting in plasma drug levels higher than those predicted from kinetic patterns derived under normothermic conditions.", "contents": "Effects of hypothermia on propranolol kinetics. Propranolol may be uniquely useful in cardiac surgical procedures, since beta adrenergic blockade can prevent the hypokalemia and associated arrhythmias which result from systemic hypothermia. To determine the effects of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (HCPB) on the in vivo handling of propranolol, serial drug plasma concentrations (Cp) were measured during HCPB in 12 patients who had been treated chronically with propranolol prior to surgery. Although no further propranolol was given during the procedure, Cp values (corrected for plasma volume dilution) were higher during hypothermia than in the preoperative period, falling to or below control levels after rewarming. Due to the variables inherent in patient surgery, meaningful kinetic analysis could not be carried out. Therefore, intravenous propranolol (1 mg/kg) was given twice to each of 5 dogs, first after anesthesia only, then after anesthesia and systemic cooling to 26 degrees in a water bath Cp values measured serially over 2 hr after drug administration were consistently higher during hypothermia. Compared with the paired normothermic control studies, hypothermia markedly reduced the apparent volume of distribution (6.78 +/- 1.65 vs 2.08 +/- 0.58 L/kg; p less than 0.001) and the total body clearance of propranolol (64.4 +/- 11.0 vs 32.3 +/- 7.2 ml/kg/min; p less than 0.005). These data show that hypothermia substantially alters the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, resulting in plasma drug levels higher than those predicted from kinetic patterns derived under normothermic conditions.", "PMID": 758238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10779", "title": "Altered drug binding due to the use of indwelling heparinized cannulas (heparin lock) for sampling.", "content": "The effect of the use of the so-called heparin lock for blood sampling on the binding of propranolol has been studied and a cumulative dose-response curve to heparin constructed. The use of this method of blood sampling introduced considerable artifactual changes into the measurement of propranolol's plasma binding. The free fraction rose from 9.9% to 13.4% after only 50 U of heparin was used to flush the cannula. The increase in the free fraction of propranolol showed excellent correlation with the increase in free fatty acid levels (p less than 0.001, r = 0.996). The importance of ensuring that sampling techniques do not introduce artifactual changes in pharmacokinetic studies is emphasized.", "contents": "Altered drug binding due to the use of indwelling heparinized cannulas (heparin lock) for sampling. The effect of the use of the so-called heparin lock for blood sampling on the binding of propranolol has been studied and a cumulative dose-response curve to heparin constructed. The use of this method of blood sampling introduced considerable artifactual changes into the measurement of propranolol's plasma binding. The free fraction rose from 9.9% to 13.4% after only 50 U of heparin was used to flush the cannula. The increase in the free fraction of propranolol showed excellent correlation with the increase in free fatty acid levels (p less than 0.001, r = 0.996). The importance of ensuring that sampling techniques do not introduce artifactual changes in pharmacokinetic studies is emphasized.", "PMID": 758239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10780", "title": "Isosorbide dinitrate in acute and chronic heart failure.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) were studied in 12 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) of many causes. The duration of CHF in the chronic group varied from 3 to 62 months (mean, 29.5). Hemodynamic parameters were obtained serially before and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after a 5 to 15 mg dose of ISD sublingually. The hemodynamic effects were pronounced at 45 min and returned to control levels in 120 min. Heart rate did not change. Hemodynamic parameters that changed after ISD were mean arterial pressure (-7%, p less than 0.05), mean pulmonary artery pressure (-17%, p less than 0.05), and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-29%, p less than 0.005). Mean cardiac index (+3%, p = NS) and mean stroke work index rose (+9.4%, P X NS); mean total systemic resistance fell (-10%,  p = NS). Thus the duration of hemodynamic effects of ISD is less than 2 hr and sublingual ISD induces beneficial reduction of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with acute and chronic CHF without increasing cardiac index and stroke work index.", "contents": "Isosorbide dinitrate in acute and chronic heart failure. The hemodynamic effects of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) were studied in 12 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) of many causes. The duration of CHF in the chronic group varied from 3 to 62 months (mean, 29.5). Hemodynamic parameters were obtained serially before and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after a 5 to 15 mg dose of ISD sublingually. The hemodynamic effects were pronounced at 45 min and returned to control levels in 120 min. Heart rate did not change. Hemodynamic parameters that changed after ISD were mean arterial pressure (-7%, p less than 0.05), mean pulmonary artery pressure (-17%, p less than 0.05), and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-29%, p less than 0.005). Mean cardiac index (+3%, p = NS) and mean stroke work index rose (+9.4%, P X NS); mean total systemic resistance fell (-10%,  p = NS). Thus the duration of hemodynamic effects of ISD is less than 2 hr and sublingual ISD induces beneficial reduction of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with acute and chronic CHF without increasing cardiac index and stroke work index.", "PMID": 758242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10781", "title": "Effect of naproxen on the kinetics of elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single dose or warfarin.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen on the elimination kinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Ten healthy men received one oral dose of 50 mg racemic warfarin alone and with naproxen, 375 mg twice daily for 17 days beginning 10 days before warfarin. Naproxen administration caused a small but statistically significant increase in the free fraction of warfarin in serum but had no significant effect on the total clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Warfarin, on the other hand, apparently enhances the serum protein binding of haproxen. There was substantial intersubject variation but very little intrasubject variation in the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. The intersubject variation of the anticoagulant effect was not related to the elimination kinetics of warfarin.", "contents": "Effect of naproxen on the kinetics of elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single dose or warfarin. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen on the elimination kinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Ten healthy men received one oral dose of 50 mg racemic warfarin alone and with naproxen, 375 mg twice daily for 17 days beginning 10 days before warfarin. Naproxen administration caused a small but statistically significant increase in the free fraction of warfarin in serum but had no significant effect on the total clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Warfarin, on the other hand, apparently enhances the serum protein binding of haproxen. There was substantial intersubject variation but very little intrasubject variation in the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. The intersubject variation of the anticoagulant effect was not related to the elimination kinetics of warfarin.", "PMID": 758243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10782", "title": "Effect of naproxen on the steady-state serum concentration and anticoagulant activity of warfarin.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen interacts with warfarin during prolonged administration of both drugs. Healthy adults received oral doses of warfarin daily for 26 days. Naproxen, 375 mg twice daily, was given from the eleventh through the twentieth days. Naproxen administration had no apparent effect on the steady-state concentrations of free and total (free and protein-bound) warfarin in serum, despite a small but statistically significant increase of the warfarin-free fraction in serum. There was no apparent difference between the prothrombin times (at a constant daily dose of warfarin) observed before, during, and after administration of naproxen.", "contents": "Effect of naproxen on the steady-state serum concentration and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen interacts with warfarin during prolonged administration of both drugs. Healthy adults received oral doses of warfarin daily for 26 days. Naproxen, 375 mg twice daily, was given from the eleventh through the twentieth days. Naproxen administration had no apparent effect on the steady-state concentrations of free and total (free and protein-bound) warfarin in serum, despite a small but statistically significant increase of the warfarin-free fraction in serum. There was no apparent difference between the prothrombin times (at a constant daily dose of warfarin) observed before, during, and after administration of naproxen.", "PMID": 758244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10783", "title": "Kinetics of gallium nitrate, a new anticancer agent.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in 8 patients with disseminated neoplasms refractory to conventional chemotherapy, who received gallium nitrate at doses of 300 to 600 mg/m2 intravenously in a phase I clinical trial. Gallium concentrations in biological fluids were determined colorimetrically. In patients with normal renal function, gallium showed a biphasic plasma disappearance with an initial half-life (t1/2) of 0.5 to 1.8 hr (mean 1.0) and a terminal t1/2 of 10.5 to 50.4 hr (mean 25.1). Gallium was distributed in total body water and often localized in some body compartment as evidenced by a volume of distribution ranging from 0.25 to 2.53 L/kg (mean 1.19). The total drug clearance from the plasma was 0.13 to 1.00 ml/kg/min (mean 0.65) in patients with normal renal function. Cumulative urinary excretion of gallium was 15% to 72% (mean 35%) of the administered dose in 24 hr (it fell to 23% in 8 days in a patient with acute oliguric renal failure). Gallium kinetics are altered in patients with acute renal dysfunction and in patients who have received multiple doses of gallium or other metal chemotherapy.", "contents": "Kinetics of gallium nitrate, a new anticancer agent. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in 8 patients with disseminated neoplasms refractory to conventional chemotherapy, who received gallium nitrate at doses of 300 to 600 mg/m2 intravenously in a phase I clinical trial. Gallium concentrations in biological fluids were determined colorimetrically. In patients with normal renal function, gallium showed a biphasic plasma disappearance with an initial half-life (t1/2) of 0.5 to 1.8 hr (mean 1.0) and a terminal t1/2 of 10.5 to 50.4 hr (mean 25.1). Gallium was distributed in total body water and often localized in some body compartment as evidenced by a volume of distribution ranging from 0.25 to 2.53 L/kg (mean 1.19). The total drug clearance from the plasma was 0.13 to 1.00 ml/kg/min (mean 0.65) in patients with normal renal function. Cumulative urinary excretion of gallium was 15% to 72% (mean 35%) of the administered dose in 24 hr (it fell to 23% in 8 days in a patient with acute oliguric renal failure). Gallium kinetics are altered in patients with acute renal dysfunction and in patients who have received multiple doses of gallium or other metal chemotherapy.", "PMID": 758246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10784", "title": "Fantasy in psychiatric patients: exploring a myth.", "content": "Through six interrelated studies the author examines the common conception that daydreams and fantasy are important factors in the onset and maintenance of severe psychopathology, particularly hallucinatory psychosis. Results of the studies failed to support the idea that psychotic patients have particularly frequent or vivid daydream activity, and indicate instead that psychotic patients tend to inhibit aspects of normal fantasy. Hallucinatory schizophrenics, in particular, were blocked in their emotional-interpersonal imagery. In a study of depressed patients, a negative fantasy style was found to be associated with clinical depression. Sleep disorder was similarly associated with a negative fantasy style.", "contents": "Fantasy in psychiatric patients: exploring a myth. Through six interrelated studies the author examines the common conception that daydreams and fantasy are important factors in the onset and maintenance of severe psychopathology, particularly hallucinatory psychosis. Results of the studies failed to support the idea that psychotic patients have particularly frequent or vivid daydream activity, and indicate instead that psychotic patients tend to inhibit aspects of normal fantasy. Hallucinatory schizophrenics, in particular, were blocked in their emotional-interpersonal imagery. In a study of depressed patients, a negative fantasy style was found to be associated with clinical depression. Sleep disorder was similarly associated with a negative fantasy style.", "PMID": 758249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10785", "title": "A single-bedtime-dose self-medication system.", "content": "A medication system in use at the Florida Mental Health Institute is based on the unit-dose procedure and weekly reviews of patients' medications. The program is aimed at reducing the use of polypharmacy and of concentrates and stabilizing patients on a single daily bedtime dose of medication. Once patients are stabilized on a single dose, they are trained by the nurses and through a drug group to manage their medications independently after discharge. The system has produced savings of up to 90 per cent of medication costs per patient and is gaining acceptance in other mental health facilities in the state. The authors believe it has the potential for even greater therapeutic and financial benefits by reducing the recidivism that occurs when discharged patients discontinue their drugs.", "contents": "A single-bedtime-dose self-medication system. A medication system in use at the Florida Mental Health Institute is based on the unit-dose procedure and weekly reviews of patients' medications. The program is aimed at reducing the use of polypharmacy and of concentrates and stabilizing patients on a single daily bedtime dose of medication. Once patients are stabilized on a single dose, they are trained by the nurses and through a drug group to manage their medications independently after discharge. The system has produced savings of up to 90 per cent of medication costs per patient and is gaining acceptance in other mental health facilities in the state. The authors believe it has the potential for even greater therapeutic and financial benefits by reducing the recidivism that occurs when discharged patients discontinue their drugs.", "PMID": 758250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10786", "title": "Antiparkinsonian drug abuse: eight case reports.", "content": "Although abuse of antiparkinsonian drugs has rarely been reported in this country, there is evidence that it is more widespread than has generally been believed. The author reports eight cases in which abuse of the drugs was suspected. He emphasizes the need for increased awareness among physicians of the potential for abuse of antiparkinsonian agents and greater caution in prescribing them.", "contents": "Antiparkinsonian drug abuse: eight case reports. Although abuse of antiparkinsonian drugs has rarely been reported in this country, there is evidence that it is more widespread than has generally been believed. The author reports eight cases in which abuse of the drugs was suspected. He emphasizes the need for increased awareness among physicians of the potential for abuse of antiparkinsonian agents and greater caution in prescribing them.", "PMID": 758251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10787", "title": "Patients without communities: whose responsibility?", "content": "The authors conducted a study at an urban state hospital to determine if a patient's place of residence--within or outside the hospital's service district--was reflected in the admission rates or the quality of care received. No differences between in-district and out-of-district patients could be found on any parameter studied. The authors believe the results support the unique role of the state hospital as a facility that accepts its mandate as a referral of last resort.", "contents": "Patients without communities: whose responsibility? The authors conducted a study at an urban state hospital to determine if a patient's place of residence--within or outside the hospital's service district--was reflected in the admission rates or the quality of care received. No differences between in-district and out-of-district patients could be found on any parameter studied. The authors believe the results support the unique role of the state hospital as a facility that accepts its mandate as a referral of last resort.", "PMID": 758252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10788", "title": "Privacy commission report contains serious flaws.", "content": "Few will argue that confidentiality of the patient medical record is a real concern, particularly at a time when demands for information from the medical record are numerous and constantly increasing. However, the recommendations of the Privacy Protection Study Commission, if implemented, could cause severe problems for hospitals. The author discusses those recommendations and why they cause concern.", "contents": "Privacy commission report contains serious flaws. Few will argue that confidentiality of the patient medical record is a real concern, particularly at a time when demands for information from the medical record are numerous and constantly increasing. However, the recommendations of the Privacy Protection Study Commission, if implemented, could cause severe problems for hospitals. The author discusses those recommendations and why they cause concern.", "PMID": 758268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10789", "title": "Cost containment pressures make suppliers partners in productivity.", "content": "As demands for cost containment, productivity, and efficiency continue to be made of health care providers, more and more questions are being asked about the cost benefits and appropriateness of health care products and supplies. And, as hospitals continue to make their purchasing decisions in a regulated economy, it is likely that their decisions will alter the sales, marketing, and service responsibilities of hospital suppliers. In an effort to educate hospital suppliers to what lies ahead, Hospitals and Trustee magazines recently held the first National Symposium on the Hospital Market, the details of which are presented here.", "contents": "Cost containment pressures make suppliers partners in productivity. As demands for cost containment, productivity, and efficiency continue to be made of health care providers, more and more questions are being asked about the cost benefits and appropriateness of health care products and supplies. And, as hospitals continue to make their purchasing decisions in a regulated economy, it is likely that their decisions will alter the sales, marketing, and service responsibilities of hospital suppliers. In an effort to educate hospital suppliers to what lies ahead, Hospitals and Trustee magazines recently held the first National Symposium on the Hospital Market, the details of which are presented here.", "PMID": 758269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10790", "title": "Management information system ensures maintenance coordination.", "content": "The computer-based management information system implemented at Massachusetts General Hospital has proved to be an effective system for ensuring better coordination of maintenance activities in the hospital's maintenance department. The system provides accurate, up-to-date information that managers can use to make decisions concerning allocation of manpower, employee performance, and utilization of resources.", "contents": "Management information system ensures maintenance coordination. The computer-based management information system implemented at Massachusetts General Hospital has proved to be an effective system for ensuring better coordination of maintenance activities in the hospital's maintenance department. The system provides accurate, up-to-date information that managers can use to make decisions concerning allocation of manpower, employee performance, and utilization of resources.", "PMID": 758270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10791", "title": "Consortium upgrades 12 hospitals' infection control programs.", "content": "A consortium's infection control nurse and physician epidemiologists boost the member hospitals' infection control efforts through onsite rounds, establishment of group standards, reports on each hospitals' performance, ongoing education, medicolegal assistance, monitoring of use of isolation evaluation of infection control products, and other activities.", "contents": "Consortium upgrades 12 hospitals' infection control programs. A consortium's infection control nurse and physician epidemiologists boost the member hospitals' infection control efforts through onsite rounds, establishment of group standards, reports on each hospitals' performance, ongoing education, medicolegal assistance, monitoring of use of isolation evaluation of infection control products, and other activities.", "PMID": 758271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10792", "title": "Investment in mailroom services produces better communications.", "content": "A survey of mailroom practices at Providence Medical Center, Seattle, revealed inadequate working conditions and a lack of supervision. This article explains how careful planning and management enabled the mailroom to control copying costs and to improve services to patients, physicians, and hospital staff.", "contents": "Investment in mailroom services produces better communications. A survey of mailroom practices at Providence Medical Center, Seattle, revealed inadequate working conditions and a lack of supervision. This article explains how careful planning and management enabled the mailroom to control copying costs and to improve services to patients, physicians, and hospital staff.", "PMID": 758272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10793", "title": "Preparation systems have significant effect on costs.", "content": "The analysis of food service costs in this article provides an overview of the potential for cost containment of alternative food service systems for facilities ranging in capacity from 100 to 550 beds. This work was conducted mainly with U.S. Army hospital facilities in mind; however, the methodology and overall results are general and apply to any hospital that wishes to design an economical food service.", "contents": "Preparation systems have significant effect on costs. The analysis of food service costs in this article provides an overview of the potential for cost containment of alternative food service systems for facilities ranging in capacity from 100 to 550 beds. This work was conducted mainly with U.S. Army hospital facilities in mind; however, the methodology and overall results are general and apply to any hospital that wishes to design an economical food service.", "PMID": 758273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10794", "title": "Nurse mentor system cuts costs, boosts quality of patient care.", "content": "A new approach to patient care, which combines the mentor concept used in industry and the team concept used in traditional health care delivery systems, is helping to solve one hospital's problems of a chronic regional shortage of registered nurses, regularly rising costs, lack of recognition for individual interpersonal and clinical expertise, and the lack of an ongoing staff development program. The nurse mentor at Children's Hospital of San Francisco acts as a patient advocate and also counsels, teaches, coaches, supports, promotes, and inspires the members of her primary nursing team.", "contents": "Nurse mentor system cuts costs, boosts quality of patient care. A new approach to patient care, which combines the mentor concept used in industry and the team concept used in traditional health care delivery systems, is helping to solve one hospital's problems of a chronic regional shortage of registered nurses, regularly rising costs, lack of recognition for individual interpersonal and clinical expertise, and the lack of an ongoing staff development program. The nurse mentor at Children's Hospital of San Francisco acts as a patient advocate and also counsels, teaches, coaches, supports, promotes, and inspires the members of her primary nursing team.", "PMID": 758274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10795", "title": "Creative management engineers foster communication, change.", "content": "Today's hospitals need creative management engineers to bring about innovative change, to foster a participative climate, and to strengthen training systems. However, management engineers need to work with hospital administrators who understand the field and who can expand their expectations beyond the traditional areas normally thought of as being within the purview of management engineering.", "contents": "Creative management engineers foster communication, change. Today's hospitals need creative management engineers to bring about innovative change, to foster a participative climate, and to strengthen training systems. However, management engineers need to work with hospital administrators who understand the field and who can expand their expectations beyond the traditional areas normally thought of as being within the purview of management engineering.", "PMID": 758275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10796", "title": "Management engineering unit serves two-hospital system.", "content": "The multihospital structure at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia forces the management engineering department to concentrate an increasing amount of its time on management effectiveness activities. Although the center's structure creates some internal time-management problems for the department, its staff members believe that the drawbacks are small when they are compared with the fact that their activities can, and do, have a positive effect on more than one institution.", "contents": "Management engineering unit serves two-hospital system. The multihospital structure at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia forces the management engineering department to concentrate an increasing amount of its time on management effectiveness activities. Although the center's structure creates some internal time-management problems for the department, its staff members believe that the drawbacks are small when they are compared with the fact that their activities can, and do, have a positive effect on more than one institution.", "PMID": 758276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10797", "title": "Special project consultants can aid hospital engineers.", "content": "Hospital engineers occasionally need consultants to study overall operations, suggest improvements, and develop cost-cutting programs. Day-to-day operations often keep in-plant engineers too busy to undertake these kinds of special projects. But given the crucial need for hospitals to cut energy consumption and costs, these special studies need to be done. The right consultant can do the job.", "contents": "Special project consultants can aid hospital engineers. Hospital engineers occasionally need consultants to study overall operations, suggest improvements, and develop cost-cutting programs. Day-to-day operations often keep in-plant engineers too busy to undertake these kinds of special projects. But given the crucial need for hospitals to cut energy consumption and costs, these special studies need to be done. The right consultant can do the job.", "PMID": 758277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10798", "title": "Referral-outreach program links community clinics and hospital.", "content": "In the San Diego area, a special program has established a linkage system between a major medical center and community clinics that provide primary care to persons in generally low-income, medically underserved neighborhoods. This system ensures continuity of care for the clinic patients through referrals to the medical center and follow-up back at the clinics and through provision of special services by the medical center's physicians onsite at the clinics.", "contents": "Referral-outreach program links community clinics and hospital. In the San Diego area, a special program has established a linkage system between a major medical center and community clinics that provide primary care to persons in generally low-income, medically underserved neighborhoods. This system ensures continuity of care for the clinic patients through referrals to the medical center and follow-up back at the clinics and through provision of special services by the medical center's physicians onsite at the clinics.", "PMID": 758278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10799", "title": "Variable budgeting in the pharmacy.", "content": "Because the operation of the pharmacy department is critical to the successful financial management of any hospital, pharmacists need to develop systematic budgeting systems that truly reflect costs. The variable budgeting techniques proposed by this author can reflect fluctuations in the cost of drugs.", "contents": "Variable budgeting in the pharmacy. Because the operation of the pharmacy department is critical to the successful financial management of any hospital, pharmacists need to develop systematic budgeting systems that truly reflect costs. The variable budgeting techniques proposed by this author can reflect fluctuations in the cost of drugs.", "PMID": 758279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10800", "title": "Basic cost analysis can improve in-service education.", "content": "When the director of a hospital's in-service education department analyzed basic cost data regarding his staff, he discovered an unnecessarily wide range of costs per student hour. The analysis changed his conception of the ideal educator, and he subsequently reorganized his department. The process he used is detailed herein.", "contents": "Basic cost analysis can improve in-service education. When the director of a hospital's in-service education department analyzed basic cost data regarding his staff, he discovered an unnecessarily wide range of costs per student hour. The analysis changed his conception of the ideal educator, and he subsequently reorganized his department. The process he used is detailed herein.", "PMID": 758280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10801", "title": "Vertically linked organizations hold challenges and opportunities.", "content": "As more and more hospitals integrate their services with other health care facilities, the need to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with such arrangements grows proportionately. This study of vertically integrated health care organizations places special emphasis on the internal relationships associated with such factors as structure and control, team building, and developing new initiatives.", "contents": "Vertically linked organizations hold challenges and opportunities. As more and more hospitals integrate their services with other health care facilities, the need to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with such arrangements grows proportionately. This study of vertically integrated health care organizations places special emphasis on the internal relationships associated with such factors as structure and control, team building, and developing new initiatives.", "PMID": 758291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10802", "title": "Industrywide management plan can affect quality, cost of care.", "content": "Physicians, hospital administrators and trustees, other health care service managers, Blue Cross-Blue Shield plans, HSAs, government, and business corporations can participate in management of the health care system as a whole in order to ensure the delivery of high-quality care and to control health care costs. This participation can include many activities, such as education about management problems and methods, use of shared services and management improvement programs, implementation of incentive reimbursement, and promotion of hospitals' interaction at the local level.", "contents": "Industrywide management plan can affect quality, cost of care. Physicians, hospital administrators and trustees, other health care service managers, Blue Cross-Blue Shield plans, HSAs, government, and business corporations can participate in management of the health care system as a whole in order to ensure the delivery of high-quality care and to control health care costs. This participation can include many activities, such as education about management problems and methods, use of shared services and management improvement programs, implementation of incentive reimbursement, and promotion of hospitals' interaction at the local level.", "PMID": 758292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10803", "title": "Hospitals' future depends upon long-range planning.", "content": "In order for hospitals to shape their own future, it is necessary for them to take the initiative in establishing a solid and continual planning process. Strategic planning should take into consideration the external environment and the internal responses to that environment. The New Jersey Hospital Association, which has developed such a plan, offers information to other associations and their members who are considering a similar undertaking.", "contents": "Hospitals' future depends upon long-range planning. In order for hospitals to shape their own future, it is necessary for them to take the initiative in establishing a solid and continual planning process. Strategic planning should take into consideration the external environment and the internal responses to that environment. The New Jersey Hospital Association, which has developed such a plan, offers information to other associations and their members who are considering a similar undertaking.", "PMID": 758293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10804", "title": "New York study shows regulatory costs unreasonably high.", "content": "Concerned about the high and rising costs of compliance with regulations imposed by all sources, the Hospital Association of New York State (HANYS) undertook a study to determine the precise nature of those costs. The study shows both that the costs are high and that regulatory influence is pervasive. HANYS recommends that all concerned with the regulatory process, regulators and regulated alike, take a new, hard look at regulations.", "contents": "New York study shows regulatory costs unreasonably high. Concerned about the high and rising costs of compliance with regulations imposed by all sources, the Hospital Association of New York State (HANYS) undertook a study to determine the precise nature of those costs. The study shows both that the costs are high and that regulatory influence is pervasive. HANYS recommends that all concerned with the regulatory process, regulators and regulated alike, take a new, hard look at regulations.", "PMID": 758294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10805", "title": "Nursing comes of age in South Korea--with an American Maryknoller's help.", "content": "Maryknoll Sister Patricia Conroy devoted 20 years to the nursing profession in South Korea. Through her work with the Maryknoll Junior College of Nursing in Busan and with the Korean Nurses Association she was instrumental in changing the traditional, Western-oriented nursing curriculum to a course of study more suited to South Korea's present community health needs.", "contents": "Nursing comes of age in South Korea--with an American Maryknoller's help. Maryknoll Sister Patricia Conroy devoted 20 years to the nursing profession in South Korea. Through her work with the Maryknoll Junior College of Nursing in Busan and with the Korean Nurses Association she was instrumental in changing the traditional, Western-oriented nursing curriculum to a course of study more suited to South Korea's present community health needs.", "PMID": 758300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10806", "title": "Clergy health day: ministering to the ministers.", "content": "Mercy Hospital, Port Huron, MI, held a Clergy Health Day for ministers from the community. The program, which included components on physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual health of the clergy, was judged helpful by both participants and those persons in the hospital responsible for the program.", "contents": "Clergy health day: ministering to the ministers. Mercy Hospital, Port Huron, MI, held a Clergy Health Day for ministers from the community. The program, which included components on physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual health of the clergy, was judged helpful by both participants and those persons in the hospital responsible for the program.", "PMID": 758301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10807", "title": "Residential care as an alternative to abortion.", "content": "St. Joseph Hospital, Chicago, through its Gehring Hall program, is offering unwed mothers an alternative to abortion. Gehring Hall provides accepted residents a stable, homelike living situation, comprehensive medical care, job opportunities, and counseling. St. Joseph's administration hopes the early experiences of Gehring Hall will inspire other health care facilities that adhere to Catholic teachings to serve unwed mothers, who have little other recourse in the public sector.", "contents": "Residential care as an alternative to abortion. St. Joseph Hospital, Chicago, through its Gehring Hall program, is offering unwed mothers an alternative to abortion. Gehring Hall provides accepted residents a stable, homelike living situation, comprehensive medical care, job opportunities, and counseling. St. Joseph's administration hopes the early experiences of Gehring Hall will inspire other health care facilities that adhere to Catholic teachings to serve unwed mothers, who have little other recourse in the public sector.", "PMID": 758302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10808", "title": "Sensitized supervisors--a key to preserving nonunion status.", "content": "Properly selected, trained, sensitive supervisory personnel are the private, nonprofit hospital's first line of defense against attempts by unions to organize employees. Successful front line supervisors administer rules fairly, transmit information accurately, and strive for good human relations.", "contents": "Sensitized supervisors--a key to preserving nonunion status. Properly selected, trained, sensitive supervisory personnel are the private, nonprofit hospital's first line of defense against attempts by unions to organize employees. Successful front line supervisors administer rules fairly, transmit information accurately, and strive for good human relations.", "PMID": 758304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10809", "title": "What hospital employees value most.", "content": "Do employees want a high salary, job security, lots of leisure time, chances for pomotion, or satisfying tasks? A study in a 487-bed hospital of employee attitudes toward work revealed that what employees value most about their work depends, in large measure, on the kind of jobs they have.", "contents": "What hospital employees value most. Do employees want a high salary, job security, lots of leisure time, chances for pomotion, or satisfying tasks? A study in a 487-bed hospital of employee attitudes toward work revealed that what employees value most about their work depends, in large measure, on the kind of jobs they have.", "PMID": 758306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10810", "title": "Characterization of a mutant mouse lymphoma cell with deficient transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "A clone (AE1) of cells resistant to adenosine cytotoxicity was isolated from a mutagenized population of mouse T-lymphoma (S49) cells. These adenosine-resistant cells cannot transport adenosine or any other purine or pyrimidine nucleoside tested, but their transport of purine bases is intact. The AE1 cells also have an impaired ability to salvage thymidine. Kinetic analyses of the uptake of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides further substantiate the evidence that the facilitated transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in S49 cells is mediated by the same carrier. Growth rate and transport studies indicate that the lack of expression of the nucleoside transport in AE1 cells is recessive in intraspecies cell-cell hybrids.", "contents": "Characterization of a mutant mouse lymphoma cell with deficient transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. A clone (AE1) of cells resistant to adenosine cytotoxicity was isolated from a mutagenized population of mouse T-lymphoma (S49) cells. These adenosine-resistant cells cannot transport adenosine or any other purine or pyrimidine nucleoside tested, but their transport of purine bases is intact. The AE1 cells also have an impaired ability to salvage thymidine. Kinetic analyses of the uptake of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides further substantiate the evidence that the facilitated transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in S49 cells is mediated by the same carrier. Growth rate and transport studies indicate that the lack of expression of the nucleoside transport in AE1 cells is recessive in intraspecies cell-cell hybrids.", "PMID": 758311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10811", "title": "Incorporation of exogenous heme into hepatic cytochrome P-450 in vivo.", "content": "Parenteral administration of [3H]heme to allylisopropylacetamide-treated rats resulted in the formation of a radiolabeled allylisopropylacetamide-porphyrin adduct in the liver, which was isolated and purified. Since formation of this adduct requires the heme moiety of a functional cytochrome P-450 species, our findings indicate that exogenously supplied heme had been incorporated into the hepatic microsomal hemoprotein. Moreover, they suggest that exogenously supplied heme readily gains access to an \"unassigned\" heme pool, which provides heme for cytochrome P-450 formation.", "contents": "Incorporation of exogenous heme into hepatic cytochrome P-450 in vivo. Parenteral administration of [3H]heme to allylisopropylacetamide-treated rats resulted in the formation of a radiolabeled allylisopropylacetamide-porphyrin adduct in the liver, which was isolated and purified. Since formation of this adduct requires the heme moiety of a functional cytochrome P-450 species, our findings indicate that exogenously supplied heme had been incorporated into the hepatic microsomal hemoprotein. Moreover, they suggest that exogenously supplied heme readily gains access to an \"unassigned\" heme pool, which provides heme for cytochrome P-450 formation.", "PMID": 758315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10812", "title": "Serine proteinases and their inhibitors in Phycomyces blakesleeanus.", "content": "Three serine proteinases of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were isolated and characterized. The molecular weights were determined to be 18,000, 22,000, and 60,000. The proteinases were solubilized by detergent or salt treatment. Two soluble proteins that specifically inhibit these proteinases were also isolated and characterized. Both these proteins formed 1:1 complexes with the serine proteinases. A molecular weight of 10,000 was estimated for both inhibitors. They were found to be present in excess in the cells. An acid proteinase of Phycomyces was able to take the inhibitor off a serine proteinase.inhibitor complex. This proteinase was partially purified. The proteinases and inhibitors of three mutant strains were partially purified and compared with a standard strain. These mutants exhibit abnormal growth responses of the sporangiophore to light. Mutant specific changes of the proteinases and their inhibitors were detected, but a connection to the behavioral responses could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Serine proteinases and their inhibitors in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Three serine proteinases of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were isolated and characterized. The molecular weights were determined to be 18,000, 22,000, and 60,000. The proteinases were solubilized by detergent or salt treatment. Two soluble proteins that specifically inhibit these proteinases were also isolated and characterized. Both these proteins formed 1:1 complexes with the serine proteinases. A molecular weight of 10,000 was estimated for both inhibitors. They were found to be present in excess in the cells. An acid proteinase of Phycomyces was able to take the inhibitor off a serine proteinase.inhibitor complex. This proteinase was partially purified. The proteinases and inhibitors of three mutant strains were partially purified and compared with a standard strain. These mutants exhibit abnormal growth responses of the sporangiophore to light. Mutant specific changes of the proteinases and their inhibitors were detected, but a connection to the behavioral responses could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 758323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10813", "title": "Concomitant induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and flavanone synthase mRNAs in irradiated plant cells.", "content": "Irradiation of previously dark-grown cell suspension cultures from parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.) with ultraviolet light caused large, concomitant increases in mRNA activities for two characteristic enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and flavanone synthase. The rates of enzyme synthesis both in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate and in vivo were quantitated by direct immunoprecipitation of the labeled enzyme subunits. Following a period of about 2 h, during which possible changes were below the limits of detectability, the two mRNA activities increased rapidly in irradiated cells for serveral hours. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA reached a peak in activity a few hours earlier than flavanone synthase mRNA. The apparent half-lives of the enzyme activities were about 7 to 10 h for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 5 to 7 h for flavanone synthase. These data were used to calculate the expected, light-induced changes in enzyme activity from the measured changes in mRNA activity. The results for both enzymes were in agreement with experimental data, indicating that the light-induced changes in enzyme activity can be explained by changes in the respective mRNA activity. Some data concerning changes in the degree of polyadenylation of the mRNAs and the inhibitory effects of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate are presented.", "contents": "Concomitant induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and flavanone synthase mRNAs in irradiated plant cells. Irradiation of previously dark-grown cell suspension cultures from parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.) with ultraviolet light caused large, concomitant increases in mRNA activities for two characteristic enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and flavanone synthase. The rates of enzyme synthesis both in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate and in vivo were quantitated by direct immunoprecipitation of the labeled enzyme subunits. Following a period of about 2 h, during which possible changes were below the limits of detectability, the two mRNA activities increased rapidly in irradiated cells for serveral hours. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA reached a peak in activity a few hours earlier than flavanone synthase mRNA. The apparent half-lives of the enzyme activities were about 7 to 10 h for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 5 to 7 h for flavanone synthase. These data were used to calculate the expected, light-induced changes in enzyme activity from the measured changes in mRNA activity. The results for both enzymes were in agreement with experimental data, indicating that the light-induced changes in enzyme activity can be explained by changes in the respective mRNA activity. Some data concerning changes in the degree of polyadenylation of the mRNAs and the inhibitory effects of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate are presented.", "PMID": 758324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10814", "title": "Phosphylation and protein kinase activity of platelet tubulin.", "content": "Platelet tubulin isolated by two successive cycles of polymerization-depolymerization was shown to contain protein kinase activity. The phosphorylating activity measured by incorporation of [32P]phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP was cAMP-independent and behaved with respect to substrate specificity, cation requirement, and maximum incorporation of phosphate similarly to tubulin of brain. Contrary to tubulin from that source, however, platelet tubulin itself, not one of its co-purifying proteins appeared to be the source of the protein kinase activity. This was suggested by assays of tubulin freed from its associated proteins by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and on immunosorbent columns containing monospecific antibody to human platelet tubulin. Further corroboration was obtained from experiments in which tubulin was applied to casein affinity columns. No separation of protein kinase from colchicine binding activity could be obtained. Gel filtration showed that all of the in vitro phosphorylated tubulin was aggregated. Tryptic peptide patterns of 32P-labeled alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits were analyzed by ion exchange chromatography. Multiple peptides in both tubulin subunits were identified as acceptors of [32P]phosphate. In vivo phosphorylated tubulin was demonstrated to contain an average of 5 phosphoserine residues/monomer.", "contents": "Phosphylation and protein kinase activity of platelet tubulin. Platelet tubulin isolated by two successive cycles of polymerization-depolymerization was shown to contain protein kinase activity. The phosphorylating activity measured by incorporation of [32P]phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP was cAMP-independent and behaved with respect to substrate specificity, cation requirement, and maximum incorporation of phosphate similarly to tubulin of brain. Contrary to tubulin from that source, however, platelet tubulin itself, not one of its co-purifying proteins appeared to be the source of the protein kinase activity. This was suggested by assays of tubulin freed from its associated proteins by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and on immunosorbent columns containing monospecific antibody to human platelet tubulin. Further corroboration was obtained from experiments in which tubulin was applied to casein affinity columns. No separation of protein kinase from colchicine binding activity could be obtained. Gel filtration showed that all of the in vitro phosphorylated tubulin was aggregated. Tryptic peptide patterns of 32P-labeled alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits were analyzed by ion exchange chromatography. Multiple peptides in both tubulin subunits were identified as acceptors of [32P]phosphate. In vivo phosphorylated tubulin was demonstrated to contain an average of 5 phosphoserine residues/monomer.", "PMID": 758325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10815", "title": "The role of tyrosine in the association of proteins and nucleic acids. Specific recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids by tyrosine-containing peptides.", "content": "Oligopeptides containing tyrosyl, lysyl, and alanyl residues bind to polynucleotides and nucleic acids as shown by proton magnetic resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and difference absorption spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance data indicate that stacking of tyrosyl residues with nucleic acid bases takes place only in single-stranded structures (such as poly(A) or denatured DNA). Stacking interactions lead to a quenching of tyrosine fluorescence. However, the tyrosyl fluorescence of the peptides is quenched in their complexes with both single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids. A comparison of the behavior of homologous peptides containing Tyr, methoxytyrosine, and Phe leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding of tyrosine with bases or phosphates is not involved in the investigated complexes. An energy transfer mechanism from tyrosine to nucleic acid bases is proposed to account for fluorescence quenching in oligopeptide complexes with double-stranded DNAs. Due to the specificity of its stacking interaction for single-stranded nucleic acid structures, tyrosine might be involved through such interactions in the selective recognition of single strands by proteins.", "contents": "The role of tyrosine in the association of proteins and nucleic acids. Specific recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids by tyrosine-containing peptides. Oligopeptides containing tyrosyl, lysyl, and alanyl residues bind to polynucleotides and nucleic acids as shown by proton magnetic resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and difference absorption spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance data indicate that stacking of tyrosyl residues with nucleic acid bases takes place only in single-stranded structures (such as poly(A) or denatured DNA). Stacking interactions lead to a quenching of tyrosine fluorescence. However, the tyrosyl fluorescence of the peptides is quenched in their complexes with both single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids. A comparison of the behavior of homologous peptides containing Tyr, methoxytyrosine, and Phe leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding of tyrosine with bases or phosphates is not involved in the investigated complexes. An energy transfer mechanism from tyrosine to nucleic acid bases is proposed to account for fluorescence quenching in oligopeptide complexes with double-stranded DNAs. Due to the specificity of its stacking interaction for single-stranded nucleic acid structures, tyrosine might be involved through such interactions in the selective recognition of single strands by proteins.", "PMID": 758326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10816", "title": "Proteolysis of prothrombin by thrombin. Determination of kinetic parameters, and demonstration and characterization of an unusual inhibition by Ca2+ ions.", "content": "A discontinuous assay to measure the proteolysis of tritiated prothrombin to fragment 1 and prethrombin 1 by thrombin has been devised, based empirically on extracting the radiolabeled fragment 1 into 4% p-toluenesulfonic acid. The assay is shown to be valid for the measurement of the initial rate of reaction in simple mixtures and has been used to determine the Michaelis-Menten parameters. The Km, 127 microgram of prothrombin per ml, and the kcat, 6.9 s(-1), indicate that, in the absence of other controls, attack of thrombin on prothrombin would be overwhelming during coagulation in plasma and that the prothrombin concentration would be rate-limiting. However, Ca2+ ions at concentrations around 1 mM reduce the rate of proteolysis by at least 20-fold. This inhibition is rapidly reversible by the addition of chelating agents. Measurement of initial rates at Ca2+ concentrations up to 1.5 mM shows that the inhibition is multisite and perhaps involves cooperative binding of the metal ions. The effect of Ca2+ on the kinetic parameters has also been investigated. kcat could not be measured because thrombin could not be saturated with prothrombin under conditions amenable to assay, but the Km is increased, showing that the inhibition by Ca2+ is at least partially competitive. An independent qualitative demonstration that Ca2+ is inhibitory in the reaction of native prothrombin with thrombin has been obtained by measurement of intrinsic fluorescence.", "contents": "Proteolysis of prothrombin by thrombin. Determination of kinetic parameters, and demonstration and characterization of an unusual inhibition by Ca2+ ions. A discontinuous assay to measure the proteolysis of tritiated prothrombin to fragment 1 and prethrombin 1 by thrombin has been devised, based empirically on extracting the radiolabeled fragment 1 into 4% p-toluenesulfonic acid. The assay is shown to be valid for the measurement of the initial rate of reaction in simple mixtures and has been used to determine the Michaelis-Menten parameters. The Km, 127 microgram of prothrombin per ml, and the kcat, 6.9 s(-1), indicate that, in the absence of other controls, attack of thrombin on prothrombin would be overwhelming during coagulation in plasma and that the prothrombin concentration would be rate-limiting. However, Ca2+ ions at concentrations around 1 mM reduce the rate of proteolysis by at least 20-fold. This inhibition is rapidly reversible by the addition of chelating agents. Measurement of initial rates at Ca2+ concentrations up to 1.5 mM shows that the inhibition is multisite and perhaps involves cooperative binding of the metal ions. The effect of Ca2+ on the kinetic parameters has also been investigated. kcat could not be measured because thrombin could not be saturated with prothrombin under conditions amenable to assay, but the Km is increased, showing that the inhibition by Ca2+ is at least partially competitive. An independent qualitative demonstration that Ca2+ is inhibitory in the reaction of native prothrombin with thrombin has been obtained by measurement of intrinsic fluorescence.", "PMID": 758328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10817", "title": "A raphe dendrite bundle in the rabbit medulla.", "content": "A Golgi-Cox, histofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of the serotonergic raphe nuclei of the rabbit medulla has revealed a large, vertically-oriented midline dendrite bundle extending from the floor of the fourth ventricle to the ventral boundary of nucleus raphe pallidus. The bundle was confined to the medulla, and averaged 150-200 micrometer in width in the adult. This dendrite bundle received contributions from four major sources: (1) Dendrites of midline and paramedian neurons of nucleus raphe obscurus; (2) Dendrites of midline and paramedian neurons of nucleus raphe pallidus; (3) Shafts from tanycytes located on the midline floor of the fourth ventricle; and (4) Dendrites from neurons of the medullary reticular formation. Perikarya and dendrites of serotonergic raphe neurons frequently abutted tanycyte shafts, midline bhood vessels, and perikarya and dendrites of other raphe neurons. The tanycyte shafts extended from the floor of the fourth ventricle into the bundle, and often ran the entire length of the bundle, where they intertwined themselves among neurons and dendrites of the medullary raphe nuclei. This study suggests that neurons of the medullary raphe may be influenced by communication channels including dendro-dendritic contacts within the midline bundle, fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid-borne influences through tanycyte shafts, blood-borne influences through the direct neuronal-vascular relationship in the raphe, and traditionally described axonal contacts impinging upon raphe neurons. We suggest that the raphe neurons might act as both neurons and endocrine-neural transducer cells.", "contents": "A raphe dendrite bundle in the rabbit medulla. A Golgi-Cox, histofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of the serotonergic raphe nuclei of the rabbit medulla has revealed a large, vertically-oriented midline dendrite bundle extending from the floor of the fourth ventricle to the ventral boundary of nucleus raphe pallidus. The bundle was confined to the medulla, and averaged 150-200 micrometer in width in the adult. This dendrite bundle received contributions from four major sources: (1) Dendrites of midline and paramedian neurons of nucleus raphe obscurus; (2) Dendrites of midline and paramedian neurons of nucleus raphe pallidus; (3) Shafts from tanycytes located on the midline floor of the fourth ventricle; and (4) Dendrites from neurons of the medullary reticular formation. Perikarya and dendrites of serotonergic raphe neurons frequently abutted tanycyte shafts, midline bhood vessels, and perikarya and dendrites of other raphe neurons. The tanycyte shafts extended from the floor of the fourth ventricle into the bundle, and often ran the entire length of the bundle, where they intertwined themselves among neurons and dendrites of the medullary raphe nuclei. This study suggests that neurons of the medullary raphe may be influenced by communication channels including dendro-dendritic contacts within the midline bundle, fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid-borne influences through tanycyte shafts, blood-borne influences through the direct neuronal-vascular relationship in the raphe, and traditionally described axonal contacts impinging upon raphe neurons. We suggest that the raphe neurons might act as both neurons and endocrine-neural transducer cells.", "PMID": 758329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10818", "title": "The development of the septal region in the rat. II. Morphogenesis in normal and x-irradiated embryos.", "content": "Morphogenesis of the septal region was examined in normal rat embryos from embryonic day (E) 10 to E22. The greater part of the septal region is postulated to form from two separate anlagen which can be clearly distinguished in the telencephalon by E13 and E14. One lies in the anterior ventromedial wall and presumably forms the nucleus of the diagonal band, medial, lateral, and triangular septal nuclei. The other lies in the posterior ventrolateral ridge and presumably forms the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure. On E15, the early differentiating cells in these anlagen fuse in the same region where the anterior commissure will cross on E17. With later embryonic development, differentiating cells of the strial bed nucleus accumulate rostral and caudal to the fused area. The same pattern is found in the medial and triangular septal nuclei and in the nucleus of the diagonal band. The differentiating cells of the lateral septal nucleus accumulate dorsal and lateral to medial and triangular septal nuclei. On E16 and E17, a prominent subependymal zone develops in the anterior septal region and presumably gives rise to the nucleus accumbens. A quantitative analysis was made of three cell zones (neuroepithelium, subependymal zone, differentiating cell zone) at coronal levels through the developing nucleus accumbens and the nucleus of the diagonal band (anterior level) and the medial and lateral septal nuclei (middle and posterior levels). At all levels, the area of the neuroepithelium continually declines, that of the differentiating cell zone continually increases, and that of the subependymal zone shows a rise and decline. On a proportional basis, both the neuroepithelium and subependymal zone occupy significantly more area anteriorly than posteriorly, while the differentiating cell zone shows the reverse gradient. To accurately locate regions of primitive mitotic and migratory cells within the zones at each level, the number of cells surviving a single exposure to 200 R X-rays in embryonic brains (E15-E22) were compared with controls. Each zone responded differently to X-ray insult. The radiosensitivity of the neuroepithelium decreases significantly after E19; the subependymal zone is highly radiosensitive throughout; the differentiating cell zone is radioresistant throughout. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the autoradiographic determination of the time of formation of septal neurons (Bayer, '79).", "contents": "The development of the septal region in the rat. II. Morphogenesis in normal and x-irradiated embryos. Morphogenesis of the septal region was examined in normal rat embryos from embryonic day (E) 10 to E22. The greater part of the septal region is postulated to form from two separate anlagen which can be clearly distinguished in the telencephalon by E13 and E14. One lies in the anterior ventromedial wall and presumably forms the nucleus of the diagonal band, medial, lateral, and triangular septal nuclei. The other lies in the posterior ventrolateral ridge and presumably forms the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure. On E15, the early differentiating cells in these anlagen fuse in the same region where the anterior commissure will cross on E17. With later embryonic development, differentiating cells of the strial bed nucleus accumulate rostral and caudal to the fused area. The same pattern is found in the medial and triangular septal nuclei and in the nucleus of the diagonal band. The differentiating cells of the lateral septal nucleus accumulate dorsal and lateral to medial and triangular septal nuclei. On E16 and E17, a prominent subependymal zone develops in the anterior septal region and presumably gives rise to the nucleus accumbens. A quantitative analysis was made of three cell zones (neuroepithelium, subependymal zone, differentiating cell zone) at coronal levels through the developing nucleus accumbens and the nucleus of the diagonal band (anterior level) and the medial and lateral septal nuclei (middle and posterior levels). At all levels, the area of the neuroepithelium continually declines, that of the differentiating cell zone continually increases, and that of the subependymal zone shows a rise and decline. On a proportional basis, both the neuroepithelium and subependymal zone occupy significantly more area anteriorly than posteriorly, while the differentiating cell zone shows the reverse gradient. To accurately locate regions of primitive mitotic and migratory cells within the zones at each level, the number of cells surviving a single exposure to 200 R X-rays in embryonic brains (E15-E22) were compared with controls. Each zone responded differently to X-ray insult. The radiosensitivity of the neuroepithelium decreases significantly after E19; the subependymal zone is highly radiosensitive throughout; the differentiating cell zone is radioresistant throughout. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the autoradiographic determination of the time of formation of septal neurons (Bayer, '79).", "PMID": 758330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10819", "title": "The morphology of local non-spiking interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust.", "content": "The morphology is described of a number of non-spiking interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust that control motor neurones innervating muscles in the coxa and femur of a hind leg. The non-spiking interneurones are penetrated with microelectrodes, physiologically characterized, injected with cobalt, and the stain subsequently intensified with silver. The interneurones have diverse shapes but all are local, intraganglionic interneurones. Their cell bodies are 10-20 micrometer in diameter and lie in either the ventral or dorsal layers of cell bodies that form a cortex around the ganglion. The branches of the interneurones are profuse and overlap those of the motor neurones that they affect. On interneurone may have branches in both the most ventral and the most dorsal areas of the neuropile. Most interneurones have branches only in one half of the ganglion, but one interneurone has extensive and asymmetrical regions of branches in both halves of the ganglion (fig. 4). Similar physiological effects can be mediated by interneurones with distinct morphologies. For example, the single slow extensor motor neurone is excited by six distinct morphological types of interneurones (figs. 10-13). It is suggested that as many as 65% of the neurones within a ganglion may be local interneurones, many of which in turn may be non-spiking.", "contents": "The morphology of local non-spiking interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust. The morphology is described of a number of non-spiking interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust that control motor neurones innervating muscles in the coxa and femur of a hind leg. The non-spiking interneurones are penetrated with microelectrodes, physiologically characterized, injected with cobalt, and the stain subsequently intensified with silver. The interneurones have diverse shapes but all are local, intraganglionic interneurones. Their cell bodies are 10-20 micrometer in diameter and lie in either the ventral or dorsal layers of cell bodies that form a cortex around the ganglion. The branches of the interneurones are profuse and overlap those of the motor neurones that they affect. On interneurone may have branches in both the most ventral and the most dorsal areas of the neuropile. Most interneurones have branches only in one half of the ganglion, but one interneurone has extensive and asymmetrical regions of branches in both halves of the ganglion (fig. 4). Similar physiological effects can be mediated by interneurones with distinct morphologies. For example, the single slow extensor motor neurone is excited by six distinct morphological types of interneurones (figs. 10-13). It is suggested that as many as 65% of the neurones within a ganglion may be local interneurones, many of which in turn may be non-spiking.", "PMID": 758331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10820", "title": "Organization of trigeminothalamic tracts and other thalamic afferent systems of the brainstem in the rat: presence of gelatinosa neurons with thalamic connections.", "content": "Thalamic projections from trigeminal and certain other nuclei of the brainstem of the rat have been investigated using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The pattern of trigeminothalamic projections is very specifically related to the individual subnuclei of the complex. The Main Sensory Nucleus (MSN) provides profuse cross connections to the ventrobasal thalamus (VB); these arise exclusively from medium and small-sized neurons, but never from the large cells. In addition to these crossed connections, a small ipsilateral dorsal trigeminothalamic tract arises from the dorsal third of the most rostral part of the MSN; this is the only ipsilateral connection to VB found in the trigeminal complex. Subnucleus Oralis has no projections to the thalamus; it is suggested that it may be concerned primarily with reflex activation of the facial nucleus, with which it is co-extensive in the rostro-caudal axis. Subnucleus Interpolaris has a well-defined crossed projection of moderate size which arises from the large, medium and some of the small neurons. Subnucleus Caudalis has a sparse output to the thalamus and differs in its projections from rostral to caudal. At the most rostral level, all layers (marginal, transitional gelatinosa and magnocellularis) contain neurons which project to the thalamus; particularly conspicuous in this respect are the marginal neurons, most of which are strongly labelled. The presence of gelatinosa neurons projecting to the thalamus emphasizes a point made in earlier reports, that these neurons do not form an homogeneous population. At caudal levels, the marginal neurons are the major source of thalamic projections, while connections to the thalamus form deeper lying neurons are infrequent. With a single exception, the medullary reticular nuclei contained no neurons with thalamic connections; a small number of reticulo-thalamic neurons were found in the ventral pontine area. Marked labelling of the medial cuneate nucleus and moderate labelling of the gracilis and lateral cuneate nuclei occurred contralaterally to the injection site. A small numebr of medial cuneate and gracile neurons project to the ipsilateral thalamus. Projections from the solitary nucleus were always ipsialteral. The boundaries of individual subnuclei of the lateral sensory trigeminal complex in the rat have been redefined on the basis of cytological criteria; these are in good accord with the corresponding thalamic projection patterns.", "contents": "Organization of trigeminothalamic tracts and other thalamic afferent systems of the brainstem in the rat: presence of gelatinosa neurons with thalamic connections. Thalamic projections from trigeminal and certain other nuclei of the brainstem of the rat have been investigated using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The pattern of trigeminothalamic projections is very specifically related to the individual subnuclei of the complex. The Main Sensory Nucleus (MSN) provides profuse cross connections to the ventrobasal thalamus (VB); these arise exclusively from medium and small-sized neurons, but never from the large cells. In addition to these crossed connections, a small ipsilateral dorsal trigeminothalamic tract arises from the dorsal third of the most rostral part of the MSN; this is the only ipsilateral connection to VB found in the trigeminal complex. Subnucleus Oralis has no projections to the thalamus; it is suggested that it may be concerned primarily with reflex activation of the facial nucleus, with which it is co-extensive in the rostro-caudal axis. Subnucleus Interpolaris has a well-defined crossed projection of moderate size which arises from the large, medium and some of the small neurons. Subnucleus Caudalis has a sparse output to the thalamus and differs in its projections from rostral to caudal. At the most rostral level, all layers (marginal, transitional gelatinosa and magnocellularis) contain neurons which project to the thalamus; particularly conspicuous in this respect are the marginal neurons, most of which are strongly labelled. The presence of gelatinosa neurons projecting to the thalamus emphasizes a point made in earlier reports, that these neurons do not form an homogeneous population. At caudal levels, the marginal neurons are the major source of thalamic projections, while connections to the thalamus form deeper lying neurons are infrequent. With a single exception, the medullary reticular nuclei contained no neurons with thalamic connections; a small number of reticulo-thalamic neurons were found in the ventral pontine area. Marked labelling of the medial cuneate nucleus and moderate labelling of the gracilis and lateral cuneate nuclei occurred contralaterally to the injection site. A small numebr of medial cuneate and gracile neurons project to the ipsilateral thalamus. Projections from the solitary nucleus were always ipsialteral. The boundaries of individual subnuclei of the lateral sensory trigeminal complex in the rat have been redefined on the basis of cytological criteria; these are in good accord with the corresponding thalamic projection patterns.", "PMID": 758332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10821", "title": "Unmyelinated axons in the trigeminal motor root of human and cat.", "content": "The fiber composition of the human and cat trigeminal \"motor roots\" were studied utilizing the electron microscope. Twelve to twenty percent of fibers in the human trigeminal motor root are unmyelinated whereas 9-15% are unmyelinated in the cat. The only previous examination of the fiber composition of the peripheral trigeminal motor nerve utilized the light microscope and indicated that less than 5% of fibers were unmyelinated in cat. No study of the fiber composition of the motor nerve root is available. The present results are similar to those recently obtained by others for spinal ventral roots. The function of unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal \"motor root\" is unknown, however indirect evidence, both laboratory and clinical, suggests a potential sensory function for them. The findings question seriously the concept that the functional separation of the nervous system into motor and sensory systems has anatomical correlates in the spinal and cranial nerve roots. The results relate directly to our conceptualization of the nervous system and also to the design of methods for the treatment of intractable pain.", "contents": "Unmyelinated axons in the trigeminal motor root of human and cat. The fiber composition of the human and cat trigeminal \"motor roots\" were studied utilizing the electron microscope. Twelve to twenty percent of fibers in the human trigeminal motor root are unmyelinated whereas 9-15% are unmyelinated in the cat. The only previous examination of the fiber composition of the peripheral trigeminal motor nerve utilized the light microscope and indicated that less than 5% of fibers were unmyelinated in cat. No study of the fiber composition of the motor nerve root is available. The present results are similar to those recently obtained by others for spinal ventral roots. The function of unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal \"motor root\" is unknown, however indirect evidence, both laboratory and clinical, suggests a potential sensory function for them. The findings question seriously the concept that the functional separation of the nervous system into motor and sensory systems has anatomical correlates in the spinal and cranial nerve roots. The results relate directly to our conceptualization of the nervous system and also to the design of methods for the treatment of intractable pain.", "PMID": 758333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10822", "title": "Properties of neurons in cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: a comparison between medial interlaminar and laminated parts of the nucleus.", "content": "We studied the receptive field properties of 460 cells in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), 108 cells were located in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) and 352 in the laminated part of the LGNd. In both the MIN and laminated parts of the LGNd, relay cells belonging to all three functional classes (W, X and Y) have been identified. Of cells in the laminated LGNd, about 32.5% were Y cells, about 54.5% were X cells and about 8.5% were W cells. By contrast, in the MIN, about 84% were Y cells, only about 4.5% being X cells and about 7.5%, W cells. In the laminated LGNd, Y cells represented 25% of cells with receptive fields near the area centralis (0-3 degrees eccentricity group) and about 42% in the group of cells with the most peripherally located receptive fields (20-40 degrees eccentricity group). A similar but much weaker trend was observed in the MIN. In the laminated LGNd but not in the MIN the receptive field center sizes increased with increasing eccentricity of receptive field position. At any eccentricity, receptive field centers of MIN Y cells tended to be larger than those of Y cells in the laminated LGNd. Response latency ranges to orthodromic and antidromic stimulation were the same for cells located in the laminated LGNd and those in the MIN. However, the mean response latency to stimulation of the optic chiasm was significantly shorter for Y cells in MIN than for Y cells in the laminated LGNd. Our results suggest that the most numerous cells observed histologically in the MIN, class 1 cells of Guillery ('66) are morphological equivalents of Y cells.", "contents": "Properties of neurons in cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: a comparison between medial interlaminar and laminated parts of the nucleus. We studied the receptive field properties of 460 cells in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), 108 cells were located in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) and 352 in the laminated part of the LGNd. In both the MIN and laminated parts of the LGNd, relay cells belonging to all three functional classes (W, X and Y) have been identified. Of cells in the laminated LGNd, about 32.5% were Y cells, about 54.5% were X cells and about 8.5% were W cells. By contrast, in the MIN, about 84% were Y cells, only about 4.5% being X cells and about 7.5%, W cells. In the laminated LGNd, Y cells represented 25% of cells with receptive fields near the area centralis (0-3 degrees eccentricity group) and about 42% in the group of cells with the most peripherally located receptive fields (20-40 degrees eccentricity group). A similar but much weaker trend was observed in the MIN. In the laminated LGNd but not in the MIN the receptive field center sizes increased with increasing eccentricity of receptive field position. At any eccentricity, receptive field centers of MIN Y cells tended to be larger than those of Y cells in the laminated LGNd. Response latency ranges to orthodromic and antidromic stimulation were the same for cells located in the laminated LGNd and those in the MIN. However, the mean response latency to stimulation of the optic chiasm was significantly shorter for Y cells in MIN than for Y cells in the laminated LGNd. Our results suggest that the most numerous cells observed histologically in the MIN, class 1 cells of Guillery ('66) are morphological equivalents of Y cells.", "PMID": 758334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10823", "title": "A preganglionic autonomic nucleus in the dorsal gray commissure of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.", "content": "The distribution in the spinal cord of the rat of preganglionic neurons sending fibers into the hypogastric nerve was determined with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled cells were present in the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments L1-L2. The majority (81%) of HRP-filled cells formed a continuous column along the midline in the dorsal gray commissure. This cell column was termed the dorsal commissural nucleus (DCN). The remainder of HRP-labeled cells were present bilaterally in the middle and lateral regions of the intermediate gray; the majority of the latter cells were located along the lateral border of the intermediate gray. The present finding of a midline preganglionic autonomic cell column in the spinal cord of a mammal is contrary to previous reports, in which sympathetic preganglionic neurons have been localized primarily in the lateral intermediate gray. The DCN may be species-specific and related to the system of short adrenergic neurons present in the pelvis.", "contents": "A preganglionic autonomic nucleus in the dorsal gray commissure of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. The distribution in the spinal cord of the rat of preganglionic neurons sending fibers into the hypogastric nerve was determined with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled cells were present in the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments L1-L2. The majority (81%) of HRP-filled cells formed a continuous column along the midline in the dorsal gray commissure. This cell column was termed the dorsal commissural nucleus (DCN). The remainder of HRP-labeled cells were present bilaterally in the middle and lateral regions of the intermediate gray; the majority of the latter cells were located along the lateral border of the intermediate gray. The present finding of a midline preganglionic autonomic cell column in the spinal cord of a mammal is contrary to previous reports, in which sympathetic preganglionic neurons have been localized primarily in the lateral intermediate gray. The DCN may be species-specific and related to the system of short adrenergic neurons present in the pelvis.", "PMID": 758335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10824", "title": "Quantitative analysis of nerve fibre densities in the cochlea of the house mouse (Mus musculus).", "content": "Transverse sections of the cochlear nerve, silver-stained surface preparations of the cochlea, and silver- and osmium-stained tangential sections of the cochlea of the house mouse were made to determine the number and density of nerve fibres entering the organ of Corti and their distribution to inner and outer hair cells along the cochlear spiral. A number of 12,578 +/- 819 fibres was counted within the cochlear nerve, which is almost equal to the total number of 12,350 +/- 810 fibres entering the organ of Corti. The 12,350 fibres divide into 9,780 (= 79%) fibres running to the inner hair cells, 703 (= 6%) basilar (afferent) fibres and 1,867 (= 15%) upper tunnel radial (efferent) fibres innervating the outer hair cells. About 93% of all afferent fibres are connected to the inner hair cells, and only 7% innervate outer hair cells. The density of fibres running to the inner hair cells varies considerably and has a significant (p less than 0.01) absolute and relative maximum 3.7 mm and 2.9 mm from the apex respectively (total length: 6.84 mm) and decreases toward apex and base. The density of afferent fibres running to the outer hair cells shows a slow increase up to 2 mm from the apex, and remains on a constant low level (5.5 fibres per 40 micrometer) down to the base. The density of efferent fibres running to the outer hair cells increases linearly up to about 2 mm from the apex, remains rather constant (10 fibres per 40 micrometer) from 2 mm to 4 mm, and then decreases toward the base. Generally, the outer hair cells show a convergent innervation pattern, the inner hair cells a divergent one. The significance of the present measurements is discussed in relation to respecitve results from other mammals and in relation to auditory thresholds.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of nerve fibre densities in the cochlea of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Transverse sections of the cochlear nerve, silver-stained surface preparations of the cochlea, and silver- and osmium-stained tangential sections of the cochlea of the house mouse were made to determine the number and density of nerve fibres entering the organ of Corti and their distribution to inner and outer hair cells along the cochlear spiral. A number of 12,578 +/- 819 fibres was counted within the cochlear nerve, which is almost equal to the total number of 12,350 +/- 810 fibres entering the organ of Corti. The 12,350 fibres divide into 9,780 (= 79%) fibres running to the inner hair cells, 703 (= 6%) basilar (afferent) fibres and 1,867 (= 15%) upper tunnel radial (efferent) fibres innervating the outer hair cells. About 93% of all afferent fibres are connected to the inner hair cells, and only 7% innervate outer hair cells. The density of fibres running to the inner hair cells varies considerably and has a significant (p less than 0.01) absolute and relative maximum 3.7 mm and 2.9 mm from the apex respectively (total length: 6.84 mm) and decreases toward apex and base. The density of afferent fibres running to the outer hair cells shows a slow increase up to 2 mm from the apex, and remains on a constant low level (5.5 fibres per 40 micrometer) down to the base. The density of efferent fibres running to the outer hair cells increases linearly up to about 2 mm from the apex, remains rather constant (10 fibres per 40 micrometer) from 2 mm to 4 mm, and then decreases toward the base. Generally, the outer hair cells show a convergent innervation pattern, the inner hair cells a divergent one. The significance of the present measurements is discussed in relation to respecitve results from other mammals and in relation to auditory thresholds.", "PMID": 758336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10825", "title": "The development of the septal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography.", "content": "Neurogenesis in the rat septal region was examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The rats in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections of 3H-thymidine on consecutive days in an overlapping series: embryonic day (E) 13 + E14, E14 + E15,. . . E21 + E22. The rats in the postnatal groups were injected in a nonoverlapping series: the day of birth and postnatal day (P) 1, P2 + P3, P3 + P4. On 60 days of age, the percentage of labelled cells and the proportion of cells added during each day of formation were determined at several anatomical levels within the midline nuclear group (nucleus of the diagonal band, medial and triangular septal nuclei), the lateral septal nucleus, and the ventrolateral nuclear group (nucleus accumbens, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure). The neurons within each nuclear group form in significantly different waves, those of the midline group forming between E13-E17, the lateral septal nucleus between E15-E19, the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and anterior commissure between E14-E18, the nucleus accumbens between E17-P2. All nuclei and nuclear groups show characteristic gradients of formation. Both the midline nuclear group and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (including the commissural bed nucleus) have their earliest forming neurons lying near the crossing of the anterior commissure; younger nuerons are located both rostrally and caudally with the youngest neurons lying in the most rostral extension of the diagonal band nucleus and the strial bed nucleus. The lateral septal nucleus forms along a strong mediolateral gradient throughout its length after neurogenesis is almost complete in the midline nuclear group. Throughout the length of the nucleus accumbens, the oldest neurons are located ventrally while progressively younger cells are found dorsally beneath the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.", "contents": "The development of the septal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Neurogenesis in the rat septal region was examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The rats in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections of 3H-thymidine on consecutive days in an overlapping series: embryonic day (E) 13 + E14, E14 + E15,. . . E21 + E22. The rats in the postnatal groups were injected in a nonoverlapping series: the day of birth and postnatal day (P) 1, P2 + P3, P3 + P4. On 60 days of age, the percentage of labelled cells and the proportion of cells added during each day of formation were determined at several anatomical levels within the midline nuclear group (nucleus of the diagonal band, medial and triangular septal nuclei), the lateral septal nucleus, and the ventrolateral nuclear group (nucleus accumbens, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure). The neurons within each nuclear group form in significantly different waves, those of the midline group forming between E13-E17, the lateral septal nucleus between E15-E19, the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and anterior commissure between E14-E18, the nucleus accumbens between E17-P2. All nuclei and nuclear groups show characteristic gradients of formation. Both the midline nuclear group and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (including the commissural bed nucleus) have their earliest forming neurons lying near the crossing of the anterior commissure; younger nuerons are located both rostrally and caudally with the youngest neurons lying in the most rostral extension of the diagonal band nucleus and the strial bed nucleus. The lateral septal nucleus forms along a strong mediolateral gradient throughout its length after neurogenesis is almost complete in the midline nuclear group. Throughout the length of the nucleus accumbens, the oldest neurons are located ventrally while progressively younger cells are found dorsally beneath the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 758337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10826", "title": "Requests for as-needed medications by asthmatic patients. Relationships to prescribed oral corticosteroid regimens and length of hospitalization.", "content": "In a previous study, patient-coping styles, indexed by panic-fear symptomatology, were found to be associated with specific patterns of requesting as-needed (PRN) medications and treatments: Patients who tend to emphasize their symptoms (high panic-fear) requested PRNs frequently, even on days when their pulmonary function levels were essentially normal, while those who tend to minimize their symptoms (low panic-fear) requested PRNs infrequently, even on days when their pulmonary function levels were subnormal. In the present study, we found that patients who requested PRNs frequently spent more days in the hospital than those who requested PRNs only rarely. Intensive medication regimens (i.e., daily corticosteroids or alternate-day corticosteroids supplemented with TAO, cromolyn, or aerosolized steroids) were more often prescribed for patients requesting PRNs frequently than for those requesting PRNs rarely. These differences in patient management were attributable neither to differences in pulmonary function nor directly to differences in panic-fear rating. Thus, patient-coping styles can influence the treatment prescribed, and optimal management requires that individual patient-coping styles be considered in planning a regimen.", "contents": "Requests for as-needed medications by asthmatic patients. Relationships to prescribed oral corticosteroid regimens and length of hospitalization. In a previous study, patient-coping styles, indexed by panic-fear symptomatology, were found to be associated with specific patterns of requesting as-needed (PRN) medications and treatments: Patients who tend to emphasize their symptoms (high panic-fear) requested PRNs frequently, even on days when their pulmonary function levels were essentially normal, while those who tend to minimize their symptoms (low panic-fear) requested PRNs infrequently, even on days when their pulmonary function levels were subnormal. In the present study, we found that patients who requested PRNs frequently spent more days in the hospital than those who requested PRNs only rarely. Intensive medication regimens (i.e., daily corticosteroids or alternate-day corticosteroids supplemented with TAO, cromolyn, or aerosolized steroids) were more often prescribed for patients requesting PRNs frequently than for those requesting PRNs rarely. These differences in patient management were attributable neither to differences in pulmonary function nor directly to differences in panic-fear rating. Thus, patient-coping styles can influence the treatment prescribed, and optimal management requires that individual patient-coping styles be considered in planning a regimen.", "PMID": 758338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10827", "title": "Large airway constriction in allergic rhinitis: response to inhalation of helium-oxygen.", "content": "Pulmonary function results were compared in 15 allergic rhinitis and 30 normal subjects. Airways resistance (RAW) was higher (p less than 0.01) and specific conductance (SGAW) and lower (p less than 0.01) in the rhinitis group. Maximal expiratory flow (VeMax), lung volumes, and results of tests measuring airways closure, distribution of ventilation, diffusing capacity, volume of isoflow, and density-dependence of VeMax at 50% of vital capacity (deltaVeMax50) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Following inhalation of isoproterenol, RAW decreased and SGAW and VeMax increased significantly in both groups. On the other hand, delta-VeMax50 decreased significantly in the rhinitis group (p less than 0.01) and increased significantly in the control group (p less than 0.05). In addition to comparing pulmonary function in rhinitis patients and control subjects, physiologic measurements were also made on two separate occasions in the rhinitis subjects (minimal or no symptoms; very symptomatic). Although rhinitis symptomatology varied considerably (p less than 0.001), pulmonary function results were not significantly different. Hence we conclude that: (1) Rhinitis subjects have large airway constriction which does not vary with season or symptoms. (2) As in normal control subjects, airflow limitation occurs in the large airways of rhinitis subjects. (3) The predominant site of isoproterenol-associated bronchodilatation differs between allergic rhinitis and normal subjects.", "contents": "Large airway constriction in allergic rhinitis: response to inhalation of helium-oxygen. Pulmonary function results were compared in 15 allergic rhinitis and 30 normal subjects. Airways resistance (RAW) was higher (p less than 0.01) and specific conductance (SGAW) and lower (p less than 0.01) in the rhinitis group. Maximal expiratory flow (VeMax), lung volumes, and results of tests measuring airways closure, distribution of ventilation, diffusing capacity, volume of isoflow, and density-dependence of VeMax at 50% of vital capacity (deltaVeMax50) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Following inhalation of isoproterenol, RAW decreased and SGAW and VeMax increased significantly in both groups. On the other hand, delta-VeMax50 decreased significantly in the rhinitis group (p less than 0.01) and increased significantly in the control group (p less than 0.05). In addition to comparing pulmonary function in rhinitis patients and control subjects, physiologic measurements were also made on two separate occasions in the rhinitis subjects (minimal or no symptoms; very symptomatic). Although rhinitis symptomatology varied considerably (p less than 0.001), pulmonary function results were not significantly different. Hence we conclude that: (1) Rhinitis subjects have large airway constriction which does not vary with season or symptoms. (2) As in normal control subjects, airflow limitation occurs in the large airways of rhinitis subjects. (3) The predominant site of isoproterenol-associated bronchodilatation differs between allergic rhinitis and normal subjects.", "PMID": 758340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10828", "title": "Multiple nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin's syndrome): possible confusion with metastatic medulloblastoma. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a diagnostic dilemma involving a child who, 8 years previously, had total excision of a medulloblastoma. On x-ray studies, lytic lesions of the skull were seen. The differential diagnosis and some of the clinical and pathological aspects of the nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome versus metastases are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin's syndrome): possible confusion with metastatic medulloblastoma. Case report. The authors report a diagnostic dilemma involving a child who, 8 years previously, had total excision of a medulloblastoma. On x-ray studies, lytic lesions of the skull were seen. The differential diagnosis and some of the clinical and pathological aspects of the nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome versus metastases are discussed.", "PMID": 758369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10829", "title": "Computerized tomography and pathological correlation in cystic meningiomas. Report of two cases.", "content": "Meningiomas have been reported to have associated areas of surrounding low density on computerized tomography (CT). These low-density areas may represent edema, widened subarachnoid spaces, loculated cerebrospinal fluid, demyelination, or adjacent tumor. Two cases are presented in which this adjacent area of low density represented a tumor cyst. Recognition is important as the CT appearance of these lesions may simulate a metastatic tumor.", "contents": "Computerized tomography and pathological correlation in cystic meningiomas. Report of two cases. Meningiomas have been reported to have associated areas of surrounding low density on computerized tomography (CT). These low-density areas may represent edema, widened subarachnoid spaces, loculated cerebrospinal fluid, demyelination, or adjacent tumor. Two cases are presented in which this adjacent area of low density represented a tumor cyst. Recognition is important as the CT appearance of these lesions may simulate a metastatic tumor.", "PMID": 758370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10830", "title": "Recurrent subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma in the absence of tuberous sclerosis. Case report.", "content": "A case is described of a subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma that occurred as a mural nodule within a cyst in the parietal lobe. The tumor recurred twice over a period of 47 years despite two extensive surgical resections. Neither the patient nor any of his children suffered tuberous sclerosis, a disease with which this type of astrocytoma is associated.", "contents": "Recurrent subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma in the absence of tuberous sclerosis. Case report. A case is described of a subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma that occurred as a mural nodule within a cyst in the parietal lobe. The tumor recurred twice over a period of 47 years despite two extensive surgical resections. Neither the patient nor any of his children suffered tuberous sclerosis, a disease with which this type of astrocytoma is associated.", "PMID": 758371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10831", "title": "Computerized tomographic demonstration of rotational atlanto-axial fixation. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of rotational fixation of the atlanto-axial joint in which the diagnosis was not reached by conventional radiographic techniques. The clinical impression of rotational fixation was ultimately confirmed by computerized tomography. This new diagnostic modality can be very helpful in arriving at a very difficult diagnosis.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic demonstration of rotational atlanto-axial fixation. Case report. The authors report a case of rotational fixation of the atlanto-axial joint in which the diagnosis was not reached by conventional radiographic techniques. The clinical impression of rotational fixation was ultimately confirmed by computerized tomography. This new diagnostic modality can be very helpful in arriving at a very difficult diagnosis.", "PMID": 758372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10832", "title": "Pressor response resulting from experimental contusion injury to the spinal cord.", "content": "Experimental contusion paraplegic injury to the posterior spinal cord in cats results in a sudden increase of systemic blood pressure to between 200 and 250 mm Hg, and an increase in pulse pressure and a slowing of pulse rate. This initial hypertensive phase lasts approximately 3 to 4 minutes, and then is followed by a hypotensive phase. This pressor response is mediated by the alpha adrenergic receptor sites of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and can be blocked by intravenous phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic blocking agent. The hypotensive phase is the result of an overall reduction in alpha adrenergic vascular tone and can be reversed by the infusion of metaraminol or intravenous fluids. The alterations in blood pressure that follow impact injury are most likely related to alterations of peripheral arteriolar resistance and venous return of blood to the heart.", "contents": "Pressor response resulting from experimental contusion injury to the spinal cord. Experimental contusion paraplegic injury to the posterior spinal cord in cats results in a sudden increase of systemic blood pressure to between 200 and 250 mm Hg, and an increase in pulse pressure and a slowing of pulse rate. This initial hypertensive phase lasts approximately 3 to 4 minutes, and then is followed by a hypotensive phase. This pressor response is mediated by the alpha adrenergic receptor sites of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and can be blocked by intravenous phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic blocking agent. The hypotensive phase is the result of an overall reduction in alpha adrenergic vascular tone and can be reversed by the infusion of metaraminol or intravenous fluids. The alterations in blood pressure that follow impact injury are most likely related to alterations of peripheral arteriolar resistance and venous return of blood to the heart.", "PMID": 758380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10833", "title": "The contrast-enhanced CT scan in the diagnosis of isodense subdural hematoma.", "content": "The authors review 29 cases of surgically-proven isodense subdural hematomas examined by non-contrast and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scans. Three types of isodense collections were noted: homogeneous isodense collections, mixed-density collections, and gravitational layering within subdural collections. Contrast enhancement within the cerebral cortex, cortical vessels, and subdural membranes led to the correct diagnosis in each case. Contrast-enhanced scans are essential for the evaluation of isodense subdural hematomas.", "contents": "The contrast-enhanced CT scan in the diagnosis of isodense subdural hematoma. The authors review 29 cases of surgically-proven isodense subdural hematomas examined by non-contrast and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scans. Three types of isodense collections were noted: homogeneous isodense collections, mixed-density collections, and gravitational layering within subdural collections. Contrast enhancement within the cerebral cortex, cortical vessels, and subdural membranes led to the correct diagnosis in each case. Contrast-enhanced scans are essential for the evaluation of isodense subdural hematomas.", "PMID": 758381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10834", "title": "Combined neurilemmoma and angioma. Tumor of ectomesenchyme and a source of bleeding.", "content": "Eight cases are described of intracranial and peripheral neoplasms composed of mixed neurilemmoma and hemangioma. It is proposed that ectomesenchyme can differentiate into neurilemmoma and angioma. The latter may be related to recently described angiogenetic factors, or to developmental factors as in rare cases of arterial angiomas. The angiomatous part may be common, but has often been overlooked. The presence of abnormal vessels, whether in kind or in number, helps explain various biological features of neurilemmoma. These vessels frequently bleed within the tumor, which results in the characteristic hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Bleeding may also occur into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to create xanthochromia. The frequent increase in CSF protein in cases of neurilemmoma is attributed to transudation of serum from abnormal vessels. Less commonly, bleeding may be sufficient to cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. The dense collagen usually associated with these angiomas accounts for the relative infrequence of major hemorrhages.", "contents": "Combined neurilemmoma and angioma. Tumor of ectomesenchyme and a source of bleeding. Eight cases are described of intracranial and peripheral neoplasms composed of mixed neurilemmoma and hemangioma. It is proposed that ectomesenchyme can differentiate into neurilemmoma and angioma. The latter may be related to recently described angiogenetic factors, or to developmental factors as in rare cases of arterial angiomas. The angiomatous part may be common, but has often been overlooked. The presence of abnormal vessels, whether in kind or in number, helps explain various biological features of neurilemmoma. These vessels frequently bleed within the tumor, which results in the characteristic hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Bleeding may also occur into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to create xanthochromia. The frequent increase in CSF protein in cases of neurilemmoma is attributed to transudation of serum from abnormal vessels. Less commonly, bleeding may be sufficient to cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. The dense collagen usually associated with these angiomas accounts for the relative infrequence of major hemorrhages.", "PMID": 758383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10835", "title": "Thermoregulatory sweating in palmar hyperhidrosis before and after upper thoracic sympathectomy.", "content": "To assess thermoregulatory sweating in palmar hyperhidrosis, the authors determined the responses of three groups of normal, hyperhidrotic, and denervated subjects to a variety of ambient temperatures (TA's), 22 degrees, 28 degrees, and 41 degrees C. The normal group had no hyperhidrosis, with intact T2-3 ganglia, the hyperhidrotic group had palm hyperhidrosis with intact T2-3 ganglia, and the denervated group had hyperhydrosis treated with T2-3 ganglionectomy. Both groups of hyperhidrotic and denervated subjects maintained oral and mean skin temperatures within normal limits displayed by the normal group over a wide range of TA's tested. The local sweating rate (LSR) of both the palms and the soles of the feet in the hyperhidrotic group was decreased to a minimal level by either the T2-3 ganglionectomy or the subcutaneous administration of atropine sulfate. Furthermore, the denervated group had a significantly lower LSR of both the forehead and the upper chest regions, but showed a higher LSR or both the ventral thigh and the lateral lumbar regions at a TA of 41 degrees C when compared to the LSR of either the normal or the unoperated hyperhidrotic group. The data demonstrate that the surgical removal of both the T-2 and the T-3 ganglia, although producing no alterations in the thermal balance, does produce abnormalities in quantitative distribution of thermoregulatory sweating in man.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory sweating in palmar hyperhidrosis before and after upper thoracic sympathectomy. To assess thermoregulatory sweating in palmar hyperhidrosis, the authors determined the responses of three groups of normal, hyperhidrotic, and denervated subjects to a variety of ambient temperatures (TA's), 22 degrees, 28 degrees, and 41 degrees C. The normal group had no hyperhidrosis, with intact T2-3 ganglia, the hyperhidrotic group had palm hyperhidrosis with intact T2-3 ganglia, and the denervated group had hyperhydrosis treated with T2-3 ganglionectomy. Both groups of hyperhidrotic and denervated subjects maintained oral and mean skin temperatures within normal limits displayed by the normal group over a wide range of TA's tested. The local sweating rate (LSR) of both the palms and the soles of the feet in the hyperhidrotic group was decreased to a minimal level by either the T2-3 ganglionectomy or the subcutaneous administration of atropine sulfate. Furthermore, the denervated group had a significantly lower LSR of both the forehead and the upper chest regions, but showed a higher LSR or both the ventral thigh and the lateral lumbar regions at a TA of 41 degrees C when compared to the LSR of either the normal or the unoperated hyperhidrotic group. The data demonstrate that the surgical removal of both the T-2 and the T-3 ganglia, although producing no alterations in the thermal balance, does produce abnormalities in quantitative distribution of thermoregulatory sweating in man.", "PMID": 758384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10836", "title": "Bacteriology and therapy of lung abscess in children.", "content": "The bacteriology and clinical findings of ten pediatric patients with lung abscess are presented. Bacteriologic data were based on percutaneous transtracheal aspiration obtained before initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Anaerobic bacteria were present in all ten patients; in nine they were mixed with aerobic bacteria. The most frequent isolates were Peptostreptococcus (8), Peptococcus (5), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (6), and Bacteroides fragilis (3). The aerobic isolates most frequently recovered were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (5), group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (4), and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 each). Virtually all abscesses were located in dependent pulmonary segments. Antimicrobial therapy was guided by the bacteriologic findings and was successful in all instances.", "contents": "Bacteriology and therapy of lung abscess in children. The bacteriology and clinical findings of ten pediatric patients with lung abscess are presented. Bacteriologic data were based on percutaneous transtracheal aspiration obtained before initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Anaerobic bacteria were present in all ten patients; in nine they were mixed with aerobic bacteria. The most frequent isolates were Peptostreptococcus (8), Peptococcus (5), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (6), and Bacteroides fragilis (3). The aerobic isolates most frequently recovered were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (5), group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (4), and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 each). Virtually all abscesses were located in dependent pulmonary segments. Antimicrobial therapy was guided by the bacteriologic findings and was successful in all instances.", "PMID": 758385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10837", "title": "Postextubation atelectasis: a retrospective review and a prospective controlled study.", "content": "To determine the role of chest physiotherapy in the prevention of postextubation atelectasis in neonates intubated for greater than 24 hours, a retrospective survey compared the incidence of this complication in a newborn intensive care unit prior to and following the institution of a routine of chest physiotherapy. Eight of 23 infants extubated developed atelectasis in the \"pre-physio\" period, whereas only one collapse occurred in 20 infants treated with a routine of physiotherapy at extubation (P less than 0.025). Subsequently a prospective controlled trial compared the use of a routine of physiotherapy at extubation with no physiotherapy. Eight of 21 infants not receiving physiotherapy developed postextubation atelectasis and none of 21 infants receiving physiotherapy developed atelectasis (P less than 0.01). Seventy-six percent of the collapses involved the right upper lobe. A vigorous program of chest physiotherapy, including postural drainage emphasizing the positions of the right upper lobe and chest vibrations, will significantly reduce the incidence of postextubation atelectasis.", "contents": "Postextubation atelectasis: a retrospective review and a prospective controlled study. To determine the role of chest physiotherapy in the prevention of postextubation atelectasis in neonates intubated for greater than 24 hours, a retrospective survey compared the incidence of this complication in a newborn intensive care unit prior to and following the institution of a routine of chest physiotherapy. Eight of 23 infants extubated developed atelectasis in the \"pre-physio\" period, whereas only one collapse occurred in 20 infants treated with a routine of physiotherapy at extubation (P less than 0.025). Subsequently a prospective controlled trial compared the use of a routine of physiotherapy at extubation with no physiotherapy. Eight of 21 infants not receiving physiotherapy developed postextubation atelectasis and none of 21 infants receiving physiotherapy developed atelectasis (P less than 0.01). Seventy-six percent of the collapses involved the right upper lobe. A vigorous program of chest physiotherapy, including postural drainage emphasizing the positions of the right upper lobe and chest vibrations, will significantly reduce the incidence of postextubation atelectasis.", "PMID": 758386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10838", "title": "Variations in inspiratory:expiratory ratio and airway pressure wave form during mechanical ventilation: the significance of mean airway pressure.", "content": "Twelve neonates with severe lung disease were studied while mechanically ventilated with volume pre-set infant ventilators, using different I:E ratios and different airway pressure waves. While FIO2 tidal volume, respiratory rate, and PEEP remained constant, I:E ratios were increased, first by reducing inspiratory flow rate, which produced a triangular pressure wave, and then by using an inspiratory time hold mechanism, which produced an inspiratory plateau or squared pressure wave. Peak inspiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, and blood pressure were measured and compared for each I:E ratio and pressure wave combination. In all patients, increases in oxygenation appeared to be directly related to increases in MAP. Optimum oxygenation and ventilation occurred with the I:E ratio and pressure wave combination that produced the highest MAP. Because MAP changes with any alteration in PEEP, I:E ratio, or airway pressure wave, it is a clinically useful composite measure of all pressures transmitted to the airways by a mechanical ventilator.", "contents": "Variations in inspiratory:expiratory ratio and airway pressure wave form during mechanical ventilation: the significance of mean airway pressure. Twelve neonates with severe lung disease were studied while mechanically ventilated with volume pre-set infant ventilators, using different I:E ratios and different airway pressure waves. While FIO2 tidal volume, respiratory rate, and PEEP remained constant, I:E ratios were increased, first by reducing inspiratory flow rate, which produced a triangular pressure wave, and then by using an inspiratory time hold mechanism, which produced an inspiratory plateau or squared pressure wave. Peak inspiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, and blood pressure were measured and compared for each I:E ratio and pressure wave combination. In all patients, increases in oxygenation appeared to be directly related to increases in MAP. Optimum oxygenation and ventilation occurred with the I:E ratio and pressure wave combination that produced the highest MAP. Because MAP changes with any alteration in PEEP, I:E ratio, or airway pressure wave, it is a clinically useful composite measure of all pressures transmitted to the airways by a mechanical ventilator.", "PMID": 758387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10839", "title": "Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the distressed newborn infant.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured, using the 133Xe clearance technique, a few hours after birth in 19 infants with varying degrees of respiratory distress syndrome. Ten of these infants had had asphyxia at birth. The least affected infants with normotension (systolic blood pressure 60 to 65 mm Hg) had CBF values of about 40 ml/100 gm/minute. Hypotensive infants with asphyxia at birth or RDS or both had values for CBF of about 20 ml/100 gm/minute, or less. CBF was strongly correlated with the arterial blood pressure, showing a linear relationship that was identical in infants with asphyxia at birth and infants with RDS only. CBF varied considerably with spontaneous variations in blood pressure, suggesting that autoregulation was lacking. This finding may explain why distressed premature infants are prone to develop massive capillary bleeding in the germinal layer with penetration to the ventricles.", "contents": "Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the distressed newborn infant. Cerebral blood flow was measured, using the 133Xe clearance technique, a few hours after birth in 19 infants with varying degrees of respiratory distress syndrome. Ten of these infants had had asphyxia at birth. The least affected infants with normotension (systolic blood pressure 60 to 65 mm Hg) had CBF values of about 40 ml/100 gm/minute. Hypotensive infants with asphyxia at birth or RDS or both had values for CBF of about 20 ml/100 gm/minute, or less. CBF was strongly correlated with the arterial blood pressure, showing a linear relationship that was identical in infants with asphyxia at birth and infants with RDS only. CBF varied considerably with spontaneous variations in blood pressure, suggesting that autoregulation was lacking. This finding may explain why distressed premature infants are prone to develop massive capillary bleeding in the germinal layer with penetration to the ventricles.", "PMID": 758388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10840", "title": "Assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunting using diastolic pressure analysis.", "content": "Ductal shunting significantly affected the time necessary for aortic diastolic pressure to fall to one-half an initially selected value (t1/2). Fourteen premature infants with clinical evidence of left-to-right ductal shunting had a mean t1/2 of 277 msec (range 133 to 383 msec) compared with a mean t1/2 of 455 msec (range 332 to 567 msec) in 14 neonates with no clinical evidence of ductal shunting (P less than 0.01). Seven older infants with ductal shunting confirmed at cardiac catheterization had a mean t1/2 of 360 msec (range 240 to 392 msec). Infant catheterization data and animal studies are suggestive of an inverse relationship between the magnitude of shunt and the t1/2. The t1/2 determined by diastolic pressure analysis is a useful method for serial evaluation of ductus arteriosus shunting.", "contents": "Assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunting using diastolic pressure analysis. Ductal shunting significantly affected the time necessary for aortic diastolic pressure to fall to one-half an initially selected value (t1/2). Fourteen premature infants with clinical evidence of left-to-right ductal shunting had a mean t1/2 of 277 msec (range 133 to 383 msec) compared with a mean t1/2 of 455 msec (range 332 to 567 msec) in 14 neonates with no clinical evidence of ductal shunting (P less than 0.01). Seven older infants with ductal shunting confirmed at cardiac catheterization had a mean t1/2 of 360 msec (range 240 to 392 msec). Infant catheterization data and animal studies are suggestive of an inverse relationship between the magnitude of shunt and the t1/2. The t1/2 determined by diastolic pressure analysis is a useful method for serial evaluation of ductus arteriosus shunting.", "PMID": 758389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10841", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysfunction in children with recurrent otitis media.", "content": "Depressed PMN chemotactic responsiveness was observed in 17.5% of 97 patients studied, depressed PMN bactericidal activity in 23.3% of 30 patients, and depressed PMN chemiluminescence activity in 15.8% of 19 patients. Depressed chemotactic", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysfunction in children with recurrent otitis media. Depressed PMN chemotactic responsiveness was observed in 17.5% of 97 patients studied, depressed PMN bactericidal activity in 23.3% of 30 patients, and depressed PMN chemiluminescence activity in 15.8% of 19 patients. Depressed chemotactic", "PMID": 758392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10842", "title": "Predictability of peak serum gentamicin concentration with dosage based on body surface area.", "content": "We examined gentamicin dosage based on body surface area (60 mg/m2 intravenously every eight hours) as a means of attaining therapeutic but nontoxic serum concentrations in 58 patients ranging in age from 0.7 to 73 years. All but one patient had peak serum levels between 3.4 and 8.0 microgram/ml. The mean serum gentamicin half-life was shorter in patients less than 10 years of age (76 minutes) than in patients aged 10 to 50 years (116 minutes) and in patients aged 50 to 63 years (184 minutes) (all significant at P less than 0.01). We conclude that gentamicin dosage based on body surface area produces uniform peak serum gentamicin concentrations in both children and adults, and that the safety and efficacy of a shorter dosage interval for children deserves investigation.", "contents": "Predictability of peak serum gentamicin concentration with dosage based on body surface area. We examined gentamicin dosage based on body surface area (60 mg/m2 intravenously every eight hours) as a means of attaining therapeutic but nontoxic serum concentrations in 58 patients ranging in age from 0.7 to 73 years. All but one patient had peak serum levels between 3.4 and 8.0 microgram/ml. The mean serum gentamicin half-life was shorter in patients less than 10 years of age (76 minutes) than in patients aged 10 to 50 years (116 minutes) and in patients aged 50 to 63 years (184 minutes) (all significant at P less than 0.01). We conclude that gentamicin dosage based on body surface area produces uniform peak serum gentamicin concentrations in both children and adults, and that the safety and efficacy of a shorter dosage interval for children deserves investigation.", "PMID": 758394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10843", "title": "High-dose propranolol therapy in the management of supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Five patients, age 3 weeks to 11 years, presented with supraventricular tachycardia that remained uncontrolled following adequate digitalization. Four of these patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic studies to determine the mechanism of the arrhythmias. Of these four patients, three had concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and one patient had evidence of dual A-V nodal pathways. Propranolol was added to the medical treatment and was administered orally in doses ranging from 7 to 14 mg/kg/day (average 9 mg/kg/day). All five children remain free of their tachycardia except for one patient who occasionally has supraventricular tachycardia with febrile illnesses. No adverse reactions to these high doses of propranolol were encountered.", "contents": "High-dose propranolol therapy in the management of supraventricular tachycardia. Five patients, age 3 weeks to 11 years, presented with supraventricular tachycardia that remained uncontrolled following adequate digitalization. Four of these patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic studies to determine the mechanism of the arrhythmias. Of these four patients, three had concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and one patient had evidence of dual A-V nodal pathways. Propranolol was added to the medical treatment and was administered orally in doses ranging from 7 to 14 mg/kg/day (average 9 mg/kg/day). All five children remain free of their tachycardia except for one patient who occasionally has supraventricular tachycardia with febrile illnesses. No adverse reactions to these high doses of propranolol were encountered.", "PMID": 758396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10844", "title": "Abnormal neutrophil maturation in a neutrophil defect with morphologic abnormality and impaired function.", "content": "Neutrophils from a patient with recurrent pyogenic infections since infancy were found to have morphologic abnormalities and impaired functions. The neutrophils had an abnormal nuclear shape, no or few secondary granules, and no alkaline phosphatase activity. Primary granules were normal in number and structure, and were positive for peroxidase. Immature granulocytes were structurally normal. The neutrophils were impaired in chemotaxis and bactericidal capacity. The patient's marrow cells formed increased numbers of granulocytic colonies of small size in culture. Her peripheral leukocytes produced elevated levels of CSA and adherent marrow cells did not inhibit colony formation. These data indicate an intrinsic neutrophil defect which allows normal proliferation of precursor cells, but results in abnormal morphogenesis and impaired function as the cells mature.", "contents": "Abnormal neutrophil maturation in a neutrophil defect with morphologic abnormality and impaired function. Neutrophils from a patient with recurrent pyogenic infections since infancy were found to have morphologic abnormalities and impaired functions. The neutrophils had an abnormal nuclear shape, no or few secondary granules, and no alkaline phosphatase activity. Primary granules were normal in number and structure, and were positive for peroxidase. Immature granulocytes were structurally normal. The neutrophils were impaired in chemotaxis and bactericidal capacity. The patient's marrow cells formed increased numbers of granulocytic colonies of small size in culture. Her peripheral leukocytes produced elevated levels of CSA and adherent marrow cells did not inhibit colony formation. These data indicate an intrinsic neutrophil defect which allows normal proliferation of precursor cells, but results in abnormal morphogenesis and impaired function as the cells mature.", "PMID": 758416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10845", "title": "Percentile curves for hemoglobin and red cell volume in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Percentile curves were calculated for hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in children between 0.5 and 16 years of age. The curves were derived from several populations of non-indigent white children who lived near sea level. Subjects were excluded from the reference population if they had laboratory evidence of iron deficiency, thalassemia minor, and/or hemoglobinopathy. The final reference populations included 9,946 children for the derivation of the hemoglobin curves and 2,314 for the MCV curves. The percentile curves should be particularly applicable to the diagnosis and screening of iron deficiency and thalassemia minor.", "contents": "Percentile curves for hemoglobin and red cell volume in infancy and childhood. Percentile curves were calculated for hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in children between 0.5 and 16 years of age. The curves were derived from several populations of non-indigent white children who lived near sea level. Subjects were excluded from the reference population if they had laboratory evidence of iron deficiency, thalassemia minor, and/or hemoglobinopathy. The final reference populations included 9,946 children for the derivation of the hemoglobin curves and 2,314 for the MCV curves. The percentile curves should be particularly applicable to the diagnosis and screening of iron deficiency and thalassemia minor.", "PMID": 758417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10846", "title": "Preatherosclerotic aortic lesions in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Patients with cystic fibrosis have fat malabsorption, providing an experimental model for evaluation of the hypothesis that a low-fat intake may prevent atherosclerosis. We studied the frequency and extent of aortic precursor lesions (fatty streaks, early fibromusculoelastic lesions, late fibromusculoelastic lesions) found at autopsy in this disease as well as in other patients with debilitating disorders but with no apparent impairment of fat absorption. Fatty streaks were less common in the cystic fibrosis group, as were the late fibromusculoelastic lesions. There was no significant difference in the frequency, length, or thickness of the early fibromusculoelastic lesions. The findings suggest that fat may be responsible for progression but not initiation of the fibromusculoelastic precursor lesions, and support the concept that early restriction of dietary fat may prevent, delay, or otherwise modify atherosclerosis in the adult.", "contents": "Preatherosclerotic aortic lesions in cystic fibrosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis have fat malabsorption, providing an experimental model for evaluation of the hypothesis that a low-fat intake may prevent atherosclerosis. We studied the frequency and extent of aortic precursor lesions (fatty streaks, early fibromusculoelastic lesions, late fibromusculoelastic lesions) found at autopsy in this disease as well as in other patients with debilitating disorders but with no apparent impairment of fat absorption. Fatty streaks were less common in the cystic fibrosis group, as were the late fibromusculoelastic lesions. There was no significant difference in the frequency, length, or thickness of the early fibromusculoelastic lesions. The findings suggest that fat may be responsible for progression but not initiation of the fibromusculoelastic precursor lesions, and support the concept that early restriction of dietary fat may prevent, delay, or otherwise modify atherosclerosis in the adult.", "PMID": 758418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10847", "title": "Reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and disordered mineral metabolism in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Vitamin D and mineral metabolism were studied in 21 adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis and the results were compared to those in 21 matched controls. All CF patients had been maintained on standard multivitamin supplements in combination with pancreatic enzyme replacement. Despite this supplementation, relative to control subjects the CF patients had a 36% reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, a slight but significant reduction in serum calcium concentration, evidence of calcium malabsorption with secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a 14% decrease in bone mass measured by the photon absorption technique. Currently accepted modes of pancreatic enzyme replacement and vitamin D supplementation are often inadequate to maintain normal mineral homeostasis in CF patients; additional measurements may be required to reduce the risk of clinically significant osteopenia concomitant with prolonged survival in CF.", "contents": "Reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and disordered mineral metabolism in patients with cystic fibrosis. Vitamin D and mineral metabolism were studied in 21 adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis and the results were compared to those in 21 matched controls. All CF patients had been maintained on standard multivitamin supplements in combination with pancreatic enzyme replacement. Despite this supplementation, relative to control subjects the CF patients had a 36% reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, a slight but significant reduction in serum calcium concentration, evidence of calcium malabsorption with secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a 14% decrease in bone mass measured by the photon absorption technique. Currently accepted modes of pancreatic enzyme replacement and vitamin D supplementation are often inadequate to maintain normal mineral homeostasis in CF patients; additional measurements may be required to reduce the risk of clinically significant osteopenia concomitant with prolonged survival in CF.", "PMID": 758419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10848", "title": "Helmet treatment for plagiocephaly and congenital muscular torticollis.", "content": "Plagiocephaly usually originates in late fetal life through aberrant constraint of the fetal head and is often associated with sternocleidomastoid torticollis. In some patients the obligue head shape may become a permanent, cosmetic disability. Individually fitted plastic helmets, similar in style to football helmets, have been successfully used to remold the deformed heads of four infants. Each helmet is designed to fit snugly against the prominent aspects of the infants' cranium and to be loose fitting where the head is shallow. As the brain grows, the head is molded to fit the helmet and thus acquires a more usual shape. The treatment has been safe and effective. When torticollis is persistent after the initiation of treatment, rubber straps can be fixed to the outside of the helmet and attached to the side rails of the crib. While the infant sleeps, the straps can be tightened to stretch the shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "contents": "Helmet treatment for plagiocephaly and congenital muscular torticollis. Plagiocephaly usually originates in late fetal life through aberrant constraint of the fetal head and is often associated with sternocleidomastoid torticollis. In some patients the obligue head shape may become a permanent, cosmetic disability. Individually fitted plastic helmets, similar in style to football helmets, have been successfully used to remold the deformed heads of four infants. Each helmet is designed to fit snugly against the prominent aspects of the infants' cranium and to be loose fitting where the head is shallow. As the brain grows, the head is molded to fit the helmet and thus acquires a more usual shape. The treatment has been safe and effective. When torticollis is persistent after the initiation of treatment, rubber straps can be fixed to the outside of the helmet and attached to the side rails of the crib. While the infant sleeps, the straps can be tightened to stretch the shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "PMID": 758420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10849", "title": "Fatal neonatal nemaline myopathy with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "The clinical course and autopsy findings in a patient with fatal neonatal nemaline myopathy are described. A hypotonic infant required mechanical ventilatory support immediately following delivery and developed progressive congestive heart failure. He had mild facial dysmorphism, a high-arched palate, clinodactyly, short first metacarpals, abnormal dermatoglyphics, simian creases, and bilateral talipes varus. Light and electron microscopic study of a muscle biopsy was diagnostic of nemaline myopathy. Autopsy revealed a papillary muscle anomaly, myocardial scarring, and hepatic fibrosis. The severe clinical impairment in this infant and the unusual associated anomalies are compared with other examples of nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathy is a cause of respiratory insufficiency in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Fatal neonatal nemaline myopathy with multiple congenital anomalies. The clinical course and autopsy findings in a patient with fatal neonatal nemaline myopathy are described. A hypotonic infant required mechanical ventilatory support immediately following delivery and developed progressive congestive heart failure. He had mild facial dysmorphism, a high-arched palate, clinodactyly, short first metacarpals, abnormal dermatoglyphics, simian creases, and bilateral talipes varus. Light and electron microscopic study of a muscle biopsy was diagnostic of nemaline myopathy. Autopsy revealed a papillary muscle anomaly, myocardial scarring, and hepatic fibrosis. The severe clinical impairment in this infant and the unusual associated anomalies are compared with other examples of nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathy is a cause of respiratory insufficiency in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 758421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10850", "title": "Familial syndrome of mental retardation, short stature, contractures of the hands, and genital anomalies.", "content": "Two teen-age XY brothers with mental retardation, short stature, obesity, genital abnormalities, and contractures of their hands are described. They have generalized osteoporosis and a history of frequent fractures. Their endocrinologic evaluation was normal except for mild glucose intolerance and delayed, but normal puberty. Although these brothers are similar to individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, their unusual hand contractures, clinically significant osteoporosis, and lack of hypotonia indicate that they represent a different entity.", "contents": "Familial syndrome of mental retardation, short stature, contractures of the hands, and genital anomalies. Two teen-age XY brothers with mental retardation, short stature, obesity, genital abnormalities, and contractures of their hands are described. They have generalized osteoporosis and a history of frequent fractures. Their endocrinologic evaluation was normal except for mild glucose intolerance and delayed, but normal puberty. Although these brothers are similar to individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome, their unusual hand contractures, clinically significant osteoporosis, and lack of hypotonia indicate that they represent a different entity.", "PMID": 758422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10851", "title": "X-linked hypogonadism, gynecomastia, mental retardation, short stature, and obesity--a new syndrome.", "content": "Five male members in four generations of the same family had hypogonadism, gynecomastia, mental retardation, obesity, and short stature. The X-linked mode of inheritance, the distinctive facies, the normal size of the hands and feet, and the true gynecomastia are the main characteristics. Endocrine evaluation and histologic studies of the testes suggest partial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This disorder represents a new syndrome distinct from others previously described.", "contents": "X-linked hypogonadism, gynecomastia, mental retardation, short stature, and obesity--a new syndrome. Five male members in four generations of the same family had hypogonadism, gynecomastia, mental retardation, obesity, and short stature. The X-linked mode of inheritance, the distinctive facies, the normal size of the hands and feet, and the true gynecomastia are the main characteristics. Endocrine evaluation and histologic studies of the testes suggest partial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This disorder represents a new syndrome distinct from others previously described.", "PMID": 758423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10852", "title": "Prenatal administration of betamethasone for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The outcome of 114 infants of birth weight 750 to 1,750 gm who received prenatal betamethasone therapy was compared retrospectively to that of 138 infants delivered to untreated women. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in all treated infants was 37.7% compared with 50.7% (P = 0.05) in untreated infants. There was no apparent benefit of therapy among infants delivering less than 48 hours after the first dose and among infants less than 750 gm birth weight. Among infants delivering two to ten days after therapy, RDS 25.0 vs 50.7%) and mortality (8.9 vs 22.5%) were significantly reduced. Among surviving infants with RDS, fewer infants in the two to ten-day treated group required oxygen at FIO2 greater than 0.5 for more than 24 hours. Our findings confirm previous reports that prenatal glucocorticoid treatment reduces the incidence of RDS and mortality in premature infants. In addition, they indicate that therapy is more effective when delivery is delayed at least two days, that very small premature infants do not benefit from treatment, and that RDS may be less severe after prenatal exposure to betamethasone.", "contents": "Prenatal administration of betamethasone for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. The outcome of 114 infants of birth weight 750 to 1,750 gm who received prenatal betamethasone therapy was compared retrospectively to that of 138 infants delivered to untreated women. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in all treated infants was 37.7% compared with 50.7% (P = 0.05) in untreated infants. There was no apparent benefit of therapy among infants delivering less than 48 hours after the first dose and among infants less than 750 gm birth weight. Among infants delivering two to ten days after therapy, RDS 25.0 vs 50.7%) and mortality (8.9 vs 22.5%) were significantly reduced. Among surviving infants with RDS, fewer infants in the two to ten-day treated group required oxygen at FIO2 greater than 0.5 for more than 24 hours. Our findings confirm previous reports that prenatal glucocorticoid treatment reduces the incidence of RDS and mortality in premature infants. In addition, they indicate that therapy is more effective when delivery is delayed at least two days, that very small premature infants do not benefit from treatment, and that RDS may be less severe after prenatal exposure to betamethasone.", "PMID": 758436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10853", "title": "Absence of povidone-iodine-induced mutagenicity in mice and hamsters.", "content": "Povidone-iodine USP was tested for mutagenicity in mice by the dominant lethal assay or micronucleus test and in Chinese hamsters by the bone marrow test. None of the three tests revealed any evidence of mutagenic effect.", "contents": "Absence of povidone-iodine-induced mutagenicity in mice and hamsters. Povidone-iodine USP was tested for mutagenicity in mice by the dominant lethal assay or micronucleus test and in Chinese hamsters by the bone marrow test. None of the three tests revealed any evidence of mutagenic effect.", "PMID": 758440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10854", "title": "GLC determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A highly sensitive and specific GLC method was developed for the analysis of butylated hydroxyanisole, a commonly used antioxidant. Concentrations below 100 ng/ml could be detected in human plasma and urine. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that, upon administration of 100 mg po, butylated hydroxyanisole was quickly absorbed and removed from the plasma with a high degree of intersubject variability.", "contents": "GLC determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in human plasma and urine. A highly sensitive and specific GLC method was developed for the analysis of butylated hydroxyanisole, a commonly used antioxidant. Concentrations below 100 ng/ml could be detected in human plasma and urine. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that, upon administration of 100 mg po, butylated hydroxyanisole was quickly absorbed and removed from the plasma with a high degree of intersubject variability.", "PMID": 758441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10855", "title": "Quantitative determination of chlorthalidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A reliable and selective high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of chlorthalidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. A comparison of this stability-indicating procedure with the USP spectrophotometric assay is presented for chlorthalidone tablets and chlorhalidone tablets containing reserpine.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of chlorthalidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A reliable and selective high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of chlorthalidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. A comparison of this stability-indicating procedure with the USP spectrophotometric assay is presented for chlorthalidone tablets and chlorhalidone tablets containing reserpine.", "PMID": 758442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10856", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity of alkyl-substituted N-benzylcyanoacetamides.", "content": "Thirteen new derivatives of 2-alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-N-benzylcyanoacetamide, a cyano analog of beclamide, were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity. The unsubstituted compound was more active and more toxic than the derivatives. No activity was observed when the alkyl substituents in the symmetrically disubstituted derivatives contained a total of six or more carbon atoms or when benzyl was a substituent. The monosubstituted compounds were more toxic than the disubstituted compounds.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity of alkyl-substituted N-benzylcyanoacetamides. Thirteen new derivatives of 2-alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-N-benzylcyanoacetamide, a cyano analog of beclamide, were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity. The unsubstituted compound was more active and more toxic than the derivatives. No activity was observed when the alkyl substituents in the symmetrically disubstituted derivatives contained a total of six or more carbon atoms or when benzyl was a substituent. The monosubstituted compounds were more toxic than the disubstituted compounds.", "PMID": 758443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10857", "title": "Direct spectorphotometric assay of quaternary ammonium compounds using bromthymol blue.", "content": "Benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and chlorhexidine gluconate were assayed quantitatively by a direct spectrophotometric method with bromthymol blue buffered at pH 7.5. The method shows good results at concentrations of 0--300 microgram/ml and in the presence of epinephrine bitartrate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, pilocarpine hydrochloride, and polyvinyl alcohol.", "contents": "Direct spectorphotometric assay of quaternary ammonium compounds using bromthymol blue. Benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and chlorhexidine gluconate were assayed quantitatively by a direct spectrophotometric method with bromthymol blue buffered at pH 7.5. The method shows good results at concentrations of 0--300 microgram/ml and in the presence of epinephrine bitartrate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, pilocarpine hydrochloride, and polyvinyl alcohol.", "PMID": 758444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10858", "title": "Enantiomeric purity of naproxen by liquid chromatographic analysis of its diastereomeric octyl esters.", "content": "A sensitive and specific analytical method was developed to determine the enantiomeric purity of naproxen. A simple derivatization of naproxen with (S)-(+)-2-octanol proceeded quantitatively and gave a mixture of diastereomeric esters displaying baseline separation on liquid chromatography. The ratio of these esters was the same as the ratio of enantiomers present in naproxen samples assayed. Reproducibility of the method was excellent.", "contents": "Enantiomeric purity of naproxen by liquid chromatographic analysis of its diastereomeric octyl esters. A sensitive and specific analytical method was developed to determine the enantiomeric purity of naproxen. A simple derivatization of naproxen with (S)-(+)-2-octanol proceeded quantitatively and gave a mixture of diastereomeric esters displaying baseline separation on liquid chromatography. The ratio of these esters was the same as the ratio of enantiomers present in naproxen samples assayed. Reproducibility of the method was excellent.", "PMID": 758445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10859", "title": "Stability of E-type prostaglandins in triacetin.", "content": "A drug delivery system for E-type prostaglandins is described. In this system, consisting of drug dissolved in triacetin and filled into soft gelatin capsules, normally unstable prostaglandins show excellent stability at room temperature.", "contents": "Stability of E-type prostaglandins in triacetin. A drug delivery system for E-type prostaglandins is described. In this system, consisting of drug dissolved in triacetin and filled into soft gelatin capsules, normally unstable prostaglandins show excellent stability at room temperature.", "PMID": 758446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10860", "title": "Fluorinated phenytoin anticonvulsant analogs.", "content": "Six ring-fluorinated phenytoin analogs were synthesized, and their anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol assays was determined. 5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, 5-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and 5,5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)hydantoin were active in the maximal electroshock seizure assay. The compounds were much less potent than phenytoin but showed an extremely long duration of action.", "contents": "Fluorinated phenytoin anticonvulsant analogs. Six ring-fluorinated phenytoin analogs were synthesized, and their anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol assays was determined. 5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, 5-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and 5,5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)hydantoin were active in the maximal electroshock seizure assay. The compounds were much less potent than phenytoin but showed an extremely long duration of action.", "PMID": 758447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10861", "title": "Applications of paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography: quantitative determination of potassium guaiacolsulfonate and other ingredients in cough syrups.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of potassium guaiacolsulfonate and phenylephrine hydrochloride in commercial dosage forms was developed. The method is based on paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography with tetrabutylammonium as the counterion. The method not only separates potassium guaiacolsulfonate from phenylephrine hydrochloride but also from some other ingredients: chlorpheniramine maleate, sodium benzoate, colors, and flavors. Furthermore, two isomers of potassium guaiacolsulfonate, potassium salts of 4- and 5-guaiacolsulfonic acid, also separate from each other. The method was tried on five different commercial dosage forms (all with different colors) with excellent results on three. In the other two samples, which also contained codeine, three may have been a stability problem.", "contents": "Applications of paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography: quantitative determination of potassium guaiacolsulfonate and other ingredients in cough syrups. A method for the quantitative determination of potassium guaiacolsulfonate and phenylephrine hydrochloride in commercial dosage forms was developed. The method is based on paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography with tetrabutylammonium as the counterion. The method not only separates potassium guaiacolsulfonate from phenylephrine hydrochloride but also from some other ingredients: chlorpheniramine maleate, sodium benzoate, colors, and flavors. Furthermore, two isomers of potassium guaiacolsulfonate, potassium salts of 4- and 5-guaiacolsulfonic acid, also separate from each other. The method was tried on five different commercial dosage forms (all with different colors) with excellent results on three. In the other two samples, which also contained codeine, three may have been a stability problem.", "PMID": 758448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10862", "title": "Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological agents on tuberculin reaction.", "content": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological agents were tested in the efferent arc of the tuberculin skin reaction in the guinea pig. A low but significant inhibition was produced by the acidic anti-inflammatory agents, including the arylalkanoic acids, the anthranilic acids, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone. Some nonacidic anti-inflammatory agents also were inhibitory; benzydamine caused a high inhibition. Except for methotrexate, the antineoplastic--antimetabolite agents were not potent inhibitors. Inhibition without toxicity was produced by the coumarin anticoagulants, the diuretics, chloroquine, tilorone, and the following immunoregulators: antithymocyte gamma-globulin, cyclophosphamide, and penicillamine. Levamisole, colchicine, heparin, and niridazole were inhibitory but produced lethality either at or above the effective dose.", "contents": "Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological agents on tuberculin reaction. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological agents were tested in the efferent arc of the tuberculin skin reaction in the guinea pig. A low but significant inhibition was produced by the acidic anti-inflammatory agents, including the arylalkanoic acids, the anthranilic acids, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone. Some nonacidic anti-inflammatory agents also were inhibitory; benzydamine caused a high inhibition. Except for methotrexate, the antineoplastic--antimetabolite agents were not potent inhibitors. Inhibition without toxicity was produced by the coumarin anticoagulants, the diuretics, chloroquine, tilorone, and the following immunoregulators: antithymocyte gamma-globulin, cyclophosphamide, and penicillamine. Levamisole, colchicine, heparin, and niridazole were inhibitory but produced lethality either at or above the effective dose.", "PMID": 758449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10863", "title": "Molecular connectivity analyses of structure influencing chromatographic retention indexes.", "content": "The molecular connectivity indexes of various aliphatic alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters were used to describe structural features influencing chromatographic retention indexes. Good correlations were obtained within chemical classes for a particular stationary phase.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity analyses of structure influencing chromatographic retention indexes. The molecular connectivity indexes of various aliphatic alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters were used to describe structural features influencing chromatographic retention indexes. Good correlations were obtained within chemical classes for a particular stationary phase.", "PMID": 758450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10864", "title": "Determination of water in aluminum chlorohydrate and effervescent tablets by Karl Fischer Analysis.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of loosely bound water in aluminum chlorohydrate and the water content in denture cleanser effervescent tablets. The basic method involves extracting the water from the sample into dioxane followed by titration of the dioxane in methanol with Karl Fischer Reagent. Matrix Ingredients did not interfere.", "contents": "Determination of water in aluminum chlorohydrate and effervescent tablets by Karl Fischer Analysis. A procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of loosely bound water in aluminum chlorohydrate and the water content in denture cleanser effervescent tablets. The basic method involves extracting the water from the sample into dioxane followed by titration of the dioxane in methanol with Karl Fischer Reagent. Matrix Ingredients did not interfere.", "PMID": 758451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10865", "title": "South American plants II: taspine isolation and anti-inflammatory activity.", "content": "Croton lechleri L. (Euphorbiaceae), a plant from the Upper Amazon Valley of Peru, yielded the alkaloid taspine. The anti-inflammatory activity of taspine hydrochloride was studied using the carrageenan-induced pedal edema method, the cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and the adjuvant polyarthritis model.", "contents": "South American plants II: taspine isolation and anti-inflammatory activity. Croton lechleri L. (Euphorbiaceae), a plant from the Upper Amazon Valley of Peru, yielded the alkaloid taspine. The anti-inflammatory activity of taspine hydrochloride was studied using the carrageenan-induced pedal edema method, the cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and the adjuvant polyarthritis model.", "PMID": 758452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10866", "title": "Fluorescence assay of hydroxynaphthaoquinones.", "content": "Three procedures for fluorescence assay of hydroxynaphthoquinones are reported. The first procedure, based on prior sodium dithionite reduction and determination of the fluorophore in butyl acetate, is applicable to all of the hydroxynaphthoquinones investigated (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of quinone/g of butyl acetate). The second method, specific for 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (juglone series), involves warm reduction with stannous chloride in an acid medium and determination of the fluorophore in chloroform (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of quinone/g of chloroform). The third method, based on the reaction of Guilbault and Kramer, is applicable to 5-hydroxy- and 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones having both free quinonoid positions (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of juglone/g of dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.070 microgram of p-naphthazarin/g of dimethyl sulfoxide). The nature of fluorophores also was investigated.", "contents": "Fluorescence assay of hydroxynaphthaoquinones. Three procedures for fluorescence assay of hydroxynaphthoquinones are reported. The first procedure, based on prior sodium dithionite reduction and determination of the fluorophore in butyl acetate, is applicable to all of the hydroxynaphthoquinones investigated (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of quinone/g of butyl acetate). The second method, specific for 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (juglone series), involves warm reduction with stannous chloride in an acid medium and determination of the fluorophore in chloroform (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of quinone/g of chloroform). The third method, based on the reaction of Guilbault and Kramer, is applicable to 5-hydroxy- and 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones having both free quinonoid positions (detection limit: +/- 0.020 microgram of juglone/g of dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.070 microgram of p-naphthazarin/g of dimethyl sulfoxide). The nature of fluorophores also was investigated.", "PMID": 758457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10867", "title": "Development of an estriol-releasing intrauterine device.", "content": "Estriol-releasing intrauterine devices were developed for experimental use in animals and humans. The devices consist of a reservior containing the steroid surrounded by a rate-limiting polyurethane membrane. After an initial transient, the drug is released from the device at a constant rate for 1 year or more; devices with a much longer release period can be fabricated readily. A constant release rate is achieved by maintaining solid drug in the reservoir and good physical contact between the drug and the inside wall of the device. The methods used to fabricate the devices are described along with release rate and stability data.", "contents": "Development of an estriol-releasing intrauterine device. Estriol-releasing intrauterine devices were developed for experimental use in animals and humans. The devices consist of a reservior containing the steroid surrounded by a rate-limiting polyurethane membrane. After an initial transient, the drug is released from the device at a constant rate for 1 year or more; devices with a much longer release period can be fabricated readily. A constant release rate is achieved by maintaining solid drug in the reservoir and good physical contact between the drug and the inside wall of the device. The methods used to fabricate the devices are described along with release rate and stability data.", "PMID": 758458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10868", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates II: methods of separation of stabilized heroin and its metabolites from hydrolyzing biological fluids and applications to protein binding and red blood cell partition studies.", "content": "The inhibition of the spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in fresh dog plasma on blood (t1/2 = 8 min) is effected by 10 mg of sodium fluoride/ml (t1/2 = 40 min) and 35 microgram of tetraethyl pyrophosphate/ml (t1/2 = 415 min). Tetraethyl pyrophosphate is the inhibitor of choice and gives the same stability for heroin as in phosphate buffer. Aged plasma loses its enzymatic efficiency. Heroin in cerebrospinal fluid hydrolyzes at rates similar to those in buffer. Modified extraction procedures developed for enzyme-inhibited plasma at pH 4.5 have high extraction efficiencies (86--100%) and permit isolation of undergraded heroin from its metabolites. Separations of heroin and metabolites from enzyme-inhibited plasma were effected by described high-pressure liquid chromatographic systems and from TLC with elution of pertinent developed spots. Efficiencies of these TLC recoveries were 81 +/- 1% for heroin and 82 +/- 1% for morphine. Contrary to the literature, heroin has significant protein binding where 40% of that not bound to an ultrafiltration membrane is bound to dog plasma proteins. The apparent partition coefficient is 1.4 +/- 0.2 between red blood cells and plasma water, and it is 0.8 +/- 0.1 between red blood cells and dog plasma.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates II: methods of separation of stabilized heroin and its metabolites from hydrolyzing biological fluids and applications to protein binding and red blood cell partition studies. The inhibition of the spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in fresh dog plasma on blood (t1/2 = 8 min) is effected by 10 mg of sodium fluoride/ml (t1/2 = 40 min) and 35 microgram of tetraethyl pyrophosphate/ml (t1/2 = 415 min). Tetraethyl pyrophosphate is the inhibitor of choice and gives the same stability for heroin as in phosphate buffer. Aged plasma loses its enzymatic efficiency. Heroin in cerebrospinal fluid hydrolyzes at rates similar to those in buffer. Modified extraction procedures developed for enzyme-inhibited plasma at pH 4.5 have high extraction efficiencies (86--100%) and permit isolation of undergraded heroin from its metabolites. Separations of heroin and metabolites from enzyme-inhibited plasma were effected by described high-pressure liquid chromatographic systems and from TLC with elution of pertinent developed spots. Efficiencies of these TLC recoveries were 81 +/- 1% for heroin and 82 +/- 1% for morphine. Contrary to the literature, heroin has significant protein binding where 40% of that not bound to an ultrafiltration membrane is bound to dog plasma proteins. The apparent partition coefficient is 1.4 +/- 0.2 between red blood cells and plasma water, and it is 0.8 +/- 0.1 between red blood cells and dog plasma.", "PMID": 758459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10869", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis XI: determination of muscle relaxant--analgesic mixture using reversed-phase and ion-pair techniques.", "content": "High pressure liquid chromatography using reversed-phase and/or ion-pair techniques was used to optimize resolution of aspirin-containing muscle relaxant mixtures as well as other therapeutic agents commonly found in muscle relaxant-analgesic mixtures. The compounds were chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column using methanol--water solvent systems, some of which contained tetrabutylammonium cation as counterion. Mixtures of methocarbamol--aspirin and chlorzoxazone--acetaminophen were selected to demonstrate separation and quantification. The methocarbamol--aspirin mixture was chromatographed with methanol--water (40:60, pH 6.8) containing 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium cation at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. The chlorzoxazone--acetaminophen mixture was chromatographed with methanol--water (50:50) at a 2.0 ml/min flow rate. The separation and quantitation of each mixture were achieved in approximately 8 min with accuracy in the 2--3% range.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis XI: determination of muscle relaxant--analgesic mixture using reversed-phase and ion-pair techniques. High pressure liquid chromatography using reversed-phase and/or ion-pair techniques was used to optimize resolution of aspirin-containing muscle relaxant mixtures as well as other therapeutic agents commonly found in muscle relaxant-analgesic mixtures. The compounds were chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column using methanol--water solvent systems, some of which contained tetrabutylammonium cation as counterion. Mixtures of methocarbamol--aspirin and chlorzoxazone--acetaminophen were selected to demonstrate separation and quantification. The methocarbamol--aspirin mixture was chromatographed with methanol--water (40:60, pH 6.8) containing 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium cation at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. The chlorzoxazone--acetaminophen mixture was chromatographed with methanol--water (50:50) at a 2.0 ml/min flow rate. The separation and quantitation of each mixture were achieved in approximately 8 min with accuracy in the 2--3% range.", "PMID": 758460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10870", "title": "Formation of a thio analog of noracronine.", "content": "Acronine was heated with tetraphosphorus decasulfide in benzene to give a mixture of products, the major component (A) being identified tentatively as an unstable product derived from four molecules of noracronine with one molecule of tetraphosphorus decasulfide. Treatment of Compound A with various solvents and heat converted it into a maroon solid (B), which was shown to be 7-thionoracronine.", "contents": "Formation of a thio analog of noracronine. Acronine was heated with tetraphosphorus decasulfide in benzene to give a mixture of products, the major component (A) being identified tentatively as an unstable product derived from four molecules of noracronine with one molecule of tetraphosphorus decasulfide. Treatment of Compound A with various solvents and heat converted it into a maroon solid (B), which was shown to be 7-thionoracronine.", "PMID": 758461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10871", "title": "Molecular connectivity study of halocarbon anesthetics.", "content": "The structure--activity relationships of 45 halogenated hydrocarbons using molecular connectivity were studied. A very good correlation was obtained between the anesthetic activity and the molecular connectivity term o chi v in addition to the polar hydrogen factor, QH. The equation reported accounts for the quantifies the known structure--activity observations on general anesthetics. The results are discussed briefly with reference to the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity study of halocarbon anesthetics. The structure--activity relationships of 45 halogenated hydrocarbons using molecular connectivity were studied. A very good correlation was obtained between the anesthetic activity and the molecular connectivity term o chi v in addition to the polar hydrogen factor, QH. The equation reported accounts for the quantifies the known structure--activity observations on general anesthetics. The results are discussed briefly with reference to the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics.", "PMID": 758462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10872", "title": "Quantitative GLC determination of oxycodone in human plasma.", "content": "A GLC assay was developed for the determination of oxycodone levels in human plasma using a nitrogen-specific detector. The assay was developed for use in bioavailability studies of therapeutic doses of oxycodone. After ingestion of a commerical tablet containing 4.5 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride and 0.38 mg of oxycodone terephthalate by six volunteers, the mean peak oxycodone concentration in plasma was 18.4 ng/ml at 1 hr.", "contents": "Quantitative GLC determination of oxycodone in human plasma. A GLC assay was developed for the determination of oxycodone levels in human plasma using a nitrogen-specific detector. The assay was developed for use in bioavailability studies of therapeutic doses of oxycodone. After ingestion of a commerical tablet containing 4.5 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride and 0.38 mg of oxycodone terephthalate by six volunteers, the mean peak oxycodone concentration in plasma was 18.4 ng/ml at 1 hr.", "PMID": 758463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10873", "title": "Interaction of the antimalarial alpha-dibutylaminomethyl-2,6-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol with human serum albumin.", "content": "Binding of the antimalarial alpha-dibutylaminomethyl-2,6-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol with human serum albumin was studied using difference spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, and equilibrium dialysis. Results indicated that the number of high affinity binding sites of the drug on protein is 0.45, with the total number of binding sites being 3.3--4.0. The binding constants were in the range of 0.57--4.00 x 10(6) M-1. The drug was bound more strongly to a nonionic detergent than to either a cationic or anionic detergent. Interpretation of these data and fluorescence quenching results indicated that the drug is possibly bound to a hydrophobic site on human serum albumin.", "contents": "Interaction of the antimalarial alpha-dibutylaminomethyl-2,6-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol with human serum albumin. Binding of the antimalarial alpha-dibutylaminomethyl-2,6-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol with human serum albumin was studied using difference spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, and equilibrium dialysis. Results indicated that the number of high affinity binding sites of the drug on protein is 0.45, with the total number of binding sites being 3.3--4.0. The binding constants were in the range of 0.57--4.00 x 10(6) M-1. The drug was bound more strongly to a nonionic detergent than to either a cationic or anionic detergent. Interpretation of these data and fluorescence quenching results indicated that the drug is possibly bound to a hydrophobic site on human serum albumin.", "PMID": 758464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10874", "title": "Reliability of Arrhenius Equation in predicting vitamin A stability in multivitamin tablets.", "content": "Shelflife predictions of vitamin A stability in multivitamin tablets were calculated based on data obtained from the analyses of six multivitamin tablet preparations by the classical Arrhenius treatment. This approach gave excessive variation in the predictions. The same data were treated by a modified Arrhenius method, which reduced the variation. Long-term room temperature data show that incorrect slopes were predicted in three of the six sets of data with the modified approach. The data indicate that erroneous predictions can result when applying the Arrhenius treatment to accelerated data and that this approach should be used with extreme caution in establishing the expiration date of a multivitamin tablet product, especially where the limiting ingredient for expiration dating is a preprocessed raw material and not a single-entity chemical.", "contents": "Reliability of Arrhenius Equation in predicting vitamin A stability in multivitamin tablets. Shelflife predictions of vitamin A stability in multivitamin tablets were calculated based on data obtained from the analyses of six multivitamin tablet preparations by the classical Arrhenius treatment. This approach gave excessive variation in the predictions. The same data were treated by a modified Arrhenius method, which reduced the variation. Long-term room temperature data show that incorrect slopes were predicted in three of the six sets of data with the modified approach. The data indicate that erroneous predictions can result when applying the Arrhenius treatment to accelerated data and that this approach should be used with extreme caution in establishing the expiration date of a multivitamin tablet product, especially where the limiting ingredient for expiration dating is a preprocessed raw material and not a single-entity chemical.", "PMID": 758465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10875", "title": "Effect of sulfisoxazole on pharmacokinetics of free and plasma protein-bound bilirubin in experimental unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "The effect of sulfisoxazole on the time course of free (unbound) bilirubin concentrations in plasma was studied. Normal adult rats were made hyperbilirubinemic by continuous intravenous infusion of bilirubin. Sulfisoxazole was administered by either rapid intravenous injection or slow intravenous infusion, and the plasma concentrations of free and total (free plus bound) unconjugated bilirubin were determined as a function of time. Rapid injection of sulfisoxazole caused a rapid and pronounced decrease of total bilirubin concentrations in plasma but had only a transient effect on the concentration of free bilirubin. Slow infusion of sulfisoxazole caused a gradual and eventually pronounced decrease of total bilirubin concentrations in plasma but had no apparent effect on the concentration of free bilirubin at any time. These results are consistent with recently developed pharmacokinetic theory according to which the plasma clearance of total bilirubin should increase upon administration of a displacing agent while the plasma clearance of free bilirubin should remain unchanged. Bilirubin-induced encephalopathy caused by sulfisoxazole or other displacing agents may be due to very transient elevations of free bilirubin concentrations in plasma of infants with elevated plasma concentrations of total bilirubin and the consequent redistribution of the pigment to extravascular sites, including the brain.", "contents": "Effect of sulfisoxazole on pharmacokinetics of free and plasma protein-bound bilirubin in experimental unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The effect of sulfisoxazole on the time course of free (unbound) bilirubin concentrations in plasma was studied. Normal adult rats were made hyperbilirubinemic by continuous intravenous infusion of bilirubin. Sulfisoxazole was administered by either rapid intravenous injection or slow intravenous infusion, and the plasma concentrations of free and total (free plus bound) unconjugated bilirubin were determined as a function of time. Rapid injection of sulfisoxazole caused a rapid and pronounced decrease of total bilirubin concentrations in plasma but had only a transient effect on the concentration of free bilirubin. Slow infusion of sulfisoxazole caused a gradual and eventually pronounced decrease of total bilirubin concentrations in plasma but had no apparent effect on the concentration of free bilirubin at any time. These results are consistent with recently developed pharmacokinetic theory according to which the plasma clearance of total bilirubin should increase upon administration of a displacing agent while the plasma clearance of free bilirubin should remain unchanged. Bilirubin-induced encephalopathy caused by sulfisoxazole or other displacing agents may be due to very transient elevations of free bilirubin concentrations in plasma of infants with elevated plasma concentrations of total bilirubin and the consequent redistribution of the pigment to extravascular sites, including the brain.", "PMID": 758466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10876", "title": "Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of drugs III: penicillins.", "content": "The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of a series of penicillins (penicillin V methyl ester, penicillin V, penicillin G, methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin) were studied. The chemical shifts were assigned using the pulse Fourier transform technique with the aid of long-range carbon-13 hydrogen coupling. The previous assignments of pencillin V methyl ester were revised.", "contents": "Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of drugs III: penicillins. The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of a series of penicillins (penicillin V methyl ester, penicillin V, penicillin G, methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin) were studied. The chemical shifts were assigned using the pulse Fourier transform technique with the aid of long-range carbon-13 hydrogen coupling. The previous assignments of pencillin V methyl ester were revised.", "PMID": 758467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10877", "title": "First-pass effect after rectal administration of thiazinamium methylsulfate.", "content": "The absorption and metabolism of the quaternary ammonium compound thiazinamium methylsulfate were studied in humans using plasma concentration data and urinary excretion measurements. After giving a dose of 150 mg in suppositories, the relative bioavailability was 5.8 +/- 3.2 (SD) % of the dose, comparable to the values obtained following oral administration. The degree of first-pass effect observed after rectal administration was comparable with that after oral administration.", "contents": "First-pass effect after rectal administration of thiazinamium methylsulfate. The absorption and metabolism of the quaternary ammonium compound thiazinamium methylsulfate were studied in humans using plasma concentration data and urinary excretion measurements. After giving a dose of 150 mg in suppositories, the relative bioavailability was 5.8 +/- 3.2 (SD) % of the dose, comparable to the values obtained following oral administration. The degree of first-pass effect observed after rectal administration was comparable with that after oral administration.", "PMID": 758468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10878", "title": "Determination of submicrogram quantities of clonidine in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive and specific GLC method using electron-capture detection was developed for clonidine in plasma and urine. Di-perfluoroacyl derivatives of both clonidine and the 4-methyl analog of clonidine (used as an internal standard) were formed, and an extraction process was developed for the removal of excess derivatization reagent and endogenous biological compounds; the assay permitted quantification of 25 pg of clonidine/ml in a 4-ml plasma sample. The assay was used to elucidate the time course of plasma concentrations in a normotensive subject following oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 microgram of clonidine hydrochloride and also to determine unchanged drug excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Determination of submicrogram quantities of clonidine in biological fluids. A sensitive and specific GLC method using electron-capture detection was developed for clonidine in plasma and urine. Di-perfluoroacyl derivatives of both clonidine and the 4-methyl analog of clonidine (used as an internal standard) were formed, and an extraction process was developed for the removal of excess derivatization reagent and endogenous biological compounds; the assay permitted quantification of 25 pg of clonidine/ml in a 4-ml plasma sample. The assay was used to elucidate the time course of plasma concentrations in a normotensive subject following oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 microgram of clonidine hydrochloride and also to determine unchanged drug excreted in the urine.", "PMID": 758469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10879", "title": "Metabolism and measurement of chloroprocaine, an ester-type local anesthetic.", "content": "Blood levels of intact chloroprocaine were determined using a GLC procedure capable of detecting as little as 10 ng of chloroprocaine/ml of blood. It was necessary to detective plasma cholinesterases in collected samples by adding echothiophate iodide to blood sampling tubes. An extraction procedure, followed by a TLC separation and spectrodensitometric assay, was developed for measurement of the metabolite 2-chloro-4-aminobenzoic acid in plasma and urine. With these procedures, data were obtained showing that chloroprocaine is hydrolyzed rapidly by plasma cholinesterases. No unchanged drug could be detected in any blood samples obtained from volunteers who received chloroprocaine by intravenous infusion or from obstetric patients who had epidural anesthesia during labor and delivery. Blood levels of 2-chloro-4-amino-benzoic acid rose promptly with the administration of chloroprocaine and declined rapidly after drug administration. Most of the metabolite was recovered in urine.", "contents": "Metabolism and measurement of chloroprocaine, an ester-type local anesthetic. Blood levels of intact chloroprocaine were determined using a GLC procedure capable of detecting as little as 10 ng of chloroprocaine/ml of blood. It was necessary to detective plasma cholinesterases in collected samples by adding echothiophate iodide to blood sampling tubes. An extraction procedure, followed by a TLC separation and spectrodensitometric assay, was developed for measurement of the metabolite 2-chloro-4-aminobenzoic acid in plasma and urine. With these procedures, data were obtained showing that chloroprocaine is hydrolyzed rapidly by plasma cholinesterases. No unchanged drug could be detected in any blood samples obtained from volunteers who received chloroprocaine by intravenous infusion or from obstetric patients who had epidural anesthesia during labor and delivery. Blood levels of 2-chloro-4-amino-benzoic acid rose promptly with the administration of chloroprocaine and declined rapidly after drug administration. Most of the metabolite was recovered in urine.", "PMID": 758470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10880", "title": "Macromerine and normacromerine biosynthesis in Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii.", "content": "The biosynthetic conversion of epinephrine to normacromerine in Coryphantha macromeris (Engelm.) Br. and R. var. runyonii (Br. and R.) L. Benson (Cactacae) has been studied. Metanephrine, which has been isolated from this cactus and is a normal metabolite of epinephrine in mammalian systems, appeared to be the likely intermediate between epinephrine and normacromerine. Normacromerine turnover studies suggested a 16-day interval between metanephrine administration and harvest of the cacti. During this incubation period, the cacti specifically converted 4.77% of the administered DL-7-3H-metanephrine to normacromerine. Based on biochemical precedents, the postulated metabolic fate of normacromerine in the cactus was an enzymatic N-methylation to give macromerine. However, radiolabeled normacromerine was a very ineffecient precursor to macromerine.", "contents": "Macromerine and normacromerine biosynthesis in Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii. The biosynthetic conversion of epinephrine to normacromerine in Coryphantha macromeris (Engelm.) Br. and R. var. runyonii (Br. and R.) L. Benson (Cactacae) has been studied. Metanephrine, which has been isolated from this cactus and is a normal metabolite of epinephrine in mammalian systems, appeared to be the likely intermediate between epinephrine and normacromerine. Normacromerine turnover studies suggested a 16-day interval between metanephrine administration and harvest of the cacti. During this incubation period, the cacti specifically converted 4.77% of the administered DL-7-3H-metanephrine to normacromerine. Based on biochemical precedents, the postulated metabolic fate of normacromerine in the cactus was an enzymatic N-methylation to give macromerine. However, radiolabeled normacromerine was a very ineffecient precursor to macromerine.", "PMID": 758472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10881", "title": "Papaver bracteatum Lindl.: quantitative extraction and determination of thebaine.", "content": "An interlaboratory procedure for the quantitative extraction and analysis of thebaine from different tissues of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. is presented. Each step was evalutated for the yield of thebaine by use of 1-3H-thebaine and GLC. The method of drying and milling of tissue and the size of resultant particles were important factors in the quantitative recovery of thebaine.", "contents": "Papaver bracteatum Lindl.: quantitative extraction and determination of thebaine. An interlaboratory procedure for the quantitative extraction and analysis of thebaine from different tissues of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. is presented. Each step was evalutated for the yield of thebaine by use of 1-3H-thebaine and GLC. The method of drying and milling of tissue and the size of resultant particles were important factors in the quantitative recovery of thebaine.", "PMID": 758473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10882", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of theophylline formulations.", "content": "Minophylline (theophylline ethanoate of piperazine) and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) were determined spectrophotometrically in dosage forms without interference from excipients and/or preservatives. A mixture of minophylline, in about 30-fold concentration, with phenobarbital was assayed for both components with good accuracy and high reproducibility.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of theophylline formulations. Minophylline (theophylline ethanoate of piperazine) and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) were determined spectrophotometrically in dosage forms without interference from excipients and/or preservatives. A mixture of minophylline, in about 30-fold concentration, with phenobarbital was assayed for both components with good accuracy and high reproducibility.", "PMID": 758474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10883", "title": "Trace determination of acetaminophen in serum.", "content": "A simple and accurate method for measuring acetaminophen in serum was developed using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Acetaminophen can be quantitated in 100 microliter of serum over the range of 20 ng/ml--20 microgram/ml. The method is linear (r = 0.9997) and reproducible (RSD = 3.0% at 2 microgram/ml, RSD = 5.1% at 200 ng/ml, n = 6). An internal standard (N-propionyl-p-aminophenol) is used, and a single extraction is performed.", "contents": "Trace determination of acetaminophen in serum. A simple and accurate method for measuring acetaminophen in serum was developed using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Acetaminophen can be quantitated in 100 microliter of serum over the range of 20 ng/ml--20 microgram/ml. The method is linear (r = 0.9997) and reproducible (RSD = 3.0% at 2 microgram/ml, RSD = 5.1% at 200 ng/ml, n = 6). An internal standard (N-propionyl-p-aminophenol) is used, and a single extraction is performed.", "PMID": 758475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10884", "title": "Extraction and TLC separation of food, drug, and cosmetic dyes from tablet-coating formulations.", "content": "A rapid method for extraction of dyes from tablet-coating formulations is described. The dyes were released from their lakes by treatment with concentrated phosphoric acid and dissolved in methanol. After being made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide, the mixture was centrifuged to obtain a clear supernate for application to the TLC plate. With ethyl acetate--methanol--water--concentrated ammonium hydroxide (150:40:35:5) on silica gel, 20 dyes were separated sufficiently to confirm their presence in the coating formulation.", "contents": "Extraction and TLC separation of food, drug, and cosmetic dyes from tablet-coating formulations. A rapid method for extraction of dyes from tablet-coating formulations is described. The dyes were released from their lakes by treatment with concentrated phosphoric acid and dissolved in methanol. After being made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide, the mixture was centrifuged to obtain a clear supernate for application to the TLC plate. With ethyl acetate--methanol--water--concentrated ammonium hydroxide (150:40:35:5) on silica gel, 20 dyes were separated sufficiently to confirm their presence in the coating formulation.", "PMID": 758476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10885", "title": "Collaborative study of a GLC method for vitamin E.", "content": "The official GLC method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) for determining vitamin E was modified and collaboratively studied for the National Formulary (NF). The internal standard hexadecyl hexadecanoate (cetyl palmitate) was substituted for the dotriacontane used in the AOAC method, and some other minor changes were made. Eleven samples, representing all types of NF formulations and NF bulk materials, were analyzed by 11 laboratories. The coefficients of variation of the reproducibility and repeatability were 4.5 and 2.4%, respectively, for all laboratories and samples. The values were 3.4 and 1.6%, respectively, when the one laboratory statistically determined to be an outlier was excluded. The coefficients of variation of reproducibility and repeatability for alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate were 2.1 and 1.5%, respectively. All of these values lie within the 5% limit required by the NF.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a GLC method for vitamin E. The official GLC method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) for determining vitamin E was modified and collaboratively studied for the National Formulary (NF). The internal standard hexadecyl hexadecanoate (cetyl palmitate) was substituted for the dotriacontane used in the AOAC method, and some other minor changes were made. Eleven samples, representing all types of NF formulations and NF bulk materials, were analyzed by 11 laboratories. The coefficients of variation of the reproducibility and repeatability were 4.5 and 2.4%, respectively, for all laboratories and samples. The values were 3.4 and 1.6%, respectively, when the one laboratory statistically determined to be an outlier was excluded. The coefficients of variation of reproducibility and repeatability for alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate were 2.1 and 1.5%, respectively. All of these values lie within the 5% limit required by the NF.", "PMID": 758477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10886", "title": "The epidemiology of tuberculosis in physicians.", "content": "The incidence of tuberculosis in physicians was determined by mailed questionnaire. Since 1950 tuberculosis infection preceding entry into medical school has decreased by 73%; at the same time, infection after beginning recent graduates exceeded 1% per year, and age-specific infection rates among physicians were at least twice the US average. Tuberculosis developed in nearly one in ten physicians infected after medical school entry; in two thirds, disease preceded or coincided with recognized tuberculin positivity. No tuberculosis occurred in physicians who used isoniazid chemoprophylaxis, but two thirds of tuberculin-negative physicians did not have annual skin tests, 56% of known recent converters used no chemoprophylaxis, and 25% of those initiating isoniazid prophylaxis did not complete a 12-month course. The Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine recipients had 80% less tuberculosis than unimmunized physicians infected after beginning medical school.", "contents": "The epidemiology of tuberculosis in physicians. The incidence of tuberculosis in physicians was determined by mailed questionnaire. Since 1950 tuberculosis infection preceding entry into medical school has decreased by 73%; at the same time, infection after beginning recent graduates exceeded 1% per year, and age-specific infection rates among physicians were at least twice the US average. Tuberculosis developed in nearly one in ten physicians infected after medical school entry; in two thirds, disease preceded or coincided with recognized tuberculin positivity. No tuberculosis occurred in physicians who used isoniazid chemoprophylaxis, but two thirds of tuberculin-negative physicians did not have annual skin tests, 56% of known recent converters used no chemoprophylaxis, and 25% of those initiating isoniazid prophylaxis did not complete a 12-month course. The Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine recipients had 80% less tuberculosis than unimmunized physicians infected after beginning medical school.", "PMID": 758492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10887", "title": "Prophylaxis for postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Synergistic effect of heparin and dihydroergotamine.", "content": "Randomized clinical trials in 300 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery or hip replacement arthroplasty were performed to investigate the efficacy of dihydroergotamine mesylate, heparin calcium, or a combination of dihydroergotamine with heparin in preventing postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). The diagnosis of DVT was established by an uptake test using fibrinogen labeled with iodine 125; in patients undergoing hip replacement, phlebography was also employed to confirm or refute the presence of isotopic thrombi. The data indicate that the combination of dihydroergotamine and heparin is more effective than heparin or dihydroergotamine alone in preventing DVT.", "contents": "Prophylaxis for postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Synergistic effect of heparin and dihydroergotamine. Randomized clinical trials in 300 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery or hip replacement arthroplasty were performed to investigate the efficacy of dihydroergotamine mesylate, heparin calcium, or a combination of dihydroergotamine with heparin in preventing postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). The diagnosis of DVT was established by an uptake test using fibrinogen labeled with iodine 125; in patients undergoing hip replacement, phlebography was also employed to confirm or refute the presence of isotopic thrombi. The data indicate that the combination of dihydroergotamine and heparin is more effective than heparin or dihydroergotamine alone in preventing DVT.", "PMID": 758493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10888", "title": "Family (parental) history and prevalence of hypertension. Results of a nationwide screening program.", "content": "In a nationwide screening program, blood pressure measurements, family (parental) histories of hypertension, and self-evaluations of weight class were obtained for more than a half million people. Positive family history was associated with hypertension prevalence double that found in persons with negative history and was independent of weight. When overweight was also present, however, hypertension prevalence was three to four times as high. Hypertension was more likely to have been previously diagnosed in screenees if family history was positive. However, such screenees did not have a higher proportion receiving effective treatment than those with negative family history. When an index case of hypertension is found, other family members should be examined. For persons with positive family history, nutritional-hygienic recommendations to avoid overweight may be important in reducing the risk of becoming hypertensive.", "contents": "Family (parental) history and prevalence of hypertension. Results of a nationwide screening program. In a nationwide screening program, blood pressure measurements, family (parental) histories of hypertension, and self-evaluations of weight class were obtained for more than a half million people. Positive family history was associated with hypertension prevalence double that found in persons with negative history and was independent of weight. When overweight was also present, however, hypertension prevalence was three to four times as high. Hypertension was more likely to have been previously diagnosed in screenees if family history was positive. However, such screenees did not have a higher proportion receiving effective treatment than those with negative family history. When an index case of hypertension is found, other family members should be examined. For persons with positive family history, nutritional-hygienic recommendations to avoid overweight may be important in reducing the risk of becoming hypertensive.", "PMID": 758494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10889", "title": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. No 'pseudoproblem'.", "content": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae possibly affects 45% of all black servicemen and is a source of much misunderstanding and social unrest in the military. A recent study of 96 cases of pseudofolliculitis barbae has elucidated a successful shaving technique. It employs a 30-day period of beard regrowth to eliminate ingrown hairs, twice-daily use of a new polyester skin-cleansing pad, and use of solely electric hair clippers for facial hair removal. Ninety-six percent of those using this technique could thereafter conform to the Air Force grooming code.", "contents": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. No 'pseudoproblem'. Pseudofolliculitis barbae possibly affects 45% of all black servicemen and is a source of much misunderstanding and social unrest in the military. A recent study of 96 cases of pseudofolliculitis barbae has elucidated a successful shaving technique. It employs a 30-day period of beard regrowth to eliminate ingrown hairs, twice-daily use of a new polyester skin-cleansing pad, and use of solely electric hair clippers for facial hair removal. Ninety-six percent of those using this technique could thereafter conform to the Air Force grooming code.", "PMID": 758495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10890", "title": "Clinical performance and specialty choice of COTRANS students.", "content": "The clinical performance and specialty choice of 33 Coordinated Transfer Application System (COTRANS) students accepted with advanced standing into the third year of an American medical school were compared with the performance and choice of students from other American medical schools. The undergraduate grade point average of the COTRANS group was considerably lower than that of the other students. The science Medical College Admission Test scores in science were comparable, and the performance on part I of the National Board of Medical Examiners was considerably higher. Clinical performance, choice of specialty, and affiliation of graduate program of the COTRANS students did not differ from those of students entering the curriculum in year 1. Carefully selected students completing the first two years of basic science in a foreign medical school can successfully compete with students already enrolled in the American medical curriculum.", "contents": "Clinical performance and specialty choice of COTRANS students. The clinical performance and specialty choice of 33 Coordinated Transfer Application System (COTRANS) students accepted with advanced standing into the third year of an American medical school were compared with the performance and choice of students from other American medical schools. The undergraduate grade point average of the COTRANS group was considerably lower than that of the other students. The science Medical College Admission Test scores in science were comparable, and the performance on part I of the National Board of Medical Examiners was considerably higher. Clinical performance, choice of specialty, and affiliation of graduate program of the COTRANS students did not differ from those of students entering the curriculum in year 1. Carefully selected students completing the first two years of basic science in a foreign medical school can successfully compete with students already enrolled in the American medical curriculum.", "PMID": 758511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10891", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emergence in an intensive care nursery.", "content": "Gentamicin sulfate--resistant Staphylococcus aureus suddenly appeared in an intensive care nursery in December 1976 and became the dominant Staphylococcus; it accounted for 96% of the isolates by April 1977. All gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to amikacin sulfate, but 98% and 49% were resistant to kanamycin sulfate and tobramycin sulfate, respectively. All but one of the gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to methicillin sodium. The mechanism of gentamicin resistance appears to be plasmid mediated. Phage typing, used for epidemiologic purposes, also demonstrated that most gentamicin-resistant strains shared susceptibility to phages 29 and 52; however, 13% were completely different, indicating that gentamicin resistance is not solely related to a phage-susceptible factor.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emergence in an intensive care nursery. Gentamicin sulfate--resistant Staphylococcus aureus suddenly appeared in an intensive care nursery in December 1976 and became the dominant Staphylococcus; it accounted for 96% of the isolates by April 1977. All gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to amikacin sulfate, but 98% and 49% were resistant to kanamycin sulfate and tobramycin sulfate, respectively. All but one of the gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to methicillin sodium. The mechanism of gentamicin resistance appears to be plasmid mediated. Phage typing, used for epidemiologic purposes, also demonstrated that most gentamicin-resistant strains shared susceptibility to phages 29 and 52; however, 13% were completely different, indicating that gentamicin resistance is not solely related to a phage-susceptible factor.", "PMID": 758512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10892", "title": "Clinical importance of microhematuria.", "content": "To evaluate the etiology of microhematuria, the cases of 200 consecutive patients with asymptomatic microhematuria who had undergone complete urologic examination and two-year follow-up were reviewed. Most patients were 50 to 59 years old. Highly significant urologic lesions were found in 20% of patients. Thirteen percent of these patients had a genitourinary malignant neoplasm. No urologic lesion could be identified in 19% of patients in this group. The results suggest that present diagnostic modalities have substantially refined and improved the urologist's diagnostic abilities. The urologic examination of patients with asymptomatic microhematuria, particularly in those older than 40 years, is justified.", "contents": "Clinical importance of microhematuria. To evaluate the etiology of microhematuria, the cases of 200 consecutive patients with asymptomatic microhematuria who had undergone complete urologic examination and two-year follow-up were reviewed. Most patients were 50 to 59 years old. Highly significant urologic lesions were found in 20% of patients. Thirteen percent of these patients had a genitourinary malignant neoplasm. No urologic lesion could be identified in 19% of patients in this group. The results suggest that present diagnostic modalities have substantially refined and improved the urologist's diagnostic abilities. The urologic examination of patients with asymptomatic microhematuria, particularly in those older than 40 years, is justified.", "PMID": 758513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10893", "title": "Irreversible renal failure following vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Antireflux surgery was performed in five patients with vesicoureteral reflux at a time when renal insufficiency was present. Notable proteinuria was present in four of the patients, and a kidney biopsy specimen showed glomerular lesions in one. Despite the eradication of reflux and of infection, all five patients continued to have progressive renal insufficiency culminating in renal failure. Vesicoureteral reflux nephropathy may include a glomerulopathy leading to progressive glomerular sclerosis. Antireflux surgery would not alter this ongoing process and therefore would not halt progressive renal failure.", "contents": "Irreversible renal failure following vesicoureteral reflux. Antireflux surgery was performed in five patients with vesicoureteral reflux at a time when renal insufficiency was present. Notable proteinuria was present in four of the patients, and a kidney biopsy specimen showed glomerular lesions in one. Despite the eradication of reflux and of infection, all five patients continued to have progressive renal insufficiency culminating in renal failure. Vesicoureteral reflux nephropathy may include a glomerulopathy leading to progressive glomerular sclerosis. Antireflux surgery would not alter this ongoing process and therefore would not halt progressive renal failure.", "PMID": 758514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10894", "title": "Rates of pneumonia during influenza epidemics in Seattle, 1964 to 1975.", "content": "Influenza A epidemics were associated with a doubling to tripling of pneumonia rates among adult members of a prepaid medical care group studied between 1963 and 1975. Rates of influenza A associated with pneumonia increased with age. Influenza B epidemics did not have a similar effect. Overall pneumonia rates were highest in children younger than 5 years, but in this age group, other respiratory viruses dominated as causative agents. Influenza A and B epidemics were not always synchronized with those reported for the United States, and rates of influenza A infection varied between urban and suburban areas in sequential epidemics. In 1974, a year practically free from influenza A, a prolonged Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic kept rates of pneumonia high, especially during the summer.", "contents": "Rates of pneumonia during influenza epidemics in Seattle, 1964 to 1975. Influenza A epidemics were associated with a doubling to tripling of pneumonia rates among adult members of a prepaid medical care group studied between 1963 and 1975. Rates of influenza A associated with pneumonia increased with age. Influenza B epidemics did not have a similar effect. Overall pneumonia rates were highest in children younger than 5 years, but in this age group, other respiratory viruses dominated as causative agents. Influenza A and B epidemics were not always synchronized with those reported for the United States, and rates of influenza A infection varied between urban and suburban areas in sequential epidemics. In 1974, a year practically free from influenza A, a prolonged Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic kept rates of pneumonia high, especially during the summer.", "PMID": 758528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10895", "title": "Subungual squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Twelve patients with subungual squamous cell carcinoma were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during a 27-year period. To our knowledge, only 58 cases are reported in the literature. Trauma and chronic infection were predisposing factors in some of the cases, and radiation therapy was a substantive predisposing factor in our series. Disarticulation of the distal phalanx proved effective in most patients.", "contents": "Subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Twelve patients with subungual squamous cell carcinoma were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during a 27-year period. To our knowledge, only 58 cases are reported in the literature. Trauma and chronic infection were predisposing factors in some of the cases, and radiation therapy was a substantive predisposing factor in our series. Disarticulation of the distal phalanx proved effective in most patients.", "PMID": 758529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10896", "title": "An exercise testing program for large populations.", "content": "A demonstration cardiovascular evaluation and exercise testing program was assessed for feasibility, cost, and accuracy. More than 1,800 people were examined in three years. The conditions of as many as 55 people per day were examined at a cost of $60 to $70 each. Abnormalities uncovered were similar to those observed in other studies. The program was considered successful in rendering services conveniently at low cost and with accuracy.", "contents": "An exercise testing program for large populations. A demonstration cardiovascular evaluation and exercise testing program was assessed for feasibility, cost, and accuracy. More than 1,800 people were examined in three years. The conditions of as many as 55 people per day were examined at a cost of $60 to $70 each. Abnormalities uncovered were similar to those observed in other studies. The program was considered successful in rendering services conveniently at low cost and with accuracy.", "PMID": 758530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10897", "title": "Deep infections from Petriellidium boydii treated with miconazole.", "content": "Infections due to the fungus Petriellidium boydii, particularly deep infections, are being reported with increased frequency. The organism generally is resistant to antifungal agents. Three patients were treated with miconazole, a new drug demonstrated to be active in vitro against the fungus. Miconazole alone was effective in treating two patients. The third patient showed an excellent therapeutic result with concomitant surgery. This experience confirms the in vitro results and suggests the utility of this drug in petriellidiosis.", "contents": "Deep infections from Petriellidium boydii treated with miconazole. Infections due to the fungus Petriellidium boydii, particularly deep infections, are being reported with increased frequency. The organism generally is resistant to antifungal agents. Three patients were treated with miconazole, a new drug demonstrated to be active in vitro against the fungus. Miconazole alone was effective in treating two patients. The third patient showed an excellent therapeutic result with concomitant surgery. This experience confirms the in vitro results and suggests the utility of this drug in petriellidiosis.", "PMID": 758531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10898", "title": "Athletic shoe dermatitis. Contact allergy to ethyl butyl thiourea.", "content": "Ten patients with severe foot dermatitis were found to be highly allergic to innersole material prepared by Spenco Medical Corporation and used in Nike athletic shoes. Contact allergy testing showed sensitivity to ethyl butyl thiourea, a chemical accelerator in some neoprene (polychioroprene) rubber products.  The dermatitis was recalcitrant and in many cases persisted long after discontinuance of wearing Nike shoes, raising the concern that traces of ethyl butyl thiorea or cross-reacting chemicals may be present in other footwear.", "contents": "Athletic shoe dermatitis. Contact allergy to ethyl butyl thiourea. Ten patients with severe foot dermatitis were found to be highly allergic to innersole material prepared by Spenco Medical Corporation and used in Nike athletic shoes. Contact allergy testing showed sensitivity to ethyl butyl thiourea, a chemical accelerator in some neoprene (polychioroprene) rubber products.  The dermatitis was recalcitrant and in many cases persisted long after discontinuance of wearing Nike shoes, raising the concern that traces of ethyl butyl thiorea or cross-reacting chemicals may be present in other footwear.", "PMID": 758532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10899", "title": "Microsurgical treatment of transient cerebral ischemia. Preliminary results in 50 patients.", "content": "Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass is a microneurosurgical procedure recently introduced in the treatment of a variety of cerebrovascular ischemic states. Fifty patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) localized to the distribution of the internal carotid artery underwent this procedure during a 48-month period. All have been followed up for at least 14 months after surgery. There were no operative deaths, and notable postoperative morbidity has been experienced in less than 8% of cases. Seventy-six percent of patients have been asymptomatic since surgery, 14% have continued to experience TIAs, and 6% have had completed strokes (2% occurring in the operative hemisphere).", "contents": "Microsurgical treatment of transient cerebral ischemia. Preliminary results in 50 patients. Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass is a microneurosurgical procedure recently introduced in the treatment of a variety of cerebrovascular ischemic states. Fifty patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) localized to the distribution of the internal carotid artery underwent this procedure during a 48-month period. All have been followed up for at least 14 months after surgery. There were no operative deaths, and notable postoperative morbidity has been experienced in less than 8% of cases. Seventy-six percent of patients have been asymptomatic since surgery, 14% have continued to experience TIAs, and 6% have had completed strokes (2% occurring in the operative hemisphere).", "PMID": 758555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10900", "title": "Identifying the primary site in metastatic cancer of unknown origin. Inadequacy of roentgenographic procedures.", "content": "Two hundred sixty-six patients with metastatic nonsquamous carcinoma of unknown origin underwent upper and lower gastrointestinal series, intravenous pyelograms, and chest roentgenograms (CR) for location of a primary cancer site. Of 129 identified cancer sites, only 22 were verified antemortem, whereas necropsy disclosed 25 cases with false-positive examination results. The CR patterns thought typical for lung cancer (eg, single mass lesion and hilar or mediastinal adenopathy) were often shown (43%) to represent metastatic lesions. Because contrast roentgenographic studies are costly, uncomfortable, of low yield, and often misleading, they should be limited to cases with specific organ dysfunction.", "contents": "Identifying the primary site in metastatic cancer of unknown origin. Inadequacy of roentgenographic procedures. Two hundred sixty-six patients with metastatic nonsquamous carcinoma of unknown origin underwent upper and lower gastrointestinal series, intravenous pyelograms, and chest roentgenograms (CR) for location of a primary cancer site. Of 129 identified cancer sites, only 22 were verified antemortem, whereas necropsy disclosed 25 cases with false-positive examination results. The CR patterns thought typical for lung cancer (eg, single mass lesion and hilar or mediastinal adenopathy) were often shown (43%) to represent metastatic lesions. Because contrast roentgenographic studies are costly, uncomfortable, of low yield, and often misleading, they should be limited to cases with specific organ dysfunction.", "PMID": 758556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10901", "title": "Exercise-related hematuria. Findings in a group of marathon runners.", "content": "Sequential urine specimens were obtained from 50 marathon runners before, immediately after, and on three successive days following a marathon race. All prerace samples were normal, but nine (18%) of the 50 postrace urinalyses showed gross (one specimen) or microscopic (eight specimens) hematuria. No formed elements other than RBCs were seen, and all abnormalities cleared by 48 hours. Exercise-related hematuria appears to be a frequent, self-limited, and benign condition. Physicians should be aware of its occurrence and reserve extended testing for cases in which abnormalities persist beyond 48 to 72 hours.", "contents": "Exercise-related hematuria. Findings in a group of marathon runners. Sequential urine specimens were obtained from 50 marathon runners before, immediately after, and on three successive days following a marathon race. All prerace samples were normal, but nine (18%) of the 50 postrace urinalyses showed gross (one specimen) or microscopic (eight specimens) hematuria. No formed elements other than RBCs were seen, and all abnormalities cleared by 48 hours. Exercise-related hematuria appears to be a frequent, self-limited, and benign condition. Physicians should be aware of its occurrence and reserve extended testing for cases in which abnormalities persist beyond 48 to 72 hours.", "PMID": 758557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10902", "title": "Long-term prognosis in transient global amnesia.", "content": "Transient global amnesia (TGA) is generally believed to be a transient ischemic attack affecting short-term memory centers. A recent three-year follow-up found a high incidence of subsequent dementia and stroke in patients with TGA. We studied the course (average, 46 months) of 32 patients with TGA and found a low rate of recurrence (12.5%), dementia (6%), or transient ischemic attacks (3%). Transient global amnesia would appear to carry a more benign prognosis than classical transient ischemic attacks.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis in transient global amnesia. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is generally believed to be a transient ischemic attack affecting short-term memory centers. A recent three-year follow-up found a high incidence of subsequent dementia and stroke in patients with TGA. We studied the course (average, 46 months) of 32 patients with TGA and found a low rate of recurrence (12.5%), dementia (6%), or transient ischemic attacks (3%). Transient global amnesia would appear to carry a more benign prognosis than classical transient ischemic attacks.", "PMID": 758558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10903", "title": "Conduction system in two cases of sudden death two years after the Mustard procedure.", "content": "This report describes a serial section examination of the conduction system in two children who died suddenly 2 years following the Mustard procedure for complete transposition. The first child manifested sinus rhythm alternating with junctional rhythm in the last year of life. The second child, 2 months before death, had first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block which progressed to second-degree block with 2:1 conduction alternating with a junctional rhythm with AV dissociation. Examination of the conduction system in both cases revealed the approaches to the sinoatrial (SA) and the AV nodes to be markedly fibrosed. In addition, in Case 1 the SA node was interrupted by sutures and in Case 2 the SA node was considerably fibrosed. The arrhythmias produced and the probable cause of sudden death in both cases may be related to surgical injury to the approaches to the SA and AV nodes. This study and the review of the literature emphasize the necessity of maintaining the integrity of the SA node, the approaches to the SA and AV nodes, and the superior preferential pathway while performing the Mustard procedure for complete transposition.", "contents": "Conduction system in two cases of sudden death two years after the Mustard procedure. This report describes a serial section examination of the conduction system in two children who died suddenly 2 years following the Mustard procedure for complete transposition. The first child manifested sinus rhythm alternating with junctional rhythm in the last year of life. The second child, 2 months before death, had first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block which progressed to second-degree block with 2:1 conduction alternating with a junctional rhythm with AV dissociation. Examination of the conduction system in both cases revealed the approaches to the sinoatrial (SA) and the AV nodes to be markedly fibrosed. In addition, in Case 1 the SA node was interrupted by sutures and in Case 2 the SA node was considerably fibrosed. The arrhythmias produced and the probable cause of sudden death in both cases may be related to surgical injury to the approaches to the SA and AV nodes. This study and the review of the literature emphasize the necessity of maintaining the integrity of the SA node, the approaches to the SA and AV nodes, and the superior preferential pathway while performing the Mustard procedure for complete transposition.", "PMID": 758560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10904", "title": "Aorta-pulmonary shunts in growing pigs. Functional and structural assessment of the changes in the pulmonary circulation.", "content": "Aorta-pulmonary shunts were produced in growing pigs, 4 to 12 weeks of age, by anastomosing the thoracic descending aorta to the pulmonary trunk, and the animals were followed for periods of 1 to 3 months. Correlation between the hemodynamic findings and the lung structure, analyzed by quantitative methods, showed that the young group (operated upon at 4 weeks of age) developed more severe pulmonary hypertension with increased muscularization of arteries of all sizes and reduction in the size of those running with respiratory bronchioli and beyond. Since this response is similar to that seen in cases of left-to-right shunt associated with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension early in life, it seems that the present experiments reproduce the early response of the growing lung to such hemodynamic disturbance.", "contents": "Aorta-pulmonary shunts in growing pigs. Functional and structural assessment of the changes in the pulmonary circulation. Aorta-pulmonary shunts were produced in growing pigs, 4 to 12 weeks of age, by anastomosing the thoracic descending aorta to the pulmonary trunk, and the animals were followed for periods of 1 to 3 months. Correlation between the hemodynamic findings and the lung structure, analyzed by quantitative methods, showed that the young group (operated upon at 4 weeks of age) developed more severe pulmonary hypertension with increased muscularization of arteries of all sizes and reduction in the size of those running with respiratory bronchioli and beyond. Since this response is similar to that seen in cases of left-to-right shunt associated with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension early in life, it seems that the present experiments reproduce the early response of the growing lung to such hemodynamic disturbance.", "PMID": 758561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10905", "title": "Left ventricular mechanics of counterpulsation and left heart bypass, individually and in combination.", "content": "Counterpulsation and left heart bypass devices have been successfully used to salvage patients with severe left ventricular power failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Each of these techniques is believed to reduce or minimize myocardial work, yet the effects of these devices on the force of myocardial contraction have not been defined. In the present investigation the effects of counterpulsation produced by intravascular (intra-aortic balloon pumping) and extravascular (pulsatile assist device) balloon devices, partial left atrial-aortic bypass, and total bypass on left ventricular mechanics were examined. The devices were studied individually and in combination in 10 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Left ventricular wall stress, external work, and contractility indices were calculated by computer using a changing volume spherical model of the left ventricle. Results indicate that although all currently available circulatory assist devices reduced peak left ventricular wall stress, a spectrum of relative effectiveness progressed from intra-aortic balloon pumping or pulsatile assist device alone through the combination intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device. Partial left heart bypass was more effective than intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device in reducing peak wall stress, but the difference was small. Total left heart bypass was vastly superior to any of the other modalities tested in its effects on peak wall stress as well as external work. The addition of counterpulsation to partial or total left heart bypass produced minimal changes in left ventricular systolic mechanics.", "contents": "Left ventricular mechanics of counterpulsation and left heart bypass, individually and in combination. Counterpulsation and left heart bypass devices have been successfully used to salvage patients with severe left ventricular power failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Each of these techniques is believed to reduce or minimize myocardial work, yet the effects of these devices on the force of myocardial contraction have not been defined. In the present investigation the effects of counterpulsation produced by intravascular (intra-aortic balloon pumping) and extravascular (pulsatile assist device) balloon devices, partial left atrial-aortic bypass, and total bypass on left ventricular mechanics were examined. The devices were studied individually and in combination in 10 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Left ventricular wall stress, external work, and contractility indices were calculated by computer using a changing volume spherical model of the left ventricle. Results indicate that although all currently available circulatory assist devices reduced peak left ventricular wall stress, a spectrum of relative effectiveness progressed from intra-aortic balloon pumping or pulsatile assist device alone through the combination intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device. Partial left heart bypass was more effective than intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device in reducing peak wall stress, but the difference was small. Total left heart bypass was vastly superior to any of the other modalities tested in its effects on peak wall stress as well as external work. The addition of counterpulsation to partial or total left heart bypass produced minimal changes in left ventricular systolic mechanics.", "PMID": 758562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10906", "title": "The role of surgery in primary osteomyelitis of the chest wall.", "content": "Seven patients with primary osteomyelitis of the chest wall are described. All patients presented with pain at the site of infection, and four patients had a tumor-like mass that could easily be confused with a neoplastic process. All were heroin addicted and pseudomonas was the most common organism cultured. Conservative management with antibiotics for a minimum of 4 weeks is recommended with operation assuming a secondary role, namely, to assist in the initial diagnosis or in the form of limited resection of residual sinuses. Primary wide resection is discouraged.", "contents": "The role of surgery in primary osteomyelitis of the chest wall. Seven patients with primary osteomyelitis of the chest wall are described. All patients presented with pain at the site of infection, and four patients had a tumor-like mass that could easily be confused with a neoplastic process. All were heroin addicted and pseudomonas was the most common organism cultured. Conservative management with antibiotics for a minimum of 4 weeks is recommended with operation assuming a secondary role, namely, to assist in the initial diagnosis or in the form of limited resection of residual sinuses. Primary wide resection is discouraged.", "PMID": 758564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10907", "title": "Natural history of saccular aneurysms of the left ventricle.", "content": "We have studied the natural history of left ventricular aneurysms (LVA) in 40 patients not treated surgically who were followed for a mean period of 5 years, 8 months. These patients have been divided into two groups according to the presence (Group B) or absence (Group A) of significant symptomatology. The causes of death are dominated by arrhythmias and congestive heart failure (CHF). The survival rate at 10 years is 66.7% for the entire group. In asymptomatic patients the 10 year survival rate is 90%, but it is only 46.3% in those who were symptomatic at the time of the initial diagnosis. In general, the clinical course of survivors is stable in Group A but has deteriorated steadily in Group B. Nonfatal complications include arrhythmias (observed in 34% of all patients), thromboembolic phenomena (29%), CHF (29%), and recurrent myocardial infarction (22.5%). Factors influencing prognosis are the extent of the aneurysm, the association of asynergic segments, the ejection fraction of the residual ventricle, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and the presence of ventricular extrasystoles at the time of diagnosis. The mere presence of aneurysm is not, in itself, an indication for operation. Incapacitating angina and refractory CHF are the most valuable indications for surgical resection. The question is raised as to the value of operation in patients with little or no symptoms, in those with isolated life-threatening arrhythmias, and in those in whom a mural thrombus is the only distressing feature.", "contents": "Natural history of saccular aneurysms of the left ventricle. We have studied the natural history of left ventricular aneurysms (LVA) in 40 patients not treated surgically who were followed for a mean period of 5 years, 8 months. These patients have been divided into two groups according to the presence (Group B) or absence (Group A) of significant symptomatology. The causes of death are dominated by arrhythmias and congestive heart failure (CHF). The survival rate at 10 years is 66.7% for the entire group. In asymptomatic patients the 10 year survival rate is 90%, but it is only 46.3% in those who were symptomatic at the time of the initial diagnosis. In general, the clinical course of survivors is stable in Group A but has deteriorated steadily in Group B. Nonfatal complications include arrhythmias (observed in 34% of all patients), thromboembolic phenomena (29%), CHF (29%), and recurrent myocardial infarction (22.5%). Factors influencing prognosis are the extent of the aneurysm, the association of asynergic segments, the ejection fraction of the residual ventricle, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and the presence of ventricular extrasystoles at the time of diagnosis. The mere presence of aneurysm is not, in itself, an indication for operation. Incapacitating angina and refractory CHF are the most valuable indications for surgical resection. The question is raised as to the value of operation in patients with little or no symptoms, in those with isolated life-threatening arrhythmias, and in those in whom a mural thrombus is the only distressing feature.", "PMID": 758565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10908", "title": "Evaluation of the mediastinum by gallium-67 scintigraphy in lung cancer.", "content": "Delineation of the metastatic spread of lung cancer has been attempted by a variety of means. Controversy as to the indications for organ surveys, mediastinoscopy, scintillation scanning, and biopsy techniques still exists. Since definition of the micrometastatic state is yet unachieved, the staging of disease for therapy continues to be predicted on documented spread beyond the site of the origin. The records of 75 patients in whom the presence or absence of mediastinal metastases was known were retrospectively reviewed to establish the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy of 67Ga scintigrams. Comparisons were made with chest roentgenograms, mediastinal tomograms, and endoscopic findings. Five patients had 67Ga-negative studies. In the 70 patients having 67Ga-positive lung lesions, mediastinal 67Ga uptake had a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 86%, predictive values of 93% for a positive test and 76% for a negative test, and a test accuracy of 87%. These studies, plus those of others, permit selectivity of choosing candidates for mediastinoscopy. If the primary is 67Ga positive, a negative mediastinal scan obviates mediastinoscopy. If the mediastinum is 67Ga positive, mediastinal exploration is indicated. The level of involvement dictates whether resection is undertaken in suitable surgical candidates. This approach, employed since 1976, has lowered the costs of staging, and 67Ga has become our scintigram of choice.", "contents": "Evaluation of the mediastinum by gallium-67 scintigraphy in lung cancer. Delineation of the metastatic spread of lung cancer has been attempted by a variety of means. Controversy as to the indications for organ surveys, mediastinoscopy, scintillation scanning, and biopsy techniques still exists. Since definition of the micrometastatic state is yet unachieved, the staging of disease for therapy continues to be predicted on documented spread beyond the site of the origin. The records of 75 patients in whom the presence or absence of mediastinal metastases was known were retrospectively reviewed to establish the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy of 67Ga scintigrams. Comparisons were made with chest roentgenograms, mediastinal tomograms, and endoscopic findings. Five patients had 67Ga-negative studies. In the 70 patients having 67Ga-positive lung lesions, mediastinal 67Ga uptake had a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 86%, predictive values of 93% for a positive test and 76% for a negative test, and a test accuracy of 87%. These studies, plus those of others, permit selectivity of choosing candidates for mediastinoscopy. If the primary is 67Ga positive, a negative mediastinal scan obviates mediastinoscopy. If the mediastinum is 67Ga positive, mediastinal exploration is indicated. The level of involvement dictates whether resection is undertaken in suitable surgical candidates. This approach, employed since 1976, has lowered the costs of staging, and 67Ga has become our scintigram of choice.", "PMID": 758566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10909", "title": "Lung cancer involving the superior vena cava: pneumonectomy with concomitant partial resection of superior vena cava.", "content": "We report two cases in which partial resection and reconstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) were performed with the use of a temporary SVC-right atrial internal bypass for complete resection of carcinoma of the right lung. In the first case, the SVC was invaded by the primary tumor itself, arising in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe. In the second case a metastasized tracheobronchial lymph node had invaded the SVC. In both cases, partial resection of SVC was performed safely with the internal bypass technique.", "contents": "Lung cancer involving the superior vena cava: pneumonectomy with concomitant partial resection of superior vena cava. We report two cases in which partial resection and reconstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) were performed with the use of a temporary SVC-right atrial internal bypass for complete resection of carcinoma of the right lung. In the first case, the SVC was invaded by the primary tumor itself, arising in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe. In the second case a metastasized tracheobronchial lymph node had invaded the SVC. In both cases, partial resection of SVC was performed safely with the internal bypass technique.", "PMID": 758567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10910", "title": "Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "To assess the early topographic changes after acute transmural myocardial infarction, we studied 28 patients during the first two weeks after infarction by serial two-dimensional echocardiography. Regional end-diastolic segment lengths and wall thicknesses for anterior and posterior left ventricular walls were calculated. Eight patients showed infarct expansion, with disproportionate dilatation and transmural thinning in the infarcted zone, that was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from changes in non-infarcted regions. This regional expansion led to an overall left ventricular dilatation in these eight patients of 25 per cent compared to 5 per cent in the 20 patients without infarct expansion. Although the eight patients with regional expansion did not have significantly higher peak creatine kinase or Killip classification, they had a significantly greater eight-week mortality (four of eight versus none of 20, P less than 0.004). Thus, regional cardiac dilatation may be an early, lethal consequence of transmural infarcts, and appears to be an important mechanism of acute cardiac dilatation after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. To assess the early topographic changes after acute transmural myocardial infarction, we studied 28 patients during the first two weeks after infarction by serial two-dimensional echocardiography. Regional end-diastolic segment lengths and wall thicknesses for anterior and posterior left ventricular walls were calculated. Eight patients showed infarct expansion, with disproportionate dilatation and transmural thinning in the infarcted zone, that was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from changes in non-infarcted regions. This regional expansion led to an overall left ventricular dilatation in these eight patients of 25 per cent compared to 5 per cent in the 20 patients without infarct expansion. Although the eight patients with regional expansion did not have significantly higher peak creatine kinase or Killip classification, they had a significantly greater eight-week mortality (four of eight versus none of 20, P less than 0.004). Thus, regional cardiac dilatation may be an early, lethal consequence of transmural infarcts, and appears to be an important mechanism of acute cardiac dilatation after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 758578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10911", "title": "Duodenal-ulcer disease associated with elevated serum pepsinogen I: an inherited autosomal dominant disorder.", "content": "To delineate genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer, serum pepsinogen I levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in two large kindreds with multiple members affected with duodenal ulcer. An elevated serum immunoreactive pepsinogen I concentration (greater than 100 ng per milliliter) segregated as an autosomal dominant trait in these families. Furthermore, 10 of 11 patients with clinical ulcer disease in these families had hyperpepsinogenemia. An elevated serum pepsinogen I concentration appears to be a subclinical marker of the ulcer diathesis in families with this autosomal dominant form of peptic-ulcer disease.", "contents": "Duodenal-ulcer disease associated with elevated serum pepsinogen I: an inherited autosomal dominant disorder. To delineate genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer, serum pepsinogen I levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in two large kindreds with multiple members affected with duodenal ulcer. An elevated serum immunoreactive pepsinogen I concentration (greater than 100 ng per milliliter) segregated as an autosomal dominant trait in these families. Furthermore, 10 of 11 patients with clinical ulcer disease in these families had hyperpepsinogenemia. An elevated serum pepsinogen I concentration appears to be a subclinical marker of the ulcer diathesis in families with this autosomal dominant form of peptic-ulcer disease.", "PMID": 758579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10912", "title": "A rationale for continued federal support of medical education.", "content": "Changing circumstances and shifting public attitudes are forcing policy makers and educators to reconsider the rationale for a continuing federal role in support of medical education. Federal institutional support programs are criticized as being inappropriate to current and future needs, socially inequitable and subject to abuse by a coercive governmental apparatus. A rationale for federal support can be advanced, but such support must be designed to avoid unwarranted subsidies and to encourage maximum reliance upon private-sector resources, and should be confined to functions for which the federal government in uniquely suited. The appropriate federal role is conceived as being the ultimate guarantor of financial access to the medical-education system by otherwise qualified students, perfecting the market for human-capital investment.", "contents": "A rationale for continued federal support of medical education. Changing circumstances and shifting public attitudes are forcing policy makers and educators to reconsider the rationale for a continuing federal role in support of medical education. Federal institutional support programs are criticized as being inappropriate to current and future needs, socially inequitable and subject to abuse by a coercive governmental apparatus. A rationale for federal support can be advanced, but such support must be designed to avoid unwarranted subsidies and to encourage maximum reliance upon private-sector resources, and should be confined to functions for which the federal government in uniquely suited. The appropriate federal role is conceived as being the ultimate guarantor of financial access to the medical-education system by otherwise qualified students, perfecting the market for human-capital investment.", "PMID": 758580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10913", "title": "Viral hepatitis, type B. Studies on natural history and prevention re-examined.", "content": "Frozen serial serum specimens obtained from past studies on the natural history and prevention of Type B hepatitis in children were retested by radioimmunoassay for the following markers of hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The interval between exposure and evidence of viremia (HBsAg) was as short as six days. HBsAg and HBeAg persisted for two to five months and occasionally for more than one year after recovery. After the disappearance of their respective antigens, anti-HBc and anti-HBs persisted for more than seven years and anti-HBe for one to two years. Treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin after exposure induced complete or partial protection or prolongation of the incubation period. Administration of heat-inactivated hepatitis B virus, MS-2 strain, to 29 children induced an inapparent infection in three, characterized by a transient appearance of HBsAg and HBeAg, and the persistence of anti-HBc, anti-HBe and anti-HBs for more than two years.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis, type B. Studies on natural history and prevention re-examined. Frozen serial serum specimens obtained from past studies on the natural history and prevention of Type B hepatitis in children were retested by radioimmunoassay for the following markers of hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The interval between exposure and evidence of viremia (HBsAg) was as short as six days. HBsAg and HBeAg persisted for two to five months and occasionally for more than one year after recovery. After the disappearance of their respective antigens, anti-HBc and anti-HBs persisted for more than seven years and anti-HBe for one to two years. Treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin after exposure induced complete or partial protection or prolongation of the incubation period. Administration of heat-inactivated hepatitis B virus, MS-2 strain, to 29 children induced an inapparent infection in three, characterized by a transient appearance of HBsAg and HBeAg, and the persistence of anti-HBc, anti-HBe and anti-HBs for more than two years.", "PMID": 758598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10914", "title": "Autoradiographic enhancement of mammograms. Investigation of a new dose reduction technique.", "content": "Autoradiographic image enhancement using thiourea labeled with 35S was investigated as a means of reducing dose in mammography. It was found that mammograms underexposed as much as tenfold can be autoradiographically intensified so that the enhanced image is comparable with a normal exposure. Limitations to routine use include cost, processing time, and disposal of radioactive solutions.", "contents": "Autoradiographic enhancement of mammograms. Investigation of a new dose reduction technique. Autoradiographic image enhancement using thiourea labeled with 35S was investigated as a means of reducing dose in mammography. It was found that mammograms underexposed as much as tenfold can be autoradiographically intensified so that the enhanced image is comparable with a normal exposure. Limitations to routine use include cost, processing time, and disposal of radioactive solutions.", "PMID": 758636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10915", "title": "Single-view mammography screening. Three-year follow-up of interval cancer cases.", "content": "In 1974, screening trials indicated that both the sensitivity and specificity of single-view mammography are high. During the subsequent three years, 11 cases of breast carcinoma have been detected in the study population of 6,845 women aged 40 or older. The average incidence was three cases per year, compared to the expected rate of 8.9. The age-adjusted incidence rate in 1975, the year after screening, was 55.4 per 100,000, which is 40% of the expected rate of 140. In 1976 it was 75.9, or 54% of the expected rate of 141. These results support the view that single-view mammography is an efficient screening method, at least in the subject population described.", "contents": "Single-view mammography screening. Three-year follow-up of interval cancer cases. In 1974, screening trials indicated that both the sensitivity and specificity of single-view mammography are high. During the subsequent three years, 11 cases of breast carcinoma have been detected in the study population of 6,845 women aged 40 or older. The average incidence was three cases per year, compared to the expected rate of 8.9. The age-adjusted incidence rate in 1975, the year after screening, was 55.4 per 100,000, which is 40% of the expected rate of 140. In 1976 it was 75.9, or 54% of the expected rate of 141. These results support the view that single-view mammography is an efficient screening method, at least in the subject population described.", "PMID": 758637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10916", "title": "Trisomy 9p, a chromosome aberration with distinct radiologic findings.", "content": "Radiographic analysis of 33 cases of trisomy 9p (21 familial, 12 nonfamilial) disclosed consistent abnormalities in the hands, feet, and pelvic bones, with one exception (subsequently considered a misdiagnosis). Most of the abnormalities were present only during the period of epiphyseal growth and occurred with similar frequency in both familial and nonfamilial cases. There was no correlation between the severity of osseous involvement and the amount of trisomic chromosomal material. The pattern of radiographic findings in trisomy 9p appears to be unique, at least among chromosome aberrations, and may help in establishing a specific diagnosis in nonfamilial cases.", "contents": "Trisomy 9p, a chromosome aberration with distinct radiologic findings. Radiographic analysis of 33 cases of trisomy 9p (21 familial, 12 nonfamilial) disclosed consistent abnormalities in the hands, feet, and pelvic bones, with one exception (subsequently considered a misdiagnosis). Most of the abnormalities were present only during the period of epiphyseal growth and occurred with similar frequency in both familial and nonfamilial cases. There was no correlation between the severity of osseous involvement and the amount of trisomic chromosomal material. The pattern of radiographic findings in trisomy 9p appears to be unique, at least among chromosome aberrations, and may help in establishing a specific diagnosis in nonfamilial cases.", "PMID": 758640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10917", "title": "Radiologic findings in persistent thyroglossal tract fistulas.", "content": "Recurrent cysts and persistent fistulas are frequent complications of thyroglossal cystectomy if the excision is not extended through the hyoid bone to the foramen cecum. In 3 cases of persistent thyroglossal tracts, fistulography was performed and found to be valuable in demonstrating the extent of the tract. Surgical excision was completed and specimens were examined histologically. The retained upper portion of the thyroglossal tract was the established cause of the recurrent symptoms; removal of the entire tract up to the foramen cecum was confirmed as the recommended procedure.", "contents": "Radiologic findings in persistent thyroglossal tract fistulas. Recurrent cysts and persistent fistulas are frequent complications of thyroglossal cystectomy if the excision is not extended through the hyoid bone to the foramen cecum. In 3 cases of persistent thyroglossal tracts, fistulography was performed and found to be valuable in demonstrating the extent of the tract. Surgical excision was completed and specimens were examined histologically. The retained upper portion of the thyroglossal tract was the established cause of the recurrent symptoms; removal of the entire tract up to the foramen cecum was confirmed as the recommended procedure.", "PMID": 758641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10918", "title": "Computed tomography in oculocraniosomatic disease (Kearns-Sayre syndrome).", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) in patients with oculocraniosomatic disease (OCSD) or Kearns-Sayre syndrome has not been previously reported to the authors' knowledge. CT scans were performed in 6 children and 3 adults with OCSD. Abnormalities in children included: intracranial calcifications (4 patients); white matter disease (3 patients); cerebellar hypoplasia (1 patient); and scattered areas of decreased density in the cerebellar hemispheres, mesencephalon, and thalamus (1 patient). CT scans were normal in all adults. OCSD should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with intracranial calcification and white matter disease.", "contents": "Computed tomography in oculocraniosomatic disease (Kearns-Sayre syndrome). Computed tomography (CT) in patients with oculocraniosomatic disease (OCSD) or Kearns-Sayre syndrome has not been previously reported to the authors' knowledge. CT scans were performed in 6 children and 3 adults with OCSD. Abnormalities in children included: intracranial calcifications (4 patients); white matter disease (3 patients); cerebellar hypoplasia (1 patient); and scattered areas of decreased density in the cerebellar hemispheres, mesencephalon, and thalamus (1 patient). CT scans were normal in all adults. OCSD should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with intracranial calcification and white matter disease.", "PMID": 758643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10919", "title": "Computed body tomography in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "CT of the pancrease permitted correct positive diagnosis in 28/50 or 56% of patients with chronic pancreatitis proved by laparotomy or retrograde ductography. Diagnoses were based on CT identification of one or more specific hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis including calcifications (18/50 or 36%), parenchymal atrophy (7/50 or 14%) and pancreatic duct dilatation (2/50 or 4%), as well as the principal surgical complications, pseudocyst and abscess (15/50 or 30%). In 9 patients, CT disclosed pancreatic calcifications not visible on conventional radiographs. In 32 patients, ultrasound was less informative than CT giving a correct diagnosis in 8 pseudocycts (25%). In the patient with unexplained upper abdominal complaints, a positive CT diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis permits more confident patient management than a negative, or \"no tumor\" diagnosis rendered by other noninvasive examinations.", "contents": "Computed body tomography in chronic pancreatitis. CT of the pancrease permitted correct positive diagnosis in 28/50 or 56% of patients with chronic pancreatitis proved by laparotomy or retrograde ductography. Diagnoses were based on CT identification of one or more specific hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis including calcifications (18/50 or 36%), parenchymal atrophy (7/50 or 14%) and pancreatic duct dilatation (2/50 or 4%), as well as the principal surgical complications, pseudocyst and abscess (15/50 or 30%). In 9 patients, CT disclosed pancreatic calcifications not visible on conventional radiographs. In 32 patients, ultrasound was less informative than CT giving a correct diagnosis in 8 pseudocycts (25%). In the patient with unexplained upper abdominal complaints, a positive CT diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis permits more confident patient management than a negative, or \"no tumor\" diagnosis rendered by other noninvasive examinations.", "PMID": 758645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10920", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of post-nephrectomy patients.", "content": "Twenty-one CT examinations were performed in 19 patients who had undergone previous nephrectomy for renal carcinoma or retroperitoneal malignancy. Nine patients were free of disease and 10 had recurrence. Findings of recurrent disease included masses in the vacant renal fossa, inability to visualize the inferior vena cava or aorta, and ipsilateral psoas muscle thickening. Possible pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of post-nephrectomy patients. Twenty-one CT examinations were performed in 19 patients who had undergone previous nephrectomy for renal carcinoma or retroperitoneal malignancy. Nine patients were free of disease and 10 had recurrence. Findings of recurrent disease included masses in the vacant renal fossa, inability to visualize the inferior vena cava or aorta, and ipsilateral psoas muscle thickening. Possible pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 758646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10921", "title": "The effect of the distended urinary bladder on placental position and its importance in amniocentesis.", "content": "Ultrasonography was performed using the full-bladder technique in 58 patients with intrauterine gestations. Postvoiding scans were then obtained to assess changes in placental position and determine the optimal window for amniocentesis. Twenty-two of the 41 patients with gestations between 13 and 21 weeks and 4 of the 17 with gestations between 24 and 34 weeks had changes in placental position after voiding, presumably due to the effect of the distended bladder on uterine position. These findings should be considered when using ultrasound to locate a suitable window for amniocentesis.", "contents": "The effect of the distended urinary bladder on placental position and its importance in amniocentesis. Ultrasonography was performed using the full-bladder technique in 58 patients with intrauterine gestations. Postvoiding scans were then obtained to assess changes in placental position and determine the optimal window for amniocentesis. Twenty-two of the 41 patients with gestations between 13 and 21 weeks and 4 of the 17 with gestations between 24 and 34 weeks had changes in placental position after voiding, presumably due to the effect of the distended bladder on uterine position. These findings should be considered when using ultrasound to locate a suitable window for amniocentesis.", "PMID": 758648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10922", "title": "The heterogeneous liver scan: ultrasound correlation.", "content": "Fifty-five heterogeneous technetium-99m sulfur colloid liver scans of 48 patients with suspected metastatic disease were compared with gray scale ultrasound results. Of the 52 ultrasound scans corresponding to the nuclear scans with mild to moderate heterogeneity, 35 (67%) were normal, 11 (21%) were consistent with hepatocellular disease, 3 were incomplete because of abdominal gas, and 2 were false positive studies interpreted as suspicious for tumor. Ultrasound is not recommended for searching for space-occupying lesions when the nuclear scan is mild to moderately heterogeneous; it did detect the presence of tumor in 1 of 3 patients with severely \"mottled\" nuclear scans.", "contents": "The heterogeneous liver scan: ultrasound correlation. Fifty-five heterogeneous technetium-99m sulfur colloid liver scans of 48 patients with suspected metastatic disease were compared with gray scale ultrasound results. Of the 52 ultrasound scans corresponding to the nuclear scans with mild to moderate heterogeneity, 35 (67%) were normal, 11 (21%) were consistent with hepatocellular disease, 3 were incomplete because of abdominal gas, and 2 were false positive studies interpreted as suspicious for tumor. Ultrasound is not recommended for searching for space-occupying lesions when the nuclear scan is mild to moderately heterogeneous; it did detect the presence of tumor in 1 of 3 patients with severely \"mottled\" nuclear scans.", "PMID": 758649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10923", "title": "Radionuclide sinography: diagnosis of lateral sinus thrombosis by dynamic and static brain imaging.", "content": "Four patients with lateral sinus thrombosis were studied by radionuclide (RN) dynamic studies and RN static brain scans. Findings included: (a) abrupt termination of RN activity in the midportion of a lateral sinus (\"stump sign\"); (b) nonvisualization on dynamic, increased visualization on static images ipsilateral to a prominent sinus groove on a plain skull radiograph; and (c) increased activity on static images with nonfilling on angiography. RN demonstration of the \"stump sign\" is pathognomonic of lateral sinus occlusion; the latter two patterns require radiographic demonstration of an ipsilateral sinus groove or angiography for significance.", "contents": "Radionuclide sinography: diagnosis of lateral sinus thrombosis by dynamic and static brain imaging. Four patients with lateral sinus thrombosis were studied by radionuclide (RN) dynamic studies and RN static brain scans. Findings included: (a) abrupt termination of RN activity in the midportion of a lateral sinus (\"stump sign\"); (b) nonvisualization on dynamic, increased visualization on static images ipsilateral to a prominent sinus groove on a plain skull radiograph; and (c) increased activity on static images with nonfilling on angiography. RN demonstration of the \"stump sign\" is pathognomonic of lateral sinus occlusion; the latter two patterns require radiographic demonstration of an ipsilateral sinus groove or angiography for significance.", "PMID": 758651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10924", "title": "Radiologic aspects of hepatic echinococcosis. Value of the intravenous viscerogram and computed tomography.", "content": "Over five years, 105 patients with hepatic echinococcosis were studied. Plain radiographs of the hepatic area yielded the correct diagnosis in 35% of patients. Intravenous viscerograms were diagnostic in all but 14 of the patients (an accuracy of 83%). Computed tomography was performed in 19 cases and proved the most efficient of the techniques--it was diagnostic in all 19 cases. The radiological signs of this entity are discussed.", "contents": "Radiologic aspects of hepatic echinococcosis. Value of the intravenous viscerogram and computed tomography. Over five years, 105 patients with hepatic echinococcosis were studied. Plain radiographs of the hepatic area yielded the correct diagnosis in 35% of patients. Intravenous viscerograms were diagnostic in all but 14 of the patients (an accuracy of 83%). Computed tomography was performed in 19 cases and proved the most efficient of the techniques--it was diagnostic in all 19 cases. The radiological signs of this entity are discussed.", "PMID": 758652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10925", "title": "Parathyroid lesions localized by radionuclide subtraction and ultrasound.", "content": "Radionuclide subtraction technique and gray-scale echography were used to localize parathyroid lesions in 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In 3 cases, surgery verified the scintigraphic findings. All lesions weighed less than 1 g, with the smallest weighing 350 mg. These procedures provide complementary information in preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue.", "contents": "Parathyroid lesions localized by radionuclide subtraction and ultrasound. Radionuclide subtraction technique and gray-scale echography were used to localize parathyroid lesions in 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In 3 cases, surgery verified the scintigraphic findings. All lesions weighed less than 1 g, with the smallest weighing 350 mg. These procedures provide complementary information in preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue.", "PMID": 758653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10926", "title": "Fluorescent thyroid imaging: clinical evaluation of an alternative instrument.", "content": "Fluorescent imaging of the thyroid was performed successfully in 43 patients with incident low-energy photons generated by an x-ray tube. The images were comparable in quality and information content to those obtained with 123l or 99mTc pertechnetate. The estimated absorbed radiation dose to the gland is approximately 40 mrads. Fluorescent imaging is a clinically useful means of evaluating the thyroid.", "contents": "Fluorescent thyroid imaging: clinical evaluation of an alternative instrument. Fluorescent imaging of the thyroid was performed successfully in 43 patients with incident low-energy photons generated by an x-ray tube. The images were comparable in quality and information content to those obtained with 123l or 99mTc pertechnetate. The estimated absorbed radiation dose to the gland is approximately 40 mrads. Fluorescent imaging is a clinically useful means of evaluating the thyroid.", "PMID": 758654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10927", "title": "Late effects on the eye of conformation radiotherapy for carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.", "content": "Sixty patients with carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity were treated with conformation radiotherapy technique (an improved moving-field technique). Only 28 were suitable for long-term follow-up with regard to eye complications. All patients receiving more than 5,800 rads in 6 weeks (1,700 reu in cumulative-radiation-effect dose) had strong panophthalmia with corneal ulceration within 2 years of radiotherapy. Of 21 eyes receiving 800--1,700 reu (2,800--5,400 rads in 6 weeks), 18 experienced visual disturbance from radiation cataracts and 3 equivocal changes at postirradiation intervals of 5 years. No patient receiving less than 800 reu (2,800 rads in 6 weeks) showed such complications.", "contents": "Late effects on the eye of conformation radiotherapy for carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Sixty patients with carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity were treated with conformation radiotherapy technique (an improved moving-field technique). Only 28 were suitable for long-term follow-up with regard to eye complications. All patients receiving more than 5,800 rads in 6 weeks (1,700 reu in cumulative-radiation-effect dose) had strong panophthalmia with corneal ulceration within 2 years of radiotherapy. Of 21 eyes receiving 800--1,700 reu (2,800--5,400 rads in 6 weeks), 18 experienced visual disturbance from radiation cataracts and 3 equivocal changes at postirradiation intervals of 5 years. No patient receiving less than 800 reu (2,800 rads in 6 weeks) showed such complications.", "PMID": 758655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10928", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. IV. Activation of cellular immunity by X irradiation.", "content": "Exposure of only the ileum and jejunum of Holtzman male rats to 100--2000 R resulted in almost immediate and dose-dependent activation of anti-tumor cellular immune mechanisms, as measured in vitro by the cytotoxicity of the animals' peripheral blood lymphoid cells to allogeneic cultured cells from an x-irradiation induced Holtzman rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. These cytotoxic responses were somewhat specific; the lymphoid cells did not kill prostatic adenocarcinoma target cells and cytotoxicity could not be induced by x-irradiation of some tissues other than the small bowel. Results suggest that exposure of an organ to ionizing radiation results in changes which sensitize the lymphoid cells in the animal to recognize and kill cancer cells of the particular tissue. Immunologic suppression by ionizing radiation presumably did not occur because only a small portion of the body was exposed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. IV. Activation of cellular immunity by X irradiation. Exposure of only the ileum and jejunum of Holtzman male rats to 100--2000 R resulted in almost immediate and dose-dependent activation of anti-tumor cellular immune mechanisms, as measured in vitro by the cytotoxicity of the animals' peripheral blood lymphoid cells to allogeneic cultured cells from an x-irradiation induced Holtzman rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. These cytotoxic responses were somewhat specific; the lymphoid cells did not kill prostatic adenocarcinoma target cells and cytotoxicity could not be induced by x-irradiation of some tissues other than the small bowel. Results suggest that exposure of an organ to ionizing radiation results in changes which sensitize the lymphoid cells in the animal to recognize and kill cancer cells of the particular tissue. Immunologic suppression by ionizing radiation presumably did not occur because only a small portion of the body was exposed.", "PMID": 758656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10929", "title": "Pharmacologic enhancement of gallium-67 tumor-to-blood ratios for EMT-6 sarcoma (BALB/c mice).", "content": "At various intervals after intravenous injection of carrier-free 67Ga-citrate, iron dextrane or deferoxamine mesylate was injected into EMT-6 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. After treatment, rapid clearance of 67Ga from soft tissues was observed. Tumor uptake was not greatly affected, and so increased tumor-to-blood ratios were observed. The authors conclude that these drugs can enhance target-to-nontarget uptake ratios for tumors.", "contents": "Pharmacologic enhancement of gallium-67 tumor-to-blood ratios for EMT-6 sarcoma (BALB/c mice). At various intervals after intravenous injection of carrier-free 67Ga-citrate, iron dextrane or deferoxamine mesylate was injected into EMT-6 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. After treatment, rapid clearance of 67Ga from soft tissues was observed. Tumor uptake was not greatly affected, and so increased tumor-to-blood ratios were observed. The authors conclude that these drugs can enhance target-to-nontarget uptake ratios for tumors.", "PMID": 758657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10930", "title": "An improved method for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.", "content": "Insertion of a hooked stylet into the region of a mammographic abnormality is a simple method of localization prior to biopsy. The hook on the stylet does not permit movement of the localization device away from the lesion during the interval between placement and surgical excision. A xeroradiograph of the biopsy specimen determines whether the suspected region was obtained surgically.", "contents": "An improved method for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. Insertion of a hooked stylet into the region of a mammographic abnormality is a simple method of localization prior to biopsy. The hook on the stylet does not permit movement of the localization device away from the lesion during the interval between placement and surgical excision. A xeroradiograph of the biopsy specimen determines whether the suspected region was obtained surgically.", "PMID": 758658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10931", "title": "Pyloric channel ulcers and the air-contrast examination.", "content": "Three patients with pyloric channel ulcers presenting a diagnostic challenge on double-contrast gastrography are reported. These ulcers might have been overlooked had not films of the pyloric region been obtained when the ulcer was filled with barium. The air contrast examination of the distal stomach should be supplemented by the components of the conventional examination likely to show a pyloric channel ulcer as a barium-filled crater.", "contents": "Pyloric channel ulcers and the air-contrast examination. Three patients with pyloric channel ulcers presenting a diagnostic challenge on double-contrast gastrography are reported. These ulcers might have been overlooked had not films of the pyloric region been obtained when the ulcer was filled with barium. The air contrast examination of the distal stomach should be supplemented by the components of the conventional examination likely to show a pyloric channel ulcer as a barium-filled crater.", "PMID": 758662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10932", "title": "Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance.", "content": "Isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly occuring in approximately 0.024% of the population. This entity can be diagnosed during life only by coronary angiography. Ten patients with isolated single coronary artery are reported. Based on angiographic analysis, a new classification is proposed, according to the site of origin and anatomical distribution of the branches. Typical angina did not occur with single coronary artery in the absence of coexisting coronary artery disease or aortic stenosis. No correlation was apparent between the type of anomalous patterns and the symptoms of angina.", "contents": "Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance. Isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly occuring in approximately 0.024% of the population. This entity can be diagnosed during life only by coronary angiography. Ten patients with isolated single coronary artery are reported. Based on angiographic analysis, a new classification is proposed, according to the site of origin and anatomical distribution of the branches. Typical angina did not occur with single coronary artery in the absence of coexisting coronary artery disease or aortic stenosis. No correlation was apparent between the type of anomalous patterns and the symptoms of angina.", "PMID": 758666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10933", "title": "Intramural hematoma (incomplete perforation) of the esophagus associated with esophageal dilatation.", "content": "Five cases of intramural hematoma of the esophagus complicating esophageal dilatation are presented along with a review of the literature. In all 5 patients, this complication developed during dilatation for benign stricture. The esophagram in each patient demonstrated double columns of contrast material separated by a radiolucent stripe, characteristic of incomplete tear of the esophagus. All 5 responded to conservative management without complication.", "contents": "Intramural hematoma (incomplete perforation) of the esophagus associated with esophageal dilatation. Five cases of intramural hematoma of the esophagus complicating esophageal dilatation are presented along with a review of the literature. In all 5 patients, this complication developed during dilatation for benign stricture. The esophagram in each patient demonstrated double columns of contrast material separated by a radiolucent stripe, characteristic of incomplete tear of the esophagus. All 5 responded to conservative management without complication.", "PMID": 758667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10934", "title": "Gastric polyps in familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Familial polyposis coli has been considered a disease in which polyps are confined to the colon and rectum. The authors recently saw 3 cases in which either adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps were also present in the stomach and duodenum. The polyps were detected only by endoscopy or air-contrast radiographic examination. These cases and other recent studies indicate that gastric and duodenal polyps are more common in familial polyposis coli than previously recognized and should be considered an integral part of the syndrome.", "contents": "Gastric polyps in familial polyposis coli. Familial polyposis coli has been considered a disease in which polyps are confined to the colon and rectum. The authors recently saw 3 cases in which either adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps were also present in the stomach and duodenum. The polyps were detected only by endoscopy or air-contrast radiographic examination. These cases and other recent studies indicate that gastric and duodenal polyps are more common in familial polyposis coli than previously recognized and should be considered an integral part of the syndrome.", "PMID": 758668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10935", "title": "Fibrous ureteral polyps.", "content": "Twelve cases of fibrous ureteral polyps are presented, illustrating their characteristic radiographic appearances. Two types--a long pedunculated mobile variety having a smooth surface, and a relatively shorter lesion covered with thin, finger-like projections--may be identified. Demonstration of the typical findings on excretory urography and/or retrograde ureterography establishes the diagnosis and permits surgical conservatism. Although no sex preponderance was noted, a wide sex-related age disparity was observed, the involved males being much younger than the females.", "contents": "Fibrous ureteral polyps. Twelve cases of fibrous ureteral polyps are presented, illustrating their characteristic radiographic appearances. Two types--a long pedunculated mobile variety having a smooth surface, and a relatively shorter lesion covered with thin, finger-like projections--may be identified. Demonstration of the typical findings on excretory urography and/or retrograde ureterography establishes the diagnosis and permits surgical conservatism. Although no sex preponderance was noted, a wide sex-related age disparity was observed, the involved males being much younger than the females.", "PMID": 758670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10936", "title": "Cervical spine trauma: the common combined conditions.", "content": "The two most common groups of combined traumatic conditions of the cervical spine are hyperextension and hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. In a series of 400 patients with fractures and/or dislocations of the cervical spine, 25% had hyperextension and 19% hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. A computer analysis of the cases revealed that there are five distinct types of hyperextension and four types of hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. Each of the types is considered as to incidence, causes, mechanism of injury, and roentgen and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Cervical spine trauma: the common combined conditions. The two most common groups of combined traumatic conditions of the cervical spine are hyperextension and hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. In a series of 400 patients with fractures and/or dislocations of the cervical spine, 25% had hyperextension and 19% hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. A computer analysis of the cases revealed that there are five distinct types of hyperextension and four types of hyperflexion fracture-dislocations. Each of the types is considered as to incidence, causes, mechanism of injury, and roentgen and differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 758671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10937", "title": "Double-contrast arthrography of the elbow.", "content": "Double-contrast arthrography using gravity provides more detail than single-contrast techniques. With gravity, air rises to the uppermost portion of the joint and the positive contrast material settles. The cartilagenous articular surfaces and the synovial lining of the elbow are coated with contrast material and highlighted by the intra-articular air. Cartilagenous intra-articular bodies can be identified and located and the size of cartilagenous encapsulated osseous bodies can be confirmed. This method is faster to perform and easier to interpret than single-contrast studies, exposes the patient less than a tomographic examination, and is helpful before surgical exploration.", "contents": "Double-contrast arthrography of the elbow. Double-contrast arthrography using gravity provides more detail than single-contrast techniques. With gravity, air rises to the uppermost portion of the joint and the positive contrast material settles. The cartilagenous articular surfaces and the synovial lining of the elbow are coated with contrast material and highlighted by the intra-articular air. Cartilagenous intra-articular bodies can be identified and located and the size of cartilagenous encapsulated osseous bodies can be confirmed. This method is faster to perform and easier to interpret than single-contrast studies, exposes the patient less than a tomographic examination, and is helpful before surgical exploration.", "PMID": 758672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10938", "title": "Echolocation and pursuit of prey by bats.", "content": "Echolocating bats use different information-gathering strategies for hunting prey in open, uncluttered environments, in relatively open environments with some obstacles, and in densely cluttered environments. These situations differ in the extent to which individual targets such as flying insects can be detected as isolated objects or must be separated perceptually from backgrounds. Echolocating bats also differ in whether they use high-resolution, multidimensional images of targets or concentrate specifically on one particular target dimension, such as movement, to detect prey.", "contents": "Echolocation and pursuit of prey by bats. Echolocating bats use different information-gathering strategies for hunting prey in open, uncluttered environments, in relatively open environments with some obstacles, and in densely cluttered environments. These situations differ in the extent to which individual targets such as flying insects can be detected as isolated objects or must be separated perceptually from backgrounds. Echolocating bats also differ in whether they use high-resolution, multidimensional images of targets or concentrate specifically on one particular target dimension, such as movement, to detect prey.", "PMID": 758674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10939", "title": "Diphytanyl and dibiphytanyl glycerol ether lipids of methanogenic archaebacteria.", "content": "The lipids of nine different methanogenic bacterial strains are comprised of diphytanyl glycerol diethers, previously known only in extremely halophilic bacterial, as well as dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraethers, known formerly only in the extremely thermoacidophilic bacteria Thermoplasma and Sulfolobus. Of the methanogens examined from four representative taxonomic groups, Methanobacterium and Methanospirillum contained both types of isopranyl ethers in nearly equal proportions, whereas the coccal forms, Methanosarcina and Methanococcus, possessed diphytanyl glycerol diethers, but with only a trace of or no dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraethers. The occurrence of both types of isopranyl glycerol ethers in methanogenic bacteria supports the proposal that they have a close genealogical relationship to the extremely halophilic and thermoacidophilic bacteria.", "contents": "Diphytanyl and dibiphytanyl glycerol ether lipids of methanogenic archaebacteria. The lipids of nine different methanogenic bacterial strains are comprised of diphytanyl glycerol diethers, previously known only in extremely halophilic bacterial, as well as dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraethers, known formerly only in the extremely thermoacidophilic bacteria Thermoplasma and Sulfolobus. Of the methanogens examined from four representative taxonomic groups, Methanobacterium and Methanospirillum contained both types of isopranyl ethers in nearly equal proportions, whereas the coccal forms, Methanosarcina and Methanococcus, possessed diphytanyl glycerol diethers, but with only a trace of or no dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraethers. The occurrence of both types of isopranyl glycerol ethers in methanogenic bacteria supports the proposal that they have a close genealogical relationship to the extremely halophilic and thermoacidophilic bacteria.", "PMID": 758677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10940", "title": "Ethanol ingestion: differences in blood acetaldehyde concentrations in relatives of alcoholics and controls.", "content": "Blood acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly elevated after a moderate ethanol dose in 20 healthy young men with alcoholic parents or siblings compared to matched controls with no familial alcoholism.", "contents": "Ethanol ingestion: differences in blood acetaldehyde concentrations in relatives of alcoholics and controls. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly elevated after a moderate ethanol dose in 20 healthy young men with alcoholic parents or siblings compared to matched controls with no familial alcoholism.", "PMID": 758678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10941", "title": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase: thermolabile enzyme in erythrocytes of subjects homozygous for allele for low activity.", "content": "Low catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity (less than 8 units per milliliter) in the human erythrocyte is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (COMTL). The average half-life of COMT in erythrocyte lysates incubated at 48 degrees C was significantly shorter in lysates from three subjects with low enzyme activity than in lysates from three subjects with high enzyme activity (12.5 +/- 0.9 minutes compared with 21.2 +/- 1.4 minutes, P less than .01). When the ratios of COMT activities in lysates heated at 48 degrees C for 15 minutes to enzyme activities in unheated samples were used as a measure of enzyme thermostability in blood samples from 316 randomly selected subjects, the ratios were significantly less for subjects with low enzyme activity than for subjects with higher enzyme activity. The presense of thermolabile COMT in blood of individuals homozygous for COMTL raises the possibility that the locus COMT may represent the structural gene for the human enzyme.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase: thermolabile enzyme in erythrocytes of subjects homozygous for allele for low activity. Low catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity (less than 8 units per milliliter) in the human erythrocyte is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (COMTL). The average half-life of COMT in erythrocyte lysates incubated at 48 degrees C was significantly shorter in lysates from three subjects with low enzyme activity than in lysates from three subjects with high enzyme activity (12.5 +/- 0.9 minutes compared with 21.2 +/- 1.4 minutes, P less than .01). When the ratios of COMT activities in lysates heated at 48 degrees C for 15 minutes to enzyme activities in unheated samples were used as a measure of enzyme thermostability in blood samples from 316 randomly selected subjects, the ratios were significantly less for subjects with low enzyme activity than for subjects with higher enzyme activity. The presense of thermolabile COMT in blood of individuals homozygous for COMTL raises the possibility that the locus COMT may represent the structural gene for the human enzyme.", "PMID": 758679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10942", "title": "Cholecystokinin in the brains of obese and nonobese mice.", "content": "Extracts of the cerebral cortes of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice with hyperphagia contain 0.05 +/- 0.02 microgram (mean +/- standard error) of cholecystokinin octapeptide equivalent per gram of wet weight compared to 0.15 +/- 0.01 microgram per gram for their nonobese littermates and 0.20 +/- 0.01 microgram per gram for normal LAF1 mice. These findings are suggestive of a causal relation between the diminished brain immunoreactive cholecystokinin content and the unrestrained appetite of the obese mice.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin in the brains of obese and nonobese mice. Extracts of the cerebral cortes of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice with hyperphagia contain 0.05 +/- 0.02 microgram (mean +/- standard error) of cholecystokinin octapeptide equivalent per gram of wet weight compared to 0.15 +/- 0.01 microgram per gram for their nonobese littermates and 0.20 +/- 0.01 microgram per gram for normal LAF1 mice. These findings are suggestive of a causal relation between the diminished brain immunoreactive cholecystokinin content and the unrestrained appetite of the obese mice.", "PMID": 758680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10943", "title": "Target range-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat.", "content": "Echolocating bats determine distance to targets by the time delay between their emitted biosonar pulses and the returning echoes. By varying the delay between synthetic pulses and echoes in stimulus pairs at various repetition rates and durations, neurons have been found in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat (Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus) which are sensitive to target range during the search, approach, and terminal phases of prey capture or landing. Two classes of range-sensitive neurons were found: (i) tracking neurons, whose best delay for response to an echo following the emitted pulse becomes shorter and narrower as the bat closes in on the target, and (ii) range-tuned neurons, whose best delay is constant, and which respond to the target only when it is within a certain narrow fixed range. Range-tuned neurons are specialized for processing echoes only during a particular period of the search, approach, or terminal phases of echolocation, and they provide support for a theory of ranging in bats that incorporates groups of neurons with a spectrum of preferred echo delays to detect target distance.", "contents": "Target range-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. Echolocating bats determine distance to targets by the time delay between their emitted biosonar pulses and the returning echoes. By varying the delay between synthetic pulses and echoes in stimulus pairs at various repetition rates and durations, neurons have been found in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat (Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus) which are sensitive to target range during the search, approach, and terminal phases of prey capture or landing. Two classes of range-sensitive neurons were found: (i) tracking neurons, whose best delay for response to an echo following the emitted pulse becomes shorter and narrower as the bat closes in on the target, and (ii) range-tuned neurons, whose best delay is constant, and which respond to the target only when it is within a certain narrow fixed range. Range-tuned neurons are specialized for processing echoes only during a particular period of the search, approach, or terminal phases of echolocation, and they provide support for a theory of ranging in bats that incorporates groups of neurons with a spectrum of preferred echo delays to detect target distance.", "PMID": 758681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10944", "title": "Reducing epileptic seizures through operant conditioning of central nervous system activity: procedural variables.", "content": "Operant conditioning of the sensorimotor rhythm of the human electroencephalogram with time-outs contingent on epileptiform activity reduces epileptic seizure rates in patients whose seizures are not well controlled by medication. A comparison of this procedure with time-out training alone demonstrates that operant conditioning of the sensorimotor rhythm is neither necessary nor sufficient for seizure reduction.", "contents": "Reducing epileptic seizures through operant conditioning of central nervous system activity: procedural variables. Operant conditioning of the sensorimotor rhythm of the human electroencephalogram with time-outs contingent on epileptiform activity reduces epileptic seizure rates in patients whose seizures are not well controlled by medication. A comparison of this procedure with time-out training alone demonstrates that operant conditioning of the sensorimotor rhythm is neither necessary nor sufficient for seizure reduction.", "PMID": 758682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10945", "title": "Plasticity: the mirror of experience.", "content": "A simple avoidance training procedure during early development produces massive neural traces in visual and somatic cortices of kittens reared in a normal environment. A preponderance of cells in these areas had response preferences for the stimuli used during training. Furthermore, some of these cells exhibited properties never found in normal animals not receiving such training. It appears that, even in an environment in which many other stimuli are present, some early experiences powerfully affect brain development and the way in which other experiences exert their effect.", "contents": "Plasticity: the mirror of experience. A simple avoidance training procedure during early development produces massive neural traces in visual and somatic cortices of kittens reared in a normal environment. A preponderance of cells in these areas had response preferences for the stimuli used during training. Furthermore, some of these cells exhibited properties never found in normal animals not receiving such training. It appears that, even in an environment in which many other stimuli are present, some early experiences powerfully affect brain development and the way in which other experiences exert their effect.", "PMID": 758683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10946", "title": "Tumor surveillance: how tumors may resist macrophage-mediated host defense.", "content": "Both normal human serum and supernatant from explanted malignant tumors contained a heat-stable low-molecular-weight factor that inhibited monocyte activation in vitro. In contrast, serum from individuals with solid tumors enhanced monocyte activation. It is suggested that the systemic activation of monocytes that occurs in malignant disease may be an appropriate host response but that successful tumors may continue to grow because they subvert the normal physiological signal for inhibition of macrophage activation.", "contents": "Tumor surveillance: how tumors may resist macrophage-mediated host defense. Both normal human serum and supernatant from explanted malignant tumors contained a heat-stable low-molecular-weight factor that inhibited monocyte activation in vitro. In contrast, serum from individuals with solid tumors enhanced monocyte activation. It is suggested that the systemic activation of monocytes that occurs in malignant disease may be an appropriate host response but that successful tumors may continue to grow because they subvert the normal physiological signal for inhibition of macrophage activation.", "PMID": 758686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10947", "title": "Raphe inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "content": "Anatomical and electrophysiological studies suggest that the medullary raphe gives rise to a monosynaptic, inhibitory projection on sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Physiological and behavioral data indicate that this sympathoinhibitory pathway participates in the central control of cardiovascular function.", "contents": "Raphe inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Anatomical and electrophysiological studies suggest that the medullary raphe gives rise to a monosynaptic, inhibitory projection on sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Physiological and behavioral data indicate that this sympathoinhibitory pathway participates in the central control of cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 758687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10948", "title": "Cerebral glucose utilization: local changes during and after recovery from spreading cortical depression.", "content": "Cerebral glucose utilization is markedly increased in most areas of the cerebral cortex and reduced in many subcortical structures during spreading cortical depression. During recovery, cortical glucose utilization is still elevated, but the increased metabolic activity is distributed in columns running perpendicularly through the cortex.", "contents": "Cerebral glucose utilization: local changes during and after recovery from spreading cortical depression. Cerebral glucose utilization is markedly increased in most areas of the cerebral cortex and reduced in many subcortical structures during spreading cortical depression. During recovery, cortical glucose utilization is still elevated, but the increased metabolic activity is distributed in columns running perpendicularly through the cortex.", "PMID": 758688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10949", "title": "Postoperative evaluation of the exocrine function of the pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy.", "content": "The exocrine function of the residual pancreas of eight patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy was studied with the 131I-triolein absorption test and by 75Se-selenomethionine scintiscanning. In six patients, a pancreaticojejunostomy was performed, while in the other two patients, the pancreatic duct of the residual pancreas was ligated. The fecal 131I-triolein excretory rate in the duct ligation group was more than 50 per cent, while, in all but one patient in the duct anastomosis group, it was less than 10 per cent. Pancreatic scintiscanning in the duct ligation group was negative before and after operation. All of the patients with anastomosis of the duct had an image of the pancreas before operation. However, postoperatively, scintiscanning of the pancreas was negative in two patients and became negative late in the postoperative period in four others without any decline of fat absorption. The cause for this postoperative change in scintiscanning of the pancreas and the discrepancy of this finding with that obtained with the 131I-triolein absorption test remains to be studied.", "contents": "Postoperative evaluation of the exocrine function of the pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The exocrine function of the residual pancreas of eight patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy was studied with the 131I-triolein absorption test and by 75Se-selenomethionine scintiscanning. In six patients, a pancreaticojejunostomy was performed, while in the other two patients, the pancreatic duct of the residual pancreas was ligated. The fecal 131I-triolein excretory rate in the duct ligation group was more than 50 per cent, while, in all but one patient in the duct anastomosis group, it was less than 10 per cent. Pancreatic scintiscanning in the duct ligation group was negative before and after operation. All of the patients with anastomosis of the duct had an image of the pancreas before operation. However, postoperatively, scintiscanning of the pancreas was negative in two patients and became negative late in the postoperative period in four others without any decline of fat absorption. The cause for this postoperative change in scintiscanning of the pancreas and the discrepancy of this finding with that obtained with the 131I-triolein absorption test remains to be studied.", "PMID": 758690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10950", "title": "Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening procedure for neoplasia of the colon.", "content": "Two hundred asymptomatic United States veterans older than 40 years of age were evaluated with a flexible sigmoidoscope plus Hemoccult stool tests. Mean distance and time for the former were 56.4 centimeters and 7.4 minutes, respectively. There were no complications. Polyps greater than or equal to 0.5 centimeter in diameter were found in 11.9 per cent of those older than 50 years. No polyps of this size were found in patients younger than 50 year of age. Results of Hemoccult tests were negative in 83.3 per cent of those with polyps. A flexible sigmoidoscope is a safe, rapid and effective means of identifying that portion of the asymptomatic adult population having colonic polyps. For this purpose, it is vastly more sensitive than Hemoccult stool testing. Because of the relationship between colonic polyps and carcinoma, this technique may prove invaluable in the identification of those patients with an increased potential for the development of carcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening procedure for neoplasia of the colon. Two hundred asymptomatic United States veterans older than 40 years of age were evaluated with a flexible sigmoidoscope plus Hemoccult stool tests. Mean distance and time for the former were 56.4 centimeters and 7.4 minutes, respectively. There were no complications. Polyps greater than or equal to 0.5 centimeter in diameter were found in 11.9 per cent of those older than 50 years. No polyps of this size were found in patients younger than 50 year of age. Results of Hemoccult tests were negative in 83.3 per cent of those with polyps. A flexible sigmoidoscope is a safe, rapid and effective means of identifying that portion of the asymptomatic adult population having colonic polyps. For this purpose, it is vastly more sensitive than Hemoccult stool testing. Because of the relationship between colonic polyps and carcinoma, this technique may prove invaluable in the identification of those patients with an increased potential for the development of carcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 758691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10951", "title": "Morbidity of a negative finding at laparotomy in abdominal trauma.", "content": "Although it is undesirable to perform an unneeded laparotomy in patients with abdominal trauma, it is more serious to delay exploration and incur morbidity or mortality. Because a negative finding at laparotomy has a low incidence of complications, early exploration is justified in instances in which intra-abdominal injury is suspected. Although peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma and selective exploration for some stab wounds may reduce the incidence of unnecessary laparotomies, the high incidence of major injury associated with gunshot wounds precludes use of selective exploration as a reasonable policy.", "contents": "Morbidity of a negative finding at laparotomy in abdominal trauma. Although it is undesirable to perform an unneeded laparotomy in patients with abdominal trauma, it is more serious to delay exploration and incur morbidity or mortality. Because a negative finding at laparotomy has a low incidence of complications, early exploration is justified in instances in which intra-abdominal injury is suspected. Although peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma and selective exploration for some stab wounds may reduce the incidence of unnecessary laparotomies, the high incidence of major injury associated with gunshot wounds precludes use of selective exploration as a reasonable policy.", "PMID": 758692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10952", "title": "Gracilis muscle flap for closure of the persistent perineal sinus.", "content": "A persistent perineal sinus may develop in those patients undergoing proctocolectomy for inflammatory intestinal disease. Healing often resists the traditional methods of wound management. Wide excision, transposition of the vascularized gracilis muscle flap into the rigid cavity and closure have all allowed rapid primary healing to occur and the return of these patients to full function.", "contents": "Gracilis muscle flap for closure of the persistent perineal sinus. A persistent perineal sinus may develop in those patients undergoing proctocolectomy for inflammatory intestinal disease. Healing often resists the traditional methods of wound management. Wide excision, transposition of the vascularized gracilis muscle flap into the rigid cavity and closure have all allowed rapid primary healing to occur and the return of these patients to full function.", "PMID": 758693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10953", "title": "Cholelithiasis following subtotal gastric resection with truncal vagotomy.", "content": "Subtotal gastrectomy with bilateral truncal vagotomy is a good operation for peptic ulcer disease. Recurrence rates are low, and diarrhea and dumping are usually tolerable. The development of gallstones following this procedure, however, has become more problematic in that further opeation becomes a real necessity. In two groups of patients having undergone a standardized subtotal gastrectomy, with and without truncal vagotomy, only 6 per cent of the patients with resection alone had biliary calculi develop. This is consistent with the incidence of gallstone formation in the normal population. However, in the group undergoing resection with bilateral vagotomy, 21 per cent had gallstones develop which were detected by ultrasonography or oral cholecystography and confirmed at operation. This suggests that cholelithiasis following truncal vagotomy is a long term complication which must be recognized and, unless otherwise indicated, requires an additional surgical procedure. Only when results of long term follow-up studies verify the therapeutic effectiveness of such operations as highly selective or parietal cell vagotomy without drainage will a more physiologically sound operation be within our grasp.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis following subtotal gastric resection with truncal vagotomy. Subtotal gastrectomy with bilateral truncal vagotomy is a good operation for peptic ulcer disease. Recurrence rates are low, and diarrhea and dumping are usually tolerable. The development of gallstones following this procedure, however, has become more problematic in that further opeation becomes a real necessity. In two groups of patients having undergone a standardized subtotal gastrectomy, with and without truncal vagotomy, only 6 per cent of the patients with resection alone had biliary calculi develop. This is consistent with the incidence of gallstone formation in the normal population. However, in the group undergoing resection with bilateral vagotomy, 21 per cent had gallstones develop which were detected by ultrasonography or oral cholecystography and confirmed at operation. This suggests that cholelithiasis following truncal vagotomy is a long term complication which must be recognized and, unless otherwise indicated, requires an additional surgical procedure. Only when results of long term follow-up studies verify the therapeutic effectiveness of such operations as highly selective or parietal cell vagotomy without drainage will a more physiologically sound operation be within our grasp.", "PMID": 758694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10954", "title": "Lipase and colipase in canine pancreatic juice as etiologic factors in fat necrosis.", "content": "Lipase and colipase have been purified to homogeneity from canine pancreatic juice. The purity of the lipase and colipase preparations was established by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Either lipase or colipase alone did not produce fat necrosis when injected intraperitoneally into mice. Fat necrosis was seen only when both lipase and colipase were used together. Selective removal of lipase from fresh canine pancreatic juice by immunoprecipitation with an antilipase specific antiserum also eliminated its fat necrotizing activity. Together, these results identify the fat necrotizing factors to be pancreatic lipase and colipase. Their uncontrolled release during acute pancreatitis is believed to constitute the cause of fat necrosis. The absolute amount of lipolytic activity was not found to be the crucial factor in the induction of fat necrosis. It is suggested that the colipase molecule may have other functions besides enhancing the lipolytic activity of purified lipase in causing fat cell necrosis.", "contents": "Lipase and colipase in canine pancreatic juice as etiologic factors in fat necrosis. Lipase and colipase have been purified to homogeneity from canine pancreatic juice. The purity of the lipase and colipase preparations was established by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Either lipase or colipase alone did not produce fat necrosis when injected intraperitoneally into mice. Fat necrosis was seen only when both lipase and colipase were used together. Selective removal of lipase from fresh canine pancreatic juice by immunoprecipitation with an antilipase specific antiserum also eliminated its fat necrotizing activity. Together, these results identify the fat necrotizing factors to be pancreatic lipase and colipase. Their uncontrolled release during acute pancreatitis is believed to constitute the cause of fat necrosis. The absolute amount of lipolytic activity was not found to be the crucial factor in the induction of fat necrosis. It is suggested that the colipase molecule may have other functions besides enhancing the lipolytic activity of purified lipase in causing fat cell necrosis.", "PMID": 758695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10955", "title": "Chronic mesenteric ischemia masquerading as cancer.", "content": "Mesenteric vascular insufficiency should be suspected in patients with a history of abdominal pain, marked weight loss and significant atherosclerosis. Selective mesenteric angiography is essential and should be used early in the work-up studies of such patients. To ensure clinical correlation, there should be significant occlusion demonstrated in two of the three major mesenteric arteries. Four patients studied extensively for an intra-abdominal neoplasm had occlusive disease of the mesenteric artery demonstrated by arteriography. Elective surgical revascularization of the intestine successfully corrected the problem.", "contents": "Chronic mesenteric ischemia masquerading as cancer. Mesenteric vascular insufficiency should be suspected in patients with a history of abdominal pain, marked weight loss and significant atherosclerosis. Selective mesenteric angiography is essential and should be used early in the work-up studies of such patients. To ensure clinical correlation, there should be significant occlusion demonstrated in two of the three major mesenteric arteries. Four patients studied extensively for an intra-abdominal neoplasm had occlusive disease of the mesenteric artery demonstrated by arteriography. Elective surgical revascularization of the intestine successfully corrected the problem.", "PMID": 758697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10956", "title": "An experimental study of the correction of gastroesophageal reflux by gastroplasty.", "content": "The rationale and efficacy of gastroplasty in controlling gastroesophageal reflux were studied by manometry and cinefluorography in the dog. The pressure in a 7 by 3 centimeter gastric tube, constructed from the lesser curvature of the stomach and interposed between the esophagus and the stomach, was 3.6 +/- 1.0 centimeters higher than in the stomach. When abdominal compression was applied, the pressures were similar in the tube and the adjacent stomach, 19.0 +/- 4.0 and 19.4 +/- 4.0 centimeters, and free reflux was demonstrated between the two. When the gastric fundus was wrapped around the gastroplasty tube, its resting pressure was 13.1 +/- 0.5 centimeters higher than gastric pressure. During abdominal compression, the pressure in the gastric tube increased to 23.0 +/- 0.6 centimeters suggesting a flutter-valve arrangement that produced an effective antireflux barrier. These data suggest that gastroplasty can be an effective antireflux method only when combined with fundic wrap.", "contents": "An experimental study of the correction of gastroesophageal reflux by gastroplasty. The rationale and efficacy of gastroplasty in controlling gastroesophageal reflux were studied by manometry and cinefluorography in the dog. The pressure in a 7 by 3 centimeter gastric tube, constructed from the lesser curvature of the stomach and interposed between the esophagus and the stomach, was 3.6 +/- 1.0 centimeters higher than in the stomach. When abdominal compression was applied, the pressures were similar in the tube and the adjacent stomach, 19.0 +/- 4.0 and 19.4 +/- 4.0 centimeters, and free reflux was demonstrated between the two. When the gastric fundus was wrapped around the gastroplasty tube, its resting pressure was 13.1 +/- 0.5 centimeters higher than gastric pressure. During abdominal compression, the pressure in the gastric tube increased to 23.0 +/- 0.6 centimeters suggesting a flutter-valve arrangement that produced an effective antireflux barrier. These data suggest that gastroplasty can be an effective antireflux method only when combined with fundic wrap.", "PMID": 758698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10957", "title": "Lyophilization of crystalline hemoglobin solution and exchange transfusions with lyophilized, reconstituted hemoglobin.", "content": "Crystalline hemoglobin solution was lyophilized following deoxygenation or addition of several compounds, or both, to establish protective conditions for obtaining freeze-dried hemoglobin chemically and functionally unaltered and clinically suitable as a blood substitute. Glucose and sucrose were most active in protecting the hemoglobin molecule from deterioration. The results of stability studies demonstrated that lyophilized hemoglobin maintained at 4 degrees C. did not show any significant alteration in structure and function for a period of nine months. Freeze-dried hemoglobin samples stored at room temperature were unchanged for six months, but after this time, a progressive increase in methemoglobin content and a decrease in P50 were observed. The effectiveness of lyophilized hemoglobin in vivo was investigated by transfusions in rats exchanged to blood replacements of 75 or 95 per cent, using lyophilized hemoglobin reconstituted soon after lyophilization or after seven months of storage at room temperature. The data show that lyophilized, reconstituted hemoglobin is effective in restoring or maintaining, or both, vital signs. In rats transfused to a 75 per cent blood replacement, several hematologic and physiologic parameters change soon after transfusion but return to normal pretransfusion levels within seven days after transfusion.", "contents": "Lyophilization of crystalline hemoglobin solution and exchange transfusions with lyophilized, reconstituted hemoglobin. Crystalline hemoglobin solution was lyophilized following deoxygenation or addition of several compounds, or both, to establish protective conditions for obtaining freeze-dried hemoglobin chemically and functionally unaltered and clinically suitable as a blood substitute. Glucose and sucrose were most active in protecting the hemoglobin molecule from deterioration. The results of stability studies demonstrated that lyophilized hemoglobin maintained at 4 degrees C. did not show any significant alteration in structure and function for a period of nine months. Freeze-dried hemoglobin samples stored at room temperature were unchanged for six months, but after this time, a progressive increase in methemoglobin content and a decrease in P50 were observed. The effectiveness of lyophilized hemoglobin in vivo was investigated by transfusions in rats exchanged to blood replacements of 75 or 95 per cent, using lyophilized hemoglobin reconstituted soon after lyophilization or after seven months of storage at room temperature. The data show that lyophilized, reconstituted hemoglobin is effective in restoring or maintaining, or both, vital signs. In rats transfused to a 75 per cent blood replacement, several hematologic and physiologic parameters change soon after transfusion but return to normal pretransfusion levels within seven days after transfusion.", "PMID": 758699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10958", "title": "Prevention of hypocalcemia in children due to parathyroid infarction after thyroidectomy.", "content": "A high incidence of hypercalcemia was found in children after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis in 17 patients. The most common cause of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia was not glandular extirpation but, seemingly, infarction due to devascularization. This complication has been eliminated by a change in the operation technique.", "contents": "Prevention of hypocalcemia in children due to parathyroid infarction after thyroidectomy. A high incidence of hypercalcemia was found in children after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis in 17 patients. The most common cause of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia was not glandular extirpation but, seemingly, infarction due to devascularization. This complication has been eliminated by a change in the operation technique.", "PMID": 758700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10959", "title": "Immediate and long term effects of instrumental dilation of the sphincter of Oddi.", "content": "Large dilators passed through the sphincter of Oddi do not prevent retained or recurrent common bile duct stones. Large dilators are more likely to cause postoperative pancreatitis than are small ones. Pancreatitis resulting from maximal dilation is more likely to be severe, and the patients are more likely to die from it.", "contents": "Immediate and long term effects of instrumental dilation of the sphincter of Oddi. Large dilators passed through the sphincter of Oddi do not prevent retained or recurrent common bile duct stones. Large dilators are more likely to cause postoperative pancreatitis than are small ones. Pancreatitis resulting from maximal dilation is more likely to be severe, and the patients are more likely to die from it.", "PMID": 758701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10960", "title": "The extended single transverse neck incision for composite resections.", "content": "An extended single transverse neck incision was used in an unselected group of 40 patients undergoing a composite resection for carcinoma of the head and neck. While 21 of the 40 patients had a fistula and wound infection develop, carotid artery exposure due to flap necrosis occurred in two patients while carotid artery rupture occurred in only two. The extended single transverse neck incision results in a viable flap because of its excellent blood supply. Despite being subjected to fistula formation and infection, it usually results in excellent carotid artery protection, adequate surgical exposure, minimal cosmetic deformity and does not interfere with primary or secondary reconstruction.", "contents": "The extended single transverse neck incision for composite resections. An extended single transverse neck incision was used in an unselected group of 40 patients undergoing a composite resection for carcinoma of the head and neck. While 21 of the 40 patients had a fistula and wound infection develop, carotid artery exposure due to flap necrosis occurred in two patients while carotid artery rupture occurred in only two. The extended single transverse neck incision results in a viable flap because of its excellent blood supply. Despite being subjected to fistula formation and infection, it usually results in excellent carotid artery protection, adequate surgical exposure, minimal cosmetic deformity and does not interfere with primary or secondary reconstruction.", "PMID": 758706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10961", "title": "Assessment of peritoneojugular shunts by direct roentgenographic examination.", "content": "The silicone rubber tubing of the LeVeen peritoneojugular shunt can be safely punctured with a 23 gauge needle. Radiopaque contrast material can be injected through the needle to delineate the cause of any obstruction to the venous tubing.", "contents": "Assessment of peritoneojugular shunts by direct roentgenographic examination. The silicone rubber tubing of the LeVeen peritoneojugular shunt can be safely punctured with a 23 gauge needle. Radiopaque contrast material can be injected through the needle to delineate the cause of any obstruction to the venous tubing.", "PMID": 758707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10962", "title": "A method of aspirating thyroid cysts.", "content": "This method is safe, efficient and dependable. Important points in the method are positioning of the patient and operator, localizing the cyst with one hand and controlling the needle with the other and aspirating material by way of a connection tube to a syringe with the aid of an assistant.", "contents": "A method of aspirating thyroid cysts. This method is safe, efficient and dependable. Important points in the method are positioning of the patient and operator, localizing the cyst with one hand and controlling the needle with the other and aspirating material by way of a connection tube to a syringe with the aid of an assistant.", "PMID": 758708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10963", "title": "Civilian popliteal artery trauma: an eleven year experience with 83 injuries.", "content": "Limb loss is the outcome in one third of previously reported popliteal artery injuries. This report summarizes 83 injuries with an amputation rate of 9.6%. Penetrating traumas accounted for 61 (73%) injuries and blunt traumas for 22 (27%). The incidence of amputation varied with injury type from none in seven stab wounds to three of 19 (15.8%) shotgun wounds. Distal ischemia or a pulse deficit highlights the presence of arterial trauma, and the external wound defines its site in most patients. Urgent operation is indicated by these findings. Equivocal findings suggest less compromised flow, and such patients are managed best by arteriographic confirmation before operation. Early systemic anticoagulation is indicated to decrease distal small-vessel thrombosis. The successful management of these injuries requires early and complete restoration of arterial and venous flow. This is accomplished most effectively by priority definitive reconstruction. Compulsive attention to complete restoration of arterial flow during the initial procedure is mandatory. Resection or bypass of all damaged arterial wall, liberal use of autogenous vein grafts, and repair of concomitant venous injuries enhance continued arterial patency. Routine distal catheter thrombectomy and frequent intraoperative arteriography promote and confirm complete reconstruction. Early performance of four quadrant fasciotomy is indicated if compartmental hypertension is suspected. Thorough debridement of injured and questionably viable soft tissue and adequate fracture stabilization are integral parts of successful revascularization.", "contents": "Civilian popliteal artery trauma: an eleven year experience with 83 injuries. Limb loss is the outcome in one third of previously reported popliteal artery injuries. This report summarizes 83 injuries with an amputation rate of 9.6%. Penetrating traumas accounted for 61 (73%) injuries and blunt traumas for 22 (27%). The incidence of amputation varied with injury type from none in seven stab wounds to three of 19 (15.8%) shotgun wounds. Distal ischemia or a pulse deficit highlights the presence of arterial trauma, and the external wound defines its site in most patients. Urgent operation is indicated by these findings. Equivocal findings suggest less compromised flow, and such patients are managed best by arteriographic confirmation before operation. Early systemic anticoagulation is indicated to decrease distal small-vessel thrombosis. The successful management of these injuries requires early and complete restoration of arterial and venous flow. This is accomplished most effectively by priority definitive reconstruction. Compulsive attention to complete restoration of arterial flow during the initial procedure is mandatory. Resection or bypass of all damaged arterial wall, liberal use of autogenous vein grafts, and repair of concomitant venous injuries enhance continued arterial patency. Routine distal catheter thrombectomy and frequent intraoperative arteriography promote and confirm complete reconstruction. Early performance of four quadrant fasciotomy is indicated if compartmental hypertension is suspected. Thorough debridement of injured and questionably viable soft tissue and adequate fracture stabilization are integral parts of successful revascularization.", "PMID": 758709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10964", "title": "Scalenectomy versus first rib resection for treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome.", "content": "Five years ago a follow-up study of first rib resections disclosed a recurrence rate of over 15%. Many patients were reexplored supraclavicularly, and in every case the anterior scalene muslce was found to be reattached to the bed of the first rib. Scalenectomy invariably was successful, which led to this study of scalenctomy as the first operation for all cases of persistent thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). The study revealed that most patients with TOS gave a history of neck trauma and had symptoms not only of paraesthesias of the hands and weakness of the arms, but also of neck pains and headaches. The common physical findings were tenderness over the scalene muscles and duplication of symptoms with the arms raised. A scalene muslce block with a local anesthetic was the most useful diagnostic test. The good-to-excellent long-term results following 239 scalenctomies and 214 first rib resections were almost identical, 68% and 70%, respectively, with fair results in 20% and 13%, respectively. In patients with a history of neck trauma followed by headache, neck pain, arm weakness, and parasthesias in the hand, anterior and middle scalenectomy should be considered. On the other hand, first rib resection is recommended for patients with no history of neck trauma and symptoms limited to the arm and hand, particularly those patients with signs of arterial or venous insufficiency.", "contents": "Scalenectomy versus first rib resection for treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome. Five years ago a follow-up study of first rib resections disclosed a recurrence rate of over 15%. Many patients were reexplored supraclavicularly, and in every case the anterior scalene muslce was found to be reattached to the bed of the first rib. Scalenectomy invariably was successful, which led to this study of scalenctomy as the first operation for all cases of persistent thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). The study revealed that most patients with TOS gave a history of neck trauma and had symptoms not only of paraesthesias of the hands and weakness of the arms, but also of neck pains and headaches. The common physical findings were tenderness over the scalene muscles and duplication of symptoms with the arms raised. A scalene muslce block with a local anesthetic was the most useful diagnostic test. The good-to-excellent long-term results following 239 scalenctomies and 214 first rib resections were almost identical, 68% and 70%, respectively, with fair results in 20% and 13%, respectively. In patients with a history of neck trauma followed by headache, neck pain, arm weakness, and parasthesias in the hand, anterior and middle scalenectomy should be considered. On the other hand, first rib resection is recommended for patients with no history of neck trauma and symptoms limited to the arm and hand, particularly those patients with signs of arterial or venous insufficiency.", "PMID": 758710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10965", "title": "Obstruction of the superior vena cava.", "content": "A 10 year experience in 66 patients with obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) was reviewed. Pathogenesis was malignancy in all except two patients with granulomatous mediastinitis (3%). Venography was especially helpful in determining extent of SVC obstruction and collateral circulation. Only nine patients are still alive; 57 are dead (mean survival, 3.9 months). Patients with upper airway obstruction and/or cerebral edema only survived 1.4 months (P less than 0.001). The two patients with benign obstruction had a new operation to bypass the SVC using a spiral graft of saphlenous vein with complete relief of SVC syndrome up to 26 months. Lymphomas responded to radiation (63% improved), but response in the bronchogenic carcinoma group was variable (42% improved) and was not related to palliative radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Patients receiving full-course mediastinal radiation (more than 5,000 rads) had improved survival (9.9 months). Three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and severe SVC syndrome (cerebral edema and upper airway obstruction)  had excellent palliation using spiral vein bypass graft and postoperative radiation. This experience suggests that treatment of patients with obstruction of SVC based on evaluation of signs, symptoms, and venography may provide extended palliation. If the syndrome is mild, full-course mediastinal radiation is given. If there is cerebral edema or upper airway obstruction, operation to bypass the SVC will relieve SVC syndrome immediately and will allow orderly radiation therapy.", "contents": "Obstruction of the superior vena cava. A 10 year experience in 66 patients with obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) was reviewed. Pathogenesis was malignancy in all except two patients with granulomatous mediastinitis (3%). Venography was especially helpful in determining extent of SVC obstruction and collateral circulation. Only nine patients are still alive; 57 are dead (mean survival, 3.9 months). Patients with upper airway obstruction and/or cerebral edema only survived 1.4 months (P less than 0.001). The two patients with benign obstruction had a new operation to bypass the SVC using a spiral graft of saphlenous vein with complete relief of SVC syndrome up to 26 months. Lymphomas responded to radiation (63% improved), but response in the bronchogenic carcinoma group was variable (42% improved) and was not related to palliative radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Patients receiving full-course mediastinal radiation (more than 5,000 rads) had improved survival (9.9 months). Three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and severe SVC syndrome (cerebral edema and upper airway obstruction)  had excellent palliation using spiral vein bypass graft and postoperative radiation. This experience suggests that treatment of patients with obstruction of SVC based on evaluation of signs, symptoms, and venography may provide extended palliation. If the syndrome is mild, full-course mediastinal radiation is given. If there is cerebral edema or upper airway obstruction, operation to bypass the SVC will relieve SVC syndrome immediately and will allow orderly radiation therapy.", "PMID": 758711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10966", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of aortic clamping and decompression with a temporary shunt for resection of the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "To assess the effects clamping of the proximal thoracic aorta and of subsequent decompression with a temporary shunt on cardiac function during resection of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, mean arterial (MAP), central venous (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial (MPAP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP), as well as cardiac index (CI), were measured in eight patients at baseline, 2 minutes after clamping the aorta beyond the left carotid or left subclavian artery, and 2 minutes after opening the shunt. Following clamping, MAP, CVP, and PCWP increased significantly (P less than 0.05), while CI decreased significantly, an average of 29%, and heart rate remained unchanged. After opening the shunt, all pressures returned to baseline levels. CI increased, but remained below the baseline level in seven of the eight patients (P less than 0.05). Our data indicate that significant deterioration of left ventricular performance results from clamping and that the deleterious effects can be reversed by use of a temporary shunt. They support the recommendation of proximal aortic decompression during thoracic aneurysmectomy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of aortic clamping and decompression with a temporary shunt for resection of the descending thoracic aorta. To assess the effects clamping of the proximal thoracic aorta and of subsequent decompression with a temporary shunt on cardiac function during resection of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, mean arterial (MAP), central venous (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial (MPAP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP), as well as cardiac index (CI), were measured in eight patients at baseline, 2 minutes after clamping the aorta beyond the left carotid or left subclavian artery, and 2 minutes after opening the shunt. Following clamping, MAP, CVP, and PCWP increased significantly (P less than 0.05), while CI decreased significantly, an average of 29%, and heart rate remained unchanged. After opening the shunt, all pressures returned to baseline levels. CI increased, but remained below the baseline level in seven of the eight patients (P less than 0.05). Our data indicate that significant deterioration of left ventricular performance results from clamping and that the deleterious effects can be reversed by use of a temporary shunt. They support the recommendation of proximal aortic decompression during thoracic aneurysmectomy.", "PMID": 758712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10967", "title": "Surgery in acute and chronic venous disease.", "content": "This report describes a favorable experience with 140 cases of surgical intervention in deep venous disease of the lower extremity, divided between acute and chronic problems. Of these, 107 were treated for acute phlebitis and 33 for deep venous insufficiency. Seventy-seven cases of acute iliofemoral phlebitis underwent thrombectomy. Preoperative venography was done in all, and postoperative venography was done in 57 patients. Of these, 75% had patent iliofemoral segments after a modified surgical approach. A positive correlation has been found between the degree of adherence of the iliofemoral clot and the postoperative patency rate--and this usually can be predicted from the preoperative venographic findings. Clinical follow-up averages 4 years and extends to 11 years. Ligation and division of the superficial femoral vein was done as the sole procedure in 30 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and in five with deep vein insufficiency. Its indications were guided by preoperative venography. It has been successful as a means to control emboli in selected cases. Long-term ill-effects have been minimal. In chronic severe venous insufficiency, expanded applications for surgery are presented. Ligation of incompetent veins, reconstruction of valves, and anastomosis of major segments of the femoral system are presented with preoperative and postoperative studies. Postoperative thrombosis has not been a problem. Specific procedures are presented to remedy chronic problems of the deep venous system.", "contents": "Surgery in acute and chronic venous disease. This report describes a favorable experience with 140 cases of surgical intervention in deep venous disease of the lower extremity, divided between acute and chronic problems. Of these, 107 were treated for acute phlebitis and 33 for deep venous insufficiency. Seventy-seven cases of acute iliofemoral phlebitis underwent thrombectomy. Preoperative venography was done in all, and postoperative venography was done in 57 patients. Of these, 75% had patent iliofemoral segments after a modified surgical approach. A positive correlation has been found between the degree of adherence of the iliofemoral clot and the postoperative patency rate--and this usually can be predicted from the preoperative venographic findings. Clinical follow-up averages 4 years and extends to 11 years. Ligation and division of the superficial femoral vein was done as the sole procedure in 30 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and in five with deep vein insufficiency. Its indications were guided by preoperative venography. It has been successful as a means to control emboli in selected cases. Long-term ill-effects have been minimal. In chronic severe venous insufficiency, expanded applications for surgery are presented. Ligation of incompetent veins, reconstruction of valves, and anastomosis of major segments of the femoral system are presented with preoperative and postoperative studies. Postoperative thrombosis has not been a problem. Specific procedures are presented to remedy chronic problems of the deep venous system.", "PMID": 758713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10968", "title": "Revascularization of the poorly functioning kidney.", "content": "The effect of renal vascularization on renal function in kidneys with poor preoperative excretory function is summarized in this report. Twenty-five patients with kidneys having preoperative creatinine clearance of less than 30 ml/min, as determined during split renal function studies (SRFS), which were revascularized for treatment of secondary renovascular hypertension and then were reevaluated by repeat SRFS form the basis of this report. There were 13 male and 12 female patients. The type of renal artery lesion was atherosclerotic in 21 patients and fibromuscular dysplastic in four patients. Eight individuals had total renal artery occlusion. Significant contralateral renal artery disease was present in 15 patients (60%). Preoperative creatinine clearances in the affected kidneys ranged from 0.27 ml/min (mean, 16 +/- 9 ml/min). after operation, creatinine clearances ranged from 0 to 72 ml/min (mean, 32 +/- 16 ml/mn). Fifteen of the 16 kidneys with preoperative creatinine clearances less than 20 ml/min had improvement in renal function following revascularization (P less than 0.01). Improvement (60%) or cure (36%) in hypertension followed revascularization in 24 of the 25 patients. The most dependable predictor of successful management of both hypertension and retrieval of renal function in these patients was the arteriographic demonstration of a patent distal vessel without evidence of severe intrarenal stenoses. These results support an aggressive attitude toward the use of revascularization in the operative treatment of such patients with renovascular hypertension, even when the residual excretory function is minimal or absent.", "contents": "Revascularization of the poorly functioning kidney. The effect of renal vascularization on renal function in kidneys with poor preoperative excretory function is summarized in this report. Twenty-five patients with kidneys having preoperative creatinine clearance of less than 30 ml/min, as determined during split renal function studies (SRFS), which were revascularized for treatment of secondary renovascular hypertension and then were reevaluated by repeat SRFS form the basis of this report. There were 13 male and 12 female patients. The type of renal artery lesion was atherosclerotic in 21 patients and fibromuscular dysplastic in four patients. Eight individuals had total renal artery occlusion. Significant contralateral renal artery disease was present in 15 patients (60%). Preoperative creatinine clearances in the affected kidneys ranged from 0.27 ml/min (mean, 16 +/- 9 ml/min). after operation, creatinine clearances ranged from 0 to 72 ml/min (mean, 32 +/- 16 ml/mn). Fifteen of the 16 kidneys with preoperative creatinine clearances less than 20 ml/min had improvement in renal function following revascularization (P less than 0.01). Improvement (60%) or cure (36%) in hypertension followed revascularization in 24 of the 25 patients. The most dependable predictor of successful management of both hypertension and retrieval of renal function in these patients was the arteriographic demonstration of a patent distal vessel without evidence of severe intrarenal stenoses. These results support an aggressive attitude toward the use of revascularization in the operative treatment of such patients with renovascular hypertension, even when the residual excretory function is minimal or absent.", "PMID": 758714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10969", "title": "Noninvasive radionuclide assessment of cardiac function in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Disorders of the peripheral vascular system often are associated with heart disease which may increase operative risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of radionuclide angiocardiography for evaluation of cardiac function in patients with vascular disorders. This simple procedure provides measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary blood volume, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction with no significant risk or discomfort to the patient. A total of 22 patients with vascular disorders were studied by this technique. Five patients had systemic arteriovenous malformations. The cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume were documented to be greater than normal in these patients before operation. In three patients studied following closure of the arteriovenous fistula, the cardiac output, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume decreased. Postoperative changes in left ventricular ejection fraction were variable. A group of 17 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease underwent cardiac evaluation. In nine patients with no history of cardiac disease, the lowest ejection fraction of 0.45 occurred in a patient with a saccular thoracic aneurysm, the only patient of the 22 who died after operation. A wide variation in ejection fraction was observed in patients with a history of cardiac disease which ranged from 0.32 to 0.86. Objective documentation of cardiac function by radionuclide angiocardiography would appear to enhance the management of patients with peripheral vascular disorders.", "contents": "Noninvasive radionuclide assessment of cardiac function in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Disorders of the peripheral vascular system often are associated with heart disease which may increase operative risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of radionuclide angiocardiography for evaluation of cardiac function in patients with vascular disorders. This simple procedure provides measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary blood volume, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction with no significant risk or discomfort to the patient. A total of 22 patients with vascular disorders were studied by this technique. Five patients had systemic arteriovenous malformations. The cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume were documented to be greater than normal in these patients before operation. In three patients studied following closure of the arteriovenous fistula, the cardiac output, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume decreased. Postoperative changes in left ventricular ejection fraction were variable. A group of 17 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease underwent cardiac evaluation. In nine patients with no history of cardiac disease, the lowest ejection fraction of 0.45 occurred in a patient with a saccular thoracic aneurysm, the only patient of the 22 who died after operation. A wide variation in ejection fraction was observed in patients with a history of cardiac disease which ranged from 0.32 to 0.86. Objective documentation of cardiac function by radionuclide angiocardiography would appear to enhance the management of patients with peripheral vascular disorders.", "PMID": 758715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10970", "title": "Apperceptive signals demonstrating the dynamic disturbance of myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Analog pressure signals (catheter-tip manometers) from the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta and a flow signal from the arota were obtained in 25, open-chest, anesthetized dogs in which 115 episodes of ischemia were produced in an area of the left ventricle subtended by the distal left anterior descending coronary artery and its last major diagonal branch. The left ventricular pressure and its first derivative (dP/dt) were displayed as an X-Y loop. The character of this loop went through a unique series of dynamic changes in 110 of the 115 ischemic episodes, indicating that this is a useful tool for monitoring myocardial ischemia. Spectrum pairs of the above signals were analyzed with digital computational transfer functions in 14 ischemic episodes of three experiments and preliminary assessment reveals unique pole and zero changes in many pairs during each episode which also may prove to be a useful indicator of the hemodynamic disturbance incurred during myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Apperceptive signals demonstrating the dynamic disturbance of myocardial ischemia. Analog pressure signals (catheter-tip manometers) from the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta and a flow signal from the arota were obtained in 25, open-chest, anesthetized dogs in which 115 episodes of ischemia were produced in an area of the left ventricle subtended by the distal left anterior descending coronary artery and its last major diagonal branch. The left ventricular pressure and its first derivative (dP/dt) were displayed as an X-Y loop. The character of this loop went through a unique series of dynamic changes in 110 of the 115 ischemic episodes, indicating that this is a useful tool for monitoring myocardial ischemia. Spectrum pairs of the above signals were analyzed with digital computational transfer functions in 14 ischemic episodes of three experiments and preliminary assessment reveals unique pole and zero changes in many pairs during each episode which also may prove to be a useful indicator of the hemodynamic disturbance incurred during myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 758716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10971", "title": "Autogenous tissue reconstruction in the management of infected prosthetic grafts.", "content": "Infection is the most dreaded complication associated with implantation of a prosthetic arterial graft. Although remote bypass followed by complete removal of the infected prosthesis has proven to be a satisfactory method of treatment, in certain instances remote bypass alone is not feasible and other modes of surgical treatment must be employed. This report describes the use of autogenous reconstructions within the infected field, including endarterectomy and replacement of the infected graft with arterial or venous autografts in 24 patients. The key approach in these patients was (1) accurate preoperative assessment of the extent of graft infection, (2) aggressive surgical efforts to remove all infected prosthetic material, and (3) autogenous reconstructions within the infected field to supply critical vascular beds. Three patients died, for a mortality rate of 13%. There were no strokes and only two amputations. Suture lines involving autogenous tissue healed, even when in an infected field. In the aortofemoral group, preservation of aortic continuity is very desirable, when possible. We believe that these techniques provide the maximal potential for salvage of life and limb in the management of this dreaded vascular complication.", "contents": "Autogenous tissue reconstruction in the management of infected prosthetic grafts. Infection is the most dreaded complication associated with implantation of a prosthetic arterial graft. Although remote bypass followed by complete removal of the infected prosthesis has proven to be a satisfactory method of treatment, in certain instances remote bypass alone is not feasible and other modes of surgical treatment must be employed. This report describes the use of autogenous reconstructions within the infected field, including endarterectomy and replacement of the infected graft with arterial or venous autografts in 24 patients. The key approach in these patients was (1) accurate preoperative assessment of the extent of graft infection, (2) aggressive surgical efforts to remove all infected prosthetic material, and (3) autogenous reconstructions within the infected field to supply critical vascular beds. Three patients died, for a mortality rate of 13%. There were no strokes and only two amputations. Suture lines involving autogenous tissue healed, even when in an infected field. In the aortofemoral group, preservation of aortic continuity is very desirable, when possible. We believe that these techniques provide the maximal potential for salvage of life and limb in the management of this dreaded vascular complication.", "PMID": 758717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10972", "title": "Long-term results of 474 arterial reconstructions for severely ischemic limbs: a fourteen year follow-up.", "content": "A retrospective study of 474 femoropopliteal and femorotibial bypasses performed for limb salvage with a follow-up of up to 14 years is presented. The overall operative mortality rate was 4.2%. Initial limb salvage rate for femoropopliteal was 82.8% and for femorotibial, 67.9%. Cumulative limb salvage rate, as calculated by the life-table method, at 1, 5, 10, and 14 years for femorpopliteal was 67.6%, 59.7%, 54.0%, and 31.5%; for femorotibial 53.9%, 46.9%, 42.2%, and 42.2%. Initial and long-term salvage of severely ischemic lower extremities can be achieved in a large number of patients by revascularization to the popliteal and more distal arterial tree. Therefore we conclude that arterial reconstruction for salvage of severely ischemic limbs should be considered in lieu of primary amputation in all patients with popliteal or tibial run-off.", "contents": "Long-term results of 474 arterial reconstructions for severely ischemic limbs: a fourteen year follow-up. A retrospective study of 474 femoropopliteal and femorotibial bypasses performed for limb salvage with a follow-up of up to 14 years is presented. The overall operative mortality rate was 4.2%. Initial limb salvage rate for femoropopliteal was 82.8% and for femorotibial, 67.9%. Cumulative limb salvage rate, as calculated by the life-table method, at 1, 5, 10, and 14 years for femorpopliteal was 67.6%, 59.7%, 54.0%, and 31.5%; for femorotibial 53.9%, 46.9%, 42.2%, and 42.2%. Initial and long-term salvage of severely ischemic lower extremities can be achieved in a large number of patients by revascularization to the popliteal and more distal arterial tree. Therefore we conclude that arterial reconstruction for salvage of severely ischemic limbs should be considered in lieu of primary amputation in all patients with popliteal or tibial run-off.", "PMID": 758718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10973", "title": "[Retinoid-selective ultraviolet phototherapy (SUP) in psoriasis].", "content": "27 patients with generalized psoriasis were treated with oral administration of Ro 10-9359 (50--75 mg/d) and daily radiations with a source emitting UVA and UVB light at 292.5--335 nm (so called selective UV-phototherapy, SUP). In 24 patients full remission was seen, partly with few remaining lesions at the predilection sites. The average number of sessions necessary for clearing was 21.6 in 5.3 weeks. The total energy required was 68 J/cm2. Only slight side effects, such as cheilitis and hair loss (4 cases) were seen. The clinical efficacy of this combined retinoid-UV-treatment is comparable to the therapeutic effect of systemic PUVA; however, its practicability seems to be higher, and its application on an out-patient basis better.", "contents": "[Retinoid-selective ultraviolet phototherapy (SUP) in psoriasis]. 27 patients with generalized psoriasis were treated with oral administration of Ro 10-9359 (50--75 mg/d) and daily radiations with a source emitting UVA and UVB light at 292.5--335 nm (so called selective UV-phototherapy, SUP). In 24 patients full remission was seen, partly with few remaining lesions at the predilection sites. The average number of sessions necessary for clearing was 21.6 in 5.3 weeks. The total energy required was 68 J/cm2. Only slight side effects, such as cheilitis and hair loss (4 cases) were seen. The clinical efficacy of this combined retinoid-UV-treatment is comparable to the therapeutic effect of systemic PUVA; however, its practicability seems to be higher, and its application on an out-patient basis better.", "PMID": 758719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10974", "title": "[Evaluation of disorders in spermatogenesis and male infertility as based on the study of spermatological results].", "content": "Spermatozoa count, motility, and morphology as semen volumen and fructose are the main spermatological parameters in the assessment of male fertility disturbances. The spermatological findings should be referred to the pattern of spermatozoa transport through the cervical mucus. More extended morphological analyses are necessary in the evaluation of the disturbances of spermatogenesis. The spermatological findings may reflect the clinico-pathological syndromes of the disorders of the germinal epithelium.", "contents": "[Evaluation of disorders in spermatogenesis and male infertility as based on the study of spermatological results]. Spermatozoa count, motility, and morphology as semen volumen and fructose are the main spermatological parameters in the assessment of male fertility disturbances. The spermatological findings should be referred to the pattern of spermatozoa transport through the cervical mucus. More extended morphological analyses are necessary in the evaluation of the disturbances of spermatogenesis. The spermatological findings may reflect the clinico-pathological syndromes of the disorders of the germinal epithelium.", "PMID": 758721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10975", "title": "Effect of intravenous hydrocortisone administration on glucose homeostasis in small for gestational age infants.", "content": "The effects of I.V. hydrocortisone (H) (10 mg/kg) on glucose homeostasis were evaluated at 25 to 85 hours of age in 14 infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) in comparison to 17 control SGA infants. Three hours after H administration, higher levels of plasma glucose than in controls were detected (mean +/- S.E.M.): 4.78 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.88 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (p less than 0.01), while lower levels were found for blood pyruvate (38 +/- 7 vs. 89 +/- 12 mumol/l--p less than 0.01), plasma insulin (6.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 12 +/- 0.8 muIU/ml--p less than 0.05) and plasma glucagon (62.25 +/- 6.6 vs. 81.6 +/- 6.6 pmol/l--p less than 0.05). Three hours after H administration, I.V. injection of L-alanine (150 mg/kg) produced a significant rise over baseline of plasma glucose concentration from 4.78 +/- 0.2 to 5.94 +/- 0.2 mmol/l at 50 min (p less than 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in controls. There was no significant change in plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations after L-alanine injection in either group. These results show that in SGA infants primed with H, the rise of plasma glucose concentration after L-alanine administration is observed with low plasma insulin levels and without stimulation of glucagon secretion. They suggest that H induced a reduced peripheral utilization of glucose by lowering the plasma levels of insulin and a production of glucose from alanine through gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous hydrocortisone administration on glucose homeostasis in small for gestational age infants. The effects of I.V. hydrocortisone (H) (10 mg/kg) on glucose homeostasis were evaluated at 25 to 85 hours of age in 14 infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) in comparison to 17 control SGA infants. Three hours after H administration, higher levels of plasma glucose than in controls were detected (mean +/- S.E.M.): 4.78 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.88 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (p less than 0.01), while lower levels were found for blood pyruvate (38 +/- 7 vs. 89 +/- 12 mumol/l--p less than 0.01), plasma insulin (6.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 12 +/- 0.8 muIU/ml--p less than 0.05) and plasma glucagon (62.25 +/- 6.6 vs. 81.6 +/- 6.6 pmol/l--p less than 0.05). Three hours after H administration, I.V. injection of L-alanine (150 mg/kg) produced a significant rise over baseline of plasma glucose concentration from 4.78 +/- 0.2 to 5.94 +/- 0.2 mmol/l at 50 min (p less than 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in controls. There was no significant change in plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations after L-alanine injection in either group. These results show that in SGA infants primed with H, the rise of plasma glucose concentration after L-alanine administration is observed with low plasma insulin levels and without stimulation of glucagon secretion. They suggest that H induced a reduced peripheral utilization of glucose by lowering the plasma levels of insulin and a production of glucose from alanine through gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 758722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10976", "title": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. II. Social factors and morbidity.", "content": "131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during 1956--1971 were analysed on the basis of data collected prospectively by the infant health visitors and abstracted from police reports. Compared with controls, a significantly larger number of SIDS infants had been born out of wedlock, were living only with their mother, had parents in a less secure occupation, lived in more crowded, poor-quality dwellings and districts. The \"home standard\" was lower among the SIDS families, including a lower standard of infant care, a higher percentage of not keeping the appointments with the infant health visitors and a lower mental capacity in the mothers; there was no difference with respect to the mother's physical capacity. More congenital malformations and more cases of asphyxia were found among the SIDS infants, and a significantly larger number of the SIDS infants had been admitted to hospital, with a tendency to being kept there longer. It is concluded that a relationships exists between poor social conditions, increased morbidity, and SIDS. At the same time, it is pointed out that during recent years the differences between cases and controls as regards certain of the social parameters studied have decreased.", "contents": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. II. Social factors and morbidity. 131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during 1956--1971 were analysed on the basis of data collected prospectively by the infant health visitors and abstracted from police reports. Compared with controls, a significantly larger number of SIDS infants had been born out of wedlock, were living only with their mother, had parents in a less secure occupation, lived in more crowded, poor-quality dwellings and districts. The \"home standard\" was lower among the SIDS families, including a lower standard of infant care, a higher percentage of not keeping the appointments with the infant health visitors and a lower mental capacity in the mothers; there was no difference with respect to the mother's physical capacity. More congenital malformations and more cases of asphyxia were found among the SIDS infants, and a significantly larger number of the SIDS infants had been admitted to hospital, with a tendency to being kept there longer. It is concluded that a relationships exists between poor social conditions, increased morbidity, and SIDS. At the same time, it is pointed out that during recent years the differences between cases and controls as regards certain of the social parameters studied have decreased.", "PMID": 758723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10977", "title": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. III. Perinatal and perimortal factors.", "content": "139 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during the period 1956--1971 were analysed on the basis of data collected from police reports and (for 131 cases) from the infant health visitors' records. In the SIDS group there was a greater male preponderance than among others dying in the same age range. Compared with the living controls, the SIDS mothers had attended less prenatal examinations, more often delivered their babies at home; the SIDS parents were younger, and yet the SIDS infants were less often firstborns. There was no difference with respect to history of abortions, maternal state of health during pregnancy, or events at delivery. The age at death for the SIDS infants is of a distribution similar to that for fatal respiratory infections. Prematures died later than matures, but this difference is not statistically significant. It is concluded that perinatal factors and SIDS are correlated, but owing to changes in predisposing factors and decreasing differences between cases and controls in recent years as well as interdependence of the factors, it seems doubtful whether the incidence of SIDS can be reduced by alleviating the above-mentioned unfavourable factors.", "contents": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. III. Perinatal and perimortal factors. 139 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during the period 1956--1971 were analysed on the basis of data collected from police reports and (for 131 cases) from the infant health visitors' records. In the SIDS group there was a greater male preponderance than among others dying in the same age range. Compared with the living controls, the SIDS mothers had attended less prenatal examinations, more often delivered their babies at home; the SIDS parents were younger, and yet the SIDS infants were less often firstborns. There was no difference with respect to history of abortions, maternal state of health during pregnancy, or events at delivery. The age at death for the SIDS infants is of a distribution similar to that for fatal respiratory infections. Prematures died later than matures, but this difference is not statistically significant. It is concluded that perinatal factors and SIDS are correlated, but owing to changes in predisposing factors and decreasing differences between cases and controls in recent years as well as interdependence of the factors, it seems doubtful whether the incidence of SIDS can be reduced by alleviating the above-mentioned unfavourable factors.", "PMID": 758724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10978", "title": "A variant form of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric and 2-methylacetoacetic aciduria.", "content": "A new case of assumed beta-ketothiolase deficiency, excreting 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and tiglylglycine is described in a 15-year-old boy. The patient presented with episodes of metabolic acidosis following intercurrent infections in the early childhood. After the age of 7 years he has had periods of headache, but no acidotic episodes have occurred even during infections. Systematic dietary treatment has not been instituted, and the patient is physically and mentally normal. This indicates a mild variant of the beta-ketothiolase deficiency. Diagnosis of the condition may be obscured by large quantities of ordinary ketone bodies, and requires gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques.", "contents": "A variant form of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric and 2-methylacetoacetic aciduria. A new case of assumed beta-ketothiolase deficiency, excreting 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and tiglylglycine is described in a 15-year-old boy. The patient presented with episodes of metabolic acidosis following intercurrent infections in the early childhood. After the age of 7 years he has had periods of headache, but no acidotic episodes have occurred even during infections. Systematic dietary treatment has not been instituted, and the patient is physically and mentally normal. This indicates a mild variant of the beta-ketothiolase deficiency. Diagnosis of the condition may be obscured by large quantities of ordinary ketone bodies, and requires gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques.", "PMID": 758725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10979", "title": "Immuno-deficiency in Schwartz-Jampel syndrome.", "content": "Two sisters born in a consanguineous marriage and affected by Schwartz-Jampel syndrome had a complex immunodeficiency, involving not only the humoral but also the cellular immune response.", "contents": "Immuno-deficiency in Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Two sisters born in a consanguineous marriage and affected by Schwartz-Jampel syndrome had a complex immunodeficiency, involving not only the humoral but also the cellular immune response.", "PMID": 758726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10980", "title": "IgG subclass levels in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were determined by electroimmunoassay in 10 pairs of maternal and cord sera and in sera of 162 healthy children, aged 6 weeks to 15 years. Specific rabbit antisera against the IgG subclasses were used. The content of the normal serum pool WHO 67/97 was used as reference. The mean value, standard deviation and normal range of each IgG subclass were calculated for each age group and compared with the adult values. All IgG subclasses were present in cord serum except for IgG4 in those cases where also the maternal serum lacked demonstrable IgG4. The IgG subclasses followed the pattern of total IgG with a fall during the first 3--6 months and a subsequent gradual rise with age. The IgG1 and IgG3 levels rose faster with age than IgG2 and IgG4. Adult levels were not reached before puberty. No IgG4 was detectable in 12--21% of the children above 7 years of age.", "contents": "IgG subclass levels in infancy and childhood. The concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were determined by electroimmunoassay in 10 pairs of maternal and cord sera and in sera of 162 healthy children, aged 6 weeks to 15 years. Specific rabbit antisera against the IgG subclasses were used. The content of the normal serum pool WHO 67/97 was used as reference. The mean value, standard deviation and normal range of each IgG subclass were calculated for each age group and compared with the adult values. All IgG subclasses were present in cord serum except for IgG4 in those cases where also the maternal serum lacked demonstrable IgG4. The IgG subclasses followed the pattern of total IgG with a fall during the first 3--6 months and a subsequent gradual rise with age. The IgG1 and IgG3 levels rose faster with age than IgG2 and IgG4. Adult levels were not reached before puberty. No IgG4 was detectable in 12--21% of the children above 7 years of age.", "PMID": 758727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10981", "title": "Breast milk iron--a declining concentration during the course of lactation.", "content": "The present investigation is the first longitudinal study of the concentration of iron in breast milk and is based on 229 milk samples obtained from 27 mothers during their period of lactation up to 9 months. The samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24-h period to reflect as accurately as possible the actual concentration of iron. The median value declined during the course of lactation from 0.6 to 0.3 mg/l with a large range of values. The results indicate that the concentration is lower than is generally stated or is unusually low in Finnish mothers. As a consequence some infants may require iron supplementation during prolonged breast feeding although in general, the high bioavailability of breast milk iron prevents the development of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Breast milk iron--a declining concentration during the course of lactation. The present investigation is the first longitudinal study of the concentration of iron in breast milk and is based on 229 milk samples obtained from 27 mothers during their period of lactation up to 9 months. The samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24-h period to reflect as accurately as possible the actual concentration of iron. The median value declined during the course of lactation from 0.6 to 0.3 mg/l with a large range of values. The results indicate that the concentration is lower than is generally stated or is unusually low in Finnish mothers. As a consequence some infants may require iron supplementation during prolonged breast feeding although in general, the high bioavailability of breast milk iron prevents the development of iron deficiency.", "PMID": 758728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10982", "title": "The concentrations of copper and zinc in human milk. A longitudinal study.", "content": "Twenty-seven healthy Finnish mothers were followed during the course of their entire lactation period. A total of 229 individual milk samples, collected in the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24-h period, were obtained from the 2nd week to the 9th month of lactation. The copper and zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of the trace-elements investigated were dependent on the stage of lactation. The median copper and zinc concentrations decreased during the course of lactation from about 0.60 mg/l and 4.0 mg/l to 0.25 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. The importance of considering the stage of lactation in the evaluation of the trace-element nutrition value of breast milk should be emphasized. The calculated means of the concentrations of these trace-elements in mature human milk presented in the literature seem to overestimate the actual levels in prolonged lactation.", "contents": "The concentrations of copper and zinc in human milk. A longitudinal study. Twenty-seven healthy Finnish mothers were followed during the course of their entire lactation period. A total of 229 individual milk samples, collected in the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24-h period, were obtained from the 2nd week to the 9th month of lactation. The copper and zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of the trace-elements investigated were dependent on the stage of lactation. The median copper and zinc concentrations decreased during the course of lactation from about 0.60 mg/l and 4.0 mg/l to 0.25 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. The importance of considering the stage of lactation in the evaluation of the trace-element nutrition value of breast milk should be emphasized. The calculated means of the concentrations of these trace-elements in mature human milk presented in the literature seem to overestimate the actual levels in prolonged lactation.", "PMID": 758729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10983", "title": "Renal function in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "A total of 45 infants were studied on the fourth or fifth day of life: 13 term and 10 pre-term infants with serum bilirubin levels ranging between 257 and 390 mumol/l were compared with 12 term and 10 pre-term infants with serum bilirubin levels below 195 mumol/l. The groups did not differ with regard to mean gestational age or mean post-natal age. GFR and CPAH were determined with the single injection clearance method and ability to excrete Na+ was determined following an oral loading of sodium chloride. GFR was lower in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and correlated negatively to the highest recorded serum bilirubin value. CPAH was similar in hyperbilirubinemic infants and controls. The urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Renal function in infants with hyperbilirubinemia. A total of 45 infants were studied on the fourth or fifth day of life: 13 term and 10 pre-term infants with serum bilirubin levels ranging between 257 and 390 mumol/l were compared with 12 term and 10 pre-term infants with serum bilirubin levels below 195 mumol/l. The groups did not differ with regard to mean gestational age or mean post-natal age. GFR and CPAH were determined with the single injection clearance method and ability to excrete Na+ was determined following an oral loading of sodium chloride. GFR was lower in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and correlated negatively to the highest recorded serum bilirubin value. CPAH was similar in hyperbilirubinemic infants and controls. The urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 758731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10984", "title": "Influence of general anaesthesia on ano-rectal manometry in healthy children.", "content": "According to several investigations ano-rectal manometry is a valuable diagnostic test of Hirschsprung's disease. In order to yield accurate results it requires a quiet, calm child who cooperates. In the few instances when this is not possible, general anaesthesia may be desirable. Manometric recordings of the internal and sphincter activity were therefore performed in 15 healthy children when awake and during general anaesthesia. The tonic activity at rest was significantly reduced during anaesthesia. Relaxations of the internal sphincter in response to rectal distension were recorded in all children both when awake and during anaesthesia. They were, however, significantly less pronounced during anaesthesia. These findings strongly suggest that ano-rectal manometry in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease may be performed with advantage during general anaesthesia if the child does not cooperate when awake.", "contents": "Influence of general anaesthesia on ano-rectal manometry in healthy children. According to several investigations ano-rectal manometry is a valuable diagnostic test of Hirschsprung's disease. In order to yield accurate results it requires a quiet, calm child who cooperates. In the few instances when this is not possible, general anaesthesia may be desirable. Manometric recordings of the internal and sphincter activity were therefore performed in 15 healthy children when awake and during general anaesthesia. The tonic activity at rest was significantly reduced during anaesthesia. Relaxations of the internal sphincter in response to rectal distension were recorded in all children both when awake and during anaesthesia. They were, however, significantly less pronounced during anaesthesia. These findings strongly suggest that ano-rectal manometry in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease may be performed with advantage during general anaesthesia if the child does not cooperate when awake.", "PMID": 758732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10985", "title": "Sleep and blood pressure: further observations.", "content": "Twenty-seven healthy people with a wide range of casual blood pressure readings (120/70 to 230/120 mm. Hg) had their blood pressure recorded continuously over a 24-hour period. Arterial pressure fell during sleep and only rose appreciably after the patients had awakened and a further rise was associated with physical activity, once they were out of bed. This pattern was observed in 18 untreated patients and in nine currently receiving hypotensive treatment. This study suggests that arterial pressure is not specifically related to time and is chiefly governed by physical activity and sleep.", "contents": "Sleep and blood pressure: further observations. Twenty-seven healthy people with a wide range of casual blood pressure readings (120/70 to 230/120 mm. Hg) had their blood pressure recorded continuously over a 24-hour period. Arterial pressure fell during sleep and only rose appreciably after the patients had awakened and a further rise was associated with physical activity, once they were out of bed. This pattern was observed in 18 untreated patients and in nine currently receiving hypotensive treatment. This study suggests that arterial pressure is not specifically related to time and is chiefly governed by physical activity and sleep.", "PMID": 758743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10986", "title": "Coronary arteriography in acute transmural myocardial infarction.", "content": "Coronary arteriography was performed 16 +/- 3 days (range 7 to 21 days) in 106 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (61 posterior infarct, 45 anterior infarct). Coronary arteriography was performed without serious complications. Only 44% of patients with anterior infarct had total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery while a significant stenosis of the vessel was observed in the others -27% had a single vessel disease, 49% had two lesions and 22% had three lesions; one patient had angiographically normal coronary arteries. Among the patients with posterior infarction, 21% had one vessel disease and double or triple lesions accounted for 39% of each. Sixty per cent of patients with anterior infarction and 45% with posterior infarction had no collateral vessels. In the others patients collateral circulation had a protective effect only in anterior infarction. Age has no effect on the distribution and number of lesions nor on the development of a collateral circulation. The location and severity of the lesions were not different in patients who presented with arrythmias and those who did not.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography in acute transmural myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed 16 +/- 3 days (range 7 to 21 days) in 106 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (61 posterior infarct, 45 anterior infarct). Coronary arteriography was performed without serious complications. Only 44% of patients with anterior infarct had total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery while a significant stenosis of the vessel was observed in the others -27% had a single vessel disease, 49% had two lesions and 22% had three lesions; one patient had angiographically normal coronary arteries. Among the patients with posterior infarction, 21% had one vessel disease and double or triple lesions accounted for 39% of each. Sixty per cent of patients with anterior infarction and 45% with posterior infarction had no collateral vessels. In the others patients collateral circulation had a protective effect only in anterior infarction. Age has no effect on the distribution and number of lesions nor on the development of a collateral circulation. The location and severity of the lesions were not different in patients who presented with arrythmias and those who did not.", "PMID": 758745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10987", "title": "Comparative effect of counterpulsation and bypass on left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption and dynamics before and after coronary occlusion.", "content": "In this preparation counterpulsation effect was found equivalent to 42 +/- 7% of complete left ventricular bypass before, and 46 +/- 9% post-coronary occlusion. We conclude that counterpulsation is effective mainly by reducing a major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption, i.e., afterload, whereas left ventricular bypass by reducing primarily preload results in secondary afterload reduction when peripheral resistance is unchanged. At the higher left ventricular bypass levels, reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption is far greater than during balloon counterpulsation. Acute functional loss of myocardium does not alter the effect of these assist methods regarding the reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption. Whether selection of either method for clinical application should be made only on the basis of its capability for reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption remains to be justified by conclusive demonstration of beneficial effect of reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption in the specific circulatory disorders.", "contents": "Comparative effect of counterpulsation and bypass on left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption and dynamics before and after coronary occlusion. In this preparation counterpulsation effect was found equivalent to 42 +/- 7% of complete left ventricular bypass before, and 46 +/- 9% post-coronary occlusion. We conclude that counterpulsation is effective mainly by reducing a major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption, i.e., afterload, whereas left ventricular bypass by reducing primarily preload results in secondary afterload reduction when peripheral resistance is unchanged. At the higher left ventricular bypass levels, reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption is far greater than during balloon counterpulsation. Acute functional loss of myocardium does not alter the effect of these assist methods regarding the reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption. Whether selection of either method for clinical application should be made only on the basis of its capability for reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption remains to be justified by conclusive demonstration of beneficial effect of reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption in the specific circulatory disorders.", "PMID": 758747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10988", "title": "Anomalous drainage of the right superior vena cava into the left atrium as an isolated anomaly. Rare case report.", "content": "A case of cyanotic congenital heart disease with left ventricular hypertrophy is described. Cardiac catheterization showed a right superior vena cava draining into the left atrium without other cardiovascular abnormality. This is the fifth case of this rare congenital anomaly described in the literature and the first one reported in a male. The patient was 7-months-old when diagnosed. Despite the important right-to-left shunt, after a follow-up of 2 years, growth and development are normal.", "contents": "Anomalous drainage of the right superior vena cava into the left atrium as an isolated anomaly. Rare case report. A case of cyanotic congenital heart disease with left ventricular hypertrophy is described. Cardiac catheterization showed a right superior vena cava draining into the left atrium without other cardiovascular abnormality. This is the fifth case of this rare congenital anomaly described in the literature and the first one reported in a male. The patient was 7-months-old when diagnosed. Despite the important right-to-left shunt, after a follow-up of 2 years, growth and development are normal.", "PMID": 758748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10989", "title": "Treatment of premature ventricular complexes with acebutolol.", "content": "The effect of intravenous acebutolol versus saline solution on frequent premature ventricular complexes was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study in 20 patients, including 3 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Frequent premature ventricular complexes were abolished or reduced by 75% or more in none of 12 patients given saline solution but in 18 of 20 patients (90%) given acebutolol (P less than 0.001). This therapeutic effect of acebutolol persisted for at least 2.5 hours in 17 of 20 patients (85%), for at least 3.5 hours in 14 (70%) and for at least 4 hours in 8 (40%). Acebutolol was well tolerated by the three patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These data indicate that intravenous acebutolol is useful in the treatment of premature ventricular complexes.", "contents": "Treatment of premature ventricular complexes with acebutolol. The effect of intravenous acebutolol versus saline solution on frequent premature ventricular complexes was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study in 20 patients, including 3 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Frequent premature ventricular complexes were abolished or reduced by 75% or more in none of 12 patients given saline solution but in 18 of 20 patients (90%) given acebutolol (P less than 0.001). This therapeutic effect of acebutolol persisted for at least 2.5 hours in 17 of 20 patients (85%), for at least 3.5 hours in 14 (70%) and for at least 4 hours in 8 (40%). Acebutolol was well tolerated by the three patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These data indicate that intravenous acebutolol is useful in the treatment of premature ventricular complexes.", "PMID": 758758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10990", "title": "Left superior vena cava to left atrial communication diagnosed with radionuclide angiocardiography and with differential right to left shunting.", "content": "Anomalous left superior vena cava to left atrial communication, although rare, should be considered in the presence of a right to left shunt without right ventricular hypertrophy, especially when the cause of the shunt cannot be identified at cardiac catheterization. We present a case with a diagnosis based on two radionuclide techniques. Nuclear angiography, performed after the injection of technetium-99m pertechnetate into the left arm, demonstrated the anomaly. Total body scans performed after intravenous injections of labeled albumin microspheres indicated 65% right to left shunting of left arm venous return but only 9% shunting of right arm venous return, findings that are diagnostic of left superior vena cava to left atrial communication.", "contents": "Left superior vena cava to left atrial communication diagnosed with radionuclide angiocardiography and with differential right to left shunting. Anomalous left superior vena cava to left atrial communication, although rare, should be considered in the presence of a right to left shunt without right ventricular hypertrophy, especially when the cause of the shunt cannot be identified at cardiac catheterization. We present a case with a diagnosis based on two radionuclide techniques. Nuclear angiography, performed after the injection of technetium-99m pertechnetate into the left arm, demonstrated the anomaly. Total body scans performed after intravenous injections of labeled albumin microspheres indicated 65% right to left shunting of left arm venous return but only 9% shunting of right arm venous return, findings that are diagnostic of left superior vena cava to left atrial communication.", "PMID": 758759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10991", "title": "Postpartum acute myocardial infarction: a rare occurrence of uncertain etiology.", "content": "Two women who had an acute myocardial infarction during the early postpartum period are described, and the findings in nine other women previously reported on are summarized. Attention is called to the atypical nature of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction in these patients when compared with myocardial infarction during pregnancy and with ischemic heart disease in men. Postpartum infarcts most often occur in women in their 20s during their first pregnancy, frequently a pregnancy complicated by the preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome, and are associated with a high mortality rate. In one of our patients and one patient previously reported on, the results of coronary arteriography were normal, suggesting that coronary arterial thromboembolism or spasm was a cause of the infarction. Because postpartum myocardial infarction may be unrelated to atherosclerotic narrowing, detailed angiographic studies in such patients appear warranted. These cases indicate the variety and complexity of ischemic heart disease in women.", "contents": "Postpartum acute myocardial infarction: a rare occurrence of uncertain etiology. Two women who had an acute myocardial infarction during the early postpartum period are described, and the findings in nine other women previously reported on are summarized. Attention is called to the atypical nature of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction in these patients when compared with myocardial infarction during pregnancy and with ischemic heart disease in men. Postpartum infarcts most often occur in women in their 20s during their first pregnancy, frequently a pregnancy complicated by the preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome, and are associated with a high mortality rate. In one of our patients and one patient previously reported on, the results of coronary arteriography were normal, suggesting that coronary arterial thromboembolism or spasm was a cause of the infarction. Because postpartum myocardial infarction may be unrelated to atherosclerotic narrowing, detailed angiographic studies in such patients appear warranted. These cases indicate the variety and complexity of ischemic heart disease in women.", "PMID": 758760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10992", "title": "Accelerated ventricular rhythm in childhood.", "content": "Four patients, aged 6 to 14 years, with accelerated ventricular rhythm were studied from June 1976 to June 1978. Three were asymptomatic and had no evidence of cardiac disease. One patient had equivocal evidence of myocarditis. All four patients are well without therapy. The benign nature of this rhythm and the importance of its differentiation from ventricular tachycardia is stressed.", "contents": "Accelerated ventricular rhythm in childhood. Four patients, aged 6 to 14 years, with accelerated ventricular rhythm were studied from June 1976 to June 1978. Three were asymptomatic and had no evidence of cardiac disease. One patient had equivocal evidence of myocarditis. All four patients are well without therapy. The benign nature of this rhythm and the importance of its differentiation from ventricular tachycardia is stressed.", "PMID": 758761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10993", "title": "Asynchronous ventricular relaxation: an angiographic temporal analysis of asynchronous left ventricular relaxation in man.", "content": "Segmental \"early relaxation\" is a common angiographic finding. An attempt was made to elucidate the temporal characteristics of this event. Twenty subjects with and 20 without segmental early relaxation were studied. The left ventricular diastolic relaxation time was precisely determined angiographically, and the findings were as follows: 0.12 +/- 0.04 second (mean +/- standard deviation) in the normal patients, 0.14 +/- 0.03 second in the patients with coronary artery disease but no segmental early relaxation and 0.20 +/- 0.04 second in the patients with segmental early relaxation. These findings indicate that early relaxation is associated with a significantly prolonged ventricular relaxation time. The use of the term asynchronous ventricular relaxation is proposed to denote the disturbed diastolic properties of the ventricle with \"early relaxation.\"", "contents": "Asynchronous ventricular relaxation: an angiographic temporal analysis of asynchronous left ventricular relaxation in man. Segmental \"early relaxation\" is a common angiographic finding. An attempt was made to elucidate the temporal characteristics of this event. Twenty subjects with and 20 without segmental early relaxation were studied. The left ventricular diastolic relaxation time was precisely determined angiographically, and the findings were as follows: 0.12 +/- 0.04 second (mean +/- standard deviation) in the normal patients, 0.14 +/- 0.03 second in the patients with coronary artery disease but no segmental early relaxation and 0.20 +/- 0.04 second in the patients with segmental early relaxation. These findings indicate that early relaxation is associated with a significantly prolonged ventricular relaxation time. The use of the term asynchronous ventricular relaxation is proposed to denote the disturbed diastolic properties of the ventricle with \"early relaxation.\"", "PMID": 758768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10994", "title": "Differential accumulation of radiopaque contrast material in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The differential accumulation of radiographic contrast materials in ischemically damaged and normal myocardium was assessed with direct measurement (fluorescent excitation analysis) of the iodine content of tissue samples from dogs with 48 hour old myocardial infarctions. Tissue samples were obtained 10, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after the intravenous administration of 2 ml/kg body weight of diatrizoate meglumine and sodium (Renografin-76). At all time intervals, the iodine concentration of infarcted tissue was at least threefold greater than that of normal myocardium. At 180 minutes the ratio between iodine concentration in infarcted myocardium and that in normal myocardium was 8.5 and between that in infarcted myocardium and that in blood was 2.6. The iodine concentration in the liver was similar to or greater than that in the infarcted area at time intervals after 10 minutes. These results suggest that the intravenous administration of contrast material may facilitate the identification of acutely infarcted myocardium with computerized X-ray transmission tomography.", "contents": "Differential accumulation of radiopaque contrast material in acute myocardial infarction. The differential accumulation of radiographic contrast materials in ischemically damaged and normal myocardium was assessed with direct measurement (fluorescent excitation analysis) of the iodine content of tissue samples from dogs with 48 hour old myocardial infarctions. Tissue samples were obtained 10, 30, 60 and 180 minutes after the intravenous administration of 2 ml/kg body weight of diatrizoate meglumine and sodium (Renografin-76). At all time intervals, the iodine concentration of infarcted tissue was at least threefold greater than that of normal myocardium. At 180 minutes the ratio between iodine concentration in infarcted myocardium and that in normal myocardium was 8.5 and between that in infarcted myocardium and that in blood was 2.6. The iodine concentration in the liver was similar to or greater than that in the infarcted area at time intervals after 10 minutes. These results suggest that the intravenous administration of contrast material may facilitate the identification of acutely infarcted myocardium with computerized X-ray transmission tomography.", "PMID": 758769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10995", "title": "Release of nucleosides from canine and human hearts as an index of prior ischemia.", "content": "During ischemia, myocardial adenosine triphosphate is degraded to adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. These nucleosides are released into coronary venous blood and may provide an index of ischemia; adenosine may also participate in the autoregulation of coronary flow. In dogs, the temporal relations between reactive hyperemic flow and nucleoside concentrations in regional venous blood were correlated after brief occlusions of a segmental coronary artery. Reactive hyperemia and adenosine release peaked together in 10 seconds, persisted for 10 to 30 seconds and then decreased in a pattern consistent with the hypothesis that they are related. During initial reflow after 45 seconds of ischemia, mean concentrations of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine increased, respectively, to 52, 67 and 114 nmol/100 ml plasma; after 5 minutes of ischemia, the respective levels increased to 58, 1,570 and 1,134 nmol and fell quickly. In nine patients there was a similar release of nucleosides into coronary sinus blood during reperfusion after 59 to 80 minutes of ischemic arrest during cardiac surgery. With initial reflow, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine levels reached 65, 655 and 917 nmol/100 ml of blood, respectively. Inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations remained high for 5 to 10 minutes after cardiac beating resumed, often when production of lactate had decreased. The results indicate that postischemic release of nucleosides reaches significant levels in man as well as animals, is parallel with the duration of ischemia, is temporary and may be a useful supplement to measurement of lactate as an index of prior myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Release of nucleosides from canine and human hearts as an index of prior ischemia. During ischemia, myocardial adenosine triphosphate is degraded to adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. These nucleosides are released into coronary venous blood and may provide an index of ischemia; adenosine may also participate in the autoregulation of coronary flow. In dogs, the temporal relations between reactive hyperemic flow and nucleoside concentrations in regional venous blood were correlated after brief occlusions of a segmental coronary artery. Reactive hyperemia and adenosine release peaked together in 10 seconds, persisted for 10 to 30 seconds and then decreased in a pattern consistent with the hypothesis that they are related. During initial reflow after 45 seconds of ischemia, mean concentrations of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine increased, respectively, to 52, 67 and 114 nmol/100 ml plasma; after 5 minutes of ischemia, the respective levels increased to 58, 1,570 and 1,134 nmol and fell quickly. In nine patients there was a similar release of nucleosides into coronary sinus blood during reperfusion after 59 to 80 minutes of ischemic arrest during cardiac surgery. With initial reflow, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine levels reached 65, 655 and 917 nmol/100 ml of blood, respectively. Inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations remained high for 5 to 10 minutes after cardiac beating resumed, often when production of lactate had decreased. The results indicate that postischemic release of nucleosides reaches significant levels in man as well as animals, is parallel with the duration of ischemia, is temporary and may be a useful supplement to measurement of lactate as an index of prior myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 758770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10996", "title": "Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "The effects of intraaortic counterpulsation on regional myocardial function were studied using ultrasonic dimension gauges in 24 open chest dogs. Pairs of ultrasonic crystals were implanted in the subendocardium of the left ventricle in control, marginally ischemic and ischemic segments. After coronary arterial occlusion, the end-diastolic length of all three segments was increased. Segment shortening was rapidly replaced by systolic expansion in the ischemic segment. In the marginal segment, active shortening decreased by 53% and, in the control segment, shortening was augmented by compensatory operation of the Frank-Starling mechanism. Balloon pumping initiated 10 minutes after coronary occlusion resulted in an increase in mean aortic diastolic pressure from 103 to 115 mm Hg without any significant change in peak systolic pressure. In the marginal segment, end-diastolic length decreased by 3%, and previously reduced shortening increased to 82% of control value, deteriorating again with discontinuation of counterpulsation. Balloon pumping produced no change in the dyskinetic motion of the ischemic segment but caused compensatory augmentation of shortening of the control segment. Thus, counterpulsation selectively improved segment function of the marginally ischemic segment, presumably as a result of a regional increase in myocardial blood flow and in availability of oxygen due to augmented perfusion pressure. The systolic unloading effect was counterbalanced by improved cardiac performance.", "contents": "Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in the dog. The effects of intraaortic counterpulsation on regional myocardial function were studied using ultrasonic dimension gauges in 24 open chest dogs. Pairs of ultrasonic crystals were implanted in the subendocardium of the left ventricle in control, marginally ischemic and ischemic segments. After coronary arterial occlusion, the end-diastolic length of all three segments was increased. Segment shortening was rapidly replaced by systolic expansion in the ischemic segment. In the marginal segment, active shortening decreased by 53% and, in the control segment, shortening was augmented by compensatory operation of the Frank-Starling mechanism. Balloon pumping initiated 10 minutes after coronary occlusion resulted in an increase in mean aortic diastolic pressure from 103 to 115 mm Hg without any significant change in peak systolic pressure. In the marginal segment, end-diastolic length decreased by 3%, and previously reduced shortening increased to 82% of control value, deteriorating again with discontinuation of counterpulsation. Balloon pumping produced no change in the dyskinetic motion of the ischemic segment but caused compensatory augmentation of shortening of the control segment. Thus, counterpulsation selectively improved segment function of the marginally ischemic segment, presumably as a result of a regional increase in myocardial blood flow and in availability of oxygen due to augmented perfusion pressure. The systolic unloading effect was counterbalanced by improved cardiac performance.", "PMID": 758771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10997", "title": "Evaluation of persistent coarctation of aorta after surgery with blood pressure measurement and exercise testing.", "content": "In 16 patients with coarctation of the aorta blood pressure in the arms and legs was measured before and after exercise using a treadmill and the Bruce protocol to achieve a standardized level of exercise. Three patients had had no previous operation; 13 had had a previous surgical repair of the coarctation. Three patients were studied both before and after operation. Two of the 13 patients studied postoperatively were found to have significant residual coarctation on the basis of a postexercise arm to leg pressure gradient that had not been appreciated on routine postoperative examination, and one of these patients was found to have residual coarctation after his second operation. One patient not operated on was believed to have mild coarctation of no clinical significance. Eleven of the 13 patients previously operated on (85%) were found to have had a satisfactory repair. A postexercise arm to leg systolic blood pressure gradient of more than 35 mm Hg after repair of coarctation of the aorta is suggested as an indication for recatheterization.", "contents": "Evaluation of persistent coarctation of aorta after surgery with blood pressure measurement and exercise testing. In 16 patients with coarctation of the aorta blood pressure in the arms and legs was measured before and after exercise using a treadmill and the Bruce protocol to achieve a standardized level of exercise. Three patients had had no previous operation; 13 had had a previous surgical repair of the coarctation. Three patients were studied both before and after operation. Two of the 13 patients studied postoperatively were found to have significant residual coarctation on the basis of a postexercise arm to leg pressure gradient that had not been appreciated on routine postoperative examination, and one of these patients was found to have residual coarctation after his second operation. One patient not operated on was believed to have mild coarctation of no clinical significance. Eleven of the 13 patients previously operated on (85%) were found to have had a satisfactory repair. A postexercise arm to leg systolic blood pressure gradient of more than 35 mm Hg after repair of coarctation of the aorta is suggested as an indication for recatheterization.", "PMID": 758773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10998", "title": "Effect of furosemide on hemodynamics and lung water in acute pulmonary edema secondary to myocardial infarction.", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were carried out in 19 patients with left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. Fourteen patients were studied before and after the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg of furosemide, and five patients served as a control group. Serial measurements included intracardiac pressures, cardiac output and lung water by a double isotope technique. A significant reduction was noted in right atrial (P less than 0.005), pulmonary arterial (P less than 0.0005) and pulmonary wedge pressures (P less than 0.0005) after administration of furosemide. Only the change in right atrial pressure was significantly different from that in the control group (P less than 0.05). Lung water was not changed in 4 patients studied 2 hours after administration of furosemide but was significantly changed in the remaining 10 patients studied 4 to 24 hours after furosemide (P = 0.0001). This change was also significantly different from values in the control group (P less than 0.05). The patients with no reduction in excess lung water also had a smaller reduction in pulmonary wedge pressure and a lower pretreatment stroke work index than the other patients. The mobilization of excess lung water in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure has several features. Despite a prompt diuresis, the reduction in lung water is delayed for at least several hours after the administration of furosemide and may be related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Venodilation may be a major result of treatment with furosemide.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on hemodynamics and lung water in acute pulmonary edema secondary to myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic studies were carried out in 19 patients with left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. Fourteen patients were studied before and after the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg of furosemide, and five patients served as a control group. Serial measurements included intracardiac pressures, cardiac output and lung water by a double isotope technique. A significant reduction was noted in right atrial (P less than 0.005), pulmonary arterial (P less than 0.0005) and pulmonary wedge pressures (P less than 0.0005) after administration of furosemide. Only the change in right atrial pressure was significantly different from that in the control group (P less than 0.05). Lung water was not changed in 4 patients studied 2 hours after administration of furosemide but was significantly changed in the remaining 10 patients studied 4 to 24 hours after furosemide (P = 0.0001). This change was also significantly different from values in the control group (P less than 0.05). The patients with no reduction in excess lung water also had a smaller reduction in pulmonary wedge pressure and a lower pretreatment stroke work index than the other patients. The mobilization of excess lung water in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure has several features. Despite a prompt diuresis, the reduction in lung water is delayed for at least several hours after the administration of furosemide and may be related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Venodilation may be a major result of treatment with furosemide.", "PMID": 758775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_10999", "title": "Safety and efficacy of procainamide infusions.", "content": "Thirty-four patients who were resistant to conventional doses of lidocaine received procainamide intravenously according to a pharmacokinetically designed two infusion technique. A mean peak serum concentration of 7.1 mg/liter was achieved with an average loading dose of 989 mg administered over 1 hour. A mean steady state serum concentration of procainamide of 6.5 mg/liter was achieved with a mean dose of 64.4 mg/kg body weight for the first 24 hours of treatment. Dose, renal impairment, the degree of congestive heart failure and acetylator status influenced the steady state serum concentration of procainamide. Dangerous ventricular arrhythmias were abolished in 74% of the patients at a steady state level of 6.9 +/- 3.7  mg/liter (mean +/- standard deviation). Nonresponders to procainamide had a mean steady state serum concentration of procainamide of 4.2 +/- 2.1 mg/liter (P less than 0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased moderately (10 and 8%, respectively), and heart rate decreased 11%. The infusion was interrupted in one patient because of hypotension. The duration of electrocardiographic conduction intervals was increased slightly in some patients. It is concluded that procainamide administered by this two infusion method is effective and well tolerated by most patients.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of procainamide infusions. Thirty-four patients who were resistant to conventional doses of lidocaine received procainamide intravenously according to a pharmacokinetically designed two infusion technique. A mean peak serum concentration of 7.1 mg/liter was achieved with an average loading dose of 989 mg administered over 1 hour. A mean steady state serum concentration of procainamide of 6.5 mg/liter was achieved with a mean dose of 64.4 mg/kg body weight for the first 24 hours of treatment. Dose, renal impairment, the degree of congestive heart failure and acetylator status influenced the steady state serum concentration of procainamide. Dangerous ventricular arrhythmias were abolished in 74% of the patients at a steady state level of 6.9 +/- 3.7  mg/liter (mean +/- standard deviation). Nonresponders to procainamide had a mean steady state serum concentration of procainamide of 4.2 +/- 2.1 mg/liter (P less than 0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased moderately (10 and 8%, respectively), and heart rate decreased 11%. The infusion was interrupted in one patient because of hypotension. The duration of electrocardiographic conduction intervals was increased slightly in some patients. It is concluded that procainamide administered by this two infusion method is effective and well tolerated by most patients.", "PMID": 758776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11000", "title": "Structured educational program for staff development.", "content": "The development of a mandatory continuing education program for the pharmacy staff of a 675-bed hospital with 10 decentralized pharmacy satellites is described. The therapeutic topics selected for presentation were antibiotics, immunology and adverse drug reactions, diabetes mellitus and acid-base disorders. The format for each subject included a pretest of basic knowledge, a comprehensive lecture, a tape recording, supplemental handout material and readings, and a posttest. Posttests were scheduled three to four weeks following lectures to allow preparation time. Questionnaires were used to evaluate acceptance of the program. Posttest scores for each of the four topics were significantly better than pretest scores (p less than or equal to 0.0001). Questionnaire responses indicated that 97% of the participants believed the program to be worthwhile, and 94% voted to continue the series. The success and acceptance of this approach to continuing education support its application to a comprehensive program of staff development.", "contents": "Structured educational program for staff development. The development of a mandatory continuing education program for the pharmacy staff of a 675-bed hospital with 10 decentralized pharmacy satellites is described. The therapeutic topics selected for presentation were antibiotics, immunology and adverse drug reactions, diabetes mellitus and acid-base disorders. The format for each subject included a pretest of basic knowledge, a comprehensive lecture, a tape recording, supplemental handout material and readings, and a posttest. Posttests were scheduled three to four weeks following lectures to allow preparation time. Questionnaires were used to evaluate acceptance of the program. Posttest scores for each of the four topics were significantly better than pretest scores (p less than or equal to 0.0001). Questionnaire responses indicated that 97% of the participants believed the program to be worthwhile, and 94% voted to continue the series. The success and acceptance of this approach to continuing education support its application to a comprehensive program of staff development.", "PMID": 758784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11001", "title": "Comprehensive pharmaceutical services in the emergency room.", "content": "A decentralized pharmaceutical service functioning in a hospital emergency room from 4 p.m. to midnight daily is described. Start-up costs were determined to be less than $2,200 for the system which includes a mobile medication cart stocked with a limited inventory of prepackaged medications. Approximately 94% of the prescriptions originating from the emergency room from 4 p.m. to 8 a.m. can be filled from the cart. Results of a nine-month survey indicated that an average of 20.6 prescriptions were filled on the 4 p.m. to midnight shift each day, producing an average daily profit over drug expense of $60.51, which was more than the salary expense of the pharmacists providing the service. The time required to provide traditional prescription services has not interfered with the provision of clinical services or opportunities for educating undergraduate pharmacy students who rotate through the area. Implementation of clinical pharmaceutical services with a traditional component is suggested as a cost-effective method of providing such services.", "contents": "Comprehensive pharmaceutical services in the emergency room. A decentralized pharmaceutical service functioning in a hospital emergency room from 4 p.m. to midnight daily is described. Start-up costs were determined to be less than $2,200 for the system which includes a mobile medication cart stocked with a limited inventory of prepackaged medications. Approximately 94% of the prescriptions originating from the emergency room from 4 p.m. to 8 a.m. can be filled from the cart. Results of a nine-month survey indicated that an average of 20.6 prescriptions were filled on the 4 p.m. to midnight shift each day, producing an average daily profit over drug expense of $60.51, which was more than the salary expense of the pharmacists providing the service. The time required to provide traditional prescription services has not interfered with the provision of clinical services or opportunities for educating undergraduate pharmacy students who rotate through the area. Implementation of clinical pharmaceutical services with a traditional component is suggested as a cost-effective method of providing such services.", "PMID": 758785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11002", "title": "Comparison of two methods of observing work areas in a hospital pharmacy.", "content": "Two methods of observing the work area within a pharmacy of an acute care, 140-bed hospital were compared. A work activity recording form was developed from the literature and from discussion with the pharmacy staff. The instrument was coded, tested, and refined in a pilot study. One hospital pharmacy department work area was personally observed for a period of time equal to an entire work week. A time-motion camera was placed in the pharmacy which recorded the activities in the same pharmacy work area for a second work week. The results indicated that the two methods of observation were approximately equivalent for observing the work activities of the nonpharmacists but not for the work activities of the pharmacists. The camera method of observing work areas of a hospital pharmacy appeared to be reliable and inexpensive, but it lacked the precision obtained with the personal observation mode. Further use of time-motion cameras within the hospital pharmacy setting are indicated.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods of observing work areas in a hospital pharmacy. Two methods of observing the work area within a pharmacy of an acute care, 140-bed hospital were compared. A work activity recording form was developed from the literature and from discussion with the pharmacy staff. The instrument was coded, tested, and refined in a pilot study. One hospital pharmacy department work area was personally observed for a period of time equal to an entire work week. A time-motion camera was placed in the pharmacy which recorded the activities in the same pharmacy work area for a second work week. The results indicated that the two methods of observation were approximately equivalent for observing the work activities of the nonpharmacists but not for the work activities of the pharmacists. The camera method of observing work areas of a hospital pharmacy appeared to be reliable and inexpensive, but it lacked the precision obtained with the personal observation mode. Further use of time-motion cameras within the hospital pharmacy setting are indicated.", "PMID": 758786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11003", "title": "Reliability of theophylline clearance in determining chronic oral dosage regimens.", "content": "Predicted and approximated mean serum theophylline concentrations were compared to assess the feasibility of using theophylline clearance, calculated from the intravenous steady-state serum theophylline concentration, to determine appropriate oral dosage requirements. Ten patients with reversible airway disease (age 7 to 64 years) received theophylline (as Aminophylline USP) by constant i.v. infusion. Theophylline clearance was calculated for each patient from steady-state serum theophylline concentrations determined from blood samples obtained after a least 48 hours of constant theophylline infusion. Aminophylline USP tablets were then adminstered orally. Blood levels measured at peak and trough times following oral theophylline administration were used to calculate an approximate mean serum theophylline concentration. The relationship between predicted and approximated mean serum theophylline concentrations was calculated and analyzed by orthogonal least square regression line. Serum theophylline concentrations ranged from 5.1 microgram/ml to 20.1 microgram/ml, and clearances ranged from 0.03 liter/kg/hr to 0.09 liter/kg/hr. During oral therapy, the maximum concentration ranged from 10.4 microgram/ml to 23.8 microgram/ml, while the minimum ranged from 6.5 microgram/ml to 15.2 microgram/ml. The difference between predicted and approximated mean serum concentrations was within +/-1.6 micrograms/ml in all cases. The study indicates that the theophylline clearance calculated from i.v. infusion data can be used to determine appropriate oral dosage requirements.", "contents": "Reliability of theophylline clearance in determining chronic oral dosage regimens. Predicted and approximated mean serum theophylline concentrations were compared to assess the feasibility of using theophylline clearance, calculated from the intravenous steady-state serum theophylline concentration, to determine appropriate oral dosage requirements. Ten patients with reversible airway disease (age 7 to 64 years) received theophylline (as Aminophylline USP) by constant i.v. infusion. Theophylline clearance was calculated for each patient from steady-state serum theophylline concentrations determined from blood samples obtained after a least 48 hours of constant theophylline infusion. Aminophylline USP tablets were then adminstered orally. Blood levels measured at peak and trough times following oral theophylline administration were used to calculate an approximate mean serum theophylline concentration. The relationship between predicted and approximated mean serum theophylline concentrations was calculated and analyzed by orthogonal least square regression line. Serum theophylline concentrations ranged from 5.1 microgram/ml to 20.1 microgram/ml, and clearances ranged from 0.03 liter/kg/hr to 0.09 liter/kg/hr. During oral therapy, the maximum concentration ranged from 10.4 microgram/ml to 23.8 microgram/ml, while the minimum ranged from 6.5 microgram/ml to 15.2 microgram/ml. The difference between predicted and approximated mean serum concentrations was within +/-1.6 micrograms/ml in all cases. The study indicates that the theophylline clearance calculated from i.v. infusion data can be used to determine appropriate oral dosage requirements.", "PMID": 758787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11004", "title": "Comparison of natriuretic and diuretic effects of single and divided doses of furosemide.", "content": "The natriuretic and diuretic effectiveness of once-daily and twice-daily furosemide administration schedules was compared in a two-way crossover study using six normal subjects. Urine was collected for 24hours before and after administration of the first dose of furosemide. Patients received one 40-mg dose or two 20-mg doses of the drug administered six hours apart. Sodium and potassium urine concentrations were measured through flame emission photometry using lithium as an internal standard. Chloride urine concentrations were determined using colorimetric measurement with mercuric thiocyanate. Results were statistically evaluated by a one-way analysis of variance. Results showed no statistically significant differences (p greater than 0.7) between the two regimens in the cumulative 24-hour excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride or water. The average 24-hour sodium excretion following a single 40-mg furosemide dose was 268.9 mEq, while that following administration of the two 20-mg doses was 294.2 mEq. Differences during various intervals within the 24-hour collection period were consistent with the relative sizes of doses administered. It would appear that single daily dose administration regimens would be a logical beginning for furosemide therapy, particularly when lower doses are being considered.", "contents": "Comparison of natriuretic and diuretic effects of single and divided doses of furosemide. The natriuretic and diuretic effectiveness of once-daily and twice-daily furosemide administration schedules was compared in a two-way crossover study using six normal subjects. Urine was collected for 24hours before and after administration of the first dose of furosemide. Patients received one 40-mg dose or two 20-mg doses of the drug administered six hours apart. Sodium and potassium urine concentrations were measured through flame emission photometry using lithium as an internal standard. Chloride urine concentrations were determined using colorimetric measurement with mercuric thiocyanate. Results were statistically evaluated by a one-way analysis of variance. Results showed no statistically significant differences (p greater than 0.7) between the two regimens in the cumulative 24-hour excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride or water. The average 24-hour sodium excretion following a single 40-mg furosemide dose was 268.9 mEq, while that following administration of the two 20-mg doses was 294.2 mEq. Differences during various intervals within the 24-hour collection period were consistent with the relative sizes of doses administered. It would appear that single daily dose administration regimens would be a logical beginning for furosemide therapy, particularly when lower doses are being considered.", "PMID": 758788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11005", "title": "Pharmacy inspections: constitutional without a warrant?", "content": "The implications of the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marshall vs. Barlow's, Inc., regarding warrantless inspections of pharmacies are discussed. Reviewed are the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, related U.S. Supreme Court decisions (Camera vs. Municipal Court and See vs. City of Seattle), new \"probable cause\" standards, and exceptions to the requirement of warrants for inspections. The effect of the Barlow's case with specific reference to FDA, DEA and state board of pharmacy inspections is discussed. Although the Barlow's case has provided further case law in the area of administrative inspections, each case still requires individual resolution. DEA inspections are well delineated by statute and regulation. Under the \"licensing exceptions,\" warrantless pharmacy inspections by the FDA and by boards of pharmacy are probably permissible.", "contents": "Pharmacy inspections: constitutional without a warrant? The implications of the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marshall vs. Barlow's, Inc., regarding warrantless inspections of pharmacies are discussed. Reviewed are the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, related U.S. Supreme Court decisions (Camera vs. Municipal Court and See vs. City of Seattle), new \"probable cause\" standards, and exceptions to the requirement of warrants for inspections. The effect of the Barlow's case with specific reference to FDA, DEA and state board of pharmacy inspections is discussed. Although the Barlow's case has provided further case law in the area of administrative inspections, each case still requires individual resolution. DEA inspections are well delineated by statute and regulation. Under the \"licensing exceptions,\" warrantless pharmacy inspections by the FDA and by boards of pharmacy are probably permissible.", "PMID": 758791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11006", "title": "Use of cholestyramine resin in the treatment of digitoxin toxicity.", "content": "Two case reports describing the treatment of digitoxin toxicity with cholestyramine resin are presented. Both female patients were receiving 100 microgram/day of digitoxin when toxicity occurred. In both patients, digitoxin was discontinued and hypokalemia was corrected. In patient 1, lidocaine hydrochloride and phenytoin sodium also were administered. Serum digitoxin levels were decreased from 43 ng/ml to 21.8 ng/ml and from 42 ng/ml to 29 ng/ml in patients 1 and 2, respectively, following administration of three 4-g doses of cholestyramine resin over a one-day period. Previous studies on the treatment of digitoxin intoxication with potassium chloride, phenytoin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, digitoxin-specific antibodies, colestipol hydrochloride and cholestyramine resin are discussed. Ion-exchange resins may be valuable adjuncts in the treatment of digitoxin intoxication but further studies of their utility are needed.", "contents": "Use of cholestyramine resin in the treatment of digitoxin toxicity. Two case reports describing the treatment of digitoxin toxicity with cholestyramine resin are presented. Both female patients were receiving 100 microgram/day of digitoxin when toxicity occurred. In both patients, digitoxin was discontinued and hypokalemia was corrected. In patient 1, lidocaine hydrochloride and phenytoin sodium also were administered. Serum digitoxin levels were decreased from 43 ng/ml to 21.8 ng/ml and from 42 ng/ml to 29 ng/ml in patients 1 and 2, respectively, following administration of three 4-g doses of cholestyramine resin over a one-day period. Previous studies on the treatment of digitoxin intoxication with potassium chloride, phenytoin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, digitoxin-specific antibodies, colestipol hydrochloride and cholestyramine resin are discussed. Ion-exchange resins may be valuable adjuncts in the treatment of digitoxin intoxication but further studies of their utility are needed.", "PMID": 758792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11007", "title": "Erikson's concept of inner space: a data-based reevaluation.", "content": "An analytical critique is presented of Erikson's theory that physical differences between the sexes produce differences in spatial organization, and of the experiment cited in support of that theory. Results of a new experiment are reported, which run counter to the original findings and suggest that the theory of \"inner space\" be reevaluated.", "contents": "Erikson's concept of inner space: a data-based reevaluation. An analytical critique is presented of Erikson's theory that physical differences between the sexes produce differences in spatial organization, and of the experiment cited in support of that theory. Results of a new experiment are reported, which run counter to the original findings and suggest that the theory of \"inner space\" be reevaluated.", "PMID": 758793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11008", "title": "A time-referenced Q-sort technique for evaluating behavioral change.", "content": "The behavior of children in residential and day treatment centers alters over time in ways that can be documented objectively. This paper describes a method, field tested with 50 subjects in five agencies, in which observations of behavior are converted into quantitative indices of adjustment to yield a profile of change for each subject.", "contents": "A time-referenced Q-sort technique for evaluating behavioral change. The behavior of children in residential and day treatment centers alters over time in ways that can be documented objectively. This paper describes a method, field tested with 50 subjects in five agencies, in which observations of behavior are converted into quantitative indices of adjustment to yield a profile of change for each subject.", "PMID": 758794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11009", "title": "The preventive reduction of psychological risk in asymptomatic adolescents.", "content": "To explore the preventive efficacy of training in coping and social skills, 121 high school students were assigned to four risk classifications, assessed by measures of psychological vulnerability and environmental adversity; within each group, subjects were randomly assigned to a preventive intervention or assessment-only control condition. Findings suggest that group behavioral training can be a beneficial and economical preventive approach with symptom-free high school students, and that training in social skills may benefit those with behavior problems that presage maladjustment.", "contents": "The preventive reduction of psychological risk in asymptomatic adolescents. To explore the preventive efficacy of training in coping and social skills, 121 high school students were assigned to four risk classifications, assessed by measures of psychological vulnerability and environmental adversity; within each group, subjects were randomly assigned to a preventive intervention or assessment-only control condition. Findings suggest that group behavioral training can be a beneficial and economical preventive approach with symptom-free high school students, and that training in social skills may benefit those with behavior problems that presage maladjustment.", "PMID": 758795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11010", "title": "Manic-depressive illness: psychodynamic features of multigenerational families.", "content": "Psychodynamic features of families with multigenerational bipolar manic-depressive illness are described. Repetitive maladaptive patterns, including avoidance of affect, unrealistic standards of conformity, absence of intimate relationships apart from family, displaced parental low self-esteem, and fears related to illness heritability, may influence the maintenance of family pathology.", "contents": "Manic-depressive illness: psychodynamic features of multigenerational families. Psychodynamic features of families with multigenerational bipolar manic-depressive illness are described. Repetitive maladaptive patterns, including avoidance of affect, unrealistic standards of conformity, absence of intimate relationships apart from family, displaced parental low self-esteem, and fears related to illness heritability, may influence the maintenance of family pathology.", "PMID": 758801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11011", "title": "A stepfamily in formation.", "content": "The increasing incidence of stepparenthood requires that mental health clinicians develop skills for helping members of two families form a viable new family unit. This paper conceptualizes stages in the development of the reconstituted family. Case material describes a scapegoated child as the focus of conflict in one family's progression through these stages.", "contents": "A stepfamily in formation. The increasing incidence of stepparenthood requires that mental health clinicians develop skills for helping members of two families form a viable new family unit. This paper conceptualizes stages in the development of the reconstituted family. Case material describes a scapegoated child as the focus of conflict in one family's progression through these stages.", "PMID": 758802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11012", "title": "Paraverbal therapy in pediatric cases with emotional complications.", "content": "Children often respond to hospitalization with severe anxiety and depression, frequently manifested by withdrawal or hyperactive and aggressive or hostile behavior. The use of paraverbal therapy, a specialized therapeutic approach, is described in the short-term treatment of patients exhibiting emotional disturbances secondary to illness or trauma.", "contents": "Paraverbal therapy in pediatric cases with emotional complications. Children often respond to hospitalization with severe anxiety and depression, frequently manifested by withdrawal or hyperactive and aggressive or hostile behavior. The use of paraverbal therapy, a specialized therapeutic approach, is described in the short-term treatment of patients exhibiting emotional disturbances secondary to illness or trauma.", "PMID": 758803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11013", "title": "Some evidence of race bias in the diagnosis and treatment of the juvenile offender.", "content": "Clinical and epidemiological evidence is presented indicating that many more black delinquent children and their families fail to receive needed psychiatric and medical services than do white delinquents. Explanations and implications of the reluctance or inability of white mental health professionals to diagnose serious psychopathology in the black delinquent population are explored.", "contents": "Some evidence of race bias in the diagnosis and treatment of the juvenile offender. Clinical and epidemiological evidence is presented indicating that many more black delinquent children and their families fail to receive needed psychiatric and medical services than do white delinquents. Explanations and implications of the reluctance or inability of white mental health professionals to diagnose serious psychopathology in the black delinquent population are explored.", "PMID": 758804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11014", "title": "Beyond the mainstream: the special needs of the chronic child patient.", "content": "Born of civil rights legislation and promoted by a desire for simple, rapid means of modifying behavior, Public Law 90-142 represents an effort at normalizing behaviorally disturbed children through \"mainstreaming.\" This paper argues that a simplistic insistence on equality through mainstreaming violates the rights and needs of some behaviorally disturbed children to be different.", "contents": "Beyond the mainstream: the special needs of the chronic child patient. Born of civil rights legislation and promoted by a desire for simple, rapid means of modifying behavior, Public Law 90-142 represents an effort at normalizing behaviorally disturbed children through \"mainstreaming.\" This paper argues that a simplistic insistence on equality through mainstreaming violates the rights and needs of some behaviorally disturbed children to be different.", "PMID": 758805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11015", "title": "Primary prevention from a neighborhood base: a working model.", "content": "A neighborhood development project is described, in which citizens were organized to work with mental health professionals in the area of primary prevention. Emphasis is given to methods for mobilizing citizen involvement, methods used by citizens to identify high risk populations, the working relationship between volunteers and professionals in designing and implementing services, the types of services developed, and an assessment of the project's impact.", "contents": "Primary prevention from a neighborhood base: a working model. A neighborhood development project is described, in which citizens were organized to work with mental health professionals in the area of primary prevention. Emphasis is given to methods for mobilizing citizen involvement, methods used by citizens to identify high risk populations, the working relationship between volunteers and professionals in designing and implementing services, the types of services developed, and an assessment of the project's impact.", "PMID": 758806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11016", "title": "Preventing unwanted adolescent pregnancy: a cognitive-behavioral approach.", "content": "Teenage pregnancy is a growing social problem in the United States. Past interventive failures and current research suggest new directions for primary prevention. A comprehensive prevention program is outlined, and training techniques based on a cognitive-behavioral approach are proposed to help adolescents acquire skills necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancies.", "contents": "Preventing unwanted adolescent pregnancy: a cognitive-behavioral approach. Teenage pregnancy is a growing social problem in the United States. Past interventive failures and current research suggest new directions for primary prevention. A comprehensive prevention program is outlined, and training techniques based on a cognitive-behavioral approach are proposed to help adolescents acquire skills necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancies.", "PMID": 758807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11017", "title": "Racial attitudes in young children as a function of interracial contact in the public schools.", "content": "The relative effects of integrated and segregated schooling on racial attitudes were studied in a comparison of young children attending all-black, all-white, and integrated schools. Results of this photo-choice study suggest that segregated classes discourage realistic perceptions of the excluded race and promote a preference for whites among whites and blacks, whereas interracial schooling contributes to acceptance of blacks by all students and has especially profound and complex effects on black children.", "contents": "Racial attitudes in young children as a function of interracial contact in the public schools. The relative effects of integrated and segregated schooling on racial attitudes were studied in a comparison of young children attending all-black, all-white, and integrated schools. Results of this photo-choice study suggest that segregated classes discourage realistic perceptions of the excluded race and promote a preference for whites among whites and blacks, whereas interracial schooling contributes to acceptance of blacks by all students and has especially profound and complex effects on black children.", "PMID": 758808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11018", "title": "Psychotherapy of the medically ill.", "content": "The author assesses the current status of psychotherapy with medically ill patients. He reviews the special problems of psychological treatment for this population; the respective rationales for the utilization of various psychotherapeutic approaches including psychoanalysis, dynamic psychotherapy, and family and group therapy; and the results of case reports and research studies. The author identifies specific areas of future investigation and research, elucidates some specific implications for clinical practice, and recommends more critical exploration of the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of the medically ill.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of the medically ill. The author assesses the current status of psychotherapy with medically ill patients. He reviews the special problems of psychological treatment for this population; the respective rationales for the utilization of various psychotherapeutic approaches including psychoanalysis, dynamic psychotherapy, and family and group therapy; and the results of case reports and research studies. The author identifies specific areas of future investigation and research, elucidates some specific implications for clinical practice, and recommends more critical exploration of the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of the medically ill.", "PMID": 758809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11019", "title": "Primary prevention in perspective.", "content": "Discussion of primary prevention has been made difficult by lack of clarity of underlying concepts and assumptions. Is the purpose to prevent diagnosable mental illness or to prevent unhappiness and social incompetence? What are the implications of the assumption that societal stress causes mental illness? Is there a clear distinction made between major and minor mental illness? Except for a few specific conditions there is little evidence that primary prevention has been effective. The authors feel that research and program evaluation in prevention is sorely needed but should be funded separately and with discretion. Scarce mental health funds should not be diverted from direct treatment for this purpose.", "contents": "Primary prevention in perspective. Discussion of primary prevention has been made difficult by lack of clarity of underlying concepts and assumptions. Is the purpose to prevent diagnosable mental illness or to prevent unhappiness and social incompetence? What are the implications of the assumption that societal stress causes mental illness? Is there a clear distinction made between major and minor mental illness? Except for a few specific conditions there is little evidence that primary prevention has been effective. The authors feel that research and program evaluation in prevention is sorely needed but should be funded separately and with discretion. Scarce mental health funds should not be diverted from direct treatment for this purpose.", "PMID": 758820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11020", "title": "The changing role of psychiatrists in community mental health centers.", "content": "The community mental health center (CMHC) movement, largely conceived by psychiatrists to improve standards of mental health care nationally, appears to be going through an evolutionary phase in which there is decreasing utilization of psychiatrists and increasing utilization of other mental health professionals. The author discusses some factors that may have influenced this trend. In order to counter it CMHCs must become a recognized, essential, and respectable part of a pluralistic system of mental health care, and psychiatrists must be willing to assume their responsibility for involvement in all segments of mental health care, including the private and public sectors, in both leadership and clinical positions.", "contents": "The changing role of psychiatrists in community mental health centers. The community mental health center (CMHC) movement, largely conceived by psychiatrists to improve standards of mental health care nationally, appears to be going through an evolutionary phase in which there is decreasing utilization of psychiatrists and increasing utilization of other mental health professionals. The author discusses some factors that may have influenced this trend. In order to counter it CMHCs must become a recognized, essential, and respectable part of a pluralistic system of mental health care, and psychiatrists must be willing to assume their responsibility for involvement in all segments of mental health care, including the private and public sectors, in both leadership and clinical positions.", "PMID": 758826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11021", "title": "Differential bonding: toward a psychophysiological theory of stereotyping.", "content": "The author uses the concept of affiliative-affectionate bonding and the concept of differentiative-aggressive bonding to answer questions regarding the human tendency to stereotype. He states that the human processes of affiliation, introjection, identification, and affection appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of approach-seeking physiology and that differentiation, projection, and aggression appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of withdrawal-avoidance physiology. He also points out that some measure of stereotyping and paranoia may be necessary because differential bonding appears to be essential for adaptation.", "contents": "Differential bonding: toward a psychophysiological theory of stereotyping. The author uses the concept of affiliative-affectionate bonding and the concept of differentiative-aggressive bonding to answer questions regarding the human tendency to stereotype. He states that the human processes of affiliation, introjection, identification, and affection appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of approach-seeking physiology and that differentiation, projection, and aggression appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of withdrawal-avoidance physiology. He also points out that some measure of stereotyping and paranoia may be necessary because differential bonding appears to be essential for adaptation.", "PMID": 758827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11022", "title": "Use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to study affective disorders.", "content": "In a pilot study of 150 manic or depressive patients, the authors used the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and schizophrenia (SADS) to perform preliminary analysis of symptom pictures of the index episode of different diagnostic groups, joint diagnostic classification of the different subtypes of major depressive disorder, and differential outcome by diagnostic groups. The results suggest that schizophrenic symptoms in affective disorders do have diagnostic and prognostic significance, that the term \"psychotic depression\" should be limited to impaired reality testing without reference to degree of incapacitation, that situational-nonsituational and endogenous-nonendogenous classifications are separate depressive subtypes, and that it may not be true that patients with endogenous major depressive disorder have a better prognosis than patients with nonendogenous depression.", "contents": "Use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to study affective disorders. In a pilot study of 150 manic or depressive patients, the authors used the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and schizophrenia (SADS) to perform preliminary analysis of symptom pictures of the index episode of different diagnostic groups, joint diagnostic classification of the different subtypes of major depressive disorder, and differential outcome by diagnostic groups. The results suggest that schizophrenic symptoms in affective disorders do have diagnostic and prognostic significance, that the term \"psychotic depression\" should be limited to impaired reality testing without reference to degree of incapacitation, that situational-nonsituational and endogenous-nonendogenous classifications are separate depressive subtypes, and that it may not be true that patients with endogenous major depressive disorder have a better prognosis than patients with nonendogenous depression.", "PMID": 758828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11023", "title": "Neurotic depressions: a systematic analysis of multiple criteria and meanings.", "content": "Neurotic depression, the most commonly used psychiatric diagnosis, has multiple meanings that are often used interchangeably in clinical practice. The authors identify six different meanings of neurotic depression and present data from a study of 90 depressed inpatients to determine how many patients met several different criteria; 16 patients met four sets of criteria. The overlap that exists between the different meanings is higher than chance alone but not sufficiently high to allow complete interchangeability. Until new diagnostic classes are developed, the authors recommend that the term \"neurotic depression\" no longer be used clinically because of its vagueness.", "contents": "Neurotic depressions: a systematic analysis of multiple criteria and meanings. Neurotic depression, the most commonly used psychiatric diagnosis, has multiple meanings that are often used interchangeably in clinical practice. The authors identify six different meanings of neurotic depression and present data from a study of 90 depressed inpatients to determine how many patients met several different criteria; 16 patients met four sets of criteria. The overlap that exists between the different meanings is higher than chance alone but not sufficiently high to allow complete interchangeability. Until new diagnostic classes are developed, the authors recommend that the term \"neurotic depression\" no longer be used clinically because of its vagueness.", "PMID": 758829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11024", "title": "Secondary depression: familial, clinical, and research perspectives.", "content": "The authors evaluate the clinical and research significance of the diagnosis of secondary depression by comparing 48 cases of primary and 26 cases of secondary depression. The patients with secondary depression have a higher familial prevalence of alcoholism, affective disorder, and drug abuse. The groups differ somewhat on a few sociodemographic, behavioral, and attitudinal variables but are similar in symptomatology, sex ratio, onset and duration of symptoms, treatment received, and response to treatment. These results suggest that the distinction between primary and secondary depression should be retained in research that examines neurochemistry or genetics. Primary and secondary depression appear to be identical from the persepctive of clinical care. Management of these patients should emphasize the diagnosis of depression rather than antecedent diagnoses.", "contents": "Secondary depression: familial, clinical, and research perspectives. The authors evaluate the clinical and research significance of the diagnosis of secondary depression by comparing 48 cases of primary and 26 cases of secondary depression. The patients with secondary depression have a higher familial prevalence of alcoholism, affective disorder, and drug abuse. The groups differ somewhat on a few sociodemographic, behavioral, and attitudinal variables but are similar in symptomatology, sex ratio, onset and duration of symptoms, treatment received, and response to treatment. These results suggest that the distinction between primary and secondary depression should be retained in research that examines neurochemistry or genetics. Primary and secondary depression appear to be identical from the persepctive of clinical care. Management of these patients should emphasize the diagnosis of depression rather than antecedent diagnoses.", "PMID": 758830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11025", "title": "Personality attributes and affective disorders.", "content": "To determine the personality characteristics associated with affective disorders the authors administered a battery of self-report personality inventories to a sample of hospitalized affective patients when their manifest symptoms had abated. Patients were instructed to answer according to their premorbid personalities. The personality characteristics assessed in the 73 depressive and 24 manic patients included neuroticism and extraversion from the Maudsley Personality Inventory, obsessional pattern, hysterical pattern, and oral pattern from the Lazare-Klerman-Armor Personality Inventory, obsessional state and trait from the Leyton Obsessionality Inventory, and solidity, stability, and validity from the Marke-Nyman Temperament Survey. Depressive patients demonstrated more neuroticism, introversion, and obsessionality than manic patients or normal individuals. The manic patients differed from normal persons only on obsessionality.", "contents": "Personality attributes and affective disorders. To determine the personality characteristics associated with affective disorders the authors administered a battery of self-report personality inventories to a sample of hospitalized affective patients when their manifest symptoms had abated. Patients were instructed to answer according to their premorbid personalities. The personality characteristics assessed in the 73 depressive and 24 manic patients included neuroticism and extraversion from the Maudsley Personality Inventory, obsessional pattern, hysterical pattern, and oral pattern from the Lazare-Klerman-Armor Personality Inventory, obsessional state and trait from the Leyton Obsessionality Inventory, and solidity, stability, and validity from the Marke-Nyman Temperament Survey. Depressive patients demonstrated more neuroticism, introversion, and obsessionality than manic patients or normal individuals. The manic patients differed from normal persons only on obsessionality.", "PMID": 758831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11026", "title": "Hypnotic treatment of smoking: the single-treatment method revisited.", "content": "The authors replicated Spiegel's single-treatment method by treating 40 self-referred patients in a one-hour hypnosis session for smoking. Their results, a 6-month total abstinence rate of about 25%, were comparable with Spiegel's experience. They recommend future studies that include nontreatment control groups to validate the effects of the hypnotic treatment method of smoking.", "contents": "Hypnotic treatment of smoking: the single-treatment method revisited. The authors replicated Spiegel's single-treatment method by treating 40 self-referred patients in a one-hour hypnosis session for smoking. Their results, a 6-month total abstinence rate of about 25%, were comparable with Spiegel's experience. They recommend future studies that include nontreatment control groups to validate the effects of the hypnotic treatment method of smoking.", "PMID": 758833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11027", "title": "MMPI diagnosis of black psychiatric patients.", "content": "Black-white differences in MMPI norms may lead to significant misclassification of black psychiatric patients, which can compound diagnostic errors from other sources. The authors suggest that clinicians who use MMPI results in evaluations of black patients interpret test reports carefully, keeping in mind the possibility of spuriously elevated scores and paying careful attention to areas of potential \"false positives.\"", "contents": "MMPI diagnosis of black psychiatric patients. Black-white differences in MMPI norms may lead to significant misclassification of black psychiatric patients, which can compound diagnostic errors from other sources. The authors suggest that clinicians who use MMPI results in evaluations of black patients interpret test reports carefully, keeping in mind the possibility of spuriously elevated scores and paying careful attention to areas of potential \"false positives.\"", "PMID": 758834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11028", "title": "Behavior therapy as a test of psychoanalytic theory.", "content": "The author describes 4 patients in whom radically new symptoms appeared after intensive behavior therapy. He suggests that fresh symptoms are most likely to develop in a small minority of patients who are unable to learn more adaptive psychological defense mechanisms during or after behavior therapy and that psychoanalytic theory may help predict the nature of such symptoms.", "contents": "Behavior therapy as a test of psychoanalytic theory. The author describes 4 patients in whom radically new symptoms appeared after intensive behavior therapy. He suggests that fresh symptoms are most likely to develop in a small minority of patients who are unable to learn more adaptive psychological defense mechanisms during or after behavior therapy and that psychoanalytic theory may help predict the nature of such symptoms.", "PMID": 758835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11029", "title": "Emergency room patients in concurrent therapy: a neglected clinical phenomenon.", "content": "The authors found that more than one-third of emergency room patients were participating in concurrent psychiatric treatment. Exploration of the relationship between patient and therapist proved to be a valuable tool in formulating consultation and in ensuring continuity of care.", "contents": "Emergency room patients in concurrent therapy: a neglected clinical phenomenon. The authors found that more than one-third of emergency room patients were participating in concurrent psychiatric treatment. Exploration of the relationship between patient and therapist proved to be a valuable tool in formulating consultation and in ensuring continuity of care.", "PMID": 758836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11030", "title": "The fiscal crisis in New York City: effects on the mental health care of minority populations.", "content": "The author describes the effect that severe budget cuts accompanied by guidelines stipulating that direct services be given priority over primary preventive services had on a community mental health center in New York City. He focuses his discussion on the effect these guidelines had on the mental health care services provided the minority populations served by the center. Before the budget cuts, 1 out of every 4 staff members was a nonprofessional indigenous worker. After the cutback, 2 out of every 3 of the people laid off were nonprofessionals. The author provides a number of recommendations to help government agencies plan budget reductions without sacrificing primary prevention efforts.", "contents": "The fiscal crisis in New York City: effects on the mental health care of minority populations. The author describes the effect that severe budget cuts accompanied by guidelines stipulating that direct services be given priority over primary preventive services had on a community mental health center in New York City. He focuses his discussion on the effect these guidelines had on the mental health care services provided the minority populations served by the center. Before the budget cuts, 1 out of every 4 staff members was a nonprofessional indigenous worker. After the cutback, 2 out of every 3 of the people laid off were nonprofessionals. The author provides a number of recommendations to help government agencies plan budget reductions without sacrificing primary prevention efforts.", "PMID": 758837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11031", "title": "Mood and affect: a semantic confusion.", "content": "Although semantic clarity is a cornerstone of scientific psychiatry, psychiatrists often use technical words with the false assumption that their meanings are clear. The common use of the terms \"mood\" and \"affect\" illustrates this point. The authors attempt to show how unclear definitions of these words have led to confusion and how they could be more clearly understood by careful semantic and phenomenologic analysis.", "contents": "Mood and affect: a semantic confusion. Although semantic clarity is a cornerstone of scientific psychiatry, psychiatrists often use technical words with the false assumption that their meanings are clear. The common use of the terms \"mood\" and \"affect\" illustrates this point. The authors attempt to show how unclear definitions of these words have led to confusion and how they could be more clearly understood by careful semantic and phenomenologic analysis.", "PMID": 758838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11032", "title": "Origin of the adrenergic nerve fibers in the subdiaphragmatic vagus in the dog.", "content": "The vagi at the subdiaphragmatic level were studied by the Hillarp-Falck technic in combination with a nerve crush procedure in three normal dogs and in eight dogs that had undergone previous surgical excision of the superior cervical ganglion and/or the stellate ganglia. Unilateral ganglionectomies were performed so that the contralateral vagus served as a control. Based on these results, it is concluded that: (1) the subdiaphragmatic canine vagus contains numerous adrenergic nerve fibers; (2) the main portion of these vagal adrenergic fibers arises from the stellate ganglia; and (3) removal of both the stellate and the superior cervical ganglia results in nearly  complete adrenergic denervation of the abdominal vagus.", "contents": "Origin of the adrenergic nerve fibers in the subdiaphragmatic vagus in the dog. The vagi at the subdiaphragmatic level were studied by the Hillarp-Falck technic in combination with a nerve crush procedure in three normal dogs and in eight dogs that had undergone previous surgical excision of the superior cervical ganglion and/or the stellate ganglia. Unilateral ganglionectomies were performed so that the contralateral vagus served as a control. Based on these results, it is concluded that: (1) the subdiaphragmatic canine vagus contains numerous adrenergic nerve fibers; (2) the main portion of these vagal adrenergic fibers arises from the stellate ganglia; and (3) removal of both the stellate and the superior cervical ganglia results in nearly  complete adrenergic denervation of the abdominal vagus.", "PMID": 758839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11033", "title": "The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1976, ninety-three patients with a clinical diagnosis of pseudocyst confirmed by ultrasonography were identified from a group of 923 patients admitted for pancreatic disease. Uncertainties in diagnosis and/or rapid progression of underlying pancreatitis led to urgent laparotomy and drainage in eleven of the ninety-three patients. Another twenty-eight patients underwent elective drainage of the pseudocyst. The remaining fifty-four constituted the study group and were followed with serial clinical and sonographic examinations until either spontaneous resolution occurred, complications developed, or the patients did not return. Complications arising during the period of observation in the untreated patients (rupture, abscess, jaundice, and hemorrhage) occurred more than twice as commonly as spontaneous resolution (41 per cent versus 20 per cent), and led directly to death in seven cases (14 per cent). No deaths occurred in the group of patients undergoing elective surgical drainage (p less than 0.05). The interval between presumed formation of the pseudocyst and the development of a complication averaged 13.5 +/- 6 weeks. Prolonged observation of pancreatic pseudocysts in the expectation of spontaneous resolution exposed the patient to an unwarranted risk, which, after seven weeks, greatly exceeded the mortality of elective surgery.", "contents": "The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Between 1971 and 1976, ninety-three patients with a clinical diagnosis of pseudocyst confirmed by ultrasonography were identified from a group of 923 patients admitted for pancreatic disease. Uncertainties in diagnosis and/or rapid progression of underlying pancreatitis led to urgent laparotomy and drainage in eleven of the ninety-three patients. Another twenty-eight patients underwent elective drainage of the pseudocyst. The remaining fifty-four constituted the study group and were followed with serial clinical and sonographic examinations until either spontaneous resolution occurred, complications developed, or the patients did not return. Complications arising during the period of observation in the untreated patients (rupture, abscess, jaundice, and hemorrhage) occurred more than twice as commonly as spontaneous resolution (41 per cent versus 20 per cent), and led directly to death in seven cases (14 per cent). No deaths occurred in the group of patients undergoing elective surgical drainage (p less than 0.05). The interval between presumed formation of the pseudocyst and the development of a complication averaged 13.5 +/- 6 weeks. Prolonged observation of pancreatic pseudocysts in the expectation of spontaneous resolution exposed the patient to an unwarranted risk, which, after seven weeks, greatly exceeded the mortality of elective surgery.", "PMID": 758840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11034", "title": "Surgical management of familial polyposis and Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with documented familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome were followed up to twenty-eight years after total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. All patients were followed a minimum of five years. Patients were subjected to periodic proctosigmoidoscopies, and rectal polyps were electrocoagulated when found. In no patient in this series did an adenocarcinoma of the rectum develop during the follow-up period. Total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is the treatment of choice in patients with familial polyposis and Gardner's syndrome, provided adequate follow-up is assured and polyps are destroyed when encountered.", "contents": "Surgical management of familial polyposis and Gardner's syndrome. Twenty-six patients with documented familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome were followed up to twenty-eight years after total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. All patients were followed a minimum of five years. Patients were subjected to periodic proctosigmoidoscopies, and rectal polyps were electrocoagulated when found. In no patient in this series did an adenocarcinoma of the rectum develop during the follow-up period. Total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is the treatment of choice in patients with familial polyposis and Gardner's syndrome, provided adequate follow-up is assured and polyps are destroyed when encountered.", "PMID": 758842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11035", "title": "Systemic absorption of bacitracin after peritoneal lavage.", "content": "Nine patients underwent intraoperative peritoneal lavage with a solution containing 50,000 units of bacitracin in 200 ml of 0.9 per cent sodium chloride. The solution was removed by suction at 2 or 5 minutes, and venous blood samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours after lavage. Concentrations of bacitracin in serum were determined by agar diffusion assay. In the majority of patients, peak concentrations of bacitracin in serum occurred by 15 minutes post lavage. The mean peak serum concentration was 3.8 units/ml, which exceeds peak concentrations after intramuscular injection of 50,000 units. Due to potential nephrotoxicity, bacitracin should be used cautiously in peritoneal lavage solutions and should be abandoned in patients who have renal impairment in whom prolonged elevated serum concentrations could develop.", "contents": "Systemic absorption of bacitracin after peritoneal lavage. Nine patients underwent intraoperative peritoneal lavage with a solution containing 50,000 units of bacitracin in 200 ml of 0.9 per cent sodium chloride. The solution was removed by suction at 2 or 5 minutes, and venous blood samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours after lavage. Concentrations of bacitracin in serum were determined by agar diffusion assay. In the majority of patients, peak concentrations of bacitracin in serum occurred by 15 minutes post lavage. The mean peak serum concentration was 3.8 units/ml, which exceeds peak concentrations after intramuscular injection of 50,000 units. Due to potential nephrotoxicity, bacitracin should be used cautiously in peritoneal lavage solutions and should be abandoned in patients who have renal impairment in whom prolonged elevated serum concentrations could develop.", "PMID": 758843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11036", "title": "Effect of glucagon and insulin upon biliary lipid secretion.", "content": "The choleretic hormones, glucagon and insulin, were studied to determine whether they influence biliary lipid secretion in the dog. Glucagon was found to decrease biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion. These findings provide further support for a canalicular action of glucagon.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon and insulin upon biliary lipid secretion. The choleretic hormones, glucagon and insulin, were studied to determine whether they influence biliary lipid secretion in the dog. Glucagon was found to decrease biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion. These findings provide further support for a canalicular action of glucagon.", "PMID": 758844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11037", "title": "The physiologic properties and therapeutic potential of coherin.", "content": "Coherin, a peptide isolated from the bovine neurohypophysis, has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent in post-gastric surgery physiologic obstruction and regional ileitis. Of twenty-four patients with post-gastric surgery physiologic obstruction, coherin relieved symptoms in twenty-three, a 96 per cent efficacy rate. The efficacy of coherin with ileitis was based on the fact that ten of twenty-seven patients treated have required coherin on a continuing basis to stay functional. These patients have requested coherin treatment for an average of five years each, and have each on multiple occasions tried to discontinue coherin treatment with prompt return of symptoms and cessation of symptoms when coherin was reinstituted. All of the ileitis patients had previously failed to respond to standard and usual medical treatment.", "contents": "The physiologic properties and therapeutic potential of coherin. Coherin, a peptide isolated from the bovine neurohypophysis, has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent in post-gastric surgery physiologic obstruction and regional ileitis. Of twenty-four patients with post-gastric surgery physiologic obstruction, coherin relieved symptoms in twenty-three, a 96 per cent efficacy rate. The efficacy of coherin with ileitis was based on the fact that ten of twenty-seven patients treated have required coherin on a continuing basis to stay functional. These patients have requested coherin treatment for an average of five years each, and have each on multiple occasions tried to discontinue coherin treatment with prompt return of symptoms and cessation of symptoms when coherin was reinstituted. All of the ileitis patients had previously failed to respond to standard and usual medical treatment.", "PMID": 758845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11038", "title": "Neural control of the canine pylorus.", "content": "After atropine administration the anesthetized dog exhibits significant spontaneous pyloric contractile activity and an inhibition-relaxation response upon electrical vagal stimulation. This inhibition-relaxation response was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin administration and by transection of the intraabdominal vagal nerves. In addition, tetrodotoxin administration caused a dramatic increase in spontaneous pyloric motor activity. The histaminergic receptor antagonists diphenhydramine and cimetidine did not block the inhibition-relaxation response. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) caused a dose-dependent increase in antral and pyloric motor activity which was significantly decreased by atropine administration. Therefore, histamine and CCK do not appear to play a significant role in the vagally mediated inhibition-relaxation response of the canine pylorus or in the atropine-resistant spontaneous pyloric motor activity.", "contents": "Neural control of the canine pylorus. After atropine administration the anesthetized dog exhibits significant spontaneous pyloric contractile activity and an inhibition-relaxation response upon electrical vagal stimulation. This inhibition-relaxation response was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin administration and by transection of the intraabdominal vagal nerves. In addition, tetrodotoxin administration caused a dramatic increase in spontaneous pyloric motor activity. The histaminergic receptor antagonists diphenhydramine and cimetidine did not block the inhibition-relaxation response. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) caused a dose-dependent increase in antral and pyloric motor activity which was significantly decreased by atropine administration. Therefore, histamine and CCK do not appear to play a significant role in the vagally mediated inhibition-relaxation response of the canine pylorus or in the atropine-resistant spontaneous pyloric motor activity.", "PMID": 758846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11039", "title": "Multifactorial probit analysis of mortality in burned patients.", "content": "Burn mortality statistics may be misleading unless they account properly for the many factors which may influence outcome. In reviewing such factors in our patients, we identified age, total burn area, third degree burn area, prior bronchopulmonary disease, abnormal Pao2, and airway edema as the factors present on admission which best distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors. Using multifactorial probit analysis, we then calculated the contribution of each to the probability of fatal outcome. The resultant six-factor model significantly improved estimation of the probability of fatal outcome when compared to probit analysis based only on the traditional factors of age and total burn area. It also revealed a spectrum of mortality probabilities varying with the additional factors present. Although crucial in comparing different approaches to burn care, consideration of such prognostic factors will not eliminate the need for randomized treatment trials, because other factors, some of which are obscure, may also influence mortality rates in burned patients.", "contents": "Multifactorial probit analysis of mortality in burned patients. Burn mortality statistics may be misleading unless they account properly for the many factors which may influence outcome. In reviewing such factors in our patients, we identified age, total burn area, third degree burn area, prior bronchopulmonary disease, abnormal Pao2, and airway edema as the factors present on admission which best distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors. Using multifactorial probit analysis, we then calculated the contribution of each to the probability of fatal outcome. The resultant six-factor model significantly improved estimation of the probability of fatal outcome when compared to probit analysis based only on the traditional factors of age and total burn area. It also revealed a spectrum of mortality probabilities varying with the additional factors present. Although crucial in comparing different approaches to burn care, consideration of such prognostic factors will not eliminate the need for randomized treatment trials, because other factors, some of which are obscure, may also influence mortality rates in burned patients.", "PMID": 758852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11040", "title": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 66 PTFE arteriovenous fistulae and 71 BCH arteriovenous fistulae for dialysis access, PTFE had a higher patency rate than BCH at 12 months (62.4 versus 32.5%). PTFE was easier to work with and easier to handle in the face of infection. The lateral upper arm approach to placement of the PTFE graft is desirable in patients who have had multiple previous access procedures because this area is usually free from scarring, is distant from neurovascular structures, and provides a greater length of graft for needle punctures.", "contents": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for chronic hemodialysis. In a retrospective study of 66 PTFE arteriovenous fistulae and 71 BCH arteriovenous fistulae for dialysis access, PTFE had a higher patency rate than BCH at 12 months (62.4 versus 32.5%). PTFE was easier to work with and easier to handle in the face of infection. The lateral upper arm approach to placement of the PTFE graft is desirable in patients who have had multiple previous access procedures because this area is usually free from scarring, is distant from neurovascular structures, and provides a greater length of graft for needle punctures.", "PMID": 758853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11041", "title": "Relationship of obesity to bile lithogenicity in man.", "content": "Gallbladder bile was aspirated and analyzed for content of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids in 97 patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass. Lithogenic indices (LI) (mole % cholesterol in sample/mole % cholesterol at saturation) were correlated with age, sex, lipid levels and hepatic fatty metamorphosis. The overall incidence of gallstones in the group was 43%(N = 121). Cholelithogenesis was unrelated to age, serum lipid concentrations, LI, or hepatic morphology. A significant relationship was noted between cholelithogenesis and female sex (p less than .03). The incidence of gallstones was greater in patients weighing more than 270% of ideal body weight and the LI greater in those weighing more than 230%. The mean LI of bile was greater than 1.0 (supersaturated) in all patients except nongallstone forming diabetics. The lithogenic index in diabetics without gallstones was 0.88 +/- 0.11, while in nondiabetics without gallstones, the LI was 1.49 +/- 0.10 (p less than 0.001). These observations indicate that grossly obese patients have an increased incidence of cholelithiasis, probably related to supersaturation of bile with cholesterol. In addition, female patients are especially at risk, while other parameters had little or no detectable influence on cholelithogenesis in this group of patients.", "contents": "Relationship of obesity to bile lithogenicity in man. Gallbladder bile was aspirated and analyzed for content of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids in 97 patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass. Lithogenic indices (LI) (mole % cholesterol in sample/mole % cholesterol at saturation) were correlated with age, sex, lipid levels and hepatic fatty metamorphosis. The overall incidence of gallstones in the group was 43%(N = 121). Cholelithogenesis was unrelated to age, serum lipid concentrations, LI, or hepatic morphology. A significant relationship was noted between cholelithogenesis and female sex (p less than .03). The incidence of gallstones was greater in patients weighing more than 270% of ideal body weight and the LI greater in those weighing more than 230%. The mean LI of bile was greater than 1.0 (supersaturated) in all patients except nongallstone forming diabetics. The lithogenic index in diabetics without gallstones was 0.88 +/- 0.11, while in nondiabetics without gallstones, the LI was 1.49 +/- 0.10 (p less than 0.001). These observations indicate that grossly obese patients have an increased incidence of cholelithiasis, probably related to supersaturation of bile with cholesterol. In addition, female patients are especially at risk, while other parameters had little or no detectable influence on cholelithogenesis in this group of patients.", "PMID": 758854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11042", "title": "Prospective evaluation of angiography in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer.", "content": "One hundred three patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer underwent celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography which was reported 'blind.' Final diagnosis, operative findings, and resectability of pancreatic cancers were correlated with angiography reports. Forty patients had pancreatic cancer. Thirty-seven of these underwent laparotomy, and 14 (37%) had resectable lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of arteriogrphy for pancreatic cancer were 72% (29/40) and 71% (45/63) respectively. Resectability was unrelated to the angiographic diagnosis. Nonresectability was related to an angiographic finding of definite tumor vessel (4/4), large-vessel encasement (14/7), and major venous pathology (8/11). Only the first of these was unique to pancreatic cancer. Hepatic metastases were detected in only six of 13 patients. Small-artery encasement, arterial occlusion, vessel displacement, and gallbladder distention were not indicators of diagnosis or extent of disease. Major anatomic anomaly of foregut vasulature was revealed in 25% of angiographic studies. Prior knowledge of such anomalies has important bearing on the operative approach to pancreatic resection. We conclude that angiography should be performed prior to laparotomy whenever a resectable pancreatic cancer is suspected from other investigations. When used prospectively, angiography is not a reliable diagnostic or prognostic tool for pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation of angiography in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer. One hundred three patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer underwent celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography which was reported 'blind.' Final diagnosis, operative findings, and resectability of pancreatic cancers were correlated with angiography reports. Forty patients had pancreatic cancer. Thirty-seven of these underwent laparotomy, and 14 (37%) had resectable lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of arteriogrphy for pancreatic cancer were 72% (29/40) and 71% (45/63) respectively. Resectability was unrelated to the angiographic diagnosis. Nonresectability was related to an angiographic finding of definite tumor vessel (4/4), large-vessel encasement (14/7), and major venous pathology (8/11). Only the first of these was unique to pancreatic cancer. Hepatic metastases were detected in only six of 13 patients. Small-artery encasement, arterial occlusion, vessel displacement, and gallbladder distention were not indicators of diagnosis or extent of disease. Major anatomic anomaly of foregut vasulature was revealed in 25% of angiographic studies. Prior knowledge of such anomalies has important bearing on the operative approach to pancreatic resection. We conclude that angiography should be performed prior to laparotomy whenever a resectable pancreatic cancer is suspected from other investigations. When used prospectively, angiography is not a reliable diagnostic or prognostic tool for pancreatic cancer.", "PMID": 758855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11043", "title": "Cutaneous melanoma of the breast.", "content": "A series of 21 patients treated surgically for primary melanoma of the skin of the breast has been studied. Melanomas in this location accounted for 1.8% of a total of 1,140 patients with primary clinical Stage I and Stage II melanomas treated during a 28 year period. Wide excision with axillary lymph node dissection in selected instances has resulted in no mortality and no local recurrence to date. This approach allowed the preservation of a major portion of the breast in eight female patients. It is emphasized that melanoma is a cutaneous lesion and considerations applying to lymphatic dissemination of parenchymal disease of the breast need not apply.", "contents": "Cutaneous melanoma of the breast. A series of 21 patients treated surgically for primary melanoma of the skin of the breast has been studied. Melanomas in this location accounted for 1.8% of a total of 1,140 patients with primary clinical Stage I and Stage II melanomas treated during a 28 year period. Wide excision with axillary lymph node dissection in selected instances has resulted in no mortality and no local recurrence to date. This approach allowed the preservation of a major portion of the breast in eight female patients. It is emphasized that melanoma is a cutaneous lesion and considerations applying to lymphatic dissemination of parenchymal disease of the breast need not apply.", "PMID": 758856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11044", "title": "Effects of aspirin and dextran on patency of bovine heterografts in the venous system.", "content": "The effect of short-term treatment with aspirin or dextran on the patency of bovine heterografts in the venous system was investigated. Animals treated preoperatively and for three days postoperatively with either aspirin (600 mgm BID) or low molecular weight dextran (500 cc/day) had statistically significant increased graft patency as compared to controls during the treatment interval. Significance was lost, however, after cessation of therapy. These results suggest that either aspirin or low molecular weight dextran would be useful adjuvants to venous reconstruction. If used in the venous system, bovine heterografts might be expected to yield better short term patency with adjuvant therapy employing either dextran or aspirin.", "contents": "Effects of aspirin and dextran on patency of bovine heterografts in the venous system. The effect of short-term treatment with aspirin or dextran on the patency of bovine heterografts in the venous system was investigated. Animals treated preoperatively and for three days postoperatively with either aspirin (600 mgm BID) or low molecular weight dextran (500 cc/day) had statistically significant increased graft patency as compared to controls during the treatment interval. Significance was lost, however, after cessation of therapy. These results suggest that either aspirin or low molecular weight dextran would be useful adjuvants to venous reconstruction. If used in the venous system, bovine heterografts might be expected to yield better short term patency with adjuvant therapy employing either dextran or aspirin.", "PMID": 758857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11045", "title": "Several standard elective operations for duodenal ulcer: ten to 16 year clinical results.", "content": "A survey was undertaken of 558 men with duodenal ulcer who had been treated ten to 16 years previously by truncal vagotomy and drainage, truncal vagotomy and antrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy. Of the 558, 65 had died and 111, presumed living, could not be traced, leaving 382 available for assessment. Between 75 and 85% of the traced patients were considered to have an excellent or very good result, which is a slight improvement on the previously published results in this same group of patients at five to eight years follow-up. Some of the side effects of operation had diminished slightly in frequency and there had been no significant increase in the incidence of recurrent ulceration since the previous survey. Anemia was an uncommon finding. As between the various forms of operation, truncal vagotomy and antrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy demonstrated significantly better protection against proven recurrent ulcer than did truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (p less than 0.05). Compared with truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, however, the results of both resection operations, though better, did not achieve statistical significance at p - 0.5 level (p less than 0.1). In regard to Visick gradings the resection procedures had better scores, but the differences were not significant at the p - 0.05 level, except for vagotomy and antractomy as compared with vagotomy and pyloroplasty. But it is stressed that in formulating a policy of surgical therapy for duodenal ulcer the greater inherent immediate risks of resection operations need to be borne in mind.", "contents": "Several standard elective operations for duodenal ulcer: ten to 16 year clinical results. A survey was undertaken of 558 men with duodenal ulcer who had been treated ten to 16 years previously by truncal vagotomy and drainage, truncal vagotomy and antrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy. Of the 558, 65 had died and 111, presumed living, could not be traced, leaving 382 available for assessment. Between 75 and 85% of the traced patients were considered to have an excellent or very good result, which is a slight improvement on the previously published results in this same group of patients at five to eight years follow-up. Some of the side effects of operation had diminished slightly in frequency and there had been no significant increase in the incidence of recurrent ulceration since the previous survey. Anemia was an uncommon finding. As between the various forms of operation, truncal vagotomy and antrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy demonstrated significantly better protection against proven recurrent ulcer than did truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (p less than 0.05). Compared with truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, however, the results of both resection operations, though better, did not achieve statistical significance at p - 0.5 level (p less than 0.1). In regard to Visick gradings the resection procedures had better scores, but the differences were not significant at the p - 0.05 level, except for vagotomy and antractomy as compared with vagotomy and pyloroplasty. But it is stressed that in formulating a policy of surgical therapy for duodenal ulcer the greater inherent immediate risks of resection operations need to be borne in mind.", "PMID": 758858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11046", "title": "Phleborheographic diagnosis of venous obstruction.", "content": "Between February 1977 and May 1978, phleborheograms were done on 328 extremities. Interpretable tracings were obtained in 322 (98.2%). Results were positive for 102 extremities, negative for 220 extremities, and equivocal or uninterpretable for six extremities. Phlebograms as well as phleborheograms were done in 64 extremities. Phlebograms were positive in 41 and negative in 23. The overall agreement between the interpretations of the phlebograms and phleborheograms was 95.3%. The phleborheogram was positive in each case in which the phlebogram was positive. In three cases with negative phlebograms the phleborheogram was positive. Thus, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 87%. Phelborheography is a useful ajunct to the diagnosis of venous obstruction. It has a high degree of sensitivity (100% in our experience). Clinical correlation is necessary to determine the most likely cause of venous obstruction in individual cases.", "contents": "Phleborheographic diagnosis of venous obstruction. Between February 1977 and May 1978, phleborheograms were done on 328 extremities. Interpretable tracings were obtained in 322 (98.2%). Results were positive for 102 extremities, negative for 220 extremities, and equivocal or uninterpretable for six extremities. Phlebograms as well as phleborheograms were done in 64 extremities. Phlebograms were positive in 41 and negative in 23. The overall agreement between the interpretations of the phlebograms and phleborheograms was 95.3%. The phleborheogram was positive in each case in which the phlebogram was positive. In three cases with negative phlebograms the phleborheogram was positive. Thus, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 87%. Phelborheography is a useful ajunct to the diagnosis of venous obstruction. It has a high degree of sensitivity (100% in our experience). Clinical correlation is necessary to determine the most likely cause of venous obstruction in individual cases.", "PMID": 758859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11047", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscesses.", "content": "The diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess by radiographic means often relies on combining the results of several different imaging modalities. Computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a safe, accurate and rapid diagnostic method of diagnosing these abscesses. Five patients with a variety of intra-abdominal abscesses are presented in whom the CT scan alone provided the correct diagnosis. The various imaging modalities available for the radiologic diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess are described and are compared to CT diagnosis regarding their pitfalls.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscesses. The diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess by radiographic means often relies on combining the results of several different imaging modalities. Computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a safe, accurate and rapid diagnostic method of diagnosing these abscesses. Five patients with a variety of intra-abdominal abscesses are presented in whom the CT scan alone provided the correct diagnosis. The various imaging modalities available for the radiologic diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess are described and are compared to CT diagnosis regarding their pitfalls.", "PMID": 758860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11048", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gastric juice or feces as an aid in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in the feces and serum were evaluated in 22 colorectal cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers; in CEA levels gastric juice and serum were also evaluated in 28 gastric cancer patients and 14 peptic ulcer patients. Fecal CEA was found in all of 22 colorectal cancer patients as well as in the 20 healthy volunteers. Elevated fecal CEA levels were observed in the colorectal cancer patients, as compared to the healthy volunteers. The feces of 15 of the 22 colorectal cancer patients contained CEA at concentrations higher than the mean value plus twice the standard deviation of the healthy volunteers. The fecal CEA levels did not correlate directly either with Dukes' stage or serum CEA levels. CEA in gastric juice was elevated significantly in 26 of gastric cancer patients, with the exception of two patients with early gastric cancer. On the other hand, serum CEA was elevated in only nine of the 28 gastric cancer patients. These results point out the distinct value of assaying CEA in the feces or gastric juice as an aid in the diagnosis of colorectal or gastric cancer.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gastric juice or feces as an aid in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in the feces and serum were evaluated in 22 colorectal cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers; in CEA levels gastric juice and serum were also evaluated in 28 gastric cancer patients and 14 peptic ulcer patients. Fecal CEA was found in all of 22 colorectal cancer patients as well as in the 20 healthy volunteers. Elevated fecal CEA levels were observed in the colorectal cancer patients, as compared to the healthy volunteers. The feces of 15 of the 22 colorectal cancer patients contained CEA at concentrations higher than the mean value plus twice the standard deviation of the healthy volunteers. The fecal CEA levels did not correlate directly either with Dukes' stage or serum CEA levels. CEA in gastric juice was elevated significantly in 26 of gastric cancer patients, with the exception of two patients with early gastric cancer. On the other hand, serum CEA was elevated in only nine of the 28 gastric cancer patients. These results point out the distinct value of assaying CEA in the feces or gastric juice as an aid in the diagnosis of colorectal or gastric cancer.", "PMID": 758861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11049", "title": "Massive unifocal cyst of the liver in a drug abuser: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 20-year-old white male presented, complaining of abdominal fullness. His previous history was unremarkable except for the use of intravenous illicit drugs. Physical examination disclosed a mass filling the upper and lower right quadrants. We evaluated this mass through the  use of barium contrast x-ray, sonography and angiography, and made the preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cystic disease. On operative exploration, a large thin-walled cyst was found on the right lobe of the liver and was shown to be free of communication with the biliary tree; 3,000 cc of chocolate colored fluid were aspirated from the cyst. Total removal of the cyst was achieved with careful dissection. The cavity was filled with omentum and closed with drainage. After a benign immediate postoperative course, the patient remains asymptomatic one year later. Although most reports from the literature describe unexpected intraoperative findings, we stress that symptomatic patients can and should be diagnosed prior to laparotomy, and that a thorough search be made for concomitant polycystic disease. Total extirpation of the cyst is the most desirable of the discussed treatments, when tempered by the age and physical condition of the patient. Thorough preoperative evaluation and awareness of different modalities of therapy allow for the correct choice of treatment.", "contents": "Massive unifocal cyst of the liver in a drug abuser: case report and review of the literature. A 20-year-old white male presented, complaining of abdominal fullness. His previous history was unremarkable except for the use of intravenous illicit drugs. Physical examination disclosed a mass filling the upper and lower right quadrants. We evaluated this mass through the  use of barium contrast x-ray, sonography and angiography, and made the preoperative diagnosis of hepatic cystic disease. On operative exploration, a large thin-walled cyst was found on the right lobe of the liver and was shown to be free of communication with the biliary tree; 3,000 cc of chocolate colored fluid were aspirated from the cyst. Total removal of the cyst was achieved with careful dissection. The cavity was filled with omentum and closed with drainage. After a benign immediate postoperative course, the patient remains asymptomatic one year later. Although most reports from the literature describe unexpected intraoperative findings, we stress that symptomatic patients can and should be diagnosed prior to laparotomy, and that a thorough search be made for concomitant polycystic disease. Total extirpation of the cyst is the most desirable of the discussed treatments, when tempered by the age and physical condition of the patient. Thorough preoperative evaluation and awareness of different modalities of therapy allow for the correct choice of treatment.", "PMID": 758862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11050", "title": "Ocular pneumoplethysmography: detection of carotid occlusive disease.", "content": "To determine the accuracy of ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) in detecting carotid arterial occlusive disease, 350 patients were tested by OPG-Gee. Sixty-three patients underwent angiography and the findings were correlated with the results of OPG-Gee tracings. Testing without carotid compression averaged three minutes and was easily performed by a physician or technician. There were no significant complications. Hypertension did not affect evaluation. There were two false-negative tests and no false-positive tests. Without carotid compression the overall accuracy for testing for significant arterial stenosis was 97%. When a carotid compression test was added, the two missed lesions were detected.", "contents": "Ocular pneumoplethysmography: detection of carotid occlusive disease. To determine the accuracy of ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) in detecting carotid arterial occlusive disease, 350 patients were tested by OPG-Gee. Sixty-three patients underwent angiography and the findings were correlated with the results of OPG-Gee tracings. Testing without carotid compression averaged three minutes and was easily performed by a physician or technician. There were no significant complications. Hypertension did not affect evaluation. There were two false-negative tests and no false-positive tests. Without carotid compression the overall accuracy for testing for significant arterial stenosis was 97%. When a carotid compression test was added, the two missed lesions were detected.", "PMID": 758863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11051", "title": "The significance of mammary skin edema in noninflammatory breast cancer.", "content": "Mammary skin edema has been quantitated in 205 cases of T1, T2 and T3 breast cancer by mammographic measurement, and its prognostic significance assessed. Edema was present in 70% of patients and the incidence was directly related to tumor size. Edema was seen on occasions in all quadrants of the breast, but the inner and lower quadrants were the most frequent sites of edema irrespective of the site of tumor. Histology showed the skin thickening located in the reticular dermis; the papillary dermis and epidermis showed no change. It was shown that neither dermal lymphatic involvement nor lymphatic obstruction by regional node involvement was of primary etiological significance. Skin edema correlates with prognosis since there is an increased likelihood of both systemic and local recurrence if skin edema exceeds 0.5 mm. Further investigation and longer follow-up is necessary to show whether skin edema represents a parameter which carries prognostic significance independent of the more usual clinical indications.", "contents": "The significance of mammary skin edema in noninflammatory breast cancer. Mammary skin edema has been quantitated in 205 cases of T1, T2 and T3 breast cancer by mammographic measurement, and its prognostic significance assessed. Edema was present in 70% of patients and the incidence was directly related to tumor size. Edema was seen on occasions in all quadrants of the breast, but the inner and lower quadrants were the most frequent sites of edema irrespective of the site of tumor. Histology showed the skin thickening located in the reticular dermis; the papillary dermis and epidermis showed no change. It was shown that neither dermal lymphatic involvement nor lymphatic obstruction by regional node involvement was of primary etiological significance. Skin edema correlates with prognosis since there is an increased likelihood of both systemic and local recurrence if skin edema exceeds 0.5 mm. Further investigation and longer follow-up is necessary to show whether skin edema represents a parameter which carries prognostic significance independent of the more usual clinical indications.", "PMID": 758864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11052", "title": "Clinical aspects of nonsurgical percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with subsequent external bile drainage by nonsurgically established percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts was performed in 105 patients with obstructive jaundice. Recovery of liver function and improvement in the patients' general condition prior to radical or palliative surgery, nonsurgical palliation in advanced cases of malignancy as well as relief of postoperative leakage from a biliodigestive anastomosis are the indications for the bile drainage technique used in the present study. Clinical aspects such as optimal period of preoperative drainage, frequency of catheter dislodgement, and rate of complications such as cholangitis, bile leakage to the abdominal cavity and risk for peritoneal hemorrhage are discussed. Two deaths occurred within this series.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of nonsurgical percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with subsequent external bile drainage by nonsurgically established percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts was performed in 105 patients with obstructive jaundice. Recovery of liver function and improvement in the patients' general condition prior to radical or palliative surgery, nonsurgical palliation in advanced cases of malignancy as well as relief of postoperative leakage from a biliodigestive anastomosis are the indications for the bile drainage technique used in the present study. Clinical aspects such as optimal period of preoperative drainage, frequency of catheter dislodgement, and rate of complications such as cholangitis, bile leakage to the abdominal cavity and risk for peritoneal hemorrhage are discussed. Two deaths occurred within this series.", "PMID": 758865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11053", "title": "Cancer of the stomach. Review of consecutive ten year intervals.", "content": "Records were reviewed for all patients who underwent primary treatment for adenocarcinoma of the stomach at two UCLA hospitals between 1956 and 1975. Division of the data into two, ten-year time periods reveals a pattern of unchanging presentation and pathologic characteristics which probably accounts for the unaltered response to operative therapy. The consistency of certain prognostic findings justifies a surgical approach in which extensive resections are only selectively employed.", "contents": "Cancer of the stomach. Review of consecutive ten year intervals. Records were reviewed for all patients who underwent primary treatment for adenocarcinoma of the stomach at two UCLA hospitals between 1956 and 1975. Division of the data into two, ten-year time periods reveals a pattern of unchanging presentation and pathologic characteristics which probably accounts for the unaltered response to operative therapy. The consistency of certain prognostic findings justifies a surgical approach in which extensive resections are only selectively employed.", "PMID": 758866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11054", "title": "Moist bacterial strike-through of surgical materials: confirmatory tests.", "content": "New tests consisting of modifications of the inverted Mason jar test confirm our previously reported studies which showed that woven and nonwoven surgical materials vary greatly in their ability to serve as barriers against moist bacterial strike-through. Among the woven materials, only tightly woven Pima cloth or materials treated with Quarpel waterproofing process or with polythene layer lamination was invariably resistant. However, tight-woven Pima cloth, which had been treated with Quarpel became permeable after 100 washing-sterilizing cycles. Of the nonwoven materials, single-layer nonwoven materials tended to unevenly permeable to moist bacterial strike-through. Only the front and sleeves of nonwoven gowns reinforced with polyethelene layer were invariably resistant to moist contamination.", "contents": "Moist bacterial strike-through of surgical materials: confirmatory tests. New tests consisting of modifications of the inverted Mason jar test confirm our previously reported studies which showed that woven and nonwoven surgical materials vary greatly in their ability to serve as barriers against moist bacterial strike-through. Among the woven materials, only tightly woven Pima cloth or materials treated with Quarpel waterproofing process or with polythene layer lamination was invariably resistant. However, tight-woven Pima cloth, which had been treated with Quarpel became permeable after 100 washing-sterilizing cycles. Of the nonwoven materials, single-layer nonwoven materials tended to unevenly permeable to moist bacterial strike-through. Only the front and sleeves of nonwoven gowns reinforced with polyethelene layer were invariably resistant to moist contamination.", "PMID": 758867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11055", "title": "Acute cholecystitis complicating trauma.", "content": "Twelve patients developed acute cholecystitis complicating trauma. Acute acalculus cholecystitis was present in 11 patients. Nine patients died. A review of 20 reports comprising 98 patients shows 86.7% had acute acalculus cholelithiasis, and 61.1% had necrosis, gangrene, and/or perforation of the gallbladder. The overall mortality was 33.3% and only 16.1% of patients treated by cholecystectomy died. The etiology of acute cholecystitis complicating trauma is multifactorial. Gallstones are present infrequently whereas shock, increased bile pigment load, drugs, surgery, and (other) trauma are common precursors. Diagnosis is difficult and depends upon clinical suspicion and the physical examination. Immediate surgical intervention is required. Cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice. We recommend cholecystectomy at initial laparotomy whenever there is evidence of trauma to the gallbladder, or if the right or common hepatic artery is ligated for hepatic bleeding.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis complicating trauma. Twelve patients developed acute cholecystitis complicating trauma. Acute acalculus cholecystitis was present in 11 patients. Nine patients died. A review of 20 reports comprising 98 patients shows 86.7% had acute acalculus cholelithiasis, and 61.1% had necrosis, gangrene, and/or perforation of the gallbladder. The overall mortality was 33.3% and only 16.1% of patients treated by cholecystectomy died. The etiology of acute cholecystitis complicating trauma is multifactorial. Gallstones are present infrequently whereas shock, increased bile pigment load, drugs, surgery, and (other) trauma are common precursors. Diagnosis is difficult and depends upon clinical suspicion and the physical examination. Immediate surgical intervention is required. Cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice. We recommend cholecystectomy at initial laparotomy whenever there is evidence of trauma to the gallbladder, or if the right or common hepatic artery is ligated for hepatic bleeding.", "PMID": 758868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11056", "title": "Hand-held toy squeaker during carotid endarterectomy in the awake patient.", "content": "A toy squeaker held by the patient in the contralateral hand is used to monitor cerebral circulation during carotid endarterectomy. Regional anesthesia--cervical plexus block--allowed the patient to cooperate and give useful information, especially during the crucial period of test clamping. In a series of 300 cases, during a period of five years, it was instrumental in avoiding brain damage in 6% of the cases.", "contents": "Hand-held toy squeaker during carotid endarterectomy in the awake patient. A toy squeaker held by the patient in the contralateral hand is used to monitor cerebral circulation during carotid endarterectomy. Regional anesthesia--cervical plexus block--allowed the patient to cooperate and give useful information, especially during the crucial period of test clamping. In a series of 300 cases, during a period of five years, it was instrumental in avoiding brain damage in 6% of the cases.", "PMID": 758869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11057", "title": "Removal of a distal common bile duct stone through percutaneous transhepatic catheterization.", "content": "A residual distal common bile duct stone was successfully advanced into the duodenum after percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the biliary tract. Nonsurgical retrieval of retained biliary duct stones through surgically created T-tube tracts has been shown to be a practical procedure with high reported success rates. Reoperation has been necessary in cases where no drainage tube was introduced at surgery or when stones have formed after the fistula closed. Transhepatic catheterization techniques may provide a way to manipulate residual biliary tract stones when no other access is available.", "contents": "Removal of a distal common bile duct stone through percutaneous transhepatic catheterization. A residual distal common bile duct stone was successfully advanced into the duodenum after percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the biliary tract. Nonsurgical retrieval of retained biliary duct stones through surgically created T-tube tracts has been shown to be a practical procedure with high reported success rates. Reoperation has been necessary in cases where no drainage tube was introduced at surgery or when stones have formed after the fistula closed. Transhepatic catheterization techniques may provide a way to manipulate residual biliary tract stones when no other access is available.", "PMID": 758870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11058", "title": "Ultrasound demonstration of wandering spleen.", "content": "The correct preoperative diagnosis of a wandering spleen is infrequently made either clinically or with conventional radiologic studies. Since ultrasound can readily identify the spleen, it may assist in making this diagnosis. We describe three patients to illustrate the advantages and usefulness of ultrasound. In one postmastectomy patient, the suspected abdominal metastasis was shown to be a displaced spleen, thus obviating the necessity for an exploratory laparotomy. In the other two patients, ultrasound diagnosis was helpful in clinical treatment by localizing the wandering spleen. Ultrasound evaluation is particularly suited for patients with obscure abdominal masses because it is safe, simple, and fast.", "contents": "Ultrasound demonstration of wandering spleen. The correct preoperative diagnosis of a wandering spleen is infrequently made either clinically or with conventional radiologic studies. Since ultrasound can readily identify the spleen, it may assist in making this diagnosis. We describe three patients to illustrate the advantages and usefulness of ultrasound. In one postmastectomy patient, the suspected abdominal metastasis was shown to be a displaced spleen, thus obviating the necessity for an exploratory laparotomy. In the other two patients, ultrasound diagnosis was helpful in clinical treatment by localizing the wandering spleen. Ultrasound evaluation is particularly suited for patients with obscure abdominal masses because it is safe, simple, and fast.", "PMID": 758872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11059", "title": "Anatomy and osteotomy of the greater trochanter.", "content": "Eleven human cadaver hips were dissected to define exactly the musculofascial anatomy of the greater trochanter and the supportive structures around it. A readily identifiable plane was defined that permitted osteotomy of the greater trochanter from an anterior approach leaving the vastus lateralis attached to it so that the trochanter could be folded posteriorly and then replaced securely. The osteotomy has been used in difficult total hip replacements at Waterbury (Conn) Hospital and found to be very satisfactory with no wire or bolt fixation necessary to maintain trochanter stability after surgery. Until a large series of these osteotomies has been reviewed, however, additional fixation may be advisable.", "contents": "Anatomy and osteotomy of the greater trochanter. Eleven human cadaver hips were dissected to define exactly the musculofascial anatomy of the greater trochanter and the supportive structures around it. A readily identifiable plane was defined that permitted osteotomy of the greater trochanter from an anterior approach leaving the vastus lateralis attached to it so that the trochanter could be folded posteriorly and then replaced securely. The osteotomy has been used in difficult total hip replacements at Waterbury (Conn) Hospital and found to be very satisfactory with no wire or bolt fixation necessary to maintain trochanter stability after surgery. Until a large series of these osteotomies has been reviewed, however, additional fixation may be advisable.", "PMID": 758873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11060", "title": "Netilmicin. A new aminoglycoside in the treatment of septic burn patients.", "content": "Netilmicin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was administered to ten patients with thermal burns who were suffering from septic complications, usually burn wound sepsis. There were seven survivors. Eighty-three percent of all clinical isolates recovered showed sensitivity to the drug. No renal or auditory side effects were noted in any of the patients.", "contents": "Netilmicin. A new aminoglycoside in the treatment of septic burn patients. Netilmicin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was administered to ten patients with thermal burns who were suffering from septic complications, usually burn wound sepsis. There were seven survivors. Eighty-three percent of all clinical isolates recovered showed sensitivity to the drug. No renal or auditory side effects were noted in any of the patients.", "PMID": 758874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11061", "title": "Malignant melanoma. Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing.", "content": "One hundred eighty-two patients undergoing initial surgical therapy for primary malignant melanoma were evaluated for delayed hypersensitivity using a battery of recall antigens prior to surgery. Fifty-six patients were also sensitized with 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. All tumors were classified by Clark-Mihm levels and the patients were clinically staged. They were followed up for an average period of 55 months. There was no significant difference in the ability of patients with varied Clark-Mihm level lesions to mount a delayed hypersensitivity response to the recall battery or to 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Thirteen stage I melanoma patients in whom recurrence developed at a distant site exhibited no difference in immune responsiveness when compared to 148 patients in whom recurrence did not develop when both groups were tested with recall antigens. No difference was noted in patients with stage II disease in whom recurrence developed, as measured by reaction to these same antigens. Twelve patients demonstrated anergy to recall antigens, in none of whom has recurrence developed to date. Fifty-six patients who were tested with 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene showed no difference in reactivity with tumors classified at any of the Clark-Mihm levels. Anergy demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing appears to reflect increasing tumor burden, rather than a preexisting deficiency that can be used to predict patients at high risk for the development of recurrent disease.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma. Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. One hundred eighty-two patients undergoing initial surgical therapy for primary malignant melanoma were evaluated for delayed hypersensitivity using a battery of recall antigens prior to surgery. Fifty-six patients were also sensitized with 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. All tumors were classified by Clark-Mihm levels and the patients were clinically staged. They were followed up for an average period of 55 months. There was no significant difference in the ability of patients with varied Clark-Mihm level lesions to mount a delayed hypersensitivity response to the recall battery or to 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Thirteen stage I melanoma patients in whom recurrence developed at a distant site exhibited no difference in immune responsiveness when compared to 148 patients in whom recurrence did not develop when both groups were tested with recall antigens. No difference was noted in patients with stage II disease in whom recurrence developed, as measured by reaction to these same antigens. Twelve patients demonstrated anergy to recall antigens, in none of whom has recurrence developed to date. Fifty-six patients who were tested with 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene showed no difference in reactivity with tumors classified at any of the Clark-Mihm levels. Anergy demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing appears to reflect increasing tumor burden, rather than a preexisting deficiency that can be used to predict patients at high risk for the development of recurrent disease.", "PMID": 758875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11062", "title": "Treatment outcome in recurrent head and neck cancer.", "content": "One hundred cases of recurrent oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal squamous cancer were reviewed to determine the contribution of retreatment of such lesions to overall survival. Thirty percent (8/27) of locally recurrent T1-2 primary lesions and 4% (1/28) of recurrent T3-4 lesions were cured by retreatment. Forty-five percent (5/11) of patients with conversion of N0 necks were salvaged, while no cures of neck recurrence after an earlier elective (four) or therapeutic (22) neck dissection were seen. Three of eight patients with isolated lung recurrence were salvaged. Patients benefiting most from retreatment were those with local recurrence of small primary lesions, conversion of a previously N0 neck, or isolated lung disease. Those with other types of recurrence were helped much less.", "contents": "Treatment outcome in recurrent head and neck cancer. One hundred cases of recurrent oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal squamous cancer were reviewed to determine the contribution of retreatment of such lesions to overall survival. Thirty percent (8/27) of locally recurrent T1-2 primary lesions and 4% (1/28) of recurrent T3-4 lesions were cured by retreatment. Forty-five percent (5/11) of patients with conversion of N0 necks were salvaged, while no cures of neck recurrence after an earlier elective (four) or therapeutic (22) neck dissection were seen. Three of eight patients with isolated lung recurrence were salvaged. Patients benefiting most from retreatment were those with local recurrence of small primary lesions, conversion of a previously N0 neck, or isolated lung disease. Those with other types of recurrence were helped much less.", "PMID": 758876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11063", "title": "Gastroesophageal fundoplication for reflux following repair of esophageal atresia. Experience with nine patients.", "content": "Esophageal dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are common sequelae that may persist for many years in infants and children who have undergone repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The slow clearance of refluxed gastric contents appears to cause a high incidence of aspiration, a high incidence of esophageal anastomotic stricture or leak, and a slow response to dilation of esophageal anastomotic strictures. Nissen transabdominal gastroesophageal fundoplication was performed in nine children (seven who were less than 4 months of age) subsequent to repair of esophageal atresia because of recurrent severe symptoms due to regurgitation. On the basis of this favorable experience with nine infants and children, we believe that an aggressive surgical approach should be taken in the management of symptomatic GER in patients at a young age following repair of esophageal atresia and TEF who fail to respond to an adequate trial of medical treatment.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal fundoplication for reflux following repair of esophageal atresia. Experience with nine patients. Esophageal dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are common sequelae that may persist for many years in infants and children who have undergone repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The slow clearance of refluxed gastric contents appears to cause a high incidence of aspiration, a high incidence of esophageal anastomotic stricture or leak, and a slow response to dilation of esophageal anastomotic strictures. Nissen transabdominal gastroesophageal fundoplication was performed in nine children (seven who were less than 4 months of age) subsequent to repair of esophageal atresia because of recurrent severe symptoms due to regurgitation. On the basis of this favorable experience with nine infants and children, we believe that an aggressive surgical approach should be taken in the management of symptomatic GER in patients at a young age following repair of esophageal atresia and TEF who fail to respond to an adequate trial of medical treatment.", "PMID": 758877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11064", "title": "Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "The records of 145 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels measured were evaluated. Preoperative CEA levels were correlated with pathological stage and tumor locations. Increasing levels of CEA were found with advanced stage of disease. Metastatic tumors could be accurately predicted in large percentage of cases. Right-sided colon tumors had lower levels of CEA, compared to left-sided lesions.", "contents": "Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal carcinoma. The records of 145 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels measured were evaluated. Preoperative CEA levels were correlated with pathological stage and tumor locations. Increasing levels of CEA were found with advanced stage of disease. Metastatic tumors could be accurately predicted in large percentage of cases. Right-sided colon tumors had lower levels of CEA, compared to left-sided lesions.", "PMID": 758878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11065", "title": "Surgical diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma of childhood.", "content": "Lymphoma was found in 40 of 72 children with a mediastinal mass who had had an intrathoracic or extrathoracic biopsy or excision of the tumor performed at the Yale-New Haven (Conn) Medical Center between 1964 and 1977. The lymphomas were typically located in the anterior or middle compartment in children 2 years of age or older, and they were usually accompanied by fever, nocturnal sweating, weight loss, or pruritus. Thirty (75%) of the children with lymphoma had enlarged supraclavicular or cervical lymph nodes available for biopsy, whereas the other ten without palpable lymphadenopathy required a limited anterior thoractomy to obtain tissue for diagnosis. Careful preoperative selection makes extensive thoracotomy or attempts at excision of mediastinal lymphoma unnecessary. The findings in this retrospective study also emphasize the prevalence of lymphoma among mediastinal tumors seen in children older than 2 years of age.", "contents": "Surgical diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma of childhood. Lymphoma was found in 40 of 72 children with a mediastinal mass who had had an intrathoracic or extrathoracic biopsy or excision of the tumor performed at the Yale-New Haven (Conn) Medical Center between 1964 and 1977. The lymphomas were typically located in the anterior or middle compartment in children 2 years of age or older, and they were usually accompanied by fever, nocturnal sweating, weight loss, or pruritus. Thirty (75%) of the children with lymphoma had enlarged supraclavicular or cervical lymph nodes available for biopsy, whereas the other ten without palpable lymphadenopathy required a limited anterior thoractomy to obtain tissue for diagnosis. Careful preoperative selection makes extensive thoracotomy or attempts at excision of mediastinal lymphoma unnecessary. The findings in this retrospective study also emphasize the prevalence of lymphoma among mediastinal tumors seen in children older than 2 years of age.", "PMID": 758879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11066", "title": "Prosthetic aortic valves. Indications for and results of reoperation.", "content": "During a 15-year period from January 1962 through December 1976, 42 patients who had undergone a previous aortic valve replacement underwent reoperation. The mean interval between operations was 4.4 years. The indications for reoperation were aortic regurgitation resulting from mechanical malfunction (12 patients), ball variance (15 patients), perivalvular leaks (five patients), prosthetic stenosis (eight patients), anemia (one patient), and recurrent emboli (one patient). The indications were characteristic of a specific valve series. The most common reoperation was aortic valve replacement (29/42), which had a 10.3% operative mortality. Poppet change (10/42) carried a 10% operative mortality and no operative deaths followed suture closure of perivalvular leaks. Eighty-eight percent of patients alive six months after reoperation were New York Heart Association functional class 1 or 2. At last follow-up, 95% of surviving patients were still functional class 1 or 2, with a mean cumulative survival of 4.7 years after reoperation. This experience demonstrates that those patients surviving long enough to undergo reoperation can expect a reasonable operative risk, long-term survival, and excellent clinical improvement.", "contents": "Prosthetic aortic valves. Indications for and results of reoperation. During a 15-year period from January 1962 through December 1976, 42 patients who had undergone a previous aortic valve replacement underwent reoperation. The mean interval between operations was 4.4 years. The indications for reoperation were aortic regurgitation resulting from mechanical malfunction (12 patients), ball variance (15 patients), perivalvular leaks (five patients), prosthetic stenosis (eight patients), anemia (one patient), and recurrent emboli (one patient). The indications were characteristic of a specific valve series. The most common reoperation was aortic valve replacement (29/42), which had a 10.3% operative mortality. Poppet change (10/42) carried a 10% operative mortality and no operative deaths followed suture closure of perivalvular leaks. Eighty-eight percent of patients alive six months after reoperation were New York Heart Association functional class 1 or 2. At last follow-up, 95% of surviving patients were still functional class 1 or 2, with a mean cumulative survival of 4.7 years after reoperation. This experience demonstrates that those patients surviving long enough to undergo reoperation can expect a reasonable operative risk, long-term survival, and excellent clinical improvement.", "PMID": 758880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11067", "title": "Postmortem findings in three patients treated with intravenous fat emulsions.", "content": "Three patients died of intercurrent illness in relation to intravenous nutrition with fat emulsions (20% Intralipid). In two cases, postmortem findings showed milky white, shiny, clotted lumps in the heart, with a fatty acid composition resembling that of fat emulsions. In vitro investigations make it likely that fibrin deposits in hyperlipemic plasma composed the lumps. In two cases, 30- to 50-mu Sudan-positive accumulations were found in the small vessels of the lungs, the cerebrum, and the kidneys.", "contents": "Postmortem findings in three patients treated with intravenous fat emulsions. Three patients died of intercurrent illness in relation to intravenous nutrition with fat emulsions (20% Intralipid). In two cases, postmortem findings showed milky white, shiny, clotted lumps in the heart, with a fatty acid composition resembling that of fat emulsions. In vitro investigations make it likely that fibrin deposits in hyperlipemic plasma composed the lumps. In two cases, 30- to 50-mu Sudan-positive accumulations were found in the small vessels of the lungs, the cerebrum, and the kidneys.", "PMID": 758881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11068", "title": "Salivary gland heterotopia in the lower part of the neck.", "content": "Heterotopic salivary gland tissue in branchial cleft cysts in the upper part of the neck reputedly differentiates from the epithelial lining of the cyst. We describe a patient with salivary gland tissue found in the lower part of the neck. How salivary gland tissue finds its way to the lower neck is obscure. It is conceivable that the tissue originated from a precervical sinus or cervical vesicle, a distinct embryologic structure that forms in the lower part of the neck between the second branchial arch and the upper thoracic wall, but that normally disappears by the time of birth. The epithelial lining of the cervical vesicle is thought to be associated with the early development of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Salivary gland tissue may differentiate from the epithelial lining of cervical vesicles and nurture the growing nerves by nerve growth factor elaboration.", "contents": "Salivary gland heterotopia in the lower part of the neck. Heterotopic salivary gland tissue in branchial cleft cysts in the upper part of the neck reputedly differentiates from the epithelial lining of the cyst. We describe a patient with salivary gland tissue found in the lower part of the neck. How salivary gland tissue finds its way to the lower neck is obscure. It is conceivable that the tissue originated from a precervical sinus or cervical vesicle, a distinct embryologic structure that forms in the lower part of the neck between the second branchial arch and the upper thoracic wall, but that normally disappears by the time of birth. The epithelial lining of the cervical vesicle is thought to be associated with the early development of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Salivary gland tissue may differentiate from the epithelial lining of cervical vesicles and nurture the growing nerves by nerve growth factor elaboration.", "PMID": 758882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11069", "title": "Stewart-Treves syndrome. A lethal complication of postmastectomy lymphedema and regional immune deficiency.", "content": "Lymphangiosarcoma is a fatal complication of postmastectomy lymphedema. The pathogenesis of lymphangiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema is a combination of two factors. First, the edematous region responds in a manner similar to \"immunologically privileged sites.\" Second, because of its anatomic and physiologic properties, it is a favorable site for the development of mutant cell populations for reasons that are not fully understood. As a result, these mutant cells, with their genetically nonidentical antigens, escape recognition by the host's impaired immune surveillance mechanism. The failure to promote a sufficient immune response allows unrestricted tumor growth to take place, resulting in the ultimate death of the patient. Available therapeutic measures are equally unsatisfactory. Emphasis is placed on periodic examination of the lymphedematous extremity, aggressive treatment of established lymphedema and infections, and surgical preservation of lymphatic channels during breast cancer surgery.", "contents": "Stewart-Treves syndrome. A lethal complication of postmastectomy lymphedema and regional immune deficiency. Lymphangiosarcoma is a fatal complication of postmastectomy lymphedema. The pathogenesis of lymphangiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema is a combination of two factors. First, the edematous region responds in a manner similar to \"immunologically privileged sites.\" Second, because of its anatomic and physiologic properties, it is a favorable site for the development of mutant cell populations for reasons that are not fully understood. As a result, these mutant cells, with their genetically nonidentical antigens, escape recognition by the host's impaired immune surveillance mechanism. The failure to promote a sufficient immune response allows unrestricted tumor growth to take place, resulting in the ultimate death of the patient. Available therapeutic measures are equally unsatisfactory. Emphasis is placed on periodic examination of the lymphedematous extremity, aggressive treatment of established lymphedema and infections, and surgical preservation of lymphatic channels during breast cancer surgery.", "PMID": 758883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11070", "title": "Obstructing phytobezoar of an intrahepatic bile duct.", "content": "Drainage of a choledochal cyst with a cystogastrostomy allowed food to reflux into the liver, where it obstructed a major right hepatic duct and produced recurrent cholangitis. Partial hepatectomy was necessary for relief. Drainage of choledochal cysts with a long Roux-en-Y loop seems advisable.", "contents": "Obstructing phytobezoar of an intrahepatic bile duct. Drainage of a choledochal cyst with a cystogastrostomy allowed food to reflux into the liver, where it obstructed a major right hepatic duct and produced recurrent cholangitis. Partial hepatectomy was necessary for relief. Drainage of choledochal cysts with a long Roux-en-Y loop seems advisable.", "PMID": 758884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11071", "title": "Phantom breast syndrome.", "content": "In this study of 41 women who underwent mastectomy, over half (54%) experienced phantom breast syndrome (PBS). Of these, 80% had phantom breast pain. The majority of women (58%) did not report their symptoms to their physicians, despite the considerable interference in their lives from these symptoms. Six variables were found to differentiate the women who had phantom breast syndrome from those who did not. All of these factors were closely related to the psychological aspects of mastectomy. Significant among these was that women who experienced PBS perceived both that they did not receive much emotional support from their surgeons, and that most of their emotional problems were secondary to the mastectomy. In these respects, they differed from women not reporting PBS. By early evaluation of each patient who is to undergo mastectomy, it should be possible to identify those at risk, to develop means to prevent the development of the syndrome, and to treat those women in whom the preventive attempts are unsuccessful.", "contents": "Phantom breast syndrome. In this study of 41 women who underwent mastectomy, over half (54%) experienced phantom breast syndrome (PBS). Of these, 80% had phantom breast pain. The majority of women (58%) did not report their symptoms to their physicians, despite the considerable interference in their lives from these symptoms. Six variables were found to differentiate the women who had phantom breast syndrome from those who did not. All of these factors were closely related to the psychological aspects of mastectomy. Significant among these was that women who experienced PBS perceived both that they did not receive much emotional support from their surgeons, and that most of their emotional problems were secondary to the mastectomy. In these respects, they differed from women not reporting PBS. By early evaluation of each patient who is to undergo mastectomy, it should be possible to identify those at risk, to develop means to prevent the development of the syndrome, and to treat those women in whom the preventive attempts are unsuccessful.", "PMID": 758885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11072", "title": "Management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies: a new approach with the aid of diagnostic x-ray spectrometry.", "content": "A new approach is suggested for the management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. This approach is based on diagnostic x-ray spectrometry, which is capable of detecting noninvasively the dissolution of metallic intraocular foreign bodies. As long as no copper dissolution is observed, foreign bodies of reasonable size are left in the eye and extraction is recommended whenever a persisting copper dissolution is detected. Of the 32 patients examined and followed up, 23 did not show any copper dissolution. The majority of these patients, one of whom has retained a foreign body for 28 years, have satisfactory visual functions. Of the nine patients in whom copper dissolution was observed, five were operated on. In three of the remaining four patients, the operation was delayed and the dissolution was found to be temporary. These patients retained good visual functions.", "contents": "Management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies: a new approach with the aid of diagnostic x-ray spectrometry. A new approach is suggested for the management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. This approach is based on diagnostic x-ray spectrometry, which is capable of detecting noninvasively the dissolution of metallic intraocular foreign bodies. As long as no copper dissolution is observed, foreign bodies of reasonable size are left in the eye and extraction is recommended whenever a persisting copper dissolution is detected. Of the 32 patients examined and followed up, 23 did not show any copper dissolution. The majority of these patients, one of whom has retained a foreign body for 28 years, have satisfactory visual functions. Of the nine patients in whom copper dissolution was observed, five were operated on. In three of the remaining four patients, the operation was delayed and the dissolution was found to be temporary. These patients retained good visual functions.", "PMID": 758886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11073", "title": "Photocoagulation of malignant melanoma.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman developed a pigmented, expanding posterior pole choroidal lesion nasally that was clinically consistent with malignant melanoma. She refused enucleation, but agreed to a trial of photocoagulation therapy. Four weeks after photocoagulation, a reaccumulation of pigmentation and apparent elevation prompted a second photocoagulation treatment. During the second photocoagulation episode corneal edema occurred, and thereafter the fundus view was poor. Again, four weeks after the second treatment there appeared to be increasing pigmentation and possible elevation in the lesion centrally. Because of apparent continued growth of the tumor, the globe was enucleated 82 days after the initial photocoagulation. Serial section histopathologic examination of the lesion revealed only rare neoplastic cells along the base of the lesion. However, myriad pigment-laden macrophages were present around a central area of necrosis. Pigment accumulation within macrophages had simulated tumor growth clinically.", "contents": "Photocoagulation of malignant melanoma. A 59-year-old woman developed a pigmented, expanding posterior pole choroidal lesion nasally that was clinically consistent with malignant melanoma. She refused enucleation, but agreed to a trial of photocoagulation therapy. Four weeks after photocoagulation, a reaccumulation of pigmentation and apparent elevation prompted a second photocoagulation treatment. During the second photocoagulation episode corneal edema occurred, and thereafter the fundus view was poor. Again, four weeks after the second treatment there appeared to be increasing pigmentation and possible elevation in the lesion centrally. Because of apparent continued growth of the tumor, the globe was enucleated 82 days after the initial photocoagulation. Serial section histopathologic examination of the lesion revealed only rare neoplastic cells along the base of the lesion. However, myriad pigment-laden macrophages were present around a central area of necrosis. Pigment accumulation within macrophages had simulated tumor growth clinically.", "PMID": 758887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11074", "title": "Lipoma of the frontal bone.", "content": "A 61-hear-old man was followed up for more than 17 years with what was thought to be fibrous dysplasia of the frontal bone. Postmortem microscopic examination of the lesion showed an intraosseous lipoma with myxomatous foci and bony metaplasia involving the frontal and orbital portions of the frontal bone.", "contents": "Lipoma of the frontal bone. A 61-hear-old man was followed up for more than 17 years with what was thought to be fibrous dysplasia of the frontal bone. Postmortem microscopic examination of the lesion showed an intraosseous lipoma with myxomatous foci and bony metaplasia involving the frontal and orbital portions of the frontal bone.", "PMID": 758888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11075", "title": "Spindle cell lipoma of the orbit.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman had an orbital mass lesion removed surgically that proved histologically to be a spindle cell lipoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a spindle cell lipoma arising in the orbit. This specific type of lipoma occurs chiefly in male patients and is believed to affect the shoulder and posterior neck regions almost exclusively. Spindle cell lipomas, while having unusual features histologically, are benign and should not be mistaken for liposarcomas or other spindle cell soft-tissue tumors.", "contents": "Spindle cell lipoma of the orbit. A 42-year-old woman had an orbital mass lesion removed surgically that proved histologically to be a spindle cell lipoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a spindle cell lipoma arising in the orbit. This specific type of lipoma occurs chiefly in male patients and is believed to affect the shoulder and posterior neck regions almost exclusively. Spindle cell lipomas, while having unusual features histologically, are benign and should not be mistaken for liposarcomas or other spindle cell soft-tissue tumors.", "PMID": 758889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11076", "title": "Posterior subcapsular cataracts: histopathologic study of steroid-associated cataracts.", "content": "Long-term steroid therapy is associated with production of a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Five steroid-associated cataractous lenses were studied, using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Anterior, equatorial, and posterior regions were examined. Findings were compared with five age-matched senile PSCs and five nuclear cataractous lenses with no cortical opacities. The posterior polar region of steroid-associated cataractous lenses consists of (1) a superficial zone of liquefaction and (2) a deep zone of segmentally swollen lens fibers. Nucleated lens fibers are present in posterior cortical regions. Cytoplasm at knob and socket junctions had become lucent and plasma membranes were disappearing, leaving empty spaces. Laminated membranous configurations were seen. Although the same basic histopathologic abnormalities were found in steroid-associated cataracts and in nonsteroid senile PSCs, it is their organization and localization that may be the distinguishing characteristics of the steroid-associated cataract.", "contents": "Posterior subcapsular cataracts: histopathologic study of steroid-associated cataracts. Long-term steroid therapy is associated with production of a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Five steroid-associated cataractous lenses were studied, using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Anterior, equatorial, and posterior regions were examined. Findings were compared with five age-matched senile PSCs and five nuclear cataractous lenses with no cortical opacities. The posterior polar region of steroid-associated cataractous lenses consists of (1) a superficial zone of liquefaction and (2) a deep zone of segmentally swollen lens fibers. Nucleated lens fibers are present in posterior cortical regions. Cytoplasm at knob and socket junctions had become lucent and plasma membranes were disappearing, leaving empty spaces. Laminated membranous configurations were seen. Although the same basic histopathologic abnormalities were found in steroid-associated cataracts and in nonsteroid senile PSCs, it is their organization and localization that may be the distinguishing characteristics of the steroid-associated cataract.", "PMID": 758890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11077", "title": "Albumin-bound bilirubin in subchoroidal fluid.", "content": "The most unique property of subchoroidal fluid was found to be the high bilirubin level. One distinct yellow band in the same position as albumin was observed when it was subjected to electrophoresis on agarose film. The yellow compound was very soluble in chloroform. Its identity to bilirubin was confirmed by its absorption maximum at 445 nm, and a positive reaction with Ehrlich's diazo reagent. Subretinal fluid and liquid vitreous often had a yellowish appearance after ocular hemorrhage. However, their bilirubin level was not elevated above that of serum. Our data indicated that the degradation of RBCs may be an important causative factor of persistant detachment.", "contents": "Albumin-bound bilirubin in subchoroidal fluid. The most unique property of subchoroidal fluid was found to be the high bilirubin level. One distinct yellow band in the same position as albumin was observed when it was subjected to electrophoresis on agarose film. The yellow compound was very soluble in chloroform. Its identity to bilirubin was confirmed by its absorption maximum at 445 nm, and a positive reaction with Ehrlich's diazo reagent. Subretinal fluid and liquid vitreous often had a yellowish appearance after ocular hemorrhage. However, their bilirubin level was not elevated above that of serum. Our data indicated that the degradation of RBCs may be an important causative factor of persistant detachment.", "PMID": 758891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11078", "title": "Dextran 40-containing infusion fluids and corneal swelling: a specular microscopic study.", "content": "We studied the effect of dextran 40 on corneal swelling with a specular microscope. The corneas were stressed by the addition of 10(-5)M ouabain to the infusion fluids for various time intervals. Dextran 40 inhibited swelling of functionally impaired corneas. However, when the dextran 40 was removed from the solution, the corneas swelled rapidly to reach the level of those incubated in ouabain without dextran 40. When the corneas were stressed in ouabain for a short period, dextran 40 had a protective effect that lasted even after its removal from the solution.", "contents": "Dextran 40-containing infusion fluids and corneal swelling: a specular microscopic study. We studied the effect of dextran 40 on corneal swelling with a specular microscope. The corneas were stressed by the addition of 10(-5)M ouabain to the infusion fluids for various time intervals. Dextran 40 inhibited swelling of functionally impaired corneas. However, when the dextran 40 was removed from the solution, the corneas swelled rapidly to reach the level of those incubated in ouabain without dextran 40. When the corneas were stressed in ouabain for a short period, dextran 40 had a protective effect that lasted even after its removal from the solution.", "PMID": 758892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11079", "title": "Dextran 40-containing incubation media: effect on lens electrolyte and water balance.", "content": "The effect of dextran 40 on lens swelling and electrolyte balance in lenses stressed by incubation in Ca++-free media was studied. Dextran 40 substantially inhibited lens swelling, Na+ gain, and K+ loss caused by six-hour incubation in Ca++-free media. After an additional 12-hour incubation in Ca++-enriched media, the water and electrolyte balance in the dextran 40-incubated group was essentially the same as that of lenses that were never exposed to a Ca++-free media. Those lenses that were not incubated in dextran 40 demonstrated significant residual lens swelling and electrolyte imbalance. It is concluded that dextran 40, by virtue of its oncotic effect, inhibits colloidal osmotic swelling and exerts a protective effect on lens function under a stress situation.", "contents": "Dextran 40-containing incubation media: effect on lens electrolyte and water balance. The effect of dextran 40 on lens swelling and electrolyte balance in lenses stressed by incubation in Ca++-free media was studied. Dextran 40 substantially inhibited lens swelling, Na+ gain, and K+ loss caused by six-hour incubation in Ca++-free media. After an additional 12-hour incubation in Ca++-enriched media, the water and electrolyte balance in the dextran 40-incubated group was essentially the same as that of lenses that were never exposed to a Ca++-free media. Those lenses that were not incubated in dextran 40 demonstrated significant residual lens swelling and electrolyte imbalance. It is concluded that dextran 40, by virtue of its oncotic effect, inhibits colloidal osmotic swelling and exerts a protective effect on lens function under a stress situation.", "PMID": 758893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11080", "title": "Visual resolution in a patient exhibiting a visual fatigue or saturation-like effect: probable multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A rapid visual resolution test conducted on available equipment reveals the presence of rapid falloff in acuity in a case of probable multiple sclerosis. Intense large field illumination was used, and grating acuity was tested using laser red light. The effect is so large that minor anomalies (not subjectively appreciated) or the residuum of earlier minor attacks of retrobulbar optic neuritis can be readily detected. A related \"visual fatigue or saturation-like syndrome\" was described earlier. In bright environments these patients' vision fades. Briefly closing the eyes restores visual sensitivity. Providing filters or lowering the light level tends to maintain vision. This test must be studied intensively. It offers a noninvasive simple means of showing underlying anomalies in neural conduction of the visual signal. Such anomalies can be prognostic and previously have been revealed only with sophisticated electrophysiological techniques.", "contents": "Visual resolution in a patient exhibiting a visual fatigue or saturation-like effect: probable multiple sclerosis. A rapid visual resolution test conducted on available equipment reveals the presence of rapid falloff in acuity in a case of probable multiple sclerosis. Intense large field illumination was used, and grating acuity was tested using laser red light. The effect is so large that minor anomalies (not subjectively appreciated) or the residuum of earlier minor attacks of retrobulbar optic neuritis can be readily detected. A related \"visual fatigue or saturation-like syndrome\" was described earlier. In bright environments these patients' vision fades. Briefly closing the eyes restores visual sensitivity. Providing filters or lowering the light level tends to maintain vision. This test must be studied intensively. It offers a noninvasive simple means of showing underlying anomalies in neural conduction of the visual signal. Such anomalies can be prognostic and previously have been revealed only with sophisticated electrophysiological techniques.", "PMID": 758895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11081", "title": "Blindness secondary to steroid injections into the nasal turbinates.", "content": "Two cases of inadvertent intra-arterial injection into the anterior turbinates for treatment of allergic rhinitis resulted in retrograde flow of methylprednisolone acetate in the ophthalmic artery. Both patients demonstrated embolization of the retinal circulation, and one of the choroidal circulation as well. Visual outcome was favorable, although one patient showed a permanent paracentral scotoma. Fundus photographs clearly showed intra-arterial obstruction of arterioles that cleared within several days. Precautions can be taken for the prevention of this complication.", "contents": "Blindness secondary to steroid injections into the nasal turbinates. Two cases of inadvertent intra-arterial injection into the anterior turbinates for treatment of allergic rhinitis resulted in retrograde flow of methylprednisolone acetate in the ophthalmic artery. Both patients demonstrated embolization of the retinal circulation, and one of the choroidal circulation as well. Visual outcome was favorable, although one patient showed a permanent paracentral scotoma. Fundus photographs clearly showed intra-arterial obstruction of arterioles that cleared within several days. Precautions can be taken for the prevention of this complication.", "PMID": 758896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11082", "title": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in rheumatic fever.", "content": "During a two-year period, a 15-year-old boy had three major manifestations of rheumatic fever, ie, chorea, rash, and carditis. Following the acute carditis, peripheral retinal neovascularization appeared in the left eye. Associated transient hemiparesis suggests that emboli may account for the retinal vascular occlusion. Rheumatic fever should be considered in the medical survey of patients who have retinal new vessels of obscure origin.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in rheumatic fever. During a two-year period, a 15-year-old boy had three major manifestations of rheumatic fever, ie, chorea, rash, and carditis. Following the acute carditis, peripheral retinal neovascularization appeared in the left eye. Associated transient hemiparesis suggests that emboli may account for the retinal vascular occlusion. Rheumatic fever should be considered in the medical survey of patients who have retinal new vessels of obscure origin.", "PMID": 758897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11083", "title": "Cilioretinal arteries and retinal arterial occlusion.", "content": "A series of 187 cases of retinal artery occlusion was reviewed. 107 of which were central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO). Of the 107 cases, 28 (26%) showed some degree of macular sparing owing to a patent cilioretinalartery. The patients with cilioretinal sparing regained variable degrees of visual acuity, depending on the amount of the pipillomacular bundle supplied by the patent vessel. The patients with CRAO without cilioretinal sparing rarely regained any useful vision. To our knowledge, this is the first large series documenting the degree of visual return in such cases. From this data, guidelines for counseling patients with CRAO with cilioretinal sparing are presented.", "contents": "Cilioretinal arteries and retinal arterial occlusion. A series of 187 cases of retinal artery occlusion was reviewed. 107 of which were central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO). Of the 107 cases, 28 (26%) showed some degree of macular sparing owing to a patent cilioretinalartery. The patients with cilioretinal sparing regained variable degrees of visual acuity, depending on the amount of the pipillomacular bundle supplied by the patent vessel. The patients with CRAO without cilioretinal sparing rarely regained any useful vision. To our knowledge, this is the first large series documenting the degree of visual return in such cases. From this data, guidelines for counseling patients with CRAO with cilioretinal sparing are presented.", "PMID": 758898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11084", "title": "Monofixational intermittent exotropia.", "content": "The surgical correction of intermittent exotropia occasionally results in a monofixational sensory pattern. Stereopsis as a measure of bifixation was studied preoperatively and postoperatively in 39 cases of intermittent exotropia. Of 26 patients with bifixation, 25 remained so after surgery. Of 13 patients with monofixation, 11 remained unchanged by surgery, one improved, and one lost all binocularity. The presence of preoperative monofixational intermittent exotropia, to explain a monofixation result from intermittent exotropia surgery, is proposed.", "contents": "Monofixational intermittent exotropia. The surgical correction of intermittent exotropia occasionally results in a monofixational sensory pattern. Stereopsis as a measure of bifixation was studied preoperatively and postoperatively in 39 cases of intermittent exotropia. Of 26 patients with bifixation, 25 remained so after surgery. Of 13 patients with monofixation, 11 remained unchanged by surgery, one improved, and one lost all binocularity. The presence of preoperative monofixational intermittent exotropia, to explain a monofixation result from intermittent exotropia surgery, is proposed.", "PMID": 758899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11085", "title": "Articular manifestations of mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "All but one of 28 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who were studied prospectively had arthralgia, and 15 of them had noticed joint swelling. Arthralgia was the first symptom in 14 patients and one of the first two symptoms in 24. Arthralgia was pauciaticular in 4 and polyarticular in 23. Presence of morning stiffness in 15 patients, symmetrical joint swelling in 16, joint deformity in 6, marginal erosions in roentgenograms of the hands of 12, rheumatoid factor in 25, and subcutaneous nodules in 5 caused 24 of the 28 patients with MCTD to fulfill criteria for definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis. All patients, however, also had prominent signs or symptoms of scleroderma, systemic lupus eruthematosus, or polymyositis.", "contents": "Articular manifestations of mixed connective tissue disease. All but one of 28 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who were studied prospectively had arthralgia, and 15 of them had noticed joint swelling. Arthralgia was the first symptom in 14 patients and one of the first two symptoms in 24. Arthralgia was pauciaticular in 4 and polyarticular in 23. Presence of morning stiffness in 15 patients, symmetrical joint swelling in 16, joint deformity in 6, marginal erosions in roentgenograms of the hands of 12, rheumatoid factor in 25, and subcutaneous nodules in 5 caused 24 of the 28 patients with MCTD to fulfill criteria for definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis. All patients, however, also had prominent signs or symptoms of scleroderma, systemic lupus eruthematosus, or polymyositis.", "PMID": 758918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11086", "title": "Effects of estrogen on cartilage and experimentally induced osteoarthritis.", "content": "Estradiol valerate did not ameliorate experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the rabbit. Both normal and osteoarthritic cartilage were susceptible to estradiol suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Protoeglycan concentration was not diminished with estradiol, suggesting estradiol suppression of proteoglycan catabolism. The severity of osteoarthritis was unchanged despite markedly decreased proteoglycan catabolism. The severity of osteoarthritis was unchanged despite markedly decreased protoeglycan synthesis in the estrogen treated animals. Osteophyte proteoglycan metabolism differed from other osteoarthritic lesions. Differences in the metabolism of femoral and tibial articular cartilage were observed.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on cartilage and experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Estradiol valerate did not ameliorate experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the rabbit. Both normal and osteoarthritic cartilage were susceptible to estradiol suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Protoeglycan concentration was not diminished with estradiol, suggesting estradiol suppression of proteoglycan catabolism. The severity of osteoarthritis was unchanged despite markedly decreased proteoglycan catabolism. The severity of osteoarthritis was unchanged despite markedly decreased protoeglycan synthesis in the estrogen treated animals. Osteophyte proteoglycan metabolism differed from other osteoarthritic lesions. Differences in the metabolism of femoral and tibial articular cartilage were observed.", "PMID": 758919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11087", "title": "PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity. Inhibition by a nonimmunoglobulin factor present in sera from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced cellular cytotoxicity by normal mononuclear cells (MNC) is inhibited by serum of patients with active untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but not by that of patients with untreated inactive SLE or rheumatoid arthritis. Three-hour preincubation of normal MNC with SLE sera suffices to inhibit throughout the assay. Preincubation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) before addition of sera does not prevent the inhibition. DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 fractionation and immunoelectrophoretic analysis have shown the nonimmunoglobulin nature of this factor. It is thermostable and not affected by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease treatment. The mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity-inhibiting factor seems to be independent of other serum factors capable of blocking PHA-induced blastogenic transformation.", "contents": "PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity. Inhibition by a nonimmunoglobulin factor present in sera from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Phytohemagglutinin-induced cellular cytotoxicity by normal mononuclear cells (MNC) is inhibited by serum of patients with active untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but not by that of patients with untreated inactive SLE or rheumatoid arthritis. Three-hour preincubation of normal MNC with SLE sera suffices to inhibit throughout the assay. Preincubation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) before addition of sera does not prevent the inhibition. DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 fractionation and immunoelectrophoretic analysis have shown the nonimmunoglobulin nature of this factor. It is thermostable and not affected by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease treatment. The mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity-inhibiting factor seems to be independent of other serum factors capable of blocking PHA-induced blastogenic transformation.", "PMID": 758920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11088", "title": "Coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Case report and literature review.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome and arthritis mutilans of long duration presented with tophaceous gout. The 7 previously reported cases of coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are critically reviewed. Possible explanations for the rare coexistence of RA and gout are discussed: if uric acid is an inhibitor of the immune response, then hyperuricemia and gout could protect against development of RA. Conversely, crystalline protein binding may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of gout, and the presence of abnormal proteins in RA could protect against gout.", "contents": "Coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Case report and literature review. A 73-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome and arthritis mutilans of long duration presented with tophaceous gout. The 7 previously reported cases of coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are critically reviewed. Possible explanations for the rare coexistence of RA and gout are discussed: if uric acid is an inhibitor of the immune response, then hyperuricemia and gout could protect against development of RA. Conversely, crystalline protein binding may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of gout, and the presence of abnormal proteins in RA could protect against gout.", "PMID": 758922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11089", "title": "Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries in relation to known risk factors and dietary practices.", "content": "Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries were found to be correlated with height, weight and age at menarche, all of which have been identified as risk factors in cohort or case-control studies of breast cancer. There were, however, correlations with total fat and animal protein consumption per capita even after controlling for the 3 anthropometric variables. This suggests that, while some of the effects of diet on breast-cancer rates may be mediated through effects on these known risk factors, there may be more direct effects as well.", "contents": "Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries in relation to known risk factors and dietary practices. Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries were found to be correlated with height, weight and age at menarche, all of which have been identified as risk factors in cohort or case-control studies of breast cancer. There were, however, correlations with total fat and animal protein consumption per capita even after controlling for the 3 anthropometric variables. This suggests that, while some of the effects of diet on breast-cancer rates may be mediated through effects on these known risk factors, there may be more direct effects as well.", "PMID": 758926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11090", "title": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of cultured human cancer cell lines.", "content": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of 14 lines of cultured human cancer cells were estimated by modified Astrup's methods. High tissue thromboplastic activity was found in one line of urinary-bladder cancer, 2 lines of gastric cancer and one line of lung cancer, but no activity was found in 6 lines of lung cancer. High fibrinolytic activity was noted in one line of gastric cancer and 2 lines of lung cancer, but no activity was seen in 6 lines of lung cancer and one line of gastric cancer. No plasmin activity was found. The tumour cell lines could be classified into 3 groups on the basis of the 2 activities. Cancer cell lines could also be classified into 2 groups: with high or low release of thromboplastin into culture media. Fibrinolytic activity was found in the culture media of all cell lines with high fibrinolytic activity. Fibrinolytic activity, but not thromboplastic activity, seemed to be influenced by the constituents of culture media. No definite correlation was found between the 2 activities and the histological types of the parent tumours of the cultured cells.", "contents": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of cultured human cancer cell lines. Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of 14 lines of cultured human cancer cells were estimated by modified Astrup's methods. High tissue thromboplastic activity was found in one line of urinary-bladder cancer, 2 lines of gastric cancer and one line of lung cancer, but no activity was found in 6 lines of lung cancer. High fibrinolytic activity was noted in one line of gastric cancer and 2 lines of lung cancer, but no activity was seen in 6 lines of lung cancer and one line of gastric cancer. No plasmin activity was found. The tumour cell lines could be classified into 3 groups on the basis of the 2 activities. Cancer cell lines could also be classified into 2 groups: with high or low release of thromboplastin into culture media. Fibrinolytic activity was found in the culture media of all cell lines with high fibrinolytic activity. Fibrinolytic activity, but not thromboplastic activity, seemed to be influenced by the constituents of culture media. No definite correlation was found between the 2 activities and the histological types of the parent tumours of the cultured cells.", "PMID": 758928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11091", "title": "Photodynamic effect of haematoporphyrin throughout the cell cycle of the human cell line NHIK 3025 cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Cells from the established cell line NHIK 3025 were synchronized by repeated mitotic selections. Survival of the synchronized cells after treatment with haematoporphyrin and near-UV light was measured by testing the capacity of the cells to form macroscopic colonies. The sensitivity to photodynamic inactivation was small in early G1, late S and G2. The sensitivity increased throughout late G1 and early S to a maximum in mid S. More than a 100-fold variation is found in the survival after 20 min irradiation in the presence of 4 X 10(-4)M haematoporphyrin.", "contents": "Photodynamic effect of haematoporphyrin throughout the cell cycle of the human cell line NHIK 3025 cultivated in vitro. Cells from the established cell line NHIK 3025 were synchronized by repeated mitotic selections. Survival of the synchronized cells after treatment with haematoporphyrin and near-UV light was measured by testing the capacity of the cells to form macroscopic colonies. The sensitivity to photodynamic inactivation was small in early G1, late S and G2. The sensitivity increased throughout late G1 and early S to a maximum in mid S. More than a 100-fold variation is found in the survival after 20 min irradiation in the presence of 4 X 10(-4)M haematoporphyrin.", "PMID": 758929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11092", "title": "Two-stage malignant transformation in hamster embryo cells.", "content": "Transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was investigated using 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), a combination of MCA and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and initiation with MCA or dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) followed by promotion with TPA. Evidence for transformation was (a) abnormal cellular morphology, (b) increased lifespan, (c) growth in soft agar, and (d) tumour induction by s.c. inoculation into suckling hamsters.Cells treated with either MCA or MCA+TPA showed the same latent period to morphological transformation, although their tumorigenic potential varied. Cells did not form tumours when TPA was administered 7 days after treatment with either MCA or DBA. However, when administration of TPA was delayed to 27 days after treatment with a transforming dose of MCA or a subthreshold dose of DBA, the cells transformed and produced tumours in hamsters.Our results show that TPA may act as an inhibitor or promoter, depending on the length of time between treatment of the hamster embryo cells with the carcinogen and administration of the TPA. It appears that treatment of cells with TPA before the initiating event is complete inhibits or delays the development of their ability to induce tumours in animals or grow in soft agar. However, with a sufficient interval between the application of the initiating carcinogen and the promoter, transformation occurs, and the ability of cells treated with subthreshold doses of DBA to form tumours is enhanced.", "contents": "Two-stage malignant transformation in hamster embryo cells. Transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was investigated using 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), a combination of MCA and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and initiation with MCA or dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) followed by promotion with TPA. Evidence for transformation was (a) abnormal cellular morphology, (b) increased lifespan, (c) growth in soft agar, and (d) tumour induction by s.c. inoculation into suckling hamsters.Cells treated with either MCA or MCA+TPA showed the same latent period to morphological transformation, although their tumorigenic potential varied. Cells did not form tumours when TPA was administered 7 days after treatment with either MCA or DBA. However, when administration of TPA was delayed to 27 days after treatment with a transforming dose of MCA or a subthreshold dose of DBA, the cells transformed and produced tumours in hamsters.Our results show that TPA may act as an inhibitor or promoter, depending on the length of time between treatment of the hamster embryo cells with the carcinogen and administration of the TPA. It appears that treatment of cells with TPA before the initiating event is complete inhibits or delays the development of their ability to induce tumours in animals or grow in soft agar. However, with a sufficient interval between the application of the initiating carcinogen and the promoter, transformation occurs, and the ability of cells treated with subthreshold doses of DBA to form tumours is enhanced.", "PMID": 758930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11093", "title": "The fluorescence decay kinetics of in vivo chlorophyll measured using low intensity excitation.", "content": "We report fluorescence lifetimes for in vivo chlorophyll a using a time-correlated single-photon counting technique with tunable dye laser excitation. The fluorescence decay of dark-adapted chlorella is almost exponential with a lifetime of 490 ps, which is independent of excitation from 570 nm to 640 nm. Chloroplasts show a two-component decay of 410 ps and approximately 1.4 ns, the proportion of long component depending upon the fluorescence state of the chloroplasts. The fluorescence lifetime of Photosystem I was determined to be 110 ps from measurements on fragments enriched in Photosystem I prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin.", "contents": "The fluorescence decay kinetics of in vivo chlorophyll measured using low intensity excitation. We report fluorescence lifetimes for in vivo chlorophyll a using a time-correlated single-photon counting technique with tunable dye laser excitation. The fluorescence decay of dark-adapted chlorella is almost exponential with a lifetime of 490 ps, which is independent of excitation from 570 nm to 640 nm. Chloroplasts show a two-component decay of 410 ps and approximately 1.4 ns, the proportion of long component depending upon the fluorescence state of the chloroplasts. The fluorescence lifetime of Photosystem I was determined to be 110 ps from measurements on fragments enriched in Photosystem I prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin.", "PMID": 758936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11094", "title": "The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex from barley thylakoid membranes. Polypeptide composition and characterization of an oligomer.", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of barley thylakoids contains only one polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 26 000. The barley mutant, deficient in chlorophyll b and this light-harvesting complex, lacks this polypeptide. The addition of a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, to the sodium dodecyl solubilization buffer prior to SDS polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis, allowed separation of a relatively stable complex, characterized as an oligomeric form of the light-harvesting complex. The oligomer also contained a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 26 000. The absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of the oligomer are similar to those of the monomer. It is suggested that the oligomer of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein is closer to the in vivo form rather than the monomer.", "contents": "The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex from barley thylakoid membranes. Polypeptide composition and characterization of an oligomer. Electrophoretic analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of barley thylakoids contains only one polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 26 000. The barley mutant, deficient in chlorophyll b and this light-harvesting complex, lacks this polypeptide. The addition of a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, to the sodium dodecyl solubilization buffer prior to SDS polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis, allowed separation of a relatively stable complex, characterized as an oligomeric form of the light-harvesting complex. The oligomer also contained a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 26 000. The absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of the oligomer are similar to those of the monomer. It is suggested that the oligomer of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein is closer to the in vivo form rather than the monomer.", "PMID": 758937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11095", "title": "The influence of the thylakoid membrane surface properties on the distribution of ions in chloroplasts.", "content": "Thylakoid membranes isolated from peas have been subjected to ionic analyses using the technique of neutron activation. This has allowed the analyses of K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- to be measured simultaneously on the same sample. By varying the ionic composition of the suspending medium it has been shown that these chloroplast membranes have no obvious chemical specificity for the inorganic cations studied and that the major controlling factor is the electrostatic neutralization of the surface negative charges. In agreement with the Gouy-Chapman theory and for the conditions used, divalent cations were preferentially attracted to the membrane surface. This finding, together with the ionic analysis of the unwashed thylakoids and of isolated intact chloroplasts, indicated that the major physiological surface cation is Mg2+ and that K+ is probably the main inorganic cation of the stroma. This conclusion is discussed in terms of counterion movement in response to light induced proton pumping at the thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "The influence of the thylakoid membrane surface properties on the distribution of ions in chloroplasts. Thylakoid membranes isolated from peas have been subjected to ionic analyses using the technique of neutron activation. This has allowed the analyses of K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- to be measured simultaneously on the same sample. By varying the ionic composition of the suspending medium it has been shown that these chloroplast membranes have no obvious chemical specificity for the inorganic cations studied and that the major controlling factor is the electrostatic neutralization of the surface negative charges. In agreement with the Gouy-Chapman theory and for the conditions used, divalent cations were preferentially attracted to the membrane surface. This finding, together with the ionic analysis of the unwashed thylakoids and of isolated intact chloroplasts, indicated that the major physiological surface cation is Mg2+ and that K+ is probably the main inorganic cation of the stroma. This conclusion is discussed in terms of counterion movement in response to light induced proton pumping at the thylakoid membrane.", "PMID": 758938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11096", "title": "A dynamic interaction between the bicarbonate ligand and photosystem II reaction center complexes in chloroplasts.", "content": "The binding of HCO-3 to Photosystem II reaction center complexes in broken chloroplasts requires the presence of the oxidized form of the negative charge accumulator 'B'. HCO-3 which is already bound to the reaction center II complex can escape if chloroplasts are illuminated with saturating light in the presence of a Hill oxidant and high concentrations of sodium chloride and sodium formate. These observations are explained in terms of a cyclic dark binding of HCO-3 to the reaction center II complex and a subsequent release in the light.", "contents": "A dynamic interaction between the bicarbonate ligand and photosystem II reaction center complexes in chloroplasts. The binding of HCO-3 to Photosystem II reaction center complexes in broken chloroplasts requires the presence of the oxidized form of the negative charge accumulator 'B'. HCO-3 which is already bound to the reaction center II complex can escape if chloroplasts are illuminated with saturating light in the presence of a Hill oxidant and high concentrations of sodium chloride and sodium formate. These observations are explained in terms of a cyclic dark binding of HCO-3 to the reaction center II complex and a subsequent release in the light.", "PMID": 758939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11097", "title": "Study of cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway) by differential pulse polarography and spectroelectrochemical method.", "content": "(1) Cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough strain) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) have been studied by differential pulse polarography and spectroelectrochemical method. Both cytochromes exhibit two reduction potential values Eh approximately --0.25 and --0.34 V (D. vulgaris), Eh approximately --0.16 and --0.34 V (D. desulfuricans). (2) Titrations by dithionite and controlled potential electrolysis coupled with polarography and spectrophotometry suggest that in both cases electronic exchanges are rapid.", "contents": "Study of cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway) by differential pulse polarography and spectroelectrochemical method. (1) Cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough strain) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) have been studied by differential pulse polarography and spectroelectrochemical method. Both cytochromes exhibit two reduction potential values Eh approximately --0.25 and --0.34 V (D. vulgaris), Eh approximately --0.16 and --0.34 V (D. desulfuricans). (2) Titrations by dithionite and controlled potential electrolysis coupled with polarography and spectrophotometry suggest that in both cases electronic exchanges are rapid.", "PMID": 758940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11098", "title": "The isolation of coupled mitochondria from Physarum polycephalum and their response to Ca2+.", "content": "A method for the isolation of coupled mitochondria from the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is described. The mitochondria oxidize respiratory substrates at rates comparable to those of mitochondria from other microorganisms and show similar responses to respiratory inhibitors. ADP/O values approach similar values to those obtained with mitochondria from higher organisms: 3 with NAD-linked substrates, 2 with succinate, and 1 with ascorbate-TMPD. Mitochondria actively take up low concentrations of Ca2+ with stimulation of their respiration. With succinate or pyruvate-malate as substrates respiratory responses are depressed by Ca2+ concentrations in excess of 200 micron in the presence or absence of phosphate. Exogenous NADH is unique in supporting the uptake of large amounts of Ca2+ in the presence of phosphate and in showing an unusual 'uncoupled' response in the absence of phosphate. A sigmoidal relationship occurs between initial velocity of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ concentration with a maximum velocity of approx. 15 nmol/s per mg protein and half maximum velocity occurring at approx. 50 micron Ca2+.", "contents": "The isolation of coupled mitochondria from Physarum polycephalum and their response to Ca2+. A method for the isolation of coupled mitochondria from the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is described. The mitochondria oxidize respiratory substrates at rates comparable to those of mitochondria from other microorganisms and show similar responses to respiratory inhibitors. ADP/O values approach similar values to those obtained with mitochondria from higher organisms: 3 with NAD-linked substrates, 2 with succinate, and 1 with ascorbate-TMPD. Mitochondria actively take up low concentrations of Ca2+ with stimulation of their respiration. With succinate or pyruvate-malate as substrates respiratory responses are depressed by Ca2+ concentrations in excess of 200 micron in the presence or absence of phosphate. Exogenous NADH is unique in supporting the uptake of large amounts of Ca2+ in the presence of phosphate and in showing an unusual 'uncoupled' response in the absence of phosphate. A sigmoidal relationship occurs between initial velocity of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ concentration with a maximum velocity of approx. 15 nmol/s per mg protein and half maximum velocity occurring at approx. 50 micron Ca2+.", "PMID": 758941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11099", "title": "Fusion of phosphatidic acid-phosphatidylcholine mixed lipid vesicles.", "content": "Ca2+-induced transformation of phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles to larger bilayer structures has been examined using nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, gel permeation and radioisotope tracer techniques. For concentrated vesicle preparations where phosphatidic acid content remains less than 50% of total lipid, transformation to larger well defined unilamellar structures can be induced. The size of the product formed is dependent on phosphatidic acid content and on Ca2+ content when Ca2+ levels are between 0.3 and 1.0 mol ratios with respect to phosphatidic acid. During transformation bilayer composition remains unchanged and internal contents are retained in the final structure. These properties are indicative of concerted two vesicle and multiple vesicle fusions. The controllable and concerted fusions make the phosphatidic acid system suitable for further mechanistic studies.", "contents": "Fusion of phosphatidic acid-phosphatidylcholine mixed lipid vesicles. Ca2+-induced transformation of phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles to larger bilayer structures has been examined using nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, gel permeation and radioisotope tracer techniques. For concentrated vesicle preparations where phosphatidic acid content remains less than 50% of total lipid, transformation to larger well defined unilamellar structures can be induced. The size of the product formed is dependent on phosphatidic acid content and on Ca2+ content when Ca2+ levels are between 0.3 and 1.0 mol ratios with respect to phosphatidic acid. During transformation bilayer composition remains unchanged and internal contents are retained in the final structure. These properties are indicative of concerted two vesicle and multiple vesicle fusions. The controllable and concerted fusions make the phosphatidic acid system suitable for further mechanistic studies.", "PMID": 758942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11100", "title": "Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. II. Phospholipids of ciliary and other membranes.", "content": "The phospholipids of cilia and deciliated bodies of Paramecium tetraurelia were isolated and characterized. 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-(2'-aminoethyl) phosphonate (GAEPL), phosphatidylethanolamine, and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) were the major lipids of Paramecium, and the minor lipids included phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, ceramide-(2-aminoethyl) phosphonate (CAEP), ceramide phosphorylethanolamine (COPE) and four sphingolipids whose identity was not established. The deciliated bodies contained 4% cardiolipin, 15% GAEPL, 41% phosphatidylethanolamine, 30% GPC and 3% each of CAEP and phosphatidylinositol; the cilia contained no cardiolipin, 24% GAEPL, 37% phosphatidylethanolamine, 15% GPC, 15% CAEP, 3% phosphatidylinositol, 2% COPE and small amounts (approx. 1%) of the four uncharacterized sphingolipids. No alteration in phospholipid composition was found among cells harvested in the various stages of growth. The phospholipids of six Paramecium mutants of three distinct phenotypes (pawn, paranoiac and fast) were also examined. Only one significant difference was found on comparison of the whole cell, deciliated body and cilia fraction of the mutants with the analogous fractions from wild type cells: the fast mutant, fA 97, had two extra, minor phospholipids (approx. 2%) in the deciliated body fraction that were tentatively identified as 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-(2'-aminoethyl) phosphonate (AEPL) and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (GPE).", "contents": "Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. II. Phospholipids of ciliary and other membranes. The phospholipids of cilia and deciliated bodies of Paramecium tetraurelia were isolated and characterized. 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-(2'-aminoethyl) phosphonate (GAEPL), phosphatidylethanolamine, and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) were the major lipids of Paramecium, and the minor lipids included phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, ceramide-(2-aminoethyl) phosphonate (CAEP), ceramide phosphorylethanolamine (COPE) and four sphingolipids whose identity was not established. The deciliated bodies contained 4% cardiolipin, 15% GAEPL, 41% phosphatidylethanolamine, 30% GPC and 3% each of CAEP and phosphatidylinositol; the cilia contained no cardiolipin, 24% GAEPL, 37% phosphatidylethanolamine, 15% GPC, 15% CAEP, 3% phosphatidylinositol, 2% COPE and small amounts (approx. 1%) of the four uncharacterized sphingolipids. No alteration in phospholipid composition was found among cells harvested in the various stages of growth. The phospholipids of six Paramecium mutants of three distinct phenotypes (pawn, paranoiac and fast) were also examined. Only one significant difference was found on comparison of the whole cell, deciliated body and cilia fraction of the mutants with the analogous fractions from wild type cells: the fast mutant, fA 97, had two extra, minor phospholipids (approx. 2%) in the deciliated body fraction that were tentatively identified as 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-(2'-aminoethyl) phosphonate (AEPL) and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (GPE).", "PMID": 758943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11101", "title": "The permeability of bilayer lipid membranes on the incorporation of erythrocyte membrane extracts and the identification of the monosaccharide transport proteins.", "content": "1. Extracts of the human erythrocyte membrane have been prepared by five different procedures involving Triton X-100 solubilization and gel chromatography. 2. The extracts have been analysed by gel electrophoresis and incorporated asymmetrically into phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol-n-decane planar bilayers. 3. Removal of excess Triton X-100 from membrane extracts or prolonged storage facilities the proteolysis of membrane extracts with the partial or complete breakdown of band 3 polypeptides (notation of Fairbanks, G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2606--2616) and the appearance of an enhanced zone 4.5 and low molecular weight material. 4. Incorporation of zone 4.5 polypeptides into bilayer lipid membranes increases their permeability to D-glucose at 27 and 5 degrees C. 5. It is suggested that the components of the monosaccharide system are present in band 3 polypeptides but that they can undergo proteolysis with some retention of transport activity.", "contents": "The permeability of bilayer lipid membranes on the incorporation of erythrocyte membrane extracts and the identification of the monosaccharide transport proteins. 1. Extracts of the human erythrocyte membrane have been prepared by five different procedures involving Triton X-100 solubilization and gel chromatography. 2. The extracts have been analysed by gel electrophoresis and incorporated asymmetrically into phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol-n-decane planar bilayers. 3. Removal of excess Triton X-100 from membrane extracts or prolonged storage facilities the proteolysis of membrane extracts with the partial or complete breakdown of band 3 polypeptides (notation of Fairbanks, G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2606--2616) and the appearance of an enhanced zone 4.5 and low molecular weight material. 4. Incorporation of zone 4.5 polypeptides into bilayer lipid membranes increases their permeability to D-glucose at 27 and 5 degrees C. 5. It is suggested that the components of the monosaccharide system are present in band 3 polypeptides but that they can undergo proteolysis with some retention of transport activity.", "PMID": 758944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11102", "title": "The binding of organic ions to phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "The binding of organic anions and cations, mainly tetraphenylboride and tetraphenylarsonium, to phospholipid membranes has been studied using an NMR method. Binding is appreciable and is affected by cholesterol in the membrane and counterions in solution. The passage of the organic anions through the membrane has also been followed. These measurements indicate that it is naive to use organic anions to measure membrane potentials in a simple manner.", "contents": "The binding of organic ions to phospholipid bilayers. The binding of organic anions and cations, mainly tetraphenylboride and tetraphenylarsonium, to phospholipid membranes has been studied using an NMR method. Binding is appreciable and is affected by cholesterol in the membrane and counterions in solution. The passage of the organic anions through the membrane has also been followed. These measurements indicate that it is naive to use organic anions to measure membrane potentials in a simple manner.", "PMID": 758945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11103", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of procaine-binding sites in normal and sickle cell membranes.", "content": "A photoaffinity probe, procaine azide, was employed to determine the sites of interaction of procaine in normal and sickle cell erythrocytes. Studies show that the number of binding sites and affinity of procaine to membranes derived from normal and sickled cell erythrocytes were similar, although procaine retards the in vitro formation of irreversibly sickled cells from cells, The results show that procaine azide, a photoaffinity analogue of procaine, is covalently incorporated into both protein (60--70%) and lipid (40--30%) components of the membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the labeled ghosts show that procaine binds specifically to band 3 and periodic acid Schiff staining bands in membranes derived from labeled erythrocytes. Binding of procaine or covalent incorporation of procaine azide into membrane proteins does not affect the phosphate transport. Moreover, pre treatment of intact erythrocytes with 4,4-'diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate, an anion transport inhibitor, did not affect either the binding or covalent incorporationof procaine azide into erythrocytes. These results indicate that the binding of procaine azide to Band 3 protein occurs at a locus different than that involved in anion translocation process.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of procaine-binding sites in normal and sickle cell membranes. A photoaffinity probe, procaine azide, was employed to determine the sites of interaction of procaine in normal and sickle cell erythrocytes. Studies show that the number of binding sites and affinity of procaine to membranes derived from normal and sickled cell erythrocytes were similar, although procaine retards the in vitro formation of irreversibly sickled cells from cells, The results show that procaine azide, a photoaffinity analogue of procaine, is covalently incorporated into both protein (60--70%) and lipid (40--30%) components of the membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the labeled ghosts show that procaine binds specifically to band 3 and periodic acid Schiff staining bands in membranes derived from labeled erythrocytes. Binding of procaine or covalent incorporation of procaine azide into membrane proteins does not affect the phosphate transport. Moreover, pre treatment of intact erythrocytes with 4,4-'diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate, an anion transport inhibitor, did not affect either the binding or covalent incorporationof procaine azide into erythrocytes. These results indicate that the binding of procaine azide to Band 3 protein occurs at a locus different than that involved in anion translocation process.", "PMID": 758946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11104", "title": "The effect of copper on erythrocyte deformability: a possible mechanism of hemolysis in acute copper intoxication.", "content": "Although the development of hemolytic anemia as a complication of acute copper intoxication is well documented, the precise mechanism by which copper produces accelerated erythrocyte destruction is unknown. Normal erythrocyte survival depends in part on the ability of the cell to deform and pass through narrow areas of microcirculation in the liver and especially in the spleen. In the present study, it is demonstrated that toxic concentrations of copper rapidly and markedly reduce erythrocyte deformability. This reduction in cell deformability is associated with a marked increase in membrane permeability and osmotic fragility of copper-treated cells. Further, the decrease in deformability occurs despite normal levels of cell ATP and the apparent absence of oxidative damage to the cell. These observations indicate that copper-mediated changes in the erythrocyte membrane may be responsible for reducing the flexibility of the cell. The loss of deformability could act to reduce erythrocyte survival and thus explain the hemolysis associated with copper intoxication in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of copper on erythrocyte deformability: a possible mechanism of hemolysis in acute copper intoxication. Although the development of hemolytic anemia as a complication of acute copper intoxication is well documented, the precise mechanism by which copper produces accelerated erythrocyte destruction is unknown. Normal erythrocyte survival depends in part on the ability of the cell to deform and pass through narrow areas of microcirculation in the liver and especially in the spleen. In the present study, it is demonstrated that toxic concentrations of copper rapidly and markedly reduce erythrocyte deformability. This reduction in cell deformability is associated with a marked increase in membrane permeability and osmotic fragility of copper-treated cells. Further, the decrease in deformability occurs despite normal levels of cell ATP and the apparent absence of oxidative damage to the cell. These observations indicate that copper-mediated changes in the erythrocyte membrane may be responsible for reducing the flexibility of the cell. The loss of deformability could act to reduce erythrocyte survival and thus explain the hemolysis associated with copper intoxication in vivo.", "PMID": 758948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11105", "title": "The effects of suspending medium viscosity on erythrocyte deformation and haemolysis in vitro.", "content": "Fresh adult human erythrocytes were suspended in isotonic pH adjusted solutions containing various concentrations of Dextran T.500. The cells were subjected to uniform hydrodynamic shear stress in a Ferranti Shirley Cone and Plate Viscosimeter. The amount of lysis incurred at any given combination of exposure parameters was markedly affected by the viscosity of the suspending medium. Optical diffraction patterns obtained whilst the cells were undergoing shear demonstrated that cellular deformation was also a function of viscosity. Consequently, the distorted shape of the stressed cell may play a crucial role in the haemolytic process.", "contents": "The effects of suspending medium viscosity on erythrocyte deformation and haemolysis in vitro. Fresh adult human erythrocytes were suspended in isotonic pH adjusted solutions containing various concentrations of Dextran T.500. The cells were subjected to uniform hydrodynamic shear stress in a Ferranti Shirley Cone and Plate Viscosimeter. The amount of lysis incurred at any given combination of exposure parameters was markedly affected by the viscosity of the suspending medium. Optical diffraction patterns obtained whilst the cells were undergoing shear demonstrated that cellular deformation was also a function of viscosity. Consequently, the distorted shape of the stressed cell may play a crucial role in the haemolytic process.", "PMID": 758949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11106", "title": "Comparison of developmentally regulated lectins from three species of cellular slime mold.", "content": "Extracts of the cohesive forms of the cellular slime molds Dictyosteliym discoideum, Dictyostelium mucoroides and Dictyostelium purpureum contain lectin activity, assayed as hemagglutination activity. The lectin activity from each species binds quantitatively to Sepharose 4B and can be eluted with D-galactose. The resultant purified lectins are abundant proteins representing, in the case of D. purpureum, up to 5% of the total soluble protein of cohesive cells. The preparations from each species are similar but distinct in amino acid composition and other properties. Each purified preparation gives rise to two protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the major band representing as little at 77% (D. purpureum) and as much as 96% (D. mucoroides) of the total protein in the two bands. The molecular weights of the pair of bands were different for each species, ranging between about 23 000 and 26 000. The two bands are believed to represent subunits of lectins made up of either one or a combination of these two proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the purified lectin activities determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation were all in the range of 100 000. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine was a potent inhibitor of the hemagglutination activity of each perparation; but there were some differences in the relative inhibitory potency of a number of other saccharides. Antiserum raised against each preparation, as well as univalent antibody fragments derived from these antisera, reacted best with the antigens to which they were raised; but showed some cross reaction measured both by precipitin reactions and by inhibition of hemagglutination activity of the purified lectins. The differences between the lectins from the different species could be trivial; but they also could be important for defining specific properties of these three species which reliably segregate into colonies of a single species when grown in mixed culture.", "contents": "Comparison of developmentally regulated lectins from three species of cellular slime mold. Extracts of the cohesive forms of the cellular slime molds Dictyosteliym discoideum, Dictyostelium mucoroides and Dictyostelium purpureum contain lectin activity, assayed as hemagglutination activity. The lectin activity from each species binds quantitatively to Sepharose 4B and can be eluted with D-galactose. The resultant purified lectins are abundant proteins representing, in the case of D. purpureum, up to 5% of the total soluble protein of cohesive cells. The preparations from each species are similar but distinct in amino acid composition and other properties. Each purified preparation gives rise to two protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the major band representing as little at 77% (D. purpureum) and as much as 96% (D. mucoroides) of the total protein in the two bands. The molecular weights of the pair of bands were different for each species, ranging between about 23 000 and 26 000. The two bands are believed to represent subunits of lectins made up of either one or a combination of these two proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the purified lectin activities determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation were all in the range of 100 000. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine was a potent inhibitor of the hemagglutination activity of each perparation; but there were some differences in the relative inhibitory potency of a number of other saccharides. Antiserum raised against each preparation, as well as univalent antibody fragments derived from these antisera, reacted best with the antigens to which they were raised; but showed some cross reaction measured both by precipitin reactions and by inhibition of hemagglutination activity of the purified lectins. The differences between the lectins from the different species could be trivial; but they also could be important for defining specific properties of these three species which reliably segregate into colonies of a single species when grown in mixed culture.", "PMID": 758950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11107", "title": "Inhibition of the binding of cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles by cholesterol.", "content": "The binding of cytochrome b5 to single-walled liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine was inhibited by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer under conditions where a limited amount of liposomes was incubated with the cytochrome. Since similar conditions seem to apply for the binding of cytochrome b5 to erythrocyte ghosts, this observation supports the conclusion of Enomoto and Sato (Enomoto, K. and Sato, R. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 466, 136--147) that the localization of cholesterol on the outer surface of the ghost membrane prevents the binding of cytochrome b5 to this surface. The finding reported by Roseman et al. (Roseann, M.A., Holloway, P.W. and Calabro, M.A. (1978) Biochmi. Biophys. Acta 507, 552--556) that cholesterol did not prevent the cytochrome binding to phosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of a large excess of liposomes could be confirmed in the present study, but this does not contradict the abovementioned conclusion.", "contents": "Inhibition of the binding of cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles by cholesterol. The binding of cytochrome b5 to single-walled liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine was inhibited by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer under conditions where a limited amount of liposomes was incubated with the cytochrome. Since similar conditions seem to apply for the binding of cytochrome b5 to erythrocyte ghosts, this observation supports the conclusion of Enomoto and Sato (Enomoto, K. and Sato, R. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 466, 136--147) that the localization of cholesterol on the outer surface of the ghost membrane prevents the binding of cytochrome b5 to this surface. The finding reported by Roseman et al. (Roseann, M.A., Holloway, P.W. and Calabro, M.A. (1978) Biochmi. Biophys. Acta 507, 552--556) that cholesterol did not prevent the cytochrome binding to phosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of a large excess of liposomes could be confirmed in the present study, but this does not contradict the abovementioned conclusion.", "PMID": 758952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11108", "title": "Bilayer rigidity of the erythrocyte membrane2H-NMR of a perdeuterated palmitic acid probe.", "content": "Perdeuterated palmitic acid was intercalated into the human erythrocyte membrane and its motion studied by dueterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). From analysis of temperature dependent changes in the 2H-NMR spectra and from an analysis of derived moments we conclude that the acyl chains of the erythrocyte lipids do not exhibit a detectable phase transition.", "contents": "Bilayer rigidity of the erythrocyte membrane2H-NMR of a perdeuterated palmitic acid probe. Perdeuterated palmitic acid was intercalated into the human erythrocyte membrane and its motion studied by dueterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). From analysis of temperature dependent changes in the 2H-NMR spectra and from an analysis of derived moments we conclude that the acyl chains of the erythrocyte lipids do not exhibit a detectable phase transition.", "PMID": 758953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11109", "title": "Starch metabolism in Pseudomonas stutzeri. II. Purification and properties of a dextrin glycosyl-transferase (D-enzyme) and amylomaltase.", "content": "Amylomaltase and disproportionating enzyme (D-enzyme) were purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas stutzeri using a six-step procedure. The presence of both glycosyltransferases in the same organism has not been reported before. Molecular weight determination by gel chromatography gave a value of 74,000 for the amylomaltase and 115 000 for the D-enzyme. Two subunits of different molecular weight were found in each enzyme as proved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of amylomaltase and D-enzyme activity is 7.6--7.7. Action of both glycosyltransferases on different maltodextrins showed that amylomaltase is most active with maltotetraose, and the Km value for this substrate is 7.1 mM. D-Enzyme catalyzed glucose release from maltose (Km = 8.3 mM) at a higher rate than from maltotriose and maltotetraose. With maltotriose as initial substrate, D-enzyme forms glucose, maltopentaose, maltoheptaose, maltononaose, maltoundecaose as major products. Amylomaltase acts on maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose to form a series of homologous 1,4-alpha-glucans. No essential chain-lengthening reaction occurred with maltohexaose.", "contents": "Starch metabolism in Pseudomonas stutzeri. II. Purification and properties of a dextrin glycosyl-transferase (D-enzyme) and amylomaltase. Amylomaltase and disproportionating enzyme (D-enzyme) were purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas stutzeri using a six-step procedure. The presence of both glycosyltransferases in the same organism has not been reported before. Molecular weight determination by gel chromatography gave a value of 74,000 for the amylomaltase and 115 000 for the D-enzyme. Two subunits of different molecular weight were found in each enzyme as proved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of amylomaltase and D-enzyme activity is 7.6--7.7. Action of both glycosyltransferases on different maltodextrins showed that amylomaltase is most active with maltotetraose, and the Km value for this substrate is 7.1 mM. D-Enzyme catalyzed glucose release from maltose (Km = 8.3 mM) at a higher rate than from maltotriose and maltotetraose. With maltotriose as initial substrate, D-enzyme forms glucose, maltopentaose, maltoheptaose, maltononaose, maltoundecaose as major products. Amylomaltase acts on maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose to form a series of homologous 1,4-alpha-glucans. No essential chain-lengthening reaction occurred with maltohexaose.", "PMID": 758954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11110", "title": "Activation of glutaminase by phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate and its interference with the assay of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase.", "content": "Phosphate-dependent glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) from rat liver was found to be strongly activated by phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (P-rib-PP), the substrate of amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). Since the assay of the latter is based on the P-rib-PP-dependent conversion of glutamine to glutamate, the amidotransferase activities determined in crude tissue preparations were found to be too high. The interference of glutaminase, however, could be completely eliminated by its inactivation at 50 degrees C. Amidotransferase was not affected by the heat treatment. Because of the increased rate of the glutamate formation at this temperature, the incubation time of the assay could be significantly reduced.", "contents": "Activation of glutaminase by phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate and its interference with the assay of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) from rat liver was found to be strongly activated by phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (P-rib-PP), the substrate of amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). Since the assay of the latter is based on the P-rib-PP-dependent conversion of glutamine to glutamate, the amidotransferase activities determined in crude tissue preparations were found to be too high. The interference of glutaminase, however, could be completely eliminated by its inactivation at 50 degrees C. Amidotransferase was not affected by the heat treatment. Because of the increased rate of the glutamate formation at this temperature, the incubation time of the assay could be significantly reduced.", "PMID": 758955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11111", "title": "A microsomal exoribonuclease from rat liver.", "content": "A exoribonuclease has been purified from the microsomes of rat liver. The enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 80 000-83 000 and produced, via a processive mechanism, 5'-AMP as the only product from poly(A). The degradation was found to proceed in the 3' to 5' direction. The relative rates of breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides by the enzyme under standard conditions were in the order poly(A) equal to poly(U) greater than poly(C). In addition to Mg2+, K+ was required for maximum activity. The enzymic activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and poly(G), but not by a rate liver RNAase inhibitor. The effect of spermine on the breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides by the enzyme has been studied. In the absence of K+, the breakdown of poly(C) was stimulated and that of poly(A) was stimulated slightly. However, the breakdown of poly(U) was inhibited slightly by spermine.", "contents": "A microsomal exoribonuclease from rat liver. A exoribonuclease has been purified from the microsomes of rat liver. The enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 80 000-83 000 and produced, via a processive mechanism, 5'-AMP as the only product from poly(A). The degradation was found to proceed in the 3' to 5' direction. The relative rates of breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides by the enzyme under standard conditions were in the order poly(A) equal to poly(U) greater than poly(C). In addition to Mg2+, K+ was required for maximum activity. The enzymic activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and poly(G), but not by a rate liver RNAase inhibitor. The effect of spermine on the breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides by the enzyme has been studied. In the absence of K+, the breakdown of poly(C) was stimulated and that of poly(A) was stimulated slightly. However, the breakdown of poly(U) was inhibited slightly by spermine.", "PMID": 758956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11112", "title": "Evaluation of negative staining technique for determination of CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity.", "content": "The different forms of superoxide dismutase (superoxide-superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.11) have been studied, in tissues of rat, mouse and chicken, by the ectrophoresis-nitro blue tetrazolium technique proposed by Beauchamp. Similar enzyme patterns were evident in every tissue. A fast migrating CN--sensitive form of dismutase activity was present in isolated liver mitochondria of each species. Chicken and mouse liver mitochondria, as well as whole homogenate of every tissue of these two species, showed two additional slow-migrating bands of CN--insensitive activity. In contrast, such bands were not detectable in mitochondria isolated from rat liver or in any of the rat tissues analyzed by this technique. Prior to their electrophoretic separation, the samples were analyzed for CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity by a spectrophotometric assay; by this assay it was possible to demonstrate and quantitate a CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in every preparation. Two units of CN--insensitive activity were applied to the gels for each sample. These results indicate that the electrophoresis-nitro blue tetrazolium technique is unsuitable for the detection of the rat CN--insensitive form of superoxide dismutase in crude preparations such as whole tissue homogenates or isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Evaluation of negative staining technique for determination of CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity. The different forms of superoxide dismutase (superoxide-superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.11) have been studied, in tissues of rat, mouse and chicken, by the ectrophoresis-nitro blue tetrazolium technique proposed by Beauchamp. Similar enzyme patterns were evident in every tissue. A fast migrating CN--sensitive form of dismutase activity was present in isolated liver mitochondria of each species. Chicken and mouse liver mitochondria, as well as whole homogenate of every tissue of these two species, showed two additional slow-migrating bands of CN--insensitive activity. In contrast, such bands were not detectable in mitochondria isolated from rat liver or in any of the rat tissues analyzed by this technique. Prior to their electrophoretic separation, the samples were analyzed for CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity by a spectrophotometric assay; by this assay it was possible to demonstrate and quantitate a CN--insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in every preparation. Two units of CN--insensitive activity were applied to the gels for each sample. These results indicate that the electrophoresis-nitro blue tetrazolium technique is unsuitable for the detection of the rat CN--insensitive form of superoxide dismutase in crude preparations such as whole tissue homogenates or isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 758957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11113", "title": "The purification and characterization of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase A from developing maize seeds.", "content": "ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase A (ATP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.27) from developing maize (Zea mays) endosperm was purified 129 fold to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 375 000 and 400 000, respectively. The preparation gave a single protein band after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting a monomer mol. wt. of 96 000. It was concluded that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase A in maize endosperm is a tetramer of four similar molecular weight subunits. Values for the Km for glucose 1-phosphate and ATP were 3.8 . 10(-5) and 1.8 . 10(-4) M, respectively (using the homogeneous preparation).", "contents": "The purification and characterization of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase A from developing maize seeds. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase A (ATP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.27) from developing maize (Zea mays) endosperm was purified 129 fold to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 375 000 and 400 000, respectively. The preparation gave a single protein band after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting a monomer mol. wt. of 96 000. It was concluded that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase A in maize endosperm is a tetramer of four similar molecular weight subunits. Values for the Km for glucose 1-phosphate and ATP were 3.8 . 10(-5) and 1.8 . 10(-4) M, respectively (using the homogeneous preparation).", "PMID": 758958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11114", "title": "Purification and some properties of liver and brain beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S.", "content": "beta-N-Acetyl-hexosaminidase S (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-hexoside acetamido-deoxyhexohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.52) was purified from liver and brain of a patient deceased of type O GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's disease). Brain beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH optimum of the purified liver and brain enzyme was 5.0 and Km values were 0.8--0.9 mM and 0.3--0.4 mM with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine and beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide derivatives, respectively. beta-N-Acetyl-hexosaminidase S was thermolabile losing most of its activity after 50 min at 50 degrees C. The apparent molecular weights of the purified liver and brain enzymes were 154 000 and 152 000, respectively. Hexosamines activated beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S whereas the isoenzyme A and B were inhibited. The glycoprotein nature of beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S was suggested by its affinity towards Concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of liver and brain beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S. beta-N-Acetyl-hexosaminidase S (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-hexoside acetamido-deoxyhexohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.52) was purified from liver and brain of a patient deceased of type O GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's disease). Brain beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH optimum of the purified liver and brain enzyme was 5.0 and Km values were 0.8--0.9 mM and 0.3--0.4 mM with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine and beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide derivatives, respectively. beta-N-Acetyl-hexosaminidase S was thermolabile losing most of its activity after 50 min at 50 degrees C. The apparent molecular weights of the purified liver and brain enzymes were 154 000 and 152 000, respectively. Hexosamines activated beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S whereas the isoenzyme A and B were inhibited. The glycoprotein nature of beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase S was suggested by its affinity towards Concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "PMID": 758959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11115", "title": "Aggregation of activated platelets with Walker 256 carcinoma cells.", "content": "Walker 256 carcinoma cells form irreversible aggregates with rat platelets activated by ADP or serotonin. Since serotonin induces platelet shape change but not platelet aggregation the degree of activation indicated by the disc-sphere transformation is sufficient for platelets to interact with these tumor cells. This is confirmed by experiments with spheroid washed platelets which form irreversible mixed aggregates with Walker 256 carcinoma cells without a stimulus being required. This type of tumor cells could react with platelets in vivo, provided the platelets are activated by disturbed blood flow or contact with subendothelium. Our observations can explain why other authors found no interaction between Walker 256 carcinoma cells and non-activated platelets in vitro even though platelets contributed to the formation of bloodborne metastases of this tumor.", "contents": "Aggregation of activated platelets with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. Walker 256 carcinoma cells form irreversible aggregates with rat platelets activated by ADP or serotonin. Since serotonin induces platelet shape change but not platelet aggregation the degree of activation indicated by the disc-sphere transformation is sufficient for platelets to interact with these tumor cells. This is confirmed by experiments with spheroid washed platelets which form irreversible mixed aggregates with Walker 256 carcinoma cells without a stimulus being required. This type of tumor cells could react with platelets in vivo, provided the platelets are activated by disturbed blood flow or contact with subendothelium. Our observations can explain why other authors found no interaction between Walker 256 carcinoma cells and non-activated platelets in vitro even though platelets contributed to the formation of bloodborne metastases of this tumor.", "PMID": 758960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11116", "title": "Classical haemophilia in a girl.", "content": "A three-year-old white girl from a haemophiliac A family was a symptomatic carrier. The clinical and laboratory data concur with the form of a heterozygous symptomatic carrier state.", "contents": "Classical haemophilia in a girl. A three-year-old white girl from a haemophiliac A family was a symptomatic carrier. The clinical and laboratory data concur with the form of a heterozygous symptomatic carrier state.", "PMID": 758961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11117", "title": "Reaction of human granulopoiesis to high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy.", "content": "The reaction pattern of an unperturbed human granulopoiesis to pulses of high-dose chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide 2000 mg/m2 plus vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 or adriamycin 20 mg/m2) was serially studied in 6 patients. The stem cells committed to granulopoiesis (CFU-C) of the bone marrow and the cells of the proliferative granulocytic marrow pool were considerably reduced during the first 8 days. Granulopoietic regeneration was first recognizable by increased proliferative activity of bone marrow CFU-C (3H-thymidine technique). The cytotoxic drug-induced injury to the early compartments of granulopoiesis, and granulocytic regeneration proceed sequentially through the ensuing, increasingly differentiated granulocytic compartments. In the peripheral blood, depletion and repletion of the CFU-C pool precede the corresponding changes of segmented neutrophils by 7 to 9 days; during granulocytic regeneration, peripheral blood CFU-C show a transient greatly overshooting decrease.", "contents": "Reaction of human granulopoiesis to high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy. The reaction pattern of an unperturbed human granulopoiesis to pulses of high-dose chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide 2000 mg/m2 plus vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 or adriamycin 20 mg/m2) was serially studied in 6 patients. The stem cells committed to granulopoiesis (CFU-C) of the bone marrow and the cells of the proliferative granulocytic marrow pool were considerably reduced during the first 8 days. Granulopoietic regeneration was first recognizable by increased proliferative activity of bone marrow CFU-C (3H-thymidine technique). The cytotoxic drug-induced injury to the early compartments of granulopoiesis, and granulocytic regeneration proceed sequentially through the ensuing, increasingly differentiated granulocytic compartments. In the peripheral blood, depletion and repletion of the CFU-C pool precede the corresponding changes of segmented neutrophils by 7 to 9 days; during granulocytic regeneration, peripheral blood CFU-C show a transient greatly overshooting decrease.", "PMID": 758963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11118", "title": "Appearance of new alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors in cultured sympathetic ganglia of chick embryos.", "content": "alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTX) has been used as a marker for studying the production of alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors (alpha-BuTX-AChRs) in explants of chick embryo sympathetic ganglia cultured in vitro. New alpha-BuTX-AChRs appear rapidly in the explants after blocking of the pre-existent ones with the toxin (40% of the total receptors at 3 h). There is a portion of alpha-BuTX-AChRs in the explants which for a short time is not accessible to the toxin. This portion constitutes the precursor pool of receptors and represents 18% of the total. The precursor pool of receptors supplies the neurons with new receptors for 1-2 h in the absence of protein synthesis. The appearance of new receptors from the precursor pool is an energy-dependent process.", "contents": "Appearance of new alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors in cultured sympathetic ganglia of chick embryos. alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTX) has been used as a marker for studying the production of alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors (alpha-BuTX-AChRs) in explants of chick embryo sympathetic ganglia cultured in vitro. New alpha-BuTX-AChRs appear rapidly in the explants after blocking of the pre-existent ones with the toxin (40% of the total receptors at 3 h). There is a portion of alpha-BuTX-AChRs in the explants which for a short time is not accessible to the toxin. This portion constitutes the precursor pool of receptors and represents 18% of the total. The precursor pool of receptors supplies the neurons with new receptors for 1-2 h in the absence of protein synthesis. The appearance of new receptors from the precursor pool is an energy-dependent process.", "PMID": 758964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11119", "title": "Explant culture of adult goldfish retina: a model for the study of CNS regeneration.", "content": "Conditions are described for culture of retinal explants of adult goldfish which favour outgrowth of neuritic processes onto a substratum. A growth index to quantitate the outgrowth was developed. If the optic nerve is crushed several days prior to explantation, a marked enhancement of neuritic outgrowth is seen relative to control retinas. Histological examination of the explants revealed that retinal ganglion cells in explants from unoperated eyes became hypertrophied in vitro with a time course similar to that observed in vivo following optic nerve crush. Experiments with hemiaxotomized retinas indicate that the perikaryal regenerative response is mediated intracellularly.", "contents": "Explant culture of adult goldfish retina: a model for the study of CNS regeneration. Conditions are described for culture of retinal explants of adult goldfish which favour outgrowth of neuritic processes onto a substratum. A growth index to quantitate the outgrowth was developed. If the optic nerve is crushed several days prior to explantation, a marked enhancement of neuritic outgrowth is seen relative to control retinas. Histological examination of the explants revealed that retinal ganglion cells in explants from unoperated eyes became hypertrophied in vitro with a time course similar to that observed in vivo following optic nerve crush. Experiments with hemiaxotomized retinas indicate that the perikaryal regenerative response is mediated intracellularly.", "PMID": 758969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11120", "title": "Visual stimulation increases regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the goldfish.", "content": "Studies with radioactive antipyrene and deoxyglucose indicated that both blood flow and metabolism are enhanced in the goldfish optic tectum following a brief visual stimulation. It is concluded that the brain of cold-blooded animals demonstrates regionally regulated physiological alterations, previously reported only in warm-blooded species.", "contents": "Visual stimulation increases regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the goldfish. Studies with radioactive antipyrene and deoxyglucose indicated that both blood flow and metabolism are enhanced in the goldfish optic tectum following a brief visual stimulation. It is concluded that the brain of cold-blooded animals demonstrates regionally regulated physiological alterations, previously reported only in warm-blooded species.", "PMID": 758970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11121", "title": "Anatomical correlates of rhythmical slow wave activity (theta) in the hippocampal formation of the cat.", "content": "The topography of spontaneous and hypothalamically induced hippocampal rhythmical slow wave activity (theta) was studied acutely in cats anesthetized with urethane. Tracking and depth profile analysis using microelectrodes showed two amplitude maxima of theta activity approximately 180 degrees out of phase separated by a null zone. One amplitude peak was located in stratum oriens of CA1 (maximum amplitude 1.2 mV) and the other peak in stratum moleculare of the fascia dentata (maximum amplitude 1.9 mV). The null zone was localized to stratum radiatum, just ventral to the CA1 pyramidal cells. The two 'generator' hypothesis of theta activity was discussed in relation to similar findings for other species. Pharmacological results were interpreted as supporting the view that there is an ascending cholinergic input mediating theta in the urethanized cat.", "contents": "Anatomical correlates of rhythmical slow wave activity (theta) in the hippocampal formation of the cat. The topography of spontaneous and hypothalamically induced hippocampal rhythmical slow wave activity (theta) was studied acutely in cats anesthetized with urethane. Tracking and depth profile analysis using microelectrodes showed two amplitude maxima of theta activity approximately 180 degrees out of phase separated by a null zone. One amplitude peak was located in stratum oriens of CA1 (maximum amplitude 1.2 mV) and the other peak in stratum moleculare of the fascia dentata (maximum amplitude 1.9 mV). The null zone was localized to stratum radiatum, just ventral to the CA1 pyramidal cells. The two 'generator' hypothesis of theta activity was discussed in relation to similar findings for other species. Pharmacological results were interpreted as supporting the view that there is an ascending cholinergic input mediating theta in the urethanized cat.", "PMID": 758971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11122", "title": "Synaptically identified hippocampal slow potentials during behavior.", "content": "Averaged evoked slow-wave potentials (AEPs) were recorded from various locations within the dentate gyrus and CA1 field of the hippocampus of 16 rats during the performance of an operant tone discrimination task. Consistent time-locked tone averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from the perforant path zone in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Tone AEPs were never present in this region (1) prior to development of the discrimination, (2) during behavioral extinction, or (3) during the performance of other operant behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the functions of the perforant path in neural and behavioral plasticity.", "contents": "Synaptically identified hippocampal slow potentials during behavior. Averaged evoked slow-wave potentials (AEPs) were recorded from various locations within the dentate gyrus and CA1 field of the hippocampus of 16 rats during the performance of an operant tone discrimination task. Consistent time-locked tone averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from the perforant path zone in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Tone AEPs were never present in this region (1) prior to development of the discrimination, (2) during behavioral extinction, or (3) during the performance of other operant behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the functions of the perforant path in neural and behavioral plasticity.", "PMID": 758972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11123", "title": "Toxic effects of kainic acid on mouse cerebellum in tissue culture.", "content": "Cultures of mouse cerebellum were exposed for various intervals after explantation to kainic acid, a glutamic acid analog. Purkinje cells and intracerebellar nucleus neurons were destroyed and cortical laminar formation was inhibited by exposure to kainic acid, while granule cells were relatively spared. Prolonged kainate treatment also reduced the granule cell population. The destructive effects of kainic acid were evident upon exposure of Purkinje cells prior to the development of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, the neurotransmitter for which is believed to be glutamic acid. Glutamate application to intracerebellar nucleus neurons in vitro did not evoke extracellularly recorded excitatory effects, suggesting that these kainate-sensitive neurons do not have significant numbers of glutamate receptors. The combination of these observations suggests that neuronal toxic effects of kainic acid are not exclusively mediated by action on glutamate receptors, but involve other, less specific mechanisms as well.", "contents": "Toxic effects of kainic acid on mouse cerebellum in tissue culture. Cultures of mouse cerebellum were exposed for various intervals after explantation to kainic acid, a glutamic acid analog. Purkinje cells and intracerebellar nucleus neurons were destroyed and cortical laminar formation was inhibited by exposure to kainic acid, while granule cells were relatively spared. Prolonged kainate treatment also reduced the granule cell population. The destructive effects of kainic acid were evident upon exposure of Purkinje cells prior to the development of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, the neurotransmitter for which is believed to be glutamic acid. Glutamate application to intracerebellar nucleus neurons in vitro did not evoke extracellularly recorded excitatory effects, suggesting that these kainate-sensitive neurons do not have significant numbers of glutamate receptors. The combination of these observations suggests that neuronal toxic effects of kainic acid are not exclusively mediated by action on glutamate receptors, but involve other, less specific mechanisms as well.", "PMID": 758973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11124", "title": "Androgen receptor in the rat brain--assays and properties.", "content": "The existence and relevance of an androgen receptor in the developing brain has been a matter of controversy. We here describe both sucrose density gradient and hydroxylapatite assays which clearly define a distinct androgen receptor in the 24-day-old rat hypothalamus, amygdala and preoptic region, but not in the cortex. This receptor has considerable affinity for estradiol-17beta, thus perhaps accounting for some uncertainty about its nature, but none for diethylstilbestrol or other estrogens, antiestrogens or glucocorticoids. Its Kd for both dihydrotestosterone and testosterone is about 1 X 10(-9) M and for estradiol about 2 X 10(-8) M. Its properties are generally consistent with those of androgen receptor reported for other tissues.", "contents": "Androgen receptor in the rat brain--assays and properties. The existence and relevance of an androgen receptor in the developing brain has been a matter of controversy. We here describe both sucrose density gradient and hydroxylapatite assays which clearly define a distinct androgen receptor in the 24-day-old rat hypothalamus, amygdala and preoptic region, but not in the cortex. This receptor has considerable affinity for estradiol-17beta, thus perhaps accounting for some uncertainty about its nature, but none for diethylstilbestrol or other estrogens, antiestrogens or glucocorticoids. Its Kd for both dihydrotestosterone and testosterone is about 1 X 10(-9) M and for estradiol about 2 X 10(-8) M. Its properties are generally consistent with those of androgen receptor reported for other tissues.", "PMID": 758974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11125", "title": "Cell suspensions from rat olfactory neuroepithelium: biochemical and histochemical characterization.", "content": "Cell suspensions were generated from rat olfactory epithelium by digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase followed by gentle mechanical disruption. These cell suspensions excluded nigrosin dye and synthesized RNA, protein and carnosine from radiolabeled precursors. Sustentacular cells, repiratory epithelial cells and olfactory neurons but not basal cells could be identified by phase-contrast microscopy. Sedimentation of these cell suspensions at unit gravity in discontinuous gradients of buffered bovine serum albumin resulted in partial separation of the various cell types as indicated by the distribution of several biochemical markers. Olfactory marker protein and carnosine synthetase activity were found in the upper gradient fractions, while carnosinase activity was present predominantly in the lower gradient fractions. Cellular localization of olfactory neuron marker protein and non-neuronal S-100 protein by immunoperoxidase staining of gradient-fractionated cells indicated that neuronal cells were only partially separated from non-neuronal cells by our fractionation techniques. Evaluation of gradient fractionated cells by histochemical staining for carbohydrates demonstrated that secretory Bowman's gland cells were quite efficiently separated from neurons. This study demonstrates the ease with which cell suspensions may be produced from the olfactory epithelium, and emphasizes the importance of utilizing both biochemical and histochemical approaches in studies of mixed populations of cells, particularly when the purity of the cell fractions is a consideration.", "contents": "Cell suspensions from rat olfactory neuroepithelium: biochemical and histochemical characterization. Cell suspensions were generated from rat olfactory epithelium by digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase followed by gentle mechanical disruption. These cell suspensions excluded nigrosin dye and synthesized RNA, protein and carnosine from radiolabeled precursors. Sustentacular cells, repiratory epithelial cells and olfactory neurons but not basal cells could be identified by phase-contrast microscopy. Sedimentation of these cell suspensions at unit gravity in discontinuous gradients of buffered bovine serum albumin resulted in partial separation of the various cell types as indicated by the distribution of several biochemical markers. Olfactory marker protein and carnosine synthetase activity were found in the upper gradient fractions, while carnosinase activity was present predominantly in the lower gradient fractions. Cellular localization of olfactory neuron marker protein and non-neuronal S-100 protein by immunoperoxidase staining of gradient-fractionated cells indicated that neuronal cells were only partially separated from non-neuronal cells by our fractionation techniques. Evaluation of gradient fractionated cells by histochemical staining for carbohydrates demonstrated that secretory Bowman's gland cells were quite efficiently separated from neurons. This study demonstrates the ease with which cell suspensions may be produced from the olfactory epithelium, and emphasizes the importance of utilizing both biochemical and histochemical approaches in studies of mixed populations of cells, particularly when the purity of the cell fractions is a consideration.", "PMID": 758975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11126", "title": "Locomotor activity initiated by microinfusions of picrotoxin into the ventral tegmental area.", "content": "Ambulatory activity in rats was increased in a dose-related manner by microinjections of picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, bilaterally into the ventral tegmental area. Microinjections of strychnine, a glycine antagonist, had no effect on activity. The ambulatory activity induced by microinjections of picrotoxin into the ventral tegmental area was significantly attenuated when the nucleus accumbens was pretreated with spiroperidol, a dopamine antagonist. These findings provide additional evidence that dopaminergic (A10) neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, contribute to locomotor activity. It is suggested that picrotoxin disinhibits the A10 dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "Locomotor activity initiated by microinfusions of picrotoxin into the ventral tegmental area. Ambulatory activity in rats was increased in a dose-related manner by microinjections of picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, bilaterally into the ventral tegmental area. Microinjections of strychnine, a glycine antagonist, had no effect on activity. The ambulatory activity induced by microinjections of picrotoxin into the ventral tegmental area was significantly attenuated when the nucleus accumbens was pretreated with spiroperidol, a dopamine antagonist. These findings provide additional evidence that dopaminergic (A10) neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, contribute to locomotor activity. It is suggested that picrotoxin disinhibits the A10 dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 758977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11127", "title": "Noradrenaline and avoidance learning in the rat.", "content": "The selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine was used to deplete forebrain noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values and the learning capabilities of the depleted animals examined on a two-way active avoidance task. Noradrenaline depleted animals learned the two-way active avoidance task more quickly than controls and required fewer training trials to reach acquisition criterion. Twenty-four hour retention was not altered by the lesion, but significant resistance to extinction was seen when electric footshock was no longer presented. More detailed analysis of the improved acquisition shown by the lesioned animals revealed that the major effect lay in a reduced freezing response to footshock. This freezing tended to slow down learning in the control animals, since it was incompatible with the required two-way active avoidance response. No alteration was seen in sensory detection thresholds for electric footshock or in spontaneous locomotor activity in the absence of shock. These results are discussed in relation to theories of noradrenaline function in learning and memory and, more recently, in fear and anxiety.", "contents": "Noradrenaline and avoidance learning in the rat. The selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine was used to deplete forebrain noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values and the learning capabilities of the depleted animals examined on a two-way active avoidance task. Noradrenaline depleted animals learned the two-way active avoidance task more quickly than controls and required fewer training trials to reach acquisition criterion. Twenty-four hour retention was not altered by the lesion, but significant resistance to extinction was seen when electric footshock was no longer presented. More detailed analysis of the improved acquisition shown by the lesioned animals revealed that the major effect lay in a reduced freezing response to footshock. This freezing tended to slow down learning in the control animals, since it was incompatible with the required two-way active avoidance response. No alteration was seen in sensory detection thresholds for electric footshock or in spontaneous locomotor activity in the absence of shock. These results are discussed in relation to theories of noradrenaline function in learning and memory and, more recently, in fear and anxiety.", "PMID": 758978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11128", "title": "Rest and exercise hemodynamic studies in patients with isolated aortic stenosis.", "content": "Hemodynamic data obtained during rest and exercise in 22 patients with aortic stenosis were analyzed. Mean aortic valve gradient for the group did not change significantly during exercise but there was large individual variability. Aortic valve flow increased during exercise in all but 2 patients. There was no correlation between change in gradient and change in flow during exercise. Although the mean calculated aortic valve area for the group did not change significantly during exercise, the calculated area was larger during exercise in most patients. Change in the calculated valve area correlated best with changes in aortic valve flow, left ventricular stroke work index, and the product of left ventricular systolic pressure and stroke volume. This suggests that in some patients there may be a dynamic component to aortic valve obstruction that may vary with changing hemodynamics.", "contents": "Rest and exercise hemodynamic studies in patients with isolated aortic stenosis. Hemodynamic data obtained during rest and exercise in 22 patients with aortic stenosis were analyzed. Mean aortic valve gradient for the group did not change significantly during exercise but there was large individual variability. Aortic valve flow increased during exercise in all but 2 patients. There was no correlation between change in gradient and change in flow during exercise. Although the mean calculated aortic valve area for the group did not change significantly during exercise, the calculated area was larger during exercise in most patients. Change in the calculated valve area correlated best with changes in aortic valve flow, left ventricular stroke work index, and the product of left ventricular systolic pressure and stroke volume. This suggests that in some patients there may be a dynamic component to aortic valve obstruction that may vary with changing hemodynamics.", "PMID": 758984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11129", "title": "Effects of sodium nitroprusside on function of regional ischemic myocardium.", "content": "In the presence of regional myocardial ischemia, a 20% decrease in systemic arterial pressure following nitroprusside caused a 25% decrease in coronary perfusion pressure in animals with normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. This pressure decrement resulted in a significant decrease in the shortening of the regionally ischemic segment during the ejection phase of systole. A comparable arterial pressure drop of 21% with nitroprusside infusion during ischemia in the animals with elevated diastolic pressures caused a similar 28% decrease in coronary perfusion pressure, but resulted in a simultaneous increase in regional shortening. For the entire group there was no significant change in stroke volume. Even in the 11 animals where stroke volume increased, systolic regional shortening increased in only 4. An increase in stroke volume cannot be used to infer a parallel increase in the performance of a regionally ischemic segment. Nitroprusside appears to improve regional performance only in the presence of severe failure.", "contents": "Effects of sodium nitroprusside on function of regional ischemic myocardium. In the presence of regional myocardial ischemia, a 20% decrease in systemic arterial pressure following nitroprusside caused a 25% decrease in coronary perfusion pressure in animals with normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. This pressure decrement resulted in a significant decrease in the shortening of the regionally ischemic segment during the ejection phase of systole. A comparable arterial pressure drop of 21% with nitroprusside infusion during ischemia in the animals with elevated diastolic pressures caused a similar 28% decrease in coronary perfusion pressure, but resulted in a simultaneous increase in regional shortening. For the entire group there was no significant change in stroke volume. Even in the 11 animals where stroke volume increased, systolic regional shortening increased in only 4. An increase in stroke volume cannot be used to infer a parallel increase in the performance of a regionally ischemic segment. Nitroprusside appears to improve regional performance only in the presence of severe failure.", "PMID": 758985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11130", "title": "Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland.", "content": "Relationships of drinking water quality to CHD and sudden death were studied in two rural areas in western and eastern Finland. In the eastern area, drinking water is particularly soft and contains less magnesium and chromium but more copper than in the western area. A 15-year follow-up of resident males showed a higher death rate from CHD in the eastern area but no difference in the proportion of sudden deaths. The data suggest that CHD may be associated with low concentrations of magnesium and chromium in the drinking water, but no definite relationship was found between water quality and sudden death.", "contents": "Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland. Relationships of drinking water quality to CHD and sudden death were studied in two rural areas in western and eastern Finland. In the eastern area, drinking water is particularly soft and contains less magnesium and chromium but more copper than in the western area. A 15-year follow-up of resident males showed a higher death rate from CHD in the eastern area but no difference in the proportion of sudden deaths. The data suggest that CHD may be associated with low concentrations of magnesium and chromium in the drinking water, but no definite relationship was found between water quality and sudden death.", "PMID": 758986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11131", "title": "The relationship of mitral valve prolapse to obstructive coronary artery disease. A hemodynamic study.", "content": "The relationship between mitral valve prolapse, segmental and total ventricular function was studied in 121 patients with severe coronary artery disease, 21 of whom had angiographically documented mitral prolapse. The position and movement of the inferior papillary muscle were also analyzed. Mitral valve prolapse in association with severe coronary artery disease does not worsen left ventricular function, nor is it related to ischemic wall motion abnormalities.", "contents": "The relationship of mitral valve prolapse to obstructive coronary artery disease. A hemodynamic study. The relationship between mitral valve prolapse, segmental and total ventricular function was studied in 121 patients with severe coronary artery disease, 21 of whom had angiographically documented mitral prolapse. The position and movement of the inferior papillary muscle were also analyzed. Mitral valve prolapse in association with severe coronary artery disease does not worsen left ventricular function, nor is it related to ischemic wall motion abnormalities.", "PMID": 758987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11132", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of disopyramide in patients with bundle branch block.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in 22 patients with intraventricular conduction delay before and after intravenous infusion of disopyramide (Norpace), 2 mg/kg. Mean control maximal sinus node recovery time (1039 +/- 187 msec), atrioventricular nodal conduction time (113 +/- 28 msec), and atrioventricular nodal effective refractory periods (349 +/- 67 msec) did not change significantly after administration of disopyramide (1073 +/- 284 msec, 112 +/- 31 msec, and 342 +/- 42 msec, respectively). Mean spontaneous cycle length (756 +/- 146 msec) decreased significantly 5 minutes after disopyramide (717 +/- 124 msec) (p less than 0.05), but not after 30 minutes (734 +/- 142 msec). A small but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) increase occurred after disopyramide in the mean atrial effective refractory period (259 +/- 51 to 280 +/- 53 msec), ventricular effective refractory period (253 +/- 23 to 275 +/- 33 msec), as well as the relative refractory period of the ventricular specialized conduction system (six patients) 433 +/- 78 to 479 +/- 62 msec). Although mean control infranodal conduction time (67 +/- 35 msec) increased 5 minutes after disopyramide (79 +/- 41 msec) (p less than 0.001) (18%), no spontaneous episodes of second-degree or third-degree atrioventricular block were observed. In six patients with premature ventricular depolarizations (greater than or equal to 1/min), the arrhythmia was totally abolished in four, markedly reduced in one, and remained unchanged in one. Disopyramide resulted in significant prolongation of infranodal conduction time as well as in atrial and ventricular refractoriness, but nevertheless appears to be safe in patients with bundle branch block.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of disopyramide in patients with bundle branch block. Electrophysiological studies were performed in 22 patients with intraventricular conduction delay before and after intravenous infusion of disopyramide (Norpace), 2 mg/kg. Mean control maximal sinus node recovery time (1039 +/- 187 msec), atrioventricular nodal conduction time (113 +/- 28 msec), and atrioventricular nodal effective refractory periods (349 +/- 67 msec) did not change significantly after administration of disopyramide (1073 +/- 284 msec, 112 +/- 31 msec, and 342 +/- 42 msec, respectively). Mean spontaneous cycle length (756 +/- 146 msec) decreased significantly 5 minutes after disopyramide (717 +/- 124 msec) (p less than 0.05), but not after 30 minutes (734 +/- 142 msec). A small but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) increase occurred after disopyramide in the mean atrial effective refractory period (259 +/- 51 to 280 +/- 53 msec), ventricular effective refractory period (253 +/- 23 to 275 +/- 33 msec), as well as the relative refractory period of the ventricular specialized conduction system (six patients) 433 +/- 78 to 479 +/- 62 msec). Although mean control infranodal conduction time (67 +/- 35 msec) increased 5 minutes after disopyramide (79 +/- 41 msec) (p less than 0.001) (18%), no spontaneous episodes of second-degree or third-degree atrioventricular block were observed. In six patients with premature ventricular depolarizations (greater than or equal to 1/min), the arrhythmia was totally abolished in four, markedly reduced in one, and remained unchanged in one. Disopyramide resulted in significant prolongation of infranodal conduction time as well as in atrial and ventricular refractoriness, but nevertheless appears to be safe in patients with bundle branch block.", "PMID": 758989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11133", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide phosphate on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of intravenously administered disopyramide (2 mg/kg) on three parameters of sinus node function were examined in 16 symptomatic patients with sinus node dysfunction. Based on their ECG data before study, patients were subdivided into group A (n = 8), those with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial (SA) exit block; and group B (n = 8), those with sinus bradycardia. Disopyramide shortened spontaneous cycle length in 10 of 16 patients and lengthened it in six--markedly so (91%) in one patient. Estimated SA conduction time decreased in seven of 14 patients and increased in seven. Two patients developed second degree SA exit block after disopyramide. Maximum sinus node recovery time was prolonged by disopyramide in 11 of 16 patients and markedly so in four. For the group as a whole there was no significant difference in spontaneous cycle length, maximum sinus node recovery time or estimated SA conduction time. P-wave and QRS durations and H-V intervals were significantly lengthened by disopyramide. Marked depression of the three parameters of sinus node function occurred in three group A patients and in one group B patient who had persistent severe sinus bradycardia. These four patients also had secondary pauses after termination of rapid atrial pacing under control conditions. Disopyramide should be administered cautiously to patients with sinus node dysfunction, particularly those with sinus pauses, SA exit block or secondary pauses.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide phosphate on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. The electrophysiologic effects of intravenously administered disopyramide (2 mg/kg) on three parameters of sinus node function were examined in 16 symptomatic patients with sinus node dysfunction. Based on their ECG data before study, patients were subdivided into group A (n = 8), those with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial (SA) exit block; and group B (n = 8), those with sinus bradycardia. Disopyramide shortened spontaneous cycle length in 10 of 16 patients and lengthened it in six--markedly so (91%) in one patient. Estimated SA conduction time decreased in seven of 14 patients and increased in seven. Two patients developed second degree SA exit block after disopyramide. Maximum sinus node recovery time was prolonged by disopyramide in 11 of 16 patients and markedly so in four. For the group as a whole there was no significant difference in spontaneous cycle length, maximum sinus node recovery time or estimated SA conduction time. P-wave and QRS durations and H-V intervals were significantly lengthened by disopyramide. Marked depression of the three parameters of sinus node function occurred in three group A patients and in one group B patient who had persistent severe sinus bradycardia. These four patients also had secondary pauses after termination of rapid atrial pacing under control conditions. Disopyramide should be administered cautiously to patients with sinus node dysfunction, particularly those with sinus pauses, SA exit block or secondary pauses.", "PMID": 758990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11134", "title": "Incidence and site of atrioventricular block in patients with chronic bifascicular block.", "content": "Four hundred fifty-two patients with chronic bifascicular block and initially intact atrioventricular (AV) conduction were detected, studied, and prospectively followed between January 1970 and March 1978. There were 360 males and 92 females, ages 18--93 years (mean +/- SD, 62 +/- 15 years). Follow-up ranged from 29-2804 days (mean 1066 +/- 97 days). AV block (2 degrees or 3 degrees) developed in 29 patients, nine with apparent cause and spontaneously in 20. Cumulative annual incidence of all heart block for 1--5 years was, respectively, 4%, 5.9%, 8.7%, 10.1% and 11.3%, and for spontaneous block was 2%, 3.1%, 5.2%, 6.7%, and 7.1%. Sites of spontaneous block were probably or definitely AV nodal in ten, His bundle in one, and trifascicular in nine. Cumulative incidence of AV block in surviving bifascicular block patients is 11% at 5 years, with 7% reflecting spontaneous block. The probable or definite site of AV block varies and is trifascicular in less than half of the patients. The small incidence of trifascicular block probably explains the difficulty in predicting this complication with electrophysiological studies.", "contents": "Incidence and site of atrioventricular block in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Four hundred fifty-two patients with chronic bifascicular block and initially intact atrioventricular (AV) conduction were detected, studied, and prospectively followed between January 1970 and March 1978. There were 360 males and 92 females, ages 18--93 years (mean +/- SD, 62 +/- 15 years). Follow-up ranged from 29-2804 days (mean 1066 +/- 97 days). AV block (2 degrees or 3 degrees) developed in 29 patients, nine with apparent cause and spontaneously in 20. Cumulative annual incidence of all heart block for 1--5 years was, respectively, 4%, 5.9%, 8.7%, 10.1% and 11.3%, and for spontaneous block was 2%, 3.1%, 5.2%, 6.7%, and 7.1%. Sites of spontaneous block were probably or definitely AV nodal in ten, His bundle in one, and trifascicular in nine. Cumulative incidence of AV block in surviving bifascicular block patients is 11% at 5 years, with 7% reflecting spontaneous block. The probable or definite site of AV block varies and is trifascicular in less than half of the patients. The small incidence of trifascicular block probably explains the difficulty in predicting this complication with electrophysiological studies.", "PMID": 758992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11135", "title": "Cellular electrophysiology of human myocardial infarction. 1. Abnormalities of cellular activation.", "content": "Ventricular tissues were obtained at the time of operation from 12 patients who underwent aneurysmectomy or mitral valve replacement. The electrophysiologic characteristics of these tissues were determined in a tissue bath using microelectrodes. Normal-appearing action potentials were recorded from surviving Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle cells within infarcted ventricular tissues. Normal muscle action potential recordings from infarcted tissues were similar to action potentials from noninfarcted papillary muscles, except that the duration of the action potential was significantly longer in the former. In other areas slow response potentials were recorded. These action potentials conducted slowly and were eliminated by verapamil. We observed verapamil-sensitive slow response automaticity, but this did not correlate with ventricular tachycardias, present in three patients. Variable amplitude responses arising from normal resting potentials and characterized by stimulus intensity-dependent changes in action potential amplitude were recorded in tissues from two patients. These potentials had many characteristics similar to the slow response, but were not eliminated by verapamil. We also saw inexcitable cells with both normal and abnormal resting potentials. The heterogeneous electrophysiologic characteristics of these tissues provide a likely substrate for arrhythmias and may be the source of the ectopic ventricular rhythms observed in these patients.", "contents": "Cellular electrophysiology of human myocardial infarction. 1. Abnormalities of cellular activation. Ventricular tissues were obtained at the time of operation from 12 patients who underwent aneurysmectomy or mitral valve replacement. The electrophysiologic characteristics of these tissues were determined in a tissue bath using microelectrodes. Normal-appearing action potentials were recorded from surviving Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle cells within infarcted ventricular tissues. Normal muscle action potential recordings from infarcted tissues were similar to action potentials from noninfarcted papillary muscles, except that the duration of the action potential was significantly longer in the former. In other areas slow response potentials were recorded. These action potentials conducted slowly and were eliminated by verapamil. We observed verapamil-sensitive slow response automaticity, but this did not correlate with ventricular tachycardias, present in three patients. Variable amplitude responses arising from normal resting potentials and characterized by stimulus intensity-dependent changes in action potential amplitude were recorded in tissues from two patients. These potentials had many characteristics similar to the slow response, but were not eliminated by verapamil. We also saw inexcitable cells with both normal and abnormal resting potentials. The heterogeneous electrophysiologic characteristics of these tissues provide a likely substrate for arrhythmias and may be the source of the ectopic ventricular rhythms observed in these patients.", "PMID": 758993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11136", "title": "Clinicopathologic findings in 52 patients studied by technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy.", "content": "Scintigraphic, clinical and pathological findings were correlated in 52 patients studied by technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigraphy before death or surgical resection of myocardium. Fifty-nine clinical events were studied with scintigraphy in the 52 patients; 41 of the 59 were associated with one or more abnormal 99mTc-PYP studies and 18 with normal 99mTc-PYP scintigrams. Myocardial scintigrams were positive in 29 of 31 cases with clinicopathological evidence of a corresponding discrete, grossly obvious acute myocardial infarct, including 16 of 16 transmural myocardial infarcts and 13 of 15 subendocardial infarcts. In 16 of 18 cases, negative myocardial scintigrams correlated with the absence of acute myocardial infarction determined by clinicopathological evidence. In two cases small subendocardial infarcts (less than 3 g) were not detected by 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigraphy. Of the 12 additional instances of positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigrams, five were associated with clinical unstable angina pectoris and seven were in the category of persistently positive scintigrams, since the scans were obtained 2.5 months or longer after proven or suspected acute myocardial infarcts. In all 12 instances, the positive 99mTc-PYP scintigrams were associated with evidence of multifocal irreversible myocardial damage consisting of myocytolysis, coagulation necrosis and/or fibrosis, and the histological age of the lesions was compatible with acute injury corresponding to the time of scintigraphy. The findings indicate that a positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigram is a sensitive indicator of significant myocardial injury which may occur as confluent coagulation necrosis corresponding to clinical acute myocardial infarction, or as multifocal coagulation necrosis or myocytolysis associated with unstable angina pectoris or recurrent ischemic heart disease, especially after previous infarctions.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic findings in 52 patients studied by technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy. Scintigraphic, clinical and pathological findings were correlated in 52 patients studied by technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigraphy before death or surgical resection of myocardium. Fifty-nine clinical events were studied with scintigraphy in the 52 patients; 41 of the 59 were associated with one or more abnormal 99mTc-PYP studies and 18 with normal 99mTc-PYP scintigrams. Myocardial scintigrams were positive in 29 of 31 cases with clinicopathological evidence of a corresponding discrete, grossly obvious acute myocardial infarct, including 16 of 16 transmural myocardial infarcts and 13 of 15 subendocardial infarcts. In 16 of 18 cases, negative myocardial scintigrams correlated with the absence of acute myocardial infarction determined by clinicopathological evidence. In two cases small subendocardial infarcts (less than 3 g) were not detected by 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigraphy. Of the 12 additional instances of positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigrams, five were associated with clinical unstable angina pectoris and seven were in the category of persistently positive scintigrams, since the scans were obtained 2.5 months or longer after proven or suspected acute myocardial infarcts. In all 12 instances, the positive 99mTc-PYP scintigrams were associated with evidence of multifocal irreversible myocardial damage consisting of myocytolysis, coagulation necrosis and/or fibrosis, and the histological age of the lesions was compatible with acute injury corresponding to the time of scintigraphy. The findings indicate that a positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigram is a sensitive indicator of significant myocardial injury which may occur as confluent coagulation necrosis corresponding to clinical acute myocardial infarction, or as multifocal coagulation necrosis or myocytolysis associated with unstable angina pectoris or recurrent ischemic heart disease, especially after previous infarctions.", "PMID": 758994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11137", "title": "Detection of myocardial infarct extension by CK-B radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Myocardial infarct extension after the acute event was defined as a second reise in the myocardial isoenzyme of serum creatine kinase (CK-B) after the initial return of CK-B to normal values. In 43 patients with acute myocardial infarcts, CK-B was measured by radioimmunoassay every 12 hours for 14 days. Nineteen patients had anterior transmural myocardial infarcts AMI, 14 had inferior transmural myocardial infarcts (IMI) and 10 had subendocardial myocardial infarcts (SEMI). Infarct extension as detectd by a second rise in serum CK-B occurred in six patients (32%) with AMI, two (14%) with IMI and two (20%) with SEMI; these differences are not statistically significant. Infarct extension for all patients combined was 23%. Four patients with AMI also had infarct extension as determined by recurrent chest pain. ECG alterations and other enzyme changes. In the other six, the infarct extension was undetected clinically. Four patients with AMI and infarct extension died within 3 weeks after hospitalization. We did not note any additional morbidity or mortality in patients with infarct extension who had IMI or SEMI. There was no significant difference in the frequency of previous myocardial infarction, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or smoking history in patients with and without infarct extension shown by serum CK-B isoenzyme elevations. The measurement of serum CK-B values with a quantitative and sensitive assay suggests that myocardial infarct extension occurs more commonly than clinically recognized, but the frequency of extension may be less than that reported in patients in whom precordial mapping and total serum CK values were measured to identify this phenomenon.", "contents": "Detection of myocardial infarct extension by CK-B radioimmunoassay. Myocardial infarct extension after the acute event was defined as a second reise in the myocardial isoenzyme of serum creatine kinase (CK-B) after the initial return of CK-B to normal values. In 43 patients with acute myocardial infarcts, CK-B was measured by radioimmunoassay every 12 hours for 14 days. Nineteen patients had anterior transmural myocardial infarcts AMI, 14 had inferior transmural myocardial infarcts (IMI) and 10 had subendocardial myocardial infarcts (SEMI). Infarct extension as detectd by a second rise in serum CK-B occurred in six patients (32%) with AMI, two (14%) with IMI and two (20%) with SEMI; these differences are not statistically significant. Infarct extension for all patients combined was 23%. Four patients with AMI also had infarct extension as determined by recurrent chest pain. ECG alterations and other enzyme changes. In the other six, the infarct extension was undetected clinically. Four patients with AMI and infarct extension died within 3 weeks after hospitalization. We did not note any additional morbidity or mortality in patients with infarct extension who had IMI or SEMI. There was no significant difference in the frequency of previous myocardial infarction, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or smoking history in patients with and without infarct extension shown by serum CK-B isoenzyme elevations. The measurement of serum CK-B values with a quantitative and sensitive assay suggests that myocardial infarct extension occurs more commonly than clinically recognized, but the frequency of extension may be less than that reported in patients in whom precordial mapping and total serum CK values were measured to identify this phenomenon.", "PMID": 758995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11138", "title": "Reduction of myocardial infarct size: comparison between left atrial and left ventricular bypass.", "content": "A controlled study was undertaken to quantitate and compare the effect of left ventricular bypass (LVB) and left atrial bypass (LAB on left ventricular infarct volume (LVIV). After baseline studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery in each of 30 mongrel dogs was ligated 1-1.5 cm from its origin. After baseline ischemic studies, control dogs (group 1--10 dogs), LAB dogs (group 2--10 dogs), and LVB dogs (group 3--10 dogs) were monitored for four hours. Final infarct size was determined by the nitroblue tetrazolium staining technique. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and total systemic flow (TSF) showed no significant difference between control and left heart bypass groups. In group 1, the LVIV was 27.7 +/- 6.5 g/100 g left ventricle (LV). In group 2, left heart bypass (LHB) flow was 90 +/- 4% of TSF. The pressure time index (PTI) was 2845 +/- 52 mm Hg-sec/min. The PTI demonstrated no significant difference from cntrols. In group 2, LVIV was 22.5 +/- 6.0 g/100 g LV. LVIV was reduced 18.8% from controls (p less than 0.08). In group 2, LHB was complete. Left ventricular decompression (group 3) resulted in a PTI of 328 +/- 76 mm Hg-sec/min. The PTI was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from groups 1 and 2. The LVIV was 12.6 +/- 5.1 g/100 g LV. LVIV was reduced 54.5% from controls (p less than 0.001) and 44.0% from group 2 (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that LVB may be useful, not only in supporting the circulation in the patient with myocardial infarct and cardiogenic shock, but also in limiting infarct size.", "contents": "Reduction of myocardial infarct size: comparison between left atrial and left ventricular bypass. A controlled study was undertaken to quantitate and compare the effect of left ventricular bypass (LVB) and left atrial bypass (LAB on left ventricular infarct volume (LVIV). After baseline studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery in each of 30 mongrel dogs was ligated 1-1.5 cm from its origin. After baseline ischemic studies, control dogs (group 1--10 dogs), LAB dogs (group 2--10 dogs), and LVB dogs (group 3--10 dogs) were monitored for four hours. Final infarct size was determined by the nitroblue tetrazolium staining technique. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and total systemic flow (TSF) showed no significant difference between control and left heart bypass groups. In group 1, the LVIV was 27.7 +/- 6.5 g/100 g left ventricle (LV). In group 2, left heart bypass (LHB) flow was 90 +/- 4% of TSF. The pressure time index (PTI) was 2845 +/- 52 mm Hg-sec/min. The PTI demonstrated no significant difference from cntrols. In group 2, LVIV was 22.5 +/- 6.0 g/100 g LV. LVIV was reduced 18.8% from controls (p less than 0.08). In group 2, LHB was complete. Left ventricular decompression (group 3) resulted in a PTI of 328 +/- 76 mm Hg-sec/min. The PTI was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from groups 1 and 2. The LVIV was 12.6 +/- 5.1 g/100 g LV. LVIV was reduced 54.5% from controls (p less than 0.001) and 44.0% from group 2 (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that LVB may be useful, not only in supporting the circulation in the patient with myocardial infarct and cardiogenic shock, but also in limiting infarct size.", "PMID": 758996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11139", "title": "Use of treadmill score to quantify ischemic response and predict extent of coronary disease.", "content": "In this study we assessed whether various responses to exercise testing could be quantified in order to derive the probabilities of presence of coronary disease, and if present, to assess its severity. A treadmill score based on the exercise response was determined in 405 patients who had both treadmill tests and coronary angiograms. The score was derived using discriminant function analysis, by weighting and combining depth and configuration of ST depression (downsloping, horizontal or slowly upsloping), timing onset and duration of ischemia, grading ventricular arrhythmias, heart rate and blood pressure change, coexistence of exercise-induced chest pain and sex. The treadmill score was effective in detecting coronary disease (lesions with an greater than or equal to 50% narrowing), with a predictive accuracy (PA) (probability that a subject manifesting a positive test has disease) of 87%, a true negative rate (TNR) (probability of a subject with a negative test having no disease) of 80%, and sensitivity of 94%. The treadmill score also detected severe disease (triple-vessel, main left and/or greater than 90% proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery), with a PA of 73%, TNR of 79% and sensitivity of 82%. We conclude that the exercise response, expressed numerically as a treadmill score, permits analysis of most of the relevant data from exercise testing, increases test accuracy by 10-15% compared with standard criteria for treatmill test interpretation, and enables the derivation of probability statements for presence and severity of coronary disease. The validity of any prediction on the basis of exercise performance may thus be quantitatively judged.", "contents": "Use of treadmill score to quantify ischemic response and predict extent of coronary disease. In this study we assessed whether various responses to exercise testing could be quantified in order to derive the probabilities of presence of coronary disease, and if present, to assess its severity. A treadmill score based on the exercise response was determined in 405 patients who had both treadmill tests and coronary angiograms. The score was derived using discriminant function analysis, by weighting and combining depth and configuration of ST depression (downsloping, horizontal or slowly upsloping), timing onset and duration of ischemia, grading ventricular arrhythmias, heart rate and blood pressure change, coexistence of exercise-induced chest pain and sex. The treadmill score was effective in detecting coronary disease (lesions with an greater than or equal to 50% narrowing), with a predictive accuracy (PA) (probability that a subject manifesting a positive test has disease) of 87%, a true negative rate (TNR) (probability of a subject with a negative test having no disease) of 80%, and sensitivity of 94%. The treadmill score also detected severe disease (triple-vessel, main left and/or greater than 90% proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery), with a PA of 73%, TNR of 79% and sensitivity of 82%. We conclude that the exercise response, expressed numerically as a treadmill score, permits analysis of most of the relevant data from exercise testing, increases test accuracy by 10-15% compared with standard criteria for treatmill test interpretation, and enables the derivation of probability statements for presence and severity of coronary disease. The validity of any prediction on the basis of exercise performance may thus be quantitatively judged.", "PMID": 758997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11140", "title": "The syndrome of variant angina culminating in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ten patients 28-54 years old with recurrent attacks of variant angina (chest pain associated with transient ST-segment elevation) culminating in acute myocardial infarction were studied. Systemic blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged or decreased during chest pain. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction was made on the basis of pathognomonic enzyme changes and T-wave inversions persisting for several weeks (seven patients) or development of Q waves (three patients). Complications were similar to the ones previously observed in conventional myocardial infarction. None of these patients died. Past history was characterized by absence of effort angina. Exercise stress testing after infarction was normal, and coronary arteriography revealed a spectrum of pathology, ranging from normal arteriograms to three-vessel disease. Intraaortic balloon pumping was ineffective in two patients, but subsequent coronary bypass surgery shortly after myocardial infarction was not followed by further attacks of chest pain. Follow-up of these patients revealed a benign course. Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking appeared to be very prevalent in this group.", "contents": "The syndrome of variant angina culminating in acute myocardial infarction. Ten patients 28-54 years old with recurrent attacks of variant angina (chest pain associated with transient ST-segment elevation) culminating in acute myocardial infarction were studied. Systemic blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged or decreased during chest pain. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction was made on the basis of pathognomonic enzyme changes and T-wave inversions persisting for several weeks (seven patients) or development of Q waves (three patients). Complications were similar to the ones previously observed in conventional myocardial infarction. None of these patients died. Past history was characterized by absence of effort angina. Exercise stress testing after infarction was normal, and coronary arteriography revealed a spectrum of pathology, ranging from normal arteriograms to three-vessel disease. Intraaortic balloon pumping was ineffective in two patients, but subsequent coronary bypass surgery shortly after myocardial infarction was not followed by further attacks of chest pain. Follow-up of these patients revealed a benign course. Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking appeared to be very prevalent in this group.", "PMID": 758998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11141", "title": "Increased coronary mortality in relatives of hypercholesterolemic school children: the Muscatine study.", "content": "From 2,874 school children participating in the 1971 and 1973 Muscatine Coronary Risk Factor Survey, we selected three groups of index cases for detailed family study: the HIGH group (n = 56), with cholesterol levels greater than the 95th percentile twice; the MIDDLE group (n = 46), cholesterol levels between the 5th and 95th percentile; and the LOW group (n = 46), cholesterol levels less than the 5th percentile twice. Coronary mortality determined from death certificates was increased in the young relatives (ages 30-59) of the HIGH group index cases, as follows: twofold excess in HIGH male relatives compared with the MIDDLE or LOW group (p less than 0.05); tenfold excess in the HIGH female relatives compared with the MIDDLE and LOW group combined (p less than 0.01). After correction for years at risk, there was an approximately twofold significantly-increased coronary mortality. Stroke mortality was higher, although not significantly, in the older relatives (ages greater than or equal to 60) of the HIGH index cases. Cancer mortality was not significantly different among the relatives of the three groups of index cases. This study indicates that school children's cholesterol levels cluster with those of their family members and that persistent hypercholesterolemia in children identifies families at risk for coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Increased coronary mortality in relatives of hypercholesterolemic school children: the Muscatine study. From 2,874 school children participating in the 1971 and 1973 Muscatine Coronary Risk Factor Survey, we selected three groups of index cases for detailed family study: the HIGH group (n = 56), with cholesterol levels greater than the 95th percentile twice; the MIDDLE group (n = 46), cholesterol levels between the 5th and 95th percentile; and the LOW group (n = 46), cholesterol levels less than the 5th percentile twice. Coronary mortality determined from death certificates was increased in the young relatives (ages 30-59) of the HIGH group index cases, as follows: twofold excess in HIGH male relatives compared with the MIDDLE or LOW group (p less than 0.05); tenfold excess in the HIGH female relatives compared with the MIDDLE and LOW group combined (p less than 0.01). After correction for years at risk, there was an approximately twofold significantly-increased coronary mortality. Stroke mortality was higher, although not significantly, in the older relatives (ages greater than or equal to 60) of the HIGH index cases. Cancer mortality was not significantly different among the relatives of the three groups of index cases. This study indicates that school children's cholesterol levels cluster with those of their family members and that persistent hypercholesterolemia in children identifies families at risk for coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 758999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11142", "title": "A collaborative study of infective endocarditis in the 1970s. Emphasis on infections in patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery.", "content": "Twenty-six major cardiovascular centers participated in a cooperative study of all cases of infective endocarditis occurring during a single calendar year to obtain an overview of infective endocarditis. The study was designed to learn which patients appear to be at highest risk to develop this infection after palliative or reparative cardiovascular surgery. Of 278 patients developing infective endocarditis during the year at these medical centers, 63 (23%) had had previous cardiovascular surgery and 215 had not. Seventy percent of the 278 patients had recognized congenital or acquired heart disease before developing the infection. Rheumatic heart disease accounted for over half of the patients with underlying structural heart disease. A majority (55%) of the 63 patients who had been operated on before developing endocarditis had prosthetic valves inserted. Of those who did not require prosthetic valves, the majority had congenital heart disease with systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery shunts. Although these data were obtained from a selected group of patients, they confirm a significant risk of endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves and suggest that in postoperative patients with non-valvular congenital heart disease, the highest risk appears to be in cyanotic patients with palliative pulmonary artery-to-systemic artery shunts.", "contents": "A collaborative study of infective endocarditis in the 1970s. Emphasis on infections in patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery. Twenty-six major cardiovascular centers participated in a cooperative study of all cases of infective endocarditis occurring during a single calendar year to obtain an overview of infective endocarditis. The study was designed to learn which patients appear to be at highest risk to develop this infection after palliative or reparative cardiovascular surgery. Of 278 patients developing infective endocarditis during the year at these medical centers, 63 (23%) had had previous cardiovascular surgery and 215 had not. Seventy percent of the 278 patients had recognized congenital or acquired heart disease before developing the infection. Rheumatic heart disease accounted for over half of the patients with underlying structural heart disease. A majority (55%) of the 63 patients who had been operated on before developing endocarditis had prosthetic valves inserted. Of those who did not require prosthetic valves, the majority had congenital heart disease with systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery shunts. Although these data were obtained from a selected group of patients, they confirm a significant risk of endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves and suggest that in postoperative patients with non-valvular congenital heart disease, the highest risk appears to be in cyanotic patients with palliative pulmonary artery-to-systemic artery shunts.", "PMID": 759000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11143", "title": "Imaging experimental infective endocarditis with indium-111-labeled blood cellular components.", "content": "The capability of radionuclide imaging to detect experimental aortic valve infective endocarditis was assessed with indium-111 (111In)-labeled blood cells. Sequential cardiac imaging and tissue distribution studies were obtained in 17 rabbits with infective endocarditis after administration of 111In-platelets and in five after 111In-polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Forty-eight to 72 hours after platelet administration, in vivo imaging demonstrated abnormal 111In uptake in all animals in the region of the aortic valve in an anatomically distinct pattern. Images of the excised heart showed discrete cardiac uptake conforming to the in vivo image and gross pathological examination. 111In platelet uptake in vegetations from the 17 animals averaged 240 +/- 41 times greater than that in normal myocardium and 99 +/- 15 times greater uptake in blood. In contrast, 111In-leukocyte cardiac imaging showed no abnormal aortic valve uptake 24 hours after tracer administration and the lesion myocardium activity ratio was only 5 +/- 2 (3 +/- 1 for lesion/blood activity). Four normal rabbits demonstrated neither positive 111In platelet scintigraphs nor abnormal cardiac tissue uptake. Likewise, noncellular 111In was not concentrated to any significant extent in three animals with infective endocarditis. This study demonstrates that 111In platelet, but not leukocyte cardiac imaging, is a sensitive technique for detecting experimental infective endocarditis. The imaging data conform to the cellular pathology of the infective endocarditis vegetation.", "contents": "Imaging experimental infective endocarditis with indium-111-labeled blood cellular components. The capability of radionuclide imaging to detect experimental aortic valve infective endocarditis was assessed with indium-111 (111In)-labeled blood cells. Sequential cardiac imaging and tissue distribution studies were obtained in 17 rabbits with infective endocarditis after administration of 111In-platelets and in five after 111In-polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Forty-eight to 72 hours after platelet administration, in vivo imaging demonstrated abnormal 111In uptake in all animals in the region of the aortic valve in an anatomically distinct pattern. Images of the excised heart showed discrete cardiac uptake conforming to the in vivo image and gross pathological examination. 111In platelet uptake in vegetations from the 17 animals averaged 240 +/- 41 times greater than that in normal myocardium and 99 +/- 15 times greater uptake in blood. In contrast, 111In-leukocyte cardiac imaging showed no abnormal aortic valve uptake 24 hours after tracer administration and the lesion myocardium activity ratio was only 5 +/- 2 (3 +/- 1 for lesion/blood activity). Four normal rabbits demonstrated neither positive 111In platelet scintigraphs nor abnormal cardiac tissue uptake. Likewise, noncellular 111In was not concentrated to any significant extent in three animals with infective endocarditis. This study demonstrates that 111In platelet, but not leukocyte cardiac imaging, is a sensitive technique for detecting experimental infective endocarditis. The imaging data conform to the cellular pathology of the infective endocarditis vegetation.", "PMID": 759001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11144", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: a reappraisal.", "content": "Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the upper extremity is an unusual thrombotic event (1-2% of all DVT) which can be conveniently divided into two categories, traumatic (including \"stress\") and spontaneous. The spontaneous form is not reported as often in the literature, but occurs more commonly than the traumatic form. There is an increased left-sided predominance in spontaneous DVT compared with the traumatic form, where a right-sided predominance exists. Possible anatomical and physiological explanations are offered for the left-sided predominance in spontaneous DVT of the upper extremity. The thrombogenesis of DVT of the upper extremity is compared with DVT of the lower extremity. An analysis of responses to therapy and considerations for other therapeutic approaches are offered.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: a reappraisal. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the upper extremity is an unusual thrombotic event (1-2% of all DVT) which can be conveniently divided into two categories, traumatic (including \"stress\") and spontaneous. The spontaneous form is not reported as often in the literature, but occurs more commonly than the traumatic form. There is an increased left-sided predominance in spontaneous DVT compared with the traumatic form, where a right-sided predominance exists. Possible anatomical and physiological explanations are offered for the left-sided predominance in spontaneous DVT of the upper extremity. The thrombogenesis of DVT of the upper extremity is compared with DVT of the lower extremity. An analysis of responses to therapy and considerations for other therapeutic approaches are offered.", "PMID": 759002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11145", "title": "Clinically practical lead systems for improved electrocardiography: comparison with precordial grids and conventional lead systems.", "content": "The use of limited leads for estimating total body surface potential distributions was investigated as a practical solution to the problem associated with extensive electrocardiographic sampling used in surface potential mapping. Two practical, limited lead sets of 32 leads each were derived and contrasted to a set of 30 precordial leads similar to those used in ST-segment and QRS mapping for estimating infarct size, and to a set of nine leads simulating those used in conventional 12-lead examinations. The two arrays, one of which excluded posterior sites for use in recumbent patients, showed little difference in ability to estimate 192 lead measured maps (average rms voltage error of 35 muV and average correlation coefficient of 0.97). The 30- and 9-lead arrays consistently showed twice the voltage (72 muV) and poorer pattern estimation (average correlation coefficient of 0.91) than either of the 32 lead arrays. These findings indicate the need for 20-35 properly located electrodes for accurate total body surface potential estimation. They also show that there is no difference in the abilities of a 30-lead precordial array and conventional leads to estimate maps.", "contents": "Clinically practical lead systems for improved electrocardiography: comparison with precordial grids and conventional lead systems. The use of limited leads for estimating total body surface potential distributions was investigated as a practical solution to the problem associated with extensive electrocardiographic sampling used in surface potential mapping. Two practical, limited lead sets of 32 leads each were derived and contrasted to a set of 30 precordial leads similar to those used in ST-segment and QRS mapping for estimating infarct size, and to a set of nine leads simulating those used in conventional 12-lead examinations. The two arrays, one of which excluded posterior sites for use in recumbent patients, showed little difference in ability to estimate 192 lead measured maps (average rms voltage error of 35 muV and average correlation coefficient of 0.97). The 30- and 9-lead arrays consistently showed twice the voltage (72 muV) and poorer pattern estimation (average correlation coefficient of 0.91) than either of the 32 lead arrays. These findings indicate the need for 20-35 properly located electrodes for accurate total body surface potential estimation. They also show that there is no difference in the abilities of a 30-lead precordial array and conventional leads to estimate maps.", "PMID": 759003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11146", "title": "Reaction of the myocardium to cryosurgery: electrophysiology and arrhythmogenic potential.", "content": "The acute and chronic electrophysiological effects of a cryolesion produced in the left ventricle were studied in six dogs. All dogs had frequent ventricular premature beats (VPB) and five of six dogs had ventricular tachycardia during the first 4 days after the cryolesion; only one of the six dogs continued to have VPBs after 1 week, and this dog had identical VPBs before the creation of the cryolesion. Neither control dog had VPBs. Two additional dogs underwent epicardial and transmural mapping studies immediately after production of a cryolesion. VPBs in these animals were shown to originate at the border of the cryolesion. Epicardial activation sequence during normal sinus rhythm was not altered by the chronic cryolesion. The border zone of the chronic cryolesion was sharply demarcated with normal potentials recorded outside of the lesion and \"extrinsic\" potentials recorded within.", "contents": "Reaction of the myocardium to cryosurgery: electrophysiology and arrhythmogenic potential. The acute and chronic electrophysiological effects of a cryolesion produced in the left ventricle were studied in six dogs. All dogs had frequent ventricular premature beats (VPB) and five of six dogs had ventricular tachycardia during the first 4 days after the cryolesion; only one of the six dogs continued to have VPBs after 1 week, and this dog had identical VPBs before the creation of the cryolesion. Neither control dog had VPBs. Two additional dogs underwent epicardial and transmural mapping studies immediately after production of a cryolesion. VPBs in these animals were shown to originate at the border of the cryolesion. Epicardial activation sequence during normal sinus rhythm was not altered by the chronic cryolesion. The border zone of the chronic cryolesion was sharply demarcated with normal potentials recorded outside of the lesion and \"extrinsic\" potentials recorded within.", "PMID": 759004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11147", "title": "Contrast M-mode echocardiography in diagnosis of atrial septal defect in acyanotic patients.", "content": "Contrast echocardiograms during normal quiet respiration and during the Valsalva maneuver were performed in 15 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) by injecting saline solution into an antecubital vein. Contrast shunting (the appearance of contrast echoes in the left heart) was observed not only in four patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (group 2), but also in 11 patients with uncomplicated ASD (group 1). Contrast shunting was prominent in all group 2 patients. In group 1, contrast shunting was sometimes subtle and difficult to recognize, but at other times was very obvious and similar to the findings in group 2. Contrast shunting was generally more pronounced during the Valsalva maneuver than during normal respiration, although there were exceptions. The amount of contrast appearing in the left heart did not correlate with the size of the defect. Small right-to-left shunts which are clinically insignificant but detectable by contrast echocardiography are present, or can be provoked by the Valsalva maneuver, in most patients with ASD. Contrast echocardiography is a useful, noninvasive method to detect interatrial communication, even in acyanotic patients.", "contents": "Contrast M-mode echocardiography in diagnosis of atrial septal defect in acyanotic patients. Contrast echocardiograms during normal quiet respiration and during the Valsalva maneuver were performed in 15 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) by injecting saline solution into an antecubital vein. Contrast shunting (the appearance of contrast echoes in the left heart) was observed not only in four patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (group 2), but also in 11 patients with uncomplicated ASD (group 1). Contrast shunting was prominent in all group 2 patients. In group 1, contrast shunting was sometimes subtle and difficult to recognize, but at other times was very obvious and similar to the findings in group 2. Contrast shunting was generally more pronounced during the Valsalva maneuver than during normal respiration, although there were exceptions. The amount of contrast appearing in the left heart did not correlate with the size of the defect. Small right-to-left shunts which are clinically insignificant but detectable by contrast echocardiography are present, or can be provoked by the Valsalva maneuver, in most patients with ASD. Contrast echocardiography is a useful, noninvasive method to detect interatrial communication, even in acyanotic patients.", "PMID": 759005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11148", "title": "Detection and exclusion of interatrial shunts by two-dimensional echocardiography and peripheral venous injection.", "content": "Two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) was used with peripherally injected contrast material to detect interatrial shunts in 33 patients. Group 1 consisted of 11 patients having classic clinical findings of atrial septal defect. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients with problems requiring that atrial shunting be excluded. Group 3 (control group) consisted of 10 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for chest pain. Confirmation of the 2-D echo findings was provided by cardiac catheterization in 32 patients and postmortem examination in one. Right-to-left atrial shunts were detected in all 11 patients in group 1, although seven had no right-to-left shunt calculable by oximetry. Four patients in Group 2 had right-to-left atrial shunts. None of the patients in Group 3 had atrial shunts. In the 15 patients with atrial shunts, the degree of right-to-left shunting could be qualitatively assessed as small, moderate, or large. There were no false-negative or false-positive results by contrast 2-D echo.", "contents": "Detection and exclusion of interatrial shunts by two-dimensional echocardiography and peripheral venous injection. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) was used with peripherally injected contrast material to detect interatrial shunts in 33 patients. Group 1 consisted of 11 patients having classic clinical findings of atrial septal defect. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients with problems requiring that atrial shunting be excluded. Group 3 (control group) consisted of 10 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for chest pain. Confirmation of the 2-D echo findings was provided by cardiac catheterization in 32 patients and postmortem examination in one. Right-to-left atrial shunts were detected in all 11 patients in group 1, although seven had no right-to-left shunt calculable by oximetry. Four patients in Group 2 had right-to-left atrial shunts. None of the patients in Group 3 had atrial shunts. In the 15 patients with atrial shunts, the degree of right-to-left shunting could be qualitatively assessed as small, moderate, or large. There were no false-negative or false-positive results by contrast 2-D echo.", "PMID": 759006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11149", "title": "Ventricular septal defect in infancy: a combined vectorgraphic and echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiograms (echo) and vectorcardiograms (VCG) from 40 infants with ventricular septal defects (VSD) were compared with cardiac catheterization data to assess noninvasively the hemodynamics of VSD. The specific aim was to use VCG parameters of right ventricular hypertrophy and echo parameters which reflect pulmonary artery pressure to identify all patients with a nonrestrictive VSD. The configuration of the QRS vector in the horizontal plane was more reliable than individual voltages in assessing right ventricular systolic pressure. Among patients older than 2 months with a clockwise or anterior two-main-vector horizontal loop, 73% (eight of 11) had a nonrestrictive VSD. However, a counterclockwise or posterior two-main-vector loop was also frequently found (43%, six of 14) in infants with a nonrestrictive VSD. The most useful echo parameter was the ratio of right ventricular preejection period-to-right ventricular ejection time (RPEP/RVET), which closely (r = 0.74) reflected the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. An elevated RPEP/RVET to greater than 0.30 was always associated with a nonrestrictive VSD, although many patients (36%, five of 14) with a nonrestrictive VSD had a normal ratio. By combining both echo and VCG parameters, a nonrestrictive VSD was correctly identified in all patients, while a restrictive VSD was correctly identified in 81% (21 of 26).", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect in infancy: a combined vectorgraphic and echocardiographic study. Echocardiograms (echo) and vectorcardiograms (VCG) from 40 infants with ventricular septal defects (VSD) were compared with cardiac catheterization data to assess noninvasively the hemodynamics of VSD. The specific aim was to use VCG parameters of right ventricular hypertrophy and echo parameters which reflect pulmonary artery pressure to identify all patients with a nonrestrictive VSD. The configuration of the QRS vector in the horizontal plane was more reliable than individual voltages in assessing right ventricular systolic pressure. Among patients older than 2 months with a clockwise or anterior two-main-vector horizontal loop, 73% (eight of 11) had a nonrestrictive VSD. However, a counterclockwise or posterior two-main-vector loop was also frequently found (43%, six of 14) in infants with a nonrestrictive VSD. The most useful echo parameter was the ratio of right ventricular preejection period-to-right ventricular ejection time (RPEP/RVET), which closely (r = 0.74) reflected the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. An elevated RPEP/RVET to greater than 0.30 was always associated with a nonrestrictive VSD, although many patients (36%, five of 14) with a nonrestrictive VSD had a normal ratio. By combining both echo and VCG parameters, a nonrestrictive VSD was correctly identified in all patients, while a restrictive VSD was correctly identified in 81% (21 of 26).", "PMID": 759007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11150", "title": "Right ventricular outflow tract assessment by cross-sectional echocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic (CSE) studies were obtained in 29 children with tetralogy of Fallot. In this study we evaluated the capability of CSE to record the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and compared the severity of infundibular obstruction determined by CSE with cineangiographic (cine) determinations. In addition, we examined capabilities of CSE and M-mode echocardiography (M-mode) to record the diagnostic features of tetralogy of Fallot, including RVOT obstruction, aortic overriding, ventricular septal defect, and presence of the pulmonary valve. An excellent correlation (r = 0.925) was found for the combined pre- and post-repair patients studied by CSE vs cine, while the correlation (r = 0.805) for M-mode was not as good. The difference was even more striking for the unrepaired patients, in which the correlation (r = 0.746) for CSE was much better than for M-mode (r = 0.374). In the unrepaired patients, CSE allowed easier detection of the ventricular septal defect than M-mode (95% for CSE vs 76% for M-mode). The pulmonary valve was recorded in 90% by CSE, but in only 26% by M-mode. Aortic overriding was recorded in all unrepaired patients both by CSE and M-mode. These data indicate that CSE is better than M-mode for recording the RVOT dimensions, ventricular septal defect, and the pulmonary valve in unrepaired patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Right ventricular outflow tract assessment by cross-sectional echocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot. Cross-sectional echocardiographic (CSE) studies were obtained in 29 children with tetralogy of Fallot. In this study we evaluated the capability of CSE to record the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and compared the severity of infundibular obstruction determined by CSE with cineangiographic (cine) determinations. In addition, we examined capabilities of CSE and M-mode echocardiography (M-mode) to record the diagnostic features of tetralogy of Fallot, including RVOT obstruction, aortic overriding, ventricular septal defect, and presence of the pulmonary valve. An excellent correlation (r = 0.925) was found for the combined pre- and post-repair patients studied by CSE vs cine, while the correlation (r = 0.805) for M-mode was not as good. The difference was even more striking for the unrepaired patients, in which the correlation (r = 0.746) for CSE was much better than for M-mode (r = 0.374). In the unrepaired patients, CSE allowed easier detection of the ventricular septal defect than M-mode (95% for CSE vs 76% for M-mode). The pulmonary valve was recorded in 90% by CSE, but in only 26% by M-mode. Aortic overriding was recorded in all unrepaired patients both by CSE and M-mode. These data indicate that CSE is better than M-mode for recording the RVOT dimensions, ventricular septal defect, and the pulmonary valve in unrepaired patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 759008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11151", "title": "Univentricular heart of right ventricular type with double or common inlet.", "content": "Seventeen cases are described in which both atria connect directly to a chamber with right ventricular characteristics. The atria connected through separate atrioventricular valves in six hearts and a common valve in 11. All hearts had a posterior rudimentary chamber. The septum which separated it from the main chamber was directed to the crux of the heart. Ten hearts were from patients with atrial situs solitus and seven from patients with atrial situs ambigous. Arterial connections were concordant in three cases, had a double outlet from the main ventricular chamber in nine and single outlet of the heart in five. The patent artery always arose from the main chamber, with pulmonary atresia in three and aortic atresia in two. This and other studies indicate that double inlet atrioventricular connection does not predict the morphology of the main chamber. Although usually associated with a main chamber of left ventricular type, it may also be associated with a main chamber having right ventricular characteristics. Both types should be considered as univentricular hearts; the posterior chamber in hearts of right ventricular type are analogous to the anterior chamber in univentricular hearts of left ventricular type and are a rudimentary chamber rather than a hypoplastic ventricle. In the right ventricular form of univentricular heart, the trabecular zone of the rudimentary chamber is of left ventricular type.", "contents": "Univentricular heart of right ventricular type with double or common inlet. Seventeen cases are described in which both atria connect directly to a chamber with right ventricular characteristics. The atria connected through separate atrioventricular valves in six hearts and a common valve in 11. All hearts had a posterior rudimentary chamber. The septum which separated it from the main chamber was directed to the crux of the heart. Ten hearts were from patients with atrial situs solitus and seven from patients with atrial situs ambigous. Arterial connections were concordant in three cases, had a double outlet from the main ventricular chamber in nine and single outlet of the heart in five. The patent artery always arose from the main chamber, with pulmonary atresia in three and aortic atresia in two. This and other studies indicate that double inlet atrioventricular connection does not predict the morphology of the main chamber. Although usually associated with a main chamber of left ventricular type, it may also be associated with a main chamber having right ventricular characteristics. Both types should be considered as univentricular hearts; the posterior chamber in hearts of right ventricular type are analogous to the anterior chamber in univentricular hearts of left ventricular type and are a rudimentary chamber rather than a hypoplastic ventricle. In the right ventricular form of univentricular heart, the trabecular zone of the rudimentary chamber is of left ventricular type.", "PMID": 759009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11152", "title": "Centrifugal analyzer method for total bilirubin in serum by use of diazotized 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid.", "content": "We describe two centrifugal analyzer methods for measuring total bilirubin in serum. Diazotized 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid is used in both. In the first procedure, ethylene glycol and methanol are used as an accelerator solvent; results correlate well with those by a Jendrassik and Grof method adapted to the centrifugal analyzer, but there is considerable hemolysis interference. In the second method, dimethyl sulfoxide is used with the ethylene glycol/methanol solvent and almost all hemolysis interference is eliminated. For either method, a 15-microliter sample is required. In the second method, instrument response is linearly related to concentration to 250 mg/L and the within-run precision (CV) is about 1%.", "contents": "Centrifugal analyzer method for total bilirubin in serum by use of diazotized 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid. We describe two centrifugal analyzer methods for measuring total bilirubin in serum. Diazotized 2-chloroaniline-5-sulfonic acid is used in both. In the first procedure, ethylene glycol and methanol are used as an accelerator solvent; results correlate well with those by a Jendrassik and Grof method adapted to the centrifugal analyzer, but there is considerable hemolysis interference. In the second method, dimethyl sulfoxide is used with the ethylene glycol/methanol solvent and almost all hemolysis interference is eliminated. For either method, a 15-microliter sample is required. In the second method, instrument response is linearly related to concentration to 250 mg/L and the within-run precision (CV) is about 1%.", "PMID": 759015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11153", "title": "Thin-layer agarose electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum: a note on the method of reporting and on the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoenzyme-2 ratio in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We assessed the clinical efficacy of a thin-layer agarose electrophoresis assay for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme estimation in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. From a population of 228 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with suspected acute myocardial infarction, all 101 positive cases (confirmed by clinical presentation and electrocardiographic changes) were correctly identified with lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 percentage of total activity above the reference range and with a lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoenzyme-2 ratio of 0.76 or above. This ratio was between 0.45 and 0.74 for 250 healthy subjects. No falsely negative, but 12 falsely positive results were obtained from this Coronary Care Unit population, to give a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90.5% for the ratio test.", "contents": "Thin-layer agarose electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum: a note on the method of reporting and on the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoenzyme-2 ratio in acute myocardial infarction. We assessed the clinical efficacy of a thin-layer agarose electrophoresis assay for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme estimation in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. From a population of 228 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with suspected acute myocardial infarction, all 101 positive cases (confirmed by clinical presentation and electrocardiographic changes) were correctly identified with lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 percentage of total activity above the reference range and with a lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoenzyme-2 ratio of 0.76 or above. This ratio was between 0.45 and 0.74 for 250 healthy subjects. No falsely negative, but 12 falsely positive results were obtained from this Coronary Care Unit population, to give a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90.5% for the ratio test.", "PMID": 759016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11154", "title": "Analysis for underivatized theophylline by gas-chromatography on a silicone stationary phase, SP-2510-DA.", "content": "I describe a flame-ionization gas-chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of serum theophylline without the need for derivatization. The analysis is performed isothermally on a new silicone stationary phase, 2% SP 2510-DA (Supelco). With this liquid phase, gas-chromatographic properties and sensitivities are comparable to methods requiring derivatization. A salt-solvent pair of ammonium sulfate and methylene chloride/hexane/acetic acid (80:20:0.1 by vol) is used for extraction. Ammonium sulfate greatly reduces co-extractable interferences from icteric, lipemic, and hemolyzed serum. The density of methylene chloride is adjusted with hexane so that the solvent is less dense than the salt-saturated serum and can be removed by decanting. Acetic acid, used to adjust the pH of the serum samples, is combined with the extraction solvent rather than being added individually to the serum samples. Theophylline values obtained by this method agree closely with those determined by enzyme immunoassay (correlation coefficient, 0.988).", "contents": "Analysis for underivatized theophylline by gas-chromatography on a silicone stationary phase, SP-2510-DA. I describe a flame-ionization gas-chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of serum theophylline without the need for derivatization. The analysis is performed isothermally on a new silicone stationary phase, 2% SP 2510-DA (Supelco). With this liquid phase, gas-chromatographic properties and sensitivities are comparable to methods requiring derivatization. A salt-solvent pair of ammonium sulfate and methylene chloride/hexane/acetic acid (80:20:0.1 by vol) is used for extraction. Ammonium sulfate greatly reduces co-extractable interferences from icteric, lipemic, and hemolyzed serum. The density of methylene chloride is adjusted with hexane so that the solvent is less dense than the salt-saturated serum and can be removed by decanting. Acetic acid, used to adjust the pH of the serum samples, is combined with the extraction solvent rather than being added individually to the serum samples. Theophylline values obtained by this method agree closely with those determined by enzyme immunoassay (correlation coefficient, 0.988).", "PMID": 759017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11155", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of mono- and diiodotyrosines in serum.", "content": "A sensitivie, reliable gas-chromatographic assay for monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine in human serum is reported. The oxazolidinone-heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives allow the quantitation of both compounds in the linear range of 0.2 to 7.6 mg/L of serum. Analytical recovery averaged 88%, and mean accuracy and within-run precision were 98 and 2%, respectively. Concentrations of monoiodotyrosine in serum as low as 20 microgram/L and of diiodotyrosine as low as 100 microgram/L can be detected. Normal serum contains no detectable concentration of either compound, but the method is applicable as a diagnostic tool in the early prediction of thyroid disease. Both compounds were detected in the serum of a hypothyroid subject whose normal thyroid hormone concentrations were being maintained by therapy with desiccated thyroid extract.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of mono- and diiodotyrosines in serum. A sensitivie, reliable gas-chromatographic assay for monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine in human serum is reported. The oxazolidinone-heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives allow the quantitation of both compounds in the linear range of 0.2 to 7.6 mg/L of serum. Analytical recovery averaged 88%, and mean accuracy and within-run precision were 98 and 2%, respectively. Concentrations of monoiodotyrosine in serum as low as 20 microgram/L and of diiodotyrosine as low as 100 microgram/L can be detected. Normal serum contains no detectable concentration of either compound, but the method is applicable as a diagnostic tool in the early prediction of thyroid disease. Both compounds were detected in the serum of a hypothyroid subject whose normal thyroid hormone concentrations were being maintained by therapy with desiccated thyroid extract.", "PMID": 759018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11156", "title": "Analysis for urinary catecholamines by liquid chromatography with amperometric detection: methodology and clinical interpretation of results.", "content": "A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of urinary unconjugated norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine as discrete entities. The procedure requires initial purification of the specimen on aluminum oxide and a boric acid-gel. We used \"high-performance\" reversed-phase paired-ion chromatography, with a flow-through amperometric cell as the detector. The CV was 6% for determination of norepinephrine, 11% for epinephrine, and 6% for dopamine monitored at physiologic concentrations of these compounds in urine. In a population study, urine specimens from 117 normal pediatric and adult subjects, 85 hypertensive patients, and 22 patients with surgically proved pheochromocytoma were analyzed. The specificity of the method for detection of pheochromocytoma was 100%, with a sensitivity of 97%.", "contents": "Analysis for urinary catecholamines by liquid chromatography with amperometric detection: methodology and clinical interpretation of results. A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of urinary unconjugated norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine as discrete entities. The procedure requires initial purification of the specimen on aluminum oxide and a boric acid-gel. We used \"high-performance\" reversed-phase paired-ion chromatography, with a flow-through amperometric cell as the detector. The CV was 6% for determination of norepinephrine, 11% for epinephrine, and 6% for dopamine monitored at physiologic concentrations of these compounds in urine. In a population study, urine specimens from 117 normal pediatric and adult subjects, 85 hypertensive patients, and 22 patients with surgically proved pheochromocytoma were analyzed. The specificity of the method for detection of pheochromocytoma was 100%, with a sensitivity of 97%.", "PMID": 759019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11157", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid from human serum, with use of 125I-labeled ligands.", "content": "We describe a method for radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid in serum. In the method, 125I-labeled bile acid conjugates are used as the tracers along with antibodies raised against individual bile acid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Antibody-bound and free bile acids were separated by polyethylene glycol precipitation (final concentration, 125 g/L). Before radioimmunoassay, 0.1-mL serum samples were precipitated with nine volumes of ethanol, and portions from the supernate were used in the assays. The lowest measurable amounts of the bile acids, expressed as pmol/tube, were: cholic acid conjugates, 2; chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.5; and deoxycholic acid conjugates. 2. Analytical recovery of bile acids added to bile acid-free serum ranged from 85 to 110%; intra-assay and inter-assay CVs ranged from 3.2 to 5.3% and from 5.3 to 12.2%, respectively. Concentrations (mean +/- SD) of the bile acid conjugates in serum from apparently healthy women and men (in mumol/L) were: cholic acid conjugates, 0.43 +/- 0.17 (n = 126); chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.47 +/- 0.23 (n = 111); and deoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.33 +/- 0.11 (n = 96). The values for primary bile acids were greatly increased in patients with various hepatobiliary diseases.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid from human serum, with use of 125I-labeled ligands. We describe a method for radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid in serum. In the method, 125I-labeled bile acid conjugates are used as the tracers along with antibodies raised against individual bile acid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Antibody-bound and free bile acids were separated by polyethylene glycol precipitation (final concentration, 125 g/L). Before radioimmunoassay, 0.1-mL serum samples were precipitated with nine volumes of ethanol, and portions from the supernate were used in the assays. The lowest measurable amounts of the bile acids, expressed as pmol/tube, were: cholic acid conjugates, 2; chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.5; and deoxycholic acid conjugates. 2. Analytical recovery of bile acids added to bile acid-free serum ranged from 85 to 110%; intra-assay and inter-assay CVs ranged from 3.2 to 5.3% and from 5.3 to 12.2%, respectively. Concentrations (mean +/- SD) of the bile acid conjugates in serum from apparently healthy women and men (in mumol/L) were: cholic acid conjugates, 0.43 +/- 0.17 (n = 126); chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.47 +/- 0.23 (n = 111); and deoxycholic acid conjugates, 0.33 +/- 0.11 (n = 96). The values for primary bile acids were greatly increased in patients with various hepatobiliary diseases.", "PMID": 759020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11158", "title": "Manual and continuous-flow colorimetry of triacylglycerols by a fully enzymic method.", "content": "We describe a fully enzymic method for manual and continuous-flow colorimetric assay of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in serum. Triglycerides are enzymically hydrolyzed in 10 min by lipase and microbial esterase. The resulting free glycerol is measured enzymically by glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The NADH so formed is oxidized by coupling with a tetrazolium salt/diaphorase system. The test follows Beer's law to 8 g/L, and the final color is stable for at least 1 h for serum, 15 min for aqueous triolein standards. The manual assay requires only 25 microliter of serum and few manipulations. A specific triolein standard was developed for calibrating the manual method. For the continuous-flow method, calibration is made with four concentrations of glycerol standard. The procedure is sensitive, has good precision and accuracy, and gives results that compare well with chemical and enzymic commercial kit methods.", "contents": "Manual and continuous-flow colorimetry of triacylglycerols by a fully enzymic method. We describe a fully enzymic method for manual and continuous-flow colorimetric assay of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in serum. Triglycerides are enzymically hydrolyzed in 10 min by lipase and microbial esterase. The resulting free glycerol is measured enzymically by glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The NADH so formed is oxidized by coupling with a tetrazolium salt/diaphorase system. The test follows Beer's law to 8 g/L, and the final color is stable for at least 1 h for serum, 15 min for aqueous triolein standards. The manual assay requires only 25 microliter of serum and few manipulations. A specific triolein standard was developed for calibrating the manual method. For the continuous-flow method, calibration is made with four concentrations of glycerol standard. The procedure is sensitive, has good precision and accuracy, and gives results that compare well with chemical and enzymic commercial kit methods.", "PMID": 759021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11159", "title": "Single- and coupled-enzyme nylon tube reactors for routine determination of pyruvate and lactate in serum.", "content": "We describe the use of a continuous-flow clinical analyzer with an immobilized coupled-enzyme nylon tube reactor and an immobilized single-enzyme nylon tube reactor for routine estimation of lactate and pyruvate in serum. These reactors are incorporated into the flow system of a modified continuous-flow analyzer (Technicon AutoAnalyzer). Results for serum lactate and pyruvate by this method are compared with those by corresponding methods in which the same enzymes are used in solution, either automatically (pyruvate) or manually (lactate) performed. Routine clinical laboratory determinations with use of the coupled-enzyme system lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase, co-immobilized in the nylon tube reactor for estimation of lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase reactors for estimation of pyruvate give reliable and reproducible results with high precision at low cost.", "contents": "Single- and coupled-enzyme nylon tube reactors for routine determination of pyruvate and lactate in serum. We describe the use of a continuous-flow clinical analyzer with an immobilized coupled-enzyme nylon tube reactor and an immobilized single-enzyme nylon tube reactor for routine estimation of lactate and pyruvate in serum. These reactors are incorporated into the flow system of a modified continuous-flow analyzer (Technicon AutoAnalyzer). Results for serum lactate and pyruvate by this method are compared with those by corresponding methods in which the same enzymes are used in solution, either automatically (pyruvate) or manually (lactate) performed. Routine clinical laboratory determinations with use of the coupled-enzyme system lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase, co-immobilized in the nylon tube reactor for estimation of lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase reactors for estimation of pyruvate give reliable and reproducible results with high precision at low cost.", "PMID": 759022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11160", "title": "Stability of dilute solutions of gentamicin and tobramycin.", "content": "Dilution of sera containing gentamicin or tobramycin in glass containers results in substantial adsorption of the antibiotic to the surface of the container, which can be prevented if acidic or basic solutions are used to dilute such sera. We describe protocols for radioimmunoassays of gentamicin and tobramycin that include solutions and containers that obviate this problem.", "contents": "Stability of dilute solutions of gentamicin and tobramycin. Dilution of sera containing gentamicin or tobramycin in glass containers results in substantial adsorption of the antibiotic to the surface of the container, which can be prevented if acidic or basic solutions are used to dilute such sera. We describe protocols for radioimmunoassays of gentamicin and tobramycin that include solutions and containers that obviate this problem.", "PMID": 759023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11161", "title": "Assays for chloramphenicol compared: radioenzymatic, gas chromatographic with electron capture, and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric.", "content": "We compared these three techniques for measuring chloramphenicol in serum or urine. Although each has its particular advantages, any of them is shown to be satisfactory and may appropriately be used by clinical laboratories, according to the facilities available.", "contents": "Assays for chloramphenicol compared: radioenzymatic, gas chromatographic with electron capture, and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric. We compared these three techniques for measuring chloramphenicol in serum or urine. Although each has its particular advantages, any of them is shown to be satisfactory and may appropriately be used by clinical laboratories, according to the facilities available.", "PMID": 759024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11162", "title": "Four kits for plasma digoxin radioimmunoassay compared.", "content": "We evaluated four commercial radioimmunoassay kits for digoxin. We assayed a standard plasma containing digoxin, 2.0 microgram/L, and samples from patients receiving digoxin, with use of the kits and of a bioassay, the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Intra-assay precisions differed significantly. Computer-calculated 95% confidence intervals for the radioimmunoassays averaged 0.4 to 0.6 microgram/L at the proposed toxic threshold of 2.0 microgram/L; the corresponding value of the 86Rb assay was 0.75 microgram/L. Digoxin in the standard plasma was overestimated with three of the kits (means: 2.40, 2.56, and 2.59 microgram/L) but was assayed accurately by the 86Rb technique and by one kit. This same kit gave a significantly lower mean (1.07 microgram/L) for the patients' samples then did the other three kits (1.32, 1.49, and 1.29 microgram/L), two of which also differed significantly in accuracy. The 86Rb assay measured glycoside activity corresponding to a mean digoxin concentration of 1.35 microgram/L. We conclude that the relatively low precision of digoxin assay and the variations in accuracy between kits from various vendors apparently deserve continual attention.", "contents": "Four kits for plasma digoxin radioimmunoassay compared. We evaluated four commercial radioimmunoassay kits for digoxin. We assayed a standard plasma containing digoxin, 2.0 microgram/L, and samples from patients receiving digoxin, with use of the kits and of a bioassay, the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Intra-assay precisions differed significantly. Computer-calculated 95% confidence intervals for the radioimmunoassays averaged 0.4 to 0.6 microgram/L at the proposed toxic threshold of 2.0 microgram/L; the corresponding value of the 86Rb assay was 0.75 microgram/L. Digoxin in the standard plasma was overestimated with three of the kits (means: 2.40, 2.56, and 2.59 microgram/L) but was assayed accurately by the 86Rb technique and by one kit. This same kit gave a significantly lower mean (1.07 microgram/L) for the patients' samples then did the other three kits (1.32, 1.49, and 1.29 microgram/L), two of which also differed significantly in accuracy. The 86Rb assay measured glycoside activity corresponding to a mean digoxin concentration of 1.35 microgram/L. We conclude that the relatively low precision of digoxin assay and the variations in accuracy between kits from various vendors apparently deserve continual attention.", "PMID": 759025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11163", "title": "Phthalate interference in gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma.", "content": "Phthalates leached from plastic tubing or other plastic devices may interfere with gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma. In the case of hospitalized patients who have received infusions or had blood drawn through plastic tubing, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry may be required for accurate determination of such fatty acids.", "contents": "Phthalate interference in gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma. Phthalates leached from plastic tubing or other plastic devices may interfere with gas-chromatographic determination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma. In the case of hospitalized patients who have received infusions or had blood drawn through plastic tubing, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry may be required for accurate determination of such fatty acids.", "PMID": 759026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11164", "title": "Gas-chromatographic determination of disopyramide in serum, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector.", "content": "In this procedure for disopyramide in serum, the drug is extracted into n-heptane/isobutanol (96/4 by vol), then back-extracted into 1 mol/L H2SO4. The acidic solution is made basic with sodium hydroxide, extracted with diethyl ether, and the extract evaporated. The residue is redissolved in ethanol and analyzed by gas-chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector. p-Chlorodisopyramide is used as internal standard. Concentration and instrument response for serum extracts are linearly related from 1 to 5 mg/L, the slope being 0.61, the y-intercept -0.10, the standard error of estimate 0.01, and the correlation coefficient 0.99. Within-run precision was 6 and 4% for 3 and 5 mg/L concentrations, respectively, with a between-run precision of 7% at the 3 mg/L concentration. Diazepam interferes, but procainamide, chlordiazepoxide, quinidine, lidocaine, propranolol, sulfanilamide, and many other basic drugs do not.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic determination of disopyramide in serum, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector. In this procedure for disopyramide in serum, the drug is extracted into n-heptane/isobutanol (96/4 by vol), then back-extracted into 1 mol/L H2SO4. The acidic solution is made basic with sodium hydroxide, extracted with diethyl ether, and the extract evaporated. The residue is redissolved in ethanol and analyzed by gas-chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector. p-Chlorodisopyramide is used as internal standard. Concentration and instrument response for serum extracts are linearly related from 1 to 5 mg/L, the slope being 0.61, the y-intercept -0.10, the standard error of estimate 0.01, and the correlation coefficient 0.99. Within-run precision was 6 and 4% for 3 and 5 mg/L concentrations, respectively, with a between-run precision of 7% at the 3 mg/L concentration. Diazepam interferes, but procainamide, chlordiazepoxide, quinidine, lidocaine, propranolol, sulfanilamide, and many other basic drugs do not.", "PMID": 759027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11165", "title": "Improved indirect and direct radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Values obtained by the indirect and the direct assays for carcinoembryonic antigen by use of the \"CEA Roche\" method and reagents differ significantly. In 32 samples the latter method gave values almost twofold those obtained by the former. The mean ratio for direct/indirect was 1.9 +/- 0.6. Analytical recovery experiments on samples to which known amounts of the antigen had been added showed a similar disparity. A simple modification of these two procedures, involving addition of normal human plasma (containing less than 2.0 microgram of the antigen per liter) to standards, eliminated this discrepancy. In the indirect method, standards were added to normal human plasma, then extracted with perchloric acid before assay. In the direct assay normal human plasma instead of goat serum, was added to standards. With these modifications the analytical recoveries of added CEA by the indirect and direct methods were 87 +/- 17% and 99.7 +/- 8%, respectively, and the mean ratio between two methods was 1.2 +/- 0.4.", "contents": "Improved indirect and direct radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen. Values obtained by the indirect and the direct assays for carcinoembryonic antigen by use of the \"CEA Roche\" method and reagents differ significantly. In 32 samples the latter method gave values almost twofold those obtained by the former. The mean ratio for direct/indirect was 1.9 +/- 0.6. Analytical recovery experiments on samples to which known amounts of the antigen had been added showed a similar disparity. A simple modification of these two procedures, involving addition of normal human plasma (containing less than 2.0 microgram of the antigen per liter) to standards, eliminated this discrepancy. In the indirect method, standards were added to normal human plasma, then extracted with perchloric acid before assay. In the direct assay normal human plasma instead of goat serum, was added to standards. With these modifications the analytical recoveries of added CEA by the indirect and direct methods were 87 +/- 17% and 99.7 +/- 8%, respectively, and the mean ratio between two methods was 1.2 +/- 0.4.", "PMID": 759028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11166", "title": "Continuous-flow fluoroimmunoassay of serum gentamicin, with automatic sample blank correction.", "content": "We describe the continuous-flow automation of a quenching fluoroimmunoassay for determination of the antibiotic gentamicin in serum. In the flow system, sample is mixed with fluorescein-labeled gentamicin, followed by antiserum, and after a short incubation the fluorescence is measured. The intrinsic blank signal of each sample is corrected for during its single passage through the system by pumping antiserum discontinuously, so as to divide the final stream into sections corresponding to conventional separate assay and blank mixtures. Analyses time for each sample is 6 min, and 20 samples can be run per hour. Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are adequate for clinical purposes, and assays of patients' samples correlate satisfactorily with the results of manual quenching and polarization fluoroimmunoassays, and plate diffusion bioassay.", "contents": "Continuous-flow fluoroimmunoassay of serum gentamicin, with automatic sample blank correction. We describe the continuous-flow automation of a quenching fluoroimmunoassay for determination of the antibiotic gentamicin in serum. In the flow system, sample is mixed with fluorescein-labeled gentamicin, followed by antiserum, and after a short incubation the fluorescence is measured. The intrinsic blank signal of each sample is corrected for during its single passage through the system by pumping antiserum discontinuously, so as to divide the final stream into sections corresponding to conventional separate assay and blank mixtures. Analyses time for each sample is 6 min, and 20 samples can be run per hour. Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are adequate for clinical purposes, and assays of patients' samples correlate satisfactorily with the results of manual quenching and polarization fluoroimmunoassays, and plate diffusion bioassay.", "PMID": 759029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11167", "title": "Folic acid dependent hypersarcosinaemia.", "content": "Hypersarcosinaemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism, caused by a deficiency of the sarcosine dehydrogenase complex with tetrahydrofolate as a formaldehyde acceptor needed for the sarcosine-glycine conversion. Prolonged therapy with folic acid on a hypersarcosinaemic patient resulted in a significant effect on the urinary excretion of sarcosine, leading to the conclusion that the patient has a folic acid dependent hypersarcosinaemia.", "contents": "Folic acid dependent hypersarcosinaemia. Hypersarcosinaemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism, caused by a deficiency of the sarcosine dehydrogenase complex with tetrahydrofolate as a formaldehyde acceptor needed for the sarcosine-glycine conversion. Prolonged therapy with folic acid on a hypersarcosinaemic patient resulted in a significant effect on the urinary excretion of sarcosine, leading to the conclusion that the patient has a folic acid dependent hypersarcosinaemia.", "PMID": 759039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11168", "title": "Lysosomal damage by gliadin and gliadin peptides; an activity not related to coeliac disease.", "content": "Rat-liver lysosomes have been used to determine the toxicity of gliadin fractions in relation to coeliac disease. In this study we compared the activity in acid phosphatase release from rat-liver lysosomes by casein, gliadin and by their peptic-tryptic digests. The release of acid phosphatase is not specific for gliadin.", "contents": "Lysosomal damage by gliadin and gliadin peptides; an activity not related to coeliac disease. Rat-liver lysosomes have been used to determine the toxicity of gliadin fractions in relation to coeliac disease. In this study we compared the activity in acid phosphatase release from rat-liver lysosomes by casein, gliadin and by their peptic-tryptic digests. The release of acid phosphatase is not specific for gliadin.", "PMID": 759040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11169", "title": "A method for the evaluation of 3-hydroxyproline in the urine.", "content": "After hydrolysis of the urine by 6 M HCl, 3-hydroxyproline is purified from many interfering substances by 2 steps of chromatography on Dowex 1 X8 resin equilibrated first in the acetate form and secondly in the OH- form. The amino acid is finally evaluated by chromatography on Dowex 50 M82 resin in a Beckman multichrom amino acid analyzer. In 23 normal adult subjects the mean level was 12.5 +/- 3.5 mumol/24 h. In 8 normal children the level was 6.0 +/- 5 mumol/24 h and in 8 teenagers 15.2 +/- 2.85 mumol/24 h. The ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline seems indicative of a semiological value of this evaluation in cases of basement membrane collagen deterioration.", "contents": "A method for the evaluation of 3-hydroxyproline in the urine. After hydrolysis of the urine by 6 M HCl, 3-hydroxyproline is purified from many interfering substances by 2 steps of chromatography on Dowex 1 X8 resin equilibrated first in the acetate form and secondly in the OH- form. The amino acid is finally evaluated by chromatography on Dowex 50 M82 resin in a Beckman multichrom amino acid analyzer. In 23 normal adult subjects the mean level was 12.5 +/- 3.5 mumol/24 h. In 8 normal children the level was 6.0 +/- 5 mumol/24 h and in 8 teenagers 15.2 +/- 2.85 mumol/24 h. The ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline seems indicative of a semiological value of this evaluation in cases of basement membrane collagen deterioration.", "PMID": 759041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11170", "title": "A study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme electrophoresis on cellulose acetate compared with agar, agarose and acrylamide in the presence or absence of triton X-100.", "content": "The application of Triton X-100 in cellulose acetate electrophoresis and its effects on the separation of serum alkaline phosphatases is described. The cellulose acetate electrophoretic patterns of serum alkaline phosphatase found in liver and bone disease have been compared with the patterns found in agar, agarose, and polyacrylamide gel in the presence and absence of Triton X-100 and the differences described and discussed. Changes in the alkaline phosphatase electrophoretic pattern and the effects on certain electrophoretic variants have been noted following addition of Triton X-100 to all parts of the system.", "contents": "A study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme electrophoresis on cellulose acetate compared with agar, agarose and acrylamide in the presence or absence of triton X-100. The application of Triton X-100 in cellulose acetate electrophoresis and its effects on the separation of serum alkaline phosphatases is described. The cellulose acetate electrophoretic patterns of serum alkaline phosphatase found in liver and bone disease have been compared with the patterns found in agar, agarose, and polyacrylamide gel in the presence and absence of Triton X-100 and the differences described and discussed. Changes in the alkaline phosphatase electrophoretic pattern and the effects on certain electrophoretic variants have been noted following addition of Triton X-100 to all parts of the system.", "PMID": 759042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11171", "title": "Fluorimetric assay for human intestinal glycine peptidases.", "content": "A sensitive but simple fluorimetric assay for intestinal enzymes capable of hydrolysing certain glycine-containing peptides is described. In the standard assay, 1 nanomole of glycine can be accurately estimated in the presence of a 2000-fold molar excess of unhydrolysed peptide. Initial rates of peptide hydrolysis can be measured on the density gradient fractions obtained by analytical subcellular fractionation of extracts from milligram quantities of human jejunal tissue. Differences in the subcellular localisation of activity against two peptides are illustrated. The implications of these findings in relation to the study of intestinal peptidase deficiency in disease states are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorimetric assay for human intestinal glycine peptidases. A sensitive but simple fluorimetric assay for intestinal enzymes capable of hydrolysing certain glycine-containing peptides is described. In the standard assay, 1 nanomole of glycine can be accurately estimated in the presence of a 2000-fold molar excess of unhydrolysed peptide. Initial rates of peptide hydrolysis can be measured on the density gradient fractions obtained by analytical subcellular fractionation of extracts from milligram quantities of human jejunal tissue. Differences in the subcellular localisation of activity against two peptides are illustrated. The implications of these findings in relation to the study of intestinal peptidase deficiency in disease states are discussed.", "PMID": 759043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11172", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in serum of healthy adults and children.", "content": "The activity of the creatine kinase isoenzyme BB was determined in the serum of 26 healthy adults and 31 children. The isoenzyme BB could be proved as a normal component in the human serum. In the adults examined, an activity of 0.56 +/- 0.16 I.U./l (x +/- S.D.) was determined. The activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in the serum does not depend on sex but is subject, however, to a strong age dependence. Only at an age of more than 18 years, isoenzyme BB activities adjust to those of adults.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in serum of healthy adults and children. The activity of the creatine kinase isoenzyme BB was determined in the serum of 26 healthy adults and 31 children. The isoenzyme BB could be proved as a normal component in the human serum. In the adults examined, an activity of 0.56 +/- 0.16 I.U./l (x +/- S.D.) was determined. The activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in the serum does not depend on sex but is subject, however, to a strong age dependence. Only at an age of more than 18 years, isoenzyme BB activities adjust to those of adults.", "PMID": 759044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11173", "title": "Determination of estrogen ring D glucuronides in pregnancy plasma by direct radioimmunoassay without hydrolysis.", "content": "A direct radioimmunoassay method using highly specific antisera without prior deconjugation has been developed for determination of estradiol 17-glucuronide and estriol 16-glucuronide in human plasma. Antisera were elicited in the rabbit by immunization with antigens in which the steroid haptens are linked to a carrier protein through the C-2 or C-4 position. After treatment with Rivanol the protein of albumin-free antiserum was covalently bound to a p-arylamine glass bead support through the cross-linkage with glutaraldehyde. A simple and reliable assay method employing the antibody-glass preparation was established and applied to measurement of estrogen ring D glucuronide concentration in peripheral plasma throughout normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Determination of estrogen ring D glucuronides in pregnancy plasma by direct radioimmunoassay without hydrolysis. A direct radioimmunoassay method using highly specific antisera without prior deconjugation has been developed for determination of estradiol 17-glucuronide and estriol 16-glucuronide in human plasma. Antisera were elicited in the rabbit by immunization with antigens in which the steroid haptens are linked to a carrier protein through the C-2 or C-4 position. After treatment with Rivanol the protein of albumin-free antiserum was covalently bound to a p-arylamine glass bead support through the cross-linkage with glutaraldehyde. A simple and reliable assay method employing the antibody-glass preparation was established and applied to measurement of estrogen ring D glucuronide concentration in peripheral plasma throughout normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 759045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11174", "title": "[Microdetermination of fluoride in human bones (author's transl)].", "content": "A spectrophotometric method (cerium(III)-alizarin complexan-fluoride in presence of 25% dimethylsulfoxyde) is described for the determination of fluoride in human bones. The anion is determined after separation by microdiffusion as hydrofluoric acid using Petri boxes without any mineralization. This analytical method is selective, accurate and rapid.", "contents": "[Microdetermination of fluoride in human bones (author's transl)]. A spectrophotometric method (cerium(III)-alizarin complexan-fluoride in presence of 25% dimethylsulfoxyde) is described for the determination of fluoride in human bones. The anion is determined after separation by microdiffusion as hydrofluoric acid using Petri boxes without any mineralization. This analytical method is selective, accurate and rapid.", "PMID": 759046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11175", "title": "Effect of dithiothreitol of the reaction of renin and angiotensinogen.", "content": "Effects of several sulfhydryl reagents on the reaction of renin and angiotensinogen were investigated by measuring the production of angiotensin I. Renin and angiotensinogen were prepared from the kidneys of dogs and from plasma of nephrectomized dogs, respectively. The amount of angiotensin I generated was increased with application of dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol and 2,3-mercapto-1-propanol. The greatest enhancement of the generation of angiotensin I was observed with dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol had no influence on renin activity, on radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I and the recovery of synthetic angiotensin I from the incubation medium. When heterologous angiotensinogen was used, a great enhancement of generation of angiotensin I was observed. Dithiothreitol did not accelerate the reaction following replacement of the natural substrate, angiotensinogen, with the synthetic tetradecapeptide as substrate. It is postulated that dithiothreitol augments angiotensin I generation by acting on the angiotensinogen and not on the renin.", "contents": "Effect of dithiothreitol of the reaction of renin and angiotensinogen. Effects of several sulfhydryl reagents on the reaction of renin and angiotensinogen were investigated by measuring the production of angiotensin I. Renin and angiotensinogen were prepared from the kidneys of dogs and from plasma of nephrectomized dogs, respectively. The amount of angiotensin I generated was increased with application of dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol and 2,3-mercapto-1-propanol. The greatest enhancement of the generation of angiotensin I was observed with dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol had no influence on renin activity, on radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I and the recovery of synthetic angiotensin I from the incubation medium. When heterologous angiotensinogen was used, a great enhancement of generation of angiotensin I was observed. Dithiothreitol did not accelerate the reaction following replacement of the natural substrate, angiotensinogen, with the synthetic tetradecapeptide as substrate. It is postulated that dithiothreitol augments angiotensin I generation by acting on the angiotensinogen and not on the renin.", "PMID": 759047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11176", "title": "Abnormal distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in cystic fibrosis: decreased activity in serum.", "content": "The activity of alpha-L-fucosidase is decreased in the serum of cystic fibrosis patients when compared to age-matched controls. This result, combined with the elevated activity in skin fibroblasts, supports the concept of an abnormal intracellular and extracellular distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Abnormal distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in cystic fibrosis: decreased activity in serum. The activity of alpha-L-fucosidase is decreased in the serum of cystic fibrosis patients when compared to age-matched controls. This result, combined with the elevated activity in skin fibroblasts, supports the concept of an abnormal intracellular and extracellular distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 759048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11177", "title": "Spectrophotometric plasma iron determination from fingerpuncture specimens.", "content": "A simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible micromethod for the determination of plasma iron in a 50-microliter sample has been devised by modification of the ICSH reference procedure, which requires a 2-ml sample. The micromethod uses microcuvettes and substitutes ferrozine for the bathophenanthroline chromogen of the ICSH. Comparison of plasma iron values on 47 paired specimens obtained by fingerpuncture and venipuncture determined by the micro- and ICSH-methods respectively gave identical means of 15.8 mumol/l (88 microgram/dl); the correlation of the two methods was r = 0.92 (p less than 0.0001). The micromethod has been successfully used to measure plasma iron levels in fingerpuncture specimens collected in a field study of 429 children.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric plasma iron determination from fingerpuncture specimens. A simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible micromethod for the determination of plasma iron in a 50-microliter sample has been devised by modification of the ICSH reference procedure, which requires a 2-ml sample. The micromethod uses microcuvettes and substitutes ferrozine for the bathophenanthroline chromogen of the ICSH. Comparison of plasma iron values on 47 paired specimens obtained by fingerpuncture and venipuncture determined by the micro- and ICSH-methods respectively gave identical means of 15.8 mumol/l (88 microgram/dl); the correlation of the two methods was r = 0.92 (p less than 0.0001). The micromethod has been successfully used to measure plasma iron levels in fingerpuncture specimens collected in a field study of 429 children.", "PMID": 759049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11178", "title": "Human gene mapping by postreduction and recombination frequencies under complete interference.", "content": "Gene-centromere distances can be estimated (i) by determining postreduction frequencies by means of ovarian teratomas and (ii) by analysis of genetic linkage between a gene locus and a structural chromosome polymorphism near the centromere. The two methods are comapred under complete interference. It is shown that the teratoma method is at least twice as efficient as the recombination method. Two estimates of the map distance for a combination of both data types are derived.", "contents": "Human gene mapping by postreduction and recombination frequencies under complete interference. Gene-centromere distances can be estimated (i) by determining postreduction frequencies by means of ovarian teratomas and (ii) by analysis of genetic linkage between a gene locus and a structural chromosome polymorphism near the centromere. The two methods are comapred under complete interference. It is shown that the teratoma method is at least twice as efficient as the recombination method. Two estimates of the map distance for a combination of both data types are derived.", "PMID": 759051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11179", "title": "Chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges in albinos in Nigeria.", "content": "The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in albinos reaches approximately 90% in patients over 20 years of age in the vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were evaluated in tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinos and pigmented controls of Ibo extraction who were life-long residents of Nigeria. No difference in the frequency of chromosomal breaks in 14 albinos compared to 6 pigmented controls, and no differences in the frequency of SCE in 9 albinos compared to 3 controls could be detected. Increased chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes do not appear to be assoicated with albinism or fulminating skin cancer present in albinos in the tropics.", "contents": "Chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges in albinos in Nigeria. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in albinos reaches approximately 90% in patients over 20 years of age in the vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were evaluated in tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinos and pigmented controls of Ibo extraction who were life-long residents of Nigeria. No difference in the frequency of chromosomal breaks in 14 albinos compared to 6 pigmented controls, and no differences in the frequency of SCE in 9 albinos compared to 3 controls could be detected. Increased chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes do not appear to be assoicated with albinism or fulminating skin cancer present in albinos in the tropics.", "PMID": 759053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11180", "title": "No evidence for chromosomal mosaicism in multiple tissues of 10 patients with 45, XO Turner syndrome.", "content": "Why the frequency of spontaneous abortions among monosomy X conceptuses is 98% while the postnatal course of Turner syndrome is relatively benign has not been understood. One explanation could be that mosaicism for a euploid cell line confers viability and that those 2% of 45,XO zygotes surviving in utero have some degree of mosaicism. We thus reasoned that if the non-mosaic 45,XO karyotype is lethal, a thorough study of living Turner syndrome patients might reveal a much higher frequency of mosaicism than the 30--40% reported. Ten adult women with a 45,XO leukocyte karyotype were investigated, looking at five tissue types from all three germ layers: buccal mucosa and hair from ectoderm, urinary epithelium from endoderm and ectoderm, and lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from mesoderm. We were unable to confirm mosaicism in these patients, although in 2 out of 10 there was the suggestion of a small percentage of euploid cells in skin and blood karyotypes.", "contents": "No evidence for chromosomal mosaicism in multiple tissues of 10 patients with 45, XO Turner syndrome. Why the frequency of spontaneous abortions among monosomy X conceptuses is 98% while the postnatal course of Turner syndrome is relatively benign has not been understood. One explanation could be that mosaicism for a euploid cell line confers viability and that those 2% of 45,XO zygotes surviving in utero have some degree of mosaicism. We thus reasoned that if the non-mosaic 45,XO karyotype is lethal, a thorough study of living Turner syndrome patients might reveal a much higher frequency of mosaicism than the 30--40% reported. Ten adult women with a 45,XO leukocyte karyotype were investigated, looking at five tissue types from all three germ layers: buccal mucosa and hair from ectoderm, urinary epithelium from endoderm and ectoderm, and lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from mesoderm. We were unable to confirm mosaicism in these patients, although in 2 out of 10 there was the suggestion of a small percentage of euploid cells in skin and blood karyotypes.", "PMID": 759054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11181", "title": "Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. III. Effect of a single polymorphic gene locus on plasma lipid levels in man.", "content": "The two autosomal codominant alleles of the Apo E-N/D polymorphism, Apo En and Apo Ed, have a considerable influence on plasma lipid levels and distribution in man. Serum cholesterol levels are highest in phenotype Apo E-N, intermediate in phenotype Apo E-ND, and low in phenotype Apo E-D. Contrary VLDL-cholesterol is highest in phenotype Apo E-D, intermediate in heterozygotes, and lowest in phenotype Apo E-N. Serum-triglyceride, VLDL-triglyceride and the ratio of VLDL-cholesterol/serum-triglyceride are also intermediate in phenotype Apo E-ND between the two opposite homozygous groups. 10% of heterozygous Apo E-ND subjects exhibited a beta-VLDL subfraction compared to 0.8% in phenotype Apo E-N and 100% in Apo E-D. Hence the three phenotypic groups exhibit metabolic differences in vivo, and the gene Apo Ed has a mild dyslipoproteinemic effect even in a single dose. The Apo E-N/D polymorphism may therefore be a major influence on the occurrence of arteriosclerotic vascular disease in man.", "contents": "Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. III. Effect of a single polymorphic gene locus on plasma lipid levels in man. The two autosomal codominant alleles of the Apo E-N/D polymorphism, Apo En and Apo Ed, have a considerable influence on plasma lipid levels and distribution in man. Serum cholesterol levels are highest in phenotype Apo E-N, intermediate in phenotype Apo E-ND, and low in phenotype Apo E-D. Contrary VLDL-cholesterol is highest in phenotype Apo E-D, intermediate in heterozygotes, and lowest in phenotype Apo E-N. Serum-triglyceride, VLDL-triglyceride and the ratio of VLDL-cholesterol/serum-triglyceride are also intermediate in phenotype Apo E-ND between the two opposite homozygous groups. 10% of heterozygous Apo E-ND subjects exhibited a beta-VLDL subfraction compared to 0.8% in phenotype Apo E-N and 100% in Apo E-D. Hence the three phenotypic groups exhibit metabolic differences in vivo, and the gene Apo Ed has a mild dyslipoproteinemic effect even in a single dose. The Apo E-N/D polymorphism may therefore be a major influence on the occurrence of arteriosclerotic vascular disease in man.", "PMID": 759055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11182", "title": "Risk of malignancy and chromosomal polymorphism: a possible mechanism of association.", "content": "A significantly increased incidence of heterochromatic chromosomal variants, particularly of A1 and C9, has been found in a group of 120 patients with malignant or premalignant diseases. People presenting with such a kind of polymorphism usually have an increased chromosomal breakage rate. Genetically increased susceptibility to breaking agents may be the unifying concept explaining the increased incidence of heterochromatic variants found in couples with sterility or abortions, in karyotypically normal malformed or retarded children, and in patients suffering from different malignant or premalignant diseases. Chromosomal imbalance is probably the basis for initiation of malignancy whose development is influenced by many different factors.", "contents": "Risk of malignancy and chromosomal polymorphism: a possible mechanism of association. A significantly increased incidence of heterochromatic chromosomal variants, particularly of A1 and C9, has been found in a group of 120 patients with malignant or premalignant diseases. People presenting with such a kind of polymorphism usually have an increased chromosomal breakage rate. Genetically increased susceptibility to breaking agents may be the unifying concept explaining the increased incidence of heterochromatic variants found in couples with sterility or abortions, in karyotypically normal malformed or retarded children, and in patients suffering from different malignant or premalignant diseases. Chromosomal imbalance is probably the basis for initiation of malignancy whose development is influenced by many different factors.", "PMID": 759056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11183", "title": "Familial middle lobe bronchiectasis.", "content": "A rare familial occurrence of middle lobe bronchiectasis is reported in two siblings of a family with seven children. No definite cause for the development of bronchiectasis could be established. Enlarged hilar lymph nodes were found in the resected middle lobe which were compressing the middle lobe bronchus, and this may have contributed to the development of bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Familial middle lobe bronchiectasis. A rare familial occurrence of middle lobe bronchiectasis is reported in two siblings of a family with seven children. No definite cause for the development of bronchiectasis could be established. Enlarged hilar lymph nodes were found in the resected middle lobe which were compressing the middle lobe bronchus, and this may have contributed to the development of bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 759057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11184", "title": "A true hermaphrodite dispermic chimera with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotypes.", "content": "A 16-year-old male with hypospadias and gynaecomastia had a rudimentary uterus with a right Fallopian tube and ovary; the left gonad was a functioning testis. Cytogenetic studies showed cells with 46,XX and 46,XY sex chromosomes in cultured blood, skin and gonadal tissues. Cells with the 46,XX constitution predominated in all tissues. Extensive investigations failed to demonstrate blood cell and serum chimerism, but there was little genetic variation of these characters between family members. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated that the father had contributed different marker chromosomes to the 46,XY and 46,XX cell lines of the propositus, whereas the mother had contributed the same two informative markers to both cell lines. The patient was a chimera with two diploid cell lines of different sex that had developed from the products of two separate acts of syngamy. Dispermy was demonstrated, and, whereas there was no evidence of different maternal contributions to the chimeric cell lines, uncertainty remains that these were identical.", "contents": "A true hermaphrodite dispermic chimera with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotypes. A 16-year-old male with hypospadias and gynaecomastia had a rudimentary uterus with a right Fallopian tube and ovary; the left gonad was a functioning testis. Cytogenetic studies showed cells with 46,XX and 46,XY sex chromosomes in cultured blood, skin and gonadal tissues. Cells with the 46,XX constitution predominated in all tissues. Extensive investigations failed to demonstrate blood cell and serum chimerism, but there was little genetic variation of these characters between family members. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated that the father had contributed different marker chromosomes to the 46,XY and 46,XX cell lines of the propositus, whereas the mother had contributed the same two informative markers to both cell lines. The patient was a chimera with two diploid cell lines of different sex that had developed from the products of two separate acts of syngamy. Dispermy was demonstrated, and, whereas there was no evidence of different maternal contributions to the chimeric cell lines, uncertainty remains that these were identical.", "PMID": 759058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11185", "title": "Reye syndrome associated with vaccination with live virus vaccines. An exploration of possible etiologic relationships.", "content": "To determine whether vaccination with live virus vaccines may be etiologically related to Reye syndrome, we examined 404 cases reported to the Center for Disease Control. Fifteen of 269 children with Reye syndrome has been inoculated with live virus vaccines within 30 days before onset of illness. Although this temporal relationship may have occurred by chance, seasonal distribution and clustering of incubation periods suggests that live virus vaccines may occasionally serve as cofactors in the etiology of Reye syndrome through undefined mechanisms.", "contents": "Reye syndrome associated with vaccination with live virus vaccines. An exploration of possible etiologic relationships. To determine whether vaccination with live virus vaccines may be etiologically related to Reye syndrome, we examined 404 cases reported to the Center for Disease Control. Fifteen of 269 children with Reye syndrome has been inoculated with live virus vaccines within 30 days before onset of illness. Although this temporal relationship may have occurred by chance, seasonal distribution and clustering of incubation periods suggests that live virus vaccines may occasionally serve as cofactors in the etiology of Reye syndrome through undefined mechanisms.", "PMID": 759059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11186", "title": "Office screening for asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The evaluation of a practical, economic and reliable method screening the urines of asymptomatic girls in a busy pediatric office.", "content": "The urines of 3,270 asymptomatic girls were screened at annual physical examinations. The urines were collected in Dixie Cups without prior preparation of the perineum and cultured on 5% sheep cell agar. Less than 2 per cent of the specimens showed significant growth, thus requiring no follow-up visits by 98 per cent of the patients. Slightly less that 1/2 of one per cent were found to have asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The procedure was found to be practical, economically feasible and reliable, and was well accepted by both the parents and patients.", "contents": "Office screening for asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The evaluation of a practical, economic and reliable method screening the urines of asymptomatic girls in a busy pediatric office. The urines of 3,270 asymptomatic girls were screened at annual physical examinations. The urines were collected in Dixie Cups without prior preparation of the perineum and cultured on 5% sheep cell agar. Less than 2 per cent of the specimens showed significant growth, thus requiring no follow-up visits by 98 per cent of the patients. Slightly less that 1/2 of one per cent were found to have asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The procedure was found to be practical, economically feasible and reliable, and was well accepted by both the parents and patients.", "PMID": 759062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11187", "title": "The unrealized potential of the medication monitor.", "content": "The medication monitor is a dispenser with a time recording system for determining when patients remove medication. It has demonstrated that nurses and physicians can estimate patient compliance with considerable accuracy. It could be used: (1) to assure that only patients actually ingesting medication are used to evaluate new drugs, (2) to study the factors that influence compliance and strategies to improve compliance, (3) to prevent escalation to more toxic drugs or expensive diagnostic procedures when failure to respond is due to poor compliance, (4) to supervise compliance when society has an overriding interest in therapeutic success, and (5) to monitor the effects of air pollution. Specially designed medication monitors could be used to provide the proper amount of compensatory medication when a patient forgets and to reduce the chance that a suicidal patient will impulsively take an overdose.", "contents": "The unrealized potential of the medication monitor. The medication monitor is a dispenser with a time recording system for determining when patients remove medication. It has demonstrated that nurses and physicians can estimate patient compliance with considerable accuracy. It could be used: (1) to assure that only patients actually ingesting medication are used to evaluate new drugs, (2) to study the factors that influence compliance and strategies to improve compliance, (3) to prevent escalation to more toxic drugs or expensive diagnostic procedures when failure to respond is due to poor compliance, (4) to supervise compliance when society has an overriding interest in therapeutic success, and (5) to monitor the effects of air pollution. Specially designed medication monitors could be used to provide the proper amount of compensatory medication when a patient forgets and to reduce the chance that a suicidal patient will impulsively take an overdose.", "PMID": 759065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11188", "title": "Bromocriptine inhibits norepinephrine release.", "content": "Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that induces postural hypotension and can be used as an antihypertensive. The drug inhibits release of norepinephrine (NE) from an isolated artery by stimulating presynaptic receptors. In normotensive subjects it lowers both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of NE by 50% and lowers blood pressure moderately in standing subjects and slightly in recumbent subjects. Through central and peripheral mechanisms, bromocriptine inhibits sympathetic nervous discharge of NE.", "contents": "Bromocriptine inhibits norepinephrine release. Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that induces postural hypotension and can be used as an antihypertensive. The drug inhibits release of norepinephrine (NE) from an isolated artery by stimulating presynaptic receptors. In normotensive subjects it lowers both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of NE by 50% and lowers blood pressure moderately in standing subjects and slightly in recumbent subjects. Through central and peripheral mechanisms, bromocriptine inhibits sympathetic nervous discharge of NE.", "PMID": 759066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11189", "title": "Furosemide-induced adverse reactions in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Furosemide is frequently used for ascites and causes adverse reactions (AR). In an intensive prospective drug monitoring study of 1,920 patients, 172 (8.9%) had cirrhosis of the liver and received furosemide. Mean age was 53 years, and 66.3% were male; and 87% had alcoholic cirrhosis. Eighty-eight (51.2%) had 221 events that by consensus of the monitoring team and attending physicians were either definitely of probably related to furosemide. No AR was fatal but 24% of patients had severe reactions. Almost all reactions were dose-related (96%). The most common were electrolyte disturbances (23.3% of patients) and volume depletion (14%). Furosemide-induced coma occurred in 20 (11.6%) patients and was more frequent in patients with prior hepatic encephalopathy (p less than 0.0005). Higher total doses (p less than 0.001), hyerbilirubinemia (p less than 0.05), prolonged prothrombin time (p less than 0.02), and longer hospital stay (p less than 0.001) were associated with higher frequencies of AR to furosemide. The frequency of hypokalemia did not decrease when potassium chloride or potassium-sparing diuretics were added to furosemide therapy. Frequdncy of AR did not correlate with age, sex, renal impairment, serum albumin, transaminase, or alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Furosemide-induced adverse reactions in cirrhosis of the liver. Furosemide is frequently used for ascites and causes adverse reactions (AR). In an intensive prospective drug monitoring study of 1,920 patients, 172 (8.9%) had cirrhosis of the liver and received furosemide. Mean age was 53 years, and 66.3% were male; and 87% had alcoholic cirrhosis. Eighty-eight (51.2%) had 221 events that by consensus of the monitoring team and attending physicians were either definitely of probably related to furosemide. No AR was fatal but 24% of patients had severe reactions. Almost all reactions were dose-related (96%). The most common were electrolyte disturbances (23.3% of patients) and volume depletion (14%). Furosemide-induced coma occurred in 20 (11.6%) patients and was more frequent in patients with prior hepatic encephalopathy (p less than 0.0005). Higher total doses (p less than 0.001), hyerbilirubinemia (p less than 0.05), prolonged prothrombin time (p less than 0.02), and longer hospital stay (p less than 0.001) were associated with higher frequencies of AR to furosemide. The frequency of hypokalemia did not decrease when potassium chloride or potassium-sparing diuretics were added to furosemide therapy. Frequdncy of AR did not correlate with age, sex, renal impairment, serum albumin, transaminase, or alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 759067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11190", "title": "Effect of food on kinetics of 8-methoxsalen.", "content": "Kinetics of 8-methoxsalen were studied in 5 healthy subjects under fasting and nonfasting conditions. The plasma concentration-time data could be fitted to a zero order absorption one-compartment model. The area under the curve (AUC) values were higher (p less than 0.05) under nonfasting compared to fasting conditions, indicating higher relative bioavailability of the drug in the presence of food. No significant differences were observed in the lag-time for the start of the absorption, the apparent zero-order absorption rate constant, or the elimination rate constant. It is suggested that the drug should be taken in a standardized way in relation to food during the ultraviolet (UV) light treatment.", "contents": "Effect of food on kinetics of 8-methoxsalen. Kinetics of 8-methoxsalen were studied in 5 healthy subjects under fasting and nonfasting conditions. The plasma concentration-time data could be fitted to a zero order absorption one-compartment model. The area under the curve (AUC) values were higher (p less than 0.05) under nonfasting compared to fasting conditions, indicating higher relative bioavailability of the drug in the presence of food. No significant differences were observed in the lag-time for the start of the absorption, the apparent zero-order absorption rate constant, or the elimination rate constant. It is suggested that the drug should be taken in a standardized way in relation to food during the ultraviolet (UV) light treatment.", "PMID": 759069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11191", "title": "Noninvasive kinetic approach to the estimation of total hepatic blood flow and shunting in chronic liver disease--a hypothesis.", "content": "The intact hepatocyte theory of chronic liver disease suggests a relationship between the degree of shunting of total liver blood flow around the functional liver cell mass and the fraction of functional liver cell mass. By defining this relationship we have developed pharmacokinetic equations to permit the estimation of both total hepatic blood flow and the extent to which this blood flow is shunted. The method requires the determination of the systemic (hepatic) clearances of a high (e.g., indocyanine green [ICG]) and a low (e.g., antipyrine [AP]) extraction ratio drug in the same patient. Applying these equations to literature data obtained from patients with moderate or severe chronic liver disease and from patients with a surgical portacaval shunt, we find: (1) a modest decrease in total hepatic blood flow (16%) and a significant degree of shunting (27%) in patients with moderate chronic liver disease; (2) a substantially reduced total hepatic blood (52%) and extensive shunting (72%) in patients with severe chronic liver disease, and (3) a degree of shunting comparable to that estimated in patients with moderate chronic liver disease but a seriously compromised total hepatic blood flow (a reduction of 55% compared to normal) in patients with surgical portacaval shunts.", "contents": "Noninvasive kinetic approach to the estimation of total hepatic blood flow and shunting in chronic liver disease--a hypothesis. The intact hepatocyte theory of chronic liver disease suggests a relationship between the degree of shunting of total liver blood flow around the functional liver cell mass and the fraction of functional liver cell mass. By defining this relationship we have developed pharmacokinetic equations to permit the estimation of both total hepatic blood flow and the extent to which this blood flow is shunted. The method requires the determination of the systemic (hepatic) clearances of a high (e.g., indocyanine green [ICG]) and a low (e.g., antipyrine [AP]) extraction ratio drug in the same patient. Applying these equations to literature data obtained from patients with moderate or severe chronic liver disease and from patients with a surgical portacaval shunt, we find: (1) a modest decrease in total hepatic blood flow (16%) and a significant degree of shunting (27%) in patients with moderate chronic liver disease; (2) a substantially reduced total hepatic blood (52%) and extensive shunting (72%) in patients with severe chronic liver disease, and (3) a degree of shunting comparable to that estimated in patients with moderate chronic liver disease but a seriously compromised total hepatic blood flow (a reduction of 55% compared to normal) in patients with surgical portacaval shunts.", "PMID": 759068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11192", "title": "Mechanisms of nonlinear disposition kinetics of sulfamethazine.", "content": "Five healthy male subjects received oral doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg of sulfamethazine (SMZ) approximately 14 days apart in a nonrandomized crossover study. Blood and urine samples were collected for at least 24 and 72 hr, respectively. All samples were assayed by the Bratton-Marshall procedure for SMZ and apparent N-acetylsulfamethazine (NSMZ). Recovery of total drug (SMZ + NSMZ) in urine was 88.9% following the low and 79.5% following the high dose. The low and high dose plasma concentration time curves were not readily superimposable (i.e., nonlinear kinetic behavior was observed). The data suggest that several mechanisms contribute to the nonlinearity. Specifically, a dose-dependent decrease in absorption rate displaced the plasma concentration-time curve to the right in some subjects, whereas apparent metabolic clearance (Clm) decreased with increasing dose (estimated assuming dose = amount of SMZ + NSMZ in urine to 72 hr) in all subjects (0.35 ml/min/kg for the low and 0.23 for the high dose). Still greater dose-dependent effects were found when apparent Clm of unbound drug was determined, since free fraction rose from 0.11 to 0.30 over the observed plasma concentration range. Renal clearance (ClR) of Smz appeared to be a complex function of time. In the low dose study it ranged from an average of 0.071 ml/min/kg at 2 hr to 0.146 ml/min/kg at 6 hr after drug. After the high dose comparable values were 0.083 and 0.128. Interindividual variability and pronounced nonlinear kinetics of SMZ after 40 mg/kg suggest that this dose is probably a poor choice for the determination of acetylator phenotype.", "contents": "Mechanisms of nonlinear disposition kinetics of sulfamethazine. Five healthy male subjects received oral doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg of sulfamethazine (SMZ) approximately 14 days apart in a nonrandomized crossover study. Blood and urine samples were collected for at least 24 and 72 hr, respectively. All samples were assayed by the Bratton-Marshall procedure for SMZ and apparent N-acetylsulfamethazine (NSMZ). Recovery of total drug (SMZ + NSMZ) in urine was 88.9% following the low and 79.5% following the high dose. The low and high dose plasma concentration time curves were not readily superimposable (i.e., nonlinear kinetic behavior was observed). The data suggest that several mechanisms contribute to the nonlinearity. Specifically, a dose-dependent decrease in absorption rate displaced the plasma concentration-time curve to the right in some subjects, whereas apparent metabolic clearance (Clm) decreased with increasing dose (estimated assuming dose = amount of SMZ + NSMZ in urine to 72 hr) in all subjects (0.35 ml/min/kg for the low and 0.23 for the high dose). Still greater dose-dependent effects were found when apparent Clm of unbound drug was determined, since free fraction rose from 0.11 to 0.30 over the observed plasma concentration range. Renal clearance (ClR) of Smz appeared to be a complex function of time. In the low dose study it ranged from an average of 0.071 ml/min/kg at 2 hr to 0.146 ml/min/kg at 6 hr after drug. After the high dose comparable values were 0.083 and 0.128. Interindividual variability and pronounced nonlinear kinetics of SMZ after 40 mg/kg suggest that this dose is probably a poor choice for the determination of acetylator phenotype.", "PMID": 759070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11193", "title": "Acetaminophen kinetics in acutely poisoned patients.", "content": "A kinetic model of acetaminophen elimination over a wide dose range has been developed on the basis of (1) kinetic data from normal adults who received a usual dose (up to 2 gm) of the drug and (2) the composition of urinary metabolites of acetaminophen excreted within 24 hr by 29 patients who had ingested up to 26 gm of acetaminophen in suicide attempts (including 2 that were fatal and 5 with evidence of severe intoxication). The model consists of the following parallel pathways: conjugation with glucuronide by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, conjugation with sulfate by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, renal excretion of acetaminophen by apparent first-order kinetics, and formation of an oxidative metabolite (which is responsible for the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen) by apparent first-order kinetics. There is good agreement between the model-predicted and actual urinary excretion of individual acetaminophen metabolites for doses of 0.8 to 26 gm and between model-predicted and actual plasma acetaminophen concentrations in both the low (normal subjects) and high (intoxicated subjects) concentration ranges. Computer simulations indicate that unsaturation of acetaminophen sulfate formation, previously shown to be feasible in vivo, should decrease the formation of the hepatotoxic metabolite. This prediction is consistent with experimental data obtained in preliminary studies on mice.", "contents": "Acetaminophen kinetics in acutely poisoned patients. A kinetic model of acetaminophen elimination over a wide dose range has been developed on the basis of (1) kinetic data from normal adults who received a usual dose (up to 2 gm) of the drug and (2) the composition of urinary metabolites of acetaminophen excreted within 24 hr by 29 patients who had ingested up to 26 gm of acetaminophen in suicide attempts (including 2 that were fatal and 5 with evidence of severe intoxication). The model consists of the following parallel pathways: conjugation with glucuronide by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, conjugation with sulfate by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, renal excretion of acetaminophen by apparent first-order kinetics, and formation of an oxidative metabolite (which is responsible for the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen) by apparent first-order kinetics. There is good agreement between the model-predicted and actual urinary excretion of individual acetaminophen metabolites for doses of 0.8 to 26 gm and between model-predicted and actual plasma acetaminophen concentrations in both the low (normal subjects) and high (intoxicated subjects) concentration ranges. Computer simulations indicate that unsaturation of acetaminophen sulfate formation, previously shown to be feasible in vivo, should decrease the formation of the hepatotoxic metabolite. This prediction is consistent with experimental data obtained in preliminary studies on mice.", "PMID": 759071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11194", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism by norethindrone.", "content": "In order to assess the effect of norethindrone on hepatic drug metabolism in man, hepatic N-demethylation of aminopyrine was studied by means of the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in 7 healthy women during two menstrual cycles. Aminopyrine metabolic clearance rates were also studied in 3 women. The women were examined at the ends of the first, second, and third weeks before starting progestogen therapy and at the same times during a second menstrual cycle during which they took norethindrone, 350 microgram/day. The ABT was 5.1 +/- 1.9% (mean +/- SD) during the three control weeks and lower (p less than 0.001) during the three weeks on norethindrone, 3.9 +/- 0.9%. Aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate also fell during norethindrone therapy. The data suggest that progestogens inhibit hepatic microsomal function.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism by norethindrone. In order to assess the effect of norethindrone on hepatic drug metabolism in man, hepatic N-demethylation of aminopyrine was studied by means of the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in 7 healthy women during two menstrual cycles. Aminopyrine metabolic clearance rates were also studied in 3 women. The women were examined at the ends of the first, second, and third weeks before starting progestogen therapy and at the same times during a second menstrual cycle during which they took norethindrone, 350 microgram/day. The ABT was 5.1 +/- 1.9% (mean +/- SD) during the three control weeks and lower (p less than 0.001) during the three weeks on norethindrone, 3.9 +/- 0.9%. Aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate also fell during norethindrone therapy. The data suggest that progestogens inhibit hepatic microsomal function.", "PMID": 759072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11195", "title": "Assessment of antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Currently, antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis is evaluated in several stages. First, animals are used to assess antibiotic penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the absence and presence of an inflammatory stimulus. Second, concentrations of drug are correlated to in vitro killing studies. Third, clinical evaluations compare the new drugs to currently available antimicrobic--but drug failures nevertheless occur, e.g. the experiences with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. We propose that brain tissue levels of antibiotics are an additional parameter to be monitored. Drugs that penetrate the brain substance should yield higher ventricular concentrations than drugs that penetrate the choroid plexus alone. A protective benefit may also be afforded to brain tissue per se. Experience with chloramphenicol, which penetrates the blood-brain barrier, supports these concepts; so also, do the failures with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides which, despite high CSF concentrations of these agents, afford evidence that currently monitored parameters are inadequate predictors of therapeutic efficacy.", "contents": "Assessment of antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis. Currently, antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis is evaluated in several stages. First, animals are used to assess antibiotic penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the absence and presence of an inflammatory stimulus. Second, concentrations of drug are correlated to in vitro killing studies. Third, clinical evaluations compare the new drugs to currently available antimicrobic--but drug failures nevertheless occur, e.g. the experiences with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. We propose that brain tissue levels of antibiotics are an additional parameter to be monitored. Drugs that penetrate the brain substance should yield higher ventricular concentrations than drugs that penetrate the choroid plexus alone. A protective benefit may also be afforded to brain tissue per se. Experience with chloramphenicol, which penetrates the blood-brain barrier, supports these concepts; so also, do the failures with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides which, despite high CSF concentrations of these agents, afford evidence that currently monitored parameters are inadequate predictors of therapeutic efficacy.", "PMID": 759073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11196", "title": "Blood collection techniques, heparin and quinidine protein binding.", "content": "With the use of glass syringes without heparin and all glass equipment, the percent of unbound quinidine was measured by ultrafiltration and a double-extraction assay method after addition of 2 microgram/ml of quinidine sulfate. Compared to the all-glass method, collection of blood using Vacutainers resulted in an erroneous and variable decrease in quinidine binding related to blood to rubber-stopper contact. With glass, the unbound quinidine fraction was (mean +/- standard error) 10 +/- 1% in 10 normal volunteers, 8.5 +/- 1.5% in 10 patients with congestive heart failure, and 11 +/- 2% in 11 patients with chronic renal failure (although in 8 of the latter 11 patients the percent of unbound quinidine was 4 or more standard errors from the mean of the normal group). During cardiac catheterization, patients had markedly elevated unbound quinidine fractions: 24 +/- 2% (p less than 0.001). This abnormality coincided with the addition of heparin in vivo and was less apparent after the addition of up to 10 U/ml of heparin in vitro (120% and 29% increase in unbound quinidine fractions, respectively). Quinidine binding should be measured with all glass or equivalent equipment.", "contents": "Blood collection techniques, heparin and quinidine protein binding. With the use of glass syringes without heparin and all glass equipment, the percent of unbound quinidine was measured by ultrafiltration and a double-extraction assay method after addition of 2 microgram/ml of quinidine sulfate. Compared to the all-glass method, collection of blood using Vacutainers resulted in an erroneous and variable decrease in quinidine binding related to blood to rubber-stopper contact. With glass, the unbound quinidine fraction was (mean +/- standard error) 10 +/- 1% in 10 normal volunteers, 8.5 +/- 1.5% in 10 patients with congestive heart failure, and 11 +/- 2% in 11 patients with chronic renal failure (although in 8 of the latter 11 patients the percent of unbound quinidine was 4 or more standard errors from the mean of the normal group). During cardiac catheterization, patients had markedly elevated unbound quinidine fractions: 24 +/- 2% (p less than 0.001). This abnormality coincided with the addition of heparin in vivo and was less apparent after the addition of up to 10 U/ml of heparin in vitro (120% and 29% increase in unbound quinidine fractions, respectively). Quinidine binding should be measured with all glass or equivalent equipment.", "PMID": 759074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11197", "title": "Post-traumatic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "During the past two decades there has been recognition of the role of acute respiratory failure in the deaths of patients with shock from any cause. Leaky capillaries are the common pathophysiologic event. The pulmonary capillary bed is affected by the toxic action of vasoactive substances, gastric aspirates, and fat embolism; by the obstructive action of platelet, fibrin, and leukocyte clots; and by changes in the balance between perfusion pressures and oncotic pressures. This is complicated by increases in pulmonary vascular pressures from associated heart disease or overenthusiastic replacement of blood volume. The early treatment of the shock state, early intubation and ventilation, and the use of agents designed to improve capillary integrity have led to a significant reduction in mortality from this common problem.", "contents": "Post-traumatic respiratory distress syndrome. During the past two decades there has been recognition of the role of acute respiratory failure in the deaths of patients with shock from any cause. Leaky capillaries are the common pathophysiologic event. The pulmonary capillary bed is affected by the toxic action of vasoactive substances, gastric aspirates, and fat embolism; by the obstructive action of platelet, fibrin, and leukocyte clots; and by changes in the balance between perfusion pressures and oncotic pressures. This is complicated by increases in pulmonary vascular pressures from associated heart disease or overenthusiastic replacement of blood volume. The early treatment of the shock state, early intubation and ventilation, and the use of agents designed to improve capillary integrity have led to a significant reduction in mortality from this common problem.", "PMID": 759075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11198", "title": "Thoracic and vascular injuries.", "content": "Thoracic and vascular injuries may cause rapid demise of the traumatized patient. A sound knowledge of resuscitative techniques, diagnostic maneuvers, and surgical anatomy allows the attending physician to salvage many of these patients, even those near death upon arrival in the emergency center.", "contents": "Thoracic and vascular injuries. Thoracic and vascular injuries may cause rapid demise of the traumatized patient. A sound knowledge of resuscitative techniques, diagnostic maneuvers, and surgical anatomy allows the attending physician to salvage many of these patients, even those near death upon arrival in the emergency center.", "PMID": 759076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11199", "title": "Emergency management of poisoning and overdose.", "content": "The management of the poisoned patient can be difficult and challenging. The task often demands the physician's entire resources in putting together pieces of history and significant physical findings to make a diagnosis. He must then carefully support and stabilize the patient under constant monitoring, while making efforts to prevent further absorption of the toxin, enhance excretion, and treat complications as they arise.", "contents": "Emergency management of poisoning and overdose. The management of the poisoned patient can be difficult and challenging. The task often demands the physician's entire resources in putting together pieces of history and significant physical findings to make a diagnosis. He must then carefully support and stabilize the patient under constant monitoring, while making efforts to prevent further absorption of the toxin, enhance excretion, and treat complications as they arise.", "PMID": 759083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11200", "title": "Analysis of biological rhythms using an interactive structured autoregressive modelling technique.", "content": "A method of spectral-type analysis for rhythmic biomedical data is presented based on autoregressive modelling techniques. The emphasis has been on portability between data-processing machines, so that the programmes are written in FORTRAN 4 for the ICL 1900 series computers. The programmes are structured in blocks allowing for simple alteration to an interactive mode allowing the calculation and display of pre-filtering stages, model coefficients, the pole-zero plot, residuals, AR frequency spectrum, FFT of raw and filtered data. The method works on a small number of cycles and gives a direct read out of significant spectral components.", "contents": "Analysis of biological rhythms using an interactive structured autoregressive modelling technique. A method of spectral-type analysis for rhythmic biomedical data is presented based on autoregressive modelling techniques. The emphasis has been on portability between data-processing machines, so that the programmes are written in FORTRAN 4 for the ICL 1900 series computers. The programmes are structured in blocks allowing for simple alteration to an interactive mode allowing the calculation and display of pre-filtering stages, model coefficients, the pole-zero plot, residuals, AR frequency spectrum, FFT of raw and filtered data. The method works on a small number of cycles and gives a direct read out of significant spectral components.", "PMID": 759084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11201", "title": "An iterative algorithm for the separation of action potential sequences.", "content": "Various iterative algorithms for separation of superimposed event sequences were designed, and their efficiency examined through simulation studies. It has been found that a double parallel-serial algorithm improved markedly the efficiency of the filtration process. For the same probability of detection of the event series to be extracted, the probability of 'impurity' events dropped by roughly 0.10, as compared to the non-iterative fixed window width algorithm. Conclusions are drawn regarding separation of motor unit action potential sequences from the total electromyogram.", "contents": "An iterative algorithm for the separation of action potential sequences. Various iterative algorithms for separation of superimposed event sequences were designed, and their efficiency examined through simulation studies. It has been found that a double parallel-serial algorithm improved markedly the efficiency of the filtration process. For the same probability of detection of the event series to be extracted, the probability of 'impurity' events dropped by roughly 0.10, as compared to the non-iterative fixed window width algorithm. Conclusions are drawn regarding separation of motor unit action potential sequences from the total electromyogram.", "PMID": 759085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11202", "title": "MIC-II - a program for the determination of cardiac output, arterio-venous shunt and regional blood flow using the radioactive microsphere method.", "content": "MIC-II is a versatile BASIC computer program designed to calculate the cardiac output, the arterio-venous shunt and the regional blood flow from data obtained by the radioactive microsphere method. The samples are measured in a gammaspectrometer with a multichannel pulse height analyzer and the data are recorded on tape. Up to 10 different nuclides may be used simultaneously, including tracers which are not bound to microspheres. The nuclides may have overlapping energy spectra. The analysis of the energy spectra is performed according to the matrix method. Standard samples, each containing one pure nuclide, are measured to obtained the overlap matrix. The unkown amounts of the nuclides in the samples are obtained by solving a system of simultaneous linear equations. Up to 100 organ samples may be taken in one experiment. Up to 10 different organ maps, containing a text label for each organ specimen, may be created, edited, modified and stored on tape for convenient identification of input and output. Numerous validity checks for imput and output make MIC-II easy to use, even for non-computer trained personel.", "contents": "MIC-II - a program for the determination of cardiac output, arterio-venous shunt and regional blood flow using the radioactive microsphere method. MIC-II is a versatile BASIC computer program designed to calculate the cardiac output, the arterio-venous shunt and the regional blood flow from data obtained by the radioactive microsphere method. The samples are measured in a gammaspectrometer with a multichannel pulse height analyzer and the data are recorded on tape. Up to 10 different nuclides may be used simultaneously, including tracers which are not bound to microspheres. The nuclides may have overlapping energy spectra. The analysis of the energy spectra is performed according to the matrix method. Standard samples, each containing one pure nuclide, are measured to obtained the overlap matrix. The unkown amounts of the nuclides in the samples are obtained by solving a system of simultaneous linear equations. Up to 100 organ samples may be taken in one experiment. Up to 10 different organ maps, containing a text label for each organ specimen, may be created, edited, modified and stored on tape for convenient identification of input and output. Numerous validity checks for imput and output make MIC-II easy to use, even for non-computer trained personel.", "PMID": 759086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11203", "title": "A computer program for simulating a distributed metabolic system. Distribution volumes in a simulated organism.", "content": "A metabolite or hormone is distributed with non-uniform concentration throughout some volume within an intact organism. Various methods involving radioactive tracers are used to estimate the total mass of the metabolite and its volume of distribution. The calculations of mass and volume are based on very simple models, and cannot usually be validated by measurements on the real animal. Hence we have developed a computer program for simulating a metabolic system with convective and diffusive transport. The tracer experiments can be simulated by solving the differential equations for convective diffusion by finite element methods. Thus the total metabolic mass and distribution volume can be both 'measured' and calculated by all the standard techniques. In this way some mathematical methods currently in general use can be seen to be patently incorrect, and others quite acceptable. The concept of a metabolic doublet was introduced, by analogy with an electrical dipole.", "contents": "A computer program for simulating a distributed metabolic system. Distribution volumes in a simulated organism. A metabolite or hormone is distributed with non-uniform concentration throughout some volume within an intact organism. Various methods involving radioactive tracers are used to estimate the total mass of the metabolite and its volume of distribution. The calculations of mass and volume are based on very simple models, and cannot usually be validated by measurements on the real animal. Hence we have developed a computer program for simulating a metabolic system with convective and diffusive transport. The tracer experiments can be simulated by solving the differential equations for convective diffusion by finite element methods. Thus the total metabolic mass and distribution volume can be both 'measured' and calculated by all the standard techniques. In this way some mathematical methods currently in general use can be seen to be patently incorrect, and others quite acceptable. The concept of a metabolic doublet was introduced, by analogy with an electrical dipole.", "PMID": 759087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11204", "title": "A program for generation and selection of possible conformations of cyclic molecules.", "content": "An algorithm has been developped for the computer generation of the possible conformations of non-planar cyclic molecules. This algorithm has been used successfully to select the known conformations of the ribose ring, of substituted cyclohexane and of disulfide bridged peptides. Its use may be extended to open molecules when the end-to-end distance is known or imposed.", "contents": "A program for generation and selection of possible conformations of cyclic molecules. An algorithm has been developped for the computer generation of the possible conformations of non-planar cyclic molecules. This algorithm has been used successfully to select the known conformations of the ribose ring, of substituted cyclohexane and of disulfide bridged peptides. Its use may be extended to open molecules when the end-to-end distance is known or imposed.", "PMID": 759089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11205", "title": "The detection of doubtful data: the program DOUBT.", "content": "The problem of the detection of erroneous data has led us to define the 'doubtful patients' as patients who have a small density. Our program DOUBT computes the densities associated with each patient by using the method of n nearest neighbors. Then the program allows us to define a density limit, and chooses the patients who have a smaller density then the doubtful patients. The remaining patients may be classified by the program.", "contents": "The detection of doubtful data: the program DOUBT. The problem of the detection of erroneous data has led us to define the 'doubtful patients' as patients who have a small density. Our program DOUBT computes the densities associated with each patient by using the method of n nearest neighbors. Then the program allows us to define a density limit, and chooses the patients who have a smaller density then the doubtful patients. The remaining patients may be classified by the program.", "PMID": 759090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11206", "title": "A computer feedback system for clinical research.", "content": "This paper presents a computerized data base management and information retrieval system for a heroin addiction research clinic, which has potential application for any type of clinical research. It describes data input checking programs, file structures, and output programs. The system contains several interesting features: built-in feedback error detection and correction; patient month matrix formatting and data compression; and a virtual blocking system to reduce the size of the files.", "contents": "A computer feedback system for clinical research. This paper presents a computerized data base management and information retrieval system for a heroin addiction research clinic, which has potential application for any type of clinical research. It describes data input checking programs, file structures, and output programs. The system contains several interesting features: built-in feedback error detection and correction; patient month matrix formatting and data compression; and a virtual blocking system to reduce the size of the files.", "PMID": 759091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11207", "title": "The management of melanoma.", "content": "Total surgical excision of melanoma is necessary to prevent potentially fatal distant metastases in vital organs. Systemic management includes the use of hormones, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.", "contents": "The management of melanoma. Total surgical excision of melanoma is necessary to prevent potentially fatal distant metastases in vital organs. Systemic management includes the use of hormones, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.", "PMID": 759116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11208", "title": "S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "A case of S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented and the clinical, histologic, and laboratory findings are reviewed.", "contents": "S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case of S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented and the clinical, histologic, and laboratory findings are reviewed.", "PMID": 759119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11209", "title": "Successful treatment of psoriasis of the nails.", "content": "Psoriasis of fingernails and toenails presents a challenge that has not been met by the available therapeutic modalities. Three cases of treatment with x-ray therapy of varying intensities are presented herein. Cure was acheived in all three cases with no x-ray sequelae.", "contents": "Successful treatment of psoriasis of the nails. Psoriasis of fingernails and toenails presents a challenge that has not been met by the available therapeutic modalities. Three cases of treatment with x-ray therapy of varying intensities are presented herein. Cure was acheived in all three cases with no x-ray sequelae.", "PMID": 759120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11210", "title": "Lupus erythematosus and vitamin E: an effective and nontoxic therapy.", "content": "Despite conflicting opinions, our personal experience and a number of reviewed clinical reports indicate that vitamin E, properly administered in adequate doses, is a safe and effective treatment for chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and may be of value in treating other types of the disease. A possible mechanism leading to the development of autoimmune diseases, including lupus erythematosus, is discussed, together with a rational approach aimed at the cellular level, rather than at attacking the body's immune defenses, which could lead to increased susceptibility to malignant and infectious diseases.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus and vitamin E: an effective and nontoxic therapy. Despite conflicting opinions, our personal experience and a number of reviewed clinical reports indicate that vitamin E, properly administered in adequate doses, is a safe and effective treatment for chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and may be of value in treating other types of the disease. A possible mechanism leading to the development of autoimmune diseases, including lupus erythematosus, is discussed, together with a rational approach aimed at the cellular level, rather than at attacking the body's immune defenses, which could lead to increased susceptibility to malignant and infectious diseases.", "PMID": 759121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11211", "title": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. Medical consequences of interracial friction in the US Army.", "content": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a minor disease affecting only, and almost all, blacks who shave. Because of a continued requirement by the US Army of clean shaven faces, significant interracial turmoil and animosity has been aroused. Unclear standards of care of the disease and haphazard policing of shaving habits led to a chaotic process with effective dermatologic care almost paralyzed by the hostile parties. Randomly approached lower-ranking enlistees and draftees are much more likely to complain about their disease, even if minor, and are more likely to refuse to shave and be unkempt even without permission to grow a beard (in contravention of Army regulations). Career black enlistees are likely to under-report the severity of their disease and not seek medical help, possibly because of fear of continuous harassment and inability to be promoted by their superiors. Lotion depilatories, or hair clippers, combined with routine lifting of ingrown hairs, are the most effective treatments, although complete cessation of shaving is first required.", "contents": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. Medical consequences of interracial friction in the US Army. Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a minor disease affecting only, and almost all, blacks who shave. Because of a continued requirement by the US Army of clean shaven faces, significant interracial turmoil and animosity has been aroused. Unclear standards of care of the disease and haphazard policing of shaving habits led to a chaotic process with effective dermatologic care almost paralyzed by the hostile parties. Randomly approached lower-ranking enlistees and draftees are much more likely to complain about their disease, even if minor, and are more likely to refuse to shave and be unkempt even without permission to grow a beard (in contravention of Army regulations). Career black enlistees are likely to under-report the severity of their disease and not seek medical help, possibly because of fear of continuous harassment and inability to be promoted by their superiors. Lotion depilatories, or hair clippers, combined with routine lifting of ingrown hairs, are the most effective treatments, although complete cessation of shaving is first required.", "PMID": 759123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11212", "title": "Reactions to manganese and cadmium in tattoos.", "content": "Concomitant allergic reactions to manganese and cadmium sulfide developed in a patient in tattooed areas. Although the reaction to cadmium was elicited by sunlight, attempts to reproduce it with artificial long-wave ultraviolet light were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Reactions to manganese and cadmium in tattoos. Concomitant allergic reactions to manganese and cadmium sulfide developed in a patient in tattooed areas. Although the reaction to cadmium was elicited by sunlight, attempts to reproduce it with artificial long-wave ultraviolet light were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 759124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11213", "title": "Factitious pseudoainhum of the nipple.", "content": "A patient with a cosmetically disfiguring swelling of his nipple for many years was found to have factitious mechanical pseudoainhum. The possibility of occult mechanical constriction as the cause of acute or chronic deformities of appendages is emphasized.", "contents": "Factitious pseudoainhum of the nipple. A patient with a cosmetically disfiguring swelling of his nipple for many years was found to have factitious mechanical pseudoainhum. The possibility of occult mechanical constriction as the cause of acute or chronic deformities of appendages is emphasized.", "PMID": 759125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11214", "title": "The comparative efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate cream and ointment formulations in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "A double-blind, multicentered, cooperative study performed by twelve investigators with 195 patients with chronic psoriasis was undertaken to compare the relative efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate in ointment and cream formulations. After one week of the two week study, those patients treated with the ointment preparation experienced a significantly greater decrease in the severity of psoriatic signs and symptoms and a greater frequency of complete remission. This study verifies vasoconstriction assay data and more rigorously supports the medical opinion that betamethasone dipropionate and possibly other corticoids in ointment formulation are superior to cream formulations in the early treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.", "contents": "The comparative efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate cream and ointment formulations in the treatment of psoriasis. A double-blind, multicentered, cooperative study performed by twelve investigators with 195 patients with chronic psoriasis was undertaken to compare the relative efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate in ointment and cream formulations. After one week of the two week study, those patients treated with the ointment preparation experienced a significantly greater decrease in the severity of psoriatic signs and symptoms and a greater frequency of complete remission. This study verifies vasoconstriction assay data and more rigorously supports the medical opinion that betamethasone dipropionate and possibly other corticoids in ointment formulation are superior to cream formulations in the early treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.", "PMID": 759126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11215", "title": "[A new method of pericardiocentesis and quantification of pericardial effusions by echocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "With a new method for safe and complete evacuation of pericardial effusions it was possible to check the quantification of pericardial fluid is was possible to check the quantification of pericardial fluid by echocardiography. Using a formula based on the assumption that in systole the pericardial fluid is distributed equally around the contracting heart (like a coat enveloping a sphere), it was demonstrated that pericardial effusions ranging from 250 to 600 ml could be fairly accurately measured. Smaller effusions were not so readily determined. Effusions over 600 ml could be only roughly measured, usually being underestimated.", "contents": "[A new method of pericardiocentesis and quantification of pericardial effusions by echocardiography (author's transl)]. With a new method for safe and complete evacuation of pericardial effusions it was possible to check the quantification of pericardial fluid is was possible to check the quantification of pericardial fluid by echocardiography. Using a formula based on the assumption that in systole the pericardial fluid is distributed equally around the contracting heart (like a coat enveloping a sphere), it was demonstrated that pericardial effusions ranging from 250 to 600 ml could be fairly accurately measured. Smaller effusions were not so readily determined. Effusions over 600 ml could be only roughly measured, usually being underestimated.", "PMID": 759133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11216", "title": "[Recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgical treatment].", "content": "The probability of recurrence was determined in 58 patients after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease using the statistical method of death tables. Within the first 10 years after resection a recurrence must be expected in 84.1% of patients. In 41.6% of cases a second resection becomes necessary. Age, sex, and disease duration preoperatively had no influence on the recurrence. Curative treatment of Crohn's disease is not possible by surgery and the indication for operation should thus be limited primarily to life-threatening complications.", "contents": "[Recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgical treatment]. The probability of recurrence was determined in 58 patients after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease using the statistical method of death tables. Within the first 10 years after resection a recurrence must be expected in 84.1% of patients. In 41.6% of cases a second resection becomes necessary. Age, sex, and disease duration preoperatively had no influence on the recurrence. Curative treatment of Crohn's disease is not possible by surgery and the indication for operation should thus be limited primarily to life-threatening complications.", "PMID": 759141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11217", "title": "[Immunisation against influenza with a new subunit vaccine tested on children at risk (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of Sandovac, a new subunit vaccine, was tested in 104 children and juveniles aged 2 1/4 to 17 years, at five children's clinics. Sandovac 1000 was given to 39 children, Sandovac 2000 to 65. The vaccine was well tolerated, no appreciable side effects--local or systemic--having been recorded. The efficacy of Sandovac was checked by determining the antibody titre against haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in 36 children before and 28 days after vaccination with SAndovac 1000. The conversion rate with haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titres type A strain Victoria was 100% and type B strain Hong Kong 86%. The geometric mean values rose by a factor of 29 for type A and 7.4 for type B. For the neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies the factors were 3.15 with type A and 5.83 with type B. Titre increases by a factor of at least 1.5 occurred in 75 and 84%, respectively of vaccinated children.", "contents": "[Immunisation against influenza with a new subunit vaccine tested on children at risk (author's transl)]. The efficacy and tolerance of Sandovac, a new subunit vaccine, was tested in 104 children and juveniles aged 2 1/4 to 17 years, at five children's clinics. Sandovac 1000 was given to 39 children, Sandovac 2000 to 65. The vaccine was well tolerated, no appreciable side effects--local or systemic--having been recorded. The efficacy of Sandovac was checked by determining the antibody titre against haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in 36 children before and 28 days after vaccination with SAndovac 1000. The conversion rate with haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titres type A strain Victoria was 100% and type B strain Hong Kong 86%. The geometric mean values rose by a factor of 29 for type A and 7.4 for type B. For the neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies the factors were 3.15 with type A and 5.83 with type B. Titre increases by a factor of at least 1.5 occurred in 75 and 84%, respectively of vaccinated children.", "PMID": 759142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11218", "title": "[Catheter recanalization of a post-traumatic occlusion of the popliteal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "An acute occlusion of the popliteal artery occurred in an 19-year-old football player as a result of a kick into the back of the knee. Twenty months later recanalization was successfully accomplished by percutaneous transluminal catheter dilatation. It is concluded that not only atheromatous but also post-traumatic arterial occlusions can be successfully treated by this method.", "contents": "[Catheter recanalization of a post-traumatic occlusion of the popliteal artery (author's transl)]. An acute occlusion of the popliteal artery occurred in an 19-year-old football player as a result of a kick into the back of the knee. Twenty months later recanalization was successfully accomplished by percutaneous transluminal catheter dilatation. It is concluded that not only atheromatous but also post-traumatic arterial occlusions can be successfully treated by this method.", "PMID": 759143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11219", "title": "[The composition of alcoholics anonymous in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "In this, the first, enquiry of Alcoholics Anonymous in the Federal Republic of Germany, undertaken with the support of the AA organisation, nearly 1200 members of various group meetings (most of them weekly attenders) answered an extensive questionnaire, randomly distributed. The results indicate a steady growth of this self-help organisation over the years, at about 30% yearly, to a projected total of 23 000 in 1980. Comparison with similar enquiries in the USA indicates that the German AA consist of younger age-groups. No regional differences emerged from these largely group-demographic data.", "contents": "[The composition of alcoholics anonymous in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. In this, the first, enquiry of Alcoholics Anonymous in the Federal Republic of Germany, undertaken with the support of the AA organisation, nearly 1200 members of various group meetings (most of them weekly attenders) answered an extensive questionnaire, randomly distributed. The results indicate a steady growth of this self-help organisation over the years, at about 30% yearly, to a projected total of 23 000 in 1980. Comparison with similar enquiries in the USA indicates that the German AA consist of younger age-groups. No regional differences emerged from these largely group-demographic data.", "PMID": 759154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11220", "title": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-term ECG monitoring over 22 hours and exercise ECGs were performed in 72 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. 70% of the patients had ventricular arrhythmias. In 28% severe arrhythmias in the form of multifocal atopic beats and ventricular runs were demonstrated. Long-term ECG monitoring was a suitable method for detection of these arrhythmias and superior to exercise ECG. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings could not be correlated to the severity of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse syndrome (author's transl)]. Long-term ECG monitoring over 22 hours and exercise ECGs were performed in 72 patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. 70% of the patients had ventricular arrhythmias. In 28% severe arrhythmias in the form of multifocal atopic beats and ventricular runs were demonstrated. Long-term ECG monitoring was a suitable method for detection of these arrhythmias and superior to exercise ECG. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings could not be correlated to the severity of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 759155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11221", "title": "[Pseudocysts and retention cysts in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "42 cases of pancreatic cyst in acute (22 cases) pr chronic (20 cases) pancreatitis were seen between 1962 and 1976. Analysis of the case data revealed the following: (1) exact assignment of the cyst to acute or chronic pancreatitis is often possible only by long-term observation; (2) the cysts of chronic pancreatitis are not a uniform group: some (8 cases) apparently occurred in acute pancreatitis through necrotic episodes (pseudocysts), others (12 cases) by a retention mechanism; these \"retention cysts\" develop later in the course of chronic pancreatitis than the pseudocysts and produce a different clinical picture with better prognosis; (3) barium meal and retrograde cholangiopancreatography proved of diagnostic value' (4) if the cysts persist for more than six weeks operation is indicated because of the high incidence of complications.", "contents": "[Pseudocysts and retention cysts in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. 42 cases of pancreatic cyst in acute (22 cases) pr chronic (20 cases) pancreatitis were seen between 1962 and 1976. Analysis of the case data revealed the following: (1) exact assignment of the cyst to acute or chronic pancreatitis is often possible only by long-term observation; (2) the cysts of chronic pancreatitis are not a uniform group: some (8 cases) apparently occurred in acute pancreatitis through necrotic episodes (pseudocysts), others (12 cases) by a retention mechanism; these \"retention cysts\" develop later in the course of chronic pancreatitis than the pseudocysts and produce a different clinical picture with better prognosis; (3) barium meal and retrograde cholangiopancreatography proved of diagnostic value' (4) if the cysts persist for more than six weeks operation is indicated because of the high incidence of complications.", "PMID": 759156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11222", "title": "[Intravenous re-infusion of ascitic fluid in patients with treatment-resistant cirrhotic ascites (author's transl)].", "content": "Unmodified ascitic fluid was re-infused into 14 patients with treatment-resistant cirrhotic ascites. Re-infusion lasted for 41 hours, divided over five days, with an average duration of 8 3/4 hours per day. Weight reduction averaged 10.5 kg, decrease in abdominal circumference 13 cm. Urine production rose by an average of + 23.7%. Azotaemia and abnormal serum electrolytes levels tended towards normal.", "contents": "[Intravenous re-infusion of ascitic fluid in patients with treatment-resistant cirrhotic ascites (author's transl)]. Unmodified ascitic fluid was re-infused into 14 patients with treatment-resistant cirrhotic ascites. Re-infusion lasted for 41 hours, divided over five days, with an average duration of 8 3/4 hours per day. Weight reduction averaged 10.5 kg, decrease in abdominal circumference 13 cm. Urine production rose by an average of + 23.7%. Azotaemia and abnormal serum electrolytes levels tended towards normal.", "PMID": 759157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11223", "title": "[Influence of digitalis on pindolol activity in exercise-induced cardiac failure in patients with coronary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of the beta-receptor blocker pindolol (0.4 mg i.v.) was investigated alone and in combination with digitalis (moderately fast loading) in 12 patients with coronary heart disease and without manifest signs of cardiac insufficiency. These patients showed pathological increase of left ventricular filling pressure during exercise testing. The exercise-induced rise of the mean pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures were increased by pindolol. Concurrently the increase of cardiac frequency was clearly diminished during ergometry (from 107/min without pindolol to 96/min, P less than 0.005). Digoxin given orally for an average of 5 days prevented the pressure increase in the pulmonary circulation induced by pindolol during exercise testing and at rest. The frequency reducing effect of pindolol was potentiated by digitalis. Use of digitalis alone did not influence mean exercise-induced pressure increase of the pulmonary circulation. In fact in some cases deterioration of these parameters was observed.", "contents": "[Influence of digitalis on pindolol activity in exercise-induced cardiac failure in patients with coronary disease (author's transl)]. The activity of the beta-receptor blocker pindolol (0.4 mg i.v.) was investigated alone and in combination with digitalis (moderately fast loading) in 12 patients with coronary heart disease and without manifest signs of cardiac insufficiency. These patients showed pathological increase of left ventricular filling pressure during exercise testing. The exercise-induced rise of the mean pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures were increased by pindolol. Concurrently the increase of cardiac frequency was clearly diminished during ergometry (from 107/min without pindolol to 96/min, P less than 0.005). Digoxin given orally for an average of 5 days prevented the pressure increase in the pulmonary circulation induced by pindolol during exercise testing and at rest. The frequency reducing effect of pindolol was potentiated by digitalis. Use of digitalis alone did not influence mean exercise-induced pressure increase of the pulmonary circulation. In fact in some cases deterioration of these parameters was observed.", "PMID": 759158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11224", "title": "[Results of selective proximal vagotomy for gastroduodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1976 selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) was performed in 526 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and in 37 with gastric ulcer. The operative mortality was 0.18%. The post-operative course was without complication in 90%. One to five years post-operatively 75% of patients with duodenal ulcer were largely without symptoms (Visick I and II), a dumping syndrome was present in 6.5%, diarrhoea in 4.2%, gastric outlet stenosis in 1% and recurrent ulcer in 10.9% of patients who could be re-examined. Recurrent ulcer occurred in eight of 36 patients re-examined after SPV for gastric ulcer. Results of SPV so far have shown it to be a useful alternative to gastric resection in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. But its place in the treatment of gastric ulcer remains undecided.", "contents": "[Results of selective proximal vagotomy for gastroduodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. Between 1971 and 1976 selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) was performed in 526 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and in 37 with gastric ulcer. The operative mortality was 0.18%. The post-operative course was without complication in 90%. One to five years post-operatively 75% of patients with duodenal ulcer were largely without symptoms (Visick I and II), a dumping syndrome was present in 6.5%, diarrhoea in 4.2%, gastric outlet stenosis in 1% and recurrent ulcer in 10.9% of patients who could be re-examined. Recurrent ulcer occurred in eight of 36 patients re-examined after SPV for gastric ulcer. Results of SPV so far have shown it to be a useful alternative to gastric resection in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. But its place in the treatment of gastric ulcer remains undecided.", "PMID": 759164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11225", "title": "[Alteration of TSH secretion in children with goitre after short-term treatment with potassium iodide (author's transl)].", "content": "300 microgram of potassium iodide daily were administered over a period of two weeks to 12 children with goitre. Basal TSH concentrations, maximal TSH increase after TRH and integrated TSH secretion after TRH were significantly decreased in this group whereas the increase of total thyroxine (T4-RIA) did not reach significance. It appears that in the development of iodine deficiency goitre in children a sensitive feed-back system is predominant. Early administration of iodine or even better general iodinated salt prophylaxis seem to be the pathogenetically correct approach in solving the common goitre problem.", "contents": "[Alteration of TSH secretion in children with goitre after short-term treatment with potassium iodide (author's transl)]. 300 microgram of potassium iodide daily were administered over a period of two weeks to 12 children with goitre. Basal TSH concentrations, maximal TSH increase after TRH and integrated TSH secretion after TRH were significantly decreased in this group whereas the increase of total thyroxine (T4-RIA) did not reach significance. It appears that in the development of iodine deficiency goitre in children a sensitive feed-back system is predominant. Early administration of iodine or even better general iodinated salt prophylaxis seem to be the pathogenetically correct approach in solving the common goitre problem.", "PMID": 759165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11226", "title": "[Diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis involving three valves by echocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Endocarditis was suspected in a 66-year-old man who had enterococcal septicaemia. Thrombotic involvement of the mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves by the endocarditis was demonstrated by echocardiography, the diagnosis and localisation of the endocarditic deposits being confirmed at necropsy, the patient's condition making operative treatment impossible. The characteristic echocardiographic finding was of abnormal echos from the valves with largely normal valve movements. Atrial myxoma and artefacts had to be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis involving three valves by echocardiography (author's transl)]. Endocarditis was suspected in a 66-year-old man who had enterococcal septicaemia. Thrombotic involvement of the mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves by the endocarditis was demonstrated by echocardiography, the diagnosis and localisation of the endocarditic deposits being confirmed at necropsy, the patient's condition making operative treatment impossible. The characteristic echocardiographic finding was of abnormal echos from the valves with largely normal valve movements. Atrial myxoma and artefacts had to be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 759166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11227", "title": "[Upper-abdominal ultrasonography and ERCP? (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as well as upper-abdominal ultrasonography were performed on 134 patients. Organ structure was optimally demonstrated by ultrasonography in 94 patients (70.2%) and partially in 29 (21.6%) Comparing the diagnostic assessment in 62 patients who had undergone 73 tests and had subsequently been operated on (57) or examined post-mortem (5) there was a statistically significant advantage of ERCP in diseases in which the choledochal duct had been involved. The method was successful in 95% of cases of choledocholithiasis (20 cases) compared with 45% by ultrasound and in 85% of cases of gall-bladder carcinoma which also involved the choledochal duct (38% by ultrasound). In clinically manifest carcinoma of the head of the pancreas (9 cases) and cholecystolithiasis (19 cases) ultrasonography provided the correct diagnosis in 89%, while the results for ERCP were 56% and 74%, respectively.", "contents": "[Upper-abdominal ultrasonography and ERCP? (author's transl)]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as well as upper-abdominal ultrasonography were performed on 134 patients. Organ structure was optimally demonstrated by ultrasonography in 94 patients (70.2%) and partially in 29 (21.6%) Comparing the diagnostic assessment in 62 patients who had undergone 73 tests and had subsequently been operated on (57) or examined post-mortem (5) there was a statistically significant advantage of ERCP in diseases in which the choledochal duct had been involved. The method was successful in 95% of cases of choledocholithiasis (20 cases) compared with 45% by ultrasound and in 85% of cases of gall-bladder carcinoma which also involved the choledochal duct (38% by ultrasound). In clinically manifest carcinoma of the head of the pancreas (9 cases) and cholecystolithiasis (19 cases) ultrasonography provided the correct diagnosis in 89%, while the results for ERCP were 56% and 74%, respectively.", "PMID": 759175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11228", "title": "[Do aerosol propellants produce a bronchoconstrictor effect? (author's transl)].", "content": "25 asthma patients regularly showed an increase in respiratory resistance, as measured by the oscillation method, after propellant from a dosage aerosol had been sprayed into their buccal or nasal cavity. This effect, which was also seen in three laryngectomised patients, could be blocked by ipratropium bromide, an anticholinergic agent. Evidently it is due to a bronchoconstrictor reflex elicited by the local low-temperature stimulus produced by the propellant.", "contents": "[Do aerosol propellants produce a bronchoconstrictor effect? (author's transl)]. 25 asthma patients regularly showed an increase in respiratory resistance, as measured by the oscillation method, after propellant from a dosage aerosol had been sprayed into their buccal or nasal cavity. This effect, which was also seen in three laryngectomised patients, could be blocked by ipratropium bromide, an anticholinergic agent. Evidently it is due to a bronchoconstrictor reflex elicited by the local low-temperature stimulus produced by the propellant.", "PMID": 759176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11229", "title": "[Treatment of haemorrhages in a haemophiliac with factor-VIII inhibitor (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 33-year-old man with haemophilia A, due to the presence of a factor VIII inhibitor, severe bleeding followed a tooth extraction. It could not be stopped by ordinary factor-VIII substitution or administration of activated prothrombin complex. Before starting substitution treatment it was necessary to decrease the inhibitor concentration in plasma. This was possible by plasma exchange with a blood-cell separator: an exchange volume of 4 litres proved to be sufficient. The inhibitor-containing plasma was replaced by fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate. It was possible to increase the haemostatic activity of the transfused factor VIII by combination with activated prothrombin complex. The inhibitor kinetics remained uninfluenced. A delayed plasmapheresis was without effect as a result of an antibody booster by previous factor-VIII substitution.", "contents": "[Treatment of haemorrhages in a haemophiliac with factor-VIII inhibitor (author's transl)]. In a 33-year-old man with haemophilia A, due to the presence of a factor VIII inhibitor, severe bleeding followed a tooth extraction. It could not be stopped by ordinary factor-VIII substitution or administration of activated prothrombin complex. Before starting substitution treatment it was necessary to decrease the inhibitor concentration in plasma. This was possible by plasma exchange with a blood-cell separator: an exchange volume of 4 litres proved to be sufficient. The inhibitor-containing plasma was replaced by fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate. It was possible to increase the haemostatic activity of the transfused factor VIII by combination with activated prothrombin complex. The inhibitor kinetics remained uninfluenced. A delayed plasmapheresis was without effect as a result of an antibody booster by previous factor-VIII substitution.", "PMID": 759178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11230", "title": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency with overflow of metabolites of isoleucine catabolism at all levels.", "content": "An 11-year old girl with spastic paraplegia and mental retardation has suffered from attacks of metabolic acidosis since the age of 18 months. \"Ketotic hyperglycinemia\" was diagnosed when she was 3 years old. Reinvestigation at 9 1/2 years included a two-day load with L-isoleucine, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase assay in cultured fibroblasts. The following compounds increased following the load: 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, 3-hydroxy-n-valeric acid, 3-oxo-n-valeric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxobutyric acid, 2-oxo-3-methylvaleric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid, N-tiglylglycine, methylcitric acid and butanone. Small amounts of alloisoleucine appeared in plasma. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency was suggested by this metabolite pattern and demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency with overflow of metabolites of isoleucine catabolism at all levels. An 11-year old girl with spastic paraplegia and mental retardation has suffered from attacks of metabolic acidosis since the age of 18 months. \"Ketotic hyperglycinemia\" was diagnosed when she was 3 years old. Reinvestigation at 9 1/2 years included a two-day load with L-isoleucine, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase assay in cultured fibroblasts. The following compounds increased following the load: 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, 3-hydroxy-n-valeric acid, 3-oxo-n-valeric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxobutyric acid, 2-oxo-3-methylvaleric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid, N-tiglylglycine, methylcitric acid and butanone. Small amounts of alloisoleucine appeared in plasma. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency was suggested by this metabolite pattern and demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 759179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11231", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis and growth retardation in children: treatment with human growth hormone.", "content": "Twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease associated with growth failure were treated with human growth hormone, 7.5 to 17 U/m2 body surface per week. Five patients did not respond with better growth. In the remainder the mean growth rate increased from 1.9 cm/year (range: 0 to 3.3) to 6.2 cm/year (range: 3.6 to 12) over 5 to 7 months. Twelve patients treated for longer periods increased their mean growth rate from 2.6 cm/year (range: 0.7 to 5.7) to 6.3 cm/year (range: 2.4 to 9.7) and continued to grow during a second year of treatment. Growth velocity decreased in 6 patients when the hGH therapy was discontinued. The causes for this improvement in growth are possibly multifactorial: the growth rate is depressed by the severity of the disease and high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Increases of growth rate occurred during improvements in the disease, reduction of steroid medication, as a result of therapy with human growth hormone, and because of puberty in some patients. Human growth hormone seemed to improve the underlying condition of four of the patients but had no influence on the disease in the remaining children.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis and growth retardation in children: treatment with human growth hormone. Twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease associated with growth failure were treated with human growth hormone, 7.5 to 17 U/m2 body surface per week. Five patients did not respond with better growth. In the remainder the mean growth rate increased from 1.9 cm/year (range: 0 to 3.3) to 6.2 cm/year (range: 3.6 to 12) over 5 to 7 months. Twelve patients treated for longer periods increased their mean growth rate from 2.6 cm/year (range: 0.7 to 5.7) to 6.3 cm/year (range: 2.4 to 9.7) and continued to grow during a second year of treatment. Growth velocity decreased in 6 patients when the hGH therapy was discontinued. The causes for this improvement in growth are possibly multifactorial: the growth rate is depressed by the severity of the disease and high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Increases of growth rate occurred during improvements in the disease, reduction of steroid medication, as a result of therapy with human growth hormone, and because of puberty in some patients. Human growth hormone seemed to improve the underlying condition of four of the patients but had no influence on the disease in the remaining children.", "PMID": 759180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11232", "title": "Lactose intolerance associated with cataracts.", "content": "A 50-day-old boy with severe lactose intolerance is described. In addition to vomiting, failure to thrive, dehydration, metabolic acidosis and amino aciduria, bilateral cataracts were also found. At three months of age, a computerized axial tomography scan and an electroencephalogram were abnormal, and myoclonic spasms began at the age of seven months.", "contents": "Lactose intolerance associated with cataracts. A 50-day-old boy with severe lactose intolerance is described. In addition to vomiting, failure to thrive, dehydration, metabolic acidosis and amino aciduria, bilateral cataracts were also found. At three months of age, a computerized axial tomography scan and an electroencephalogram were abnormal, and myoclonic spasms began at the age of seven months.", "PMID": 759181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11233", "title": "Acute bone marrow necrosis caused by streptococcal infection.", "content": "An 8 year old boy with a furuncle on the dorsum of the right foot, high fever, severe pain in the right knee joint, slight hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was admitted with the working diagnosis of acute leukemia. However, an abundance of necrotic cells, together with clusters of streptococci, could be demonstrated in the bone marrow aspirate. After antibiotic therapy the boy recovered completely.", "contents": "Acute bone marrow necrosis caused by streptococcal infection. An 8 year old boy with a furuncle on the dorsum of the right foot, high fever, severe pain in the right knee joint, slight hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was admitted with the working diagnosis of acute leukemia. However, an abundance of necrotic cells, together with clusters of streptococci, could be demonstrated in the bone marrow aspirate. After antibiotic therapy the boy recovered completely.", "PMID": 759182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11234", "title": "Parachute mitral valve, coarctation of aorta, radius aplasia, and omphalocele in an infant with the trisomy 18 syndrome.", "content": "A premature infant with trisomy 18 had cardiac defects including parachute mitral valve, coarctation of the aorta, and a subcristal ventricular septal defect. The parachute mitral valve was funnel-shaped with a moderately-thick cone of fibrous tissue around the annulus and an eccentric orifice. Many forms of congenital cardiac defects have been described in the 18 trisomy syndrome. However, parachute mitral valve has not, to our knowledge, been part of the spectrum of cardiac defects in trisomy 18. Other anomalies were absent radii, omphalocele, and cleft palate and cleft lip; these have been observed previously in the 18 trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "Parachute mitral valve, coarctation of aorta, radius aplasia, and omphalocele in an infant with the trisomy 18 syndrome. A premature infant with trisomy 18 had cardiac defects including parachute mitral valve, coarctation of the aorta, and a subcristal ventricular septal defect. The parachute mitral valve was funnel-shaped with a moderately-thick cone of fibrous tissue around the annulus and an eccentric orifice. Many forms of congenital cardiac defects have been described in the 18 trisomy syndrome. However, parachute mitral valve has not, to our knowledge, been part of the spectrum of cardiac defects in trisomy 18. Other anomalies were absent radii, omphalocele, and cleft palate and cleft lip; these have been observed previously in the 18 trisomy syndrome.", "PMID": 759183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11235", "title": "Effect of digoxin on left ventricular contractility in newborns and infants estimated by echocardiography.", "content": "In view of the known susceptibility of newborns to digoxin intoxication this study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of a relatively low digoxin dose on left ventricular contractility of newborn infants. Left ventricular ejection time, enddiastolic diameter and endsystolic diameter were measured by echocardiography before digitalization as well as between 2 and 4 h after the first digoxin dose (group 1 : 16 patients) or after full digitalization (group 2 : 12 patients). From these data, shortening fraction (SF) and mean velocity of fiber shortening (mean Vcf) were calculated. We found that SF and mean Vcf increased significantly in both groups after the first digoxin dose and after full digitalization. The increase was equal in newborns and infants. The mean plasma digoxin concentration after full digitalization was 2.2 ng/ml (range 0.7--4.4 ng/ml). These results demonstrate clearly the positive inotropic effect of a relatively low digoxin dose in newborns.", "contents": "Effect of digoxin on left ventricular contractility in newborns and infants estimated by echocardiography. In view of the known susceptibility of newborns to digoxin intoxication this study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of a relatively low digoxin dose on left ventricular contractility of newborn infants. Left ventricular ejection time, enddiastolic diameter and endsystolic diameter were measured by echocardiography before digitalization as well as between 2 and 4 h after the first digoxin dose (group 1 : 16 patients) or after full digitalization (group 2 : 12 patients). From these data, shortening fraction (SF) and mean velocity of fiber shortening (mean Vcf) were calculated. We found that SF and mean Vcf increased significantly in both groups after the first digoxin dose and after full digitalization. The increase was equal in newborns and infants. The mean plasma digoxin concentration after full digitalization was 2.2 ng/ml (range 0.7--4.4 ng/ml). These results demonstrate clearly the positive inotropic effect of a relatively low digoxin dose in newborns.", "PMID": 759184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11236", "title": "His bundle block and concealed His bundle premature depolarization.", "content": "His bundle electrocardiograms were recorded from a patient with previously unexplained PR prolongations or shortenings suggestive of both type I and II second degree AV block. The conduction disturbances were due to the association of concealed His bundle depolarizations (H') not propagated to atria or ventricles with first degree AV block in the His bundle. These data strongly suggest that frequent spontaneous His bundle depolarizations are another manifestation of a disease process involving the His bundle, a kind of \"Sick--His bundle syndrome\".", "contents": "His bundle block and concealed His bundle premature depolarization. His bundle electrocardiograms were recorded from a patient with previously unexplained PR prolongations or shortenings suggestive of both type I and II second degree AV block. The conduction disturbances were due to the association of concealed His bundle depolarizations (H') not propagated to atria or ventricles with first degree AV block in the His bundle. These data strongly suggest that frequent spontaneous His bundle depolarizations are another manifestation of a disease process involving the His bundle, a kind of \"Sick--His bundle syndrome\".", "PMID": 759185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11237", "title": "Clinical assessment of infarct size by serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase activity.", "content": "Infarct size (IS) was estimated from serial total creatine phosphokinase (CK) changes in 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Anteroseptal and inferior MI involved a relatively small mass of myocardium (16.0 +/- 6.4 and 24.7 +/- 10.0 CK-g-eq respectively); anteroapical and inferoposterior MI had an average IS of 35.9 +/- 15.9 and 32.8 +/- 13.8 CK-g-eq respectively (NS); extensive anterior and inferoposterolateral MI had an average IS of 57.8 +/- 20.1 and 51.1 +/- 11.5 CK-g-eq respectively (NS). Left ventricular failure (LVF) correlated with estimated IS and not with location of the infarct. In patients with an IS ranging from 30 to 50 CK-g-eq, the incidence of LVF was 33%. In patients with an IS greater than 50 CK-g-eq, the incidence of LVF was 65%. Out of the 6 patients who died, 3 had an IS greater than 60 CK-g-eq. 3 groups of patients could be identified from the duration of the CK release time: in group I (mean = 20 +/l h; n = 61), infarct size was highly correlated with peak CK activity (r = 0.93); in group II (mean = 39 +/- 7 h; n = 17) the correlation between IS and peak CK activity was poor (r = 0.59) and might indicate a gradual necrosis; in group III (n = 4) patients with reinfarction showed a second peak on the descending limb of the CK activity curve. Follow-up information was available in 96% of the 76 survivors. At the end of the follow-up (18.1 +/- 10.8 mth) IS was not significantly different in patients with LVF (42.7 +/- 17.5 CK-g-eq) and in those without LVF (34.7 +/- 19.7 CK-g-eq).", "contents": "Clinical assessment of infarct size by serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Infarct size (IS) was estimated from serial total creatine phosphokinase (CK) changes in 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Anteroseptal and inferior MI involved a relatively small mass of myocardium (16.0 +/- 6.4 and 24.7 +/- 10.0 CK-g-eq respectively); anteroapical and inferoposterior MI had an average IS of 35.9 +/- 15.9 and 32.8 +/- 13.8 CK-g-eq respectively (NS); extensive anterior and inferoposterolateral MI had an average IS of 57.8 +/- 20.1 and 51.1 +/- 11.5 CK-g-eq respectively (NS). Left ventricular failure (LVF) correlated with estimated IS and not with location of the infarct. In patients with an IS ranging from 30 to 50 CK-g-eq, the incidence of LVF was 33%. In patients with an IS greater than 50 CK-g-eq, the incidence of LVF was 65%. Out of the 6 patients who died, 3 had an IS greater than 60 CK-g-eq. 3 groups of patients could be identified from the duration of the CK release time: in group I (mean = 20 +/l h; n = 61), infarct size was highly correlated with peak CK activity (r = 0.93); in group II (mean = 39 +/- 7 h; n = 17) the correlation between IS and peak CK activity was poor (r = 0.59) and might indicate a gradual necrosis; in group III (n = 4) patients with reinfarction showed a second peak on the descending limb of the CK activity curve. Follow-up information was available in 96% of the 76 survivors. At the end of the follow-up (18.1 +/- 10.8 mth) IS was not significantly different in patients with LVF (42.7 +/- 17.5 CK-g-eq) and in those without LVF (34.7 +/- 19.7 CK-g-eq).", "PMID": 759186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11238", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly: late results of surgical correction.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1976, 10 severely disabled patients with Ebstein's anomaly were operated on at the National Heart Hospital using replacement of the tricuspid valve with mounted aortic homografts [9] or dura mater valve [1], plication of the atrialized right ventricle [10], and closure of an associated interatrail communication. 7 survivors have been followed up from 2 to 9 yr. 5 are asymptomatic. Symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation developed in 2 patients; from a paravalvar leak of the tricuspid homograft in one, and in the other calcification with stenosis in an irradiated homograft, 2.5 and 7.5 yr later. Permanent pacemakers were needed in 2 patients, 3 wk and 18 mth after surgery for symptomatic heart block. Despite corrective surgery for the structural abnormalities in Ebstein, late results remain influenced by disorders of rhythm and conduction disturbances, degenerative changes in the valves used for replacement and the intrinsic primary myocardial disease. Such \"corrective\" procedures in patients with Ebstein's anomaly can result in maintained symptomatic improvement but must be regarded as palliative surgery.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly: late results of surgical correction. Between 1969 and 1976, 10 severely disabled patients with Ebstein's anomaly were operated on at the National Heart Hospital using replacement of the tricuspid valve with mounted aortic homografts [9] or dura mater valve [1], plication of the atrialized right ventricle [10], and closure of an associated interatrail communication. 7 survivors have been followed up from 2 to 9 yr. 5 are asymptomatic. Symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation developed in 2 patients; from a paravalvar leak of the tricuspid homograft in one, and in the other calcification with stenosis in an irradiated homograft, 2.5 and 7.5 yr later. Permanent pacemakers were needed in 2 patients, 3 wk and 18 mth after surgery for symptomatic heart block. Despite corrective surgery for the structural abnormalities in Ebstein, late results remain influenced by disorders of rhythm and conduction disturbances, degenerative changes in the valves used for replacement and the intrinsic primary myocardial disease. Such \"corrective\" procedures in patients with Ebstein's anomaly can result in maintained symptomatic improvement but must be regarded as palliative surgery.", "PMID": 759187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11239", "title": "The reduction by training of CO2 output during exercise.", "content": "5 men underwent a 10-wk endurance training programme which resulted in an 18% increase in max VO2 from a mean of 3.1 l/min. Measurements were made at 2 submaximal O2 intakes of 1.2 and 2.0 l/min to examine the physiological interdependence of mechanisms changed by training. At both levels of VO2, reductions were observed following training in cardiac frequency (fc), CO2 output (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), ventilation (VE), alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (A-aPO2) and blood lactate (La); the changes were statistically significant at the higher VO2. No change was observed in cardiac output, blood free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glycerol (gly). A small increase was found in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and HCO3-. Changes in fc were not significantly related to changes in other variables. The reductions in La were related to falls in VCO2 and VE, and inversely related to increases in PaCO2. Only a portion of the fall in R could be ascribed to increased usage of fat as a fuel, the main factor being a fall in lactate production. Reductions in A-aPO2 were due to decreases in PAO2 and falls in R, with no change in venous admixture. Changes in FFA and gly were small and not related to changes in other variables. Training led to an increased usage of aerobic metabolic pathways. The resultant fall in lactic acid production led to a fall in VCO2 and maintained HCO3-. These changes accounted for a marked reduction in VE following training.", "contents": "The reduction by training of CO2 output during exercise. 5 men underwent a 10-wk endurance training programme which resulted in an 18% increase in max VO2 from a mean of 3.1 l/min. Measurements were made at 2 submaximal O2 intakes of 1.2 and 2.0 l/min to examine the physiological interdependence of mechanisms changed by training. At both levels of VO2, reductions were observed following training in cardiac frequency (fc), CO2 output (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), ventilation (VE), alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (A-aPO2) and blood lactate (La); the changes were statistically significant at the higher VO2. No change was observed in cardiac output, blood free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glycerol (gly). A small increase was found in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and HCO3-. Changes in fc were not significantly related to changes in other variables. The reductions in La were related to falls in VCO2 and VE, and inversely related to increases in PaCO2. Only a portion of the fall in R could be ascribed to increased usage of fat as a fuel, the main factor being a fall in lactate production. Reductions in A-aPO2 were due to decreases in PAO2 and falls in R, with no change in venous admixture. Changes in FFA and gly were small and not related to changes in other variables. Training led to an increased usage of aerobic metabolic pathways. The resultant fall in lactic acid production led to a fall in VCO2 and maintained HCO3-. These changes accounted for a marked reduction in VE following training.", "PMID": 759188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11240", "title": "Prevalence and significance of the fourth heart sound (S4) in presumably healthy middle-aged men, with particular relation to latent coronary heart disease.", "content": "As part of a cardiovascular survey phonocardiography and auscultation concentrating on the presence/absence of S4 were studied prospectively in 1714 presumably healthy men aged 40--59 yr. The following conclusions were reached: (1) routine phonocardiograms revealed an S4 in greater than 50%; (2) auscultation suggested the presence of S4 in greater than 30%; (3) interobserver variation was approximately 1/6 in the blind interprelation of the phonocardiograms by 2 observers; (4) approximately 3/4 of reported audible S4s were correctly identified; (5) a direct association between S4 and the length of the PQ (PR) interval was found, and (6) a positive association between higher blood pressure and S4, but (7) no association to age, latent coronary heart disease (CHD) nor various CHD risk factors. Thus an S4 is of little diagnostic value in screening of apparently healthy middle-aged subjects, but probably is not a completely innocent finding as suggested recently by some investigators.", "contents": "Prevalence and significance of the fourth heart sound (S4) in presumably healthy middle-aged men, with particular relation to latent coronary heart disease. As part of a cardiovascular survey phonocardiography and auscultation concentrating on the presence/absence of S4 were studied prospectively in 1714 presumably healthy men aged 40--59 yr. The following conclusions were reached: (1) routine phonocardiograms revealed an S4 in greater than 50%; (2) auscultation suggested the presence of S4 in greater than 30%; (3) interobserver variation was approximately 1/6 in the blind interprelation of the phonocardiograms by 2 observers; (4) approximately 3/4 of reported audible S4s were correctly identified; (5) a direct association between S4 and the length of the PQ (PR) interval was found, and (6) a positive association between higher blood pressure and S4, but (7) no association to age, latent coronary heart disease (CHD) nor various CHD risk factors. Thus an S4 is of little diagnostic value in screening of apparently healthy middle-aged subjects, but probably is not a completely innocent finding as suggested recently by some investigators.", "PMID": 759189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11241", "title": "The effect of a new calcium antagonist (Ro 11-1781) on the cardiac conduction system in man.", "content": "Using His bundle electrograms and atrial pacing the effects of Ro 11-1781, a new calcium antagonist, was studied in 13 patients with normal A--V conduction. Following an intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg Ro 11-1781 the A--V nodal conduction time (A--H interval) was prolonged in all patients during sinus rhythm, atrial incremental and premature pacing. Wenckebach periods above the bundle of His occurred at lower atrial driving rates following the drug. The functional and effective refractory period of the A--V node were prolonged after the administration of Ro 11-1781. No significant effect of Ro 11-1781 on the remainder of the conduction system was observed. Heart rate and the corrected sinus node recovery time changed variably. The increase of the A--H time in response to Ro 11-1781 was completely reversed by Atropine.", "contents": "The effect of a new calcium antagonist (Ro 11-1781) on the cardiac conduction system in man. Using His bundle electrograms and atrial pacing the effects of Ro 11-1781, a new calcium antagonist, was studied in 13 patients with normal A--V conduction. Following an intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg Ro 11-1781 the A--V nodal conduction time (A--H interval) was prolonged in all patients during sinus rhythm, atrial incremental and premature pacing. Wenckebach periods above the bundle of His occurred at lower atrial driving rates following the drug. The functional and effective refractory period of the A--V node were prolonged after the administration of Ro 11-1781. No significant effect of Ro 11-1781 on the remainder of the conduction system was observed. Heart rate and the corrected sinus node recovery time changed variably. The increase of the A--H time in response to Ro 11-1781 was completely reversed by Atropine.", "PMID": 759190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11242", "title": "Ventricular preexcitation due to anomalous nodo-ventricular pathways: report of 3 patients.", "content": "3 patients with paroxysmal palpitations had surface electrocardiographic evidence of type B preexcitation with a small positive delta wave in lead V1. At study all patients had an abnormally short H-V interval. Programmed atrial premature stimuli at progressively shorter coupling intervals resulted in prolongation of AV conduction time and increasing preexcitation. In 2 patients early atrial premature stimuli elicited atrial echo beats or sustained tachycardia with preexcited QRS complexes. In these patients the accessory pathway did not appear to be involved in the tachycardia circuit. It is postulated that the site of reentry is within the AV node with preexcitation occurring as the result of conduction in an anomalous node-ventricular pathway. In the 3rd patient, preexcitation occurred within a restricted range of coupling intervals of an atrial premature stimulus. The electrophysiological responses of nodo-ventricular and His-ventricular pathways to atrial stimulation are compared and contrasted.", "contents": "Ventricular preexcitation due to anomalous nodo-ventricular pathways: report of 3 patients. 3 patients with paroxysmal palpitations had surface electrocardiographic evidence of type B preexcitation with a small positive delta wave in lead V1. At study all patients had an abnormally short H-V interval. Programmed atrial premature stimuli at progressively shorter coupling intervals resulted in prolongation of AV conduction time and increasing preexcitation. In 2 patients early atrial premature stimuli elicited atrial echo beats or sustained tachycardia with preexcited QRS complexes. In these patients the accessory pathway did not appear to be involved in the tachycardia circuit. It is postulated that the site of reentry is within the AV node with preexcitation occurring as the result of conduction in an anomalous node-ventricular pathway. In the 3rd patient, preexcitation occurred within a restricted range of coupling intervals of an atrial premature stimulus. The electrophysiological responses of nodo-ventricular and His-ventricular pathways to atrial stimulation are compared and contrasted.", "PMID": 759191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11243", "title": "Congenitally complete heart block with an interrupted M\u00f6nckeberg sling.", "content": "The conducting tissues are described in a case of congenitally corrected transposition. The patient was known to have suffered from congenital complete atrioventricular block. In the heart, both anterior and posterior nodes and bundles were found to coexist. The two bundles shared a common bifurcation. Neither of the two nodes connected with their respective bundles. The different morphology of the two sites of fibrous interruption may be explained by differences in embryonic development.", "contents": "Congenitally complete heart block with an interrupted M\u00f6nckeberg sling. The conducting tissues are described in a case of congenitally corrected transposition. The patient was known to have suffered from congenital complete atrioventricular block. In the heart, both anterior and posterior nodes and bundles were found to coexist. The two bundles shared a common bifurcation. Neither of the two nodes connected with their respective bundles. The different morphology of the two sites of fibrous interruption may be explained by differences in embryonic development.", "PMID": 759193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11244", "title": "The influence of dopamine on active sodium transport across frog skin measured as short circuit current.", "content": "The influence of dopamine (DA) on short circuit current (SCC) across isolated Rana esculenta skin was studied to determine whethera a DA receptor system exists in that cell membrane model and what is the influence of DA on SCC. Experiments were carried out with both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers and cocaine present in the Ringer solution. DA in cumulative doses added to the inner Ringer solution stimulated SCC in a dose-dependent manner. Apomorphine (10(-5) M) shifted the DA dose--response curve to the left and increased the maximum DA response. Haloperidol (10(-9) M) antagonized the effects of the DA depressing maximum response as well. Imidazole (10(-8) M and 10(-9) M) antagonized the influence of DA in a manner similar to haloperidol. It appeared that there were DA receptors in frog skin and that haloperidol as well as imidazole were DA antagonists which acted non-competitively.", "contents": "The influence of dopamine on active sodium transport across frog skin measured as short circuit current. The influence of dopamine (DA) on short circuit current (SCC) across isolated Rana esculenta skin was studied to determine whethera a DA receptor system exists in that cell membrane model and what is the influence of DA on SCC. Experiments were carried out with both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers and cocaine present in the Ringer solution. DA in cumulative doses added to the inner Ringer solution stimulated SCC in a dose-dependent manner. Apomorphine (10(-5) M) shifted the DA dose--response curve to the left and increased the maximum DA response. Haloperidol (10(-9) M) antagonized the effects of the DA depressing maximum response as well. Imidazole (10(-8) M and 10(-9) M) antagonized the influence of DA in a manner similar to haloperidol. It appeared that there were DA receptors in frog skin and that haloperidol as well as imidazole were DA antagonists which acted non-competitively.", "PMID": 759194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11245", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of some anesthetics in the decerebrate rat.", "content": "The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of pentobarbital, ketamine, chloralose and urethane were studied in decerebrate rats. All the anesthetics reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Pentobarbital, chloralose and ketamine, but not urethane, reduced respiratory rate. None of these agents had a significant effect on tidal volume. All these anesthetics significantly attenuated the carotid occlusion, tilt and sodium cyanide chemo-receptor response. These results suggest that the decerebrate rat may be a more suitable preparation, compared to the anesthetized one, for studying cardiovascular and respiratory responses in this species.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of some anesthetics in the decerebrate rat. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of pentobarbital, ketamine, chloralose and urethane were studied in decerebrate rats. All the anesthetics reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Pentobarbital, chloralose and ketamine, but not urethane, reduced respiratory rate. None of these agents had a significant effect on tidal volume. All these anesthetics significantly attenuated the carotid occlusion, tilt and sodium cyanide chemo-receptor response. These results suggest that the decerebrate rat may be a more suitable preparation, compared to the anesthetized one, for studying cardiovascular and respiratory responses in this species.", "PMID": 759195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11246", "title": "Use of the rabbit transverse stomach-strip to identify and assay prostacyclin, PGA2, PGD2 and other prostaglandins.", "content": "The preparation and use of the rabbit transverse stomachstrip as an isolated assay tissue for prostaglandins is described. The tissue is relaxed by low concentrations of PGE2, PGA2 and PGD2 and contracted by prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGF2alpha. The decomposition product of prostacyclin, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, has little effect, whereas the endoperoxide PGH2 and thromboxane A2 cause a small contraction. Arachidonic acid also contracts the tissue and this response is abolished by indomethacin. This tissue also responds to low concentrations of histamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and bradykinin. In conjunction with other bioassay tissues such as the rat stomach strip and rabbit coeliac artery, the rabbit transverse stomach strip provides a convenient method of detection of identification of known arachidonic acid metabolites.", "contents": "Use of the rabbit transverse stomach-strip to identify and assay prostacyclin, PGA2, PGD2 and other prostaglandins. The preparation and use of the rabbit transverse stomachstrip as an isolated assay tissue for prostaglandins is described. The tissue is relaxed by low concentrations of PGE2, PGA2 and PGD2 and contracted by prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGF2alpha. The decomposition product of prostacyclin, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, has little effect, whereas the endoperoxide PGH2 and thromboxane A2 cause a small contraction. Arachidonic acid also contracts the tissue and this response is abolished by indomethacin. This tissue also responds to low concentrations of histamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and bradykinin. In conjunction with other bioassay tissues such as the rat stomach strip and rabbit coeliac artery, the rabbit transverse stomach strip provides a convenient method of detection of identification of known arachidonic acid metabolites.", "PMID": 759196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11247", "title": "Effects of chemical sympathectomy on hypertension and stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Neonates of male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on two different schedules. Peripheral sympathectomy, which was evaluated by the pressor response to exogenous noradrenaline (NA) or by the decrease in NA content of the spleen, was more evident in the NB-8 group (treated on 8th and 15th day after birth) than in the NB-1 group (treated at 6, 24 and 72 h after birth). The reduction of the NA content in the cerebral cortex was more prominent in the NB-1 group than in the NB-8 group. The blood pressure from 7 to 23 weeks of age was lower in the treated groups: NB-8 less than NB-1 less than control. Therefore, the reduction of blood pressure in the treated groups could be related to the severity of peripheral sympathectomy. The incidence of sroke was also lower in the treated groups: 38, 11 and 0% in the control NB-1 and NB-8 groups, respectively. Loading with 1% NaCl solution from 11 weeks of age enhanced the rise in blood pressure and increased the incidence of stroke in each group of rats: 100, 20 and 40% in the control. NB-1 and NB-8 groups, respectively. However, the onset of stroke after exhibiting a severe hypertension (greater than 200 mmHg) was delayed in the treated groups. It seems that the activated tone in the peripheral sympathetic nerve is likely to participate in the development of spontaneous hypertension. In addition to the high blood pressure level, the activated tone of sympathetic nerve innervating the cerebral vasculature may be partly involved in the development of stroke in the new strain of the SHR rats, SHRSP.", "contents": "Effects of chemical sympathectomy on hypertension and stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neonates of male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on two different schedules. Peripheral sympathectomy, which was evaluated by the pressor response to exogenous noradrenaline (NA) or by the decrease in NA content of the spleen, was more evident in the NB-8 group (treated on 8th and 15th day after birth) than in the NB-1 group (treated at 6, 24 and 72 h after birth). The reduction of the NA content in the cerebral cortex was more prominent in the NB-1 group than in the NB-8 group. The blood pressure from 7 to 23 weeks of age was lower in the treated groups: NB-8 less than NB-1 less than control. Therefore, the reduction of blood pressure in the treated groups could be related to the severity of peripheral sympathectomy. The incidence of sroke was also lower in the treated groups: 38, 11 and 0% in the control NB-1 and NB-8 groups, respectively. Loading with 1% NaCl solution from 11 weeks of age enhanced the rise in blood pressure and increased the incidence of stroke in each group of rats: 100, 20 and 40% in the control. NB-1 and NB-8 groups, respectively. However, the onset of stroke after exhibiting a severe hypertension (greater than 200 mmHg) was delayed in the treated groups. It seems that the activated tone in the peripheral sympathetic nerve is likely to participate in the development of spontaneous hypertension. In addition to the high blood pressure level, the activated tone of sympathetic nerve innervating the cerebral vasculature may be partly involved in the development of stroke in the new strain of the SHR rats, SHRSP.", "PMID": 759197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11248", "title": "Renal effects of propranolol, practolol and butoxamine in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats.", "content": "The renal effects of the beta-adrenergic blockers, propranolol, practolol and butoxamine, were examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. All the beta-blockers, infused i.v., increased urine volume (V), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) and p-aminohippuric acid clearance without change in inulin clearance. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, did not affect the renal effects of these beta-blockers. Phentolamine abolished the renal effects of practolol, but not those of propranolol and butoxamine. Haloperidol abolished the renal effects of propranolol and butoxamine, but not those of practolol. A high correlation was found between the increased UNaV and the increased urinary phosphate excretion by butoxamine but not by propranolol and practolol. Therefore, it is suggested that alpha-adrenergic stimulation is involved in the mechanism of diuresis by practolol, a beta1-blocker, and that dopaminergic stimulation is involved in the diuresis caused by butoxamine, a beta2-blocker. Propranolol is similar to butoxamine, and partially similar to practolol.", "contents": "Renal effects of propranolol, practolol and butoxamine in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The renal effects of the beta-adrenergic blockers, propranolol, practolol and butoxamine, were examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. All the beta-blockers, infused i.v., increased urine volume (V), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) and p-aminohippuric acid clearance without change in inulin clearance. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, did not affect the renal effects of these beta-blockers. Phentolamine abolished the renal effects of practolol, but not those of propranolol and butoxamine. Haloperidol abolished the renal effects of propranolol and butoxamine, but not those of practolol. A high correlation was found between the increased UNaV and the increased urinary phosphate excretion by butoxamine but not by propranolol and practolol. Therefore, it is suggested that alpha-adrenergic stimulation is involved in the mechanism of diuresis by practolol, a beta1-blocker, and that dopaminergic stimulation is involved in the diuresis caused by butoxamine, a beta2-blocker. Propranolol is similar to butoxamine, and partially similar to practolol.", "PMID": 759198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11249", "title": "GABA-mediated potentiation of amine release from nigrostriatal dopamine neurones in vitro.", "content": "The uptake and release of 3H-dopamine was studied in slices of corpus striatum and substantia nigra in the presence of nialamide. High potassium triggered the outflow of tritium in both brain structures and this release was potentiated by GABA in a dose related fashion, whereas the spontaneous overflow of radioactivity was unchanged. This action of GABA was mimicked by the GABA-T antagonists aminooxyacetic acid and ethanolamine-O-sulphate, but not by the GABA analogues muscimol, 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyrate or beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA. The response to GABA was not blocked by picotoxin, which itself facilitated the evoked release of 3H-dopamine, nor by bicuculline or the omission of calcium ions from the bathing medium. GABA facilitation of K+-evoked 3H-dopamine release was increased significantly on reducing tissue thickness and following prolonged incubation with GABA. GABA also potentiated the depolarization induced outflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine and 3H-histamine without affecting their initial accumulation. Veratridine, amphetamine and cold dopamine also raised the output of 3H-dopamine, but none of these releases was altered by GABA. The uptake of 3H-dopamine, but not that of 14C-GABA, was considerably attenuated in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned corpora striata. The possible mechanism(s) of this stimulatory action of GABA is discussed.", "contents": "GABA-mediated potentiation of amine release from nigrostriatal dopamine neurones in vitro. The uptake and release of 3H-dopamine was studied in slices of corpus striatum and substantia nigra in the presence of nialamide. High potassium triggered the outflow of tritium in both brain structures and this release was potentiated by GABA in a dose related fashion, whereas the spontaneous overflow of radioactivity was unchanged. This action of GABA was mimicked by the GABA-T antagonists aminooxyacetic acid and ethanolamine-O-sulphate, but not by the GABA analogues muscimol, 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyrate or beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA. The response to GABA was not blocked by picotoxin, which itself facilitated the evoked release of 3H-dopamine, nor by bicuculline or the omission of calcium ions from the bathing medium. GABA facilitation of K+-evoked 3H-dopamine release was increased significantly on reducing tissue thickness and following prolonged incubation with GABA. GABA also potentiated the depolarization induced outflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine and 3H-histamine without affecting their initial accumulation. Veratridine, amphetamine and cold dopamine also raised the output of 3H-dopamine, but none of these releases was altered by GABA. The uptake of 3H-dopamine, but not that of 14C-GABA, was considerably attenuated in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned corpora striata. The possible mechanism(s) of this stimulatory action of GABA is discussed.", "PMID": 759200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11250", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue on canine renal function, hemodynamics and renin release.", "content": "We studied the effect of a stable, cyclic ether analogue of prostaglandin endoperoxide (EPA) on canine renal function, hemodynamics, and renin release. Infusion of EPA into one renal artery decreased renal blood flow in a dose dependent manner. At a dose of 10(-7) g/kg/min the renal blood flow decreased from a baseline of 384 to 267 ml/min/100 g. This flow decrease was unaltered by phentolamine and saralasin, but was potentiated by prior treatment with indomethacin. Urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium, and potassium excretion all decreased in a dose dependent manner; however, neigher fractional excretion of sodium nor free water clearance showed any significant change, making direct tubular effects of EPA unlikely. EPA caused a significant increase in renin release that was completely blocked by prior treatment with indomethacin. We conclude that EPA is a potent renal vasoconstrictor and that this vasoconstriction is responsible for the renal functional changes observed. Renin release is not a direct effect of EPA but probably is secondary to an endogenously generated prostaglandin. Since EPA mimics the effects of natural prostaglandin endoperoxides on smooth muscle in vitro, it is possible that prostaglandin endoperoxide-induced vasoconstriction in vivo modulates the effects of their vasodilatory products, prostaglandin E2 and I2.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue on canine renal function, hemodynamics and renin release. We studied the effect of a stable, cyclic ether analogue of prostaglandin endoperoxide (EPA) on canine renal function, hemodynamics, and renin release. Infusion of EPA into one renal artery decreased renal blood flow in a dose dependent manner. At a dose of 10(-7) g/kg/min the renal blood flow decreased from a baseline of 384 to 267 ml/min/100 g. This flow decrease was unaltered by phentolamine and saralasin, but was potentiated by prior treatment with indomethacin. Urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium, and potassium excretion all decreased in a dose dependent manner; however, neigher fractional excretion of sodium nor free water clearance showed any significant change, making direct tubular effects of EPA unlikely. EPA caused a significant increase in renin release that was completely blocked by prior treatment with indomethacin. We conclude that EPA is a potent renal vasoconstrictor and that this vasoconstriction is responsible for the renal functional changes observed. Renin release is not a direct effect of EPA but probably is secondary to an endogenously generated prostaglandin. Since EPA mimics the effects of natural prostaglandin endoperoxides on smooth muscle in vitro, it is possible that prostaglandin endoperoxide-induced vasoconstriction in vivo modulates the effects of their vasodilatory products, prostaglandin E2 and I2.", "PMID": 759201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11251", "title": "Enhanced naloxone potency and the development of narcotic tolerance.", "content": "When various biogenic amine modifying drugs were administered to mice which were pretreated with morphine, none of the drugs except atropine and haloperidol altered the usual doubling of the naloxone efficacy which is observed in morphine-pretreated mice. Atropine appeared to decrease the potency of naloxone. Haloperidol, which did not alter naloxone potency in normal mice, further increased the naloxone potency in morphine-pretreated mice. When the biogenic amine modifiers were injected chronically to mice during the development of morphine tolerance, again none of the drugs, except haloperidol and atropine altered the development of tolerance. Haloperidol appeared to enhance and atropine to inhibit the degree of tolerance. These results indicate that it is the alteration in the narcotic-induced enhancement of naloxone potency and not the mere alteration of noloxone potency by various drugs, which can be used as an indicator of the alterations in the development of tolerance.", "contents": "Enhanced naloxone potency and the development of narcotic tolerance. When various biogenic amine modifying drugs were administered to mice which were pretreated with morphine, none of the drugs except atropine and haloperidol altered the usual doubling of the naloxone efficacy which is observed in morphine-pretreated mice. Atropine appeared to decrease the potency of naloxone. Haloperidol, which did not alter naloxone potency in normal mice, further increased the naloxone potency in morphine-pretreated mice. When the biogenic amine modifiers were injected chronically to mice during the development of morphine tolerance, again none of the drugs, except haloperidol and atropine altered the development of tolerance. Haloperidol appeared to enhance and atropine to inhibit the degree of tolerance. These results indicate that it is the alteration in the narcotic-induced enhancement of naloxone potency and not the mere alteration of noloxone potency by various drugs, which can be used as an indicator of the alterations in the development of tolerance.", "PMID": 759202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11252", "title": "Kinetics of somatostatin inhibition of pentagastrin-stimualted gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Dogs with gastric fistulae and denervated gastric pouches received graded doses of pentagastrin with and without a background infusion of somatostatin (1 microgram kg-1 h-1). Similarly, graded doses of somatostatin (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 microgram kg-1 h-1) were infused after a steady state gastric secretion had been achieved with pentagastrin (1.5 microgram kg-1 h-1), about twice the dose required to produce half maximal (D50) response. Somatostatin inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion with competitive inhibition kinetics, but its precise site of action remains uncertain. The minimum effective dose of somatostatin on a twice D50 dose of pentagastrin was 0.25 microgram kg-1 h-1.", "contents": "Kinetics of somatostatin inhibition of pentagastrin-stimualted gastric acid secretion. Dogs with gastric fistulae and denervated gastric pouches received graded doses of pentagastrin with and without a background infusion of somatostatin (1 microgram kg-1 h-1). Similarly, graded doses of somatostatin (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 microgram kg-1 h-1) were infused after a steady state gastric secretion had been achieved with pentagastrin (1.5 microgram kg-1 h-1), about twice the dose required to produce half maximal (D50) response. Somatostatin inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion with competitive inhibition kinetics, but its precise site of action remains uncertain. The minimum effective dose of somatostatin on a twice D50 dose of pentagastrin was 0.25 microgram kg-1 h-1.", "PMID": 759203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11253", "title": "Alternative mechanisms for the potentiation of the relaxation evoked by isoprenaline in aortae from young and aged rats.", "content": "The action of cinnarizine and flunarizine on the relaxant effect of isoprenaline was studied in the isolated rat aorta and was compared with the action of papaverine. The results show that isoprenaline-induced relaxation and K+ contraction were reduced. On the contrary, in the presence of papaverine, isoprenaline relaxation and K+ contraction were reduced. On the contrary, in the presence of papaverine, isoprenaline relaxation was enhanced by cinnarizine and flunarizine at concentrations which were lower that those required for inducing an inhibition of the contraction evoked by K+ in the presence of 1.25 mM CaCl2; with concentrations higher than 10(-8) M both isoprenaline relaxation was enhanced and K+ contraction was depressed in a dose-dependent manner. In aged rats, isoprenaline-induced relaxation was tachyphylactic. The tachyphylaxis was prevented by cinnarizine and flunarizine. The present observations indicate that several processes might be responsible for potentiating isoprenaline action.", "contents": "Alternative mechanisms for the potentiation of the relaxation evoked by isoprenaline in aortae from young and aged rats. The action of cinnarizine and flunarizine on the relaxant effect of isoprenaline was studied in the isolated rat aorta and was compared with the action of papaverine. The results show that isoprenaline-induced relaxation and K+ contraction were reduced. On the contrary, in the presence of papaverine, isoprenaline relaxation and K+ contraction were reduced. On the contrary, in the presence of papaverine, isoprenaline relaxation was enhanced by cinnarizine and flunarizine at concentrations which were lower that those required for inducing an inhibition of the contraction evoked by K+ in the presence of 1.25 mM CaCl2; with concentrations higher than 10(-8) M both isoprenaline relaxation was enhanced and K+ contraction was depressed in a dose-dependent manner. In aged rats, isoprenaline-induced relaxation was tachyphylactic. The tachyphylaxis was prevented by cinnarizine and flunarizine. The present observations indicate that several processes might be responsible for potentiating isoprenaline action.", "PMID": 759204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11254", "title": "A comparison of the inhibitory effect of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and calcium-evoked contraction of isolated rabbit aorta and mesenteric arteries.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and Ca-induced contraction of the rabbit thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries have been compared. Papaverine was equally effective in reducing the contractile response evoked from both thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries by the two modes of stimulation. Cinnarizine blocked the Ca-evoked contraction of the depolarized vessels but was less effective against the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the mesenteric arteries and even failed to antagonize the response of the thoracic aorta to noradrenaline. In Ca-free medium noradrenaline (10-5 M) evoked a fast non-sustained contraction. After readmission of CaCl2 a slow sustained contraction developed. In mesenteric arteries exposed to noradrenaline, cinnarizine selectively blocked the Ca0 dependent response while papaverine inhibited the initial fast response more than the Ca0 dependent one. These results suggest that cinnarizine and papaverine antagonize vascular contraction by different mechanisms. Cinnarizine seems to act by reducing membrane permeability to extracellular calcium. Papaverine inhibits the contraction by a main action on intracellular sequestration of activator calcium and to a lesser degree by an action similar to that of cinnarizine.", "contents": "A comparison of the inhibitory effect of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and calcium-evoked contraction of isolated rabbit aorta and mesenteric arteries. The inhibitory effects of cinnarizine and papaverine on the noradrenaline- and Ca-induced contraction of the rabbit thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries have been compared. Papaverine was equally effective in reducing the contractile response evoked from both thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries by the two modes of stimulation. Cinnarizine blocked the Ca-evoked contraction of the depolarized vessels but was less effective against the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the mesenteric arteries and even failed to antagonize the response of the thoracic aorta to noradrenaline. In Ca-free medium noradrenaline (10-5 M) evoked a fast non-sustained contraction. After readmission of CaCl2 a slow sustained contraction developed. In mesenteric arteries exposed to noradrenaline, cinnarizine selectively blocked the Ca0 dependent response while papaverine inhibited the initial fast response more than the Ca0 dependent one. These results suggest that cinnarizine and papaverine antagonize vascular contraction by different mechanisms. Cinnarizine seems to act by reducing membrane permeability to extracellular calcium. Papaverine inhibits the contraction by a main action on intracellular sequestration of activator calcium and to a lesser degree by an action similar to that of cinnarizine.", "PMID": 759205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11255", "title": "The effect of clonidine on centrally and peripherally evoked submaxillary salivation.", "content": "In anaesthetised cats, clonidine (10 microgram/kg, i.v.) produced a 60% reduction in submaxillary salivation induced by brain stem stimulation at 10 and 15 Hz and reductions of 35 and 15% in salivation evoked by chorda tympani nerve stimulation at 5 and 15 Hz respectively. Pretreatment with clonidine (20 microgram/kg/day, orally) for 28 days reduced peripherally evoked salivation by 45%. These results suggest that both central and peripheral mechanisms are involved in the diminished salivation produced by clonidine, and the reduction on peripheral stimulation may reflect the presence of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors inhibiting cholinergic transmission.", "contents": "The effect of clonidine on centrally and peripherally evoked submaxillary salivation. In anaesthetised cats, clonidine (10 microgram/kg, i.v.) produced a 60% reduction in submaxillary salivation induced by brain stem stimulation at 10 and 15 Hz and reductions of 35 and 15% in salivation evoked by chorda tympani nerve stimulation at 5 and 15 Hz respectively. Pretreatment with clonidine (20 microgram/kg/day, orally) for 28 days reduced peripherally evoked salivation by 45%. These results suggest that both central and peripheral mechanisms are involved in the diminished salivation produced by clonidine, and the reduction on peripheral stimulation may reflect the presence of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors inhibiting cholinergic transmission.", "PMID": 759206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11256", "title": "In vivo rate of serotonin synthesis in brain and spinal cord of young, spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) following decarboxylase inhibition was measured in hypothalamus (HYP), pons-medulla (PM) and spinal cord (SC) of 4- and 8-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Using this method, a significant increase in the in vivo activity of tryptophan hydroxylase was observed in the PM and SC of 4-week-old, but not 8-week-old SH rats. These findings show a transient elevation in rate of 5-HT synthesis prior to the onset of hypertension, which does not appear to continue during the maintenance phase.", "contents": "In vivo rate of serotonin synthesis in brain and spinal cord of young, spontaneously hypertensive rats. The accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) following decarboxylase inhibition was measured in hypothalamus (HYP), pons-medulla (PM) and spinal cord (SC) of 4- and 8-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Using this method, a significant increase in the in vivo activity of tryptophan hydroxylase was observed in the PM and SC of 4-week-old, but not 8-week-old SH rats. These findings show a transient elevation in rate of 5-HT synthesis prior to the onset of hypertension, which does not appear to continue during the maintenance phase.", "PMID": 759207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11257", "title": "Vestibular, auditory, and somatic input to the posterior thalamus of the cat.", "content": "The responses of 157 neural units in the magnocellular (mc) and parvocellular (pc) components of the medial geniculate nucleus (MG) and other nuclei of the posterior (PO) thalamic group were recorded and analyzed. Units were tested for a response to electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve, natural auditory and electrical cochlear nerve stimulation, and natural stimulation of joint, muscle, and cutaneous receptors of the limbs, trunk, and neck (somatic stimulation). Only 45% of the units responded to these stimuli. Twenty-four percent of the responsive units were multimodal, responding to more than one stimulus. All multimodal units were activated by auditory stimuli. More units responding to vestibular stimulation were found in mcMG than in pcMG or other components of the PO group. Potentials evoked by vestibular nerve stimulation were recorded in all 3 regions with latencies of 5--25 msec. No evidence was found for a thalamic relay from vestibular nerve to cortex in the area investigated, since the recorded latency for activity from vestibular nerve stimulation was longer than the latency of responses recorded in the cortex. This region of the thalamus appears to be important for reception of auditory information and integration with vestibular and somatic modalities.", "contents": "Vestibular, auditory, and somatic input to the posterior thalamus of the cat. The responses of 157 neural units in the magnocellular (mc) and parvocellular (pc) components of the medial geniculate nucleus (MG) and other nuclei of the posterior (PO) thalamic group were recorded and analyzed. Units were tested for a response to electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve, natural auditory and electrical cochlear nerve stimulation, and natural stimulation of joint, muscle, and cutaneous receptors of the limbs, trunk, and neck (somatic stimulation). Only 45% of the units responded to these stimuli. Twenty-four percent of the responsive units were multimodal, responding to more than one stimulus. All multimodal units were activated by auditory stimuli. More units responding to vestibular stimulation were found in mcMG than in pcMG or other components of the PO group. Potentials evoked by vestibular nerve stimulation were recorded in all 3 regions with latencies of 5--25 msec. No evidence was found for a thalamic relay from vestibular nerve to cortex in the area investigated, since the recorded latency for activity from vestibular nerve stimulation was longer than the latency of responses recorded in the cortex. This region of the thalamus appears to be important for reception of auditory information and integration with vestibular and somatic modalities.", "PMID": 759217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11258", "title": "Morphological features of physiologically identified hypothalamic neurons as revealed by intracellular marking.", "content": "In the in vitro slice preparation intracellular recordings and injections of procion yellow (PY) were made in neurons of the hypothalamus. Of these neurons, one medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPO-AH) and four arcuate-ventromedial hypothalamus (ARC-VM) neurons were driven by electrical stimulation of the median eminence area (ME). Two other MPO-AH and five other ARC-VM neurons were driven by stimulation of the stria terminalis (ST). On the basis of the PY injections two morphologically distinct cell types were delineated: a larger multipolar cell type with a polygonal perikaryon was found with equal frequency in the MPO-AH and the ARC-VM. A smaller fusiform cell type was encountered mainly in the ARC-VM. On the secondary dendrites of both cell types spine-like appendages were seldom seen, but dendritic swellings were common. Some of the dendrites projected to capillaries in both areas and presumably contacted them. The axons were usually tortuous and could only be traced a short distance.", "contents": "Morphological features of physiologically identified hypothalamic neurons as revealed by intracellular marking. In the in vitro slice preparation intracellular recordings and injections of procion yellow (PY) were made in neurons of the hypothalamus. Of these neurons, one medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPO-AH) and four arcuate-ventromedial hypothalamus (ARC-VM) neurons were driven by electrical stimulation of the median eminence area (ME). Two other MPO-AH and five other ARC-VM neurons were driven by stimulation of the stria terminalis (ST). On the basis of the PY injections two morphologically distinct cell types were delineated: a larger multipolar cell type with a polygonal perikaryon was found with equal frequency in the MPO-AH and the ARC-VM. A smaller fusiform cell type was encountered mainly in the ARC-VM. On the secondary dendrites of both cell types spine-like appendages were seldom seen, but dendritic swellings were common. Some of the dendrites projected to capillaries in both areas and presumably contacted them. The axons were usually tortuous and could only be traced a short distance.", "PMID": 759218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11259", "title": "Behavioural studies of spatial vision in cats reared with convergent squint: is amblyopia due to arrest of development?", "content": "Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured behaviourally in normal adult cats and cats reared with monocular convergent squint from 3, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks of age. The visual acuity of the squinting eye was significantly lower than that of the non-squinting eye in cats with squint from 3, 6, and 8 weeks of age. No significant difference in acuity between eyes was found in the 12- and 24-week squinting cats and in the controls. Contrast thresholds at all spatial frequencies tested (range 0.13--2.0 c/degrees) were higher in the squinting eye than in the non-squinting eye of cats with squint from 3 and 6 weeks of age, but differences were greater at the higher spatial frequencies. In the 8-week squinting cat, contrast thresholds were increased only at higher spatial frequencies. No significant differences in contrast sensitivity were found in the cat with squint from 24 weeks of age and in the controls. The degree of disturbance of spatial vision in squinting cats was most related to the age at onset of the squint, i.e., the earlier the onset, the more profound the amblyopia. The period of susceptibility extended from about 3 to 12 weeks of age. When compared with data on the development of visual acuity in kittens, the pattern of results from the present study suggests that convergent squint can arrest the development of spatial vision.", "contents": "Behavioural studies of spatial vision in cats reared with convergent squint: is amblyopia due to arrest of development? Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured behaviourally in normal adult cats and cats reared with monocular convergent squint from 3, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks of age. The visual acuity of the squinting eye was significantly lower than that of the non-squinting eye in cats with squint from 3, 6, and 8 weeks of age. No significant difference in acuity between eyes was found in the 12- and 24-week squinting cats and in the controls. Contrast thresholds at all spatial frequencies tested (range 0.13--2.0 c/degrees) were higher in the squinting eye than in the non-squinting eye of cats with squint from 3 and 6 weeks of age, but differences were greater at the higher spatial frequencies. In the 8-week squinting cat, contrast thresholds were increased only at higher spatial frequencies. No significant differences in contrast sensitivity were found in the cat with squint from 24 weeks of age and in the controls. The degree of disturbance of spatial vision in squinting cats was most related to the age at onset of the squint, i.e., the earlier the onset, the more profound the amblyopia. The period of susceptibility extended from about 3 to 12 weeks of age. When compared with data on the development of visual acuity in kittens, the pattern of results from the present study suggests that convergent squint can arrest the development of spatial vision.", "PMID": 759219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11260", "title": "Coding of small sinusoidal frequency and amplitude modulations in the inferior colliculus of 'CF-FM' bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.", "content": "Single neurons in the inferior colliculus of the Greater Horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, showed two broad categories of response patterns to sinusoidally frequency (SFM) or amplitude (SAM) modulated stimuli. Tonic responding cells (best excitatory frequency (BEF) between 10 and 90 kHz) showed a rough sinusoidal modulation of the discharge pattern to SFM. Transient responding neurons generally showing on- or off-responses to pure tones, (BEF between 65 and 88 kHz), displayed highly synchronized discharge patterns to SFM-cycles (Fig. 1). Modulation rates between 20 and 100 Hz were most effective and some neurons encoded modulation rates up to 350 Hz (Figs. 2 and 3). The SFM responses were best synchronized to the modulation envelope for center frequencies in the upper portion of the tuning curve (Figs. 4 and 5). Sharply tuned neurons with BEF around 80 kHz had the lowest threshold for modulation depth (+/- 10 Hz or 0.025%) (Fig. 6). In general, SAMs evoked the same type of response patterns and were encoded down to modulation index of 3% (Fig. 7). The fine frequency and amplitude discriminations for periodical modulations by collicular neurons is discussed as related to the detection and discrimination performance of bats, when preying on flying insects in clustered surroundings.", "contents": "Coding of small sinusoidal frequency and amplitude modulations in the inferior colliculus of 'CF-FM' bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Single neurons in the inferior colliculus of the Greater Horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, showed two broad categories of response patterns to sinusoidally frequency (SFM) or amplitude (SAM) modulated stimuli. Tonic responding cells (best excitatory frequency (BEF) between 10 and 90 kHz) showed a rough sinusoidal modulation of the discharge pattern to SFM. Transient responding neurons generally showing on- or off-responses to pure tones, (BEF between 65 and 88 kHz), displayed highly synchronized discharge patterns to SFM-cycles (Fig. 1). Modulation rates between 20 and 100 Hz were most effective and some neurons encoded modulation rates up to 350 Hz (Figs. 2 and 3). The SFM responses were best synchronized to the modulation envelope for center frequencies in the upper portion of the tuning curve (Figs. 4 and 5). Sharply tuned neurons with BEF around 80 kHz had the lowest threshold for modulation depth (+/- 10 Hz or 0.025%) (Fig. 6). In general, SAMs evoked the same type of response patterns and were encoded down to modulation index of 3% (Fig. 7). The fine frequency and amplitude discriminations for periodical modulations by collicular neurons is discussed as related to the detection and discrimination performance of bats, when preying on flying insects in clustered surroundings.", "PMID": 759220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11261", "title": "The role of binocular neurons in the cat striate cortex in combining information from the two eyes.", "content": "Cats were raised under conditions of daily alternating monocular exposure, so that each eye received normal input, but the animals were never allowed to use both eyes simultaneously. With single cell recording techniques it could be shown that this led to a severe disturbance of the normal binocularity of cortical neurons. The cats were trained by operant techniques in a two-choice box to discriminate with each eye non-retinotopic stimulus pairs. To test the ability to combine binocular signals it was tested whether the learned discrimination would transfer to red/green colored stimuli which were viewed dichoptically through appropriately colored contract lenses. The arrangement was such that the positive stimulus could be distinguished from the negative stimuli only when the signals from both eyes were combined and used simultaneously. All cats showed immediate transfer, from the monocularly learned discrimination task to the dichoptic paradigm. This indicates that the presence of a normal population of binocular cortical cells in area 17 is not a prerequisite for the ability to use binocular cues for the solution of a pattern discrimination task.", "contents": "The role of binocular neurons in the cat striate cortex in combining information from the two eyes. Cats were raised under conditions of daily alternating monocular exposure, so that each eye received normal input, but the animals were never allowed to use both eyes simultaneously. With single cell recording techniques it could be shown that this led to a severe disturbance of the normal binocularity of cortical neurons. The cats were trained by operant techniques in a two-choice box to discriminate with each eye non-retinotopic stimulus pairs. To test the ability to combine binocular signals it was tested whether the learned discrimination would transfer to red/green colored stimuli which were viewed dichoptically through appropriately colored contract lenses. The arrangement was such that the positive stimulus could be distinguished from the negative stimuli only when the signals from both eyes were combined and used simultaneously. All cats showed immediate transfer, from the monocularly learned discrimination task to the dichoptic paradigm. This indicates that the presence of a normal population of binocular cortical cells in area 17 is not a prerequisite for the ability to use binocular cues for the solution of a pattern discrimination task.", "PMID": 759221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11262", "title": "Distribution of thalamo-caudate neurons in the cat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Distribution of thalamocaudate neurons in the cat was examined by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. After injection of HRP into the head of the caudate nucleus (Cd), thalamic neurons labeled with HRP were observed mainly in the rhomboid nucleus (Rh), central medial nucleus (Ce), centre m\u00e9dian-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) as well as in the midline and intralaminar regions surrounding the mediodorsal nucleus (MD). Distribution of HRP-labeled neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) were localized in the medial parts of the nucleus. Many HRP-labeled neurons were also seen in the substantia nigra (SN) and retrorubral nucleus (Rr). Additionally, HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ventrolateral portions of the anteromedial nucleus (AM), lateral portions of the MD, ventral tegmental area of Tsai (vT) and the midline raphe nuclei, such as the rostral lineal (rL), central lineal (cL) and dorsal raphe (dR) nuclei.", "contents": "Distribution of thalamo-caudate neurons in the cat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase. Distribution of thalamocaudate neurons in the cat was examined by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. After injection of HRP into the head of the caudate nucleus (Cd), thalamic neurons labeled with HRP were observed mainly in the rhomboid nucleus (Rh), central medial nucleus (Ce), centre m\u00e9dian-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) as well as in the midline and intralaminar regions surrounding the mediodorsal nucleus (MD). Distribution of HRP-labeled neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) were localized in the medial parts of the nucleus. Many HRP-labeled neurons were also seen in the substantia nigra (SN) and retrorubral nucleus (Rr). Additionally, HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ventrolateral portions of the anteromedial nucleus (AM), lateral portions of the MD, ventral tegmental area of Tsai (vT) and the midline raphe nuclei, such as the rostral lineal (rL), central lineal (cL) and dorsal raphe (dR) nuclei.", "PMID": 759222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11263", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical observations on the distribution of exogenous dihydroisoquinoline in the rat brain.", "content": "The distribution of fluorescence in the rat brain after i.p. or intracerebral (i.c.) injections of a fluorescent dihydroisoquinoline derivate of dopamine was studied. After low i.p. doses (50 mg/kg of body weight) the fluorescence was totally confined to the capillary endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex, neostriatum, and substantia nigra (Sn). After large i.p. doses (500 mg/kg) fluorescent material was also present in the neuropil of all the regions studied and some cells of the cerebral cortex and SN. Ater injections to the neostriatum or SN fluorescence was observed in the endothelial cells and some small to medium-sized rounded cells in both regions. A conspicious dark area contrasting with the background fluorescence was constantly present around capillaries, and this area was in contact with nonfluorescent multibranched cells of astrocytic type. In fluorescent cells the fluorescence was present both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical observations on the distribution of exogenous dihydroisoquinoline in the rat brain. The distribution of fluorescence in the rat brain after i.p. or intracerebral (i.c.) injections of a fluorescent dihydroisoquinoline derivate of dopamine was studied. After low i.p. doses (50 mg/kg of body weight) the fluorescence was totally confined to the capillary endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex, neostriatum, and substantia nigra (Sn). After large i.p. doses (500 mg/kg) fluorescent material was also present in the neuropil of all the regions studied and some cells of the cerebral cortex and SN. Ater injections to the neostriatum or SN fluorescence was observed in the endothelial cells and some small to medium-sized rounded cells in both regions. A conspicious dark area contrasting with the background fluorescence was constantly present around capillaries, and this area was in contact with nonfluorescent multibranched cells of astrocytic type. In fluorescent cells the fluorescence was present both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.", "PMID": 759223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11264", "title": "Characteristics of wrist joint receptors in the cat.", "content": "A branch of the dorsal interosseous nerve is described, which innervates the dorsal aspect of the wrist joint capsule of the cat. Recordings of the whole wrist joint nerve showed no tonic activity until the wrist was flexed to within 45 degrees of full flexion (about one third of the normal range). There was no tonic activity at full extension or at intermediate postions. 110 single afferents from the wrist joint capsule were isolated from dorsal root filaments. Their responses to movement of the wrist and other mechanical stimuli were examined, and their conduction velocities measured. 31 were slowly adapting, 41 were phasic, 9 were Pacinian corpuscle-like, 7 were weakly activated, and 22 were not activated by the mechanical stimuli which were used. Slowly adapting receptors responded only when the joint was in a flexed position as would be expected from the whole nerve data. Conduction velocities for the 4 classes of responding mechanoreceptors were not significantly different, and fell in the group II range. Fibre diameter histograms of myelinated axons in the wrist joint nerve showed peaks in the group II and group III range. Intravenous injection of succinylcholine showed no increase in whole nerve activity attributable to muscle spindles, and had a negligible effect on identified receptors in the wrist joint capsule.", "contents": "Characteristics of wrist joint receptors in the cat. A branch of the dorsal interosseous nerve is described, which innervates the dorsal aspect of the wrist joint capsule of the cat. Recordings of the whole wrist joint nerve showed no tonic activity until the wrist was flexed to within 45 degrees of full flexion (about one third of the normal range). There was no tonic activity at full extension or at intermediate postions. 110 single afferents from the wrist joint capsule were isolated from dorsal root filaments. Their responses to movement of the wrist and other mechanical stimuli were examined, and their conduction velocities measured. 31 were slowly adapting, 41 were phasic, 9 were Pacinian corpuscle-like, 7 were weakly activated, and 22 were not activated by the mechanical stimuli which were used. Slowly adapting receptors responded only when the joint was in a flexed position as would be expected from the whole nerve data. Conduction velocities for the 4 classes of responding mechanoreceptors were not significantly different, and fell in the group II range. Fibre diameter histograms of myelinated axons in the wrist joint nerve showed peaks in the group II and group III range. Intravenous injection of succinylcholine showed no increase in whole nerve activity attributable to muscle spindles, and had a negligible effect on identified receptors in the wrist joint capsule.", "PMID": 759224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11265", "title": "Potential noradrenergic regulation of serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus.", "content": "Pharmacological and morphological evidence suggests that the functional activity of serotonergic neurons may be regulated by catecholamines. We have attempted to reveal a potential pathway by which this interaction might occur. Rats received bilateral knife cut lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle which severed the A-1 and A-2 cell body contributions to this projection. Controls received a sham lesion into the cerebellum. Two weeks later all animals were sacrificed, and norepinephrine and serotonin levels were measured in discrete nuclei of the brain. Lesion placement was confirmed histofluorometrically. Serotonin levels in the median raphe nucleus were significantly reduced by 40%, but levels of serotonin were unaffected in the dorsal raphe nucleus and 8 serotonergic terminal regions. The lesions did not affect levels of norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus, cingulate cortex, or habenula. This study suggests that a noradrenergic projection to the median raphe nucleus from the A-1 and A-2 cell body groups may modulate serotonergic neuronal function.", "contents": "Potential noradrenergic regulation of serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus. Pharmacological and morphological evidence suggests that the functional activity of serotonergic neurons may be regulated by catecholamines. We have attempted to reveal a potential pathway by which this interaction might occur. Rats received bilateral knife cut lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle which severed the A-1 and A-2 cell body contributions to this projection. Controls received a sham lesion into the cerebellum. Two weeks later all animals were sacrificed, and norepinephrine and serotonin levels were measured in discrete nuclei of the brain. Lesion placement was confirmed histofluorometrically. Serotonin levels in the median raphe nucleus were significantly reduced by 40%, but levels of serotonin were unaffected in the dorsal raphe nucleus and 8 serotonergic terminal regions. The lesions did not affect levels of norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus, cingulate cortex, or habenula. This study suggests that a noradrenergic projection to the median raphe nucleus from the A-1 and A-2 cell body groups may modulate serotonergic neuronal function.", "PMID": 759225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11266", "title": "Compartments in the striatum of the cat observed by retrograde cell labeling.", "content": "The distribution of neurons giving rise to striatal efferent projections has been studied in the cat by the aid of Mesulam's histochemical methods following large injections of horseradish peroxidase into the pallidum and substantia nigra. The findings suggest that neurons of medium size form a major fraction of the efferent neurons of the striatum and that these neurons are grouped into geometrically complex, three-dimensional networks.", "contents": "Compartments in the striatum of the cat observed by retrograde cell labeling. The distribution of neurons giving rise to striatal efferent projections has been studied in the cat by the aid of Mesulam's histochemical methods following large injections of horseradish peroxidase into the pallidum and substantia nigra. The findings suggest that neurons of medium size form a major fraction of the efferent neurons of the striatum and that these neurons are grouped into geometrically complex, three-dimensional networks.", "PMID": 759226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11267", "title": "Coding of visual information by units in the cat cerebellar vermis.", "content": "Extracellular records were made of the responses to precisely controlled stationary or moving visual stimuli of 174 units in the cerebellar vermis of cats anaesthetised with chloralose. Identified Purkinje cells and unidentified units responsed similarly. Responses to ON and to OFF steps of a stationary light bar had different characteristics. Some units showed changes in the form of their ON responses related to different positions of the stimulus in their large receptive fields. In some cases changes in response latency from different field positions were also noted. Some units responded only to binocular stimulation and others gave much larger responses to binocular than to monocular stimulation. In addition, some were sensitive to the relative retinal disparity of images and, of these, several were sensitive to vertical as well as to horizontal retinal disparity. Sinusoidally-moving light bars gave responses consisting of one or two bursts of impulses per cycle; the most effective frequency was about 3 Hz. These responses may represent detection of the instant of maximum velocity. The relatively precise coding of retinal disparity in spite of the large size of receptive fields and the coding of position within these large fields is discussed. A possible function for the disparity-sensitive units in the control of vergence is suggested and the relation of this control to visual depth detection and to the estimation of the absolute distance of objects from the animal is discussed.", "contents": "Coding of visual information by units in the cat cerebellar vermis. Extracellular records were made of the responses to precisely controlled stationary or moving visual stimuli of 174 units in the cerebellar vermis of cats anaesthetised with chloralose. Identified Purkinje cells and unidentified units responsed similarly. Responses to ON and to OFF steps of a stationary light bar had different characteristics. Some units showed changes in the form of their ON responses related to different positions of the stimulus in their large receptive fields. In some cases changes in response latency from different field positions were also noted. Some units responded only to binocular stimulation and others gave much larger responses to binocular than to monocular stimulation. In addition, some were sensitive to the relative retinal disparity of images and, of these, several were sensitive to vertical as well as to horizontal retinal disparity. Sinusoidally-moving light bars gave responses consisting of one or two bursts of impulses per cycle; the most effective frequency was about 3 Hz. These responses may represent detection of the instant of maximum velocity. The relatively precise coding of retinal disparity in spite of the large size of receptive fields and the coding of position within these large fields is discussed. A possible function for the disparity-sensitive units in the control of vergence is suggested and the relation of this control to visual depth detection and to the estimation of the absolute distance of objects from the animal is discussed.", "PMID": 759227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11268", "title": "Series ventilation, diffusion in airways, and stratified inhomogeneity.", "content": "Functional inhomogeneity in lungs, meaning local variance of PCO2 and PO2 in alveolar space, may be of parallel and/or series nature. The effects of both kinds of inhomogeneity are qualitatively similar (decrease of the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange) and difficult to differentiate by experimental analysis. As far as diffusive mixing is concerned, methods specifically suited for detection and quantification of stratified inhomogeneities are based on separation of multiple test gases of differing diffusivity. The results of studies by such methods indicate that for alveolar O2 exchange the resistance attributable to stratification is in most cases less than the reciprocal pulmonary diffusing capacity for O2. In the conventional analysis of alveolar gas exchange, effects of stratification would contribute to alveolar dead space ventilation or would be incorporated in the pulmonary diffusing capacity.", "contents": "Series ventilation, diffusion in airways, and stratified inhomogeneity. Functional inhomogeneity in lungs, meaning local variance of PCO2 and PO2 in alveolar space, may be of parallel and/or series nature. The effects of both kinds of inhomogeneity are qualitatively similar (decrease of the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange) and difficult to differentiate by experimental analysis. As far as diffusive mixing is concerned, methods specifically suited for detection and quantification of stratified inhomogeneities are based on separation of multiple test gases of differing diffusivity. The results of studies by such methods indicate that for alveolar O2 exchange the resistance attributable to stratification is in most cases less than the reciprocal pulmonary diffusing capacity for O2. In the conventional analysis of alveolar gas exchange, effects of stratification would contribute to alveolar dead space ventilation or would be incorporated in the pulmonary diffusing capacity.", "PMID": 759232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11269", "title": "Collateral ventilation.", "content": "Ventilation may bypass obstructed airways through collateral channels, including interalveolar pores of Kohn, bronchiole-alveolar communications of Lambert, and interbronchiolar pathways of Martin. Resistance through these channels, like resistance through small airways, increases with decreasing lung volume and with hypocapnia. But whereas the distention of collateral channels and small airways by a variety of factors is similar, the efficiency of ventilation through collateral channels is less than the efficiency through airways. Gas inspired through collateral channels is contaminated with alveolar gas from surrounding lung so that the dead space for collateral ventilation is increased. When one part of the lung ventilates out of phase with the surrounding lung, pulmonary interdependence promotes more homogeneous ventilation. In the presence of airways obstruction, interdependence may be a primary factor governing the rate of collateral ventilation. In man, collateral ventilation is unimportant in normal lungs. However, with disease, it may be critical in producing or compensating for abnormalities. For example, the long time constant for collateral ventilation in the middle lobe may be responsible for atelectasis, which results in the middle lobe syndrome. On the other hand, the short time constant for collateral ventilation in emphysema may be essential for the distribution of ventilation beyond obstructed airways.", "contents": "Collateral ventilation. Ventilation may bypass obstructed airways through collateral channels, including interalveolar pores of Kohn, bronchiole-alveolar communications of Lambert, and interbronchiolar pathways of Martin. Resistance through these channels, like resistance through small airways, increases with decreasing lung volume and with hypocapnia. But whereas the distention of collateral channels and small airways by a variety of factors is similar, the efficiency of ventilation through collateral channels is less than the efficiency through airways. Gas inspired through collateral channels is contaminated with alveolar gas from surrounding lung so that the dead space for collateral ventilation is increased. When one part of the lung ventilates out of phase with the surrounding lung, pulmonary interdependence promotes more homogeneous ventilation. In the presence of airways obstruction, interdependence may be a primary factor governing the rate of collateral ventilation. In man, collateral ventilation is unimportant in normal lungs. However, with disease, it may be critical in producing or compensating for abnormalities. For example, the long time constant for collateral ventilation in the middle lobe may be responsible for atelectasis, which results in the middle lobe syndrome. On the other hand, the short time constant for collateral ventilation in emphysema may be essential for the distribution of ventilation beyond obstructed airways.", "PMID": 759233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11270", "title": "Phylogeny of fever.", "content": "Vertebrates from fishes through mammals develop fevers in response to infection with various species of bacteria. In all vertebrates studied, these fevers were reduced by administering drugs known for their antipyretic properties in mammals. Based on the many similarities in the febrile response among the various vertebrate classes, it appears likely that fever is a primitive immunological response that has had a long phylogenetic history. The widespread occurrence of fever, an energetically expensive phenomenon, is further support for the hypothesis that fever is adaptive (beneficial to the infected host).", "contents": "Phylogeny of fever. Vertebrates from fishes through mammals develop fevers in response to infection with various species of bacteria. In all vertebrates studied, these fevers were reduced by administering drugs known for their antipyretic properties in mammals. Based on the many similarities in the febrile response among the various vertebrate classes, it appears likely that fever is a primitive immunological response that has had a long phylogenetic history. The widespread occurrence of fever, an energetically expensive phenomenon, is further support for the hypothesis that fever is adaptive (beneficial to the infected host).", "PMID": 759235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11271", "title": "Ontogeny of fever.", "content": "The newborn of the sheep and the guinea pig are refractory to bacterial pyrogen. The newborn lamb does not get fever and the newborn guinea pig only gets fever to large doses of intravenous bacterial endotoxin. It would appear that the lack of febrile response to endotoxin occurs beyond the stage of production of endogenous pyrogen and may represent either an immaturity of the brain mechanisms for heat production and heat conservation, which are driven by endogenous pyrogen, or, as evidence is presented, there may be a circulating endogenous antipyretic substance present in the circulation of the newborn lamb and there is evidence that such a substance is present in the circulation of the ewe close to term. Possible relevance of these findings to lack of fever in the infected human neonate is discussed.", "contents": "Ontogeny of fever. The newborn of the sheep and the guinea pig are refractory to bacterial pyrogen. The newborn lamb does not get fever and the newborn guinea pig only gets fever to large doses of intravenous bacterial endotoxin. It would appear that the lack of febrile response to endotoxin occurs beyond the stage of production of endogenous pyrogen and may represent either an immaturity of the brain mechanisms for heat production and heat conservation, which are driven by endogenous pyrogen, or, as evidence is presented, there may be a circulating endogenous antipyretic substance present in the circulation of the newborn lamb and there is evidence that such a substance is present in the circulation of the ewe close to term. Possible relevance of these findings to lack of fever in the infected human neonate is discussed.", "PMID": 759236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11272", "title": "Fever versus hyperthermia.", "content": "A variety of conditions that result in the elevation of body temperature are described and discussed. These hyperthermias are divided into four categories; fever, exercise hyperthermia, hyperthermias due to inadequate means of heat dissipation, and hyperthermias resulting from pathological or pharmacological impairments of thermoregulatory mechanisms. A comparison of the physical and physiological characteristics of these hyperthermias is presented and distinctions are drawn on the basis of these characteristics. Fever is shown to differ markedly from all other forms of hyperthermias. Specifically, the elevation in body temperature encountered during fever is a regulated rise that is defended by fully functional thermoregulatory mechanisms; the thermopreferendum is also elevated in fever, particularly at the onset or \"chill phase\"; and aspirin-like drugs can intervene in febrile hyperthermia and will return body temperature to its normal level. No other forms of hyperthermia possess these characteristics and thus only fever can be attributed to an upward displacement of the \"set point\" for body temperature regulation. Furthermore, in attempting to control rises in body temperature, it is apparent that aspirin is effective only in fever, while whole-body cooling is all but ineffective. In all other forms of hyperthermia, whole-body cooling is the only effective treatment.", "contents": "Fever versus hyperthermia. A variety of conditions that result in the elevation of body temperature are described and discussed. These hyperthermias are divided into four categories; fever, exercise hyperthermia, hyperthermias due to inadequate means of heat dissipation, and hyperthermias resulting from pathological or pharmacological impairments of thermoregulatory mechanisms. A comparison of the physical and physiological characteristics of these hyperthermias is presented and distinctions are drawn on the basis of these characteristics. Fever is shown to differ markedly from all other forms of hyperthermias. Specifically, the elevation in body temperature encountered during fever is a regulated rise that is defended by fully functional thermoregulatory mechanisms; the thermopreferendum is also elevated in fever, particularly at the onset or \"chill phase\"; and aspirin-like drugs can intervene in febrile hyperthermia and will return body temperature to its normal level. No other forms of hyperthermia possess these characteristics and thus only fever can be attributed to an upward displacement of the \"set point\" for body temperature regulation. Furthermore, in attempting to control rises in body temperature, it is apparent that aspirin is effective only in fever, while whole-body cooling is all but ineffective. In all other forms of hyperthermia, whole-body cooling is the only effective treatment.", "PMID": 759237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11273", "title": "Production of endogenous pyrogen.", "content": "The production and release of endogenous pyrogen by the host is the first step in the pathogenesis of fever. Endogenous pyrogen is a low-molecular-weight protein released from phagocytic leukocytes in response to several substances of diverse nature. Some of these agents stimulate production of endogenous pyrogen because they are toxic; others act as antigens and interact with either antibody or sensitized lymphocytes in order to induce its production. Some tumors of macrophage origin produce the molecule spontaneously. Whatever the mechanism involved, endogenous pyrogen is synthesized following transcription of new DNA and translation of mRNA into new protein. Once synthesis is completed, the molecule is released without significant intracellular storage. Recent evidence suggests that following release, molecular aggregates form which are biologically active. In its monomer form, endogenous pyrogen is a potent fever-producing substance and mediates fever by its action on the thermoregulatory center.", "contents": "Production of endogenous pyrogen. The production and release of endogenous pyrogen by the host is the first step in the pathogenesis of fever. Endogenous pyrogen is a low-molecular-weight protein released from phagocytic leukocytes in response to several substances of diverse nature. Some of these agents stimulate production of endogenous pyrogen because they are toxic; others act as antigens and interact with either antibody or sensitized lymphocytes in order to induce its production. Some tumors of macrophage origin produce the molecule spontaneously. Whatever the mechanism involved, endogenous pyrogen is synthesized following transcription of new DNA and translation of mRNA into new protein. Once synthesis is completed, the molecule is released without significant intracellular storage. Recent evidence suggests that following release, molecular aggregates form which are biologically active. In its monomer form, endogenous pyrogen is a potent fever-producing substance and mediates fever by its action on the thermoregulatory center.", "PMID": 759239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11274", "title": "Prostaglandin metabolism in the fetal and maternal vasculature.", "content": "The capacity of fetal and maternal blood vessels to synthesize the antithrombotic vasodilator agent prostacyclin (PGI2) suggests that this substance participates in the circulatory adjustments to pregnancy. We studied the capacity of fetal and maternal blood vessels to metabolize [1(-14)C]arachidonic acid; thin-layer chromatography was used to separate PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (the stable hydrolysis product of PGI2), and these were then quantitated by scintillation counting. Fetal vascular tissues (aorta, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary arteries) generated tenfold more PGI2 than PGE2. Prostacyclin accounted for more than 50% of the prostaglandins synthesized by fetal blood vessel measured by recovery of its hydrolysis product, 6-keto-PGF1alpha. In contrast, in the mature animals, the aorta and pulmonary artery generated less PGI2 than did fetal tissue, whereas the mesenteric arteries exhibited high biosynthetic capacity comparable to that of the fetal vasculature. Release of prostaglandins by the umbilical blood vessels and ductus arteriosus was also measured by mass fragmentography. The identity of 6-keto-PGF1alpha was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. The high and almost identical capacity of all fetal blood vessels, except the umbilical arteries and veins, to synthesize PIG2 could reflect an important role for this prostaglandin in the regulation of the fetal circulation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin metabolism in the fetal and maternal vasculature. The capacity of fetal and maternal blood vessels to synthesize the antithrombotic vasodilator agent prostacyclin (PGI2) suggests that this substance participates in the circulatory adjustments to pregnancy. We studied the capacity of fetal and maternal blood vessels to metabolize [1(-14)C]arachidonic acid; thin-layer chromatography was used to separate PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (the stable hydrolysis product of PGI2), and these were then quantitated by scintillation counting. Fetal vascular tissues (aorta, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary arteries) generated tenfold more PGI2 than PGE2. Prostacyclin accounted for more than 50% of the prostaglandins synthesized by fetal blood vessel measured by recovery of its hydrolysis product, 6-keto-PGF1alpha. In contrast, in the mature animals, the aorta and pulmonary artery generated less PGI2 than did fetal tissue, whereas the mesenteric arteries exhibited high biosynthetic capacity comparable to that of the fetal vasculature. Release of prostaglandins by the umbilical blood vessels and ductus arteriosus was also measured by mass fragmentography. The identity of 6-keto-PGF1alpha was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. The high and almost identical capacity of all fetal blood vessels, except the umbilical arteries and veins, to synthesize PIG2 could reflect an important role for this prostaglandin in the regulation of the fetal circulation.", "PMID": 759241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11275", "title": "Juvenile-onset diabetes HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR alloantigens.", "content": "We studied the distribution of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens in 94 juvenile-onset diabetic patients and of HLA-DR antigens in 62 of these patients. The frequencies for HLA-B15, -B40, and -Cw3 were significantly increased in the patient group as compared with the control group. With respect to the B-cell specificities, DRw4 was significantly increased in the patients. Analysis of the data to detect the possible presence of primary and secondary associations between HLA alleles and diabetogenic gene(s) indicated that DRw4 possessed a primary association with the diabetogenic gene(s). As a result, B15, B40, and Cw3 possessed secondary associations.", "contents": "Juvenile-onset diabetes HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR alloantigens. We studied the distribution of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens in 94 juvenile-onset diabetic patients and of HLA-DR antigens in 62 of these patients. The frequencies for HLA-B15, -B40, and -Cw3 were significantly increased in the patient group as compared with the control group. With respect to the B-cell specificities, DRw4 was significantly increased in the patients. Analysis of the data to detect the possible presence of primary and secondary associations between HLA alleles and diabetogenic gene(s) indicated that DRw4 possessed a primary association with the diabetogenic gene(s). As a result, B15, B40, and Cw3 possessed secondary associations.", "PMID": 759244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11276", "title": "Regional distribution and concentration of pancreatic polypeptide in the human and canine pancreas.", "content": "The regional concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), insulin, and glucagon and the cellular distribution of PP were studied in 13 human and nine canine pancreases by radioimmunoassay, immunoperoxidase localization, and cell quantitation. PP concentration was highest in both the uncinate process and the head of the human pancreas and in the right lobe of the canine pancreas. In contrast, glucagon and insulin levels were higher in the body and tail of both the human and canine pancreases. Human F-cells, which contain PP, were located primarily at the periphery of the islets, although a few F-cells were scattered throughout the ducts and acini. Canine F-cells were located in ducts, acini, and islets; the relative proportion of canine F-cells in the endocrine and exocrine tissues differed according to location. Cellular quantitation of F-cells in both species correlated significantly with the tissue concentration of PP in all regions studied, validating the use of morphometric techniques to quantitate the regional distribution of PP.", "contents": "Regional distribution and concentration of pancreatic polypeptide in the human and canine pancreas. The regional concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), insulin, and glucagon and the cellular distribution of PP were studied in 13 human and nine canine pancreases by radioimmunoassay, immunoperoxidase localization, and cell quantitation. PP concentration was highest in both the uncinate process and the head of the human pancreas and in the right lobe of the canine pancreas. In contrast, glucagon and insulin levels were higher in the body and tail of both the human and canine pancreases. Human F-cells, which contain PP, were located primarily at the periphery of the islets, although a few F-cells were scattered throughout the ducts and acini. Canine F-cells were located in ducts, acini, and islets; the relative proportion of canine F-cells in the endocrine and exocrine tissues differed according to location. Cellular quantitation of F-cells in both species correlated significantly with the tissue concentration of PP in all regions studied, validating the use of morphometric techniques to quantitate the regional distribution of PP.", "PMID": 759245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11277", "title": "Detection of early retinal changes in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry.", "content": "A series of 77 patients with overt diabetes and with apparently normal fundi on ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography was examined by vitreous fluorophotometry. Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, which appears to be the earliest clinically detectable change in the retina in diabetes, was a constant finding. Quantitative measurement by vitreous fluorophotometry of the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier could be correlated with degree of metabolic control and previous duration of diabetic disease. Significantly higher vitreous fluorophotometry values, indicating a more marked breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, were recorded in patients under poor metabolic control than in patients whose diabetes was under relatively better control. Similarly, patients who has had diabetes for longer periods of time showed higher vitreous fluorophotometry values than those recorded in patients with diabetes of shorter duration.", "contents": "Detection of early retinal changes in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry. A series of 77 patients with overt diabetes and with apparently normal fundi on ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography was examined by vitreous fluorophotometry. Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, which appears to be the earliest clinically detectable change in the retina in diabetes, was a constant finding. Quantitative measurement by vitreous fluorophotometry of the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier could be correlated with degree of metabolic control and previous duration of diabetic disease. Significantly higher vitreous fluorophotometry values, indicating a more marked breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, were recorded in patients under poor metabolic control than in patients whose diabetes was under relatively better control. Similarly, patients who has had diabetes for longer periods of time showed higher vitreous fluorophotometry values than those recorded in patients with diabetes of shorter duration.", "PMID": 759246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11278", "title": "Effect of verapamil on insulin response to alcohol hypoglycemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "In hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who were fasted over a prolonged period, alcohol ingestion induced a significant fall in glucose whereas insulin remained unchanged. The hypercalcemic patients thereby differed from normocalcemic subjects, who showed a significant decline in both glucose and insulin when alcohol was ingested after a prolonged period of fasting. An increased uptake of calcium into the beta-cells appears to have been a prerequisite for the occurrence of an unchanged insulin secretion during alcohol hypoglycemia in hypercalcemic patients, since a calcium-blocking agent, verapamil, infused intravenously during and after alcohol ingestion, brought about a normalization of the insulin response to alcohol hypoglycemia in such patients.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on insulin response to alcohol hypoglycemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who were fasted over a prolonged period, alcohol ingestion induced a significant fall in glucose whereas insulin remained unchanged. The hypercalcemic patients thereby differed from normocalcemic subjects, who showed a significant decline in both glucose and insulin when alcohol was ingested after a prolonged period of fasting. An increased uptake of calcium into the beta-cells appears to have been a prerequisite for the occurrence of an unchanged insulin secretion during alcohol hypoglycemia in hypercalcemic patients, since a calcium-blocking agent, verapamil, infused intravenously during and after alcohol ingestion, brought about a normalization of the insulin response to alcohol hypoglycemia in such patients.", "PMID": 759247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11279", "title": "Inhibition of glucagon secretion by diazoxide in vitro.", "content": "The effect of diazoxide on the secretion of glucagon and insulin was studied using the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The perfusate concentration of D-glucose was kept constant at 5.6 mM. Five secretagogues of both glucagon and insulin--10 mM L-arginine, 5 mM L-leucine, 1.4 muM prostaglandin F2alpha, 100 nM bovine growth hormone, and 10 nM theophylline--were administered individually in the presence or absence of 325 muM diazoxide. Basal secretion of glucagon or insulin was not discernibly affected by diazoxide. With diazoxide the secretion of glucagon was (a) abolished completely in response to L-arginine or L-leucine; (b) inhibited partially in response to prostaglandin F2alpha; (c) unaltered in response to growth hormone; and (d) unchanged or, at times, enhanced in response to theophylline. On the other hand, the secretion of insulin induced by each of these agents was inhibited effectively by diazoxide. (a) Diazoxide inhibits the secretion of glucagon as well as insulin in response to certain secretagogues independent of any changes in prevailing levels of glucose. (b) At the concentration tested, diazoxide is a more potent and consistent inhibitor of the release of insulin than of glucagon.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucagon secretion by diazoxide in vitro. The effect of diazoxide on the secretion of glucagon and insulin was studied using the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The perfusate concentration of D-glucose was kept constant at 5.6 mM. Five secretagogues of both glucagon and insulin--10 mM L-arginine, 5 mM L-leucine, 1.4 muM prostaglandin F2alpha, 100 nM bovine growth hormone, and 10 nM theophylline--were administered individually in the presence or absence of 325 muM diazoxide. Basal secretion of glucagon or insulin was not discernibly affected by diazoxide. With diazoxide the secretion of glucagon was (a) abolished completely in response to L-arginine or L-leucine; (b) inhibited partially in response to prostaglandin F2alpha; (c) unaltered in response to growth hormone; and (d) unchanged or, at times, enhanced in response to theophylline. On the other hand, the secretion of insulin induced by each of these agents was inhibited effectively by diazoxide. (a) Diazoxide inhibits the secretion of glucagon as well as insulin in response to certain secretagogues independent of any changes in prevailing levels of glucose. (b) At the concentration tested, diazoxide is a more potent and consistent inhibitor of the release of insulin than of glucagon.", "PMID": 759248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11280", "title": "Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion: effects of glucagon, insulin, and arginine.", "content": "The isolated perfused canine pancreas with duodenal exclusion was used to examine islet hormone output in response to arginine and exogenous glucagon and insulin. Exogenous glucagon (100 ng/ml) stimulated insulin and somatostatin secretion, which occurred in a biphasic pattern. The insulin response to glucagon was markedly enhanced by increased perfusate glucose, unlike the somatostatin response, which was little affected. The insulin and somatostatin responses were seen between 15 and 45 s after the glucagon stimulus. Pancreatic polypeptide secretion was uninfluenced by exogenous glucagon. Biphasic release of glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide was evoked by 10 mM arginine, the responses first being apparent within less than 30 s. Exogenous insulin (50 mU/ml) infused for 10 min had no statistically significant effect on glucagon, somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide secretion. This study suggests that these four islet hormones may all be involved in the dynamic mechanisms of nutrient metabolism. In addition, potential intra-islet paracrine effects are identified.", "contents": "Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion: effects of glucagon, insulin, and arginine. The isolated perfused canine pancreas with duodenal exclusion was used to examine islet hormone output in response to arginine and exogenous glucagon and insulin. Exogenous glucagon (100 ng/ml) stimulated insulin and somatostatin secretion, which occurred in a biphasic pattern. The insulin response to glucagon was markedly enhanced by increased perfusate glucose, unlike the somatostatin response, which was little affected. The insulin and somatostatin responses were seen between 15 and 45 s after the glucagon stimulus. Pancreatic polypeptide secretion was uninfluenced by exogenous glucagon. Biphasic release of glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide was evoked by 10 mM arginine, the responses first being apparent within less than 30 s. Exogenous insulin (50 mU/ml) infused for 10 min had no statistically significant effect on glucagon, somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide secretion. This study suggests that these four islet hormones may all be involved in the dynamic mechanisms of nutrient metabolism. In addition, potential intra-islet paracrine effects are identified.", "PMID": 759249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11281", "title": "Lipid abnormalities in untreated maturity-onset diabetics and the effect of treatment.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels and frequency of lipoprotein abnormalities were investigated in 126 untreated maturity-onset diabetics and 126 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Serum triglyceride levels were higher (mean: 1.67 mmol/l) and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia occurred more frequently (16.7%) in the diabetic group as compared with the controls (1.29 mmol/l and 4.8% respectively). These findings were not explained by an excessive frequency of renal disease, hypertension or drug treatment amongst the diabetics. Normal men showed higher serum triglyceride (mean: 1.36 mmol/l) and lower plasma cholesterol (mean: 5.6 mmol/l) levels than normal women (1.21 mmol/l and 6.4 mmol/l respectively). No sex difference was seen amongst the diabetics. Triglyceride levels fell after one month of dietary treatment but only remained lowered in diabetics who required sulphonylureas for glycaemic control. After treatment for one year the correlation between serum triglycerides and blood glucose rose from r = 0.15 (NS) before treatment to r = 0.43 (p less than 0.001). Similarly the correlation between serum triglycerides and ponderal index rose from r = 0.19 (NS) to r = 0.28 (p less than 0.02).", "contents": "Lipid abnormalities in untreated maturity-onset diabetics and the effect of treatment. Plasma cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels and frequency of lipoprotein abnormalities were investigated in 126 untreated maturity-onset diabetics and 126 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Serum triglyceride levels were higher (mean: 1.67 mmol/l) and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia occurred more frequently (16.7%) in the diabetic group as compared with the controls (1.29 mmol/l and 4.8% respectively). These findings were not explained by an excessive frequency of renal disease, hypertension or drug treatment amongst the diabetics. Normal men showed higher serum triglyceride (mean: 1.36 mmol/l) and lower plasma cholesterol (mean: 5.6 mmol/l) levels than normal women (1.21 mmol/l and 6.4 mmol/l respectively). No sex difference was seen amongst the diabetics. Triglyceride levels fell after one month of dietary treatment but only remained lowered in diabetics who required sulphonylureas for glycaemic control. After treatment for one year the correlation between serum triglycerides and blood glucose rose from r = 0.15 (NS) before treatment to r = 0.43 (p less than 0.001). Similarly the correlation between serum triglycerides and ponderal index rose from r = 0.19 (NS) to r = 0.28 (p less than 0.02).", "PMID": 759252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11282", "title": "Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy in streptozotocin diabetic rats by insulin treatment. Kidney size and glomerular volume.", "content": "Kidney weight and glomerular volume have been studied in groups of insulin-treated streptozotocin diabetic rats maintained at high, or nearly normal plasma glucose levels. Kidney weight and glomerular volume in these groups were compared to a non-diabetic control group. --Rats with nearly normal plasma glucose levels (95 +/- 35 to 182 +/- 20 mg/100 ml) had the same kidney weight as the non-diabetic controls, 1.04 +/- 0.14 and 1.07 +/- 0.09 g, respectively. In the rats with constant high plasma glucose (338 +/- 71 to 555 +/- 86 mg/100 ml) kidney weight was significantly increased, 1.73 +/- 0.20 g, compared to each of the two other groups. Glomerular volume was 0.559 millimicron3 in the diabetic animals with nearly normal plasma glucose, a value very close to that of the non-diabetic controls, 0.587 milimicron3. In animals with high plasma glucose concentrations glomerular volume was 0.775 millimicron3, 2 p less than 0.03 compared with both other groups. --The study indicates that good diabetic control for 6 months prevents the development of large kidneys and large glomeruli in dibatic rats.", "contents": "Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy in streptozotocin diabetic rats by insulin treatment. Kidney size and glomerular volume. Kidney weight and glomerular volume have been studied in groups of insulin-treated streptozotocin diabetic rats maintained at high, or nearly normal plasma glucose levels. Kidney weight and glomerular volume in these groups were compared to a non-diabetic control group. --Rats with nearly normal plasma glucose levels (95 +/- 35 to 182 +/- 20 mg/100 ml) had the same kidney weight as the non-diabetic controls, 1.04 +/- 0.14 and 1.07 +/- 0.09 g, respectively. In the rats with constant high plasma glucose (338 +/- 71 to 555 +/- 86 mg/100 ml) kidney weight was significantly increased, 1.73 +/- 0.20 g, compared to each of the two other groups. Glomerular volume was 0.559 millimicron3 in the diabetic animals with nearly normal plasma glucose, a value very close to that of the non-diabetic controls, 0.587 milimicron3. In animals with high plasma glucose concentrations glomerular volume was 0.775 millimicron3, 2 p less than 0.03 compared with both other groups. --The study indicates that good diabetic control for 6 months prevents the development of large kidneys and large glomeruli in dibatic rats.", "PMID": 759253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11283", "title": "Blood glucose regulation using an open-loop insulin delivery system in pancreatectomized dogs given glucose infusions. I. Portal square waves.", "content": "This study characterizes the glycaemic and insulin responses of a group of 5 anaesthetized dogs to a portal glucose infusion of 10 mg/kg/min before and after pancreatectomy. Insulin was administered intraportally to the pancreatectomized dogs according to a simple preprogrammed waveform composed of a constant basal rate of 0.35 +/- 0.02 mU/kg/min which was increased to 2.00 mU/kg/min at the time of the 60 minute glucose challenge. When this square waveform was applied the glycaemic response was similar to that seen in the normal controls in the baseline and challenge periods. Blood glucose concentration differed significantly (p less than 0.05) only from 20 to 100 minutes after the end of the challenge when it was higher by 20 +/- 1 mg/dl. Insulin levels were not significantly different from controls. It may be concluded that normoglycaemia and normoinsulinaemia can be maintained by a simple constant rate of portal insulin delivery while the blood glucose response to a glucose infusion can be ostensibly normalized without hyperinsulinaemia simply by enhancing insulin delivery during the challenge. The feasibility of this approach implies that with further development of the preprogrammed waveforms and with a greater understanding of their characteristics portable insulin delivery systems may be realized which accomodate more physiological challenges. The portal route for insulin delivery may however be necessary if peripheral hyperinsulinism is inappropriate.", "contents": "Blood glucose regulation using an open-loop insulin delivery system in pancreatectomized dogs given glucose infusions. I. Portal square waves. This study characterizes the glycaemic and insulin responses of a group of 5 anaesthetized dogs to a portal glucose infusion of 10 mg/kg/min before and after pancreatectomy. Insulin was administered intraportally to the pancreatectomized dogs according to a simple preprogrammed waveform composed of a constant basal rate of 0.35 +/- 0.02 mU/kg/min which was increased to 2.00 mU/kg/min at the time of the 60 minute glucose challenge. When this square waveform was applied the glycaemic response was similar to that seen in the normal controls in the baseline and challenge periods. Blood glucose concentration differed significantly (p less than 0.05) only from 20 to 100 minutes after the end of the challenge when it was higher by 20 +/- 1 mg/dl. Insulin levels were not significantly different from controls. It may be concluded that normoglycaemia and normoinsulinaemia can be maintained by a simple constant rate of portal insulin delivery while the blood glucose response to a glucose infusion can be ostensibly normalized without hyperinsulinaemia simply by enhancing insulin delivery during the challenge. The feasibility of this approach implies that with further development of the preprogrammed waveforms and with a greater understanding of their characteristics portable insulin delivery systems may be realized which accomodate more physiological challenges. The portal route for insulin delivery may however be necessary if peripheral hyperinsulinism is inappropriate.", "PMID": 759254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11284", "title": "Effect of gestational diabetes on insulin receptors in human placenta.", "content": "The aim of this work was the characterization of insulin binding to a partially purified preparation of plasma membranes from gestational diabetic placenta in order to establish a comparison with normal pregnancy. A decrease in the number of insulin receptors per mg protein in placenta from gestational diabetic mothers was found. Comparable inhibitory effects of unlabelled insulin suggest that the binding affinities were similar in both groups of patients. The ability of the placental preparation to degrade 125I-insulin was not significantly different in both situations. The existence of a negative feed-back regulation of the insulin receptors in placental membranes was suggested by the fact that plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in the gestational diabetic mothers.", "contents": "Effect of gestational diabetes on insulin receptors in human placenta. The aim of this work was the characterization of insulin binding to a partially purified preparation of plasma membranes from gestational diabetic placenta in order to establish a comparison with normal pregnancy. A decrease in the number of insulin receptors per mg protein in placenta from gestational diabetic mothers was found. Comparable inhibitory effects of unlabelled insulin suggest that the binding affinities were similar in both groups of patients. The ability of the placental preparation to degrade 125I-insulin was not significantly different in both situations. The existence of a negative feed-back regulation of the insulin receptors in placental membranes was suggested by the fact that plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in the gestational diabetic mothers.", "PMID": 759257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11285", "title": "Wedged and free hepatic venous pressure measured with a balloon catheter.", "content": "The accuracy and reliability of a balloon catheter for measuring wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) were evaluated in 82 simultaneous determinations using the balloon catheter technique and the direct measurement of portal venous pressure. These measurements showed a close positive correlation (r = 0.97) over a wide range of pressures in 12 normal and 4 cirrhotic dogs. Studies were then performed in 13 cirrhotic patients in whom the balloon catheter was introduced using the Seldinger technique. Free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP) was measured with the balloon undistended. By distending the balloon to occlude the hepatic vein, the WHVP was recorded. Comparison of FHVP and WHVP with the conventional and balloon techniques revealed a close positive correlation (r = 0.89 and 0.93, respectively). The correlation was virtually perfect for the hepatic venous pressure gradient (WHVP-FHVP, r = 0.98). The balloon technique offers many advantages over the conventional approach, including the ease of achieving and demonstrating the wedged position from the femoral approach, the ability to measure the free and wedged pressure repeatedly without manipulating the catheter, and the measurement of pressure in a larger, more representative segment of the liver.", "contents": "Wedged and free hepatic venous pressure measured with a balloon catheter. The accuracy and reliability of a balloon catheter for measuring wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) were evaluated in 82 simultaneous determinations using the balloon catheter technique and the direct measurement of portal venous pressure. These measurements showed a close positive correlation (r = 0.97) over a wide range of pressures in 12 normal and 4 cirrhotic dogs. Studies were then performed in 13 cirrhotic patients in whom the balloon catheter was introduced using the Seldinger technique. Free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP) was measured with the balloon undistended. By distending the balloon to occlude the hepatic vein, the WHVP was recorded. Comparison of FHVP and WHVP with the conventional and balloon techniques revealed a close positive correlation (r = 0.89 and 0.93, respectively). The correlation was virtually perfect for the hepatic venous pressure gradient (WHVP-FHVP, r = 0.98). The balloon technique offers many advantages over the conventional approach, including the ease of achieving and demonstrating the wedged position from the femoral approach, the ability to measure the free and wedged pressure repeatedly without manipulating the catheter, and the measurement of pressure in a larger, more representative segment of the liver.", "PMID": 759258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11286", "title": "Utilization of a radioiodinated bile salt for kinetic studies and hepatic scintigraphy. Studies in nonhuman mammals.", "content": "An 125I- or 131I-labeled bile salt derivative, cholylglycyliodohistamine, has been synthesized and purified. The bile salt derivative is rapidly cleared from the circulation when injected intravenously into rats and rabbits. Ten minutes after injection, approximately 50% of the recovered bile salt derivative was in the jejunum and ileum, and 36% was found in the liver. Sixty minutes after injection, 99% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the luminal gastrointestinal tract. The isotope was cleared from the circulation of rabbits with a t1/2 of approximately 2 min. Hepatic scintigraphy using rabbits demonstrated rapid uptake by the liver and excretion into the intestine. Quantitative analysis of scintigraphy showed an uptake rate of 14%/min and a subsequent excretory rate of 4.6/min.", "contents": "Utilization of a radioiodinated bile salt for kinetic studies and hepatic scintigraphy. Studies in nonhuman mammals. An 125I- or 131I-labeled bile salt derivative, cholylglycyliodohistamine, has been synthesized and purified. The bile salt derivative is rapidly cleared from the circulation when injected intravenously into rats and rabbits. Ten minutes after injection, approximately 50% of the recovered bile salt derivative was in the jejunum and ileum, and 36% was found in the liver. Sixty minutes after injection, 99% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the luminal gastrointestinal tract. The isotope was cleared from the circulation of rabbits with a t1/2 of approximately 2 min. Hepatic scintigraphy using rabbits demonstrated rapid uptake by the liver and excretion into the intestine. Quantitative analysis of scintigraphy showed an uptake rate of 14%/min and a subsequent excretory rate of 4.6/min.", "PMID": 759259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11287", "title": "Effect of colchicine on guinea pig intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor.", "content": "Colchicine can induce the malabsorption of vitamin B12 and other nutrients. Previous investigations have suggested but not proved that this malabsorption was due to a lesion in the ileal mucosa. Employing the receptor assay of M. Katz and B. A. Cooper (J Clin Invest 54:733-739, 1974), the authors have observed a dose-related, reversible reduction in the quantity of intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 (IF-B12) receptor (from 5.78 ng to 1.3 ng of B12 binding) in the intestinal mucosa of guinea pigs fed 0.05-0.25 mg/100 g colchicine/day for 3 days. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 was also demonstrated in vivo in similarly treated animals. Increasing intestinal motility with cascara sagrada had no effect on the IF-B12 receptor. The quantity of IF-B12 receptor and the amount of vitamin B12 absorbed increased markedly to greater than normal levels during recovery from a 3-day course of colchicine. The total number of intestinal cells decreased after colchicine administration and increased during recovery; however, the fluctuations observed were not sufficient to explain the changes in the quantity of receptor. Histologic examination of the ileal mucosa showed a decrease in the population of villus cells after colchicine. The correlation between the changes in receptor quantity and in vivo B12-absorption prove that the IF-B12 receptor is a critical limiting factor in B12 absorption.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on guinea pig intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 receptor. Colchicine can induce the malabsorption of vitamin B12 and other nutrients. Previous investigations have suggested but not proved that this malabsorption was due to a lesion in the ileal mucosa. Employing the receptor assay of M. Katz and B. A. Cooper (J Clin Invest 54:733-739, 1974), the authors have observed a dose-related, reversible reduction in the quantity of intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 (IF-B12) receptor (from 5.78 ng to 1.3 ng of B12 binding) in the intestinal mucosa of guinea pigs fed 0.05-0.25 mg/100 g colchicine/day for 3 days. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 was also demonstrated in vivo in similarly treated animals. Increasing intestinal motility with cascara sagrada had no effect on the IF-B12 receptor. The quantity of IF-B12 receptor and the amount of vitamin B12 absorbed increased markedly to greater than normal levels during recovery from a 3-day course of colchicine. The total number of intestinal cells decreased after colchicine administration and increased during recovery; however, the fluctuations observed were not sufficient to explain the changes in the quantity of receptor. Histologic examination of the ileal mucosa showed a decrease in the population of villus cells after colchicine. The correlation between the changes in receptor quantity and in vivo B12-absorption prove that the IF-B12 receptor is a critical limiting factor in B12 absorption.", "PMID": 759260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11288", "title": "Effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretion.", "content": "It has previously been shown that dopamine stimulates pancreatic exocine secretion and inhibits acid secretion in the dog. In this study, the authors have investigated the effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretions. In 6 subjects, dopamine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, an effect that was suppressed when the subjects received haloperidol. In 6 other subjects, dopamine infusion did not modify basal pancreatic secretion, and dopamine inhibited pancreatic enzyme secretion during secretin-cholecystokinin infusion. Dopamine also caused a rise in plasma glucagon and insulin. The effects on pancreatic enzyme secretion and plasma glucagon were not antagonized by haloperidol. The results suggest that dopamine is inhibitory for human gastric secretion. The authors did not observe a stimulatory effect of dopamine on human pancreatic exocrine secretion as has been observed in dogs.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretion. It has previously been shown that dopamine stimulates pancreatic exocine secretion and inhibits acid secretion in the dog. In this study, the authors have investigated the effect of dopamine on human gastric and pancreatic secretions. In 6 subjects, dopamine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, an effect that was suppressed when the subjects received haloperidol. In 6 other subjects, dopamine infusion did not modify basal pancreatic secretion, and dopamine inhibited pancreatic enzyme secretion during secretin-cholecystokinin infusion. Dopamine also caused a rise in plasma glucagon and insulin. The effects on pancreatic enzyme secretion and plasma glucagon were not antagonized by haloperidol. The results suggest that dopamine is inhibitory for human gastric secretion. The authors did not observe a stimulatory effect of dopamine on human pancreatic exocrine secretion as has been observed in dogs.", "PMID": 759261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11289", "title": "Secretory behavior and ultrastructural changes in mouse gallbladder principal cells after stimulation with cholinergic and adrenergic drugs. A morphometric study.", "content": "Principal cells of mouse gallbladder epithelium were subjected to a quantitative electron microscope study after in vivo and in vitro exposure to pilocarpine, noradrenaline, atropine, and phenoxybenzamine. Stereologic measurements were performed on randomly selected principal cells, and special interest was paid to changes in the size of the secretory granule population of the cells. Thirty minutes after in vivo and in vitro stimulation with pilocarpine, there was a significant decrease of the volume density of the glycoprotein-containing granules in the principal cells. Thirty minutes after in vivo administration of the cholinergic antagonist atropine, a significant increase of this parameter was observed. In vitro incubation for 30 min with a combination of pilocarpine and atropine extinguished the pilocarpine-induced effect on the secretory granules. Noradrenaline and phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent) in vivo and in vitro (30 min) had no effect on the volume density of the secretory granules. The authors' findings suggest that principal cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium exhibit an increased rate of secretion of glycoprotein granules after stimulation in vivo and in vitro with cholinergic agents, whereas adrenergic agents are without effect.", "contents": "Secretory behavior and ultrastructural changes in mouse gallbladder principal cells after stimulation with cholinergic and adrenergic drugs. A morphometric study. Principal cells of mouse gallbladder epithelium were subjected to a quantitative electron microscope study after in vivo and in vitro exposure to pilocarpine, noradrenaline, atropine, and phenoxybenzamine. Stereologic measurements were performed on randomly selected principal cells, and special interest was paid to changes in the size of the secretory granule population of the cells. Thirty minutes after in vivo and in vitro stimulation with pilocarpine, there was a significant decrease of the volume density of the glycoprotein-containing granules in the principal cells. Thirty minutes after in vivo administration of the cholinergic antagonist atropine, a significant increase of this parameter was observed. In vitro incubation for 30 min with a combination of pilocarpine and atropine extinguished the pilocarpine-induced effect on the secretory granules. Noradrenaline and phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent) in vivo and in vitro (30 min) had no effect on the volume density of the secretory granules. The authors' findings suggest that principal cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium exhibit an increased rate of secretion of glycoprotein granules after stimulation in vivo and in vitro with cholinergic agents, whereas adrenergic agents are without effect.", "PMID": 759262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11290", "title": "Prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin.", "content": "Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile have been implicated in the etiology of antibiotic-induced colitis. Clostridium difficile antitoxin is not available, but recent studies have shown that toxins present in the feces of patients with this disease are neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. We found that C. sordellii antitoxin neutralized toxins produced in broth cultures of either C. sordellii or C. difficile and that passive immunization with C. sordellii antitoxin before challenge with clindamycin prevented colitis in hamsters. Significantly fewer antitoxin-treated animals than unimmunized controls developed diarrhea and died with hemorrhagic colitis. Administration of 300 U of antitoxin parenterally either on the day of challenge with clindamycin or 24 hr later provided significant protection (25% mortality vs. 100% mortality in controls, P less than 0.01). None of eight animals given antitoxin (300 U) both on the day of challenge and 24 hr later died. Filtrates prepared from cecal contents of dead or killed hamsters were tested for toxicity by intraperitoneal injection into hamsters and by addition to monolayers of monkey kidney cells. Fecal filtrates from antitoxin-protected animals were not toxic in these assays, but filtrates from control animals were uniformly toxic. Passive immunization against clostridial toxins was protective against clindamycin-associated colitis in this model. This finding further substantiates the importance of these toxins in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-induced colitis.", "contents": "Prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile have been implicated in the etiology of antibiotic-induced colitis. Clostridium difficile antitoxin is not available, but recent studies have shown that toxins present in the feces of patients with this disease are neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. We found that C. sordellii antitoxin neutralized toxins produced in broth cultures of either C. sordellii or C. difficile and that passive immunization with C. sordellii antitoxin before challenge with clindamycin prevented colitis in hamsters. Significantly fewer antitoxin-treated animals than unimmunized controls developed diarrhea and died with hemorrhagic colitis. Administration of 300 U of antitoxin parenterally either on the day of challenge with clindamycin or 24 hr later provided significant protection (25% mortality vs. 100% mortality in controls, P less than 0.01). None of eight animals given antitoxin (300 U) both on the day of challenge and 24 hr later died. Filtrates prepared from cecal contents of dead or killed hamsters were tested for toxicity by intraperitoneal injection into hamsters and by addition to monolayers of monkey kidney cells. Fecal filtrates from antitoxin-protected animals were not toxic in these assays, but filtrates from control animals were uniformly toxic. Passive immunization against clostridial toxins was protective against clindamycin-associated colitis in this model. This finding further substantiates the importance of these toxins in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-induced colitis.", "PMID": 759263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11291", "title": "Role of clostridial toxin in the pathogenesis of clindamycin colitis in rabbits.", "content": "The pathophysiology of antibiotic-associated colitis was studied in rabbits with severe ileocolitis induced by oral administration of clindamycin. Cell-free, sterile filtrates of cecal contents of rabbits with clindamycin colitis contained a toxin that was lethal for mice and cytotoxic for HeLa-cell monolayers. The toxin was heat labile, was inactivated by pronase but not trypsin, and had a mol wt by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 of 45,000. The toxin was neutralized by antiserum to Clostridium perfringens type E, but not by other clostridial antisera. The toxin also caused severe necrosis of rabbit rectal epithelium during 18-hr organ culture, which could be completely reversed by neutralization with C. perfringens type E antiserum. These studies indicate that clindamycin colitis in rabbits is caused by overgrowth of a clostridial species, which releases a heat-labile toxic protein of mol wt of 45,000 capable of necrosing colonic epithelial cells.", "contents": "Role of clostridial toxin in the pathogenesis of clindamycin colitis in rabbits. The pathophysiology of antibiotic-associated colitis was studied in rabbits with severe ileocolitis induced by oral administration of clindamycin. Cell-free, sterile filtrates of cecal contents of rabbits with clindamycin colitis contained a toxin that was lethal for mice and cytotoxic for HeLa-cell monolayers. The toxin was heat labile, was inactivated by pronase but not trypsin, and had a mol wt by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 of 45,000. The toxin was neutralized by antiserum to Clostridium perfringens type E, but not by other clostridial antisera. The toxin also caused severe necrosis of rabbit rectal epithelium during 18-hr organ culture, which could be completely reversed by neutralization with C. perfringens type E antiserum. These studies indicate that clindamycin colitis in rabbits is caused by overgrowth of a clostridial species, which releases a heat-labile toxic protein of mol wt of 45,000 capable of necrosing colonic epithelial cells.", "PMID": 759264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11292", "title": "Colonic tuberculosis diagnosed by colonoscopic biopsy.", "content": "A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and a constricting transverse colon lesion on barium enema was found at colonoscopy to have a 1.5 X 3.0 cm ulcer with irregular, edematous borders. Multiple colonoscopic biopsies of the ulcer revealed acid-fast bacilli with absence of granulomas. Previously, the diagnosis of colonic tuberculosis had been thought to require laparotomy for confirmation. The authors now suggest that colonoscopic biopsy may be a desirable alternative in selected cases.", "contents": "Colonic tuberculosis diagnosed by colonoscopic biopsy. A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and a constricting transverse colon lesion on barium enema was found at colonoscopy to have a 1.5 X 3.0 cm ulcer with irregular, edematous borders. Multiple colonoscopic biopsies of the ulcer revealed acid-fast bacilli with absence of granulomas. Previously, the diagnosis of colonic tuberculosis had been thought to require laparotomy for confirmation. The authors now suggest that colonoscopic biopsy may be a desirable alternative in selected cases.", "PMID": 759265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11293", "title": "[Childhood and prepuberal schizophrenia ].", "content": "The author gives a short review of modern aspects concerning schizophrenia in childhood. Very early forms of the preschool age are excluded for nosological reasons. Age-specific phenomenology, differential diagnosis, course and prognosis as well as the outcome of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Childhood and prepuberal schizophrenia ]. The author gives a short review of modern aspects concerning schizophrenia in childhood. Very early forms of the preschool age are excluded for nosological reasons. Age-specific phenomenology, differential diagnosis, course and prognosis as well as the outcome of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 759274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11294", "title": "[Biological availability of Ossin, a sodium-fluoride dragee for osteoporosis therapy].", "content": "The bioavailability of Ossin, a drug for the treatment of osteoporosis, containing 40 mg of NaF, was investigated. Because of the enteric coating of the tablet, intestinal absorption occurs when the tablet leaves the stomach. The sustained release of the F--in the intestine results in a slow F-- -absorption. Maximal F-- -serum concentrations are reached more than 4 hours after absorption has begun. In contrast to non-sustained release NaF tablets the slow absorption of Ossin leads to lower, and less variable F-- -serum concentrations. Following administration of 1 tablet Ossii b.i.d., the steady state concentrations were between 130 and 220 ng/ml. The absorption was at least 86%. As calculated by the renal F-- -elimination, the therapeutically important F-- -retention in bone amounted to more than 50%. The enteric coating of the Ossin tablets, the low and relatively steady F-- -serum concentrations and the high F-- -retention in bone, are expected to contribute to an improvement in tolerance and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Biological availability of Ossin, a sodium-fluoride dragee for osteoporosis therapy]. The bioavailability of Ossin, a drug for the treatment of osteoporosis, containing 40 mg of NaF, was investigated. Because of the enteric coating of the tablet, intestinal absorption occurs when the tablet leaves the stomach. The sustained release of the F--in the intestine results in a slow F-- -absorption. Maximal F-- -serum concentrations are reached more than 4 hours after absorption has begun. In contrast to non-sustained release NaF tablets the slow absorption of Ossin leads to lower, and less variable F-- -serum concentrations. Following administration of 1 tablet Ossii b.i.d., the steady state concentrations were between 130 and 220 ng/ml. The absorption was at least 86%. As calculated by the renal F-- -elimination, the therapeutically important F-- -retention in bone amounted to more than 50%. The enteric coating of the Ossin tablets, the low and relatively steady F-- -serum concentrations and the high F-- -retention in bone, are expected to contribute to an improvement in tolerance and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis.", "PMID": 759278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11295", "title": "[Legislation on logopedics. Documentation on the draft for a federal law on the profession of speech therapist].", "content": "A law for studying logopedics was established by the authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany. On account of a political concept of education the conditions for admittance studying logopedics are based on an extremely low level. Reasons for rejecting these admitting conditions are displayed from a phoniatrical view.", "contents": "[Legislation on logopedics. Documentation on the draft for a federal law on the profession of speech therapist]. A law for studying logopedics was established by the authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany. On account of a political concept of education the conditions for admittance studying logopedics are based on an extremely low level. Reasons for rejecting these admitting conditions are displayed from a phoniatrical view.", "PMID": 759285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11296", "title": "Linking deinstitutionalization of patients with hospital phase-down: the difference between success and failure.", "content": "Deinstitutionalization of patients is an inevitable forerunner of hospital phase-down or closure, but if the two processes are carried out at the same time, they will be counterproductive. An evaluation of the combined deinstitutionalization and phasing down of a state hospital in Pennsylvania indicated conflicts in the areas of case management, community and political support, and administrative flexibility. A substantial problem was that deinstitutionalization is time-consuming and must be flexible enough to allow for the development of essential community supports and for largely unpredictable reactions from patients, families, communities, and service providers. Conversely, hospital consolidation must be relatively quick and inflexible to permit the orderly redisposition of staff and patients, reduce unnecessary staff resistance and anxiety, and withstand changing political pressures.", "contents": "Linking deinstitutionalization of patients with hospital phase-down: the difference between success and failure. Deinstitutionalization of patients is an inevitable forerunner of hospital phase-down or closure, but if the two processes are carried out at the same time, they will be counterproductive. An evaluation of the combined deinstitutionalization and phasing down of a state hospital in Pennsylvania indicated conflicts in the areas of case management, community and political support, and administrative flexibility. A substantial problem was that deinstitutionalization is time-consuming and must be flexible enough to allow for the development of essential community supports and for largely unpredictable reactions from patients, families, communities, and service providers. Conversely, hospital consolidation must be relatively quick and inflexible to permit the orderly redisposition of staff and patients, reduce unnecessary staff resistance and anxiety, and withstand changing political pressures.", "PMID": 759286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11297", "title": "National trends in hospitalization.", "content": "The past two decades have witnessed several important trends in mental health care: a decline in the resident census in public mental hospitals, an increase in outpatient treatment and facilities, relative stability in the number of hospitalization episodes per 100,000 population, and briefer duration of hospitalization. The combined result of these trends is increased pluraslism, diversity, and deinstitutionalization in mental health care. The changes are primarily the consequences of the success of psychopharmacologic agents, new forms of psychotherapy, changing attitudes of the public and the profession, and increased financial support by the federal government.", "contents": "National trends in hospitalization. The past two decades have witnessed several important trends in mental health care: a decline in the resident census in public mental hospitals, an increase in outpatient treatment and facilities, relative stability in the number of hospitalization episodes per 100,000 population, and briefer duration of hospitalization. The combined result of these trends is increased pluraslism, diversity, and deinstitutionalization in mental health care. The changes are primarily the consequences of the success of psychopharmacologic agents, new forms of psychotherapy, changing attitudes of the public and the profession, and increased financial support by the federal government.", "PMID": 759287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11298", "title": "Short-term hospitalization and the medical model.", "content": "In recent years there has been a significant decrease in the length of hospital stays for psychiatric patients. The author examines whether the shorter stays are justified by results of controlled studies and, if so, what is the most appropriate hospital milieu for short-term units. He summarizes several studies supporting his opinion that short-term hospitalization is usually indicated for the majority of patients, provided that continuity of care is ensured and that supervised living arrangements are available for patients who require them. He believes a medical-model milieu with a clear structure and delineation of roles is most appropriate for short-term in-patient units.", "contents": "Short-term hospitalization and the medical model. In recent years there has been a significant decrease in the length of hospital stays for psychiatric patients. The author examines whether the shorter stays are justified by results of controlled studies and, if so, what is the most appropriate hospital milieu for short-term units. He summarizes several studies supporting his opinion that short-term hospitalization is usually indicated for the majority of patients, provided that continuity of care is ensured and that supervised living arrangements are available for patients who require them. He believes a medical-model milieu with a clear structure and delineation of roles is most appropriate for short-term in-patient units.", "PMID": 759288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11299", "title": "Intensive psychiatric care for adolescents and young adults: a model for treatment and evaluation.", "content": "The authors' model for the hospital treatment of severely disordered adolescents and young adults calls for a categorization of the patient's major characteristics that are relevant to treatment along six axes: symptoms and signs, previous course of the disorder, social functioning, work or school functioning, family or other living situation, and sense of identity. They present a case study of a 19-year-old male patient to demonstrate how the model works.", "contents": "Intensive psychiatric care for adolescents and young adults: a model for treatment and evaluation. The authors' model for the hospital treatment of severely disordered adolescents and young adults calls for a categorization of the patient's major characteristics that are relevant to treatment along six axes: symptoms and signs, previous course of the disorder, social functioning, work or school functioning, family or other living situation, and sense of identity. They present a case study of a 19-year-old male patient to demonstrate how the model works.", "PMID": 759289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11300", "title": "Hospitals in the 1980s: service, training, and research.", "content": "Several factors press for change in the psychiatric hospital of the 1980s, including knowledge obtained from recent controlled studies of outcome of different approaches and length of hospital stay, changes in the social-political-economic climate, and new methods of organizing the delivery of services. In the proposed model of inpatient treatment, the primary use of hospitalization will be for brief treatment (three to 21 days). For a very small subgroup, longer hospitalization may be needed. The hospital will also be used for triage and disposition of persons with a broad range of problems, which will rarely take more than three days. Complementary changes will be required in training and research; a promising training model may be continuous care teams by which trainees can manage chronic, multiproblem patients through different levels of care within and outside the hospital. Research must move to the out-of-hospital settings if the new patterns of care are to be understood and improved.", "contents": "Hospitals in the 1980s: service, training, and research. Several factors press for change in the psychiatric hospital of the 1980s, including knowledge obtained from recent controlled studies of outcome of different approaches and length of hospital stay, changes in the social-political-economic climate, and new methods of organizing the delivery of services. In the proposed model of inpatient treatment, the primary use of hospitalization will be for brief treatment (three to 21 days). For a very small subgroup, longer hospitalization may be needed. The hospital will also be used for triage and disposition of persons with a broad range of problems, which will rarely take more than three days. Complementary changes will be required in training and research; a promising training model may be continuous care teams by which trainees can manage chronic, multiproblem patients through different levels of care within and outside the hospital. Research must move to the out-of-hospital settings if the new patterns of care are to be understood and improved.", "PMID": 759290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11301", "title": "Providing cost-effective psychotherapy in a Health Maintenance Organization.", "content": "The authors share responsibility for providing psychotherapy for adults and children who are subscribers to the Health Maintenance Plan, Cincinnati. The limited resources in such a setting led them to combine the general-systems-theory proposition that the least expensive defenses against stress should be used first with the principle of effective parsimony, which calls for a particular sequence of action in providing mental health care. Thus their approaches include involving the patient in planning the frequency of therapy sessions, including entire families in the sessions, and setting reasonable goals and time frames for meeting the goals. They also use nonmedical mental health professionals, under the supervision of a psychiatrist, and other primary providers in the HMO who are interested in psychotherapy and are willing to call on a psychiatrist when necessary.", "contents": "Providing cost-effective psychotherapy in a Health Maintenance Organization. The authors share responsibility for providing psychotherapy for adults and children who are subscribers to the Health Maintenance Plan, Cincinnati. The limited resources in such a setting led them to combine the general-systems-theory proposition that the least expensive defenses against stress should be used first with the principle of effective parsimony, which calls for a particular sequence of action in providing mental health care. Thus their approaches include involving the patient in planning the frequency of therapy sessions, including entire families in the sessions, and setting reasonable goals and time frames for meeting the goals. They also use nonmedical mental health professionals, under the supervision of a psychiatrist, and other primary providers in the HMO who are interested in psychotherapy and are willing to call on a psychiatrist when necessary.", "PMID": 759291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11302", "title": "Children's rights in Michigan: new law and old paternalism.", "content": "A variety of civil, treatment, and environmental rights of patients in Michigan's state institutions, private facilities, and community mental health services are protected by the state's mental health code. Any complaint of a violation of a right must be investigated; if it is substantiated, remedial action must be taken and must be reported to the complainant. The complaints of children in institutions, or others acting in their behalf, cluster around three major rights: protection from abuse, treatment suited to condition, and a safe, sanitary, and humane living environment. The author discusses a number of problems that the state office of recipient rights has encountered in dealing with alleged violations of children's rights.", "contents": "Children's rights in Michigan: new law and old paternalism. A variety of civil, treatment, and environmental rights of patients in Michigan's state institutions, private facilities, and community mental health services are protected by the state's mental health code. Any complaint of a violation of a right must be investigated; if it is substantiated, remedial action must be taken and must be reported to the complainant. The complaints of children in institutions, or others acting in their behalf, cluster around three major rights: protection from abuse, treatment suited to condition, and a safe, sanitary, and humane living environment. The author discusses a number of problems that the state office of recipient rights has encountered in dealing with alleged violations of children's rights.", "PMID": 759292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11303", "title": "Need to shape public policy challenges health professionals.", "content": "Health care professionals can and should participate in the government's decision-making process process regarding health policy development. They can do so in a variety of ways ranging from writing to legislators, to supporting their professional associations' lobbying activities, to working within government through fellowship and personnel exchange programs between government and the private sector. This article describes some techniques that health care professionals can apply and some attitudes that they can develop in order to interact effectively with government and public officials.", "contents": "Need to shape public policy challenges health professionals. Health care professionals can and should participate in the government's decision-making process process regarding health policy development. They can do so in a variety of ways ranging from writing to legislators, to supporting their professional associations' lobbying activities, to working within government through fellowship and personnel exchange programs between government and the private sector. This article describes some techniques that health care professionals can apply and some attitudes that they can develop in order to interact effectively with government and public officials.", "PMID": 759305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11304", "title": "Systems approach is needed for data processing function.", "content": "Computers have the capability of providing a picture of the whole organization if used properly and with creativity. To ensure that the flow of information within the hospital is optimal, administration should provide leadership and involve the entire management team.", "contents": "Systems approach is needed for data processing function. Computers have the capability of providing a picture of the whole organization if used properly and with creativity. To ensure that the flow of information within the hospital is optimal, administration should provide leadership and involve the entire management team.", "PMID": 759306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11305", "title": "System allocates scarce data processing resources.", "content": "The data processing function consists of two separate components--operations and development. The first, which is the day-to-day business of the data processing department, requires very little external input. Development, however, requires close collaboration between the data processing department and the user department. The system described in this article ensures that collaboration.", "contents": "System allocates scarce data processing resources. The data processing function consists of two separate components--operations and development. The first, which is the day-to-day business of the data processing department, requires very little external input. Development, however, requires close collaboration between the data processing department and the user department. The system described in this article ensures that collaboration.", "PMID": 759307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11306", "title": "Technology evaluation roundtable discusses role of private sector.", "content": "Working from the premise that health care technology should be studied from a multiperspective approach rather than a unidirectional approach, a group of health care opinion leaders gathered to discuss how private or public-private sector efforts could lead to this broad-based approach and to more effective and efficient utilization of health technology.", "contents": "Technology evaluation roundtable discusses role of private sector. Working from the premise that health care technology should be studied from a multiperspective approach rather than a unidirectional approach, a group of health care opinion leaders gathered to discuss how private or public-private sector efforts could lead to this broad-based approach and to more effective and efficient utilization of health technology.", "PMID": 759309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11307", "title": "Are mobile CT scanners in your hospital's future?", "content": "This article discusses some of the major considerations involved in the decision to use mobile computerized tomography scanners. In addition, the article describes the current status of reimbursement, analyzes physician acceptance of mobile CT units, and provides an example of a mobile CT in operation.", "contents": "Are mobile CT scanners in your hospital's future? This article discusses some of the major considerations involved in the decision to use mobile computerized tomography scanners. In addition, the article describes the current status of reimbursement, analyzes physician acceptance of mobile CT units, and provides an example of a mobile CT in operation.", "PMID": 759310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11308", "title": "Students climb on the CPR bandwagon.", "content": "The importance of teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation to the general public cannot be stressed enough. Extending this attitude, East Liverpool (OH) City Hospital took its community education program into an area school and developed a pilot CPR program for students. In conjunction with the program, teachers from this and other schools were trained as CPR instructors.", "contents": "Students climb on the CPR bandwagon. The importance of teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation to the general public cannot be stressed enough. Extending this attitude, East Liverpool (OH) City Hospital took its community education program into an area school and developed a pilot CPR program for students. In conjunction with the program, teachers from this and other schools were trained as CPR instructors.", "PMID": 759311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11309", "title": "Responsibility and authority must match in nursing management.", "content": "Throughout one hospital's nursing management structure, the authority delegated to the nurse managers is commensurate with the responsibility delegated to them. This approach has helped to ensure that they can fulfill their responsibilities, has changed the roles of nurse managers at all levels throughout the structure, and has provided a system that is highly responsive to operational and personnel problems and concerns.", "contents": "Responsibility and authority must match in nursing management. Throughout one hospital's nursing management structure, the authority delegated to the nurse managers is commensurate with the responsibility delegated to them. This approach has helped to ensure that they can fulfill their responsibilities, has changed the roles of nurse managers at all levels throughout the structure, and has provided a system that is highly responsive to operational and personnel problems and concerns.", "PMID": 759312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11310", "title": "Isolation information booklet stimulates dialog, allays fears.", "content": "Isolation for nosocomial or community-acquired infection can be a bewildering and potentially stressful situation for the hospitalized patient and his family. Proper education is essential in order to minimize these fears and provide optimal medical care. A booklet has been designed to supplement the verbal explanations that should be given by hospital staff about the rationale and details of the isolation procedures. The booklet integrates the concerns articulated by isolated patients with the perceptive solutions suggested by an interdisciplinary group of health care professionals.", "contents": "Isolation information booklet stimulates dialog, allays fears. Isolation for nosocomial or community-acquired infection can be a bewildering and potentially stressful situation for the hospitalized patient and his family. Proper education is essential in order to minimize these fears and provide optimal medical care. A booklet has been designed to supplement the verbal explanations that should be given by hospital staff about the rationale and details of the isolation procedures. The booklet integrates the concerns articulated by isolated patients with the perceptive solutions suggested by an interdisciplinary group of health care professionals.", "PMID": 759313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11311", "title": "Study shows how to measure energy use, costs in food service.", "content": "The cost and the availability of energy resources affect the cost of food service operations. Food service managers need to know the energy consumption and costs associated with preparation of various food products using various types of equipment. One study offers a technique that can enable them to measure these data.", "contents": "Study shows how to measure energy use, costs in food service. The cost and the availability of energy resources affect the cost of food service operations. Food service managers need to know the energy consumption and costs associated with preparation of various food products using various types of equipment. One study offers a technique that can enable them to measure these data.", "PMID": 759314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11312", "title": "Surgeons question future of surgical training, second opinions.", "content": "Surgeons who attended the October 1978 meeting of the American College of Surgeons questioned the future of their specialty in an era when government agencies are emphasizing primary care. What will the role of future surgeons be? How will they be trained? Will they find themselves competing with family practitioners for hospital privileges? These questions were posed, but answers were scarce.", "contents": "Surgeons question future of surgical training, second opinions. Surgeons who attended the October 1978 meeting of the American College of Surgeons questioned the future of their specialty in an era when government agencies are emphasizing primary care. What will the role of future surgeons be? How will they be trained? Will they find themselves competing with family practitioners for hospital privileges? These questions were posed, but answers were scarce.", "PMID": 759315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11313", "title": "Flexible designs are key to reuse projects.", "content": "New and more flexible design alternatives result when architects use the planning/program/design model for reuse/reconfiguration projects.", "contents": "Flexible designs are key to reuse projects. New and more flexible design alternatives result when architects use the planning/program/design model for reuse/reconfiguration projects.", "PMID": 759317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11314", "title": "Two HMOs retrofit buildings in historic and commercial downtown areas.", "content": "Renovation of nearby mill and warehouses provides HMOs with convenient locations, additional space at lower costs, and unusual, attractive, and functional facilities.", "contents": "Two HMOs retrofit buildings in historic and commercial downtown areas. Renovation of nearby mill and warehouses provides HMOs with convenient locations, additional space at lower costs, and unusual, attractive, and functional facilities.", "PMID": 759318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11315", "title": "Rebuilding for the future: a forward-looking master plan.", "content": "A 10-state redevlopment plan will provide a new structure with minimal interruption of service and loss of revenue.", "contents": "Rebuilding for the future: a forward-looking master plan. A 10-state redevlopment plan will provide a new structure with minimal interruption of service and loss of revenue.", "PMID": 759319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11316", "title": "Renovation saves hospital landmark.", "content": "Architects restore a 57-year-old hospital facility without destroying its traditional and unusual characteristics.", "contents": "Renovation saves hospital landmark. Architects restore a 57-year-old hospital facility without destroying its traditional and unusual characteristics.", "PMID": 759321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11317", "title": "Abandoned Air Force base redesigned as rehabilitation center.", "content": "Renovation of a three-story hospital and construction of new one-story units consolidated scattered services and provided a barrier-free design for patients.", "contents": "Abandoned Air Force base redesigned as rehabilitation center. Renovation of a three-story hospital and construction of new one-story units consolidated scattered services and provided a barrier-free design for patients.", "PMID": 759323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11318", "title": "Is recycling of buildings a healthy alternative for the hospital industry?", "content": "Recycling, or reuse as it's called in the construction industry, works for paper and aluminum--then, why not for entire buildings?", "contents": "Is recycling of buildings a healthy alternative for the hospital industry? Recycling, or reuse as it's called in the construction industry, works for paper and aluminum--then, why not for entire buildings?", "PMID": 759332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11319", "title": "Hospitals must follow strategy to lead regional sharing efforts.", "content": "A hospital that wants to initiate or expand service sharing with other institutions in its service area must analyze and act on many considerations that affect the success of such relationships. For example, the hospital must identify its resources and goals for sharing as well as those of the other participants, eliminate personal and institutional 'ego needs' from the relationship, and promote effective interpersonal relationships among the key individuals from the participating institutions.", "contents": "Hospitals must follow strategy to lead regional sharing efforts. A hospital that wants to initiate or expand service sharing with other institutions in its service area must analyze and act on many considerations that affect the success of such relationships. For example, the hospital must identify its resources and goals for sharing as well as those of the other participants, eliminate personal and institutional 'ego needs' from the relationship, and promote effective interpersonal relationships among the key individuals from the participating institutions.", "PMID": 759341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11320", "title": "An engineer's approach to data collection and planning.", "content": "The hospital planner should imitate the engineer in his approach to gathering data on which planning programs must be based. The information must come from all groups involved in the hospital's operation, and each piece of data must then be evaluated for its individual contribution to the overall project.", "contents": "An engineer's approach to data collection and planning. The hospital planner should imitate the engineer in his approach to gathering data on which planning programs must be based. The information must come from all groups involved in the hospital's operation, and each piece of data must then be evaluated for its individual contribution to the overall project.", "PMID": 759343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11321", "title": "Fellowships offer expanded views of the health care world.", "content": "The authors briefly describe three fellowships that are currently available to health administration graduates. They also make some important observations about the usefulness of such fellowships and offer suggestions regarding fellowships in various key areas of the field of health care administration.", "contents": "Fellowships offer expanded views of the health care world. The authors briefly describe three fellowships that are currently available to health administration graduates. They also make some important observations about the usefulness of such fellowships and offer suggestions regarding fellowships in various key areas of the field of health care administration.", "PMID": 759344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11322", "title": "Hospital financial managers are central to management team.", "content": "The hospital financial manager must play an increasingly larger role in the development of overall hospital policy. Human resources, as well as physical assets and capital must be considered, and the financial manager needs to establish programs that not only create a sound economic base, but that also show management's commitment to people.", "contents": "Hospital financial managers are central to management team. The hospital financial manager must play an increasingly larger role in the development of overall hospital policy. Human resources, as well as physical assets and capital must be considered, and the financial manager needs to establish programs that not only create a sound economic base, but that also show management's commitment to people.", "PMID": 759346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11323", "title": "Dietitians improve patient care with computerized selective menu.", "content": "A computer-based system provides a selective menu that meets the dietary prescriptions of each patient; reduces food, printing, and personnel costs; and frees clinical dietitians to spend more time in rendering direct patient care through nutrition assessment and education and in auditing their department's operations.", "contents": "Dietitians improve patient care with computerized selective menu. A computer-based system provides a selective menu that meets the dietary prescriptions of each patient; reduces food, printing, and personnel costs; and frees clinical dietitians to spend more time in rendering direct patient care through nutrition assessment and education and in auditing their department's operations.", "PMID": 759347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11324", "title": "Revised fire safety system cuts emergency response time.", "content": "As Margaret R. Pardee Memorial Hospital, Hendersonville, NC. expanded, fire safety plans had to be reevaluated. With each new addition, fire safety responsibilities for hospital personnel multiplied and overlapped. Confusion resulted, and a revised, simplified, and coordinated fire safety system was devised. Seventeen false alarms within one year, caused by a faulty sprinkler system, gave hospital personnel ample opportunity to test the system and iron out unexpected problems.", "contents": "Revised fire safety system cuts emergency response time. As Margaret R. Pardee Memorial Hospital, Hendersonville, NC. expanded, fire safety plans had to be reevaluated. With each new addition, fire safety responsibilities for hospital personnel multiplied and overlapped. Confusion resulted, and a revised, simplified, and coordinated fire safety system was devised. Seventeen false alarms within one year, caused by a faulty sprinkler system, gave hospital personnel ample opportunity to test the system and iron out unexpected problems.", "PMID": 759348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11325", "title": "Would you listen to what they're saying.", "content": "Particularly at a children's hospital, the views and comments of patients and other publics can be a useful source of ideas in the creation of films, brochures, and other materials used to promote and explain the hospital. The words are frequently there; only the background needs to be provided.", "contents": "Would you listen to what they're saying. Particularly at a children's hospital, the views and comments of patients and other publics can be a useful source of ideas in the creation of films, brochures, and other materials used to promote and explain the hospital. The words are frequently there; only the background needs to be provided.", "PMID": 759349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11326", "title": "Medical staff helps set priorities for equipment purchases.", "content": "Through participation on a medical equipment priority committee, medical staff members have become more aware of the problems that their hospital's board and administration face in containing costs. In reviewing individual requests for equipment purchases, they not only apply their own expertise but also consider maintenance, personnel, planning, financing, and other implications of the proposed purchases.", "contents": "Medical staff helps set priorities for equipment purchases. Through participation on a medical equipment priority committee, medical staff members have become more aware of the problems that their hospital's board and administration face in containing costs. In reviewing individual requests for equipment purchases, they not only apply their own expertise but also consider maintenance, personnel, planning, financing, and other implications of the proposed purchases.", "PMID": 759350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11327", "title": "Three-year growth of a pastoral care department.", "content": "Three years ago, setting up a pastoral care department combining tradition with a contemporary thrust was an administrative dream at St. Mary's Hospital, Streator, IL. Now such a department is in full operation, offering a variety of services to patients, their families, hospital staff, clergy, and the community.", "contents": "Three-year growth of a pastoral care department. Three years ago, setting up a pastoral care department combining tradition with a contemporary thrust was an administrative dream at St. Mary's Hospital, Streator, IL. Now such a department is in full operation, offering a variety of services to patients, their families, hospital staff, clergy, and the community.", "PMID": 759353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11328", "title": "Abortion: a changing morality and policy?", "content": "Emotions are excellent companions but not always good guides. It is essential, therefore, to submit one's loyalties and value judgments to constant scrutiny and questioning and to those theological criteria that make abortion also (though not only) a theological question, a task not without its risks.", "contents": "Abortion: a changing morality and policy? Emotions are excellent companions but not always good guides. It is essential, therefore, to submit one's loyalties and value judgments to constant scrutiny and questioning and to those theological criteria that make abortion also (though not only) a theological question, a task not without its risks.", "PMID": 759354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11329", "title": "Administrator burnout--causes and cures.", "content": "Psychological \"burnout\" among administrators arises from frustrating life \"scripts\" and/or organizational pressures. Burnout may lead to termination, emotional withdrawal, fighting back, or corrective action. Strategies for prevention or cure include: developing space from work, determining intrinsically meaningful goals, setting up feedback systems, exploring self-actualizing activities.", "contents": "Administrator burnout--causes and cures. Psychological \"burnout\" among administrators arises from frustrating life \"scripts\" and/or organizational pressures. Burnout may lead to termination, emotional withdrawal, fighting back, or corrective action. Strategies for prevention or cure include: developing space from work, determining intrinsically meaningful goals, setting up feedback systems, exploring self-actualizing activities.", "PMID": 759355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11330", "title": "How a hospital attracts MDs.", "content": "While statistics indicate the nation is producing more physicians than it needs, administrators of rural or inner city hospitals still may have difficulty recruiting the physicians they need. Suggestions are given for assessing a hospital's medical staff needs, organizing a search committee, locating physician resources, evaluating candidates, and conducting recruitment visits.", "contents": "How a hospital attracts MDs. While statistics indicate the nation is producing more physicians than it needs, administrators of rural or inner city hospitals still may have difficulty recruiting the physicians they need. Suggestions are given for assessing a hospital's medical staff needs, organizing a search committee, locating physician resources, evaluating candidates, and conducting recruitment visits.", "PMID": 759356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11331", "title": "Refining a patient-acuity system over four years.", "content": "Four years ago St. Joseph Hospital, Albuquerque, developed a patient acuity system to be used in staffing and budgeting for the hospital's nursing service. Since then the service has continuously maintained and refined the system; and nursing management thinks the system has raised staff morale, clarified budgeting and saved money within the service, and helped maintain consistently high-quality patient care.", "contents": "Refining a patient-acuity system over four years. Four years ago St. Joseph Hospital, Albuquerque, developed a patient acuity system to be used in staffing and budgeting for the hospital's nursing service. Since then the service has continuously maintained and refined the system; and nursing management thinks the system has raised staff morale, clarified budgeting and saved money within the service, and helped maintain consistently high-quality patient care.", "PMID": 759357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11332", "title": "Temporary arterial shunt in the severely injured limb.", "content": "Silicone rubber tubing and matching vessel tips are available in any hospital with a renal dialysis unit. These materials may be used as a temporary measure to restore distal circulation in the severely injured limb. The operative technique and postoperative management of a case in which this manoeuvre was used are presented.", "contents": "Temporary arterial shunt in the severely injured limb. Silicone rubber tubing and matching vessel tips are available in any hospital with a renal dialysis unit. These materials may be used as a temporary measure to restore distal circulation in the severely injured limb. The operative technique and postoperative management of a case in which this manoeuvre was used are presented.", "PMID": 759362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11333", "title": "Snowmobile accidents in Northern Sweden.", "content": "A total of 129 snowmobile injuries occurring in 117 persons was registered during the winter of 1976-7 in J\u00e4mtland, a county of northern Sweden. During that period about 6600 snowmobiles were in use in the district. In 92 cases speed contributed to the cause of the accident. Seventy-five persons were injured when falling off the vehicle or getting caught beneath it. The accidents are analysed and suggestions are made for their prevention.", "contents": "Snowmobile accidents in Northern Sweden. A total of 129 snowmobile injuries occurring in 117 persons was registered during the winter of 1976-7 in J\u00e4mtland, a county of northern Sweden. During that period about 6600 snowmobiles were in use in the district. In 92 cases speed contributed to the cause of the accident. Seventy-five persons were injured when falling off the vehicle or getting caught beneath it. The accidents are analysed and suggestions are made for their prevention.", "PMID": 759363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11334", "title": "Intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy in the treatment of femoral neck fractures.", "content": "A total of 51 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures of Garden grade III or IV was treated by intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy. Of these, 42 patients had complete follow-up and 31 fractures (73.8%) united. The results were satisfactory in 66.6% and poor in 33.4%. The poor results were mainly due to non-union, chronic osteomyelitis and stiffness of the hip or knee. A high intertrochanteric osteotomy with adequate displacement is recommended in fresh, displaced femoral neck fractures.", "contents": "Intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy in the treatment of femoral neck fractures. A total of 51 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures of Garden grade III or IV was treated by intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy. Of these, 42 patients had complete follow-up and 31 fractures (73.8%) united. The results were satisfactory in 66.6% and poor in 33.4%. The poor results were mainly due to non-union, chronic osteomyelitis and stiffness of the hip or knee. A high intertrochanteric osteotomy with adequate displacement is recommended in fresh, displaced femoral neck fractures.", "PMID": 759364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11335", "title": "Fatal cervical dislocation related to wearing a seat belt: a case report.", "content": "A case of fatal cervical dislocation in a front seat passenger restrained by a retractable three-point belt is described. A biomechanical and technical analysis is given.", "contents": "Fatal cervical dislocation related to wearing a seat belt: a case report. A case of fatal cervical dislocation in a front seat passenger restrained by a retractable three-point belt is described. A biomechanical and technical analysis is given.", "PMID": 759366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11336", "title": "Alterations of the basal serum insulin and blood glucose in brain-injured patients.", "content": "Serial fasting blood glucose and basal serum insulin were measured in brain-injured patients. The endocrine changes were compared with the level of consciousness. Evaluating the serial examinations of 92 brain-injured and 31 control patients we came to the following conclusions. There is a quantitative correlation between the alterations in the level of consciousness and the fasting blood-glucose and serum-insulin levels in brain-injured patients. Deep coma is connected with a high blood-sugar level, clear consciousness with a normal glucose level. The insulin level is, however, decreased in the comatose state and normal in the state of clear consciousness. According to the alterations in blood-glucose and insulin levels, brain-injured patients can be divided into four groups. The alterations in the insulin level cannot give a proper explanation of the blood-sugar changes. Some changes in the levels of both blood glucose and serum insulin may have prognostic significance. According to our results it can be supposed that certain cerebral structures take part in the regulation of the basal insulin secretion.", "contents": "Alterations of the basal serum insulin and blood glucose in brain-injured patients. Serial fasting blood glucose and basal serum insulin were measured in brain-injured patients. The endocrine changes were compared with the level of consciousness. Evaluating the serial examinations of 92 brain-injured and 31 control patients we came to the following conclusions. There is a quantitative correlation between the alterations in the level of consciousness and the fasting blood-glucose and serum-insulin levels in brain-injured patients. Deep coma is connected with a high blood-sugar level, clear consciousness with a normal glucose level. The insulin level is, however, decreased in the comatose state and normal in the state of clear consciousness. According to the alterations in blood-glucose and insulin levels, brain-injured patients can be divided into four groups. The alterations in the insulin level cannot give a proper explanation of the blood-sugar changes. Some changes in the levels of both blood glucose and serum insulin may have prognostic significance. According to our results it can be supposed that certain cerebral structures take part in the regulation of the basal insulin secretion.", "PMID": 759367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11337", "title": "Flexor tendon healing and adhesion formation after Sterispon wrapping: a study in the rabbit.", "content": "The influence of Sterispon (Allen & Hanbury) wrapping on the healing of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon sutured within the digital sheath was studied. Control tendons healed in 2 weeks in association with thick adhesions. The wrapped tendons were surrounded with fewer adhesions, but 50% separated. Healing was delayed until adhesions reached the suture site. A sheath of a single layer of mesothelial cells formed on the surface of the Sterispon opposite the tendon and this markedly reduced adhesions at the suture site. The cellular reaction was bland. Sterispon wrapping had a similar effect on tendon healing and adhesion formation as wrapping with other non-absorbable substances and the results support the theory that healing in the digital sheath is necessarily mediated through the formation of adhesions. Sterispon wrapping has been helpful after tenolysis operations.", "contents": "Flexor tendon healing and adhesion formation after Sterispon wrapping: a study in the rabbit. The influence of Sterispon (Allen & Hanbury) wrapping on the healing of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon sutured within the digital sheath was studied. Control tendons healed in 2 weeks in association with thick adhesions. The wrapped tendons were surrounded with fewer adhesions, but 50% separated. Healing was delayed until adhesions reached the suture site. A sheath of a single layer of mesothelial cells formed on the surface of the Sterispon opposite the tendon and this markedly reduced adhesions at the suture site. The cellular reaction was bland. Sterispon wrapping had a similar effect on tendon healing and adhesion formation as wrapping with other non-absorbable substances and the results support the theory that healing in the digital sheath is necessarily mediated through the formation of adhesions. Sterispon wrapping has been helpful after tenolysis operations.", "PMID": 759368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11338", "title": "Symptoms at one year following concussion from minor head injuries.", "content": "Of 131 patients with mild concussion, 19 (14.5%) still had symptoms after 1 year. Of these 19 patients, 10 had some symptoms of which they had not complained at 6 weeks. Symptoms at 1 year were more common among women and among patients who had had positive neurological findings at 24 h. Of the 19 patients who had symptoms at 1 year, 8 were involved in law suits and 6 had been suspected of malingering 6 weeks after their accident. Five of these patients were both involved in law suits and suspected of malingering.", "contents": "Symptoms at one year following concussion from minor head injuries. Of 131 patients with mild concussion, 19 (14.5%) still had symptoms after 1 year. Of these 19 patients, 10 had some symptoms of which they had not complained at 6 weeks. Symptoms at 1 year were more common among women and among patients who had had positive neurological findings at 24 h. Of the 19 patients who had symptoms at 1 year, 8 were involved in law suits and 6 had been suspected of malingering 6 weeks after their accident. Five of these patients were both involved in law suits and suspected of malingering.", "PMID": 759371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11339", "title": "Intravenous regional anaesthesia in upper limb trauma.", "content": "Practical experience in the use of Bier block anaesthesia of the upper limb is described. The revival of this well-tested technique is particularly relevant in circumstances where, for a variety of reasons, the administration of a general anaesthetic is impracticable. The quality of surgery, the safety of anaesthesia and the patient's comfort can be well maintained by following a few simple rules. We have satisfied these criteria in this series by using low doses which are safe and sufficient in a busy accident department.", "contents": "Intravenous regional anaesthesia in upper limb trauma. Practical experience in the use of Bier block anaesthesia of the upper limb is described. The revival of this well-tested technique is particularly relevant in circumstances where, for a variety of reasons, the administration of a general anaesthetic is impracticable. The quality of surgery, the safety of anaesthesia and the patient's comfort can be well maintained by following a few simple rules. We have satisfied these criteria in this series by using low doses which are safe and sufficient in a busy accident department.", "PMID": 759372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11340", "title": "The use of Kiton Fast Green to measure the viability of the head of the femur after fractures of the neck of the femur.", "content": "An intravital staining method was used to predict the viability of the femoral head at operation in 36 patients with fractures of the neck of the femur. Life was predicted in 18 heads, death in 16 and in 2 there was some doubt. In the group which was predicted to be live, 15 fractures united uneventfully, 1 developed late collapse and 2 became infected and died. Of the heads predicted to be dead, 3 united without evidence of necrosis, four had radiological changes suggesting that necrosis had been followed by revascularization and 10 required further operations. Histological evidence was later obtained in 19 cases. Of 6 heads predicted to be live, 4 had united without evidence of necrosis, 1 showed necrosis and collapse and 1 was infected and dead. Of the heads predicted to be dead, 8 were dead, 4 showed revascularization taking place and 1 showed no evidence of bone necrosis. Intravital staining is a relatively easy technique but has limitations as a means of predicting the clinical outcome.", "contents": "The use of Kiton Fast Green to measure the viability of the head of the femur after fractures of the neck of the femur. An intravital staining method was used to predict the viability of the femoral head at operation in 36 patients with fractures of the neck of the femur. Life was predicted in 18 heads, death in 16 and in 2 there was some doubt. In the group which was predicted to be live, 15 fractures united uneventfully, 1 developed late collapse and 2 became infected and died. Of the heads predicted to be dead, 3 united without evidence of necrosis, four had radiological changes suggesting that necrosis had been followed by revascularization and 10 required further operations. Histological evidence was later obtained in 19 cases. Of 6 heads predicted to be live, 4 had united without evidence of necrosis, 1 showed necrosis and collapse and 1 was infected and dead. Of the heads predicted to be dead, 8 were dead, 4 showed revascularization taking place and 1 showed no evidence of bone necrosis. Intravital staining is a relatively easy technique but has limitations as a means of predicting the clinical outcome.", "PMID": 759373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11341", "title": "Cancer progression and monocyte inflammatory dysfunction: relationship to tumour excision and metastasis.", "content": "In a longitudinal study performed before and after surgical resection of a chemically-induced, transplanted rat tumour we found that a monocytosis- and tumour-induced anti-inflammatory effect directed against macrophages was promptly corrected by tumour excision but recurred with metastasis. These observations indicate that the monocyte abnormalities are acquired and related to cancer progression. The anti-inflammatory effect required relatively large primary or metastatic tumour burdens. Our findings support the clinical impression that monocyte abnormalities are associated with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Cancer progression and monocyte inflammatory dysfunction: relationship to tumour excision and metastasis. In a longitudinal study performed before and after surgical resection of a chemically-induced, transplanted rat tumour we found that a monocytosis- and tumour-induced anti-inflammatory effect directed against macrophages was promptly corrected by tumour excision but recurred with metastasis. These observations indicate that the monocyte abnormalities are acquired and related to cancer progression. The anti-inflammatory effect required relatively large primary or metastatic tumour burdens. Our findings support the clinical impression that monocyte abnormalities are associated with a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 759376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11342", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on hemopoietic stem-cell kinetics.", "content": "The intravenous administration of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into C57BL mice leads to a significant decrease in the number of bone-marrow colony-forming-units in spleen (CFUs) as early as 12 h after the injection of the bacterium. This decrease persisted in varying degrees for 3 weeks. After an initial fall at 24 h, the splenic CFUs exhibited a rapid expansion and reached values 10 times higher than the control range on the ninth day. A significant rise in the number of circulating CFUs, reaching a first peak at 2 h and a second one on the fifth day, was also observed. The proliferative status of femoral CFUs was increased at 48 and 72 h, while that of splenic CFUs presented a significant increase only 48 h after the injection of C. parvum. The sequence of events which were observed in these experiments indicates that an accelerated migration of hemopoietic stem cells from bone marrow to spleen via the blood circulation has to take place.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on hemopoietic stem-cell kinetics. The intravenous administration of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into C57BL mice leads to a significant decrease in the number of bone-marrow colony-forming-units in spleen (CFUs) as early as 12 h after the injection of the bacterium. This decrease persisted in varying degrees for 3 weeks. After an initial fall at 24 h, the splenic CFUs exhibited a rapid expansion and reached values 10 times higher than the control range on the ninth day. A significant rise in the number of circulating CFUs, reaching a first peak at 2 h and a second one on the fifth day, was also observed. The proliferative status of femoral CFUs was increased at 48 and 72 h, while that of splenic CFUs presented a significant increase only 48 h after the injection of C. parvum. The sequence of events which were observed in these experiments indicates that an accelerated migration of hemopoietic stem cells from bone marrow to spleen via the blood circulation has to take place.", "PMID": 759377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11343", "title": "Carcinogenic potential of hycanthone in mice and hamsters.", "content": "Hycanthone was administered to Schistosoma mansoni-infected and non-infected Syrian golden hamsters and Swiss mice by intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of amounts up to the maximum tolerated dose. No tumors attributable to treatment were observed in hamsters. In infected mice, the overall incidence of hepatomas and hepatocellular carcinomas increased from 3.4% in untreated mice to 10.6% in those treated with hycanthone. Non-infected control mice developed 0.8% of these tumors compared to 10.2% in mice treated with hycanthone. Despite the use of high dose levels of hycanthone, statistical significance was attained only with non-infected female mice injected intraperitoneally and intramuscularly with hycanthone and then only at confidence levels of 92 and 95% respectively.", "contents": "Carcinogenic potential of hycanthone in mice and hamsters. Hycanthone was administered to Schistosoma mansoni-infected and non-infected Syrian golden hamsters and Swiss mice by intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of amounts up to the maximum tolerated dose. No tumors attributable to treatment were observed in hamsters. In infected mice, the overall incidence of hepatomas and hepatocellular carcinomas increased from 3.4% in untreated mice to 10.6% in those treated with hycanthone. Non-infected control mice developed 0.8% of these tumors compared to 10.2% in mice treated with hycanthone. Despite the use of high dose levels of hycanthone, statistical significance was attained only with non-infected female mice injected intraperitoneally and intramuscularly with hycanthone and then only at confidence levels of 92 and 95% respectively.", "PMID": 759380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11344", "title": "A standard large wound of the corneal epithelium in the rabbit.", "content": "A method of iodine vapor cautery was applied to rabbit eyes. The cautery produces an approximately circular area denuded of epithelium of uniform size. The eye is not inflamed, and the very rapid mean healing rate of 1.42 mm2hr-1 was observed.", "contents": "A standard large wound of the corneal epithelium in the rabbit. A method of iodine vapor cautery was applied to rabbit eyes. The cautery produces an approximately circular area denuded of epithelium of uniform size. The eye is not inflamed, and the very rapid mean healing rate of 1.42 mm2hr-1 was observed.", "PMID": 759381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11345", "title": "Long-term perfusion of human corneas.", "content": "In twelve isolated human corneas (cadaver time 2 to 16 hr) stromal thickness could be maintained within 0.50 to 0.66 mm up to 20 hr by the use of an endothelial bathing medium consisting of glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution, HEPES-buffer, and 20% human serum. During the first 3 to 5 hr of perfusion, temperature reversal occurred in all corneas. Wound healing processes were observed in nine corneas throughout the experiments after scraping off a 2.5 mm area of central epithelium, which was kept in a moist saline-saturated atmosphere.", "contents": "Long-term perfusion of human corneas. In twelve isolated human corneas (cadaver time 2 to 16 hr) stromal thickness could be maintained within 0.50 to 0.66 mm up to 20 hr by the use of an endothelial bathing medium consisting of glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution, HEPES-buffer, and 20% human serum. During the first 3 to 5 hr of perfusion, temperature reversal occurred in all corneas. Wound healing processes were observed in nine corneas throughout the experiments after scraping off a 2.5 mm area of central epithelium, which was kept in a moist saline-saturated atmosphere.", "PMID": 759382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11346", "title": "An electron microscopic study of macrophages in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy.", "content": "In retinas of rats (RCS) with inherited retinal dystrophy, cells interpreted as macrophages infiltrate the outer nuclear layer and subsequently appear in the interphotoreceptor space, where they accummulate during the course of the disease. The morphology and distribution of these cells and their relations to the pigment epithelial cells were investigated. Macrophages, regardless of their location, possessed morphological features that distinguished them from the pigment epithelial cells. Premelanosomes and melanosomes, typical of pigment epithelial cells, were never observed in macrophages. There was no evidence to indicate that, during the period studied, the pigment epithelial cells had become dedifferentiated or had migrated from Bruch's membrane. Macrophages, like pigment epithelial cells, phagocytized little or no outer segment material. The findings indicate that, at least during the interval studied, the cells that infiltrate the retina and interphotoreceptor space are macrophages rather than pigment epithelial cells.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of macrophages in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. In retinas of rats (RCS) with inherited retinal dystrophy, cells interpreted as macrophages infiltrate the outer nuclear layer and subsequently appear in the interphotoreceptor space, where they accummulate during the course of the disease. The morphology and distribution of these cells and their relations to the pigment epithelial cells were investigated. Macrophages, regardless of their location, possessed morphological features that distinguished them from the pigment epithelial cells. Premelanosomes and melanosomes, typical of pigment epithelial cells, were never observed in macrophages. There was no evidence to indicate that, during the period studied, the pigment epithelial cells had become dedifferentiated or had migrated from Bruch's membrane. Macrophages, like pigment epithelial cells, phagocytized little or no outer segment material. The findings indicate that, at least during the interval studied, the cells that infiltrate the retina and interphotoreceptor space are macrophages rather than pigment epithelial cells.", "PMID": 759383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11347", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of photopic ERG waveforms.", "content": "Quantitative, computer-based ways of representing photopic ERG waveforms are investigated and related to over-all retinal condition in a group of normal subjects and a group of patients with diagnosed retinitis pigmentosa. Sinusoidal stimulation and a Fourier series response representation have been selected. This combination provides a few parameters which facilitate waveform comparison, and it naturally lends itself to generalization if more detailed features of ERG recordings are to be included. On the basis of this type of waveform characterization, the over-all photopic retinal condition of any individual eye can be represented by a single number or by its location in various cluster diagrams and its distance from the normal cluster. As exemplified by the results herein described, such an automated approach can be particularly useful in screening large populations for retinal degenerations or in quantitatively following the progression of retinal degeneration over long periods of time.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of photopic ERG waveforms. Quantitative, computer-based ways of representing photopic ERG waveforms are investigated and related to over-all retinal condition in a group of normal subjects and a group of patients with diagnosed retinitis pigmentosa. Sinusoidal stimulation and a Fourier series response representation have been selected. This combination provides a few parameters which facilitate waveform comparison, and it naturally lends itself to generalization if more detailed features of ERG recordings are to be included. On the basis of this type of waveform characterization, the over-all photopic retinal condition of any individual eye can be represented by a single number or by its location in various cluster diagrams and its distance from the normal cluster. As exemplified by the results herein described, such an automated approach can be particularly useful in screening large populations for retinal degenerations or in quantitatively following the progression of retinal degeneration over long periods of time.", "PMID": 759384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11348", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and norepinephrine on ocular pressure and pupil size in rabbits following bilateral cervical ganglionectomy.", "content": "We wish to report an early (10 to 30 min) 6 to 7 mm Hg increase in IOP above predrug levels following topical norepinephrine (NE) (5mumol) administration in conscious normal rabbits. This early elevation in IOP was significantly more pronounced in bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomized (BG) rabbits. The time course for peak IOP elevation slightly preceded the accompanying peak mydriatic effect in all groups. IOP returned to baseline levels in about 60 min in the BG rabbits, but the mydriasis persisted. Pretreatment with topical indomethacin significantly reversed the early hypertonic NE effect on IOP in the BG animals implying the involvement of prostaglandin synthesis. The IOP continued to fall significantly after 60 min in the BG group with indomethacin pretreatment. This latter result suggests a predominant long-lasting NE effect. The indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on pupil size of any group, but phenoxybenzamine (PBA) reduced the mydriatic effect, implying a direct or a predominant role of NE on iris muscle.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and norepinephrine on ocular pressure and pupil size in rabbits following bilateral cervical ganglionectomy. We wish to report an early (10 to 30 min) 6 to 7 mm Hg increase in IOP above predrug levels following topical norepinephrine (NE) (5mumol) administration in conscious normal rabbits. This early elevation in IOP was significantly more pronounced in bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomized (BG) rabbits. The time course for peak IOP elevation slightly preceded the accompanying peak mydriatic effect in all groups. IOP returned to baseline levels in about 60 min in the BG rabbits, but the mydriasis persisted. Pretreatment with topical indomethacin significantly reversed the early hypertonic NE effect on IOP in the BG animals implying the involvement of prostaglandin synthesis. The IOP continued to fall significantly after 60 min in the BG group with indomethacin pretreatment. This latter result suggests a predominant long-lasting NE effect. The indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on pupil size of any group, but phenoxybenzamine (PBA) reduced the mydriatic effect, implying a direct or a predominant role of NE on iris muscle.", "PMID": 759385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11349", "title": "A bioavailability comparison in rabbits of two steroids formulated as high-viscosity gels and reference aqueous preparations.", "content": "In order to assess the bioavailability of steroids from a high-viscosity gel, rabbit cornea and aqueous humor levels were measured over 12 hr following topical instillation of a gel and reference preparation. Concentrations associated with a 1% tritiated prednisolone acetate gel were found to be approximately four times larger than those of the reference preparation. A graphical comparison of the 1% tritiated prednisolone sodium phosphate data showed the area under corneal and aqueous time curves to be five and 10 times greater, respectively, with the gel than data associated with the reference preparation. The gel vehicle is well retained in the rabbit eye and is responsible for the large increases in bioavailability.", "contents": "A bioavailability comparison in rabbits of two steroids formulated as high-viscosity gels and reference aqueous preparations. In order to assess the bioavailability of steroids from a high-viscosity gel, rabbit cornea and aqueous humor levels were measured over 12 hr following topical instillation of a gel and reference preparation. Concentrations associated with a 1% tritiated prednisolone acetate gel were found to be approximately four times larger than those of the reference preparation. A graphical comparison of the 1% tritiated prednisolone sodium phosphate data showed the area under corneal and aqueous time curves to be five and 10 times greater, respectively, with the gel than data associated with the reference preparation. The gel vehicle is well retained in the rabbit eye and is responsible for the large increases in bioavailability.", "PMID": 759386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11350", "title": "Biochemical characterization of procollagen-collagen synthesized by rabbit corneal endothelial cells in culture.", "content": "Collagen synthesis was studied in monolayer cultures of rabbit corneal endothelial cells by following [14C]proline and [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose incorporation into a fraction enriched for collagen and its precursor molecules. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of this fraction showed that it consisted of a high-molecular-weight (greater than 300,000 daltons) polypeptide. This component was collagenase sensitive and, in the presence of dithiothreitol, gave rise to two polypeptides of the apparent molecular weights of 200,000 and 160,000 daltons. Pepsin digestion of this material destroyed all the high-molecular-weight material and gave rise to a single collagenase-sensitive component of an apparent molecular weight of 115,000 daltons. This 115,000 dalton material is similar to previously observed basement membrane collagens, and the 160,000 and 200,000 dalton components are probably precursor chains of basement membrane collagen. The very-high-molecular-weight material (greater than 300,000 daltons) may represent a disulfide-linked complex of these precursor chains. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography confirmed the presence of a single procollagen species distinct from the collagen fraction. Amino acid analysis of collagen and procollagen fractions showed a decreased hydroxyproline value as compared with previously reported basement membrane collagens or collagen precursors.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of procollagen-collagen synthesized by rabbit corneal endothelial cells in culture. Collagen synthesis was studied in monolayer cultures of rabbit corneal endothelial cells by following [14C]proline and [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose incorporation into a fraction enriched for collagen and its precursor molecules. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of this fraction showed that it consisted of a high-molecular-weight (greater than 300,000 daltons) polypeptide. This component was collagenase sensitive and, in the presence of dithiothreitol, gave rise to two polypeptides of the apparent molecular weights of 200,000 and 160,000 daltons. Pepsin digestion of this material destroyed all the high-molecular-weight material and gave rise to a single collagenase-sensitive component of an apparent molecular weight of 115,000 daltons. This 115,000 dalton material is similar to previously observed basement membrane collagens, and the 160,000 and 200,000 dalton components are probably precursor chains of basement membrane collagen. The very-high-molecular-weight material (greater than 300,000 daltons) may represent a disulfide-linked complex of these precursor chains. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography confirmed the presence of a single procollagen species distinct from the collagen fraction. Amino acid analysis of collagen and procollagen fractions showed a decreased hydroxyproline value as compared with previously reported basement membrane collagens or collagen precursors.", "PMID": 759387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11351", "title": "Ocular surface epithelium and corneal vascularization in rabbits. I. The role of wounding.", "content": "A new model for rabbit corneal vascularization, created by making a penetrating wound in corneas with epithelium of conjunctival origin, is described. Obligate resurfacing of the cornea from conjunctival epithelium usually leads to a small, but consistent peripheral superficial corneal vascularization. Subsequent penetrating wounds elicit, in 75% of cases, a marked vascular ingrowth. Normal eyes and eyes resurfaced by peripheral corneal epithelial cells do not vascularize after such wounds. The vessels are located in the anterior corneal stroma, and the regenerated epithelium has a conjunctival appearance. Although increased hydration plays a role in this vascularization, the extent of vascularization was much greater in the presence of regenerated epithelium of conjunctival origin than in the presence of regenerated epithelium of corneal origin.", "contents": "Ocular surface epithelium and corneal vascularization in rabbits. I. The role of wounding. A new model for rabbit corneal vascularization, created by making a penetrating wound in corneas with epithelium of conjunctival origin, is described. Obligate resurfacing of the cornea from conjunctival epithelium usually leads to a small, but consistent peripheral superficial corneal vascularization. Subsequent penetrating wounds elicit, in 75% of cases, a marked vascular ingrowth. Normal eyes and eyes resurfaced by peripheral corneal epithelial cells do not vascularize after such wounds. The vessels are located in the anterior corneal stroma, and the regenerated epithelium has a conjunctival appearance. Although increased hydration plays a role in this vascularization, the extent of vascularization was much greater in the presence of regenerated epithelium of conjunctival origin than in the presence of regenerated epithelium of corneal origin.", "PMID": 759389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11352", "title": "Oxygen levels beneath the closed eyelid.", "content": "The level of oxygen at the anterior corneal surface beneath the closed eyelid is shown to be equivalent to an atmosphere of 7.7% oxygen. This finding is in good agreement with assumptions which have been based on the oxygen level at the palpebral conjunctiva. However, in some instances a significant amount of oxygen is derived not only from the palpebral conjunctiva but also from the atmosphere as a result of an imperfect palpebral aperture seal.", "contents": "Oxygen levels beneath the closed eyelid. The level of oxygen at the anterior corneal surface beneath the closed eyelid is shown to be equivalent to an atmosphere of 7.7% oxygen. This finding is in good agreement with assumptions which have been based on the oxygen level at the palpebral conjunctiva. However, in some instances a significant amount of oxygen is derived not only from the palpebral conjunctiva but also from the atmosphere as a result of an imperfect palpebral aperture seal.", "PMID": 759390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11353", "title": "Rhodopsin determinations in C57BL/6J-pallid strain mice.", "content": "The influence of light environment on rhodopsin concentration per eye was determined in littermate pigmented and nonpigmented C57BL/6J-pallid gene mice reared under cyclic light or continuous dark environments. Attempts to exacerbate a congenital manganese deficiency in pallid strain mice included dietary deprivation and supplementation with manganese and exposure to intense light followed by the determination of rhodopsin recovery rates in darkness. Homozygous pallid mice (pa/pa) reared in cyclic light had rhodopsin levels which were significantly lower than heterozygous (+/pa) or homozygous (+/+) black control mice. Dark-rearing resulted in a significant increase in rhodopsin per eye in pallid strain mice and equivalent levels in adult mice, but young pallid strain mice did not achieve the same rhodopsin concentration as young +/+ mice. Although dietary manganese deprivation or supplementation did not significantly alter rhodopsin levels among pallid mice, the deficient diet resulted in lower rhodopsin per eye in the young +/+ control animals. The recovery of rhodopsin in darkness following intense light exposure was equal and complete within 24 hr for most genotypes. However, recovery by pallid mice after 24 hr was significantly lower than by pigmented or albino genotypes.", "contents": "Rhodopsin determinations in C57BL/6J-pallid strain mice. The influence of light environment on rhodopsin concentration per eye was determined in littermate pigmented and nonpigmented C57BL/6J-pallid gene mice reared under cyclic light or continuous dark environments. Attempts to exacerbate a congenital manganese deficiency in pallid strain mice included dietary deprivation and supplementation with manganese and exposure to intense light followed by the determination of rhodopsin recovery rates in darkness. Homozygous pallid mice (pa/pa) reared in cyclic light had rhodopsin levels which were significantly lower than heterozygous (+/pa) or homozygous (+/+) black control mice. Dark-rearing resulted in a significant increase in rhodopsin per eye in pallid strain mice and equivalent levels in adult mice, but young pallid strain mice did not achieve the same rhodopsin concentration as young +/+ mice. Although dietary manganese deprivation or supplementation did not significantly alter rhodopsin levels among pallid mice, the deficient diet resulted in lower rhodopsin per eye in the young +/+ control animals. The recovery of rhodopsin in darkness following intense light exposure was equal and complete within 24 hr for most genotypes. However, recovery by pallid mice after 24 hr was significantly lower than by pigmented or albino genotypes.", "PMID": 759391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11354", "title": "[Hypacusis in acquired hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined 56 patients with latent or clinical hypothyroidism and a control group of 18 patients with acute hypothyroidism. We were especially interested in the localization and extent of hearing abnormalities. 45% of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism showed a hearing loss. 2 of these patients had a pure conductive loss, 7 a combined hearing loss and 16 a sensorineural hearing loss. We demonstrated hair cell damage in 13 of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism. This loss was mild to moderate in over 90% of the cases. Although several patients had basilar-cochlear hearing losses, no characteristic audiograms could be found. 50% of the patients showed a small improvement in hearing after thyroid substitution therapy. The results of our examinations are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Hypacusis in acquired hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. We examined 56 patients with latent or clinical hypothyroidism and a control group of 18 patients with acute hypothyroidism. We were especially interested in the localization and extent of hearing abnormalities. 45% of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism showed a hearing loss. 2 of these patients had a pure conductive loss, 7 a combined hearing loss and 16 a sensorineural hearing loss. We demonstrated hair cell damage in 13 of the patients with chronic hypothyroidism. This loss was mild to moderate in over 90% of the cases. Although several patients had basilar-cochlear hearing losses, no characteristic audiograms could be found. 50% of the patients showed a small improvement in hearing after thyroid substitution therapy. The results of our examinations are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 759409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11355", "title": "[The prognostic value in tympanoplasty surgery of eustachian tube function tests (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was undertaken to test the validity of preoperative Eustachian tube ventilation measurements in 107 patients with conductive deafness and chronic middle ear disease. By standard static aspiration and deflation tests and with the Valsalva probe correlations were found in some patients between tubal function and the extent of middle ear damage as shown by the air-bone gap on audiometry and the findings at operation. However no prognostic information was evident with these measures since no relationship existed between tubal function and operative success as judged by closure of the air-bone gap or by healing of the tympanic membrane defect.", "contents": "[The prognostic value in tympanoplasty surgery of eustachian tube function tests (author's transl)]. A study was undertaken to test the validity of preoperative Eustachian tube ventilation measurements in 107 patients with conductive deafness and chronic middle ear disease. By standard static aspiration and deflation tests and with the Valsalva probe correlations were found in some patients between tubal function and the extent of middle ear damage as shown by the air-bone gap on audiometry and the findings at operation. However no prognostic information was evident with these measures since no relationship existed between tubal function and operative success as judged by closure of the air-bone gap or by healing of the tympanic membrane defect.", "PMID": 759410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11356", "title": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The general clinical and pathological findings of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reviewed and illustrated by a case-report with involvement of the tonsils. Our patient showed all the characteristic signs of this disease, including fever, pruritus, rash, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Histologically the wellknown triad of arborizing postcapillary vessels, proliferation of immunoblasts and plasma-cells, as well as deposition of PAS-positive interstitial material was found. Laboratory findings included a polyclonal hyperglobulinemia and a hemolytic anemia. Treatment consisted of corticosteroids and supportive medications. The prognosis is generally poor, with a median survival of 13 months. At present, the cause is unknown.", "contents": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)]. The general clinical and pathological findings of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reviewed and illustrated by a case-report with involvement of the tonsils. Our patient showed all the characteristic signs of this disease, including fever, pruritus, rash, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Histologically the wellknown triad of arborizing postcapillary vessels, proliferation of immunoblasts and plasma-cells, as well as deposition of PAS-positive interstitial material was found. Laboratory findings included a polyclonal hyperglobulinemia and a hemolytic anemia. Treatment consisted of corticosteroids and supportive medications. The prognosis is generally poor, with a median survival of 13 months. At present, the cause is unknown.", "PMID": 759411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11357", "title": "[The results of hearing aid usage in a group of patients older than 65 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of 50 patients were randomized from patients who came to have their hearing aid fitting controlled. One group (A) had a mean age of 27.6 years with a standard deviation of +/- 12.8 years. The second group (B) had a mean age of 75.06 years with a standard deviation of 5.7 years. Our statistical analysis of these patients showed that results of hearing aid instrumentation were comparable in both groups. The investigation has revealed that hearing aid fitting should not be contraindicated because of older age.", "contents": "[The results of hearing aid usage in a group of patients older than 65 years (author's transl)]. Two groups of 50 patients were randomized from patients who came to have their hearing aid fitting controlled. One group (A) had a mean age of 27.6 years with a standard deviation of +/- 12.8 years. The second group (B) had a mean age of 75.06 years with a standard deviation of 5.7 years. Our statistical analysis of these patients showed that results of hearing aid instrumentation were comparable in both groups. The investigation has revealed that hearing aid fitting should not be contraindicated because of older age.", "PMID": 759413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11358", "title": "[Dominantly inherited bilateral ear anomalies (author's transl)].", "content": "A family, in which 12 patients through 5 generations had bilateral symmetrical anomalies of the external ears is reported. Assessment of the pedigree shows an autosomal dominant inheritance.", "contents": "[Dominantly inherited bilateral ear anomalies (author's transl)]. A family, in which 12 patients through 5 generations had bilateral symmetrical anomalies of the external ears is reported. Assessment of the pedigree shows an autosomal dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 759414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11359", "title": "[Results of heterologous tracheal transplants in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, 7 x 15 mm Cialit-preserved human tracheal segments were grafted to the tracheas of five 3-month old piglets. 72-120 days later, the animals were sacrificed and the grafts with proximal and distal control areas were removed. Tissues were then examined macroscopically and by light and scanning electron microscopy. We found that: (1) all grafts had taken well; (2) no animal suffered from clinical signs of respiratory obstruction or inflammation; (3) although luminal diameters of the tracheas increased from 8 mm to 22 mm, the size of the grafts remained unchanged but the resulting tracheal stenosis did not cause respiratory obstruction; (4) the graftet areas showed re-epithelialization. The nature of the re-epithelialization as well as the fate of the submucosa and tracheal cartilage will be reported in a subsequent publication.", "contents": "[Results of heterologous tracheal transplants in animal experiments (author's transl)]. In the present study, 7 x 15 mm Cialit-preserved human tracheal segments were grafted to the tracheas of five 3-month old piglets. 72-120 days later, the animals were sacrificed and the grafts with proximal and distal control areas were removed. Tissues were then examined macroscopically and by light and scanning electron microscopy. We found that: (1) all grafts had taken well; (2) no animal suffered from clinical signs of respiratory obstruction or inflammation; (3) although luminal diameters of the tracheas increased from 8 mm to 22 mm, the size of the grafts remained unchanged but the resulting tracheal stenosis did not cause respiratory obstruction; (4) the graftet areas showed re-epithelialization. The nature of the re-epithelialization as well as the fate of the submucosa and tracheal cartilage will be reported in a subsequent publication.", "PMID": 759415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11360", "title": "Acetabular development after reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "A study of acetabular development in 148 patients with 185 congenitally dislocated hips treated by closed reduction from 1940 to 1968 showed that eight years after reduction the acetabular index was normal (less than 20 degrees) in 49.2 per cent, satisfactory (from 20 to 24 degrees) in 34 per cent, and poor (more than 24 degrees) in 16.7 per cent. Early treatment led to the best acetabular development. Significant and continuing improvement of the acetabular index was observed between two and eight years after reduction when the femoral head remained concentrically reduced. Failure to maintain proper reduction and necrosis of the femoral head led to poor results.", "contents": "Acetabular development after reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip. A study of acetabular development in 148 patients with 185 congenitally dislocated hips treated by closed reduction from 1940 to 1968 showed that eight years after reduction the acetabular index was normal (less than 20 degrees) in 49.2 per cent, satisfactory (from 20 to 24 degrees) in 34 per cent, and poor (more than 24 degrees) in 16.7 per cent. Early treatment led to the best acetabular development. Significant and continuing improvement of the acetabular index was observed between two and eight years after reduction when the femoral head remained concentrically reduced. Failure to maintain proper reduction and necrosis of the femoral head led to poor results.", "PMID": 759420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11361", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "From January 1970 to December 1976, seventeen patients with twenty-two congenital hip dislocations were treated by open reduction through a medial approach. The average follow-up was 42.2 months. The patients were evaluated for acetabular development, aseptic necrosis, and intraoperative findings. The incidence of aseptic necrosis was 10 per cent. The acetabular index improved rapidly during the first year after reduction. After the first year the rate of development was decreased, but the acetabular index continued to improve throughout the period of study. The medial approach provides a safe, effective way to reduce a dislocated hip in infancy. This procedure is advocated when closed reduction cannot be obtained by gentle manipulation or maintained by positioning once reduction is done.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip. From January 1970 to December 1976, seventeen patients with twenty-two congenital hip dislocations were treated by open reduction through a medial approach. The average follow-up was 42.2 months. The patients were evaluated for acetabular development, aseptic necrosis, and intraoperative findings. The incidence of aseptic necrosis was 10 per cent. The acetabular index improved rapidly during the first year after reduction. After the first year the rate of development was decreased, but the acetabular index continued to improve throughout the period of study. The medial approach provides a safe, effective way to reduce a dislocated hip in infancy. This procedure is advocated when closed reduction cannot be obtained by gentle manipulation or maintained by positioning once reduction is done.", "PMID": 759421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11362", "title": "Growth and development of congenitally dislocated hips reduced in early infancy.", "content": "We determined the acetabular angles, center-edge angles, comprehensive quotients, and Shenton's lines from sequential roentgenograms of thirty-seven children with congenitally dislocated hips treated by closed non-manipulative reduction in early infancy. The values were compared with those obtained from roentgenograms of 164 normal children who ranged in age from three months to five years and of forty-three adolescents and adults. The hip recovering from congenital dislocation developed similarly to the normal hip but differed in that it showed a greater rate of decrease of the acetabular angle and an increase in the center-edge angle. Significant development after the age of five years still was manifested in the reduced hips.", "contents": "Growth and development of congenitally dislocated hips reduced in early infancy. We determined the acetabular angles, center-edge angles, comprehensive quotients, and Shenton's lines from sequential roentgenograms of thirty-seven children with congenitally dislocated hips treated by closed non-manipulative reduction in early infancy. The values were compared with those obtained from roentgenograms of 164 normal children who ranged in age from three months to five years and of forty-three adolescents and adults. The hip recovering from congenital dislocation developed similarly to the normal hip but differed in that it showed a greater rate of decrease of the acetabular angle and an increase in the center-edge angle. Significant development after the age of five years still was manifested in the reduced hips.", "PMID": 759422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11363", "title": "Treatment of unreduced traumatic posterior dislocations of the hip.", "content": "A study was made of thirty-nine traumatic posterior dislocations of the hip that had remained unreduced for from three days to nine years. The purpose of the review was to compare the results of closed and open reduction with those of primary reconstructive surgery. Three of the twenty hips that had closed or open reduction had good results as compared with ten of the thirteen hips that had primary reconstructive surgery. Six hips that were left dislocated had uniformly poor results.", "contents": "Treatment of unreduced traumatic posterior dislocations of the hip. A study was made of thirty-nine traumatic posterior dislocations of the hip that had remained unreduced for from three days to nine years. The purpose of the review was to compare the results of closed and open reduction with those of primary reconstructive surgery. Three of the twenty hips that had closed or open reduction had good results as compared with ten of the thirteen hips that had primary reconstructive surgery. Six hips that were left dislocated had uniformly poor results.", "PMID": 759430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11364", "title": "Ischemia of the lower extremity after total hip replacement.", "content": "Following total hip replacement, three patients had early and one had late ischemia of the ipsilateral extremity. Three required vascular surgery and one, a lumbar sympathectomy for relief of pain at rest. In each instance there had been multiple previous procedures on the same hip resulting in extensive scarring, shortening, flexion contracture, or fusion. The ischemia after total hip replacement was probably the result of interruption of critical collateral circulation about the hip or of traction on the femoral vessels tethered by scar when the short limb was lengthened or when the hip contracture was corrected. Evaluation by Doppler pressures and arteriography was helpful. Careful preoperative evaluation, early recognition of signs of ischemia, and prompt institution of appropriate management are essential to prevent this complication and to treat it adequately once it occurs.", "contents": "Ischemia of the lower extremity after total hip replacement. Following total hip replacement, three patients had early and one had late ischemia of the ipsilateral extremity. Three required vascular surgery and one, a lumbar sympathectomy for relief of pain at rest. In each instance there had been multiple previous procedures on the same hip resulting in extensive scarring, shortening, flexion contracture, or fusion. The ischemia after total hip replacement was probably the result of interruption of critical collateral circulation about the hip or of traction on the femoral vessels tethered by scar when the short limb was lengthened or when the hip contracture was corrected. Evaluation by Doppler pressures and arteriography was helpful. Careful preoperative evaluation, early recognition of signs of ischemia, and prompt institution of appropriate management are essential to prevent this complication and to treat it adequately once it occurs.", "PMID": 759431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11365", "title": "Mechanical failures in total hip replacement requiring reoperation.", "content": "During the years 1971 through mid-1977, approximately 3,000 total hip replacements were performed at The Hospital for Special Surgery using metal-to-plastic prostheses. During that period of time, thirty-five operations were done for mechanical failure in the absence of infection. The mechanical failures were distributed as follows: Fourteen patients had dislocations of the prostheses and seven patients had loosening of the femoral component, mostly with varus positioning of the femoral stem. Six patients, most of them heavy, active men, had fractures of the femoral stem. Three patients had loosening of the acetabular component. (In two of three there was insufficient bone stock over the acetabulum.) Four patients had proximal migration of the greater trochanter and one had a fracture-dislocation of the acetabulum. In all cases a technical or anatomical problem could be identified as the reason for mechanical failure necessitating reoperation. By careful preoperative planning, proper selection of procedures and positioning of prostheses, bone-grafting when necessary, and stricter attention to the technique of using cement, we could conceivably have avoided two-thirds of these failures.", "contents": "Mechanical failures in total hip replacement requiring reoperation. During the years 1971 through mid-1977, approximately 3,000 total hip replacements were performed at The Hospital for Special Surgery using metal-to-plastic prostheses. During that period of time, thirty-five operations were done for mechanical failure in the absence of infection. The mechanical failures were distributed as follows: Fourteen patients had dislocations of the prostheses and seven patients had loosening of the femoral component, mostly with varus positioning of the femoral stem. Six patients, most of them heavy, active men, had fractures of the femoral stem. Three patients had loosening of the acetabular component. (In two of three there was insufficient bone stock over the acetabulum.) Four patients had proximal migration of the greater trochanter and one had a fracture-dislocation of the acetabulum. In all cases a technical or anatomical problem could be identified as the reason for mechanical failure necessitating reoperation. By careful preoperative planning, proper selection of procedures and positioning of prostheses, bone-grafting when necessary, and stricter attention to the technique of using cement, we could conceivably have avoided two-thirds of these failures.", "PMID": 759432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11366", "title": "Sciatic paralysis. A complication of bleeding following hip surgery.", "content": "Of five patients in who sciatic paresis developed as the result of hemorrhage and hematoma following hip surgery, four were receiving prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulants. The patient who was managed expectantly still had disabling motor and sensory deficity at follow-up. Three patients who had early operative decompression showed more complete return of nerve function. The fifth patient died three weeks after onset with the neuropathy still present. Severe low-back and buttock pain, ecchymosis over these regions, marked swelling in the thigh, sciatic-nerve tenderness, and a distal sciatic neural deficit in the ipsilateral lower limb of a patient who has had hip surgery are evidence of hemorrhage in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve. Early recognition and prompt surgical decompression can prevent irreversible nerve damage.", "contents": "Sciatic paralysis. A complication of bleeding following hip surgery. Of five patients in who sciatic paresis developed as the result of hemorrhage and hematoma following hip surgery, four were receiving prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulants. The patient who was managed expectantly still had disabling motor and sensory deficity at follow-up. Three patients who had early operative decompression showed more complete return of nerve function. The fifth patient died three weeks after onset with the neuropathy still present. Severe low-back and buttock pain, ecchymosis over these regions, marked swelling in the thigh, sciatic-nerve tenderness, and a distal sciatic neural deficit in the ipsilateral lower limb of a patient who has had hip surgery are evidence of hemorrhage in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve. Early recognition and prompt surgical decompression can prevent irreversible nerve damage.", "PMID": 759433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11367", "title": "Posterior iliopsoas muscle transfer in myelodysplasia.", "content": "A Sharrard posterior iliopsoas muscle-transfer procedure was done in forty-two hips of twenty-four children with myelodysplasia. Folow-up ranged from twenty-nine months to approximately ten years. An over-all success rate of 50 per cent was achieved which included all hips operated on for potential and existing instability. The success rate for surgery in hips with an existing instability was 29.6 per cent. Factors predisposing to a poor result were: age more than five years old, dysplastic acetabulum (index more than 30 degrees), prior hip surgery, and inequality of limb length. This operation is recommended primarily for hips not previously operated on in children less than five years old who have a normal acetabular index. If the child is more than five years old or if acetabular dysplasia exists, reconstruction of the acetabulum should precede or accompany the tendon transfer for best results. Iliopsoas muscle transfer is unlikely to be successful if used as a salvage procedure.", "contents": "Posterior iliopsoas muscle transfer in myelodysplasia. A Sharrard posterior iliopsoas muscle-transfer procedure was done in forty-two hips of twenty-four children with myelodysplasia. Folow-up ranged from twenty-nine months to approximately ten years. An over-all success rate of 50 per cent was achieved which included all hips operated on for potential and existing instability. The success rate for surgery in hips with an existing instability was 29.6 per cent. Factors predisposing to a poor result were: age more than five years old, dysplastic acetabulum (index more than 30 degrees), prior hip surgery, and inequality of limb length. This operation is recommended primarily for hips not previously operated on in children less than five years old who have a normal acetabular index. If the child is more than five years old or if acetabular dysplasia exists, reconstruction of the acetabulum should precede or accompany the tendon transfer for best results. Iliopsoas muscle transfer is unlikely to be successful if used as a salvage procedure.", "PMID": 759434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11368", "title": "Contracture of the hip secondary to fibrosis of the gluteus maximus muscle.", "content": "Twenty-eight children were treated who had limited flexion of the hips and various degrees of contracture of the abductor and external rotator muscles because of fibrosis of the gluteus maximus muscle. Although the lesions could be classified as those associated with poliomyelitis, infection of the gluteus maximus muscle, and fibrosis of unknown etiology, all forty-five hips had a typical restriction of motion such that an affected hip could not be flexed in the usual sagittal plane, but had to be flexed in abduction. Poliomyelitis may have been adjunctive to the causative factor of the lesion in some cases but the probable primary etiology was multiple intramuscular injections. Excellent correction of the hip contracture was achieved in all patients by division of the fibrotic bands.", "contents": "Contracture of the hip secondary to fibrosis of the gluteus maximus muscle. Twenty-eight children were treated who had limited flexion of the hips and various degrees of contracture of the abductor and external rotator muscles because of fibrosis of the gluteus maximus muscle. Although the lesions could be classified as those associated with poliomyelitis, infection of the gluteus maximus muscle, and fibrosis of unknown etiology, all forty-five hips had a typical restriction of motion such that an affected hip could not be flexed in the usual sagittal plane, but had to be flexed in abduction. Poliomyelitis may have been adjunctive to the causative factor of the lesion in some cases but the probable primary etiology was multiple intramuscular injections. Excellent correction of the hip contracture was achieved in all patients by division of the fibrotic bands.", "PMID": 759436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11369", "title": "The supporting structures and layers on the medial side of the knee: an anatomical analysis.", "content": "The goal of this study was to delineate the consistent anatomical structures in the medial side of the knee and to determine their relationship to one another. One hundred and fifty-four fresh human knee joints were dissected. A three-layered pattern was found in which ligaments could be consistently placed. We have made suggestions regarding the nomenclature of these structures. The limits of of the so-called capsule and its significance as a stabilizer of the knee joint were examined. Only minor variations in the over-all anatomical pattern were found.", "contents": "The supporting structures and layers on the medial side of the knee: an anatomical analysis. The goal of this study was to delineate the consistent anatomical structures in the medial side of the knee and to determine their relationship to one another. One hundred and fifty-four fresh human knee joints were dissected. A three-layered pattern was found in which ligaments could be consistently placed. We have made suggestions regarding the nomenclature of these structures. The limits of of the so-called capsule and its significance as a stabilizer of the knee joint were examined. Only minor variations in the over-all anatomical pattern were found.", "PMID": 759437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11370", "title": "Biomechanical study of the elbow following excision of the radial head.", "content": "The extent of proximal migration of the radius in thirteen patients who had had the radial head excised for fracture was 1.9 millimeters. After an average of twenty years there was minimum loss of motion of the elbow and forearm but strength was moderately decreased. The patients often had degenerative arthritis at the elbow that generally was not severe but correlated with the amount of pain. It correlated poorly with the severity of arthritis, loss of strength, motion, or pain. Over-all, the patients did well following resection of the radial head and there was no deterioration of results with time. An instrumented method for functional evaluation provided an objective and sensitive quantitative means to assess the need for and effectiveness of reconstructive procedure.", "contents": "Biomechanical study of the elbow following excision of the radial head. The extent of proximal migration of the radius in thirteen patients who had had the radial head excised for fracture was 1.9 millimeters. After an average of twenty years there was minimum loss of motion of the elbow and forearm but strength was moderately decreased. The patients often had degenerative arthritis at the elbow that generally was not severe but correlated with the amount of pain. It correlated poorly with the severity of arthritis, loss of strength, motion, or pain. Over-all, the patients did well following resection of the radial head and there was no deterioration of results with time. An instrumented method for functional evaluation provided an objective and sensitive quantitative means to assess the need for and effectiveness of reconstructive procedure.", "PMID": 759438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11371", "title": "Synovectomy or total replacement of the knee in hemophilia.", "content": "Eighteen major operations on the knee joint were performed in sixteen patients with hemophilia, eight operations being synovectomy and ten being total knee replacement. Synovectomy was performed for recurrent bleeding associated with synovitis. The average age at operation for patients who underwent synovectomy was 16.4 years, and the average follow-up was thirty-one months. No patient had a recurrent hemorrhage following synovectomy. The patients who had total knee arthroplasty for disabling pain had an average age at surgery of 35.7 years and an average follow-up of twenty-three months. The pain was markedly reduced in all eight patients and all achieved full unprotected weight-bearing. Loss of some motion was observed in twelve patients, but the functional gain outweighed the loss of knee mobility. Seven major complications occurred in the sixteen patients, but none of them affected the outcome.", "contents": "Synovectomy or total replacement of the knee in hemophilia. Eighteen major operations on the knee joint were performed in sixteen patients with hemophilia, eight operations being synovectomy and ten being total knee replacement. Synovectomy was performed for recurrent bleeding associated with synovitis. The average age at operation for patients who underwent synovectomy was 16.4 years, and the average follow-up was thirty-one months. No patient had a recurrent hemorrhage following synovectomy. The patients who had total knee arthroplasty for disabling pain had an average age at surgery of 35.7 years and an average follow-up of twenty-three months. The pain was markedly reduced in all eight patients and all achieved full unprotected weight-bearing. Loss of some motion was observed in twelve patients, but the functional gain outweighed the loss of knee mobility. Seven major complications occurred in the sixteen patients, but none of them affected the outcome.", "PMID": 759439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11372", "title": "Irreducible traumatic dislocations of the hip.", "content": "Little attention has been paid to the various causes preventing or blocking a concentric reduction following traumatic dislocation of the hip without apparent fracture. In a review of fifty-four dislocations, nine required open reduction after either a failed attempt at closed reduction or a non-concentric reduction. The factors preventing closed reduction included the femoral head buttonholed through the capsule and the piriformis muscle displaced across the acetabulum. A concentric anatomical reduction was prevented because of an inverted lumbus or an osteocartilaginous loose body in the acetabulum. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Irreducible traumatic dislocations of the hip. Little attention has been paid to the various causes preventing or blocking a concentric reduction following traumatic dislocation of the hip without apparent fracture. In a review of fifty-four dislocations, nine required open reduction after either a failed attempt at closed reduction or a non-concentric reduction. The factors preventing closed reduction included the femoral head buttonholed through the capsule and the piriformis muscle displaced across the acetabulum. A concentric anatomical reduction was prevented because of an inverted lumbus or an osteocartilaginous loose body in the acetabulum. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 759440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11373", "title": "Replacement of the trapezium for arthritis of the basal articulations: a new technique with stabilization by tenodesis.", "content": "Forty-six patients (fifty hands) had replacement of the trapezium by a silicone implant that incorporated a local tendon strip to stabilize the device. The patients had intractable pain due to degenerative changes of multiple facets of the trapezium. The over-all rate of subluxation and dislocation was 10 per cent. In all hands, pain-free improved movement resulted. The pinch strength approximated the normal, averaging six kilograms for women and eight kilograms for men.", "contents": "Replacement of the trapezium for arthritis of the basal articulations: a new technique with stabilization by tenodesis. Forty-six patients (fifty hands) had replacement of the trapezium by a silicone implant that incorporated a local tendon strip to stabilize the device. The patients had intractable pain due to degenerative changes of multiple facets of the trapezium. The over-all rate of subluxation and dislocation was 10 per cent. In all hands, pain-free improved movement resulted. The pinch strength approximated the normal, averaging six kilograms for women and eight kilograms for men.", "PMID": 759441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11374", "title": "Distal radial epiphyseal displacement after impaired distal ulnar growth.", "content": "Impairment of growth of the distal end of the ulna was produced in rabbits by excision of the distal epiphyseal plate. This caused a sequence of changes in the distal radial epiphysis consisting of combined increased chondrogenesis and decreased osteogenesis of the radial two-thirds of the distal epiphysis, and decreased chondrogenesis and increased osteogenesis on the ulnar side. At six to nine days postoperatively, cracks appeared concomitant with tilting of the plate and epiphysis, in the epiphyseal plate or at its metaphyseal junction. An incomplete radial epiphyseal separation occurred, a step-like deformity developed in the metaphysis, and an ulnar deviation developed.", "contents": "Distal radial epiphyseal displacement after impaired distal ulnar growth. Impairment of growth of the distal end of the ulna was produced in rabbits by excision of the distal epiphyseal plate. This caused a sequence of changes in the distal radial epiphysis consisting of combined increased chondrogenesis and decreased osteogenesis of the radial two-thirds of the distal epiphysis, and decreased chondrogenesis and increased osteogenesis on the ulnar side. At six to nine days postoperatively, cracks appeared concomitant with tilting of the plate and epiphysis, in the epiphyseal plate or at its metaphyseal junction. An incomplete radial epiphyseal separation occurred, a step-like deformity developed in the metaphysis, and an ulnar deviation developed.", "PMID": 759442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11375", "title": "The surgical treatment of the carpal-tunnel syndrome correlated with preoperative nerve-conduction studies.", "content": "The diagnosis of carpal-tunnel syndrome was made clinically in 124 cases (101 patients) and in each instance it was confirmed by nerve-conduction studies. Surgery was carried out with a uniform technique. Retrospective analysis of the series suggests that nerve-conduction studies can be used as a prognostic factor. Those patients with motor abnormalities appeared to have a more favorable result than those with only sensory abnormalities. Neurolysis was found to be a valuable adjunct to the release of the volar carpal ligament. Preoperative duration of symptoms did not appear to significantly influence the results of the operation.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of the carpal-tunnel syndrome correlated with preoperative nerve-conduction studies. The diagnosis of carpal-tunnel syndrome was made clinically in 124 cases (101 patients) and in each instance it was confirmed by nerve-conduction studies. Surgery was carried out with a uniform technique. Retrospective analysis of the series suggests that nerve-conduction studies can be used as a prognostic factor. Those patients with motor abnormalities appeared to have a more favorable result than those with only sensory abnormalities. Neurolysis was found to be a valuable adjunct to the release of the volar carpal ligament. Preoperative duration of symptoms did not appear to significantly influence the results of the operation.", "PMID": 759443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11376", "title": "Projections of a telencephalic auditory nucleus-field L-in the canary.", "content": "Anterograde projections of a telencephalic auditory area - field L of the neostriatum - were traced in canaries, Serinus canarius. Field L was defined as the neostriatal projection of nucleus ovoidalis of the thalamus. Using amino acid autoradiography, two efferent projections of field L and adjacent neostriatum were observed: (1) a projection to the medial and ventral borders of nucleus hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale (HVc) and (2) a smaller projection to medial paleostriatum augmentatum (PA). When autoradiographic injection sites included neostriatum postero-ventral to field L, a projection to archistriatum outlining the anterior and ventral borders of the nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA) resulted. Injection sites that included neostriatum antero-lateral to \"L\" gave rise to projections to the interior of HVc proper. Above background numbers of silver grains were consistently observed over caudal dorso-lateral portions of nucleus ovoidalis. Following lesion of field L and adjacent neostriatum, argyrophilic degeneration was traced to medial PA and to a shelf of neostriatum underlying HVc. All observed anterograde projections were ipsilateral. Two of the nuclei outlined by neostriatal projections in this study, HVc and RA, have important roles in the motor control of canary song (Nottebohm et al., '76). The development of song is dependent on auditory information. Auditory-vocal neural connections described here may be involved in song learning.", "contents": "Projections of a telencephalic auditory nucleus-field L-in the canary. Anterograde projections of a telencephalic auditory area - field L of the neostriatum - were traced in canaries, Serinus canarius. Field L was defined as the neostriatal projection of nucleus ovoidalis of the thalamus. Using amino acid autoradiography, two efferent projections of field L and adjacent neostriatum were observed: (1) a projection to the medial and ventral borders of nucleus hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale (HVc) and (2) a smaller projection to medial paleostriatum augmentatum (PA). When autoradiographic injection sites included neostriatum postero-ventral to field L, a projection to archistriatum outlining the anterior and ventral borders of the nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA) resulted. Injection sites that included neostriatum antero-lateral to \"L\" gave rise to projections to the interior of HVc proper. Above background numbers of silver grains were consistently observed over caudal dorso-lateral portions of nucleus ovoidalis. Following lesion of field L and adjacent neostriatum, argyrophilic degeneration was traced to medial PA and to a shelf of neostriatum underlying HVc. All observed anterograde projections were ipsilateral. Two of the nuclei outlined by neostriatal projections in this study, HVc and RA, have important roles in the motor control of canary song (Nottebohm et al., '76). The development of song is dependent on auditory information. Auditory-vocal neural connections described here may be involved in song learning.", "PMID": 759444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11377", "title": "Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus.", "content": "Cells that send ascending projections to the inferior colliculus were identified following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus. Labelled cells were found in all subcollicular auditory nuclei. Virtually all cells of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial superior olive appear to project to the colliculus. Very few cells in these nuclei were labelled on the contralateral side. Heavy labelling on the contralateral side was found in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and cochlear nucleus, with less labelling being found ipsilaterally in these nuclei. The lateral superior olive was approximately evenly labelled on the two sides, with about half the cells from each side projecting to each colliculus. Cells in all periolivary cell groups were labelled, with most being found adjacent to the medial superior olive. An effort was made to identify individual cell types that were labelled and some 24 cell types were identified. In the cochlear nucleus there were marked differences between cell types in the extent of their labelling. Topographic projections matched previously described tonotopic organization of the colliculus and all major subcollicular nuclei except the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A description of the cells in the nucleus is provided.", "contents": "Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus. Cells that send ascending projections to the inferior colliculus were identified following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus. Labelled cells were found in all subcollicular auditory nuclei. Virtually all cells of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial superior olive appear to project to the colliculus. Very few cells in these nuclei were labelled on the contralateral side. Heavy labelling on the contralateral side was found in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and cochlear nucleus, with less labelling being found ipsilaterally in these nuclei. The lateral superior olive was approximately evenly labelled on the two sides, with about half the cells from each side projecting to each colliculus. Cells in all periolivary cell groups were labelled, with most being found adjacent to the medial superior olive. An effort was made to identify individual cell types that were labelled and some 24 cell types were identified. In the cochlear nucleus there were marked differences between cell types in the extent of their labelling. Topographic projections matched previously described tonotopic organization of the colliculus and all major subcollicular nuclei except the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A description of the cells in the nucleus is provided.", "PMID": 759446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11378", "title": "Proliferative and migratory activity of glial cells in the partially deafferented hippocampus.", "content": "The proliferative response of the glial cell population of the adult rat hippocampus deafferented by unilateral lesion of the entorhinal cortex was studied using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Two experimental paradigms were used, involving: (1) intraventricular 3H-thymidine injection at a number of post-lesion intervals with sacrifice six hours later and (2) intraventricular injection at 30 hours post-lesion with sacrifice at 6, 96, or 192 hours later. The first increase in the number of labeled glial cells was obtained at 20 hours post-lesion and was confined to areas of degenerating axons. By 30 hours a large and uniformly dense proliferative response was observed throughout the ipsilateral, and medial aspects of the contralateral, hippocampus encompassing both deafferented and intact regions. Cell division continued through 50 and 65 hours post-lesion particularly in directly deafferented regions, but diminished to control levels by 80 hours. Although oligodendroglia and astrocyte-like cells were sometimes found to have incorporated the label the most common proliferative element within the hippocampus corresponded to previous light microscopic descriptions of \"microglial\" cells. The experiments using thymidine injection given at the peak proliferative period followed by survival periods of varying lengths indicated that a progressive redistribution of labeled nuclei occurred resulting in an accumulation of labeled cells in the zones of deafferentation. Multiple division of cells within these areas as well as the migration of nuclei from non-deafferented regions was found to contribute to this effect. The possible involvement of glial proliferation with other morphological effects of deafferentation, including the sprouting response of intact afferents, is discussed.", "contents": "Proliferative and migratory activity of glial cells in the partially deafferented hippocampus. The proliferative response of the glial cell population of the adult rat hippocampus deafferented by unilateral lesion of the entorhinal cortex was studied using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Two experimental paradigms were used, involving: (1) intraventricular 3H-thymidine injection at a number of post-lesion intervals with sacrifice six hours later and (2) intraventricular injection at 30 hours post-lesion with sacrifice at 6, 96, or 192 hours later. The first increase in the number of labeled glial cells was obtained at 20 hours post-lesion and was confined to areas of degenerating axons. By 30 hours a large and uniformly dense proliferative response was observed throughout the ipsilateral, and medial aspects of the contralateral, hippocampus encompassing both deafferented and intact regions. Cell division continued through 50 and 65 hours post-lesion particularly in directly deafferented regions, but diminished to control levels by 80 hours. Although oligodendroglia and astrocyte-like cells were sometimes found to have incorporated the label the most common proliferative element within the hippocampus corresponded to previous light microscopic descriptions of \"microglial\" cells. The experiments using thymidine injection given at the peak proliferative period followed by survival periods of varying lengths indicated that a progressive redistribution of labeled nuclei occurred resulting in an accumulation of labeled cells in the zones of deafferentation. Multiple division of cells within these areas as well as the migration of nuclei from non-deafferented regions was found to contribute to this effect. The possible involvement of glial proliferation with other morphological effects of deafferentation, including the sprouting response of intact afferents, is discussed.", "PMID": 759447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11379", "title": "The parasagittal zonation within the olivocerebellar projection. II. Climbing fiber distribution in the intermediate and hemispheric parts of cat cerebellum.", "content": "Olivocerebellar fibers from different subnuclei of the rostral inferior olive decussate in the brain stem and terminate as climbing fibers in one or two narrow, longitudinally arranged zones of the cerebellar cortex. These fibers issue collaterals to the central cerebellar nucleus that receives its afferents from the same cortical zone in which the parent fibers terminate. The rostral medial accessory olive projects to zone C2 and sends collaterals to the posterior interposed nucleus. A differentiation can be made between the rostral pole of this subnucleus which projects primarily to the paraflocculus and the ansiform lobule. More caudal areas connect with zone C2 in the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule. The dorsomedial cell column projects to a lateral zone (zone A2) of lobule IX and more rostrolateral portions of the medial accessory olive supply a still more lateral zone of this lobule. The rostral half of the dorsal accessory olive sends fibers to zones C1 and C3. These fibers issue collaterals to the anterior interposed nucleus. A distinction can be made between the ventrolateral dorsal accessory olive, projecting to lobules II-IV and the ventral folia of the paramedian lobule and the dorsomedial portion of the rostral dorsal accessory olive that connects with lobules V, VI and the dorsal folia of the paramedian lobule. The most rostral part of the dorsal accessory olive provides more fibers into zone C3, more caudally located cells distribute primarily to zone C1. The rostral principal olive is connected with zone D and collateral terminations are found in the lateral cerebellar nucleus. In the paraflocculus the D zone can be divided into subzones D1 and D2. This study further substantiates the similarity in the organization of corticonuclear and olivocerebellar connections. The results are in general agreement with other recent investigations on the olivocerebellar system (Armstrong et al., '74; Brodal et al., '75; Brodal, '76; Hoddevik et al., '76; Brodal and Walberg, '77a,b; Oscarsson, '73, '76; Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6lund, '77a,b).", "contents": "The parasagittal zonation within the olivocerebellar projection. II. Climbing fiber distribution in the intermediate and hemispheric parts of cat cerebellum. Olivocerebellar fibers from different subnuclei of the rostral inferior olive decussate in the brain stem and terminate as climbing fibers in one or two narrow, longitudinally arranged zones of the cerebellar cortex. These fibers issue collaterals to the central cerebellar nucleus that receives its afferents from the same cortical zone in which the parent fibers terminate. The rostral medial accessory olive projects to zone C2 and sends collaterals to the posterior interposed nucleus. A differentiation can be made between the rostral pole of this subnucleus which projects primarily to the paraflocculus and the ansiform lobule. More caudal areas connect with zone C2 in the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule. The dorsomedial cell column projects to a lateral zone (zone A2) of lobule IX and more rostrolateral portions of the medial accessory olive supply a still more lateral zone of this lobule. The rostral half of the dorsal accessory olive sends fibers to zones C1 and C3. These fibers issue collaterals to the anterior interposed nucleus. A distinction can be made between the ventrolateral dorsal accessory olive, projecting to lobules II-IV and the ventral folia of the paramedian lobule and the dorsomedial portion of the rostral dorsal accessory olive that connects with lobules V, VI and the dorsal folia of the paramedian lobule. The most rostral part of the dorsal accessory olive provides more fibers into zone C3, more caudally located cells distribute primarily to zone C1. The rostral principal olive is connected with zone D and collateral terminations are found in the lateral cerebellar nucleus. In the paraflocculus the D zone can be divided into subzones D1 and D2. This study further substantiates the similarity in the organization of corticonuclear and olivocerebellar connections. The results are in general agreement with other recent investigations on the olivocerebellar system (Armstrong et al., '74; Brodal et al., '75; Brodal, '76; Hoddevik et al., '76; Brodal and Walberg, '77a,b; Oscarsson, '73, '76; Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6lund, '77a,b).", "PMID": 759448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11380", "title": "Patterns of cell proliferation in the retina of the clawed frog during development.", "content": "Quantitative assays of the spatial pattern of cell production in the developing retina of Xenopus have been made using 3H-thymidine labelling and colcemid blockade of mitosis. Reconstructions were made from serial sections showing the position of every mitotic figure in the retina. After stage 54 the number of mitotic figures decreases at the dorsal margin of the retina and increases at the ventral margin. The ventral:dorsal ratio of mitoses reaches 10:1 by metamorphosis. Density of mitotic figures is maximum at the point of entry of the ophthalmic vessels at the ventral margin. In spite of asymmetrical production of retinal cells the cell density remains constant throughout the retina, probably as a result of displacement of retinal cells dorsally to compensate for the relatively greater proliferation ventrally. It is also proposed that the asymmetrical retinal growth serves to maintain the relationship between each point in visual space and corresponding points in the two retinae as the eyes are displaced dorsally on the head during metamorphosis.", "contents": "Patterns of cell proliferation in the retina of the clawed frog during development. Quantitative assays of the spatial pattern of cell production in the developing retina of Xenopus have been made using 3H-thymidine labelling and colcemid blockade of mitosis. Reconstructions were made from serial sections showing the position of every mitotic figure in the retina. After stage 54 the number of mitotic figures decreases at the dorsal margin of the retina and increases at the ventral margin. The ventral:dorsal ratio of mitoses reaches 10:1 by metamorphosis. Density of mitotic figures is maximum at the point of entry of the ophthalmic vessels at the ventral margin. In spite of asymmetrical production of retinal cells the cell density remains constant throughout the retina, probably as a result of displacement of retinal cells dorsally to compensate for the relatively greater proliferation ventrally. It is also proposed that the asymmetrical retinal growth serves to maintain the relationship between each point in visual space and corresponding points in the two retinae as the eyes are displaced dorsally on the head during metamorphosis.", "PMID": 759449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11381", "title": "Influences of thyroxine on cell proliferation in the retina of the clawed frog at different ages.", "content": "The change in spatial pattern of retinal cell production that occurs after midlarvae stages in Xenopus is shown to occur because of a greater proliferative response to thyroxine in the ventral than in the dorsal margin of the retina. The asymmetry of retinal cell production is not caused by a dorsoventral difference in the duration of the mitotic cycle. It is concluded that the asymmetry is due to differences in the number of proliferative cells in different parts of the retinal margin.", "contents": "Influences of thyroxine on cell proliferation in the retina of the clawed frog at different ages. The change in spatial pattern of retinal cell production that occurs after midlarvae stages in Xenopus is shown to occur because of a greater proliferative response to thyroxine in the ventral than in the dorsal margin of the retina. The asymmetry of retinal cell production is not caused by a dorsoventral difference in the duration of the mitotic cycle. It is concluded that the asymmetry is due to differences in the number of proliferative cells in different parts of the retinal margin.", "PMID": 759450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11382", "title": "Patterns of cell proliferation in the developing retina of the clawed frog in relation to blood supply and position of the choroidal fissure.", "content": "The pattern of retinal vasculative is described and the position at which cell proliferation at the ventral retinal margin is maximal was shown to be at the point of entry of the ventral blood vessels. To test whether there is a causal relation between retinal blood supply and retinal cell production, surgical inversion of the eye, transplantations and excisions of retina were done to change the pattern of retinal vasculature. The growth pattern of inverted eyes was normal with respect to the internal axes of the eyes. After excision of part of the retina or after fusion of retinal fragments to form compound eyes, the pattern of retinal cell proliferation was not correlated with the distribution of retinal blood vessels, but was correlated with the position(s) of the choroidal fissure(s).", "contents": "Patterns of cell proliferation in the developing retina of the clawed frog in relation to blood supply and position of the choroidal fissure. The pattern of retinal vasculative is described and the position at which cell proliferation at the ventral retinal margin is maximal was shown to be at the point of entry of the ventral blood vessels. To test whether there is a causal relation between retinal blood supply and retinal cell production, surgical inversion of the eye, transplantations and excisions of retina were done to change the pattern of retinal vasculature. The growth pattern of inverted eyes was normal with respect to the internal axes of the eyes. After excision of part of the retina or after fusion of retinal fragments to form compound eyes, the pattern of retinal cell proliferation was not correlated with the distribution of retinal blood vessels, but was correlated with the position(s) of the choroidal fissure(s).", "PMID": 759451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11383", "title": "The time of origin of the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons in Xenopus.", "content": "Time of origin of the mesencephalic trigeminal cells (MTC) in Xenopus 'has been studied with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The first MTC's were formed at stage 20, and they continued to arise up to stage 58. The mitotic rate of MTC's was found to be ten per cent at any time from stages 20--50, with a slow decrease thereafter. MTC's in the tectum were distributed in a spatio-temporal manner. Cells generated earliest were located in the rostral pole of the tectum and were followed in caudomedial sequence by cells formed later. The generation times of MTC and the neurons of the sensory trigeminal ganglion (TGC) were strikingly dissimilar, indicating that they probably do not represent a common cell lineage, that is, the former may not arise from the mesencephalic neural crest. It is proposed that the majority of MTC's generated from stage 30 onward, derive through proliferative activity of precursor cells in the di-mesencephalic junction and in the tectal neuroepithelium.", "contents": "The time of origin of the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons in Xenopus. Time of origin of the mesencephalic trigeminal cells (MTC) in Xenopus 'has been studied with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The first MTC's were formed at stage 20, and they continued to arise up to stage 58. The mitotic rate of MTC's was found to be ten per cent at any time from stages 20--50, with a slow decrease thereafter. MTC's in the tectum were distributed in a spatio-temporal manner. Cells generated earliest were located in the rostral pole of the tectum and were followed in caudomedial sequence by cells formed later. The generation times of MTC and the neurons of the sensory trigeminal ganglion (TGC) were strikingly dissimilar, indicating that they probably do not represent a common cell lineage, that is, the former may not arise from the mesencephalic neural crest. It is proposed that the majority of MTC's generated from stage 30 onward, derive through proliferative activity of precursor cells in the di-mesencephalic junction and in the tectal neuroepithelium.", "PMID": 759452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11384", "title": "Afferent influences on the development of the brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: otocyst ablation.", "content": "The effects of embryonic deafferentation on the morphological development of the avian cochlear nuclei, n. angularis (NA) and n. magnocellularis (NM), were investigated. The right otocyst was surgically removed from chick embryos at 55 to 60 hours of incubation and the subsequent development of total volume, neuron number, and neuron cross-sectional area were studied with quantitative methods in animals sacrificed at 2-day intervals between embryonic days 9 and 19 and at 28 days posthatching. The development of NA and NM is severely affected by otocyst ablation. Between embryonic days 9 and 19, a large group of NA neurons in the medioventral portion of the nucleus on the operated side moves to an ectopic ventromedial position, while the remainder of this nucleus stays in its normal dorsolateral position. Beginning about day 13 of incubation, the normal increase in the volume of NA and the size of its neurons becomes progressively retarded and 40% of its neurons are lost. The growth of NM is also retarded after day 11 of incubation and the growth of mean neuron size is retarded after day 15. There is a 30% loss of neurons in NM which begins after embryonic day 11. The results indicate the primary cochlear fibers make a critical contribution to the growth and maintenance of their target neurons. The absence of this facilitative influence following otocyst ablation becomes apparent just at the time synapses would normally be formed between the the primary auditory afferents and the brain stem auditory neurons. The abnormal movement of neurons in nucleus angularis to an ectopic position after otocyst ablation suggests that primary auditory afferents may serve to stabilize the position of their target cells within the developing brain.", "contents": "Afferent influences on the development of the brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: otocyst ablation. The effects of embryonic deafferentation on the morphological development of the avian cochlear nuclei, n. angularis (NA) and n. magnocellularis (NM), were investigated. The right otocyst was surgically removed from chick embryos at 55 to 60 hours of incubation and the subsequent development of total volume, neuron number, and neuron cross-sectional area were studied with quantitative methods in animals sacrificed at 2-day intervals between embryonic days 9 and 19 and at 28 days posthatching. The development of NA and NM is severely affected by otocyst ablation. Between embryonic days 9 and 19, a large group of NA neurons in the medioventral portion of the nucleus on the operated side moves to an ectopic ventromedial position, while the remainder of this nucleus stays in its normal dorsolateral position. Beginning about day 13 of incubation, the normal increase in the volume of NA and the size of its neurons becomes progressively retarded and 40% of its neurons are lost. The growth of NM is also retarded after day 11 of incubation and the growth of mean neuron size is retarded after day 15. There is a 30% loss of neurons in NM which begins after embryonic day 11. The results indicate the primary cochlear fibers make a critical contribution to the growth and maintenance of their target neurons. The absence of this facilitative influence following otocyst ablation becomes apparent just at the time synapses would normally be formed between the the primary auditory afferents and the brain stem auditory neurons. The abnormal movement of neurons in nucleus angularis to an ectopic position after otocyst ablation suggests that primary auditory afferents may serve to stabilize the position of their target cells within the developing brain.", "PMID": 759453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11385", "title": "Electron microscopic evidence of a ventronasal to dorsotemporal variation in fiber size in pigeon optic nerve.", "content": "Using a uniform sampling method, electron-microscopic examination of pigeon optic nerve revealed a dorsotemporal to ventronasal gradient in mean fiber size. In the dorsotemporal region small, myelinated axons (mean diameter = 0.87 micrometer, S.D. = 0.27) were predominant. Also unique to this region were scattered clusters of fine, unmyelinated fibers. A wider, bimodal spectrum in fiber size (mean diameter = 1.50 micrometer, S.D. = 0.66) was found in the ventronasal region of the nerve. Axons located in the area between these regions possessed a mean diameter of 1.15 micrometer, S.D. = 0.43. This gradient, constant throughout the length of the nerve, resulted from a nasal-to-temporal diminution in size and frequency of large fibers superimposed upon a relatively uniform small fiber base. The total number of fibers within the nerve, excluding those comprising the unmyelinated clusters, was calculated to be approximately 2.3 x 10(6). The overall distribution in fiber size appeared to be unimodal with the peak at 0.75 micrometer and mean diameter = 1.04 micrometer, S.D. = 0.44. Although previous investigators have reported that cross-sectional analysis of pigeon optic nerve revealed a homogeneous distribution in fiber size, the findings of the present study may be more compatable with anatomical and physiological features of pigeon retinotectal organization. These features include visual field acuity gradients, ganglion cell population pattern, and density fields of tectal afferent terminations.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evidence of a ventronasal to dorsotemporal variation in fiber size in pigeon optic nerve. Using a uniform sampling method, electron-microscopic examination of pigeon optic nerve revealed a dorsotemporal to ventronasal gradient in mean fiber size. In the dorsotemporal region small, myelinated axons (mean diameter = 0.87 micrometer, S.D. = 0.27) were predominant. Also unique to this region were scattered clusters of fine, unmyelinated fibers. A wider, bimodal spectrum in fiber size (mean diameter = 1.50 micrometer, S.D. = 0.66) was found in the ventronasal region of the nerve. Axons located in the area between these regions possessed a mean diameter of 1.15 micrometer, S.D. = 0.43. This gradient, constant throughout the length of the nerve, resulted from a nasal-to-temporal diminution in size and frequency of large fibers superimposed upon a relatively uniform small fiber base. The total number of fibers within the nerve, excluding those comprising the unmyelinated clusters, was calculated to be approximately 2.3 x 10(6). The overall distribution in fiber size appeared to be unimodal with the peak at 0.75 micrometer and mean diameter = 1.04 micrometer, S.D. = 0.44. Although previous investigators have reported that cross-sectional analysis of pigeon optic nerve revealed a homogeneous distribution in fiber size, the findings of the present study may be more compatable with anatomical and physiological features of pigeon retinotectal organization. These features include visual field acuity gradients, ganglion cell population pattern, and density fields of tectal afferent terminations.", "PMID": 759454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11386", "title": "Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: study of a case by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "This article is a study by light and electron microscopy of a case of desmoplastic malignant melanoma that attempts to resolve the conflict in views regarding the nature of the cells responsible for the desmoplasia associated with this clinico-pathologic entity. On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that the cells are dedifferentiated cells of the malignant melanoma with fibroblastic features and probably fibroblastic functions rather than host-engendered fibrolbasts in response to invasive melanoma. The evidence consists of the finding of macular desmosomes between those cells, a feature previously noted in amelanotic and melanotic melanomas, the finding of others by electron microscopy of fibroblast-like cells in spindle-cell squamous carcinomas, and the finding by light microscopy of features of vascular invasion of the malignancy. That the diagnosis of this variant of malignant melanoma by pattern can be made by light microscopy is reaffirmed.", "contents": "Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: study of a case by light and electron microscopy. This article is a study by light and electron microscopy of a case of desmoplastic malignant melanoma that attempts to resolve the conflict in views regarding the nature of the cells responsible for the desmoplasia associated with this clinico-pathologic entity. On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that the cells are dedifferentiated cells of the malignant melanoma with fibroblastic features and probably fibroblastic functions rather than host-engendered fibrolbasts in response to invasive melanoma. The evidence consists of the finding of macular desmosomes between those cells, a feature previously noted in amelanotic and melanotic melanomas, the finding of others by electron microscopy of fibroblast-like cells in spindle-cell squamous carcinomas, and the finding by light microscopy of features of vascular invasion of the malignancy. That the diagnosis of this variant of malignant melanoma by pattern can be made by light microscopy is reaffirmed.", "PMID": 759457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11387", "title": "A surgical technique for cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "content": "A method of blepharoplasty for cosmetic purposes to eliminate superfluous skin and fat from aging eyelids is described in detail. A technique for correct placement of incisions, a method of locating and excising orbital fat, control of bleeding and a safe method of approximating skin flaps are discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "A surgical technique for cosmetic blepharoplasty. A method of blepharoplasty for cosmetic purposes to eliminate superfluous skin and fat from aging eyelids is described in detail. A technique for correct placement of incisions, a method of locating and excising orbital fat, control of bleeding and a safe method of approximating skin flaps are discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 759459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11388", "title": "Understanding the relationship between lateral spread of freeze and depth of freeze.", "content": "The predictable relationship between lateral spread of freeze and depth of freeze is a keystone concept in the clinical evaluation of \"depth dose\" of cryosurgical procedures. This relationship can be readily determined and understood by carrying out simple experiments using potato models and checked directly by measurements on patients. When using specialized treatment methods such as the \"cone-spray\" technique with liquid nitrogen, it is necessary to limit the technique to properly selected cases and to spray the treated surfaces evenly if the predictable ratio of depth of freeze to lateral spread of freeze is to be used.", "contents": "Understanding the relationship between lateral spread of freeze and depth of freeze. The predictable relationship between lateral spread of freeze and depth of freeze is a keystone concept in the clinical evaluation of \"depth dose\" of cryosurgical procedures. This relationship can be readily determined and understood by carrying out simple experiments using potato models and checked directly by measurements on patients. When using specialized treatment methods such as the \"cone-spray\" technique with liquid nitrogen, it is necessary to limit the technique to properly selected cases and to spray the treated surfaces evenly if the predictable ratio of depth of freeze to lateral spread of freeze is to be used.", "PMID": 759460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11389", "title": "The combined use of cryosurgery and intralesional injections of suspensions of fluorinated adrenocorticosteroids for reducing keloids and hypertrophic scars.", "content": "Freezing with liquid nitrogen in the conventional manner of cryosurgery followed immediately by injection of a suspension of a fluorinated adrenocorticosteroid is an effective way of treating keloids and hypertrophic scars. Details of the method are given.", "contents": "The combined use of cryosurgery and intralesional injections of suspensions of fluorinated adrenocorticosteroids for reducing keloids and hypertrophic scars. Freezing with liquid nitrogen in the conventional manner of cryosurgery followed immediately by injection of a suspension of a fluorinated adrenocorticosteroid is an effective way of treating keloids and hypertrophic scars. Details of the method are given.", "PMID": 759461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11390", "title": "Trichilemmoma.", "content": "Trichilemmoma is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm that originates in the outer hair sheath. We are reporting two cases, one of lobular pattern, the other a massing of cells of the follicular infundibulum. In each case, the clinical appearance was nonspecific and the mistaken clinical diagnosis was basal-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Trichilemmoma. Trichilemmoma is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm that originates in the outer hair sheath. We are reporting two cases, one of lobular pattern, the other a massing of cells of the follicular infundibulum. In each case, the clinical appearance was nonspecific and the mistaken clinical diagnosis was basal-cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 759462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11391", "title": "A comparison of the asthmatic response to methacholine and exercise.", "content": "The airway responses to methacholine and to exercise challenges were compared in 45 young adults with asthma. The spirometric response to five minutes of treadmill exercise was first documented. On a separate day methacholine dose-response relationships were determined. All asthmatics had an abnormal response to methacholine, and 36 had an abnormal response to exercise. Methacholine sensitivity and exercise-induced asthma were significantly related (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001), but the relationship was nonlinear; the increased response to exercise related to the logarithm of the methacholine response. Between asthmatics with generally unreactive airways, small variation in methacholine sensitivity was associated with large variations in the severity of exercise-induced asthma; between more responsive asthmatics, there was a smaller effect. It is suggested that exercise-induced asthma is dependent on two factors: a stimulus generated during exercise and a response from abnormal bronchi. The bronchial response may be a limiting factor in asthmatics with less responsive airways.", "contents": "A comparison of the asthmatic response to methacholine and exercise. The airway responses to methacholine and to exercise challenges were compared in 45 young adults with asthma. The spirometric response to five minutes of treadmill exercise was first documented. On a separate day methacholine dose-response relationships were determined. All asthmatics had an abnormal response to methacholine, and 36 had an abnormal response to exercise. Methacholine sensitivity and exercise-induced asthma were significantly related (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001), but the relationship was nonlinear; the increased response to exercise related to the logarithm of the methacholine response. Between asthmatics with generally unreactive airways, small variation in methacholine sensitivity was associated with large variations in the severity of exercise-induced asthma; between more responsive asthmatics, there was a smaller effect. It is suggested that exercise-induced asthma is dependent on two factors: a stimulus generated during exercise and a response from abnormal bronchi. The bronchial response may be a limiting factor in asthmatics with less responsive airways.", "PMID": 759463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11392", "title": "Basophil chemotaxis under agarose: variability among guinea pig donors and response to sera of different species.", "content": "Guinea pig basophils were tested against chemotactic factor(s) generated from homologous and heterologous sera. An \"under agarose\" method of quantitating leukocyte chemotaxis was adapted to measure serum-derived basophil chemotactic factor(s) (BCF). The method was found to be simple, reproducible, and sparing of time and reagents and it provided simultaneous controls. Because of the economy of reagents compared with the Boyden chamber technique, basophils from individual guinea pigs could be studied and were found to be variable in responsiveness. A definite difference in the response of guinea pig basophils to zymosan-activated sera of various other species was demonstrated. Guinea pig basophils responded to zymosan-activated serum from guinea pig and rat but failed to respond to zymosan-activated serum from human, hamster, rabbit, or cow. Optimal conditions were determined for cell numbers, serum activation and dilution, and migration times for studies of guinea pig BCF. The under agarose technique provides a practical alternative to chamber methods for the study of basophil chemotaxis. Although guinea pig basophils do not respond to human serum-derived BCF, the economy of reagents with this technique gives promise toward adaptation of the method to studies of human basophil chemotaxis.", "contents": "Basophil chemotaxis under agarose: variability among guinea pig donors and response to sera of different species. Guinea pig basophils were tested against chemotactic factor(s) generated from homologous and heterologous sera. An \"under agarose\" method of quantitating leukocyte chemotaxis was adapted to measure serum-derived basophil chemotactic factor(s) (BCF). The method was found to be simple, reproducible, and sparing of time and reagents and it provided simultaneous controls. Because of the economy of reagents compared with the Boyden chamber technique, basophils from individual guinea pigs could be studied and were found to be variable in responsiveness. A definite difference in the response of guinea pig basophils to zymosan-activated sera of various other species was demonstrated. Guinea pig basophils responded to zymosan-activated serum from guinea pig and rat but failed to respond to zymosan-activated serum from human, hamster, rabbit, or cow. Optimal conditions were determined for cell numbers, serum activation and dilution, and migration times for studies of guinea pig BCF. The under agarose technique provides a practical alternative to chamber methods for the study of basophil chemotaxis. Although guinea pig basophils do not respond to human serum-derived BCF, the economy of reagents with this technique gives promise toward adaptation of the method to studies of human basophil chemotaxis.", "PMID": 759464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11393", "title": "Optimization of parameters in protein nitrogen unit precipitation procedure for allergenic extracts.", "content": "This work establishes the optimum conditions for the protein nitrogen unit (PNU) phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation procedure for allergenic extracts. The volume of extract analyzed, the dilution of the extract prior to precipitation, the percent PTA in the precipitating solution, the washing of the precipitate, and the volume of concentrated HCl initially added to the extract were optimized, as they were found to be the factors which affected the amount of PTA precipitate obtained. Varying the digestion time, the digestion temperature, and the percent HCl in the 15% PTA precipitating solution did not cause detectable differences in the PNU values of the extracts studied.", "contents": "Optimization of parameters in protein nitrogen unit precipitation procedure for allergenic extracts. This work establishes the optimum conditions for the protein nitrogen unit (PNU) phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation procedure for allergenic extracts. The volume of extract analyzed, the dilution of the extract prior to precipitation, the percent PTA in the precipitating solution, the washing of the precipitate, and the volume of concentrated HCl initially added to the extract were optimized, as they were found to be the factors which affected the amount of PTA precipitate obtained. Varying the digestion time, the digestion temperature, and the percent HCl in the 15% PTA precipitating solution did not cause detectable differences in the PNU values of the extracts studied.", "PMID": 759467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11394", "title": "Papain-induced asthma--physiological and immunological features.", "content": "Increasing reports of respiratory disease associated with exposure to papain prompted clinical, physiological, and immunological studies of the supervisor of a meat tenderizer factory who developed asthma after long-term contact with papain dust. His symptoms were worse at work and better on weekends and vacations. Bronchial inhalation challenges produced both immediate and late asthma to papain but not to the other ingredients in the food product. Immunological studies revealed the presence of specific IgE antibodies by direct and passive transfer skin tests and the radioallergosorbent test, and specific precipitating antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. These findings are indicative of a dual type I and III hypersensitivity. Papain acting as an allergen in an occupational setting is a risk factor for eliciting asthma even in a nontropic individual.", "contents": "Papain-induced asthma--physiological and immunological features. Increasing reports of respiratory disease associated with exposure to papain prompted clinical, physiological, and immunological studies of the supervisor of a meat tenderizer factory who developed asthma after long-term contact with papain dust. His symptoms were worse at work and better on weekends and vacations. Bronchial inhalation challenges produced both immediate and late asthma to papain but not to the other ingredients in the food product. Immunological studies revealed the presence of specific IgE antibodies by direct and passive transfer skin tests and the radioallergosorbent test, and specific precipitating antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. These findings are indicative of a dual type I and III hypersensitivity. Papain acting as an allergen in an occupational setting is a risk factor for eliciting asthma even in a nontropic individual.", "PMID": 759468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11395", "title": "Preservation of sexual potency in prostatic cancer patients after 125I implantation.", "content": "Sexual histories were obtained in 51 men with prostatic cancer and their spouses, before and after pelvic lymphadenectomy and retropubic 125I implantation. The average age of the patients was 64.7 years. Sexual activity was retained in 40 of the 41 patients who were sexually active before operation. Ten patients had been sexually inactive before operation--4 with diminished potency and 6 with complete erectile impotence. Sexual dysfunction was most often pyschogenic. At six months after the operation, 5 of these patients had resumed satisfactory sexual intercourse as a result of reassurance, encouragement and education of the remaining sexual potential. No patient was rendered completely impotent as a result of the procedure. Preservation of sexual potency represents a significant advantage of 125I implantation over other therapeutic modalities in the treatment of localized prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Preservation of sexual potency in prostatic cancer patients after 125I implantation. Sexual histories were obtained in 51 men with prostatic cancer and their spouses, before and after pelvic lymphadenectomy and retropubic 125I implantation. The average age of the patients was 64.7 years. Sexual activity was retained in 40 of the 41 patients who were sexually active before operation. Ten patients had been sexually inactive before operation--4 with diminished potency and 6 with complete erectile impotence. Sexual dysfunction was most often pyschogenic. At six months after the operation, 5 of these patients had resumed satisfactory sexual intercourse as a result of reassurance, encouragement and education of the remaining sexual potential. No patient was rendered completely impotent as a result of the procedure. Preservation of sexual potency represents a significant advantage of 125I implantation over other therapeutic modalities in the treatment of localized prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 759469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11396", "title": "Reduced serum albumin concentration in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "The relation of serum albumin concentration to age was assessed in a series of hospitalized medical patients. Those with disease states (e.g., dysproteinemia, renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, malnutrition) potentially associated with abnormal serum albumin levels were excluded, leaving a study population of 11,090 patients. The mean serum albumin concentration fell progressively with each decade of age, from 3.97 gm/100 ml in subjects aged less than 40, to 3.58 gm/100 ml in those aged 80 or older (F greater than 50.0, P less than .001). The percentage of patients with a normal serum albumin level (4.0 gm/100 ml or higher) also decreased progressively with age, whereas the frequency of a low serum albumin level increased with age. Sex, primary diagnosis, blood urea nitrogen concentration, duration of hospitalization, and geographic location of the hospital did not influence the findings. The reduced serum albumin concentration in the elderly could contribute to age-dependent changes in the clinical effects of certain albumin-bound drugs, since pharmacologic activity can be influenced by the extent of albumin binding, in turn related to albumin concentration.", "contents": "Reduced serum albumin concentration in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. The relation of serum albumin concentration to age was assessed in a series of hospitalized medical patients. Those with disease states (e.g., dysproteinemia, renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, malnutrition) potentially associated with abnormal serum albumin levels were excluded, leaving a study population of 11,090 patients. The mean serum albumin concentration fell progressively with each decade of age, from 3.97 gm/100 ml in subjects aged less than 40, to 3.58 gm/100 ml in those aged 80 or older (F greater than 50.0, P less than .001). The percentage of patients with a normal serum albumin level (4.0 gm/100 ml or higher) also decreased progressively with age, whereas the frequency of a low serum albumin level increased with age. Sex, primary diagnosis, blood urea nitrogen concentration, duration of hospitalization, and geographic location of the hospital did not influence the findings. The reduced serum albumin concentration in the elderly could contribute to age-dependent changes in the clinical effects of certain albumin-bound drugs, since pharmacologic activity can be influenced by the extent of albumin binding, in turn related to albumin concentration.", "PMID": 759470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11397", "title": "Depression in the elderly.", "content": "Depression in the elderly is difficult to classify and may be more of a symptom than a disease entity. The core problem with the elderly is inability to handle multiple losses. Feelings of helplessness and reduced self-esteem are significant. The resultant depression often appears mild but the risk of suicide cannot be ignored. The family physician is the key person in the diagnosis of depression. The close relationship between physical factors and depression may make differentiation difficult. Treatment involves a sympathetic but firm approach, particularly when dealing with the hypochondriacal patient. Regression in the elderly is a serious problem that requires staff teamwork. Reactivation techniques which combat feelings of helplessness and hopelessness are of particular importance. When the patient no longer responds well to appropriate drugs, electroconvulsive treatment may be of value. Family and marital therapy should not be overlooked. The nihilist has no place in geriatric medicine.", "contents": "Depression in the elderly. Depression in the elderly is difficult to classify and may be more of a symptom than a disease entity. The core problem with the elderly is inability to handle multiple losses. Feelings of helplessness and reduced self-esteem are significant. The resultant depression often appears mild but the risk of suicide cannot be ignored. The family physician is the key person in the diagnosis of depression. The close relationship between physical factors and depression may make differentiation difficult. Treatment involves a sympathetic but firm approach, particularly when dealing with the hypochondriacal patient. Regression in the elderly is a serious problem that requires staff teamwork. Reactivation techniques which combat feelings of helplessness and hopelessness are of particular importance. When the patient no longer responds well to appropriate drugs, electroconvulsive treatment may be of value. Family and marital therapy should not be overlooked. The nihilist has no place in geriatric medicine.", "PMID": 759471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11398", "title": "Amantadine in senile dementia: electroencephalographic and clinical effects.", "content": "Nineteen patients with senile brain disease (including 2 with parkinsonian symptoms) were treated with amantadine in an oral dosage of 200--300 mg daily. Seven showed definite clinical benefits such as increased alertness and decreased agitation, and 2 others showed slight benefits. However, in only one instance was the benefit maintained without complications. Toxic effects such as overactivity, anxiety and visual hallucinations were observed in 8 patients. Withdrawal effects (e.g., lethargy and staggering) occurred when amantadine was discontinued. The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of all 19 patients showed a frequency increase, chiefly of occipital alpha activity, and sometimes a return to normal, irrespective of clinical changes. Toxic side effects were associated with particularly prominent EEG acceleration. In 10 of the 19 patients, the clinical changes were further validated by by additional psychologic assessments. Although the value of amantadine is limited when given in this way to patients with senile brain disease, it seems important to observe its effects in drug combinations aimed at correction of neurotransmitter imbalances.", "contents": "Amantadine in senile dementia: electroencephalographic and clinical effects. Nineteen patients with senile brain disease (including 2 with parkinsonian symptoms) were treated with amantadine in an oral dosage of 200--300 mg daily. Seven showed definite clinical benefits such as increased alertness and decreased agitation, and 2 others showed slight benefits. However, in only one instance was the benefit maintained without complications. Toxic effects such as overactivity, anxiety and visual hallucinations were observed in 8 patients. Withdrawal effects (e.g., lethargy and staggering) occurred when amantadine was discontinued. The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of all 19 patients showed a frequency increase, chiefly of occipital alpha activity, and sometimes a return to normal, irrespective of clinical changes. Toxic side effects were associated with particularly prominent EEG acceleration. In 10 of the 19 patients, the clinical changes were further validated by by additional psychologic assessments. Although the value of amantadine is limited when given in this way to patients with senile brain disease, it seems important to observe its effects in drug combinations aimed at correction of neurotransmitter imbalances.", "PMID": 759472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11399", "title": "Religious motivation in middle age: correlates and implications.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relative relationship of self-rated health, age, sex, race, three measures of self-concept (actual, appearance, and ideal), education, occupation, and locus of control to religious motivation in middle age. The subjects were 301 men and women between the ages of 45 and 65 years from 22 randomly selected United Methodist churches. The results of the study show that factors reflective of the process of acculturation such as sex, ideal self-concept, and locus of control maintain the strongest relationship with religious motivation. Women, persons who have high idealized self-concepts, and adults who believe that what happens to them is under their personal control are less likely than others to be extrinsically motivated or to show a \"self-centered\" dependence upon religion. Consequently, the findings suggest that an important relationship may exist between the \"comfort\" or \"challenge\" functions of religion and spiritual well-being in later life for middle-aged groups.", "contents": "Religious motivation in middle age: correlates and implications. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative relationship of self-rated health, age, sex, race, three measures of self-concept (actual, appearance, and ideal), education, occupation, and locus of control to religious motivation in middle age. The subjects were 301 men and women between the ages of 45 and 65 years from 22 randomly selected United Methodist churches. The results of the study show that factors reflective of the process of acculturation such as sex, ideal self-concept, and locus of control maintain the strongest relationship with religious motivation. Women, persons who have high idealized self-concepts, and adults who believe that what happens to them is under their personal control are less likely than others to be extrinsically motivated or to show a \"self-centered\" dependence upon religion. Consequently, the findings suggest that an important relationship may exist between the \"comfort\" or \"challenge\" functions of religion and spiritual well-being in later life for middle-aged groups.", "PMID": 759486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11400", "title": "Social interaction and life satisfaction: an empirical assessment of late-life patterns.", "content": "Problems of social and psychological adjustment in later life have been examined by numerous investigators. Some have found positive relationships between social interaction and personal adjustment, while others have found interaction and adjustment to be unrelated. The purpose of the research reported here was to examine how different ways of measuring interaction may affect its relationship with personal adjustment. Data were obtained in interviews with 218 noninstitutionalized persons aged 70 and older. Findings indicate that both the number of persons interacted with, and the frequency of this interaction, are of little importance for the adjustment of older people. We suggest that the quality, rather than quantity, of social interaction is crucial to understanding adaptations to old age.", "contents": "Social interaction and life satisfaction: an empirical assessment of late-life patterns. Problems of social and psychological adjustment in later life have been examined by numerous investigators. Some have found positive relationships between social interaction and personal adjustment, while others have found interaction and adjustment to be unrelated. The purpose of the research reported here was to examine how different ways of measuring interaction may affect its relationship with personal adjustment. Data were obtained in interviews with 218 noninstitutionalized persons aged 70 and older. Findings indicate that both the number of persons interacted with, and the frequency of this interaction, are of little importance for the adjustment of older people. We suggest that the quality, rather than quantity, of social interaction is crucial to understanding adaptations to old age.", "PMID": 759487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11401", "title": "Age-related changes in reproductive hormones and in Leydig cell responsivity in the male Fischer 344 rat.", "content": "Age-related changes in testicular responsiveness to pituitary hormone stimulation were measured in Fischer rats. Suspensions of dispersed Leydig cells were prepared from the testes of groups which were 5, 12 and 29 months old. The suspended cells were challenged with 250, 750 and 2000ng Monkey-LH (LER 1909-2) for two hours and the medium subsequently assayed for testosterone. Concentrations of the hormone were determined per million cells in suspension. Besides measurement of testosterone production by each age group, pituitary and plasma LH, FSH and prolactin, and plasma testosterone were also assayed by radioimmuno-technique. Total testis weight increased in the oldest animals as the result of a high incidence of gonadal pathology. If tumorous tissue was excluded, however, testis weight fell for this group. Also, significant decreases in Leydig cell number were apparent in 12 and 29-month-old rats. Basal testosterone production, on a per million cell basis, however, was not significantly differnet in young and middle-aged rats, nor was the change in the amount of steroid produced by LH stimulation of the isolated Leydig cells. Seminal vesicle weight, prostate weight and serum testosterone decreased with age. Similarly, pituitary LH and FSH concentration decreased, but pituitary prolactin increased. Histological changes and pituitary hypertrophy reflected this increase in prolactin concentration. It is proposed that decreased testicular function in old age may not totally be the result of a decrement in Leydig cell steroid producing capacity, but that it may also occur due to Leydig cell loss, possibly as the result of age associated changes in the brain and pituitary.", "contents": "Age-related changes in reproductive hormones and in Leydig cell responsivity in the male Fischer 344 rat. Age-related changes in testicular responsiveness to pituitary hormone stimulation were measured in Fischer rats. Suspensions of dispersed Leydig cells were prepared from the testes of groups which were 5, 12 and 29 months old. The suspended cells were challenged with 250, 750 and 2000ng Monkey-LH (LER 1909-2) for two hours and the medium subsequently assayed for testosterone. Concentrations of the hormone were determined per million cells in suspension. Besides measurement of testosterone production by each age group, pituitary and plasma LH, FSH and prolactin, and plasma testosterone were also assayed by radioimmuno-technique. Total testis weight increased in the oldest animals as the result of a high incidence of gonadal pathology. If tumorous tissue was excluded, however, testis weight fell for this group. Also, significant decreases in Leydig cell number were apparent in 12 and 29-month-old rats. Basal testosterone production, on a per million cell basis, however, was not significantly differnet in young and middle-aged rats, nor was the change in the amount of steroid produced by LH stimulation of the isolated Leydig cells. Seminal vesicle weight, prostate weight and serum testosterone decreased with age. Similarly, pituitary LH and FSH concentration decreased, but pituitary prolactin increased. Histological changes and pituitary hypertrophy reflected this increase in prolactin concentration. It is proposed that decreased testicular function in old age may not totally be the result of a decrement in Leydig cell steroid producing capacity, but that it may also occur due to Leydig cell loss, possibly as the result of age associated changes in the brain and pituitary.", "PMID": 759488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11402", "title": "Patterns of change in selected serum chemical parameters of middle and later years.", "content": "Six serum constituents known to vary with renal function were analyzed in a probability sample of 500 persons 55 years and over, and their sex trends compared to other ages. Creatinine, BUN and alkaline phosphatase are elevated in this group whereas calcium is low and phosphorus strikingly so, especially in males. A possible explanation lies in age-related renal parenchymal changes which influence both glomerular filtration and tubular functions in ways that differ from true renal disease. These results have directed implications for geriatric diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "Patterns of change in selected serum chemical parameters of middle and later years. Six serum constituents known to vary with renal function were analyzed in a probability sample of 500 persons 55 years and over, and their sex trends compared to other ages. Creatinine, BUN and alkaline phosphatase are elevated in this group whereas calcium is low and phosphorus strikingly so, especially in males. A possible explanation lies in age-related renal parenchymal changes which influence both glomerular filtration and tubular functions in ways that differ from true renal disease. These results have directed implications for geriatric diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 759489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11403", "title": "Geriatric evaluation unit of a medical service: role of a geropsychiatrist.", "content": "Psychiatric evaluation as a part of the complete geriatric workup was done on 143 consecutive patients transferred to a Medical Geriatric Evaluation Unit. The patients' age ranged from 48 to 94 years. The findings were: free of psychiatric problems--19.1%; organic brain syndrome--58.8%; dysphoria-depression--36.8%; paranoid--3.7%; alcohol abuse--8.1%; marital maladjustment 18.3% (of marrieds). The Geropsychiatrist diagnoses, participates in psychiatric management, consults, and supervises psychiatric evaluation by other team members. He is an esential member of the Geriatric team since proper recognition and treatment of psychiatric problems is necessary to complete treatment and to make optimum disposition.", "contents": "Geriatric evaluation unit of a medical service: role of a geropsychiatrist. Psychiatric evaluation as a part of the complete geriatric workup was done on 143 consecutive patients transferred to a Medical Geriatric Evaluation Unit. The patients' age ranged from 48 to 94 years. The findings were: free of psychiatric problems--19.1%; organic brain syndrome--58.8%; dysphoria-depression--36.8%; paranoid--3.7%; alcohol abuse--8.1%; marital maladjustment 18.3% (of marrieds). The Geropsychiatrist diagnoses, participates in psychiatric management, consults, and supervises psychiatric evaluation by other team members. He is an esential member of the Geriatric team since proper recognition and treatment of psychiatric problems is necessary to complete treatment and to make optimum disposition.", "PMID": 759490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11404", "title": "Perception of age in the elderly.", "content": "One hundred-fifty persons age 65 and over who identified themselves as feeling younger, or as old or older than their age, were studied in terms of seven dependent variables describing psychological functioning. Younger age perceptions were associated with better psychological functioning in Blacks and whites as well as in males and females. This was true even when social class, disability, and impairment were controlled. The variable which discriminated best between perceived age groups was locus of control, with more internality being associated with younger age perceptions.", "contents": "Perception of age in the elderly. One hundred-fifty persons age 65 and over who identified themselves as feeling younger, or as old or older than their age, were studied in terms of seven dependent variables describing psychological functioning. Younger age perceptions were associated with better psychological functioning in Blacks and whites as well as in males and females. This was true even when social class, disability, and impairment were controlled. The variable which discriminated best between perceived age groups was locus of control, with more internality being associated with younger age perceptions.", "PMID": 759491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11405", "title": "Adult age and the rate of an internal clock.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine whether young and old adults differ in the rate of a hypothetical internal clock. Clock rate was measured as the slope of the function relating actual duration to perceived duration. No age differences were apparent when subjects were asked to judge the duration of a flash of light in Exp. I, or to judge the duration of a dark interval between two light flashes in Exp. II. It was concluded that there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that perceptual and motor speed differences associated with increased age can be attributable to a slower rate of internal time.", "contents": "Adult age and the rate of an internal clock. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether young and old adults differ in the rate of a hypothetical internal clock. Clock rate was measured as the slope of the function relating actual duration to perceived duration. No age differences were apparent when subjects were asked to judge the duration of a flash of light in Exp. I, or to judge the duration of a dark interval between two light flashes in Exp. II. It was concluded that there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that perceptual and motor speed differences associated with increased age can be attributable to a slower rate of internal time.", "PMID": 759492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11406", "title": "Adult age differences in false recognitions.", "content": "Adult age differences in the depth of processing in recognition memory were examined for the three groups with mean ages of 19, 45, and 70 years. Subjects were tested for phonological and semantic false recognitions with a continuous recognition memory procedure using both moderate (4 sec) and slow (8 sec) presentation rates. Both middle-aged and elderly subjects displayed a greater false recognition effect for both rhymes (phonological) and synonyms (semantic) of previously presented items than did young adults. Thus, there appeared to be little, if any, age-related deficit in depth of processing as defined on a sensory-semantic dimension. On the other hand, middle-aged and elderly subjects correctly recognized fewer of the previously presented (i.e., old) items than did the young adults. Age-level differences in retention of old item information were viewed as reflecting differences in the extent of elaboration within a processing domain. Rate of presentation did not affect either processing depth as measured by false recognitions, or memory per se as measured by the recognition of old items.", "contents": "Adult age differences in false recognitions. Adult age differences in the depth of processing in recognition memory were examined for the three groups with mean ages of 19, 45, and 70 years. Subjects were tested for phonological and semantic false recognitions with a continuous recognition memory procedure using both moderate (4 sec) and slow (8 sec) presentation rates. Both middle-aged and elderly subjects displayed a greater false recognition effect for both rhymes (phonological) and synonyms (semantic) of previously presented items than did young adults. Thus, there appeared to be little, if any, age-related deficit in depth of processing as defined on a sensory-semantic dimension. On the other hand, middle-aged and elderly subjects correctly recognized fewer of the previously presented (i.e., old) items than did the young adults. Age-level differences in retention of old item information were viewed as reflecting differences in the extent of elaboration within a processing domain. Rate of presentation did not affect either processing depth as measured by false recognitions, or memory per se as measured by the recognition of old items.", "PMID": 759493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11407", "title": "Memory loss and response bias in senescence.", "content": "Recognition memory was studied in young and elderly women by assessing memory strength and response bias using Signal Detection Theory methodology. Young women (mean age 21 years; n = 8) had better recognition memory (d' and d'e) than did elderly women (mean age 71 years; n = 16) but the groups did not differ significantly on correct recognitions (hit rate) or incorrect recognitions (false affirmative rate). Evaluation of response bias indicated that the elderly women adopted a lax response strategy which resulted in an inflated correct recognition rate. The data indicate that, in aging research, evaluation of memory in terms of correct and incorrect recognitions can lead to erroneous interpretations, due to uncontrolled bias effects. Age does adversely influence recognition memory strength suggesting that acquisition and/or storage processes are not invariant with age.", "contents": "Memory loss and response bias in senescence. Recognition memory was studied in young and elderly women by assessing memory strength and response bias using Signal Detection Theory methodology. Young women (mean age 21 years; n = 8) had better recognition memory (d' and d'e) than did elderly women (mean age 71 years; n = 16) but the groups did not differ significantly on correct recognitions (hit rate) or incorrect recognitions (false affirmative rate). Evaluation of response bias indicated that the elderly women adopted a lax response strategy which resulted in an inflated correct recognition rate. The data indicate that, in aging research, evaluation of memory in terms of correct and incorrect recognitions can lead to erroneous interpretations, due to uncontrolled bias effects. Age does adversely influence recognition memory strength suggesting that acquisition and/or storage processes are not invariant with age.", "PMID": 759494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11408", "title": "Decreased discrimination of food odors in the elderly.", "content": "Sixteen young students, aged 19-25, and 16 healthy elderly subjects, aged 72-78, rated the odor similarity for all 91 combinations of pairs of 14 commercial food flavors. Hedonic ratings were also obtained. Two multidimensional scaling procedures, INDSCAL (Carroll & Chang, 1970) and SSAI-MINISSA (Guttman, 1968; Lingoes, 1965), were applied to the similarity data, yielding flavor spaces or maps which  were similar to one another. INDSCAL, an individual difference model, provided weights for each subject on each of the dimensions of a multidimensional space common to all subjects; the weights indicated that the young subjects, but not the elderly ones, were well represented by the common multidimensional arrangement with some idiosyncratic stretching along the axes. The weights and individual subject spaces suggested that the ability of subjects to judge qualitative odor differences between food flavors may decrease with age. Elderly subjects were best at discriminating fruits from the rest of the stimuli.", "contents": "Decreased discrimination of food odors in the elderly. Sixteen young students, aged 19-25, and 16 healthy elderly subjects, aged 72-78, rated the odor similarity for all 91 combinations of pairs of 14 commercial food flavors. Hedonic ratings were also obtained. Two multidimensional scaling procedures, INDSCAL (Carroll & Chang, 1970) and SSAI-MINISSA (Guttman, 1968; Lingoes, 1965), were applied to the similarity data, yielding flavor spaces or maps which  were similar to one another. INDSCAL, an individual difference model, provided weights for each subject on each of the dimensions of a multidimensional space common to all subjects; the weights indicated that the young subjects, but not the elderly ones, were well represented by the common multidimensional arrangement with some idiosyncratic stretching along the axes. The weights and individual subject spaces suggested that the ability of subjects to judge qualitative odor differences between food flavors may decrease with age. Elderly subjects were best at discriminating fruits from the rest of the stimuli.", "PMID": 759495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11409", "title": "Dimensions of adult self-concept.", "content": "A 70-item adjective checklist was administered to four groups of adults as part of a longitudinal study of psychosocial change during four normative transitions. Data gathered at two times with a five-year interval were cluster analyzed separately. Six clusters were extracted from the first set of data, 7 from the second, with minor changes in dimensionality: all 6 original clusters had counterparts in the second analysis, but some dimensional change was seen in all but one cluster. The argument is made that although such dimensional change is often treated as error or completely ignored in longitudinal research, this inattention can lead to serious problems in the interpretation of results.", "contents": "Dimensions of adult self-concept. A 70-item adjective checklist was administered to four groups of adults as part of a longitudinal study of psychosocial change during four normative transitions. Data gathered at two times with a five-year interval were cluster analyzed separately. Six clusters were extracted from the first set of data, 7 from the second, with minor changes in dimensionality: all 6 original clusters had counterparts in the second analysis, but some dimensional change was seen in all but one cluster. The argument is made that although such dimensional change is often treated as error or completely ignored in longitudinal research, this inattention can lead to serious problems in the interpretation of results.", "PMID": 759496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11410", "title": "A causal model of life satisfaction among the elderly.", "content": "A path analysis model of life satisfaction is proposed and applied to data from interviews with 141 persons aged 60 years and over. Predictor variables examined are self-reported health, income, education and an activity index. The analysis was conducted separately for the two sexes. Health and activityemerge as strong predictors of life satisfaction while income influences life satisfaction indirectly via activity. The importance of investigating direct and indirect effects of variables via path analysis is discussed.", "contents": "A causal model of life satisfaction among the elderly. A path analysis model of life satisfaction is proposed and applied to data from interviews with 141 persons aged 60 years and over. Predictor variables examined are self-reported health, income, education and an activity index. The analysis was conducted separately for the two sexes. Health and activityemerge as strong predictors of life satisfaction while income influences life satisfaction indirectly via activity. The importance of investigating direct and indirect effects of variables via path analysis is discussed.", "PMID": 759497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11411", "title": "Longevity and age exaggeration in Vilcabamba,  Ecuador.", "content": "Systematic age exaggeration was found after age 70 in an Equadorian population noted for extreme longevity. Extreme ages (over 100 years) were either incorrect or unsubstantiated. There was no evidence of increased longevity in the Vilcabamba population.", "contents": "Longevity and age exaggeration in Vilcabamba,  Ecuador. Systematic age exaggeration was found after age 70 in an Equadorian population noted for extreme longevity. Extreme ages (over 100 years) were either incorrect or unsubstantiated. There was no evidence of increased longevity in the Vilcabamba population.", "PMID": 759498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11412", "title": "Recall and reliability of interview data from older women.", "content": "Retrospective fertility histories were collected from a purposive sample of 211 white, ever-married women, residing in four metropolitan areas of the USA and belonging to the birth cohorts of 1901-1910. At the time of interview, these women were aged 66 to 76. A random sample of 50 of the original respondents was reinterviewed by telephone on selected topics from the questionnaire. Responses to questions on dates and numbers of marriages, as well as births and other fertility events were coded to show whether the responses were exact, estimated by the respondent, or calculated by the editors. Respondents provided exact answers to an average of 90% of the questions they were asked. Reliability ratios, which were calculated for the above variables as well as ever-use of contraceptive methods, were comparable with those observed in previous studies of women in the childbearing years.", "contents": "Recall and reliability of interview data from older women. Retrospective fertility histories were collected from a purposive sample of 211 white, ever-married women, residing in four metropolitan areas of the USA and belonging to the birth cohorts of 1901-1910. At the time of interview, these women were aged 66 to 76. A random sample of 50 of the original respondents was reinterviewed by telephone on selected topics from the questionnaire. Responses to questions on dates and numbers of marriages, as well as births and other fertility events were coded to show whether the responses were exact, estimated by the respondent, or calculated by the editors. Respondents provided exact answers to an average of 90% of the questions they were asked. Reliability ratios, which were calculated for the above variables as well as ever-use of contraceptive methods, were comparable with those observed in previous studies of women in the childbearing years.", "PMID": 759499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11413", "title": "Blood vessel transplantation to bone.", "content": "In dogs an artery, a vein, and a vascular bundle were transplanted into intact bone, isolated bone segments, necrotized bone, and homografts of bone. Active proliferation of new blood vessels and formation of new bone occurred in all instances where the vascular bundle was used, when the vein was implanted into the intact bone and isolated bone, and only when the artery was implanted into intact bone. As a result of these experiments, vascular bundle transplantation has been performed in patients with Kienboeck's disease, and avascular necrosis of the scaphoid, the femoral head, the talus, and other conditions.", "contents": "Blood vessel transplantation to bone. In dogs an artery, a vein, and a vascular bundle were transplanted into intact bone, isolated bone segments, necrotized bone, and homografts of bone. Active proliferation of new blood vessels and formation of new bone occurred in all instances where the vascular bundle was used, when the vein was implanted into the intact bone and isolated bone, and only when the artery was implanted into intact bone. As a result of these experiments, vascular bundle transplantation has been performed in patients with Kienboeck's disease, and avascular necrosis of the scaphoid, the femoral head, the talus, and other conditions.", "PMID": 759500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11414", "title": "The intrinsic vascularization of human peripheral nerves: structural and functional aspects.", "content": "A combination of microangiographic and histological methods was used to analyse the intrinsic microvascular system of human peripheral nerves of freshly amputated arms. Special attention was paid to perineurial and intrafascicular vascular systems. The human nerves present a microvascular system analogous to the intraneural system of experimental animals. The fascicles are vascularized segmentally by epineurial vessels, and each fascicle presents a well-defined fascicular vascular organization composed of endoneurial and perineurial microvascular systems in combination. The possible effects of intraneural dissection on intrafascicular blood flow are discussed. It is suggested that intraneural dissection produces considerable trauma to the nerve and an inflammatory reaction in extrafascicular layers, but that due to the barrier function of the perineurium the effects on intrafascicular tissues can be limited.", "contents": "The intrinsic vascularization of human peripheral nerves: structural and functional aspects. A combination of microangiographic and histological methods was used to analyse the intrinsic microvascular system of human peripheral nerves of freshly amputated arms. Special attention was paid to perineurial and intrafascicular vascular systems. The human nerves present a microvascular system analogous to the intraneural system of experimental animals. The fascicles are vascularized segmentally by epineurial vessels, and each fascicle presents a well-defined fascicular vascular organization composed of endoneurial and perineurial microvascular systems in combination. The possible effects of intraneural dissection on intrafascicular blood flow are discussed. It is suggested that intraneural dissection produces considerable trauma to the nerve and an inflammatory reaction in extrafascicular layers, but that due to the barrier function of the perineurium the effects on intrafascicular tissues can be limited.", "PMID": 759501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11415", "title": "Median nerve entrapment syndrome in the proximal forearm.", "content": "Median nerve compression in the proximal forearm is relatively uncommon. This study reviews 71 cases over a 20 year period. Of the 71 in this series, 51 were treated surgically. The time of onset to definitive treatment ranged from 6 months to 5 years, with an average of 9 months. The ages of patients varied from 15 to 56 years and there were 13 males and 58 females. Past criteria for making the diagnosis are reviewed and an added series of clinical observations is made, including three definitive stress tests. In all cases surgically treated compression of the median nerve has been found at one of three levels, in the following order of frequency: the pronator teres, the flexor superficialis arch, and the lacertus fibrosus. Follow-up has been from 6 months to 19 years and four cases in the series were considered to be failures.", "contents": "Median nerve entrapment syndrome in the proximal forearm. Median nerve compression in the proximal forearm is relatively uncommon. This study reviews 71 cases over a 20 year period. Of the 71 in this series, 51 were treated surgically. The time of onset to definitive treatment ranged from 6 months to 5 years, with an average of 9 months. The ages of patients varied from 15 to 56 years and there were 13 males and 58 females. Past criteria for making the diagnosis are reviewed and an added series of clinical observations is made, including three definitive stress tests. In all cases surgically treated compression of the median nerve has been found at one of three levels, in the following order of frequency: the pronator teres, the flexor superficialis arch, and the lacertus fibrosus. Follow-up has been from 6 months to 19 years and four cases in the series were considered to be failures.", "PMID": 759503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11416", "title": "The radial tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Twenty patients with symptoms present for an average of 21.1 months and who in most cases had been treated by several conservative techniques for chronic tennis elbow were diagnosed as having radial tunnel syndrome, as originally described by Roles and Maudsley. Release of the tunnel was followed by eventual relief in 19 instances (95%).", "contents": "The radial tunnel syndrome. Twenty patients with symptoms present for an average of 21.1 months and who in most cases had been treated by several conservative techniques for chronic tennis elbow were diagnosed as having radial tunnel syndrome, as originally described by Roles and Maudsley. Release of the tunnel was followed by eventual relief in 19 instances (95%).", "PMID": 759504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11417", "title": "Digital clubbing: a unique case and a new hypothesis.", "content": "A study of a unique case of unilateral digital clubbing secondary to a true posttmaumatic aneurysm of the ulnar artery in the palm is presented. The clubbing of the digits resolved following resection of the aneurysm. Detailed evaluation of the patient included Doppler flow studies, differential pulse pressure recordings, measurement of reactive hyperemia, angiography, and differential capillary blood gas determinations. The contralateral hand of this otherwise healthy young patient was employed as a control. Findings of increased blood flow, decreased peripheral resistance, and increased oxygenation then were evaluated in light of the findings of other investigators. This study and the information gathered from an extensive review of the literature strongly suggest that a neurocirculatory reflex is the common denominator of the various conditions associated with clubbing. The afferent and efferent limbs of this reflex are proposed.", "contents": "Digital clubbing: a unique case and a new hypothesis. A study of a unique case of unilateral digital clubbing secondary to a true posttmaumatic aneurysm of the ulnar artery in the palm is presented. The clubbing of the digits resolved following resection of the aneurysm. Detailed evaluation of the patient included Doppler flow studies, differential pulse pressure recordings, measurement of reactive hyperemia, angiography, and differential capillary blood gas determinations. The contralateral hand of this otherwise healthy young patient was employed as a control. Findings of increased blood flow, decreased peripheral resistance, and increased oxygenation then were evaluated in light of the findings of other investigators. This study and the information gathered from an extensive review of the literature strongly suggest that a neurocirculatory reflex is the common denominator of the various conditions associated with clubbing. The afferent and efferent limbs of this reflex are proposed.", "PMID": 759505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11418", "title": "Open complex metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. Two cases: index finger and long finger.", "content": "Two patients with open complex dislocation of a metacarpophalangeal joint were treated by cleansing of the wound, open reduction, primary wound closure, and early motion. One dislocation occurred in the index finger, the other in the long finger which is only the second such case to be described. Antibiotics were given before and continued for 5 days after operation. There were no infections, and both patients regained an excellent range of motion without pain.", "contents": "Open complex metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. Two cases: index finger and long finger. Two patients with open complex dislocation of a metacarpophalangeal joint were treated by cleansing of the wound, open reduction, primary wound closure, and early motion. One dislocation occurred in the index finger, the other in the long finger which is only the second such case to be described. Antibiotics were given before and continued for 5 days after operation. There were no infections, and both patients regained an excellent range of motion without pain.", "PMID": 759507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11419", "title": "Anomalous tendon slips from the flexor pollicis longus to the flexor digitorum profundus.", "content": "Anomalous tendon slips from the flexor pollicis longus to the flexor digitorum profundus are described. Clinical examination of 194 patients suggests that the anomaly is present in at least one extremity of 31% of individuals and in both extremities in 14%. Dissection of 43 cadavers demonstrated the anomaly in at least one extremity of 25% and in both extremities of 6%. Four cases are described in which the anomaly probably was responsible for chronic tenosynovitis. The anomaly was excised surgically in all cases.", "contents": "Anomalous tendon slips from the flexor pollicis longus to the flexor digitorum profundus. Anomalous tendon slips from the flexor pollicis longus to the flexor digitorum profundus are described. Clinical examination of 194 patients suggests that the anomaly is present in at least one extremity of 31% of individuals and in both extremities in 14%. Dissection of 43 cadavers demonstrated the anomaly in at least one extremity of 25% and in both extremities of 6%. Four cases are described in which the anomaly probably was responsible for chronic tenosynovitis. The anomaly was excised surgically in all cases.", "PMID": 759509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11420", "title": "The dorsal ganglion with anomalous muscles.", "content": "Either an anomalous extensor indicis proprius muscle or an extensor digitorum brevis manus may coexist with a dorsal wrist ganglion. To assure relief of symptoms, treatment must include division of the fourth dorsal extensor compartment in the case of the former muscle, and excision in the case of the latter.", "contents": "The dorsal ganglion with anomalous muscles. Either an anomalous extensor indicis proprius muscle or an extensor digitorum brevis manus may coexist with a dorsal wrist ganglion. To assure relief of symptoms, treatment must include division of the fourth dorsal extensor compartment in the case of the former muscle, and excision in the case of the latter.", "PMID": 759510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11421", "title": "Restoration of elbow extension power in the tetraplegic patient using the Moberg technique.", "content": "In tetroplegic patients extensor power can be restored to the elbow by transferring the posterior deltoid muscle to the triceps aponeurosis. Thirteen patients representing 14 posterior deltoid muscle transfers were evaluated 13.8 months later. Using a 0 to 5 muscle grading system, the average preoperative muscle grade for elbow extension power was 0.5. After operation the average had increased to 3.6. All patients were satisfied with their results and noted a significant improvement in the activities of daily living. In no case was there a loss of preoperative functional capacity.", "contents": "Restoration of elbow extension power in the tetraplegic patient using the Moberg technique. In tetroplegic patients extensor power can be restored to the elbow by transferring the posterior deltoid muscle to the triceps aponeurosis. Thirteen patients representing 14 posterior deltoid muscle transfers were evaluated 13.8 months later. Using a 0 to 5 muscle grading system, the average preoperative muscle grade for elbow extension power was 0.5. After operation the average had increased to 3.6. All patients were satisfied with their results and noted a significant improvement in the activities of daily living. In no case was there a loss of preoperative functional capacity.", "PMID": 759511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11422", "title": "Herpetic whitlow: herpetic infections of the digits.", "content": "Ten cases of herpes simplex infections of a digit were observed during a 3 year period. The diagnosis was confirmed in seven cases by culture or tests of serum antibodies. In three cases the clinical characteristics were sufficient to suggest the diagnosis. Medical and dental personnel are particularly prone to develop this affliction; their occupations are a frequent clue to the diagnosis. Nonsurgical treatment of this self-limited entity is recommended.", "contents": "Herpetic whitlow: herpetic infections of the digits. Ten cases of herpes simplex infections of a digit were observed during a 3 year period. The diagnosis was confirmed in seven cases by culture or tests of serum antibodies. In three cases the clinical characteristics were sufficient to suggest the diagnosis. Medical and dental personnel are particularly prone to develop this affliction; their occupations are a frequent clue to the diagnosis. Nonsurgical treatment of this self-limited entity is recommended.", "PMID": 759512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11423", "title": "Visualizing the marrow granulocyte reserve.", "content": "The MGR, the pool of band and segmented neutrophils from which sudden demands for extra blood neutrophils are met, has been studied by measuring blood neutrophil increments following administration of endotoxin, corticosteroids, or etiocholanolone. Alternatively its size may be estimated from marrow differential counts with or without estimates of marrow mass. In 34 studies of 31 patients with diverse causes of neutropenia, measurements were made of the MGR comparing endotoxin response and differential counts of marrow aspirates coupled with estimates of absolute marrow mass derived from EIT rate. Responses to endotoxin were normal in 10 studies and subnormal in 24. The factor which best predicted endotoxin response was the percent of marrow neutrophils and neutrophil precursors which were band and segmented forms. All responders to endotoxin had greater than 25% marrow neutrophils and neutrophil precursors that were band and segmented; 20 to 21 subjects with less than a normal response to endotoxin had  less than 25%. These studies suggest that no further information is gained by measuring endotoxin response in neutropenic patients who have a reduced percent of band forms and segmented neutrophils in marrow aspirates.", "contents": "Visualizing the marrow granulocyte reserve. The MGR, the pool of band and segmented neutrophils from which sudden demands for extra blood neutrophils are met, has been studied by measuring blood neutrophil increments following administration of endotoxin, corticosteroids, or etiocholanolone. Alternatively its size may be estimated from marrow differential counts with or without estimates of marrow mass. In 34 studies of 31 patients with diverse causes of neutropenia, measurements were made of the MGR comparing endotoxin response and differential counts of marrow aspirates coupled with estimates of absolute marrow mass derived from EIT rate. Responses to endotoxin were normal in 10 studies and subnormal in 24. The factor which best predicted endotoxin response was the percent of marrow neutrophils and neutrophil precursors which were band and segmented forms. All responders to endotoxin had greater than 25% marrow neutrophils and neutrophil precursors that were band and segmented; 20 to 21 subjects with less than a normal response to endotoxin had  less than 25%. These studies suggest that no further information is gained by measuring endotoxin response in neutropenic patients who have a reduced percent of band forms and segmented neutrophils in marrow aspirates.", "PMID": 759519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11424", "title": "The dilute whole blood clot lysis assay: a screening method for identifying postoperative patients with a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "A dilute whole blood clot lysis assay was used to identify patients with a high incidence of DVT. Of 191 orthopedic and urologic patients who underwent surgery, the over-all incidence of DVT as determined by 125I-fibrinogen leg scan was 35% in the 92 individuals with abnormal assays and 1% in the 99 patients with normal assays. The likelihood that an individual patient might have developed DVT increased progressively with the number of abnormal assays (p less than 0.001). The incidence of DVT increased from 28% in patients who had one abnormal assay, to 35% in patients with two abnormal assays, to 56% in patients with three abnormal assays. These studies establish the clot lysis assay as a simple means to screen for patients with a high incidence of DVT. A normal assay can eliminate patients from consideration for more extensive studies (venography, fibrinogen scan, impedance plethysmography), whereas those patients with one or more abnormal assays should be seriously considered for these additional studies.", "contents": "The dilute whole blood clot lysis assay: a screening method for identifying postoperative patients with a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis. A dilute whole blood clot lysis assay was used to identify patients with a high incidence of DVT. Of 191 orthopedic and urologic patients who underwent surgery, the over-all incidence of DVT as determined by 125I-fibrinogen leg scan was 35% in the 92 individuals with abnormal assays and 1% in the 99 patients with normal assays. The likelihood that an individual patient might have developed DVT increased progressively with the number of abnormal assays (p less than 0.001). The incidence of DVT increased from 28% in patients who had one abnormal assay, to 35% in patients with two abnormal assays, to 56% in patients with three abnormal assays. These studies establish the clot lysis assay as a simple means to screen for patients with a high incidence of DVT. A normal assay can eliminate patients from consideration for more extensive studies (venography, fibrinogen scan, impedance plethysmography), whereas those patients with one or more abnormal assays should be seriously considered for these additional studies.", "PMID": 759520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11425", "title": "Shape-changing agents produce abnormally large platelets in a hereditary \"giant platelets syndrome (MPS)\".", "content": "Geometries of platelets in citrated PRP obtained from normal donors (17) and donors (5) with a hereditary dominant giant platelet syndrome, herein referred to as \"Montreal platelet syndrome\" (MPS), are compared. The measured geometric axial ratio (rp = thickness/diameter) is used to classify platelet morphologies into three groups: discocytes (rp less than 0.5), disco-echinocytes (rp = 0.5 to 0.9), sphero-echinocytes (rp greater than 0.9). MPS discocytes are normal sized; however, MPS sphero-echinocytes and disco-echinocytes have mean volumes approximately two times larger than normal. It is demonstrated that these larger-than-normal sized MPS platelets can be produced directly from MPS discocytes by treatment with agents known to induce platelet shape change (adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and incubation at 4 degrees C). Treatment of platelets obtained from normal donors which have been resuspended in MPS PPP and ADP or incubation at 4 degrees C causes the formation of normal-sized disco-echinocytes and sphero-echinocytes. The diameters of MPS disco-echinocytes are identical to the diameters of MPS platelets observed on peripheral blood smear, whereas those of MPS sphero-echinocytes are approximately 20% lower. It is suggested that the appearance of abnormally large platelets in MPS is related to a defect in the mechanism which regulates platelet size and shape during shape change.", "contents": "Shape-changing agents produce abnormally large platelets in a hereditary \"giant platelets syndrome (MPS)\". Geometries of platelets in citrated PRP obtained from normal donors (17) and donors (5) with a hereditary dominant giant platelet syndrome, herein referred to as \"Montreal platelet syndrome\" (MPS), are compared. The measured geometric axial ratio (rp = thickness/diameter) is used to classify platelet morphologies into three groups: discocytes (rp less than 0.5), disco-echinocytes (rp = 0.5 to 0.9), sphero-echinocytes (rp greater than 0.9). MPS discocytes are normal sized; however, MPS sphero-echinocytes and disco-echinocytes have mean volumes approximately two times larger than normal. It is demonstrated that these larger-than-normal sized MPS platelets can be produced directly from MPS discocytes by treatment with agents known to induce platelet shape change (adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and incubation at 4 degrees C). Treatment of platelets obtained from normal donors which have been resuspended in MPS PPP and ADP or incubation at 4 degrees C causes the formation of normal-sized disco-echinocytes and sphero-echinocytes. The diameters of MPS disco-echinocytes are identical to the diameters of MPS platelets observed on peripheral blood smear, whereas those of MPS sphero-echinocytes are approximately 20% lower. It is suggested that the appearance of abnormally large platelets in MPS is related to a defect in the mechanism which regulates platelet size and shape during shape change.", "PMID": 759524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11426", "title": "Biochemical quantitation of the chemotactic factor inactivator activity in human serum.", "content": "CFI of whole human serum was measured by a new assay that utilizes chemotactic factor-induced release of a lysosomal enzyme (N-acetyl glucosaminidase) from cytochalasin B-exposed neutrophils as an index of chemotactic activity. The effectiveness of serum as an inactivator of chemotactic factor-induced enzyme release closely correlated with the serum CFI as determined by assay of neutrophil chemotaxis in Boyden chambers. In comparison to serum from healthy persons, there was elevated CFI in the serum from patients with sarcoidosis and Hodgkin's disease by both assay systems. The results indicate that measurement of serum inhibition of chemotactic factor-induced lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils provides a rapid, reliable, and reproducible assay of serum CFI. (J Lab Clin Med 93:17, 1979.)", "contents": "Biochemical quantitation of the chemotactic factor inactivator activity in human serum. CFI of whole human serum was measured by a new assay that utilizes chemotactic factor-induced release of a lysosomal enzyme (N-acetyl glucosaminidase) from cytochalasin B-exposed neutrophils as an index of chemotactic activity. The effectiveness of serum as an inactivator of chemotactic factor-induced enzyme release closely correlated with the serum CFI as determined by assay of neutrophil chemotaxis in Boyden chambers. In comparison to serum from healthy persons, there was elevated CFI in the serum from patients with sarcoidosis and Hodgkin's disease by both assay systems. The results indicate that measurement of serum inhibition of chemotactic factor-induced lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils provides a rapid, reliable, and reproducible assay of serum CFI. (J Lab Clin Med 93:17, 1979.)", "PMID": 759526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11427", "title": "Serum isoamylase measurements in pancreatitis complicating chronic renal failure.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine whether serum isoamylase measurements can aid in establishing the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in renal failure patients. Twenty-two hemodialysis patients were studied, four of whom had documented acute pancreatitis. Total serum amylase and pancreatic isoamylase concentrations were significantly higher (p less than 0.02) in the pancreatitis patients than in the 18 patients without pancreatitis, but there was appreciable overlap between these two groups. In each of the four patients with pancreatitis, the percentage of serum amylase derived from the pancreas (range, 80% to 90%) was well above the highest value (67%) observed in the patients without pancreatitis. These results suggest that determination of the percentage of serum amylase represented by pancreatic isoamylase is of assistance in establishing the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in renal failure patients.", "contents": "Serum isoamylase measurements in pancreatitis complicating chronic renal failure. This investigation was designed to determine whether serum isoamylase measurements can aid in establishing the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in renal failure patients. Twenty-two hemodialysis patients were studied, four of whom had documented acute pancreatitis. Total serum amylase and pancreatic isoamylase concentrations were significantly higher (p less than 0.02) in the pancreatitis patients than in the 18 patients without pancreatitis, but there was appreciable overlap between these two groups. In each of the four patients with pancreatitis, the percentage of serum amylase derived from the pancreas (range, 80% to 90%) was well above the highest value (67%) observed in the patients without pancreatitis. These results suggest that determination of the percentage of serum amylase represented by pancreatic isoamylase is of assistance in establishing the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in renal failure patients.", "PMID": 759528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11428", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin-synthesis stimulation and blockade on sodium excretion at a fixed renal perfusion pressure.", "content": "PGE synthesis was increased by an infusion of AA and decreased with indomethacin or carpofen. Intrarenal infusions of arachidonate increased RBF from 222 +/- 37 to 275 +/- 51 ml/min (p less than 0.05) and UNaV from 85 +/- 23 to 121 +/- 32 muEq/min (p less than 0.05), with renal vein PGE increasing from 0.41 +/- 0.08 to 1.81 +/- 0.69 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). However, when renal perfusion pressure was reduced and maintained constant at 82 +/- 4 mm Hg during the AA infusion, RBF, and UNaV did not change, 185 +/- 26 vs. 178 +/- 21 ml/min and 10 +/- 3 vs 8 +/- 3 muEq/min, respectively, although renal vein PGE increased from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.95 +/- 0.52 ng/ml (p less than 0.05. During Pl with indomethacin, 2 mg/kg, RBF fell from 210 +/- 27 to 120 +/- 16 ml/min (p less than 0.05), and UNaV diminished from 39 +/- 6 to 22 +/- 10 muEq/min (p less than 0.05), as renal vein PGE decreased from 0.37 +/- 0.04 to 0.19 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). When renal perfusion pressure was reduced and maintained constant at 90 +/- 2 mm Hg, renal vein PGE fell from 0.72 +/- 0.29 to 0.20 +/- 0.08 ng/ml (p less than 0.05), whereas RBF and UNaV were unchanged during Pl, 172 +/- 20 vs. 166 +/- 30 and 33 +/- 15 vs. 28 +/- 11, respectively. The results indicate that the change in sodium excretion with variation in prostaglandin synthesis is best explained by concomitant changes in RBF.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin-synthesis stimulation and blockade on sodium excretion at a fixed renal perfusion pressure. PGE synthesis was increased by an infusion of AA and decreased with indomethacin or carpofen. Intrarenal infusions of arachidonate increased RBF from 222 +/- 37 to 275 +/- 51 ml/min (p less than 0.05) and UNaV from 85 +/- 23 to 121 +/- 32 muEq/min (p less than 0.05), with renal vein PGE increasing from 0.41 +/- 0.08 to 1.81 +/- 0.69 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). However, when renal perfusion pressure was reduced and maintained constant at 82 +/- 4 mm Hg during the AA infusion, RBF, and UNaV did not change, 185 +/- 26 vs. 178 +/- 21 ml/min and 10 +/- 3 vs 8 +/- 3 muEq/min, respectively, although renal vein PGE increased from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.95 +/- 0.52 ng/ml (p less than 0.05. During Pl with indomethacin, 2 mg/kg, RBF fell from 210 +/- 27 to 120 +/- 16 ml/min (p less than 0.05), and UNaV diminished from 39 +/- 6 to 22 +/- 10 muEq/min (p less than 0.05), as renal vein PGE decreased from 0.37 +/- 0.04 to 0.19 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (p less than 0.05). When renal perfusion pressure was reduced and maintained constant at 90 +/- 2 mm Hg, renal vein PGE fell from 0.72 +/- 0.29 to 0.20 +/- 0.08 ng/ml (p less than 0.05), whereas RBF and UNaV were unchanged during Pl, 172 +/- 20 vs. 166 +/- 30 and 33 +/- 15 vs. 28 +/- 11, respectively. The results indicate that the change in sodium excretion with variation in prostaglandin synthesis is best explained by concomitant changes in RBF.", "PMID": 759529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11429", "title": "Case mix in a primary care teaching practice for two clerkship schedules.", "content": "Student-physicians saw patients from assigned families at primary care training sites either one or two half-days a week. These practice conditions caused a skewing of diagnoses away from seeing acute conditions. Students who saw patients two half-days a week made 21 percent fewer acute care diagnoses than were made in the practice. Those students at the clinical site one half-day a week saw 28 percent fewer acute disease diagnoses. Accordingly, there was an increase in the percentage of chronic disease and health supervision diagnoses in the case mix of these student-physicians. This part-time scheduling of students at the training sites was related to a disruption in continuity of care for the patient. While a little less than half of acute illness care was performed by student-physicians, over two thirds of chronic disease diagnoses were made by these once-or-twice-a-week trainees. Almost nine tenths of health care supervision was accomplished within the trainees' twice-a-week schedule.", "contents": "Case mix in a primary care teaching practice for two clerkship schedules. Student-physicians saw patients from assigned families at primary care training sites either one or two half-days a week. These practice conditions caused a skewing of diagnoses away from seeing acute conditions. Students who saw patients two half-days a week made 21 percent fewer acute care diagnoses than were made in the practice. Those students at the clinical site one half-day a week saw 28 percent fewer acute disease diagnoses. Accordingly, there was an increase in the percentage of chronic disease and health supervision diagnoses in the case mix of these student-physicians. This part-time scheduling of students at the training sites was related to a disruption in continuity of care for the patient. While a little less than half of acute illness care was performed by student-physicians, over two thirds of chronic disease diagnoses were made by these once-or-twice-a-week trainees. Almost nine tenths of health care supervision was accomplished within the trainees' twice-a-week schedule.", "PMID": 759536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11430", "title": "The after-hours call: a survey of United States family practice residency programs.", "content": "This article reports the results of a 1977 survey of 245 family practice residency programs providing after-hours care. The objectives of the study were: (1) to clarify the involvement of family practice residents in this aspect of medical care; (2) to investigate the organization of after-hours care in the family practice centers as a possible training model for future family physicians; and (3) to establish whether or not specific educational activity was based on after-hours calls. All the responding operational programs provided after-hours care to patients, using all levels of residents as providers. Most of the programs used an answering service. Only 67 percent documented all patient encounters in writing. Regular educational feedback to residents was undertaken by 71 percent of the residency programs.", "contents": "The after-hours call: a survey of United States family practice residency programs. This article reports the results of a 1977 survey of 245 family practice residency programs providing after-hours care. The objectives of the study were: (1) to clarify the involvement of family practice residents in this aspect of medical care; (2) to investigate the organization of after-hours care in the family practice centers as a possible training model for future family physicians; and (3) to establish whether or not specific educational activity was based on after-hours calls. All the responding operational programs provided after-hours care to patients, using all levels of residents as providers. Most of the programs used an answering service. Only 67 percent documented all patient encounters in writing. Regular educational feedback to residents was undertaken by 71 percent of the residency programs.", "PMID": 759537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11431", "title": "Diagnostic vocabulary for primary care.", "content": "The diagnostic vocabulary of a clinician appears to be specific and measurable for each clinical discipline. The diagnostic vocabulary of 11 primary care physicians over four-years' work has been analyzed. For every 1,000 patients cared for, each physician made, on average, 2,691 diagnoses every year, representing a diagnostic vocabulary of 475 different clinical entities. This vocabulary has been analyzed according to frequency of usage and clinical decision making. The clinical, teaching, and administrative implications of this analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic vocabulary for primary care. The diagnostic vocabulary of a clinician appears to be specific and measurable for each clinical discipline. The diagnostic vocabulary of 11 primary care physicians over four-years' work has been analyzed. For every 1,000 patients cared for, each physician made, on average, 2,691 diagnoses every year, representing a diagnostic vocabulary of 475 different clinical entities. This vocabulary has been analyzed according to frequency of usage and clinical decision making. The clinical, teaching, and administrative implications of this analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 759538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11432", "title": "A study of family practice in Wisconsin.", "content": "Studies of family practice in Wisconsin and elsewhere show that the clinical content of family practice has about 20 to 45 patient contacts per day and about two to six diagnoses per patient contact. Seventy-five percent of patient contacts are in the office and on the telephone, 15 to 20 percent in the hospital, and 5 to 10 percent elsewhere. There is a broad array of patient problems. Special Conditions and Examinations Without Illness contain the largest number of patient problems. About 60 percent of patients are female and present more endocrine and genitourinary problems. Men present more trauma, circulatory, and respiratory problems, and less health maintenance care. Well-baby and well-child examinations stop at age 15 years. Pre and postnatal care decline sharply at age 35 years, at which time surgical care increases. Infectious disease and trauma, ranking high in the young, are low in the elderly. Circulatory problems, obesity, diabetes, and arthritis increase greatly with age. There is no major difference in type of patient problems related to town size (ie, population). However, comparative studies may uncover different disease occurrence rates between regions.", "contents": "A study of family practice in Wisconsin. Studies of family practice in Wisconsin and elsewhere show that the clinical content of family practice has about 20 to 45 patient contacts per day and about two to six diagnoses per patient contact. Seventy-five percent of patient contacts are in the office and on the telephone, 15 to 20 percent in the hospital, and 5 to 10 percent elsewhere. There is a broad array of patient problems. Special Conditions and Examinations Without Illness contain the largest number of patient problems. About 60 percent of patients are female and present more endocrine and genitourinary problems. Men present more trauma, circulatory, and respiratory problems, and less health maintenance care. Well-baby and well-child examinations stop at age 15 years. Pre and postnatal care decline sharply at age 35 years, at which time surgical care increases. Infectious disease and trauma, ranking high in the young, are low in the elderly. Circulatory problems, obesity, diabetes, and arthritis increase greatly with age. There is no major difference in type of patient problems related to town size (ie, population). However, comparative studies may uncover different disease occurrence rates between regions.", "PMID": 759539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11433", "title": "Patient expectation: what is comprehensive health care?", "content": "A patient expectation survey was developed and implemented in order to define the spectrum of health care activities expected from the University of Nebraska Family Health Centers. The hypothesis underlying the survey is that patient expectations or opinions vary considerably among the members of any given population. High expectation is present for office visits, emergency services, yearly physical examination, and performance of chest x-ray, blood test, proctoscopy, and eye examination. Psychiatric services, marital counseling, youth counseling, nursing home care, and health education are indicated as not necessary by a plurality of the respondents. Examination of the responses by age, sex, and payment status through canonical correlation reveals a number of strong correlations of specific subgroups and expectations. Factor analysis revealed three independent factors or clusters representating health care issues as perceived by the patient. This study and further similar studies will be helpful in aiding the family physician's understanding of what patients expect. Through a better understanding of patient expectation, patient satisfaction and compliance may be improved.", "contents": "Patient expectation: what is comprehensive health care? A patient expectation survey was developed and implemented in order to define the spectrum of health care activities expected from the University of Nebraska Family Health Centers. The hypothesis underlying the survey is that patient expectations or opinions vary considerably among the members of any given population. High expectation is present for office visits, emergency services, yearly physical examination, and performance of chest x-ray, blood test, proctoscopy, and eye examination. Psychiatric services, marital counseling, youth counseling, nursing home care, and health education are indicated as not necessary by a plurality of the respondents. Examination of the responses by age, sex, and payment status through canonical correlation reveals a number of strong correlations of specific subgroups and expectations. Factor analysis revealed three independent factors or clusters representating health care issues as perceived by the patient. This study and further similar studies will be helpful in aiding the family physician's understanding of what patients expect. Through a better understanding of patient expectation, patient satisfaction and compliance may be improved.", "PMID": 759540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11434", "title": "Electrodesiccation and fulguration of lesions of the skin.", "content": "Electrosurgery--electrodesiccation, fulguration, and electrocoagulation--is a simple and relatively inexpensive modality for treatment of small skin lesions, whether benign or malignant. The technique is easily mastered, and the results, with proper selection of patients, compare favorably with the results of scalpel-and-suture surgery. Electrosurgery does not mean \"burning off\" lesions and biopsy of the lesion is an integral part of the technique.", "contents": "Electrodesiccation and fulguration of lesions of the skin. Electrosurgery--electrodesiccation, fulguration, and electrocoagulation--is a simple and relatively inexpensive modality for treatment of small skin lesions, whether benign or malignant. The technique is easily mastered, and the results, with proper selection of patients, compare favorably with the results of scalpel-and-suture surgery. Electrosurgery does not mean \"burning off\" lesions and biopsy of the lesion is an integral part of the technique.", "PMID": 759541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11435", "title": "Ophthalmia neonatorum due to Chlamydia trachomatis: a family problem?", "content": "The most frequently seen type of infectious ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. This agent is known to be transmitted sexually. Until recently, the infections produced by C trachomatis were though to be relatively benign. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the organism may produce urethritis and epididymitis in the male; cervicitis, cervical erosions, salpingitis, and puerperal infections in the female; and prematurity and pneumonitis in the infant. An infant who develops ophthalmia neonatorum should be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of a chlamydial infection. In many instances the first evidence of chlamydial infection within the parents will be the development of inclusion conjunctivitis in their newborn infant. Family members of infants with inclusion conjunctivitis who manifest any evidence of clinical disease should be evaluated and treated with appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "Ophthalmia neonatorum due to Chlamydia trachomatis: a family problem? The most frequently seen type of infectious ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. This agent is known to be transmitted sexually. Until recently, the infections produced by C trachomatis were though to be relatively benign. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the organism may produce urethritis and epididymitis in the male; cervicitis, cervical erosions, salpingitis, and puerperal infections in the female; and prematurity and pneumonitis in the infant. An infant who develops ophthalmia neonatorum should be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of a chlamydial infection. In many instances the first evidence of chlamydial infection within the parents will be the development of inclusion conjunctivitis in their newborn infant. Family members of infants with inclusion conjunctivitis who manifest any evidence of clinical disease should be evaluated and treated with appropriate antibiotics.", "PMID": 759548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11436", "title": "Complications associated with IUD use in a family practice setting.", "content": "This study compares the complication rate of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) with other contraceptive measures in a residency practice. The study population included 220 randomly selected women who had IUDs inserted by residents over a five-year period. One hundred similarly selected women started on birth control pills (BCP) were used as a control group. Of the IUD patients, 8.6 percent developed pelvic inflammatory disease vs 2 percent of the BCP patients. The incidence of gonorrhea was not significantly different between the two groups: 8.2 percent for the IUD groups vs 7 percent for the BCP group. Discontinuation of IUDs for reasons other than desiring pregnancy was significantly higher than discontinuation of BCPs: 41 percent vs 12 percent. Of the total IUD insertions, there were 21 expulsions (10 percent) and one uterine perforation (0.4 percent). Five pregnancies occurred in the IUD group, yielding a pregnancy rate of 1.7 per 100 women-years. There was a four percent rate of gynecologic hospitalizations in the IUD group as contrasted with one percent rate in BCP group. IUD use in the family practice setting under study is associated with comparatively poor long-term acceptance and a relatively high rate of complications.", "contents": "Complications associated with IUD use in a family practice setting. This study compares the complication rate of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) with other contraceptive measures in a residency practice. The study population included 220 randomly selected women who had IUDs inserted by residents over a five-year period. One hundred similarly selected women started on birth control pills (BCP) were used as a control group. Of the IUD patients, 8.6 percent developed pelvic inflammatory disease vs 2 percent of the BCP patients. The incidence of gonorrhea was not significantly different between the two groups: 8.2 percent for the IUD groups vs 7 percent for the BCP group. Discontinuation of IUDs for reasons other than desiring pregnancy was significantly higher than discontinuation of BCPs: 41 percent vs 12 percent. Of the total IUD insertions, there were 21 expulsions (10 percent) and one uterine perforation (0.4 percent). Five pregnancies occurred in the IUD group, yielding a pregnancy rate of 1.7 per 100 women-years. There was a four percent rate of gynecologic hospitalizations in the IUD group as contrasted with one percent rate in BCP group. IUD use in the family practice setting under study is associated with comparatively poor long-term acceptance and a relatively high rate of complications.", "PMID": 759549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11437", "title": "An approach to the adolescent for the primary care clinician.", "content": "The clinician should take into account all development aspects when evaluating the adolescent patient. Adolescents will frequently present underlying concerns in an indirect manner, as \"functional\" complaints, excessive concerns over minor ailments, or nonverbal cues. The clinician should relate to the adolescent patient in a direct, interested, and sincere manner aimed at developing mutual respect and trust. Confidentiality of visits should be extended. Physical examination of adolescents should be performed with sensitivity and awareness of areas of concern. The primary care clinician can provide comprehensive physical and emotional health care to most adolescents.", "contents": "An approach to the adolescent for the primary care clinician. The clinician should take into account all development aspects when evaluating the adolescent patient. Adolescents will frequently present underlying concerns in an indirect manner, as \"functional\" complaints, excessive concerns over minor ailments, or nonverbal cues. The clinician should relate to the adolescent patient in a direct, interested, and sincere manner aimed at developing mutual respect and trust. Confidentiality of visits should be extended. Physical examination of adolescents should be performed with sensitivity and awareness of areas of concern. The primary care clinician can provide comprehensive physical and emotional health care to most adolescents.", "PMID": 759550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11438", "title": "A model for communication skills development for family practice residents.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the need for including interpersonal communication skills training in family practice residency programs, and (2) to present a communication model that can be used for such training. Interpersonal communication skills are important in almost all areas of contact with patients: history taking, physical examination, prescription writing and patient education, counseling, and psychotherapy. Presentation of the communication model includes definition of the interpersonal communication skills that would be stressed in family practice residency programs. These skills include empathy, respect, warmth, concreteness, genuineness, self-disclosure, confrontation, immediacy, and behavior modification. Examples of how a family physician may communicate each of these skills are also included. The implementation of the communication model in a department of family practice for training residents and faculty in the use of these communication skills is also described.", "contents": "A model for communication skills development for family practice residents. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the need for including interpersonal communication skills training in family practice residency programs, and (2) to present a communication model that can be used for such training. Interpersonal communication skills are important in almost all areas of contact with patients: history taking, physical examination, prescription writing and patient education, counseling, and psychotherapy. Presentation of the communication model includes definition of the interpersonal communication skills that would be stressed in family practice residency programs. These skills include empathy, respect, warmth, concreteness, genuineness, self-disclosure, confrontation, immediacy, and behavior modification. Examples of how a family physician may communicate each of these skills are also included. The implementation of the communication model in a department of family practice for training residents and faculty in the use of these communication skills is also described.", "PMID": 759551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11439", "title": "Geriatric training in family medicine: the natural history of a developing program.", "content": "During the past three years, the Duke-Watts Family Medicine Program and the Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development have developed training in geriatric medicine as an integral part of the family medicine residency program. This paper traces the following steps in the development of this program: a survey of resident and faculty interest, institution of a conference series, identification of potential training sites, development of elective rotations, and use of consultants. Principles found helpful in establishing training in geriatrics for family medicine residents include the following: involve residents in planning, start with modest goals, make the program relevant and practical, build on local strengths, include other health care professional trainees, and use ambulatory, acute hospital, and long-term care sites in the training rpogram.", "contents": "Geriatric training in family medicine: the natural history of a developing program. During the past three years, the Duke-Watts Family Medicine Program and the Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development have developed training in geriatric medicine as an integral part of the family medicine residency program. This paper traces the following steps in the development of this program: a survey of resident and faculty interest, institution of a conference series, identification of potential training sites, development of elective rotations, and use of consultants. Principles found helpful in establishing training in geriatrics for family medicine residents include the following: involve residents in planning, start with modest goals, make the program relevant and practical, build on local strengths, include other health care professional trainees, and use ambulatory, acute hospital, and long-term care sites in the training rpogram.", "PMID": 759552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11440", "title": "The effect of a course in family medicine on future career choice: a long-range follow-up of a controlled experiment in medical education.", "content": "The career choices and professional behavior of three cohorts of students who participated in a family medicine program were studied by mail questionnaire. Cohort I (1957--1960), as part of an educational experiment, had been randomly assigned to the course; unselected classmates were used as controls. Cohort II (1961--1965) and Cohort III (1966--1970) were volunteers; alphabetically adjacent classmates were used as a comparison group. The results suggest that the impact of a given medical school course on future behavior must be evaluated in the context of general medical school orientation and societal trends extraneous to the school itself.", "contents": "The effect of a course in family medicine on future career choice: a long-range follow-up of a controlled experiment in medical education. The career choices and professional behavior of three cohorts of students who participated in a family medicine program were studied by mail questionnaire. Cohort I (1957--1960), as part of an educational experiment, had been randomly assigned to the course; unselected classmates were used as controls. Cohort II (1961--1965) and Cohort III (1966--1970) were volunteers; alphabetically adjacent classmates were used as a comparison group. The results suggest that the impact of a given medical school course on future behavior must be evaluated in the context of general medical school orientation and societal trends extraneous to the school itself.", "PMID": 759553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11441", "title": "Family practice residents' perceptions of behavioral science training, relevance, and needs.", "content": "Fifty-six family practice residents representing programs in 23 different states were surveyed concerning their training experience in behavioral science. Questions covered three basic areas of concern: experiential content, subsequent relevance to family practice, and suggestions for curriculum improvement at the residency level. The results point out definite knowledge of medical psychology, psychiatric consultation to medical patients, and practical intervention skills. Suggestions are made concerning curriculum development in behavioral science which (1) emphasize some new areas of concern raised by the residents, (2) recommend a more practical, integrated approach beginning in the medical school training, and (3) emphasize a dual approach requiring skills in medical psychology and skills more traditionally subsumed under the \"mental health\" field.", "contents": "Family practice residents' perceptions of behavioral science training, relevance, and needs. Fifty-six family practice residents representing programs in 23 different states were surveyed concerning their training experience in behavioral science. Questions covered three basic areas of concern: experiential content, subsequent relevance to family practice, and suggestions for curriculum improvement at the residency level. The results point out definite knowledge of medical psychology, psychiatric consultation to medical patients, and practical intervention skills. Suggestions are made concerning curriculum development in behavioral science which (1) emphasize some new areas of concern raised by the residents, (2) recommend a more practical, integrated approach beginning in the medical school training, and (3) emphasize a dual approach requiring skills in medical psychology and skills more traditionally subsumed under the \"mental health\" field.", "PMID": 759554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11442", "title": "Antigenicity and polypeptide composition of native and heated echovirus type 7 procapsids.", "content": "The native procapsid (naturally occurring empty capsid) of echovirus type 7 (E7) possesses N-antigenicity, which is as highly strain-specific as the native virion. When the native procapsid is heated, its antigenicity is converted to H-antigenicity which is common among strains of E7 and thus type-specific. However, no difference was detected in the sedimentation rate (80S) and polypeptide composition (VP0, 1 and 3) of the native and heated procapsids.", "contents": "Antigenicity and polypeptide composition of native and heated echovirus type 7 procapsids. The native procapsid (naturally occurring empty capsid) of echovirus type 7 (E7) possesses N-antigenicity, which is as highly strain-specific as the native virion. When the native procapsid is heated, its antigenicity is converted to H-antigenicity which is common among strains of E7 and thus type-specific. However, no difference was detected in the sedimentation rate (80S) and polypeptide composition (VP0, 1 and 3) of the native and heated procapsids.", "PMID": 759555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11443", "title": "The matrix protein gene determines amantadine-sensitivity of influenza viruses.", "content": "The genetic composition of several recombinant strains, produced by mixed infection with an amantadine-sensitive and an amantadine-resistant influenza virus, have been compared with their response to amantadine. It is concluded that transfer of resistance or sensitivity to amantadine is determined by a single gene, that coding for the matrix protein.", "contents": "The matrix protein gene determines amantadine-sensitivity of influenza viruses. The genetic composition of several recombinant strains, produced by mixed infection with an amantadine-sensitive and an amantadine-resistant influenza virus, have been compared with their response to amantadine. It is concluded that transfer of resistance or sensitivity to amantadine is determined by a single gene, that coding for the matrix protein.", "PMID": 759556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11444", "title": "Further studies on rabies postexposure prophylaxis in mice: a comparison of vaccine with interferon and vaccine.", "content": "Mice were inoculated in the left hind footpad with street rabies virus, and 24 h later various types of rabies vaccine were administered intramuscularly in the right leg. The vaccines alone were ineffective in reducing mortality, but when an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed to poly-L-lysine (polyICLC), was given along with the vaccines, a marked reduction resulted. The polyICLC-vaccine combination was effective even when it was injected 5 days after infection, suggesting that effective postexposure treatment in man might be successful when given at a comparable late time.", "contents": "Further studies on rabies postexposure prophylaxis in mice: a comparison of vaccine with interferon and vaccine. Mice were inoculated in the left hind footpad with street rabies virus, and 24 h later various types of rabies vaccine were administered intramuscularly in the right leg. The vaccines alone were ineffective in reducing mortality, but when an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed to poly-L-lysine (polyICLC), was given along with the vaccines, a marked reduction resulted. The polyICLC-vaccine combination was effective even when it was injected 5 days after infection, suggesting that effective postexposure treatment in man might be successful when given at a comparable late time.", "PMID": 759557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11445", "title": "De novo synthesis of two classes of DNA induced by vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells.", "content": "Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in CsCl confirms that DNA synthesized after vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells is homogeneous in buoyant density and thus in base composition and is similar in this respect to bulk HeLa cell DNA. In contrast, rate sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients distinguishes two main classes of virus-induced DNA, neither of which can be equated with cell DNA synthesized in the same cultures prior to infection. The slower sedimenting class of virus-induced DNA co-sediments with DNA from purified virus particles: the second class sediments faster than pre-labelled cell DNA. Heterogeneity of virus-induced DNA does not result from fragmentation of radioactively labelled DNA, virus-mediated breakdown of cell DNA or association with either proteins or polyamines. Both slow and fast sedimenting classes of virus-induced DNA contain sequences complementary to all restriction endonuclease Hind III-specific fragments of the virus genome. The multiple species of DNA synthesized after infection are distinguished further by the effect of ethidium bromide. At a concentration which prevents the formation of infectious progeny virus, this compound inhibits selectively the de novo synthesis of that class of virus-induced DNA which sediments faster in alkaline sucrose gradients.", "contents": "De novo synthesis of two classes of DNA induced by vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in CsCl confirms that DNA synthesized after vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells is homogeneous in buoyant density and thus in base composition and is similar in this respect to bulk HeLa cell DNA. In contrast, rate sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients distinguishes two main classes of virus-induced DNA, neither of which can be equated with cell DNA synthesized in the same cultures prior to infection. The slower sedimenting class of virus-induced DNA co-sediments with DNA from purified virus particles: the second class sediments faster than pre-labelled cell DNA. Heterogeneity of virus-induced DNA does not result from fragmentation of radioactively labelled DNA, virus-mediated breakdown of cell DNA or association with either proteins or polyamines. Both slow and fast sedimenting classes of virus-induced DNA contain sequences complementary to all restriction endonuclease Hind III-specific fragments of the virus genome. The multiple species of DNA synthesized after infection are distinguished further by the effect of ethidium bromide. At a concentration which prevents the formation of infectious progeny virus, this compound inhibits selectively the de novo synthesis of that class of virus-induced DNA which sediments faster in alkaline sucrose gradients.", "PMID": 759558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11446", "title": "Structural polypeptides of the murine coronavirus JHM.", "content": "Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the purified coronavirus JHM contains six polypeptides. The apparent mol. wt. of the polypeptides (GP1, GP2, GP3, VP4, GP5 and VP6) are 170000; 125000; 97500; 60800; 24800 and 22700, respectively. Four polypeptides are glycosylated (GP1, GP2, GP3 and GP5). The analysis of particles obtained after limited proteolysis with pronase suggests that GP2 and GP3 are protruding from the lipid envelope and, together with GP1, form the spike layer. Protein VP6 and a part of GP5 are located within the lipid bilayer. Protein VP4 is susceptible to digestion at a concentration of pronase which changes the morphology of the virus particles making the interior of the virus accessible. Subviral particles produced after treatment with the detergent Nonidet P40 banded at a higher density than the virus and contained only VP4, GP5 and VP6.", "contents": "Structural polypeptides of the murine coronavirus JHM. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the purified coronavirus JHM contains six polypeptides. The apparent mol. wt. of the polypeptides (GP1, GP2, GP3, VP4, GP5 and VP6) are 170000; 125000; 97500; 60800; 24800 and 22700, respectively. Four polypeptides are glycosylated (GP1, GP2, GP3 and GP5). The analysis of particles obtained after limited proteolysis with pronase suggests that GP2 and GP3 are protruding from the lipid envelope and, together with GP1, form the spike layer. Protein VP6 and a part of GP5 are located within the lipid bilayer. Protein VP4 is susceptible to digestion at a concentration of pronase which changes the morphology of the virus particles making the interior of the virus accessible. Subviral particles produced after treatment with the detergent Nonidet P40 banded at a higher density than the virus and contained only VP4, GP5 and VP6.", "PMID": 759559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11447", "title": "Biosynthesis of the influenza virus envelope in abortive infection.", "content": "Synthesis and processing of the envelope proteins of influenza A virus (fowl plague virus) have been analysed in BHK, HeLa and L cells, in which the virus undergoes abortive replication and does not form virus particles, and in the productive chick embryo fibroblast system. In abortive infection, synthesis of the M protein is specifically inhibited. The extent of this defect varies depending on the host cell and the amount of virus particles formed closely reflects the amount of M synthesized. Cell fractionation experiments demonstrated that the haemagglutinin glycoprotein HA is synthesized in abortive as well as in productive cells at the rough endoplasmic reticulum, that it migrates via smooth internal membranes to the plasma membrane and that it is cleaved by proteolysis into fragments HA1 and HA2 in the course of migration. Immune electron  microscopy using monospecific antibodies against haemagglutinin and neuraminidase showed that both glycoproteins are exposed at the cell surface. Thus, synthesis and processing of the virus glycoproteins does not depend on the formation of the M protein. However, the M protein appears to be necessary for budding and thus for particle formation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the influenza virus envelope in abortive infection. Synthesis and processing of the envelope proteins of influenza A virus (fowl plague virus) have been analysed in BHK, HeLa and L cells, in which the virus undergoes abortive replication and does not form virus particles, and in the productive chick embryo fibroblast system. In abortive infection, synthesis of the M protein is specifically inhibited. The extent of this defect varies depending on the host cell and the amount of virus particles formed closely reflects the amount of M synthesized. Cell fractionation experiments demonstrated that the haemagglutinin glycoprotein HA is synthesized in abortive as well as in productive cells at the rough endoplasmic reticulum, that it migrates via smooth internal membranes to the plasma membrane and that it is cleaved by proteolysis into fragments HA1 and HA2 in the course of migration. Immune electron  microscopy using monospecific antibodies against haemagglutinin and neuraminidase showed that both glycoproteins are exposed at the cell surface. Thus, synthesis and processing of the virus glycoproteins does not depend on the formation of the M protein. However, the M protein appears to be necessary for budding and thus for particle formation.", "PMID": 759560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11448", "title": "The effects of noise on telephone operators.", "content": "1. One hundred twenty-nine telephone operators were given audiograms before work and again after four hours of work exposure. Since these operators habitually use the same ear for their monaural headset, the non-listening ear served as a yoked control in examining work related effects on hearing. The hearing threshold measurements conducted on the operators in this study disclosed no statistically significant shifts in mean threshold indicating no population effect for either short-term or long-term work exposure. 2. Two thousand random hours of magnetic tape recordings of operator positions disclosed the occurrence of 36 spurious signals of 94 dB SPL or above lasting from 0.4 to 145 seconds. The maximum amplitude recorded was 109 dB SPL. These tones occurred at a rate of about one per week per operator position. 3. On 36 operators reporting 51 incidents of acoustic disturbance, audiograms were obtained about 15 minutes and again at least 16 hours following the acoustic disturbance. No significant objective effects on hearing thresholds were identified.", "contents": "The effects of noise on telephone operators. 1. One hundred twenty-nine telephone operators were given audiograms before work and again after four hours of work exposure. Since these operators habitually use the same ear for their monaural headset, the non-listening ear served as a yoked control in examining work related effects on hearing. The hearing threshold measurements conducted on the operators in this study disclosed no statistically significant shifts in mean threshold indicating no population effect for either short-term or long-term work exposure. 2. Two thousand random hours of magnetic tape recordings of operator positions disclosed the occurrence of 36 spurious signals of 94 dB SPL or above lasting from 0.4 to 145 seconds. The maximum amplitude recorded was 109 dB SPL. These tones occurred at a rate of about one per week per operator position. 3. On 36 operators reporting 51 incidents of acoustic disturbance, audiograms were obtained about 15 minutes and again at least 16 hours following the acoustic disturbance. No significant objective effects on hearing thresholds were identified.", "PMID": 759592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11449", "title": "Occupational mental health: its monitoring, protection and promotion.", "content": "Work should respect the worker's life and health, leave him free time for rest and leisure, and enable him to serve society and achieve self-fulfillment by developing his personal capacities. This is not what work looks like to hundreds of millions of workers all over the world. Occupational stress arises where discrepancies exist between occupational demands and opportunities on the one hand and the worker's capacities, needs and expectations on the other. Ill effects are mediated by three classes of mechanisms: (1) feelings of distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, alienation, etc); (2) behaviors (e.g., increase in alcohol and tobacco consumption, risk taking, self-destructive behavior, etc.); and (3) hyper-, hypo- and dysfunction in various organs and organ systems (e.g., physiological stress reactions as described by Selye; specific changes in endocrine and immunological function, etc.). These effects are common and they are a challenge to occupational medicine. Work environments are man-made and can be adapted by man for man. Local, national and international monitoring of occupational health should be aimed at making work man's servant and not his master.", "contents": "Occupational mental health: its monitoring, protection and promotion. Work should respect the worker's life and health, leave him free time for rest and leisure, and enable him to serve society and achieve self-fulfillment by developing his personal capacities. This is not what work looks like to hundreds of millions of workers all over the world. Occupational stress arises where discrepancies exist between occupational demands and opportunities on the one hand and the worker's capacities, needs and expectations on the other. Ill effects are mediated by three classes of mechanisms: (1) feelings of distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, alienation, etc); (2) behaviors (e.g., increase in alcohol and tobacco consumption, risk taking, self-destructive behavior, etc.); and (3) hyper-, hypo- and dysfunction in various organs and organ systems (e.g., physiological stress reactions as described by Selye; specific changes in endocrine and immunological function, etc.). These effects are common and they are a challenge to occupational medicine. Work environments are man-made and can be adapted by man for man. Local, national and international monitoring of occupational health should be aimed at making work man's servant and not his master.", "PMID": 759593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11450", "title": "Studies on occupational health problems during agricultural operation of Indian tobacco workers: a preliminary survey report.", "content": "Occupational sickness among tobacco farmers due to the handling of green tobacco leaves is termed \"green symptom.\" This symptom was investigated among 197 Indian tobacco workers and it was found that 88.83% of the workers were suffering from green symptom when exposed to green tobacco leaves during their occupational operation. Nicotine concentration of the urine was estimated only among male subjects who were smokers. During the exposure period (when subjects were suffering from green symptom), more than a three-fold increase in nicotine concentration in the urine was observed. Both cured and uncured leaves may cause such sickness.", "contents": "Studies on occupational health problems during agricultural operation of Indian tobacco workers: a preliminary survey report. Occupational sickness among tobacco farmers due to the handling of green tobacco leaves is termed \"green symptom.\" This symptom was investigated among 197 Indian tobacco workers and it was found that 88.83% of the workers were suffering from green symptom when exposed to green tobacco leaves during their occupational operation. Nicotine concentration of the urine was estimated only among male subjects who were smokers. During the exposure period (when subjects were suffering from green symptom), more than a three-fold increase in nicotine concentration in the urine was observed. Both cured and uncured leaves may cause such sickness.", "PMID": 759596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11451", "title": "The effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on the antitumor activity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl-1-nitrosourea (PCNU), and on the plasma pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of BCNU.", "content": "Many patients being treated for primary and secondary brain tumors receive phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant. The effects of chronic oral administration of phenobarbital on the antitumor activity of BCNU, CCNU and PCNU against the intracerebral 9L tumor in rats were determined. Phenobarbital pretreatment eliminated the antitumor activity of BCNU and reduced the activity of PCNU and CCNU. Pretreatment with phenytoin, sodium methylprednisolone succinate and dexamethasone had little or no effect. Pharmacokinetic data for i.v. BCNU in the plasma of rats showed an increase in drug clearance for phenobarbital pretreated animals, compared to a control group. Larger differences were observed when BCNU was given i.p. The half-life of BCNU in sera from pretreated and control group rats was similar. Finally, the in vitro rate of BCNU disappearance in 9000 X g supernatants and microsomes from the livers of pretreated rats was 5-fold faster than the rate of disappearance of BCNU in supernatants from normal animals. We conclude that the chronic oral administration of phenobarbital induces a change in liver enzymes, which accelerates the clearance of BCNU, thereby reducing the antitumor activity of BCNU and the other nitrosoureas. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduces systemic BCNU toxicity.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on the antitumor activity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl-1-nitrosourea (PCNU), and on the plasma pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of BCNU. Many patients being treated for primary and secondary brain tumors receive phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant. The effects of chronic oral administration of phenobarbital on the antitumor activity of BCNU, CCNU and PCNU against the intracerebral 9L tumor in rats were determined. Phenobarbital pretreatment eliminated the antitumor activity of BCNU and reduced the activity of PCNU and CCNU. Pretreatment with phenytoin, sodium methylprednisolone succinate and dexamethasone had little or no effect. Pharmacokinetic data for i.v. BCNU in the plasma of rats showed an increase in drug clearance for phenobarbital pretreated animals, compared to a control group. Larger differences were observed when BCNU was given i.p. The half-life of BCNU in sera from pretreated and control group rats was similar. Finally, the in vitro rate of BCNU disappearance in 9000 X g supernatants and microsomes from the livers of pretreated rats was 5-fold faster than the rate of disappearance of BCNU in supernatants from normal animals. We conclude that the chronic oral administration of phenobarbital induces a change in liver enzymes, which accelerates the clearance of BCNU, thereby reducing the antitumor activity of BCNU and the other nitrosoureas. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduces systemic BCNU toxicity.", "PMID": 759602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11452", "title": "Methadone during pregnancy: assessment of behavioral effects in the rat offspring.", "content": "Pregnant rats were administered methadone hydrochloride by gastric intubation. Beginning on day 8 of gestation, a drug group received 5 mg/kg/day; the daily maintenance dose was increased to 10 mg/kg after 4 days with the final dose given on day 22. An intubation control group received sterile water alone on the same gestation days and a nontreated control group was left undisturbed, All experimental and control litters were fostered at birth to untreated mothers, Body weights were low at birth among the methadone offspring but were similar to controls by weaning. During adulthood, offspring were tested on several operant tasks that included acquisition of a lever-pressing response, performance on a variable interval reinforcement schedule, acquisition and performance of an auditory-visual discrimination and response inhibition in a \"punishment\" paradigm. None of these measures revealed any learning or inhibitory impairments among the methadone-exposed offspring. The major behavioral effect produced by the treatment was a high response output which emerged for each sex in different phases of testing.", "contents": "Methadone during pregnancy: assessment of behavioral effects in the rat offspring. Pregnant rats were administered methadone hydrochloride by gastric intubation. Beginning on day 8 of gestation, a drug group received 5 mg/kg/day; the daily maintenance dose was increased to 10 mg/kg after 4 days with the final dose given on day 22. An intubation control group received sterile water alone on the same gestation days and a nontreated control group was left undisturbed, All experimental and control litters were fostered at birth to untreated mothers, Body weights were low at birth among the methadone offspring but were similar to controls by weaning. During adulthood, offspring were tested on several operant tasks that included acquisition of a lever-pressing response, performance on a variable interval reinforcement schedule, acquisition and performance of an auditory-visual discrimination and response inhibition in a \"punishment\" paradigm. None of these measures revealed any learning or inhibitory impairments among the methadone-exposed offspring. The major behavioral effect produced by the treatment was a high response output which emerged for each sex in different phases of testing.", "PMID": 759603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11453", "title": "The selection and evaluation of new chelating agents for the treatment of iron overload.", "content": "A large-scale systematic evaluation of potential iron chelators for the treatment of hemosiderosis was conducted. The compounds were identified and evaluated using a hypertransfused mouse screen in which deferrioxamine B was a standard. This screen was designed to measure iron depletion in the tissues as well as iron excretion. Groups of 10 previously hypertransfused BDF1 male mice received a single daily i.p. injection of either vehicle, standard, or test compound for 7 days. Iron in daily urine pools and individual spleen and liver homogenates was determined by atomic absorption. More than 70 chelators were evaluated, including natural and synthetic hydroxamic acids, phenols, catechols and tropolones known to have a high affinity for iron (III) in vitro. Ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) was shown to be considerably more effective than deferrioxamine B (i.p.) and, in addition, was orally active. Factors determining the efficacy of this and other chelating agents are discussed.", "contents": "The selection and evaluation of new chelating agents for the treatment of iron overload. A large-scale systematic evaluation of potential iron chelators for the treatment of hemosiderosis was conducted. The compounds were identified and evaluated using a hypertransfused mouse screen in which deferrioxamine B was a standard. This screen was designed to measure iron depletion in the tissues as well as iron excretion. Groups of 10 previously hypertransfused BDF1 male mice received a single daily i.p. injection of either vehicle, standard, or test compound for 7 days. Iron in daily urine pools and individual spleen and liver homogenates was determined by atomic absorption. More than 70 chelators were evaluated, including natural and synthetic hydroxamic acids, phenols, catechols and tropolones known to have a high affinity for iron (III) in vitro. Ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) was shown to be considerably more effective than deferrioxamine B (i.p.) and, in addition, was orally active. Factors determining the efficacy of this and other chelating agents are discussed.", "PMID": 759605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11454", "title": "Development of functional tolerance to pentobarbital in goldfish.", "content": "The acute effects of pentobarbital were measured by the times required for the loss of righting reflex (overturn point) and the pentobarbital brain concentration associated with the overturn. The test consisted of immersing the fish in a 0.3 mg/ml sodium pentobarbital in 0.1 M Tris buffer challenge solution until the overturn point was reached. To examine the development of tolerance the fish were pre-exposed to 0.1 M Tris buffer solutions containing 0.0, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.025 mg/ml of sodium pentobarbital for 6, 24 or 48 hr at which time the overturn times and the pentobarbital brain concentrations at overturn in the challenge solution were determined. The mean pentobarbital content in the brain at overturn of fish pre-exposed to 0.015 or 0.025 mg/ml solution was significantly higher (P less than .01) than in control fish. The loss of tolerance was determined at 3 hr after termination of the pre-exposure of the fish to the various pentobarbital solutions; tolerance was measured only in the group of animals pre-exposed to the 0.025 solution by the significant increase (P less than .01) in the pentobarbital brain levels over control fish. The equilibration curve for fish swimming in 0.025 mg/ml of sodium pentobarbital was determined for 48 hr. A steady state was attained within 6 hr with brain levels that reached approximately 80% the concentration of the external solution.", "contents": "Development of functional tolerance to pentobarbital in goldfish. The acute effects of pentobarbital were measured by the times required for the loss of righting reflex (overturn point) and the pentobarbital brain concentration associated with the overturn. The test consisted of immersing the fish in a 0.3 mg/ml sodium pentobarbital in 0.1 M Tris buffer challenge solution until the overturn point was reached. To examine the development of tolerance the fish were pre-exposed to 0.1 M Tris buffer solutions containing 0.0, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.025 mg/ml of sodium pentobarbital for 6, 24 or 48 hr at which time the overturn times and the pentobarbital brain concentrations at overturn in the challenge solution were determined. The mean pentobarbital content in the brain at overturn of fish pre-exposed to 0.015 or 0.025 mg/ml solution was significantly higher (P less than .01) than in control fish. The loss of tolerance was determined at 3 hr after termination of the pre-exposure of the fish to the various pentobarbital solutions; tolerance was measured only in the group of animals pre-exposed to the 0.025 solution by the significant increase (P less than .01) in the pentobarbital brain levels over control fish. The equilibration curve for fish swimming in 0.025 mg/ml of sodium pentobarbital was determined for 48 hr. A steady state was attained within 6 hr with brain levels that reached approximately 80% the concentration of the external solution.", "PMID": 759606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11455", "title": "Rapid development of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol in mice.", "content": "The hypothermic response to i.p. injection of ethanol (2.0-4.0 g/kg) in mice was found to be attenuated by a single equivalent ethanol injection given 24 hr earlier. The diminished hypothermic response was not an artifact since it could not be attributed to changes in body weight and was independent of familiarity with test environment and procedures. A parallel shift in the dose-response curve was found. It appears, therefore, that the reduced change in body temperature is indicative of tolerance. If the second ethanol injection was given 48 or 72 hr later, tolerance could no longer be seen. With injections spaced 24 hr apart, a third administration of ethanol did not further increase the tolerance seen after the second injection. Since blood ethanol levels did not differ in tolerant and nontolerant mice, and since tolerance was already present 10 min after the second ethanol injection, a functional rather than a metabolic tolerance is likely.", "contents": "Rapid development of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol in mice. The hypothermic response to i.p. injection of ethanol (2.0-4.0 g/kg) in mice was found to be attenuated by a single equivalent ethanol injection given 24 hr earlier. The diminished hypothermic response was not an artifact since it could not be attributed to changes in body weight and was independent of familiarity with test environment and procedures. A parallel shift in the dose-response curve was found. It appears, therefore, that the reduced change in body temperature is indicative of tolerance. If the second ethanol injection was given 48 or 72 hr later, tolerance could no longer be seen. With injections spaced 24 hr apart, a third administration of ethanol did not further increase the tolerance seen after the second injection. Since blood ethanol levels did not differ in tolerant and nontolerant mice, and since tolerance was already present 10 min after the second ethanol injection, a functional rather than a metabolic tolerance is likely.", "PMID": 759607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11456", "title": "The effect of depletion of brain dopamine by 6-hydroxydopamine on tolerance to the anorexic effect of d-amphetamine and fenfluramine in rats.", "content": "The effects on food intake of repeated administration of d-amphetamine and fenfluramine were examined in rats adapted to a 4 hr/day feeding schedule. Control rats given daily injections of amphetamine before food access rapidly developed a partial tolerance to the food intake reducing effect of amphetamine. However, rats given a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) treatment which produced a large selective depletion of dopamine in brain failed to display tolerance to amphetamine-induced anorexia after either 10 or 23 days of amphetamine injections. Although higher than normal doses of amphetamine were required to reduce feeding in 6-HDA-treated rats, control rats displayed tolerance after repeated injections of drug doses which were either equianorexic or equivalent to doses used in rats given 6-HDA. Furthermore, 6-HDA-treated rats failed to display tolerance to the low amphetamine doses normally used in control rats. In contrast to the results with amphetamine, both control and 6-HDA-treated rats displayed tolerance to the anorexic effect of fenfluramine. These results suggest that central dopaminergic neurons are involved in the tolerance which normally develops to the anorexic effect of amphetamine.", "contents": "The effect of depletion of brain dopamine by 6-hydroxydopamine on tolerance to the anorexic effect of d-amphetamine and fenfluramine in rats. The effects on food intake of repeated administration of d-amphetamine and fenfluramine were examined in rats adapted to a 4 hr/day feeding schedule. Control rats given daily injections of amphetamine before food access rapidly developed a partial tolerance to the food intake reducing effect of amphetamine. However, rats given a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) treatment which produced a large selective depletion of dopamine in brain failed to display tolerance to amphetamine-induced anorexia after either 10 or 23 days of amphetamine injections. Although higher than normal doses of amphetamine were required to reduce feeding in 6-HDA-treated rats, control rats displayed tolerance after repeated injections of drug doses which were either equianorexic or equivalent to doses used in rats given 6-HDA. Furthermore, 6-HDA-treated rats failed to display tolerance to the low amphetamine doses normally used in control rats. In contrast to the results with amphetamine, both control and 6-HDA-treated rats displayed tolerance to the anorexic effect of fenfluramine. These results suggest that central dopaminergic neurons are involved in the tolerance which normally develops to the anorexic effect of amphetamine.", "PMID": 759608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11457", "title": "Tubular secretion and metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine, methoxytyramine and normetanephrine by the rat kidney.", "content": "The fate of catecholamines released in rat kidneys was examined by microinjecting tritiated norepinephrine (NE), normetanephrine (NMN), dopamine (D) and 3-methoxytyramine (3MT) into proximal and distal tubule lumina and peritubular capillaries. [14C] Inulin included in the injectate served as a reference standard. After injection of NE, D, NMN and 3MT at 0.1 to 4.0 pg/min for 4 to 10 min into proximal tubules, 87 to 94% was recovered in the urine of the injected kidney. Less than 10% of the amines was chemically altered during passage through the nephron. After injection into capillaries, percentages secreted in the first passage through the kidney were: D, 25 +/- 5; 3MT, 47 +/- 3; NE, 13 +/- 2; and NMN, 4 +/- 3. After D capillary injections, excretion of 3MT and D from the microinjected was twice that from the contralateral kidney. Acidic metabolites, homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were excreted equally by both kidneys. There was no appreciable difference in the products excreted from left and right kidneys after NE injections. In summary, D released into the peritubular space is converted to 3MT and both compounds are secreted avidly. NE released into the peritubular circulation is converted to NMN and both compounds are secreted but to a much smaller extent than occurs with D and 3MT.", "contents": "Tubular secretion and metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine, methoxytyramine and normetanephrine by the rat kidney. The fate of catecholamines released in rat kidneys was examined by microinjecting tritiated norepinephrine (NE), normetanephrine (NMN), dopamine (D) and 3-methoxytyramine (3MT) into proximal and distal tubule lumina and peritubular capillaries. [14C] Inulin included in the injectate served as a reference standard. After injection of NE, D, NMN and 3MT at 0.1 to 4.0 pg/min for 4 to 10 min into proximal tubules, 87 to 94% was recovered in the urine of the injected kidney. Less than 10% of the amines was chemically altered during passage through the nephron. After injection into capillaries, percentages secreted in the first passage through the kidney were: D, 25 +/- 5; 3MT, 47 +/- 3; NE, 13 +/- 2; and NMN, 4 +/- 3. After D capillary injections, excretion of 3MT and D from the microinjected was twice that from the contralateral kidney. Acidic metabolites, homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were excreted equally by both kidneys. There was no appreciable difference in the products excreted from left and right kidneys after NE injections. In summary, D released into the peritubular space is converted to 3MT and both compounds are secreted avidly. NE released into the peritubular circulation is converted to NMN and both compounds are secreted but to a much smaller extent than occurs with D and 3MT.", "PMID": 759609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11458", "title": "Diuretic and antihypertensive effects of 2-aminoethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol hydrochloride (MK-447).", "content": "2-Aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol hydrochloride or MK-447, is a chemically novel diuretic agent which produced diuretic and saluretic effects in rats, dogs and chimpanzees. At doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg p.o. (0.32-32 mumol/kg) MK-447 was more effective then furosemide at the same or higher doses in increasing the excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- in rats and dogs. At single oral doses, MK-447 had antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and renal hypertensive dogs. Other diuretics are known to lower arterial pressure in these models only by repeated administration. The antihypertensive and diuretic effects of MK-447 in spontaneously hypertensive rats were reduced by indomethacin.", "contents": "Diuretic and antihypertensive effects of 2-aminoethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol hydrochloride (MK-447). 2-Aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol hydrochloride or MK-447, is a chemically novel diuretic agent which produced diuretic and saluretic effects in rats, dogs and chimpanzees. At doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg p.o. (0.32-32 mumol/kg) MK-447 was more effective then furosemide at the same or higher doses in increasing the excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- in rats and dogs. At single oral doses, MK-447 had antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and renal hypertensive dogs. Other diuretics are known to lower arterial pressure in these models only by repeated administration. The antihypertensive and diuretic effects of MK-447 in spontaneously hypertensive rats were reduced by indomethacin.", "PMID": 759610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11459", "title": "Differing actions of nitroprusside and D-600 on tension and 45Ca fluxes in canine renal arteries.", "content": "Administration of nitroprusside (NP) subsequent to induction of contraction in canine renal arterial strips with norepinephrine (NE) yielded a dose-dependent relaxation and with 80 mM potassium (KCl) yielded only a small degree of relaxation. The effect elicited with 0.1 mM NP was significantly greater for responses obtained with NE (68%) than for those with KCl (12%). However, responses of muscles pretreated for 5 min with NP to NE to KCl were reduced by 23 and 31%, respectively. The relaxant effect of NP persisted after incubation with D-600 and/or 30 min of a 0-Ca plus 0.05 mM EDTA solution (low EDTA). Neither D-600 nor NP altered 45Ca uptake in the absence of stimulatory agents. Efflux of 45Ca (into low EDTA solution) was decreased by NP in a maintained manner but was unaffected by D-600. The NE-induced decrease in 45Ca efflux (but not that with KCl) was blocked by NP. However, changes in 45Ca efflux elicited with KCl or NE were not affected by D-600. In contrast to D-600 (which is known to inhibit increased Ca++ entry associated with some stimulatory conditions), NP acts in a manner that is relatively independent of uptake of extracellular Ca++. Thus, these two vasodilators appear to affect Ca++ utilization by different mechanisms and, presumably, in an additive manner.", "contents": "Differing actions of nitroprusside and D-600 on tension and 45Ca fluxes in canine renal arteries. Administration of nitroprusside (NP) subsequent to induction of contraction in canine renal arterial strips with norepinephrine (NE) yielded a dose-dependent relaxation and with 80 mM potassium (KCl) yielded only a small degree of relaxation. The effect elicited with 0.1 mM NP was significantly greater for responses obtained with NE (68%) than for those with KCl (12%). However, responses of muscles pretreated for 5 min with NP to NE to KCl were reduced by 23 and 31%, respectively. The relaxant effect of NP persisted after incubation with D-600 and/or 30 min of a 0-Ca plus 0.05 mM EDTA solution (low EDTA). Neither D-600 nor NP altered 45Ca uptake in the absence of stimulatory agents. Efflux of 45Ca (into low EDTA solution) was decreased by NP in a maintained manner but was unaffected by D-600. The NE-induced decrease in 45Ca efflux (but not that with KCl) was blocked by NP. However, changes in 45Ca efflux elicited with KCl or NE were not affected by D-600. In contrast to D-600 (which is known to inhibit increased Ca++ entry associated with some stimulatory conditions), NP acts in a manner that is relatively independent of uptake of extracellular Ca++. Thus, these two vasodilators appear to affect Ca++ utilization by different mechanisms and, presumably, in an additive manner.", "PMID": 759611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11460", "title": "Requirement of the pituitary gland for gonadal hormone effects on hepatic drug metabolism in rats.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for the pituitary gland in the regulation of hepatic drug and steroid metabolism. The present studies were carried out to determine the relationship between the pituitary gland and the actions of gonadal hormones on hepatic drug metabolism in rats. Testosterone administration to castrated male rats increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations and enhanced the rates of ethylmorphine demethylation and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation. Estradiol treatment, on the other hand, lowered cytochrome P-450 levels and decreased the rates of aniline, ethylmorphine and benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in orchiectomized rats. However, when given to hypophysectomized male rats, neither testosterone nor estradiol affected cytochrome P-450 levels or enzyme activities. Similarly, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone administration increased hepatic drug metabolism only in the presence of the pituitary gland. The effects of both testosterone and estradiol were fully demonstrable in the absence of the thyroid or adrenal glands, excluding the need for either organ. The results indicate an absolute dependence on the pituitary gland for gonadal hormone (testosterone and estradiol) actions on hepatic mixed-function oxidases.", "contents": "Requirement of the pituitary gland for gonadal hormone effects on hepatic drug metabolism in rats. Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for the pituitary gland in the regulation of hepatic drug and steroid metabolism. The present studies were carried out to determine the relationship between the pituitary gland and the actions of gonadal hormones on hepatic drug metabolism in rats. Testosterone administration to castrated male rats increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations and enhanced the rates of ethylmorphine demethylation and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation. Estradiol treatment, on the other hand, lowered cytochrome P-450 levels and decreased the rates of aniline, ethylmorphine and benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in orchiectomized rats. However, when given to hypophysectomized male rats, neither testosterone nor estradiol affected cytochrome P-450 levels or enzyme activities. Similarly, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone administration increased hepatic drug metabolism only in the presence of the pituitary gland. The effects of both testosterone and estradiol were fully demonstrable in the absence of the thyroid or adrenal glands, excluding the need for either organ. The results indicate an absolute dependence on the pituitary gland for gonadal hormone (testosterone and estradiol) actions on hepatic mixed-function oxidases.", "PMID": 759612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11461", "title": "Role of monoamine neural systems in L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-stimulated activity.", "content": "The potentiation of the stimulatory response to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats given a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor occurred only after treatments that destroyed dopamine-containing fibers, Destruction of serotonin- or norepinephrine-containing fibers did not potentiate the action of L-dopa. Furthermore, other data indicated thatL-dopa-induced activity could not be attributed to release of serotonin or to the formation of norepinephrine. That the L-dopa must be converted to catecholamines was demonstrated by antagonism of the activity responses to L-dopa with inhibition of decarboxylases in brain. After destruction of serotonin-containing fibers with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, L-dopa-induced activity in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats was significantly reduced, as was the accumulation of dopamine formed from L-dopa. These latter data provide direct evidence that serotonergic fibers contribute to the accumulation of dopamine in brain after L-dopa administration to 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "contents": "Role of monoamine neural systems in L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-stimulated activity. The potentiation of the stimulatory response to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats given a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor occurred only after treatments that destroyed dopamine-containing fibers, Destruction of serotonin- or norepinephrine-containing fibers did not potentiate the action of L-dopa. Furthermore, other data indicated thatL-dopa-induced activity could not be attributed to release of serotonin or to the formation of norepinephrine. That the L-dopa must be converted to catecholamines was demonstrated by antagonism of the activity responses to L-dopa with inhibition of decarboxylases in brain. After destruction of serotonin-containing fibers with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, L-dopa-induced activity in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats was significantly reduced, as was the accumulation of dopamine formed from L-dopa. These latter data provide direct evidence that serotonergic fibers contribute to the accumulation of dopamine in brain after L-dopa administration to 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "PMID": 759613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11462", "title": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and hypnotic effects of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of sodium-gamma-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB) have been examined as functions of dose and route of administration. The elimination of NaGHB appeared to be controlled by a capacity-limited process which can be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Oral absorption of NaGHB appeared to be fairly extensive in the dose range studied (200-1600 mg/kg), but the peak drug plasma concentrations achieved after oral dosing were relatively low and insensitive to changes in the magnitude of the dose, explaining the lack of pharmacological activity, viz., hypnosis, after oral NaGHB administration even at comparatively high doses. Plasma and brain concentrations were determined at the time when the animals recovered from the hypnotic effects of NaGHB. These concentrations also appeared to be dose-dependent, although the ratio of \"waking\" plasma to brain concentration was constant with respect to dose.", "contents": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and hypnotic effects of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of sodium-gamma-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB) have been examined as functions of dose and route of administration. The elimination of NaGHB appeared to be controlled by a capacity-limited process which can be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Oral absorption of NaGHB appeared to be fairly extensive in the dose range studied (200-1600 mg/kg), but the peak drug plasma concentrations achieved after oral dosing were relatively low and insensitive to changes in the magnitude of the dose, explaining the lack of pharmacological activity, viz., hypnosis, after oral NaGHB administration even at comparatively high doses. Plasma and brain concentrations were determined at the time when the animals recovered from the hypnotic effects of NaGHB. These concentrations also appeared to be dose-dependent, although the ratio of \"waking\" plasma to brain concentration was constant with respect to dose.", "PMID": 759616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11463", "title": "Relative potencies and durations of action with respect to respiratory depression of intravenous meperidine, fentanyl and alphaprodine in man.", "content": "Fentanyl, 0.7 and 1.4 microgram/kg, alphaprodine, 0.135 and 0.270 mg/kg meperidine, 0.564 and 1.127 mg/kg, and placebo were administered intravenously over 2.6 min by infusion to five healthy adult males. The crossover study was of incomplete Latin square design with at least 1 week between administrations of each study drug. The subjects breathed from a mixing chamber the gas composition of which was servo-controlled so as to produce CO2 ramps in the end-tidal gases. Each experiment was composed of: 1) control CO2 ramps, 2) a 25-min isocarbic run during which the drug was infused and 3) CO2 ramps at half-hour intervals for 3 hr postinfusion. The 20-liter intercept (the PETCO2 at which ventilation was 20 liters/min) was used as the measure of respiratory drive; the change in 20-liter intercept measured drug effect. The potency ratios at peak effect were: fentanyl/meperidine, 679; alphaprodine/meperidine, 3.68; fentanyl/alphaprodine, 179. With the area under the time-effect curves, the potency ratios of mean effect were: fentanyl/meperidine, 45c; alphaprodine/meperidine, 3.00; fentanyl/alphaprodine, 141. Thus, both fentanyl and alphaprodine are shorter-acting than meperidine, and fentanyl is shorter-acting than alphaprodine. The time-effect curves were fitted to linear and mono- and bi-exponential models. The time constants were compatible with the above relative durations of action.", "contents": "Relative potencies and durations of action with respect to respiratory depression of intravenous meperidine, fentanyl and alphaprodine in man. Fentanyl, 0.7 and 1.4 microgram/kg, alphaprodine, 0.135 and 0.270 mg/kg meperidine, 0.564 and 1.127 mg/kg, and placebo were administered intravenously over 2.6 min by infusion to five healthy adult males. The crossover study was of incomplete Latin square design with at least 1 week between administrations of each study drug. The subjects breathed from a mixing chamber the gas composition of which was servo-controlled so as to produce CO2 ramps in the end-tidal gases. Each experiment was composed of: 1) control CO2 ramps, 2) a 25-min isocarbic run during which the drug was infused and 3) CO2 ramps at half-hour intervals for 3 hr postinfusion. The 20-liter intercept (the PETCO2 at which ventilation was 20 liters/min) was used as the measure of respiratory drive; the change in 20-liter intercept measured drug effect. The potency ratios at peak effect were: fentanyl/meperidine, 679; alphaprodine/meperidine, 3.68; fentanyl/alphaprodine, 179. With the area under the time-effect curves, the potency ratios of mean effect were: fentanyl/meperidine, 45c; alphaprodine/meperidine, 3.00; fentanyl/alphaprodine, 141. Thus, both fentanyl and alphaprodine are shorter-acting than meperidine, and fentanyl is shorter-acting than alphaprodine. The time-effect curves were fitted to linear and mono- and bi-exponential models. The time constants were compatible with the above relative durations of action.", "PMID": 759617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11464", "title": "Morphine-induced mydriasis and fluctuation in the rat: time and dose relationships.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to establish complete dose- and time-response relationships of morphine action on the rat pupil using serial observations. Adult male, albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were used. Pupil size was measured by a series of photographs taken every 60 sec for at least 90 min under dim red illumination. The pupil began to dilate within 20 min after s.c. administration of doses of morphine sulfate as low as 1 mg/kg. The dose-related mydriasis reached a maximum with a dose of 32 mg/kg at 35 to 50 min after injection and lasted for 3 to 4 hr. The mydriasis was characterized by a rapid and marked fluctuation which was also dose-related and reached a peak with 32 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. Naloxone HCl (1 mg/kg) rapidly reversed both the mydriasis and the oscillation, thereby implicating an opiate receptor-mediated mechanism. In addition to providing a convenient measure of narcotic actions, the pupil may offer a particularly useful means for studying opiate receptor mechanisms since it is one of the few cases where, in many species, the anatomical pathways and neurochemical innervations are known.", "contents": "Morphine-induced mydriasis and fluctuation in the rat: time and dose relationships. The purpose of this investigation was to establish complete dose- and time-response relationships of morphine action on the rat pupil using serial observations. Adult male, albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were used. Pupil size was measured by a series of photographs taken every 60 sec for at least 90 min under dim red illumination. The pupil began to dilate within 20 min after s.c. administration of doses of morphine sulfate as low as 1 mg/kg. The dose-related mydriasis reached a maximum with a dose of 32 mg/kg at 35 to 50 min after injection and lasted for 3 to 4 hr. The mydriasis was characterized by a rapid and marked fluctuation which was also dose-related and reached a peak with 32 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. Naloxone HCl (1 mg/kg) rapidly reversed both the mydriasis and the oscillation, thereby implicating an opiate receptor-mediated mechanism. In addition to providing a convenient measure of narcotic actions, the pupil may offer a particularly useful means for studying opiate receptor mechanisms since it is one of the few cases where, in many species, the anatomical pathways and neurochemical innervations are known.", "PMID": 759618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11465", "title": "The effect of morphine on the endogenous phosphorylation of synaptic plasma membrane proteins of rat striatum.", "content": "The synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) fraction was prepared from rat striata and assayed for endogenous phosphorylation in vitro. After the separation of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the incorporation of phosphate into specific membrane proteins was analyzed by gel slicing and autoradiographic techniques. Phosphate was incorporated into several SPM protein bands, two of which were regulated by cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate. As a consequence of the chronic (in vivo) administration of morphine, the phosphorylation of two protein bands, designated protein II (MW 48,000-52,000) and protein III (MW 11,000-18,000), was reduced by approximately 20 and 50%, respectively; the phosphorylation of the former proteins was regulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate whereas the phosphorylation of the latter proteins was not. The incorporation of phosphate into these same two protein bands was similar to control values when the membranes were obtained from rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Morphine, in vitro, did not alter the phosphorylation of any SPM proteins in the assay, although at a high concentration morphine did antagonize the calcium-stimulated phosphorylation of one or more proteins in band II. The development of tolerance to and dependence on opiates may include changes in the phosphorylation of specific SPM proteins.", "contents": "The effect of morphine on the endogenous phosphorylation of synaptic plasma membrane proteins of rat striatum. The synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) fraction was prepared from rat striata and assayed for endogenous phosphorylation in vitro. After the separation of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the incorporation of phosphate into specific membrane proteins was analyzed by gel slicing and autoradiographic techniques. Phosphate was incorporated into several SPM protein bands, two of which were regulated by cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate. As a consequence of the chronic (in vivo) administration of morphine, the phosphorylation of two protein bands, designated protein II (MW 48,000-52,000) and protein III (MW 11,000-18,000), was reduced by approximately 20 and 50%, respectively; the phosphorylation of the former proteins was regulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate whereas the phosphorylation of the latter proteins was not. The incorporation of phosphate into these same two protein bands was similar to control values when the membranes were obtained from rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Morphine, in vitro, did not alter the phosphorylation of any SPM proteins in the assay, although at a high concentration morphine did antagonize the calcium-stimulated phosphorylation of one or more proteins in band II. The development of tolerance to and dependence on opiates may include changes in the phosphorylation of specific SPM proteins.", "PMID": 759619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11466", "title": "Psychosocial measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents.", "content": "The objective of this study was to test four psychosocial measures (self-concept, locus of control, goal blockage, A-B Rating Scale) which are hypothesized to be correlates of cardiovascular risk factor variables in children and adolescents. The psychosocial questionnaire was administered to all eighth grade students in a biracial public school. The results, based on replies from 103 boys and girls, are reported for each measure, and, in addition, reliability correlation coefficients (six week test-retest) and intrachild correlation coefficients are reported for each of the four measures. It is concluded that the four psychosocial measures are suitable for future research and could be employed in association with risk factor studies. Finally, a theoretical model for psychosocially mediated disease is presented.", "contents": "Psychosocial measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to test four psychosocial measures (self-concept, locus of control, goal blockage, A-B Rating Scale) which are hypothesized to be correlates of cardiovascular risk factor variables in children and adolescents. The psychosocial questionnaire was administered to all eighth grade students in a biracial public school. The results, based on replies from 103 boys and girls, are reported for each measure, and, in addition, reliability correlation coefficients (six week test-retest) and intrachild correlation coefficients are reported for each of the four measures. It is concluded that the four psychosocial measures are suitable for future research and could be employed in association with risk factor studies. Finally, a theoretical model for psychosocially mediated disease is presented.", "PMID": 759620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11467", "title": "Locus of control and anxiety as mediating variables of locus of conflict in disadvantaged youth.", "content": "A measure of trait anxiety and locus of control was administered to 134 fourth-grade children who attended a low-socioeconomic-district school. Ratings of locus of conflict were also obtained from the parents of the children. As hypothesized, external locus of control scores correlated significantly with the locus of conflict scores, although this varied for both the sex of the children and the type of behavior problems exhibited. Further analyses revealed that children with medium locus of control scores had more externalization behavior scores than children with either internal or external locus of control scores. The hypothesized relationship between anxiety and locus of conflict was not supported.", "contents": "Locus of control and anxiety as mediating variables of locus of conflict in disadvantaged youth. A measure of trait anxiety and locus of control was administered to 134 fourth-grade children who attended a low-socioeconomic-district school. Ratings of locus of conflict were also obtained from the parents of the children. As hypothesized, external locus of control scores correlated significantly with the locus of conflict scores, although this varied for both the sex of the children and the type of behavior problems exhibited. Further analyses revealed that children with medium locus of control scores had more externalization behavior scores than children with either internal or external locus of control scores. The hypothesized relationship between anxiety and locus of conflict was not supported.", "PMID": 759621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11468", "title": "Fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults.", "content": "The patterns of fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults were studied in a sample of i2 moderately retarded men and women between the ages of 21-49. The direct questioning method was employed. Two interviews were held, two weeks apart; the first interview elicited the Ss' fears, while the second concerned the fears of their friends. A total of 146 responses were obtained, and these were categorized according to the types of fears: supernatural-natural events, animals, physical injury, psychological stress, egocentric responses, and no fears. The Ss displayed a higher percentage of fears in the preoperational stage than in the concrete operational stage. In a comparison of male to female fears, only one category, that of fears of animals, reached significance. The study suggested that the same developmental trend of fears that appears in normal children appears in the retarded as well, and these fears follow Piaget's level of cognitive development, proceeding from egocentric perceptions of causality to realistic cause and effect thinking.", "contents": "Fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults. The patterns of fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults were studied in a sample of i2 moderately retarded men and women between the ages of 21-49. The direct questioning method was employed. Two interviews were held, two weeks apart; the first interview elicited the Ss' fears, while the second concerned the fears of their friends. A total of 146 responses were obtained, and these were categorized according to the types of fears: supernatural-natural events, animals, physical injury, psychological stress, egocentric responses, and no fears. The Ss displayed a higher percentage of fears in the preoperational stage than in the concrete operational stage. In a comparison of male to female fears, only one category, that of fears of animals, reached significance. The study suggested that the same developmental trend of fears that appears in normal children appears in the retarded as well, and these fears follow Piaget's level of cognitive development, proceeding from egocentric perceptions of causality to realistic cause and effect thinking.", "PMID": 759622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11469", "title": "Self-esteem, locus of control, and adolescent contraception.", "content": "The relationships between locus of control, self-esteem, and attitudes to contraception and contraceptive behaviors were assessed for 486 single women of ages 13 to 20, attending 10 birth control centers in Southern Ontario, Canada. The Ss voluntarily filled out a questionnaire, and the data were measured with the Fatalism scale of Reid and Ware's I-E scale, a Likert-type self-esteem scale, and a semantic differential birth control pill scale. There were no significant relationships between locus of control and any of the contraception variables. Ss with high self-esteem were found to have positive attitudes toward using birth control pills, to be less embarrassed about obtaining contraception, and to be more effective and consistent contraceptive users.", "contents": "Self-esteem, locus of control, and adolescent contraception. The relationships between locus of control, self-esteem, and attitudes to contraception and contraceptive behaviors were assessed for 486 single women of ages 13 to 20, attending 10 birth control centers in Southern Ontario, Canada. The Ss voluntarily filled out a questionnaire, and the data were measured with the Fatalism scale of Reid and Ware's I-E scale, a Likert-type self-esteem scale, and a semantic differential birth control pill scale. There were no significant relationships between locus of control and any of the contraception variables. Ss with high self-esteem were found to have positive attitudes toward using birth control pills, to be less embarrassed about obtaining contraception, and to be more effective and consistent contraceptive users.", "PMID": 759623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11470", "title": "Sex differences in mental health.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sex and mental illness. A sample of male and female adult psychiatric outpatients (n = 44) completed the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire (DCMHQ), the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, an abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (the Mini-Mult), and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Differences in life event experiences, as well as differences on measures of anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and social functioning, were explored and identified by means of Pearson product-moment correlations. The strongest correlations were found between sex and four of the subscales of the DCMHQ: women tended to be less productive and evidenced more psychological distress than men; men had more legal difficulties and were more likely to use soft drugs. A modest correlation was found on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, with women showing higher scores.", "contents": "Sex differences in mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sex and mental illness. A sample of male and female adult psychiatric outpatients (n = 44) completed the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire (DCMHQ), the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, an abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (the Mini-Mult), and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Differences in life event experiences, as well as differences on measures of anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and social functioning, were explored and identified by means of Pearson product-moment correlations. The strongest correlations were found between sex and four of the subscales of the DCMHQ: women tended to be less productive and evidenced more psychological distress than men; men had more legal difficulties and were more likely to use soft drugs. A modest correlation was found on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, with women showing higher scores.", "PMID": 759624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11471", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux in end stage renal disease.", "content": "Of 85 adults with end stage renal disease examined consecutively for renal transplantation 25 (29.4 per cent) had vesicoureteral reflux. Of these 25 patients 11 had a nephropathy as the cause of renal failure that was unrelated to reflux (for example glomerulonephritis) and 12 had, in addition to vesicoureteral reflux, a history of urinary tract infections and chronic pyelonephritis, which seems to be significant in the etiology of terminal renal failure in our patients (14 per cent). Only 2 of the 25 patients had severe, sterile reflux: 1 had bilateral megaureter with reflux into 1 side after ureteroneocystostomy and 1 had bilateral grade IV sterile reflux complicated by megacystitis. We had no case of uncomplicated, sterile reflux, which, in our experience, seems to be a rare cause of renal failure.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux in end stage renal disease. Of 85 adults with end stage renal disease examined consecutively for renal transplantation 25 (29.4 per cent) had vesicoureteral reflux. Of these 25 patients 11 had a nephropathy as the cause of renal failure that was unrelated to reflux (for example glomerulonephritis) and 12 had, in addition to vesicoureteral reflux, a history of urinary tract infections and chronic pyelonephritis, which seems to be significant in the etiology of terminal renal failure in our patients (14 per cent). Only 2 of the 25 patients had severe, sterile reflux: 1 had bilateral megaureter with reflux into 1 side after ureteroneocystostomy and 1 had bilateral grade IV sterile reflux complicated by megacystitis. We had no case of uncomplicated, sterile reflux, which, in our experience, seems to be a rare cause of renal failure.", "PMID": 759625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11472", "title": "Bilateral complete ureteral obstruction secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis: diagnosis by computed tomography.", "content": "The sixteenth case of bilateral ureteral obstruction with anuria secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis is presented. The details of this case clearly indicate the need for a combined vascular and urologic approach to patients with this disorder. A complete preoperative evaluation, including excretory urography, retrograde pyeloureterography, aortography and, when indicated, venacavography, may determine renal and vascular abnormalities that will allow a more definitive and successful management of this difficult problem. Furthermore, we believe that the use of computed tomography is an invaluable tool to define this retroperitoneal disease process and its precise relationship to the ureters.", "contents": "Bilateral complete ureteral obstruction secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis: diagnosis by computed tomography. The sixteenth case of bilateral ureteral obstruction with anuria secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis is presented. The details of this case clearly indicate the need for a combined vascular and urologic approach to patients with this disorder. A complete preoperative evaluation, including excretory urography, retrograde pyeloureterography, aortography and, when indicated, venacavography, may determine renal and vascular abnormalities that will allow a more definitive and successful management of this difficult problem. Furthermore, we believe that the use of computed tomography is an invaluable tool to define this retroperitoneal disease process and its precise relationship to the ureters.", "PMID": 759626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11473", "title": "Combined retrocaval ureter and retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of a case.", "content": "The first case of a simultaneous retrocaval ureter and retroperitoneal fibrosis of the right ureter is presented. The diagnosis was made roentgenographically on the basis of the S-shaped course of the proximal right ureter and medial deviation of the tapered and obstructed mid ureteral segment. This was confirmed by exploration of the right ureter and retroperitoneal biopsy. The surgical treatment of this unusual entity is described.", "contents": "Combined retrocaval ureter and retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of a case. The first case of a simultaneous retrocaval ureter and retroperitoneal fibrosis of the right ureter is presented. The diagnosis was made roentgenographically on the basis of the S-shaped course of the proximal right ureter and medial deviation of the tapered and obstructed mid ureteral segment. This was confirmed by exploration of the right ureter and retroperitoneal biopsy. The surgical treatment of this unusual entity is described.", "PMID": 759627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11474", "title": "Steroids in the treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis with asynchronous bilateral hydronephrosis are reported. One case was managed initially by unilateral ureterolysis. Subsequent contralateral disease was treated with a 6-week course of oral steroids alone with resolution of the bilateral hydronephrosis for 10 years. The other case was treated with unilateral renal exploration. Subsequent contralateral and residual ipsilateral disease was treated similarly with steroids and 7 months later there was resolution of bilateral hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Steroids in the treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis with asynchronous bilateral hydronephrosis are reported. One case was managed initially by unilateral ureterolysis. Subsequent contralateral disease was treated with a 6-week course of oral steroids alone with resolution of the bilateral hydronephrosis for 10 years. The other case was treated with unilateral renal exploration. Subsequent contralateral and residual ipsilateral disease was treated similarly with steroids and 7 months later there was resolution of bilateral hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 759628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11475", "title": "Resection of the suprarenal inferior vena cava for retroperitoneal malignant disease.", "content": "Minimal renal dysfunction was noted in 4 of 5 patients undergoing right nephrectomy with resection of the inferior vena cava and ligation of the left renal vein. However, the results of this series confirm previous reports that patients with locally advanced right renal carcinoma requiring vena caval resection are cured rarely by an operation alone. In the absence of effective adjunctive therapy for renal cell carcinoma this procedure will most likely benefit patients with neoplasms responsive to either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.", "contents": "Resection of the suprarenal inferior vena cava for retroperitoneal malignant disease. Minimal renal dysfunction was noted in 4 of 5 patients undergoing right nephrectomy with resection of the inferior vena cava and ligation of the left renal vein. However, the results of this series confirm previous reports that patients with locally advanced right renal carcinoma requiring vena caval resection are cured rarely by an operation alone. In the absence of effective adjunctive therapy for renal cell carcinoma this procedure will most likely benefit patients with neoplasms responsive to either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.", "PMID": 759629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11476", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of bladder calculi.", "content": "A case is presented in which the identification of intravesical calculi by ultrasound was an aid in management. Bladder stones appear as high intensity echoes within the bladder, have an associated acoustic shadow and shift to the dependent portion of the bladder with alterations in position. Ultrasound provides a rapid, safe imaging technique to diagnose or verify the presence of bladder calculi.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of bladder calculi. A case is presented in which the identification of intravesical calculi by ultrasound was an aid in management. Bladder stones appear as high intensity echoes within the bladder, have an associated acoustic shadow and shift to the dependent portion of the bladder with alterations in position. Ultrasound provides a rapid, safe imaging technique to diagnose or verify the presence of bladder calculi.", "PMID": 759630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11477", "title": "Use of penile corporeal injection to assess coronal hypospadias.", "content": "Coronal hypospadias is a frequent abnormality of the genitalia. It is recommended that patients with coronal hypospadias be assessed with the technique of penile corporeal injection during anesthesia and any patient with coronal hypospadias should be circumcised with the utmost caution and surgical discretion.", "contents": "Use of penile corporeal injection to assess coronal hypospadias. Coronal hypospadias is a frequent abnormality of the genitalia. It is recommended that patients with coronal hypospadias be assessed with the technique of penile corporeal injection during anesthesia and any patient with coronal hypospadias should be circumcised with the utmost caution and surgical discretion.", "PMID": 759631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11478", "title": "Intermittent erection in spinal canal stenosis.", "content": "A case of intermittent erection in a patient with spinal canal stenosis is reported. The symptoms disappeared after lumbar laminectomy. The mechanism of erection remains speculative.", "contents": "Intermittent erection in spinal canal stenosis. A case of intermittent erection in a patient with spinal canal stenosis is reported. The symptoms disappeared after lumbar laminectomy. The mechanism of erection remains speculative.", "PMID": 759632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11479", "title": "Epididymitis in infancy.", "content": "The occurrence of epididymitis in infants suggests the presence of urinary infection and the likelihood of an associated structural genitourinary abnormality, requiring complete urologic investigation. The advent of testicular scanning and the ultrasonic stethoscope, coupled with an increased index of suspicion, makes possible the non-operative diagnosis and management of a condition usually made by surgical exploration.", "contents": "Epididymitis in infancy. The occurrence of epididymitis in infants suggests the presence of urinary infection and the likelihood of an associated structural genitourinary abnormality, requiring complete urologic investigation. The advent of testicular scanning and the ultrasonic stethoscope, coupled with an increased index of suspicion, makes possible the non-operative diagnosis and management of a condition usually made by surgical exploration.", "PMID": 759633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11480", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis of the prostate gland and its therapy.", "content": "A case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed from a prostatic biopsy. Patients with sterile pyuria, prostatic nodules or symptoms of prostatitis who have lived in or traveled through an endemic area need careful evaluation of the lower genitourinary tract. Immunological treatment with a transfer factor currently is under investigation. Miconazole may offer a promise for future treatment of this fungal infection and, particularly, for patients with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis of the prostate gland and its therapy. A case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed from a prostatic biopsy. Patients with sterile pyuria, prostatic nodules or symptoms of prostatitis who have lived in or traveled through an endemic area need careful evaluation of the lower genitourinary tract. Immunological treatment with a transfer factor currently is under investigation. Miconazole may offer a promise for future treatment of this fungal infection and, particularly, for patients with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 759634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11481", "title": "Early observations on 31 adults with non-refluxing colon conduits.", "content": "A colonic segment with tunneled ureterocolic anastomoses was used for non-refluxing urinary diversion in 31 adults during the last 3 1/2 years. Half of the patients had undergone diversions previously. These pre-existing diversions had been associated with significant urologic complications. The remainder of the patients had a variety of benign and malignant diseases. After the non-refluxing colonic diversion all upper tracts remained stable or improved except in 3 patients in whom 4 ureterocolic anastomoses developed silent stenosis. Of 10 patients who had pre-existing refluxing diversion and episodic acute pyelonephritis 7 had no recurrences. No patient with sterile urine became infected and 18 of 24 patients with persistently infected urine improved. The anatomic versatility of the colon that allows the benefits of a low pressure system and unidirectional urine flow makes the non-refluxing colon conduit an advantageous alternative in adults requiring urinary diversion.", "contents": "Early observations on 31 adults with non-refluxing colon conduits. A colonic segment with tunneled ureterocolic anastomoses was used for non-refluxing urinary diversion in 31 adults during the last 3 1/2 years. Half of the patients had undergone diversions previously. These pre-existing diversions had been associated with significant urologic complications. The remainder of the patients had a variety of benign and malignant diseases. After the non-refluxing colonic diversion all upper tracts remained stable or improved except in 3 patients in whom 4 ureterocolic anastomoses developed silent stenosis. Of 10 patients who had pre-existing refluxing diversion and episodic acute pyelonephritis 7 had no recurrences. No patient with sterile urine became infected and 18 of 24 patients with persistently infected urine improved. The anatomic versatility of the colon that allows the benefits of a low pressure system and unidirectional urine flow makes the non-refluxing colon conduit an advantageous alternative in adults requiring urinary diversion.", "PMID": 759635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11482", "title": "Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina: a rare cause of acute urinary retention.", "content": "The first case is reported of acute urinary retention caused by hematocolpos owing to uterus didelphys with a unilateral imperforate vagina. A brief description of this rare anomaly and its usual presenting signs and symptoms is presented. Finally, a synopsis of the embryologic defects responsible for the development of the anomaly and the recommended management of the disorder are outlined.", "contents": "Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina: a rare cause of acute urinary retention. The first case is reported of acute urinary retention caused by hematocolpos owing to uterus didelphys with a unilateral imperforate vagina. A brief description of this rare anomaly and its usual presenting signs and symptoms is presented. Finally, a synopsis of the embryologic defects responsible for the development of the anomaly and the recommended management of the disorder are outlined.", "PMID": 759636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11483", "title": "The bowel as substitute for the bladder.", "content": "The long-term results with 16 patients who underwent uretero-intestino-urethral urinary diversion are presented. We believe that with meticulous attention to the operative technique and the criteria for the operation this is a reasonable procedure for a patient undergoing cystectomy as an alternative to cutaneous or large bowel diversion of the urinary stream.", "contents": "The bowel as substitute for the bladder. The long-term results with 16 patients who underwent uretero-intestino-urethral urinary diversion are presented. We believe that with meticulous attention to the operative technique and the criteria for the operation this is a reasonable procedure for a patient undergoing cystectomy as an alternative to cutaneous or large bowel diversion of the urinary stream.", "PMID": 759638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11484", "title": "Vesicovaginal fistulas on one urological service.", "content": "Of 92 vesicovaginal fistulas 57 (62 per cent) were closed, at least temporarily, with 1 or more operations. Functional closure was not attempted in 23 per cent of the cases and failed in 15 per cent. Various techniques were used in these cases. The favorite method involved a combination of colpocleisis, splitting the posterior wall of the bladder suprapubically and a temporary cystostomy on low pressure suction. Five patients (5.4 per cent) died postoperatively.", "contents": "Vesicovaginal fistulas on one urological service. Of 92 vesicovaginal fistulas 57 (62 per cent) were closed, at least temporarily, with 1 or more operations. Functional closure was not attempted in 23 per cent of the cases and failed in 15 per cent. Various techniques were used in these cases. The favorite method involved a combination of colpocleisis, splitting the posterior wall of the bladder suprapubically and a temporary cystostomy on low pressure suction. Five patients (5.4 per cent) died postoperatively.", "PMID": 759639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11485", "title": "Correlation of the cell surface antigens with stage and grade in cancer of the bladder.", "content": "We examined 76 bladder tumors of various stages and grades for the presence of the ABO (H) cell surface antigen, using the specific red cell adherence technique. Of the grade I lesions studied 70 per cent were positive for the cell surface antigen and none of the 26 grade III tumors retained the antigens. When correlated with clinical stage the tumors showed no antigens for those of stages B1 to D, while 12 of 16 stage A lesions were positive for the antigen. When stage A lesions were studied and the findings were correlated with recurrence and metastasis/invasion rates the cell surface antigen was present on the initial tumor in only 1 lesion that recurred at an invasive stage. The findings of this study show that the specific red cell adherence technique may be valuable for predicting malignant potential in low grade, low stage cancer of the bladder. If supported by further investigation this technique may offer the capability of selecting low grade, low stage bladder tumors that are destined to invade or metastasize while they are at curable stages.", "contents": "Correlation of the cell surface antigens with stage and grade in cancer of the bladder. We examined 76 bladder tumors of various stages and grades for the presence of the ABO (H) cell surface antigen, using the specific red cell adherence technique. Of the grade I lesions studied 70 per cent were positive for the cell surface antigen and none of the 26 grade III tumors retained the antigens. When correlated with clinical stage the tumors showed no antigens for those of stages B1 to D, while 12 of 16 stage A lesions were positive for the antigen. When stage A lesions were studied and the findings were correlated with recurrence and metastasis/invasion rates the cell surface antigen was present on the initial tumor in only 1 lesion that recurred at an invasive stage. The findings of this study show that the specific red cell adherence technique may be valuable for predicting malignant potential in low grade, low stage cancer of the bladder. If supported by further investigation this technique may offer the capability of selecting low grade, low stage bladder tumors that are destined to invade or metastasize while they are at curable stages.", "PMID": 759641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11486", "title": "Prophylaxis of indwelling urethral catheter infection: clinical experience with a modified Foley catheter and drainage system.", "content": "With the application of the oligodynamic bactericidal property of silver ions, modification of the urinary catheter and drainage system has been found effective in the prevention of urinary tract infections owing to prolonged bladder catheterization. The newly devised catheter and open drainage system were used in 102 patients for bladder catheterization postoperatively or in those with urinary retention for periods ranging from 4 to 77 days. During the period of indwelling catheterization usually no antibiotics were administered and no patient had overt bacteriuria (more than 10(5) bacteria per ml.) or symptoms of urethritis. In contrast, all 20 patients in the control group who had the conventional type of indwelling catheters had bacteriuria within 4 days of catheterization. The data obtained indicate that effective prevention of urinary tract infection, which frequently is associated with indwelling urethral catheterization, can be achieved by the use of the modified catheter and drainage system.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of indwelling urethral catheter infection: clinical experience with a modified Foley catheter and drainage system. With the application of the oligodynamic bactericidal property of silver ions, modification of the urinary catheter and drainage system has been found effective in the prevention of urinary tract infections owing to prolonged bladder catheterization. The newly devised catheter and open drainage system were used in 102 patients for bladder catheterization postoperatively or in those with urinary retention for periods ranging from 4 to 77 days. During the period of indwelling catheterization usually no antibiotics were administered and no patient had overt bacteriuria (more than 10(5) bacteria per ml.) or symptoms of urethritis. In contrast, all 20 patients in the control group who had the conventional type of indwelling catheters had bacteriuria within 4 days of catheterization. The data obtained indicate that effective prevention of urinary tract infection, which frequently is associated with indwelling urethral catheterization, can be achieved by the use of the modified catheter and drainage system.", "PMID": 759642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11487", "title": "Diagnostic fine needle aspiration of soft tissue metastases from cancer of the prostate.", "content": "Pathologic confirmation of soft tissue metastases is necessary for staging and followup of patients with cancer of the prostate. Fine needle aspiration with cytologic evaluation is recommended over other biopsy procedures because it is safe, accurate and applicable to deep and superficial lesions. Small metastases, such as lymph nodes or skin nodules, remain in situ as useful markers to follow the course of the disease and response to treatment.", "contents": "Diagnostic fine needle aspiration of soft tissue metastases from cancer of the prostate. Pathologic confirmation of soft tissue metastases is necessary for staging and followup of patients with cancer of the prostate. Fine needle aspiration with cytologic evaluation is recommended over other biopsy procedures because it is safe, accurate and applicable to deep and superficial lesions. Small metastases, such as lymph nodes or skin nodules, remain in situ as useful markers to follow the course of the disease and response to treatment.", "PMID": 759643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11488", "title": "Winter sports-related urologic trauma.", "content": "There is no characteristic pattern of ski-related urologic injuries except those associated with major blunt abdominal trauma. Isolated urologic injuries and injuries of the lower urinary tract are relatively uncommon.", "contents": "Winter sports-related urologic trauma. There is no characteristic pattern of ski-related urologic injuries except those associated with major blunt abdominal trauma. Isolated urologic injuries and injuries of the lower urinary tract are relatively uncommon.", "PMID": 759644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11489", "title": "Cath-A-Cyst: a new urinary catheter.", "content": "A new disposable catheter assembly using the advantages of the Foley catheter, filiform and followers is presented. This new system obviates emergency urologic consultation or further trauma to a patient with a difficult urethra to catheterize.", "contents": "Cath-A-Cyst: a new urinary catheter. A new disposable catheter assembly using the advantages of the Foley catheter, filiform and followers is presented. This new system obviates emergency urologic consultation or further trauma to a patient with a difficult urethra to catheterize.", "PMID": 759646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11490", "title": "Evaluation of importance of cystoscopy in staging gynecologic carcinomas.", "content": "Of 265 patients with gynecologic carcinoma undergoing initial evaluation during a 5-year period 238 were staged prospectively with procedures that included cystoscopy. Endometrial carcinoma was noted in 98 patients, none of whom had evidence of bladder extension nor did the clinical stage of disease change after cystoscopy. Of 120 patients with carcinoma of the cervix 7 were found to have extension of tumor to the bladder. The clinical stage was elevated in 3 of these cases but remained unchanged in 4 because of the cytoscopic findings. Of all 238 patients with gynecologic carcinoma 3 (1 per cent) also were found to have unsuspected low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Evaluation of importance of cystoscopy in staging gynecologic carcinomas. Of 265 patients with gynecologic carcinoma undergoing initial evaluation during a 5-year period 238 were staged prospectively with procedures that included cystoscopy. Endometrial carcinoma was noted in 98 patients, none of whom had evidence of bladder extension nor did the clinical stage of disease change after cystoscopy. Of 120 patients with carcinoma of the cervix 7 were found to have extension of tumor to the bladder. The clinical stage was elevated in 3 of these cases but remained unchanged in 4 because of the cytoscopic findings. Of all 238 patients with gynecologic carcinoma 3 (1 per cent) also were found to have unsuspected low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 759645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11491", "title": "Stomal obstruction of ileal conduits in children: a urodynamic study.", "content": "In an attempt to diagnose stomal obstruction before radiological evidence is present, urodynamic perfusion studies were done on 40 children with ileal conduit diversion. Residual urine, capacity, resting pressure and mean emptying pressure were recorded after perfusion of the conduit with normal saline at 10 ml. per minute. Emptying pressure appeared to be the most sensitive parameter of obstruction. Residual urine may be normal in early obstruction and may be increased in the presence of normal emptying pressures in atonic conduits.", "contents": "Stomal obstruction of ileal conduits in children: a urodynamic study. In an attempt to diagnose stomal obstruction before radiological evidence is present, urodynamic perfusion studies were done on 40 children with ileal conduit diversion. Residual urine, capacity, resting pressure and mean emptying pressure were recorded after perfusion of the conduit with normal saline at 10 ml. per minute. Emptying pressure appeared to be the most sensitive parameter of obstruction. Residual urine may be normal in early obstruction and may be increased in the presence of normal emptying pressures in atonic conduits.", "PMID": 759647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11492", "title": "The artificial bladder sphincter AS-721 for the treatment of incontinence in patients with neurogenic bladder.", "content": "An artificial sphincter was placed at the bladder neck in 9 male and 3 female patients with urinary incontinence and neurovesical dysfunction. Criteria for selection of patients included complete bladder emptying, absence of vesicoureteral reflux and normal upper urinary tracts. Of the 9 male patients 6 became continent, with an average followup of 25 months, and only 1 mechanical failure occurred. The results were less satisfactory in the 3 female patients, 2 of whom eventually required supravesical diversion. Artificial sphincters are valuable in the treatment of certain children and adults who are incontinent because the pelvic floor is damaged or denervated, even if they have neurovesical dysfunction.", "contents": "The artificial bladder sphincter AS-721 for the treatment of incontinence in patients with neurogenic bladder. An artificial sphincter was placed at the bladder neck in 9 male and 3 female patients with urinary incontinence and neurovesical dysfunction. Criteria for selection of patients included complete bladder emptying, absence of vesicoureteral reflux and normal upper urinary tracts. Of the 9 male patients 6 became continent, with an average followup of 25 months, and only 1 mechanical failure occurred. The results were less satisfactory in the 3 female patients, 2 of whom eventually required supravesical diversion. Artificial sphincters are valuable in the treatment of certain children and adults who are incontinent because the pelvic floor is damaged or denervated, even if they have neurovesical dysfunction.", "PMID": 759648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11493", "title": "Sodium-losing nephropathy.", "content": "We studied prospectively 18 patients with sodium-losing nephropathy. In 12 patients (66.7 per cent) the sodium-losing nephropathy was owing to obstructions, challenging the hitherto existing concept that the most common cause of the condition is pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of sodium-losing nephropathy is important in urological practice since sodium repletion in these cases shortens significantly the hospitalization and preoperative waiting time.", "contents": "Sodium-losing nephropathy. We studied prospectively 18 patients with sodium-losing nephropathy. In 12 patients (66.7 per cent) the sodium-losing nephropathy was owing to obstructions, challenging the hitherto existing concept that the most common cause of the condition is pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of sodium-losing nephropathy is important in urological practice since sodium repletion in these cases shortens significantly the hospitalization and preoperative waiting time.", "PMID": 759650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11494", "title": "Lymphomatoid tumor infiltration of renal veins.", "content": "A case of bilateral renal vein infiltration and thrombosis secondary to malignant lymphoma is presented. Although the kidney frequently is known to be involved by metastatic lymphoma, uremia is a rare terminal complication. The etiology and diagnosis of this disorder are discussed. We believe that it is important to recognize renal vein thrombosis in such patients so that treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy may restore renal function.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid tumor infiltration of renal veins. A case of bilateral renal vein infiltration and thrombosis secondary to malignant lymphoma is presented. Although the kidney frequently is known to be involved by metastatic lymphoma, uremia is a rare terminal complication. The etiology and diagnosis of this disorder are discussed. We believe that it is important to recognize renal vein thrombosis in such patients so that treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy may restore renal function.", "PMID": 759651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11495", "title": "Esophageal carcinoma presenting as a primary renal tumor.", "content": "A patient with esophageal carcinoma presenting with hematuria is described. Initial studies confirmed the presence of a renal mass that was thought to be a primary renal neoplasm. Further studies to evaluate anemia before a renal operation led to the discovery of an unsuspected esophageal carcinoma. Although metastases to the kidneys are relatively common it is uncommon for these lesions to be clinically apparent or responsible for producing initial symptomatology. Only after discovery of the esophageal lesion was the possibility of a secondary renal neoplasm considered. Intractable hematuria was treated successfully by embolizing the renal artery of the bleeding kidney with gelatin sponge fragments.", "contents": "Esophageal carcinoma presenting as a primary renal tumor. A patient with esophageal carcinoma presenting with hematuria is described. Initial studies confirmed the presence of a renal mass that was thought to be a primary renal neoplasm. Further studies to evaluate anemia before a renal operation led to the discovery of an unsuspected esophageal carcinoma. Although metastases to the kidneys are relatively common it is uncommon for these lesions to be clinically apparent or responsible for producing initial symptomatology. Only after discovery of the esophageal lesion was the possibility of a secondary renal neoplasm considered. Intractable hematuria was treated successfully by embolizing the renal artery of the bleeding kidney with gelatin sponge fragments.", "PMID": 759652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11496", "title": "Renal carcinoma in adolescents.", "content": "Renal adenocarcinoma is an infrequent tumor in children. The clinical and radiographic findings in 4 adolescents with such tumors are described. The surgical therapies of these patients and the possible role of adjunctive chemotherapy and radiotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma in adolescents. Renal adenocarcinoma is an infrequent tumor in children. The clinical and radiographic findings in 4 adolescents with such tumors are described. The surgical therapies of these patients and the possible role of adjunctive chemotherapy and radiotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 759653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11497", "title": "Solitary vaginal metastasis from unsuspected renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Four cases of solitary vaginal metastasis from previously unsuspected renal cell carcinoma are presented. Vaginal bleeding, the presenting symptom in each patient, led to the finding of the metastatic vaginal lesion and to the urological evaluation, which revealed the occult primary renal cell carcinoma. With surgical treatment 2 of the 4 patients have remained well for more than 5 years.", "contents": "Solitary vaginal metastasis from unsuspected renal cell carcinoma. Four cases of solitary vaginal metastasis from previously unsuspected renal cell carcinoma are presented. Vaginal bleeding, the presenting symptom in each patient, led to the finding of the metastatic vaginal lesion and to the urological evaluation, which revealed the occult primary renal cell carcinoma. With surgical treatment 2 of the 4 patients have remained well for more than 5 years.", "PMID": 759654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11498", "title": "Excision of duplicated ectopic ureter: re-emphasis on technique.", "content": "Excision of the residual duplicated ectopic ureter after partial nephrectomy is an uncommon but often difficult surgical procedure. The awareness of the benefits of the transvesical approach should be part of every urologist's surgical knowledge.", "contents": "Excision of duplicated ectopic ureter: re-emphasis on technique. Excision of the residual duplicated ectopic ureter after partial nephrectomy is an uncommon but often difficult surgical procedure. The awareness of the benefits of the transvesical approach should be part of every urologist's surgical knowledge.", "PMID": 759655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11499", "title": "Accuracy of cord blood screening for sickle hemoglobinopathies. Three- to five-year follow-up.", "content": "The strategic advantages of neonatal diagnosis of sickle hemoglobinopathies depend on an accurate cord blood screening procedure. One hundred thirty-eight black children in whom a range of normal and abnormal hemoglobin genotypes was identified by agar gel and cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis at birth were retested by cellulose acetate three to five years later. The original cord blood diagnoses were verified in all 138, including all 26 with major sickle syndromes (SS, S-beta thalassemia, and SC). Cord blood hemoglobin electrophoresis using these techniques permits accurate neonatal diagnosis of major and minor sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "Accuracy of cord blood screening for sickle hemoglobinopathies. Three- to five-year follow-up. The strategic advantages of neonatal diagnosis of sickle hemoglobinopathies depend on an accurate cord blood screening procedure. One hundred thirty-eight black children in whom a range of normal and abnormal hemoglobin genotypes was identified by agar gel and cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis at birth were retested by cellulose acetate three to five years later. The original cord blood diagnoses were verified in all 138, including all 26 with major sickle syndromes (SS, S-beta thalassemia, and SC). Cord blood hemoglobin electrophoresis using these techniques permits accurate neonatal diagnosis of major and minor sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "PMID": 759662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11500", "title": "Bacteriology of chronic otitis media.", "content": "Tympanocentesis was performed in 50 patients with chronic otitis media; pus was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Only aerobes were isolated from 21 patients (42%), three patients had only anaerobes (Peptococcus sp), and 25 patients (50%) had both aerobes and anaerobes. Only one specimen had no growth. There were 68 aerobic isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in 36 patients (72%); other aerobes commonly recovered included Proteus sp and Staphylococcus aureus. There were 48 anaerobes isolated. Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 24 instances (21 Peptococcus sp and three Peptostreptococcus sp). Sixteen Bacteroides sp were recovered, including seven B fragilis group and six B melaninogenicus.", "contents": "Bacteriology of chronic otitis media. Tympanocentesis was performed in 50 patients with chronic otitis media; pus was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Only aerobes were isolated from 21 patients (42%), three patients had only anaerobes (Peptococcus sp), and 25 patients (50%) had both aerobes and anaerobes. Only one specimen had no growth. There were 68 aerobic isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in 36 patients (72%); other aerobes commonly recovered included Proteus sp and Staphylococcus aureus. There were 48 anaerobes isolated. Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 24 instances (21 Peptococcus sp and three Peptostreptococcus sp). Sixteen Bacteroides sp were recovered, including seven B fragilis group and six B melaninogenicus.", "PMID": 759663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11501", "title": "On the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "Randomized trials comparing surgical treatments of breast cancer show that radical mastectomy offers no greater benefit than simple mastectomy followed by radiotherapy. Furthermore, in terms of survival, radical mastectomy seems to be no better than wide excision followed by radiotherapy when the disease is clinically diagnosed as stage 1. The incidence of diagnosed breast cancer showed an 18% increase between 1935 and 1965 and a 50% increase between 1965 and 1975. However, breast cancer mortality has remained unchanged for at least the past 40 years. Analysis of survival curves of women with breast cancer suggests that two or more populations exist, with about 40% suffering fatal outcome unaffected by treatment. The remaining 60% exhibit a relative mortality only modestly different from that of women of similar ages without evidence of disease. Increasing detection of an entity that is histologically defined as malignant but biologically relatively benign could account for the observed increase in incidence.", "contents": "On the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Randomized trials comparing surgical treatments of breast cancer show that radical mastectomy offers no greater benefit than simple mastectomy followed by radiotherapy. Furthermore, in terms of survival, radical mastectomy seems to be no better than wide excision followed by radiotherapy when the disease is clinically diagnosed as stage 1. The incidence of diagnosed breast cancer showed an 18% increase between 1935 and 1965 and a 50% increase between 1965 and 1975. However, breast cancer mortality has remained unchanged for at least the past 40 years. Analysis of survival curves of women with breast cancer suggests that two or more populations exist, with about 40% suffering fatal outcome unaffected by treatment. The remaining 60% exhibit a relative mortality only modestly different from that of women of similar ages without evidence of disease. Increasing detection of an entity that is histologically defined as malignant but biologically relatively benign could account for the observed increase in incidence.", "PMID": 759664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0025_11502", "title": "Allergic reaction to transfused cephalothin antibody.", "content": "Antibodies to cephalothin sodium (Keflin) can be transferred passively via whole blood transfusion. In one case a mild allergic-type reaction was initiated in a patient who was receiving cephalothin therapy. This case is differentiated from a penicillin-caused allergic reaction. All patients that demonstrate allergic-type transfusion reactions should give drug histories. Investigation of passive transfer of antibodies to these drugs might be of benefit in any evaluation made.", "contents": "Allergic reaction to transfused cephalothin antibody. Antibodies to cephalothin sodium (Keflin) can be transferred passively via whole blood transfusion. In one case a mild allergic-type reaction was initiated in a patient who was receiving cephalothin therapy. This case is differentiated from a penicillin-caused allergic reaction. All patients that demonstrate allergic-type transfusion reactions should give drug histories. Investigation of passive transfer of antibodies to these drugs might be of benefit in any evaluation made.", "PMID": 759665}